Court Opinion

ID: 2969683
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 15:54:56.916169+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:41:48.480981
License: Public Domain

5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21
                3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH 

        (/(&7521,& &,7$7,21  )(' $SS 3 WK &LU
                    )LOH 1DPH DS

81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6
                  )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7
                    BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

 =$,1$% $/,                      ;
                                   
                         3HWLWLRQHU
                                   
                                      1R
             Y                    
                                    !
                                   
 s$1(7 5(12$WWRUQH\              
 *HQHUDO&$52/ s(1,)(5           
 'LVWULFW'LUHFWRU8QLWHG         
 6WDWHV,PPLJUDWLRQDQG            
 1DWXUDOL]DWLRQ6HUYLFH           
                                   
 ,00,*5$7,21 $1'                   
 1$785$/,=$7,21 6(59,&(           
                   5HVSRQGHQWV 
                                   
                                  1
          2Q3HWLWLRQIRU5HYLHZRIDQ2UGHURIWKH
                %RDUGRI,PPLJUDWLRQ$SSHDOV
                      1R$
                    $UJXHG2FWREHU
              'HFLGHGDQG)LOHGsDQXDU\
    %HIRUH'$8*+75(<DQG&/$<&LUFXLWsXGJHV
               5866(//'LVWULFWsXGJH

    
     7KH +RQRUDEOH 7KRPDV % 5XVVHOO 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 'LVWULFW sXGJH IRU
WKH :HVWHUQ 'LVWULFW RI .HQWXFN\ VLWWLQJ E\ GHVLJQDWLRQ

                                   
     $OLY5HQRHWDO                            1R

                     BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
                            &2816(/
$5*8('  5LFKDUG $ .XOLFV ,00,*5$7,21 /$:
&(17(5 %LUPLQJKDP 0LFKLJDQ IRU 3HWLWLRQHU  (ULQ
$OEULWWRQ81,7('67$7(6'(3$570(172)s867,&(
&,9,/ ',9,6,21 2)),&( 2) ,00,*5$7,21
/,*,7$7,21 :DVKLQJWRQ '& IRU 5HVSRQGHQWV
21 %5,()  5LFKDUG $ .XOLFV ,00,*5$7,21 /$:
&(17(5 %LUPLQJKDP 0LFKLJDQ IRU 3HWLWLRQHU  (ULQ
$OEULWWRQ %UHQGD ( (OOLVRQ 81,7(' 67$7(6
'(3$570(172)s867,&(&,9,/',9,6,212)),&(
2),00,*5$7,21/,*,7$7,21:DVKLQJWRQ'&IRU
5HVSRQGHQWV
                     BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
                         23,1,21
                     BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
   0$57+$&5$,*'$8*+75(<&LUFXLWsXGJH=DLQDE
$OLSHWLWLRQHGWKH,PPLJUDWLRQDQG1DWXUDOL]DWLRQ6HUYLFHIRU
DV\OXP DQG IRU SURWHFWLRQ XQGHU WKH &RQYHQWLRQ DJDLQVW
7RUWXUH DQG RWKHU )RUPV RI &UXHO ,QKXPDQ RU 'HJUDGLQJ
7UHDWPHQWRU3XQLVKPHQW$QLPPLJUDWLRQMXGJHGHQLHGWKH
SHWLWLRQ DQG RQ DSSHDO WKH %RDUG RI ,PPLJUDWLRQ $SSHDOV
DIILUPHGWKHRUGHU$OLQRZFKDOOHQJHVWKH%RDUGjVILQGLQJ
WKDWVKHKDGEHHQILUPO\UHVHWWOHGLQ'HQPDUNWKXVPDNLQJ
KHU LQHOLJLEOH IRU DV\OXP DQG LWV UXOLQJ WKDW VKH GLG QRW
ZDUUDQW SURWHFWLRQ XQGHU WKH &RQYHQWLRQ  )RU WKH UHDVRQV
VWDWHG EHORZ ZH FRQFOXGH WKDW WKH %RDUGjV RUGHU PXVW EH
DIILUPHG
    )$&78$/$1'352&('85$/%$&.*5281'
  =DLQDE$OLLVDQDWLYHDQGFLWL]HQRI,UDT,Q$XJXVW
,PPLJUDWLRQDQG1DWXUDOL]DWLRQ6HUYLFHRIILFLDOVGHWDLQHG$OL
IRU DWWHPSWLQJ WR HQWHU WKH FRXQWU\ ZLWKRXW SURSHU
DXWKRUL]DWLRQ7KH,16FRPPHQFHGSURFHHGLQJVWRGHSRUW
$OLWR,UDTIRUDWWHPSWLQJWRHQWHUWKHFRXQWU\ZLWKRXWSURSHU
1R                                $OLY5HQRHWDO       

