Court Opinion

ID: 3922656
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-06 09:49:28.605753+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:52:24.403399
License: Public Domain

* Writ of error granted October 26, 1927. *Page 641 
The trial court found (in effect) that Henry Teague was insolvent at the time he executed the instrument (set out above) purporting to be a transfer to his wife of an interest in the Judgment he obtained against appellee Davis. That being true, by force of article 3967, Vernon's Sayles' Ann.Civ.St. 1914, the transfer was void as to appellant if it was not upon consideration deemed valuable in law; and by force of article 3966 of said statutes it was void if it was upon such a consideration, if made by Teague with intent to delay, hinder, or defraud his creditors and his wife had or was chargeable with notice of such intent on his part.
Appellant insists it conclusively appeared from the evidence that the transfer was without a consideration, or, if it was not, that it conclusively appeared that it was made by Teague with a fraudulent intent of which his wife had notice. Hence, appellant says, the findings of the trial court to the contrary were not warranted.
The consideration recited in the instrument was $1,000 paid by Teague's wife, and a vendor's lien note for $2,800 belonging to her. It is plain enough, we think, the note cannot be treated as a consideration for the transfer, for it was passed to Teague for use in buying a lot adjoining the homestead, was so used, and the title to the lot bought was conveyed to the wife in her own separate right and became a part of her separate estate. So far as the note was concerned Teague never became the owner of it, but merely held it, and used it for his wife in accordance with her instructions.
It is also plain, we think, that the $1,000 was not a sufficient consideration for the transfer. The sum was part of the proceeds of a judgment in the wife's favor against a railroad company for damages for injury to her person. By the terms of article 4621a, Vernon's Ann.Civ.St. Supp. 1918, "property or moneys received as compensation for personal injuries sustained by the wife," except the part thereof necessary to pay expenses incurred because of such injuries, was declared to be her separate property. While the statute was treated as valid in Railway Co. v. Ulmer (Tex.Com.App.) 286 S.W. 193, we feel bound by the ruling of the Supreme Court in Arnold v. Leonard, 114 Tex. 535, 273 S.W. 799, and cases following it (Gohlman v. Whittle, 114 Tex. 548, 273 S.W. 808; Kerr v. Bank [Tex. Civ. App.] 283 S.W. 601), to hold it was invalid because in violation of section 15 of article 16 of the Constitution specifying what constitutes the separate property of a wife.
It follows we are of opinion it appeared the proceeds of the judgment in favor of the wife belonged to the community estate between her and her husband at the time of the transfer in question, unless it can be said there was evidence warranting a finding that at a time when he was solvent and could do so Teague had given same to his wife. Appellant insists there was no such evidence, and we agree there was not, and that if the finding of the court that Teague and his wife regarded and treated such proceeds as the wife's separate property and that same were deposited in a bank in her name should he construed as a finding that Teague gave such proceeds to his wife at a time when he was solvent, it was not warranted by evidence. Appellees insist that the evidence showing the suit for damages for the injury the wife suffered was, with the consent of her husband, brought in her name, and that the judgment rendered was in her favor alone, warranted the finding that the husband then gave the wife such proceeds or the claim therefor. We do not think so. The wife did not testify, but Teague, referring to the $1,000, testified:
"I did not give her (his wife) that money, but it was a part of the judgment. I didn't have any money to give anybody."
We think it is clear from all the evidence pertinent to the question in the statement of facts that Teague and his wife "regarded and treated" the proceeds of the judgment in her favor as her separate property, as found by the court, because they erroneously supposed the effect of article 4621a of the statutes referred to above was to make same her separate property.
Appellees insist that if the interest in the judgment in Teague's favor against appellee Davis remained the property of the community estate between Teague and his wife after as it was before the former undertook to transfer it to the latter, the action of the trial court in denying appellant a *Page 644 
recovery of anything against appellee Davis was nevertheless warranted because of the failure of appellant to prove that the judgment in the wife's favor was not to compensate her for loss (as a result of the injury to her person) of capacity she possessed to earn money. In support of this contention appellees refer to article 4622, Vernon's Sayles' Ann.Civ.St. 1914, which provides that the personal earnings of a wife, though community property, should be under her "control, management and disposition," and to the provision in article 4621, Vernon's Ann.Civ.St. Supp. 1918, that such earnings should not "be subject to the payment of debts contracted by the husband." The argument is that in the absence of evidence showing to the contrary it should be assumed that the judgment in the wife's favor was to compensate her for lost earning capacity; that therefore it should have been assumed the proceeds of that judgment were not subject to Teague's indebtedness to appellant; and that, because same were not, the interest in the judgment in his favor which Teague transferred to his wife in consideration of the $1,000 was not subject to said indebtedness to appellant.
