Court Opinion

ID: 2729821
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-08 21:48:50.940464+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:27:03.750539
License: Public Domain

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of
                                                            FILED
                                                         Aug 06 2012, 8:55 am
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.                     CLERK
                                                               of the supreme court,
                                                               court of appeals and
                                                                      tax court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                          ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

F. THOMAS SCHORNHORST                            GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Oxford, Mississippi                              Attorney General of Indiana

                                                 JODI KATHRYN STEIN
                                                 Deputy Attorney General
                                                 Indianapolis, Indiana

                              IN THE
                    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

JANET M. WRIGHT,                                 )
                                                 )
       Appellant-Defendant,                      )
                                                 )
              vs.                                )      No. 11A04-1109-CR-506
                                                 )
STATE OF INDIANA,                                )
                                                 )
       Appellee-Plaintiff.                       )

                      APPEAL FROM THE CLAY SUPERIOR COURT
                          The Honorable J. Blaine Akers, Judge
                             Cause No. 11D01-0906-FD-244

                                       August 6, 2012

               MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

BARTEAU, Senior Judge
                             STATEMENT OF THE CASE

      The police went to Janet M. Wright’s house in search of Jesse West. Jesse was not

there, but during their visit the police found marijuana and paraphernalia. The State

charged Wright with multiple offenses, and she filed a motion to suppress all evidence

discovered by the police. The trial court denied Wright’s motion in part, deferred ruling

on the remainder of the motion, and granted Wright permission to pursue this

interlocutory appeal. We affirm and remand.

                                         ISSUE

      Wright raises three issues, which we consolidate and restate as: whether the trial

court erred by denying in part her motion to suppress.

                       FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      On June 7, 2009, Clay County Sheriff’s Deputies James Switzer and Casey Judge

went to Wright’s house in Coalmont, Clay County, Indiana. Wright lived with Scott

West. The deputies were looking for Scott’s son, Jesse.

      A key question is why the deputies believed that Jesse might be found at Wright’s

house. In early 2009, Deputy David Haddix of the Sullivan County Sheriff’s Department

found a stolen van in rural Clay County near Coalmont, just east of the Sullivan County

line, and had it towed to an impound lot. On or around June 1, 2009, the owner of the lot

informed Haddix that Jesse’s identification had been found in the van. The identification

indicated that Jesse lived in Coalmont, but the address provided on the identification was

not the address of Wright’s house. Haddix consulted electronic records and determined

that Jesse had an active misdemeanor arrest warrant from Greene County.

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       On June 4, 2009, Haddix called the Clay County Sheriff’s Department and talked

with a dispatcher about Jesse. During the discussion, they determined that Jesse had a

second active misdemeanor arrest warrant from another county. They also discussed a

possibility that Jesse could be found at Scott’s house in Coalmont.             After this

conversation, the dispatcher issued an e-mail to all Clay County Sheriff’s deputies. The

e-mail advised that Jesse was wanted on two warrants and in connection with a stolen

vehicle investigation. The e-mail further advised that Jesse “is supposed to be living with

his dad, Scott West. Lives in [a] run down old house on Jason St[.] in Coalmont.” Depo.

of Cindy Judd, Ex. 1.

       Switzer received the e-mail and examined the warrants. One of the warrants listed

Wright’s address as one of Jesse’s residences. In addition, Switzer was acquainted with

Nancy Fulford, the mother of two of Jesse’s children. One of the warrants against Jesse

was for non-payment of child support to Fulford, and she had discussed with Switzer

Jesse’s history of non-payment. She told him that Jesse would run from law enforcement

if given a chance.

       Based on this information, Switzer and Judge went to Wright and Scott’s house as

noted above. The house is on the south side of the street, and a driveway runs along the

house’s west side. A porch and the front door are located on the west side of the house.

Switzer walked up to the front door via the driveway and directed Judge to walk to the

southwest corner of the house so that she would see if someone ran out of the back of the

house into nearby woods. The south end of the porch was blocked by a grill, and a tall

wooden lattice extended from the west side of the house into the backyard, so Judge

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circled around the grill, a trash can and various other items and walked fifteen feet into

the side yard where she could see past the lattice into the backyard. Judge did not enter

the backyard and remained in view of Switzer.

