Court Opinion

ID: 4286583
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-06-20 22:03:40.45963+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:29:06.764147
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

MICHAEL MARKOWICZ,                              :
                                                :
       Plaintiff,                               :
                                                :       Civil Action No.:     15-1335 (RC)
       v.                                       :
                                                :       Re Document No.:      29
KIRSTJEN M. NIELSEN,                            :
Secretary, United States Department of          :
Homeland Security, 1  0F                        :
                                                :
       Defendant.                               :

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

                    DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

                                     I. INTRODUCTION

       Plaintiff Michael Markowicz is a white man employed as a Special Agent by the United

States Secret Service, an organization within the purview of the United States Department of

Homeland Security (the “Department”). He claims that the Department denied him a promotion

because of his race, and instead promoted three minority candidates. This decision, according to

Special Agent Markowicz, violated the anti-discrimination provision of Title VII of the Civil

Rights Act of 1964.

       Defendant has moved for summary judgment, arguing that the Department’s decision was

based on nondiscriminatory criteria. Because a reasonable jury could conclude that the

       1
          Pursuant to Rule 25(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedures, Kirstjen M. Nielson
has been substituted for Elaine C. Duke in her official capacity as Secretary of Homeland
Security.
Department’s proffered criteria were a pretext for discrimination, the Court denies Defendant’s

motion.

                                     II. BACKGROUND 2       F

                      A. The Secret Service’s Organizational Structure

       The Secret Service is housed within the Department, and its organizational structure

dictates its decision making with respect to promotions. That structure is as follows:

   •   The Secret Service’s Director and Deputy Director oversee Assistant Directors, who

       manage the organization’s offices. See generally Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mot.”)

       Ex. 13 (listing the Assistant Directors in December 2010 and the Assistant Directors’

       respective offices, such as the “Office of Administration” and the “Office of

       Investigations”), ECF No. 29-14.

   •   Deputy Assistant Directors aid the Assistant Directors in their office management duties.

       See generally Decl. of Craig Magaw (“Magaw Decl.”) ¶¶ 1–2, 10–12 (discussing Deputy

       Assistant Director Magaw’s role within the Office of Strategic Intelligence and

       Information), ECF No. 29–4.

       2
         As the Department notes, Special Agent Markowicz’s Statement of Disputed Material
Facts (“Pl.’s Statement”), ECF No. 31-1, fails to contest many of the facts asserted in the
Department’s Statement of Undisputed Material Facts (“Def.’s Statement”), ECF No. 29. See
Def.’s Reply Supp. Mot. Summ. J. (“Def.’s Reply”) at 2 n.1, ECF No. 33. Pursuant to Local
Rule 7(h), the Court therefore assumes that the Department’s uncontested facts are admitted.
        However, even admitting the Department’s facts, the Court “must always determine for
itself whether the record and any undisputed material facts justify granting summary judgment.”
Grimes v. District of Columbia, 794 F.3d 83, 95 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (quoting id. at 97 (Griffith, J.,
concurring)). In this section, therefore, the Court recounts undisputed facts by citing to
Defendant’s Statement, portions of Special Agent Markowicz’s declarations that are not in
dispute with Defendants’ Statement, and other portions of the record to provide a more
exhaustive summary of the facts of this case. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) (“The court . . . may
consider other materials in the record.”).

                                                2
   •   Special Agents in Charge manage divisions within each office, under the direction of

       Assistant Directors and Deputy Assistant Directors. See, e.g., Decl. of Richard Elias

       (“Elias Decl.”) ¶ 8 (noting that Special Agent in Charge Nelson Garabito managed the

       Protective Intelligence and Assessment Division (“PIAD”)), ECF No. 29-3.

   •   Assistants to the Special Agent in Charge (“ATSAICs”) assist the Special Agent in

       Charge of each division. See, e.g., Decl. of Nelson Garabito (“Garabito Decl.”) ¶ 19

       (discussing the three ATSAIC positions available within PIAD in October 2010), ECF

       No. 29-5.

   •   And ATSAICs in turn supervise Special Agents. See, e.g., Sept. 2011 Decl. of Michael

       Markowicz (“Markowicz Sept. 2011 Decl.”) ¶ 7 (noting that Special Agent Markowicz’s

       first line supervisor in 2010 was ATSAIC Robert Long), Pl.’s Opp’n Def.’s Mot. Summ.

       J. (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) Ex. A, ECF No. 31.

                                      B. Vacancy 10101

                                         1. Procedure

       On October 7, 2010, the Secret Service’s Personnel Division announced a vacancy

(“Vacancy 10101”) for three ATSAIC positions in PIAD, within the Office for Strategic

Intelligence and Information. Def.’s Statement ¶¶ 10–11; Garabito Decl. ¶ 19. Special Agent

Markowicz applied to fill one of those open positions. Def.’s Statement ¶ 12.

       Positions in the Secret Service are assigned “grade levels” corresponding to their

seniority. See Def.’s Mot. Ex. 8 at 5–9, ECF No. 29–9. Vacancy 10101 was a GS-14 grade level

position, and Special Agent Markowicz was one of many GS-13 employees seeking the

promotion, along with one GS-14 employee seeking a lateral move. Def.’s Statement ¶¶ 10, 12–

13. To be eligible for a promotion to the GS-14 level or above, Special Agents must receive a

                                                3
Merit Promotion Plan (“MPP”) score. Def.’s Statement ¶ 3. Each Special Agent’s MPP score

incorporates raw scores generated by:

       (1) A current supervisor’s evaluation of the Special Agent;

       (2) An “in-basket” assessment of how the Special Agent delegates responsibility and

           prioritizes information;

       (3) A video-based situational judgment test; and

       (4) An evaluation of the Special Agent’s “Career Accomplishment Record.”

Def.’s Mot. Ex. 8 at 16–21.

       Special Agents with MPP scores apply for GS-14 and GS-15 positions by “bidding” on

announced vacancies through a system administered by the Personnel Division. Def.’s Mot.

Ex. 8 at 24 (discussing the bidding process). After receiving bids for a vacancy, the Personnel

Division generates three lists of eligible promotion candidates:

       (1) The “Reassignment Certificate”: All Special Agents who bid on the vacancy and who

           are currently serving in a role that is at or above the vacancy’s grade level (e.g., for a

           GS-14 vacancy, all GS-14, GS-15, and higher-level applicants);

       (2) The “Promotion Certificate”: The thirty Special Agents with the highest MPP scores

           who bid on that specific vacancy, ranked by MPP score; and

       (3) The “Promotion Register”: The thirty Special Agents with the highest MPP scores

           who bid on any vacancies at the same grade level as the vacancy being considered,

           ranked by MPP score (e.g., for a GS-14 vacancy, the highest-ranking thirty Special

           Agents who bid on any GS-14 vacancies at the time).

See Def.’s Statement ¶¶ 5–6, 10; Def.’s Mot. Ex. 8 at 26.

                                                  4
       The three lists are then submitted to an Advisory Board charged with making personnel

decisions at the GS-14 level and above. See Def.’s Mot. Ex. 8 at 26. The Advisory Board’s

membership includes the Secret Service’s Deputy Director, Chief of Staff, Assistant Directors,

Chief of the Uniformed Division, and Chief Counsel. See id.; Def.’s Mot. Ex. 13 (listing the

Board’s membership in December 2010), ECF No. 29–14. The Board recommends a candidate

or candidates to the Secret Service’s Director, who may concur with the recommendation or

select a different candidate to fill the vacancy. See Def.’s Mot. Ex. 8 at 26.

       In making its recommendations, the Advisory Board considers the views of the office and

the division affected by the vacancy. These views are expressed by the Assistant Director of the

affected office, who recommends one or more candidates to the Advisory Board after discussions

with the office’s Deputy Assistant Director and the Special Agent in Charge of the affected

division. Magaw Decl. ¶ 12, 29; Elias Decl. ¶ 10 (stating that Special Agent in Charge Garabito

had input into Assistant Director Elias’s recommendations to the Advisory Board); Garabito

Decl. ¶ 8–9, 14 (same). The Advisory Board gives considerable weight to the relevant Assistant

Director’s recommendations when making final recommendations to the Director. See Elias

Decl. ¶ 8.

                                            2. Selection

       Because Vacancy 10101 was for PIAD positions within the Office of Strategic

Intelligence and Information, the Assistant Director for that office, Richard Elias, was charged

with recommending candidates for consideration by the Advisory Board. Elias Decl. ¶ 8.

