Court Opinion

ID: 2730588
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-08 22:03:21.117728+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:40:04.584787
License: Public Domain

Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before                          FILED
any court except for the purpose of                          Mar 27 2012, 8:52 am
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.                        CLERK
                                                                  of the supreme court,
                                                                  court of appeals and
                                                                         tax court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                           ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES:

ALAN D. WILSON                                    LOUIS D. EVANS
Kokomo, Indiana                                   Frankfort, Indiana

                               IN THE
                     COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

KARYL POGUE,                                      )
                                                  )
       Appellant-Plaintiff,                       )
                                                  )
               vs.                                )      No. 12A02-1107-PL-654
                                                  )
KIM RAWLINGS and                                  )
DEBORAH S. RAWLINGS,                              )
                                                  )
       Appellees-Defendants.                      )

                     APPEAL FROM THE CLINTON SUPERIOR COURT
                          The Honorable Justin H. Hunter, Judge
                              Cause No. 12D01-1002-PL-72

                                        March 27, 2012

                MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

NAJAM, Judge
                            STATEMENT OF THE CASE

      Karyl Pogue appeals the trial court‟s judgment in favor of Kim Rawlings and

Deborah Rawlings on Pogue‟s complaint alleging fraud, following a bench trial. Pogue

presents a single restated issue for our review, namely, whether the trial court erred when

it entered judgment in favor of the Rawlingses.

      We affirm.

                      FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      The trial court set out the relevant facts in its judgment as follows:

             Buyer [Pogue] and Seller [the Rawlingses] executed a land contract
      (Exhibit A) on December 29, 2007[,] for the purchase and sale of
      residential real estate located in Clinton County, Indiana (hereafter “the
      Property”). The sales price was $80,000 and the seller[-]financed terms
      called for buyer to pay $8,000 up front and monthly payments of $550
      including interest on principal at the rate of 5% per annum.

              The residence on the Property was over one hundred years old when
      sold to Buyer. Seller had previously lived in the residence between the
      years 1975 and 2003. Seller did not provide Buyer with a disclosure form
      required by Ind. Code §32-21-5-10. The land contract provided Buyer the
      right to enter and inspect the Property (paragraph 8c. of Exhibit A) but also
      declared that “Buyer has personally inspected the real estate and the
      improvements thereon and agrees to accept the same „as is‟ in its present
      condition. Seller makes no warranties whatsoever to Buyer either express
      or implied.” (Paragraph 12 of Exhibit A).

             Buyer took possession and lived in the home with her significant
            []
      other beginning February[] 2008[,] and began making improvements.
      Buyer experienced significant problems after taking possession. The
      furnace stopped working shortly after Buyer moved into the property. By
      April[] 2008, Buyer noticed the water was brown. By summer[] 2008 the
      water pump failed. The water quality did not improve, and the well went
      dry by the end of 2008.

             Buyer shortly thereafter abandoned the Property, returned the keys
      to Seller and notified Seller that she was returning possession to him due to

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       several problems with the Property, all specified in a letter dated February
       10, 2009 (Exhibit D).

              One of the asserted problems was related to the description of the
       property being transferred. Prior to execution of the contract, Seller had
       advertised the Property for sale in the Kokomo Tribune. The property was
       advertised to include 2 acres. After execution of the land contract, Buyer
       discovered that the description contained only approximately 1.4 acres. . . .

              A second asserted problem related to the location of the well [sic].
       Before execution of the contract, Buyer asked Seller about the location of
       the well. Seller represented that the well was located near the south side of
       the house, and Seller pointed to an area close to the house. After Buyer
       began experiencing water quality problems in April[] 2008, she and close
       family members began to troubleshoot the problem. Eventually Buyer and
       family members dug to locate the well where Seller had previously pointed
       and never found it there. . . .

Appellant‟s App. at 4-5.

       On February 5, 2010, Pogue filed a complaint against the Rawlingses alleging

fraudulent inducement. In particular, Pogue alleged that the Rawlingses

       made false and fraudulent representations to Karyl Pogue to induce her into
       signing the contract: [t]hat the real estate consisted of a two[-]acre plot,
       that the septic system would be repaired, that the well was located outside
       the utility room window where repairs could easily be made, that the
       kitchen window would be replaced, that the barn would be cleaned out, and
       that the house complied with local and state codes.

Id. at 7-8. And Pogue requested in relevant part “judgment against defendants of all

sums paid to defendants pursuant to the contract, [and] for such additional sums that

plaintiff has incurred to remedy defects in the home[.]” Id. at 8.

