Court Opinion

ID: 6340375
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-05-12 23:05:45.930149+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:49:14.845209
License: Public Domain

Filed 5/12/22 Hamideh v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. CA4/1
                 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION ONE

                                         STATE OF CALIFORNIA

 ASHRAF O. HAMIDEH et al.,                                            D078537

           Plaintiffs and Appellants,

           v.                                                         (Super. Ct. No. 37-2017-
                                                                      00045253-CU-OE-CTL)
 WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A.,

           Defendant and Respondent.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County,
Katherine A. Bacal, Judge. Affirmed.
         Mashiri Law Firm, Alex Asil Mashiri; The Jami Law Firm and Tamim
Jami, for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
         Kading Briggs, Theresa A. Kading and Katherine A. Akamine, for
Defendant and Respondent.
         Appellants Ashraf Hamideh and Pouya Abdolrasoul filed a
representative action under the Private Attorney General Act (PAGA) (Labor
Code,1 § 2698 et seq.) against Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (Wells Fargo), alleging
the company violated the Labor Code by failing to provide compliant meal
breaks to nonexempt employees. The case proceeded to a bench trial, after
which the court decided Hamideh and Abdolrasoul (collectively “Plaintiffs”)
failed to demonstrate they were aggrieved employees because they had not
established a violation as to themselves. In reaching its conclusion, the court
declined to apply a rebuttable presumption of liability against Wells Fargo
based on the information contained in time records. After the court entered
judgment, the Supreme Court published its opinion in Donohue v. AMN
Services, LLC (2021) 11 Cal.5th 58 (Donohue). There, our high court held
that a rebuttable presumption of liability based on time records is applicable
in class actions at the summary judgment stage. (Id. at pp. 61, 78.)
      Plaintiffs appeal the judgment, contending the trial court prejudicially
erred by (1) failing to apply at trial a rebuttable presumption of liability
based on time records; (2) failing to consider Wells Fargo’s automatic
payment of a meal premium for any noncompliant meal break as an adoptive
admission; (3) concluding Wells Fargo’s written meal policy is lawful;
(4) concluding “Abdolrasoul was never scheduled for a meal period to start
later than the end of the fifth hour”; and (5) making the aforementioned
allegedly-erroneous decisions, which cumulatively resulted in prejudice.
      We conclude that even if the trial court erred by failing to apply a
rebuttable presumption of liability based on time records, the error was
harmless. We further conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion in
denying admission of hearsay evidence as an adoptive admission, and it
correctly concluded Wells Fargo’s meal period policy is lawful. We also find

1     Further statutory references are to the Labor Code unless otherwise
specified.
                                        2
sufficient evidence supports the court’s factual conclusion regarding
Abdolrasoul’s meal period schedule, and that there is no prejudice resulting
from cumulative error in the matter before us. Accordingly, we will affirm
the judgment.
                                       I
                FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
                               A. The Plaintiffs
      Hamideh was employed by Wells Fargo as a nonexempt banker from
May 3, 2012, through July 28, 2017, first at the Murrieta main branch and
then at the Ynez Road branch. He worked at the Ynez Road branch from late
March 2017 through July 28, 2017.
      Abdolrasoul worked as a teller and lead teller at an in-store branch of
Wells Fargo in a Vons in Scripps Ranch from February 20, 2015, through
December 29, 2017.
                              B. The Complaint
      Hamideh filed a complaint against Wells Fargo in November 2017 as a
PAGA representative. He was joined by Abdolrasoul as a co-plaintiff in filing
a first amended complaint on January 5, 2018. They filed a second amended
complaint (SAC) on August 15, 2018. The SAC was brought on behalf of
allegedly aggrieved non-exempt Wells Fargo employees who received at least
one meal premium payment from September 18, 2016, through December 31,
2019. The SAC alleged that Wells Fargo violated sections 226.7 and 512, by
failing to provide meal periods, and by engaging in a standard practice of
failing to relieve employees for meal breaks or discouraging employees from
taking them, instead paying employees an additional hour of pay. The SAC’s
single cause of action sought civil penalties under section 2699.
      The case eventually proceeded to a bifurcated bench trial.

                                       3
                           C. Time Recording System
      Wells Fargo uses a timekeeping system called Time Tracker, on which
it trains new employees. Wells Fargo trained Hamideh and Abdolrasoul on
the system when they were hired. Each day, employees manually type into
Time Tracker the start and end times of their workdays, as well as the start

and end times of their meal breaks.2
      After employees save their entries, the program reviews the
information and identifies any work shifts that indicate the employee failed
to record a meal period, the employee’s meal period was shorter than 30
minutes, or the employee’s meal period began after the end of the fifth hour
of work. If any of these three events occurs, Time Tracker prompts the
California employees to select between two options: (1) “I had no opportunity
to take my compliant meal period”; or (2) “I was provided the opportunity to
take my compliant meal period.”
      The Time Tracker training manual defines a “compliant meal period”
as “[a]t least 30 minutes in length and uninterrupted,” “[b]egin[ning] no later
than the end of [the] 5th hour of working time,” and which the employee
“cannot be encouraged to skip, delay or shorten.”
      At the end of each week, the Time Tracker prompts employees to certify
that the information is accurate. After the employee completes inputting
time and certifies that the information is correct, Time Tracker entries are
automatically transmitted to payroll. When nonexempt employees select the
option that says they did not have an opportunity to take a compliant meal
period, the system automatically pays a meal period premium, which is an
extra hour of pay (see § 226.7, subd. (c)).

2    Wells Fargo suggests employees enter their time on a daily basis, but
employees have the entire week to input the information.
                                         4
      Wells Fargo does not investigate employee reports that they had no
opportunity to take a compliant meal period; the system issues compensation
automatically based solely on employee reporting. One Wells Fargo
supervisor testified that he learned a couple times that nonexempt employees
had selected they did not have the opportunity for a meal period, but he did
nothing to investigate on those occasions. And he had never asked an
employee why they selected any particular answer in response to the prompt.
                    D. Wells Fargo’s Policies and Systems
      Wells Fargo posted a copy of its “California Meal & Break Policy,”
contained in Exhibit 165, at every work location in California, including the
branches where Hamideh and Abdolrasoul worked. This document states,
“Nonexempt team members can work no more than 5 hours without taking
an uninterrupted meal period of at least 30 minutes. The first meal period
must begin no later than the end of your 5th hour of work.” It also says, “If
you would like to take your meal period earlier than scheduled, after the end
of the 5th hour of work (or 10th hour for the second meal period), or
voluntarily skip your meal period you must consult with your manager.”
      The company’s intranet Teamworks Manager Center’s “Meal & Rest
Periods” pages, Exhibit 155, states, “Nonexempt team members can work no
more than 5 hours without being provided the opportunity to take an
uninterrupted meal period of at least 30 minutes. The first meal period must
begin no later than the end of the 5th hour of work.”
      Wells Fargo’s employee handbooks from July 2016 through January
2020 (Exhibits 157-164) indicate that several states have specific regulations,
and they direct employees to check with their managers and follow the
appropriate practices for their state. Employees receive specific training