Assistant Director Elias consulted with the Office’s then-Deputy Assistant Director, Craig

Magaw, and the Special Agent in Charge of PIAD, Nelson Garabito, before submitting his

recommendations. Id. Assistant Director Elias ultimately recommended Special Agents Thomas

                                                  5
Edwards, Jonathan Wynn, and Gregory Naranjo for promotion, and the Board accepted those

recommendations. Def.’s Statement ¶ 16; see Elias Decl. ¶ 1, 8. The Director of the Secret

Service concurred with the Advisory Board’s decision, and Special Agents Edwards, Wynn, and

Naranjo were promoted to the three vacant PIAD ATSAIC positions. Def.’s Statement ¶ 17;

Def.’s Mot. Ex. 10 at 2, ECF No. 29-11. Special Agent Markowicz was not promoted.

                                          3. Candidates

       Because Special Agent Markowicz’s suit arises from his non-promotion to Vacancy

10101, the Court will briefly summarize the qualifications of Special Agent Markowicz and the

three successful candidates.

                                       a. Thomas Edwards

       Special Agent Edwards was ranked first on the Promotion Certificate for Vacancy 10101,

meaning he had the highest MPP score of any GS-13 applicant, and he was ranked twelfth on the

nationwide Promotion Register. Def.’s Mot. Ex. 10; Markowicz Sept. 2011 Decl. ¶ 13. His race

is listed as Hispanic in the Secret Service personnel records, although there is evidence that his

fellow Special Agents believed he was white at the time of his promotion. 3 Def.’s Statement ¶
                                                                            F

19; Markowicz Sept. 2011 Decl. ¶ 13.

       Special Agent Edwards spent four years and seven months in the Secret Service’s San

Diego Field Office, four years in the Vice Presidential Protective Division, four months at the

       3
         The Department asserts that if the Advisory Board promoted Special Agent Edwards
under the impression that he was white, that fact discredits the argument that the Department
discriminated against Special Agent Markowicz, another white man, in the same promotion
decision. Def.’s Reply at 16–17 (citing Murray v. Gilmore, 406 F.3d 708, 715 (D.C. Cir. 2005)).
But the record is insufficient to determine whether the Board was under this impression,
considering Special Agent Edwards’s official race designation. Assistant Director Elias’s
conclusory assertion that he is “unaware of SA Edwards’ race,” Elias Decl. ¶ 8, is not sufficient
to resolve the question, and the Court declines to resolve it here.

                                                 6
Rowley Training Center, two years and one month in the Office of Government and Public

Affairs, and six months in the Washington Field Office. Def.’s Mot. Ex. 11, ECF No. 29-12. In

total, he had eleven years and six months of experience as a Special Agent. Id. But he provided

protective services only during his four years in the Vice Presidential Protective Division. See

id. Notably, he did not serve in either PIAD or the Presidential Protective Division.

                                        b. Jonathan Wynn

       Special Agent Wynn was ranked eighteenth on the Promotion Certificate and seventy-

fifth on the nationwide Promotion Register. Def.’s Mot. Ex. 10; Markowicz Sept. 2011 Decl. ¶

13. He is African American. Elias Decl. ¶ 8; Garabito Decl. ¶ 14.

       Special Agent Wynn spent four years and four months in the Atlanta Field Office, two

years and six months in the Intelligence Division (the precursor to PIAD), four years and seven

months in the Presidential Protective Division, and one year and eight months in the Washington

Field Office. Def.’s Mot. Ex. 11; Elias Decl. ¶ 21. In total, he had thirteen years and one month

of experience as a Special Agent. See Def.’s Mot. Ex. 11. Of those, seven years and eight

months were devoted to protective services: his two years and six months in the Intelligence

Division and his four years and seven months in the Presidential Protective Division. See Def.’s

Mot. Ex. 11.

                                       c. Gregory Naranjo

       Special Agent Naranjo was ranked twentieth on the Promotion Certificate and ninety-

second on the nationwide Promotion Register. Def.’s Mot. Ex. 10; Markowicz Sept. 2011 Decl.

¶ 13. He is Hispanic. Elias Decl. ¶ 8; Garabito Decl. ¶ 14.

       Special Agent Naranjo spent nine years in the Miami Field Office, one year and two

months in the Intelligence Division, and two years and five months in PIAD. Def.’s Mot. Ex. 11;

                                                7
see also Elias Decl. ¶ 21. He was therefore seeking promotion within his current division. In

total, he had twelve years and seven months of experience as a Special Agent. See Def.’s Mot.

Ex. 11. Of those, just three years and seven months were devoted to protective services: his one

year and two months in the Intelligence Division, and two years and five months in PIAD. See

id.

                                d. Plaintiff Michael Markowicz

       Special Agent Markowicz was ranked fifth on the Promotion Certificate and twenty-fifth

on the nationwide Promotion Register. Def.’s Mot. Ex. 10; Markowicz Sept. 2011 Decl. ¶ 13.

He is white. Markowicz Sept. 2011 Decl. ¶ 3.

       Special Agent Markowicz spent five years and two months in the Houston Field Office,

two years and two months in the William Clinton Protective Division, 4 three years and seven
                                                                      3F

months in the Vice Presidential Protective Division, three years in the Information Resources

Management Division, and eight months in the Washington Field Office. Def.’s Mot. Ex. 11; 5      4F

see also Oct. 2017 Decl. of Michael Markowicz (“Markowicz Oct. 2017 Decl.”) at 8, Pl.’s Opp’n

Ex. B, ECF No. 31. 6 In total, he had approximately fifteen years of experience as a Special
                   F

Agent. Id. at 7. Of those, eight years and ten months were devoted to protective services: his

       4
         This Division was charged with protecting the First Lady, Hilary Clinton, while the
Presidential Protective Division was charged with protecting President Clinton. See Markowicz
Dep. 12:19–21, 14:6–15, ECF No. 29-2. When his William Clinton Protective Division
assignment concluded, Special Agent Markowicz declined a position with the Presidential
Protective Division in favor of a position with the Vice Presidential Protective Division. Id.
15:3–9.
       5
        There are slight discrepancies between Defendant’s Motion Exhibit 11 and Special
Agent Markowicz’s Declaration regarding the amount of time Special Agent Markowicz spent in
each position. The Court relies primarily on Exhibit 11.
       6
        Because Special Agent Markowicz’s October 2017 declaration lacks well-defined
paragraph numbers, the Court cites to the page numbers.

                                                8
two years and three months in the William Clinton Protective Division, his three years and six

months in the Vice Presidential Protective Division, and his three years in the Information

Resources Management Division. Id. at 8.

                                  C. George Luczko’s Statement

          Shortly after Special Agent Markowicz learned of his non-promotion, he allegedly had a

revealing conversation with a member of the Secret Service’s Advisory Board, George Luczko,

who was the Assistant Director for the Office of Professional Responsibility. See Def.’s Mot.

Ex. 13; Markowicz Sept. 2011 Decl. ¶ 9. According to Special Agent Markowicz, he mentioned

his non-promotion to Assistant Director Luczko, and Assistant Director Luczko responded with

the following statement: “Mike, this is ‘off-the-record’, but if there is a Black or a Hispanic on

that qualified list, then we . . . have to promote them ahead of you.” Markowicz Sept. 2011 Decl.

¶ 9 (internal parentheses omitted).

          Although Assistant Director Luczko remembers speaking with Special Agent Markowicz,

he states that he “do[es] not recall making the ‘off the record statement’ about a Black or

Hispanic being promoted ahead of him.” 2011 Decl. of George Luczko (“Luczko 2011 Decl.”)

¶¶ 8–9, Pl.’s Opp’n Ex. D, ECF No. 31. But, as Special Agent Markowicz points out, Assistant

Director Luczko does not explicitly deny that he made the statement. See Luczko 2011 Decl.

¶¶ 8–9.

                                      D. Procedural History

          Special Agent Markowicz filed an administrative complaint and then, having failed to

obtain relief through the administrative process, filed suit in this Court against the Department

alleging, among other claims, that the Department violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of

                                                 9
1964 7 by discriminating against him on the basis of his race. See Compl.; Def.’s Mot. Dismiss
     6F

Alternative Summ. J. Ex. D (reproducing the administrative complaint), ECF No. 9-4. This

Court denied the Department’s pre-answer motion for dismissal or, in the alternative, summary

judgment on Special Agent Markowicz’s discrimination claim. Markowicz v. Johnson, 206 F.

Supp. 3d 158, 178 (D.D.C. 2016). It now takes up the Department’s renewed summary

judgment motion.

                                          III. ANALYSIS

          For the reasons explained below, the Court holds that a reasonable jury could find that the

Department discriminated against Special Agent Markowicz when it decided not to promote him.

The Court therefore denies Defendant’s motion for summary judgment.

