Court Opinion

ID: 8443806
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-04 20:02:50.781735+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:48:51.932218
License: Public Domain

2022 IL App (1st) 220346-U

                                                                                 SIXTH DIVISION
                                                                                 November 4, 2022

                                            No. 1-22-0346

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the
limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
______________________________________________________________________________
                                    IN THE
                        APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                FIRST DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

FRATERNAL ORDER OF POLICE, CHICAGO LODGE                        )
NO. 7; JOHN CATANZARA JR.; POLICEMEN’S                          )
BENEVOLENT & PROTECTIVE ASS’N OF ILLINOIS,                      )
UNITS 156 A, B, C—SERGEANTS, LIEUTENANTS,                       )
CAPTAINS; JAMES CALVINO; MICHAEL STISCAK;                       )   Appeal from the
and KEVIN CHAMBERS,                                             )   Circuit Court of
                                                                )   Cook County.
           Plaintiffs-Appellants,                               )
                                                                )   No. 21 CH 05276
     v.                                                         )
                                                                )   The Honorable
THE CITY OF CHICAGO; THE CHICAGO POLICE                         )   Raymond W. Mitchell,
DEPARTMENT; LORI LIGHTFOOT, In Her Official                     )   Judge Presiding.
Capacity as Mayor of the City of Chicago; and DAVID             )
BROWN, In His Official Capacity as Superintendent of            )
Police,                                                         )
                                                                )
           Defendants-Appellees.                                )

           PRESIDING JUSTICE MIKVA delivered the judgment of the court.
           Justices Oden Johnson and Tailor concurred in the judgment.

                                              ORDER

¶1        Held: Where the unions failed to identify a violation of a well-defined and dominant
                public policy requiring the invalidation of an arbitration award in the City’ favor,
                the circuit court’s denial of their motion to vacate that award is affirmed.

¶2        This case stems from the City of Chicago (City)’s implementation of a policy, announced
No. 1-22-0346

on August 25, 2021, requiring city employees to be vaccinated against COVID-19. This policy

extended to the sworn police officers who are members of the plaintiff labor organizations. The

parties involved were all subject to collective bargaining agreements (CBAs), and the plaintiffs

filed grievances before an arbitrator after the City refused to bargain to agreement or impasse about

the terms and effects of the City’s vaccination policy. The arbitrator found that the City was

authorized to unilaterally implement the policy under a management rights clause included in each

of the CBAs, and the circuit court denied the plaintiffs’ motion to vacate that arbitration award on

the basis that it was against public policy. On appeal, the plaintiffs argue they have identified

several well-defined and dominant public policies that require us to overturn the arbitrator’s award.

For the following reasons, we disagree, and affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

¶3                                      I. BACKGROUND

¶4                          A. The Collective Bargaining Agreements

¶5     The plaintiffs in this case are the Fraternal Order of Police Lodge No. 7 (FOP)—a labor

organization and “the exclusive collective bargaining representative of all sworn personnel below

the rank of sergeant employed by the Chicago Police Department”; John Catanzara Jr.—the

president, principal executive officer, and a member of FOP; Policemen’s Benevolent and

Protective Association of Illinois, Units 156A (Sergeants), 156B (Lieutenants), and 156C

(Captains) (collectively, the PBPA)—a labor organization and “the exclusive collective bargaining

representative of all sworn personnel who hold the rank of Sergeant, Lieutenant, or Captain”;

James Calvino—the president, principal executive officer, and a member of PBPA Unit 156A;

Michael Stiscak—the president, principal executive officer, and a member of PBPA Unit 156B;

and Kevin Chambers—the president, principal executive officer, and a member of PBPA Unit

156C. We will refer to the plaintiffs collectively as the Unions.

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¶6     FOP and the City were parties to a CBA effective from July 1, 2012, to June 30, 2017.

Negotiations for a successor CBA began in October 2017 and the parties were still negotiating at

the time the Unions filed their grievances on October 14, November 8, and November 16, 2021.

Under section 28.2 of the CBA between FOP and the City, the CBA remains in effect during

negotiations until the parties reach a new agreement. The three PBPA units each have CBAs with

the City, all of which were effective July 1, 2016, and set to expire on June 30, 2022.

