Court Opinion

ID: 2813004
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-06-30 15:12:10.646487+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:28:03.132301
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT KNOXVILLE
                           Assigned on Briefs March 25, 2015

             STATE OF TENNESSEE v. FREDERICK ANDERSON

                 Appeal from the Criminal Court for Hamilton County
                       No. 280227    Barry A. Steelman, Judge

                 No. E2014-00661-CCA-R3-CD-FILED-JUNE 29, 2015

The Defendant, Frederick Anderson, was convicted of two counts of especially aggravated
kidnapping; three counts of aggravated robbery; one count of aggravated burglary; two
counts of employing a firearm during the commission of a dangerous felony; and one count
of possession of a firearm with the intent to go armed during the commission of a dangerous
felony. He received an effective sentence of sixty years’ incarceration. The Defendant raises
the following issues on appeal: (1) whether the trial judge should have recused himself from
the Defendant’s sentencing; (2) whether the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury on
the charge of especially aggravated kidnapping as mandated by State v. White, 362 S.W.3d
559 (Tenn. 2012); (3) whether the trial court erred by not merging the Defendant’s
convictions for aggravated robbery, especially aggravated kidnapping, and employment of
a firearm during the commission of a dangerous offense; (4) whether the trial court erred in
permitting the State to introduce excerpts of the jailhouse phone calls between the Defendant
and his wife; (5) whether the trial court erred in sentencing the Defendant to an effective
sixty years’ incarceration; and (6) whether the cumulative effect of the errors deprived the
Defendant of a fair trial. After a thorough review of the record and applicable law, we affirm
the judgments of the trial court.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

R OBERT L. H OLLOWAY, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which J OHN E VERETT
W ILLIAMS, J., joined. N ORMA M CG EE O GLE, J., filed a separate concurring opinion.

Donna Miller (at sentencing and on appeal); Ardena J. Garth, District Public Defender; and
Mary Ann Green and Sheretta Smith, Assistant District Public Defenders (at trial),
Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellant, Frederick Anderson.
Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Lacy Wilber, Senior Counsel; Neal
Pinkston, District Attorney General; and Bret Alexander and Lance Pope, Assistant District
Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                                  OPINION

                                I. Factual and Procedural Background

       Initially, the Defendant was indicted in case number 277381 with fourteen counts 1 in
connection with a home invasion at the residence of Kim Schmitt on June 22, 2010. In May
2011, the grand jury issued a superceding indictment, case number 280227, charging the
Defendant with the following offenses:

  Count                                 Charge                                      Victim
     1                  Especially Aggravated Kidnapping                             L.S.

     2               Employment of a Firearm During the                              L.S.
                   Commission of a Dangerous Felony, to-wit:
                      Especially Aggravated Kidnapping

     3                  Especially Aggravated Kidnapping                             J.S.

     4               Employment of a Firearm During the                              J.S.
                   Commission of a Dangerous Felony, to-wit:
                      Especially Aggravated Kidnapping

     5                           Aggravated Burglary                             Kim Schmitt

     6               Employment of a Firearm During the                          Kim Schmitt
                   Commission of a Dangerous Felony, to-wit:
                            Aggravated Burglary

     7                           Aggravated Robbery                              Kim Schmitt

     8                           Aggravated Robbery                             Amanda Schmitt

     9                           Aggravated Robbery                                  J.S.

         1
             The original indictment is not included in the record on appeal.

                                                       -2-
                                      The First Ex Parte Hearing

       The day before trial, the trial court held an in-chambers, ex parte hearing at the request
of defense counsel (“the first ex parte hearing”). Defense counsel reported that the
Defendant’s wife, Stephanie Anderson, had intended to voluntarily come to the trial to testify
during the Defendant’s case-in-chief. According to defense counsel, Mrs. Anderson’s
testimony was material to the defense. However, defense counsel was concerned that Mrs.
Anderson would no longer be available for trial. Defense counsel explained that Mrs.
Anderson lived in New Mexico and that she had purchased a non-refundable plane ticket in
order to travel to Tennessee for the original trial date. However, because the trial had been
continued for two weeks, Mrs. Anderson’s finances would not allow her to buy another plane
ticket without reimbursement of her travel expenses. Additionally, defense counsel had
learned that Mrs. Anderson had “moved on in her life” since the Defendant’s arrest. Defense
counsel explained that Mrs. Anderson had not previously been subpoenaed because defense
counsel believed that she would appear voluntarily. Defense counsel asked that the court
issue a subpoena for an out-of-state witness to compel Mrs. Anderson’s attendance and to
allow for her travel expenses to be reimbursed.

       Defense counsel telephoned Mrs. Anderson, and the trial court questioned her on
speaker phone without objection from defense counsel. Mrs. Anderson told the court that
she lived in New Mexico and was employed at a home health care agency. She was married
to the Defendant, and no separation or divorce paperwork had been filed to terminate their
relationship. Mrs. Anderson explained that she had planned to voluntarily testify at trial and
that she had purchased a non-refundable plane ticket to travel to Tennessee. However,
because the trial date had been changed, Mrs. Anderson could not afford to purchase another
plane ticket or a hotel room. Following the hearing, the trial court issued the subpoena for
an out-of-state witness to allow for reimbursement of Mrs. Anderson’s travel expenses.

                                                    Trial

      The charged offenses took place on June 22, 2010, at Kim Schmitt’s home on 13th
Avenue in Chattanooga. At the time, Kim, Kim’s mother Dorothy Melton, and Kim’s
eleven-year-old twins, J.S. and L.S., all lived in the home.2 Kim’s eighteen-year-old

        2
           Many of the victims in this case share a common surname. Therefore, in order to avoid confusion,
we will refer to them by their first names in this opinion. We intend no disrespect. Additionally, the victims’
surname is spelled various ways throughout the record. Because the indictment spells their name as
“Schmitt,” we will use this spelling in this opinion. To protect the anonymity of the minor victims, we will
refer to them by their initials.

                                                     -3-
daughter, Amanda, was visiting the home. Melanie Woods,3 Brian Woods, Sr., and their son
B.W. (“the Woods family”) also lived in the home. Both Kim and Ms. Melton suffered from
serious health problems; Ms. Melton was bedridden, and Kim required oxygen at all times.
Mrs. Woods served as their caretaker and helped with the children.

        On the evening of June 22, 2010, Ms. Melton was in her room at the back of the
house. Kim and Amanda were in Kim’s bedroom playing a computer game; Kim was sitting
at her desk, and Amanda was sitting on the bed. L.S. and B.W. were in the living room. J.S.
was in his room playing a video game. Mr. Woods was sitting outside on the front porch.
Mrs. Woods was moving back and forth between Kim and Ms. Melton’s bedrooms.

        A few minutes before 10:00 p.m., the Defendant and another black male entered the
residence without the permission of anyone who lived there. As Mrs. Woods walked through
the kitchen on her way to Kim’s room, she saw the Defendant standing between the stove and
the refrigerator. Before she could ask him who he was or what he was doing there, the
Defendant said, “Bitch, don’t f***ing look at me.” Mrs. Woods immediately looked at the
floor. The Defendant hit her on the back of the head with a gun. He then started shoving
Mrs. Woods toward Kim’s bedroom door.

       Sitting in her room, Kim heard a commotion going on in another part of the house.
She stood up to close the door to her bedroom, and she saw Mrs. Woods walking down the
hallway followed by the Defendant. Kim closed the door to her bedroom but remembered
that L.S. was in another part of the house, so she opened her door to try to prevent the
Defendant from becoming angry. When she opened the door, the Defendant came into her
room with a gun and shoved her into her desk chair, pointing the gun at her head. At the
time, Kim had her three chihuahuas in her room, and they started “raising Cain.” The
Defendant told Kim, “You better get your [f]’ing dogs before I kill them . . . You better get
them right now.” Kim responded, “Okay. I’m trying. I’m trying.” Kim’s oxygen device had
been “yanked” off of her face during the altercation. She was scared and could not breathe,
but, nevertheless, she tried to calm the dogs.

        Kim and the Defendant continued to yell and scream at each other. The Defendant
repeatedly said, “B****, don’t look at me,” and “Give me the money.” Kim was screaming,
crying, and telling the Defendant, “Don’t hurt anyone.” During the altercation, the
Defendant “pistol-whipped” Kim on the side of her head, cutting her right ear and causing
it to bleed.

        3
        Melanie Woods is the wife of Brian Woods, Sr. At times in the record, she is identified as Melanie
Yarborough. For the sake of clarity, we will refer to her as Melanie Woods in this opinion.

                                                   -4-
        At some point after the Defendant entered Kim’s bedroom, Amanda unsuccessfully
tried to call 911 from her cell phone. While Amanda was dialing, the Defendant demanded
that Amanda give him the phone, reached over Kim’s bed, and hit Amanda on the head with
his gun. Amanda refused to give the Defendant her phone, and the Defendant grabbed her
by the ankles, pulled her off the bed, and began “stomping” on her neck and back. He then
took the phone from Amanda and covered her with a sheet from the bed.

