Court Opinion

ID: 8504922
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-23 01:26:09.917414+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:50:50.685316
License: Public Domain

Woods, J.
The material facts are these. The defendant was indebted to William Dow upon a promissory note, and'Dow was indebted to the plaintiff, who had brought an action to recover his debt and summoned in the defendant as trustee. In that state of affairs Dow requested the defendant to pay the debt and costs to the plaintiff out of the money that was due upon the note. This the defendant promised Dow that he would do; and thereupon paid the balance of the note over to Dow, who surrendered the secui'ity.
In shoi't, Dow having money in the hands of the defendant dx’ew it out, except a sum equal to what was due to the plaintiff, and requested the defendant to pay that sum to the plaintiff, which the defendant promised to do. The plaintiff aftex-ward requested the defendant to pay him the money thus appropriated to his xxse by Dow, and the defendant refused to do so. Caxx the plaintiff upon this evidence treat the money so left by Dow with the defendant as money had and received by the defendant for the plaintiff’s use, and recover the amount in an action for money had and received? Did the px’omise of the defendant, made to Dow for a valuable consideration, for the plaintiff’s benefit and afterward agreed to by him, furnish a sufficient foundation for the action which he has .commenced to enforce it?
As a general proposition, it may be assumed that if one *583makes a promise to another for the benefit of a third, that third person may maintain an action upon it. Puller, J., in Marchington v. Vernon, 1 Bos. & Pul. 101, note.
A leading case on this point is that of Dutton v. Poole, 1 Kent 318, 332. It was a promise to the father by a person in remainder, that if he would leave so much wood standing, and forego his purpose of felling it for the object of raising a portion for his daughter, he would pay the daughter the ¿61000. The daughter after the decease of the father brought her action upon the promise, and it was held that she might recover.
Another case is Ward v. Evans, 2 Lord Raymond 928, of which the features somewhat resemble those of the case before us. Fellows holding a note against Evans, and owing Ward a smaller sum, directed Evans to pay the amount due to Ward, and to indorse the same amount upon the note. The sum was accordingly indorsed, and Evans gave Ward’s servant a bill for the sum he had been directed to pay. The bill was declined by Ward, who brought his action against Evans for money had and received, and recovered. Holt, C. J., said, “ As for the nature of the action, I am of the opinion that an indebitatus assumpsit for moneys received to the plaintiff’s use, lies properly in this case, and that this evidence is sufficient to maintain the plaintiff’s declaration. For whether the ¿660 was indorsed on Fellows’ bill, as so much paid by Sir Stephen Evans to Fellows, Fellows directing that sum to be paid to the plaintiff) and the defendant having the money in his hands, it amounts to the receipt of so much by the defendant for the plaintiff’s use.” And Powell, J., still more succinctly said, “Fellows’ cash remaining in the defendant’s hands (when by the indorsement the defendant is discharged of so much of Fellows’ noto as against him); that money being to be paid by his direction to the plaintiff, is a receipt by the defendant to the plaintiff’s use.”
*584The principle of these ancient cases is fully recognized, and has been often applied in those of a more modern date. In Tatlock v. Harris, 3 T. R. 174, the plaintiffs in assumpsit for money had and received, were holders of a bill drawn by the defendant upon a fictitious house, whose name was inserted as indorsers also. No action could be maintained upon the bill, but the court held in conformity with the principle of Ward v. Evans, which they cited, that the drawing of the bill was an appropriation of so much money to be paid to the person who might afterward become the holder of the security.
In De Bernalis v. Fuller & a., 2 Camp. N. P. 426, the plaintiff was holder of a bill payable at the defendants’ banking house, and left there for payment, and the clerk of the acceptors paid in the money there for the purpose of taking it up. But the defendants sought to retain the sum to discharge a claim they held against the acceptors. It was held that the money so paid in for the specific pui’pose of discharging the bill held by the plaintiff, was money received by the defendants to the plaintiff’s use, and that this action, which was for money had and received, would lie for its recovery.
The principle was admitted in Williams v. Everett, 14 E. 582; but that case was held not to lie within it, for the ■reason that the privity which should have rendered the defendant liable to the action, did not exist, in the peculiar circumstances of the case. The defendant had received bills from one Kelley to be collected and paid to sundry creditors of whom the plaintiff' was one, but had always declined to act as requested; and it was held that the evidence was such as to repel the inference of consent on his part, that would have laid sufficient ground for the plaintiff’s action.
In Martyn v. Hinde, the plaintiff maintained special assumpsit for a curate’s stipend, upon a writing executed by the defendant to the bishop, and to which the plaintiff *585was no party. Cooper’s Rep. 487. And in Pigott v. Thompson, 3 Bos. & Pul. 149, Lord Alvanley, C. J., expressed the opinion, that if A let land to B in consideration of which the latter agrees to pay the rent to 0, his executors, and administrators, C may recover it.
Garrett v. Handley, 4 Barnw. & Cressw. 664, decides that a written guarantee given to a member of a firm for the benefit of all the partners, will support an action in the name of all.
