Court Opinion

ID: 4663045
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-02-25 20:16:47.304492+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:26.078246
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                                January 2021 Term
                                _______________                             FILED
                                                                       February 24, 2021
                                  No. 19-1076                              released at 3:00 p.m.
                                                                       EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                _______________                        SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                            OF WEST VIRGINIA

                         THOMAS W. SMITH,
               THOMAS W. SMITH, Administrator of the Estate of
                      ELIZABETH ANNE SMITH,
                          RACHEL DICKHUT,
                     NANCY SMITH McGREGOR,
                      MARY SMITH NELSON, and
                     ELIZABETH SMITH ARTHUR,
                              Petitioners

                                        v.

                   CHESTNUT RIDGE STORAGE, LLC,
                              Respondent
     ____________________________________________________________

               Appeal from the Circuit Court of Monongalia County
                    The Honorable Debra H. Scudiere, Judge
                           Civil Action No. 11-C-457

              REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS

     ____________________________________________________________

                            Submitted: January 27, 2021
                             Filed: February 24, 2021

Wade W. Massie, Esq.                         Karen Kahle, Esq.
Penn, Stuart & Eskridge                      Kahle Law Office
Abingdon, Virginia                           Wheeling, West Virginia
Stephen L. Thompson, Esq.                    Counsel for Respondent
Barth & Thompson
Charleston, West Virginia                    Howard M. Persinger, III, Esq.
Counsel for Petitioners                      Persinger & Persinger, L.C.
                                             Charleston, West Virginia
                                       Counsel for Amici West Virginia
                                       Land and Mineral Owners’ Association,
                                       West Virginia Royalty Owners’
                                       Association, West Virginia Farm Bureau
                                       and National Association of Royalty
                                       Owners, Appalachia

JUSTICE ARMSTEAD delivered the Opinion of the Court.
                              SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

              1.      “This Court reviews de novo the denial of a motion for summary

judgment, where such a ruling is properly reviewable by this Court.” Syl. Pt. 1, Findley v.

State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 213 W. Va. 80, 576 S.E.2d 807 (2002).

              2.     “A circuit court’s entry of summary judgment is reviewed de novo.”

Syl. Pt. 1, Painter v. Peavy, 192 W. Va. 189, 451 S.E.2d 755 (1994).

              3.     “Summary judgment is appropriate if, from the totality of the evidence

presented, the record could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party,

such as where the nonmoving party has failed to make a sufficient showing on an essential

element of the case that it has the burden to prove.” Syl. Pt. 2, Williams v. Precision Coil,

Inc., 194 W. Va. 52, 459 S.E.2d 329 (1995).

              4.     “An order denying a motion for summary judgment is merely

interlocutory, leaves the case pending for trial, and is not appealable except in special

instances in which an interlocutory order is appealable.” Syl. Pt. 8, Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co.

v. Fed. Ins. Co. of NY, 148 W. Va. 160, 133 S.E.2d 770 (1963).

              5.     “A circuit court’s denial of summary judgment that is predicated on

qualified immunity is an interlocutory ruling which is subject to immediate appeal under

the ‘collateral order’ doctrine.” Syl. Pt. 2, Robinson v. Pack, 223 W. Va. 828, 679 S.E.2d

660 (2009).

              6.     “The litigation privilege is generally applicable to bar a civil litigant’s

claim for civil damages against an opposing party’s attorney if the alleged act of the
attorney occurs in the course of the attorney’s representation of an opposing party and is

conduct related to the civil action.” Syl. Pt. 3, Clark v. Druckman, 218 W. Va. 427, 624

S.E.2d 864 (2005).
ARMSTEAD, Justice:

              In this appeal of a circuit court’s order denying Petitioners’ 1 motion for

summary judgment, we consider whether Petitioners are immune from Respondent

Chestnut Ridge Storage LLC’s (“Chestnut Ridge”) lawsuit pursuant to the litigation

privilege and the Noerr-Pennington doctrine. 2 After review, 3 and for the reasons explained

herein, we conclude that both of these immunities apply. We therefore reverse the circuit

court’s order and remand with instructions for the circuit court to enter summary judgment

in favor of Petitioners.

                I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

              Petitioners own an oil and gas estate underlying a track of 4,572 acres located

in Monongalia County and Preston County in West Virginia, and Fayette County in

Pennsylvania. In 1987, Petitioners executed an oil and gas lease in favor of Fox Oil and

Gas, Inc. The Lease was later acquired by Oil & Gas Management, Inc. (“OGM”).

       1
        Petitioners are Thomas W. Smith, Thomas W. Smith, administrator of the estate
of Elizabeth Anne Smith, Rachel Dickhut, Nancy Smith McGregor, Mary Smith Nelson,
and Elizabeth Smith Arthur.
       2
        See E. R.R. Presidents Conf. v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc., 365 U.S. 127, 81 S.Ct.
523 (1961); United Mine Workers v. Pennington, 381 U.S. 657, 85 S.Ct. 1585 (1965).
       3
        We wish to acknowledge the amicus curiae brief submitted by the West Virginia
Land and Mineral Owners’ Association, the West Virginia Royalty Owners’ Association,
the West Virginia Farm Bureau, and the National Association of Royalty Owners,
Appalachia (“Amicus Curiae Organizations”). We value the Amicus Curiae Organizations’
contribution to this case, and have considered their brief in conjunction with the parties’
arguments.

                                             1
Petitioners signed an addendum to the lease on January 26, 1993 (“Addendum”), allowing

the lessee to use depleted strata for gas storage. In July of 2007, OGM assigned

approximately 2,300 acres of Petitioners’ tract to Chestnut Ridge for a storage project.

