Court Opinion

ID: 6497078
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-01 00:02:27.815447+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:49:39.901704
License: Public Domain

Filed 6/30/22 P. v. Yang CA5

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                     FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

    THE PEOPLE,
                                                                                             F081990
           Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                               (Super. Ct. No. F20901012)
                    v.

    KER YANG,                                                                             OPINION
           Defendant and Appellant.

                                                   THE COURT*
         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Fresno County. F. Brian
Alvarez, Judge.
         William J. Capriola, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Darren K. Indermill and Kari
Ricci Mueller, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                                        -ooOoo-

*        Before Hill, P. J., Franson, J. and Peña, J.
       Defendant Ker Yang contends on appeal that (1) his sentence must be vacated and
the case remanded for resentencing because the trial court relied on an improper
aggravating factor when imposing the upper term on count 1; (2) the nonvisitation order
must be amended to apply only to A.V., and to terminate upon her 18th birthday; and
(3) the sentence must be vacated and the case remanded for resentencing in light of
Senate Bill No. 567’s (2021–2022 Reg. Sess.) (Senate Bill 567) amendments to Penal
Code section 1170, subdivision (b).1
       We order the trial court to amend the nonvisitation order to apply only to A.V.,
and to terminate upon her 18th birthday. We also vacate defendant’s sentence and
remand for resentencing in light of amended section 1170, subdivision (b). In all other
respects, we affirm.
                              PROCEDURAL SUMMARY
       On February 26, 2020, the Fresno County District Attorney filed an information
charging defendant with sexual penetration by force of Jane Doe I, a child under the age
of 14 years (§ 289, subd. (a)(1)(B); count 1); sexual penetration of Jane Doe I, a child
10 years of age or younger (§ 288.7, subd. (b); count 2); and lewd conduct upon Jane
Doe II, a 14- or 15-year-old child (§ 288, subd. (c)(1); count 3).2
       On October 1, 2020, a jury found defendant guilty on all three counts.
       On October 30, 2020, the trial court sentenced defendant to a term of 12 years,
eight months, plus 15 years to life in prison as follows: 12 years (the upper term), on
count 1; an indeterminate term of 15 years to life, consecutive, on count 2; and
eight months (one-third the middle term), consecutive, on count 3. A nonvisitation order

1      All statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2      On September 18, 2020, continuous sexual abuse of Jane Doe I, a child under the
age of 14 years (§ 288.5, subd. (a)), originally count 1, was dismissed at the request of the
prosecutor, and the remaining three charges, counts 2, 3, and 4, were respectively
renumbered 1, 2, and 3.

                                             2.
was also issued against defendant ordering no visitation between defendant and A.V. and
L.V.
       On October 30, 2020, defendant filed a notice of appeal.
                                FACTUAL SUMMARY
       Defendant’s wife, Payao, has four younger sisters, L.V., S.V., G.V., and A.V.
When Payao’s sisters were elementary, middle and high school age, they would
frequently babysit defendant and Payao’s young children.
       Payao’s youngest sister, A.V., started helping babysit defendant’s children when
she was in kindergarten. A.V. frequently spent the night at defendant’s house after
babysitting the children.
       When A.V. was in kindergarten, defendant started coming into the bedroom while
she slept and would touch her breast area and rub her vagina. His conduct escalated to
digital penetration of A.V. “[w]henever he got the chance”—more than 30 times—from
the time she was in first grade until she was in seventh grade. Defendant also began to
rape A.V. while she was in elementary school. A.V. would awake to defendant touching
her breasts and vagina before he inserted his penis into her vagina. She always pushed
him away and told him to stop but he would not. This happened “[t]oo many [times] to
count,” but more than 20 or 30 times. When she would refuse to go in the bedroom with
him while she was babysitting, he would force her, despite his own children sometimes
trying to stop him and keep the door open. Defendant’s minor son testified at trial that on
one occasion he was able to jimmy the bedroom door lock and open it enough to witness
defendant on top of A.V., covering her mouth and trying to remove her clothes while
A.V. struggled and tried to push defendant away. A.V. moved out of town for her
seventh grade school year, but upon her return the following year, defendant again raped
and assaulted her. She never told her parents or Payao because she was scared, worried
about her family, and did not want to cause trouble.