        The Defendant turned his attentions back to Kim and continued to push her and
“yank” her hair. Because Kim had lost her oxygen, she could not breathe and begged for her
oxygen back. She also implored the Defendant not to hurt her children. The Defendant
demanded that Kim give him money. Kim tried to hand him a small bag she used to store
money, but the Defendant hit her again and caused the bag of money to fall to the floor. Kim
tried to reach for the bag, but the Defendant continued to hit her.

        While the Defendant was confronting Kim, J.S. opened the door to L.S.’s bedroom 4
and saw a man in a black shirt standing in the doorway of his mother’s bedroom. He heard
the man demand money. Scared, J.S. closed the door to L.S.’s room and locked it. He then
walked back to his room to call 911. During his conversation with the 911 operator, the
yelling emanating from Kim’s bedroom stopped. J.S. returned to his sister’s door and opened
it. When he opened the door, the Defendant hit him on the head with a gun, and J.S. fell to
the ground. J.S. dropped his phone when he fell, and he did not see his phone again for the
rest of the night. The Defendant dragged J.S. into his mother’s room where Amanda was
lying on the floor. J.S. remained lying on the floor of his mother’s room, as instructed by the
Defendant, while the Defendant went to another part of the house.

       Eventually, the Defendant came back into Kim’s bedroom and made her walk to the
bathroom. He then shut Kim in the bathroom. Next, the Defendant ordered Amanda and J.S.
to go into the bathroom with Kim. The Defendant instructed them to stay inside the
bathroom and closed the door behind him.

       Even though J.S. dropped his cell phone, the 911 connection remained opened. The
recording of the 911 call indicates that the Defendant took possession of J.S.’s cell phone and
carried it with him for the duration of the offense and as he fled the scene. In the recording,
the Defendant can be heard forcing Kim into the bathroom. As the Defendant was forcing
Kim into the bathroom, Kim asked for oxygen, and the Defendant responded by telling Kim

        4
          Through their testimony, members of the Schmitt family explained that, in order to access J.S.’s
bedroom, one had to walk through L.S.’s bedroom. Therefore, although J.S. was in his own room when the
Defendant entered the residence, he had to walk through L.S.’s room to observe what was happening in other
parts of the home.

                                                   -5-
to sit down in the bathroom. The recording also includes an exchange between the
Defendant and Ms. Melton in Ms. Melton’s bedroom. After that exchange, the Defendant
can be heard forcing Amanda and J.S. into the bathroom. Shortly thereafter, the Defendant
can be heard running from the scene.

        While the Defendant was arguing with Kim and Amanda in Kim’s bedroom, Mrs.
Woods had been pushed back into the living room by the Defendant. A second man stood
in the living room, holding a gun. L.S., B.W., and Mr. Woods were lying on the floor of the
living room. The second man instructed Mrs. Woods to lie on the floor as well, and she
complied. After a few minutes, the second man told Mrs. Woods to get up and handed her
a roll of duct tape. He instructed her to duct tape her husband’s hands together, and she
complied.

        While she was duct taping Mr. Woods’s hands, Mrs. Woods heard a knock on the
front door of the home. The second man answered the door and found two women, later
identified as Nancy Gann and Betty Palmer, standing on the front porch. The second man
pulled the women in and forced them to lie down on the floor. Mrs. Woods continued to duct
tape her husband’s hands as instructed, but the duct tape began to tear into uneven, narrow
strips. After duct taping Mr. Woods, Mrs. Woods was instructed to duct tape the hands of
L.S., B.W., Ms. Gann, and Ms. Palmer.

       After she had duct taped everyone in the living room, the second man ordered Mrs.
Woods to get down on her knees. Mrs. Woods believed the second man intended to duct tape
her, but then she heard the Defendant say, “Is everything all right, Big Dog? Big Dog, you
ready, Big Dog?” Mrs. Woods was told to stand up and was pushed into the bathroom with
Kim, Amanda, and J.S.

       They stayed in the bathroom for a few minutes until they believed the intruders had
left. When they opened the bathroom door, Amanda observed the Defendant outside,
standing in the road as if he was trying to decide which way to run. Amanda then lost
consciousness in the hallway. L.S. was still duct taped in the living room, crying.

       Police and ambulance personnel responded within minutes. As police arrived, they
observed two men running from Kim’s home. Officers gave chase and saw one of the
suspects discard bags that he had been carrying and then cut through a nearby yard and out
of the officers’ sight. Police set up a perimeter and began searching for the suspects.

       The Defendant was found hiding in a small “shack” behind one of the houses in Kim’s
neighborhood. J.S.’s cell phone, Amanda’s cell phone, a black t-shirt, and a roll of duct tape
were found in the shack with the Defendant. Forensic testing later matched the strips of tape

                                             -6-
used to bind the victims to the roll of duct tape found in the shack. A pistol, a pouch
containing money, and a small bag containing Kim and Ms. Melton’s medications were
found in the road where police observed one of the suspects discard bags during the chase.
These items were returned to the Schmitt residence.

                                  Mrs. Anderson’s Trial Testimony

       At trial, Mrs. Anderson testified that she met the Defendant when they both lived in
Atlanta, Georgia. They were married in 2007 and moved to Oak Ridge in 2008. In the
summer of 2008, they decided to return to Atlanta but could not find housing, so they settled
in Chattanooga. Eventually, Mrs. Anderson became pregnant with their youngest son, and
in June or July of 2009, they moved to Atlanta so that the Defendant could work with his
father’s landscaping company.

        On June 22, 2010, Mrs. Anderson, the Defendant, and their youngest son were
traveling from their home in Atlanta to Oak Ridge to visit Mrs. Anderson’s mother and oldest
son.5 Mrs. Anderson planned to pick up birthday presents and a cake for her youngest son’s
birthday in Oak Ridge. On the way to Oak Ridge, they stopped in Chattanooga in order to
pick up a tax form from the Defendant’s former employer, Popeye’s Chicken. However, they
were unable to get the form. The Defendant and Mrs. Anderson stayed in Chattanooga and
visited with old friends for most of the afternoon. Around 7:30 p.m., Mrs. Anderson left the
Defendant at a Wendy’s near Kim’s home and drove to Oak Ridge. The Defendant had
planned to meet one of his acquaintances, Tiwon Billups, while Mrs. Anderson was in Oak
Ridge. According to Mrs. Anderson, Mr. Billups lived next door to the Schmitt residence.
Mrs. Anderson left Oak Ridge to return to Chattanooga around 9:00 p.m. When Mrs.
Anderson arrived at Mr. Billups’ home to pick up the Defendant, she saw police surrounding
the area.

       Mrs. Anderson recalled that the Defendant was wearing a black t-shirt and blue cotton
pants before he was arrested. He was also wearing a sleeveless white undershirt, black shoes,
and an Atlanta Braves hat. Mrs. Anderson confirmed that she and the Defendant were still
married and that she still loved him. She stated that she would not lie for her husband.

                                Introduction of Jailhouse Phone Calls

        At the beginning of the seventh day of the nine-day trial, before Mrs. Anderson
testified, the State informed both the trial court and the Defendant that they intended to
introduce recordings of phone calls the Defendant made to Mrs. Anderson from the jail (the

       5
           Mrs. Anderson’s oldest son was staying with his grandmother in Oak Ridge for part of the summer.

                                                    -7-
“jailhouse phone calls”) for the purpose of impeaching the Defendant if he chose to testify.
Immediately before coming to court that day, the State had requested and received CD copies
of over 300 jailhouse phone calls, and it had provided copies of the same to the Defendant
along with a call log. The recordings captured a year and a half of the Defendant’s phone
calls—from the date of his arrest until the date the State requested the recordings. The
Defendant’s attorneys objected on the basis that they could not properly advise the Defendant
about his right to testify without listening to the phone calls. After Mrs. Anderson completed
her testimony, the trial court recessed until 9:00 the following morning to allow the
Defendant to listen to the jailhouse phone calls.

       The following morning, the Defendant introduced for identification the CDs
containing the jailhouse phone calls and attached call log. In total, the CDs contained 680
of the Defendant’s phone calls. The Defendant argued that his attorneys’ office simply did
not have enough staff to listen to all 680 phone calls in one night and asked that the trial
court exclude the recordings on various grounds. The trial court ruled that any of the phone
calls the Defendant made after the trial started could be introduced to impeach the
Defendant’s testimony if they were otherwise admissible under the rules of evidence.

        The Defendant asked the State to identify which calls were made during the trial. He
noted that the calls were “scrambled” on the CDs and it was difficult to determine which
recordings were made after the trial began. The State responded that its CDs were in the
same format as the Defendant’s. The trial court denied the request and noted that the
Defendant “kn[ew] what he said better than anybody else.” Ultimately, the Defendant chose
not to testify. He explained that he had made the decision not to testify when the State rested
its case-in-chief—before the State sought to introduce the jailhouse phone calls.

