Court Opinion

ID: 9956099
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-01 08:10:16.16908+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:15:18.227391
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued March 26, 2024

                                       In The

                               Court of Appeals
                                      For The

                           First District of Texas
                             ————————————
                               NO. 01-23-00233-CV
                            ———————————
             IN RE KELLOGG BROWN & ROOT, LLC, Relator

            Original Proceeding on Petition for Writ of Mandamus

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      In this original mandamus proceeding, relator Kellogg Brown & Root, LLC

(KBR) contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it signed an order

sanctioning KBR for its attorney’s conduct.1 The order reflects that the trial court

found that KBR’s then-counsel made intentional misrepresentations to the trial court

1
      The underlying case is Constructora Hostotipaquillo, S.A. de C.V. v. Kellogg Brown
      & Root, LLC, cause number 2021-20545, pending in the 295th District Court of
      Harris County, Texas, the Hon. Donna Roth presiding.
related to a Spanish-to-English translation of a contract involved in a dispute

between KBR and real party in interest Constructora Hostotipaquillo, S.A. de C.V.

(Hosto). The trial court found that KBR’s counsel had instructed the company

translating the contract to change its initial certified translation of the Spanish term

“Convenio de Asociación” from “Joint Venture Agreement” to “Association

Agreement” in order “to better fit the theory of [KBR’s] defenses.” The trial court

also found that the attorney had attached the translator’s affidavit—certifying the

accuracy of the original translation—to the second translation. The trial court further

found that counsel had misrepresented to the court (1) that she had not instructed the

translation company to change the translation and (2) that a new affidavit from the

translator was attached to the second translation when it was not. The trial court

concluded that the conduct of KBR’s counsel was “both egregious and intentional

in an attempt to strengthen KBR’s case and secure a win for what must be an

important client.”

      Based on counsel’s conduct, the trial court sanctioned KBR. Among its

sanctions, the trial court required that, throughout the remainder of the litigation,

including trial, no one could “refer to the Agreement in controversy as anything but

‘A Joint Venture Agreement.’”

                                           2
      Because we agree with KBR that the trial court abused its discretion by

sanctioning it for its counsel’s conduct, and we conclude that KBR does not have an

adequate remedy by appeal, we conditionally grant KBR’s mandamus petition.

                                   Background

      In 2019, PTI Infraestructura de Desarrollo, S.A. de C.V. (PTI-ID)—a

subsidiary of Pemex, Mexico’s national oil company—planned to construct a

refinery in Dos Bocas, Tabasco, Mexico. PTI-ID divided the Dos Bocas Project into

multiple “packages.” The package involved in this case is Package 6, which was

divided into two phases, Phase I and Phase II. The work for Phase I consisted of

preliminary engineering and procurement services to develop a cost estimate for the

engineering, procurement, and construction of a portion of the Dos Bocas Project.

During Phase II, the actual engineering, procurement, and construction work would

be performed.

      KBR and Hosto—which describes itself as a “construction and engineering

firm in Mexico”—decided to jointly submit bid proposals to PTI-ID for Package 6.

On July 19, 2019, KBR and Hosto entered into two agreements regarding this

arrangement—the Teaming Agreement, executed in English, and the Convenio de

Asociación,2 executed in Spanish. The two agreements set out KBR’s and Hosto’s

2
      Because the parties disagree whether the English translation of “Convenio de
      Asociación” is “Association Agreement” or “Joint Venture Agreement,” we refer to
      the agreement by its Spanish title, “Convenio de Asociación.”
                                          3
respective rights, responsibilities, and roles relating to the bidding process and the

services to be provided for Package 6. Under the agreements, KBR would be the

project lead for Phase I, and Hosto would be the project lead for Phase II.

      PTI-ID awarded KBR and Hosto the work for Phase I. On July 31, 2019, PTI-

ID and KBR signed a contract—the Prime Contract—for the Phase I work. KBR

signed the contract as the “common representative” of itself and Hosto. On May 8,

2020, KBR and Hosto entered into a contract—the Subcontract—regarding the

scope of the Phase I work.

      KBR and Hosto were not awarded the Phase II work, and in April 2021, Hosto

sued KBR for common-law fraud and fraudulent inducement. Hosto alleged that,

before the parties signed the Package 6 contracts, KBR had represented to Hosto that

it could and would complete both phases of Package 6. Hosto alleged that KBR knew

this was not true because, at the time, KBR was planning to change its business

model from construction services to “IT consulting” services. Hosto asserted that,

because of this change, KBR knew or should have known that it could not perform

the Phase II procurement and construction work. Hosto alleged that KBR’s

misrepresentations and failure to disclose information about its ability to complete

Phase II had fraudulently induced Hosto into entering into the Package 6 contracts

and into performing work on Phase I.

                                          4
      On July 6, 2021, Hosto amended its petition, adding a cause of action for

breach of fiduciary duty. In that pleading and in its later amended petitions, Hosto

alleged that it and KBR had formed a joint venture and partnership to pursue and

perform the work on Package 6. Hosto asserted that the Convenio de Asociación was

a joint venture agreement, referring to it as “the JVA,” short for “the Joint Venture

Agreement.” Hosto alleged that, as joint venturers, KBR owed it a fiduciary duty

and that KBR had breached its fiduciary duty in numerous ways. For instance, Hosto

claimed that KBR breached its fiduciary duty by “[f]ailing to tell Hosto [that it] never

intended to perform its contractual obligations to Hosto” and that it “was

transitioning to an IT company.” Hosto also claimed that KBR breached its fiduciary

duty by “[f]ailing to work in good faith toward winning a contract for Phase II” and

by engaging in acts and omissions that caused PTI-ID not to award the Phase II

contract to Hosto and KBR. Hosto further alleged that KBR breached its fiduciary

duty by failing to pay Hosto for its Phase I work. Hosto claimed that “the breaches

caused Hosto to lose millions of dollars of revenue and profits for work it actually

performed on Phase I, and [to] lose tens of millions of dollars of revenue and profit

for work it would have performed under Phase II if KBR had fulfilled its fiduciary

duties.” According to Hosto, KBR’s breach of fiduciary duty to Hosto also

constituted constructive fraud.

                                           5
      KBR answered the suit and filed a Rule 91a motion to dismiss Hosto’s claims.

See TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a. On July 9, 2021, KBR filed its second amended answer and

its amended Rule 91a motion. Attached to its amended answers and the Rule 91a

motions was the Teaming Agreement, originally written in English. Also attached

were a certified English translation of (1) the Convenio de Asociación, (2) the Prime

Contract, and (3) the Subcontract along with the original Spanish version of each

contract. Affixed to each English translation was the translator’s affidavit—entitled

“certificate of accuracy”—in which the translator certified under oath that the

translation was “true, accurate, and complete.”

      The certified English translation of the Convenio de Asociación interpreted

the phrase “Convenio de Asociación”—which was the title of the document—to

mean “Association Agreement.” In its amended answers and amended Rule 91a

motion, KBR referred to the Convenio de Asociación as “the Association

Agreement.” In contrast, as mentioned, Hosto referred to the Convenio de

Asociación as “the Joint Venture Agreement.”