              In December of 2007, Chestnut Ridge applied to the Federal Energy

Regulatory Commission (“FERC” or the “Commission”) for a certificate of public

convenience and necessity to construct and operate a storage field. Petitioners intervened

in that proceeding and objected to Chestnut Ridge’s planned storage project because, they

argued, the “areas proposed for storage on their property were not depleted and that the

[Addendum] only allows [Chestnut Ridge] to employ depleted strata for storage.”

              Paragraphs two and three of the Addendum concern storage rights:

                     2.      Lessor grants to Lessee the exclusive right to
              employ any depleted oil or gas stratum underlying the lands for
              the storage of gas and may, for this purpose, reopen and restore
              to operation any and all abandoned wells on the leased
              premises which may have penetrated said depleted stratum or
              may drill new wells thereon for the purpose of freely
              introducing and storing gas in such stratum and recovering the
              same therefrom.

                      3.        It is agreed that the cessation of production from
              wells on the Leased Premises or upon other lands unitized
              therewith after the expiration of the original term of the Lease,
              shall not terminate the Lease whether the pooling units have
              been dissolved or not, if the Lands are used for the storage of
              gas prior to the plugging and abandonment of wells from which
              oil or gas has been produced except that it is agreed that the
              storage of gas shall not extend the terms of the Lease pertaining
              to any other sand or sands beyond 100 feet above and 100 feet
              below the sand or sand horizons which are being used to store
              gas. . . . [I]t is agreed that Lessee shall be the sole judge as to
              whether gas is being stored within the Leased Premises and
              that its determination shall be final and conclusive.

                                               2
              Chestnut Ridge did not object to Petitioners intervening in the FERC

proceeding. In fact, Chestnut Ridge urged the Commission to allow the intervention,

stating that it would “contribute to the development of a complete record (by furnishing

assurances that Chestnut Ridge will provide [Petitioners] reasonable compensation for their

various leasehold interests . . .) and will assist the Commission’s decision-making process.”

              Additionally, Chestnut Ridge did not generally contest the assertion that the

gas reserves were not fully depleted. Instead, Chestnut Ridge provided that they intended

to negotiate with Petitioners to compensate them for the gas reserves that were still in place.

While acknowledging that it had a duty to compensate Petitioners for such gas reserves,

Chestnut Ridge argued that any dispute over this issue could be resolved in court, and stated

that this issue should not prevent the Commission from approving its proposed storage

facility.

              The Commission entered an order on August 31, 2009, granting Chestnut

Ridge’s request. Relevant to the instant case, the Commission’s order noted that Petitioners

filed a “[t]imely, unopposed” motion to intervene in the FERC proceeding. The

Commission’s order also provides that Chestnut Ridge did not contest Petitioners’

allegation that the gas reserves were not fully depleted:

              The parties agree that the production field is not yet depleted,
              and Chestnut Ridge does not dispute [Petitioners]’ contention
              that converting a currently producing field into a storage
              reservoir would be inconsistent with the provision of the
              parties’ gas storage addendum. Thus, in assessing the
              proposal, we consider the burden that the proposed project
              would impose on property owners; [Petitioners] identify this
              burden as the loss of royalty payments that property owners

                                              3
              would realize but for gas being left in place as part of the
              development of the proposed storage facility. This burden
              constitutes economic harm, and as such, can be remedied by
              Chestnut Ridge paying property owners the equivalent of what
              they would have received in royalties for gas that could have
              been produced, but that will instead remain in situ to serve as
              cushion gas to support the storage facility. The issue of just
              compensation is a matter for negotiation between property
              owners and Chestnut Ridge and if the parties are unable to
              reach an agreement, just compensation will be determined by
              appropriate court.

(Emphasis added).

              Per the Commission’s order, Chestnut Ridge had two years to complete

construction of the storage facility. Chestnut Ridge did not complete construction of the

storage facility within two years. In August of 2011, it sought a three-year extension to

complete the project. Chestnut Ridge’s request for an extension of time provided that

“commercial and financial factors related to recent changes in the natural gas storage

market and the overall state of the economy since the Certificate Order [2009 order] was

issued have delayed the Project to date.” Petitioners opposed this extension, asserting that

Chestnut Ridge had failed to move the project forward in the previous two years. The

Commission denied Chestnut Ridge’s request to extend the timeframe, finding that

Chestnut Ridge failed to take the necessary steps to construct the field, and that the project

was not viable.

              Chestnut Ridge then filed a motion for rehearing before the Commission.

The Commission denied this motion, explaining that

              Chestnut Ridge’s deadline for completing the project came and
              went, and it is still unable to secure financing or present any

                                              4
             evidence of market demand for its storage services at the rates
             it says it would need to make its project viable. Therefore, we
             affirm the determination of the Director of OEP that “[g]iven
             the absence of customer demand and funding at this point . . .
             Chestnut Ridge’s desire to maintain the viability of its
             certificate and its belief that circumstances will eventually
             change such that its project will become viable” are not
             “sufficient reasons to grant the requested three-year extension
             of time.”

             In July of 2011, Petitioners filed suit against Chestnut Ridge alleging breach

of contract and seeking declaratory judgment. 4 Chestnut Ridge’s answer to this lawsuit

included a counterclaim against Petitioners alleging breach of contract, civil conspiracy,

slander of title, and seeking declaratory judgment.       Chestnut Ridge asserted that

Petitioners’ opposition to the FERC certificate breached the duty of good faith and fair

dealing, and that the opposition was a “general breach” of the Lease and Addendum.

