Court Opinion

ID: 9453675
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-04 18:20:19.660654+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:33:45.208432
License: Public Domain

McGOWAN, Circuit Judge,
with whom BAZELON, Chief Judge, concurs, votes to deny appellant’s aforesaid petition for the reasons set forth in the attached statement.
DANAHER, BURGER, and TAMM, Circuit Judges, would grant appellant’s petition for rehearing en banc.
STATEMENT OF CIRCUIT JUDGE McGOWAN EXPLAINING WHY HE BELIEVES THE PETITION FOR REHEARING EN BANC SHOULD BE DENIED
As a participant in the per curiam decision in respect of which the Government seeks rehearing en banc, it may be useful to spell out at some length the reasons why I have voted to deny that request. The panel opinion did not deal with the matter in detail because of the feebleness of the assault mounted by the Government against the trial court’s action. The petition for rehearing is a major, albeit belated, effort; and it warrants an enlargement of the discussion on our part.
This was a condemnation action by the Redevelopment Land Agency to acquire several contiguous tracts of land for a housing development. In the trial of this particular action, the expert witness for the condemnee first testified that the land was worth approximately $5.00 per sq. ft., as contrasted with the $2.00 per sq. ft. which had been testified to by the Government’s expert. He was then asked if there had been any other transactions in the vicinity and, over objection, he was allowed to testify that the condemnor had paid $5.00 a sq. ft. for another tract approximately 100 feet away. The Government attorney, after saying “I think it was a fair price of course, probably compromise,” objected to its admission solely on the ground of District of Columbia R.L.A. v. 61 Parcels, 98 U.S.App.D.C. 367, 235 F.2d 864 (1956). He characterized that case as requiring the exclusion of this evidence because it involved a sale to the Government of land “right in this project area.” The District Judge questioned whether this was a necessary conclusion. He said he could understand how a condemnee might well have reason to complain of such evidence when offered by the Government, since the condemnee was under the compulsion of condemnation. But, if the immediate condemnee chose to offer the evidence himself, he did not see the relevance of the compulsion principle. In any event, he finally concluded to admit the evidence, and to give the Government a full opportunity to show the non-comparability of the two properties. The Government took advantage of this opportunity, and the jury brought in a verdict eventually which was about midway between the $2.00 and the $5.00.
On appeal it was argued to us that no sale made in the shadow of condemnation can be admitted in evidence by anybody, because of the compulsion and coer*575cion inherent in the condemnation power. Two members of the panel were not satisfied that the District Judge had abused his discretion in the admission of evidence to a degree necessitating reversal. The dissenting judge was primarily concerned with a subsidiary point, namely, the question of whether the Government and the adjoining landowner had really arrived at a final meeting of the minds with respect to price. The majority were satisfied that, for the purpose in question, there had been such a meeting of the minds; and the majority did not, either in terms or in purpose, hold that an unaccepted offer would be admissible.
The Government now argues that the panel’s ruling on admissibility is contrary to the law of the circuit. I am far from being convinced that this is the case. 61 Parcels cannot be directly controlling because there it was the RLA which claimed error in the exclusion of evidence offered by it of the prices at which it had acquired comparable parcels. It was in that context that Judge Fahy, in his opinion in 61 Parcels, undertook to define what would be the “compulsion, coercion or compromise” which must be negated by one who offers evidence of prior sales. He said there would be no such disqualification unless it appears that the sale was, among other things, “under pressure of the exercise of the power of eminent domain, or other coercion * * Since he was considering the admissibility of evidence offered by the condemnor as distinct from the condemnee, it seems reasonable that the coercion he was talking about was that which is felt by the party who is the object of the condemnation power, and not by the one who has it.
In considering Judge Fahy’s comments in 61 Parcels, account must be taken of Hannan v. United States, 76 U.S.App. D.C. 118, 131 F.2d 441 (1942). In that case the Government was securing land for the new War Department Building; and the trial court excluded evidence offered by certain condemnees of the prices which the Government had paid for other parcels in the condemned area. The court in Hannan said that it was not error for the evidence to be excluded for two reasons. First, the person who offers evidence of other transactions must establish preliminarily that the purchase was made “without compulsion, coercion, or compromise,” and no such showing had been made. Secondly, said the court, the reception of evidence of this kind in each case is to be left to the discretion of the trial judge “[T]o the end that the jury may be placed in the best position to pass upon the ultimate question of fact. * * * ” His discretion in each instance will not be disturbed “except for good reason.” The court found that other evidence of private sales had come in, and concluded that, looking at the whole record, the jury was in a position to decide the question fairly.
Judge Stephens dissented in Hannan on the ground that, if the court was to say for the first time that the offeror of evidence of this kind must preliminarily qualify it as free from compulsion, the case should be retried and this opportunity given the condemnee. As to the outcome of such an effort, he said “[Tjhat they can qualify it would seem hardly doubtful because the circumstances under which a condemnor would be under compulsion must be most unusual — since if a condemnor cannot purchase at a reasonable price he is at liberty to take the property by condemnation proceedings.” Further, Judge Stephens felt that the majority, in a case where they appeared to recognize the discretion vested in the trial judge, had unnecessarily appeared to change the law of the circuit:
