Court Opinion

ID: 4076297
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-30 07:21:27.19218+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:33:01.039683
License: Public Domain

ACCEPTED
                                                                       14-15-00882-CV
                                                       FOURTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                    HOUSTON, TEXAS
                                                                 12/28/2015 8:14:08 PM
                                                                 CHRISTOPHER PRINE
                                                                                CLERK

                    N0. 14-15-00882-CV

                                                       FILED IN
                                                14th COURT OF APPEALS
                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS            HOUSTON, TEXAS
                                                12/28/2015 8:14:08 PM
             FOR THE FOURTEENTH DISTRICT        CHRISTOPHER A. PRINE
                                                         Clerk
              OF TEXAS AT HOUSTON, TEXAS

          IN THE INTEREST OF K.I.B.C., a CHILD

                  C.B., APPELLANT
                           vs.
              DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY AND
            PROTECTIVE SERVICES, APPELLEE

                    ON APPEAL FROM
               THE 314TH DISTRICT COURT OF
                 HARRIS COUNTY, TEXAS
            TRIAL COURT CAUSE NO. 2013-04633J

             ORIGINAL APPELLANT’S BRIEF

                     DONALD M. CRANE
                     DONALD M. CRANE (SBN 05005900)
                     Attorney at Law
                     810 South Mason Road, #350
                     Katy, Texas 77450
                     Telephone: (281) 392-6611
                     Facsimile: (281) 392-5383
                     donmcrane@gmail.com
                     ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT, C.B.

NO ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED
                IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL

Respondent/Appellant:         Trial Counsel:
C.B., Mother                  Michelle E. Bush
                              14027 Memorial Dr., Ste. 105
                              Houston, TX 77079

                              Appellate Counsel:
                              Donald M. Crane
                              810 South Mason Road, Suite 350
                              Katy, Texas 77450

Petitioner/Appellee:          Trial Counsel:
Department of                 Emily Ann Momberger
Family and Protective         Assistant County Attorney
Services                      1019 Congress Avenue, 15th Floor
                              Houston, Texas 77002

                              Appellate Counsel:
                              Sandra D. Hachem
                              Senior Assistant County Attorney
                              2525 Murworth, Suite 300
                              Houston, Texas 77054-1603

Interested Party:             Ad Litem:
C.B., a Child                 Gary Polland
                              2211 Norfolk, Ste. 920
                              Houston, Texas 77098

                               1
            IDENTITIES OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL, cont.

Interested Party:             Trial Counsel:
T.B.C., Father                Daryl Longworth
                              1385 FM 359, Ste. 308
                              Richmond, TX 77406

Interested Party:             Trial Counsel
Foster Mom and Dad,           Katie Flynn
Intervenor(s)                 17077 Texas Avenue, #58745
                              Webster, TX 77598

                               2
                           TABLE OF CONTENTS

IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL                   1

TABLE OF CONTENTS                                 3

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES (Cases)                      5

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES (Statutes and Rules)         6

NO ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED                        7

RECORD REFERENCES                                 7

PARTY/PARTICIPANT REFERENCES                      9

STATEMENT OF THE CASE                             10

ISSUES PRESENTED                                  12

APPELLANT’S BRIEF                                 13

STATEMENT OF FACTS                                15

ARGUMENTS AND AUTHORITIES                         32

          A.    Standard of Review                32

          B.    Best Interest                     34

          C.    Material and Substantial Change   36

SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT                               38

     I.   ISSUE PRESENTED NO. ONE                 38

          A. Argument                             38

          B. Authorities                          38
                                     3
           C. Analysis                 39

    II.    ISSUE PRESENTED NO. TWO     41

           A. Argument                 41

           B. Authorities              41

           C. Analysis                 41

    III.   ISSUE PRESENTED NO. THREE   43

           A. Argument                 43

           B. Authorities              43

           C. Analysis                 44

CONCLUSION AND PRAYER                  45

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE              46

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE                 47

                              4
                           INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

CASES                                                          PAGE

City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 s.w.3D 802 (Tex. 2005)            33

Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2D 18 (Tex. 1985)                      32, 43

Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367 (Tex. 1976)                     35, 43

In re A.A.A., 265 S.W.3d 507, 516 (Tex. App. –                  36, 44
       Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. denied)

In re A.I.G., 135 S.W.3d 687, 692 (Tex. App. –                  35, 43
       San Antonio 2003, no pet.)

In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17 (Tex. 2002)                            33, 34

In re D.M., 58 S.W.3d 801, 812                                  39
       (Tex. App. – Fort Worth 2001, no pet.)

In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d 239 (Tex. 2013)                        36

In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256 (Tex. 2002)                         32, 33

In re M.A.F., 12-08-00231-CV, at 6                              37
       (Tex.App. – Tyler 2010, no pet.)

In re S.R.L., 243 S.W.3d 232     [Tex. App. – Houston           34
          th
       (14 Dist.) 2007, no pet.]

In the Interest of D.T., 34 S.W.3d 625 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth   34
       2000, pet. denied)

In the Interest of E.S.S., 131 S.W.2d 632                       33
       (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 2004, no pet.)

In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d 117, 125 (Tex. App. 2003)             38, 39

                                          5
                       INDEX OF AUTHORITIES, cont.

In the Interest of K.C.M., 4 S.W.3d 392 [Tex. App-Houston       33
       (1st Dist.) 1999, pet denied]

Hoffman v. Hoffman, 03-03-00062-CV, (Tex.App. – Austin 2003)    37

Tex. Dep’t of Human Services v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531            38
      (Tex. 1987)

Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745 (1982)                         32, 43

Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645 (1972)                        32, 43

Yonko v. Dept. of Family & Protective Servs.                    34
     196 S.W.3d 236 [Tex. App. -Houston (1st Dist.) 2006]

Zeifman v. Michels, 212 S.W.3d 582, 589                         36
      (Tex.App. – Austin 2006, pet. denied)

STATUTES AND RULES                                             PAGE

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 101.007                                   32
(Vernon Supp. 2002)

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN § 156.101                                    36
(Vernon 2008)

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)                                32, 34
(Vernon Supp. 2002)

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(E)                             38, 39
(Vernon Supp. 2002)

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(O)                             41
(Vernon Supp. 2002)

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(2)                                43
(Vernon Supp. 2002)
                                           6
                  NO ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED

              Appellant, C.B., does not request oral argument.

                         RECORD REFERENCES

TRANSCRIPT

    The pleading record consists of the Transcript (Clerk’s Record). The
    Transcript is referenced to herein as [CR       ] followed by a page
    reference.

    Both the Transcript and the Statement of Facts (Reporter’s Record)
    may contain copies of the Exhibits and, if so, will be referenced
    accordingly.

STATEMENT OF FACTS

    The Statement of Facts (Reporter’s Record) consists of twelve (12)
    volumes (including Exhibits) prepared by Ms. Stephanie Wells, CSR,
    Texas CSR 2700, Deputy Court Reporter, 314th District Court, 1200
    Congress, 5th Floor, Houston, Texas 77002, (713) 562-6969, prepared by
    Ms. Julia M. Rangel, CSR, Texas CSR 6412, Deputy Court Reporter, 314th
    District Court, 1200 Congress, 5th Floor, Houston, Texas 77002, (713) 222-
    4910 and prepared by Ms. Geneva M. Villanueva, CSR, Texas CSR 8685,
    Deputy Court Reporter, 314th District Court, 1200 Congress, 5th Floor,
    Houston, Texas 77002, (713) 755-1233 and is referred to herein as [RR
    Vol.         , p.    , l.____].

    Ms. Rangel’s Reporter’s Record, Volume 1 of 1, is entitled “Show Cause
    Hearing,” and references the 3rd day of September 2013.

    Ms. Rangel’s Reporter’s Record, Volume 1 of 1, is entitled “Status
    Hearing,” and references the 8th day of October 2013.

                                        7
Ms. Wells’ Reporter’s Record, Volume 1 of 1, is entitled “Review
Hearing,” and references the 6th day of February 2014.

Ms. Rangel’s Reporter’s Record, Volume 1 of 1, is entitled “Review
Hearing,” and references the 6th day of May 2014.

Ms. Rangel’s Reporter’s Record, Volume 1 of 1, is entitled “Court Trial,”
and references the 14th day of August 2014.

Ms. Villanueva’s Reporter’s Record, Volume 1 of 1, is entitled “Motion to
Modify Special Status Hearing,” and references the 2nd day of April 2015.

Ms. Villanueva’s Reporter’s Record, Volume 1 of 1, is entitled “Motion to
Modify Special Status Hearing,” and references the 18th day of June 2015.

Ms. Villanueva’s Reporter’s Record, Volume 1 of 1, is entitled “Motion to
Modify Special Status Hearing,” and references the 30th day of June 2015.

Ms. Villanueva’s Reporter’s Record, Volume 1 of 4, is entitled “Motion to
Modify Final Master Index,” and references the 15th day of September
2015.

Ms. Villanueva’s Reporter’s Record, Volume 2 of 4, is entitled “Motion to
Modify Final,” and references the 15th day of September 2015.

Ms. Villanueva’s Reporter’s Record, Volume 3 of 4, is entitled “Motion to
Modify Final,” and references the 17th day of September 2015.

Ms. Villanueva’s Reporter’s Record, Volume 4 of 4, is entitled “Motion to
Modify Final Exhibits,” and references the 15th day of September 2015.

                                8
                     PARTY/PARTICIPANT REFERENCES

       Appellant, C.B., may be referred to as: “Appellant,” “C.B.,” “Respondent

mother,” “Mother.”

      Further, Appellee refers to Department of Family and Protective Services

and may be referred to as: “Petitioner,” “DFPS,” “CPS,” or the “Agency.”

      “K.I.B.C.” refers to the child.

      “T.B.C.” refers to the father of K.I.B.C.

                                        9
TO THE HONORABLE JUSTICES OF THE FOURTEENTH COURT OF
APPEALS:

       Appellant, C.B., (also referred to as “mother”), respectfully submits her
original brief in the above styled and numbered appeal.

                         STATEMENT OF THE CASE

      On August 14, 2013, the Texas Department of Family and Protective

Services (“DFPS”) filed its Original Petition for Protection of a Child for

Conservatorship, and for Termination in Suit Affecting the Parent-Child

Relationship (“the Original Petition”) wherein it requested, inter alia., to be named

the temporary managing conservator of K.I.B.C., a female child born on July 25,

2013. CR pp. 6-22.

      The case was tried before the Honorable John Phillips on August 14, 2014.

RR Vol. 1, p. 1, 10-13. The Court appointed DFPS sole managing conservator

and appointed Appellant possessory conservator of K.I.B.C. CR pp. 132-133;

RR Vol. 1, p. 67, l. 4-6; p. 69, l. 22-24. On February 20, 2015, DFPS filed its

Original Motion to Modify for Conservatorship, and for Termination in Suit

Affecting the Parent-Child Relationship. The final appearance was tried before

Honorable Kelly Graul on September 15, 2015 and September 17, 2015. RR Vol.

2, p. 1, l. 14-18; RR Vol. 3, p. 1, l. 14-17. The Court entered judgment in favor of

                                         10
DFPS and terminated the parent-child relationship between Appellant and child,

K.I.B.C. RR Vol. 3, p. 132, l. 3-6. Appellant’s rights were terminated pursuant to

Texas Family Code Section 161.001(1)(E), and (O). CR pp. 249; RR Vol. 3, p.

132, l. 3-6.

       On October 15, 2015, Appellant filed her notice of appeal. CR pp. 283-

285. Appellant seeks reversal of the judgment entered October 7, 2015. CR pp.

256.

                                        11
                           ISSUES PRESENTED

Issue Presented No. One: The evidence was legally and factually insufficient
to support the termination of Appellant’s parental rights under Texas
Family Code Section 161.001(1)(E)

Issue Presented No. Two: The evidence was legally and factually insufficient
to support the termination of Appellant’s parental rights under Texas
Family Code Section 161.001(1)(O)

Issue Presented No. Three: The evidence was legally and factually
insufficient to support the termination of Appellant’s parental rights under
Texas Family Code Section 161.001(2)

                                     12
                              N0. 14-15-00882-CV

                           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                       FOR THE FOURTEENTH DISTRICT

                        OF TEXAS AT HOUSTON, TEXAS

                  IN THE INTEREST OF K.I.B.C., a CHILD

                           C.B., APPELLANT
                                    vs.
                       DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY AND
                     PROTECTIVE SERVICES, APPELLEE

                             ON APPEAL FROM
                        THE 314TH DISTRICT COURT OF
                          HARRIS COUNTY, TEXAS
                     TRIAL COURT CAUSE NO. 2013-04633J

                              APPELLANT’S BRIEF

TO THE HONORABLE JUSTICES OF THE FOURTEENTH COURT OF
APPEALS:

      COMES NOW DONALD M. CRANE (“Appellate Counsel”), appointed

Attorney Ad litem on appeal for Appellant, C.B., Respondent Mother, and

respectfully submits this Appellant’s Brief.

                                        13
      Appellant, C.B., may be referred to as: “Appellant,” “C.B.,” “Respondent

mother,” “Mother.”

      Further, Appellee refers to Department of Family and Protective Services

and may be referred to as: “Petitioner,” “DFPS,” “CPS,” or the “Agency.”

      “K.I.B.C.” refers to the child.

      “T.B.C.” refers to the father of K.I.B.C.

                                        14
                           STATEMENT OF FACTS

       On August 11, 2013, DFPS received a report alleging neglectful

supervision of K.I.B.C. by the mother, C.B. CR pp. 24. The referral alleged that

C.B. “has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, and is not taking medication or

seeing a mental health professional for her issues.” CR pp. 24. It also indicated

that during C.B.’s baby shower, C.B. “became upset and irate.” CR pp. 24. The

referral further stated that C.B. “began throwing clothes and objects across the

room” and “knocked a hole in a wall with a door.” CR pp. 24.

SHOW CAUSE HEARING

       On September 3, 2013, the following testified at the show cause hearing:

Markia Bordeaux, a DFPS caseworker. Mother was present.

Markia Bordeaux

       Ms. Bordeaux testified K.I.B.C. is placed in foster care and is doing “very

well.” RR Vol. 1, p. 6, l. 10-13. Ms. Bordeaux also testified the initial concern to

CPS was a domestic dispute between C.B. and her husband. RR Vol. 1, p. 9, l. 7-

8. Ms. Bordeaux further testified that law enforcement had been out to the

residence on “two separate occasions for domestic disturbances.” RR Vol. 1, p. 9,

l. 18-19.

                                         15
       Ms. Bordeaux testified, when she received custody of K.I.B.C., she did not

notice any physical injuries to the child. RR Vol. 1, p. 11, l. 18-19.1 Ms.

Bordeaux further testified, K.I.B.C. did eat, but “probably not as much as a I think

she should.” RR Vol. 1, p. 11, l. 21-22. She also testified that she had no evidence

to show K.I.B.C. was malnourished, but she does have evidence to show that

K.I.B.C. “was anemic at the time of birth and wasn’t getting medication for it.”

RR Vol. 1, p. 11, l. 24-25 – p. 12, l. 1-4.

STATUS HEARING

       On October 8, 2013, the following testified at the status hearing: Britney

White, a DFPS caseworker. Mother was present.

Britney White

       Ms. White testified the current long-range goal is unrelated adoption with

concurrent being family reunification. RR Vol. 1, p. 6, l. 18-22. She further

testified that C.B. and her husband are “coming in as a couple.” RR Vol. 1, p. 6, l.

23-25. Ms. White also testified C.B. has an assault charge. RR Vol. 1, p. 7, l. 1-5.

REVIEW HEARING

       On February 6, 2014, the following testified at the review hearing: Brittney

White, a DFPS caseworker. Mother was present.

                                                16

1
  Ms. Bordeaux testified, “And when I assessed the child, the child was a little bit dirty. She had
like caked milk on her neck. The clothes she was in was soiled.” RR Vol. 1, p. 11, l. 12-15.
Brittney White

       Ms. White testified K.I.B.C. is currently placed in a foster home. RR Vol.

1, p. 5, l. 3-4. Ms. White further testified K.I.B.C. is “doing very well” in her

current placement. RR Vol. 1, p. 5, l. 5-6. She also testified the foster home is

meeting all her physical and emotional needs. RR Vol. 1, l. p. 5, l. 7-8.

       Ms. White testified C.B. is progressing on her service plan. RR Vol. 1, p.

5, l. 16-17.2 Ms. White also testified there is confusion as to whether C.B. has

bipolar issues. RR Vol. 1, p. 6, l. 3-11. Ms. White further testified she has no

documented proof of C.B.’s mental health problems. RR Vol. 1, p. 8, l. 4-6. Ms.

White asked the Court to order C.B. to obtain a psychiatric evaluation. RR Vol. 1,

p. 9, l. 2-4.

REVIEW HEARING

       On May 6, 2014, the following testified at the review hearing: a DFPS

caseworker. Mother was present.

DFPS Caseworker

       Caseworker testified K.I.B.C.’s current placement wants to adopt. RR Vol.

                                               17

2
  Ms. White further testified C.B. has completed her parenting classes and is attending
individual therapy. Ms. White also testified she is waiting on C.B. “to get her mental health
needs taken care of.” RR Vol. 1, p. 5, l. 19-24.
1, p. 6, l. 3-5. Caseworker also testified that C.B. and her husband “have

practically completed the family plan.” RR Vol. 1, p. 6, l. 9-10. Caseworker

further testified that C.B. only has to complete “family therapy.” RR Vol. 1, p. 8,

l. 21-23.3 Caseworker testified C.B. is appropriate at visits. RR Vol. 1, p. 9, l. 10-

11.

       Caseworker testified there are still concerns regarding the couple’s

financial situation and “being able to take care of the child.” RR Vol. 1, p. 9, l.

20-23. She later testified she believes the parents are not financially stable. RR

Vol. 1, p. 12, l. 14-16. Caseworker also testified that CPS is satisfied with C.B.’s

handling of her mental health issues, specifically, the fact she signed all medical

releases. RR Vol. 1, p. 11, l. 9-13. Caseworker testified C.B. has not exhibited the

parenting skills she learned in her parenting classes. RR Vol. 1, p. 12, l. 23-25.

COURT TRIAL

       On August 14, 2014, the following testified at the trial: Thelma Taylor,

Officer Mott, T.B.C., and Bonnie Sessions. Mother was present.

                                              18

3
 Caseworker testified C.B. has completed individual therapy, parenting classes, psychiatric
evaluation, psychological evaluation and recommendations. RR Vol. 1, p. 8, l. 24-25 – p. 9, l.
1-9.
Thelma Taylor

        Ms. Taylor testified K.I.B.C. was brought into custody due to “neglectful

supervision” and “domestic violence.” RR Vol. 1, p. 11, l. 23-24.4 Ms. Taylor

testified the Agency provided services to both parents and the services were

completed by both parents. RR Vol. 1, p. 12, l. 19-23. Ms. Taylor further testified

she is requesting the mother’s parental rights be terminated because she has not

demonstrated that she has learned from her behavior. RR Vol. 1, p. 13, l. 2-6.5

        Ms. Taylor testified the current placement is meeting all of K.I.B.C.’s

physical and emotional needs. RR Vol. 1, p. 14, l. 11-13. Ms. Taylor further

testified K.I.B.C. is bonded to the foster parents. RR Vol. 1, p. 14, l. 17-19. She

also testified that it is in K.I.B.C.’s best interest for her to be adopted by the foster

parents. RR Vol. 1, p. 14, l. 20-23.6 Ms. Taylor testified the foster parents will be

able to care for K.I.B.C. until she reaches the age of majority. RR Vol. 1, p. 15, l.

9-11.

                                               19

4
  Ms. Taylor further testified C.B. and her husband got into an argument that resulted in C.B.
“throwing some stuff around” at her husband and making “some holes into the apartment.” RR
Vol. 1, p. 11, l. 24-25 – p. 12, l. 1-2.
5
  She further testified, “There is still continued domestic violence.” RR Vol. 1, p. 13, l. 6-7.
6
  Ms. Taylor further testified she believes the foster parents can “provide a more stable well
being for the child.” RR Vol. 1, p. 14, l. 24-25 – p. 15, l. 1.
       Ms. Taylor testified the Agency believes the parents have engaged in

endangering conduct. RR Vol. 1, p. 15, l. 15-17. She further testified the

endangering conduct “is like assault on each other,” “criminal trespassing,” and

“continuing domestic violence.” RR Vol. 1, p. 15, l. 19-20.

       Ms. Taylor testified C.B. successfully completed all services and was

successfully discharged from therapy. RR Vol. 1, p. 16, l. 14-17. Ms. Taylor

testified there were no criminal charges filed out of the initial incident. RR Vol. 1,

p. 17, l. 1-3. Ms. Taylor further testified C.B. was recently charged with an

aggravated assault. RR Vol. 1, p. 17, l. 4-7. Ms. Taylor also testified both parents

“haven’t learned how to co-parent and how to get along together.” RR Vol. 1, p.

22, l. 3-5.7

Officer Mott

       Officer Mott testified he works for Harris County Sheriff’s Office. RR Vol.

1, p. 25, l. 25 – p. 26, l. 1. Officer Mott testified that he responded to a call at

C.B.’s residence, where “one of the parties was armed with a machete.” RR Vol.

1, p. 26, l. 10-14. Officer Mott further testified he spoke with T.B.C., who said,

                                              20

7
 She further testified that they haven’t learned, “How to be parents to the child. How to bond
with the child. How to form a healthy relationship with the child and as a married couple.” RR
Vol. 1, p. 22, l. 5-7.
“His wife was threatening with a machete.” RR Vol. 1, p. 26, l. 19-20. Officer

Mott testified that he arrested C.B. but only after searching through the

surrounding neighborhood and collecting the necessary information to file a

warrant for her arrest. RR Vol. 1, p. 27, l. 4-21.8

T.B.C.

       T.B.C. testified he “did not get attacked by the machete” by C.B. RR Vol.

1, p. 41, l. 6-7. Instead, T.B.C. testified he received a call from work that C.B.

was “very depressed” and “mad.” RR Vol. 1, p. 41, l. 7-9. T.B.C. further testified,

that when he arrived home, C.B. had a machete in her hand, but C.B. handed the

machete to him after he asked for the weapon. RR Vol. 1, p. 41, l. 9-15.

Bonnie Sessions

       Ms. Sessions testified she completed therapy with C.B. and T.B.C. RR

Vol. 1, p. 48, l. 11-15. Ms. Sessions further testified, “I feel that they made

                                              21

8
  Officer Mott further testified to the condition of the apartment, “It was trashed pretty good.
There’s about a two-inch gash in the wall, appeared to be made from the machete. The
microwave was ripped apart. The door was in one piece. It was in pieces on one side. The actual
microwave was in one piece, the digital dial was somewhere else. The bedroom was tore apart,
clothes everywhere, the mattresses and box springs thrown all over the place.” RR Vol. 1, p. 28,
l. 14-21.
progress but there definitely were still some issues.” RR Vol. 1, p. 49, l. 7-8. Ms.

Sessions also testified the things they learned in therapy were not put into

practice. RR Vol. 1, p. 49, l. 9-11. Ms. Sessions testified she would place a child

back in their home, “not with the toxic behavior.” RR Vol. 1, p. 49, l. 12-19.9

       Ms. Sessions testified she “would not” feel comfortable with K.I.B.C. in

the parent’s home today. RR Vol. 1, p. 52, l. 7-12.

Closing Arguments:

       DFPS requested that mother’s parental rights be terminated for the child

under 161.001(1)(E), and (O). RR Vol. 1, p. 59, l. 7-10. DFPS argued that even

                                                22

9
  Ms. Sessions further testified, “But at the same time, I feel after assessing what has gone on
and the services that I provided, I see – I know that CPS gave a year, but I see where they really
could benefit from more services. And I feel strongly that they should be given another
opportunity. Because within the time that I worked with them, I could tell that they sincerely
wanted their child back and that they were trying, during the period that I did provide services.
But I do realize, because you only had – I had six sessions that – such as with C.B., she really
needs anger management by itself and not trying to provide all the other services that I was
asked to, you know, that I recognize that they needed. She needs that. And I feel also that she
could benefit from hands-on parenting. I think the type of parenting that she received is more
book and discussion, but because she did not get a chance to bond from the beginning with her
child, she only – I think it was a couple of weeks or so and the child was taken. So she didn’t get
a chance to bond and that does make some difference. And I think she should have a more
hands-on. Because C.B., she also has developmental or mental retardation and I don’t think she
gained as much from the type of sessions that she received. I think – I’m just not willing this
point to give up on them. RR Vol. 1, p. 49, l. 18-25 – p. 50, l. 1-17.
though the mother completed her services, she had not demonstrated that she

learned from the services. RR Vol. 1, p. 59, l. 13-15.10

Court’s Ruling:

       The Court decided that the Agency be named as permanent managing

conservator without termination. RR Vol. 1, p. 67, l. 4-6; p. 69, l. 22-24.

MOTION TO MODIFY SPECIAL STATUS HEARING

       On April 2, 2015, the following testified at the hearing: Thelma Taylor, a

DFPS caseworker. Mother was present.

Thelma Taylor

       Ms. Taylor requested the court to provide CPS with “more control over the

visitation” and the scheduling of visitation. RR Vol. 1, p. 6, l. 3-4. Ms. Taylor

further testified the parents have been inconsistent in being present for the visits.

RR Vol. 1, p. 6, l. 16-23. Ms. Taylor also testified, in regards to post judgment

services, the parents have completed parenting classes, but have not “completed

                                               23

10
  In regards to this argument, the Court commented, “And what does that mean? You’re saying
– you’re kind of tacking onto something else that’s hard to judge. You know, you give
somebody a family service plan, that’s objective. You do one, two, three and four. You figure
out if they did one, two, three and four. And then you say demonstrate that it’s satisfactory. Now
you’re putting something in there that’s completely subjective. Demonstrate to who? Cause
you’re talking about serious constitutional rights as parents.” RR Vol. 1, p. 59, l. 16-24.
the psychiatric evaluation, the psychological evaluation, domestic violence

classes, (and) anger management.” RR Vol. 1, p. 7, l. 3-13.1112 Ms. Taylor

testified C.B. has provided some “financial support” for the caregivers of K.I.B.C.

RR Vol. 1, p. 7, l. 18-24.13

        Ms. Taylor testified K.I.B.C. is “doing really well.” RR Vol. 1, p. 8, l. 19-

21. Ms. Taylor also testified C.B. is clean when she is drug tested. RR Vol. 1, p.

13, l. 6-10. Ms. Taylor further testified she does have concerns about C.B. during

her visits with K.I.B.C. RR Vol. 1, p. 13, l. 17-24.14

MOTION TO MODIFY SPECIAL STATUS HEARING

        On June 18, 2015, the following testified at the hearing: Foster Mom,

Thelma Taylor, and C.B. This hearing was requested to address the issue of child

support by the parents.

                                                 24

11
   She also testified that both parents have “initiated individual therapy.” RR Vol. 1, p. 7, l. 13.
12
   It should also be noted these post judgment services were a continuation of services from the
TMC phase of this case that were not completed at that stage.
13
   When C.B. visits K.I.B.C., she has brought “4 to 12 pampers” and “a travel size pack of
wipes.” RR Vol. 1, p. 8, l. 1-4.
14
   Ms. Taylor testified, “The grandmother is not supposed to attend the visits, and grandma has
come to one of the visits. Mom is supposed to be financially responsible for the food at the
visits, and so far she has not. The caregiver is still paying for the food.” RR Vol. 1, p. 13, l. 19-
23.
Foster Mom

       Foster Mom testified she has provided for K.I.B.C. for twenty-two months.

RR Vol. 1, p. 25, l. 7-11. During the twenty-two months, Foster Mom testified

the parents provided “28 diapers and 52 wipes” each visit. RR Vol. 1, p. 25, l. 15-

20.

Thelma Taylor

       Ms. Taylor testified C.B. agreed to provide one hundred dollars a month for

child support. RR Vol. 1, p. 27, l. 10-16.

C.B.

       C.B. testified she is not in agreement to pay one hundred dollars a month

for child support. RR Vol. 1, p. 30, l. 15-18.15

MOTION TO MODIFY FINAL

       On September 15, 2015 and September 17, 2015, the following testified at

the proceeding: Officer Mott, Thelma Taylor, T.B.C., C.B., and Foster Mom.

                                               25

15
   The Court ordered the mother to pay $100 in child support to begin on June 15, 2015. The
Court further ordered the father to turn over his paycheck stub and to pay child support at the
statutory guideline rate to begin immediately. RR Vol. 1, p. 33, l. 13-19.
Officer Mott

        Officer Mott testified the assault charge on C.B. was dismissed. RR Vol. 2,

p. 20, l. 9-18. Officer Mott further testified he is concerned that the parents

continue to engage in a pattern of violent behavior. RR Vol. 2, p. 23, l. 4-9.16

Officer Mott also testified, at his most recent visit to the parent’s house, the house

was dirty and unkempt and it was cause for concern “if a child was there.” RR

Vol. 2, p. 23, l. 17-24. Officer Mott testified, since the machete incident, he has

not known of any acts of violence at the residence. RR Vol. 2, p. 24, l. 24-25 – p.

25, l. 1-6.

Thelma Taylor

        Ms. Taylor testified the Agency is seeking modification to terminate

parental rights. RR Vol. 2, p. 34, l. 13-16. Ms. Taylor testified, “The Agency

doesn’t believe that both parents have demonstrated that they’re able to co-parent

for the child.” RR Vol. 2, p. 34, l. 17-20. She further testified, “Both parents have

not completed the recommended services that was requested of them.” RR Vol. 2,

                                                26

16
  Officer Mott testified that this is due to the multiple disturbance calls and a separate incident
he responded to a few months before this proceeding. RR Vol. 2, p. 23, l. 4-9.
p. 34, l. 22-23.17 Ms. Taylor also testified the parents have failed to pay child

support. RR Vol. 2, p. 35, l. 15-20.

       Ms. Taylor testified it is in K.I.B.C.’s best interest for mother’s parental

rights to be terminated because K.I.B.C. “adores her foster parents,” has “bonded

with all the siblings,” is “happy,” and is “progressing.” RR Vol. 2, p. 39, l. 14-21.

       Ms. Taylor testified she visited C.B.’s home and the “home was tidy.” RR

Vol. 2, p. 45, l. 13-19. She further testified, “They had running water, and they

had working electricity.” RR Vol. 2, p. 45, l. 19-20. Ms. Taylor testified, in

regards to completing individual therapy, C.B. “was unsuccessfully discharged.”

RR Vol. 2, p. 46, l. 1-3.18 Ms. Taylor also testified the major concern with

parents’ behavior “is the domestic violence that continues to occur, and mom and

dad both not addressing their mental health issues.” RR Vol. 2, p 60, l. 24-25 – p.

61, l. 1-3.

       Ms. Taylor testified C.B. informed her “she was diagnosed with bipolar

when she was in high school.” RR Vol. 2, p. 65, l. 24-25 – p. 66, l. 1. Ms. Taylor

                                             27

17
   Ms. Taylor testified both parents have failed to complete a psychiatric assessment,
psychological assessment, domestic violence, and anger management. RR Vol. 2, p. 35, l. 10-
14.
18
   Ms. Taylor further testified C.B. was unsuccessfully discharged “because mom had been
made aware by the therapist multiple times that she needed to address her mental health
illnesses, and she did not.” RR Vol. 2, p. 58, l. 3-7.
further testified C.B. has stated she is not going to take medication for the mental

health concern. RR Vol. 2, p. 66, l. 2-4. Ms. Taylor also testified, that from the

time of the August trial until December, C.B. made no attempt to see K.I.B.C. RR

Vol. 2, p. 68, l. 2-4.19 Ms. Taylor testified C.B. never paid child support. RR Vol.

2, p. 69, l. 3-5.

T.B.C.

        T.B.C. testified he is currently married and living with C.B. RR Vol. 3, p.

30, l. 20-22. T.B.C. further testified he does not feel any type of danger living

with C.B. RR Vol. 3, p. 30, l. 23-25. He also testified that he plans to live

together and be together with C.B. to live as a family. RR Vol. 3, p. 31, l. 2-4.

        T.B.C. testified C.B. does not contribute any money to the household. RR

Vol. 3, p. 78, l. 21-23. He further testified C.B. does not get social security

disability. RR Vol. 3, p. 78, l. 24-25.

C.B.

        C.B. testified she is the mother of K.I.B.C. RR Vol. 3, p. 86, l. 19-20. C.B.

also testified she as diagnosed with “bipolar” in elementary and middle school.

                                                28

19
  She further testified, after the August trial, C.B. initiated visits in December. RR Vol. 1, p.
67, l. 23-25 – p. 68, l. 1.
RR Vol. 3, p. 86, l. 21-25. C.B. further testified she is not currently on

medication. RR Vol. 3, p. 87, l. 7-9. C.B. testified she saw a psychologist and a

psychiatrist about needing medication, but “they both told me I was fine.” RR

Vol. 3, p. 87, l. 10-16.

        C.B. testified, in regards to the machete incident, “I didn’t hack stuff up. I

accidentally hit the wall.” RR Vol. 3, p. 88, l. 17-20. She further testified that she

believes T.B.C. and her can safely remain in a relationship together. RR Vol. 3, p.

89, l. 3-5.

        C.B testified she completed her psychological. RR Vol. 3, p. 90, l. 14-17.

She also testified she completed her psychiatric evaluation. RR Vol. 3, p. 91, l. 2-

3. C.B. further testified she is almost finished with anger management, but has not

completed a domestic violence course. RR Vol. 3, p. 91, l. 8-10, 17-19. C.B.

testified she stays in contact with CPS and visits K.I.B.C. regularly. RR Vol. 3, p.

91, l. 20-24.20

        C.B. testified she was given a second opportunity at the August trial, but

did not do services to get her child back. RR Vol. 3, p. 96, l. 1-4. She further

testified she believes her and T.B.C. have a healthy relationship. RR Vol. 3, p. 96,

                                                29

20
  C.B. further testified, in regards to not visiting K.I.B.C. the last couple of months, “The foster
parents canceled out on us.” RR Vol. 3, p. 8-10.
l. 5-8. C.B. also testified she has not paid any child support. RR Vol. 3, p. 98, l.

10-12. C.B. testified she believes she should be given more time to complete

services. RR Vol. 3, p. 100, l. 4-7.

Motion for Directed Verdict

         Mr. Longworth moved for a directed verdict to have the case dismissed due

to the fact that DFPS had shown no material change in the parents’ circumstances.

RR Vol. 3, p. 104, l. 10-17. The Court denied the motion. RR Vol. 3, p. 104, l.

18-19.

Lisa McCartney

         Ms. McCartney testified she was hired as a special investigator and

appointed by the Court. RR Vol. 3, p. 105, l. 7-11. Ms. McCartney testified that

based on the services the parents were asked to do and their behavior, she doesn’t

believe the parents demonstrated an ability to appropriately parent. RR Vol. 3, p.

108, l. 8-12. She further testified, “They minimize and don’t seem to take much

responsibility for any of the actions that occurred, that placed their child in foster

care to begin with.” RR Vol. 3, p. 108, l. 13-18.

         Ms. McCartney testified that it would be “very detrimental” if K.I.B.C. was

removed from her current placement. RR Vol. 3, p. 110, l. 11-13. She further

                                          30
testified the foster parents are able to provide a safe and stable home for K.I.B.C.

RR Vol. 3, p. 110, l. 14-18. Ms. McCartney recommended, “The parental rights

be terminated and the CPS be awarded permanent managing conservatorship.”

RR Vol. 3, p. 110, l. 19-23.

      Ms. McCartney testified that she never talked to the parents’ therapist and

never viewed a visit between the child and parents. RR Vol. 3, p. 111, l. 10-21.

She also testified that she spoke with T.B.C. once for “probably an hour” and

visited K.I.B.C. once for “a few hours.” RR Vol. 3, p. 112, l. 3-11.

Closing Arguments:

      DFPS requested that mother’s parental rights be terminated for the child

under 161.001(1)(E), and (O). RR Vol. 3, p. 125, l. 7-17.

Court’s Findings

      The Court decided that the Agency met its burden by clear and convincing

evidence for the child. CR pp. 249.

Court’s Ruling:

      The court ruled that the mother’s parental rights were terminated for the

child pursuant to Texas Family Code Section 161.001(1)(E) and (O). RR Vol. 3,

p. 132, l. 3-6; CR pp. 249.

                                         31
                     ARGUMENTS AND AUTHORITIES

A.    Standard of Review

      A parent’s natural right to the “companionship, care, custody and

management” of his or her children is fundamental and of constitutional

dimension. Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758-59, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1397

(1982); see Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651 (1972); see Holick v. Smith, 685
S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985). It is an interest that is far more precious than any

property right. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 758-59. Because the termination of parental

rights involves fundamental constitutional rights, the burden of proof at trial in

parental termination cases is by clear and convincing evidence. Texas Family

Code Section 161.001; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex. 2002). Under

Section 161.001, a court may order the termination of the parent-child relationship

if the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that (1) one or more acts

enumerated in Section 161.001 (1) was committed and (2) termination is in the

best interest of the child. “Clear and convincing evidence” means the measure or

degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or

conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established. Texas Family

Code Section 101.007; J.F.C. 96 S.W.3d at 266.

                                          32
      Termination may not be based solely on the best interest of the child, but

both elements must be established. In the Interest of E.S.S., 131 S.W.2d 632

(Tex. App.-Fort Worth 2004, no pet.). In cases involving termination of parental

rights, there is a strong presumption that the best interest of the child is served by

keeping custody in the natural parents. In the Interest of K.C.M., 4 S.W.3d 392,

399 (Tex. App-Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet denied, overruled on other grounds;

In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17 (Tex. 2002).

      In determining legal sufficiency this Court must review all the evidence in

light most favorable to the finding “to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact

could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true.” J.F.C.,

96 S.W.3d at 266. To give proper deference to the fact finder’s conclusions, this

Court must assume that the fact finder resolved disputed facts in favor of its

finding if a reasonable fact finder could do so. Id. This Court must disregard all

evidence that a reasonable fact finder could have disbelieved or found to have

been incredible. Id. In conducting a legal sufficiency review in a parental

termination case this Court must consider all of the evidence, not only that which

favor the verdict. See City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 817 (Tex. 2005).

      In determining a factual sufficiency point, the higher burden of proof in

                                         33
termination cases also alters the appellate standard of review. In re C.H., 89
S.W.3d 17, 26 (Tex. 2002). “[A] finding that must be based on clear and

convincing evidence cannot be viewed on appeal the same as one that may be

sustained on a mere preponderance.” Id. In reviewing the factual sufficiency of

the evidence, this Court must consider and weigh all evidence, including that

favorable to the appellant as well as that favorable to the finding. In the Interest

of D.T., 34 S.W.3d 625, 631 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied).

B. Best Interest

      Although the best interest of the child is often infused with the statutory

grounds for termination under Texas Family Code Section 161.001(1), the best

interest determination must have a firm basis in facts standing apart from the

offending behavior. In re S.R.L., 243 S.W.3d 232, 235 (Tex. App. - Houston [14th

Dist.] 2007, no pet.).

      Texas law places a high evidentiary standard on the State in order to

overcome the presumption that children should remain with their parents. Yonko

v. Dept. of Family & Protective Servs., 196 S.W.3d 236 (Tex. App. -Houston [1st

Dist.] 2006).

      The determination of a child’s best interest does not require proof of any

                                        34
unique set of factors, nor does it limit the proof to any specific factors. See Holley

v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976). In reviewing the sufficiency of

the evidence to support a best-interest finding, courts may consider (1) the desires

of the child, (2) the present and future physical and emotional needs of the child,

(3) the present and future emotional and physical danger to the child, (4) the

parental abilities of the persons seeking custody in promoting the best interest of

the child, (5) the programs available to assist these individuals to promote the best

interest of the child, (6) the plans for the child by the individuals or agency

seeking custody, (7) the stability of the home or proposed placement, (8)

acts or omissions of the parent, which may indicate the existing parent-child

relationship is not appropriate, and (9) any excuse for the parent’s acts or

omissions. Id. at 371-72. Although there is a strong presumption that it is in the

child’s best interest to allow the natural parent to retain custody, when confronted

with evidence to the contrary, that presumption disappears. In re A.I.G., 135
S.W.3d 687, 692 (Tex. App. – San Antonio 2003, no pet.) Also, “abuse or neglect

of the child” necessarily includes the risks or threats of the environment in which

                                          35
the child is placed including the harm suffered or the danger faced by other

children under the parent’s care. In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d 239 (Tex. 2013).

Evidence proving one or more of the statutory grounds for termination may be

probative in determining that termination is in the best interest of the child. In re

A.A.A., 265 S.W.3d 507, 516 (Tex. App. – Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. denied).

C. Material and Substantial Change

      Texas Family Code §156.101 allows a court to modify a conservatorship

order if “the circumstances of a child, a conservator, or other party affected by the

order have materially and substantially changed since the earlier of the date of the

rendition of the order” and if “modification would be in the best interest of the

child.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §156.101(Vernon 2008).

      The party attempting to modify has the burden of proving “what conditions

existed at the time of the entry of the prior order as compared to the circumstances

existing at the time of the hearing on the motion to modify.” Zeifman v. Michels,

212 S.W.3d 582, 589 (Tex.App. – Austin 2006, pet. denied). Changes in

circumstances that were contemplated by the parties at the time the (prior) order

was rendered will not support modification because “an anticipated

                                          36
circumstance...cannot be evidence of a material and substantial change of

circumstances.” In re M.A.F., 12-08-00231-CV, at 6 (Tex.App. – Tyler 2010, no

pet.) [citing Hoffman v. Hoffman, 2003 WL 22669032, at 6]; Hoffman v. Hoffman,

03-03-00062-CV, (Tex.App. – Austin 2003).

                                       37
                          SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT

Issue Presented No. One: The evidence was legally and factually insufficient
to support the termination of Appellant’s parental rights under Texas
Family Code Section 161.001(1)(E)

A. Argument

       Appellant argues that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to

establish (E) termination grounds.

B. Authorities

       To “endanger” means “to expose to loss or injury; to jeopardize.” Tex.

Dep’t of Human Services v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531 (Tex. 1987). To prove

termination (E) grounds, the Agency must prove that the Appellant “engaged in

conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged in conduct

which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the child.” Tex. Fam.

Code Ann. § 161.001(1)(E) (Vernon Supp. 2002). The relevant inquiry is whether

evidence exists that the endangerment of the child’s physical well-being was the

direct result of the parent’s conduct, including acts, omissions, or failures to act.

In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d 117, 125 (Tex. App. 2003). Additionally, termination

under subsection (E) must be based on more than a single act or omission; a

voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of conduct by the parent is required.

                                          38
J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d at 125; see also Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §161.001(1)(E)

(Vernon Supp. 2002). The parent’s conduct does not need to be directed at the

child and the child does not need to suffer physical injury. J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d at

125. To determine whether a parent has endangered a child, under subsection (E),

and whether termination is necessary, courts look to the parents conduct before

and after the child’s birth. J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d at 125; In re D.M., 58 S.W.3d 801,

812 (Tex. App. –Fort Worth 2001, no pet.).

C. Analysis

       Appellant’s conduct never placed K.I.B.C. in danger. In regards to the

“machete incident,” where DFPS claimed Appellant attacked her husband with a

machete, the case was dismissed. Ms. Taylor testified there were no criminal

charges filed out of the initial incident. RR Vol. 1, p. 17, l. 1-3. Instead, Appellant

made substantial steps in bettering herself as a mother to K.I.B.C. Ms. Sessions

testified, “I feel strongly that they should be given another opportunity. Because

within the time that I worked with them, I could tell that they sincerely wanted

their child back and that they were trying, during the period that I did provide

services.” RR Vol. 1, p. 49, l. 23-25 – p. 50, l. 1-2.

      Most importantly, DFPS never provided evidence to prove that there had

                                          39
been a material and substantial change since the rendition of the order. DFPS

attempted to provide testimony from three different officers of the Harris County

Sheriff’s Office, but none of them provided any evidence that showed there had

been a material and substantial change to the original order. The officers’

testimonies provided the Court with zero substance and only wasted the time of

the officers from serving their respective communities.

      Therefore, from the beginning of this case, DFPS has struggled to provide

any evidence to terminate the rights of this mother. Due to this, DFPS’s evidence

is legally and factually insufficient to establish (E) termination grounds.

                                         40
Issue Presented No. Three: The evidence was legally and factually
insufficient to support the termination of Appellant’s parental rights under
Texas Family Code Section 161.001(1)(O)

A. Argument

      Appellant argues that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to

establish (O) termination grounds.

B. Authorities

      The Department must prove that the Appellant “failed to comply with the

provisions of a court order that specifically established the actions necessary for

the parent to obtain the return of the child who has been in the permanent or

temporary managing conservatorship of the Department of Family and Protective

Services for not less than nine months as a result of the child’s removal from the

parent under Chapter 262 for the abuse or neglect of the child.” Tex. Fam. Code

Ann. § 161.001(1)(O) (Vernon Supp. 2002).

C. Analysis

      Appellant substantially complied with the family service plan. Appellant

testified she completed her psychological, a psychiatric evaluation, and is almost

finished with anger management. RR Vol. 3, p. 90, l. 14-17; RR Vol. 3, p. 91, l.

                                         41
2-3; RR Vol. 3, p. 91, l. 8-10, 17-19. Appellant also testified she stays in contact

with CPS and visits K.I.B.C. regularly. RR Vol. 3, p. 91, l. 20-24. Furthermore,

Ms. Taylor testified C.B. has provided some “financial support” for the caregivers

of K.I.B.C. RR Vol. 1, p. 7, l. 18-24.

      Appellant’s substantial compliance with the family service plan, proves that

DFPS does not have sufficient evidence to establish (O) termination grounds.

Therefore, the Department did not prove that Appellant failed to comply with the

family service plan.

                                         42
Issue Presented No. Two: The evidence was legally and factually insufficient
to support the termination of Appellant’s parental rights under Texas
Family Code Section 161.001(2)

A. Argument

       Appellant argues that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to

support the trial court’s finding that it was in her children’s best interest for her

parental rights to K.I.B.C. to be terminated.

B. Authorities

       A parent’s natural right to the “companionship, care, custody and

management” of his or her children is fundamental and of constitutional

dimension. Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758-59, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1397

(1982); see Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651 (1972); see Holick v. Smith, 685
S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985). It is an interest that is far more precious than any

property right. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 758-59. The determination of a child’s best

interest does not require proof of any unique set of factors, nor does it limit the

proof to any specific factors. See Holley v. Adams, 544 s.w.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex.

1976). Although there is a strong presumption that it is in the child’s best interest

to allow the natural parent to retain custody, when confronted with evidence to the

contrary, that presumption disappears. In re A.I.G., 135 S.W.3d 687, 692

                                           43
(Tex.App. – San Antonio 2003, no pet.) Evidence proving one or more of the

statutory grounds for termination may be probative in determining that

termination is in the best interest of the child. In re A.A.A., 265 S.W.3d 507, 516

(Tex.App. – Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. denied).

C. Analysis

      The evidence is clearly insufficient to prove that the termination of the

Appellant’s parental rights be in the best interest of K.I.B.C. The Department

failed to prove that Appellant was abusive or neglectful in any way to her

daughter. They also failed to prove that there was a material and substantial

change to the previous order. Appellant was never provided an opportunity to be a

natural parent of K.I.B.C. due to the fact the child was removed from Appellant

early on in K.I.B.C.’s life. Also, Appellant has proven that they can provide a safe

and stable environment for K.I.B.C. Ms. Taylor testified she visited Appellant’s

home and the “home was tidy.” RR Vol. 2, p. 45, l. 13-19. She further testified,

“They had running water, and they had working electricity.” RR Vol. 2, p. 45, l.

19-20. Therefore, the Department failed in this case to provide the Court with

sufficient evidence to support the determination that termination of Appellant’s

parental rights would be in K.I.B.C.’s best interest.

                                         44
                        CONCLUSION AND PRAYER

      Appellant prays that this Honorable Court of Appeals reverse the judgment

terminating her parental rights to K.I.B.C. and remand this case to the trial court

for the sole purpose of conducting an evidentiary hearing on the issue of

conservatorship.

      Appellant prays for general relief.

                                  Respectfully submitted,

                                  /s/ Donald M. Crane
                                  Donald M. Crane
                                  TBA 05005900
                                  Attorney at Law
                                  810 South Mason Road, #350
                                  Katy, Texas 77450
                                  Telephone: (281) 392-6611
                                  Facsimile: (281) 392-5383
                                  donmcrane@gmail.com

                                  ATTORNEY ON APPEAL FOR
                                  C.B.

                                         45
                       CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

I hereby certify that the word count of this document is 8,244 words.

                                       /s/ Donald M. Crane
                                       Donald M. Crane

                                        46
                       CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I hereby certify that on December 28, 2015, that a true and correct copy of the
foregoing Original Appellant’s Brief, was served in accordance with the TRAP to
Ms. Sandra Hachem, Sr. Assistant Harris County Attorney, counsel for DFPS by
electronically delivery through Prodoc efiling and E-mail, and on Gary Polland,
Attorney Ad litem, through hand-delivery or fax, on Michelle E. Bush, Attorney
Ad litem, through hand-delivery or fax, on Daryl Longworth, Attorney Ad litem,
through hand-delivery or fax, on Katie Flynn, Attorney Ad litem, through hand-
delivery or fax and Appellant through hand-delivery or First Class U. S. Post.

      Sandra D. Hachem,
      Senior Assistant County Attorney
      Attorney for Appellee,
      Department of Family and Protective Services
      2525 Murworth, Suite 300
      Houston, Texas 77054
      Sandra.Hachem@cao.hctx.net
      Fax: (713) 578-3995

      Gary Polland
      Attorney Ad litem
      2211 Norfolk, Ste. 920
      Houston, Texas 77098
      Fax: (713) 622-6334

      Michelle E. Bush
      Attorney Ad litem
      14027 Memorial Dr., Ste. 105
      Houston, TX 77079
      Fax: (713) 513-5451

                                      47
Daryl Longworth
Attorney Ad litem
1385 FM 359, Ste. 308
Richmond, TX 77406
Fax: (832) 363-1230

Katie Flynn
Attorney for the Intervenor(s)
17077 Texas Avenue, #58745
Webster, TX 77598
Fax: (281) 519-1845

C.B.
Appellant
200 Hollow Tree Lane
Houston, Texas 77090

                                 /s/ Donald M. Crane
                                 Donald M. Crane

                                 48
City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802 (Tex. 2005)

Page 802

                                          168 S.W.3d 802 (Tex. 2005)
                                        The CITY OF KELLER, Petitioner,
                                                      v.
                                      John W. WILSON, Grace S. Wilson,
                              Johnny L. Wilson and Nancy A. Wilson, Respondents.
                                                 No. 02-1012.
                                            Supreme Court of Texas
                                                June 10, 2005

      Argued Oct. 19, 2004.

      Rehearing Denied Sept. 2, 2005.

      On Petition for Review from the Court of Appeals for the Second District of Texas.

                                                       Page 803

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      Dabney D. Bassel, Larry Bracken, Law Snakard & Gambill, P.C., Fort Worth, Douglas H. Conner III, L. Stanton
Lowry, Boyle & Lowry, L.L.P., Irving, for petitioner.

      James B. Barlow, Barlow & Garsek, Fort Worth, Robert L. Russell Bush, Bush & Morrison, Arlington, David R.
Casey, Hurst, for respondents.

       Jay Doegey, Assistant City Attorney for the City of Corpus Christi, Texas, Corpus Christi, Theodore P. Gorski Jr.,
Office of the City Attorney for City of Fort Worth, Mark G. Daniel, Evans Gandy Daniel & Moore, Fritz Quast, Taylor
Olson Adkins Sralla & Elam, LLP, Fort Worth, Monte Akers, Texas Municipal League, Austin, Michael A. Bucek, Senior
Assistant City Attorney, Irving, Robert F. Brown, Brown & Hofmeister, L.L.P., Richardson, Bruce S. Powers, Assistant
County Attorney, Michael A. Stafford, Harris County Attorney, Houston, for Amicus Curiae.

       BRISTER, Justice & JEFFERSON, Chief Justice, HECHT, WAINWRIGHT, and GREEN, Justice joined, and in which
Justice O'NEILL and Justice MEDINA joined as to Parts I through IV.

      OPINION

      BRISTER, Justice.

      Must an appellate court reviewing a verdict for legal sufficiency start by considering all the evidence or only
part? Over the years, we have stated both as the proper scope of review. While some see the standards as opposing,
we disagree; like a glass that is half-full or half-empty, both arrive at the same point regardless of where they start.

       But both standards must be properly applied. Rules and reason sometimes compel that evidence must be
credited or discarded whether it supports a verdict or contradicts it. Under either scope of review, appellate courts
must view the evidence in the light favorable to the verdict, crediting favorable evidence if reasonable jurors could,
and disregarding contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could not. As we find the evidence here meets neither
standard, we reverse.

      I. Factual and Procedural History

      The City of Keller is one of several fast-growing communities on the outskirts of

                                                       Page 808

Fort Worth.[1]As part of that growth, the City approved plans for two new subdivisions, Estates of Oak Run and
Rancho Serena, including plans for storm water drainage.

      The Wilsons own property southeast of the new subdivisions, with a tract owned by Z.T. Sebastian lying
between. Before development, surface water flowed generally north to south from the land where the subdivisions
were built, across the Sebastian and Wilson properties, and into the Little Bear Creek Watershed.

      In 1991, the City adopted a Master Drainage Plan providing for drainage easements across both the Sebastian
and Wilson properties, and thence into Little Bear Creek. The City's codes require developers to comply with the
Master Plan, to provide drainage for a 100-year rain event, and to avoid increasing the volume or velocity of water
discharged upon downhill properties.

      The developers of Oak Run and Rancho Serena submitted plans to the City indicating they would buy a
drainage easement and build a ditch forty-five feet wide and more than two hundred yards long across the Sebastian
property, and deed both to the City upon completion.[2]The plans also included detention basins on the subdivision
properties, but omitted any drainage easement or ditch across the Wilsons' property. The City's director of public
works approved the developers' plans, and the City accepted the works on completion.

       In accordance with the Master Plan, the City built a box culvert south of the Wilsons' property. But as the
developers' drainage ditch ended at the Wilsons' north property line, there was no link between the two. The Wilsons
alleged and the jury found this omission increased flooding on the Wilsons' property, ruining eight acres of farmland
the jury valued at almost $300,000.

       To recover damages for inverse condemnation, the Wilsons had to prove the City intentionally took or
damaged their property for public use, or was substantially certain that would be the result.[3]They do not allege the
City intentionally flooded their land, but do allege it approved revised plans that it knew were substantially certain to
have that effect.
      The City contends no evidence supports the jury's finding of an intentional taking. It presented evidence that
engineers for the developers, for the City, and for an outside firm the City retained all certified that the revised
drainage plan complied with the City's codes and regulations— including the ban against increasing downstream
runoff. Thus, the City asserts it had no reason to be substantially certain the opposite would occur, until it did.

      A divided court of appeals rejected this contention.[4]In its legal sufficiency review, the court refused to
consider the various engineers' certifications because "we are to consider only the evidence and inferences that tend
to support the finding and disregard all evidence and inferences to the contrary."[5]The City challenges

                                                        Page 809

this omission as applying the wrong scope of review.

       We have on many occasions stated the scope of review precisely as the court of appeals says (the "exclusive"
standard).[6]But we have also stated that a reviewing court must consider "all of the evidence" in the light favorable
to the verdict (the "inclusive" standard).[7]Sometimes we have mentioned neither reviewing all evidence nor
disregarding some part of it.[8]Finally, we have sometimes expressly mentioned both.[9]

    Although this Court has used both the exclusive and the inclusive standards interchangeably over the years,
commentators say the two are different.[10]Because this

                                                        Page 810

important issue is dispositive here, we address it in some detail, and reserve for another day the City's arguments
that a governmental entity cannot be liable for approving a developer's plans, or accepting rather than constructing
the works at issue.

      II. Contrary Evidence That Cannot Be Disregarded

       The question presented here is not a new one. More than 40 years ago, then Justice Calvert[11]addressed the
standards for reviewing legal and factual sufficiency in the most-cited law review article in Texas legal
history.[12]Frustrated that despite this Court's efforts to explain those standards "a growing number of recent
decisions indicate a continuing misunderstanding," [13]the author summarized and attempted to clarify Texas law up
to 1960.[14]The article's impact remains substantial today, having been cited more than 100 times by Texas courts in
the last five years.

      According to the article:

"No evidence" points must, and may only, be sustained when the record discloses one of the following situations: (a)
a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact; (b) the court is barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving
weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (c) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than
a mere scintilla; (d) the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of the vital fact.[15]

We have quoted a similar formulation on many occasions.[16]

      Notably, Justice Calvert then proceeded to put the question before us in the proper context:

It is in deciding "no evidence" points in situation (c) that the courts follow the further rule of viewing the evidence in
its most favorable light in support of the finding of the vital fact, considering only the evidence and the inferences
which support the finding and rejecting the evidence and the inferences which are contrary to the finding.[17]
      Clearly, the traditional rule in Texas has never been that appellate courts must reject contrary evidence in
every no-evidence review. Instead, the traditional scope of review does not disregard contrary evidence if there is no
favorable evidence

                                                        Page 811

(situation (a) above), or if contrary evidence renders supporting evidence incompetent (situation (b) above) or
conclusively establishes the opposite (situation (d) above).

       As the following examples show, this has remained the rule since. We do not presume to categorize all
circumstances in which contrary evidence must be considered in a legal sufficiency review. Evidence can be
disregarded whenever reasonable jurors could do so,[18]an inquiry that is necessarily fact-specific. But it is important
that when courts use the exclusive standard and disregard contrary evidence, they must recognize certain exceptions
to it.

      A. Contextual Evidence

      In Justice Calvert's first situation—a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact—it is generally irrelevant
whether a reviewing court considers contrary evidence.[19]If supporting evidence is absent, opposing evidence cannot
change that result. But in a number of cases, the lack of supporting evidence may not appear until all the evidence is
reviewed in context.

       For example, publications alleged to be defamatory must be viewed as a whole—including accompanying
statements, headlines, pictures, and the general tenor and reputation of the source itself.[20]A court reviewing legal
sufficiency cannot disregard parts of a publication, considering only false statements to support a plaintiff's verdict or
only true ones to support a defense verdict.[21]

      Similarly, reviewing courts must construe contracts as a whole; we do not consider only the parts favoring one
party and disregard the remainder, as that would render the latter meaningless.[22]Even writings executed at different
times must be considered together if they pertain to the same transaction.[23]

        It is not just writings that reviewing courts must consider in context. For example, in reviewing intentional
infliction of emotional distress claims for legal sufficiency, "we consider the context and the relationship between the
parties."[24]Acts that might constitute outrageous conduct when dealing with a hearing-impaired consumer[25]may be
legally insufficient between

                                                        Page 812

business parties.[26]In our no-evidence reviews of successful claims, we have invariably reviewed not just evidence
showing the conduct was outrageous, but also evidence showing that, in context, it was not.[27]

      More generally, evidence cannot be taken out of context in a way that makes it seem to support a verdict
when in fact it never did.[28]If a witness's statement "I did not do that" is contrary to the jury's verdict, a reviewing
court may need to disregard the whole statement, but cannot rewrite it by disregarding the middle word alone.

       Thus, if evidence may be legally sufficient in one context but insufficient in another, the context cannot be
disregarded even if that means rendering judgment contrary to the jury's verdict. Either "evidence contrary to the
verdict" must be defined to exclude material contextual evidence, or it must be an exception to the general rule.

      B. Competency Evidence

      It has long been the rule in Texas that incompetent evidence is legally insufficient to support a judgment, even
if admitted without objection.[29]Thus, evidence showing it to be incompetent cannot be disregarded, even if the
result is contrary to the verdict. If the rule were otherwise, incompetent evidence would always be legally sufficient,
because the evidence showing it to be incompetent could never be considered.

      Thus, for example, if an eyewitness's location renders a clear view of an accident "physically impossible," it is
no evidence of what occurred, even if the eyewitness thinks otherwise.[30]Similarly, an employee's testimony that he
was in the course and scope of his employment is legally insufficient to support a verdict against his employer if the
evidence shows that legal conclusion to be incompetent.[31]

     This exception frequently applies to expert testimony. When expert testimony is required, lay evidence
supporting liability is legally insufficient.[32]In

                                                        Page 813

such cases, a no-evidence review cannot disregard contrary evidence showing the witness was unqualified to give an
opinion.[33]And if an expert's opinion is based on certain assumptions about the facts, we cannot disregard evidence
showing those assumptions were unfounded.[34]

      After we adopted gate-keeping standards for expert testimony,[35]evidence that failed to meet reliability
standards was rendered not only inadmissible but incompetent as well.[36]Thus, an appellate court conducting a no-
evidence review cannot consider only an expert's bare opinion, but must also consider contrary evidence showing it
has no scientific basis.[37]Similarly, review of an expert's damage estimates cannot disregard the expert's admission
on cross-examination that none can be verified.[38]

      Thus, evidence that might be "some evidence" when considered in isolation is nevertheless rendered "no
evidence" when contrary evidence shows it to be incompetent. Again, such evidence cannot be disregarded; it must
be an exception either to the exclusive standard of review or to the definition of contrary evidence.

      C. Circumstantial Equal Evidence

       As noted above, Justice Calvert believed the exclusive standard applied only when a no-evidence challenge
asserted the evidence was no more than a scintilla.[39]But he went on to note a "variation" that required contrary
inferences to be considered when the equal-inference rule applied.[40]

        In claims or defenses supported only by meager circumstantial evidence, the evidence does not rise above a
scintilla (and thus is legally insufficient) if jurors would have to guess whether a vital fact exists.[41]"When the
circumstances are equally consistent with either of two facts, neither fact may be inferred."[42]In such cases, we must
"view each piece of circumstantial

                                                        Page 814

evidence, not in isolation, but in light of all the known circumstances."[43]

       Justice Calvert argued there was "no necessity for the variation" because drawing an inference based on
meager evidence was unreasonable whether or not the reviewing court considered the opposing
inferences.[44]Nevertheless, he recognized that "[t]he opposing inference is present and it does no harm to note its
presence." [45]

       In subsequent cases this Court has continued to note rather than disregard the presence of equal but opposite
inferences, often because lower courts have overlooked them. Thus, for example, one might infer from cart tracks in
spilled macaroni salad that it had been on the floor a long time, but one might also infer the opposite—that a sloppy
shopper recently did both.[46]Similarly, when injury or death occurs without eyewitnesses and only meager
circumstantial evidence suggests what happened, we cannot disregard other meager evidence of equally likely
causes.[47]
      Thus, when the circumstantial evidence of a vital fact is meager, a reviewing court must consider not just
favorable but all the circumstantial evidence, and competing inferences as well.

      D. Conclusive Evidence

       Next, Justice Calvert noted that Texas courts conducting a no-evidence review traditionally do not disregard
contrary evidence that conclusively establishes the opposite of a vital fact.[48]He argued that this is to some extent
not a "true" no-evidence claim, as proponents may have to show not only that no evidence supports the verdict but
that the opposite was proved as a matter of law.[49]There are several types of conclusive evidence. First, an appellate
court conducting a legal sufficiency review cannot "disregard undisputed evidence that allows of only one logical
inference."[50]By definition, such evidence can be viewed in only one light, and reasonable jurors can reach only one
conclusion from it. Jurors are not free to reach a verdict contrary to such evidence; [51]indeed, uncontroverted issues

                                                        Page 815

need not be submitted to a jury at all.[52]

      Reviewing legal sufficiency in such cases encompasses a general no-evidence review, because if some
evidence supports the verdict then the contrary evidence was not "undisputed." But the review does not stop there;
the evidence must also have only one logical inference. Undisputed evidence that reasonable jurors could disbelieve
has two: (1) it is true, or (2) it is not.

      Most often, undisputed contrary evidence becomes conclusive (and thus cannot be disregarded) when it
concerns physical facts that cannot be denied. Thus, no evidence supports an impaired-access claim if it is
undisputed that access remains along 90 percent of a tract's frontage.[53]Evidence that a buyer believed a product
had been repaired is conclusively negated by an accompanying letter to the contrary.[54]And an insured's liability has
not been determined by an "actual trial" if the insured did not appear, present evidence, or challenge anything
presented by his opponent.[55]

         Undisputed contrary evidence may also become conclusive when a party admits it is true. Thus, a claimant's
admission that he was aware of a dangerous premises condition is conclusive evidence he needed no warning about
it.[56]Similarly, an ex-employee's admission that she obtained other employment may prove conclusively that she did
not detrimentally rely on a defendant's promise to re-hire her.[57]And jurors may not find that an indictment was
based on a defendant's misleading report when the district attorney admits it was his own mistake.[58]

      It is impossible to define precisely when undisputed evidence becomes conclusive. For example, an injured
employee's return to work may prove conclusively that an injury was not total,[59]or it may not.[60]Circumstances in
which a body is found may conclusively establish suicide,[61]or allow

                                                        Page 816

jurors to infer otherwise.[62]Evidence is conclusive only if reasonable people could not differ in their conclusions,[63]a
matter that depends on the facts of each case.

      There is another category of conclusive evidence, in which the evidence is disputed. Undisputed evidence and
conclusive evidence are not the same—undisputed evidence may or may not be conclusive, and conclusive evidence
may or may not be undisputed.

       Thus, for example, in Murdock v. Murdock, we found no evidence to support a verdict establishing the
defendant's paternity when blood tests conclusively proved he was not the child's father.[64]The evidence was directly
disputed—the child's mother testified she had conjugal relations with no one else during the relevant
time.[65]Nevertheless, we held there was no evidence to support the paternity verdict because of conclusive evidence
to the contrary.[66]
        Similarly, in Texas & New Orleans Railroad Co. v. Compton, we found no evidence that a railroad's negligence
caused an automobile to slam into the sixtieth car of a slow-moving train.[67]Again, the evidence was hotly disputed—
while railroad witnesses testified that warning signs were in place at the crossing, the car's driver and a passenger
testified they saw nothing, and would have been able to stop if they had.[68]Nevertheless, we held there was no
evidence to support the claim because, if the driver could not see the side of a train before he hit it, he could not
have seen a crossing sign either.[69]

       Of course, there are few instances in which disputed evidence is conclusive, and many instances in which
undisputed evidence is not. As our sister court has noted, testimony by a paid informant is legally sufficient to
support a conviction, even if "[t]wenty nuns testify that the defendant was with them at the time, far from the scene
of the crime . . . [and] [t]wenty more nuns testify that they saw the informant commit the crime." [70]But a more
famous clerical hypothetical by Judge Learned Hand shows the opposite limit:

If, however, it were proved by twenty bishops that either party, when he used the words [in a contract], intended
something else than the usual meaning which the law imposes upon them, he would still be held.... [71]

While jurors may generally believe either sinners or saints, their discretion is limited when it is proved beyond
question that an "eyewitness" was actually far away in prison or totally blind on the day of the crime.

      Proper legal-sufficiency review prevents reviewing courts from substituting

                                                       Page 817

their opinions on credibility for those of the jurors, but proper review also prevents jurors from substituting their
opinions for undisputed truth. When evidence contrary to a verdict is conclusive, it cannot be disregarded.

      E. Clear-and-Convincing Evidence

       Since the time of Justice Calvert's article, new claims and burdens of proof have arisen that require additions
to the four types of no-evidence review Justice Calvert considered exhaustive. Beginning with the United States
Supreme Court's opinion in Jackson v. Virginia, appellate courts have recognized that, while "one slender bit of
evidence" may be all a reviewing court needs to affirm a verdict based on the preponderance of the evidence, a
higher burden of proof requires a higher standard of review.[72]As we recently stated, the standard for legal
sufficiency works in tandem with the standard of review—"whenever the standard of proof at trial is elevated, the
standard of appellate review must likewise be elevated." [73]If the rule were otherwise, legally sufficient evidence to
support a preponderance-of-the-evidence verdict would satisfy the higher burdens as well, thus rendering their
differences meaningless.[74]

      Accordingly, we have held that a legal sufficiency review must consider all the evidence (not just that favoring
the verdict) in reviewing cases of parental termination,[75]defamation,[76]and punitive damages.[77]In such cases,
again, evidence contrary to a verdict cannot be disregarded.

      F. Consciousness Evidence

      Further, we have had to particularize legal-sufficiency review in cases involving what a party knew or why it
took a certain course, as they are not amenable to review under the exclusive standard.

       Long before gross negligence had to meet a clear-and-convincing burden, we recognized in Burk Royalty Co. v.
Walls that no-evidence review of such findings had to include "all of the surrounding facts, circumstances, and
conditions, not just individual elements or facts."[78]As then Chief Justice Greenhill noted in concurring, speeding and
running a red light may not be legally sufficient evidence of gross negligence if one's wife and daughter are bleeding
to death in the back seat.[79]Reviewing courts assessing evidence of conscious indifference cannot disregard part of
what a party was conscious of.[80]
        For the same reasons, the exclusive standard of review has proven problematic in insurance bad-faith cases.
Liability in

                                                       Page 818

such cases requires proof that the insurer denied coverage after it became reasonably clear.[81]But that standard will
always be met if reviewing courts must disregard any evidence that coverage was unclear.[82]Subsequent cases show
that reviewing courts are in fact looking at all the evidence to determine whether coverage was reasonably clear.[83]

      This problem arises in other contexts as well. In discrimination cases, discharged employees will never have to
prove that the reason given for termination was a pretext if no-evidence review must disregard that
reason.[84]Government officials will never be entitled to immunity if we consider only evidence suggesting they should
have acted differently.[85]And limitations will never run under the discovery rule if reviewing courts must disregard all
evidence that claimants knew of their claims.[86]

        This is not to say a reviewing court may credit a losing party's explanations or excuses if jurors could disregard
them. For example, while an insurer's reliance on an expert report may foreclose bad faith recovery,[87]it will not do
so if the insurer had some reason to doubt the report.[88]But a reviewing court cannot review whether jurors could
reasonably disregard a losing party's explanations or excuses without considering what they were.

      III. Contrary Evidence That Must Be Disregarded

      As trials normally focus on issues that jurors could decide either way, reviewing

                                                       Page 819

courts must disregard evidence contrary to the verdict far more often than they must consider it. Just as no-evidence
review that starts by disregarding contrary evidence often must end up considering considerably more, no-evidence
review that begins by considering all the evidence must usually end up considering considerably less.

      Again, we do not presume to categorize all circumstances in which contrary evidence must be disregarded; a
few examples serve to demonstrate that even under the inclusive standard, viewing all the evidence in a light
favorable to the verdict often requires that much of it be disregarded.

      A. Credibility Evidence

      Jurors are the sole judges of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to give their testimony.[89]They
may choose to believe one witness and disbelieve another.[90]Reviewing courts cannot impose their own opinions to
the contrary.[91]

      Most credibility questions are implicit rather than explicit in a jury's verdict. Thus, reviewing courts must
assume jurors decided all of them in favor of the verdict if reasonable human beings could do so. Courts reviewing all
the evidence in a light favorable to the verdict thus assume that jurors credited testimony favorable to the verdict
and disbelieved testimony contrary to it.[92]

      For example, viewing the evidence in the light favorable to the verdict means that if both parties in a traffic
accident testify they had the green light, an appellate court must presume the prevailing party did and the losing
party did not. If the parties to an oral contract testify to conflicting terms, a reviewing court must presume the terms
were those asserted by the winner. When all the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the jury verdict,
some of it must be completely discounted. Though not disregarded at the outset, the end result is the same.

       This has always been our practice in cases using the inclusive scope of review. Thus, we have concluded that a
bailee sold cotton without the bailor's consent, despite the former's denials, because the jury verdict favored the
latter.[93]And we have affirmed a gross negligence verdict based on testimony that the defendant's speed was 80
miles per hour, without mentioning his own testimony to a speed half that.[94]

      Nor is it necessary to have testimony from both parties before jurors

                                                       Page 820

may disbelieve either. Jurors may disregard even uncontradicted and unimpeached testimony from disinterested
witnesses.[95]Thus, an architect's uncontradicted testimony that he relied on a 20-year warranty was not binding on
jurors when the bid specifications he prepared included only much shorter warranties.[96]Nor was an insured's
uncontradicted testimony about lost furnishings binding on jurors when the fire scene contained several indications of
arson but few of burnt furniture.[97]Even uncontroverted expert testimony does not bind jurors unless the subject
matter is one for experts alone.[98]

      Of course, "[t]he jury's decisions regarding credibility must be reasonable." [99]Jurors cannot ignore undisputed
testimony that is clear, positive, direct, otherwise credible, free from contradictions and inconsistencies, and could
have been readily controverted.[100]And as noted above, they are not free to believe testimony that is conclusively
negated by undisputed facts. But whenever reasonable jurors could decide what testimony to discard, a reviewing
court must assume they did so in favor of their verdict, and disregard it in the course of legal sufficiency review.

      B. Conflicting Evidence

       It is the province of the jury to resolve conflicts in the evidence.[101]Accordingly, courts reviewing all the
evidence in a light favorable to the verdict must assume that jurors resolved all conflicts in accordance with that
verdict.[102]

      Again, this has always been the case even in those cases using the inclusive scope of review. For example, in
such cases we have sometimes detailed only the evidence that supported a jury's fraud finding.[103]We have affirmed
a bad-faith verdict for legal sufficiency despite "significant evidence" that the insurer acted in

                                                       Page 821

good faith.[104]We have found some evidence of lost profits, even though income tax returns showed the
contrary.[105]And we have affirmed a jury's negligence finding despite a defendant's evidence asserting it could not
have prevented the accident.[106]

       In none of these cases did we state that the scope of review required us to disregard evidence contrary to the
verdict; instead, we started by considering the entire record in each. But in each case we either discounted or never
mentioned conflicting evidence contrary to the verdict because viewing the evidence in the light favorable to the
verdict required us to do so.

       Of course, it is not always clear whether evidence is conflicting. Evidence is not conflicting just because the
parties cannot agree to it. For example, evidence that a hospital controlled a doctor's rotation and patient
assignments raises no material conflict with evidence that a different entity controlled the details of medical
treatment, as only the latter is material in a malpractice case.[107]Similarly, evidence showing the terms of one loan
does not conflict with undisputed evidence that the parties never reached an agreement regarding the terms of
another.[108]

       But in every circumstance in which reasonable jurors could resolve conflicting evidence either way, reviewing
courts must presume they did so in favor of the prevailing party, and disregard the conflicting evidence in their legal
sufficiency review.

      C. Conflicting Inferences
        Even if evidence is undisputed, it is the province of the jury to draw from it whatever inferences they wish, so
long as more than one is possible and the jury must not simply guess. Thus, in product liability cases jurors may find
evidence of a defect from subsequent modifications, even if there were plenty of other reasons for the
changes.[109]Even if a defendant admits approaching an intersection from the wrong way on a one-way street, jurors
may infer the plaintiff failed to keep a proper lookout, as that is one possible inference from the accident
itself.[110]Similarly, jurors may infer that relatives tore down posters of a missing child to assist the child's father, even
though another inference was that the signs simply embarrassed them.[111]

       Accordingly, courts reviewing all the evidence in a light favorable to the verdict must assume jurors made all
inferences in favor of their verdict if reasonable minds could, and disregard all other inferences in their legal
sufficiency review.

      IV. Reconciling the Standards

      Having noted the dual lines of authority stating the scope of no-evidence review, and the proper application
and exceptions to each, we turn to the question of which one is correct. For the reasons

                                                         Page 822

discussed below, we believe the answer is both.

      A. Goals: The Standards Must Be The Same

       Whether a court begins by reviewing all the evidence or disregarding part in a legal-sufficiency review, there
can be no disagreement about where that review should end. If the evidence at trial would enable reasonable and
fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions, then jurors must be allowed to do so.[112]A reviewing court cannot
substitute its judgment for that of the trier-of-fact, so long as the evidence falls within this zone of reasonable
disagreement.[113]

       Similarly, there is no disagreement about how a reviewing court should view evidence in the process of that
review. Whether a reviewing court starts with all or only part of the record, the court must consider evidence in the
light most favorable to the verdict, and indulge every reasonable inference that would support it.[114]But if the
evidence allows of only one inference, neither jurors nor the reviewing court may disregard it.[115]

      Given these premises, it is no coincidence that the two standards should reach the same result—indeed they
must. Any scope of appellate review smaller than what reasonable jurors could believe will reverse some verdicts that
are perfectly reasonable; any scope of review larger than what reasonable jurors could believe will affirm some
verdicts that are not.

      Further, the two must coincide if this Court is to perform its constitutional duties. Although factual sufficiency
has been the sole domain of the intermediate appellate courts in Texas since 1891, our jurisdiction has always
included legal sufficiency, as that is a question of law, not of fact.[116]Construing either standard to require us to do
less would be just as unconstitutional as construing either to allow us to do more.

      This is not to say judges and lawyers will always agree whether evidence is

                                                         Page 823

legally sufficient. As discussed more fully below, reasonable people may disagree about what reasonable jurors could
or must believe. But once those boundaries are settled, any standard of review must coincide with those
boundaries—affirming jury verdicts based on evidence within them and reversing jury verdicts based on evidence
that is not. Any standard that does otherwise is improperly applied.
      B. Other Motions: The Standards Must Be The Same

       Just as the scope of no-evidence review must coincide with its goals, the scope of review should not depend
upon the motion in which it is asserted. Judgment without or against a jury verdict is proper at any course of the
proceedings only when the law does not allow reasonable jurors to decide otherwise. Accordingly, the test for legal
sufficiency should be the same for summary judgments, directed verdicts, judgments notwithstanding the verdict,
and appellate no-evidence review.

       Our statements of the standard for reviewing a directed verdict present the same mixed bag found with
general no-evidence review. We have most often used the exclusive standard, stating that courts reviewing directed
verdicts must consider only evidence supporting the non-movant's case and disregard all contrary evidence.[117]But
we have also stated that reviewing courts should use the inclusive standard, considering all the evidence in a light
contrary to the directed verdict.[118]And we have sometimes stated both, requiring reviewing courts to consider all the
evidence in a light contrary to the directed verdict and then to disregard all conflicting evidence that supports it.[119]

      By contrast, cases concerning judgments non obstante verdicto most often utilize the inclusive scope of
review. Beginning with the 1931 amendment authorizing trial judges to grant them,[120]we have generally reviewed
such orders by considering all the evidence in a light favorable to the

                                                        Page 824

verdict that was set aside.[121]In later years we have sometimes adopted the exclusive standard,[122]but our opinions
doing so usually cite to general no-evidence cases in which no judgment n.o.v. was involved.[123]

      The one exception in which both standards do not expressly appear is in the scope of review for summary
judgments. Here, there is only one standard—a reviewing court must examine the entire record in the light most
favorable to the nonmovant, indulging every reasonable inference and resolving any doubts against the
motion.[124]Reviewing courts do not disregard the evidence supporting the motion;

                                                        Page 825

if they did, all summary judgments would be reversed.

      In practice, however, a different scope of review applies when a summary judgment motion is filed without
supporting evidence.[125]In such cases, evidence supporting the motion is effectively disregarded because there is
none; under the rule, it is not allowed. Thus, although a reviewing court must consider all the summary judgment
evidence on file, in some cases that review will effectively be restricted to the evidence contrary to the motion.

      The standards for taking any case from the jury should be the same, no matter what motion is used. If only
one standard were proper, we would not expect both to appear in cases reviewing directed verdicts, judgments
notwithstanding the verdict, and summary judgments. But both do.

      C. Federal Courts: The Standards Are The Same

       The federal courts have had a similar split of authority between the inclusive and exclusive standards for scope
of review. But no longer—the United States Supreme Court recently concluded in Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing
Products, Inc. that the two tests are the same.[126]

      Under Rule 50 of the federal rules of procedure, a court should render judgment as a matter of law when
"there is no legally sufficient evidentiary basis for a reasonable jury to find for that party on that issue." [127]In
deciding whether all or only part of the evidence should be considered, the Supreme Court stated:
The Courts of Appeals have articulated differing formulations as to what evidence a court is to consider in ruling on a
Rule 50 motion. Some decisions have stated that review is limited to that evidence favorable to the nonmoving party,
while most have held that review extends to the entire record, drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the
nonmovant.

       On closer examination, this conflict seems more semantic than real. Those decisions holding that review under
Rule 50 should be limited to evidence favorable to the nonmovant appear to have their genesis in Wilkerson v.
McCarthy [128]. In Wilkerson, we stated that "in passing upon whether there is sufficient evidence to submit an issue
to the jury we need look only to the evidence and reasonable inferences which tend to support the case of the
nonmoving party. [129]But subsequent decisions have clarified that this passage was referring to the evidence to
which the trial court should give credence, not the evidence that the court should review. In the analogous context of
summary judgment under Rule 56, we have stated that the court must review the record "taken as a whole." And the
standard for granting summary judgment "mirrors" the standard for judgment as a matter of law, such that "the
inquiry under each is the same." It therefore follows that, in entertaining a motion for judgment as a

                                                       Page 826

matter of law, the court should review all of the evidence in the record.[130]

       We address the Supreme Court's conclusion as to the most appropriate standard below; the relevant point
here is its conclusion that differences between the inclusive and exclusive standards are more semantic than real.

      D. Objections: The Standards Are Not The Same

       While we have used the two standards for the scope of review interchangeably for many years in many
different contexts, several arguments suggest they are not the same.

      First, the courts of appeals often use the two standards in illustrations of the difference between legal and
factual sufficiency, with the exclusive standard tied to the former and the inclusive standard to the latter:

When [reviewing] legal sufficiency, we consider only the evidence and inferences that tend to support the award of
damages and disregard all evidence and inferences to the contrary. . . . When we review factual sufficiency, we
consider and weigh all of the evidence and will set aside the verdict only if it is so against the great weight and
preponderance of the evidence that it is clearly wrong and unjust.[131]

       But there have always been exceptions to this distinction.[132]As demonstrated in Parts II and III above, it is
generally true that the result of legal-sufficiency review is to disregard contrary evidence, but there are exceptions
when a reviewing court cannot. It is not surprising that in drawing the general distinction between legal and factual
sufficiency, courts have not complicated that distinction by listing the several exceptions in which the scope of
review— though not the standard of review—may overlap.

       Second, it has been argued that the exclusive standard "is an important prophylactic" against invasion of the
jury's province, as appellate judges are less likely to consider contrary evidence when they should not if the exclusive
standard is used.[133]But if that is true, the opposite should also be the case—appellate courts are less likely to
consider contrary evidence when they must (as shown in Part II) if the exclusive standard is used. No matter which
standard is used, appellate courts must take care not to consider or disregard too little or too much.

                                                       Page 827

      Conversely, several factors appear to favor application of the inclusive standard. First, when we have said "we
must look only at that evidence which tends to support the judgment," [134]we could not have been speaking literally;
no glasses filter evidence, and judges cannot abandon such judgments to law clerks or litigants. It is often hard to
say whether evidence does or does not support a verdict—the same facts may support different conclusions,[135]or
may support one part of a verdict but not another.[136]Nor can evidence supporting a verdict be identified by which
party offered it—parties depend on admissions and cross-examination during their opponent's case, and minimize
damaging evidence by presenting it during their own. As a practical matter, a court cannot begin to say what
evidence supports a verdict without reviewing it all.

       Second, an appellate court that begins by disregarding one party's evidence may strike many citizens as
extending something less than justice for all. Concerns about open government and open courts suggest an appellate
process that considers all the evidence, though deferring to the jury's verdict. While there is some dispute whether
Lady Justice should wear a blindfold,[137]the metaphor was surely never intended to suggest that justice disregards
the facts.

       In sum, the exclusive standard is helpful in recognizing the distinctive roles of judge and jury, intermediate and
supreme court. By contrast, the inclusive standard is helpful in recognizing what courts actually do, and must be seen
to do. Both are important; we should avoid choosing between them if we can.

      E. Conclusion: The Standards Are The Same

       As both the inclusive and exclusive standards for the scope of legal-sufficiency review have a long history in
Texas, as both have been used in other contexts to review matter-of-law motions, as the federal courts have decided
the differences between the two are more semantic than real, and as both—properly applied—must arrive at the
same result, we see no compelling reason to choose among them.

      The key qualifier, of course, is "properly applied." The final test for legal sufficiency must always be whether
the evidence at trial would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to reach the verdict under review. Whether a
reviewing court begins by considering all the evidence or only the evidence supporting the verdict, legal-sufficiency
review in the proper light must credit favorable evidence if reasonable jurors could, and disregard contrary evidence
unless reasonable jurors could not.

      While judges and lawyers often disagree about legal sufficiency in particular cases,

                                                       Page 828

the disagreements are almost always about what evidence jurors can or must credit and what inferences they can or
must make. It is inevitable in human affairs that reasonable people sometimes disagree; thus, it is also inevitable
that they will sometimes disagree about what reasonable people can disagree about. This is not a new problem;
Justice Calvert noted it almost fifty years ago:

The rule as generally stated is that if reasonable minds cannot differ from the conclusion that the evidence lacks
probative force it will be held to be the legal equivalent of no evidence. The application of the rule can lead to
strange results. It is theoretically possible, and sometimes not far from actual fact, that five members of the Supreme
Court will conclude that the evidence supporting a finding of a vital fact has no probative force, and in reaching the
conclusion through application of the rule will thus hold, in effect, that the trial judge who overruled a motion for
instructed verdict, the twelve jurors who found the existence of the vital fact, the three justices of the Court of Civil
Appeals who overruled a "no evidence" point of error and four dissenting justices of the Supreme Court are not men
[138]
     of "reasonable minds." [139]

       It is not hubris that occasionally requires an appellate court to find a jury verdict has no reasonable evidentiary
basis. As Justice Frankfurter stated long ago:

Only an incompetent or a wilful judge would take a case from the jury when the issue should be left to the jury. But
since questions of negligence are questions of degree, often very nice differences of degree, judges of competence
and conscience have in the past, and will in the future, disagree whether proof in a case is sufficient to demand
submission to the jury. The fact that [one] thinks there was enough to leave the case to the jury does not indicate
that the other [is] unmindful of the jury's function. The easy but timid way out for a trial judge is to leave all cases
tried to a jury for jury determination, but in so doing he fails in his duty to take a case from the jury when the
evidence would not warrant a verdict by it. A timid judge, like a biased judge, is intrinsically a lawless judge.[140]

      V. Application to the Facts

      It remains to apply the scope of review to the facts presented.

       A majority of the court of appeals affirmed the verdict for the Wilsons, finding legally sufficient evidence that
the City knew increased flooding on the Wilsons' property was substantially certain to occur.[141]The majority pointed
to the following proof. First, the Wilsons' expert testified that the revised plan was certain to

                                                        Page 829

create flooding.[142]Second, as the City admittedly knew that development would increase runoff and the Sebastian
ditch would channel it toward the Wilsons, so it knew "with absolute certainty" that flooding would be the
result.[143]Third, the City "did not explain" why the Master Plan required a drainage ditch across the Wilsons' property
but the revised plan did not, thus allowing jurors to infer that the City knew this omission would cause flooding.[144]

      Of course, the City did explain why it approved the new plan—because three sets of engineers said the
omitted ditch was unnecessary—but the court felt compelled by the scope of review to disregard that evidence.

      For several of the reasons stated earlier, we believe the court of appeals did not properly apply the scope of
review. The critical question in this case was the City's state of mind—the Wilsons had to prove the City knew (not
should have known) that flooding was substantially certain. A reviewing court cannot evaluate what the City knew by
disregarding most of what it was told.

        Moreover, when a case involves scientific or technical issues requiring expert advice (as this one does), jurors
cannot disregard a party's reliance on experts hired for that very purpose without some evidence supplying a
reasonable basis for doing so.[145]Here, it was uncontroverted that three sets of engineers certified that the revised
plans met the City's codes and regulations—and thus would not increase downstream flooding. The same firm that
drew up the original Master Plan certified the revised one; unless the City had some reason to know the first
certification was true and the second one was false (of which there was no evidence), there was only one logical
inference jurors could draw.

       None of the evidence cited by the court of appeals showed the City knew more than it was told by the
engineers. The Wilsons' expert testified that flooding was (in his opinion) inevitable, but not that the City knew it was
inevitable. The Wilsons' expert gave no opinion on the latter point.

       Second, ending a ditch at a neighbor's property line may be evidence that a defendant was substantially
certain of the result in some cases, but not in the context of this one. City witnesses admitted knowing development
would increase runoff at the head of this drainage system, but not flooding at its foot. Calculating the effect of
detention ponds and absorption in a grassy drainage ditch forty-five feet wide and over two hundred yards long
required hydrological formulas, computer models, and mathematical calculations. The omission of the ditch across
the Wilsons' property obviously raised concerns that the City investigated, but was no evidence that the City knew
the advice it received in response was wrong.

       The Wilsons also point to a letter Sebastian's attorney wrote the City demanding indemnity in case the new
ditch flooded the Wilsons. But attorneys must protect a client from potential liability whether it is

                                                        Page 830
real or imagined—and justly so. In the letter, the attorney never purports to be an expert in hydrology, or cite the
opinions of anyone who was. This letter may have required the City to investigate, but again is no evidence it knew
the advice it received was wrong.[146]

        Our concurring colleagues believe reasonable jurors could nevertheless disregard what all the engineers
certified because the City had a financial incentive to believe them rather than pay the Wilsons. Of course,
defendants have a financial incentive to avoid paying damages in every case; if that incentive alone is some evidence
of liability, then plaintiffs create enough evidence to go to the jury every time they file suit.

       But more important, this ignores what the Wilsons had to prove—not that the City might have disbelieved the
engineers' reports, but that it did. This requires evidence of "objective indicia of intent" showing the City knew
identifiable harm was occurring or substantially certain to result.[147]Jurors' doubts about the engineers' reports or the
City's motives could not supply them with objective indicia that the City knew flooding would occur. Constitutional
concerns about the roles of judge and jury do not allow either to make such evidence up.

       We agree with the court of appeals that the Wilsons presented some evidence that the City damaged their
property, and that in drawing up and approving drainage plans it was acting for a public purpose. The missing piece
in the evidence here is proof that the City knew the plans it approved were substantially certain to increase flooding
on the Wilsons' properties. While the City certainly knew that fact after the flooding started, the Wilsons never
pleaded or submitted to the jury any takings theory other than the City's initial approval.

      Crediting all favorable evidence that reasonable jurors could believe and disregarding all contrary evidence
except that which they could not ignore, we hold there was no evidence the City's approval of the revised drainage
plan was an intentional taking.

      Accordingly, we reverse the court of appeals' judgment against the City under article I, section 17 of the Texas
Constitution. Because the court of appeals declined to address the jury's alternate verdict for the Wilsons on a claim
under the Texas Water Code, we remand the case to that court to determine that issue.

      Justice O'NEILL filed a concurring opinion in which Justice MEDINA joined.

      Justice JOHNSON did not participate in the decision.

      Justice O'NEILL, joined by Justice MEDINA, concurring.

       The Court does an excellent job of explaining the appropriate scope of no-evidence review: the reviewing court
"must view the evidence in the light favorable to the verdict, crediting favorable evidence if reasonable jurors could,
and disregarding contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could not." 168 S.W.3d at 807. I agree with this
standard and join Parts I through IV of the Court's opinion. But I cannot join Part V, because the Court misapplies
the standard that it so carefully

                                                       Page 831

articulates by crediting evidence the jury could reasonably disregard.

        The City of Keller's Master Drainage Plan required it in part to condemn a 2.8-acre drainage easement on the
Wilson property for construction of an earthen channel forty-five feet wide and five feet deep that would funnel
water from the adjoining Sebastian property over the Wilson property into the Little Bear Creek Watershed. The City
chose not to proceed with this portion of the plan, though, claiming reliance on engineers' assurances that the
developers' installation of retention ponds on neighboring land could prevent flooding. The drainage channel that was
actually built ended at the edge of the Sebastian property and funneled water directly onto the Wilsons' land,
destroying eight acres of farmland worth almost $300,000. The Court holds that the jury was required to believe the
City's testimony that it relied on the engineers' assurances and thus did not know flooding was substantially certain
to occur, stating that when a case requires expert testimony "jurors cannot disregard a party's reliance on experts
hired for that very purpose without some evidence supplying a reasonable basis for doing so." 168 S.W.3d at 829.
Even if this were an appropriate review standard—which it hasn't been until today—I believe the jury had a
reasonable basis upon which to disregard the City's professed reliance; the City had a financial incentive to disclaim
knowledge of the flooding, and the Wilsons presented some evidence that the City had independent knowledge
flooding was substantially certain to occur. In my view, the jury was the proper body to weigh the witnesses'
credibility and resolve these disputed fact issues. I nevertheless agree that the City cannot be liable for a taking in
this case because I believe that a city's mere act of approving a private development plan cannot constitute a taking
for public use. Accordingly, I concur in the Court's judgment but not its reasoning.

      I

       Questions of intent are generally proved only by circumstantial evidence; as the court of appeals in this case
aptly noted, "defendants will rarely admit knowing to a substantial certainty that given results would follow from their
actions," and therefore the jury must be "free to discredit defendants' protestations that no harm was intended and
to draw inferences necessary to establish intent." 86 S.W.3d 693, 704. I agree with the Court that the jury's ability to
disbelieve the City's protestations is not itself "evidence of liability." 168 S.W.3d at 830. Instead, the jury's ability to
weigh the witnesses' credibility means that the City's testimony did not conclusively establish its lack of liability.
Because liability is not conclusively negated, we must examine the record to see if there is legally sufficient evidence
from which the jury could infer that the City knew flooding was substantially certain to occur. I would hold that the
evidence of intent that was presented in this case allowed the jury to draw such an inference.

       At trial, the Wilsons presented evidence that the City had independent sources of knowledge that flooding was
substantially certain to occur. First, they demonstrated that the developers' plan itself was flawed. Rather than
incorporate a drainage ditch running across the Wilson property, as the City's Master Plan required, the developers'
plan ended the drainage ditch abruptly at the edge of the Wilson property. The Wilsons' expert testified that the
plan's implementation would necessarily "increase the volume and flow of water across the Wilson property from the
rate of fifty-five cubic feet per second to ninety-three cubic feet per second." 86 S.W.3d at 703.

                                                        Page 832

Second, the City was aware that water flowed across the Wilson property before the development commenced, and,
as the court of appeals pointed out, the City's Director of Public Works admitted that the City knew the development
would increase the water's flow and velocity; specifically, he testified that "the City knew the upstream water would
be absorbed less and would flow faster due to the removal of trees and vegetation from the developments and from
the forty-five-foot-wide earthen channel" that ended at the Wilson property's edge. Id. at 705. Finally, there was
evidence that the City received a letter warning that the developers' plan would subject the Wilson property to
flooding.

       While I believe there is some evidence that the City knew flooding was substantially certain to occur, there is
also some evidence that it did not. City officials testified that they relied on the representations of engineers who
assured them retention ponds could substitute for a drainage easement and the Wilson property would not be
damaged. If the jury accepted this evidence as true, I agree that the intent element would be negated, which would
preclude the City's takings liability. But I do not agree that the jury was bound to accept the City's testimony as true.
The Court itself notes that jurors "may choose to believe one witness and disbelieve another," and that "[c]ourts
reviewing all the evidence in a light favorable to the verdict thus assume that jurors credited testimony favorable to
the verdict and disbelieved testimony contrary to it." 168 S.W.3d at 819. This statement mirrors our prior
jurisprudence, which has long provided that a jury "has several alternatives available when presented with conflicting
evidence" because it "may believe one witness and disbelieve others," "may resolve inconsistencies in the testimony
of any witness," and "may accept lay testimony over that of experts." McGalliard v. Kuhlmann, 722 S.W.2d 694, 697
(Tex.1986) (citations omitted).

       As the Court itself states, jurors are required to credit undisputed testimony only when it is "clear, positive,
direct, otherwise credible, free from contradictions and inconsistencies, and could have been readily controverted."
168 S.W.3d at 820. The City's testimony does not meet this standard. The City Manager did testify that the City
"would not have approved the developments unless [it was] assured that the developments did not increase the
velocity of water or the flow of water" onto the neighboring property. 86 S.W.3d at 706. But the Wilsons disputed
whether the City's protestations were credible, pointing out that the City had a powerful incentive to profess a lack of
knowledge through reliance on the engineers' assurances because it would then avoid the considerable expense of
compensating the Wilsons for the property that would otherwise have been condemned under the Master Drainage
Plan. See id. at 705.

      Moreover, the Court's conclusion that juries cannot disregard a party's reliance on expert opinions is not
consistent with our jurisprudence. The Court cites two cases for this proposition, but neither supports the Court's
analysis; instead, both cases support the conclusion that the jury, as the finder of fact, should appropriately resolve
factual disputes regarding a party's reliance on hired experts. Provident Am. Ins. Co. v. Castañeda, 988 S.W.2d 189,
194-95 (Tex.1998); State Farm Lloyds v. Nicolau, 951 S.W.2d 444, 448-50 (Tex.1997).

      In Castañeda, a bad-faith insurance case, there was no question that the insurer had relied on an expert's
assurances and thus no dispute about whether the

                                                       Page 833

jury could have disregarded that evidence. Castañeda, 988 S.W.2d at 194-95. In that case, we performed a
traditional legal sufficiency analysis and concluded there was no evidence that the defendant acted in bad faith. Id.
at 194. We did state that reliance on an expert's opinion will not preclude a finding of bad faith if the expert's opinion
was "unreliable and the insurer knew or should have known that to be the case." Id. However, we did not hold that
the jury must credit a party's testimony that it relied on an expert.

       We reiterated this point in Nicolau, another bad-faith insurance case. There, the Court noted "we have never
held that the mere fact that an insurer relies upon an expert's report to deny a claim automatically forecloses bad
faith recovery as a matter of law," and again concluded that purported "reliance upon an expert's report, standing
alone, will not necessarily shield" the defendant from liability. Nicolau, 951 S.W.2d at 448. The Court conceded that
"[w]ere we the trier of fact in this case, we may well have concluded that [the insurer] did not act in bad faith," but
concluded that the "determination is not ours to make" because "the Constitution allocates that task to the jury and
prohibits us from reweighing the evidence." Id, at 450 (citing Tex. Const, art. I, § 15, art. V, §§ 6, 10).

      The same is true in this case. The jury was not required to believe that the City did not know flooding was
substantially certain to occur because it relied on assurances to the contrary; as a reviewing Court, we should
"assume that jurors credited testimony favorable to the verdict and disbelieved testimony contrary to it." 168 S.W.3d
at 819. Such credibility determinations are uniquely suited and constitutionally committed to the fact finder. See Tex.
Const, art. I, § 15, art. V, § 6; see also Nicolau, 951 S.W.2d at 450.

      II

        Although I disagree with the Court's conclusion that the jury was required to credit the City's testimony, I
agree with its judgment in the City's favor because, in my view, the City's mere approval of the private development
plans did not result in a taking for public use, as the constitutional standard requires for a compensable taking. Tex.
Const, art. I, § 17. The City did not appropriate or even regulate the use of the Wilsons' land, nor did it design the
drainage plan for the proposed subdivisions. Instead, the City merely approved subdivision plans designed by private
developers, and that design included inadequate drainage capabilities. The City argues, and I agree, that its mere
approval of private plans did not transfer responsibility for the content of those plans from the developers to the City.
Municipalities review subdivision plats "to ensure that subdivisions are safely constructed and to promote the orderly
development of the community." City of Round Rock v. Smith, 687 S.W.2d 300, 302 (Tex.1985); see Tex. Loc. Gov't
Code § 212.002. Such a review is intended to protect the city's residents; it is not intended to transfer responsibility
for a flawed subdivision design from the developers to the municipality. See, e.g., City of Round Rock, 687 S.W.2d at
302; see also Cootey v. Sun Inv., Inc., 68 Haw. 480, 718 P.2d 1086, 1091 (1986) (holding that "[t]he permit process
by which the County approves or disapproves the development of a proposed subdivision reflects an effort by
government to require the developer to meet his responsibilities under the subdivision rules, regulations, and laws,"
and that "the primary responsibility of providing an adequate and safe development rests with . . . the developer,
and not with the County").
      Because the primary responsibility for a development's design rests with the developer,

                                                       Page 834

and because the plat-approval process does not transfer such responsibility to the municipality, mere plat approval
cannot be a basis upon which to predicate takings liability. We have held that, to be liable for a taking, a
governmental entity must "perform certain acts in the exercise of its lawful authority . . . which resulted in the taking
or damaging of plaintiffs' property, and which acts were the proximate cause of the taking or damaging of such
property." State v. Hale, 136 Tex. 29, 146 S.W.2d 731, 736 (1941) (emphasis added). In this case, flooding resulted
from the developers' defective drainage design, not from the City's approval of the plat; thus, the City's approval was
not the proximate cause of the damage to the Wilson property.

        Other courts, faced with similar facts, have also concluded that a governmental entity cannot be liable for a
taking when its only action is to approve a private development plan. See Phillips v. King County, 136 Wash.2d 946,
968 P.2d 871, 879 (1998); see also Pepper v. J.J. Welcome Constr. Co., 73 Wash.App. 523, 871 P.2d 601, 606
(1994). In Phillips, the Washington Supreme Court observed that there is no public aspect to a private development
and concluded that "[i]f the county or city were liable for the negligence of a private developer, based on approval
under existing regulations, then the municipalities, and ultimately the taxpayers, would become the guarantors or
insurers for the actions of private developers whose development damages neighboring properties." Phillips, 968 P.2d
at 878. The court in Pepper similarly examined an inverse condemnation claim based upon a county's approval of
private developments with defective drainage plans; it, too, concluded that the county's approval did not cause the
resultant flooding and did not result in an unconstitutional taking. Pepper, 871 P.2d at 606. The court noted that the
flooding was "not the result of the County appropriating or regulating their use of the land," and held that "[t]he fact
that a county regulates development and requires compliance with road and drainage restrictions does not transform
a private development into a public project." Id. The court concluded that because "land use regulation of [the
plaintiffs'] property did not cause the damages, no inverse condemnation was involved." Id. I am persuaded by the
reasoning of the courts in Phillips and Pepper, and would similarly conclude that the City's plat approval in this case
did not amount to an unconstitutional taking as a matter of law.

       The court of appeals in this case advanced an alternative reason for affirming the trial court's judgment,
suggesting that even if the City could not be liable for merely approving a subdivision plat, it could nevertheless be
held liable for failing to condemn a drainage easement across the Wilson property. 86 S.W.3d at 707. The court of
appeals stated that "the City chose not to condemn any of the Wilson property," but instead "allow[ed] the water
flowing from the Sebastian easement to discharge, uncontrolled, across the Wilson property." Id. As noted above,
however, it was the developers' plan—not the City's actions—that allowed the water to flood the Wilson property.
Because the City's action did not cause the flooding, I disagree that the City's failure to condemn an easement is
relevant to takings liability. If the City were responsible for the flooding but chose not to condemn the property, it
might be subject to inverse-condemnation liability. See Tarrant County Reg'l Water Dist. v. Gragg, 151 S.W.3d 546,
554 (Tex.2004) ("When the government takes private property without first paying for it, the owner may recover
damages for inverse condemnation."). However, if a governmental entity's actions are not the

                                                       Page 835

"proximate cause of the taking or damaging" of the property, then the entity cannot be liable for a taking. Hale, 146
S.W.2d at 736. Accordingly, the entity need not condemn property merely because a private entity is causing
damage. This rule does not leave owners of flooded property without a remedy; when a private development floods
neighboring land, the owner of the damaged property will ordinarily have recourse against the private parties causing
the damage. See Tex. Water Code § 11.086(a), (b) (providing that "[n]o person may divert or impound the natural
flow of surface waters in this state ... in a manner that damages the property of another by the overflow of the water
diverted or impounded" and that "[a] person whose property is injured by an overflow of water caused by an
unlawful diversion or impounding has remedies at law and in equity and may recover damages occasioned by the
overflow"). Because the developers' design of the plat— not the City's approval—caused the flooding damage in this
case, I would hold that the City cannot be held liable for an unconstitutional taking under Article I, Section 17 of the
Texas Constitution.
            III

      Because I believe the Court fails to give due regard to the jury's right to make credibility determinations, I
cannot join Part V of the Court's opinion. But because I conclude that the City's mere act of approving a private
development plan did not cause the Wilson property to be "taken, damaged or destroyed for or applied to public
use," Tex. Const, art. I, § 17, I agree that the City cannot be held liable for a taking in this case. Accordingly, I
concur in the Court's judgment.

