Court Opinion

ID: 4065248
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-29 21:54:51.368146+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:27:29.796193
License: Public Domain

ACCEPTED
                                                                                            03-14-00197-CV
                                                                                                    5199863
                                                                                 THIRD COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                            AUSTIN, TEXAS
                                                                                        5/7/2015 4:25:28 PM
                             No. 03-14-00197-CV                                           JEFFREY D. KYLE
                                                                                                     CLERK
         __________________________________________________________________

                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
              THIRD JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN  RECEIVED IN
                                                     3rd COURT OF APPEALS
         __________________________________________________________________
                                                                      AUSTIN, TEXAS
                                                                  5/7/2015 4:25:28 PM
              GRAPHIC PACKAGING CORPORATION,
                                            JEFFREY D. KYLE
                          Appellant              Clerk
                             v.
GLENN HEGAR, COMPTROLLER OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS OF TEXAS,
     AND KEN PAXTON, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TEXAS,
                           Appellees
        ______________________________________________
          On Appeal from the 353rd Judicial District Court,
                       Travis County, Texas
              Honorable Darlene Byrne, Presiding Judge
         ______________________________________________

           BRIEF OF COUNCIL ON STATE TAXATION
      AS AMICUS CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF APPELLANT
         ______________________________________________
 David E. Cowling                               Karl Frieden
 State Bar No. 04932600                         kfrieden@cost.org
 decowling@jonesday.com                         Frederick J. Nicely
 Kirk R. Lyda                                   fnicely@cost.org
 State Bar No. 24013072                         COUNCIL ON STATE TAXATION
 klyda@jonesday.com                             122 C Street, NW, Suite 330
 JONES DAY                                      Washington DC 20001-2109
 2727 North Harwood Street                      (202) 484-5220
 Dallas, Texas 75201-1515                       Fax: (202) 484-5229
 (214) 220-3939
 Fax: (214) 969-5100                            COUNSEL FOR AMICUS CURIAE
 Gregory A. Castanias
 gcastanias@jonesday.com
 JONES DAY
 51 Louisiana Avenue, N.W.
 Washington, D.C. 20001-2113
 (202) 879-3939
 Fax: (202) 626-1700
           ADOPTION OF PORTIONS OF APPELLANT’S BRIEF
      Pursuant to Rule 9.7 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, Amicus

Curiae adopts and incorporates by reference the identity of parties and counsel, the

statement of the case, and the statement of facts set forth in Appellant’s Brief.
                                        TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                                                                   Page
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ................................................................................... ii
STATEMENT OF INTEREST OF AMICUS CURIAE ..........................................1
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................3
ISSUES PRESENTED..............................................................................................5
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT .......................................................................7
ARGUMENT ............................................................................................................9
I.       THE COMPACT APPLIES TO THE FRANCHISE TAX............................9
         A.       The Compact defines “income tax” broadly ......................................10
         B.       The two apportionment provisions in the Texas statute can be
                  reconciled ...........................................................................................15
II.      THE COMPACT IS BINDING AND SUPERSEDES
         CONFLICTING STATE LAWS .................................................................18
         A.       Compacts are binding interstate agreements ......................................18
         B.       The Compact was considered binding when enacted ........................20
         C.       A binding compact was needed to forestall congressional
                  intervention .........................................................................................24
         D.       The election is the Compact’s uniformity glue ..................................29
CONCLUSION AND PRAYER ............................................................................31
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE ......................................................................34
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ...............................................................................35

                                                            i
                                    TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

                                                                                                            Page
CASES

Alcorn v. Wolfe, 827 F. Supp. 47 (D.D.C. 1993) .....................................................19

C.T. Hellmuth & Assocs., Inc. v. Washington Metro. Area Transit
   Auth., 414 F. Supp. 408 (D. Md. 1976) .........................................................19,20

City of San Antonio v. City of Boerne,
   111 S.W.3d 22 (Tex. 2003).................................................................................22

Conley v. Daughters of the Republic,
  156 S.W. 197 (1913) ......................................................................................15,16

Doe v. Ward,
  124 F. Supp. 2d 900 (W.D. Pa. 2000)............................................................18,19

Gillette Co. v. Franchise Tax Bd.,
   147 Cal. Rptr. 3d 603 (Cal. Ct. App. 2012), review granted, 291
P.3d 327 (Cal. 2013) ...............................................................................2,4,21,24

Health Net, Inc. v. Oregon Dep’t of Revenue,
  No. TC 5127 (Oregon Tax Court Argued July 14, 2014)..................................... 2

Hoechst Celanese Corp. v. Franchise Tax Bd.,
  22 P.3d 324 (2001)..............................................................................................21

International Bus. Mach. Corp. (IBM) v. Dep't of Treasury,
   852 N.W.2d 865 (Mich. 2014)......................................................2,8,10,13,17,18

Lorenzo Textile Mills, Inc. v. Bullock,
   566 S.W.2d 107 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1978, no writ) .................................15

McComb v. Wambaugh,
  934 F.2d 474 (Pa. 1991).................................................................................19,20

                                                         ii
Miller v. Calvert,
   418 S.W.2d 869 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1967, no writ) .................................15

Northwestern States Portland Cement Co. v. Minnesota,
  358 U.S. 450 (1959) ....................................................................................3,26,27

Robbins v. Shelby Cnty. Taxing Dist.,
  120 U.S. 489 (1887) ............................................................................................25

Tex. State Bd. of Chiropractic Exam’rs v. Abbott,
   391 S.W.3d 343 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, no pet.) ..........................................16

Texas v. New Mexico,
   482 U.S. 124 (1987) ............................................................................................18

U.S. Steel v. Multistate Tax Commission,
   434 U.S. 452 (1978) ....................................................................................2,20,23

Virginia v. Tennessee,
   148 U.S. 503 (1983) ............................................................................................20

Western Live Stock v. Bureau of Revenue,
  303 U.S. 250 (1938) ............................................................................................25

Wintermann v. McDonald,
  102 S.W.2d 167 (Tex. 1937) ..............................................................................15

STATUTES

15 U.S.C. §§ 381 et seq............................................................................................27

26 U.S.C. § 265 ........................................................................................................12

60 D.C. Reg. 12583-84 (Sept. 6, 2013) ...................................................................23

64th Leg., Gen. Sess. (N.D. 2015) ...........................................................................23

1974 Cal. Stat. 208 ...................................................................................................22

2013 Utah Laws 462 ................................................................................................23

                                                           iii
Act of May 17, 1967, 60th Leg., R.S., ch. 566, §1, 1967 Tex. Gen.
  Laws § 1254 ..........................................................................................................3

Act of May 2, 2006, 79th Leg., 3d. C.S., ch. 1, §§ 2-7, 2006 Tex. Gen.
  Laws 1 ...................................................................................................................9

Act of May 2, 2006, 79th Leg., 3d. C.S., ch. 1, § 5, 2006 Tex. Gen.
  Laws 28 .................................................................................................................9

Act of Sept. 14, 1959, Pub. L. No. 86-272, §103, 73 Stat. 555 ..........................14,27

Assemb. No. 438, 61st Sess., 1981 Nev. Stat. 350 ..................................................23