        The State then requested the jailhouse phone calls be introduced as rebuttal proof to
impeach Mrs. Anderson’s testimony. The Defendant objected, arguing that the State should
have introduced the phone calls during its case-in-chief. The State argued that the phone
calls could not have been introduced during its case-in-chief and that the jailhouse phone
calls showed that Mrs. Anderson’s testimony was based on a concocted story, which she
discussed with the Defendant over the phone. The jailhouse phone calls would contradict
Mrs. Anderson’s testimony and show that it was fabricated.

        The trial court listened to the five jailhouse phone calls the State sought to introduce.
In those recordings, the Defendant and Mrs. Anderson discussed her testimony, the time line
of their movements on the day of the offense, and what the Defendant was wearing on the
day of the offense. At several points during the conversations, the Defendant and Mrs.
Anderson challenged each other’s recollections of their movements on the day of the offense.
Mrs. Anderson stated that the Defendant was wearing a striped shirt on the day of the

                                               -8-
offense, but the Defendant told her he was wearing a black shirt. The Defendant also told
Mrs. Anderson about another witness’s testimony, even though the rule of sequestration had
been invoked at the beginning of trial. Finally, the Defendant informed Mrs. Anderson that
he told the court that there had been a “rift” in their marriage so that Mrs. Anderson would
be reimbursed for travel expenses. Mrs. Anderson indicated there was no “rift” in the
marriage. Mrs. Anderson denied knowing Mr. Billups, but she also told the Defendant that
Mr. Billups was “a little b****.”

        The trial court held that the jailhouse phone calls directly replied to, explained, and
perhaps contradicted, Mrs. Anderson’s testimony. Further, the trial court concluded that the
phone calls would allow for the jury to fairly assess Mrs. Anderson’s credibility and weigh
her testimony. Therefore, the recordings were admitted as rebuttal evidence.

        The jury found the Defendant guilty as charged on all counts, except Count 2. For
Count 2, the jury found the Defendant guilty of the lesser included offense of possession of
a firearm with the intent to go armed during the commission of a dangerous offense, to-wit:
the especially aggravated kidnapping of L.S.

                          Defense Counsel’s Motion to Withdraw

        After trial, but before sentencing, defense counsel filed a motion to withdraw. In that
motion, defense counsel explained that the Defendant had misrepresented the status of his
marriage to his attorneys. The trial court conducted another in-chambers, ex parte hearing
on the motion to withdraw (“the second ex parte hearing”). In that hearing, defense counsel
explained that Mrs. Anderson was initially very helpful and seemed to be a willing witness.
However, as the trial approached, Mrs. Anderson became harder to reach, and defense
counsel was concerned that she may have begun a relationship with another man. The
Defendant also told defense counsel that there was a “rift” in his marriage to Mrs. Anderson
and that Mrs. Anderson had a new boyfriend. Defense counsel reported this information to
the court during the first ex parte hearing in order to secure funds to allow Mrs. Anderson
to come to Tennessee to testify. However, after the jailhouse phone calls were played during
the trial, it became evident that there was no rift in the Defendant’s marriage, and defense
counsel felt that a fraud had been perpetrated on the court. Additionally, defense counsel
suggested that the trial judge recuse himself from the remainder of the proceedings “because
a fraud was perpetrated on [the court].”

       The trial court recalled that Mrs. Anderson indicated in the first ex parte hearing that
her finances would not allow her to travel to Tennessee; she never indicated there were
problems in her marriage to the Defendant. The trial court granted defense counsel’s motion
to withdraw. Subsequently, new counsel was appointed to represent the Defendant.

                                              -9-
                                      Motion to Recuse

        On the day the Defendant’s sentencing hearing was scheduled, the Defendant filed a
“Motion to Recuse or Disqualify Judge” (“Motion to Recuse”) alleging, among other things,
that the trial judge’s impartiality could reasonably be questioned based on the information
the trial judge learned during the first ex parte hearing. The Defendant requested that the
judge recuse himself so as to avoid the appearance of impropriety.

       At the hearing on the Motion to Recuse, the Defendant claimed that it was
inappropriate for the trial court to directly question Mrs. Anderson during the first ex parte
hearing. The Defendant also argued that representations made by one of the Defendant’s trial
attorneys during the second ex parte hearing on the Motion to Withdraw would cause the trial
court to feel bias against the Defendant.

         Defense counsel testified that she was counsel of record for the Defendant’s trial and
that she requested the first ex parte hearing in order to secure Mrs. Anderson’s presence as
a witness at trial through a subpoena for an out-of-state witness. She recalled that Mrs.
Anderson revealed more information during the ex parte hearing than what she ultimately
testified to during trial. However, at another point in her testimony, defense counsel recalled
that Mrs. Anderson’s trial testimony was consistent with what Mrs. Anderson told the judge
during the first ex parte hearing.

         Defense counsel recalled that, during the second ex parte hearing, she suggested that
the trial judge should recuse himself for having obtained information directly from Mrs.
Anderson. She claimed that, in light of the first ex parte hearing where the judge questioned
Mrs. Anderson, Mrs. Anderson’s trial testimony, and the introduction of the jailhouse phone
calls, the trial judge was placed “in a unique position of having more information than what
was testified to or was on the recordings” because the recordings were inconsistent with what
Mrs. Anderson told the judge during the first ex parte hearing. In this case, defense counsel
believed that the trial judge’s communication with Mrs. Anderson coupled with the
information revealed by the Defendant’s jailhouse phone conversations with Mrs. Anderson
created an appearance of impropriety.

      Defense counsel stated that she was angered and upset when she heard the
Defendant’s jailhouse phone calls and that they caused her to have a bias against the
Defendant. Consequently, she felt that she could no longer represent the Defendant. She
was concerned that the judge may harbor a similar bias against the Defendant or at least there
would be an appearance of impropriety.

                                             -10-
        In a detailed written order, the trial court denied the Defendant’s Motion to Recuse.
The court noted that the trial had been continued twice—once at the request of the Defendant
and once due to the Defendant’s late-filed request to secure the services of an expert witness.
Then, the day before trial was scheduled to begin, defense counsel filed an ex parte request
for a subpoena to compel Mrs. Anderson to attend the trial. The trial court noted that it was
the Defendant, through his attorneys, who informed the court that he and his wife were
estranged during the first ex parte hearing. Mrs. Anderson never indicated that she was
estranged from the Defendant. Later, in the jailhouse phone calls between the Defendant and
Mrs. Anderson that were introduced at trial, the court heard the Defendant instruct Mrs.
Anderson to say that there had been a rift in their marriage in order to get reimbursement for
her travel expenses. In short, “The [trial court] did not learn anything from the [first ex parte
hearing] conversation with [Mrs. Anderson] except that the pretrial representation of counsel
regarding the status of the marriage ie: estrangement was not correct and that the pretrial
representation by counsel of the witness’[s] inability to pay her travel expenses was
apparently correct.” Additionally, the court noted that any knowledge it had about these
issues came from official court proceedings and therefore did not constitute a basis for
recusal. The trial court held that the ex parte hearings did not establish an appearance of
impropriety and denied the Defendant’s Motion to Recuse.

                                      Sentencing Hearing

       Officer Bryan Johnson of the Chattanooga Office of Probation and Parole testified
that he prepared the presentence report for the Defendant’s sentencing hearing. When
Officer Johnson attempted to interview the Defendant, the Defendant refused to give a
statement but provided a written refusal, stating, “I already feel I have not gotten a fair trial,
and this is nonsense, thus refusing this ridiculous procedure and I want my fair trail [sic],
thus refusing this interview.”

       Because the Defendant refused to be interviewed for the presentence report, Officer
Johnson was only able to confirm a portion of the Defendant’s criminal history. On August
19, 2009, the Defendant was given a ten-year suspended sentence for a forgery conviction
in DeKalb County, Georgia. The first year of that sentence was ordered to be served on
intensive probation. At the time of the offense in this case, the Defendant had been on
intensive probation for approximately ten months. Officer Johnson also received certified
copies of eight of the Defendant’s prior convictions from counties in Georgia and Texas,
ranging in dates from 1986 to 2009. Additionally, the Defendant’s probation had been
revoked on two prior occasions, and he had a revocation of probation pending in Georgia for
his 2009 forgery conviction.

                                               -11-
       The Defendant refused to concede that he was the person convicted in the prior
offenses listed in the presentence report. In response, the State’s investigator testified that
she confirmed that the prior convictions were the Defendant’s by comparing the date of birth
and Social Security numbers listed on the prior convictions with those of the Defendant. The
Court found that the State had sufficiently proven that the Defendant was the individual
convicted for the prior offenses.

        The State argued that the facts of the case, the vulnerability of the victims, and the
Defendant’s attempt to manipulate the judicial process by instructing Mrs. Anderson on her
testimony justified an effective sentence of sixty years. The Defendant maintained his
innocence and argued that any sentence above the minimum would be an effective “death
sentence” because the Defendant was already forty-six years old. Additionally, the
Defendant noted that none of the victims were killed during the offense and he did not have
a history of violent offenses. Consequently, any sentence above the minimum would not be
necessary to achieve the purposes and principles of sentencing.

