Court Opinion

ID: 2916027
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-10 20:03:06.314467+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:38:15.247100
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

CARLYLE INVESTMENT                           )
MANAGEMENT L.L.C., TC GROUP,                 )
L.L.C., TCG HOLDINGS, L.L.C., DAVID          )
M. RUBENSTEIN, DANIEL A.                     )
D‟ANIELLO, WILLIAM E. CONWAY,                )
JR., JAMES H. HANCE, JOHN C.                 )
STOMBER, and MICHAEL J. ZUPON,               )        C.A. No. 7841-VCP
                                             )
             Plaintiffs,                     )
                                             )
      v.                                     )
                                             )
MOONMOUTH COMPANY S.A., PLAZA                )
MANAGEMENT OVERSEAS S.A.,                    )
PARBOLD OVERSEAS LTD., LOUIS                 )
J.K.J. REIJTENBAGH, and STICHTING            )
RECOVERY CCC,                                )
                                             )
             Defendants.                     )

                            MEMORANDUM OPINION

                             Date Submitted: May 1, 2015
                           Date Decided: September 10, 2015

R. Judson Scaggs, Jr., Esq., Shannon E. German, Esq., MORRIS, NICHOLS, ARSHT &
TUNNELL LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Robert A. Van Kirk, Esq., R. Hackney
Wiegmann, Esq., Nicholas J. Boyle, Esq., Sarah F. Teich, Esq., Brian C. Rabbitt, Esq.,
WILLIAMS & CONNOLLY LLP, Washington, D.C.; Attorneys for Plaintiffs.

Michael F. Bonkowski, Esq., COLE, SCHOTZ, MEISEL, FORMAN & LEONARD,
P.A., Wilmington, Delaware; Alan Kolod, Esq., Mark N. Parry, Esq., Nicholas Brannick,
Esq., Gregory J. Fleesler, Esq., Zaid Shukri, Esq., MOSES & SINGER LLP, New York,
New York; Attorneys for Plaza Management Overseas S.A. and Louis J.K.J. Reijtenbagh.

David L. Finger, Esq., FINGER & SLANINA, LLC, Wilmington, Delaware; Attorneys
for Liquidators of Carlyle Capital Corporation Limited (in Liquidation).

PARSONS, Vice Chancellor.
       A group of plaintiffs, comprised of various individuals and entities related to a

private equity fund, filed suit against the defendant and several of his entities seeking

money damages and an injunction due to alleged breaches of various contracts containing

releases and forum selection clauses. The defendants moved to dismiss the complaint in

its entirety on the grounds of lack of personal jurisdiction, lack of subject matter

jurisdiction, and failure to state a claim. In the alternative, the defendants moved to strike

several paragraphs of the complaint as scandalous and impertinent.

       After briefing on the motion, I stayed this case pending resolution of the

defendants‟ efforts to remove to federal court. The Third Circuit Court of Appeals later

issued a decision confirming that the removal was improper and that the case properly

had been remanded to this court. That decision bears on the resolution of the defendants‟

motion. For the reasons that follow, the motion to dismiss is granted in part and denied

in part. Additionally, I deny the motion to strike, except for ordering a single footnote

stricken.

                                I.      BACKGROUND1

                                      A.        Parties

       Non-party Carlyle Capital Corporation, Ltd. (“CCC”) was a limited company

organized under the laws of the Island of Guernsey, Channel Islands in August 2006.

1
       The facts are drawn from the allegations in the plaintiffs‟ First Amended Verified
       Complaint (the “Complaint”), which are assumed true for purposes of the
       defendants‟ motion to dismiss, as well as documents integral to the Complaint.

                                            1
CCC invested primarily in residential mortgage backed securities tied to home mortgages

in the United States. As a result of the 2008 financial crisis, CCC‟s cash reserves were

depleted, and it was in default on various financing agreements as of early March 2008.

Later that month, CCC was placed into liquidation by the Royal Court of Guernsey, and

several liquidators (the “Liquidators”) were appointed to oversee the winding up of CCC.

      Plaintiff Carlyle Investment Management, L.L.C. (“CIM”) is a Delaware limited

liability company (“LLC”) with its principal places of business in the District of

Columbia and New York. CIM served as the investment manager of CCC from CCC‟s

inception until it was placed into liquidation. Plaintiff TC Group, L.L.C. (“The Carlyle

Group”) is an affiliate of both CIM and Plaintiff TCG Holdings, L.L.C. (“TCGH”), a

Delaware LLC that functions as a holding company.

      Plaintiffs David M. Rubenstein, Daniel A. D‟Aniello, and William E. Conway, Jr.

are co-founders and managing directors of The Carlyle Group. Plaintiffs James H.

Hance, John C. Stomber, and Michael J. Zupon held officer or director positions at CCC.

I refer to CIM, The Carlyle Group, TCGH, Rubenstein, D‟Aniello, Conway, Hance,

Stomber, and Zupon collectively as “Plaintiffs” or simply “Carlyle.”

      Defendant Louis J.K.J. Reijtenbagh is a Dutch citizen allegedly residing in Monte

Carlo, Monaco or Hong Kong. Defendants Moonmouth Company S.A. (“Moonmouth”),

Plaza Management Overseas, S.A. (“Plaza”), and Parbold Overseas, Ltd. (“Parbold”) are

companies affiliated with Reijtenbagh. Each is organized under the laws of the British

Virgin Islands. Reijtenbagh owns Plaza and serves as its President and CEO; he is also

the beneficial owner of Moonmouth and Parbold.

                                          2
      Defendant Stichting Recovery CCC (“SRCCC”) is an entity incorporated under

Dutch law, with its registered office in The Netherlands.2 SRCCC allegedly was created,

directly or indirectly, by or at the insistence of Reijtenbagh or his affiliates. SRCCC‟s

sole purpose is to represent the interests of CCC‟s stockholders. Together, Reijtenbagh,

Plaza, Parbold, Moonmouth, and SRCCC are referred to as “Defendants.”3

                                      B.       Facts

                      1.      Reijtenbagh’s investment in CCC

      Shortly after its formation, CCC began raising capital. On or about December 20,

2006, Reijtenbagh caused Plaza to cause Moonmouth to purchase three million Class B

shares of CCC for $60 million (the “Subscription Agreement”).4 In 2007, Reijtenbagh

2
      A “stichting” apparently is a special-purpose corporate form used to pursue what
      in the U.S. would be a class action. No comparable procedural device seems to
      exist under Dutch law, thus necessitating the use of the stichting.
3
      SRCCC, Moonmouth, and Parbold are essentially nominal defendants. Each
      entity has been dissolved. Moonmouth and Parbold were dissolved in November
      2012. Under the laws of the British Virgin Islands, “a dissolved company [cannot]
      be sued, and the company can take no legal action whatsoever. . . . Since both
      Moonmouth and Parbold ceased to exist under the law of the [British Virgin
      Islands] at the time of their dissolution, there is no legal possibility of their legal
      liability.” Carlyle Inv. Mgmt., LLC v. Plaza Mgmt. Overseas S.A., 2013 WL
4407685, at *2 (D. Del. Aug. 14, 2013) (remanding this action to this Court).
      SRCCC also was dissolved, but the date of that dissolution and the mechanics of
      Dutch corporate dissolution are not apparent in the record. Additionally, it does
      not seem that SRCCC ever was served. Accordingly, the only remaining actual
      defendants are Reijtenbagh and Plaza. The “Defendants” shorthand should be
      understood to incorporate this history.
4
      Aff. of Michael F. Bonkowski [hereinafter “Bonkowski Aff.”] Ex. 3 [hereinafter
      “SA”]. The SA is integral to the Complaint. Compl. ¶ 27. Plaza appears to have
      been the sole director of Moonmouth.

                                           3
caused Moonmouth to transfer one million of those shares to Parbold. Only Moonmouth

was a party to the Subscription Agreement. The Subscription Agreement provides that it

is to be “governed, construed and enforced solely under the laws of the State of

Delaware,”5 and it contains the following Delaware forum selection clause (the

“Subscription Agreement FSC”):

             The courts of the State of Delaware shall have exclusive
             jurisdiction over any action, suit or proceeding with respect to
             this Subscription Agreement and the Investor hereby
             irrevocably waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any
             objection that it may have, whether now or in the future, to
             the laying of venue in, or to the jurisdiction of, any and each
             of such courts for the purposes of any such suit, action,
             proceeding, or judgment and further waives any claim that
             any such suit, action, proceeding or judgment has been
             brought in an inconvenient forum, and the Investor hereby
             submits to such jurisdiction.6

      About a year and a half after CCC was incorporated, the recent financial crisis

struck, and “the U.S. financial markets experienced a sudden and extreme liquidity crisis,

resulting in unprecedented instability in both the valuation of CCC‟s assets and its

financing for those assets.”7 Soon thereafter, CCC was placed into liquidation. In July

2010, the Liquidators filed several actions, in various venues, against CCC‟s former

managers, including some or all of Plaintiffs. At least one such action, in Guernsey,

remains ongoing (the “Guernsey Litigation”). In the Guernsey Litigation, the Liquidators

5
      SA, supra note 4, § 7.
6
      SA, supra note 4, § 8.
7
      Compl. ¶ 31.

                                          4
have asserted, among other things, various breach of fiduciary duty claims and are

seeking more than $1 billion in damages.