      In its second amended answer, KBR asserted an affirmative defense that

Hosto’s claims were barred by the terms of the Teaming Agreement, the

Subcontract, and the Association Agreement. In its amended Rule 91a motion, KBR

argued, inter alia, that Hosto’s claims were barred by limitation-of-liability language

in the Teaming Agreement and in the Subcontract. KBR also asserted that “Hosto’s

                                          6
breach of fiduciary duty [claim was] barred for the additional reason that the

Teaming Agreement expressly disclaimed a joint venture relationship.” The

disclaimer language referred to by KBR states that the agreement “[did] not create a

partnership, joint venture, consortium, legal entity, fiduciary relationship, agency, or

other similar relationship between [KBR and Hosto].” KBR asserted that, without a

joint venture or partnership relationship, Hosto’s breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim

failed. KBR claimed that the Teaming Agreement and its disclaimer language was

attached to and incorporated into the Convenio de Asociación—a claim that Hosto

expressly disputed in its pleadings.

      The trial court denied KBR’s amended Rule 91a motion. On October 6, 2022,

KBR filed a no-evidence and traditional motion for summary judgment. KBR raised

many of the same arguments that it had raised in its amended Rule 91a motion,

including its argument that Hosto’s breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim is barred by the

disclaimer language in the Teaming Agreement, which, it argued, was attached to,

and incorporated by reference into, the Convenio de Asociación. KBR also argued

that the breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim failed because provisions in the Teaming

Agreement and in the Subcontract showed that the parties did not agree to share

costs—a necessary element to prove a joint venture relationship. KBR further

asserted that Hosto’s constructive fraud claim was barred because it was merely a

“repackaging” of the breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim. KBR’s summary-judgment

                                           7
evidence included the Teaming Agreement and English translations of the Convenio

de Asociación, the Prime Contract, and the Subcontract.

      Hosto responded, and, on November 2, 2022, the trial court conducted a

hearing on KBR’s summary-judgment motion. At the hearing, Hosto objected to the

English translation of the Prime Contract attached to the summary-judgment motion.

Hosto pointed out that the translation differed from the translation that had been

attached to KBR’s first and second amended answers and to its original and amended

Rule 91a motions. Hosto complained that KBR had never disclosed that the

translation had been changed. Hosto stated that it had not noticed the change in the

translation until after it had responded to the summary-judgment motion. KBR’s

counsel acknowledged that the English translation of the Prime Contract attached to

KBR’s summary-judgment motion was a newly-obtained translation (hereafter, the

Second Translation) and that it differed from the original translation (hereafter, the

First Translation) that KBR had offered in support of its amended answers and Rule

91a motions to dismiss Hosto’s claims.

      The First and Second Translations differed in how they translated Paragraph

2.4 of the Prime Contract, which in its original Spanish states:

                                          8
      The First Translation of the Prime Contract was certified on June 7, 2021. In

that translation, Paragraph 2.4 was translated as follows:

      The translator completed the Second Translation of the Prime Contract around

September 26, 2022, re-translating Paragraph 2.4 to read:

      As shown, the translator interpreted the phrase “Convenio de Asociación” in

the First Translation to mean “Joint Venture Agreement.” In the Second Translation,

the translation of that phrase was changed to “Association Agreement.”

                                          9
      KBR’s counsel pointed out that, when the Convenio de Asociación itself was

translated on May 21, 2021—two weeks before the First Translation of the Prime

Contract—the translator interpreted the title of the document—“Convenio de

Asociación”—to mean “Association Agreement.” Counsel noted that the May 21,

2021 translation was the only English translation of the Convenio de Asociación in

the record. Counsel pointed out that the Second Translation of the Prime Contract,

translating the phrase “Convenio de Asociación” to mean “Association Agreement,”

was consistent with the May 21, 2021 translation of the Convenio de Asociación

itself—the agreement referenced in Paragraph 2.4—while the First Translation,

interpreting Convenio de Asociación to mean “Joint Venture Agreement,” was not

consistent.

      KBR’s counsel acknowledged that the Spanish word asociación “can mean a

lot of things. It can mean association. It can mean partnership in some instances. It

can mean joint venture.” She asserted that, to determine the correct meaning here,

the translator was required to interpret “asociación” in the context of the entire Prime

Contract, including its annexes. Counsel stated that Annex 36 to the Prime Contract

included the Convenio de Asociación and the Teaming Agreement, which was

attached to the Convenio de Asociación. Counsel said that the translator did not have

“the benefit of the . . . annexes” when she prepared the First Translation of the Prime

Contract and interpreted “Convenio de Asociación” to mean “Joint Venture

                                          10
Agreement,” but the translator did have the annexes, including Annex 36, when she

prepared the Second Translation. Counsel stated that, in the Second Translation, the

translator “corrected” her translation “after reviewing the entirety of the annexes” to

change the interpretation of “Convenio de Asociación” from “Joint Venture

Agreement” to “Association Agreement.”

      After hearing the parties’ arguments, the trial court sustained Hosto’s

objection, ruling that KBR could not rely on the Second Translation and must use

the First Translation. Hosto then objected that KBR had filed “a fraudulent affidavit”

along with the Second Translation. Hosto pointed out that a new certificate of

accuracy was not attached to the Second Translation. Instead, the translator’s

certificate of accuracy attached to the Second Translation was the same certificate

of accuracy, dated June 21, 2021, that had been attached to and certified the First

Translation. After acknowledging that the certificate of accuracy from the First

Translation was attached to the Second Translation, KBR’s counsel told the trial

court, “[W]e have a new certification from the translator that certifies their amended

translation.” The trial court asked if the new certification had been sent to Hosto.

KBR’s counsel stated, “I believe we have [sent it],” but she “would need to double

check” because she could not “confirm or deny” whether it had been sent. The trial

court did not rule on Hosto’s objection to the certificate of accuracy, remarking that

                                          11
the issue “was not before” the court at that time. The trial court did not rule on KBR’s

motion for summary judgment but instead took “under advisement.”

      Contrary to counsel’s statement to the trial court, an updated certificate of

accuracy for the Second Translation had not been sent by the translator for the

Second Translation. After the summary-judgment hearing, a paralegal who worked

for the law firm representing KBR, contacted the translator to obtain a certificate of

accuracy for the Second Translation, which the translator provided. KBR’s counsel

also withdrew the Second Translation from KBR’s trial exhibit list.

      Two days after the summary-judgment hearing, Hosto filed a “Motion for

Death Penalty Sanctions for Fraud on the Court.” Hosto asked the trial court to

sanction KBR by striking KBR’s pleadings. It claimed that the sanctions were

warranted because “KBR ha[d] manufactured evidence” in the case and “KBR’s

counsel ha[d] lied to [the trial court] to cover up its fraudulent and unethical

conduct.” As it had at the summary-judgment hearing, Hosto told the trial court that

KBR never informed Hosto that the translation of the Prime Contract attached to

KBR’s motion for summary judgment—that is, the Second Translation—was a new

translation of the Prime Contract, which differed from the First Translation. Hosto

only discovered the changes by comparing the First and Second Translations. Hosto

intimated that KBR had attached the First Translation’s certificate of accuracy to the

Second Translation to conceal that the translation was changed.

                                          12
      Hosto also claimed that the First Translation of the Prime Contract was

“altered fraudulently” because KBR’s counsel had specifically instructed the

translation company what changes to make and what words to use in the Second

Translation. Hosto offered the declaration of its counsel, who testified that he had

spoken with a representative of the translation company about the Second

Translation. The representative told him that “[s]omeone with [the law firm

representing KBR] had emailed [the translation company] a detailed list of words

and phrases to change, along with the page numbers where those words and phrases

appeared.” Hosto’s counsel also testified that the representative said that KBR’s

counsel had “directed” the translation company to change the translation of

asociación from “joint venture” to “association.” The representative said that the

translation company “never provided” a new certificate of accuracy for the Second

Translation “or otherwise certified it in any way.” Hosto asserted that KBR’s counsel

“lied” to the trial court at the summary-judgment hearing when she “represented to

the Court that a new [certificate of accuracy] existed [for the Second Translation]

and that she thought it had been produced.” Hosto intimated that counsel had lied to

the trial court to cover up KBR’s fraudulent conduct relating to the new translation.