                                       5
about the meal policy, and the training information remains accessible on the
company intranet throughout the time of employment.
      A different Wells Fargo document, Exhibit 5, also entitled “California
Meal Period and Rest Break Policy” explains it is the company’s policy to
provide meal periods within certain timeframes, stating, “You can work no
more than 5 hours without taking at least a 30-minute meal period; a second
30-minute meal period must be taken if you work more than 5 hours after
your first meal period has ended.” Another bullet point, says, “You may not
take the meal period later than 5 hours after starting the work day, unless
for a specific business reason that is preapproved by your manager. If you
are not hungry when the meal period must be taken, you are still required to
take at least a 30-minute meal period, even if you don’t eat.”
      Wells Fargo scheduled meal periods through a software program called
CloudCords, which automatically scheduled the meal breaks to begin before
the end of the fifth hour of employment and to last at least 30 minutes.
      Exhibit 168, a Manager Tip Sheet explains, “Meal and rest breaks must
be provided in states where there are requirements and it should be a best
practice to use CloudCords to schedule breaks and meals in states without
requirements.”
                          E. Plaintiffs’ Time Records
      Hamideh’s Time Tracker records show 25 instances in which he
selected the option that he had no opportunity to take a compliant meal
period. These all occurred at the Ynez Road branch. On each of these
occasions, he recorded a meal period that began before the sixth hour of work.
On the dates he selected he did not have an opportunity for a compliant meal
break while employed at the Ynez Road branch, nine other individuals also
selected that option.

                                       6
      Abdolrasoul’s Time Tracker records show 46 instances in which he
selected that he had an opportunity to take a compliant meal break but did
not, and seven instances in which he recorded that he did not have an
opportunity to take a compliant meal break. On each of these seven
occasions, Abdolrasoul recorded meal periods of at least 30 minutes that
began within one hour after the end of the fifth hour of work. No other
employees at the same branch indicated they had no opportunity to take a
compliant meal period on the same days that Abdolrasoul did. There was one
entry by an employee indicating that person was not offered a compliant meal
period during the relevant time period, but it was not on any of the days
Abdolrasoul indicated he had no opportunity to take a compliant meal period.
      Abdolrasoul’s break schedule for April 30, 2017 through June 2, 2017
(Exhibit 25) showed he was scheduled for his meal breaks to begin before the
end of the fifth hour of work for each shift except for May 16, on which his
shift was scheduled to begin at 9:45 a.m., and his meal break was scheduled
to commence at 2:45 p.m. Time records indicate Abdolrasoul began his meal
break five hours and 45 minutes after the start of his shift that day. He
indicated in Time Tracker that he was not provided an opportunity to take a
compliant meal period.
                           F. Hamideh’s Testimony
      Hamideh testified at deposition that he could not recall the specifics of
each of the 25 occasions on which he indicated in Time Tracker that he had
no opportunity to take a compliant meal break, but in several instances, he
was scheduled to take his meal break outside the compliant period. He could
not remember any other reasons for selecting the option, stating he had not
been offered a compliant meal period.

                                        7
      He believed the branches where he worked were understaffed, based on
the volume of work each employee was expected to complete, the length of
lines, and length of time customers waited. When asked if noncompliant
meal periods were times in which he was not able to complete the meal period
before the end of the fifth hour of work, he said that was correct. And when
asked if he needed to complete the meal period by the end of the fifth hour,
Hamideh responded “I needed to take my meal period by my fifth hour.”
      At trial, Hamideh testified he was not relieved for a timely meal period
25 times. He did not remember the dates on which he indicated he had no
opportunity to take a compliant meal break, but he remembered they
occurred at the Ynez Road branch and that each time it was because the
branch was understaffed, they were busy, and he “would be scheduled to go
outside of [the] fifth hour.” He also testified at trial that the word
“compliant” did not mean he needed to complete the 30-minute uninterrupted
meal period before the end of the fifth hour of work.
                   G. Testimony from Hamideh’s Supervisor
      Paul Rodriguez, Hamideh’s supervisor at the Ynez Road branch,
testified at trial that he never observed an occasion when Hamideh was not
supplied the opportunity to take a compliant meal break or an occasion when
the branch was understaffed. He also testified that Hamideh preferred to
take the last possible meal break among the bankers.
                          H. Abdolrasoul’s Testimony
      Abdolrasoul testified at deposition that he could not recall the specifics
of the seven occasions on which he indicated he had no opportunity to take a
compliant meal break. He said they were understaffed, he was busy with
customers, and people were waiting in line.

                                        8
      At trial, Abdolrasoul testified he was not relieved for a timely meal
period 53 times, and on seven of those occasions, he had no opportunity to
take a compliant meal period. He explained that on those seven occasions
there was no one in the branch to relieve him; he was the only teller or lead
teller who was handling cash, so he had to stay and help customers.
     I. Testimony from Abdolrasoul’s Supervisors and Other Employees
      Haley Bertrand, who supervised Abdolrasoul, testified she never
observed an occasion when Wells Fargo did not provide Abdolrasoul the
opportunity to take a compliant meal period. She used CloudCords to
schedule meal periods, and she printed and distributed the schedules to
employees. She testified that Abdolrasoul often did not like taking the meal
period at its scheduled time and would try to avoid taking the meal break or
would take it as late as possible.
      She had observed Abdolrasoul failing to start his meal break at the
scheduled time, either when distracted by talking with other employees or
when there was an influx of customers. She informed employees that they
were not expected to delay lunch past the end of the fifth hour to assist a
customer and explained how to take the meal break even if a customer was
waiting in line. She also witnessed Abdolrasoul return from meal breaks
early. She coached Abdolrasoul specifically on how to improve on taking his
meal period when it was scheduled. This concern was documented in
Abdolrasoul’s employee evaluations.
      She also explained that it was not her responsibility—or any branch
employee’s responsibility—to investigate the accuracy of an employee’s
selection in response to the meal period prompt. This was so even though she
had concluded some employees had an opportunity for a compliant meal
period but reported they had not.

                                       9
      Marquel Gerson, another supervisor, testified that employees were told
they were not expected to delay their meal breaks past the fifth hour to assist
customers. She also recalled times when Abdolrasoul indicated in Time
Tracker that he was not provided the opportunity to take a compliant meal
period when she knew he was provided the opportunity. However, she never
instructed him to change a response he entered in Time Tracker.
      Cameron Andrew began working for Wells Fargo in July of 2019 as a
teller at the Scripps Ranch branch inside Vons, where Abdolrasoul had
worked. He testified he could recall shifts where he was unable to take a
meal period according to his schedule. Once he was the only teller, and he
inputted that he was not provided an adequate meal period. His manager
tried calling other branches to see if they could get coverage to allow him to
take the meal break, but none were available. He recalled one instance
where he was provided an opportunity to take a compliant meal break, but he
did not. He also could recall moments where coworkers were not able to take
compliant meal periods but said team members at the branch generally take
their meal periods according to the schedule.
      Jessica Nicolini testified that when the branch across the street closed,
her branch became busy, so she had started her lunch break after the end of
the fifth hour of work. She explained that employees tried to take meal
periods as scheduled, but sometimes if they were extremely busy, they might
start a few minutes late.
                            J. The Court’s Decision
      Following written closing argument, the court issued a tentative
decision in favor of Wells Fargo, concluding the plaintiffs were not aggrieved
employees. Plaintiffs requested a statement of decision.