We think the contention is without merit. If it should be conceded, and it is not, that the burden was on appellant to show that the amount awarded the wife by the judgment in her favor was not compensation for lost capacity on her part to earn money, and that, appellant having failed to discharge the burden, the trial court had a right to assume that the recovery by the wife was for such lost capacity and to say the proceeds of the judgment therefore were not subject to the indebtedness of Teague to appellant, it would not follow that the judgment in Teague's favor against appellee Davis was not subject to the writ of garnishment. Appellant and other creditors of Teague may not have been entitled to subject the proceeds of the judgment in the wife's favor to claims they held against Teague, because such proceeds represented compensation to her for lost capacity to earn money, but the fact that they were not would not be a reason why such creditors should not have been allowed to subject the judgment in Teague's favor to their claims. The exemption provided for by the statute was of the earnings of the wife, not of property she might acquire by purchase with or in exchange for such earnings.
If, however, we did not think it conclusively appeared that the transfer in question was void as to appellant because without a consideration and made at a time when Teague was insolvent, we would feel bound to hold it void as to appellant on the other ground urged by him, to wit, that it appeared from the testimony as a matter of law that the transfer was made with the intent on the part of Teague to delay, hinder, or defraud his creditors, including appellant, and further so appeared that the wife was chargeable with notice of such intent on Teague's part, and to hold, further, that the finding of the trial court to the contrary was unwarranted. We cannot better state the record and the reason for the conclusion reached by us with reference to this phase of the case than by quoting from appellant's brief as follows:
"In viewing the circumstances surrounding the making of the assignment of his judgment by Henry Teague to Elsie M. Teague the first striking fact is that that assignment was made by an insolvent husband to his wife. The next striking fact is that it was made while the husband was being pressed to pay an indebtedness to appellant, and only a few days after the attorneys for appellant and said Henry Teague had reached a point where further negotiations for the settlement of his indebtedness to appellant were considered useless, and it had been decided to resort to court action. The next striking fact is that there was no necessity for the assignment at the time it was made. The debt which was to be paid with a part of the proceeds of the assignment was not due on January 26, 1923, the date of the assignment, and would not become due until the 10th day of March, 1923, and the $1,000 mentioned in the assignment was not paid until March 5th of that year. The next striking fact is that there never was a necessity to put in Henry Teague the title to the $2,800 note mentioned by the assignment. That note was used to purchase separate property of Elsie M. Teague. These facts clearly evidence a fraudulent intent on the part of Henry Teague, and if his wife had notice of his intent she acquired no title by the assignment.
"Now, notice of fraud is often as difficult of proof as fraud itself. But the circumstances surrounding the transaction of which notice is sought to be proved may be looked to for the purpose of establishing notice. And what do we find? We find an insolvent husband making an assignment to his wife. That she knew of his insolvency is evident from the following facts: That he had been out of work for several months. That he had no property from which to derive an income. That she knew of the debt to appellant is evident from the fact that she had executed a deed of trust to secure it. She knew that debt was past due. She must have known he was being pressed for the payment of appellant's debt because that debt was the one secured by her deed of trust which had not been released. She could hardly be supposed to be ignorant of such facts. Moreover, she did not relinquish her control of the alleged consideration for the assignment, but made her husband agree in writing to pay the $1,000 on their joint note against their community homestead and to use her $2,800 note in the purchase of a lot adjoining their home. And when this lot was purchased, less than 30 days after the assignment, she took title thereto as her separate property. Besides all this, there was no more necessity for her to transfer the $1,000 and her $2,800 note to her husband for the purpose of having them applied in accordance with the terms of the assignment than there was for the husband to *Page 645 
make the assignment. She could have paid the $1,000 to the Houston Land Trust Company (holder of the note against the homestead) herself without the assignment. If her husband did not have the means to pay their joint note against their homestead, it was certainly to her interest, perhaps her duty, to pay it. She may not have been personally liable on such a note, but her community homestead was liable. She could, with the joint signature of her husband, have traded her $2,800 note for the adjoining lot and acquired the title thereto without any necessity to transfer such note to her husband.