                     2.      The Bundora Transfer Agreements

       The Complaint alleges that Reijtenbagh encountered a string of setbacks beginning

in early 2009 that caused him serious legal and financial difficulty. According to the

Complaint, Reijtenbagh sought to alleviate his financial situation by liquidating some of

his investments. CCC was not Reijtenbagh‟s only Carlyle investment. Through other

affiliated entities, including Bundora Associates, Inc. (“Bundora”), Reijtenbagh owned

interests in Carlyle Partners V, L.P. (“CPV”) and Carlyle Europe Partners III, L.P. (“CEP

III”). Those interests allegedly could not be transferred without Carlyle‟s consent and

assistance.

       In or around August and September 2009, a series of seven transfer agreements

(the “Transfer Agreements”)8 were executed by Bundora, the third-party purchasers, and

various Carlyle affiliates, including CPV and CEP III. Plaza, as Bundora‟s sole director,

signed the Transfer Agreements via Reijtenbagh as its director. Although Plaintiffs have

treated the Transfer Agreements as a unit, the five that transferred Bundora‟s interests in

CPV (the “CPV Transfer Agreements”) are governed by New York law (the “CPV

Transfer Agreements Choice of Law Provisions”),9 and the two that transferred

8
       Bonkowski Aff., supra note 4, Exs. 4-10.
9
       Bonkowski Aff., supra note 4, Exs. 5 § 14, 6 § 14, 7 § 14, 8 § 14, 10 § 14
       [hereinafter, together, the “CPV TA COLPs”].

                                           5
Bundora‟s interests in CEP III (the “CEP III Transfer Agreements”) are governed largely

by English law (the “CEP III Transfer Agreements Choice of Law Provisions”).10 The

CPV Transfer Agreements have forum selection clauses requiring the parties to “submit

to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the State of New York” (the “CPV FSCs”);11 the CEP

III Transfer Agreements include forum selection clauses requiring lawsuits to be brought

only in England, Delaware state court, New York state court, or federal district court in

the Southern District of New York (the “CEP III FSCs” and, together with the CPV

FSCs, the “Transfer Agreements FSCs”).12

       More pertinent for present purposes, however, are the releases found in the

Transfer Agreements (the “Releases”).          The Complaint, at least, suggests that the

Releases are substantively identical case studies in garbled drafting. The Releases state:

              In consideration of the promises and other consideration set
              out herein: (a) Assignor [Bundora] and Assignee [third-party
              purchaser] on the one hand; and (b) the General Partners and
              the Partnership [Carlyle‟s Affiliates] on the other hand
              (including in each case, each of their respective predecessors
              in interest, successors in interest, present and former
              Affiliates and any agents, representatives, officers, directors,
              employees, executives, parents, shareholders, partners,
              members, principals, subsidiaries and controlled companies,
              heirs, executors, administrators, successors, assigns, sister or

10
       Bonkowski Aff., supra note 4, Exs. 4 § 16, 9 § 16 [hereinafter, together, the “CEP
       III TA COLPs”]. See infra Section II.A.3.a for a more in-depth discussion of the
       choice of law provisions in the Transfer Agreements.
11
       Bonkowski Aff., supra note 4, Exs. 5 § 14, 6 § 14, 7 § 14, 8 § 14, 10 § 14
       (emphasis added).
12
       Bonkowski Aff., supra note 4, Exs. 4 § 16, 9 § 16.

                                           6
             related companies and partnerships of the foregoing
             (collectively, the “Related Parties”)) hereby fully release and
             discharge the other and, in each case, the other‟s Related
             Parties, from any and all obligations, claims, demands,
             damages, liabilities, debts, dues, sums of money, accounts,
             reckonings, bonds, bills, specialties, covenants, contracts,
             controversies, agreements, promises, variances, trespasses,
             judgments, extents and executions whatsoever, of whatever
             kind or nature, actions, causes of action or suits at law or in
             equity of whatever kind, state or federal, known or unknown,
             suspected or unsuspected, whether brought in any federal or
             state court, or in any court, arbitration proceeding,
             administrative agency, or other forum in the United States or
             elsewhere, which any of the releasing parties ever had or now
             has, or may have in the future, upon or by reason of any
             matter, cause or thing occurring on or prior to the Effective
             Date, except as otherwise explicitly provided in this
             Agreement.13

Plaintiffs contend that the Releases mean that Defendants, including Reijtenbagh and

Plaza, released all claims against Carlyle, even though only Bundora was a party to the

Transfer Agreements and even though the Releases were executed in connection with a

transfer of investments in CEP III and CPV, rather than in CCC. Defendants deny that

contention and argue that, among the persons and entities affiliated with Reijtenbagh,

only Bundora was bound by the Releases.

                   3.      The Dutch Tolling Letters and SRCCC

      Sometime after CCC was placed into liquidation in 2008, Reijtenbagh allegedly

engaged Lipman Karas, an Australian law firm with which he worked previously and to

which he allegedly had provided funding for prior litigation, to analyze potential claims

13
      Bonkowski Aff., supra note 4, Exs. 4 § 9, 5 § 10, 6 § 10, 7 § 10, 8 § 10, 9 § 9, 10 §
      10.

                                          7
against Carlyle. The result of that retention was the “Lipman Karas Memo,” a copy of

which was provided to representatives of Carlyle. It is unclear whether the Lipman Karas

Memo was prepared before or after the Releases were signed.

       The Complaint is silent as to the years 2010 and 2011, though it is possible

SRCCC was formed in one of those years. The next substantive activity occurred in the

summer of 2012. Reijtenbagh or his affiliates retained Lemstra van der Korst, a Dutch

law firm, to prepare letters of some import under Dutch law. The Complaint alleges that

the Dutch statute of limitations (here, Article 3:317 of the Dutch Civil Code) can be

interrupted in certain ways, such as by sending a special letter to such effect.14 In June or

July 2012, the former independent directors of CCC received two such letters: the

Moonmouth Letter and the SRCCC Letter (together, the “Dutch Tolling Letters”).

       The Moonmouth Letter15 “recounted the circumstances of Moonmouth‟s $60

million investment in CCC and alleged that Plaintiffs are responsible for CCC‟s failure in

spring 2008.”16    Specifically, the Moonmouth Letter stated: “Moonmouth holds the

Carlyle Entities and the Policymakers liable, each individually as well as jointly, for all

the damage that it has sustained and any and all damage that it sustains in the future in

14
       The Complaint and the limited record available on Defendants‟ motion to dismiss
       provide little insight on the relevant details of Dutch law. Accordingly, this
       description likely is a significant oversimplification.
15
       Trans. Aff. of Shannon E. German [hereinafter “German Aff.”] Ex. 18 [hereinafter
       “Moonmouth Letter”]. The Moonmouth Letter was sent in Dutch and English.
       All citations are to the English version.
16
       Compl. ¶ 55.

                                            8
connection with the CCC Shares.”17 The Moonmouth Letter purported to interrupt the

statute of limitations on behalf of “Moonmouth, Plaza Management, Parbold, Mr

Reijtenbagh and any and all persons and/or legal entities affiliated with Mr Reijtenbagh,

in connection with the compensation of damage sustained in connection with the

investment in CCC . . . .”18 Plaintiffs allege that, but for the Moonmouth Letter, the

relevant statute of limitations would have expired on or before July 11, 2012.

      The SRCCC Letter19 stated that “SRCCC‟s purpose—in accordance with its

Articles of Association—is representing the interests of all parties (both natural persons

and legal entities) that hold and/or held shares in” CCC.20 That group included Parbold

and Moonmouth. The SRCCC Letter, like the Moonmouth Letter, purported to toll the

statute of limitations on various claims and to hold Plaintiffs responsible for CCC‟s

failure and “for all the damages that the investors sustained and any and all damage that

they will sustain in the future in connection with the CCC Shares.”21

      On September 6, 2012, Plaintiffs filed their initial Verified Complaint and

provided a copy to Lemstra van der Korst the next day. Within a week, Defendants‟

Dutch counsel responded by “disclaiming any intent . . . to pursue proceedings against

17
      Moonmouth Letter, supra note 15, at 7.
18
      Moonmouth Letter, supra note 15, at 8.
19
      German Aff., supra note 15, Ex. 19. All citations are to the English version of the
      SRCCC Letter.
20
      German Aff., supra note 15, at 4.
21
      German Aff., supra note 15, at 7.

                                           9
Plaintiffs” and withdrawing the Dutch Tolling Letters.22 Thereafter, Plaintiffs apparently

provided a proposed stipulation to Defendants, which Defendants refused to sign and

which was not quoted in the Complaint. The stipulation allegedly would have confirmed

that: (a) the Dutch Tolling Letters no longer had any effect; (b) the statute of limitations

had run on Defendants‟ claims; and (c) Defendants would take no action in pursuit of

their claims outside of Delaware. Defendants characterize the proposed stipulation as

essentially a trap and contend that it greatly exceeded the scope of the forum selection

clauses at issue in this action.

                             4.        The Guernsey Litigation

       As of the date of this Memorandum Opinion, the Guernsey Litigation remains

pending. The Liquidators pursuing that action needed litigation funding. The Complaint

alleges that Reijtenbagh has a history of providing litigation funding, that Lipman Karas

is counsel to the Liquidators, and that the claims being pursued in the Guernsey

Litigation are substantially similar to the claims outlined in the Lipman Karas Memo.

Based on these facts, Plaintiffs allege that Reijtenbagh, directly or indirectly, is financing

the Guernsey Litigation and, as a result, is violating the Releases.