Specifically, Chestnut Ridge asserted that Petitioners’ “continued opposition to the FERC

proceeding proximately caused or contributed to the FERC’s decision to deny Chestnut

Ridge’s request for an extension of time to complete construction of the storage project.”

Finally, Chestnut Ridge’s counterclaim sought declaratory relief on two issues: “A.

      4
         Petitioners alleged that Chestnut Ridge (and other defendants) were obligated to
develop the Marcellus Shale within the storage area; that these defendants breached the
Addendum by obtaining the FERC certificate on portions of the property that were not
depleted; and that these defendants breached the agreement by refusing to develop or
permit development of the Marcellus Shale in the storage area. In 2014, the circuit court
granted summary judgment to Chestnut Ridge on Petitioners’ claims. This Court affirmed
the circuit court’s ruling in a memorandum decision, Smith v. Chestnut Ridge Storage, LLC,
No. 14-0136, 2014 WL 6607569 (W. Va. Nov. 21, 2014) (memorandum decision).

                                            5
Whether Chestnut Ridge complied with its obligations under the Gas Storage Addendum

in obtaining a FERC certificate; and B. Whether the Smith Heirs [Petitioners] breached the

Gas Storage Addendum by opposing the FERC certificate.”

              After discovery was complete, Petitioners filed a motion for summary

judgment on the counterclaim, asserting, among other arguments, 5 that Chestnut Ridge’s

claims were barred by the litigation privilege and the Noerr-Pennington doctrine. Chestnut

Ridge also filed a motion for summary judgment. It argued that Petitioners’ representations

before the Commission that Chestnut Ridge could not store gas until the gas was depleted

from the strata resulted in an anticipatory breach of the Addendum. Additionally, Chestnut

Ridge argued that Petitioners “relentless and unequivocal” opposition during the FERC

proceeding violated the duty of good faith and fair dealing. It also asserted that Petitioners’

“improper and inaccurate” interpretation of the Addendum slandered their title to their gas

storage rights. Finally, Chestnut Ridge sought a declaratory judgment that it, the lessee

under the Addendum, had the “sole discretion to determine when a stratum or reservoir is

depleted” and that it had no obligation to compensate Petitioners for gas remaining in

unproduced strata at the time of conversion to storage.

       5
        Petitioners also argued that: 1) Chestnut Ridge was estopped from asserting any
claim against Petitioners for their participation in the FERC proceeding given Chestnut
Ridge’s failure to object to their participation; 2) the information they presented during the
FERC proceeding did not constitute a slander of title or breach of the Lease because
everything they presented was truthful; and 3) Chestnut Ridge’s claims were barred by the
applicable two-year statute of limitations.

                                              6
              The circuit court held a hearing on these motions on October 28, 2019.

During the hearing, Petitioners argued that they were entitled to summary judgment based

on the litigation privilege because the counterclaim was based solely on statements they

made during the FERC proceeding.         Chestnut Ridge did not contest this assertion.

However, counsel for Chestnut Ridge argued that the litigation privilege should not apply

because the statements were “slanderous, and probably, more importantly, in breach of a

contract[.]” In response, the parties had the following exchange:

                    Counsel for Petitioners: “So, we’ve narrowed this
              down, everything we’re being sued for we said in a judicial
              proceeding, a quasi-judicial proceeding, we’re being sued for
              what we said in that proceeding.”

                    Circuit Court Judge: “And is that true, Ms. Kahle
              [counsel for Chestnut Ridge]? Do you agree with that?”

                     Counsel for Chestnut Ridge: “Yes.”

              Petitioners argued that whether the litigation privilege applies is a question

of law, and asked the circuit court to grant summary judgment in their favor. The circuit

court did not explicitly address the litigation privilege in its oral ruling on Petitioners’

motion for summary judgment or in its subsequent order. Instead, it only provided that “I

think there is a question of damages and I’m going to deny that motion.”

              The circuit court also denied Chestnut Ridge’s motion for summary

judgment, finding:

              I think there has been an admission that there were questions
              of fact as to damages. I’m going to deny [Chestnut Ridge’s]
              motion for summary judgment because I think that there are
              questions of fact for the jury on whether factually there was a

                                             7
              breach, whether factually there was a slander of title, and
              whether factually there was civil conspiracy.

              On November 8, 2019, the circuit court entered its “Order Regarding Various

Motions” memorializing its rulings made at the hearing. It provides:

                  For the reasons stated by the Court at the hearing, it is
              ORDERED that Chestnut Ridge Storage LLC’s motion for
              Summary Judgment on Liability is Denied.

                     It is further ORDERED that Chestnut Ridge Storage
              LLC’s Motion for Declaratory Judgment is Denied. The Court
              finds that Chestnut Ridge Storage LLC is the sole judge as to
              when/whether strata are depleted and gas can be stored.

                    It is further ORDERED that the [Petitioners’] Renewed
              Motion for Summary Judgment on the Counterclaim is denied.

              After entry of this order, Petitioners filed the instant appeal.

                              II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

              Petitioners appeal the circuit court’s denial of their summary judgment

motion, asserting that they are immune from Chestnut Ridge’s lawsuit pursuant to the

litigation privilege and the Noerr-Pennington doctrine. “This Court reviews de novo the

denial of a motion for summary judgment, where such a ruling is properly reviewable by

this Court.” Syl. Pt. 1, Findley v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 213 W. Va. 80, 576 S.E.2d

807 (2002). Similarly, we have held that “[a] circuit court’s entry of summary judgment

is reviewed de novo.” Syl. Pt. 1, Painter v. Peavy, 192 W. Va. 189, 451 S.E.2d 755 (1994).