                                       10
      Wells Fargo submitted a proposed statement of decision, to which the
Plaintiffs filed objections.
      The court issued its statement of decision on September 24, 2020.
Plaintiffs filed objections and amended objections. The court considered the
objections and entered judgment in favor of Wells Fargo on October 14, 2020.
Plaintiffs timely appealed.
                                       II.
                                 DISCUSSION
                               A. Legal Principles
                     1. California Meal Break Requirements
      Industrial Welfare Commission wage order No. 4-2001 (Wage Order
No. 4) requires an employer to provide a meal period of not less than 30
minutes to each person employed for a work period of more than five hours.
(Wage Order No. 4, § 11(A); Lab. Code, § 512, subd. (a); Donohue, supra, 11
Cal.5th at p. 67.) “This means that employers must generally provide ‘a first
meal period [of at least 30 minutes] no later than the end of an employee’s
fifth hour of work, and a second meal period [of at least 30 minutes] no later
than the end of an employee’s 10th hour of work.’ ” (Donohue, at p. 67,
quoting Brinker Restaurant Corp. v. Superior Court (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1004,
1041 (Brinker).)
      The employer is “not obligated to police meal breaks and ensure no
work thereafter is performed” (Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1040), but it
must relieve the employee of all duty, and it must refrain from discouraging
or impeding an employee from taking an uninterrupted 30-minute break.
(Donohue, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 67.) “ ‘Bona fide relief from duty and the
relinquishing of control satisfies the employer’s obligations, and work by a
relieved employee during a meal break does not thereby place the employer

                                       11
in violation of its obligations and create liability for premium pay . . . .’ ”
(Donohue, at pp. 76-77, quoting Brinker, at pp. 1040-1041.)
      If the employer fails to provide the employee with a compliant meal
period, “the employer must provide the employee with premium pay for the
violation.” (Donohue, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 67.) Premium pay is one hour of
pay at the regular rate of compensation for each workday on which the meal
period is not provided. (Ibid.; Wage Order No. 4, § 11(B), Cal. Code. Reg.,
tit. 8, § 11040, subd. 11(B); Lab Code, § 226.7, subd. (c).) Additionally, the
employer must pay the employee for the time worked during the meal period
if it knew or reasonably should have known the employee worked through the
meal period. (Donohue, at p. 68; Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1040,
fn. 19.) “To avoid liability, an employer must provide its employees with full

and timely meal periods whenever those meal periods are required.”3
(Donohue, at p. 68.)
      The premium pay structure “reflects the Legislatures’ and the
[Industrial Welfare Commission’s (IWC)] determination that infringements
on meal period requirements threaten employees’ health and safety whenever
they occur [Citations], and the scheme was enacted to address inadequate
employer compliance [Citations].” (Donohue, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 70.)
                        2. PAGA Standing Requirements
      PAGA (§ 2698 et seq.) deputizes employees who have suffered a Labor
Code violation or violations of IWC wage order provisions, permitting them to
bring a representative action on behalf of the state to enforce labor laws.
(Kim v. Reins International California, Inc. (2020) 9 Cal.5th 73, 80-81 (Kim);

3     “By requiring premium pay for any violation, no matter how minor, the
structure makes clear that employers must provide compliant meal periods
whenever such a period is triggered.” (Donohue, at p. 69.)
                                         12
Iskanian v. CLS Transportation Los Angeles, LLC (2014) 59 Cal.4th 348,
386.) To have standing to bring a representative action for PAGA violations,
a plaintiff must be an “aggrieved employee.” (§ 2699, subd. (a).) An
aggrieved employee is “any person who was employed by the alleged violator
and against whom one or more of the alleged violations was committed.”
(§ 2699, subd.(c).)
      PAGA standing requires proof that the plaintiff was employed by the
alleged violator and is someone against whom the alleged violations were
committed. (Kim, supra, 9 Cal.5th at p. 84; § 2699, subd. (c).) “The remedy
for a Labor Code violation, through settlement or other means, is distinct
from the fact of the violation itself. For example, employers can pay an
additional hour of wages as a remedy for failing to provide meal and rest
breaks. (§ 226.7, subd. (c).) But [the Supreme Court has] held that payment
of this statutory remedy ‘does not excuse a section 226.7 violation.’ ” (Kim, at
p. 84, quoting Kirby v. Immoos Fire Protection, Inc.(2012) 53 Cal.4th 1244,
1256.)
            3. Donohue & the Rebuttable Presumption of Liability
      Plaintiffs argue that the court improperly declined to apply a
rebuttable presumption of liability against Wells Fargo based on the time
records. This presumption was first introduced in Justice Werdegar’s
concurring opinion in Brinker (Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 1053-1055
(conc. opn. of Werdegar, J.)), but it was not adopted by our Supreme Court in
Donohue until after the court entered judgment in the matter before us. (See
Donohue, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 74-76.)
      In Donohue, the employer used an electronic timekeeping system that
required employees to use work desktop computers to punch in and out at the
beginning and end of the day, and at the beginning and end of the meal

                                       13
period. (Donohue, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 62.) The system rounded time
punches to the nearest 10-minute increment. (Ibid.) If the system showed a
missed meal period, one shorter than 30 minutes, or a meal period that began
after five hours of work, the company paid the employee a premium wage.
(Ibid.) The employer relied on the rounded time punches to determine if a
meal period was short or delayed. (Id. at p. 63.)
      Donohue brought a class action against the employer and filed a motion
for summary adjudication, arguing the company improperly rounded time
records and consequently failed to pay premium wages for noncompliant meal
periods. (Donohue, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 63.) The employer filed a cross-
motion for summary judgment, arguing it did not have a uniform policy of
denying compliant meal periods. (Id. at p. 64.) The trial court granted the
employer’s motion for summary judgment, and the Court of Appeal affirmed.
(Id. at pp. 64-65.) The Supreme Court considered whether the company’s
rounding policy in the context of meal periods violated California law and
concluded it did. (Id. at p. 61.) It also held that time records that show
noncompliant meal periods raise a rebuttable presumption of meal period
violations. (Ibid.) It is the latter holding that is relevant to the case before
us.
      Donohue deals with the rebuttable presumption of employer liability in
the context of a class action at the summary judgment stage. (Donohue,
supra, 11 Cal.5th p. 76.) If the time records that have been introduced are
accurate, they will reflect a company’s liability. (Ibid.) However, if the
records are not accurate, the employer can introduce evidence to rebut the
presumption of liability (i.e., noncompliant meal breaks). (Ibid.) Although
Donohue focuses on the waiver affirmative defense as a way to rebut the
presumption, explaining that an employer can plead and prove employees

                                        14
were offered compliant meal breaks but waived them (ibid), Donohue does
not limit an employer to that affirmative defense because it recognizes that it
remains the plaintiff’s burden to prove each element of the cause of action
entitling the plaintiff to judgment. (See id. at p 80.)
      The court explains how the rebuttable presumption functions at the
summary judgment stage: “If time records show missed, short, or delayed
meal periods with no indication of proper compensation, then a rebuttable
presumption arises. Employers can rebut the presumption by presenting
evidence that employees were compensated for noncompliant meal periods or
that they had in fact been provided compliant meal periods during which
they chose to work.” (Donohue, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 77.) The rebuttable
presumption “requires employers to give employees a mechanism for
recording their meal periods and to ensure that employees use the
mechanism properly.” (Ibid.)
      The consequence of employees failing to use the mechanism for
recording meal period properly is that an employer will pay employees a meal
period premium when none is due. Donohue reiterated the rules set forth in
Brinker: “An employer is liable only if it does not provide an employee with
the opportunity to take a compliant meal period. The employer is not liable if
the employee chooses to take a short or delayed meal period or no meal period
at all. The employer is not required to police meal periods to make sure no
work is performed. Instead, the employer’s duty is to ensure that it provides
the employee with bona fide relief from duty and that this is accurately
reflected in the employer’s time records. Otherwise, the employer must pay
the employee premium wages for any noncompliant meal period.” (Donohue,
supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 78.)