                       C.          The Federal Removal Proceedings

       Plaintiffs amended and filed the Complaint on October 23, 2012. Plaza removed

the case to federal court on December 18, 2012. Plaintiffs moved to remand on January

17, 2013. On August 14, 2013, the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware

22
       Compl. ¶ 67.

                                             10
remanded the case back to this Court on the grounds that: (1) the Subscription Agreement

FSC required all claims to be brought in the Delaware courts; and (2) Reijtenbagh,

Parbold, and Plaza, although not parties to the agreement, were bound by that clause by

virtue of being closely related to the Subscription Agreement.23 Plaza appealed.

      On February 25, 2015, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed

the District Court‟s ruling (the “Third Circuit Decision”).24 The Third Circuit analyzed

the Subscription Agreement FSC and concluded that it was valid and that Plaza, Parbold,

and Reijtenbagh were closely related to the agreement and therefore bound by the forum

selection clause. The Court also rejected Defendants‟ argument that Plaintiffs lacked

standing to enforce the Subscription Agreement FSC.

      As an independent alternative holding, the Third Circuit determined that the

Transfer Agreements FSCs also required this litigation to proceed in Delaware state

court. According to the Third Circuit, all Defendants are bound by that clause because

they are affiliates of signatory Bundora. Implicit in that holding as to the Transfer

Agreements is a finding that Plaintiffs also have standing to enforce the Transfer

Agreement. Finally, the Court of Appeals rejected Defendants‟ argument that Plaintiffs

were estopped from enforcing the forum selection clause in the Subscription Agreement

23
      Carlyle Inv. Mgmt., LLC v. Plaza Mgmt. Overseas S.A., 2013 WL 4407685, at *2
      (D. Del. Aug. 14, 2013).
24
      Carlyle Inv. Mgmt., LLC v. Plaza Mgmt. Overseas S.A., 779 F.3d 214 (3d Cir.
      2015).

                                         11
because, according to Defendants, they had pled that the Releases negated the

Subscription Agreement and, hence, its forum selection clause.

                              D.      Procedural History

      Although this case remains at the pleadings stage, it has a long and tortured

history, as exemplified by the fact that this Court alone now has issued three written

opinions in it. After Plaza attempted unsuccessfully to remove the case and during the

pendency of its appeal of the remand, Defendants argued simultaneously for a stay of this

action and moved to dismiss or, in the alternative, to strike portions of the Complaint in

this Court. After the parties briefed the motions to stay, dismiss, and strike, Defendants

submitted a letter identifying additional cases supporting their position that were not

mentioned during their initial briefing.25 Predictably, this triggered a new round of

submissions.

      I heard argument on the motions on May 6, 2014 (the “Argument”), at which time

I stayed this action pending resolution of the appeal to the Third Circuit. I allowed

discovery to proceed, however, solely on the issue of personal jurisdiction. Defendants

then moved for a protective order and for reconsideration. On August 21, 2014, I issued

a letter opinion denying those motions.26

25
      In their Opening Brief, Defendants already had cited sixty-five cases.
26
      Carlyle Inv. Mgmt., LLC v. Moonmouth Co., S.A., 2014 WL 4104702 (Del. Ch.
      Aug. 21, 2014).

                                            12
       Although the lion‟s share of this case was stayed at the time, the Guernsey

Liquidators almost immediately moved to intervene and filed yet another motion for a

protective order. After lengthy briefing on that motion, I heard argument on it and

rendered partial rulings, which were followed by still further briefing. On February 24,

2015, I issued a Memorandum Opinion resolving most of the remaining issues raised by

the Guernsey Liquidators‟ motions.27

       The next day, the Third Circuit issued its decision affirming the District Court‟s

remand order. As a consequence, Defendants‟ pending, fully briefed and argued motion

to dismiss reappeared on this Court‟s radar. The parties filed supplemental briefs as to

the effects of the Third Circuit Decision on the motion to dismiss, which arguably were

significant. I then took the matter under advisement and determined to proceed without

further argument.

                                    II.      ANALYSIS

                               A.         Motion to Dismiss

                               1.         Standard of review

       Pursuant to Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6), this Court may grant a motion to

dismiss for failure to state a claim if a complaint does not assert sufficient facts that, if

proven, would entitle the plaintiff to relief.     “[T]he governing pleading standard in

27
       Carlyle Inv. Mgmt., LLC v. Moonmouth Co., S.A., 2015 WL 778846 (Del. Ch. Feb.
       24, 2015).

                                             13
Delaware to survive a motion to dismiss is reasonable „conceivability.‟” 28 That is, when

considering such a motion, a court must “accept all well-pleaded factual allegations in the

Complaint as true . . . , draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff, and deny

the motion unless the plaintiff could not recover under any reasonably conceivable set of

circumstances susceptible of proof.”29 This reasonable “conceivability” standard asks

whether there is a “possibility” of recovery.30 The court, however, need not “accept

conclusory allegations unsupported by specific facts or . . . draw unreasonable inferences

in favor of the non-moving party.”31 Moreover, failure to plead an element of a claim

precludes entitlement to relief, and, therefore, is grounds to dismiss that claim.32

       Generally, the court will consider only the pleadings on a motion to dismiss under

Rule 12(b)(6). “A judge may consider documents outside of the pleadings only when: (1)

the document is integral to a plaintiff‟s claim and incorporated in the complaint or (2) the

document is not being relied upon to prove the truth of its contents.”33

28
       Cent. Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Capital Hldgs. LLC, 27 A.3d 531, 537
       (Del. 2011) (footnote omitted).
29
       Id. at 536 (citing Savor, Inc. v. FMR Corp., 812 A.2d 894, 896-97 (Del. 2002)).
30
       Id. at 537 & n.13.
31
       Price v. E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Inc., 26 A.3d 162, 166 (Del. 2011) (citing
       Clinton v. Enter. Rent-A-Car Co., 977 A.2d 892, 895 (Del. 2009)).
32
       Crescent/Mach I P’rs, L.P. v. Turner, 846 A.2d 963, 972 (Del. Ch. 2000) (Steele,
       V.C., by designation).
33
Allen v. Encore Energy P’rs, 72 A.3d 93, 96 n.2 (Del. 2013).

                                            14
                    2.        Law of the case versus collateral estoppel

                         a.       Distinction between the doctrines

       Defendants‟ efforts to remove this case to federal court resulted in the Third

Circuit Decision. Defendants argue that the law of the case doctrine should guide this

Court‟s treatment of the effect of that decision; Plaintiffs assert that collateral estoppel

governs. Although similarities exist between the law of the case doctrine and collateral

estoppel, there are some important distinctions.          I conclude that the Third Circuit

Decision is entitled to collateral estoppel effect in this action.

       “The law of the case doctrine, like the stare decisis doctrine, is founded on the

principle of stability and respect for court processes and precedent.”34 “The law of the

case is established when a specific legal principle is applied to an issue presented by facts

which remain constant throughout litigation.”35 In practical terms, the doctrine appears

most often when a trial court is required to give effect to law established in a case after it

has been appealed and the appellate court has ruled on the relevant issues.36 The doctrine

also applies to decisions rendered by a court that arise again later in the same court, in the

same proceedings—i.e., a ruling at the summary judgment stage that also applies at the

post-trial stage.37 In more simplified terms, the law of the case doctrine operates as a

34
       Gannett Co. v. Kanaga, 750 A.2d 1174, 1181 (Del. 2000).
35
       Hoskins v. State, 102 A.3d 724, 729 (Del. 2014) (quoting Kenton v. Kenton, 571
A.2d 778, 784 (Del. 1990)) (internal quotations omitted).
36
       See Motorola Inc. v. Amkor Tech., Inc., 958 A.2d 852, 860-61 (Del. 2008).
37
Taylor v. Jones, 2006 WL 1510437, at *5-6 (Del. Ch. May 26, 2006).

                                             15
form of intra-litigation stare decisis. But, like stare decisis, the “law of the case doctrine

is neither inflexible nor an absolute bar to reconsideration of a prior decision that is

„clearly wrong, produces an injustice, or should be revisited because of changed

circumstances.‟”38

       Collateral estoppel, on the other hand, which is “also known as issue preclusion,

prevents a party who litigated an issue in one forum from later relitigating that issue in

another forum.”39 Under Delaware law, “the „preclusive effect of a foreign judgment is

measured by [the] standards of the rendering forum.‟”40 Accordingly, in this instance, the

law of the Third Circuit controls. In the Third Circuit, “[i]ssue preclusion applies when

„(1) the issue sought to be precluded [is] the same as that involved in the prior action; (2)

that issue [was] actually litigated; (3) it [was] determined by a final and valid judgment;

and (4) the determination [was] essential to the prior judgment.‟” 41 While there are

exceptions to the law of the case doctrine, “collateral estoppel is considered an absolute

bar to relitigation of an issue.”42 Another distinction is that the law of the case doctrine

38
       Advanced Litig., LLC v. Herzka, 2006 WL 2338044, at *5 (Del. Ch. Aug. 10,
       2006) (quoting Hamilton v. State, 831 A.2d 881, 887 (Del. 2003)).
39
       Yucaipa Am. Alliance Fund I, LP v. SBDRE LLC, 2014 WL 5509787, at *11 (Del.
       Ch. Oct. 31, 2014).
40
       Acierno v. New Castle Cty., 679 A.2d 455, 459 (Del. 1996) (quoting Columbia
       Cas. Co. v. Playtex F.P., Inc., 584 A.2d 1214, 1217 (Del. 1991)).
41
       In re Graham, 973 F.2d 1089, 1097 (3d Cir. 1992) (quoting In re Braen, 900 F.2d
621, 628-29 n.5 (3d Cir. 1990)). See also Leyse v. Bank of Am., Nat’l Ass’n, 538
       Fed. App‟x 156, 158-59 (3d Cir. 2013) (identical statement of the standard).
42
       Izquierdo v. Sills, 2004 WL 2290811, at *4 n.28 (Del. Ch. June 29, 2004).
                                           16
applies only to questions of law.43 Collateral estoppel generally is thought of as applying

to questions of fact,44 but under federal law, at least, collateral estoppel also bars

relitigation of legal issues.45

       In most cases, distinctions between collateral estoppel and the law of the case

doctrine are immaterial. Indeed, in the one instance, of which I am aware, that this Court

addressed which doctrine applies to a federal remand order, the Court did not need to

dilate upon those distinctions. Instead, the Court considered “the determinations of the

federal court, as to those issues also before this Court, binding as a general matter of

estoppel.”46 Here, as discussed in Section II.A.3.b infra, Defendants have contended that

at least one of the Third Circuit‟s determinations was clearly erroneous in an attempt to

satisfy an exception to the law of the case doctrine. Defendants have not argued that

there is such an exception to collateral estoppel.

