Court Opinion

ID: 4344388
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-24 08:30:38.989046+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:21:54.139822
License: Public Domain

In the
        Court of Appeals
Second Appellate District of Texas
         at Fort Worth
     ___________________________
          No. 02-18-00249-CV
     ___________________________

  IN THE INTEREST OF J.H., A CHILD

  On Appeal from the 393rd District Court
          Denton County, Texas
       Trial Court No. 17-2996-393

   Before Gabriel, Kerr, and Pittman, JJ.
  Memorandum Opinion by Justice Gabriel
                            MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Appellant P.H. (Mother) appeals from the trial court’s order terminating her

parental rights to her son J.H. (John).1 In three issues, Mother argues that the trial

court abused its discretion by admitting and relying on inadmissible hearsay evidence,

that the evidence was insufficient to support an alleged conduct ground, and that the

evidence was insufficient to support the best-interest ground. Because the trial court

did not abuse its discretion by admitting the disputed evidence and because the

evidence was sufficient to support the trial court’s termination decision, we affirm the

trial court’s order of termination.

                                  I. BACKGROUND

                               A. MOTHER AND JUSTIN

       Mother was sixteen when John was born in 2010. Mother never knew who

John’s father was. In approximately 2012, Mother began a relationship with Justin

and soon thereafter, she moved in with Justin. Justin’s apartment was in the same

complex where Mother’s mother Ann lived with John. John would stay with Mother

and Justin on the weekends and with Ann during the week. Justin had two sons with

his wife, to whom he was still married, and Justin’s sons would stay with Justin and

Mother on alternating weekends. Justin noted that Mother was “hostile” toward his

sons, using excessive corporal punishment, and was unable to control her anger. In

      We use aliases to refer to the parties and their family members. See Tex. Fam.
       1

Code Ann. § 109.002(d) (West Supp. 2018); Tex. R. App. P. 9.8(b)(2).

                                           2
one instance, Mother bit Justin’s older son’s arm, leaving a bruise. Mother and Justin

both used illegal drugs, including marijuana, during their relationship. Additionally,

Mother had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder but would not take her medications

in the correct dosages when she took them at all. Mother repeatedly threatened to

commit suicide and in 2016, she cut her arms in an attempt to do so.

      In 2015, Mother had a son with Justin—Sam. After Sam was born, Mother

and Justin continued to smoke marijuana in the home even while the four children

were present. In 2016, Mother and Justin’s relationship became physically violent,

resulting in domestic-violence convictions for both. John and Sam were present

during many of Mother and Justin’s fights. Mother recognized that she put Justin’s

interests above those of John or Sam.

             B. TERMINATION PETITION, REMOVAL, AND RETURN

      In April 2017, the Department of Family and Protective Services (DFPS) filed

a termination petition after they received reports that Mother and Justin used

marijuana in front of the children. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001 (West Supp.

2018). They sought termination of Mother’s rights to John if reunification was not

possible.2 When Mother’s hair follicle tested positive for cocaine, she admitted that

she had been using cocaine in addition to marijuana, spending approximately $1,400 a

      2
        DFPS also requested the termination of John’s unknown father’s parental
rights. DFPS filed a separate petition regarding Mother’s and Justin’s parental rights
to Sam, which is still pending in the trial court.

                                          3
month on cocaine. DFPS set up services for Mother, including parenting classes and

counseling, and John and Sam were placed with Ann full time. Mother was ordered

to make monthly child- and medical-support payments to DFPS. See id. § 154.001

(West Supp. 2018).

      Mother and Justin broke up in June 2017 after one of their altercations resulted

in Mother’s hospitalization, and she moved back in with Ann. Mother again tested

positive for marijuana and cocaine. Mother moved to a “sober living house,” and her

new service plan required her to participate in an intensive outpatient drug-treatment

program and counseling. Mother had supervised visitation with John and Sam, and

DFPS eventually allowed Mother to move back in with Ann in February 2018. On

March 4, Taleah Howard, John and Sam’s DFPS caseworker, prepared a “Closing

Summary” in which she explained the case would be closed but noted that DFPS was

concerned about “the relationship and drug use between [Mother] and [Justin].”

                                C. SAM’S INJURIES

      Before the case could be closed, Mother took Sam to a hospital in Plano on

March 19 after she found him that morning with several bloody injuries to his face.