       When Switzer walked up to the front door, he smelled marijuana. He knocked

several times, but no one came to the door. As Switzer was knocking, Judge looked into

the backyard and saw several milk jugs on the ground along the side of the house. The

tops of the jugs had been cut off, and plants were growing inside them. Judge identified

the plants as marijuana and notified Switzer. Switzer walked over to Judge, and they

approached the jugs. Switzer confirmed that the plants were marijuana, and he radioed

for additional officers to secure the property.

       Next, Scott arrived.    He allowed the officers to enter the house and retrieve

Wright, who had been asleep inside up to this point. Jesse was not at the house. The

police removed Scott and Wright from the house, and Scott signed a consent form

granting permission to the police to search the house and outbuildings. During the

subsequent search the police found additional marijuana plants in the house, along with

paraphernalia.

       The State charged Wright with possession of marijuana, a Class D felony, Ind.

Code § 35-48-4-11 (1983); maintaining a common nuisance, a Class D felony, Ind. Code

§ 35-48-4-13 (2001); and possession of paraphernalia, a Class A misdemeanor, Ind. Code

§ 35-48-4-8.3 (2003). Wright filed a motion to suppress all evidence discovered during

the deputies’ visit to her property. The trial court denied Wright’s motion to suppress as

to the marijuana that was found beside the house. The trial court deferred its ruling as to

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all evidence found inside the house and outbuildings, determining that it had insufficient

evidence to address that matter.     Wright requested leave to pursue an interlocutory

appeal, and the trial court granted leave. Next, she asked this Court to accept her appeal,

and we granted Wright’s motion.

                             DISCUSSION AND DECISION

       The standard of appellate review of a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress is

similar to other sufficiency issues. Pruitt v. State, 934 N.E.2d 767, 768 (Ind. Ct. App.

2010), trans. denied. We determine whether substantial evidence of probative value

exists to support the trial court’s ruling. Id. We do not reweigh the evidence, and we

consider conflicting evidence most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, but we also

consider the uncontested evidence favorable to the defendant. Shell v. State, 927 N.E.2d

413, 418 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010).

       Wright argues that the deputies’ discovery of the marijuana plants beside her

house and the additional items inside her house and outbuildings was the result of a

search that violated her federal and state constitutional protections against illegal search

and seizure. We address each provision in turn.

                            I. THE FOURTH AMENDMENT

       The Fourth Amendment provides, “The right of the people to be secure in their

persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not

be violated . . . .” This federal right to be free of unreasonable searches and seizures

applies to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. Duran v. State, 930 N.E.2d 10,

14 (Ind. 2010). Searches performed by government officials without warrants are per se

                                             5
unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment, subject to a few specifically established and

well-delineated exceptions. Holder v. State, 847 N.E.2d 930, 935 (Ind. 2006). When a

search or seizure is conducted without a warrant, the State bears the burden of proving

that an exception to the warrant requirement existed at the time of the search or seizure.

Boggs v. State, 928 N.E.2d 855, 863 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied. The touchstone

of the Fourth Amendment is reasonableness, and reasonableness is measured in objective

terms by examining the totality of the circumstances. Rush v. State, 881 N.E.2d 46, 50

(Ind. 2008).

       Here, Wright asserts that the deputies had no legitimate reason to enter her

property and that Switzer was pursuing a personal mission based on his acquaintance

with Fulford. However, the deputies had been informed that Jesse could be at Wright’s

property, and there were pending misdemeanor arrest warrants for him. Furthermore,

Jesse was wanted for questioning in connection with a vehicle theft. Switzer reviewed

the warrants before going to Wright’s house, and one of them listed Wright’s address as

one of Jesse’s residences. Switzer Depo. p. 24, Judd Depo. Ex. 3. In addition, Switzer’s

discussions with Fulford provided evidence that Jesse had not addressed his delinquent

child support payments. Therefore, the deputies had legitimate law enforcement reasons

to enter Wright’s property. See Boggs, 928 N.E.2d at 864 (holding that officers had a

valid reason to enter Boggs’ property because they wanted him to come pick up his

daughter and because they discovered there was a pending warrant for his arrest).

