Court Opinion

ID: 4427694
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-20 18:54:38.712082+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:50:51.494978
License: Public Domain

In the
                        Missouri Court of Appeals
                                 Western District
 THE CURATORS OF THE                          )
 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI,                      )
                                              )   WD81278
               Respondent,                    )
                                              )   OPINION FILED: January 8, 2019
 v.                                           )
                                              )
 GALEN J. SUPPES,                             )
                                              )
                Appellant.                    )

              Appeal from the Circuit Court of Boone County, Missouri
                        The Honorable Gary W. Lynch, Judge

  Before Division Three: Gary D. Witt, Presiding Judge, Cynthia L. Martin, Judge and
                            Anthony Rex Gabbert, Judge

      Appellant Galen Suppes ("Suppes") appeals the judgment of the Circuit Court of

Boone County, Missouri, which, following a jury trial, found him liable to The Curators of

the University of Missouri ("University") for breach of contract and breach of loyalty

claims. The jury awarded the University $300,000.00 on each claim. On appeal, Suppes

alleges nine points of error. We affirm.
                                            Factual Background1

         The University hired Suppes as an associate professor in the College of

Engineering's Department of Chemical Engineering in the fall of 2001. As a condition of

his employment, the University required Suppes to sign an Appointment Notification

document stating that he accepted his position "with the understanding that it is subject to

all rules, orders and regulations of the Board of Curators." The University's governing

rules are called the Collected Rules and Regulations ("CRRs") and Suppes agrees he was

bound by the CRRs. The CRRs include "Patent and Plant Variety Regulations" which

states, in relevant part:

         The University, as the employer and as the representative of the people of
         the state, shall have the ownership and control of any Invention or Plant
         Variety developed in the course of the employee's service to the University.

There are various limitations to this requirement but, in order to allow the University to

exercise its rights, the regulations require that all employees disclose all inventions to the

University regardless of whether the employee believes that the invention is exempt from

University ownership. The University may then exercise its rights of ownership and

request assignment of the invention to the University or, if the University chooses, it may

waive its rights to the invention. The disclosure form which is to be submitted with

notification includes an assignment clause. Only if the University affirmative waives its

rights to an invention may an employee seek a patent for the invention independently.

         1
         On appeal from a jury-tried case, we view the facts in the light most favorable to the jury's verdict.
Dubinsky v. U.S. Elevator Corp., 22 S.W.3d 747, 749 (Mo. App. E.D. 2000).

                                                          2
         Between September 2001 and January 2008, Suppes filed at least 35 patent

applications on his own or through an outside attorney who did not represent the

University. Most, if not all, of these patent applications were for inventions that had not

been disclosed or assigned to the University when the patent application was filed. To the

extent Suppes did disclose some of his inventions, he often modified the University's

disclosure form to modify or remove the assignment language. Eventually, the University

became aware of the modifications and asked him to stop. However, Suppes continued to

disclose his inventions on modified forms altering or deleting the assignment language.

The University claims, generally, that Suppes's failure to notify the University about

inventions and submitting notifications without proper assignment prevented the

University from capitalizing on these inventions. Without clear assignment from Suppes

the University could not justify investing in commercialization of the inventions.

         The current suit stems from Suppes's failure to properly assign ownership of a

technology to transform glycerol, a byproduct of biodiesel production, into propylene

glycol ("PG"),2 a valuable chemical compound used to make antifreeze.

         From 2003 to 2006, Suppes's PG research was supported by a research funding

agreement between the University and the Missouri Soybean Merchandising Counsel, a

subsidiary of the Missouri Soybean Association ("Missouri Soybean").3 Under the funding

agreement, the University would own any inventions resulting from Suppes's research, but

          2
            Suppes's work surrounding the transformation of glycerol into PG lead to several different patents and
related technologies. For ease of discussion, the entirety of the work and patents related to PG is referred to as PG,
as is done by the parties.
          3
            Missouri Soybean has multiple subsidiary organizations that played a role in this case. For ease of
discussion, we refer to Missouri Soybean and all its subsidiaries as Missouri Soybean.

                                                           3
Missouri Soybean had an option to license those inventions from the University, with 25

percent of the net revenues returning to the University and an additional 8.33 percent going

directly to Suppes.            Suppes established a limited liability company,4 Renewable

Alternatives ("RA"), to conduct some of his research. RA leased an office from the

University but failed to lease or pay for any laboratory space from the University. Instead,

all research was done in the lab provided by the University to Suppes for his work with for

the University. Pursuant to an agreement between the University and RA, any inventions

developed by both University employees and RA employees would be jointly owned, and

RA was given first option to lease these inventions.

