Court Opinion

ID: 6320710
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-07 14:02:22.056705+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:02:13.733049
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                  No. 20-1458 C
                               Filed: March 4, 2022
 ________________________________________
                                                            )
 LAND O’LAKES, INC.,                                        )
                                                            )
                           Plaintiff,                       )
                                                            )
     v.                                                     )
                                                            )
 THE UNITED STATES,                                         )
                                                            )
                      Defendant.                            )
 ________________________________________                   )

Jonathan C. Miesen, Land O’Lakes, Inc., St. Paul, MN, for Plaintiff.

Kyle Shane Beckrich, United States Department of Justice, Civil Division, Washington, DC,
with whom were Brian M. Boynton, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Robert E. Kirschman,
Jr., Director, and Elizabeth M. Hosford, Assistant Director, for Defendant.

                                    OPINION AND ORDER

MEYERS, Judge.

        The Export-Import Bank (“EXIM”) provides credit insurance to American companies
selling goods outside the United States. To obtain credit insurance, American companies enter
insurance contracts with EXIM that contain the policy’s terms. Land O’Lakes, Inc. obtained
credit insurance from EXIM to cover all sales to Grupo Abilac, S.A. de C.V. (“Abilac”) under
contracts covering 2016 and 2017. During the period covered by the 2017 contract, Abilac
defaulted on a payment and Land O’Lakes presented a claim to EXIM to cover the loss. Because
it found that Land O’Lakes had not strictly complied with the contractual requirement to obtain
an irrevocable guaranty from Abilac’s owners, EXIM denied the claim. Because the revocable
guaranty that Land O’Lakes obtained from Abilac’s owners (the “Guaranty”) did not strictly
comply with the terms of the 2017 Policy, which the Policy required, the Court grants the United
States’ Motion to Dismiss.

I.        Background

        In 2016 Land O’Lakes, a corporation engaged in the business of producing and
distributing dairy products, applied for EXIM credit insurance covering Land O’Lakes’s sales to
Abilac in Mexico. Sec. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 7, 9, ECF No. 41. Land O’Lakes utilized a private third-
party broker, Trade Acceptance Group, Ltd. (“Trade Acceptance”), to assist with development of
its EXIM insurance application. Id. ¶ 9. Prior to submitting its insurance application, Trade
Acceptance advised Land O’Lakes that EXIM would likely require a guaranty from Abilac’s two
owners. Id. ¶ 10. Before knowing the specifics of the guaranty that EXIM would require, Land
O’Lakes obtained a revocable Guaranty from Abilac’s owners on February 15, 2016. Id. ¶ 10;
see also id. Ex. 1 at 1, ECF No. 41-1.1 Trade Acceptance then submitted Land O’Lakes’s credit
insurance application to EXIM. Id. ¶ 12.

         EXIM reviewed Land O’Lakes’s application and issued a Short Term Single Buyer
Export Credit Insurance Policy for Exporters (“2016 Policy”) for the period from June 1, 2016,
through June 1, 2017. Id. ¶¶ 14, 16. The 2016 Policy contains a requirement that Land O’Lakes
“obtain and maintain, for any amounts owing by the buyer under the Policy, as valid and
enforceable the unconditional and irrevocable guarantee(s) of” Abilac’s owners (the “Guarantee
Required Endorsement”). Ex. 1 at 10, ECF No. 41-1. EXIM did not question the terms of the
Guaranty that Land O’Lakes included in its application. Sec. Am. Compl. ¶ 13, 23, ECF No. 41.
Land O’Lakes never submitted any claims to EXIM under the 2016 Policy because Abilac paid
for all its covered orders. Id. ¶ 17.

       In May 2017, Land O’Lakes applied to renew its EXIM credit insurance. Id. ¶ 18. In
support of the renewal, Land O’Lakes submitted the exact same revocable Guaranty that it used
to support its 2016 Policy. Id. ¶ 20. EXIM did not express any concerns with the Guaranty and
approved a new Short Term Single Buyer Export Credit Insurance Policy for Exporters (“2017
Policy”) with coverage from June 1, 2017, through June 1, 2018. Id. ¶¶ 19, 23, 29. The 2017
Policy contained an identical Guarantee Required Endorsement. Id. ¶ 20.