       Next, Wright contends that Judge engaged in an illegal search by entering the side

yard of her house, from where Judge saw the marijuana in the backyard. A search arises

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out of an intrusion by a governmental actor upon an area in which a person maintains a

reasonable expectation of privacy. Dora v. State, 957 N.E.2d 1049, 1052 (Ind. Ct. App.

2011), trans. denied. The land immediately surrounding and associated with a home, the

curtilage, is also subject to the Fourth Amendment protections that attach to the home.

Boggs, 928 N.E.2d at 863. When the police come onto private property to conduct an

investigation or for some other legitimate purpose and restrict their movements to places

visitors could be expected to go (such as walkways, driveways, and porches),

observations made from such vantage points are not covered by the Fourth Amendment.

Shultz v. State, 742 N.E.2d 961, 964 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied.

       Here, the officers had a reasonable belief that Jesse could be found on the property

and had been advised that he would flee from law enforcement if possible. When the

deputies entered Wright’s property, Switzer approached the main door of the house and

directed Judge to stand at the southwest corner of the house so that she would see if

anyone ran out by another exit and entered the woods behind the house. Judge walked

past the end of the driveway, fifteen feet into the side yard, where she could see the

backyard. However, she did not enter the backyard, because she stood where she and

Switzer could see each other. Judge may have intruded upon the curtilage of the home,

but under these facts we cannot say that her attempt to spot anyone who might attempt to

flee was a constitutionally impermissible search under the Fourth Amendment. See

Lundquist v. State, 834 N.E.2d 1061, 1069 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (determining that an

officer’s intrusion into Lundquist’s backyard was permissible because the officer was

searching for Lundquist, not contraband, and had reason to believe Lundquist would be

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found on the property); see also Trimble v. State, 842 N.E.2d 798, 802 (Ind. 2006)

(determining that an officer’s approach of a doghouse that was located three to five feet

from Trimble’s driveway was permissible under the Fourth Amendment), clarified on

reh’g, 848 N.E.2d 278 (2006).

        Wright cites Divello v. State, 782 N.E.2d 433 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003), trans. denied,

but that case is distinguishable. In that case, officers acting on a report that Divello was

dealing marijuana at his residence went to his house and knocked at his front door and

back door.      When they received no answer, the officers walked through Divello’s

backyard to access another house that Divello owned, walked around that house, and

knocked on all of the doors there. They saw a truck parked behind that house, examined

it, and smelled marijuana coming from the corner of the house closest to the truck. After

getting a search warrant, the officers discovered marijuana in the house, but a panel of

this Court held that the marijuana had to be suppressed because the officers improperly

walked through Divello’s backyard and the backyard of his other house, exceeding the

area where visitors could reasonably be expected to go. See id. at 439.

        By contrast, in this case Judge did not enter Wright’s backyard. Instead, she stood

in a side yard near the driveway where she could look into the backyard but did not enter

that area. Therefore, Divello is not controlling.1

        Next, Wright claims that even if it were permissible for Judge to stand where she

could see into the backyard, Judge and Switzer violated the Fourth Amendment by

1
 Wright further argues that the officers lacked exigent circumstances to view or enter her backyard. It is
unnecessary to address this argument due to the manner in which we have resolved her Fourth
Amendment claim.
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approaching the marijuana plants once Judge identified them. The State contends that the

deputies appropriately approached and seized the plants under the “plain view” doctrine.

         Indiana law enforcement officials do not need a warrant to seize incriminating

evidence under the plain view doctrine if the following conditions are met: (1) police

have a legal right to be at the place from which the evidence can be plainly viewed; (2)

the incriminating character of the evidence is immediately apparent; and (3) police have a

lawful right of access to the object itself. Eaton v. State, 889 N.E.2d 297, 301 (Ind.

2008).

         Here, we have already determined that Judge did not violate the Fourth

Amendment by standing where she could see into the backyard. Furthermore, Judge

recognized the plants as marijuana, a controlled substance. Finally, the marijuana plants

were not locked within a building or vehicle, but rather were sitting outside.        We

conclude that the officers properly approached and seized the plants. See Redden v.

State, 850 N.E.2d 451, 460 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006) (affirming officers’ discovery of

materials used to manufacture methamphetamine where the materials were in plain view

when the officers went to the back porch of Redden’s house), trans. denied.           We

conclude that the trial court did not err by denying Wright’s motion to suppress with

respect to the marijuana the deputies discovered in the backyard of Wright’s house.