         The trial court explicitly noted the purposes and principals of sentencing. The trial
court considered the enhancement and mitigating factors and found that the following
enhancement factors applied to the felony convictions in this case: (1) the Defendant has a
previous history of criminal convictions or criminal behavior, in addition to those necessary
to establish the appropriate range; (8) the Defendant, before trial or sentencing, failed to
comply with the conditions of a sentence involving release into the community; and (13) at
the time the felony was committed, the Defendant was released on intensive probation. See
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(1), (8), (13) (2010). The trial court also found that the
enhancement factors “grossly outweigh[ed]” the mitigating factor that there was no loss of
life in this case.

       The trial court then turned to the discretionary consecutive sentencing factors and
found that the following factors applied: (2) the Defendant was an offender whose record of
criminal activity was extensive; and (6) the Defendant is sentenced for an offense committed
while on probation. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(2), (6) (2010). Additionally, the
court noted that the sentences for the Defendant’s convictions for employing a firearm during
the commission of a dangerous felony were required by law to run consecutively to their
accompanying felonies.

       The trial court sentenced the Defendant as follows:

                                             -12-
   Count                          Conviction                        Sentence; Range;
                                                                      and Release
                                                                       Eligibility
      1           Especially Aggravated Kidnapping of L.S.          30 years; Range II;
                              (Class A Felony)                            100%

      2        Possession of a Firearm with Intent to Go Armed         30 days in the
               During the Commission of a Dangerous Offense,            Workhouse
                 to-wit: Especially Aggravated Kidnapping of
                          L.S. (Class C Misdemeanor)

      3        Especially Aggravated Kidnapping of J.S. (Class      30 Years; Range II;
                                 A Felony)                                100%

      4             Employment of a Firearm During the             10 Years; Range III;
                 Commission of a Dangerous Felony, to-wit:                45%
               Especially Aggravated Kidnapping of J.S. (Class
                                 C Felony)

      5         Aggravated Burglary of Kim Schmitt (Class C         15 years; Range III;
                                 Felony)                                   45%

      6            Employment of a Firearm During the              15 Years; Range III;
                 Commission of a Dangerous Felony, to-wit;                45%
                Aggravated Burglary of Kim Schmitt (Class C
                                 Felony)

      7          Aggravated Robbery of Kim Schmitt (Class B         20 Years; Range II;
                                  Felony)                                 35%

      8         Aggravated Robbery of Amanda Schmitt (Class         20 Years; Range II;
                                B Felony)                                 35%

      9          Aggravated Robbery of J.S. (Class B Felony)        20 Years; Range II;
                                                                           35%

        Pursuant to mandatory consecutive sentencing laws, the trial court ordered Count 4
to be served consecutive to Count 3 and Count 6 to be ordered consecutive to Count 5. As
to discretionary consecutive sentencing, the trial court ordered Counts 1 and 8 to run
consecutive to Count 6. Consequently, the Defendant was given an effective sentence of
sixty years’ incarceration. Because the Defendant was on probation at the time of this

                                           -13-
offense, the effective sixty-year sentence was ordered to be served consecutive to the ten-year
sentence for the Defendant’s prior forgery conviction in Georgia. The Defendant’s
subsequent Motion for New Trial was denied after a hearing. This timely appeal followed.

                                          II. Analysis

                                             Recusal

        The Defendant contends the trial judge was biased against him and that the trial
judge’s failure to recuse himself constitutes impropriety or at least an appearance of
impropriety. The Defendant claims that “inconsistent testimony” in the form of the trial
judge’s conversation with Mrs. Anderson during the first ex parte hearing and the jailhouse
phone calls introduced during trial caused the trial court to be biased against the Defendant.
In support of this claim, the Defendant points to defense counsel’s comments during the
second ex parte hearing to illustrate that she was concerned the trial court believed she had
participated in perpetrating a fraud on the court.

         A trial judge should recuse him or herself whenever the judge “has any doubt as to
his ability to preside impartially in a criminal case or whenever his impartiality can
reasonably be questioned.” Pannel v. State, 71 S.W.3d 720, 725 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001)
(citing State v. Hines, 919 S.W.2d 573, 578 (Tenn. 1995)). This is an objective standard.
Alley v. State, 882 S.W.2d 810, 820 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). Recusal is appropriate “when
a person of ordinary prudence in the judge’s position would find a reasonable basis for
questioning the judge’s impartiality.” Id. The judge generally need not recuse him or herself
if the bias or perceived bias is “based upon actual observance of witnesses and evidence
during trial.” Id. However, if the judge’s bias is “so pervasive that it is sufficient to deny the
litigant a fair trial, it need not be extrajudicial.” Id. Whether to grant a motion to recuse rests
within the discretion of the trial court, and this Court will not reverse the trial judge’s
decision absent an abuse of discretion. Hines, 919 S.W.2d at 578.

         In this case, the Defendant argues that a reasonable person could perceive that the
trial court developed a bias against the Defendant when he heard “inconsistent testimony”
about the status of the Defendant’s marriage to Mrs. Anderson. During the first ex parte
hearing, defense counsel informed the court that Mrs. Anderson wanted to “move on in her
life,” causing defense counsel to believe she may not voluntarily appear to testify at trial.
Conversely, when the jailhouse phone calls were introduced at trial, the trial court heard the
Defendant inform Mrs. Anderson that he had told his defense attorneys there was a “rift” in
their marriage in order to secure funds for her to travel to Tennessee. The Defendant points
to comments made by defense counsel during the second ex parte hearing, which illustrate
that she felt that a fraud had been perpetrated on the court because there was not a rift in the

                                               -14-
Defendant’s marriage, to show that a reasonable person would perceive the judge to have a
similar bias against the Defendant.

       When the trial judge spoke with Mrs. Anderson during the first ex parte hearing, Mrs.
Anderson informed him that she had not filed any paperwork to terminate her marriage to the
Defendant; instead, she did not believe her finances would allow to her travel from New
Mexico to Tennessee to testify on the Defendant’s behalf. Based upon Mrs. Anderson’s
representations, the trial court issued an out-of-state subpoena to allow Mrs. Anderson to be
reimbursed for travel expenses.

        In his order denying the Defendant’s Motion to Recuse, the trial judge commented
on his conversation with Mrs. Anderson, stating, “The Court did not learn anything from the
conversation with [Mrs. Anderson] except that the pretrial representation of counsel
regarding the status of the marriage ie: estrangement was not correct and that the pretrial
representation by counsel of the witness’[s] inability to pay her travel expenses was
apparently correct.” Therefore, the Defendant’s statements in the jailhouse phone calls were
not inconsistent with what Mrs. Anderson told the trial judge during the first ex parte
hearing. Additionally, nothing in the record indicates that the trial court issued the out-of-
state subpoena based on the representations defense counsel made about the state of the
Defendant’s marriage. Consequently, even though defense counsel may have felt a fraud had
been perpetrated on the court, it does not appear that the trial court shared that view.
Moreover, any information the trial judge had regarding the state of the Defendant’s marriage
was gleaned from “actual observance of witnesses and evidence” during judicial proceedings.
See Alley, 882 S.W.2d at 820. Therefore, we are unable to conclude that the trial court
abused its discretion in denying the Motion to Recuse.

                  Jury Instruction for Especially Aggravated Kidnapping

        The Defendant argues that his two especially aggravated kidnapping convictions must
be reversed and remanded for a new trial because the jury in this case was not given a White
instruction, and such error was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. First, we address
the Defendant’s dual convictions for the especially aggravated kidnapping and aggravated
robbery of J.S. Second, we address whether White applies to the Defendant’s convictions
for especially aggravated kidnapping of J.S. and L.S. in conjunction with his convictions for
the aggravated robberies of Kim and Amanda.

                                             -15-
 a. Dual Convictions for Especially Aggravated Kidnapping and Aggravated Robbery of
                                         J.S.

       As charged in the superceding indictment, J.S. is the only individual who was the
victim of both an especially aggravated kidnapping as well as an accompanying aggravated
robbery. Such fact scenario fits squarely within the purview of White. See White, 362
S.W.3d at 562 (defendant convicted of both aggravated robbery and especially aggravated
kidnapping of a single victim).

        In Tennessee, the offense of false imprisonment is used “as a definitional building
block for the statutes that address kidnapping and it aggravating factors.” White, 362 S.W.3d
at 574. As defined in the statute, false imprisonment is intended to “broadly address any
situation where there is an interference with another’s liberty.” Id. at 575. In order to be
convicted of false imprisonment—and by extension kidnapping—the statutes require that the
defendant “knowingly removes or confines another unlawfully so as to interfere substantially
with the other’s liberty.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-302(a); White, 362 S.W.3d at 576. The
statute does not require proof of any specific distance or period of time of the victim’s
confinement. White, 362 S.W.3d at 576.

