Court Opinion

ID: 73341
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-26 08:03:54+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:59:02.568347
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals,

                                         Eleventh Circuit.

                                           No. 97-6354.

                       UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                                 v.

  LAND, WINSTON COUNTY, Certain Real Property Located near Highway 195, Winston
County, Alabama, together with all improvements, fixtures and appurtenances thereon, Defendant,

                          Melphia Bailey Woods, Claimant-Appellant.

                                          Dec. 31, 1998.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama. (No. CV-96-
HM-216-J), E.B. Haltom, Jr., Judge.

Before ANDERSON and BIRCH, Circuit Judges, and COHILL*, Senior District Judge.

       BIRCH, Circuit Judge:

       Melphia Woods appeals the district court's order granting summary judgment to the United

States in this forfeiture action brought pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1955(d). Woods contends that

summary judgment should not have been granted because (a) she did not receive proper notice of

the forfeiture action and (b) there are disputed material facts concerning the posting of "No

Trespassing" signs on the property. Woods also argues that the district court failed to rule on the

excessive fines affirmative defense on the motion for summary judgment and improperly used a

"probable cause" burden of proof in the forfeiture action. For the reasons that follow, we find that

the government met its probable cause burden in the forfeiture action. However, we find that Woods

did not receive proper notice of the forfeiture. We REMAND the case to the district court to assess

   *
   Honorable Maurice B. Cohill, Jr., Senior U.S. District Judge for the Western District of
Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
damages, if any, for the due process violation and to consider, in the first instance, Woods' excessive

fines affirmative defense.

                                         I. BACKGROUND

       In 1981, Melphia Woods and her now deceased husband opened the "Clear Creek

Sportsman's Club" (CCSC) on the property in question. From 1981 until the CCSC was closed in

1992, it operated for at least a part of every cockfighting season, except 1984-85. Cockfights were

held once every two weeks throughout the season which ran from the end of the October to the

following June or July. It is undisputed the CCSC was used as a venue for cockfighting and illegal

gambling. In 1987, Woods agreed to lease the property under a lease-sale contract to Tommy R.

Wood, Ralph Osborn, and Larry Osborn. After entering into this agreement, Woods operated a

concession stand on the property during the 1987-88 cockfighting season. Subsequently, Woods

only "cleaned up" the premises after events for six dollars per hour. Woods and her husband spent

over $100,000 on the building and $8,000 in improvements. The lease/purchasers paid Woods "four

or five payments" and made a $10,000 down payment toward a $90,000 purchase price.

       On May 12, 1993, the United States filed a civil forfeiture action seeking the in rem

forfeiture of the property for its use in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1955, which prohibits illegal

gambling businesses. Woods was the only claimant to challenge the forfeiture. The forfeiture action

was voluntarily dismissed by the United States on procedural grounds. On January 26, 1996, the

United States filed this second civil forfeiture action, again pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1955.

       The district court entered an order for warrant of arrest in rem on April 2, 1996. The warrant

was executed by posting notice of the warrant of arrest on the property on April 16, 1996. Melphia

Woods was again the only claimant to the property. The district court granted the United States'

motion for summary judgment on March 24, 1997.
                                          II. DISCUSSION

       We review de novo a district court's order granting a motion for summary judgment on an

issue of law, United States v. Four Parcels of Real Property Located in Greene & Tuscaloosa

Counties, 941 F.2d 1428, 1437 (11th Cir.1991) (en banc). In a summary judgment motion, we view

all facts and reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.

Rowe v. Schreiber, 139 F.3d 1381, 1383 (11th Cir.1998).

A. Due Process

        Woods argues that the district court's holding that posting of an arrest warrant does not

constitute seizure of the property is in conflict with our holding in United States v. 408 Peyton Road,

S.W., 112 F.3d 1106 (11th Cir.1997). Additionally, Woods argues that there was an issue of material

fact as to when, and for how long, the United States posted "No Trespassing" signs on the building.

The United States replies that the posting of the arrest warrant was executed pursuant to court order

and that the government took steps to ensure that Woods retained the right to full occupancy, use,

and enjoyment of the property.

        The Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment guarantees that "[n]o person shall ... be

deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." Generally, individuals must

receive notice and an opportunity to be heard before the government deprives them of property.