DXWKRUL]DWLRQ DQG ZLWK WKH DLG RI D IUDXGXOHQW GRFXPHQW
6XEVHTXHQWO\$OLILOHGDQDSSOLFDWLRQIRUDV\OXP$IWHUWKH
LPPLJUDWLRQMXGJHGHWHUPLQHGWKDW$OLZDVVXEMHFWWRUHPRYDO
IRU DWWHPSWLQJ WR HQWHU WKH FRXQWU\ ZLWK D IDOVH 'DQLVK
SDVVSRUWKHSURFHHGHGWRDGGUHVV$OLjVDV\OXPFODLPZKLFK
ZDVEDVHGRQWKHIROORZLQJFLUFXPVWDQFHV
  $OLjVIDPLO\LV6KLLWH0XVOLPDQGKHUIDWKHUZDVDPHPEHU
RIWKHRSSRVLWLRQ$O'Dj:DSDUW\LQ,UDTGXULQJWKHV
'XULQJWKLV SHULRG$OLjVIDWKHUZHQWLQWRKLGLQJWRHVFDSH
WKUHDWVDQGKDUDVVPHQWIURP,UDTLDXWKRULWLHVDQGEHFDXVHRI
KLV DEVHQFH $OLjV PRWKHU ZDV VXEMHFW WR WKUHDWV DQG
GHWDLQPHQW'XHWRWKHFRQVWDQWWKUHDWVDQGKDUDVVPHQWWKH
IDPLO\IOHG,UDTLQDQGVHWWOHGLQ6\ULDIRUWHQ\HDUV,Q
6\ULD WKH IDPLO\ UHQWHG D KRPH IRU VKHOWHU $OL DWWHQGHG
VFKRRODQG$OLjVIDWKHUFRQWLQXHGKLVDIILOLDWLRQDQGDFWLYLWLHV
ZLWK $O'Dj:D  %HFDXVH RI KLV SROLWLFDO DFWLYLWLHV $OLjV
IDWKHUZDVDUUHVWHGVHYHUDOWLPHVE\6\ULDQDXWKRULWLHVZKR
HQGHDYRUHG WR SHUVXDGH KLP WR UHOLQTXLVK KLV SROLWLFDO
DIILOLDWLRQDQGVS\RQ,UDT
   ,Q  WKH IDPLO\ UHWXUQHG WR ,UDT WR YLVLW $OLjV DLOLQJ
JUDQGPRWKHUDQGVWD\HGDSSUR[LPDWHO\WZRPRQWKVXQWLOWKH
,UDTLJRYHUQPHQWGLVFRYHUHGWKDWWKH\ZHUHLQWKHFRXQWU\
$FFRUGLQJ WR $OL WKH JRYHUQPHQW SXUVXHG WKH IDPLO\ LQ D
KLJKVSHHGFDUFKDVHGXULQJZKLFKWKHUHZDVDQDFFLGHQWLQ
ZKLFK $OL VXIIHUHG VHULRXV LQMXU\ EXW $OL DQG KHU IDPLO\
HVFDSHGDFURVVWKHERUGHULQWR6\ULD
  7KHIDPLO\UHPDLQHGLQ6\ULDIRUWZRPRQWKVGXULQJZKLFK
WLPH$OLDWWKHDJHRIPDUULHGDQ,UDTLFLWL]HQ6KRUWO\
WKHUHDIWHU 'DQLVK DXWKRULWLHV DFFHSWHG WKH IDPLO\ LQWR
'HQPDUNDVUHIXJHHV7KH'DQLVKDXWKRULWLHVLVVXHG$OLDQG
KHUIDPLO\SDVVSRUWVDQGUHVLGHQFHSHUPLWVDQGKHUIDPLO\
FRQWLQXHV WR OLYH LQ 'HQPDUN  $OL KRZHYHU ZLWKRXW
QRWLILFDWLRQWR'DQLVKDXWKRULWLHVXWLOL]HGKHU'DQLVKSDVVSRUW
DQGUHWXUQHGWR6\ULDDIWHUVWD\LQJVL[PRQWKVLQ'HQPDUN
8VLQJDQ,UDTLSDVVSRUWWKDWVKHREWDLQHGGXULQJKHUYLVLWWR
KHUJUDQGPRWKHU$OLREWDLQHGDYLVDDQGHQWHUHGWKH8QLWHG
     $OLY5HQRHWDO                              1R        1R                               $OLY5HQRHWDO     

6WDWHVLQWRYLVLWKHUKXVEDQGZKRKDGPDWULFXODWHGDW                7KLVLVQRWWRVD\WKDWGRPHVWLFYLROHQFHRIWKHVRUWDOOHJHG
DQHGXFDWLRQDOLQVWLWXWLRQLQ2KLR                                      LQ WKLV FDVH FRXOG QHYHU EH WKH EDVLV IRU UHOLHI XQGHU WKH
                                                                          &RQYHQWLRQDJDLQVW7RUWXUH,QGLIIHUHQWFLUFXPVWDQFHVVXFK
   $OLVWD\HGLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVIRUVL[\HDUVGXULQJZKLFK            DV DVLWXDWLRQLQZKLFKWKHDXWKRULWLHVLJQRUHRUFRQVHQWWR
WLPHKHUYLVDH[SLUHGDQGVKHJDYHELUWKWRWZRFKLOGUHQZKR             VHYHUHGRPHVWLFYLROHQFHWKH&RQYHQWLRQDSSHDUVWRFRPSHO
KDYH8QLWHG6WDWHVFLWL]HQVKLS)ROORZLQJDYLVLWIURPKHU               SURWHFWLRQIRUDYLFWLP6HH3DWULFLD$6HLWK1RWH(VFDSLQJ
PRWKHU$OLDQGKHUFKLOGUHQZHQWWR'HQPDUNLQ$SULO               'RPHVWLF 9LROHQFH  $V\OXP DV D 0HDQV RI 3URWHFWLRQ IRU
LQUHVSRQVHWRLQIRUPDWLRQIURPKHUIDPLO\WKDWKHUIDWKHUZDV            %DWWHUHG:RPHQ&ROXP/5HY%DUEDUD
VHULRXVO\LOO8SRQDUULYDO'DQLVKDXWKRULWLHVFRQILVFDWHGKHU          &RFKUDQH$OH[DQGHU1RWH&RQYHQWLRQ$JDLQVW7RUWXUHD
SDVVSRUWEHFDXVHLWKDGH[SLUHG7KH\DOVRLQIRUPHGKHUWKDW             9LDEOH /HJDO $OWHUQDWLYH 5HPHG\ IRU 'RPHVWLF 9LROHQFH
VKH QR ORQJHU KDG UHIXJHH VWDWXV LQ 'HQPDUN DQG WKDW VKH        9LFWLPV  $P 8 ,QWjO / 5HY   * .ULVWLDQ
ZRXOGEHGHSRUWHG$OLDSSOLHGIRUDV\OXPLQ'HQPDUNEXW                0LFFLR:LWK$OO'XH'HOLEHUDWH&DUH8VLQJ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
KHUDSSOLFDWLRQZDVUHMHFWHG                                            /DZDQGWKH)HGHUDO9LROHQFH$JDLQVW:RPHQ$FWWR/RFDWH
                                                                          WKH &RQWRXUV RI 6WDWH 5HVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU 9LROHQFH $JDLQVW
   6KRUWO\DIWHUKHUDUULYDOLQ'HQPDUN$OLGLVFRYHUHGWKDWWKH          0RWKHUV LQ WKH $JH RI 'HVKDQH\  &ROXP +XP 5WV /
UHSRUWRIKHUIDWKHUjVLOOQHVVZDVDUXVHGHVLJQHGWRSHUVXDGH           5HY
KHUWROHDYHKHUKXVEDQG$WRQHSRLQWGXULQJKHUILYHPRQWK
VWD\LQ'HQPDUN$OLZDVEHDWHQDQGNLFNHGE\KHUIDWKHUDQG                                       &21&/86,21
WKUHH EURWKHUV EHFDXVH VKH UHIXVHG WR OHDYH KHU KXVEDQG
$SSDUHQWO\WKH'DQLVKSROLFHDUUHVWHGWKHDVVDLODQWVDQGDQ               'HVSLWHWKHVDGFLUFXPVWDQFHVRIWKLVFDVHWKHSHWLWLRQHUjV
RIILFHUTXHVWLRQHG$OLDWDKRVSLWDO7KH'DQLVKSROLFHUHSRUW           SUHGLFDPHQW FDQQRW EH VROYHG ZLWKRXW FRQWUDGLFWLQJ VRXQG
LQGLFDWHV WKDW $OL WROG WKH SROLFH WKDW VKH GLG QRW ZDQW KHU   SULQFLSOHV RI DV\OXP ODZ  ,Q VKRUW WKHUH LV QR OHJDOO\
WKUHHEURWKHUVSXQLVKHGDOWKRXJKVKHZDQWHGWKHDXWKRULWLHV              VXIILFLHQWEDVLVXSRQZKLFKWRUHYHUVHWKH%RDUGjVGHFLVLRQWR
WRDGPRQLVKKHUEURWKHUVQRWWRFRQWDFWKHUDQ\PRUH$OL                GHQ\$OLjVDSSOLFDWLRQIRUDV\OXPDQGIRUSURWHFWLRQXQGHUWKH
WHVWLILHGWKDWDQRIILFHUVDLGWKDWKHZRXOGLQVWUXFW$OLjVIDWKHU        &RQYHQWLRQ DJDLQVW 7RUWXUH  :H WKHUHIRUH $)),50 WKH
DQGEURWKHUVQRWWRERWKHUKHURUJRQHDUKHU+RZHYHUZKHQ             %RDUGjVRUGHU
$OLKHUVHOIUHTXHVWHGWKDWKHUEURWKHUVQRWEHSXQLVKHGWKH
'DQLVK FKLHI RI SROLFH GHFLGHG QRW WR SXUVXH WKH FDVH DQ\
IXUWKHUDQGUHOHDVHGWKHPIURPFXVWRG\$FFRUGLQJWR$OL
DIWHUVKHZDVUHOHDVHGIURPWKHKRVSLWDOVKHZHQWWRVWD\ZLWK
KHUVLVWHUZKROLYHGLQDORFDWLRQILYHKRXUVIURPKHUSDUHQWVj
KRPH$WKHUVLVWHUjVKRPHRQHRI$OLjVEURWKHUVZLHOGHGD
JXQDQGWKUHDWHQHGWRNLOOKHU)ROORZLQJWKLVLQFLGHQW$OL
REWDLQHGWKHIDOVH'DQLVKSDVVSRUWDQGUHWXUQHGWRWKH8QLWHG
6WDWHVZLWKKHUFKLOGUHQ
  7KHLPPLJUDWLRQMXGJHGHQLHG$OLjVUHTXHVWIRUDV\OXPDQG
IRXQG KHU LQHOLJLEOH IRU ZLWKKROGLQJ IURP UHPRYDO  2Q
DSSHDO WKH %RDUG UHPDQGHG WKH FDVH DQG GLUHFWHG WKH
LPPLJUDWLRQMXGJHWRFRUUHFWVRPHGHILFLHQFLHVLQWKHUHFRUG
    $OLY5HQRHWDO                           1R      1R                             $OLY5HQRHWDO     