       The trial court conducted a bench trial on June 16, 2011, and the court entered

findings and conclusions sua sponte. In addition to the findings of fact set out above, the

trial court stated:

                                             3
       At trial, Seller conceded that he intended to convey the visibly
mowed ground, which was actually closer to 3 acres of ground. Contrary to
the contention of Buyer, the Court finds that the discrepancy between the
property description contained in the contract and the representation of
Seller before execution of the contract was not based on fraud and serves as
no foundation for Buyer to cancel the contract or make a claim for
damages. Before abandoning the Property, Buyer never demanded a
correction to conform the property description to the parties‟ understanding.

       . . . At trial there was no credible evidence of the actual location of
the well. It does not logically follow that the well went dry because it was
not located where Seller said it was. Locating the well would clearly make
water quality issues easier to diagnose, but Buyer never sought a
professional for such assistance.

       The elements of a cause of action in fraud are well established: To
sustain an action for fraud it must be proven by a preponderance of the
evidence that a material representation of a past or existing fact was made
which was untrue and known to be untrue by the party making it, or else
recklessly made, and that another party did in fact rely on the representation
and was induced thereby to act to his detriment. Plymale v. Upright, [] 419
N.E.2d 756 ([Ind. Ct. App. ]1981).

       In the present, the Court finds that Buyer has not proved that Seller
made a material misrepresentation of fact upon which they relied to their
detriment. While it‟s true that Seller misrepresented the location of the
well [sic]. Indeed, it was not where he told Buyer it was located. There is
no evidence, however, that the misrepresentation was material because
there is no evidence for the Court to conclude that the well went dry
because it was in a location different than the location represented to Buyer.

       In connection with the weak floor joists, the Court finds no evidence
that Seller ever misrepresented the condition of any component of the
house that would be categorized to include the floor joists. Again, Buyer
neglected to exercise her right to inspect, accepted the property “AS IS,”
and moved in knowing that the property was over 100 years old.

       The remaining reasons asserted by Buyer for abandoning the
Property and the contract were related to an alleged breach of promises that
were not performed, namely the Seller‟s failure to fix the septic, to repair a
window, and to clean an outbuilding. A failed promise to perform an act is
not a misrepresentation of a past or existing fact and will not sustain a cause
of action for fraud.

                                      4
             IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Plaintiff shall take nothing by
       way of her complaint and cause of action against Defendants.

Id. at 5-6. This appeal ensued.

                             DISCUSSION AND DECISION

       The trial court entered findings of fact and conclusions thereon sua sponte.

Findings of fact entered by the trial court sua sponte

       control only as to the issues they cover, while a general judgment standard
       applies to any issue upon which the trial court has made no findings. In
       reviewing the judgment, this court must determine whether the evidence
       supports the findings and whether the findings, in turn, support the
       conclusion and judgment. We will reverse a judgment only when it is
       shown to be clearly erroneous, i.e., when the judgment is unsupported by
       the findings of fact and conclusions entered on the findings. In order to
       determine that a finding or conclusion is clearly erroneous, an appellate
       court‟s review of the evidence must leave it with the firm conviction that a
       mistake has been made. In determining the validity of the findings or
       judgment, we consider only the evidence favorable to the judgment and all
       reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom, and we will not reweigh the
       evidence or assess the credibility of witnesses. In the case of a general
       judgment, a general judgment may be affirmed on any theory supported by
       the evidence presented at trial.

Borovilos Rest. Corp. II v. Lutheran Univ. Ass‟n, 920 N.E.2d 759, 763 (Ind. Ct. App.

2010) (citations omitted), trans. denied.

       Further, Pogue bore the burden of proof on her fraud claim and, thus, appeals

from a negative judgment. We will not reverse a negative judgment unless it is contrary

to law. Eppl v. DiGiacomo, 946 N.E.2d 646, 649 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). A judgment is

contrary to law when the evidence is without conflict and leads to but one conclusion, but

the trial court reached a different conclusion. Id.

       Pogue first contends that:

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       [a]lthough the real estate disclosure statute and the case law are silent as to
       the consequences of failing to provide a real estate disclosure form as in our
       case, failure to do so is obviously a statutory violation. Rawlings cannot be
       allowed to benefit from his failure to comply with his statutory obligation
       to provide a written disclosure. Sellers can be held liable for omissions on
       the sales disclosure form. Here, Rawlings omitted everything by failing to
       provide a disclosure form, and, thus should be held liable. In this case,
       liability means a return of Pogue‟s $8,000 down payment.