        Suppes developed a number of inventions related to PG. He was enthusiastic about

the commercial potential for these inventions, predicting it would generate millions of

dollars in royalties each year from production of PG, and millions more from the

production of another chemical acetol. Suppes represented to Missouri Soybean that he

owned the nonprovisional rights to the PG technology and worked with Missouri Soybean

to obtain a patent for the technology. On March 15, 2005, RA then entered into a licensing

agreement with a Missouri Soybean subsidiary granting to it exclusive license to the PG

technology. RA represented that it was the sole owner of the PG technology. In exchange

for the license, the Missouri Soybean subsidiary agreed to pay RA royalties at a rate of 33

percent for two years and twenty percent thereafter. In turn, on July 15, 2005, the Missouri

Soybean subsidiary entered into a sub-license agreement with Senergy Chemicals

        4
           Establishing a company under which research would be conducted was a common practice for professors
because in order to be eligible for certain federal grants, the research needed to be conducted by a small business
with at least one employee, other than the faculty member.

                                                         4
("Senergy") to manufacture PG using Suppes's technology. The University was not made

aware of these agreements until October 2005. The University then attempted to negotiate

a three-way agreement between Suppes, the University, and Missouri Soybean that

recognized the University's ownership of PG.

       January 14, 2007, Suppes sent an email to the University and others stating the he

would not sign any documents relating to PG until a three-way agreement was completed.

Around the same time, Missouri Soybean's lawyer contacted Suppes with a final notice

that he needed to sign certain documents or patent rights related to the PG technology

would be lost. The deadline passed without signature resulting in the abandonment of one

patent application and the loss of foreign patent protection for another.

       Suppes eventually executed assignments for the PG technology in June 2007, after

the University Patent Committee determined the technology had been created within the

scope of Suppes's employment and belonged to the University. Suppes still, however,

refused to cooperate with the University further until a licensing agreement was reached

with Missouri Soybean. The University and Missouri Soybean finalized an agreement

regarding PG in September 2007.

       In March 2008, Senergy signed a memorandum of understanding with SK

Chemical, a South Korean company, for the manufacture of PG. However, once SK

Chemical discovered that one of the patent applications for the PG had been abandoned in

2007, SK Chemical decided not to enter into a contract with Senergy. Senergy never

produced PG on a commercial scale.

                                             5
       The University brought suit against Suppes in April 2009. Three claims were tried

and submitted to the jury: breach of contract, tortious interference, and breach of the duty

of loyalty. The University also sought equitable relief, but these claims were decided by

the court following trial. The jury returned verdicts for the University on the breach of

contract and breach of loyalty claims, awarding $300,000 on each claim. It found for

Suppes on the tortious interference claim. After trial, the court found for the University on

its equitable claims, ordering Suppes to execute an assignment to the University for any

inventions related to the PG technology. The court entered final judgment on October 12,

2017 ("Judgment").

       This appeal followed.

                                        Discussion

                                             I.

       Suppes's first point on appeal alleges that the circuit court erred in ordering him to

assign U.S. Patent No. 6,574,971 ("'971 Patent") to the University because such relief was

not requested in the Petition. Suppes also raises in his Point Relied On that the Assignment

includes patent application No. 09/945, 682 ("'682 Application") which the trial court had

previously dismissed allegations regarding this patent from the proceedings.

       "The circuit court is vested with considerable discretion in ruling on a motion to

amend judgment, and the court of appeals will not reverse a circuit court's decision on a

motion to amend judgment unless there is an abuse of discretion." Gill Constr., Inc. v. 18th

& Vine Auth., 157 S.W.3d 699, 711-12 (Mo. App. W.D. 2004).

       The relevant portion of the Judgment orders Suppes to:

                                             6
       Execute the Assignment, Page 1 and Page 2 of which shall be unaltered and
       unmodified, which was attached to the letter from Plaintiff's University's
       attorney to Galen J. Suppes, dated November 10, 2008, which was admitted
       into evidence as part of Plaintiff's Exhibit No. 351a, assigning to Plaintiff
       University all right, title and interest in the inventions related to the glycerol
       to propylene glycol technologies contained on Exhibit A of Plaintiff's Exhibit
       No. 351a. Plaintiff's Exhibit 351a is attached hereto as Exhibit 1 and
       incorporated herein by reference.

The University concedes that the intent of the Judgment was for Suppes to only assign "all

right, title and interest in the inventions related to the glycerol to propylene glycol

technologies contained on Exhibit A" attached to the Assignment. (emphasis added). The

University argues that Suppes's first point on appeal is without merit because, the '971

Patent applied to "phase change materials" and not to the "glycerol to propylene glycol

technologies," therefore the Judgment by its terms did not require the assignment of the

technology in the '971 Patent. At oral argument, the University contended that the language

of the Judgment expressly barring alteration of pages one and two of the Assignment

implicitly then allows alternation of Exhibit A which is on pages three and four of the

Assignment. Thus, it is the position of the University that Suppes is free to exclude the

'971 Patent and '682 Application from the list of items being assigned pursuant to Exhibit

A prior to execution of the Assignment.

       We accept the University's interpretation and thus affirm the Judgment as to the

allegations of error raised by Suppes in Point Relied on I with the express understanding

that Patent No. 6,574,971 and Patent Application No. 09/945,682 will be deleted from the

list of items being assigned pursuant to Exhibit A. As required by the Judgment, at the

                                               7
time the Assignment is executed, Exhibit A should properly reflect the assignment of all

"the inventions related to the glycerol to propylene glycol technologies."

       In light of the above position of the University, we deny Point Relied on I.