UHTXLUHPHQWPLUURUVWKH6HQDWHjVXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHWHUP           DQGUXOHRQWKHPRWLRQWRUHFRQVLGHU2QUHFRQVLGHUDWLRQWKH
XSRQFRQVHQWLQJWRUDWLI\WKH&RQYHQWLRQVHH&RQJ5HF         LPPLJUDWLRQMXGJHGHQLHGWKHUHTXHVWIRUDV\OXPRQWKHEDVLV
6
6DQGWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKH          RIKLVILQGLQJWKDW$OLKDGILUPO\UHVHWWOHGLQ'HQPDUNDQG
8QLWHG 6WDWHV 'HSDUWPHQW RI 6WDWH XSRQ WKH 3UHVLGHQWjV        WKXVZDVQRWHOLJLEOHIRUDV\OXPDFFRUGLQJWRVWDWXWRU\GLFWDWH
WUDQVPLVVLRQRIWKH&RQYHQWLRQWRWKH6HQDWH6HH0HVVDJH           EXWKHJUDQWHGKHUUHTXHVWIRUZLWKKROGLQJRIUHPRYDOWR,UDT
IURP WKH 3UHVLGHQW RI WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 7UDQVPLWWLQJ WKH     DQGRUGHUHGLQVWHDGWKDWVKHEHUHPRYHGWR'HQPDUNRU6\ULD
&RQYHQWLRQ DJDLQVW 7RUWXUH DQG 2WKHU &UXHO ,QKXPDQ RU        $OLQRZVHHNVUHYHUVDORIWKH%RDUGjVRUGHUDIILUPLQJ WKDW
'HJUDGLQJ7UHDWPHQWRU3XQLVKPHQW67UHDW\'RF1R           UXOLQJ
DW7KH6HQDWH&RPPLWWHHRQ)RUHLJQ5HODWLRQV
VWDWHGWKDWWKHSXUSRVHRIWKLVUHTXLUHPHQWmLVWRPDNHLWFOHDU                             ',6&866,21
WKDWERWKDFWXDONQRZOHGJHDQGµZLOOIXOEOLQGQHVVjIDOOZLWKLQ
WKHGHILQLWLRQRIWKHWHUPµDFTXLHVFHQFHjl6([HF5HS1R                           $)LUP5HVHWWOHPHQW
DW7KHDJHQFLHVLPSOHPHQWLQJ$UWLFOH
FRQFOXGHGWKDWµDFTXLHVFHQFHjmLQFOXGHVRQO\DFWVWKDWRFFXU           7KH8QLWHG6WDWHV$WWRUQH\*HQHUDOSRVVHVVHVGLVFUHWLRQWR
LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI JRYHUQPHQWDO DXWKRULW\l  5HJXODWLRQV       JUDQWDV\OXPWRDQ\DOLHQVKHGHWHUPLQHVWREHDUHIXJHH
&RQFHUQLQJ WKH &RQYHQWLRQ DJDLQVW 7RUWXUH  )HG5HJ         86&EDQGDFRXUWPD\QRWUHYHUVHWKH$WWRUQH\
    7KLV LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH   *HQHUDOjV GHWHUPLQDWLRQ XQOHVV WKH GHFLVLRQ LV PDQLIHVWO\
XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI6WDWHZKLFKUHPDUNHG             FRQWUDU\WRWKHODZDQGUHSUHVHQWVDQDEXVHRIGLVFUHWLRQ6HH
WKDWmWKH&RQYHQWLRQDSSOLHVRQO\WRWRUWXUHWKDWRFFXUVLQWKH      LG  E'  2Q UHYLHZ PRUHRYHU DGPLQLVWUDWLYH
FRQWH[W RI JRYHUQPHQWDO DXWKRULW\ H[FOXGLQJ WRUWXUH WKDW      IDFWXDO ILQGLQJV mDUH FRQFOXVLYH XQOHVV DQ\ UHDVRQDEOH
RFFXUVDVDZKROO\SULYDWHDFWRULQWHUPVPRUHIDPLOLDULQ         DGMXGLFDWRUZRXOGEHFRPSHOOHGWRFRQFOXGHWRWKHFRQWUDU\l
8QLWHG6WDWHVODZLWDSSOLHVWRWRUWXUHLQIOLFWHGµXQGHUFRORU      6HHLGE%
RIODZjl0HVVDJHIURPWKH3UHVLGHQWRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV
7UDQVPLWWLQJWKH&RQYHQWLRQDJDLQVW7RUWXUHDQG2WKHU&UXHO            8QGHUWKHUHFHQWO\HQDFWHG,OOHJDO,PPLJUDWLRQ5HIRUPDQG
,QKXPDQRU'HJUDGLQJ7UHDWPHQWRU3XQLVKPHQW67UHDW\              ,PPLJUDQW5HVSRQVLELOLW\$FWRI,,5,5$3XE/
'RF1RDW                                      6WDWDQDOLHQPD\QRWREWDLQDV\OXPLIVKH
                                                                     mZDVILUPO\UHVHWWOHGLQDQRWKHUFRXQWU\SULRUWRDUULYLQJLQ
  $OOFRQVLGHUHGWKH%RDUGjVGHWHUPLQDWLRQWKDWWKH'DQLVK          WKH8QLWHG6WDWHVl86&E$YL,PPLJUDWLRQ
SROLFH GLG QRW µDFTXLHVFHj WR WRUWXUH DJDLQVW $OL LV QRW    UHJXODWLRQVIXUWKHUSURYLGHWKDWDQDOLHQLVILUPO\UHVHWWOHGmLI
PDQLIHVWO\FRQWUDU\WRODZ7KHUHFRUGVKRZV WKDWWKH'DQLVK       SULRUWRDUULYDOLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVKHRUVKHHQWHUHGLQWR
SROLFHDUUHVWHGWKHDVVDLODQWVLQFDUFHUDWHGWKHP GXULQJWKH        DQRWKHUQDWLRQZLWKRUZKLOHLQWKDWQDWLRQUHFHLYHGDQRIIHU
LQYHVWLJDWLRQRI$OLjVFKDUJHVDQGRIIHUHGWRZDUQ$OLjVIDWKHU     RISHUPDQHQWUHVLGHQWVWDWXVFLWL]HQVKLSRUVRPHRWKHUW\SH
DQGEURWKHUVQRWWRKDUPKHU7KH%RDUGFKDUDFWHUL]HGWKH           RISHUPDQHQWUHVHWWOHPHQWl&)5%XW
'DQLVK SROLFHjV DFWLRQV DV DQ mLQDELOLW\ WR FRQWURO WKH      HYHQEHIRUHWKHDGYHQWRI,,5,5$DQGWKHH[SUHVVVWDWXWRU\
DFWLYLWLHVlRI$OLjVIDPLO\PHPEHUVEXWLWDSSHDUVWKDWWKLV        UHTXLUHPHQWZLWKUHVSHFWWRUHVHWWOHPHQWWKH6XSUHPH&RXUW
mLQDELOLW\l VWHPV VLPSO\ IURP $OLjV UHIXVDO WR DOORZ          GHFODUHGWKDWWKHSUHVHQFHRIILUPUHVHWWOHPHQWFRQVWLWXWHGD
SXQLVKPHQWRIKHUEURWKHUV%HFDXVHZHFRQFOXGHWKDWWKH            IDFWRUIRUPDQGDWRU\FRQVLGHUDWLRQLQDV\OXPSHWLWLRQV6HH
'DQLVK SROLFH GLG QRW EUHDFK LWV mOHJDO UHVSRQVLELOLW\ WR    5RVHQEHUJY:RR86,Q:RRWKHSHWLWLRQHU
LQWHUYHQHWRSUHYHQWlWRUWXUHWKH%RDUGjVGHWHUPLQDWLRQLV         IOHG &KLQD LQ  DQG UHVLGHG LQ +RQJ .RQJ XQWLO 
PDQLIHVWO\QRWFRQWUDU\WRWKHODZ                                  ZKHQKHHQWHUHGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRQDYLVD7KHSHWLWLRQHU
                                                                     UHPDLQHGLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVDOORZLQJKLVYLVDWR H[SLUH
     $OLY5HQRHWDO                              1R        1R                                  $OLY5HQRHWDO      