                                        A. Legal Standards

                                       1. Summary Judgment

          Under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a court must grant summary

judgment if “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the

movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A “material” fact is

one capable of affecting the substantive outcome of the litigation. See Anderson v. Liberty

Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A dispute is “genuine” if there is enough evidence for a

reasonable jury to return a verdict for the non-movant. See Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380

(2007). The inquiry under Rule 56 is essentially “whether the evidence presents a sufficient

disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must

prevail as a matter of law.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 251–52.

          7
        Pub. L. No. 88-352, Title VII, 78 Stat. 241, 253–66 (codified as amended at 42 U.S.C.
§§ 2000e–2000e-17).

                                                  10
        The principal purpose of summary judgment is to determine whether there is a genuine

need for trial by disposing of factually unsupported claims or defenses. See Celotex Corp. v.

Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323–24 (1986). The movant bears the initial burden of identifying

portions of the record that demonstrate the absence of any genuine issue of material fact. See

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1); Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. In response, the non-movant must point to

specific facts in the record that reveal a genuine issue that is suitable for trial. See Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(c)(1); Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324. The non-movant may not rest upon mere allegations or

denials but must instead present affirmative evidence. Laningham v. U.S. Navy, 813 F.2d 1236,

1241 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 257).

        In considering a motion for summary judgment, a court must “eschew making credibility

determinations or weighing the evidence.” Czekalski v. Peters, 475 F.3d 360, 363 (D.C. Cir.

2007). All underlying facts and inferences must be analyzed in the light most favorable to the

non-movant. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. Nevertheless, conclusory assertions offered

without any evidentiary support do not establish a genuine issue for trial. See Greene v. Dalton,

164 F.3d 671, 675 (D.C. Cir. 1999).

        Importantly, “[w]hile summary judgment must be approached with specific caution in

discrimination cases, a plaintiff is not relieved of [his] obligation to support [his] allegations by

affidavits or other competent evidence showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Morgan v.

Fed. Home Loan Mortg. Corp., 172 F. Supp. 2d 98, 104 (D.D.C. 2001) (quoting Calhoun v.

Johnson, No. 95–2397, 1998 WL 164780, at *3 (D.D.C. Mar. 31, 1998) (internal citation

omitted), aff'd, 328 F.3d 647, 649 (D.C. Cir. 2003)); see also Marshall v. James, 276 F. Supp. 2d
41, 47 (D.D.C. 2003) (holding that special caution “does not eliminate the use of summary

judgment in discrimination cases”) (citing cases). Although the Court’s analysis will be more

                                                  11
circumspect here, it “will continue to grant a motion for summary judgment in which the

nonmoving party has failed to submit evidence that creates a genuine factual dispute and the

moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Singleton v. Potter, 402 F. Supp. 2d
12, 24 (D.D.C. 2005)

                                            2. Title VII

        “Title VII of the Civil Rights Act makes it unlawful for an employer to ‘fail or refuse to

hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with

respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such

individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.’” Brady v. Office of Sergeant at

Arms, 520 F.3d 490, 493 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–2(a)(1)). It extends to

federal employees “the full rights available in the courts as are granted to individuals in the

private sector.” Loeffler v. Frank, 486 U.S. 549, 558–59 (1988) (internal quotation marks

omitted) (quoting Chandler v. Roudebush, 425 U.S. 840, 841 (1976)). And it “establishes two

elements for an employment discrimination case: (i) the plaintiff suffered an adverse

employment action (ii) because of the employee's race, color, religion, sex, or national

origin.” Brady, 520 F.3d at 493.

        “The protections of Title VII apply to minority and nonminority employees alike.”

Mastro v. Potomac Elec. Power Co., 447 F.3d 843, 850 (D.C. Cir. 2006). And those protections

applied to Special Agent Markowicz as a Department of Homeland Security employee. See 5

U.S.C. § 105 (“‘Executive agency’ means an Executive department”); see also id. § 101 (“The

Executive departments [include] . . . [t]he Department of Homeland Security.”). He is therefore

entitled to raise a Title VII claim that the Department discriminated against him on the basis of

his race.

                                                  12
       At the summary judgment stage, courts evaluate Title VII claims differently depending

on whether a plaintiff provides direct evidence of discrimination or circumstantial evidence.

Direct evidence of discrimination generally entitles the plaintiff to a jury trial. Ayissi–Etoh v.

Fannie Mae, 712 F.3d 572, 576–77 (D.C. Cir. 2013). In the absence of direct evidence of

discrimination, however, the Court must apply the three-step, burden-shifting framework set

forth in McDonnell Douglas v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802–03 (1973). Under this framework, the

plaintiff bears the initial burden of establishing a prima facie case of discrimination by a

preponderance of the evidence. Id. at 802. For a majority-group plaintiff—such as Markowicz,

a white man—to establish a prima facie case of discrimination, he must show (1) that he suffered

an adverse employment action; (2) that the unfavorable action gives rise to an inference of

discrimination; and (3) that background circumstances support the suspicion that the Secret

Service is “that unusual employer who discriminates against the majority.” Mastro, 447 F.3d at

850–51. If a plaintiff succeeds in making out a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the

defendant to rebut the presumption of discrimination by producing “evidence that the adverse

employment actions were taken for a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason.” Aka v. Wash. Hosp.

Ctr., 156 F.3d 1284, 1289 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (citations omitted). 8 If the defendant succeeds in
                                                                 7F

       8
         The Department “assume[s] that Plaintiff has established a prima facie case of
discrimination,” and the Court agrees with that conclusion. Def.’s Mot. at 7, ECF No. 29. First,
the Department’s failure to promote Special Agent Markowicz is an adverse action. See Baird v.
Gotbaum, 662 F.3d 1246, 1248 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (noting that “failing to promote” is an adverse
employment action for purposes of a Title VII discrimination claim (quoting Douglas v. Preston,
559 F.3d 549, 552 (D.C. Cir. 2009))); Markowicz Dep. 29:24–30:15, ECF No. 29-2. Second,
Special Agent Markowicz has shown that his non-promotion gives rise to an initial inference of
discrimination because he was similarly qualified—and in some respects better-qualified—to the
Special Agents who were promoted. See Holcomb v. Powell, 433 F.3d 889, 895–96 (D.C. Cir.
2006) (holding that plaintiff gave rise to an inference of discrimination by showing that neither
the plaintiff’s lack of qualifications nor the absence of a vacancy prevented the plaintiff’s
promotion); Def.’s Mot. Ex. 10; Def.’s Mot. Ex. 11. Third, Assistant Director Luczko’s alleged
statement that the Advisory Board was required to promote minority applicants over Special
                                                 13
presenting such a reason, the burden then shifts back to the plaintiff to discredit the employer's

nondiscriminatory explanation. Id.

       While the McDonnel Douglas framework provides a good starting point, courts in this

Circuit apply a more simplified framework where, as here, the employer has asserted a

legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the employment decision at issue. In such cases, “the

district court must resolve one central question: Has the employee produced sufficient evidence

for a reasonable jury to find that the employer's asserted non-discriminatory reason was not the

actual reason and that the employer intentionally discriminated against the employee on the basis

of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin?” Brady, 520 F.3d at 494. In other words, has the

plaintiff demonstrated that the employer’s proffered reasons were pretextual?

       Special Agent Markowicz asserts that the record contains both direct and circumstantial

evidence that the Department’s decision not to promote him was driven by prohibited race

discrimination. Applying the principles laid out above, the Court must evaluate (1) whether

Special Agent Markowicz has provided direct evidence of discrimination; and (2) if not, whether

Special Agent Markowicz’s circumstantial evidence could allow a reasonable jury to conclude

that discrimination motivated the Department’s decision. See Mastro, 447 F.3d at 855. The

Court concludes that while Special Agent Markowicz has not provided direct evidence of

discrimination, his circumstantial evidence could allow a reasonable jury to conclude that the

Agent Markowicz indicates that there are “background circumstances” supporting Special Agent
Markowicz’s claim. See Mastro, 447 F.3d at 851–52 (explaining that “background
circumstances” include any evidence showing that “there is something ‘fishy’ about the facts of
the case,” and may include “evidence that a minority applicant was promoted over . . . [a] better-
qualified white applicant[]” (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Harding v. Gray, 9 F.3d
150, 153 (D.C. Cir. 1993)); Markowicz Sept. 2011 Decl. ¶ 9.

                                                 14
Department’s reasons for his non-promotion are pretextual. The Court therefore denies

Defendant’s motion for summary judgment. See Scott, 550 U.S. at 380.

                                        B. Direct Evidence

       The Court first considers Special Agent Markowicz’s argument that he has produced

direct evidence of retaliation. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 6–9. As set forth above, direct evidence of

discrimination entitles a plaintiff to a jury trial. See Ayissi–Etoh, 712 F.3d at 576–77; Francis v.