¶7     The parties’ arguments center on a few specific portions of these agreements. The

provisions relevant to this appeal are substantially similar in each document, and to avoid repetition

we will quote only from FOP’s CBA.

¶8     Article 4 of each of the CBAs is titled “Management Rights.” In the FOP CBA, article 4

provides:

                “The Employer has and will continue to retain the right to operate and manage its

       affairs in each and every respect. The rights reserved to the sole discretion of the Employer

       shall include, but not be limited to, rights:

                                                ***

                       N. to add, delete or alter policies, procedures, rules and regulations.

                Inherent managerial functions, prerogatives and policymaking rights, whether

       listed above or not, which the Employer has not expressly restricted by a specific provision

       of this Agreement are not in any way, directly or indirectly, subject to the grievance and

       arbitration procedures contained herein, provided that no right is exercised contrary to or

       inconsistent with other terms of this Agreement.”

¶9     Article 28 of each CBA is titled “Duration, Enforcement and Dispute Resolution,” and

section 28.3 of that article is titled “Impasse Resolution, Ratification and Enactment.” In the FOP

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CBA, section 28.3 provides:

                “B. If complete agreement is not reached between the parties as to the items for

        negotiation at the end of any negotiating period, the following procedure shall apply:

                       1. In the event that disputed terms cannot be resolved during the negotiation

                period, all disputed items shall be referred to a three person Arbitration Board, one

                member to be selected by each of the parties and the third member to be jointly

                agreed upon by the parties.

                                                ***

                       11. As permitted by 5 ILCS 315/14(p), the impasse resolution procedure set

                forth herein above shall govern in lieu of the statutory impasse resolution procedure

                provided under 5 ILCS 315/14, except that the following portions of 315/14 shall

                nevertheless apply; Subsections (h), (i), (k) and (m).”

¶ 10                       B. The City’s COVID-19 Vaccination Policy

¶ 11    COVID-19 “is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus” that spreads “from

an infected person’s mouth or nose in small liquid particles when they cough, sneeze speak sing

or     breathe.”   Coronavirus      disease    (COVID-19),       World      Health    Organization,

who.int/health-topics/coronavirus (last visited Oct. 27, 2022). On August 25, 2021, the City

announced its intention to implement a policy that would require COVID-19 vaccinations for all

City employees, contractors, and vendors as of October 15, 2021. The City submitted the proposed

vaccination policy to the Unions for discussion, and negotiations over the policy were conducted

between the City and the Unions in August, September, and early October. According to the

Unions, at a meeting held on October 7, 2021, they responded to the City’s proposed vaccination

policy, and the City indicated it would review the Unions’ responses.

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¶ 12    On the following day, October 8, 2021, the City sent an email to all its employees stating

that they “must be fully vaccinated against COVID-19 by October 15 unless they ha[d] received a

medical or religious accommodation.” The email also included a copy of the official vaccination

policy (the Vaccination Policy).

¶ 13    According to the Unions, the Vaccination Policy unilaterally imposed certain conditions of

employment that the parties had not negotiated for, including a requirement that employees report

their vaccination status to the City by or before October 15, 2021, a requirement that employees

either be fully vaccinated against COVID-19 by October 15 or test twice per week, removal of the

testing option for employees who did not receive an approved exemption (and a requirement that

those employees be fully vaccinated by December 31, 2021), and a requirement that non-exempted

employees who were not fully vaccinated by December 31 be placed on non-disciplinary, no-pay

status until they became vaccinated.

¶ 14                          C. The Unions’ Grievance Proceedings

¶ 15    On October 14, 2021, the PBPA units each filed a grievance asserting that the City had

violated section 28.3 of the governing CBAs and taking issue with the “City’s unilateral

implementation of its COVID-19 policy” and its refusal to participate in expedited interest

arbitration.

¶ 16    In its grievances, filed on October 14, 2021, the Lodge also asserted that the City

“unilaterally implemented a COVID-19 vaccination and testing policy in violation of sections 28.2

& 28.3 of the [CBA].” FOP complained that the City impermissibly refused to engage in interest

arbitration “per the requirements of the impasse resolution procedure set forth in [ ]section 28.3 of

the CBA.” FOP also stated that the Vaccination Policy “change[d] existing and adds new terms

and conditions of employment for all members of FOP’s bargaining unit.” FOP filed an additional

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No. 1-22-0346

grievance on November 8, 2021, arguing that the Vaccination Policy violated article 8 of its CBA,

which stated that no officer could be “suspended, relieved from duty or otherwise disciplined in

any manner without just cause,” and another on November 16, 2021, on behalf of “all officers who

were relieved of pay and benefits as a result of the Department’s unilateral implementation of a

“Vaccine Portal,” which they argued were actions “taken without just cause.”