United States v. James Daniel Good Real Property, ("Good "), 510 U.S. 43, 48, 114 S.Ct. 492, 498,

126 L.Ed.2d 490 (1993).1 The purpose of requiring prior notice and a hearing is to "protect [the

owner's] use and possession of property from arbitrary encroachment—to minimize substantively

   1
    While the property at issue in Good was a personal residence, the Supreme Court specifically
noted the constitutional requirements outlined in that case applied to all real property. Good,
510 U.S. at 61, 114 S.Ct. at 505 ("The constitutional limitations we enforce in this case apply to
real property in general, not simply to residences.").
unfair or mistaken deprivations of property." Fuentes v. Shevin, 407 U.S. 67, 80-81, 92 S.Ct. 1983,

1994-95, 32 L.Ed.2d 556 (1972). To demonstrate the triggering of a "seizure," the claimant must

put forth evidence that the government has interfered with her right to occupy, use, enjoy, or receive

rents from the defendant real property while the forfeiture action is pending. Good, 510 U.S. at 54,

114 S.Ct. at 501. Here, Woods has argued that the notice of warrant of arrest coupled with the "No

Trespassing" sign that was placed on her property during the first forfeiture action and remained

posted after the filing of the second forfeiture action was initiated indicate that the property was

being "seized," as that term is defined in Good to bring the government's actions within the Due

Process Clause.

       After the filing of briefs in this appeal, we granted en banc rehearing of 408 Peyton Road.

As a result, the district court did not have the benefit of our recent ruling in 408 Peyton Road, 162

F.3d 644 (11th Cir.1998) (en banc) at the time it rendered its opinion in this case. In 408 Peyton

Road, we recognized that "the Government's choice to exercise physical control over the defendant

real property should not be regarded as the sine qua non of a constitutionally cognizable seizure."

162 F.3d at ----. In that case, the district court issued both an "arrest warrant" and a "seizure

warrant." We specifically left open the question of whether due process requirements would be

triggered for the use of an "arrest warrant" alone. This distinction is an issue we face in the present

case. However, we need not definitively hold that all arrest warrants will constitute cognizable

seizures. Rather, we hold that in the factual circumstances presented in this case, there was

"meaningful interference with [Woods'] possessory interests" so as to constitute a seizure. Maryland

v. Macon, 472 U.S. 463, 469, 105 S.Ct. 2778, 2782, 86 L.Ed.2d 370 (1985).

       In Good, the Supreme Court considered a forfeiture proceeding where the government

executed an "arrest warrant" and a "seizure warrant" without notice or a hearing. The Court held
this to be a violation of the Due Process Clause. However, the Court left open the possibility that

certain warrants would not trigger due process requirements. See 510 U.S. at 58, 114 S.Ct. at 503.2

In 408 Peyton Road, we recognized that the title of a warrant may not be determinative of whether

there has been a constitutionally cognizable seizure. 162 F.3d at ---- n. 9. We therefore must

consider the specific facts of this case in determining whether the government's actions in execution

of the arrest warrant were a "seizure" so as to trigger due process requirements.

       The "Warrant for Arrest and Notice" to the U.S. Marshal states, in relevant part:

               And, the Court having ordered that grounds for application for issuance of warrant
       of arrest in rem do exist, YOU ARE, THEREFORE, HEREBY COMMANDED to arrest the
       above described property.

               YOU ARE FURTHER COMMANDED TO POST upon said real property in an open
       and visible manner notice of such seizure at the time thereof, making the government's
       seizure open and notorious;

              AND FURTHER TO SERVE upon the record owner thereof a copy of this warrant
       in a manner consistent with the principles of service of process of an action in rem under the
       Supplemental Rules For Certain Admiralty and Maritime Claims, Federal Rules of Civil
       Procedure, within a reasonable time of seizure ...

R1-5-1-2 (emphasis added).

