Court Opinion

ID: 4363709
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-01-31 22:09:35.383262+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:49:35.411819
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

                               NO. 2017-CA-00993-COA

FAIRLEY CONSTRUCTION SERVICES, INC.                                        APPELLANT

v.

JAMES SAVAGE                                                                 APPELLEE

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                         06/16/2017
TRIAL JUDGE:                              HON. JON MARK WEATHERS
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                FORREST COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                  ROBERT P. THOMPSON
                                          CARYN L. MILNER
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:                   LAWRENCE C. GUNN JR.
                                          ANN L. GRIFFIN
NATURE OF THE CASE:                       CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY
DISPOSITION:                              AFFIRMED: 01/31/2019
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

       EN BANC.

       GRIFFIS, C.J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    Fairley Construction Services Inc. appeals from a judgment entered on a jury verdict

in a personal injury action in favor of James Savage. The jury found that Savage suffered

total damages of $460,000, that Fairley was 80% at fault, and that Savage was 20% at fault.

We find no error and affirm.

                        FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶2.    Fairley was hired to construct a quick-lube automobile service facility. The facility

was divided into four separate sections or “bays.” The first bay was on the south end of the

building and was used as an office and customer waiting area. The other three bays were
used as a garage area for vehicle maintenance. The facility also included a basement with

three openings to the main floor of the facility. Two of the openings were “oil pits” that

allow the facility’s mechanics to access the underside of vehicles for an oil change. The oil

pits were approximately eight-feet deep.

¶3.    Fairley ordered construction materials, including sheetrock, from ProBuild. ProBuild

was a distributor of lumber and construction materials. Savage was a delivery driver for

ProBuild.

¶4.    On May 14, 2013, Savage delivered sheetrock to Fairley’s construction site. When

Savage arrived, none of Fairley’s employees were present. Savage inspected the construction

site and determined the best and safest location for him to place the sheetrock. Savage

determined that the first bay – the office area – appeared to be too cramped to unload the

sheetrock. He also determined that the second and fourth bays were blocked by machinery.

As a result, Savage decided to unload the sheetrock in the third bay. While he was unloading

the sheetrock, Savage fell into the oil pit.

¶5.    At the time of the delivery, each oil pit was covered by a 4-foot by 8-foot sheet of

plywood. Savage claimed that the oil pits were concealed and unable to be seen. The

plywood was not fastened or attached to the floor. And there were no warning signs, cones,

or any other type of warning that advised or alerted Savage of the presence of the oil pits or

openings into the basement.

¶6.    Savage explained his accident as follows:

       [W]hen I pulled up to the door where I was going to put the [s]heetrock in, the
       [s]heetrock is 4 feet by 12 feet, and when I pulled up to the door, I determined

                                               2
       that the door was not wide enough to slide it in straight because there was not
       enough clearance; so the way we do things like that is you turn it sideways.
       You put the 4 foot side in . . . and you set it down, and you try to - on our
       forklifts, we have a side shift, and you can side shift it. You will set it down
       and side shift it as far as you can, and then you would go. You would set it
       down, come out from under it, and you would go to the other end. Pick the
       other end up. Level it and slide it in the building.

       ....

       [However,] when I - when I looked in, I saw the plywood on the floor, and I
       determined that it was not enough room to - not enough - at least 12 to 13 feet
       to where you can safely slide the [s]heetrock in; so I went in to move the . . .
       plywood forward so the [s]heetrock would not hit it, and so it wouldn’t
       damage the [s]heetrock, and when I picked the plywood up to slide it forward,
       I took one step and fell into the [oil] pit.

Savage testified that he picked up the piece of plywood “[t]o about [his] knees” and “was

going to slide it forward far enough to where [he] could safely get the [s]heetrock in without

hitting the plywood.”

¶7.    Savage commenced this action against Fairley. Savage alleged that “the premises

controlled by Fairley . . . contained a hazardous condition in the form of the [oil] pit that was

hidden or concealed by the plywood.” Savage further alleged that Fairley “failed to eliminate

this dangerous condition and further failed to warn [him] of its existence . . . .” After a trial,

the jury returned a verdict that found that Savage had suffered $460,000 in total damages.