       Based on the circumstances of this case, I conclude that the doctrine of collateral

estoppel should guide my analysis of the effect of the Third Circuit Decision. The law of

43
       Id.
44
       See Betts v. Townsends, Inc., 765 A.2d 531, 534 (Del. 2000) (“Essentially, res
       judicata bars a court or administrative agency from reconsidering conclusions of
       law previously adjudicated while collateral estoppel bars relitigation of issues of
       fact previously adjudicated.”).
45
       See United States v. Stauffer Chem. Co., 464 U.S. 165, 170-71 (1984) (“As
       commonly explained, the doctrine of collateral estoppel can apply to preclude
       relitigation of both issues of law and issues of fact if those issues were
       conclusively determined in a prior action.”).
46
       Izquierdo, 2004 WL 2290811, at *4 n.28.

                                           17
the case doctrine, by its terms, contemplates one continuous action within the same court

system. Both the rulings I issue and the rulings issued on appeal by the Delaware

Supreme Court would be binding as law of the case. Analogizing the law of the case

doctrine to stare decisis makes sense within this setting: the rulings of the Supreme Court

are controlling precedent in Delaware, but, in the course of the same case, the Supreme

Court later could modify or clarify its previous ruling. In theory, a litigant could appeal,

lose, appeal again, and the Supreme Court could change course. That possibility simply

does not exist with respect to the Third Circuit Decision.           Defendants could have

appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, but they cannot now appeal back to the District of

Delaware or the Third Circuit.

       These facts point to a related issue: the federal proceedings, although part of this

case, were essentially a completely separate action. Those proceedings concerned the

same parties litigating whether Defendants could remove this case to federal court, an

issue governed by federal law. In the course of the proceedings, the Third Circuit made

final and binding rulings of law and fact, some of which are relevant to this litigation.

This scenario readily falls within the contours of collateral estoppel: the parties litigated a

different question in another set of courts, but now seek to litigate some of the same

underlying issues in this Court. Therefore, I view the federal court proceedings as a

separate action and analyze the Third Circuit Decision in terms of collateral estoppel.

                                            18
                        b.      Collaterally estopped arguments

       As to several issues in dispute in relation to Defendants‟ motion to dismiss, the

Third Circuit Decision readily satisfies all of the conditions for collateral estoppel.47 That

is, as to the issues discussed below, I find that they: (1) are the same in both cases; (2)

were actually litigated; (3) were determined by a final and valid judgment; and (4) were

essential to that judgment.

       First, the Third Circuit held that Plaintiffs could enforce the Subscription

Agreement. Second, the Third Circuit held that Plaintiffs were not judicially estopped

from enforcing the Subscription Agreement. Third, the Third Circuit concluded that: (i)

Defendants were closely related to the Subscription Agreement FSC, which the court

otherwise found valid; and (ii) therefore, that clause could be enforced against them. As

such, because the Subscription Agreement FSC states that the “courts of the State of

Delaware shall have exclusive jurisdiction over any action, suit or proceeding with

respect to this Subscription Agreement,”48 the Third Circuit concluded that jurisdiction in

this Court is proper.

       The Subscription Agreement FSC further provides, among other things, that “the

Investor hereby submits to such jurisdiction [i.e., in the state courts of Delaware].”49

Accordingly, because Defendants are collaterally estopped from arguing that the

47
       One issue relating to the Transfer Agreements is less clear; I address that question
       in Section II.A.3.b infra.
48
       SA, supra note 4, § 8.
49
       SA, supra note 4, § 8.

                                           19
Subscription Agreement FSC does not apply to them, Defendants‟ motion to dismiss for

lack of personal jurisdiction is denied.

                        3.       Count I: Breach of the Releases

       Defendants move to dismiss Count I of the Complaint on the grounds that it fails

to state a claim for which relief can be granted. The interpretation of a contract is a

question of law.50 “[D]efendants are not entitled to dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) unless

the interpretation of the contract on which their theory of the case rests is the „only

reasonable construction as a matter of law.‟”51 If there is more than one reasonable

construction of contractual language, then the contract is ambiguous.52      Contractual

language, however, “is not ambiguous simply because the parties disagree on its

meaning.”53 Instead, the court will apply standard principles and canons of construction

in construing the contract.

50
       See, e.g., Seidensticker v. Gasparilla Inn, Inc., 2007 WL 4054473, at *2 (Del. Ch.
       Nov. 8, 2007) (citing HIFN, Inc. v. Intel Corp., 2007 WL 1309376, at *9 (Del. Ch.
       May 2, 2007)); see also AHS N.M. Hldgs., Inc. v. Healthsource, Inc., 2007 WL
431051, at *3 (Del. Ch. Feb. 2, 2007) (“Under general principles of contract law,
       interpretation of contractual language is purely a question of law.”).
51
       Kahn v. Portnoy, 2008 WL 5197164, at *3 (Del. Ch. Dec. 11, 2008) (quoting
       VLIW Tech., LLC v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 840 A.2d 606, 615 (Del. 2003)).
52
       VLIW Tech., 840 A.2d at 615 (“Ambiguity exists „when the provisions in
       controversy are reasonably or fairly susceptible of different interpretations.‟”
       (quoting Vanderbilt Income & Growth Assocs. v. Arvida/JMB Managers, Inc., 691
A.2d 609, 613 (Del. 1996))).
53
       E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 693 A.2d 1059, 1061
       (Del. 1997).

                                           20
       Plaintiffs contend that the Third Circuit Decision undercuts several of Defendants‟

arguments. For their part, Defendants deny that they are bound by the Releases and

contend that even if they were, no breach of the Releases has been pled. I address these

issues in turn after first exploring a choice of law question.

                                   a.      Choice of law

       As an initial matter, I note that the parties appear to have sidestepped a lurking

choice of law question in arguing the motion to dismiss. The CPV Transfer Agreements

are governed entirely by New York law.54 The CEP III Transfer Agreements, on the

other hand, are governed by split choice of law clauses that read as follows:

              This Agreement and the rights of the parties under this
              Agreement and the Partnership Agreement are governed by,
              and shall be construed in accordance with, English law,
              except that the term “gross negligence” as referred to in the
              Partnership Agreement shall have the meaning given to it
              under, and be governed and construed and interpreted in
              accordance with, the laws of the State of New York in the
              United States.55

The Releases in the CEP III Transfer Agreements do not contain, among their many

words, the term “gross negligence.” That term also does not appear in the briefing on the

motion to dismiss.     For purposes of Defendants‟ motion, therefore, I assume those

Releases are governed by English law.

54
       CPV TA COLPs, supra note 9.
55
       CEP III TA COLPs, supra note 10.

                                            21
      This Court is not expert in English law, and the parties failed to make any effort to

explain English law on this subject or to cite any English cases.56 Instead, they assumed

New York law, which governs the CPV Transfer Agreements, applies.                 In these

circumstances, I assume for purposes of Defendants‟ motion to dismiss that there are no

material differences between New York and English law regarding the issues presented

by that motion,57 and I interpret the Releases under New York law.

 b.      Is the Third Circuit Decision determinative on whether the Releases were
                                         breached?

      The Third Circuit held, in the alternative, that Defendants are bound by the CEP

III FSCs (the “Alternative Ruling”). This implies that Plaintiffs have standing to enforce

56
      Defendants did cite one New York Supreme Court decision as supporting their
      position under English law: MBIA Ins. Corp. v. Royal Bank of Can., 2010 WL
3294302 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. Aug. 19, 2010). That court relied on expert affidavits on
      English law. Id. at *24 (“Accordingly, for purposes of this decision, the Court
      must accept that, under English law, there are no circumstances under which a
      non-party to a contract may be held liable for its breach and, therefore, if English
      law applies, there is no basis to hold RBCCMC and RBC Europe liable on the
      relevant contracts.”). Ultimately, however, it does not appear that the New York
      Supreme Court addressed the substance of English law because it found that the
      allegations in the complaint “are simply insufficient to plead a breach of contract
      claim as against these non-parties.” Id. (citing a New York case).
57
      See Ashall Homes Ltd. v. ROK Entm’t Gp. Inc., 992 A.2d 1239, 1245-46 (Del. Ch.
      2010) (“Here, the agreements clearly chose English law to govern the parties‟
      relationship . . . . It is telling, however, that neither party has cited to English
      law—the law for which they bargained—in its briefing on this motion to any
      material degree. That illustrates the basic problem with adjudicating this dispute
      in Delaware: this court does not have—and cannot pretend to have—the same
      knowledge of English law or even access to English sources as the courts of
      England. In deference to the English courts, for which this court has great respect,
      and because the parties have not cited to English law to an appreciable extent, the
      analysis will proceed under Delaware law.”) (footnotes omitted).