Perez, 970 F. Supp. 2d 48, 62 (D.D.C. 2013) (“A plaintiff may, however, bypass the McDonnell

Douglas framework altogether by presenting so-called ‘direct evidence’—expressions by the

decision maker that [provide] evidence of discriminatory intent without any need for inference.”

(emphasis added)). Direct evidence of discrimination may, for instance, consist of an employer

policy that is discriminatory on its face, or a statement by a decision maker involved in the

employment decision at issue that explicitly mentions race as a factor in the decision making

process. See, e.g., Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Thurston, 469 U.S. 111, 121–22 (1985)

(explaining that a policy that was discriminatory on its face was direct evidence of

discrimination); Ayissi–Etoh, 712 F.3d at 576–77 (holding that the employer's reference to the

employee's status as a “young black man” while contemplating his promotion was direct

evidence of discrimination); Lane v. Vasquez, 961 F. Supp. 2d 55, 75 (D.D.C. 2013) (holding

that the employer's comment that the employee “filed an EEO complaint and would never be

hired [was] direct evidence of retaliation”).

       Here, Special Agent Markowicz claims that Assistant Director Luczko’s alleged

statement—"if there is a Black or a Hispanic on that qualified list… then we have to promote

them ahead of you"—is direct evidence of discrimination. Pl.’s Opp’n at 7; Markowicz Dep.

57:24–58:1. He argues that the statement is direct evidence because it “was made by the very

                                                 15
individual responsible in whole or part for the adverse employment decision to non-select

Plaintiff,” and it was “related to the decision making process because the professed bias of

promoting only Black and Hispanic candidates at the expense of Caucasian employees is

furthered by not selecting Plaintiff.” Id. Because this statement was purportedly made by “the

decision maker . . . around the time the decision was made,” Special Agent Markowicz contends

that the Court need not apply the McDonnel Douglas framework and instead should simply deny

Defendant’s motion. Id. at 7–8 (citing Burns v. Gadsden State Cmty.. College, 908 F.2d 1512,

1518 n.9 (11th Cir. 1990)); see Francis 970 F. Supp. 2d at 62.

       Markowicz correctly describes how the Court should treat direct evidence of

discriminatory intent, but he has failed to establish a prerequisite for the Court to treat Assistant

Director Luczcko’s statement as direct evidence here. He has not shown that Assistant Director

Luczko was a decision maker with respect to Vacancy 10101, the employment decision at issue.

It is undisputed that Assistant Director Luczko was a member of the Secret Service Advisory

Board in late 2010, when Vacancy 10101 opened. Def.’s Statement ¶¶ 15–19; 2017 Decl. of

George Luczko (“Luczko 2017 Decl.”) ¶ 2, ECF No. 29-6; Def.’s Mot. Ex. 13. It is also

undisputed that the Board filled that vacancy. Def.’s Statement ¶¶ 15–19. However, Assistant

Director Luczko stated that he was on medical leave at the time of the Board’s meeting regarding

Vacancy 10101, so he “did not participate in any of the discussions regarding whom should fill

[the vacancy].” Luczko 2017 Decl. ¶ 5; Def.’s Mot. Ex. 13. He also stated that he “did not

instruct [his temporary replacement] on how she should vote on the recommended candidates for

vacancies in other directorates, to include Vacancy Number 10101.” Luczko 2017 Decl. ¶ 6.

Therefore, while Assistant Director Luczko was involved with the decision making body, he

                                                  16
asserts, without contradiction, that he “played no role, either directly or indirectly, in the decision

regarding Vacancy 10101.” Luczko 2017 Decl. ¶ 7.

       Special Agent Markowicz has not disputed the Department’s assertion that Assistant

Director Luczko was not involved in his promotion decision, and Special Agent Markowicz has

not presented facts contradicting Assistant Director Luczko’s firm disavowal of any

involvement. See Def.’s Statement ¶ 31–32; see generally Pl.’s Statement. And Special Agent

Markowicz’s conclusory assertion that Assistant Director Luczko was a relevant decision maker

is not sufficient to raise a dispute of fact with respect to this issue. See Harding v. Gray, 9 F.3d
150, 154 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (“[A] mere unsubstantiated allegation . . . creates no ‘genuine issue of

fact’ and will not withstand summary judgment.”). Therefore, the Court concludes that Assistant

Director Luczko was not a decision maker with respect to Vacancy 10101.

       Assistant Director Luczko did not participate in the Advisory Board’s decision not to

promote Special Agent Markowicz—he was not even in the building when the decision was

made—so he does not have direct knowledge of whether the Board took race into account when

making its decision. His statement that the Board must promote “a Black or a Hispanic” over a

white candidate is speculative with respect to Vacancy 10101. For the Court to treat Assistant

Director Luczko’s statement as evidence of discrimination against Special Agent Markowicz, it

must infer that Assistant Director Luczko’s alleged discriminatory experience during other

promotion decisions occurred during this decision, despite Assistant Director Luczko’s absence.

See Francis, 970 F. Supp. 2d at 62.

       Because Assistant Director Luczko's statement requires the Court to infer that the

Advisory Board considered race in its deliberations regarding Vacancy 10101, it is not the kind

of direct evidence that ensures a jury trial. Compare Spaeth v. Georgetown Univ., 943 F. Supp.
17
2d 198, 206 (D.D.C. 2013) (noting that direct evidence does not include “statements by

nondecisionmakers”) (quoting Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 277

(1989) (O'Connor, J., concurring)) with Ayissi–Etoh, 712 F.3d at 576–77 (holding that the

decision maker’s statement invoking the plaintiff's race was direct evidence entitling the plaintiff

to a jury trial on his race discrimination claims); Burns, 908 F.2d at 1518 (holding that decision

maker’s remark that “no woman would be named to [the job at issue]” was direct evidence of

discriminatory motive in failing to hire a woman for that position). The Court will, however,

consider Assistant Director Luczko's statement as circumstantial evidence of the Department’s

discrimination. See Singleton, 402 F. Supp. 2d at 26 (treating a relevant supervisor’s statement

as indirect evidence of discriminatory animus where “it is uncontested that [the supervisor] had

no role in Plaintiff’s [non-selection]”).

                                   C. Circumstantial Evidence

       Having dispensed of Special Agent Markowicz’s direct evidence of discrimination, the

Court turns to the Brady framework to evaluate his circumstantial evidence. The Department

argues that even if Special Agent Markowicz has made out a prima facie case of discrimination,

it “has a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for its actions that Plaintiff cannot show to be

pretextual, namely, that Plaintiff was not as qualified for the position as the selectees.” Def.’s

Mot. at 7.

       As noted above, because the Department has proffered a nondiscriminatory explanation

for its decision, the “one central inquiry” on summary judgment is “whether the plaintiff

produced sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that the employer's asserted non-

discriminatory reason was not the actual reason and that the employer intentionally discriminated

against the plaintiff on a prohibited basis.” Adeyemi v. District of Columbia, 525 F.3d 1222, 1226

                                                  18
(D.C. Cir. 2008) (quoting Brady, 520 F.3d at 494–95). The Court must consider this question “in

light of the total circumstances of the case,” asking “whether the jury could infer discrimination

from the combination of (1) the plaintiff's prima facie case; (2) any evidence the plaintiff

presents to attack the employer's proffered explanation for its actions; and (3) any further

evidence of discrimination that may be available to the plaintiff . . . or any contrary evidence that

may be available to the employer.” Aka, 156 F.3d at 1289. Because in appropriate cases a

“factfinder's disbelief of the reasons put forward by the defendant” may support an inference of

intentional discrimination, St. Mary's Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 511 (1993), a Title VII

plaintiff is not typically required “to submit evidence over and above rebutting the employer's

stated explanation in order to avoid summary judgment.” Aka, 156 F.3d at 1290.

       There are multiple ways in which a plaintiff may support an inference that an employer's

stated reason for a challenged employment action was not the real reason, and that the real

reason was prohibited discrimination. The D.C. Circuit has noted that “common ways of

proving invidious motive—whether retaliation or discrimination—include pointing to evidence

that the employer treated other, similarly situated employees better; that the employer is ‘lying

about the underlying facts’ of its decision; that there were ‘changes and inconsistencies’ in the

employer's given reasons for the decision; that the employer failed to ‘follow established

procedures or criteria’; or that the employer's ‘general treatment of minority employees’ . . . was

worse than its treatment of non-minorities.” Allen v. Johnson, 795 F.3d 34, 40 (D.C. Cir. 2015).

       The Department does not assert that Special Agent Markowicz was unqualified for

Vacancy 10101, but rather that the successful candidates were more qualified. Def.’s Mot. at 7.

