Court Opinion

ID: 4566390
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-09-17 16:09:59.716103+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:22:35.432018
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Elko, 2020-Ohio-4466.]

                               COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                              EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                 COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

STATE OF OHIO,                                   :

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,             :
                                                            No. 109082
                 v.                              :

CHRISTIE ELKO,                                   :

                 Defendant-Appellant.            :

                                JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                 JUDGMENT: REVERSED AND REMANDED
                 RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: September 17, 2020

          Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                              Case No. CR-17-623861-A

                                           Appearances:

                 Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
                 Attorney, and Kevin R. Filiatraut, Assistant Prosecuting
                 Attorney, for appellee.

                 The Pattakos Law Firm L.L.C., Peter Pattakos, and Rachel
                 Hazelet, for appellant.

ANITA LASTER MAYS, J.:

                   A jury acquitted defendant-appellant Christie Elko (“Elko”) of

assaulting a police officer, R.C. 2903.13(A), a fourth-degree felony, but found Elko
guilty of resisting arrest, R.C. 2921.33(A), a second-degree misdemeanor. Elko was

sentenced to time served.

               Elko appeals the conviction. We reverse the conviction and remand.

I.    Background and Facts

               On September 24, 2016, Elko was arrested by Sergeant Floyd Takacs

(“Sgt. Takacs”) and Officer Daniel Daugherty (“Officer Daugherty”) of the Olmsted

Falls Police Department who responded to a dispatch report of a domestic violence

complaint lodged by Elko’s then-boyfriend Aaron Watkins (“Watkins”). The state

asserts that Elko resisted arrest and assaulted Sgt. Takacs. Elko counters that the

officers were aggressive and used excessive force to effect the arrest.

               On October 18, 2016, Elko was indicted in Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-16-

610322 for assault under R.C. 2903.13(A). The indictment names Watkins as the

victim yet contains a “furthermore” clause that describes the victim as a peace

officer. Watkins is not a peace officer.

               On December 19, 2017, Elko was indicted in State v. Elko, Cuyahoga

C.P. No. CR-17-623861 for assault of peace officer Takacs under R.C. 2903.13(A),

with the added charge of resisting arrest under R.C. 2921.33(A). The indictment

provides that Elko “did recklessly or by force, resist or interfere with a lawful arrest
of herself or another.” Journal entry No. 101839805 (Dec. 12, 2017). The original

indictment was dismissed in January 2018.1

                On February 5, 2018, Elko pleaded no contest to resisting arrest and

the assault charge was nolled. On June 21, 2018, Elko moved to withdraw her plea

under Crim.R. 32.1 on the ground that the state withheld exculpatory evidence from

the arresting officer’s disciplinary file.2 The motion was granted on July 16, 2018.

                Trial commenced on September 3, 2019. Elko testified that in the

early afternoon of September 24, 2016, Elko was helping in the kitchen of the bar

owned by Elko’s friends that was located below Elko’s apartment. Watkins, who was

married to Elko by the time of trial, was also at the bar drinking alcohol and watching

football. Elko’s 13-year-old daughter arrived to spend time with Elko and meet

Watkins for the first time. The three went upstairs to Elko’s apartment where Elko

and Watkins argued about Watkins’s excessive alcohol consumption. Elko testified

that Watkins “got really mad,” “threw a fit,” and “stomped down the stairs” because

Elko would not allow Watkins to drive her car to a party. (Tr. 380-381.)

       1In the Berea Municipal Court, Elko was charged with domestic violence against
Watkins under R.C. 2919.25 and resisting arrest under R.C. 2921.33. The resisting arrest
charge was transferred to the Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court as part of the two-
count indictment in State v. Elko, Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-17-623861 indicted on
December 19, 2017. In the municipal case, Elko pleaded no contest to, and was found
guilty of, the amended charge of disorderly conduct under Olmsted Falls
Ordinances 648.04(A).

