Court Opinion

ID: 2982349
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 20:14:14.18491+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:46:55.027817
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                                          File Name: 14a0422n.06

                                                  No. 13-1842
                                                                                                     FILED
                              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                                  Jun 11, 2014
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                                  DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                )
                                                         )
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                              )
                                                         )   ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
        v.                                               )   STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                         )   THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
THOMAS EARL GERICK,                                      )   MICHIGAN
                                                         )
        Defendant-Appellant.                             )

             Before: SUTTON and COOK, Circuit Judges; MARBLEY, District Judge.*

ALGENON L. MARBLEY, District Judge.

                                              I. INTRODUCTION

        Thomas Earl Gerick appeals the 240 month sentence, imposed following Gerick’s plea of

guilty to one count of receipt of child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2), and

one count of possession of child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(5).

                                              II. BACKGROUND

        This case began when the Spanish Guardia Civil, Spain’s national police force, conducted

an investigation into a publicly available peer-to-peer network that was distributing child

pornography. The Guardia shared information with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”),

which led them to determine that one of the computers providing child pornography to the peer-

to-peer network belonged to Gerick. The FBI accessed the network, and was able to download

*
 The Honorable Algenon L. Marbley, United States District Judge for the Southern District of Ohio, sitting by
designation.

                                                        1
approximately 26 videos of child pornography available in Gerick’s shared folder.

Subsequently, federal investigators obtained a search warrant to conduct a search of Gerick’s

home, and seize his computers, hard drives, and all electronic storage devices. On March 2,

2011, federal agents led a raid on Gerick’s computers and smart phones, and all other electronic

storage devices were seized.      The search of Gerick’s computer produced 51 images and

55 videos of child pornography.

       On March 23, 2013, Gerick pled guilty to one count of receipt of child pornography, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2), and one count of possession of child pornography, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(5). On June 18, 2013, Gerick appeared before the Honorable

Bernard A. Friedman for sentencing. At the sentencing hearing, Gerick raised objections on

various grounds: the number of images; that he was assessed points for distribution through the

use of peer-to-peer software; the sentencing enhancement for sadistic and masochistic conduct;

and the sentencing increase based on the pattern of sexual abuse. Judge Friedman sentenced

Gerick to 240 months on Count I, and 120 months on Count II, to be served concurrently.

Gerick timely appealed on June 20, 2013. Gerick challenges his sentence on four grounds.

                                           III. ANALYSIS

                                         A. Double Jeopardy

       Gerick’s first objection, which he did not raise before the district court, claims a violation

of the Double Jeopardy Clause. Thus, we review his allegation for plain error. United States v.

Dudeck, 657 F.3d 424, 427 (6th Cir. 2011) (citing United States v. Branham, 97 F.3d 835, 842

(6th Cir. 1996)). To establish plain error, Gerick must show that there is: “(1) error, (2) that is

plain, and (3) that affects substantial rights.” Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 467

(1997). If those three conditions are met, the Court “may then exercise its discretion to notice a

                                                 2
forfeited error, but only if (4) the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public

reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id.

         Gerick argues, and the Government agrees, that Gerick’s conviction on receipt, as well as

possession, of child pornography violates the Double Jeopardy Clause. Gerick maintains that he

was charged with receiving and possessing the same child pornography at the same time. Gerick

insists, then, that his sentence on both counts was plain error, and thus a violation of his

“substantial constitutional Sixth Amendment rights and ‘undermines the fairness and integrity of

the judicial proceedings.’” (Appellant’s Brief, Doc. 19-1 at 21).

         The Double Jeopardy Clause “protects against multiple punishments for the same

offense.” North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 717 (1969). When considering alleged

double jeopardy violations, the Court applies the same-element test set forth by the Supreme

Court in Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932), which “inquires whether each

offense contains an element not contained in the other; if not, they are not the ‘same offense’ and

double jeopardy bars additional punishment and successive prosecution.” Smith v. Mills, 98 F.

App’x 433, 435-36 (6th Cir. 2004) (citing United States v. Dixon, 509 U.S. 688, 696 (1993)).

         Gerick relies on this court’s finding in United States v. Ehle, 640 F.3d 689 (6th Cir.