It states that, in addition to his basic qualifications, Special Agent Wynn was recommended for

the position over Special Agent Markowicz because he had experience in the Intelligence

                                                 19
Division (the precursor to the PIAD), and because he was previously a member of the

Presidential Protective Division. See Elias Decl. ¶ 21; Magaw Decl. ¶¶ 23, 27; Garabito Decl. ¶¶

11, 16–17, 19. This experience was relevant because it meant he had working knowledge of

PIAD’s processes and internal dynamics, and because PIAD provides significant support to the

Presidential Protective Division, so “[Presidential Protective] experience would bring a

[Presidential Protective] perspective to PIAD as to [the Presidential Protective Division's] needs

and requirements.” Magaw Decl. ¶¶ 23, 27. Special Agent Naranjo was recommended because

he was already a “higher performer” within PIAD. See Elias Decl. ¶ 21; Magaw Decl. ¶ 23, 27;

Garabito Decl. ¶¶ 8, 16–17, 19. The Advisory Board felt that a current PIAD Special Agent

would be able to “hit the ground running,” that an internal candidate would require less training

than an external candidate, and that an internal hire would increase morale within the division.

See Garabito Decl. ¶ 19. 9 In contrast, the Department points out that Special Agent Markowicz
                        F

did not have experience in the Intelligence Division, PIAD, or the Presidential Protective

Division. See Elias Decl. ¶ 21; Magaw Decl. ¶ 28; Garabito Decl. ¶ 21. 10F

       Special Agent Markowicz argues that the Department’s proffered reasons for denying his

promotion are post hoc rationalizations of a discriminatory decision. According to Special Agent

Markowicz, a reasonable jury could infer discrimination based on (1) his superior qualifications

       9
        While Special Agent in Charge Garabito was not a selecting official or a member of the
Advisory Board, both parties agree that he provided substantial input regarding Vacancy 10101,
and courts regularly treat recommending and selecting officials similarly and assume that
recommending officials wield significant decision making power. See, e.g., Carter v. Mineta,
125 Fed. Appx. 231, 232, 235–36 (10th Cir. 2005); Hairsine v. James, 517 F. Supp. 2d 301,
304–05, 307–14 (D.D.C. 2007); Simpson v. Leavitt, 437 F. Supp. 2d 95, 99–100 (D.D.C.
2006); Oliver–Simon v. Nicholson, 384 F. Supp. 2d 298, 303–05, 307–14 (D.D.C. 2005); Waters
v. Gonzales, 374 F. Supp. 2d 187, 189–96 (D.D.C. 2005).
       10
          As noted above, while Special Agent Markowicz was a member of the William Clinton
Protective Division, that Division protected the First Lady rather than the President.

                                                20
for the position; (2) Assistant Director Luczko’s statement; and (3) the highly subjective nature

of the government's selection process and its inconsistent application of the proffered criteria.

See generally Pl.’s Opp’n. The Court will address each type of evidence below. It concludes

that a reasonable jury could find that the Department’s asserted non-discriminatory reasons for

its decision were pretextual, and that the Department discriminated against Special Agent

Markowicz based on his race when it failed to select him for one of the three open ATSAIC

positions.

                                      1. Qualifications Gap

       Although Special Agent Markowicz relies on a range of evidence to attack the

Department's proffered nondiscriminatory explanation, the parties' briefs focus first and foremost

on the evidence of his qualifications and those of the promoted individuals. The Supreme Court

has held that “qualifications evidence may suffice, at least in some circumstances,” to show that

an employer's proffered explanation is pretext for discrimination. Ash v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 546
U.S. 454, 457 (2006). Although the Supreme Court has declined to define a precise standard for

the analysis, the D.C. Circuit has developed a framework for evaluating claims “involving a

comparison of the plaintiff's qualifications and those of the successful candidate.” Aka, 156 F.3d

at 1294. Under that framework, “[i]f a factfinder can conclude that a reasonable employer would

have found the plaintiff to be significantly better qualified for the job, but this employer did not,

the factfinder can legitimately infer that the employer consciously selected a less-qualified

candidate—something that employers do not usually do, unless some other strong consideration,

such as discrimination, enters into the picture.” Id. On the other hand, “a reasonable juror who

might disagree with the employer's decision, but would find the question close, would not

usually infer discrimination on the basis of a comparison of qualifications alone.” Id. (emphasis

                                                 21
added). Accordingly, a disparity in qualifications, standing alone, can support an inference of

discrimination only when the plaintiff is “markedly more qualified,” “substantially more

qualified,” or “significantly better qualified” than the successful candidate. Holcomb, 433 F.3d

at 897 (internal quotation marks omitted).

       Applying this standard here, whether a jury confronted with the evidence could find that

Special Agent Markowicz was “significantly” or “markedly” more qualified than Special Agents

Edwards, Wynn and Naranjo, and thus infer discrimination based on qualifications evidence

alone, is a relatively close question. Holcomb, 433 F.3d at 897. Assistant Director Elias stated,

albeit nearly a year after the Advisory Board’s decision, that he applied the following criteria

when evaluating candidates for Vacancy 10101: 11 0F

   •   Whether the individual was recommended for a position by the Special Agent in Charge

       (in this case, Special Agent in Charge Garabito);

   •   The diversity of the candidate’s assignments in terms of geographical locations and

       operational divisions/entities;

   •   The candidate's recent exposure to the protective responsibilities of the Secret Service

       (“for PIAD supervisory assignments, it is beneficial, but not vital, that the candidate has

       recently served on a major protective division”);

   •   Prior experience in PIAD;

   •   The candidate's performance in his previous assignments;

   •   The length of time the candidate had been in his or her current position;

       11
          As discussed in more detail below, in Section III(C)(3), Assistant Director Elias’s
declaration was submitted in response to Special Agent Markowicz’s administrative complaint.
The lack of records contemporaneous with the Advisory Board’s decision casts doubt on the
legitimacy of these criteria and their application.

                                                22
   •   The candidate’s supervisory experience;

   •   The candidate's unique skills;

   •   The candidate's career track;

   •   The candidate's MPP score; and

   •   The promotion’s effect on the division’s morale.

Elias Decl. ¶ 8. He also stated that the Advisory Board “will generally look for promotion

candidates who have completed an initial field assignment, an initial protection assignment, and

a post-protection GS-13 assignment.” Elias Decl. ¶ 3. Similarly, Deputy Assistant Director

Magaw stated that, in addition to candidates’ MPP scores, their “prior assignments, skill set,

supervisory experience, overall experience, as well as other factors specific to the particular

vacancy are considered." Magaw Decl. ¶¶ 8, 23.

       It is undisputed that Special Agent Markowicz had a higher MPP score than Special

Agents Wynn and Naranjo. Special Agent Markowicz’s MPP score, 79.83, ranked fifth on the

Promotion Certificate and twenty-fifth on the nationwide Promotion Register. Markowicz Oct.

2017 Decl. at 7; Markowicz Sept. 2011 Decl. ¶ 13; Def.’s Mot. Ex. 10. Special Agent Wynn’s

score, 77.94, ranked eighteenth on the Promotion Certificate and seventy-fifth on the nationwide

Promotion Register. Markowicz Oct. 2017 Decl. at 7; Markowicz Sept. 2011 Decl. ¶ 13; Def.’s

Mot. Ex. 10. And Special Agent Naranjo’s score, 77.37, ranked twentieth on the Promotion

Certificate and ninety-second on the nationwide Promotion Register. Markowicz Oct. 2017

Decl. at 7; Markowicz Sept. 2011 Decl. ¶ 13; Def.’s Mot. Ex. 10.