Mother informed hospital personnel that there was an open DFPS “case due to father

with domestic abuse towards mother.” Mother told the treating doctor that Sam had

a history of night terrors and that he had awakened her that morning complaining

about his eye. Mother saw that Sam had “bruising and abrasions” on his face.

Mother also denied any “concerns for abuse” or “safety issues for the children.” The
                                          4
treating physician noted that she told Mother it was “odd that [Mother] did not hear

[Sam] fall or scream prior to getting the abrasions to his face” but that the injuries had

a “slight appearance of scratches.” However, the doctor concluded that based on the

information Mother gave her, there was a “[l]ow suspicion for abuse by mother” and

referred Sam to a sleep-disorders center.3

      Before taking Sam to Plano, Mother had contacted Howard to tell her about

Sam’s injuries, initially stating that she did not know how Sam had been hurt—“they

woke up and [Sam’s] face was like that.” Howard told Mother to keep her informed.

After returning from Plano, Mother sent the hospital report to Howard, which

included Mother’s report of night terrors. Mother also told Howard that the doctor at

the Plano hospital had concluded that Sam’s injuries were self-inflicted. This was the

first time Howard was told that Sam had night terrors. Indeed, none of Sam’s prior

medical records mentioned night terrors, and Mother admitted she had never before

reported that he had them.4

      Mother texted pictures of Sam’s face to Howard, and Howard told Mother that

she would meet them at a hospital in Fort Worth. Howard met with the treating

doctor and told him about the night terrors Mother had mentioned. Mother was not

      3
       A subsequent sleep study of Sam found that he experienced no night terrors.
      4
       Mother attaches to her reply brief Sam’s play-therapy records from January 13,
2018, in which a “nightmare” Sam had was mentioned. These records are not part of
the appellate record; thus, we may not consider them. See Ahmed v. Sosa, 514 S.W.3d
894, 896 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2017, no pet.).

                                             5
allowed to meet with the doctor. Sam told hospital staff that “the spider hurt him.”

The doctor concluded that Sam’s injuries could have been the result of a fall, which

Howard told Mother.

      DFPS had Sam’s medical records reviewed by the CARE5 team at the Fort

Worth hospital. Based on a review of the records from both hospital visits, the

CARE team concluded that Sam’s bruises, “some in a patterned configuration, to the

face are highly suspicious for physical abuse.” Sam’s injuries were not consistent with

a fall or an accident but were more consistent with abuse.

      DFPS again removed Sam and John from Mother’s custody and placed them in

foster care pending an investigation of the incident. Mother was ordered to complete

additional services. Laura Hastings, a DFPS psychologist who evaluated Mother,

found that Mother seemed resistant to substance-abuse treatment and was unaware of

the impact of her behavior on John and Sam.            Mother also would not take

responsibility for DFPS’s involvement, had poor impulse control, lacked empathy,

and was narcissistic. Hastings noted that Mother needed substantial assistance to

function as a parent, was extremely dependent on Ann, and was vulnerable to poor

relationship choices.

      John began counseling and told his counselor, Frank Odiachi, that Mother and

Ann had coached him to say Sam’s injuries had been caused by Sam’s night terrors.

      5
       CARE is an acronym for Child Advocacy Resources and Evaluation.

                                           6
This was traumatic for John because he was being asked to lie to protect Mother and

he did not want Mother to be mad at him. John told Odiachi that Sam’s injuries

happened when Mother “kind of accidentally struck [Sam]” with “something . . . in

the hand” that “[k]ind of slashed through the face.” John expressed fear of Justin and

seemed traumatized by the abuse he had witnessed when Mother was living with

Justin. John was fearful that Mother would let Justin return. Similarly, Odiachi noted

that Sam was “[v]ery, very aggressive,” which Odiachi attributed to his exposure to

domestic violence. Odiachi believed John would be traumatized if Mother’s parental

rights were terminated, but he recognized that John needed a stable home.

       When Howard asked John what had happened to Sam’s face, he stated that he

did not know but that Sam had night terrors. Sam told Howard that “Spiderman did

it.”6 Howard became concerned that John had been coached to say Sam had night

terrors. John and Sam’s subsequent caseworker, Katelyn Billings, also noted that

DFPS was concerned that Mother and Ann had coached John about the true cause of

Sam’s injuries. Billings stated that such coaching would damage John’s emotional

well-being.