Upon the question whether in a condemnation proceeding evidence may be introduced as to the price paid by a condemnor for property similar to that in suit, there is a division of authority. The weight of authority outside this jurisdiction is that such evidence is inadmissible. But in Washington Home for Incurables v. Hazen, 1934, 63 App.D.C. 185, 70 F.2d 847, we adopted the minority rule and held the admission of such evidence proper. *576We based our ruling upon O’Malley v. Commonwealth, 1902, 182 Mass. 196, 65 N.E. 30, in which the opinion for the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts was written by Holmes, then Chief Justice of that tribunal. * * The theory of admissibility is that although evidence of a purchase by the condemnor of property similar to that involved in a condemnation proceeding is less persuasive on the issue of market value than evidence of a purchase by a stranger, there is no reason in principle why such evidence should not be admitted provided the purchase by the condemnor was made without compulsion ; in short, it is held that objection to this type of evidence goes to its weight, not to its competency. Id. 76 U.S.App.D.C. at 121, 131 F.2d at 444.
In the Washington Home for Incurables case, cited by Judge Stephens, this court reversed the lower court for excluding evidence of other acquisitions made by the condemnor, and the court showed itself to be sharply aware of the differing positions in which a condemnee and a condemnor find themselves on the question of compulsion. It held that the District Commissioners could not be regarded as under any compulsion or coercion simply because they were proceeding to acquire properties through the use of the condemnation power.
The District operates under a quick-taking statute. 16 D.C.Code § 1353. Under that statute, the Government can and does proceed by depositing in court a sum of money which it considers to be the fair market value; and it simultaneously acquires title and right to possession. How it can be said to be under any significant compulsion to pay more for property than it is worth eludes me. I can understand why a condemnee might still insist that the Government’s unilateral estimate of value should not come in against his objection, but, if he wishes to put it in, I cannot detect any element of coercion or compulsion that should invariably keep it from the jury’s consideration.
The cases cited by the Government in other circuits seem to me something less than sharply focused;1 and they do not deal with the realities of this problem in any way commensurable with what has been said in this circuit. Even if our present rule be taken to be that a con-demnee offering evidence of this kind must preliminarily qualify it by showing that the Government is free of compulsion, reversal is hardly necessary in this case since the Government lawyer himself prefaced his objection to admissibility by characterizing the price as fair.
As to the RLA’s claim that the panel has handed down a decision which is squarely in conflict with the existing law of the circuit, that depends upon how you define that law. The task of definition, as indicated above, is a very formidable one under the circumstances. After reading carefully the cases discussed above, I would have to answer somewhat as follows if anyone asked me what I thought the current law of the circuit is: The admission of evidence in condemnation cases is committed to the discretion of the trial judge. Where one party to a transaction involving comparable property is armed with the condemnation power, the court should be especially alert to the distortions of coercion. Jury verdicts will not be reversed unless, looking at the whole record, the reviewing court is convinced that the jury did not have a reasonable opportunity to determine the question of fair market value *577and that its conclusion is patently an unjust product of an unjust proceeding.
The justification for an en banc would presumably be that, if we are to have a rule that neither condemnee nor con-demnor can put in evidence of a condem-nor’s other acquisions in the same area, a new and better theoretical formulation is necessary than the one the Government has given us thus far. The RLA is never very clear in its petition for rehearing en banc just what it would like to have us declare the general rule to be. It first talks about how admissibility should not be a one-way street — a suggestion which apparently did not impress the RLA when, after Hannan’s exclusion of evidence offered by the condemnee, the RLA tried in 61 Parcels to introduce evidence of its own acquisitions.
The petition subsequently seems to emphasize the compromise rationale. First it says that, because the Government accepted an offer of settlement of a pending condemnation action, the Government was under coercion to do so in order to be spared the trouble and expense of further litigation. I am not impressed with the severity of this asserted compulsion. Secondly, it refers to the evidentiary rule that evidence of compromise is inadmissible. It cites two cases for this proposition. Neither involves the condemnation problem. In Home Ins. Co. v. Baltimore Warehouse Co., 93 U.S. 527, 23 L.Ed. 868 (1876), it was held that, in a case involving the coverage of an insurance policy, the trial court did not err in excluding an unaccepted offer of compromise. Martello v. Hawley, 112 U.S.App.D.C. 129, 300 F.2d 721 (1962), held that a settlement made by one of two joint tort-feasors should not be made known to the jury.
The problem we face does not lend itself very well to the compromise rule in other situations. Is there any real difference, for example, between a price arrived at by the Government and the land-owner before a condemnation suit is filed, and one which they fix upon during the pendency of the litigation? It is the fact that one party is possessed of the power of condemnation which keeps this transaction in either case from being a true arm’s length bargain. Whenever the Government decides to pay a certain price, it has arguably made an uncoerced judgment as to fair market value which is relevant in the trial of any other condemnation of related property, and which, when offered by the condem-nee, the trial judge does not err in admitting, provided he gives the Government a full opportunity to show to the jury the differences between the two properties which explain the disparity in the Government’s respective evaluations.

. The Government’s citations are to cases in the Third, Fifth, and Eighth Circuits. The three latest of these are Hickey v. United States, 208 F.2d 269 (3rd Cir. 1953) ; Slattery Co. v. United States, 231 F.2d 37 (5th Cir. 1956) ; and Evans v. United States, 326 F.2d 827 (8th Cir. 1964). Hickey does not involve at all the offer by a condemnee of evidence of comparable acquisitions by the Government. Slattery states the principle contended for by the Government, but the condemnee still succeeded in getting the verdict reversed on other grounds. Evans cites Slattery, and then goes on to indicate that there was no evidence of the comparability of the respective properties to support the condemnee’s offer of proof.