Court Opinion

ID: 9655614
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-23 19:17:56.839138+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:13:20.698484
License: Public Domain

MORGAN, Justice.
Burton Lohnes (appellant), was sixteen years old when Harry Mantzoros (Mantzo-ros) was shot and killed with a rifle, which was later found in a vehicle stolen by appel*410lant. Appellant was first arrested for theft and burglary. Later, after further interrogation, he was also arrested for first-degree murder in the shooting death of Mantzoros. Appellant was tried as an adult on the charges of third-degree burglary, grand theft and first-degree murder. A jury convicted appellant of the burglary and grand theft charges and second-degree murder. Appellant appeals the murder conviction and we reverse and remand.
On November 13, 1980, the First Stop Gun Shop in Rapid City, South Dakota, was burglarized and several guns stolen. That same night, a 1979 Dodge pickup was reported stolen. At 10:45 p. m., the Highway Patrol informed the Rapid City Police Department that they were following a 1979 Dodge pickup. Rapid City Police Officer Jones (Officer Jones), upon hearing the report, proceeded to the vicinity to aid in identifying the pickup. While enroute, he received a radio transmission that the driver had abandoned the vehicle and was on foot. On his way to the scene, Officer Jones spotted appellant running and ordered him to stop. Appellant immediately stopped, and threw a rifle and athletic bag to the ground. Officer Jones, with the aid of another officer, handcuffed appellant and transported him to the Rapid City Police Station.
At the station, Officer Jones turned appellant over to Detective Hedenskog who began interrogation at 11:25 p. m. and continued into the early morning hours of November 14, 1980. Appellant appeared nervous and scared but coherent and not intoxicated. Shortly after the questioning began, Detective Hedenskog discovered that appellant was a juvenile. Without attempting to contact a parent or guardian, the questioning continued. Detective Hedenskog read appellant his Miranda rights but did not ask him if he wished to waive these rights. During this initial interrogation, appellant admitted burglarizing the First Stop Gun Shop and stealing the 1979 Dodge pickup. Appellant further admitted that he was an escapee from the State Training School in Plankinton and that he had been drinking all that day.
After Detective Hedenskog completed his questioning, appellant was taken to the hospital by Officer Jones to receive medical attention for a cut on his knee. Between 5:15 and 5:30 a. m., Jones transported appellant to the juvenile detention center. Approximately three hours later, appellant was again taken to the Rapid City Police Station. By this time, the police had begun investigating the shooting death of Mantzo-ros. Rapid City Detective Scherr, assigned to this investigation, considered appellant a suspect as early as 9 a. m. on November 14th.
Mantzoros operated the Ranch House Motel in Rapid City. Donald Lane, an uncle of appellant, stayed at the motel on November 13. Appellant went to the Ranch House Motel where a fight erupted between himself and Lane. Lane ran into the motel manager’s office then occupied by Mantzo-ros. According to Mantzoros’ son, his father called him about the altercation. Sometime later appellant again encountered Mantzoros in the motel office. This time, according to appellant, Mantzoros appeared to have a pistol. Appellant became enraged, chasing Mantzoros to a back room with a .243 rifle where he shot him. At 7:30 a. m., the son returned to the motel to find his father’s corpse in the motel office. The investigation indicated that Mantzoros had been shot with a .243 Remington rifle, stolen earlier in November. The rifle was found on the floorboards of the 1979 Dodge pickup admittedly stolen by appellant. Mantzoros’ driver’s license was also found in the pickup.
Between 8:30 a. m. and 11:30 a. m. on November 14th, the police attempted to locate a guardian for appellant so that they could again interrogate him, this time concerning the murder. They contacted Willard Foley (Foley), Chief Court Services Officer for the Seventh Judicial Circuit. Subsequently, via a news report, Foley learned that appellant was a suspect in Mantzoros’ death and might be tried as an adult. Foley immediately arranged for a juvenile detention hearing before Judge Grosshans for *41112:15 p. m. As soon as the police department became aware of this scheduled hearing, Rapid City Police Captain Hennies called Foley and requested a delay because they wanted to interrogate appellant. Foley refused because he felt it was improper. Captain Hennies, however, said he would get a continuance by other means. Captain Hennies also informed Foley that they contemplated using a parole officer, Scott Schuft, as appellant’s guardian. Foley again objected to this as improper.
Captain Hennies called the state’s attorney’s office. A meeting was subsequently held in Captain Hennies’ office with William Tschetter, acting state’s attorney, John Seehan, assistant state’s attorney, Captain Hennies, Deputy John Moore, the sheriff’s representative in the investigation, Detective Scherr, and Scott Schuft. Each of the police officers felt that they had enough evidence at this time to arrest appellant for the murder of Mantzoros. Additionally, each and every person at this meeting knew that unless the 12:15 p. m. detention hearing was continued, appellant would have counsel appointed and would refuse to admit to the murder. With the aid and advice of the state’s attorney’s office, Scott Schuft became appellant’s acting guardian and the continuance was obtained from Judge Gros-shans until 4:00 p. m. that day. At no time prior to 4:00 p. m. was Judge Grosshans told that the delay was sought because the police intended to seek an admission from appellant on the murder charge. Foley was not informed of the delay but discovered it when he appeared at the court chambers at 12:15 p. m. Foley immediately sought the advice of several other judges, but, despite their advice, did not contact Judge Gros-shans.
