Court Opinion

ID: 1046084
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-08 02:32:50.518657+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:10:27.073360
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT JACKSON
                                 July 18, 2012 Session

             MARK T. WICKHAM v. SOVEREIGN HOMES, LLC

             Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Shelby County
                No. CH-08-1161-2     Arnold B. Goldin, Chancellor

              No. W2011-02508-COA-R3-CV - Filed September 25, 2012

Plaintiff homeowner brought an action against Defendant builder alleging, inter alia, breach
of warranty and violation of the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act. The trial court
awarded summary judgment to Defendant builder. We affirm summary judgment on
Plaintiff’s breach of warranty claim; reverse summary judgment on Plaintiff’s Consumer
Protection Act claim; and remand for further proceedings.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed in
                      part, Reversed in part and Remanded

D AVID R. F ARMER, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which A LAN E. H IGHERS, P.J.,
W.S., and J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD, J., joined.

Erich M. Shultz, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Mark T. Wickham.

James B. Summers and Jessica A. Benton, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellee, Sovereign
Homes, LLC.

                                        OPINION

      This dispute arises from alleged defects in a new home located on lot 66 of the
Taluswood Subdivision in Cordova, Tennessee. The current appeal is from the trial court’s
order awarding summary judgment to Defendant builder, Sovereign Homes, LLC
(“Sovereign Homes”), dismissing Plaintiff’s claims against Sovereign Homes with prejudice
and making the order final pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 54.02

       In June 2008, Plaintiff/Appellant Mark T. Wickham (Mr. Wickham) filed an action
for rescission of contract or, alternatively, monetary damages against Sovereign Homes;
Prudential Collins-Maury, Inc., Realtors(“PCM”); and Jeff Goodman (Mr. Goodman;
collectively, “Defendants”) in the Chancery Court for Shelby County. In his complaint, Mr.
Wickham alleged that, on June 25, 2007, he and Sovereign Homes executed a contract for
the purchase of a new home on Redmond Drive in Cordova, and that shortly after moving
into the home in August 2007, he observed defects to the home including cracks in the brick
veneer and interior walls, walls separating from the floor, the sinking of counters, and doors
and cabinets that would not close properly, and exterior wood molding pulling away from
the brick. Mr. Wickham alleged that he notified Defendants of the problems and that, in
February and March 2008, inspections to the home by a structural engineer retained by
Defendants revealed cracks in the exterior brick and settling and movement of the
foundation. Mr. Wickham alleged that the structural engineer who inspected the home told
Mr. Goodman, an employee of PCM and the designated real estate agent for Sovereign
Homes, that work had previously been done to correct this problem. Mr. Wickham alleged
that he had not been informed of any previous repair work, and that Mr. Goodman “stated
something to the effect of, ‘Did I not mention that to you?’” Mr. Wickham alleged that he
later learned that the same structural engineer had inspected the home in March 2007 after
cracks were observed in the brick veneer, and that the engineer determined the cracks were
caused by foundation settlement due to water drainage from an adjacent property. He alleged
that repairs to the foundation and brick were performed, that Defendants knew that the home
“had structural defects,” and that Defendants failed to disclose these known defects.

        Mr. Wickham asserted that the new home contract entered into with Sovereign Homes
stated, in part, that “Seller specifically represents that there are no known defects pertaining
to the property condition known to seller which have not been disclosed to the purchaser,”
and that “Seller agrees that the grade of the property at closing will be such that water will
drain away from the residence.” Mr. Wickham alleged that the “new home limited warranty”
furnished by Sovereign Homes stated that Sovereign Homes, the builder, was the sole
warrantor of the home. Mr. Wickham asserted that “[t]he new home built by Sovereign was
in a defective state, experiencing excessive settling, resulting in exterior cracks, and improper
water drainage, shortly after it was constructed, but before it was sold.” He asserted that had
Defendants disclosed the defects to the home and subsequent work to repair the defects, he
would not have purchased it. He asserted damages as a result of Defendants’ acts and
omissions.