                                               II.

       Suppes's second point on appeal alleges that the circuit court erred in denying

Suppes's Motion for a New Trial because the Judgment erroneously assessed certain costs

to Suppes.

       "Awarding costs and expenses is within the sound discretion of the trial court and

should not be reversed absent a showing that the trial court abused its discretion." Trimble

v. Pracna, 167 S.W.3d 706, 716 (Mo. banc 2005). A trial court abuses its discretion to

award costs when the judgment "was against the logic of the circumstances and so arbitrary

and unreasonable as to shock one's sense of justice." Sasnett v. Jons, 400 S.W.3d 429, 441

(Mo. App. W.D. 2013) (quoting Russell v. Russell, 210 S.W.3d 191, 199 (Mo. banc 2007)).

"If a judgment awards costs or expressly refuses to award costs in a manner that is

inconsistent with the law, it is axiomatic that the trial court has abused its discretion." Riggs

v. State Dep't of Social Servs., 473 S.W.3d 177, 182 (Mo. App. W.D. 2015).

       There are two separate and distinct considerations when it comes to costs. Whether

the award was proper and whether the calculation and taxation of costs was erroneous. Id.

at 184. A party may appeal the award of costs following the judgment of the circuit court.

Id. at 183-84. A party may not, however, challenge the itemized list of costs until the

circuit court clerk taxes statutory court costs. Id. at 185. "[A] party's bill of costs 'is merely

an unsolicited gratuitous proposal.'" Id. (quoting Montoya v. A-1 Mufflers, Inc., 331

                                                8
S.W.3d 702, 704 (Mo. App. W.D. 2011)). As explained by Riggs, "section 514.260

imposes the mandatory duty on the circuit clerk, not the trial court, to tax statutory court

costs." Id. A "memorandum of costs present[s] nothing for the trial court to decide because

the circuit clerk ha[s] not yet issued a bill of costs. Until the circuit clerk taxes costs in [a]

case, no party is in a position to file a Rule 77.05 motion asking the trial court to retax

costs." Id.

       The Judgment contains no itemized bill of costs. The itemized costs of which

Suppes now complains are contained in the University's "Bill of Costs" that were submitted

to the circuit court following its Judgment. Just as with Riggs and Montoya, the costs

requested by the University are not appealable until they are taxed by the circuit clerk. The

only issue ripe for appeal at this time is whether the circuit court abused its discretion in

imposing all costs on Suppes.

       Section 514.0605 states: "In all civil actions, or proceedings of any kind, the party

prevailing shall recover his costs against the other party, except in those cases in which a

different provision is made by law." As noted by this Court in Riggs, "[s]ection 514.060

does not dictate an 'all or nothing' approach to the recovery of costs. . . ." Riggs, 473
S.W.3d at 183. "The Legislature's intent was 'to provide for judicial discretion in the

apportionment of costs, both when substantial issues are found against a party, as well as

when he fails on a cause of action pleaded by him.'" Id. (quoting Schumacher v. Mehlberg,

70 S.W. 910, 911 (Mo. 1902)). Additionally, section 514.090 specifically states: "Where

       5
           All statutory citations are to RSMo 2016 as currently updated, unless otherwise noted.

                                                          9
there are several counts in any petition, and any one of them be adjudged insufficient, or a

verdict, or any issue joined thereon, shall be found for the defendant, costs shall be awarded

at the discretion of the court."

       In this case, the University prevailed on the majority of its claims against Suppes

but the jury found in favor of Suppes on the University's claim for tortious interference.

Although the University did not prevail on its claim for tortious interference, it was

successful in proving that Suppes had breached not only his employment contract but

violated his duty of loyalty to the University resulting in financial loss to the University

and a protracted legal battle. Suppes points to no case law that limits the discretion of the

circuit court to award costs solely against one party even if that party was not successful in

all claims. Instead, under Missouri law either party may be ordered to pay costs or they

may be apportioned among the parties. See In re Estate of DePew, 511 S.W.3d 420, 430

(Mo. App. S.D. 2017). Suppes presents no credible argument for how the trial court abused

its discretion in ordering Suppes to pay all costs of the underlying action.

       We disagree with Suppes's assertion that section 514.090 also sets up the ripeness

for appeal of the taxation of costs. It merely establishes the circuit court has discretion in

how to award costs. It does not allow this Court to review a claim that has not yet been

finally determined. The question of whether each specific cost set forth in the itemized bill

of costs as requested by the University is proper is not ripe for appeal. As this Court fully

discussed in Riggs and Montoya, until the circuit clerk taxes costs, there is nothing to

appeal.

                                             10
         To the extent Suppes's second point on appeal challenges the award of costs against

Suppes, we find that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion ordering him to pay all of

the costs. All other claims raised by Suppes regarding the taxation of any one specific cost

is premature and not ripe for appeal, thus they are dismissed.

                                                        III.