                                            3.
       Defendant also sexually molested L.V. while she was a young teenager babysitting
his children. When she was approximately 14 years old, she awoke to one of defendant’s
hands under her shirt squeezing her breasts. She pretended to be asleep, hoping he would
stop, but instead, he began rubbing her vagina over her underwear. He eventually
stopped when she turned her body away from him. On another occasion, she awoke
when one of her other sisters, S.V., who was sleeping in the same room as L.V., woke up
and saw defendant about to touch L.V. as she was sleeping and asked defendant, “ ‘What
the hell are you doing?’ ” He told the girls he was not doing anything and left the room.
       In August 2018, defendant’s minor son told his mother, Payao, that defendant had
“S-E-X to [A.V.].” He had told her this once the year prior, but she had dismissed it
when she confronted defendant and he claimed their son was lying. However, after their
son’s August 2018 disclosure, Payao called her sister, L.V., who was with A.V. at the
time, and asked A.V. if defendant had had sex with her. A.V., who was thirteen years old
at the time, initially said nothing, but started crying and eventually admitted that
defendant had sexually assaulted her. Payao then confronted defendant, who admitted
having sex with A.V. Later that day, L.V. and A.V. went to Payao and defendant’s
house, and A.V. told Payao that defendant had been sexually assaulting her and raping
her for as long as she could remember. L.V. was extremely upset and called 911 to report
that defendant had molested A.V. After interviewing L.V., A.V., Payao, and defendant,
defendant was transported to the Fresno Police headquarters, where he was interviewed
by detectives and placed under arrest. During his interview by police, defendant admitted
that he made a “mistake” by having sexual intercourse with A.V. and sexually assaulting
G.V. on numerous occasions, but denied touching S.V. and L.V. and denied having
sexual intercourse with anyone other than A.V.
       During a break in the interview, defendant wrote a letter to Payao apologizing and
telling her he still loved her, which he crumpled up. He then wrote her another letter in
which he asked Payao to be strong and admitted he had not been a good father or

                                              4.
husband, that he “wish[ed] that this never had happened so [they could] still be a family,”
and that he wanted to fix his mistake so he could watch his kids grow up. In the second
letter, he addressed Payao’s sisters, A.V., L.V., S.V., and G.V., writing that he was sorry
for his “mistake” and asked for their understanding and forgiveness.
        A.V. and L.V. testified to the events discussed above at trial. S.V. and Payao’s
brother’s wife, C.Y., also testified at trial that defendant touched their breasts while they
were sleeping on various occasions when they were between the ages of 11 and 20 years
old, and Payao testified that she witnessed defendant touch her sister G.V.’s breasts while
she was sleeping also.
                                       DISCUSSION
   I.      Nonvisitation Order
        Defendant contends the nonvisitation order imposed pursuant to section 1202.05
must be amended to reflect that it only applies to one of the victims, A.V., and that it ends
on her 18th birthday.
        At sentencing, the trial court broadly ordered no visitation between defendant and
his victims in this case, pursuant to section 1202.05. At the time of trial, L.V. was
22 years old. Neither the oral pronouncement by the trial court nor the minute order state
that the nonvisitation order ends when A.V. reaches the age of 18.
        Nonvisitation orders pursuant to section 1202.5 are limited to victims who are
minors. (§ 1202.05; People v. Ochoa (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 562, 565 [§ 1202.05,
subd. (a) encompasses “only child victims of enumerated sex offenses for which a
defendant was sentenced to prison”].) “Nothing in the legislative history [of
section 1202.05] suggests any intention or expectation that the act would affect visitation
between adult victims and their childhood abusers. On the contrary, the Legislature
clearly contemplates that only children would be affected.… Once a victim has reached
[the age of 18,] the act has no effect on her or his ability to visit the defendant in prison.”
(People v. Scott (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 1303, 1323.)

