Court Opinion

ID: 9881294
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-30 00:00:30.101462+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:11:48.185474
License: Public Domain

Case: 22-30772     Document: 00516914328         Page: 1     Date Filed: 09/29/2023

           United States Court of Appeals
                for the Fifth Circuit                                United States Court of Appeals
                                                                              Fifth Circuit

                                ____________                                FILED
                                                                    September 29, 2023
                                 No. 22-30772                          Lyle W. Cayce
                                ____________                                Clerk

   Carbon Six Barrels, L.L.C.,

                                                           Plaintiff—Appellant,

                                       versus

   Proof Research, Incorporated,

                                            Defendant—Appellee.
                  ______________________________

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Middle District of Louisiana
                            USDC No. 3:22-CV-90
                  ______________________________

   Before Clement, Elrod, and Willett, Circuit Judges.
   Jennifer Walker Elrod, Circuit Judge:
          Proof Research, Inc. and Carbon Six Barrels, LLC both manufacture
   carbon-fiber gun barrels. Proof entered the market first and obtained a trade-
   mark for the unique appearance of its barrels. When Proof found out that
   Carbon Six intended to begin manufacturing and selling similar-looking car-
   bon-fiber gun barrels of its own, Proof responded with litigation. However,
   Proof did not file suit against Carbon Six, but rather against McGowen Pre-
   cision Barrels, LLC, Carbon Six’s sister company. McGowen then initiated
   separate proceedings to have Proof’s trademark cancelled.
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           McGowen was ultimately successful, and Proof’s trademark for its
   carbon-fiber gun barrels was cancelled in 2021. On February 9, 2022, Carbon
   Six filed this lawsuit against Proof for defamation and violation of the Louisi-
   ana Unfair Trade Practices Act stemming from Proof’s efforts to register,
   renew, enforce, and defend its previously valid trademark. However, Carbon
   Six brought its claims after the one-year prescriptive period imposed by Lou-
   isiana law had run. 1 On Proof’s motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), Car-
   bon Six failed to convince the district court that any of its claims were timely.
   The district court also held that Carbon Six’s LUTPA claim was legally de-
   ficient. We agree with the district court on all fronts. Despite advancing sev-
   eral arguments to save its claims from prescription, Carbon Six was simply
   too late. The district court’s judgment is AFFIRMED.
                                               I
           Proof manufactures carbon-fiber gun barrels with a unique, mottled
   appearance. In 2013, Proof successfully registered this look as a “trade
   dress” trademark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Proof is a Del-
   aware corporation with its principal place of business in Montana.
           Carbon Six is a Louisiana limited liability company with its principal
   place of business in Louisiana. Proof learned that Carbon Six was planning
   to enter the market for carbon-fiber barrels and, in June 2016, sent a cease-
   and-desist letter to Carbon Six’s Louisiana address. Proof’s letter warned
   that Carbon Six’s planned manufacture and sale of carbon-fiber barrels would
   violate Proof’s trademark. Undeterred, Carbon Six began manufacturing its
   carbon-fiber barrels in early 2017. Carbon Six sourced its barrel blanks from
   its sister company—McGowen—which is solely owned by the same

           _____________________
           1
              In Louisiana’s civil law system, the prescriptive period is the equivalent of a
   statute of limitations.

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   Louisiana resident who solely owns Carbon Six. Proof then sent a second
   cease-and-desist letter to Carbon Six’s counsel in South Carolina.
          Carbon Six did not cease its activities, and in December 2017, Proof
   filed a lawsuit for trademark infringement in the District of Montana. How-
   ever, for whatever reason, Proof named McGowen—and not Carbon Six—
   as the defendant. McGowen immediately initiated a trademark-cancellation
   proceeding before the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, which led to a stay
   of the federal litigation. In 2018, while the cancellation proceeding was on-
   going, Proof successfully applied to renew its trademark. After nearly four
   years, in May 2021, the TTAB rendered an opinion in the cancellation pro-
   ceeding cancelling Proof’s trademark.
          Carbon Six had won a proxy victory before the TTAB, but it was still
   not satisfied. On February 9, 2022, Carbon Six brought the instant lawsuit
   against Proof in the Middle District of Louisiana, alleging that Proof: (1)
   fraudulently registered its trademark in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1120; (2) vi-
   olated the Louisiana Unfair Trade Practices Act by unfairly stymieing Carbon
   Six’s entry into the market; and (3) defamed Carbon Six during the Montana
   litigation and the trademark-cancellation proceeding. McGowen brought a
   similar lawsuit against Proof in the District of Montana for, inter alia, mali-
   cious prosecution.
          Proof moved to dismiss the lawsuit filed by Carbon Six under Rule
   12(b)(2) for lack of personal jurisdiction, or to at least transfer the case under
   28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) to the District of Montana. In the alternative, Proof
   moved to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim, arguing that
   all three of Carbon Six’s claims were both untimely and legally insufficient.
          The district court denied Proof’s motion to dismiss for lack of per-
   sonal jurisdiction and denied Proof’s motion to transfer. But the district
   court granted Proof’s 12(b)(6) motion and dismissed Carbon Six’s claims as