Without informing appellant that he was the prime suspect in a murder, Detective Scherr, in the presence of Scott Schuft, began interrogating him at approximately noon. Detective Scherr meticulously informed appellant of his rights, but again did not ask appellant if he wished to waive those rights. By his own admission, Schuft had satisfied his duty as guardian after the rights were read and he believed appellant understood them. Although he remained throughout the interrogation and knew that an attorney was better suited to advise appellant, Schuft never said a word. Indeed, Schuft recognized no distinction between the roles of the police officers and his own role as guardian. Sometime after 12:15 p. m., the time originally scheduled for appellant’s detention hearing, Detective Scherr obtained the sought-after admissions.
Later that afternoon, November 14,1980, the rescheduled detention hearing was held and an attorney was appointed to represent appellant. In January, 1981, Judge Gros-shans of the Seventh Judicial Circuit held a transfer hearing in which he ordered that appellant would be tried as an adult. Appellant, then, was arraigned in circuit court. That same month appellant moved to suppress the statements which he had made during the interrogation on November 14th. At a suppression hearing held in February, 1981, the various officers candidly admitted their participation in delaying appellant’s detention hearing and their motive to obtain a confession before counsel was appointed for appellant. Appellant received a psychiatric examination in Rapid City during February, 1981, and again in Sioux Falls during July, 1981. In August, 1981, appellant’s motion to suppress statements made during interrogation was denied and appellant was tried for third-degree burglary, grand theft, and first-degree murder. A jury found appellant guilty of third-degree burglary, grand theft and second-degree murder. Appellant appeals from the murder conviction, alleging that the trial court erred in instructing the jury that second-degree murder was a lesser included offense. Further, appellant alleges that the trial court should have suppressed the November 14th confession since the State deliberately acted to delay the detention hearing in order to deprive him of an attorney.
We first consider the propriety of the trial court’s instruction on second-degree murder. Count 3 of the information charged appellant with first-degree murder in the following manner:
*412That on or about the 13th day of November, 1980, in the County of Pennington, State of South Dakota, Bert Lohnes did commit the public offense of First Degree Murder in that he did then and there, feloniously, without authority of law and with premeditated design to effect the death of Harry Mantzoros, a human being, did kill and murder said Harry Mant-zoros by gunshot, in violation'of SDCL 22-16-4, and contrary to statute in such case made and provided against the peace and dignity of the State of South Dakota.
Over appellant’s objection, the trial court instructed the jury on the offense of second-degree murder as well as on the offense of first-degree murder. The jury verdict convicted appellant of the offense of second-degree murder, an offense that he was never charged with and which has distinctly different elements than first-degree murder.
In State v. Reddington, 7 S.D. 368, 64 N.W. 170 (1895), this court held that it was reversible error to charge a defendant with murder with a premeditated design under one penal provision and instruct the jury under another penal provision. The jury instruction in Reddington provided that they could convict if satisfied that the death of the deceased was caused by an act imminently dangerous to others and evincing a depraved mind, regardless of human life, without any premeditated design to effect the death of the person killed.
The State argues that Reddington is ancient and not to be relied upon because the homicide statutes have changed. In 1895, there was only one degree of murder, although defined in three different ways; each made the defendant liable for the same potential maximum punishment. Today, murder with premeditated design is designated first degree, SDCL 22-16-4, and murder perpetrated by an act imminently dangerous to others and evincing a depraved mind, regardless of human life, but without any premeditated design to effect the death of the person killed is designated second degree. SDCL 22-16-7. These homicide statutes have dissimilar penalties. Furthermore, the State urges SDCL 23A— 26-7 mandates that, in cases of a crime designated by degrees, the jury shall find the degree of the crime and include that in its verdict. SDCL 23A-26-7 provides:
Whenever a crime is distinguished by degrees, a jury, if it convicts an accused, shall find the degree of the crime of which he is guilty and include that finding in its verdict. When there is a reasonable ground of doubt as to which of two or more degrees an accused is guilty, he can be convicted of only the lowest degree.