       2  Elko alleged that she received the information during discovery in a federal
action that Elko filed against the officers and city in 2017 for violating Elko’s civil rights
under 42 U.S.C. 1983.
                Shortly after Watkins departed, Elko and her daughter exited the

apartment to walk down the street to a delicatessen. Elko described the events that

subsequently transpired that were partially depicted in the dashcam recording of

Sgt. Takacs’s police car. Elko opines that Sgt. Takacs parked the police car shortly

before reaching the alley so the events would not be recorded.

                Sgt. Takacs exited the police car, approached Elko and Elko’s

daughter who had not yet totally emerged from the apartment unit’s driveway3 and

told Elko that he “needed to know * * * who I was.” (Tr. 384.) “I told him I was

Christie, and I lived up — I lived upstairs because we were right next to the

apartment I lived in.” Id.

      I was scared. I had my daughter with me. She was behind me. I made
      sure to keep her behind me while I was speaking with him at — he came
      up very aggressively, because he was very close to my face.
      And just — he kept repeating after I already told him, so that was odd
      to me, too.

(Tr. 385.)

                Elko said that Sgt. Takacs stood “really close to [Elko’s] face” and after

Sgt. Takacs asked for her name two or three times, Elko asked “[w]hy the f**k are

you being so nasty?” (Tr. 436.) Elko also exclaimed, “this is a f**king mistake.”

(Tr. 419.) Elko stated that she was referring to Sgt. Takacs “put[ting] his hands on

me.” (Tr. 419.)

      Counsel:     When did he hurt you? Did he hurt you right here in the
                   alley?

      3   The driveway is interchangeably referenced as the alley during the testimony.
      Elko:       Yes. I had his fingerprints and bruises all the way down my
                  arm. He held me so hard, it was — he was trying to like
                  squeeze through me.

(Tr. 420.)

               Elko, who possesses an associate degree in criminal justice and was

working on a bachelor’s degree in the field at the time of trial, said that she focused

on moving in front of the dashboard cam to record the event:

      I backed away. I have always been taught to get in front of a dashboard
      cam. And I honestly had no idea about the body cams. So my biggest
      thing was I’m going to have to get him in front of this dashboard cam
      because I know — I know he’s going to hurt me, I know he’s going to
      harm me at this point.

(Tr. 386.) Elko stated she was afraid of the officer and wanted to protect her

daughter.

               Elements of the exchange in the alley can be heard on Sgt. Takacs’s

dash cam exhibit and viewed as the parties move into dash cam range. The video

depicts Elko backing out of the alley into view of the dash cam repeating the phrase

“don’t you f**king touch me.” (Tr. 363-364.) “What the f**k is wrong with you?”

(Tr. 364-365.) Elko continues to back away from Sgt. Takacs who proceeds toward

her. The video shows Sgt. Takacs grabbing at Elko and Sgt. Takacs advising Elko

that she is under arrest.

               Officer Daugherty arrives and tells Elko to get on the ground or he will

tase her. Sgt. Takacs and Officer Daugherty maneuver Elko face down on the

asphalt. Officer Daugherty holds a taser against Elko’s body, but Officer Daugherty

stated the taser was not activated.       Sgt. Takacs testified that Elko’s actions
constituted force and “necessitated” the officers’ responses as well as caused

Sgt. Takacs to scrape his knee when taking Elko to the ground. Elko’s “actions

necessitated my actions, which resulted in my injury” which constituted the assault.

(Tr. 338.) Elko also bumped the officers with her shoulders during the six-second

“scuffle,” which also constituted the assault. (Tr. 339.)

               The officers testified that they had to push and pull Elko to have her

enter the car. Elko denied that she resisted entering the police car. A tall individual

who was wearing a dress at the time, Elko testified that the officers’ attempts to push

her into the car caused her back and shoulder to impact the door frame. Elko was

“smashed against the car” while the officers were pushing, pulling, hitting and

punching. ( Tr. 429.) “I even told them, I was like, ‘[g]ive me a second so I can sit

down.’” (Tr. 430.) “And the reason that the car looks like it’s smashed against my

arm is because they are pushing on my upper half.” (Tr. 431.)

