Court Opinion

ID: 2984150
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 21:56:51.407608+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:44:36.829376
License: Public Domain

Affirmed and Majority and Concurring and Dissenting Opinions filed April
30, 2014.

                                In The

                 Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                          NO. 14-13-00132-CV

                  K.R. THIAGARAJAN, APPELLANT

                                  V.
                  SHARMA TADEPALLI, APPELLEE

                   On Appeal from 23rd District Court
                        Brazoria County, Texas
                      Trial Court Cause No. 64983

                          NO. 14-13-00133-CV

                 SHARMA TADEPALLI, APPELLANT

                                  V.

        THE SRI MEENAKSHI TEMPLE SOCIETY, APPELLEE
                       On Appeal from 23rd District Court
                            Brazoria County, Texas
                          Trial Court Cause No. 64983

                       MAJORITY OPINION
      These consolidated appeals arise from litigation involving leaders of The Sri
Meenakshi Temple Society (“MTS”), a non-profit corporation that owns and
operates a temple in Pearland, Texas.           MTS’s purposes include building and
maintaining “a Temple complex in the Houston, Texas and surrounding
metropolitan area with Goddess Sri Meenakshi as the main Deity in accordance
with the Hindu Religion.”

      The trial court signed an order dismissing the underlying case in its entirety
for lack of subject matter jurisdiction after determining that “the ecclesiastical
exemption applies to all claims and parties . . . .”

      In Cause No. 14-13-132-CV, appellant K.R. Thiagarajan challenges the trial
court’s dismissal of his defamation claim against Sharma Tadepalli. In Cause No.
14-13-133-CV, appellant Tadepalli challenges the trial court’s dismissal of his
third-party claim against MTS seeking indemnification for liability and attorney’s
fees under the charter, bylaws, and written policies of MTS in connection with his
defense of Thiagarajan’s defamation claim.

      We affirm the trial court’s dismissal order.

                                        FACTS

      Thiagarajan worshipped at the temple and served as a member of MTS’s
board of directors. Acting in this capacity, Thiagarajan oversaw operation of the
temple’s library; its contents included a selection of DVDs available for purchase
or rental. Tadepalli also worshipped at the temple and served as the secretary of

                                            2
MTS’s board of directors.

      On November 23, 2010, Tadepalli sent an email with the subject line “Re:
X-Rated and non-religious D*V*D*s*”. The email was sent to at least a dozen
recipients; it appears below in its entirety and without correction of typographical
or grammatical errors.

      Dear Fellow Devotees,
      I am writing this note as Life member of MTS and not as a secretary.
      I am appalled that we continue to sell dvd’s in our temple that have
      nothing to do with Hindu religion. Some of the Indian movies are not
      rated properly nor content labels of ratings are reflected accurately
      and consistently. I am opposed to selling movie dvd’s in our temple.
      I brought up the issue many times in the board – it is all about indirect
      revenue and bringing people to temple hoping they will fill our
      donation boxes. I have proposed an outlandish idea to get the point
      across “Why not hire a barber and we can get more traffic and why
      stop at DVD’s”. There is a vested interest of keeping the dvd’s. Ask
      for scientific basis – correlation between dvd purchase and people
      visiting temple and donating, ‘No answer’. The discussion suddenly
      changes to vegetables. Use some excuse or the other to continue the
      dvd club in a public space subsidized by MTS devotees. Are there
      any rules “distance between churches or schools and x-rated dvd
      rental places”. Why should not they apply for MTS.
      There are two people who are behind keeping these DVD’s tradition
      going in MTS – “KR Thiagarajan” and “Ram Reddy” and perhaps
      some more who don’t want to be vocal.
      KRT is on record in GB meetings saying that there are three people
      who bitterly complained about dvd’s 1) Dr. Sharma Tadepalli; 2) Dr.
      Nalinakshi; 3) Sri Nagan Srinivas. So why worry about three people;
      versus two veterans. I had several people complained including Hema
      Chandrasekar. Let us start a signature campaign against selling and
      renting non-religious dvd’s in MTS campus. There are more than
      three people who are opposed to this x-rated movies.
      We can do the following:
      Short term solution –

