Court Opinion

ID: 9384079
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-31 18:03:01.036651+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:50.450983
License: Public Domain

COURT OF CHANCERY
                                             OF THE
                                       STATE OF DELAWARE
SELENA E. MOLINA                                                          LEONARD L. WILLIAMS JUSTICE CENTER
 MASTER IN CHANCERY                                                        500 NORTH KING STREET, SUITE 11400
                                                                                  WILMINGTON, DE 19801-3734

                                   Final Report: March 31, 2023
                                Date Submitted: December 13, 2022

    Scott E. Swenson                               Jason C. Powell
    Connolly Gallagher, LLP                        Thomas Reichert
    1201 N. Market Street, 20th Floor              The Powell Firm, LLC
    Wilmington, DE 19801                           1201 N. Orang Street, Suite 500
                                                   Wilmington, DE 19899

           Re:        Jane Maughan, as attorney-in-fact for Bridget Wilson v. Estate of Barry
                      Wilson, C.A. No. 2022-0397-SEM

   Dear Counsel:

           Through this action, an attorney-in-fact seeks to unwind actions taken by her

   predecessor. Per the plaintiff, the prior attorney-in-fact (now deceased) either lacked

   authority to act or, in doing so, breached his fiduciary duties to the principal. The

   predecessor’s estate counterclaimed seeking a declaration that the challenged

   transactions were appropriate and enforceable, a finding that the plaintiff’s claims

   are barred by the plaintiff’s unclean hands, and an accounting from the plaintiff. On

   cross-motions for partial summary judgment, I am tasked with addressing whether

   (1) the predecessor lack authority, (2) the predecessor’s conduct should be upheld

   by way of public policy, or (3) the plaintiff has come to this Court with unclean

   hands.
Jane Maughan, as attorney-in-fact for Bridget Wilson v. Estate of Barry Wilson,
C.A. No. 2022-0397-SEM
March 31, 2023
Page 2 of 22

          I find the first answer should be “yes”—the prior attorney-in-fact lacked

authority because he failed to sign the statutorily-required certification. I further

find that public policy considerations cannot resolve this deficiency, nor has the

former agent’s estate established that the new agent has unclean hands. Thus, I

recommend that the new agent’s motion for partial summary judgment be granted,

the cross-motion denied, and the questioned transactions unwound.

          This is my final report.

I.        BACKGROUND1

          At issue are actions taken by the late Barry Wilson (the “Former Agent”) on

behalf of Bridget Wilson (the “Principal”) under a power of attorney. The Former

Agent and the Principal were married on April 3, 1993.2 When they married, the

Principal had two children from a prior marriage.3 Although otherwise sharing their

life together, the Principal and the Former Agent did not have any children together.4

They did, shortly after their marriage, purchase a home together at 210 Hitching Post

1
  The parties relied primarily on the pleadings in their factual recitations. See, e.g., Docket
Item (“D.I.”) 9 p.4, n.1. Exhibits to the motion for partial summary judgment and the reply
are cited as Ex. A-E, matching the lettering in D.I. 9. See also D.I. 37 (attaching the same
documents).
2
    D.I. 4, ¶ 2.
3
    Id.
4
    Id.
Jane Maughan, as attorney-in-fact for Bridget Wilson v. Estate of Barry Wilson,
C.A. No. 2022-0397-SEM
March 31, 2023
Page 3 of 22

Drive in Wilmington, Delaware (the “Marital Home”).5 The Marital Home was

purchased by the Principal and the Former Agent as husband and wife for

$242,500.00.6

          In 2013, when the Principal was 60 years old, she was diagnosed with early

onset dementia.7      “[W]hile still competent,” on April 24, 2013, the Principal

executed a power of attorney appointing the Former Agent as her attorney-in-fact

and her sister, Jane Maughan (the “Plaintiff”), the Principal’s sister, as successor

attorney-in-fact (the “2013 POA”).8 The 2013 POA, in pertinent part, authorized

the Former Agent to: (1) “deposit any monies which may come into the hands of

[the Former Agent] with any bank or banker, either in [the Principal’s] name or the