         In State v. Anthony, 817 S.W.2d 299 (Tenn. 1991), our supreme court noted that the
broadly-drawn kidnapping statutes created a due process problem because they “could
literally overrun several other crimes, notably robbery and rape . . . since detention and
sometimes confinement, against the will of the victim, frequently accompany these crimes.”
Anthony, 817 S.W.2d at 303 (quoting People v. Levy, 204 N.E.2d 842, 844 (N.Y. 1965))
(internal quotation marks omitted). The Anthony court adopted a due process analysis which
required reviewing courts to determine “whether the confinement, movement, or detention
was essentially incidental to the accompanying felony and is not, therefore, sufficient to
support a separate conviction for kidnapping, or whether it is significant enough, in and of
itself, to warrant independent prosecution and is, therefore, sufficient to support such a
conviction.” Id. at 306.

        In a subsequent opinion, the supreme court refined the test for determining whether
a separate kidnapping conviction may stand. State v. Dixon, 957 S.W.2d 532, 535 (Tenn.
1997). Citing Anthony, the Dixon court stated that the first inquiry in determining the
validity of a separate kidnapping conviction is “whether the movement or confinement was
beyond that necessary to consummate the [accompanying felony].” Id. “If so, the next
inquiry is whether the additional movement or confinement: (1) prevented the victim from
summoning help; (2) lessened the defendant’s risk of detection; or (3) created a significant
danger or increased the victim’s risk of harm.” Id.

                                            -16-
         In White, our supreme court held that, in cases where kidnapping is charged with
another underlying offense, the General Assembly intended to punish kidnapping only in
instances where the “removal or confinement has criminal significance above and beyond
that necessary to consummate some underlying offense, such as robbery or rape.” Id. at 577.
Whether such confinement was sufficient to support a separate conviction for kidnapping
was a question of fact for the jury to resolve after proper instruction. Id. Therefore, trial
courts should specifically instruct the jury to determine “whether the removal or confinement
is, in essence, incidental to the accompanying felony or, in the alternative, is significant
enough, standing alone, to support a conviction.” Id. at 578. To that end, the supreme court
developed a jury instruction to facilitate the jury’s determination of whether the defendant’s
removal and confinement of the victim was sufficient to support a separate conviction for
kidnapping. Id. at 580-81. Additionally, the supreme court expressly overruled Anthony and
its progeny. White, 362 S.W.3d at 578.

         In State v. Cecil, 409 S.W.3d 599 (Tenn. 2013), the supreme court clarified how the
holding in White applied to cases that were in the “appellate pipeline” 6 when White was filed
on March 9, 2012. Cecil, 409 S.W.3d at 608. The court held that, in the absence of a White
instruction, appellate courts should review the case to determine if the error was harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 610. By way of example, the court cited two cases to
illustrate how the failure to give a White instruction may be harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt, State v. Curtis Keller, No. W2012-00825-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 3329032 (Tenn.
Crim. App. June 27, 2013), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. Dec. 10, 2013), and State v. Jonathan
Kyle Hulse, No. E2011-01291-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 1136528 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 19,
2013). See id. at 611.

        In State v. Curtis Keller, the defendant, along with at least two accomplices, kicked
in the door of a house and terrorized its occupants before removing the victims with the
intention of using them as hostages in an attempt to rob a third party. Curtis Keller, 2013 WL
3329032, at *1, *4. We noted, “The evidence presented by the State fully established that
the victims’ kidnappings were separate from—not ‘incidental’ to—the commission of the
aggravated assaults upon them.” Id. at *4. Consequently, we held that, because no
reasonable jury could have concluded that the victims’ confinement was essentially incidental
to the assaults upon them, any error created by the failure to give a White instruction was
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at *5.

        6
           The court defined the “pipeline approach” as the application of “a new legal principle ‘to litigants
at bar, to all actions pending on the date of the decision announcing the change becomes final[,] and to all
causes of action arising thereafter.’” Cecil, 409 S.W.3d at 608 (quoting Lease v. Tipton, 722 S.W.2d 379,
379 (Tenn. 1986)).

                                                     -17-
        In State v. Jonathan Kyle Hulse, we held that the absence of a White instruction was
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt when the defendant raped the victim and then chased
her out of his home, grabbed her by the ankles, dragged her down, and struck her head on
concrete. Jonathan Kyle Hulse, 2013 WL 1136528, at *5, *14. We reasoned that, at the time
the defendant chased the victim, he had already completed the offense of aggravated rape.
Id. at *14. The chase simply prevented the victim from summoning help and created a
significant danger to her safety; it was not inherent to the rape. Id.

         Similarly, in State v. Larry Jereller Altson, No. E2012-00431-SC-R11-CD, slip op.
(Tenn. May 5, 2015), our supreme court held that the lack of a White instruction was
harmless error beyond a reasonable doubt when the defendant was convicted of especially
aggravated kidnapping and aggravated robbery. Larry Jereller Alston, No. E2012-00431-SC-
R11-CD, No. E2012-00431-SC-R11-CD, slip op. at 14. In that case, the defendant and an
accomplice approached the victim outside of her home and demanded her purse. Id. at 3.
Then, the men forced the victim into her home and began to take items from the home. Id.
The court reasoned that the aggravated robbery was completed when the defendant took
possession of the victim’s purse and before the victim was forced into and confined in her
home. Id. at 13. Therefore, removal and confinement of the victim “were in addition to the
initial robbery” as charged in the indictment. Id.

         The supreme court’s decision in White was released after the Defendant’s trial but
before he was sentenced or filed a motion for new trial. Consequently, the trial court
understandably did not give the jury a White instruction. The Defendant correctly states that
the trial court’s failure to give the jury a White instruction constitutes error. See White, 362
S.W.3d at 78. Therefore, we review any error to determine if it was harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt. See Cecil, 409 S.W.3d at 610.

         In light of our previous ruling in Jonathan Kyle Hulse, Curtis Keller, and the supreme
court’s ruling Larry Jereller Alston, we conclude that any error created by the omission of
a White instruction was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt as to the Defendant’s
convictions for the especially aggravated kidnapping and aggravated robbery of J.S. The
facts show that the Defendant took possession of J.S.’s cell phone well before he confined
J.S. in the bathroom. J.S. testified that the Defendant struck him on the head with his pistol
as he exited his sister’s bedroom, and J.S. fell to the ground, dropping his phone in the
process. Additionally, testimony from the victims establish that the Defendant struck J.S.,
placed him in Kim’s bedroom, and went to another part of the house. He then returned to
escort Kim, Amanda, and J.S. into the bathroom. The recording of the 911 call indicates that
the Defendant took possession of J.S.’s cell phone when he struck J.S. In the recording of
the 911 call, one can hear the Defendant speaking with Ms. Melton in her bedroom, which
was in a separate area of the house from where J.S. was struck. Further, one can hear the

                                              -18-
Defendant forcing Kim into the bathroom as she begged for oxygen. Finally, the Defendant
can be heard forcing J.S. and Amanda into the bathroom. The aggravated robbery of J.S. was
completed when the Defendant took possession of J.S.’s cell phone. Therefore, the evidence
clearly established that the removal and confinement of J.S. was not incidental to the
aggravated robbery and the omission of the White instruction was harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt as to the Defendant’s dual convictions of especially aggravated kidnapping
and aggravated robbery of J.S.

 b. Convictions for Especially Aggravated Kidnapping of L.S. and J.S. and Aggravated
                             Robbery of Kim and Amanda

        Second, we address whether the jury should have been given a White instruction
when the Defendant was charged with especially aggravated kidnapping of L.S. and J.S. as
well as the aggravated robbery of Kim and Amanda.7 In the years following White, this
Court has, on numerous occasions, addressed the issue of whether a White instruction is
required when the Defendant is charged with kidnapping one victim (or multiple victims) and
an accompanying felony against a separate victim. However, this Court has been unable to
come to a consensus on the issue.

         Although it was expressly overturned in White, see 362 S.W.3d at 578, both
approaches rely heavily on Anthony in their analysis of this issue. In Anthony, the defendant
and another man robbed a Shoney’s Restaurant in Knoxville. Anthony, 817 S.W.2d at 301.
As they approached the restaurant, the defendant and his accomplice stopped three Shoney’s
employees near a dumpster behind the restaurant, held them at gunpoint, and ordered them
to lie on the ground. Id. The defendant left his accomplice with the three employees while
he continued into the restaurant in search of money. Id. Once inside the restaurant, the
defendant ordered the manager at gunpoint to take the defendant to the office. Id. En route
to the office, they came across another Shoney’s employee, Laurie Lexvold, and the
defendant grabbed her and held the gun to her head, compelling her to accompany him to the
office. Id. Once in the office, the defendant demanded that the safe be opened, but the
manger informed him that the safe was in the front of the restaurant near the cash register.
 Id. The defendant ordered Ms. Lexvold to remain in the office while he and the manager
returned to the safe. Id. The defendant retrieved what he wanted from the safe and made to
leave the scene. Id. On his way through the building, the defendant happened upon yet
another employee and ordered him into the restroom. Id.