The jury verdict also allocated fault with 20% assigned to Savage and 80% to Fairley.

¶8.    Fairley filed a motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV) or, in the

alternative, a new trial. And, the circuit court denied the motion. It is from this judgment

that Fairley now appeals and argues: (1) the circuit court erroneously denied its motion for

a JNOV, (2) the circuit court erred in allowing testimony regarding OSHA and the American

                                                3
National Standards Institute (ANSI), (3) the circuit court failed to properly instruct the jury,

and (4) the jury verdict is contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence.

                                         ANALYSIS

       I.     Sufficiency of the Evidence

¶9.    Fairley argues the circuit court erroneously denied its motion for a JNOV. A motion

for a JNOV challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence. Johnson v. St. Dominics-

Jackson Memorial Hosp., 967 So. 2d 20, 22 (¶3) (Miss. 2007). In reviewing the denial of

a motion for a JNOV, “[t]his Court will consider the evidence in the light most favorable to

the appellee, giving the appellee the benefit of all favorable inferences that may be

reasonably drawn from the evidence.” Anderson v. McRae’s Inc., 931 So. 2d 674, 678 (¶13)

(Miss. Ct. App. 2006). “If the facts are so overwhelmingly in favor of the appellant that …

reasonable jurors could not have arrived at a contrary verdict, this Court must reverse and

render.” Id. “On the other hand, if substantial evidence exists in support of the verdict, that

is, evidence of such quality and weight that reasonable and fair-minded jurors in the exercise

of impartial judgment might have reached different conclusions, then this Court must

affirm.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

              A.      Savage’s Status

¶10.   Savage brought a premises-liability action against Fairley. “[P]remises liability is a

theory of negligence that establishes the duty owed to someone injured on a landowners’s

premises as a result of ‘conditions or activities’ on the land . . . .” Doe v. Jameson Inn Inc.,

56 So. 3d 549, 553 (¶11) (Miss. 2011).

                                               4
¶11.   The duty owed by a business owner is determined based on the status of the injured

party. The injured party should be classified as an invitee, licensee, or trespasser. Leffler v.

Sharp, 891 So. 2d 152, 153 (¶10) (Miss. 2004). An invitee is a person who enters the

premises of another in response to an “express or implied invitation of the owner or occupant

for their mutual advantage.” Id. at 153 (¶11). A licensee enters the premises “for his own

convenience, pleasure, or benefit pursuant to the license or implied permission . . . .” Id. A

trespasser enters the premises “without license, invitation, or other right.” Id.

¶12.   The general rule is that a property owner is not the insurer of an invitee’s safety.

Instead, the property owner owes a duty to the invitee to keep the premises reasonably safe

and, when not reasonably safe, to warn only of hidden dangers not in plain and open view.

Corley, 835 So. 2d at 37 (¶2). The property owner owes a duty to a licensee or trespasser to

not willfully or wantonly injure them. Leffler, 891 So. 2d at 157 (¶12).

¶13.   Fairley asserts that Savage was an independent contractor. In Ratliff v. Georgia

Pacific Corp., 916 So. 2d 546, 549 (¶9) (Miss. Ct. App. 2005), this Court examined the slight

difference between a business invitee and an independent contractor:

       A business invitee is defined as one who enters the premises at the owner’s
       invitation to pursue a matter of mutual advantage. On the other hand, an
       independent contractor is defined as a person who contracts with another to do
       something for him but who is not controlled by the other nor subject to the
       other’s right to control with respect to his physical conduct in the performance
       of the undertaking.

(Citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Ratcliff was also a truck driver, but he was

injured while loading his truck. Id. at 547 (¶¶2-3). Ratcliff claimed that his injuries were the

result of the landowner’s negligence. Id. The Court ruled that Ratcliff was the employee of

                                               5
an independent contractor and not a business invitee. Id. at 549 (¶9).

