Court Opinion

ID: 4293847
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-07-13 09:07:22.448226+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:39:09.612026
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

DEBORAH FUQUA, also known as DEBORAH                                   UNPUBLISHED
FUQUA-FREY,                                                            July 12, 2018

               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                      No. 336418
                                                                       Wayne Circuit Court
DAVID GOLDSTEIN,                                                       LC No. 15-016748-NM

               Defendant-Appellee.

Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and SHAPIRO and TUKEL, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In this civil matter raising claims against an attorney, plaintiff appeals as of right from the
trial court’s order that granted summary disposition of Count IV of her first amended complaint
against defendant and rejected her second amended complaint as improperly filed. The trial
court previously granted summary disposition in defendant’s favor with respect to the four other
counts of plaintiff’s amended complaint. The trial court also denied plaintiff’s motions to
reconsider both of these decisions. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further
proceedings.

                                         I. BASIC FACTS

       Plaintiff retained defendant to obtain mortgage modifications through filing for
bankruptcy. Defendant indeed filed a petition for bankruptcy on plaintiff’s behalf in the United
States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. The attorney-client relationship
devolved, however, causing defendant to seek to withdraw from the matter. At a hearing held on
December 19, 2013, plaintiff, through her then-boyfriend (now current husband), David Frey,
represented to the judge presiding over the bankruptcy proceeding that she no longer wanted
defendant to represent her. The judge stated that he would permit defendant to withdraw. An
order memorializing this decision was entered four days later, on December 23, 2013.

        Plaintiff filed the instant suit on December 22, 2015. After defendant moved for
summary disposition, plaintiff filed an amended complaint raising five counts. The trial court
ruled that four of these five counts sounded in legal malpractice. The trial court further held that
any such malpractice claim accrued on December 19, 2013, the date the bankruptcy judge held
the hearing regarding defendant’s withdrawal. Thus, the trial court dismissed these counts

                                                 -1-
(Counts I, II, III, and V)1 of the amended complaint, finding that the two-year statute of
limitations applicable to malpractice claims, MCL 600.5805(6), had expired three days before
plaintiff filed suit. The trial court directed defendant to either file an answer to Count IV of the
amended complaint or file a second dispositive motion addressing that count. Defendant then
sought summary disposition on the remaining Count IV (labeled “Collusion”), and the trial court
ultimately granted the motion. The trial court rejected plaintiff’s motions for reconsideration of
its decisions and also plaintiff’s attempt to amend her complaint a second time without leave of
the court to do so. The instant appeal followed.

                                 II. SUMMARY DISPOSITION

        Because, when the trial court granted defendant’s motion for summary disposition, it was
ruling on the validity of plaintiff’s claims contained in her first amended complaint, that is the
complaint we will address.

                           A. PLAINTIFF’S MALPRACTICE CLAIM

        Plaintiff first argues that the trial court erred when it concluded that her legal malpractice
claim (or claims) accrued on December 19, 2013, rendering her complaint, at least to the extent it
alleges legal malpractice, untimely. We conclude that any legal malpractice claims accrued on
December 19, 2013, which means that plaintiff raising any such claims on December 22, 2015
was untimely.

        “This Court reviews the grant or denial of summary disposition de novo to determine if
the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. In making this determination, the
Court reviews the entire record to determine whether defendant was entitled to summary
disposition.” Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich. 109, 118; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). “Whether a claim
is barred by a statute of limitations is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo.” Scherer
v Hellstrom, 270 Mich. App. 458, 461; 716 NW2d 307 (2006). A motion for summary disposition
challenging whether a claim is barred by the applicable statute of limitations is properly brought
under MCR 2.116(C)(7). Levy v Martin, 463 Mich. 478, 489 n 19; 620 NW2d 292 (2001).

              A party may support a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(7) by affidavits,
       depositions, admissions, or other documentary evidence. If such material is
       submitted, it must be considered. MCR 2.116(G)(5). Moreover, the substance or
       content of the supporting proofs must be admissible in evidence. Unlike a motion
       under subsection (C)(10), a movant under MCR 2.116(C)(7) is not required to file
       supportive material, and the opposing party need not reply with supportive
       material. The contents of the complaint are accepted as true unless contradicted
       by documentation submitted by the movant. [Maiden, 461 Mich. at 119 (citation
       omitted).]