                                          22
the Transfer Agreements. I conclude that this holding is entitled to collateral estoppel

effect here. Defendants contend that the Alternative Ruling was merely dicta and, in any

event, was clearly erroneous under Delaware law.

       The Alternative Ruling was not dicta. The Third Circuit Decision indicates that it

is an independent alternative holding.58 Coincidentally, I recently addressed the issue of

the collateral estoppel effect of alternative holdings under Third Circuit law and

determined that they are entitled to preclusive effect.59

       In addition, I conclude for two independent reasons that I need not address

Defendants‟ further argument that the Alternative Ruling was clearly erroneous. First, I

have determined that collateral estoppel, not the law of the case doctrine, governs this

question. Thus, even if the Alternative Ruling was clearly erroneous under Delaware

law, it still would be entitled to preclusive effect on the issue decided.

       Second, I disagree with Plaintiffs‟ assertion that the Alternative Ruling

necessitates a finding that the Releases bind Defendants. According to Plaintiffs, the

Third Circuit Decision held that the plain language of the CEP III FSCs binds Bundora‟s

affiliates, including Plaza and Reijtenbagh. Plaintiffs ask me to extrapolate from that

58
       Carlyle Inv. Mgmt., 779 F.3d at 220-21 (“Carlyle argues that we could also affirm
       the District Court‟s remand on the alternative ground that one of the agreements
       containing a release that Carlyle seeks to enforce also contains an enforceable
       forum selection clause. We agree.”).
59
       Yucaipa Am. Alliance Fund I, LP, 2014 WL 5509787, at *12 n.52 (“[T]he Third
       Circuit recently took a side in the circuit split over the preclusive effect of
       alternative judgments . . . [and] came down firmly on the side of giving preclusive
       effect to . . . [alternative] holdings.”).

                                            23
holding and conclude that because the Third Circuit held that the CEP III Transfer

Agreements could bind Bundora‟s affiliates via the CEP III FSCs, the Transfer

Agreements also could bind Plaza and Reijtenbagh via the Releases. The elements of

collateral estoppel, however, are not satisfied with respect to the latter proposition.

       Collateral estoppel requires that an issue be “actually litigated.” While I have no

doubt that Defendants actually litigated whether the Transfer Agreements allowed

removal to federal court, the issue of the Releases was not litigated. As noted, the

Releases are governed by New York and English law. The alternative holding section of

the Third Circuit‟s opinion cited only two Third Circuit cases relevant to whether the

removal standard was satisfied. No cases were cited from New York, England, or even

Delaware. While I consider the personal jurisdiction issue here to have been resolved by

the Third Circuit Decision, the elements of collateral estoppel do not go so far as to allow

me to conclude that, because the Third Circuit held that the CEP III FSCs precluded

removal under 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a)—the federal removal statute—the Releases also bind

Plaza and Reijtenbagh. That issue was not actually litigated.

                      c.    Are Defendants bound by the Releases?

       For Defendants to succeed on their Rule 12(b)(6) motion, they must show that

their interpretation of the Releases is the only reasonable interpretation. Defendants

argue that the Releases—which their counsel described at the Argument as “extremely

poorly worded releases, poorly constructed releases”60—are unambiguous and do not

60
       Arg. Tr. 66.

                                            24
bind nonsignatories Plaza and Reijtenbagh.            Plaintiffs contend that the Releases

unambiguously do bind Defendants or, at a minimum, that the Releases are ambiguous.

For the reasons that follow, I conclude that Defendants‟ construction is not the only

reasonable one and therefore the Releases are ambiguous.

       At the outset, I reject Defendants‟ argument that they cannot be bound under any

circumstances because they were non-parties to the contract.61 Plaintiffs are not, as

Defendants contend, attempting to hold Reijtenbagh and Plaza liable because they signed

the agreement as Bundora‟s representatives. Plaintiffs‟ argument, properly understood, is

that Defendants are bound because Bundora agreed to release its Related Parties‟ claims

and that Bundora had the actual or apparent authority to do so. I return to this point infra.

First, however, I address Defendants‟ textual argument.

       The relevant portion of the Releases states:

              In consideration of the promises and other consideration set
              out herein: (a) Assignor [Bundora] and Assignee [third-party
              purchaser] on the one hand; and (b) the General Partners and
              the Partnership [Carlyle] on the other hand (including in each
              case, [a long list of related individuals or entities]
              (collectively, the “Related Parties”)) hereby fully release and
              discharge the other and, in each case, the other‟s Related
              Parties . . . .

61
       With respect to this broad assertion, I do consider the Third Circuit Decision to be
       entitled to collateral estoppel effect. Specifically, the Third Circuit‟s holding that
       Reijtenbagh and Plaza were bound by the CEP III FSCs even though they were not
       signatories is binding in this action. Carlyle Inv. Mgmt., 779 F.3d at 220-21. The
       Third Circuit Decision in this regard, however, dealt only with forum selection
       clauses.

                                           25
Defendants argue that reading this language so as to release Bundora‟s affiliates‟ claims

against Carlyle would violate three separate canons of contract interpretation: (1) the “last

antecedent rule”; (2) a heretofore unnamed doctrine about semicolons; and (3) the rule

against surplusage. I address these contentions in turn.

       The crux of the disagreement concerns who is bound by the phrase “hereby fully

release and discharge the other and, in each case, the other‟s Related Parties.”

Defendants argue that the Releases state that Bundora and its purchaser [A] “on the one

hand” and Carlyle‟s Affiliates [B] “on the other hand,” including Related Parties [C],62

release each other [A and B release each other; A and B‟s C release each other] and, “in

each case, the other‟s Related Parties” [B and B‟s C release A‟s C]. Under this view,

Bundora released its claims against Carlyle‟s Affiliates and their Related Parties and

received releases from Carlyle‟s Affiliates and their Related Parties and Bundora‟s

Related Parties received—but did not give—releases from Carlyle‟s Affiliates and their

Related Parties. This interpretation holds that Bundora and its Related Parties, including

Plaza and Reijtenbagh, received releases of greater scope than they granted. Plaintiffs

instead argue that the Releases were mutual in nature and work like this: Bundora and its

Related Parties release Carlyle‟s Affiliates and their Related Parties [A and A‟s C release

62
       Because of the parties‟ fairly complicated arguments, I use this [A], [B], and [C]
       construction in an attempt to explain those arguments more easily. [A] means “(a)
       Assignor [Bundora] and Assignee [third-party purchaser].” [B] means “(b) the
       General Partners and the Partnership [collectively, Carlyle‟s Affiliates].” [C]
       means the entire parenthetical “(including in each case, [a long list of related
       individuals or entities] (collectively, the “Related Parties”)).”

                                           26
B and B‟s C] and Carlyle‟s Affiliates and their Related Parties release Bundora and its

Related Parties [B and B‟s C release A and A‟s C].

       Defendants support their interpretation first by invoking the “last antecedent rule”

to argue that the “Related Parties” parenthetical applies only to [B], Carlyle‟s Affiliates,

and not to [A], Bundora.      According to Defendants, “[u]nder the „rule of the last

antecedent, . . . a limiting clause or phrase . . . should ordinarily be read as modifying

only the noun or phrase that it immediately follows.‟”63         Thus, under this rule of

construction, “the series „A or B with respect to C‟ contains two items: (1) „A‟ and (2) „B

with respect to C.‟”64 Although, for the reasons stated supra, New York law guides this

inquiry, Defendants have not identified any clear New York precedent on the

applicability of the last antecedent rule. Instead, Defendants cited a Second Circuit

decision, Enron Creditors Recovery Corp. v. Alfa, S.A.B. de C.V., which interprets the

federal bankruptcy statute, and a Third Circuit opinion, Stepnowski v. C.I.R. Stepnowski

further identifies a “rule of grammar” under which “the series „A or B, with respect to C‟

contains these two items: (1) „A with respect to C‟ and (2) „B with respect to C.‟”65

63
       Enron Creditors Recovery Corp. v. Alfa, S.A.B. de C.V., 651 F.3d 329, 335 (2d
       Cir. 2011) (quoting Barnhart v. Thomas, 540 U.S. 20, 26 (2003)) (ellipses in
       original).
64
       Stepnowski v. C.I.R., 456 F.3d 320, 324 n.7 (3d Cir. 2006).
65
       Id. The “on the one hand; and . . . on the other hand” structure of the Releases
       does not fit exactly within either formulation described in Stepnowski. In my
       view, that structure provides more support for Plaintiffs‟ construction than
       Defendants‟.