         Suppes's third point on appeal alleges that the trial court erred in submitting the

University's claim of tortious interference with a business relationship to the jury because

the instruction did not properly reflect the state of Missouri law. Specifically, Suppes

argues that, under Missouri law, a claim for tortious interference requires a breach or a

termination of a business relationship. Suppes argues the elements of this cause of action

are laid out by MAI 23.116 and failure to follow the approved jury instruction constituted

reversible error. However, in order to demonstrate prejudice, Suppes challenges not the

error in the jury instruction submitted for this claim but rather that the claim should not

have been submitted to the jury in the first place, a distinct and separate allegation of error.7

         "When reviewing claims of instructional error, we will reverse a jury verdict on the

ground of instructional error if the error resulted in prejudice that 'materially affected the

merits of the action.'" Savage v. Kansas City Power & Light Co., 515 S.W.3d 778, 783

(Mo. App. W.D. 2017) (quoting Coomer v. Kansas City Royals Baseball Corp., 437

         6
           All references are to Missouri Approved Jury Instruction as currently updated.
         7
           The University contends that Suppes's third point on appeal is multifarious and, as such, preserves nothing
for appeal. See Ivie v. Smith, 439 S.W.3d 189, 199 n.11 (Mo. banc 2014); Rule 84.04. Violation of Rule 84.04 is
sufficient grounds for dismissing an appeal. Robin Farms, Inc. v. Bartholome, 989 S.W.2d 238, 245 (Mo. App.
W.D. 1999). In fact, the University correctly notes that all of Suppes's remaining points on appeal are multifarious
and, as such, preserve nothing for appeal. However, because we prefer to decide cases on the merits where
appellant's argument is readily understandable, we have elected to exercise our discretion to review the merits of the
arguments set forth in the point relied on to the extent discernable.

                                                         11
S.W.3d 184, 191 (Mo. banc 2014)). As the University notes, Suppes was successful on the

claim of tortious interference and thus there is no prejudice because no damages were

awarded on this claim. See generally, Benedict v. N. Pipeline Constr., 44 S.W.3d 410, 428

(Mo. App. W.D. 2001).

       Suppes attempts to circumvent this well-established legal principle by arguing he

was prejudiced because based on the submission of this claim the University was allowed

to present evidence of its request for 3.7 million dollars in damages for the tortious

interference claim and this improperly prejudiced the jury against him in the calculation of

damages for his other claims. Suppes's argument is incorrect. The evidence regarding the

3.7 million dollar calculation of damages was presented by the University in regard to all

of its claims, regardless of the submission of the tortious interference claim. The evidence

was testified to by the University's expert Adam Falconer ("Falconer"), a patent valuation

expert, who presented his calculation of damages to the jury during the University's case.

The jury heard his opinion regarding the calculation of damages as to all claims and it was

not limited to the tortious interference claim. Falconer's testimony supported damages for

all claims raised. Suppes argues that had the tortious interference claim not been submitted,

he would have been able to argue in his closing argument that the damages testimony was

irrelevant. This is not correct, the testimony still would have been relevant as to the other

claims brought by the University.

       Additionally, Suppes's argument on this point is circular. He does not argue that

there was insufficient evidence to submit this claim to the jury, only that the way it was

submitted to the jury was not proper. He then attempts to bootstrap an argument that

                                             12
because it was not properly instructed that it never should have been submitted and

therefore the jury would have never heard the evidence as to the damages regarding this

count. While we disagree with Suppes's argument that the instruction on this claim was

improper, the relief he would be entitled to had this claim been improperly instructed would

have been a retrial on this claim not an order that the claim could not be submitted to the

jury.

        Assuming arguendo that Suppes intended to challenge the submission of this claim

as well, the only substantive argument raised as to the submissibility of the tortious

interference claim comes in Suppes's reply brief. In his reply brief, Suppes argues that the

claim was improper because there was no evidence that the University had a business

relationship with either Senergy or SK Chemicals, or that the University's relationship with

Missouri Soybean ended or was diminished as a result of the failed PG venture. This

argument misconstrues the jury instructions. Jury Instruction No. 12 states that Suppes's

actions interfered with the University and Missouri Soybean's plans to commercialize PG

with Senergy. There was sufficient evidence presented at trial that the University licensed

PG to Missouri Soybean who, in turn, leased the rights to Senergy. There was clearly a

business relationship between the University and Senergy through Missouri Soybean.

There was also sufficient evidence that Suppes failed to sign documents necessary to

implement or maintain the patent for the PG technologies. Also, the jury heard testimony

from Senergy that he contacted competitors of Senergy regarding proprietary information.

Suppes presents no argument challenging the University's connection to Suppes's alleged

tortious behavior.

                                            13
        Further, as noted above, even if the court erred in submitting the claim for tortious

interference to the jury, there was no prejudice because Suppes was ultimately successful

in his claim. To the extent the allegation of prejudice rests on the jury hearing a damages

claim for 3.7 million dollars, that testimony was already properly before the jury. As noted

above, there is no basis for Suppes's argument that, absent submission of the tortious

interference claim he would have been able to argue that Falconer's testimony regarding

these damages was irrelevant to the remaining claims. See Trimble, 167 S.W.3d at 711

(Plaintiff could present multiple theories of recovery so long as they were not factually

inconsistent, but instead merely included damages that could be overlapped.)8

        The University proffered sufficient facts to submit a claim of tortious interference

to the jury. Because Suppes sole claim of prejudice is due to the submission of tortious

interference claim to the jury and not the language of Instruction No. 12, he has no valid

argument that he was prejudiced. Suppes was successful on the underlying claim. To the

extent the jury heard evidence of the damages regarding tortious interference, it was a

request properly before the jury, regardless of the language of the instructions. Point Relied

on III is denied.