¶14.   Here, the record shows that Savage was properly considered to be an independent

contractor. The jury was instructed that “Fairley had a duty to independent contractors such

as ProBuild and/or Savage.” Accordingly, we find that Fairley’s claim regarding Savage’s

status as an independent contractor is moot.

              B.     ProBuild’s Knowledge of the Oil Pits

¶15.   Mississippi Code Annotated section 11-1-66 (Rev. 2004) provides that: “[n]o owner

. . . of property shall be liable for the death or injury of an independent contractor or the

independent contractor’s employees resulting from dangers of which the contractor knew or

reasonably should have known.” Fairley claims that “ProBuild knew about the oil pits” and

that ProBuild’s “knowledge of the presence of the oil pits was imputed to Savage.” To

support this claim, Fairley relies on the testimony of John Cummings, ProBuild’s manager,

and Stephen Fairley, Fairley’s president.

¶16.   Cummings testified that he arrived at the construction site after the accident.

Cummings stated that it was obvious to him that the facility was an oil-change station.

Cummings said, “it was a Quick Lube, Jiffy Lube whatever it was . . . . I recognize that by

the spaces of the plywood that was down covering the holes . . . . You could tell that those

were oil bays.” Yet, there was no evidence presented that Cummings “knew about the oil

pits” before the accident occurred.

¶17.   Stephen Fairley testified about his conversation with David Oglesbee, ProBuild’s

salesman, about the oil pits:

                                               6
[Fairley’s counsel]: [Y]our first order with ProBuild, can you tell me what
                     materials were you ordering that day?

[Stephen]:           This is 2 by 4’s, some 4 by 8, three-quarter plywood,
                     that’s concrete form board. Some 2 by 6’s, nails. That’s
                     what’s on that invoice.

[Fairley’s counsel]: Okay, and, of course, at the top of this invoice that
                     ProBuild made where Mr. Savage was and worked, it
                     says shipped to. You see where it says Quick Lube?

[Stephen]:           Yes, ma’am.

[Fairley’s counsel]: Okay, these materials that you were ordering from Mr.
                     Savage’s employer, what were these materials used for?

[Stephen]:           This particular invoice, the first one here, was where we
                     constructed the pit. It’s all the plywood and everything
                     to form the concrete basement in the pit.

[Fairley’s counsel]: Okay, the pit and to get this order, would you have called
                     ProBuild and had a conversation with your salesman?

[Stephen]:           Yea, I’d have called David.

[Fairley’s counsel]: Okay, and do you recall that first conversation you had
                     with ProBuild?

[Stephen]:           I mean the first one, we normally give him - you know,
                     let him know that, hey, we need a sub-account set up
                     because we’re starting a new job; so that all those tickets
                     gets labeled to that job; so that the ladies in the office
                     will know what job to put it to, and then I give him the
                     order, and he’s always like what do you - what are y’all
                     doing, and I said, well, this is to construct the Quick
                     Lube we’re starting in Wiggins. We’re going to be
                     building a pit.

[Fairley’s counsel]: Okay, and in placing this order, did you talk with
                     ProBuild about having to build pits?

[Stephen]:           I talked to David.

                                      7
       [Fairley’s counsel]: Okay, and David’s with ProBuild, right?

       [Stephen]:            Right, right. The salesman.

       [Fairley’s counsel]: And he’s in the same office as Mr. Savage, correct?

       [Stephen]:            Right. He is the point of contact we have.

Despite Stephen’s testimony that he spoke with David regarding Fairley’s purchase order,

David did not testify and therefore did not verify or confirm the conversation.

¶18.   Although Fairley claims ProBuild’s knowledge of the oil pits is “undisputed,” the

testimony suggests otherwise. The disputed issue, i.e., whether ProBuild had knowledge of

the oil pits before Savage’s accident, was presented to and resolved by the jury.

              C.      Savage’s Knowledge of the Oil Pits

¶19.   Fairley also claims that Savage knew or should have known of the presence of the oil

pits. Specifically, Fairley asserts both the invoice and delivery ticket identified the site

location as a “Quick Lube.” Although Savage acknowledged this fact, he testified that he

does not have anything to do with the invoices. Savage further explained that although he

received the delivery ticket, it had handwritten directions stapled to the front of it.