H.B. 1018, 67th Leg., 1st Reg. Sess. (W. Va. 1985) ...............................................23

H.F. No. 677, 88th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Minn. 2013) ..................................................23

H.P. 1024-L.D. 1462, 122nd Leg., 1st Spec. Sess. (Me. 2005) ...............................23

H.R. 11798, 89th Cong., 1st Sess. (1965) ................................................................28

L.B. No. 344, 89th Leg., 1st Sess. (Neb. 1985) .......................................................23

Mich. Comp. Laws §§ 208.1101 et seq. ..................................................................13

Public Law No. 86-272 .......................................................................................14,27

S.B. No. 1015, 2012 Leg. Reg. Sess. (Ca. 2012) .....................................................23

S.B. No. 156, 97th Leg. Reg. Sess. (Mich. 2014)....................................................23

S.B. No. 239, 2013 Leg. Assemb., 88th Sess. (S.D. 2013) .....................................23

Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.026(a) .................................................................................16

Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.026(b) .................................................................................16

Tex. Tax Code § 141.001 ...........................................................................................4

Tex. Tax Code § 141.001, art. II(4) .................................................................7,10,11

                                                             iv
Tex. Tax Code § 141.001, art. III(1) .....................................................................5,10

Tex. Tax Code § 141.001, art. X(1) ....................................................................21,28

Tex. Tax Code § 141.001, art. X(2) ...............................................................17,21,23

Tex. Tax Code § 171.006 .........................................................................................16

Tex. Tax Code § 171.101 ......................................................................................7,12

Tex. Tax Code § 171.101(a) ....................................................................................11

Tex. Tax Code § 171.106 ....................................................................................17,18

Tex. Tax Code § 171.106(a) .................................................................................5,30

Tex. Tax Code § 171.112(g) ............................................................................9,13,16

Tex. Tax Code § 171.1011 ....................................................................................7,11

Tex. Tax Code § 171.1011(c)(2)(B) .....................................................................7,12

Tex. Tax Code § 171.1012 ....................................................................................7,11

Tex. Tax Code § 171.1013 ....................................................................................7,11

Tex. Tax Code § 171.1016(a) ..................................................................................12

Tex. Tax Code § 171.1016(c) ..................................................................................12

RULES

Tex. R. App. P. 9.4...................................................................................................34

Tex. R. App. P. 9.7......................................................................................................i

Tex. R. App. P. 11(c) .................................................................................................1

OTHER AUTHORITIES
1A Norman J. Singer & J.D. Shambie Singer, Sutherland, Statutes and
  Statutory Construction § 32:5 (7th ed.) ..............................................................18

                                                            v
Council On State Taxation, COST Amicus Briefs ..................................................... 2

Council of State Governments, The Multistate Tax Compact,
  Summary and Analysis (Jan. 20, 1967).......................................................3,21,31

Frank M. Keesling & John S. Warren, California 's Uniform Division
   of Income for Tax Purposes Act, Part 1, UCLA L. Rev. 156 (1967) .................25

Jerome Hellerstein & Walter Hellerstein, State Taxation (3d ed. &
   Supp. 2014) ...............................................................................................25,27,29

John Dane, Jr., A Solution to the Problem of State Taxation of
   Interstate Commerce, 12 Vill. L. Rev. 507 (1967) ........................................26,27

John S. Warren, UDITPA—A Historical Perspective, 38 State Tax
   Notes 133, (Oct. 3, 2005)....................................................................................25

Multistate Tax Commission, Allocation and Apportionment
  Regulations, (April 19, 2015) .............................................................................11

Multistate Tax Commission, First Annual Report (1968) .......................................28

Multistate Tax Commission, Multistate Tax Commission 1968
  Brochure on the Multistate Tax Compact, reprinted in 66 Tax
  Notes 600, 600 (Nov. 19, 2012) .........................................................................28

Multistate Tax Commission, Third Annual Report (1970)......................................29

2 Richard D. Pomp, State and Local Taxation (7th ed. 2011) ................................27

Special Subcomm. on State Taxation of Interstate Commerce of the
   House Comm. on the Judiciary, H.R. Rep. No. 89-565, vol. 3
   (1965) ..................................................................................................................11

Willis Committee Report at 1135 (1965) .................................................................27

                                                             vi
             STATEMENT OF INTEREST OF AMICUS CURIAE
      The Council On State Taxation (“COST”) respectfully submits this Brief of

Amicus Curiae in support of Appellant, Graphic Packaging, Inc. Pursuant to

Rule 11(c) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, Amicus Curiae COST states

that no persons other than COST or its counsel made any monetary contribution to

the preparation or submission of this brief.

      COST is a nonprofit trade association based in Washington, D.C. COST

was organized in 1969 as an advisory committee to the Council of State Chambers

of Commerce. COST’s existence and history has always been closely intertwined

with the Multistate Tax Compact (“Compact”), which was created two years prior

to COST in 1967.

      Today, COST has an independent membership of almost 600 of the largest

multistate corporations engaged in interstate and international commerce, many of

which do business in Texas. COST members represent that part of the nation’s

business sector that is most directly affected by state taxation of interstate and

international business operations. Thus, COST is vitally interested in cases such as

this one, which present issues significantly affecting the uniformity, certainty, and

fair apportionment of state and local taxes.

      COST’s      objective   is   to   preserve   and    promote    equitable    and

nondiscriminatory state and local taxation of multijurisdictional business entities, a

                                          1
mission COST has steadfastly pursued since its creation. COST members employ

a substantial number of Texas citizens, own extensive property in Texas, and

conduct substantial business in Texas.

       As Amicus Curiae, COST has participated in several significant United

States Supreme Court cases over the past 40 years, including U.S. Steel v.

Multistate Tax Commission, 434 U.S. 452 (1978). COST has also participated in

filing amicus curiae briefs in litigation in other states related to the issue here—

whether Compact member states’ taxpayers may use the Compact’s equally

weighted three-factor apportionment election. See Gillette Co. v. Franchise Tax

Bd., 147 Cal. Rptr. 3d 603 (Cal. Ct. App. 2012), review granted, 291 P.3d 327

(Cal. 2013); International Bus. Mach. Corp. (IBM) v. Dep’t of Treasury, 852
N.W.2d 865 (Mich. 2014); and Health Net, Inc. v. Oregon Dep’t of Revenue, No.

TC 5127, (Oregon Tax Court Argued July 14, 2014). 1

       Counsel for Amicus Curiae and COST have determined it is important for

Amicus Curiae to comment in this matter. Given COST’s unique relationship and

experience with the Compact, COST believes it brings an important perspective to

this dispute. This amicus curiae brief sets forth a critical analysis for this Court to

       1
            COST         amicus     curiae    briefs   are   available    online    at:
http://www.cost.org/StateTaxLibrary.aspx?id=3386.

                                             2
better understand the role of the Compact in providing its member states’ taxpayers

with uniform corporate income tax apportionment rules.

                               INTRODUCTION
      In Northwestern States Portland Cement Co. v. Minnesota, 358 U.S. 450

(1959), the Supreme Court of the United States gave unprecedented latitude to the

states to tax the income of out-of-state corporations on the basis of apportionment

formulas that could vary state to state. Businesses quickly realized that if states

used the authority of Northwestern States Portland Cement Co. to enact different

apportionment formulas, businesses could face double taxation. Such differences

also created significant compliance burdens.

