Court Opinion

ID: 9953660
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-22 16:09:28.189774+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:40.044923
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                    No. 123PA22

                                Filed 22 March 2024

THE SOCIETY FOR THE HISTORICAL PRESERVATION OF THE TWENTY-
SIXTH NORTH CAROLINA TROOPS, INC.,

              v.
CITY OF ASHEVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA, and BUNCOMBE COUNTY,
NORTH CAROLINA.

      On discretionary review pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-31 of a unanimous decision

of the Court of Appeals, 282 N.C. App. 700 (2022), affirming an order entered 30 April

2021 by Judge Alan Z. Thornburg in Superior Court, Buncombe County, holding that

plaintiff lacked standing to bring claims and failed to state a claim of breach of

contract upon which relief could be granted. Heard in the Supreme Court on 1

November 2023.

      H. Edward Phillips III for plaintiff-appellant.

      City of Asheville City Attorney’s Office, by Eric P. Edgerton, Senior Assistant
      City Attorney, for defendant-appellee City of Asheville.

      No brief for defendant-appellee Buncombe County.

      Noel E. Nickle, pro se, amicus curiae.

      BERGER, Justice.

       More than a century ago, a monument was erected in Asheville dedicated to

Zebulon Vance—former North Carolina Governor, United States Senator, and

Confederate Colonel of the 26th North Carolina State Troops. This case arises from
    SOC’Y FOR THE HIST. PRES. OF THE TWENTY-SIXTH N.C. TROOPS, INC. V. CITY OF
                                    ASHEVILLE

                                     Opinion of the Court

defendants’ decision to remove the monument.1

       The Court of Appeals determined that plaintiff lacked standing to pursue this

action. We modify and affirm.

                    I.   Factual and Procedural Background

       In December 1897, the cornerstone was laid for the monument dedicated to

Vance in Asheville’s Pack Square Park. By 2008, the monument was in disrepair and

at risk of structural instability due to mortar loss and water incursion. Plaintiff is a

nonprofit historical preservation organization focused on preserving the history of the

26th North Carolina State Troops and is opposed to removal of the monument.

       Plaintiff raised $138,447.38 for the purpose of restoring the monument, and on

30 March 2015, plaintiff executed an agreement with the City of Asheville (defendant

City) pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 160A-353 whereby plaintiff agreed to “purchase and

conduct the restoration of the Vance Monument . . . and donate said Restoration to

[defendant City] upon completion of the work.” Section 160A-353 provides that a

municipality may “[a]ccept any gift, grant, lease, loan, or devise of real or personal

property for parks and recreation programs.” N.C.G.S. § 160A-353(6) (2023).

       The agreement between plaintiff and defendant City included various

logistical details governing the restoration and reconstruction of the monument,

including a warranty provision for the work performed and materials utilized in the

       1 As defendant Buncombe County has not filed a brief in this case, we will refer to the

City of Asheville as a singular defendant.

                                             -2-
    SOC’Y FOR THE HIST. PRES. OF THE TWENTY-SIXTH N.C. TROOPS, INC. V. CITY OF
                                    ASHEVILLE

                                  Opinion of the Court

preservation effort. Plaintiff completed the restoration and donated the monument

to defendant City in accordance with the donation agreement.

      In December 2020, the Buncombe County Board of Commissioners and the

Asheville City Council voted to remove the monument. According to Asheville’s City

Council, the “Vance Monument ha[d] become a public safety threat in [the]

community” because “the monument ha[d] been vandalized and the City ha[d]

received significant threats that members of the public w[ould] attempt to topple the

structure.”

      On 23 March 2021, plaintiff filed a complaint against Asheville and Buncombe

County seeking to prevent removal of the monument. Specifically, plaintiff alleged

that defendant City breached the 2015 agreement, and plaintiff was entitled to entry

of a temporary restraining order, preliminary injunction, and a declaratory judgment

that N.C.G.S. § 100-2.1, which governs the removal of State-owned monuments,

memorials, or other works of art, applied to the monument.

