Court Opinion

ID: 4542704
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-06-19 13:10:28.537862+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:47:51.840911
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Hoke v. Miami Valley Hosp., 2020-Ohio-3387.]

                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                               SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 JACQUELINE L. HOKE, et al.                             :
                                                        :
         Plaintiffs-Appellants                          :   Appellate Case No. 28462
                                                        :
 v.                                                     :   Trial Court Case No. 2017-CV-283
                                                        :
 MIAMI VALLEY HOSPITAL, et al.                          :   (Civil Appeal from
                                                        :   Common Pleas Court)
         Defendants-Appellees                           :
                                                        :

                                             ...........

                                             OPINION

                            Rendered on the 19th day of June, 2020.

                                             ...........

DWIGHT D. BRANNON, Atty. Reg. No. 0021657, KEVIN A. BOWMAN, Atty. Reg. No.
0068223, and MATTHEW C. SCHULTZ, Atty. Reg. No. 0080142, 130 West Second
Street, Suite 900, Dayton, Ohio 45402
       Attorneys for Plaintiffs-Appellants

NEIL F. FREUND, Atty. Reg. No. 0012183, and SHANNON K. BOCKELMAN, Atty. Reg.
No. 0082590, One South Main Street, Suite 1800, Dayton, Ohio 45402
      Attorneys for Defendant-Appellee, Miami Valley Hospital

JOHN B. WELCH, Atty. Reg. No. 0055337, 580 Lincoln Park Boulevard, Suite 222,
Dayton, Ohio 45429, and GREGORY B. FOLIANO, Atty. Reg. No. 0047239, 2075 Marble
Cliff Office Park, Columbus, Ohio 43215
        Attorneys for Defendant-Appellee, Debra Miller, M.D.
                                    .............

HALL, J.
                                                                                          -2-

       {¶ 1} Jaqueline and James Hoke appeal from an adverse jury verdict on a medical-

malpractice action they filed against appellees Debra Miller, M.D., and Miami Valley

Hospital. They also appeal from the trial court’s denial of a motion for judgment

notwithstanding the verdict and a motion for a new trial.

       {¶ 2} The Hokes advance three assignments of error. First, they contend the trial

court erred in denying their motion for a new trial under Civ.R. 59. Second, they claim the

trial court erred in denying the motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Third, they

assert that the jury’s verdict was against the manifest weight of the evidence.

                                      General Background

       {¶ 3} In November 2012, on a referral from her gynecologist, Jacqueline Hoke was

seen by Debra Miller, M.D., a surgeon board-certified in obstetrics and gynecology and

in the sub-specialty of female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery. Hoke had

previously had surgery for a hysterectomy and for anterior vaginal repair of a cystocele in

2009. Symptoms returned, and she complained of urinary stress incontinence. Dr. Miller

diagnosed vaginal vault prolapse (apex of the vagina, where the uterus used to be, falling

down into the vaginal vault), a cystocele (the bladder dropping into the vaginal vault),

rectocele (the rectum bulging into the vaginal vault), and urinary stress incontinence.

Conservative treatment, i.e. a pessary, did not improve the symptoms. In the order of

the described diagnoses, Dr. Miller recommended a robotic sacrocolpopexy to repair the

vaginal prolapse and cystocele, a rectocele repair, and a transobturator tape procedure.

A sacrocolpopexy is a procedure where the vagina is suspended with an inverted y-

shaped mesh, the tail of which is stitched to and suspended from the longitudinal ligament

located at the sacral promontory. The vaginal suspension was to correct the prolapse and
                                                                                         -3-

the cystocele. The combination surgery would also include two non-robotic procedures,

a vaginal approach rectocele repair and a TOT, a transobturator tape procedure, also

performed by a vaginal approach, which involved the placement of a sling-type material

underneath the urethra for support to relieve stress incontinence.

       {¶ 4} The April 1, 2013 surgery began with Dr. Miller robotically performing the

sacrocolpopexy procedure. The surgical team included a certified surgical tech, Andrew

Huffman, and a circulating nurse, Shannon Webb. As Dr. Miller was placing the second

of two stitches to hold the tail of the mesh to the longitudinal ligament at the sacral

promontory, she encountered bleeding. She tied the stitch down to see if what she

described in her operation note as “copious venous bleeding” would resolve. It did not.

She then applied pressure on the bleeding location with the robotic arm and applied

Floseal, a coagulant. When direct pressure was removed after about five minutes, there

was still “brisk bleeding.”   (T. 2797.) Dr. Miller then applied GelFoam, a second

coagulant, and with pressure the bleeding stopped. (Id.)

       {¶ 5} With the robotic arm locked in position to continue applying pressure, Dr.

Miller instructed certified tech Huffman to monitor the bleeding site. Dr. Miller then

proceeded to complete the non-robotic vaginal approach portions of the surgery, which

took “about 30 or 40 minutes.” (T. 2798.) Jacqueline Hoke’s vital signs remained stable

throughout.

       {¶ 6} Upon returning to the site of the bleeding, when pressure was let up “it was

still bleeding.” (T. 2801.) Dr. Miller then asked for a vascular surgeon. No one was

available, so she consulted with Dr. Minia Hellan, an available robotically-trained surgical

oncologist. Dr. Hellan sat at the robotic console, dissected part of the area, and concluded
                                                                                          -4-

that the bleeding could not be robotically repaired. A vascular surgeon, Dr. Garietta Falls,

was located, and an abdominal opening was started for Dr. Falls. Dr. Falls, after further

sharp and blunt dissection, found holes in the iliac vein and repaired them.

       {¶ 7} Subsequent to the surgery, Mrs. Hoke developed deep vein thrombosis

(DVT) and a post-thrombotic syndrome. She related this led to debilitating and painful

consequences. She testified she is no longer able to work.

                                          The Litigation

       {¶ 8} Jacqueline Hoke and her husband filed a personal injury complaint, raising

medical negligence claims against Dr. Miller and Miami Valley Hospital by and though its

employees, for injuries and damages resulting from the care and treatment of Mrs. Hoke.

Among other things, and involving other parties not involved in this appeal, the Hokes

included a claim for lack of informed consent against Dr. Miller. The trial court granted Dr.

Miller’s motion for a directed verdict on the informed-consent claim at the close of all the

evidence. (T. 2904.)

       {¶ 9} On September 5, 2018 the Hokes filed a “motion for joint and several liability

for all defendants and all their employees * * *.” That motion appears to contend that Dr.

Miller, Miami Valley Hospital and its employees, and Dr. Garietta Falls, if found liable,

should be held jointly liable. Dr. Miller was not an employee of the hospital at the time of

the surgery. Dr. Falls was not a named defendant, and there was no expert testimony

criticizing her involvement. The motion was overruled by entry filed September 10, 2018.

       {¶ 10} The trial began on September 11, 2018. On September 7, 2018, the Hokes

had filed a motion in limine to prohibit the defendants from soliciting expert opinions from

one another’s expert witnesses. By entry filed the morning of trial, the court overruled this
                                                                                          -5-

motion. The Hokes filed a motion in limine to prevent the defendants from using terms

such as “complication of surgery” and “clinical” or “professional” judgment. The trial court

had not ruled on the motion before trial. During voir dire, the Hokes raised the issue again,

and after considerable argument at sidebar the court allowed use of the terminology. (T.

166-171.) At different intervals throughout the trial, the Hokes brought up the

“complication of surgery” issue again, and the court overruled those objections.

       {¶ 11} When the initial round of voir dire questioning was completed, the court

convened a conference in chambers for the exercise of jury challenges. The Hokes

contended that they should have six peremptory challenges in that each defendant would

have three according to rule. After considerable argument, the court ruled that the

plaintiffs would have three peremptory challenges and each defendant would have three

peremptory challenges.

