Court Opinion

ID: 4642105
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-11 17:10:39.532402+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:28.434207
License: Public Domain

[Cite as In re L.R.B., 2020-Ohio-6642.]

                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                    MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 IN RE: L.R.B, N.J.B. and J.B.B.               :
                                               :
                                               :   Appellate Case No. 28826
                                               :
                                               :   Trial Court Case Nos. 2016-1686,
                                               :   2016-1687, 2018-0065
                                               :
                                               :   (Appeal from Common Pleas Court-
                                               :   Juvenile Division)
                                               :

                                          ...........

                                          OPINION

                          Rendered on the 11th day of December, 2020.

                                          ...........

MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by JAMIE J. RIZZO, Atty. Reg. No. 0099218, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, Montgomery County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division,
Montgomery County Courts Building, 301 West Third Street, Dayton, Ohio 45422
      Attorney for Appellee, Montgomery County Children Services

KAREN S. MILLER, Atty. Reg. No. 0071853, P.O. Box 341274, Beavercreek, Ohio 45434
    Attorney for Appellant, Mother

                                          .............

WELBAUM, J.
                                                                                            -2-

       {¶ 1} Appellant Mother appeals from a juvenile court judgment awarding

permanent custody of her minor children, N.J.B., L.R.B, and J.B.B., to Montgomery

County Children Services (“MCCS”). The children’s father has not appealed.

       {¶ 2} In support of her appeal, Mother asserts that MCCS failed to prove by clear

and convincing evidence that an award of permanent custody was in the children’s best

interest. For the reasons discussed below, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse

its discretion by finding that a grant of permanent custody to MCCS was in the children’s

best interest. The court's findings were supported by competent, credible evidence, and

there was clear and convincing evidence that granting permanent custody to MCCS was

in the children’s best interest. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court will be affirmed.

                               I. Facts and Course of Proceedings

       {¶ 3} The history of this case began with events that occurred in 2011, when a

child of Mother, D.T., who had tested positive at birth for drugs not prescribed to Mother,

died under suspicious circumstances. See Montgomery J.C. No. 2016-1687, March 16,

2016 Dependency Complaint, p, 1.1 D.T. was admitted to Dayton Children’s Hospital

(“DCH”) when he was seven weeks old, with injuries consistent with physical abuse. Id.;

Transcript of Proceedings (March 18, 2019 Permanent Custody Hearing) (“Tr.”), p. 28.

       {¶ 4} Dr. Lori Vavul-Roediger, an expert in pediatric child abuse, treated D.T.

during his hospitalization. Id. at p. 12, 28, and 48. Dr. Roediger found that D.T. had

acute subdural hemorrhages and bilateral, multilayered retinal hemorrhages in both eyes.

1 Because there are three cases, there are pleadings for each child. However, the
pertinent records are identical. As a result, we will refer to the docket and pleadings in
N.J.B.’s case (Montgomery J.C. No. 2016-1687) unless otherwise indicated.
                                                                                       -3-

Her diagnosis was that D.T. had been physically abused, as his injuries were consistent

with head trauma. Id. at p. 48-49.   Unfortunately, D.T. became septic during his

hospitalization and died. Id. at p. 28 and 49.   Although Mother had no explanation for

the child’s injuries, no criminal charges were filed. However, abuse was suspected.

Dependency Complaint at p.1.

      {¶ 5} In March 2016, Mother appeared again at DCH with another child, L.R.B.,

who was four weeks old. Tr. at p. 13 and 15. Dr. Roediger again was asked to consult,

based on concerns over possible head trauma due to physical abuse. Id. at p. 14.

According to the records, L.R.B. had tested positive for opiates at birth, had not been

seen by a doctor since birth, and was not current on any immunizations. Id. at p. 172

and May 11, 2016 Guardian Ad Litem (“GAL”) Report, p. 3.

      {¶ 6} When L.R.B. was brought to the hospital, medical personnel observed that

bruising on her forehead and head and large areas of bruising on her buttocks were

covered in a foundation or makeup-type product. Tr. at p. 52-53. Mother initially denied

putting makeup on the bruises, but later admitted to a caseworker that she had done it

because of what had happened with D.T. May 11, 2016 GAL Report at p. 3; Tr. at p.

170, 175; Dependency Complaint at p. 1.

      {¶ 7} On examining L.R.B., Dr. Roediger noted acute intracranial hemorrhages

and areas of ischemic (lack of blood flow) injury to L.R.B’s brain. It was also noted on

admission and on the doctor’s exam that L.R.B. had a very large area of extensive

bruising on her buttock and lower lateral thorax as well as on the side of her head. Tr.

at p. 17. Dr. Roediger concluded that L.R.B. had been physically maltreated and that

the injuries were inflicted, or nonaccidental, trauma. Id.   Specifically, an extensive
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medical evaluation indicated no type of genetic abnormality or blood disorder that would

have led to the injuries. Id. at p. 17-18.   Mother also had no explanation for the child’s

injuries, and denied any injuries, accidents, or falls. Id. at p. 54 and 169. Dr. Roediger

stressed that a child of L.R.B.’s age (four weeks) could not possibly have inflicted these

injuries on herself. Id. at p. 32.

       {¶ 8} At the time Mother brought L.R.B. to the hospital, Mother, L.R.B., and N.J.B.

(born in December 2013) lived in a home with the maternal grandparents. Id. at p. 170;

Dependency Complaint at p. 1. Mother was the primary caregiver, but she stated that

the grandfather was the last one to change L.R.B.’s diaper before she was brought to the

hospital. MCCS later substantiated abuse concerning both Mother and the grandfather.
Id. at p. 170-171.

       {¶ 9} L.R.B. was hospitalized for about a week for her trauma. Id. at p. 59. A few

days after the hospital admission, MCCS filed dependency complaints regarding L.R.B.

and N.J.B., as well as motions and affidavits for interim temporary custody at an ex parte

hearing. E.g. Dependency Complaints. The complaints alleged that the children lacked

proper parental care due to the mental or physical condition of their parents and that the

children’s condition or environment warranted assumption of their guardianship by the

State. Id. at p. 1.