        Mr. Wickham asserted claims for misrepresentation; fraudulent concealment; breach
of contract; breach of express warranty; breach of warranties of habitability, good
workmanship, and materials; breach of professional duty; and violation of the Tennessee
Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”). He prayed for rescission of the contract between him
and Sovereign Homes, and consequential and incidental damages. He alternatively prayed
for damages in an amount to be determined at trial, which Mr. Wickham submitted were
likely to be greater than the purchase price of the home, and treble damages under the TCPA.

                                               -2-
        Sovereign Homes answered in December 2008. Sovereign Homes denied any liability
or wrong-doing, and asserted the comparative fault of the seller of the lot, Latting Road
Partners, LLC (“LRP”), which warranted and represented that the lot was certified to have
a 95% soil compaction. Sovereign Homes also asserted the comparative fault of its concrete
subcontractor, Roetker and Lawson Construction, LLC (“Roetker”), and its engineering firm,
Brough and Stephens, Inc. (“Brough”). In February 2009, Mr. Wickham amended his
complaint to add LRP, Roetker, and Brough as Defendants. In July 2009, Sovereign Homes
filed an amended answer with the permission of the trial court, and pled the comparative fault
of Rusco Company, the developer of the subdivision; T.R. Mills Contractors, Inc. (“T.R.
Mills”), the grading, filling, and soil compactor contractor for the subdivision; Prime
Development Group, Inc. (“Prime Development”), which prepared the plans for the
subdivision; and Derek Baskins (Mr. Baskins), the engineer who prepared the subdivision
plans. Mr. Wickham filed a second amended complaint in December 2009, adding Rusco
Company, T.R. Mills, Prime Development and Mr. Baskins as Defendants. Mr. Wickham
also added William R. Hyneman (Mr. Hyneman) a partner in Rusco Company, as an
additional Defendant.

        Following discovery, Sovereign Homes moved for partial summary judgment in
February 2011. In its motion Sovereign Homes asserted that the undisputed facts showed
that 1) “the cracks and other issues with [the] house [were] caused by soil movement”; 2) that
Mr. Wickham’s remedies were limited to those provided in the Registered Builder New
Home Limited Warranty, which expressly excluded damages resulting from soil movement;
3) that there was no proof of a defect in the house or a known defect in the property prior to
the sale of the house; 4) that Mr. Wickham could not recover on his claims for breach of
warranties of habitability, good workmanship and materials where all implied warranties
were expressly disclaimed; and 5) that the actions of Sovereign Homes did not fall below
standard of care because Sovereign Homes at all times followed the advice of structural
engineers. In its statement of undisputed facts, Sovereign Homes asserted that, in March
2008, it was discovered that the soil compaction of Mr. Wickham’s lot fell below the
percentage warranted; that the cracks were caused by soil movement; that the new home
limited warranty excluded damage resulting from soil movement; that it did not have prior
notice of any issues of soil compaction or insufficient subsurface conditions; and that prior
to the sale of the house, there was nothing to indicate and no reason to suspect that there were
problems with the subsurface soil conditions.

        In his reply to Sovereign Homes’ motion for summary judgment, Mr. Wickham
disputed Sovereign Homes’ contention that it had no prior notice of any issues of insufficient
soil compaction and that he had no reason to suspect problems with the soil conditions prior
to sale. He further asserted that Sovereign Homes did not disclose that the foundation had
undergone post-construction structural repairs prior to sale of the home; that a visual

                                              -3-
inspection of the home would not have revealed the repairs to the foundation; and that he
would not have purchased the property if the repairs had been disclosed.

       Following a hearing in August 2011, the trial court dismissed Plaintiff’s claims
against Sovereign Homes for misrepresentation; fraudulent concealment; breach of contract;
breach of express warranty; breach of warranties of habitability, good workmanship, and
materials; breach of professional duty; and violation of the Tennessee Consumer Protection
Act (“TCPA”) with prejudice on October 3, 2011. The trial court made the judgment final
pursuant to Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure 54.02. Plaintiff Mark T. Wickham (Mr.
Wickham) filed a timely notice of appeal to this Court.