                                               5.
          As L.V. was over the age of 18 when the trial court imposed the nonvisitation
order pursuant to section 1202.05, we order the trial court to amend the nonvisitation
order to reflect that it only applies to A.V., and that it will terminate upon A.V.’s
18th birthday.
    II.      Senate Bill 567
          Defendant contends the trial court’s sentence to the upper term on count 1 should
be vacated and the case remanded in light of Senate Bill 567’s amendments to
section 1170, subdivision (b).3 The People argue that although Senate Bill 567’s
amendments to section 1170, subdivision (b), apply here, vacating defendant’s sentence
and remanding the case for resentencing is unnecessary because any error is harmless, as
the jury would have found at least one of the aggravating factors relied upon by the trial
court true beyond a reasonable doubt. As we explain below, whether the jury would have
found true beyond a reasonable doubt the facts underlying at least one of the aggravating
circumstances is not the relevant question in this context. Instead, to find that the error
was harmless we would have to conclude: (1)(a) beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury
would have found beyond a reasonable doubt that the facts underlying at least one
aggravating circumstance was true and (1)(b) that there is no reasonable probability the
jury would not have found the remaining aggravating circumstance(s) true beyond a
reasonable doubt, and if all circumstances are not found true according to their respective
standards, (2) that there is no reasonable probability that the trial court would have
imposed a sentence other than the upper term in light of the aggravating circumstances

3       Defendant also contends that the trial court relied on an improper aggravating
factor, that defendant lacked remorse for his victims, in sentencing defendant to the upper
term in count 1, but we will not address this argument, as the trial court’s sentence to the
upper term in count 1 is now vacated for the trial court to resentence defendant in light of
Senate Bill 567’s amendments to section 1170, subdivision (b).

                                              6.
provable from the record as determined in the prior steps.4 We vacate defendant’s
sentence and remand the case for resentencing.
       A.     Background
       On October 1, 2020, a jury found defendant guilty on counts 1 through 3. The
trial court sentenced defendant to the upper term of 12 years on count 1.
       Prior to sentencing, the probation department recommended two circumstances in
aggravation and one circumstance in mitigation to the trial court. The probation officer
recommended that defendant be sentenced to 12 years (the upper term) for count 1.
       At the sentencing hearing, the trial court sentenced defendant in accordance with
the probation officer’s recommendation, stating:

               “The judgment the Court’s going to give … is not one that anyone
       would classify as being short. These types of crimes necessarily involve
       lengthy prison terms, it’s the society and our Legislature’s view that these
       types of crimes are the most heinous, crimes against children. More so
       when they’re repetitively done as the evidence set forth in this case. I am
       cognizant that there may have been cultural issues involved with regards to
       being married fairly early on and maybe having access to younger people.
       But I’m also cognizant of the fact that notwithstanding that culture, a
       five or six-year-old child is not someone’s sexual play thing. And what the
       Court heard in this case was quite disturbing. The sentence the Court is
       going to pronounce demonstrates that it is one of the most heinous types of
       offenses that a person could commit, notwithstanding their lack of criminal
       history. Many times in these types of cases people who commit these
       crimes have no criminal history. It’s because they haven’t been caught.

               “Probation is denied [to] the [d]efendant because he is ineligible for
       a grant of probation pursuant to … [s]ection 1203.065. After a
       consideration of the circumstances both in mitigation and in aggravation as
       follows: The [c]ourt notes with regards to [c]ount [1], that the [d]efendant
       took advantage of a position of trust and confidence to commit the offenses.
       In mitigation, the [c]ourt finds that [d]efendant has no prior record or any
       significant record of criminal conduct. The [c]ourt notes that there’s been a

4      In order to reach the second step, the reviewing court must conclude beyond a
reasonable doubt that the jury would have found at least one aggravating circumstance
true beyond a reasonable doubt. Otherwise, the sentence violates the Sixth Amendment.