       {¶ 10} The trial court granted temporary custody to MCCS on March 22, 2016, and

the matter was set for an adjudicatory and dispositional hearing on May 11, 2016.

Following the May hearing, the court filed an order on May 16, 2016, finding the children

dependent and granting MCCS temporary custody until March 16, 2017, unless MCCS

filed a motion before that date. Magistrate’s Decision and Judge’s Order, p. 2. The
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court also approved the initial case plan MCCS had filed and granted Mother supervised

visitation. Id.

       {¶ 11} The initial case plan contained the following requirements: Mother was to

identify a “sober responsible adult to supervise her children to reduce any chances of

abuse and neglect”; complete parenting/psychological, drug/alcohol, and mental health

assessments and follow any recommendations, which “may include individual/group

counseling and random drug testing”; secure employment and maintain housing; and sign

releases. Case Plan, p. 5. Father was not involved to a great degree at the time the

case plan was implemented, but the plan stated he would be given goals once he became

involved. Id.      Mother was also given visitation with the children for two hours no less

than two times per week. Id. at p. 6.

       {¶ 12} In January 2017, MCCS filed a motion and affidavit for a first extension of

temporary custody, noting that Mother had made some progress on the case plan.

Mother was employed, had recently obtained housing, and had been released from

substance abuse treatment. See Motion for Extension of Temporary Custody, p. 2. The

trial court granted the first extension on February 1, 2017, and ordered that Father be

added to the plan because he had recently established paternity. Magistrate’s Interim

and Final Order, p. 2. In addition, the court set a dispositional hearing for April 3, 2017.
Id. at p. 3.      After Father was added to the plan, his goals included completing a

drug/alcohol assessment, following recommendations of the assessment, securing

housing and income, maintaining contact with MCCS, and signing releases. Amended

Case Plan, p. 4.

       {¶ 13} In March 2017, the GAL noted that no objective testing had been done
                                                                                        -6-

concerning Mother’s mental health status or needs and no mental health counseling had

occurred.    At the GAL’s request, MCCS scheduled a parenting/psychological

assessment for Mother on May 2, 2017 with Dr. Lilley. GAL Report, p. 2, and May 13,

2017 Semi-Annual Review (“SAR”), p. 3. This goal was added to Mother’s case plan in

April 2017. Amended Case Plan, p. 1.

       {¶ 14} In July 2017, MCCS moved for a second extension of temporary custody,

and it was approved on August 2, 2017. In September 2017, a SAR indicated that

Mother had been employed full-time since the beginning of 2017, had begun having two-

hour in-home visits on Fridays with N.J.B. and L.R.B., and had completed a psychological

evaluation. However, MCCS was still awaiting results of the evaluation. SAR, p. 7.

       {¶ 15} In November 2017, the GAL filed a report noting that “Dr. Lilley diagnosed

mother with adjustment disorder with depressed mood; opioid-related disorder by history;

and R/O personality disorder with dependency and narcissistic features.” November 16,

2017 GAL report, p. 4-5. The doctor’s report further found that Mother “ ‘has a limited

frustration tolerance and she can respond impulsively particularly during times of stress.

Her egocentrism leads to focus on meeting her own needs before those of others. She

tended to endorse parenting approaches that were rigid and restrictive, which can

result in disciplinary practices that are overly harsh and punitive.’ ” (Emphasis sic.)
Id. at p. 5, quoting Dr. Lilley’s report. The GAL was particularly concerned by this latter

finding, due to the history of the case. Id.

       {¶ 16} Dr. Lilley recommended gradual increases in Mother’s parenting time prior

to reunification and noted that Mother needed a structured care plan for the children when

she was at work. Id.    In addition, the GAL noted that: “Dr. Lilley recommended
                                                                                         -7-

counseling for mother focused on parenting; and parenting classes focused on children

in the pre-school period and those with oppositional behaviors.          Finally, mother is

encouraged to establish a relationship with a therapist with expertise in opioid use

disorder, due to the anticipated stresses and challenges mother will experience in

parenting young children combined with N.[J.]B.’s oppositional tendencies.” Id.

        {¶ 17} In the report, the GAL also said, “Due to the history of two of mother’s

children experiencing unexplained accidental head trauma with subdural hematomas, I

have serious concerns for the long-term safety of these children if reunited, despite Dr.

Lilley’s findings and mother’s efforts regarding the case plan.” Id. at p. 6.

        {¶ 18} Following a dispositional hearing on November 7, 2017, the court filed an

order granting a second extension of temporary custody.           In the order, the court

observed that Mother had made significant progress on other objectives in her case plan,

but had not completed the recommendations in Dr. Lilley’s report. The court then set an

annual review hearing for February 21, 2018. Magistrate’s Decision and Judge’s Order,

p. 2.

        {¶ 19} On November 21, 2017, Mother gave birth to J.B.B., but she concealed the

birth from MCCS. After receiving information about the birth on December 15, 2017,

MCCS spoke to Mother to determine whether she, in fact, had a new baby. At that point,

Mother denied both being pregnant and giving birth to a child. After MCCS called Mother

again on December 18, 2017, Mother admitted that she had given birth. MCCS was then

able to visit the next day and see the child.         Montgomery J.C. No. 2018-0065,

Dependency Complaint, p. 1. On January 1, 2018, MCCS filed a dependency complaint

concerning J.B.B. Id.
                                                                                          -8-

       {¶ 20} Despite having initially concealed J.B.B.’s birth, Mother began cooperating

with MCCS. In February 2018, MCCS filed a motion and affidavit asking the court to give

legal custody of all three children to Mother, with protective supervision to MCCS,

because Mother was complying with her case plan objectives. See Montgomery J.C.

No. 2016-1687, MCCS Motion for Legal Custody to Mother, p. 2.            Although Mother had

not yet completed her case plan objectives, MCCS was concerned about the fact that

shuffling the children between their foster home and Mother was detrimental and was

causing behavioral concerns, especially for N.J.B. Tr. at p. 156-157 and 194. That

factor pushed MCCS to move forward with returning custody to Mother. Id. at p. 157.