                                     Issues Presented

       Mr. Wickham presents the following issues for our review:

       (1)    Was summary judgment properly granted where the builder of a new
              home did not disclose to the buyer that significant foundation repairs
              had been made prior to sale?

       (2)    Can failure to disclose foundation repairs to a new home constitute
              an unfair or deceptive act or practice within the meaning of the
              Tennessee Consumer Protection Act, T.C.A. 47-18-101, et seq.?

       (3)    Was failure to disclose the foundation repairs a breach of warranty?

The issues presented, as we perceive them, are:

       (1)    Whether the trial court erred by awarding summary judgment to
              Sovereign Homes on Mr. Wickham’s Tennessee Consumer
              Protection Act claim.

       (2)    Whether the trial court erred by awarding summary judgment to
              Sovereign Homes on Mr. Wickham’s claim for breach of express
              warranty.

                                    Standard of Review

       We review a trial court’s award of summary judgment de novo with no presumption
of correctness, reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and
drawing all reasonable inferences in that party’s favor. Martin v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 271

                                             -4-
S.W.3d 76, 84 (Tenn. 2008) (citations omitted). Summary judgment is appropriate only
where the “pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,
together with the affidavits . . . show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and
that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Id. at 83 (quoting Tenn.
R. Civ. P. 56.04; accord Penley v. Honda Motor Co., 31 S.W.3d 181, 183 (Tenn.2000)). The
burden of persuasion is on the moving party to demonstrate, by a properly supported motion,
that there are no genuine issues of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law. Id. (citing see Staples v. CBL & Assocs., Inc., 15 S.W.3d 83, 88 (Tenn. 2000);
McCarley v. W. Quality Food Serv., 960 S.W.2d 585, 588 (Tenn. 1998); Byrd v. Hall, 847
S.W.2d 208, 215 (Tenn. 1993)). The nonmoving party’s “burden to produce either
supporting affidavits or discovery materials is not triggered” if the party moving for summary
judgment fails to make this showing, and the motion for summary judgment must be denied.
Id. (quoting McCarley, 960 S.W.2d at 588; accord Staples, 15 S.W.3d at 88). The moving
party may carry its burden by “(1) affirmatively negating an essential element of the
nonmoving party’s claim; or (2) showing that the nonmoving party cannot prove an essential
element of the claim at trial.” Id. (citing Hannan v. Alltel Publ’g Co., 270 S.W.3d 1, 5 (Tenn.
2008); see also McCarley, 960 S.W.2d at 588; Byrd, 847 S.W.2d at 215 n. 5). Additionally,
a mere “assertion that the nonmoving party has no evidence” will not suffice. Id. at 84 (citing
Byrd, 847 S.W.2d at 215). “[E]vidence that raises doubts about the nonmoving party’s
ability to prove his or her claim is also insufficient.” Id. (citing McCarley, 960 S.W.2d at
588). Rather, “[t]he moving party must either produce evidence or refer to evidence
previously submitted by the nonmoving party that negates an essential element of the
nonmoving party’s claim or shows that the nonmoving party cannot prove an essential
element of the claim at trial.” Martin v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 271 S.W.3d 76, 83 (Tenn.
2008)(citing Hannan, 270 S.W.3d at 5). In order to negate an essential element, “the moving
party must point to evidence that tends to disprove an essential factual claim made by the
nonmoving party.” Id. at 84 (citing see Blair v. W. Town Mall, 130 S.W.3d 761, 768 (Tenn.
2004)). The motion for summary judgment must be denied if the moving party does not
make the required showing. Id. (citing Byrd, 847 S.W.2d at 215).