       {¶ 12} On Thursday afternoon in the third week of the trial, September 27, 2018,

the case was submitted to the jury. One of the jurors was unable to be present on the

next day, Friday, September 28th. The court instructed the alternate jurors not to discuss

the case with anyone in the event they might have to be called back. The court then

instructed the remaining jurors:

              As far as the Court is concerned we can go late. And I don't want

       the regular eight, don't rush it. If you can't handle it deliberately at a due

       pace, but don't rush just because -- there's no deadline on when you have

       to finish. If [juror 8], you don't get to decide it today, we can call on one of

       the alternates to replace juror number 8, all right. That's the way we're

       going to handle it.    We're going to -- don't rush.       Deliberate as you
                                                                                        -6-

      normally would, as if you had no pressure for a deadline, okay?

(T. 3057).

      {¶ 13} The jury returned general verdicts for the defendants. For an interrogatory

questioning whether they found Dr. Miller to be negligent, they answered “no.” For an

interrogatory questioning whether they found Miami Valley Hospital to be negligent, they

answered “no.” The court entered judgment consistent with the verdicts.

      {¶ 14} The Hokes subsequently filed a motion for a new trial and a motion for

judgment notwithstanding the verdicts. The issues raised in those motions are

substantially similar to those raised in assignments of error 1 and 2 on appeal. The trial

court overruled these motions. The Hokes appealed.

                                     The Liability Experts

      {¶ 15} In addition to the various other experts, the Hokes called three physicians

who testified that Dr. Miller’s performance was below the standard of care. Dr. Earle M.

Pescatore, Jr. is a urogynecologist and a gynecologist practicing in Iowa. Dr. Pescatore

testified that it was below the standard of care to fail to identify anatomical “landmarks”

and to have damaged the iliac vein in this surgery. He also testified that it was below the

standard of care to move to the non-robotic portion of the surgery without resolving the

bleeding and to keep pressure on the bleeding area for an hour. With regard to the

hospital employees, Dr. Pescatore’s brief testimony was that the nursing staff “should

have said something,” and that “the circulating nurse or the tech” should have gotten a

vascular surgeon about an hour earlier than they did.

      {¶ 16} On cross-examination, Dr. Pascatore admitted that throughout the surgery

Mrs. Hoke never became unstable. When asked whether “the original procedure, doing
                                                                                            -7-

this robotically” was a problem, he answered: “I don't have an issue with that.” (T. 625.)

When asked whether the robotic tech or circulating nurse should have told Dr. Miller not

to proceed to the vaginal part of the surgery, Dr. Pascatore responded: “I think they should

have told her they were uncomfortable with the situation * * *. They should have

advocated for the patient.” (T. 608.)

       {¶ 17} The Hokes’ second liability witness was Dr. Steven McCarus, an

obstetrician gynecologist surgeon who practices in Orlando, Florida. Preliminarily, he

distinguished a surgical “complication” from a breach of the standard of care. He stated:

“[A]nd there's times where you can perform an operation and have a complication and

not breach the standard of care.        And there are times where you can perform an

operation, and have [a] complication and breach of standard of care.” (T. 1109.) Dr.

McCarus then explained: “[When] you identify where you should place [the stitch], and

you place it and you get into a bleeder[ ] [i]f there's disease or some other circumstance

that would be related to the injury, then that's not neglectful. That's known to occur with

surgery. But if you don't identify things, and you place something in the wrong place, and

get a complication, that's neglectful.” (T. 1135.)

       {¶ 18} Dr. McCarus also testified that it was a breach of the standard of care in the

described procedure to lacerate the iliac vein or to suture the mesh into the left iliac vein.

Likewise, it was a breach to leave the bleeding surgical area for an hour with pressure on

it while going to the other part of the procedures. Finally, he testified that the robotic team

and circulating nurse “need to recognize when there's a major intraoperative

misadventure, like a major bleed.” He stated that it would be below the standard of care

for them not to recognize a major bleed and react to it by asking the surgeon if they
                                                                                             -8-

needed help or by obtaining help for them.

       {¶ 19} On cross-examination, Dr. McCarus admitted he had "no doubt [Dr. Miller]

knows how to use the robot [,] * * * she's got credentials to do robotic surgery * * *. I have

no issue with the robot." (T. 1170.) He also testified that in his opinion Dr. Miller

adequately obtained informed consent from Mrs. Hoke for the surgery.

       {¶ 20} On direct examination, Dr. McManus had been critical of Dr. Miller for not

properly identifying structures in the vicinity of the sacral promontory and for failing to stay

right of midline when placing the suture into the longitudinal ligament at the sacrum. He

distinguished the proper location for the stitch as “one to one and a half centimeters”

(T.1134) from the sacral promontory. He said “[t]hat's where you put the suture, not at the

sacral promontory.” (T. 1133.) In response to this contention, counsel for Dr. Miller cross-

examined Dr. McCarus about an article in the Journal of Robotic Surgery. Dr. McCarus

acknowledged the publication as a “reasonable” and “reliable” journal. (T. 1190.) The

article said “the tail of the graft is then sutured to the sacral promontory.” (Id.) The

witness also was questioned about an article in the Journal of Pelvic Medicine and

Reconstructive Surgery. Dr. McCarus stated: “I have never seen this article.” (T. 1191.).

Over plaintiffs’ objection, Dr. McManus was questioned about the article’s indication that

“[t]wo separate stitches were used to anchor the mesh to the anterior longitudinal ligament

at the sacral promontory” (T. 1192.) Dr. McManus was also questioned regarding an

article entitled “Robotic Assisted Laparoscopic Mesh Sacrocolpopexy” written by Dr.

Hundley, Miami Valley Hospital’s expert. There is no indication Dr. McCarus was familiar

with the publication or recognized it as authoritative. Over plaintiffs’ objection, Dr.

McCarus was questioned about a passage in the article stating that “the mesh is sutured
                                                                                          -9-

at the promontory using two to four sutures.” (T. 1193.) Dr. Miller argues on appeal that

the Journal of Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery was established as reliable

because expert witness Dr. Rosenblatt is an editor of that publication. We have not been

directed to and have been unable to locate anywhere in the record where Dr. Rosenblatt

said he is an editor of this specific publication.

       {¶ 21} The Hokes also called Dr. Mary Dupont, a surgeon board-certified in both

urology and female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery, who practices in

Maryland. Dr. Dupont testified it is below the standard of care to puncture the iliac vein

several times during the described surgery. In regard to the “complication of surgery”

issue, she said “just because something can be a known potential complication doesn't

mean that it's an acceptable complication.” Dr. Dupont testified it was below the standard

of care to continue on to the remainder of the surgery instead of immediately addressing

the “life threatening” bleeding.

       {¶ 22} On cross-examination, Dr. Dupont, like the other plaintiffs’ liability experts,

testified she had no criticism that the injury occurred during a “robotic approach” surgery.

We further note that none of the Hokes’ experts questioned Dr. Miller's credentials or

testified the robot should not have been used because it was somehow dangerous.

       {¶ 23} Three physicians testified as liability experts for the defendants. Dr. Andrew

Hundley, called by Miami Valley Hospital, is a surgeon board-certified in both general

obstetrics and gynecology and in female pelvic medicine reconstructive surgery. He

practices at Ohio State University and performs laparoscopic, open, and robotic

surgeries. He testified that robotic tech Huffman met the standard of care of a certified

surgical assistant and there was no reason for him to go “up the chain of command” and
                                                                                          -10-

to have gotten someone else to come into the operating room. He also testified that

circulating nurse Webb met the standard of care in her treatment of Mrs. Hoke and there

was no reason for her to have left the operating room to get help before the time when

Dr. Hellan, and later Dr. Falls, came in.