¶20.   Savage also testified that he had never been to the job site before his accident and that

the quick-lube facilities he had been to prior to his accident “had lifts where they would lift

the vehicle up, and they would go up under to change the oil.” Savage stated that prior to his

accident, he had not seen a quick-lube facility with oil pits.

¶21.   Savage further testified that upon his arrival to the construction site, he visually

inspected the site area to determine where the easiest and safest place was to unload the

                                               8
sheetrock. Savage stated there was no indication that the area was a quick-lube facility or

had oil pits underneath it. He further stated that at the time of delivery, no one from Fairley

was present on the job site.

¶22.   Although Fairley claims the oil pits were obvious, Savage repeatedly testified that

there was no indication of the presence of oil pits or any holes underneath the plywood.

Moreover, Savage emphasized there was no indication of any kind of hazard.

¶23.   Savage’s expert witness, James Dunaway, also testified that the facility was not

obviously an oil-change location. Specifically, Dunaway stated, “it wasn’t obvious to me;

if I hadn’t have known that that’s what it was . . . [i]t wouldn’t have been obvious to me.”

              D.     Savage’s Control of the Work

¶24.   Fairley next claims liability is precluded because Savage was in complete control of

the nature and details of his work. In support thereof, Fairley relies on Ratliff. In Ratliff,

Ratliff went to a Georgia Pacific plant to pick up a load of particle board for his employer.

Ratliff, 916 So. 2d at 547 (¶2). There was no contract between Georgia Pacific and Ratliff’s

employer other than a bill of lading that required the load to be protected from the weather.

Id. Georgia Pacific provided Ratliff with clear plastic and tarpaulin to cover the load and

Ratliff’s employer provided straps to secure the plastic and tarpaulin. Id. at (¶3). While

spreading the tarpaulin over the load, Ratliff fell from the top of the load to the concrete

below and was injured. Id. Ratliff sued Georgia Pacific for failing to provide him with a

safe working environment. Id. at 547-48 (¶4). Georgia Pacific subsequently filed a motion

for summary judgment, which the circuit court granted. Id. at 548 (¶7). Ratliff appealed to

                                              9
this Court. Id.

¶25.   On appeal, we emphasized that generally a premises owner has a duty to provide an

independent contractor or the independent contractor’s employee with a reasonably safe

place to work or to warn of danger. Id. at 549 (¶10). However, the owner is relieved of that

duty if the independent contractor is aware of the danger or the danger “arises out of or is

intimately connected with the work to be performed by the independent contractor.” Id.

¶26.   We noted that Georgia Pacific “merely provided the load and the material to be used

to cover it” and “did not . . . direct Ratliff as to his method for covering and securing the

load.” Id. at (¶11). Moreover, we found the “danger posed to Ratliff [in spreading and

securing the load] arose out of or was intimately connected with his duties as a truck driver.”

Id. As a result, we determined that Georgia Pacific owed no duty to Ratliff and affirmed the

circuit court’s entry of summary judgment. Id. at 549-50 (¶13).

¶27.   We find Fairley’s reliance on Ratliff is misplaced. Ratliff’s injury occurred when he

fell from the flatbed truck he drove for his employer while securing the load on the truck.

Id. at 549 (¶11). Here, Savage’s injuries occurred when he fell into an oil pit, which was

unknown to Savage and located on Fairley’s premises. Unlike in Ratliff, the danger of falling

into an oil pit did not arise out of and was not intimately connected with the work Savage

performed as a delivery driver.

              E.     Reasonably Safe Work Environment

¶28.   Fairley last claims it provided a reasonably safe place to work and is therefore not

liable for Savage’s injuries. See id. at 549 (¶10) (noting that a premises owner has a duty to

                                              10
provide an independent contractor’s employee with a reasonably safe place to work).

However, Dunaway, an expert in the field of construction safety, opined that Fairley’s

maintenance of the construction site was not consistent with commonly accepted industry

standards. Specifically, Dunaway opined that Fairley’s maintenance was inconsistent with

industry standards of what’s expected of a hole cover. Dunaway testified that “[n]ot knowing

there was a hole and lifting the plywood for the purpose of moving it out of the way” caused

Savage to fall into the oil pit.

