Court Opinion

ID: 2823465
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-08-03 17:00:33.63373+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:33:05.354078
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                        MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD

     CHRISTOPHER MCCOOK,                             DOCKET NUMBER
                  Appellant,                         SF-0752-14-0389-I-1

                  v.

     DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND                       DATE: August 3, 2015
       URBAN DEVELOPMENT,
                 Agency.

             THIS FINAL ORDER IS NONPRECEDENTIAL 1

           Christopher McCook, Fontana, California, pro se.

           Eric D. Batcho, Eric D. Levin, and Kimberly J. Lenoci, Boston,
             Massachusetts, for the agency.

                                           BEFORE

                              Susan Tsui Grundmann, Chairman
                                 Mark A. Robbins, Member

                                       FINAL ORDER

¶1         The appellant has filed a petition for review of the initial decision, which
     affirmed the agency’s decision to remove him from Federal service. Generally,
     we grant petitions such as this one only when:          the initial decision contains
     erroneous findings of material fact; the initial decision is based on an erroneous

     1
        A nonprecedential order is one that the Board has determined does not add
     significantly to the body of MSPB case law. Parties may cite nonprecedential orders,
     but such orders have no precedential value; the Board and administrative judges are not
     required to follow or distinguish them in any future decisions. In contrast, a
     precedential decision issued as an Opinion and Order has been identified by the Board
     as significantly contributing to the Board’s case law. See 5 C.F.R. § 1201.117(c).
                                                                                       2

     interpretation of statute or regulation or the erroneous application of the law to
     the facts of the case; the judge’s rulings during either the course of the appeal or
     the initial decision were not consistent with required procedures or involved an
     abuse of discretion, and the resulting error affected the outcome of the case; or
     new and material evidence or legal argument is available that, despite the
     petitioner’s due diligence, was not available when the record closed. See Title 5
     of the Code of Federal Regulations, section 1201.115 (5 C.F.R. § 1201.115).
     After fully considering the filings in this appeal, and based on the following
     points and authorities, we conclude that the petitioner has not established any
     basis under section 1201.115 for granting the petition for review. Therefore, we
     DENY the petition for review. Except as expressly MODIFIED by this Final
     Order to amend the due process analysis, we AFFIRM the initial decision, which
     is now the Board’s final decision. 5 C.F.R. § 1201.113(b).

                    DISCUSSION OF ARGUMENTS ON REVIEW
¶2        The agency removed the appellant from his position as an Underwriter,
     GS-1101-12, based on his guilty pleas and agreement with the District Attorney
     of San Bernardino, California. Initial Appeal File (IAF), Tab 12 at 155-61. The
     appellant pled guilty to three felony counts of stalking, two felony counts of
     making criminal threats, and one felony count of computer access fraud.          Id.
     at 121-23. The appellant appealed his removal and waived his right to a hearing.
     IAF, Tabs 1, 16. The administrative judge issued an initial decision affirming
     the agency’s removal action. IAF, Tab 22, Initial Decision (ID).
¶3        The appellant has filed a petition for review alleging that he was denied due
     process. Petition for Review (PFR) File, Tab 1. The agency has filed a response
     in opposition. PFR File, Tab 3.
                                                                                           3

     The appellant was provided with due process.
¶4         The appellant does not dispute that he pled guilty to numerous felony
     charges. 2 PFR File, Tab 1 at 5. The appellant raises a single issue on review:
     whether the agency violated his right to due process when the deciding official
     considered the factors enumerated in Douglas v. Veterans Administration,
     5 M.S.P.R. 280 (1981), in determining the appropriate penalty without giving
     him advance notice. PFR File, Tab 1 at 6. The appellant argues that the notice
     of proposed removal does not mention any of the Douglas factors that the agency
     considered in rendering its decision. Id. at 7. The administrative judge found
     that, although there is no explicit reference to the Douglas factors in the proposal
     notice, the substance of several of the Douglas factors was included in the
     proposal notice’s narrative, and therefore consideration of these Douglas factors
     in the decision did not violate the appellant’s right to due process. ID at 5-6.
     The administrative judge found that the Douglas factors not substantively
     discussed in the proposal notice constituted ex parte information, but because the
     information was not likely to cause prejudice, the appellant was afforded due
     process. ID at 6-10.
¶5         The essential requirements of constitutional due process for a tenured public
     employee are notice of the charges against him, with an explanation of the
     evidence, and an opportunity for the employee to present his account of events.
     Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 546 (1985).                To
     require more prior to a termination, “would intrude to an unwarranted extent on
     the government’s interest in quickly removing an unsatisfactory employee.” Id.
     When an agency intends to rely on aggravating factors as the basis for imposing
     a penalty, such factors should be included in the advance notice of the adverse