                                             7.
       lack of real remorse by [d]efendant as a circumstance in aggravation. He
       never once apologized for the harm that he caused to the children, his
       sister-in-laws, granted this is not a [f]amily [c]ourt, but the harm that he
       caused caused more harm than just the people that he victimized. It caused
       a rippling effect to other family members, both family members on both
       sides, frankly. The [c]ourt considers his lack of remorse to the victims in
       this case as a circumstance in aggravation. And, accordingly, the Court
       will order that he’s to receive the upper term for [c]ount [1] of 12 years in
       state prison.”
       B.     Law
       On October 8, 2021, Senate Bill 567 was signed into law. It amends the
determinate sentencing law, section 1170, subdivision (b), which delineates the trial
court’s authority to impose one of three statutory terms of imprisonment, known as the
lower, middle, or upper terms, by making the middle term the presumptive sentence for a
term of imprisonment, unless certain circumstances exist. (See Stats. 2021, ch. 731,
§ 1.3, adding § 1170, subd. (b)(1), (2).) Effective January 1, 2022, under the newly
amended law, the trial court may impose an upper term sentence only where there are
circumstances in aggravation, and the facts underlying all of the aggravating
circumstances have been stipulated to by the defendant or found true beyond a reasonable
doubt by a jury or court trial. (Ibid.)
       Under amended section 1170, subdivision (b)(5), the trial court must “set forth on
the record the facts and reasons for choosing the sentence imposed. The court may not
impose an upper term by using the fact of any enhancement upon which sentence is
imposed under any provision of law.” (§ 1170, subd. (b)(5).)
       C.     Analysis
       Senate Bill 567 went into effect on January 1, 2022. Absent evidence to the
contrary, the Legislature intends amendments to statutes that reduce the punishment for a
particular crime to apply to all defendants whose judgments are not yet final on the
amendment’s operative date. (People v. Superior Court (Lara) (2018) 4 Cal.5th 299,
307–308 [discussing In re Estrada (1965) 63 Cal.2d 740]; People v. Brown (2012) 54

                                             8.
Cal.4th 314, 323.) The “consideration of paramount importance” is whether the
amendment lessens punishment. (Estrada, at p. 744.) If so, the “inevitable inference [is]
that the Legislature must have intended that the new statute” apply retroactively.
(Estrada, at p. 745.) As Senate Bill 567’s amendments to section 1170, subdivision (b),
lessen punishment, and there is no indication that the Legislature intended it to apply
prospectively only, the new law must be retroactively applied. Therefore, the amendment
to section 1170, subdivision (b), applies to all cases not final on Senate Bill 567’s
effective date. (Estrada, at pp. 745–746; People v. Flores (2022) 73 Cal.App.5th 1032,
1039.)
         As a threshold matter, the parties agree that Senate Bill 567 is retroactive to cases
not yet final on appeal pursuant to Estrada, and that defendant’s case was not final on
January 1, 2022. We agree.
         Here, none of the facts underlying either of the two circumstances in aggravation
cited by the trial court were admitted by defendant or presented to or found true by the
jury. Nevertheless, the upper term was imposed on count 1. Defendant’s sentence to the
upper term on count 1 by the trial court is therefore not consistent with the requirements
of Senate Bill 567’s amendment to section 1170, subdivision (b).5 Therefore, unless
imposition of the upper term on count 1 was harmless, the sentence must be vacated and
the matter must be remanded to the trial court for resentencing in compliance with
section 1170, subdivision (b).
         The People first contend that any error was harmless because the jury would have
found true at least one of the relied upon aggravating circumstances had they been

5      In the following harmless error discussion, we refer to section 1170,
subdivision (b) “error.” However, we note that at the time the trial court sentenced
defendant, it correctly applied the law. Accordingly, while we refer to section 1170,
subdivision (b) “error,” we are mindful that the trial court complied with the applicable
law at the time of sentencing.