               Elko opined that the officers kept their hands on her and wanted to

hurt her the entire time. The video evidence demonstrates that Elko said, when

being placed into the police car, “‘You attacked me in the alley, you old f**k.’”

(Tr. 340, quoting video.) Elko then stated, “‘I didn’t touch you.’” Id., quoting video.

               Elko later learned that Watkins had contacted the police and accused

Elko of domestic violence. The police dispatcher testified regarding the dispatch

recording. The dispatcher did not ask Watkins for Elko’s name and Watkins did not

advise the dispatcher that Elko had a weapon or was under the influence of alcohol.
Watkins did not indicate to the dispatcher that Elko was dangerous other than to

say that “she hurt him.” (Tr. 179.)

               Officer Daugherty testified that he responded to the domestic

violence call with lights and siren, dash cam and wearing a body cam. Watkins was

standing outside of the bar and flagged down Officer Daugherty. Sgt. Takacs arrived,

saw Watkins point toward the alley adjacent to the bar and drive forward to the area.

Officer Daugherty was still speaking with Watkins when he “heard when Sgt. Takacs

had made an encounter, there was a lot of screaming and yelling.” (Tr. 201.) Officer

Daugherty could not recall whether the dispatcher identified Elko by name.

                Without knowledge of Elko’s identity, Sgt. Takacs approached Elko

and said, “I need to know who you are.” (Tr. 293.) Sgt. Takacs confirmed that Elko

identified herself as Christie who lives in the apartment above the bar, and that Elko

asked Sgt. Takacs why he was being so nasty with her.

               Sgt. Takacs did not tell Elko that she was under arrest at that time but

testified and documented in the police report that he did not grab Elko’s arm until

after Elko was placed under arrest. Officer Daugherty testified that, as he ran toward

the encounter, he observed Sgt. Takacs “trying to grab” Elko who was “[p]ulling

away from” Sgt. Takacs. (Tr. 304-305.) Officer Daugherty described Elko’s actions

as a use of force.

               Officer Daugherty added “[w]e grabbed Miss Elko, and she was

resisting after Sgt. Takacs had told her she’s under arrest, and we ended up having

to take her to the ground to get control of her.” (Tr. 205.) “She was pushing and
pulling away from us as we’re trying to put handcuffs on her.” Id. “She had to be

taken to the ground” to put the handcuffs on. Id. Elko “was actively resisting getting

into the back of the patrol unit.” (Tr. 206.) Officer Daugherty “had to go * * * to the

passenger’s side” of the car “to pull” Elko into the car while Sgt. Takacs pushed. Id.

               Officer Daugherty also indicated that he responded with force during

the arrest. “I ended up grabbing one of her arms, and we took her to the ground. I

also then pulled my taser out, and I placed it on her back, but it was never activated.”

(Tr. 207.) Officer Daugherty did not believe excessive force was used against Elko.

               Officer Daugherty confirmed that his dash cam video depicted Elko

and Sgt. Takacs by the alley but that Officer Daugherty actually “did not see what

happened in the alley.” (Tr. 225.) According to the police report prepared by Officer

Daugherty and Sgt. Takacs, Officer Daugherty heard Elko yelling at Sgt. Takacs, saw

Sgt. Takacs attempt to detain Elko who became violent by pulling away when

Sgt. Takacs tried to grab Elko’s arm. Per Officer Daugherty, and as the video exhibits

confirm, after Elko pulled away and began backing into the street, she threw her

purse and keys on the ground and Sgt. Takacs informed Elko that she was under

arrest.

               The body cam provides additional insight into Elko’s entry into the

police cruiser. Elko, wearing a dress with her hands cuffed behind her back, can be

heard telling the officers “‘I’m going to get in the car if you’d stop pushing me.’”

(Tr. 235, quoting body cam.)
               Sgt. Takacs testified that, after Elko provided her first name in

response to his request for identification, Elko started to walk away from Sgt.

Takacs.