2011), in which the court found that convictions for “knowingly receiving” child pornography

and “knowingly possessing” that same child pornography violated Double Jeopardy. 1                                 In

Dudeck, we qualified our holding in Ehle, stating that “while possession of child pornography is

generally a lesser-included offense of receipt of child pornography, conviction under both

1
  “Applying [the Blockburger] test, the two child-pornography statutes under which Ehle was charged proscribe the
same offense, since the possessing provision does not require proof of any fact that the receiving provision does not.
Convicting Ehle of both “knowingly receiving” child pornography, 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2)(A), and “knowingly
possessing” the same child pornography, 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(5)(B), therefore violated the Double Jeopardy
Clause.” Ehle, 640 F.3d at 694-95. The Court explained further, “‘[r]eceiving’ child pornography necessarily
requires one to ‘possess’ that child pornography… ‘Possessing’ child pornography is a lesser-included offense of
‘receiving’ child pornography, meaning the two statutes proscribe the same offense.” Id. at 695.

                                                          3
statutes is permissible if separate conduct is found to underlie the two offenses.” 657 F.3d at

430.

       Here, Gerick’s convictions for “knowingly receiving” child pornography and “knowingly

possessing” child pornography concern the same material, received at the same time it was

possessed. Both Gerick and the United States submit that Gerick’s sentence constitutes plain

error, particularly in light of Ehle. See United States v. Hutchinson, 448 F. App’x 599, 603

(noting that, because “separate and distinct conduct did not form the basis for each offense, [the]

case [was] controlled by Ehle”). We agree that Gerick’s sentence, as it currently stands, would

result in a violation of the Double Jeopardy Clause, and thus constitutes plain error. See id. at

604; Ehle, 640 F.3d at 699.

       Gerick seeks a new hearing and subsequent resentencing by the district court. Gerick

fails, however, to demonstrate the need for requesting such relief. The district court has already

provided Gerick with a fair sentencing hearing, during which the court sentenced Gerick on each

count of his indictment. It is well established that, when convictions violate the Double Jeopardy

Clause, the Court must vacate the conviction for the lesser-included offense. Hutchinson, 448 F.

App’x at 604 (citing United States v. DeCarlo, 434 F.3d 447, 457 (6th Cir. 2006)). In this case,

the lesser-included offense was possession of child pornography. As the United States notes,

Gerick’s sentences were to be served concurrently, which would have resulted in a maximum

sentence of 240 months regardless of whether Count Two was included in the sentence

calculation. We therefore vacate Gerick’s conviction and sentence for possession of child

pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(5). The $200 special assessment resulting from

the original sentence must, accordingly, be reduced to $100.

                                                4
                            B. Preponderance of the Evidence Standard

       Defendant contends that the district court improperly used a preponderance of the

evidence standard when enhancing Gerick’s criminal history score, thereby violating his

Fourteenth Amendment due process rights, and his Sixth Amendment rights to notice and jury

trial guarantees. Gerick relies on United States v. Morgan, 435 F.3d 660 (6th Cir. 2006) to

illustrate his alleged Booker violation. In Morgan, the district court imposed a sentence that

exceeded the maximum sentence permitted by the facts established by Morgan’s guilty plea. Id.

at 665. This court found that the district court’s sentence enhancements, when applied as

mandatory, were plain error, thereby violating Booker. Id. Gerick asserts that, because the court

enhanced his sentence using a preponderance of the evidence standard, his constitutional rights

were violated.

       The United States argues that, because Gerick’s 240 month sentence falls within the

statutory range for Count One, the district court did not commit a Booker violation. Moreover,

the Government asserts that this court recognized that post-Booker judicial fact-finding during

sentencing should continue, and district courts should still apply the preponderance of the

evidence standard of review. See United States v. Gates, 461 F.3d 703, 708 (6th Cir. 2006). The

United States qualifies Gerick’s reliance on Morgan, noting that Morgan was decided shortly

after Booker; as such, this court found that taking the Guidelines as mandatory, combined with

the preponderance of the evidence standard, constituted plain error. See Morgan, 435 F.3d at

665. The court’s decision in Morgan can be distinguished from the case sub judice, according to

the Government, because the district court recognized that the guidelines were advisory, and

sentenced Gerick within the statutory range.