¶29.   In response, Fairley offered Stephen’s testimony that he thought laying unsecured

sheets of plywood over the open holes in the floor was sufficient. However, as Savage

explained to the jury, there was no reason to believe that there was a hole underneath the

plywood. Although he acknowledged that had he looked under the plywood, he would have

seen the hole, Savage emphasized that prior to his fall, there was no indication of any danger

under the plywood.

¶30.   Fairley asserts that even if the exposed oil pit constituted a dangerous condition,

Savage, not Fairley, created it. Fairley argues the “sole proximate cause of Savage’s alleged

injuries was his decision to lift the plywood and step forward.” However, Dunaway

explained that the hole covers so much space that a piece of plywood would need to be

fastened down and opined that Savage’s injuries were caused by the exposed oil pit.

¶31.   Additionally, Dunaway advised the jury that he has “investigated a lot of accidents”

and did not find Savage’s actions to be unsafe. Indeed, Dunaway stated that “it’s not an

unsafe practice to pick up a piece of plywood.”

                                             11
¶32.   Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to Savage, we find sufficient

evidence was presented to support the verdict. The record shows that the jury heard

testimony from both parties and was instructed on Fairley’s defense. Specifically, the jury

was instructed that Savage was an independent contractor and that Fairley “[did] not have

a duty to warn of a danger or defect that was known to . . . Savage and/or which should have

been known to . . . Savage if he had been exercising ordinary care.” Because sufficient

evidence exists to support the verdict, Fairley’s motion for a JNOV was properly denied.

       II.    Admission of Evidence

¶33.   Prior to trial, Fairley filed a motion in limine to exclude evidence concerning OSHA.

The circuit court granted the motion in part and held that “evidence of OSHA regulations

was only admissible at trial for the limited purpose of demonstrating reasonable care

consistent with industry standards with a limiting instruction . . . the parties [were] . . .

prohibited from all other references, testimony or evidence concerning OSHA . . . .”

¶34.   Fairley argues that the court erred in allowing testimony regarding OSHA. “The

admission or suppression of evidence is within the discretion of the [circuit court] and will

not be reversed absent an abuse of that discretion.” Accu-Fab & Const. Inc. v. Ladner, 778

So. 2d 766, 771 (¶21) (Miss. 2001), overruled on other grounds by Mack Trucks Inc. v.

Tackett, 841 So. 2d 1109 (Miss. 2003).

¶35.   OSHA regulations are not admissible to show negligence on the part of the defendant.

Sumrall v. Miss. Power Co., 693 So. 2d 359, 367 (Miss. 1997). However, Mississippi Rule

of Evidence 105 provides that evidence not admissible for one purpose may be admissible

                                             12
for another purpose provided a proper limiting instruction is given. Accu-Fab, 778 So. 2d

at 771 (¶20). In Accu-Fab, the Mississippi Supreme Court held that OSHA regulations were

not admissible to show negligence but could “be used as a measure of reasonable care

consistent with industry standards.” Id. at (¶21).

¶36.   Here, as in Accu-Fab, the court allowed testimony regarding the OSHA regulations

“for the limited purpose of demonstrating reasonable care consistent with industry

standards.” Moreover, the circuit court gave a limiting instruction that advised the jury that

“OSHA standards are not to be considered in determining whether Fairley was negligent” but

may be considered “only for the limited purpose of determining what constitutes reasonable

care consistent with industry standards.” We do not find the circuit court abused its

discretion in allowing testimony regarding the OSHA regulations for such limited purposes.

¶37.   Fairley further argues the circuit court erred in allowing Savage’s expert to testify as

to Exhibits 9, 11, and 22. Exhibit 9 is a set of OSHA regulations; Exhibit 11 is a list of

OSHA-related incidents nationwide; Exhibit 22 is ANSI-related materials. Prior to trial, the

circuit court excluded Exhibits 9, 11, and 22. Specifically, the circuit court found that

Savages’s expert, Dunaway, could rely on the exhibits and testify regarding OSHA

regulations and ANSI standards “to demonstrate what is reasonable care consistent with

industry standards, but that said exhibits [c]ould not be admitted into evidence or shown

and/or provided to the jury.”