$IWHUWKH,16FRPPHQFHGGHSRUWDWLRQSURFHHGLQJVLQ                 LQIOLFWHGRQDSHUVRQIRUVXFKSXUSRVHVDVREWDLQLQJIURP
WKH SHWLWLRQHU DSSOLHG IRU DQ LPPLJUDQW YLVD FODLPLQJ D             KLPRUKHURUDWKLUGSHUVRQLQIRUPDWLRQRUDFRQIHVVLRQ
SUHIHUHQFH DV DQ DOLHQ IHDULQJ SHUVHFXWLRQ IURP KLV                  SXQLVKLQJKLPRUKHUIRUDQDFWKHRUVKHRUDWKLUGSHUVRQ
&RPPXQLVWKRPHODQG,GDW,QUHYLHZLQJWKH1LQWK                  KDVFRPPLWWHGRULVVXVSHFWHGRIKDYLQJFRPPLWWHGRU
&LUFXLWjV KROGLQJ WKDW WKH LVVXH RI ILUP UHVHWWOHPHQW ZDV           LQWLPLGDWLQJRUFRHUFLQJKLPRUKHURUDWKLUGSHUVRQRU
LUUHOHYDQWWRWKHSHWLWLRQHUjVVWDWXVWKH&RXUWQRWHGWKDWmWKH            IRUDQ\UHDVRQEDVHGRQGLVFULPLQDWLRQRIDQ\NLQGZKHQ
WHUPVµILUPO\UHVHWWOHGjDQGµIOHGjDUHFORVHO\UHODWHGWRWKH              VXFKSDLQRUVXIIHULQJLVLQIOLFWHGE\RUDWWKHLQVWLJDWLRQ
FHQWUDOWKHPHRIUHIXJHHOHJLVODWLRQWKHFUHDWLRQRID             RIRUZLWKWKHFRQVHQWRUDFTXLHVFHQFHRIDSXEOLFRIILFLDO
KDYHQ IRU WKH ZRUOGjV KRPHOHVV SHRSOHl  ,G DW   7KH         RURWKHUSHUVRQDFWLQJLQDQRIILFLDOFDSDFLW\
FRXQWU\jVDV\OXPODZVZHUHmHQDFWHGWRKHOSDOOHYLDWH>@WKH
VXIIHULQJ RI KRPHOHVV SHUVRQV DQG WKH SROLWLFDO LQVWDELOLW\        6HHLGDHPSKDVLVDGGHG
DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHLUSOLJKW,WZDVQHYHULQWHQGHGWRRSHQWKH
8QLWHG6WDWHVWRUHIXJHHVZKRKDGIRXQGVKHOWHULQDQRWKHU                   7KH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI µDFTXLHVFHQFHj UHSUHVHQWV WKH VROH
QDWLRQDQGKDGEHJXQWREXLOGQHZOLYHVl,GDW$VD               LVVXH ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH &RQYHQWLRQ WR
UHVXOW WKH &RXUW KHOG WKDW ILUP UHVHWWOHPHQW mLV RQH RI WKH    $OLjVFLUFXPVWDQFHV $OLFRQWHQGVWKDWWKH'DQLVKSROLFHZLOO
IDFWRUV ZKLFK WKH ,PPLJUDWLRQ DQG 1DWXUDOL]DWLRQ 6HUYLFH            DFTXLHVFHWRWKHWRUWXUHWKDWZLOOEHLQIOLFWHGE\KHUIDWKHUDQG
PXVWWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUDUHIXJHHVHHNV               EURWKHUVLIVKHLVUHPRYHGWR'HQPDUNDQGWKHUHIRUHWKDWVKH
DV\OXP LQ WKLV FRXQWU\ DV D FRQVHTXHQFH RI >KHU@ IOLJKW WR      TXDOLILHV IRU SURWHFWLRQ XQGHU WKH &RQYHQWLRQ  7KH %RDUG
DYRLGSHUVHFXWLRQl,G                                                  IRXQGWKDWWKH'DQLVKJRYHUQPHQWjVLQDELOLW\WRFRQWUROWKH
                                                                          DFWLYLWLHV RI $OLjV IDPLO\ PHPEHUV GRHV QRW FRQVWLWXWH
   7KH ,16 VXEVHTXHQWO\ LPSRUWHG WKH ILUPUHVHWWOHPHQW            DFTXLHVFHQFHDQGWKDWWKH'DQLVKDXWKRULWLHVGLGQRWZLOIXOO\
SURVFULSWLRQLQWRLWVDV\OXPUHJXODWLRQVDQGYDULRXVFRXUWV              LJQRUHWKHDFWLRQVRIWKHIDPLO\PHPEHUV%DVHGRQWKHUHFRUG
KDYHHFKRHGWKHUDWLRQDOHRIWKH6XSUHPH&RXUWµVRSLQLRQLQ               QRZ EHIRUH XV ZH FDQ RQO\ FRQFOXGH WKDW WKH %RDUGjV
:RRDOWKRXJKWKHLVVXHKDVQRWEHHQWUHDWHGLQDSXEOLVKHG               GHWHUPLQDWLRQLVQRWPDQLIHVWO\FRQWUDU\WRODZ
RSLQLRQ LQ WKLV FLUFXLW  ,Q <DQJ Y ,PPLJUDWLRQ DQG
1DWXUDOL]DWLRQ 6HUYLFH  )G  WK &LU  IRU            $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH UHJXODWLRQV mWKH WHUP µDFTXLHVFHQFHj
H[DPSOHWKHSHWLWLRQHUVIOHG/DRVDQGWRRNUHIXJHLQ)UDQFH             UHTXLUHV WKDW WKH SXEOLF RIILFLDO SULRU WR WKH DFWLYLW\
ZKHUHWKH\UHPDLQHGIRU\HDUV,QUXOLQJWKDWWKH,16jV            FRQVWLWXWLQJ WRUWXUH KDYH DZDUHQHVV RI VXFK DFWLYLW\ DQG
ILUP UHVHWWOHPHQW UHJXODWLRQ GLG QRW H[FHHG WKH $WWRUQH\           WKHUHDIWHU EUHDFK KLV OHJDO UHVSRQVLELOLW\ WR LQWHUYHQH WR
*HQHUDOjVDXWKRULW\RUUHIOHFWDQLPSHUPLVVLEOHFRQVWUXFWLRQ              SUHYHQWVXFKDFWLYLW\l&)5D7KLV
RI WKH DV\OXP VWDWXWH WKH 1LQWK &LUFXLW UHPDUNHG WKDW
m&RQJUHVVLQWHQGHGWRJLYHUHOLHIWRLQGLYLGXDOVµVXEMHFWWR
SHUVHFXWLRQ LQ WKHLU KRPHODQGVj  %HFDXVH ILUPO\ UHVHWWOHG             
                                                                                 :H QRWH ZLWK GLVDSSURYDO WKDW WKH FRS\ RI WKH 'DQLVK LPPLJUDWLRQ
DOLHQVDUHE\GHILQLWLRQQRORQJHUVXEMHFWWRSHUVHFXWLRQWKH            FHQWHU UHSRUW LQFOXGHG LQ WKH sRLQW $SSHQGL[ E\ FRXQVHO IRU WKH SHWLWLRQHU
>UHVHWWOHPHQW SULQFLSOH@ FUHDWHV QR FRQIOLFW ZLWK WKLV DLPl       FRQVLVWHG RQO\ RI WKH ILUVW SDJH ZKLFK UHFRXQWHG WKH LQGLJQLWLHV YLVLWHG
<DQJ)GDW/LNHZLVHLQDIILUPLQJDUXOLQJWKDWDQ            XSRQ $OL E\ KHU UHODWLYHV 7KH VHFRQG SDJH RI WKH UHSRUW UHIOHFWV WKH IDFW