       {¶ 24} On cross-examination by Dr. Miller’s attorney, Dr. Hundley agreed that

“injury to the common iliac is a known complication of a sacrocolpopexy.” (T. 1767.) He

gave the opinion that placing the second suture and obtaining bleeding was not a

deviation from the standard of care. And he opined that Dr. Miller met the standard of

care in the performance of the surgery.

       {¶ 25} Dr. Peter Rosenblatt was called as an expert by Dr. Miller. Dr. Rosenblatt is

a surgeon who is board-certified in obstetrics and gynecology and also in female pelvic

medicine and reconstructive surgery practicing in Massachusetts. After reviewing the

facts and circumstances of the case, he opined that Dr. Miller met the standard of care in

her care and treatment of Mrs. Hoke. He said that in a laparoscopic or robotic

sacrocolpopexy, injury to the iliac vein is a risk and complication that can occur within the

standard of care.

       {¶ 26} On cross-examination by the attorney for Miami Valley Hospital, Dr.

Rosenblatt testified that there was no reason for nurse Webb or surgical tech Huffman to

go “up the chain of command.” He believed that everything Dr. Miller had done was within

the standard of care, so there would be no reason to go over the head of this physician.

       {¶ 27} Certified surgical tech Huffman testified about his training and experience

and about his participation in the surgery. He said he was familiar with the standard of

care as it applied to certified surgical assistants. He concluded that he met that standard
                                                                                           -11-

of care as it related to Mrs. Hoke’s surgery.

                                              Analysis

                                                  I.

       {¶ 28} In their first assignment of error, the Hokes challenge the trial court’s denial

of their new-trial motion. They advance 17 arguments, raising issues related to the

following grounds set forth in Civ.R. 59:

       (1) Irregularity in the proceedings of the court, jury, magistrate, or prevailing party,

       or any order of the court or magistrate, or abuse of discretion, by which an

       aggrieved party was prevented from having a fair trial;

       (2) Misconduct of the jury or prevailing party;

       (3) Accident or surprise which ordinary prudence could not have guarded against;

                                            ***

       (6) The judgment is not sustained by the weight of the evidence * * *;

       (7) The judgment is contrary to law;

                                            ***

       (9) Error of law occurring at the trial and brought to the attention of the trial court

       by the party making the application.

       {¶ 29} Our standard of review for a trial court’s ruling on a new-trial motion under

Civ.R. 59(A) depends on the basis of the motion. We review a trial court’s ruling on

motions brought under Civ.R. 59(A)(1)-(6) and (8) for an abuse of discretion, whereas

rulings on motions brought under Civ.R. 59(A)(7) and (9) are reviewed de novo. Harrison

v. Horizon Women's Healthcare, LLC, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 28154, 2019-Ohio-3528,

¶ 11. Thus, the standard of review in the present case depends on which of the Hokes’
                                                                                         -12-

17 arguments we are addressing. For purposes of clarity, we will address each of those

arguments separately.1

                               1. Challenge to Standard of Review

       {¶ 30} The Hokes first dispute the proper application of the abuse-of-discretion

standard. Following a lengthy exposition of the standard and its history, the Hokes assert

that this court’s application of the terms “unconscionable, arbitrary, and unreasonable” in

many of its decisions has been “not well reasoned, but simply an attempt to avoid

overturning or sustaining the decisions, clarifying the law, or simply rocking the boat.”

(Appellants’ Brief at 9.) The Hokes argue that this court’s historical application of the

abuse-of-discretion standard “is really no standard at all, but simply invites the appellate

court to do what it wishes based upon its overall view of the case, without in-depth

analysis.” (Id.) They assert that our failure to reconsider our application of the abuse-of-

discretion standard “will spell the doom of medical malpractice cases and destruction of

the standard of care.” (Id.)

       {¶ 31} Notwithstanding the Hokes’ dire concerns, we will adhere to our well-

established application of the abuse-of-discretion standard, which involves determining

whether a trial court’s decision is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. The issue

in most cases is whether the trial court acted unreasonably. “A decision is unreasonable

1 We note too that the Hokes raise additional arguments in their reply briefs. For example,
in their reply brief directed toward appellee Dr. Miller the Hokes challenge a jury
instruction on the issue of proximate cause and argue judicial misconduct by the trial
court. (Appellants’ March 2, 2020 Reply Brief Directed to Appellee Debra A. Miller, M.D.,
at 17-18.) These issues were not raised in the Hokes’ opening appellate brief. It is well
settled that a party may not raise new issues in a reply brief. See, e.g., Ostendorf v.
Montgomery Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 2d Dist. Montgomery Nos. 20257 and 20261, 2004-
Ohio-4520, ¶ 29. Therefore, we will not consider any such issues.
                                                                                         -13-

if there is no sound reasoning process that would support that decision.” AAAA Ents., Inc.

v. River Place Community Urban Redevelopment Corp., 50 Ohio St. 3d 157, 161, 553
N.E.2d 597 (1990). We are unconvinced that faithful application of this standard will “spell

doom” in medical malpractice cases or any other type of cases.

                            2. Equalizing Peremptory Challenges

       {¶ 32} The Hokes contend the trial court erred in allowing them only three

peremptory challenges during jury selection while giving MVH and Miller three peremptory

challenges each. The Hokes assert that MVH and Miller had a joint interest in the outcome

of the case. That being so, the Hokes argue that MVH and Miller should have been

awarded three peremptory challenges to share and that giving them six effectively

enabled the defense to pick the jury.

       {¶ 33} The Hokes’ argument implicates Civ.R. 47(C), which provides: “In addition

to challenges for cause provided by law, each party peremptorily may challenge three

prospective jurors. If the interests of multiple litigants are essentially the same, ‘each

party’ shall mean ‘each side.’ ” In LeFort v. Century 21-Maitland Realty Co., 32 Ohio St. 3d
121, 512 N.E.2d 640 (1987), the Ohio Supreme Court cited favorably to case law from

this court providing that “’litigants who have identical interests or defenses are to be

considered as one party and therefore only collectively entitled to the number of

challenges allowed to one party by the statute.’ ” Id. at 125, quoting Chakeres v.

Merchants & Mechanics Fed. S. & L. Assn., 117 Ohio App. 351, 192 N.E.2d 323 (2d

Dist.1962). In LeFort, the Ohio Supreme Court held that multiple defendants were not to

be treated as one party where they filed separate replies and defenses, were represented

by separate counsel, and pursued defenses that did not stand or fall together. Id.
                                                                                           -14-

       {¶ 34} Here MVH and Miller had separate counsel and filed separate motions.

They also had separate experts and separate defenses, which did not entirely rise and

fall together. Among other differences, MVH’s defense was concerned with the standard

of care required for a nurse and a certified surgical technician who were in the operating

room with Miller. Conversely, Miller’s defense concerned in part her own surgical

technique and decision-making. Even if the interests and defenses of MVH and Miller

overlapped in some areas, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in treating them as

separate parties for purposes of allocating peremptory challenges. We note too that Miller

only exercised one of her three peremptory challenges. Therefore, the defense

collectively exercised four peremptory challenges to the Hokes’ three. We are

unpersuaded that this small disparity effectively enabled MVH and Miller to pick the jury,

as the Hokes assert.