                                               9.
submitted to a jury. For that proposition, they rely on People v. Flores (2022) 75
Cal.App.5th 495 (Flores), which applied the harmless-beyond-a-reasonable-doubt
standard of harmless error from Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18 as adapted to
the context of violations of the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial on aggravating
circumstances by People v. Sandoval (2007) 41 Cal.4th 825, 838–839 (Sandoval).6
(Flores, at pp. 500–501.) Flores articulated the harmless error standard in the Senate
Bill 567 error context as follows: “ ‘[I]f a reviewing court concludes, beyond a
reasonable doubt, that the jury, applying the beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard,
unquestionably would have found true at least a single aggravating circumstance had it
been submitted to the jury,’ the error is harmless.” (Flores, at p. 500, italics added.) We
respectfully disagree with the People and Flores that Sandoval applies in this context. A
reviewing court concluding beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury would have found the
facts underlying a single circumstance in aggravation true beyond a reasonable doubt is
insufficient to conclude that any error under section 1170, subdivision (b) was harmless.
       To explain our disagreement with Flores, we consider the origin of the harmless
error standard it applied. In Cunningham, the Supreme Court held that California’s
determinate sentencing law (as it existed from 1977 to 2007) violated the
Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial because it permitted a trial judge to determine facts
(other than a prior conviction) that would allow imposition of a sentence in excess of the
statutory maximum.7 (Cunningham, supra, 549 U.S. at pp. 275–276.) As Cunningham

6      Sandoval, as we explain in more detail below, considered the standard for
harmless error in the context of Cunningham v. California (2007) 549 U.S. 270
(Cunningham) error—where a sentence in excess of the statutory maximum sentence was
imposed under California’s former determinate sentencing law without submitting the
facts authorizing such a sentence to a jury.
7      In the Sixth Amendment context, the statutory maximum “ ‘is not the maximum
sentence a judge may impose after finding additional facts, but the maximum he may
impose without any additional findings.’ ” (Cunningham, 549 U.S. at p. 275.)

                                            10.
explained, the Supreme Court had long held that any fact that permitted imposition of a
sentence beyond the statutory maximum had to be proved to a jury beyond a reasonable
doubt. (Id. at p. 281.) Under the California determinate sentencing law, a statutory
presumption existed that “ ‘[t]he middle term [would] be selected unless imposition of
the upper or lower term [was] justified by circumstances in aggravation or mitigation.’ ”
(Id. at p. 278.) Under the then-existing statutory scheme, those circumstances in
aggravation or mitigation—and the underlying facts related to those circumstances—
were to be determined by the trial court, not the jury. (Ibid.) The Supreme Court
therefore determined that the imposition of an upper term without having the facts
underlying the aggravating circumstances proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt
violated the Sixth Amendment. (Id. at p. 293.)
       In Sandoval, our Supreme Court considered whether an upper-term sentence
imposed pursuant to the pre-Cunningham determinate sentencing law—i.e., imposed
based on judicial findings of fact on circumstances in aggravation—was harmless error
under the Sixth Amendment. (Sandoval, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 837.) It explained that
the trial court had relied upon multiple aggravating circumstances, none of which had
been proved to a jury, admitted by the defendant, or based on the fact of a prior
conviction. (Id. at pp. 837–838.) The upper-term sentence therefore violated the
defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights under Cunningham. The Sandoval court then
considered whether the violation was harmless. To that end, it articulated the following
standard: “if a reviewing court concludes, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the jury,
applying the beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard, unquestionably would have found true
at least a single aggravating circumstance had it been submitted to the jury, the
Sixth Amendment error properly may be found harmless.” (Sandoval, at p. 839.) In the
Sixth Amendment context, the issue was whether the “ ‘defendant [was] eligible for the
upper term’ ”; the trial court’s consideration of additional circumstances not proved to a
jury was not a federal constitutional question. (Sandoval, at p. 839.)