---------

Notes:

[1]
   The City of Fort Worth asserts in an amicus brief that in 2001 alone it approved 325 subdivision plats creating 5,857 residential lots within
its extraterritorial jurisdiction, which of course excludes surrounding communities.

[2]
 Evidence at trial and briefs by amici indicate that cities normally acquire title to these easements to ensure they are properly mowed and
maintained after the developers' departure.

[3]
  Tex. Const, art. I, § 17; City of Dallas v. Jennings, 142 S.W.3d 310, 313-14 (Tex.2004).

[4]
  86S.W.3d693, 715, 717.

[5]
  Id. at 700.

[6]
   See, e.g., Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Canchola, 121 S.W.3d 735, 739 (Tex.2003) (per curiam); Bradford v. Vento, 48 S.W.3d 749, 754 (Tex.
2001); City of Fort Worth v. Zimlich, 29 S.W.3d 62, 69 (Tex.2000); Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Gonzalez, 968 S.W.2d 934, 936 (Tex. 1998);
Cont'l Coffee Prods. Co. v. Cazarez, 937 S.W.2d 444, 450 (Tex. 1996); Burroughs Wellcome Co. v. Crye, 907 S.W.2d 497, 499 (Tex. 1995);
Browning-Ferris, Inc. v. Reyna, 865 S.W.2d 925, 928 (Tex. 1993); Holt Atherton Indus., Inc. v. Heine, 835 S.W.2d 80, 84 (Tex. 1992);
Weirich v. Weirich, 833 S.W.2d 942, 945 (Tex. 1992); Havner v. E-Z Mart Stores, Inc., 825 S.W.2d 456, 458 (Tex.1992); Lewelling v.
Lewelling, 796 S.W.2d 164, 166 (Tex. 1990); Burkard v. ASCO Co., 779 S.W.2d 805, 806 (Tex. 1989) (per curiam); Brown v. Edwards
Transfer Co., 764 S.W.2d 220, 223 (Tex. 1988); City of Gladewater v. Pike, 727 S.W.2d 514, 518 (Tex.1987); King v. Bauer, 688 S.W.2d
845, 846 (Tex. 1985); Tomlinson v. Jones, 677 S.W.2d 490, 492 (Tex. 1984); Glover v. Tex. Gen. Indem. Co., 619 S.W.2d 400, 401 (Tex.
1981) (per curiam); Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 370 (Tex. 1976); Garza v. Alviar, 395 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex. 1965); Wininger v. Ft.
Worth & D.C. Ry. Co., 105 Tex. 56, 143 S.W. 1150, 1152 (1912).

[7]
  See, e.g., St. Joseph Hosp. v. Wolff, 94 S.W.3d 513, 519 (Tex.2002) (plurality op.); Associated Indem. Corp. v. CAT Contracting, Inc., 964
S.W.2d 276, 285-86 (Tex. 1998); State Farm Lloyds Ins. Co. v. Maldonado, 963 S.W.2d 38, 40 (Tex. 1998); Formosa Plastics Corp. v.
Presidio Eng'rs & Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 48 (Tex. 1998); Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997);
White v. Southwestern Bell Tel. Co., 651 S.W.2d 260, 262 (Tex. 1983); Burk Royalty v. Walls, 616 S.W.2d 911, 922 (Tex. 1981); Harbin v.
Seale, 461 S.W.2d 591, 592 (Tex. 1970); De Winne v. Allen, 154 Tex. 316, 277 S.W.2d 95, 97 (1955); Hall v. Med. Bldg. of Houston, 151
Tex. 425, 251 S.W.2d 497, 498(1952).

[8]
  Tarrant Reg'l Water Dist. v. Gragg, 151 S.W.3d 546, 552 (Tex.2004); Bostrom Seating, Inc. v. Crane Carrier Co., 140 S.W.3d 681, 684
(Tex.2004); Lozano v. Lozano, 52 S.W.3d 141, 144 (Tex.2001) (per curiam); La.-Pac. Corp. v. Andrade, 19 S.W.3d 245, 247 (Tex. 1999);
Latham v. Castillo, 972 S.W.2d 66, 68 (Tex. 1998); Brown v. Bank of Galveston, Nat'l Ass'n, 963 S.W.2d 511, 513 (Tex. 1998).

[9]
  See, e.g., Coastal Transp. Co. v. Crown Cent. Petroleum Corp., 136 S.W.3d 227, 234 (Tex. 2004); Szczepanik v. First S. Trust Co., 883
S.W.2d 648, 649 (Tex. 1994) (per curiam); compare Biggers v. Cont'l Bus Sys., Inc., 157 Tex. 351, 303 S.W.2d 359, 363 (1957) ("We may
consider only that evidence, if any, which, viewed in its most favorable light, supports the jury findings, and we must disregard all evidence
which would lead to a contrary result.") (emphasis added), with Biggers v. Cont'l Bus Sys., Inc., 157 Tex. 351, 298 S.W.2d 79, 81 (1956)
("[T]he duty of this Court [is] to examine and consider all of the evidence bearing on the controlling issues, and having done so to decide
whether there is evidence of probative value to support the answers made by the jury to the issues.") (quotation omitted) (emphasis
added), and Cartwright v. Canode, 106 Tex. 502, 171 S.W. 696, 698 (1914) ("[W]e must reject all evidence favorable to the plaintiffs in
error, and consider only the facts and circumstances which tend to sustain the verdict.... In considering this question, we must take into
account all of the facts and circumstances attending the transaction.").
[10]
   See, e.g., W. Wendell Hall, Standards of Review in Texas, 34 ST. MARY'S L.J. 1, 159-62 (2002); William V. Dorsaneo, III, Judges, Juries,
& Reviewing Courts, 53 SMU L.R. 1497, 1498, 1507-11 (2000); Phil Hardberger, Juries Under Siege, 30 St. Mary's L.J. 1, 40-41 (1998). But
see William Powers, Jr., Judge & Jury in the Texas Supreme Court, 75 Tex. L.Rev. 1699, 1699-1700, 1704-19 (1997) (concluding the Court is
not changing the no-evidence standard of review but is moving away from broad definitions of duty and toward particularized definitions of
duty).

[11]
   Robert W. Calvert was an associate justice of this Court from 1950 to 1960, and Chief Justice from 1961 to 1972.

[12]
   Robert W. Calvert, "No Evidence" & "Insufficient Evidence" Points of Error, 38 Tex. L.Rev. 361 (1960).

[13]
   Id. at 361.

[14]
  "Most of what has been said here is repetitious of what has been said before in the cited cases and articles. The purpose of the writer
here has been to try to bring former writings on the subject into compact form and under somewhat closer analysis." Id. at 371.

[15]
   Id. at 362-63.

[16]
   See, e.g., King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex.2003); Marathon Corp. v. Pitzner, 106 S.W.3d 724, 727 (Tex.2003)
(per curiam); Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co. v. Martinez, 977 S.W.2d 328, 334 (Tex. 1998); Mar. Overseas Corp. v. Ellis, 971 S.W.2d 402, 409
(Tex. 1998); Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997); Anderson v. City of Seven Points, 806 S.W.2d 791, 795
n. 3 (Tex. 1991); Cecil v. Smith, 804 S.W.2d 509, 510 n. 2 (Tex. 1991); Juliette Fowler Homes, Inc. v. Welch Assocs., Inc., 793 S.W.2d 660,
666 n. 9 (Tex. 1990).

[17]
   Calvert, supra note 12, at 364.

[18]
   See In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002); Uniroyal, 977 S.W.2d at 340; Triton Oil & Gas Corp. v. Marine Contractors & Supply,
Inc., 644 S.W.2d 443, 446 (Tex. 1982).

[19]
    Calvert, supra note 12, at 364 ("If there is an absolute absence of evidence of a vital fact ... an appellate court has no occasion to
concern itself with an abstract rule such as how minds of reasonable men might view the situation.").

[20]
    New Times, Inc. v. Isaacks, 146 S.W.3d 144, 158-59 (Tex.2004); Turner v. KTRK Television, Inc., 38 S.W.3d 103, 114 (Tex.2000); Guisti
v. Galveston Tribune, 105 Tex. 497, 150 S.W. 874, 877-78 (1912).

[21]
    Bentley v. Bunton, 94 S.W.3d 561, 581 (Tex.2002) (considering remarks in context of series of talk-show programs); Turner, 38 S.W.3d
at 115 (holding defamation includes story in which details are right but gist is wrong).

[22]
   Shell Oil Co. v. Khan, 138 S.W.3d 288, 292 (Tex.2004).

[23]
   DeWitt County Elec. Co-op., Inc. v. Parks, 1 S.W.3d96, 102 (Tex. 1999).

[24]
  Tiller v. McLure, 121 S.W.3d 709, 714 (Tex. 2003) (per curiam); see also Tex. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Cos. v. Sears, 84 S.W.3d 604, 610-
11 (Tex.2002); GTE Southwest, Inc. v. Bruce, 998 S.W.2d 605, 612 (Tex. 1999).

[25]
  See George Grubbs Enters., Inc. v. Bien, 881 S.W.2d 843, 852-53 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1994) (holding that efforts to pressure deaf-mute
consumer to buy car were legally sufficient evidence of intentional infliction), rev'd on other grounds, 900 S.W.2d 337, 338 (Tex. 1995).

[26]
   See Tiller, 121 S.W.3d at 714 (holding efforts to pressure widow of contracting party to complete project were legally insufficient evidence
of intentional infliction).

[27]
  See, e.g., id. at 713-14 (discussing contrary evidence showing defendant's reasonable concerns about timeliness of plaintiff's work);
Sears, 84 S.W.3d at 612 (discussing contrary evidence that defendant believed claimant was involved in suspicious dealings).
[28]
   Bostrom Seating, Inc. v. Crane Carrier Co., 140 S.W.3d 681, 684, 685 (Tex.2004) (holding no evidence supported defect as comments
from deposition "were read out of context").

[29]
  Coastal Transp. Co. v. Crown Cent. Petroleum Corp., 136 S.W.3d 227, 232 n. 1 (Tex. 2004) (citing Henry v. Phillips, 105 Tex. 459, 151
S.W. 533, 538 (1912)). This rule was changed for hearsay evidence in 1983. See Tex.R. Evid. 802 ("Inadmissible hearsay admitted without
objection shall not be denied probative value merely because it is hearsay.").

[30]
   Tex. & P. Ry. Co. v. Ball, 96 Tex. 622, 75 S.W. 4, 6 (1903).

[31]
   Minyard Food Stores, Inc. v. Goodman, 80 S.W.3d 573, 579 (Tex.2002) (holding defamation was not in course and scope of employment
as duties required employee to cooperate in investigation but not to lie); Robertson Tank Lines, Inc. v. Van Cleave, 468 S.W.2d 354, 360
(Tex.1971) (holding truck driver was not in course of employment during social visit to his father).

[32]
    Bowles v. Bourdon, 148 Tex. 1,219 S.W.2d 779, 782-83 (1949) (affirming directed verdict against malpractice claim as inadequate expert
testimony from doctor of same school or practice as defendant rendered proof legally insufficient).

[33]
   See Leitch v. Hornsby, 935 S.W.2d 114, 119 (Tex. 1996).

[34]
   See Burroughs Wellcome Co. v. Crye, 907 S.W.2d 497, 499-500 (Tex. 1995) (holding opinion that spray caused frostbite was legally
insufficient as it assumed absence of redness when plaintiff admitted the contrary); Roark v. Allen, 633 S.W.2d 804, 809 (Tex. 1982)
(holding opinion that physician should have warned of possible skull fracture was legally insufficient as it assumed physician was aware of
fracture when there was no proof he was).

[35]
  See E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Robinson, 923 S.W.2d 549, 556 (Tex. 1995) (adopting reasoning of Daubert v. Merrell Dow
Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S. Ct. 2786, 125 L. Ed. 2d 469 (1993)).

[36]
   Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 714, 720 (Tex. 1997).

[37]
   Id. at 711, 724-30.

[38]
   Kerr-McGee Corp. v. Helton, 133 S.W.3d 245, 254-57 (Tex.2004).

[39]
   Calvert, supra note 12, at 364.

[40]
   Id. at 364-65.

[41]
   Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 601 (Tex.2004) (holding evidence that truck caught fire unaccompanied by proof identifying
any defect did not exceed a scintilla, as jurors would have to guess cause); Marathon Corp. v. Pitzner, 106 S.W.3d 724, 729 (Tex.2003) (per
curiam); Hammerly Oaks, Inc. v. Edwards, 958 S.W.2d 387, 392 (Tex. 1997); W. Tel. Corp. v. McCann, 128 Tex. 582, 99 S.W.2d 895, 900
(Tex. 1937); Calvert, supra note 12, at 365.

[42]
  Tubelite, a Div. of Indal, Inc. v. Risica & Sons, Inc., 819 S.W.2d 801, 805 (Tex.1991); see also Litton Indus. Prods., Inc. v. Gammage, 668
S.W.2d 319, 324 (Tex. 1984) (citing Tex. Sling Co. v. Emanuel, 431 S.W.2d 538, 541 (Tex. 1968)).

[43]
   Lozano, 52 S.W.3d at 167.

[44]
   Calvert, supra note 12, at 365.

[45]
   Id.

[46]
   Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Gonzalez, 968 S.W.2d 934, 938 (Tex. 1998).

[47]
   See Marathon Corp. v. Pitzner, 106 S.W.3d 724, 729 (Tex.2003) (per curiam); McCann, 99 S.W.2d at 900.
[48]
   Calvert, supra note 12, at 363-64. But other commentators disagree. See Powers, supra note 10, at 1703-10. We have held that a
"conclusively and as a matter of law" point may be asserted under a "no evidence" point. O'Neil v. Mack Trucks, Inc., 542 S.W.2d 112, 113
(Tex. 1976). And the cases in this section note that conclusive proof is often asserted by parties that do not carry the burden of proof. See
also Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 241 (Tex.2001) (per curiam) (court must first examine record for evidence supporting
verdict, ignoring all evidence to the contrary; if there is no such evidence, the court then examines the entire record to see if the contrary
finding is established as a matter of law).

[49]
   Calvert, supra note 12, at 363-64. But see, e.g., Cecil v. Smith, 804 S.W.2d 509, 510 n. 2 (Tex. 1991) ("Cecil's points that (1) there was
no evidence to support the findings and (2) the contrary of each finding was established as a matter of law will hereinafter collectively be
referred to as her "no evidence" points.").

[50]
   St. Joseph Hosp. v. Wolff, 94 S.W.3d 513, 519-20 (Tex.2002) (plurality op.) (quoting Universe Life Ins. Co. v. Giles, 950 S.W.2d 48, 51 n.
1 (Tex. 1997)).

[51]
    Tex. & N.O.R Co. v. Burden, 146 Tex. 109, 203 S.W.2d 522, 528, 530 (1947); see also Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. Krayer, 366 S.W.2d
779, 783 (Tex. 1963) (finding evidence of suicide undisputed after disregarding disputed portion of facts).

[52]
    Sullivan v. Barnett, 471 S.W.2d 39, 44 (Tex. 1971); Wright v. Vernon Compress Co., 156 Tex. 474, 296 S.W.2d 517, 523 (1956) ("[T]he
trial court is required to submit only controverted issues. No jury finding is necessary to establish undisputed facts."); Clark v. Nat'l Life &
Accident Ins. Co., 145 Tex. 575, 200 S.W.2d 820, 822 (1947) ("Uncontroverted questions of fact need not be and should not be submitted
to the jury for its determination."); S. Underwriters v. Wheeler, 132 Tex. 350, 123 S.W.2d 340, 341 (Tex.1939).

[53]
   County of Bexar v. Santikos, 144 S.W.3d 455, 460-61 (Tex.2004).

[54]
   PPG Indus., Inc. v. JMB/Houston Ctrs. Partners Ltd. P'ship, 146 S.W.3d 79, 97-98 (Tex. 2004).

[55]
   State Farm Lloyds Ins. Co. v. Maldonado, 963 S.W.2d 38, 40 (Tex. 1998).

[56]
   Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Miller, 102 S.W.3d 706, 709-10 (Tex.2003) (per curiam).

[57]
   See Johnson & Johnson Med., Inc. v. Sanchez, 924 S.W.2d 925, 930 (Tex. 1996).

[58]
   King v. Graham, 126 S.W.3d 75, 78-79 (Tex.2003) (per curiam) (holding no evidence supported malicious prosecution claim as district
attorney admitted prosecution was due to item he overlooked rather than any false statements by defendants).

[59]
   Travelers Ins. Co. v. Seabolt, 361 S.W.2d 204, 206 (Tex. 1962) (return to regular job in which use of hand was required conclusively
established claimant did not suffer total loss of use).

[60]
   Navarette v. Temple Indep. Sch. Dist., 706 S.W.2d 308, 309-10 (Tex.1986) (return to work did not conclusively establish injury was not
total as claimant could not do regular work and employer voluntarily accommodated her with lesser duties).

[61]
   See, e.g., Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. Krayer, 366 S.W.2d 779, 783 (Tex. 1963).

[62]
   See Republic Nat'l Life Ins. Co. v. Heyward, 536 S.W.2d 549, 552 (Tex. 1976).

[63]
   Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co. v. Martinez, 977 S.W.2d 328, 340 (Tex. 1998); Triton Oil & Gas Corp. v. Marine Contractors & Supply, Inc., 644
S.W.2d 443, 446 (Tex. 1982).

[64]
   811 S.W.2d 557, 560 (Tex. 1991).

[65]
   Id. at 558.

[66]
   Id. at 560. In defense of jurors, it should be noted that the trier-of-fact in Murdock was a judge.
[67]
   135 Tex. 7, 136 S.W.2d 1113, 1115 (1940).

[68]
   Id.

[69]
   Id.

[70]
   Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 133 n. 12 (Tex.Crim.App.1996) (en banc) (citation omitted).

[71]
   Hotchkiss v. Nat'l City Bank, 200 F. 287, 293 (S.D.N.Y.1911).

[72]
   443 U.S. 307, 320 n. 14, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979).

[73]
   Southwestern Bell Tel. Co. v. Garza, 164 S.W.3d 607, 627 (Tex.2004).

[74]
    Our sister court reviews the legal sufficiency of criminal convictions by considering "all evidence which the jury was permitted, whether
rightly or wrongly, to consider" in the light most favorable to the prosecution. Moff v. State, 131 S.W.3d 485, 488 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004); see
also Vodochodsky v. State, 158 S.W.3d 502, 509 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004).

[75]
   In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002).

[76]
   Bentley v. Bunton, 94 S.W.3d 561, 596 (Tex.2002); Turner v. KTRK Television, Inc., 38 S.W.3d 103, 120 (Tex.2000).

[77]
   Garza, 164 S.W.3d at 627.

[78]
   616S.W.2d911, 922 (Tex.1981).

[79]
   Id. at 926 (Greenhill, C.J., concurring).

[80]
   See Coastal Transp. Co. v. Crown Cent. Petroleum Corp., 136 S.W.3d 227, 234-35 (Tex. 2004).

[81]
   Universe Life Ins. Co. v. Giles, 950 S.W.2d 48, 55-56 (Tex. 1997).

[82]
   See id. at 51 (noting same problem with previous test whether insurer had reasonable basis for denying claim).

[83]
   See Rocor Int'l, Inc. v. Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co., 77 S.W.3d 253, 262-63 (Tex.2002) (finding no evidence of bad faith based in part on
defendant's correspondence showing misunderstanding regarding settlement terms); State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Simmons, 963 S.W.2d
42, 45 (Tex. 1998)(affirming bad-faith verdict after noting that insurer gave contradictory reasons for not interviewing potential arsonists);
Minn. Life Ins. Co. v. Vasquez, 133 S.W.3d 320, 330 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2004, pet. filed) (finding some evidence of bad faith because,
though insurer showed hospital stymied its efforts to obtain records, insurer failed to seek same information from other sources); Allstate
Tex. Lloyds v. Mason, 123 S.W.3d 690, 704-06 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2003, no pet.) (reversing bad-faith verdict for legal insufficiency
because insurer reasonably relied on expert report); Allison v. Fire Ins. Exch., 98 S.W.3d 227, 249-50 (Tex.App.-Austin 2002, pet. granted,
judgm't vacated w.r.m.) (affirming bad-faith verdict after reviewing insurer's reasons for delay and insured's responsive evidence); Oram v.
State Farm Lloyds, 977 S.W.2d 163, 167 (Tex.App.-Austin 1998, no pet.) (reversing bad-faith verdict for legal insufficiency because insurer's
interpretation of exclusion was reasonable though incorrect).

[84]
   Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Canchola, 121 S.W.3d 735, 740 (Tex.2003) (per curiam) (noting liability may be established by proof of
discrimination plus proof employer's reason was pretext); Cont'l Coffee Prods. Co. v. Cazarez, 937 S.W.2d 444, 452 (Tex. 1996) (same).

[85]
   See, e.g., Univ. of Houston v. Clark, 38 S.W.3d 578, 583 (Tex.2000) (noting good-faith test considers all circumstances on which official
acted).

[86]
   See, e.g., PPG Indus., Inc. v. JMB/Houston Ctrs. Partners Ltd. P'ship, 146 S.W.3d 79, 94 (Tex.2004) (holding no evidence supported jury
verdict applying discovery rule based on contrary evidence that claimant's predecessor knew 3,000 windows had failed).
[87]
   See, e.g., Provident Am. Ins. Co. v. Castaneda, 988 S.W.2d 189, 194-95 (Tex. 1998) (finding no evidence insurer denied claim in bad
faith due to conflicting medical evidence).

[88]
   See, e.g., State Farm Lloyds v. Nicolau, 951 S.W.2d 444, 448 (Tex. 1997) (holding some evidence showed expert report was pretext and
thus denial of claim had no reasonable basis).

[89]
  Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757, 761 (Tex.2003); Jaffe Aircraft Corp. v. Carr, 867 S.W.2d 27, 28 (Tex. 1993);
McGalliard v. Kuhlmann, 722 S.W.2d 694, 697 (Tex. 1986); Edrington v. Kiger, 4 Tex. 89, 93(1849).

[90]
   McGalliard, 722 S.W.2d at 697; Silcott v. Oglesby, 721 S.W.2d 290, 293 (Tex. 1986); Ford v. Panhandle & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 151 Tex. 538,
252 S.W.2d 561, 563 (1952) (holding it was up to jurors "to resolve conflicts and inconsistencies in the testimony of any one witness as well
as in the testimony of different witnesses"); Houston, E. & W.T. Ry. Co. v. Runnels, 92 Tex. 305, 47 S.W. 971, 972 (1898).

[91]
   Turner v. KTRK Television, Inc., 38 S.W.3d 103, 120 (Tex.2000).

[92]
   Runnels, 47 S.W. at 972.

[93]
   Cochran v. Wool Growers Cent. Storage Co., 140 Tex. 184, 166 S.W.2d 904, 907 (1942) (noting the Court "read the entire statement of
facts").

[94]
  Harbin v. Seale, 461 S.W.2d 591, 594 (Tex. 1970); compare Harbin v. Seale, 454 S.W.2d 271, 272 (Tex.Civ.App.-Dallas 1970) (reporting
defendant's testimony that he was traveling only 40 miles per hour), rev'd, 461 S.W.2d 591 (Tex.1970).

[95]
   MCI Telecomms. Corp. v. Tex. Utils. Elec. Co., 995 S.W.2d 647, 653-54 (Tex. 1999) (holding evidence allowed jurors to disbelieve
defendant's experts' testimony even though plaintiff's expert's testimony was shown to be in error); Runnels, 47 S.W. at 972; Cheatham v.
Riddle, 12 Tex. 112, 118 (1845).

[96]
   PPG Indus., Inc. v. JMB/Houston Ctrs. Partners Ltd. P'ship, 146 S.W.3d 79, 100 (Tex. 2004).

[97]
   Anchor Cas. Co. v. Bowers, 393 S.W.2d 168, 169-70 (Tex. 1965).

[98]
   Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co. v. Martinez, 977 S.W.2d 328, 338 (Tex. 1998); McGalliard v. Kuhlmann, 722 S.W.2d 694, 697 (Tex. 1986).

[99]
   Bentley v. Bunton, 94 S.W.3d 561, 599 (Tex.2002).

[100]
    See TexR. Civ. P. 166a(c); Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Reece, 81 S.W.3d 812, 817 (Tex. 2002) (finding no evidence that store knew of
puddle based in part on uncontradicted testimony by only employee in the area); In re Doe 4, 19 S.W.3d 322, 325 (Tex.2000); WFAA-TV,
Inc. v. McLemore, 978 S.W.2d 568, 574 (Tex. 1998) (holding reporter's detailed explanation of foundation of report established lack of
malice as matter of law).

[101]
   See, e.g., Dresser Indus., Inc. v. Lee, 880 S.W.2d 750, 754 (Tex. 1993); Lyons v. Millers Cas. Ins. Co., 866 S.W.2d 597, 601 (Tex.
1993); Biggers v. Cont'l Bus Sys., Inc., 157 Tex. 351, 303 S.W.2d 359, 365 (1957); Howard Oil Co. v. Davis, 76 Tex. 630, 13 S.W. 665, 667
(1890) (holding reviewing court must uphold jury verdict despite strong evidence to the contrary if evidence is conflicting).

[102]
   See, e.g., Gen. Motors Corp. v. Sanchez, 997 S.W.2d 584, 592 (Tex. 1999); Caller-Times Publ'g Co. v. Triad Communications, Inc., 826
S.W.2d 576, 580 (Tex. 1992); Bendalin v. Delgado, 406 S.W.2d 897, 899 (Tex. 1966).

[103]
       Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio Eng'rs & Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 48-49 (Tex. 1998).

[104]
       Associated Indem. Corp. v. CAT Contracting, Inc., 964 S.W.2d 276, 286 (Tex. 1998).

[105]
       White v. Southwestern Bell Tel. Co., 651 S.W.2d 260, 262-63 (Tex. 1983).
[106]
    Hall v. Med. Bldg. of Houston, 151 Tex. 425, 251 S.W.2d 497, 502 (1952).

[107]
    St. Joseph Hosp. v. Wolff, 94 S.W.3d 513, 542-43 (Tex.2002) (plurality op.).

[108]
    T.O. Stanley Boot Co. v. Bank of El Paso, 847 S.W.2d 218, 221 (Tex. 1992).

[109]
    Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co. v. Martinez, 977 S.W.2d 328, 341-42 (Tex. 1998).

[110]
    De Winne v. Allen, 154 Tex. 316, 277 S.W.2d95, 98-99(1955).

[111]
    Lozano v. Lozano, 52 S.W.3d 141, 144 (Tex.2001) (per curiam); id. at 162-63 (Hecht, J., concurring and dissenting).

[112]
   See Tarrant Reg'l Water Dist. v. Gragg, 151 S.W.3d 546, 552 (Tex.2004); Coastal Transp. Co. v. Crown Cent. Petroleum Corp., 136
S.W.3d 227, 234 (Tex.2004); Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 601 (Tex.2004); Mobil Oil Corp. v. Ellender, 968 S.W.2d 917, 922
(Tex. 1998); Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex.1997); Burroughs Wellcome Co. v. Crye, 907 S.W.2d 497, 499
(Tex. 1995); Transp. Ins. Co. v. Moriel, 879 S.W.2d 10, 25 (Tex. 1994); Orozco v. Sander, 824 S.W.2d 555, 556 (Tex. 1992); Kindred v.
Con/Chem, Inc., 650 S.W.2d 61, 63 (Tex. 1983); Corbin v. Safeway Stores, Inc., 648 S.W.2d 292, 297 (Tex. 1983) (per curiam).

[113]
    See William Powers, Jr. & Jack Ratliff, Another Look at "No Evidence" & "Insufficient Evidence," 69 Tex. L.R. 515, 517-20 (1991).

[114]
    Gragg, 151 S.W.3d at 552; St. Joseph Hosp. v. Wolff, 94 S.W.3d 513, 519 (Tex.2002) (plurality op.); Southwestern Bell Mobile Sys., Inc.
v. Franco, 971 S.W.2d 52, 54 (Tex.1998) (per curiam); Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio Eng'rs & Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 48
(Tex.1998); Havner, 953 S.W.2d at 711; Universe Life Ins. Co. v. Giles, 950 S.W.2d 48, 75 (Tex.1997) (Hecht, J., concurring); Preferred
Heating & Air Conditioning Co. v. Shelby, 778 S.W.2d 67, 68 (Tex. 1989) (per curiam); Burk Royalty Co. v. Walls, 616 S.W.2d 911, 922 (Tex.
1981); Harbin v. Seale, 461 S.W.2d 591, 592 (Tex. 1970); W. Tel. Corp. v. McCann, 128 Tex. 582, 99 S.W.2d 895, 898 (Tex.1937).

[115]
    See St. Joseph Hosp., 94 S.W.3d at 519-20 (Tex.2002) (plurality op.); Giles, 950 S.W.2d at 51 n. 1 (citing Wininger v. Ft. Worth & D.C.
Ry. Co., 105 Tex. 56, 143 S.W. 1150, 1152 (1912) and Tex. & N.O. Ry. Co. v. Rooks, 293 S.W. 554, 556-57 (Tex.Comm'n.App.1927)).

[116]
    Southwestern Bell Tel. Co. v. Garza, 164 S.W.3d 607, 620 (Tex.2004) (citing Choate v. San Antonio & A.P. Ry., 91 Tex. 406, 44 S.W. 69,
69 (1898); Muhle v. N.Y., T. & M. Ry., 86 Tex. 459, 25 S.W. 607, 608 (1894)).

[117]
    Coastal Transp. Co. v. Crown Cent. Petroleum Corp., 136 S.W.3d 227, 234 (Tex.2004); Qantel Bus. Sys., Inc. v. Custom Controls Co.,
761 S.W.2d 302, 303 (Tex.1988); Hart v. Van Zandt, 399 S.W.2d 791, 793 (Tex. 1965); Triangle Motors v. Richmond, 152 Tex. 354, 258
S.W.2d 60, 61 (1953); Ford v. Panhandle & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 151 Tex. 538, 252 S.W.2d 561, 562 (1952); Anglin v. Cisco Mortgage Loan
Co., 135 Tex. 188, 141 S.W.2d 935, 938 (1940).

[118]
    Bostrom Seating, Inc. v. Crane Carrier Co., 140 S.W.3d 681, 684 (Tex.2004); S.V. v. R.V., 933 S.W.2d 1, 8 (Tex. 1996); Colvin v. Red
Steel Co., 682 S.W.2d 243, 245 (Tex. 1984); White v. Southwestern Bell Tel. Co., 651 S.W.2d 260, 262 (Tex. 1983); Seideneck v. Cal
Bayreuther Assocs., 451 S.W.2d 752, 753 (Tex. 1970); Dunagan v. Bushey, 152 Tex. 630, 263 S.W.2d 148, 153 (1953); FitzGerald v. Hull,
150 Tex. 39, 237 S.W.2d 256, 258 (1951); Kelly v. McKay, 149 Tex. 343, 233 S.W.2d 121, 122 (1950); White v. White, 141 Tex. 328, 172
S.W.2d 295, 296 (1943); McAfee v. Travis Gas Corp., 137 Tex. 314, 153 S.W.2d 442, 445 (1941); Wellington Oil Co. v. Maffi, 136 Tex. 201,
150 S.W.2d 60, 61 (1941); Chicago, R.I. & G. Ry. Co. v. Carter, 261 S.W. 135, 135 (Tex.Com.App.1924, judgm't adopted); Charles v. El Paso
Elec. Ry. Co., 254 S.W. 1094, 1094-95 (Tex.Com.App.1923, holding approved, judgm't adopted).

[119]
    Szczepanik v. First S. Trust Co., 883 S.W.2d 648, 649 (Tex. 1994) (per curiam); Vance v. My Apartment Steak House of San Antonio,
Inc., 677 S.W.2d 480, 483 (Tex. 1984); Corbin v. Safeway Stores, Inc., 648 S.W.2d 292, 295 (Tex. 1983); Jones v. Tarrant Util. Co., 638
S.W.2d 862, 865 (Tex.1982); Collora v. Navarro, 574 S.W.2d 65, 68 (Tex. 1978); Henderson v. Travelers Ins. Co., 544 S.W.2d 649, 650
(Tex. 1976); Jones v. Nafco Oil & Gas, Inc., 380 S.W.2d 570, 574 (Tex. 1964).

[120]
   Act of April 25, 1931, 42d Leg., R.S., ch. 77, § 1, 1931 Tex. Gen. Laws 119; Myers v. Crenshaw, 134 Tex. 500, 137 S.W.2d 7, 13 (Tex.
1940); Hines v. Parks, 128 Tex. 289, 96 S.W.2d 970, 971 (Tex. 1936). Cf Deal v. Craven, 277 S.W. 1046, 1047 (Tex.Com.App.1925, judgm't
adopted) ("It has long been settled in this state that the judgment must follow the verdict, and that the courts are without power to enter a
judgment notwithstanding a verdict upon a material issue.").
[121]
    Brown v. Bank of Galveston, Natl Ass'n, 963 S.W.2d 511, 513 (Tex. 1998) ("[W]e consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the
verdict and reasonable inferences that tend to support it."); Trenholm v. Ratcliff, 646 S.W.2d 927, 931 (Tex. 1983) ("In acting on the motion
[for judgment notwithstanding the verdict], all testimony must be viewed in a light most favorable to the party against whom the motion is
sought, and every reasonable intendment deducible from the evidence is to be indulged in that party's favor.") (emphasis added); Dowling
v. NADW Mktg., Inc., 631 S.W.2d 726, 728 (Tex.1982) (same); Douglass v. Panama, Inc., 504 S.W.2d 776, 777 (Tex. 1974) (same); Leyva
v. Pacheco, 163 Tex. 638, 358 S.W.2d 547, 550 (1962) (same); Houston Fire & Cas. Ins. Co. v. Walker, 152 Tex. 503, 260 S.W.2d 600, 603-
04 (1953) (affirming trial court's implied disregard of one jury answer based on "consideration of the transcript as a whole"); Burt v.
Lochausen, 151 Tex. 289, 249 S.W.2d 194, 199 (1952) ("[W]e must consider all the testimony in the record from the standpoint most
favorable to the plaintiff.") (emphasis added); Neyland v. Brown, 141 Tex. 253, 170 S.W.2d 207, 211 (Tex. 1943) (considering judgment non
obstante veredicto "in the light of the record as a whole"); Le Master v. Fort Worth Transit Co., 138 Tex. 512, 160 S.W.2d 224, 225 (1942)
("[W]e must view LeMaster's testimony, as well as all other testimony in the record, from a standpoint most favorable to him.") (emphasis
added); McAfee v. Travis Gas Corp., 137 Tex. 314, 153 S.W.2d 442, 445 (1941) ("[W]e must regard the evidence contained in this record in
its most favorable light for McAfee . . . because of the instructed verdict and judgment non obstante veredicto."); see also Ballantyne v.
Champion Builders, Inc., 144 S.W.3d 417, 424-29 (Tex.2004) (upholding judgment non obstante veredicto based on conclusive evidence
contrary to verdict).

[122]
     See Tiller v. McLure, 121 S.W.3d 709, 713 (Tex.2003) (per curiam); Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Miller, 102 S.W.3d 706, 709 (Tex.2003) (per
curiam); Mancorp, Inc. v. Culpepper, 802 S.W.2d 226, 227 (Tex. 1990); Best v. Ryan Auto Group, Inc., 786 S.W.2d 670, 671 (Tex. 1990)
(per curiam); Navarette v. Temple Indep. Sch. Dist., 706 S.W.2d 308, 309 (Tex. 1986); Tomlinson v. Jones, 677 S.W.2d 490, 492 (Tex.
1984); Williams v. Bennett, 610 S.W.2d 144, 145 (Tex.1980); Freeman v. Tex. Comp. Ins. Co., 603 S.W.2d 186, 191 (Tex. 1980); Dodd v.
Tex. Farm Prods. Co., 576 S.W.2d 812, 814-15 (Tex.1979); Campbell v. Northwestern Nat'l Life Ins. Co., 573 S.W.2d 496, 497 (Tex. 1978);
Miller v. Bock Laundry Mach. Co., 568 S.W.2d 648, 650 (Tex.1977); Sobel v. Jenkins, 477 S.W.2d 863, 865 (Tex. 1972); C. & R. Transp., Inc.
v. Campbell, 406 S.W.2d 191, 193 (Tex.1966).

[123]
    See Tiller, 121 S.W.3d at 713 (citing Bradford v. Vento, 48 S.W.3d 749, 754 (Tex.2001)); Miller, 102 S.W.3d at 709 (same); Best, 786
S.W.2d at 671 (citing King v. Bauer, 688 S.W.2d 845, 846 (Tex. 1985)); Tomlinson, 677 S.W.2d at 492 (citing Glover v. Tex. Gen. Indem.
Co., 619 S.W.2d 400, 401 (Tex. 1981)); Campbell, 573 S.W.2d at 497 (citing Martinez v. Delta Brands, Inc., 515 S.W.2d 263, 265 (Tex.
1974)); Campbell, 406 S.W.2d at 193 (citing Cartwright v. Canode, 106 Tex. 502, 171 S.W. 696, 697-98 (1914)).

[124]
   IHS Cedars Treatment Ctr. of Desoto, Tex., Inc. v. Mason, 143 S.W.3d 794, 798 (Tex. 2004); Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott,
128 S.W.3d 211, 215-16 (Tex.2003); Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Rodriguez, 92 S.W.3d 502, 506 (Tex.2002); Gonzalez v. Mission Am. Ins. Co.,
795 S.W.2d 734, 736 (Tex. 1990); Bayouth v. Lion Oil Co., 671 S.W.2d 867, 868 (Tex. 1984).

[125]
    See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i).

[126]
    530 U.S. 133, 150, 120 S. Ct. 2097, 147 L. Ed. 2d 105 (2000).

[127]
    Fed.R.Civ.P. 50(a)(1).

[128]
    336 U.S. 53, 69 S. Ct. 413, 93 L. Ed. 497 (1949).

[129]
    Id. at 57, 69 S. Ct. 413.

[130]
    Reeves, 530 U.S. at 149-50, 120 S. Ct. 2097 (citations omitted).

[131]
    Carter v. Steverson & Co., 106 S.W.3d 161, 166 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist] 2003, pet. denied) (emphasis added) (citation omitted);
accord Long v. Long, 144 S.W.3d 64, 67 (Tex. App.-El Paso 2004, no pet.); Gore v. Scotland Golf, Inc., 136 S.W.3d 26, 29 (Tex.App.-San
Antonio 2003, pet. denied); Exxon Corp. v. Breezevale Ltd., 82 S.W.3d 429, 438 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2002, pet. denied); N. Am. Van Lines, Inc.
v. Emmons, 50 S.W.3d 103, 113 n. 3 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 2001, pet. denied); Molina v. Moore, 33 S.W.3d 323, 329 (Tex.App.-Amarillo
2000, no pet.); Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Itz, 21 S.W.3d 456, 470 n. 3 (Tex.App.-Austin 2000, pet. denied); see also In re King's Estate, 150
Tex. 662, 244 S.W.2d 660, 661 (1951) (per curiam) (holding court of appeals erred in failing to distinguish between legal and factual
sufficiency review by not weighing all the evidence when conducting the latter).

[132]
    Burk Royalty Co. v. Walls, 616 S.W.2d 911, 922 (Tex. 1981) (noting that review of gross negligence finding by considering all the
evidence appeared to but did not conflict with traditional no-evidence test).
[133]
   Dorsaneo, supra note 10, at 1503; see also Hardberger, supra note 10, at 17 (arguing exclusive standard is "designed to afford high
deference to jury verdicts").

[134]
    State v. Biggar, 873 S.W.2d 11, 13 (Tex. 1994).

[135]
   See, e.g., CMH Homes, Inc. v. Daenen, 15 S.W.3d 97, 102 (Tex.2000) (noting plaintiff argued defendant's frequent inspections of stairs
showed knowledge of inherent danger, while court held it showed the opposite as inspections found nothing); State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v.
Simmons, 963 S.W.2d 42, 45 (Tex. 1998) (affirming bad-faith verdict after noting insurer's reasons for denial were contradictory).

[136]
   See, e.g., Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Alexander, 868 S.W.2d 322, 327 (Tex. 1993) (noting evidence of single previous minor stumble
supported negligence finding but not gross negligence).

[137]
    See Judith Resnik, Managerial Judges, 96 Harv. L.R. 374, 382-83 (1982) (noting that images of justice appeared blindfolded only within
the last four hundred years).

[138]
     Justice Calvert's use of the masculine in 1960 may perhaps be forgiven, for although Hattie Hennenberg, Hortense Ward, and Ruth
Brazzil served temporarily on this Court in 1925, and Sarah T. Hughes was appointed as a state district judge ten years later, it was not until
1954 that the Texas Constitution was amended to allow women to serve as jurors, and not until 1973 that Mary Lou Robinson became the
first women to serve as a state appellate judge. See James T. "Jim" Worthen, The Organizational & Structural Development of Intermediate
Appellate Courts in Texas, 46 S. Tex. L.Rev. 33, 75 (2004); Robert L. Dabney, Jr. We Were There, Houston B.J. Nov.-Dec.1999, at 42, 44.

[139]
    Calvert, supra note 12, at 364.

[140]
    Wilkerson v. McCarthy, 336 U.S. 53, 65, 69 S. Ct. 413, 93 L. Ed. 497 (1949) (Frankfurter, J., concurring).

[141]
    86 S.W.3d 693, 709.

[142]
    Id. at 703, 705.

[143]
    Id. at 705.

[144]
    Id. at 704-05.

[145]
    Provident Am. Ins. Co. v. Castañeda, 988 S.W.2d 189, 194-95 (Tex.1998); see also State Farm Lloyds v. Nicolau, 951 S.W.2d 444, 448
(Tex. 1997) (holding reliance on expert report did not foreclose bad-faith claim because claimant "presented evidence from which a fact-
finder could logically infer that Haag's reports were not objectively prepared, that State Farm was aware of Haag's lack of objectivity, and
that State Farm's reliance on the reports was merely pretextual.").

[146]
    Cf. Nissan Motor Co. Ltd. v. Armstrong, 145 S.W.3d 131, 140 (Tex.2004) (holding complaint letters may require manufacturer to
investigate, but are not evidence complaints are true).

[147]
    Tarrant Reg'l Water Dist. v. Gragg, 151 S.W.3d 546, 555 (Tex.2004) (emphasis added).
Page 18

                                          685 S.W.2d 18 (Tex. 1985)
                                      Mable Jo David HOLICK, Petitioner,
                                                      v.
                                   Danny Eugene SMITH Et ux., Respondents.
                                           Nos. C-3261, C-3262 [*].
                                           Supreme Court of Texas.
                                              February 6, 1985

     Rehearing Denied March 13, 1985.

                                                        Page 19

     Thomas T. Tatum, Whitehouse, for petitioner.

     Bain, Files, Allen & Caldwell, Jerry Bain, Tyler, for respondents.

     SPEARS, Justice.

     This case involves the involuntary termination of the parent-child relationship between Mable Jo Holick and two
of her children. Mr. and Mrs. Danny Eugene Smith brought suit for termination and for adoption of the two Holick
children. After a non-jury trial, the court ordered termination of the parent-child relationship and granted the
adoption. The court of appeals, in an unpublished opinion, affirmed. We reverse the judgments of the courts below.

     In early March 1982, Ms. Holick left the children with the Smith family. Ms. Holick had been unable to financially
support herself or the children. Although she was able to keep them clothed and fed, they sometimes had no place to
sleep but the car. The children were behind on their immunizations and had head lice when Ms. Holick's niece, Mrs.
Smith, offered to take care of them until Mrs. Holick could get on her feet.

      After leaving the children with the Smiths, Ms. Holick went to Dallas with her youngest child to live with her
boyfriend. There, she obtained employment as a waitress. She sent no money to the Smiths, nor did they expect her
to send money for the children's support. She did not visit or write the children for over six months, although she did
call and talk to them once during that period.

     The Smiths have two children of their own, are very active in the church, and are able to financially support the
children. The social worker's report concludes that the Smiths are excellent role models, express love for the children,
and appear to want to adopt them.

     The issue presented on appeal is whether the Texas Family Code authorizes termination under these
circumstances. We are

                                                        Page 20

called upon to construe section 15.02 of the Family Code, which provides in part:

      A petition requesting termination of the parent-child relationship with respect to a parent who is not the
petitioner may be granted if the court finds that:

     (1) the parent has:
     (A) voluntarily left the child alone or in the possession of another not the parent and expressed an intent not to
return; or

     (B) voluntarily left the child alone or in the possession of another not the parent without expressing an intent to
return, without providing for the adequate support of the child, and remained away for a period of at least three
months; or

     (C) voluntarily left the child alone or in the possession of another without providing adequate support of the
child and remained away for a period of at least six months; or

     (D) knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the child to remain in conditions or surroundings which endanger the
physical or emotional well-being of the child; or

     (E) engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged in conduct which endangers
the physical or emotional well-being of the child; or

     (F) failed to support the child in accordance with his ability during a period of one year ending within six months
of the date of the filing of the petition;

***

***

     and in addition, the court further finds that termination is in the best interest of the child.

     Tex.Fam.Code Ann. § 15.02 (Vernon Supp.1984).

      The trial court terminated the parent-child relationship based on subsection (1)(C). There are five requirements
for termination under subsection (1)(C):

(1) voluntarily left the child,

(2) alone or in the possession of another,

(3) without providing adequate support of the child,

(4) remained away for at least six months, and

(5) termination is in the best interest of the child.

     It is undisputed that Ms. Holick voluntarily placed the children in the possession of the Smiths and that she
remained away for at least six months, even though she had expressed an intent to return for the children. It is
undisputed that Ms. Holick made no support payments but was not expected to by the Smiths, and she did not
contest the trial court's finding that the termination and adoption would be in the best interest of the children. She
contends, however, that she was not required to actually support the children, but only make arrangements for their
adequate support.

      The natural right existing between parents and their children is of constitutional dimensions. In re G.M., 596
S.W.2d 846, 846 (Tex.1980); Wiley v. Spratlan, 543 S.W.2d 349, 352 (Tex.1976). Indeed, "involuntary termination of
parental rights involves fundamental constitutional rights." In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d at 846. This natural parental right
has been characterized as "essential," "a basic civil right of man," and "far more precious than property rights." See
Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651, 92 S. Ct. 1208, 1212, 31 L. Ed. 2d 551 (1976). A termination decree is complete,
final, irrevocable and divests for all time that natural right as well as all legal rights, privileges, duties and powers
with respect to each other except for the child's right to inherit. Wiley, 543 S.W.2d at 352; Tex.Fam.Code Ann. §
15.07 (Vernon 1975). Moreover, the evidence in support of termination must be clear and convincing before a court
may involuntarily terminate a parent's rights. Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 747, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1391, 71
L. Ed. 2d 599 (1980); Richardson v. Green, 677 S.W.2d 497, 500 (Tex.1984). Consequently, termination proceedings
should be strictly scrutinized, and involuntary termination statutes are strictly construed in favor of the parent. See
Cawley

                                                       Page 21

v. Allums, 518 S.W.2d 790, 792 (Tex.1975); Heard v. Bauman, 443 S.W.2d 715, 719 (Tex.1969).

     The Smiths seek a construction of subsection (1)(C) that would require Ms. Holick to have personally sent them
"adequate support" for the children; however, they never expected such support. The Smiths took the children
because Ms. Holick could not adequately support them. The Smiths, nevertheless, argue that the legislature intended
to require parents to personally "provide adequate support" under (1)(C) because (1)(B) contains the language
"provide for the adequate support." In Brokenleg v. Butts, 559 S.W.2d 853 (Tex.Civ.App.--El Paso 1977, writ ref'd
n.r.e.) cert. denied 442 U.S. 946, 99 S. Ct. 2894, 61 L. Ed. 2d 318 (1979) the court construed subsection (1)(B), the
three-month provision. The court held that subsection (1)(B) requires the parent to make arrangements for the
adequate support of the child rather than personally send support.

     We believe that subsection (1)(C) is capable of two interpretations. "Provide" is defined to mean "to furnish;
supply" or "to fit out with means to an end." Webster's New International Dictionary (2nd ed. 1960). Thus,
subsection (1)(C) is susceptible to an interpretation which would merely require that the parent make arrangements
for adequate support rather than personally support the child.

     The Smiths would have us adopt an interpretation which would allow the termination based on whether the
parent is acutely indigent, not whether the parent intended to abandon the child nor whether the parent's conduct
endangers the physical or emotional wellbeing of the child. Under such an interpretation a parent's rights could be
terminated if he placed his child with another who promised to provide support, even though he expressed an intent
to return as soon as he could get back on his feet. His rights could be terminated even if he sent every dime he could
spare for that child's support, if what he sent were not enough to be termed "adequate." With the view that
termination is such a drastic and grave measure that involuntary termination statutes are strictly construed in favor
of the parent, we decline to adopt such an interpretation.

     We hold that under § 15.02(1)(C) Ms. Holick was required to make arrangements for the adequate support
rather than personally support the children. Termination was not authorized under these facts. Accordingly, we
reverse the judgments of the courts below and render judgment that the termination is denied and the adoption is
set aside.

     Dissenting opinion by WALLACE, J., in which McGEE and KILGARLIN, JJ., join.

     WALLACE, Justice, dissenting.

      I respectfully dissent. The majority opinion clearly misconstrues both the obvious intent and the plain meaning
of Tex.Fam.Code Ann. § 15.02 (Vernon Supp.1984). It is a rule of statutory construction that every word of a statute
is presumed to have a specific purpose. Likewise, every word excluded from a statute must be presumed to have
been excluded for a particular reason. Cameron v. Terrell & Garrett, Inc., 618 S.W.2d 535 (Tex.1981).

     We must presume the Legislature intended that termination of the parent-child relationship may be granted
when: (1) the parent leaves the child with one not a parent ... without expressing an intent to return without
providing for the adequate support of the child and remains away three months; or, (2) the parent leaves the child
with a parent, or another ... without providing adequate support of the child and remains away for at least six
months. Tex.Fam.Code Ann. § 15.02(1)(B) and § 15.02(1)(C). The crucial words expressly adopted in the first
instance are, "without expressing an intention to return" and "without providing for" the adequate support of the
child; whereas, in the latter situation the language is "without providing adequate support."
                                                          Page 22

     In comparing § 15.02(1)(A), (B) and (C), it will be noted that there is no time delay before suit is required if a
parent leaves and expresses an intent not to return. Three months absence is required before termination where the
child is left with someone other than a parent and no provision for support is made. The time period expands to six
months even if the child is left with the other parent and no support is provided. The Tex.Fam.Code coordinates a
progression of conduct with lengthened delays. The omission of "for" from § 15.02(1)(C) was logically intended.

     These provisions do not authorize termination only in the case of the acutely indigent. Termination of the
parent-child relationship is authorized in any situation where the parents meet the legislative requirements for
termination through poverty, neglect, abuse or any other condition falling within these sections.

     Denying termination in this instance ignores those situations where the best interest of the child is served by
termination of the parent-child relationship. In this case, the trial court found that the best interest of the child would
be served by the stable, loving environment of the Smiths. This finding was not contested by Ms. Holick. While it is
true that the parent-child bond is very strong, it is not true that all parents provide for the best interest of their
children.

     A common thread running through the Tex.Fam.Code is protection of the "best interest of the child." The
express language of the provisions regarding termination of the parent-child relationship should be followed when
the trial court finds that to do so would be in the best interest of the child.

    Accordingly, I would affirm the judgments of the courts below and render judgment that the termination and
adoption be granted.

         McGEE and KILGARLIN, JJ., join in this dissenting opinion.

---------

Notes:

[*]
      These are direct companion cases
January 21, 1976

NANCI ADAMS HOLLEY, APPELLANT
v.
DAVID E. ADAMS, APPELLEE

From the District Court of Travis County, 98th Judicial District

COUNSEL

For Appellant: Stephen M. Orr - Austin, TX

For Appellee: Rogan B. Giles - Austin, TX

Author: Shannon

This appeal concerns the termination of a parent-child relationship. Tex. Family Code
Ann. ? 15.02 (1974).

Appellee, David E. Adams, filed suit in the district court of Travis County seeking a
termination of the parent - child relationship between his son, David Christopher
Adams, and appellant, Nanci Holley, the mother of the child and formerly appellee's
wife. After trial to the court, judgment was entered terminating the parent-child
relationship between the boy and appellant. We will affirm that judgment.

Appellee alleged that he and appellant had been married and that during their marriage
a son, David Christopher, was born to them in February of 1966. Appellee and appellant
were divorced by the district court of Travis County in 1969. By the terms of the divorce
decree, appellee was awarded custody of the boy. Appellant was not ordered to pay
child support. Appellee pleaded further that termination of the parent-child relationship
between appellant and her son would be in the best interests of the child. As grounds
for termination, appellee alleged that appellant had failed to support the child in
accordance with her ability during a period of one year ending within six months of the
date of the filing of the suit, and that appellant had "emotionally and actually
abandoned the child."

After judgment and upon request, the court filed findings of fact and conclusions of law.
The findings of fact are summarized as follows. Appellee and appellant lived together as
husband and wife until the spring of 1968 when appellant moved out. Afterward
appellant filed a suit for divorce against appellee, and during the pendency of the
divorce, appellant voluntarily delivered physical custody of David Christopher to
appellee. At that time the child was about three years of age. Appellant did not contest
the judgment awarding custody of the boy to his father. From the time appellant
delivered the child to appellee in early 1969, through the date of appellee's marriage to
his present wife in late 1970, appellee provided all of the shelter, clothing, food, health
care, entertainment, training, education, love, and affection for the child. Following
appellee's present marriage, he and his wife have acted as father and mother to the
child.
Shortly after the divorce was entered, appellant was committed by her mother to the
Austin State Hospital for observation and treatment. She was released from the hospital
after a weekend stay. After her release she departed Austin in the company of three
men with whom she made her way from Texas to the State of Washington.

Appellant married Randie Shreve in Seattle on March 14, 1970, by whom she bore a
child in August of 1970. Appellant divorced Shreve in June of 1973. Appellant married
her present husband, Ricky Holley, in March of 1974.

Before her marriage to Shreve appellant worked as a telephone solicitor to support
herself, receiving the minimum wage. In 1972, appellant obtained employment at the
University of Washington as a program advisor. At the time of trial appellant still held
that position. After her divorce from Shreve, appellant filed proceedings in voluntary
bankruptcy. She was discharged from her debts by the bankruptcy court in September
of 1973. When appellant began her employment with the University she received
$500.00 each month. In January, 1975, her salary had increased to $693.00 monthly.
Though appellant's present husband is a full time student, he receives $366.00 each
month from the United States government and earns about $60.00 each month as a
tutor.

Since August, 1969, appellant has returned to Austin three times. Appellant's mother,
as well as her son, lives in Austin. On each of the three trips to Austin, appellant has
visited with her son.

Since appellant moved from Austin, she has sent a total of about $100.00 to David
Christopher. Occasionally, she sent clothing and toys. At least one of the packages was
returned to appellant unopened. Appellee did not refuse to accept any money tendered
by appellant for support of the child. Appellee, however, did not accept a check for
twenty dollars sent by appellant as a birthday present to the child during the pendency
of the litigation. Appellant testified that she occasionally wrote to the child, directly, and
indirectly through her mother. Appellee and his present wife denied that they refused to
read to the child any letters which reached them.

David Christopher has enjoyed good health, and has a happy relationship with appellee
and his step-mother. He has exhibited no behavior problems. He has attended school
regularly and has made good grades.

The court found as a fact that appellant had not supported the child in keeping with her
ability during a period of one year prior to filing of the petition for termination.

The district court concluded, among other things, that though appellant was not
ordered to pay child support by the terms of the divorce judgment, she had a
continuing duty by virtue of Tex. Family Code Ann. ? 4.02 (1974) to provide support for
her son. The court concluded further that appellant failed to support the child in
accordance with her ability during a period of one year ending within six months of the
date of filing of the petition for termination within the meaning of Tex. Family Code
Ann. ? 15.02(1)(E) (1974), and that such failure was not excusable under the
circumstances within the meaning of Tex. Family Code Ann. ? 15.02(1)(E) (1974). The
court was also of the opinion that appellant, by her conduct and virtual abandonment of
the child for a period of nearly six years, had engaged in conduct which endangered the
emotional well-being of the child within the meaning of Tex. Family Code Ann. ?
15.02(1)(D) (1974). Finally, the court concluded that termination of the parent-child
relationship between appellant and the child was in the best interest of the child within
the meaning of Tex. Family Code Ann. ? 15.02(2) (1974).

Appellant attacks the dispositive findings of fact and conclusions of law of the district
court by many points of error. We will not attempt to discuss the points in their order of
appearance in appellant's brief.

Contrary to appellant's claim, the trial court concluded correctly that appellant had a
continuing duty to provide support for her child even though she was not ordered to do
so by the terms of the divorce decree. Each spouse has the duty to support his or her
minor children. Tex. Family Code Ann. ? 4.02 (1974). See Curton v. Gordon, 510
S.W.2d 682 (Tex. Civ. App. 1974, writ ref'd n.r.e.).

Texas Family Code Ann. ? 15.02 (1974) empowers the court to grant a petition
terminating the parent-child relationship of a non-requesting parent upon the finding
that:

"(1) the parent has:

"(D) engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged in
conduct which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the child; or

"(E) failed to support the child in accordance with his ability during a period of one year
ending within six months of the date of the filing of the petition;

"(I)... and

"(2) termination is in the best interest of the child." (Emphasis supplied)

With respect to his suit for termination of appellant's parental rights under ? 15.02
appellee had the burden of demonstrating facts in compliance with (1)(D) or (1)(E) and
(2) that termination was in the best interest of the child. See White v. Chamberlain,
525 S.W.2d 273 (Tex. Civ. App. 1975, no writ). As written previously, the district court
was of the opinion that appellee discharged his burden in proving compliance with
(1)(D) and (1)(E) and (2).

Appellant by three points of error maintains that the fact finding that she did not
support her child in keeping with her ability during a period of one year prior to the
filing of the petition for termination was supported by no evidence or, alternatively, that
the finding was so contrary to the great weight and preponderance of the evidence so
as to be manifestly unjust. We will overrule those points of error.

The petition for termination was filed on July 26, 1974. One year prior to that date
appellant earned in excess of $500.00 each month. By January of 1975, she earned
$693.00 monthly. It is true that she filed voluntary bankruptcy proceedings in June of
1973, but she was discharged from her debts by the bankruptcy court in September,
1973. In nearly six years appellant sent no more than $100.00 in support of her son.
Though the testimony was conflicting, the trial court concluded that appellee did not
refuse to accept any money tendered by appellant in support of the child. Appellant did
testify that she had a policy of group health insurance presumably obtained in
connection with her employment at the University, and that as a member of her family
the child, David Christopher, was covered by the terms of that policy. Though appellant
did send occasional packages of clothes and toys to the child, occasional gifts are not
sufficient to satisfy the requirements of ? 15.02(1)(E). See Curton v. Gordon, supra.

As we are of the opinion that the court's finding with respect to ? 15.02(1)(E) is sound,
it is not necessary to consider appellant's points of error attacking the court's finding
concerning ? 15.02(1)(D).

As she must, appellant attacks the determination by the trial court that the best
interest of the minor child was served by the termination of her parental rights. Prior to
their divorce appellant delivered the child to appellee. Appellant then embarked upon a
rootless trek to the western states with three male companions. She obtained
employment in Seattle, and married twice more. During all of those years she saw her
son only three times. She did send him a little money, a few clothes, and a few toys.
We agree with the district court that from the time appellant deposited David
Christopher with appellee, it was appellee who provided all of the shelter, clothing,
food, care, training, love, and affection for the child. After appellee remarried, he and
his present wife have acted as father and mother to the child.

Under the record, we are of the opinion that the trial court correctly concluded that it
was in the best interest of the child that appellant's parental rights be terminated.

The judgment is affirmed.
In re A.A.A., 265 S.W.3d 507 (Tex.App.-Houston [1 Dist.] 2008)

Page 507

                          265 S.W.3d 507 (Tex.App.-Houston [1 Dist.] 2008)
                                       In the Interest of A.A.A.
                                        No. 01-07-00160-CV.
                           Court of Appeals of Texas, First District, Houston.
                                            June 26, 2008

      Rehearing Overruled Aug. 19, 2008.

                                                   Page 508

[Copyrighted Material Omitted]

                                                   Page 509

      William B. Connolly, William B. Connolly & Associates, Houston, TX, for Appellant.

       Sandra D. Hachem, Senior Assistant County Attorney, Houston, TX, for Appellee.

       Panel consists of Justices TAFT, HANKS, and HIGLEY.

      OPINION

       GEORGE C. HANKS, JR., Justice.

       We withdraw our opinion and judgment issued January 24, 2008 and issue this one in its stead. We
grant the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services's (“ DFPS" ) motion for rehearing.

        In this accelerated appeal, Shde Aza Hurst challenges the trial court's decree terminating her parental
rights to her minor child, A.A.A., and naming DFPS as A.A.A.'s sole managing conservator. In five issues,
Hurst argues that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court's findings under
Section 161.001. TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001 (Vernon Supp.2007). In her sixth issue, Hurst asserts
that, if we reverse the trial court's termination of her parental rights, we should also reverse the trial court's
appointment of DFPS as sole managing conservator. We affirm.

                                                   Page 510

        Paul Alexander, whose parental rights were also terminated in the decree, filed a notice of appeal,
but did not file a brief or a motion to extend time to file a brief, and he has not reasonably explained his
failure to file a brief. Accordingly, we dismiss Alexander's appeal for want of prosecution. See TEX.R.APP. P.
38.8(a)(1).

      Background

       A.A.A. was born April 13, 2005. During the summer of 2005, her mother, Shde Hurst, was living in
Louisiana with her boyfriend, Paul Alexander. Alexander claims that he is A.A.A.'s father, although DNA test
results were not available at trial. In September 2005, Hurst ended her relationship with Alexander, after
living with him for six months, and she and A.A.A. moved to a Houston shelter. After arriving at the shelter,
Hurst worked at McDonald's for about one month and also began attending night school.

       On January 24, 2006, Hurst left eight-month-old A.A.A. at the shelter and went to Wal-Mart. While at
Wal-Mart, Hurst was arrested for shoplifting and spent two days in a Harris County jail. Hurst claims that
she was shoplifting cough medicine because A.A.A. was sick. On January 25, when Hurst did not return to
the shelter, DFPS received a referral of neglectful supervision of A.A.A. The next of kin was supposed to
have picked up A.A.A. on January 24, but never arrived. When DFPS called the contacts on Hurst's
emergency list, the first contact indicated that she could not care for the child, and the second contact had
a disconnected number. A.A.A. was then taken into DFPS care. On January 26, DFPS filed a petition for
protection of a child, conservatorship, and termination of the parent-child relationship, and the trial court
issued a temporary order naming DFPS as A.A.A.'s temporary sole managing conservator. DFPS initially
placed A.A.A. in foster care, but in May 2006, A.A.A. was moved to Hurst's relative. This relative has
expressed an interest in adopting A.A.A.

       Hurst was released from county jail on January 25 at 5:55 p.m. She testified that, by the time she
was released, DFPS had already had possession of A.A.A. for one day. She also stated that DFPS told her
that A.A.A. would not be returned until she completed the required process. After being released, Hurst
moved to another shelter in Pasadena, Texas, for a few weeks and then moved in with a friend in Houston
until sometime in June. Hurst claimed that she worked at McDonald's during this period, although A.A.A.'s
guardian ad litem testified that Hurst told her she had been working at the McDonald's for about three
weeks as of June 1.

      In June, Hurst moved back to Louisiana where she moved back and forth between Alexander and her
sick mother, whom she assisted. Hurst stated that, once back in Louisiana, she babysat two children, ages
seven and nine, for around seven months and was making about $300 every two weeks. A.A.A. remained in
Texas with Hurst's relative. At the time of trial, Hurst testified that she was currently living with Alexander at
an apartment in Lake Charles, where she planned on staying and where she has arranged for daycare for
A.A.A. She also stated that she was working at a gas station making $7.25 an hour.

       A family service plan was implemented, outlining the services Hurst was to complete in order to be
reunited with A.A.A. Hurst signed this plan on March 9, and, on March 23, the trial court ordered Hurst to
comply with the plan. Brandi Sewell-Hall, the appointed caseworker on A.A.A.'s case from January 2006
until December 2006, testified that, during her time on the case,

                                                   Page 511

DFPS tried to help Hurst to complete her services but Hurst failed to complete any of the services except for
a psychological evaluation. Hall also stated that, during the year she was the assigned caseworker, Hurst
only visited A.A.A. two times, even though she could have visited twice a month while A.A.A. was in foster
care, and more often once Hurst's relative had custody of A.A.A. Hurst testified that she left a message on
Hall's answering machine indicating that she was moving to Louisiana. Hall, however, stated that she does
not remember such a message.

      Elizabeth Bolling, the assigned caseworker from January 19, 2007 until the time of trial, testified that
Hurst had only seen A.A.A. once during that time. Bolling stated that it is in A.A.A.'s best interest to remain
with Hurst's relative. A.A.A.'s guardian ad litem testified that A.A.A. had bonded with Hurst's relative and
was thriving in her current environment.

       Hurst testified that her failure to comply with the family service plan was due to transportation
problems and the unavailability of parenting classes, although she testified at trial that she made a choice
not to catch the bus to attend the parenting classes. She also testified that she completed the parenting
classes days before trial and just needed to pick up the certificate.
       Hurst testified that she visited A.A.A. six times before she moved back to Louisiana. She also stated
that she called A.A.A. every day after she moved to Louisiana. Hurst claimed that she did not visit A.A.A.
more frequently because she believed she could only visit A.A.A. at the DFPS office. Bolling confirmed that
Hurst had stated that she believed all visits with A.A.A. were to be at the DFPS office. While Hurst admitted
that she did not provide financial support for A.A.A. after she was taken into DFPS care, Hurst testified that
she brought clothing and shoes to the DFPS office approximately six times.

      DFPS petitioned to have Hurst's parental rights terminated on January 26, 2006. Permanency
hearings occurred on July 27 and November 14, 2006, and on February 6, 2007. A bench trial occurred on
DFPS's parental-termination suit on February 6, 2007, and, on February 27, the trial court signed a
judgment terminating Hurst's and Alexander's parent-child relationship with A.A.A. and appointing DFPS as
A.A.A.'s sole managing conservator.

      Sufficiency

       In issues one through five, Hurst challenges the trial court's termination of her parental rights
because the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court's finding that she engaged
in conduct set out as grounds for termination pursuant to Texas Family Code subsections 161.001(1)(E),
(F), (N), and (O) and the trial court's finding that termination was in the best interest of the child pursuant
to subsection 161.001(2).

      Standard of Review

       Because parental-rights termination “ is complete, final, irrevocable, and divests for all time that
natural right ...[,] the evidence in support of termination must be clear and convincing before a court may
involuntarily terminate a parent's rights." Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex.1985) (citing Santosky v.
Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 747, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1391, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982); Richardson v. Green, 677 S.W.2d
497, 500 (Tex.1984)). “ ‘ Clear and convincing evidence’ means the measure or degree of proof that will
produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to
be established." TEX. FAM.CODE. ANN. § 101.007 (Vernon

                                                   Page 512

2002). This heightened burden of proof results in a heightened standard of review.

        When determining legal sufficiency, we review “ all the evidence in the light most favorable to the
finding to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its
finding was true." In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex.2002). To give appropriate deference to the
factfinder's conclusions, we must assume that the factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if
a reasonable factfinder could do so. Id. We disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have
disbelieved or found to have been incredible. Id. This does not mean that we must disregard all evidence
that does not support the finding. Id. Disregarding undisputed facts that do not support the finding could
skew the analysis of whether there is clear and convincing evidence. Id. Therefore, in conducting a legal-
sufficiency review in a parental-termination case, we must consider all of the evidence, not only that which
favors the verdict. See City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 817 (Tex.2005).

       In determining factual sufficiency under the clear and convincing burden, we must consider whether
the evidence is sufficient to produce in the mind of the factfinder a firm belief or conviction as to the truth
of the allegation sought to be established. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 26 (Tex.2002). We consider whether
disputed evidence is such that a reasonable factfinder could not have resolved that disputed evidence in
favor of its finding. J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. “ If, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence that a
reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so significant that a factfinder could
not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction, then the evidence is factually insufficient." Id.
       The natural rights that exist between parents and their children are of constitutional dimension.
Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20. Therefore, termination proceedings should be strictly scrutinized, and the
involuntary termination statutes should be strictly construed in favor of the parent. Id. at 20-21. However, “
[j]ust as it is imperative for courts to recognize the constitutional underpinnings of the parent-child
relationship, it is also essential that emotional and physical interests of the child not be sacrificed merely to
preserve that right." C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 26.

       For parental rights to be involuntarily terminated, it must be found by clear and convincing evidence
that the parent engaged in conduct set out in subsection 161.001(1) and that termination would be in the
child's best interest pursuant to subsection 161.001(2). TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001 (Vernon
Supp.2007).

      Failure to Comply with Court Order

        In her fourth issue, Hurst asserts that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the
trial court's finding that Hurst engaged in conduct pursuant to subsection 161.001(1)( O ). To terminate
parental rights based on subsection 161.001(1)( O ), a trial court must find by clear and convincing
evidence that the parent

failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically established the actions necessary for
the parent to obtain the return of the child who has been in the permanent or temporary managing
conservatorship of the Department of Protective and Regulatory Services for not less than nine months as a
result of the child's removal from the parent under Chapter 262 [1] for the abuse or neglect of the child.

                                                   Page 513

TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)( O ) (Vernon Supp.2007).

       Hurst does not dispute that A.A.A. was in DFPS custody for at least nine months or that she did not
comply with all the requirements of her family service plan. Instead, she argues that DFPS did not meet its
burden of proof under subsection 161.001(1)( O ) because A.A.A. was not removed from Hurst as a result
of abuse or neglect, but solely because she had been arrested and was unable to return to A.A.A. at the
shelter.[2]

        DFPS counters by asserting that the Legislature did not intend to require a finding of abuse or neglect
of the child under subsection 161.001(1)( O ). Instead, according to DFPS, this language merely clarifies
that removal under this subsection is proper if the child was removed for any reason under Chapter 262.
DFPS also argues that the Texas Supreme Court has shown that proof of abuse or neglect is not required
for a finding pursuant to subsection 161.001(1)( O ).

       Because this appeal requires us to interpret a section of the Texas Family Code, we restate the basic
principles of statutory construction. Interpreting statutes is a legal matter, subject to de novo review. Bragg
v. Edwards Aquifer Auth., 71 S.W.3d 729, 734 (Tex.2002). A trial court has no discretion when evaluating a
question of law. See Huie v. DeShazo, 922 S.W.2d 920, 927 (Tex.1996); Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833,
840 (Tex.1992).

      The overriding goal of statutory interpretation is to determine the Legislature's intent. Cont'l Cas. Co.
v. Downs, 81 S.W.3d 803, 805 (Tex.2002). In order to ascertain legislative intent, we first look to the plain
and common meaning of the words used by the Legislature. TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 311.011 (Vernon
2005); Argonaut Ins. Co. v. Baker, 87 S.W.3d 526, 529 (Tex.2002). It is a well-settled rule of statutory
construction that every word of a statute must be presumed to have been used for a purpose. In re Bell, 91
S.W.3d 784, 790 (Tex.2002). To ascertain legislative intent, however, we must look to the statute as a
whole and not to its isolated provisions. Morrison v. Chan, 699 S.W.2d 205, 208 (Tex.1985); Tex. Dep't of
Banking v. Mount Olivet Cemetery Ass'n, 27 S.W.3d 276, 283 (Tex.App.-Austin 2000, pet. denied). In
ascertaining legislative
                                                 Page 514

intent, we do not confine our review to isolated statutory words, phrases, or clauses, but we instead
examine the entire act. Meritor Auto., Inc. v. Ruan Leasing Co., 44 S.W.3d 86, 90 (Tex.2001).

      In this case, we are called upon to interpret the meaning of “ removal from the parent under Chapter
262 for abuse or neglect of the child." DFPS contends that this phrase merely clarifies that removal under
subsection 161.001(1)( O ) is proper if the child was removed for any reason under Chapter 262. However,
we must presume that the phrase “ abuse or neglect of the child" was used by the Legislature for a reason.
See Bell, 91 S.W.3d at 790.

      DFPS also asserts that the supreme court has addressed the issue of whether “ abuse or neglect" are
requirements of subsection 161.001(1)( O ). In J.F.C., the supreme court determined:

The evidence establishes as a matter of law that the parents failed to comply with the court's orders
specifying the actions the parents had to take for the DPRS to return the children to the parents. The record
also conclusively establishes that the children were removed from their parents under Chapter 262 of the
Family Code, and it is undisputed that they were in the DPRS's custody for more than nine months after
their removal. Accordingly, the parental conduct described in subsection 161.001(1)( O ) of the Family Code
was established as a matter of law.

96 S.W.3d at 278-79 (Tex.2002). Thus, in holding that subsection 161.001(1)( O ) was conclusively
established, the supreme court's analysis did not include whether the child at issue was removed for abuse
or neglect. DFPS contends that, by not mentioning that the child was removed for abuse or neglect, the
supreme court eliminated abuse or neglect as a required element of subsection 161.001(1)( O ). We
disagree.

       We first note that the specific question of whether a child must be removed under Chapter 262 for
that child's own abuse or neglect was not brought before the court in J.F.C. Instead, the court was asked to
address the constitutionality of the broad-form jury charge on parental termination used by the trial court.
Id. at 277. The supreme court did not reach this issue, however, because it held that the evidence
established parental conduct pursuant to subsection 161.001(1)( O ) as a matter of law. Id.

       The Texas Supreme Court has not reviewed a termination based on subsection 161.001(1)( O ) since
J.F.C. Among the courts of appeals, most have not looked to J.F.C. when reviewing a subsection
161.001(1)( O ) termination, but have acted similarly by not analyzing whether the child at issue was
removed under Chapter 262 for abuse or neglect. However, several decisions have treated a finding of
abuse or neglect of the child to be a required element.

        In re S.A.P., from the Waco Court of Appeals, specifically pointed out that “ abuse or neglect of the
child" was required under subsection 161.001(1)( O ), and, because testimony showed that the child was
not removed for abuse or neglect, but because of the risk caused by the parents' prior history, held that
there was no evidence to support the jury's finding. 169 S.W.3d 685, 705-06 (Tex.App.-Waco 2005, no
pet.). The Tyler Court of Appeals has consistently recognized “ abuse or neglect of the child" as an element
of subsection 161.001(1)( O ). See In re K.H., No. 12-05-00077-CV, 2006 WL 3211299, at *5 (Tex.App.-
Tyler Nov. 8, 2006, no pet.); In re M.B., No. 12-04-00350-CV, 2005 WL 3201071, at *4 (Tex.App.-Tyler
Nov. 30, 2005, no pet.);

                                                 Page 515

In re A.C., No. 12-04- 00264-CV, 2005 WL 2404108, at *4 (Tex.App.-Tyler Sept. 30, 2005, no pet.).
Additionally, a decision from the Amarillo Court of Appeals actually designated “ the child's removal from the
parent was a result of abuse or neglect of the child" as the third element of subsection 161.001(1)( O ) and
went on to conclude that the child at issue was removed because of her parents' neglect. In re M.B., No.
07-04-0334-CV, 2004 WL 2867544, at *2 (Tex.App.-Amarillo Dec. 14, 2004, no pet.).

       Because the supreme court did not expressly hold that “ removal under Chapter 262 for abuse or
neglect of the child" is not an element of subsection 161.001(1)( O ), we must adhere to the unambiguous
language of the statute. Thus, in our sufficiency review of the trial court's finding that Hurst engaged in
conduct pursuant to subsection 161.001(1)( O ), we must consider whether DFPS proved by clear and
convincing evidence that A.A.A. was removed under Chapter 262 for Hurst's abuse or neglect.

       In determining whether the evidence is sufficient to support the trial court's finding that A.A.A. was
removed because of Hurst's abuse or neglect, and because “ abuse" and “ neglect" are not defined in
subsection 161.001(1)( O ), it is helpful to review how “ abuse or neglect of the child" has been addressed
as a prong of subsection 161.001(1)( O ). In In re M.B., the court held that the Department's affidavit
established that the child was removed as a result of neglect. 2004 WL 2867544, at *2. The affidavit stated
that the Department had received a report from the hospital treating the child, which informed them that
the parents could not be located and had not left any contact information. Id. As of the date of removal, the
parents had not visited the child in the hospital in nearly one month. Id. In In re A.C., a Department
affidavit stated that a report was initially received alleging neglectful supervision. 2005 WL 2404108, at *4.
After investigating, the Department decided that there was “ reason to believe" the allegations. Id. A
Department specialist found that, after the allegation, the parents placed the children with a relative to
avoid foster care. Id. After caring for the children for four months, the relative brought the children to the
Department, because she could not care for them and was not receiving support from their parents. Id. The
specialist believed emergency removal was necessary due to alleged drug use and lack of appropriate
housing. The court held that this evidence established the parents' neglect. Id. In In re K.H., the court held
that evidence that the “ case was initiated because of domestic violence ... and physical neglect of both
children" established that removal occurred due to parental neglect. 2006 WL 3211299, at *5. Removal
based on neglect was also held to be established where a Department affidavit noted that the child tested
positive for drugs at birth and the parents were “ engaged in ongoing drug possession and use in violation
of a previous service plan." In re M.B., 2005 WL 3201071, at *4. However, in In re S.A.P., the court held
that the abuse or neglect prong was not satisfied because a Department caseworker specifically testified
that the child was not removed for the abuse or neglect of the parents, but because of a risk caused by the
parent's prior history. 169 S.W.3d at 705-06. We conclude that these opinions show that whether a child
was removed for abuse or neglect should be determined on a case-by-case basis.

       Here, DFPS argues that the fact that Hurst left A.A.A. in the shelter while she went to commit a
crime is sufficient to establish neglect. We disagree. DFPS did not offer sufficient evidence of the
circumstances surrounding this event to

                                                 Page 516

establish neglect. Specifically, DFPS provided no evidence that Hurst knew or reasonably should have known
that her child would not be taken care of when she left her at the shelter. Similarly, DFPS failed to present
evidence with whom, and with what instructions, the child was left at the shelter. To the contrary, there is
evidence that Hurst had provided emergency contact information with the shelter, even though this contact
information ultimately proved useless.

        Nevertheless, we conclude that the evidence is sufficient to support the trial court's finding that
A.A.A. was removed for Hurst's neglect. DFPS did present evidence to the trial court that, once Hurst was
released from police custody, she did not make any effort to find out A.A.A.'s location or condition or to
leave a way to reach her with either DFPS or the shelter. Attached to DFPS's original petition for temporary
managing conservatorship of A.A.A. is an affidavit, signed on January 26, 2006, stating that Hurst was
released from county jail on January 25, 2006 at 5:55 p.m., but had not yet returned to the shelter or made
any attempt to contact relatives, and her whereabouts were unknown at that time. Moreover, the affidavit
states that A.A.A. “ was placed into protective custody because her mother could not be located and there
were no other [DFPS] approved alternate placement options available." On January 26, the trial court found
that A.A.A. was initially removed from Hurst pursuant to Section 262.104, which allows for emergency
removal without a court order. TEX. FAM.CODE. ANN. § 262.104 (Vernon Supp.2007). The trial court also
issued a temporary order naming DFPS as A.A.A.'s temporary sole managing conservator, finding, in part,
that “ there is a continuing danger to the physical health or safety of the child if returned to the parent." In
viewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding, we conclude that a reasonable trier of
fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that A.A.A. was removed under Chapter 262 for Hurst's
neglect. Additionally, because the evidence surrounding Hurst's lack of effort to locate her child following
her release from custody is undisputed, we hold that the evidence is factually sufficient to support the trial
court's finding.

       We overrule Hurst's fourth issue. Therefore, we need not address Hurst's first through third issues
challenging the trial court's other subsection 161.001(1) findings, but we must also determine whether the
evidence was sufficient to support the trial court's finding that termination was in A.A.A.'s best interest.

      Best Interest of the Child

      In her fifth issue, Hurst challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the trial court's finding that
termination was in A.A.A.'s best interest pursuant to subsection 161.001(2). TEX. FAM.CODE. ANN. §
161.001(2).

        A strong presumption exists that a child's best interests are served by maintaining the parent-child
relationship. In re L.M., 104 S.W.3d 642, 647 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.). The same
evidence of acts or omissions used to establish grounds for termination under subsection 161.001(1) may
be probative in determining the best interests of the child. Id. Some of the factors that an appellate court
may consider in ascertaining the best interest of a child include the list set forth in Holley v. Adams., 544
S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex.1976). Those factors include the following:

(1) the desires of the child;
(2) the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the future;

                                                    Page 517
(3) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future;
(4) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody;
(5) the programs available to assist these individuals to promote the best interest of the child;
(6) the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency seeking custody;
(7) the stability of the home or proposed placement;
(8) the acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate that the existing parent-child relationship is not a
proper one; and
(9) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent.

Id.; see also Adams v. Tex. Dept. of Family & Protective Servs., 236 S.W.3d 271, 280-81 (Tex.App.-Houston
[1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.). These factors are not exhaustive, and there is no requirement that DFPS prove all
factors as a condition precedent to parental termination. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 27 (Tex.2002).
Termination of the parent-child relationship is not justified where the evidence shows merely that a parent's
failure to provide a more desirable degree of care and support of the child is due solely to misfortune or the
lack of intelligence or training, and not to indifference or malice. Clark v. Dearen, 715 S.W.2d 364, 367
(Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1986, no writ).

        We begin by considering the desires of the child and the suitability of any proposed placement. At
the time of trial, A.A.A. was too young to express with whom she desired to live. Nevertheless, A.A.A.'s
guardian ad litem noted in her report that, during the most recent visit between Hurst and A.A.A., there was
limited interaction because A.A.A. does not know her mother. She recommended that A.A.A. remain in her
current placement, because she has bonded with Hurst's relative and her children and appears to be
thriving. Further, while the record does not expressly state that DFPS plans on placing A.A.A. with Hurst's
relative, Hall testified that Hurst's relative has expressed an interest in adopting A.A.A.
        We next examine A.A.A.'s emotional and physical considerations now and in the future. DFPS did not
present any evidence showing how Hurst posed a physical or emotional danger to A.A.A. Both caseworkers
testified that A.A.A. has no special needs. There is no evidence that Hurst had a drug or alcohol problem.
Hurst also testified that there was no domestic violence problems between her and Alexander.

        Nevertheless, the goal of establishing a stable, permanent home for a child is a compelling state
interest. In re C.E.K., 214 S.W.3d 492, 498 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2006, no pet.). We recognize that Hurst
testified that she is currently living and plans on staying with Alexander in a Lake Charles apartment, where
she has day care arranged for A.A.A. She also explained that her name was on the apartment's lease, even
when she was not living there, because she planned on returning to Louisiana. Alexander expressed that he
is going to stay at the apartment and is ready to provide shelter and food for A.A.A.

        However, despite Hurst's and Alexander's testimony that they are ready to provide for A.A.A., there
is also evidence weighing against Hurst's ability to provide a stable, permanent home. Since A.A.A.'s
removal, Hurst has lived at several locations around Houston and in Louisiana and has changed jobs several
times. Her rationale for initially leaving Louisiana and moving with A.A.A. to the Houston shelter was she “
wanted to do things on her own."

                                                   Page 518

When asked why she moved back to Louisiana while A.A.A. remained in Texas, Hurst answered, “ Because
that's home. I was going home." She explained that, once back in Louisiana, she lived back and forth
between Alexander and her sick mother, whom she assisted.

        Hurst also testified that she worked continuously from February 2006 until the time of trial. She
stated that she worked at McDonald's from February 2006 until June 2006. However, the guardian ad litem
testified that, on June 1, 2006, Hurst told her that she had been working at McDonald's for only three
weeks. Once back in Louisiana, Hurst testified that she babysat two children for seven months, making $300
every two weeks. At trial, Hurst expressed that she was currently working early evenings at a gas station
making $7.25 an hour. Hurst's frequent moves and job changes weigh against her ability to provide a
stable, permanent home for A.A.A.

        Finally, we look at Hurst's acts and omissions that indicate that the parent-child relationship is
improper, keeping in mind any excuses she has for her behavior. The events precipitating DFPS's taking
custody of A.A.A. began with Hurst's arrest for shoplifting. Hurst admitted that shoplifting is wrong, but
testified that this was the first time she had been arrested and claimed that she shoplifted cough medicine
for A.A.A., who was sick. While Hurst offered several explanations for why she did not attend required
parenting classes and claimed that she left several messages with Hall indicating that she was moving back
to Louisiana, it is undisputed that she failed to complete the services outlined in her court-ordered family
service plan. Furthermore, Hurst made at most six out of a possible 24 visits with A.A.A., and, after she
returned to Louisiana in June 2006, she did not see A.A.A. again until January 2007. Even though she could
have visited A.A.A. more often once she was in her relative's care, Hurst claimed that she was told she
could only visit at the DFPS office. However, when asked why she did not make the remaining 18 visits,
which would have been at the DFPS office, she replied, “ I don't know." Hurst stated that the primary
reason she went six months without visiting A.A.A. was her lack of transportation, but noted that she called
A.A.A. everyday. Hall agreed that Hurst had complained about transportation problems during most of their
conversations. Finally, Hurst testified that she brought A.A.A. clothing and shoes during their visits, but
admitted that she has provided no financial assistance for her daughter's maintenance.

       In light of all the evidence, the trial court could have formed a firm belief or conviction that
termination of Hurst's parental rights was in A.A.A.'s best interest. Accordingly, we hold that the evidence is
legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court's finding that termination of Hurst's parental rights
was in the best interest of A.A.A.

      We overrule Hurst's fifth issue.
            Sole Managing Conservator

      Having affirmed the termination of Hurst's parental rights, we now turn to Hurst's sixth issue, which
asks whether the appointment of DFPS as sole managing conservator should be reversed. However,
because Hurst asks us to consider this issue only if we conclude that the trial court erred in terminating her
parental rights, we need not address it.

            Conclusion

            We affirm the trial court's judgment.

---------

Notes:

[1]
  Chapter 262 is entitled “ Procedures in Suit by Governmental Entity to Protect Health and Safety of Child." TEX. FAM.CODE
ANN. § 262 (Vernon Supp.2007). Subchapter B of Chapter 262 provides the reasons and procedures necessary for a
governmental entity to take possession of a child. See generally id. § § 262.101-.114 (Vernon 2002 & Supp.2007).

[2]
   On rehearing, DFPS asserts that Hurst's statement of points regarding subsection 161.001(1)( O ) is insufficient to preserve her
complaint that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court's finding that A.A.A. was removed for
abuse or neglect. See TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 263.405(b), (i) (Vernon Supp.2007) (requiring a party to file with the trial court a
statement of the point or points he wishes to appeal before an appellate court may consider the issue). Hurst's points regarding
subsection 161.001(1)( O ) are as follows:

19. The evidence is legally insufficient to support a finding that the Respondent did not participate in court ordered services under
the Texas Family code, section § 161.001( O ).
20. The evidence is factually insufficient to support a finding that the Respondent did not participate in court ordered services
under the Texas Family code, section § 161.001( O ).
While these points do not expressly challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting that A.A.A. was removed for abuse or
neglect, they were sufficient to put the trial court on notice that Hurst was challenging the legal and factual sufficiency of its
termination of her parental rights pursuant to subsection 161.001(1)( O ). Accordingly, we consider Hurst's issue regarding
subsection 161.001(1)( O ).
In re A.I.G., 135 S.W.3d 687 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 2003)

Page 687

                           135 S.W.3d 687 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 2003)
                            In the Interest of A.I.G. and J.A.M., children.
                                        No. 04-02-00849-CV.
                       Court of Appeals of Texas, Fourth District, San Antonio.
                                           March 31, 2003.

                                                   Page 688

[Copyrighted Material Omitted]

                                                   Page 689

     Grace G. Kunde, Knobles & Klingemann, Inc., Seguin, for appellant.

     Lana S. Shadwick, Houston, William Old, Austin, for appellee.

     Elizabeth C. Jandt, Jandt & Jandt, Seguin, for ad litem.

     Sitting: CATHERINE STONE, Justice, SARAH B. DUNCAN, Justice, SANDEE BRYAN MARION, Justice.

     OPINION

     Opinion by: CATHERINE STONE, Justice.

      This is an accelerated appeal from an order terminating Appellant Michelle Garza's parental rights to
her two children, A.I.G. and J.A.M. The Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory Services ("TDPRS")
sued to involuntarily terminate the parental rights of Garza and George Martinez, J.A.M.'s father. We affirm.

     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       According to Garza and Martinez, who were present the afternoon J.A.M. was rushed to the hospital,
when Martinez returned home from work, he and Garza immediately started to argue. They argued for
about thirty minutes before Garza left for work. J.A.M. was fussy, but Martinez prepared a bottle after Garza
left. Martinez claimed that when J.A.M.'s crying grew louder, he placed her in the baby bouncer. He said he
shook the bouncer hard, she continued crying, and he went to the kitchen to get her bottle. He claims

                                                   Page 690

that when he returned from the kitchen, J.A.M. was seizing. As he picked her up, she had a bowel
movement and stopped breathing. Martinez ran outside to call Garza, who was walking to work. Garza
returned to the apartment, and the couple performed CPR on J.A.M. An ambulance responded to their call
and transported J.A.M. to the hospital.

      CT scans revealed that J.A.M. had multiple hemorrhages in her brain and eyes and had suffered a
stroke. The effects of this abuse are catastrophic. J.A.M. now has cerebral palsy. Her bones will continue to
grow, but her muscles will not due to lack of use. Her muscles will tighten to the point where they can
actually pull the bones out of their sockets. She will never be able to walk, talk, see clearly, potty-train, or
understand her surroundings. She will be in constant pain and suffer seizures for the rest of her unnaturally
shortened life. [1]

       TDPRS alleged that J.A.M. suffered abuse at the hands of both of her parents and presented evidence
that J.A.M. suffered from Shaken Baby Syndrome. After a bench trial, the trial court found clear and
convincing evidence that Garza and Martinez engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the children with
persons who engaged in conduct which endangered the physical or emotional well-being of the children.
The court also found clear and convincing evidence that termination of Garza and Martinez's parent-child
relationship was in the best interests of both A.I.G. and J.A.M. The court therefore granted TDPRS' request
to terminate the parental rights of Garza and Martinez. The trial court also terminated the parental rights of
Isaac Antunez, A.I.G.'s father, based on his executed waiver of interest. Garza alone appeals the
termination order.

     SUFFICIENCY CHALLENGES TO ENDANGERMENT FINDINGS

       In proceedings to terminate the parent-child relationship under section 161.001 of the Texas Family
Code, the State must establish one or more acts or omissions enumerated under subsection (1), and must
additionally prove that termination of the parent-child relationship is in the best interest of the child. See
TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001 (Vernon 2002). Because termination of parental rights is such a drastic
remedy involving fundamental constitutional rights, both the grounds for involuntary termination and the
best interest of the child must be proved by clear and convincing evidence. See In the Interest of C.H., 89
S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex.2002). Clear and convincing evidence is defined as the degree of proof that will produce
in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be
proved. See id.

        Garza claims error on three grounds. First, she contends that TDPRS presented legally and factually
insufficient evidence to support a finding by clear and convincing evidence that she endangered the well-
being of her children or knowingly placed them with persons who endangered their well-being. In cases
such as the instant case where no findings of fact are filed, the judgment of the trial court must be affirmed
if it can be upheld on any legal theory that finds support in the evidence. In the Interest of W.E.R., 669
S.W.2d 716, 717 (Tex.1984).

     "The distinction between legal and factual sufficiency when the burden of proof is clear and convincing
evidence may be a fine one in some cases, but there is a distinction in how the evidence is reviewed."

                                                  Page 691

In the Interest of J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex.2002). When reviewing for legal sufficiency, a court
should look at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine whether a reasonable
trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true. Id. "To give appropriate
deference to the factfinder's conclusions and the role of a court conducting a legal sufficiency review,
looking at the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment means that a reviewing court must
assume that the factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could do
so." Id.

      In a factual sufficiency review, we determine whether the factfinder could reasonably form a firm
belief or conviction based on the evidence about the truth of the State's allegations. Id. If, in light of the
entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the
finding is so significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction, then
the evidence is factually insufficient. Id.

       As evidence that Garza endangered the children, TDPRS presented the testimony of Maureen Watson,
a detective with the Seguin police department, who testified that Garza admitted to shaking J.A.M. Garza's
sworn statement that she shook J.A.M. "about five times" was admitted at trial. Although Garza testified
that she felt coerced into making the statement and denied ever shaking J.A.M., Garza's mother, Aida
Trevino, testified that she had seen Garza shake A.I.G. Trevino also testified that she witnessed both Garza
and Martinez being "rough" with the children. TDPRS also introduced evidence that Garza suffered from
depression, received prescription medicine to treat her depression, and had better anger management skills
when she took that medicine. However, Garza testified that she stopped taking the medicine after only a
few months, and that her temper became worse at that time.

       As evidence that Garza knowingly placed the children with persons whose conduct endangered them,
TDPRS presented the testimony of Jared Speights, an investigative caseworker with Child Protective
Services. Speights testified that Garza knew Martinez was rough with the children before the day J.A.M. was
taken to the hospital. Speights also testified that Garza knew Martinez was bipolar and had stopped taking
the medicine prescribed for his mental illness. TDPRS also introduced a second sworn statement made by
Garza, stating that she did not trust Martinez with the children because he was short-tempered and
impatient. Additionally, Garza herself testified that Martinez was rough with A.I.G. and would scream at her
without reason. Garza also testified that although she and Martinez would push, hit, slap, and scream at
each other, and even though she knew Martinez was suicidal, she left the children with Martinez. While on
the stand, Garza stated that she accepted responsibility for leaving J.A.M. with Martinez, a man she knew to
be violent and aggressive.

      Martinez's sworn admission that he shook J.A.M. was introduced at trial. J.A.M.'s pediatric
neurosurgeon testified that injuries were inflicted on J.A.M. over the course of at least two weeks. TDPRS
argued that if Garza herself did not inflict the injuries on J.A.M., Garza should have been able to recognize
the signs that her daughter was being abused. This argument is supported by the testimony of J.A.M.'s
neurosurgeon that a baby who was shaken like this would likely be listless, pale, lethargic, and would vomit
more than normal. Garza testified that she noticed that J.A.M. was limp, pale, and unable to keep her food
down in the week before she was taken to the hospital.

                                                  Page 692

      Garza contends that legally and factually insufficient evidence was presented to find that the children
were continuously endangered prior to removal, or that the children would be endangered if they were
returned to her. Garza also argues that there is no evidence or insufficient evidence to establish that her
conduct physically or emotionally harmed the children or that she knowingly placed them in a dangerous
environment on the day J.A.M. was rushed to the hospital. She argues that because she attended
counseling and parenting classes which included discussions on anger management, and because her last
counselor testified that she was making positive progress, the court had legally and factually insufficient
evidence to find by clear and convincing evidence that she endangered her children or knowingly placed
them with persons who endangered them.

      A child is endangered when they are jeopardized or exposed to loss or injury. See Tex. Dep't of
Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex.1987). Endangerment can be proven through actions and
omissions. See In the Interest of D.T., 34 S.W.3d 625, 634 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied).
Domestic violence and a propensity for violence may be considered as evidence of endangerment. See In
the Interest of B.J.B., 546 S.W.2d 674, 677 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 1977, writ ref'd n.r.e.). Additionally, a
parent's mental state may be considered in this analysis if that mental state allows the parent to engage in
conduct which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the child. In the Interest of C.D., 664
S.W.2d 851, 853 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1984, no writ). The record supports a finding that both Garza and
Martinez shook J.A.M. The record also indicates that both Garza and Martinez suffered from diagnosed but
untreated mental diseases and that they were prone to physical outbursts when placed under stress or
angered. After considering the entire record and arguments of the parties, we hold that there is legally and
factually sufficient evidence to support a finding by clear and convincing evidence that Garza engaged in
conduct or knowingly placed her children with persons who engaged in conduct which endangered the
physical or emotional well-being of A.I.G. and J.A.M. Garza's first issue is overruled.

     SUFFICIENCY CHALLENGES TO BEST INTEREST FINDINGS
        In her second issue, Garza claims that TDPRS failed to overcome the presumption that allowing the
natural parent to retain custody is in the children's best interests. Although a strong presumption exists that
a child's best interest is served by keeping them with their natural parents, that presumption disappears
when confronted with evidence to the contrary. See In the Interest of H.C., 942 S.W.2d 661, 667 (Tex.App.-
San Antonio 1997, no writ). In determining a child's best interest, courts have considered a number of
factors, including: 1) the desires of the child; 2) the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in
the future; 3) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future; 4) the parental abilities
of the individuals seeking custody; 5) the programs available to assist these individuals to promote the best
interest of the child; 6) the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency seeking custody; 7) the
stability of the home or proposed placement; 8) the acts or omissions of the parent which may indicate that
the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one; and 9) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the
parent. Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex.1976). We need not decide each of these factors
against a parent to find that termination is in the child's best

                                                  Page 693

interest. See Phillips v. Tex. Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 25 S.W.3d 348, 355 (Tex.App.-Austin
2000, no pet.).

      In deciding A.I.G. and J.A.M.'s best interests, the trial court could have considered the following: (1)
the present and future emotional and physical needs of the children; (2) the present and future physical and
emotional danger to the children; (3) Garza's parental inabilities; (4) Garza's unwillingness to accept and
complete counseling services; (5) Garza's unwillingness and inability to effect positive changes within a
reasonable time; and (6) stability of the proposed home for A.I.G. and J.A.M. Evidence supporting
termination of Garza's parental rights on grounds of endangerment is also probative of the best interests of
the children. See C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28.

       Through each of its witnesses, TDPRS presented evidence that Garza has been unable to meet the
physical and emotional needs of her children. Garza's mother testified that both children have lived with her
for the vast majority of their young lives because Garza has been unable or unwilling to assume
responsibility for them. She testified that Garza was unaware of the needs of the children, and would
seldom change A.I.G.'s diaper, even as a toddler. She testified that Garza complained about having to take
care of the children and that after a particularly stressful day, Garza threatened to kill Martinez and J.A.M.

       Alyssa Halbert, a caseworker for Child Protective Services, testified that Garza failed to complete the
anger management classes required by her family service plan, and that Garza's participation in therapy had
been sporadic. Halbert testified that Garza could not provide a stable home, and that inability would
adversely affect the children. Halbert also expressed concern for the safety of the children due to Garza's
inability to control her impulses and cope with anger. Christina Marbach, a licensed professional counselor
who met with Garza, also testified that Garza's attendance at counseling sessions ordered by Child
Protective Services was sporadic, her absences were unexplained, and her progress was hindered by
inconsistent attendance. Marbach testified that although Garza was becoming more insightful in recognizing
her depressive symptoms and the triggers for her anger, Garza refused to see the psychiatrist Marbach
recommended to prescribe medicine to treat Garza's depression.

       The counselors Garza has seen testified that she is not ready to take on the role of a full-time parent
to her children. Parenting J.A.M. will present particular challenges because she will never learn to potty-train
or ask for food or water. She will require 24 hour-a-day care for the remainder of her life. Trevino has been
caring for both children full-time since the State intervened on their behalf. Both Halbert and Trevino
testified that Trevino provided and would continue to provide a stable home for A.I.G. and J.A.M. The
numerous incidents of neglect and dangerous conditions evinced in the record sufficiently establish a
pattern of obvious harm to the children's emotional and physical well-being. Therefore, after reviewing the
factors applicable to this case and considering the entire record and arguments of the parties on appeal, we
hold that TDPRS and the attorney and guardian ad litem presented legally and factually sufficient evidence
to support a finding by clear and convincing evidence that termination of Garza's parental rights is in the
best interests of A.I.G. and J.A.M. Garza's second issue is overruled.
         GARZA'S REQUEST FOR ABATEMENT

       Finally, Garza argues the appeal should be abated because the trial court's order did not contain
specific positive findings. The order stated that the

                                                         Page 694

trial court found clear and convincing evidence that Garza "engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the
children with persons who engaged in conduct which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the
children." (emphasis added). She claims the court's failure to identify the conduct upon which it relied in
terminating her parental rights prevents her from knowing the exact grounds on which the trial court based
its order, and thereby prevents her from controverting its findings. TDPRS responds, and the attorney and
guardian ad litem agrees, that abatement to the trial court requiring it to recite factual findings would be
improper.

      We agree with TDPRS and the attorney and guardian ad litem that the appeal should not be abated.
The Texas Rules of Civil Procedure provide that findings of fact are to be separately filed and not recited in
a judgment. See TEX.R. CIV. P. 299a. It would have been improper for the trial court to describe the facts
supporting its judgment in the body of the judgment itself. See R.S. v. B.J.J., 883 S.W.2d 711, 715-16
(Tex.App.-Dallas 1994, no writ). Furthermore, the trial court's judgment tracked the language of the Family
Code provision dealing with endangerment of a child's well-being. See TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. §
161.001(1)(E) (Vernon 2002). After entering the endangerment finding based on clear and convincing
evidence, the trial court entered a finding based on clear and convincing evidence that termination of
Garza's parental relationship was in the best interests of A.I.G. and J.A.M. This is all the Family Code
requires the State to prove, and all the trial court is required to find. Therefore, Garza's argument that this
court should abate the appeal and order the trial court to make factual findings is without merit. Cf. Tex.
Dep't of Human Servs. v. E.B., 802 S.W.2d 647, 649 (Tex.1990) (recognizing in analogous jury trial that jury
properly answered the broad-form question of whether the parent-child relationship should be terminated
and specific grounds on which jury relied in answering the termination questions were insignificant).

       With the understanding that the trial court would have erred had it made factual findings in its
judgment, we turn to Garza's failure to file a notice of past due findings of fact and conclusions of law. See
TEX.R. CIV. P. 297. When the trial court failed to respond to Garza's timely request for findings of fact and
conclusions of law, Garza did not file a notice of past due findings of fact and conclusions of law. No findings
of fact or conclusions of law were ever filed. If a party does not file a notice of past due findings of fact and
conclusions of law when required, it is as if no initial request was made and the complaint about the trial
court's failure to file findings and conclusions is waived. See Am. Realty Trust, Inc. v. JDN Real Estate-
McKinney, L.P., 74 S.W.3d 527, 530 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2002, pet. denied). Therefore, Garza's complaint that
the trial court should have made positive findings has been waived. Garza's final issue is overruled. The
judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

---------

Notes:

[1]
   Martinez was convicted of causing J.A.M.'s injuries. However, the record also shows that Martinez and Garza each made
statements accusing the other of shaking J.A.M., and that both Garza and Martinez admitted to shaking J.A.M. themselves.

---------
89 S.W.3d 17

89 S.W.3d 17 (Tex. 2002)

45 Tex.Sup.Ct.J. 1000

In the interest of C.H., a minor child.

No. 00-0552.

Supreme Court of Texas

July 3, 2002

     Argued April 11, 2001.

     Rehearing Denied Sept. 26, 2002.

89 S.W.3d 18

     Charles G. Childress, Austin, Duke Hooten, Boerne, Sarah Regina Guidry, Houston, Texas Dept. of
Protective & Regulatory Services, Jose R. Rodriguez, Michael J. Alvarez, El Paso County Attorneys, El
Paso, John Cornyn, Attorney General of the State of Texas, Philip A. Lionberger, Office of the Attorney
General of Texas, Julie Caruthers Parsley, Office of the Solicitor General of Texas, Austin, for Petitioner.

     John Terence Garcia, Thomas E. Stanton, The Law Firm of James Kirby Read, El Paso, James W.
Paulsen, Houston, for Respondent.

    Justice JEFFERSON delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Chief Justice PHILLIPS, Justice
HECHT, Justice ENOCH, Justice OWEN, Justice BAKER, Justice O'NEILL, and Justice RODRIGUEZ join.