       Mother and Ann stated that Sam idolized Spiderman and would pretend to be
       6

him.

                                          7
                                         D. TRIAL

      Before the trial was held on the State’s petition, Mother and DFPS

unsuccessfully attempted mediation. John’s guardian ad litem filed a report ten days

before trial in which she recounted her concerns that Mother had coached John:

      In March 2018, [John] and [Sam] were removed from a return to
      monitor with [Mother] after facial injuries were sustained by [Sam].
      After examination, it was concluded by members of the Care Team . . .
      that these injuries were not self-inflicted by the child and were consistent
      with non-accidental trauma. [Mother] has maintained that these injuries
      were caused by [Sam] to himself during a night terror. [The guardian ad
      litem] has received information through the current therapist for the
      children that [John] made an outcry that [Mother] hit [Sam] in the face
      with an object and was responsible for inflicting these injuries. [John]
      also reported that he was encouraged by [Mother] and [Ann] to tell
      others involved in the case that [Sam] hurt himself during a night terror.
      It is concerning to [the guardian ad litem] that [Mother] would injure her
      child and then encourage the children to be dishonest with others in
      what appears to be an effort to conceal her actions. It is a concern for
      [the guardian ad litem] that [Mother] may not be fully in control of her
      anger and is not demonstrating learning from the services that she
      participated in during the course of this case.

The guardian also stated that “throughout this case” Mother “continued to

communicate regularly with [Justin] via phone, text, or Snapchat” and that some of

these messages were sexually explicit.

      At the July 2018 bench trial, evidence was admitted showing that Mother had

completed many of the ordered services but that she had been unsuccessfully

discharged from counseling and had failed to pay child support as ordered. Mother

testified that she did not complete the required counseling, which had been ordered

after the injuries to Sam, because “[t]here were times I was out of town, I had work or
                                            8
I forgot to call off, or miscommunication.” Odiachi testified to John’s outcry about

the cause of Sam’s injuries, and his counseling notes were admitted into evidence.

Justin testified that he did not believe Mother’s parental rights to John should be

terminated. John’s attorney ad litem agreed that termination of Mother’s parental

rights would not be in John’s best interest.

      Billings testified that DFPS urged termination of Mother’s parental rights

because of her physical abuse of Sam while John was present even after she had taken

anger-management and parenting classes, because John and Sam had been

unsuccessfully returned to Mother after removal, and because Mother had coached

John to lie about Sam’s injury. The guardian ad litem concurred with Billings and

recommended terminating Mother’s parental rights for the reasons stated in her

pretrial report. She explained that Mother’s continued contact with Justin was a

problem because they had a history of domestic violence, because Mother had

admitted that Justin was “her relapse trigger,” and because she had previously stated

that Justin encouraged her to not take her required mental-health medications. The

guardian ad litem agreed that termination would cause John trauma but no more than

he had experienced by living with Mother. Hastings testified that any trauma from

the termination could be dealt with in John’s therapy.

      The trial court recognized that the case was “tough” because Mother had made

“tremendous progress as a person” during the pendency of DFPS’s petition. But the

court concluded that clear and convincing evidence supported both an alleged
                                               9
conduct ground—section 161.001(b)(1)(D) or (E)—and that termination was in

John’s best interest:

       [The attorney ad litem] came to a different conclusion . . ., but I just
       weighed the factors differently. [The attorney ad litem] talked about - -
       because what I had to look at was what happened after the return and
       monitor, because it’s become clear to me after ten years of sitting on the
       bench and having over 400 [DFPS] cases that what is important is what
       happens often not while everyone’s looking at you but when no one’s
       looking at you. And two things bothered me. Something happened with
       the child. And for the record, I do find that there was a - - I do think it
       was an anger outburst, which would have been bothersome enough, but
       coupled with that was what I do find to be the coverup and the lying
       about it and telling a child to lie about it.

              Two was the failure to complete the counseling, because you do
       have a mental health issue, and it’s clear from the psychologist and
       psychiatrist that counseling is an integral component to ensuring your
       well-being. I will tell you absent those two factors, I would have gone
       the other way.