                                                       IV.

        Suppes's fourth point on appeal alleges that the circuit court erred in overruling his

Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict and A New Trial, or in the Alternative

        8
         A plaintiff is only entitled to be whole once, even on separate theories of recovery. Trimble, 167 S.W.3d
at 711. However, Suppes raises no argument that the University recovered more than the damages it incurred.

                                                        14
for Remittitur ("Post-Judgment Motion") as to the University's breach of contract claim

because the University failed to prove damages with reasonable certainty.

       "The standard for reviewing a denied motion for JNOV is essentially the same as

for reviewing the denial of a motion for directed verdict." Hammett v. Atcheson, 438
S.W.3d 452, 458 (Mo. App. W.D. 2014). "[G]ranting a motion for JNOV is a drastic action

and should only be granted when reasonable persons could not differ on the correct

disposition of the case." Id. "We are 'only obliged to determine whether there was evidence

from which such verdict could have been reached by a jury composed of reasonable men

and women.'" Id. at 459 (quoting Envtl. Energy Partners, Inc. v. Siemens Bldg. Techs.,

Inc., 178 S.W.3d 691, 698 (Mo. App. S.D. 2005)). "We 'will reverse the jury's verdict for

insufficient evidence only where there is a complete absence of probative facts to support

the jury's conclusion.'" Id. (quoting Peel v. Credit Acceptance Corp., 408 S.W.3d 191, 204

(Mo. App. W.D. 2013)).

       "To recover lost profits stemming from a breach of contract, a plaintiff need only

prove the fact of damages with reasonable certainty and provide an adequate basis for the

jury to estimate the lost profits with reasonable certainty." Midwest Coal, LLC ex rel.

Stanton v. Cabanas, 378 S.W.3d 367, 371 (Mo. App. E.D. 2012) (citing Ameristar Jet

Charter, Inc. v. Dodson Int'l Parts, Inc., 155 S.W.3d 50, 54-55 (Mo. banc 2005)).

"'[C]ertainty' means that damages have been suffered and not exact proof of the amount of

the damages. Where the fact of damage is clear, it is reasonable to require a lesser degree

of certainty as to the amount of loss, leaving a greater degree of discretion to the jury,

                                            15
subject to the usual supervisory power of the court." Harvey v. Timber Ress., Inc., 37
S.W.3d 814, 819-20 (Mo. App. E.D. 2001) (internal citations omitted).

       Suppes provides no substantive argument supporting his theory that there was

inadequate proof of damages in the breach of contract claim. Instead, Suppes cites to

several cases that hold, once the fact of damages has been established, courts require a

lesser degree of certainty as to the amount of damages, leaving the jury to exercise a greater

degree of discretion. See Penzel Constr. Co. v. Jackson R-2 Sch. Dist., 544 S.W.3d 214,

236 (Mo. App. E.D. 2017); BMK Corp. v. Clayton Corp., 226 S.W.3d 179, 196 (Mo. App.

E.D. 2007). Then Suppes proceeds to argue not that there was insufficient evidence to

support a claim for damages but instead argues that, even if there was sufficient evidence

the circuit court should have used its discretion to exercise remittitur because the amount

of damages was excessive. These are two separate arguments and we address each in turn.

A. Evidence of Damages

       The burden of proving that damages exist, and the amount of those damages, rests

with the party claiming breach of contract. Ullrich v. CADCO, Inc., 244 S.W.3d 772, 779

(Mo. App. E.D. 2008). "A plaintiff claiming a breach of contract has available and need

not choose between three types of damages--actual, consequential, and benefit-of-the-

bargain--as such damages are not necessarily inconsistent with one another; a plaintiff may

not, however, be made whole more than once." Catroppa v. Metal Bldg. Supply, Inc., 267
S.W.3d 812, 817 (Mo. App. S.D. 2008).

       "Actual damages are compensatory and are measured by the loss or injury
       sustained" as a direct result of the wrongful act. Stiffelman v. Abrams, 655
S.W.2d 522, 531 (Mo. banc 1983). Consequential damages "are those

                                             16
       damages naturally and proximately caused by the commission of the breach
       and those damages that reasonably could have been contemplated by the
       defendant at the time of the parties' agreement." Ullrich, 244 S.W.3d at 779.
       Finally, benefit-of-the-bargain damages, also called lost profits damages, are
       the "net profits a plaintiff would have realized" had the contract not been
       breached. Ameristar Jet Charter, Inc. v. Dodson Int'l Parts, Inc., 155 S.W.3d
50, 54 (Mo. banc 2005). There are situations in which all three types of
       damages could be deemed appropriate by a finder of fact, but that is not
       always the case. See Davis, 143 S.W.3d at 670.