       The parties do dispute, however, the significance of Special Agent Markowicz’s higher

MPP score. The Department argues that “the MPP score is a particularly poor metric to

distinguish between Plaintiff and the selectees given that the range of scores among the eligible

                                                 23
candidates was extremely narrow.” 12 Def.’s Mot. at 12. On the other hand, Special Agent
                                    1F

Markowicz contends that the disparity—2 points between him and Special Agent Wynn, and 2.5

points between him and Special Agent Naranjo—is a big gap when considering the difference in

rankings (Special Agent Markowicz was ranked twenty-fifth; Special Agent Wynn seventy-fifth;

and Special Agent Naranjo ninety-second on the nationwide Promotion Register), and that agents

must score a 75 to pass the exam. Markowicz Dep. 52:18–53:14; Markowicz Oct. 2017 Decl. at

7. He also points out that the MPP score is not a single criterion, but in fact measures (1) a

supervisor’s evaluation; (2) an “in-basket” assessment designed to simulate an on-the-job

situation; (3) a situational judgment test; and (4) a “Career Accomplishment Record” score

accounting for the Special Agent’s career achievements. Def.’s Mot. Ex. 8 at 138–42; Nov. 2011

Decl. of Michael Markowicz (“Markowicz Nov. 2011 Decl.”) at 42, Pl.’s Opp’n Ex. C, ECF

No. 31. 13 The Department’s Merit Promotion Plan supports this point, stating that the MPP
       2F

score captures “important competencies required for effective performance at the supervisory

level.” Def.’s Mot. Ex. 8 at 13. And the MPP score is not the only criterion for which Special

Agent Markowicz appears to have an advantage over the successful candidates. 14   3F

       12
           While the range of absolute scores may appear compressed, the Department’s
characterization of the range as “extremely narrow” is unsupported by standard deviations or
other statistical evidence. Without more statistical context, the Court cannot conclude that the
MPP score is a “poor metric” to distinguish amongst candidates.
       13
         Because Special Agent Markowicz’s November 2011 declaration lacks internal page or
paragraph numbers, the Court cites to the page numbers automatically generated by ECF.
       14
           Special Agent Markowicz also asserts that on two other occasions in 2010, the Secret
Service promoted a minority applicant with a lower MPP score over a higher-ranked, white, male
applicant. See Markowicz Sept. 2011 Decl. ¶ 9. He has failed, however, to establish that this
pattern is statistically significant and, aside from his statements, he has not provided other
evidence related to the Department’s treatment of white men outside of Vacancy 10101.
Because a plaintiff must “establish the statistical significance of his [pattern-or-practice]
evidence” for it to be probative of discrimination, the Court affords this evidence little weight.
Bolden v. Clinton, 847 F. Supp. 2d 28, 35 (D.D.C. 2012). This is particularly true because, as the
                                                 24
       Special Agent Markowicz also had more experience and a greater diversity of

assignments than Special Agents Wynn and Naranjo. When Special Agent Markowicz applied

for the promotion in late-2010, he had approximately fifteen years of total experience in the

Secret Service, with five career assignments that included two major field offices (Houston and

Washington, D.C.) and three protective detail assignments (including the Vice President’s detail)

totaling nearly nine years of protective detail experience. Markowicz Oct. 2017 Decl. at 3, 7;

Def.’s Mot. Ex. 11. By contrast, Special Agents Wynn and Naranjo both had approximately

twelve years of total experience, Special Agent Wynn had completed only four career

assignments, and Special Agent Naranjo was in the middle of his third career assignment.

Markowicz Nov. 2011 Decl. at 49; Def.’s Mot. Ex. 11. Furthermore, Agent Naranjo had not yet

completed his protection assignment at the time of Vacancy 10101, and thus had never begun a

post-protection assignment. Markowicz Nov. 2011 Decl. at 50.

       To be sure, Agents Naranjo and Wynn both had experience within PIAD and its

precursor, and Agent Wynn was previously a member of the Presidential Protective Division,

both credentials which Special Agent Markowicz lacked. Department Statement ¶¶ 21–25.

However, Special Agent Markowicz asserts that he received the same type of intelligence during

his tenure in the Vice Presidential Protective Division as agents detailed to the President

received. Markowicz Dep. 25:17–25; Markowicz Nov. 2011 Decl. at 54. On balance, while

Special Agents Naranjo and Wynn had certain relevant experience that Special Agent

Markowicz allegedly lacked, Special Agent Markowicz had the stronger objective credentials. 15   14F

Department correctly points out, much of Special Agent Markowicz’s showing on this issue is
based on hearsay evidence. Def.’s Reply at 14–15.
       15
          Special Agent Markowicz claims that he has additional, similar relevant experience to
Special Agents Wynn and Naranjo because he coordinated with PIAD on intelligence matters
while assigned to the Houston Field Office, and because his involvement in the “Presidential
                                                25
       That said, it is difficult to say that Special Agent Markowicz’s qualifications “weighed

markedly” in his favor. Aka, 156 F.3d at 1295. In Aka, the D.C. Circuit found a qualifications

gap sufficient to infer discrimination where the plaintiff had a graduate degree and nineteen years

of relevant experience, while the successful candidate did not have a college degree and had at

most one year of relevant experience. Id. at 1295–98. The court in Hamilton v. Geithner, on the

other hand, found that such an inference was not clearly raised where the plaintiff held bachelor's

and master's degrees in relevant fields and nineteen years of relevant experience, while the

successful candidate had no college degree, little formal training, and only eight years of relevant

experience. 666 F.3d 1344, 1352 (D.C. Cir. 2012). Even though the plaintiff “had far more

formal training and education,” “significantly greater technical expertise,” and “broader

[relevant] experience” than the successful candidate, the court reasoned that it was “a relatively

close question” whether the qualifications gap was sufficient to support an inference of

discrimination. Id. Further, the Department correctly notes that the Court need not and should

not evaluate which factors should have been most important to the Advisory Board in making its

decision. Stewart v. Ashcroft, 352 F.3d 422, 429 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (stating that “courts are not

superpersonnel departments that reexamine[] an entity’s business decisions”).

Successor Program” is an intelligence-heavy role. Markowicz Oct. 2017 Decl. at 8–9. The
Department correctly notes, however, that such information is only relevant if the Advisory
Board would have been aware of it when considering Vacancy 10101, and Special Agent
Markowicz failed to submit evidence indicating such awareness. See Youssef v. Lynch, 144 F.
Supp. 3d 70, 82 (D.D.C. 2015) (holding that the plaintiff could only introduce qualifications
evidence upon establishing a “factual predicate as to why the [decision maker] in question would
have known that specific information and should have considered… that information in the
selection process”). Moreover, the other candidates would presumably have had similar
position-specific experiences not before the Advisory Board that would have similarly enhanced
their relative standing. The Court therefore declines to consider Special Agent Markowicz’s
alleged additional qualifications in its analysis.

                                                26
       Here, Special Agent Markowicz has a higher MPP score and a more robust work

history—both in terms of protective and supervisory experience, and diversity of assignments—

but he has conceded that he lacks certain relevant experience that Special Agents Wynn and

Naranjo possessed. See Markowicz Dep. 25:17–22, 27:25–28:2 (admitting that past Intelligence

Division and Presidential Protection Detail experience would be beneficial for Vacancy 10101).

All three Special Agents were qualified for the position, and on paper were capable of effectively

handling it. Standing alone, in light of the case law in this Circuit, the qualifications difference

is likely not “great enough to be inherently indicative of discrimination.” Adeyemi, 525 F.3d at

1227. But nor can it be said that on this record alone Special Agents Wynn and Naranjo were

more qualified than Special Agent Markowicz—the Department’s purported reason for

promoting them.

       Given the record in this case, however, the Court need not conclusively resolve whether a

jury could infer discrimination based on qualifications evidence alone. In Hamilton, the D.C.

Circuit considered the qualifications gap to be one piece of a body of circumstantial evidence

suggesting discrimination. 666 F.3d at 1355. It explained that “even if [the qualifications gap]

alone is insufficient, a reasonable jury, considering [the plaintiff’s] stronger qualifications

together with ‘other flaws in the employer’s explanation’ could still reach a verdict in the

plaintiff’s favor.” Id. (quoting Holcomb, 433 F.3d at 897); see also Lee v. GTE Fla., Inc., 226
F.3d 1249, 1253 (11th Cir. 2000) (“[E]vidence showing an employer hired a less qualified

applicant over the plaintiff may be probative of whether the employer’s proffered reason for not

promoting the plaintiff was pretextual.”).

       The Court must “review the record taken as a whole,” and Special Agent Markowicz is

“expressly not limited to comparing [his] qualifications against those of the successful applicant;

                                                  27
[he] may seek to expose other flaws in the employer's explanation.” Hamilton, 666 F.3d at 1352

(quoting Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 150 (2000); Holcomb, 433
F.3d at 897). Here, Special Agent Markowicz does not just rely on comparative qualifications

evidence; he also “seek[s] to expose procedural irregularities in a highly subjective selection

process.” Id. (citing Holcomb, 433 F.3d at 897). Reviewing the record as a whole, the evidence

of Special Agent Markowicz's superior qualifications, taken together with “other flaws in the

employer's explanation, creates a genuine issue of material fact that only a jury can resolve.” Id.

                           2. Assistant Director Luczko’s Statement

       Having determined that Assistant Director Luczko’s statement is not direct evidence of

discrimination, supra Section III(B), the Court now evaluates its significance as circumstantial

evidence. The Department argues that Assistant Director Luczko’s statement should be afforded

no weight because it “is not competent evidence of what happened with respect to Plaintiff’s

non-selection, in which Luczko played no role whatsoever and to which Luczko cannot

competently testify.” Def.’s Mot. at 16. It contends that the statements, if proffered to confirm

that Special Agent Markowicz was discriminated against, run afoul of Federal Rule of Evidence

602, requiring that a lay witness have personal knowledge of the testimony’s subject, and Federal

Rule of Evidence 701, requiring that opinion testimony be “rationally based on the witness’s

perception.” Id. On the other hand, Special Agent Markowicz argues that Assistant Director

Luczko’s statement is relevant because he “was in close proximity to the selecting officials,

participated on the same Board with them, was involved in the selection process generally, and is

a first-hand witness to the selection criteria of the Board.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 6. The Department is

correct that Assistant Director Luczko’s statement is not direct evidence that Special Agent

Markowicz was discriminated against, but, as noted in the Court’s prior Memorandum Opinion,

                                                28
the Department again fails to appreciate the statement’s significance. See Markowicz, 206 F.