"Viewing these facts in the aggregate, considering the insolvency of the husband, her knowledge of his indebtedness to appellant, his evident fraudulent intent, the lack of necessity for the assignment, the provisions of the contract respecting the disposition of the stated consideration, the payment of the $1,000 on the joint note of herself and husband secured by a lien on their community homestead, the taking of the adjoining lot as her separate property, it is hard to see how she could be held to have acted in good faith in the transaction. An inference of notice must necessarily be drawn from such a state of facts. This being true it devolved on Elsie M. Teague to rebut this inference. What evidence was offered in rebuttal? Absolutely none. She did not even take the stand. No attempt was made by either Henry Teague or Elsie M. Teague to explain away the inference of fraudulent intent on the part of the assignor or to dissipate the imputation of notice to the assignee."
It appeared that the writ of garnishment served on appellee Davis February 9, 1923, required him to answer at a term of a Harris county district court which began March 5, 1923, and that he did not answer the writ until April 17, 1924. It further appeared that the cause of action on which the judgment was based was for unliquidated and uncertain damages claimed by Teague, and that the judgment did not become final until December 2, 1923. In support of the judgment in the instant case appellees insist it appeared that appellee Davis was not indebted to Teague until said December 12, 1923, when the Judgment against him became final, and that said appellee Davis could not, "by delaying his answer until after the appeal is disposed of, subject the judgment to the lien of the garnishment the return day of which had expired long before the appeal is disposed of."
The contention is not tenable. It is based on the holding in Medley v. American Radiator Co., 27 Tex. Civ. App. 384, 66 S.W. 86, that a writ of garnishment "attaches to only such liability as had accrued at the date of service or accrues between the service of the writ and the date named for the answer." At the time the Medley Case was decided (in 1901) there was no provision in the statute as there was when the judgment in the instant case was rendered (article 282, Vernon's Ann.Civ.St. Supp. 1922), that the answer of a garnishee "may be filed as in any other civil case at any time before such default judgment is rendered." The statute in force at the time appellee Davis answered the writ served on him required him to state what, if anything, he was indebted to Teague at the time he answered the writ, as well as at the time the writ was served on him (article 276, Vernon's Sayles' Ann.Civ.St. 1914), and required the court to render judgment for the plaintiff in the writ if it appeared from the answer of the garnishee that at the time he made the answer or at the time the writ was served on him he was indebted to the defendant.
We think the judgment should have been in appellant's favor. It will be reversed so far as it was against him and in favor of appellee Elsie M. Teague; and it appearing in the record that at the date of the judgment, to wit, December 18, 1925, the indebtedness of Henry Teague to appellant amounted to the sum of $1,668.74, and that at that date one-half of the amount of said indebtedness of said Davis to said Teague was $1,111.10, and it further appearing that said Elsie M. Teague, claiming to own one-half of said indebtedness of said Davis to Henry Teague, together with Woods, King  John, who owned the other one-half thereof, on June 18, 1924, with the American Indemnity Company as their surety, executed a replevy bond in the sum of $3,000 in appellant's favor, said judgment will be so reformed as to adjudge a recovery in favor of appellant against said Elsie M. Teague and said American Indemnity Company, surety on said bond (Mercantile Co. v. Nabors [Tex. Civ. App.] 221 S.W. 991, 994; Seinsheimer v. Flanagan, 17 Tex. Civ. App. 427, 44 S.W. 30; Tinsley v. Ardrey, 26 Tex. Civ. App. 561, 64 S.W. 803; Creamery Co. v. Supply Co. [Tex. Civ. App.] 116 S.W. 154), in said sum of $1,111.10 and interest thereon from said December 18, 1925. The cost of the intervention of Elsie M. Teague in the court below and the sum of $25 in favor of the attorneys of appellee Davis for preparing his answer to the writ of garnishment, together with the costs of the appeal, will be adjudged against said Elsie M. Teague and said American Indemnity Company, surety as aforesaid. The judgment will not be disturbed in other respects than those specified. *Page 646