                                         3
      1) Buy all the dvd’s out from MTS and recycle them electronically. I
         have bought dvd’s for this purpose and doing this over a year. We
         need more people to do this. Purge the bad dvd’s and all dvd’s at
         some point of time that have no connection to Hindu religion.
      2) Please sign up in the library committee and stop purchase of new
         DVD’s every month
      Long term Solution –
      1) Bring a resolution into GB and stop selling non-religious dvd’s of
         all kinds
      2) Scrutinize the expenditure of all library purchases over years and
         stop the practice of various vendors dumping their unwanted dvd’s
         in the name of discounts. We don’t know what we are buying
         (Telugu person like Ram Reddy does not [know] what Tamil
         movies he is buying; KRT does not know what telugu movies they
         are buying in the name of library). They don’t watch all these dirty
         movies (at least not all) and they want devotees to find out and let
         them know so they can remove them from shelves. Why the
         ratings are all messed up. This is not acceptable. Let us question
         how much revenue is generated and how much is the expenditure?
         Is this movie club run for the pleasure of couple of veterans who
         enjoy movies, a few devotees and staff who watch these movies at
         the expense of temple getting a bad name and bad image. What
         about our children saying it was borrowed from temple so it should
         be OK?
      Let us collectively put a stop to non-religious rental or selling dvd’s.
      No traditional temples or any temple for that matter in entire north
      america has a dvd parlour within the temple. Why should we?
      Sharma Tadepalli
      A MTS Devotee and Life member of MTS
Additional emails followed.

      In a second email sent two days later to more than three dozen recipients,
Tadepalli stated: “Whoever bought these DVD’s for the temple library have the
full responsibility to go through the DVD’s and CD’s and trash them. Knowingly
or unknowingly these board members responsible for library, made the decision to

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buy these dirty movies.” A third email from Tadepalli sent on November 28 to
dozens of recipients stated: “Walk into the library and evidence is all over the
place – sexually explicit materials decorated all over the place.” This third email
continues: “Why did the directors in-charge of library buy all these dirty movies?”
It concludes: “Devotees – please forward the evidence to your friends who are
MTS devotees as some board members live in denial.”1

       Tadepalli’s November 2010 emails about the library’s contents provoked
considerable discussion, controversy, and email traffic among MTS’s leaders and
members. On December 19, 2010, Tadepalli sent an email to the MTS board of
directors with the subject line “Our Temple Issue – Regrets.” The December 19
email stated as follows:

       Dear MTS Board of Directors,
       I understand that my e-mails regarding our temple DVD issue have
       caused anxiety and resentment in many of you.
       As the MTS Secretary, I felt it was my responsibility to address the
       devotee complaints and I tried to address them through proper
       channels. Unfortunately, my emotions got better of me and I vented
       my personal feelings through channels outside the board and I realize
       it was a mis-judgment on my part.
       As a Secretary whose commitment is first to the institution, I feel
       remorse for airing my personal feelings on this issue. I sincerely and
       deeply regret if I have offended anyone through my e-mails (on this
       subject), it was entirely unintentional.
       I am willing to sit down and listen to each of you on any of the issues
       including DVD so we can deal with them collectively within the
       democratic framework of our great temple.
       1
           Thiagarajan’s appellate brief includes an appendix with exhibits purporting to contain
the full text of Tadepalli’s November 23, November 25, and November 28 emails, along with
additional materials. Thiagarajan’s brief provides no indication that the exhibits attached to it
are contained in the official clerk’s record filed in this court. Therefore, we do not rely on or
consider materials contained in the appendix to Thiagarajan’s brief; instead, we quote and rely
upon only those emails, portions of emails, and materials contained in the clerk’s record.

                                               5
      In the best interest of our temple, I would like all of us to move
      forward.
      Best Regards,
      Sharma Tadepalli
      Secretary, Board of Directors
      Sri Meenakshi Temple Society
      Pearland, TX 77584-4630
The controversy sparked by Tadepalli’s emails continued for months. In June
2011, MTS’s board of directors passed resolutions addressing the controversy;
among other things, these resolutions reprimanded Tadepalli for sending the
November 2010 emails.

