Court Opinion

ID: 859484
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-04-26 21:32:46.347975+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:46:47.922612
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                                 NO. 2010-CT-00177-SCT

T.C.B. CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC.

v.

W. C. FORE TRUCKING, INC.

                               ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                            11/03/2009
TRIAL JUDGE:                                 HON. ROGER T. CLARK
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                   HARRISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT,
                                             FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                     WILLIAM F. GOODMAN, JR.
                                             LAWRENCE CARY GUNN, JR.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:                      MICHAEL E. COX
                                             JAMES KENNETH WETZEL
                                             MICHAEL B. WALLACE
                                             REBECCA L. HAWKINS
NATURE OF THE CASE:                          CIVIL - CONTRACT
DISPOSITION:                                 THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF
                                             APPEALS IS AFFIRMED IN PART AND
                                             REVERSED IN PART. THE JUDGMENT OF
                                             THE HARRISON COUNTY CIRCUIT
                                             COURT, FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT, IS
                                             REVERSED IN PART, RENDERED IN
                                             PART, AND REMANDED - 02/28/2013
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

       EN BANC.

       KITCHENS, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    In this breach of contract case, we granted the plaintiff’s petition for writ of certiorari

to review the Court of Appeals’ decision affirming the trial court’s refusal to submit the issue

of punitive damages to the jury. T.C.B. Constr. Co. v. W.C. Fore Trucking, Inc., 2012 WL
2106368 (Miss. Ct. App. June 12, 2012). Finding that the plaintiff presented clear and

convincing evidence that the defendant exhibited bad faith in breaching the contract, we

reverse the Court of Appeals on this issue, and remand the case to the trial court for a jury

to determine what punitive damages, if any, are due.

                              Facts and Procedural History

¶2.    In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Harrison County hired W.C. Fore Trucking,

Inc. (Fore) to remove debris from the county’s rights of way in an area designated as Zone

2. Fore contracted with T.C.B. Construction Company, Inc. (TCB) to perform the removal

from a portion of Zone 2. The contract between Fore and TCB was limited to areas in

Harrison County north of Highway 53, but also contained an express good-faith clause which

stated that the contract “can and will be modified based upon the facts and circumstances of

all debris removal.”

¶3.    As required by the contract, TCB sent Fore daily reports, known as “work tickets” or

“truck tickets,” showing the location and amount of removed debris.          R.W. Beck &

Associates (Beck), an independent auditing firm hired by Harrison County, calculated the

cubic yardage and verified the locations listed on TCB’s work tickets. TCB also submitted

weekly invoices to Fore, and Fore in turn used those invoices to bill the county. Once Beck

had audited the invoices and bills, the county approved payment from funds provided by the

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Fore then gave TCB a percentage of

those payments. Under their contract, Fore was to pay TCB $8.90 for every cubic yard of

debris removed, out of the $10.64 Fore received from the county.

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¶4.    TCB began work on September 19, 2005, and, nine days later, began clearing debris

south of Highway 53. According to the TCB, the work was moved south at the request of

W.C. Fore, Fore’s principal. Fore claimed that it did not know that TCB was removing

debris from south of the highway until some time in March 2006. At that time, Fore stopped

paying TCB, claiming that any work south of the highway was not contemplated by the

contract. Nevertheless, Fore did not dispute that it had billed the county and was paid in full,

for all of the debris removed by TCB. In total, Harrison County paid Fore approximately

$12.3 million for the debris removed by TCB, and Fore paid TCB roughly $3.6 million.

¶5.    TCB sued Fore for breach of contract, claiming it was owed an additional

$6,634,436.69 for work performed south of Highway 53. TCB alleged that, although the

written contract specified that TCB would be paid to remove debris north of Highway 53, the

contract was orally modified to include removal south of Highway 53. Fore responded with

a counterclaim, alleging that TCB was entitled only to the value of the debris removed north

of the highway, and that Fore actually had overpaid TCB for this work in the amount of

$520,731.

¶6.    The case proceeded to trial, and, in a special verdict form, the jury found that the

contract had been modified to include work south of the highway. Despite this finding, the

amount of damages awarded by the jury did not fully compensate TCB for the work it

indisputably had performed.       The jury also found that Fore was entitled to recoup

“overpayments.” The result was a $3,577,583.34 net award for TCB, or about half of its

alleged damages. The court awarded TCB prejudgment interest from the date it filed the

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complaint, but refused to send the issue of punitive damages to the jury.