     We are asked to decide the appropriate appellate standard to review the factual sufficiency of the
evidence in parental termination cases, in which the burden of proof at trial is by clear and convincing
evidence. We granted review to resolve the conflict among the courts of appeals about whether the
traditional factual sufficiency standard is adequate to review the findings in a termination proceeding,
and if not, what the appropriate standard should be. We hold that termination findings must be upheld
against a factual sufficiency challenge if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could form a firm
belief or
89 S.W.3d 19

conviction that grounds exist for termination under Texas Family Code sections 161.001 and 161.206(a).
When reversing on insufficiency grounds, the reviewing court must detail the evidence relevant to the
issue of parental termination and clearly state why the evidence is insufficient to support a termination
finding by clear and convincing evidence. Because the court of appeals did not correctly apply this
standard, we reverse its judgment and remand to that court for further proceedings.

     I

     The Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory Services filed an action to terminate the
parent-child relationship between the parents, Susan H. and Robert G., and the minor child, C.H., under
the procedures provided in Texas Family Code Chapter 161. The trial court's charge asked the jury to
make any affirmative findings about termination on clear and convincing evidence. The jury found that
the parents had engaged in conduct warranting termination and that terminating the rights of both
parents would be in the best interest of the child. The trial court rendered judgment in accordance with
the verdict.

     On appeal, the parents challenged the jury's findings on both legal and factual sufficiency grounds.
The court of appeals rejected the parents' legal sufficiency challenges. In its factual sufficiency review,
the court of appeals first noted that the clear-and-convincing burden of proof is intermediate between
reasonable doubt and preponderance-of-the-evidence. 25 S.W.3d 38, 47. The court of appeals applied
what it termed a higher standard of factual sufficiency review:

In reviewing factual sufficiency challenges in termination cases, again where the burden of proof at trial
is by clear and convincing evidence, we apply a higher standard of factual sufficiency review. After
considering all of the evidence, we must determine not whether the trier of fact could reasonably
conclude that the existence of a fact is more probable than not, as in cases where the burden of proof is
by a preponderance of the evidence, but whether the trier of fact [ ] could reasonably conclude that the
existence of the fact is highly probable. Under this standard, we must consider whether the evidence
was sufficient to produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the
allegations sought to be established. A challenge to the factual sufficiency of the evidence will only be
sustained if the jury could not have reasonably found the facts to be established by clear and convincing
evidence.

25 S.W.3d at 47-48 (citations omitted). The court held that the evidence was factually sufficient to
support the jury's findings that both parents had endangered and abandoned the child. Id. at 52, 55-56.
The court also concluded that there was some evidence to support the jury's findings that parental
termination was in the best interest of the child. Id. at 53-54, 57. However, focusing primarily on the lack
of evidence about C.H.'s needs and prospects beyond foster care, the court of appeals concluded that
the record did not adequately support the conclusion that it was "highly probable" that termination of
the parents' rights would be in the child's best interest. Id. at 57.

     II

     We review the record and the court of appeals' analysis with respect to Robert only, because Susan
relinquished her parental rights and is not a party to this appeal. The trial court instructed the jury to
determine if there was clear and convincing evidence:

89 S.W.3d 20

(A) that Robert [G] engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged in
conduct which endangered the physical or emotional well-being of the child,; or,

     (B) that Robert [G] voluntarily and with knowledge of the pregnancy, abandoned the mother of the
child beginning at a time during the pregnancy with the child and continuing through birth, failed to
provide adequate support or medical care for the mother during the period of abandonment before the
birth of the child, and remained apart from the child or failed to support the child since the birth.

      See TEX. FAM.CODE § 161.001(1)(E), (H). We will recount the evidence the jury heard relevant to
this charge.

      When Susan began living with Robert, she was eighteen years old and had a history of drug abuse.
She had run away from home at age fifteen and had given birth to a daughter at age sixteen. Robert was
thirty-six years old at the time and married to Bertha, a woman with whom he had fathered a son. He
had an extensive criminal record, including convictions for drug offenses, theft, and assault. Robert sold
drugs for a living and was an addict. In 1996, while living together, Susan told Robert she was pregnant
with C.H. At about the same time, Susan relinquished parental rights to her daughter and consented to
her daughter's adoption.

     Susan was pregnant with C.H. when both she and Robert were arrested in 1996 for possession of
cocaine and heroin. After her release, Susan voluntarily entered a drug-treatment program, but left the
drug-treatment center in a matter of days. Shortly after his release, Robert was again arrested on other
drug charges. Robert was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment, a sentence he was serving at the time
of trial.

     Susan was incarcerated for the last five months of her pregnancy with C.H. She was released on
probation ten days after his birth. Susan and C.H. resided in her mother's home for a few months, then
they moved into an apartment with Susan's new boyfriend, Michael Russey. Following his drug
conviction, Robert had minimal contact with either Susan or their son.

     In March 1997, about a month after Susan and C.H. moved in with Michael Russey, Russey flagged
down a passing police car, reported that he had a physical confrontation with Susan and that narcotics
were being used in his apartment. When the officers entered the apartment, they found Susan in the
bedroom with another man whom she knew only as "C.C." Two other couples were also in the
apartment. C.H. was asleep in a playpen. The police found a spoon containing cocaine residue, matches,
a plastic baggie, and empty balloons associated with heroin use near the child's bed. Other drug
paraphernalia littered the bedroom and bathroom. Witnesses testified that the apartment was filthy,
with mounds of clothes strewn about, grease spattered on the walls, and broken windows throughout
the unit.

     Susan testified that she and Russey had been smoking crack cocaine that night and had a violent
argument. The police arrested Susan and charged her with cocaine possession. Emergency worker David
Abogado from the Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory Services took custody of C.H. Since
that time, C.H. has remained in a foster family's care.

      Robert testified about his extensive criminal history at the termination hearing. Over the course of
five years, he had been arrested for theft, possession of narcotics,

89 S.W.3d 21

aggravated assault of a police officer, and repeated violations of probation. Robert conceded that he
continued his criminal activities even after he learned of Susan's pregnancy. He acknowledged that, as a
result of his criminal proclivities, he was unable to be present for the child's birth or formative years.
Robert testified that after he and Bertha divorced, he did not provide child support to or know the
whereabouts of his fourteen-year-old son.

     Robert had seen C.H. only twice since his birth, once when Susan visited Robert in the county jail
and once when Robert visited Susan in her mother's home. Robert had never lived with C.H., did not
contact the Department about C.H., and never paid child support nor arranged medical care for Susan or
C.H. Robert testified that the only time he attempted to provide financial support for C.H. was when he
gave money to an acquaintance, who purportedly promised to deliver it to Susan. Robert claimed that
the friend absconded with the money. Robert testified he was currently unable to provide financial
support to C.H.

      Evidence contrary to the verdict was comprised primarily of Robert's testimony. Robert testified
that he loved C.H. and wished to remain his parent. Robert and Susan both stated that Robert
encouraged Susan to obtain medical treatment while she was pregnant with C.H. Robert also testified
that he intended to seek employment when released from prison so that he could provide for C.H.
Finally, Robert testified that he was auditing classes on chemical dependency while incarcerated.

     Dr. Richard Park conducted a psycho-social evaluation on Robert in March 1997. Dr. Park
recommended that Robert's parental rights be terminated. He testified that, while Robert was
"likeable," his ten-year prison sentence would impede his ability to be a parent to C.H. Dr. Park noted
Robert's illicit livelihood, his criminal record, and his refusal to take personal responsibility for his
criminal background. Dr. Park also noted that Robert had abandoned his only other son.

     The Department visited C.H.'s foster family on a monthly basis. Dr. Park and Court Appointed
Special Advocate (CASA) volunteers observed that C.H. was developing normally and that he was an
emotionally stable, happy boy. The Department initiated proceedings to terminate Susan's and Robert's
parental rights so that C.H. could be placed with adoptive parents. On a broad-form submission, the jury
found that Susan's and Robert's parent-child relationships with C.H. should be terminated, and the trial
court rendered judgment accordingly. Both Susan and Robert appealed.

     III

     The court of appeals determined that there was legally sufficient evidence that both Susan and
Robert engaged in specific conduct under Texas Family Code section 161.001(1) warranting termination,
and that termination would be in C.H.'s best interest. See TEX. FAM.CODE § 161.001(2). The court of
appeals also concluded the evidence was factually sufficient to support the finding that the parents had
engaged in section 161.001(1) conduct. With respect to Robert in particular, the court found that "the
series of arrests on drug offenses from April 1996 until November 1996, with full knowledge of [Susan's]
pregnancy and possible consequences of his course of conduct, implies that [Robert] had a conscious
disregard and indifference to his parental responsibilities." 25 S.W.3d at 55. The court concluded that
Robert had "abnegated all personal responsibility for [Susan], thus consigning her fate, and their unborn
son's, to chance or other people." Id. at 56.

89 S.W.3d 22
     The court next addressed the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury's finding that
termination was in C.H.'s best interest. While purporting to analyze that issue in a light most favorable
to the jury's finding, the actual analysis left critical facts unstated and faulted the Department for not
producing specific evidence about who would care for the child in the event Robert's parental rights
were terminated. The court of appeals concluded:

[T]he nature of his criminal record, at least what is in the record, establishes little. It does not appear to
show that he is an abusive or violent person, nor does it appear that he has psychological problems,
apart from his drug addiction, that potentially puts his son at risk. The Department suggests that [Robert
G.]'s imprisonment conclusively establishes a potential adverse psychological impact on C.H., but there
is no evidence as to the significance of impact on an infant as opposed to an older child. There is no
evidence, expert, medical, or otherwise, about C.H.'s present and future emotional and physical needs
in the time periods relevant to this case.

As we decided in the case of [Susan H.], we must conclude that the record before us does not contain
clear and convincing evidence that termination of the parent-child relationship is in C.H.'s interest. The
record does not adequately support the conclusion that it is highly probable that termination of [Robert
G.]'s parental rights was in the best interest of C.H.

25 S.W.3d at 57.

     IV

     The Department, relying on Meadows v. Green, 524 S.W.2d 509 (Tex.1975) (per curiam), contends
that the court of appeals erred in applying "heightened appellate review" because Texas jurisprudence
recognizes only two levels of appellate evidentiary review--legal sufficiency and factual sufficiency. But
Meadows has limited application in termination proceedings. In Meadows, we sought to reconcile
decades of confusing and contradictory decisions using a clear-and-convincing standard, or some
similarly-worded standard, in a variety of contexts. Those standards had been applied to issues as
diverse as resulting trusts, probate, and parol evidence. See Grasty v. Wood, 230 S.W.2d 568, 572
(Tex.Civ.App.-Galveston 1950, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Simpson v. Neely, 221 S.W.2d 303, 312-13 (Tex.Civ.App.-
Waco 1949, writ ref'd); Farr v. Moreland, 197 S.W.2d 386, 388 (Tex.Civ.App.-Texarkana 1946, no writ).
See generally Vance, The Clear and Convincing Evidence Standard in Texas: A Critique, 49 BAYLOR L.REV.
391. (1991). We held that civil cases should be subjected to only two appellate standards of review, legal
and factual sufficiency. Meadows, 524 S.W.2d at 510. But Meadows predates application of a clear-and-
convincing burden of proof as a constitutionally-mandated standard at trial.

     In Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418, 99 S. Ct. 1804, 60 L. Ed. 2d 323 (1978), rev'g, 557 S.W.2d 511
(Tex.1977), the United States Supreme Court concluded that due process demands clear and convincing
proof before the state may involuntarily confine a person in a mental institution. The Supreme Court
instructed:

The function of a standard of proof, as that concept is embodied in the Due Process Clause and in the
realm of factfinding, is to "instruct the factfinder concerning the degree of confidence our society thinks
he should have in the correctness of factual conclusion for a particular type of adjudication."

     Id. at 423, 99 S. Ct. 1804 (quoting In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 370, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 25 L. Ed. 2d 368
(1970)

89 S.W.3d 23

(Harlan, J., concurring)).

     On remand, we adopted the clear-and-convincing burden of proof and defined it as "that measure
or degree of proof which will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the
truth of the allegations sought to be established." State v. Addington, 588 S.W.2d 569, 570 (Tex.1979).
The following year, we extended the clear-and-convincing standard to termination proceedings because
we determined that the constitutional interests at stake are no less compelling than the liberty interest
in an involuntary commitment proceeding. In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d 846, 847 (Tex.1980). Citing
Addington, we held that "[t]ermination is a drastic remedy and is of such weight and gravity that due
process requires the state to justify termination of the parent-child relationship by proof more
substantial than a preponderance of the evidence." Id.

     The Texas Legislature has now codified the clear-and-convincing standard in Family Code §
161.001(1), (2), which provides: a "court may order termination of the parent-child relationship if the
court finds by clear and convincing evidence" that the parent has engaged in certain listed conduct and
"termination is in the best interest of the child." After this Court decided In re G.M., the United States
Supreme Court held that "[b]efore a State may sever completely and irrevocably the rights of parents in
their natural child, due process requires that the State support its allegations by at least clear and
convincing evidence." Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 747-48, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982).

     V

     While G.M. and Santosky established that the burden of proof in termination proceedings is clear
and convincing evidence, neither decision indicated how appellate courts are to review findings based
on that burden of proof. Our courts of appeals have wrestled with the standard for reviewing the factual
sufficiency of findings that must be supported by clear and convincing evidence. See In re K.R., 22
S.W.3d 85, 90 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2000) (acknowledging the courts of appeals' disagreement
about the proper standard of appellate review of an involuntary termination of parental rights), rev'd on
other grounds, 63 S.W.3d 796 (Tex.2001), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 122 S. Ct. 2624, 153 L. Ed. 2d 806
(2002).

     Relying on authority from other jurisdictions, the Fifth Court of Appeals was the first to require an
intermediate standard of appellate review. See Neiswander v. Bailey, 645 S.W.2d 835 (Tex.App.-Dallas
1982, no writ) (citing Beeler v. American Trust Co., 24 Cal. 2d 1, 147 P.2d 583, 600 (1944) and Comment,
Evidence: Clear and Convincing Proof: Appellate Review, 32 CALIF. L.REV. 74 (1944)). The court reasoned
that, because the standard of proof was an intermediate one, the standard of appellate review should
likewise be an intermediate one. Neiswander, 645 S.W.2d at 835. The resulting appellate standard of
review required the court of appeals to determine whether the trier of fact could reasonably conclude
that the fact's existence is highly probable. Id. at 836.

      Other courts of appeals have disagreed about whether termination proceedings require a third
level of appellate review in addition to legal and factual sufficiency. The Fourth, Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth
Courts of Appeals state that they employ a heightened level of appellate review. See In re J.M.T., 39
S.W.3d 234 (Tex.App.-Waco 1999, no pet.); In re K.C., Jr., 23 S.W.3d 604 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 2000, no
pet.); In re B.R., 950 S.W.2d 113 (Tex.App.-El Paso, 1997, no writ)

89 S.W.3d 24

; In re H.C., 942 S.W.2d 661 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1997, no writ). In B.R., for example, the court
reasoned that it made sense to reject a third intermediate appellate standard of review when there
were only two standards of proof allowed at trial in Texas. 950 S.W.2d at 118. But because this Court
had subsequently required a third standard of clear-and-convincing proof at trial for involuntary
termination of parental rights, the court in B.R. thought it appropriate for appellate courts to also
employ a third standard of review. See id. (determining it incongruous to require trial courts to require
an enhanced burden of proof while appellate courts applied the same appellate review accorded to
preponderance-of-the-evidence issues).

     This intermediate standard of appellate review has been described in slightly different ways by the
various courts of appeals. Several courts have concluded the requirement that the existence of the fact
be "highly probable" is merely another way of requiring that the existence of the fact be "clear and
convincing." See Spangler v. Texas Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 962 S.W.2d 253, 257
(Tex.App.-Waco 1998, no pet.); In re B.R., 950 S.W.2d at 119 n. 5; In re L.R.M., 763 S.W.2d 64, 66
(Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1989, no writ); Neiswander, 645 S.W.2d at 835-36.
      The Eighth Court of Appeals has examined factual sufficiency questions to determine if "the
evidence was sufficient to produce in the mind of the fact finder a firm belief or conviction as to the
truth of the allegations sought to be established." In re B.R., 950 S.W.2d at 119. This meant sustaining
the insufficient-evidence point of error only "if the fact finder could not have reasonably found the fact
was established by clear and convincing evidence." Id. (quoting Mezick v. State, 920 S.W.2d 427, 430
(Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no writ)). The Ninth Court of Appeals has held that to withstand a
factual sufficiency challenge in parental termination cases, "the evidence must permit a rational trier of
fact to hold a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established." In re
K.C., Jr., 23 S.W.3d at 605. The Tenth Court of Appeals declared that it will sustain a factual insufficiency
challenge "when: (1) the evidence is factually insufficient to support a finding by clear and convincing
evidence; or (2) a finding is so contrary to the weight of contradicting evidence that no trier of fact could
reasonably find the evidence to be clear and convincing." In re A.M.C., 2 S.W.3d 707, 711 (Tex.App.-
Waco 1999, no pet.); see also Spangler, 962 S.W.2d at 257. The Fourth Court of Appeals reviewed a
jury's findings based on clear and convincing evidence to determine whether sufficient evidence was
presented to "produce in the mind of a rational factfinder a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of
the allegations sought to be established." In re H.C., 942 S.W.2d 661, 663-64 (Tex.App.-San Antonio
1997, no writ).

     Some courts of appeals that initially applied an intermediate standard of appellate review have
more recently retreated to the traditional standard of appellate review for factual sufficiency challenges.
See In re J.N.R., 982 S.W.2d 137, 143 & n. 5 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, no writ) (expressly
overruling former opinions); In re J.J., 911 S.W.2d 437, 439-40 & n. 1 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 1995, writ
denied); In re W.S., 899 S.W.2d 772, 776 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1995, no writ); In re A.D.E., 880 S.W.2d
241, 245 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1994, no writ); D.O. v. Texas Dep't of Human Servs., 851 S.W.2d 351,
353 (Tex.App.-Austin 1993, no writ). These courts have maintained the traditional appellate standard of
review in factual sufficiency challenges even when a heightened

89 S.W.3d 25

standard of proof was required at trial, holding that a court should sustain a factual sufficiency challenge
only if the court concludes that the finding is "so weak or ... so contrary to the overwhelming weight of
the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust." In re J.N.R., 982 S.W.2d 137, 143 (Tex.App.-Houston
[1st Dist.] 1998, no pet.); see also In re B.S.T., 977 S.W.2d 481, 483 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1998,
no pet.); In re J.J., 911 S.W.2d at 439; In re J.F., 888 S.W.2d 140, 141 (Tex.App.-Tyler 1994, no writ); D.O.,
851 S.W.2d at 353.

     VI
       The Department argues that the courts of appeals' various formulations of a heightened standard
blur the distinction between legal and factual sufficiency review. Robert responds that federal
constitutional concerns mandate a higher appellate standard. [1] We conclude that the burden of proof
at trial necessarily affects appellate review of the evidence. Under traditional factual sufficiency
standards, a court determines if a finding is so against the great weight and preponderance of the
evidence that it is manifestly unjust, shocks the conscience, or clearly demonstrates bias. Pool v. Ford
Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 635 (Tex.1986). But that standard is inadequate when evidence is more than
a preponderance (more likely than not) but is not clear and convincing. As a matter of logic, a finding
that must be based on clear and convincing evidence cannot be viewed on appeal the same as one that
may be sustained on a mere preponderance. See In re W.C., 56 S.W.3d 863, 868 (Tex.Civ.App.-Houston
[14th Dist.] 2001, no pet.); In re K.R., 22 S.W.3d at 96-97 (Wittig, J., concurring).

      We hold that the appellate standard for reviewing termination findings is whether the evidence is
such that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the State's
allegations. That standard best comports with the Supreme Court's holding in Santosky, with the
definition of clear and convincing evidence we first adopted in Addington, and with the Legislature's
definition in the Family Code. See Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 769, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599
(holding that the clear-and-convincing standard "adequately conveys to the factfinder the level of
subjective certainty about his factual conclusions necessary to satisfy due process."); Addington, 588
S.W.2d at 570 (holding that clear and convincing evidence is "that measure or degree of proof which will
produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations
sought to be established."); TEX. FAM.CODE § 101.007 (" 'Clear and convincing evidence' means the
measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as
to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.").

89 S.W.3d 26

     A standard that focuses on whether a reasonable jury could form a firm conviction or belief retains
the deference an appellate court must have for the factfinder's role.

      Accordingly, we disapprove of holdings that termination findings should be upheld if those findings
are not against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. See, e.g., In re King, 15 S.W.3d 272,
276 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2000, pet. denied); In re K.C.M., 4 S.W.3d 392, 395 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st
Dist.] 1999, pet. denied); In re J.N.R., 982 S.W.2d at 143; In re B.S.T., 977 S.W.2d 481, 484 n. 4 (Tex.App.-
Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, no pet.); In re D.L.N., 958 S.W.2d 934, 940 (Tex.App.-Waco 1997, pet.
denied); Spurlock v. Texas Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 904 S.W.2d 152, 155 (Tex.App.-Austin
1995, writ denied).
     There have been other opinions that, while attempting to account for the clear and convincing
burden of proof, nevertheless stated standards that diverge perceptibly from the standard we announce
today. We are not persuaded that these standards would necessarily have produced a different
disposition had those courts reviewed the evidence under today's standard, because the opinions reflect
that the courts undertook an exacting review of the entire record with a healthy regard for the
constitutional interests at stake. Despite differences in articulated standards, the courts have often
employed similar analyses in reaching their decisions. See In re Leal, v. Department of Protective &
Regulatory Servs., 25 S.W.3d 315, 318-21 (Tex.App.-Austin 2000, no pet.). But in the interest of uniform
decision-making, we reject any articulation of the standard that varies from the standard we announce
today. Accordingly, we reject standards that retain the traditional factual sufficiency standard while
attempting to accommodate the clear-and-convincing burden of proof. See, e.g., In re W.C., 56 S.W.3d
at 868 n. 3; Leal, 25 S.W.3d at 321.

     We also disapprove of the test Neiswander announced, that a court of appeals must determine
whether a reasonable trier of fact could conclude that the existence of a disputed fact is "highly
probable." See, e.g., In re A.R.R., 61 S.W.3d 691, 697 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2001, pet. denied); In re B.B.,
971 S.W.2d 160, 164 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 1998, pet. denied); In re B.R., 950 S.W.2d 113, 119 (Tex.App.-
El Paso 1997, no writ); Neiswander, 645 S.W.2d at 836. Because some could argue that evidence that
makes the existence of a fact "highly probable" is not necessarily the same as evidence that produces a
firm conviction in the existence of the fact, we reject the "highly probable" formulation. Cf. In re L.R.M.,
763 S.W.2d 64, 66 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth, 1989, no writ)(stating that "highly probable" inquiry needlessly
complicates the standard of review).

     VII

     We emphasize that, as appellate courts apply the standard we announce today, they must
maintain the respective constitutional roles of juries and appellate courts. An appellate court's review
must not be so rigorous that the only factfindings that could withstand review are those established
beyond a reasonable doubt. See Santosky, 455 U.S. at 767-69, 102 S. Ct. 1388 (holding that "beyond
reasonable doubt" standard not required in termination cases). While parental rights are of
constitutional magnitude, they are not absolute. Just as it is imperative for courts to recognize the
constitutional underpinnings of the parent-child relationship, it is also essential that emotional and
physical interests of the child not be sacrificed merely to preserve that right.

89 S.W.3d 27

     While the court of appeals recited the "highly probable" standard that we disavow, we do not view
the recitation of an erroneous standard as harmful error in and of itself. The Department argues,
however, that the court of appeals' application of the standard failed to give due deference to the jury's
fact-finding function. We agree. The court of appeals properly stated that appellate courts should not
reverse the judgment unless the jury could not reasonably have formed a firm conviction or belief that
terminating Robert's parental rights was in C.H.'s best interest. However, the court did not properly
adhere to that standard in reviewing the evidence. The court of appeals relied on some considerations
this Court has said may be pertinent when deciding "best interest." Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367,
371-72 (Tex.1976). But we have never held that these considerations are exhaustive, or that all such
considerations must be proved as a condition precedent to parental termination. The absence of
evidence about some of these considerations would not preclude a factfinder from reasonably forming a
strong conviction or belief that termination is in the child's best interest, particularly if the evidence
were undisputed that the parental relationship endangered the safety of the child. Other cases,
however, will present more complex facts in which paltry evidence relevant to each consideration
mentioned in Holley would not suffice to uphold the jury's finding that termination is required.

     In this case, the court of appeals based its insufficiency holding on five areas in which it concluded
the evidence was lacking:

    (1) the foster parents did not testify that they intended to adopt C.H., from which the court of
appeals "necessarily infers that [the foster parents] were not considering or intending to adopt C.H.";

    (2) there is no evidence about the emotional effect on C.H. were he to remain with the foster
parents until he was either reunited with his mother, placed with a qualifying relative, or adopted;

     (3) there is no evidence about the child's need for continuity of care and for timely integration into
a stable and permanent home, taking into account the differences in development and the concept of
time to children of different ages;

     (4) there is no evidence to establish that the emotional and physical needs of the child, now and in
the future, would be met by termination of the parent-child relationship; and

    (5) there is no evidence about allegations that C.H. is experiencing developmental and health
problems (sickle cell anemia) that would affect his adoptability. [2]

     But the court did not fully account for the evidence that supported the jury's verdict--particularly
evidence bearing upon Robert's historical deficiencies in parenting and current criminal proclivities. The
court found "some footing" for the jury's termination finding in "the uncertainty of
89 S.W.3d 28

[Robert's] ability to seek reunification" with C.H. In the main, however, the court reached its conclusion
by disregarding evidence that the jury presumably considered clear and convincing.

      For example, undisputed evidence established not only that Robert is unable to care for the child
from prison, but that he has also exhibited a pattern of conduct that is inimical to the very idea of child-
rearing. He failed to arrange medical care for Susan during her pregnancy with C.H.; he provided no
emotional or financial assistance to C.H. after his birth; he had an "extensive criminal history involving
drugs and assaults" which continued unabated after C.H.'s birth; and he had no concrete plan to provide
emotional or physical care for C.H. The court of appeals held that the evidence was clear and convincing
that Robert had endangered C.H.'s physical and emotional well-being, abandoned Susan during her
pregnancy, failed to provide support or medical care for her and C.H., remained apart from them, and
failed to support C.H. after his birth. 25 S.W.3d at 55-56. But, the opinion does not suggest that any of
this evidence would be relevant to a determination of the child's best interest. While it is true that proof
of acts or omissions under section 161.001(1) does not relieve the petitioner from proving the best
interest of the child, the same evidence may be probative of both issues. Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 370;
Wiley v. Spratlan, 543 S.W.2d 349, 351 (Tex.1976).

     Moreover, the court's opinion gave no weight to the fact Robert had seen C.H. only twice and had
done nothing to foster a parent-child relationship with C.H. The opinion also fails to account for Robert's
testimony that he was unaware of the whereabouts of his fourteen-year-old son from his prior marriage
and did not support him in any way. Robert's past performance as a parent--apart from his criminal
history--could certainly have a bearing on his fitness to provide for C.H., yet the court of appeals did not
mention Robert's prior history of child neglect as a factor bearing upon the jury's finding that
termination would be in C.H.'s best interest.

      Regarding the court of appeals' conclusion that the foster family's failure to testify "necessarily
infers that they were not considering or intending to adopt C.H.," we note that the Family Code provides
that a court may appoint the Department as a child's managing conservator upon termination. TEX.
FAM.CODE § 161.207. Evidence about placement plans and adoption are, of course, relevant to best
interest. However, the lack of evidence about definitive plans for permanent placement and adoption
cannot be the dispositive factor; otherwise, determinations regarding best interest would regularly be
subject to reversal on the sole ground that an adoptive family has yet to be located. Instead, the inquiry
is whether, on the entire record, a factfinder could reasonably form a firm conviction or belief that
termination of the parent's rights would be in the child's best interest--even if the agency is unable to
identify with precision the child's future home environment.
      We do not have jurisdiction to conduct a factual sufficiency review, but we may ensure that the
courts of appeals adhere to the proper legal standard of review. See Jaffe Aircraft Corp. v. Carr, 867
S.W.2d 27, 29 (Tex.1993) (stating that although this Court has no jurisdiction to determine the factual
sufficiency of evidence, we may determine whether intermediate appellate courts properly follow
applicable legal standards). Because the court of appeals disregarded much of the evidence supporting
the finding that termination would be in C.H.'s best interest, and

89 S.W.3d 29.

failed to clearly explain why it concluded a reasonable jury could not form a firm conviction or belief
from all the evidence that termination would be in C.H.'s best interest, the court of appeals has erred.
Accordingly, we reverse the court of appeals' judgment and remand to that court to consider Robert G.'s
factual sufficiency point under the standard announced today.

     Justice HECHT filed a concurring opinion.

     Justice HANKINSON concurred in the judgment only.

     Justice HECHT, concurring.

     I join fully in the Court's opinion and add only this brief note.

      Respondent argues that appellate review of the evidence for terminating the parental relationship
must not only be conducted in light of the requirement of proof by clear and convincing evidence but
must also be de novo--that is, with very limited deference to the finder of fact--as the United States
Constitution requires in defamation cases [1] and for punitive damages awards. [2] Absent a definitive
word from the United States Supreme Court on whether the Constitution requires this independent
appellate review, [3] it might become necessary for this Court to address the issue. We have not done so
here because it may make no difference; whether the evidence is sufficient to support the judgment in
this case may not turn on what deference is paid the jury's findings. We should have the court of
appeals' analysis of the evidence in light of the burden of proof before we take on the difficult
constitutional issue.
      Also, after reading the evidence set out in our opinion one might wonder why the State, far from
failing to meet its burden of proof, should not be held to have established conclusively grounds for
terminating Robert G.'s parental relationship with C.H. The State has not made this argument.

---------

Notes:

[1] In Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of the United States, Inc., 466 U.S. 485, 510-11, 104 S. Ct. 1949, 80
L. Ed. 2d 502 (1984) the United States Supreme Court held that, in First Amendment cases, a finding of
"actual malice" must be supported by clear and convincing proof to satisfy due process. The Court
adopted a standard of appellate review that required "judges, as expositors of the Constitution, must
independently decide whether the evidence in the record is sufficient to cross the constitutional
threshold that bars the entry of any judgment that is not supported by clear and convincing proof of
'actual malice'." Although the Supreme Court in Santosky has also required that parental termination be
proved, at a minimum, by clear and convincing evidence, the Court did not articulate a standard for
appellate review. Because we decide this case today on non-constitutional grounds, we express no
opinion whether the Bose standard applies in a proceeding to terminate the parent-child relationship.

[2] Aside from referring to C.H.'s sickle cell anemia, this conclusion is inconsistent with the court's earlier
rejection of those allegations:

... C.H. does not suffer from in utero exposure to drugs. The record shows that C.H. was born full-term
and released from the hospital four days after birth. Every witness called by the Department who had
observed C.H. following his removal, from mere days following to mere days before trial, stated that
C.H.'s development was normal and appropriate. He was by all accounts a normal, well-developed, and
happy baby.

25 S.W.3d at 50.

[1] Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton, 491 U.S. 657, 685-686, 109 S. Ct. 2678, 105
L. Ed. 2d 562 (1989); Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union, 466 U.S. 485, 510-511, 104 S. Ct. 1949, 80 L. Ed. 2d
502 (1984).
[2] Cooper Indus., Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc., 532 U.S. 424, 436, 121 S. Ct. 1678, 149 L. Ed. 2d 674
(2001).

[3] See Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982).

---------

In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 45 Tex.Sup.Ct.J. 1000 (Tex. 2002)
Page 801

58 S.W.3d 801 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2001)

IN THE INTEREST OF D.M., B.W., AND J.C.W.

No. 2-00-176-CV

Court of Appeals of Texas, Fort Worth

October 4, 2001

    From the 323rd District Court of Tarrant County

Page 802

[Copyrighted Material Omitted]

Page 803

[Copyrighted Material Omitted]

Page 804

[Copyrighted Material Omitted]

Page 805

    Panel F: LIVINGSTON, DAUPHINOT, and GARDNER, JJ.
OPINION

    GARDNER, JUSTICE

     Appellant W.M. appeals the trial court's judgment terminating her parental rights to her children,
D.M., B.W., and J.C.W. In three issues, she contends there is legally and factually insufficient evidence to
support the judgment of termination. We conclude the evidence is both legally and factually sufficient
to support the judgment rendered and affirm the trial court's judgment.

Page 806

         Background Facts

         Appellant is the mother of three children: D.M., who was born in 1988; B.W., who was born in
1994; and J.C.W., who was born in 1996. The Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory Services
(TDPRS) first took possession of all three children in September 1997, when Appellant was arrested for
hot checks and traffic tickets. The children were eventually returned to her in the summer and fall of
1998, with the TDPRS maintaining managing conservatorship of the children. On January 28, 1999, the
TDPRS gave back managing conservatorship of the children to Appellant.

         A few days later, Appellant was again arrested. Although the record is unclear, it appears
Appellant was arrested for either having a fake ID or outstanding traffic tickets. The children were again
removed by the TDPRS and placed in foster care. On February 3, 1999, the TDPRS filed its original
petition seeking termination of Appellant's parental rights and was appointed as the children's
temporary managing conservator.

       After Appellant was released from jail, she contacted the TDPRS, and a service plan was
implemented. The TDPRS began to seek a concurrent plan of family reunification and termination.

         However, Appellant was again incarcerated in December 1999, and yet again in January 2000,
for prostitution. The TDPRS decided to proceed with terminating Appellant's parental rights.
         Termination proceedings began on March 1, 2000,1 with the jury deciding that Appellant's
parental rights to all three children should be terminated. The trial court adopted the jury's findings and
entered a judgment terminating Appellant's parental rights.2

         Termination of Parental Rights

         Parents' rights to "the companionship, care, custody and management" of their children are
constitutional interests "far more precious than any property right." Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745,
758-59, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1397 (1982). In a termination case, the State seeks not merely to limit those
rights but to end them finally and irrevocably to divest the parent and child of all legal rights, privileges,
duties, and powers normally existing between them, except for the child's right to inherit. See TEX. FAM.
CODE ANN. § 161.206(b) (Vernon 1996); Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985).

         Termination of parental rights is a drastic remedy and is of such weight and gravity that due
process requires the petitioner to justify termination by "clear and convincing evidence." TEX. FAM.
CODE ANN. § 161.206(a). This burden is defined as the "measure or degree of proof that will produce in
the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be
established." Id. § 101.007; Transportation Ins. Co. v. Moriel, 879 S.W.2d 10, 31 (Tex. 1994). This is an
intermediate standard that falls between the preponderance burden of ordinary civil proceedings and
the reasonable doubt burden of criminal proceedings. State v. Addington, 588 S.W.2d 569, 570 (Tex.
1979).

Page 807

         The clear and convincing standard of proof creates a higher burden to fulfill because of the
severity and permanency of the termination of the parent-child relationship. In re J.N.R., 982 S.W.2d
137, 141 (Tex. App. Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, no pet.). Termination proceedings should be strictly
scrutinized, and involuntary termination statutes are strictly construed in favor of the parent. Holick,
685 S.W.2d at 20-21; In re A.V., 849 S.W.2d 393, 400 (Tex. App. Fort Worth 1993, no writ).

         In proceedings to terminate the parent-child relationship brought under section 161.001 of the
family code, the petitioner must establish one or more of the acts or omissions enumerated under
subdivision (1) of the statute and must also prove that termination is in the best interest of the child.
TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1), (2) (Vernon Supp. 2001); Richardson v. Green, 677 S.W.2d 497, 499
(Tex. 1984). Proof of one does not relieve the petitioner from establishing the other. Holley v. Adams,
544 S.W.2d 367, 370 (Tex. 1976).
         Jury's Findings

         In this case, the jury found: (1) Appellant knowingly placed or knowingly allowed D.M., B.W.,
and J.C.W. to remain in conditions or surroundings that endangered their emotional or physical well-
being; (2) Appellant engaged in conduct or knowingly placed D.M., B.W., and J.C.W. with persons who
engaged in conduct that endangered their emotional or physical well-being; and (3) termination of the
parent-child relationship between Appellant and D.M., B.W., and J.C.W. would be in the children's best
interests. Appellant contends the evidence is both legally and factually insufficient to support any of the
statutory grounds for termination found by the jury.

         Standard of Review

          When presented with legal and factual sufficiency challenges, the reviewing court first reviews
the legal sufficiency of the evidence. Glover v. Tex. Gen. Indem. Co., 619 S.W.2d 400, 401 (Tex. 1981). In
determining a "no-evidence" point, we consider all the evidence and inferences in the light most
favorable to the party in whose favor the judgment has been rendered, and indulge every reasonable
inference from the evidence in that party's favor. Formosa Plastics Corp. v. Presidio Eng'rs &
Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 48 (Tex. 1998) (op. on reh'g); Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc. v. Havner, 953
S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997), cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1119 (1998); In re King's Estate, 150 Tex. 662, 244
S.W.2d 660, 661 (1951). A no evidence point will only be sustained when (a) there is a complete absence
of evidence of a vital fact, (b) the court is barred by rules of law or evidence from giving weight to the
only evidence offered to prove a vital fact, (c) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a
mere scintilla of evidence, or (d) the evidence conclusively establishes the opposite of a vital fact.
Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co. v. Martinez, 977 S.W.2d 328, 334 (Tex. 1998), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1040
(1999) (citing Robert W. Calvert, "No Evidence" and "Insufficient Evidence" Points of Error, 38 Tex. L.
Rev. 361, 362-63 (1960)). If there is more than a scintilla of evidence to support the judgment, the
party's claim is sufficient as a matter of law. Cont'l Coffee Prods. Co. v. Cazarez, 937 S.W.2d 444, 450
(Tex. 1996). There is some evidence when the proof supplies a reasonable basis on which reasonable
minds may reach different conclusions about the existence of a vital fact. Orozco v. Sander, 824 S.W.2d
555, 556 (Tex. 1992).

Page 808

          An assertion that the evidence is "factually insufficient" to support a finding means that the
evidence supporting the finding is so weak or the evidence to the contrary is so overwhelming that the
answer should be set aside and a new trial ordered. Garza v. Alviar, 395 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex. 1965). In
determining a factual sufficiency point, we have previously concluded that the higher burden of proof in
termination cases does not alter the appellate standard of review for factual sufficiency of the evidence.
See In re D.T., 34 S.W.3d 625, 630 (Tex. App. Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied) (op. on reh'g); Faram v.
Gervitz-Faram, 895 S.W.2d 839, 843 (Tex. App. Fort Worth 1995, no writ) (both cases rejecting the
"intermediate standard of appellate review" in cases involving the "clear and convincing" burden of
proof). Rather, the higher burden of proof merely changes the weight of the evidence necessary to
support a finding or verdict. In re D.T., 34 S.W.3d at 632. When reviewing a finding made by clear and
convincing evidence, we determine whether the evidence is sufficient to make the existence of the fact
highly probable, not whether the evidence supporting the finding is sufficient to make the existence of
the fact more probable than not, as in ordinary civil cases. That is, we must consider whether the
evidence is sufficient to produce in the mind of the fact finder a firm belief or conviction as to the truth
of the allegation sought to be established. Id. We will sustain a factual insufficiency point only if the
evidence is so weak or the evidence to the contrary is so overwhelming that the fact finder could not
have reasonably concluded there was a high probability that the endangering conduct or conditions
occurred or that termination was in the children's best interest. Id. We are required to consider all of the
evidence in the case in making this determination. Id. at 630.

         The Evidence

         Appellant admitted she had a drug problem and had been using cocaine on and off since before
D.M.'s birth. She began using crack cocaine in 1986, and used it while she was pregnant with B.W., but
quit using it when she found out she was pregnant with J.C.W. She admitted using crack cocaine as
recently as February 1999, which is when she claimed she stopped using the drug. Appellant also had a
history of arrests for prostitution, bad checks, failure to ID, and multiple traffic tickets.

         From 1993 to approximately May 1997, Appellant lived with J.C. Williams, B.W.'s biological
father. He was a drug dealer and drug user who supplied her with drugs and was often abusive towards
her. Appellant left Williams and moved to a shelter, where she lived from approximately September
1997 to May 1998. Appellant also worked at the shelter, doing odd jobs.

         The TDPRS first received a referral on Appellant in September 1997, when she was arrested at
the shelter for hot checks and traffic tickets. Appellant gave the TDPRS the name of her sister and a
friend who might be willing to look after the children while she was in jail. She also informed them that
B.W. had been recently treated for asthma and had medication he needed to take. The children had no
clothes or belongings with them, and she provided no medication for B.W. The children were hungry,
dirty, and lice infested. When the sister and friend were unable to take the children, they were taken
into custody and placed in foster care. However, at that time, the children were of average height and
weight and were not malnourished or dehydrated. They did not have any developmental delays, were
on track with their education, and D.M. was receiving As and Bs in school. The caseworker testified she

Page 809
would not have taken the children into custody had Appellant not been arrested.

         Appellant spent approximately one month in jail. Upon her release, she contacted the TDPRS. A
service plan was developed, requiring Appellant to attend parenting classes, LAMs classes,3 drug
prevention classes, and submit to drug testing. Appellant showed interest in starting her classes and got
a job. She attended LAMs classes and parenting classes that were provided to her at the shelter. The
TDPRS explained that a counselor from one of the children's schools offered to provide Appellant with
classes at the shelter because of Appellant's transportation problems. Appellant also attended some
drug prevention classes and tested drug-free during this time. Additionally, she made most, if not all, of
her weekly visits with the children. These visits went well. Appellant enjoyed the visits and brought the
children toys and clothes. When she was informed D.M. had been acting out and having problems in her
foster home, Appellant talked to D.M. and asked her to do better and stay out of trouble. As of March
1998, Appellant was making substantial progress on her service plan.

          B.W. and J.C.W. were returned to Appellant in July 1998, but the TDPRS maintained managing
conservatorship of the children. At that time, she was living in Azle with a friend, Michael Buttrill. It was
known that Buttrill had a criminal history, several DWIs, and raised fighting chickens. After the children
were returned, the TDPRS received two additional referrals. Upon investigation, they found no bruises
on the children, no signs of physical abuse, and no evidence of neglectful supervision. In fact, the
children appeared to be adjusting and doing well. However, there was evidence of constant drinking and
fighting, with the police being called on one occasion. The TDPRS informed Appellant she needed to get
the children out of that environment.

          In September 1998, with the TDPRS' assistance, Appellant obtained an apartment through
HUD. D.M. was returned to Appellant in October 1998, with the TDPRS still maintaining managing
conservatorship of the children. The TDPRS continued to monitor Appellant and the children because
referrals were constantly coming in. They learned Appellant was leaving the children on weekends with
a friend named Dawn Bolin and people from the shelter while Appellant went to Azle to visit with
friends. The TDPRS explained to Appellant this was not what the department wanted for the children, or
what she should want for her children. Appellant signed a child safety evaluation and plan in which she
agreed she would no longer leave the children in Bolin's care.4

          On January 28, 1999, the TDPRS agreed to give Appellant managing conservatorship of her
children again. Approximately two days later, Appellant was again arrested for either possessing a fake
ID or for outstanding traffic tickets. The TDPRS was informed Appellant was in jail and the children were
either unattended or were being cared for by people the children were not supposed to be with. The
caseworker went to Appellant's apartment and found the children in Bolin's care. The apartment
smelled of "urine and feces and dirt, sweat," was cluttered, the carpet was filthy, J.C.W.'s diaper looked
as though it

Page 810

hadn't been changed in quite a while and he had a rash on both sides of his leg. The children were
immediately removed and placed back in foster care. The TDPRS then filed its petition to terminate
Appellant's parental rights.

        About this same time, the TDPRS also received a referral from D.M.'s school regarding concerns
about D.M. not attending school, her exhaustion at school from going to chicken fights with her mother
on the weekends, scratches on her body, and head lice. A caseworker discussed these concerns with
Appellant.

        When Appellant was released from jail in March 1999, she again contacted the TDPRS. Service
plans were again implemented. These plans required Appellant to maintain housing and employment,
attend parenting classes, submit to random drug urinalysis tests, and have a psychological evaluation.

         Appellant maintained her HUD apartment and made most of her visits with her children.
However, she lost the apartment in September 1999 because she did not have her children. The
caseworker who had the case until March 1999 testified she made monthly visits to the apartment, had
major concerns, and would instruct Appellant she had to clean it up. The caseworker who took over in
April 1999 testified she visited the apartment on two occasions. On the first visit it was considered clean.
The second visit occurred when the children were removed in February 1999 and revealed unsanitary
conditions. After losing the apartment, Appellant again lived either with friends, Williams, or in shelters.

         Appellant also obtained employment at two different jobs from April to May 1999 and from
July to November 1999. Appellant claimed she lost her job in November because of her counseling
sessions and classes. Appellant also testified she worked at other temporary jobs.

        Between April and November 1999, Appellant submitted to the psychological evaluation and
one urinalysis, which was inconclusive. She agreed to take additional tests, but these tests were never
requested or scheduled by the TDPRS. However, she later failed to successfully complete a court
ordered urinalysis or to show up for a retest.
         Appellant did not attend any of the parenting classes that were set up for her after her
February 1999 release from jail. She claimed to have transportation problems and scheduling conflicts
with her job during this time. She did attend the TDPRS' permanency planning team (PPT) meetings
except the last one.5

        It was in October 1999 that the TDPRS finally determined Appellant had a severe drug abuse
problem. It amended her service plan to require Appellant to attend individual counseling and
community addiction treatment service program classes ("CATS classes").

         At the October PPT meeting, Appellant still expressed a desire and willingness to comply with
the service plan and have her children returned to her. Appellant attended three out of approximately
thirteen individual therapy sessions and three out of approximately thirty-two CATS classes. She
reported she was having either transportation problems, scheduling conflicts with her job, or the
sessions were scheduled too early in the morning. Appellant was also incarcerated during the time she
was to be attending some of these sessions and classes, having been arrested for prostitution in
December 1999 and again in

Page 811

January 2000. The record does not disclose how long Appellant stayed in jail for the December offense.
However, she spent thirty days in jail for the January offense and was released on February 28, 2000.

          The TDPRS decided to terminate Appellant's parental rights at the January or February 2000
PPT meeting based upon her failure to comply with her service plans and the children's need for
permanency. A TDPRS caseworker testified that, between October 1999 and the last PPT, Appellant's
involvement had "waned." "She was unable to come to visits as much. She did not participate in services
and was not doing the types of things that we had hoped that she would do. And that is why at that -- at
the last PPT we decided to go this route and made this recommendation."

          At trial, the counselor who had worked with Appellant in the therapy sessions testified about a
residential treatment program she thought would benefit Appellant and her drug abuse problem. This
structured program places participants and their children in on-site apartment type settings.
Participants have very limited freedom, attend parenting classes throughout the day, obtain vocational
training, and eventually graduate into outside group classes. Day care is provided for the children. Upon
completion, participants are assisted in getting housing and continue their involvement with the
program. The entire program lasts approximately three years. The counselor stated Appellant was the
exact type of client this program was geared towards and that the program might improve Appellant's
ability to work in an outpatient setting.
          Appellant testified that she felt she could benefit from such a program because of the stability
it offered. The TDPRS supervising caseworker also testified that, if Appellant were able to participate in a
residential treatment program such as this, it was possible her children could be returned to her
sometime in the future, and that their relationship could continue to be nurtured and helped along with
the TDPRS' assistance.

    Legal and Factual Sufficiency of the Evidence

    Endangerment Through Course of Conduct

          We first address Appellant's complaints that the evidence is both legally and factually
insufficient to support the jury's finding that she engaged in conduct or knowingly placed D.M., B.W.,
and J.C.W. with persons who engaged in conduct that endangered their physical or emotional well-
being. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(1)(E).

          Subsection E requires us to look at the parent's conduct alone, including actions, omissions, or
the parent's failure to act. Id.; In re B.S.T., 977 S.W.2d 481, 484 (Tex. App. Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, no
pet.). The parent's endangering acts need not have been directed at the child, or have caused an actual
injury or threat of injury to the child; instead, this element may be satisfied by showing the parent in
question engaged in a course of conduct that endangered the child's physical or emotional well-being. In
re R.D., 955 S.W.2d 364, 368 (Tex. App. San Antonio 1997, pet. denied).

          "Endanger" under subsection E means to expose to loss or injury, to jeopardize. Tex. Dep't of
Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987). The term means more than a threat of
"metaphysical injury," but it is not necessary that the conduct be directed at the child or that the child
actually suffer injury. Id. Nevertheless, there must be evidence

Page 812

of endangerment to the child's physical or emotional well-being as the direct result of the parent's
conduct. In re R.D., 955 S.W.2d at 368; Dupree v. Tex. Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 907
S.W.2d 81, 83-84 (Tex. App. Dallas 1995, no writ).
          It is inconsequential that the parental conduct considered in a termination proceeding occurred
before the child's birth. Rather, courts look to what the parent did both before and after the child's birth
to determine whether termination is necessary. Avery v. State, 963 S.W.2d 550, 553 (Tex. App. Houston
[1st Dist.] 1997, no writ).

          Additionally, termination under subsection E must be based on more than a single act or
omission; a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious "course of conduct" by the parent is required. In re D.T.,
34 S.W.3d at 634; In re K.M.M., 993 S.W.2d 225, 228 (Tex. App. Eastland 1999, no pet.); In re J.N.R., 982
S.W.2d 137, 142 (Tex. App. Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, no pet.). Imprisonment, standing alone, does not
constitute "engaging in conduct which endangers the emotional or physical well-being of the child."
However, it is a fact properly considered on the issue of endangerment. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533-34; In
re D.T., 34 S.W.3d 635-36; In re B.S.T., 977 S.W.2d at 485. The State need not show incarceration was a
result of a course of conduct endangering the child; it need only show incarceration was part of a course
of conduct endangering the child. Thus, if the evidence, including imprisonment, proves a course of
conduct that has the effect of endangering the child, the requirement of subsection E is met. Boyd, 727
S.W.2d at 533-34.

          The TDPRS points to Appellant's housing instability and frequent incarcerations as evidence of
conduct that endangered the children's emotional or physical well being. The TDPRS also points to
Appellant's leaving the children in Bolin's care, a person whom the TDPRS and Appellant had agreed was
an unsafe and inappropriate person to watch over the children, as evidence of endangering conduct.
While there was conflicting evidence as to whether Appellant knowingly left her children in Bolin's care,
the jury could conclude from the evidence that Appellant's instability, including her arrests and
incarcerations, affected her ability to ensure that her children were properly taken care of and remained
out of Bolin's care, as required by her service plan.

         The TDPRS further contends that Appellant's failure to comply with her service plans in several
other respects constitutes evidence of conduct that endangered the children's emotional and physical
well being. The primary evidence it relies upon is the fact that Appellant's "participation waned"
between the October 1999 service plan and the January or February 2000 decision to terminate. It is
undisputed Appellant attended only a few of the required counseling sessions and CATS classes and that
she did not attend any parenting classes. Following her third and last counseling session on November
30, the evidence shows Appellant was arrested for prostitution and incarcerated.

         Prior to this time, the evidence shows Appellant promptly contacted the TDPRS after she was
released from jail on both occasions, that she participated in her service plans, and that she made such
progress in 1998 that her children were returned to her. The record also shows that despite Appellant's
poverty, transportation problems, and drug problem, she did participate, to some degree, in her service
plans between the time the children were removed in February 1999 and the time the TDPRS made its
decision to terminate. She was employed during some of this
Page 813

time; she maintained the apartment for a year, losing it only because she did not have her children; she
made most of her weekly visits with the children; she submitted to one urinalysis and a psychological
evaluation; and she began her counseling sessions and CATS classes. These are difficult milestones
considering Appellant's situation.

          However, by Appellant's own admission, she has a drug problem. She has used cocaine and
crack cocaine on and off for many years, including during her pregnancies with B.W. and J.C.W., and she
admitted to using crack cocaine as recently as February 1999. After February 1999, Appellant took one
urinalysis, which was inconclusive. She agreed to take additional tests. However, none were requested
or scheduled because the State was not providing funding and Appellant was having to pay for her own
tests and did not have the money. In January 2000, Appellant submitted to a court-ordered urinalysis,
but she failed to successfully complete the test, and she failed to show up for the retest. Although there
is no direct evidence of Appellant's continued drug use between the time her children were removed in
February 1999 and termination, Appellant's counselor testified Appellant's behavior of missing
appointments and minimizing her drug use was indicative that Appellant was still using drugs.
Additionally, Appellant's failure to complete the court-ordered urinalysis is some evidence from which
the jury could reasonably infer she was avoiding testing because she was still using drugs.

         There is also evidence from which the jury could reasonably infer that Appellant's addiction had
an adverse effect on the lives of her and her children and endangered their emotional and physical well-
being. While Appellant failed to pay her traffic fines, which resulted in her arrest and incarceration on at
least two occasions, Appellant obviously found a means to obtain money to purchase drugs. She
resorted to prostitution, which resulted in her arrest and incarceration on at least two other occasions.
At the time of her arrests for prostitution, Appellant knew she was in jeopardy of losing her children.
There is also evidence that these were not isolated incidents, but a continuation of past conduct
occurring at a time when Appellant admitted she used drugs. And, as we have already noted, Appellant's
frequent incarcerations affected her ability to properly care for her children and comply with her service
plans.

          We conclude that, viewing the evidence most favorably to the jury's verdict, there is legally
sufficient evidence of a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of conduct by Appellant from which
the jury could reasonably conclude there was a high probability that her conduct endangered the
children's emotional or physical well-being. Viewing all the evidence in the record in a neutral light, both
that favoring termination and that favoring maintaining Appellant's parental rights, we conclude there is
also factually sufficient evidence that Appellant engaged in conduct that endangered the children's
physical and emotional well-being. Accordingly, we overrule Appellant's second issue.
          Because we have concluded there is both legally and factually sufficient evidence to support
the jury's findings under subsection E, we need not address Appellant's first issue regarding the
sufficiency of the evidence under subsection D; only one finding alleged under section 161.001(1) is
necessary to a judgment of termination. In re S.F., 32 S.W.3d 318, 320 (Tex. App. San Antonio 2000, no
pet.); see also Tex. R. App. P. 47.1. However, in order to uphold the judgment of termination, we must
also examine the

Page 814

sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury's finding that termination is in the children's best interest.
See In re J.O.C., 47 S.W.3d 108, 114 (Tex. App. Waco 2001, no pet.).

         Best Interest Of The Children

          In order to uphold the jury's termination finding, there must also be evidence that termination
is in the children's best interest. There is a strong presumption that the best interest of a child is served
by keeping custody in the natural parent. In re K.C.M., 4 S.W.3d 392, 393-95 (Tex. App. Houston [1st
Dist.] 1999, pet. denied); Ziegler v. Tarrant County Child Welfare Unit, 680 S.W.2d 674, 676 (Tex. App.
Fort Worth 1984, writ ref'd n.r.e.). The fact finder may consider a number of factors in determining the
best interest of the child, including: the desires of the child, the present and future physical and
emotional needs of the child, the present and future emotional and physical danger to the child, the
parental abilities of the person seeking custody, programs available to assist those persons in promoting
the best interest of the child, plans for the child by those individuals or by the agency seeking custody,
the acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate that the existing parent-child relationship is not
appropriate, and any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent. Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371-72.

          "Best interest" does not require proof of any unique set of factors, nor does it limit proof to any
specific factors. Id. Quite often, the best interest of the child is infused with the statutory offensive
behavior. While there are instances where the offending behavior will demand termination of parental
rights, there are also those cases where the best interest determination must have a firm basis in facts
standing apart from the offending behavior. Although such behavior may reasonably suggest that a child
would be better off with a new family, the best interest standard does not permit termination merely
because a child might be better off living elsewhere. Termination should not be used to merely
reallocate children to better and more prosperous parents. See In re C.H., 25 S.W.3d 38, 52-53 (Tex.
App. El Paso 2000, pet. granted).
         The TDPRS points primarily to Appellant's history of drug use and instability as evidence
supporting the jury's best interest findings. While Appellant's history, admissions, and conduct relating
to drug abuse, and her inability to maintain a lifestyle free from arrests and incarcerations support the
jury's endangerment finding, this evidence is also relevant to a best interest determination. Additionally,
we review the evidence under each of the Holley factors.

    Desires of the Children

          At the time of trial in this case, D.M. was 12 years old, B.W. was 5, and J.C.W. was 3 years old.
While the two younger children were not able to express their wishes, it is undisputed Appellant and
D.M. had a strong bond and that D.M. wanted to be returned to her mother. The guardian ad litem
testified that, regardless of whether Appellant's parental rights were terminated, she believed D.M.
would "always have contact with [her mother]" and "have that relationship maintained", and that it was
"idiotic for any of us to think that [D.M.'s] not going to have conversations with [her mom] or contact
with [her]." She also believed D.M. would resist adoption because "she still thinks she deserves to be
with her mom."

          B.W. also had a close bond with his mother and asked to go home with her at the end of most
visits. Additionally, B.W. had a strong bond with D.M. and wanted to be with her. After family visits, he

Page 815

exhibited negative behaviors "exemplify[ing] his separation anxiety."

          There was evidence that D.M. and B.W. were not close to J.C.W. The evidence also showed that
B.W. and J.C.W. were becoming closer, with J.C.W. wanting to be with his older brother. During visits,
the family appeared to interact well together. The evidence shows Appellant made most of her weekly
visits with her children, that the visits went well, and that both the children and Appellant enjoyed their
visits together.

    Parental Abilities

        The children's guardian ad litem testified she believed Appellant did not really understand what
a good parent needs to be in order to raise children that are going to be productive citizens one day. She
believed it was in the children's best interest to have Appellant's parental rights terminated because
they "deserve stability and stable parents."

         Contrary evidence showed all children were developmentally on track; they did not have any
special or extensive needs to address; Appellant provided them with food, clothing, and attended to
their medical needs; D.M. was very bright and did very well in school; and, when D.M. acted out and was
having problems in foster care, Appellant talked to her and asked her to do better and stay out of
trouble. Appellant also testified she talked to D.M. about school and helped her with her homework, she
played and watched television with B.W., and she read to J.C.W. before bedtime.

          The guardian ad litem testified she visited D.M.'s school, had a good visit with the principal, and
left her business cards at the school for each of D.M.'s teachers with instructions for them to call her
regarding D.M. "being abnormal . . . having any strange behaviors or outbursts in class, . . . [or]
something that was unusual for a student to show that she might be having trouble." The TDPRS did not
present evidence of any responses to the ad litem's instructions.

          Appellant's counselor, although expressing some concerns about Appellant's ability to parent,
testified she did not have enough time with Appellant to determine her actual ability to parent her
children.

    Current and Future Needs and Dangers to the Children

          With regard to the children's present and future physical and emotional needs or
endangerment, the TDPRS again points generally to the children's need for permanency and Appellant's
inability to provide a stable and safe home and lifestyle for herself and the children. The TDPRS also
argues that D.M. will need some counseling as a result of her being sexually molested while in foster
care to support its conclusion that returning D.M. to Appellant would not be in D.M.'s best interest.

          To Appellant's credit, it was she who first discovered information, during one of her weekly
visits with the children, about D.M.'s encounter while in foster care, which led the TDPRS to discover
that D.M. had been sexually molested by another foster child. There is no direct evidence Appellant
would be unable to meet D.M.'s added emotional needs, although there is evidence showing Appellant
did not always meet all of her children's needs. First, there is evidence Appellant did not have
appropriate care for the children during her periods of incarceration. D.M. also testified the children did
not get enough attention from their mother before they first went into foster care because of her
mother's drug problem. However, D.M. further testified that Appellant did provide them with a place to
live and food and made D.M. feel safe. Since they were returned to Appellant, however, D.M. stated
Page 816

drugs were not a problem, Appellant was always at home with them, and no "bad things" happened.

         TDPRS caseworkers also testified that no special services were set up for any of the children.
Under the TDPRS' "level-of-care system," which is based on a 1 to 6 scale with 6 being the most needy,
the children were designated a level 1, meaning they had no extensive needs.

    Acts/Omissions Indicating Parent-Child Relationship is not Proper

         As for acts indicating the parent-child relationship between Appellant and her children is not
proper, there is evidence Appellant allowed D.M. to take on a parenting role. One caseworker testified
she did not believe Appellant understood that this type of relationship was inappropriate. Another
caseworker testified that she spoke to Appellant about her concerns that D.M. took on a supervisory
role of her younger brothers. Sometimes she saw improvement and sometimes not.

    Plans for the Children

         Regarding future plans for the children, the TDPRS stated its goal was adoption, focusing on the
children's need for stability and permanency. The TDPRS generally believed the children were adoptable
and could be adopted together. The TDPRS admitted that the children are not currently in adoptive
placement, but are living apart in two different foster homes. There is no evidence of any adoption
prospects for these three children, separately or together.

         The evidence also showed the children are not of the same race, D.M. and B.W. being racially
mixed, which the TDPRS admitted would impact their potential for placement to some degree. The
TDPRS also admitted the age of a child impacts adoption; the older the child, the fewer opportunities for
adoption. D.M. was 12 years old at the time of trial, B.W. was 5, and J.C.W. almost 3. There was also
evidence D.M. was expelled from school on five occasions while in foster care, that she was not ready
for adoption, that she would resist adoption, and that she would need some type of therapeutic
intervention to better prepare her for adoption.

         Appellant admitted she had no job and no place to live at the time of trial, and she was not
ready for the children to be returned to her. She had applied for one or two jobs at the time of trial. She
also knew the children were okay with their foster families. Appellant admitted stability was a problem
and that she had difficulty managing because of her living and transportation problems. However, she
loved her children and did not want her parental rights terminated.

    Available Programs

          Appellant's counselor also did not recommend returning the children to Appellant, but would
like to see Appellant do further work on a service plan and participate in some residential treatment,
which might improve her ability to work in an outpatient setting. She had worked with TDPRS clients for
approximately eight years, and testified that some clients were asked to participate in a residential
treatment program with intensive outpatient followup. She testified about a specific residential drug
treatment program that might benefit Appellant and through which she might be able to have her
children returned to her, providing both stability and safety for the children. When asked about the
residential treatment facility, Appellant testified she believed, from what she had heard, it would
definitely provide her with more stability, which is something that had been difficult for her. Appellant's
counselor also testified that Appellant willingly participated in the three counseling

Page 817

sessions she attended, although she did not show up for the fourth appointment.

         A TDPRS caseworker testified Appellant had been given several opportunities since 1997 to
improve her lifestyle and, more often than not, would start engaging in the services provided and then
stop, with the end result being Appellant never fulfilled any of the services she was asked to fulfill.
Another caseworker testified that based on Appellant's previous experiences with the TDPRS, she would
not expect Appellant to be successful even if given continued services.

          We hold that the foregoing evidence, coupled with Appellant's history of drug abuse, her
admissions and conduct relating to recent drug use, and her inability to maintain a lifestyle free from
arrests and incarcerations, is some evidence that termination would be in the children's best interest.
While this evidence overlaps the proof required to establish endangerment by her course of conduct, it
also provides legally sufficient evidence to support the finding that termination is in the children's best
interest.

         In considering the factual sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury's findings, this court
must set aside the findings and grant a new trial if an answer of the jury to a material issue is so contrary
to the overwhelming weight of clear and convincing evidence as to be clearly wrong or manifestly
unjust. However, we may not substitute our opinion for that of the jury merely because we might have
reached a different fact conclusion. See Thompson v. Wooten, 650 S.W.2d 499, 501 (Tex. App. Houston
[14th Dist.] 1983, writ ref'd n.r.e.). The jury is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the
weight to be given their testimony. Eris v. Phares, 39 S.W.3d 708, 713 (Tex. App. Houston [1st Dist.]
2001, pet. denied). While the evidence presents a close case, after reviewing all of the evidence
presented and mindful of the fact that we may not reweigh that evidence or reassess the credibility of
the witnesses, we cannot conclude that, under all of the evidence in the record in this case, the jury's
finding that termination of Appellant's parental rights is in the children's best interest is not manifestly
wrong and unjust. We hold that the totality of the evidence in light of the Holley factors and other
relevant factors is factually sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that termination is in
the children's best interest. We overrule Appellant's third issue.

           Conclusion

         Having determined the evidence is both legally and factually sufficient to support the jury's
findings under sections 161.001(1)(E) and 161.001(2), we affirm the trial court's judgment.

     Dauphinot, J. filed a concurring opinion.

---------------

NOTES:

1. Because the suit was set for dismissal on February 7, 2000, the trial court extended the final dismissal
date to August 5, 2000.

2. D.M.'s biological father is deceased. B.W.'s and J.C.W.'s biological fathers had not established any
right to or interest in the children and did not appear at the termination hearing. The trial court also
terminated their parental rights to B.W. and J.C.W.

3. The TDPRS described a LAMs class as one where parents meet to learn to maintain their families and
receive instruction indirectly related to parenting.
4. Bolin apparently suffered from major mental health problems, and her own children were in TDPRS
custody.

5. It also appears Appellant attended all but one court proceeding, although it is not clear whether this
information was presented to the jury.

---------------

     Dauphinot, Justice, concurring.

          Because the law requires that we affirm the jury's verdict if the evidence to support it is legally
sufficient and sufficient to make the existence of the facts found by the jury highly probable,1 I have no
alternative but to concur in the majority's holding.

          As the majority points out, a parent's right to the companionship of his or her children is far
more precious than any property right. That companionship is as precious, in my opinion, as the right to
liberty or to life itself. Equally important, I believe, is the right and the necessity of brothers and sisters
to have each other's

Page 818

companionship and support. Yet, unlike non-criminal deprivation of liberty provisions, such as
involuntary mental illness commitment proceedings, there is no requirement that termination of the
parent-child relationship be the least draconian alternative that adequately protects the child's welfare
or that the bonds between siblings be preserved.2

            The record before us reflects poor parenting and drug addiction. However, the record also
reflects:

     1. A close bond between Appellant and D.M., who is now nearly fourteen years old.

     2. A close bond among the children, who were separated when TDPRS assumed custody.
    3. No evidence of any adoption prospects for the children after termination, either separately or
together.

    4. Separation anxiety suffered by B.W., who is now almost eight years old, when he was not allowed
to go home with his mother at the end of family visits.

     5. D.M.'s sexual abuse, which occurred while she was in foster care.

     6. A loving bond between Appellant and her children.

    7. The availability of a three-year residential treatment program that preserves the family unit and
promotes the development of parenting skills.

          Additionally, the record reflects that D.M. will likely not be adopted and that B.W.'s racially
mixed parentage will adversely impact his potential for placement. If not adopted, the children must
remain in foster care. This is true although TDPRS's stated goal for the children focused on their need for
stability and permanency.

          This court is limited to determining whether the evidence supports the jury's findings under the
law as it now stands. Only the legislature has the authority to enact laws that would require the
petitioner to prove that termination is not only in the best interest of the children but also that
termination is the least draconian alternative available under the specific circumstances presented.

           Because the law permits me no alternative, I concur in the majority's opinion.

---------------

NOTES:

1. See In re D.T., 34 S.W.3d 625, 630-31 (Tex. App. Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied).
2. See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 574.036(d) (Vernon Supp. 2001) (requiring that court-ordered
mental health services be provided "in the least restrictive appropriate setting available"); Tex. Fam.
Code Ann. § 161.001 (Vernon Supp. 2001).

---------------

In the Interest of D.M, 58 S.W.3d 801 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth, 2001)
                           402 S.W.3d 239 (Tex. 2013)
                                56 Tex.Sup.Ct. J. 666
                           In the Interest of E.C.R., child.
                                   No. 12-0744.
                             Supreme Court of Texas.
                                   June 14, 2013
       Argued April 23, 2013.

        Crow, Juliane Phillips, Attorney at Law, Houston, TX, for Other interested
party Guardian Ad Litem.

402 S.W.3d 240

       Sandra D. Hachem, Vincent Reed Ryan Jr., Houston, TX, for Petitioner
Department of Family & Protective Services.

        William M. Thursland, Houston, TX, for Respondent R., M.

       OPINION

        JEFFERSON, Chief Justice

       We require the State to overcome significant burdens before removing a
child from his parent. These impediments are essential to protect the parent's
fundamental liberty interest in the companionship, care, custody, and
management of her children.[1] But " [j]ust as it is imperative for courts to
recognize the constitutional underpinnings of the parent-child relationship, it is
also essential that emotional and physical interests of the child not be
sacrificed merely to preserve that right." In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 26
(Tex.2002).[2]

       The Family Code allows a court to terminate a parent's rights to her child
if the child has been in the State's custody for at least nine months, and the
State proves, by clear and convincing evidence, that the parent failed to comply
with a court order that specified what she had to do to get her child back. TEX.
FAM.CODE § 161.001(1)( O ). The provision applies, however, only if the child
was removed from the parent under Family Code Chapter 262 for " abuse or
neglect of the child." Id. We must decide whether abuse or neglect includes
placing the child's physical health or safety at substantial risk, as outlined
below. Because we conclude that it does, and because the parent's abuse or
neglect of another child is relevant to that determination, we reverse in part the
court of appeals' judgment and remand the case to that court.

       I. Background

       After M.R. was seen punching and dragging her four-year-old daughter,
Y. C., by her ponytail down the street, a witness called the authorities. M.R.'s
eight-month-old son, E.C.R., was not present during this incident. The police
found that Y.C. had fresh bruising on her face, dried blood inside her nose, cuts
on her forehead and lips, and multiple scrapes. The police arrested M.R., who
denied causing the injuries but later pleaded guilty to bodily injury to a child, a
third-degree felony. The Department of Family and Protective Services received
a referral of physical abuse of Y.C., who was sent to live with her father. After
its investigation, the Department placed E.C.R., whose paternity was
undetermined, with foster parents.

        The Department took possession of E.C.R. under Family Code section
262.104, which authorizes possession without a court order if circumstances
would lead a person of ordinary prudence and caution to believe that the child
faced " an immediate danger to [his] physical health or safety." TEX. FAM.CODE
§ 262.104. The next day, the Department filed a petition seeking
conservatorship of E.C.R. and termination of M.R.'s parental rights. The petition
was supported by a six-page affidavit recounting the circumstances
necessitating

402 S.W.3d 241
E.C.R.'s removal. The affidavit described the allegations of physical abuse of
Y.C. and also noted that M.R. had a prior CPS case involving physical abuse of
an older son, who was in the permanent managing conservatorship of foster
parents. M.R. told caseworker Cyntera Donatto that she had twice attempted
suicide while spending three days in jail for the incident involving Y.C. After
being released from jail, M.R. slept on the streets and left E.C.R. with her
boyfriend at his home. M.R. told Donatto that the boyfriend physically abused
her and was not stable. A criminal background check revealed that he had been
arrested seven times over the past decade for theft, burglary, driving with an
invalid license, and evading arrest. The day after she met with M.R., Donatto
learned that M.R. had again been incarcerated.

      Donatto observed E.C.R. and noted that, unlike Y.C., there were no
evident signs that E.C.R. had been physically abused. He appeared clean,
healthy, and developmentally on target. But his mother's history of abusing her
other children, her fragile mental state, and her criminal case and incarceration
persuaded Donatto that E.C.R. should not be left in M.R.'s care. Because E.C.R.'s
paternity was unknown, the Department sought to be named his temporary
managing conservator.

      That day, the trial court found that E.C.R. had been removed pursuant to
section 262.104 and that he faced a continuing danger to his physical health or
safety if returned to M.R. The trial court also found that the nature of the
emergency and the continuing danger to E.C.R.'s welfare made his return to
M.R. impossible or unreasonable. The court set the matter for a full adversary
hearing within fourteen days.

      After that hearing the trial court found sufficient evidence to satisfy a
person of ordinary prudence and caution that:

(1) there was a danger to the physical health or safety of the child which was
caused by an act or failure to act of the person entitled to possession and for
the child to remain in the home is contrary to the welfare of the child; (2) the
urgent need for protection required the immediate removal of the child and
makes efforts to eliminate or prevent the child's removal impossible or
unreasonable; and (3) notwithstanding reasonable efforts to eliminate the need
for the child's removal and enable the child to return home, there is a
substantial risk of a continuing danger if the child is returned home.
         The court appointed the Department temporary managing conservator
and ordered M.R. to comply with the service plan. See TEX. FAM.CODE §§
263.101-.106. The court warned M.R. that her failure to do so could result in
the termination of her parental rights. See id. §§ 161.001(1)( O ), 263.106.

         At a subsequent status hearing, the trial court signed additional
temporary orders setting the conditions for E.C.R.'s return to M.R. M.R. had to
complete a psychiatric examination and follow all recommendations; complete
a psychological examination and follow all recommendations; participate in
counseling, including individual, group, or family therapy sessions; complete
parenting classes; complete random drug tests; remain drug free; refrain from
engaging in criminal activity; maintain stable housing; maintain stable
employment; successfully complete domestic violence and anger management
classes; and complete all services outlined in the Family Service Plan. The court
found that M.R. reviewed and understood the service plan and was advised that
unless she was willing

402 S.W.3d 242

and able to provide E.C.R. with a safe environment within the time specified in
the plan, her parental rights could be terminated.

         Almost a year later, the trial court held a termination hearing. M.R. gave
limited testimony. She admitted being served with citation and receiving
deferred adjudication for causing injury to a child, but she denied ever telling
the caseworker that E.C.R. was not living in a safe environment. She provided
the names of two men who might be E.C.R.'s father. She admitted having a prior
CPS case that went to final orders, and that she no longer had custody of that
child.
      The Department representative testified that E.C.R. was removed because
of the risk of physical abuse based on M.R.'s abuse of Y.C. The representative
also stated that M.R. had completed some of the court-ordered requirements,
but she had not satisfied the " big" ones. She failed to undergo a psychiatric
evaluation or participate in psychotherapy. The Department also presented
evidence that M.R. did not obtain employment, a violation of both the Family
Service Plan and the conditions of her community supervision, and she had not
lived in a home for six months.

      The trial court terminated M.R.'s rights under subsection O of Family
Code section 161.001(1), finding that such termination was in E.C.R.'s best
interest. M.R. appealed, challenging the sufficiency of the evidence supporting
termination under that subsection and the best interest finding. As to the
former, her argument was straightforward. She did not dispute her failure to
comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically established the
actions necessary for E.C.R. to be returned to her and that E.C.R. had been in
the Department's conservatorship for more than nine months. Instead, she
argued that termination under subsection O was improper because E.C.R. was
removed because of risk of abuse based on her conduct toward his sibling, but
not for actual abuse or neglect.

      The court of appeals agreed, holding that M.R.'s abuse of Y.C. was not
evidence that M.R. abused or neglected E.C.R. 390 S.W.3d 22, 27. Instead, "
[f]or a trial court to terminate parental rights under section 161.001(1)( O ), it
must find that the child who is the subject of the suit was removed as a result
of the abuse or neglect of that specific child." Id. The court noted that " the
Family Service Plan and [the caseworker's] testimony both show that [the
Department] became involved as a result of M.R.'s abuse of E.C.R.'s sibling, a
factor that the court could not consider in reaching a finding under section
161.001(1)( O )." Id. at 28. The court reversed the portion of the trial court's
judgment terminating M.R.'s parental rights and rendered judgment denying
the Department's termination petition.[3] Id. at 30. A divided court voted against
en banc reconsideration. Id. (Keyes, J., dissenting).
       We granted the petition for review. 2013 Tex. LEXIS 112 (Feb. 15, 2013).

402 S.W.3d 243

       II. The Department proved grounds for termination under subsection
161.001(1)( O ) as a matter of law.

       Family Code section 161.001(1) identifies multiple grounds for
involuntarily terminating parental rights. Subsection O authorizes termination if
the court finds, by clear and convincing evidence, that a parent has:

failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically
established the actions necessary for the parent to obtain the return of the child
who has been in the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of the
Department of Family and Protective Services for not less than nine months as a
result of the child's removal from the parent under Chapter 262 for the abuse
or neglect of the child.
TEX. FAM.CODE § 161.001(1)( O ).

       We last considered subsection O in In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 277
(Tex.2002), an appeal of a judgment terminating the parents' right to their
three children. In that case, the Department received a referral alleging that the
father had sexually abused two of the children, but the ensuing investigation
revealed no evidence of abuse. In re J.F.C., 57 S.W.3d 66, 68 (Tex.App.-Waco
2001), rev'd, 96 S.W.3d 256 (Tex.2002). A year later, the Department received
information that the parents " had drug problems, were physically abusive to
one another, and may have been physically abusing the children." Id. The
Department investigated and found bruises on one of the children, as well as
corroboration of drug use in the home. Id. The Department did not remove the
children, because it concluded they were not in immediate danger. Id. In weekly
home visits over the next seven months, the Department found no evidence of
abuse. Id. The Department learned, however, that the parents were not
participating in their required counseling and continued to have conflicts
among themselves. Id. Subsequently, the Department received a report that the
mother had handled one of the children roughly; the Department confirmed
that the child (the same one who had bruises previously) had marks and
scratches on his body. Id. The Department found that the parents' emotional
health was deteriorating, and the children were not attending daycare. Id. The
parents continued to fight and faced substantial marital problems and financial
hardships. Id. The Department removed the children from the home and sued
for temporary conservatorship. Id. The trial court approved a Family Service
Plan outlining the requirements the parents had to satisfy to avoid termination
of their rights. Id. at 68-69. Primarily because the parents failed to comply with
the Plan, the Department amended its petition to seek termination. Id. at 69.

       The trial court terminated the parents' rights. Id. at 70. A divided court of
appeals reversed after determining that the charge permitted the jury to find
that the parents' rights should be terminated without finding that termination
would be in the children's best interest. J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 260. In this Court,
the parents argued, among other things, that the charge failed to require that
the same ten jurors agree on the specific grounds for termination. Id. at 277.
Because the question included more than one course of parental conduct
justifying termination, they argued that their rights may have been terminated
even though fewer than ten jurors agreed on the basis for termination. Id.

       We held that even assuming the submission was improper, any error was
harmless, because the Department had conclusively proved that the parents
rights should be terminated under subsection O:

402 S.W.3d 244

It is undisputed that both parents failed to comply with numerous, material
provisions of court orders that specifically required their compliance to avoid
restriction or termination of their parental rights.
....
The evidence establishes as a matter of law that the parents failed to comply
with the court's orders specifying the actions the parents had to take for the
[Department] to return the children to the parents. The record also conclusively
establishes that the children were removed from their parents under Chapter
262 of the Family Code, and it is undisputed that they were in the
[Department's] custody for more than nine months after their removal.
Accordingly, the parental conduct described in subsection 161.001(1)( O ) of
the Family Code was established as a matter of law. Any error in failing to
submit a specific instruction on juror agreement regarding parental conduct
was thus harmless.
Id. at 277-79. We reversed the court of appeals' judgment and rendered
judgment terminating the parents' rights. Id.at 285.

      At least one appellate court has interpreted subsection O in a similar
fashion, holding that termination was warranted upon proof of " immediate
danger to the physical health or safety of the child" — the emergency removal
standard under chapter 262. In re M.L.J., No. 02-07-0178-CV, 2008 WL
1932076, at *5, 2008 Tex.App. LEXIS 3218, at *14-15 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth
May 1, 2008, pet. denied) (mem.op.); see also TEX. FAM.CODE §§ 262.101-
.102, .104(a)(1)-(2). In M.L.J., the parents argued— as M.R. does here— that
subsection O was inapplicable because their child was not removed for actual
abuse or neglect, but only because of the risk of abuse or neglect. The court of
appeals rejected this contention. See M.L.J., 2008 WL 1932076, at *5-6, 2008
Tex.App. LEXIS 3218, at *14-18. The Department's investigator testified that
the child was removed from the parents, who were both intellectually disabled,
not just because of the parents' " lack of skills" but also because they refused to
seek help caring for their child. Id. at *5-6, 2008 Tex.App. LEXIS 3218, at *16.
A psychologist corroborated his testimony, stating that the mother had
reported that the father had once punched her and once shook one of the
children. Id. at *6, 2008 Tex.App. LEXIS 3218, at *17. The psychologist also
noted that the mother had difficulty accepting that she needed help caring for
her children, and that a small child faced a high degree of risk if left in the
parents' care. Id. at *6, 2008 Tex.App. LEXIS 3218, at *17-18.
       The court of appeals held that the investigator's testimony " ‘ would lead
a person of ordinary prudence and caution to believe that there is an immediate
danger to the physical health or safety of [the child].’ " Id. at *6, 2008 Tex.App.
LEXIS 3218, at *18 (quoting TEX. FAM.CODE § 262.104(a)(1)-(2)). The court
concluded that the evidence supported termination under subsection O. Id.; see
also In re D.R.J., 395 S.W.3d 316, 324 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth Feb. 7, 2013, no
pet.) (Gardner, J., concurring) (" This court has previously held that evidence
was sufficient to establish removal for ‘ abuse or neglect’ based upon a CPS
investigator's personal knowledge of facts that would lead a person of ordinary
prudence to believe that there is ‘ an immediate danger to the physical health
or safety of the child’ as required for removal without a court order under
family code section 262.104(a)(1), (2)." ) (citing In re M.L.J. ).

        Conversely, other courts have held that removal due to risk of abuse or
neglect

402 S.W.3d 245

does not satisfy O's requirements. See, e.g., In re C.B., 376 S.W.3d 244, 252
(Tex.App.-Amarillo 2012, no pet.);Mann v. Dep't of Family and Protective
Servs., No. 01-08-01004-CV, 2009 WL 2961396, at *7-8, 2009 Tex.App. LEXIS
7326, at *20-21 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] Sept. 17, 2009, no pet.)
(mem.op.); In re S.A.P., 169 S.W.3d 685, 706-07 (Tex.App.-Waco 2005, no pet.)
(holding that father's rights could not be terminated under subsection O
because child was removed due only to risk of abuse based on parents' prior
history).

       In C.B., the court of appeals considered a case involving a mother who "
admitted to recent and chronic methamphetamine use" and who was involved
in, and exposed C.B. to, an abusive relationship with her boyfriend, also a
methamphetamine user who kept the drug in a bedside cabinet in their shared
home. C.B., 376 S.W.3d at 251. The boyfriend had threatened the mother's life
and repeatedly abused her in C.B.'s presence. Id. at 251-52. Nonetheless, the
court held that termination under subsection O was not proper because
although " [t]he affidavit portrays a volatile home environment and behavior by
the mother and her paramour capable of resulting in abuse or neglect of a two-
year-old child, ... § 161.001(1)( O ) requires actual occurrence of abuse or
neglect to justify termination of parental rights." Id. at 252. Even applying the
definitions of abuse and neglect in a related chapter, the court concluded that
subsection O's standard had not been satisfied. Id. at 250. " Abuse" under
chapter 261 includes a parent's current use of a controlled substance,[4] yet the
court found no evidence that the mother's methamphetamine use caused
physical, mental, or emotional harm to C.B., a statutory requirement. Id. Nor
had C.B. been the victim of neglect: " [A] pattern of violence directed toward the
mother by her paramour would carry some risk that a two-year-old child in the
home may suffer harm, but this record does not support a conclusion that C.B.
was subjected to ‘ a substantial risk of immediate harm.’ " Id. (quoting TEX.
FAM.CODE § 261.001(4)(B)(i)). The court held that the trial court's temporary
orders were not relevant, because while they justified initial and continued
removal of C.B., they contained " no findings that C.B. was actually abused or
neglected." Id. at 250-51.

      In Mann, the Department removed a days-old baby from his mother due
to a risk of physical abuse, based on the mother's abuse of a
sibling. Mann, 2009 WL 2961396, at *1, 2009 Tex.App. LEXIS 7326, at *1-2.
The mother failed to complete the necessary court-ordered services, and the
trial court terminated her rights under subsection O. Id. at *1-4, 2009 Tex.App.
LEXIS 7326, at *3-11. The court of appeals reversed, holding that there was no
evidence that the child had actually been abused or neglected. Id. at *6, 2009
Tex.App. LEXIS 7326, at *16-17. Risk was not enough; the mother's abusive
conduct toward a sibling " do[es] not provide evidence that [the mother] abused
or neglected [the removed child]." Id. at *7, 2009 Tex.App. LEXIS 7326, at *20.
Thus, the court held that the evidence was legally insufficient to support
termination under subsection O. Id. at *7-8, 2008 Tex.App. LEXIS 3218, at *20-
21.
        In this case, the same court of appeals applied Mann to reach the same
conclusion. 390 S.W.3d at 27 (holding that " M.R.'s abuse of Y.C. cannot be
considered evidence that M.R. abused or neglected E.C.R. under section
161.001(1)( O )" ). The court disregarded the trial court's temporary orders
finding " ‘ danger to [E.C.R.'s] physical health or safety’ " and " ‘ a substantial

402 S.W.3d 246

risk of a continuing danger if the child is returned home,’ " because they were
based on the risk of abuse, rather than " specific allegations of neglect or
abuse" of E.C.R. Id. at 27-29.

       We agree that subsection O requires proof of abuse or neglect,[5] but we
disagree that those terms can never be read to include risk. We consider their
use and meaning in context of the Family Code removal provisions and the
Legislature's definitions of " abuse" and " neglect" in related chapters.

       The preceding chapter, titled " Investigation of Report of Child Abuse or
Neglect," requires that " abuse" and " neglect" be reported to the authorities,
and the failure to do so carries criminal penalties. TEX. FAM.CODE §§
261.101(a), .103(a), .109. The terms are defined broadly and
nonexclusively,[6] but only " [i]n this chapter." Id. § 261.001, (1), (4). Both
definitions give examples of abusive or neglectful conduct, and both definitions
explicitly include risk: abuse includes not just actual physical injury, but a "
genuine threat of substantial harm from physical injury" ; neglect includes
placing a child in or failing to remove a child from a situation that requires
actions or judgment beyond his capabilities and that results in " a substantial
risk of immediate harm to the child" or a situation in which the child would be
exposed to " a substantial risk of sexual conduct harmful to the child." Id. §
261.001(1)(C), (4)(B)(i), (4)(B)(iv). Both definitions also include language that
permits the consideration of harm to another child in determining whether
abuse or neglect has occurred. See, e.g., id. § 261.001(1)(C) (" genuine threat of
substantial harm" ), (4)(B)(v) (" neglect" includes exposing a child to situations in
which another child faces certain sexual crimes, like abuse and trafficking).

        Once the Department receives a report of abuse or neglect, it must
promptly and thoroughly investigate. Id. § 261.301(a). If the Department
believes that the child's immediate removal is necessary to avoid

402 S.W.3d 247

further abuse or neglect, it must file a petition or take other action under
chapter 262 for the child's temporary care and protection. Id. § 261.302(d).

       Chapter 262, titled " Procedures in Suit by Governmental Entity to Protect
Health and Safety of Child," details the circumstances under which a
governmental entity may file a suit affecting the parent-child relationship or
take possession of a child without a court order. Id. § 262.001(a). The statute
provides that " [i]n determining the reasonable efforts that are required to be
made with respect to preventing or eliminating the need to remove a child from
the child's home or to make it possible to return a child to the child's home, the
child's health and safety is the paramount concern." Id. § 262.001(b). The
Department, a law enforcement officer, or a juvenile probation officer may take
possession of a child without a temporary restraining order if the child faces an
immediate danger to his physical health or safety; has been a victim of sexual
abuse; is in the possession of someone who is using a controlled substance, if
it poses an immediate danger to the child's physical health or safety; or is in the
possession of someone who has permitted him to remain on premises used for
methamphetamine manufacture. Id. § 262.104(a)-(b). If the Department
petitions for possession of a child without prior notice and a hearing, it must
submit an affidavit stating, among other things, " facts sufficient to satisfy a
person of ordinary prudence and caution" that the child faces an immediate
danger to his health or safety, or that the child has been a victim of neglect or
sexual abuse, and that continuation in the home would be contrary to the
child's welfare. Id. § 262.101. The trial court may issue a temporary restraining
order only if it finds that one of those conditions has been satisfied.

       Within fourteen days after the Department has taken possession of the
child, the trial court must hold a full adversary hearing. Id. § 262.201(a).
Following the hearing, the trial court must order the child returned to his parent
unless the court finds sufficient evidence to satisfy a person of ordinary
prudence and caution that: there was a danger to the child's physical health or
safety that was caused by an act or failure to act of the person entitled to
possession, and for the child to remain in the home is contrary to his welfare;
the urgent need for protection required the immediate removal of the child and
reasonable efforts, consistent with the circumstances and providing for the
child's safety, were made to eliminate or prevent the child's removal; and
reasonable efforts have been made to enable the child to return home, but
there is a substantial risk of a continuing danger if the child is returned
home. Id. § 262.201(b). Continued removal is warranted only if the child faces a
continuing danger to his physical health or safety. Id. § 262.201(b)-(c).

        The standard used repeatedly throughout chapter 262 is " danger to the
physical health or safety of the child." That phrase is also centered on risk,
rather than just a history of actual abuse or neglect: the Legislature has defined
it to include " exposure of the child to loss or injury that jeopardizes the
physical health or safety of the child without regard to whether there has been
an actual prior injury to the child." Id. § 101.009; see also id. § 101.001(a) ("
Definitions in this subchapter apply to this title." ). In determining whether the
child faces a continuing danger to his physical health or safety, at each stage of
the proceedings the court may consider whether the child's household includes
a person who has: " (1) abused or neglected another child in a manner that
caused serious injury to or the death of the

402 S.W.3d 248
other child; or (2) sexually abused another child." Id. §§ 262.102(b) (temporary
restraining order), 262.107(b) (initial hearing), 262.201(d) (full adversary
hearing).

      Although chapter 261's " abuse" and " neglect" definitions do not govern
in chapter 262, they surely inform the terms' meanings. See, e.g., Brown v.
Darden, 121 Tex. 495, 50 S.W.2d 261, 263 (1932) (" Whenever a legislature has
used a word in a statute in one sense and with one meaning, and subsequently
uses the same word in legislating on the same subject-matter, it will be
understood as using it in the same sense, unless there be something in the
context or the nature of things to indicate that it intended a different meaning
thereby." ). So while subsection O requires removal under chapter 262 for abuse
or neglect, those words are used broadly. Consistent with chapter 262's
removal standards, " abuse or neglect of the child" necessarily includes the
risks or threats of the environment in which the child is placed. Part of that
calculus includes the harm suffered or the danger faced by other children under
the parent's care. If a parent has neglected, sexually abused, or otherwise
endangered her child's physical health or safety, such that initial and continued
removal are appropriate, the child has been " remov[ed] from the parent under
Chapter 262 for the abuse or neglect of the child." See TEX. FAM.CODE §§
161.001(1)( O ), 262.101, .102, .104, .107, .201.   [7]

      Here, the Department's evidence in support of removal included an
affidavit showing that the department received a referral of physical abuse of
Y.C. A witness had seen M.R. punching Y.C. and dragging her by her hair. Y.C.
had sustained injuries. M.R. denied the abuse, but she was arrested and
charged with intentional bodily injury to a child. She had been involved in a
prior CPS case involving physical abuse of her older son, who was in the foster
parents' permanent conservatorship. She left E.C.R. with her boyfriend, who was
not E.C.R.'s father, had an extensive criminal history, and had physically abused
her. She was incarcerated and unable to care for E.C.R. This affidavit, even if not
evidence for all purposes, shows what the trial court relied on in determining
whether removal was justified. That court found sufficient evidence to satisfy a
person of ordinary prudence and caution that E.C.R. faced an immediate danger
to his physical health or safety, that the urgent need to protect him required his
immediate removal, and that he faced a substantial risk of a continuing danger
if he were returned home— findings unchallenged by M.R.[8] This evidence

402 S.W.3d 249

and these findings establish that E.C.R. was removed from M.R. under chapter
262 for abuse or neglect. See, e.g., In re J.S.G., No. 14-08-00754-CV, 2009 WL
1311986, at *6-7, 2009 Tex.App. LEXIS 3224, at *18-20 (Tex.App.-Houston
[14th Dist.] May 7, 2009, no pet.) (mem.op.) (relying on caseworker's affidavit in
support of the Department's removal request, as well as trial court's temporary
orders concluding that the children faced a danger to their physical health or
safety and a substantial risk of a continuing danger if returned home, to
conclude that the evidence established that the children were removed " as a
result of neglect specific to them by" the mother); see also D.F. v. Tex. Dep't of
Family & Protective Servs., 393 S.W.3d 821, 830-31 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2012, no
pet.) (noting that trial court's finding of immediate danger to child's physical
health or safety or that they were neglected or abused supported finding of
neglect); In re S.N., 287 S.W.3d 183, 190 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2009,
no pet.) (holding that affidavit, family service plan, and temporary orders
showing danger to physical health or safety and " ‘ substantial risk of
continuing danger’ " supported finding that children were removed under
chapter 262 for neglect); In re A.A.A., 265 S.W.3d 507, 516 (Tex.App.-Houston
[1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied) (considering affidavit in support of removal and
trial court's temporary orders finding " ‘ continuing danger to the physical
health or safety of the child if returned to the parent’ " as evidence that child
was removed because of neglect).

       M.R. does not dispute that she " failed to comply with numerous, material
provisions of court orders that specifically required ... compliance to avoid
restriction or termination of parental rights." J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 277. As
in J.F.C., the record conclusively establishes that E.C.R. was removed from M.R.
under Chapter 262 of the Family Code for abuse or neglect, and it is
undisputed that he was in the Department's custody for more than nine months
after his removal. The parental conduct described in subsection 161.001(1)( O )
of the Family Code was thus established as a matter of law.

        III. A reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction
that termination was in E.C.R.'s best interest.

        M.R. also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the best
interest finding. In reviewing this finding, we consider, among other evidence,
the Holley   [9]   factors. In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d 796, 807 (Tex.2012). Many of the
reasons supporting termination under subsection O also support the trial
court's best interest finding.See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 28 (Tex.2002)
(holding that same evidence may be probative of both section 161.001(1)
grounds and best interest). M.R. pleaded guilty to causing injury to a child, a
third

402 S.W.3d 250

degree felony. She twice attempted suicide while incarcerated on that charge,
and there was evidence that she was mentally unstable. She no longer has
custody of any of her four children. Her oldest was taken into Department
custody several years earlier after a referral of physical abuse, and the trial
court terminated her parental rights. E.C.R. lives in the same foster home with
M.R.'s youngest child, a baby who was born after E.C.R. was taken into custody.
M.R. has a history of homelessness, and at the time of the hearing, she had not
lived in a home for six months. She has not been employed at any time since
E.C.R. was taken into custody, jeopardizing her parental rights and violating the
conditions of her community supervision. Although she told the child advocate
she was unable to work due to pregnancy, she was unable to provide
documentation substantiating that claim, nor did she explain her inability to
work at all during the fourteen months the case was pending. When E.C.R. came
into care, he was behind on his immunizations. He has done " very well" in
foster care, and his foster parents are meeting his physical and emotional
needs. The Department's long term goal for E.C.R. is unrelated adoption,
although there was no evidence that his foster family would, or would not,
adopt him. C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28 (" Evidence about placement plans and
adoption are, of course, relevant to best interest." ). But " the lack of evidence
about definitive plans for permanent placement and adoption cannot be the
dispositive factor." Id. Rather, we examine the entire record to decide best
interest, " even if the agency is unable to identify with precision the child's
future home environment." Id. We conclude that there is evidence from which a
fact-finder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that termination of
M.R.'s parental rights was in E.C.R.'s best interest.

      M.R. also challenged the factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting the
best interest finding, a question that the court of appeals must decide. See TEX.
CONST. art. V, § 6(a). We remand to that court for consideration of the issue.

      IV. Conclusion

      We reverse in part the court of appeals' judgment and remand to that
court for further proceedings. TEX.R.APP. P. 60.2(d).

---------

Notes:

  Lassiter v. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 452 U.S. 18, 27, 101 S. Ct. 2153, 68 L.Ed.2d
[1]

640 (1981); see In re E.R., 385 S.W.3d 552, 563 (Tex.2012) (" Parental rights are
‘ far more precious than any property right,’ and when the State initiates a
termination proceeding, ‘ it seeks not merely to infringe that fundamental
liberty interest, but to end it.’ " ) (quoting Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745,
758-59, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982)); see also Holick v. Smith, 685
S.W.2d 18, 21 (Tex.1985) (noting that " involuntary termination statutes are
strictly construed in favor of the parent" ).
[2]   See also TEX. FAM.CODE § 153.001(a)(2) (" The public policy of this state is to
... provide a safe, stable, and nonviolent environment for the child." ).

[3]   The court of appeals refused to consider the Department's cross-points
asserting alternative bases for termination. 390 S.W.3d at 29-30 (holding that "
a parental rights termination order can be upheld only on grounds both
pleaded by [the Department] and found by the trial court" ) (quoting Vasquez v.
Texas Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 190 S.W.3d 189, 194 (Tex.App.-
Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied)). But see id. at 47 (Keyes, J., dissenting)
(stating that " predicate acts under section 161.001(1) raised by [the
Department] and supported by the evidence, but not expressly found by the
trial court" should be considered by appellate court). The Department contends
this was error. Because we hold that the Department conclusively proved
grounds for termination under subsection O, we do not reach this issue.

[4]   See TEX. FAM.CODE § 261.001(1)(I).

[5]   See, e.g., In re A.A.A., 265 S.W.3d 507, 515 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.]
2008, pet. denied) (holding that subsection O requires proof of abuse or
neglect, which should be determined on a case-by-case basis); see also D.F. v.
Tex. Dep't of Family & Protective Servs., 393 S.W.3d 821, 828 (Tex.App.-El Paso
2012, no pet.) (concluding that subsection O requires proof of abuse or
neglect); In re M.N., No. 11-10-00129-CV, 2011 WL 917837, at *3, 2011
Tex.App. LEXIS 1924, at *9 (Tex.App.-Eastland Mar. 17, 2011, no
pet.)(mem.op.) (same); In re S.N., 287 S.W.3d 183, 190 (Tex.App.-Houston
[14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (same); In re M.L.J., No. 2-07-178-CV, 2008 WL
1932076, at *5, 2008 Tex.App. LEXIS 3218, at *14 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth May 1,
2008, pet denied) (mem.op.) (same); In re S.A.P., 169 S.W.3d 685, 705-06
(Tex.App.-Waco 2005, no pet.) (same); In re M.B., No. 07-04-0334-CV, 2004
WL 2867544, at *2, 2004 Tex.App. LEXIS 11209, at *7 (Tex.App.-Amarillo Dec.
14, 2004, no pet.) (mem.op.) (same).

[6]   See TEX. GOV'T CODE § 311.005(13) (" ‘ Includes' and ‘ including’ are terms
of enlargement and not of limitation or exclusive enumeration, and use of the
terms does not create a presumption that components not expressed are
excluded." ); Tex. West Oaks Hosp., LP v. Williams, 371 S.W.3d 171, 179
(Tex.2012) (holding that Legislature's use of the term " including" meant that
statutory definition was nonexclusive); see also Samantar v. Yousuf, 560 U.S.
305,130 S.Ct. 2278, 2287, 176 L. Ed. 2d 1047 (2010) (observing that " use of the
word ‘ include’ can signal that the list that follows is meant to be illustrative
rather than exhaustive" ) (citing 2A N. SINGER & J. SINGER, SUTHERLAND
STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION § 47.7, p. 305) (7th ed.2007) (" [T]he word ‘
includes' is usually a term of enlargement, and not of limitation" (some internal
quotation marks omitted)); Fed. Land Bank v. Bismarck Lumber Co., 314 U.S.
95, 99-100, 62 S. Ct. 1, 86 L. Ed. 65 (1941) (holding that " the term ‘ including’
is not one of all-embracing definition, but connotes simply an illustrative
application of the general principle" ).

[7]   Cf. TEX. FAM.CODE § 161.001(1)(E) (authorizing termination if parent
engages in conduct that " endangers the physical or emotional well-being
of the child " ) (emphasis added); In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 345 (Tex.2009)
(holding that " the endangering conduct may include the parent's actions before
the child's birth, while the parent had custody of older children, including
evidence of drug usage" ); Tex. Dep't of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531,
533 (Tex.1987) (holding that conduct that " ‘ endangers ... the child’ " did not
require that actions " be directed at the child or that the child actually suffers
injury" ) (quoting former TEX. FAM.CODE § 15.02(1)(E)).

[8]   See, e.g., Dancy v. Daggett, 815 S.W.2d 548, 549 (Tex.1991) (holding that
mandamus relief was appropriate because trial court's temporary orders were
not subject to interlocutory appeal); In re Steed, No. 03-08-00235-CV, 2008
WL 2132014, at *1, 2008 Tex.App. LEXIS 3652, at *2 n. 3 (Tex.App.-Austin May
22, 2008, orig. proceeding) (" Because temporary orders in a suit affecting a
parent-child relationship are not subject to interlocutory appeal under the
family code, mandamus review is appropriate." ), mand. denied, 255 S.W.3d
613, 615 (Tex.2008, orig. proceeding) (" [W]e are not inclined to disturb the
court of appeals' decision." ). But see TEX. FAM.CODE § 262.112(b) (" In any
proceeding in which an expedited hearing is held under Subsection (a), the
department, parent, guardian, or other party to the proceeding is entitled to an
expedited appeal on a ruling by a court that the child may not be removed from
the child's home." ) (emphasis added).

[9]   See Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex.1976). These factors
include: (1) the child's desires; (2) the child's present and future emotional and
physical needs; (3) any present or future emotional and physical danger to the
child; (4) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody; (5) the
programs available to assist the individuals seeking custody to promote the
child's best interest; (6) the plans for the child by the individuals or agency
seeking custody; (7) the stability of the home or proposed placement; (8) the
parent's acts or omissions which may indicate that the existing parent-child
relationship is improper; and(9) any excuse for the parent's acts or
omissions. Id.

---------
In re J.F.C., 46 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 328, 96 S.W.3d 256 (Tex. 2002)

Page 256

96 S.W.3d 256 (Tex. 2002)
46 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 328
In the Interest of J.F.C., A.B.C., and M.B.C., Minor Children.
No. 01-0571.
Supreme Court of Texas
December 31, 2002

      Argued Sept. 4, 2002.

      Rehearing Denied March 6, 2003.

Page 257

[Copyrighted Material Omitted]

Page 258

[Copyrighted Material Omitted]

Page 259

      Idolina Garcia, Office of the Attorney General of Texas, Julie Caruthers Parsley, Office of the Solicitor General
of Texas, Jeffrey S. Boyd, Office of the Attorney General, John Cornyn, Attorney General of the State of Texas,
Howard G. Baldwin, First Assistant Attorney General, Austin, James Wiley, Assistant Criminal district Attorney, Amy
Innmon Forrester and Thomas C. West, Waco, for Petitioners.

     Nita C. Fanning, Kathryn J. Gilliam, Waco, L. T." Butch" Bradt, Houston, and Joseph M. Layman, Waco, for
Respondent.

     Justice OWEN delivered the opinion of the Court in which Chief Justice PHILLIPS, Justice HECHT, Justice
JEFFERSON, and Justice SMITH joined.

       After a jury trial, the trial court in this case rendered a judgment terminating the rights of both the mother and
father to three of their children. A divided court of appeals reversed and remanded, holding that omission of an
instruction that termination must be in the children's best interest from material parts of the jury charge was
fundamental error that could be raised for the first time on appeal, and that the error probably caused rendition of an
improper judgment. [1] We hold that:

       1) although the trial court's charge was erroneous because it omitted the children's best interest as a
prerequisite for termination in material parts of the charge, Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 279 requires us to supply
the omitted finding in support of the judgment because there is either an express or deemed finding by the trial
court that termination is in the children's best interest;

      2) the concept of "fundamental error" cannot be used to circumvent the application of Rule 279 of our rules of
procedure;
      3) applying Rule 279 does not violate the due process clause of the United States Constitution or due course of
law provision of the Texas Constitution;

       4) because parental conduct on which termination could be based was conclusively established, we do not
reach whether the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury that the same ten jurors must agree that at least one
statutorily described course of parental conduct occurred and that termination is in the best interest of the children;
and

      5) assuming, without deciding, that a judgment could be set aside in a parental

Page 260

termination case based on ineffective assistance of a parent's counsel, assistance of counsel in this case was not
ineffective.

       The factual sufficiency issues raised by the parents in the court of appeals pertain to a ground of termination
that is unnecessary to the trial court's judgment. The remaining issues raised by the parents do not require reversal
of the trial court's judgment terminating the parents' rights. Accordingly, we reverse the court of appeals' judgment
and render judgment that the parent-child relationships are terminated.