¶38.   Fairley asserts that despite being marked for identification only, Dunaway was

permitted to read from Exhibit 22. However, Fairley failed to object. Indeed, when

                                              13
Dunaway was asked to “tell the jury what [the second sentence of paragraph 7.1 of Exhibit

22] provides,” Fairley did not object. Fairley did not object at any point during Dunaway’s

recitation of the exhibit. In fact, the record shows Fairley objected only twice during

Dunaway’s entire direct examination, and neither objection involved OSHA and/or ANSI.

¶39.   Fairley asserts no objection was necessary due to its previously filed and ruled-upon

motion in limine. However, although the circuit court ruled that OSHA regulations and/or

ANSI standards were admissible for the limited purpose of demonstrating reasonable care

consistent with industry standards, the court clearly excluded the exhibits and advised that

the exhibits could not be admitted into evidence or provided to the jury. Thus, when

Dunaway was asked to read from the exhibits or to tell the jury what the exhibits provided,

Fairley should have objected if it thought that such testimony was improper or inconsistent

with the circuit court’s pretrial ruling.

¶40.   Because Fairley failed to object, it cannot now claim that the circuit court erroneously

allowed Dunaway to testify as to the exhibits. See Davis v. Estate of Tiblier, 107 So. 3d 181,

184 (¶9) (Miss. Ct. App. 2013) (determining that the “failure to object in the trial court

waives any objection on appeal”); see also Trustmark Nat. Bank v. Jeff Anderson Reg. Med.

Ctr., 792 So. 2d 267, 278 (¶32) (Miss. Ct. App. 2000) (“Failure to raise a contemporaneous

objection constitutes a waiver of the issue on appeal.”). Regardless, we also note that the

jury was instructed on the limited purpose for which industry standards such as OSHA may

be considered.

       III.    Jury Instructions

                                             14
¶41.   Fairley next argues that “errors within the jury instructions warrant a new trial.” We

separately address each jury instruction at issue, but note that our standard of review is the

same. “This Court reviews the giving or refusal of jury instructions for an abuse of

discretion.” Magers v. Diamondhead Resort LLC, 224 So. 3d 106, 109 (¶6) (Miss. Ct. App.

2016). “When jury instructions are challenged on appeal, we do not review them in isolation:

rather, we read them as a whole to determine if the jury was properly instructed.” Id. at 110

(¶6) (internal quotation marks omitted). “If the jury instructions, read as a whole, fairly

announce the law of the case and create no injustice, no reversible error will be found.” Id.

              A.       Jury Instruction D-1

¶42.   Fairley argues that the court erred in refusing its peremptory instruction, D-1. As

previously discussed, Fairley was not entitled to a directed verdict. Thus, the jury instruction

was properly denied.

              B.       Jury Instructions D-8 and D-11

¶43.   Fairley also argues that the court erred in refusing jury instructions D-8 and D-11

since each instruction “is a sound statement of the law.” However, simply because it may

be a “sound statement of the law” does not require that the instruction be given. D-8 and D-

11 both refer to dangers or injuries arising out of or intimately connected with the work

performed by Savage. As previously discussed, there was no evidence that the hole or oil pit

into which Savage fell arose out of or was intimately connected with his work as a delivery

driver. Thus, the circuit court did not err in refusing the instructions.

              C.       Jury Instruction D-10

                                               15
¶44.   Fairley next argues that the court erred in refusing jury instruction D-10, which

instructed the jury that “knowledge by an independent contractor (such as ProBuild) that a

condition exists on certain premises is imputed to its employees.” Fairley relies on Stephen’s

testimony that he had a conversation with ProBuild’s salesman, David, about the oil pits.

The circuit court found this testimony to be “questionable” and refused the instruction.