      In its response, KBR asserted that Hosto had “not pointed to any evidence that

would suggest that the [Second Translation] was fraudulent.” Although the First

Translation was certified on June 7, 2021, KBR claimed that the Second Translation

                                         13
had not been requested until the end of September 2022 because it was only shortly

before then that new information had been learned relevant to translating the Prime

Contract. KBR acknowledged that on July 8, 2021—one month after the First

Translation was prepared—the paralegal for KBR’s counsel (the paralegal) had

emailed a representative of the translation company, requesting the representative to

ask the translator who prepared the First Translation why she had used the phrase

“Joint Venture Agreement” rather than “Association Agreement” when translating

Paragraph 2.4. The representative responded, forwarding the translator’s response.

In her response, the translator explained why she thought the translation was correct.

She concluded her message by stating: “If the client prefers not to use [the term

‘Joint Venture Agreement’], ‘Association Agreement’ would be fine for ‘Convenio

de Asociacion.’” KBR asserted that it did not seek the Second Translation at that

point because “KBR’s counsel did not have the annexes to the Prime Contract and

did not know that the Association Agreement and Teaming Agreement (which

disclaimed the formation of a joint venture) were attached to the Prime Contract as

Annex 36.”

      KBR also asserted that new information was learned in mid-September 2022

during the deposition of Ignacio Claudio Bincaz, a former KBR employee who

helped negotiate the Prime Contract. KBR asserted that Bincaz, who is fluent in

                                         14
Spanish and English, “explained at length that the Prime Contract KBR executed in

Spanish did not include the term ‘joint venture agreement’ as it is used in English.”

      To support its sanctions response, KBR offered the declaration of its counsel.

She testified that her law firm had “sought the translation of the Prime Contract

before [she] received the annexes [to the contract], and [they], therefore, did not

provide the translator the annexes with the Prime Contract when the [First

Translation] was prepared” on June 7, 2021. Counsel testified that, about one month

after the First Translation was prepared, she directed the paralegal “to ask the

translator why [she] chose to translate ‘Convenio de Asociación’ to ‘Joint Venture

Agreement.’” In an apparent reference to the July 8, 2021 email response from the

translation company, counsel testified that the paralegal “inquired and informed

[counsel] that the translator said ‘Association Agreement’ would be fine for

‘Convenio de Asociación.’”

      Counsel also stated that, when she “presented Ignacio Bincaz for his

deposition on September 14, 2022, . . . he adamantly denied that the [original]

Spanish [version of the Prime Contract] would have included the phrase ‘Joint

Venture Agreement.’” Counsel testified that the translation company was asked to

revise the First Translation of the Prime Contract based on Bincaz’s testimony and

“the translator’s previous statement that ‘Association Agreement’ was an acceptable

translation.”

                                         15
      KBR offered the September 26, 2022 email from the paralegal, who had

instructed the translation company to change its original translation of the Prime

Contract. In the email, the paralegal asked the translator to “fix [the] issues” listed

in the email. Regarding Paragraph 2.4, the paralegal instructed the translator to

change the term “Joint Venture” to “Association Agreement” and instructed

“[a]nywhere that says ‘Joint Venture’ should be ‘Association.’” Based on the

instructions in the email, the translator prepared the Second Translation.

      KBR also asserted that Hosto had not shown that “the wrong [certificate of

accuracy] was purposefully included” with the Second Translation. KBR offered the

declaration of the paralegal. She had also been involved in preparing the exhibits for

KBR’s summary-judgment motion. The paralegal testified that, when she discovered

the certificate of accuracy was missing from the Second Translation, she contacted

the translation company and asked that the certificate be sent. She stated that the

translation company sent her a certificate, which she attached to the Second

Translation. The paralegal testified that she had not noticed that the translation

company had resent the June 7, 2021 certificate for the original translation of the

Prime Contract instead of providing an updated certificate for the new translation.

The paralegal said that she had “presumed that [the translation company] had

provided an updated certification given that [she] was asking for one.”

                                          16
      In her declaration, KBR’s counsel addressed the allegation that she had lied

to the trial court at the summary-judgment hearing when she had indicated that a

new certificate had been obtained for the Second Translation. Counsel testified that

she “did not know that the [Second Translation] of the Prime Contract was submitted

as an exhibit with the original June 7, 2021 certification of accuracy until after [she]

discovered it at the November 2, 2022 hearing” for KBR’s summary-judgment

motion. She stated that she “believed that [they] had obtained an updated

certification for the corrected translation.” She said that it was “not until [she]

returned to [her] office after the summary judgment hearing that [she] learned that

[they] had not received an updated certification for the [Second Translation].” After

learning this, she “immediately withdrew the [Second Translation] from KBR’s trial

exhibit list” and “requested that [the paralegal] obtain the certification of accuracy

from the translator.”

      On December 12, 2022, the trial court conducted a hearing on Hosto’s

sanctions motion. The parties asserted arguments similar to those raised in their

respective written filings. Hosto’s counsel acknowledged that the Spanish term

“Convenio de Asociación” can “mean a lot of different things. It can mean

association, it can mean partnership, it can mean joint venture.” KBR maintained

that, in this case, the term meant “Association Agreement,” while Hosto maintained

                                          17
that it meant “Joint Venture Agreement.” The trial court noted, “This whole case

rests on whether it’s a joint venture agreement or not.”

      Before the sanctions hearing, KBR had filed a motion to strike Hosto’s Fourth

Amended Petition and a motion to exclude Hosto’s non-retained damages experts.

These two motions were also discussed at the sanctions hearing.

      On December 30, 2022, the trial court signed an order sanctioning KBR,

ruling that Hosto’s “Motion for Sanctions should be GRANTED.” The trial court

found that “the conduct of [KBR’s] counsel was both egregious and intentional in

an attempt to strengthen KBR’s case and secure a win for what must be an important

client.” The trial court made specific factual findings detailing counsel’s “egregious

and intentional” conduct. Among its findings, the trial court determined that:

      3. KBR’s counsel, specifically and intentionally, instructed the
      company responsible for the translation . . . to change the term “joint
      venture agreement” to “Association Agreement.”

      4. KBR’s counsel provided these instructions to the translation
      company to better fit the theory of their defenses.

      5. [I]t was not the translation company that suggested the change but
      . . . KBR’s counsel[] that requested the change.

      6. [T]his conduct [was] particularly egregious in that KBR’s counsel’s
      . . . briefing specifically states that “counsel for KBR is not fluent in
      Spanish.”

      7. [KBR’s counsel] knew or should have known, that the translation
      was changed, as she had instructed it to be changed, and that a new
      Certificate of Accuracy would be required.

                                         18
8. [KBR’s counsel] knew or should have known, that no such certificate
existed. Nonetheless, [KBR’s counsel] represented to the Court that an
updated Certificate of Accuracy was in fact attached to the subsequent
translation.

9. [T]he second translation was attached to [KBR’s] Motion for
Summary Judgment with the Certificate of Accuracy from the first
translation.