[Former Agent’s] name,” (2) “sell, either at public or private sale, or exchange any

part or parts of [the Principal’s] real estate or personal property for such

consideration and upon such terms as the [Former Agent] shall deem fit, and to

execute and deliver good and sufficient deeds or other instruments for the

conveyance or transfer of the same,” (3) “transfer some or all of [the Principal’s]

5
    Id. at ¶ 4.
6
    Ex. A.
7
    D.I. 4, ¶ 1.
8
    Id. at ¶ 3.
Jane Maughan, as attorney-in-fact for Bridget Wilson v. Estate of Barry Wilson,
C.A. No. 2022-0397-SEM
March 31, 2023
Page 4 of 22

assets to the Trustee of any inter vivos trust created by [the Principal] subsequent to

the execution of [the 2013 POA];” (4) “make any and all decisions and take any and

all acts that could be made by [the Principal] regarding” her pension, disability

insurance, health insurance, retirement, and other benefits and entitlements; and (5)

“have the full power, right and authority to do, perform and to cause to be done and

performed, all such acts, deeds, matters and things in connection with [the

Principal’s] property and estate as the [Former Agent], in the [Former Agent’s] sole

discretion, shall deem reasonable, necessary and proper, as fully, effectually and

absolutely as if the [Former Agent] were the absolute owner and possessor

thereof[.]”9

         After the Principal executed the 2013 POA, however, the Former Agent did

not execute a certification or any other documentation formally accepting the

appointment. But he did invoke the 2013 POA to make several Medicaid-planning

transactions on the Principal’s behalf as she declined.10

9
    Ex. B.
10
   The timeline of the Principal’s decline appears to be in dispute, but this dispute is not
material to the questions before me. See D.I. 20, ¶ 5. There is also no dispute that the
Principal, who is now 68 years old, “is currently in the end stages of her disease.” Id. at ¶
1.
Jane Maughan, as attorney-in-fact for Bridget Wilson v. Estate of Barry Wilson,
C.A. No. 2022-0397-SEM
March 31, 2023
Page 5 of 22

           On March 11, 2019, the Former Agent executed a Miller Trust (the “Trust”)

on the Principal’s behalf, with the stated purpose of making her eligible for

Medicaid.11 The Trust names the Former Agent as trustee with the Plaintiff as

successor.12 The Principal is the beneficiary of the Trust, which provides, in

pertinent part, for (1) income payments to the Principal and her community spouse

during her lifetime and (2) Medicaid recovery upon the Principal’s death.13

           On the same day the Trust was established, the Former Agent executed a deed

transferring the Principal’s interest in the Marital Home to himself for $10.00 (the

“2019 Deed”).14 The 2019 Deed was purportedly executed for Medicaid planning

purposes.15 The Former Agent signed the 2019 Deed as the Principal’s agent-in-fact

and attached the 2013 POA in support.16

           “At some point in 2019,” the Former Agent also opened a brokerage account

with MML Investors Services, LLC (the “MML Account”).17 The MML Account

11
     Ex. C.
12
     Id.
13
     Id. The Defendant avers that the Trust was never funded. D.I. 20, ¶ 9, 10.
14
     Ex. D.
15
     D.I. 4, ¶ 6.
16
     Id. at ¶ 11.
17
     Id. at ¶ 12.
Jane Maughan, as attorney-in-fact for Bridget Wilson v. Estate of Barry Wilson,
C.A. No. 2022-0397-SEM
March 31, 2023
Page 6 of 22

was opened with cash and “at least $251,000.00 of the funding came from a joint

account” owned by both the Principal and the Former Agent.18 The Former Agent’s

estate (the “Defendant”) avers the Former Agent “had any and all rights and access

to the MML Account” and did not act improperly.19

           In addition to this Medicaid planning for the Principal, the Former Agent

engaged in his own estate planning in 2019. On July 17, 2019, the Former Agent

executed his last will and testament (the “Will”).20 Under the Will, the residue of

the Former Agent’s estate was to pass into a special needs trust for the Principal’s

benefit.21 Named as trustee of the special needs trust is the Former Agent’s nephew,

or grand-nephew, Jeffrey Wilson.22

           Unfortunately, the Former Agent died suddenly on January 13, 2022.23 Mr.