       {¶ 21} On February 21, 2018, the trial court granted Mother temporary custody,

with interim protective services being given to MCCS. See Magistrate’s Interim Order

and Decision, p. 4. Additionally, the court granted Father visitation, with Mother or a

person chosen by Mother to monitor the visit. Id. at p. 3.   The court also set a

dispositional hearing for April 27, 2018. Id. at p. 5.

       {¶ 22} In March 2018, the case was transferred to a new caseworker, Robert Brun.

Tr. at p. 81. At the time, an important objective was to have full-time protective daycare

approved by the time the children were reunited with Mother in February 2018. This was

significant and was on the case plan because N.J.B.’s behavior needed to be treated.

MCCS also wanted Mother to have a break from N.J.B.’s behavior and to have the

children in a routine and a structured environment while she worked. Id. at p. 98 and

193. Before the case was transferred to Brun, the prior caseworker called the Job Center

and verified that everything was in place for Mother to use the protective daycare. Id. at

p. 190 and 193. All Mother needed to do was to select the daycare she wanted to use.
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Id. at 190.

       {¶ 23} Another goal was for N.J.B. to continue in counseling, but that did not occur.
Id. at p. 99. Mother also failed to follow through with Addiction Services, despite several

attempts by that agency to contact Mother before April 2017. Id. at p.135 and 140.

       {¶ 24} After the hearing on April 27, 2018, the trial court granted legal custody of

N.J.B. and L.R.B. to Mother and ordered that legal custody of J.B.B. remain with her.

Magistrate’s Decision and Judge’s Order, p. 2. The court noted that Mother had made

significant progress and that Father had not. Id.    MCCS was awarded protective

supervision for 12 months. Id. at p. 3. The court stressed, however, that:

              Historically,   one    young     child      died   under   suspicious

       circumstances and one other young child sustained significant

       injuries while in the custody of the mother.              The Court finds it

       necessary that the mother comply with the orders in this case to

       ensure the safety of the children. The mother has made significant

       progress in this case and the Court wants to ensure that the mother

       has services in place to assist the mother to maintain the children in

       her home.

(Emphasis sic.) Id.

       {¶ 25} Due to these concerns, the court specifically stated in the order granting

Mother legal custody that Mother must do three things within 30 days: (1) put counseling

in place for N.J.B.; (2) comply with Addiction Services or a like program for an assessment

and follow all recommendations; and (3) complete the process of obtaining protective day

care for the children. Magistrate’s Decision and Judge’s Order at p. 3. The court further
                                                                                     -10-

said that if Mother failed to comply within 30 days, MCCS was to remove the children and

make a filing with the court concerning the removal or request for removal. Id.

      {¶ 26} Although Mother had the children in her custody from February 2018

through most of July 2018, she did not accomplish the three items the court ordered. Tr.

at p. 99, 128, 149. Consequently, MCCS filed a motion and affidavit with the court on

July 24, 2018, asking for temporary custody with an interim order. See July 24, 2018

Motion and Affidavit for Temporary Custody. MCCS asked for an interim order to protect

the children's safety and because Mother had failed to comply with court orders. In

addition to Mother's failure to comply, the affidavit also noted that the maternal

grandparents, who lived with Mother, had been involved in a domestic violence incident

for which the police had been called to the home. Id. at p. 3.

      {¶ 27} The next day, on July 25, 2018, MCCS filed another motion asking for ex

parte temporary custody.     This was because the maternal grandmother had been

charged with petty theft, possession of drugs, and possession of criminal tools.      In

addition, the maternal grandfather had been charged with possession of criminal tools

and petty theft. July 25, 2018 Motion and Affidavit for Interim Temporary Custody at an

Ex Parte Hearing, p. 3.

      {¶ 28} After the trial court granted the ex parte motion on July 25, 2018, MCCS

removed the children that day and took them to the home of their prior foster parents.

That evening, when the foster mother gave L.R.B. a bath, she noticed multiple bruises.

See September 5, 2018 GAL Report, p. 1; Tr. at p. 221. L.R.B. told the foster mother

that “mommy kicked me in the bed,” but N.J.B. “spontaneously claimed ‘no, she didn’t,

she kicked you in the bathtub.’ ” GAL Report at p. 5. The next day, the foster mother
                                                                                          -11-

contacted the MCCS nurse and notified Mother’s caseworker about the bruises. Tr. at

p. 221. On July 27, 2018, the foster mother took L.R.B. to the foster care clinic. Id.

       {¶ 29} Dr. Roediger once again examined L.R.B., on July 27, 2018. The exam

took place at DCH’s foster and kinship program, which functions as a primary care office

for children who are in foster or kinship care. Tr. at p. 19. During her examination, Dr.

Roediger found the following injuries to L.R.B.: multiple areas of skin trauma, including

pattern bruises that were grab marks on L.R.B.’s face, thighs, and lower ankles; a very

large, healing laceration on the forehead; large overlapping bruises on the upper hip and

lateral buttock; a bruise on the right inner calf; a bite mark on the right arm; a half-

centimeter circular brown bruise on the top of the left foot; a .2 centimeter, fading

brown/violaceous bruise in the nail bed of the right middle finger; a large purple bruise at

the base of the nail bed on the right great toenail; and bruising to a few other toenails.

Tr. at p. 21-23 and 33. Dr. Roediger stated that, while it is fairly normal for toddlers to

have bruises, “[L.R.B.] had an extensive number of bruises on various body surfaces,

especially areas that aren’t typical for active, busy toddlers.” Id. at p. 23.

       {¶ 30} Based on her prior clinical experience with L.R.B., Dr. Roediger knew the

child had no underlying bleeding disorder. Id. She also knew from the foster mother,

who had cared for L.R.B. from March 2016 until early 2018, that there were no concerns

about L.R.B. having extensive bruising while in her care. Id. at p. 23-24.       Furthermore,

during the examination, when the doctor pointed to the large indentation on the child’s

head and asked how she got it, L.R.B. said, “Mommy hurt me.” Id. at p. 24.          When Dr.