        In April 2018, Abilac ordered $284,259.02 worth of dry milk from Land O’Lakes. Id.
¶¶ 30-32. Abilac paid only $31,047.67 and defaulted on the remaining $253,211.35. Id. ¶ 33.
After demands for payment failed, Land O’Lakes filed its Claim Application with EXIM seeking
90% of the balance of the purchase price due under the defaulted invoices. Id. ¶ 40; see also id.
¶ 56 (alleging that the EXIM policy obligated it to pay 90% of unpaid amounts owed by Abilac
to Land O’Lakes). On January 3, 2019, EXIM denied Land O’Lakes’s claim because of the
“[a]bsence of policy required enforceable and irrevocable guarantee of 2 individuals.” Id. ¶ 41
(quoting Ex. 1 at 28, ECF No. 41-1). After some limited back-and-forth between Land O’Lakes
and EXIM, Land O’Lakes filed suit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota,
which transferred the suit here based on this Court’s exclusive jurisdiction. Id. ¶¶ 41-44, 46, 48.

II.    Legal Standard

        “A motion to dismiss . . . for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted is
appropriate when the facts asserted by the plaintiff do not entitle him to a legal remedy.” United
Pac. Ins. Co. v. United States, 464 F.3d 1325, 1327-28 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (quoting Boyle v. United
States, 200 F.3d 1369, 1372 (Fed. Cir. 2000)). As the Supreme Court explained, “a complaint
must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible
on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,

1
  The Court may rely on exhibits attached to the Complaint without converting this
RCFC 12(b)(6) motion into a motion for summary judgment under RCFC 56. Sharifi v. United
States, 987 F.3d 1063, 1067 (Fed. Cir. 2021); Martin v. United States, 96 Fed. Cl. 627, 629
(2011).
                                                   2
550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). And to be plausible on its face, it “does not need detailed factual
allegations.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555; see also Cary v. United States, 552 F.3d 1373, 1376
(Fed. Cir. 2009) (Rule 8 “does not require the plaintiff to set out in detail the facts upon which
the claim is based, but enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”)
(citation omitted). In other words, the complaint must contain enough detail “to raise a right to
relief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (citation omitted). “Conclusory
allegations of law and unwarranted inferences of fact do not suffice to support a claim.” Bradley
v. Chiron Corp., 136 F.3d 1317, 1322 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (citations omitted). Nevertheless, the
Court “must assume all well-pled factual allegations are true and indulge in all reasonable
inferences in favor of the nonmovant.” United Pac. Ins. Co., 464 F.3d at 1327-28 (quoting
Anaheim Gardens v. United States, 444 F.3d 1309, 1314-15 (Fed. Cir. 2006)).

III.   Discussion

        For a valid breach of contract claim, Land O’Lakes must allege “(1) a valid contract
between the parties, (2) an obligation or duty arising out of the contract, (3) a breach of that duty,
and (4) damages caused by the breach.” ACLR, LLC v. United States, 147 Fed. Cl. 548, 557
(2020). The Government argues that EXIM has no legal obligation or duty to pay any amount
because Land O’Lakes failed to strictly comply with the insurance agreement’s terms, as the
Policy requires. Mot. Dismiss at 4-5, ECF No. 46.

       A.      Land O’Lakes’s Guaranty does not comply with the Policy requirements.

         “Contract interpretation is a question of law.” Lucent Techs., Inc. v. Gateway, Inc., 543
F.3d 710, 717 (Fed. Cir. 2008). The Court begins its analysis of this breach of contract matter
where it must—with the terms of the contract. NVT Techs., Inc. v. United States, 370 F.3d 1153,
1159 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (“Contract interpretation begins with the language of the written
agreement.”). Contractual terms “are accorded ‘their ordinary meaning unless the parties
mutually intended and agreed to an alternative meaning.’” Shaw v. United States, 131 Fed. Cl.
181, 191 (2017) (quoting Harris v. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, 142 F.3d 1463, 1467 (Fed. Cir.
1998)). The Court must consider the contract “as a whole and interpret[] [it] so as to harmonize
and give reasonable meaning to all of its parts.” Id. (citing McAbee Constr., Inc. v. United
States, 97 F.3d 1431, 1434-45 (Fed. Cir. 1996)). Therefore, the Court must “give[] meaning to
all parts of the contract,” rather than adopting an interpretation “that leaves a portion of the
contract useless, inexplicable, void, or superfluous.” Id. (citing Gould, Inc. v. United States, 935
F.2d 1271, 1274 (Fed. Cir. 1991)). With these principles in mind, the Court turns to the
contractual language at issue.

