Court Opinion

ID: 3166149
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-12-29 19:02:12.37341+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:37:25.704376
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                               FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

_________________________________________
                                          )
Loretta Hillware,                         )
                                          )
       Plaintiff,                         )
                                          )
              v.                          )                        Civil No. 15-cv-00735 (APM)
                                          )
Dan Snyder, et al.,                       )
                                          )
       Defendants.                        )
_________________________________________ )

                                      MEMORANDUM OPINION
I.       INTRODUCTION

        Plaintiff Loretta Hillware filed a lawsuit pro se in the Superior Court of the District of

Columbia against the owner of the Washington Redskins, Daniel Snyder; the team’s Vice

President and General Counsel, Eric Schaffer; the team’s President, Bruce Allen; the

Commissioner of the National Football League (“NFL”), Roger Goodell; and the NFL’s Counsel,

Jay Bauman, all in their “official” capacities. Plaintiff alleges that the Washington Redskins

(hereafter “the Team”) and the NFL “denied [her] work in her profession” because she is African

American, female, and a victim of domestic violence. Compl., ECF No. 1-1 at 22.1 Plaintiff states

that her complaint asserts claims under “Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and similar state

and local laws,” including the D.C. Human Rights Act, D.C. Code §§ 2-1402.11 et seq. Id. at 28,

30, 33. Her claim under Title VII prompted Defendants to remove the case to this court on the

basis of federal question jurisdiction. See Notice of Removal, ECF No. 1, ¶ 6. Defendants now

move to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for failure to state a

1
 The original complaint is one of various documents comprising the 40-page record removed from Superior Court
and docketed collectively as Document 1-1. When referring to the original complaint, the court will cite the page
numbers assigned by the electronic case filing system.
claim upon which relief can be granted. Their grounds for dismissal include failure to exhaust

administrative remedies, failure to state a claim, and statute of limitations. See Mem. in Supp. of

Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 3-1 [hereinafter “Defs.’ Mem.”] at 5-9.

       After careful consideration of the Complaint, the Amended Complaint, ECF No. 19, and

the parties’ arguments for and against dismissal, the court grants the motion to dismiss in part

because Plaintiff does not refute Defendants’ argument that she failed to exhaust her administrative

remedies under the federal anti-discrimination statutes, and the time has expired for her to do so.

The court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3) over any

non-federal claims and remands those claims to D.C. Superior Court. See Shekoyan v. Sibley Int’l,

409 F.3d 414, 424 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (stating that when, as here, the federal claims “are dismissed

before trial,” it is preferable for the court to decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the

non-federal claims) (quoting Carnegie–Mellon Univ. v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 350 n.7 (1988)

(internal quotation marks omitted)); see also Myers v. Cent. Florida Investments, Inc., 592 F.3d

1201, 1226 (11th Cir. 2010) (“[F]ederal district courts in removal cases must remand, rather than

dismiss, state claims over which they decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction.”).

II.    BACKGROUND

       Plaintiff alleges that in her former position with the New Orleans Saints (“Saints”), she

“was . . . experienced in business development, as well as sales and marketing,” and she was

“[w]ell-respected” and “[h]ighly regarded in a 5-state region” for her “deep knowledge of sales

and [accomplished] marketing efforts.” Compl. at 27. Plaintiff “established innovative concepts

for overall new business relationships, as well as captured the retention of former clients.” Id. at

28. At an unspecified time, Plaintiff became a victim of domestic violence and was fired from her

                                                  2
position with the Saints.2 Plaintiff’s abusive circumstances “caused her to flee,” which “landed

Plaintiff in this jurisdiction, and ensured the safety of [her] children.” Id. at 23. Upon discovering

“Plaintiff’s personal emotional cries for help,” hiring officials with the NFL and the Team

allegedly “shun[ned]” Plaintiff for more than 9, nearly 10 years,” and they have been “non-

responsive[] to [Plaintiff’s] numerous job application submissions” for marketing, sales, and

business development positions. Id.