1
  Count I was for professional malpractice, Count II was for breach of contract, Count III was for
fraud and misrepresentation, and Count V was for breach of fiduciary duty.

                                                 -2-
        A claim alleging legal malpractice must be brought either within two years after the claim
first accrued or within six months after the plaintiff discovered or should have discovered the
existence of the claim. MCL 600.5805(6); MCL 600.5838(1) and (2); Kloian v Schwartz, 272
Mich. App. 232, 235; 725 NW2d 671 (2006). In this matter, plaintiff’s suit was filed on
December 22, 2015. Defendant argues that the suit alleges only legal malpractice, and that the
claim accrued on December 19, 2013, thus making her suit three days too late.2 Plaintiff
contends that to the extent her suit alleges legal malpractice, any such claim accrued on
December 23, 2013, making her complaint timely.3 The trial court agreed with defendant, and
was correct to do so.

       Pursuant to MCL 600.5838(1):

       Except as otherwise provided in [MCL 600.]5838a or [MCL 600.]5838b, a claim
       based on the malpractice of a person who is, or holds himself or herself out to be,
       a member of a state licensed profession accrues at the time that person
       discontinues serving the plaintiff in a professional or pseudoprofessional capacity
       as to the matters out of which the claim for malpractice arose, regardless of the
       time the plaintiff discovers or otherwise has knowledge of the claim.

        “Special rules have been developed in an effort to determine exactly when an attorney
‘discontinues serving the plaintiff in a professional . . . capacity’ for purposes of the accrual
statute.” Kloian, 272 Mich. App. at 237. “For example, this Court has stated that an attorney’s
representation of a client generally continues until the attorney is relieved of that obligation by
the client or the court.” Id, citing Mitchell v Dougherty, 249 Mich. App. 668, 683; 644 NW2d 391
(2002) (emphasis added). In Hooper v Lewis, 191 Mich. App. 312; 477 NW2d 114 (1991), the
plaintiff, Joseph C. Hooper, Jr., had retained an attorney to represent him in an estate matter. Id.
at 313. A settlement was reached, but a dispute arose between Hooper, his attorneys, and the
bank responsible for preparing final accountings. Id. On June 17, 1986, Hooper wrote his
attorneys and explained that they were no longer authorized to act on his behalf. Id. at 313-314.
The attorneys then moved to withdraw from the matter, and on October 9, 1986, the trial court
entered an order permitting the withdrawal. Id. at 314. Hooper filed suit for malpractice on
October 6, 1988. Id.

         Hooper contended, as does plaintiff here, that the claim accrued “when the [trial] court
entered the order allowing withdrawal.” Id. Hooper’s former attorneys contended that any
malpractice claim accrued months earlier, “no later than June 17, 1986, when [Hooper] wrote the
letter effectively discharging the firm.” Id. The trial court agreed that the suit was untimely, and

2
  No party contends that the six-month “discovery rule,” see Kloian, 272 Mich. App. at 235, is
applicable in this case.
3
  The nature of plaintiff’s various claims is a separate question discussed later in this opinion.
But as will be discussed, only Count I of plaintiff’s amended complaint states a claim of legal
malpractice. Thus, the discussion of the date plaintiff’s legal malpractice claim accrued is
relevant only to Count I of plaintiff’s amended complaint.

                                                -3-
this Court affirmed. Id. at 314-315. This Court held that “[a]n attorney discontinues serving a
client, for purposes of the statute of limitations, when then attorney is relieved of the obligation
to serve by either the client or the court.” Id. at 315 (emphasis added). This rule governed
notwithstanding the parties’ retainer agreement, which provided that “ ‘termination by Client
pursuant to this paragraph shall not be effective until Client has approved a Stipulation and an
Order allowing Attorney to withdraw as counsel of record in any legal proceedings within the
scope of this Agreement.’ ” Id. As a result, even in light of the parties’ contract, the attorneys
were discharged in June 1986 for purposes of the statute of limitations, when Hooper terminated
their authority to represent him. Id. at 315-316. Importantly, “[n]o additional court action was
necessary to effectuate that discharge.” Id. at 316.