                              3. Complication-of-Surgery Defense

       {¶ 35} The Hokes contend the trial court erred in allowing testimony about the

injury to Mrs. Hoke’s vein being a “recognized complication” or a “complication of

surgery.” They argue that this testimony misled the jury into believing tort liability does not

attach to such “complications” even when a doctor fails to meet the applicable standard

of care. The Hokes reason that the testimony suggested the damage to Mrs. Hoke’s iliac

vein necessarily was a “natural consequence of the procedure” and, therefore, not the

result of negligence. (Appellants’ Brief at 14-16.)

       {¶ 36} In connection with the foregoing argument, the Hokes assert that expert

testimony about the injury being a “complication of surgery” was unnecessary because it

was within the common knowledge of the average lay person. They further assert that
                                                                                        -15-

such testimony was inadmissible because it expressed a conclusion of law that Dr. Miller

was not negligent. (Id. at 16-18.)

       {¶ 37} The Hokes also argue that this court’s opinion in Witzmann v. Adam, 2d

Dist. Montgomery No. 23352, 2011-Ohio-379, supports reversal of the judgment in favor

of Dr. Miller and MVH. (Appellants’ Brief at 19.) At the same time, however, they argue

that Witzmann is “poorly reasoned” and should be overruled. (Id.) They assert that

Witzmann is so clearly wrong that stare decisis does not justify upholding it.

       {¶ 38} The Hokes additionally contend that repeated use of words like

“complication of surgery” at trial constituted structural error. Finally, they suggest that

those words shifted the burden of proof for an affirmative defense, eliminated any

consideration of testimony about the standard of care, removed the issue of causation

from the jury, omitted the “reasonable probability” standard, and enabled the defense

“illegally to use complications of surgery, etc., as an affirmative defense.” (Appellants’

Brief at 24-25.)

       {¶ 39} Upon review, we find no error in the trial court allowing testimony about the

injury at issue being a “recognized complication” or a “complication of surgery.” As a

preliminary matter, there was no real dispute about that fact. The injury occurred during

surgery, and no one suggested that it was an expected or intended consequence.

Therefore, the bleeding Mrs. Hoke experienced fairly could be characterized as a

“complication” of her surgery. Moreover, the Hokes’ own experts agreed that the injury at

issue was a known complication or risk of the surgery. (See, e.g., T. 538-539, 1109, 1135,

1185-1187.) That being so, we see nothing inappropriate about the injury to Mrs. Hoke’s

vein being referred to as a “recognized complication” or a “complication of surgery.”
                                                                                        -16-

       {¶ 40} We also see no likelihood that the jury was misled by testimony about Mrs.

Hoke’s injury being a recognized complication of surgery. We are unconvinced that such

testimony caused the jury to believe the defendants could not be liable for Mrs. Hoke’s

injury even if they failed to meet the standard of care. Expert witnesses for both sides

made clear that a “complication of surgery” may occur with a surgeon operating within or

outside of the applicable standard of care. For example, the Hokes’ own expert Dr.

McCarus explained: “[A]nd there's times where you can perform an operation and have a

complication and not breach the standard of care. And there are times where you can

perform an operation, and have [a] complication and breach of standard of care.” (T.

1109.) Dr. McCarus then elaborated: “[When] you identify where you should place [the

stitch], and you place it and you get into a bleeder[ ] [i]f there's disease or some other

circumstance that would be related to the injury, then that's not neglectful. That's known

to occur with surgery. But if you don't identify things, and you place something in the

wrong place, and get a complication, that's neglectful.” (T. 1135.)

       {¶ 41} The crucial question then, which was made clear to the jury, was whether

Mrs. Hoke’s injury was caused by something Dr. Miller did that was outside the standard

of care, or whether the injury occurred despite the fact that Dr. Miller did everything

correctly and met the standard of care. The defense argued and presented evidence that

the defendants met the standard of care despite the fact that the iliac vein was injured.

The Hokes argued and presented evidence to the contrary. After hearing the conflicting

evidence, the jury rendered a verdict finding the defendants were not negligent, indicating

that they did not violate the applicable standard of care notwithstanding the injury that

occurred.
                                                                                          -17-

       {¶ 42} We are equally unpersuaded that expert testimony was unnecessary and

inappropriate as to whether Mrs. Hoke’s injury was a recognized complication of surgery

that could occur within or outside the standard of care. Contrary to the Hokes’ argument,

we are not convinced that this was a matter within the common knowledge of a lay person.

Nor do we believe that the experts who testified improperly gave a conclusion of law when

they discussed Mrs. Hoke’s injury being a complication of surgery. The jury reasonably

could have found that the defendants were not negligent based on expert testimony that

the injury to Mrs. Hoke was a complication of surgery that occurred even though the

defendants met the standard of care. Expert testimony that the defendants met the

standard of care was not the same as testifying as to a conclusion of law. Indeed, medical

malpractice cases require evidence about whether a defendant doctor did or did not

satisfy the standard of care. Stuck v. Miami Valley Hospital, 2020-Ohio-129, 141 N.E.3d
290, ¶ 24-25 (2d Dist.).

       {¶ 43} As for this court’s opinion in Witzmann, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23352,

2011-Ohio-379, we find no basis for overruling it. In Witzmann, the defendant doctor

performed thyroid surgery and injured a nerve that controlled the plaintiff’s left vocal cord.

As in the present case, there was no real dispute that the defendant injured the nerve.

The only question was whether he injured the nerve despite meeting the applicable

standard of care, or whether a deviation from the standard of care caused the injury to

the nerve. As in the present case, both sides presented competing expert testimony as

to whether the injury had occurred with the doctor operating within or outside of the

standard of care. Id. at ¶ 7, 32-33. The defendant’s experts opined that the defendant

properly had identified the nerve and had followed it as far as it could be seen. The experts
                                                                                        -18-

explained, however, that there is an area in which the nerve cannot be seen. They

expressed their belief that this is where the injury occurred, despite the defendant doctor

doing everything correctly.

       {¶ 44} On appeal, this court reasoned:

              The dispute concerns whether [defendant doctor] Adam adequately

       protected the recurrent laryngeal nerve. It was Witzmann’s experts' opinion

       that he did not. They believed that when there are no complications a

       surgeon of ordinary skill, care, and diligence can always avoid cutting the

       nerve. Conversely, [defense expert] Dr. Cummings cited medical studies

       showing that even in the absence of complications severe injury to the nerve

       occurs in a small number of cases. He described how a surgeon might injure

       the nerve in the area where it is most vulnerable near the suspensory

       ligament, even though the surgeon had identified it and traced its path. Dr.

       Cummings therefore opined that a surgeon of ordinary skill, care, and

       diligence could severely injure the nerve even though his conduct

       conformed to the standard of care. It was Dr. Cummings’s opinion that this

       is what happened during Witzmann’s thyroidectomy.

              Dr. Cummings's testimony alone is substantial, probative evidence

       that supports Adam's defense that he did not breach the standard of care

       and was not negligent.
Id. at ¶ 36-37.

       {¶ 45} Later in Witzmann, this court stated:

              Adam admits that he severely injured Witzmann's recurrent laryngeal
                                                                                         -19-

       nerve. He admits that this injury caused damage to her voice, for which she

       sought damages. The idea of a “recognized complication” refers to the

       expert testimony that it is recognized that severe non-negligent injury to that

       nerve occurs in a small percentage of cases. Causation is not the issue

       here, negligence is. * * *
Id. at ¶ 66.

       {¶ 46} This court also rejected an argument in Witzmann that “complication of

surgery” was an affirmative defense on which the defendant bore the burden of proof:

               * * * Adam's defense of “complication of surgery” was not an

       affirmative defense. It was a defensive matter, to be sure, but not in the

       nature of a confession and avoidance. Adam did not admit that Witzmann

       had a claim for medical malpractice or that he was negligent.