        The disputed contract language, which is found in a separate endorsement to the 2017
Policy, provides:

               Article 6 of the Policy is hereby amended by the addition of the
               following new agreement of the insured:

               “to obtain and maintain, for any amounts owing by the buyer under
               the Policy, as valid and enforceable the unconditional and
               irrevocable guarantee(s) of:

                                                  3
               Mr. Gabino Cuevas Cortes, Zapopan, MEXICO

               Mr. Carlos Acosta Morelos Y Alvarez, Zapopan, MEXICO.”

Ex. 1 at 10, ECF No. 41-1 (emphasis in original).2 EXIM denied Land O’Lakes’s claim because
the Guaranty that it obtained is facially revocable. Id. at 28. The Guaranty provides that “[t]his
Guaranty may be revoked by Guarantors only upon thirty (30) days’ prior written notice to [Land
O’Lakes], sent by certified mail. Any revocation of this Guaranty shall not relieve Guarantors of
any obligation arising prior to the effective date of such revocation.” Id. at 1.

        According to the Government, the facially revocable Guaranty fails to comply with the
2017 Policy’s plain text. See Mot. Dismiss at 4-7, ECF No. 46. This argument has clear textual
appeal. Given that the Abilac Owners’ Guaranty is revocable with nothing more than 30 days’
notice from the Guarantors, the Guaranty is not “irrevocable.”

        Land O’Lakes, of course, interprets the 2017 Policy differently. According to Land
O’Lakes, the only thing that must be irrevocably guaranteed are “any amounts owing by the
buyer.” Resp. at 10, ECF No. 47 (quoting Ex. 1 at 10, ECF No. 41-1) (emphasis added). And
Land O’Lakes relies on the Guaranty’s provision stating that “[a]ny revocation of this Guaranty
shall not relieve Guarantors of any obligation arising prior to the effective date of such
revocation.” Id. Relying on these two provisions, Land O’Lakes contends that for all amounts
that were ever “owing” to it, the Guaranty remains irrevocable and fully compliant with the 2017
Policy. Id. at 3, 10. This interpretation, too, has some textual appeal because “amounts owing”
can imply that the only thing that must be irrevocably guaranteed are debts incurred prior to the
revocation of the Guaranty. Owing, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (defining “owing”
as “[t]hat is yet to be paid”).

        But when read in context with the other contract provisions, Land O’Lakes’s
interpretation is less appealing. The Court, of course, must favor an interpretation that gives
meaning to all terms of the contract over one that renders terms meaningless. See Lockheed
Martin IR Imaging Sys., Inc. v. West, 108 F.3d 319, 322 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (citing Gould, Inc., 935
F.2d at 1274); McAbee Constr., Inc., 97 F.3d at 1434, reh'g denied and en banc suggestion
declined (1996); Fortec Constructors v. United States, 760 F.2d 1288, 1292 (Fed. Cir. 1985)
(citing United States v. Johnson Controls, Inc., 713 F.2d 1541, 1555 (Fed. Cir. 1983)). The 2017
Policy requires Land O’Lakes to “obtain” and “maintain” the “irrevocable guarantee” for “any
amounts owing by the buyer under the Policy.” Ex. 1 at 10, ECF No. 41-1 (emphasis added);
ECF No. 48 at 4.