However, the circuit court advised that Fairley could still “argue it.” Thus, although the jury

was not formally instructed by the court on the issue, Fairley was able to address the issue

with the jury. We do not find the circuit court abused its discretion in refusing jury

instruction D-10.

              D.      Jury Instruction D-12

¶45.   In jury instruction D-12, Fairley sought to instruct the jury regarding the standards set

forth by OSHA. The circuit court gave the instruction in its entirety except for one sentence,

which read: “The Court instructs the jury that OSHA standards are not the law.” Fairley now

claims the circuit court erred in limiting the jury instruction.

¶46.   The circuit court’s amendment to the instruction was not an abuse of discretion.

Pursuant to Accu-Fab, jury instruction D-12 properly advised the jury that it could consider

OSHA standards for the limited purpose of determining what constitutes reasonable care

consistent with industry standards. Accu-Fab, 778 So. 2d at 771 (¶21). Accordingly, the

instruction was properly given.

              E.      Jury Instructions P-12, C-6, and C-7

¶47.   Fairley last argues that the court erred in giving jury instructions P-12, C-6, and C-7.

                                              16
P-12 instructed the jury as follows:

       The defendant had a duty to exercise reasonable care to keep the premises in
       a reasonably safe and suitable condition and to warn the plaintiff of hidden or
       concealed danger which Fairley Construction knew or should have known
       existed. If you find that Fairley Construction failed to warn the plaintiff of a
       hidden danger which Fairley Construction knew or should have known existed,
       then you should find in favor of the plaintiff.

Jury instructions C-6 and C-7 further instructed the jury that Fairley had a duty to an

independent contractor such as ProBuild and/or Savage to keep the premises in a reasonably

safe condition or, if not reasonably safe, to warn ProBuild and/or Savage of dangerous

conditions not obvious or apparent to Savage.

¶48.   Fairley claims jury instruction P-12 “amounts to a heightened duty on the part of

Fairley, e.g. it must warn even if the premises is safe.” We disagree.

¶49.   When read together with instructions C-6 and C-7, P-12 fairly instructs the jury

regarding Fairley’s duty. Indeed, the instructions make clear that Fairley had a duty to

provide an independent contractor with a reasonably safe work environment or to warn of

danger. Ratliff, 916 So. 2d at 549 (¶10).

¶50.   Fairley further claims the instructions “fail to consider the exceptions applicable to

independent contractors.” However, other instructions were given which advised the jury

of Fairley’s defense. Specifically, D-9 instructs the jury that “Fairley does not have a duty

to warn of a danger or defect that was known to . . . Savage and/or which should have been

known to . . . Savage if he had been exercising ordinary care.” Overall, we do not find the

circuit court abused its discretion in giving jury instructions P-12, C-6, and C-7.

       IV.    Weight of the Evidence

                                             17
¶51.   Fairley last argues the jury verdict “is contrary to the overwhelming weight of the

evidence and evinces bias, passion and prejudice on the part of the jury and is an

unconscionable injustice.” We disagree.

¶52.   “The standard of review on a motion for a new trial is abuse of discretion.” Johnson,

967 So. 2d at 23 (¶8). “When reviewing a denial of a motion for a new trial based on an

objection to the weight of the evidence, we will only disturb a verdict when it so contrary to

the overwhelming weight of the evidence that to allow it to stand would sanction an

unconscionable injustice.” Id.

¶53.   Here, the jury heard from both parties and resolved any conflicts of evidence

presented at trial. See id. at (¶10) (Any “conflicts of evidence presented at trial are to be

resolved by the jury.”). “The jury was free to accept or reject any or all of the testimony and

evidence presented.” Id. at (¶11). The jury chose to accept the testimony that supported

Savage. We do not find that the overwhelming weight of the evidence is contrary to the

jury’s verdict. Thus, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion for

a new trial.

¶54.   AFFIRMED.

       BARNES, P.J., GREENLEE, WESTBROOKS, TINDELL, McDONALD,
LAWRENCE AND McCARTY, JJ., CONCUR. WILSON, J., CONCURS IN PART
AND IN THE RESULT WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. CARLTON,
P.J., DISSENTS WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION.

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