10. [A] proper and accurate translation should not be based upon the
documents presented with it for the translator to determine the proper
meaning of the document. Translators translate, they do not interpret
the meaning of the document.

11. [The] paralegal [for KBR’s counsel] was working at the direction
and instructions of counsel . . . when on September 26, 2022 [the
paralegal] instructed [the translation company] to correct the translation
of the Prime Contract on behalf of [KBR’s counsel].

12. [KBR’s counsel’s] declaration does not include any indication that
she simply made a mistake or that she was sorry for her
misrepresentation to the Court. . . .

13. [I]n [counsel’s] declaration . . . she quotes from an email from [the
translation company that] “Association Agreement” would be fine for
“Convenio de Asociacion.” However, that is only one-half of the
sentence from the email. The email indicates “If the client prefers not
to use the same term, “Association Agreement” would be fine for
“Convenio de Asociacion.” . . . The Court finds this a material omission
by a lawyer under a declaration filed with the Court and entered for the
truth of the matter for which it was intended.

....

16. [P]ursuant to Texas Rule of Civil Evidence 1009[,] the work
product of a translator shall be certified as fair and accurate. Pursuant
to Rule 1009(c) if no objection is timely filed (45 days) it precludes a
party from attacking or offering evidence contradicting the accuracy of
such translation. [KBR] filed the first translation on June 11, 2021.
They [sic] filed no objection within 45 days.
                                   19
      17. [T]he translator’s Certificate of Accuracy of June 7, 2021 to the
      truthfulness and accuracy of the first translation [was] proper and the
      failure of the second translation to have a similar Certificate [is]
      informative.

      ....

      20. The Court finds that KBR’s counsel’s subsequent withdrawal of the
      second translation is nothing more than damage control once their
      hands were caught in the cookie jar.

      The trial court determined that it “[would] not strike [KBR’s] pleadings as the

current case law will not allow it to be upheld despite being warranted by the facts

and findings found above by this Court.” Instead, the trial court ordered:

      The Court does GRANT the following sanctions—

      1. At no time during the remaining litigation and through the trial will
      anyone refer to the Agreement [i.e., the Convenio de Asociación] in
      controversy as anything but “A Joint Venture Agreement.”

      2. [KBR’s] Motion for Summary Judgment is DENIED.

      3. [KBR’s] Motion to Strike Plaintiff’s Fourth Amended Petition is
      DENIED.

      4. [KBR’s] Motion to Exclude [Hosto’s] Purported “Non-Retained”
      Damages Experts . . . is DENIED.

      5. Discovery in this case is now closed. There will be no further motions
      filed by [KBR] in this case.

      KBR retained new counsel, who requested a status conference. At the status

conference, new counsel pointed out that, due to the breadth of last sanction—

ordering that KBR could file “no further motions”—neither a motion to substitute

                                         20
counsel nor a motion to reconsider the sanctions ruling could be filed. At the end of

the hearing, the trial court stated:

         I will clarify my order to modify it just slightly to indicate that there
         will be no further substantive motions. Any procedural type of motions
         that need to be filed like a motion for substitution or a motion for a
         different trial date or procedural type things, I am happy to entertain.

         But, my order stands. And there was nothing, or is nothing, in my order
         that says you can’t file a writ of mandamus.

         On February 21, 2023, the trial court modified the final provision in the

sanction’s order to read: “Discovery in this case is now closed. There will be no

further Motions for Summary Judgment, Motions to Strike Experts or motions that

rehash the matters ruled upon by this Court in this Order, filed by [KBR] in this

case.”

         KBR filed a petition for writ of mandamus in this Court. KBR asks us to

conditionally grant its petition and direct the trial court to vacate its sanctions order.3

                                      Mandamus Relief

         In its sole issue, KBR contends that it is entitled to mandamus relief—

specifically, vacatur of the sanctions order—because (1) the trial court abused its

discretion by sanctioning KBR and (2) it has no adequate remedy by appeal.

3
         When we refer to the trial court’s sanctions order, we are referring to the trial court’s
         December 30, 2022 order, as modified by its February 21, 2023 order.
                                                21
A.     Hosto’s Waiver Argument

       Before addressing the merits of KBR’s mandamus petition, we address

Hosto’s assertion that KBR waived its challenge to the first sanction listed in the

order by not challenging two of the trial court’s findings. See In re Comerford, No.

2-09-161-CV, 2009 WL 5183798, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Dec. 31, 2009,

orig. proceeding) (mem. op.) (denying mandamus petition because, inter alia, relator

had failed to challenge all grounds on which challenged ordered was based). The

first sanction, which Hosto refers to as the “Translation Sanction,” requires that,

throughout the remainder of the litigation, including trial, no one could refer to the

Convenio de Asociación as anything but a “Joint Venture Agreement.” Hosto argues

that KBR waived review of the Translation Sanction because it did not challenge the

following two findings:

       10. [A] proper and accurate translation should not be based upon the
       documents presented with it for the translator to determine the proper
       meaning of the document. Translators translate, they do not interpret
       the meaning of the document.

....

       16. Pursuant to Texas Rule of Civil Evidence 1009[,] the work product
       of a translator shall be certified as fair and accurate. Pursuant to Rule
       1009(c) if no objection is timely filed (45 days) it precludes a party
       from attacking or offering evidence contradicting the accuracy of such
       translation. [KBR] filed the first translation on June 11, 2021. They
       [sic] filed no objection within 45 days.

                                          22
      Hosto contends that these findings show that the trial court rejected KBR’s

assertion that the Second Translation was the most accurate translation and that the

trial court found the First Translation “to be proper.” Hosto claims that the two

findings comprise a Rule of Evidence 1009 “evidentiary ruling” prohibiting KBR

from relying on the Second Translation. See TEX. R. EVID. 1009 (governing

admission of translations of foreign documents). Hosto suggests that the

“evidentiary ruling” provides an alternative basis to support the Translation Sanction

apart from the trial court’s findings that KBR’s counsel engaged in misconduct.

Hosto claims that, by failing to assign error to the “evidentiary ruling,” KBR waived

its challenge to the First Sanction. We disagree.

      The findings do not comprise an evidentiary ruling and do not provide a

separate basis to uphold the Translation Sanction apart from the trial court’s findings

of counsel’s misconduct. The two findings, in conjunction with other findings,

support the trial court’s determination that KBR’s counsel engaged in misconduct

related to obtaining the Second Translation. Specifically, the findings support the

trial court’s disbelief of counsel’s explanation (1) for why the Second Translation

was needed, (2) for why counsel instructed the translator to use certain language in

the Second Translation, and (3) for why counsel waited more than a year to obtain

the Second Translation. As discussed below, KBR challenges the sanctions by

                                          23
asserting that it was error for the trial court to sanction it based on its counsel’s

misconduct. Thus, KBR has not waived its challenge to the Translation Sanction.