       Additionally, Woods asserts that the United States Marshal posted a "No Trespassing" sign

on the property at the time he served her with notice of the arrest warrant. R1-24-3. Woods attached

a photograph to her affidavit which she avers was taken on April 19, 1996, the day the warrant of

arrest was posted. The photograph shows two "No Trespassing" signs—one faded and one clearly

   2
    Specifically, the Court cited United States v. TWP 17 R 4, Certain Real Property in Maine,
970 F.2d 984 (1st Cir.1992), where the court held that there had been no "seizure" when a
warrant of "arrest in rem" was issued by the clerk of the district court directing the U.S. Marshall
to "arrest the property ... and detain the same in your custody until further order of the Court."
Id. at 986. The court found that because there was no direction to the Marshal to actually seize
the property, the warrant of "arrest in rem" did not trigger the application of the Due Process
Clause. Id. at 989.
visible. R1-24-Exh. The government contends that no new "No Trespassing" sign was posted on

the property when the arrest warrant was served in the second forfeiture action on April 16, 1996.3

       We note at the outset that, at the very least, there is an issue of material disputed fact as to

the timing of the posting of the "No Trespassing" sign that effectively should have precluded the

granting of summary judgment on the due process issue. Even were it not for this critical disputed

factual issue, however, it is undisputed that a "No Trespassing" sign existed on the property at the

time the arrest warrant for the second forfeiture was served. An owner cannot be expected to

construe the sign as meaningless because it was posted during the first forfeiture action that had been

dismissed, and not during the second pending forfeiture action. The plain fact is that sign remained

posted.4 If the government no longer intended the "No Trespassing" signed to be enforced, it should

have been removed. Leaving the sign posted on the property inhibited Woods' right to full

occupancy, use, and enjoyment of the property. See Good, 510 U.S. at 54, 114 S.Ct. at 501 (seizure

of property gives the government "the right to prohibit sale ... to evict occupants, to modify the

property, to condition occupancy, to receive rents, and to supersede the owner in all rights pertaining

to the use, possession, and enjoyment of the property.").

       We are unpersuaded by the government's suggestion that the arrest warrant should not trigger

due process requirements because once the government posts an arrest warrant, an owner may

remove the notice without incurring any legal penalty. While this may state a fine legal point, see

   3
     As explanation for the apparent confusion, the government asserts that a "No Trespassing"
sign was posted on the property after the first forfeiture action filed by the government on May
23, 1992. Because of fading, a new "No Trespassing" sign was posted at some point after the
first forfeiture action, but before the second forfeiture action. R1-28-1-2.
   4
     The government has not disputed the authenticity of Woods' photograph of April 19, 1996,
but rather has disputed her contention that a new "No Trespassing" sign was posted after the
initiation of the second forfeiture proceeding. Brief of Appellee at 18.
United States v. TWP 17 R 4, Certain Real Property in Maine, 970 F.2d 984, 990 (1st Cir.1992), we

find the language in an arrest warrant referring explicitly to "seizure" of the arrested property

coupled with the continued posting of a "No Trespassing" sign, as occurred in this case, would lead

an ordinary person to conclude that her rights to the property had been inhibited.5 In addition,

although the government also contends that the U.S. Marshal who posted the warrant in the second

forfeiture action told Woods that he was not taking possession of the property,6 we conclude, based

on the record, that the government's actions did not clearly communicate to Woods the status of the

property.7 Again, a "No Trespassing" sign was posted on the property at the initiation of the first

forfeiture proceeding and remained on the property after the initiation of the second forfeiture

proceeding. In addition, the Notice of Warrant of Arrest indicated that the property had been seized.

Woods' understanding that she no longer retained full use of the property under these circumstances,

therefore, was reasonable.

       Our holding in this case does not signify that in every situation an "arrest warrant" will

   5
    A warrant for arrest gives the "impression that something has been arrested, that is, taken
into custody or seized." United States v. Two Parcels of Real Property Located at 101 N.
Liberty St. & 105 N. Liberty St., 986 F.Supp. 1376, 1380-81 (M.D.Ala.1997) (where court
labeled authorization to post notice of forfeiture an "order" rather than a "warrant" because "a
warrant has typically been taken in these forfeiture cases to authorize seizure as well.").
   6
    The Marshal stated that he "explained to Ms. Woods that a new civil action was pending
against the defendant real property but that she would retain custody and control over the
property. When Ms. Woods asked me if she could sell the defendant real property, I advised her
that the Government had filed a new notice of lis pendens which would likely affect her ability
to convey free and clear title to the defendant real property." R1-28-3.
   7
   Even ordering the U.S. Marshal not to seize the property may not necessarily immunize a
warrant from due process concerns. See, e.g., Good, 510 U.S. at 54, 114 S.Ct. at 501 (relying on
Connecticut v. Doehr, 501 U.S. 1, 111 S.Ct. 2105, 115 L.Ed.2d 1 (1991) for the proposition that
mere attachment of premises, without prior hearing, though not infringing on any tangible
property rights violates due process).
constitute a cognizable seizure.8 We recognize that "[i]n the case of real property, the res may be