Further,

              [s]ummary judgment is appropriate if, from the totality of the
              evidence presented, the record could not lead a rational trier of
              fact to find for the nonmoving party, such as where the

                                              8
              nonmoving party has failed to make a sufficient showing on an
              essential element of the case that it has the burden to prove.

Syl. Pt. 2, Williams v. Precision Coil, Inc., 194 W. Va. 52, 459 S.E.2d 329 (1995).

                                     III. ANALYSIS

              Petitioners argue that they are immune from Chestnut Ridge’s counterclaim

under the litigation privilege and the Noerr-Pennington doctrine. Before addressing these

two arguments, we examine whether the circuit court’s denial of Petitioners’ summary

judgment motion is reviewable by this Court.

              This Court has held that “[a]n order denying a motion for summary judgment

is merely interlocutory, leaves the case pending for trial, and is not appealable except in

special instances in which an interlocutory order is appealable.” Syl. Pt. 8, Aetna Cas. &

Sur. Co. v. Fed. Ins. Co. of NY, 148 W. Va. 160, 133 S.E.2d 770 (1963). Petitioners assert

that the circuit court’s order denying their motion for summary judgment is immediately

reviewable under this Court’s collateral order doctrine. Under the collateral order doctrine,

an interlocutory order may be subject to immediate appeal if it “(1) conclusively determines

the disputed controversy, (2) resolves an important issue completely separate from the

merits of the action, and (3) is effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment.”

Credit Acceptance Corp. v. Front, 231 W. Va. 518, 523, 745 S.E.2d 556, 561 (2013)

                                             9
(citation omitted). Chestnut Ridge agrees that this Court may properly review the circuit

court’s ruling on “the immunity defenses.” 6

              Because Petitioners set forth two assignment of errors asserting immunity

from Chestnut Ridge’s counterclaim, we find that the present appeal is comparable to a

circuit court’s denial of a summary judgment motion based on qualified immunity. We

have held that “[a] circuit court’s denial of summary judgment that is predicated on

qualified immunity is an interlocutory ruling which is subject to immediate appeal under

the ‘collateral order’ doctrine.” Syl. Pt. 2, Robinson v. Pack, 223 W. Va. 828, 679 S.E.2d

660 (2009). In Hutchison v. City of Huntington, 198 W. Va. 139, 479 S.E.2d 649 (1996),

this Court noted that “[w]e agree with the United States Supreme Court to the extent it has

encouraged, if not mandated, that claims of immunities, where ripe for disposition, should

be summarily decided before trial.” 198 W. Va. at 147, 479 S.E.2d at 657. In Robinson,

an opinion written by Justice McHugh, the Court considered whether a qualified immunity

ruling is “effectively unreviewable” at the appellate stage:

                      Postponing review of a ruling denying immunity to the
              post-trial stage is fruitless, as the United States Supreme Court
              reasoned in Mitchell, because the underlying objective in any
              immunity determination (absolute or qualified) is immunity
              from suit. . . . Traditional appellate review of a qualified
              immunity ruling cannot achieve the intended goal of an

       6
         Chestnut Ridge asserts that the circuit court’s ruling on the declaratory judgment
portion of the counterclaim is not “presently appealable because it does not meet the criteria
for a collateral order.”

                                               10
               immunity ruling: “the right not to be subject to the burden of
               trial.”

223 W. Va. at 833, 679 S.E.2d at 665.

               Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the instant appeal is immediately

reviewable under the collateral order doctrine. As in Robinson, we find that postponing

review of Petitioners’ claims of immunity based on the litigation privilege and the Noerr-

Pennington doctrine would frustrate one of the intended goals of these immunities—the

right not to be subject to the burden of trial. We therefore proceed to consider Petitioners’

assertion that they are immune from Chestnut Ridge’s counterclaim.

                                   A. Litigation Privilege

               Petitioners argue that Chestnut Ridge’s counterclaim is barred by the

litigation privilege. According to Petitioners, it is undisputed that the counterclaim is based

only on statements made during the FERC proceeding.               Petitioners note that they

participated in the FERC proceeding without objection by Chestnut Ridge, and that the

order granting the FERC certificate provided that the parties “agree that the production

field is not yet depleted, and Chestnut Ridge does not dispute [Petitioners’] contention that

converting a currently producing field into a storage reservoir would be inconsistent with

the provision of the parties’ gas storage addendum.” Petitioners assert that because their

complained of actions consisted entirely of statements they made during a quasi-judicial

proceeding, they are entitled to immunity from Chestnut Ridge’s counterclaim based on

the litigation privilege.

                                              11
              Similarly, in the Amicus Curiae Organizations’ brief, they note that

Petitioners were exercising their right to appear in a quasi-judicial proceeding, and

asserting legitimate legal positions therein. The Amicus Curiae Organizations aver that

“[a]llowing Chestnut Ridge to attack this lawful exercise of well-established rights of

participation . . . risks a damaging, chilling effect” on the continued exercise of such rights.

Further, the Amicus Curiae Organizations offer the following summary of the current

lawsuit, and their analysis explaining why the litigation privilege should apply:

                     [T]he alleged statements which form the factual
              predicate [for] both counterclaims . . . amount to nothing more
              than assertions of a colorable legal position regarding the
              proper contractual interpretation of paragraphs 2 and 3 of the
              [Addendum] and whether or not the proposed storage area
              consisted of strata which were or were not “depleted” such that
              the storage rights arising under these paragraphs have legally
              accrued to Chestnut Ridge.