Catroppa, 267 S.W.3d at 818. The jury verdicts did not distinguish the type of damages

awarded, nor did the parties request that such a distinction be made. Thus, we accept the

damages award if there is substantial evidence in the record supporting any of the three

types of allowable damages. See Id.

       At trial, the University proved damages through the general testimony of University

personnel who spent countless hours trying to unravel the questions surrounding ownership

of the PG technology. Additionally, the University relied on the testimony of Falconer

regarding the valuation of the value of PG to the University, had there not been an issue

surrounding the ownership of the technology. The University contends that because

Suppes did not timely and properly assign his patents to the University, it lost a great deal

of profits and revenue that would have stemmed from the licensing of that technology.

"For an award of lost profits damages, a party must produce evidence that provides an

adequate basis for estimating the lost profits with reasonable certainty." Ameristar Jet

Charter, Inc., 155 S.W.3d at 54. As noted by the Supreme Court in Ameristar:

       In some cases, the evidence weighed in common experience demonstrates
       that a substantial pecuniary loss has occurred, but at the same time it is
       apparent that the loss is of a character which defies exact proof. In that
       situation, it is reasonable to require a lesser degree of certainty as to the

                                             17
       amount of loss, leaving a greater degree of discretion to the court or jury.
       This principle is applicable in the case of proof of lost profits.

Id. at 55 (quoting Ranch Hand Foods, Inc. v. Polar Pak Foods, Inc., 690 S.W.2d 437, 444-

45 (Mo. App. W.D. 1985)). The testimony of Falconer was that there are fairly developed

best practice guidelines for valuing IP technology. Falconer used these methodologies and

used the minimum production volumes estimated by the entities involved together with the

specific royalty to be paid to the University had PG gone into commercial production as

expected.

       Suppes argues that there was no evidence showing that any lost profits resulted in

or caused any damages to the University. This ignores the clear testimony of Falconer that

the University was entitled to royalties on any production of PG and provided estimates as

to those amounts.

B. Excessive Damages

       The above discussion also demonstrates that the circuit court did not err in denying

Suppes's request for remittitur.   The University adduced competent evidence that it

sustained damages of 3.7 million dollars. The jury awarded substantially less than the sum

requested but evidence was before the jury from which it could have awarded substantially

higher damages. Suppes appears to contend that because the evidence of damages was also

used to support the University's claim of tortious interference, a claim upon which it lost,

it could not also be used as evidence to support damages for breach of contract. We

disagree. As discussed supra in Suppes's third point, damage calculations may be used to

support multiple theories of recovery. See Trimble, 167 S.W.3d at 711. A plaintiff may

                                            18
not recover the same damages under multiple claims; a plaintiff may only be made whole

once. Catroppa, 267 S.W.3d at 817. But, there is no overlapping recovery here, nor has

Suppes raised any such claim of error. Other than claiming insufficient evidence of

damages, Suppes provides no bases for remittitur. Based on the evidence of substantial

damages presented by the University, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in

denying Suppes's request for remittitur.

In his Reply Brief, Suppes appears to argue for the first time that there was insufficient

evidence to support damages because "all seven (7) PG patents that issued listed

[University] as assignee." Suppes appears to argue that because he may have eventually

assigned the PG patents to the University there could be no damages for his breach of

contract. We disagree. As noted above, the University presented sufficient competent

evidence that the University suffered damages from Suppes not timely fulfilling his

contractual obligations to the University because such actions hindered the

commercialization of PG. The jury was not required to find that the University suffered

no damages simply because after breaching his contract Suppes later assigned some PG

patents.

       Point IV is denied.

                                            V.

       Suppes's fifth point on appeal alleges that the circuit court erred in overruling his

Post-Judgment Motion as to the University's breach of duty of loyalty and breach of

contract claims because the court allowed the submission of jury instructions nine and

fifteen which improperly held Suppes liable for the actions of RA.

                                            19
       Jury Instruction No. 9 read:

              Your verdict must be for plaintiff if you believe:

              First, defendant used Renewable Alternatives ("RA") to represent to
       Missouri Soybean that RA held sole title, right, and interest to the propylene
       glycol technology to the exclusion of plaintiff and to license those rights to
       Missouri Soybean; and

              Second, because of this representation and license, defendant's
       contract obligations were not performed, and

              Third, plaintiff was thereby damaged.

Jury Instruction No. 12 read:

              Your verdict must be for plaintiff if you believe:

             First, a business relationship existed between the plaintiff and
       Missouri Soybean to commercialize propylene glycol with Senergy
       Chemical Corporation ("Senergy"); and

             Second, defendant was aware of the relationship between plaintiff and
       Missouri Soybean to commercialize propylene glycol with Senergy, and

               Third, defendant interfered with the business relationship between
       plaintiff and Missouri Soybean to commercialize propylene glycol by
       refusing to sign a document needed to prevent abandonment of a patent
       application, or by talking to competitors of Senergy about proprietary
       intellectual property, and,

             Fourth, defendant did so intentionally and without justification or
       excuse, and

              Fifth, plaintiff was thereby damaged.