Roediger also pointed to L.R.B.’s finger, where she had unusual bruising over the lower

portion of her nail bed, and asked what had happened to her finger, L.R.B. again said,
                                                                                           -12-

“Mommy hurt me.” Id.           Although the doctor attempted to ask L.R.B. about her other

injuries, L.R.B. “became distracted, got on the floor, and started playing with another child

who was present.” Id. at p. 24-25.     In view of her clinical findings, Dr. Roediger

diagnosed suspected child abuse. Id. at p. 25.

       {¶ 31} Dr. Roediger continued to care for L.R.B. after she was removed from

Mother’s home, and noticed a difference in L.R.B. both emotionally and physically. Id.

at p. 26. After L.R.B. was removed, she did not have any areas of extensive bruising

and there were no concerns about atypical injuries, even though L.R.B. clearly was an

active, busy toddler. Id.

       {¶ 32} Dr. Roediger further stated that:

                [L.R.B.] has shown a dramatic, unbelievable improvement in her

       behavioral and emotional state. The little girl, * * * when I saw her two days

       after she was removed in July of 2018 was very anxious, very phobic,

       repeatedly asking to utilize the bathroom for fear she would wet her pants

       and be in trouble or be hurt. She must have left the room multiple times

       asking repeatedly to go potty, very afraid that she would wet her Pullup, just

       exorbitantly fearful.

Tr. at p. 27.

       {¶ 33} On July 25, 2018, the day the court granted MCCS’s ex parte custody, the

court also set a shelter care hearing for July 26, 2018. Judge’s Order, p. 1. Following

the shelter care hearing, the court granted MCCS temporary custody, noting that Mother

had not complied with court orders because she had failed to engage N.J.B. in counseling

services, failed to actively participate in Addiction Services, and failed to take the children
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to protective daycare. The court also noted that Mother refused to submit to a random

drug screen when requested and that criminal activity by the grandparents had occurred.

Magistrate’s Interim Order, p. 2. A dispositional hearing was set for September 10, 2018.
Id. at p. 3.

        {¶ 34} Before the dispositional hearing occurred, the GAL filed a report, which

included a discussion of the physical abuse of L.R.B. and recommended that temporary

custody be given to MCCS. See September 5, 2018 GAL Report. At the dispositional

hearing, the court granted MCCS temporary custody until July 25, 2019, unless MCCS

filed a motion before that date. The court further stated that Mother was not to have any

contact with the children except through supervised visitation.    September 10, 2018

Magistate’s Decision and Judge’s Order, p. 2. MCCS then filed a motion and affidavit

for permanent custody on November 16, 2018.

        {¶ 35} Due to L.R.B’s hysterical reactions at the prospect of visiting Mother,

visitation with Mother did not take place after September 24, 2018. MCCS also filed to

terminate Mother’s visitation. See March 14, 2019 GAL Report, p. 3. In December

2018, the parties agreed to continue the motion to suspend Mother’s parenting time and

all other motions until the dispositional hearing on permanent custody, which was set for

March 18, 2019. See December 12, 2018 Magistrate’s Interim Order.

        {¶ 36} On March 14, 2019, the GAL filed a report recommending that the court

grant permanent custody to MCCS. See GAL Report. Mother then filed a motion on

March 15, 2019, asking the court to award her legal custody. A few days later, the trial

court held the permanent custody hearing as scheduled.

        {¶ 37} At the hearing, MCCS presented testimony from these individuals: (1) Dr.
                                                                                         -14-

Roediger, who testified about the abuse to L.R.B.; (2) a therapist who had worked with

both N.J.B. and L.R.B. to address behavioral issues; (3) the current MCCS caseworker

for the family; (4) an MCCS transportation driver who testified about L.R.B.’s behavior

when faced with being transported to visits; (5) a foster parent of the children; (6) an

MCCS caseworker assigned to investigate the 2016 abuse of L.R.B.; (7) another MCCS

caseworker assigned to investigate the 2018 abuse of L.R.B.; and (8) an MCCS

caseworker assigned to the case between mid-August 2017 and March 2018. Mother

presented her own testimony and that of the maternal grandparents. Father did not

appear for the hearing.

         {¶ 38} After all the evidence had been presented, the GAL told the court that his

opinion as to permanent custody was unchanged. Tr. at p. 260-261. Subsequently, on

April 15, 2019, the magistrate filed a decision awarding permanent custody to MCCS,

denying Mother’s motion for legal custody, and suspending Mother’s visitation with L.R.B.

Montgomery J.C. No. 2018-0065, April 15, 2019 Magistrate’s Decision and Judge’s

Order, p. 9.2 Mother then filed objections to the magistrate’s decision on April 23, 2019.

         {¶ 39} In June 2019, MCCS filed a motion to suspend the parents’ visitation with

N.J.B. and J.B.B. due to Mother’s aggressive behavior toward MCCS staff (which had to

call the police into visitation on more than one occasion), Mother’s threats to the

caseworker, which caused him to file a police report, Mother’s inappropriate remarks to

the children about returning home and not having to listen to others, and the detrimental

effect of visitation on the children. Father was also visiting only sporadically and did not

try to correct Mother’s behavior when he was there. Montgomery J.C. No. 2016-1687,

2   A copy of this decision was not in N.J.B.’s file.
                                                                                        -15-

June 17, 2019 Motion and Affidavit to Suspend Mother and Father’s Visitation, p. 3.

       {¶ 40} In July 2019, the GAL filed a report again recommending that permanent

custody be granted to MCCS. In addition, the GAL recommended that the motion to

suspend visitation should be granted pending a ruling on the permanent custody

objections. July 8, 2019 GAL report, p. 6. The trial court then suspended Mother’s

visitation. The court did not suspend Father’s visitation, but stated that visitation would

be suspended if Father failed to appear for three consecutive visits. July 8, 2019 Judge’s

Order, p. 1-2.