       On July 27, 2018, the trial court signed an order of termination, terminating

Mother’s and the unknown father’s parental rights to John and appointing DFPS as

John’s permanent managing conservator. Mother requested findings of fact and

conclusions of law, which the trial court signed on August 27, 2018. In its findings,

the trial court found Justin, Howard, Billings, Odiachi, Hastings, the CARE team

director, a CARE team nurse, and the guardian ad litem to be credible. The trial court

recognized Mother’s past issues with domestic violence and drugs and found that

Sam’s injuries were not consistent with a fall or night terrors but were consistent with

“being struck with an object.” The trial court specifically found that John was told to

                                           10
lie about how Sam was injured and that Sam’s injuries “were the result of an act by

[Mother].”

                                E. APPEAL GROUNDS

      Mother appeals and asserts that the evidence was legally and factually

insufficient to support the trial court’s holding that she violated either subsection (D)

or (E) of section 161.001(b)(1) or that termination of her parental rights was in John’s

best interest. She also asserts that the trial court erred by admitting and relying on

hearsay evidence—John’s statements to Odiachi.

                                  II. DISCUSSION

                                     A. HEARSAY

      We begin with Mother’s evidentiary issue directed to the admission of

Odiachi’s testimony about John’s statements made during their counseling sessions,

which we review for an abuse of discretion. See In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 285 (Tex.

2002); In re R.A.L., 291 S.W.3d 438, 446 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2009, no pet.). In

questioning Odiachi about John’s statements, DFPS asked where Ann was when

Sam’s injuries were discovered. Odiachi testified that Ann “was there” and that John

had “been coached [to] not say this [was] how it happen[ed].” DFPS then asked what

exactly John had been coached to say, which Mother unsuccessfully objected to as

“hearsay.” Odiachi testified that John had been coached “just tell them what they

want to hear . . . about an accident.” Odiachi then began to recount what Mother and

Ann had specifically told John, and Mother objected “as to what [Ann] said.” Mother
                                           11
did not object to Odiachi’s proffered testimony about what Mother had told John to

say. In any event, Mother’s objection was overruled, and Odiachi stated that Mother

and Ann had told John to say Sam had a “night terror.” Later when DFPS sought

admission of Odiachi’s session notes, Mother objected “to any statements made by

[John] as hearsay.”   The trial court overruled the objection because they were

“statements made during the course of medical treatment” and because they were

admissible under the family code as a statement of a child-abuse victim. Tex. Fam.

Code Ann. § 104.006 (West 2014). Odiachi later testified that John disclosed that

Mother told John to “say night terror.” Mother did not object to this testimony.

Howard similarly testified that she believed John had been coached specifically to say

“night terrors,” which would be an unusual term for a seven year old to use. And in

the guardian ad litem’s pretrial report, she had also informed the trial court that

Mother and Ann had “encouraged” John to say Sam had a night terror.

      First, Mother did not preserve this issue for our review. See Tex. R. App. P.

33.1(a)(1); Tex. R. Evid. 103(a)(1)(A). During Odiachi’s testimony about what Mother

and Ann specifically told John about Sam’s injuries, Mother did not object to

Odiachi’s testimony as to what Mother had told John to say about Sam’s injuries, only

as to what Ann had said. Also, Mother failed to object each time Odiachi testified to

John’s statements. Second, John’s statements to Odiachi, a professional counselor,

during his counseling sessions were pertinent to Odiachi’s treatment of John and were

not excludable as hearsay. See Tex. R. Evid. 803(4); In re M.G., No. 05-01-01961-CV,
                                         12
2002 WL 31599020, at *9 (Tex. App.—Dallas Nov. 20, 2002, pet. denied) (not

designated for publication). Third, the evidence that John had been coached was

admitted through Howard’s testimony and the guardian ad litem’s pretrial report with

no objection; therefore, there could be no harm arising from the earlier admission of

this same evidence through Odiachi’s testimony. See In re J.N., No. 05-14-00558-CV,

2014 WL 4978656, at *2–3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Oct. 7, 2014, pet. denied) (mem. op.).

For these reasons, we overrule issue three.