brought within the reach of the court simply by posting notice on the property and leaving a copy

of the process with the occupant." Good, 510 U.S. at 58, 114 S.Ct. at 503. However, in this case,

the government did not simply "post notice" on the property. The Notice of Warrant of Arrest

contained language of "seizure" which would leave the property owner with the impression that she

does not have full custody or control over the property. Additionally, a "No Trespassing" sign

remained posted on the property. It does not satisfy the Due Process Clause to tell the property

owner she has full control over the property, yet leave her with documents indicating the property

has been seized and there is to be "No Trespassing."

        The government may still protect its interest in the property without violating process due

to the owner. "The Government's legitimate interests at the inception of the forfeiture proceedings

are to ensure that the property not be sold, destroyed, or used for further illegal activity prior to the

forfeiture judgment. These legitimate interests can be secured without seizing the subject property."

Good, 510 U.S. at 58, 114 S.Ct. at 503. For example, the government may file a lis pendens and

may post on the property a summons, a copy of the verified complaint for forfeiture, and a notice

of the forfeiture action. This provides notice of the forfeiture to the owner without seizing the

property.9 Such notice could even indicate that a warrant of arrest in rem will be sought in the future

   8
    See United States v. Turner, 933 F.2d 240, 245 (4th Cir.1991) ("arrest warrant" analogous to
summons, rather than "warrant" within meaning of Fourth Amendment); United States v. Real
Property Known & Numbered as 429 S. Main St., 906 F.Supp. 1155, 1159 (S.D.Ohio 1995) (due
process requirements of notice and hearing not triggered when U.S. Marshal served in rem
warrant, executed an occupancy agreement and then left the property and no one from Marshal's
office attempted to exercise control over the property or interfere with the claimant's collection
of rent).
   9
   See, e.g., United States v. Real Property Located at 3284 Brewster Drive, 949 F.Supp. 832,
833-34 (M.D.Fla.1996) (warrant of arrest in rem did not trigger application of Due Process
Clause because warrant expressly avoided seizure of property). In 3284 Brewster Drive, the
by the government.

       We find the arrest warrant and attendant circumstances in this case create a constitutionally

cognizable seizure. As the Supreme Court instructed in Good, we must evaluate the due process

implications of the challenged deprivation under the three-fold test enunciated in Mathews v.

Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335, 96 S.Ct. 893, 903, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976). We discuss (a) the private

interests that will be affected by a nonphysical seizure, (b) the risk of an erroneous deprivation, and

(c) the government's interest in ex parte seizures. See 408 Peyton Road, 162 F.3d at ---- - ----.

        First, we have found that the official acts in this case constitute a seizure of property

commensurate with the private interests at stake in Good. The protections of the Due Process Clause

are not confined to physically-invasive seizures. 408 Peyton Road, 162 F.3d at ----. The seizure here

has affected constitutionally significant interests. Second, as the Supreme Court found in Good, the

practice of ex parte seizure creates an unacceptable risk of error. Good, 510 U.S. at 55, 114 S.Ct.

at 501. Third, we have found that the government may secure its legitimate interests without seizing

the subject property. 408 Peyton Road, 162 F.3d at ----.