       {¶ 41} After Mother filed supplemental objections and MCCS replied, the trial court

issued a decision overruling the objections. The court then granted permanent custody

to MCCS and terminated the parental rights of both Mother and Father. May 26, 2019

Judge’s Final Appealable Order, p. 11. Mother timely appealed from the judgment on

June 11, 2019. However, Father did not appeal.

       {¶ 42} With this background in mind, we will consider Mother’s assignment of error.

                             III. The Award of Permanent Custody

       {¶ 43} Mother’s sole assignment of error states that:

                 MCCS Failed to Prove by Clear and Convincing Evidence That

       Permanent Custody Was in the Minor Children’s Best Interest.

       {¶ 44} Under this assignment of error, Mother raises, with respect to all three

children, that MCCS failed to prove that awarding permanent custody to the agency was

in the children’s best interest. With regard to J.B.B., who had not been in MCCS custody

for 12 or more months of a consecutive 22-month period, Mother also argues that the trial
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court erred in concluding that J.B.B. could not be reunited with Mother within a reasonable

period of time.

       {¶ 45} The law is settled that parents have essential and basic rights to conceive

and raise children. However, these fundamental rights are not absolute. In re K.H., 119
Ohio St. 3d 538, 2008-Ohio-4825, 895 N.E.2d 809, ¶ 39; In re D.A., 113 Ohio St. 3d 88,

2007-Ohio-1105, 862 N.E.2d 829, ¶ 11.           In particular, “the government has broad

authority to intervene to protect children from abuse and neglect.” In re C.F., 113 Ohio

St.3d 73, 2007-Ohio-1104, 862 N.E.2d 816, ¶ 28.

       {¶ 46} “In a proceeding for the termination of parental rights, all the court's findings

must be supported by clear and convincing evidence.” In re E.D., 2d Dist. Montgomery

No. 26261, 2014-Ohio-4600, ¶ 7, citing R.C. 2151.414(E). (Other citation omitted.) The

Supreme Court of Ohio defines “clear and convincing evidence” as “ ‘that measure or

degree of proof which is more than a mere “preponderance of the evidence,” but not to

the extent of such certainty as is required “beyond a reasonable doubt” in criminal cases,

and which will produce in the mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the

facts sought to be established.’ ” In re K.H. at ¶ 42, quoting Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio

St. 469, 120 N.E.2d 118 (1954), paragraph three of the syllabus.

       {¶ 47} Decisions on terminating parental rights “will not be overturned as against

the manifest weight of the evidence if the record contains competent, credible evidence

by which the court could have formed a firm belief or conviction that the essential statutory

elements for a termination of parental rights have been established.” (Citations omitted).

In re A.U., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22264, 2008-Ohio-186, ¶ 15. We review the court's

judgment on this matter for abuse of discretion. See In re C.F. at ¶ 48 (applying an
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abuse-of-discretion standard to the trial court's findings under R.C. 2151.414).

        {¶ 48} As pertinent here, R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) states that:

              Except as provided in division (B)(2) of this section, the court may

        grant permanent custody of a child to a movant if the court determines at

        the hearing held pursuant to division (A) of this section, by clear and

        convincing evidence, that it is in the best interest of the child to grant

        permanent custody of the child to the agency that filed the motion for

        permanent custody and that any of the following apply:

        ***

              (d) The child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public

        children services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or

        more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period * * *.

        {¶ 49} In this case, there is no dispute that L.R.B. and N.J.B. were in MCCS’s

temporary custody for 12 or more months of a consecutive 22-month period, and that

MCCS only needed to establish that an award of permanent custody to the agency was

in the best interest of these children. E.g., In re C.W., 104 Ohio St. 3d 163, 2004-Ohio-

6411, 818 N.E.2d 1176, ¶ 21; In re E.S., 2d Dist. Clark No. 2016-CA-36, 2017-Ohio-219,

¶ 20.

        {¶ 50} As indicated, J.B.B. was not in MCCS’s temporary custody for the required

time. In such circumstances, R.C. 2151.414(B)(2) provides that:

              With respect to a motion made pursuant to division (D)(2) of section

        2151.413 of the Revised Code, the court shall grant permanent custody of

        the child to the movant if the court determines in accordance with division
                                                                                            -18-

       (E) of this section that the child cannot be placed with one of the child's

       parents within a reasonable time or should not be placed with either parent

       and determines in accordance with division (D) of this section that

       permanent custody is in the child's best interest.

                  A. Placement with Either Parent within a Reasonable Time

       {¶ 51} We will address J.B.B.’s situation first, because with respect to J.B.B., a

permanent custody award depended first on a finding that he could not or should not be

placed with either parent within a reasonable time. In this regard, R.C. 2151.414(E)

states that:

               In determining at a hearing * * * whether a child cannot be placed

       with either parent within a reasonable period of time or should not be placed

       with the parents, the court shall consider all relevant evidence. If the court

       determines, by clear and convincing evidence * * * that one or more of the

       following exist as to each of the child's parents, the court shall enter a finding

       that the child cannot be placed with either parent within a reasonable time

       or should not be placed with either parent.

       {¶ 52} After making this statement, R.C. 2151.414(E) then lists 16 factors for the

court to consider. Notably, only one factor need be found for a court to make an adverse

finding under R.C. 2151.414(B)(2). As a result, we will discuss only the factors the trial

court found to exist, i.e., those in R.C. 2151.414(E)(1), (2), (3), (4), and (14).

                                      1. R.C. 2151.414(E)(1)
                                                                                         -19-

      {¶ 53} R.C. 2151.414(E)(1) states that:

             Following the placement of the child outside the child's home and

      notwithstanding reasonable case planning and diligent efforts by the agency

      to assist the parents to remedy the problems that initially caused the child

      to be placed outside the home, the parent has failed continuously and

      repeatedly to substantially remedy the conditions causing the child to be

      placed outside the child's home. In determining whether the parents have

      substantially remedied those conditions, the court shall consider parental

      utilization of medical, psychiatric, psychological, and other social and

      rehabilitative services and material resources that were made available to

      the parents for the purpose of changing parental conduct to allow them to

      resume and maintain parental duties.