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   time-barred by Louisiana’s one-year prescriptive period. The district court
   also held that in any event, Carbon Six’s LUTPA claim was legally insuffi-
   cient. Carbon Six appealed the district court’s dismissal of the LUTPA and
   defamation claims but not the federal fraud claim.
           This appeal raises two issues: (1) whether Carbon Six’s LUTPA claim
   is timely and legally sufficient; and (2) whether Carbon Six’s defamation
   claim is timely. 2
                                               II
           We review a dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6)
   de novo. Henley v. Biloxi HMA, LLC, 48 F.4th 350, 353 (5th Cir. 2022). We
   must take the plaintiff’s allegations to be true and construe all inferences in
   the plaintiff’s favor, affirming dismissal only when those allegations fail to
   “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. (quoting Ashcroft v.
   Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)). Dismissal based on a successful affirmative
   defense can be appropriate when that defense appears on the face of the com-
   plaint. Kelly v. Nichamoff, 868 F.3d 371, 374 (5th Cir. 2017) (citation omit-
   ted).
                                               III
           In its complaint, Carbon Six alleged that because Proof’s trademark
   was never valid, Proof’s trademark-enforcement actions violated LUTPA.
   The district court dismissed the claim as both untimely and legally insuffi-
   cient. The district court was correct.

           _____________________
           2
            The parties have also briefed the question of personal jurisdiction on appeal, with
   Proof arguing in the alternative that we should affirm the district court’s dismissal on the
   ground that personal jurisdiction over Proof was lacking. Because we affirm the district
   court’s dismissal on the grounds articulated within its well-reasoned opinion, we need not
   address the question of personal jurisdiction.

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                                          A.
          LUTPA has a one-year prescriptive period. La. Stat. Ann. § 51:1409
   (2022). And there is no doubt that the violations Carbon Six alleges occurred
   more than one year before Carbon Six filed suit on February 9, 2022. In its
   complaint, Carbon Six alleges that Proof violated LUTPA by sending the two
   cease and desist letters (in 2016 and 2017); registering and renewing its trade-
   mark (in 2013 and 2018, respectively); filing the trademark litigation (in
   2017); and accusing McGowen of trademark infringement (at the latest on
   November 21, 2020, when Proof filed its trial brief in the cancellation pro-
   ceeding).
          Even if each of these actions could individually give rise to liability un-
   der LUTPA, an action for any of them would have been untimely on Febru-
   ary 9, 2022 and would therefore be prescribed under Louisiana law. Carbon
   Six attempts to save these bases for LUTPA liability by relying on the contin-
   uing tort doctrine, which suspends prescription while the defendant’s viola-
   tions remain ongoing. Under Carbon Six’s theory, all of Proof’s actions re-
   lating to its trademark continuously violated LUTPA because they were
   premised on the falsehood that Proof’s trademark was legitimate. In effect,
   Carbon Six argues that Proof had an ongoing duty to remedy this falsehood.
   The prescriptive period would thereby not have started to run until May 20,
   2021, when the TTAB granted McGowan’s petition to cancel Proof’s trade-
   mark and the proceeding came to a close.
          But Carbon Six immediately runs into a conceptual problem. Louisi-
   ana law recognizes a distinction between an ongoing action and ongoing dam-
   age resulting from an action. The Louisiana Supreme Court has stated that
   “the breach of a duty to right an initial wrong simply cannot be a continuing
   wrong that suspends the running of prescription, as that is the purpose of
   every lawsuit and the obligation of every tortfeasor.” Hogg v. Chevron USA,