Supp. 3d at 175.

       While Assistant Director Luczko was not a decision maker for Vacancy 10101, it is

undisputed that he was a member of the Advisory Board in late-2010 and therefore has personal

knowledge of the Board’s practices at the time of Vacancy 10101. Def.’s Statement ¶ 30;

Luczko 2017 Decl. ¶¶ 1–2; Def.’s Mot. Ex. 13. On summary judgment, the non-movant’s

evidence must be believed, Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, so the Court assumes that Assistant

Director Luczko told Special Agent Markowicz, “if there is a Black or a Hispanic on that
                                                                      16
qualified list, then we . . . have to promote them ahead of you.”   1 F    Markowicz Sept. 2011 Decl.

¶ 9.

       Although it is not directly applicable to Special Agent Markowicz’s non-promotion,

Assistant Director Luczko’s statement suggests a “discriminatory atmosphere” within the

Advisory Board, which “could serve as circumstantial evidence of individualized

discrimination.” Parker v. Sec’y, U.S. Dep’t of Hous. & Urban Dev., 891 F.2d 316, 322 (D.C.

Cir. 1989) (noting that discriminatory action by the relevant decision making body, even if

unrelated to the plaintiff’s employment decision, was relevant to the Title VII analysis); see also

Kelley v. Airborne Freight Corp., 140 F.3d 335, 347 (1st Cir. 1998) (“statements by

nondecisionmakers can be evidence that a discriminatory atmosphere pervades the workplace

and infects the company’s personnel decisions”). In Morris v. McCarthy, for instance, the D.C.

       16
          As noted in the Court’s prior Memorandum Opinion, while the only evidence of
Assistant Director Luczko’s statement is Special Agent Markowicz’s recollection of that
statement, as a statement of an opposing party or the opposing party’s agent it likely is not
hearsay. Markowicz, 206 F. Supp. 3d at 175 n.9 (citing Fed. R. Evid. 802(d)(2)(D) (stating that
statements are not hearsay when “offered against an opposing party and . . . made by the party’s
agent or employee on a matter within the scope of that relationship and while it existed.”)). And
the Department does not argue that it is.

                                                29
Circuit determined that the lower court failed to give sufficient weight to a supervisor’s race-

based remarks about employees other than the plaintiff, for instance referring to co-workers as

“nasty little white boys” and lamenting a different supervisor’s alleged reluctance to promote

African American employees. 825 F.3d 658, 669–71 (D.C. Cir. 2016). The Circuit held that,

when combined with the plaintiff’s evidence of weaknesses in the defendant’s explanation for

her non-promotion, the remarks could cause a reasonable jury to infer discrimination. Id; see

also Evans v. Sebelius, 716 F.3d 617, 621–22 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (holding that racially insensitive

behavior within the relevant department, in combination with other evidence, could lead a jury to

infer discrimination).

       While the D.C. Circuit has determined in certain circumstances that isolated race-based

remarks are insufficient to cause an inference of discrimination, those cases involve statements

made by individuals with no involvement in the hiring or promotion process, and the statements

are typically the only evidence submitted by the plaintiffs. See Hampton v. Vilsack, 685 F.3d
1096, 1101 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (affording little weight to a racial epithet made five years before the

relevant decision, where there was “no evidence that [the employer] was in any way influenced

by [the employee who made the inflammatory statement]”, and no additional evidence of

discrimination (internal quotation omitted)); Morgan v. Fed. Home Loan Mortg. Corp., 328 F.3d
647, 654–55 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (holding that a single racially degrading e-mail sent by an

employee of the defendant uninvolved in the hiring process was not sufficient on its own for the

plaintiff to overcome summary judgment). Here, on the other hand, Special Agent Markowicz

relies on Assistant Director Luczko’s statement as one piece of an assemblage of circumstantial

evidence casting doubt on the Department’s explanation for his non-promotion.

                                                 30
       Seemingly anticipating this argument, the Department claims that Assistant Director

Luczko’s statement is “at most, ‘evidence of…general instances of discrimination,’” and it cites

cases establishing that Special Agent Markowicz cannot rely solely on anecdotal evidence that

the Department discriminated against other individuals to show that the Department

discriminated against him here. Def.’s Mot. at 17. But those cases do not hold that such

evidence must be wholly discounted, and in fact the court in one of those cases relied on a

similar statement in denying the defendant’s motion for summary judgment. In Williams v.

Boorstin, the D.C. Circuit noted that evidence that the defendant discriminated against other

employees was “collateral,” where the plaintiff had “a formidable record of lying to his

employer,” had received very favorable reviews and promotions up until the employer

discovered the lies, and could not make out a prima facie case of discrimination. 663 F.2d 109,

115 n.38, 117–18 (D.C. Cir. 1980). The plaintiff put forth no other evidence of discrimination,

and the defendant’s evidence in support of its nondiscriminatory explanation was overwhelming.

Id. In Morris, the Circuit held that the plaintiff introduced sufficient evidence to survive

summary judgment, in part because of “race-based remark[s] unrelated to the relevant

employment decision.” 825 F.3d at 669–71. And in the case most heavily cited by the

Department, Rayl v. Fort Wayne Cmty. Schs., the court acknowledged that “alleged statements

made by nondecisionmakers are admissible as evidence of discrimination,” if proffered with

additional evidence suggesting discriminatory intent. 87 F. Supp. 2d 870, 885 (N.D. Ind. 2000).

       Assistant Director Luczko’s statement provides context for how the Advisory Board

treats race in its decision making, and in this Circuit such evidence may contribute to an

inference that the Board discriminated against Special Agent Markowicz. See Brady, 520 F.3d at

495 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (noting that a plaintiff may establish that an employer’s nondiscriminatory

                                                 31
reason for its employment action was pretextual by using “evidence suggesting that the employer

treated other employees of a different race . . . more favorably in the same factual

circumstances”). The jury could reasonably draw such an inference here, particularly in light of

the other circumstantial evidence of discrimination on the record. 17
                                                                   6F

            3. The Department’s Inconsistent Application of its Proffered Reasons

       Finally, the Court addresses “other flaws in the [Department's nondiscriminatory]

explanation.” Hamilton, 666 F.3d at 1352 (quoting Holcomb, 433 F.3d at 897). The record

indicates two key flaws. First, the Department’s proffered nondiscriminatory reasons for its

decision not to promote Special Agent Markowicz were based on subjective considerations.

Second, Special Agent Markowicz has shown that those factors were not applied consistently to

the candidates for Vacancy 10101. The significance of these flaws turns on the credibility of the

Department’s decision makers, an issue that is “quintessentially one for the finder of fact.” Aka,
156 F.3d at 1298–99.

       The Department’s proffered reasons for not selecting Special Agent Markowicz to fill

Vacancy 10101 are based on subjective determinations about which types of experience would

be valuable to the position. It claims that it selected Special Agent Wynn over Special Agent

Markowicz, despite Special Agent Markowicz’s more substantial body of work and higher MPP

score, because Special Agent Wynn had prior experience in the Intelligence Division (the

precursor to the PIAD) and in the Presidential Protective Detail, and because he “had a

reputation of being a hard worker in his prior assignments.” Def.’s Statement ¶ 21–23.

       17
          The Department attempts to cast doubt on Assistant Director Luczko’s knowledge of
the Advisory Board’s practices, Def.’s Reply at 2–4, but it admits that he was a participating
member of the Advisory Board at the time of Special Agent Markowicz’s non-promotion. Def.’s
Statement ¶ 30. It is the jury’s role, not the Court’s to evaluate whether he made the statement at
issue and, if so, whether that statement was credible.

                                                32
Similarly, Special Agent Naranjo was selected because he was “already an effective performer in

PIAD” and because an internal promotion would raise the division’s morale. Def.’s Statement ¶

24; Garabito Decl. ¶ 18. While Special Agent Markowicz had experience with the Vice

Presidential Protective Division, the Department claims it was significant that he did not have

Intelligence Division or Presidential Protective Division experience. Def.’s Statement ¶ 25.