                                       15
       Donohue applied the usual summary adjudication standards. It
explained that when the defendant employer moves for summary
adjudication, it must satisfy the burden of production to make a prima facie
case that at least one element of the cause of action cannot be established, or
it must show a complete defense. (Donohue, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 79.) To
accomplish this, the employer can establish that it genuinely relieved
employees from duty on time but employees chose to work voluntarily and
delay their meal breaks. (Ibid.) At that point, the plaintiffs would bear the
burden of showing there was a triable issue of material fact, but the
defendant would bear the burden of persuasion to show there was no issue of
material fact in order to earn a judgment as a matter of law. (Id. at pp. 79-
80.)
       However, when the plaintiff moves for summary adjudication, the
plaintiff meets its burden by proving each element of the cause of action.
(Donohue, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 80.) It can satisfy this burden with time
records that raise a rebuttable presumption of meal period violations. Once it
introduces time records demonstrating violations, the burden shifts to the
employer to show there is a triable issue of material fact. (Ibid.) “But the
plaintiff bears the ultimate burden of persuasion to show that no genuine
issue of material fact exists and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” (Ibid.)
       In other words, the burdens of persuasion do not change with the
adoption of this rebuttable presumption. The plaintiff still bears the burden
of proving all elements of the cause of action, though the presumption—if not
rebutted—fulfills part of that burden. The defendant still bears the burden of
proving all elements of an affirmative defense.

                                       16
          B. Application of Rebuttable Presumption in PAGA Action
      Whether the court erred by failing to apply a rebuttable presumption of
meal period violations following the introduction of Wells Fargo’s time
records is a legal question we review de novo. (Navigators Specialty
Insurance Company v. Moorefield Construction, Inc. (2016) 6 Cal.App.5th
1258, 1287 (Navigators Specialty) [misallocation of burden of proof is a legal
error, not a factual one].)
      Justice Werdegar introduced the rebuttable presumption in a
concurrence in Brinker in the context of class certification. (Brinker, supra,
53 Cal.4th at pp. 1053-1055 (conc. opn. of Werdegar, J.).) Although the
Supreme Court extended the rebuttable presumption beyond class
certification to summary judgment, it did not address whether the

presumption applies at trial4 or whether it applies in a PAGA action.
(Donohue, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 61, 74.) Donohue’s focus was on cause of
action for damages, not one exclusively for penalties.
      The court explained that the rebuttable presumption does not apply
unless the “time records show missed, short, or delayed meal periods with no
indication of proper compensation” and also that “[e]mployers can rebut the
presumption by presenting evidence that employees were compensated by
noncompliant meal periods.” (Donohue, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 77.) Applying

4      Our colleagues in the Third Division have concluded that the
rebuttable presumption applies at trial. (Estrada v. Royalty Carpet Mills,
Inc. (2022) 76 Cal.App.5th 685.) However, the issue of how the rebuttable
presumption applied revolved around whether it could be used to establish a
theory of class liability. (Id. at pp. 724-727.) The court did not consider
whether the presumption applied to the PAGA claims because the PAGA
claims were dismissed. (Id. at pp. 709-714 [remanding the matter for
erroneously dismissing some PAGA claims as unmanageable when PAGA is
an enforcement action not based on class certification].)
                                      17
the rebuttable presumption effectively “requires employers to give employees
a mechanism for recording their meal periods and to ensure that employees
use the mechanism properly.” (Ibid.) A consequence of employees failing to
properly use the time recording mechanism is that an employer will pay
employees a meal premium when none is due.
      But in a PAGA action, courts are not concerned with damages.
Damages and civil penalties serve different purposes: “ ‘Damages are
intended to be compensatory, to make one whole. [Citation.] Accordingly,
there must be an injury to compensate. On the other hand, “Civil penalties,
like punitive damages, are intended to punish the wrongdoer and to deter
future misconduct.” [Citation.] An act may be wrongful and subject to civil
penalties even if it does not result in injury.’ ” (Kim, supra, 9 Cal.5th at
pp. 85-86, quoting Raines v. Coastal Pacific Food Distributors, Inc. (2018) 23
Cal.App.5th 667, 681.) In the context of a PAGA action, the court does not
consider whether the plaintiffs have been compensated. But in Donohue,
that was very much a concern of the court. It emphasized paying a meal
premium could prevent application of the rebuttable presumption or at least
rebut it. (Donohue, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 77.) This casts doubt on the
applicability of the rebuttable presumption in the context of a PAGA action
because compensation is not necessarily at issue in a PAGA action.
      Assuming the rebuttable presumption applies in this case, the court
committed error by declining to apply it. However, even accepting the court’s
failure to apply the rebuttable presumption as error, we would conclude any
such error was harmless.
          C. Substantial Evidence Supports the Court’s Conclusions
      “To establish prejudice, a party must show ‘a reasonable probability
that in the absence of the error, a result more favorable to the [appellant]

                                       18
would have been reached.’ [Citation.]” (Diaz v. Carcamo (2011) 51 Cal.4th
1148, 1161.) We consider whether there is substantial evidence to support
the court’s ultimate conclusion that the plaintiffs did not establish a meal
break violation and therefore are not “aggrieved employees” under PAGA.
(Navigators Specialty, supra, 6 Cal.App.5th at p. 1287-1288 [misallocation of
burden not prejudicial if sufficiency of evidence supports finding]; Wilson v.
County of Orange (2009) 169 Cal.App.4th 1185, 1188.) If so, the error is
harmless.
      “ ‘Substantial evidence’ is evidence of ‘ “ponderable legal
significance.” ’ ” (Sasco Electric v. Fair Employment & Housing Com. (2009)
176 Cal.App.4th 532, 535 (Sasco).) We consider “whether, on the entire
record, there is substantial evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted, which
will support the determination, and when two or more inferences can
reasonably be deduced from the facts, a reviewing court is without power to
substitute its deductions for those of the trial court.” (Bowers v.
Bernards (1984) 150 Cal.App.3d 870, 873-874.) The evidence “ ‘ “must be
reasonable in nature, credible, and of solid value.” ’ ” (Sasco, at p. 535.) We
may not reweigh the evidence and are bound by the trial court’s credibility
determinations. (Ibid.; see Heller v. Pillsbury Madison & Sutro (1996) 50
Cal.App.4th 1367, 1384.) “If the trial court's resolution of the factual issue is
supported by substantial evidence, it must be affirmed.” (Winograd v.
American Broadcasting Co. (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 624, 632.)
      Here, Wells Fargo instituted a system like the one identified in
Donohue but without rounding. The mechanism allowed for accurate
reporting of meal periods, and Wells Fargo trained employees in how to use
the system properly. Although Wells Fargo had systems in place to ensure
employees were taking meal periods on schedule, when employees reported