,UDQLDQSHWLWLRQHUKDGILUPO\UHVHWWOHGLQ6SDLQIRUIRXU\HDUV           WKDW m>ZKHQ@ LQWHUURJDWHG E\ WKH SROLFH RQ $XJXVW   =DLQDE $OL
                                                                          WROG WKHP WKDW VKH GLG QRW ZDQW KHU WKUHH EURWKHUV SXQLVKHG +RZHYHU VKH
DVKHDZDLWHGDGHFLVLRQRQKLVDSSOLFDWLRQIRUUHIXJHHVWDWXV           ZDQWHG WKHP WR EH DGPRQLVKHG QRW WR JHW LQ WRXFK ZLWK KHU QRU WR DQQR\
WKH(LJKWK&LUFXLWKHOGWKDWm>D@QDOLHQZLOOQRWEHIRXQGWREH          KHU DJDLQ &RQVLGHULQJ WKHVH IDFWV WKH FKLHI RI SROLFH GHFLGHG QRW WR
ILUPO\ UHVHWWOHG LQ D WKLUG FRXQWU\ µLI LW LV VKRZQ WKDW KLV   SXUVXH WKH FDVH DQ\ IXUWKHU DQG WKH DUUHVWHG PHQ ZHUH UHOHDVHG IURP
                                                                          +DGHUVOHY SULVRQl
       $OLY5HQRHWDO                                1R         1R                                $OLY5HQRHWDO       