       After the moving party has made a properly supported motion, the nonmoving party
must “produce evidence of specific facts establishing that genuine issues of material fact
exist.” Id. (citing McCarley, 960 S.W.2d at 588; Byrd, 847 S.W.2d at 215). To satisfy its
burden, the nonmoving party may: (1) point to evidence of over-looked or disregarded
material factual disputes; (2) rehabilitate evidence discredited by the moving party; (3)
produce additional evidence that establishes the existence of a genuine issue for trial; or (4)
submit an affidavit asserting the need for additional discovery pursuant to Rule 56.02 of the
Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure. Id. (citing McCarley, 960 S.W.2d at 588; accord Byrd,
847 S.W.2d at 215 n. 6). The court must accept the nonmoving party’s evidence as true,
resolving any doubts regarding the existence of a genuine issue of material fact in that party’s

                                               -5-
favor. Id. (citing McCarley, 960 S.W.2d at 588). “‘A disputed fact is material if it must be
decided in order to resolve the substantive claim or defense at which the motion is directed.’”
Martin v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 271 S.W.3d 76, 84 (Tenn. 2008)(quoting Byrd, 847 S.W.2d at
215). “A disputed fact presents a genuine issue if ‘a reasonable jury could legitimately
resolve that fact in favor of one side or the other.’” Id. With this standard in mind, we turn
to the issues raised on appeal.

                                          Discussion

       Upon review of the record, we find that the background facts giving rise to this
lawsuit are largely undisputed. In March 2005, Rusco Company and Mr. Hyneman sold the
land that was to become the Taluswood subdivision to LRP. The warranty deed conveying
the land stated:

       Subject lots may be filled land or partially filled land and Grantor makes no
       representation as to said property being undisturbed land. The Grantor is not
       to be responsible or liable for any claim of any kind or character because said
       property is filled or partially filled land, however all lots shall have at least a
       95% compaction.

       In February or March 2005, LRP hired T.R. Mills as the general contractor to develop
the Taluswood subdivision (“the subdivision”) on the land. In February 2005, LRP and
Sovereign Homes entered into a contract for the purchase of 80 lots in the subdivision. The
contract provided that any filled lots shall have certified 95% compaction, and that all
warranties shall survive the closing and execution of the deed. Excavation work began
sometime after May 25, 2005. The site work in the subdivision included “remediation” of
a pond which existed on the site. T.R. Mills completed work on the site in August 2005.

      In 2006, LRP conveyed developed lots of the subdivision to Sovereign Homes. The
warranty deed contained the following disclosure:

       Subject lots may be filled land or partially filled land and Grantor makes no
       representation as to said property being undisturbed land. The Grantor is not
       to be responsible or liable for any claim of any kind or character because said
       property is filled or partially filled land, however all lots shall have at least a
       95% compaction.

       Sovereign Homes began construction on the home and Roetker was contracted to
construct a monolithic concrete slab for the home. Before the slab was poured, Brough was
retained to inspect the excavation, footings and soil. Brough engineer Mark Stephens (Mr.

                                               -6-
Stephens) determined the soil was soft in some areas and directed that piers be installed
underneath the slab’s footings. In March 2007, after the home was completed, Sovereign
Homes noticed cracks in the exterior brick of the home on the left side and front left corner.
Roetker was contacted to investigate the issue, and they requested Brough to return to the
site. Brough determined that water was pooling against the left side of the home due to the
higher elevation of the adjacent lot, causing settlement. Brough engineers recommended
grading to the left side of the house to divert water, and the installation of additional piers
along the left side of the house. In March 2007, Sovereign Homes performed additional
grading and made repairs to the foundation beneath the garage, which included the
installation of additional piers.

       In June 2007, Mr. Wickham and Sovereign Homes executed a new home contract of
purchase of the home. Mr. Wickham did not have the home inspected prior to purchase.
Mr. Wickham asserts that he began to notice cracks and other problems in the house in
August 2007. An additional inspection by Mr. Stephens in March 2008 revealed that the
cracks and other problems resulted from the construction of the home on improperly
compacted soil.

