Court Opinion

ID: 4285081
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-06-15 20:00:39.014117+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:35:23.097020
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                         FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JUN 15 2018
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re: GILES DUANE SPELLMAN,                    No.    15-56508

             Debtor,                            D.C. No. 2:15-cv-00507-PA
______________________________

GILES DUANE SPELLMAN,                           MEMORANDUM*

                Appellant,

 v.

BRADLEY R. KIRK AND ASSOCIATES,
INC.,

                Appellee.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Central District of California
                    Percy Anderson, District Judge, Presiding

In re: GILES DUANE SPELLMAN,                    No.    16-60024

             Debtor,                            BAP No. 15-1026
______________________________

BRADLEY R. KIRK AND ASSOCIATES,
INC.; BRADLEY R. KIRK,

                Appellants,

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
 v.

GILES DUANE SPELLMAN,

                Appellee.

                          Appeal from the Ninth Circuit
                           Bankruptcy Appellate Panel
             Kirscher, Kurtz, and Faris, Bankruptcy Judges, Presiding

                 Submitted, Submission Deferred April 6, 2017**
                           Resubmitted June 8, 2018
                              Pasadena, California

Before: McKEOWN and CALLAHAN, Circuit Judges, and QUIST,*** District
Judge.

      The law firm, Bradley R. Kirk & Associates, Inc. (“BRKA”), initiated

California Superior Court (“Superior Court”) proceedings against its former client,

Giles Spellman (“Spellman”), seeking recovery of a disputed contingency fee.

The Superior Court awarded BRKA $237,008.88. BRKA then filed a claim in

bankruptcy court against the bankruptcy estate for that amount, in addition to post-

award interest. The bankruptcy court, pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 502(b)(4) and

California’s rules for preclusion, reduced this award to $43,875. That court also

      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
            The Honorable Gordon J. Quist, United States District Judge for the
Western District of Michigan, sitting by designation.

                                         2
upheld Spellman’s Chapter 13 plan, which resulted in the creditors, including

BRKA, receiving 3 cents for every dollar owed. When BRKA appealed to the

district court the reduction of its claim, the district court held that the Full Faith

and Credit Act (“FFCA”), 28 U.S.C. § 1738, applies to 11 U.S.C. § 502(b)(4), and

that California’s issue preclusion and res judicata law accords preclusive effect to

the California Superior Court’s judgment. Adjudicating BRKA’s appeal, the

Bankruptcy Appellate Panel (“BAP”) upheld the feasibility of Spellman’s Chapter

13 bankruptcy plan. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158(d)(1).1

       These two appeals require us to consider four issues: (1) whether the FFCA

applies to § 502(b)(4); (2) the preclusive effect to the Superior Court’s judgment in

this case; (3) whether the bankruptcy court correctly conducted its reasonableness

analysis under § 502(b)(4); and (4) the BAP’s decision upholding the bankruptcy

plan’s feasibility.

       1.     The first issue was answered by our recent opinion in In re CWS

Enterprises, 870 F.3d 1106 (9th Cir. 2017). In In re CWS Enterprises, we held that

the “[FFCA] applies in bankruptcy courts,” and that the bankruptcy court in that

case “was thus required to give full faith and credit to the California Superior

       1
       As the parties are familiar with the facts and procedural history, we restate
them only as necessary to explain our decision.

                                            3
Court’s judgment.” Id. at 1119. Accordingly, we agree with the district court that

the FFCA applies to the allowance of the claims or interest pursuant to § 502(b)(4).

      2.     We next consider whether California’s law on issue preclusion and res

judicata accords preclusive effect to the Superior Court’s judgment. Our opinion

in In re CWS Enterprises provides that a state court’s judgment does not

necessarily constrain the bankruptcy court’s obligation to determine the

reasonableness of the attorneys’ fees in issue. See id. “The bankruptcy code’s

reasonableness cap limits a pre-petition obligation for a debtor’s attorneys’ fees,

even if such fees were allowable under state law, and even if such fees had been

reduced to a state court judgment.” Id. Thus, “the question is not whether a state

court judgment always has preclusive effect on the ‘reasonableness’ analysis under

section 502(b)(4) . . . , the question is whether the state court judgment had

preclusive effect on the reasonableness analysis in the particular circumstances of

this case.” Id.

      In In re CWS Enterprises, the debtor contested the reasonableness of the

attorneys’ fees in the underlying arbitration proceeding and the arbitrator rejected

the debtor’s arguments and found that the attorneys’ fees were reasonable. Id. at

1120. Accordingly, we held that the FFCA required confirmation of the judgment

of the state court. Id. at 1121. But we also recognized that § 502(b)(4)’s

                                          4
reasonableness cap would have room to operate if the reasonableness of the

attorneys’ fees had not been decided in the state court proceeding. Id.