        Therefore, applying the three-part Mathews balancing test, we hold the procedures employed

by the government in this case do not comport with the Due Process Clause. Absent exigent

circumstances, the Due Process Clause requires the government to afford notice and a meaningful

opportunity to be heard before seizing real property. Good, 510 U.S. at 62, 114 S.Ct. at 505; 408

warrant stated: "This is not a seizure warrant. This property is not being seized or taken into
custody. Nothing in this Order interferes with the owners' right to maintain control over their
property, their right of occupancy, their right to unrestricted use and enjoyment, and their right to
receive rents." Id. at 835. The arrest warrant also stated that "the real property is deemed
released immediately after arrest." Id.
Peyton Road, 162 F.3d at ----.10 Accordingly, we REVERSE the district court's summary judgment

order with respect to the due process analysis. However, we AFFIRM the district court's

unchallenged holding that the government established probable cause for the forfeiture action and

that Woods did not show by a preponderance that the property was not used illegally.

        In 408 Peyton Road, we established that:

        when the Government fails to provide predeprivation notice and a hearing, but the property
        is found to be subject to forfeiture after the process due has been afforded, the proper remedy
        for a seizure in violation of the Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause is the return of any
        rents received or other proceeds realized from the property during the period of illegal
        seizure.

162 F.3d at ----. Accordingly, we REMAND to the district court to determine whether Woods was

deprived of any rents received or other proceeds realized from the property during the period of

illegal seizure.

B. Excessive Fine

        Woods argues that the district court could not properly have granted summary judgment

without addressing her affirmative defense challenging the forfeiture as an "excessive fine" in

violation of the Eighth Amendment.11 The government responds that Woods had the burden to raise

the excessive fines argument because it is an affirmative defense to the forfeiture. Because Woods

failed to raise the objection at the district court, the government argues, she waived her right to make

   10
     In order to establish exigent circumstances, the government would have to show that less
restrictive means—lis pendens, restraining order, or bond—would not suffice to protect the
government's interest in the real property. 408 Peyton Road, 162 F.3d at ----. The government in
this case has not alleged the existence of any exigent circumstances that would justify ex parte
seizure of Woods' real property.
   11
    We do not understand Woods to be relying here on an "innocent owner" defense under 18
U.S.C. § 1955, although we have previously held such a defense exists under this section. See
United States v. One Single Family Residence Located at 18755 N. Bay Rd., 13 F.3d 1493, 1496
(11th Cir.1994).
this argument on appeal.

        Woods raised the excessive fine issue as an affirmative defense in her answer to the

government's forfeiture complaint. R1-8-7. Woods also repeated the excessive fines defense in her

affidavit. R1-24-5. In Woods' cross-motion for summary judgment, the prior affidavits and filings

of the appellant were incorporated. R1-26-2. "[I]f a party hopes to preserve a claim, argument,

theory, or defense for appeal, she must first clearly present it to the district court, that is, in such a

way as to afford the district court an opportunity to recognize and rule on it." In re Pan Am. World

Airways, Inc., 905 F.2d 1457, 1462 (11th Cir.1990). Here, Woods clearly identified excessive fines

as an affirmative defense in her answer to the government's forfeiture complaint. She identified the

basis for this claim in her affidavit by comparing the potential forfeit of her business property to the

penalty suffered by the three lessees of the property who operated the cockfighting arena from 1987

to 1992. They pled guilty to misdemeanor charges and were fined $3000. R1-24-5. Since Woods

specifically incorporated into her cross-motion for summary judgment the arguments in her answer

and affidavit—which included her challenge to the forfeiture as an excessive fine—Woods did not

waive this argument and it is properly before us. See, e.g., National R.R. Passenger Corp. v.

Florida, 929 F.2d 1532, 1535 n. 6 (11th Cir.1991) (issue properly before circuit court where

defendant incorporated arguments from motion to dismiss into his reply to plaintiff's motion for

preliminary injunction).

        In Austin v. United States, 509 U.S. 602, 113 S.Ct. 2801, 125 L.Ed.2d 488 (1993), the

Supreme Court held the Eighth Amendment12 Excessive Fines Clause applies to in rem civil

forfeiture proceedings. We have applied an excessive fines analysis specifically to forfeitures under

   12
    "Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual
punishment inflicted." U.S. Const., Amend. 8.
18 U.S.C. § 1955 in United States v. One Single Family Residence Located at 18755 North Bay

Road, 13 F.3d 1493, 1498-99 (11th Cir.1994). The Supreme Court declined in Austin to set out a

test for determining whether a forfeiture is constitutionally "excessive." 509 U.S. at 622-23, 113

S.Ct. at 2812. However, in United States v. One Parcel Property Located at 427 & 429 Hall Street,

74 F.3d 1165 (11th Cir.1996), we held that the application of the Excessive Fines Clause to civil

forfeitures requires

        a review of the proportionality of the fine imposed. That is, a court must ask: Given the
        offense for which the owner is being punished, is the fine (imposed by civil forfeiture)
        excessive? While the core of proportionality review is a comparison of the severity of the
        fine with the seriousness of the underlying offense, it would be futile to attempt a definitive
        checklist of relevant factors. The relevant facts will necessarily vary from case to case.