      Feeling pressure from Congress and multistate businesses, and attempting to

avoid the straitjacket of congressionally imposed uniform rules for apportionment,

a number of states banded together. Through the auspices of the Council of State

Governments, those states drafted an interstate compact, the Multistate Tax

Compact. See The Council of State Governments, The Multistate Tax Compact,

Summary and Analysis (Jan. 20, 1967) (hereinafter “Compact Analysis”),

available       at       http://www.pwc.com/us/en/State-local-tax/multistate-tax-

compact/pdfs/csg_1967_Mtc_summary_and_analysis.pdf. Texas was one of the

original adopters of the Compact in 1967, see Act of May 17, 1967, 60th Leg.,

R.S., ch. 566, § 1, 1967 Tex. Gen. Laws § 1254, 1254-65; and, as of today,

                                        3
15 states and the District of Columbia remain signatories to the Compact. The

Compact is codified in section 141.001 of the Texas Tax Code. The purpose of the

Compact was to: (1) preserve state tax sovereignty by staving off federal

legislation and (2) foster compatibility of state and local tax systems.        See,

Compact Analysis; see also Gillette Co. v. Franchise Tax Bd., 147 Cal. Rptr. 3d
603 (Cal. Ct. App. 2012), review granted, 291 P.3d 327 (Cal. 2013).              To

accomplish this, the Compact allows each member state to retain the right to

establish its own, default apportionment method; however multistate taxpayers

would also have the right to elect to utilize the equally-weighted three factor

Uniform Division of Income for Tax Purposes Act (“UDITPA”) apportionment

formula. Id. at 608-09. The states thus retain their sovereignty to adopt a default

method, but some measure of interstate consistency is achieved through the

alternative elective method.

      At issue in this case is the provision of the Compact providing taxpayers

with the option to use either a state’s unique default apportionment formula or the

Compact’s uniform method of apportionment:

      Any taxpayer subject to an income tax whose income is subject to
      apportionment and allocation for tax purposes pursuant to the laws of
      a party state or pursuant to the laws of subdivisions in two or more
      party states may elect to apportion and allocate his income in the
      manner provided by the laws of such state or by the laws of such
      states and subdivisions without reference to this compact, or may elect
      to apportion and allocate in accordance with Article IV.

                                        4
Tex. Tax Code § 141.001, art. III(1) (emphasis added).

      Based on this three-factor apportionment formula, Graphic Packaging filed

timely refund claims for report years 2008 to 2010. The Comptroller denied

Graphic Packaging’s use of the Compact election. Graphic Packaging challenged

this denial in district court, but the court ruled in favor of the Comptroller. In

doing so, the court failed to adequately address the fundamental question: whether

the State, having otherwise entered into a valid interstate compact, may

unilaterally alter any of the terms of the Compact. Texas law makes it clear that

the State has no such authority.

                               ISSUES PRESENTED
      The Texas Tax Code provides two methods for a multijurisdictional business

to apportion income: (1) the default single-receipts factor method, contained in

Chapter 171, and (2) the election method under the Compact, contained in

Chapter 141.

      Graphic Packaging followed the second method.         This choice, and the

State’s response, gives rise to the following issues:

      1.   Does the Compact apply to the franchise tax under the Compact’s broad

terms of what constitutes an “income tax”?

      2.   By enacting Section 171.106(a), did the Texas Legislature implicitly

repeal the Compact election?

                                          5
     3.   Is the Compact binding on Texas, or may the State unilaterally

withdraw from the Compact?

                                   6
                       SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT
      This is a case of statutory construction of the Texas Tax Code, which

provides two methods for a multijurisdictional business to apportion income: 1) the

default single-receipts factor method, contained in Chapter 171; and 2) the election

method under the Compact, contained in Chapter 141.            For purposes of the

Compact, the Texas franchise tax is an income tax subject to the three-factor

apportionment election. As contained in Texas law, the Compact defines the term

“income tax” broadly to include a tax that recognizes deductions not “specifically

and directly related to particular transactions.” Tex. Tax Code § 141.001, art. II(4).

The franchise tax allows for such deductions, see id. §§ 171.101, 171.1011-.1013,

and exclusions, see id. § 171.1011(c)(2)(B)).

      Revision of the Texas franchise tax (also currently known as the margins

tax) in 2006 did not repeal the Compact by implication. Texas courts strongly

disfavor finding statutory repeal by implication. Accordingly, courts will attempt

to harmonize allegedly conflicting statutes, and will find implied repeal only if

harmonization is impossible. While Appellees argue that the Compact election

under Chapter 141 cannot be squared with Chapter 171, these two apportionment

methods are independent and reconcilable, not mutually exclusive.

      Subject to two narrow exceptions not relevant here, Chapter 171 establishes

the single-receipts factor as the default apportionment method for all Texas

                                          7
franchise tax taxpayers. There are no alternative apportionment methods available

under Chapter 171. Chapter 141, however, gives multistate taxpayers the option to

elect out of the default method required by Chapter 171 and instead use the

three-factor method in Chapter 141. This is exactly the kind of option envisioned

by the Compact—the taxpayer may choose between the default method of

Chapter 171, or the Compact election method of Chapter 141.            There is no

inconsistency, and, it plainly follows, no implied repeal of the Compact provisions.

In reaching this conclusion, the Court has a ready model in a recent opinion from

the Michigan Supreme Court. See IBM v. Dep’t of Treas., 852 N.W.2d 865 (2014).

      The Michigan Supreme Court was grappling with whether the enactment of

single-sales factor apportionment under its Business Tax Act (“BTA”) repealed the

Compact’s election to utilize a three-factor apportionment method. Id. at 871. The

Court stated that repeal by implication should be used in rare circumstances; the

Michigan Legislature would have explicitly repealed the Compact if it no longer

wanted the Compact to apply. Id. at 876-77. Since both Michigan and Texas

require harmonization of potentially conflicting statutes, this Court should follow

the Michigan Supreme Court’s lead and find the Compact was not repealed by

implication.

      Even if the two statutory provisions are in irreconcilable conflict, the

Compact itself is binding and supersedes any conflicting state laws. Interstate

                                         8
compacts are both contracts and binding reciprocal state statutes among the

member states, and therefore cannot be unilaterally modified. The Legislature

allowed taxpayers to elect the certainty of the Compact’s apportionment method.

The subsequent enactment of a different default apportionment formula for

non-electing taxpayers did not eviscerate the Compact’s election. After adoption,

the Texas Legislature must either adhere to the terms of the Compact or explicitly

withdraw Texas from the Compact. Since the Legislature has yet to explicitly

withdraw Texas from the Compact, it is still binding on Texas. And because it is

still binding, taxpayers must be given the opportunity to elect to use the Compact’s

three-factor apportionment method for the State’s franchise tax.