 DQG WKH REOLJDWLRQV XQGHU WKH &RQYHQWLRQ ZHQW LQWR                SK\VLFDOSUHVHQFHLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVLVDFRQVHTXHQFHRIKLV
HIIHFWIRUWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRQ1RYHPEHU%HFDXVH                      IOLJKWLQVHDUFKRIUHIXJHjl)DUEDNKVKY,PPLJUDWLRQDQG
WKH8QLWHG6WDWHV6HQDWHFRQVHQWHGWRUDWLI\WKH&RQYHQWLRQ                     1DWXUDOL]DWLRQ 6HUYLFH  )G    TXRWLQJ
ZLWKWKHGHFODUDWLRQWKDW&RQYHQWLRQDUWLFOHVDUHQRWVHOI                0DWWHURI6ROHLPDQL,QWHULP'HFLVLRQ1R:/
H[HFXWLQJVHH&RQJ5HF66                         DW
%RDUGDOWHUDWLRQVLQRULJLQDOVHHDOVR
&RQJUHVV VRXJKW WR FRQIRUP LPPLJUDWLRQ SUDFWLFHV WR WKH                  0XVVLH Y 8QLWHG 6WDWHV ,PPLJUDWLRQ DQG 1DWXUDOL]DWLRQ
&RQYHQWLRQZLWKWKHSDVVDJHRI)$55$6HH3XE/1R                          6HUYLFH  )G  WK &LU  ILQGLQJ ILUP
    6WDW    3XUVXDQW WR               UHVHWWOHPHQWIRU(WKLRSLDQQDWLRQDOZKRKDGOLYHGLQ*HUPDQ\
)$55$jV GLUHFWLYH LQVWUXFWLQJ WKH DSSURSULDWH DJHQFLHV WR                 IRUWZR\HDUVZLWK*HUPDQWUDYHOGRFXPHQWDWLRQJRYHUQPHQW
LPSOHPHQWWKHREOLJDWLRQVRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVXQGHU$UWLFOH                    DVVLVWDQFHDMREDQGDQDSDUWPHQW&KHRY,PPLJUDWLRQDQG
RIWKH&RQYHQWLRQVHH3XE/1RE                    1DWXUDOL]DWLRQ 6HUYLFH  )G  WK &LU 
6WDWWKH,16DQGWKH([HFXWLYH2IILFHIRU                   ILQGLQJ ILUP UHVHWWOHPHQW ZKHUH &DPERGLDQV KDG OLYHG
,PPLJUDWLRQ 5HYLHZ KDYH SURPXOJDWHG UHJXODWLRQV IRU                        SHDFHDEO\LQ0DOD\VLDIRUWKUHH\HDUV9DQJY,PPLJUDWLRQ
&RQYHQWLRQFODLPV                                                            DQG1DWXUDOL]DWLRQ6HUYLFH)GWK&LU
                                                                                SHWLWLRQHUZDVILUPO\UHVHWWOHGLQ)UDQFHZKHUHKHKDGOLYHG
   3URWHFWLRQ XQGHU WKH &RQYHQWLRQ H[LVWV LQ WKH IRUP RI                IRU\HDUVZLWKUHIXJHHVWDWXV$EGDOODY,PPLJUDWLRQDQG
ZLWKKROGLQJRIUHPRYDOWRWKHFRXQWU\RIWRUWXUH&)5                     1DWXUDOL]DWLRQ6HUYLFH)GWK&LUILUP
 F   7KH DSSOLFDQW IRU ZLWKKROGLQJ RI                UHVHWWOHPHQWZKHUH6XGDQHVHQDWLRQDOKDGOLYHGLQWKH8QLWHG
UHPRYDOSXUVXDQWWRWKH&RQYHQWLRQEHDUVWKHEXUGHQRISURRI                    $UDE(PLJUDWHVIRU\HDUVZLWKDUHVLGHQFHYLVDSHUPLW
WR mHVWDEOLVK WKDW LW LV PRUH OLNHO\ WKDQ QRW WKDW KH RU VKH
ZRXOG EH WRUWXUHG LI UHPRYHG WR WKH SURSRVHG FRXQWU\ RI                   7KHUHJXODWRU\GHILQLWLRQRIILUPUHVHWWOHPHQWFDSWXUHVWKH
UHPRYDOl6HHLGF,QDVVHVVLQJWKHULVN                RIWUHSHDWHGXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKDWDV\OXPLVQRWJUDQWHGWRDOLHQV
RI WRUWXUH WKH DGMXGLFDWRU PXVW FRQVLGHU WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI            ZKR KDYH IRXQG D KDYHQ IURP SHUVHFXWLRQ  m$Q DOLHQ LV
IXWXUHWRUWXUHLQFOXGLQJDQ\HYLGHQFHRISDVWWRUWXUHLQIOLFWHG                FRQVLGHUHG WR EH ILUPO\ UHVHWWOHG LI SULRU WR DUULYDO LQ WKH
XSRQ WKH DSSOLFDQW DQG HYLGHQFH WKDW WKH DSSOLFDQW LV QRW              8QLWHG6WDWHVKHRUVKHHQWHUHGLQWRDQRWKHUQDWLRQZLWKRU
OLNHO\WREHWRUWXUHGLQDQRWKHUDUHDRIWKHFRXQWU\RIUHPRYDO                ZKLOHLQWKDWQDWLRQUHFHLYHGDQRIIHURISHUPDQHQWUHVLGHQW
6HHLGF7KHUHJXODWLRQVGHILQHWRUWXUH                   VWDWXV FLWL]HQVKLS RU VRPH RWKHU W\SH RI SHUPDQHQW
DVIROORZV                                                                     UHVHWWOHPHQWl   &)5     ,Q YLHZ RI WKLV
                                                                                SULQFLSOHZHFDQQRWILQGWKDWWKH%RDUGDEXVHGLWVGLVFUHWLRQ
  7RUWXUH LV GHILQHG DV DQ\ DFW E\ ZKLFK VHYHUH SDLQ RU               LQILQGLQJWKDW$OLZDVILUPO\UHVHWWOHGLQ'HQPDUN$OLZDV
  VXIIHULQJ ZKHWKHU SK\VLFDO RU PHQWDO LV LQWHQWLRQDOO\                 JUDQWHGUHIXJHHVWDWXVE\WKH'DQLVKJRYHUQPHQWEHIRUHVKH
                                                                                HQWHUHG 'HQPDUN DQG XSRQ KHU DUULYDO LQ WKDW FRXQWU\ VKH
                                                                                UHFHLYHG D 'DQLVK SDVVSRUW DQG D UHVLGHQFH SHUPLW  7KH
     
