Court Opinion

ID: 9671824
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-24 03:43:38.689164+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:16:12.271484
License: Public Domain

OPINION
OLIVER-PARROTT, Chief Justice.
This is an appeal from a judgment against the appellee, Insurance Corporation of America (ICA), awarding damages to Ross Webster, M.D. for ICA’s alleged failure to properly handle and settle a medical malpractice suit brought against him by Donna Johnson Zabodyn. Zabodyn is the assignee of Webster’s claims against ICA, his insurer. The jury found ICA grossly negligent and assessed damages at $300,000 in mental anguish and $7.2 million in punitive damages. In the judgment, the trial court awarded to Zabodyn these amounts plus $1,233,371, the amount of the judgment entered against Webster in the underlying medical malpractice action, and prejudgment interest.
I. Background
A.The underlying litigation
In 1979, Webster performed stomach reduction surgery on Zabodyn at Pasadena Bayshore Hospital. This surgery consisted of wrapping Zabodyn’s stomach in marlex mesh to reduce its capacity. Infection developed, and Zabodyn was transferred to Her-mann Hospital. Another doctor removed the marlex and treated the infection successfully. Zabodyn required subsequent surgery and medical treatment for several years.
Zabodyn filed a medical malpractice suit against Webster. Webster had malpractice insurance provided by ICA with limits of $100,000; he also had excess coverage provided by U.S. Fire with limits of $750,000. The terms of the policy required ICA to obtain Webster’s consent before it could settle the case. The case went to trial, the jury found that Webster was negligent, and the trial court entered judgment against Webster based on the jury’s finding of $1,223,371 in actual damages. Webster appealed the judgment, but it was affirmed. Webster v. Johnson, 737 S.W.2d 884 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1987, writ denied).
B. The parties
To settle Zabodyn’s malpractice claim and avoid execution on the judgment, Webster assigned to Zabodyn his causes of action against the malpractice insurance carriers, ICA and U.S. Fire. Webster and Zabodyn then filed suit against ICA and U.S. Fire. They settled with U.S. Fire, which agreed to pay them $300,000 immediately, with an agreement that it would be reimbursed if Webster and Zabodyn recovered from ICA. ICA filed a third party action against U.S. Fire. ICA filed a trial amendment on April 13, 1992 pleading Webster’s contributory negligence and the negligence of Webster’s insurance agent. On April 20, 1992, during trial, ICA nonsuited its third party action against U.S. Fire, which remained in the suit as an intervenor to collect the $300,000 it had paid to Webster and Zabodyn.
C. The evidence
The plaintiffs presented the testimony of former insurance adjusters that ICA should have accepted two offers to settle the malpractice case for $100,000. These experts also testified that ICA should have made offers to settle the case. There was also testimony that ICA did not advise Webster of the progress of the case, the chances of a probable excess verdict, and of the settlement offers. The record also reflects that ICA did not seek Webster’s consent to settle, handle Zabodyn’s claim promptly, or send a letter to Webster notifying him that he had been sued in an amount in excess of his policy limits. There was also testimony that Webster never forwarded a copy of the suit papers to his insurance agent or the excess carrier, realized he was sued in excess of his policy limits, did not inform ICA that he had excess coverage, and wanted to try the case to clear his name.
Zabodyn’s first attorney sent Webster’s attorney a settlement demand letter dated July 15, 1985 offering to settle the case for the known policy limits of $100,000, if there was no other insurance. The case was set for trial on December 2,1985. On November *7918 or 20, 1985, Webster discussed Ms excess coverage with his attorney. Webster’s lawyer confirmed the existence of the $750,000 in excess coverage by calling Webster’s insurance agent. On November 27, 1985, Za-bodyn’s second attorney sent Webster’s attorney a settlement demand letter that offered to settle for $99,999. The letter was “in reliance on” representations that Webster only had $100,000 in coverage. The settlement demand letters were admitted into evidence with testimony by the plaintiffs expert that they were unconditional demands. The letters are attached as an appendix hereto.
D. The jury charge
The case was submitted to the jury on three theories: negligence, gross negligence, and the commission of unfair practices in the business of insurance. The jury found that before the jury’s verdict in December 1985 “ICA’s conduct in the handling or settlement of Mrs. Zabodyn’s claim against Dr. Webster constitute^]” negligence, gross negligence, and an unfair practice in the business of insurance. The jury also found that ICA’s negligence and gross negligence proximately caused the verdict against Dr. Webster and that the unfair act or practice was a producing cause of the verdict. The jury also found that the unfair practice was done knowingly and before April 1,1985. Only two damages issues were submitted. One asked the jury to determine the amount that would compensate Dr. Webster for mental anguish, if any, to wMch the jury responded “$300,000.” The other asked the amount, if any, that should be assessed as punitive damages for ICA’s gross negligence, to wMch the jury responded “$7,200,000.”