        7
         In Larry Jereller Alston, our supreme court ruled that the White instruction need not be given in
cases where the kidnapping charge is accompanied by an aggravated burglary. Larry Jereller Alston, No.
E2012-00431-SC-R11-CD, slip op. at 10. Therefore, the Defendant’s conviction for aggravated burglary
does not affect the analysis of this issue.

                                                  -19-
         In applying the “essentially incidental” test to these facts, our supreme court held that
the facts of Anthony would not support separate convictions for robbery and kidnapping. Id.
at 307. Regarding the two employees detained inside the restaurant during the course of the
robbery, the court held that their confinement was not “sufficiently significant in and of
itself” to support a separate conviction. Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Neither, the
court found, could the detention of the three employees outside support separate kidnapping
convictions. Id. As to these victims, the court stated,

        The test is not whether the detention was an ‘integral part or essential
        element’ of the robbery, but whether it was ‘essentially incidental’ to that
        offense. We conclude that the activity in question here was incidental. There
        is no significant difference between what happened to the employees who
        were inside the building and those who were not. The only distinguishing
        factor is their location at the time of the robbery. Indeed, had [the three
        employees] been standing inside the back door, rather than a few feet outside
        it, there would be no question that their detention was essentially incidental
        to the robbery.

Id.

        Following Anthony but before White, this Court held that the aggravated kidnapping
of one victim was not incidental to the aggravated robbery of another. State v. Richard
Lacardo Elliott, No. M2001-01990-CCA-R3-CD, 2002 WL 31528538, at *4 (Tenn. Crim.
App. Nov. 15, 2002), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. Feb. 24, 2003). In that case, the defendant
entered a package store, ordered a customer already in the store to lie on the floor, and
robbed the clerk behind the counter. Id. at *1. The defendant then led the customer and the
clerk to a storage area in the back of the store, warned them not to move for five to ten
minutes, and left the scene. Id. Ultimately, the defendant was charged with and convicted
of aggravated kidnapping of the customer and aggravated robbery. Id. at *1. This Court
distinguished Elliott from Anthony by reasoning that the defendant did not order the
customer into the storage room until after the aggravated robbery of the clerk had been
completed. Id. at *4. Therefore, the aggravated kidnapping was not incidental to the
aggravated robbery. Id. Further, this Court held, “when the robbery victim and the
kidnapping victim are two different persons, the issue is better characterized as a question
of whether sufficient evidence exists to sustain a conviction for aggravated kidnapping.” Id.

        After our supreme court overruled Anthony and its progeny in White, this Court has
adopted two different approaches to analyzing the validity of a defendant’s convictions for
kidnapping and an accompanying felony when the victims of the kidnapping were not victims
of the accompanying felony. One approach reasons that a White instruction is required in

                                              -20-
such cases because “[o]ur supreme court never said in the Anthony/Dixon/White line of cases
that the fact the victim of the kidnapping was different than the named victim of the
accompanying felony eliminated the need for due process analysis.” State v. Josh L.
Bowman, No. E2012-00923-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 4680402, at *15 (Tenn. Crim. App.
Aug. 29, 2013), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. Feb. 11, 2014). Although White overruled the
methodology used to determine whether a kidnapping was essentially incidental to an
accompanying offense, “it did not alter the rationale in Anthony regarding the circumstances
in which the due process protection arises.” State v. Jerome Maurice Teats, No. M2012-
01232-CCA-R3-CD, 2014 WL 98650, at *31 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 10, 2014) (Tipton, P.J.,
dissenting), perm. app. granted, (Tenn. May 15, 2014). Accordingly, those embracing this
approach would hold that White is applicable to such cases. See State v. Gary S. Holman,
No. E2012-01143-CCA-R3-CD, 2014 WL 295610, at *13 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 27, 2014)
(Ogle, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part), perm. app. filed, (Tenn. March 2, 2015)
(concluding that White did not eliminate the need for a due process analysis when the victim
of the kidnapping was different than the victim of the accompanying felony); Jerome
Maurice Teats, 2014 WL 98650, at *30-32 (Tipton, P.J., dissenting) (noting that, under
Anthony, such fact patterns would simply support a robbery conviction and concluding that
“the supreme court altered in White how the question of whether a kidnapping is incidental
to another felony is to be resolved, it did not alter the rationale in Anthony regarding the
circumstances in which the due process protection arises”); State v. Ricco R. Williams,
No.W2011-01897-CCA-RM-CD, 2014 WL 60967, at *12-16 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 7,
2014) (Witt, J., concurring and dissenting), perm. app. granted, (Tenn. May 15, 2014)
(concluding that “the [Anthony] due process bar to prosecuting the kidnapping charge did
not depend upon the kidnapping victim’s being a victim of the accompanying felony” and
Anthony survives to the extent that it requires the use of due process principles in reviewing
convictions of kidnapping when accompanied by another felony).8

       Other members of this Court have concluded that White does not apply to situations
where the defendant confines one victim while he commits an accompanying felony on a
separate victim, reasoning:

            While we recognize that our supreme court has determined that it is unfair to
            convict a defendant of two crimes against a single victim when he arguably
            had committed only a single crime that, by necessity, includes an element of

        8
          We note that our supreme court granted the parties’ applications for appeal in Ricco R. Williams
and Jerome Maurice Teats, and it appears that they will be addressing the issue of whether White applies
when the victim of the kidnapping is not the same person as the victim of the accompanying felony. Order,
State v. Ricco R. Williams, No. W2013-01897-SC-R11-CD (Tenn. May 15, 2014); Order, State v. Jerome
Maurice Teats, No. M2012-01232-SC-R11-CD (Tenn. May 15, 2015).

                                                  -21-
       a different crime, that same concern eludes us in the face of multiple victims
       for which a defendant is charged with a single offense. That is, we
       acknowledge that a perpetrator, by some means or other, must detain his
       robbery victim long enough to take some property from her. However, there
       is no corresponding necessity for the perpetrator to immobilize innocent
       bystanders. Certainly, immobilizing such persons may facilitate the
       perpetrator’s commission of his intended crime against his intended robbery
       victim, but we do not agree that principles of due process prevent the
       perpetrator from being prosecuted for the separate crime he may commit
       against bystanders in order to facilitate his primary crime. Indeed, we fail to
       see how a crime against one person can be merely “incidental” to a crime
       against another person.

Ricco R. Williams, 2014 WL 60967, at *8 (emphasis in original). Therefore, because White
expressly overruled Anthony and its progeny, a defendant can be convicted of both
kidnapping and an accompanying felony when the kidnapping of one victim facilitates an
accompanying felony against another victim. Id. The White instruction need only be given
in cases where “the defendant committed dual offenses of kidnapping and an accompanying
crime for which some measure of detention was necessary against the same victim.” Id.
(emphasis in original); see also Gary S. Holman, 2014 WL 295610, at *12 (noting that the
White instruction appears “to have been drafted with the assumption that the defendant is
being tried for dual offenses against a single victim”); Jerome Maurice Teats, 2014 WL
986650, at *21 (holding that the White instruction need only be given when the kidnapping
and accompanying felony were committed against the same victim). In another case, one
judge concluded that there is no “accompanying felony” when the defendant was charged
with one offense against each victim, even though those offenses occurred “at virtually the
same time.” Josh L. Bowman, 2013 WL 4680402, at *16 (Woodall, J. dissenting) (noting
that the especially aggravated kidnapping of one victim and especially aggravated robbery
of another victim were distinct offenses and not “accompanying” felonies to each other).

        We agree with the conclusion that White does not apply to cases where the defendant
is charged with the kidnapping of one victim and an accompanying felony against another
victim. Detaining one victim to facilitate a felony committed against another victim has
criminal significance beyond the accompanying felony. Each victim is distinct from the other
and suffered separate harm. Therefore, there is no due process concern and White does not
apply. No error resulted from the failure to give the jury a White instruction for the
especially aggravated kidnappings of J.S. and L.S.

                                            -22-
                                   Failure to Merge Convictions

         Next, the Defendant argues that the convictions for especially aggravated kidnapping
“should merge either with the aggravated robbery or possession of a firearm during the
commission of a dangerous felony, or both.” Additionally, the Defendant argues the
prohibition against double jeopardy requires that his two convictions for employing a firearm
during the commission of a dangerous felony and his conviction for possession of a firearm
with the intent to go armed be merged with each other and with his aggravated robbery
convictions. The State argues that the Defendant’s double jeopardy rights were not violated
in this case.

                                            a. Due Process

         To the extent that the Defendant argues due process requires that his kidnapping
convictions merge with his aggravated robbery and firearm convictions, it appears that the
Defendant is simply restating his White argument. As we have already ruled that any White
error in this case was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, his argument as to the kidnapping
charges is without merit.