      Plaintiff alleged in its complaint that it and the City had entered into a contract

because both had a “desire to restore and preserve the Vance Monument in

perpetuity.” Plaintiff asserted that it did not intend to raise money and expend

significant amounts of time over the restoration period only for the monument to be

torn down soon after completion. According to plaintiff’s complaint, the agreement

was the foundation of “a partnership with the City . . . to carry out this crucial and

necessary work.” Plaintiff also asserted in the complaint that both parties intended

                                          -3-
    SOC’Y FOR THE HIST. PRES. OF THE TWENTY-SIXTH N.C. TROOPS, INC. V. CITY OF
                                    ASHEVILLE

                                      Opinion of the Court

to preserve the monument so that it “is not only part of [our] past, but our future as

well.”2

          On 29 March 2021, defendant City filed a motion to dismiss plaintiff’s

complaint. Defendant City moved to dismiss plaintiff’s breach of contract claim under

Rule 12(b)(6) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure and moved to dismiss

the remainder of plaintiff’s claims for relief under both Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6).

Defendant City also moved for an award of attorney’s fees under N.C.G.S. § 6-21.5.

          On 31 March 2021, plaintiff filed a motion to stay proceedings in the trial court

pending this Court’s resolution of United Daughters of the Confederacy, N.C. Div. v.

City of Winston-Salem, 383 N.C. 612 (2022). According to plaintiff’s motion to stay,

“[t]he issues raised in the present case related to standing and whether N.C.[G.S.]

§ 100-2.1 applies to objects of remembrance . . . owned by the political subdivisions of

the state of North Carolina are identical to those presented in [United Daughters].”

          On 30 April 2021, the trial court entered an order denying plaintiff’s motion to

stay proceedings, denying defendant City’s motion for attorney’s fees, and granting

defendant City’s motion to dismiss. Regarding defendant City’s motion to dismiss

under Rule 12(b)(6), the trial court concluded that “in the event that [p]laintiff has

properly alleged the existence of a valid contract, the obligations of any potential

          2 Plaintiff asserts that this language was used in the agreement which was attached

to the complaint. However, we have scrutinized the text of the donation agreement and have
been unable to locate the quoted language.

                                              -4-
    SOC’Y FOR THE HIST. PRES. OF THE TWENTY-SIXTH N.C. TROOPS, INC. V. CITY OF
                                    ASHEVILLE

                                   Opinion of the Court

agreement have been fulfilled; therefore, [p]laintiff has failed to sufficiently allege a

breach of contract claim.” As to defendant City’s motion to dismiss under Rule

12(b)(1), the trial court concluded that plaintiff “lacks standing to bring its remaining

claims” because plaintiff “and its individual members are not injuriously affected in

their persons, property or constitutional rights in a manner to create an actual

controversy and standing in this matter.” Plaintiff appealed.

      At the Court of Appeals, plaintiff failed to meet procedural deadlines governing

the filing of the record on appeal and the filing of its appellant brief. On 23 August

2021—more than three months after the appeal was docketed—plaintiff filed a

“motion for stay of appellate proceedings,” reiterating its argument that the matter

should be stayed pending this Court’s resolution of United Daughters because “[t]he

issues raised in the present case are identical.” Defendant City opposed the motion

and moved to dismiss plaintiff’s appeal based upon plaintiff’s repeated violations of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure. The Court of Appeals denied plaintiff’s motion for

stay and defendant City’s motion to dismiss the appeal.