     2
       The appellant does not challenge, and we discern no reason to disturb, the
     administrative judge’s findings that the agency met its burden of proving the charge and
     that the appellant failed to establish his claim of retaliation for protected equal
     employment opportunity activity. ID at 2-4.
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     action so that the employee will have a fair opportunity to respond to those
     factors before the agency’s deciding official. Lopes v. Department of the Navy,
     116 M.S.P.R. 470, ¶ 5 (2011). If an employee has not been given notice of any
     aggravating factors supporting an enhanced penalty, an ex parte communication
     with the deciding official regarding such factors may constitute a constitutional
     due process violation because it potentially deprives the employee of notice of
     all the evidence being used against him and the opportunity to respond to it.
     Ward v. U.S. Postal Service, 634 F.3d 1274, 1280 (Fed. Cir. 2011). Ultimately,
     we must determine whether the ex parte communication is so substantial and so
     likely to cause prejudice that no employee can fairly be required to be subjected
     to a deprivation of property under such circumstances. Stone v. Federal Deposit
     Insurance Corporation, 179 F.3d 1368, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 1999).
           Douglas factors 1, 2, and 5
¶6        Considering Douglas factors that were not included in the proposal in
     reaching a decision can evidence ex parte communications when information in
     addition to what was included in the proposal notice is used in analyzing those
     factors.   See, e.g., Lopes, 116 M.S.P.R. 470, ¶¶ 8-10.       Regarding Douglas
     factor 1 (the nature and seriousness of the offense, and its relation to the
     employee’s duties, position, and responsibilities, including whether the offense
     was intentional or technical or inadvertent, or was committed maliciously or for
     gain, or was frequently repeated, Douglas, 5 M.S.P.R. at 305), Douglas factor 2
     (the employee’s job level and type of employment, including supervisory or
     fiduciary role, contacts with the public, and prominence of the position, id.), and
     Douglas factor 5 (the effect of the offense upon the employee’s ability to
     perform at a satisfactory level and its effect upon the supervisors’ confidence in
     the employee’s ability to perform assigned duties, id.), there is no evidence that
     the deciding official considered anything other than the proposal notice and the
     documents attached to it. The appellant relies on Ward and Stone to support his
     argument that he was denied due process, but in those cases the deciding
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     officials admitted to relying on information that was not contained in the
     proposal notice. There is no similar admission in this case and no evidence from
     which we can otherwise conclude that the deciding official relied on information
     not provided to the appellant in the notice of proposed removal and its
     attachments. We agree with the administrative judge’s finding that the appellant
     was given adequate notice in the notice of proposed removal that the agency
     would consider Douglas factors 1, 2, and 5 as aggravating to provide him with
     due process. ID at 5-6.
           Douglas factors 7 and 8
¶7        Next, the appellant argues that the administrative judge erroneously
     concluded that the deciding official did not violate his right to due process by
     considering two other Douglas factors: Douglas factor 7 (the consistency of the
     penalty with the agency’s table of penalties, Douglas, 5 M.S.P.R. at 305) and
     Douglas factor 8 (the notoriety of the offense or its impact upon the reputation of
     the agency, id.). ID at 6-11. The administrative judge found that, in weighing
     these factors, the deciding official considered “ex parte” information that was
     not mentioned in the notice of proposed removal but no due process violation
     occurred because the information was not “new and material” under the Stone
     factors.   ID at 6-7, 9-10; see Stone, 179 F.3d at 1377.      We agree with the
     administrative judge’s conclusion that no due process violation occurred, but for
     a different reason. We find that the record establishes that, in addressing these
     two Douglas factors, the deciding official did not consider any ex parte
     information or “aggravating factors” that were not adequately identified in the
     notice of proposed removal. Thus, no due process violation occurred.
¶8        The notice of proposed removal stated that the removal was being proposed
     in accordance with the agency’s Adverse Actions Handbook, which describes in
     general terms how each of the Douglas factors is used in determining a
     reasonable penalty and includes the agency’s table of offenses and penalties.
     IAF, Tab 12 at 89, 187, 197-207. Further, the deciding official did not consider
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     “consistency” with the table of penalties as an “aggravating” factor. Cf. Harding
     v. U.S. Naval Academy, 567 F. App’x 920, 925 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (holding that
     “the fact of consistency with other decisions was not used as an aggravating
     factor, and thus due process would not require that the employee be given
     advance notice of the deciding official’s intent to consider the penalties imposed
     on others”). Rather, the deciding official indicated that removal was within the
     recommended range of penalties for criminal conduct and that removal was
     warranted because the appellant’s actions and guilty pleas “constituted an
     egregious situation and have a direct nexus to [his] position.”      IAF, Tab 12
     at 157. The deciding official’s conclusion was thus based on the nature of the
     appellant’s conduct and its nexus to his position, as charged in the notice of
     proposed removal, and not on any new information unknown to the appellant.
¶9         Regarding Douglas factor 8, the deciding official wrote as follows:
           Allowing you to remain at HUD would have a severe adverse impact
           on the reputation of the agency. Your actions and guilty plea are
           common knowledge amongst your co-workers with Criminal
           Protective Orders against you and other HUD employees. The
           notoriety of your offense undermines the trust and confidence that