                                          27
       Defendants argue that the fact that [A] and [B] are separated by a semicolon, not a

comma, strengthens their case for applying the last antecedent rule. Digging deep into

the well of precedent, but apparently finding no New York law, Defendants rely chiefly

on a United States Customs Court case from 1953 in which that court interpreted a clause

similar to the one here and held: “[The paragraph] contains two distinct clauses separated

by a semicolon. The parenthetical matter is placed at the end of the second clause and is

not separated from it by any punctuation other than the parentheses. It is clear, therefore,

that the parenthetical matter refers only to the second clause.”66 Again, Defendants rely

mainly on several cases outside of New York to support their position.67 Furthermore,

the cited New York cases are not as clearly on point as Defendants‟ parentheticals would

suggest. It is true that, under New York law, “punctuation and grammatical construction

are reliable signposts.”68 The language of a contract, however, must be read as a whole

and “may disclose an intention which would be thwarted by a strict grammatical

construction,” in which case courts should “refuse to follow a signpost when it appears

66
       Hirschberg v. United States, 30 Cust. Ct. 104, 107 (Cust. Ct. Mar. 5, 1953).
67
       Wilm. Sav. Fund Soc’y, FSB v. Chillibilly’s, Inc., 2005 WL 1654028, at *1 (Del.
       Super. June 10) (interpreting the semicolon in Superior Court Rule 6(b)), aff’d,
       886 A.2d 1279 (Del. 2005) (TABLE); McLeod v. Nagle, 48 F.2d 189, 191 (9th
       Cir. 1931) (“The semicolon effectually isolates the opening clause and its
       dependent phrase from the other and subsequent clauses.”).
68
       Wirth & Hamid Fair Booking Inc. v. Wirth, 192 N.E. 297, 299 (N.Y. 1934). See
       also Amusement Consultants v. Hartford Life Ins. Co., 625 N.Y.S.2d 901, 903,
       214 A.D.2d 442, 443 (N.Y. App. Div. 1995) (quoting Wirth & Hamid, 192 N.E. at
       299).

                                          28
that it points in the wrong direction.”69 Indeed, it appears that under New York law, “in a

contract containing punctuation marks, the words and not the punctuation guide us in its

interpretation,” and “[p]unctuation is always subordinate to the text and is never allowed

to control its meaning.”70 As such, there is no hard-and-fast “semicolon doctrine” under

New York law.71

       Finally, Defendants rely on the principle that all terms of a contract are to be given

effect whenever possible, and that surplusage is to be avoided. Defendants argue that, if

clause [C] applied to both clauses [A] and [B], then the phrase “and, in each case, the

other‟s Related Parties” would be superfluous because each of the Related Parties already

would be included in the portion of the Releases stating “hereby fully release and

discharge the other,” i.e., [A] and [B] each definitionally would include [C]. Under

Defendants‟ contrary, but rather strained, interpretation, the phrase “and, in each case, the

other‟s Related Parties” purportedly is not superfluous because it means that Bundora‟s

69
       Wirth & Hamid, 192 N.E. at 299.
70
       Banco Espirito Santo, S.A. v. Concessionaria Do Rodoanel Oeste S.A., 100 A.D.
3d 100, 108, 951 N.Y.S.2d 19, 26 (N.Y. App. Div. 2012).
71
       Relying on other non-New York cases, Defendants contend that the combination
       of the last antecedent rule and the semicolon doctrine significantly strengthens
       their interpretation, and that the drafters of the Releases “unquestionably
       interpreted” the Releases as Defendants contend. Nat’l Sur. Corp. v. Midland
       Bank, 551 F.2d 21, 34 (3d Cir. 1977) (“Had the modifying phrase been intended to
       relate to more than its last antecedent, a comma could have been used to set off the
       modifier from the entire series.”); Tidal Oil Co. v. Roelfs, 187 P. 486, 487 (Okla.
       1920) (“[I]f the parties intended the restrictive clause to apply to both antecedents,
       they undoubtedly would have set it off by a comma.”).

                                           29
and the purchaser‟s Related Parties are receiving releases that they are not granting

reciprocally.

       Even assuming Defendants‟ interpretation is reasonable, I find that it is not the

only reasonable interpretation. In fact, Plaintiffs‟ contrary interpretation is at least as

strong because it begins with the actual text of the Releases and then moves to canons of

construction to confirm that reading. Plaintiffs‟ interpretation also more closely aligns

with the New York cases cited by the parties.

       Plaintiffs focus on the phrase “in each case” in the Releases. The Releases take

four entities and break them into two groups. Clause [A] refers to “Assignor [Bundora]

and Assignee [third-party purchaser] on the one hand” and Clause [B] refers to “the

General Partners and the Partnership [collectively, Carlyle‟s Affiliates] on the other

hand.” The parenthetical then begins “including in each case . . .” the other‟s Related

Parties [C]. There are two possible readings of “in each case.” The first, Defendants‟,

posits that the phrase “in each case” must be read to refer to the cases of “the General

Partners” and “the Partnership.” That interpretation is questionable. Plaintiffs‟ proposed

construction instead reads “in each case” to refer to [A] (Bundora and the purchaser) on

the one hand and [B] (the Partnership and the General Partners) on the other hand.

Plaintiffs contend that their interpretation of “in each case” is more reasonable than

Defendants‟ reading because Plaintiffs‟ version comports with the two-sided structure

used to define the parties to the Releases.

       Two facts bolster Plaintiffs‟ reading. First, the releasing language—“hereby fully

release and discharge the other and, in each case, the other‟s Related Parties”—treats

                                              30
“other” as singular.      This is because the four parties—Bundora, the purchaser,

Partnership, and General Partners—have been defined into two groups, [A] and [B], with

each having one “other”—i.e., Bundora and the purchaser, together, are the “other” for

the Partnership and the General Partners, together, and vice versa. Second, the phrase “in

each case” appears again later in the Releases. As a general rule of construction, courts

“may presume that the same words used in different parts of a writing have the same

meaning.”72 Under Plaintiffs‟ interpretation, “in each case” means the same thing both

times it is used: [A] and [B]. By contrast, Defendants‟ interpretation requires interpreting

“in each case” the first time to mean the Partnership and the General Partners and the

second time to mean Bundora and the purchaser on the one hand and the Partnership and

the General Partners on the other hand. In sum, Plaintiffs argue that the last antecedent

rule does not apply, and that the semicolon should be given little or no weight, because

the text of the Releases indicates that the parties had a contrary intention.

       Plaintiffs‟ interpretation, however, arguably creates a surplusage problem. If both

[A] and [B] include [C], the Related Parties, then it arguably should have been sufficient

to “release and discharge the other.” Plaintiffs contend that the phrase “and, in each case,

the other‟s Related Parties” is not superfluous because “Related Parties” is a separately

defined term, and a release of “the other” only would involve [A] and [B] mutually

releasing each other. Thus, according to Plaintiffs, the clause “in each case, the other‟s

72
       Finest Invs. v. Sec. Trust Co. of Rochester, 468 N.Y.S.2d 256, 258 (App. Div.
       1983), aff’d, 462 N.E.2d 897 (N.Y. 1984) (TABLE).

                                            31
Related Parties” is required. This reading is questionable. The parenthetical may create a

new defined term, but it is unclear why. The parenthetical begins “(including in each

case . . .” which textually appears to be defining “each case” ([A] and [B]) as including

the list of entities comprising the Related Parties ([C]) of those entities. Plaintiffs aver

that the “in each case, the other‟s Related Parties” language clarifies that Related Parties

in fact are being released—i.e., that clause eliminates a potential ambiguity as to whether

Related Parties were both granting releases and being released. That argument may

ultimately prevail, but the language of the Releases is not clear.           Based on the

countervailing problems with Defendants‟ interpretation, however—namely the excessive

reliance on the last antecedent rule and the semicolon when the text seemingly points in

the opposite direction—I do not find the potential surplusage problem with Plaintiffs‟

reading so serious as to render their interpretation unreasonable.

       Because there are at least two reasonable interpretations—albeit two

interpretations that each suffer from various shortcomings—I conclude that the Releases

are ambiguous and that dismissal on the basis of Defendants‟ proffered construction is

not appropriate.    Accordingly, at this procedural stage and for purposes of this

Memorandum Opinion, I conclude that the Releases conceivably could textually bind

Bundora‟s Related Parties, including both Plaza and Reijtenbagh.

       Defendants further argue that even if the plain text of the Releases purports to bind

Bundora‟s Related Parties, Count I should be dismissed because non-parties to the

                                           32
contract cannot be bound.73      Most of Defendants‟ argument on this issue simply

misconstrues Plaintiffs‟ argument. Defendants contend that directors are not liable under

a corporation‟s contract simply because they are directors. But, this is beside the point.

       Instead, Plaintiffs‟ primary argument is that Reijtenbagh and Plaza are bound by

the Releases under principles of agency.74 This argument posits that Bundora released its

Related Parties‟ claims and that Bundora had either actual or apparent authority to do so

because those Related Parties (Plaza and Reijtenbagh) read the Transfer Agreements,

including the Releases, and signed them (Reijtenbagh signed as a director of Plaza, which

was Bundora‟s sole director). Defendants‟ argument that Bundora was not acting as a

direct agent eventually may be proven true, but it ignores the apparent authority problem.

I have concluded that the Releases conceivably could be interpreted as releasing

Bundora‟s Related Parties‟ claims. That Plaza, as Bundora‟s director, executed the

Transfer Agreement and that Reijtenbagh, as Plaza‟s director, signed the Transfer

Agreements supports an agency theory.75 Whether Bundora had the authority to release

73
       As noted previously, the Third Circuit Decision preclusively rejected this
       argument as it applies to the forum selection clauses.
74
       See Pls.‟ Answering Br. 21-23. Plaintiffs‟ argument that Reijtenbagh and Plaza
       “manifested an intent to be bound” under the Releases is similar to this agency
       issue and depends on disputed facts.
75
       Defendants argue that the Complaint does not plead an agency theory. I disagree.
       The Complaint explicitly pleads that “Reijtenbagh caused Bundora to execute” the
       Transfer Agreements, Compl. ¶ 47, and that “by agreeing to and executing the
       Transfer Agreements and Releases for valuable consideration, the Reijtenbagh
       Defendants released any and all claims they had or may have had against
                                           33
Reijtenbagh‟s and Plaza‟s claims cannot be resolved on a motion to dismiss because the

Complaint pleads facts that make such a finding reasonably conceivable.