                                       19
meal periods were delayed, the company automatically paid premium wages.
This system worked like the court in Donohue indicated a system should.
(See Donohue, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 78.)
      However, Wells Fargo argued that Plaintiffs’ time records were
inaccurate due to employee error, thereby challenging the presumption of
liability created by the time records. To reach its conclusion that Plaintiffs
were not aggrieved employees, the court was persuaded by Wells Fargo’s
evidence, and that conclusion is supported by substantial evidence.
                                  1. Hamideh
      At trial, Hamideh testified that each time he was not offered a
compliant meal period, it was at the Ynez Road branch, it was always when
the branch was understaffed and busy, and he was “scheduled to go outside of
[the] fifth hour.” Hamideh specified that he did not understand the word
“compliant” to mean the meal period had to be completed before the end of
the fifth hour of work. The court did not find the testimony credible.
      During his deposition, Hamideh testified he “needed to take [his] meal
period by [the] fifth hour,” and that meant he had to complete the meal period
by the end of the fifth hour. He did not mention the branch being busy or
understaffed as a reason for the delayed meal periods. Instead, he explained
that in several instances he was scheduled to take his meal break outside the
compliant period of time, and that was the only reason he selected the option
stating he had not been offered a compliant meal period.
      The deposition testimony revealed that Hamideh believed he was
scheduled to complete his meal break after the start of the sixth hour of work,
and that was why he selected that he had not been offered a compliant meal
period. Not only did that differ from his trial testimony, in which he testified
delays were because the branch was busy as well as because he was

                                       20
scheduled to begin his meal breaks after the end of the fifth hour of work, but
it also indicated a lack of understanding of “compliant” at the time he
completed the documentation, casting doubt on the accuracy of his Time
Tracker selections.
      Paul Rodriguez supervised Hamideh at the Ynez Road branch. He
remembered that Hamideh preferred to take the last scheduled meal break,
but he never observed an occasion when Hamideh was not provided an
opportunity to take a compliant meal break. The implication was that
Hamideh was scheduled to start his meal breaks before the end of the fifth
hour but chose not to.
      In weighing the evidence presented by Hamideh and Wells Fargo, the
trial court noted that Hamideh’s testimony was not corroborated and was
contradicted by supervisors. The trial court explained that Hamideh’s
testimony had been undermined by the information he supplied during
deposition. And it concluded Hamideh was not credible, and the supervisor
testimony was credible.
                                2. Abdolrasoul
      Abdolrasoul testified at trial that on seven occasions, there was no one
in the branch to relieve him on time for his scheduled meal breaks because he
was the only one handling cash, and he had to stay to help customers. He
agreed that when he was completing the Time Tracker documentation, he
considered a “compliant” meal period to be at least 30 minutes long,
uninterrupted, and completed before the fifth hour of work.
      During his deposition, he could not recall the specifics of the seven
occasions on which he reported the lack of an opportunity to take a compliant
meal period but said in general it would have been because the branch was
understaffed, he was busy with customers, and people were waiting in line.

                                       21
      Abdolrasoul’s explanation for the delayed meal breaks was supported
by some testimony by Andrew and Nicolini. Andrew testified that he could
recall shifts where he was not able to take his meal break according to the
schedule because he was the only teller and the manager was not able to get
coverage, despite efforts to do so. Nicolini likewise testified that there were
occasions on which she took her break a few minutes late because the branch
was busy. They both said that employees generally took their meal periods
according to the schedule.
      But Abdolrasoul’s accounting was contradicted by other evidence.
Gerson, one of his supervisors testified that she recalled times when
Abdolrasoul was provided the opportunity to take a compliant meal break but
had reported in Time Tracker that he had not. She also testified that
employees were not expected to delay meal breaks past the fifth hour of work
in order to assist customers.
      Another supervisor, Bertrand testified she never observed an occasion
when Wells Fargo did not provide Abdolrasoul the opportunity to take a
compliant meal break. She used the CloudCords program to schedule the
meal breaks. Like Gerson, Bertrand testified that employees were not
expected to delay their lunch past the fifth hour of work to assist customers,
and she informed employees of this and explained how to take a meal break
even if a customer was waiting in line. Gerson explained that Abdolrasoul
often did not like taking his meal break at the scheduled time and would take
them as late as possible; or he would avoid taking meal breaks. She coached
him specifically on how to improve upon taking his meal breaks as scheduled.
This concern was documented in an employee evaluation, corroborating
Gerson’s claims.

                                       22
      The court found Bertrand and Gerson to be credible, thereby giving
weight to their testimony. So, although Andrew’s and Nicolini’s testimony
seems to endorse some of Abdolrasoul’s claims, substantial evidence
nonetheless supports the court’s conclusion because contradictory evidence
supplied by Wells Fargo was credible and of solid value. (See Sasco, supra,
176 Cal.App.4th at p. 535.)
                    3. Credibility Findings and Inferences
      Plaintiffs argue that the court improperly concluded they lacked
credibility based on the apparent contradictions between their deposition and
trial testimony, but the statement of decision explains the court considered
the substance of the testimony, consistency between trial testimony and

deposition testimony, and witnesses’ demeanor.5 It is not our role to weigh
the evidence, resolve conflicts in the evidence, or consider the credibility of
the witnesses. (Orange County Employees Assn. v. County of Orange (1988)
205 Cal.App.3d 1289, 1293.) Further, the court considered the Time Tracker
records, but it noted that Hamideh and Abdolrasoul each testified at
deposition that the self-reported statements that they were not provided the
opportunity to take a compliant meal period were based on the
understanding that a compliant meal period had to be completed before the
end of the fifth hour of work. The court expressly found this understanding

5      Plaintiffs allege that “nothing in the statement of decision suggests
that the trial court disbelieved either Hamideh or Abdolrasoul because of
their demeanor or the manner they testified,” and they note that they
objected to the statement of decision for failing to address the factual and
legal bases of its determination that their testimony was not credible. We are
satisfied the court found their testimony lacked credibility based in part on
their demeanor, as it noted in the statement of decision. As we detailed ante,
there is substantial evidence to support the court’s implied conclusion that
the plaintiffs’ time records were not reliable based on their deposition
testimony.
                                        23
to be incorrect, which means it likewise concluded their statements that they
were not offered compliant meal periods were called into doubt. That
inference, coupled with testimony from supervisors supplies substantial
evidence.
      Accepting the evidence most favorable to Wells Fargo as true and
resolving conflicting evidence to support the court’s conclusions here, as we
must (Do v. Regents of University California (2013) 216 Cal.App.4th 1474,
1492), we conclude there is substantial evidence to support the court’s
conclusion that these plaintiffs were not aggrieved employees.
      The balance of Plaintiffs’ argument on this point relies on their position
that the court’s adverse credibility findings were not sufficient for it to
conclude they had waived the allegedly-noncompliant meal periods. But this
presumes that the only way for Wells Fargo to rebut the presumption of
liability created by the time records was to assert the affirmative defense of
waiver. As we have explained ante, Donohue does not create such a
requirement. (See Donohue, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 80-81.)
      Because Plaintiffs bear the burden of proving there were meal period
violations, and substantial evidence supports the court’s determination that
they did not, Plaintiffs do not demonstrate that they are aggrieved employees
who suffered meal break violations. Accordingly, they were not prejudiced by
the court’s finding.
                             D. Adoptive Admission
      Plaintiffs also argue the court prejudicially erred by failing to consider
evidence of adoptive admissions.
                               1. Additional Facts
      Wells Fargo filed a motion in limine seeking to exclude as hearsay the
employees’ selections of “I had no opportunity to take my compliant meal