      On September 19, 2011, Thiagarajan filed an original petition asserting a
defamation claim against Tadepalli based on the content of (1) his initial
November 23, 2010 email; and (2) the additional emails sent on November 25 and
November 28, 2010. Thiagarajan also requested injunctive relief to enforce the
MTS board’s June 2011 resolutions by “mandating that [Tadepalli] . . . send an
apology and retraction email, in language approved by [Thiagarajan] . . . , to those
people to whom he sent the original emails retracting and correcting the statements
made. This apology and retraction will also be published in the Temple Times as
well as to the full MTS database.”

      Tadepalli filed an answer on November 18, 2011, in which he asserted a
general denial. Tadepalli filed a third-party claim against MTS on December 8,
2011, and an amended third-party claim against MTS on April 23, 2012. As
amended, Tadepalli’s third-party claim sought indemnification from MTS “for any
and all sums he may be compelled to pay [Thiagarajan] . . . as a result of the
occurrence made the basis of [Thiagarajan’s] . . . lawsuit.”

      Tadepalli’s amended third-party claim asserted that “the alleged defamatory
statements, to the extent that they were made, were not defamatory and, in all

                                          6
events, concerned matters related to the conduct and governance of the MTS and to
other ecclesiastical matters. Therefore, as an officer of the MTS, he is entitled to
indemnification under the charter, bylaws or written policies of the MTS,
including, but not limited to, all of his costs and expenses related to his defense of
Plaintiff’s claims.”       Tadepalli further asserted that he was entitled to
indemnification because he “was acting as an agent or vice-principal of the MTS
and his actions were within the scope of his authority as an agent or vice-principal
and were done in furtherance of the business . . . of the MTS.”2

       MTS filed a general denial in response to Tadepalli’s third-party claim; it
also asserted that Tadepalli’s third-party claim is foreclosed by the failure of a
condition precedent, and by a lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

       MTS filed a separate pleading styled as a “Plea to the Jurisdiction and
Motion to Dismiss” in which it asserted that Tadepalli’s third-party indemnity
claim is foreclosed because the trial court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over
ecclesiastical questions. Tadepalli filed a response and his own motion to dismiss,
in which he asserted that the trial court had subject matter jurisdiction to address
his indemnification claim against MTS.            Tadepalli simultaneously moved to
dismiss Thiagarajan’s defamation claim against him for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction because it “involves controversies over religious doctrine.”

       The trial court initially denied MTS’s plea to the jurisdiction in an order
signed on March 16, 2012. MTS filed a “Supplemental Plea to the Jurisdiction,
Motion to Dismiss, and Motion for Reconsideration” on May 3, 2012, in which it

       2
          Tadepalli also asserted a defamation claim against MTS member V.K. Dorai and a
retaliatory discharge claim against MTS. The trial court’s dismissal order encompassed these
claims as well. Tadepalli does not challenge dismissal of these claims; therefore, we do not
address them.

                                             7
again asserted that the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over Tadepalli’s
third-party indemnification claim against MTS because “this entire controversy is
an ecclesiastical matter for which the civil courts have no jurisdiction.” MTS also
filed a “Second Supplemental Plea to the Jurisdiction, Motion to Dismiss, and
Motion for Reconsideration” on May 8, 2012.

      The trial court signed an “Order Dismissing Case for Lack of Jurisdiction”
on November 9, 2012. It states, “After considering the entire record, the Court
agrees with the Third-Party Defendant that the ecclesiastical exemption applies to
the claims against it.” The order also states: “Further, the Court has determined
that the ecclesiastical exemption applies to all claims and parties in this case.”
Based on these determinations, the trial court ordered that “this case, and all claims
and all parties, are DISMISSED with prejudice for lack of jurisdiction due to the
ecclesiastical exemption.”

      Thiagarajan and Tadepalli both filed motions for new trial in response to the
trial court’s November 2012 dismissal order. Thiagarajan asserted that the trial
court had subject matter jurisdiction to consider his defamation claim against
Tadepalli, while Tadepalli asserted that the trial court had subject matter
jurisdiction to consider his third-party indemnification claim against MTS. The
motions for new trial were overruled by operation of law.            Thiagarajan and
Tadepalli both filed timely notices of appeal.