      I

       Because we consider the record in this case in some detail later in this opinion, we include here only minimal
facts and the procedural history. The three children who are the subject of this proceeding were removed from their
parents' home by the Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory Services (DPRS) in October 1997. At that time,
the children's respective ages were four years, two years, and seven months.

      The children were initially removed without a court order. [2] The next day, the trial court held an emergency
removal hearing and appointed the DPRS temporary managing conservator of the children. [3] Five days later, the
court held an adversary hearing, continued the removal, and issued temporary orders appointing the DPRS
temporary managing conservator. [4]

       The trial court thereafter entered various orders directing the parents to perform specific acts to avoid
restriction or termination of their parental rights. After working with the family for six months following the children's
removal, the DPRS amended its petition in the trial court to seek termination of both parents' rights. A jury trial was
held in February 1999, and the trial court rendered judgment in March 1999 terminating the parent-child relationship
between each parent and the three children who had been removed from the home seventeen months earlier, in
October 1997. A fourth child had been born in January 1999 shortly before trial. That child was removed from the
parents at birth but was not the subject of any of the proceedings in this case.

       The parents appealed, and the court of appeals, with one justice dissenting, reversed the trial court's judgment
and remanded the case for a new trial. The court of appeals concluded that the charge permitted the jury to find that
the parents' respective rights should be terminated without finding that termination would be in the children's best
interest. Although the parents had not objected to the charge on this basis, the court of appeals held that the
omission went to a "core issue" in a termination case, and that failing to review the unpreserved error on appeal
would violate "Fourteenth Amendment procedural due process" requirements under the United States Constitution. [5]
The parents had also complained for the first time on appeal that it was error in a parental termination case to use
broad-form submission because less than ten jurors could rely on one basis for termination while other jurors could
rely on another basis. [6] The parents contended that there must be a separate finding with regard to each

Page 261
element necessary for termination. [7] The court of appeals rejected these arguments, concluding that broad-form
submission was permissible. [8] The dissent would have affirmed the trial court's judgment on the basis that there
was either an express or implied finding that termination of parental rights was in the children's best interest. [9]

      II

       We first consider the jury charge's submission of the best interest of the children. There is no indication in the
record that the trial court or any counsel in the case was under any misapprehension that there are two prerequisites
for termination of parental rights under section 161.001 of the Texas Family Code. Section 161.001 sets forth
nineteen different courses of parental conduct, any one of which may satisfy the first prerequisite for termination.
The second prerequisite under section 161.001 is that termination must be in the child's best interest. However, the
written charge to the jury in this case omitted the children's best interest as an element in three material parts of the
charge, perhaps because of a typographical error. The submission of the termination issues was as follows:

With regards to [THE MOTHER], for the parent-child relationship to be terminated in this case, it must be proved by
clear and convincing evidence that she has done at least one of the following:

1) Engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged in conduct which endangers the
physical or emotional well-being of the child;

OR

2) Failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically established the actions necessary for the
parent to obtain the return of the child who has been in the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of
the Department of Protective and Regulatory Services for not less than nine months as a result of the child's removal
from the parent under Chapter 262 for abuse or neglect of the child.

With regards to [THE FATHER], for the parent-child relationship to be terminated in this case, it must be proved by
clear and convincing evidence that he has done at least one of the following:

      · Knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the children to remain in conditions or surroundings which endanger
the physical or emotional well-being of the children;

OR

       · Failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically established the actions necessary for the
parent to obtain the return of the child who has been in the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of
the Department of Protective and Regulatory Services for not less than nine months as a result of the child's removal
from the parent under Chapter 262 for abuse or neglect of the child. For the parent-child relationship to be
terminated in this case, it must also be proved by clear and convincing evidence that termination of the parent-child
relationship would be in the best interest of the children.

      Some factors to consider in determining the best interest of the child are:

      1. the desires of the child,

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      2. the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the future,

      3. any emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future,

      4. the parenting ability of the individuals seeking custody,
      5. the programs available to assist those individuals to promote the best interest of the child,

      6. the plans for the child by those individuals or by the agency seeking custody,

      7. the stability of the home or proposed placement,

      8. the acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate that the existing parent-child relationship is not a
proper one, and

      9. any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent.

QUESTION 1:
Should the parent-child relationship between [THE MOTHER] and [J.F.C.] be terminated?
Answer "Yes" or "No."
Answer:

      [similar questions as to the other two children]

QUESTION 4:
Should the parent-child relationship between [THE FATHER] and [J.F.C.] be terminated?
Answer "Yes" or "No."
Answer:

      [similar questions as to the other two children]

       The charge would have accurately instructed the jury regarding the children's best interest if a hard return had
been inserted in the instruction regarding the father just before the words "For the parent-child relationship to be
terminated...." But as can be seen, the written instruction regarding the father's parental rights mentioned the best
interest of the children only in connection with one of the two alternative descriptions of parental conduct. The jury
was free to conclude that if the father had endangered the children, his rights could be terminated without any
consideration of the children's best interest. Because of the way the written charge was structured, the factors the
jury was to consider in determining the best interest of the children were referable only to whether the father had
failed to comply with a court order establishing the actions necessary for return of the children.

       The written instruction to the jury regarding the mother's parental rights omitted any reference to the best
interest of the children. The jury was instructed that her rights could be terminated if there was clear and convincing
evidence that she either engaged in conduct that endangered the children or failed to comply with a court order
establishing the actions necessary for the return of her children.

     Accordingly, the charge in this case omitted a statutorily prescribed element for parental termination. There
was no objection to this omission.

      A

       Rule 279 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure prescribes the consequences for failing to object to the omission
of an element of a ground of recovery. The current version of Rule 279, like its predecessor, embodies long-standing
case law that when some but not all elements of a claim or cause of action are submitted to and found by a jury, and
there is no request or objection with regard to the missing element, a trial court may expressly make a finding on the
omitted element or, if it does not, the omitted element is deemed found by the court in a manner supporting the
judgment if the deemed

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finding is supported by some evidence. [10] Rule 279 thus directs courts how to proceed when an element of a
"ground of recovery or defense" is omitted from a jury charge. [11]

       In this case, the trial court's judgment contains an express finding that termination is in the best interest of the
children. It recites that

the Court having reviewed the said verdict of the Jury and the pleadings and the evidence herein is of the opinion
that the Petitioners are entitled to the judgment of termination with regard to the children in whose interest this suit
is brought, and that such judgment is in the best interest of the children in whose interest this suit is brought.

       There is no indication in the record that this finding was made at the request of either party, or after notice
and hearing before rendition of judgment, as Rule 279 contemplates. [12] However, there was no objection to the
inclusion of this finding in the judgment.

      But irrespective of whether that written finding satisfies Rule 279 regarding an express finding, the "omitted
element or elements shall be deemed found by the court in such manner as to support the judgment" [13] if there is
evidence to support such a finding. [14] Because the judgment terminated parental rights, we must determine
whether there is evidence to support a deemed finding that termination is in the children's best interest.

       Due process requires the application of the clear and convincing evidence standard of proof in parental
termination cases. [15] This Court has looked to the United States Supreme Court in articulating what the "clear and
convincing evidence" standard means. [16] And, following

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this Court's decision in In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d 846 (1980) the Legislature amended the Texas Family Code to change
the burden of proof in termination cases from a preponderance of the evidence to clear and convincing evidence. [17]
The Family Code defines clear and convincing evidence in the same manner that this Court has defined that burden
of proof: " 'Clear and convincing evidence' means the measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the
trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established." [18]

      B

       We have never considered how to apply the overlay of the clear and convincing evidence burden of proof onto
our legal sufficiency, also known as our "no evidence," standard of review in cases other than defamation cases. [19]
However, just recently, in a parental termination case, this Court was called upon to determine how the clear and
convincing evidence standard must be applied in a factual sufficiency review. [20] We held in In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17
(2002) "that the appellate standard for reviewing termination findings is whether the evidence is such that a
factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the State's allegations." [21] We
expressly "reject[ed] standards that retain the traditional factual sufficiency standard while attempting to
accommodate the clear-and-convincing burden of proof." [22] We concluded that "the burden of proof at trial
necessarily affects appellate review of the evidence." [23] We explained:

Under traditional factual sufficiency standards, a court determines if a finding is so against the great weight and
preponderance of the evidence that it is manifestly unjust, shocks the conscience, or clearly demonstrates bias. But
that standard is inadequate when evidence is more than a preponderance (more likely than not) but is not clear and
convincing. As a matter of logic, a finding that must be based on clear and convincing evidence cannot be viewed on
appeal the same as one that may be sustained on a mere preponderance. [24]

      The same logic dictates the conclusion that our traditional legal sufficiency standard,

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which upholds a finding supported by "[a]nything more than a scintilla of evidence," [25] is inadequate when the
United States Constitution requires proof by clear and convincing evidence. Requiring only "[a]nything more than" a
mere scintilla of evidence does not equate to clear and convincing evidence.

       We find support for this conclusion, by analogy, in the United States Supreme Court's decision in Jackson v.
Virginia. [26] In the criminal, habeas corpus context, the Supreme Court held in Jackson that the "no evidence" test it
had previously articulated in Thompson v. Louisville [27] was "simply inadequate to protect against misapplications of
the constitutional standard of reasonable doubt" because " '[a] mere modicum of evidence may satisfy a 'no
evidence' standard.' " [28] The Court defined a "mere modicum" of evidence to include "[a]ny evidence that is
relevant--that has any tendency to make the existence of an element of a crime slightly more probable than it would
be without the evidence." [29] The Court concluded that "it could not seriously be argued that such a 'modicum' of
evidence could by itself rationally support a conviction beyond a reasonable doubt." [30] The Court explained further:

Application of the Thompson [no evidence] standard to assess the validity of a criminal conviction after Winship could
lead to absurdly unjust results. Our cases have indicated that failure to instruct a jury on the necessity of proof of
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt can never be harmless error. Thus, a defendant whose guilt was actually proved by
overwhelming evidence would be denied due process if the jury was instructed that he could be found guilty on a
mere preponderance of the evidence. Yet a defendant against whom there was but one slender bit of evidence would
not be denied due process so long as the jury has been properly instructed on the prosecution's burden of proof
beyond a reasonable doubt. Such results would be wholly faithless to the constitutional rationale of Winship. [31]

      The availability of habeas review has since been limited by the United States Supreme Court, but a majority of
the Court has not modified the Jackson standard of review when the merits of a habeas petition are reached. [32]

       The reasoning in Jackson reinforces our conclusion that to apply our traditional no evidence standard of review
in a parental termination case would not afford the protections inherent in the clear and convincing standard of
proof. As the example in Jackson highlights, a parent's rights could be terminated based on "but one slender bit of
evidence" as long as the jury was properly instructed on the clear and convincing evidence burden of proof. Our legal
sufficiency review, therefore, must

Page 266

take into consideration whether the evidence is such that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or
conviction about the truth of the matter on which the State bears the burden of proof.

        The distinction between legal and factual sufficiency when the burden of proof is clear and convincing
evidence may be a fine one in some cases, but there is a distinction in how the evidence is reviewed. In a legal
sufficiency review, a court should look at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine
whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true. To give
appropriate deference to the factfinder's conclusions and the role of a court conducting a legal sufficiency review,
looking at the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment means that a reviewing court must assume that
the factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so. A corollary to this
requirement is that a court should disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved or found
to have been incredible. This does not mean that a court must disregard all evidence that does not support the
finding. Disregarding undisputed facts that do not support the finding could skew the analysis of whether there is
clear and convincing evidence.

        If, after conducting its legal sufficiency review of the record evidence, a court determines that no reasonable
factfinder could form a firm belief or conviction that the matter that must be proven is true, then that court must
conclude that the evidence is legally insufficient. [33] Rendition of judgment in favor of the parent would generally be
required if there is legally insufficient evidence. [34]

      In a factual sufficiency review, as we explained in In re C.H., a court of appeals must give due consideration to
evidence that the factfinder could reasonably have found to be clear and convincing. [35] We also explained in that
opinion that the inquiry must be "whether the evidence is such that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief
or conviction about the truth of the State's allegations." [36] A court of appeals should consider whether disputed
evidence is such that a reasonable factfinder could not have resolved that disputed evidence in favor of its finding. If,
in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the
finding is so significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction, then the
evidence is factually insufficient. [37] A court of appeals should

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detail in its opinion why it has concluded that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited disputed evidence in
favor of the finding.

       A number of our courts of appeals held, prior to our decision in In re C.H., [38] that a legal sufficiency review in
a case in which the burden of proof is clear and convincing evidence is the same as in a case in which the burden of
proof is a preponderance of the evidence. [39] We disapprove of those decisions' articulation of the standard of review
on appeal. At least five courts of appeals' decisions have concluded that a heightened standard of review applies
when the burden of proof is clear and convincing evidence, [40] but the standards they articulated differ in varying
degrees from our holdings in In re C.H. [41] and in this case today.

      We note that the parents have not argued that the United States Constitution requires appellate courts to
conduct a de novo review in parental termination cases like the de novo review that the United States Supreme Court
has held is required in defamation cases [42] and for punitive damage awards. [43] The parents' only constitutional

Page 268

challenge regarding the best interest of the children is that violations of due process under the federal Constitution
and of the due course of law provision in our state Constitution have occurred because there is no specific finding
answered by the jury that termination is in the children's best interest. We consider this argument is section II.D.
below. In the absence of any contention that the federal constitution requires a de novo review of the evidence, we
leave open, as we did in In re C.H., whether the United States Constitution requires the type of review set forth by
the United States Supreme Court in Harte-Hanks [44] and Bose, [45] and if so, whether the standards we have set forth
above would comport with the de novo review required by those decisions.

        Finally, we note that our decision in Garza v. Maverick Market, Inc. [46] is distinguishable. Garza concerned a
wrongful death claim by an illegitimate child. This Court reaffirmed its prior holding in Brown v. Edwards Transfer Co.
[47]
     that "[i]f paternity is questioned in a wrongful death action, the alleged child would have to prove by clear and
convincing evidence that he is a filial descendant of the deceased." [48] Our Court had adopted the clear and
convincing evidence standard in such cases to maintain consistency with the Legislature's choice of the clear and
convincing evidence standard in connection with other legitimacy issues under the Probate Code and the Family
Code. [49] The United States Supreme Court had not mandated a clear and convincing evidence burden of proof.
Accordingly, this Court, not the federal constitution, imposed a clear and convincing burden of proof in Garza. The
Court's statements in Garza that if there is "some evidence," the case must go to the jury, that "we 'consider all of
the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, disregarding all contrary evidence and inferences,' " and that
"[t]he question of whether the evidence clearly and convincingly prove[s paternity is] a question for the jury to
determine," [50] do not control when, as here, we are considering a constitutionally mandated clear and convincing
evidence burden of proof.

      We turn to evidence in this case of whether termination is in the children's best interest.

      C

       In applying the standards set forth above, we consider the evidence that supports a deemed finding regarding
best interest and the undisputed evidence. We do not consider evidence that a factfinder reasonably could have
disbelieved.
       Child Protective Services (CPS) began monitoring the parents and offering services on a continuing basis in
March 1997. At that time, there were three children. J.F.C. was four years old, A.B.C. was two and one-half years
old, and M.B.C. had just been born. The family lived on the campus of the Texas State Technical College.

      The incident that gave rise to CPS's continual monitoring of this family was a report that the parents "had
serious drug problems" and that they were physically abusive to one another. An investigator went to the home to
meet with the parents

Page 269

and examine the children. After initially refusing to permit the investigator to see the three children, the parents
ultimately allowed the investigator to examine the oldest child and the infant. The investigator did not see any
indication of abuse or neglect of these two children and noted that J.F.C. seemed happy. However, the parents told
the investigator that two-and one-half-year-old A.B.C. was with a babysitter and was therefore unavailable for
examination. The CPS investigator went to the babysitter's home, but she denied having seen the child that day. CPS
then contacted the Texas State Technical College police, who accompanied the CPS investigator back to the family's
home. It was only then that the parents produced A.B.C., and the investigator learned that the mother had hit
A.B.C., leaving dark bruises surrounding the outside of the child's eye.

       In an interview shortly after CPS discovered that A.B.C. had been abused, the father told a CPS counselor that
his wife (the children's mother) was "very physically violent" and physically attacked him. He also said he was
concerned for the safety of his children because their mother brought other men home and had sexual relations with
them. There were also other people living in the home whom the father said he did not trust. Both parents admitted
that during one of their many arguments, the mother had chipped or knocked out one of the father's teeth.

       During April 1997, the parents also admitted to being under the influence of illegal drugs while watching the
children, and CPS learned that the mother had tested positive for cocaine and methamphetamines shortly after
M.B.C.'s birth a month earlier in March 1997. When asked about their drug use at trial, both parents said that they
used cocaine while the children were at home and in their care. The mother further admitted to using cocaine within
two weeks after giving birth to M.B.C., but she then testified that her children were safe in her care when she was
using cocaine because the drug made her "more aware of [her] surroundings" and that they weren't endangered
"even a little bit" when both parents were "high on drugs." The father in turn testified that God made cocaine
available to him in times of grief and pain and that he was always able to supervise the children in a very caring
manner even when he was under the influence of narcotics.

       Although CPS knew of the drug use and some of the family violence as early as April 1997, it concluded that
removal of the children was not justified because they were not in immediate danger. CPS instead implemented a
Child Safety Evaluation and Plan in April 1997. The mother submitted to a psychological exam in compliance with this
plan, and based on the results, CPS concluded that she was not "an immediate threat of harm to the children."
Because the father refused to submit to a psychological exam, CPS referred the case to what it called "family
preservation" in July 1997. The next month, the father did submit to a psychological exam, and based on the results
of his and the mother's exam, family preservation recommended counseling.

      A Family Service Plan was established in August 1997, five months after the initial instance of child abuse in
March of that year. The plan established tasks for each parent, including drug assessments, individual counseling,
and marriage counseling. The mother attended three of four scheduled sessions, but the father attended only one
before the children were removed in October 1997.

      Between April and early October of that year, CPS found no further indication of physical abuse of the children
during home

Page 270
visits. However, there was evidence of continued and escalating hostility between the parents from April of 1997 until
October 22, 1997, when the children were removed from the home. CPS case workers witnessed arguments and
hostility and met with each parent separately during home visits in order to be able to communicate with them.
Because of the continual arguing between the parents, CPS recommended day care for the children, to which the
parents agreed. Day care commenced the first week of October, but a few days later, another incident of physical
abuse of A.B.C. occurred. The parents had arrived to pick up A.B.C. at day care, and the child began what the
mother described as a "temper tantrum." A heated argument between the parents ensued, and the mother grabbed
A.B.C. by the throat and face and shoved him into a car seat. A.B.C. later told a case worker that this hurt his neck,
and an investigator subsequently found a mark on A.B.C.'s forehead and fingernail scratches on his neck. The
children's attendance at day care thereafter was sporadic because the parents would not take them, even after CPS
offered to provide transportation.

       There was testimony at trial from Texas State Technical College police officers about domestic disturbances.
Their records indicate that they responded to fourteen reports of violence at the family's home. The mother testified
that the police came to their home between ten and fifteen times because she and her husband (the father of the
children) were "extremely angry and arguing." Some of the visits by the campus police occurred before the DPRS
removed the children and while the children were in the home. One of the officers testified that he had been to the
home to respond to domestic disturbances and had seen three children. He always checked the children, and there
were no signs of physical harm. He described the parents as "venomous" towards one another, and testified that the
children definitely heard their fighting. The officer urged the mother many times to seek counseling, identifying
several on- and off-campus sources, and at least once offered "any type of assistance [to the father] to overcome
any problems."

       On two other occasions, in August and October 1997, just before the children were removed, campus police
officers went to the home because of domestic violence disturbances. On both occasions, the parents were upset,
arguing loudly, and could not communicate with one another. The children were not at home during the latter
incident. About a year and a half earlier, in 1996, campus police had given the mother and two of the children a ride
home because the father had left them "on foot." (M.B.C. had not yet been born.)

       The day the children were removed from the home (twelve days after the car seat incident), the father called
the CPS case worker. The father was "very irate" and was "shouting ... that ... he wasn't going to be responsible for
the children" and that he was "getting out of there." While the father was on the phone, the case worker heard an
argument between the parents that was escalating. When the phone abruptly went dead, the case worker
immediately went to the home. When he arrived, the father had left. The mother was very agitated and highly
emotional. She complained about A.B.C., who was almost three years old at this point, saying that he "yelled and
screamed all the time," that he "threw fits," that "[n]obody could control him or calm him down," and that she "just
didn't know what she was going to do." The case worker took the children to day care, found the father, and brought
both parents to his office. The parents did not calm down. CPS concluded that it would be unsafe for the children to
go

Page 271

home to the parents in that state and asked the parents if there were relatives who could take the children. The
mother gave them the name of one person, who declined to provide care for the children. Neither parent could offer
any other names. The children remained with CPS that day, and the parents went home. CPS attempted to contact
the parents for several days thereafter without success to arrange a visit with the children.

       At this point, the DPRS petitioned the trial court to be appointed as temporary managing conservator of the
children. The trial court ultimately entered a series of orders setting forth specific actions that each parent was to
take. The orders advised the parents that if they did not comply, their children might not be returned and their
parental rights could be terminated. The parents both testified at trial that they understood what the orders required
and the consequences of noncompliance. The parents also testified that they did not comply with many provisions of
family preservation plans CPS had implemented prior to removal of the children. As detailed in section III below, the
parents consciously failed to comply with material provisions of the trial court's orders. Each parent was ordered to
pay child support in the amount of $100 per month, not for each child, but for all three. The mother testified that
although she could financially afford it, she deliberately chose not to pay child support because she believed that she
should not have to. The father gave similar testimony. Both parents refused to attend any parenting classes or to
attend individual counseling sessions. The father testified that he continued to use illegal drugs. The mother became
pregnant with the couple's fourth child, and although ordered by the trial court to obtain prenatal care, she did not
do so for the first six months of her pregnancy.

       After the children were removed from the home, violence between the parents continued. Seven days after the
children were removed, a Texas State Technical College Police officer was again called to the home after a female's
screams had been heard. When the responding officer approached the home, the father would not allow him to enter
and insisted that the mother was not there. The father was "violent, screaming, yelling, cussing, belligerent, [and]
uncooperative." The officer called the father on the phone, and the father continued to insist that the mother was not
at home. It was only after the Waco SWAT team arrived that an agreement was reached by phone with the father.
He and the mother then appeared at a picture window to show the officers that had gathered at the scene that the
mother was not physically harmed.

      On another occasion, campus police responded when the father had locked the mother out of the home during
an argument even though she was stark naked. She broke a window with her hand and arm to gain re-entry and was
cut and bleeding.

       Campus police officers also responded to a call eight months after the children were removed when the father
struck an eight-year-old neighbor. The police ultimately termed it an accidental striking, even though the father had
threatened to hit the child right before he accidentally hit her. The father was, however, arrested on this occasion for
evading detention. The record does not provide details of all fourteen responses by campus police to the home, but
an officer described the father as "angry and explosive" and the mother as "[a]ngry, belligerent, nervous, [and]
argumentative" in his dealings with them.

      There was considerable expert testimony at trial that related to the children's

Page 272

best interest. One expert testified that the physical violence and verbal confrontations in the home had a negative
emotional impact on the children. A.B.C. told this licensed counselor that he had seen his parents hit one another
and that his father had hit him with a baseball bat. A.B.C.'s play consisted of male characters hitting female and child
characters. One CPS worker observed visits between the parents and the children after their removal. She said these
visits tended to be "chaotic" and that the children's behavior deteriorated after each visit. And there was testimony
that the children displayed no distress at being separated from their parents.

       A psychologist with over thirty years experience also evaluated both parents. In addition to taking the history
of each parent, a battery of formal tests was conducted. This expert concluded that the mother had "manic
tendencies, tendencies toward cycles of explosive behavior followed by periods of calm." He did "not see any real
potential for change. I'd have to say her potential is extremely limited." When asked if the mother "is a fit parent or
could she be," this expert said, "[t]here are too many concerns about aggression and violence and hostility as well as
documented things in the history that are giant red flags in regard to parenting, and I would have to say, no, she
doesn't have that capacity." There was extensive, detailed testimony about the mother's responses to various
questions and standardized tests that directly related to violence. She also revealed that at some time in the recent
past, she had hit a 22-month-old child when she was babysitting.

        This same expert testified that during the psychological testing of the father, the father reported an "extensive
drug history," including the use of LSD, amphetamines, cocaine, and marijuana. The expert also testified that
psychological testing and medical history indicated that the father suffered from a bipolar disorder and that an
unmedicated individual with bipolar disorder who was using "street drugs" was "extremely dangerous." The doctor
testified that he recommended that the father see a psychiatrist who could prescribe medication, but he testified that
he believed the father would not comply in taking the medication because he, like other individuals with bipolar
disorder, prefers the excitement of the unmedicated state. The expert concluded that the father was "a very troubled
individual," and the expert was "most concerned about the potential for violence, especially since there were so
many areas where family conflict was noted." The expert further testified that the father's responses to items on a
standardized test that related to sexual deviance raised concerns about parenting potential.

       There was undisputed evidence that does not support a finding that termination was in the children's best
interest. About a year after the children were removed from the home, the parents moved to Austin. The mother
found work there. The parents' landlord in Austin testified that their home was a "safe environment." The
obstetrician who attended the birth of their fourth child described the parents as "an appropriate, courteous, and
loving couple." There was also evidence that after this termination case was set for trial, the parents made attempts
to comply with some parts of the trial court's order. But in spite of this evidence, a factfinder could reasonably form a
firm belief or conviction that termination was in the children's best interest.

      D

       The parents have asserted that the omission of the children's best interest

Page 273

from the jury charge violated the due process clause of the United States Constitution [51] and the due course of law
provision of the Texas Constitution. [52] That argument was not preserved in the trial court. But assuming, without
deciding, that this complaint could be raised for the first time on appeal, the argument has no merit. Applying Rule
279 to deem a finding in support of a judgment in a parental termination case does not violate the due process
clause of the United States Constitution or the due course of law provision of the Texas Constitution.

       The United States Supreme Court has held in Santosky v. Kramer that "[w]hen the State moves to destroy
weakened familial bonds, it must provide the parents with fundamentally fair procedures." [53] In the termination
context, due process "turns on a balancing of ... 'three distinct factors.' " [54] Those factors are: "the private interests
affected by the proceeding; the risk of error created by the State's chosen procedure; and the countervailing
governmental interest supporting use of the challenged procedure." [55]

      In a parental termination case, the private interest affected is the right of a parent to raise his or her child,
which is undeniably "an interest far more precious than any property right." [56] The Supreme Court has correctly
observed that "[w]hen a State initiates a parental rights termination proceeding, it seeks not merely to infringe that
fundamental liberty interest, but to end it." [57] The Supreme Court has thus termed the private interest in a parental
termination case "a commanding one." [58]

       The second factor identified by the Supreme Court in Santosky is "the risk of error created by the State's
chosen procedure." [59] On balance, the risk of error caused by Rule 279 is not substantial. Rule 279 deems a finding
on an element of a claim only after a full trial on the merits. Rule 279 does not deem an omitted finding in support of
the judgment if the parent has objected to the omission or requested a proper submission. And, more importantly,
an omitted finding may be supplied by an express finding of the trial court or a deemed finding only if that finding is
supported by evidence. In a parental termination case, that evidence must be clear and convincing. A parent may
raise legal and factual sufficiency challenges even after the verdict is rendered, and an appellate court will review
those challenges on appeal, including the challenges to the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting
the omitted finding. On appeal, the courts also consider whether the evidence was clear and convincing. [60]

       In this case, the parents' motion for new trial asserted that the evidence was factually insufficient to support a
finding that the parents had endangered the children or had failed to comply with court orders specifying the actions
they were to take in order to have their children returned.

Page 274
       There was an opportunity to challenge the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence regarding the best
interest of the children, but the parents did not avail themselves of that opportunity in the trial court. Nor have they
challenged legal or factual sufficiency regarding the best interest of the children in the court of appeals or this Court.

       The third due process factor identified in Santosky is the governmental interest supporting use of the
challenged procedure. [61] The government has a substantial interest in preventing retrial of a case when 1) some but
not all elements of a termination action have been submitted to and found by a jury based on clear and convincing
evidence or have been established as a matter of law, 2) the trial court renders judgment on the jury's verdict, and
3) there is clear and convincing evidence to support a finding of the missing element. Parents and children also have
an interest in resolving termination proceedings as expeditiously as reasonably possible. A retrial results in prolonged
uncertainty and disruption in the lives of the parents and children who are involved. The government has a legitimate
interest in encouraging a parent to object in the trial court if a statutorily prescribed element of a termination action
has been omitted from the court's charge rather than challenging the omission for the first time on appeal. A trial
court can easily cure an omission in its charge to the jury if that omission is called to its attention before the case is
submitted.

      For these reasons, Rule 279 does not deprive the parents of due process or due course of law.

      E

       The dissenting opinions would resolve this case by analyzing whether an omission of an element of a claim in a
jury charge is fundamental error. JUSTICE SCHNEIDER'S dissenting opinion urges the Court to do so in order to
provide "guidance for practitioners and lower courts." [62] But the importance of an issue asserted by a party cannot
justify ignoring applicable rules of procedure that bind this Court.

       Rule 279 requires a reviewing court to supply an omitted finding in support of the trial court's judgment where,
as here, there was no objection to the omission in the trial court, and some (in this case clear and convincing)
evidence supports the omitted finding. This Court must apply the rules of civil procedure unless a constitutional
provision or statute requires us to do otherwise. JUSTICE HANKINSON'S dissent incorrectly asserts that we are
considering unpreserved error. Appellate courts should not reverse a trial court's judgment in violation of Rule 279
any more than appellate courts should reverse a trial court's judgment for error that was harmless. Rule 279 applies
just as Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 44.1 applies.

      JUSTICE HANKINSON'S dissenting opinion seems to reason that since it concludes that the error in omitting an
element of a claim was fundamental error, the charge should be reviewed as if an objection had been made. But this
reasoning is circular since the fact that no objection was made is precisely why Rule 279 applies. Because of the
operation of Rule 279, we have a very narrow question before us regarding "fundamental error." That question is
whether the notion of "fundamental error" can be used to circumvent the operation of Rule 279 when a party fails to
object to the

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omission of an element of a claim against that party. We answer that question "no." Assuming, without deciding, that
the formulation of fundamental error in JUSTICE HANKINSON'S dissenting opinion is correct, deeming an omitted
finding in support of a judgment in a parental termination case when that finding is supported by clear and
convincing evidence does not adversely affect any "fundamental public policy" found in the Texas Constitution or
statutes. [63] Giving full effect to Rule 279 simply means that a court, rather than a jury, has supplied a finding that is
supported by clear and convincing evidence on one of the elements of parental termination. Neither the Texas
Constitution nor any statute prohibits a bench trial of one or more issues in a termination case when there has been
no objection by the parent.

        To put this in perspective, suppose that a parent had requested a jury trial, but then failed to object when the
trial court conducted a bench trial instead of empaneling a jury, entered findings of fact and conclusions of law, and
rendered judgment terminating the parent-child relationship. Would we say that the parent could argue for the first
time on appeal that his or her right to a jury trial had been denied because this was fundamental error? The answer
to that question is "no."

       JUSTICE HANKINSON'S dissenting opinion concludes that the error in the charge was harmless because "the
focus" of the trial was the children's best interest. [64] JUSTICE HANKINSON'S dissent seems to be saying that in spite
of what the jury was told in writing by the trial court's charge, the omission of the children's best interest in three of
four material parts of the charge was cured because there was so much evidence and argument from counsel about
the children's best interest, the jury must (somehow) have understood that it could not find that the parent-child
relationships should be terminated unless it concluded that termination was in the children's best interest.

       While we agree that there was legally sufficient clear and convincing evidence that termination was in the
children's best interest, most of the evidence relevant to the best interest of the children was also relevant to the
grounds for termination based on the parents' conduct set forth in the charge. The jury was not told that it had to
reach separate, distinct conclusions not only that there were grounds for termination based on the parents' conduct,
but also that termination would be in the children's best interest. The jury was specifically instructed that the best
interest of the children must be found in connection with only one of the four grounds for terminating based on
parental conduct.

      F

        The record before us does not require a remand to the court of appeals for a factual sufficiency review of the
deemed finding that termination was in the children's best interest. In the absence of a challenge to the factual
sufficiency of the evidence, appellate courts must deem an omitted finding in support of a judgment if there is some
evidence [65] (in this case clear and convincing evidence) to support the

Page 276

omitted finding and the other requirements of Rule 279 have been met.

       Rule 279 permits a trial court to make an express finding on an omitted element if there is "factually sufficient
evidence to support a finding." [66] If the trial court does not make an express finding, "such omitted element or
elements shall be deemed found by the court in such manner as to support the judgment." [67] Rule 279 applies to
deemed findings in a jury trial and is a parallel to Rule 299, which applies to deemed findings in a bench trial. Rule
299 provides: "where one or more elements thereof have been found by the trial court, omitted unrequested
elements, where supported by evidence, will be supplied by presumption in support of the judgment." [68] The history
of the rules that require deemed findings in both jury and bench trials do not indicate that there is to be any
difference in the application of these rules in requiring a court to deem a finding. [69] It is only when there has been a
factual sufficiency challenge that is preserved in the trial court that a deemed finding must be reviewed for factual
sufficiency on appeal. [70]

        The parents in this case have not contended in the trial court, the court of appeals, or this Court that the
evidence is factually insufficient to support a finding that termination is in the children's best interest. Accordingly, we
need not address whether factual sufficiency of evidence may be raised for the first time on appeal in a parental
termination case. [71] The inquiry in this appeal is limited to whether there is legally sufficient evidence to support the
trial court's express or deemed finding that termination is in the best interest of the children. The trial court's deemed
finding that termination is in the best interest of the children is supported by legally sufficient clear and convincing
evidence.

Page 277

      III
       The parents have an additional complaint about the jury charge. There are two predicates to parental
termination under section 161.001 of the Texas Family Code. The first is that one or more courses of parental
conduct must be established. The second is that termination must be in the best interest of the children. The
gravamen of the parents' complaint is that the charge does not require the same ten jurors to agree that a parent
engaged in at least one particular course of conduct described by section 161.001(1) and that termination is in the
children's best interest. The charge only requires that ten jurors agree that the parent-child relationships should be
terminated. [72] They thus contend that this broad-form submission did not satisfy federal due process requirements.

       This constitutional challenge was not raised in the trial court. However, even assuming, without deciding, that
1) this argument could be raised for the first time on appeal, and 2) the charge erred in this regard, we do not reach
the constitutional challenge because the evidence conclusively establishes that each parent engaged in a course of
conduct described by subsection 161.001(1) of the Family Code. Therefore, the alleged error did not cause the
rendition of an improper judgment or prevent the parents "from properly presenting the case to the court of
appeals." [73]

       Paragraph (O) of subsection 161.001(1) provides that one basis for establishing the parental conduct prong
required for termination of parental rights is that a parent "failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that
specifically established the actions necessary for the parent to obtain the return of the child who has been in the
permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of the [DPRS] for not less than nine months as a result of the
child's removal from the parent under Chapter 262 for the abuse or neglect of the child." The State relied on
subsection (O) as one of two alternate grounds of parental conduct that could support termination.

       It is undisputed that both parents failed to comply with numerous, material provisions of court orders that
specifically required their compliance to avoid restriction or termination of their parental rights. During the sixteen-
month period between the time the DPRS removed the children and the time of trial, the trial court entered four
separate orders. [74] Each order specifically advised the parents that failure to provide a safe environment within a
reasonable time could result in restriction or termination of their parental duties and rights or the children not being
returned to them. Each order directed each parent to perform specific acts. The mother testified that they knew they
had to comply with the orders to obtain the return of the children. But both the mother and the father admitted that
they had consciously decided not to comply with many of the requirements imposed by the orders.

      There are some provisions of the orders with which the parents partially complied and others for which they
offered an excuse for their noncompliance. But even

Page 278

giving full credit to their excuses and partial compliance, there were a number of material provisions of the orders
with which the parents completely and undisputably failed to comply. Among other things, each of the four orders
required the parents to (1) pay $100.00 per month in child support for the children while they were in DPRS custody;
[75]
     (2) obtain an individual psychiatric evaluation; [76] (3) participate and make progress in parenting classes; (4)
voluntarily submit to random urinalysis testing; and (5) participate and make progress in anger control classes. While
the four orders were in effect, the parents never paid a single dollar of child support even though they admitted they
were capable of doing so; never attended a single anger control class; and never attended a single parenting class.

       Similarly, at the time of trial, the parents had yet to obtain an individual psychiatric evaluation. At one point,
the mother scheduled a psychiatric evaluation and went to the appointment but refused to participate without her
husband being present during the examination. Shortly before trial, the parents made appointments to obtain
evaluations during the week after the scheduled trial. But, again, even giving full credit to their last minute efforts to
comply, it is undisputed that they were not in compliance at the time of trial and had not complied with that portion
of the trial court's orders.

       With regard to the urinalysis requirement, the DPRS made no requests for urinalysis under the second order,
but the parents admitted and other evidence shows that they refused requests to submit to urinalysis during the time
the first order was in effect. And, although they took one requested urinalysis test under the third order, they took
only two of the six urinalysis tests requested under the December 15, 1998 order, which were requested in the few
weeks before trial.

       As noted above, the orders set forth requirements with which the parents partially complied. Prior to April
1998, the mother attended six of thirteen scheduled individual counseling sessions, and the father attended five of
eleven. But because the parents missed so many appointments, the therapist expelled them from the program. The
orders required the parents to maintain appropriate housing free from abuse, neglect, and safety hazards. As
discussed above in section II.C., family violence in the home continued after the removal of the children. And, in
June 1998, the parents were evicted from the Texas State Technical College campus. In August or September 1998,
about five or six months before trial, the parents moved to Austin. There is some evidence that they had a clean,
safe home there. But these sporadic incidents of partial compliance do not alter the undisputed fact that the parents
violated many material provisions of the trial court's orders.

       The evidence establishes as a matter of law that the parents failed to comply with the court's orders specifying
the actions the parents had to take for the DPRS to return the children to the parents. The record also conclusively
establishes that

Page 279

the children were removed from their parents under Chapter 262 of the Family Code, and it is undisputed that they
were in the DPRS's custody for more than nine months after their removal. Accordingly, the parental conduct
described in subsection 161.001(1)(O) of the Family Code was established as a matter of law. Any error in failing to
submit a specific instruction on juror agreement regarding parental conduct was thus harmless.

      IV

      The parents additionally contend that their counsel's failure to object to error in the charge and other alleged
mistakes during trial rendered his assistance ineffective and that they are entitled to a new trial on that basis. The
parents argue that the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution entitles a parent to effective assistance of
counsel when termination of parental rights is sought. They assert that termination is no less a punishment than
imprisonment or even capital punishment.

       Several Texas courts of appeals have considered whether the Sixth Amendment or other federal constitutional
provisions mandate effective assistance of counsel in termination cases, and they have reached differing conclusions.
A number of courts of appeals have concluded that the federal constitution does not grant that right. [77] At least one
court of appeals has indicated that it does, [78] although other statements in its opinion indicate that it concluded that
the right flows from section 107.013 of the Texas Family Code that requires appointment of counsel in limited
circumstances. [79] Another court of appeals has recognized a right to effective counsel because of both section
107.013 and that court's "procedural due process concerns." [80] At least four decisions in other states recognize a
right to effective assistance of counsel in termination cases, two of those basing the right on a statute requiring
appointment of counsel, one finding that the right emanates from the due process clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment, and the fourth apparently basing its conclusion on the Sixth Amendment. [81]

Page 280

We believe that it is prudent to defer the resolution of whether a parent in a termination case may seek a new trial
based on ineffective assistance of counsel because in this case, even applying the stringent test set forth by the
United States Supreme Court for use in criminal cases, assistance of counsel was not ineffective.

       In Strickland v. Washington, the United States Supreme Court examined at length the considerations in
determining whether counsel in a capital or other criminal case was ineffective. [82] The Supreme Court's observations
were extensive. The Supreme Court said at the outset of Strickland that "[t]he benchmark for judging any claim of
ineffectiveness must be whether counsel's conduct so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process
that the trial cannot be relied on as having produced a just result." [83] The Court then said there were two
components in a criminal case in determining whether assistance of counsel was so defective to require reversal:

A convicted defendant's claim that counsel's assistance was so defective as to require reversal of a conviction or
death sentence has two components. First, the defendant must show that counsel's performance was deficient. This
requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the "counsel" guaranteed
the defendant by the Sixth Amendment. Second, the defendant must show that the deficient performance prejudiced
the defense. This requires showing that counsel's errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a
trial whose result is reliable. [84]

      With regard to the first component, the Supreme Court said:

       · "In any case presenting an ineffectiveness claim, the performance inquiry must be whether counsel's
assistance was reasonable considering all the circumstances." [85]

      · "The purpose [of the Sixth Amendment's effective assistance of counsel guarantee] is simply to ensure that
criminal defendants receive a fair trial." [86]

      · "Judicial scrutiny of counsel's performance must be highly deferential." [87]

       · "A fair assessment of attorney performance requires that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting
effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel's challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct
from counsel's perspective at the time." [88]

       · "A court must indulge a strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable
professional assistance; that is, the defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the
challenged action 'might be considered

Page 281

                           [89]
sound trial strategy.' "

      · "The court must then determine whether, in light of all the circumstances, the identified acts or omissions
were outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance." [90]

     · "The court should recognize that counsel is strongly presumed to have rendered adequate assistance and
made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional judgment." [91]

      The Supreme Court then said with regard to the second component that even if an error by counsel were
professionally unreasonable, that "does not warrant setting aside the judgment of a criminal proceeding if the error
had no effect on the judgment." [92] Elaborating, the Court said:

      · "Conflict of interest claims aside, actual ineffectiveness claims alleging a deficiency in attorney performance
are subject to a general requirement that the defendant affirmatively prove prejudice." [93]

      · "It is not enough for the defendant to show that the errors had some conceivable effect on the outcome of
the proceeding." [94]

      · "On the other hand, we believe that a defendant need not show that counsel's deficient conduct more likely
than not altered the outcome in the case." [95]
      · "The defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors,
the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome." [96]

      · "A court should presume, absent challenge to the judgment on grounds of evidentiary insufficiency, that the
judge or jury acted according to law." [97]

      · "A verdict or conclusion only weakly supported by the record is more likely to have been affected by errors
than one with overwhelming record support." [98]

       · "Taking the unaffected findings as a given, and taking due account of the effect of the errors on the
remaining findings, a court making the prejudice inquiry must ask if the defendant has met the burden of showing
that the decision reached would reasonably likely have been different absent the errors." [99]

      We reiterate that we leave open the question of whether a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel may be
asserted as a basis for reversing a judgment in a parental termination case. Even were we to recognize such a claim,
the question of whether our harmless error rule must be discarded in such cases is another significant question that
would have to be broached.

       But even measuring the parents' complaints about their counsel against

Page 282

Strickland's standards, assistance of counsel was not ineffective in this case. Although the parents' complaints about
their counsel are numerous, they are not well-founded. First, the parents cite the failure of their counsel to object to
the omission of the children's best interest in material parts of the charge to the jury. Had there been an objection,
then no finding would be deemed under Rule 279. [100] However, in light of the entire record, the parents have not
"overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged action 'might be considered sound trial
strategy.' " [101]

      Counsel for the parents demonstrated in voir dire of the jury that he knew that the parents' rights could not be
terminated, regardless of whether the conduct of the parents would otherwise permit termination, unless termination
was found by the jury to be in the best interest of the children. He stated:

Now, folks, everyone keeps talking about we are here for a termination of parental rights. Not necessarily true. If the
jury votes and says, "We believe that termination of parental rights is in the best interest of the children," then
parental rights are terminated, and no longer will these people ever have the opportunity to be parents with their
children. If the jury says, "No, it is not in the best interest of these children to have parental rights terminated," that
doesn't say that the kids--that my folks go out this afternoon and pick up the kids and go home. What that would say
is we all keep working together to try to resolve the situation. Okay? So this isn't like a criminal case where it's guilty
or not guilty and you can never be tried again because I've been found innocent. This isn't like a car wreck where my
client gets up and says, "We either recover the money or we don't recover the money." In this case it is not that kind
of finality. In this case the jury can say, "Wait a minute. I don't believe that these folks had a fair chance to do it,"
and all you've got to do is say, "No, it's not in the children's best interest to terminate parental rights," and what that
says is, "Children's Protective Services, you've got to work with them. We all have to work together." Okay? If you
say, "Yes, termination is in the best interest," that's it, it's over. Okay?

      Then again, in his opening statement, counsel for the parents stated to the jury:

We're here because the State of Texas is asking this jury to rubber stamp what they did and say, "Looks good to us.
Take the kids." We're here because we're saying, ladies and gentlemen, this jury needs to come back and say, "No,
it's not in those children's best interest. Do not terminate parental rights," and what that will say, what that will do is
then the State of Texas will have to honestly work with [the parents], and that's what we're asking. Thank you.
       Subsequently, during the objections to the charge, counsel for the parents demonstrated his ability to compare
the language of the charge to the verbatim requirements of the Family Code. Counsel objected to the definition of
"clear and convincing evidence" in the charge because it omitted three words that the statutory definition contained.
Counsel then affirmatively stated to the court that he had no further objections to the charge. Notably, when it came
time for closing arguments, counsel for the parents said nothing about the best interest of the children.

Page 283

       Based on this record, the parents did not overcome the presumption that their counsel's decision regarding the
charge error was based on strategy. There is precedent in criminal cases for raising jury charge error for the first
time on appeal. [102] There is also precedent for raising some types of charge error for the first time on appeal in
juvenile cases. [103] Counsel may have made the strategic decision not to object and to attempt to raise charge error
for the first time on appeal in the event the jury returned an adverse verdict. The diligence exhibited by counsel in
other aspects of the trial and what appear to be other tactical decisions, as discussed below, also indicate that
counsel for the parents may well have made a strategic decision not to object to the omission of the children's best
interest in material aspects of the charge.

       The parents contend that their counsel's failure to object to the broad-form submission of the termination
issues also constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. In light of this Court's decision in Texas Department of
Human Services v. E.B., [104] which specifically approved broad-form submission in a termination case, it cannot be
said that counsel's failure to object was, "in light of all the circumstances, ... outside the wide range of professionally
competent assistance." [105] While it would certainly have been within the bounds of professional competency to raise
an issue in the trial court so that counsel could ultimately implore this Court to reconsider E.B., it is not outside the
bounds of competency to follow a decision of this Court.

        The parents also contend that counsel's failure to request an instruction not to consider the parents' religious
beliefs constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. There was considerable testimony during the trial about the
parents' religious beliefs. At one juncture, the father testified that his conduct toward his children should be judged
by God, not by a court. At another, the father testified that it was God who made cocaine available to the parents.
Instead of requesting a jury instruction, counsel for the parents cross-examined the DPRS witnesses about the
relevancy of the parents' religious beliefs and made arguments to the jury that the parents' religious beliefs were
irrelevant to the termination inquiry. Even were it assumed that the trial court should have given an instruction to the
jury had counsel so requested, it cannot be said that counsel's decision to address the parents' religious beliefs
through argument was anything other than a reasonable exercise of trial strategy.

       The parents contend that their counsel should have objected to questions

Page 284

they were asked during trial about their sexual conduct with third parties and alleged "sexual deviations." However,
their counsel did object, many times, to questions of this nature. The fact that he did not object to each and every
question is again within the realm of reasonable trial strategy in light of the record in this case.

         At trial, the DPRS called expert witnesses with backgrounds in psychology and social work. The parents
contend that their counsel provided ineffective assistance because he did not challenge the reliability of all
psychological expert testimony on the ground that there is no scientific basis for predicting future behavior or
evaluating individuals. Counsel for the parents did object to the qualifications of one witness, but not to the scientific
reliability of this testimony in particular or the underpinnings of psychology in general. Psychological experts routinely
testify in parental termination cases. It was not unreasonable for counsel to fail to take on the reliability of all
psychological testimony in this case. More importantly, there is no basis in this record for concluding that had the
trial court conducted a hearing on reliability, the evidence would have been shown to be unreliable.

     The parents argue that their counsel treated the Family Service Plans developed by CPS as a court order.
However, the record reflects that only one Family Service Plan was referenced by a court order in setting forth the
tasks that the parents were to perform, and that plan was filed with the court. The other three orders that were in
evidence and at issue at trial contained directives to the parents in the orders themselves, wholly apart from any
Family Service Plan.

      The parents did not receive ineffective assistance of counsel.

      V

       None of the remaining issues raised by the parents require reversal. The parents asserted in their motion for
new trial and in the court of appeals that there was factually insufficient evidence to support any finding by the jury
that either parent had endangered the children. Because the evidence conclusively established other parental
conduct described in section 161.001(1) of the Family Code, and there is an express or implied finding by the trial
court, supported by clear and convincing evidence, that termination is in the children's best interest, it is immaterial
whether an alternate submission regarding parental conduct was supported by factually sufficient evidence.

       The parents equate parental termination for failure to comply with the court's orders to criminal contempt.
They first argue that criminal contempt requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt. As discussed above, the United
States Supreme Court held in Santosky that the federal constitution requires a clear and convincing evidence
standard of proof in parental termination cases, but not proof beyond a reasonable doubt. [106]

      The parents' second contention is that they have been punished with termination of their rights for failing to
comply with the trial court's orders delineating what they must do to have their children returned. This punishment
amounts to contempt, they argue, and violates the statutory limits on punishment of contempt to six months in jail or
a $500 fine. The Legislature has specifically provided in subsection 161.001(1)(O) that failure to comply with court
orders like those issued in this case is grounds for termination. That statute, not the contempt statutes, controls.

Page 285

        The parents contend that the trial court erred in admitting evidence that either the father or the mother
brought other men home to have sexual relations with the mother while the father watched. Evidence of other
alleged sexual activities was also admitted. However, there was unchallenged testimony from an expert witness that
the father "endorse[d]" many of the of items on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory test that relate to
sexual deviance. This expert concluded, without objection, that the father's responses to this standardized test raised
concerns about his parenting potential. It cannot be said, based on the record as a whole, that the trial court abused
its discretion in admitting the challenged evidence.

        Finally, the parents contend that one witness, Jasmine Khan, gave an expert opinion when she was not
qualified to do so. Counsel for the parents objected on this basis. But even if this witness's qualifications were not
demonstrated, her testimony was cumulative of other witnesses.

      In sum, any errors committed by the trial court did not require reversal.

      *****

      For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and render judgment terminating
the parent-child relationships between each of the children, J.F.C., A.B.C., and M.B.C., and their mother and father.

      Justice O'NEILL concurred in the judgment only.

      Justice HANKINSON filed a dissenting opinion, in which Justice ENOCH joined.

      Justice SCHNEIDER filed a dissenting opinion.
      Justice HANKINSON dissenting, joined by Justice ENOCH.

       The Court states the issue in this case as "whether there is legally sufficient evidence to support the trial
court's express or deemed finding that termination is in the best interest of the children." This statement of the issue
will come as a surprise to the parties and the court of appeals, as no one has raised, briefed, or addressed this issue
at any stage of these proceedings. In this parental-rights-termination case the State asked us to decide whether due
process requires a court of appeals to review alleged errors in the charge when the parents did not object to those
errors at trial. Instead of answering that question, the Court explains the consequences of the parents' failure to
object to the first alleged charge error (omission of a statutory element required for termination) under Texas Rule of
Civil Procedure 279. But those consequences are not at issue, and rule 279 does not answer the actual question
presented of whether, in light of the constitutional interests at stake, our law requires an appellate court to consider
the parents' complaints as if they did object to the charge, even though they admit they did not. The Court does not
even attempt to explain how it can review the parents' second unpreserved claim of charge error (concerning broad-
form submission), instead simply concluding that the error, if any, was harmless. Refusing to answer the question
presented does a disservice to our courts of appeals by failing to resolve the conflict among them as to whether they
may review unpreserved error in termination cases; a disservice to our established jurisprudence, which permits us to
review only preserved complaints unless a recognized exception exists; and most importantly, a disservice to the
parents and children who are entitled to consistent and efficient appellate review that fairly adjudicates their

Page 286

complaints in these time-sensitive and compelling cases.

        I therefore dissent and write separately to explain how I would resolve the actual issue presented in this case.
Because I conclude that Texas' common-law doctrine of fundamental error permits us to review the alleged charge
errors, I would hold that Texas procedures for reviewing unpreserved charge error in parental-rights-termination
cases do not violate due process. Having considered the alleged errors, however, I disagree with the court of appeals
that the omission in the jury charge was harmful, and I would therefore remand this cause to the court of appeals for
it to consider the remaining issues it did not yet address.

       The Court relies on rule 279 to affirm the trial court's termination judgment. But rule 279 does not tell us
whether charge error in a parental-rights-termination case can be reviewed for the first time on appeal. The purpose
of rule 279 is to "salvage" a trial court's judgment when a party failed to object to an omitted element of a ground of
recovery in a jury charge. See 4 MCDONALD & CARLSON, TEXAS CIVIL PRACTICE § 22:58, at 500-01 (2d ed.2001).
Under rule 279, the court may deem the finding in support of the judgment if there is "some evidence" to support
the finding. See Ramos v. Frito-Lay, Inc., 784 S.W.2d 667, 668 (Tex.1990); Cielo Dorado Dev., Inc. v. Certainteed
Corp., 744 S.W.2d 10, 11 (Tex.1988). By marshaling the evidence to support a deemed finding against the parents
under rule 279, the Court essentially conducts a harmful-error analysis of the charge error. But this approach is
circular. The Court determines that applying rule 279 to deem a finding in support of the judgment does not violate
due process because it concludes there was no harmful error. But had the error been harmful, the Court could not
apply rule 279, and the parents would be left where they started: asking an appellate court to review unpreserved
charge error. The Court should address the issue raised in the petition that we granted, and decide whether our law
on preservation of error mandates appellate review of the parents' unpreserved complaints.

        The Court's opinion describes how the jury charge in this case failed to track the statutorily required language
found in Texas Family Code § 161.001. On appeal, the Coxes argued that the jury charge was erroneous because:
(1) it failed to instruct the jury that they must find termination to be in the best interest of the children; and (2) the
broad-form questions and disjunctive instructions violated their due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment
of the United States Constitution and Article 1, Sections 3 and 10 of the Texas Constitution. The Coxes acknowledged
that they had not preserved these complaints in the trial court. However, they argued that the constitutional
dimension of the liberty interests at stake and the quasi-criminal nature of a parental-rights-termination action
warranted appellate review of the alleged jury-charge errors.

      The court of appeals agreed. Specifically, the court of appeals held that Fourteenth Amendment procedural
due process requires review of "core issues" in the jury charge in an involuntary parental-rights-termination case. 57
S.W.3d at 72. The court defined those "core issues" as "(1) the predicate grounds for termination, and (2) whether
termination is in the best interest of the child." Id. at 72 n. 5. After reviewing the jury charge in this case, the court
concluded that the use of the broad-form question and disjunctive instruction in the jury charge was proper, having
been explicitly approved by this Court in Texas Department of Human Services v. E.B., 802 S.W.2d 647 (Tex.1990)

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. 57 S.W.3d at 73. The court also concluded, however, that the omission of the "best interest" instruction as to
Tawnya and the placement of the "best interest" instruction as to Paige constituted harmful error, because of the
"potential" that the jury could have terminated both parents' rights "without finding that termination was in the best
interest of the children." Id. at 74, 75. The court remanded the case to the trial court for a new trial without
reviewing the Coxes' other complaints on appeal. Id. at 75. In its petition for review, the Department contends that
the court of appeals erred by reviewing the unpreserved jury-charge error.

       In effect, the court of appeals held that our state procedural rules violate due process in parental-rights-
termination cases because they prohibit review when error is not preserved in the context of "core issues." See id. at
72-73. The analytical starting point for determining whether our procedures violate the Constitution is our law on
error preservation for appellate review. As a general rule, no error may be reviewed on appeal that was not raised
before the trial court. TEX.R.APP. P. 33.1. Nevertheless, like most other jurisdictions, our civil jurisprudence is well
settled that appellate courts may consider unpreserved error that is "fundamental." See McCauley v. Consol.
Underwriters, 157 Tex. 475, 304 S.W.2d 265, 266 (1957); Ramsey v. Dunlop, 146 Tex. 196, 205 S.W.2d 979, 982
(1947); see also 6 MCDONALD & CARLSON, TEXAS CIVIL PRACTICE § 47:4, at 1201-02 (2d ed.1998) (recognizing
fundamental error as an exception to the general rule of preservation); W. James Kronzer, Laying the Foundation for
Appellate Review, in APPELLATE PROCEDURE IN TEXAS (State Bar of Texas, 2d ed.1979), § 9.2, at 204-06 (same);
Allen Wood, The Bill of Exceptions as Basis for Review, in id. § 11.5, at 248-49 (same). While most jurisdictions
recognize some type of fundamental error, they do not define it uniformly. [1] Black's

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Law Dictionary defines the essence of fundamental error as that which is "so obvious and prejudicial that an
appellate court should address it despite the parties' failure to raise a proper objection." BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY
563 (7th ed.1999) (defining also "plain error" and "error apparent of record"). Our own application of fundamental
error review has changed throughout the years. Consequently, an analysis of its evolution in our jurisprudence is
useful to understanding how and when we should apply it.

       We first recognized fundamental error as a principle firmly rooted in the common law. In Jones v. Black, 1 Tex.
527 (1846), this Court observed that as a general rule, "the record being silent as to any judicial action either sought
or had upon the issues of law, they will be considered as waived, and will not be made the subject of revision here."
Id. at 529. Nevertheless, this Court held that " 'if the foundation of the action has manifestly failed, we can not,
without shocking the common sense of justice, allow a recovery to stand.' " Id. at 530 (quoting Palmer v. Lorillard,
16 Johnson 343, [348], 1819 WL 1790 (N.Y. 1819)); see also Siese v. Malsch, 54 Tex. 355, 357 (1881) (objections
that go to merits and foundation of action will be considered though unassigned as error); Rankert v.

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     Clow, 16 Tex. 9, 13 (1856) (same); Salinas v. Wright, 11 Tex. 572, 577 (1854) (same); Wetmore v.
Woodhouse, 10 Tex. 33, 34 (1853) (same).

      Although these early cases considered fundamental error to be a principle of common law, our Legislature had
already codified its own version of fundamental-error review. In 1846, the Legislature enacted a statute that provided
for supreme court review of "error in law either assigned or apparent on the face of the record." Act approved May
12, 1846, 1st Leg., § 24, 1846 Tex. Gen. Laws 249, 256-57, reprinted in 2 H.P.N. GAMMEL, THE LAWS OF TEXAS
1838-1846, at 1555, 1562-63 (Austin, Gammel Book Co. 1898). But in 1850, the Legislature enacted a statute
providing that "[t]he appellant or plaintiff in error, shall in all cases file with the clerk of the court below, an
assignment of errors, distinctly specifying the grounds on which he relies ... and all errors not so distinctly specified,
shall be considered by the Supreme Court as waived." Act approved Feb. 11, 1850, 3rd Leg., R.S., ch. 139, § 9, 1850
Tex. Gen. Laws 171, 173-74, reprinted in 3 GAMMEL, LAWS OF TEXAS 1847-1854, at 609, 611-12 (1898). Both
statutes were made applicable to the courts of civil appeals when those courts were organized. See Act approved
Apr. 13, 1892, 22nd Leg., 1st C.S., ch. 15, §§ 24, 25, 1892 Tex. Gen. Laws 25, 29, reprinted in 10 GAMMEL, LAWS
OF TEXAS 1891-1897, at 389, 393 (1898). Although by its terms, the 1850 statute appeared to repeal the 1846
statute, our courts continued to consider fundamental error without acknowledging any effect of the 1850 statute.
See Ramsey, 205 S.W.2d at 982. But see Oar v. Davis, 105 Tex. 479, 151 S.W. 794, 796 (1912) (holding that the
statutes could be harmonized).

       In one of the first cases to construe the 1846 statute, Wilson v. Johnson, 94 Tex. 272, 60 S.W. 242 (1900),
this Court stated that "it is difficult to tell what is meant by this language; but we incline to think it intended to signify
a prominent error, either fundamental in character, or one determining a question upon which the very right of the
case depends." Id. at 243; see also Houston Oil Co. of Tex. v. Kimball, 103 Tex. 94, 122 S.W. 533, 537 (1909)
("Perhaps the best expression is that it must be a fundamental error, such error as being readily seen lies at the base
and foundation of the proceeding and affects the judgment necessarily."). Thus, " 'fundamental error' is not a
statutory term, but is one coined by the courts in interpreting our [statutes]." Texas & Pac. Ry. Co. v. Lilly, 118 Tex.
644, 23 S.W.2d 697, 698 (1930).

      Our decisions from the pre-rules era disclose two policies that informed the application of fundamental-error
review. First, as a matter of efficiency and economy, appellate courts were not required to examine the record in
order to ascertain whether there was a basis for claiming error. See Wilson, 60 S.W. at 243 ("The purpose of
assignments of error is to point out the errors complained of, and not to leave the appellate court to grope through
the record to ascertain whether error has been committed or not."); see also Ford & Damon v. Flewellen, 276 S.W.
903, 903-04 (Tex.Com.App.1925, judgm't adopted) ("Any other rule ... would place an almost unbearable burden
upon our appellate courts."). Thus, appellate courts considered unpreserved error only when the complaint could be
seen on the face of the "record"--defined as "those proceedings which lie at the foundation of the court's power to
render the judgment," such as the pleadings, the charge, the verdict, and the judgment itself. Texas & Pac. Ry. Co.,
23 S.W.2d at 699; see Yardley v. Houston Oil Co. of Tex., 288 S.W. 861, 868 (Tex.Civ.App.-Beaumont 1926, writ
dism'd) ("[I]n considering fundamental error, the

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Court of Civil Appeals can only read the pleadings of the parties, the charge of the court, the verdict of the jury, and
the judgment of the court...."). If determining whether there was error required examining the statement of facts,
the courts would not consider it "fundamental." See, e.g., Yardley, 288 S.W. at 868 (trial court's allegedly erroneous
construction of deed was not "fundamental" because it would require reviewing the evidence). Second, appellate
courts only reviewed unpreserved error when there was "a good and sufficient ground for the court to interfere to
prevent injustice being done to one of the parties." Houston Oil Co., 122 S.W. at 537; see also Hollingsworth v.
Holshousen, 17 Tex. 41, 47-48 (1856) (citing the court's practice to review an erroneous jury charge when there is
reason to believe it influenced the verdict to the prejudice of a party); Jones, 1 Tex. at 530 (rejecting a challenge to
improper venue as merely a "dilatory" challenge and not a foundational objection).

       In 1941, both statutes were repealed by the act vesting the Supreme Court with rulemaking authority.
TEX.REV.CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 1731a, §§ 1, 2 (Vernon 1948); see City of Santa Anna v. Leach, 173 S.W.2d 193, 197-
98 (Tex.Civ.App.-Eastland 1943, writ ref'd w.o.m.). We effectively "re-enacted" the 1850 statute in the form of Texas
Rule of Civil Procedure 374, which required that any errors had to be presented in the court below or would be
waived. For the few years immediately following the promulgation of the 1941 rules, a few courts of civil appeals
held that they could no longer review fundamental error. See Brown v. O'Meara, 193 S.W.2d 715, 721 (Tex.Civ.App.-
Galveston 1946, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Leach, 173 S.W.2d at 198.

      In Ramsey v. Dunlop, 146 Tex. 196, 205 S.W.2d 979, 980 (Tex.1947), however, we held that the courts of civil
appeals retained the authority to consider fundamental error, notwithstanding the apparent repeal of the statute and
the enactment of rule 374. Ramsey involved an election for county commissioner. The candidate who received the
fewest number of votes sued the winner on the grounds that the winner was not a resident of the precinct and
therefore ineligible to hold office. The parties agreed that the only issues before the trial court were their respective
residencies, the location of the precinct lines, and the validity of an order changing those precinct lines. The court of
civil appeals, however, reversed the judgment on the ground that Texas Revised Civil Statute article 3032 permitted
only the candidate who received the greatest number of votes cast to receive the certificate of election. See id. at
980-81. That issue was neither preserved in the trial court nor assigned as error in the briefs. See id. at 980.

       The court of appeals certified to this Court the question of whether it erred in determining a cause on a point
not assigned as error. See id. We held that the court of appeals did not err, because fundamental-error review
applied. Id. at 983-84. Citing eighty-nine years of Texas courts reviewing fundamental error, even "in the face of a
statute which declared that all [unpreserved] errors ... should be considered as waived," this Court asked, "must we
now hold that our courts of civil appeals have no authority to consider such errors because Art. 1837 has again been
repealed by the substantial reenactment of Art. 1844 in the form of Rule 374, T.R.C.P.? As to errors that are truly
fundamental, we think the answer must be No." Id. at 982-83.

     While recognizing that fundamental-error review survived the promulgation of the Rules of Civil Procedure, we
acknowledged that the doctrine could not be the

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same as the one codified in the 1846 statute. Declining to create an "all-inclusive" definition of the term, we held
that, for purposes of the Ramsey election dispute, "an error which directly and adversely affects the interest of the
public generally, as that interest is declared in the statutes or Constitution of this state, is a fundamental error." Id.
at 983. We further determined that the alleged trial error would adversely affect the "fundamental public policy"
found in the Texas Constitution and statutes that no one can be declared elected to public office unless he or she
receives a majority or plurality of legal votes cast. Id.

        Ten years later, in McCauley v. Consolidated Underwriters, 157 Tex. 475, 304 S.W.2d 265, 266 (Tex.1957), we
reaffirmed the survival of the fundamental-error review doctrine, and held that it also applied in our Court. In
McCauley, the trial court had set aside and vacated a default judgment. The court of civil appeals affirmed the order,
despite the fact that it was a nonappealable interlocutory order. McCauley v. Consolidated Underwriters, 301 S.W.2d
181, 185 (Tex.Civ.App.-Beaumont 1957), rev'd, 157 Tex. 475, 304 S.W.2d 265 (Tex.1957). In its response to the
plaintiff's writ of error to this Court, the defendant did not raise the jurisdictional defect in the court of appeals.
Nevertheless, we held that fundamental error applied, reaffirming the definition from Ramsey. 304 S.W.2d at 265.
We expanded on the definition, holding that "[w]hen the record affirmatively and conclusively shows that the court
rendering the judgment was without jurisdiction of the subject matter, the error will also be regarded as
fundamental." Id. at 266. Accordingly, we held that this Court had the power to reverse the court of appeals'
judgment, and we dismissed the appeal on the unassigned jurisdictional error. Id.

        Ramsey and McCauley were watershed decisions, establishing that fundamental-error review is not barred by
our procedural rules. In the forty years since those decisions, Texas courts have consistently recognized and
reaffirmed the existence of the fundamental-error doctrine. Because there is no statute defining the principle, we
tend to agree with the commentator who noted that "[t]here is no single satisfactory definition of the phrase, nor can
one easily analyze the cases for prognostic purposes." Kronzer, supra, § 9.2, at 205. In reviewing our caselaw,
however, we are able to distill two types of error that our courts have consistently recognized are subject to
fundamental-error review.

       First, and most commonly, we apply fundamental-error review when a jurisdictional defect exists in the case.
See, e.g., Texas Ass'n of Bus. v. Texas Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 445-46 (Tex.1993) (holding that standing is
a jurisdictional issue that can be raised for the first time on appeal); New York Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Sanchez, 799
S.W.2d 677, 678 (Tex.1990) (holding that lack of appellate jurisdiction is fundamental error); McCauley, 304 S.W.2d
at 265-66 (applying fundamental-error review because intermediate court lacked jurisdiction). With "jurisdictional-
based" fundamental-error review, an appellate court may reverse the judgment of the court below for error--without
conducting a review for harm--even if the error is not preserved. See Baker v. Hansen, 679 S.W.2d 480, 481
(Tex.1984).

       Second, we apply fundamental-error review when an important public interest or public policy is at stake. See,
e.g., Ramsey, 205 S.W.2d at 983. "Public-interest-based" fundamental error differs from jurisdiction-based
fundamental error in both a procedural and substantive way: As a procedural matter, public-interest-based
fundamental-error review does not mandate

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automatic reversal. Instead, after an appellate court determines that it will consider the unpreserved error, the court
conducts the next two steps of appellate review and determines whether an error in fact occurred, and whether the
error is harmful. See W. Wendell Hall, Standards of Review in Civil Appeals, 24 ST. MARY'S L.J. 1045, 1056 (1993);
see, e.g., In re C.O.S., 988 S.W.2d 760, 767 (Tex.1999) (concluding that failure to give statutory admonishments,
while fundamental error, was not harmful error requiring reversal); State v. Santana, 444 S.W.2d 614, 615
(Tex.1969) (holding that jury charge in juvenile case warranted fundamental-error review and analyzing whether
charge violated due process), vacated on other grounds, 397 U.S. 596, 90 S. Ct. 1350, 25 L. Ed. 2d 594, on remand,
457 S.W.2d 275 (Tex.1970).

       Substantively, public-interest-based fundamental error is rare, implicated only when our most significant state
public interests are at stake. The meaning of the "public interest" that is adversely affected must be extremely
circumscribed, or the exception would swallow the rule. Thus, it cannot be enough to allege that an error violates a
party's constitutional rights. See Texas Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs. v. Sherry, 46 S.W.3d 857, 861
(Tex.2001) (holding that constitutional claim that paternity suit should not be barred by statute of limitations is
waived by failing to raise the issue before the trial court) (citing Dreyer v. Greene, 871 S.W.2d 697, 698 (Tex.1993)).
In Ramsey, we characterized the type of public interest that must be at stake as one "declared in the statutes or
Constitution of this state." Ramsey, 205 S.W.2d at 983. However, we carefully declined to create an "all-inclusive"
definition of a public interest that requires fundamental-error review. Id. Subsequent cases have identified
statements of public interest based on our constitution and reflected in our caselaw. See, e.g., Santana, 444 S.W.2d
at 615 (citing "the constitutional importance of this case to the public generally"); Woodard v. Texas Dep't of Human
Res., 573 S.W.2d 596, 597 (Tex.Civ.App.-Amarillo 1978, writ rev'd n.r.e.) (citing Texas Supreme Court precedent for
the proposition "that the interest of the public is affected when the custody of a child is at issue").

       Since Ramsey, our courts have categorically recognized only one other type of public interest so significant
that fundamental-error review applies--the state's interest in the rights and welfare of minors. In particular, our
courts have recognized fundamental-error review in the following cases: the failure to give statutory admonishments
in a juvenile delinquency proceeding, see In re C.O.S., 988 S.W.2d at 767; a jury charge submitting "preponderance
of the evidence" as the burden of proof in a juvenile delinquency case, see Santana, 444 S.W.2d at 615; a jury
charge based on an invalid theory of liability in a juvenile delinquency case, see R.A.M. v. State, 599 S.W.2d 841, 846
(Tex.Civ.App.-San Antonio 1980, no writ); the submission of "preponderance of the evidence" as the burden of proof
in a parental-rights-termination case, see Woodard, 573 S.W.2d at 597; and an omission in a jury charge in a divorce
case that deprived a minor child of the right to support, see Rey v. Rey, 487 S.W.2d 245, 248 (Tex.Civ.App.-El Paso
1972, no writ).

       But not all cases involving children trigger fundamental-error review. In one case involving a minor, we
rejected fundamental-error review because the error affected only the immediate private litigants and did not impact
a matter of more general public concern. See Newman v. King, 433 S.W.2d 420, 422 (Tex.1968) (failure to appoint a
guardian ad litem for a minor plaintiff in a change-of-name proceeding

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action does not warrant fundamental-error review because only the rights of the particular minor and litigants are
affected). Our courts of appeals have reached the same result in other cases. See Wristen v. Kosel, 742 S.W.2d 868,
870-71 (Tex.App.-Eastland 1987, writ denied) (no fundamental-error review in a custody case between two fit
parents in which "[n]either parent's parental rights have been terminated"); Ingram v. Ingram, 249 S.W.2d 86, 88
(Tex.Civ.App.-Galveston 1952, no writ) (no fundamental-error review in a divorce case in which "the result of the suit
can be of consequence to the litigants involved alone and ... no broad question of public interest is involved").
        Having reviewed our case law in this area, we are left with two guiding principles for determining whether
fundamental-error review should apply to a matter of public interest: (1) the error complained of must implicate a
significant public interest or policy of the state, articulated by our statutes, constitution, or caselaw; and (2) the
nature of the error must be such that it impacts a truly general public interest, and not solely that of private litigants.
To guide our determination in difficult cases, we should apply fundamental-error review to further its underlying
policy of promoting judicial economy while avoiding manifest injustice.

        With these principles in mind, I would turn to the errors alleged in this case to determine whether the
fundamental-error doctrine applies. First, the Coxes allege that the trial court erroneously failed to instruct the jury
that it must find termination of the Coxes' rights to be in the best interest of the child. The Coxes admit that they did
not object at trial to the errors that they raised on appeal. Because charge error does not implicate the essential
jurisdiction of the trial court to act, we should not review the error unless we determine that the public-interest basis
for fundamental-error review applies. Applying the principles identified above, I would conclude that this charge error
warrants fundamental-error review.

         Our first inquiry should be whether the error affects a significant public interest, articulated in our statutes,
constitution, or caselaw. See Ramsey, 205 S.W.2d at 983. In the statute governing suits affecting the parent-child
relationship, our Legislature has declared that "[t]he public policy of this state is to ... assure that children will have
frequent and continuing contact with parents who have shown the ability to act in the best interest of the child."
TEX. FAM.CODE § 153.001(a). The statute further provides that "[t]he best interest of the child shall always be the
primary consideration of the court in determining the issues of conservatorship and possession of and access to the
child." Id. § 153.002. And in the Family Code subchapter governing the termination of parent-child relationships, the
Legislature has emphasized repeatedly that the "best interest of the child" is the state's foremost priority in
determining the welfare of children. See TEX. FAM.CODE §§ 161.001(2) (court must find by clear and convincing
evidence that termination is in the best interest of the child), .003(a)(5) (court may order termination based on
inability to care for a child if it is in the child's best interest), .004(a)(4) (court may order termination based on a
subsequent petition if it is in the child's best interest), .005(a) (court may order termination when parent is petitioner
if in the best interest of the child), .007(3) (court may order termination if pregnancy results from parent's criminal
act and if in the best interest of the child), .204 (court may order termination based on affidavit of waiver of interest
if it is in the best interest of the child); see also §§ 107.001(b) (court must appoint guardian ad litem to represent
best interest of

Page 294

the child in a termination suit brought by the government); 153.433 (court shall order access to a grandchild by a
grandparent if in the best interest of the child). Here, the charge omits the instruction that the jury must consider the
"best interest of the children." Thus, the charge directly affects a statutorily defined public interest.

       Further, the charge error directly affects the public policies stated in our caselaw. We presume as a matter of
public policy that the best interest of a child is usually served by maintaining the parent-child relationship. See In re
G.M., 596 S.W.2d 846, 847 (Tex.1980); Wiley v. Spratlan, 543 S.W.2d 349, 352 (Tex.1976). Here, the State's effort
to involuntarily terminate the Coxes' rights affects the public interest in maintaining the parent-child relationship. In
addition, we employ a higher standard of proof in parental-termination cases than we do in ordinary civil cases,
reflecting the particular importance of ensuring a correct judgment in these cases. In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d at 847
(citing Addington v. State, 441 U.S. 418, 99 S. Ct. 1804, 60 L. Ed. 2d 323 (1979)); see also TEX. FAM.CODE § 161.001
(codifying In re G.M. by establishing "clear and convincing evidence" as the burden of proof). In this case, the charge
omits a required finding for termination and therefore directly and adversely impacts the public interest in reaching a
correct judgment.

        Having determined that the error alleged here affects a significant public interest, we should look to see
whether the error impacts the public generally, and not just the immediate litigants. See Newman, 433 S.W.2d at
422. I would hold that an involuntary termination suit impacts the public generally. Parents have primary
responsibility for the " 'custody, care and nurture' " of their children. In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d at 846 (quoting Stanley
v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 92 S. Ct. 1208, 31 L. Ed. 2d 551 (1972)). The State has a right and duty to look after the
welfare of the children within its borders. See Wicks v. Cox, 146 Tex. 489, 208 S.W.2d 876, 878 (1948).
Consequently, when the State acts to terminate a parent's rights, the State assumes the responsibility for the
children's welfare. The State's responsibility for the support of children is "obviously a matter of public interest" that
"transcends the interest of the parties" to the immediate action. Rey, 487 S.W.2d at 248; cf. Wristen, 742 S.W.2d at
870-71 (public interest not affected by the issue of which parent is appointed as managing conservator when both
parents are able to take care of the child). The charge in this case allowed the trial court to terminate Tawnya Cox's
and Paige Cox's parental rights without specifically instructing the jury that it must first find termination to be in the
best interest of each child. Accordingly, the jury charge in this case had a potentially adverse impact on the Cox
children's best interest, which is a matter of public interest in a case that affects the public generally.

       Concluding that the jury charge error alleged here is subject to fundamental-error review does not undermine
the general policy of judicial economy that underlies our rule for preservation of trial error. In Pirtle v. Gregory, 629
S.W.2d 919 (Tex.1982), we explained that one rationale for requiring preservation is to avoid surprise to the
opponent on appeal. Id. at 920. Here, the State had the burden of proving all the statutory elements of termination.
TEX. FAM.CODE § 161.001. The State can hardly say that it was "surprised" to find that the jury charge did not
contain the elements that the statute clearly requires it to prove. Moreover, if the error likely caused an improper
verdict, the State's interest would be furthered by appellate review, because the State's overriding concern

Page 295

is the children's best interest, not the termination of parental rights.

       Accordingly, I would hold that our courts may review unpreserved jury-charge error relating to the required
statutory findings in a parental-rights-termination case under our common-law doctrine of fundamental-error review.
As a result of this holding, I would conclude that Texas procedures for reviewing unpreserved charge error in
parental-rights-termination cases do not violate due process.

       Having determined that the complaint in this case can be reviewed, our appellate procedure next requires that
we determine whether the jury charge was error. See Hall, supra, at 1056; see, e.g., In re C.O.S., 988 S.W.2d at
767. Here, the proposed charge did not properly state the essential elements for terminating parental rights. Family
Code § 161.001 provides that a court can involuntarily terminate a parent's rights only after the court has found by
clear and convincing evidence both that: (1) the parent has committed one or more of the enumerated predicate acts
or omissions; and (2) termination is in the best interest of the child. See TEX. FAM.CODE § 161.001; see also COMM.
ON PATTERN JURY CHARGES, STATE BAR OF TEX., TEXAS PATTERN JURY CHARGES (FAMILY) PJC 218.1 (2000). As
to Tawnya, the proposed charge completely omitted the instruction that the jury find termination to be in the best
interest of the child. As to Paige, the proposed charge included the "best interest" instruction only in conjunction with
the alternative ground for termination that he had failed to comply with a court-ordered plan. Because a parental-
rights-termination lawsuit is founded in statute, the jury charge should track the language of the statute. See
Spencer v. Eagle Star Ins. Co. of Am., 876 S.W.2d 154, 157 (Tex.1994). I therefore agree with the court of appeals
that because the "charge fails to require all the findings that, under the Family Code, are necessary to terminate
parental rights," the charge was error. 57 S.W.3d at 74.

       Having determined that the parents' complaint can be reviewed on appeal, and that the trial court erred, I
would review next the court of appeals' determination that the error was harmful. See Hall, supra, at 1056; see, e.g.,
In re C.O.S., 988 S.W.2d at 767. The court of appeals stated that the jury "could very well" have terminated
Tawnya's rights and "may very well" have terminated Paige's rights without finding that termination was in the
children's best interest. 57 S.W.3d at 74-75. But whether the jury may have improperly terminated the Coxes'
parental rights because the charge omitted a statutory element is relevant only to whether there was error in the first
instance. The Coxes must still show that the error probably caused rendition of an improper verdict. See TEX.R.APP.
P. 44.1(a). The court of appeals summarily stated that the evidence for terminating Tawnya's rights was "not highly
persuasive," but it did not discuss that evidence. 57 S.W.3d at 74. And, with respect to Paige, the court of appeals
said that the potential for the jury to terminate without finding termination in the children's best interest was
increased because there was "less support" in the evidence for the ground that Paige had failed to comply with a
court-ordered plan. Id. at 75. But the court of appeals never explained how it reached its conclusion as to either
parent that the error probably caused rendition of an improper judgment. We must review the "pleadings of the
parties, the evidence presented at trial, and the charge in its entirety" to determine whether the charge in this case
probably resulted in an improper judgment. Island Recreational Dev. v. Republic of Tex. Sav. Ass'n, 710 S.W.2d 551,
555 (Tex.1986); see
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Reinhart v. Young, 906 S.W.2d 471, 473 (Tex.1995).

        The Department's evidence overwhelmingly focused on and supported the conclusion that termination was in
the best interest of these children. In particular, Tawnya Cox testified that she and her husband used cocaine while
the children were at home, and that she believed her children were safe because cocaine made her more aware of
her surroundings. The Coxes testified to arguing violently with each other. In one of those arguments, she knocked
several teeth out of his mouth, and during another argument, he locked her out of the house while she was naked.
Dr. Shinder, a psychologist whose office evaluated the Coxes, opined that neither could be fit parents due to their
"aggression and violence and hostility" and drug use. Jasmine Khan, a licensed professional counselor, testified about
the Cox children's extreme, abnormal behavior when they were first removed from their parents' household. Most
significantly, she described hostile, aggressive, and violent play by A.B.C. Khan also said that A.B.C. told her he
witnessed violence and was a victim of violence in the Cox home. Other Child Protective Services workers reiterated
this testimony. Khan also testified that after several months in foster care, the children improved tremendously, and
did not display any distress being away from their parents. She testified that the Coxes were unwilling and
unmotivated to make productive changes to address the issues placing their children at risk. A police officer
described numerous times that he had to investigate domestic-disturbance calls at the Cox household, and described
the confrontations as "pretty violent" such that he had concern for the children. A conservatorship worker from Child
Protective Services testified that she observed visits between the Coxes and their children. She stated that the visits
tended to be "chaotic," and the children's behavior deteriorated after each visit with their parents. The
conservatorship worker also described the Coxes' hostility and anger toward each other. Notably, the testimony of
Dr. Shinder, Khan, the police officer, and the conservatorship worker all culminated with their opinions that
termination of the Coxes' parental rights and adoption would be in the Cox children's best interest. And other
witnesses who worked on the Cox case, including a Child Protective Services supervisor and Court Appointed Special
Advocate, similarly testified that termination would be in the Cox children's best interest.

        The Coxes provided little evidence to contradict the evidence discussed above. However, their case likewise
focused significantly on evidence relevant to whether termination was in the children's best interest. For example, the
Coxes attempted to explain their efforts--after a trial date was set on the Department's termination petition--to
comply with the Family Service Plan and to show their ability to provide the children a loving home. A year after the
trial court initially ordered compliance with the Family Service Plan, in the fall of 1988, the Coxes moved to Austin
from Waco. The jury heard testimony about a letter the Coxes' attorney wrote to Child Protective Services in Austin,
stating that the Coxes wanted to "derail the termination" by working with the Department. Also, Paige Cox testified
that he called Child Protective Services in Austin once they moved in an effort to start compliance with the Family
Service Plan. The Coxes also presented evidence about the changes in their lives and relationship since moving to
Austin to demonstrate that termination would not be in the children's best interest. Tawnya testified about her
finding work in Austin. She said that Paige had

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become more open and communicative, and she described the environment in Austin as "wonderful." The Coxes'
obstetrician for the birth of their fourth child--who is not the subject of this suit--described the Coxes as "an
appropriate, courteous, and loving couple." And the Coxes' landlord and roommate in Austin testified that their home
was a "safe environment." Thus, much of the evidence adduced at trial was probative toward the issue of whether
termination was in the children's best interest.

       Moreover, the rest of the trial proceedings put this evidence in perspective, centering the jury's attention on
the best interest of the children. The Department's pleadings specifically alleged as to each individual parent that
"termination of the parent-child relationship [between the parent and each child] is in the best interest of the
children, as required by Section 161.001 of the Texas Family Code." The attorneys for all parties repeatedly
emphasized throughout the voir dire, examination of the witnesses, opening statements, and closing argument that
the jury's focus should be on the children's best interest. (In its opinion, the Court quotes two of the relevant
portions of the opening argument and voir dire record in which the Coxes' counsel reiterates that the jury's
determination will regard the children's best interest. 96 S.W.3d at 261.) Finally, the jury charge listed factors to be
considered in determining the children's best interest, and many of these factors related to the evidence discussed
above.

       In light of the totality of the circumstances and the consistent and paramount emphasis upon the children's
best interest at trial, I would conclude that the failure to submit the "best interest" instruction was not reasonably
calculated and did not probably cause the rendition of an improper verdict. See TEX.R.APP. 44.1; Reinhart, 906
S.W.2d at 473; Island Recreational Dev., 710 S.W.2d at 555. I would conclude that the court of appeals therefore
erred in reversing the trial court's judgment on the basis that the omitted instruction was harmful error.

        The Coxes' second complaint is that the submission of the jury charge in a disjunctive instruction and as a
broad-form question violated their constitutional rights to due process and due course of law. Using the analytical
framework I have set out above, I would first determine whether the alleged error affects a significant public
interest, articulated in our statutes, constitution, or caselaw. The Coxes assert that submission of a broad-form
question violates due process because it permits the termination of parental rights without first ensuring that ten
jurors agree on each statutory termination ground. If the charge violates due process for the reasons that the Coxes
state, that violation would adversely impact the public interest in ensuring that the statutory grounds required for
termination are found by clear and convincing evidence. See TEX. FAM.CODE § 161.001. Furthermore, for the same
reasons discussed as to the first charge complaint, this second charge complaint relates directly to the public interest
in correct judgments and affects the public generally. Finally, broad-form jury charges are used uniformly in cases
like this one, and therefore resolving the issue that this complaint raises would impact many parental-rights-
termination cases. Accordingly, I would conclude that our fundamental-error doctrine permits us to review this
complaint.

       I would hold that the submission of the broad-form question did not violate the Coxes' due process rights, and
therefore was not error. In Texas Department of Human Services v. E.B., 802 S.W.2d 647, 649 (Tex.1990), we
identified the controlling

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question in a parental-rights-termination case as whether the parent-child relationship between the parent and the
children should be terminated. In the Coxes' case, the charge specifically instructed the jury that at least ten jurors
must agree on all answers supporting the verdict. See TEX.R. CIV. P. 292. We presume that the jury understood and
followed its instructions. See Gillette Motor Transp. Co. v. Whitfield, 145 Tex. 571, 200 S.W.2d 624, 626 (1947).

      The Coxes argue that our holding in Crown Life Insurance Co. v. Casteel, 22 S.W.3d 378 (Tex.2000), alters our
analysis in E.B. In Casteel, we held that "[w]hen a single broad-form liability question erroneously commingles valid
and invalid liability theories and the appellant's objection is timely and specific, the error is harmful when it cannot be
determined whether the improperly submitted theories formed the sole basis for the jury's finding." Id. at 389. Here,
the Coxes do not assert that either of the disjunctive grounds for termination were invalid theories as applied to
them. See id. And the Coxes raise no new arguments in this case to give us cause to revisit our decision in E.B.
Accordingly, the court of appeals correctly held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in submitting the
broad-form jury charge.

        For the reasons expressed above, I respectfully dissent to the Court's opinion and judgment in this cause. The
Court belabors the consequences of failing to preserve error, instead of deciding whether we can review that
unpreserved error. The Court then inexplicably reviews an unpreserved complaint that it decides is harmless. Not
only does the Court reach issues not presented by the parties and that are unnecessary to the resolution of the case,
it retreats from our error-preservation standards, thereby adding further uncertainty to the already conflicting
decisions from the courts of appeals. The only general proposition I can draw from the Court's opinion is that courts
of appeals should review error when they can determine from the record that the error is ultimately harmless. But
my greatest concern is that the Court abandons its responsibility to ensure that parents and children receive fair,
consistent, and expeditious appellate review in these most difficult cases. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.

      Justice SCHNEIDER, dissenting.
       Under the Texas and United States Constitutions, the parent-child relationship is considered a fundamental
liberty interest deserving due process protection. Indeed, the relationship is so important that no amount of antisocial
behavior directed toward a child or in defiance of a court's order, standing alone, provides enough justification for
the State of Texas to terminate the parent-child relationship. Our law requires that, in addition to finding one or more
of the legislative-specified laundry list of antisocial conduct by a parent, the fact finder must also find that
terminating the parent-child relationship is in the "best interest" of the child.

      Today, the Court holds that the "best interest" element can be deemed to support the judgment if, without
objection, that element is erroneously omitted from or obfuscated in a jury charge. 96 S.W.3d at 259-260. And, the
Court not only deems a best interest finding in this case, but also, to deem the finding, the Court applies a
questionable legally sufficient clear and convincing evidence test never requested by the parties or articulated by this
Court. Then, the Court holds that the parents' failure to follow the Family Service Plan [1] is conclusively established,
so

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that the net effect is the case is reversed and judgment is rendered without a remand to the court of appeals for the
requested factual sufficiency review of the termination grounds. 96 S.W.3d at 260.

       I respectfully dissent. The question squarely before the Court is whether procedural due process considerations
require an appellate court to review unpreserved jury-charge errors in a parental-rights termination case. I would
address that issue directly. And, in doing so, I would hold that Texas and the United States constitutional procedural
due process considerations do not mandate appellate review of unpreserved jury-charge error. The Texas Legislature
has devised, and our courts have applied, a fair and just procedural framework at the trial and appellate levels for
handling parental-termination cases. Consequently, I would hold the parents waived their right to appellate review of
the alleged jury-charge errors, because the parents failed to object in the trial court about the errors they raise here.

       Finally, although I agree the court of appeals' decision should be reversed, I do not agree that this Court,
under our Texas Constitution, can obviate the court of appeals' role. See TEX. CONST. art. V, § 6; TEX. GOV'T CODE
§ 22.225(a). This Court cannot conclusively determine a factual question, namely, whether the parents complied with
the Family Service Plan. Thus, even if I agree the Court's "deemed finding" procedural route is appropriate in this
case, I believe the Court should remand this case to the court of appeals for a factual sufficiency review on the
termination grounds the parents challenge.

      I. BACKGROUND

       Depending upon one's view, the jury charge either (a) omitted a best interest instruction as to one of the
parents and one of the grounds for the other parent; or (b) at the very least, positioned the best interest instruction
in such a manner that it was unclear to the jury that the instruction applied to all the termination grounds alleged
against both parents. In any event, neither party objected to the charge on the basis that it failed to include an
instruction that termination under any ground alleged must also be in the child's best interest. The jury returned a
verdict terminating parental rights for all three children, and the trial court rendered judgment based on the verdict.

       On appeal, the parents argued for the first time that the broad-form submission and disjunctive questions in
the charge violated their due process rights. The parents also complained for the first time that the charge failed to
instruct the jury that, to terminate under any ground alleged, the jury must also find that termination is in the best
interest of the children.

       The court of appeals held that, in parental-termination cases, applying Rule 33.1 of the Rules of Appellate
Procedure to preclude an appellate court from reviewing an unpreserved complaint about "core issues" in the jury
charge does not afford the parent due process. 57 S.W.3d 66, 72. See also TEX.R.APP. P. 33.1(a) (As a prerequisite
for appellate review, the record must show the complaint was made to the trial court by a timely request, objection,
or motion in compliance with Texas's civil and appellate rules.). The court of appeals then reviewed the alleged
errors and held the broad-form jury charge was proper. 57 S.W.3d at 73-74. After determining
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the charge omitting a best interest instruction for all the termination grounds alleged was harmful error, the court of
appeals reversed the trial court's judgment and remanded the case for a new trial. 57 S.W.3d at 74-75.

      II. ANALYSIS

      The parents contend that their constitutional argument about the best interest instruction in the jury charge
involves their substantive--not procedural--due process rights. According to the parents, the Family Code's procedural
guarantees, such as the requirement that termination be in the best interest of the children, are meaningless unless
appellate review is afforded to ensure the lower court correctly applied these procedures.

      In County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 118 S. Ct. 1708, 140 L. Ed. 2d 1043 (1998), the U.S. Supreme
Court explained the meaning of procedural and substantive due process.

We have emphasized time and again that "the touchstone of due process is protection of the individual against
arbitrary action of government," Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 558, 94 S. Ct. 2963, 2976, 41 L. Ed. 2d 935 (1974),
whether the fault lies in a denial of fundamental procedural fairness, see, e.g., Fuentes v. Shevin, 407 U.S. 67, 82, 92
S. Ct. 1983, 1995, 32 L. Ed. 2d 556 (1972) (the procedural due process guarantee protects against "arbitrary takings"),
or in the exercise of power without any reasonable justification in the service of a legitimate governmental objective,
see, e.g., Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. [327,] at 331, 106 S.Ct. [662] at 664 [(1986)] (the substantive due process
guarantee protects against government power arbitrarily and oppressively exercised).

       Lewis, 523 U.S. at 845-46, 118 S. Ct. 1708 (citations to Supreme Court Journal omitted and full cite to Daniels
provided).

       Here, the nature of the parents' due process argument demonstrates that they are in fact making a procedural
due process claim. The parents repeatedly rely on the U.S. Supreme Court's analysis for determining whether
parents' due process rights have been met in termination cases. See Lassiter v. Dep't of Soc. Services, 452 U.S. 18,
101 S. Ct. 2153, 68 L. Ed. 2d 640 (1981). And the parents consistently claim that the procedure--that is, receiving no
appellate review of alleged jury-charge errors because of the failure to preserve error--violated their due process
rights. See Daniels, 474 U.S. at 340-41, 106 S. Ct. 662 (Stevens, J., concurring) (explaining that petitioners asserted
procedural and not substantive due process violations, because they alleged the state procedures for redressing
deprivations of prisoners' property were constitutionally inadequate). However, the parents do not contend that the
action by which the State terminates parental rights is arbitrary or oppressive. See Daniels, 474 U.S. at 331, 106
S. Ct. 677 (substantive due process bars certain government actions regardless of the fairness of the procedures used
to implement them and prevents the government from using its power for oppression). Indeed, the court of appeals
treated the parents' complaint about the refusal to review unpreserved jury-charge error as a procedural due process
issue. 57 S.W.3d at 72. And, the court of appeals applied the U.S. Supreme Court's procedural due process analysis
to conclude that "[t]o terminate parental rights--a Fourteenth Amendment liberty interest--when there is a
fundamentally erroneous charge on a 'core issue,' only because the complaint was not preserved in the trial court,
does not adhere to Fourteenth Amendment procedural due process." Id. (emphasis added).

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      Accordingly, the court of appeals correctly concluded that procedural, not substantive, due process is at issue
here. However, for several reasons, the court of appeals' rationale for concluding that such due process requires
review of the parents' unpreserved jury-charge errors is flawed. As discussed in detail below, the court of appeals
misplaces its reliance on Texas case law, misapplies our strict scrutiny directive from Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18,
20 (Tex.1985), and conducts an erroneous due process analysis to conclude our error preservation rules deny the
parents due process in this case.

    A. WHETHER DUE PROCESS REQUIRES APPELLATE REVIEW OF UNPRESERVED JURY-CHARGE
ERRORS
      1. Reliance on Texas Case Law

      In holding that our error preservation rules do not preclude the court from reviewing the parents' jury-charge
complaints raised for the first time on appeal, the court of appeals relied on two cases. 57 S.W.3d at 71-72
(discussing In re A.P., I.P., 42 S.W.3d 248 (Tex.App.-Waco 2001, no pet.) and In re S.R.M., 601 S.W.2d 766
(Tex.Civ.App.-Amarillo 1980, no writ)). But these cases do not support the court of appeals' conclusion.

      In S.R.M., the evidence conclusively showed the mother's parental rights should not be terminated for the
ground alleged. In re S.R.M., 601 S.W.2d at 768-69. However, the trial court rendered a judgment terminating the
mother's parental rights based on grounds not pleaded. Id. at 769. The mother argued the court of appeals should
reverse the trial court's judgment, because it relied on unpleaded grounds to terminate her parental rights. Id. The
paternal grandparents seeking termination argued the mother impliedly consented to a trial on unpleaded grounds,
because she did not specially except or object to the introduction of evidence related to the unpleaded grounds. Id.
Because the Family Code mandates that the petition set forth the statutory grounds for termination to afford the
parents due process, and because the record showed the mother had no notice that the trial court would consider
terminating on unpleaded statutory grounds, the court of appeals reversed the trial court's judgment. Id. at 770.

      Here, unlike the circumstances in S.R.M. in which the mother had no notice of the trial court's action, the
parents knew about the jury charge and had an opportunity to object. See Id. In fact, though the parents' attorney
did not object to the omission or placement of the best interest instruction, he did object to the definition of the clear
and convincing evidentiary standard in the charge. And, because the trial court considered objections to the charge
before the parents rested, their attorney specifically requested that everyone agree the objection would not be
considered waived if he did not urge it again before closing arguments. Their counsel said, "I just don't want at some
future time someone to write that I waived that objection." Thus, the parents had notice and an opportunity to
object to the charge and acknowledged the consequences if they failed to do so.

       In A.P., the court of appeals was asked to review unpreserved factual and legal sufficiency complaints about
the grounds for termination and whether termination was in the best interest of the child. 42 S.W.3d at 254-55. The
court of appeals cited S.R.M. as precedent for considering unpreserved error and held that terminating parental
rights without appellate review of an unpreserved sufficiency complaint is a due process violation. 42 S.W.3d at 255.
Then, the court of appeals referred to criminal cases, which have held

Page 302

that a defendant does not have to preserve for appellate review a complaint that the evidence is factually or legally
sufficient. 42 S.W.3d at 255-56 (citing Chesnut v. State, 959 S.W.2d 308, 311 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1997, no pet.);
Davila v. State, 930 S.W.2d 641, 649 n. 7 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1996, writ ref'd)). Because criminal cases and
termination cases both require heightened burdens of proof--"beyond a reasonable doubt" in criminal cases and
"clear and convincing" in termination cases--the A.P. court concluded it a "logical extension" to review unpreserved
sufficiency issues in termination cases. 42 S.W.3d at 256.

       But the A.P. court wholly failed to conduct a due process analysis, as the U.S. Supreme Court requires in
parental-termination cases, to determine if the procedure for preserving sufficiency challenges violates parents' due
process rights. See Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 27-28, 101 S. Ct. 2153. Instead, the court summarily cited S.R.M., without
recognizing its significantly distinguishable facts, to support its conclusion that it could review the unpreserved error.
Moreover, the A.P. court improperly relied on criminal cases that only opine about how defendants may raise
sufficiency points and, in any event, operate under different procedural rules and jurisprudence. Accordingly, A.P.,
which should be overruled based on its erroneous analysis and holding, does not support the court of appeals'
conclusion here that due process requires appellate courts to consider unpreserved jury-charge errors.

      2. Strict Scrutiny

        The court of appeals further explained that this Court's directive that " 'termination proceedings should be
strictly scrutinized' " justified its reviewing the unpreserved jury-charge errors. 57 S.W.3d at 72 (quoting Holick v.
Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex.1985)). However, the strict scrutiny language in Holick only speaks to the important
nature of the interests involved in parental-termination cases and does not support a conclusion that reviewing
courts must consider unpreserved jury-charge errors.

       In Holick, this Court determined how to construe a particular ground for termination in the Family Code.
Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 19-20. Before answering the question, the Court discussed the fundamental constitutional
rights involved in parental-termination proceedings. 685 S.W.2d at 20. After recognizing these rights, and the fact
that a clear and convincing evidentiary standard applies in these cases, the Court explained that this is why
"termination proceedings should be strictly scrutinized...." Id.

       Since Holick, courts of appeals have cited the strict scrutiny language when generally discussing the standard
of review principles that apply in termination cases. See, e.g., In re A.V., 849 S.W.2d 393, 400 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth
1993, no writ). Further, courts of appeals have relied on the language to support the application of a heightened
factual sufficiency review standard. See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex.2002) (discussing various courts of
appeals decisions attempting to define the factual sufficiency review standard when clear and convincing evidence is
required). However, other than the decisions in A.P. and here, no courts of appeals have relied on Holick's strict
scrutiny directive to justify review of unpreserved error.

      In sum, there is no indication the Court ever intended Holick's strict scrutiny language to support appellate
review of unpreserved jury-charge errors. In fact, this Court recently rejected relying on Holick's strict scrutiny
language as a basis for reversing a parental-termination judgment based on a parent's due process claim.

Page 303

        See In re K.R., 63 S.W.3d 796, 800, n. 20 (Tex.2001). In K.R., the Court considered a parent's argument that
procedural due process precludes a reviewing court from applying a harmless error analysis to his claim that his
being handcuffed throughout the trial improperly prejudiced the jury. Id. at 798. The Court held that, while it agreed
"that judgments terminating the parent-child relationship must be carefully scrutinized because of the importance of
that relationship, [it could not] conclude that the Fourteenth Amendment requires reversal of the judgment in this
case without regard to harm." Id. at 800. The Court explained that, even in criminal cases, the U.S. Supreme Court
has rejected the notion that any constitutional error requires automatic reversal. Id. To the contrary, if "trial errors"
such as "errors in the charge and in evidentiary rulings" occur, courts may not reverse the judgment unless the error
caused harm. Id.

      Accordingly, Holick's strict scrutiny language does not dictate procedure. The language simply evidences this
Court's recognition of the important interests involved in parental-termination proceedings. See Holick, 685 S.W.2d at
20.

      3. United States Supreme Court Due Process Analysis

       The court of appeals additionally determined that appellate review of the parents' unpreserved jury-charge
errors "comports with the requirements in Lassiter." 57 S.W.3d at 72. However, if all the pertinent factors are
properly considered and weighed, the Lassiter due process test does not support the court of appeals' conclusion.

      In Lassiter, the U.S. Supreme Court held that due process does not require states to provide indigent parents
counsel in all termination cases. Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 33-34, 101 S. Ct. 2153. Before answering the due process
question, the U.S. Supreme Court explained the nebulous nature of this concept:

"[D]ue process" has never been, and perhaps can never be, precisely defined.... Rather, the phrase [due process]
expresses the requirement of "fundamental fairness," a requirement whose meaning can be as opaque as its
importance is lofty. Applying the Due Process Clause is therefore an uncertain enterprise which must discover what
"fundamental fairness" consists of in a particular situation by first considering any relevant precedents and then by
assessing the several interests that are at stake.

       Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 24-25, 101 S. Ct. 2153.
       The U.S. Supreme Court then held that the nature of the process due in parental-termination proceedings
depends upon a balancing of three factors: (1) the private interests at stake; (2) the government's interests; and (3)
the risk that the procedures used will lead to an erroneous deprivation. Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 27, 101 S. Ct. 2153
(relying on Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335, 96 S. Ct. 893, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18 (1976)); see also see also Santosky
v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 754, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982). Once these Eldridge factors are weighed
against each other, the court must next "set their net weight in the scales against the presumption" that the
procedure applied did not violate due process. Id.

       Here, the analysis begins with the presumption that our rules governing preservation of jury-charge error
comport with due process. Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 27, 101 S. Ct. 2153. But this must be balanced against the net weight
of the three Eldridge factors to determine if the presumption is overcome. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 754, 102 S. Ct. 1388;
Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 27, 101 S. Ct. 2153; Eldridge, 424 U.S. at 335, 96 S. Ct. 893.

Page 304

With respect to the first Eldridge factor--the private interests at stake--this Court has long recognized that the
"natural right existing between parents and their children is of constitutional dimensions." Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20;
see also In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d 846, 846 (Tex.1980). A parent's right to the parent-child relationship is " 'essential,'
'a basic civil right of man,' and 'far more precious than property rights.' " Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20 (quoting Stanley
v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651, 92 S. Ct. 1208, 31 L. Ed. 2d 551 (1972)). Similarly, the U.S. Supreme Court has noted, "A
parent's interest in the accuracy and justice of the decision to terminate his or her parental status is ... a
commanding one." Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 27, 101 S. Ct. 2153.

