Court Opinion

ID: 9482649
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 08:56:28.353905+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:49:07.122926
License: Public Domain

KANNE, Circuit Judge.
To improve its quality control program, Hill-Rom Company, Inc. proposed that certain work from one of its recognized bargaining units be transferred into a new, non-unit position entitled Quality Assurance Technician (“QAT”). However, after several meetings with Hill-Rom, the union representing Hill-Rom’s employees the Furniture & Casket Workers Local Union No. 525, Upholsterers International Union of North America, AFL-CIO (“Union”) rejected the proposed work transfer. Notwithstanding the Union’s disapproval, Hill-Rom decided to unilaterally transfer the work to the new position, and the Union subsequently responded by filing an unfair labor practices charge with the National Labor Relations Board. Concluding that Hill-Rom’s unilateral action constituted an illegal alteration of the scope of the bargaining unit, the Board found that Hill-Rom violated §§ 8(a)(5) and (1) of the National Labor Relations Act by excluding employees in the job classification of QAT from the bargaining unit without the agreement of the Union and by refusing to apply the collective bargaining agreement to those employees. The Board then entered an order requiring Hill-Rom to cease and desist this unfair labor practice. Hill-Rom petitions for review of the Board’s order; the NLRB has cross-applied for enforcement of its order.
I.
Hill-Rom, a subsidiary of Hillenbrand Industries, Inc., manufactures hospital beds as well as other architectural and furniture products for the health care industry. The hospital furniture market is a competitive one; there are only 8300 hospitals in the United States and 3000 of these hospitals control 80% of the beds. Acknowledging that it needed to improve the quality of its hospital beds in order to compete effectively with other suppliers, Hill-Rom decided to revamp its quality control system in 1983. To implement this change, Hill-Rom planned to consolidate the inspection duties of its Inspector 3 and Inspector 4 positions with additional duties under the new, non-unit classification of Quality Assurance Technician.
Hill-Rom informed the Union of its intent to change its quality assurance program by creating the new position. The parties met three times to discuss the proposed changes and their implications for bargaining unit employees. However, the Union insisted that Hill-Rom could not transfer the work to a non-unit position and no agreement was ever reached concerning these changes.
*456Having bargained to an impasse, Hill-Rom advised the Union that it intended to unilaterally implement the proposed change in its quality assurance program. On April 2, 1984, Hill-Rom transferred the work performed by the two inspector classifications to fourteen new QAT positions. These new positions were filled by application, and of these fourteen, twelve were filled by former inspectors. The remaining two inspectors declined to apply and were subsequently reassigned to different positions. The Inspector 3s and 4s were offered higher salaries and benefits if they applied for and were accepted as QATs. No unit employee was unilaterally removed from the bargaining unit or forced to leave it.
On April 6, 1984, the Union filed an unfair labor practices charge against Hill-Rom, alleging that the company had violated their collective bargaining agreement when it removed twelve bargaining unit positions from the Quality Assurance Department.1 The Regional Director of the Board referred the case to arbitration, as specified by the parties’ bargaining agreement, and indicated that it would defer to the arbitrator’s findings. At the arbitration hearing, the arbitrator found in favor of Hill-Rom, reasoning that “the transfer of the final inspection duties to the new non-unit classification did not violate the recognition language of [their bargaining agreement].” Accordingly, because the company had bargained to impasse and harbored no anti-union animus, the arbitrator concluded that Hill-Rom’s actions were reasonable and did not violate the parties’ agreement.
Following this arbitration, however, the Board concluded that it would not defer to the arbitrator’s decision. It then issued a complaint and notice of hearing. At the conclusion of its own hearing, the administrative law judge determined that Hill-Rom had unlawfully altered the scope of the bargaining unit. The ALJ pointed out that the new QATs spent 75% of their time doing work previously performed by unit employees, while the other 25% of the time involved new tasks including product review and laboratory work, electronic component testing, and field work. Both parties concede that these new tasks were traditionally performed by non-unit employees. The judge also specifically noted that Hill-Rom had displayed no sign of anti-union animus. Nonetheless, citing the overlap of the duties performed by the old and new positions, the Board determined that these Inspectors cum QATs should be considered members of the bargaining unit.