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   Inc., 45 So. 3d 991, 1007 (La. 2010). As the district court noted, “Louisiana
   courts have long recognized that a continuing failure to remedy a tort is not a
   continuation of the underlying tortious action.” Carbon Six Barrels, LLC v.
   Proof Rsch., Inc., No. 22-CV-90-SDD-RLB, 2022 WL 16727127, at *9 (M.D.
   La. Nov. 4, 2022).
          The leading cases from the Louisiana Supreme Court involve the ac-
   tions of landowners that caused lasting damage to neighboring properties. In
   Hogg, underground storage tanks leaked large amounts of gasoline into neigh-
   boring land. 45 So. 3d at 995. And similarly, in Crump v. Sabine River Au-
   thority, canal construction caused a neighbor’s bayou to dry up. 737 So. 2d
   720, 723 (La. 1999). In both cases, the damages persisted long after the un-
   derlying actions ended. The neighboring property in Hogg still had gasoline
   contamination after the storage tanks were removed, and the neighboring
   property in Crump still had a dry bayou long after the canal construction was
   completed. In both cases, the Louisiana Supreme Court held that the mere
   failure to remediate continuing damage resulting from these past acts did not
   transform the underlying torts into continuing ones. See Hogg, 45 So. 3d at
   1006 (“As in Crump [sic], the presence of the gasoline in the soil and subsur-
   face is simply the continued ill effect of the original tortious incident . . . .”);
   Crump, 737 So. 2d at 728–29.
          Carbon Six argues that Hogg and Crump are distinguishable because
   they addressed harm to real property. Carbon Six points instead to a series
   of older Louisiana courts of appeal cases arising in the context of unfair com-
   petition. In those cases, the courts held that when businesses violated statu-
   torily imposed disclosure requirements, their continuing failure to disclose
   the required information constituted a continuing violation. Capitol House
   Pres. Co. v. Perryman Consultants, Inc., 745 So. 2d 1194, 1197 (La. Ct. App.
   1999); Fox v. Dupree, 633 So. 2d 612, 614 (La. Ct. App. 1993). Carbon Six
   points to several federal statutory provisions that Proof allegedly continued

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   to violate until its trademark was cancelled, suggesting that those provisions
   imposed a similar affirmative duty to disclose information. Carbon Six argues
   that the Fox and Capitol House line of cases, and not Hogg and Crump, apply
   here, where Proof allegedly lied in obtaining its trademark and then failed to
   remedy that lie during and after its attempts to enforce its trademark rights.
          While true that Hogg and Crump arose in the context of damage to real
   property, we, like the district court, see no reason that the general principle
   those opinions announced should not apply here. The Louisiana Supreme
   Court made clear that “[t]he inquiry [as to a continuing tort] is essentially a
   conduct-based one, asking whether the tortfeasor perpetuates the injury
   through overt, persistent, and ongoing acts.” Hogg, 45 So. 3d at 1003. This
   principle is not confined to the real property context. Id. (stating that Crump
   differentiated between continuous and discontinuous action “in the context
   of discussing continuing torts in general”). The district court was correct in
   stating that the earlier cases Carbon Six cites “are generally inconsistent with
   the [Louisiana] Supreme Court’s holding in Hogg,” and that “Louisiana law
   does not support the broad proposition that LUTPA’s prescriptive period is
   suspended as long as a perpetrator of fraud fails to correct his false state-
   ments.” Carbon Six Barrels, 2022 WL 16727127, at *10. This proposition
   would transform nearly every business dispute into a continuing tort. See
   Hogg, 45 So. 3d at 1007.
          The district court relied on a straightforward application of Hogg and
   Crump to reject Carbon Six’s invocation of the continuing tort doctrine. We
   do the same here. All actions Carbon Six alleges Proof took were discrete
   rather than ongoing, and each began and ended more than a year before this
   lawsuit was filed. Carbon Six’s LUTPA claim is therefore prescribed.

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                                          B.
          The district court also held that regardless of timing, Carbon Six could
   not recover under LUTPA for Proof’s attempts to enforce its trademark
   rights. First, the lawsuit Proof filed was against McGowen rather than Car-
   bon Six. Second, filing even a losing lawsuit, barring extreme circumstances,
   is not a LUTPA violation. Both points are correct.
          As the district court held, “It is well settled that ‘a sister corporation
   cannot sue on behalf of another sister corporation.’” Carbon Six Barrels,
   2022 WL 16727127, at *8 (alteration accepted) (quoting Construtodo, S.A. de
   C.V. v. Conficasa Holdings, Inc., No. H-12-3026, 2014 WL 427114, at *4 (S.D.
   Tex. Jan. 31, 2014)). Louisiana law goes so far as to generally prohibit even
   members of an LLC from suing on the company’s behalf. Wallace v. Aero-
   Premier Jet Ctr., LLC, No. 10–1136, 2010 WL 3081370, at *2 (E.D. La. Aug.
   5, 2010) (citing La. Stat. Ann. § 12:1329 (2022)). Resulting from either
   choice or mistake, Proof sued only McGowen in the Montana trademark lit-
   igation. Carbon Six was not a target of the lawsuit it alleges constituted a
   LUTPA violation. Carbon Six and McGowen are distinct entities. And re-
   gardless of whether the same individual is the sole member of each company,
   Carbon Six simply cannot sue on McGowen’s behalf.
          Even if Carbon Six could do so, Proof’s attempt to enforce a later-in-
   validated trademark does not violate LUTPA. The Louisiana Supreme
   Court has emphasized that “[t]he range of prohibited practices under
   LUTPA is extremely narrow.” Quality Env’t Processes, Inc. v. I.P. Petrol. Co.,
   144 So. 3d 1011, 1025 (La. 2014) (citation omitted). “[I]n establishing a
   LUTPA claim, a plaintiff must show that the alleged conduct offends estab-
   lished public policy and is immoral, unethical, oppressive, unscrupulous, or
   substantially injurious.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