II. Negligence and gross negligence
In points of error three and four, ICA asserts that the evidence was legally and factually insufficient to support the jury’s findings of negligence and gross negligence.
In determining whether there is legally sufficient evidence to support the jury’s findings, the appellate court must consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences that tend to support such findings and must disregard all evidence and inferences to the contrary; if there is probative evidence wMch supports the jury’s findings, the “no evidence” point of error must be overruled. Best v. Ryan Auto Group, Inc., 786 S.W.2d 670, 671 (Tex.1990); International Bank, N.A v. Morales, 736 S.W.2d 622, 624 (Tex.1987); Winograd v. Clear Lake City Water Auth., 811 S.W.2d 147,154 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1991, writ denied). If the evidence offered furnishes some reasonable basis for differing conclusions by reasonable minds as to the existence of the vital fact, it amounts to more than a scintilla of evidence and the “no evidence” challenge fails. Kindred v. Con/Chem, Inc., 650 S.W.2d 61, 63 (Tex.1983).
There are two ways an insurer can be negligent. The first arises from the insurer’s duty to accept reasonable settlement offers; the second arises from the insurer’s duty to exercise ordinary care in investigating the claim, preparing the defense of the lawsuit, and trial of the case.
A. The insurer’s duty under Stowers
Under the Stowers doctrine, A third-party liability insurer must exercise “that degree of care and diligence which an ordinarily prudent person would exercise in the management of Ms own business” in responding to settlement demands within policy limits. G.A. Stowers Furniture Co. v. American Indemnitee Co., 15 S.W.2d 544, 547 (Tex.Comm’n App.1929, holding approved); American Physicians Ins. Exchange v. Garcia, 876 S.W.2d 842, 848 (Tex.1994). In a Stowers case, evidence concerning claims investigation, trial defense, and conduct during settlement negotiations is subsidiary to the ultimate issue of whether the claimant’s demand was reasonable under the circumstances, such that an ordinarily prudent insurer would accept it. Garcia, 876 S.W.2d at 851. The duty under Stowers does not require an insurer to make or solicit offers to settle third-party insurance claims. Id. at 851.
1. Unconditional offer under Stowers
ICA contends that before it had a duty to settle the case, Zabodyn and Webster *80had to make an unconditional offer to settle the case, but did not. To impose liability under Stowers, a settlement demand must propose to release the insured in full in exchange for a stated sum of money or the limits of the policy. Garcia, 876 S.W.2d at 848-49. Further, the duty under Stowers is not activated unless 1) the claim against the insured is -within the scope of coverage, 2) the demand is within policy limits, and 8) the terms of the demand are such that an ordinarily prudent insurer would accept it, considering the likelihood and degree of the insured’s potential exposure to an excess judgment. Id at 849. “[T]he Stowers remedy of shifting the risk of an excess judgment onto the insurer is inappropriate absent proof that the insurer was presented with a reasonable opportunity to prevent the excess judgment by settling within the applicable policy limits.” Id.
In Jones v. Highway Ins. Underwriters, 253 S.W.2d 1018 (Tex.Civ.App.-Galveston 1952, writ ref'd n.r.e.) this Court dealt with the issue of whether Stowers requires an unconditional offer to settle. Morris Johnson was killed in an automobile accident involving Jones. Jones had liability insurance with limits of $25,000. Johnson’s wife and child sued Jones. Anchor Casualty Company, a workers compensation carrier that had paid benefits of approximately $13,000 because of Morris’ death, intervened and sought reimbursement of these payments from any recovery the wife received. The wife offered to settle the case for $15,000 conditioned upon the wife and son receiving $7500. Anchor was entitled to be fully repaid the $13,000. The record contained evidence that a subro-gated carrier customarily took 50 percent of what it had paid in order to settle a case. There was no evidence that Anchor had agreed to settle according to customary practice. Jones’ insurer rejected the offer, the case went to trial, and, based on the jury’s findings, judgment was rendered against Jones for $53,533.62.
Jones sued his insurer for negligently failing to accept the wife’s offer. The jury found that a settlement offer had been made to Jones’ insurer, but the trial court determined that the evidence supported only a finding that a conditional offer was made. This Court concluded that under the Stowers doctrine, “such an offer is not sufficient.” Jones, 253 S.W.2d at 1022.
In Danner v. Iowa Mut. Ins. Co., 340 F.2d 427 (5th Cir.1964), the court interpreted Jones to require an unconditional offer:
Since the decision in the Stowers case, the Texas courts have placed a reasonable saving clause on the duty of the insurance carrier to an insured. There must be an unconditional offer to settle before there can be said to be a breach of the insurer’s duty.