                                               5
       It is well established that “[s]entencing factors are to be determined by a preponderance

of the evidence.” United States v. Ross, 703 F.3d 856, 884 (6th Cir. 2012) (citing United States

v. Miller, 161 F.3d 977, 984 (6th Cir. 1998)). Moreover, this Court has made clear that “judicial

fact-finding in sentencing proceedings using a preponderance of the evidence standard post-

Booker does not violate either Fifth Amendment due process rights, or the Sixth Amendment

right to trial by jury.” United States v. VanDyke, No. 13-1728, 2014 WL 1011464, at *1 (6th

Cir. March 17, 2014) (quoting Gates, 461 F.3d at 708). The district court, in considering the

Sentencing Guidelines, must calculate the correct sentencing range, which includes taking the

proper base-offense level and adjusting it pursuant to applicable enhancements or reductions to

determine the adjusted-offense level. United States v. Thompson, 515 F.3d 556, 561 (6th Cir.

2008). After establishing the adjusted-offense level, the district court must use the resulting

offense level in conjunction with the appropriate criminal history category to arrive at a

sentencing range. Id.; see also Kimbrough v. United States, 552 U.S. 85 (2007).

       Defendant has failed to demonstrate that the district court improperly calculated the

sentencing enhancements. There is nothing in the record to indicate that the district court strayed

from the proper calculation for Gerick’s sentence. Rather, the court made clear that it had

considered the Guidelines and the relevant § 3553(a) factors in making its sentencing

determination. Defendant contends that the district court, in calculating the Guideline range

“greatly exceed[ed] the statutory maximum.” (Appellant’s Brief, Doc. 19-1 at 26). The district

court did, in fact, establish that Defendant’s proper Guideline range was 292 months to

365 months, which exceeded the statutorily authorized maximum of 360 months. (PSR, at 12).

The district court, however, imposed a sentence of 240 months on Count One, and 120 months

on Count Two, to be served concurrently. This court has previously held that, pursuant to

                                                6
Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), “courts do not determine whether a sentence

exceeds the ‘statutory maximum’ until after the sentencing guideline range has been determined

and a sentence has been imposed.” United States v. Henry, 455 F. App’x 655, 658 (6th Cir.

2012) (emphasis added) (internal citation omitted). Thus, because Gerick’s sentence fell within

the statutory Guideline range on Count One and Count Two, the district court did not err.

       When the district court sets forth a sentence that lies within the advisory Guidelines

range, the sentence is presumptively reasonable. Id. (citing United States v. Gale, 486 F.3d 929,

937 (6th Cir. 2006); Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338 (2007)). Gerick offers no evidence to

dispute this presumption.

                                      C. Sentence Enhancements

       Gerick challenges three of the district court’s specific sentencing enhancements: the four

point enhancement for material portraying sadistic and masochistic conduct under USSG

2G2.2(b)(4); a two point increase for distribution for a peer-to-peer program under USSG

2G2.2(b)(3)(F); and a five point assessment for engaging in a pattern of sexual abuse under

USSG 2G2.2(b)(5). Specifically, Gerick argues that the district court violated his constitutional

rights by using the Pre-Sentencing Report (“PSR”) in determining his sentence. According to

Gerick, such reliance on the PSR was particularly unjust based on the Government’s alleged

failure to submit a sentencing memorandum. The Government insists that it did, in fact, submit a

sentencing memorandum, which defense counsel stated he had received during the sentencing

hearing. (Sentencing Hearing Transcript, Doc. 30, at 3).

       We review the district court’s application of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo. United

States v. Deitz, 577 F.3d 672, 698 (6th Cir. 2009) (internal citation omitted).

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     1. Four Point Enhancement for Material Portraying Sadistic and Masochistic Conduct Under
                                       USSG 2G2.2(b)(4)
           Gerick objected to the four point increase under USSG 2G2.2(b)(4) at his sentencing

hearing, taking particular issue with the probation department’s characterization of the images.

Gerick argues that the district court improperly relied on the Government’s representations, as

well as those given in the PSR. According to Gerick, the Government did not present any

evidence to justify the four point increase ultimately granted in the determination of Gerick’s

sentence. As such, Gerick claims that the evidence failed to meet the preponderance of the

evidence standard required during sentencing.