        However, the child's interests are also necessarily involved and must be considered in this analysis. The Family
Code's entire statutory scheme for protecting children's welfare focuses on the child's best interest. See, e.g., TEX.
FAM.CODE §§ 51.11(b); 153.001; 153.002; 161.001(2); 161.101. And, like their parents, children have an interest in
an accurate resolution and just decision in termination cases. But children also have a strong interest in a final
decision on termination so that adoption to a stable home or return to the parents is not unduly prolonged. In fact, it
is this State's express policy to provide a safe, stable, and nonviolent environment for the child. TEX. FAM.CODE §
153.001(a)(2). And, if error is properly preserved, the Legislature has upheld this interest by requiring prompt
appellate decisions: "An appeal in a suit in which termination of the parent-child relationship is in issue shall be given
precedence over other civil cases and shall be accelerated by the appellate courts." TEX. FAM.CODE § 109.002(a).
Similarly, Texas's preservation of error rules promote the child's interest in a final decision and thus placement in a
safe and stable home, because they preclude appellate courts from unduly prolonging a decision by appellate review
of issues not properly raised in the trial court.

      Indeed, the U.S. Supreme Court has recognized that prolonged termination proceedings can have
psychological effects on a child of such a magnitude that time is of the essence:

It is undisputed that children require secure, stable, long-term, continuous relationships with their parents or foster
parents. There is little that can be as detrimental to a child's sound development as uncertainty over whether he is to
remain in his current "home," under the care of his parents or foster parents, especially when such uncertainty is
prolonged.

        Lehman v. Lycoming County Children's Services Agency, 458 U.S. 502, 513-14, 102 S. Ct. 3231, 73 L. Ed. 2d
928 (1982); see also Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 32, 101 S. Ct. 2153 ("[C]hild-custody litigation must be concluded as rapidly
as is consistent with fairness...."). Accordingly, under the first Eldridge factor, the private interests reflect a desire for
an accurate and just decision, but one that does not unduly prolong a final decision about the child's permanent
home.

       The second factor under Eldridge is the State's interests. See Santosky, 455 U.S. at 754, 102 S. Ct. 1388;
Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 27, 101 S. Ct. 2153; Eldridge, 424 U.S. at 335, 96 S. Ct. 893. Undoubtedly, the State shares the
parents' and child's interests in an accurate and just decision. See Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 27, 101 S. Ct. 2153. However,
the child's best interest is always the State's primary concern in termination proceedings. See TEX. FAM.CODE §§
161.001(2); 161.101. Thus, the State additionally shares the child's interest in not
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unduly prolonging a final decision about the child's future. See Lehman, 458 U.S. at 513, 102 S. Ct. 3231 ("The
State's interest in finality is unusually strong in child-custody disputes."); see also TEX. FAM.CODE §§ 109.002(a)
(giving appeals in parental-termination cases precedence over other civil cases); 161.202 (court shall grant motion
for a preferential setting for a final termination hearing on the merits if termination would make the child eligible for
adoption).

       Additionally, the State has an interest in courts consistently and uniformly applying our preservation of error
rules. This interest does not merely reflect a fiscal policy. Without uniform application of our error preservation rules,
termination proceedings would be conducted and reviewed in an arbitrary manner. "At some point the benefit of an
additional safeguard to the individual affected by the administrative action and to society in terms of increased
assurance that the action is just, may be outweighed by the cost." Eldridge, 424 U.S. at 348, 96 S. Ct. 893. Here, the
cost of disregarding our error preservation rules risks not only unduly prolonging termination proceedings but also
losing any predictability for the State, counsel for parents, and guardians for children about how courts will conduct
and review these proceedings. Consequently, under the second factor, the State's interests encompass all the private
interests, but weigh in favor of conducting termination proceedings under our error preservation rules so that the
proceedings are not unduly prolonged or unpredictable.

        Finally, the third Eldridge factor to consider is the risk that our rules for preserving error about the jury charge
will lead to an erroneous deprivation. See Santosky, 455 U.S. at 754, 102 S. Ct. 1388; Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 27, 101
S. Ct. 2153; Eldridge, 424 U.S. at 335, 96 S. Ct. 893. Texas Rules of Civil Procedure 272-274 establish the procedures
for parties to participate in the formulation of the jury charge. TEX.R. CIV. P. 272-274. Rule 272 requires a party to
object to the charge, either orally or in writing, before the court reads the charge to the jury. TEX.R. CIV. P. 272. A
party objecting to the charge must point out distinctly the objectionable matter and the grounds for the objection.
TEX.R. CIV. P. 274. In addition to objecting to the charge, either party may request the trial court to submit certain
questions, definitions, and instructions in the charge. TEX.R. CIV. P. 273. If a party fails to timely abide by the rules
concerning the jury charge, the party waives any complaint on appeal. TEX.R. CIV. P. 273-74; TEX.R.APP. P. 33.1(a).

       This Court has relaxed the jury-charge preservation rules in an effort to determine cases on the merits rather
than on slight technical defects. See State Dep't. of Highways & Pub. Transp. v. Payne, 838 S.W.2d 235, 241
(Tex.1992). In Payne, the Court held that, although the State requested an improperly worded jury-charge
instruction, it was sufficient to preserve error. Id. at 241. The Court explained that "[t]here should be but one test for
determining if a party has preserved error in the jury charge, and that is whether the party made the trial court
aware of the complaint, timely and plainly, and obtained a ruling. The more specific requirements of the rules should
be applied, while they remain, to serve rather than defeat this principle." Id.

      Accordingly, parties have various opportunities to formulate the jury charge and preserve error about the
charge before the trial court reads it to the jury. TEX.R. CIV. P. 273-74. And, after Payne, a party need only timely
and plainly make the trial court aware of a complaint to preserve such error. Payne, 838 S.W.2d at 241.

Page 306

      Consequently, Texas's rules for preserving jury-charge error raise little risk of erroneous deprivations.

       To summarize the Eldridge factors, then: (1) the parents' interest is extremely important, but must be
balanced with the child's important interests for not only an accurate and just decision but also finality and placement
in a stable home; (2) the State shares both the parents' and child's interests in an accurate and just decision, but the
State's interest in not unduly prolonging finality and in uniformity and predictability in applying our preservation of
error rules is stronger; and (3) the risk of an erroneous deprivation under our rules about preserving error in the jury
charge is low, because parties have notice and an opportunity to be heard about issues submitted and omitted from
the charge, and error is preserved so long as the party timely and plainly made the trial court aware of the party's
complaint. Weighing these factors' net weight against the presumption that our error preservation rules comport with
due process, it cannot be said that the parents' were not afforded due process here so that appellate review of their
unpreserved jury-charge errors is warranted.

       In fact, the record supports the conclusion that the parents' due process rights were not violated. The parents
had an opportunity to be heard and object to the charge. Eldridge, 424 U.S. at 333, 96 S. Ct. 893 ("The fundamental
requirement of due process is the opportunity to be heard 'at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.' ")
(quoting Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545, 552, 85 S. Ct. 1187, 14 L. Ed. 2d 62 (1965)). As previously discussed, the
parents' counsel objected to a portion of the charge not challenged on appeal. And, in making this objection, their
counsel expressly acknowledged the risk involved in failing to object in a timely manner. For these reasons, under
Lassiter analysis, the court of appeals erroneously relied upon due process considerations to review the parents'
unpreserved jury-charge errors.

       An additional factor further supports the conclusion that due process does not require appellate review of the
unpreserved jury-charge errors. Texas's Legislature has established the procedures for terminating parental rights.
See TEX. FAM.CODE §§ 161.001-161.211. In doing so, the Legislature has been heedful of the important interests--
parents' and children's--at stake. For example, the Family Code expressly requires that a court terminate the parent-
child relationship only if the grounds for termination, including whether termination is in the best interest of the child,
are proven with "clear and convincing evidence." TEX. FAM.CODE § 161.001. This, of course, is a higher evidentiary
standard than in ordinary civil case. See In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d at 847. Moreover, though the U.S. Supreme Court
has held that states need not do so in every case, the Family Code requires courts to provide counsel for indigent
parents in termination proceedings. TEX. FAM.CODE § 107.013(a)(1); see Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 33-34, 101 S. Ct.
2153.

       Neither the Family Code passed by our Legislature nor the procedural and appellate rules promulgated and
applied by our courts deny parents fair notice and the right to be heard in parental-termination cases. The U.S.
Supreme Court has recognized that, "[i]n assessing what process is due ... substantial weight must be given to the
good-faith judgments" of our law makers "that the procedures they have provided assure fair consideration of
entitlement claims of individuals." Eldridge, 424 U.S. at 349, 96 S. Ct. 893. Here, our Legislature has carefully
constructed a statutory scheme governing how courts

Page 307

shall conduct termination proceedings. In that scheme, though the Legislature has expressly provided certain
procedures that differ from other civil cases, see TEX. FAM.CODE §§ 107.013(a)(1), 161.001, it has chosen not to
preclude application of our procedural and appellate rules in parental-termination cases. Therefore, substantial
weight should be given to the Legislature's good-faith judgment when deciding these cases. See Eldridge, 424 U.S. at
349, 96 S. Ct. 893.

      B. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

       As the Court recognizes, the parents complain that their counsel's failure to object to the charge and other
alleged mistakes rendered his assistance ineffective. Assuming the parents may raise this contention, and assuming
they may do so for the first time on appeal, the Court correctly concludes that the assistance in this case was not
ineffective. In fact, even assuming the parents can overcome the strong presumption that their counsel's
performance was reasonable, there is no reasonable probability that, but for their counsel's unprofessional errors, the
result of this termination proceeding would have been different. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687,
104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984); Garcia v. State, 57 S.W.3d 436, 440 (Tex.Crim.App.2001).

       As discussed at length in the Court's opinion, the jury heard abundant evidence that supports a conclusion that
termination is in the children's best interest. Further, given the all evidence the jury considered from numerous
sources and witnesses, the counsel's alleged mistakes do not raise even "a probability sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S. Ct. 2052. Thus, the assistance of the parents' counsel
in this case was not ineffective.

      C. THE COURT'S WRITINGS
       The Court engages in procedural gymnastics to avoid answering the constitutional question in this case. While
Rule 279 may indeed resolve the specific alleged problem with the jury charge in this case, the Court refuses to
answer the threshold procedural due process question and does not analyze the due process issue under the U.S.
Supreme Court's guidelines for ascertaining the process due in termination proceedings. See Santosky, 455 U.S. at
754, 102 S. Ct. 1388; Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 27, 101 S. Ct. 2153. Because the Court does not answer the threshold
constitutional question, the Court's writing leaves little guidance for practitioners and lower courts for how to
determine if our error preservation rules violate due process when applied to other types of unpreserved errors.
Undoubtedly, the Court must eventually resolve this issue, as there will not be a Rule 279 "band-aid" for every
unpreserved trial error in parental-termination cases.

      JUSTICE HANKINSON'S fundamental error analysis is no more compelling. The fundamental-error analysis
disregards that the parents' due process claim here relates to our procedures about preserving error for appeal. And,
the U.S. Supreme Court has dictated how courts must determine what process is due a parent. Santosky, 455 U.S. at
754, 102 S. Ct. 1388; Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 27, 101 S. Ct. 2153. However, rather than conduct this analysis, the dissent
contends that our common law doctrine of fundamental error applies. But this disregards the true nature--and
danger--of Texas's fundamental error jurisprudence.

       Historically, courts have applied fundamental error in civil cases under very limited circumstances. Typically, as
the dissent recognizes, the concept of fundamental error is expressed in our jurisprudence

Page 308.

holding that subject-matter jurisdiction may be raised at any time. See, e.g., Texas Ass'n of Bus. v. Texas Air Control
Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 445 (Tex.1993). However, the other types of civil cases applying fundamental error--the cases
involving "public-interest-based" issues--are rare. Again, as the dissent recognizes, this Court has often declined to
apply fundamental-error review, recently doing so in a case in which a child's welfare and constitutional issues were
raised. See, e.g., Texas Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs. v. Sherry, 46 S.W.3d 857, 861 (Tex.2001).

       Perhaps the Court has not applied fundamental-error review in many cases, because the concept is nebulous
and imprecise. This Court has held that fundamental error exists if the error "directly and adversely affects the
interest of the public generally, as that interest is declared in the statutes or Constitution of this state." Ramsey v.
Dunlop, 146 Tex. 196, 205 S.W.2d 979, 983 (1947). But under this test, an argument may be made under almost
any statute that public policy favors reviewing the unpreserved issue.

       Moreover, under the dissent's analysis, if courts can review unpreserved jury-charge errors based on the
Family Code expressing a public policy that the child's best interest is of primary concern, then courts can review any
unpreserved error in parental-termination cases. In other words, a logical extension of the dissent's applying
fundamental-error review here is that appellate courts must review any unpreserved error in a parental-termination
case, because any error could affect the public's overarching concern with the child's best interest. Thus,
fundamental-error review results in a slippery slope that, for all the reasons under the Eldridge factors adopted in
Lassiter and discussed above, would cause more harm than good in termination cases.

            III. CONCLUSION

      The question the Court is asked to answer today is whether due process requires an appellate court to review
unpreserved errors in the jury charge. The answer is "no." I cannot join the Court's opinion, because it declines to
answer this question and instead relies on a procedural rule that gives no guidance for future cases. Moreover, the
parents raised other issues the court of appeals did not consider, including a challenge to the factual sufficiency of
the evidence. Accordingly, the court of appeals' judgment should be reversed and remanded to that court for further
proceedings.

---------

Notes:
[1]
      57 S.W.3d 66.

[2]
      See TEX. FAM.CODE § 262.104.

[3]
      See TEX. FAM.CODE § 262.105.

[4]
      See TEX. FAM.CODE § 262.201.

[5]
      57 S.W.3d at 72.

[6]
      Id. at 73.

[7]
      Id.

[8]
      Id. at 73-74.

[9]
      57 S.W.3d at 75-76 (Gray, J., dissenting).

[10]
    Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 279, embodying these concepts, was promulgated in 1941. It essentially tracked the holding in Wichita
Falls & Oklahoma Railway Co. v. Pepper, 134 Tex. 360, 135 S.W.2d 79 (1940).

[11]
       Rule 279 provides:

Upon appeal all independent grounds of recovery or of defense not conclusively established under the evidence and no element of which is
submitted or requested are waived. When a ground of recovery or defense consists of more than one element, if one or more of such
elements necessary to sustain such ground of recovery or defense, and necessarily referable thereto, are submitted to and found by the
jury, and one or more of such elements are omitted from the charge, without request or objection, and there is factually sufficient evidence
to support a finding thereon, the trial court, at the request of either party, may after notice and hearing and at any time before the
judgment is rendered, make and file written findings on such omitted element or elements in support of the judgment. If no such written
findings are made, such omitted element or elements shall be deemed found by the court in such manner as to support the judgment. A
claim that the evidence was legally or factually insufficient to warrant the submission of any question may be made for the first time after
verdict, regardless of whether the submission of such question was requested by the complainant.

TEX.R. CIV. P. 279.

[12]
       See id.

[13]
       Id.

[14]
    See Ramos v. Frito-Lay, Inc., 784 S.W.2d 667, 668 (Tex.1990) (holding that "[i]f the omitted element ... is supported by some evidence,
we must deem it found against Frito-Lay under Rule 279") (citing Payne v. Snyder, 661 S.W.2d 134, 142 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 1983, writ ref'd
n.r.e.) and Freedom Homes of Texas, Inc. v. Dickinson, 598 S.W.2d 714, 717 (Tex.Civ.App.-Corpus Christi 1980, writ ref'd n.r.e.)).

[15]
       Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 769, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982); In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d 846, 847 (Tex.1980).

[16]
   See, e.g., State v. Addington, 588 S.W.2d 569, 570 (Tex.1979) (following Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418, 431-32, 99 S. Ct. 1804, 60
L. Ed. 2d 323 (1979)) (defining the standard in a case in which involuntary commitment of an individual to a state mental hospital was
sought); Bentley v. Bunton, 94 S.W.3d 561, 597 (Tex.2002) (defining "clear and convincing evidence" in a defamation case); Huckabee v.
Time Warner Entm't Co., 19 S.W.3d 413, 422 (Tex.2000) (same).

[17]
    See Act of June 14, 1983, 68th Leg., R.S., ch. 298, § 2, 1983 Tex. Gen. Laws 1554, 1555 (former TEX. FAM.CODE § 11.15) recodified by
Act of April 20, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 20, § 1, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 113, 212 (current version at TEX. FAM.CODE §§ 161.001(1), (2)).
[18]
    TEX. FAM.CODE § 101.007; In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex.2002) (discussing this Court's and the Legislature's use of the same
definition of "clear and convincing evidence"); see also Bentley v. Bunton, 94 S.W.3d at 597 (defining "clear and convincing evidence" in a
defamation case) (citing Huckabee v. Time Warner Entertainment Co., 19 S.W.3d at 422); State v. Addington, 588 S.W.2d at 570 (defining
the standard in a case in which involuntary commitment of an individual to a state mental hospital was sought).

[19]
       See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25 n. 1; see also Bentley v. Bunton, 94 S.W.3d at 577.

[20]
       In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25.

[21]
       Id.

[22]
       Id. at 26.

[23]
       Id. at 25.

[24]
       Id. (citations omitted).

[25]
   Formosa Plastics Corp. U.S.A. v. Presidio Eng'rs & Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 48 (Tex.1998) (citing Continental Coffee Products
Co. v. Cazarez, 937 S.W.2d 444, 450 (Tex.1996) and Browning-Ferris, Inc. v. Reyna, 865 S.W.2d 925, 928 (Tex.1993)).

[26]
       443 U.S. 307, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979).

[27]
       362 U.S. 199, 80 S. Ct. 624, 4 L. Ed. 2d 654 (1960).

[28]
    Jackson, 443 U.S. at 320, 99 S. Ct. 2781 (quoting Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 U.S. 184, 202, 84 S. Ct. 1676, 12 L. Ed. 2d 793 (1964) (Warren,
C.J., dissenting)).

[29]
       Id.

[30]
       Id.

[31]
       Id. at 320 n. 14 (citations omitted).

[32]
       See generally Stewart v. Coalter, 48 F.3d 610, 613-14 (1st Cir.1995).

[33]
    This standard is similar, but not identical, to the formulation used by federal courts in criminal cases to determine whether the defendant
is entitled to a directed verdict of acquittal under the reasonable doubt standard of proof. See generally Curley v. United States, 160 F.2d
229, 232-33 (D.C.Cir.1947); United States v. Taylor, 464 F.2d 240, 243 (2nd Cir.1972); see also 2A WRIGHT & MILLER, FEDERAL PRACTICE
AND PROCEDURE § 467 (3rd ed.2000).

[34]
    See Southwest Key Program, Inc. v. Gil-Perez, 81 S.W.3d 269, 270 (Tex.2002) (rendering judgment against the plaintiff in a negligence
case when there was legally insufficient evidence of proximate cause); Vista Chevrolet, Inc. v. Lewis, 709 S.W.2d 176, 176-77 (Tex.1986)
(holding that rendition is proper when a no evidence point is sustained); see also In re D.T., 34 S.W.3d 625, 642 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2000,
pet. denied) (partially rendering judgment for the parents in a termination case because the evidence was legally insufficient to support
findings on two statutory grounds for termination).

[35]
       In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex.2002).

[36]
       Id.

[37]
   The parameters of legal and factual sufficiency that we have set forth for parental termination cases differ to some degree from those
adopted by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals for criminal cases. See, e.g., Vasquez v. State, 67 S.W.3d 229, 236 (Tex.Crim.App.2002).
[38]
       89 S.W.3d 17 (Tex.2002).

[39]
    See W.B. v. Tex. Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 82 S.W.3d 739, 741 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2002, no pet.); In re J.M.M., 80
S.W.3d 232, 240 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2002, pet. denied); In re A.L.S., 74 S.W.3d 173, 178 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2002, no pet.); In re R.G., 61
S.W.3d 661, 667 (Tex.App.-Waco 2001, no pet.); In re I.V., 61 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2001, no pet.); In re L.S.R., 60
S.W.3d 376, 378 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2001, pet. denied); In re A.V., 57 S.W.3d 51, 61-62 (Tex.App.-Waco 2001, pet. granted); In re
J.O.C., 47 S.W.3d 108, 113 (Tex.App.-Waco 2001, no pet.); In re A.P., 42 S.W.3d 248, 256 (Tex.App.-Waco 2001, no pet.); In re V.R.W., 41
S.W.3d 183, 190 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, no pet.); In re J.M.T., 39 S.W.3d 234, 238 (Tex.App.-Waco 1999, no pet.); Leal v.
Tex. Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 25 S.W.3d 315, 321 (Tex.App.-Austin 2000, no pet.) (stating that a heightened standard
applies, but actually applying "more than a scintilla" standard); In re P.R., 994 S.W.2d 411, 415 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1999, pet. dism'd
w.o.j.); In re J.N.R., 982 S.W.2d 137, 142 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, no pet.); In re W.A.B., 979 S.W.2d 804, 806 (Tex.App.-
Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, pet. denied); Hann v. Tex. Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 969 S.W.2d 77, 82 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1998,
pet. denied); In re D.L.N., 958 S.W.2d 934, 936 (Tex.App.-Waco 1997, pet. denied); In re B.R., 950 S.W.2d 113, 119 (Tex.App.-El Paso
1997, no writ); Lucas v. Tex. Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 949 S.W.2d 500, 502 (Tex.App.-Waco 1997, writ denied); Edwards v.
Tex. Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 946 S.W.2d 130, 137 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1997, no writ); Spurlock v. Tex. Dep't of Protective &
Regulatory Servs., 904 S.W.2d 152, 155-56 (Tex.App.-Austin 1995, writ denied); In re J.F., 888 S.W.2d 140, 141 (Tex.App.-Tyler 1994, no
writ); In re A.D.E., 880 S.W.2d 241, 245 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1994, no writ); D.O. v. Tex. Dep't of Human Servs., 851 S.W.2d 351, 353
(Tex.App.-Austin 1993, no writ); In re L.R.M., 763 S.W.2d 64, 67 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1989, no writ).

[40]
   In re C.D.B., 94 S.W.3d 306, 308-09 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2002, no pet. h.); In re W.C., 56 S.W.3d 863, 867-68 (Tex.App.-Houston
[14th Dist.] 2001, no pet.); Rodriguez v. Tex. Dep't of Human Servs., 737 S.W.2d 25, 26-27 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1987, no writ); Subia v. Tex.
Dep't of Human Servs., 750 S.W.2d 827, 831 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1988, no writ); Neiswander v. Bailey, 645 S.W.2d 835, 836 (Tex.App.-Dallas
1982, no writ).

[41]
       89 S.W.3d at 25.

[42]
   Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton, 491 U.S. 657, 685-86, 109 S. Ct. 2678, 105 L. Ed. 2d 562 (1989); Bose Corp. v.
Consumers Union, 466 U.S. 485, 515-16, 104 S. Ct. 1949, 80 L. Ed. 2d 502 (1984).

[43]
       Cooper Indus., Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc., 532 U.S. 424, 436, 121 S. Ct. 1678, 149 L. Ed. 2d 674 (2001).

[44]
       491 U.S. at 685-86, 109 S. Ct. 2678.

[45]
       466 U.S. at 515-16, 104 S. Ct. 1949.

[46]
       768 S.W.2d 273 (Tex.1989).

[47]
       764 S.W.2d 220, 223 (Tex.1988).

[48]
       Garza, 768 S.W.2d at 275-76.

[49]
       Brown, 764 S.W.2d at 223.

[50]
       Garza, 768 S.W.2d at 276.

[51]
       U.S. CONST. amend. XIV, § 1.

[52]
       TEX. CONST. art. I, § 19.

[53]
       455 U.S. 745, 753-54, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982).

[54]
       Id. at 754, 102 S. Ct. 1388 (quoting Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335, 96 S. Ct. 893, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18 (1976)).

[55]
       Id.
[56]
       Id. at 758-59, 102 S. Ct. 1388.

[57]
       Id. at 759, 102 S. Ct. 1388.

[58]
       Id.

[59]
       Id. at 754, 102 S. Ct. 1388.

[60]
       In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex.2002).

[61]
       455 U.S. at 754, 102 S. Ct. 1388.

[62]
       See 96 S.W.3d at 307 (SCHNEIDER, J., dissenting).

[63]
       See id. at 291 (HANKINSON, J., dissenting).

[64]
       See id. at 298 (HANKINSON, J., dissenting).

[65]
    See Ramos v. Frito-Lay, Inc., 784 S.W.2d 667, 668 (Tex.1990) (holding that "[i]f the omitted element ... is supported by some evidence,
we must deem it found against Frito-Lay under Rule 279") (citing Payne v. Snyder, 661 S.W.2d 134, 142 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 1983, writ ref'd
n.r.e.) and Freedom Homes of Texas, Inc. v. Dickinson, 598 S.W.2d 714, 717 (Tex.Civ.App.-Corpus Christi 1980, writ ref'd n.r.e.)).

[66]
       TEX.R. CIV. P. 279.

[67]
       Id.

[68]
   TEX.R. CIV. P. 299; see also Wisdom v. Smith, 146 Tex. 420, 209 S.W.2d 164, 166-67 (1948); Page v. Cent. Bank & Trust Co., 548
S.W.2d 802, 804 (Tex.Civ.App.-Eastland 1977, no writ); Gulf States Theatres of Tex. v. Hayes, 534 S.W.2d 406, 407 (Tex.Civ.App.-
Beaumont 1976, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Go Int'l, Inc. v. Big-Tex Crude Oil Co., 531 S.W.2d 208, 210 (Tex.Civ.App.-Eastland 1975, no writ); Ives v.
Watson, 521 S.W.2d 930, 934 (Tex.Civ.App.-Beaumont 1975, writ ref'd n.r.e.).

[69]
    From 1941 until 1988, Rule 279 provided that if "there is evidence to support a finding," omitted findings would be "deemed as found by
the court in such manner as to support the judgment." When that rule was amended in 1988, there was no indication in the record of the
rules proceedings that revised Rule 279 was to meant to change the prerequisite of "evidence," which was maintained in Rule 299, to
"factually sufficient" evidence with respect to deemed findings. But see Kilgarlin, Practicing Law in the "New Age": The 1988 Amendments to
the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, 19 TEX. TECH. L.REV. 881, 916 (1988).

[70]
       See TEX.R.APP. P. 33.1; see also TEX.R. CIV. P. 279.

[71]
    We express no opinion with regard to the holdings on this issue in the courts of appeals. See In re M.S., 73 S.W.3d 537, 542 (Tex.App.-
Beaumont 2002, pet. granted) (holding that a sufficiency challenge must be preserved in the trial court in a parental termination case to be
reviewed on appeal); In re G.C., 66 S.W.3d 517, 527 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2002, no pet. h.) (same); In re I.V., 61 S.W.3d 789, 794
(Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2001, no pet.) (same); In re J.M.S., 43 S.W.3d 60, 62 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, no pet.) (same); In re
C.E.M., 64 S.W.3d 425, 428 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, no pet.) (same); In re A.P., 42 S.W.3d 248, 256 (Tex.App.-Waco 2001, no
pet.) (holding that a factual sufficiency complaint in a parental termination case may be reviewed even though it was not preserved in the
trial court); In re A.V., 57 S.W.3d 51, 56 (Tex.App.-Waco 2001, pet. granted) (same).

[72]
   The jury was instructed only that "[t]he same ten or more of you must agree upon all of the answers made and to the entire verdict." As
can be seen from the charge, quoted in Section II, supra, the only questions to be answered were whether the parent-child relationships
should be terminated.

[73]
       TEX.R.APP. P. 44.1(a).
[74]
    The first order, a status hearing order, was signed on December 23, 1997. The next three orders, all permanency hearing orders, were
signed on April 28, 1998, August 18, 1998, and December 15, 1998.

[75]
   The first order (signed in December 1997) did not order the mother to pay any child support, but ordered the father to pay $100. The
remaining three orders directed each parent to pay $100.

[76]
   The parents had undergone individual psychological testing in 1997, before the children were removed, pursuant to the initial Child
Safety Evaluation and Plan that CPS had implemented in April 1997. The psychiatric evaluations ordered after removal were to be new,
additional evaluations that were distinct from the previous psychological testing.

[77]
    In re A.R.R., 61 S.W.3d 691, 695 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2001, pet. denied) (Sixth Amendment); In re B.B., 971 S.W.2d 160, 172
(Tex.App.-Beaumont 1998, pet. denied) (holding that the Sixth Amendment right does not extend to parental termination cases, although
the parent contended the right to effective counsel stemmed from TEX. FAM.CODE § 107.013); Arteaga v. Tex. Dep't of Protective &
Regulatory Servs., 924 S.W.2d 756, 762 (Tex.App.-Austin 1996, writ denied) (Sixth Amendment); In re J.F., 888 S.W.2d 140, 143 (Tex.App.-
Tyler 1994, no writ) (Sixth Amendment); Krasniqi v. Dallas County Child Protective Servs. Unit of Tex. Dep't of Human Servs., 809 S.W.2d
927, 931 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1991, writ denied) (Due process and equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment); Posner v. Dallas County
Child Welfare Unit of the Tex. Dep't of Human Servs., 784 S.W.2d 585, 588 (Tex.App.-Eastland 1990, writ denied) (holding that "the
constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel" does not extend to parental termination proceedings without identifying any specific
constitutional provision); Howell v. Dallas County Child Welfare Unit, 710 S.W.2d 729, 734-35 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1986, writ ref'd n.r.e.).

[78]
       In re J.M.S., 43 S.W.3d 60, 62-63 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, no pet.).

[79]
       TEX. FAM.CODE § 107.103.

[80]
       In re B.L.D., 56 S.W.3d 203, 211-12 (Tex.App.-Waco 2001, pet. granted).

[81]
   In re Oghenekevebe, 123 N.C.App. 434, 473 S.E.2d 393, 396 (Ct.App.1996) (basing right on a statute); In re A.R.S., 480 N.W.2d 888,
891 (Iowa 1992) (holding that the test for ineffective assistance of counsel in termination cases is generally the same as in criminal
proceedings); In re Adoption of T.M.F., 392 Pa.Super. 598, 573 A.2d 1035, 1041 (1990) (holding that "[t]he constitutional rights in a
termination proceeding ... are derived from the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment of the United States Constitution and not
the sixth amendment"); In re Simon, 171 Mich.App. 443, 431 N.W.2d 71, 74 (Ct.App.1988) (basing right on a statute).

[82]
       466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984).

[83]
       Id. at 686, 104 S. Ct. 2052.

[84]
       Id. at 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052.

[85]
       Id. at 688, 104 S. Ct. 2052.

[86]
       Id. at 689, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (alteration in original).

[87]
       Id.

[88]
       Id.

[89]
       Id. (quoting Michel v. Louisiana, 350 U.S. 91, 101, 76 S. Ct. 158, 100 L. Ed. 83 (1955)).

[90]
       Id. at 690, 104 S. Ct. 2052.

[91]
       Id.

[92]
       Id. at 691, 104 S. Ct. 2052.
[93]
       Id. at 693, 104 S. Ct. 2052.

[94]
       Id.

[95]
       Id.

[96]
       Id. at 694, 104 S. Ct. 2052.

[97]
       Id.

[98]
       Id. at 696, 104 S. Ct. 2052.

[99]
       Id.

[100]
        See TEX.R. CIV. P. 279.

[101]
        Strickland, 466 U.S. at 699, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (quoting Michel v. Louisiana, 350 U.S. 91, 101, 76 S. Ct. 158, 100 L. Ed. 83 (1955)).

[102]
      See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 731-32, 113 S. Ct. 1770, 123 L. Ed. 2d 508 (1993) (holding that under Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 52(b), "plain error" in a jury charge may be considered by an appellate court although it was not brought to the attention of the
trial court); Pondexter v. State, 942 S.W.2d 577, 588 (Tex.Crim.App.1996); Green v. State, 934 S.W.2d 92, 108 (Tex.Crim.App.1996);
Ransom v. State, 920 S.W.2d 288, 303 (Tex.Crim.App.1994); Jackson v. State, 898 S.W.2d 896, 899 (Tex.Crim.App.1995).

[103]
      See State v. Santana, 444 S.W.2d 614, 615 (Tex.1969) (holding that a jury charge submitting preponderance of the evidence as the
burden of proof was error that could be raised for the first time on appeal), vacated on other grounds, 397 U.S. 596, 90 S. Ct. 1350, 25
L. Ed. 2d 594 (1970); R.A.M. v. State, 599 S.W.2d 841, 844-45 (Tex.Civ.App.-San Antonio 1980, no writ).

[104]
        802 S.W.2d 647 (Tex.1990).

[105]
        Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690, 104 S. Ct. 2052.

[106]
        455 U.S. 745, 769, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982).

[1]
   See, e.g., Hill v. Sherwood, 488 So. 2d 1357, 1359 (Ala.1986) (court may consider unpreserved error in closing argument only when so
grossly improper and highly prejudicial so as to be beyond corrective action by trial court); Holiday Inns of Am., Inc. v. Peck, 520 P.2d 87,
90 (Alaska 1974) (court will consider " 'plain error' that is likely to result in a miscarriage of justice"); Hale v. Morgan, 22 Cal. 3d 388, 149
Cal. Rptr. 375, 584 P.2d 512, 516 (1978) (consideration of points not raised below permitted for important matters of public policy in which
pure question of law is presented); Scheer v. Cromwell, 158 Colo. 427, 407 P.2d 344, 345 (1965) (in rare cases, court will notice manifest
error); Collins v. Colonial Penn Ins. Co., 257 Conn. 718, 778 A.2d 899, 906 n. 14 (2001) (court will consider plain error when it is in the
interest of the public welfare or justice between the parties); Wolhar v. General Motors Corp., 734 A.2d 161, 161, 1999 WL 485435
(Del.1999) (plain error is that which jeopardizes the fairness and integrity of the trial process); Newell v. District of Columbia, 741 A.2d 28,
34 (D.C.1999) (reversal for plain error when apparent from the face of the record that a miscarriage of justice has occurred); Murphy v.
International Robotic Sys., 766 So. 2d 1010, 1027 (Fla.2000) (court can consider unobjected-to, improper closing argument only when raised
in a motion for new trial although rules require objection at trial); Foskey v. Foskey, 257 Ga. 736, 363 S.E.2d 547, 548 (1988) (listing types
of cases in which court will reverse judgment based on unpreserved jury-charge error); Trucking Co. v. Board of Water Supply, 97 Hawai'i
450, 40 P.3d 73, 81 (2002) (appellate court has discretion to notice plain error in civil cases when justice requires); Hecla Mining Co. v. Star-
Morning Mining Co., 122 Idaho 778, 839 P.2d 1192, 1197 (1992) (recognizing plain or fundamental error); Gillespie v. Chrysler Motors Corp.,
135 Ill. 2d 363, 142 Ill. Dec. 777, 553 N.E.2d 291, 297 (1990) (plain error considered when litigant cannot receive a fair trial and judicial
process would deteriorate); Manns v. Skolnik, 666 N.E.2d 1236, 1241 (Ind.Ct.App.1996) (court will consider error that is substantial blatant
violation of principles rendering the trial unfair); Berg v. Zummo, 786 So. 2d 708, 716 n. 5 (La.2001) (court will consider "plain and
fundamental error" in jury instructions); Reno v. Townsend, 704 A.2d 309, 311 (Me.1997) (obvious error affects fairness of proceedings);
Squibb v. R.M. Bradley & Co., 40 Mass.App.Ct. 914, 661 N.E.2d 1352, 1353 (1996) (plain error is that which results in manifest injustice);
Napier v. Jacobs, 429 Mich. 222, 414 N.W.2d 862, 871 (1987) (plain error is that which results in manifest miscarriage of justice); Alpha Gulf
Coast, Inc. v. Jackson, 801 So. 2d 709, 727 (Miss.2001) (to reverse for plain error, court must find error and harm); Stanziale v. Musick, 370
S.W.2d 261, 269 (Mo.1963) (court will reverse for manifest injustice or miscarriage of justice); State ex. rel State Comp. Mut. Ins. Fund v.
Berg, 279 Mont. 161, 927 P.2d 975, 982 (1996) (plain-error doctrine permits review of error that results in substantial injustice); Barks v.
Cosgriff Co., 247 Neb. 660, 529 N.W.2d 749, 754 (1995) (court will reach the merits of plain error in jury charge); Sunrise Manor Town
Protective Ass'n v. City of N. Las Vegas, 91 Nev. 713, 541 P.2d 1102, 1104 (1975) (plain error is so substantial as to result in injustice);
Fertile ex. rel. Fertile v. St. Michael's Med. Ctr., 169 N.J. 481, 779 A.2d 1078, 1085 (2001) (the standard for plain error is whether error had
clear capacity for producing unjust result); Chavez v. Board of County Comm'rs., 130 N.M. 753, 31 P.3d 1027, 1039 (Ct.App.2001)
(fundamental error applies, for example, when there is no jurisdiction or issue is a matter of public interest affecting large number of
people); Elezaj v. P.J. Carlin Constr. Co., 89 N.Y.2d 992, 657 N.Y.S.2d 399, 679 N.E.2d 638, 638 (1997) (only intermediate appellate court
has discretion to review unpreserved error); Rau v. Kirschenman, 208 N.W.2d 1, 9 (N.D.1973)(recognizing exception to preservation rules
for fundamental error that is highly prejudicial) (on petition for rehearing); Goldfuss v. Davidson, 79 Ohio St. 3d 116, 679 N.E.2d 1099, 1103
(1997) (reversing plain error when, if uncorrected, it would undermine public confidence in judiciary); Sullivan v. Forty-Second West Corp.,
961 P.2d 801, 803 (Okla.1998) (fundamental error has a substantial effect on rights of one or more of the parties); Hotelling v. Walther, 174
Or. 381, 148 P.2d 933, 934 (1944) (plain error is error apparent on the record); Wuest ex. rel. Carver v. McKennan Hosp., 619 N.W.2d 682,
691 (S.D.2000) (errors must be obvious and substantial); Salt Lake City v. Ohms, 881 P.2d 844, 847 (Utah 1994) (court can review
unpreserved error when exceptional circumstances exist); In re Maher, 132 Vt. 560, 326 A.2d 142, 144 (1974) (court will review errors so
grave and serious as to strike to the heart of constitutional rights); Conner v. Universal Utils., 105 Wash.2d 168, 712 P.2d 849, 851 (1986)
(court may review unpreserved issue regarding denial of procedural due process on appeal); Sheetz, Inc. v. Bowles Rice McDavid Graff &
Love, PLLC, 209 W.Va. 318, 547 S.E.2d 256, 273 (2001) (error must be plain, affect substantial rights, and seriously affect fairness of judicial
proceedings); Hatch v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 930 P.2d 382, 391 (Wyo.1997) (court must be able to discern error from record that
affects substantial rights).

[1]
    The Family Service Plan is the trial court's order specifying the actions the parents had to take for the Department to return the children
to their custody. See TEX. FAM.CODE § 161.001(1)( o).
In re M.A.F., 052810 TXCA12, 12-08-00231-CV
IN THE INTEREST OF M.A.F., A CHILD
No. 12-08-00231-CV
Court of Appeals of Texas, Twelfth District, Tyler
May 28, 2010
       APPEAL FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW RUSK COUNTY, TEXAS.
 Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Griffith, J., and Hoyle, J.
 MEMORANDUM OPINION
 Sam Griffith, Justice
       Appellant Stephen Freeman appeals the trial court's order modifying the parent-child
relationship. Stephen presents four issues. We reverse and render in part, modify in part, and
affirm as modified in part.
Background
       Stephen and Amber Freeman were divorced on March 19, 2003 and are the parents of
M.A.F., born April 18, 2000. In the divorce decree, the trial court appointed Stephen and Amber
joint managing conservators of M.A.F. Amber was granted the exclusive right to establish the
child’s primary residence within Rusk County, Texas, and all contiguous counties. The trial court
ordered that Stephen have possession of M.A.F. every other weekend beginning Friday afternoon
and ending at 7:30 p.m. the following Sunday. During weeks in which Stephen was entitled to a
weekend period of possession, he had possession of M.A.F. from Monday afternoon until Tuesday
morning, and again from Wednesday afternoon until Thursday morning. During weeks in which
Stephen was not entitled to a weekend period of possession, he had possession of M.A.F. from
Tuesday afternoon until Wednesday morning, and again from Thursday afternoon until Friday
morning. Further, Stephen was ordered to pay child support to Amber. On June 25, 2004, the trial
court signed an order (the “2004 order”) to modify the parent-child relationship. Pursuant to a
mediated settlement agreement, the trial court ordered that Stephen’s weekend visitation be
extended to allow him to return M.A.F. on Monday morning at either the day care facility or school
where the child was currently enrolled.
       On November 16, 2005, Stephen filed a petition to modify the parent-child relationship
stating that the order to be modified was the final decree of divorce rendered on March 19, 2003.
He cited changed circumstances as the reason for the modification. Stephen requested that he be
appointed the person with the right to designate M.A.F.’s primary residence and to receive child
support.
       In an affidavit attached to the petition to modify, Stephen stated that the facts in the affidavit
were within his personal knowledge and were true and correct. His affidavit included several
allegations against Amber including that she was mentally and emotionally unstable, and was
abusing alcohol and prescription drugs to the point of passing out in her residence while she had
possession of the child. He also stated that Amber had violated the trial court’s order regarding
persons of the opposite sex. In conjunction with his petition to modify, Stephen also requested
enforcement of the terms of possession and order to appear, alleging that Amber had failed to
comply with the terms of the permanent injunction contained in the decree of divorce regarding
overnight adult guests of the opposite sex.
       On June 20, 2006, Amber filed a counter petition to modify the parent-child relationship,
alleging changed circumstances since the date of the signing of the mediated settlement
agreement on which the 2004 order was based, and that the modification was in the child’s best
interest. She requested that Stephen’s periods of possession be modified and limited to conform
to a standard possession order, and that the support payments previously ordered should be
increased. She also requested attorney’s fees, costs, and expenses. On October 22, 2007,
Stephen nonsuited all of his claims for affirmative relief. In the affidavit attached to the nonsuit, he
stated that the previous affidavit was executed in good faith, but that he realized the information
upon which it was based was incorrect. He “recanted” the statements in his previous affidavit.
       On November 13, 2007, the trial court held a hearing on Amber’s petition to modify. During
the hearing, Amber elected not to pursue her claim to increase or modify child support. On March
5, 2008, the trial court signed an order to modify, finding that Stephen’s initial suit was without
merit; that the material allegations in Amber’s counter petition were true; that the circumstances of
the child, a conservator, or other party affected by the order had materially and substantially
changed; and that modification was in the best interest of the child. The trial court appointed
Amber and Stephen as joint managing conservators of the child with Amber having the exclusive
right to designate M.A.F.’s primary residence. Stephen was given possession of the child pursuant
to a standard possession order. Because the trial court found that Stephen’s initial suit was without
merit, it also found good cause existed to award Amber attorney’s fees, expenses, and costs in the
amount of $12, 287.00. The trial court found that Amber’s attorney’s fees and costs were incurred
in connection with the initial suit and were in the nature of child support.
       Stephen filed a motion for new trial and, after a hearing, the trial court denied his motion. The
trial court also filed findings of facts and conclusions of law. This appeal followed.
Modification
       In his first issue, Stephen contends that the trial court abused its discretion in modifying his
visitation because the evidence was legally and factually insufficient to support Amber’s
allegations of changed circumstances.
Standard of Review
       In an appeal of a judgment rendered after a bench trial, the trial court’s findings of fact have
the same weight as a jury’s verdict. In re K.R.P., 80 S.W.3d 669, 673 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st
Dist.] 2002, pet. denied). Findings may be overturned only if they are so against the great weight
and preponderance of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. Ortiz v. Jones, 917 S.W.2d
770, 772 (Tex. 1996). However, when an appellate record contains a reporter’s record, findings of
fact are not conclusive on appeal if the contrary is established as a matter of law or if there is no
evidence to support the finding. Material P’ships, Inc. v. Ventura, 102 S.W.3d 252, 257 (Tex.
App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. denied). We review the trial court’s conclusions of law de
novo. Id. The standard of review for conclusions of law is whether they are correct. Id. We will
uphold conclusions of law on appeal if the judgment can be sustained on any legal theory the
evidence supports. Id. Thus, incorrect conclusions of law do not require reversal if the controlling
findings of fact support the judgment under a correct legal theory. Id. A trial court's modification of
conservatorship is reviewed for abuse of discretion. In re P.M.B., 2 S.W.3d 618, 621 (Tex.
App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.). It is an abuse of discretion for a trial court to rule without
supporting evidence. Id. Under an abuse of discretion standard, the legal and factual sufficiency of
the evidence are not independent grounds of error, but are relevant facts in assessing whether the
trial court abused its discretion. In re Ferguson, 927 S.W.2d 766, 769 (Tex. App.–Texarkana 1996,
no writ). In the absence of such a clear abuse of discretion, an appellate court should not
substitute its judgment for that of the trial court. Id.
Applicable Law
       The best interest of the child is the primary consideration in determining conservatorship or
residency of a minor child. Villasenor v. Villasenor, 911 S.W.2d 411, 419 (Tex. App.–San Antonio
1995, no writ). According to section 156.101 of the Texas Family Code, the trial court may modify
an order that provides for the appointment of a conservator of a child, that provides the terms and
conditions of conservatorship, or that provides for the possession of or access to a child. Tex.
Fam. Code Ann. 156.101 (Vernon 2008). However, the court must conclude that modification
would be in the best interest of the child and that the circumstances of the child, a conservator, or
other party affected by the order have materially and substantially changed since the earlier of the
date of the rendition of the order or the date of the signing of a mediated or collaborative law
settlement agreement on which the order is based. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. 156.101.
       Whether there has been a material and substantial change of circumstances affecting the
child is normally to be determined by an examination of the evidence of changed circumstances
occurring between the date of the order or judgment sought to be modified and the date of the
filing of the motion to modify. Gibbs v. Greenwood, 651 S.W.2d 377, 379 (Tex. App.–Austin 1983,
no writ). The moving party must show what material changes have occurred in the intervening
period and the record must contain both historical and current evidence of the relevant
circumstances. Zeifman v. Michels, 212 S.W.3d 582, 589, 594 n.1 (Tex. App.–Austin 2006, pet.
denied). Without both sets of data, the court has nothing to compare and cannot determine
whether a change has occurred. Id. at 594 n.1.
       A court’s determination as to whether a material and substantial change of circumstances
has occurred is not guided by rigid rules and is fact specific. Id. at 593. Further, the policy behind
the requirement of a material and substantial change is to prevent constant relitigation with respect
to children and to attempt to create stability in the conservatorship. Id. at 595. If a circumstance
was contemplated at the time of an original agreement, its eventuality is not a changed
circumstance, but instead an anticipated circumstance that cannot be evidence of a material or
substantial change of circumstances. See Hoffman v. Hoffman, No. 03-03-00062-CV, 2003 WL
22669032, at *6 (Tex. App.–Austin Nov. 13, 2003, no pet.) (mem. op.). Change in the age of a
child may constitute a material change, but an increase in age alone is not a changed
circumstance to justify modification unless changed needs are shown. Zeifman, 212 S.W.3d at
593. Courts have consistently required that a change be proved and that it be shown to be
material and substantial. See e.g., id. at 594-95 (finding no change in circumstances because the
child’s change of age and school were contemplated by an agreement between the parties);
Hoffman, 2003 WL 22669032, at *6 (finding no change because the mother’s move was
anticipated by the parties).
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law
       In its findings of fact, the trial court found as follows:
1. That the material allegations in Amber’s petition to modify filed on June 20, 2006 are true and
correct.2. That the circumstances of the child, a conservator, or person affected by the order
sought to be modified have materially and substantially changed since the order was rendered.3.
That it is in M.A.F.’s best interest that Amber and Stephen be appointed joint managing
conservators, and that Amber have the exclusive right to designate M.A.F.’s primary residence.4.
That the modification order rendered in this cause is in M.A.F.’s best interest.5. That the periods of
possession [should] comply with the standard possession order.6. That Stephen’s petition to
modify the parent-child relationship filed on November 16, 2005 was without merit and was filed
frivolously or was designed to harass Amber.7. That the amount of $12, 287.00, representing
Amber’s attorney’s fees and costs in connection with her defense against Stephen’s suit, is fair,
reasonable, and necessary, and was incurred in relation to the child and in the nature of child
support.8. That any finding of fact that is a conclusion of law shall be deemed a conclusion of law.
       In its conclusions of law, the trial court concluded as follows:
1. Amber and Stephen should be named joint managing conservators of M.A.F. with the rights and
duties stated in the judgment, and Amber should be named as the conservator with the right to
designate M.A.F.’s primary residence.2. Stephen is entitled to periods of possession with M.A.F.
pursuant to the standard possession order as outlined in the judgment.3. The attorney’s fees and
costs incurred by Amber in defense of the petition to modify filed by Stephen on November 16,
2005 are taxed as costs against Stephen as stated in the judgment.
Analysis
       At trial, Amber contended that there were material and substantial changes in the
circumstances affecting the child that warranted modification of the 2004 order. After reviewing the
evidence, we note that Amber’s contentions focused on alleged changes in four areas.
Travel required by visitation schedule.
       Amber stated that she did not want M.A.F. to be a “suitcase kid, ” going from one house to
the next every other day. Amber stated that M.A.F. does not refer to things as being her own, and
that she wants M.A.F. to have a home in one place where she can sit down during the week and
do her homework and activities. According to Amber, she and Stephen live in separate towns, and
it is approximately forty-five minutes from Stephen’s residence to M.A.F.’s school. She did not like
the idea of her child being on the road every other day and explained that it was a safety issue for
her. Amber believes it puts a huge strain on M.A.F. going back and forth, and being in a divorced
family. However, she admitted that at the time of the 2004 order, she knew M.A.F. was going to
get older, that she would be going to school, and that she would be living with divorced parents.
Further, at the time of the 2004 order, Amber admitted that the travel issue existed, that she was
living in Longview, and that she knew Stephen would have to travel to and from Henderson.
       Because the travel issue existed at the time of the 2004 order and Amber anticipated that
M.A.F. would get older and be in school, the travel schedule is not a changed circumstance.
Instead, it is an anticipated circumstance that cannot be evidence of a material and substantial
change of circumstances. See Hoffman, 2003 WL 22669032, at *6.
M.A.F.’s activities.
       Amber stated that it took “tooth and nail” to get M.A.F. enrolled in gymnastics because
Amber and Stephen fought about it. According to Amber, M.A.F. has skipped weekly gymnastics
practices several times during the summer months because Stephen forgot or did not manage to
go to Longview. Amber believed that under a standard possession order, she would be better able
to get M.A.F. to gymnastics practice during the week. Amber stated that M.A.F. was missing out
on things and that she did not want their poor decisions to hurt M.A.F. Amber stated that M.A.F.
was a little girl “coming into her own, ” and that she wanted to experience activities with friends.
Amber testified that these issues were not a problem at the time she agreed to the 2004 order.
       Amber also mentioned soccer as a possible extracurricular activity for M.A.F. However,
Amber admitted that she never asked Stephen to put M.A.F. in soccer. According to Stephen, he
first heard about M.A.F. participating in soccer at Amber’s deposition. Before that date, Amber had
never requested that M.A.F. participate in soccer, nor had he heard M.A.F. say that she wanted to
play soccer. He thought that it was understood, verbally at least, that he would honor whatever
extracurricular activities M.A.F. had or would have.
       In sum, Amber complained that Stephen sometimes forgot about or did not get M.A.F. to
gymnastics practice in the summer. However, she did not elaborate on how often M.A.F. missed
practices or whether Stephen habitually forgot or refused to take M.A.F. to gymnastics. See Fair v.
Davis, 787 S.W.2d 422, 429-30 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1990, no writ) (finding some evidence to support
eliminating Wednesday visitation because children increased in age, began to be involved in piano
and gymnastics, Father had on some occasions refused to take children to activities because he
decided Mother had not made good faith effort to schedule activities at different times, and Father
would not let children practice piano during his visitation). She also stated that M.A.F. wanted to
experience activities with friends, but did not indicate what these activities were, how the visitation
schedule prevented M.A.F. from participating in these activities, or how this was a changed
circumstance. See In re K.T.W., No. 05-08-01416-CV, 2010 WL 716417, at *3 (Tex. App.-Dallas
Mar. 3, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.) (no evidence of material and substantial change where
complaint related to only one extracurricular activity and activity had been rearranged to
accommodate visitation; no other evidence relating to any other scheduling conflicts or difficulties).
Thus, Amber’s testimony is not evidence of a material and substantial change of circumstances.
See Zeifman, 212 S.W.3d at 594-95.
Stephen’s inflexibility.
       Amber acknowledged that she testified in her deposition that she and Stephen had made the
best of the visitation schedule over the past four years, and that they had worked well together for
the most part. She stated that before Stephen filed his petition to modify on November 16, 2005,
they communicated very well. Amber described the tone of the emails they exchanged as “being
very polite.” Amber initially stated that after Stephen filed suit, he became inflexible. She later
stated that he did not become inflexible until after she divorced a former husband in August 2005.
Amber testified further that she and Stephen were at the point where they were not
communicating. Amber’s former husband confirmed that during his marriage to Amber from 2004
to 2005, Stephen was constantly in a dispute with Amber. In a 2007 report, a licensed professional
counselor stated that Amber told him she was concerned about their inability to make decisions
together and that she could not put M.A.F. in gymnastics for nearly a year because Stephen did
not want to sacrifice any time with M.A.F.
       Amber admitted at trial, however, that in recent months, Stephen had become more flexible
regarding M.A.F.’s schedule. Amber’s concern was that she did not believe Stephen would
continue to be flexible and thought he would “go right back to the way things were.” She stated
that the current possession schedule would work only if she and Stephen work well together. From
this testimony it appears that Amber’s only complaint related to Stephen’s possible future
behavior. This is not evidence of a material and substantial change of circumstances. See Zeifman
, 212 S.W.3d at 594-95.
Safety concerns.
       According to Amber, Stephen bought M.A.F. a four wheeler and M.A.F. told her Stephen had
allowed her to ride it without proper head gear. Amber introduced two pictures at trial showing
M.A.F. riding a four wheeler. In one picture, she was wearing a bicycle helmet, and in the other,
she was wearing a dirt bike helmet. Amber objected to M.A.F.’s riding a four wheeler without
proper equipment because she was “scared to death [M.A.F. was] going to have an accident and
get hurt.” Stephen admitted that M.A.F. rode an adult four wheeler once without a helmet. He
stated that M.A.F. used a bicycle helmet immediately after he purchased the four wheeler.
Stephen maintained that otherwise M.A.F. had always worn a dirt bike helmet while riding her four
wheeler. He stated that M.A.F. rode her four wheeler at a camp house and had never been
unsupervised. A family friend stated that M.A.F. rode her four wheeler at her mother’s camp
house, and none of the children were unsupervised. The counselor reported that M.A.F. told him
she received a four wheeler from Stephen and that even though she had a helmet, she did not
wear it.
       Amber also complained that Stephen allowed M.A.F. to shoot a machine gun. Stephen
admitted that he owned a fully automatic.22 caliber machine gun. He allowed M.A.F. to fire it once
at the East Texas Rifle and Pistol Club while she was sitting in his lap and wearing ear protection.
According to the family friend, M.A.F. and her daughter shot machine guns while their fathers held
the guns. However, Amber admitted that she was not requesting that the trial court suspend
Stephen’s possession or charge him with negligent supervision in connection with either the four
wheeler or the machine gun.
       Even though it may be troubling that Stephen allowed M.A.F. to ride a four wheeler without a
helmet and to shoot a machine gun, the evidence relating to these matters does not rise to the
level necessary to show a material and substantial change of circumstances. See id.
Conclusion
       From this evidence and the record as a whole, the trial court could not have reasonably
concluded that the travel required by the visitation schedule, M.A.F.’s activities, Stephen’s alleged
inflexibility, and Amber’s safety concerns constituted a material and substantial change of
circumstances since the 2004 order. See Gibbs, 651 S.W.2d at 379. Therefore, the trial court
abused its discretion in finding that the material allegations in Amber's petition to modify were true.
Because we have determined that the trial court abused its discretion in finding a material and
substantial change of circumstances, it is unnecessary for us to determine whether modification
would be in M.A.F.’s best interest. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. 156.101. Accordingly, we sustain
Stephen’s first issue.
Frivolous Finding
       In his third issue, Stephen contends that the trial court abused its discretion in finding that his
modification suit was filed frivolously and designed to harass Amber, and in awarding attorney’s
fees, because there was no evidence to support the finding. He also argues that the amount
awarded to Amber is incorrect. Amber disagrees.
Applicable Law
       If a trial court finds that a suit for modification is filed frivolously or is designed to harass a
party, the court shall tax attorney’s fees as costs against the offending party. Tex. Fam. Code Ann.
156.005 (Vernon 2008). The standard of review on appeal is abuse of discretion. Warchol v.
Warchol, 853 S.W.2d 165, 169 (Tex. App.–Beaumont 1993, no writ).
Finding of Frivolous Filing
       The trial court determined that Stephen’s petition to modify the parent-child relationship filed
on November 16, 2005 was without merit and was filed frivolously or was designed to harass
Amber. Amber testified that shortly before Stephen filed his petition to modify, she ended a dating
relationship with Richard Williams. Afterwards, Williams began harassing her, making unwanted
telephone calls and leaving messages on the telephone. Amber testified that a message from
Williams left on her answering machine and the allegations in Stephen’s affidavit were identical.
She stated that when a temporary hearing had been scheduled on Stephen’s petition to modify,
she gave the recorded message from Williams to her attorney and authorized him to play it for
Stephen’s attorney. Amber’s attorney testified that eighty percent of his time, court costs, and
expenses were attributable to defending Amber against Stephen’s petition to modify. He stated
that Amber’s attorney’s fees and costs total $12, 934.02, not including his time spent at trial and
$800.00 incurred for the counselor’s recent assessment.
       Stephen stated that he filed the petition to modify based on information provided to him by
Williams. He testified that Williams called him “out of the blue, ” introduced himself, and said that
there were some things he needed to tell Stephen. Stephen was extremely concerned about
Williams’s allegations and requested that his attorney file a petition to modify. However, he never
pursued the petition for emergency relief or tried to obtain temporary custody of M.A.F. Stephen
testified that he and his attorney investigated Williams’s assertions and ultimately discovered that
Williams was apparently trying to get revenge on Amber because she ended their relationship.
Stephen testified that he no longer believed Amber was a junkie, a negligent parent, or mentally
unstable. He also stated that Williams’s being charged and convicted for harassment caused him
not to believe Williams’s assertions. However, he knew that Amber filed a complaint against
Williams either the day that he filed his petition to modify or the day after.
       Stephen admitted that even after he learned of Williams’s motives, he developed various
theories, took depositions, and propounded discovery. Stephen was aware that Amber’s attorney
had played the tape recording containing Williams’s threats for his attorney. Although he could not
recall, he did not disagree that this occurred about one year and ten months before trial. Stephen
was asked why he waited a year and a half after finding out about the tape recording before
nonsuiting his initial petition and revoking his affidavit. In response, he invoked the attorney-client
privilege. He believed that Amber should pay the costs of defending his petition to modify because
he filed it in good faith even though he agreed that she had to defend herself against these
allegations. Stephen knew that his petition to modify was based upon incorrect assertions soon
after he filed his petition to modify, but continued to pursue his suit for almost two years. Thus, the
trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that his suit for modification was filed
frivolously or designed to harass Amber and awarding her attorney’s fees and costs. See Tex.
Fam. Code Ann. 156.005; Warchol, 853 S.W.2d at 169.
Attorney’s Fees
       Stephen also complains that the trial court abused its discretion in determining the amount of
attorney’s fees, arguing that Amber’s attorney testified that the attorney’s fees and costs totaled
$12, 934.00. In its letter ruling before signing the order to modify, the trial court found that the
amount that should be awarded to Amber for attorney’s fees and costs was eighty percent of $15,
359.00, or $12, 287.00. Amber’s attorney testified that his fees and costs totaled $12, 934.02, but
that this amount did not include his time spent at trial or an additional $800.00 incurred for the
counselor’s recent assessment. The record is silent regarding how the trial court determined that
Amber’s attorney’s fees and costs totaled $15, 359.00. However, Stephen failed to object to the
amount of attorney’s fees and costs after the letter ruling.
       As a prerequisite to presenting a complaint for appellate review, the record must show that
the complaint was made to the trial court by a timely request, objection, or motion that stated the
grounds for the ruling that the complaining party sought with sufficient specificity to make the trial
court aware of the complaint. Tex.R.App.P. 33.1(a)(1)(A). Because Stephen did not object to the
amount of the attorney’s fees and costs awarded to Amber, he has waived this argument.
Conclusion
       For the foregoing reasons, we overrule Stephen’s third issue.
Attorney’s Fees as Child Support
       In his fourth issue, Stephen argues that the trial court improperly characterized the award of
attorney’s fees against him as being incurred in relation to the child and in the nature of child
support. Amber contends that both of their petitions to modify sought a modification of child
support. The trial court stated that the amount of $12, 287.00, representing Amber’s attorney’s
fees and costs in connection with her defense against Stephen’s suit, is fair, reasonable, and
necessary, and was incurred in relation to the child and in the nature of child support. We review
the trial court’s conclusion of law de novo. In re Moers, 104 S.W.3d 609, 611 (Tex. App.–Houston
[1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.). Attorney’s fees and costs may not be taxed or characterized as child
support when they are incurred in a suit brought to modify the parent-child relationship that does
not involve the enforcement of a child support obligation. Id.; see also Finley v. May, 154 S.W.3d
196, 199 (Tex. App.–Austin 2004, no pet.).
       Here, neither Stephen’s nor Amber’s petition to modify alleged enforcement of a child
support obligation. In fact, Stephen’s petition requesting a change in child support was nonsuited,
and at trial, Amber elected not to pursue her claim to increase or modify child support. Because
neither petition to modify the parent-child relationship involved enforcement of a child support
obligation, the trial court erred in characterizing the attorney’s fees and costs awarded to Amber as
child support. Accordingly, we sustain Stephen’s fourth issue.
Conclusion
       The trial court abused its discretion in finding that the material allegations in Amber's petition
to modify were true. The trial court did not err in finding that Stephen’s modification suit was filed
frivolously and designed to harass Amber, or in awarding attorney’s fees and costs to Amber. The
trial court erred, however, in characterizing the attorney’s fees and costs awarded to Amber as
child support.
       Accordingly, we reverse the portion of the trial court’s March 5, 2008 order granting Amber’s
petition to modify and render judgment denying the petition. We modify the trial court’s March 5,
2008 order by deleting the beginning of the third sentence in the section entitled “Attorney’s and
Ad Litem Fees” as follows:
IT IS ORDERED that the attorney’s fees, expenses, and costs, which were incurred in relation to
the child, are in the nature of child support, and....
       As modified, we affirm the trial court’s March 5, 2008 order as to the award of attorney’s fees
and costs to Amber. Because we have sustained Stephen’s first issue, we need not address his
second issue regarding extended visitation provisions. See Tex.R.App.P. 47.1.

Citing References :
243 S.W.3d 232 (Tex.App.—Houston (14th Dist.) 2007)
In the Interest of S.R.L. and L.L.
No. 14-06-00659-CV.
Court of Appeals of Texas, Fourteenth District, Houston.
November 8, 2007
     On Appeal from the 387th District Court Fort Bend County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. 05-
CV-143480

243 S.W.3d 233

     Stephen A. Doggett, Robert Leon Thomas, Richmond, for appellants.

     Carey Graham, Ken Bryant, Tami Kay Terry, Richmond, David Perwin, Rosenberg, Duke
Elton Hooten, Austin, Nancy Gene Pofahl, Houston, for appellees.

     Panel consists of Justices Yates, Fowler, and Guzman.

     OPINION

     Leslie B. Yates, Justice

     Appellant Luciano Lopez appeals from the trial court's order terminating his parental rights
to his children S.R.L. and L.L. In five issues, he challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the
evidence supporting the termination findings, claims the trial court failed to render judgment
within the statutory time frame, and asserts that his counsel provided ineffective assistance.
Because we determine the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support a finding that
terminating appellant's parental rights is in the best interest of the children, we reverse and
remand.

      S.R.L. and L.L., ages five and three at the time of the termination hearing, are appellant's
children with a woman named Jessica Lopez, to whom appellant was not married but
coincidentally shared a surname. The Texas Department of Family and Protective Services
(DFPS) became involved with Jessica in 2005 after receiving a report regarding one of Jessica's
children with another man. The two children at issue in this case eventually went to live with
relatives (one with a paternal aunt and the other with a maternal aunt), and Jessica voluntarily
relinquished her parental rights.

     During this time, appellant was incarcerated for assault. This was not his first trouble with
the law. Over the previous ten years, appellant had been incarcerated frequently after being
convicted of a series of misdemeanor crimes, including theft, drug possession, and several
assaults, including assaults on Jessica and Jessica's mother but not his children. In 2003,
appellant was again convicted of assault and, with enhancements, sentenced to ten years in
prison. DFPS sought to terminate appellant's parental rights, arguing among other things that
he knowingly engaged in criminal conduct resulting in incarceration and the inability to care for
his children for not less than two years from the date of filing of the petition, as set

243 S.W.3d 234

forth in subsection Q of section 161.001 of the Family Code. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. '
161.001(1)(Q) (Vernon Supp. 2006).

      At the termination hearing in June 2006, appellant presented evidence that he had
changed his life and wanted an opportunity to parent his children. He testified that he took
anger management classes in prison and that these classes had made a difference in his life. He
learned to change his method of conflict resolution, as evidenced by the fact that he has not
been involved in any fights in prison. DFPS provided appellant a service plan, and he completed
all portions that he could while in prison. Appellant explained the steps he has taken to prepare
for a productive life outside of prison. To make himself employable, he took over 750 hours of
electrical training, receiving several commendations from his instructor, and he tutored other
prisoners. Appellant married during his incarceration, and appellant stated that he planned on
living with his wife in her house after his release. Appellant's mother testified that appellant is a
changed man and that she and her husband would fully support appellant and his children after
his release until he can get back on his feet. Appellant has also maintained contact with his
children and has written letters to his two older children (not the subject of this suit) explaining
the mistakes he has made in his life and urging them to avoid the path he took.

     Appellant apparently impressed both the children's guardian ad litem and the trial court
judge. Even though the guardian recommended terminating appellant's parental rights solely
based on appellant's history, he stated that he believed appellant "should have some
involvement with [the children]." Upon further questioning, the guardian again confirmed that
he believed that appellant's parental rights should be terminated to give the children a stable
home but hoped that appellant could still visit the children, even though he realized such a
scenario was probably legally impossible. The trial judge also seemed conflicted. He stated
repeatedly that he felt he did not "have any choice" but to terminate appellant's parental rights
under subsection Q because "he's been in jail so much," but he wanted to allow appellant to
have access to his children. For example, the judge stated:

I don't see that I have got any choice. Is there any provision under the law—and I don't know of
any, but is there any provision under the law that would allow me to terminate his parental
rights and yet allow him to continue [to have] access to these children. I don't know of that.

    After terminating appellant's parental rights under subsection Q, the judge called
appellant's mother into the courtroom and explained to her as follows:

$ He had just terminated appellant's parental rights because he had been in jail so much.

$ He had heard no evidence that appellant had "done anything bad" to these children.
$ He would not order appellant to stay away from his older children in appellant's mother's
possession, but that she should carefully monitor all visits.

$ He "hope[d] there is some way that [appellant] can have some kind of contact with these
children" but "he can't award it to him" because "[t]here's no legal basis for it."

     A trial court can terminate a parent's rights to his children only after finding both a
statutory ground for termination and that termination is in the children's best interest. Tex.
Fam. Code Ann. ' 161.001; In re S.M.L., 171 S.W.3d 472, 476 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2005, no pet.). At the termination

243 S.W.3d 235

hearing, the trial judge found only a statutory ground for termination, subsection Q, but did not
find that termination was in the children's best interest, although he later included such a
finding in his written order.[1] Appellant argues on appeal that the evidence is legally and
factually insufficient to support termination of his parental rights.

     Parental rights can be terminated involuntarily only by a showing of clear and convincing
evidence. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 161.001; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex. 2002). "Clear and
convincing evidence" means "the measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of
the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be
established." Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 101.007 (Vernon 2002); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 264. When
reviewing factual findings required to be made by clear and convincing evidence, we apply a
standard of review that reflects this burden of proof. In evaluating the legal sufficiency of the
evidence, we review all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine
whether a reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that the finding
was true. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. In a factual sufficiency review, we must also determine
whether a factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the
allegations by reviewing the entire record. Id.

      Appellant argues the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to establish either
subsection Q as a statutory ground for termination or that termination is in the children's best
interest. We agree that the evidence is insufficient to show that the trial judge formed a firm
belief or conviction that termination is in the children's best interest.[2] Termination of the
parent/child relationship is a complete severance and divests for all time the parent's rights to
the child. See In re J.R., 171 S.W.3d 558, 567 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.).
Because it is such a drastic remedy, termination proceedings should be strictly scrutinized. Id. It
is apparent from the trial judge's own statements that he did not form a firm conviction or
belief that appellant should be deprived of all rights to his children. Indeed, he stated several
times that he wanted appellant to have a part in his children's lives but felt he had no choice
but to terminate appellant's parental rights under subsection Q. But he did have a choice. The
factfinder must find both a statutory violation and that termination is in the children's best
interest. The trial judge may have believed DFPS conclusively established a statutory ground for
termination under subsection Q, but the best interest determination is a separate inquiry. See
In re S.M.L., 171 S.W.3d at 476. Because the trial judge did not actually form a firm conviction
or belief that severing appellant's relationship with his children

243 S.W.3d 236

was in their best interest, we conclude the evidence is legally insufficient.

       We also conclude the evidence is factually insufficient to support a best interest finding.
That a parent is imprisoned does not automatically establish that termination of parental rights
is in the child's best interest. See In re C.T.E., 95 S.W.3d 462, 466 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2002, pet. denied) ("Termination of parental rights should not become an additional
punishment for imprisonment for any crime."). Though appellant has a violent and unstable
past, he presented substantial and uncontradicted evidence that he has turned his life around.
He took anger management classes, which helped him change his attitude about conflicts and
keep him out of fights in prison. He complied with all portions of the service plan possible in
prison. Appellant developed job skills and has a home and family support structure in place to
help him upon release. Given this evidence of changes in appellant's life and the judge's finding
that appellant has never "done anything bad" to these children, we conclude the evidence is
factually insufficient for the trial court to have formed a firm conviction or belief that
terminating appellant's parental rights is in the children's best interest. See In re W.C., 98
S.W.3d 753, 766 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.) (finding factually insufficient evidence
to support best interest finding where mother, despite past bad conduct, had "made significant
progress, improvements, and changes in her life," had a good support system in place, and had
done everything possible to have her children returned); In re C.T.E., 95 S.W.3d at 467-69
(holding evidence to support best interest finding factually insufficient when, among other
things, incarcerated father had prepared to be reunited with his family by taking parenting
courses, anger management classes, and job training); In re K.C.M., 4 S.W.3d 392, 399 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet. denied) (reversing best interest finding for factual
insufficiency based on the way mother turned her life around while incarcerated).

     We sustain appellant's first three issues. We reverse the trial court's judgment, render
judgment that terminating appellant's parental rights to S.R.L. and L.L. is not in the children's
best interest, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

---------

Notes:

[1] In his fourth issue, appellant argues that the trial court should have dismissed the suit
because it did not make this best interest finding during the oral rendition and thus the court
did not render final judgment within the statutory deadline, which fell in between the time of
the oral rendition and the written order. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 263.401(a) (Vernon Supp.
2006) (providing a one-year deadline for final order or dismissal in certain suits affecting the
parent/child relationship). In his fifth issue, appellant argues his trial counsel was ineffective in
many respects, including by failing to move for dismissal before the statutory deadline. Because
we find the evidence legally and factually insufficient to sustain the termination order, we need
not reach these issues.

[2] We note that the Attorney General concedes these issues in its appellate brief.

---------
In re D.T., 34 S.W.3d 625 (Tex.App. —Fort Worth 2000)

Page 625

                                 34 S.W.3d 625 (Tex.App. —Fort Worth 2000)
                                        In the Interest of D.T., A Child.
                                               No. 2-99-101-CV.
                             Court of Appeals of Texas, Second District, Fort Worth
                                              November 16, 2000

Rehearing Overruled Jan. 25, 2001.

                                                        Page 626

[Copyrighted Material Omitted]

                                                        Page 627

Mike Berger, Fort Worth, for appellant.

Tim Curry, Crim. Dist. Atty., Charles M. Mallin, Chief Appellate Division, Helena F. Faulkner, Asst. Dist. Atty., Fort
Worth, for appellee.

DAY and GARDNER, JJ.; JOHN HILL, J. (Retired, Sitting by Assignment).

OPINION ON REHEARING

ANNE GARDNER, Justice.

The State, on behalf of Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory Services (TDPRS), has filed a combined
motion for rehearing and motion for rehearing en banc asserting complaints regarding our original decision. We
withdraw our opinion and judgment issued June 8, 2000, and substitute the following

                                                        Page 628

in their place. We overrule the motion for rehearing.

INTRODUCTION

Appellant L.J.T., a twenty-eight year old mother, [1] appeals from the trial court's judgment terminating her parental
rights to her son, D.T. She raises two points, contending there is legally or factually insufficient evidence to support
the judgment of termination. We reverse and render in part and reverse and remand in part.

BACKGROUND

Appellant became pregnant with D.T. in 1996, while living in Montana with D.T.'s father, D.B. [2] She left Montana on
November 12, 1996, because D.B. had struck her with a bicycle rack the night before and because she wanted to
avoid serving a jail term for a bad check charge. She moved to Oklahoma and had no further contact with D.B.
Appellant lived in Oklahoma from November 1996 until September 1997. D.T. was born in Oklahoma City on August
12, 1997. Subsequently, Appellant moved to Texas, got a job, and arranged for a babysitter to care for D.T. On
February 10, 1998, Appellant was arrested by the Hurst Police Department on warrants for bad checks written in
Texas and Montana. After she was arrested, she made arrangements for the babysitter to continue caring for D.T. for
several more days. D.T. was then six months old.

Because she had no family locally, Appellant requested that TDPRS contact the child's paternal grandparents for
possible placement. [3] D.T. was placed in emergency foster care on February 12, 1998.

Jennifer Cook of TDPRS was assigned the case on February 12, 1998. She went to the Hurst jail and met with
Appellant for approximately thirty to forty-five minutes. Cook notified Appellant of the emergency placement of D.T.
and told her about proceedings being initiated by TDPRS to terminate the parent-child relationship between Appellant
and D.T.

Cook saw D.T. on the date she was assigned, and the child appeared to be healthy and well-nourished. At that time,
she had no reason to believe that D.T. was abused or neglected. In Cook's words, D.T. "was clean, he looked very
healthy. He was real healthy, happy, smiling." Cook felt the reason an emergency removal was necessary was
because Appellant could not make bond and there were no available relatives with whom to place D.T. Had Appellant
been able to make bond, Cook said Appellant would have been in a position to make arrangements on her own to
take care of her son.

On March 5, 1998, Cook called Appellant and spoke with her about relinquishing her parental rights. Appellant told
Cook that she thought she would be in jail for over twelve months. Cook explained that in every case in which she
"feels" a jail term may exceed twelve months, she is instructed to look at relinquishment from "day one."
Nevertheless, Cook testified that there was a two-track approach to the case, in which the caseworkers were
pursuing both reunification and termination. The case was transferred sometime in March 1998 to Noelle Preston, a
caseworker at TDPRS, for the making of a service plan.

On March 12, 1998, Preston developed a family service plan with a long-range goal of family reunification and mailed
it to Appellant. The service plan required Appellant

                                                      Page 629

to attend parenting classes and counseling, obtain psychological testing, and participate in parole stipulations when
applicable.

On March 20, 1998, Appellant wrote Preston and advised her that she had tried to telephone Preston; she asked how
D.T. was doing. On six more occasions between June and December 1998, Appellant wrote Preston, asking how D.T.
was doing, asking for pictures of him, and requesting visits with D.T. while she was incarcerated. In an October 6
letter, she advised Preston that she did not want D.T. placed for adoption, that she wanted her son, and that she
wanted his paternal grandparents to take care of him while she was incarcerated. Appellant advised Preston that she
had completed parenting classes and was currently in counseling. It is undisputed that visits between Appellant and
her son were denied, based solely on TDPRS "policy": Appellant had been transferred out of the region where her
son had been placed and such visits are deemed not to be in the child's best interest.

On June 3, 1998, Preston sent Appellant a letter stating in relevant part:

I have not heard from you for quite some time now. I need for you to call me ... or send me a letter by June 9, 1998,
so we can discuss your service plan. I am reviewing your last plan, dated 3/12/98, since there will be a review court
hearing scheduled in July and your plan must be updated for the hearing. You will receive notice of the hearing in a
few weeks.
If I do not hear from you by June 9th I will complete your service plan without your participation and mail you a
copy. However, your participation is crucial, therefore, we really need to talk.
I am changing the permanency goal from "family reunification" to "adoption." We can talk more about that when you
call or write.
Preston confirmed that TDPRS would not have taken the child but for the fact that Appellant was incarcerated.
Preston also admitted that Appellant did everything she could while in jail to comply with the service plan. Appellant
was scheduled to be released in August 1999, but Preston testified that she believed Appellant's parental rights
should be terminated because she had engaged in criminal conduct that resulted in her separation from D.T. by her
imprisonment, thereby endangering D.T.'s well-being.

The termination hearing was held on January 21, 1999. Judgment was rendered terminating Appellant's parental
rights, as well as those of D.B. and Appellant's former husband as putative father. The trial court signed a corrected
decree on April 23, 1999, and filed findings of fact and conclusions of law.

TERMINATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS

In proceedings to terminate the parent-child relationship brought under section 161.001 of the family code, the
petitioner must establish one or more of the acts or omissions enumerated under subdivision (1) of the statute and
must also prove that termination is in the best interest of the child. TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001(1), (2) (Vernon
Supp.2000); Richardson v. Green, 677 S.W.2d 497, 499 (Tex.1984). Proof of one does not relieve the petitioner from
establishing the other. Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 370 (Tex.1976). It must be emphasized that the child's
best interest is not the sole goal of involuntary termination proceedings. The supreme court has made clear that
termination "may not be based solely upon what the trial court determines to be the best interest of the child." Id.
(emphasis added).

Parents' rights to "the companionship, care, custody and management" of their children are protected to the degree
that they are of "federal constitutional dimensions." Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758-59, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1397,
71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982) (holding that the parent-child relationship is "far more precious than any property right"). In a
termination case,

                                                       Page 630

the State seeks not merely to limit those rights but to end them finally and irrevocably--to divest the parent and child
of all legal rights, privileges, duties, and powers normally existing between them, except for the child's right to
inherit. TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.206(b) (Vernon 1996); Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex.1985).

It is because termination of parental rights is such a drastic remedy and is of such weight and gravity that due
process requires the petitioner to justify termination by a heightened burden of proof of "clear and convincing
evidence." In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d 846, 847 (Tex.1980); See also TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.206(a). This burden is
defined as the "measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction
as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established." TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 101.007 (Vernon 1996);
Transportation Ins. Co. v. Moriel, 879 S.W.2d 10, 31 (Tex.1994). This is an intermediate standard that falls between
the preponderance burden of ordinary civil proceedings and the reasonable doubt burden of criminal proceedings.
State v. Addington, 588 S.W.2d 569, 570 (Tex.1979).

The clear and convincing standard of proof creates a higher burden to fulfill because of the severity and permanency
of the termination of the parent and child relationship. In re J.N.R., 982 S.W.2d 137, 141 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st
Dist.] 1998, no pet.). This court is duty bound to strictly scrutinize termination proceedings and must strictly construe
involuntary termination statutes in favor of the parent. Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20-21; In re A.V., 849 S.W.2d 393, 400
(Tex.App.--Fort Worth 1993, no writ).

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Findings of fact entered in a case tried to the court have the same force and dignity as a jury's answers to jury
questions. Anderson v. City of Seven Points, 806 S.W.2d 791, 794 (Tex.1991). The trial court's findings of fact are
reviewable for legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support them by the same standards that are applied in
reviewing evidence supporting a jury's answer. Ortiz v. Jones, 917 S.W.2d 770, 772 (Tex.1996); Catalina v. Blasdel,
881 S.W.2d 295, 297 (Tex.1994).
When presented with legal and factual sufficiency challenges, the reviewing court first reviews the legal sufficiency of
the evidence. Glover v. Texas Gen. Indem. Co., 619 S.W.2d 400, 401 (Tex.1981) (per curiam). In determining a "no-
evidence" point, we are to consider all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the party in whose favor the
judgment has been rendered, and to indulge every reasonable inference from the evidence in that party's favor.
Formosa Plastics Corp. v. Presidio Eng'rs & Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 48 (Tex.1998) (op. on reh'g); Merrell
Dow Pharm., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex.1997), cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1119, 118 S. Ct. 1799, 140
L. Ed. 2d 939 (1998); In re King's Estate, 150 Tex. 662, 244 S.W.2d 660, 661 (1951).

An assertion that the evidence is "factually insufficient" to support a fact finding means that the evidence supporting
the finding is so weak or the evidence to the contrary is so overwhelming that the answer should be set aside and a
new trial ordered. Garza v. Alviar, 395 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex.1965). We are required to consider all of the evidence
in the case in making this determination. Mar. Overseas Corp. v. Ellis, 971 S.W.2d 402, 406 (Tex.), cert. denied, 525
U.S. 1017, 119 S. Ct. 541, 142 L. Ed. 2d 450 (1998).

We have previously held that the higher burden of proof in termination cases does not alter the appellate standard of
review for factual sufficiency of the evidence. In re W.S., 899 S.W.2d 772, 776 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth, 1995, no
writ); Faram v. Gervitz-Faram, 895 S.W.2d 839, 843 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth, 1995, no writ). A number of our sister
courts have likewise continued to apply the traditional

                                                       Page 631

standard of review for factual sufficiency where the burden in the trial court is clear and convincing evidence. [4] We
note that other courts have espoused what they describe as an intermediate standard of appellate review of factual
sufficiency of the evidence in such cases. [5]

In In re L.R.M., this court recognized that, just as the clear and convincing standard of proof in the trial court is an
"intermediate" standard of proof falling between the preponderance of evidence standard of ordinary civil
proceedings and the reasonable doubt standard of criminal proceedings, the standard of review for clear and
convincing evidence is an "intermediate" standard necessary to protect the fundamental constitutional rights of the
parent in termination proceedings. 763 S.W.2d 64, 67 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 1989, no writ). However, we further
observed that, in applying the intermediate standard of review, "[o]ther principles of law relating to sufficiency of
evidence are still applicable even when the intermediate standard is used." Id.

Those other principles include the well-settled rule that, in reviewing the factual sufficiency of evidence, we must
consider and weigh all of the evidence just as the trial court did, including that favorable to the appellant as well as
that favorable to the verdict or findings of the court. Ortiz, 917 S.W.2d at 772 (holding court of appeals must "weigh
all of the evidence in the record"); Lofton v. Texas Brine Corp., 720 S.W.2d 804, 805 (Tex.1986) (noting that court of
appeals must examine entire record and review all of the evidence); In re King's Estate, 150 Tex. at 664-65, 244
S.W.2d at 661 (pointing out that fact jurisdiction under article V, section 6 of the Texas Constitution requires exercise
of our "peculiar" powers to consider and weigh all of the evidence).

The reviewing court does not "indulge inferences or confine its view to evidence favoring one side of the case.
Rather, it looks at all of the evidence and then makes a predominately intuitive judgement." William Powers & Jack
Ratliff, Another Look at "No Evidence" and "Insufficient Evidence" 69 TEX.L.REV. 515, 525 (1991). The courts of
appeals "must, up to a point, follow the same mental processes as a jury does." St. John Garwood, The Question of
Insufficient Evidence on Appeal, 30 TEX.L.REV. 803, 811 (1952).

We recognize that we are not a fact finder and that we cannot substitute our judgment for that of the jury merely
because the evidence would support a different result. Maritime Overseas, 971 S.W.2d at 406. We can only "unfind"
facts. Pool v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 634 (Tex.1986) (quoting Garwood, 30 TEX.L.REV. at 813-14). Further,
we may set aside a verdict or finding only if the evidence is so weak or the verdict or findings are so contrary to the
overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be manifestly unjust. Ortiz, 917 S.W.2d at 772; Pool, 715 S.W.2d at 634.

Applying these principles in reviewing factual sufficiency of the evidence
                                                       Page 632

where a "clear and convincing" burden of proof is required, the standard of review actually does not change,
regardless of the terminology used to describe it. [6] Rather, the higher burden of proof merely changes the weight of
the evidence necessary to support a finding or verdict. Review of factual sufficiency of the evidence under a clear
and convincing standard requires us to determine whether the evidence is sufficient to make the existence of the fact
highly probable, not whether the evidence supporting the finding is sufficient to make the existence of the fact more
probable than not, as in ordinary civil cases. That is, we must consider whether the evidence is sufficient to produce
in the mind of the fact finder a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegation sought to be established. In
re B.R., 950 S.W.2d 113, 119 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1997, no writ); Faram, 895 S.W.2d at 843. Accordingly, to prevail
on an assertion that the evidence supporting termination of parental rights is factually insufficient, the appellant must
show that the evidence is so weak or the evidence to the contrary is so overwhelming that the trier of fact could not
have reasonably concluded that there was a high probability that the conduct or endangerment of the child occurred
or that termination was in the best interest of the child.

TRIAL COURT'S FINDINGS

The trial court found, specifically, that Appellant had arrest warrants in five states based on her criminal conduct
prior to the birth of D.T.; that Appellant knew her criminal conduct was wrong and could result in her incarceration
and inability to parent her child; that Appellant again engaged in criminal conduct after D.T.'s birth and was
incarcerated; and that Appellant's conduct and subsequent incarceration endangered the physical and emotional
well-being of D.T.

The trial court made the following findings based on the statutory requirements of section 161.001: Appellant
knowingly placed D.T. and allowed him to remain in conditions and surroundings that endangered his physical and
emotional well-being; Appellant engaged in conduct and knowingly placed D.T. with persons who engaged in conduct
that endangered his physical and emotional well-being; Appellant constructively abandoned D.T., who had been in
the temporary managing conservatorship of TDPRS for not less than six months, and (a) TDPRS made reasonable
efforts to return D.T. to Appellant, (b) Appellant did not regularly visit or maintain significant contact with D.T., and
(c) Appellant has demonstrated an inability to provide D.T. with a safe environment; and termination of Appellant's
parental rights is in D.T.'s best interest. [7]

LEGAL SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

I. Environment

We first address whether the evidence is legally sufficient to support the finding that Appellant knowingly placed and
knowingly allowed D.T. to remain in conditions or surroundings that endangered his physical or emotional well-being.
TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(D). Under section 161.001(1)(D), the environment of the child must be examined
to determine if that is a source of endangerment to the child. Id.; In re B.S.T., 977 S.W.2d at 484. There is no
evidence regarding D.T.'s home environment prior to Appellant's arrest. There is no indication that

                                                       Page 633

the babysitter's residence was a dangerous environment.

In In re W.S., we held that involuntary termination under former section 15.02(a)(1)(D) of the Texas Family Code [8]
may be established by conduct of the parent as well as by physical conditions in the home. 899 S.W.2d at 776. The
State now urges that, under our holding in that case, the conduct and incarceration of Appellant somehow suffices to
establish a basis for termination under section 161.001(D). W.S. involved a child continually subjected to sexual
abuse by the stepfather in the home, with no effort by the mother to stop the abuse even though she was aware of
its occurrence. On that evidence, we held that an endangering "environment" may be produced by conduct of the
parent in the home. Id.
This case bears no likeness to W.S. When Appellant was arrested, she asked that TDPRS be contacted to ensure that
D.T. was cared for while she was in jail. There was no indication at the time D.T. was placed in foster care that he
had been abused or neglected; he appeared clean, happy, and healthy. [9] Cook admitted that, if Appellant had made
bond, she would have been able to continue caring for her son. We determine that there is no evidence that
Appellant knowingly placed or allowed the child to remain in conditions that endangered his physical or emotional
well-being.

II. Constructive Abandonment

We next address whether the evidence was legally sufficient to support the finding that Appellant constructively
abandoned D.T. TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(N). The elements of constructive abandonment are: (1) the child
has been in the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of TDPRS for not less than six months; (2) the
department has made reasonable efforts to return the child to the parent; (3) the parent has not regularly visited or
maintained significant contact with the child; and (4) the parent has demonstrated an inability to provide the child
with a safe environment. Id. If there is no evidence of one or more of these elements, then the finding of
constructive abandonment fails.

The first element is not disputed, and the second is inapplicable because Appellant was incarcerated. Therefore, we
will focus on the third and fourth elements. There is no evidence to establish the third element of constructive
abandonment. To the contrary, Appellant made numerous written requests asking for visitation while she was in jail.
Appellant testified that Preston told her that she was going to visit her in Polk County, but when Appellant asked her
to bring D.T., Preston stated that the judge would not allow it. Preston confirmed that visitations were denied based
on the policy of TDPRS. The record does not support the trial court's finding that Appellant did not attempt to visit
regularly or maintain significant contact with the child.

Turning to the last element, nothing in the record other than her incarceration indicates that Appellant has
demonstrated an inability to provide D.T. with a safe environment. It has long been settled that imprisonment,
standing alone, does not constitute "abandonment" of a child for purposes of termination of parental rights. In re
S.D.H., 591 S.W.2d 637, 638 (Tex.Civ.App.--Eastland 1979, no writ) (holding imprisonment does not constitute
"abandonment," nor is it conduct "endangering" a child); H.W.J. v. State Dep't of Public Welfare, 543 S.W.2d 9, 11
(Tex.Civ.App.--Texarkana 1976, no writ)

                                                      Page 634

(same); Hutson v. Haggard, 475 S.W.2d 330, 333 (Tex.Civ.App.--Beaumont 1971, no writ) (holding imprisonment is
not "abandonment"). Texas Dep't of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex.1987) (holding imprisonment
alone is not conduct "endangering a child").

Considering the evidence in light of the proper standard for "no-evidence" review, and mindful that incarceration
alone is not sufficient to constitute abandonment of a child, we hold there is no evidence to support two of the
required elements of constructive abandonment.

III. Course of Conduct

We next address the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court's finding that Appellant engaged in
conduct or knowingly placed D.T. with persons who engaged in conduct that endangered his physical or emotional
well-being. TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(E). Section 161.001(1)(E) requires us to look at the parent's conduct
alone, including actions or omissions or failures to act. Id.; In re B.S.T., 977 S.W.2d at 484.

"Endanger" under section 161.001(1)(E) means to expose to loss or injury, to jeopardize. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533.
The term means more than a threat of "metaphysical injury," but it is not necessary that the conduct be directed at
the child or that the child actually suffer injury. Id. Nevertheless, there must be evidence of endangerment to the
child's physical or emotional well-being as the direct result of the parent's conduct. In re R.D., 955 S.W.2d 364, 366
(Tex.App.--San Antonio 1997, pet. denied); Dupree v. Texas Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 907 S.W.2d 81,
83-84 (Tex.App.--Dallas 1995, no writ).
Additionally, termination under section 161.001(1)(E) must be based on more than a single act or omission; a
voluntary, deliberate, and conscious "course of conduct" by the parent is required. In re K.M.M., 993 S.W.2d 225,
228 (Tex.App.--Eastland 1999, no pet.); In re J.N.R., 982 S.W.2d at 142. There is evidence that Appellant had prior
convictions and outstanding arrest warrants based on criminal conduct of writing bad checks before D.T.'s birth.
Appellant had previously lived in various states outside of Texas. Appellant admitted that, while living in Utah several
years before moving to Texas, she had received probation for two bad check cases, one felony and one
misdemeanor. Appellant also acknowledged that she jumped bond when she fled from Montana in 1996 prior to
D.T.'s birth, partly to avoid serving time in jail. Child protective services became involved, and the two children she
had at that time were placed with her mother. [10] Appellant testified she had outstanding warrants from the state of
Montana as the result of the revocation of her bond and as a result of the bad check charge pending there.

The evidence to support the trial court's specific finding that Appellant had arrest warrants in five different states
consisted of testimony from caseworker Preston that Appellant had told her she had "holds" on her from two other
states, Idaho and Oklahoma, in addition to the Montana charges and the convictions in Utah. Appellant testified at
the hearing that she was given that information by "Polk County," but some of those "cases" were several years old
and she had no information that those states were looking for her or had "holds" on her. She was to

                                                      Page 635

be released in August 1999 from her current sentence unless one of those states took her on her release date.
Caseworker Cook testified only that TDPRS had been "given information regarding her criminal history and [was]
concern[ed] that [Appellant] had several warrants out in several different states and her jail term might go beyond
the twelfth month." Preston testified Appellant's course of criminal conduct resulted in her imprisonment, thereby
endangering D.T.'s physical and emotional well-being by causing Appellant to be separated from him. The argument
of TDPRS, apparently accepted by the trial court, is that Appellant knew she was engaging in conduct that could
result in her imprisonment and separation from D.T. and, accordingly, by actively writing bad checks, she engaged in
a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of conduct that endangered D.T. We reject this argument, as it would
effectively nullify the longstanding rule against terminating the parental relationship based solely on imprisonment.
Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533.

In Boyd, the evidence showed that the father had been convicted of two burglaries, was imprisoned when the child
was born, lived with the mother and child for six months, and was in prison again at the time of the hearing. Id. at
533. The Supreme Court of Texas held "endanger" means more than a threat of metaphysical injury or the possibility
of ill effects, and endangerment does not require that the misconduct of the parent be directed at the child or that
the child actually suffer injury. Id. Rather, the court concluded, "endanger" means "to expose to loss or injury," and
"imprisonment is certainly a factor to be considered ... on the issue of endangerment." Id.

The court acknowledged that Texas cases have held that mere imprisonment, standing alone, will not constitute
engaging in conduct that endangers the emotional or physical well-being of the child, but noted that the courts have
"parted company" on the effect of the parents' imprisonment. Id. The court then held, without elaboration, "[i]f the
evidence, including the imprisonment, shows a course of conduct which has the effect of endangering the physical or
emotional well-being of the child, a finding under Section 15.02(1)(E) is supportable." Id. at 534 (quoting Wray v.
Lenderman, 640 S.W.2d 68, 71 (Tex.App.--Tyler 1982)).

In the court of appeals in Boyd, the Department of Human Services had made the identical argument asserted in our
case: "endangerment" as contemplated by the statute may be inferred from imprisonment, alone, when such
imprisonment is the result of a voluntary, deliberate and conscious course of conduct by the prisoner. Boyd v. Texas
Dep't of Human Servs., 715 S.W.2d 711, 717 (Tex.App.--Austin 1986), rev'd, 727 S.W.2d 531 (Tex.1987). The Austin
court of appeals expressly rejected that argument, describing it as "fundamentally without meaning." Id. That court
pointed out:

By definition, almost all crimes for which imprisonment may be assessed require a culpable mental state that is
voluntary, deliberate and conscious.... [I]nstead of "qualifying" the primary rule, that imprisonment and criminal
conduct are not, in and of themselves, grounds for the termination of parental rights, the rule for which the
Department contends would devour or render meaningless such primary rule....
Id. at 716.

In reversing, the supreme court disapproved the court of appeals' holding that endangerment may not be inferred
from conduct of a parent and must be proved by independent evidence. The supreme court also said that
imprisonment is a "factor" to consider with other evidence. The supreme court did not say that endangerment may
be inferred from any and all criminal conduct just because that conduct results in imprisonment.

Notably, in reversing the court of appeals' decision in Boyd, the supreme court

                                                       Page 636

did not mention the court of appeals' rejection of the Department's argument. [11] We do not read the supreme
court's decision in Boyd as requiring us to accept TDPRS's argument that, merely because a parent voluntarily,
willfully, and consciously engages in conduct that she knows may result in imprisonment, such conduct and resulting
imprisonment are sufficient to support termination of her parental rights. We believe more is required to meet the
stringent conditions that are necessary to terminate parental rights.

While an easily administered test such as that proposed by TDPRS may serve the State's interest in conserving time
and administrative resources, such a test creates a danger that termination of parental rights could become an
additional punishment automatically imposed along with imprisonment for almost any crime. Steven Fleischer,
Termination of Parental Rights: An Additional Sentence for Incarcerated Parents, 29 SETON HALL L.REV. 312, 313-
16, 339-40 (1998).

On the other hand, the supreme court has not articulated how and to what extent imprisonment should be
considered as a "factor" in termination cases. Since Boyd, one court has suggested that imprisonment is a factor in
termination only if it is the result of or coupled with a course of conduct that, itself, causes endangerment to the
physical or emotional well-being of the child. Dupree, 907 S.W.2d at 84. Another court has stated that if
imprisonment is based upon "a certain type of voluntary, deliberate and conscious course of conduct," only then may
imprisonment be considered conduct that "endangers" the child under section 161.001(1)(D) or (E). In re K.M.M.,
993 S.W.2d at 228.

In the cases we have found involving termination of parental rights of imprisoned parents, endangerment to a child
could easily have been inferred from the underlying conduct of the parent. E.g., In re M.D.S., 1 S.W.3d 190, 198-99
(Tex.App.--Amarillo 1999, no pet.) (affirming termination of parental rights of father serving sentence for burglary
based on negotiated plea with dismissal of indictment for aggravated sexual assault of another child and history of
multiple sexual encounters with children); In re K.M.M., 993 S.W.2d at 228 (finding evidence of "endangerment"
sufficient where father was incarcerated before child's birth for sexual assault of fifteen-month old child, had three
previous juvenile adjudications for aggravated sexual assault of children, and was still incarcerated at time of trial);
Spangler, 962 S.W.2d at 260 (upholding termination of parental rights of father who was serving sentence for
"retaliation" against TDPRS worker, who was frequently in jail, and abused mother in presence of children); In re
J.J., 911 S.W.2d at 440 (affirming termination of parental rights of father who was frequently jailed, used crack
cocaine, and abused wife in presence of children); Trevino v. Texas Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 893
S.W.2d 243, 247-48 (Tex.App.--Austin 1995, no writ) (affirming termination of parental rights of father who
frequently used drugs and was imprisoned for causing death of another child); In re A.K.S., 736 S.W.2d 145, 146
(Tex.App.--Beaumont 1987, no writ) (affirming termination of parental rights of father serving sentence for rape,
who also compulsively exhibited genitals to women). Termination based on conduct resulting in imprisonment has
also been upheld in one case involving a series of arrests and imprisonments along with additional criminal conduct
by the parent with knowledge that his rights to the child were in jeopardy. In re J.N.R., 982 S.W.2d at 144.

There is no evidence here that Appellant's misconduct in writing bad checks was of a type from which endangerment
could be inferred. Nevertheless, evidence

                                                       Page 637
of conduct before a child is born, as well as evidence as to how a parent has treated another child or spouse is
relevant regarding whether a course of conduct under section 161.001(1)(E) has been established. E.g., In re D.L.N.,
958 S.W.2d 934, 939 (Tex.App.--Waco 1997, pet. denied); see also Dupree, 907 S.W.2d at 84; Trevino, 893 S.W.2d
at 248. We hold that the evidence of Appellant's past course of misconduct, including the evidence that she left her
other two children in foster care in Montana when she jumped bail, together with her subsequent offense in Texas
and incarceration, viewed in a light most favorable to the judgment, is some evidence of a course of conduct of
endangerment under section 161.001(1)(E).

FACTUAL SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

To determine whether the evidence is factually insufficient, we consider and detail all the evidence relevant to the
trial court's finding under section 161.001(1)(E). See Pool, 715 S.W.2d at 635. Specifically, the issue is whether all of
the evidence, including the evidence of Appellant's imprisonment, is factually sufficient to establish that she
endangered D.T. physically or emotionally.

I. Evidence Supporting the Finding

In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we have previously reviewed and detailed the evidence supporting
the finding of endangerment as the result of Appellant's course of conduct. Briefly summarizing: Appellant (1) fled
the State of Montana while pregnant to avoid imprisonment for writing a hot check, leaving her other children who
were later placed with her mother; (2) wrote one or more bad checks in Texas after D.T. was born, resulting in her
imprisonment for approximately eighteen months; and (3) engaged in similar criminal conduct in other states prior to
D.T.'s birth.

Neither Cook nor Preston verified with the Texas Department of Corrections Appellant's scheduled release date or her
criminal status with the other states. Preston amended the service plan based on a telephone conversation she had
in June 1998 with authorities in Livingston in which she was told that Appellant would be in jail two years and would
then be bench warranted to other states. On cross-examination, Preston conceded that information was incorrect.

Appellant testified that she knew her conduct was wrong and that she could possibly go to jail but that she did not
know her ability to parent D.T. could be affected. In In re J.N.R., a biological father learned of his child while in
prison, made monthly inquiries regarding the child until his release despite the filing of the termination suit, and
thereafter became an active parent in the child's life with regularly scheduled visits and participation in a family
service plan. 982 S.W.2d at 139. The plan required him to secure a job and a place to stay, which he did, and also
required him to stay out of jail and participate in his parole tasks, which he did not do. Within a few months, his
participation in parenting classes became very inconsistent. He also failed to show up for drug tests, and within a
period of one month, he was arrested on three separate occasions for disorderly conduct, passing counterfeit bills,
and resisting arrest. At the time of the termination hearing, he was in jail awaiting trial on still another charge of
passing counterfeit bills. Affirming a judgment terminating his parental rights, the court of appeals relied upon
evidence that the father had continued to engage in the criminal activity that resulted in his incarceration even after
knowing his parental rights were in jeopardy. Id. at 143. In contrast to the record in In re J.N.R., there is no
evidence here that Appellant knew her conduct would result in long-term imprisonment that would affect her ability
to parent D.T. or that would have the effect of endangering D.T.'s physical or emotional well-being. What remains is
the evidence that Appellant fled Montana, leaving her other children

                                                       Page 638

who were placed in foster care. However, the record is silent as to any factual details regarding whether she, herself,
initiated the placement for their protection or whether she simply abandoned them when she fled.

II. Evidence Contrary to Finding

Along with evidence supporting the trial court's finding of endangerment, we review the evidence contrary to its
finding. Pool, 715 S.W.2d at 635. In caseworker Cook's words, when she saw D.T. on the date she was assigned to
the case, he "was clean, he looked very healthy. He was real healthy, happy, smiling." There was no indication that
D.T. had been abused or neglected. Indeed, the documentation by Preston after D.T.'s emergency placement reflects
not only that D.T. was "on target developmentally for his age" and appeared to be "a healthy child" but also that
Appellant was able to meet D.T.'s "basic material needs prior to incarceration."

Cook's testimony that an emergency removal was only necessary because Appellant could not make bond is
particularly significant. Preston agreed with this opinion by testifying that TDPRS would not have taken the child
except for the fact that Appellant was incarcerated. It was undisputed that Appellant would be eligible for release
within nine months of the time of the hearing in January 1999. The only testimony regarding the State of Montana
charges was Appellant's testimony that she was told she would be credited for the time served in Texas and it was
her understanding she would not have to do additional time.

Absent specific guidance from the supreme court on the troublesome issue of termination of an imprisoned parent's
rights, we believe that, in considering all of the evidence, we should look not only at incarceration as a "factor" but
also at the expected length of the sentence and whether the underlying conduct is of a type, in and of itself, from
which endangerment of the child may be inferred. In this regard, the current statutory scheme for involuntary
termination of parental rights in Texas is instructive. As amended in 1997, the family code now includes
imprisonment for two years or more as a separate ground for termination (along with a finding of best interest).
TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(Q) (providing for termination based on knowing commission of criminal offense
resulting in confinement for two years or more from date petition for termination is filed). TDPRS did not plead that
section as a basis for termination in this case, nor would it have been applicable, based on the evidence of
Appellant's release date.

Because the Legislature specified a minimum period of imprisonment of two years from the date of filing the petition,
it is reasonable to assume that the Legislature intended that imprisonment for less than that length of time would be
insufficient, standing alone, to support involuntary termination. Because the State does not dispute that Appellant's
length of confinement in Texas was for less than that amount of time, and it is speculative as to what confinement, if
any, she might ever serve under pending charges from other states, we believe it is consistent with the statutory
scheme to hold that TDPRS was required to show either a course of underlying conduct leading to her imprisonment,
or in addition to the imprisonment, a course of conduct that was, itself, of an endangering nature to the child.