      {¶ 54} The trial court concluded that this factor applied to both parents, stating that

the children “were removed from Mother’s care in part due to MCCS’s concerns regarding

Mother’s significant substance abuse history. Mother has a history of significant drug

use and throughout the life of this case was referred repeatedly to Addiction Services to

address her substance abuse issues.         Mother has not fully engaged in drug and/or

alcohol treatment and was terminated from Addiction Services due to her case being

closed for lack of participation. Mother also refused to comply with drug screens as

requested and does not feel that her drug use is an issue. In addition, Mother failed to

address her mental health issues. Finally, both Mother and Father have failed to obtain

and maintain housing or income.”       Montgomery J.C. No. 2016-1687, Judge’s Final

Appealable Order (“Final Order”) at p. 6.
                                                                                       -20-

       {¶ 55} According to Mother, the trial court wrongfully concluded that her case plan

objectives were incomplete.       Mother asserts that her parenting and psychological

assessment indicated she was capable of parenting her children. Mother also maintains

that it stands to reason that she was capable of parenting her children because she and

the children were, in fact, reunified.

       {¶ 56} We disagree. Our review indicates that competent and credible evidence

existed to support the trial court’s finding under R.C. 2151.414(E)(1). The evidence was

clear that Mother had failed to achieve the case plan objectives for housing and income.

At the time of the permanent custody hearing, both Mother and Father were sharing a

one-bedroom apartment with another person who had rented the apartment. Tr. at p.

87-88. The premises were not suitable for one child, let alone three. Furthermore, while

both parents claimed to be working, no verification was ever given to MCCS. Id. at p.

90, 118-119, and 192. Mother suggests that MCCS could have found a way to verify her

employment or income. However, this was not the duty of MCCS; Mother easily could

have satisfied this minimal requirement.

       {¶ 57} Moreover, income verification was not the only issue. While Mother was

employed off and on over the course of the case, she rarely stayed long at any job. In

fact, Mother was employed at four different jobs in the year before the March 2019

custody hearing, when she stated (without offering verification) that she had obtained a

job at an auto parts factory. Tr. at p. 89-90, and 238. Nonetheless, even if verification

had been provided, Mother had been in that job for only about a month before the hearing,

and MCCS wanted Mother to establish at least a 90-day period of employment. Id. at p.

90. Obviously, this had not occurred. More importantly, Mother never managed to
                                                                                       -21-

obtain and keep steady employment during the lengthy time the case was pending.

      {¶ 58} Mother also minimizes her substance abuse issues. She contends that

she could re-engage in drug counseling and that a refusal to take one drug test should

not be held against her. Mother’s Brief, p. 14. Again, the case was filed in 2016, and

the permanent custody hearing was held in March 2019.         Mother had ample time to

engage in drug treatment.

      {¶ 59} According to the evidence, Mother tested positive for opiates at all of her

children’s births, except J.B.B.’s. Tr. at 172 and 254; March 16, 2016 Dependency

Complaint.    The initial case plan filed in May 2016 revealed that both Mother and L.R.B.

had tested positive for illegally obtained prescription drugs when L.R.B. was born in

February 2016.      According to the plan, Mother was to complete the following

assessments: parenting/psychological, drug/alcohol and mental health, and was to follow

the recommendations of the assessments, which could include individual/group

counseling and random drug testing. In addition, Mother was to secure employment and

housing. Case Plan at p. 4. Around three years later, Mother did not have secure

housing and did not have verified income. Tr. at p. 89-90.

      {¶ 60} Furthermore, Mother had refused to comply with drug counseling because

she did not see any benefit and did not think she had a problem. See Tr. at p. 105

(Mother refused a drug test in July 2018); Tr. at p. 239, 254, and 91-93 (Mother was

referred to Addiction Services, did an intake in July 2018, and quit counseling in January

2019 because she did not think she had an issue and did not see the point since MCCS

had filed for permanent custody); March 14, 2019 GAL Report (Mother was referred to

Family Treatment Court in July 2018 and was screened in August 2018; Mother declined
                                                                                     -22-

to participate because she did not believe she had a substance abuse problem); Tr. at p.

112-113 (Mother tested positive for Suboxone on September 7, 2018, and had purchased

the drug on the street); Tr. at p. 127-128, 183, 205; and July 25, 2018 MCCS Motion and

Affidavit for Interim Temporary Custody at an Ex Parte Hearing (maternal grandparents,

which whom Mother lived for most of the case, had a drug history, and maternal

grandmother was arrested for drug possession and criminal tools. Maternal grandfather

was also charged with petty theft and possession of criminal tools).

      {¶ 61} As a final point, the fact that reunification was allowed did not mean that

Mother had met her goals or was capable of parenting her children. At the time the court

allowed reunification, Mother had not achieved the case plan goals. Reunification was

conditionally granted, however, because the children, and in particular N.J.B., were

showing negative effects from being shuffled between the foster parents and Mother

during the process of working towards reunification. Tr. at p. 156-157.   As previously

indicated, Mother was required to do certain things within 30 days, and she failed to

accomplish any of those items.

      {¶ 62} Furthermore, not only did Mother fail to accomplish her goals, one of the

children was found to have again been abused while in Mother’s custody. There is

simply no evidence that either Mother or Father remedied the conditions that caused the

children’s removal; to the contrary, Mother and Father both “failed continuously and

repeatedly to substantially remedy the conditions causing” the children to be placed

outside their home. R.C. 2151.414(E)(1).

                                   2. R.C. 2151.414(E)(2)
                                                                                           -23-

       {¶ 63} Although the above finding was sufficient to sustain the trial court’s

judgment as to J.B.B., the court also found that Mother’s “ ‘[c]hronic mental illness, chronic

emotional illness, intellectual disability, physical disability, or chemical dependency * * * ’

is so severe that it makes her unable to provide an adequate permanent home for the

children at the present time and within one year * * * .” Final Order at p. 6, quoting R.C.

2151.414(E)(2).     Concerning this factor, the trial court again focused on Mother’s

significant history of substance abuse, her failure to engage in treatment, and her failure

to address mental health issues.