                                                                                ILQGLQJWKDWVKHUHFHLYHGDQRIIHURISHUPDQHQWUHVLGHQWVWDWXV
      6HFWLRQ D HVVHQWLDOO\ PLUURUV WKH SURWHFWLRQ SURYLGHG E\            LVEXWWUHVVHGE\WKHHYLGHQFHWKDWKHUIDPLO\KDVUHPDLQHGLQ
$UWLFOH WKUHH RI WKH &RQYHQWLRQ m,W VKDOO EH WKH SROLF\ RI WKH 8QLWHG          'HQPDUNIRURYHUWHQ\HDUVZLWKUHIXJHHVWDWXV
6WDWHV QRW WR H[SHO H[WUDGLWH RU RWKHUZLVH HIIHFW WKH LQYROXQWDU\ UHWXUQ RI
DQ\ SHUVRQ WR D FRXQWU\ LQ ZKLFK WKHUH DUH VXEVWDQWLDO JURXQGV IRU
EHOLHYLQJ WKH SHUVRQ ZRXOG EH LQ GDQJHU RI EHLQJ VXEMHFWHG WR WRUWXUH
                                                                                  1HYHUWKHOHVV$OLKDVDVVHUWHGWKDWVKHVDWLVILHVWKHFULWHULD
UHJDUGOHVV RI ZKHWKHU WKH SHUVRQ LV SK\VLFDOO\ SUHVHQW LQ WKH 8QLWHG            IRUDQH[FHSWLRQWRWKHILUPUHVHWWOHPHQWEDU7KHUHJXODWLRQV
6WDWHVl )RUHLJQ $IIDLUV 5HIRUP DQG 5HVWUXFWXULQJ $FW RI  3XE /          SURYLGHWKDWWKHILUPUHVHWWOHPHQWUXOHGRHVQRWDSSO\LIDQ
1R   6WDW  
       $OLY5HQRHWDO                               1R        1R                                $OLY5HQRHWDO      