      On 5 April 2022, the Court of Appeals issued an opinion affirming the trial

court’s order. However, in addition to determining that dismissal of plaintiff’s breach

of contract claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) was proper, the Court of Appeals also

concluded that plaintiff had no standing to bring its breach of contract claim—a

conclusion the trial court never made. Soc’y for the Hist. Pres. of the Twenty-sixth

N.C. Troops, Inc. v. City of Asheville, 282 N.C. App. 707, 708 (2022). In addition, the

                                           -5-
    SOC’Y FOR THE HIST. PRES. OF THE TWENTY-SIXTH N.C. TROOPS, INC. V. CITY OF
                                    ASHEVILLE

                                      Opinion of the Court

Court of Appeals determined that dismissal of plaintiff’s claims for a temporary

restraining order, preliminary injunction, and declaratory judgment under Rule

12(b)(1) was appropriate because plaintiff failed to sufficiently allege an ownership

interest or other legal interest in the monument. Id. at 707. Plaintiff was, thus,

“unable to establish a legal injury” and “therefore unable to establish standing for its

claims.” Id.

      On 13 December 2022, this Court allowed plaintiff’s petition for discretionary

review to consider whether the Court of Appeals erred in affirming the trial court’s

dismissal of plaintiff’s complaint.

                                      II.   Analysis

      We review a lower court’s decision on a motion to dismiss for lack of standing

de novo.     United Daughters, 383 N.C. at 624.              In undertaking this review, the

allegations contained in the complaint are presumed to be true, and these assertions

along with

               the supporting record [are viewed] in the light most
               favorable to the non-moving party, with this being the
               applicable standard of review regardless of whether the
               complaint is dismissed for lack of subject matter
               jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) or for failure to state
               a claim upon which relief could be granted pursuant to
               Rule 12(b)(6).

Id. (cleaned up).

      This Court has “consistently recognized that standing is a necessary

prerequisite to a court’s proper exercise of subject matter jurisdiction,” United

                                              -6-
   SOC’Y FOR THE HIST. PRES. OF THE TWENTY-SIXTH N.C. TROOPS, INC. V. CITY OF
                                   ASHEVILLE

                                  Opinion of the Court

Daughters, 383 N.C. at 649 (cleaned up), and a motion to dismiss for lack of standing

is properly made under Rule 12(b)(1). A party seeking to enjoin the removal of a

monument owned by a political subdivision of this State through a private suit must,

at minimum, allege a legal interest for their claims to survive a motion to dismiss

under Rule 12(b)(1). Id.

       As the parties have acknowledged, many of the issues addressed by this Court

in United Daughters are “identical” to the issues presented here.        There, the

organizational plaintiff challenged a municipality’s decision to remove a monument

from the grounds of a Forsyth County courthouse. Id. at 614. The plaintiff alleged

that it had funded the erection of the monument in 1905 but did not “claim to own

the monument or to have any sort of contractual or property interest in it.” Id. at

615.

       After the defendants removed the monument in that case, the plaintiff filed a

complaint seeking a temporary restraining order, a preliminary injunction, and a

declaratory judgment. Id. at 619. The defendants moved to dismiss for lack of

standing pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) and failure to state a claim upon which relief can

be granted pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). Id. The trial court allowed the defendants’

motion and dismissed the complaint with prejudice, and a divided panel of the Court

of Appeals affirmed. Id. at 620–21. The plaintiff appealed to this Court based upon

a dissent in the Court of Appeals. Id. at 624.

       This Court affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded the case to the

                                          -7-
    SOC’Y FOR THE HIST. PRES. OF THE TWENTY-SIXTH N.C. TROOPS, INC. V. CITY OF
                                    ASHEVILLE

                                   Opinion of the Court

trial court to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint without prejudice. Id. at 651. We held, in

relevant part, that because the plaintiff did not allege any ownership or contractual

interest in the monument, the plaintiff had “failed to identify any legal right

conferred by the common law, state or federal statute, or the state or federal

constitutions of which they have been deprived by [the] defendants’ conduct.” Id. at

629. Notably, the plaintiff in United Daughters alleged neither the existence of a

valid contract between the parties nor the breach of any such contract. Id. at 630.