       {¶ 64} Based on our previous discussion, we find competent, credible evidence to

support the trial court’s findings about Mother’s history of substance abuse and failure to

engage in treatment. Concerning mental health issues, Mother was diagnosed in her

youth as having bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and obsessive

compulsive disorder, and was on medication for those diagnoses.              She was not in

treatment or on medication for those conditions when the children were removed in March

2016. Tr. at p. 258; Dependency Complaint, Chris Deloia Affidavit, p. 1. Thereafter,

Mother received a mental health evaluation from Dr. Lilley, who diagnosed her with

“depressed mood; opioid-related disorder by history; and R/O personality disorder with

dependency and narcissistic features.” Tr. at p. 94-95; November 11, 2017 GAL Report

at p. 4-5.

       {¶ 65} Dr. Lilley recommended counseling focused on parenting and “parenting

classes focused on children in the pre-school period and those with oppositional

behaviors.” Id. at p. 5. However, Mother did not engage in mental health treatment.

See Tr. at p. 96 and 258. See also June 17, 2019 Motion and Affidavit to Suspend
                                                                                          -24-

Mother and Father’s Visitation, Robert Brun Affidavit, p. 1 (noting that “[a]lmost every

week [at visitation], Mother acts aggressive, yells and curses at MCCS staff. MCCS staff

or visitation staff have had to call the Sheriff’s deputy into the visitation on more than one

occasion due to her behaviors. Mother has repeatedly threatened this caseworker to the

point where this caseworker has had to file a police report against Mother. Mother also

has mental health diagnoses and Mother is currently not engaged in any mental health

treatment. Mother’s behaviors are escalating on a weekly basis. Mother’s behaviors

are occurring in the presence of her children.”)

       {¶ 66} In addition, the GAL noted in a July 2019 report that despite Mother’s mental

health diagnoses and previously prescribed medication, Mother “is not on medication

now, and stopped medication at 17. When [L.R.B.] was in the hospital in March 2016,

mother was taken to [Miami Valley Hospital] for suicidal ideation. Mother stated she had

an appointment on December 29, 2018 at the Wellness Center but forgot about it, did not

attend, and did not re-schedule. Mother stated it is hard for her to even get up and

function every day.” July 8, 2019 GAL Report at p. 4.

       {¶ 67} In light of the above discussion, competent and credible evidence existed

to support the trial court’s findings on the matters listed in R.C. 2151.414(E)(2).

                                     3. R.C. 2151.414(E)(3)

       {¶ 68} The trial court also made a finding under R.C. 2151.414(E)(3), which

requires that “[t]he parent committed any abuse as described in section 2151.031 of the

Revised Code against the child, caused the child to suffer any neglect as described in

section 2151.03 of the Revised Code, or allowed the child to suffer any neglect as
                                                                                         -25-

described in section 2151.03 of the Revised Code between the date that the original

complaint alleging abuse or neglect was filed and the date of the filing of the motion for

permanent custody.” This finding was based on L.R.B.’s admission at DHC in March

2016, the fact that her non-accidental injuries were substantiated by C.A.R.E. House, and

the fact that L.R.B. again sustained non-accidental injuries while she was reunified with

Mother for a brief period. Final Order at p. 7. Given our discussion of the abuse in the

statement of facts, we find that competent, credible evidence supported the trial court’s

finding.

                                    4. R.C. 2151.414(E)(4)

       {¶ 69} R.C. 2151.414(E)(4) pertains to whether a “parent has demonstrated a lack

of commitment toward the child by failing to regularly support, visit, or communicate with

the child when able to do so, or by other actions showing an unwillingness to provide an

adequate permanent home for the child.” The trial court’s finding on this point was based

on the fact that the parents failed to address the concerns that required the children’s

removal.   In particular, the court highlighted the parents’ unwillingness to provide a

permanent home. Final Order at p. 7. The court also stressed that the parents’ lack of

progress with the case plan revealed an unwillingness to provide for the children’s basic

necessities. Id.

       {¶ 70} Based on our previous discussion, the trial court’s finding on this factor was

supported by competent, credible evidence.

                                    5. R.C. 2151.414(E)(14)
                                                                                             -26-

       {¶ 71} The final factor the trial court discussed is whether “[t]he parent for any

reason is unwilling to provide food, clothing, shelter, and other basic necessities for the

child or to prevent the child from suffering physical, emotional, or sexual abuse or

physical, emotional, or mental neglect.” R.C. 2151.414(E)(14). The court’s finding in

this regard was based on the original injuries to L.R.B., the parents’ failure to verify

employment and lack of independent housing, Mother’s failure to address her substance

abuse and mental health issues, and the physical trauma to L.R.B. after reunification.

Final Order at p. 7.      For the reasons previously discussed, this finding was also

supported by competent and credible evidence.

       {¶ 72} Because the trial court’s findings under R.C. 2151.414(E)(1), (2), (3), (4),

and (14) were properly supported by the evidence, the court did not err in concluding that

J.B.B. could not “be placed with one of the child’s parent’s within a reasonable time or

should not be placed with either parent.” R.C. 2151.414(B)(2).

                                B. The Best Interest of the Children

       {¶ 73} Because the first prong of R.C. 2151.414(B)(2) was satisfied to J.B.B., the

remaining issue was whether awarding permanent custody of all three children was in

their best interest. Concerning a child's best interest, “R.C. 2151.414(D) directs the trial

court to consider all relevant factors when determining the best interest of the child,

including but not limited to: (1) the interaction and interrelationship of the child with the

child's parents, relatives, foster parents and any other person who may significantly affect

the child; (2) the wishes of the child; (3) the custodial history of the child, including whether

the child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public children services
                                                                                        -27-

agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive

twenty-two-month period; (4) the child's need for a legally secure permanent placement

and whether that type of placement can be achieved without a grant of permanent custody

to the agency; and (5) whether any of the factors in R.C. 2151.414(E)(7) through (11) are

applicable.” In re S.J., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25550, 2013-Ohio-2935, ¶ 15. “No one

element is given greater weight or heightened significance.” In re C.F., 113 Ohio St. 3d
73, 2007-Ohio-1104, 862 N.E.2d 816, at ¶ 57, citing In re Schaefer, 111 Ohio St. 3d 498,

2006-Ohio-5513, 857 N.E.2d 532, ¶ 56.         To evaluate the court's decision, we will

consider these statutory factors.