                                            11.
       As noted, in Flores, the Court of Appeal for the First District, Division Three
extended the standard for harmless error applied in the Sixth Amendment context in
Sandoval to section 1170, subdivision (b)(2) error.8 (Flores, supra, 75 Cal.App.5th at
pp. 500–501.) The Court of Appeal for the Fourth District, Division One disagreed with
Flores on that point. (People v. Lopez (2022) 78 Cal.App.5th 459, 465–468 (Lopez).)
       The court in Lopez agreed with Flores that section 1170, subdivision (b)(2) error is
subject to a harmless error analysis: “[W]here a sentencing factor must be found true by
a jury beyond a reasonable doubt and the court fails to submit that factor to the jury, the
error in the court’s reliance on that fact may be subject to harmless error review as to
whether the lack of a finding by the jury was prejudicial .…” (Lopez, supra, 78
Cal.App.5th at p. 465.) But Lopez disagreed with Flores on the correct standard for
harmlessness. Instead of the Sandoval harmless error standard, the Lopez court applied
the following two-part standard for harmlessness: First, “[i]n order to conclude that the
trial court’s reliance on improper factors that were not found true by a jury[,] … admitted
by [the defendant, or based on certified records of conviction] was not prejudicial, [the
reviewing court] would have to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that a jury would
have found true beyond a reasonable doubt every factor on which the court relied,
because the amended statute requires that every factor on which a court intends to rely in
imposing an upper term, with the exception of factors related to a defendant’s prior
conviction(s), have been admitted by the defendant or proven to a jury (see § 1170,
subd. (b)).” (Lopez, at pp. 465–466.) According to Lopez, if that conclusion is made, the
defendant has suffered no prejudice. (Id. at p. 467 & fn. 11.) If not, the reviewing court
“then consider[s] the second question, which is whether [it] can be certain, to the degree
required by People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836 [(Watson)], that the trial court

8      The Flores court did not explain why it concluded that the harmless error test
applied in Sandoval applies in this context.

                                             12.
would nevertheless have exercised its discretion to select the upper term if it had
recognized that it could permissibly rely on only a single one of the aggravating factors, a
few of the aggravating factors, or none of the aggravating factors, rather than all of the
factors on which it previously relied. If the answer to both of these questions is ‘no,’ then
it is clear that remand to the trial court for resentencing is necessary.” (Lopez, at p. 467,
fn. 11.)
       Lopez reasoned it is not enough that the reviewing court conclude that a trial court
was permitted to impose the upper term because the jury would have found true a single
aggravating circumstance beyond a reasonable doubt; whether the trial court could have
imposed the upper term did not completely resolve the issue. (Lopez, supra, 78
Cal.App.5th at p. 467.) Instead, when a reviewing court concludes beyond a reasonable
doubt that a jury would have found true fewer than all the aggravating circumstances
beyond a reasonable doubt, it must still ask whether it is reasonably probable the trial
court “would have exercised its discretion” to impose a sentence less than the upper term
in the absence of the unproved aggravating circumstance(s). (Ibid.)
       We agree with the Lopez court that a reviewing court finding beyond a reasonable
doubt that the jury would have found a single aggravating circumstance true beyond a
reasonable doubt is insufficient to conclude that the error was harmless. In other words,
we disagree with Flores that Sandoval is applicable in this context. We further agree that
the second step of the Lopez analysis—considering whether the trial court would have
imposed a lesser term in absence of the aggravating circumstances not provable on the
record before the reviewing court—is necessary. To find that section 1170,
subdivision (b) error is harmless when fewer than all of the circumstances relied upon by
the trial court could have been proved to the jury, we must determine whether the trial
court would nevertheless have imposed the upper term based on the remaining
aggravating circumstances.