¶ 17   The Unions also filed a complaint for a temporary restraining order (TRO) against the City

in the circuit court. In the circuit court case, the Unions sought to prevent the City from

implementing its Vaccination Policy pending completion of the grievance arbitration process. On

November 1, 2021, the circuit court stayed enforcement of the December 31, 2021, vaccination

deadline until arbitration on the Unions’ grievances was completed. The City filed a petition under

Illinois Supreme Court Rule 307(d) (eff. Nov. 1, 2017), asking this court to reverse the circuit

court’s TRO order. That petition was denied on November 9, 2021 (case No. 1-21-1426).

¶ 18   The parties proceeded to an arbitration that addressed all the grievances filed by the Unions.

There was a four-day hearing on the grievances held on December 29 and 30, 2021, and January

3 and 4, 2022. On February 23, 2022, the arbitrator denied the Unions’ grievances in a

comprehensive 54-page written opinion and award. The arbitrator concluded that implementation

of the Vaccination Policy was an exercise of the City’s contractually recognized management

rights established in article 4(N) of the CBAs. In doing so, the arbitrator rejected the Unions’

argument that the parties’ disputes about the Vaccination Policy should be resolved pursuant to

the impasse arbitration provisions in section 28.3 of the CBAs. The arbitrator stated that

management rights have been interpreted by arbitrators as permitting the City “to promulgate

limited duty policies which in the broadest sense is related to the Department determining whether

an Officer, health-wise, can perform required duties.” The arbitrator concluded that “the

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No. 1-22-0346

Department pursuant to Article 4, Management Rights, along with the City, had the right to issue

the vaccine mandate and that in doing so the Department’s action was a reasonable exercise of

management rights.”

¶ 19                              D. Post-Arbitration Proceedings

¶ 20   On February 24, 2022, the Unions moved to vacate the arbitration award in the circuit court

pursuant to the Uniform Arbitration Act (710 ILCS 5/1 et seq. (West 2020)). The Unions asked

that the arbitration award be vacated “on the ground that it constitute[d] a violation of one or more

explicit, clearly defined, and dominant public policies of the State of Illinois.” On March 3, 2022,

the City filed a motion to dismiss.

¶ 21   On March 10, 2022, the circuit court denied the Unions’ motion to vacate the arbitration

award, without ruling on the City’s motion to dismiss. The Unions filed an emergency motion

asking the court for language pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 304(a) (eff. Mar. 8, 2016)

that there was “no just reason for delaying the appeal of the denial” of the motion to vacate. The

Unions also filed an emergency motion to stay the court’s order or extend the TRO pending appeal.

¶ 22   The circuit court immediately granted the Unions’ motion for a Rule 304(a) finding. The

court denied the motion to stay the order or to extend the TRO.

¶ 23                                    II. JURISDICTION

¶ 24   The Unions timely filed their notice of appeal on March 11, 2022. We have jurisdiction

pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 304(a) (eff. Mar. 8, 2016), governing appeals from final

judgments as to one or more but fewer than all the parties’ claims.

¶ 25   In its brief, the City argues that, because the unions are seeking to invalidate this arbitration

agreement based on public policies that are set out in the Illinois Public Labor Relations Act (Act)

(5 ILCS 315/1 et seq. (West 2020)), any claims by the Unions are under the exclusive jurisdiction

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No. 1-22-0346

of the Illinois Labor Relations Board (Labor Board). However, as we have long recognized, “the

[Act] does not provide for exclusive jurisdiction in the [Labor Board] over arbitration awards, and

the decisions of the Illinois Supreme Court and this and other appellate courts have held that the

circuit court has jurisdiction over public policy challenges to such awards.” Department of Central

Management Services v. American Federation of State, County & Municipal Employees

(AFSCME), 222 Ill. App. 3d 678, 682 (1991). The cases relied upon by the City do not suggest

otherwise and did not involve review of an arbitration award. Gantz v. McHenry County Sheriff’s

Department Merit Commission, 296 Ill. App. 3d 335, 339-40 (1998); Foley v. AFSCME, Council

31, Local No. 2258, 199 Ill. App. 3d 6, 11 (1990). The fact that the public policies the Unions rely

on are found in the Act does not change the analysis or deprive this court of jurisdiction.