        Hooper controls the outcome in the present matter. At a hearing in federal bankruptcy
court held on December 19, 2013, plaintiff, through Frey, represented to the court that she no
longer wanted defendant to represent her in the bankruptcy matter. The bankruptcy judge
explained that he would “grant the motion to permit [defendant] to withdraw and that’s without
any prejudice to what other claims [plaintiff] may have against him.” Clearly, the professional
relationship was over at that point. Plaintiff discharged defendant on December 19, 2013, and
“[n]o additional court action was necessary to effectuate that discharge.” Id. The fact that a
written order granting the motion was not entered until four days later is simply not relevant. Id.

        Consequently, because plaintiff’s original complaint was filed more than two years after
any claim for malpractice accrued, those claims are barred by the statute of limitations.

                              B. PLAINTIFF’S OTHER CLAIMS

       Plaintiff next argues that the trial court erred by dismissing Counts II through V of her
amended complaint based on its conclusion that Counts II, III, and V were mislabeled claims of
legal malpractice. We agree.

       To the extent the trial court’s decisions rest on a determination that the claims were
barred because they all sounded in malpractice and were therefore time-barred, we construe the
motion as having been decided pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7). See Bryant v Oakpointe Villa
Nursing Centre, 471 Mich. 411, 419; 684 NW2d 864 (2004). To the extent the trial court’s
decision rested on an examination of whether the complaint stated a claim upon which relief
could be granted (i.e., the legal sufficiency of the allegations of the complaint), we view the
motion as having been decided under MCR 2.116(C)(8). Maiden, 461 Mich. at 119-120. As our
Supreme Court explained in Maiden:

               A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of the
       complaint. All well-pleaded factual allegations are accepted as true and construed
       in a light most favorable to the nonmovant. A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8)
       may be granted only where the claims alleged are so clearly unenforceable as a
       matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify recovery. When
       deciding a motion brought under this section, a court considers only the pleadings.
       [Quotation marks and citations omitted.]

                                                -4-
        “Courts are not bound by the labels that parties attach to their claims.” Buhalis v Trinity
Continuing Care Servs, 296 Mich. App. 685, 691; 822 NW2d 254 (2012). “[I]t is well settled that
the gravamen of an action is determined by reading the complaint as a whole, and by looking
beyond mere procedural labels to determine the exact nature of the claim.” Id. at 691-692
(quotation marks and citation omitted). Thus, while plaintiff’s amended complaint ostensibly
pleaded five different counts under five different theories, this Court must examine the substance
of each count to determine what is truly alleged. Ultimately, the question is whether plaintiff’s
complaint pleads anything other than legal malpractice. The elements of legal malpractice are
“(1) the existence of an attorney-client relationship,” “(2) negligence in the legal representation
of the plaintiff,” “(3) that the negligence was a proximate cause of an injury,” and “(4) the fact
and extent of the injury alleged.” Bowden v Gannaway, 310 Mich. App. 499, 503; 871 NW2d 893
(2015) (quotation marks and citation omitted; emphasis added). We conclude that the trial court
erred because it failed to recognize that Counts II, III, and V of the complaint do not simply
allege negligence but, rather, intentional and other conduct by defendant that caused harm to
plaintiff.

       Plaintiff titled her first count as alleging malpractice and breach of fiduciary duty.
However, she does not dispute that this count is truly a claim of legal malpractice. As already
discussed, the two-year statute of limitations stated in MCL 600.5805(6) applies, and the claim
accrued on December 19, 2013, making plaintiff’s complaint, which was filed on December 22,
2013, untimely. Accordingly, the trial court properly dismissed this count of the complaint.

       Count II of the amended complaint is titled as a claim for breach of contract. Plaintiff
alleged that in her retention agreement with defendant, she “specifically contracted with
Defendant to obtain mortgage modifications aka cram downs” for plaintiff. Plaintiff further
alleged that defendant breached the agreement by filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, despite
knowing that plaintiff could only obtain mortgage modifications by filing for Chapter 13
bankruptcy, rather than Chapter 7 bankruptcy.