That our decision is consistent with the Texas statutory scheme regarding the effect of criminal conduct and
imprisonment is further supported by the detailed list of crimes under section 161.001(1)(L), which are deemed to
constitute a sufficient basis for termination, each of which is of an endangering nature and each of which must also
be found to have caused the "death or serious injury" of a child. TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(L). Writing bad
checks is not included in the list.

                                                       Page 639

The manner in which the issue has been handled by statute and by courts in other states is also instructive. E.g.,
ARIZ.REV.STAT.ANN § 8-533 (West 1989 & Supp.1997) (permitting termination for conviction of felony of such
nature to prove "unfitness"); IND.CODE ANN. § 31-35-5-4 (West Supp.1997) (allowing termination if conviction is for
certain type of crime, including murder and rape); In re L.A.S., 134 N.J. 127, 631 A.2d 928, 935-36 (1993) (holding
nature of underlying crime and length of sentence are relevant factors, among others, in termination case involving
incarcerated parent); In re Christina P., 175 Cal. App. 3d 115, 220 Cal. Rptr. 525, 535 (1985) (holding certain crimes
may sufficiently show "depravity" of parent to warrant termination); see generally Parent's Involuntary Confinement,
Or Failure To Care For Child As Result Thereof, As Evincing Neglect, Unfitness, Or The Like In Dependency Or
Divestiture Proceeding, 79 A.L.R. 3d 417, 417 (1977) (focusing on the consequential inability to care for one's children
due to confinement).

It is undisputed that this is Appellant's first jail sentence, and it is for a relatively short time, running concurrently
with the time she would receive for the Montana charges. The evidence amounts only to "possibilities" as to
Appellant's future incarceration on other unspecified charges in other states. The underlying criminal conduct of
writing hot checks, in and of itself, is not a type of conduct from which physical or emotional endangerment of a child
may be inferred, nor is there any evidence of unrelated conduct of Appellant specifically toward D.T. that might be so
characterized.
To the contrary, all the evidence indicates that D.T. was well-cared for by Appellant prior to her arrest, that he was
bonding with Appellant, that he slept with her at night and was with her most of the time except when she was at
work, and that he was generally a healthy, happy baby. It is also undisputed that Appellant has fulfilled each of the
tasks assigned to her by the family service plan to the best of her ability and that her inability to visit with D.T. is
solely due to the TDPRS policy.

The concurring justice asserts that this type of evidence is relevant only on the issue of best interest of the child. We
have found no comparable case in which parental rights have been terminated in the context of an imprisoned
parent. However, in other cases, judgments terminating parental rights based on endangerment have been reversed
on similar evidence, without reaching the issue of best interest. In Clay v. Texas Department of Human Resources,
the mother contacted the Department for help because she was being abused by her husband and the children were
not safe in his presence. 748 S.W.2d 598, 599-600 (Tex.App.--Waco 1988, no writ). The children were placed in the
temporary custody of TDHR at the mother's request. The mother paid all child support and attended almost all
counseling sessions as ordered and visited with the children as allowed, but she had twenty-five different jobs and a
number of different addresses during the three years after TDHR was granted temporary custody. In reversing the
judgment terminating her parental rights, the reviewing court found there was no evidence the mother engaged in
conduct that endangered the children. Id. at 600. The court noted that the mother posed no danger to her children
and that she was "guilty of nothing more than suffering from some of life's misfortunes. She did not work at one
place nor live at one place long enough to satisfy the TDHR." Id.

In Doria v. Texas Department of Human Resources, the evidence was that the mother left the children alone in a
house with no running water, electricity, or heat and that a boyfriend abused her and possibly abused one child. 747
S.W.2d 953, 958-59 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1988, no writ). The mother was unable to comply with the family
service plan by attending

                                                       Page 640

all counseling and parenting classes, obtaining adequate housing or visiting the children regularly. A TDHR worker
was of the opinion that the children removed from the mother's home should not be returned because they no longer
related to the mother and it was "not fair" to them. Id. at 957.

In reversing on the basis of factual insufficiency of the evidence of endangerment, the court of appeals noted that
the house had been repaired, that the mother had attended a large number of the required classes and visits
considering her low intelligence and poverty, that an abusive boyfriend was no longer allowed in the house, that the
great weight of the evidence showed the mother was striving to conform to the service plan, and that she loved her
children and was sincerely concerned about getting them back. Id. at 958-59; see also Ybarra v. Texas Dep't of
Human Servs., 869 S.W.2d 574, 578 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1993, no writ) (finding factual insufficiency of
evidence to support termination based on mother's failure to comply with DHS directions and goals).

Although the parents were not incarcerated in those cases, we believe that the relationship of the parent and child,
as well as efforts to improve or enhance parenting skills, are relevant in determining whether a parent's conduct
results in "endangerment" of the child under section 161.001(1)(E), even where the parent is incarcerated.
TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(E); see also Steven Fleischer, 29 SETON HALL L.REV. at 314-15.

Like the mother in Clay, Appellant contacted TDPRS to ensure D.T.'s safety. Like the mothers in both Clay and Doria,
she complied as fully as possible with the goals and objectives required by TDPRS in order to facilitate reunification
with her son. TDPRS conceded Appellant complied in all possible respects with the service plan, wrote letters to
Preston inquiring about D.T., and requested photographs and visits. Appellant acknowledged her criminal past was
wrong. She has taken actions to correct her behavior, loves her son, and has taken advantage of classes and
counseling sessions at the T.D.C. in compliance with the service plan to ensure that she lives a clean lifestyle.
Despite repeated efforts by Appellant to contact Cook and Preston by telephone and in writing, TDPRS abandoned its
reunification goal because Appellant was still incarcerated, placement with D.T.'s grandparents was not possible, and
only eight months remained for the court to render a final order of termination or to dismiss the suit. [12]
TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 263.401(a).
Regarding the evidence that Appellant left her other two children in Montana when she jumped bond, Appellant
testified that she could not support her two other children financially and that she left Montana in part to escape
D.T.'s abusive father. After Appellant left D.T.'s abusive father, D.T. was born, and she got a job in Texas and found
a babysitter for him. When she was arrested in Texas, she made arrangements for the babysitter to continue caring
for D.T. and then contacted TDPRS and asked it, herself, to assist in temporary placement.

On this record, we find that there is more than a scintilla of evidence of endangerment, but that the evidence is
factually insufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that Appellant pursued a course of conduct that
endangered the physical or emotional well-being of D.T.

BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILD

Appellant's brief also attacks the legal and factual sufficiency of evidence to support the trial court's finding that
termination is in the best interest of D.T. Judicial inquiry as to the best interest of the child is deferred pending
determination

                                                        Page 641

that the petitioner has sufficiently established one or more of the acts or omissions enumerated in subdivision (1) of
the statute. In re S.D.H., 591 S.W.2d at 638.

There is a strong presumption that the best interest of a child is served by keeping custody in the natural parent. In
re K.C.M., 4 S.W.3d 392, 393-95 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet. denied); Ziegler v. Tarrant County Child
Welfare Unit, 680 S.W.2d 674, 676 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 1984, writ ref'd n.r.e.). The fact-finder must consider a
number of factors in determining the best interest of the child, including the desires of the child, the present and
future physical and emotional needs of the child, the present and future emotional and physical danger to the child,
the parental abilities of the person seeking custody, programs available to assist those persons in promoting the best
interest of the child, plans for the child by those individuals or by the agency seeking custody, the acts or omissions
of the parent that may indicate that the existing parent-child relationship is not appropriate, and any excuse for the
acts or omissions of the parent. Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371-72.

D.T. is only eighteen months old and obviously unable to communicate his wishes. As to his emotional and physical
needs, the evidence affirmatively established that those needs were adequately met by Appellant in the past, as
shown by the evidence that D.T. was developmentally and intellectually on-target, has no special needs, and was
happy and healthy when placed in custody of the TDPRS. Caseworker Preston acknowledged D.T.'s past home
environment could be considered safe. There is no evidence whatsoever as to any actual emotional or physical
danger to D.T. in the past. It is undisputed that D.T. is not currently endangered and his emotional and physical
needs are being met in foster care. No evidence, direct or indirect, was offered by TDPRS regarding D.T.'s future
emotional or physical needs or endangerment to him in the future. Caseworker Preston testified that, in her opinion,
it is in the best interest of D.T. for the parent-child relationship with Appellant to be terminated because of
Appellant's current separation from him while she is incarcerated and because "[s]he hasn't shown she can provide a
safe, stable home for him." Aside from the fact that her statement would improperly reverse the burden of proof,
Preston was not looking toward the future when Appellant would be released. She admitted, "We're not even looking
to August. We're dealing with right now."

There was no evidence that Appellant currently lacked parenting ability. It was undisputed that Appellant had taken
advantage of and had completed the psychological testing and counseling offered to her. There was no evidence of
availability of child care assistance or counseling in the future to assist her with D.T., nor was any evidence offered
as to financial entitlement programs available. As to plans for the future, Appellant testified that her mother has
asked her to come back to Alabama after her release date. Appellant wants to finish school, and her mother said she
will help her. TDPRS's plans for D.T. were not stated. Although Preston testified that the current foster parents would
be willing to adopt, there was no testimony from the foster parents.

There was no evidence of abuse, neglect, or any other indication of an inappropriate parent-child relationship
between Appellant and D.T. As to "excuse," Appellant candidly offered none, but testified she realized her conduct
was wrong and has taken advantage of everything offered by the Texas Department of Corrections to make sure she
does not go back.

The evidence of Appellant's past course of conduct of writing bad checks apparently spans several years. This
evidence, when considered with her conduct of jumping bond and leaving her other children in Montana, meets only
one of the factors enumerated in Holley: evidence of her acts and omissions. While the evidence of

                                                        Page 642

this factor overlaps the proof required to establish the statutory ground of endangerment by her conduct, this
evidence is nevertheless some evidence, more than a scintilla, to support termination.

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment, there is legally sufficient evidence that the best
interest of D.T. would be served by termination of Appellant's parental rights. However, based upon a review of the
totality of the evidence as detailed above in light of the Holley factors, including evidence contrary to the trial court's
findings, we hold that the evidence is so weak as to be factually insufficient to establish by clear and convincing
evidence that the best interest of D.T. will be served by terminating Appellant's parental rights.

CONCLUSION

Having determined the evidence is legally insufficient to support the findings under section 161.001(1)(D) and (N),
we sustain Appellant's first point as to those findings. When we sustain a "no-evidence" point, it is our duty to render
judgment for the appellant because that is the judgment the trial court should have rendered. TEX.R.APP.P. 43.3;
Vista Chevrolet, Inc. v. Lewis, 709 S.W.2d 176, 176 (Tex.1986) (quoting National Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Blagg,
438 S.W.2d 905, 909 (Tex.1969)). Therefore, we reverse the trial court's judgment under section 161.001(1)(D) and
(N) and render judgment for Appellant on these grounds.

Having determined the evidence is factually insufficient to support the findings under section 161.001(1)(E) and (2),
we are of the opinion that the judgment terminating Appellant's parental rights is manifestly unjust. We sustain
Appellant's points as to the applicable findings. We reverse the trial court's judgment on the grounds of section
161.001(1)(E) and (2) and remand that portion of the cause for a new trial. B.J. Valve & Fitting Co. v. Elliott Valve
Repair Co., 679 S.W.2d 1, 1 (Tex.1984).

JOHN HILL, J. (Retired), filed a concurring opinion.

JOHN HILL, Justice, concurring (Retired).

I concur in the result only because, while I agree with the majority that the evidence is factually insufficient to
support the trial court's finding that termination of Appellant's parental rights is in the best interest of the child, I
disagree with the majority's conclusion that the evidence is factually insufficient to support the trial court's finding
that Appellant engaged in conduct that endangered the physical and emotional well-being of the child.

The majority agrees that the evidence is legally sufficient to support the finding that Appellant engaged in conduct
that endangered the physical and emotional well-being of D.T., but finds that the evidence is factually insufficient to
support the finding. As I understand the evidence, Appellant, prior to the birth of D.T., fled the State of Montana in
order to avoid prosecution for bad checks and to escape an abusive husband. In doing so, she left behind two
children who ultimately ended up in the care of her mother. When asked by a child investigator for the Texas
Department of Protective and Regulatory Services (TDPRS) why she had not contacted the children, she testified that
it was because they were better off in foster care. She testified that there is an outstanding warrant out for her
arrest in Montana as a result of bail revocation. She also acknowledged that there is a pending charge in that state
for bad checks.
Appellant was arrested in February 1998, shortly after D.T.'s birth in August 1997. In January 1999, at the time of
the trial of this termination proceeding, Appellant was in state jail following her conviction for a state jail felony in
Texas. She was expecting to be released in August 1999. She acknowledged having been convicted

                                                                      Page 643.

of a felony involving bad checks in Utah. She said that some of her out-of-state cases might be four or five years old.
Appellant testified that she had been told that there might be arrest warrants out for her in five different states. She
indicated that those arrest warrants were based upon her conduct, that she knew there would be a possibility of her
going to jail, that if she went to jail she would not be able to parent her child, and that she engaged in a continuing
course of conduct of writing bad checks or engaging in an activity that might get her arrested.

In holding the evidence is factually insufficient to support the trial court's finding that Appellant engaged in conduct
endangering the physical and emotional well-being of D.T., the majority relies upon testimony indicating that D.T.
was in good health and had not been abused, that Appellant was taking good care of D.T. before her arrest and was
doing the best she could while incarcerated to indicate her interest in D.T., that the only reason for emergency
removal of D.T. when Appellant was initially arrested was because she could not make bail, that the Appellant
contacted the TDPRS after she was arrested to ensure D.T.'s safety, that she complied as fully as possible with the
goals and objectives required of her by the Department, and that her conviction was not for a crime from which, in
and of itself, physical or emotional harm to the child might be inferred.

The majority relies in part upon a law review article from the SETON HALL LAW REVIEW, authored by Steven
Fleischer. In that article, Fleischer states that, while the psychological effects of parental incarceration on children
vary greatly from child to child, parental incarceration can have a pronounced negative effect on a child and may
temporarily or permanently affect the child's development and future relationships. Steven Fleischer, Termination of
Parental Rights: An Additional Sentence for Incarcerated Parents, 29 SETON HALL L.REV. 312, 321 (1998). It is
undisputed that Appellant engaged in a pattern of criminal conduct over a lengthy period of time that ultimately
resulted in imprisonment for over a year and a half. It appears that there is a reasonable possibility of more
incarceration to come. Therefore, it is my opinion that the evidence is undisputed that Appellant engaged in conduct
that endangered the physical and emotional well-being of her child.

The remaining issue is whether termination of the parent-child relationship is in D.T.'s best interest. I believe all the
evidence the majority relies upon in holding that the evidence is factually insufficient to support the trial court's
finding on the endangerment issue is relevant to the best interest issue. However, the evidence does not contradict
the undisputed testimony that shows Appellant engaged in conduct that endangered the physical and emotional well-
being of D.T. Evidence that D.T. did not actually suffer injury is not inconsistent with the finding. Texas Dep't of
Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex.1987). Evidence that Appellant is a loving mother who cares about
her child is not inconsistent with the finding because loving mothers can, and Appellant did, engage in conduct that
endangers the child. The potential harm to D.T. comes from her course of conduct and the resulting imprisonment.
While the nature of a course of conduct, in and of itself, may sometimes support termination, the fact that the
conduct, in and of itself, does not pose such a danger does not keep the conduct from posing a danger when
coupled with the imprisonment that results from such conduct. Because the evidence relied upon by the majority
does not contradict the undisputed evidence the majority found to be legally sufficient to support the trial court's
finding on the endangerment issue, I believe the majority is in error in holding the evidence factually insufficient to
support the finding on endangerment.

---------

Notes:

[1]
      Appellant is sometimes referred to in the record by her married name, L.J.P.

[2]
      D.B., the biological father of D.T., is sometimes referred to in the reporter's record as D.V. In the clerk's record, he is identified as D.B.

[3]
      A home study was later performed on the paternal grandparents, and as a result, placement with them was denied.
[4]
   E.g., In re J.N.R., 982 S.W.2d 137, 142-43 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, no pet.); In re B.S.T., 977 S.W.2d 481, 484, n. 4
(Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, no pet.); In re J.J. & K.J., 911 S.W.2d 437, 439-40 (Tex.App.--Texarkana 1995, writ denied); Spurlock
v. Texas Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 904 S.W.2d 152, 155-56 (Tex.App.-Austin 1995, writ denied); In re A.D.E., 880 S.W.2d
241, 245 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1994, no writ); D.O. v. TDHS, 851 S.W.2d 351, 353 (Tex.App.--Austin 1993, no writ).

[5]
   E.g., In re B.R., 950 S.W.2d 113, 117-18 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1997, no pet.); Spangler v. Texas Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs.,
962 S.W.2d 253, 257 (Tex.App.--Waco 1998, no pet.); In re H.C., 942 S.W.2d 661, 663-64 (Tex.App.--San Antonio, 1997, no pet.); In re
L.S., 748 S.W.2d 571, 572-73 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 1988, no writ); Neiswander v. Bailey, 645 S.W.2d 835, 835-36 (Tex.App.--Dallas 1982, no
writ); see generally Bill Vance, The Clear and Convincing Evidence Standard in Texas: A Critique, 48 BAYLOR L.REV. 391 (1996) (discussing
why an additional standard of review should be developed for appellate review of findings of fact made under the clear and convincing
evidence standard).

[6]
  Clear and convincing proof has not been required by the supreme court except where that heightened degree of proof has been
mandated by constitutional or statutory requirements. Huckabee v. Time Warner Entm't Co., 19 S.W.3d 413, 423 (Tex.2000). Clear and
convincing evidence is required both by due process and by statute in involuntary termination cases. In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d at 847;
TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.206(a).

[7]
  In effect, the trial court found that Appellant committed acts prohibited under section 161.001(1)(D), (E), and (N) and that termination
was in D.T.'s best interest. TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(D), (E), (N), (2).

[8]
  Act of May 27, 1993, 73rd Leg., R.S., ch. 597, § 1, 1993 Tex.Gen.Laws 2254, 2254 (repealed 1995) (current version at TEX.FAM.CODE
ANN. § 161.001(1)(D)).

[9]
  The fact that D.T. was placed in foster care when Appellant was arrested is not, standing alone, evidence of endangerment. G.M. v. Texas
Dep't of Human Res., 717 S.W.2d 185, 188 (Tex.App.--Austin 1986, no writ) (holding that leaving child in care of licensed foster parents did
not "endanger" child's emotional or physical well-being).

[10]
    When Appellant was sixteen, she gave birth to a daughter and placed her for adoption. Later, Appellant married and had other children,
one of whom, a twin with a heart defect, died at the age of three months from sudden infant death syndrome while Appellant was at work.
Appellant was suspicious of his death because her former husband with whom she was then living had shaken the baby before and had
blamed their pet cat for bruises she had once found on the baby. Although the State mentions this evidence, it does not rely on it as
evidence of a conscious course of conduct that endangered D.T.

[11]
   The supreme court did not adopt the sentence in Wray that stated if the imprisonment "displays a voluntary, deliberate and conscious
course of conduct, it qualifies as conduct which endangers the emotional well-being of the child." Wray, 640 S.W.2d at 71.

[12]
   If an extension of the trial court's jurisdiction under section 263.401(b) had been requested and granted, the final hearing could have
been held nearer to the time of Appellant's scheduled release. TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 263.401(b)(Vernon Supp.2000).

---------
In re E.S.S., 131 S.W.3d 632 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2004)

Page 632

                                 131 S.W.3d 632 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2004)
                                            In the Interest of E.S.S.
                                               No. 2-03-074-CV.
                             Court of Appeals of Texas, Second District, Fort Worth.
                                                March 11, 2004.

                                                        Page 633

[Copyrighted Material Omitted]

                                                        Page 634

     Beth Poulos, Arlington, TX, for Appellant.

     Robert Hoover, Fort Worth, TX, Duke Hooten, Special Prosecuting Attorney, Austin, TX, Michael Broome, P.C.
and Michael W. Broome, Hurst, TX, for Appellee.

     Charla Moore, P.C. and Charla F. Moore, Arlington, TX, Attorney Ad Litem.

     PANEL B: DAUPHINOT, HOLMAN, and McCOY, JJ.

     OPINION

     DIXON W. HOLMAN, Justice.

     Appellant Gary Wayne Stanfield seeks reversal of the trial court's agreed order terminating his parental rights
and granting adoption to Gary Wayne Smith. We reverse and remand.

     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      Appellant and Appellee, parents of E.S.S., were divorced in 1995. In 1996, Appellee married Gary Wayne Smith
and E.S.S. has lived with them since that time. Appellant is currently serving a life sentence in the Texas Department
of Criminal Justice--Institutional Division (TDCJ-ID)

                                                        Page 635

for murder. In August 2000, Appellee and Mr. Smith filed a petition for the involuntary termination of Appellant's
parental rights in conjunction with a request by Mr. Smith to adopt E.S.S.

      On July 30, 2002, the trial court held a trial on the petition for termination of Appellant's parental rights. Prior
to the trial's commencement, the parties announced that they had reached an agreement. According to the terms of
the agreement, Appellant would voluntarily relinquish his parental rights to E.S.S. in exchange for having his mother
and brother named possessory conservators with visitation rights. After Appellee's attorney dictated the settlement
agreement and details of the visitation rights on the record, Appellant testified that he was relinquishing his rights to
E.S.S. as follows:
     THE COURT: Okay. Mr. Stanfield, I want you to understand exactly what we're doing today. I think you know
the purpose of this hearing is to determine whether or not your parental rights of this child should be terminated
forever.

      Now, it's my understanding that you're currently serving a life sentence in the [TDCJ-ID] for murder; is that
correct?

     THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

      THE COURT: You understand that even though you're under those circumstances at this time that you still have
a right to have a trial in this matter, do you understand that?

     THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

     THE COURT: Okay. Do you concur and agree that your parental rights to this child should be terminated
forever?

     THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

     THE COURT: All right. And are you doing that freely and voluntarily?

     THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

     The trial court approved the agreement and ordered termination of Appellant's parental rights. Appellant
thereafter did not sign an affidavit for voluntary relinquishment of parental rights.

      On February 6, 2003, Appellee filed a motion for entry of an agreed order terminating Appellant's parental
rights and granting adoption. Appellee's motion included a proposed agreed order, which not only included the terms
of the agreement as stated on the record, but also an order granting adoption and the following findings:

     The Court finds by clear and convincing evidence that GARY WAYNE STANFIELD has--

     a. engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged in conduct that endangers the
physical or emotional well-being of the child; and

      b. knowingly engaged in criminal conduct that has resulted in his conviction of an offense and confinement or
imprisonment and inability to care for the child for not less than two years from the date the petition was filed.

    The Court also finds by clear and convincing evidence that termination of the parent-child relationship between
GARY WAYNE STANFIELD and the child the subject of this suit is in the best interest of the child.

      In response, Appellant did not sign the proposed agreed order and instead wrote a letter to the trial court
seeking to revoke his consent to the agreement.

      On February 28, 2003, a hearing was held on Appellee's motion for entry of the agreed order. Appellant claims
that he again attempted to revoke his agreement to relinquish his parental rights and repudiate his agreement to the
termination. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial

                                                      Page 636

court overruled Appellant's attempted revocation and signed the proposed agreed order. In five issues, Appellant
argues that the trial court erred in signing the agreed order.
     STANDARD OF REVIEW

        A parent's rights to "the companionship, care, custody, and management" of his or her children are
constitutional interests "far more precious than any property right." Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758-59, 102
S. Ct. 1388, 1397, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982). In a termination case, the State seeks not just to limit parental rights but
to end them permanently--to divest the parent and child of all legal rights, privileges, duties, and powers normally
existing between them, except for the child's right to inherit. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.§ 161.206(b) (Vernon
Supp.2004); Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex.1985). We strictly scrutinize termination proceedings and
strictly construe involuntary termination statutes in favor of the parent. Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20-21; In re D.T., 34
S.W.3d 625, 630 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied) (op. on reh'g).

       In proceedings to terminate the parent-child relationship brought under section 161.001 of the family code, the
petitioner must establish one or more of the acts or omissions enumerated under subdivision (1) of the statute and
must also prove that termination is in the best interest of the child. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001 (Vernon 2002);
Richardson v. Green, 677 S.W.2d 497, 499 (Tex.1984); Swate v. Swate, 72 S.W.3d 763, 766 (Tex.App.-Waco 2002,
pet. denied). Both elements must be established; termination may not be based solely on the best interest of the
child as determined by the trier of fact. Tex. Dep't of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex.1987).

      Termination of parental rights is a drastic remedy and is of such weight and gravity that due process requires
the petitioner to justify termination by "clear and convincing evidence." TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §§ 161.001,
161.206(a); In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d 846, 847 (Tex.1980). This intermediate standard falls between the
preponderance standard of ordinary civil proceedings and the reasonable doubt standard of criminal proceedings.
G.M., 596 S.W.2d at 847; D.T., 34 S.W.3d at 630. It is defined as the "measure or degree of proof that will produce
in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established."
TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 101.007.

       The higher burden of proof in termination cases alters the appellate standard of legal sufficiency review. In re
J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 265 (Tex.2002). The traditional no-evidence standard does not adequately protect the
parent's constitutional interests. Id. In reviewing the evidence for legal sufficiency in parental termination cases, we
must determine "whether the evidence is such that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction"
that the grounds for termination were proven. Id. at 265-66. We must review all the evidence in the light most
favorable to the finding and judgment. Id. at 266. This means that we must assume that the factfinder resolved any
disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could have done so. Id. We must also disregard all
evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved. Id. We must consider, however, undisputed evidence
even if it does not support the finding. Id. If we determine that no reasonable factfinder could form a firm belief or
conviction that the grounds for termination were proven, then the evidence

                                                        Page 637

is legally insufficient, and we must render judgment for the parent. Id.

      The higher burden of proof in termination cases also alters the appellate standard of factual sufficiency review.
In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex.2002). "[A] finding that must be based on clear and convincing evidence cannot be
viewed on appeal the same as one that may be sustained on a mere preponderance." Id. In considering whether the
evidence of termination rises to the level of being clear and convincing, we must determine "whether the evidence is
such that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction" that the grounds for termination were
proven. Id. Our inquiry here is whether, on the entire record, a factfinder could reasonably form a firm conviction or
belief that the parent violated one of the conduct provisions of section 161.001(1) and that the termination of the
parent's parental rights would be in the best interest of the child. Id. at 28. "When reversing on insufficiency
grounds, the reviewing court must detail the evidence relevant to the issue of parental termination and clearly state
why the evidence is insufficient to support a termination finding by clear and convincing evidence." Id. at 18.

       Nonexclusive factors that the trier of fact in a termination case may use in determining the best interest of the
child include:
     (1) the desires of the child;

     (2) the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the future;

     (3) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future;

     (4) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody;

     (5) the programs available to assist these individuals to promote the best interest of the child;

     (6) the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency seeking custody;

     (7) the stability of the home or proposed placement;

     (8) the acts or omissions of the parent which may indicate that the existing parent-child relationship is not a
proper one; and

     (9) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent.

Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex.1976). These factors are not exhaustive; some listed factors may be
inapplicable to some cases; other factors not on the list may also be considered when appropriate. C.H., 89 S.W.3d
at 27. Furthermore, undisputed evidence of just one factor may be sufficient in a particular case to support a finding
that termination is in the best interest of the children. Id. On the other hand, the presence of scant evidence relevant
to each Holley factor will not support such a finding. Id.

     DISCUSSION

       In Appellant's first issue, he argues that the trial court erred in rendering judgment on the grounds of
Appellant's relinquishment without a properly executed affidavit of relinquishment tendered to the court and offered
as evidence.[1] The family code provides that the relinquishment of parental rights can be grounds for the termination
of the parent-child relationship when the parent has "executed before or after the suit is filed an unrevoked or
irrevocable affidavit of relinquishment

                                                       Page 638

of parental rights as provided by this chapter." TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(K). Under section 161.103(a) of
the family code, a valid affidavit of voluntary relinquishment must be 1) signed, 2) witnessed by two credible
persons, and 3) verified before a person authorized to take oaths. Id. § 161.103(a) (Vernon Supp.2004). Appellant
points out that there is no statutory provision that an oral relinquishment will suffice to comply with the strict
requirements of section 161.103. Further, we find no common law authority allowing acceptance of an oral
relinquishment in lieu of a signed affidavit.

      Even if an oral statement on the record in open court would sufficiently meet the requirements set forth in
161.103(a), Appellant's oral statements at trial do not encompass the laundry list of information that must be
included in an affidavit of voluntary relinquishment as set forth in 161.103(b). Subsection (b) lists several
requirements that are not encompassed in Appellant's oral relinquishment. The reporter's record for the trial on the
termination of Appellant's parental rights does not contain the following required information:

(1) the address and age of the parent whose parental rights are being relinquished;
(2) the age, and birth date of the child;
(3) the names and addresses of the guardians of the person and estate of the child, if any;
(4) a statement that the affiant is or is not presently obligated by court order to make payments for the support of
the child;
(5) a full description and statement of value of all property owned or possessed by the child;
(6) an allegation that termination of the parent-child relationship is in the best interest of the child;
(7)(A) the name and address of the other parent;
(8) a statement that the parent has been informed of parental rights and duties;
(9) a statement that the relinquishment is revocable, that the relinquishment is irrevocable, or that the
relinquishment is irrevocable for a stated period of time;
(10) if the relinquishment is revocable, a statement in boldfaced type concerning the right of the parent signing the
affidavit to revoke the relinquishment only if the revocation is made before the 11th day after the date the affidavit is
executed;
(11) if the relinquishment is revocable, the name and address of a person to whom the revocation is to be delivered.

See id. § 161.103. We sustain Appellant's first issue.

       In Appellant's second and third issues, he asserts that the trial court erred in granting termination based solely
on evidence of the parties' agreement and without evidence or a finding that termination was in the best interest of
E.S.S. We construe Appellant's argument to be that the evidence is factually and legally insufficient to support the
termination of his parental rights.

      The trial court's order includes findings that Appellant's conduct fell within two of the enumerated grounds for
involuntary termination under section 161.001 of the family code. First, the court found that Appellant engaged in
conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged in conduct that endangers the physical or
emotional well-being of the child. See id. § 161.001(1)(E). Section 161.001(1)(E) requires us to look at the parent's
conduct alone, including actions or omissions or failures to act. See id.; D.T., 34 S.W.3d at 634; In re R.F., 115
S.W.3d 804, 810 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2003, no pet.).

                                                         Page 639

"Endanger" under section 161.001(1)(E) means to expose to loss or injury, to jeopardize. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533;
D.T., 34 S.W.3d at 634. The term means more than a threat of "metaphysical injury," but it is not necessary that the
conduct be directed at the child or that the child actually suffer injury. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533. Nevertheless, there
must be evidence of endangerment to the child's physical or emotional well-being as the direct result of the parent's
conduct. In re J.B.W., 99 S.W.3d 218, 226 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2003, pet. denied); In re R.D., 955 S.W.2d 364, 367
(Tex.App.-San Antonio 1997, pet. denied). Additionally, termination under section 161.001(1)(E) must be based on
more than a single act or omission; a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious "course of conduct" by the parent is
required. J.B.W., 99 S.W.3d at 226; D.T., 34 S.W.3d at 634.

     Here, the evidence in support of a finding that Appellant engaged in a course of conduct that endangers the
physical or emotional well-being of E.S.S. is a single statement regarding Appellant's prison sentence for murder.
Texas cases have considered the involuntary termination of the rights of an imprisoned parent, and have held that
mere imprisonment will not, standing alone, constitute engaging in conduct which endangers the emotional or
physical well-being of a child. See Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533-34 (holding imprisonment alone is not conduct
endangering a child); In re C.L.C, 119 S.W.3d 382, 397 (Tex.App.-Tyler 2003, no pet.); In re S.D.H., 591 S.W.2d
637, 638 (Tex.Civ.App.-Eastland 1979, no writ) (holding imprisonment alone is not conduct endangering a child).
Therefore the only evidence before us, Appellant's admission that he is serving a life sentence in prison, cannot
support a termination on endangerment grounds under section 161.001(1)(E).

     The court's second finding in favor of terminating Appellant's parental rights is based on section 161.001(1)(Q),
which requires proof that Appellant:

(Q) knowingly engaged in criminal conduct that has resulted in the parent's:

(i) conviction of an offense; and

(ii) confinement or imprisonment and inability to care for the child for not less than two years from the date of filing
the petition.
TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(Q). Although Appellant admitted that he is currently serving a prison term that
will exceed two years, there is no evidence that Appellant is unable to care for E.S.S. Proof that Appellant is unable
to care for E.S.S. is an additional requirement not met by showing incarceration alone. In re B.M.R., 84 S.W.3d 814,
818 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st. Dist.] 2002, no pet.); see In re Caballero, 53 S.W.3d 391, 395 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 2001,
pet. denied). Otherwise, the termination of parental rights could become an additional punishment automatically
imposed along with imprisonment for almost any crime. In re D.R.L.M., 84 S.W.3d 281, 294 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth,
pet. denied); D.T., 34 S.W.3d at 636; see also Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20-21 (stating we are required to strictly
construe the involuntary termination statutes in favor of the parent).

     In In re Caballero, the Amarillo Court of Appeals construed section 161.001(1)(Q) as requiring a three-step
process. 53 S.W.3d at 396. First, the party seeking termination must establish that the parent's knowing criminal
conduct resulted in incarceration for more than two years. Id. Second, the parent must produce some evidence as to
how he would provide or arrange to provide care for the child during that period. Id. Finally, the party seeking
termination would then have the

                                                       Page 640

burden of persuasion that the arrangement would not satisfy the parent's duty to the child. Id.

        We conclude that Appellant's statement at trial regarding his prison term is sufficient to establish Appellee's
initial burden to prove that Appellant is incarcerated for more than two years. Likewise, Appellant met his burden of
production regarding how he would arrange for the care of E.S.S. in that the agreement reached by the parties
included naming Appellant's mother and brother possessory conservators with visitation rights. Appellee consequently
had the burden of persuasion to establish that this arrangement would not meet Appellant's duty to E.S.S. Because
no evidence was presented by Appellee regarding Appellant's plan to care for E.S.S., Appellee has not met her
burden of persuasion. See id. Consequently, the evidence is insufficient to establish that Appellant's conduct falls
within the grounds for involuntary termination enumerated in subsection Q. We also conclude that the scant evidence
before us cannot support a finding of best interest. Of the nine previously mentioned Holley factors that may be used
in determining the best interest of the child, the record before us sheds light on only one factor--whether the acts or
omissions of the parent indicate that the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one. See Holley, 544
S.W.2d at 371-72. A single statement on the record regarding Appellant's prison term without weighing any other
factors is not sufficient to support a best interest finding by clear and convincing evidence. See C.H., 89 S.W.3d at
27. We sustain Appellant's second and third issues.

       In Appellant's fourth issue, he asserts that the trial court erred in entering judgment because Appellant
revoked his oral agreement to relinquish his parental rights prior to the entry of the order. Appellant's fifth and final
issue takes the position that the trial court did not have authority to enter an agreed order based on grounds which
were different from the parties' Rule 11 agreement.[2] Because we conclude that the agreement is unenforceable, we
do not address whether the Appellant properly revoked his agreement or whether the agreed order is in compliance
with the parties' Rule 11 agreement.

       While people are generally free to contract, contracts which violate public policy as captured in statutory
mandate are unenforceable. Williams v. Patton, 821 S.W.2d 141, 147-48 (Tex.1991) (orig. proceeding) (Doggett, J.,
concurring). Furthermore, a Rule 11 agreement is nothing more than a contract that satisfies the terms of Rule 11 of
the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure. In re T.M., 33 S.W.3d 341, 347 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 2000, no pet.). It too is
regulated by laws pertaining to contracts in general and is therefore unenforceable if it violates public policy. See
Padilla v. LaFrance, 907 S.W.2d 454, 460-61 (Tex.1995); Alcantar v. Okla. Nat'l Bank, 47 S.W.3d 815, 819 (Tex.App.-
Fort Worth 2001, no pet.); T.M., 33 S.W.3d at 347. The family code expressly states that:

The public policy of this state is to:

      (1) assure that children will have frequent and continuing contact with parents who have shown the ability to
act in the best interest of the child;

      (2) provide a safe, stable, and nonviolent environment for the child; and
      (3) encourage parents to share in the rights and duties of raising their child after the parents have separated or
dissolved their marriage.

                                                                  Page 641

TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 153.001(a) (Vernon 2002).

      Here, the Rule 11 agreement does not comply with the required findings for termination under the family code.
The relevant evidence on the record consists only of Appellant's statement that he is in prison for murder and his
statement that he would relinquish his parental rights in exchange for naming his mother and brother possessory
conservators. This alone does not establish by clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the best interest
of E.S.S. or that any of the statutory grounds for termination in the family code were met. Given the clear public
policy encompassed within sections 153.001 and 161.001 of the family code, we conclude that the agreement in this
case is unenforceable. See T.M., 33 S.W.3d at 347. We sustain Appellant's fifth issue.

         CONCLUSION

       From the record, it is apparent that the trial court did not proceed with a trial on the merits of Appellee's
petition for involuntary termination of Appellant's parental rights in reliance on the settlement agreement reached
between the parties. Because we find the agreement unenforceable, we reverse the judgment of the trial court and
remand for a new trial on the merits. See TEX.R.APP. P. 43.3(b).

---------

Notes:

[1]
   Although the trial court's judgment at trial was clearly based on Appellant's oral relinquishment of his parental rights, we note that the
resulting agreed order does not include a finding that Appellant relinquished his parental rights nor does it indicate that the decision was
based on Appellant's oral relinquishment.

[2]
      See TEX.R. CIV. P. 11.

---------
In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d 117 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2003)

In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d 117 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2003)Court of Appeals of Texas, Second District, Fort
WorthOctober 16, 2003121 S.W.3d 117

No negative treatment in subsequent cases

121 S.W.3d 117

121 S.W.3d 117 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2003)

In the interest of J.T.G., H.N.M., M.D.M., B.M.L., Children.

No. 2-03-039-CV.

Court of Appeals of Texas, Second District, Fort Worth

October 16, 2003.

121 S.W.3d 118

[Copyrighted Material Omitted]

121 S.W.3d 119

[Copyrighted Material Omitted]

121 S.W.3d 120

[Copyrighted Material Omitted]

121 S.W.3d 121

    Cindy Stormer, Gainesville, for Appellant (P.G.).

    Christopher M. Fostel, Decatur, for Appellant (S.L.).
     C. Ed Davis, TDPRS General Counsel, Phoebe Knauer, Deputy Gen. Counsel, Cathy Morris, Chief Atty.
for Field Operations, Sarah R. Guidry, Supervising Atty. for Field Operations, Special Litigation Unit, Duke
Hooten, Appellate Atty., Office of Gen. Counsel Special Litigation Unit, Austin, for Appellee.

    PANEL F: CAYCE, C.J.; GARDNER and WALKER, JJ.

    OPINION

    SUE WALKER, Justice.

    I. INTRODUCTION

     P.G. appeals the trial court's judgment terminating her parental rights to four of her children. In
four points, P.G. complains that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support any of the
four statutory grounds for termination pleaded by the Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory
Services ("TDPRS"). She also contends that the trial court erred by refusing to submit her requested jury
instructions and questions and by denying her request for a disinterested expert witness.

     S.L. is the father of P.G.'s youngest child, B.M.L. Based on the jury's verdict, the trial court rendered
a judgment terminating S.L.'s parental rights to B.M.L. In three points, S.L. contends that the evidence is
legally insufficient to support any of the four statutory grounds for termination pleaded by TDPRS. He
also contends that the trial court erred by denying him a sufficient number of peremptory challenges
and by admitting evidence of his prior bad acts. We will affirm.

    II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

    P.G. is the mother of J.T.G., born in April 1995, H.N.M., born in October 1997, M.D.M., born in July
1999, and B.M.L., born in July 2001 (the "children"). The alleged father of J.T.G. was only briefly involved
with P.G. and never had any contact with P.G. or J.T.G. during P.G.'s pregnancy or after J.T.G.'s birth.
Eleven months after J.T.G. was born, P.G. became involved with the father of H.N.M. and M.D.M. In
1998, the couple was common-law married. In 1999, P.G. ended her four-year relationship with the
father of H.N.M. and M.D.M. [1] and began a relationship with S.L. immediately thereafter. After two
weeks, P.G. and S.L. moved in together. As previously mentioned, S.L. is
121 S.W.3d 122

the father of B.M.L.[2] and was still living with P.G. at the time of trial. P.G. and S.L. are the parents of
another child who was not a subject of this suit.

     TDPRS first became involved with P.G. and her children in October 1997 following the birth of
H.N.M. TDPRS received a referral after H.N.M. was born with hydrocephalus--a build-up of fluid on the
brain and agenesis of the corpus callosum. Concerns existed due to the child's fragile medical condition,
her special needs, and allegations of physical abuse stemming from P.G.'s drug use during her
pregnancy. P.G. admitted at the time of the investigation and at trial that she used various drugs during
her pregnancy with H.N.M. However, TDPRS found no evidence of drug use by P.G. or H.N.M.'s father
during the time of the investigation. Both parents were involved in an early childhood intervention
program, and H.N.M. was attending all scheduled medical appointments. Following its investigation,
TDPRS decided not to remove the children from P.G.'s care.

      In July 2001, TDPRS again became involved with P.G. and with S.L. after P.G. attempted to commit
suicide by overdosing on prescription and nonprescription drugs. P.G. was approximately thirty-three
weeks pregnant with B.M.L., and B.M.L. was born the day after P.G.'s suicide attempt. A drug screen
conducted on P.G. revealed positive results for benzodiazepines, amphetamines, and opiates. An
investigation by TDPRS revealed that the suicide attempt stemmed from an argument between P.G. and
S.L., which resulted in S.L. leaving P.G. for a brief period of time. As a result of P.G.'s suicide attempt,
prior drug abuse of both P.G. and S.L., and "high risk" to the children, TDPRS decided to open a case for
the provision of in-home safety services focusing on family preservation. TDPRS implemented a safety
plan that required S.L. and P.G.'s sister to supervise all contact between P.G. and her children. P.G. was
also required to complete a mental health evaluation and receive counseling. Sue McAfee ("McAfee"), a
family preservation caseworker with TDPRS, specifically instructed P.G. and S.L. to abstain from any drug
or alcohol use. Prior to the completion of a family preservation plan, TDPRS received calls concerning
alleged drinking and drug use by P.G. and S.L., as well as an alleged fight between the couple at a
relative's home. However, when questioned by McAfee, the couple denied the allegations.

     In August 2001, only twelve days after the family preservation case was opened, an incident of
family violence occurred between P.G. and S.L. During an altercation regarding B.M.L., P.G. stabbed S.L.
in the leg with a knife. At some point during the incident, B.M.L.'s head was bumped on a door frame.
All four children were present in the home at the time of the incident. As a result of continued family
violence and past drug abuse, all four children were immediately removed from P.G. and S.L.'s care on
or about August 6, 2001. In order for P.G. and S.L. to regain custody of their children, TDPRS created a
series of four family service plans. As part of their service plans, P.G. and S.L. were to obtain chemical
dependency assessments and psychological evaluations, to submit to and test negative in random drug
screens, and to attend parenting classes and counseling sessions for anger management, drug addiction,
and domestic violence. Both parents complied with the service plans by completing parenting classes
and obtaining

121 S.W.3d 123

chemical dependency assessments. However, during the first and second service plans, neither P.G. nor
S.L. obtained a psychological evaluation or attended counseling sessions for anger management, drug
addiction, and domestic violence. Both P.G. and S.L. likewise failed to complete counseling sessions for
anger management, drug addiction, and domestic violence as required by the third service plan. Over
the course of the four service plans, P.G. tested positive for drug use, and both P.G. and S.L. failed to
submit to drug testing on repeated occasions. P.G. and S.L. completed inpatient treatment for drug
abuse, yet refused to participate in a required outpatient relapse prevention program. The couple also
never obtained stable living arrangements.

     Both parents sporadically attended visitation with the four children and typically never called when
they were going to miss scheduled visits. P.G. missed nineteen of sixty-one scheduled visits with her
children, including eight of the last ten. S.L. missed seventeen of sixty-one scheduled visits with the
children, including seven of the last ten. Initially, as a result of P.G. and S.L.'s failure to attend visits,
J.T.G. appeared sad and disappointed, and H.N.M. appeared angry and often displayed her anger. Yet
over time, both children appeared indifferent when P.G. and S.L. would miss visitation.

     On November 27, 2002, TDPRS filed a second amended petition to terminate P.G.'s parental rights
to all four children, and S.L.'s parental rights to B.M.L. According to TDPRS, the decision to terminate
P.G. and S.L.'s parental rights was based upon noncompliance with TDPRS's service plans, concerns
about P.G. and S.L.'s continued drug and alcohol abuse, and TDPRS's belief that P.G. and S.L. were
unable to properly care for the children and provide a safe and stable environment for them. On January
24, 2003, after several days of testimony at trial, a jury determined that P.G. and S.L.'s parental rights
should be terminated, and the trial court entered a termination order on February 18, 2003. This appeal
followed.

    III. BURDEN OF PROOF IN TERMINATION PROCEEDINGS

     A parent's rights to "the companionship, care, custody, and management" of his or her children are
constitutional interests "far more precious than any property right." Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745,
758-59, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1397, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982); accord Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20
(Tex.1985). The United States Supreme Court, in discussing the constitutional stature of parental rights,
states, "[T]he interest of parents in the care, custody, and control of their children--is perhaps the oldest
of the fundamental liberty interests recognized by this Court." Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65, 120
S. Ct. 2054, 2060, 147 L. Ed. 2d 49 (2000). Nonetheless, while parental rights are of constitutional
magnitude, they are not absolute. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 26 (Tex.2002). Just as it is imperative for
courts to recognize the constitutional underpinnings of the parent-child relationship, it is also essential
that emotional and physical interests of the child not be sacrificed merely to preserve that right. Id.

     In proceedings to terminate the parent-child relationship brought under section 161.001 of the
Texas Family Code, TDPRS must establish one or more of the acts or omissions enumerated under
subsection (1) of the statute and must also prove that termination is in the best interest of the child.
TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001 (Vernon 2002); Swate v. Swate, 72 S.W.3d 763, 766 (Tex.App.-Waco
2002, pet. denied). Both elements must be established; termination may not be based

121 S.W.3d 124

solely on the best interest of the child as determined by the trier of fact. Tex. Dep't of Human Servs. v.
Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex.1987). Because of the elevated status of parental rights, the quantum of
proof required in a termination proceeding is elevated from the preponderance of the evidence to clear
and convincing evidence. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 746, 102 S.Ct. at 1391; see also TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. §
161.001.

      Clear and convincing evidence is "the measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of
the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established."
TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 101.007; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 264 (Tex.2002); C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25. This
intermediate standard falls between the preponderance standard of ordinary civil proceedings and the
reasonable doubt standard in criminal proceedings. State v. Addington, 588 S.W.2d 569, 570 (Tex.1979);
In re D.T., 34 S.W.3d 625, 630 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2001, pet. denied) (op. on reh'g). While the proof
must be more than merely the greater weight of the credible evidence, there is no requirement that the
evidence be unequivocal or undisputed. Addington, 588 S.W.2d at 570. Termination proceedings should
be strictly scrutinized, and involuntary termination statutes are strictly construed in favor of the parent.
Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20-21; In re A.V., 849 S.W.2d 393, 400 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1993, no writ).

    IV. P.G.'S APPEAL

    A. Legal and Factual Sufficiency of the Evidence

     In her first two points, P.G. contends that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support
the jury's findings that she (1) knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the children to remain in
conditions or surroundings that endangered their emotional or physical well-being; (2) engaged in
conduct or knowingly placed the children with persons who engaged in conduct that endangered their
emotional and physical well-being; (3) failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that
specifically established the actions necessary for the children's return; and (4) used a controlled
substance in a manner that endangered the health and safety of the children, and failed to complete a
court-ordered substance abuse treatment program, or after completion of a court-ordered substance
abuse treatment program, continued to abuse a controlled substance. See TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. §
161.001(1)(D), (E), (O), (P).

    1. STANDARD OF REVIEW

     The Texas Supreme Court recently clarified the appellate standards of review to be applied to legal
and factual sufficiency of the evidence challenges in light of the clear and convincing evidence burden of
proof in termination proceedings. J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 264-68 (discussing legal sufficiency review); C.H.,
89 S.W.3d at 25 (discussing factual sufficiency review). Because termination findings must be based
upon clear and convincing evidence, not simply a preponderance of the evidence, the supreme court
has held that the traditional legal and factual standards of review are inadequate. J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at
265; C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25. Instead, both legal and factual sufficiency reviews in termination cases must
take into consideration whether the evidence is such that a fact finder could reasonably form a firm
belief or conviction about the truth of the matter on which the State bears the burden of proof. J.F.C.,
96 S.W.3d at 265-66; C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25. With respect to a legal sufficiency point, we "look at all the
evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine whether a reasonable

121 S.W.3d 125

trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true." J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at
266. In determining a factual sufficiency point, we must give due consideration to evidence that the fact
finder could reasonably have found to be clear and convincing and then determine whether, based on
the entire record, a fact finder could reasonably form a firm conviction or belief that the parent violated
one of the provisions of section 161.001 and that the termination of his or her parental rights would be
in the child's best interest. TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001; C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25.

    2. Evidence Regarding Endangering Environment and Course of Conduct

     We first review the evidence supporting the trial court's findings that P.G. knowingly placed or
knowingly allowed the children to remain in conditions or surroundings that endangered their physical
or emotional well-being and that she engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the children with persons
who engaged in conduct that endangered the children's physical or emotional well-being. See TEX.
FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(D), (E).

      Endangerment means to expose to loss or injury, to jeopardize. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533; see also
In re M.C., 917 S.W.2d 268, 269 (Tex.1996). Under subsection (D), it is necessary to examine evidence
related to the environment of the children to determine if the environment was the source of
endangerment to the children's physical or emotional well-being. D.T., 34 S.W.3d at 632. Conduct of a
parent in the home can create an environment that endangers the physical and emotional well-being of
a child. In re W.S., 899 S.W.2d 772, 776 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1995, no writ). For example, abusive or
violent conduct by a parent or other resident of a child's home may produce an environment that
endangers the physical or emotional well-being of a child. See id. at 776-77; Ziegler v. Tarrant County
Child Welfare Unit, 680 S.W.2d 674, 678 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1984, writ ref'd n.r.e.). Parental and
caregiver illegal drug use and drug-related criminal activity likewise supports the conclusion that the
children's surroundings endanger their physical or emotional well-being. See In re S.D., 980 S.W.2d 758,
763 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1998, pet. denied).

      Under subsection (E), the relevant inquiry is whether evidence exists that the endangerment of the
child's physical well-being was the direct result of the parent's conduct, including acts, omissions, or
failures to act. In re R.D., 955 S.W.2d 364, 368 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1997, pet. denied); Dupree v. Tex.
Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 907 S.W.2d 81, 83-84 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1995, no writ).
Additionally, termination under section 161.001(1)(E) must be based on more than a single act or
omission; a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of conduct by the parent is required. TEX.
FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(E); D.T., 34 S.W.3d at 634; In re K.M.M., 993 S.W.2d 225, 228 (Tex.App.-
Eastland 1999, no pet.).

     However, it is not necessary that the parent's conduct be directed at the child or that the child
actually suffer injury. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533. To determine whether termination is necessary, courts
look to parental conduct both before and after the child's birth. In re D.M., 58 S.W.3d 801, 812
(Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2001, no pet.). A mother's use of drugs during pregnancy may amount to conduct
that endangers the physical and emotional well-being of the child. In re K.M.B., 91 S.W.3d 18, 25
(Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2002, no pet.). Drug addiction and its effect on a parent's life and ability to parent
may establish an endangering course of conduct

121 S.W.3d 126

as well. Dupree, 907 S.W.2d at 84. A parent's attempt to commit suicide may also contribute to a finding
that the parent engaged in a course of conduct that endangered a child's physical or emotional well-
being. See In re A.M.C., 2 S.W.3d 707, 716 (Tex.App.-Waco 1999, no pet.).
    Because the evidence concerning these two statutory grounds for termination is interrelated, we
consolidate our examination of it. S.D., 980 S.W.2d at 762; In re B.R., 822 S.W.2d 103, 106 (Tex.App.-
Tyler 1991, writ denied) (recognizing the link between a parent's conduct and a child's conditions and
surroundings). The record contains the following evidence of subsection (D) environmental
endangerment and subsection (E) course of conduct endangerment of the physical or emotional well-
being of the children.

    The record shows a pattern of continued violence and abuse involving P.G. P.G. testified that the
father of H.N.M. and M.D.M. often abused her mentally, physically, and emotionally. She admitted that
she had to call the police to intervene in some of the fights and that she had sought refuge from the
abuse at a women's shelter on at least one occasion.

     Evidence was also adduced pertaining to domestic violence between P.G. and S.L. At trial, P.G.
characterized the altercations between herself and S.L. as "regular struggling," yet after the stabbing
incident, she told McAfee that she and S.L. had physically fought and that she had been hit and knocked
down by S.L. Both P.G. and S.L. admitted that at some time during the course of the stabbing altercation,
B.M.L.'s head was bumped on a door frame.

     The record also reflects a violent altercation between P.G. and her neighbor, Chris Will ("Will").
Russell Driver ("Driver"), a Gainesville police officer, testified that one night, shortly after the children
were removed by TDPRS, he responded to a call concerning a stabbing incident involving P.G. and Will.
Driver testified that at the scene P.G. had admitted stabbing Will with the knife, but alleged that Will
had first assaulted her. At trial, P.G. testified that she did not recall getting into an altercation with Will.
Although he had been drinking at the time of the altercation, Will testified that to the best of his
recollection, P.G. had stabbed him. He further testified that he told officers he believed that the
altercation occurred because he and P.G. had a "relation," and he had told S.L. about it earlier that day.

      The evidence demonstrates that P.G. continuously abused drugs, even during her pregnancies. At
trial, P.G. testified that she had experimented over the years with cocaine, methamphetamines,
marijuana, and acid. She also admitted to drug use during her pregnancy with H.N.M., although she
maintained that such drug use ceased when she realized she was pregnant. She indicated that the father
of H.N.M. had introduced her to drugs and that he had used several illegal drugs during her pregnancy.
Ann Barts ("Barts"), an investigative caseworker for TDPRS, testified that P.G. had told her on a prior
occasion that she felt guilty that H.N.M. was born hydrocephalic due to P.G.'s cocaine use during her
pregnancy. However, P.G. maintained at trial that H.N.M.'s medical problems were not related to her
drug use during pregnancy.
     After her failed suicide attempt and the birth of B.M.L., P.G. tested positive for several types of
drugs, including amphetamines. At trial, P.G. admitted that she had attempted to commit suicide during
her pregnancy with B.M.L. When asked what drugs she had taken in her attempt to overdose, she
stated, "Everything I could get my hands on." The evidence demonstrates that S.L. was also abusing

121 S.W.3d 127

marijuana, crank, and alcohol on a regular basis prior to removal of the children. P.G.'s drug abuse
continued even after the children were removed. The record indicates numerous occasions on which
P.G. tested positive for drugs or failed to take a requested drug screen as required by TDPRS's service
plans. Additionally, even during the pregnancy of her fifth child, [3] P.G. tested positive for
methamphetamines.

     The record suggests that P.G. often lacked emotional stability. P.G. admitted at trial that she
suffered from depression and had been diagnosed as mildly bipolar. While pregnant with B.M.L., P.G.
attempted to take her own life by overdosing on drugs. According to Barts, after her suicide attempt,
P.G. indicated that "she was planning on taking herself and her baby out of this world." She also told
Barts that she had thought about suicide all of her life. On at least one occasion, P.G. threatened suicide
again after her children were removed from her care.

     P.G. contends that none of the incidents of bad conduct occurred in the children's presence or in a
manner that could have negatively affected the children. However, the record reflects that the children
were present during some incidents of violence and abuse. At trial, P.G. acknowledged that J.T.G. had
witnessed several instances of emotional abuse by H.N.M. and M.D.M.'s father. Additionally, J.T.G. told
his therapist, Shelly Butler ("Butler"), that he had witnessed domestic violence between P.G. and S.L.
Butler testified that J.T.G. was heavily affected by the violence he witnessed at home, and, as a result,
seemed resentful towards his mother. Patricia Doughty, Court Appointed Special Advocate ("CASA") and
guardian ad litem for the children, also testified that the children had witnessed violent episodes
between P.G. and her significant others in the home. The evidence also indicates that P.G.'s drug use
during pregnancy could have negatively affected the children. According to P.G.'s obstetrician, Dr.
Thomas Currier, the use of amphetamines during pregnancy can cause long-term side effects such as
learning defects, failure to thrive, and damage to the neural system.

     P.G. also contends that poverty is not sufficient to support the termination of her parental rights.
We agree that poverty is not sufficient to establish an endangering environment. Doyle v. Tex. Dept. of
Protective & Regulatory Servs., 16 S.W.3d 390, 398 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2000, pet. denied). In this case,
however, P.G.'s poverty is not a seminal aspect of the jury's endangerment findings. Other evidence,
outlined above, supports these findings. Therefore, P.G.'s argument based on poverty fails.
     We have carefully reviewed the entire record. Looking at all the evidence in the light most favorable
to the jury's finding, giving due consideration to evidence that the fact finder could reasonably have
found to be clear and convincing, we hold that a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief
or conviction that P.G. knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the children to remain in conditions or
surroundings that endangered their physical or emotional well-being and that she engaged in conduct or
knowingly placed the children with persons who engaged in conduct that endangered the children's
physical or emotional well-being.

    P.G. challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of all four of the statutory grounds

121 S.W.3d 128

for termination pleaded by TDPRS. However, when multiple grounds for termination are sought and the
trial court submits the issue using a broad-form question, we must uphold the jury's findings if any of
the grounds for termination support the jury's finding; only one finding under section 161.001(1) is
necessary to support a judgment of termination. TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001(1); D.M., 58 S.W.3d at
813; In re S.F., 32 S.W.3d 318, 320 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2000, no pet.); see also Tex. Dep't of Human
Servs. v. E.B., 802 S.W.2d 647, 649 (Tex.1990) (op. on reh'g). Accordingly, because we conclude there is
both legally and factually sufficient evidence to support the jury's findings under family code section
161.001, subsections D and E, we need not address P.G.'s remaining points with respect to the jury's
findings under section 161.001, subsections 0 and P. TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(D), (E), (O), (P);
see TEX.R.APP. P. 47.1. We overrule P.G.'s first and second points.

    B. Jury Charge

     In her third point, P.G. complains that the trial court erred by refusing to submit her requested jury
instructions and questions. At trial, the court submitted a jury instruction that set forth the statutory
grounds alleged against P.G. in the disjunctive, followed by a broad-form jury question regarding
whether the parent-child relationship between P.G. and each child should be terminated. P.G. made a
timely objection to the jury charge and requested a supplemental instruction and question. P.G.'s
requested charge included an instruction regarding the constitutional magnitude of parental rights and a
question that required the jury to find that P.G. was unfit as a parent [4] before considering the best
interest of the children. The trial court overruled her objection and denied her requested jury charge.

    1. Standard of Review
     The standard of review for a jury charge is abuse of discretion. E.B., 802 S.W.2d at 649. To
determine whether a trial court abused its discretion, we must decide whether the trial court acted
without reference to any guiding rules or principles; in other words, whether the act was arbitrary or
unreasonable. See Carpenter v. Cimarron Hydrocarbons Corp., 98 S.W.3d 682, 687 (Tex.2002); Downer
v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex.1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1159, 106 S. Ct.
2279, 90 L. Ed. 2d 721 (1986). Merely because a trial court may decide a matter within its discretion in a
different manner than an appellate court would in a similar circumstance does not demonstrate that an
abuse of discretion has occurred. Downer, 701 S.W.2d at 241-42.

     Pursuant to the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, a trial court is required to submit "such instructions
and definitions as shall be proper to enable the jury to

121 S.W.3d 129

render a verdict." TEX.R. CIV. P. 277. Trial courts are afforded considerable discretion in deciding what
instructions are necessary and proper in submitting issues to the jury. State Farm Lloyds v. Nicolau, 951
S.W.2d 444, 451 (Tex.1997). For an instruction to be proper, it must (1) assist the jury, (2) accurately
state the law, and (3) find support in the pleadings and the evidence. Tex. Workers' Comp. Ins. Fund v.
Mandlbauer, 34 S.W.3d 909, 912 (Tex.2000); see TEX.R. CIV. P. 289. Error in a jury charge is reversible
only if it probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment or probably prevented the appellant
from properly presenting the case on appeal. In re D.I.B., 988 S.W.2d 753, 756 & n. 10 (Tex.1999); Tex.
Dep't of Human Servs. v. White, 817 S.W.2d 62, 63 (Tex.1991); see TEX.R.APP. P. 44.1(a)

    2. Error Analysis

     Relying on Troxel v. Granville, P.G. contends that in a parental termination case a jury must consider
the rights of the parents before any other consideration. 530 U.S. at 65, 120 S.Ct. at 2060. She maintains
that a jury charge that places the interest of the child over the fundamental rights of the parent is
erroneous.

     The charge in this case, however, did not subject the interests of the parent to the interests of the
children or vice versa. The charge simply asked whether the pleaded termination grounds were
established by clear and convincing evidence and whether termination was in the best interest of the
children. It is well settled law that a jury charge that tracks the statutory language and then asks the
controlling question does not amount to an abuse of discretion. E.B., 802 S.W.2d at 649. In parental
termination cases, the controlling question is whether the relationship between the parent and each
child should be terminated. Id. The charge as submitted to the jury at trial tracked the statutory
language, asked the controlling question, and assisted the jury in reaching its verdict. Moreover, a trier
of fact is "not required to find that the parent is 'unfit' in order to find that termination is in the best
interest of the child." In re S.H.A., 728 S.W.2d 73, 91 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1987, writ ref'd n.r.e.).
Consequently, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to submit P.G.'s
requested jury charge. We cannot say that the trial court acted without any regard to guiding principles
in deciding what issues were necessary and proper for submission to the jury. We overrule P.G.'s third
point.

    C. Denial of Request for a Disinterested Expert Witness

      In her fourth point, P.G. contends that the trial court committed reversible error by denying her
request for a disinterested expert witness. On May 1, 2002, the trial court set the final adversary hearing
regarding termination of P.G.'s parental rights for January 13, 2003, and appointed a guardian ad litem
for P.G. On January 9, 2003, P.G. filed an "Ex Parte Motion to Provide Funds for Forensic Expert," which
was denied by the trial court. P.G. did not file a motion for continuance, nor did she announce to the
trial court that she was not ready to proceed because of the lack of a forensic expert to assist in her
defense.

     She asserts that the trial court's refusal to provide funds to enable her to hire a forensic expert to
assist in her defense constitutes a violation of due process. P.G. maintains that the services of a forensic
expert were necessary for meaningful cross-examination of TDPRS's expert witness, to verify the results
of the TDPRS's drug screens, and to explain that the results of her drug screens were positive due to
prescription medication. She asserts

121 S.W.3d 130

that parental termination cases are like criminal cases due to the constitutional magnitude of the rights
at issue, and therefore, she contends that due process required the trial court to provide funds for
expert assistance.

     P.G. refers this court to holdings from three cases in support of her contention that an indigent
defendant is entitled to an expert in order to prepare and present a defense. See Ake v. Oklahoma, 470
U.S. 68, 105 S. Ct. 1087, 84 L. Ed. 2d 53 (1985); Terrell v. State, 521 S.W.2d 618 (Tex.Crim.App.1975);
Detmering v. State, 481 S.W.2d 863 (Tex.Crim.App.1972). However, all three cases address issues of
appointment of experts in the criminal context. See Ake, 470 U.S. at 83, 105 S.Ct. at 1096; Terrell, 521
S.W.2d at 619; Detmering, 481 S.W.2d at 864. P.G. does not refer to any cases to support her contention
that due process requires trial courts to provide expert assistance in parental termination cases, and we
have located none. Accordingly, we decline to extend the holdings in Ake, Terrell, and Detmering to
parental termination cases.
      Moreover, we are unpersuaded that the trial court erred by denying P.G.'s request for expert
assistance. P.G.'s request was made only one-and-a-half working days before trial, and upon denial of
expert assistance, P.G. did not request a continuance to remedy any prejudice she might have suffered.
P.G. asserts that she needed expert assistance to explain the medications she had been prescribed, why
her drug screens showed positive for certain drugs, and how the positive results were derivative of the
prescriptions she was taking. The record reflects that over the course of the service plans, P.G. tested
positive for cocaine, opiates, benzodiazepine, and methamphetamines. Dr. Currier, P.G.'s obstetrician
and a witness for TDPRS, testified that benzodiazepine was a category of drugs, which included Xanax, a
depression medication he had prescribed for P.G. He also testified that Lortab, a pain medication that he
had prescribed for her on one occasion, would cause a positive result for opiates. He noted that "speed"
would cause a positive result for amphetamines and indicated that he did not know any doctor who
would prescribe amphetamines. At trial, P.G. testified about several forms of medication that she had
taken over the course of TDPRS's involvement and indicated why each medication was prescribed. In
reviewing the record, it appears that the evidence that P.G. contends she was deprived of adducing was
in fact admitted through the testimony of P.G. and her obstetrician. We overrule P.G.'s fourth point.

    V. S.L.'S APPEAL

    A. Legal Sufficiency of the Evidence

     In his first point, S.L. contends that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the jury's findings
that he (1) knowingly placed or knowingly allowed B.M.L. to remain in conditions or surroundings that
endangered her emotional or physical well-being; (2) engaged in conduct or knowingly placed B.M.L.
with persons who engaged in conduct that endangered her emotional and physical well-being; (3) failed
to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically established the actions necessary for
B.M.L.'s return; and (4) used a controlled substance in a manner that endangered the health and safety
of B.M.L., and failed to complete a court-ordered substance abuse treatment program, or after
completion of a court-ordered substance abuse treatment program, continued to abuse a

121 S.W.3d 131

controlled substance. See TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(D), (E), (O), (P).

     As with P.G., the evidence supporting the jury's finding of subsection (D) endangerment is
intertwined and overlaps with the evidence supporting the jury's subsection (E) endangerment finding.
Thus, we consolidate our review of the evidence supporting these findings and incorporate evidence
discussed above in P.G.'s sufficiency review.

     As previously detailed, the record indicates a history of domestic violence involving S.L., including
the incident where B.M.L.'s head was bumped on the door frame. During the incident, S.L. admitted to
becoming angry, grabbing P.G. by the wrists, and struggling for control of the knife. Additionally, Jane
Zygiel, a chemical dependency counselor for S.L. and P.G., testified that P.G. told her that she had
suffered a history of physical abuse from S.L.

      The record also indicates an extensive history of drug and alcohol addiction and abuse by S.L. At
trial, S.L. admitted that he was a drug addict and an alcoholic. On the night of the stabbing altercation,
S.L. admitted to drinking prior to the incident. A licensed psychologist, Dr. Chris Haberstroh, testified
that S.L. told him that he was abusing marijuana, crank, and alcohol on a regular basis prior to removal
of the children. He testified that S.L. admitted that he continued to drink heavily and abuse drugs, even
after TDPRS became involved in the case. S.L. also failed to take several drug screens even though they
were required for reunification with B.M.L. The jury could have reasonably inferred that S.L.'s failure to
complete the scheduled drug screens indicated he was avoiding testing because he was using drugs. See
D.M., 58 S.W.3d at 813.

     The evidence also demonstrated that S.L. had a history of criminal conduct. In 1998, S.L. was
arrested and placed on deferred adjudication for marijuana possession in Victoria, Texas. After violating
the terms of his probation, S.L. was convicted of the offense and sentenced to 180 days in jail. After
moving to Gainesville, Texas, S.L. was arrested and convicted for driving with a suspended license. His
probation was later revoked on the driving with a suspended license charge, and he was sentenced to
three days in jail. While P.G. was pregnant with B.M.L., S.L. was arrested and convicted of a second
possession of marijuana charge. He was later convicted a second time for driving with a suspended
license. As a result, his probation was revoked and he was sentenced to thirty days in jail with credit
given for fifteen days of jail time served before the revocation hearing.

     Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury's finding, we hold that a reasonable
trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that S.L. knowingly placed or knowingly
allowed B.M.L. to remain in conditions or surroundings that endangered her physical or emotional well-
being and that he engaged in conduct or knowingly placed B.M.L. with persons who engaged in conduct
that endangered her physical or emotional well-being. As discussed above, we need not address S.L.'s
remaining points with respect to the jury's finding's under section 161.001, subsections O or P. TEX.
FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(O), (P); see TEX.R.APP. P. 47.1. We overrule S.L.'s first point.

    B. Peremptory Challenges
    In his second point, S.L. contends that the trial court erred by denying him a sufficient number of
peremptory challenges. He asserts that the three fathers of P.G.'s children who were involved in the suit
were antagonistic to each other because each father was a separate party

121 S.W.3d 132

who made a separate presentation in voir dire. Thus, he contends each father was entitled to six
peremptory challenges instead of six challenges total.

       Whether antagonism exists between parties is a question of law for the trial court. Garcia v. Cent.
Power & Light Co., 704 S.W.2d 734, 736 (Tex.1986). We review all questions of law de novo. See Garner
v. Long, 49 S.W.3d 920, 922 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2001, pet. denied). As a general rule, each party to a
civil case in district court is entitled to six peremptory challenges. TEX.R. CIV. P. 233. In multiparty
litigation, the trial judge has a duty to determine "whether any of the litigants aligned on the same side
of the docket are antagonistic with respect to any issue to be submitted to the jury, before the exercise
of peremptory challenges." Id. In determining whether antagonism exists, the trial court must consider
the pleadings, information disclosed by pretrial discovery, information and representations made during
voir dire, and any information brought to the attention of the trial court before the parties exercise their
peremptory strikes. See Garcia, 704 S.W.2d at 737. Antagonism must exist regarding an issue of fact
between the parties on the same side of the docket, rather than because of differing conflicts with the
other side of the docket. Patterson Dental Co. v. Dunn, 592 S.W.2d 914, 918 (Tex.1979). If the trial court
errs in the allocation of peremptory challenges, reversal is required if the complaining party
demonstrates either that the trial was materially unfair or that the trial was hotly contested and the
evidence sharply conflicting. See id. at 920-21.

     In reviewing the record, we find no conflict between the three fathers as to any issue of fact that
was submitted to the jury. The jury was only asked to determine whether based on the evidence the
parental rights of each father should be terminated with respect to that father's child or children. Each
father was only antagonistic with respect to TDPRS. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err
in denying each father six peremptory challenges because no antagonism existed between the fathers.
Accord Am. Cyanamid Co. v. Frankson, 732 S.W.2d 648, 652 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1987, writ ref'd
n.r.e.). We overrule S.L.'s second point.

    C. Introduction of Extraneous Acts and Character Evidence
      In his third point, S.L. complains that the trial court erred by admitting evidence of his prior bad
acts. Over S.L.'s objection, the trial court allowed into evidence a document placing S.L. on deferred
adjudication for possession of marijuana, a judgment convicting S.L. of a second possession of marijuana
charge, an order revoking S.L.'s probation based upon a conviction for driving while his license was
suspended, and a judgment convicting S.L. a second time for driving with a suspended license. [5] S.L.
contends that the aforementioned evidence was inadmissible based on rule 404(b) of the Texas Rules of
Evidence. TEX.R. EVID. 404(b). He also contends that the evidence was inadmissible for impeachment
purposes under rule 609(a) because he never denied that any of the offenses occurred. TEX.R. EVID.
609(a). He maintains that the evidence was introduced solely to prejudice the jury.

    1. Standard of Review

121 S.W.3d 133

    A trial court's rulings in admitting or excluding evidence are reviewable under an abuse of discretion
standard. Nat'l Liab. & Fire Ins. Co. v. Allen, 15 S.W.3d 525, 527 (Tex.2000). An appellate court must
uphold the trial court's evidentiary ruling if there is any legitimate basis in the record for the ruling.
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Malone, 972 S.W.2d 35, 43 (Tex.1998).

    2. Parental Conduct

     Termination of parental rights based upon subsection (D) and/or (E) focuses on the conduct of the
parent. See Avery v. State, 963 S.W.2d 550, 553 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, no writ). Evidence of
criminal conduct, convictions, and imprisonment prior to the birth of a child is relevant to the issue of
whether a parent engaged in a course of conduct that endangered the child's well-being. See S.F., 32
S.W.3d at 322.

    The evidence regarding S.L.'s prior criminal behavior, convictions, and imprisonment was not
offered to prove conduct in conformity or to impeach his credibility as a witness. See TEX.R. EVID.
404(b), 609(a). Instead, it was relevant and probative to whether he engaged in a course of conduct that
endangered B.M.L. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the
evidence. We overrule S.L.'s third point.

    VI. CONCLUSION
     Having overruled each of P.G.'s points and each of S.L.'s points, we affirm the trial court's judgment.

---------

Notes:

[1] The trial court terminated the parental rights of the alleged father of J.T.G. and the father of H.N.M.
and M.D.M. However, neither is a party to this appeal.

[2] The father of H.N.M. and M.D.M. was the presumed father of B.M.L. due to his common-law
marriage with P.G. However, he voluntarily relinquished his rights to B.M.L. Subsequently, S.L.
acknowledged his paternity as to B.M.L.

[3] The fifth child was removed from P.G.'s care after his birth and is not a subject of this suit.

[4] P.G.'s requested charge is as follows:

It is cardinal that the custody, care, and nurture of the child reside first in the parents, whose primary
function and freedom include preparation for obligations the State can neither supply nor hinder. The
State's interest in protecting the children does not outweigh a fit parent's interest in the care, custody,
and control of their children. The State should not impose its judgment over the judgment of a parent
who is found to be fit. So long as a parent adequately cares for his or her children (i.e., is fit), there will
normally be no reason for the State to inject itself into the private realm of the family to further
question the ability of that parent to make the best decisions concerning the rearing of that parent's
children. [citations omitted]

Before you may terminated [sic] the rights of any parent, you must find that each and every parent
before you today is in all things an unfit parent.

[Question:] We find that [parent] is an unfit parent as to the child [child's name]?

[5] S.L. also complains that the trial court erred in admitting a document into evidence that adjudicated
his guilt for the first possession of marijuana charge. However, at trial, the judge ruled this document
inadmissible based on an objection that it was repetitious. Therefore, we will not address S.L.'s
complaint concerning this document.

---------
4 S.W.3d 392

                4 S.W.3d 392 (Tex.App. —Houston [1 Dist.] 1999)
                           In the Interest of K.C.M., a Child.
                                No. 01-98-00133-CV.
                Court of Appeals of Texas, First District, Houston
                                   October 7, 1999
        Rehearing Overruled Nov. 4, 1999.

4 S.W.3d 393

       William B. Connolly, Houston, Attorney ad litem.

       Barbara W. Ramirez, Houston, for Appellant.

       Lisa S. Rice, Patricia Lee Flenniken, Casey Todd Wallace, Houston, for
Appellee.

       Panel consists of Justices MIRABAL, HEDGES, and SMITH.         [*]

       OPINION

       MIRABAL, Justice.

       This is a termination of parental rights case.

       The mother, Kimberly Lyne Martin, appeals the judgment terminating her
parental rights to her son, K.C.M., arguing that the termination statute is
unconstitutionally vague, and that the evidence is insufficient to support the
termination. The attorney ad litem for the child, who was appointed to
represent the best interests of the child, also disputes the sufficiency of the
evidence and argues for reversal of the judgment.       [1]   We reverse and remand.
       Case Background

       K.C.M., a male, was born on December 30, 1994. On August 6, 1996,
when K.C.M. was 19 months old, the Texas Department of Protective and
Regulatory Services (TDPRS), took possession of K.C.M.

       The next day, August 7, 1996, TDPRS filed a "suit for the protection of a
child in an emergency and original petition in suit to affect parent-child
relationship," stating

4 S.W.3d 394

there was an immediate danger to K.C.M.'s health or safety and seeking
temporary custody. The trial court issued an initial emergency order approving
the removal of K.C.M. from his parents and appointing TDPRS as his sole
temporary managing conservator pending a hearing. Following a hearing held
August 19, 1996, the trial court appointed TDPRS as temporary managing
conservator.

       In February 1997, TDPRS presented a family service plan that sought
family reunification, not termination of parental rights. Two weeks later, on
March 3, 1997, TDPRS filed a first amended petition, seeking for the first time
to terminate the parent-child relationships between K.C.M. and his mother and
father. On September 18, 1997, the Associate Judge conducted a one-day
bench trial to hear the termination suit. At the close of trial, the Associate Judge
announced his ruling from the bench that both parent-child relationships were
to be terminated, and that TDPRS was to be appointed sole managing
conservator. On October 6, 1997, the trial court signed a Decree for
Termination, which adopted the Associate Judge's recommendation. The
mother, Kimberly Lyne Martin, appeals.   [2]

       Constitutionality of the Family Code
       In her first point of error, Martin asserts the relevant statute, section
161.001 of the Family Code, is unconstitutionally vague and ambiguous. Martin
raises this complaint for the first time on appeal. Accordingly, Martin waived
this point by not presenting it to the trial court. TEX.R.APP. P. 33.1; Dreyer v.
Greene, 871 S.W.2d 697, 698 (Tex.1993).

      We overrule point of error one.

      Sufficiency of the Evidence

      In points of error two and three, Martin asserts the evidence was legally
and factually insufficient to support the trial court's findings.

      To terminate parental rights, the trial court must make two findings. First,
the parent must have committed one of the acts prohibited under section
161.001(1) of the Texas Family Code. TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)
(Vernon Supp.1999);   [3]   Richardson v. Green, 677 S.W.2d 497, 499 (Tex.1984).
Second, termination of parental rights must be in the child's best interest. TEX.
FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001(2); Richardson, 677 S.W.2d at 499. The trial court
made the findings that Martin committed the act prohibited under section
161.001(1)(E), and that termination was in the child's best interest; the Decree
for Termination states:

The Court finds by clear and convincing evidence that termination of the
parent-child relationship between Kimberly Lyne Martin aka Kim Cressa, and
the child, [K.C.M.], is in the best interest of the child and further that the
mother:
engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged in
conduct which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the child.
       "Endanger" means to expose the child to loss or injury or to
jeopardize. In re M.C., 917 S.W.2d 268, 269 (Tex.1996) (per curiam). "Best
interest of the child" is to be determined from consideration of the following
factors:
       1. The child's desires;

       2. The child's physical and emotional needs, now and in the future;

       3. The emotional and physical danger to the child, now and in the future;

4 S.W.3d 395

       4. The parental ability of the individuals seeking custody;

       5. The programs available to assist these individuals in promoting the
child's best interest;

       6. The plans for the child by the individual or agency seeking custody;

       7. The stability of the home or proposed placement;

       8. The parent's act or omissions that may indicate the existing parent
child relationship is not a proper one; and

       9. Any excuse for the parent's acts or omissions.

        Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex.1976). There is a strong
presumption that the best interest of the child is served by keeping custody in
the natural parent. Allred v. Harris County Child Welfare Unit, 615 S.W.2d 803,
806 (Tex.Civ.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1980, writ ref'd n.r.e.). It is the TDPRS's
burden to rebut this presumption. See In re R.E.W., 545 S.W.2d 573, 581
(Tex.Civ.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1976, writ ref'd n.r.e.).

        The termination of parental rights involves fundamental constitutional
rights. Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651, 92 S. Ct. 1208, 1212-13, 31
L. Ed. 2d 551 (1972); Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex.1985). Evidence
supporting the findings to terminate parental rights must be clear and
convincing, not just preponderate. TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001; In the
Interest of G.M., 596 S.W.2d 846, 847 (Tex.1980); Harris v. Herbers, 838 S.W.2d
938, 941 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, no writ). The clear and
convincing standard of proof is intentionally placed on the party seeking the
termination of the parental rights, so as to create a higher burden to fulfill,
because of the severity and permanence of the termination of the parent-child
relationship. Spurlock v. Texas Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 904
S.W.2d 152, 155 (Tex.App.--Austin 1995, writ denied); Harris, 838 S.W.2d at
941. This standard requires more proof than the preponderance of the evidence
standard in civil cases, but less than the reasonable doubt standard in criminal
cases. G.M., 596 S.W.2d at 847; In the Interest of J.N.R., 982 S.W.2d 137, 141
(Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, no pet.); Harris, 838 S.W.2d at 941. The
clear and convincing standard is the degree of proof that will produce in the
mind of the trier of fact a "firm belief or conviction" as to the truth of the
allegations sought to be proved. G.M., 596 S.W.2d at 847; J.N.R, 982 S.W.2d at
141; Harris, 838 S.W.2d at 941.

      On appeal, in evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a trial
court's decision to terminate parental rights, the standard of review is not
affected by the heightened burden of proof required in the trial court. J.N.R.,
982 S.W.2d at 141; see also Edwards v. Texas Dep't of Protective and
Regulatory Servs., 946 S.W.2d 130, 137 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1997, no writ). In
conducting a legal sufficiency review, we consider only the evidence and
inferences tending to support the fact finding, and we disregard all contrary
evidence and inferences. See Leitch v. Hornsby,935 S.W.2d 114, 118
(Tex.1996); Edwards, 946 S.W.2d at 137; In the Interest of H.C., 942 S.W.2d
661, 664 (Tex.App.--San Antonio 1997, no writ). If any evidence of probative
force exists to support the finding, we will uphold the decision. Edwards, 946
S.W.2d at 137. In conducting a factual sufficiency review, we view all of the
evidence; we will sustain a factual sufficiency challenge only if, after viewing all
the evidence, we conclude the finding is so against the great weight and
preponderance of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. Ortiz v.
Jones, 917 S.W.2d 770, 772 (Tex.1996) (per curiam); Hollander v. Capon, 853
S.W.2d 723, 726 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, writ denied).

       The Evidence

       Kimberly Martin, the mother, testified she started smoking marihuana
when she

4 S.W.3d 396

was 13 years old. Both of her parents were drug addicts.

       Martin admitted she smoked marihuana at the end of her pregnancy with
K.C.M. When Martin came home from the hospital after K.C.M.'s birth, TDPRS
contacted her. On January 2, 1995, when K.C.M. was three days old, Martin
signed a "Child Safety Evaluation Plan" prepared by TDPRS. The Plan provided
that Martin agreed to random drug testing by TDPRS, and that K.C.M.'s paternal
grandmother, Joanne Arnold, would monitor the situation. Martin was living
with Arnold. Martin admitted that she went through some drug screenings, and
she tested positive for marihuana. According to Martin, TDPRS soon stopped
monitoring the family because K.C.M. was healthy.

       When K.C.M. was one-year-old, TDPRS was back in contact with the
family pursuant to a complaint. On January 23, 1996, Martin signed a new
"Child Safety Evaluation Plan" that provided she and K.C.M.'s father would
submit to a drug assessment at "New Spirit" on January 30, 1996; that until
then, they would refrain from using any drugs; and that they would not leave
K.C.M. unsupervised at any time.

       Martin admitted that, in 1996, she was using crack cocaine on a daily
basis, and even on an hourly basis. She testified that she never used crack
cocaine in front of K.C.M.; when she ingested crack in Arnold's house, K.C.M.
would always be in another room. Martin financed her drug habit through
prostitution.

      During that period of time, the paternal grandmother, Ms. Arnold, and the
father were caring for K.C.M. Ms. Arnold kicked Martin out of the house
because of her prostituting and drug abuse; Ms. Arnold continued to care for
K.C.M. Martin felt she was leaving K.C.M. in an "okay" situation when she left
him with Ms. Arnold, because TDPRS had designated Ms. Arnold as the "safety
person" over K.C.M.

      Martin did not attend more than four sessions of the "New Spirit" drug
therapy because, "I was too into drugs. It was too hard to let go.... I was too
addicted." Later in 1996, Martin was enhancing her cocaine use with marihuana.

      On August 26, 1996, Martin was arrested for possession of less than one
gram of crack cocaine, and she was placed on deferred adjudication probation.
This was the first time she had ever been arrested. On November 26, 1996,
Martin was again arrested, this time for possession of a crack pipe. She was
adjudicated guilty of the original offense and sentenced to one-year
confinement in a state jail. At the time of the September 18, 1997 trial in the
present case, Martin had only 75 more days to serve in jail; her release date was
set for December 3, 1997.

      While in jail, Martin wrote letters "all the time" to Ms. Blake, the TDPRS
caseworker, inquiring about K.C.M. Martin was on a waiting list to get into a
therapeutic drug program at the jail. She attended an Alcoholics Anonymous
(AA) substance abuse program, and completed a parenting program offered at
the jail. Respondent's exhibit number one is a "Certificate of Participation"
dated August 26, 1997, certifying that Martin had completed the course
"Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (STEP)." Additionally, Martin took
courses in women's health, life skills, and career skills. Respondent's exhibits
numbers two and three are certificates of completion for the "Life Skills" and
"Career Exploration" courses. Further, Martin had taken GED courses, and at
time of trial was waiting for the results from her GED exam.
       At the time of trial, Martin held a "low risk" inmate position at the state
jail; she had been assigned the job of floor cleaning. Martin testified she had
been sober for ten months. She planned to continue attending AA meetings and
Narcotics Anonymous (NA) meetings, and planned to enter any type of drug
therapy program that was recommended by TDPRS. Martin testified that she
loved her son, and

4 S.W.3d 397

that he was the most important thing to her in her life.

       Robert Johnson, the father, testified that he and Martin used drugs and
they were around K.C.M. when they were high. He too denied using drugs in the
same room as K.C.M. He confirmed that Martin had smoked marihuana toward
the end of her pregnancy.   [4]

       Michelle Blake, the primary TDPRS caseworker, testified that she was
assigned to the case on September 16, 1996, approximately one month after
K.C.M. had been taken into protective custody. Her job was to develop a family
service plan and to refer the family for services. During October 1996, Martin
called Blake several times to inquire about her son. Blake scheduled a meeting
with Martin to prepare a family service plan on October 21, 1996, but Blake had
to cancel the meeting and reschedule for October 28. Martin called and had to
cancel the October 28 meeting, and she did not show up at Blake's office the
next day. Blake and Martin spoke by phone on November 15, 1996 and Blake
told Martin that "we needed to get together and do a service plan and that we
would be recommending a drug treatment program for her." A few days later,
Martin was arrested. From December 1996 on, while Martin was in jail, she
wrote to Blake several times inquiring about her son and requesting pictures. In
several letters, Martin wrote that she wanted to get into drug rehab.
      Blake testified that TDPRS recommended that Martin's parental rights be
terminated "so that this child can be free for adoption." She asked that TDPRS
be named as managing conservator.

      If TDPRS deferred the termination suit, and established a plan with Martin
after she got out of prison in 75 days, and assuming Martin successfully
completed the requirements (completing a drug abuse program, taking
parenting courses, remaining drug free, obtaining a legal job, and maintaining
a stable home), it would be at least another year before K.C.M. could be
returned to Martin's custody. By the same token, an adoption could also take
six months to a year to be accomplished. K.C.M.'s current foster mother was
presently adopting another child, and she had not expressed an intention to
adopt K.C.M.

      Blake also explained that TDPRS had considered placing K.C.M. with
relatives, but had determined there were no viable options. The agency
conducted studies of three available homes. Of the three home studies, two
were disapproved (Kenneth and Joanne Matthews, a paternal aunt and uncle;
and Fredonia Welch, K.C.M.'s great-grandmother). The third study was
approved (Donna Lee, a maternal great-aunt), but she changed her mind and
did not want K.C.M. placed with her.

      On February 14, 1997, Blake proposed a family service plan for the
family. Blake knew the entire history of K.C.M's mother and father at that time,
and it was TDPRS's plan as of February 1997, to seek family reunification;
TDPRS was not seeking termination of the parent-child relationships at that
time, but rather was planning on a permanency plan for the family. On February
13, 1997, Martin was in jail, and had been there since the preceding November.
Blake testified:

      Q. [By mother's attorney]: You also wrote a family service plan for the
mother [in] February of 1997; is that correct?

      A. [By Blake]: Yes, that is correct.
       Q. And in that plan the agency made on February 13, 1997, they stated a
specific plan; goals that you want to improve yourself as an appropriate parent;
is that correct?

       A. Yes.

4 S.W.3d 398

       Q. And on the next page where there was family tasks, the tasks for
Kimberly Martin in February of '97, was to contact the agency once she is
released from TDC and participate in a family service plan for family
reunification?

       A. Right.

       ...

       Q. [By child's attorney ad litem]: Okay. How about the Mom? What has she
done since February 14th since your service plan is saying reunite with family?
What has she done that would endanger this child?

       A. [By Blake]. She has done nothing to endanger him. Right, but be in jail.

       ...

       Q. Okay. You would agree with me would you not that you saw some of
the stuff that Kimberly is going through [in jail], parenting education and some
other stuff. Isn't that pretty similar in description as to what the agency would
offer her and had offered her?

       A. Well, we would offer a parenting education course that's 10 weeks
long. We would recommend inpatient drug treatment for her and we would
want her to be able to show that she can provide a stable home and
environment for [K.C.M.] and financial ability to provide.

      Q. Did you hear that she was willing to do whatever was necessary
including go to drug treatment and be a stable parent as part of what you
described as your plan for her?

      A. Yes, I heard that.

      Fredonia Welch, Martin's grandmother, testified that she wanted to take
care of K.C.M., but TDPRS denied her home study because she is already taking
care of three other grandchildren. Welch would be willing to help Martin after
she is released from jail. Welch thinks Martin will be fine as long as she avoids
drugs. Welch has limited financial resources. Welch also discussed problems
she had with another adult relative who stayed with her at one time, but felt she
had learned how to better handle disruptive situations.

      Sharon Wheeler, K.C.M.'s foster mother, testified that K.C.M. is a
beautiful, blonde-haired, blue-eyed child, who is angelic looking. When he first
arrived at her home, he rarely spoke and did not look like a very happy child.
Based on these traits, Wheeler initially thought K.C.M. had developmental
problems. However, after a few months, he suddenly snapped out of it. He now
has a colorful personality. She is concerned that he currently gets so upset
when she disciplines him. She would consider adopting K.C.M., but has not
discussed it because she knows he is not available for adoption until the
parents' rights are terminated.

      Legal Sufficiency of Evidence

      Considering only the evidence and inferences tending to support the trial
court's fact findings, and disregarding all contrary evidence and inferences, we
conclude the evidence is legally sufficient to support the findings that Martin
engaged in conduct that endangered the physical or emotional well-being of
K.C.M. The evidence regarding Martin's drug addiction and the affect it had on
her life and her ability to parent, considered alone, constituted legally sufficient
evidence to support a finding by clear and convincing evidence that Martin's
conduct endangered the child and that termination of the parent-child
relationship was in the best interest of the child.

       We overrule points of error two and three to the extent they attack the
legal sufficiency of the evidence.

       Factual Sufficiency of Evidence

        Reviewing all of the evidence, including evidence that is contrary to the
trial court's findings, we consider the following,

4 S.W.3d 399.

uncontroverted evidence to be particularly compelling:

       1. Martin had been drug-free and sober for 10 straight months preceding
the trial;

       2. While in the state jail in Dayton, Texas, Martin engaged in the following
activities:

       a. She wrote letters on a consistent basis to the TDPRS case worker,
inquiring about K.C.M., requesting pictures, and requesting assistance to get
into a drug rehabilitation program;

       b. She attended an AA program;

       c. She completed parenting classes;
        d. She completed a "Life Skills" course;

        e. She completed a "Career Exploration" course;

        f. She took a women's health course;

        g. She completed GED courses and was waiting for the results from her
GED exam;

        h. She had become a jail trustee, a "low risk" inmate position;

        i. She had gotten on a waiting list for a therapeutic drug program at the
jail.

        3. As of February 1997, when Martin was already in the state jail, the
TDPRS was recommending family reunification upon Martin's release from jail,
not termination of parental rights. From February 1997 through the date of trial
in September 1997, Martin remained in state jail engaging in self-improvement
activities. From February 1997 through the date of trial, Martin did nothing to
endanger K.C.M., but be in jail.

        4. Martin would be released from jail 75 days after the trial.

        5. The amount of time necessary to complete an adoption for K.C.M.
could take about one year, comparable to the amount of time probably
necessary for Martin to successfully complete the TDPRS's requirements for
K.C.M. to be returned to Martin's custody.

        6. Before K.C.M. could be returned to Martin by TDPRS, she would be
expected to attend a parenting course and a drug treatment program, and she
would have to show she could provide a stable home and environment for
K.C.M. and that she had the financial ability to provide for K.C.M.
         The attorney ad litem who was appointed to represent the best interests
of the child, along with Martin's attorney, fervently argue that in Martin's case,
"jail turned her life around." The evidence supports their argument.

         Mindful that there is a strong presumption that the best interest of the
child is served by keeping custody in the natural parent, we have weighed the
totality of the evidence against the factors set out in Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371-
72. We conclude that the trial court's finding, that the "clear and convincing
evidence" showed that termination was in the best interest of the child, is
against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence and is clearly
unjust. In light of the uncontroverted evidence of the progress Martin had made
while in jail, a "firm belief or conviction" that the best interest of K.C.M.
required termination of Martin's parental rights could not be fairly reached.

         Accordingly, we sustain point of error three to the extent it attacks the
factual sufficiency of the evidence to support the "best interest" finding.

         We reverse the judgment terminating the mother's parental rights, and we
remand that portion of the case to the trial court.

---------

Notes:

[*]   The Honorable Jackson B. Smith, Jr., retired Justice, Court of Appeals, First
District of Texas at Houston, participating by assignment.

[1]   The attorney ad litem filed a brief, which we received as an amicus brief
under TEX.R.APP. P. 11.

[2]   The father is not a party to this appeal.
[3]   Although the current version of section 161.001 of the Family Code applies
only to suits filed on or after September 1, 1997, the relevant provisions were
not changed by the amendments. See Act of April 6, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch.
20, § 1, 1995 TEX. Gen. Laws 113, 212-13 (amended 1997) (current version at
TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001 (Vernon Supp.1999)).

[4]   Johnson also testified about his relationship with K.C.M., his job, and his
improved drug status at the time of the trial. However, none of that testimony
is relevant for Martin, who is the only parent appealing the termination.