¶ 26                                     III. ANALYSIS

¶ 27   The question before us is whether the circuit court erred in denying the Unions’ motion to

vacate the arbitration award on public policy grounds. In reviewing an arbitrator’s award under a

CBA, our supreme court “has long recognized the overriding interest in finality which inheres in

the submission of disputes to arbitration, and, accordingly, has counseled against judicial review

of the merits of arbitration awards.” Board of Trustees of Community College District No. 508,

Cook County v. Cook County College Teachers Union, Local 1600, 74 Ill. 2d 412, 418 (1979).

Accordingly, “judicial review of an arbitrator’s award is extremely limited and the award must be

construed, if possible, as valid.” City of Chicago v. Fraternal Order of Police, 2020 IL

124831, ¶ 25.

¶ 28   We have recognized—and here the Unions rely on—a narrow exception to the general rule

on enforcing arbitration awards where the CBA, as interpreted, violates a well-defined and

dominant public policy. Id. Under this limitation,

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       “if an arbitration award is derived from the essence of the collective-bargaining agreement,

       this court will vacate the award if it is repugnant to established norms of public policy.

       [Citation.] Such vacatur is rooted in the common-law doctrine that a court may refuse to

       enforce contracts that violate the law or public policy. [Citation.] The public-policy

       exception is a narrow one—one that is to be invoked only when a party clearly shows

       enforcement of the contract, as interpreted by the arbitrator, contravenes some explicit

       public policy.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id.

¶ 29   As explained by our supreme court in City of Chicago, quoted above, this public policy

exception is rooted in the common law doctrine that allows courts to refuse to enforce any contract

where the contract, as enforced, would violate law or public policy. Id. “The public policy must

be ‘well-defined and dominant’ and ascertainable ‘by reference to the laws and legal precedents

and not from generalized considerations of supposed public interests.’ ” Illinois Nurses

Association v. Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois, 318 Ill. App. 3d 519, 529 (2000)

(quoting AFSCME v. Department of Central Management Services, 173 Ill. 2d 299, 307 (1996)).

¶ 30   In considering whether vacatur of an arbitration award under this public policy exception

is warranted, a two-step analysis is employed: “a court first determines whether a well-defined and

dominant public policy can be identified and, if so, whether the arbitrator’s award, as reflected in

his interpretation of the agreement, violate[s] the public policy.” (Internal quotation marks

omitted.) State, Department of Central Management Services v. AFSCME, 2016 IL 118422, ¶ 41.

Our review of an arbitration award to determine if these requirements are met is de novo. City of

Chicago, 2020 IL 124831, ¶ 26.

¶ 31   Cases in which a reviewing court has found a well-defined and dominant public policy

sufficient to invalidate an arbitration award have focused on the policy as an embodiment of a

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fundamental state interest (AFSCME v. Department of Central Management Services, 173 Ill. 2d

299, 311 (1996) (stating that “the welfare and protection of minors has always been considered

one of the state’s most fundamental interests”)), a long-established common law principle (Board

of Trustees, 74 Ill. 2d at 425-26 (observing that “Illinois courts have repeatedly expressed a

reluctance, long-established in the maxims of the common law, to allow persons to profit from

their intentionally committed wrongful acts”)), or a policy that is widely held based on its

incorporation in multiple state statutes (City of Chicago, 2020 IL 124831, ¶¶ 31-37 (finding a well-

defined and dominant public policy “rooted in state law concerning the procedures for the proper

retention and destruction of government records” based on both the Local Records Act (50 ILCS

205/1 et seq. (West 2016)) and the State Records Act (5 ILCS 160/1 et seq. (West 2016))).