        Generally, “claims against attorneys brought on the basis of inadequate representation
sound in tort and are governed by the malpractice statute of limitations, even though a plaintiff
may assert that the attorney’s actions breached a contract.” Aldred v O’Hara-Bruce, 184 Mich
App 488, 490; 458 NW2d 671 (1990). Attorneys may be held liable under a breach-of-contract
theory, but only when the attorney has breached a “special agreement” to perform a specific act.
Brownell v Garber, 199 Mich. App. 519, 524-526; 503 NW2d 81 (1993); Barnard v Dilley, 134
Mich. App. 375, 378; 350 NW2d 887 (1984). In Brownell, this Court explained:

       “A lawyer is not an insurer of the result in a case in which he is employed, unless
       he makes a special contract to that effect, and for that purpose. Neither is there
       any implied contract, when he is employed in a case, or any matter of legal
       business, that he will bring to bear learning, skill, or ability beyond that of the
       average of his profession. Nor can more than ordinary care and diligence be
       required of him, without a special contract is made requiring it.” [Brownell, 199
Mich. App. at 525, quoting Babbitt v Bumpus, 73 Mich. 331, 337-338; 41 N.W. 417
       (1889) (emphasis added).]

                                                -5-
        If one glosses over the specific allegations of plaintiff’s amended complaint, one would
be left with the general impression that plaintiff is alleging that defendant failed to provide
competent services in that he chose the wrong chapter under which to file bankruptcy.4 If read in
this manner, the complaint would seem to allege no more than negligent representation by
defendant—or in other words, legal malpractice. Bowden, 310 Mich. App. at 503; Brownell, 199
Mich. App. at 526.

        However, plaintiff’s complaint goes beyond simply alleging that defendant was
negligent. Instead, plaintiff alleges that she informed defendant when they first met that her sole
purpose in declaring bankruptcy was to obtain mortgage modifications. Plaintiff alleged she
“specifically contracted with Defendant to obtain mortgage modifications,” which defendant
would obtain by filing under “the proper bankruptcy” chapter. She alleged that defendant
breached this agreement when he filed under Chapter 7, which did not allow for such mortgage
modifications.

        We conclude that plaintiff has pleaded a breach of contract claim against defendant.
Taken as a whole, plaintiff did not allege that defendant simply made an error or “failed to
exercise the requisite skill” in his representation of plaintiff. Brownell, 199 Mich. App. at 524.
Rather, plaintiff alleges that defendant agreed to perform a specific task: “to obtain mortgage
modifications.” However, according to plaintiff’s complaint, defendant’s actions (filing Chapter
7 bankruptcy) made it impossible to obtain the desired result. Thus, plaintiff’s complaint does
not simply allege that defendant’s negligence resulted in an undesirable outcome, as would be
the case in an ordinary legal malpractice suit. Id. Rather, the complaint alleges that defendant
warrantied that plaintiff would obtain the result she desired when in reality defendant knew that
was untrue. Thus, the complaint alleges the type of promise discussed in Brownell and
Babbitt—a promise that a specific result could be obtained—that properly pleads a claim of
breach of contract against an attorney. As a properly pleaded claim of breach of contract, the
statute of limitations applicable to malpractice claims does not apply.

        The limitations period for a breach of contract claim is 6 years. MCL 600.5807(8);
Miller-Davis Co v Ahrens Const, Inc, 489 Mich. 355, 357; 802 NW2d 33 (2011). Thus, because
plaintiff retained defendant in May 2012, it is clear that the six-year limitations period had not
lapsed by the time plaintiff filed her complaint in December 2015, and the trial court erred when
it dismissed this count on the basis that it was time-barred.

4
  Indeed, plaintiff in her amended complaint also alleges that defendant agreed to “file the proper
bankruptcy to obtain mortgage modifications for Plaintiff.” While this particular allegation
appears to sound in malpractice because the “agreement” merely is for defendant to do
something “proper[ly],” as opposed to agreeing to achieve a particular result, this is not fatal to
plaintiff’s claim. That is because in reviewing a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8), we must view
the complaint in its entirety and in a light most favorable to plaintiff. Maiden, 461 Mich. at 119.
In this case, plaintiff also alleged that defendant specifically agreed to obtain mortgage
modifications for her, which is a contract for a particular result.