                                  ARGUMENT
I.    THE COMPACT APPLIES TO THE FRANCHISE TAX
      Appellees question whether the Compact election is applicable to the

franchise tax. Br. of Appellees at 20. But in May 2006, the Texas Legislature

made the Compact applicable to the franchise tax. Act of May 2, 2006, 79th Leg.,

3d C.S., ch. 1, §§ 2-7, 2006 Tex. Gen. Laws 1, 1-35. In doing so, the Texas

Legislature deleted former section 171.112(g), which provided that “Chapter 141

does not apply to this chapter.” See id. § 5, 2006 Tex. Gen. Laws 28. If this Court

can reconcile two potentially conflicting provisions in the law relating to the

Compact election and the State’s separately enacted single-receipts factor formula,

                                         9
then it need not reach the second issue of whether the Compact is binding on its

member states (unless a state withdraws from the Compact itself). This was the

approach taken by the Supreme Court of Michigan in the analogous case, see IBM

v. Dep’t of Treas., 852 N.W.2d 865, 875-77 (Mich. 2014), holding that the rules of

statutory construction required it to construe the two apportionment statutes

together.

      A.    The Compact defines “income tax” broadly.
      The State’s narrow reading of the term “income tax” is not supported by

Chapter 141. The Compact election is applicable to “[a]ny taxpayer subject to an

income tax whose income is subject to apportionment and allocation for tax

purposes.” Tex. Tax Code § 141.001, art. III(1) (emphasis added). The Compact

defines “income tax” very broadly:

      [A] Tax imposed on or measured by net income including any tax
      imposed on or measured by an amount arrived at by deducting
      expenses from gross income, one or more forms of which expenses
      are not specifically and directly related to particular transactions.

Id. § 141.001, art. II(4) (emphasis added). The Compact goes on to define “gross

receipts tax” more narrowly:

      [A] tax, other than a sales tax, which is imposed on or measured by
      the gross volume of business, in terms of gross receipts or in other
      terms, and in the determination of which no deduction is allowed
      which would constitute the tax an income tax.

                                       10
Id. (emphasis added). 2

      The franchise tax is generally calculated as “total revenue” as determined for

federal income tax purposes, less the deductible expenses allowed by the Texas

Legislature. Referring to “total revenue” rather than “gross income” does not

change the nature of the tax, as these types of terms were used interchangeably at

the time the Compact was drafted. See Special Subcomm. on State Taxation of

Interstate Commerce of the House Comm. on the Judiciary, H.R. Rep. No. 89-565,

vol. 3, at 1014 (1965) (hereinafter the “Willis Committee Report,” discussing the

variety of equivalent state taxes imposed on “gross intake” whether labeled “gross

proceeds,” “gross income,” or “gross receipts”).         To be included within the

Compact’s definition of “income tax” therefore requires only that one or more

expenses unrelated to specific transactions be permitted.

      The franchise tax allows such deductions. A taxpayer’s margin which is

subject to tax in Texas is the lesser of four amounts: (1) 70% of total revenue;

(2) total revenue less $1 million; (3) total revenue less cost of goods sold; or

(4) total revenue less wages and compensation paid and costs of benefits provided

(subject to a cap). Tex. Tax Code §§ 171.101(a), 171.1011-.1013. And taxpayers

with total revenue of $10 million or less may use an E-Z computation that offers

      2
          See also Multistate Tax Commission, Allocation and Apportionment Regulations,
(April 19, 2015), http://www.mtc.gov/uploadedFiles/Multistate_Tax_Commission/Uniformity/
Uniformity_Projects/A_-_Z/Art%20II%20Regs%20(1968).pdf.

                                          11
them the benefit of a lower tax rate, if they forego other credits and deductions. Id.

§ 171.1016(a), (c). Additionally, the franchise tax provides several exclusions

from the determination of total revenue, among them, amounts deducted as bad

debts for federal income tax purposes and foreign royalties and dividends. Id.

§ 171.1011(c)(2)(B).

      The franchise tax cannot be a gross receipts tax as defined by the Compact

because, while starting with total revenue, the franchise tax does not limit the

scope of deductions to those that are “specifically and directly related to particular

transactions.” See, Tex. Tax Code § 171.101. In other words, the franchise tax

deductions are not specifically and directly related to particular transactions. Thus,

by the express terms of the Compact, the franchise tax constitutes an “income tax”

for Compact purposes. Appellees’ argument that a tax is not an income tax unless

“all expenses and losses” (emphasis added) are allowed as deductions would

transmute the federal income tax into something other than an income tax. Not all

expenses and losses are deductible for federal income tax purposes. See e.g.,

26 U.S.C. § 265 (prohibiting a deduction for interest on a debt used to earn tax

exempt income). The same holds true for the Texas franchise tax. Appellee’s

position is an inappropriate construction of the term “income tax.”

                                         12
         This is also the same conclusion the Supreme Court of Michigan reached

when looking at the gross receipts portion of Michigan’s BTA. 3 The Michigan

court noted: “Not only is the gross receipts amount reduced by numerous

exclusions, it is also subject to a deduction for the ‘amount deducted as bad debt

for federal income tax purposes that corresponds to items of gross receipts

included in the modified gross receipts tax base.’” IBM, 852 N.W.2d at 664.

Accordingly, the Michigan Supreme Court held that the BTA was an income tax

and, therefore, a taxpayer could use the Compact election for both the net income

tax and modified gross receipts portions of Michigan’s BTA. Id. at 880-81.

         Appellees’ brief offers several arguments to support their position that the

franchise tax is not an “income tax” within the meaning of the Compact. First,

Appellees note that when the Legislature removed section 171.112(g)’s provision

that the Compact does not apply to the franchise tax, the Legislature specified the

franchise tax imposed by Chapter 171 is not an income tax. See Br. of Appellees

at 14.       In addition, Appellees note the Legislature expressly “signaled” the

franchise tax does not fit within the Compact’s “income tax” definition by stating

that a federal law, Public Law No. 86-272, which prevents the states from

imposing a tax on corporations in certain circumstances, does not apply to the

         3
         The Michigan BTA, Mich. Comp. Laws §§ 208.1101 et seq., imposed both a net
income tax and a modified gross receipts tax. The tax has since been replaced with just a net
income tax.

                                             13
franchise tax. Br. of Appellees at 24; see also Act of Sept. 14, 1959, Pub. L.

No. 86-272, § 103, 73 Stat. 555 (codified at 15 U.S.C. §§ 381-84). Appellees

contend that the Legislature “could not have meant that the franchise tax

simultaneously falls outside the scope of Public Law No. 86-272 but within the

Compact’s ‘income tax’ definition.” Id. at 25.

      Amicus addresses the Public Law No. 86-272 argument first. While the

Texas Legislature can opine on whether the franchise tax is subject to that federal

law, ultimately it is up to the courts to decide whether the franchise tax meets that

definition. Section 103 of Public Law No. 86-272 merely defines “the term ‘net

income tax’ [as] any tax imposed on, or measured by, net income.”            Act of

Sept. 14, 1959, Pub. L. No. 86-272, § 103, 73 Stat. 555, 556 (codified at 15 U.S.C.

§ 383). The federal law does not afford state legislatures the discretion to impose

their own limitations on how the federal law applies. Moreover, the applicability

of Public Law No. 86-272 to the franchise tax is not before this Court, nor does the

question of whether the Texas franchise tax qualifies as an “income tax” for

purposes of Public Law No. 86-272 bear on whether the Texas franchise tax is an

“income tax” within the meaning of the Compact.