Id. at 429. The court further concluded that Stowers “does not require the insurer to accept a conditional offer carrying risks of further liability.” Id. at 430. Thus, before ICA had a duty to settle the underlying litigation, Zabodyn was required to make an unconditional offer.
2. Whether the offer was conditional
We must next determine whether Zabo-dyn’s offers to settle were unconditional.
The relevant portion of the first offer sent to Webster’s attorney by Zabodyn’s first attorney reads
You have now informed us that Webster has only $100,000.00 in insurance. Based upon your representation, Donna Johnson has authorized me to offer to settle her case against Webster for $100,000.00. Obviously, if there is other insurance, this offer shall be null and void.
The relevant portion of the second offer sent by Zabodyn’s second attorney reads
You and your client, Dr. Ross Webster, have represented in Answers to Interrogatories that the liability insurance coverage on Dr. Webster is only $100,000.00. In reliance upon your representations to that effect, I, on behalf of Donna K. Johnson, the Plaintiff, hereby offer to settle the case with Dr. Webster for the sum and amount of $99,999.00.
The construction of an unambiguous writing is a question of law. Westwind Expl., Inc. v. Homestate Sav. Ass’n, 696 S.W.2d 378, 381 (Tex.1985); Block 316 Garage Ltd. v. Wortham & Van Liew, 705 *81S.W.2d 249, 251 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1986, writ ref'd n.r.e.); see Lone Star Gas Co. v. Coastal States Gas Producing Co., 388 S.W.2d 251, 253-54 (Tex.Civ.App.-Corpus Christi 1965, no writ) (in construing offer to determine whether it was conditional, the court applied rules of contract construction and treated the issue as a question of law). “A condition precedent is a fact which must exist before a duty of immediate performance of a promise arises.” Block 316 Garage, 705 S.W.2d at 251. A condition precedent may be either a condition to the formation of a contract or to an obligation to perform an existing agreement. Dillon v. Lintz, 582 S.W.2d 394, 395 (Tex.1979) (quoting Hohenberg Bros. Co. v. George E. Gibbons & Co., 537 S.W.2d 1 (Tex.1976)); Block 316 Garage, 705 S.W.2d at 251. If the parties have agreed that the contract will not be effective or binding until certain conditions occur, no binding contract will arise until the conditions specified have occurred. Parkview General Hosp., Inc. v. Eppes, 447 S.W.2d 487, 490-91 (Tex.Civ.App.-Corpus Christi 1969, writ refd n.r.e.).
We conclude that both of the offers are unambiguous. Both of the offers to settle were conditioned on the existence of the same fact — Webster not having any other insurance that could be used to compensate Zabodyn. The first quoted letter was made conditional by the clause that reads “if there is other insurance, this offer shall be null and void.” See Criswell v. European Crossroads Shopping Ctr., Ltd., 792 S.W.2d 945, 948 (Tex.1990) (“In order to make performance specifically conditional, a term such as ‘if, ‘provided that’, ‘on condition that’, or some similar phrase of conditional language must normally be included.”). The second quoted letter contains the words “in reliance on,” which is a similar phrase of conditional language. Read as a whole, the letter is conditioned on the accuracy of Webster’s lawyer’s and Webster’s representations that no excess insurance coverage existed.1
The absence of additional insurance was a fact that had to exist before ICA could accept the offer and form a contract to settle the case. The condition was not limited to insurance that the parties knew about; on the contrary, the plain intent of Zabodyn’s attorneys was to avoid a binding contract to settle the case for $100,000 if other insurance existed, but was not known or disclosed. Because other insurance was in existence even before the offers were made, it was impossible for ICA to accept them. See Gilbert v. Pettiette, 838 S.W.2d 890, 893 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, no writ) (acceptance must be identical with the offer to make a binding contract). Not only was other insurance in existence, but Webster’s own testimony reveals that Webster’s lawyer was informed of the excess coverage at least seven days before the November 27 demand.
ICA never had a reasonable opportunity to accept the only settlement offers made by Zabodyn’s attorneys; therefore, they cannot be held negligent or grossly negligent under the Stowers doctrine.
We sustain those portions of points of error three and four challenging the legal sufficiency of the evidence that relate to ICA’s alleged failure to settle.
The discussion of the remaining issues and points of error does meet the criteria for publication, TexR.App.P. 90, and is ordered not published.
We reverse and render a take-nothing judgment on the causes of action based on settlement. We remand the causes of action based on ICA’s handling of the claim for a new trial.

. Zabodyn and Webster introduced testimony that the offers to settle were not conditional. As we stated above, the construction of the offers was a matter of law. " 'Matters of law are not proper subjects for expert opinion.’ ” Schauer v. Memorial Care Sys., 856 S.W.2d 437, 451 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, no writ). Thus, this testimony is irrelevant to this issue.