Court Opinion

ID: 8746387
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-26 11:09:02.925165+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:00:41.573366
License: Public Domain

DALLAS, Circuit Judge
(dissenting). Affidavits of defense are exacted for the purpose of avoiding the expense, vexation, and delay of trial in any case in which the defendant cannot, upon oath or affirmation, deny some material allegation of the plaintiff, or himself allege any fact or state of facts which, if established to the satisfaction of a jury, would, as matter of law, support a verdict in his favor. If none be filed during the lawfully prescribed period, the plaintiff becomes entitled to a judgment as of course, but, if an affidavit be interposed which he avers to be insufficient to preclude an immediate adjudication in his favor, an issue resembling that which arises upon a demurrer to a plea is presented, and that issue is for decision upon the facts alleged, and upon them only. But an affidavit of defense differs materially from a plea. In a plea all things may be pleaded according to the pleader’s conception of their legal effect, -subject to the consequence that a mistake in stating their legal effect, *181if apparent upon the face of the pleading, is fatal on demurrer, and, if not apparent, is fatal in evidence (Gould, Pl. c. 3, §§ 174, 176) whereas in an affidavit of defense the facts themselves must be presented, in order that the court may determine whether, if found by a jury, their legal effect would or-would not be to establish a valid defense. Where the Pennsylvania system of practice is not pursued, a pica may, by bare averment, however baseless, coerce a formal trial; but where, as in this jurisdiction, that practice is followed, an affidavit that merely avers a defense, without disclosing the fundamental facts which constitute it. will not, in any case, suffice to postpone a final decision. This distinction has, I think, been generally recognized, and upon its observance, as I believe, is dependent the attainment of the object which the provision for affidavits of defense was intended to accomplish. Therefore affidavits of this sort should stage facts, not conclusions; and these, though they need not be set forth with technical exactness, should be made to appear with at least reasonable clearness and certainty. Equivocal statements will not be beneficially interpreted, nor any avoidable ambiguity be aided by intendment. McBrier v. Marshall, 126 Pa. 396, 17 Atl. 647; Erie City v. Brady, 127 Pa. 175, 17 Atl. 885; Bank v. Stadelman, 153 Pa. 637, 26 Atl. 201 ; Comly v. Bryan, 5 Whart. 265; Bardsley v. Delp, 88 Pa. 420; Peck v. Jones, 70 Pa. 84; Consumers’ Gas Co. v. American Electric Const. Co., 1 C. C. A. 663, 50 Fed. 778; Reed v. Raymond (C. C.) 37 Fed. 186.
The affidavit which was first filed in the present case did not meet these authoritatively established requirements. It did not state that the New York judgment was rendered upon the merits, but only that “said action * * * was duly proceeded with, fully and upon the merits”; and though it did state that, by consent, the case was tried before one of the justices upon all questions of fact, as well as of law, without a jury, this, I think, must be understood as meaning nothing more than that the parties agreed to waive a jury. It cannot be taken to mean that it was stipulated that the justice should decide, the case upon its merits, and not otherwise; and that he actually did so decide it is nowhere suggested, unless by very dubious inference, although nothing could have been easier than to have distinctly and directly averred that he did, and to have annexed a copy of the record, so that the court might determine whether or not that averment could be verified. Consumers’ Gas Co. v. American Electric Const. Co., 1 C. C. A. 664, 50 Fed. 778. But instead of adopting this ingenuous, and therefore proper, mode of stating this defense, resort was had to the “uncandid and evasive” presentment of what are really “conclusions of law, carefully stated so as to appear to be facts.” Erie City v. Brady, supra. The court below, however, did not at once enter judgment, but ordered the filing of a supplemental affidavit of defense; and the defendant availed itself of the privilege thus accorded, by filing, “with the leave of, and in pursuance of the order of, the court,” an additional affidavit, which, though called “supplemental,” was substantially and in effect a substituted one. This second affidavit reasserts the entry of a judgment in the proceeding to which reference had been made in the first one, but it *182further declares, with respect to that judgment, “that a full, true, and correct copy is hereto attached, and to be taken as a part of this supplemental affidavit of defense.” To what, then, was the court to look for enlightenment in endeavoring to determine what the supreme court of New York had actually adjudicated? Surely, as it seems to me, to this full, true, and correct copy, and to it exclusively; for, apart from it, there was nothing before the court but the simulated and unavailing averment that the action had been proceeded with upon the merits. Now, what does the copy which the defendant relied on disclose? It recites that testimony had been presented by the plaintiff, the Glencove Granite Company; that the defendants, Patrick Costello and the City Trust, Safe Deposit & Surety