      I finally had to put my hand on her to stop her from walking away from
      me. And she immediately became angry and changed directions and
      turned and started walking sort of backwards at me * * * and I was
      following her, and she was pretty much in an angry state.

(Tr. 255-256.) Elko continued to walk away so he said “‘[y]ou’re under arrest.’”

(Tr. 256.) Elko was not under arrest for domestic violence but for “failure to

identify,” a “fourth degree” misdemeanor and “an arrestable offense.” (Tr. 257.)

Sgt. Takacs said Elko had to be taken “to the ground to get the handcuffs on her,

which she resisted to do.” (Tr. 257.) “We were being as, you know, gentle as we

could under the situation.” Elko continued to resist. “We took her to the vehicle,

pretty much had to carry her there, and then she wouldn’t get in the car itself.”

(Tr. 258.)

               Elko responded to Sgt. Takacs’s request for identification with her

first name. Sgt. Takacs placed his hands onto Elko because Elko was not responsive.

Confirmed during the video testimony, the dash cam indicates that the contact

occurred within five seconds of Sgt. Takacs’s approach. (Tr. 288.) Sgt. Takacs also

indicated in the police report that Elko struggled and resisted the officers who finally

were able to bring her to the ground. Elko was placed face down on the cement with

an officer’s knee in her back. Sgt. Takacs also admitted to calling Elko a “stupid

fucking b**ch.” (Tr. 331.)
               Sgt. Takacs explained that both parties were excited and emotional.

However, Sgt. Takacs said that Elko’s “actions necessitated my actions, which

resulted in” Sgt. Takacs’s scraped knee. (Tr. 338.)

               The jury determined that Elko did not assault Sgt. Takacs but that she

did resist arrest.

II.    Assigned Error and Analysis

               Elko assigns as error the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury that

an officer’s use of force provided a complete defense to the charge of resisting arrest.

Elko presents as the underlying issue:

       Under Ohio law, the arresting officer’s use of excessive force is a
       complete defense to a charge of resisting arrest, even if the underlying
       arrest was lawful. Here, evidence was presented at trial sufficient to
       support a finding that the arresting officer used excessive force in
       making the arrest at issue. Did the trial court err in refusing to instruct
       the jury on the excessive force defense?

Appellant’s brief, p. 1. We find that the argument has merit and reverse the

conviction.

               A trial court must “[w]hen instructing the jury, * * * provide ‘a plain,

distinct, and unambiguous statement of the law applicable to the evidence.’” State v.

Torres, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99596, 2013-Ohio-5030, ¶ 50, quoting State v.

Driggins, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98073, 2012-Ohio-5287, ¶ 73, citing Marshall v.

Gibson, 19 Ohio St.3d 10, 12, 482 N.E.2d 583 (1985).

       “A jury instruction is proper where ‘1) the instruction is relevant to the
       facts of the case; (2) the instruction gives a correct statement of the
       relevant law; and (3) the instruction is not covered in the general charge
       to the jury.’”
Id., quoting State v. Walker, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97648, 2012-Ohio-4274, ¶ 53,

quoting State v. Kovacic, 2012-Ohio-219, 969 N.E.2d 322, ¶ 15 (11th Dist.). See also

State v. Sims, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 85608, 2005-Ohio-5846, ¶ 17 (failure to

instruct jury on deadly force self-defense instruction was prejudicial).

               A trial court has broad discretion to determine whether the trial

evidence “‘was sufficient to warrant a jury instruction.’” Torres at ¶ 51, quoting

State v. Mitts, 81 Ohio St.3d 223, 228, 1998-Ohio-635, 690 N.E.2d 522. We review

a trial court’s refusal to give a requested jury instruction for an abuse of discretion

based on the circumstances and facts of the case. Id., citing State v. Wolons, 44 Ohio

St.3d 64, 68, 541 N.E.2d 443 (1989).