                     Accordingly, it is simply beyond cavil that the
              statements made by [Petitioners] in the course of the quasi-
              judicial proceeding at the heart of this case, statements which
              amounted to nothing more than legitimate assertion of a legal
              position by counsel [on] a contested issue, are absolutely
              subject to the litigation privilege and cannot form the basis of
              a counterclaim for defamation or similar claims.

              By contrast, Chestnut Ridge asserts that “because Petitioners were

intervenors in the contested FERC proceeding in which the wrongful statements were

made, litigation privilege immunity is not available to them.” According to Chestnut

Ridge, the “[l]itigation privilege in West Virginia has not been, nor should it now be,

enlarged to provide absolute immunity for intervenors in a judicial or quasi-judicial

proceeding.” (Emphasis added). Assuming the litigation privilege could apply to an

                                              12
intervenor, Chestnut Ridge argues that it should not apply to either a breach of contract

claim or a slander of title claim.

               After review, we agree with Petitioners and conclude that they are entitled to

immunity from Chestnut Ridge’s counterclaim based on the litigation privilege. This Court

has addressed the litigation privilege in a number of cases. We have observed that, in

general, absolute privilege attaches to a party in a judicial or quasi-judicial proceeding

“based upon the public interest of encouraging access to the court system while facilitating

the truth-seeking process therein.” Collins vs. Red Roof Inns, Inc., 211 W. Va. 458, 464,

566 S.E.2d 595, 601 (2002) (Internal citation omitted). The objectives of the litigation

privilege include:

               (1) promoting the candid, objective and undistorted disclosure
               of evidence; (2) placing the burden of testing the evidence upon
               the litigants during trial; (3) avoiding the chilling effect
               resulting from the threat of subsequent litigation; (4)
               reinforcing the finality of judgments; (5) limiting collateral
               attacks upon judgments; (6) promoting zealous advocacy; (7)
               discouraging abusive litigation practices; and (8) encouraging
               settlement.

Barefield v. DPIC Cos., Inc., 215 W. Va. 544, 560, 600 S.E.2d 256, 272 (2004) (Davis, J.,

concurring).

               Moreover, one comment to the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 587 (1977),

addressing the absolute privilege that attaches to a party in a judicial proceeding, provides:

“a. [t]he privilege . . . is based upon the public interest in according to all men the utmost

freedom of access to the courts of justice for the settlement of their private disputes. Like

the privilege of an attorney, it is absolute.” Id., comment (a).

                                              13
              This Court has applied the litigation privilege in both judicial and quasi-

judicial proceedings. In Collins, the Court noted that the privilege applies in “legislative,

judicial and quasi-judicial proceedings and other acts of the State.” 211 W. Va. at 461, 566

S.E.2d at 598 (Internal citation omitted). 7 In addition to parties who participate in judicial

or quasi-judicial proceedings, this Court has found that the litigation privilege applies to

expert and fact witnesses. 8 Similarly, the Court has found that the litigation privilege

applies to attorneys. In syllabus point three of Clark v. Druckman, 218 W. Va. 427, 624

S.E.2d 864 (2005), we held “[t]he litigation privilege is generally applicable to bar a civil

litigant’s claim for civil damages against an opposing party’s attorney if the alleged act of

the attorney occurs in the course of the attorney’s representation of an opposing party and

is conduct related to the civil action.” The Court in Clark also noted two exceptions that

       7
        One quasi-judicial proceeding in which the litigation privilege has been applied is
a lawyer disciplinary proceeding. In Farber v. Dale, 182 W. Va. 784, 392 S.E.2d 224
(1990), the Court provided that “a defendant who has been sued for libel as a result of
testimony given before the West Virginia State Bar Legal Ethics Committee is entitled to
absolute immunity from such suit, as provided by Article VI, Section 43 of the West
Virginia State Bar Constitution.” 182 W. Va. at 787, 392 S.E.2d at 227.
       8
          “An adverse expert witness enjoys civil immunity for his/her testimony and/or
participation in judicial proceedings where such testimony and/or participation are relevant
to said judicial proceedings.” Syl. Pt. 2, Wilson v. Bernet, 218 W. Va. 628, 625 S.E.2d 706
(2005). In syllabus point eight of Zsigray v. Langman, 243 W. Va. 163, 842 S.E.2d 716
(2020), we held that “[j]udicial fact witnesses enjoy absolute immunity from defamation
claims based on their trial testimony where such testimony is relevant to the judicial
proceeding.”

                                              14
apply to the litigation privilege—claims of fraud and malicious prosecution. 218 W. Va. at

435, 624 S.E.2d at 872.

              Turning to the present case, we note that FERC is a federal agency “with

authority to render quasi-judicial decisions on the scope and application of federal energy

jurisdiction.” Steven Ferrey, The Medium Is the Message, 35 Va. Envtl. L.J. 213, 236

(2017) (Emphasis added).     The Commission heard evidence from both Chestnut Ridge

and Petitioners, and entered a written order explaining its decision granting the relief

Chestnut Ridge sought. Therefore, we find that there is no dispute that the FERC

proceeding was a quasi-judicial proceeding.