In Schemerhorn v. Vanderhayden, 1 Johns. 139, it was held, that where one makes a promise to another for the benefit of a third person, that third person may maintain an action upon it. The court referred to the cases of Dutton v. Poole and Pigott v. Thompson, and the cases cited in the note to the latter.
In Curtis v. Norris & Trustee, 8 Pick. 280. Norris having merchandise in the hands of Haven, directed him, when the same should be sold, to apply the proceeds to pay a bill to Swett & Co. This Haven agreed to do, and it was held, that he could not afterward be charged as the trustee of Norris at the suit of another creditor. The court say, “ Haven having given the notice, and having expressly engaged to pay the bill from the funds thus appropriated, the assent of Swett & Co. must be presumed; for it was for their benefit, and they did not dissent,” &c. “Haven was liable to an action upon the promise,” &c.
In Owings v. Owings, 1 Harris & Grill 484, it was held, that if one pays money to another for the use of a third person, and the receiver undertake to pay it accordingly, the third person may have an action to recover it.
The same general doctrine is contained in Pattee v. Yale College, 8 Conn. 60; and in this State in Heaton v. Angier, 7 N. H. 397.
The facts before us present a case of money had and received by the defendant to the use of the plaintiff. And provided the plaintiff is so far a party to the arrangement *586as to be entitled to receive tbe money, he may upon tbe general principle of tbe cases cited, maintain tbis action. But if before commencing tbe suit, be was no party to tbe arrangement, either by an original participation in it or by a subsequent assent to it and adoption of its provisions, be does not stand in sucb privity witb tbe defendant as to be entitled to maintain tbe action.
And it is well settled, that unless tbe demand of tbe plaintiff against Dow is to be considered as cancelled and discharged by tbe arrangement, bis assent to it is not so perfect and unqualified as to entitle him to tbe benefit which it was intended to provide for him. But tbe money having been deposited witb tbe defendant for the purpose of paying the debt which Dow owed to tbe plaintiff', tbe assent of tbe plaintiff to that arrangement, and bis acceptance of that provision made for the payment of his demand, whether sucb assent and acceptance were contemporaneous witb tbe acts of tbe other parties, as in Heaton v. Angier, or subsequent, as in the case from Lord Raymond, must operate to discharge tbe debt for which it was designed to provide, unless there should be cause for holding that tbe provision was merely collateral. Sucb cause does not exist perhaps in tbe present case, for tbe money appears to have been left for tbe express purpose of discharging tbe debt, and tbe plaintiff does not claim it for any other purpose, nor is be while pursuing tbis action for its recovery, prosecuting any collateral measures against tbe oi’iginal debtor, William Dow.
And we are all of tbe opinion, that in sucb case of deposit by a debtor witb a third party for tbe payment of bis debt, and tbe promise of him witb whom the money is deposited to pay tbe same to tbe. creditor, together with tbe assent of tbe creditor to tbe arrangement, and bis acceptance of tbe provision which is made by it for securing tbe payment, bis claim must be deemed and taken *587to be discharged and paid, and a new debt and a new debtor adopted in the place of the old.
The remaining and important question is, whether the evidence furnished by the case proves such assent of the plaintiff to the arrangement between Dow and the defendant, so that a privity between the parties to this suit became established, and a foundation for the action laid? Whether in short,'the money deposited with the defendant for the plaintiff, ever in fact became equitably his, before the commencement of the action. For it is held that some thing more than the commencement of a suit is necessary to indicate the assent of the plaintiff, and some thing anterior to that measure is needful to establish the privity on which the suit is founded. This was expressly decided in Butterfield v. Hartshorn, 7 N. H. 345, a case which can not be distinguished from the present in any important particular, except that it did not present the evidence of such assent.
. It was there held that without such a demand, the action could not bo maintained, and a suggestion was made that a mere demand of payment and a refusal by the holder of the money deposited, could hardly amount to a payment and discharge of the antecedent debt. This suggestion appears to be a perfectly reasonable one; but a demand and refusal followed by a suit or any other equally » plain demonstration of a purpose to adopt and to insist upon the new provision, is such evidence of air election of it in preference to the original debt, as to conclude the party, and to bar Mm from the pursuit of a collateral remedy against the terms and the intentions of the parties who have furnished the new.
A direct and explicit assent in terms, to accept the provision as payment, would clearly upon the authority of Heaton v. Angler discharge the antecedent debt. Whether the assent be contemporaneous or not, seems immaterial. If the assent appear, not by the clear and unambiguous *588language of the party creditor, but by his unambiguous act, it is equally availing as an election between two remedies of which he is entitled to only one. The bringing of an action following a demand, is an act that may well be regarded as an election of remedies, and should be attended by the proper consequences of an election, in excluding the party from the. alternate and collateral remedy.
These facts are presented by the casó, and there is evidence upon which the jury might well have found for the plaintiff. There must therefore be

Judgment on the verdict.