---------
Hoffman v. Hoffman, 111303 TXCA3, 03-03-00062
Robert Dean Hoffman, II, Appellant
v.
Kathleen Mary Hoffman, Appellee
No. 03-03-00062-CV
Court of Appeals of Texas, Third District, Austin
November 13, 2003
      FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 1 OF WILLIAMSON COUNTY NO. 99-113-FC1,
HONORABLE KEVIN HENDERSON, JUDGE PRESIDING
      Before Chief Justice Law, Justices B. A. Smith and Puryear
      MEMORANDUM OPINION
      W. Kenneth Law, Chief Justice
      This appeal concerns a motion to modify in a suit affecting the parent-child relationship
between Robert Dean Hoffman, II and Kathleen Marie Hoffman. The parties agreed in their
divorce decree that Kathleen, as the custodial joint managing conservator for their two children,
would have the right to establish the primary residence for the children in Williamson County,
Travis County, or a contiguous county until July 1, 2002. When Kathleen prepared to move to
Pennsylvania after that date, Robert filed a motion to modify and argued that the circumstances of
the children, a conservator, or other party had materially and substantially changed and warranted
a modification of the conservatorship agreement. The trial court denied his motion and filed
findings of fact and conclusions of law. On appeal, Robert argues in one issue that the trial court
erred in not finding a material and substantial change in circumstances and that the move is not in
the best interest of the children.[1] We affirm the trial court's judgment.
BACKGROUND
      Robert and Kathleen met and married in Pennsylvania and subsequently moved to Texas.
They had two children--Robert Dean Hoffman, III (Bobby) and Kathryn Paige Hoffman (Katie), who
are twins. [2] The families of both Robert and Kathleen still live in Pennsylvania. Robert and
Kathleen were divorced in Williamson County on August 23, 1999. In the divorce decree, the
parties defined their custody and visitation rights and were granted joint managing conservatorship
of the children, with Kathleen having the exclusive right to determine the children's primary
residence. The decree also restricted Kathleen's rights by declaring that the primary residence of
the children shall be within Williamson County, Texas, or contiguous counties, and the parties
shall not remove the children from within Williamson County, Texas, or Travis County, Texas, or
contiguous counties for the purpose of changing the primary residence of the children until the
earliest occurrence of one of the following specified events: (1) written agreement signed by the
parties and filed with the Court; (2) July 1, 2002; or (3) the date the Petitioner, Robert Dean
Hoffman, II moves from Williamson County, Travis County, or contiguous counties. The divorce
decree also reflects the agreement of the parties to a separate set of visitation rights for Robert
should the parties reside more than 100 miles apart from each other.
      Sometime in December 2001 or January 2002 Kathleen notified Robert of her plans to fulfill
her long-stated intention of returning to Pennsylvania with the children to live with her mother. On
January 29, 2002, Robert filed a petition to modify the parent-child relationship in which he sought
to change the primary residence restriction by extending the time-restriction in the original order to
enforce the geographic restriction on the children's residence until they reach age eighteen or
graduate from high school. On April 25, Robert amended his petition to have the trial court grant
him the right to determine the primary residence of the children and, in the alternative, to change
the primary residence restriction.
       On May 3, the court appointed a psychologist, June Shepherd, to determine if a move to
Pennsylvania would be traumatic to the children. In her report, Shepherd stated that the children
are emotionally close to both parents and upset at the prospect of a move out-of-state. However,
she also found that the move would not be traumatic for the children. She found both Kathleen and
Robert to be excellent parents. [3]Finally, she noted some concerns regarding Bobby's IQ and
speech difficulties. As a result, she recommended that Bobby receive speech and
psychoeducational evaluations.
       At the hearing on the motion to modify on August 16, 2002, the court heard evidence
concerning the circumstances of the children. In addition to admitting Shepherd's report into
evidence, the court heard testimony of: both parties; Michelle Blakesley, the assistant principal at
the children's school; and Bobby's third-grade teacher, Nancy Larson, among others. Blakesley
testified that she reviewed Bobby's school performance in order to determine if he needed special
services from the school. She testified that she had consulted with a building referral committee,
which makes the decisions as to whether a child needs special services. She testified that Bobby
was performing at grade level, and that the committee had considered any speech problems that
had been noticed or reported and ultimately concluded that Bobby was not in need of further
special services from the school. Larson testified that Bobby makes good grades, in the A to B
range, and that she had noticed small speech problems, but that the kind of speech problems he
exhibited were not uncommon in the third grade and were not interfering with Bobby's academic
progress.
       Kathleen testified about the circumstances of her move to Pennsylvania. She plans to move
in with her mother, who will be able to help her in raising the children. Kathleen will contribute
money for household expenses but will not pay rent. [4] She has also made plans for the children's
education after the move and has met with the principal of the school the children are to attend.
She offered evidence that the quality of the school system where she plans to move is comparable
to the quality of the school system in which the children are currently enrolled. She also has
evaluated the opportunities the children will have to be involved in activities similar to those they
enjoy in Texas.
       Since the divorce, Kathleen has provided the day-to-day care for the children. She has not
worked. Rather, she has lived on money she received in the divorce settlement, agreed-upon
spousal support, and child-support payments. [5] During this time, she has also been studying to
receive a college degree. The evidence indicates that she has made arrangements to continue her
studies after her move. She believes her employment opportunities will be better in Pennsylvania,
she will be better able to finish her education because her mother will help with childcare, and she
will have a wider support network in Pennsylvania.
       Finally, Kathleen testified that the children will be able to maintain regular communication with
their father through email and telephone calls, in addition to regularly scheduled visitation. She
identified available airline flights between Austin and Pittsburgh, which is about an hour from her
proposed residence.
       Robert testified that the children's move to Pennsylvania will reduce their time with him from
153 days to fifty-three days out of the year. In addition, the children's travel time would involve six
hours of flight time per trip, plus at least two hours spent on traveling to and from airports. He also
stressed the activities in Texas that the children enjoy, the friends and other personal relationships
they have in Texas, and the importance of the personal relationship he has with the children,
which is built on the opportunity to eat regular meals with them, to attend school events, and to
hike and camp with them. Robert also offered the testimony of two friends who spoke to the depth
of his relationship with the children. Finally, Robert admitted that he agreed to the original three-
year geographic restriction with the knowledge that Kathleen intended to move to Pennsylvania at
some point after its expiration. He said that he agreed to the three-year restriction with the
intention of re-litigating the conservatorship agreement when such a move might actually occur.
       Both parents testified extensively about the poor level of communication that exists between
them. They spoke of difficulties arranging and modifying visitations, scheduling activities,
communicating with teachers and school officials, and updating each other as to the health and
well-being of their children. This testimony is supported by the findings in Shepherd's report, which
also noted that the children have been adversely affected by their parents' inability to
communicate with each other.
       On November 7, the court denied Robert's motion and modified the divorce decree to reflect
the standard visitation guidelines for situations of distances of over 100 miles. At Robert's request,
the court made findings of fact and conclusions of law. Among these findings of fact, the court
determined:
• The move to Pennsylvania would be in the best interest of the children.
• It will not be traumatic to the children to move to Pennsylvania.
• It is in the best interest of the children to move to Pennsylvania with their mother.
• There has not been a substantial and material change in circumstances since the entry of the
  previous order.
• The custodial parent supplies the child [sic] with basic quality of life.
• Both educational and professional opportunities for the custodial parent as well as cost of living
  will be improved by the move to Pennsylvania.
• It would not be in the children's best interest to impose a restriction on the right to establish
  primary residence.
• It will be feasible to maintain the relationship between the non-custodial parent and the children
  through suitable visitation arrangements.
• There are available and safe travel arrangements that can be made to facilitate visitation in
  Pennsylvania.
• Good cause exists for Respondent [Kathleen Hoffman] to wish to relocate to Pennsylvania.
• The move will not negatively impact the quality of the children's future contact with the non-
  custodial parent.
• The relocation will not deprive the non-custodial parent of regular and meaningful contact with
  the children.
• The children would benefit from their mother's increased educational and employment
  opportunities in Pennsylvania.
• Both Petitioner and Respondent have extensive family, personal, and cultural ties to the State of
  Pennsylvania.
• The custodial parent and the children's lives will be enhanced by the educational, economic and
  professional benefits of the move.
Robert filed a motion for new trial, which the trial court denied. This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
      Robert attacks the trial court's findings in one issue--that the evidence is legally and factually
insufficient to support the trial court's finding that no material or substantial change in
circumstances affecting a party or a child existed and that the findings are against the best
interests of the children. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 156.101(1) (West 2002). We disagree.
      Robert makes two arguments based on his view that a material and substantial change has
occurred. First, he asserts that the distance between Pennsylvania and Texas, the change in the
nature and quality of the children's contacts with him, a change in his ability to maintain regular
and meaningful access to his children, and the wishes of the children to maintain contact with him
render the circumstances materially and substantially changed. Evidence of these changes, he
argues, should have compelled the court to grant him the right to determine the children's
residency. Second, he believes that Kathleen's move is itself a material and substantial change in
their situation, and thus should have compelled the trial court to re-impose a geographic restriction
until the children are eighteen.
      To review the evidence under a legal sufficiency or "no-evidence" point, we consider all the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, indulging every reasonable inference in
that party's favor. Associated Indem. Corp. v. CAT Contracting, Inc., 964 S.W.2d 276, 285-86
(Tex. 1998); Transportation Ins. Co. v. Moriel, 879 S.W.2d 10, 25 (Tex. 1994); Best v. Ryan Auto
Group, Inc., 786 S.W.2d 670, 671 (Tex. 1990). We will uphold the finding if more than a scintilla of
evidence supports it. Burroughs Wellcome Co. v. Crye, 907 S.W.2d 497, 499 (Tex. 1995);
Seideneck v. Cal Bayreuther Assocs.,` 451 S.W.2d 752, 755 (Tex. 1970); In re King's Estate, 244
S.W.2d 660, 661 (Tex. 1951). The evidence supporting a finding amounts to more than a scintilla if
reasonable minds could arrive at the finding given the facts proved in the particular case. Crye,
907 S.W.2d at 499; Moriel, 879 S.W.2d at 25.
      In an appeal from a bench trial, findings of fact are the equivalent of jury answers to special
issues. Echols v. Olivarez, 85 S.W.3d 475, 477 (Tex. App.--Austin 2002, no pet.); Lindsey v.
Lindsey, 965 S.W.2d 589, 591 (Tex. App.--El Paso 1998, no pet.). A factual sufficiency issue
requires the reviewing court to consider and weigh all the evidence and to set aside the judgment
only if the evidence is so weak or so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be
clearly wrong and unjust. In re King's Estate, 244 S.W.2d at 660. We will not substitute our
judgment for that of the trier of fact merely because we reach a different conclusion. Westech
Eng'g, Inc. v. Clearwater Constructors, Inc., 835 S.W.2d 190, 196 (Tex. App.--Austin 1992, no
writ).
       The question of conservatorship of a child is addressed to the sound discretion of the trial
court when it sits as trier of fact. Jeffers v. Wallace, 615 S.W.2d 252, 253 (Tex. Civ. App.--Dallas
1981, no writ). The trial court is in the best position to observe the demeanor and personalities of
the witnesses and to discern factors not obvious by merely reading the record. Id. In determining
issues of conservatorship and possession of a child, the primary consideration of the court is the
best interest of the child. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.002 (West 2002). However, Texas has
no bright-line test to determine what is the best interest of the children. Lenz v. Lenz, 79 S.W.3d
10, 19 (Tex. 2002). Rather, each case must be decided on its unique set of facts. See id. We
review a trial court's decision in a case concerning a modification of conservatorship under an
abuse of discretion standard. Gillespie v. Gillespie, 644 S.W.2d 449, 451 (Tex. 1982); Coleman v.
Coleman, 109 S.W.3d 108, 110 (Tex. App.--Austin 2003, no pet.). A trial court abuses its
discretion if it acts arbitrarily or without reference to guiding principles. Downer v. Aquamarine
Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985); Coleman, 109 S.W.3d at 110. We may not
reverse for abuse of discretion merely because we disagree with a decision of the district court.
Downer, 701 S.W.2d at 242. Finally, a court's determination of whether a material and substantial
change has occurred is not guided by rigid rules and is fact-specific. See In the Interest of Z.B.P.,
109 S.W.3d 772, 779 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 2003, no pet.).
       This standard of review has been distilled into a two-pronged inquiry: (1) whether the trial
court had sufficient information upon which to exercise its discretion; and (2) whether the trial court
erred in its application of discretion. See Echols, 85 S.W.3d at 477-78; Lindsey, 965 S.W.2d at
592. According to this inquiry, the traditional sufficiency review comes into play with regard to the
first question. Echols, 85 S.W.3d at 478. An appellate court then proceeds to determine whether,
based on the elicited evidence, the trial court made a reasonable decision. Id.
       We first consider Robert's argument that the trial court erred by finding no material or
substantial change in circumstances warranting a modification regarding which parent should have
the right to determine the residency of the children. Robert points the court to evidence that he
characterizes as showing: Kathleen's "spendthrift ways, her unwillingness to work, her inflexibility
with visitation, her intentional lack of resources, her disregard for the court psychologist's
recommendation" that Bobby receive speech therapy and a psychoeducational evaluation, and the
trauma that her communication problems with Robert cause the children. However, evidence also
exists in the record that much of the divorce settlement sharply decreased in value soon after the
divorce, that she has attended classes in order to earn a college degree, and that she has
complied with visitation orders. In addition, Kathleen offered evidence that Bobby has not received
extensive psychoeducational treatment because the professional judgments of his teacher and
assistant principal, who work with Bobby every day at school, indicated that such treatment was
not necessary. She also offered evidence that Bobby was performing at or above grade level in
school. We note further that the record contains evidence that the communication problems
between the parties implicate both parties rather than just Kathleen. We cannot find this evidence
to be without weight. Finally, the trial court's findings of facts indicate that the court considered all
of this evidence when it made its decision. That the court did not agree with Robert does not mean
that the court ignored the evidence in the record. Accordingly, we conclude that the court had
sufficient evidence on which to exercise its discretion and did not err in its application of that
discretion.
      Next, Robert argues that Kathleen's move to Pennsylvania is itself a material and substantial
change and thus warrants a change to the conservatorship order to renew the geographic
limitation on the children's residence. When Robert and Kathleen divorced, their agreed order
clearly contemplated a geographic restriction for only three years. Even though both parties knew
at that time that Kathleen desired to return to Pennsylvania, Robert is now seeking to modify that
agreement and order. As a result, we must consider the question of whether the evidence is
legally and factually sufficient to show that circumstances changed in a material and substantial
way when Kathleen decided to move, a decision authorized by the original order.
      We begin by noting that, because the move to Pennsylvania was contemplated at the time of
the original agreement, its eventuality was not a changed circumstance but an anticipated
circumstance and addressed in the original agreement. As a result, the move itself cannot be
evidence of a material or substantial change in this case. Therefore, Robert must rely on other
evidence of a material or substantial change that could warrant modifying conservatorship to
prevent the children from moving to Pennsylvania.
      Policy considerations concerning the relocation of children of divorced parents have recently
been reviewed extensively by Texas courts. See Lenz, 79 S.W.3d at 14-16 (considering
jurisprudence of several states concerning policy issues of relocation of children); Echols, 85
S.W.3d at 480-481 (reviewing scholarship and jurisprudence concerning issues of divorced
families); Bates v. Tesar, 81 S.W.3d 411, 422-24 (Tex. App.--El Paso 2002, no pet.) (reviewing
jurisprudential trends in other states concerning rights of custodial parents to relocate). Although
Texas policy favors "frequent and continuous contact between the child and both parents after the
dissolution of the family of origin[,]. . . slavish adherence to such policy ignores the realities of a
family that has been dissolved." Echols, 85 S.W.3d at 480. As a result, the supreme court has
noted that any inquiry in this area of the law is "intensely fact driven." Lenz, 79 S.W.3d at 19. We
recently accepted the concept that a child's best interest can and often ought to be viewed in the
context of the custodial parent's happiness. See Echols, 85 S.W.3d at 481-82. In Echols, we
considered the approaches of several jurisdictions in light of the supreme court's discussion in
Lenz, 79 S.W.3d at 14-16, and concluded that courts must "primarily concentrate on the general
quality of life for both the child and the parent in assessing whether a change is positive and in the
child's best interest." Echols, 85 S.W.3d at 481-82. In this case, Kathleen produced strong
evidence that she would benefit tremendously from the move to Pennsylvania. She would be able
to continue to provide daily care for the children while finishing her education. She would benefit
from strengthening her relationship with her mother, and her mother would be able to supervise
the children, thus minimizing the expense of childcare. She would reduce her monthly expenses
by not paying rent. In addition, the children would receive a comparable education and would be
able to build relationships with their maternal grandmother. Although the move would reduce
Robert's time with his children, he would be able to maintain his relationship with them through
visits, telephone calls, and email. Based on the facts of this case, we conclude that the evidence
presented was legally and factually sufficient to deny the requested modification. Accordingly, we
conclude that the court had sufficient evidence on which to exercise its discretion and did so
appropriately. We overrule Robert's issue.
CONCLUSION
       Based on the facts of this case, we conclude that the trial court had sufficient evidence on
which to deny the modification sought by Robert Hoffman and that it did so appropriately. We
affirm the judgment of the county court at law.
---------------
Notes:
[1] Robert first presented eleven "points of error." He has waived four of those points. He argued

the remaining seven points in one issue. We will consider his appeal as he presented his
argument under that sole issue.
[2] At the time of the hearing, the children were nine years old.
[3] The record contains ample evidence that both parents take active roles in the lives of their

children. Because neither party questions the other's parenting skills or the concern or interest the
other party exhibits in the life of the children, we need not review all of that evidence here.
[4] Kathleen currently pays $1,215 per month in rent.
[5] The evidence shows that in the three years since the divorce, Kathleen spent most of her

divorce settlement. That settlement included $50,000 she received from the sale of the parties'
house, $1,000 per month in spousal support, and stock in Texas Instruments and Dell, originally
valued at over $200,000 but quickly devalued after the divorce. Child support had been set at
$1,894 per month.
---------------

Citing References :
727 S.W.2d 531 (Tex. 1987), C-5877, Texas Dept. of Human Services v. Boyd
Page 531
727 S.W.2d 531 (Tex. 1987)
TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES et al., Petitioner,
v.
William S. BOYD, Respondent.
No. C-5877.
Supreme Court of Texas.
April 8, 1987
Page 532
     Richard L. Crozier and Ann S. Taylor, Hearne, Knolle, Lewallen, Livingston & Holcomb, J.
Patrick Wiseman, Attorney General's Office, Don Kay, Texas Dept. of Human Services, from
Austin, for petitioner.
     R. Stephen Tompkins, Legal Aid Society of Central Texas, Austin, for respondent.
     ROBERTSON, Justice.
     This is an action to terminate the parent-child relationship between the biological father,
William Swanson Boyd, and his minor child. Suit was instituted by the Texas Department of
Human Resources after the child's natural mother, Barbara Arriola, signed an irrevocable affidavit
of relinquishment of her parental rights. Boyd was served with process and entered an
appearance in the case and cross-petitioned for legitimation. Prior to trial of this cause but after
execution of the affidavit of relinquishment, Barbara Arriola consented to legitimation of the child
as to Boyd. The trial court rendered its order legitimating the child, terminating the mother's
parental rights based upon her execution of the irrevocable affidavit of relinquishment [1], and
terminating the father's parental rights based upon a finding under section 15.02(1)(E), TEX. FAM.
CODE ANN. (Vernon's 1986), that Boyd had engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child
with persons who engaged in conduct that endangered the physical or emotional well-being of the
child. [2] The court of appeals reversed the trial court and rendered judgment that the Texas
Department of Human Resources take nothing by its suit seeking to terminate Boyd's parental
rights. 715 S.W.2d 711. We reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and remand this cause to
that court for further consideration.
     Boyd and Arriola began living together in approximately February 1981 but were
Page 533
never married. On April 4, 1982, Boyd was arrested and jailed for burglary. Two days later Arriola
gave birth to a daughter. Boyd saw the child for the first time eight months later when he was
paroled from his burglary conviction on December 23, 1982. After his parole, Boyd lived with
Arriola until early June 1983, approximately five months. They then separated. In October 1983,
Boyd was again arrested and jailed for burglary and he is currently serving a five-year sentence in
the Texas Department of Corrections. During the short period of time that Boyd was out on parole,
he intermittently held three different jobs. The evidence is vague, at best, as to the nature and
amount of support he provided the child.
     Barbara Arriola first contacted the Department of Human Resources in June 1983 concerning
problems she was having caring for the child. No action was taken by the Department at that time.
Barbara contacted the Department for the second time in January 1984 and indicated that she
wished to place the child for adoption because she could no longer afford to take care of the child.
At the time the child was taken into custody by the Department, she was experiencing emotional
problems including sleep disorders, dietary and bed-wetting problems, and temper tantrums.
     Under section 15.02, TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. (Vernon's 1986), termination of a parent-child
relationship may not be based solely upon what the trial court determines to be the best interest of
the child. Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367 (Tex.1976). In Wiley v. Spratlin, 543 S.W.2d 349, 351
(Tex.1976), this court wrote:
Subdivision (1) of [section 15.02] lists several acts or omissions, one or more of which must be
proved in a termination case.... Subdivision (2) of the same Section requires proof of a second
element, that the termination is in the best interest of the child. Both elements must be established
and the requirements of Subdivision (1) are not excused because a court may be of the opinion
that Subdivision (2) has been proved.
     Based upon its interpretation of section 15.02(1)(E), the court of appeals held that there was
no evidence, or alternatively that the evidence was less than clear and convincing, that Boyd had
endangered the emotional or physical well-being of the child. That section provides for termination
of the parent-child relationship if the court finds that the parent has:
(E) engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged in conduct which
endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the child.
     The court of appeals stated that the word "endanger" as used in the statute actually meant
"danger" and defined "danger" as an "actual and concrete threat of injury to the child's emotional
or physical well-being." 715 S.W.2d at 715. The court of appeals further held that the " 'danger'
must be established as an independent proposition and is not inferrable alone from parental
misconduct." 715 S.W.2d 715. We decline to adopt the interpretation placed on section
15.02(1)(E) by the court of appeals and expressly disapprove both its definition of "danger" and its
holding that danger cannot be inferred from parental misconduct. While we agree that "endanger"
means more than a threat of metaphysical injury or the possible ill effects of a less-than-ideal
family environment, it is not necessary that the conduct be directed at the child or that the child
actually suffers injury. Allred v. Harris County Child Welfare Unit, 615 S.W.2d 803, 806
(Tex.Civ.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1980, writ ref'd n.r.e.). Rather, "endanger" means to expose to
loss or injury; to jeopardize. Webster's New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language
599 (1976), and imprisonment is certainly a factor to be considered by the trial court on the issue
of endangerment.
     Texas cases have considered the involuntary termination of the rights of an imprisoned
parent, and have held that mere imprisonment will not, standing alone, constitute engaging in
conduct which endangers the emotional or physical well-being of a child. See, e.g., Wray v.
Lenderman,
Page 534
640 S.W.2d 68 (Tex.App.--Tyler 1982, writ ref'd n.r.e.); In the Interest of Guillory, 618 S.W.2d 948
(Tex.Civ.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1981, no writ); Crawford v. Crawford, 569 S.W.2d 505, 507
(Tex.Civ.App.--San Antonio 1978, no writ). It is at this point, however, that the courts of appeals
part company on the effect of a parent's imprisonment. We hold that if the evidence, including the
imprisonment, shows a course of conduct which has the effect of endangering the physical or
emotional well-being of the child, a finding under section 15.02(1)(E) is supportable. Wray at 71.
      Since we hold that the court of appeals incorrectly interpreted section 15.02(1)(E), we reverse
the judgment of the court of appeals and remand this cause to that court for their determination of
whether the State met its burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence that Boyd engaged
in conduct which endangered the physical or emotional well-being of the child.
---------
Notes:
[1] The trial court's order terminating the mother's parental rights has not been appealed and that

part of the order has become final.
[2] Section 15.02(1)(E) was the only provision of section 15.02 alleged against Boyd by the

Department of Human Resources.
---------
455 U.S. 745 (1982), 80-5889, Santosky v. Kramer

Page 745

455 U.S. 745 (1982)

102 S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599

Santosky

v.

Kramer

No. 80-5889

United States Supreme Court

March 24, 1982

Argued November 10, 1981

CERTIORARI TO THE APPELLATE DIVISION, SUPREME COURT OF

NEW YORK, THIRD JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT

Syllabus

Under New York law, the State may terminate, over parental objection, the rights of parents in
their natural child upon a finding that the child is "permanently neglected." The New York Family
Court Act (§ 622) requires that only a "fair preponderance of the evidence" support that finding.
Neglect proceedings were brought in Family Court to terminate petitioners' rights as natural
parents in their three children. Rejecting petitioners' challenge to the constitutionality of § 622's
"fair preponderance of the evidence" standard, the Family Court weighed the evidence under that
standard and found permanent neglect. After a subsequent dispositional hearing, the Family Court
ruled that the best interests of the children required permanent termination of petitioners' custody.
The Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court affirmed, and the New York Court of
Appeals dismissed petitioners' appeal to that court.

Held:

1. Process is constitutionally due a natural parent at a state-initiated parental rights termination
proceeding. Pp. 752-757.
(a) The fundamental liberty interest of natural parents in the care custody, and management of
their child is protected by the Fourteenth Amendment, and does not evaporate simply because
they have not been model parents or have lost temporary custody of their child to the State. A
parental rights termination proceeding interferes with that fundamental liberty interest. When the
State moves to destroy weakened familial bonds, it must provide the parents with fundamentally
fair procedures. Pp. 752-754.

(b) The nature of the process due in parental rights termination proceedings turns on a balancing
of three factors: the private interests affected by the proceedings; the risk of error created by the
State's chosen procedure; and the countervailing governmental interest supporting use of the
challenged procedure. Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335. In any given proceeding, the
minimum standard of proof tolerated by the due process requirement reflects not only the weight
of the public and

Page 746

private interests affected, but also a societal judgment about how the risk of error should be
distributed between the litigants. The minimum standard is a question of federal law which this
Court may resolve. Retrospective case-by-case review cannot preserve fundamental fairness
when a class of proceedings is governed by a constitutionally defective evidentiary standard. Pp.
754-757.

2. The "fair preponderance of the evidence" standard prescribed by § 622 violates the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Pp. 758-768.

(a) The balance of private interests affected weighs heavily against use of such a standard in
parental rights termination proceedings, since the private interest affected is commanding, and the
threatened loss is permanent. Once affirmed on appeal, a New York decision terminating parental
rights is final and irrevocable. Pp. 758-761.

(b) A preponderance standard does not fairly allocate the risk of an erroneous factfinding between
the State and the natural parents. In parental rights termination proceedings, which bear many of
the indicia of a criminal trial, numerous factors combine to magnify the risk of erroneous
factfinding. Coupled with the preponderance standard, these factors create a significant prospect
of erroneous termination of parental rights. A standard of proof that allocates the risk of error
nearly equally between an erroneous failure to terminate, which leaves the child in an uneasy
status quo, and an erroneous termination, which unnecessarily destroys the natural family, does
not reflect properly the relative severity of these two outcomes. Pp. 761-766.

(c) A standard of proof more strict than preponderance of the evidence is consistent with the two
state interests at stake in parental rights termination proceedings -- a parens patriae interest in
preserving and promoting the child's welfare and a fiscal and administrative interest in reducing
the cost and burden of such proceedings. Pp. 766-768.

3. Before a State may sever completely and irrevocably the rights of parents in their natural child,
due process requires that the State support its allegations by at least clear and convincing
evidence. A "clear and convincing evidence" standard adequately conveys to the factfinder the
level of subjective certainty about his factual conclusions necessary to satisfy due process.
Determination of the precise burden equal to or greater than that standard is a matter of state law
properly left to state legislatures and state courts. Pp. 768-770.

75 App.Div.2d 910, 427 N.Y.S.2d 319, vacated and remanded.

BLACKMUN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which BRENNAN, MARSHALL, POWELL,
and STEVENS, JJ., joined. REHNQUIST, J., filed a

Page 747

dissenting opinion, in which BURGER, C.J., and WHITE and O'CONNOR, JJ., joined, post, p. 770.

BLACKMUN, J., lead opinion

JUSTICE BLACKMUN delivered the opinion of the Court.

Under New York law, the State may terminate, over parental objection, the rights of parents in
their natural child upon a finding that the child is "permanently neglected." N.Y.Soc.Serv.Law §§
384-b.4.(d), 384-b.7.(a) (McKinney Supp.1981-1982) (Soc.Serv.Law). The New York Family Court
Act § 622 (McKinney 1975 and Supp.1981-1982) (Fam.Ct.Act) requires that only a "fair
preponderance of the evidence" support that finding. Thus, in New York, the factual certainty
required to extinguish the parent-child relationship is no greater than that necessary to award
money damages in an ordinary civil action.

Today we hold that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment demands more than
this. Before a State may sever completely and irrevocably the rights of parents in

Page 748

their natural child, due process requires that the State support its allegations by at least clear and
convincing evidence.

I

A
New York authorizes its officials to remove a child temporarily from his or her home if the child
appears "neglected," within the meaning of Art. 10 of the Family Court Act. See §§ 1012(f), 1021-
1029. Once removed, a child under the age of 18 customarily is placed "in the care of an
authorized agency," Soc.Serv.Law § 384-b.7.(a), usually a state institution or a foster home. At
that point, "the state's first obligation is to help the family with services to . . . reunite it. . . ." § 384-
b.1.(a)(iii). But if convinced that "positive, nurturing parent-child relationships no longer exist," §
384-b.1.(b), the State may initiate "permanent neglect" proceedings to free the child for adoption.

The State bifurcates its permanent neglect proceeding into "factfinding" and "dispositional"
hearings. Fam.Ct.Act §§ 622, 623. At the factfinding stage, the State must prove that the child has
been "permanently neglected," as defined by Fam.Ct.Act §§ 614.1.(a)-(d) and Soc.Serv.Law §
384-b.7.(a). See Fam.Ct.Act § 622. The Family Court judge then determines at a subsequent
dispositional hearing what placement would serve the child's best interests. §§ 623, 631.

At the factfinding hearing, the State must establish, among other things, that, for more than a year
after the child entered state custody, the agency "made diligent efforts to encourage and
strengthen the parental relationship." Fam.Ct.Act §§ 614.1.(c), 611. The State must further prove
that, during that same period, the child's natural parents failed

substantially and continuously or repeatedly to maintain contact with or plan for the future of the
child although physically and financially able to do so.

§ 614.1.(d). Should the State support its allegations by "a fair preponderance of the evidence," §
622, the child may be declared permanently neglected.

Page 749

§ 611. That declaration empowers the Family Court judge to terminate permanently the natural
parents' rights in the child. §§ 631(c), 634. Termination denies the natural parents physical
custody, as well as the rights ever to visit, communicate with, or regain custody of, the child.[1]

New York's permanent neglect statute provides natural parents with certain procedural
protections.[2] But New York permits its officials to establish "permanent neglect" with less proof
than most States require. Thirty-five States, the District of Columbia, and the Virgin Islands
currently specify a higher standard of proof, in parental rights termination proceedings, than a "fair
preponderance of the evidence."[3] The only analogous federal statute of [102 S. Ct. 1393] which
we are aware

Page 750

permits termination of parental rights solely upon "evidence beyond a reasonable doubt." Indian
Child Welfare Act of 1978, Pub.L. 95-608, § 102(f), 92 Stat. 3072, 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f) (1976 ed.,
Supp. IV). The question here is whether

Page 751

New York's "fair preponderance of the evidence" standard is constitutionally sufficient.

B

Petitioners John Santosky II and Annie Santosky are the natural parents of Tina and John III. In
November, 1973, after incidents reflecting parental neglect, respondent Kramer, Commissioner of
the Ulster County Department of Social Services, initiated a neglect proceeding under Fam.Ct.Act
§ 1022 and removed Tina from her natural home. About 10 months later, he removed John III and
placed him with foster parents. On the day John was taken, Annie Santosky gave birth to a third
child, Jed. When Jed was only three days old, respondent transferred him to a foster home on the
ground that immediate removal was necessary to avoid imminent danger to his life or health.

In October, 1978, respondent petitioned the Ulster County Family Court to terminate petitioners'
parental rights in the three children.[4] Petitioners challenged the constitutionality of the "fair
preponderance of the evidence" standard specified in Fam.Ct.Act § 622. The Family Court Judge
rejected this constitutional challenge, App. 29 30, and weighed the evidence under the statutory
standard. While acknowledging that the Santoskys had maintained contact with their children, the
judge found those visits, "at best, superficial and devoid of any [102 S. Ct. 1394] real emotional
content." Id. at 21. After

Page 752

deciding that the agency had made "`diligent efforts' to encourage and strengthen the parental
relationship," id. at 30, he concluded that the Santoskys were incapable, even with public
assistance, of planning for the future of their children. Id. at 33-37. The judge later held a
dispositional hearing and ruled that the best interests of the three children required permanent
termination of the Santoskys' custody.[5] Id. at 39.

Petitioners appealed, again contesting the constitutionality of § 622's standard of proof.[6] The
New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, affirmed, holding application of the preponderance
of the evidence standard "proper and constitutional." In re John AA, 75 App.Div.2d 910, 427
N.Y.S.2d 319, 320 (1980). That standard, the court reasoned, "recognizes and seeks to balance
rights possessed by the child . . . with those of the natural parents. . . ." Ibid.

The New York Court of Appeals then dismissed petitioners' appeal to that court "upon the ground
that no substantial constitutional question is directly involved." App. 55. We granted certiorari to
consider petitioners' constitutional claim. 450 U.S. 993 (1981).
II

Last Term, in Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, 452 U.S. 18 (1981), this Court, by a 5-4
vote, held that the

Page 753

Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause does not require the appointment of counsel for
indigent parents in every parental status termination proceeding. The case casts light, however, on
the two central questions her -- whether process is constitutionally due a natural parent at a
State's parental rights termination proceeding, and, if so, what process is due.

In Lassiter, it was

not disputed that state intervention to terminate the relationship between [a parent] and [the] child
must be accomplished by procedures meeting the requisites of the Due Process Clause.

Id. at 37 (first dissenting opinion); see id. at 24-32 (opinion of the Court); id. at 59-60 (STEVENS,
J., dissenting). See also Little v. Streater, 452 U.S. 1, 13 (1981). The absence of dispute reflected
this Court's historical recognition that freedom of personal choice in matters of family life is a
fundamental liberty interest protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. Quilloin v. Walcott, 434 U.S.
246, 255 (1978); Smith v. Organization of Foster Families, 431 U.S. 816, 845 (1977); Moore v.
East Cleveland, 431 U.S. 494, 499 (1977) (plurality opinion); Cleveland Board of Education v.
LaFleur, 414 U.S. 632, 639-640 (1974); Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651-652 (1972); Prince v.
Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158, 166 (1944); Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510, 534-535
(1925); Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390, 399 (1923).

The fundamental liberty interest of natural parents in the care, custody, and [102 S. Ct. 1395]
management of their child does not evaporate simply because they have not been model parents
or have lost temporary custody of their child to the State. Even when blood relationships are
strained, parents retain a vital interest in preventing the irretrievable destruction of their family life.
If anything, persons faced with forced dissolution of their parental rights have a more critical need
for procedural protections than do those resisting state intervention into ongoing family affairs.
When the State moves to

Page 754

destroy weakened familial bonds, it must provide the parents with fundamentally fair procedures.
[7]

In Lassiter, the Court and three dissenters agreed that the nature of the process due in parental
rights termination proceedings turns on a balancing of the "three distinct factors" specified in
Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335 (1976): the private interests affected by the proceeding;
the risk of error created by the State's chosen procedure; and the countervailing governmental
interest supporting use of the challenged procedure. See 452 U.S. at 27-31; id. at 37-48 (first
dissenting opinion). But see id. at 59-60 (STEVENS, J., dissenting). While the respective Lassiter
opinions disputed whether those factors should be weighed against a presumption disfavoring
appointed counsel for one not threatened with loss of physical liberty, compare 452 U.S. at 31-32,
with id. at 41, and n. 8 (first dissenting opinion), that concern is irrelevant here. Unlike the Court's
right-to-counsel rulings, its decisions concerning constitutional burdens of proof have not turned on
any presumption favoring any particular standard. To the contrary, the Court has engaged in a
straightforward consideration of the factors identified in Eldridge to determine whether a particular
standard of proof in a particular proceeding satisfies due process.

In Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418 (1979), the Court, by a unanimous vote of the participating
Justices, declared:

The function of a standard of proof, as that concept is embodied in the Due Process Clause and in
the realm of factfinding, is to

Page 755

"instruct the factfinder concerning the degree of confidence our society thinks he should have in
the correctness of factual conclusions for a particular type of adjudication."

Id. at 423, quoting In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 370 (1970) (Harlan, J., concurring). Addington
teaches that, in any given proceeding, the minimum standard of proof tolerated by the due process
requirement reflects not only the weight of the private and public interests affected, but also a
societal judgment about how the risk of error should be distributed between the litigants.

Thus, while private parties may be interested intensely in a civil dispute over money damages,
application of a "fair preponderance of the evidence" standard indicates both society's "minimal
concern with the outcome," and a conclusion that the litigants should "share the risk of error in
roughly equal fashion." 441 U.S. at 423. When the State brings a criminal action to deny a
defendant liberty or life, however,

the interests of the defendant are of such magnitude that historically, and without any explicit
constitutional requirement, they have been protected by standards of proof designed to exclude,
as [102 S. Ct. 1396] nearly as possible, the likelihood of an erroneous judgment.

Ibid. The stringency of the "beyond a reasonable doubt" standard bespeaks the "weight and
gravity" of the private interest affected, id. at 427, society's interest in avoiding erroneous
convictions, and a judgment that those interests together require that "society impos[e] almost the
entire risk of error upon itself." Id. at 424. See also In re Winship, 397 U.S. at 372 (Harlan, J.,
concurring).

The

minimum requirements [of procedural due process] being a matter of federal law, they are not
diminished by the fact that the State may have specified its own procedures that it may deem
adequate for determining the preconditions to adverse official action.

Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480, 491 (1980). See also Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co., ante at 432.
Moreover, the degree of proof required in a particular type of proceeding "is the kind of question
which has

Page 756

traditionally been left to the judiciary to resolve."

Woodby v. INS, 385 U.S. 276, 284 (1966).[8]

In cases involving individual rights, whether criminal or civil, "[t]he standard of proof [at a minimum]
reflects the value society places on individual liberty."

Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. at 425, quoting Tippett v. Maryland, 436 F.2d 1153, 1166 (CA4
1971) (opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part), cert. dism'd sub nom. Murel v. Baltimore
City Criminal Court, 407 U.S. 355 (1972).

This Court has mandated an intermediate standard of proof -- "clear and convincing evidence" --
when the individual interests at stake in a state proceeding are both "particularly important" and
"more substantial than mere loss of money." Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. at 424. Notwithstanding
"the state's `civil labels and good intentions,'" id. at 427, quoting In re Winship, 397 U.S. at 365-
366, the Court has deemed this level of certainty necessary to preserve fundamental fairness in a
variety of government-initiated proceedings that threaten the individual involved with "a significant
deprivation of liberty" or "stigma." 441 U.S. at 425, 426. See, e.g., Addington v. Texas, supra, (civil
commitment); Woodby v. INS, 385 U.S. at 285 (deportation); Chaunt v. United States, 364 U.S.
350, 353 (1960) (denaturalization);

Page 757

Schneiderman v. United States, 320 U.S. 118, 125, 159 (1943) (denaturalization).

In Lassiter, to be sure, the Court held that fundamental fairness may be maintained in parental
rights termination proceedings even when some procedures are mandated only on a case-by-case
basis, rather than through rules of general application. 452 U.S. at 31-32 (natural parent's right to
court-appointed counsel should be determined by the trial court, subject to appellate review). But
this Court never has approved case-by-case determination of the proper standard of proof for a
given proceeding. Standards of proof, like other

procedural due process rules[,] are shaped by the risk [102 S. Ct. 1397] of error inherent in the
truthfinding process as applied to the generality of cases, not the rare exceptions.

Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. at 344 (emphasis added). Since the litigants and the factfinder
must know at the outset of a given proceeding how the risk of error will be allocated, the standard
of proof necessarily must be calibrated in advance. Retrospective case-by-case review cannot
preserve fundamental fairness when a class of proceedings is governed by a constitutionally
defective evidentiary standard.[9]

Page 758

III

In parental rights termination proceedings, the private interest affected is commanding; the risk of
error from using a preponderance standard is substantial; and the countervailing governmental
interest favoring that standard is comparatively slight. Evaluation of the three Eldridge factors
compels the conclusion that use of a "fair preponderance of the evidence" standard in such
proceedings is inconsistent with due process.

A

The extent to which procedural due process must be afforded the recipient is influenced by the
extent to which he may be "condemned to suffer grievous loss."

Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254, 262-263 (1970), quoting Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v.
McGrath, 341 U.S. 123, 168 (1951) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). Whether the loss threatened by a
particular type of proceeding is sufficiently grave to warrant more than average certainty on the
part of the factfinder turns on both the nature of the private interest threatened and the
permanency of the threatened loss.

Lassiter declared it "plain beyond the need for multiple citation" that a natural parent's "desire for,
and right to, `the companionship, care, custody, and management of his or her children'" is an
interest far more precious than any property

Page 759

right. 452 U.S. at 27, quoting Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. at 651. When the State initiates a
parental rights termination proceeding, it seeks not merely to infringe that fundamental liberty
interest, but to end it.
If the State prevails, it will have worked a unique kind of deprivation. . . . A parent's interest in the
accuracy and justice of the decision to terminate his or her parental status is, therefore, a
commanding one.

452 U.S. at 27.

[102 S. Ct. 1398] In government-initiated proceedings to determine juvenile delinquency, In re
Winship, supra; civil commitment, Addington v. Texas, supra; deportation, Woodby v. INS, supra;
and denaturalization, Chaunt v. United States, supra, and Schneiderman v. United States, supra,
this Court has identified losses of individual liberty sufficiently serious to warrant imposition of an
elevated burden of proof. Yet juvenile delinquency adjudications, civil commitment, deportation,
and denaturalization, at least to a degree, are all reversible official actions. Once affirmed on
appeal, a New York decision terminating parental rights is final and irrevocable. See n. 1, supra.
Few forms of state action are both so severe and so irreversible.

Thus, the first Eldridge factor -- the private interest affected -- weighs heavily against use of the
preponderance standard at a state-initiated permanent neglect proceeding. We do not deny that
the child and his foster parents are also deeply interested in the outcome of that contest. But at the
factfinding stage of the New York proceeding, the focus emphatically is not on them.

The factfinding does not purport -- and is not intended -- to balance the child's interest in a normal
family home against the parents' interest in raising the child. Nor does it purport to determine
whether the natural parents or the foster parents would provide the better home. Rather, the
factfinding hearing pits the State directly against the parents. The State alleges that the natural
parents are at fault. Fam.Ct.Act § 614.1.(d). The questions disputed and decided are

Page 760

what the State did -- "made diligent efforts," § 614.1.(c) -- and what the natural parents did not do -
- "maintain contact with or plan for the future of the child." § 614.1.(d). The State marshals an
array of public resources to prove its case and disprove the parents' case. Victory by the State not
only makes termination of parental rights possible; it entails a judicial determination that the
parents are unfit to raise their own children.[10]

At the factfinding, the State cannot presume that a child and his parents are adversaries. After the
State has established parental unfitness at that initial proceeding, the court may assume at the
dispositional stage that the interests of the child and the natural parents do diverge. See
Fam.Ct.Act § 631 (judge shall make his order "solely on the basis of the best interests of the
child," and thus has no obligation to consider the natural parents' rights in selecting dispositional
alternatives). But until the State proves parental unfitness, the child and his parents share a vital
interest in preventing erroneous termination of their natural relationship.[11] Thus,
Page 761

at the factfinding, the interests of the child and his natural parents coincide to favor use of error-
reducing procedures.

[102 S. Ct. 1399] However substantial the foster parents' interests may be, cf. Smith v.
Organization of Foster Families, 431 U.S. at 845-847, they are not implicated directly in the
factfinding stage of a state-initiated permanent neglect proceeding against the natural parents. If
authorized, the foster parents may pit their interests directly against those of the natural parents by
initiating their own permanent neglect proceeding. Fam.Ct.Act § 1055(d); Soc.Serv.Law §§
3846.3(b), 392.7.(c). Alternatively, the foster parents can make their case for custody at the
dispositional stage of a state-initiated proceeding, where the judge already has decided the issue
of permanent neglect and is focusing on the placement that would serve the child's best interests.
Fam.Ct.Act §§ 623, 631. For the foster parents, the State's failure to prove permanent neglect may
prolong the delay and uncertainty until their foster child is freed for adoption. But for the natural
parents, a finding of permanent neglect can cut off forever their rights in their child. Given this
disparity of consequence, we have no difficulty finding that the balance of private interests strongly
favors heightened procedural protections.

B

Under Mathews v. Eldridge, we next must consider both the risk of erroneous deprivation of
private interests resulting from use of a "fair preponderance" standard and the likelihood that a
higher evidentiary standard would reduce that risk. See 424 U.S. at 335. Since the factfinding
phase of a permanent neglect proceeding is an adversary contest between the State and the
natural parents, the relevant question is whether a preponderance standard fairly allocates the risk
of an erroneous factfinding between these two parties.

Page 762

In New York, the factfinding stage of a state-initiated permanent neglect proceeding bears many of
the indicia of a criminal trial. Cf. Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, 452 U.S. at 42-44 (first
dissenting opinion); Meltzer v. C. Buck LeCraw & Co., 402 U.S. 954, 959 (1971) (Black, J.,
dissenting from denial of certiorari). See also dissenting opinion, post at 777-779 (describing
procedures employed at factfinding proceeding). The Commissioner of Social Services charges
the parents with permanent neglect. They are served by summons. Fam.Ct.Act §§ 614, 616, 617.
The factfinding hearing is conducted pursuant to formal rules of evidence. § 624. The State, the
parents, and the child are all represented by counsel. §§ 249, 262. The State seeks to establish a
series of historical facts about the intensity of its agency's efforts to reunite the family, the
infrequency and insubstantiality of the parents' contacts with their child, and the parents' inability
or unwillingness to formulate a plan for the child's future. The attorneys submit documentary
evidence, and call witnesses who are subject to cross-examination. Based on all the evidence, the
judge then determines whether the State has proved the statutory elements of permanent neglect
by a fair preponderance of the evidence. § 622.

At such a proceeding, numerous factors combine to magnify the risk of erroneous factfinding.
Permanent neglect proceedings employ imprecise substantive standards that leave
determinations unusually open to the subjective values of the judge. See Smith v. Organization of
Foster Families, 431 U.S. at 835, n. 36. In appraising the nature and quality of a complex series of
encounters among the agency, the parents, and the child, the court possesses unusual discretion
to underweigh probative facts that might favor the parent.[12]

Page 763

Because parents [102 S. Ct. 1400] subject to termination proceedings are often poor, uneducated,
or members of minority groups, id. at 833-835, such proceedings are often vulnerable to
judgments based on cultural or class bias.

The State's ability to assemble its case almost inevitably dwarfs the parents' ability to mount a
defense. No predetermined limits restrict the sums an agency may spend in prosecuting a given
termination proceeding. The State's attorney usually will be expert on the issues contested and the
procedures employed at the factfinding hearing, and enjoys full access to all public records
concerning the family. The State may call on experts in family relations, psychology, and medicine
to bolster its case. Furthermore, the primary witnesses at the hearing will be the agency's own
professional caseworkers, whom the State has empowered both to investigate the family situation
and to testify against the parents. Indeed, because the child is already in agency custody, the
State even has the power to shape the historical events that form the basis for termination.[13]

Page 764

The disparity between the adversaries' litigation resources is matched by a striking asymmetry in
their litigation options. Unlike criminal defendants, natural parents have no "double jeopardy"
defense against repeated state termination efforts. If the State initially fails to win termination, as
New York did here, see n. 4, supra, it always can try once again to cut off the parents' rights after
gathering more or better evidence. Yet even when the parents have attained the level of fitness
required by the State, they have no similar means by which they can forestall future termination
efforts.

Coupled with a "fair preponderance of the evidence" standard, these factors create a significant
prospect of erroneous termination. A standard of proof that, by its very terms, demands
consideration of the quantity, rather than the quality, of the evidence may misdirect the factfinder
in the marginal case. See In re Winship, 397 U.S. at 371, n. 3 (Harlan, J., concurring). Given the
weight of the private interests at stake, the social cost of even occasional error is sizable.
Raising the standard of proof would have both practical and symbolic consequences. Cf.
Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. at 426. The Court has long considered the heightened standard of
proof used in criminal prosecutions to be "a prime instrument for reducing the risk of convictions
resting on factual error." In re Winship, 397 U.S. at 363. An elevated standard of proof in a
parental rights termination proceeding would alleviate

the possible risk that a factfinder might decide to [deprive] an individual based solely on a few
isolated instances of unusual conduct [or] . . . idiosyncratic behavior.

Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. at 427.

Increasing the burden of proof is one way to impress [102 S. Ct. 1401] the factfinder with the
importance

Page 765

of the decision, and thereby perhaps to reduce the chances that inappropriate

terminations will be ordered. Ibid.

The Appellate Division approved New York's preponderance standard on the ground that it
properly "balanced rights possessed by the child . . . with those of the natural parents. . . ." 75
App.Div.2d at 910, 427 N.Y.S.2d at 320. By so saying, the court suggested that a preponderance
standard properly allocates the risk of error between the parents and the child.[14] That view is
fundamentally mistaken.

The court's theory assumes that termination of the natural parents' rights invariably will benefit the
child.[15] Yet we have noted above that the parents and the child share an interest in avoiding
erroneous termination. Even accepting the court's assumption, we cannot agree with its
conclusion that a preponderance standard fairly distributes the risk of error between parent and
child. Use of that standard reflects the judgment that society is nearly neutral between erroneous
termination of parental rights and erroneous failure to terminate those rights. Cf. In re Winship, 397
U.S. at 371 (Harlan, J., concurring). For the child, the likely consequence of an erroneous failure to
terminate is preservation of

Page 766

an uneasy status quo.[16] For the natural parents, however, the consequence of an erroneous
termination is the unnecessary destruction of their natural family. A standard that allocates the risk
of error nearly equally between those two outcomes does not reflect properly their relative
severity.

C
Two state interests are at stake in parental rights termination proceedings -- a parens patriae
interest in preserving and promoting the welfare of the child and a fiscal and administrative interest
in reducing the cost and burden of such proceedings. A standard of proof more strict than
preponderance of the evidence is consistent with both interests.

"Since the State has an urgent interest in the welfare of the child, it shares the parent's interest in
an accurate and just decision" at the factfinding proceeding. Lassiter v. Department of Social
Services, 452 U.S. at 27. As parens patriae, the State's goal is to provide the child with a
permanent home. See Soc.Serv.Law § 384-b.1.(a)(i) (statement of legislative findings and intent).
Yet while there is still reason to believe [102 S. Ct. 1402] that positive, nurturing parent-child
relationships exist, the parens patriae interest favors preservation, not

Page 767

severance, of natural familial bonds.[17] § 384-b.1.(a)(ii). "[T]he State registers no gain towards its
declared goals when it separates children from the custody of fit parents." Stanley v. Illinois, 405
U.S. at 652.

The State's interest in finding the child an alternative permanent home arises only "when it is clear
that the natural parent cannot or will not provide a normal family home for the child." Soc.Serv.Law
§ 384-b.1.(a)(iv) (emphasis added). At the factfinding, that goal is served by procedures that
promote an accurate determination of whether the natural parents can and will provide a normal
home.

Unlike a constitutional requirement of hearings, see, e.g., Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. at 347, or
court-appointed counsel, a stricter standard of proof would reduce factual error without imposing
substantial fiscal burdens upon the State. As we have observed, 35 States already have adopted
a higher standard by statute or court decision without apparent effect on the speed, form, or cost
of their factfinding proceedings. See n. 3, supra.

Nor would an elevated standard of proof create any real administrative burdens for the State's
factfinders. New York Family Court judges already are familiar with a higher evidentiary standard
in other parental rights termination proceedings not involving permanent neglect. See
Soc.Serv.Law §§ 384-b.3.(g), 384-b.4.(c), and 384-b.4.(e) (requiring "clear and convincing proof"
before parental rights may be terminated for reasons of mental illness and mental retardation or
severe and repeated child abuse). New York also demands at least clear and convincing evidence
in proceedings of far less moment than parental rights termination proceedings. See, e.g.,
N.Y.Veh. & Traf.Law § 227.1 (McKinney Supp.1981) (requiring the State to prove traffic

Page 768
infractions by "clear and convincing evidence") and In re Rosenthal v. Hartnett, 36 N.Y.2d 269 326
N.E.2d 811 (1975); see also Ross v. Food Specialties, Inc., 6 N.Y.2d 336, 341, 160 N.E.2d 618,
620 (1959) (requiring "clear, positive and convincing evidence" for contract reformation). We
cannot believe that it would burden the State unduly to require that its factfinders have the same
factual certainty when terminating the parent-child relationship as they must have to suspend a
driver's license.

IV

The logical conclusion of this balancing process is that the "fair preponderance of the evidence"
standard prescribed by Fam.Ct.Act § 622 violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment.[18] The Court noted in Addington:

The individual should not be asked to share equally with society the risk of error when the possible
injury to the individual is significantly greater than any possible harm to the state.

441 U.S. at 427. Thus, at a parental rights termination proceeding, a near-equal allocation of risk
between the parents and the State is constitutionally intolerable. The next question, then, is
whether a "beyond a reasonable doubt" or a "clear and convincing" standard is constitutionally
mandated.

In Addington, the Court concluded that application of a reasonable doubt standard is inappropriate
in civil commitment proceedings for two reasons -- because of our hesitation to apply that unique
standard [102 S. Ct. 1403] "too broadly or casually in noncriminal cases," id. at 428, and because
the psychiatric evidence ordinarily adduced at commitment proceedings is

Page 769

rarely susceptible to proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 429-430, 432-433. To be sure, as
has been noted above, in the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978, Pub.L. 9508, § 102(f), 92 Stat.
3072, 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f) (1976 ed., Supp. IV), Congress requires "evidence beyond a
reasonable doubt" for termination of Indian parental rights, reasoning that "the removal of a child
from the parents is a penalty as great [as], if not greater, than a criminal penalty. . . ." H.R.Rep.
No. 95-1386, p. 22 (1978). Congress did not consider, however, the evidentiary problems that
would arise if proof beyond a reasonable doubt were required in all state-initiated parental rights
termination hearings.

Like civil commitment hearings, termination proceedings often require the factfinder to evaluate
medical and psychiatric testimony, and to decide issues difficult to prove to a level of absolute
certainty, such as lack of parental motive, absence of affection between parent and child, and
failure of parental foresight and progress. Cf. Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, 452 U.S.
at 30; id. at 44-46 (first dissenting opinion) (describing issues raised in state termination
proceedings). The substantive standards applied vary from State to State. Although Congress
found a "beyond a reasonable doubt" standard proper in one type of parental rights termination
case, another legislative body might well conclude that a reasonable doubt standard would erect
an unreasonable barrier to state efforts to free permanently neglected children for adoption.

A majority of the States have concluded that a "clear and convincing evidence" standard of proof
strikes a fair balance between the rights of the natural parents and the State's legitimate concerns.
See n. 3, supra. We hold that such a standard adequately conveys to the factfinder the level of
subjective certainty about his factual conclusions necessary to satisfy due process. We further
hold that determination of the precise burden equal to or greater than that standard

Page 770

is a matter of state law properly left to state legislatures and state courts. Cf. Addington v. Texas,
441 U.S. at 433.

We, of course, express no view on the merits of petitioners' claims.[19] At a hearing conducted
under a constitutionally proper standard, they may or may not prevail. Without deciding the
outcome under any of the standards we have approved, we vacate the judgment of the Appellate
Division and remand the case for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

It is so ordered.

REHNQUIST, J., dissenting

JUSTICE REHNQUIST, with whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE, JUSTICE WHITE, and JUSTICE
O'CONNOR join, dissenting.

I believe that few of us would care to live in a society where every aspect of life was regulated by a
single source of law, whether that source be this Court or some other organ of our complex body
politic. But today's decision certainly moves us in that direction. By parsing the New York scheme
and holding one narrow provision unconstitutional, the majority invites further federal court
intrusion into every facet of state family law. If ever there were an area in which federal courts
should heed the admonition of Justice Holmes that "a page of history is worth a volume of logic,"
[1] it is in the area of domestic relations. This area has been left to the States from [102 S. Ct.
1404] time immemorial, and not without good reason.

Equally as troubling is the majority's due process analysis. The Fourteenth Amendment
guarantees that a State will treat individuals with "fundamental fairness" whenever its actions
infringe their protected liberty or property interests. By adoption of the procedures relevant to this
case, New
Page 771

York has created an exhaustive program to assist parents in regaining the custody of their children
and to protect parents from the unfair deprivation of their parental rights. And yet the majority's
myopic scrutiny of the standard of proof blinds it to the very considerations and procedures which
make the New York scheme "fundamentally fair."

I

State intervention in domestic relations has always been an unhappy but necessary feature of life
in our organized society. For all of our experience in this area, we have found no fully satisfactory
solutions to the painful problem of child abuse and neglect. We have found, however, that leaving
the States free to experiment with various remedies has produced novel approaches and
promising progress.

Throughout this experience, the Court has scrupulously refrained from interfering with state
answers to domestic relations questions.

Both theory and the precedents of this Court teach us solicitude for state interests, particularly in
the field of family and family property arrangements.

United States v. Yazell, 382 U.S. 341, 352 (1966). This is not to say that the Court should blink at
clear constitutional violations in state statutes, but rather that, in this area, of all areas,

substantial weight must be given to the good faith judgments of the individuals [administering a
program] . . . that the procedures they have provided assure fair consideration of the . . . claims of
individuals.

Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 349 (1976).

This case presents a classic occasion for such solicitude. As will be seen more fully in the next
part, New York has enacted a comprehensive plan to aid marginal parents in regaining the
custody of their child. The central purpose of the New York plan is to reunite divided families.
Adoption of the preponderance of the evidence standard represents New York's good faith effort
to balance the interest of parents

Page 772

against the legitimate interests of the child and the State. These earnest efforts by state officials
should be given weight in the Court's application of due process principles.

Great constitutional provisions must be administered with caution. Some play must be allowed for
the joints of the machine, and it must be remembered that legislatures are ultimate guardians of
the liberties and welfare of the people in quite as great a degree as the courts.

Missouri, K. & T. R. Co. v. May, 194 U.S. 267, 270 (1904).[2]

The majority may believe that it is adopting a relatively unobtrusive means of ensuring that
termination proceedings provide "due process of law." In fact, however, [102 S. Ct. 1405] fixing the
standard of proof as a matter of federal constitutional law will only lead to further federal court
intervention in state schemes. By holding that due process requires proof by clear and convincing
evidence, the majority surely cannot mean that any state scheme passes constitutional muster so
long as it applies that standard of proof. A state law permitting termination of parental rights upon
a showing of neglect by clear and convincing evidence certainly would not be acceptable

Page 773

to the majority if it provided no procedures other than one 30-minute hearing. Similarly, the
majority probably would balk at a state scheme that permitted termination of parental rights on a
clear and convincing showing merely that such action would be in the best interests of the child.
See Smith v . Organization of Foster Families, 431 U.S. 816, 862-863 (1977) (Stewart, J.,
concurring in judgment).

After fixing the standard of proof, therefore, the majority will be forced to evaluate other aspects of
termination proceedings with reference to that point. Having in this case abandoned evaluation of
the overall effect of a scheme, and with it the possibility of finding that strict substantive standards
or special procedures compensate for a lower burden of proof, the majority's approach will
inevitably lead to the federalization of family law. Such a trend will only thwart state searches for
better solutions in an area where this Court should encourage state experimentation.

It is one of the happy incidents of the federal system that a single courageous State may, if its
citizens choose, serve as a laboratory; and try novel social and economic experiments without risk
to the rest of the country. This Court has the power to prevent an experiment.

New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann, 285 U.S. 262, 311 (1932) (Brandeis, J., dissenting). It should not
do so in the absence of a clear constitutional violation. As will be seen in the next part, no clear
constitutional violation has occurred in this case.

II

As the majority opinion notes, petitioners are the parents of five children, three of whom were
removed from petitioners' care on or before August 22, 1974. During the next four and one-half
years, those three children were in the custody of the State and in the care of foster homes or
institutions, and the State was diligently engaged in efforts to prepare petitioners for the children's
return. Those efforts were unsuccessful,
Page 774

however, and, on April 10, 1979, the New York Family Court for Ulster County terminated
petitioners' parental rights as to the three children removed in 1974 or earlier. This termination was
preceded by a judicial finding that petitioners had failed to plan for the return and future of their
children, a statutory category of permanent neglect. Petitioners now contend, and the Court today
holds, that they were denied due process of law not because of a general inadequacy of
procedural protections, but simply because the finding of permanent neglect was made on the
basis of a preponderance of the evidence adduced at the termination hearing.

It is well settled that

[t]he requirements of procedural due process apply only to the deprivation of interests
encompassed by the Fourteenth Amendment's protection of liberty and property.

Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 569 (1972). In determining whether such liberty or
property interests are implicated by a particular government action, "we must look not to the
`weight,' but to the nature, of the interest at stake." Id. at 571 (emphasis in original). I do not
disagree with the majority's conclusion that the interest of parents in their relationship with their
children is sufficiently fundamental to come within the finite class of liberty interests protected by
the Fourteenth Amendment. See Smith v. Organization of Foster Families, supra, at 862-863
(Stewart, J., concurring in judgment). "Once it is determined that due [102 S. Ct. 1406] process
applies, [however,] the question remains what process is due." Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471,
481 (1972). It is the majority's answer to this question with which I disagree.

A

Due process of law is a flexible constitutional principle. The requirements which it imposes upon
governmental actions vary with the situations to which it applies. As the Court previously has
recognized, "not all situations calling for

Page 775

procedural safeguards call for the same kind of procedure." Morrissey v. Brewer, supra, at 481.
See also Greenholtz v. Nebraska Penal Inmates, 442 U.S. 1, 12 (1979); Mathews v. Eldridge, 424
U.S. at 334; Cafeteria Workers v. McElroy, 367 U.S. 886, 895 (1961). The adequacy of a scheme
of procedural protections cannot, therefore, be determined merely by the application of general
principles unrelated to the peculiarities of the case at hand.

Given this flexibility, it is obvious that a proper due process inquiry cannot be made by focusing
upon one narrow provision of the challenged statutory scheme. Such a focus threatens to overlook
factors which may introduce constitutionally adequate protections into a particular government
action. Courts must examine all procedural protections offered by the State, and must assess the
cumulative effect of such safeguards. As we have stated before, courts must consider "the
fairness and reliability of the existing . . . procedures" before holding that the Constitution requires
more. Mathews v. Eldridge, supra, at 343. Only through such a broad inquiry may courts
determine whether a challenged governmental action satisfies the due process requirement of
"fundamental fairness."[3] In some instances, the Court has even looked to nonprocedural
restraints on official action in determining whether the deprivation of a protected interest was
effected without due process of law. E.g., Ingraham v.

Page 776

Wright, 430 U.S. 651 (1977). In this case, it is just such a broad look at the New York scheme
which reveals its fundamental fairness.[4]

The termination of parental rights on the basis of permanent neglect can occur under New York
law only by order of the Family Court. N.Y.Soc.Serv.Law (SSL) § 384-b.3.(d) (McKinney
Supp.1981-1982). Before a petition for permanent termination can be filed in that court, however,
several other events must first occur.

[102 S. Ct. 1407] The Family Court has jurisdiction only over those children who are in the care of
an authorized agency. N.Y. Family Court Act (FCA) § 614.1.(b) (McKinney 1975 and Supp.1981-
1982). Therefore, the children who are the subject of a termination petition must previously have
been removed from their parents' home on a temporary basis. Temporary removal of a child can
occur in one of two ways. The parents may consent to the removal, FCA § 1021, or, as occurred in
this case, the Family Court can order the removal pursuant to a finding that the child is abused or
neglected.[5] FCA §§ 1051, 1052.

Page 777

Court proceedings to order the temporary removal of a child are initiated by a petition alleging
abuse or neglect, filed by a state-authorized child protection agency or by a person designated by
the court. FCA §§ 1031, 1032. Unless the court finds that exigent circumstances require removal
of the child before a petition may be filed and a hearing held, see FCA § 1022, the order of
temporary removal results from a "dispositional hearing" conducted to determine the appropriate
form of alternative care. FCA § 1045. See also FCA § 1055. This "dispositional hearing" can be
held only after the court, at a separate "factfinding hearing," has found the child to be abused or
neglected within the specific statutory definition of those terms. FCA §§ 1012, 1044, 1051.

Parents subjected to temporary removal proceedings are provided extensive procedural
protections. A summons and copy of the temporary removal petition must be served upon the
parents within two days of issuance by the court, FCA §§ 1035, 1036, and the parents may, at
their own request, delay the commencement of the factfinding hearing for three days after service
of the summons. FCA § 1048.[6] The factfinding hearing may not commence without a
determination by the court that the parents are present at the hearing and have been served with
the petition. FCA § 1041. At the hearing itself, "only competent, material and relevant evidence
may be admitted," with some enumerated exceptions

Page 778

for particularly probative evidence. FCA § 1046(b)(ii). In addition, indigent parents are provided
with an attorney to represent them at both the factfinding and dispositional hearings, as well as at
all other proceedings related to temporary removal of their child. FCA § 262(a)(i).

An order of temporary removal must be reviewed every 18 months by the Family Court. SSL §
392.2. Such review is conducted by hearing before the same judge who ordered the temporary
removal, and a notice of the hearing, including a statement of the dispositional alternatives, must
be given to the parents at least 20 days before the hearing is held. SSL § 392.4. As in the initial
removal action, the parents must be parties to the proceedings, ibid., and are entitled to court-
appointed counsel if indigent. FCA § 262(a).

One or more years after a child has been removed temporarily from the parents' home, permanent
termination proceedings may be commenced by the filing of a petition in the court which ordered
the temporary removal. The petition must be filed by a state agency or by a foster parent
authorized by the court, SSL § 384-b.3.(b), and must allege that the child has been [102 S. Ct.
1408] permanently neglected by the parents. SSL § 384-b.3.(d).[7] Notice of the petition and the
dispositional proceedings must be served upon the parents at least 20 days before the
commencement of the hearing, SSL § 384-b.3.(e), must inform them of the potential
consequences of the hearing, ibid., and must inform them

of their right to the assistance of counsel, including [their] right . . . to have counsel assigned by
the court [if] they are financially unable to obtain counsel.

Ibid. See also FCA § 262.

As in the initial removal proceedings, two hearings are held in consideration of the permanent
termination petition.

Page 779

SSL § 384-b.3.(f). At the factfinding hearing, the court must determine, by a fair preponderance of
the evidence, whether the child has been permanently neglected. SSL § 384-b.3.(g). "Only
competent, material and relevant evidence may be admitted in a factfinding hearing." FCA § 624.
The court may find permanent neglect if the child is in the care of an authorized agency or foster
home and the parents have
failed for a period of more than one year . . . substantially and continuously or repeatedly to
maintain contact with or plan for the future of the child, although physically and financially able to
do so.

SSL § 384-b.7.(a).[8] In addition, because the State considers its "first obligation" to be the
reuniting of the child with its natural parents, SSL § 384-b.1.(iii), the court must also find that the
supervising state agency has, without success, made "diligent efforts to encourage and strengthen
the parental relationship." SSL § 384-b.7.(a) (emphasis added).[9]

Page 780

Following the factfinding hearing, a separate, dispositional hearing is held to determine what
course of action would be in "the best interests of the child." FCA § 631. A finding of permanent
neglect at the factfinding hearing, although necessary to a termination of parental rights, does not
control the court's order at the dispositional hearing. The court may dismiss the petition, suspend
judgment on the petition and retain jurisdiction for a period of one year in order to provide further
opportunity for a reuniting of the family, or terminate the parents' right to the custody and care of
the child. FCA §§ 631-634. The court must base its decision solely upon the record of "material
and relevant evidence" introduced at the dispositional [102 S. Ct. 1409] hearing, FCA § 624; In re
"Female" M., 70 App.Div.2d 812, 417 N.Y.S.2d 482 (1979), and may not entertain any
presumption that the best interests of the child "will be promoted by any particular disposition."
FCA § 631.

As petitioners did in this case, parents may appeal any unfavorable decision to the Appellate
Division of the New York Supreme Court. Thereafter, review may be sought in the New York Court
of Appeals and, ultimately, in this Court if a federal question is properly presented.

As this description of New York's termination procedures demonstrates, the State seeks not only
to protect the interests of parents in rearing their own children, but also to assist and encourage
parents who have lost custody of their children to reassume their rightful role. Fully understood,
the New York system is a comprehensive program to aid parents such as petitioners. Only as a
last resort, when "diligent efforts" to reunite the family have failed, does New

Page 781

York authorize the termination of parental rights. The procedures for termination of those
relationships which cannot be aided and which threaten permanent injury to the child,
administered by a judge who has supervised the case from the first temporary removal through the
final termination, cannot be viewed as fundamentally unfair. The facts of this case demonstrate the
fairness of the system.

The three children to which this case relates were removed from petitioners' custody in 1973 and
1974, before petitioners' other two children were born. The removals were made pursuant to the
procedures detailed above, and in response to what can only be described as shockingly abusive
treatment.[10] At the temporary removal hearing held before the Family Court on September 30,
1974, petitioners were represented by counsel, and allowed the Ulster County Department of
Social Services (Department) to take custody of the three children.

Temporary removal of the children was continued at an evidentiary hearing held before the Family
Court in December, 1975, after which the court issued a written opinion concluding that petitioners
were unable to resume their parental responsibilities due to personality disorders. Unsatisfied with
the progress petitioners were making, the court also directed

Page 782

the Department to reduce to writing the plan which it had designed to solve the problems at
petitioners' home and reunite the family.

A plan for providing petitioners with extensive counseling and training services was submitted to
the court and approved in February, 1976. Under the plan, petitioners received training by a
mother's aide, a nutritional aide, and a public health nurse, and counseling at a family planning
clinic. In addition, the plan provided psychiatric treatment and vocational training for the father, and
counseling at a family service center for the mother. Brief for Respondent Kramer 1-7. Between
early 1976 and the final termination decision in April, 1979, the State spent more than $15,000 in
these efforts to rehabilitate petitioners as parents. App. 34.

Petitioners' response to the State's effort was marginal, at best. They wholly disregarded some of
the available services, and participated only sporadically in the others. As a result, and out of [102
S. Ct. 1410] growing concern over the length of the children's stay in foster care, the Department
petitioned, in September, 1976, for permanent termination of petitioners' parental rights so that the
children could be adopted by other families. Although the Family Court recognized that petitioners'
reaction to the State's efforts was generally "nonresponsive, even hostile," the fact that they were
"at least superficially cooperative" led it to conclude that there was yet hope of further
improvement and an eventual reuniting of the family. Exhibit to Brief for Respondent Kramer 618.
Accordingly, the petition for permanent termination was dismissed.

Whatever progress petitioners were making prior to the 1976 termination hearing, they made little
or no progress thereafter. In October, 1978, the Department again filed a termination petition
alleging that petitioners had completely failed to plan for the children's future despite the
considerable efforts rendered in their behalf. This time, the Family Court agreed. The court found
that petitioners had

failed in any meaningful way to take advantage of the many social
Page 783

and rehabilitative services that have not only been made available to them but have been diligently
urged upon them.

App. 35. In addition, the court found that the "infrequent" visits "between the parents and their
children were, at best, superficial, and devoid of any real emotional content." Id. at 21. The court
thus found

nothing in the situation which holds out any hope that [petitioners] may ever become financially
self sufficient or emotionally mature enough to be independent of the services of social agencies.
More than a reasonable amount of time has passed, and still, in the words of the case workers,
there has been no discernible forward movement. At some point in time, it must be said, "enough
is enough."

Id. at 36.

In accordance with the statutory requirements set forth above, the court found that petitioners'
failure to plan for the future of their children, who were then seven, five, and four years old and
had been out of petitioners' custody for at least four years, rose to the level of permanent neglect.
At a subsequent dispositional hearing, the court terminated petitioners' parental rights, thereby
freeing the three children for adoption.

As this account demonstrates, the State's extraordinary 4-year effort to reunite petitioners' family
was not just unsuccessful, it was altogether rebuffed by parents unwilling to improve their
circumstances sufficiently to permit a return of their children. At every step of this protracted
process, petitioners were accorded those procedures and protections which traditionally have
been required by due process of law. Moreover, from the beginning to the end of this sad story, all
judicial determinations were made by one Family Court Judge. After four and one-half years of
involvement with petitioners, more than seven complete hearings, and additional periodic
supervision of the State's rehabilitative efforts, the judge no doubt was intimately familiar with this
case and the prospects for petitioners' rehabilitation.

It is inconceivable to me that these procedures were "fundamentally unfair" to petitioners. Only by
its obsessive

Page 784

focus on the standard of proof and its almost complete disregard of the facts of this case does the
majority find otherwise.[11] As the discussion [102 S. Ct. 1411] above indicates, however, such a

Page 785
focus does not comport with the flexible standard of fundamental fairness embodied in the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

B

In addition to the basic fairness of the process afforded petitioners, the standard of proof chosen
by New York clearly reflects a constitutionally permissible balance of the interests at stake in this
case. The standard of proof

represents an attempt to instruct the factfinder concerning the degree of confidence our society
thinks he should have in the correctness of factual conclusions for a particular type of adjudication.

In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 370 (1970) (Harlan, J. concurring); Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418,
423 (1979). In this respect, the standard of proof is a crucial component of legal process, the
primary function of which is "to minimize the risk of erroneous decisions."[12] Greenholtz v.
Nebraska

Page 786

Penal Inmates, 442 U.S. at 13. See also Addington v. Texas, supra, at 425; Mathews v. Eldridge,
424 U.S. at 344.

[102 S. Ct. 1412] In determining the propriety of a particular standard of proof in a given case,
however, it is not enough simply to say that we are trying to minimize the risk of error. Because
errors in factfinding affect more than one interest, we try to minimize error as to those interests
which we consider to be most important. As Justice Harlan explained in his well known
concurrence to In re Winship:

In a lawsuit between two parties, a factual error can make a difference in one of two ways. First, it
can result in a judgment in favor of the plaintiff when the true facts warrant a judgment for the
defendant. The analogue in a criminal case would be the conviction of an innocent man. On the
other hand, an erroneous factual determination can result in a judgment for the defendant when
the true facts justify a judgment in plaintiff's favor. The criminal analogue would be the acquittal of
a guilty man.

The standard of proof influences the relative frequency of these two types of erroneous outcomes.
If, for example, the standard of proof for a criminal trial were a preponderance of the evidence,
rather than proof

Page 787

beyond a reasonable doubt, there would be a smaller risk of factual errors that result in freeing
guilty persons, but a far greater risk of factual errors that result in convicting the innocent. Because
the standard of proof affects the comparative frequency of these two types of erroneous
outcomes, the choice of the standard to be applied in a particular kind of litigation should, in a
rational world, reflect an assessment of the comparative social disutility of each.

397 U.S. at 370-371.

When the standard of proof is understood as reflecting such an assessment, an examination of the
interests at stake in a particular case becomes essential to determining the propriety of the
specified standard of proof. Because proof by a preponderance of the evidence requires that "[t]he
litigants . . . share the risk of error in a roughly equal fashion," Addington v. Texas, supra, at 423, it
rationally should be applied only when the interests at stake are of roughly equal societal
importance. The interests at stake in this case demonstrate that New York has selected a
constitutionally permissible standard of proof.

On one side is the interest of parents in a continuation of the family unit and the raising of their
own children. The importance of this interest cannot easily be overstated. Few consequences of
judicial action are so grave as the severance of natural family ties. Even the convict committed to
prison and thereby deprived of his physical liberty often retains the love and support of family
members.

This Court's decisions have by now made plain beyond the need for multiple citation that a
parent's desire for and right to "the companionship, care, custody, and management of his or her
children" is an important interest that "undeniably warrants deference and, absent a powerful
countervailing interest, protection." Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651.

Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, 452 U.S. 18, 27 (1981). In creating the scheme at issue
in this case, the New York Legislature

Page 788

was expressly aware of this right of parents "to bring up their own children." SSL § 384-b.1.(a)(ii).

On the other side of the termination proceeding are the often countervailing interests of the child.
[13] A stable, loving

Page 789

home [102 S. Ct. 1413] life is essential to a child's physical, emotional, and spiritual wellbeing. It
requires no citation of authority to assert that children who are abused in their youth generally face
extraordinary problems developing into responsible, productive citizens. The same can be said of
children who, though not physically or emotionally abused, are passed from one foster home to
another with no constancy of love, trust, or discipline. If the Family Court makes an incorrect
factual determination resulting in a failure to terminate a parent-child relationship which rightfully
should be ended, the child involved must return either to an abusive home[14] or to the often
unstable world of foster care.[15] The reality of these

Page 790

risks is magnified by the fact that the only families faced with termination actions are those which
have voluntarily surrendered custody of their child to the State, or, as in this case, those from
which the child has been removed by judicial action because of threatened irreparable injury
through [102 S. Ct. 1414] abuse or neglect. Permanent neglect findings also occur only in families
where the child has been in foster care for at least one year.

In addition to the child's interest in a normal home life, "the State has an urgent interest in the
welfare of the child." Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, 452 U.S. at 27.[16] Few could
doubt that the most valuable resource of a self-governing society is its population of children, who
will one day become adults and themselves assume the responsibility of self-governance.

A democratic society rests, for its continuance, upon the healthy, well-rounded growth of young
people into full maturity as citizens, with all that implies.

Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158, 168 (1944). Thus, "the whole community" has an interest
"that children be both safeguarded from abuses and given opportunities for growth into free and
independent well-developed . . . citizens." Id. at 165. See also Ginsberg v. New York, 390 U.S.
629, 640-641 (1968).

When, in the context of a permanent neglect termination proceeding, the interests of the child and
the State in a stable,

Page 791

nurturing home life are balanced against the interests of the parents in the rearing of their child, it
cannot be said that either set of interests is so clearly paramount as to require that the risk of error
be allocated to one side or the other. Accordingly, a State constitutionally may conclude that the
risk of error should be borne in roughly equal fashion by use of the preponderance of the evidence
standard of proof. See Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. at 423. This is precisely the balance which
has been struck by the New York Legislature:

It is the intent of the legislature in enacting this section to provide procedures not only assuring
that the rights of the natural parent are protected, but also, where positive, nurturing parent-child
relationships no longer exist, furthering the best interests, needs, and rights of the child by
terminating the parental rights and freeing the child for adoption.
SSL § 384-b.1.(b).

III

For the reasons heretofore stated, I believe that the Court today errs in concluding that the New
York standard of proof in parental rights termination proceedings violates due process of law. The
decision disregards New York's earnest efforts to aid parents in regaining the custody of their
children and a host of procedural protections placed around parental rights and interests. The
Court finds a constitutional violation only by a tunnel vision application of due process principles
that altogether loses sight of the unmistakable fairness of the New York procedure.

Even more worrisome, today's decision cavalierly rejects the considered judgment of the New
York Legislature in an area traditionally entrusted to state care. The Court thereby begins, I fear, a
trend of federal intervention in state family law matters which surely will stifle creative responses to
vexing problems. Accordingly, I dissent.

---------

Notes:

[1] At oral argument, counsel for petitioners asserted that, in New York, natural parents have no

means of restoring terminated parental rights. Tr. of Oral Arg. 9. Counsel for respondents, citing
Fam.Ct.Act § 1061, answered that parents may petition the Family Court to vacate or set aside an
earlier order on narrow grounds, such as newly discovered evidence or fraud. Tr. of Oral Arg. 26.
Counsel for respondents conceded, however that this statutory provision has never been invoked
to set aside a permanent neglect finding. Id. at 27.

[2] Most notably, natural parents have a statutory right to the assistance of counsel and of court-

appointed counsel if they are indigent. Fam.Ct.Act § 262.(a)(iii).

[3] Fifteen States, by statute, have required "clear and convincing evidence" or its equivalent. See

Alaska Stat.Ann. § 47.10.080(c)(3) (1980); Cal.Civ.Code Ann. § 232(a)(7) (West Supp.1982);
Ga.Code §§ 24A-2201(c), 24A-3201 (1979); Iowa Code § 600A.8 (1981) ("clear and convincing
proof"); Me.Rev.Stat.Ann., Tit. 22, § 4055.1.B.(2) (Supp. 1981-1982); Mich.Comp.Laws § 722.25
(Supp. 1981-1982); Mo.Rev.Stat. § 211.447.2(2) (Supp.1981) ("clear, cogent and convincing
evidence"); N.M.Stat.Ann. § 40-7-4.J. (Supp.1981); N.C.Gen.Stat. § 7A-289.30(e) (1981) ("clear,
cogent, and convincing evidence"); Ohio Rev.Code Ann. §§ 2151.35, 2151.414(B) (Page Supp.
1982); R.I.Gen.Laws § 15-7-7(d) (Supp. 1980); Tenn.Code Ann. § 37-246(d) (Supp. 1981);
Va.Code § 16.1-283.B (Supp. 1981); W.Va.Code § 492(c) (1980) ("clear and convincing proof");
Wis.Stat. § 48.31(1) (Supp. 1981-1982).

Fifteen States, the District of Columbia, and the Virgin Islands, by court decision, have required
"clear and convincing evidence" or its equivalent. See Dale County Dept. of Pensions & Security v.
Robles, 368 So. 2d 39, 42 (Ala.Civ.App.1979); Harper v. Caskin, 265 Ark. 558, 560-561, 580
S.W.2d 176, 178 (1979); In re J.S.R., 374 A.2d 860, 864 (D.C.1977); Torres v. Van Eepoel, 98
So. 2d 735, 737 (Fla.1957); In re Kerns, 225 Kan. 746, 753, 594 P.2d 187, 193 (1979); In re
Rosenbloom, 266 N.W.2d 888, 889 (Minn.1978) ("clear and convincing proof "); In re J.L.B., 182
Mont. 100, 116-117, 594 P.2d 1127, 1136 (1979); In re Souza, 204 Neb. 503, 510, 283 N.W.2d
48, 52 (1979); J. v. M., 157 N.J.Super. 478, 489, 385 A.2d 240, 246 (App.Div.1978); In re J. A.,
283 N.W.2d 83, 92 (N.D.1979); In re Darren Todd H., 615 P.2d 287, 289 (Okla.1980); In re
William. L., 477 Pa. 322, 332, 383 A.2d 1228, 1233, cert. denied sub nom. Lehman v. Lycoming
County Children's Services, 439 U.S. 880 (1978); In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d 846, 847 (Tex.1980); In
re Pitts, 535 P.2d 1244, 1248 (Utah 1975); In re Maria, 15 V.I. 368, 384 (1978); In re Sego, 82
Wash.2d 736, 739, 513 P.2d 831, 833 (1973) ("clear, cogent, and convincing evidence"); In re X.,
607 P.2d 911, 919 (Wyo.1980) ("clear and unequivocal").

South Dakota's Supreme Court has required a "clear preponderance" of the evidence in a
dependency proceeding. See In re B.E., 287 N.W.2d 91, 96 (1979). Two States, New Hampshire
and Louisiana, have barred parental rights terminations unless the key allegations have been
proved beyond a reasonable doubt. See State v. Robert H., 118 N.H. 713, 716, 393 A.2d 1387,
1389 (1978); La.Rev.Stat.Ann. § 13:1603.A (West Supp.1982). Two States, Illinois and New York,
have required clear and convincing evidence, but only in certain types of parental rights
termination proceedings. See Ill.Rev.Stat., ch. 37, ¶¶ 705-9(2), (3) (1979), amended by Act of
Sept. 11, 1981, 1982 Ill. Laws, P.A. 82-437 (generally requiring a preponderance of the evidence,
but requiring clear and convincing evidence to terminate the rights of minor parents and mentally ill
or mentally deficient parents); N.Y.Soc.Serv.Law §§ 384-b.3(g), 384-b.4(c), and 384-b.4(e)
(Supp.1981-1982) (requiring "clear and convincing proof" before parental rights may be terminated
for reasons of mental illness and mental retardation or severe and repeated child abuse).

So far as we are aware, only two federal courts have addressed the issue. Each has held that
allegations supporting parental rights termination must be proved by clear and convincing
evidence. Sims v. State Dept. of Public Welfare, 438 F. Supp. 1179, 1194 (SD Tex.1977), rev'd on
other grounds sub nom. Moore v. Sims, 442 U.S. 415 (1979); Alsager v. District Court of Polk
County, 406 F. Supp. 10, 25 (SD Iowa 1975), aff'd on other grounds, 545 F.2d 1137 (CA8 1976).

[4] Respondent had made an earlier and unsuccessful termination effort in September, 1976. After

a factfinding hearing, the Family Court Judge dismissed respondent's petition for failure to prove
an essential element of Fam.Ct.Act § 614.1.(d). See In re Santosky, 89 Misc. 2d 730, 393 N.Y.S.2d
486 (1977). The New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, affirmed, finding that "the record as
a whole" revealed that petitioners had "substantially planned for the future of the children." In re
John W., 63 App.Div.2d 750, 751, 404 N.Y.S.2d 717, 719 (1978).

[5] Since respondent Kramer took custody of Tina, John III, and Jed, the Santoskys have had two

other children, James and Jeremy. The State has taken no action to remove these younger
children. At oral argument, counsel for respondents replied affirmatively when asked whether he
was asserting that petitioners were "unfit to handle the three older ones, but not unfit to handle the
two younger ones." Tr. of Oral Arg. 24.

[6] Petitioners initially had sought review in the New York Court of Appeals. That court sua sponte

transferred the appeal to the Appellate Division, Third Department, stating that a direct appeal did
not lie because "questions other than the constitutional validity of a statutory provision are
involved." App. 50.

[7] We therefore reject respondent Kramer's claim that a parental rights termination proceeding

does not interfere with a fundamental liberty interest. See Brief for Respondent Kramer 11-18; Tr.
of Oral Arg. 38. The fact that important liberty interests of the child and its foster parents may also
be affected by a permanent neglect proceeding does not justify denying the natural parents
constitutionally adequate procedures. Nor can the State refuse to provide natural parents
adequate procedural safeguards on the ground that the family unit already has broken down; that
is the very issue the permanent neglect proceeding is meant to decide.

[8] The dissent charges, post at 772, n. 2, that

this Court simply has no role in establishing the standards of proof that States must follow in the
various judicial proceedings they afford to their citizens.

As the dissent properly concedes, however, the Court must examine a State's chosen standard to
determine whether it satisfies "the constitutional minimum of `fundamental fairness.'" Ibid. See,
e.g., Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418, 427, 433 (1979) (unanimous decision of participating
Justices) (Fourteenth Amendment requires at least clear and convincing evidence in a civil
proceeding brought under state law to commit an individual involuntarily for an indefinite period to
a state mental hospital); In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364 (1970) (Due Process Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment protects the accused in state proceeding against conviction except upon
proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is
charged).

[9] For this reason, we reject the suggestions of respondents and the dissent that the

constitutionality of New York's statutory procedures must be evaluated as a "package." See Tr. of
Oral Arg. 25, 36, 38. Indeed, we would rewrite our precedents were we to excuse a constitutionally
defective standard of proof based on an amorphous assessment of the "cumulative effect" of state
procedures. In the criminal context, for example, the Court has never assumed that "strict
substantive standards or special procedures compensate for a lower burden of proof. . . ." Post at
773. See In re Winship, 397 U.S. at 368. Nor has the Court treated appellate review as a curative
for an inadequate burden of proof. See Woodby v. INS, 385 U.S. 276, 282 (1966) ("judicial review
is generally limited to ascertaining whether the evidence relied upon by the trier of fact was of
sufficient quality and substantiality to support the rationality of the judgment") .
As the dissent points out, "the standard of proof is a crucial component of legal process, the
primary function of which is `to minimize the risk of erroneous decisions.'" Post at 785, quoting
Greenholtz v. Nebraska Penal Inmates, 442 U.S. 1, 13 (1979). Notice, summons, right to counsel,
rules of evidence, and evidentiary hearings are all procedures to place information before the
factfinder. But only the standard of proof "instruct[s] the factfinder concerning the degree of
confidence our society thinks he should have in the correctness of factual conclusions" he draws
from that information. In re Winship, 397 U.S. at 370 (Harlan, J., concurring). The statutory
provision of right to counsel and multiple hearings before termination cannot suffice to protect a
natural parent's fundamental liberty interests if the State is willing to tolerate undue uncertainty in
the determination of the dispositive facts.

[10] The Family Court Judge in the present case expressly refused to terminate petitioners'

parental rights on a "non-statutory, no-fault basis." App. 22-29. Nor is it clear that the State
constitutionally could terminate a parent's rights without showing parental unfitness. See Quilloin
v. Walcott, 434 U.S. 246, 255 (1978) ("We have little doubt that the Due Process Clause would be
offended `[i]f a State were to attempt to force the breakup of a natural family, over the objections of
the parents and their children, without some showing of unfitness and for the sole reason that to
do so was thought to be in the children's best interest,'" quoting Smith v. Organization of Foster
Families, 431 U.S. 816, 862-863 (1977) (Stewart, J., concurring in judgment)).

[11] For a child, the consequences of termination of his natural parents' rights may well be far-

reaching. In Colorado, for example, it has been noted:

The child loses the right of support and maintenance, for which he may thereafter be dependent
upon society; the right to inherit; and all other rights inherent in the legal parent-child relationship,
not just for [a limited] period . . . , but forever.

In re K.S., 33 Colo. App. 72, 76, 515 P.2d 130, 133 (1973).

Some losses cannot be measured. In this case, for example, Jed Santosky was removed from his
natural parents' custody when he was only three days old; the judge's finding of permanent
neglect effectively foreclosed the possibility that Jed would ever know his natural parents.

[12] For example, a New York court appraising an agency's "diligent efforts" to provide the parents

with social services can excuse efforts not made on the grounds that they would have been
"detrimental to the best interests of the child." Fam.Ct.Act § 614.l.(c). In determining whether the
parent "substantially and continuously or repeatedly" failed to "maintain contact with . . . the child,"
§ 614.1.(d), the judge can discount actual visits or communications on the grounds that they were
insubstantial or "overtly demonstrat[ed] a lack of affectionate and concerned parenthood."
Soc.Serv.Law § 384-b.7.(b). When determining whether the parent planned for the child's future,
the judge can reject as unrealistic plans based on overly optimistic estimates of physical or
financial ability. § 384-b.7.(c). See also dissenting opinion, post at 779-780, nn. 8 and 9.

[13] In this case, for example, the parents claim that the State sought court orders denying them

the right to visit their children, which would have prevented them from maintaining the contact
required by Fam.Ct.Act. § 614.1.(d). See Brief for Petitioners 9. The parents further claim that the
State cited their rejection of social services they found offensive or superfluous as proof of the
agency's "diligent efforts" and their own "failure to plan" for the children's future. Id. at 10-11.

We need not accept these statements as true to recognize that the State's unusual ability to
structure the evidence increases the risk of an erroneous factfinding. Of course, the disparity
between the litigants' resources will be vastly greater in States where there is no statutory right to
court-appointed counsel. See Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, 452 U.S. 18, 34 (1981)
(only 33 States and the District of Columbia provide that right by statute).

[14] The dissent makes a similar claim. See post at 786-791.

[15] This is a hazardous assumption, at best. Even when a child's natural home is imperfect,

permanent removal from that home will not necessarily improve his welfare. See, e.g., Wald, State
Intervention on Behalf of "Neglected" Children: A Search for Realistic Standards, 27 Stan.L.Rev.
985, 993 (1975) ("In fact, under current practice, coercive intervention frequently results in placing
a child in a more detrimental situation than he would be in without intervention").

Nor does termination of parental rights necessarily ensure adoption. See Brief for Community
Action for Legal Services, Inc., et al. as Amici Curiae 22-23. Even when a child eventually finds an
adoptive family, he may spend years moving between state institutions and "temporary" foster
placements after his ties to his natural parents have been severed. See Smith v. Organization of
Foster Families, 431 U.S. at 833-838 (describing the "limbo" of the New York foster care system).

[16] When the termination proceeding occurs, the child is not living at his natural home. A child

cannot be adjudicated "permanently neglected" until, "for a period of more than one year," he has
been in "the care of an authorized agency." Soc.Serv.Law § 384-b.7.(a); Fam.Ct.Act § 614. l.(d).
See also dissenting opinion, post at 789-790.

Under New York law, a judge has ample discretion to ensure that, once removed from his natural
parents on grounds of neglect, a child will not return to a hostile environment. In this case, when
the State's initial termination effort failed for lack of proof, see n. 4, supra, the court simply issued
orders under Fam.Ct.Act § 1055(b) extending the period of the child's foster home placement. See
App.19-20. See also Fam.Ct.Act § 632(b) (when State's permanent neglect petition is dismissed
for insufficient evidence, judge retains jurisdiction to reconsider underlying orders of placement); §
633 (judge may suspend judgment at dispositional hearing for an additional year).

[17] Any parens patriae interest in terminating the natural parents' rights arises only at the
dispositional phase, after the parents have been found unfit.

[18] The dissent's claim that today's decision "will inevitably lead to the federalization of family

law," post at 773, is, of course, vastly overstated. As the dissent properly notes, the Court's duty to
"refrai[n] from interfering with state answers to domestic relations questions" has never required
"that the Court should blink at clear constitutional violations in state statutes." Post at 771.

[19] Unlike the dissent, we carefully refrain from accepting as the "facts of this case" findings that

are not part of the record, and that have been found only to be more likely true than not.

[1] New York Trust Co. v. Eisner, 256 U.S. 345, 349 (1921).

[2] The majority asserts that

the degree of proof required in a particular type of proceeding "is the kind of question which has
traditionally been left to the judiciary to resolve." Woodby v. INS, 385 U.S. 276, 284 (1966).

Ante at 755-756. To the extent that the majority seeks, by this statement, to place upon the federal
judiciary the primary responsibility for deciding the appropriate standard of proof in state matters, it
arrogates to itself a responsibility wholly at odds with the allocation of authority in our federalist
system, and wholly unsupported by the prior decisions of this Court. In Woodby v. INS, 385 U.S.
276 (1966), the Court determined the proper standard of proof to be applied under a federal
statute, and did so only after concluding that "Congress ha[d] not addressed itself to the question
of what degree of proof [was] required in deportation proceedings." Id. at 284. Beyond an
examination for the constitutional minimum of "fundamental fairness" -- which clearly is satisfied by
the New York procedures at issue in this case -- this Court simply has no role in establishing the
standards of proof that States must follow in the various judicial proceedings they afford to their
citizens.

[3] Although, as the majority states, we have held that the minimum requirements of procedural

due process are a question of federal law, such a holding does not mean that the procedural
protections afforded by a State will be inadequate under the Fourteenth Amendment. It means
simply that the adequacy of the state-provided process is to be judged by constitutional standards
-- standards which the majority itself equates to "fundamental fairness." Ante at 754. I differ,
therefore, not with the majority's statement that the requirements of due process present a federal
question, but with its apparent assumption that the presence of "fundamental fairness" can be
ascertained by an examination which completely disregards the plethora of protective procedures
accorded parents by New York law.

[4] The majority refuses to consider New York's procedure as a whole, stating that

[t]he statutory provision of right to counsel and multiple hearings before termination cannot suffice
to protect a natural parent's fundamental liberty interests if the State is willing to tolerate undue
uncertainty in the determination of the dispositive facts.

Ante at 758, n. 9. Implicit in this statement is the conclusion that the risk of error may be reduced
to constitutionally tolerable levels only by raising the standard of proof -- that other procedures can
never eliminate "undue uncertainty" so long as the standard of proof remains too low. Aside from
begging the question of whether the risks of error tolerated by the State in this case are "undue,"
see infra at 785-791, this conclusion denies the flexibility that we have long recognized in the
principle of due process; understates the error-reducing power of procedural protections such as
the right to counsel, evidentiary hearings, rules of evidence, and appellate review; and establishes
the standard of proof as the sine qua non of procedural due process.

[5] An abused child is one who has been subjected to intentional physical injury

which causes or creates a substantial risk of death, or serious or protracted disfigurement, or
protracted impairment of physical or emotional health or protracted loss or impairment of the
function of any bodily organ.

FCA § 1012(e)(i). Sexual offenses against a child are also covered by this category. A neglected
child is one

whose physical, mental or emotional condition has been impaired or is in imminent danger of
becoming impaired as a result of the failure of his parent . . . to exercise a minimum degree of care
in supplying the child with adequate food, clothing, shelter or education.

FCA § 1012(f)(i)(A).

[6] The relatively short time between notice and commencement of hearing provided by § 1048

undoubtedly reflects the State's desire to protect the child. These proceedings are designed to
permit prompt action by the court when the child is threatened with imminent and serious physical,
mental, or emotional harm.

[7] Permanent custody also may be awarded by the Family Court if both parents are deceased,

the parents abandoned the child at least six months prior to the termination proceedings, or the
parents are unable to provide proper and adequate care by reason of mental illness or mental
retardation. SSL § 384-b.4.(c).

[8] As to maintaining contact with the child, New York law provides that

evidence of insubstantial or infrequent contacts by a parent with his or her child shall not, of itself,
be sufficient as a matter of law to preclude a determination that such child is a permanently
neglected child. A visit or communication by a parent with the child which is of such a character as
to overtly demonstrate a lack of affectionate and concerned parenthood shall not be deemed a
substantial contact.

SSL § 384-b.7.(b).

Failure to plan for the future of the child means failure

to take such steps as may be necessary to provide an adequate, stable home and parental care
for the child within a period of time which is reasonable under the financial circumstances available
to the parent. The plan must be realistic and feasible, and good faith effort shall not, of itself, be
determinative. In determining whether a parent has planned for the future of the child, the court
may consider the failure of the parent to utilize medical, psychiatric, psychological and other social
and rehabilitative services and material resources made available to such parent.

SSL § 384-b.7.(c).

[9] "Diligent efforts" are defined under New York law to

mean reasonable attempts by an authorized agency to assist, develop and encourage a
meaningful relationship between the parent and child, including but not limited to:

(1) consultation and cooperation with the parents in developing a plan for appropriate services to
the child and his family;

(2) making suitable arrangements for the parents to visit the child;

(3) provision of services and other assistance to the parents so that problems preventing the
discharge of the child from care may be resolved or ameliorated; and

(4) informing the parents at appropriate intervals of the child's progress, development and health.

SSL § 384-b.7.(f).

[10] Tina Apel, the oldest of petitioners' five children, was removed from their custody by court

order in November, 1973, when she was two years old. Removal proceedings were commenced in
response to complaints by neighbors and reports from a local hospital that Tina had suffered
injuries in petitioners' home, including a fractured left femur, treated with a homemade splint;
bruises on the upper arms, forehead, flank, and spine; and abrasions of the upper leg. The
following summer, John Santosky III, petitioners' second oldest child, was also removed from
petitioners' custody. John, who was less than one year old at the time, was admitted to the
hospital suffering malnutrition, bruises on the eye and forehead, cuts on the foot, blisters on the
hand, and multiple pin pricks on the back. Exhibit to Brief for Respondent Kramer 1. Jed Santosky,
the third oldest of petitioners' children, was removed from his parents' custody when only three
days old as a result of the abusive treatment of the two older children.

[11] The majority finds, without any reference to the facts of this case, that "numerous factors [in

New York termination proceedings] combine to magnify the risk of erroneous factfinding." Ante at
762. Among the factors identified by the majority are the "unusual discretion" of the Family Court
judge "to underweigh probative facts that might favor the parent"; the often uneducated, minority
status of the parents and their consequent "vulnerab[ility] to judgments based on cultural or class
bias"; the "State's ability to assemble its case," which "dwarfs the parents' ability to mount a
defense" by including an unlimited budget, expert attorneys, and "full access to all public records
concerning the family"; and the fact that "natural parents have no `double jeopardy' defense
against repeated state" efforts, "with more or better evidence," to terminate parental rights "even
when the parents have attained the level of fitness required by the State." Ante at 762, 763, 764.
In short, the majority characterizes the State as a wealthy and powerful bully bent on taking
children away from defenseless parents. See ante at 761-764. Such characterization finds no
support in the record.

The intent of New York has been stated with eminent clarity: "the [S]tate's first obligation is to help
the family with services to prevent its break-up or to reunite it if the child has already left home."
SSL § 384-b.1.(a)(iii) (emphasis added). There is simply no basis in fact for believing, as the
majority does, that the State does not mean what it says; indeed, the facts of this case
demonstrate that New York has gone the extra mile in seeking to effectuate its declared purpose.
See supra at 781-785. More importantly, there should be no room in the jurisprudence of this
Court for decisions based on unsupported, inaccurate assumptions.

A brief examination of the "factors" relied upon by the majority demonstrates its error. The
"unusual" discretion of the Family Court judge to consider the "`affectio[n] and concer[n]'"
displayed by parents during visits with their children, ante at 763, n. 12, is nothing more than
discretion to consider reality; there is not one shred of evidence in this case suggesting that the
determination of the Family Court was "based on cultural or class bias"; if parents lack the "ability
to mount a defense," the State provides them with the full services of an attorney, FCA § 262, and
they, like the State, have "full access to all public records concerning the family" (emphasis
added); and the absence of "double jeopardy" protection simply recognizes the fact that family
problems are often ongoing, and may in the future warrant action that currently is unnecessary. In
this case, the Family Court dismissed the first termination petition because it desired to give
petitioners "the benefit of the doubt," Exhibit to Brief for Respondent Kramer 620, and a second
opportunity to raise themselves to "an acceptable minimal level of competency as parents." Id. at
624. It was their complete failure to do so that prompted the second, successful termination
petition. See supra at 781-784 and this page.

[12] It is worth noting that the significance of the standard of proof in New York parental

termination proceedings differs from the significance of the standard in other forms of litigation. In
the usual adjudicatory setting, the factfinder has had little or no prior exposure to the facts of the
case. His only knowledge of those facts comes from the evidence adduced at trial, and he renders
his findings solely upon the basis of that evidence. Thus, normally, the standard of proof is a
crucial factor in the final outcome of the case, for it is the scale upon which the factfinder weighs
his knowledge and makes his decision.

Although the standard serves the same function in New York parental termination proceedings,
additional assurances of accuracy are present in its application. As was adduced at oral argument,
the practice in New York is to assign one judge to supervise a case from the initial temporary
removal of the child to the final termination of parental rights. Therefore, as discussed above, the
factfinder is intimately familiar with the case before the termination proceedings ever begin.
Indeed, as in this case, he often will have been closely involved in protracted efforts to rehabilitate
the parents. Even if a change in judges occurs, the Family Court retains jurisdiction of the case,
and the newly assigned judge may take judicial notice of all prior proceedings. Given this
familiarity with the case, and the necessarily lengthy efforts which must precede a termination
action in New York, decisions in termination cases are made by judges steeped in the background
of the case and peculiarly able to judge the accuracy of evidence placed before them. This does
not mean that the standard of proof in these cases can escape due process scrutiny, only that
additional assurances of accuracy attend the application of the standard in New York termination
proceedings.

[13] The majority dismisses the child's interest in the accuracy of determinations made at the

factfinding hearing because "[t]he factfinding does not purport . . . to balance the child's interest in
a normal family home against the parents' interest in raising the child," but instead "pits the State
directly against the parents." Ante at 759. Only "[a]fter the State has established parental
unfitness," the majority reasons, may the court "assume . . . that the interests of the child and the
natural parents do diverge." Ante at 760.

This reasoning misses the mark. The child has an interest in the outcome of the factfinding
hearing independent of that of the parent. To be sure, "the child and his parents share a vital
interest in preventing erroneous termination of their natural relationship." Ibid. (emphasis added).
But the child's interest in a continuation of the family unit exists only to the extent that such a
continuation would not be harmful to him. An error in the factfinding hearing that results in a failure
to terminate a parent-child relationship which rightfully should be terminated may well detrimentally
affect the child. See nn. 14, 15, infra.

The preponderance of the evidence standard, which allocates the risk of error more or less evenly,
is employed when the social disutility of error in either direction is roughly equal -- that is, when an
incorrect finding of fault would produce consequences as undesirable as the consequences that
would be produced by an incorrect finding of no fault. Only when the disutility of error in one
direction discernibly outweighs the disutility of error in the other direction do we choose, by means
of the standard of proof, to reduce the likelihood of the more onerous outcome. See In re Winship,
397 U.S. 358, 370-372 (1970) (Harlan, J., concurring).
New York's adoption of the preponderance of the evidence standard reflects its conclusion that the
undesirable consequence of an erroneous finding of parental unfitness -- the unwarranted
termination of the family relationship -- is roughly equal to the undesirable consequence of an
erroneous finding of parental fitness -- the risk of permanent injury to the child either by return of
the child to an abusive home or by the child's continued lack of a permanent home. See nn. 14,
15, infra. Such a conclusion is well within the province of state legislatures. It cannot be said that
the New York procedures are unconstitutional simply because a majority of the Members of this
Court disagree with the New York Legislature's weighing of the interests of the parents and the
child in an error-free factfinding hearing.

[14] The record in this case illustrates the problems that may arise when a child is returned to an

abusive home. Eighteen months after Tina, petitioners' oldest child, was first removed from
petitioners' home, she was returned to the home on a trial basis. Katherine Weiss, a supervisor in
the Child Protective Unit of the Ulster County Child Welfare Department, later testified in Family
Court that "[t]he attempt to return Tina to her home just totally blew up." Exhibit to Brief for
Respondent Kramer 135. When asked to explain what happened, Mrs. Weiss testified that

there were instances on the record in this court of Mr. Santosky's abuse of his wife, alleged abuse
of the children, and proven neglect of the children.

Ibid. Tina again was removed from the home, this time along with John and Jed.

[15] The New York Legislature recognized the potential harm to children of extended,

nonpermanent foster care. It found

that many children who have been placed in foster care experience unnecessarily protracted stays
in such care without being adopted or returned to their parents or other custodians. Such
unnecessary stays may deprive these children of positive, nurturing family relationships and have
deleterious effects on their development into responsible, productive citizens.

SSL § 384-b.1.(b). Subsequent studies have proved this finding correct. One commentator
recently wrote of "the lamentable conditions of many foster care placements" under the New York
system even today. He noted:

Over fifty percent of the children in foster care have been in this

"temporary" status for more than two years; over thirty percent for more than five years. During
this time, many children are placed in a sequence of ill-suited foster homes, denying them the
consistent support and nurturing that they so desperately need.

Besharov, State Intervention To Protect Children: New York's Definition of "Child Abuse" and
"Child Neglect," 26 N.Y.L.S.L.Rev. 723, 770-771 (1981) (footnotes omitted). In this case,
petitioners' three children have been in foster care for more than four years, one child since he
was only three days old. Failure to terminate petitioners' parental rights will only mean a
continuation of this unsatisfactory situation.

[16] The majority's conclusion that a state interest in the child's wellbeing arises only after a

determination of parental unfitness suffers from the same error as its assertion that the child has
no interest, separate from that of its parents, in the accuracy of the factfinding hearing. See n. 13,
supra.

---------
                    STANLEY v. ILLINOIS, 405 U.S. 645 (1972)
                                           405 U.S. 645

                             STANLEY v. ILLINOIS
                 CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                           No. 70-5014.

                                    Argued October 19, 1971
                                     Decided April 3, 1972

Petitioner, an unwed father whose children, on the mother's death, were declared state wards and
placed in guardianship, attacked the Illinois statutory scheme as violative of equal protection.
Under that scheme the children of unmarried fathers, upon the death of the mother, are declared
dependents without any hearing on parental fitness and without proof of neglect, though such
hearing and proof are required before the State assumes custody of children of married or
divorced parents and unmarried mothers. The Illinois Supreme Court, holding that petitioner
could properly be separated from his children upon mere proof that he and the dead mother had
not been married and that petitioner's fitness as a father was irrelevant, rejected petitioner's
claim. Held:

         1. Under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment petitioner was entitled to
         a hearing on his fitness as a parent before his children were taken from him. Pp. 647-658.
         (a) The fact that petitioner can apply for adoption or for custody and control of his
         children does not bar his attack on the dependency proceeding. Pp. 647-649.
         (b) The State cannot, consistently with due process requirements, merely presume that
         unmarried fathers in general and petitioner in particular are unsuitable and neglectful
         parents. Parental unfitness must be established on the basis of individualized proof. See
         Bell v. Burson, 402 U.S. 535 . Pp. 649-658.
         2. The denial to unwed fathers of the hearing on fitness accorded to all other parents
         whose custody of their children is challenged by the State constitutes a denial of equal
         protection of the laws. P. 658.
45 Ill. 2d 132, 256 N.E.2d 814, reversed and remanded.

WHITE, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which BRENNAN, STEWART, and
MARSHALL, JJ., joined, and in Parts I and II of which DOUGLAS, J., joined. BURGER, C. J.,
filed a dissenting opinion, in which BLACKMUN, J., joined, post, p. 659. POWELL and
REHNQUIST, JJ., took no part in the consideration or decision of the case. [405 U.S. 645, 646]

Patrick T. Murphy argued the cause and filed a brief for petitioner.

Morton E. Friedman, Assistant Attorney General of Illinois, argued the cause for respondent.
With him on the brief were William J. Scott, Attorney General, and Joel M. Flaum, First Assistant
Attorney General.

Jonathan Weiss and E. Judson Jennings filed a brief for the Center on Social Welfare Policy and
Law as amicus curiae urging reversal.

Calvin Sawyier and Richard L. Mandel filed a brief for the Child Care Association of Illinois, Inc.,
as amicus curiae.

MR. JUSTICE WHITE delivered the opinion of the Court.
Joan Stanley lived with Peter Stanley intermittently for 18 years, during which time they had
three children. 1 When Joan Stanley died, Peter Stanley lost not only her but also his children.
Under Illinois law, the children of unwed fathers become wards of the State upon the death of the
mother. Accordingly, upon Joan Stanley's death, in a dependency proceeding instituted by the
State of Illinois, Stanley's children 2 were declared wards of the State and placed with court-
appointed guardians. Stanley appealed, claiming that he had never been shown to be an unfit
parent and that since married fathers and unwed mothers could not be deprived of their children
without such a showing, he had been deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed him
by the Fourteenth Amendment. The Illinois Supreme Court accepted the fact that Stanley's own
unfitness had not been established but rejected the equal protection claim, holding that Stanley
could properly be separated from his children upon proof of the single fact that he and the dead
mother [405 U.S. 645, 647] had not been married. Stanley's actual fitness as a father was
irrelevant. In re Stanley, 45 Ill. 2d 132, 256 N.E.2d 814 (1970).

Stanley presses his equal protection claim here. The State continues to respond that unwed
fathers are presumed unfit to raise their children and that it is unnecessary to hold individualized
hearings to determine whether particular fathers are in fact unfit parents before they are
separated from their children. We granted certiorari, 400 U.S. 1020 (1971), to determine whether
this method of procedure by presumption could be allowed to stand in light of the fact that Illinois
allows married fathers - whether divorced, widowed, or separated - and mothers - even if unwed -
the benefit of the presumption that they are fit to raise their children.

                                                  I

At the outset we reject any suggestion that we need not consider the propriety of the dependency
proceeding that separated the Stanleys because Stanley might be able to regain custody of his
children as a guardian or through adoption proceedings. The suggestion is that if Stanley has been
treated differently from other parents, the difference is immaterial and not legally cognizable for
the purposes of the Fourteenth Amendment. This Court has not, however, embraced the general
proposition that a wrong may be done if it can be undone. Cf. Sniadach v. Family Finance Corp.,
395 U.S. 337 (1969). Surely, in the case before us, if there is delay between the doing and the
undoing petitioner suffers from the deprivation of his children, and the children suffer from
uncertainty and dislocation.

It is clear, moreover, that Stanley does not have the means at hand promptly to erase the adverse
consequences of the proceeding in the course of which his children were declared wards of the
State. It is first [405 U.S. 645, 648] urged that Stanley could act to adopt his children. But under
Illinois law, Stanley is treated not as a parent but as a stranger to his children, and the
dependency proceeding has gone forward on the presumption that he is unfit to exercise parental
rights. Insofar as we are informed, Illinois law affords him no priority in adoption proceedings. It
would be his burden to establish not only that he would be a suitable parent but also that he
would be the most suitable of all who might want custody of the children. Neither can we ignore
that in the proceedings from which this action developed, the "probation officer," see App. 17, the
assistant state's attorney, see id., at 29-30, and the judge charged with the case, see id., at 16-18,
23, made it apparent that Stanley, unmarried and impecunious as he is, could not now expect to
profit from adoption proceedings. 3 The Illinois Supreme Court apparently recognized some or all
of these considerations, because it did not suggest that Stanley's case was undercut by his failure
to petition for adoption.

Before us, the State focuses on Stanley's failure to petition for "custody and control" - the second
route by which, it is urged, he might regain authority for his children. Passing the obvious issue
whether it would be futile or burdensome for an unmarried father - without funds and already
once presumed unfit - to petition for custody, this suggestion overlooks the fact that legal custody
is not parenthood or adoption. A person appointed guardian in an action for custody and control
is subject to removal at any time without such [405 U.S. 645, 649] cause as must be shown in a
neglect proceeding against a parent. Ill. Rev. Stat., c. 37, 705-8. He may not take the children out
of the jurisdiction without the court's approval. He may be required to report to the court as to his
disposition of the children's affairs. Ill. Rev. Stat., c. 37, 705-8. Obviously then, even if Stanley
were a mere step away from "custody and control," to give an unwed father only "custody and
control" would still be to leave him seriously prejudiced by reason of his status.

We must therefore examine the question that Illinois would have us avoid: Is a presumption that
distinguishes and burdens all unwed fathers constitutionally repugnant? We conclude that, as a
matter of due process of law, Stanley was entitled to a hearing on his fitness as a parent before his
children were taken from him and that, by denying him a hearing and extending it to all other
parents whose custody of their children is challenged, the State denied Stanley the equal
protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.

                                                 II

Illinois has two principal methods of removing non-delinquent children from the homes of their
parents. In a dependency proceeding it may demonstrate that the children are wards of the State
because they have no surviving parent or guardian. Ill. Rev. Stat., c. 37, 702-1, 702-5. In a neglect
proceeding it may show that children should be wards of the State because the present parent(s)
or guardian does not provide suitable care. Ill. Rev. Stat., c. 37, 702-1, 702-4.