              Next, we find that during the FERC proceeding, Chestnut Ridge argued in

favor of Petitioners being permitted to participate, and asserted that such participation

would help create a complete record before the Commission, and assist in the “decision-

making process.” While it does not dispute that Petitioners participated in the FERC

proceeding or that its counterclaim is based solely on statements made by Petitioners during

the FERC proceeding, Chestnut Ridge argues that litigation privilege immunity does not

apply because Petitioners were merely intervenors. According to Chestnut Ridge, there is

a distinction between an intervenor and a party, and an intervenor may not assert litigation

privilege immunity. We disagree.

              This Court has ruled that intervenors have “all the rights and responsibilities

of any other party to the action.” In re Harley C., 203 W. Va. 594, 598, 509 S.E.2d 875,

879 (1998). The Court in Harley C. noted that

                                             15
              [b]y the very definition of intervention the intervenor is a party
              to the action. After intervention, he or she is as much a party
              to the action as the original parties, and renders himself
              vulnerable to complete adjudication of the issues in litigation
              between himself and the adverse party. To make his rights
              effectual he must necessarily have the same power as the
              original parties, subject to the authority of the court reasonably
              to control the proceedings in the case.

Id. (quoting 59 Am.Jur.2d Parties § 170 (1987)).

              Chestnut Ridge concedes that its counterclaim is based solely on statements

made by Petitioners during the FERC proceeding. Accordingly, we find that Petitioners

are entitled to immunity pursuant to the litigation privilege. In fact, we find that it would

be difficult to conceive of a case in which a party had a stronger claim to litigation privilege

immunity than that currently before us in which: 1) Chestnut Ridge advocated for

Petitioners to be permitted to intervene in the FERC proceeding; 2) Chestnut Ridge did not

generally contest the arguments raised by Petitioners during the FERC proceeding; 3)

Chestnut Ridge obtained the relief it sought during the FERC proceeding; and 4) the order

granting the relief sought by Chestnut Ridge explicitly found that “[t]he parties agree that

the production field is not yet depleted, and Chestnut Ridge does not dispute [Petitioners’]

contention that converting a currently producing field into a storage reservoir would be

inconsistent with the provision of the parties’ gas storage addendum.”

                                              16
              We reject Chestnut Ridge’s argument that the litigation privilege should not

apply to their slander of title 9 and breach of contract claims. 10 As previously noted, this

       9
         Relying on TXO Production Corp. v. Alliance Resources Corp., 187 W. Va. 457,
419 S.E.2d 870 (1992), Chestnut Ridge argues that the litigation privilege should not apply
to statements made in a quasi-judicial proceeding that would constitute slander of title. We
find that TXO is clearly distinguishable from the present matter. In that case, TXO filed
an action for a declaratory judgment to quiet title, and the appellees counterclaimed for
slander of title. The slander in that case was the recording of a bogus deed, not an argument
made during a quasi-judicial proceeding. The litigation privilege was not discussed by the
Court in TXO, and we do not find anything in TXO that would support Chestnut Ridge’s
argument that litigation privilege immunity does not apply in slander of title claims.
Further, a number of courts outside our jurisdiction have concluded that litigation privilege
immunity applies to a claim for slander of title. See Gorman-Dahm v. BMO Harris Bank,
N.A., 94 N.E.3d 257 (App. Ct. 2d Dist. 2018); Mize v. Westbrook Const. Co. of Oxford,
LLC, 146 So. 3d 344 (Miss. 2014); Raymond v. Lyden, 728 A.2d 124 (Me. 1999); Pryor v.
Findley, 949 P.2d 1218 (Okla.Civ.App.1997).
       10
         This Court has never found that the litigation privilege does not apply to a breach
of contract claim, and we decline to do so under the facts of this case. A number of courts
outside of our jurisdiction have determined that litigation privilege immunity applies in
breach of contract claims. As noted by the court in O’Brien & Gere Engineers, Inc. v. City
of Salisbury, 135 A.3d 473, 484 (Md. Ct. App. 2016):

                      Many other jurisdictions have approved the use of the
              litigation privilege as a defense to claims sounding in breach
              of contract. See Kimmel & Silverman, P.C. v. Porro, 53
              F.Supp.3d      325,     343-44     (D.Mass.2014)     (applying
              Massachusetts law); Johnson v. Johnson & Bell, Ltd., 379
              Ill.Dec. 626, 7 N.E.3d 52, 56 (Ill.App.Ct.2014); Vivian v.
              Labrucherie, 214 Cal.App.4th 267, 153 Cal.Rptr.3d 707, 715
              (2013); Rain v. Rolls-Royce Corp., 626 F.3d 372, 377-78 (7th
              Cir.2010) (applying Indiana law); Rickenbach v. Wells Fargo
              Bank, N.A., 635 F.Supp.2d 389, 401-02 (D.N.J.2009) (applying
              New Jersey law); Crockett & Myers, Ltd. v. Napier, Fitzgerald
              & Kirby, LLP, 440 F.Supp.2d 1184, 1195-97 (D.Nev.2006)
              (applying Nevada law); Arts4All, Ltd. v. Hancock, 5 A.D.3d
                                                                           (continued . . .)

                                             17
Court has recognized that two exceptions apply to the litigation privilege—claims of fraud

and malicious prosecution. Clark, 218 W. Va. at 435, 624 S.E.2d at 872. Neither of those

exceptions apply in this case.

              Based on all of the foregoing, we find that Petitioners are entitled to

immunity from Chestnut Ridge’s counterclaim based on the litigation privilege.

              106, 773 N.Y.S.2d 348, 351 (2004); Kelly v. Golden, 352 F.3d
              344, 350 (8th Cir.2003) (applying Missouri law); Ellis v. Kaye-
              Kibbey, 581 F.Supp.2d 861, 879–81 (W.D.Mich.2008)
              (applying Michigan law); . . .