The Board affirmed the administrative judge’s decision on November 21, 1989. Hill-Rom Co., Inc., 297 NLRB No. 53. Following the Board’s affirmance of the administrative law judge’s decision, Hill-Rom filed its petition for review. The Board later cross-petitioned for enforcement of its order.
II.
The parties in this case do not dispute what the law is, but rather contest which law should apply to this factual situation. Hill-Rom contends that its actions constituted a lawful transfer of work out of the bargaining unit, within the requirements set forth in University of Chicago v. NLRB, 514 F.2d 942 (7th Cir.1985). The Board, on the other hand, insists that this case constitutes an unlawful alteration of the scope of the bargaining unit as defined by NLRB v. Bay Shipbuilding Corp., 721 F.2d 187 (7th Cir.1983). Therefore, we begin our analysis by reviewing the principles *457underlying the subtle distinction between transferring work from a bargaining unit, and changing the scope of a bargaining unit.
The potential topics of collective . bargaining2 generally fall within three broad classifications: mandatory subjects, permissive subjects and illegal subjects. See generally NLRB v. Wooster Div. of Borg-Warner Corp., 356 U.S. 342, 78 S.Ct. 718, 2 L.Ed.2d 823 (1958); The Idaho Statesman v. NLRB, 836 F.2d 1396, 1400 (D.C.Cir.1988). See also Facet Enterprises, Inc. v. NLRB, 907 F.2d 963, 975 (10th Cir.1990). Mandatory subjects, over which both the employer and the union are obligated to bargain in good faith, are specified in § 8(d) of the NLRA as “wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment.” 29 U.S.C. § 158(d). See also Fibreboard Paper Products Corp. v. NLRB, 379 U.S. 203, 210, 85 S.Ct. 398, 402, 13 L.Ed.2d 233 (1964); Facet Enterprises, 907 F.2d at 975. If an employer and a union bargain in good faith over a mandatory subject but reach an impasse during their negotiations, the employer may then implement its proposal unilaterally without the union’s consent. Trustees of Col. Pipe Indus. Pension Trust v. Howard Elec. & Mechanical, Inc., 909 F.2d 1379, 1384 (10th Cir.1990), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 111 S.Ct. 958, 112 L.Ed.2d 1046 (1991); Facet Enterprises, 907 F.2d at 975 n. 2. Permissive subjects, by contrast, are those which fall outside the scope of § 8(d) and cannot be implemented by the employer without union or Board approval. Boise Cascade Corp. v. NLRB, 860 F.2d 471, 475-76 (D.C.Cir.1988). Illegal subjects are simply those proscribed by federal, or where appropriately applied, state law. The Idaho Statesman, 836 F.2d at 1400.
There is no doubt that the scope of the employees’ bargaining unit is a permissive subject of bargaining, regardless of whether the unit has previously been certified by the Board or voluntarily agreed upon by the parties. Newspaper Printing Corp. v. NLRB, 625 F.2d 956, 963 (10th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 911, 101 S.Ct. 1349, 67 L.Ed.2d 335 (1981); The Idaho Statesman, 836 F.2d at 1400. See also Boise Cascade Corp., 860 F.2d at 474-77; Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., 602 F.2d 73, 76 (4th Cir.1979); Shell Oil Co., 194 N.L.R.B. 988, 995 (1972), enf'd sub nom., OCAW v. NLRB, 486 F.2d 1266, 1268 (D.C.Cir.1973). Accordingly, once a specific job has been included within the scope of the bargaining unit by either Board action or consent of the parties, the employer cannot unilaterally remove or modify that position without first securing the consent of the union or the Board. Bay Shipbuilding Corp., 721 F.2d at 191. See also The Idaho Statesman, 836 F.2d at 1400; Hess Oil & Chemical Corp. v. NLRB, 415 F.2d 440, 445 (5th Cir.1969), cert. denied, 397 U.S. 916, 90 S.Ct. 920, 25 L.Ed.2d 97 (1970). The reason why the law disfavors unilateral changes in the unit description is as simple as it is fundamental: if an employer could vary unit descriptions at will, it would have the power to sever the link between a recognizable group of employees and its union as the collective bargaining representative of these employees. “This, in turn, would have the effect both of undermining a basic tenet of union recognition in the collective bargaining context and of greatly complicating coherence in the negotiation process.” Boise Cascade Corp., 860 F.2d at 474-75.
Unlike the altering scope of a bargaining unit, a transfer of work out of a unit by an employer ordinarily constitutes a mandatory subject of bargaining. Facet Enterprises, 907 F.2d at 975; Newspaper Printing Corp., 625 F.2d at 964. In University of Chicago, this court set forth the basic circumstances under which work transfers would be treated as a mandatory subject during negotiations:
[Ujnless transfers are specifically prohibited by the bargaining agreement, an em*458ployer is free to transfer work out of the bargaining unit if: (1) the employer complies with Fibreboard Paper Products v. NLRB, 379 U.S. 203, 85 S.Ct. 398 [13 L.Ed.2d 233] (1964) by bargaining in good faith to impasse; and (2) the employer is not motivated by anti-union animus, Textile Workers v. Darlington Mfg. Co., 380 U.S. 263, 85 S.Ct. 994 [13 L.Ed.2d 827] (1965).
514 F.2d at 949. See also Boeing Company v. NLRB, 581 F.2d 793, 796-97 (9th Cir.1978).
Distinguishing between a transfer of work and an alteration in the scope of the unit, however, is not an easy task. In this appeal, Hill-Rom argues that the Board committed reversible error by accepting the AU’s conclusion that the newly created QAT positions reflected an alteration in the scope of the bargaining unit. According to Hill-Rom, the Board had no legal grounds for interpreting its proposal as anything other than a lawful work transfer and therefore should be governed by University of Chicago. Hill-Rom submits that it should not have been found to violate the NLRA. We agree.
To support its argument that Hill-Rom unlawfully altered the scope of the bargaining unit, the Board repeatedly points out that 75% of the QAT work included duties which were previously performed in the former inspector classifications. In our view, however, assigning work previously performed by unit employees to other employees outside the unit is perfectly consistent with transfer of work as construed by University of Chicago.3 In University of Chicago, the employer unilaterally transferred all janitorial work out of a bargaining unit into another unit in order to increase the efficiency of service. As a result, fourteen employees were laid off, but twelve of the fourteen were offered and accepted the new jobs. We overruled the Board’s determination that the University’s proposal was an unlawful alteration in the scope of the bargaining unit, and proceeded to examine the University’s conduct under the two-pronged work transfer analysis. University of Chicago, 514 F.2d at 948-47. Finding that the transfer was not specifically prohibited by the bargaining agreement, we concluded that the University’s proposal was a legitimate work transfer since the University bargained its proposal in good faith to an impasse without reflecting any motive of anti-union animus. Id. at 947.
We are unable to discern any basis for distinguishing this case from the facts and holding in University of Chicago. In a factual scenario virtually mirroring that in University of Chicago, twelve of the fourteen Hill-Rom employees who were laid off applied for and accepted the QAT positions outside the unit. The Hill-Rom employees who left the unit to accept the new jobs worked in the same buildings in which they had worked before, as did the employees in University of Chicago. Significantly, the AU in this case likewise found that no provision of the collective bargaining agreement precluded Hill-Rom from transferring work out of the unit, and that Hill-Rom bargained its proposal in good faith to an impasse. The Union has never alleged, nor did the AU or Board ever find, that Hill-Rom was motivated by any anti-union animus. Indeed, like the University, Hill-Rom clearly established that its proposal was motivated solely by its desire to increase the efficiency in its services. In light of these noteworthy parallels, we conclude that the Board erred by not applying the principles of University of Chicago to the instant case.4
*459A proper application of the University of Chicago fully supports Hill-Rom’s contention that it did not violate the NLRA: (1) no provision of the collective bargaining agreement prohibited Hill-Rom from transferring work; (2) Hill-Rom bargained its proposal in good faith to impasse; and (3) there is no allegation that Hill-Rom acted under anti-union animus. Both the ALJ and the Board determined that 25% of the work performed by the QATs was different from that performed by the two former inspector provisions, and that these new duties required substantial additional training — some of which was conducted by de-greed electronic engineers. These new duties encompassed different kinds of quality assurance work, including product review and laboratory work, electronic component testing, and field work, duties which were all previously conducted by non-unit personnel. We therefore hold that Hill-Rom’s implementation of the QAT program constituted a lawful transfer of work within the meaning of University of Chicago.5
III.
For the foregoing reasons we Deny Enforcement of the National Labor Relations Board’s cease and desist order against Hill-Rom Company, Inc.