               Rather, Adam's argument, and the evidence supporting it, rebuts the

       negligence element of Witzmann's medical-malpractice claim. Witzmann

       had the burden to prove that Adam negligently injured her nerve. Adam

       contended that, while he injured her nerve, he had conformed to the

       relevant standard of care. Witzmann's injury, he contended, was simply one

       of the risks (potential complications) associated with the procedure. The

       defense that the injury was the result of a “complication of surgery,” then,

       simply suggests that Adam was not negligent.
Id. at ¶ 69-70.

       {¶ 47} Even more so than in Witzmann, the record in the present case makes clear

that a risk or “complication” of surgery may occur within or outside the applicable standard
                                                                                          -20-

of care. Therefore, we reject the Hokes’ argument that the phrase “complication of

surgery” was used at trial as a synonym for “not negligent.” The trial court certainly did

not hold this view. It made its understanding of the issue clear, stating at one point:

              Now, we know, we got through this complication of surgery, and all

       our evidence so far is there can be complications; some related to

       negligence, some not related to negligence. So I think that it’s—those words

       are not an automatic impermissible-type testimony.

                                               ***

              But—so and the witnesses make that very clear, the distinctions—

       and I don’t think there’s danger of confusing the jury or misleading the jury

       by using those terms. In this profession, those terms are used regularly. So

       I don’t think it’s a problem. * * *

(T. 1621-1622.)

       {¶ 48} Based on our review of the record, we agree with the trial court’s

assessment. We do not believe that the jury was misled by testimony about Mrs. Hoke’s

injury being a “recognized complication” or a “complication of surgery.” Nor do we see

anything else in Witzmann justifying its overruling. Because we see no error in the

references to complications of surgery at trial, we also conclude that such references did

not constitute structural error.

       {¶ 49} On the authority of Witzmann, we likewise reject any argument about

“complications of surgery” being an affirmative defense. Nor did references to

complications of surgery eliminate the jury’s consideration of testimony about the

standard of care, remove the issue of causation from the jury, or nullify the “reasonable
                                                                                           -21-

probability” standard. To the extent that the Hokes very briefly touch upon these issues,

we find them to be without merit.

                            4. Evidence of Past Medical Conditions

       {¶ 50} The Hokes contend MVH and Miller improperly introduced evidence at trial

regarding Jacqueline Hoke’s past medical conditions and treatments. The Hokes argue

that this evidence should have been excluded because the defense failed to link her prior

complaints with her current condition and the pain she experienced following Miller’s

surgery. Absent any evidence of causation linking her pre-existing problems with her

current medical condition, the Hokes assert that the trial court erred in allowing evidence

of Jacqueline Hoke’s pas medical conditions and treatments.

       {¶ 51} Upon review, we find this argument to be moot. As set forth above, the jury

entered a defense verdict, finding that MVH and Miller were not negligent. Elsewhere in

this opinion, we have upheld that determination. Therefore, we have no need to address

any issue related to causation evidence and damages.

                                  5. Use of Combined Defenses

       {¶ 52} The Hokes argue that the “[t]he Defendants combined the issues of

assumption of risk, complication of surgery, informed consent, and risk of surgery, all

individually inadmissible, but collectively a bombshell of prejudicial error.” (Appellants’

Brief at 28.) In support, they cite one transcript page and contend defense expert Dr.

Rosenblatt “testified that the cutting of the iliac vein by Dr. Miller was not negligent simply

because of the combination of these ‘defenses,’ which operate to create a bar for recovery

where negligence was clearly presented.” (Id. at 29, citing T. 2297.) According to the

Hokes, Dr. Rosenblatt’s testimony “presented an alternative explanation of causation not
                                                                                       -22-

expressed as a probability, but simply as something that could happen.” (Id.)

       {¶ 53} Having reviewed the cited transcript page, we find the Hokes’ argument to

be unpersuasive. Near the beginning of his testimony on direct examination, Dr.

Rosenblatt was asked whether Dr. Miller “met the standard of care in her care and

treatment of Mrs. Hoke[.]” On the cited transcript page, Dr. Rosenblatt responded that Dr.

Miller “did meet the standard of care.” (T. 2297.) In the following pages, he opined that

Mrs. Hoke’s injury was a known complication or risk of the surgery that can occur despite

a surgeon meeting the applicable standard of care—which is what he found to have

happened in Mrs. Hoke’s case. On the cited page, Dr. Rosenblatt also remarked that such

known complications or risks are “why we have an informed consent process[.]” (Id. at

2297-2298.) The Hokes have not demonstrated any improper combining of defenses that

resulted in “a bombshell of prejudicial error.”

               6. Expert Testimony in Violation of Daubert and Evid.R. 702(C)

       {¶ 54} The Hokes challenge defense expert Howard Caston’s opinion testimony

that Jacqueline Hoke suffered no loss of earning capacity. They assert that Caston

improperly disregarded, overlooked, and ignored evidence to the contrary. They also

argue that Caston’s opinion about Jacqueline Hoke not being disabled was inadmissible

under Evid.R. 702(C) and Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.., 509 U.S. 579,

113 S. Ct. 2786, 125 L. Ed. 2d 469 (1993). These issues go to damages and are moot in

light of our determination herein that the jury’s verdict finding no negligence was

supported by the evidence.

                       7. Exclusion of Expert Report Finding Disability

       {¶ 55} The Hokes contend the trial court erred in excluding an expert report from
                                                                                         -23-

Dr. Mark Reynolds regarding Jacqueline Hoke being disabled. This issue too is moot

because it pertains to damages.

                         8. Use of Social Medial Pictures and Videos

       {¶ 56} The Hokes assert that the trial court erred in allowing the defense to

introduce social medial pictures and videos. They contend the pictures and videos did not

accurately depict Jacqueline Hoke’s condition and, therefore, “were misleading, unfairly

prejudicial, and ultimately redundant.” (Appellants’ Brief at 35-36.) As a result, the Hokes

claim the pictures and videos should have been excluded under Evid.R. 403(A).

       {¶ 57} Upon review, we note that the social media evidence was relevant to the

issue of Jacqueline Hoke’s damages, which is moot in light of our affirmance of the jury’s

defense verdict on the issue of negligence.

                    9. Cross-Examination of Co-Defendants’ Witnesses

       {¶ 58} The Hokes argue that the trial court erred in permitting MVH and Dr. Miller

to ask leading questions, as upon cross-examination, of each other’s expert and lay

witnesses. They reference 13 specific portions of the trial transcript in support of this

argument.

       {¶ 59} On the first cited page, counsel for MVH asked a question of MVH’s own

witness, Dr. Hundley. The trial court overruled an objection that the question was leading.

The trial court was correct. The question was not leading. Counsel asked: “Is there an

increased risk of bleeding when you are working specifically in the pelvis?” (T. 1636.)

Although this question called for a “yes” or “no” answer, such binary questions are not

leading unless they suggest which answer is correct. State v. Moore, 2019-Ohio-1671,

135 N.E.3d 1114, ¶ 52 (2d Dist.).
                                                                                           -24-

       {¶ 60} In the second cited example, counsel for MVH again was questioning

MVH’s own witness, Dr. Hundley. Again, the question (whether Dr. Miller had met the

applicable standard of care by doing certain things) was not leading. It called for a “yes”

or “no” answer but did not suggest the answer. (T. at 1664-1666.)