Wilson was appointed as the executor of the Former Agent’s estate.24 In that

18
     Id.
19
     D.I. 20, ¶ 12.
20
     Ex. E.
21
     Id.
22
     D.I. 20, ¶ 13.
23
     D.I. 4, ¶ 2.
24
     D.I. 20, ¶ 13.
Jane Maughan, as attorney-in-fact for Bridget Wilson v. Estate of Barry Wilson,
C.A. No. 2022-0397-SEM
March 31, 2023
Page 7 of 22

capacity, Mr. Wilson listed the Marital Home for sale and “it was sold for

$525,000.00 on April 22, 2022.”25

          With the Former Agent’s death, the Plaintiff now serves as the Principal’s

attorney-in-fact.26 In her capacity under the 2013 POA, the Plaintiff moved the

Principal into the Memory Care Unit at Arden Courts of Wilmington (“Arden

Courts”).27 The parties agree that Arden Courts does not accept Medicaid, which

the Plaintiff uses to argue that the Former Agent’s spenddown has harmed the

Principal. Conversely, the Defendant avers the Plaintiff’s placement of the Principal

in Arden Courts was a unilateral and inappropriate move undertaken “to fabricate a

controversy under which [the Plaintiff] can assume control of assets.”28

          The Plaintiff then filed this action on May 6, 2022.29 In her initial complaint

she pled six (6) counts: (1) breach of fiduciary duty regarding the transfer of the

Marital Home; (2) breach of fiduciary duty regarding the MML Account; (3) lack of

authority under the 2013 POA to create the Trust; (4) breach of fiduciary duty by

25
     Id. at ¶ 16.
26
     Ex. B.
27
  D.I. 4, ¶ 1. Before that move and while the Former Agent was alive, the Principal and
the Former Agent continued to live together in the Marital Home. D.I. 20, ¶ 1.
28
     D.I. 20, ¶ 1.
29
     D.I. 1.
Jane Maughan, as attorney-in-fact for Bridget Wilson v. Estate of Barry Wilson,
C.A. No. 2022-0397-SEM
March 31, 2023
Page 8 of 22

creating the Trust; (5) declaratory judgment for lack of authority to execute the 2019

Deed; and (6) declaratory judgment for lack of authority to create the Trust.

           Months later, on September 2, 2022, the Plaintiff filed an amended

complaint.30 The amended complaint contains seven (7) counts: (1) lack of authority

under the 2013 POA to transfer the Marital Home; (2) breach of fiduciary duty by

transferring the Marital Home; (3) breach of fiduciary duty by creating the MML

Account; (4) lack of authority under the 2013 POA to create the Trust; (5) breach of

fiduciary duty by creating the Trust; (6) declaratory judgment of lack of authority to

execute the 2019 Deed; and (7) declaratory judgment of lack of authority to create

the Trust.31

           Contemporaneously with the amended complaint, the Plaintiff filed her

motion for partial summary judgment (the “Motion”).32 Through the Motion, the

Plaintiff seeks judgment on the lack of authority counts—Counts I, IV, VI, and

VII—which argue that either the 2013 POA did not authorize the Former Agent to

transfer the Marital Home or create the Trust or the Former Agent had no authority

30
     D.I. 4.
31
     Id.
32
  D.I. 5. The Plaintiff also filed a motion for preliminary injunction on October 24, 2022.
D.I. 14. Although teed up for consideration with the Motion, the parties were able to resolve
the immediate dispute through a proposed stipulated interim settlement order. D.I. 41. I
granted the proposed order on December 13, 2022. D.I. 46.
Jane Maughan, as attorney-in-fact for Bridget Wilson v. Estate of Barry Wilson,
C.A. No. 2022-0397-SEM
March 31, 2023
Page 9 of 22

to act under the 2013 POA because he failed to sign a certification accepting his

appointment.