                                      ANALYSIS

I.    Standards Governing the Ecclesiastical Exemption to Subject Matter
      Jurisdiction
      Resolution of this appeal turns on the existence or absence of subject matter
jurisdiction. We review this determination de novo. State v. Holland, 221 S.W.3d
639, 642 (Tex. 2007); Tex. Dep’t. of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d
8
217, 226 (Tex. 2004).

      The Free Exercise clause of the First Amendment to the United States
Constitution precludes civil courts from delving into matters focused on
“‘theological controversy, church discipline, ecclesiastical government, or the
conformity of the members of a church to the standard of morals required of
them.’”   Serbian E. Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich, 426 U.S. 696, 713-14
(1976) (quoting Watson v. Jones, 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 679, 733 (1872)). “The First
Amendment is applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.”
Masterson v. Diocese of Nw. Tex., 422 S.W.3d 594, 601 (Tex. 2013) (citing
Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296, 303 (1940)).

      Determining the reach of subject matter jurisdiction in disputes involving
religious organizations requires consideration of competing demands. “Courts do
not have jurisdiction to decide questions of an ecclesiastical or inherently religious
nature, so as to those questions they must defer to decisions of appropriate
ecclesiastical decision makers.” Masterson, 422 S.W.3d at 605-06. “But Texas
courts are bound to exercise jurisdiction vested in them by the Texas Constitution
and cannot delegate their judicial prerogative where jurisdiction exists.” Id. at 606.

      In short, courts must act but cannot intrude. See id. (Courts must “fulfill
their constitutional obligation to exercise jurisdiction where it exists, yet refrain
from exercising jurisdiction were it does not exist.”); see also id. at 596 (Texas
courts have a “constitutional duty to decide disputes within their jurisdiction while
still respecting limitations the First Amendment places on that jurisdiction.”).

      As the Texas Supreme Court has recognized, the line between required
judicial action and forbidden judicial intrusion “will not always be distinct”
because many disputes “require courts to analyze church documents and
organizational structures to some degree.” Id. at 606. “[C]ourts must look to the
                                          9
substance and effect of a plaintiff’s complaint to determine its ecclesiastical
implication, not its emblemata.” Tran v. Fiorenza, 934 S.W.2d 740, 743 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no writ) (citing Green v. United Pentecostal
Church Int’l, 899 S.W.2d 28, 30 (Tex. App.—Austin 1995, writ denied)); see also
Williams v. Gleason, 26 S.W.3d 54, 59 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000,
pet. denied) (“Whether this suit is ecclesiastical, or concerns property rights, torts,
or criminal conduct, is determined by first examining the substance and effect of
the [plaintiffs’] petition – without considering what they use as claims – to
determine its ecclesiastical implication.”).

      If subject matter jurisdiction exists, then courts must exercise that
jurisdiction.    “Properly exercising jurisdiction requires courts to apply neutral
principles of law to non-ecclesiastical issues involving religious entities in the
same manner as they apply those principles to other entities and issues.”
Masterson, 422 S.W.3d at 606. “Thus, courts are to apply neutral principles of law
to issues such as land titles, trusts, and corporate formation, governance, and
dissolution, even when religious entities are involved.” Id.

II.   Applying the Standards

      A.        Thiagarajan’s Defamation Claim Against Tadepalli

      According to Thiagarajan, the ecclesiastical exemption does not foreclose
his defamation suit arising from Tadepalli’s November 2010 emails because
“Tadepalli’s statements were not in the course of a Board meeting or even during a
religious function or spoken by a temple priest.” Thiagarajan argues that Tadepalli
“made blatantly false accusations that Thiagarajan purchased and enjoyed XXX
videos in a public forum and disseminated those lies to others outside of the
Board.”

                                          10
      Thiagarajan relies heavily on the first sentence of Tadepalli’s November 23
email, in which Tadepalli says he is “writing this note as Life member of MTS and
not as a secretary.” Based on this statement, Thiagarajan contends that “Tadepalli
has stepped outside the confines of the temple at this point as he makes his attacks
on an individual level. In doing so, he can no longer cloak his statements in the
guise of temple discussion.”