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           The act of filing a lawsuit is usually not enough to support a LUTPA
   claim. One Louisiana court of appeal has rejected the “argument that
   LUTPA applies to an attorney who files a petition for damages on behalf of
   his client.” GR Rests., LLC v. Suzanne Savoy Santillo, LLC, 275 So. 3d 50,
   61 (La. Ct. App. 2019). 3 And another court of appeal held that initiating even
   a potentially retaliatory lawsuit was not an unfair trade practice under
   LUTPA, even when it seemed to be “the result of months of rancorous dis-
   putes between the parties,” because the plaintiff “may arguably have some
   cognizable legal claims.” Newton v. Brenan, 166 So. 3d 285, 289 (La. Ct. App.
   2014) (emphasis added).
           This is not to say that abusive litigation can never give rise to a
   LUTPA claim. See, e.g., Prime Ins. Co. v. Imperial Fire & Cas. Ins. Co., 151 So.
   3d 670, 678 (La. Ct. App. 2014). However, the Prime Insurance Co. court
   made clear that it was the continuation of the lawsuit in that case, despite years
   of evidence that the claims were meritless, which violated LUTPA. Id. The
   court observed that seven years into the lawsuit, following six amendments
   to the petition, the defendant “presented an overwhelming amount of evi-
   dence that established, as already known to [one of the plaintiffs], that no
   plaintiff had ever been aggrieved and/or damaged.” Id. at 675.
           Proof’s conduct falls short of the types of egregious behavior neces-
   sary to support a LUTPA claim. Based on the existence of a registered trade-
   mark, Proof filed suit against a company it believed was producing barrels
   that would arguably be covered by the trademark. And it is far from obvious

           _____________________
           3
             Carbon Six attempts to distinguish GR Restaurants by pointing out the opinion’s
   reference to LUTPA’s applicability to “an attorney.” This mischaracterizes the case. The
   attorney in GR Restaurants was not the defendant. And he acted “on behalf of his client.”
   GR Rests., 275 So. 3d at 61. The facts are no different here. Proof filed its lawsuit in the
   Montana trademark litigation through its attorney.

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   that Proof’s eventually terminated trademark was clearly invalid from the
   start. It took the TTAB nearly four years to consider and resolve the cancel-
   lation proceeding, which it did in a 49-page, highly technical opinion. The
   TTAB held that “Respondent’s [that is, Proof’s] trade dress is functional
   because the outer layer of Respondent’s carbon fiber composite rifle barrels,
   helically wrapped at an angle of +\-45° and comprising 8% to 18% of the radial
   thickness of the composite is ‘essential to the use or purpose’ and ‘affects
   the . . . quality’ of the barrel design disclosed in the ’117 Patent.” This is not
   the kind of easy determination like that made in Prime Insurance Co., where
   the court held that the plaintiffs knew for years that not a single one of them
   had suffered an injury. Prime Ins. Co., 151 So. 3d at 675. When Proof initiated
   the trademark litigation, it was at least arguable that it possessed cognizable
   claims. 4 Newton, 166 So. 3d at 289.
                                                IV
           Finally, we address Carbon Six’s defamation claim. Defamation
   claims in Louisiana, like LUTPA claims, are subject to a one-year prescrip-
   tive period. Lyons v. Knight, 65 So. 3d 257, 260 (La. Ct. App. 2011) (citing
   La. Civ. Code Ann. art. 3492 (1992)). And like its LUTPA claim, Carbon
   Six’s defamation claim is untimely.
           The analysis is straightforward. The last allegedly defamatory remark
   Proof made was in filing its trial brief in the cancellation proceeding before

           _____________________
           4
             We are not the only court to conclude as much. On August 24, 2023, the District
   Court for the District of Montana dismissed McGowen’s malicious prosecution claim
   against Proof, granting summary judgment in Proof’s favor. The court held that Proof had
   a “reasonable belief” that its trademark was being infringed, and therefore had “probable
   cause” to file its lawsuit. McGowen Precision Barrels, LLC v. Proof Rsrch., Inc., No. 9:22-cv-
   39, 2023 WL 5459953 at *5 (D. Mont. Aug. 24, 2023).