           On October 27, 2022, the Defendant filed an answer to the amended complaint

with affirmative defenses and a counterclaim.33 The Defendant’s second affirmative

defense is unclean hands and its counterclaims are (1) declaratory judgment that the

Trust was validly created, (2) declaratory judgment that the Marital Home was

properly transferred, (3) declaratory judgment that the Former Agent did not breach

his fiduciary duties, (4) breach of fiduciary duty by the Plaintiff, (5) unclean hands

by the Plaintiff, and (6) a demand for an accounting from the Plaintiff.34

           On the same day it answered the amended complaint, the Defendant filed an

answering brief in opposition to the Motion and a cross-motion for summary

judgment (the “Cross-Motion”).35 Through the Cross-Motion, the Defendant seeks

judgment in its favor on Count I and IV of the amended complaint. The Plaintiff

filed an answer to the counterclaim on November 18, 2022 and the parties completed

briefing on the Motion and Cross-Motion by December 9, 2022.36 On December 13,

33
     D.I. 20.
34
     Id.
35
     D.I. 21.
36
     D.I. 40, 37, 43.
Jane Maughan, as attorney-in-fact for Bridget Wilson v. Estate of Barry Wilson,
C.A. No. 2022-0397-SEM
March 31, 2023
Page 10 of 22

2022, I heard argument on the Motion and the Cross-Motion and, thereafter, took

both under advisement.37

II.      ANALYSIS

         Under Court of Chancery Rule 56, summary judgment will be granted if

“there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled

to a judgment as a matter of law.”38 When reviewing such a motion, I “must view

the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.”39 When, like

here, parties file cross-motions for summary judgment and have not argued that a

material issue of fact exists, I “deem the motions to be the equivalent of a stipulation

for decision on the merits based on the record submitted with the motions.”40

         Here, I recommend that the Motion be granted, and the Cross-Motion denied.

I find the Former Agent lacked authority to take the challenged transactions and that

deficiency cannot be resolved through public policy considerations nor is the

challenge barred by unclean hands. With this holding, I recommend the transactions

be unwound as provided herein.

37
     D.I. 47.
38
     Ct. Ch. R. 56(c).
39
     Merrill v. Crothall-American, Inc., 606 A.2d 96, 99 (Del. 1992).
40
  Ct. Ch. R. 56(h). As noted below, the facts underlying the unclean-hands argument do
appear in dispute, but I find such dispute immaterial to the question before me. Otherwise,
the parties have not identified any disputes of fact.
Jane Maughan, as attorney-in-fact for Bridget Wilson v. Estate of Barry Wilson,
C.A. No. 2022-0397-SEM
March 31, 2023
Page 11 of 22

      A.     The Former Agent did not have authority to act without executing
             a personal power of attorney certificate.

      The Plaintiff argues that she is entitled to judgment as a matter of law because

the Former Agent either lacked (1) the specific authority necessary to sell the Marital

Home or establish the Trust or (2) any authority to act under the 2013 POA because

the Former Agent failed to sign the statutorily required certification. Because I agree

with the latter, I do not address the former.

      The latter inquiry implicates two provisions of the Delaware Durable Personal

Power of Attorney Act (the “DPPAA”). The first permits attorneys-in-fact to accept

appointment in a few different ways but the second clarifies that, regardless of how

the appointment is accepted, an attorney-in-fact is not authorized to act unless and

until the agent signs a certification. The Plaintiff argues that the DPPAA should be

strictly construed: because the Former Agent did not sign a certification, the Former

Agent lacked authority under the 2013 POA. The Defendant argues that the DPPAA

is ambiguous or, if a certification is required, the Former Agent substantially

complied with such requirement.

      I first address what the DPPAA requires, then I turn to how it applies to the

Former Agent. I address the Defendant’s larger public policy arguments and unclean

hands counterclaim separately.
Jane Maughan, as attorney-in-fact for Bridget Wilson v. Estate of Barry Wilson,
C.A. No. 2022-0397-SEM
March 31, 2023
Page 12 of 22

            1.     The DPPAA is unambiguous and requires a certification.

         Under Delaware law, “[t]he goal of statutory construction is to determine and

give effect to legislative intent.”41 In doing so, I must look first for any ambiguity:

         Where a statute is unambiguous, “there is no room for judicial
         construction and no need to review the legislative history,” and “the
         plain meaning of the statute controls.” “Only where a statute is
         ambiguous and its meaning cannot be clearly ascertained does a court
         engage in the process of statutory construction and interpretation,” as
         by looking at other statutory sections.42

“The fact that the parties disagree about the meaning of the statute does not create

ambiguity. Rather, a statute is ambiguous only if it is reasonably susceptible of

different interpretations.”43 Such is not the case here.