      We reject Thiagarajan’s contentions because the allegedly defamatory
statements at issue must be viewed in the larger context of the disputed emails and
their content. See, e.g., Rehak Creative Servs., Inc. v. Witt, 404 S.W.3d 716, 729
Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. denied) (Inquiry into defamatory
meaning “does not examine individual words in isolation . . . .          Context is
important.”) (citations omitted); see also New Times, Inc. v. Isaacks, 146 S.W.3d
144, 154-55 (Tex. 2004); Turner v. KTRK Television, Inc., 38 S.W.3d 103, 114-15
(Tex. 2000).

      The context here encompasses larger religious issues and considerations that
permeate Tadepalli’s November 2010 emails. These issues relate to Tadepalli’s
concerns regarding the morality and propriety of making secular materials
available in the temple library; the perceived sexual content of secular materials,
which Tadepalli characterized as “dirty movies,” being made available in the
temple library; the alleged failure to rate temple library materials appropriately
based on their sexual content; and the asserted failure of the library’s overseers to
conform their actions to religious requirements when making sexually oriented
secular materials available in the temple library.

      Regardless of whether Tadepalli spoke individually or in his capacity as
MTS’s secretary when he sent the November 2010 emails, allowing Thiagarajan’s
defamation claim to proceed unavoidably would lead a civil court into the

                                          11
forbidden territory of litigating “‘conformity of the members of a church to the
standard of morals required of them.’” Milivojevich, 426 U.S. at 713-14 (quoting
Watson, 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) at 733). Subject matter jurisdiction is foreclosed when
defamation claims are bound up with ecclesiastical implications such as those
present in this case. See Williams, 26 S.W.3d at 59-60; Tran, 934 S.W.2d at 743-
44.

       In light of these circumstances, the trial court properly concluded that civil
court jurisdiction is foreclosed with respect to Thiagarajan’s defamation claim
against Tadepalli predicated on the November 2010 emails.3

       B.     Tadepalli’s Indemnification Claim Against MTS

       Tadepalli contends that the ecclesiastical exemption does not apply to his
third-party claim against MTS even though this exemption forecloses the
underlying defamation claim that prompted his request for indemnification.

       Tadepalli’s live pleading alleged that “as an officer of the MTS, [Tadepalli] .
. . is entitled to indemnification under the charter, bylaws or written policies of the
MTS . . . .” Tadepalli’s appellate brief asserts that “the basis of the dispute in the
original case is a disagreement between factions of the MTS as to whether certain
practices at the MTS complied with the doctrines of their faith . . . .”                     He
nonetheless contends that “the trial court can safely avoid these considerations in
addressing the [discrete] . . . issue of indemnity . . . .”

       3
          Thiagarajan also argues that dismissal of his defamation claim was improper because
only MTS sought dismissal of Tadepalli’s third-party indemnity claim based on the ecclesiastical
exception. This contention fails for two reasons. First, Tadepalli invoked the ecclesiastical
exemption in seeking dismissal of Thiagarajan’s claims. Second, this court is obligated to
address the existence of subject matter jurisdiction sua sponte regardless of whether the parties
challenged it. See, e.g., In re G.S.G., 145 S.W.3d 351, 353 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2004, no pet.) (citing Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 443 (Tex.
1993)).

                                               12
      We reject Tadepalli’s effort to divorce his indemnity claim from the
underlying ecclesiastical dispute in light of the manner in which Tadepalli has
framed the bases for his indemnification claim.

      The circumstances here involve permissive rather than mandatory
indemnification.   The only written indemnification provision identified by the
parties under the charter, bylaws or written policies of MTS appears in Article XI
of MTS’s Articles of Incorporation. Article XI’s first sentence states that “[t]he
Corporation may indemnify a person who was, is, or is threatened to be made a
named defendant or respondent in litigation or other proceedings because the
person is or was a director . . . as provided by the provision in the Act governing
indemnification.” See also Tex. Bus. Orgs. Code Ann. § 8.101(a) (Vernon 2012).
Among other things, the statute governing permissive indemnification requires a
determination that the person seeking indemnification “acted in good faith.” Id. §
8.101(a)(1)(A). Article XI’s second and concluding sentence states: “As provided
in the By-laws, the Board of Directors shall have the power to define the
requirements and limitations for the Corporation to indemnify directors, officers,
or others related to the Corporation.” Tadepalli does not contend on appeal that
mandatory indemnification applies here. See Tex. Bus. Orgs. Code Ann. § 8.051
(Vernon 2012).