                                        24
period” or “I was provided the opportunity to take my compliant meal period.”
The court tentatively denied the motion, noting it looked like the self-reports
could be hearsay, but an exception could apply. Its denial was without
prejudice to trial objections or reconsideration based on the evidence
presented at trial.
      The parties submitted a joint exhibit that included columns of
information, including the date of employment, the times the employee
inputted as the start and end of their work day and the beginning and end of
their meal breaks. There was also a column that indicated when an
employee had selected the option that no compliant meal period had been
offered. Wells Fargo objected to the column that identified whether the
employee indicated a noncompliant meal break, contending that information
was hearsay. It did not object to the admission of the rest of the document.
      Plaintiffs maintained that the adoptive admission exception applied.
      The court asked how Wells Fargo manifested a belief that the
statement was true and pressed counsel to explain the difference between
adopting a statement as true and assuming it was true for purposes of
payment. Counsel argued that Wells Fargo’s conduct of paying the meal
premium demonstrated its adoption of the employees’ claims as true. Wells
Fargo responded that meal premium payments could not be viewed as
adopting the truth of employee reports because the decision to pay was
determined before the employees made their selections.
      The court admitted the records, but it did not treat the company’s
silence regarding whether the inputted information was accurate or its
premium payments as an admission that it failed to comply with Labor Code
because it concluded the selections were not adoptive admissions under the
rule. It explained: “The question is . . . whether assuming something is true

                                      25
for purposes of payment is the same as adopting and manifesting a belief in
its truth. I cannot find that to be the case.”
      The court continued: “Wells Fargo does not investigate whether or not
it is accurate that employees are required to accurately input [that they
received a compliant or noncompliant meal break] and that there is a
payment based on the input. Whether this is, in fact, an adoptive admission
could certainly, on a case-by-case basis, be that. I don’t know. ¶ But based
on the evidence that I have, I cannot find that simply because a payment is
made after there’s something input[ted] that Wells Fargo indeed manifests a
belief in the accuracy of that statement. So for that reason, I am—I’m still
sustaining the hearsay objection . . . .”
      Plaintiffs filed objections to the statement of decision on the ground
that, inter alia, it did not directly state whether or not it was admitting to
meal break violations via affirmative adoption or adoption by silence, and the
decision did not address whether the court applied any weight toward the
alleged adoptive admission.
                               2. Legal Standards
      Hearsay evidence is generally inadmissible unless there is a recognized
exception to the rule. (Evid. Code, § 1200.) Evidence Code section 1221 can
apply when a party adopts another person’s statement as its own when the
statement “of which the party, with knowledge of the content thereof, has by
words or other conduct manifested [its] adoption of [its] belief in its truth.”
The adoptive admission exception allows admission of a hearsay statement
when the statement is sufficiently accusatory and made under circumstances
that would require a party to deny its falsity, but the party instead engages
in conduct that operates as an admission or adoption of the accusation.
(People v. Davis (2005) 36 Cal.4th 510, 535 (Davis).) Admissibility of this

                                        26
evidence depends upon whether the statement was made under
circumstances that called for a reply, whether the silent party understood the
statement, and whether it could be inferred from the silent party’s conduct
that the party adopted the statement as an admission. (Estate of Neilson
(1962) 57 Cal.2d 733, 747.) Then, “whether a defendant’s conduct actually
constituted an adoptive admission becomes a question for the jury to decide.”
(Kincaid v. Kincaid (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 75, 83 (Kincaid).)
      Unless it turns on a question of law, we generally review a court’s
decision on the admissibility of evidence for abuse of discretion. (Zhou v.
Unisource Worldwide (2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 1471, 1476 (Zhou); People v.
Dixon (2007) 153 Cal.App.4th 985, 997.) A trial court abuses its discretion in
excluding evidence if, “in light of the applicable law and considering all of the
relevant circumstances, the court’s decision exceeds the bounds of reason.”
(Coyne v. De Leo (2018) 26 Cal.App.5th 801, 814 (Coyne).)
                                  3. Analysis
      Plaintiffs contend that Wells Fargo’s conduct of paying premium pay
any time an employee self-reported a noncompliant meal period amounted to
an adoptive admission of liability that the court incorrectly declined to admit
as evidence, and the failure to consider the evidence was prejudicial.
      Although at least one individual supervisor reviewed Time Tracker
records, the testimony consistently indicated it was company policy not to
investigate the truth of the statements. Instead, the information was
automatically transmitted to payroll without review, and the system
automatically paid the meal period premiums. This suggests the company
was not reviewing the information and calls into question whether Wells
Fargo had knowledge of the statements as to each event. (See Evid. Code,
§ 1221.) Further, in light of the liability an employer faces by failing to pay

                                       27
meal premiums and an employer’s ability to avoid or rebut the presumption
of liability by paying meal premiums (see Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at
pp. 1040-1041; Donohue, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 77), it is not clear that it is
the type of statement that requires a denial of its falsity (see Davis, supra, 36
Cal.4th at p. 535.)
      As the court explained, assuming the employee selection’s truth for
purposes of payment was not the same as manifesting a belief in the truth of
that selection, Wells Fargo’s lack of investigation and policy not to change the
records even when there could be evidence suggesting they are not accurate
shows it did not engage in any review or revision process that would require
the correction of any errors. (See In re Automobile Antitrust Cases I & II
(2016) 1 Cal.App.5th 127, 149 [finding that engaging in a review and revision
process in which errors would be corrected demonstrates manifestation of
belief of accuracy of statement].) Given the law surrounding premium
payments and the circumstances here, we cannot find it was unreasonable for
the court to exclude the evidence as hearsay. (See Coyne, supra, 26
Cal.App.5th at p. 814.)
      Even had the court erred by excluding the testimony, its explanation
for doing so simply demonstrates why, as a fact-finder, it would have found
that Wells Fargo’s conduct could not serve as an adoptive admission. (See
Kincaid, supra, 197 Cal.App.4th at p. 83 [explaining that once the statement
is admitted, whether the conduct actually constituted an adoptive admission
is a determination for the trier of fact].) The court treated the employees’
selections as the type of statement that would require a party to deny its
falsity, but it questioned whether the conduct of paying the premium
operated as an admission or adoption of the accusation. The court stated: “I
cannot find that simply because a payment is made after there’s something