        The central dispute is what the 2017 Policy requires to be irrevocably guaranteed—
specifically, the meaning of “any amounts owing by the buyer under the Policy.” Ex. 1 at 10,
ECF No. 41-1. The Parties do not appear to dispute that the general meaning of this phrase is
that Land O’Lakes was required to get a guarantee of Abilac’s purchases from Land O’Lakes
during the 2017 Policy term. Compare Sec. Am. Compl. ¶ 58, ECF No. 41 (Land O’Lakes
asserting that “the Guaranty [obtained] was irrevocable for those amounts [purchased and due

2
  Because the pages of Land O’Lakes’s exhibits are not contiguously numbered, the Court cites
to the pagination in the ECF Header.
                                                4
under the invoices] and [thus] fully satisfied the terms of the Guarantee Required Endorsement
for the 2017 Policy”) with Mot. Dismiss at 7, ECF No. 46 (Government in its Motion to Dismiss
asserting that “[b]ecause the 2017 policy began coverage on June 1, 2017, Abilac could have
revoked its Guaranty effective July 1, 2017 (thirty days after June 1) and continued to purchase
dairy products on credit for the next eleven months.”). This makes sense and comports with the
rest of the 2017 Policy’s terms. Although EXIM in the Guarantee Required Endorsement did not
define the phrase “any amounts owing by the buyer under the Policy”, the phrase is read most
naturally to call for a continuing guaranty of any “insured transactions” under the 2017 Policy.
Ex. 1 at 10, ECF No. 41-1. A “continuing guaranty” is one “that governs a course of dealing for
an indefinite time or by a succession of credits.” Continuing Guaranty, Black’s Law Dictionary
(11th ed. 2019). Land O’Lakes did obtain a continuing guaranty from Abilac’s owners. Ex. 1 at
1, ECF No. 41-1; ECF No. 41 ¶ 11. Under the Policy, an “insured transaction” is one that meets
specific requirements and EXIM would be liable to Land O’Lakes for a percentage of any loss
on the transaction. Resp. at 4, ECF No. 47. There is no indication in the 2017 Policy that EXIM
sought to compel a guaranty of transactions that would not be covered by the 2017 Policy. And
aligning the Guaranty with an “insured transaction” harmonizes the 2017 Policy as a whole. Ex.
1 at 7 (Article 10), ECF No. 41-1. This is because there are no other amounts that the 2017
Policy covers. Id. at 2 (Article 2).

        The next question is when the Guaranty would fail to comply with the 2017 Policy’s
requirements. In the Government’s view, because Abilac’s owners could revoke the Guaranty
and continue to order for amounts that would be “owed under the Policy,” when obtained the
Guaranty did not comply with the 2017 Policy’s requirements. ECF No. 48 at 4. And the 2017
Policy supports the Government’s view. To qualify as an “insured transaction” for which EXIM
would be liable, a transaction must: (1) not include military equipment or sales to militaries; (2)
be shipped during the 2017 Policy period; (3) be memorialized on paper; and (4) be an export
sale with documentation of shipping from a third-party shipper showing the transport of products
from the United States to Mexico. Ex. 1 at 2 (Article 3), ECF No. 41-1. Thus, the Government
argues that the Guaranty failed to comply with the 2017 Policy’s requirements when Land
O’Lakes obtained it because it could allow insured transactions that would not be guaranteed.
Mot. Dismiss at 7, ECF No. 46.

        While Land O’Lakes concedes that it could not maintain the Guaranty for the entirety of
the 2017 Policy period, it argues that the Guaranty would comply with all 2017 Policy
requirements until such time as Abilac’s owners revoked it. See Sec. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 58, 60,
ECF No. 41. According to Land O’Lakes, this is the only way to give meaning to the phrase “for
any amounts owing by the buyer under the Policy.” Resp. at 11, ECF No. 47. Not so. As
explained above, the best way to harmonize the 2017 Policy is to read this phrase to require a
continuing guaranty because there was no pre-existing obligation when the 2017 Policy was
issued. The phrase “amounts owing” is often used for a guaranty covering a pre-existing debt
evidenced in a promissory note. See, e.g., Farmers Livestock Mkt., Inc. v. Deaton, No. 2:12-CV-
383, 2013 WL 4451074 (E.D. Tenn. Aug. 16, 2013); Rolfs v. Comm'r, 488 F.2d 1092 (9th Cir.
1973). But that is not the case here because there was no pre-existing debt when the Parties
executed the 2017 Policy.