       Suppes alleges that in order to hold him liable for "using" RA to act, the University

was required to "pierce the corporate veil." Piercing the corporate veil is used "[w]here a

corporation [or an LLC] is used for an improper purpose and to perpetuate injustice by

which it avoids its legal obligations, equity will step in, pierce the corporate veil and grant

                                              20
appropriate relief." Hammett, 438 S.W.3d at 461. The only time that it is necessary to

pierce the corporate veil is to hold an otherwise unrelated actor liable for the actions of

another. In this case, the University brought their claim directly against Suppes for

Suppes's actions in violation of his own employment contract and in violation of his own

duty of loyalty. There was no need to pierce the corporate veil because the University is

not seeking to hold RA legally responsible for the actions of Suppes or requesting that RA

be charged with payment of any of the damages. Instead, Suppes was the responsible party,

the party contracting with and owing a duty to the University and the party against whom

the University was seeking recovery of damages. The University made a direct claim

against Suppes and is seeking to recover damages from Suppes.

       We decline to address Suppes's allegation in his argument under this point that the

University failed to present sufficient evidence of damages to support either claim because

that claim of error was not properly raised in this point relied on. Holliday Invs., Inc. v.

Hawthorn Bank, 476 S.W.3d 291, 297 n.5 (Mo. App. W.D. 2015) ("Claims of error raised

in the argument portion of a brief that are not raised in the point relied on are not preserved

for our review.") Additionally, such allegations are adequately addressed in Suppes's other

points on appeal.

       We find the allegations raised by Suppes in his Point Relied on V to be without

merit. Point Relied on V is denied.

                                              21
                                              VI.

       Suppes's sixth point on appeal alleges that the circuit court erred in denying Suppes's

Post-Judgment Motion as to the University's breach of loyalty claim because the University

failed to make a submissible case that Suppes was the alter ego of RA.

       This argument suffers from the same deficiency as Suppes's argument regarding his

fifth point on appeal. The University brought a claim directly against Suppes for his breach

of his duty of loyalty to the University. The University was not required to show that

Suppes was the alter ego of RA to make a submissible claim. Under Missouri law, alter

ego liability is a "separate and distinct cause of action" that allows a court to hold a business

entity's owners personally liable for the entity's obligations. Saidawi v. Giovanni's Little

Place, Inc., 987 S.W.2d 501, 504 (Mo. App. E.D. 1999). The University did not raise a

claim of alter ego liability; nor did the University seek to hold Suppes liable for RA's

obligations or RA liable for Suppes's obligations. The University brought a breach of

loyalty claim directly against Suppes for Suppes's own actions, and sought damages against

Suppes. Thus, the circuit court did not err in overruling Suppes's Post-Judgment Motion

for the reasons raised in Point Relied on VI. Point Relied on VI denied.

                                              VII.

       Suppes's seventh point on appeal alleges that the circuit court erred in overruling

Suppes's Post-Judgment Motion by allowing the submission of jury Instruction No. 9

because it required the jury to "determine that [Suppes] breached a contractual obligation

to [the University] based on an agreement between two legal entities who were not or were

no longer parties to the lawsuit and there was a complete lack of probative evidence that

                                               22
these parties had any contractual obligation to [the University] that could have been

breached by [Suppes]."

       As noted above in Point Relied on V, the language of the instruction only refers to

the actions of Suppes violating his duty to the University. It asks the jury to determine

whether Suppes used RA to exclude the University from exercising its interests in PG. It

is immaterial that RA was not a party to the suit. So too is it irrelevant as to whether RA

or Missouri Soybean had a contractual obligation to the University. The jury instruction

directly addresses whether Suppes breached his contractual obligations to the University

and whether the University thereby suffered damages.

       To the extent that Suppes seeks to argue that there was insufficient evidence to show

that Suppes breached his contractual duties to the University, this claim is without merit.

The University presented evidence that Suppes was employed by the University and, as a

condition of his employment, had agreed to notify the University as to all his inventions

and assign them upon request. The University presented evidence that Suppes instead

assigned the PG technology to RA in breach of Suppes's contractual obligations to the

University. As stated in Instruction No. 9, Suppes used RA to represent to Missouri

Soybean that RA held the sole interests to the PG technology which was a breach of

Suppes's contract with the University.

       "The trial court has discretion when determining whether jury instructions are

confusing or misleading." Portis v. Greenhaw, 38 S.W.3d 436, 445 (Mo. App. W.D. 2001).

The trial court's ruling on such an objection will not be disturbed absent a showing that the

court abused its discretion. Id. We find that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion

                                             23
in finding that Instruction No. 9 was clear and was supported by sufficient evidence of the

claims presented to the jury.

       We find Suppes's alleged challenges to the jury instruction misread its plain terms

and thus such challenges are without merit.

       Suppes's seventh point on appeal is denied.

                                            VIII.

       Suppes's eighth point again challenges jury Instruction No. 9 and Instruction No.

15. Suppes alleges that the circuit court erred in overruling his Post-Judgment Motion

because "it sought to impose tort liability based on a contractual obligation, which was

misleading and confusing to the jury in that both Instructions No. 9 and 15 were predicated

on the license agreement between RA and Missouri Soybean, neither a party to the lawsuit,

which permitted the jury to make double awards for the same damages."