¶ 32   The arbitrator in this case found that implementation of the City’s Vaccination Policy was

an exercise of the City’s contractually recognized management rights provided for in article 4(N)

of the CBAs. The Unions insists that we must vacate that arbitration award because enforcing the

CBA as interpreted by the arbitrator violates the following “well-defined and dominant” public

policies: (1) unions have “the right to bargain about the effects of a policy prior to implementation,

the right not to be subject to unilateral changes, and the right to resolve bargaining table impasses

through interest arbitration”; (2) “statutory rights and bargaining subjects cannot be waived by a

[CBA] through anything less than clear, unmistakable and unequivocal language providing for the

waiver”; and (3) “a public employer may not prevent Peace Officers from performing services in

the context of a labor dispute subject to interest arbitration under Section 14 of the [Labor Act].”

For the reasons that follow, however, we conclude none of these “policies” provide a basis for

vacating the arbitration award.

¶ 33   The Unions’ first argument—that the award violates their right to bargain, to not be subject

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No. 1-22-0346

to unilateral management changes, and to impasse arbitration—relies on cases in which the Labor

Board found that public employers violated the Act by implementing a policy or decision without

first bargaining over the policy or decision itself, or its impact and effect on union members. See,

e.g., County of Cook v. Licensed Practical Nurses Ass'n of Illinois, 284 Ill. App. 3d 145, 153 (1996)

(affirming the Labor Board’s finding that the county’s decision to unilaterally implement a drug-

testing policy without bargaining over the decision or its impact violated the Act); AFSCME, AFL-

CIO v. State Labor Relations Bd., 190 Ill. App. 3d 259, 264 (1989) (affirming the Board’s finding

that implementation of a drug-testing policy was a managerial right, but the employer was required

to bargain over the policy’s disciplinary effects); Metropolitan Alliance of Police, Chapter #612,

and Village of Greenwood, 32 PERI ¶ 159 (ILRB State Panel 2016) (finding that the employer

violated the Act when it implemented promotions without bargaining over their effects).

¶ 34   These cases rest on the balancing test that the Board applies to determine whether section

4 of the Act on management rights (5 ILCS 315/4 (West 2020)) or section 7 on the duty to bargain

over conditions of employment (id. § 7) prevails relative to a certain policy, decision, or its

implementation. As our supreme court has recognized, where an issue affects both inherent

managerial policy and conditions of employment, the Board is directed by the Act to “balance the

benefits that bargaining will have on the decision-making process with the burdens that bargaining

imposes on the employer's authority.” Central City Education Association, IEA/NEA v. Illinois

Education Labor Relations Board, 149 Ill. 2d 496, 523 (1992); see also County of Cook v. Illinois

Labor Relations Board, 2017 IL App (1st) 153015, ¶ 45 (“courts apply the test in [Central City],

to determine whether a matter is a mandatory subject of bargaining”).

¶ 35   This first “public policy” argument by the Unions is nothing more than an argument that

the arbitrator’s decision that the City had the right to impose the Vaccination Policy under the

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management rights clause of the CBAs is contrary to various decisions of the Board applying this

balancing test. Even if these decisions were controlling here, we have no authority to overturn an

arbitrator’s decision based on the fact that the arbitrator made a legal error. International Ass’n of

Firefighters, Local No. 27 v. City of Springfield, 378 Ill. App. 3d 1078, 1081 (2008).

¶ 36   Neither this balancing test nor the balancing approach itself constitute a well-defined or

dominant public policy. To the contrary, this balancing test is an approach taken by the Board to

reconcile two provisions of the Act. The Unions’ argument is nothing more than a claim that the

arbitrator’s decision would come out the other way if this balancing test were applied. These cases

provide no support for the Unions’ argument that a well-defined and dominant “public policy”

requires us to overturn the arbitration award.

¶ 37   The Unions also rely on a case where we affirmed a finding by the Board that it was an

unfair labor practice to terminate a CBA while the parties were engaged in impasse arbitration.

Village of North Riverside v. Illinois Labor Relations Board, 2017 IL App (1st) 162251. We

recognized in Village of North Riverside that, under the Act, employees who were statutorily

prohibited from striking “ ‘would not be on equal footing with the employer were the employer to

implement its final offer upon reaching impasse,’ ” and that “the legislature attempted to correct

this imbalance by affording those employees bargaining power to approximate the right to strike”

in sections 2 and 14 of the Labor Act. Id. ¶¶ 21-23 (quoting State Department of Central

Management Services (Department of Corrections) v. State Labor Relations Board, State Panel,

373 Ill. App. 3d 242, 249 (2007). Thus, we agreed with the Board that, under the Act, the employer

must maintain the status quo during impasse arbitration. Any right to engage in impasse arbitration

hinges on there being a mandatory subject of bargaining, as existed in Village of North Riverside.