           HUD employees and the public generally have for the agency. This
           is an aggravating factor.
     Id. The administrative judge found that because the notoriety of the offense was
     not overtly discussed in the notice of proposed removal this constituted an ex
     parte communication. ID at 6-7. The administrative judge found, though, that
     this ex parte information did not violate the appellant’s right to due process
     because the notoriety of the offense was discussed in the decision to indefinitely
     suspend the appellant that was attached to the notice of proposed removal. ID
     at 7-9.   The appellant argues that the differences between the Douglas factor
     analysis in the indefinite suspension and the removal are “too great” for the
     indefinite suspension to have provided him with notice of the aggravating factors
     the deciding official considered in the removal. PFR File, Tab 1 at 8-12.
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¶10    We find that the proposal letter provided the appellant with adequate notice
  of the facts the deciding official considered concerning the notoriety of the
  offense.   Specifically, the notice of proposed removal noted “considerable
  concerns” regarding the appellant’s ability to perform in his “important position”
  in which he would be in contact with at least one of the victims he pled guilty to
  stalking and would have access to a computer program containing very sensitive
  personal data. IAF, Tab 12 at 90. The proposing official further noted that the
  appellant had been issued Criminal Protective Orders to remain 100 yards from
  four agency employees. Id. Although the notice letter did not expressly discuss
  these facts in terms of the notoriety of the offense or its impact upon the
  agency’s reputation, the appellant was not deprived of due process by not being
  advised that the deciding official might draw such an inference from the nature
  of the information in the notice of proposed removal. See Harding, 567 F. App’x
  at 925-26 (finding no due process violation because the deciding official was
  merely drawing a conclusion that flowed naturally from the nature of the charged
  conduct); see also Grimes v. Department of Justice, 122 M.S.P.R. 36, ¶ 13
  (2014) (determining that due process does not require that an employee be
  informed in advance of the particular weight a deciding official will give to
  arguments made in response to the reasons specified in the proposal letter).
¶11    We find that the appellant was on fair notice of the relevance of Douglas
  factors 7 and 8 and the facts the deciding official weighed in assessing these
  factors. Thus, the agency’s failure to discuss these factors with more specificity
  in its proposal notice was not “so substantial and so likely to cause prejudice that
  no employee can fairly be required to be subjected to a deprivation of property
  under such circumstances.” Stone, 179 F.3d at 1377.
       Douglas factors 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, and 12
¶12    The appellant argues for the first time on review that his due process rights
  also were violated when the agency failed to give him advance notice that the
  remaining Douglas factors would be considered in deciding whether to remove
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  him from Federal service. PFR, File Tab 1 at 6. The Board generally will not
  consider an argument raised for the first time in the petition for review, absent a
  showing that it is based on new and material evidence which despite due
  diligence was not available prior to the closing of the record.          Banks v.
  Department of the Air Force, 4 M.S.P.R. 268, 271 (1980); 5 C.F.R. § 1201.115.
  The administrative judge conducted a close of record conference with the parties
  and provided them with an opportunity to file additional evidence and arguments
  prior to closing the record. IAF, Tab 19. Both parties filed closing briefs. IAF,
  Tabs 20-21. The appellant did not allege then that the agency violated his right
  to due process in connection with these Douglas factors in his closing brief and
  he has not made a showing now that these arguments are based on new and
  material evidence. Therefore, we will not consider his new arguments on review.
  The agency did not commit harmful procedural error.
¶13    Although we have found no constitutional violation, we still must consider
  whether the agency committed harmful procedural error. See Stone, 179 F.3d
  at 1377-78 (stating that, in addition to the protections afforded by the
  Constitution, public employees also are entitled to whatever other procedural
  protections are afforded them by statute, regulation, or agency procedure). In
  arriving at its decision, an agency must only consider the reasons specified in the
  notice of proposed action and any answer the employee or his representative
  made.   5 C.F.R. § 752.404(g).    Although an agency is required to state the
  reasons for a proposed adverse action in sufficient detail to allow the employee
  to make an informed reply, the charge must be viewed in light of the
  accompanying specifications and circumstances, and should not be technically
  construed. Spearman v. U.S. Postal Service, 44 M.S.P.R. 135, 139 (1990). Here,
  as discussed above, the notice of proposed removal provided sufficient details
  regarding the charges and aggravating factors for the appellant to have made an
  informed reply in light of the surrounding circumstances.
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¶14    Further, even assuming the agency erred by not providing additional
  information regarding its Douglas factor analysis in the notice of proposed
  removal, the appellant has failed to demonstrate that such an error was harmful.
  Harmful error cannot be presumed; an agency error is harmful only where the
  record shows that the procedural error was likely to have caused the agency to
  reach a conclusion different from the one it would have reached in the absence or
  cure of the error.      Tom v. Department of the Interior, 97 M.S.P.R. 395,
  ¶ 43 (2004).    Here, the appellant has not shown harmful error.        He did not
  respond to the notice of proposed removal, IAF, Tab 20 at 14, and has not
  established that the agency would have reached a different conclusion if he had
  been provided additional information in the notice of proposed removal.
  Consequently, we find that the agency did not commit harmful procedural error
  by not including more information regarding its analysis of the Douglas factors
  in the notice of proposed removal.