                                                -6-
         The trial court also failed to appreciate the true nature of plaintiff’s third count, which
alleges fraud in the form of an intentional misrepresentation. A claim of fraudulent
misrepresentation requires proof of six elements: (1) that the defendant made a material
representation, (2) that was false, (3) that the defendant knew the representation was false, or
made it “recklessly, without any knowledge of its truth, and as a positive assertion[,]” (4) that the
defendant intended the plaintiff to act in reliance on the representation, (5) that the plaintiff did,
in fact, act in reliance on the representation, and (6) that the plaintiff suffered injury as a result.
Hord v Environmental Research Institute of Mich, 463 Mich. 399, 404; 617 NW2d 543 (2000).
Plaintiff’s amended complaint alleges:

       27. Defendant advised Plaintiff and placed her in a [C]hapter 7 bankruptcy with
       full knowledge that she would not be able to obtain mortgage modifications aka
       cram downs with the bank that she contracted with Defendant to do and that
       ultimately she would lose her houses.

       28. Defendant stated when Plaintiff was considering retaining him that she only
       qualified for a [C]hapter 7 and that she could obtain mortgage modifications aka
       cram downs through a [C]hapter 7 when he had fill [sic, full] knowledge that she
       could not do so.

       29. Defendant knowingly made this statement knowing that it was a material
       misrepresentation.

       30. Defendant knowingly made this statement knowing that it was a false
       representation.

       31. At the time Defendant made the statement he did so knowing it was false, or
       he made it recklessly, without knowledge of it’s [sic] truth and as a positive
       assertion.

       32. Defendant made it at the time with the intent that Plaintiff should act thereon.

       33. Plaintiff acted thereon [sic] Defendant’s representation in reliance thereon
       and was injured as a result of her detrimental reliance causing her financial and
       emotion[al] damages among other damages.

        Clearly, plaintiff’s complaint tracks the elements of fraud. Plaintiff alleges that defendant
made a misrepresentation (that she could obtain mortgage modifications by filing for Chapter 7
bankruptcy), knowing this statement was false, and intending that plaintiff rely on the statement.
Plaintiff alleges that she relied on the statement (i.e., she filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy), and
that by doing so, she suffered injury. These are precisely the sort of allegations to plead a claim
of fraudulent misrepresentation. Hord, 463 Mich. at 404.

        In Brownell, this Court explained that “the interest involved in a claim for damages
arising out of a fraudulent misrepresentation differs from the interest involved in a case alleging
that a professional breached the applicable standard of care. Simply put, fraud is distinct from
malpractice.” Brownell, 199 Mich. App. at 532. “Fraud is no less actionable because it is

                                                 -7-
committed by an attorney with whom the plaintiff has an attorney-client relationship.” Id.
“[W]hen a complaint alleges not only malpractice but also all the necessary elements of fraud,
the statute of limitations governing fraud actions will apply to the fraud count and, if such count
is not barred, the plaintiff may proceed on that cou[n]t to collect damages proximately caused by
the alleged fraud.” Id. at 533. In Barnard, this Court found that the plaintiff had stated an
actionable claim for fraud by contending that the defendant either knew a property settlement
would have adverse tax consequences but represented otherwise to the plaintiff, or never
investigated the tax consequences of the settlement “notwithstanding explicit representations to
the contrary.” Id. at 533-534. Similarly, in this case, plaintiff alleged that she was misled by an
attorney who, although he knew it to be false, told plaintiff that she could obtain mortgage
modifications by filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. Plaintiff stated a claim for fraud, and thus, the
statute of limitations for legal malpractice claims does not control Count III of the amended
complaint. Indeed, the period of limitations for a claim of fraud is six years. See Kuebler v
Equitable Life Assurance Society of the US, 219 Mich. App. 1, 6; 555 NW2d 496 (1996), citing
MCL 600.5813. Accordingly, the trial court erred when it dismissed this count on the basis of
the claim being time-barred.

        Before examining plaintiff’s fourth count, we address Count V of the amended
complaint, which is titled as one alleging a breach of fiduciary duty. In this count, plaintiff
alleges:

       41. Defendant had a fiduciary duty as a member of the State Bar separate from
       the attorney[-]client relationship and not to mislead and intentionally misrepresent
       Plaintiff into believing that filing a [C]hapter 7 bankruptcy would accomplish her
       goal of obtaining mortgage modifications aka cram downs on her real estate
       mortgages and allow her to restructure her financial affairs and retain ownership
       of her real estate properties.