       In 2008, the State of Tennessee revoked the charter of T.R. Mills and administratively
dissolved the corporation. The president of T.R. Mills and his wife filed petitions for
bankruptcy the same year. LRP filed a petition for bankruptcy in April 2010.

        Prime Development and Mr. Baskins moved for summary judgment in April 2010.
They asserted that they entered into a contract with Rusco to prepare the subdivision
infrastructure plans and drawings; that the plans were approved by the Shelby County and
Memphis City Engineers in June and July 2005, respectively; and that it retained the “as-
built” certification for the work performed in the subdivision because it had not been paid
for its work. Prime Development and Mr. Baskins asserted “due to nonpayment, [they] have
not certified that the improvements were installed as per those plans” and “do not know to
this day whether [the] plans and drawings were followed correctly or not.” In August 2010,
the trial court entered an order awarding summary judgment to Prime Development and Mr.
Baskins.

        In December 2010, Rusco and Mr. Hyneman filed a motion for summary judgment
based on the expiration of the statute of limitations and statute of repose. Mr. Hyneman filed
a petition for bankruptcy in March 2011, and in May 2011 requested the court to stay the
proceedings against him. In September 2011, Rusco again moved for summary judgment
based on the expiration of the statute of limitations and statute of repose. The trial court

                                              -7-
entered an order awarding summary judgment to Rusco and Mr. Hyneman in October 2011.1
Mr. Wickham and Roetker entered a settlement agreement and Roetker was dismissed by a
consent order entered by the trial court in February 2011.

       As noted above, in October 2011 the trial court awarded summary judgment to
Sovereign Homes and made its judgment final pursuant to Rule 54.02 of the Tennessee Rules
of Civil Procedure. We accordingly turn to whether a genuine issue of material facts exists
so as to preclude summary judgment of Mr. Wickham’s claims against Sovereign Homes
under the TCPA and for breach of warranty.

                        The Tennessee Consumer Protection Act Claim

        The provisions of the TCPA mirror the prohibitions found in the Federal Trade
Commission Act against unfair or deceptive practices in or affecting commerce. Tucker v.
Sierra Builders, 180 S.W.3d 109, 115 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). It is not a codification of
common law, but “provide[s] additional, supplementary state law remedies to consumers
victimized by unfair or deceptive business acts or practices that were committed in Tennessee
in whole or in part.” Id. (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § § 47-1-102(2), (4), -112). The TCPA is
an explicitly remedial act, and therefore must be liberally construed to protect consumers.
Id. (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 47–18–115; Myint v. Allstate Ins. Co., 970 S.W.2d 920, 925
(Tenn. 1998); Morris v. Mack’s Used Cars, 824 S.W.2d 538, 540 (Tenn. 1992)). It is
broader in scope than an action for common-law fraud. Id. A consumer may recover under
the TCPA without being required to meet the burden of proof required in a common law
fraud action. Id. Additionally, the defenses available to a defendant in an action for common
law fraud are not available to a defendant in an action under the TCPA. Id. Accordingly,
misrepresentations may be actionable under the TCPA that would not be actionable in claim
for common law fraud. Id. The TCPA is applicable to “any act or practice that is unfair or
deceptive to consumers.”            Id. (citing Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 47–18–104(a),
–104(b)(27))(footnote omitted)). Thus, the TCPA is “not limited to misrepresentations that
are fraudulent or willful.” Id. (citing Smith v. Scott Lewis Chevrolet, Inc., 843 S.W.2d 9,
12–13 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992)).

        To recover damages in an action under the TCPA, the plaintiff must prove: “(1) that

        1
          It does not appear from the record whether the trial court entered an order adjudicating Mr.
Hyneman’s May 2011 petition to stay the proceedings following his petition for bankruptcy. However,
section 362 of the Bankruptcy Code provides an automatic stay of judicial proceedings against a debtor who
has filed a petition under sections 301, 302, or 303 of the Bankruptcy Code. 11 U.S.C.A. § 362. It does not
appear from the record whether the stay was lifted in the bankruptcy proceedings, or whether the trial court
regained jurisdiction over the proceedings against Mr. Hyneman.