                                             13.
       Despite our agreement with Lopez on the majority of the standard it articulated, we
are unconvinced that the Chapman standard of harmless error—applicable to errors
implicating federal constitutional rights—must be applied to all aggravating
circumstances in the Lopez court’s first step. Lopez does not provide a clear explanation
for why the Chapman standard for harmless error applies to all aggravating
circumstances. Indeed, the only citation that the Lopez court provides for the proposition
that Chapman applies to every circumstance is citation to section 1170, subdivision (b),
itself. While Sandoval directs that at least one aggravating factor must be proved to the
Chapman harmless error standard to satisfy the Sixth Amendment (i.e., for it to be
permissible for the trial court to impose the upper term consistent with the
Sixth Amendment), ordinary errors of state law are subject to review pursuant to Watson,
supra, 46 Cal.2d 818.9 (People v. Breverman (1998) 19 Cal.4th 142, 171 [when a state
statutory right to a jury determination is violated, such error “is state law error alone, and
thus subject, under article VI, section 13 of the California Constitution, to the Watson
harmless error test”; “the state-created right to jury determination” does not implicate
federal due process interests].)
       We note that the Chapman standard of harmless error is compelled when an
element of an offense or a sentencing factor necessary to impose a sentence above the
statutory maximum is not presented to the jury. (Washington v. Recuenco (2006) 548
U.S. 212, 220 [firearm enhancement sentencing factor harmless error is decided pursuant
to Chapman]; People v. French (2008) 43 Cal.4th 36, 52–53 [applying only Chapman

9       The test under Watson is whether, “ ‘after an examination of the entire cause,
including the evidence,’ [the reviewing court] is of the ‘opinion’ that it is reasonably
probable that a result more favorable to the appealing party would have been reached in
the absence of the error.” (Watson, supra, 46 Cal.2d at p. 836.) In this context, the
question for the reviewing court would be whether there is a reasonable probability that
the trial court would not have found the aggravating circumstance(s) true beyond a
reasonable doubt.

                                             14.
where the trial court imposed the upper term based on one aggravating circumstance and
that circumstance was not proved to the jury].) A fact that is necessary to impose a
sentence above the statutory maximum must be proved to a jury beyond a reasonable
doubt. However, as Sandoval has made clear, when multiple aggravating circumstances
not proved to the jury are relied upon by a trial court in imposing the upper term, the
reviewing court must only conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that one of those
circumstances would have been found true by the jury beyond a reasonable doubt to
avoid offending the Sixth Amendment. (Sandoval, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 839 [so long as
a defendant is eligible for the upper term by virtue of facts that have been established
consistently with Sixth Amendment principles, the federal Constitution permits the trial
court to rely upon any number of aggravating circumstances in exercising its discretion to
select the appropriate term by balancing aggravating and mitigating circumstances,
regardless of whether the facts underlying those circumstances have been found to be true
by a jury].) Accordingly, one aggravating circumstance must be reviewed pursuant to
Chapman, but the remaining aggravating circumstances involve only a state-created right
to a jury trial that must be reviewed pursuant to Watson.
       In sum, we think the correct standard for harmless error lies between the standards
articulated in Flores and Lopez; Flores sets too low a standard for harmlessness and
Lopez too high. We instead apply a version of the standard articulated in Lopez, modified
to incorporate Watson in the first step: The reviewing court determines (1)(a) beyond a
reasonable doubt whether the jury would have found one aggravating circumstance true
beyond a reasonable doubt and (1)(b) whether there is a reasonable probability that the
jury would have found any remaining aggravating circumstance(s) true beyond a
reasonable doubt. If the aggravating circumstances would have been proved to the
respective standards, any error was harmless. If not, we move to the second step of
Lopez, (2) whether there is a reasonable probability that the trial court would have
imposed a sentence other than the upper term in light of the aggravating circumstances

                                            15.
provable from the record as determined in the prior steps. If the answer is no, the error
was harmless. If the answer is yes, we vacate the sentence and remand for resentencing
consistent with section 1170, subdivision (b).
       With that standard in mind, we revisit the aggravating circumstances relied upon
by the trial court.
       First, we must determine beyond a reasonable doubt whether the jury would have
found one aggravating circumstance true beyond a reasonable doubt. Here, the jury did
not make a specific finding as to the facts underlying the first aggravating circumstance,
that defendant used a position of trust to commit his offenses. However, on count 1, the
jury found beyond a reasonable doubt at trial that defendant was A.V.’s much-older
brother-in-law and that he sexually assaulted A.V. between August 1 and August 18,
2018, while he was employing her as a babysitter for his children.10 Because of this, we
conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that, had the issue of whether he used a position of
trust to commit his offenses been submitted to the jury, the jury would have assessed the
facts underlying this first aggravating factor based on the evidence heard at trial about
A.V’s and defendant’s respective ages, familial relationship, and his position as her
employer, in the same manner as the trial court, to find beyond a reasonable doubt that
defendant used his position of trust with A.V. to commit his offenses.
       As we conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that one aggravating circumstance
would have been found true beyond a reasonable doubt had it been submitted to the jury,
we next must determine whether we can conclude that there is no reasonable probability
that the jury would not have found the remaining aggravating circumstance true beyond a
reasonable doubt. Here, the jury did not make a specific finding as to the facts
underlying the second aggravating circumstance cited by the trial court, that defendant