       {¶ 61} In the third cited example, counsel for MVH still was questioning the

hospital’s own witness, not a co-defendant’s witness. Counsel prefaced her inquiry with

a statement: “Doctor, I know you advise your patients of the risk of DVTs and blood clots

because you did tell the ladies and gentlemen of the jury that that is a risk of surgery.” (Id.

at 1678.) Counsel then followed up with questions that were not leading. (Id. at 1678-

1679.) We see nothing improper.

       {¶ 62} The fourth cited example does involve Dr. Miller’s counsel questioning

MVH’s witness, Dr. Hundley. On the cited page, counsel did ask a leading question about

Dr. Miller not thinking pressure on the vein would lead to DVT. (Id. at 1775.) The trial court

overruled a “leading” objection to this question. Immediately after the question, Dr.

Hundley simply confirmed his awareness that Dr. Miller had made that comment. (Id.)

“The allowing or refusing of leading questions in the examination of a witness must very

largely be subject to the control of the court, in the exercise of a sound discretion.” Seley

v. G.D. Searle & Co., 67 Ohio St. 2d 192, 204, 423 N.E.2d 831 (1981). This is true even

when counsel for one defendant cross-examines a potentially “friendly” co-defendant’s

witness. Id. We see no abuse of discretion in the cited example, and we have no reason

to believe Dr. Hundley would have answered the innocuous question differently if counsel

had asked it in a non-leading way.

       {¶ 63} The fifth cited example once again involved MVH directly examining its own
                                                                                         -25-

witness. (Tr. 1830.) It did not involve cross-examination by one defendant of another

defendant’s witness, which is the basis for the assignment of error. And again the question

at issue (“And did you learn that she was not working?”) was not leading. It called for a

“yes” or “no” answer without suggesting the answer.

      {¶ 64} In the sixth cited example, the trial court correctly overruled an objection to

a question that was not leading, while sustaining an objection to a question that it found

was impermissibly leading. (T. 1885.)

      {¶ 65} In the seventh cited example, the trial court overruled a “leading” objection

but disallowed the question due to a lack of relevance. (T. 1895.) We fail to see what

conceivable argument the Hokes could have with respect to a disallowed question.

      {¶ 66} The eighth cited example involved the direct examination of Dr. Miller’s

expert, Dr. Rosenblatt, by Dr. Miller’s own counsel. It did not involve cross-examination

of a friendly expert by an aligned co-defendant, which is what the assignment of error

alleges. In any event, the challenged question was not leading. Counsel sought

clarification, asking: “When you talk to patients about known risks, Dr. Rosenblatt, are

you talking about complications that occur even though the surgeon does the surgery

appropriately and within the standard of care?” (T. 2299-2300.) Again, this question did

not suggest the answer.

      {¶ 67} The ninth cited example also involved the direct examination of Dr. Miller’s

own expert by Dr. Miller’s counsel. And the question at issue there was not leading.

Counsel asked whether a particular injury could occur within the standard of care. (T.

2304.) This question did not suggest the answer.

      {¶ 68} The tenth cited example again involved the direct examination of Dr. Miller’s
                                                                                          -26-

own expert by Dr. Miller’s counsel. Although the Hokes’ counsel objected multiple times

on the cited page, the first question was not leading. Counsel asked: “I mean, is it your

opinion that the pressure in this case, even if it was held for one hour, was—would harm

this patient at all?” (T. 2397.) The question simply asked for the doctor’s opinion. He either

did or did not hold such an opinion. In two other instances, counsel paraphrased the

doctor’s earlier testimony as a preface for a question that was not leading. (Tr. 2397-

2398.)

         {¶ 69} In the eleventh cited example, the Hokes’ counsel raised one “leading”

objection, and the trial court sustained the objection. (T. 2592.)

         {¶ 70} In the twelfth cited example, the Hokes do identify a leading question to

which an objection was overruled. (T. 2612.) The objection occurred when counsel for Dr.

Miller was questioning MVH certified surgical assistant Andrew Huffman. When

discussing the bleeding that occurred in this case, counsel asked: “And you didn’t know

which specific vessel the bleeding was coming from?” The Hokes’ attorney objected on

the basis that the question was leading. The trial court overruled the objection. Huffman

responded: “That is correct.” In our opinion, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

allowing this question and answer. Huffman already had testified earlier that he initially

did not know which vessel was causing the bleeding. (See, e.g., T. 2545-2546.)

Therefore, it is reasonable to infer that counsel would have gotten the same answer if

counsel had inquired, in a non-leading way, whether Huffman knew which specific vessel

was causing the bleeding.

         {¶ 71} In the last cited example, the Hokes’ counsel objected to one question on

the basis that it was leading, and the trial court sustained the objection. (T. 2823.) We
                                                                                            -27-

again fail to see how this raises any conceivable issue for appeal. The Hokes’ counsel

also objected generally when Dr. Miller was asked whether she had an opinion as to how

the injury to the vein occurred. (Id.). But this question was not leading.

       {¶ 72} As set forth above, the basis for the Hokes’ argument is that Dr. Miller and

MVH repeatedly were allowed to use leading questions to cross-examine each other’s

“friendly” witnesses. The Hokes assert that the interests of Dr. Miller and MVH were not

sufficiently adverse to allow this to occur. Having examined each of the 13 examples cited

by the Hokes, however, we have found very few instances in which counsel for one of the

defendants asked leading questions of the other defendant’s witness. The Hokes have

failed to establish the existence of repetitive “friendly” crosses. On those occasions where

“friendly” cross-examination did occur, we believe the trial court acted within its discretion

in allowing the questioning.

                                10. Use of Employment Records

       {¶ 73} The Hokes contend the trial court erred in allowing MVH and Miller to use

Jacqueline Hoke’s employment records on cross-examination and as direct evidence at

trial. But evidence pertaining to Jacqueline Hokes’ employment was relevant to the issue

of damages, which is now moot. Therefore, we need not address the use of employment

records by MVH and Miller.

                        11. Cross-Examination with Learned Treatises

       {¶ 74} The Hokes challenge the cross-examination of their expert witnesses with

journal articles without establishing a foundation as to reliability. They characterize the

articles as “used utterly without any foundation as to their reliability.” (Appellants’ Brief at

43.) The only citation in the Hokes’ appellate brief involves two journals: the Journal of
                                                                                         -28-

Robotic Surgery and the Journal of Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery. (Id. at

42, citing T. 1189-1191.) In the cited portion of the transcript, the Hokes’ expert Dr.

McCarus agreed on cross-examination that the Journal of Robotic Surgery was a

“reasonable” and reliable” journal with which he was familiar. (T. at 1189-1190.).

“According to Evid.R. 803(18), an expert witness need only testify that a learned treatise

is a reliable authority for a court to admit statements from that treatise.” Bradley v. Ohio

Dept. of Transp., 10th Dist. Franklin Nos. 11AP-409, 11AP-410, 2012-Ohio-451, ¶ 23. In

light of Dr. McCarus’ own testimony, we conclude that the reliability of the Journal of

Robotic Surgery was established adequately.

       {¶ 75} With regard to the Journal of Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery,

Dr. McCarus did not indicate any familiarity with it. (T. 1191-1192.) We note that Dr.

McCarus also was cross-examined with reference to an article (from an apparently

unidentified journal) entitled “Robotic Assisted Laparoscopic Mesh Sacrocolpopexy.” (Id.

at 1192-1193.) The record does not indicate whether Dr. McCarus was familiar with the

journal in which this article appeared or whether he believed the journal was reliable.

Appellee Dr. Miller maintains that another expert in the case, Dr. Rosenblatt, established

a foundation as to the reliability of the Journal of Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive

Surgery based on his position as an editor of that journal. We have not been directed to

where and we have been unable to locate anywhere in the record where Dr. Rosenblatt

said he is an editor of this journal.