      Second, the Legislature’s statement that the franchise tax is not an income

tax does not impact what constitutes an “income tax” that term is used in

Chapter 141; that Chapter contains the Compact’s independent definition of what

                                         14
constitutes an “income tax.” Because that Chapter of the Texas Tax Code has its

own, separate definition of an income tax, Appellees are making misguided

arguments by stating Chapter 171’s pronouncement that the franchise tax is not an

income tax trumps another Chapter in the State’s tax code. This case must be

decided using the definition of “income tax” contained in Chapter 141, not any

statements made in Chapter 171.

      B.     The two apportionment provisions in the Texas statute can be
             reconciled.
      Texas courts strongly disfavor repeal by implication. Conley v. Daughters

of the Republic, 156 S.W. 197, 201 (1913). Thus, where two statutes are purported

to be in conflict, Texas courts must reconcile them, if possible. Wintermann v.

McDonald, 102 S.W.2d 167, 171 (Tex. 1937) (“In the absence of an express repeal

by statute, where there is no positive repugnance between the provisions of the old

and new statutes, the old and new statutes will each be construed so as to give

effect, if possible, to both statutes.”) (citation omitted). As this Court has noted,

even if two statutes appear to be in conflict, the court has a “duty” to apply a

construction that “harmonizes them and leaves both in concurrent operation, rather

than destroy[ing] one of them.” Lorenzo Textile Mills, Inc. v. Bullock, 566 S.W.2d
107, 110 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1978, no writ) (quoting Cole v. State, 170 S.W.
1036, 1037 (1914); see also Miller v. Calvert, 418 S.W.2d 869, 872 (Tex. Civ.

App.—Austin 1967, no writ).

                                         15
       This principle applies with particular force where, as here, the statutes are in

pari materia—i.e., they share a common purpose or object. Tex. State Bd. of

Chiropractic Exam’rs v. Abbott, 391 S.W.3d 343, 348-49 (Tex. App.—Austin

2013, no pet.). Codified as part of the Code Construction Act, the doctrine of in

pari materia provides that where two statutes have a common purpose, they will be

construed together. Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.026(a). And even where a conflict

between a general provision and a special provision is “irreconcilable,” the special

provision will be construed as an exception to the general provision, unless the

general provision was enacted later and the Legislature intended it to govern.

Id. § 311.026(b); Tex. State Bd. of Chiropractic Exam’rs, 391 S.W.3d at 348 &

n.2.

       Here, the default apportionment method in Chapter 171 and the Compact

election method have the same objective: to provide methods for a

multijurisdictional business to apportion income.       Because the Compact is an

election, it does not conflict with the single-receipts factor apportionment provided

for in Texas Tax Code section 171.006. And because the Compact has its own

definition of when it applies to an income tax and former section 171.112(g) no

longer applies, the Compact has not been repealed by implication (which is

disfavored). See Conley, 156 S.W. at 201 (noting that when “[t]here is no express

repeal of the former law . . . if repealed, it must be by implication, which is not

                                          16
favored.”). Indeed, the main premise behind the Compact was that there would be

not only a default apportionment method under state law (like in Texas Tax Code

Chapter 171) but also the elective method under the Compact. The fact that

section 171.106 is the only apportionment method appearing in Chapter 171 does

not conflict with certain taxpayers having an alternative, elective method in

Chapter 141.    Moreover, because the Compact is an interstate contract that

contains an express provision allowing states to withdraw from the Compact “by

enacting a statute repealing the same,” Tex. Tax Code § 141.001, art. X(2), this

Court should insist that only by the clearest, most unequivocal statutory action can

a state break its obligations to other states and taxpayers. See discussion infra

Part II.

       The Supreme Court of Michigan faced a very similar issue in IBM v.

Department of Treasury, 852 N.W.2d 865 (Mich. 2014). In IBM, the Michigan

court had to interpret whether Michigan’s enactment of a single-sales factor

implicitly repealed the Compact’s election language in the law. Id. at 868. While

the Michigan Treasurer concluded that the two provisions could not be reconciled

because they were diametrically opposed to each other, the Supreme Court of

Michigan was able to harmonize the provisions. Id. at 877. The court held the

Treasurer failed to overcome the presumption against repeal by implication. Id.

The same analysis yields the same result here.

                                        17
       Based on Texas law and the consistent analysis in IBM, Tex. Tax Code

§ 171.106 did not impliedly repeal the Compact’s three-factor apportionment

election, and Appellant was entitled to use it to compute its Texas franchise tax

liability.

II.    THE COMPACT IS BINDING AND SUPERSEDES CONFLICTING
       STATE LAWS
       A.    Compacts are binding interstate agreements.
       In this case, the taxpayer’s right to avail itself of the “election” in the

Compact is protected not only by a reconciliation of the relevant Texas statutes,

but also by the express terms of the Compact itself.          States create interstate

compacts to address shared interests or problems occurring among or in multiple

states. The unique characteristic of interstate compacts is that they contractually

allocate collective state governing authority.     They are at once contracts and

binding reciprocal state statutes among the parties to the agreement:

       When adopted by a state, a compact is not only an agreement between
       that state and the other states that have adopted it, but becomes the
       law of those states as well, and must be interpreted as both contracts
       between states and statutes within those states.
1A Norman J. Singer & J.D. Shambie Singer, Sutherland, Statutes and Statutory

Construction § 32:5 (7th ed.); see also Texas v. New Mexico, 482 U.S. 124, 128

(1987) (“There is nothing in the nature of compacts generally or of this Compact in

particular that counsels against rectifying a failure to perform in the past as well as

ordering future performance called for by the Compact.”); Doe v. Ward, 124 F.
18
Supp. 2d 900, 914-15 (W.D. Pa. 2000) (“[I]nterstate compacts are the highest form

of state statutory law, having precedence over conflicting state statutes. . . . Having

entered into a contract, a participant state may not unilaterally change its terms.”)

(citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

      Upon entering into an interstate compact, a state effectively surrenders
      a portion of its sovereignty; the compact governs the relations of the
      parties with respect to the subject matter of the agreement and is
      superior to both prior and subsequent law. Further, when enacted, a
      compact constitutes not only law, but a contract which may not be
      amended, modified, or otherwise altered without the consent of all
      parties.
C.T. Hellmuth & Assocs., Inc. v. Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth., 414 F.

Supp. 408, 409 (D. Md. 1976).

      Because compacts have this dual character — state statutes and reciprocal

agreements with other states — the subject matter of these agreements “is superior

to both prior and subsequent law.” Id.; see also McComb v. Wambaugh, 934 F.2d
474, 479 (Pa. 1991) (“A Compact also takes precedence over statutory law in

member states.”); Ward, 124 F. Supp. 2d at 914-15 (“[I]nterstate compacts are the

highest form of state statutory law, having precedence over conflicting state

statutes.”) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); Alcorn v. Wolfe, 827 F.

Supp. 47, 52-53 (D.D.C. 1993) (“[T]he terms of the [           ] compact cannot be

modified unilaterally by state legislation to take precedence over conflicting state

law.”) (citations omitted). In other words, the decision of the Texas Legislature to

                                          19
enter into the Compact effectively prohibits subsequent legislatures from enacting

laws that unilaterally impair or alter those obligations piecemeal. Hellmuth, 414 F.