Id. at 1172 (footnote omitted).13

        Because the issue of excessive fines may depend on various factors and conduct with which

the district court is more familiar than this court, see United States v. One 1978 Piper Cherokee

Aircraft, 91 F.3d 1204, 1210 (9th Cir.1996), we REMAND to the district court to determine in the

   13
    We note the Supreme Court recently set out a similar test for excessiveness of fines in a
criminal forfeiture case.

               The touchstone of the constitutional inquiry under the Excessive Fines Clause is
               the principle of proportionality: The amount of the forfeiture must bear some
               relationship to the gravity of the offense that it is designed to punish.... We now
               hold that a punitive forfeiture violates the Excessive Fines Clause if it is grossly
               disproportional to the gravity of a defendant's offense.

        United States v. Bajakajian, --- U.S. ----, 118 S.Ct. 2028, 2036, 141 L.Ed.2d 314 (1998).

                We recognize the Court's decision in Bajakajian has raised questions about the
        applicability of Austin to all modern civil in rem forfeitures. See --- U.S. at ---- n. 6, 118
        S.Ct. at 2035 n. 6; United States v. Real Property Known & Numbered as 415 E.
        Mitchell Ave., 149 F.3d 472, 477 n. 3 (6th Cir.1998). However, we rely on our holding in
        18755 North Bay Road for the proposition that the Excessive Fines Clause specifically
        applies to forfeitures under 18 U.S.C. § 1955. See also United States v. Taylor, 13 F.3d
        786, 790 (4th Cir.1994) (holding Austin applicable to 18 U.S.C. § 1955).
first instance whether the forfeiture here constituted an excessive fine in violation of the Eighth

Amendment.

C. Probable Cause

        Last, we consider the standard of proof the government must meet in a forfeiture case.

Woods argues that the district court's application of a "probable cause" standard of proof to the

important property rights involved in this case constitutes a due process violation. The government

responds that "probable cause" is the standard which the district court was bound to apply pursuant

to 19 U.S.C. § 1615, governing forfeiture proceedings. We recently have reaffirmed that probable

cause is the standard of proof the government must meet in forfeiture cases. United States v. One

Beechcraft King Air 300 Aircraft, 107 F.3d 829, 829-30 (11th Cir.1997) (per curiam) (upholding the

constitutionality of 19 U.S.C. § 1615, which provides for the use of the "probable cause" standard

in civil forfeitures).14 There is no dispute that the government clearly met its burden in this case, as

the district court painstakingly detailed. Although Woods suggests that we should impose on the

government a more stringent standard of proof, our precedent holds otherwise.

                                         III. CONCLUSION

        Because we find the government's action violated the Due Process Clause, we REVERSE

the district court's summary judgment order with respect to the due process analysis. However, we

AFFIRM the district court's holding that the government established probable cause for the

forfeiture action and that Woods did not show by a preponderance that the property was not used

illegally. We REMAND the case for consideration of damages, if any, that result from the due

   14
     We note, however, that Woods' challenge here is not frivolous. See United States v. One
Parcel of Property Located at 194 Quaker Farms Rd., 85 F.3d 985, 990 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, --
- U.S. ----, 117 S.Ct. 304, 136 L.Ed.2d 221 (1996) ("Good and Austin reopen the question of
whether the quantum of evidence the government needs to show in order to obtain a warrant in
rem allowing seizure—probable cause—suffices to meet the requirements of due process.").
process violation. We also REMAND to the district court for consideration in the first instance of

whether the forfeiture violated the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment. We AFFIRM

the district court's use of the probable cause standard of proof in forfeiture cases.

       AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in PART and REMANDED in part.