The State's right - indeed, duty - to protect minor children through a judicial determination of
their interests in a neglect proceeding is not challenged here. Rather, we are faced with a
dependency statute that empowers state officials to circumvent neglect proceedings [405 U.S.
645, 650] on the theory that an unwed father is not a "parent" whose existing relationship with
his children must be considered. 4 "Parents," says the State, "means the father and mother of a
legitimate child, or the survivor of them, or the natural mother of an illegitimate child, and
includes any adoptive parent," Ill. Rev. Stat., c. 37, 701-14, but the term does not include unwed
fathers.

Under Illinois law, therefore, while the children of all parents can be taken from them in neglect
proceedings, that is only after notice, hearing, and proof of such unfitness as a parent as amounts
to neglect, an unwed father is uniquely subject to the more simplistic dependency proceeding. By
use of this proceeding, the State, on showing that the father was not married to the mother, need
not prove unfitness in fact, because it is presumed at law. Thus, the unwed father's claim of
parental qualification is avoided as "irrelevant."

In considering this procedure under the Due Process Clause, we recognize, as we have in other
cases, that due process of law does not require a hearing "in every conceivable case of government
impairment of private interest." Cafeteria Workers v. McElroy, 367 U.S. 886, 894 (1961). That
case explained that "[t]he very nature of due process negates any concept of inflexible procedures
universally applicable to every imaginable situation" and firmly established that "what procedures
due process may require under any given set of circumstances must begin with a determination of
the precise nature of the government function involved as well as of the private interest that has
been affected by governmental [405 U.S. 645, 651] action." Id., at 895; Goldberg v. Kelly, 397
U.S. 254, 263 (1970).

The private interest here, that of a man in the children he has sired and raised, undeniably
warrants deference and, absent a powerful countervailing interest, protection. It is plain that the
interest of a parent in the companionship, care, custody, and management of his or her children
"come[s] to this Court with a momentum for respect lacking when appeal is made to liberties
which derive merely from shifting economic arrangements." Kovacs v. Cooper, 336 U.S. 77, 95
(1949) (Frankfurter, J., concurring).
The Court has frequently emphasized the importance of the family. The rights to conceive and to
raise one's children have been deemed "essential," Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390, 399 (1923),
"basic civil rights of man," Skinner v. Oklahoma, 316 U.S. 535, 541 (1942), and "[r]ights far more
precious . . . than property rights," May v. Anderson, 345 U.S. 528, 533 (1953). "It is cardinal with
us that the custody, care and nurture of the child reside first in the parents, whose primary
function and freedom include preparation for obligations the state can neither supply nor hinder."
Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158, 166 (1944). The integrity of the family unit has found
protection in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, Meyer v. Nebraska, supra, at
399, the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, Skinner v. Oklahoma, supra, at
541, and the Ninth Amendment, Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 496 (1965) (Goldberg, J.,
concurring).

Nor has the law refused to recognize those family relationships unlegitimized by a marriage
ceremony. The Court has declared unconstitutional a state statute denying natural, but
illegitimate, children a wrongful-death action for the death of their mother, emphasizing that
[405 U.S. 645, 652] such children cannot be denied the right of other children because familial
bonds in such cases were often as warm, enduring, and important as those arising within a more
formally organized family unit. Levy v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 68, 71 -72 (1968). "To say that the test
of equal protection should be the `legal' rather than the biological relationship is to avoid the
issue. For the Equal Protection Clause necessarily limits the authority of a State to draw such
`legal' lines as it chooses." Glona v. American Guarantee Co., 391 U.S. 73, 75 -76 (1968).

These authorities make it clear that, at the least, Stanley's interest in retaining custody of his
children is cognizable and substantial.

For its part, the State has made its interest quite plain: Illinois has declared that the aim of the
Juvenile Court Act is to protect "the moral, emotional, mental, and physical welfare of the minor
and the best interests of the community" and to "strengthen the minor's family ties whenever
possible, removing him from the custody of his parents only when his welfare or safety or the
protection of the public cannot be adequately safeguarded without removal . . . ." Ill. Rev. Stat., c.
37, 701-2. These are legitimate interests, well within the power of the State to implement. We do
not question the assertion that neglectful parents may be separated from their children.

But we are here not asked to evaluate the legitimacy of the state ends, rather, to determine
whether the means used to achieve these ends are constitutionally defensible. What is the state
interest in separating children from fathers without a hearing designed to determine whether the
father is unfit in a particular disputed case? We observe that the State registers no gain towards
its declared goals when it separates children from the custody of fit parents. Indeed, if Stanley is a
[405 U.S. 645, 653] fit father, the State spites its own articulated goals when it needlessly
separates him from his family.

In Bell v. Burson, 402 U.S. 535 (1971), we found a scheme repugnant to the Due Process Clause
because it deprived a driver of his license without reference to the very factor (there fault in
driving, here fitness as a parent) that the State itself deemed fundamental to its statutory scheme.
Illinois would avoid the self-contradiction that rendered the Georgia license suspension system
invalid by arguing that Stanley and all other unmarried fathers can reasonably be presumed to be
unqualified to raise their children. 5 [405 U.S. 645, 654]

It may be, as the State insists, that most unmarried fathers are unsuitable and neglectful parents.
6 It may also be that Stanley is such a parent and that his children should be placed in other
hands. But all unmarried fathers are not in this category; some are wholly suited to have custody
of their children. 7 This much the State [405 U.S. 645, 655] readily concedes, and nothing in this
record indicates that Stanley is or has been a neglectful father who has not cared for his children.
Given the opportunity to make his case, Stanley may have been seen to be deserving of custody of
his offspring. Had this been so, the State's statutory policy would have been furthered by leaving
custody in him.

Carrington v. Rash, 380 U.S. 89 (1965), dealt with a similar situation. There we recognized that
Texas had a powerful interest in restricting its electorate to bona fide residents. It was not
disputed that most servicemen stationed in Texas had no intention of remaining in the State;
most therefore could be deprived of a vote in state affairs. But we refused to tolerate a blanket
exclusion depriving all servicemen of the vote, when some servicemen clearly were bona fide
residents and when "more precise tests," id., at 95, were available to distinguish members of this
latter group. "By forbidding a soldier ever to controvert the presumption of nonresidence," id., at
96, the State, we said, unjustifiably effected a substantial deprivation. It viewed people one-
dimensionally (as servicemen) when a finer perception could readily have been achieved by
assessing a serviceman's claim to residency on an individualized basis.

         "We recognize that special problems may be involved in determining whether servicemen
         have actually acquired a new domicile in a State for franchise purposes. We emphasize
         that Texas is free to take reasonable and adequate steps, as have other States, to see that
         all applicants for the vote actually fulfill the requirements of bona fide residence. But [the
         challenged] provision goes beyond such rules. [405 U.S. 645, 656] `[T]he presumption
         here created is . . . definitely conclusive - incapable of being overcome by proof of the
         most positive character.'" Id., at 96.
         "All servicemen not residents of Texas before induction," we concluded, "come within the
         provision's sweep. Not one of them can ever vote in Texas, no matter" what their
         individual qualifications. Ibid. We found such a situation repugnant to the Equal
         Protection Clause.
Despite Bell and Carrington, it may be argued that unmarried fathers are so seldom fit that
Illinois need not undergo the administrative inconvenience of inquiry in any case, including
Stanley's. The establishment of prompt efficacious procedures to achieve legitimate state ends is a
proper state interest worthy of cognizance in constitutional adjudication. But the Constitution
recognizes higher values than speed and efficiency. 8 Indeed, one might fairly say of the Bill of
Rights in general, and the Due Process Clause in particular, that they were designed to protect the
fragile values of a vulnerable citizenry from the overbearing concern for efficiency and efficacy
that may characterize praiseworthy government officials no less, and perhaps more, than
mediocre ones.

Procedure by presumption is always cheaper and easier [405 U.S. 645, 657] than individualized
determination. But when, as here, the procedure forecloses the determinative issues of
competence and care, when it explicitly disdains present realities in deference to past formalities,
it needlessly risks running roughshod over the important interests of both parent and child. It
therefore cannot stand. 9

Bell v. Burson held that the State could not, while purporting to be concerned with fault in
suspending a driver's license, deprive a citizen of his license without a hearing that would assess
fault. Absent fault, the State's declared interest was so attenuated that administrative convenience
was insufficient to excuse a hearing where evidence of fault could be considered. That drivers
involved in accidents, as a statistical matter, might be very likely to have been wholly or partially
at fault did not foreclose hearing and proof in specific cases before licenses were suspended.

We think the Due Process Clause mandates a similar result here. The State's interest in caring for
Stanley's children is de minimis if Stanley is shown to be a fit [405 U.S. 645, 658] father. It
insists on presuming rather than proving Stanley's unfitness solely because it is more convenient
to presume than to prove. Under the Due Process Clause that advantage is insufficient to justify
refusing a father a hearing when the issue at stake is the dismemberment of his family.

                                                 III
The State of Illinois assumes custody of the children of married parents, divorced parents, and
unmarried mothers only after a hearing and proof of neglect. The children of unmarried fathers,
however, are declared dependent children without a hearing on parental fitness and without proof
of neglect. Stanley's claim in the state courts and here is that failure to afford him a hearing on his
parental qualifications while extending it to other parents denied him equal protection of the
laws. We have concluded that all Illinois parents are constitutionally entitled to a hearing on their
fitness before their children are removed from their custody. It follows that denying such a
hearing to Stanley and those like him while granting it to other Illinois parents is inescapably
contrary to the Equal Protection Clause. 10 [405 U.S. 645, 659]

The judgment of the Supreme Court of Illinois is reversed and the case is remanded to that court
for proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

        It is so ordered.
MR. JUSTICE POWELL and MR. JUSTICE REHNQUIST took no part in the consideration or
decision of this case.

MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS joins in Parts I and II of this opinion.

Footnotes
[ Footnote 1 ] Uncontradicted testimony of Peter Stanley, App. 22.

[ Footnote 2 ] Only two children are involved in this litigation.

[ Footnote 3 ] The Illinois Supreme Court's opinion is not at all contrary to this conclusion. That
court said: "[T]he trial court's comments clearly indicate the court's willingness to consider a
future request by the father for custody and guardianship." 45 Ill. 2d 132, 135, 256 N.E.2d 814,
816. (Italics added.) See also the comment of Stanley's counsel on oral argument: "If Peter Stanley
could have adopted his children, we would not be here today." Tr. of Oral Arg. 7.

[ Footnote 4 ] Even while refusing to label him a "legal parent," the State does not deny that
Stanley has a special interest in the outcome of these proceedings. It is undisputed that he is the
father of these children, that he lived with the two children whose custody is challenged all their
lives, and that he has supported them.

[ Footnote 5 ] Illinois says in its brief, at 21-23.

         "[T]he only relevant consideration in determining the propriety of governmental
         intervention in the raising of children is whether the best interests of the child are served
         by such intervention.
         "In effect, Illinois has imposed a statutory presumption that the best interests of a
         particular group of children necessitates some governmental supervision in certain
         clearly defined situations. The group of children who are illegitimate are distinguishable
         from legitimate children not so much by their status at birth as by the factual differences
         in their upbringing. While a legitimate child usually is raised by both parents with the
         attendant familial relationships and a firm concept of home and identity, the illegitimate
         child normally knows only one parent - the mother. . . .
         ". . . The petitioner has premised his argument upon particular factual circumstances - a
         lengthy relationship with the mother . . . a familial relationship with the two children, and
         a general assumption that this relationship approximates that in which the natural
         parents are married to each other.
         ". . . Even if this characterization were accurate (the record is insufficient to support it) it
         would not affect the validity of the statutory definition of parent. . . . The petitioner does
         not deny that the children are illegitimate. The record reflects their natural mother's
         death. Given these two factors, grounds exist for the State's intervention to ensure
         adequate care and protection for these children. This is true whether or not this particular
         petitioner assimilates all or none [405 U.S. 645, 654] of the normal characteristics
         common to the classification of fathers who are not married to the mothers of their
         children."
See also Illinois' Brief 23 ("The comparison of married and putative fathers involves exclusively
factual differences. The most significant of these are the presence or absence of the father from
the home on a day-to-day basis and the responsibility imposed upon the relationship"), id., at 24
(to the same effect), id., at 31 (quoted below in n. 6), id., at 24-26 (physiological and other studies
are cited in support of the proposition that men are not naturally inclined to childrearing), and Tr.
of Oral Arg. 31 ("We submit that both based on history or [sic] culture the very real differences . . .
between the married father and the unmarried father, in terms of their interests in children and
their legal responsibility for their children, that the statute here fulfills the compelling
governmental objective of protecting children . . .").

[ Footnote 6 ] The State speaks of "the general disinterest of putative fathers in their illegitimate
children" (Brief 8) and opines that "[i]n most instances, the natural father is a stranger to his
children." Brief 31.

[ Footnote 7 ] See In re Mark T., 8 Mich. App. 122, 154 N.W.2d 27 (1967). There a panel of the
Michigan Court of Appeals in unanimously affirming a circuit court's determination that the
father of an illegitimate son was best suited to raise the boy, said:

        "The appellants' presentation in this case proceeds on the assumption that placing Mark
        for adoption is inherently preferable to rearing by his father, that uprooting him from the
        family which he knew from birth until he was a year and a half old, secretly
        institutionalizing him and later transferring him to strangers is so incontrovertibly better
        that no court has the power even to consider the matter. Hardly anyone would even
        suggest such a proposition if we were talking about a child born in wedlock.
        "We are not aware of any sociological data justifying the assumption that an illegitimate
        child reared by his natural father is less likely to receive a proper upbringing than one
        reared by his natural father who was at one time married to his mother, or that the [405
U.S. 645, 655] stigma of illegitimacy is so pervasive it requires adoption by strangers and
        permanent termination of a subsisting relationship with the child's father." Id., at 146,
        154 N.W. 2d, at 39.

[ Footnote 8 ] Cf. Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71, 76 (1971). "Clearly the objective of reducing the
workload on probate courts by eliminating one class of contests is not without some legitimacy. . .
. [But to] give a mandatory preference to members of either sex over members of the other,
merely to accomplish the elimination of hearings on the merits, is to make the very kind of
arbitrary legislative choice forbidden by the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment." Carrington v. Rash, 380 U.S. 89, 96 (1965), teaches the same lesson. ". . . States
may not casually deprive a class of individuals of the vote because of some remote administrative
benefit to the State. Oyama v. California, 332 U.S. 633 . By forbidding a soldier ever to controvert
the presumption of nonresidence, the Texas Constitution imposes an invidious discrimination in
violation of the Fourteenth Amendment."

[ Footnote 9 ] We note in passing that the incremental cost of offering unwed fathers an
opportunity for individualized hearings on fitness appears to be minimal. If unwed fathers, in the
main, do not care about the disposition of their children, they will not appear to demand hearings.
If they do care, under the scheme here held invalid, Illinois would admittedly at some later time
have to afford them a properly focused hearing in a custody or adoption proceeding.

Extending opportunity for hearing to unwed fathers who desire and claim competence to care for
their children creates no constitutional or procedural obstacle to foreclosing those unwed fathers
who are not so inclined. The Illinois law governing procedure in juvenile cases, Ill. Rev. Stat., c.
37, 704-1 et seq., provides for personal service, notice by certified mail, or for notice by
publication when personal or certified mail service cannot be had or when notice is directed to
unknown respondents under the style of "All whom it may Concern." Unwed fathers who do not
promptly respond cannot complain if their children are declared wards of the State. Those who do
respond retain the burden of proving their fatherhood.

[ Footnote 10 ] Predicating a finding of constitutional invalidity under the Equal Protection
Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment on the observation that a State has accorded bedrock
procedural rights to some, but not to all similarly situated, is not contradictory to our holding in
Picard v. Connor, 404 U.S. 270 (1971). In that case a due process, rather than an equal protection,
claim was raised in the state courts. The federal courts were, in our opinion, barred from
reversing the state conviction on grounds of contravention of the Equal Protection Clause when
that clause had not been referred to for consideration by the state authorities. Here, in contrast,
we dispose of the case on the constitutional premise raised below, reaching the result by a method
of analysis readily available to the state court.

For the same reason the strictures of Cardinale v. Louisiana, 394 U.S. 437 (1969), and Hill v.
California, 401 U.S. 797 (1971), have been fully observed.

MR. CHIEF JUSTICE BURGER, with whom MR. JUSTICE BLACKMUN concurs, dissenting.

The only constitutional issue raised and decided in the courts of Illinois in this case was whether
the Illinois statute that omits unwed fathers from the definition of "parents" violates the Equal
Protection Clause. We granted certiorari to consider whether the Illinois Supreme Court properly
resolved that equal protection issue when it unanimously upheld the statute against petitioner
Stanley's attack.

No due process issue was raised in the state courts; and no due process issue was decided by any
state court. As MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS said for this Court in State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins.
Co. v. Duel, 324 U.S. 154, 160 (1945), "Since the [state] Supreme Court did not pass on the
question, we may not do so." We had occasion more recently to deal with this aspect of the
jurisdictional limits placed upon this Court by 28 U.S.C. 1257 when we decided Hill v. California,
401 U.S. 797 (1971). Having rejected the claim that Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752 (1969),
should be retroactively applied to invalidate petitioner Hill's conviction on the ground that a
search incident to arrest was overly extensive in scope, the Court noted Hill's additional
contention that his personal diary, which was one of the items [405 U.S. 645, 660] of evidence
seized in that search, should have been excluded on Fifth Amendment grounds as well. MR.
JUSTICE WHITE, in his opinion for the Court, concluded that we lacked jurisdiction to consider
the Fifth Amendment contention:

         "Counsel for [the petitioner] conceded at oral argument that the Fifth Amendment issue
         was not raised at trial. Nor was the issue raised, briefed, or argued in the California
         appellate courts. [Footnote omitted.] The petition for certiorari likewise ignored it. In this
         posture of the case, the question, although briefed and argued here, is not properly before
         us." 401 U.S., at 805 .
In the case now before us, it simply does not suffice to say, as the Court in a footnote does say,
that "we dispose of the case on the constitutional premise raised below, reaching the result by a
method of analysis readily available to the state court." Ante, at 658 n. 10. The Court's method of
analysis seems to ignore the strictures of JUSTICES DOUGLAS and WHITE, but the analysis is
clear: the Court holds sua sponte that the Due Process Clause requires that Stanley, the unwed
biological father, be accorded a hearing as to his fitness as a parent before his children are
declared wards of the state court; the Court then reasons that since Illinois recognizes such rights
to due process in married fathers, it is required by the Equal Protection Clause to give such
protection to unmarried fathers. This "method of analysis" is, of course, no more or less than the
use of the Equal Protection Clause as a shorthand condensation of the entire Constitution: a State
may not deny any constitutional right to some of its citizens without violating the Equal
Protection Clause through its failure to deny such rights to all of its citizens. The limits on this
Court's jurisdiction are not properly expandable by the use of such semantic devices as that. [405
U.S. 645, 661]

Not only does the Court today use dubious reasoning in dealing with limitations upon its
jurisdiction, it proceeds as well to strike down the Illinois statute here involved by "answering"
arguments that are nowhere to be found in the record or in the State's brief - or indeed in the oral
argument. I have been unable, for example, to discover where or when the State has advanced any
argument that "it is unnecessary to hold individualized hearings to determine whether particular
fathers are in fact unfit parents before they are separated from their children." Ante, at 647. Nor
can I discover where the State has "argu[ed] that Stanley and all other unmarried fathers can
reasonably be presumed to be unqualified to raise their children." Ante, at 653. Or where anyone
has even remotely suggested the "argu[ment] that unmarried fathers are so seldom fit that Illinois
need not undergo the administrative inconvenience of inquiry in any case, including Stanley's."
Ante, at 656. On the other hand, the arguments actually advanced by the State are largely ignored
by the Court. 1 [405 U.S. 645, 662]

All of those persons in Illinois who may have followed the progress of this case will, I expect,
experience no little surprise at the Court's opinion handed down today. Stanley will undoubtedly
be surprised to find that he has prevailed on an issue never advanced by him. The judges who
dealt with this case in the state courts will be surprised to find their decisions overturned on a
ground they never considered. And the legislators and other officials of the State of Illinois, as
well as those attorneys of the State who are familiar with the statutory provisions here at issue,
will be surprised to learn for the first time that the Illinois Juvenile Court Act establishes a
presumption that unwed fathers are unfit. I must confess my own inability to find any such
presumption in the Illinois Act. Furthermore, from the record of the proceedings in the Juvenile
Court of Cook County in this case, I can only conclude that the judge of that court was unaware of
any such presumption, for he clearly indicated that Stanley's asserted fatherhood of the children
would stand him in good stead, rather than prejudice him, in any adoption or guardianship
proceeding. In short, far from any intimations [405 U.S. 645, 663] of hostility toward unwed
fathers, that court gave Stanley "merit points" for his acknowledgment of paternity and his past
assumption of at least marginal responsibility for the children. 2

In regard to the only issue that I consider properly before the Court, I agree with the State's
argument that the Equal Protection Clause is not violated when Illinois gives full recognition only
to those father-child relationships that arise in the context of family units bound together by legal
obligations arising from marriage or from adoption proceedings. Quite apart from the religious or
quasi-religious connotations that marriage has - and has historically enjoyed - for a large
proportion of this Nation's citizens, it is in law an essentially contractual relationship, the parties
to which have legally enforceable rights and duties, with respect both to each other and to any
children born to them. Stanley and the mother of these children never entered such a
relationship. The record is silent as to whether they ever privately exchanged such promises as
would have bound them in marriage under the common law. See Cartwright v. McGown, 121 Ill.
388, 398, 12 N.E. 737, 739 (1887). In [405 U.S. 645, 664] any event, Illinois has not recognized
common-law marriages since 1905. Ill. Rev. Stat., c. 89, 4. Stanley did not seek the burdens when
he could have freely assumed them.

Where there is a valid contract of marriage, the law of Illinois presumes that the husband is the
father of any child born to the wife during the marriage; as the father, he has legally enforceable
rights and duties with respect to that child. When a child is born to an unmarried woman, Illinois
recognizes the readily identifiable mother, but makes no presumption as to the identity of the
biological father. It does, however, provide two ways, one voluntary and one involuntary, in which
that father may be identified. First, he may marry the mother and acknowledge the child as his
own; this has the legal effect of legitimating the child and gaining for the father full recognition as
a parent. Ill. Rev. Stat., c. 3, 12-8. Second, a man may be found to be the biological father of the
child pursuant to a paternity suit initiated by the mother; in this case, the child remains
illegitimate, but the adjudicated father is made liable for the support of the child until the latter
attains age 18 or is legally adopted by another. Ill. Rev. Stat., c. 106 3/4, 52.

Stanley argued before the Supreme Court of Illinois that the definition of "parents," set out in Ill.
Rev. Stat., c. 37, 701-14, as including "the father and mother of a legitimate child, or the survivor
of them, or the natural mother of an illegitimate child, [or] . . . any adoptive parent," 3 violates the
Equal Protection Clause in that it [405 U.S. 645, 665] treats unwed mothers and unwed fathers
differently. Stanley then enlarged upon his equal protection argument when he brought the case
here; he argued before this Court that Illinois is not permitted by the Equal Protection Clause to
distinguish between unwed fathers and any of the other biological parents included in the
statutory definition of legal "parents."

The Illinois Supreme Court correctly held that the State may constitutionally distinguish between
unwed fathers and unwed mothers. Here, Illinois' different treatment of the two is part of that
State's statutory scheme for protecting the welfare of illegitimate children. In almost all cases, the
unwed mother is readily identifiable, generally from hospital records, and alternatively by
physicians or others attending the child's birth. Unwed fathers, as a class, are not traditionally
quite so easy to identify and locate. Many of them either deny all responsibility or exhibit no
interest in the child or its welfare; and, of course, many unwed fathers are simply not aware of
their parenthood.

Furthermore, I believe that a State is fully justified in concluding, on the basis of common human
experience, that the biological role of the mother in carrying and nursing an infant creates
stronger bonds between her and the child than the bonds resulting from the male's often casual
encounter. This view is reinforced by the observable fact that most unwed mothers exhibit a
concern for their offspring either permanently or at least until [405 U.S. 645, 666] they are safely
placed for adoption, while unwed fathers rarely burden either the mother or the child with their
attentions or loyalties. Centuries of human experience buttress this view of the realities of human
conditions and suggest that unwed mothers of illegitimate children are generally more
dependable protectors of their children than are unwed fathers. While these, like most
generalizations, are not without exceptions, they nevertheless provide a sufficient basis to sustain
a statutory classification whose objective is not to penalize unwed parents but to further the
welfare of illegitimate children in fulfillment of the State's obligations as parens patriae. 4

Stanley depicts himself as a somewhat unusual unwed father, namely, as one who has always
acknowledged and never doubted his fatherhood of these children. He alleges that he loved, cared
for, and supported these children from the time of their birth until the death of their mother. He
contends that he consequently must be treated the same as a married father of legitimate
children. Even assuming the truth of Stanley's allegations, I am unable to construe the Equal
Protection Clause as requiring Illinois to tailor its statutory definition of "parents" so meticulously
as to include such unusual unwed fathers, while at the same time excluding those unwed, and
generally unidentified, biological fathers who in no way share Stanley's professed desires. [405
U.S. 645, 667]

Indeed, the nature of Stanley's own desires is less than absolutely clear from the record in this
case. Shortly after the death of the mother, Stanley turned these two children over to the care of a
Mr. and Mrs. Ness; he took no action to gain recognition of himself as a father, through adoption,
or as a legal custodian, through a guardianship proceeding. Eventually it came to the attention of
the State that there was no living adult who had any legally enforceable obligation for the care and
support of the children; it was only then that the dependency proceeding here under review took
place and that Stanley made himself known to the juvenile court in connection with these two
children. 5 Even then, however, Stanley did not ask to be charged with the legal responsibility for
the children. He asked only that such legal responsibility be given to no one else. He seemed, in
particular, to be concerned with the loss of the welfare payments he would suffer as a result of the
designation of others as guardians of the children.

Not only, then, do I see no ground for holding that Illinois' statutory definition of "parents" on its
face violates the Equal Protection Clause; I see no ground for holding that any constitutional right
of Stanley has been denied in the application of that statutory definition in the case at bar.

As Mr. Justice Frankfurter once observed, "Invalidating legislation is serious business . . . ."
Morey v. Doud, 354 U.S. 457, 474 (1957) (dissenting opinion). The [405 U.S. 645, 668] Court
today pursues that serious business by expanding its legitimate jurisdiction beyond what I read in
28 U.S.C. 1257 as the permissible limits contemplated by Congress. In doing so, it invalidates a
provision of critical importance to Illinois carefully drawn statutory system governing family
relationships and the welfare of the minor children of the State. And in so invalidating that
provision, it ascribes to that statutory system a presumption that is simply not there and embarks
on a novel concept of the natural law for unwed fathers that could well have strange boundaries as
yet undiscernible.

[ Footnote 1 ] In reaching out to find a due process issue in this case, the Court seems to have
misapprehended the entire thrust of the State's argument. When explaining at oral argument why
Illinois does not recognize the unwed father, counsel for the State presented two basic
justifications for the statutory definition of "parents" here at issue. See Tr. of Oral Arg. 25-26.
First, counsel noted that in the case of a married couple to whom a legitimate child is born, the
two biological parents have already "signified their willingness to work together" in caring for the
child by entering into the marriage contract; it is manifestly reasonable, therefore, that both of
them be recognized as legal parents with rights and responsibilities in connection with the child.
There has been no legally cognizable signification of such willingness on the part of unwed
parents, however, and "the male and female . . . may or may not be willing to work together
towards the common end of child rearing." To provide legal recognition to both of them as
"parents" would often be "to create two conflicting parties competing for legal control of the
child."

The second basic justification urged upon us by counsel for the State was that, in order to provide
for the child's welfare, "it is [405 U.S. 645, 662] necessary to impose upon at least one of the
parties legal responsibility for the welfare of [the child], and since necessarily the female is
present at the birth of the child and identifiable as the mother," the State has selected the unwed
mother, rather than the unwed father, as the biological parent with that legal responsibility.

It was suggested to counsel during an ensuing colloquy with the bench that identification seemed
to present no insuperable problem in Stanley's case and that, although Stanley had expressed an
interest in participating in the rearing of the children, "Illinois won't let him." Counsel replied
that, on the contrary, "Illinois encourages him to do so if he will accept the legal responsibility for
those children by a formal proceeding comparable to the marriage ceremony, in which he is
evidencing through a judicial proceeding his desire to accept legal responsibility for the children."
Stanley, however, "did not ask for custody. He did not ask for legal responsibility. He only
objected to someone [else] having legal control over the children." Tr. of Oral Arg. 38, 39-40.

[ Footnote 2 ] The position that Stanley took at the dependency proceeding was not without
ambiguity. Shortly after the mother's death, he placed the children in the care of Mr. and Mrs.
Ness, who took the children into their home. The record is silent as to whether the Ness
household was an approved foster home. Through Stanley's act, then, the Nesses were already the
actual custodians of the children. At the dependency proceeding, he resisted only the court's
designation of the Nesses as the legal custodians; he did not challenge their suitability for that
role, nor did he seek for himself either that role or any other role that would have imposed legal
responsibility upon him. Had he prevailed, of course, the status quo would have obtained: the
Nesses would have continued to play the role of actual custodians until either they or Stanley
acted to alter the informal arrangement, and there would still have been no living adult with any
legally enforceable obligation for the care and support of the infant children.

[ Footnote 3 ] The Court seems at times to ignore this statutory definition of "parents," even
though it is precisely that definition itself whose constitutionality has been brought into issue by
Stanley. In preparation for finding a purported similarity between this case and Bell v. Burson,
402 U.S. 535 (1971), the Court quotes the legislatively declared aims of the Juvenile Court Act to
"strengthen the minor's family ties whenever possible, removing him from the custody of [405
U.S. 645, 665] his parents only when his welfare or safety or the protection of the public cannot
be adequately safeguarded without removal." (Emphasis added.) The Court then goes on to find a
"self-contradiction" between that stated aim and the Act's nonrecognition of unwed fathers. Ante,
at 653. There is, of course, no such contradiction. The word "parent" in the statement of
legislative purpose obviously has the meaning given to it by the definitional provision of the Act.

[ Footnote 4 ] When the marriage between the parents of a legitimate child is dissolved by divorce
or separation, the State, of course, normally awards custody of the child to one parent or the
other. This is considered necessary for the child's welfare, since the parents are no longer legally
bound together. The unmarried parents of an illegitimate child are likewise not legally bound
together. Thus, even if Illinois did recognize the parenthood of both the mother and father of an
illegitimate child, it would, for consistency with its practice in divorce proceedings, be called upon
to award custody to one or the other of them, at least once it had by some means ascertained the
identity of the father.

[ Footnote 5 ] As the majority notes, ante, at 646, Joan Stanley gave birth to three children during
the 18 years Peter Stanley was living "intermittently" with her. At oral argument, we were told by
Stanley's counsel that the oldest of these three children had previously been declared a ward of
the court pursuant to a neglect proceeding that was "proven against" Stanley at a time,
apparently, when the juvenile court officials were under the erroneous impression that Peter and
Joan Stanley had been married. Tr. of Oral Arg. 19. [405 U.S. 645, 669]
196 S.W.3d 236 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006)
Sabrina YONKO, Appellant,
v.
DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY AND PROTECTIVE SERVICES, Appellee.
No. 01-05-00091-CV.
Court of Appeals of Texas, First District, Houston
April 27, 2006
      On Appeal from the 314th District Court Harris County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. 2004-
04462J

196 S.W.3d 237

[Copyrighted Material Omitted]

196 S.W.3d 238

     William B. Connolly, William B. Connolly & Associates, Houston, for appellant.

     Sandra D. Hachem, Sr. Asst. Co. Atty., Houston, for appellee.

     Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Alcala and Bland.

196 S.W.3d 239

     OPINION ON REHEARING

     Jane Bland, Justice.

     Sabrina Yonko appeals the trial court's judgment terminating her parental rights to her
minor son ("V.Y."). Yonko contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support
the trial court's findings that (1) she knowingly allowed the child to remain in conditions which
endangered the child's physical or emotional well-being; (2) she knowingly placed the child with
persons who engaged in conduct which endangered the child's physical or emotional well-
being; (3) she was the major cause of the child's failure to be enrolled in school as required by
the Education Code; and (4) it is in the child's best interest for Yonko's parental rights to be
terminated. In our opinion dated December 22, 2005, we held that the evidence was factually
insufficient to support the trial court's finding as to issue four and therefore we reversed and
remanded for a new trial. The State has filed a motion for rehearing and motion for rehearing
en banc. We withdraw our previous opinion and issue this opinion in its stead.[1] Our
disposition remains the same.

     Facts
      After having been raped at age seventeen, Yonko gave birth to V.Y. in August 1995. In
1996, Yonko began a relationship with Sam Perez ("Perez"), the man whom Yonko later came to
consider her husband and V.Y.'s father. Yonko testified that their families did not approve of
their relationship and, to put it mildly, did not get along with each other. She testified that in
one incident, her father went to jail and Perez's father went to the hospital after the two men
had a fight, and in another, Perez's father showed up at her father's house with gang members
and guns. As a result, Yonko and Perez traveled wherever they thought they could find work
and avoid problems with their families. She further testified that V.Y. never witnessed any of
the violence between their families. Yonko estimated that during V.Y.'s childhood, they spent
about a year to a year and a half in San Diego, a month to a month and a half in Las Vegas, four
months in Phoenix, a couple months in Detroit, a couple months in Houston, two years in
Chicago, and a couple months in Hammond, Indiana. Yonko stayed either in motels or with
family members, and V.Y. was with Yonko at all times during this period. Yonko never enrolled
V.Y. in school. During this period, Yonko worked as an auto body repair technician, and sold
potpourri and roses at flea markets. She at all times was gainfully employed.

     During one visit to Houston in March 2002, Yonko was arrested and charged with
aggravated assault. Yonko testified that Perez was responsible for the assault, which was
committed against a third person, but that she pled guilty in an effort to avoid imprisonment.
The criminal trial court sentenced Yonko to three years' community supervision. She left Harris
County soon thereafter to visit her grandfather, who she claimed was having heart surgery. As a
result, the court revoked Yonko's community supervision, and sentenced her to two years'
imprisonment. At this time, V.Y. was six years' old. Upon her incarceration, Yonko placed V.Y. in
her mother's care. Yonko testified that she believed her brother ("Angelo") and his wife would
also help her mother ("Betty") take care of V.Y. Yonko gave Betty $4,400, which she had saved
from working, to care for V.Y. and to pay for an attorney.

196 S.W.3d 240

      In May 2004, the Department of Family and Protective Services ("DFPS") received a
referral of neglectful supervision of V.Y. when he was found taking cookies from an apartment
complex leasing office. V.Y. told police he had been staying with his maternal uncle, Angelo, in
the complex, and that his mother and father were on vacation in Las Vegas. Apartment
personnel told police that the padlocked apartment where V.Y. claimed he had been living had
not been occupied by Angelo, and that no one named "Yonko" occupied any apartment in the
complex or in the surrounding area. DFPS observed that V.Y.'s clothing was dirty and torn, and
that he had dirt caked in his nails, and took him into custody. Although he was eight years old,
V.Y. could not write his name, nor could he identify much of the alphabet and some numbers.

      A week later, Angelo contacted DFPS and provided inconsistent stories about why V.Y. was
in his care. Angelo claimed V.Y. had been staying with Perez in Arizona, and that he went to get
V.Y. in October 2003, but the DFPS caseworker testified that she had some concerns about
Angelo's honesty. After performing a home study, DFPS determined that V.Y. should not live
with Angelo because Angelo had been evicted in the past; V.Y. was seen roaming the streets at
one o'clock in the morning; V.Y. shot someone's window out with a BB gun while in Angelo's
care; Angelo could not produce proof of income; Angelo and his wife already had two children
with a third on the way; and Angelo's wife told DFPS that V.Y. would not follow her instructions.

     Yonko learned that her son was in DFPS's custody from a social worker, and was then
served in prison with the lawsuit to terminate her rights. Yonko testified that she was shocked
by what happened to V.Y. because Betty, Yonko's mother, loved V.Y. as much as she did, and
she did not know the reason for Angelo leaving V.Y. unsupervised. Upon learning about V.Y.,
Yonko had a "nervous breakdown," meaning she started shaking, would not eat, and had to be
put on medication for a period of time. Yonko wrote approximately 200 letters to V.Y. after she
learned what had happened. V.Y. wrote her back six or seven times. After being served, Yonko
wrote numerous letters to the district and county court clerks requesting an attorney. The trial
court appointed counsel for Yonko approximately one month before trial.

      In accordance with the family service plan created for her by DFPS, Yonko completed
classes in prison on parenting, anger management, and life skills, and participated in
counseling. Yonko testified that upon her release from prison, scheduled to occur in less than
thirty days after the trial of this case, she would find employment, enroll V.Y. in school, and
establish suitable housing. She testified that she had learned the importance of an education,
exemplified by her earning her G.E.D. in prison, and that she regretted not enrolling V.Y. in
school when he became eligible. Yonko testified that she believed it was a responsible decision
to leave V.Y. with Betty because Betty was his grandmother and loved him. Betty herself was
not available to testify because, according to the guardian ad litem's testimony, Yonko believed
Betty was living in California at the time of the trial.

    The DFPS caseworker testified that she believed termination was in V.Y.'s best interest, but
admitted that V.Y. had expressed a strong preference to be with his mother. The caseworker
opined that V.Y. would be "heartbroken" if his mother's rights were terminated and would need
counseling to support him if the court permanently separated him from his mother. The
guardian ad litem supported termination

196 S.W.3d 241

based on reading reports, meeting with the foster parents, and meeting V.Y. The guardian ad
litem also testified that she met with Yonko for forty-five minutes in jail, and that Yonko was
cooperative in providing information. The attorney ad litem opposed termination, stating that it
would be in V.Y.'s best interest to remain in contact with Yonko and that she believed V.Y.
would suffer permanent damage if not allowed to remain in contact with his mother. The trial
court terminated Yonko's rights and appointed DFPS the sole managing conservator.

     Standard of Review

    The natural right that exists between parents and their children is one of constitutional
dimension. See In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 273 (Tex. 2002) (examining constitutional
implications of terminating parental rights). A parent's right to "the companionship, care,
custody and management of his or her children" is a constitutional interest "far more precious
than any property right." Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758-59, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1397, 71
L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982) (quoting Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651, 92 S. Ct. 1208, 1212, 31 L. Ed. 2d
551 (1972)). In a case terminating parental rights, therefore, we strictly scrutinize the
proceedings and strictly construe the law in favor of the parent. Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18,
20 (Tex. 1985). In proceedings brought under section 161.001 of the Family Code, the petitioner
must establish one or more of the acts or omissions enumerated under subdivision (1) of the
statute and must also prove that termination is in the best interest of the child. Tex. Fam. Code
Ann. § 161.001 (Vernon 2005); In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. 2005); In re L.M., 104 S.W.3d
642, 647 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.).

     In termination of parental rights cases, "due process requires that the State support its
allegations by at least clear and convincing evidence" to reduce the risk of erroneous
termination. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 747–48, 102 S.Ct. at 1391–92; In re B.L.D., 113 S.W.3d 340,
353–54 (Tex. 2003). To be legally or factually sufficient under the clear and convincing standard,
the evidence must be such that a fact-finder reasonably could form a firm belief or conviction
about the truth of the matter on which the State bears the burden of proof. In re J.L., 163
S.W.3d at 84; Robinson v. Tex. Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 89 S.W.3d 679, 688 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.).

      In a legal sufficiency challenge, we review all the evidence in a light most favorable to the
court's finding, and assume the fact-finder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a
reasonable fact-finder could do so. In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d at 85. We disregard any evidence that
a reasonable fact-finder could have disbelieved, but we do not disregard undisputed facts. Id. In
reviewing a challenge to the factual sufficiency of the evidence, we must give due consideration
to the evidence that the fact-finder reasonably could have found to be clear and convincing,
considering all the evidence in the record, including evidence in support of and contrary to the
trial court's findings. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. In reviewing all the evidence, we also keep in
mind that the State has the burden of proof in termination proceedings. See id. at 264.

     Legal Sufficiency [2]

     The trial court found that clear and convincing evidence existed to terminate

196 S.W.3d 242

Yonko's parental rights under Family Code section 161.001(1)(D), because she knowingly placed
the child in conditions which endangered his physical and emotional well-being; under section
161.001(1)(E), because she engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who
engaged in conduct that endangered his physical and emotional well-being; and under section
161.001(1)(J)(i), because she had been the major cause of the failure of the child to be enrolled
in school as required by the Education Code. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001. The trial court
further found, as required by the statute, that clear and convincing evidence existed that
termination was in the best interest of the child. See id. Yonko challenges the legal sufficiency
of each of these findings.

      Though the trial court here found that termination was justified under all three of the
enumerated factors alleged by DFPS, and that termination was in V.Y.'s best interest, a finding
of one enumerated factor coupled with a finding of the child's best interest is sufficient to
support termination. See In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003) ("Only one predicate
finding under section 161.001(1) is necessary to support a judgment of termination when there
is also a finding that termination is in the child's best interest."); see also Latham v. Dep't of
Family & Protective Servs., 177 S.W.3d 341, 348 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 7, 2005, no
pet.) ("A court may base a termination of parental rights upon a finding that a parent engaged
in conduct described in one of the alleged grounds, plus a finding that termination is in the best
interest of the children."). A finding that the termination was not in the child's best interest is
enough to justify reversal, even if all of the enumerated factors are proven. See In re A.V., 113
S.W.3d at 362. We hold that the evidence was legally sufficient to support termination under
one enumerated factor and the child's best interest, but factually insufficient to support
termination based on the child's best interest. Thus, we address the evidence supporting the
enumerated factor and best interest.

     Failure to Enroll the Child in School

     The trial court found termination of Yonko's parental rights justified under section
161.001(1)(J), because Yonko had been the major cause of "the failure of [V.Y.] to be enrolled in
school as required by the Education Code." See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(1)(J). The
Education Code provides that "a child who is at least six years of age . . . shall attend school."
Tex. Educ. Code Ann. § 25.085(b) (Vernon Supp. 2005).

      Yonko admits that she never enrolled V.Y. in school or otherwise provided him with a
certified home-school education, noting that she was molested while in school, and that she
was not settled enough to enroll V.Y. in school. Yonko further contends that she and V.Y. were
never Texas residents for any relevant time period under the statute. The State responds that
Yonko was in Harris County for approximately two months around the time she was charged
with assault in March 2002, and that V.Y. was age six at that time.

      The compulsory education statute does not state a residency requirement, and the
caselaw indicates that moving frequently does not exempt a parent from the requirement of
enrolling a child in school or otherwise providing for his education. Yonko argues that viewing
the Education Code as a whole, residency is a requirement of enrollment. See id. § 25.001(b)(1)
(requiring schools to admit children between ages five and twenty-one if they reside in school
district); id. § 25.001(c)

196 S.W.3d 243
(allowing districts to set minimum proof of residency before admitting children). Yonko ignores,
however, the many other situations where the statute requires schools to admit children who
are nonresidents. For example, the statute requires admission to school if the child is living with
a parent who has joint custody, if the person is homeless regardless of residence, if the person
is a foreign exchange student, or if the child is temporarily living with foster parents. Id. §
25.001(b)(2), (5), (6), (f). In Stuart v. Tarrant County Child Welfare Unit, the court of appeals
held that the parents' need to move frequently in the flea market circuit so they could support
the family did not excuse them from the requirements of the compulsory education statute.
677 S.W.2d 273, 280 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1984, writ ref'd n.r.e.), overruled on other grounds
by In the Interest of W.S., 899 S.W.2d 772 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1995, no writ). Viewing the
evidence in this case in a light most favorable to the ruling, the trial court reasonably could
have formed a firm belief or conviction that Yonko was the major cause of failing to enroll V.Y.
in school as required by the Education Code.

     Best Interest of the Child

     The Texas Supreme Court has provided a non-exclusive list of factors that may be
considered in determining whether the termination of a parent's rights is in a child's best
interest. Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976). These factors include (1) the
desires of the child, (2) the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the future, (3)
the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future, (4) the parental abilities
of the individuals seeking custody, (5) the programs available to assist these individuals to
promote the best interest of the child, (6) the plans for the child by these individuals or by the
agency seeking custody, (7) the stability of the home or proposed placement, (8) the acts or
omissions of the parent that may indicate the existing parent-child relationship is not proper,
and (9) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent. Id.

     The State need not prove all of the Holley factors as a condition precedent to parental
termination. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 27 (Tex. 2002). Undisputed evidence of just one factor
may be sufficient in a particular case to support a finding that termination is in the best interest
of the child, but the presence of scant evidence relevant to each Holley factor will not support
such a finding. Id; In re J.J.O., 131 S.W.3d 618, 630–31 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, no pet.).
There is a strong presumption that the best interest of the child is served by keeping custody in
the natural parent. In re B.M.R., 84 S.W.3d 814, 819 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no
pet.). For legal sufficiency purposes, we will consider those factors that support the finding that
termination was in the child's best interest. In re C.T.E., 95 S.W.3d 462, 464 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. denied). The evidence raises two Holley factors supporting
termination.

     1. Parent's Acts or Omissions

      The evidence is undisputed that Yonko failed to enroll V.Y. in school or otherwise provide a
certified home-school education. The DFPS caseworker testified that when V.Y. came into State
custody, he could not recognize many letters and some numbers, and he was unable to read,
write, and do arithmetic. The school he began attending placed V.Y. one grade level behind,
and required him to participate in one-on-one pull-out groups for individual attention. Yonko
admits that it was not in V.Y.'s best interest for him never to have been placed in school.
Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the ruling, the trial

196 S.W.3d 244

judge could have formed a firm belief or conviction that Yonko's failure to enroll V.Y. in school
or teach him to read or do math weighed in favor of termination of Yonko's rights.

      In addition, Yonko's participation in an aggravated assault and subsequent violation of
community supervision weigh against Yonko on this issue. Though Yonko testified that she was
not responsible for the assault, a reasonable fact-finder could have disbelieved this testimony.
Yonko also testified that she violated her community supervision to be with a sick grandfather,
but she nonetheless knowingly violated her community supervision by leaving Harris County.
This factor weighs in favor of termination.

     2. Stability of the Home

      The State also contends that termination is in V.Y.'s best interest because he lived in many
locales before the age of six. The evidence is undisputed that Yonko moved frequently when
V.Y. was in her care. Though Yonko was inconsistent in her estimation of the time they resided
in each place, they had spent at least some time in San Diego, Las Vegas, Phoenix, Houston,
Chicago, Detroit, and Hammond, Indiana, all by the time V.Y. was seven years' old. As to V.Y.'s
current home environment, the DFPS caseworker testified that V.Y. had bonded with his
current foster family, the second family with whom DFPS has placed him for care. We hold that
legally sufficient evidence supports the trial court's finding of best interest under this factor
because in this case Yonko failed to provide for V.Y.'s educational needs, but we decline to hold
that moving alone is tantamount to instability in the home if the child's other social, emotional,
health, and educational needs are met.

     Factual Sufficiency

      Next, we balance the factors presented in the legal sufficiency argument against the
evidence that militates against finding that termination is justified under the statute. In re
C.T.E., 95 S.W.3d at 464. A court of appeals should consider whether disputed evidence is such
that a reasonable fact-finder could not have resolved that disputed evidence in favor of its
finding. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. If, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence that
weighs against termination is so significant that a fact-finder could not reasonably have formed
a firm belief or conviction that termination was justified, then the evidence is factually
insufficient to support termination. Id. A court of appeals should detail in its opinion why it has
concluded that a reasonable fact-finder could not have credited disputed evidence in favor of
termination. Id. at 266–67.
     1. Child's Desires

      The evidence is undisputed that V.Y. loves his mother and wishes to live with her. Yonko
testified that V.Y. "would go crazy" if her rights were terminated because he is expecting to re-
unite with her. The DFPS caseworker testified that V.Y. loves his mother and would be
"heartbroken" if he never got to see her again. The caseworker further testified that V.Y. would
need counseling to recover from the separation. V.Y. expressed his feelings toward his mother
in one of the letters he sent her after he was taken into DFPS custody:

Dear Mom, I love you forever I pray every night. Mom send a couple of pictures of you am
writing to you soon. I miss you mom. I pray every night even when I eat. I hope I see you again. I
hope you like the pictures I gave you. I miss you mom. Love [V.] forever from your son [V.]

     The DFPS caseworker also testified that V.Y. told her he loves his mother and

196 S.W.3d 245

misses her, and that a bond exists between him and his mother.

     The State points to In re W.S.M., 107 S.W.3d 772 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2003, no pet.), for
the proposition that a child's love for his parents cannot override undisputed evidence that the
parents' lifestyle endangers the child's well-being. We agree that the child's desire to remain
with a parent is only one factor to consider among many, but love for a parent cannot be
ignored as a reflection of the parent's ability to provide for the child's emotional needs. Where
the evidence of the parent's failures is not overwhelming, the desires of the child weigh against
termination of parental rights.

     The facts of this case are easily distinguishable from the facts of W.S.M. There, the
evidence showed that the father was physically abusive to the mother; the parents were unable
to provide financially for the family; both parents engaged in extensive drug use; at age seven,
the child did not know how to clean himself after using the restroom or how to tie his shoes;
the mother had neglected a health problem until it was so bad the child needed surgery; the
mother suffered from depression; and DFPS had intervened to try to help the family before, but
both parents refused to complete the family plan. Id. at 773.

      Here, in contrast, the evidence indicates that Perez was never violent toward Yonko or
V.Y.; Yonko provided financially for the family, sometimes earning as much as $600 in a day
repairing cars; and the only evidence of drug use occurred before Yonko became pregnant with
V.Y., many years before the termination proceeding. No evidence exists that Yonko ever failed
to provide for V.Y.'s medical needs. Yonko completed all the required classes under the DFPS
family supervision plan and earned her G.E.D. Moreover, Yonko placed V.Y. in her mother's
care, together with $4,400 to defray expenses for V.Y. and her criminal attorney. While
separated from Yonko, V.Y. experienced problems following directions, took cookies from an
apartment complex leasing office, and shot a BB gun through a window, but this evidence does
not rise to the level that establishes that Yonko's lifestyle endangered the child as compared to
the circumstances in W.S.M. See id.

      Here, V.Y. was nine years' old at the time of the trial and capable of expressing his love for,
and desire to remain with, his mother. V.Y. expressed this desire through letters to his mother
and statements to the DFPS caseworker. His mother returned this affection in nearly 200 letters
sent to him while she was incarcerated. Combined with the DFPS caseworker's admission that
V.Y. would be so affected by termination as to be heartbroken and would require counseling,
this factor of the "child's desires" weighs against a finding that termination was in V.Y.'s best
interest.

     2. Emotional and Physical Needs of the Child Now and in the Future

      The evidence indicates that Yonko provided for the physical and emotional needs of V.Y.
before her incarceration. Yonko testified that she provided V.Y. food, clothing, shelter, and love
while he was in her care. This evidence is undisputed. V.Y.'s love for his mother and desire to be
with her further indicate that she was providing for his emotional needs, and that his emotional
well-being in the future is dependent upon maintaining a relationship with his mother. Yonko
testified that she has always been employed, and can make anywhere from $100 to $600 a day
repairing cars. She has also made money selling potpourri and roses, and was able to save
$4,400 which she intended to use to rent an apartment and purchase a more reliable

196 S.W.3d 246

car. DFPS put on no evidence to indicate that Yonko herself had ever failed to provide for the
physical or emotional needs of her child. Rather, that evidence relates to the lack of care V.Y.
received from relatives after Yonko's incarceration.

     Although it is undisputed that Yonko left her son in the care of her mother, together with
$4,400 she had saved, the State contends that the trial court was within its discretion to believe
that the money was for an attorney rather than V.Y. because Yonko initially testified that she
had not provided financial support for V.Y. The State, however, mischaracterizes the testimony
on this issue. While Yonko was questioned by the State regarding the arrangements she made
for V.Y.'s care while she was in prison, the State asked with whom she had left her son. Yonko
responded that her mother, brother, and sister-in-law would all be taking care of him. The State
next asked whether she provided her family members with any financial support for the child.
Yonko responded that she was in prison and thus could not send them money. The State then
asked Yonko whether she had saved any money prior to becoming incarcerated, to which she
replied that she had saved $4,400, which she had intended to use to rent an apartment and
purchase a better car. The State asked whether she turned that money over to her mother for
the care of V.Y. and she responded that she had. The State asked whether the money was used
on V.Y.'s behalf. Yonko stated that it was supposed to be. The State then stated that the
question was whether Yonko knew that the money was spent on her son's behalf. Yonko
responded that she was pretty sure it was. This testimony does not indicate that Yonko initially
denied leaving the money for the care of her son; rather, it indicates that Yonko believed the
question was whether she had sent money since becoming incarcerated, to which Yonko
honestly replied that she had not. The State's own questions indicate that the State knew
Yonko had left money, and was attempting to clarify this issue for the court.

     The evidence suggesting that Yonko did not provide for V.Y. comes from the period while
Yonko was incarcerated. The DFPS caseworker admitted Yonko could not know that Yonko's
mother would not care for her son. The DFPS caseworker also testified that she had doubts
about Angelo's story that he picked V.Y. up from Arizona where he was staying with his father.
Yonko testified that she was shocked to discover that her family failed to properly care for V.Y.
Furthermore, the evidence is undisputed that Yonko sent over 200 letters to V.Y. during the
time he was in DFPS care, assuring him that she loved him and they would be together again
soon.

     Yonko threatened V.Y.'s needs when she violated her community supervision, thus
resulting in incarceration. The Texas Supreme Court has held, however, that incarceration alone
is not a sufficient basis for termination of parental rights. Tex. Dep't of Human Servs. v. Boyd,
727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987). Yonko was scheduled to be released from prison within thirty
days of this trial, and repeatedly expressed her intentions to secure a job and an apartment,
and enroll V.Y. in school, thus indicating that she did not intend to repeat her mistakes in the
future. Yonko also completed classes in anger management and parenting, and completed her
G.E.D. while in prison, further indicating she would be able to provide for V.Y.'s needs. We hold
that this factor weighs against termination, given the caseworker's assessment of V.Y.'s
emotional need for his mother, and the lack of evidence from the State as to emotional or
physical abuse or neglect by the mother.

196 S.W.3d 247

     3. Emotional and Physical Danger to the Child Now and in the Future

      The only evidence of any potential danger to V.Y. was from Yonko's stepfather. Yonko
testified that her stepfather was abusive to her mother, Betty, when she was a child, that V.Y.
had seen Yonko's stepfather spill whiskey on Betty, and that Betty was unable to testify at this
trial because she fled to California when her husband threatened to kill her. Yonko testified that
they lived with her mother for less than a month when V.Y. was a child, and that she left V.Y.
with Betty when she went to prison. The State contends that V.Y. was therefore exposed to
potential family violence. However, the State does not dispute Yonko's testimony that Betty
always either called the police or left when her husband was violent. Nor does the State dispute
Yonko's testimony that she told her mother to get a restraining order, and that something
would have to be done about the situation with her stepfather before she would bring V.Y.
around Betty. Yonko also testified that she changed residences to protect V.Y. from her
stepfather and avoid any violent situations. This evidence indicates that Yonko and Betty took
steps to avoid potential violence by the stepfather, and to keep V.Y. away from such violence.
     In addition, the evidence indicates that emotional harm to V.Y. would result if Yonko's
parental rights were terminated. The DFPS caseworker testified V.Y. would need counseling to
overcome the separation, and that he would be heartbroken. Yonko testified that V.Y. would go
crazy because she had been assuring him in her letters that they would be together again soon.
The attorney ad litem appointed to represent V.Y. also opposed termination because of the
negative emotional impact she believed it would have on V.Y. Given the lack of evidence of any
physical or emotional endangerment to V.Y. while in his mother's care, a reasonable fact-finder
could not have formed a firm belief that emotional or physical danger to the child would result
from allowing Yonko to retain rights to her son.

     4. Parental Abilities of the Individual Seeking Custody

      Yonko's failure to enroll V.Y. in school for the one-year period during which he was in her
care and required to attend school, and Yonko's frequent moves, cause concern for her
parental abilities. Also, Yonko's testimony that she occasionally had others read legal
documents for her or write things to be submitted to DFPS indicates that she might have a
difficult time helping V.Y. with his school work. Yonko testified that she did not attend school
very often as a child. Yonko also testified that she learned the value of education in prison, and
that she pursued and completed her G.E.D. In addition to her G.E.D. classes, Yonko took classes
on parenting, life skills, anger management, and bible studies. Yonko testified that she intended
to put V.Y. in school, and that she wanted him to be a lawyer or a pastor. The DFPS caseworker
testified that V.Y.'s only special need was reading, and recognized that within a few months of
being in custody, V.Y. was writing letters to his mother. Yonko testified that prior to her
incarceration, she provided V.Y. with books, and that if she was to regain custody after being
released, she would help V.Y. study and do whatever it took personally to help him get through
school. We hold that a reasonable fact-finder could not have formed a firm belief or conviction
that Yonko lacked the parental abilities necessary to care properly for V.Y.

     5. Programs Available to Assist the Individual

     Yonko testified that when she was released from prison, she intended to stay in

196 S.W.3d 248

a halfway house until she could get on her feet. She also testified that Project R.I.O. was willing
to give her a job despite her felony conviction. The only evidence offered by DFPS was that
counseling would be available to help V.Y. adjust to his foster family. DFPS did not contradict
Yonko's testimony that Project R.I.O. would help her find a job, or that she would be able to
stay in a halfway house. A reasonable fact-finder could not have formed a firm belief or
conviction that that this factor weighs in favor of termination of Yonko's rights, and we
therefore conclude that it does not weigh in favor of termination.

     6. Any Excuse for the Parent's Acts or Omissions
      Yonko testified that the reason she did not place V.Y. in school was that she was molested
as a student and did not want him to endure a similar experience. This does not excuse her
failure to educate V.Y., but her concern for the child's well-being was a factor in her decision
not to place him in school. In addition, Yonko's pursuit of her own G.E.D. and other life-skills
classes while in prison, and repeated testimony that she learned the value of education while
incarcerated, further indicate that Yonko understands that V.Y. must be enrolled in school.

      Yonko's decisions resulting in her incarceration were poor ones, despite her professed
justification that she did it to further the needs of her family and her son by attempting to care
for a sick relative and avoid leaving her son alone while in prison. However, viewing all the
evidence, Yonko has also demonstrated an ability to care for V.Y. and has made an effort to
improve her parenting abilities for the future. We therefore hold that this factor does not weigh
strongly against or in favor of termination of Yonko's parental rights, and that termination of
Yonko's parental rights cannot be upheld in this case merely because the excuses for her acts
and omissions are inadequate.

     7. Plans for the Child by the Parent and DFPS

      Yonko testified that she intended to get a job, find an apartment, and place V.Y. in school.
Yonko was scheduled to be released from prison less than thirty days after the trial in this case.
She estimated that she might have to stay in a halfway house at first, and that it would
probably take her a couple months to get on her feet. The fact that Yonko had been able to
save $4,400 prior to her incarceration indicates that she can be financially responsible. She
testified that she might ask for financial assistance from Betty, but that she did not intend to
stay with her. Yonko testified that she would spend extra time and do additional home
schooling if necessary to help V.Y. with his school work. Yonko had complied with all the terms
of the family plan that she could possibly comply with while in prison, by taking the required
classes, and DFPS presented no evidence to suggest that she would not comply with the rest of
the terms when released from prison.

     DFPS presented evidence that V.Y.'s present foster family has considered adopting him,
but had not made a final decision at the time of trial. The DFPS caseworker testified that she
believed V.Y. was adoptable, because DFPS believes all children are adoptable. It is undisputed
that V.Y.'s reading and writing had improved and that he had bonded with his foster family. It is
also undisputed that V.Y. was already in his second foster home in six months. DFPS presented
no evidence that it had taken any steps to provide a permanent home for V.Y. This factor
weighs against termination.

196 S.W.3d 249

     The Overall Assessment of Best Interest

      Reviewing the factors that weigh in favor of and against termination, we hold the evidence
is factually insufficient to support termination of Yonko's parental rights under the clear and
convincing evidence standard because (1) the caseworker's opinion supporting termination is
substantially undermined by her further assessment of the psychological and emotional
damage she concedes would result to the child from termination, with no testimony as to how
this damage could be ameliorated other than a reference to counseling; and (2) the State
presented scant evidence the trial court could credit as to Yonko's future inability to meet the
needs of the child under the Holley factors so as to overcome the caseworker's assessment of
the emotional risk to the child. See In re K.C.M., 4 S.W.3d 392, 394–95 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 1999, pet. denied) (evidence supporting termination found factually insufficient to
establish best interest where mother developed relationship with child prior to incarceration
for drugs, wrote numerous letters while incarcerated discussing her plans to reunite with child,
did nothing to endanger child after she signed service plan, and had only seventy-five days
before release from prison at time of termination trial).[3] The facts in this case parallel the
facts in K.C.M. Given the presumption that children should remain with their parents, and given
the high evidentiary standard that the statute requires the State to meet, a reasonable
factfinder could not have found factually sufficient evidence exists to form a firm belief or
conviction that termination in this case is in V.Y.'s best interest.

      Conclusion

     We hold that the evidence was legally sufficient to support termination of Yonko's rights
based on her failure to enroll V.Y. in school and her failure to provide V.Y. with a stable home
environment, and that termination was in V.Y.'s best interest. We hold that the evidence was
factually insufficient to support termination, however, because in weighing all of the Holley
factors, a reasonable fact-finder could not have formed a firm belief or conviction that
termination of Yonko's parental rights was in V.Y.'s best interest. Accordingly, we reverse the
judgment of the trial court and remand for a new trial.

---------

Notes:

[1] As we have issued a new opinion on rehearing, we deny the State's motion for en banc
reconsideration as moot. See Brookshire Bros. v. Smith, 176 S.W.3d 30, 40 n.2 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet. denied) (supp. op. on reh'g).

[2] When both legal and factual sufficiency issues are raised, we decide the legal sufficiency
issue first. Glover v. Tex. Gen. Indem. Co., 619 S.W.2d 400, 401 (Tex. 1981).

[3] We note that this court decided K.C.M. using a standard of review that the Texas Supreme
Court has since disapproved. See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25–26 (Tex. 2002). Now, the
appropriate appellate standard for reviewing parental termination factual findings is whether
the evidence is such that a fact-finder reasonably could have formed a firm belief or conviction
about the truth of the State's allegations. Id. at 25. This standard retains the deference an
appellate court should have for the fact-finder's role. Id. at 26. Nevertheless, K.C.M. illustrates
evidence that lacks factual sufficiency even under the present standard.

---------
212 S.W.3d 582 (Tex.App.—Austin 2006), 03-05-00533, Zeifman v. Michels
Page 582
212 S.W.3d 582 (Tex.App.—Austin 2006)
Clifford ZEIFMAN, Appellant,
v.
Sheryl Diane MICHELS, Appellee.
No. 03-05-00533-CV.
Court of Appeals of Texas, Third District, Austin.
August 4, 2006
       Rehearing Overruled Aug. 30, 2006.
       From the District Court of Travis County, 126th Judicial District No. 97-09369, Honorable W.
Jeanne Meurer, Judge Presiding.
Page 583
[Copyrighted Material Omitted]
Page 584
[Copyrighted Material Omitted]
Page 585
       James A. Vaught, McCullar Vaught, PC, Jan Soifer, Lawrence Soifer Satija, L.L.P., Austin,
for Appellant.
       John Barrett, Karl E. Hays, Law Offices of John Barrett, Austin, for Appellee.
       Before Chief Justice LAW, Justices PATTERSON and PEMBERTON.
OPINION
        JAN P. PATTERSON, Justice.
       Clifford Zeifman appeals the trial court's modification order of a divorce decree giving
appellee Sheryl Diane Michels the exclusive right to make decisions concerning their daughter's
education. In two issues, he complains that the trial court abused its discretion in finding a material
and substantial change in circumstances sufficient to warrant a modification and in determining
that the modification was in the best interest of the child. Because the evidence is legally
insufficient to support a modification, we reverse and render.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       Zeifman and Michels were married on January 12, 1992. Two children were born of their
marriage: G.L., a son, on August 13, 1994, and A.A., a daughter, on February 16, 1997. A divorce
decree was signed on August 4, 1998, based upon an "irrevocable mediated settlement
agreement" that was filed with the court and incorporated into the decree. See Tex. Fam. Code
Ann. § 6.602 (West 2006). In the decree, the parties agreed that its provisions could be modified
by a court of competent jurisdiction.
       The decree named both parents as joint managing conservators. As to the children's
education, the decree included a negotiated agreement:
       The Court finds that the parties have agreed and IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that the
children shall attend the University of Texas Lab School until such a time as the children are of the
age to attend elementary school. The
Page 586
       Court finds that the parties have agreed and IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that, at that
time, the children shall attend the public school in the following order of priority for elementary
school: (1) Bryker Woods; or (2) Casis; provided, however, that if neither party lives in a residential
area eligible to attend either Bryker Woods or Casis, then the children shall attend elementary
school which the children are eligible to attend, at the highest rated school, the highest rating
being determined by the annual TAAS testing, using the previous year's rankings, or shall attend
another elementary school to which the parties agree in writing. The Court finds that the parties
have agreed and IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that for middle school, the children shall attend
the middle school into which the children's elementary school feeds. The Court finds that the
parties have agreed and IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that for high school, the children shall
attend the high school into which the children's middle school feeds.
       The decree also contained a provision specifying a mechanism if the parties were unable to
agree:
The Court finds that the parties have agreed and IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that if the parties
cannot agree on educational decisions for a child, the parties shall follow the recommendations of
the person that is the child's teacher at the time of the decision. IT IS ORDERED that, as child
support, Clifford Zeifman and Sheryl Diane Michels Zeifman shall each pay . . . half Qk) of the
costs referable to the children's attendance at the University of Texas Lab School.
       At the time of the divorce, Michels lived in the house that had been the couple's home prior
to the divorce, which was within the geographical boundaries for enrollment at Bryker Woods
elementary school. Zeifman moved into a house across the street from the school.
       Although the parties intended for their son, G.L., to attend Bryker Woods, they learned while
he was attending kindergarten that he had learning difficulties. They were able to reach an
agreement to move him to a private school that both parents agreed was more suitable to his
special needs.
       A.A. entered the first grade at Bryker Woods. In April 2004, when A.A. was still in the first
grade, Michels applied for her admission to St. Andrew's Episcopal School for the next school
year. She did not notify Zeifman of the application. As part of her application, Michels included a
recommendation from A.A.'s first-grade teacher at Bryker Woods, and A.A. was tested to
determine her academic suitability. On May 3, A.A. was placed on a waiting list for admission and
Michels notified Zeifman of her decision to apply for A.A.'s admission to St. Andrew's. In June,
A.A. was accepted for admission to the school.
       Zeifman objected to the change of schools and insisted that the parties follow the decree,
which provided for A.A. to continue her education at Bryker Woods. Michels consulted with A.A.'s
first-grade teacher at Bryker Woods who had supplied the application recommendation. The
teacher advised Michels she thought "it would be best if [A.A.] stayed at Bryker Woods."
       On July 19, 2004, Michels filed a Petition to Modify Parent-Child Relationship, asking the
court to modify the decree and award her the exclusive right to make educational decisions
regarding A.A. The petition stated that the order to be modified was the Agreed Final Decree of
Divorce that was rendered on August 4, 1998. Michels alleged that (i) the circumstances of "the
children or of one or both
Page 587
of the joint managing conservators have materially and substantially changed since the rendition
of the order such that the provisions of the Agreed Final Decree of Divorce regarding education
are no longer appropriate and in the best interest of the children who are the subject of this suit,"
and (ii) A.A. had been accepted for admission to St. Andrew's which was a "more exceptional
educational opportunity than either [her current school] Bryker Woods or Casis elementary
schools."
       After a hearing, the trial court modified the decree to provide that Michels has the sole right
to make educational decisions for their daughter. The trial court determined that the circumstances
of the child had materially and substantially changed since the date of the rendition of the original
divorce decree. Finding only that "A.A. is different, times are different, you're remarried, life is
different," the trial court concluded that these circumstances constituted material and substantial
changes. Turning to the child's best interest, the trial court concluded that it was in the child's best
interest for Michels to have the exclusive responsibility for educational decisions.
       Although Zeifman requested findings of fact and conclusions of law, the trial court failed to
file them.
ANALYSIS
       In two issues on appeal, Zeifman contends that the trial court abused its discretion in
modifying the divorce decree giving Michels the exclusive right to make decisions concerning
A.A.'s education. Specifically, Zeifman complains that the trial court abused its discretion in finding
a material and substantial change in circumstances sufficient to warrant a modification and that
the modification would be in the best interest of the child because the evidence presented at trial
was legally and factually insufficient as to both requirements.
Standard of Review
       We review a trial court's decision to modify conservatorship under an abuse of discretion
standard. Gillespie v. Gillespie, 644 S.W.2d 449, 451 (Tex. 1982); In the Interest of P.M.B., 2
S.W.3d 618, 622 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.). The trial court's order will not be
disturbed on appeal unless the complaining party can show a clear abuse of discretion. Id. A trial
judge is wisely vested with this discretion because she is best able to observe the witnesses'
demeanor and personalities. A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts arbitrarily and unreasonably
or without regard to guiding rules or principles. K-Mart Corp. v. Honeycutt, 24 S.W.3d 357, 360
(Tex. 2000); Worford v. Stamper, 801 S.W.2d 108, 109 (Tex. 1990) (applying abuse of discretion
standard with regard to child support order); Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d
238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985). The mere fact that a trial court decided an issue in a manner differently
than an appellate court would under similar circumstances does not establish an abuse of
discretion. An abuse of discretion does not occur as long as some evidence of a substantive and
probative character exists to support the trial court's decision. P.M.B., 2 S.W.3d at 622.
       Under an abuse of discretion standard, legal and factual sufficiency challenges to the
evidence are not independent grounds of error, but are relevant factors in assessing whether the
trial court abused its discretion. In re D.M., 191 S.W.3d 381, 393 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, pet.
denied); Dunn v. Dunn, 111 S.W.3d 393, 396 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied).
Because we apply an abuse-of-discretion standard to a modification suit, the traditional sufficiency
standards of review overlap
Page 588
the abuse of discretion standard, and appellate courts apply a hybrid analysis. Echols v. Olivarez,
85 S.W.3d 475, 476 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no pet.); In re D.S., 76 S.W.3d 512, 516 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.).
      Once it has been determined that the abuse-of-discretion standard applies, an appellate
court engages in a two-pronged inquiry: (1) whether the trial court had sufficient information on
which to exercise its discretion; and (2) whether the trial court erred in its application of discretion.
Echols, 85 S.W.3d at 477-78; Lindsey v. Lindsey, 965 S.W.2d 589, 592 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1998,
no pet.). The traditional sufficiency review comes into play with regard to the first question;
however, the inquiry does not end there. Echols, 85 S.W.3d at 478. The appellate court then
proceeds to determine whether, based on the evidence, the trial court made a reasonable
decision, that is, that the court's decision was neither arbitrary nor unreasonable. Id.
      If findings of fact and conclusions of law are properly requested, the trial court's duty to file
findings and conclusions is mandatory, and the failure to respond when all requests have been
properly made is presumed harmful unless the record shows that the complaining party has
suffered no injury. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 296; Tenery v. Tenery, 932 S.W.2d 29, 30 (Tex. 1996);
Cherne Indus., Inc. v. Magallanes, 763 S.W.2d 768, 772 (Tex. 1989). The court must make
findings on each material issue raised by the pleadings and evidence, but not on evidentiary
issues. In re Davis, 30 S.W.3d 609, 614 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, no pet.); Roberts v.
Roberts, 999 S.W.2d 424, 434 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1999, no pet.). Because the trial court did not
issue any findings of fact or conclusions of law, all facts necessary to support the trial court's ruling
and supported by the evidence are implied in favor of the trial court's decision. BMC Software
Belgium, N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. 2002). But when the appellate record
includes both the reporter's record and the clerk's record, as it does here, the implied findings are
not conclusive and may be challenged for legal and factual sufficiency. Vickery v. Commission for
Lawyer Discipline, 5 S.W.3d 241, 251 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, pet. denied). We
thus turn to the standard for a challenge to the legal sufficiency of the evidence.
      When an appellant attacks the legal sufficiency of an adverse finding on an issue on which
he did not have the burden of proof, the appellant must demonstrate on appeal that there is no
evidence to support the adverse finding. Croucher v. Croucher, 660 S.W.2d 55, 58 (Tex. 1983). A
legal sufficiency challenge may be sustained when (1) the record discloses a complete absence of
evidence of a vital fact; (2) the court is barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to
the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no
more than a mere scintilla; or (4) the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of a vital fact.
Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co. v. Martinez, 977 S.W.2d 328, 334 (Tex. 1998). In determining whether
there is legally sufficient evidence to support the finding under review, we examine the record for
evidence and inferences that support the challenged finding, while disregarding all contrary
evidence and inferences. We must consider evidence favorable to the finding if a reasonable
factfinder could, and disregard evidence contrary to the finding unless a reasonable factfinder
could not. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 828 (Tex. 2005).
       In determining a factual sufficiency question, we weigh and consider all
Page 589
the evidence in the record. Holt Atherton Indus., Inc. v. Heine, 835 S.W.2d 80, 83 (Tex. 1992).
When an appellant attacks the factual sufficiency of an adverse finding on an issue on which he
did not have the burden of proof, the appellant must demonstrate the finding is so contrary to the
overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. See Cain v.
Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986). When conducting a factual sufficiency review, a court of
appeals must not merely substitute its judgment for that of the trier of fact. Golden Eagle Archery,
Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757, 761 (Tex. 2003).
Modification of Conservatorship Because of Material and Substantial Change
       To support modification of an order regarding conservatorship, a trial court must find that the
modification would be in the best interest of the child and, as it applies to this case, that the
circumstances of the child, a conservator, or other party affected by the order have materially and
substantially changed since the date of the rendition of the order. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §
156.101(1) (West Supp. 2005). The party seeking modification has the burden to establish these
elements by a preponderance of the evidence. Agraz v. Carnley, 143 S.W.3d 547, 552 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2004, no pet.); In re T.D.C., 91 S.W.3d 865, 871 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002, pet.
denied); Considine v. Considine, 726 S.W.2d 253, 255 (Tex. App.—Austin 1987, no writ). The best
interest of the child is always the primary consideration of the court in determining issues of
conservatorship. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.002 (West 2002).
       In a conservatorship modification action, a threshold inquiry of the trial court is whether the
moving party has met the burden imposed upon him of showing a material and substantial
change; otherwise the trial court must deny the motion to modify. Bates v. Tesar, 81 S.W.3d 411,
427 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2002, no pet.). To prove that a material change in circumstances has
occurred, the petitioner must demonstrate what conditions existed at the time of the entry of the
prior order as compared to the circumstances existing at the time of the hearing on the motion to
modify. Agraz, 143 S.W.3d at 554; Considine, 726 S.W.2d at 255. The petitioner must show what
material changes have occurred in the intervening period. Id.
(1) The Petition to Modify Parent-Child Relationship
       The only basis asserted in the modification petition to support the requirement of a material
and substantial change was A.A.'s application and admission to St. Andrew's. Having gained her
daughter's admission to St. Andrew's Episcopal School, Michels filed a modification petition
seeking a departure from the negotiated agreement concerning her daughter's education
contained in the agreed divorce degree. Zeifman opposed the modification, seeking to continue
their daughter's education at Bryker Woods, the public school to which the parties had agreed and
set forth in the divorce decree. Although the petition references both children, the parties agree
that the modification at issue and the court's order relate only to A.A.
(2) The Evidence
       The testimony showed that the dispute that led to the filing of the petition for modification
arose when Michels applied for and obtained A.A.'s admittance to St. Andrew's Episcopal School.
As a Jew raising Jewish children, Zeifman opposed the modification because he did not want the
child to attend a Christian school and she was thriving at the public school the parties had agreed
to in the divorce decree.
Page 590
       The undisputed evidence showed that A.A. progressed successfully through kindergarten,
first grade and the beginning of second grade at Bryker Woods prior to trial. In April 2004, Zeifman
and Michels discussed enrolling A.A. at a private school. Zeifman proposed that A.A. attend the
Austin Jewish Academy, but Michels disagreed and rejected the proposal. Michels did not believe
the academy had "the academic strengths that I would require for her to be there." Without
notifying Zeifman, Michels contacted and applied to St. Andrew's for admission, had A.A. tested,
and asked A.A.'s current first-grade teacher for a recommendation. After A.A. was placed on a
waiting list on May 3 subject to available openings at the school, Michels notified Zeifman. A.A.
was accepted for admission on June 28. On June 30, Michels executed the school's enrollment
contract and forwarded a tuition check. She informed the school, "I am working with her father to
get his agreement regarding her attendance. Otherwise her enrollment will be subject to
modification of our divorce decree."
       Zeifman did not agree to enroll A.A. at St. Andrew's, insisting that the parties follow the
agreement to send her to Bryker Woods, the public school to which the parties had agreed, and at
which the parties agreed she was doing well. Zeifman testified, My daughter is thriving at the
community public school across the street from my home. And I would only agree to enroll her in
something that she had a demonstrable need for, like [G.L.] has a need for a specialized school,
or that Sheryl [Michels] and I agreed was a place that was going to better fit our idea of how we
want to raise our kids.
       As long as A.A. was thriving at Bryker Woods, and there was no demonstrable need to send
her to a specialized private school, Zeifman would not agree to send A.A. to a private school other
than the Austin Jewish Academy, a school with the religious affiliation in which the parties agreed
A.A. was being raised.
       To support her petition that a material and substantial change had occurred since the
rendition of the original divorce decree, Michels offered evidence that in the years since the time of
the parties' divorce, A.A. had grown "from an infant to a beautiful, smart, lovely 7-year old girl."
She urged that A.A.'s academic abilities and opportunities had surpassed the expectations the
parents had at the time of the divorce decree. In support of the modification order, Michels
testified,
       Q: At the time, did you have any idea that there would be an opportunity for her to attend St.
Andrew's school?
       A: No I did not.
       Q: What other—now other than the mere passage of physical time, have there been other
changes that have occurred—significant changes that have occurred in either your life or in Mr.
Zeifman's life?
       A: I believe there have been significant changes.
       Q: And could you tell the Court what those are.
       A: In my life or—
       Q: Well, let's start with your life.
       A: Okay. Well, since the—since September of '97, that's been quite a bit of time, I think I've
grown in a lot of ways. My children have grown up, and I've certainly learned from them. I've
grown as a parent. Hopefully, as a big sister, as a daughter, as a friend, as a person, as a
physician, as all of those things in these years of life experience. I think I'm happier and hopefully
smarter.
       Q: How has your daughter changed?
Page 591
       A: She's grown up from an infant to a beautiful, smart, lovely seven-year-old girl. She's
proved herself to be social, a gymnast, a cheerleader, smart in school. Academically, she's very,
very bright. She's basically grown up from an infant to a young child with extraordinary potential.
       Q: And has she—at the time that she was 14 months old and you entered into this agreed
divorce decree, did you have any idea for sure how she was going to turn out?
       A: No.
       Q: And did you come to a—what about your daughter, did you have idea how smart she was
going to be?
       A: No. I had hoped, but I didn't know.
       Michels acknowledged that her daughter was doing very well at Bryker Woods.
       Much of the testimony adduced by Michels centered on St. Andrew's reputation as a high
achieving school and the desirability of a child remaining in a single school through high school as
she would be able to do at St. Andrew's. Michels's partner in her medical group testified that he
served on the St. Andrew's board of trustees, that his children attended St. Andrew's, that the
school sets a high academic standard and provides a diverse culture respectful of various
religions, and that he is familiar with A.A. but has not "seen [her] in years, but I know who she is."
       Education consultant Christopher Kocerik testified that he was first contacted by Michels on
July 8, 2004. Michels advised him that "she had identified a school that she thought was best, and
wanted me to concur if—or give my opinion on as to whether or not that was the best school for
her." Michels told Kocerik that a "custody" matter was involved and that he might be called upon to
testify. Kocerik did not investigate other schools or make a recommendation regarding schools. He
testified, "She asked us to look at her daughter's needs, and look at the option of St. Andrew's."
Kocerik concluded that St. Andrew's would be a "good match" and a "good opportunity" for A.A.
       The lawyer who represented Michels in her divorce also testified on her behalf. She had
observed A.A. since the divorce and testified that "she's grown up, she's become a lot more
articulate and it is striking how bright she is." She also testified to the benefits of private school
over public school. Lucy Nazro, the head of St. Andrew's, testified that, based upon A.A.'s test
scores, she would do well at St. Andrew's. She explained that the school offers continuity through
high school to its students as well as other opportunities not offered by the public schools such as
public service opportunities, foreign languages, and ethics courses. Dr. Nazro testified that she
had a telephone conversation with Zeifman in which they discussed the academics of the school
and he inquired into the religious life of the school, particularly the practice of daily chapel.
       Zeifman testified that he lives across the street from Bryker Woods and has remarried.
Because he lives so close, he drops by the school once or twice a week and "bump[s] into the
principal fairly often." He testified to his son's learning disability and that he and Michels agreed to
deviate from the agreement to meet their son's special educational needs. Zeifman testified that
A.A.'s academic and social needs were being met at Bryker Woods and that she was thriving
there. When Michels rejected his suggestion that A.A. attend the Austin Jewish Academy and
applied instead to St. Andrew's without his knowledge or consent, Zeifman insisted upon following
the decree and having A.A. continue her education at Bryker Woods. He testified that the
academics of the schools
Page 592
was never an issue: "You know, we're in a very good public school, and my daughter, as
evidenced by all the results that have been admitted, has been pretty well served by whatever
we're doing."
       Casey Herrin, A.A.'s first-grade teacher testified that she had taught first grade at Bryker
Woods for five years and that A.A. had been in her class. Herrin described A.A. as a "very
pleasant, very bright" "typical first grader." She was among the top students in the class but had
not been accepted for the gifted and talented program. Herrin testified that both parents were
involved and concerned about their daughter's academic progress: "They both did make sure to
frequently check with me to make sure she was progressing as she should be." A.A.'s stepmother
was also involved at the school.
       At Michels's request, Herrin had completed the recommendation form that accompanied
A.A.'s application for admission to St. Andrew's. At the time of its submission, Herrin learned that
Zeifman was not aware that Michels had asked her to fill out the recommendation. She knew that
Michels was interested in sending her daughter to St. Andrew's: "And I felt like, obviously, this was
something that her parents were going to decide, and that it was my obligation as her former
teacher to go ahead and fill this out for her." Over the summer, probably in June, Michels asked
for her assistance in helping the parents decide which school A.A. should attend. Herrin testified,
       I told her that I'd have to think about it and get back to her. And when I eventually got back to
her, I informed her that I thought it would be best if [she] stayed at Bryker Woods.... I felt like at
one point both parents, obviously, agreed that Bryker Woods was a good school for [her]. And so I
thought best just leave it alone.... I didn't feel like there was any strong need that wasn't being met
at Bryker Woods.
       Herrin testified that she told Michels that "I thought it would be best if A.A. stayed at Bryker
Woods." They had no further conversations. In response to cross examination, Herrin testified that
Zeifman expressed concerns to her that he thought Bryker Woods was a good school for his
daughter and he had some concerns that St. Andrew's was a religiously affiliated school.
       A Bryker Woods counselor and the principal also testified to the suitability of the school for
A.A.'s needs and its standing in the academic community. The counselor testified that A.A.'s
needs were "absolutely" met at the school and that her current second grade teacher was "one of
the most highly professional teachers I've ever worked with." The principal testified that the school
is a "wonderful little school" that is unique because it is a school of choice for half of its 378
enrolled students. The school was generally rated "exemplary" in its academic ranking by the
Texas Educational Association but had dropped to "recognized" in the 2003/2004 year. He
attributed the change to the addition of the science portion of the test. All of the other test scores
had been in the exemplary range over the cut-off score of ninety percent. He testified that the
school is a well-regarded school with extensive parental involvement and small class sizes. He
knows most of the students by name and is familiar with A.A. He testified that she "seems like a
great child" who gets along well with other students. He testified,
        I feel that [she] is doing a fine job, you know, in second grade. I think that she has a
wonderful classroom teacher, very caring classroom teacher, and a very experienced teacher.
That's the other good thing that I will like to share also about Bryker Woods is we have very
Page 593
little teacher turnover. The teachers who have been there have been there for many, many
years.... [I]t's a wonderful environment. It's a small school . . . a great place.
        At the conclusion of the trial, the trial judge told the parties that she was "puzzled to have
such an issue brought before this Court" and that she had "struggled listening to the testimony"
that "veered off course in some ways" from the issues, stating,
        I became extremely frustrated with the concept that I'm supposed to decide that St. Andrew's
is better than the AISD school system for your child. Even if I accept that St. Andrew's is a premier
school and better than AISD, is that really the issue? Because it really isn't about whether Harvard
is better than UT. It really is about where the child will actually flourish. And I'm not sure I
understand or know that answer. And I struggled all last evening with what my role was today. Am
I supposed to tell you your child will be more successful at St. Andrew's, or your child will be more
successful in the AISD School District.
Legal Sufficiency of the Evidence
        The issue is whether the trial court's determination that there was a material and substantial
change in circumstances was an abuse of discretion. Based on the evidence, we conclude that it
was.
        A court's determination as to whether a material and substantial change of circumstances
has occurred is not guided by rigid rules and is fact specific. In re Z.B.P., 109 S.W.3d 772, 779
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.). Evidence of a parent's subsequent marriage to another can
constitute a relevant, material change of circumstances after rendition of the decree sought to be
modified. In re C.Q.T.M., 25 S.W.3d 730, 735 (Tex. App.—Waco 2000, pet. denied). Likewise,
change in the age of a child may constitute a material change. In re Davis, 30 S.W.3d 609, 615
(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, no pet.); see also Home v. Harwell, 533 S.W.2d 450, 452 (Tex. Civ.
App.—Austin 1976, writ refd n.r.e.). Increase in age alone is not a changed circumstance to justify
modification unless changed needs are shown. E.g., Voros v. Turnage, 856 S.W.2d 759, 762 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, writ denied); Randle v. Randle, 700 S.W.2d 314, 316-17 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1985, no writ).
        In any event, the cases finding a material change based on a change in the age of a child
are distinguishable from this case. None of the cases in which a court found the change in the age
of a child to support a modification included a negotiated agreement that specifically contemplated
the change and provided a dispute resolution mechanism as in this case. To allow aging alone to
constitute a material and substantial change in the face of the agreement would render both the
agreement and the language of the statute meaningless.
       Although courts have allowed changes to be proved in a variety of ways, they have
consistently required that a change be proved and that it be shown to be substantial and material.
See, e.g., Agraz, 143 S.W.3d at 554 (evidence that father not participating in raising children
insufficient to show prior conditions or material change); London v. London, 94 S.W.3d 139, 144
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.) (court compared financial circumstances of the
affected parties at time of original order with circumstances at time modification sought finding
changed circumstances); Echols, 85 S.W.3d at 479 (court found changed circumstances included
aging of child, remarriages and additional children in both families); Considine, 726 S.W.2d at 255
Page 594
(remarriage by one party and relocation to Canada held insufficient). In Considine, this Court
stated that "to prove that a material change of circumstances has occurred, the movant must
demonstrate what conditions existed at the time of the entry of the prior order. Once such
conditions have been established, the movant must show what material changes have occurred in
the intervening period." 726 S.W.2d at 255.[1]
       In that case, we concluded that a parent's remarriage and change of residence to Canada
did not constitute a material and substantial change as to support the modification of
conservatorship. Id.
       Zeifman contends that there was no showing that the circumstances with respect to A.A.'s
education have materially and substantially changed. We agree.
       A.A. was an infant when the parties divorced and in second grade when the case was tried
in October 2004. The change alleged in the petition was her application and admission to St.
Andrew's. At trial, in response to specific questioning as to the change in circumstances, Michels
testified only that the change was that A.A. had grown from an infant into a "beautiful, smart,
lovely" seven-year-old and that her academic ability had surpassed Michels's expectations at the
time of the divorce. At the time of the divorce, the parties entered into a negotiated agreement that
their children would attend certain schools. They further agreed that if they were unable to agree
on educational decisions, they would follow the recommendations of the teacher of the child at
issue. Thus, the agreement contemplated that the child would age, specified the schools agreed
upon and even the alternatives, and provided a mechanism for dispute resolution should a
disagreement arise. When a disagreement arose in the instance of their son's special educational
needs, the parties resolved the change pursuant to the terms of the agreement.
       The evidence showed that after the parties divorced they continued to raise A.A. in the
Jewish faith and they continue to adhere to that faith. A.A. attends religious school at
Congregation Agudas Achim and pursues other activities and camps sponsored by the Jewish
Community Center. The parties agree she is being raised Jewish and is part of the Jewish
community, as she has been since she was born. The modification sought specifically to allow
Michels to send A.A. to St. Andrew's would mark a significant change in the child's secular and
religious education. That Zeifman objected to A.A. attending a religious private school based upon
a different faith is consistent with the parties' intent to specify these educational decisions in their
agreement to anticipate and avoid such conflicts.
       The evidence showed that A.A. is a bright and academically talented girl who is thriving at
Bryker Woods, a school located across the street from her father's home. The undisputed
evidence also showed that she did very well academically and socially at Bryker Woods, and that
her academic and social needs were being met. The only evidence that she might do better at St.
Andrew's or that it might be more "suitable" is speculative and, in any event, not sufficient to
constitute a material and substantial change.
Page 595
       We do not agree that this evidence shows a change in circumstances as contemplated by
section 156.101. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 156.101. To accept Michels's interpretation of the
requirement of a "material and substantial" change would render its language meaningless if age
alone were sufficient in light of the parties' prior agreement. Although there may be a variety of
methods of showing material and substantial change, the requirement is that a change must be
shown. We conclude Michels's evidence is no evidence of a change in conditions. Even assuming
that the St. Andrew's application and admission or A.A.'s change of age constituted changes not
contemplated by the agreement, there was no evidence that either change was material or
substantial.
       Moreover, as in all suits regarding the conservatorship of a child, the court's primary
consideration "shall always be the best interest of the child." Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.002; In re
V.L.K., 24 S.W.3d 338, 342 (Tex. 2000). A court may use the nonexhaustive list of Holley factors
to determine the child's best interest. Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-71 (Tex. 1976).
Those factors include the desires of the child, the emotional and physical needs of the child now
and in the future, the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future, the parental
abilities of the individuals seeking custody, the programs available to assist these individuals to
promote the best interest of the child, the plans for the child, the stability of the home, the acts or
omissions of the parent, which may indicate that the existing parent-child relationship is not a
proper one, and any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent. Id. at 371-72. In the context of
custody modification, other factors to be considered include the child's need for stability and the
need to prevent constant litigation in child-custody cases. V.L.K., 24 S.W.3d at 343.
       The policy behind the requirement of a material and substantial change is to prevent
constant relitigation with respect to children. In re M.N.G., 113 S.W.3d 27, 33 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth 2003, no pet.); Watts v. Watts, 563 S.W.2d 314, 316 (Tex. Civ. App.—Dallas 1978, writ ref'd
n.r.e.) (requirement of material and substantial change predicated upon doctrine of res judicata as
to best interest of child at time of original decree awarding conservatorship). When establishing
the means to modify custody orders, the legislature established a system that attempts to create
stability in the conservatorship. See Burkhart v. Burkhart, 960 S.W.2d 321, 323 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, pet. denied). Thus, the party seeking modification bears the
burden of demonstrating a material and substantial change in circumstances since the original
decree. Bates, 81 S.W.3d at 423. The requirement of this showing "serves a valid purpose of
significantly limiting the trial judge's discretion and prevents the modification statute from being
unconstitutionally broad." M.N.G., 113 S.W.3d at 34.
       Although the trial court heard contradictory testimony about events that had occurred
between the parties, the undisputed evidence established that A.A. was thriving at Bryker Woods
under the educational plan agreed to in the divorce decree. Much of the testimony focused on the
relative academic standing of the two schools as well as the advantages of a private school over a
public school. Michels acknowledged that A.A. was doing very well at Bryker Woods and that she
would not be harmed by staying at Bryker Woods. A.A.'s teacher, who provided the
recommendation for her admission to St. Andrew's, testified that she believed that it would be in
A.A.'s best interest to stay at Bryker Woods. There was no expert testimony or other evidence that
the change in schools would be in A.A.'s best interest.
Page 596
Because A.A. was making good grades and thriving at Bryker Woods, and there was no evidence
to show that it was in her best interest to change schools, a review of the record does not establish
that the evidence is sufficient to support the trial court's findings.
       At the time of their divorce, the parties chose to send their children to public schools unless
they agreed otherwise. They also correctly anticipated that they might disagree about educational
decisions concerning the children in the future and included an agreed mechanism in the decree
for resolving any such disagreements.
       We would be remiss if we did not observe that, with the passage of the Texas Alternative
Dispute Resolution Act, it became public policy to "encourage the peaceable resolution of
disputes, with special consideration given to disputes involving the parent-child relationship,
including the mediation of issues involving conservatorship, possession, and support of children,
and the early settlement of pending litigation through voluntary settlement procedures." Tex. Civ.
Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 154.002 (West 2005). It would undermine the efforts of mediated
settlement agreements for us to allow a modification on circumstances that were clearly
contemplated by the parties at the time of the rendition of the original divorce decree. We also
observe, however, that the existence of a mediated settlement agreement does not alter the
requirements of section 156.101; we hold only that, on the record before us, the petitioner failed to
carry her burden of demonstrating a material and substantial change of circumstances and that
the modification would be in the best interest of the child. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 156.101.[2]
CONCLUSION
       We conclude that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the trial court's finding that
the circumstances of the child, as specifically alleged in the petition, or of either conservator have
materially and substantially changed. We hold that, based on the record before us, the trial court
abused its discretion in ordering modification. We sustain appellant's challenge to the legal
sufficiency of the modification. We reverse the trial court's order to modify and render judgment in
favor of Zeifman.
CONCURRING OPINION
       BOB PEMBERTON, Justic
       I concur in the judgment only. I cannot agree with the majority that, on this record, there is
legally insufficient evidence of material and substantial change in circumstances of the child.
However, the record, and our scope of review in the absence of the fact findings Zeifman
requested, compel me to conclude that the district court abused its discretion in modifying the
decree to give Michels sole power to make A.A.’s educational decisions.
---------
Notes:
[1] For the trial court to determine if a material and substantial change has occurred, most courts

require a comparison between the original circumstances of the child and the affected parties at
the time the existing order was entered with their circumstances at the time the modification is
sought. E.g., London v. London, 94 S.W.3d 139, 144 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no
pet.). Thus, the record must contain both historical and current evidence of the relevant
circumstances. Without both sets of data, the court has nothing to compare and cannot determine
whether a change has occurred. Id. at 144-45.
[2] Because of our disposition of the legal sufficiency issue, we need not address the remaining

issues regarding factual sufficiency.
---------
    Tex. Fam. Code § 101.007 Clear And Convincing Evidence

•   Tex. Fam. Code § 101.007 Clear And Convincing Evidence
•
•

    Texas Statutes
    Family Code
    Title 5. The Parent-Child Relationship And The Suit Affecting The Parent-Child
    Relationship
    Subtitle A. General Provisions
    Chapter 101. Definitions
    Current through the 2013 Regular and Special Sessions
    § 101.007. Clear And Convincing Evidence

    "Clear and convincing evidence" means the measure or degree of proof that will
    produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth
    of the allegations sought to be established.
§ 156.101. Grounds For Modification Of Order Establishing Conservatorship Or Possession And
Access.

Texas Statutes

Family Code

Title 5. The Parent-Child Relationship And The Suit Affecting The Parent-Child Relationship

Subtitle B. Suits Affecting The Parent-Child Relationship

Chapter 156. Modification

Subchapter B. Modification Of Conservatorship, Possession And Access, Or Determination
Of Residence

Current with legislation passed during the 2015 Regular Session effective through 1/1/2016

§ 156.101. Grounds For Modification Of Order Establishing Conservatorship Or Possession
And Access

(a)    The court may modify an order that provides for the appointment of a conservator of a
       child, that provides the terms and conditions of conservatorship, or that provides for the
       possession of or access to a child if modification would be in the best interest of the child
       and:
       (1)    the circumstances of the child, a conservator, or other party affected by the order
              have materially and substantially changed since the earlier of:
              (A)   the date of the rendition of the order; or

              (B)   the date of the signing of a mediated or collaborative law settlement
                    agreement on which the order is based;

       (2)    the child is at least 12 years of age and has expressed to the court in chambers as
              provided by Section 153.009 the name of the person who is the child's preference
              to have the exclusive right to designate the primary residence of the child; or

       (3)    the conservator who has the exclusive right to designate the primary residence of
              the child has voluntarily relinquished the primary care and possession of the child
              to another person for at least six months.

(b)    Subsection (a)(3) does not apply to a conservator who has the exclusive right to designate
       the primary residence of the child and who has temporarily relinquished the primary care
       and possession of the child to another person during the conservator's military
        deployment, military mobilization, or temporary military duty, as those terms are defined by
        Section 153.701.

Cite as Tex. Fam. Code § 156.101
History. Amended By Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 727, Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2009.
Amended By Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1113, Sec. 28, eff. September 1, 2009.
Amended By Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1118, Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2009.
Amended By Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 1036, Sec. 19, eff. Sept. 1, 2003.
Amended By Acts 2001, 77th Leg., ch. 1289, Sec. 5, eff. Sept. 1, 2001
Amended By Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. 1390, Sec. 16, eff. Sept. 1, 1999
Amended by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 751, Sec. 47, eff. Sept. 1, 1995
Added by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 20, Sec. 1, eff. April 20, 1995.
§ 161.001. Involuntary Termination Of Parent-Child Relationship.
Archive

Texas Statutes

Family Code

Title 5. The Parent-Child Relationship And The Suit Affecting The Parent-Child Relationship

Subtitle B. Suits Affecting The Parent-Child Relationship

Chapter 161. Termination Of The Parent-Child Relationship

Subchapter A. Grounds

Current through the 1st Called Session of the 82nd Legislature (2011)

§ 161.001. Involuntary Termination Of Parent-Child Relationship

The court may order termination of the parent-child relationship if the court finds by clear and convincing evidence:

(1) that the parent has:

(A) voluntarily left the child alone or in the possession of another not the parent and expressed an intent not to
return;

(B) voluntarily left the child alone or in the possession of another not the parent without expressing an intent to
return, without providing for the adequate support of the child, and remained away for a period of at least three
months;

(C) voluntarily left the child alone or in the possession of another without providing adequate support of the child and
remained away for a period of at least six months;

(D) knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the child to remain in conditions or surroundings which endanger the
physical or emotional well-being of the child;

(E) engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged in conduct which endangers the
physical or emotional well-being of the child;

(F) failed to support the child in accordance with the parent's ability during a period of one year ending within six
months of the date of the filing of the petition;

(G) abandoned the child without identifying the child or furnishing means of identification, and the child's identity
cannot be ascertained by the exercise of reasonable diligence;

(H) voluntarily, and with knowledge of the pregnancy, abandoned the mother of the child beginning at a time during
her pregnancy with the child and continuing through the birth, failed to provide adequate support or medical care for
the mother during the period of abandonment before the birth of the child, and remained apart from the child or
failed to support the child since the birth;

(I) contumaciously refused to submit to a reasonable and lawful order of a court under Subchapter D, Chapter 261;
(J) been the major cause of:

(i) the failure of the child to be enrolled in school as required by the Education Code; or

(ii) the child's absence from the child's home without the consent of the parents or guardian for a substantial length
of time or without the intent to return;

(K) executed before or after the suit is filed an unrevoked or irrevocable affidavit of relinquishment of parental rights
as provided by this chapter;

(L) been convicted or has been placed on community supervision, including deferred adjudication community
supervision, for being criminally responsible for the death or serious injury of a child under the following sections of
the Penal Code or adjudicated under Title 3 for conduct that caused the death or serious injury of a child and that
would constitute a violation of one of the following Penal Code sections:

(i) Section 19.02 (murder);

(ii) Section 19.03 (capital murder);

(iii) Section 19.04 (manslaughter);

(iv) Section 21.11 (indecency with a child);

(v) Section 22.01 (assault);

(vi) Section 22.011 (sexual assault);

(vii) Section 22.02 (aggravated assault);

(viii) Section 22.021 (aggravated sexual assault);

(ix) Section 22.04 (injury to a child, elderly individual, or disabled individual);

(x) Section 22.041 (abandoning or endangering child);

(xi) Section 25.02 (prohibited sexual conduct);

(xii) Section 43.25 (sexual performance by a child);

(xiii) Section 43.26 (possession or promotion of child pornography);

(xiv) Section 21.02 (continuous sexual abuse of young child or children);

(xv) Section 20A.02(a)(7) or (8) (trafficking of persons); and

(xvi) Section 43.05(a)(2) (compelling prostitution);

(M) had his or her parent-child relationship terminated with respect to another child based on a finding that the
parent's conduct was in violation of Paragraph (D) or (E) or substantially equivalent provisions of the law of another
state;
(N) constructively abandoned the child who has been in the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of
the Department of Family and Protective Services or an authorized agency for not less than six months, and:

(i) the department or authorized agency has made reasonable efforts to return the child to the parent;

(ii) the parent has not regularly visited or maintained significant contact with the child; and

(iii) the parent has demonstrated an inability to provide the child with a safe environment;

(O) failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically established the actions necessary for the
parent to obtain the return of the child who has been in the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of
the Department of Family and Protective Services for not less than nine months as a result of the child's removal
from the parent under Chapter 262 for the abuse or neglect of the child;

(P) used a controlled substance, as defined by Chapter 481, Health and Safety Code, in a manner that endangered
the health or safety of the child, and:

(i) failed to complete a court-ordered substance abuse treatment program; or

(ii) after completion of a court-ordered substance abuse treatment program, continued to abuse a controlled
substance;

(Q) knowingly engaged in criminal conduct that has resulted in the parent's:

(i) conviction of an offense; and

(ii) confinement or imprisonment and inability to care for the child for not less than two years from the date of filing
the petition;

(R) been the cause of the child being born addicted to alcohol or a controlled substance, other than a controlled
substance legally obtained by prescription, as defined by Section 261.001;

(S) voluntarily delivered the child to a designated emergency infant care provider under Section 262.302 without
expressing an intent to return for the child; or

(T) been convicted of:

(i) the murder of the other parent of the child under Section 19.02 or 19.03, Penal Code, or under a law of another
state, federal law, the law of a foreign country, or the Uniform Code of Military Justice that contains elements that
are substantially similar to the elements of an offense under Section 19.02 or 19.03, Penal Code;

(ii) criminal attempt under Section 15.01, Penal Code, or under a law of another state, federal law, the law of a
foreign country, or the Uniform Code of Military Justice that contains elements that are substantially similar to the
elements of an offense under Section 15.01, Penal Code, to commit the offense described by Subparagraph (i); or

(iii) criminal solicitation under Section 15.03, Penal Code, or under a law of another state, federal law, the law of a
foreign country, or the Uniform Code of Military Justice that contains elements that are substantially similar to the
elements of an offense under Section 15.03, Penal Code, of the offense described by Subparagraph (i); and

(2) that termination is in the best interest of the child.

Cite as Tex. Fam. Code§161.001
History. Amended By Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1, Sec. 4.02, eff. September 1, 2011.

Amended By Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 86, Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2009.

Amended By Acts 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., Ch. 593, Sec. 3.30, eff. September 1, 2007.

Amended By Acts 2005, 79th Leg., Ch. 508, Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2005.

Amended By Acts 2001, 77th Leg., ch. 809, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 2001.

Amended By Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. 1087, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1999

Amended By Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. 1390, Sec. 18, eff. Sept. 1, 1999

Amended By Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 575, Sec. 9, eff. Sept. 1, 1997

Amended By Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 1022, Sec. 60, eff. Sept. 1, 1997

Amended by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 709, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1995

Amended By Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 751, Sec. 65, eff. Sept. 1, 1995

Added by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 20, Sec. 1, eff. April 20, 1995.