Supp. at 409.

          The Supreme Court of the United States has long maintained that not every

agreement among the states requires congressional consent to qualify as a compact,

be binding on member states, and obtain superior status to subsequently enacted

conflicting state laws. U.S. Steel, 434 U.S. at 468-72. Nevertheless, “[e]ven

without congressional consent, [h]aving entered into a contract, a participant state

may not unilaterally change its terms. A Compact also takes precedence over

statutory law in member states.” McComb, 934 F.2d at 479; see also Virginia v.

Tennessee, 148 U.S. 503, 519 (1983).

          B.    The Compact was considered binding when enacted.
          The analysis of the Compact by the Council of State Governments (the

organization responsible for its drafting) makes clear the Compact’s election was

intended to be vested in taxpayers and required to be provided by the member

states:

          The compact would permit any multistate taxpayer, at his option, to
          employ the Uniform Act for allocations and apportionments involving
          party states or their subdivisions. Each party state could retain its
          existing division of income provisions but it would be required to
          make the Uniform Act available to any taxpayer wishing to use it.
          Consequently, any taxpayer could obtain the benefits of multi-
          jurisdictional uniformity whenever he might want it.

                                           20
Council of State Governments, Compact Analysis, at 1 (emphasis added).

      The Compact’s express terms also illustrate the intent of the drafters that the

Compact would be a binding interstate agreement. By its terms, the Compact did

not take effect until enacted and entered into by seven states. See Tex. Tax Code

§ 141.001, art. X(1). The Compact’s specific provision for withdrawal requires

party states to remain liable for outstanding contractual obligations. Id. § 141.001,

art. X(2). If the Compact operated merely as a uniform state statute or model law,

it would not need to provide for a method of withdrawal.

      California’s entry into the Compact is instructive. First, because California

had already enacted the UDITPA as a model law, enacting the Compact’s virtually

identical UDITPA as an “an advisory compact containing model laws” as the

Appellees argue, Br. of Appellees at 42, would have been a superfluous legislative

act. See Hoechst Celanese Corp. v. Franchise Tax Bd., 22 P.3d 324, 331 (2001)

(“California’s [UDITPA] mirrors the UDITPA.”).             Second, the California

legislature took specific steps to shield the state from certain Compact

requirements that would not have been necessary if the state did not view the

Compact as binding. California entered the Compact in 1974, several years after

the Compact became effective. Gillette, 147 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 608 (citing 1974 Cal.

Stat. 193). The delay in California’s enactment of the Compact was partially

attributed to California objecting to two provisions of the Compact:

                                         21
(1) Commission actions were approved by one vote per state, substantially diluting

California’s power in relation to its size; and (2) the Compact provided for the

settlement of apportionment disputes by arbitration.      To address California’s

concerns regarding the voting procedures, the by-laws of the Commission were

amended to require, in addition to the one vote per state, a weighted vote by

population. However, the arbitration clause could not be struck from the Compact

without member states having to reenact the Compact, as the Compact includes no

express provisions for amendment.

      The solution was the enactment of uncodified statutory language

automatically withdrawing California from the Compact should the arbitration

clause be put into effect or the weighted voting procedure violated. 1974 Cal. Stat.

208. Thus, if California did not consider the arbitration clause of the Compact to

be even potentially binding, the enacted automatic withdrawal provisions would

serve no purpose. Likewise, the Texas Legislature is presumed to not engage in

idle or superfluous acts. See City of San Antonio v. City of Boerne, 111 S.W.3d 22,

29 (Tex. 2003) (citing Spence v. Fenchler, 180 S.W. 597, 601 (Tex. 1915) (“It is

an elementary rule of construction that, when possible to do so, effect must be

given to every sentence, clause, and word of a statute so that no part thereof be

rendered superfluous or inoperative.”)).

                                           22
        As a binding agreement, the Compact has a very specific method for

withdrawal. If a state determines it is no longer in its best interest to be a member

of the Compact, the state must withdraw from the Compact “by enacting a statute

repealing the same.” Tex. Tax Code § 141.001, art. X(2). Several states have done

this.   See U.S. Steel, 434 U.S. at 454 (noting Florida, Illinois, Indiana, and

Wyoming have withdrawn from the Compact). The following states have also

withdrawn: California (S.B. No. 1015, 2012 Leg. Reg. Sess. (Ca. 2012); Nevada

(Assemb. No. 438, 61st Sess., 1981 Nev. Stat. 350), Maine (H.P. 1024-L.D. 1462,

122nd Leg., 1st Spec. Sess. (Me. 2005)), Michigan (S.B. No. 156, 97th Leg. Reg.

Sess. (Mich. 2014)); Minnesota (H.F. No. 677, 88th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Minn. 2013),

Nebraska (L.B. No. 344, 89th Leg., 1st Sess. (Neb. 1985)), South Dakota (S.B. No.

239, 2013 Leg. Assemb., 88th Sess. (S.D. 2013)), and West Virginia (H.B. 1018,

67th Leg., 1st Reg. Sess. (W. Va. 1985)). Utah, North Dakota, and the District of

Columbia have repealed elements of the Compact and then reenacted the Compact

without the election. See 2013 Utah Laws 462; S.B. 2292, 64th Leg., Gen. Sess.

(N.D. 2015); and 60 D.C. Reg. 12583-84 (Sept. 6, 2013). Texas, on the other

hand, has not followed any of these approaches. It has ignored the very specific

requirement in the Compact for “withdrawal”; instead it has merely enacted

another apportionment provision different from the “election” provision in the

Compact. The action by Texas in no way satisfies the terms of the Compact, and

                                         23
thus does not relieve the State from following the Compact (including its election

provision).

       In a similar Compact case in California, Gillette Co. v. Franchise Tax

Board, the California Court of Appeal ruled in favor of the taxpayer based on this

line of reasoning. The Court held that California had not unilaterally withdrawn

from the Compact as required by the terms of the Compact, and therefore the

Compact, and its “election” provision were binding on the state. 147 Cal. Rptr. 3d

at 616-17.

       C.     A binding compact was needed to forestall congressional
              intervention.
       The historical events leading up to the creation of the Compact confirm that

a binding Compact was both contemplated by the participating states and necessary

to effectuate the goals of the parties involved.          The historical backdrop also

underlines the critical importance of the Compact’s election as the “glue” that held

the Compact together.

       The rapid growth of interstate and international commerce has presented a

difficult problem for both the states and multistate taxpayers: how to devise an

equitable and constitutional method for taxing corporations that do business in

multiple states and countries.4 While a consensus was building for the need for

       4
       During the early years of our Nation’s existence, the Supreme Court’s view of the
Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution was one which severely restricted state taxation of

                                            24
uniformity among the states to avoid double taxation, the states were doing little to

achieve that uniformity. As one commentator noted:

       Before 1957, the need for uniformity in state income taxation of
       multistate businesses was something like the weather—everybody
       talked about it, but nobody did anything about it. Then in that year,
       the Uniform Division of Income for Tax Purposes Act (UDITPA) was
       born.
John S. Warren, UDITPA—A Historical Perspective, 38 State Tax Notes 133

(Oct. 3, 2005).