           The Government responds that it stated that Gerick’s collection of pornography included

pictures and videos of prepubescent children2 being penetrated vaginally or anally by an adult

male penis. (Appellee’s Brief, at 14). Upon hearing the Government’s description of the

material, defense counsel did not dispute the content, but only whether the content should be

considered “sadistic” under USSG 2G2.2(b)(4). According the Government, defense counsel’s

failure to object to the content, or distinguish this case from United States v. Groenendal, in

which this Court found that images of an adult male sexually penetrating a prepubescent child

are per se sadistic, demonstrated Gerick’s lack of evidence to refute the content. Additionally,

when the district court stated that it had not viewed the evidence first-hand, Gerick neither

objected nor suggested that the judge needed to see the material himself.

           As a threshold matter, when, as here, a defendant does not produce evidence to dispute

the facts set forth in the PSR, the district court is permitted to rely on the PSR when sentencing

the defendant. United States v. Geerken, 506 F.3d 461, 467 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing United States

2
    Many of the children were as young as two or three years old.

                                                           8
v. Duckro, 466 F.3d 438, 449 (6th Cir. 2006)). The district court, therefore, did not improperly

utilize the PSR in making its sentencing determination.

       Gerick disagrees with the Government’s characterization of the images described in the

PSR. In United States v. Groenendal, this Court considered “whether a court can apply an

enhancement for sadistic or masochistic conduct when there is no material evidence of the image

in question before the court, but both parties stipulate as to the conduct portrayed in the image.”

557 F.3d 419, 425. We held that penetration of a prepubescent child by an adult male is

inherently sadistic conduct. Id. Images depicting such conduct merit the four point sentencing

enhancement under USSG 2G2.2(b)(4).

 2. Two Point Increase for Distribution for a Peer-to-Peer Program Under USSG 2G2.2(b)(3)(F)

       Under USSG 2G2.2(b)(3)(F), a defendant is eligible for a two point sentencing

enhancement for “distribution other than distribution described in subdivisions (A) through (E)”.

A defendant’s conduct is considered to be distribution when it includes:

               any act, including possession with intent to distribute, production,
               transmission, advertisement, and transportation, related to the
               transfer of material involving the sexual exploitation of a minor.
               Accordingly, distribution includes posting material involving the
               sexual exploitation of a minor on a website for public viewing but
               does not include the mere solicitation of such material by a
               defendant.

Id. § 2G2.2 cmt. 1.
       Gerick argues that the district court’s sentencing enhancement for distribution for a peer-

to-peer program under USSG 2G2.2(b)(3)(F) was improperly applied to his sentence. Gerick

states that he only admitted to using the peer-to-peer software for downloading images, but did

not admit to intentionally distributing or posting images for public access. Gerick further alleges

                                                 9
that the Government failed to present any evidence that “any images were uploaded from

[Gerick’s] computer for distribution and public viewing.” (Appellant’s Brief, Doc. 19-1 at 34).

       Gerick relies on United States v. Durham, 618 F.3d 921 (8th Cir. 2010), in which the

court of appeals found that the district court had erred in applying a sentencing enhancement for

distribution. The Durham court found that, while the use of a file-sharing network does not

necessitate the application of USSG 2G2.2(b)(3)(F)’s distribution enhancement, it must be

determined on a case-by-case basis. Id. at 925-26, 931 (internal citations omitted). Gerick

contends that his lack of technical knowledge in computers, combined with the alleged lack of

showing that images or videos from his computer were uploaded for distribution, and Gerick’s

attempts to block others from gaining access to his computer, all weigh in favor of vacating the

district court’s sentencing enhancement under USSG 2G2.2(b)(3)(F).

       The Government points to relevant portions of the PSR that Gerick did not dispute, in

support of its argument that the distribution enhancement was justified. First, Gerick failed to

challenge that his computer was the source of videos featuring child pornography that were

found on computers in Spain. Next, Gerick did not deny that FBI agents accessed 26 videos on

the peer-to-peer network containing child pornography found in a shared folder on Gerick’s

computer. The Government argues that each of those admissions is sufficient to warrant the

district court’s application of the sentencing enhancement for distribution. See United States v.

Conner, 521 F. App’x 493 (6th Cir. 2013) (finding that the knowing use of a file-sharing

network is sufficient to trigger the sentencing enhancement under USSG 2G2.2(b)(3)(F)).