Brief of Appellant at 11 (emphasis added, citation omitted). At trial, however, Pogue

argued that the Rawlingses violated the statute when they did not give her a disclosure

form and that the statutory violation “requires Mr. Rawlings to repay Ms. Pogue for the

money she put in to remedy those defects that weren‟t disclosed.” Transcript at 87.

       In support of her contention on this issue, Pogue cites to this court‟s recent opinion

in Vanderwier v. Baker, 937 N.E.2d 396 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). In Vanderwier, the home

sellers completed a disclosure form under the statute and stated in relevant part that

“during severe rain they had „minor garage seepage.‟ ” Id. at 397. But after the buyers

moved in, the lower level of the house flooded, and in the course of making repairs, the

buyers discovered evidence of prior water damage, including “water marks on the walls

and rotted boards.” Id. The buyers sued, and the trial court entered judgment in favor of

the buyers after a bench trial.

       On appeal, we adopted this court‟s opinion in Hizer v. Holt, 937 N.E.2d 1 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2010), “in its entirety.” Vanderwier, 937 N.E.2d at 401. In Hizer, we held, in

relevant part, that “sellers can be held liable for errors, inaccuracies, or omissions on the

Sales Disclosure Form if the seller has actual knowledge of the defect.” 937 N.E.2d at 7.

Thus, in Hizer, we concluded that Indiana Code Chapter 32-21-5 “abrogates any

interpretation of the common law that might allow sellers to make written
                                             6
misrepresentations with impunity regarding the items that must be disclosed to the buyer

on the Sales Disclosure Form[.]” Id.

       In essence, Pogue asks us to hold that the Rawlingses‟ failure to provide a

disclosure form is, by itself, grounds for rescission under the reasoning in Vanderwier.

But, as the Rawlingses correctly point out, Indiana Code Section 32-21-5-10 expressly

states that “[a]fter closing, the failure of the owner to deliver a disclosure statement form

to the buyer does not by itself invalidate a real estate transaction.”            Further, a

misrepresentation or omission in a disclosure form, which may support a fraud claim, is

not equivalent to providing no form at all. We find Vanderwier inapposite here.

       Pogue also contends, without citation to the record, that the evidence shows that

Mr. Rawlings misrepresented the location of the well and whether there had been any

problems with the “water system.” Brief of Appellant at 11. To prevail in a cause of

action for fraudulent misrepresentation, Pogue had to prove that (1) the Rawlingses made

false statements of past or existing material facts; (2) the Rawlingses made such

statements knowing them to be false or recklessly without knowledge as to their truth or

falsity; (3) the Rawlingses made the statements to induce Pogue to act upon them; (4)

Pogue justifiably relied and acted upon the statements; and (5) Pogue suffered injury.

See Vanderwier, 937 N.E.2d at 398.

       The trial court found in relevant part:

       At trial there was no credible evidence of the actual location of the well. It
       does not logically follow that the well went dry because it was not located
       where Seller said it was. Locating the well would clearly make water
       quality issues easier to diagnose, but Buyer never sought a professional for
       such assistance.

                                                 7
                                             ***

                In the present, the Court finds that Buyer has not proved that Seller
         made a material misrepresentation of fact upon which they relied to their
         detriment. While it‟s true that Seller misrepresented the location of the
         well [sic]. Indeed, it was not where he told Buyer it was located. There is
         no evidence, however, that the misrepresentation was material because
         there is no evidence for the Court to conclude that the well went dry
         because it was in a location different than the location represented to Buyer.

Appellant‟s App. at 5-6 (emphasis original). Pogue‟s argument on appeal amounts to a

request that we reweigh the evidence, which we will not do. And the trial court‟s

reasoning based on the evidence before the court is persuasive. There is no error on this

issue.

         Finally, Pogue contends that, given that “neither of the parties knew the exact

amount of land being conveyed” at the time of entering the contract, rescission is

warranted under the doctrine of mutual mistake. Brief of Appellant at 11. But Pogue did

not make that argument to the trial court. Rather, at trial, Pogue argued the alleged

acreage dispute in the context of her fraud claim. Accordingly, the issue is waived. See,

e.g., McGill v. Long, 801 N.E.2d 678, 688 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004) (holding failure to raise

class action tolling argument to trial court waived that issue on appeal), trans. denied.

         Affirmed.

ROBB, C.J., and VAIDIK, J., concur.

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