                                       28
input[ted] that Wells Fargo indeed manifests a belief in the accuracy of that
statement.” Thus, Plaintiffs also have not demonstrated that had the court
admitted the evidence, a different result would have been probable.
(Zhou, supra, 157 Cal.App.4th at p. 1480; San Diego Gas & Electric Co. v.
Schmidt (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 1280, 1301-1302.)
                             E. Meal Period Policy
      Plaintiffs next challenge the judgment by arguing Wells Fargo’s written
meal period policy is unlawful, based on its introduction of Exhibit 5, a single
document titled “California Meal Period and Rest Break Policy,” which
includes a bullet point that states, “You may not take the meal period later
than 5 hours after starting the work day, unless for a specific business
reason that is preapproved by your manager. If you are not hungry when the
meal period must be taken, you are still required to take at least a 30-minute
meal period, even if you don’t eat.” The trial court made factual findings that
Wells Fargo had “a lawful written meal period policy” and that it established
“that it has a policy scheduling lawful meal periods” for its employees. The
statement of decision did not address the quoted document.
      The issue before us is a mixed question of law and fact because it
requires us to apply the law to a set of disputed facts. “If the pertinent
inquiry requires application of experience with human affairs, the question is
predominantly factual and its determination is reviewed under the
substantial-evidence test. If, by contrast, the inquiry requires a critical
consideration, in a factual context, of legal principles and their underlying
values, the question is predominantly legal and its determination is reviewed
independently.” (Crocker National Bank v. City and County of San Francisco
(1989) 49 Cal.3d 881, 888.) We review the application of law to undisputed
facts de novo. (Harustak v. Wilkins (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 208, 212-213.) But

                                       29
here, which materials constitute or reflect Wells Fargo’s meal policy is a
question of fact, and whether that written policy complies with California law
is a legal question. Although Plaintiffs have posed the issue as
predominantly one of law, it relies heavily on whether the court’s conclusions
regarding what constituted the written policy are supported by substantial
evidence. Regardless of the standard of review we apply, we reach the same
conclusion: the court did not err on this point.
      Plaintiffs have identified Exhibit 5 as the document stating Wells
Fargo’s meal policy. Wells Fargo does not challenge this view directly,
instead commenting “a single line in an ancillary onboarding document does
not render Wells Fargo’s meal policy unlawful,” suggesting it is not the
document that details the company’s formal policy. It also notes that there
could be situations in which a “specific business reason” would warrant a
noncompliant meal period, such as when an employee voluntarily waives the
meal break or delays it for reasons that would benefit the business. But it is
clear in the record that the documents identified by witnesses consistently as
reflecting Wells Fargo’s meal period policy during the relevant time period
are the posted policy (Exhibit 165) and the employee handbooks (Exhibits
157-164), none of which includes a statement regarding a delayed meal
period for business reasons.
      The statement of decision cites to Exhibits 155 and 157 through 164 to
support its conclusion that Wells Fargo established it had a lawful written
meal period policy, and it identifies exhibits 165 and 166 as workplace
postings that cover the policy.
      From 2016 through 2018, the employee handbook (Exhibits 157-161),
which is used nationally, stated, “Several states also have specific regulations
requiring that nonexempt team members take paid rest breaks. Refer to

                                       30
Meal and Break Periods in the Time Away section for more information.
Check with your manager and follow the appropriate practice for you state or
business.” The Meal and Break Periods section of the handbook stated, “If
you’re a nonexempt team member, you must take the required meal and rest
periods to which you’re entitled during the workday.” The 2019 and January
2020 employee handbooks used similar language, noting, “Several states
have specific requirements for meal periods and paid rest breaks.” These
statements do not directly address California-specific requirements but
indicate an awareness that some states, perhaps including California, have a
specific policy. None of the statements in the employee handbooks reflected
in Exhibits 157 through 164 violate California law; they simply direct
managers and employees to other resources.
      Exhibit 165, the “California Meal Period and Rest Break Policy,”
identified by Wells Fargo as applicable since September 2016 and accessible
to all Wells Fargo employees, states, “Nonexempt team members can work no
more than 5 hours without taking an uninterrupted meal period of at least 30
minutes. The first meal period must begin no later than the end of your 5th
hour of work.” It also says, “If you would like to take your meal period earlier
than scheduled, after the end of the 5th hour of work (or 10th hour for the
second meal period), or voluntarily skip your meal period you must consult
with your manager.” Nothing in the language of this written policy is
unlawful. It directs employees to take a 30-minute, uninterrupted meal
period beginning no later than the end of the fifth hour of work and permits
employees to waive their right to this break.
      All branches and departments were required to post Exhibit 165 in a
common area accessible to employees throughout the relevant time period.
Numerous employees recognized the document and confirmed it had been

                                      31
posted in their branches, including the branches where Hamideh and
Abdolrasoul worked. Abdolrasoul himself testified that there was a poster in
his branch regarding meal periods that explained what constituted a
compliant meal break. In contrast, the origin and use of Exhibit 5 is unclear
at best. It was introduced by Plaintiffs without objection. But there was no
testimony that it was shared with managers or nonexempt employees and no
indication that the document was posted in Wells Fargo branches.
      Manager training materials were consistent with the language in
Exhibit 165. Those directed managers to familiarize themselves with state-
specific regulations and directed them to their intranet “Teamworks Manager
Center.” One training slide specific to California states, “An employee cannot
work more than 5 hours without being provided the opportunity to take a
meal period of at least 30 minutes.” It also notes that “[i]f a team member
doesn’t take a compliant meal period, Wells Fargo will pay 1 additional hour
of straight time for that day in accordance with California law.” It explains
that Time Tracker requires employees to select a reason for noncompliance if
the meal break is recorded after the fifth hour of work begins. And it states
that employees who work no more than six hours in a day may waive their
meal period. The manager materials make no mention of delayed meal
breaks for business reasons.
      Exhibit 155, the Manager Policies for Meal and Rest Periods posted on
the company intranet, provides California-specific requirements. The first
bullet point states: “Nonexempt team members can work no more than 5
hours without being provided the opportunity to take an uninterrupted meal
period of at least 30 minutes. The first meal period must begin no later than
the end of the 5th hour of work.” As is the case with the posted policy

                                      32
(Exhibit 165), there is no business-reason exception identified in this written
statement of Wells Fargo’s policy.
      Neither does the Time Tracker manual indicate meal breaks can be
delayed for business reasons. The Time Tracker training manual defines a
“compliant meal period” as “[a]t least 30 minutes in length and
uninterrupted,” “[begin[ning] no later than the end of [the] 5th hour of
working time,” and for which the employee “cannot be encouraged to skip,
delay or shorten.” It makes no mention of a business decision that would
justify changing the timing, duration, or uninterrupted nature of the meal
break.
      Plaintiffs do not address the manager policies (Exhibit 155), the posted
meal break requirements (Exhibit 165), or the employee handbooks (Exhibits
157 through 164) in their appellate briefs. They do not explain why it would
be erroneous to treat these statements as representing Wells Fargo’s written
policy on this topic. They simply point to an alternative document, Exhibit 5.
But unlike Exhibit 165, which Wells Fargo’s person most knowledgeable
identified as the relevant California Meal Period and Rest Break Policy, and
which was repeatedly identified by witnesses as the policy posted in branches
and used by managers, no witnesses authenticated Exhibit 5 as a policy that
was in effect during the relevant time period. Plaintiffs’ counsel did not ask
Wells Fargo when or if the company relied on the language in Exhibit 5 or
shared that document with managers or nonexempt employees. And
Hamideh could not recall seeing Exhibit 5 before his deposition.
      Plaintiffs express concern that the court may not have considered
Exhibit 5 in reaching its conclusion regarding the lawfulness of Wells Fargo’s
meal break policy. But we have no reason to believe the trial court failed to
consider that document. (See Reid v. Google, Inc. (2010) 50 Cal.4th 512, 534