       Further, it is not clear that Land O’Lakes could maintain the Guaranty at all. An
irrevocable guaranty is defined as “[a] guaranty that cannot be terminated unless the other parties
                                                 5
consent.” Irrevocable Guaranty, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). Thus, all that
“maintain” requires is that Land O’Lakes not release the Guaranty. But that does nothing to
limit the Guarantors’ ability to revoke the Guaranty with nothing more than 30 days’ notice.
This only reinforces the conclusion that the Guaranty that Land O’Lakes obtained failed to
comply with the 2017 Policy requirements.

        Additionally, the fact that the Guaranty was unilaterally revocable by the Abilac owners
highlights the fact that Land O’Lakes was not in strict compliance with the Guarantee Required
Endorsement. Ex. 1 at 1, 10, ECF No. 41-1. The only entities that were able to maintain the
Guaranty in force were Abilac’s owners. Id. at 1. But the plain language of the Guarantee
Required Endorsement required that Land O’Lakes “maintain” an irrevocable guaranty,
prohibiting Land O’Lakes from granting consent for the termination of the Guaranty. Id. at 10.
As the Government noted, “[t]o maintain means ‘[t]o continue,’ ‘[t]o continue in possession of,’
or ‘to engage in general repair and upkeep.’” Mot. Dismiss at 7, ECF No. 46 (quoting Maintain,
Black's Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019)). Land O’Lakes’s inability to maintain the Guaranty on
its own reinforces the conclusion that the Guaranty does not comply with the 2017 Policy
requirements.

       B.    Because here any ambiguity would be patent, the Court will not interpret the
       2017 Policy against EXIM as the drafter.

        Land O’Lakes argues that the Guarantee Required Endorsement contains latent
ambiguities and therefore must be “strictly construed against Ex-Im Bank, as the drafter of the
Guarantee Required Endorsement, and in favor of Land O’Lakes, as the insured under a policy
of insurance.” Sec. Am. Compl. ¶ 59, ECF No. 41. Nearly four full pages of the Government’s
Motion to Dismiss are devoted to arguing that EXIM’s interpretation of the 2017 Policy is
facially reasonable. Mot. Dismiss at 9-13, ECF No. 46. The Government asserts that any
ambiguity in the Guarantee Required Endorsement is patent, which triggered Land O’Lakes’s
duty to inquire and therefore the Court cannot interpret the 2017 Policy against EXIM as the
drafter. Id. The Government replies that “Land O’Lakes failed to respond to this argument in its
response, and thus waives its argument related to contra proferentum [sic] and concedes that any
ambiguity is patent.” ECF No. 48 at 2, n.1. “Contra proferentem” is the legal doctrine in which
“in the interpretation of documents, ambiguities are to be construed unfavorably to the drafter.”
Contra proferentem, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). But even if Land O’Lakes did not
waive its argument related to contra proferentem, it fails on the merits. “Whether an ambiguity
is patent or latent is . . . a question of law.” NVT Techs., Inc., 370 F.3d at 1159 (citing Interwest
Constr. v. Brown, 29 F.3d 611, 614 (Fed. Cir. 1994)). While the Court does not view the 2017
Policy as ambiguous, to the extent there is any ambiguity that ambiguity is patent. Therefore, the
Court will not construe the text of the Guarantee Required Endorsement against the Government.
See id. at 1162 (citing Edward R. Marden Corp. v. United States, 803 F.2d 701, 705 (Fed. Cir.
1986)).

        Land O’Lakes itself acknowledges that the Policy’s language “is not a model of clarity”
regarding what must be guaranteed. Resp. at 9, ECF No. 47 (“At the outset, it should be
acknowledged that the phrase ‘amounts owing by the buyer under the Policy’ is not a model of
clarity.”) (emphasis added). This lack of clarity is clear on the face of the 2017 Policy, making it
a patent ambiguity. “A patent ambiguity is one that is ‘obvious, gross, [or] glaring, so that . . .
                                                 6
[there exists] a duty to inquire about it at the start.’” NVT Techs., Inc., 370 F.3d at 1162 (quoting
H & M Moving, Inc. v. United States, 499 F.2d 660, 671 (Ct. Cl. 1974)). Land O’Lakes’s
acknowledgment that the 2017 Policy language “is not a model of clarity” compels the finding
that any resulting ambiguity is patent rather than latent. Therefore, the Court will not interpret
the Policy against EXIM as the drafter. See id.