                                                    -8-
the defendant engaged in an unfair or deceptive act or practice declared unlawful by the
TCPA and (2) that the defendant’s conduct caused an ‘ascertainable loss of money or
property, real, personal, or mixed, or any other article, commodity or thing of value wherever
situated. . . .’” Id. (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-109(a)(1)). Although section 47-18-104
contains a non-exclusive list of deceptive or unfair acts, the TCPA does not define the terms
“unfair” and “deceptive.” Id. at 116. Therefore, “the standards to be used in determining
whether a representation is ‘unfair’ or ‘deceptive’ under the TCPA are legal matters to be
decided by the courts.” Morrison v. Allen, 338 S.W.3d 417, 438 (Tenn. 2011)(citing Tucker,
180 S.W.3d at 116). However, “whether a specific representation in a particular case is
‘unfair’ or ‘deceptive’ is a question of fact.” Id. (citing id.).

        We have observed that “[t]he broad phrasing of the statute suggests that, at the very
least, the terms ‘unfair’ and ‘deceptive’ should not be limited to a set of specific acts that can
be readily catalogued in a judicial opinion or otherwise.” Tucker, 180 S.W.3d at 116. We
have construed a deceptive act as “one that causes or tends to cause a consumer to believe
what is false or that misleads or tends to mislead a consumer as to a matter of fact.” Id.
(footnote omitted). Accordingly, under the TCPA, “the essence of deception is misleading
consumers by a merchant’s statements, silence, or actions.” Id. (citing Jonathan Sheldon &
Carolyn L. Carter, Unfair and Deceptive Acts and Practices § 4.2.3.1, at 118–19 (5th
ed.2001)). Unfairness, moreover, is a broader concept that “applies to various abusive
business practices that are not necessarily deceptive.” Id. (citing id. at 156). An unfair act
or practice is one that “‘is likely to cause substantial injury to consumers which is not
reasonably avoidable by consumers themselves and not outweighed by countervailing
benefits to consumers or to competition.’” Davis v. McGuigan, 325 S.W.3d 149, 162 (Tenn.
2010)(quoting Tucker, 180 S.W.3d at 116-17) (quoting 5 U.S.C.A. § 45(n))). An unfair act
is one that causes an injury not reasonably avoidable by a consumer. Tucker, 180 S.W.3d at
117. Unfair acts include those that “unreasonably interfere with consumer decision-making,”
including “(1) withholding important information from consumers, (2) overt coercion, or (3)
exercising undue influence over a highly susceptible class of consumers.” Id. (citing Unfair
and Deceptive Acts and Practices § 4.3.2.3, at 155)).

        The issue presented by this appeal is whether Sovereign Homes affirmatively negated
an essential element of Mr. Wickham’s TCPA claim, or demonstrated that Mr. Wickham
would be unable to prove an unfair or deceptive act on the part of Sovereign Homes at trial.
Mr. Wickham asserts that Sovereign Homes’ failure to inform him of prior problems with
the foundation and subsequent repairs constitutes a deceptive or unfair act. He further asserts
that, prior to entering the contract for sale of the home, he observed that a coating had been
put on the floor of the garage. Mr. Wickham asserts that he inquired about the coating and
that Mr. Goodman, Sovereign Home’s real estate agent, informed him that the coating had
been applied for “aesthetic” purposes. Mr. Wickham argues that he was not told that the

                                               -9-
coating covered evidence of substantial repairs to the foundation, and that the nature of the
coating was misrepresented.

      Upon review of the record, we note that Mr. Goodman’s deposition testimony
supports this assertion. Mr. Goodman stated,

       Prior to [Mr. Wickham] entering into contract to purchase the home, he had
       noticed that in the garage, that the -- they had put a -- like a sealant on the
       garage floor.