         The two sections at issue are 12 Del. C. § 49A-113 (the “Acceptance Section”)

and 12 Del. C. § 49A-105(c) (the “Authority Section”). The Acceptance Section

provides:

         Except as otherwise provided in the personal power of attorney, a
         person accepts appointment as an agent under a personal power of
         attorney by signing the agent’s certification (pursuant to § 49A-

41
     Eliason v. Englehart, 733 A.2d 944, 946 (Del. 1999).
42
   Chen v. Taipei Am. Sch. Found., 2023 WL 447692, at *6 (Del. Ch. Jan. 27, 2023)
(citations omitted).
43
  Chase Alexa, LLC v. Kent Cnty. Levy Ct., 991 A.2d 1148, 1151 (Del. 2010) (citations
omitted).
Jane Maughan, as attorney-in-fact for Bridget Wilson v. Estate of Barry Wilson,
C.A. No. 2022-0397-SEM
March 31, 2023
Page 13 of 22

           105(c) of this title) or by exercising authority or performing duties as
           an agent or by any other assertion or conduct indicating acceptance.44

The Authority Section provides:

           Regardless of the method by which a person accepts appointment as an
           agent under a personal power of attorney (pursuant to § 49A-113 of this
           title), such agent shall have no authority to act as agent under the
           personal power of attorney unless the agent has first executed and
           affixed to the personal power of attorney a certification[.]45

The DPPAA further provides a form of certification for agents, through which the

agent acknowledges that they will (1) act in accordance with the Principal’s

expectations, in good faith, and within the scope of authority granted, (2) keep in

regular contact with the Principal, (3) keep the Principal’s assets separate (unless

authorized otherwise in the power), and (4) keep full and accurate records.46

           Although the parties disagree regarding how these sections of the DPPAA

should be interpreted, I find they are not reasonably susceptible to different

interpretations. The text of each section is clear—the Acceptance Section sets forth

how an agent may accept the appointment and the Authority Section clarifies that

regardless of how an agent accepted the appointment, the agent is only authorized to

act after executing the required certification.

44
     12 Del. C. § 49A-113.
45
     12 Del. C. § 49A-105(c).
46
     Id.
Jane Maughan, as attorney-in-fact for Bridget Wilson v. Estate of Barry Wilson,
C.A. No. 2022-0397-SEM
March 31, 2023
Page 14 of 22

         The Defendant posits:

         If . . . the agent needs to execute an agent certification first, then why
         would there be multiple ways to accept the appointment which includes
         executing a certificate? If every agent must execute a certificate to have
         authority to act under a POA, how is it possible to accept the
         appointment in any other manner such as ‘by exercising authority’[?]47

But, as written, these sections work together and expressly contemplate and

incorporate each other.

         I liken the scheme to the standard hiring process—an offer of employment is

made (a principal executes a power of attorney), that offer is accepted (the agent

accepts under the Acceptance Section), then the new employee fills out the necessary

paperwork for final work authorization (the agent completes the certification under

the Authority Section). Just as an agent can accept their position by filling out the

certification, one can envision a situation where a new hire accepts their position by

filling out the new hire paperwork. But this potential overlap does not render step

two meaningless. The Acceptance Section and Authority Section are delineated

separately and purport to serve different functions. Because the plain language of

these sections of the DPPAA is clear and unambiguous, my review stops here.48

47
     D.I. 21, p.25.
48
  Reading the DPPAA any other way would violate the canons of statutory construction
that all harmonious sections should be given affect and to avoid construing language as
surplusage. See Chase Alexa, LLC, 991 A.2d at 1152.
Jane Maughan, as attorney-in-fact for Bridget Wilson v. Estate of Barry Wilson,
C.A. No. 2022-0397-SEM
March 31, 2023
Page 15 of 22

              2.   The Former Agent lacked authority to take the challenged
                   actions.

          There is no dispute that the Former Agent failed to sign the certification

 required under the Authority Section. But the Defendant argues that the Former

 Agent substantially complied with the Authority Section by (1) taking steps to

 ensure other requirements of the DPPAA were met and (2) exercising authority

 under the 2013 POA.