       {¶ 76} But even if the record lacks an adequate foundation for the reliability of the

Journal of Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery or the unidentified journal in which

the last article referenced above appeared, we find no basis for reversal. All three of the
                                                                                          -29-

articles discussed above addressed the proper place to suture the mesh used in Mrs.

Hoke’s surgery, and all three articles said essentially the same thing. For that reason, any

potential error with regard to cross-examining Dr. McCarus with the second and third

articles was harmless. We also find any error in the trial court’s handling of the learned-

treatise issue harmless beyond a reasonable doubt in the context of the trial as a whole.

               12. Examination of Witnesses Regarding Miller’s Credentials

       {¶ 77} The Hokes argue that the trial court erred in prohibiting examination of

witnesses regarding whether Dr. Miller was properly trained to perform surgery using the

DaVinci robotic surgical system. In support, they cite three portions of the trial transcript.

In the first, the trial court sustained a defense objection to a comment about Dr. Miller not

being sufficiently trained on the robotic system. (T. 406.) In the second, the trial court

overruled a defense objection and allowed the Hokes’ counsel to ask the question at

issue. (T. 1114-1116.) In the third, the trial court ruled in the Hokes’ favor and refused to

give the jury an interrogatory proposed by Dr. Miller concerning the specific nature of her

alleged negligence.

       {¶ 78} We fail to see how the Hokes were prejudiced by the foregoing rulings, two

of which were favorable to them. With regard to the trial court’s refusing to allow the

Hokes’ counsel to comment on Dr. Miller’s allegedly inadequate training on the robotic

system, we note that the Hokes’ own expert testified that she was qualified. In particular,

Dr. McCarus, testified: “I have no doubt that [Dr. Miller] knows how to use the robot. She’s

got credentials to do robotic surgery.” (T. 1170.) He also testified that he had “no issue”

with Dr. Miller using the robot in the present case. He agreed that it was a “good” and

“appropriate” choice. (T. 1171.) Finally, he agreed that the robot was a “good tool” and an
                                                                                          -30-

“approved medical device that doctors use to help patients.” (Id.) In light of this testimony,

we see no issue with regard to Dr. Miller’s training and credentials.

              13. Evidence Regarding Safety of the DaVinci Surgical System

       {¶ 79} The Hokes challenge the trial court’s refusal to permit the introduction of

evidence regarding the safety record of the DaVinci robotic surgical system. In support,

they make only one reference to the record. The cited reference, however, involves the

trial court overruling Dr. Miller's counsel’s objection to the Hokes’ counsel referencing

medical literature in opening statements. (T. 427-428.) In any event, we see no issue

regarding the safety of the DaVinci surgical system. As noted above, the Hokes’ own

expert, Dr. McCarus, characterized the robot as a “good” and “appropriate” choice and

an “approved medical device.” Another one of the Hokes’ experts, Dr. Pescatore, testified

that the robot was “one of the acceptable ways” to perform the procedure at issue. (T.

625.) Therefore, we see no basis for reversal with regard to the safety of the DaVinci

surgical system.

        14. Misconduct in Closing Argument, Witness Questioning, and Voir Dire

       {¶ 80} Although the heading of this argument references misconduct in “closing

argument,” “witness questioning,” and “voir dire,” the Hokes’ opening brief contains only

one citation to the record and one example of misconduct. Specifically, they contend that

“[o]ver objection, [c]ounsel for Dr. Miller were permitted to address personal attacks

against Plaintiffs’ counsel and engage in other inflammatory argument.” (Appellants’ Brief

at 44.) The four cited transcript pages reflect that the trial court overruled an objection

when counsel for Dr. Miller referred to the Hokes’ case as being full of “distractions” and

“irrelevant evidence.” (T. 2995.) The trial court also overruled an objection when Dr.
                                                                                            -31-

Miller’s counsel stated: “Mr. Brannon got up here and he talked about, he said it’s not an

issue, it’s not an issue, ladies and gentlemen. Informed consent is not an issue. That’s

what he said.” (Id.) The trial court then overruled an objection when Dr. Miller’s counsel

added: “Yet, in this case, he questioned about it constantly.” (Id. at 2995-2996.) The trial

court subsequently sustained three objections by the Hokes’ counsel related to argument

from Dr. Miller’s counsel pertaining to informed consent. (Id. at 2996.) The trial court then

overruled an objection to argument from Dr. Miller’s counsel about the Hokes’ counsel

excessively questioning Dr. Miller’s training and experience with robotic surgery. (Id. at

2996-2997.) Dr. Miller’s counsel characterized these issues as “distractions” because

even the Hokes’ own expert agreed that she was qualified to do robotic surgery. (Id. at

2997.) On the final cited transcript page, counsel for Dr. Miller argued what the evidence

showed about Mrs. Hoke’s injury and prognosis and about whether a known complication

of the surgery was injury to the iliac vein. (Id. at 3004.)

       {¶ 81} Having reviewed the cited transcript pages, we see no abuse of discretion

in the trial court’s rulings on the objections and no plain error arising from any argument

to which the Hokes did not object. We find no “personal attacks” or other non-specified

“inflammatory argument” supporting reversal.

                                    15. Third-Party Causation

       {¶ 82} The Hokes contend the trial court erred in allowing the defense to argue

third-party liability on the part of Dr. Garietta Falls. More specifically, they assert that the

defense improperly presented testimony regarding Dr. Falls causing injury to Jacqueline

Hoke’s iliac vein. They argue that this attempt by the defense “to blame Dr. Falls clearly

misled the jury into speculating that other doctors may have contributed to Ms. Hoke’s
                                                                                             -32-

injury.” (Appellants’ Brief at 45.) The Hokes’ sole citation to the record fails to support their

argument.

       {¶ 83} In the cited portion of the trial transcript, Dr. Miller’s counsel addressed the

jury during closing arguments. Dr. Miller’s counsel asserted that the Hokes’ experts had

agreed the act of holding pressure on Jacqueline Hoke’s bleeding vein for an hour did not

violate the standard of care and did not cause injury. (T. 2998-2999.) In connection with

this argument, counsel told the jury that the Hokes’ own experts agreed there was no

evidence Dr. Miller even knew it was a vein that was bleeding. (T. 3000.) Dr. Miller’s

counsel also argued that Dr. Falls herself admitted not knowing where the bleeding was

coming from until she “dissected it out.” (Id.) Dr. Miller’s counsel then stated: “And

everyone agreed that if it—that the most common spot during the surgery for bleeding is

the sacral plexus. And everyone agreed that for the sacral plexus, you hold pressure.”

(Id.). We see nothing in the foregoing argument constituting an attempt to impose third-

party liability on Dr. Falls. To the contrary, Dr. Miller’s counsel simply argued that under

the circumstances of this case holding pressure on Mrs. Hoke’s bleeding vein did not

violate the standard of care or cause injury. We find nothing improper about this argument.

                                  16. Joint-and-Several Liability

       {¶ 84} The Hokes contend the trial court erred in overruling their motion for joint-

and-several liability. Because the jury found Dr. Miller and the employees of MVH not

negligent, however, there was no basis for imposing joint-and-several liability. Therefore,

we see no error.