This court has approved the application of this statute relating the charge of manslaughter to that of murder charged in the information, or a lesser degree of manslaughter when first-degree manslaughter was so charged. We hold, however, that the State’s argument is misplaced in this context because the use of first and second degree by the legislature had no effect on the elements of the first and second-degree murder charge.
While Reddington may be hoary with age it nevertheless contains reasoning that sounds of a constitutional dimension, which knows no aging until the constitution is amended. The court stated: “One purpose of an indictment is to apprise the defendant of what he is charged with having done that constitutes a criminal offense, so that he may be prepared to defend himself at the trial.” 7 S.D. at 379, 64 N.W. at 173. Article VI, § 7 of the South Dakota Constitution provides, in pertinent part: “In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have the right ... to demand the nature and cause of the accusation against him; to have a copy thereof . . .. ”
In regard to these provisions, this court has said: “The principal office of the indictment is to inform the accused of the ‘nature and cause of the accusation against him’; to be thus informed being one of [the accused’s] most important constitutional rights.” State ex rel. Kotilinic v. Swenson, 18 S.D. 196, 202, 99 N.W. 1114, 1115 (1904). As the court pointed out in Reddington, and as is equally true in this case before us,
*413[t]he indictment charged a murderer of a specific class, and set forth the distinctive legal characteristics of such a murder, and that was the crime, and the kind of a crime, for which he was being tried. A plea of not guilty put only the allegations of the indictment in issue, and such allegations charged killing with express malice towards the deceased, and with a premeditated design to effect his death; and in our judgment it was error to charge the jury that, in order to convict, it was not necessary for the state to make out such a case as it had set out in the indictment.
7 S.D. at 380-81, 64 N.W. at 174.
We, therefore, hold that the trial court was clearly in error in instructing the jury on the offense of second-degree murder.
Because a retrial is mandated, we deem it necessary to consider appellant’s argument that the trial court erred in failing to suppress his confession for two reasons: (1) That the State had deliberately delayed appellant’s appearance before a judge in order to deprive him of an attorney until they had extracted a confession; and (2) that the confession was not voluntary, considering the totality of the circumstances. We have previously detailed the activities of the police and state’s attorney’s office in delaying appellant’s appearance before the judge, and noted that at the suppression hearing the officers candidly admitted that they had so acted.
Actually, the two grounds are intermingled, because intentional delay of the appearance of a juvenile before a judge would obviously figure strongly in the totality of the circumstances. Although the findings of fact and conclusions of law of the trial court in the suppression hearing go into great detail as to the circumstances, nowhere do we find any mention of the intentional delay. Further, we do not find either proposed findings and conclusions by appellant’s counsel, or objections to the State’s proposals. Absent the issue of an intentional delay, we would have to affirm the trial court’s actions inasmuch as such findings as the trial court does make are not contradicted by a clear preponderance of the evidence. See McMullen v. State, 84 S.D. 538, 173 N.W.2d 499 (1970).
Although appellant’s counsel has not preserved the error for appeal, under our rule which requires proposed findings and conclusions, and objections, Jennings v. Jennings, 309 N.W.2d 809 (S.D.1981), we have determined that such a substantial right is involved as to mandate review under the plain error rule, SDCL 23A-44-15. See State v. Brammer, 304 N.W.2d 111 (S.D.1981). We therefore consider whether appellant’s confession was properly admitted since the suppression hearing transcript demonstrates that the officials had intentionally delayed his detention hearing in a successful effort to deprive him of counsel in order to obtain inculpatory admissions.
Appellant cites us to our recent holding in State v. Poss, 298 N.W.2d 80 (S.D.1980), wherein representatives of the same agencies in Rapid City had intentionally delayed an arraignment of an adult in an effort to obtain inculpatory evidence. In that case, we discussed application of SDCL 23A-4^1, which provides, in pertinent part: “A law enforcement officer making an arrest shall, without unnecessary delay, take the arrested person before the nearest available committing magistrate.” In Poss, appellant sought dismissal because of the delay of some sixty-five hours. The trial court denied the motion for dismissal but suppressed the confession. We noted in particular that “[ijllegal detention is not a grounds for dismissal absent a showing of prejudice to the [appellant]. Further, illegal detention is a nonconstitutional and non jurisdictional defect.” Id. at 85 (citations omitted). Most important for our discussion here, are the statements in Poss that:
The States Attorney’s actions were diametrically opposed to the purpose and meaning of SDCL 23A-4-1. * * *
Although the trial court’s order of suppression foreclosed prejudice from occurring as to the appellant’s position at trial, *414we condemn the pre-arraignment tactics of the States Attorney in this case. Calculated delay in a defendant’s right to be taken before a judicial officer cannot be justified by self-ordained zeal and has no place in this state’s system of criminal justice.