       “Although employers may of course take subjective considerations into account in their

employment decisions, courts traditionally treat explanations that rely heavily on subjective

considerations with caution.” Aka, 156 F.3d at 1298. The Department appears to have applied

such subjective considerations here. Its assertion that relevant experience within PIAD or its

predecessor would be beneficial for a Special Agent filling a key PIAD vacancy is well taken.

See Aka, 156 F.3d at 1297 (holding that the plaintiff was significantly more qualified than the

successful candidate because he had worked in a similar position for the same employer for

nineteen years, and “would have been familiar with many of the relevant… procedures”). But

aside from its declarations, all of which post-date the decision by several months and were

generated after Special Agent Markowicz filed an administrative complaint, the Department has

put forth no evidence showing why experience with the Presidential Protective Division would

be more valuable than Special Agent Markowicz’s experience with the Vice Presidential

Protective Division. Garabito Decl. ¶ 19; Magaw Decl. ¶ 23. Special Agent Markowicz has

asserted that Special Agents in both details receive the same intelligence information, with only

slight differences in how it is transmitted. Markowicz Nov. 2011 Decl. at 54.

       And the Department’s assertions that Special Agent Naranjo’s promotion would raise

morale in the division, and that Special Agent Wynn was a hard worker, are particularly

subjective because it is difficult, if not impossible, to measure morale, and hard work may take

                                                33
many forms. See Markowicz Nov. 2011 Decl. at 50–51 (stating that Assistant Director Elias

“does not know me or my work ethic”); Elias Decl. ¶ 21. Moreover, there is no evidence that

Special Agent Markowicz was not also a hard worker; an attribute that may have been reflected

in his higher MPP score. The D.C. Circuit has flagged similar soft factors as being particularly

subjective, for instance “enthusiasm” for a job, Aka, 156 F.3d at 1298, and “interpersonal skills,”

Fischbach v. D.C. Dep’t of Corrs., 86 F.3d 1180, 1184 (D.C. Cir. 1996). Special Agent

Markowicz also points out that other Department vacancies during this period listed

prerequisites, yet Presidential Protective Division and Intelligence Division experience were not

listed as prerequisites for Vacancy 10101. Markowicz Nov. 2011 Decl. at 56; Def.’s Mot. Ex.

12. Here, where Special Agent Markowicz appears to be better-qualified in many respects than

the successful candidates, a jury could reasonably find that the Department’s “subjective feelings

about the candidates may mask discrimination.” Aka, 156 F.3d at 1298.

       Courts’ skepticism of subjective factors is particularly strong when an employer has not

demonstrated that it relied on those factors at the time of the relevant hiring decision. See

Hamilton, 666 F.3d at 1355–56 (holding that an absence of contemporaneous documentation of

the defendant’s proffered explanation, “could lead a reasonable jury to doubt the [defendant’s]

explanation”). Here, the record does not contain a contemporaneous policy identifying the

Advisory Board’s promotion criteria when it deliberated over Vacancy 10101. See Garabito

Decl. ¶ 19 (stating that he has “no job description or announcement to cite” in support of the

criteria). As Special Agent Markowicz points out, Assistant Director Elias and Deputy Assistant

Director Magaw identified the relevant criteria in declarations drafted after Markowicz filed his

administrative complaint. Elias Decl. ¶ 8; Magaw Decl. ¶ 7–8; see also Markowicz Nov. 2011

Decl. at 55 (stating his belief that Deputy Assistant Director Magaw identified that Special Agent

                                                 34
Wynn had previous Intelligence Division experience “after having been served an affidavit,

based on [Special Agent Markowicz’s] complaint”). In light of this timing, a jury could

reasonably believe that Assistant Director Elias and Deputy Assistant Director Magaw engaged

in post hoc rationalization of a discriminatory decision. See Aka, 156 F.3d at 1299 (“In a jury's

eyes, this omission [of a proffered criterion from documents contemporaneous with the

employment decision] might also count as evidence that [the employer’s] account of the

interview was invented after the fact.”). Without weighing the evidence and making a credibility

determination between Special Agent Markowicz and the Department’s witnesses, the Court

cannot overlook Special Agent Markowicz's testimony in favor of the Department's version of

events. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255 (“Credibility determinations, the weighing of evidence,

and the drawing of legitimate inferences are jury functions, not those of a judge.”).

       Along with the subjective nature of the Department’s proffered nondiscriminatory

reasons, Special Agent Markowicz asserts that those criteria were not applied in a consistent

manner. For instance, the Department claims that it did not select Special Agent Markowicz

because he lacked Presidential Protective Division and PIAD experience, but it selected Special

Agent Edwards, who also lacked those qualifications and had less overall experience, fewer

protection assignments, and less time in the Vice Presidential Protective Division than Special

Agent Markowicz, but a higher MPP score. 18 Markowicz Nov. 2011 Decl. at 51; Def.’s Mot.
                                            7F

       18
           Special Agent Markowicz relies on Special Agent in Charge Garabito’s declaration for
his assertion that Special Agent in Charge Garabito initially “submitted the numerical top three
(3) candidates to the [Advisory Board] for consideration for promotion,” rather than making
suggestions based on the more subjective criteria ultimately applied. See Markowicz Sept. 2011
Decl. ¶ 13; Markowicz Dep. 73:22–23. Special Agent in Charge Garabito denied submitting the
three top ranked candidates, but did state that that “[i]t was discussed that selecting top
candidates would improve the quality of the supervisors in the division and raise the overall
perception of the division for future candidates,” particularly given that “[t]he top candidates had
good reputations and high merit promotion scores.” Garabito Decl. ¶ 8. While this dispute does
                                                 35
Ex. 10–11. Similarly, the Department states that it selected Special Agent Naranjo because of

his PIAD experience, but two non-Hispanic candidates had more years of Intelligence Division

experience than Special Agent Naranjo, along with higher MPP scores and more career

assignments. Markowicz Nov. 2011 Decl. at 52; Def.’s Mot. Ex. 10–11. And the Department

states that it selected Special Agent Wynn in part because of his Presidential Protective Division

experience, but four white candidates had Presidential Protective experience and higher MPP

scores, but were not promoted. Markowicz Nov. 2011 Decl. at 53–54; Def.’s Mot. Ex. 10–11. 19     8F

       To the extent that the Advisory Board emphasized certain factors over other factors when

deciding which candidates should fill Vacancy 10101, Special Agent Markowicz has thus called

into question whether those factors were used as a pretext to discriminate against him. The

Court is particularly skeptical of the Department’s reasoning because the Department has not

shown how the factors were applied at the time of its promotion decision, but rather has justified

the decision post hoc. See Hamilton, 666 F.3d at 1355–56. Under the D.C. Circuit’s pretext

framework, Special Agent Markowicz has successfully “attack[ed] the employer's proffered

explanation for its actions,” Aka, 156 F.3d at 1289, creating a question of fact for the jury

potentially further suggest that the Department applied its promotion criteria in an inconsistent
manner, Special Agent in Charge Garabito’s declaration is not as clear cut as Special Agent
Markowicz frames it to be.
       19
           Special Agent Markowicz urges the Court to note Assistant Director Elias’s suggestion
in a different administrative case that a white candidate was selected over the minority
complainant because the white candidate’s MPP score was higher. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 10–11;
Elias Jan. 2013 Decl. ¶ 13, Pl’s Opp’n Ex. E, ECF No. 31. Special Agent Markowicz claims that
this further illustrates irregularities in the selection process because “when attempting to justify
the promotion of a Caucasian over minorities, [Assistant Director Elias] emphasized the MPP
score but when attempting to rationalize the promotion of minorities over Caucasian, he
consistently de-emphasized the MPP score.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 11. The Court declines to give this
evidence weight because Assistant Director Elias did not provide input for the candidate
selections in that case, and merely agreed with the recommendations of a different Advisory
Board Member. Elias Jan. 2013 Decl. ¶ 12–14.

                                                 36
concerning the Department’s motives in selecting the other candidates over Special Agent

Markowicz.

                                       IV. CONCLUSION

       Special Agent Markowicz has presented circumstantial evidence related to (1) his

qualifications for Vacancy 10101 compared to the qualifications of the successful candidates; (2)

Assistant Director Luczko’s statement about the Advisory Board’s practices; and (3) the

Department's selection process and its, apparent, inconsistent application of its proffered criteria.

Although any one of these factors alone likely would not defeat summary judgment, the Court

must consider them all together. Giving all inferences to Special Agent Markowicz as the non-

moving party, and in light of the case law in this Circuit, the Court holds that there is a genuine

issue of material fact as to whether the Department's reasons for failing to promote Special Agent

Markowicz were pretextual, masking a discriminatory employment decision. For the foregoing

reasons, Defendant’s motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 29) is DENIED. An order

consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued.

Dated: June 20, 2018                                                RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
                                                                    United States District Judge

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