                                         b. Double Jeopardy

         The Defendant claims that his convictions for employing a firearm during the
commission of a dangerous offense and possession of a firearm with the intent to go armed
during the commission of a dangerous felony violate his double jeopardy rights. It is unclear
from the Defendant’s brief, but it appears that his claim is based on the contention that his
firearm convictions and their respective underlying felony convictions arose from the same
act or transaction and violate double jeopardy because “the evidence offered to prove [the
underlying felony] charges . . . included the evidence necessary to prove the weapon[s]
charge[s].” Anthony D. Byers v. State, No. W2011-00473-CCA-R3-PC, 2012 WL 938976,
at *9 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 15, 2012).9

       The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States
Constitution, made applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, states, “No

        9
          The Defendant does not articulate the basis for his double jeopardy argument but simply cites
Anthony D. Byers to support of his claim. However, this Court never reached the merits of the petitioner’s
double jeopardy claim in that Anthony D. Byers because resolution of the issue was not “absolutely
necessary to determining the issues in this case and adjudication of the rights of the parties.” Anthony D.
Byers, 2012 WL 938976, at *9. Thus, we must speculate as to the basis of the Defendant’s claim based on
the limited discussion of double jeopardy in Anthony D. Byers.

                                                   -23-
person shall . . . be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.”
U.S. Const. amend. V. Similarly, the Tennessee Constitution guarantees “[t]hat no person
shall, for the same offense, be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.” Tenn. Cost. art. I, § 10.
Both clauses provide three distinct protections: “(1) protection against a second prosecution
for the same offense after acquittal; (2) protection against a second prosecution for the same
offense after conviction; and (3) protection against multiple punishments for the same
offense.” State v. Watkins, 362 S.W.3d 530, 541 (Tenn. 2012).

        With respect to the third category, the double jeopardy prohibition operates to prevent
prosecutors and courts from imposing punishment that exceeds that authorized by the
legislature. Id. at 542. Such single prosecution, multiple punishment claims ordinarily fall
into one of two categories: (1) “unit-of-prosecution” or (2) “multiple description” claims.
Id. at 543. Unit-of-prosecution claims arise when the defendant has been convicted of
multiple violations of the same statute and asserts that the multiple convictions are for the
same offense. Id. In contrast, multiple description claims arise in cases where the defendant
had been convicted of multiple criminal offenses under different statutes but alleges that the
statutes punish the same offense. Id. at 544.

         When reviewing unit-of-prosecution claims, “courts must determine what the
legislature intended to be a single unit of conduct for the purposes of a single conviction and
punishment.” Id. at 543 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Conversely, when
reviewing multiple description cases, courts must determine whether the defendant
committed two offenses or only one. Id. at 544. To do so, courts apply the test articulated
in Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932). Blockburger, 284 U.S. at 304;
Watkins, 362 S.W.3d at 544. Under Blockburger, if each offense includes an element that
the other does not, then double jeopardy does not prohibit prosecution of both offenses even
if there is “a substantial overlap in the proof offered to establish the crimes.” Watkins, 362
S.W.3d at 544 (quoting Ianneli v. United States, 420 U.S. 770, 775 (1975)) (internal
quotation marks omitted); see also Blockburger, 284 U.S. at 304. A Blockburger analysis
requires two steps: (1) determine whether the statutory violations arose “from the same act
or transaction” and (2) if they did arise from the same act or transaction, determine whether
the offenses for which the Defendant was convicted constitute the same offense by
comparing the elements of the offenses for which the defendant was convicted. Watkins, 362
S.W.3d at 545. If each offense contains an element that the other does not, the statutes are
treated as distinct and courts presumed that the legislature intended that the offenses be
punished separately. Id. at 545-46.

       From the language in Anthony D. Breyer cited in the Defendant’s brief, it appears that
the Defendant is making a multiple description claim. Therefore, we will analyze the
Defendant’s convictions under the Blockburger test.

                                              -24-
       We believe the first prong of the Blockburger analysis had been met; the Defendant’s
firearms convictions arose out of the same act or transaction as his especially aggravated
kidnapping and burglary convictions. Therefore, we will focus our analysis on the second
prong of the Blockburger test—whether the statutory elements of the firearms convictions
and underlying felony convictions constitute the same offense.

                     i. The Especially Aggravated Kidnapping of L.S.

        The Defendant was convicted of both the especially aggravated kidnapping of L.S.
as well as possession of a firearm with the intent to go armed during the commission of the
especially aggravated kidnapping of L.S. As charged in this case, especially aggravated
kidnapping is defined as “false imprisonment . . . [w]here the victim was under the age of
thirteen (13) at the time of the removal or confinement[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-
305(a)(2) (2010). The trial court properly instructed the jury that the elements of the offense
are: (1) that the Defendant knowingly removed or confined another unlawfully so as to
interfere substantially with the other’s liberty; and (2) that the alleged victim was under the
age of 13 at the time of the removal or confinement.

        In contrast, Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-17-1324(a) criminalizes the
possession of a firearm with the intent to go armed during the commission of or attempt to
commit a dangerous felony. The trial properly instructed the jury that the elements of that
offense are: (1) that the Defendant possessed a firearm; and (2) that the possession was with
the intent to go armed during the commission of or attempt to commit the especially
aggravated kidnapping of L.S.

        Both of these offenses contains an element that the other does not. Therefore, they
are distinct offenses, and the Defendant is without relief as to his double jeopardy claim.

                       ii. Especially Aggravated Kidnapping of J.S.

        The Defendant was convicted of both the especially aggravated kidnapping of J.S.
as well as employing a firearm during the commission of the especially aggravated
kidnapping of J.S. The elements of especially aggravated kidnapping, as charged in this
case, are the same as set out above for the especially aggravated kidnapping of L.S. The jury
was properly instructed as to the elements of the offense.

       Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-17-1324(b)(1) criminalizes employing a
firearm during the commission of a dangerous felony. Further, especially aggravated
kidnapping is listed in the statute as a dangerous felony. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-
1324(i)(1)(E) (2010). The trial court properly instructed the jury that the elements of the

                                             -25-
offense are: (1) that the Defendant employed a firearm; (2) that the employment was during
the commission of or attempt to commit the especially aggravated kidnapping of J.S.; and (3)
that the Defendant acted either intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly.

        Both of these offenses contains an element that the other does not. Therefore, they
are distinct offenses, and the Defendant is without relief as to his double jeopardy claim.

                         iii. Aggravated Burglary of Kim Schmitt

        The Defendant was convicted of both the aggravated burglary of the habitation of
Kim Schmitt and employing a firearm during the commission of the aggravated burglary of
the habitation of Kim Schmitt. Aggravated burglary is defined as “burglary of a habitation.”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-14-403(a) (2010). The trial court properly instructed the jury that the
elements of aggravated burglary are: (1) that the Defendant entered a habitation or any
portion thereof; (2) that the Defendant entered with the intent to commit a theft; (3) that the
Defendant acted without the effective consent of the owner; and (4) that the Defendant acted
either intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly.

        As noted above, it is a crime to employ a firearm during the commission of a
dangerous felony. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-1324(b)(1) (2010). Aggravated burglary is
listed as a dangerous felony under the statute. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-1324(i)(1)(H)
(2010). The trial court properly instructed the jury that the elements of the offense are: (1)
that the Defendant employed a firearm; and (2) that the employment was during the
commission of or attempt to commit the aggravated burglary of the habitation of Kim
Schmitt; and (3) that the Defendant acted either intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly.

        Both of these offenses contain an element that the other does not. Therefore, they are
distinct offenses, and the Defendant is without relief as to his double jeopardy claim.

                           iv. Aggravated Robbery Convictions

        To the extent that the Defendant contends that his firearm convictions should merge
with each other and his convictions for aggravated robbery, the Defendant’s argument fails.
It is true that the Defendant was convicted of three counts of aggravated robbery
accomplished with a deadly weapon. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-402(a)(1) (2010).
However, aggravated robbery was not the underlying dangerous felony for any of the
Defendant’s firearm convictions. Therefore, the Defendant’s convictions for aggravated
robbery do not implicate double jeopardy concerns because the convictions did not arise from
the same act or transaction as the firearm convictions. See Watkins, 362 S.W.3d at 545.
Similarly, each of the Defendant’s firearm conviction is paired with a different felony—the

                                             -26-
especially aggravated kidnapping of L.S., the especially aggravated kidnapping of J.S., and
the aggravated burglary of the habitation of Kim Schmitt. Therefore, individual firearm
convictions arise out of different acts or transactions, and the Defendant’s argument that the
firearms convictions must merge with each other and the aggravated robbery convictions is
without merit. See id.

                      Introduction of Recorded Jailhouse Phone Calls

        The Defendant challenges the admission of the jailhouse phone calls between the
Defendant and Mrs. Anderson on two grounds. First, he claims that the trial court erred
when it refused to grant the Defendant a “reasonable continuance” to listen to the “680
unindexed and undated” jailhouse phone calls between the Defendant and his wife. Second,
the Defendant argues that the jailhouse phone calls were not proper rebuttal evidence but,
instead, should have been introduced during the State’s case-in-chief. The State argues that
the Defendant has waived the issue because he neither raised the issue of continuance nor
objected to the introduction of the jailhouse phone calls as rebuttal evidence at trial. Further,
the State argues that the Defendant is not entitled to plain error relief under either argument.