       In addition, we reiterated in United Daughters that “[w]hen a person alleges

the infringement of a legal right arising under a cause of action at common law, a

statute, or the North Carolina Constitution, . . . the legal injury itself gives rise to

standing.” Id. at 626 (alterations in original) (quoting Comm. to Elect Dan Forest v.

Emps. Pol. Action Comm., 376 N.C. 558, 608 (2021)).           This is so because our

Constitution provides that “every person for an injury done to him in his lands, goods,

person, or reputation shall have remedy by due course of law.” N.C. Const. art. I, §

18, cl. 2.

       It should be self-evident that our holding in United Daughters was limited to

the facts of that case, rather than a blanket holding that individuals or organizations

can never challenge the removal of historical monuments. If such parties, like the

plaintiff in United Daughters, fail to allege the infringement of a legal right arising

under a cause of action at common law, a statute, or the North Carolina Constitution,

dismissal is appropriate. See United Daughters, 383 N.C. at 633. Conversely, if such

                                           -8-
    SOC’Y FOR THE HIST. PRES. OF THE TWENTY-SIXTH N.C. TROOPS, INC. V. CITY OF
                                    ASHEVILLE

                                   Opinion of the Court

parties establish standing by alleging an ownership, contractual, or other cognizable

interest as described in our precedent, dismissal under Rule 12(b)(1) is error. See id.

at 626.

       This Court has “long held that a plaintiff can maintain an action for

infringement of a common law interest irrespective of any ‘actual’ injury that may

occur.” Comm. to Elect Dan Forest, 376 N.C. at 596.

              For instance, we have not dismissed trespass actions where
              there is no allegation of harm beyond the infringement of
              the legal right. See Keziah v. Seaboard Air Line R. Co., 272
              N.C. 299, 311 (1968) (“Any unauthorized entry on land in
              the actual or constructive possession of another constitutes
              a trespass, irrespective of degree of force used or whether
              actual damages is done.” (emphasis added)); see also
              Hildebrand v. Southern Bell, 219 N.C. 402, 408 (1941)
              (holding landowner “is entitled to be protected as to that
              which is his without regard to its monetary value”). Indeed,
              “[s]uch entry entitle[s] the aggrieved party to at least
              nominal damages.” Keziah, 272 N.C. at 311. Actions for
              breach of contract can, in some circumstances, proceed on
              a theory of nominal damages. See, e.g., Bryan Builders
              Supply v. Midyette, 274 N.C. 264, 271 (1968) (explaining
              that in a contract action proof of breach alone is enough to
              avoid judgment of nonsuit). Even in a common law action
              where actual injury is a necessary element of the claim,
              such as negligence, the proper disposition for failure to
              allege actual injury or damages is not dismissal for lack of
              standing, but dismissal for failure to state a claim upon
              which relief can be granted. See, e.g., Hansley v. Jamesville
              & W.R. Co., 115 N.C. 602, 613 (1894) (“Neither negligence
              without damage nor damage without negligence will
              constitute any cause of action.”).

Id. (alterations in original).

       Here, the Court of Appeals held that plaintiff lacked standing to bring its

                                           -9-
    SOC’Y FOR THE HIST. PRES. OF THE TWENTY-SIXTH N.C. TROOPS, INC. V. CITY OF
                                    ASHEVILLE

                                    Opinion of the Court

claims for breach of contract, a temporary restraining order, a preliminary injunction,

and a declaratory judgment. See Soc’y for the Hist. Pres., 282 N.C. App. at 705–707.

In so doing, the Court of Appeals purported to affirm the trial court’s order granting

defendant City’s motion to dismiss these claims for lack of standing under Rule

12(b)(1). Id. at 706. However, contrary to the Court of Appeals’ analysis, the trial

court did not dismiss plaintiff’s breach of contract claim for lack of standing under

Rule 12(b)(1). Instead, the trial court ruled that because the donation agreement had

been completed, plaintiff had “failed to sufficiently allege a breach of contract claim.”

Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim was therefore dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6).