               An “abuse of discretion” connotes more than an error of law or of

judgment; it implies that the court’s attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or

unconscionable.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 157, 404

N.E.2d 144 (1980). An “‘[a]buse of discretion’ has been described as a ruling that

lacks a ‘sound reasoning process.’” Torres at ¶ 51, quoting AAAA Ents., Inc. v. River

Place Community Urban Redevelopment Corp., 50 Ohio St.3d 157, 161, 553 N.E.2d

597 (1990).

               R.C. 2921.33(A) provides that “[n]o person, reckless or by force, shall

resist or interfere with a lawful arrest of the person or another.” Elko argues that

the trial court was required to instruct the jury that Elko was entitled to reasonably

resist the officers’ unlawful excessive force even if the underlying arrest was lawful.
                The state responds that the instruction was not required under the

facts of this case:

       It is black letter law that self-defense is an affirmative defense in the
       context of resisting arrest and one may only claim such a defense if that
       person admits to committing the elements of the offense and used force
       to defend him or herself as a justification to having committed the
       offense.

Appellee’s brief, p. 16.

                Thus, the state posits that Elko was not entitled to the instruction

because (1) the police had probable cause to arrest Elko for domestic violence and

failure to identify herself before the police put their hands on her; (2) the police used

reasonable force; and (3) Elko “denied” that she “committed the offenses which

effectively precluded” Elko “from also proffering an affirmative defense.” In support

of the latter point, the state emphasizes that when Elko was asked “did you recklessly

or by force resist or interfere with a lawful arrest of yourself?” (Tr. 399.) Elko

responded, “No, I did not.” Id. “[State:] So you’re denying that you did anything of

those things?” (Tr. 400.) “[Elko:] 100 percent.” Id.

                The state relies on this court’s decision in State v. Sinclair, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 85235, 2005-Ohio-6011, that cites State v. Lorenzo, 11th Dist. Lake

No. 2001-L-053, 2002-Ohio-3495, for the premise that “[a]n instruction on self-

defense is only proper where the arrest has been unlawful.” Id., citing id.

                Sinclair was stopped by police for illegally tinted windows, appeared

nervous, engaged in furtive movements and did not have a driver’s license. During

the pat-down, police observed suspected contraband. Sinclair attempted to flee,
flailed his arms, “striking officers” and refused the police orders to stop. At one

point, Sinclair allegedly had his hand on the gun of an officer. Id. at ¶ 5-6. Officers

discovered an open container of alcohol and crack cocaine.

               Sinclair requested a jury instruction on unlawful arrest or self-

defense. We determined:

       The police in the case at bar had probable cause to arrest appellant for
       driving without a license, having an open container of alcohol in the
       vehicle, or possessing crack cocaine. Thus, as the underlying arrest was
       lawful, the trial court properly refused a jury instruction on either the
       right to resist an unlawful arrest or on self-defense.

Id. at ¶ 24.

               Lorenzo was convicted of assaulting a police officer. Lorenzo, 11th

Dist. Lake No. 2001-L-053, 2002-Ohio-3495, ¶ 1. Police were called to intervene in

an altercation between Lorenzo and Lorenzo’s father. Id. at ¶ 1. An officer arrived

at the scene and warned Lorenzo to calm down or he would be arrested. Lorenzo

pulled away from the officer when the officer attempted to apply handcuffs, was

eventually pepper sprayed yet knocked the officer’s glasses off and caused a cut to

the officer’s eyebrow. Another officer arrived and assisted with completing the

arrest. Id. at ¶ 4-6.

               Lorenzo appealed the finding of guilt. The appellate court rejected

Lorenzo’s claim that the trial court’s refusal to instruct the jury on self-defense and

Lorenzo’s right to resist an unlawful arrest constituted error.

       An instruction on self-defense is only proper where the arrest has been
       unlawful. Thus, as the underlying arrest was lawful, a jury instruction
        on either the right to resist an unlawful arrest or on self-defense was
        properly refused by the trial court.

Id. at ¶ 41.