                        B. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

         1. Standards and Scope of Review in the Termination Context

      Although the parent-child relationship is to be protected, it may be terminated

upon a showing by clear and convincing evidence that the parent’s actions satisfy a

statutory ground justifying termination and that termination would be in the child’s

best interest. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 161.001(b), 161.206; In re E.R., 385 S.W.3d
552, 554–55 (Tex. 2012). Evidence is clear and convincing if it “produce[s] in the

mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations

sought to be established.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 101.007 (West 2014).

      If the legal sufficiency of the evidence is challenged, we review all the evidence

in the light most favorable to the challenged finding, resolving any disputed facts in

favor of the finding if a reasonable fact-finder could have done so and disregarding all

evidence that a reasonable fact-finder could disregard. See In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570,

                                           13
573 (Tex. 2005). We may not re-weigh or re-determine credibility issues, deferring to

the fact-finder’s determinations if reasonable. See id. at 573–74.

      A factual-sufficiency issue also requires a review of the entire record, giving due

deference to the fact-finder’s findings. See In re A.B., 437 S.W.3d 498, 500 (Tex.

2014). Evidence is factually sufficient if a fact-finder could reasonably form a firm

conviction or belief that a conduct ground was violated and that the termination of

the parent-child relationship would be in the child’s best interest. See In re C.H.,

89 S.W.3d 17, 28 (Tex. 2002).

      Mother contends that the scope of our review is limited to those termination

bases specifically mentioned by the trial court at the conclusion of the trial: Mother’s

coaching John to lie about the injuries to Sam that she had caused and her failure to

complete counseling. In its subsequent findings of fact, the trial court found that

John had been coached to lie about Sam’s injuries and that Sam’s injuries “were the

result of an act by [Mother].” It also found that Mother failed to complete the

required counseling. But the trial court also found that Mother had abused cocaine

and marijuana since John’s birth and that domestic violence, “sometimes initiated and

perpetrated by [Mother],” occurred in John’s presence. The trial court further found

that Mother “engaged in conduct that was both physically and emotionally

endangering to the child.” These findings led the trial court to conclude that the

termination of Mother’s parental rights to John was supported by clear and

convincing evidence. Because the findings and conclusions reflect that the trial court
                                           14
did not in fact limit itself to Mother’s coaching and failure to complete counseling, we

are not so constricted in our review. Cf. ODIN Demolition & Asset Recovery, LLC v.

Marathon Petroleum Co., No. 01-17-00438-CV, 2018 WL 4131038, at *7 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 30, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.) (recognizing oral statements

are not findings or conclusions and written order is guidepost for ruling’s basis);

Seasha Pools, Inc. v. Hardister, 391 S.W.3d 635, 640 (Tex. App.—Austin 2012, no pet.)

(stating oral pronouncements are not findings or conclusions and written judgment

controls over conflicting oral pronouncement).

                                2. Conduct Ground

      The trial court concluded that Mother had violated two conduct grounds listed

in section 161.001(b)(1): subsections (D) and (E). These subsections prohibit a parent

from endangering the child’s physical or emotional well-being by (1) knowingly

placing the child in endangering conditions or surroundings, (2) knowingly allowing

the child to remain in endangering conditions or surroundings, (3) engaging in

endangering conduct, or (4) knowingly placing the child with a person who engaged in

endangering conduct. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(D)–(E). The trial court

heard evidence that Mother had a past drug problem that was triggered by her

relationship with Justin. It further heard that Mother continued to have contact with

Justin even though John was scared of Justin. Mother’s relationship with Justin

featured repeated violence toward each other and toward Justin’s sons, some

occurring in John’s presence. Mother did not move out of Justin’s apartment until
                                          15
after DFPS became involved based on their use of marijuana in front of the children.

Further, the trial court found that Mother had hit Sam while John was in the house

and that she had coached John to lie. This coaching traumatized John. Although

there was evidence that Mother had completed several of the assigned services, the

evidence also showed that she had not completed counseling after the incident when

Sam was injured in March 2018, which the trial court stated was a factor in its

termination decision. We may not second-guess any of the credibility determinations

the trial court made as part of its termination decision.

      DFPS’s closing argument to the trial court helpfully summed up the entirety of

the evidence to support the violation of an endangerment ground:

      Your honor, returning [John] to [Mother] is putting him at risk for
      physical abuse and emotional abuse. We have to look no further than
      the counseling notes that were provided by Frank Odiachi. The notes
      read like a horror story of the life that this 7-year-old has lived up to this
      point. We have witnessing domestic violence, suffering physical abuse,
      suffering mental abuse, witnessing physical abuse. And all of this was
      either at the hands of [Mother] or someone else that she introduced into
      his life.