       Thereafter, the trial court concluded that plaintiff “lack[ed] standing to bring

its remaining claims,” i.e., its claims for a temporary restraining order, a preliminary

injunction, and a declaratory judgment.            The trial court’s proper distinction of

dismissal under Rule 12(b)(1) and dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) aligns with

defendant City’s motion to dismiss, which sought dismissal of plaintiff’s breach of

contract claim only “pursuant to 12(b)(6)” and dismissal of the remaining claims

“pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6).”

       The Court of Appeals’ misapprehension of these issues would alone warrant

reversal of its conclusion that plaintiff lacked standing to bring its breach of contract

claim. Nevertheless, we take this opportunity to reiterate that “[w]hen a person

alleges the infringement of a legal right arising under a cause of action at common

law, a statute, or the North Carolina Constitution, . . . the legal injury itself gives rise

                                            -10-
    SOC’Y FOR THE HIST. PRES. OF THE TWENTY-SIXTH N.C. TROOPS, INC. V. CITY OF
                                    ASHEVILLE

                                   Opinion of the Court

to standing.” Comm. to Elect Dan Forest, 376 N.C. at 608.

      Where a party alleges the existence of a valid contract and that such contract

has been breached, that party has alleged a legal injury that gives rise to standing.

Here, the Court of Appeals reasoned that plaintiff lacked standing because it failed

to “sufficiently allege a breach of contract claim.” Soc’y for the Hist. Pres., 282 N.C.

App. at 706. This failure goes to dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a

claim, not dismissal under Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of standing. See Comm. to Elect Dan

Forest, 376 N.C. at 596 (“Even in a common law action where actual injury is a

necessary element of the claim, such as negligence, the proper disposition for failure

to allege actual injury or damages is not dismissal for lack of standing, but dismissal

for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.”).

      However, the end result is the same. The Court of Appeals alternatively

affirmed the trial court’s dismissal of plaintiff’s breach of contract claim pursuant to

Rule 12(b)(6), and plaintiff failed to argue the merits of its breach of contract claim

in its brief to this Court. Our Rules of Appellate Procedure provide that “review in

the Supreme Court is limited to consideration of the issues . . . properly presented in

the new briefs.” N.C. R. App. P. 16(a). As such, this issue has been abandoned by

plaintiff, and we express no opinion as to this portion of the Court of Appeals’ decision.

      As to plaintiff’s remaining claims, we agree that “[i]t is somewhat unclear what

legal injury plaintiff asserts, in both the complaint and the present appeal, in seeking

the [temporary restraining order], preliminary injunction, and declaratory

                                          -11-
    SOC’Y FOR THE HIST. PRES. OF THE TWENTY-SIXTH N.C. TROOPS, INC. V. CITY OF
                                    ASHEVILLE

                                  Opinion of the Court

judgment.” Soc’y for the Hist. Pres., 282 N.C. App. at 706. Although plaintiff’s breach

of contract claim prevents this Court from agreeing that this case is “identical” to

United Daughters, plaintiff’s failure to argue the merits of that claim requires us to

hold that plaintiff’s remaining claims suffer the same defect that was present in

United Daughters.

       Accordingly, we affirm the portion of the Court of Appeals’ decision affirming

the trial court’s dismissal of plaintiff’s claims for a temporary restraining order, a

preliminary injunction, and a declaratory judgment for lack of standing under Rule

12(b)(1).

                               III.   Conclusion

       For the reasons stated herein, we reverse the Court of Appeals’ determination

that plaintiff’s breach of contract claim should be dismissed for lack of standing.

However, plaintiff abandoned the merits of its breach of contract claim in its appeal

to this Court. Therefore, plaintiff has failed to assert any ground for which it has

standing to contest removal of the monument, and we affirm the portion of the Court

of Appeals’ decision affirming the trial court’s dismissal of plaintiff’s claims for a

temporary restraining order, a preliminary injunction, and a declaratory judgment.

       MODIFIED AND AFFIRMED.

                                         -12-