                The state offers that Elko’s admission that she did not use force, an

element of resisting arrest, negates Elko’s right to claim the affirmative defense that

her actions were reasonable. We disagree. First, we do not find that Elko’s

subjective response to whether she used force is determinative of whether force as

an element of the charge of resisting arrest had been demonstrated. Secondly, we

agree with Elko’s position that “resisting arrest and resisting an officer’s use of

excessive force in making an arrest are two different things.” Appellant’s reply brief,

p. 2.

                As the parties agree, our determination is fact specific. Torres, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99596, 2013-Ohio-5030, at ¶ 51. Elko argues that whether the

arrest was lawful or unlawful is irrelevant. Our decision in Middleburg Hts. v.

Szewczyk,      8th   Dist.   Cuyahoga   No.   89930,    2008-Ohio-2043,       provides

enlightenment.

                Police were summoned to a bar where Szewczyk and his girlfriend

were drinking. An altercation ensued and police were summoned. Szewczyk lunged

at the girlfriend in front of police and was informed he was under arrest. An officer

grabbed Szewczyk’s arm who pushed the officer into a glass window. Four officers

subdued him. Szewczyk struggled with the officers, “spat tobacco” at them, kicked

the patrol car windows, and threatened the officers with physical harm. Id. at ¶ 7-8.
Szewczyk was convicted of disorderly conduct, resisting arrest, and obstructing

official business.

               Szewczyk argued that his arrest was unlawful and that he was not

aware that he was under arrest. This court did not find that the arrest was unlawful.

However, pertinent to the instant case,

      [e]ven if we determined that his arrest was unlawful, it is well
      established that:

      “In the absence of excessive or unnecessary force by an arresting
      officer, a private citizen may not use force to resist arrest by one he
      knows, or has good reason to believe, is an authorized police officer
      engaged in the performance of his duties, whether or not the arrest is
      illegal under the circumstances.” Columbus v. Fraley, 41 Ohio St.2d
      173, 324 N.E.2d 735 (1975), paragraph three of the syllabus.

Szewczyk, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 89930, 2008-Ohio-2043, ¶ 29-30.

               In D’Amato v. Kazimer, N.D.Ohio No. 1:18-CV-00680, 2020 U.S.

Dist. LEXIS 48396 (Mar. 20, 2020), the court considered whether D’Amato’s claim

that the police used excessive force and violated D’Amato’s civil rights under 42

U.S.C. 1983 was barred by D’Amato’s guilty plea to resisting arrest. Id. at *9-10.

               The court explained:

      Under Ohio law, “a lawful arrest is a necessary element of a conviction
      for resisting arrest.” Swiecicki v. Delgado, 463 F.3d 489, 494 (6th Cir.
      2006), abrogated on other grounds by Wallace v. Kato, 549 U.S. 384,
      127 S.Ct. 1091, 166 L.Ed.2d 973 (2007). The Sixth Circuit has suggested
      that a lawful arrest cannot occur if the arresting officer has used
      excessive force. White v. Ebie, No. 98-3958, 1999 U.S. App. LEXIS
      23755, 1999 WL 775914, at *1 (6th Cir. Sept. 24, 1999) (“An arrest is not
      lawful, under Ohio law, if the arresting officer used excessive force.”).
      Accordingly, in certain circumstances, courts have found that an
      excessive force claim “attack[s] an essential element of the resisting
      arrest offense, i.e., the lawfulness of the arrest,” and is thus barred by
      Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 486-487, 129 L.Ed.2d 383, 114 S.
      Ct.2364 (1994). Ebie, 1999 U.S. App. LEXIS 23755, [WL] at *1; see also
      Swiecicki, 463 F.3d at 494.

      In addition, Ohio courts have held that an officer’s use of excessive
      force is an affirmative defense that a criminal defendant may raise in
      response to a charge of resisting arrest. E.g., Mansfield v. Studer, 5th
      Dist. Richland Nos. 2011-CA-93 and 2011-CA-94, 2012-Ohio-4840
      (“[E]xcessive force is an affirmative defense to resisting arrest.”).
      Specifically, the Sixth Circuit has determined that “pre-arrest excessive
      force is an affirmative defense to a charge of resisting arrest in Ohio.”
      Hayward v. Cleveland Clinic Found., 759 F.3d at 613, 2014 U.S. App.
      LEXIS 13802 (emphasis added). “Therefore, a criminal conviction for
      resisting arrest in Ohio cannot stand where a criminal defendant
      successfully asserts the affirmative defense of pre-arrest excessive
      force.