          Substantial compliance can be found when “[t]he policy and purpose of the

 statute have been complied with.”49 If so, under certain circumstances, “substantial

 compliance is enough.”50 But substantial compliance cannot be invoked to “ignore

 the intent of the General Assembly as expressed in the plain language of” a statute.51

          This limitation is evident in the Delaware Supreme Court’s decisions in Board

 of Public Education in Wilmington v. Delaney52 and Angstadt v. Red Clay

49
     Bd. of Pub. Ed. in Wilm. v. Delaney, 155 A.2d 51, 55 (Del. 1959).
50
     Id. at 54.
51
  Angstadt v. Red Clay Consol. Sch. Dist., 4 A.3d 382, 388 (Del. 2010). I assume, without
deciding, that a substantial-compliance argument is viable in the power-of-attorney
context. It may not be. Cf. Carl M. Freeman Assocs., Inc. v. Green, 447 A.2d 1179, 1181-
82 (Del. 1982) (holding that “substantial compliance” was insufficient, because “zoning
ordinances are in derogation of common law property rights, [there must be] strict
compliance with the [legislated] procedures”).
52
     155 A.2d 51, 55 (Del. 1959).
Jane Maughan, as attorney-in-fact for Bridget Wilson v. Estate of Barry Wilson,
C.A. No. 2022-0397-SEM
March 31, 2023
Page 16 of 22

 Consolidated School District,53 both of which addressed the Delaware Teacher

 Tenure Act. In Wilmington, the Court rejected technical objections to a notice

 required under the act, noting that the notice substantially complied with the policy

 and purpose of the act and the technical deficiencies did not prejudice the

 complaining party.54 But in Red Clay, the Court rejected a substantial-compliance

 argument that the failure to place emails and letters in a teacher’s file was overly

 technical and, instead, followed the plain language of the act requiring such.55

 Because the school district did not “properly place” emails and letters in the

 teacher’s file, as it was required to under the act, the school district could not rely

 on those documents, as provided by the act.56

          The Delaware Supreme Court has also blessed substantial compliance in the

 estate context. In Matter of Will of Carter, the testator failed to sign his will but

 signed the self-proving affidavit attached to it.57        Under the circumstances

 presented, the Court found the signature on the self-proving affidavit substantially

 complied with the statutory requirement that the underlying will be signed. The

53
     4 A.3d 382, 388 (Del. 2010).
54
     Wilmington, 155 A.2d at 55.
55
     Red Clay, 4 A.3d at 388.
56
     Id. at 389.
57
     565 A.2d 933, 935 (Del. 1989).
Jane Maughan, as attorney-in-fact for Bridget Wilson v. Estate of Barry Wilson,
C.A. No. 2022-0397-SEM
March 31, 2023
Page 17 of 22

 Defendant also points me to a decision from the Middle District of Pennsylvania,

 Hartford Life & Accident Insurance Co. v. Hayes.58 At issue was whether the

 policyholder changed her beneficiary before her death, with one side contending

 the policyholder completed and mailed a change form that was not timely filed with

 the insurance company through no fault of the policyholder. The court denied

 summary judgment finding a jury could find substantial compliance with the policy:

 “the jury could . . . find that, in light of her physical condition, [the policyholder]

 did everything she could to effectuate the change in her beneficiary by executing a

 notarized change of beneficiary form in the presence of witnesses and giving it to

 her power of attorney to mail on her behalf.”59

          This case is far removed from Hartford, Carter, and Wilmington. Unlike

 Carter, the Former Agent did not sign a document appended to or incorporated in

 the unsigned certification. Nor did he sign a certification that, for technical reasons,

 failed to strictly comply with the Authority Section but otherwise met the spirit and

 character of the law. He merely accepted the appointment under one of the methods

 under the Acceptance Section. Such action is not substantial compliance with the

 Authority Section; to hold overwise would violate the plain meaning of the DPPAA.