10     The charge against defendant in count 1 was sexual penetration by force of Jane
Doe I (A.V.), a child under the age of 14 years (§ 289, subd. (a)(1)(B)) between August 1
and August 18, 2018.

                                            16.
lacked remorse for his victims. However, unlike the first aggravating factor, we cannot
conclude that the jury would have assessed the facts underlying the second aggravating
circumstance, that defendant lacked remorse for his victims, in the same manner as the
trial court. Unlike the first aggravating factor, this factor encompasses evidence that a
jury may have assessed in any number of different ways.
       Significantly, as to defendant’s lack of remorse for the victims, the jury heard
evidence that defendant wrote a letter during his police interview that included an
apology to his victims, including A.V. In that letter, defendant stated, “ ‘I will fix my
mistake .… To all the persons in the past that I have make mistake or touched them,
sorry to [G.V.], sorry to [S.V.], sorry to [L.V.], sorry to [B.], and so, so sorry to [A.V.]
for what I have done to you. Sorry, sorry, sorry.… I don’t know how to put in word to
explain my feeling and my mistake.… I wanted to said sorry to all the people that around
me, include friend and family for my mistake.… Sorry to [Payao’s] sister .… I make
mistake.…’ ” Furthermore, in his statement to the trial court during sentencing,
defendant apologized for his “mistake,” stating, “And that was my mistake in life,”
although that statement was directed to his wife and children in the context of explaining
that he worked too much and spent too much time away from his wife and children. He
continued during his statement, “And I want to apologize to the people that I have
brought their name to this case. That’s all. Thank you very much.” As a result of this
conflicting evidence in the record, we conclude that there is a reasonable likelihood the
jury would not have found the remaining aggravating circumstance, that defendant lacked
remorse for his victims, true beyond a reasonable doubt.
       As there is a reasonable likelihood the jury would not have found this
second aggravating circumstance true beyond a reasonable doubt, we must next
determine whether there is a reasonable probability that the trial court would have
imposed a sentence other than the upper term in light of the aggravating circumstances
provable from the record as determined in the prior steps. Here, the record does not

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clearly indicate the trial court necessarily would have imposed the upper term for count 1
absent its consideration of both the aggravating circumstances it identified, as the trial
court relied on both aggravating circumstances and did not state that either one of them,
standing alone, would have caused it to make the same sentencing choice. When
explaining its decision to impose the upper term, the trial court discussed the
second aggravating circumstance, that defendant lacked remorse for his victims, more
extensively than the first aggravating circumstance, that defendant used a position of trust
to commit his offenses. As the record shows that the trial court relied on both
aggravating circumstances when imposing the upper term, we must conclude there is a
reasonable probability that the trial court would have imposed a term less than the upper
term. Accordingly, the error was not harmless, and we must vacate and remand
defendant’s case for resentencing consistent with amended section 1170, subdivision (b).
       We express no opinion on how the trial court should exercise its discretion in
resentencing defendant under section 1170, subdivision (b).
                                      DISPOSITION
       We instruct the trial court to amend the nonvisitation order to reflect that it applies
only to A.V., and that it terminates upon A.V.’s 18th birthday. The sentence is vacated
and the matter is remanded for resentencing in light of amended section 1170,
subdivision (b). In all other respects, we affirm.

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