        1. Interaction and Interrelationship of Children with Parents and Foster Parents

       {¶ 74} The trial court found that this factor weighed in favor of granting permanent

custody due to the children’s long placement in foster care, their removal after

reunification due to Mother’s failure to comply with court orders, the suspension of

Mother’s visits due to L.R.B.’s anxious behavior in connection with visits, and the

children’s bonding in the foster home with each other and with the foster family. Final

Order at p. 8.

       {¶ 75} According to Mother, the evidence indicated that the children were bonded

with her, that they had a relationship with the maternal grandparents, and that Mother

visited consistently. However, the record also indicated that L.R.B. suffered physical

abuse twice while living in a house with Mother and the maternal grandparents. MCCS,

therefore, considered abuse substantiated with respect to the grandparents and Mother.

September 5, 2018, GAL Report, p. 5-6; March 14, 2019 GAL Report, p. 5; Tr. at p. 17,
                                                                                          -28-

25, 31, 33, 44, 49, 150, 170-171, 172, 173, and 182.

       {¶ 76} Moreover, L.R.B’s visitation with Mother was stopped in September 2018

due to L.R.B.’s “emotional and hysterical behavior when she became aware it was visit

day.” March 14, 2019 GAL Report at p. 3. Mother and her parents also demonstrated

little awareness or concern of the effect of their statements on N.J.B., when they told him

shortly before the permanent custody hearing that he would be coming back to live at the

residence where he had been reunited with Mother. Id. at p. 10. This occurred even

though the grandparents had already been told that MCCS would not be pursing

placement of the children with them. Id.

       {¶ 77} We have also discussed Mother’s inappropriate behaviors in front of N.J.B.

and J.B.B. and her repeated comments to them about coming home, demonstrating again

a lack of awareness and concern over their welfare. See Brun Affidavit at p. 1. Finally,

there was competent, credible evidence that the children had bonded with each other and

their foster family. Tr. at p. 85, 144, 145, and 147.

       {¶ 78} Accordingly, we agree with the trial court that this factor weighed in favor of

granting permanent custody to MCCS.

                                 B. The Wishes of the Children

       {¶ 79} The trial court found that L.R.B. and J.B.B. were too young to express their

wishes, and that N.J.B. wished to live with his parents. The court therefore found that

this factor weighed in favor of granting custody to MCCS. We agree with the court. At

the time of the permanent custody hearing, L.R.B. was three years old, and J.B.B. was

only a year and half old.     While N.J.B. was five years old and perhaps technically
                                                                                            -29-

capable of expressing his wishes, he was still very young, and both Mother and the

grandparents had improperly attempted to influence him during visitation.

                                        C. Custodial History

       {¶ 80} Concerning this factor, the trial court found that the custodial history

weighed in favor of granting custody to MCCS. In particular, the court focused on the

fact that two children had been in the temporary custody of MCCS for 12 or more months

of a consecutive 22-month period and that J.B.B. was only eight months old when

removed from Mother’s care. The court also noted that when all three children were

again removed in July 2018, they were placed in the same foster home. Again, we agree

with the trial court, as these finding were supported in the record by competent, credible

evidence. We also note that the children have done well in their prior and current foster

placements. Tr. at p. 28, 56, 69, 73, 82, 83, 144-145, and 147.

                           D. The Need for Legally Secure Placement

       {¶ 81} Regarding this factor, the trial court stated that considering the length of

time the children had been removed from the home, they were “in desperate need of

legally secure, permanent placement.” Final Order at p. 8. The court stressed these

points: the parents’ failure to complete their case plan objectives; the fact that the children

were in a foster-to-adopt placement and that the foster parents wanted to adopt the

children; the fact that the children had spent “a significant part of their lives in foster care

due to the parents’ failure and/or unwillingness to meet the children's needs”; the initial

abuse of L.R.B. and subsequent discovery of abuse after the children were returned; the
                                                                                         -30-

lack of viable options for placement with Mother’s family; the fact that L.R.B. lived in the

grandparents’ home both times that she suffered abuse; the grandparents domestic

violence and criminal involvement; and Father’s statement “on several occasions that he

was not in a position to care for the children.” Id. at p. 9.

       {¶ 82} Our review of the record reveals that it contained abundant competent and

credible evidence to support these conclusions. The findings concerning abuse were

particularly significant and troubling.    Based on the evidence we have previously

discussed, no reasonable possibility existed that Mother and Father would be able to

provide a legally safe and secure environment for the children.

                 E. Whether any Factors in R.C. 2151.414(E)(7) to (11) Apply

       {¶ 83} As indicated previously, the trial court considered R.C. 2151.414(E)(1), (2),

(3), (4) and (14) in considering whether J.B.B. could not be placed with one of the child’s

parent’s within a reasonable time or should not be placed with either parent. For the

reasons previously discussed, the trial court did not abuse its discretion concerning these

factors. They weighed strongly in favor of granting permanent custody to MCCS.

       {¶ 84} Based on the preceding discussion, we conclude that the juvenile court

properly weighed the pertinent factors in R.C. 2151.414(D) and (E), and in doing so, did

not abuse its discretion in finding that granting permanent custody to MCCS was in the

children's best interest.     Clear and convincing evidence supported this finding.

Accordingly, Mother's sole assignment of error is overruled.

                                          III. Conclusion
                                                                                  -31-

       {¶ 85} Mother’s assignment of error having been overruled, the judgment of the

trial court is affirmed.

                                   .............

TUCKER, P.J. and DONOVAN, J., concur.

Copies sent to:

Mathias H. Heck, Jr.
Jamie J. Rizzo
Karen S. Miller
Marshall Lachman
Jeffrey Livingston
James Armstrong
Hon. Anthony Capizzi