                  NOTICE TO THE APPELLANT REGARDING
                     YOUR FURTHER REVIEW RIGHTS
       The initial decision, as supplemented by this Final Order, constitutes the
  Board’s final decision in this matter. 5 C.F.R. § 1201.113. You have the right to
  request further review of this final decision.

  Discrimination Claims: Administrative Review
        You may request review of this final decision on your discrimination
  claims by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). See Title 5
  of the United States Code, section 7702(b)(1) (5 U.S.C. § 7702(b)(1)). If you
  submit your request by regular U.S. mail, the address of the EEOC is:
                            Office of Federal Operations
                     Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
                                  P.O. Box 77960
                             Washington, D.C. 20013
                                                                                   10

      If you submit your request via commercial delivery or by a method
requiring a signature, it must be addressed to:
                           Office of Federal Operations
                    Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
                                131 M Street, NE
                                  Suite 5SW12G
                            Washington, D.C. 20507

      You should send your request to EEOC no later than 30 calendar days after
your receipt of this order. If you have a representative in this case, and your
representative receives this order before you do, then you must file with EEOC no
later than 30 calendar days after receipt by your representative. If you choose to
file, be very careful to file on time.

Discrimination and Other Claims: Judicial Action
      If you do not request EEOC to review this final decision on your
discrimination claims, you may file a civil action against the agency on both your
discrimination claims and your other claims in an appropriate United States
district court. See 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(2). You must file your civil action with
the district court no later than 30 calendar days after your receipt of this order. If
you have a representative in this case, and your representative receives this order
before you do, then you must file with the district court no later than 30 calendar
days after receipt by your representative. If you choose to file, be very careful to
file on time. If the action involves a claim of discrimination based on race, color,
religion, sex, national origin, or a disabling condition, you may be entitled to
representation by a court-appointed lawyer and to waiver of any requirement of
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prepayment of fees, costs, or other security.   See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f) and
29 U.S.C. § 794a.

FOR THE BOARD:                         ______________________________
                                       William D. Spencer
                                       Clerk of the Board
Washington, D.C.