¶7.    TCB appealed, Fore filed a cross-appeal, and the case was assigned to the Mississippi

Court of Appeals. That court held that, as a matter of law, the contract was modified, Fore

breached the contract, and TCB was entitled to the amount it would have received without

the breach. T.C.B., 2012 WL 2106368. The Court of Appeals reversed the jury’s award of

damages and rendered judgment in favor of TCB in the full amount of $6,634,436.69, with

prejudgment interest from the date of the breach, rather than the date that TCB filed its

complaint. Finally, the Court of Appeals affirmed the trial judge’s refusal of TCB’s request

to submit punitive damages to the jury, finding some evidence that Fore’s breach was not

malicious.

¶8.    Both TCB and Fore filed petitions for writ of certiorari, with Fore arguing it was not

liable for any damages, and TCB arguing that punitive damages should have been submitted

to the jury. Agreeing with the decision of the Court of Appeals to render judgment in favor

of TCB for the full amount owed, we denied Fore’s petition, but granted TCB’s petition to

review the punitive damages issue.

                                         Discussion

¶9.    An award of punitive damages is an extraordinary remedy, reserved for the most

egregious cases, and designed to discourage similar misconduct. Warren v. Derivaux, 996
So. 2d 729, 738 (Miss. 2008) (citing Paracelsus Health Care Corp. v. Willard, 754 So. 2d
437, 442 (Miss.1999)). In a breach of contract case, the plaintiff “must prove that the breach

was the result of an intentional wrong or that a defendant acted maliciously or with reckless

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disregard of the plaintiff’s rights.” Pursue Energy Corp. v. Abernathy, 77 So. 3d 1094,

1101 (Miss. 2011) (citing Hamilton v. Hopkins, 834 So. 2d 695, 703 (Miss. 2003)). When

punitive damages are sought, and only after compensatory damages have been awarded, the

trial judge will hold an evidentiary hearing and make an initial determination whether the

jury should pass on the issue. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-1-65(1)(c)-(d) (Supp. 2012). “The jury

should be allowed to consider the issue of punitive damages if the trial judge determined

under the totality of the circumstances and in light of defendant’s aggregate conduct, that a

reasonable, hypothetical juror could have identified either malice or gross disregard to the

rights of others.” Paracelsus Health, 754 So. 2d at 442 (citing Wirtz v. Switzer, 586 So. 2d
775, 783 (Miss. 1991), abrogated on other grounds by Upchurch Plumbing, Inc. v.

Greenwood Utilities Comm’n, 964 So. 2d 1100 (Miss. 2007), and Adams v. U.S.

Homecrafters, Inc., 744 So. 2d 736 (Miss. 1999)).

¶10.   In the present case, the trial court denied TCB’s request to submit punitive damages

to the jury. The court based its ruling in large part on the jury’s verdict, which had awarded

damages to both parties and awarded TCB only half of its requested damages. However, we

agree that the Court of Appeals correctly reversed the jury verdict and rendered judgment in

favor of TCB, because, as a matter of law, the contract was modified, and the amount of

TCB’s damages was not questioned. Given that there was no issue of fact for the jury to

decide, the jury’s verdict could not serve as a roadblock to a consideration of punitive

damages by the jury.

¶11.   We find that TCB presented more than sufficient evidence that a reasonable,

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hypothetical juror could find Fore’s conduct in breaching the contract was either malicious

or done with a reckless disregard of TCB’s rights. Pursue Energy, 77 So. 3d at 1101;

Paracelsus Health, 754 So. 2d at 442. In its thorough examination of the facts, the Court

of Appeals noted that Fore’s defense was based solely on the scope of the written contract

and W.C. Fore’s denial that he had agreed to a modification. W.C. Fore testified that he was

unaware of TCB’s work south of Highway 53 because, he said, the ladies in bookkeeping

handled all of the invoices. The Court of Appeals correctly held that W.C. Fore’s personal

knowledge was immaterial to the case, because the corporation never disputed that it lacked

knowledge of TCB’s work south of Highway 53, and it also did not argue that its employees

(i.e., “the ladies in bookkeeping”), were unauthorized to accept TCB’s invoices or submit

them to the county for payment. It was undisputed that Fore represented to the local

government that TCB’s invoices were accurate and that it received the full benefit of TCB’s

work without fully compensating TCB. Moreover, the entire process was overseen by an

accounting firm hired by the county, and TCB was the only company removing debris in the

area.   As the Court of Appeals observed, “it defies credibility to suggest Fore, the

corporation, had no knowledge TCB was submitting invoices for work south of Highway

53.” T.C.B., 2012 WL 2106368, at ¶ 7.