When asked whether the sealant covered the garage floor completely, Mr. Goodman replied,
“Yeah, completely.” When asked whether it was a clear sealant, Mr. Goodman replied,

       No, it was -- it was the color of concrete and -- but it was, you know,
       something that -- that he noticed and he questioned why that finish was on --
       on the garage floor.

Mr. Goodman stated that he was aware of a “hairline” crack in the floor, and that

       for aesthetic purposes, they had somebody come out and -- I would call it float
       -- it wouldn’t be floating the floor, but they just put a -- I mean, I would call
       it a sealant. I don’t know what it was, but it -- they just put it on the floor.

Mr. Goodman further stated that the coating would completely cover cracks and that he
“would assume that Sovereign [had] hired a subcontractor to” apply the “sealant.” Mr.
Goodman further stated that, when he responded to Mr. Wickham’s questions about the
garage floor, he was not aware of any foundation problems or subsoil problems that may
have contributed to the cracks in the floor.

        In its brief, Sovereign Homes asserts that the actions it took to address problems with
the foundation in March 2007 cured any problem of which it was then aware. It contends that
the failure to advise Mr. Wickham of the earlier defective condition of the foundation was
not deceptive because a defective condition that has been remedied ceases to be a defect. It
additionally asserts that the installation of piers is not an uncommon construction process and
does not constitute a “defect.”

       Mr. Wickham, on the other hand, contends that he would not have purchased the home
had he been aware that it had undergone significant structural repairs to remedy post-
construction problems with the foundation. He asserts that Sovereign Homes’ failure to
reveal the prior repairs, coupled with Mr. Goodman’s assurances that a concrete-colored

                                             -10-
sealant had been placed on the garage floors for aesthetic purposes rather than to conceal
substantial earlier repairs to the foundation, was deceptive and caused him to purchase a
home he otherwise would not have purchased.

        It is undisputed that Mr. Wickham’s home underwent substantial repairs to the
foundation before Mr. Wickham and Sovereign Homes executed the contract for sale of the
property. It is also undisputed that Sovereign Homes failed to disclose those repairs.
Sovereign Homes relies on the trial court’s “findings” in support of its position that its acts
were not misleading and did not influence Mr. Wickham’s decision to purchase the home.
The trial court’s factual findings with respect to these disputed facts are premature, however,
at the summary judgment stage of the proceedings. Sovereign Homes also asserts that the
installation of piers to correct problems in March 2007 did not cause the later problems,
which resulted from improper soil compaction. It asserts that the use of piers is an acceptable
building practice, that it followed the advice of structural engineers when addressing issues
with the foundation in March 2007, and that the piers did not constitute a defective condition.

        The means by which Sovereign Homes attempted to correct problems with the
foundation in March 2007 is irrelevant to our inquiry here. The issue presented in this case,
as we perceive it, is whether Sovereign Homes’ failure to disclose earlier substantial repairs
to the foundation, coupled with the alleged misleading characterization of the coating on the
garage floor which concealed those repairs, constitute a deceptive or unfair act for the
purposes of the TCPA. As noted above, whether a particular act or statement is deceptive
or unfair under the TCPA is a question of fact for the finder of fact. Additionally, unless the
undisputed facts would allow a reasonable person to reach only one conclusion, the question
of causation and the allocation of comparative fault are issues to be resolved by the finder
of fact. Hale v. Ostrow, 166 S.W.3d 713, 718 (Tenn. 2005).

       In this case, viewing the facts in a light most favorable to Mr. Wickham, there is a
genuine issue of material fact as to whether Sovereign Homes’ failure to disclose prior
problems with the foundation, combined with the representations of its sales agent to Mr.
Wickham regarding the reason for the application of a concrete-colored “sealer” or
resurfacing to the garage floor, were deceptive or unfair in light of the totality of the
circumstances. This is a question of fact to be resolved by the finder of fact. The question
of whether any such deceptive or unfair acts influenced Mr. Wickham’s decisions as a
consumer also is a question of fact to be resolved by the finder of fact. We accordingly
reverse summary judgment in favor of Sovereign Homes on Mr. Wickham’s TCPA claim.