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   the TTAB on November 21, 2020. Carbon Six filed the instant lawsuit on
   February 9, 2022, more than a year later.
          Carbon Six, however, attempts to avoid this conclusion by arguing
   that the prescriptive period should have been suspended until either the
   TTAB rendered its opinion in the cancellation proceeding—on May 20,
   2021—or when the Montana trademark litigation was dismissed—on August
   3, 2021. Carbon Six cites Louisiana cases holding that “an action for defa-
   mation arising out of allegations made in judicial proceedings and against a
   party to those proceedings cannot be brought until those proceedings are ter-
   minated.” Simpson v. Perry, 887 So. 2d 14, 16 (La. Ct. App. 2004). Carbon
   Six argues that, from this rule, it “necessarily follows” that the prescriptive
   period is suspended until that litigation ends. Lemke v. Keiser & Auzenne,
   LLC, 922 So. 2d 690, 692–93 (La. Ct. App. 2006).
          The district court rejected this argument, noting that Simpson—one
   of the cases on which Carbon Six relied—directly stated that this exception
   only applies to allegations made against a party to those proceedings. Because
   Carbon Six was not a party to either of the proceedings it cited, it could not
   invoke the exception.
          From our examination of Louisiana law, it appears that the district
   court may have stated the rule too strictly. That is, party status may not al-
   ways be a necessary condition to suspend the prescriptive period. Some Lou-
   isiana cases do suggest that party status is necessary. E.g., Lescale v. Joseph
   Schwartz Co., 40 So. 708, 712 (La. 1905) (a rule preventing a cause of action
   for malicious prosecution from accruing “could not be applied in the instant
   case, where the plaintiff was not a party to the suit wherein the allegations
   complained of were made”); Simpson, 887 So. 2d at 16. But there are others
   that suggest otherwise. E.g., Carnes v. Atkins Bros. Co., 48 So. 572, 574 (La.
   1909) (discussing suspension of the prescriptive period in general terms

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   without reference to party status); Lemke, 922 So. 2d at 693. In Lemke, the
   court articulated the test as whether “the offending comments arise during
   litigation and out of the same set of operational facts as those set forth in the
   underlying claim,” and whether the comments are “material to the ongoing
   litigation so that it is necessary for the suit to be finalized before the cause of
   action can arise.” 922 So. 2d at 693. Understandably, Carbon Six argues for
   the application of the test laid out in Lemke.
          We need not weigh in on which of these theories should apply here.
   Under either rationale, the prescriptive period on Carbon Six’s defamation
   claim was not suspended. First, as the district court pointed out, Carbon Six
   was not a party to the Montana trademark litigation nor the cancellation pro-
   ceeding before the TTAB. Lescale, 40 So. at 712 (party status is necessary to
   suspend the prescriptive period). Although Proof may have named Carbon
   Six in its briefing, Proof never named Carbon Six as a defendant.
          Second, Proof’s allegedly defamatory comments do not arise out of
   the same set of operational facts as those set forth in either the Montana
   trademark litigation nor the cancellation proceeding and are material to nei-
   ther. Lemke, 922 So. 2d at 693. Proof’s underlying trademark-infringement
   claim was against McGowen. Whether Carbon Six infringed on any of
   Proof’s then-existing trademarks was not an element that needed to be
   proven in the suit, and any allegation that Carbon Six did so was completely
   tangential to that litigation. Quite simply, Carbon Six was never at risk of
   being found liable for infringement and could not have been held to a judg-
   ment in favor of Proof. Carbon Six therefore cannot claim that the question
   of any alleged infringement was “material to the ongoing litigation.” The
   same is even more true for the cancellation proceeding. There, any question
   of Carbon Six’s infringement of Proof’s trademark had no bearing on the va-
   lidity of that trademark.

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         Carbon Six was therefore free to bring a defamation claim against
   Proof at any point while the two proceedings were ongoing. It cannot now
   claim that the prescriptive period was suspended.
                                 *        *         *
         The district court correctly held that Carbon Six’s claims were un-
   timely, and that its LUTPA claim was also legally deficient. Accordingly, we
   AFFIRM.

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