                                      33
(Reid) [admitted evidence is presumed considered by the trier of fact absent
contrary ruling on evidentiary objection].) And whether we ask if there is
substantial evidence or we consider the record independently, we conclude
Exhibit 5 does not reflect the meal period policy in effect during the relevant
time.
        Finally, we note there are times when employees can waive their meal
breaks, ostensibly for “business reasons,” such as when they are scheduled to
work no more than six hours and both they and the employer agree to waive
the meal break. (§ 512, subd. (a).) But there is no exception in the Labor
Code or the Wage Order for professional and clerical employees that permits
an employer to delay, shorten, or deny a meal break for “business reasons.”
(§ 512; Wage Order No. 4, § 11.) Given that Exhibit 5 appears to be the only
document that mentions business reasons, and given the ambiguity
surrounding its origin and usage, it does not appear to represent Wells
Fargo’s meal break policy. Accordingly, we independently conclude Wells
Fargo’s policy complies with California law. And because we reach this
conclusion, we find that Plaintiffs suffered no prejudice from the trial court’s
similar conclusion.
                      F. Abdolrasoul’s Meal Period Schedule
        In its statement of decision, the trial court concluded “Abdolrasoul was
never scheduled for a meal period to start later than the end of the fifth
hour.” Plaintiffs argue this factual conclusion was erroneous because there is
contradictory evidence, a printed schedule for Abdolrasoul covering April 30,
2017, through June 2, 2017 (Exhibit 25), that would preclude such a
conclusion. Plaintiffs also maintain that the failure to consider this
document was prejudicial because if the court had truly considered the

                                        34
evidence, there is a reasonable chance a more favorable result could have
been reached.
      The court admitted Exhibit 25, a schedule that shows Abdolrasoul was
scheduled on May 16, 2017, to work from 9:45 a.m. until 7:15 p.m., with a

meal break set for 2:45 p.m.6 Plaintiffs highlighted this document and
explained their view of its significance in their closing brief. Because the
meal break was scheduled to commence at 2:45 p.m., the start of the sixth
hour of work, the scheduled meal break that day was noncompliant.
Plaintiffs contend that this evidence directly contradicts the court’s
conclusion that Abdolrasoul was never scheduled for a meal period to start
later than the end of the fifth hour and that any contrary factual conclusion
would be an inference improperly based on speculation.
      We review factual conclusions for substantial evidence. (San Diego
Metropolitan Transit Development Bd. v. Handlery Hotel, Inc. (1999) 73
Cal.App.4th 517, 528.) We “view[ ] the evidence in the light most
favorable to the respondents [citation], resolve[ ] all evidentiary conflicts
in favor of the prevailing party and indulge[ ] all reasonable inferences
possible to uphold the trial court’s findings [citation].” (Ibid.) If
substantial evidence supports the finding, the reviewing court must uphold
the finding “no matter how slight it may appear in comparison with the
contradictory evidence . . . .” (Howard v. Owens Corning (1999) 72
Cal.App.4th 621, 631 (Howard).)
      As Wells Fargo points out in its respondent’s brief, it is not clear who
created Exhibit 25 or whether it was actually used. When questioned about

6     The time records recorded Abdolrasoul as starting his workday at
9:45 a.m. on May 16, 2017, taking a meal break beginning at 3:30 p.m., and
concluding his work day at 6:45 p.m.
                                       35
Exhibit 25 specifically, Business Initiative Consultant Corinne Blanchard
said it was not clear from the document if CloudCords had created that
schedule or if an individual had. One of Abdolrasoul’s managers testified
that she used CloudCords to schedule breaks, but she could change those
schedules, and she scheduled meal breaks to occur prior to the fifth hour.
She also said she would make adjustments to the CloudCords schedules to fit
guidelines, and she never witnessed an employee she supervised not having
an opportunity to take a compliant meal period. This testimony supports
Wells Fargo’s argument that the document may not have been a final version
or actually used.
      Abdolrasoul’s own testimony likewise supports a conclusion that the
schedule in Exhibit 25 may not have been a final version. For instance,
Abdolrasoul testified at deposition that when he was a teller, someone
informed him of his meal schedule in person each day, and he testified at
trial that when he was a lead teller, his service manager would email the
meal period schedule each day. Exhibit 25 shows a schedule for an entire
month, not a single day—the way Abdolrasoul testified his meal break
information was shared.
      Moreover, Abdolrasoul did not identify improper scheduling as a reason
for noncompliant, delayed meal breaks. During his deposition, he testified
that when he took late meal breaks it was because the branch was
understaffed, he was busy with customers, and people were waiting in line.
He did not indicate he was scheduled for a delayed break, even by a minute.
At trial he similarly testified that when he marked that he had no
opportunity to take a compliant meal period, it was because there was no one
in the branch to relieve him, or he was the only teller or lead teller handling

                                       36
cash and had to stay to help customers. Again, he did not testify that he was
not scheduled for a timely meal period.
      When asked directly, “[D]uring your employment with Wells Fargo,
your meal period was scheduled to begin before the end of your fifth hour of
work, correct?” he replied “Yes, ma’am.” And when opposing counsel posed
the question, “In fact, you don’t remember a single day that you worked for
Wells Fargo in which a meal period was not scheduled to begin before the end
of your fifth hour of work, correct?” He again responded, “Yes, ma’am.”
      Thus, while there is evidence in the record that at first blush suggests
Abdolrasoul was scheduled for at least one noncompliant meal break, that
evidence is challenged by testimony. Given the court’s conclusion that
Abdolrasoul was never scheduled for a meal period to start later than the end
of the fifth hour, it is evident the court believed the testimonial evidence
rather than information supplied in Exhibit 25. (See Reid, supra, 50 Cal.4th
at p. 534 [admitted evidence presumed considered by the trier of fact absent
contrary ruling on evidentiary objection].) Accordingly, there is substantial
evidence to support this factual conclusion, and we must therefore uphold the
finding. (Howard, supra, 72 Cal.App.4th at p. 631.)
                             G. Cumulative Error
      Although we concluded the court may have erred in its failure to apply
the presumption of liability based on the time records, as we explained ante,
any such error was harmless. Having determined the court’s remaining
challenged conclusions were not erroneous, there is likewise no cumulative,
prejudicial error. (Evans v. Hood Corp. (2016) 5 Cal.App.5th 1022, 1053-1054
[no cumulative effect of error when no error]; see Jiagbogu v. Mercedes-Benz
USA (2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 1235, 1246 [“Since there is no error in these
individual rulings, there is, of course, no cumulative error”].)

                                       37
                             DISPOSITION
    The judgment is affirmed. Appellants to bear costs.

                                                  HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:

O’ROURKE, J.

AARON, J.

                                   38