Id. ¶ 19. Unlike in Village of Riverside, in the case before us there was a finding by the arbitrator

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that implementation of the Vaccination Policy was a management right and no bargaining was

required. There is simply no “public policy” or even any rule of law that requires impasse

arbitration where a public employer is exercising a management right.

¶ 38   The Unions’ second claimed “public policy” argument is that the arbitration award violates

a well-defined and dominant public policy that “statutory rights and bargaining subjects cannot be

waived by a [CBA] through anything less than clear, unmistakable and unequivocal language

providing for the waiver.” The Unions point to a case in which the Board found that a management

rights clause did not constitute the necessary “clear and unmistakable” waiver language and this

court affirmed. Illinois Fraternal Order of Police, Lodge 7 and City of Chicago (Department of

Police), 21 PERI ¶ 83 (ILRB Local Panel 2005), aff’d, City of Chicago v. Illinois Labor Relations

Board and Illinois Fraternal Order of Police, Lodge 7, 22 PERI ¶ 82 (2006).

¶ 39   Again, however, the problem with this argument is that the Board’s definition of what

constitutes a clear and unmistakable waiver is not a well-defined or dominant public policy. This

argument is, at best, a claim that the arbitrator made an incorrect legal or factual finding that there

was a waiver by the Unions of the right to bargain over the Vaccination Policy. An error in law or

fact by the arbitrator is not the equivalent of a violation of a well-defined and dominant public

policy by that arbitrator and therefore is not a basis for overturning an arbitration award.

¶ 40   Finally, the Unions argue that the award violates the public policy that a public employer

may not prevent police officers from working in the context of a labor dispute that is subject to

interest arbitration. As the Unions correctly point out, under the Vaccination Policy, officers who

did not comply were not paid and could be prevented from working. As the Unions also correctly

point out, section 14(m) of the Act provides that security employees, peace officers, and fire

fighters may not withhold service and may not be locked out during labor disputes. 5 ILCS

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315/14(m) (West 2020).

¶ 41   Section 14(m) “provides special procedures for the resolution of bargaining impasses in

cases in which a strike is prohibited.” Administrative Office of Illinois Courts v. State & Municipal

Teamsters, Chauffeurs & Helpers Union, Local 726, 167 Ill. 2d 180, 194 (1995). These procedures

include prohibiting a lockout during such an impasse. Implementation by the City of the

Vaccination Policy is, in no sense, an illegal lock out under section 14(m). This was not a lockout

in the face of a bargaining impasse. Rather, as interpreted by the arbitrator, the Vaccination Policy

and its disciplinary provisions, including putting police on unpaid leave, were a lawful exercise of

the City’s management rights under the CBAs. The lockout prohibition in section 14(m) is simply

inapplicable.

¶ 42   At bottom, the Unions are really arguing that the arbitrator misinterpreted the CBAs

because the Board has ruled differently where unions have filed unfair labor practice charges

before the Board in similar disputes. But this is not a proper argument for an appeal from an

arbitration award. As noted above, judicial review of an arbitrator’s award is very limited. City of

Chicago, 2020 IL 124831, ¶ 25. As our supreme court has explained, interpretation of a CBA “ ‘is

a question for the arbitrator. It is the arbitrator’s construction which was bargained for; and so far

as the arbitrator’s decision concerns construction of the contract, the courts have no business

overruling him because their interpretation of the contract is different from his.’ ” Board of

Trustees, 74 Ill. 2d at 421 (quoting United Steelworkers of America v. Enterprise Wheel & Car

Corp., 363 U.S. 593, 599 (1960)). We also have no business overturning this award based on an

argument that the Board might rule differently as to where the line is between management rights

and the union’s right to bargain and what constitutes a proper waiver. Indeed, we express no

opinion as to whether the Unions could succeed on unfair labor practice charges before the Board.

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¶ 43                                  IV. CONCLUSION

¶ 44     Because the Unions have failed to identify any well-defined and dominant public policy

that is implicated by this arbitration award, the public-policy exception does not apply.

Accordingly, we affirm the circuit court’s denial of the Unions’ motion to vacate the arbitration

award.

¶ 45     Affirmed.

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