        According to Plaintiff “the Defendants demonstrated animosity towards Domestic

Violence victims and women who were African American, resulting in the fatal subversion of

Plaintiff’s career by their refusing to rid their bitter, harsh and cruel, resentment and animosity.”

Id. at 28. Consequently, “none of the League affiliates, or the League hired Plaintiff in any similar

capacity, or that of an equal position or greater due to the tainted image of being a Domestic

Violence victim.” Id.

        In a pleading captioned “Amended Complaint,” which Plaintiff filed “to clarify the

[original] allegations,” Am. Compl. at 2, Plaintiff alleges that beginning in 2005, she “telephoned,

faxed or mailed hard copies of [her] resumes to the NFL’s HR Department, Scott Shepherd and

Dan Snyder’s office. This extended until 2008, [when] Plaintiff began contacting the Defendants

via email.” Id. at 5-6. Based on counts two through twenty of the Amended Complaint, Plaintiff

formally applied for positions between 2009 and 2014. Id. at 13-16. Plaintiff admits that the Team

did hire her but “as an ‘under-class.’” Id. at 2. Plaintiff, however, “chose to quit . . . after the

second Sunday activity on September 9, 2011, when she finally realized that . . . Shepherd would

never hire her from an ‘under-class’ who had been hired as FedEx Field servants, and therefore

2
 Plaintiff has previously sued the NFL and the Saints in the Eastern District of Louisiana. Her claims against the
NFL were dismissed, and the claims against the Saints were submitted to binding arbitration. See Hillware v. New
Orleans Saints, Civ. No. 14-2964, 2015 WL 2250178 (E.D. La. May 13, 2015).

                                                        3
were classified as FedEx Field ‘Sunday only’ or ‘the game days only employees.’” Id. Plaintiff

explains that “she made a choice to resign” because she was not earning a livable wage and could

not afford the costs of commuting by taxi to FedEx Field. Id. at 2-3.

       In addition to Title VII, plaintiff invokes in the Amended Complaint the Age

Discrimination Employment Act of 1967 (“ADEA”), because she “pursued employment that

began over the age of 40, and continued until she was nearly 55, in 2014,” and the Americans with

Disabilities Act (“ADA”), because “she is a victim of Domestic Violence.” Id. at 6.

III.   LEGAL STANDARD

       The Supreme Court’s decisions in Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly and Ashcroft v. Iqbal

direct federal trial courts to focus on the factual content of a complaint when deciding whether a

claim is sufficiently stated to withstand a motion to dismiss brought under Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 12(b)(6). A complaint must contain “sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state

a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting

Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007) (internal quotation marks omitted)).

A claim is facially plausible when “the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw

the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S.

at 678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). A complaint that pleads factual allegations that are

“merely consistent with a defendant’s liability . . . stops short of the line between possibility and

plausibility of entitlement to relief.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557)

(internal quotation marks omitted). Although the factual allegations need not be “detailed,” the

Federal Rules demand more than “an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me

accusation.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause

                                                  4
of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S.

at 555).

       Before turning to the merits, the court addresses whether it will consider the allegations set

forth in Plaintiff’s “Amended Complaint,” which Defendants have asked the court to strike.

See Mot. to Strike Pl.’s Am. Compl., ECF No. 20. When a pro se plaintiff files “multiple

submissions in opposition to [a] motion to dismiss, the district court should endeavor to read the

party’s filings together and as a whole.” Fennell v. AARP, 770 F. Supp. 2d 118, 121 (D.D.C. 2011)

(citing Richardson v. United States, 193 F.3d 545, 548 (D.C. Cir. 1999)). In addition, “pleadings

must be construed so as to do justice.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(e). Because Plaintiff submitted the

“Amended Complaint” “to clarify” the allegations in the original complaint, Am. Compl. at 2, the

court is compelled to consider those pleadings together as the operative complaint.

See Richardson, 193 F.3d at 548 (holding that district court had erred in refusing to consider pro se

plaintiff’s reply to a motion to dismiss as an amendment to his original complaint). Defendants’

Motion to Strike therefore is denied.