                      These courts have explained that the privilege would be
              “valueless” or “meaningless” if the opposing party could bar
              application of the privilege just by drafting the claim with a
              non-tort label. Kimmel & Silverman, P.C., 53 F.Supp.3d at
              343; Johnson, 7 N.E.3d at 56; see Rickenbach, 635 F.Supp.2d
              at 401 (“If the policy, which in defamation actions affords an
              absolute privilege or immunity to statements made in judicial
              and quasi-judicial proceedings, is really to mean anything then
              we must not permit its circumvention by affording an almost
              equally unrestricted action under a different label.”) (citations
              and internal quotation marks omitted). Indeed, to refuse to
              consider applying the privilege when the claim is not labeled
              as a tort is to ignore the possibility that the alleged harm derives
              from tortious conduct. See Rain, 626 F.3d at 378
              (“[A]ppellants’ breach of contract claim is largely
              indistinguishable from a tort claim alleging injury flowing
              from statements made in a judicial proceeding. While
              appellants technically seek liquidated damages under the
              settlement agreement, any damages they suffered were caused
              solely by the fact that the statements were (allegedly)
              tortious.”).

(Emphasis added, footnotes omitted).

                                              18
                             B. Noerr-Pennington Doctrine

              Petitioners also assert that they are immune from Chestnut Ridge’s

counterclaim pursuant to the Noerr-Pennington doctrine. They allege that they had a right

to participate in the FERC proceeding, and that this right would be “materially and unfairly

compromised if Chestnut Ridge were now allowed to maintain state law claims against

[Petitioners] for what they said [during the FERC proceeding].” Conversely, Chestnut

Ridge asserts that Petitioners’ participation in the FERC proceeding is “not the type of

petitioning activity for which immunity under this doctrine is contemplated.” According

to Chestnut Ridge, the Noerr-Pennington doctrine applies mainly to antitrust claims or

business torts flowing from petitioning activity, not breach of contract or slander of title

claims.

              Our review of this issue will consist of 1) a background discussion of the

Noerr-Pennington doctrine, 2) an examination of whether Noerr-Pennington immunity

may attach to a party in a FERC proceeding, and 3) if so, whether an exception to the

Noerr-Pennington doctrine applies in this case.

              This Court discussed the Noerr-Pennington doctrine in Baldau v. Jonkers,

229 W. Va. 1, 725 S.E.2d 170 (2011), stating that it “grants First Amendment immunity

from suit to those engaged in petitioning activity.” 229 W. Va. at 7, 725 S.E.2d at 176.

Further, in Baldau we noted that the Supreme Court, in California Motor Transport Co. v.

Trucking Unlimited, 404 U.S. 508, 92 S.Ct. 609 (1972), extended Noerr-Pennington

immunity to citizens engaged in petitioning activities aimed at state and federal agencies,

                                            19
and courts. Id. In Perrine v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 225 W. Va. 482, 694 S.E.2d

815 (2010), this Court noted that “[t]he Noerr-Pennington doctrine and the West Virginia

Constitution prevent a party from predicating a cause of action upon a party’s mere attempt

to influence government.” 225 W. Va. at 551, n.78, 694 S.E.2d at 884, n.78. The Fourth

Circuit Court of Appeals has recognized that Noerr-Pennington immunity extends to those

engaged in “the pursuit of litigation, . . . and, although originally developed in the antitrust

context, the doctrine has now universally been applied to business torts.” IGEN Int’l, Inc.

v. Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 335 F.3d 303, 310 (4th Cir.2003) (citations omitted).

Similarly, a number of courts have noted that Noerr-Pennington is not limited to federal

antitrust actions, and may be invoked in actions under state and federal law. 11

              With this background in mind, we address whether a party facing a lawsuit

for statements it made during a FERC proceeding may assert immunity based on Noerr-

Pennington. To resolve this question, we examine Petitioners’ purpose for appearing in

the FERC proceeding, and look at other jurisdictions that have considered this issue.

              As previously noted, FERC is a federal agency “with authority to render

quasi-judicial decisions on the scope and application of federal energy jurisdiction.”

       11
          See Harrah’s Vicksburg Corp. v. Pennebaker, 812 So.2d 163 (Miss.2001)
(holding Noerr-Pennington applies to state-law antitrust and tort claims alleging restraint
of trade, civil conspiracy and tortious interference); Zeller v. Consolini, 758 A.2d 376
(Conn. App. Ct. 2000) (applying Noerr-Pennington to state-law tort claim for tortious
interference with a business relationship); Gunderson v. Univ. of Alaska, 902 P.2d 323
(Alaska 1995) (applying Noerr-Pennington to state-law contract claim); Arim v. Gen.
Motors Corp., 520 N.W.2d 695 (Mich. Ct. App. 1994) (applying Noerr-Pennington to
state-law torts claims).
                                            20
Ferrey, The Medium Is the Message, 35 Va. Env’t L.J. at 236. It is clear that the purpose

of Petitioners’ intervention in the FERC proceeding was to influence a government

action—that is, Petitioners sought to influence a federal agency’s decision regarding the

proposed storage project.