Company of Philadelphia, had separately moved for a dismissal of said complaint as against each of the defendants; that said testimony and the arguments on said motions to dismiss had been heard and considered by the justice, and that he had found and decided that the plaintiff, the Glencove Granite Company, was a foreign corporation, and that it had failed to prove, as against the City Trust, Safe Deposit & Surety Company of Philadelphia, that it (the Glencove Company) had procured the certificate required by the law of New York for the purpose of authorizing it to do business in, and to sue in the courts of, that state, and “that the plaintiff cannot recover in this action against the bond of the said defendant the City Trust, Safe Deposit & Surety Company of Philadelphia, given to discharge the plaintiff’s lien herein, and that the complaint of said plaintiff as against said defendant be dismissed, with costs to said defendant the City Trust, Safe Deposit & Surety Company of Philadelphia, against said plaintiff.” Not until after the disposition then about to be made of the case as against the defendant last named had been thus indicated were the intrinsic grounds of action at all adverted to, but immediately thereafter they were recited as prefatory to the conclusion “that the plaintiff was entitled to judgment against the defendant Patrick Costello.” Then followed the judgment, in these words:
“Now, on reading and filing the summons, complaint, answers of the defendants, Patrick Costello and the City Trust, Safe Deposit & Surety Company of Philadelphia, the decision of Mr. Justice Truax, and on motion of Frederick J. Swift. Esq., attorney for the defendant the City Trust. Safe Deposit & Surety Company of Philadelphia, it is ordered and adjudged that the complaint of the plaintiff herein, the Glencove Granite Company, as against the defendant the City Trust, Safe Deposit & Surety Company of Philadelphia, be dismissed, and that the defendant the City Trust, Safe Deposit & Surety Company of Philadelphia recover of, and have Judgment against, the plaintiff, the Glencove Granite Company, for its costs, amounting to the sum of $89.10. And it is further ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the plaintiff, the Glencove Granite Company, recover of, and have Judgment against, the defendant Patrick Costello for the sund of $5,800.31, together with the sum of $406.22, costs adjusted as aforesaid, amounting in all to the sum of $6,268.53.”
Nothing, as I. view it, could be clearer than the showing of this record. Each of the defendants had separately moved to dismiss. As to one of them — the City Trust, Safe Deposit & Surety Company — that motion was allowed, upon the ground that, as to it, the plaintiff had failed to prove that it was authorized to sue in a court *183of New York; and upou that ground solely, for the purpose of the enactment under which the decision was made “was not to avoid contracts,” and, notwithstanding the terms of the first clause of the section in question, its only effect, as a whole, is to prohibit a corporation from maintaining an action in that state until it shall have procured the prescribed certificate. Neuchatel Asphalte Co. v. City of New York, 155 N. Y. 373, 49 N. E. 1043; W. P. Fuller & Co. v. Schrenk, 58 App. Div. 225, 68 N. Y. Supp. 781. But as to the other of the defendants, Patrick Costello, the motion to dismiss (for some reason which does not appear, and which is not material) was manifestly disallowed; for, as against him, a judgment for the stun demanded was awarded. As to him, therefore, there certainly was an adjudication upon the merits; but it is, I think, equally apparent that as to Ills co-defendant they were not decided at all, and, a fortiori, not in a different and seemingly inconsistent way. I conclude that the case was fully determined against Costello, but that, as to the trust company, the court, in pursuance of the incapacitating statute to which it referred, simply declined to take cognizance of it. Its order was not decisive oí the issue, but was made, as appears to be the practice (W. P. Fuller & Co. v. Schrenk,'supra), in response to an interlocutory motion. If the circuit court had not before it the whole record in the former case, it is because the defendant saw fit to produce but a part of it; and, as I have already said, I cannot agree that that part exhibited a judgment upon the merits, or that the facts requisite to support a pica of res judicata were iti any manner made to appear. I do not doubt that either by the entire record, or by evidence dehors the record, but consistent with it, it may he shown what matters were actually adjudicated in a former action; but in these affidavits we have no statement of, nor proposal to prove in either way, any fact whatever concerning the nature or scope of the judgment to which they relate, but merely the gratuitous assertion that in character and amplitude it is something quite different from what on its face it purports to he. For averments such as this I can find no legal justification nor shadow of excuse. Their toleration is not essential to the conservation of any genuine right, and its tendency, I fear, will be to impair the long-established usefulness of the affidavit of defense law in promoting the speedy and economical administration of justice.
I am of opinion that the. judgment of the circuit court should be affirmed.