      As noted earlier, we must look to “the substance and effect” of Tadepalli’s
complaint to “determine its ecclesiastical implication” in this case. Tran, 934
S.W.2d at 743; see also Williams, 26 S.W.3d at 59. Tadepalli’s First Amended
Third Party Petition asserts that he is entitled to indemnification because “the
alleged defamatory statements . . . concerned matters related to the conduct and
governance of the MTS and to other ecclesiastical matters.” Having pleaded that
MTS should indemnify him precisely because the statements at issue “concerned

                                        13
matters related to the conduct and governance of MTS and to other ecclesiastical
matters,” Tadepalli cannot plausibly contend that a determination as to whether
MTS should indemnify him nonetheless will avoid determination of “ecclesiastical
matters.”

       Tadepalli also pleaded that he is entitled to indemnification “because, at the
time the alleged defamatory statements were made, Dr. Tadepalli was acting as an
agent or vice-principal of the MTS and his actions were within the scope of his
authority as an agent or vice-principal and were done in furtherance of the business
. . . of the MTS.” Tadepalli cites American Alloy Steel v. Armco, Inc., 777 S.W.2d
173, 175 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1989, no writ), and Mercedes-Benz of
North America, Inc. v. Dickenson, 720 S.W.2d 844, 857-58 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth 1986, no writ), in support of his assertion that “an agent is entitled to
indemnity when its liability arises from conduct performed for the benefit and
under the direction of the principal as a good faith execution of the agency
relationship.”    He contends on appeal that determining whether he wrote his
November 2010 emails “as a good faith execution of the agency relationship” can
be answered without delving into ecclesiastical issues.

       We disagree in light of the First Amended Third Party Petition’s allegations
and Tadepalli’s contentions on appeal. Tadepalli contends he was acting in good
faith on behalf of MTS when he sent emails that, according to his live pleading,
“concerned matters related to the conduct and governance of the MTS and to other
ecclesiastical matters.”4       As framed in Tadepalli’s live pleading and in his

       4
           The dissent narrowly frames the indemnification inquiry as focusing only on whether
Tadepalli’s acts were undertaken as an officer of MTS, and whether he was sued because of his
officer status. That is a truncated version of Tadepalli’s claim to indemnification. The complete
version is this: Tadepalli contends he is entitled to indemnification because (1) he was acting as
an officer of MTS when he sent the emails; (2) he was sued because of these actions undertaken
as an officer; and (3) these actions were undertaken in the good faith execution of his
                                               14
arguments on appeal, his asserted good faith in sending emails is inextricably
intertwined with the ecclesiastical nature of the emails at issue.                          Merits
consideration of whether Tadepalli did indeed send the emails in good faith
unavoidably will lead to consideration of the ecclesiastical matters upon which
those emails focused.

       Based on this record, the trial court properly concluded that civil court
jurisdiction is foreclosed with respect to Tadepalli’s third-party indemnification
claim against MTS.

                                         CONCLUSION

       We affirm the trial court’s November 9, 2012 order dismissing all parties
and claims based on the lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

                                              /s/    William J. Boyce
                                                     Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Frost and Justices Boyce and Jamison. (Frost, C.J.,
concurring and dissenting).

responsibilities as an officer. Additionally, the dissent misplaces its reliance on Lacy v. Bassett,
132 S.W.3d 119 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.). Lacy is distinguishable
because it did not address an indemnification dispute; instead, it addressed a church member’s
request for access to church financial records as mandated by statute. See Tex. Bus. Orgs. Code
Ann. § 3.153 (Vernon 2012). As this court noted, “[W]e are not being called upon to interpret
any Church constitution, by-laws, or other governing documents.” Lacy, 132 S.W.3d at 125.

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