       42. Defendant made these intentional misrepresentations with full knowledge that
       Plaintiff could not obtain mortgage modifications aka cram downs in a [C]hapter
       7 and with full knowledge that she would ultimately lose her real estate properties
       through foreclosure, her future income stream of rental income, and that she
       would end up in a worse financial position than when she first interviewed
       defendant.

       43. Defendant breached these fiduciary duties when he lied to Plaintiff and
       induced her to retain him on the pretext that she did not qualify to file either a
       [C]hapter 11, or 13, and that she could accomplish her objectives by filing a
       [C]hapter 7.

       44. Plaintiff was injured as a result of her reliance on Defendant’s false
       representations.

        As this Court explained in Prentis Family Foundation v Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer
Inst, 266 Mich. App. 39, 43-44; 698 NW2d 900 (2005):

                                                -8-
               When a fiduciary relationship exists, the fiduciary has a duty to act for the
       benefit of the principal regarding matters within the scope of the relationship.
       Whether a duty exists is a question of law for the court to decide. A fiduciary
       relationship arises from the reposing of faith, confidence, and trust and the
       reliance of one on the judgment and advice of another. However, the placement
       of trust, confidence, and reliance must be reasonable, and placement is
       unreasonable if the interests of the client and the nonclient are adverse or even
       potentially adverse. [Quotation marks, brackets, and citations omitted.]

“The conduct required to constitute a breach of fiduciary duty requires a more culpable state of
mind than the negligence required for malpractice.” Id. at 47. “Damages may be obtained for a
breach of fiduciary duty when a position of influence has been acquired and abused, or when
confidence has been reposed and betrayed.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted).

        In the present matter, plaintiff did not simply allege a breach of fiduciary duty claim
premised on negligence by defendant. Rather, plaintiff alleges that defendant intentionally
misled her into filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, in violation of a fiduciary duty owed to her
through the nature of the attorney-client relationship. The existence of an attorney-client
relationship does not preclude a claim for breach of fiduciary duty. See id. Rather, so long as
plaintiff alleges the existence of the more culpable state of mind required to state such a claim,
her claim is one for breach of fiduciary duty, and not one sounding in legal malpractice. By
alleging intentional misconduct by defendant, rather than negligence, plaintiff has pleaded a
claim for breach of fiduciary duty. Accordingly, the trial court erred when it concluded that
Count V of the complaint was a mislabeled malpractice claim. We note the statute of limitations
provides for a three-year limitations period for a claim of breach of fiduciary duty, id., citing
MCL 600.5805(10), instead of a two-year limitations period for a malpractice claim. Although
we cannot rule definitively that this claim is not time-barred, we nonetheless reverse the trial
court’s decision because the trial court relied on its belief that the count was time-barred as a
malpractice claim. 5

        Returning to Count IV of the complaint, which plaintiff titled as a count of “collusion,”
plaintiff alleged:

       36. Defendant made an agreement with [the] trustee to place her in improper
       bankruptcies, thereby depriving Plaintiff of her legal rights, in order to gain
       benefit for themselves to Plaintiff’s detriment.

5
  Because plaintiff filed her complaint on December 22, 2015, any such claim would have to
have accrued no earlier than December 22, 2012, in order to be viable. While we recognize that
plaintiff retained defendant in May 2012, because it was not argued at the trial court, we offer no
opinion on when this claim for breach of fiduciary duty actually accrued. Instead, our holding
simply is that when the trial court ruled that the claim was time-barred as a result of it sounding
in legal malpractice, the court erred.

                                                -9-
       37. The agreement to manipulate Plaintiff’s bankruptcy for their advantage was
       in and of itself a wrongful act.

       38. Plaintiff was damaged as a result of the Defendant’s collusion with [the]
       Trustee to manipulate Plaintiff’s bankruptcy for their own personal benefit.

        There seems to be no dispute that Michigan does not recognize a claim of “collusion” in
the civil context. But that fact is irrelevant. Again, courts are not bound by the label a party
places on his or her claim. Buhalis, 296 Mich. App. 691. And given defendant’s arguments
below, the trial court’s decision, and plaintiff’s attempt to amend her complaint a second time, it
is quite clear that all understand that this count is, in truth, a claim of civil conspiracy, which is
recognized in Michigan. See Advocacy Organization for Patients & Providers v Auto Club Ins
Ass’n, 257 Mich. App. 365, 384; 670 NW2d 569 (2003), aff’d 472 Mich. 91 (2005). Thus,
regardless of the label placed on the claim by plaintiff, the question is whether she stated a claim
for civil conspiracy.