       It appears that Suppes seeks to raise three distinct issues in this point on appeal.

First, Suppes alleges that the claims should not have been submitted to the jury because

RA and Missouri Soybean were not parties to the suit. This issue was addressed fully in

the proceeding points not to be repeated here and is without merit.

       Second, the Point Relied On argues that the court erred in its instructions to the jury

because Instruction No. 9 and Instruction No. 15 were confusing. This issue was fully

addressed above as to Instruction No. 9. The same discussion is applicable to Instruction

No. 15. Suppes fundamentally misunderstands Instruction No. 15. Instruction No. 15

holds Suppes liable for breaching his duty of loyalty to the University. It does not, as

Suppes seems to suggest, hold RA or Missouri Soybean liable. Nor does it otherwise

                                              24
matter that RA and Missouri Soybean were not parties to the cause of action. The trial

court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Instruction No. 15 was not confusing or

misleading to the jury. Portis, 38 S.W.3d at 446.

       Finally, Point Relied on VIII alleges that Instruction No. 9 and Instruction No. 15

allowed for the duplication of damages because they present inconsistent theories of

recovery. As the University accurately points out, this issue was not preserved for appeal

as this objection was never raised before the trial court. However, even if it were preserved,

the circuit court did not err in its instructions because no inconsistent theories of recovery

were permitted. Instruction No. 9 instructs regarding Suppes's breach of his contract with

the University; Instruction No. 15 instructs regarding to Suppes's breach of his duty of

loyalty to the University. A single transaction may give rise to two separate wrongs such

that there are "distinct claims that may be pursued to satisfaction consecutively." Trimble,
167 S.W.3d at 711.

       Suppes appears to argue that his breach of his duty of loyalty was not a separate

wrong from his breach of contract. In Missouri, an employee owes a duty of loyalty to his

employer that "[h]e must not, while employed, act contrary to the employer's interests and,

in general terms, owes a duty of loyalty as one of the incidents of the employer-employee

relationship." Nat'l Rejectors, Inc. v. Trieman, 409 S.W.2d 1, 41 (Mo. banc 1966);

Scanwell Freight Express STL, Inc. v. Chan, 162 S.W.3d 477, 479 (Mo. banc 2005). This

duty is separate and distinct from the employment contract that Suppes had with the

University. Under Instruction No. 9, the jury was asked to decide whether Suppes had

violated the terms of his employment contract, which required the assignment of all

                                             25
inventions, by using RA to misrepresent to Missouri Soybean that RA and not the

University owned the rights to PG. This was a breach of his employment contract.

Separate and distinct, Instruction No. 15 asked the jury to consider whether Suppes had

breached the general duty of loyalty that an employee owes to an employer by acting in

direct competition with the University to attempt to profit from and produce PG to the

detriment of the University. They were two separate wrongs performed by Suppes and the

circuit court did not err in allowing the University to recover damages for each wrong. As

Suppes himself notes: "[t]heories are inconsistent and require an election only if, in all

circumstances, one theory factually disproves the other." Trimble, 167 S.W.3d at 711.

Instruction No. 9 and Instruction No. 15 do not disprove each other.

       Suppes's eighth point on appeal is denied.

                                             IX.

       Suppes's ninth and final point on appeal alleges that the circuit court erred in

denying Suppes's Post-Judgment Motion because the Judgment included redundant

judgments. This issue was not preserved for appeal so it can only be reviewed for plain

error. "We only will review a claim for plain error if it 'facially establishes substantial

grounds for believing that a 'manifest injustice or a miscarriage of justice' would result if

left uncorrected.'" Coats v. Hickman, 11 S.W.3d 798, 805 (Mo. App. W.D. 1999) (quoting

Brown v. Mercantile Bank, 820 S.W.2d 327, 335 (Mo. App. S.D. 1991)). "As a practical

matter, we rarely resort to plain error review in civil cases." Id.

       Although it is not clear from his Opening Brief, in his Reply Brief, Suppes identifies

that his claim regarding redundant damages stems from jury Instruction No. 7 and

                                              26
Instruction No. 8. These instructions both apply to the same breach of contract claim. The

jury was allowed to consider multiple ways in which Suppes violated his contract with the

University in determining damages. Jury Instruction No. 10 directed the jury to: "award

[the University] such sum as you believe will fairly and justly compensate [the University]

for any damages you believe [the University] sustained as a direct result of the conduct of

defendant as summited Instructions Numbers 7, 8, or 9." To the extent that Suppes is

relying on a "single source of damages" argument as to the claim for breach of contract it

is immaterial because the jury was instructed to determine one amount of damages for the

entire breach of contract claim. The Reply Brief goes on to clarify that the argument is that

there is a "complete absence of evidence justifying the jury award of $300,000" in damages

which was fully addressed in the points relied on above.

       Suppes's ninth point on appeal is without merit and is denied.

                                           Conclusion

       For the reasons stated above, we affirm the Judgment.

                                          __________________________________
                                          Gary D. Witt, Judge

All concur

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