      That is the situation present here. The Superior Court did not determine the

reasonableness of the attorneys’ fees. It addressed only whether the contingent fee

agreement between Kirk and Spellman was enforceable. Under California law, the

reasonableness of attorneys’ fees has no relevance to such an enforceability

inquiry. First, California Business and Professional Code § 6147, which governs

contingent-fee agreements, does not require that the bargained-for fee be

reasonable to be enforceable. Second, although a fee agreement may be

unenforceable if it is unconscionable, unconscionability is different from

reasonableness. See Cotchett, Pitre & McCarthy v. Universal Paragon Corp., 187

Cal. App. 4th 1405, 1419 (2010) (“[N]ot all unreasonable risk allocations are

unconscionable.”) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); In re

Goldstone, 214 Cal. 490, 499 (1931) (stating that a fee is unconscionable when it is

“so exorbitant and wholly disproportionate to the services performed as to shock

the conscience”).

      Moreover, BRKA, which bears the burden of showing issue preclusion, has

not presented any evidence that the state court actually ruled on the reasonableness

of the attorneys’ fees. As a result, it is impossible to know what “precise question

[] was raised and determined in the [state proceedings],” which is reason enough

                                          5
not to apply issue preclusion. Dunkin v. Boskey, 82 Cal. App. 4th 171, 182 (2000)

(citations and internal quotation marks omitted); see also Patel v. Crown

Diamonds, Inc., 247 Cal. App. 4th 29, 40 (2016) (“A primary factor in determining

whether to give collateral estoppel effect to a prior final judgment is whether the

record in the former proceeding adequately reflects the issues actually litigated and

decided in that proceeding.”) (citations, internal quotation marks and alteration in

original omitted). Thus, Spellman was not precluded from challenging the

reasonableness of the attorneys’ fees in the bankruptcy proceedings. To the extent

the district court held to the contrary, it was wrong.

      3.     We next consider whether the bankruptcy court properly reduced

BRKA’s claim. A bankruptcy court’s award of attorneys’ fees should not be

reversed absent an abuse of discretion or an erroneous application of the law. In re

Bennett, 298 F.3d 1059, 1063 (9th Cir. 2002); In re Jastrem, 253 F.3d 438, 442

(9th Cir. 2001). The amount of, and the propriety of, the fee award are reviewed

for abuse of discretion. In re Lewis, 113 F.3d 1040, 1043 (9th Cir. 1997); In re

Hunt, 238 F.3d 1098, 1101 (9th Cir. 2001).

      In re CWS Enterprises sets forth the following analytical sequence to

determine whether an attorneys’ fees award constitutes “reasonable value” under §

502(b)(4):

      (1) an acknowledgment or determination that the fee contract was breached;

                                           6
      (2) an assessment of the damages for the breach under state law;

      (3) a determination under § 502(b)(4) of the reasonableness of the damages
          claim afforded by state law; and

      (4) a reduction of the claim by whatever extent, if any, it is deemed
          excessive.

870 F.3d at 1115—16 (citations omitted). We hold that the bankruptcy court’s

determination is not inconsistent with the approach set forth in In re CWS

Enterprises. The bankruptcy court acknowledged the breach of fees contract,

accepted the state court judgment as the assessment of damages, and concluded

that the state court proceedings did not actually determine the “reasonableness” of

the assessment of damages. Moreover, the bankruptcy court’s federal “lodestar”

analysis did not generate a result materially different from what In re CWS

Enterprises’s fourth step would have elicited. Consequently, to the extent that the

district court reversed the bankruptcy court’s order concerning Spellman’s

objection to BRKA’s claim, we reverse the district court’s order and remand.

      4.     Finally, we hold that the BAP was correct in affirming the bankruptcy

court’s reduction, particularly with respect to the feasibility of Spellman’s Chapter

13 bankruptcy plan. Because we affirm that the bankruptcy court’s § 502(b)(4)

determination, we see no error in the BAP’s decision upholding the bankruptcy

court’s confirmation of the Chapter 13 bankruptcy plan.

                                          7
      In No. 15-56508, the judgment of the district court is reversed and the case

is remanded with directions to reinstate the bankruptcy court’s order on Spellman’s

objection to BRKA’s claim. In No. 16-60024, the judgment of the BAP is

affirmed.

      REVERSED AND REMANDED as to 15-56508. AFFIRMED as to 16-

60024.

                                         8