                               Breach of Express Warranty

       We next turn to whether the trial court erred by awarding summary judgment to

                                             -11-
Sovereign Homes on Mr. Wickham’s claim for breach of warranty. The interpretation of a
written document generally is a question of law that we review de novo, with no presumption
of correctness. Adkins v. Bluegrass Estates, Inc., 360 S.W.3d 404, 411 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2011) The interpretation may become an issue for the trier of fact, however, where the
document is ambiguous and if parol evidence is necessary to determine its meaning. Id. Mr.
Wickham’s argument on this issue in the argument section of his brief consists of one ten-
line paragraph. He asserts that, in its express warranty, Sovereign warranted “that there are
no known defects pertaining to the property condition known to the Seller which have not
been disclosed to the Purchaser.” Mr. Wickham submits that “the language does not simply
promise no current defects, but ‘no defect pertaining to the property condition.’” He argues
that the previously repaired foundation “pertains to the property,” and that he would be
required to disclose the foundation repairs in the Property Disclosure Form required by
Tennessee Code Annotated § 66-5-210 if he were to sell the home, even absent the soil
condition. Mr. Wickham asserts that Sovereign Homes failed to disclose what it knew
affecting the property condition, and thereby breached the warranty. Mr. Wickham’s
argument, as we perceive it, is that, because he would be required to disclose repairs to the
foundation of the home as a seller under Tennessee Code Annotated § 66-5-210, the repaired
foundation constitutes a defect in the condition of the property under the express warranty.
Mr. Wickham cites no law in support of this assertion.

        Sovereign Homes, on the other hand, submits that Mr. Wickham did not rely on the
provisions of Tennessee Code Annotated § 66-5-210 in the trial court, and cannot present this
argument for the first time on appeal. It further asserts that it did not breach the express
warranty because there were no known defects to the property when it was purchased by Mr.
Wickham. Sovereign contends that it undertook repairs to address the settlement of the
house caused by water pooling against the foundation pursuant to the recommendation of the
structural engineers; that inspections in February and March 2008 confirmed that the
installation of piers and grading had remedied the earlier settlement issues; and that it had
no notice of improper soil compaction prior to March 2008. It asserts that, because there
were no known existing defects to the property at the time the express warranty was made,
it did not breach the warranty.

       Mr. Wickham has not filed a reply brief countering Sovereign Homes assertion that
he relies on the Tennessee Residential Property Condition Disclosure Form required by
section 66-5-210 for the first time on appeal. Upon review of the record, we find that he did
not rely on the section in his response in opposition to Sovereign Homes’ motion for
summary judgment. Arguments not made in the trial court cannot be raised for the first time
on appeal. Barnett v. Barnett, No. E2008-02679-COA-R3-CV, 2010 WL 680983, at *7
(Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 26, 2010)(citing In Re Sentinel Trust Co., 206 S.W.3d 501, 528 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2005)). Accordingly, Mr. Wickham’s argument that the 2007 installation of piers

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to correct problems apparently caused by water pooling constitutes a defect to the condition
of the property in light of the requirements of section 66-5-210 cannot be asserted for the first
time here. Further, Mr. Wickham points us to no evidence in this record to demonstrate that
Sovereign Homes had actual knowledge of the improper soil compaction that appears to have
caused the damage to his home in 2008. Mr. Wickham does not argue that Sovereign Homes
did not properly correct issues as they were identified by the structural engineers in 2007, or
that the installation of piers is not an acceptable construction practice. We affirm summary
judgment on this issue.

                                            Holding

      In light of the foregoing, we affirm the award of summary judgment to Sovereign
Homes on Mr. Wickham’s claim for breach of express warranty. We reverse summary
judgment to Sovereign Homes on Mr. Wickham’s claims under the TCPA. The matter is
remanded to the trial court for further proceedings. Costs of this appeal are taxed to the
Appellee, Sovereign Homes.

                                                     _________________________________
                                                     DAVID R. FARMER, JUDGE

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