             The grounds are met in this case by clear and convincing evidence
      because you have to look at the totality of the case. We can’t look at
      parts of this case independent of the others, and we have to start at the
      very beginning. . . .

             ....

              We have to look at everything in this case. Now did she work
      some services through this case? Yes, she did. And she got to a point
      where the Department, as well as the other parties, thought at this point
      let’s give it a chance to return these children and see how she does while
      being under the watchful eye of the Department and this court. The
                                            16
order for return and monitor was signed on February the 16th of 2018.
On March the 19th of 2018, [DFPS] receives notice of these injuries. 31
days in her unsupervised care before one of the children is injured. And
she touts the fact that she reported the injuries. These are not injuries
she was going to be able to hide from the Department. So instead she
switches track, and she and her mother decide instead of hiding the
injuries they decide to hide how the injuries occurred.

       Now - - and we look at these injuries. We look at the stories that
were presented [that] make no sense. “He was fine when I put him to
bed. I heard no crying. I heard no falling out of the bed. I heard
nothing.” And then in the morning this child is covered in blood with
injuries on his face. That’s just not realistic.

        The night terrors that she told the first hospital we’ve now
completely ruled out. All the doctors have ruled out, and I believe
they’ve now stated that it wasn’t, in fact, night terrors. . . . We know that
it’s not a result of the fall, an accidental fall. . . .

       And so it becomes a puzzle. And when looking at all of the
injuries, the only story that makes sense is [John’s]. The only story that
explains how injuries are sustained by [Sam’s] face in that diagonal
motion across his face is that he was struck in the face by an object.
And [John] tells his counselor . . . .

       [John] was specifically instructed, according to the counselor, by
his mother and his grandmother to tell people that it was night terrors.
The coverup explains how a 7-year-old knows to report that these
injuries were night terrors.

      ....

       . . . You’ll see throughout these records that he’s concerned. He’s
crying because he feels guilty about having to tell what [h]is mother did,
and he’s trying to diminish her responsibility because he feels bad about
it.

      And [Mother] and [Ann] have put him in that position, and a child
shouldn’t be placed in that position. They took advantage of his caring
and protective nature and asked him to lie for them. . . .

                                     17
      Viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s decision, the entirety of

the evidence was legally sufficient to allow a reasonable fact-finder to conclude that

Mother’s course of conduct violated either subsection (D) or (E) of section

161.001(b)(1). See, e.g., In re M.M.M., Nos. 01-17-00980-CV, 01-17-00981-CV, 2018
WL 1954178, at *10–13 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 26, 2018, pets. denied)

(mem. op.); In re A.R.M., No. 05-17-00539-CV, 2018 WL 1559820, at *9–10 (Tex.

App.—Dallas Mar. 20, 2018, pet. denied) (mem. op. on reh’g); In re R.M., No. 07-14-

00392-CV, 2015 WL 1244380, at *3–4 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Mar. 18, 2015, no pet.)

(mem. op.). The evidence also was factually sufficient because it allowed the trial

court to reasonably form a firm conviction or belief that Mother violated one of the

alleged endangerment grounds. See, e.g., M.M.M., 2018 WL 1954178, at *10–13; In re

H.C., 942 S.W.2d 661, 665–67 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1997, no pet.). We overrule

issue one.

                                  3. Best Interest

      Mother also argues that the evidence was legally and factually insufficient to

support the trial court’s conclusion that clear and convincing evidence showed that

termination of Mother’s parental rights was in John’s best interest. A child’s best

interest is a trial court’s “primary consideration” when determining conservatorship,

possession, or access to a child. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.002 (West 2014); see also

id. § 161.205 (West 2014) (stating if termination not ordered, trial court may either

deny the petition or “render any order in the best interest of the child”). There is a
                                         18
strong presumption that keeping a child with a parent is in the child’s best interest.

See In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006). But the emotional and physical

interests of the child may not be sacrificed merely to preserve the parent-child

relationship. See In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d 239, 240 (Tex. 2013); see also Tex. Fam.