       C.   EXIM did not waive the 2017 Policy requirements by not objecting to Land
       O’Lakes’s Guaranty.

        Land O’Lakes also argues that because it submitted the Guaranty to EXIM in support of
both its 2016 and 2017 Policy applications and EXIM accepted it without question, EXIM
waived its objection to the adequacy of the Guaranty. Resp. at 11, ECF No. 47. According to
Land O’Lakes, if EXIM thought the Guaranty did not satisfy the 2017 Policy’s requirements, it
would have said so when Land O’Lakes submitted it. Id. This argument is unavailing because
the 2017 Policy states “[n]otwithstanding any other action by Ex-Im Bank, your failure to timely
comply with any term or condition of this Policy shall not be deemed to have been excused or
accepted by Ex-Im Bank unless explicitly agreed to by Ex-Im Bank in writing.” Ex. 1 at 6
(Article 9(H)), ECF No. 41-1. The agreement of the Parties makes clear that the issuance of the
2016 and 2017 Policies did not constitute a waiver of any guaranty requirements or that Land
O’Lakes’s Guaranty satisfied the 2017 Policy requirements. Id.

        Even when an agency accepts an invalid application for insurance, the conditions
governing the insurance must be strictly complied with. Federal Crop Ins. Corp. v. Merrill, 332
U.S. 380, 383-85 (1947). That EXIM did not inform Land O’Lakes or Trade Acceptance of any
issues with the Guaranty is not relevant. See Sec. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 13, 23, ECF No. 41. While
Land O’Lakes may have preferred that EXIM inform it that its Guaranty was facially deficient—
such that it could cure the defect and then have its application approved with a corresponding
irrevocable guaranty—EXIM’s acceptance of an invalid application for insurance did not waive
any objections to the Guaranty.

       D.      That Guarantors never revoked the Guaranty is not dispositive.

        Land O’Lakes argues that the Court should deny the Government’s Motion to Dismiss
because “the revocation provision could not have caused or contributed to the loss claimed by
Land O’Lakes or increased Ex-Im Bank’s risk or exposure.” Id. ¶ 60. This is because the
Guarantors never revoked the Guaranty and even if they had, the Guaranty would still apply to
all obligations existing at the time of the cancellation. The Government correctly states that such
an assertion is without merit because Land O’Lakes failed to strictly comply with the 2017
Policy when it obtained a revocable guaranty. Mot. Dismiss at 8, ECF No. 46. The 2017 Policy
mandates strict compliance, providing that EXIM “shall not be liable for any loss [to Land
O’Lakes]” if Land O’Lakes does not strictly comply “with any of the terms or conditions of this
Policy.” Ex. 1 at 3, ECF No. 41-1 (emphasis omitted). Strict compliance requires “exact
compliance” with the contract terms; substantial compliance is not enough. Casey v. Am. Int'l
Grp., Inc., 707 F. App’x 407, 410 (7th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted).

        And other courts have required strict compliance with EXIM policy terms. The Ninth
Circuit persuasively interpreted the EXIM policy requirements as requiring the insured party to
                                                  7
“strictly comply with all the contract terms and conditions to recover its losses under the policy.”
Seattle Fur Exchange, Inc. v. Foreign Credit Ins. Ass’n, 7 F.3d 158, 163 (9th Cir. 1993). And
strict compliance is an exacting standard that Land O’Lakes’ Guaranty does not meet. That is
the breach, not an actual revocation.

IV.    Conclusion

       For the reasons stated above the Court GRANTS the Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 46.
The Clerk is directed to enter judgment accordingly.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                      s/ Edward H. Meyers
                                                      Edward H. Meyers
                                                      Judge

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