58
     2014 WL 4916200 (M.D. Pa. Sept. 30, 2014).
59
     Id. at *5.
Jane Maughan, as attorney-in-fact for Bridget Wilson v. Estate of Barry Wilson,
C.A. No. 2022-0397-SEM
March 31, 2023
Page 18 of 22

      The Former Agent failed to execute a personal power of attorney certificate

 as required under the Authority Section. As such, he never had authority to act as

 the Principal’s attorney-in-fact. Drawing from the corporate law context, I find his

 actions are, thus, voidable at the behest of the Principal or the Plaintiff as her

 attorney-in-fact.60 The Plaintiff has made such request through this action and I

 find judgment should be entered in favor of the Plaintiff on Counts VI and VII.

 Such judgment should set aside the 2019 Deed, declare the Principal to be the owner

 of the proceeds from the sale of the Marital Home, set aside the Trust, and declare

 the Principal to be the owner of the Trust’s principal.

          3.     Because the Former Agent did not have authority to act under
                 the 2013 POA, I need not address whether those actions were or
                 were not expressly authorized under the 2013 POA.

      Through Counts I and VI, the Plaintiff claims the Former Agent lacked

authority under the 2013 POA to transfer the Marital Home or establish the Trust.

The parties agree that the DPPAA requires an agent to have express authority to take

either of these actions; hotly contested is whether the 2013 POA provides such

60
  See Michelson v. Duncan, 407 A.2d 211, 218–19 (Del. 1979) (“The essential distinction
between voidable and void acts is that the former are those which may be found to have
been performed in the interest of the corporation but beyond the authority of management,
as distinguished from acts which are Ultra vires, fraudulent or gifts or waste of corporate
assets.”).
Jane Maughan, as attorney-in-fact for Bridget Wilson v. Estate of Barry Wilson,
C.A. No. 2022-0397-SEM
March 31, 2023
Page 19 of 22

express authority.61 Contest aside, through these claims, the Plaintiff seeks the same

relief as that requested under Counts VI and VII, which I recommend the Court grant

for the above reasons. On this record, I decline to separately address Counts I and

VI, which would inject disfavored dictum into this ruling, and recommend, instead,

that these counts be treated as moot.62

         B.     Notions of public policy cannot save the unauthorized transactions.

         The Defendant argues that if I find the Former Agent lacked authority to

execute the 2019 Deed and the Trust, I would be undermining the public policy goals

surrounding Medicaid planning. Specifically, the Defendant argues that the Former

Agent’s actions were necessary in his role as attorney-in-fact and that he would have

breached his fiduciary duty by “failing to expeditiously obtain public aid, thereby

dissipating respondent’s estate.”63

         These policy considerations are not fanciful. But, here, on the Motion and

Cross-Motion the question is not whether Medicaid planning is or is not laudable

61
     D.I. 40, ¶¶ 63, 70. See also 12 Del. C. § 49A-201(b)(3).
62
   See In re MFW S’holders Litig., 67 A.3d 496, 521 (Del. Ch. 2013), aff’d sub nom. Kahn
v. M & F Worldwide Corp., 88 A.3d 635 (Del. 2014) (explaining “[o]ur Supreme Court
follows the traditional definition of ‘dictum,’ describing it as judicial statements on issues
that ‘would have no effect on the outcome of [the] case’”) (citations omitted).
63
  D.I. 21 (quoting In re Guardianship of Connor, 170 Ill. App. 3d 759, 763 (5th Cir.
1988)).
Jane Maughan, as attorney-in-fact for Bridget Wilson v. Estate of Barry Wilson,
C.A. No. 2022-0397-SEM
March 31, 2023
Page 20 of 22

and appropriate. The question is whether the Former Agent had authority to act

under the 2013 POA—I find he did not. The Former Agent failed to take the

statutorily required action of executing a personal power of attorney certificate and,

therefore, lacked authority to act under the 2013 POA. This finding in no way

jeopardizes the future Medicaid planning efforts of properly authorized agents and

fiduciaries.