(Emphasis added.) D’Amato v. Kazimer, N.D.Ohio No. 1:18-CV-00680, 2020 U.S.

Dist. LEXIS 48396, at *11-12 (Mar. 20, 2020).

               In this case, Elko requested the instruction on the ground that the

officers’ use of excessive force rendered the arrest unlawful. Both sides testified that

Sgt. Takacs grabbed Elko’s arm, Officer Daugherty and Sgt. Takacs took Elko to the

ground, face down, to handcuff her, and pushed and pulled Elko into the police car.

Body and dash cam footage were not available to record the encounter from its

inception due to the placement of Sgt. Takacs’s vehicle and malfunctioning body

cam. Both parties testified that Sgt. Takacs grabbed Elko’s arm prior to effecting an

arrest or, as Elko testified, advising Elko “[y]ou’re under f**king arrest. You stupid

f**king dike.” (Tr. 462.)

               We find that, based on the facts and circumstances of this case, there

was sufficient evidence to support Elko’s request that the trial court instruct the jury
that the officers’ use of excessive force serves as a complete defense to the charge of

resisting arrest.

               Elko’s assignment of error has merit.

III.   Conclusion

               Elko’s conviction for resisting arrest is hereby reversed and the case

is remanded for a new trial.

       It is ordered that appellant recover from appellee costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the

common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

ANITA LASTER MAYS, JUDGE

PATRICIA ANN BLACKMON, P.J., CONCURS;
RAYMOND C. HEADEN, J., CONCURS WITH
SEPARATE OPINION

RAYMOND C. HEADEN, J., CONCURRING:

               The standard of review for an appellate court when reviewing a trial

court’s decision whether to issue a jury instruction is an abuse-of-discretion

standard based on the facts and circumstances of the case. State v. Price, 2019-

Ohio-1642, 135 N.E.3d 1093, ¶ 38 (8th Dist.), citing Berardi’s Fresh Roast, Inc. v.
PMD Ents., Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93920, 2010-Ohio-5124, ¶ 12. An abuse of

discretion stands for more than an error of law or judgment, but implies an

unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable attitude of the court. Blakemore v.

Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983). Whether the failure to

issue a jury instruction is unreasonable under the circumstances of this case, i.e.

whether the trial court unreasonably failed to permit Elko a jury instruction on the

affirmative defense of whether the arresting officers used unnecessary or excessive

force is very fact-specific. In essence, what Elko is appealing is for the jury to be able

to decide — based on the facts of her case — whether she was resisting not a lawful

arrest, but rather an unlawful arrest.

               Based on the record before us, I agree with my colleagues that it was

unreasonable for the trial court to not issue a jury instruction on the question of

whether the arrest became unlawful as a result of excessive or unnecessary force

used by the arresting officers. The record included not only Elko’s testimony, but

also footage from the body cameras and dash cameras of the arresting officers. Body

camera and dash camera video was put into place by police departments to protect

both the public and officers when making arrests. A jury instruction in this case on

whether excessive or unnecessary force was applied during Elko’s arrest, therefore,

protects both the public and the officers. When resisting an unlawful arrest is

averred by a defendant, and the record can reasonably support such an averment, a

jury verdict can provide much needed guidance to both the public and officers on

the limits of arresting powers. Whether, when, and how a lawful arrest becomes an
unlawful arrest allowing a person to defend him or herself is front and center in our

national consciousness. Based on the record here, the question of whether Elko

resisted an unlawful arrest is a question of fact that the trial court unreasonably

prevented the jury from deciding when it determined not to issue a jury instruction

on whether Elko possessed an affirmative defense of resisting an unlawful arrest.