      Even if we were to assume that the two findings constituted an evidentiary

ruling, the Translation Sanction—prohibiting “anyone [from] refer[ing] to the

Agreement in controversy as anything but ‘A Joint Venture Agreement’”—prohibits

more than KBR’s reliance on the Second Translation of the Prime Contract.4 For

instance, the sanction will also effectively prohibit KBR from discussing or using at

trial its certified May 21, 2021 English translation of the Convenio de Asociación—

“the Agreement in controversy” referenced in the Translation Sanction. In the May

21, 2021 translation, the term “Convenio de Asociación”—which appears as the

heading on the first page of the agreement and in the body of the agreement—was

translated to mean “Association Agreement.” The translation of the Convenio de

Asociación preceded the Second Translation of the Prime Contract by more than one

year. During the litigation, KBR relied on the translation of the Convenio de

Asociación itself to support its amended answer, its amended Rule 91a motion, and

its motion for summary judgment. Consistent with the certified translation, KBR

referred to the Convenio de Asociación in its dispositive motions—both before and

4
      We note that, when it signed the sanctions order, the trial court had already ruled at
      the summary-judgment hearing that KBR could not rely on the Second Translation
      and could rely only on the First Translation. That ruling occurred two days before
      Hosto filed its sanctions motion and nearly two months before the trial court signed
      the sanctions order.
                                            24
after the Second Translation—as the “Association Agreement.” But, under the

Translation Sanction, KBR would be precluded from referring to the Convenio de

Asociación as the “Association Agreement.” Because the scope of the Translation

Sanction goes beyond prohibiting KBR’s reliance on the Second Translation, we

conclude that KBR did not waive its right to seek mandamus relief for that sanction

even if the findings constitute an evidentiary ruling.5

B.    Standard of Review

      Mandamus relief is an extraordinary remedy. In re Acad., Ltd., 625 S.W.3d

19, 25 (Tex. 2021) (orig. proceeding). The party seeking mandamus relief must show

that the trial court clearly abused its discretion. In re Allstate Indem. Co., 622 S.W.3d

870, 875 (Tex. 2021) (orig. proceeding). A trial court abuses its discretion when it

5
      Hosto also asserts that the “unchallenged . . . findings are supported by evidence in
      the record and, thus, are binding on [this] Court.” To support its assertion, Hosto
      cites authority discussing the consequence of failing to challenge findings of fact
      that have evidentiary support made pursuant to Rule of Civil Procedure 296
      following a bench trial. See Nguyen v. Terra Nostra Realty, Inc., No. 01-20-00668-
      CV, 2022 WL 4240909, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Sept. 15, 2022, no
      pet.) (mem. op.) (“Because these findings have evidentiary support and are
      unchallenged by Nguyen, we are bound by them.”). However, “findings of fact”
      made in support of a sanctions order are not treated as findings under Rule of Civil
      Procedure 296. Phillips v. Am. Bankers Ins. Co. of Fla., No. 01-18-00375-CV, 2019
      WL 3121856, at *6 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 16, 2019, pet. denied)
      (mem. op.) (citing Clark v. Bres, 217 S.W.3d 501, 513 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
      Dist.] 2006, pet. denied)). Rather, “[t]he purpose of findings made following the
      imposition of sanctions is to assist the appellate court in its analysis, assure judicial
      deliberation, and enhance the deterrent effect of the sanctions order itself.” Id.
      (citing Liles v. Contreras, 547 S.W.3d 280, 287 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2018,
      pet. denied)).
                                             25
acts with disregard of guiding rules or principles or in an arbitrary or unreasonable

manner. In re Garza, 544 S.W.3d 836, 840 (Tex. 2018). A trial court’s “failure to

analyze or apply the law correctly is an abuse of discretion.” In re Kappmeyer, 668

S.W.3d 651, 655 (Tex. 2023) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      A party seeking mandamus relief must also show that it has no adequate

remedy by appeal. In re Allstate Indem., 622 S.W.3d at 875. “Whether a clear abuse

of discretion can be adequately remedied by appeal depends on a careful analysis of

costs and benefits of interlocutory review.” In re McAllen Med. Ctr., Inc., 275

S.W.3d 458, 464 (Tex. 2008) (orig. proceeding).

C.    Propriety of the Sanctions

      1.     Applicable Legal Principles

      “A trial court may be authorized to impose sanctions against a party or the

party’s attorney by rule, statute, or inherent authority.” Anderson v. Hernandez, No.

01-21-00490-CV, 2023 WL 8630980, at *7 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec.

14, 2023, no pet.) (mem. op.). Here, the trial court did not identify the legal authority

under which it imposed the sanctions, but the parties agree that the only possible

legal basis for the sanctions was the trial court’s inherent authority.

      “A trial court possesses the inherent authority to impose sanctions for a bad

faith abuse of the judicial process even when the specific conduct is not covered by

a rule or statute.” Phillips v. Am. Bankers Ins. Co. of Fla., No. 01-18-00375-CV,

                                           26
2019 WL 3121856, at *7 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 16, 2019, pet. denied)

(mem. op.); see In re Bennett, 960 S.W.2d 35, 40 (Tex. 1997) (stating that courts

possess inherent power to discipline attorney’s behavior). “A trial court may exercise

this inherent authority as necessary to deter, alleviate, or counteract a bad faith abuse

of the judicial process.” Phillips, 2019 WL 3121856, at *7; see Eichelberger v.

Eichelberger, 582 S.W.2d 395, 398–99 (Tex. 1979) (recognizing that court has

inherent power to aid in exercise of its jurisdiction, in administration of justice, and

in preservation of its independence and integrity).

      Even under a court’s inherent authority, the imposition of sanctions must be

in accordance with the principles of due process. See Brewer v. Lennox Hearth

Prods., LLC, 601 S.W.3d 704, 718 (Tex. 2020) (recognizing that “inherent authority

to sanction is limited by due process”). Due process requires that a sanction be “just.”

See Nath v. Tex. Children’s Hosp., 446 S.W.3d 355, 363 (Tex. 2014).

      In TransAmerican Natural Gas Corp. v. Powell, the Supreme Court of Texas

established a two-prong test to determine whether a sanction is just. See 811 S.W.2d

913, 917 (Tex. 1991); see Nath, 446 S.W.3d at 363 (explaining TransAmerican two-

prong test). “The first prong of the TransAmerican test concerns the relationship

between the conduct evinced and the sanction imposed and requires a direct nexus

between the offensive conduct, the offender, and the sanction award.” Nath, 446

S.W.3d at 363. To meet this requirement, the sanctions “must be directed against the

                                           27
abuse and toward remedying the prejudice caused the innocent party.”

TransAmerican, 811 S.W.2d at 917. It also means that the sanction must also “be

visited upon the true offender.” Nath, 446 S.W.3d at 363 (citing TransAmerican Nat.

Gas, 811 S.W.2d at 917). “The trial court must at least attempt to determine whether

the offensive conduct is attributable to counsel only, or to the party only, or to both.”

TransAmerican, 811 S.W.2d at 917.6 “Sanctions may be visited exclusively on the

attorney if the evidence demonstrates that the offensive conduct is attributable to