. Hill-Rom and the Union have been parties to a series of collective bargaining agreements. Under the "Recognition” clause of the agreement, the parties agreed that:
The Company recognizes the Union as the sole and exclusive representative for the purposes of collective bargaining in respect to rates of pay, wages, hours of work, and other working conditions, for all its production and maintenance employees, except for office and clerical employees, salesmen, truck drivers, garage mechanics, watchmen, engineers, firemen, carpenters, painters, research department employees and all supervisory employees.
The collective bargaining agreement does not include a provision specifying that certain work classifications or job titles were covered by the agreement.

. Collective bargaining is defined in § 8(d) as:
The performance of the mutual obligation of the employer and the representative of the employees to meet at reasonable times and converse in good faith with respect to wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment.
29 U.S.C. § 158(d).

. For other cases illustrating lawful work transfers, see Kohler Company, 292 N.L.R.B. No. 70 (1989) (employer’s removal of stock clerk and layout work from bargaining unit are mandatory subjects of bargaining, even where reclassification has effect on bargaining unit); Dahl Fish Company, 279 N.L.R.B. No. 150 (1986) (decision to transfer unit work to another plant outside the bargaining unit is a mandatory subject of bargaining); The Cincinnati Enquirer, Inc., 279 N.L.R.B. No. 149 (1986) (decision to transfer unit work outside the bargaining unit to a supervisory employee is a mandatory subject of bargaining).

. Although it devotes little time to this issue, the Board does make an attempt to distinguish University of Chicago from the facts of the present case on two grounds: first, the University merely transferred work from union to another bar*459gaining unit represented by a different union; and, second, the case did not involve the permanent removal of an existing unit job from a union’s representative scope to a newly created position which was not significantly changed, but for the lack of union representation. We fail to find support for either distinction in the case law.

. The NLRB’s reliance on NLRB v. Bay Shipbuilding, 721 F.2d 187 (7th Cir.1983) and NLRB v. United Technologies Corp., 884 F.2d 1569 (2d Cir.1989) is misplaced. In both Bay Shipbuilding and United Technologies the court found substantial evidence on the record to support the NLRB’s finding that the primary difference between the jobs that the employers classified as unit and non-unit was the use of technology. Otherwise, the jobs were still the same. Bay Shipbuilding, 721 F.2d at 190; United Technologies, 884 F.2d at 1573. Bay Shipbuilding and United Technologies declare that using technology to complete the same job is an insufficient basis to differentiate unit from non-unit positions. As explained above, more than technology distinguishes QATs from inspectors. Therefore, it is more appropriate to rely on the analysis in University of Chicago, which involved a transfer of work to employees performing a different job, than on Bay Shipbuilding or United Technologies, which involved a transfer of work to employees performing the same job using technological advances.