Code Ann. § 263.307(a) (West Supp. 2018) (providing placement of child in safe

environment is presumed to be in child’s best interest).            There are several,

nonexclusive factors a trial court may consider in determining a child’s best interest,

including the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the future, the

parenting abilities of the individuals seeking custody, the plans for the child, the

stability of the home or proposed placement, the acts or omissions of the parent

indicating that the parent-child relationship is not a proper one, and the desires of the

child. See C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27; Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976);

see also Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 263.307(b) (listing factors to be considered in

determining whether parent is able to provide child with safe environment).

      Mother, Ann, Justin, and John’s attorney ad litem testified that termination of

Mother’s parental rights would not be in John’s best interest. Odiachi also testified

that John’s best interest would be served through a continuing relationship with

Mother, but he recognized that John needed a stable home. Howard stated that

although she previously was “on the fence” about whether termination was in John’s

best interest, she would recommend termination because Mother had hit Sam and

because she and Ann had coached John to lie about it. Billings testified that Mother’s
                                           19
course of conduct led DFPS to conclude that John’s best interest would be served by

a nonfamily adoption. The guardian ad litem also believed Mother’s parental rights

should be terminated as in John’s best interest.

       Again, DFPS summarized the evidence that showed why termination was in

John’s best interest:

       You know, when you look at the best interest of a child, best interest of
       the child has got to be the centermost factor of any decision that’s made
       by a court or made by a parent. And in the closing argument of
       [Mother] and the [attorney] ad litem, who are they putting on the stand
       as the guilty party? [John]. They are putting him as the responsible
       party. And if you look under the best interest factors whether the child
       . . . is fearful of living in or returning to the child’s home, those notes
       talk about retaliation to [John], and they’re blaming [John]. What are
       they going to do - - what is she going to do when [John] - - if you place
       [John] in that home, what harm will that child suffer? No mother, no
       mother puts their child on the chopping block and blames them. That
       woman is not - - does not have his best interest at heart.

The trial court explained that it considered the nonexclusive factors provided by

Holley and section 263.307 in concluding that the termination of Mother’s parental

rights was in John’s best interest, and its findings and conclusions bear that out.

       The evidence showed that John had been traumatized by Mother’s relationship

with Justin and that Mother continued to have a relationship with Justin. Mother was

not open to substance-abuse treatment, and her continued contact with Justin raised

concerns because Justin was Mother’s trigger for drug use. Mother did not take

responsibility for her actions and had poor impulse control. And as found by the trial

court and supported by clear and convincing evidence, Mother and Ann coached John

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to lie and say Sam was hurt because of his night terrors, which traumatized John.

Howard testified that John was doing well in foster care and that the goal for John

was “[a]doption by a non-relative.”

      We conclude that all of the evidence, including the entirety of Mother’s

conduct over the life of the case, was legally and factually sufficient to support the

trial court’s best-interest finding. See, e.g., In re S.L.W., 529 S.W.3d 601, 613–14 (Tex.

App.—Texarkana 2017, pet. denied); In re M.T., 516 S.W.3d 607, 612–15 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio 2017, no pet.). We overrule issue two.

                                 III. CONCLUSION

      We recognize, as did the trial court, that Mother complied with many of the

ordered services, that DFPS initially believed its case should be closed, and that some

of the involved third-parties did not recommend termination of Mother’s parental

rights. But those facts do not equate to insufficient evidence supporting the trial

court’s ultimate termination decision. The trial court as a reasonable fact-finder had

sufficient evidence, even though some was disputed, upon which to base its decision.

      Mother seems to argue that because the evidence was disputed regarding how

Sam had been hurt and because some involved parties did not recommend

termination of Mother’s parental rights, the evidence cannot be found to have been

clear and convincing. Again, the trial court is the sole judge of the weight to be given

to the evidence and of its credibility. See In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex.

2006); J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573–74. And we must defer to those determinations. See
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H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 108; J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573. The evidence, even though

disputed, was such that the trial court as the fact-finder could have reasonably formed

a firm belief or conviction in the truth of its findings, which is all that a sufficiency

review requires.

      Accordingly, we overrule Mother’s issues and affirm the trial court’s order of

termination. See Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(a).

                                                      /s/ Lee Gabriel

                                                      Lee Gabriel
                                                      Justice

Delivered: November 21, 2018

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