Court Opinion

ID: 9486676
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 11:55:59.662767+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:51:51.974248
License: Public Domain

LEVIN H. CAMPBELL, Senior Circuit Judge,
concurring.
I agree entirely with the panel’s result. Under stare decisis principles, Judge Bowman’s thoughtful opinion follows this circuit’s recent en banc analysis in United States v. Lee, 6 F.3d 1297 (8th Cir.1993) (en banc). Other circuits have analyzed R.A.V. and the related Supreme Court precedent a little differently. See, e.g., United States v. Hayward, 6 F.3d 1241, 1249-52 (7th Cir.1993) (evaluating 42 U.S.C. § 3631 under the lesser standard of United States v. O’Brien, 391 U.S. 367, 88 S.Ct. 1673, 20 L.Ed.2d 672 (1968)). Under any reasonable construction, however, the bottom line in this case should be the same.