       Through the auspices of the National Conference of Commissioners on

Uniform State Laws (“NCCUSL”), a model statute was drafted:                        UDITPA.

UDITPA had two main objectives:              “(1) to promote uniformity in allocation

practices among the 38 states which impose taxes on or measured by the income of

corporations, and (2) to relieve the pressure for congressional legislation in this

field.” Frank M. Keesling & John S. Warren, California’s Uniform Division of

Income for Tax Purposes Act, Part 1, 15 UCLA L. Rev. 156, 156 (1967).

       UDITPA provided what was then the “gold standard” of apportionment

formulas: the “three-factor” formula of equally weighting property, payroll and

interstate commerce. See generally Jerome Hellerstein & Walter Hellerstein, State Taxation ¶ 4
(3d ed. & Supp. 2014); see also Robbins v. Shelby Cnty. Taxing Dist., 120 U.S. 489, 497 (1887)
(“Interstate commerce cannot be taxed at all, even though the same amount of tax should be laid
on domestic commerce, or that which is carried on solely within the state.”). As the twentieth
century unfolded, the Court began to waver from its steadfast prohibition. See, e.g., Western
Live Stock v. Bureau of Revenue, 303 U.S. 250, 253-54 (1938). At the same time, the country
began to experience a rapid expansion of multistate business enterprises, which coincided with
the growing need for state revenues to finance public services and infrastructure.

                                              25
sales. The policy rationale behind the three-factor apportionment formula is that

equitable division of multistate business activity among states should be based on

the three factors of production: property representing capital, payroll representing

labor, and sales representing market.

       Over the next decade, eleven states enacted corporate income tax statutes

based on the UDITPA model statute—but most did so with substantial variations in

the uniform terms. 5 The holding in Northwestern Portland Cement Co., 358 U.S.
450 (1959), caused concern in the business community over possible double

taxation of multijurisdictional businesses income. 6 In the wake of Northwestern

       5
          While the states touted the uniformity provided by UDITPA, they were nevertheless
free to enact whatever parts they thought beneficial or change them entirely. UDITPA,
therefore, was “uniform in name only.” John Dane, Jr., A Solution to the Problem of State
Taxation of Interstate Commerce, 12 Vill. L. Rev. 507, 510 (1967).
       Eleven States have adopted what I, perhaps, technically erroneously described in
       my testimony as the “Uniform Division of Net Income for Tax Purposes Act. “ I
       used the term “erroneously” advisedly, because 10 of the States which I had in
       mind have so substantially varied or changed the provisions in the uniform act
       that uniformity has been diluted, if not destroyed…Only one state, namely North
       Dakota, has really adopted the uniform act.
Id. at 511 (quoting a letter from Judge Morgan of the District of Columbia Tax Court to a
member of the Special Subcommittee on State Taxation of Interstate Commerce of the
Committee on the Judiciary, see Hearings Before the Special Subcomm. On State Taxation of
Interstate Commerce of the House Comm. on the Judiciary, 89th Cong., 2d Sess. ser. 14 (1966)).
       6
           Just after NCCUSL released the UDITPA model law, the Supreme Court, in
Northwestern Portland Cement, 358 U.S. 450 (1959), for the first time explicitly held there was
no Commerce Clause barrier to the imposition of a nondiscriminatory, fairly apportioned direct
net income tax on an out-of-state corporation carrying on an exclusively interstate business
within a taxing state. The case produced widespread alarm among businesses.
       There were predictions of the most dire consequences to business and, indeed, the
       entire nation. Two Senate Committees promptly held hearings, and there was
       vociferous demand for immediate congressional action. Congress reacted with

                                              26
Portland Cement Co., Congress enacted Public Law No. 86-272, which imposed

some limits on how states could tax multistate businesses. Despite the enactment

of Public Law No. 86-272, states feared that more federal legislation limiting

states’ taxing sovereignty would be forthcoming.

      The states’ fears were not unfounded, Congress formed the Willis

Committee and gave that group a mandate to study state taxation of interstate

commerce and make recommendations to promote uniformity.                           Among the

conclusions of the Willis Committee was that the existing system of state taxation

of interstate business was characterized by substantial inequities for interstate

businesses. This was due to inconsistencies in state apportionment formulas and

the different definitions of specific factors such a payroll, property, and sales. See

John Dane, Jr., A Solution to the Problem of State Taxation of Interstate

Commerce, 12 Vill. L. Rev. 507, 510-11 (1967). To solve this problem, the Willis

Committee issued a report in 1965 calling for sweeping federal legislation that

would have severely limited state authority to tax interstate business operations and

imposed on the states a series of mandates, including a uniform apportionment

regime. See Willis Committee Report at 1135 (1965); see also 2 Richard D. Pomp,

State and Local Taxation 11-14 (7th ed. 2011).                    The Willis Committee’s

      astonishing speed and, for the first time in its history, adopted an act restricting
      the states’ power to tax interstate businesses.
Hellerstein & Hellerstein, State Taxation ¶ 6.17 (emphasis added). Congress immediately
enacted Pub. L. 86-272 (codified at 15 U.S.C. §§ 381 et seq.)

                                              27
recommendations were incorporated into H.R. 11798, entitled the Interstate

Taxation Act, which was introduced in October 1965. H.R. 11798, 89th Cong., 1st

Sess. (1965).7

       [A]fter examining the bill’s provisions, state tax administrators had
       real cause for alarm. An immediate reaction was the calling of an
       unprecedented special meeting of the National Association of Tax
       Administrators for January 13 and 14, 1966, in Chicago. As stated by
       Mr. Bernard F. Nossel, then Secretary of NATA, [“]The task faced by
       the state representatives on January 13th was not merely to express
       opposition to H.R. 11798, but to oppose it in a constructive manner
       and to suggest workable alternatives which would eliminate the need
       for the kind of congressional action embodied in this bill.[“] It was at
       this meeting that the idea of a multistate tax compact was envisioned.
Multistate Tax Commission, First Annual Report 1 (1968). 8

       The Compact was drafted by the states in 1966, presented to legislatures

beginning in January 1967, and became effective under its terms, on August 4,

1967, when it was enacted into law by seven states. See Tex. Tax Code § 141.001,

art. X(1) (“This compact shall enter into force when enacted into law by any seven

states.”). “The Compact is the state’s answer to Federal control of state taxing

policies and programs.” Multistate Tax Commission, Multistate Tax Commission

       7
          The bill utilized a uniform two factor formula (property and payroll) for the
apportionment of income, leaving out the sales factor included in the UDITPA and most existing
state apportionment formulae. The consequences for market states (those without large scale
industry and manufacturing–payroll and property intensive activities) would have been
financially devastating.
       8
                This        extensive         analysis      is        available       at
http://www.mtc.gov/uploadedFiles/Multistate_Tax_Commission/Resources/Archives/Annual_Re
ports/FY67-68.pdf.

                                             28
1968 Brochure on the Multistate Tax Compact, reprinted in 66 Tax Notes 600, 600

(Nov. 19, 2012).