      For the foregoing reasons, I conclude that the Releases could have released all of

Reijtenbagh‟s and Plaza‟s claims against Carlyle and that it is reasonably conceivable

that Bundora had the authority to execute such a release or that Reijtenbagh and Plaza

otherwise were bound by it.

                   d.     Has a breach of the Releases been pled?

      Defendants argue that, even if they are bound by the Releases and had released all

of their claims against Carlyle, no breach of the Releases has been pled. Although the

briefing focused primarily on the alleged funding of the Guernsey Litigation, the Dutch

Tolling Letters and the formation of SRCCC are also at issue.

      The Releases broadly released:

             any and all obligations, claims, demands, damages, liabilities,
             debts, dues, sums of money, accounts, reckonings, bonds,
             bills, specialties, covenants, contracts, controversies,
             agreements, promises, variances, trespasses, judgments,
             extents and executions whatsoever, of whatever kind or
             nature, actions, causes of action or suits at law or in equity of
             whatever kind, state or federal, known or unknown, suspected
             or unsuspected, whether brought in any federal or state court,
             or in any court, arbitration proceeding, administrative agency,
             or other forum in the United States or elsewhere, which any
             of the releasing parties ever had or now has, or may have in
             the future, upon or by reason of any matter, cause or thing
             occurring on or prior to the Effective Date.

      Plaintiffs.” Id. ¶ 50. The standard in Delaware is notice pleading. Cent. Mortg.
      Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Capital Hldgs. LLC, 27 A.3d 531, 536 (Del. 2011).

                                          34
Defendants argue that none of the alleged breaches—the Dutch Tolling Letters, the

formation of SRCCC, or the alleged funding of the Guernsey Litigation—falls within the

ambit of the Releases. At this procedural stage, Plaintiffs only need to plead facts under

which it is reasonably conceivable that the Releases have been violated. I conclude that

such facts have been pled.

      Defendants‟ main contention is that there is a fundamental distinction between a

release and a covenant not to sue. According to Defendants, a release provides only an

affirmative defense in a suit.76 Thus, Defendants maintain that “assertion of a released

claim would not give rise to or imply a right to damages.”77 I find this argument

unpersuasive.   The Releases are contracts; breaching those contracts by asserting a

released claim conceivably could give rise to a cause of action for damages, including,

for example, attorneys‟ fees and costs that Plaintiffs otherwise would not have incurred if

Defendants had complied with the Releases.

      Aside from the funding of the Guernsey Litigation, both SRCCC‟s formation and

the Dutch Tolling Letters conceivably could state a claim for breach of the Releases.

This Court is not expert in Dutch law. The Complaint pleads that SRCCC is a special

purpose entity created for the sole purpose of pursuing claims on behalf of CCC‟s

stockholders, including Defendants. Similarly, the Dutch Tolling Letters allegedly had

76
      Defendants cite only a Seventh Circuit case for this proposition, Isbell v. Allstate
      Ins. Co., 418 F.3d 788 (7th Cir. 2005).
77
      Defs.‟ Reply Br. 11.

                                          35
the legal effect of tolling (or, at least, attempting to toll) the statute of limitations for

Moonmouth‟s and SRCCC‟s claims, an action to which Plaintiffs claim they were forced

to respond. The import of Defendants‟ actions under Dutch law is unclear from the

present record. As a result, I cannot say with confidence that it is not reasonably

conceivable that these actions could constitute a breach of the Releases.78

       The Guernsey Litigation presents a more complex issue. The Complaint alleges

that Reijtenbagh is funding the Liquidators. Defendants argue that, even if true, such

financing does not amount to a breach of the Releases because the claims asserted by the

Liquidators are fiduciary duty claims that belong to CCC rather than Reijtenbagh.79

Assuming this is true,80 dismissal still would not be appropriate. I also assume, without

deciding, that there theoretically may be circumstances in which the Releases would not

bar Defendants from participating in any eventual recovery that may result from the

Guernsey Litigation. Instead, I focus on Reijtenbagh‟s alleged financial support of the

Guernsey Litigation. First, a factual dispute exists as to whether, and to what degree,

78
       If, because of the Releases, neither Reijtenbagh nor Plaza had a right to assert any
       claims relating to CCC, it is reasonably conceivable that it was a breach of the
       Releases for them to undertake efforts to toll the statute of limitations for such
       claims to preserve their ability, directly or indirectly, to assert those claims at a
       later date.
79
       See Prod. Res. Gp., L.L.C. v. NCT Gp., Inc., 863 A.2d 772, 776 (Del. Ch. 2004)
       (“At all times, claims of this kind belong to the corporation itself . . . .”).
80
       At this preliminary stage, there is nothing in the record, to the Court‟s knowledge,
       that indicates there are material distinctions between Delaware and Guernsey law
       on this issue.

                                           36
Reijtenbagh is financing the Liquidators. Second, it is unknown whether Reijtenbagh is

providing non-monetary support for the Guernsey Litigation.

       In any event, based on the allegations in the Complaint, Plaintiffs conceivably

could prove that Reijtenbagh provided sufficient financing or other support for the

Guernsey Litigation such that the Liquidators could not have proceeded without his

assistance. Such factual disputes cannot be resolved on a motion to dismiss. Plaintiffs

effectively argue that Reijtenbagh is breaching the Releases by attempting to do

indirectly (recover through the Guernsey Litigation, which appears to be proceeding on

what would amount to a derivative or class basis under Delaware or New York law) what

he could not do directly (sue Carlyle based on his investment in CCC). There is some

precedent in Delaware, at least, for Plaintiffs‟ position.81 Thus, I cannot say as a matter

of law that the alleged funding of the Guernsey Litigation is not a breach of the Releases.

          4.      Counts II and III: Breach of the Forum Selection Clauses

       Counts II and III seek a declaratory judgment that the Subscription Agreement

FSC is valid, binding, and enforceable and that any claims Defendants may have arising

from Reijtenbagh‟s investment in CCC must be brought in Delaware. Those Counts

further request injunctive relief enforcing the Releases and enjoining Defendants from

bringing claims relating to CCC anywhere other than Delaware.

81
       Cf. Orloff v. Shulman, 2005 WL 5750635, at *8 (Del. Ch. Nov. 23, 2005) (holding
       that res judicata prevented stockholders from bringing derivative claims based on
       the same factual basis as previously dismissed individual claims).

                                          37
                               a.      Standard of review

       Delaware Courts are authorized, in certain situations, to hear actions for a

declaratory judgment,82 but there must be an “actual controversy” between the parties. A

motion to dismiss for lack of a case or controversy goes to this Court‟s jurisdiction and is

examined under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(1). The Court will not issue hypothetical

or advisory opinions.83 There are four requirements for pleading the existence of an

“actual controversy”:

             (1) It must be a controversy involving the rights or other legal
             relations of the party seeking declaratory relief; (2) it must be
             a controversy in which the claim of right or other legal interest
             is asserted against one who has an interest in contesting the
             claim; (3) the controversy must be between parties whose
             interests are real and adverse; [and] (4) the issue involved in
             the controversy must be ripe for judicial determination.84

“In evaluating the justiciability of a declaratory judgment claim, a court must determine

whether „the facts alleged, under all the circumstances, show that there is a substantial

controversy . . . of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a

82
       10 Del. C. § 6501.
83
       Stroud v. Milliken Enters., Inc., 552 A.2d 476, 479 (Del. 1989).
84
       XI Specialty Ins. Co. v. WMI Liquid. Trust, 93 A.3d 1208, 1217 (Del. 2014)
       (quoting Stroud, 552 A.2d at 479-80).

                                          38
declaratory judgment.‟”85 In determining whether a case is ripe, “Courts must make a

„practical judgment.‟”86

                                 b.     Count III is moot

       Count III consists of a vestigial portion of the Complaint. It relates to SRCCC.

Plaintiffs essentially have abandoned this portion of the Complaint, presumably based on

the fact that SRCCC was dissolved. Neither party addressed Count III in the briefing and

both sides seem to have operated under the assumption that Counts I and II comprise the

entirety of the case. Therefore, I conclude that Count III is moot and dismiss it without

prejudice.

            c.       The Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over Count II

       This case raises a question regarding the point in time at which the Court must

determine whether an “actual controversy” exists, either: (1) when the Complaint was

filed; or (2) when the Court rules on the matter. In many instances, the temporal gap

between those events will be short, and the ongoing lawsuit itself could shape a litigant‟s

behavior.        Here, because of the stay during the removal proceedings, the gap is

significant. Plaintiffs filed the Complaint on October 23, 2012. Defendants moved to

dismiss on December 11, 2013. The Third Circuit affirmed the remand of this case to

this Court on February 25, 2015. Today is September 10, 2015. Count II asserts that

85
       Energy P’rs, Ltd. v. Stone Energy Corp., 2006 WL 2947483, at *6 (Del. Ch. Oct.
       11, 2006) (ellipses in original) (quoting Step-Saver Data Sys., Inc. v. Wyse Tech.,
       912 F.2d 643, 647 (3d Cir. 1990)).
86
       Id. at *7.