        As a preliminary matter, we find that the Defendant has not waived either argument.
When the State first brought the jailhouse phone calls to the attention of the trial court,
defense counsel objected, commenting that she could not properly advise the Defendant
about his right to testify on his own behalf without having listened to the jailhouse phone
calls. The trial court granted an eighteen-hour continuance to allow the Defendant to listen
to the phone calls. Although defense counsel did not renew her objection when she returned
to court the next morning, we believe she had preserved the issue of continuance for appeal.
As to the introduction of the jailhouse phone calls as rebuttal evidence, at trial defense
counsel explicitly objected, arguing that the calls were not proper rebuttal evidence and that
they should have been introduced during the State’s case-in-chief. Further, the Defendant
claimed that the trial court erred when it permitted the State to introduce the phone calls as
evidence in his Motion for New Trial. Therefore, the issue is preserved for appeal.

                      a. Failure to Grant a “Reasonable Continuance”

        The Defendant argues that the trial court should have granted him a longer
continuance to allow him to listen to the 680 jailhouse phone calls. The State gave the
Defendant copies of the jailhouse phone calls along with a call log on the morning of the
seventh day of a nine-day trial, during the Defendant’s case-in-chief. The State argued that,
should the Defendant testify, it should be able to impeach his testimony with statements he
made in the jailhouse phone calls. Defense counsel argued that she could not properly advise
her client about his right to testify without having the opportunity to listen to the phone calls.

                                              -27-
Around 3:15 p.m., the trial court recessed until 9:00 a.m. the following morning to allow
defense counsel the opportunity to listen to the phone calls. Consequently, defense counsel
had approximately eighteen hours to listen to 680 phone calls.

        The decision of whether to grant or deny a continuance is left to the sole discretion
of the trial court and will not be disturbed on appeal absent a showing that the trial court
abused its discretion. State v. Mann, 959 S.W.2d 503, 524 (Tenn. 1997); State v. Hines, 919
S.W.2d 573, 579 (Tenn. 1995); State v. Moorehead, 409 S.W.2d 357, 358 (Tenn. 1966). In
order to show an abuse of discretion, the challenging party must show that “failure to grant
a continuance denied [the] defendant a fair trial or that it could be reasonably concluded that
a different result would have followed had the continuance been granted.” Hines, 919 SW.2d
at 579.

         In this case, the Defendant has failed to demonstrate how he was prejudiced by the
trial court’s failure to grant a longer continuance. Defense counsel requested time to listen
to the recordings so that she could properly advise the Defendant as to his right to testify.
However, during the Momon hearing, the Defendant stated that he made the decision not to
testify when the State rested its case-in-chief, days before any mention of the jailhouse phone
calls. Therefore, we cannot say the trial court abused its discretion by failing to grant a
longer continuance.

                                    b. Rebuttal Evidence

        The Defendant argues that the jailhouse phone calls were not proper rebuttal evidence
and that they should have been introduced during the State’s case-in-chief. Admission or
rejection of rebuttal evidence is left to sound discretion of the trial court. State v. Braden,
867 S.W.2d 750, 760 (Tenn. 1993). “Rebuttal evidence” is defined as “evidence ‘which
tends to explain or controvert evidence produced by an adverse party.’” Id. (quoting
Cozzolino v. State, 584 S.W.2d 765, 768 (Tenn. 1979), abrogated on other grounds by State
v. Nesbit, 978 S.W.2d 872, 890 (Tenn. 1998)). As such, rebuttal evidence may only be
introduced after the adverse party introduces the evidence to be rebutted because “[o]ne
cannot rebut evidence that has not been advanced.” Cozzolino, 584 S.W.2d at 768. “Any
competent evidence which explains or is a direct reply to, or a contradiction of, material
evidence introduced by the accused, or which is brought out on his cross-examination is
admissible in rebuttal.” Nease v. State, 592 S.W.2d 327, 331 (Tenn. 1979). Rebuttal
evidence may be introduced to impeach a witness’s testimony through the use of a prior
inconsistent statement. Braden, 867 S.W.2d at 760.

       In this case, the Defendant’s recorded jailhouse phone calls constitute classic rebuttal
evidence. The State introduced the phone calls in order to challenge Mrs. Anderson’s

                                             -28-
testimony about the Defendant’s activities on the day of the home invasion. The jailhouse
phone calls demonstrated that Mrs. Anderson and the Defendant had possibly coordinated
their stories before she testified. Further, some of Mrs. Anderson’s statements on the
jailhouse phone calls, such as her description of what the Defendant was wearing, were
inconsistent with her testimony at trial. Additionally, the Defendant does not explain what
relevance the jailhouse phone calls would have had before Mrs. Anderson testified.
Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in permitting the State to introduce the
jailhouse phone calls as rebuttal evidence.

                                   Consecutive Sentencing

         Next, the Defendant argues that his crimes were not sufficiently aggravated to
warrant consecutive sentencing. Additionally, the Defendant claims that the trial court
improperly found that he was a “dangerous offender” and “double use[ed]” enhancement
factors both to lengthen the Defendant’s sentence and to justify consecutive sentencing. He
asks that his sentence be reduced and ordered to run concurrently. The State argues that the
trial court did not abuse its discretion when it imposed an effective sixty-year sentence. We
agree with the State.

        As a preliminary matter, we note that the trial court did not find the Defendant to be
a “dangerous offender” for the purposes of imposing consecutive sentences. Instead, the trial
court found that the Defendant was “an offender whose record of criminal activity is
extensive” and that the Defendant was “sentenced for an offense committed while on
probation.” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b)(2), (6) (2010). Therefore, to the extent
that the Defendant contends that the trial court erred in determining he was a “dangerous
offender,” his argument is without merit.

        When a defendant is convicted of multiple criminal offenses, the trial court may order
the sentences to run consecutively if the court finds by a preponderance of the evidence that
certain, enumerated factors apply to the defendant. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b) (2010).
When a trial court supports its sentencing decision by placing its findings on the record, the
applicable standard of review for the imposition of consecutive sentences is abuse of
discretion with a presumption of reasonableness. State v. Pollard, 432 S.W.3d 851, 853
(Tenn. 2013). A finding of an abuse of discretion “‘reflects that the trial court’s logic and
reasoning was improper when viewed in light of the factual circumstances and relevant legal
principles involved in a particular case.’” State v. Shaffer, 45 S.W.3d 553, 555 (Tenn. 2001)
(quoting State v. Moore, 6 S.W.3d 235, 242 (Tenn. 1999)). To find an abuse of discretion,
the record must be void of any substantial evidence that would support the trial court’s
decision. Id. at 554-55; State v. Grear, 568 S.W.2d 285, 286 (Tenn. 1978); State v. Delp, 614
S.W.2d 395, 398 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1980). The party appealing the sentence has the burden

                                              -29-
of demonstrating its impropriety. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401, Sent’g Comm’n Cmts.; see
also State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991).

        Because the record includes the trial court’s findings, we will review this case under
an abuse of discretion standard. Pollard, 432 S.W.3d at 853. In this case, the trial court
explicitly found that the Defendant had an extensive record of criminal activity and that he
committed the offenses for which he was convicted while he was on intensive probation for
a Georgia forgery conviction. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b)(2),(6) (2010). The
evidence presented at the sentencing hearing supports such findings.

        Additionally, pursuant to Tennessee law, the Defendant’s convictions for employing
a firearm during the commission of a dangerous felony were required to be served
consecutive to their accompanying felonies—aggravated burglary and especially aggravated
kidnapping. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-1324(e)(1) (2010). Therefore, we find that the
trial court did not abuse its discretion when it ordered consecutive sentences.

        Finally, this Court has held that “[t]here is no prohibition in the 1989 Sentencing Act
against using the same facts and circumstances both to enhance sentences under applicable
enhancement factors and to require those sentences to be served consecutively.” State v.
Meeks, 867 S.W.2d 361, 377 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). The trial court considered the proper
factors both to enhance the Defendant’s sentence and to impose consecutive sentences. It
did not err by using similar facts to support each of the factors. Therefore, the Defendant’s
argument as to the double-use of enhancement factors is without merit.

                                      Cumulative Error

        Finally, the Defendant argues that the cumulative effect of the errors he raised
necessitate reversal of his convictions and sentences. The cumulative error doctrine
recognizes that multiple trial errors, while in insolation constitute harmless error, may have
a cumulative effect that requires reversal in order to preserve the defendant’s right to a fair
trial. State v. Hester, 324 S.W.3d 1, 76 (Tenn. 2010). However, in order to reverse a case
under the cumulative error doctrine, “there must have been more than one actual error
committed in the trial proceedings.” Id. at 77. In this case, the Defendant has failed to
demonstrate more than one actual error in the trial. Therefore, he is not entitled to relief
under the cumulative error doctrine.

                                      III. Conclusion

       For the aforementioned reasons, the judgments of the trial court are affirmed.

                                                    _________________________________
                                                    ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR., JUDGE

                                             -30-