       In response to Gerick’s reliance on Durham, the Government points to the Eighth

Circuit’s decision in United States v. Dodd, in which the Court declared that, “[a]bsent concrete

evidence of ignorance…a fact-finder may reasonably infer that the defendant knowingly

                                               10
employed a file sharing program for its intended purpose.” 598 F.3d 449, 452 (8th Cir. 2010).

The Government argues that Gerick did not produce any evidence to demonstrate that he was

ignorant to different facets of file-sharing technology, including that file-sharing would allow

others to access the child pornography in his shared folder; a general understanding of the

properties of file-sharing technology; a sizable number of images found in Gerick’s shared folder

at the time it was searched; and Gerick’s knowledge of different file-sharing programs

demonstrated during his discussion with the agents. Additionally, Gerick admitted that he had

been collecting images and videos for 30 years, which the Government insists is further proof of

his experience with, and understanding of, file-sharing programs.

       In Conner, we reaffirmed the principle set forth in Bolton, that knowing use of a file-

sharing program is sufficient to trigger the two-point enhancement under USSG 2G2.2(b)(3)(F).

Conner, 521 F. App’x at 500 (citing Bolton, 669 F.3d at 781-83). The Conner court noted that,

despite various defendants’ arguments that they lacked knowledge concerning the file-sharing

software’s ability to distribute child pornography, courts have not required the government to

prove that knowledge. Id. (citing Dodd, 598 F.3d at 452). Thus, even assuming for argument’s

sake that the presumption that use of file-sharing software shows intent to distribute is rebuttable,

the defendant bears the burden of presenting “concrete evidence of ignorance” about the file-

sharing program, given the “entirely counterintuitive” nature of ignorance regarding such

software. Id. (citing Durham, 618 F.3d 921; Dodd, 598 F.3d at 452).

       Gerick has failed to present concrete evidence of ignorance regarding the file-sharing

program through which the child pornography he possessed was subsequently distributed.

Gerick presents various assertions to support his claim that we should vacate the district court’s

distribution enhancement. First, he maintains that he lacks technical knowledge in computers.

                                                 11
Second, he alleges that the United States did not show that the images or videos found on

Gerick’s computer were uploaded for distribution and public viewing. Finally, Gerick argues

that he attempted to block others from gaining access to his computer. None of the arguments

presented contain concrete evidence demonstrating Gerick’s ignorance about the use of file-

sharing programs.

       Knowing use of a file-sharing program is sufficient to warrant the two-point increase

under USSG 2G2.2(b)(3)(F). Id. at 499-500. Without adequate evidence to dispute Gerick’s

knowledge regarding the peer-to-peer software, Gerick failed to establish concrete evidence of

his ignorance concerning the use of such technology. Thus, the district court properly applied

the distribution enhancement under USSG 2G2.2(b)(3)(F).

 3. Five Point Assessment for Engaging in a Pattern of Sexual Abuse Under USSG 2G2.2(b)(5)

       The final sentencing enhancement to which Gerick objects is the five point increase

received for a pattern of sexual abuse pursuant to USSG 2G2.2(b)(5). Gerick concedes that he

sexually abused his granddaughter, a crime for which he was sentenced in state court, but takes

issue with the other alleged instance of abuse that he committed against his daughter nearly 35

years ago. Gerick claims that the Government relied solely upon PSR used in Gerick’s state

court case to find information regarding Gerick’s sexual abuse of his daughter. According to

Gerick, the district court simply relied on the Government’s allegation when determining that

Gerick met the criteria for receiving an enhancement under USSG 2G2.2(b)(5).              Gerick,

however, denies that he has engaged in enough activity to justify an enhancement that requires

the showing of a pattern of sexual abuse, particularly because he claims that he has only admitted

to the abuse of his granddaughter.

                                               12
         The Government argues that Gerick’s admission that he sexually abused his daughter and

granddaughter were both made during a polygraph examination the week after he was arrested

for the crime at issue. The Government refutes that Gerick’s admission was hearsay, noting that

Gerick himself made the statement. Even if it was hearsay, the Government contends that the

rules of evidence do not apply at sentencing, thus allowing the court to consider properly the

statement when making its sentencing determination.                     Further, the Government points to

Gerick’s restatement of his earlier admission about sexually abusing his daughter, set forth in his

sentencing memorandum. Finally, the Government states that, contrary to Gerick’s belief, the

PSR was not the sole source that included Gerick’s admissions of sexual abuse. Rather, the

polygraph test was the first instance in which Gerick made that admission, and his confession to

the act is contained in the polygraph report.