              Next, we find that a number of courts outside of our jurisdiction have

addressed whether a party in a FERC or similar federal regulatory proceeding may be

entitled to Noerr-Pennington immunity. The Second Circuit affirmed a district court’s

ruling that Noerr-Pennington applied in a case involving a FERC proceeding in which one

party was attempting to block another party’s construction of a gas storage facility. Bath

Petroleum Storage, Inc. v. Market Hub Partners, L.P., 129 F.Supp.2d 578 (W.D.N.Y.),

aff'd, 229 F.3d 1135 (2d Cir.2000), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 1037 (2001). In that matter, Bath

Petroleum Storage, Inc. (“Bath”) claimed that a business competitor made false statements

before various administrative bodies, including FERC. Bath claimed that these false

statements led to delays, and that these delays caused its partner to breach a lease agreement

it had with Bath. The court dismissed Bath’s case, ruling that the

              defendants are entitled to Noerr[-]Pennington immunity for
              any claims arising out of their activities in the administrative
              proceedings before FERC, DEC, and EPA. Furthermore, since
              all of plaintiff’s claims in this action are based upon the
              statements that defendants made to those agencies, those
              claims are all barred by the Noerr[-]Pennington doctrine.

129 F.Supp.2d at 597 (Emphasis added).

              A number of other courts have also determined that Noerr-Pennington

immunity applies to parties facing lawsuits for statements made during FERC or similar

                                             21
federal regulatory proceedings. 12 Consistent with these cases, we find that since all of

Chestnut Ridge’s claims against Petitioners are based upon statements that Petitioners

made during the FERC proceeding, those claims are barred by the Noerr-Pennington

doctrine unless an exception to the doctrine applies.

              The Supreme Court has set forth an exception to Noerr-Pennington

immunity for “sham” litigation. Prof’l Real Estate Investors, Inc. v. Columbia Pictures

Indus., Inc., 508 U.S. 49, 113 S.Ct. 1920 (1993). In Columbia Pictures, the Supreme Court

set forth a two-part test to analyze whether the “sham” litigation exception applies. 508

U.S. at 60. The first part is an objective test providing that “the lawsuit must be objectively

baseless in the sense that no reasonable litigant could realistically expect success on the

merits.” Id. This test is straightforward, as the Court explained: “[i]f an objective litigant

could conclude that the suit is reasonably calculated to elicit a favorable outcome, the suit

       12
         See Borough of Lansdale v. PP & L, Inc., 426 F. Supp. 2d 264 (E.D. Pa. 2006)
(boroughs brought action against utility companies, alleging, among other claims, breach
of contract for petitioning activity before FERC and Pennsylvania Public Utility
Commission; the court rejected the “sham” exception to Noerr-Pennington, finding no
evidence that the petitioning activity was not genuine); TEC Cogeneration Inc. v. Florida
Power & Light Co., 76 F.3d 1560 (11th Cir. 1996), opinion modified on reh’g, 86 F.3d
1028 (11th Cir. 1996) (utility’s activities in lobbying county commission against
construction of transmission line was constitutionally protected under Noerr-Pennington
immunity); Norcen Energy Res. Ltd. v. Pacific Gas & Elec. Co., 1994 WL 519461 (N.D.
Cal. 1994) (actions of electric and natural gas utilities before state and federal commissions
were protected by the Noerr-Pennington doctrine); Transphase Sys., Inc. v. S. Cal. Edison
Co., 839 F. Supp. 711 (C.D. Cal. 1993) (joint actions by utilities before state regulatory
commission with respect to level of rebates paid for demand side management services
protected by Noerr-Pennington).

                                              22
is immunized under Noerr[.]” Id. The Court then described the second part of the test,

“[o]nly if challenged litigation is objectively meritless may a court examine the litigant’s

subjective motivation.” Id.

              In the present case, we easily conclude that Petitioners’ intervention in the

FERC proceeding was not objectively baseless. Petitioners asserted their position that the

strata was not depleted and, therefore, Chestnut Ridge was not permitted to construct a

storage facility according to the Addendum. Far from being objectively baseless, the FERC

order granting Chestnut Ridge’s certificate to construct a storage facility found that “[t]he

parties agree that the production field is not yet depleted, and Chestnut Ridge does not

dispute [Petitioners]’ contention that converting a currently producing field into a storage

reservoir would be inconsistent with the provision of the parties’ gas storage addendum.”

We therefore find that the “sham” exception to Noerr-Pennington does not apply in this

case, and conclude that Petitioners are entitled to immunity from Chestnut Ridge’s

counterclaim under the Noerr-Pennington doctrine. 13

       13
          We find that both the litigation privilege and Noerr-Pennington doctrine provide
Petitioners with immunity from all of Chestnut Ridge’s counterclaim because the entire
lawsuit is based on statements Petitioners made during the FERC proceeding. We disagree
with Chestnut Ridge’s claim that the declaratory judgment portion of their counterclaim is
not “presently appealable because it does not meet the criteria for a collateral order.” That
portion of their counterclaim involved requests for declaratory relief on two issues that
concern Petitioners’ intervention in the FERC proceeding: “A. Whether Chestnut Ridge
complied with its obligations under the Gas Storage Addendum in obtaining a FERC
certificate; and B. Whether the Smith Heirs [Petitioners] breached the Gas Storage
Addendum by opposing the FERC certificate.” Both of these issues plainly involve
                                                                              (continued . . .)

                                              23
                                   IV. CONCLUSION

              We reverse the circuit court’s November 8, 2019, order. This case is

remanded to the circuit court for entry of an order granting Petitioners’ motion for summary

judgment.

                                                 Reversed and Remanded with Directions.

Petitioners’ intervention in the FERC proceeding. Because we conclude that Petitioners
are immune from the counterclaim under the litigation privilege and Noerr-Pennington, we
find that Petitioners are entitled to summary judgment on the declaratory judgment portion
of Chestnut Ridge’s counterclaim.

                                            24