6
      Asserting that the sanctions imposed here are not death penalty sanctions, Hosto
      claims that KBR cannot rely on cases involving death penalty sanctions, such as
      TransAmerican Natural Gas Corp. v. Powell, to support KBR’s argument
      (discussed below) that the sanctions here are unjust because they were based on
      counsel’s conduct, not its own conduct. 811 S.W.2d 913 (Tex. 1991). Contrary to
      Hosto’s position, the Supreme Court of Texas and this Court have reviewed a
      sanction’s justness by considering whether the sanction was visited on the true
      offender, irrespective of whether the sanction was a death penalty sanction. See In
      re Garza, 544 S.W.3d 836, 842–43 (Tex. 2018) (orig. proceeding) (granting relator
      mandamus relief because trial court abused its discretion in sanctioning relator “in
      the absence of evidence that she was an offender” and relator did not have adequate
      remedy by appeal, even though sanctions were “less than” death penalty sanctions);
      see also Am. Flood Research, Inc. v. Jones, 192 S.W.3d 581, 584–85 (Tex. 2006)
      (holding that trial court was within its discretion to impose $15,000 sanction on
      attorney where “the evidence demonstrate[d] that the offensive conduct [was]
      attributable to counsel alone”); Phillips, 2019 WL 3121856, at *9 (concluding that
      $3,954.12 sanction against appellant was unjust because record showed that he was
      not “the true offender”). Hosto further claims that the cases cited by KBR involving
      death penalty sanctions are inapposite to this case because (1) the sanctions here,
      unlike in those cases, are “remedial” and (2) the sanctions satisfy the justness
      requirement of being “directed against the abuse and toward remedying the
      prejudice caused the innocent party.” See TransAmerican, 811 S.W.2d at 917. But,
      even if that is true, more is required for a sanction to be just: the sanction must also
      be imposed against the true offender. See id.; see also Spohn Hosp. v. Mayer, 104
      S.W.3d 878, 882–83 (Tex. 2003) (reversing sanctions because, “[a]lthough the
      sanctions were generally ‘directed against’ the alleged abuse, the record contain[ed]
      no evidence that the sanctions were ‘visited on the offender’”).
                                             28
counsel alone.” Am. Flood Research, Inc. v. Jones, 192 S.W.3d 581, 584 (Tex.

2006). Second, sanctions must not be excessive; in other words, “[t]he punishment

should fit the crime.” TransAmerican, 811 S.W.2d at 917. To avoid being excessive,

the sanction should be no more severe than necessary to satisfy its legitimate

purposes, such as securing compliance with rules of procedure, punishing rule

violators, and deterring future misconduct. Nath, 446 S.W.3d at 363.

      2.     Unjust Sanctions

      KBR argues that the trial court abused its discretion because the sanctions

were not just. KBR points to a lack of evidence supporting the first TransAmerican

prong requiring that there be a direct relationship between the offensive conduct, the

offender, and the sanction imposed. KBR argues that the sanctions were not visited

on the true offender because the offensive conduct for which KBR was sanctioned

was attributable only to its counsel. As support for its argument, KBR points to the

trial court’s findings in the sanctions order.

      The trial court found that “the conduct of [KBR’s] counsel was both egregious

and intentional in an attempt to strengthen KBR’s case and secure a win for what

must be an important client.” Detailing the offensive conduct, the trial found that

counsel had “specifically and intentionally” instructed the translation company to

change the term “joint venture agreement” found in First Translation of the Prime

Contract to “association agreement.” Counsel, not the translation company, had

                                           29
suggested the change “to better fit the theory of [KBR’s] defense.” Counsel

acknowledged that she was not fluent in Spanish, conduct the trial court found

“particularly egregious.”

      Although counsel “knew or should have known” that the second translation

required a new certificate of accuracy, “the second translation was attached to

[KBR’s] Motion for Summary Judgment with the certificate of accuracy from the

first translation.” Despite not being attached, KBR’s counsel “represented to the

[trial court] that an updated Certificate of Accuracy was in fact attached to the

[second] translation.” The trial court noted that counsel’s “declaration [did] not

include any indication that [counsel] simply made a mistake or that she was sorry

for her misrepresentation to the [trial court].”

      The trial court further found that, in her declaration, KBR’s counsel misquoted

and misrepresented a statement made by the representative of the translation

company by omitting a portion of the representative’s statement. The trial court

found counsel’s omission to be “a material omission by a lawyer under a declaration

filed with the [trial court] and entered for the truth of the matter for which it was

intended.”

      Although it sanctioned only KBR, the trial court’s findings described

misconduct committed only by counsel. The trial court made no findings implicating

KBR in its counsel’s misconduct or attributing any misconduct to KBR.

                                           30
      We are mindful that, when reviewing a sanctions award, appellate courts are

“not bound by a trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law.” Am. Flood

Research, 192 S.W.3d at 583. Instead, we “must independently review the entire

record to determine whether the trial court abused its discretion” in rendering

sanctions. Id. In its mandamus response, Hosto claims that, apart from the trial

court’s findings, the mandamus record supports the sanctions. Hosto contends that

the record demonstrates that counsel’s offending conduct is attributable to KBR.

      Hosto asserts that “KBR’s in-house counsel attend[ed] hearings and

depositions, which place[d] KBR, as client, in no different position than [its

attorney], as outside counsel.” But other than a similar statement made by Hosto’s

counsel at the sanctions hearing, Hosto cites no additional support in the mandamus

record for this assertion. Nor does Hosto explain, or the mandamus record reflect,

how in-house counsel’s general attendance at hearings and depositions implicated

KBR in its outside counsel’s conduct of directing the translator to change the initial

translation or in counsel’s conduct of misrepresenting information to the trial court.

      Hosto also points to the deposition testimony of Nelson Tomas, KBR’s

corporate representative. In his deposition, Tomas was asked whether—“to the best

if [his] recollection”—the English translation of the Prime Contract, which he

reviewed to prepare for his deposition, “contain[ed] the words ‘jointly and severally

liable.’” Tomas responded, “Not to the best of my recollection.” Although the record

                                         31
shows that the Second Translation of the Prime Contract was not prepared until after

Tomas’s deposition, Hosto asserts that Tomas’s answer shows that KBR was aware

of the “forthcoming existence” of the Second Translation. As support for this

assertion, Hosto points out that Tomas’s deposition testimony reflected that he was

familiar with other terms in the Prime Contract. Hosto also points out that KBR’s

counsel asked the translator to change the translation six days after Tomas’s

deposition.

      We disagree that Tomas’s testimony implicated KBR in counsel’s conduct of

instructing the translator to change the translation. Tomas’s testimony showed that,

at most, he did not believe that the Prime Contract included the phrase “jointly and

severally liable.” Even when considering Tomas’s other testimony about the Prime

Contract and the timing of counsel’s request to change the translation, beyond

speculation and suspicion, Tomas’s testimony provided no support for an inference

implicating KBR in its counsel’s conduct. See Suarez v. City of Tex. City, 465

S.W.3d 623, 634 (Tex. 2015) (“An inference is not reasonable . . . if it is premised

on mere suspicion”); Marathon Corp. v. Pitzner, 106 S.W.3d 724, 728 (Tex. 2003)

(observing that “some suspicion linked to other suspicion produces only more

suspicion, which is not the same as some evidence” (internal quotation marks

omitted)).

                                        32
      Finally, Hosto asserts that emails between the translation company’s

representative and counsel’s paralegal sent on July 8, 2021 implicate KBR in its

counsel’s conduct of directing the translator to change the translation. In the emails,

the paralegal requested the representative to ask the translator why she had used the

phrase “Joint Venture Agreement” rather than “Association Agreement” in the First

Translation when translating Paragraph 2.4. The paralegal told the representative

that they “need[ed] to know [the answer] ASAP” because “the attorneys need[ed] to

have that feedback [to] make some decisions first thing tomorrow.” The

representative answered the paralegal, quoting the translator’s response. In her

response, the translator explained why she had translated the phrase “Convenio de

Asociación” to mean “Joint Venture Agreement” rather than “Association

Agreement.” She also stated, “If the client prefers not to use [the term ‘Joint Venture

Agreement’], ‘Association Agreement’ would be fine for ‘Convenio de

Asociacion.’”