         The rules of evidence generally do not apply at sentencing. Fed. R. Evid. 1101(d)(3) 3;

see United States v. Bates, 315 F. App’x 591, 594 (6th Cir. 2009) (citing United States v. Davis,

170 F.3d 617, 622 (6th Cir. 1999)). Gerick’s admission does not amount to hearsay, pursuant to

Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(A).4 Even if his statement were found to be hearsay, however, it would

still be admissible in sentencing proceedings. Fed. R. Evid. 1101(d)(3). Accordingly, the district

court did not err in considering such evidence when making its sentencing determination.

         Under USSG 2G2.2(b)(5), a sentencing enhancement may be applied “if the defendant

engaged in a pattern of activity involving the sexual abuse or exploitation of a minor.” The

Guidelines define a pattern of sexual abuse or exploitation of a minor as:

                  any combination of two or more separate instances of the sexual abuse or
                  sexual exploitation of a minor by the defendant, whether or not the abuse

3
  Rule 1101(d)(3) states: “These rules – except for those on privilege – do not apply to the following: miscellaneous
proceedings such as…sentencing.”
4
  Rule 801(d)(2)(A) states: “A statement that meets the following conditions is not hearsay: The statement is offered
against an opposing party and was made by the party in an individual or representative capacity.”

                                                         13
               or exploitation (A) occurred during the course of the offense; (B) involved
               the same minor; or (C) resulted in a conviction for such conduct.

Id. § 2G2.2 cmt. 1. Gerick admitted to two separate instances of sexual abuse of a minor, one

occurring in 1976 and one occurring in 2009.         We have previously determined that “the

sentencing enhancement [under USSG 2G2.2(b)(5)] does not ‘require [] a temporal nexus

between any instances of sexual abuse or exploitation.’” United States v. Wright, 464 F. App’x

475, 483 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting United States v. Gawthrop, 310 F.3d 405, 414 (6th Cir. 2002)).

As the district court noted, simply because there was a 30-year span between the first and second

instances of sexual abuse of a minor does not negate the fact that such abuse occurred. The two

instances of abuse are sufficient under the guidelines to warrant the five point sentencing

enhancement. We, therefore, uphold the five point assessment under USSG 2G2.2(b)(5).

                                  D. Eighth Amendment Violation

      Gerick’s claims that the district court’s 20-year sentence, which falls within the statutory

range, violates his Eighth Amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment. Gerick

contends that his age and history of health issues diminishes his life expectancy, which should in

turn result in a lesser sentence. He also points to certain critiques of sentencing guidelines for

child pornography offenses that argue such sentences are too high. (Appellant’s Brief, Doc. 19-1

at 38-42) (collecting cases). The Government responds by arguing that Gerick’s sentence was

not grossly disproportionate to his crime, and therefore does not violate the Eighth Amendment’s

protection against cruel and unusual punishment. See United States v. Hughes, 632 F.3d 956

(6th Cir. 2011).

      We review Gerick’s constitutional challenge de novo. United States v. Collier, 246 F.

App’x 321, 338 (6th Cir. 2007) (internal citation omitted).

                                                14
     It is well established that a sentence below the statutory maximum generally does not

constitute cruel and unusual punishment. United States v. Walker, 506 F. App’x 482, 490 (6th

Cir. 2012) (quoting Austin v. Jackson, 213 F.3d 298, 302 (6th Cir. 2000) (internal citation

omitted). Moreover, Gerick’s age and health history do not require the district court to decrease

his sentence. See United States v. Nichols, 527 F. App’x 344 (6th Cir. 2013) (finding that the

district court adequately considered the defendant’s age and health issues, and the court’s

determination of a 600-month within-guidelines sentence was reasonable). As this court has

previously noted, “the Supreme Court has never held that a sentence to a specific term of years,

even if it might turn out to be more than the reasonable life expectancy of the defendant,

constitutes cruel and unusual punishment.” United States v. Beverly, 369 F.3d 516, 537 (6th Cir.

2004). We therefore find that the district court did not violate Gerick’s Eighth Amendment

rights by sentencing him to 240 months on Count One.

                                       IV. CONCLUSION

   For the reasons set forth above, we vacate in part and affirm in part Gerick’s sentence.

                                               15