IV.    ANALYSIS

       As an initial matter, Defendants argue that Plaintiff has not stated a claim against the

individual defendants, see Defs.’ Mem. at 3-4, but this argument is misplaced as the complaint is

brought against each individual only “in his official capacity.” Compl. Caption. As the Court of

Appeals has explained, “while a supervisory employee may be joined as a party defendant in a

Title VII action, that employee must be viewed as being sued in his capacity as the agent of the

employer, who is alone liable for a violation of Title VII.” Gary v. Long, 59 F.3d 1391, 1399 (D.C.

                                                 5
Cir. 1995) (citation omitted). Therefore, the court construes Plaintiff’s complaint as asserting

claims against the NFL and the Team, not the named defendants as individuals.3

         “Title VII requires that a person complaining of a violation file an administrative charge

with the EEOC and allow the agency time to act on the charge. Only after the EEOC has notified

the aggrieved person of its decision to dismiss or its inability to bring a civil action within the

requisite time period can that person bring a civil action herself.” Park v. Howard Univ., 71 F.3d

904, 907 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(1)). “The administrative charge

requirement serves the important purposes of giving the charged party notice of the claim and

narrow[ing] the issues for prompt adjudication and decision.” Id. (citation and internal quotation

marks omitted). Title VII, the ADEA, and the ADA all require that an EEOC charge “be filed

within one hundred and eighty days after the alleged unlawful employment practice occurred[,]”

or within 300 days if the charge was first filed “with a State or local agency with authority to grant

or seek relief from such practice[.]” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1); 29 U.S.C. § 626(d)(1) (ADEA

stating same); 42 U.S.C. § 12117(a) (ADA incorporates “the powers, remedies, and procedures set

forth in [Title VII],” including 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–5); see also Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v.

Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 105 (2002) (charge must be filed “either 180 or 300 days” after the alleged

unlawful practice).

        A Title VII lawsuit may be filed within ninety days of the aggrieved party’s receipt of the

EEOC’s final action containing a right-to-sue notice. The lawsuit is “limited in scope to claims

that are ‘like or reasonably related to the allegations of the charge and growing out of such

allegations.’” Park, 71 F.3d at 907 (quoting Cheek v. Western and Southern Life Ins. Co., 31 F.3d

3
  Any personal-capacity claim necessarily would fail because Title VII does not authorize a private right of action
against individuals. See Jones v. Washington Times, 668 F. Supp. 2d 53, 58-59 (D.D.C. 2009) (quoting Gary, 59 F.3d
at 1399 (other citations omitted)).

                                                        6
497, 500 (7th Cir. 1994)).     In addition, Title VII “precludes recovery for discrete acts of

discrimination . . . that occur outside the statutory time period.” Morgan, 536 U.S. at 105.

Consequently, “Title VII [c]omplainants must timely exhaust the[ir] administrative remedies

before bringing their claims to court.” Payne v. Salazar, 619 F.3d 56, 65 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (quoting

Bowden v. United States, 106 F.3d 433, 437 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (internal quotation marks omitted)).

       Plaintiff fails to address Defendants’ exhaustion argument and, thus, concedes that she did

not exhaust her administrative remedies. See generally Pl.’s Opp’n; see also Order, ECF No. 4

(informing Plaintiff that Defendants’ unopposed arguments might be treated as conceded).

Moreover, Plaintiff’s exhibits establish that her last application for a managerial position was

rejected on October 31, 2014. See Am. Compl., Ex. 10. Thus, the time for Plaintiff to exhaust her

administrative remedies and then to file a civil action has long expired. Consequently, the court

dismisses Plaintiff’s federal claims for failure to exhaust and as time-barred.

       Because the court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s remaining

non-federal claims, the court does not reach Defendants’ argument that Plaintiff has failed to state

a claim under District of Columbia (and, possibly New York) law. The court leaves it to the

D.C. Superior Court to address those arguments under controlling District of Columbia or state

law.

                                                 7
V.     CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss is granted as to the federal

claims. In all other respects, this case is remanded to D.C. Superior Court. A separate Order

accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

Dated: December 29, 2015                          Amit P. Mehta
                                                  United States District Judge

                                             8