        “A civil conspiracy is a combination of two or more persons, by some concerted action,
to accomplish a criminal or unlawful purpose, or to accomplish a lawful purpose by criminal or
unlawful means.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). “A claim for civil conspiracy may
not exist in the air; rather, it is necessary to prove a separate, actionable tort.” Id. (quotation
marks and citation omitted). The trial court concluded, in part, that because all of plaintiff’s
other counts were time-barred legal malpractice claims, there did not exist an underlying tort on
which to premise the civil conspiracy claim. However, for the reasons discussed above, plaintiff
has stated several claims that are not legal malpractice claims. Thus, this basis for the trial
court’s ruling no longer exists, and we reverse the grant of summary disposition on this civil
conspiracy count.

        On appeal, defendant looks to plaintiff’s second amended complaint (i.e., the complaint
that was rejected by the trial court) and argues that it fails to state a claim. Defendant explains
that “[t]here’s a lot that’s wrong with [plaintiff’s] conspiracy allegations. For one thing, they’re
false.” Given that the trial court did not accept plaintiff’s second amended complaint, the factual
allegations of that complaint are simply not at issue, at least at this point in time. Perhaps
plaintiff will be granted leave to file her second amended complaint pursuant to MCR
2.118(A)(2) when the matter returns to the trial court. In any event, we decline to address the
viability of any of the claims as presented in plaintiff’s second amended complaint.

        In sum, while Count I of plaintiff’s complaint is a legal malpractice claim that the trial
court correctly concluded was time-barred, the remaining counts are not claims of legal
malpractice. Accordingly, while we affirm the dismissal of Count I of the complaint, we reverse
the trial court’s decision to dismiss the remaining counts and remand for further proceedings
consistent our decision.

       III. PLAINTIFF’S ATTEMPT TO FILE A SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT

        Finally, plaintiff contends that the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to allow her
to file a second amended complaint as a matter of course pursuant to MCR 2.118(A)(1). We
disagree. This Court reviews a trial court’s decision whether to permit a party to amend a

                                                 -10-
pleading for an abuse of discretion. In re Kostin, 278 Mich. App. 47, 51; 748 NW2d 583 (2008).
“[A]n abuse of discretion occurs only when the trial court’s decision is outside the range of
reasonable and principled outcomes.” Id. To the extent consideration of this issue requires this
Court to interpret a court rule, this Court’s review is de novo. AFP Specialties, Inc v Vereyken,
303 Mich. App. 497, 504; 844 NW2d 470 (2014).

        On October 13, 2016, the same day she filed a response to defendant’s second motion for
summary disposition, plaintiff without leave of the court, filed a second amended complaint.
The second amended complaint purported to incorporate by reference the first amended
complaint and listed only a single count, “Count IV,” which was now titled, “Collusion/Civil
Conspiracy.”6 Plaintiff contends that she was entitled to file a second amended complaint as a
matter of course pursuant to MCR 2.118(A)(1). This court rule states, “A party may amend a
pleading once as a matter of course within 14 days after being served with a responsive pleading
by an adverse party, or within 14 days after serving the pleading if it does not require a
responsive pleading.” MCR 2.118(A)(1) (emphasis added). “Except as provided in subrule
(A)(1), a party may amend a pleading only by leave of the court or by written consent of the
adverse party.” MCR 2.118(A)(2).

         Plaintiff fails to understand that the right to file an amended complaint under MCR
2.118(A)(1) ends after one amendment. After a plaintiff has filed one amended complaint, there
is no longer any right to file further amendments; rather, all further amendments must be by
leave of the court. MCR 2.118(A)(1) and (2). Plaintiff’s first amended complaint was the single
amendment she was permitted to file as a matter of course under MCR 2.118(A)(1). Therefore,
the trial court properly rejected plaintiff’s attempt to file a second amended complaint as a matter
of course, and it did not abuse its discretion.

        Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction. No taxable costs, as no party prevailed in full. MCR
7.219.

                                                             /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                             /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro
                                                             /s/ Jonathan Tukel

6
 Presumably, plaintiff was intending to merely replace Count IV in the first amended complaint
with this count.

                                               -11-