      Hosto asserts that the translator’s reference to “the client” in her response

referred to KBR, thereby providing evidence that KBR was involved in requesting

the Second Translation. However, the context of the translator’s reference to “the

client” does not support Hosto’s reading. Neither the paralegal nor the representative

mentioned KBR in the email exchange, nor was KBR a party to the emails. And,

regardless of what the translator may have meant by the term in her response, the

                                          33
paralegal’s email stated that the attorneys needed the translator’s answer “ASAP” so

that they could “make decisions.” This indicated that counsel sought the information

as part of her provision of legal services to KBR.

      In addition, counsel testified in her declaration that she had requested a revised

translation after receiving, through discovery, the annexes to the Prime Contract and

after hearing the testimony of KBR representative Bincaz, who denied that the Prime

Contract included the phrase “Joint Venture Agreement.” Counsel explained that she

requested the First Translation to be revised based on both Bincaz’s deposition

testimony and the portion of the translator’s email response stating that the phrase

“Convenio de Asociación” could be translated to mean “Association Agreement.”

Even though the trial court rejected counsel’s explanation in the sanctions order,

counsel’s declaration, along with later emails from counsel’s paralegal instructing

the translator to revise the First Translation, showed that counsel, not KBR, decided

to seek the Second Translation and then took action to obtain it.

      We conclude that the circumstances and events reflected in the mandamus

record are not sufficient to justify attributing counsel’s complained-of conduct to

KBR. While an attorney-client relationship alone will not shield a client from being

implicated in its attorney’s misdeeds, “[a] party should not be punished for counsel’s

conduct in which it is not implicated apart from having entrusted to counsel its legal

representation.” See TransAmerican, 811 S.W.2d at 917; see also Sosa v. Union Pac.

                                          34
R.R. Co., No. 13-13-00257-CV, 2015 WL 2353024, at *8 (Tex. App.—Corpus

Christi May 14, 2015, pet. dism’d) (mem. op.) (explaining, in case where attorneys

represented clients in litigation for six years, that “the length of representation alone

is not enough to create an inference that [the clients] were involved in [the

attorneys’] discovery abuses”). Here, apart from entrusting its legal representation

to counsel, neither the trial court’s findings nor an independent review of the

mandamus record implicate KBR in any sanctionable conduct by its counsel. See

Hernandez v. Moya, No. 03-18-00362-CV, 2019 WL 4068568, at *4 (Tex. App.—

Austin Aug. 29, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.) (concluding “it was improper for the trial

court to impute the discovery non-responsiveness to [appellant]” where “the record

implies that it was [appellant’s attorney] who did not properly and timely respond to

discovery requests,” and there was no evidence of non-responsiveness inferable to

appellant individually); White v. Zhou Pei, 452 S.W.3d 527, 549 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.) (reversing monetary sanctions imposed against

clients, but not their attorneys, where record showed that attorneys, not clients, made

misrepresentations to trial court).

      Because the mandamus record contains no evidence that KBR was an

offender—that is, no offensive conduct is attributable to KBR—we conclude that

the first prong of the TransAmerican test requiring a direct nexus between the

offensive conduct, the offender, and the sanction imposed was not satisfied. See

                                           35
TransAmerican, 811 S.W.2d at 917; Hernandez, 2019 WL 4068568, at *4; White,

452 S.W.3d at 549. Therefore, we hold that the trial court abused its discretion in

sanctioning KBR.7 See In re Garza, 544 S.W.3d at 842 (holding that trial court

abused its discretion by imposing sanctions on relator “in the absence of evidence

that she was an offender”).

D.    Adequate Remedy by Appeal

      Because we have held that KBR met the first requirement for mandamus

relief—that the trial court abused its discretion—we turn to the second requirement:

whether KBR has an adequate remedy by appeal to challenge the sanctions order.

“No specific definition captures the essence of or circumscribes what comprises an

‘adequate’ remedy; the term is ‘a proxy for the careful balance of jurisprudential

considerations,’ and its meaning ‘depends heavily on the circumstances presented.’”

In re Garza, 544 S.W.3d at 840 (quoting In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148

S.W.3d 124, 136–37 (Tex. 2004)). “As this balance depends heavily on

circumstances, it must be guided by analysis of principles rather than simple rules

that treat cases as categories.” In re McAllen Med. Ctr., Inc., 275 S.W.3d at 464.

7
      In its mandamus petition, KBR also asserts arguments addressed to other aspects of
      the first TransAmerican prong and to the second prong. We need not address those
      arguments because they are unnecessary to the disposition of this original
      proceeding. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1, 52.8(d). Thus, we express no opinion about
      the merits of those arguments.
                                          36
      1.     The Translation Sanction

      Integral to at least two of Hosto’s causes of action is its allegation that it had

a joint venture relationship with KBR. The parties dispute whether the Convenio de

Asociación constitutes a joint venture agreement between the parties. At the

sanctions hearing, the trial court recognized the significance of the dispute, noting:

“This whole case rests on whether [the Convenio de Asociación is] a joint venture

agreement or not.”

      “An appeal is not an adequate remedy when ‘the party’s ability to present a

viable claim or defense at trial is vitiated or severely compromised’ by the trial

court’s error.” See In re Allstate Indem. Co., 622 S.W.3d at 883 (quoting Walker v.

Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 843 (Tex. 1992)). KBR asserts that the Translation

Sanction vitiates and severely compromises its ability to defend against Hosto’s

assertion that the parties entered into a joint venture relationship. KBR contends that

the Translation Sanction places KBR in the untenable position of defending against

Hosto’s claim that the Convenio de Asociación is a joint venture agreement while

simultaneously being required to refer to it as just that.

      Hosto responds that we should deny mandamus relief because the Translation

Sanction “merely restor[ed]” the status quo that existed before KBR obtained the

Second Translation of the Prime Contract, that is, it restores KBR to the position of

relying on the First Translation to support its affirmative defenses. Hosto contends

                                           37
that the sanction does not prohibit KBR from asserting its defensive argument—

raised in KBR’s amended Rule 91a motion—that because the Teaming Agreement

was incorporated by reference into the Convenio de Asociación, the disclaimer

language in the Teaming Agreement expressly refutes a joint venture relationship.

      Hosto correctly points out that KBR attached the First Translation to its

amended Rule 91a motion. It posits that KBR’s use of the First Translation “as a

basis for seeking dispositive relief [in its amended Rule 91a motion] shows beyond

doubt that having to return to the [First] Translation does not impact KBR’s ability

to present its [disclaimer] defense.” However, in making its argument, Hosto

understates the effect of the Translation Sanction.

      The Translation Sanction requires that, throughout the remainder of the

litigation, including trial, no one may “refer to the Agreement in controversy as

anything but ‘A Joint Venture Agreement.’” The sanction’s language shows that its

effect on KBR’s ability to mount a defense against Hosto’s joint venture claim goes

beyond requiring KBR to revert to the First Translation. Besides precluding KBR’s

reliance on the Second Translation, the Translation Sanction impedes KBR’s ability

to offer evidence to defend against Hosto’s claim that the parties had a joint venture

relationship. Notably, the sanction effectively prohibits KBR from offering the

certified May 2021 English translation of the Convenio de Asociación, which refers

to the agreement as an association agreement, not a joint venture agreement. Since

                                         38
early in the litigation—including in the amended Rule 91a motion—KBR relied on

the May 2021 translation to support its defense that the parties expressly disclaimed

a joint venture relationship in the Teaming Agreement. Even if the certified

translation was admitted into evidence, KBR would nonetheless be precluded from

relying on its “association agreement” language when questioning witnesses, and

KBR would be precluded from eliciting testimony from its own witnesses, including

those involved in the negotiation and execution of the agreement, that the Convenio

de Asociación was not a joint venture agreement. Instead, KBR and its witnesses

would be required to call the Convenio de Asociación a joint venture agreement. The

trial court’s order not only handicaps KBR’s ability to offer evidence refuting that

the Convenio de Asociación is a joint venture agreement, but it also restricts KBR’s

ability to effectively challenge Hosto’s joint venture evidence through cross-

examination. And, in its opening and closing statements, KBR will be prohibited

from referring to the Convenio de Asociación as the Association Agreement, as it

has throughout the litigation. It will instead be required to refer to the agreement as

the Joint Venture Agreement, undermining its defense that the parties did not enter

into a joint venture relationship.