      C.       The Defendant’s unclean-hands argument fails.

      The Defendant argues that regardless of the merits of the Plaintiff’s claims,

she comes to the Court with unclean hands and should not succeed. Per the

Defendant, the Plaintiff seeks to unwind the Former Agent’s transactions for self-

serving reasons and to micromanage the Principal’s care and finances. The Plaintiff

counters that she does not stand to benefit from any funds upon the Principal’s death,

as the Principal’s adult children would receive her property upon her death, under

Delaware’s intestacy laws. The Plaintiff further argues—and I agree—that the

Plaintiff’s conduct is not sufficiently tied to the claims at issue to bar the relief

requested.
Jane Maughan, as attorney-in-fact for Bridget Wilson v. Estate of Barry Wilson,
C.A. No. 2022-0397-SEM
March 31, 2023
Page 21 of 22

         “Unclean hands derives from the equitable maxim that [sh]e who comes into

equity must come with clean hands.”64 It is a rule of public policy applied “to protect

the public and the court against misuse by one who, because of [her] conduct, has

forfeited [her] right to have the court consider [her] claims, regardless of their

merit.”65 Although there is no strict formula, the primary question “raised by a plea

of unclean hands is whether the plaintiff’s conduct is so offensive to the integrity of

the court that [her] claims should be denied, regardless of their merit.”66 A secondary

question is whether the offensive conduct is connected to the claims at issue. “[F]or

the unclean hands doctrine to apply, ‘the inequitable conduct must have an

immediate and necessary relation to the claims under which relief is sought.’”67

         Here, question one would require me to weigh contested facts, an exercise not

appropriate on summary judgment.68 But question two is dispositive. Setting aside

the veracity of the Defendant’s allegations, all of them relate to what the Plaintiff

64
  Murray v. Rolquin, 2023 WL 2421687, at *13 (Del. Ch. Mar. 9, 2023) (citation and
quotation marks omitted).
65
     Skoglund v. Ormand Indus., Inc., 372 A.2d 204, 213 (Del. Ch. 1976).
66
  Gallagher v. Holcomb & Salter, 1991 WL 158969, at *4 (Del. Ch. Aug. 16, 1991) aff’d
sub nom. New Castle Ins., Ltd. v. Gallagher, 692 A.2d 414 (Del. 1997).
67
 In re Rural/Metro Corp. S’holders Litig., 102 A.3d 205, 237–38 (Del. Ch. 2014) (quoting
Nakahara v. NS 1991 Am. Trust, 718 A.2d 518, 523 (Del. Ch. 1998)).
68
  D.I. 40; Telxon Corp. v. Meyerson, 802 A.2d 257, 262 (Del. 2002) (holding that a trial
judge is not permitted to weigh evidence on a motion for summary judgment).
Jane Maughan, as attorney-in-fact for Bridget Wilson v. Estate of Barry Wilson,
C.A. No. 2022-0397-SEM
March 31, 2023
Page 22 of 22

did after the Former Agent’s death. The Plaintiff’s post-death conduct does not have

“an immediate or necessary relation” to the claim that the Former Agent lacked

authority to act under the 2013 POA. Thus, uncleans hands should not be invoked

to bar relief on such claim. For these reasons, I find that the Defendant has not met

its burden of showing that unclean hands should be invoked to deny the Motion.

III.   CONCLUSION

       For the above reasons, I find that the Motion should be granted, and the Cross-

Motion denied. The Former Agent did not meet the requirements of the Authority

Section of the DPPAA and, therefore, had no authority to act as the Principal’s agent.

The transactions authorized by the Former Agent are, thus, voidable at the Plaintiff’s

request and should be unwound.

       This leaves the Plaintiff’s claims for breach of fiduciary duty and the

Defendant’s counterclaims. The parties shall meet and confer regarding these loose

ends and propose a schedule to reach final resolution. Until those matters are

resolved, exceptions to this final report under Court of Chancery Rule 144 are stayed.

                                               Respectfully submitted,

                                               /s/ Selena E. Molina

                                               Master in Chancery