         Wright argues that any other items found within her house and outbuildings must

be suppressed because Scott’s consent to search was invalid. However, the trial court

specifically declined to rule upon Wright’s motion to suppress with respect to items

found within the house and outbuildings, noting: (1) the court could not determine

                                            9
whether Scott’s consent could be “used for or against” Wright; and (2) no evidence was

provided to the court as to whether Wright consented to the search. Appellant’s App. p.

82. In the absence of a ruling by the trial court, there is nothing for us to review on this

point. Wright may seek appellate review once the trial court issues a ruling on the

portion of her motion to suppress pertaining to the search of the house and the

outbuildings.

                              II. ARTICLE 1, SECTION 11

       Wright claims that the officers’ entry upon her property, including Judge’s

movement into a side yard where she could see the backyard, was illegal and

unreasonable under the Indiana Constitution.       Article 1, Section 11 of the Indiana

Constitution provides, in relevant part: “The right of the people to be secure in their

persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable search or seizure, shall not be

violated . . . .” This provision tracks the language of the Fourth Amendment, but we

conduct a separate analysis for alleged violations of Article 1, Section 11. Dora, 957

N.E.2d at 1055.

       The purpose of Article 1, Section 11 is to protect from unreasonable police activity

those areas of life that Hoosiers regard as private. Mitchell v. State, 745 N.E.2d 775, 786

(Ind. 2001). This provision must receive a liberal construction in its application to

guarantee the people against unreasonable search and seizure. Id. Our analysis focuses

on whether the actions of the police officer are reasonable under the totality of the

circumstances, rather than upon a person’s reasonable expectation of privacy. Dora, 957

N.E.2d at 1055. Reasonableness is considered in light of three factors: (1) the degree of

                                            10
concern, suspicion, or knowledge that a violation has occurred; (2) the degree of intrusion

the method of the search or seizure imposes on the citizen’s ordinary activities; and (3)

the extent of law enforcement needs. Id.

       In this case, the deputies had a high degree of knowledge that a violation had

occurred because Switzer had received an e-mail from a dispatcher regarding Jesse and

had personally reviewed two misdemeanor arrest warrants, one of which listed Wright’s

address as one of Jesse’s residences. Furthermore, Switzer knew from talking with

Fulford that Jesse had failed to fulfill his court-ordered child support obligations, so he

had independent evidence that the basis for Jesse’s arrest warrant for misdemeanor failure

to pay child support was unresolved. Finally, the deputies were aware that Jesse was a

suspect in a vehicle theft. Thus, the deputies had reasons to look for Jesse and had reason

to believe that he might be on Wright’s property.

       In addition, the degree of intrusion was low. Switzer and Judge approached the

house via the driveway, and Switzer walked up to the front door while he directed Judge

to position herself so that she could see around the corner of the house. Although Judge

walked fifteen feet into a side yard, she did not enter the backyard. The degree of

intrusion is closer to Lundquist, 834 N.E.2d at 1069, where an officer entered a backyard,

than to Divello, 782 N.E.2d at 435-36, where the officers walked through a backyard, into

the backyard of a second house owned by Divello, and around the second house’s

curtilage while searching for Divello.

       Finally, Judge’s entry into the side yard was justified by law enforcement needs.

Fulford had told Switzer that Jesse would run from the police if given a chance.

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Furthermore, Switzer thought it was necessary to ensure that no one surreptitiously

approached him or Judge. Balancing these factors, we conclude that the officers’ entry

onto the property, including Judge’s movement into the side yard where she saw the

marijuana, was not an unreasonable search in violation of Article 1, Section 11. See

Redden, 850 N.E.2d at 461 (determining that the officers’ entry onto the property to talk

with the property owner, which led to the officers’ discovery of materials related to drug

manufacturing on the porch, was reasonable under Article 1, Section 11).

       Wright also asks this Court to consider the validity of Scott’s consent to search the

house and outbuildings under the Indiana Constitution.         Given that the trial court

expressly delayed a ruling upon this portion of Wright’s motion to suppress, we may not

consider that issue at this time.

                                     CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, we affirm the judgment of the trial court and remand

for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

       Affirmed and remanded.

MAY, J., and DARDEN, Sr.J., concur.

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