      We conclude that the Translation Sanction would preclude KBR from

engaging in a “meaningful adversarial adjudication” of Hosto’s claim that the parties

had a joint venture relationship, thereby severely compromising KBR’s defense

                                          39
against Hosto’s causes of action.8 See id. (holding, in original mandamus

proceeding, that trial court’s erroneous sanctions order—prohibiting relator from

offering evidence, questioning witnesses, or arguing to jury about reasonableness of

real party in interest’s medical expenses—precluded relator “from engaging in

meaningful adversarial adjudication of [real party in interest’s] claim for payment of

medical expenses, vitiating or severely compromising [relator’s] defense” and thus

entitling relator to mandamus relief). Therefore, we hold that KBR does not have an

adequate remedy by appeal for the Translation Sanction. See id.

      2.     Sanctions Denying Motions

      We next determine whether KBR has an adequate remedy by appeal for the

trial court’s sanctions denying KBR’s motion for summary judgment, its motion to

strike Hosto’s fourth amended petition, and its motion to exclude Hosto’s damages

8
      Hosto points out that, after the trial court struck the Second Translation at the
      summary-judgment hearing, KBR’s counsel stated that, “regardless of whether the
      [trial court] consider[ed] the earlier translation of the document or the translation
      that’s attached to our motion for summary judgment, there’s still not an issue of fact
      as to whether there’s a creation of a partnership, a joint venture, or a fiduciary
      relationship.” KBR’s Counsel also remarked that “just referring to a joint venture
      agreement alone is not sufficient to create a joint venture.” Hosto suggests that
      counsel’s comments indicate that the Translation Sanction did not compromise
      KBR’s ability to defend it itself. However, when counsel made these comments the
      trial court had not yet imposed the Translation Sanction, which, as discussed, stifled
      KBR’s ability to present evidence, cross-examine Hosto’s witnesses, and offer
      argument defending against Hosto’s claim that the Convenio de Asociación was a
      joint venture agreement. Thus, counsel’s comments do not support Hosto’s
      argument that the Translation Sanction did not significantly compromise KBR’s
      defense.
                                            40
experts. Hosto asserts that the trial court’s denials of KBR’s motions were not

sanctions but were instead substantive rulings on the merits of the motions. As

support, Hosto points out that the merits of the motions were discussed at the

sanctions hearing. KBR counters that, based on the express language of the sanctions

order, the trial court denied the motions as sanctions, not as substantive rulings on

the motions.

      We agree with KBR. The trial court’s order “grant[ed] the following

sanctions” and then listed the sanctions, including the trial court’s denial of each of

the three motions. The order’s unambiguous language reflects that the denials of

KBR’s motions were sanctions, not substantive rulings on the motions’ merits.

      In evaluating whether KBR is entitled to mandamus relief for these sanctions,

we are mindful that the adequacy of an appellate remedy is determined “by balancing

the benefits of mandamus review against the detriments.” In re Team Rocket, L.P.,

256 S.W.3d 257, 262 (Tex. 2008). When evaluating the benefits and detriments, “we

consider whether mandamus will preserve important substantive and procedural

rights from impairment or loss.” Id. Applying this standard, we hold that KBR lacks

an adequate appellate remedy to challenge the sanctions denying its motions because

KBR has “a right to a substantive ruling” on its motions, including its motion for

summary judgment, “[which] would, should [it] be granted, avoid the time, expense,

and necessity of a trial.” See In re Graham, No. 09-22-00360-CV, 2022 WL

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17491810, at *4 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Dec. 8, 2022, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding

that relators had inadequate remedy by appeal for trial court’s failure “to issue

substantive rulings” on their motions for summary judgment because relators had

right to ruling on their dispositive motions). Granting mandamus relief will preserve

KBR’s right to a ruling on its motions because it will provide the trial court with an

opportunity to rule on the motions’ merits. See id.

      3.     Sanction Prohibiting Further Motions

      The trial court also sanctioned KBR by prohibiting it from filing “further

Motions for Summary Judgment, Motions to Strike Experts or motions that rehash

the matters ruled upon” by the trial court in the sanctions order. We agree with KBR

that there is no adequate remedy by appeal for this sanction.

      As support, KBR relies on this Court’s decision in Kahn v. Garcia, 816

S.W.2d 131, 134 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1991, orig. proceeding). There,

the trial court imposed a sanction precluding the relator from filing or presenting,

directly or indirectly, any further motions in the case, other than responding to

motions filed by the defendants. Id. at 132. In the mandamus proceeding, we

observed that a party precluded from filing motions “is effectively denied the means

to communicate with the court,” and we determined that the sanction was not “just”

because it was “in derogation of a clearly established legal right.” Id. at 133–34. We

held that, by prohibiting the filing of further motions, the relator would be denied an

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adequate remedy by appeal, recognizing that the sanction could affect the relator’s

ability to preserve appellate error. See id. at 134. We conclude that the sanction

would have a similar effect here. For instance, the sanction would prohibit KBR

from challenging Hosto’s damages experts at trial, thus precluding KBR from

preserving error on that issue for appeal. We hold that KBR has no adequate remedy

by appeal for the sanction prohibiting it from filing further motions “rehashing”

matters. See id.

      4.     Sanction Closing Discovery

      In the sanctions order, the trial court stated, “Discovery in this case is now

closed.” The parties dispute whether that statement constituted a sanction closing

discovery—as KBR claims—or whether it was simply a statement noting that

discovery had previously been closed—as Hosto claims. Hosto correctly points out

that, pursuant to the docket control order, the trial court had closed discovery two

months before it signed the sanctions order. Nonetheless, we agree with KBR that

the literal reading of the order leads to the conclusion that the trial court sanctioned

KBR by closing discovery. The trial court may have issued the sanction to prevent

KBR from later filing a motion to reopen discovery because, once included as a

sanction, the matter of discovery would have been subject to the final sanction

prohibiting the filing of motions “[to] rehash the matters ruled upon by [the trial

court]” in the sanctions order. In any event, because the discovery sanction would

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disallow discovery that could then never be made a part of the appellate record—

thereby denying an appellate court the ability to evaluate the effect of the trial court’s

error—KBR has no adequate appellate remedy for the sanction.9 See Walker, 827

S.W.2d at 843–44.

                                         Conclusion

       We conditionally grant KBR’s petition for writ of mandamus and order the

trial court to vacate its December 30, 2022 sanctions order, as modified by its

February 21, 2023 order. We are confident that the trial court will comply, and our

writ will issue only if it does not.10

                                                  Richard Hightower
                                                  Justice

Panel consists of Justices Kelly, Hightower, and Guerra.

9
       We note that, under the trial court’s docket control order, discovery will remain
       closed even after vacatur of the sanctions order.
10
       We lift the stay of trial imposed by this Court’s June 1, 2023 order.
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