Id.

In this case, the relief sought by appellant was the suppression, not dismissal, of a confession and a fair reading of Poss would seem to mandate it. The State, however, argues that Poss is inapplicable, as is SDCL 23A-4-1, because appellant herein was a juvenile, detained under juvenile procedures in SDCL ch. 26-8, and that more particularly, under the provisions of SDCL 26-8-23.1, a juvenile can be held up to forty-eight hours without a hearing. This argument is unsound, misplaced and indeed alarming.
Admittedly, SDCL 23A-4-1,1 addressing arrest procedures, speaks of “unnecessary delay” whereas SDCL 26-8-23.1,2 addressing juvenile detention, speaks in terms of “prompt hearing” within a maximum of forty-eight hours. We hold that this is a distinction without a difference, particularly since the latter statute is drawn in the context of the parens patriae theory of the juvenile treatment which promotes a close relationship between a juvenile and the representatives of the court.
Juvenile proceedings and sentences, with the exception of transfer hearings, are conducted solely in the best interests of the child. SDCL 26-7-11; People in Interest of D. M. L., 254 N.W.2d 457 (S.D.1977); People in Interest of L. V. A., 248 N.W.2d 864 (S.D.1976). Moreover, the treatment of a juvenile is informal, protective, rehabilitative and nonadversarial, as opposed to the formal, adversarial, retributive treatment used to secure criminal sanctions against persons tried as adults. State v. Gullings, 244 Or. 173, 416 P.2d 311 (1966).
The United States Supreme Court has repeatedly required that juvenile proceedings satisfy due process rights.3 As the Court stated in Gault, “neither the Fourteenth Amendment nor the Bill of Rights is for adults alone.” 387 U.S. 1, 13, 87 S.Ct. 1428, 1436, 18 L.Ed.2d 527, 538. With few exceptions, courts require additional protection of a juvenile’s constitutional right to counsel and against self-incrimination. State v. Loyd, 297 Minn. 442, 212 N.W.2d 671 (1973); State v. Cano, 103 Ariz. 37, 436 P.2d 586 (1968). Before a juvenile, who will' be tried as an adult, effectively waives his constitutional right to counsel and against self-incrimination, the juvenile must be given notice that he may be tried as an adult. State v. Loyd, supra; State v. Cano, supra; Theriault v. State, 66 Wis.2d 33, 223 N.W.2d 850 (1974).
 Clearly, in this case, the police and state’s attorney had decided before the interrogation to request that appellant be tried as an adult. Moreover, he was in fact tried as an adult. We now hold that a juvenile is afforded additional, not less, protection of his constitutional rights and before a trial court can conclude that a juvenile has made a clear and intelligent waiver of his rights to counsel and against self-incrimination, the state shall have to establish *415that he was advised that there was a possibility that he may be tried as an adult.4
From our review of the record, it is clear that appellant was never advised that his statements could be used against him in an adult proceeding. We therefore hold that upon retrial such statements should be suppressed.
We reverse and remand for new trial.
HENDERSON, J., concurs.
FOSHEIM, C. J., and WOLLMAN and DUNN, JJ., concur in part and dissent in part.

. SDCL 23A-4-1 provides in pertinent part: “A law enforcement officer making an arrest shall, without unnecessary delay, take the arrested person before the nearest available committing magistrate.” (emphasis added).

. SDCL 26-8-23.1 provides in pertinent part:
When a child is placed in a facility designated by the court, the person in charge of the facility shall promptly so notify the state’s attorney.
No child shall be held in detention . . . longer than forty-eight hours .. . unless a petition has been filed, or the court so orders following a hearing to determine further detention or release. (emphasis added).

. Fare v. Michael C, 442 U.S. 707, 99 S.Ct. 2560, 61 L.Ed.2d 197 (1979); In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 90 S.Ct. 1068, 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970); Application of Gault, 387 U.S. 1, 87 S.Ct. 1428, 18 L.Ed.2d 527 (1967); Kent v. United States, 383 U.S. 541, 86 S.Ct. 1045, 16 L.Ed.2d 84 (1966); Gallegos v. State of Colorado, 370 U.S. 49, 82 S.Ct. 1209, 8 L.Ed.2d 325 (1962); Haley v. State of Ohio, 332 U.S. 596, 68 S.Ct. 302, 92 L.Ed. 224 (1948).

. In Matter of M. J. B., 284 N.W.2d 874 (S.D.1979) and Matter of V. R., 267 N.W.2d 832 (S.D.1978), this court examined juveniles’ waiver of their right to counsel and privilege against self-incrimination. In those cases, we held that the juveniles’ statements were admissible. The present case, however, is distinguished because the juveniles in Matter of M. J. B. and Matter of V. R. were “not in custody or otherwise deprived of [their] freedom of action in any significant way and therefore the state had no burden to show a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver of the juveniles’ right to counsel or privilege against self-incrimination.” 284 N.W.2d at 877. Since the appellant, here, was interrogated while in police custody, the State had the burden to establish that the appellant had made a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver of his right to counsel, and that appellant realized the possibility that any evidence that he gave would be used against him in an adult prosecution for homicide.