      D.    The election is the Compact’s uniformity glue.
      One of the major criticisms of state tax regimes by the Willis Committee

Report was the lack of a uniform apportionment formula. The Compact was in

large part a reaction to that criticism. Jerome Hellerstein & Walter Hellerstein,

State Taxation ¶ 9.05, n.93 (3d ed. & Supp. 2014).

      Lack of uniformity among the business income tax statutes of the
      various states was the basis of a major business complaint to
      Congress. The enactment of the Multistate Tax Compact has
      substantially increased that uniformity in that bodily incorporated into
      the Compact is the Uniform Division of Income for Tax Purposes Act
      (UDITPA).
Multistate Tax Commission, Third Annual Report, at 2 (1970), available at

http://www.mtc.gov/uploadedFiles/Multistate_Tax_Commission/Resources/Archiv

es/Annual_Reports/FY69-70.pdf.

      The Compact’s election for UDITPA’s three-factor apportionment formula

was the uniformity glue that bound the states to a uniform apportionment rule. The

Commission’s own words illustrate the intent:

      The Multistate Tax Compact makes UDITPA available to each
      taxpayer on an optional basis, thereby preserving for him the
      substantial advantages with which lack of uniformity provides him in
      some states. Thus a corporation which is selling into a state in which
      it has little property or payroll will want to insist upon the use of the
      three-factor formula (sales, property, and payroll) which is included in
      UDITPA because that will substantially reduce his tax liability to that

                                         29
      state below what it would be if a single sales factor formula were
      applied to him; on the other hand, he will look with favor upon the
      application of the single sales factor formula to him by a state from
      which he is selling into other states, since that will reduce his tax
      liability to the state. The Multistate Tax Compact thus preserves the
      right of the states to make such alternative formulas available to
      taxpayers even though it makes uniformity available to taxpayers
      where and when desired.
Id. at 3 (emphasis added).

      Consistent with the Compact’s intent to preserve the right of states to make

alternative formulas available to taxpayers, Texas adopted a single-receipts factor

apportionment formula for apportioning income entirely on the proportion of

receipts within Texas in relation to a company’s receipts everywhere. Tex. Tax

Code § 171.106(a).

      The purpose of the Compact’s vesting in taxpayers the option to elect

UDITPA’s “gold-standard” three-factor apportionment formula is thus brought

into focus. Under the Compact, Texas is free to exercise its sovereignty and alter

its apportionment formula in any manner it chooses (however inconsistent or

incompatible it may be with those of other states)—a freedom that would not have

existed under the proposed federal legislation the Compact was intended to stave

off. However, the Compact requires taxpayers be vested with the option to choose

UDITPA’s reasonable, uniform three-factor apportionment formula, thus serving

as a floor against the inconsistent apportionment formulas that were Congress’

                                        30
raison d’être for threatening intervention into the state taxation of corporate

income.

      The analysis of the Compact submitted by the Council on State

Governments promoting the adoption of the Compact further explains the role of

the election and why the Compact was not merely “an advisory compact

containing model laws,” as the Appellees assert:

      Uniformity in State laws is generally considered to be a desirable
      objective, but a balance must be struck between a required uniformity
      and State and local independence. . . . States can achieve uniformity
      by individual and unilateral actions, provided that they enact the same
      statutes as all other States, keep them uniform after enactment, and
      administer them in the same ways. An attempt to achieve uniformity
      by such unilateral action is the [UDITPA]. . . . The Multistate Tax
      Compact provides that the Uniform Act will be available in all party
      States to any multistate taxpayer wishing to use it.

Council of State Governments, Compact Analysis, at 6.

      The drafters of the Compact clearly intended its terms to be binding on the

states entering into it. The Compact simply could not have achieved its primary

purpose of forestalling congressional action but for it being binding, and but for

taxpayers being given the option to choose the “gold standard” of uniform, fair

apportionment, UDITPA.

                        CONCLUSION AND PRAYER
      The trial court erred when it granted the Comptroller’s motion for summary

judgment and denied Graphic Packaging’s claim for refunds based on the

                                        31
Compact’s three-factor apportionment method. The Compact is still incorporated

into Texas’ tax law and can be reconciled with the State’s franchise tax.

Additionally, the Compact is a valid interstate compact, creating a binding

agreement among the states party to it.      Unless a state withdraws from the

Compact, its terms take precedence over conflicting state statutes. Because Texas

has not withdrawn from the Compact, it must adhere to its terms, including

providing Graphic Packaging the election afforded taxpayers pursuant to Article III

of the Compact.

      For these reasons, Amicus Curiae COST respectfully prays that this Court

reverse the judgment of the trial court and permit Appellant to elect to apportion

the franchise tax according to the terms of the Compact.

                                       Respectfully submitted,

                                       JONES DAY
                                       2727 North Harwood Street
                                       Dallas, Texas 75201-1515
                                       (214) 220-3939
                                       Fax: (214) 969-5100

                                       By /s/ David E. Cowling
                                       David E. Cowling
                                       State Bar No. 04932600
                                       decowling@jonesday.com

                                        32
Karl Frieden
kfrieden@cost.org
Frederick J. Nicely
fnicely@cost.org
COUNCIL ON STATE TAXATION
Gregory A. Castanias
gcastanias@jonesday.com
Kirk R. Lyda
klyda@jonesday.com
JONES DAY
COUNSEL FOR AMICUS CURIAE
COUNCIL ON STATE TAXATION

 33
                      CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
      This brief complies with the typeface requirements Texas Rule of Appellate

Procedure 9.4(e) because it has been prepared in a conventional typeface no

smaller than 14-point for text and 12-point for footnotes. This document also

complies with the word-count limitations of Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure

9.4(e)(2)(B) because it contains 7,525rds, excluding the parts of the brief exempted

by Rule 9.4(i)(1).

                                          /s/ David E. Cowling
                                          David E. Cowling

                                        34
                         CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
      I certify that the foregoing Brief of Amicus Curiae was electronically filed

with the Clerk of the Court using the electronic case filing system of the Court. I

also certify that a true and correct copy of the foregoing was served via e-service or

e-mail on the following counsel of record on May7, 2015.

Amy L. Silverstein                            Rance Craft
asilverstein@sptaxlaw.com                     Assistant Solicitor General
SILVERSTEIN & POMERANTZ LLP                   rance.craft@texasattorneygeneral.gov
12 Gough Street, Second Floor                 Cynthia A. Morales,
San Francisco, California 94103               Assistant Attorney General
Tele: (415) 593-3502                          cynthia.morales@texasattorneygeneral.
Fax: (415) 593-3501                           gov
                                              OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
James F. Martens                              P.O. Box 12548 (MC 059)
jmartens@textaxlaw.com                        Austin, Texas 78711-2548
Amanda G. Taylor                              Tele: (512) 936-2872
ataylor@textaxlaw.com                         Fax: (512) 474-2697
Lacy L. Leonard
lleonard@textaxlaw.com                        COUNSEL FOR APPELLEES
Danielle Ahlrich
dahlrich@textaxlaw.com
MARTENS, TODD, LEONARD & TAYLOR
301 Congress Avenue, Suite 1950
Austin, Texas 78701
Tele: (512) 542-9898
Fax: (512) 542-9899

COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT

                                               /s/ David E. Cowling
                                               David E. Cowling

                                         35