                                  17. Time for Jury Deliberations

       {¶ 85} The Hokes assert that the trial court placed time pressure on the jury and
                                                                                               -33-

hurried it into reaching a verdict. This argument concerns juror number eight’s inability to

deliberate on Friday, September 28, 2018 due to a prior obligation. The Hokes expressed

concern that the jury might rush to reach a verdict prior to that time. As a result, they

asked the trial court to release juror number eight and to seat an alternate juror in juror

number eight’s place. The trial court denied the request. It decided that if the jury failed

to reach a verdict before juror number eight had to leave, it then “could call on one of the

alternates to replace juror number [eight].” (T. 3057-3058.) In conjunction with this

decision, the trial court explicitly instructed the jury not to hurry its deliberations. It stated:

               As far as the Court is concerned we can go late. And I don’t want the

       regular eight, don’t rush it. If you can’t handle it deliberately at a due pace,

       but don’t rush just because—there’s no deadline on when you have to finish.

       If * * * you don’t get to decide it today, we can call on one of the alternates

       to replace juror number 8, all right. That’s the way we’re going to handle it.

       We’re going to—don’t rush. Deliberate as you normally would, as if you had

       no pressure for a deadline, okay?

(T. 3057.)

       {¶ 86} Upon review, we see no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s handling of

the situation. The trial court placed no time limit on deliberations, and it instructed the jury

not to rush to a decision. We see nothing unreasonable about the trial court’s instruction,

which the jury is presumed to have followed.

       {¶ 87} Having rejected each of the Hokes’ 17 arguments, we overrule their first

assignment of error.

                                                    II.
                                                                                          -34-

       {¶ 88} In their second assignment of error, the Hokes challenge the trial court’s

denial of their motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Their entire substantive

argument is as follows:

              In the context of a medical malpractice action, where the evidence is

       such that reasonable minds could only conclude that the defendants fell

       below the standard of care, as is the case here, JNOV in favor of the plaintiff

       is proper.

              The trial court, further, committed reversible error by failing to rule,

       upon a motion for directed verdict, that all of the injuries at issue, physical,

       psychiatric, and psychological, were a proximate result of the robotic

       surgery that pierced Mrs. Hoke’s iliac vein.

(Citations omitted.) (Appellants’ Brief at 49-50.)

       {¶ 89} We find the Hokes’ argument to be unpersuasive. Based on the evidence

presented, reasonable minds could find—and did find—that the defendants met the

applicable standard of care. As set forth more fully above, multiple expert witnesses

testified in favor of Dr. Miller, MVH, and hospital employees Huffman and Webb regarding

their performance and their satisfaction of the applicable standard of care. Construing the

evidence in a light most favorable to the defense, there certainly was sufficient evidence

for the trial court to submit the matter to the jury.

       {¶ 90} As for whether Mrs. Hoke’s injuries were proximately caused by the robotic

surgery, the proximate-cause issue is not relevant to this appeal because the jury found

for the defendants on the negligence issue. Ernes v. Northeast Ohio Eye Surgeons, Inc.,

11th Dist. Portage No. 2005-P-0043, 2006-Ohio-1456, ¶ 18 (recognizing in a medical
                                                                                          -35-

malpractice case that “without a breach of the standard of care, it is elemental negligence

law that the issue of proximate cause is moot”). The second assignment of error is

overruled.

                                                 III.

       {¶ 91} In their third assignment of error, the Hokes contend the jury’s verdict was

against the manifest weight of the evidence. Their entire argument is as follows:

              In this case, Defendants’ own expert acknowledged that sewing the

       uterine mesh to the iliac vein was outside the standard of care, in the

       absence of any extenuating factor. (Tr. Vol. 17, p. 2359) No expert testified

       that any such extenuating factor existed. None of the testifying experts

       acknowledged ever causing a similar injury. The evidence plainly showed

       extensive injury to the iliac vein with multiple perforations, and the notion

       that anyone other than Dr. Miller caused such injury was the sheerest

       speculation. (Tr. Vol. 6, p. 1552) The jury clearly lost its way in its

       determination that there was no negligence in this case. Plaintiff Jacqueline

       Hoke has suffered a permanent and disabling injury. Multiple experts

       concluded this, and crucially, no expert testified otherwise. She has been

       left without remedy. A new trial is the only possible remedy for this injustice.

              Furthermore, as set forth above, and in Plaintiffs’ prior motions, there

       was prejudicial error in allowing inadmissible evidence and other violations

       of the rules of evidence and civil procedure. In order to protect the record,

       Plaintiff’s counsel made the decision to object, rather than waive Plaintiff’s

       objections. There is evidence that, in doing so, Plaintiff’s counsel’s conduct
                                                                                             -36-

       disaffected the jury and further led to the manifestly unjust result which left

       Jacqueline Hoke without remedy. Stranded on the horns of such a dilemma,

       Plaintiff’s counsel objected, further impairing plaintiff’s case before the jury,

       but fortunately preserving it for review under the law here and now before

       this Court. A new trial offers the only solution to rectify the unjust result, with

       exclusion of improper evidence, argument and questioning of witnesses by

       Defendants, to remove the above-improper evidence from any newly-

       composed jury, a jury that will not be so misled as to disregard the manifest

       weight of the evidence.

(Appellants’ Brief at 50-51.)

       {¶ 92} In civil and criminal cases alike, a judgment will be reversed as being

against the manifest weight of the evidence only in an exceptional case in which the

evidence weighs heavily against the judgment. Amesse v. Wright State Physicians, Inc.,

2018-Ohio-416, 105 N.E.3d 612, ¶ 46 (2d Dist.) (noting that the same manifest-weight

standard of review applies in civil and criminal cases). Here we conclude that the weight

of the evidence was not contrary to the jury’s verdict.

       {¶ 93} In the first paragraph quoted above, the Hokes contend the defense’s own

expert admitted that Dr. Miller violated the applicable standard of care. On the cited

transcript page, Dr. Rosenblatt agreed with the Hokes’ counsel that to justify suturing

mesh through the vein “you would have to assume there’s some kind of anatomical

difference * * * in Jackie Hoke.” (T. 2359.) Dr. Rosenblatt also agreed that “it isn’t within

the standard of care to suture the mesh directly to the vein.” Elsewhere in his testimony,

however, he unambiguously opined that Dr. Miller met the applicable standard of care
                                                                                          -37-

with respect to Mrs. Hoke. (T. 2297.) He explained that injury to the iliac vein is a risk or

complication that can occur even though a surgeon meets the standard of care and that

a surgeon doing Dr. Miller’s procedure correctly might injure the iliac vein. (T. 2304, 2311.)

This is sometimes due to normal anatomical variations between people and the fact that

the procedure is performed in an area of the body with “a lot going on in there” and “in a

very small space.” (T. 2304-2306, 2311.) Having examined Dr. Rosenblatt’s testimony

more broadly, we believe the specific citation upon which the Hokes rely fails to establish

that the jury’s verdict was against the manifest weight of the evidence. In reaching this

conclusion, we note too that Dr. Rosenblatt was not the only expert to opine that Dr. Miller

operated within the applicable standard of care.

       {¶ 94} In the second paragraph quoted above, the Hokes argue that their attorney

alienated the jury by making repeated objections at trial. They suggest that the objections

were necessary, however, due to opposing counsel’s numerous violations of the rules of

evidence and civil procedure. They have not identified any particular violations in their

third assignment of error, and we have rejected almost all of the specific arguments the

Hokes have raised elsewhere in their appellate brief. Regardless, every attorney must

make a calculated decision in a jury trial regarding when and how often to object. We are

unpersuaded that the Hokes’ counsel’s choices regarding objecting at trial rendered the

jury’s verdict against the manifest weight of the evidence. The third assignment of error

is overruled.

                                            Conclusion

       {¶ 95} Having overruled the Hokes’ assignments of error, we affirm the judgment

of the Montgomery County Common Pleas Court.
                                               -38-

                               .............

FROELICH, J. and WELBAUM, J., concur.

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