¶12.    Nevertheless, the Court of Appeals rejected TCB’s claim that punitive damages

should have been submitted to the trier of fact. The court acknowledged that the question

was “admittedly close,” but found there was evidence to support that Fore did not act with

any malicious intent. Id. at ¶58. The Court of Appeals characterized Fore’s denial as “a

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hard-line business position,” but credited the circuit court’s finding “some validity” in W.C.

Fore’s claim that he was unaware of TCB’s work south of the highway. Id. Notably, the

Court of Appeals’ analysis focused only on maliciousness and did not address reckless

disregard or intentional wrongs. Pursue Energy, 77 So. 3d at 101 (punitive damages may be

warranted if the breach was a result of an intentional wrong, malicious conduct, or reckless

disregard for the plaintiff’s rights) (citing Hamilton, 834 So. 2d at 703)).

¶13.   We agree with Chief Judge Lee’s separate opinion, that Fore’s claim of ignorance was

“disingenuous and contradictory to the defense put on at trial.” T.C.B., 2012 WL 2106368,

at ¶63 (Lee, C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). Fore claimed that, over several

months, millions of dollars of invoices, multiple meetings, and an independent auditor

overseeing the process, it was oblivious to the fact that TCB was working south of Highway

53. Even after Fore claimed it had become aware that TCB was working south of the

highway, it allowed TCB to continue to work in that area, continued to submit invoices to

the county for work performed by TCB, and continued to receive payments from the county,

apparently feeling safe in the knowledge that the technical language of the contract did not

obligate them to pay for TCB’s work. Moreover, three months after Fore had stopped paying

TCB, it wrote a letter to TCB stating that payments were delayed because there was a

possible set-off for interest on delayed payments from the county. This position was entirely

inconsistent with its defense at trial that TCB was due nothing because it was performing

work outside the scope of the contract. TCB submitted invoices for several million dollars

to Fore for the cleanup south of the highway. Fore in turn based its own invoices to the

                                              7
county on TCB’s. It is undisputed that Fore collected payment for all of the work performed

by TCB, that, as a matter of law, the contract was modified to include all of the work

performed by TCB, and that Fore blatantly breached its promise to compensate TCB.

¶14.   We find that the evidence demonstrates a type of conduct for which punitive damages

are designed. TCB provided sufficient proof that Fore acted in bad faith, with complete

disregard for TCB’s rights, seeking to reap the benefits of its contract while at the same time

denying its obligations. Based on the evidence, a reasonable, hypothetical juror could find

that Fore had breached the contract either maliciously, by an intentional wrong, or with

reckless disregard for TCB’s rights. We hold that the trial court erred by not submitting the

issue of punitive damages to the jury, and this case is therefore remanded for trial on punitive

damages and for consideration of attorneys’ fees. Warren, 996 So. 2d at 739 (attorneys’ fees

justified when punitive damages awarded) (quoting Smith v. Dorsey, 599 So. 2d 529, 550

(Miss.1992)).

                                         Conclusion

¶15.   We agree with the Court of Appeals on the issue of compensatory damages, and

affirm its decision rendering judgment in favor of TCB in the amount $6,634,436.69 and its

remanding the case to the trial court to award prejudgment interest from the date of the

breach. We disagree with the Court of Appeals’ decision on the issue of punitive damages,

and find that the evidence presented at trial was more than sufficient for the jury to have been

permitted to decide whether TCB was entitled to punitive damages, and if so, in what

amount. We therefore reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals regarding punitive

                                               8
damages, but we do not disturb its holding that, as a matter of law, the contract was modified,

that Fore breached this contract, and that TCB is entitled to compensatory damages in the

amount $6,634,436.69, with prejudgment interest awarded from the date of the breach.

Accordingly, the decision of the Court of Appeals is reversed in part and affirmed in part,

and judgment is rendered in favor of TCB in the amount of the $6,634,436.69. The case is

remanded to the Harrison County Circuit Court, First Judicial District, for a jury trial on

punitive damages, for consideration of attorneys’ fees, and for award of prejudgment interest

from the date of the breach.

¶16. THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF APPEALS IS AFFIRMED IN PART
AND REVERSED IN PART. THE JUDGMENT OF THE HARRISON COUNTY
CIRCUIT COURT, FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT, IS REVERSED IN PART,
RENDERED IN PART, AND REMANDED.

    WALLER, C.J., RANDOLPH, P.J., LAMAR, CHANDLER, PIERCE, KING
AND COLEMAN, JJ., CONCUR. DICKINSON, P.J., NOT PARTICIPATING.

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