                                           39
Defendants imminently will violate the Subscription Agreement FSC. The question for

resolution is whether that alleged violation is “of sufficient immediacy and reality to

warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment.”87 I conclude that it is not.

       Even if I analyzed the situation as of the filing of the Complaint, Plaintiffs‟

showing is weak. The Complaint contains no allegation that a lawsuit actually was filed

by Defendants outside of Delaware. The Complaint instead focuses on the following: (1)

SRCCC‟s formation; and (2) the Dutch Tolling Letters. I disposed of the claim relating

to SRCCC in connection with Count III above. This leaves the Dutch Tolling Letters.

Although Plaintiffs rely heavily on these letters as evidence of an imminent lawsuit,

Plaintiffs themselves pled that the letters were withdrawn.88 The only other evidence that

arguably supports Plaintiffs‟ lawsuit theory is the Lipman Karas Memo.           But, the

Complaint pleads that “Reijtenbagh subsequently indicated he did not intend to pursue

his claims at that time, and no complaint was ever filed.”89 In two key instances, then,

Plaintiffs‟ own allegations weigh against the existence of an actual controversy. Finally,

Plaintiffs suggest that a controversy exists because Defendants would not sign Plaintiffs‟

proposed stipulation. I accord minimal weight to that argument, however. Defendants

have made at least a colorable showing that the requested stipulation was broader than the

87
       Energy P’rs, Ltd., 2006 WL 2947483, at *6.
88
       Compl. ¶ 67 (“Lemstra van der Korst responded by disclaiming any intent by
       Defendants to pursue proceedings against Plaintiffs and abruptly withdrew the
       Moonmouth and SRCCC Letters.”).
89
       Id. ¶ 37.

                                           40
forum selection clauses and that it would have granted Plaintiffs more than they legally

were entitled to under either the Subscription Agreement or the Transfer Agreements.

       Conducting the analysis as of a later time only solidifies my conclusion that there

is no actual controversy. Both Moonmouth and Parbold—the only entities that actually

held CCC shares—have been dissolved.90           The Dutch Tolling Letters have been

withdrawn. After Defendants moved to dismiss on December 11, 2013, Plaintiffs had the

option of amending the Complaint or opposing the motion.91 Plaintiffs stood on their

Complaint. Since that time, Plaintiffs have not alleged any additional facts that would

support a reasonable inference that an imminent threat exists of a violation of the

Subscription Agreement FSC.

       Because Delaware law counsels that the Court should use its practical judgment in

concluding whether a controversy is ripe, I find it appropriate to consider the events, or

absence of events, that have occurred since Plaintiffs filed their Complaint. Having done

that and for the reasons just explained, I conclude that no actual controversy underlies

Count II. Accordingly, this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over that Count, and I

dismiss it without prejudice.

90
       Plaintiffs speculate that these entities may be resurrected under the laws of the
       British Virgin Islands. But, there is no allegation that they have been, and
       conjecture is insufficient to show the sort of immediate, actual controversy that is
       required for this Court to issue a declaratory judgment.
91
       Ct. Ch. R. 15(aaa).

                                          41
            d.    The Third Circuit Decision effectively mooted Count II

      The Third Circuit Decision not only supports my conclusion that Count II does not

allege an actual controversy, but also moots at least part of Count II. The Complaint

seeks the entry of a declaratory judgment that the Subscription Agreement FSC is

binding, valid, and enforceable. The injunctive relief requested essentially asks that I

restate the Subscription Agreement FSC and order Defendants not to violate it.

      The Third Circuit Decision effectively mooted the requested declaratory relief

holding that Defendants are bound by the Subscription Agreement FSC and by the CEP

III FSCs, as well. Thus, the declaratory judgment portion of the Complaint is moot.

      This leaves the request for injunctive relief. “A claim for injunctive relief must be

supported by the allegation of facts that „create a reasonable apprehension of

wrongdoing.‟”92 Above, I concluded that Plaintiffs have not alleged sufficient facts to

support a finding that a real and immediate actual controversy exists with respect to the

Subscription Agreement FSC.       That conclusion is reinforced by the Third Circuit

Decision.    Now, Plaintiffs must convince me not only that Defendants threatened

imminently to breach the forum selection clause—a showing Plaintiffs failed to make—

but also that Defendants are likely to breach the Subscription Agreement FSC despite the

preclusive Third Circuit Decision, holding that they are bound by that clause. No facts

have been alleged that would support such a conclusion. Rather, because “[t]his court

92
      State ex rel. Brady v. Pettinaro Enters., 870 A.2d 513, 536 (Del. Ch. 2005)
      (quoting McMahon v. New Castle Assocs., 532 A.2d 601, 606 (Del. Ch. 1987)).

                                         42
cannot permit its jurisdiction to be invoked simply on the basis of unsubstantiated fear

that a legal duty may be breached in an uncertain future,”93 I find that there is no

reasonable apprehension of wrongdoing here and grant Defendants‟ motion to dismiss

Count II.

                                B.         Motion to Strike

       Because I have not dismissed the entire Complaint, I also must consider

Defendants‟ motion to strike. Defendants have moved to strike paragraphs 34-44 and 73-

82 of the Complaint under Rule 12(f).

                               1.         Standard of review

       Pursuant to Rule 12(f), “the Court may order stricken from any pleading any

insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter.”94

Motions to strike focus on the form of the pleading rather than its substance.95 These

motions are disfavored, and are “granted sparingly and only when clearly warranted with

all doubt being resolved in the nonmoving party‟s favor.”96 Stated affirmatively, a

motion to strike is granted if the challenged averments are: (1) not relevant to an issue in

the case; and (2) unduly prejudicial.97

93
       Id.
94
       Ct. Ch. R. 12(f).
95
       Salem Church Assocs. v. New Castle Cty., 2004 WL 1087341, at *2 (Del. Ch. May
       6, 2004).
96
       Id.
97
       Id.

                                             43
       According to Defendants, the paragraphs they seek to have stricken “are offensive

and calculated to prejudice the Court against Defendants.”98 Defendants‟ solution to the

risk of such prejudice, apparently, is to demand that the Court sift through briefing on the

offending paragraphs and then independently analyze those very paragraphs to see if they

qualify as “immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter.”

                                    2.      Analysis

       Paragraphs 34-44 and 73-82 are at issue.            Paragraphs 34-37 allege that

Reijtenbagh investigated potential claims against Carlyle and that he previously had

funded a Lipman Karas lawsuit against another company. The motion to strike these

paragraphs is frivolous. That Reijtenbagh previously funded litigation provides support

for the allegations that he currently is funding litigation regarding various Carlyle

entities. An inference to that effect is strengthened by his association with the same

Australian law firm, Lipman Karas, in both instances. The Lipman Karas Memo also

supports Plaintiffs‟ claim that Defendants were attempting to bring claims outside of

Delaware.

       For the same reasons, I deny the motion to strike Paragraphs 73-82. Defendants

understandably take umbrage at the allegation that Reijtenbagh is funding the Guernsey

Litigation because he is “[u]nable or unwilling to pursue claims in his own name given

his status as a fugitive from the Belgian tax authorities.” 99 That allegation, however, is

98
       Defs.‟ Opening Br. 28.
99
       Compl. ¶ 73.

                                          44
not wholly irrelevant. It provides an explanation, when combined with the Releases, as

to why Reijtenbagh would pursue his claims secretly. The other allegations in paragraphs

74-82 support the claim that Reijtenbagh is funding the Guernsey Litigation by

emphasizing that: (1) Lipman Karas is closely associated with Reijtenbagh; (2) the

asserted claims track the Lipman Karas Memo; and (3) the press widely has publicized

Reijtenbagh‟s litigation funding activities in Australia, where Lipman Karas is

headquartered.

       This leaves paragraphs 38-44. These paragraphs, some of which are quite long,

detail Reijtenbagh‟s financial difficulties in 2009, including, among other financial

misfortunes, a sizeable adverse judgment by the Belgian tax authorities and the seizure by

creditors of several works of rare art previously pledged as collateral. Although less clear

than the other paragraphs, I also find these paragraphs relevant, if only barely so. They

explain, in a non-conclusory manner, how Reijtenbagh fell into financial difficulty.

Those alleged money troubles provide an explanation for why Reijtenbagh would agree

to the expansive Releases that Plaintiffs allege he did.100 Because doubts are resolved

against the movant on a motion to strike, I deny Defendants‟ motion with respect to these

paragraphs, subject to one exception. I grant the motion to strike with respect to footnote

1 referenced in paragraph 44. That footnote adds nothing of substance to the Complaint‟s

100
       Because I have found the Releases ambiguous, these background facts regarding
       the negotiation of the Releases may be admissible to resolve the ambiguity.
       Reijtenbagh‟s financial hardship coupled with the need to get Carlyle‟s permission
       to transfer Bundora‟s membership interests creates a negotiating dynamic that
       arguably favors Plaintiffs‟ interpretation of the Releases.

                                          45
narrative and borders on scandalous. Because I find footnote 1 immaterial, impertinent,

and unduly prejudicial, I order it stricken under Rule 12(f).

                                III.     CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, Defendants‟ motion to dismiss is granted in part and

denied in part. Specifically, Counts II and III are dismissed without prejudice. I deny the

motion as to Count I. Additionally, I deny Defendants‟ motion to strike, except to order

that footnote 1 be stricken.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                           46