DOLHQHVWDEOLVKHVm>W@KDWKLVRUKHUHQWU\LQWRWKDWQDWLRQZDV                ,QDGGLWLRQWKH'DQLVKDXWKRULWLHVjGHFODUDWLRQWKDWWKH\DUH
DQHFHVVDU\FRQVHTXHQFHRIKLVRUKHUIOLJKWIURPSHUVHFXWLRQ               QRORQJHUREOLJDWHGWRDFFHSW$OLLQWRWKHLUFRXQWU\GRHVQRW
WKDWKHRUVKH UHPDLQHGLQWKDWQDWLRQRQO\DVORQJDVZDV                  XQGHUPLQHWKH%RDUGjVILQGLQJRIILUPUHVHWWOHPHQW$VQRWHG
QHFHVVDU\WRDUUDQJHRQZDUGWUDYHODQGWKDWKHRUVKHGLGQRW               E\WKH7HQWK&LUFXLWm>W@KHSHUWLQHQWUHJXODWLRQVVSHFLILFDOO\
HVWDEOLVK VLJQLILFDQW WLHV LQ WKDW QDWLRQ   l  6HH LG        IRFXVRQUHVHWWOHPHQWVWDWXVSULRUWRWKHDOLHQjVHQWU\LQWRWKLV
D$OWKRXJK$OLjVHQWU\LQWR'HQPDUNZDV                   FRXQWU\ WKH\ WKXV SUHFOXGH D GHSRUWDEOH DOLHQ IURP
DUJXDEO\ D QHFHVVDU\ FRQVHTXHQFH RI KHU IOLJKW IURP                   ERRWVWUDSSLQJDQDV\OXPFODLPVLPSO\E\XQLODWHUDOO\VHYHULQJ
SHUVHFXWLRQVKHGLGQRWUHPDLQWKHUHmRQO\DVORQJDVZDV                   >KHU@ H[LVWLQJ WLHV WR D WKLUG FRXQWU\ DIWHU DUULYLQJ LQ WKH
QHFHVVDU\WRDUUDQJHRQZDUGWUDYHOl,QIDFWZKHQTXHULHG                  8QLWHG6WDWHVl$EGDOOD)GDWIRRWQRWHRPLWWHG
DERXWKHUUHDVRQIRUOHDYLQJ'HQPDUNLQ$OLUHVSRQGHG                  HPSKDVLVDGGHGVHHDOVR9DQJ)GDWDOORZLQJ
WKDW VKH OHIW WR JHW D YLVD DQG EH ZLWK KHU KXVEDQG QRW         WKLUGFRXQWU\VWDWXVWRH[SLUHDIWHUHQWHULQJWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV
FRQWLQXH KHU IOLJKW IURP SHUVHFXWLRQ  &OHDUO\ KHU MRXUQH\          GRHVQRWHIIHFWWKHILQGLQJRIILUPUHVHWWOHPHQW+HQFHZH
EDFNWR6\ULDDQGWKHQWRWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVGLGQRWFRQVWLWXWH               FDQQRW FRQFOXGH WKDW WKH %RDUGjV GHWHUPLQDWLRQ ZDV
IOLJKWIURPSHUVHFXWLRQ)XUWKHUPRUHVKHFOHDUO\HVWDEOLVKHG               PDQLIHVWO\FRQWUDU\WRODZRUDQDEXVHRIGLVFUHWLRQ
VLJQLILFDQWWLHVLQ'HQPDUNHYHQWKRXJKVKHGLGQRWUHVLGHLQ
WKDWFRXQWU\IRUDQH[WHQGHGOHQJWKRIWLPH                                                %&RQYHQWLRQDJDLQVW7RUWXUH
                                                                               $UWLFOH  RI WKH &RQYHQWLRQ SURYLGHV WKDW m>Q@R 6WDWH
                                                                             3DUW\VKDOOH[SHOUHWXUQµUHIRXOHUjRUH[WUDGLWHDSHUVRQWR
                                                                             DQRWKHU 6WDWH ZKHUH WKHUH DUH VXEVWDQWLDO JURXQGV IRU
                                                                            EHOLHYLQJWKDWKHZRXOGEHLQGDQJHURIEHLQJVXEMHFWHGWR
      1RWZLWKVWDQGLQJ RXU FRQFOXVLRQ ZH QRWH WKDW WKLV H[FHSWLRQ UHIOHFWV
WKH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKDW UHIXJHHV DUH QRW QHFHVVDULO\ FRPSHOOHG WR VHHN
                                                                             WRUWXUHl  &RQYHQWLRQ DJDLQVW 7RUWXUH DQG 2WKHU &UXHO
SHUPDQHQW UHVHWWOHPHQW LQ WKH ILUVW µVDIHj FRXQWU\ WKDW WKH\ UHDFK $V       ,QKXPDQRU'HJUDGLQJ7UHDWPHQWRU3XQLVKPHQWRSHQHGIRU
VWDWHG E\ WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW                                                 VLJQDWXUH)HEUXDU\67UHDW\'RF1RDW
                                                                               ,/0     sXGLFLDO UHYLHZ RI
    &HUWDLQO\ PDQ\ UHIXJHHV PDNH WKHLU HVFDSH WR IUHHGRP IURP                &RQYHQWLRQ FODLPV LV DYDLODEOH RQO\ ZKHQ VXFK FODLPV DUH
    SHUVHFXWLRQ LQ VXFFHVVLYH VWDJHV DQG FRPH WR WKLV FRXQWU\ RQO\
    DIWHU VWRSV DORQJ WKH ZD\ 6XFK VWRSV GR QRW QHFHVVDULO\ PHDQ
                                                                             KHDUG DV SDUW RI WKH UHYLHZ RI D ILQDO RUGHU RI UHPRYDO
    WKDW WKH UHIXJHHjV DLP WR UHDFK WKHVH VKRUHV KDV LQ DQ\ VHQVH
                                                                             SXUVXDQWWR86&6HH)RUHLJQ$IIDLUV5HIRUPDQG
    EHHQ DEDQGRQHG +RZHYHU WKHUH DUH PDQ\ UHIXJHHV ZKR KDYH                5HVWUXFWXULQJ$FWRI)$55$3XE/1R
    ILUPO\ UHVHWWOHG LQ RWKHU FRXQWULHV DQG ZKR HLWKHU QHYHU DLPHG WR        G6WDW&)5H
    UHDFK WKHVH VKRUHV RU KDYH ORQJ VLQFH DEDQGRQHG WKDW DLP                  7KHUHIRUH WKH DSSOLFDEOH VWDQGDUG RI UHYLHZ
                                                                             PDLQWDLQV WKDW mD GHFLVLRQ WKDW DQ DOLHQ LV QRW HOLJLEOH IRU
5RVHQEHUJ   Y :RR    86   Q   VHH DOVR &KHR Y
                                                                             DGPLVVLRQWRWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVLVFRQFOXVLYHXQOHVVPDQLIHVWO\
,PPLJUDWLRQ DQG 1DWXUDOL]DWLRQ 6HUYLFH     )G   WK &LU
 7KH ILUP UHVHWWOHPHQW UHJXODWLRQ mGRHV QRW PHDQ WKDW DV VRRQ DV D     FRQWUDU\ WR ODZ>@l DQG DV PHQWLRQHG DERYH mWKH
SHUVRQ KDV FRPH WR UHVW DW D FRXQWU\ RWKHU WKDQ WKH FRXQWU\ RI GDQJHU KH    DGPLQLVWUDWLYH ILQGLQJV RI IDFW DUH FRQFOXVLYH XQOHVV DQ\
FDQQRW JHW DV\OXP LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV $QRWKHU FRXQWU\ PD\ KDYH             UHDVRQDEOHDGMXGLFDWRUZRXOGEHFRPSHOOHGWRFRQFOXGHWRWKH
DOORZHG RQO\ D WHPSRUDU\ DQG QRW D SHUPDQHQW UHIXJH %XW ZKHUH WKH           FRQWUDU\l86&E%DQG&
GXUDWLRQ DQG FLUFXPVWDQFHV LQGLFDWH WKDW WKH DV\OXP VHHNHU PD\ UHPDLQ LQ
WKH WKLUG FRXQWU\ WKHQ LW LV LQFXPEHQW XSRQ KLP WR VKRZ WKH FRQWUDU\l
FI )DUEDNKVK Y ,PPLJUDWLRQ DQG 1DWXUDOL]DWLRQ 6HUYLFH  )G 
                                                                               7KH8QLWHG6WDWHVGHSRVLWHGWKHLQVWUXPHQWRIUDWLILFDWLRQ
 WK &LU  m3HWLWLRQHUjV >IRXU\HDU@ VWD\ LQ 6SDLQ ZDV QRW D       RIWKH&RQYHQWLRQZLWKWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQVRQ2FWREHU
VWRSRYHU HQ URXWH WR UHIXJH LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHVl