Court Opinion

ID: 2757148
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-12-03 19:08:35.78613+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:25:57.309324
License: Public Domain

FILED
 1                          ORDERED PUBLISHED                  FEB 17 2012
                                                          SUSAN M SPRAUL, CLERK
 2                                                          U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                            O F TH E N IN TH C IR C U IT

 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5
 6   In re:                        )       BAP No.      MT-10-1465-PePaH
                                   )
 7   DAVID C. WELSH and SHARON N. )        Bk. No.      10-61285
     WELSH,                        )
 8                                 )
                    Debtors.       )
 9                                 )
                                   )
10   ROBERT G. DRUMMOND, Chapter 13)
     Trustee,                      )
11                                 )
                    Appellant,     )
12                                 )
     v.                            )       O P I N I O N
13                                 )
     DAVID C. WELSH; SHARON N.     )
14   WELSH,                        )
                                   )
15                  Appellees.     )
                                   )
16
                    Argued and Submitted on November 16, 2011
17                           at Pasadena, California
18                          Filed - February 17, 2012
19             Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                         for the District of Montana
20
      Honorable Ralph B. Kirscher, Chief Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
21                     _____________________________
22   Appearances:      Robert G. Drummond appeared pro se.
                       Edward A. Murphy appeared for appellees David C.
23                     and Sharon N. Welsh
                          _____________________________
24
25   Before:   PERRIS,1 PAPPAS, and HOLLOWELL, Bankruptcy Judges.
26
27
          1
               Hon. Elizabeth L. Perris, Bankruptcy Judge for the
28   District of Oregon, sitting by designation.
 1   PERRIS, Bankruptcy Judge:
 2
 3        In this chapter 132 case, the bankruptcy court confirmed a
 4   chapter 13 plan under which debtors David and Sharon Welsh
 5   (“debtors”) proposed to retain and continue to make payments on
 6   six vehicle loans and that did not take into account monthly
 7   Social Security income.   The chapter 13 trustee appeals the order
 8   confirming the plan, arguing that the bankruptcy court should
 9   have considered both the payments on what he characterizes as
10   unnecessary vehicles and the Social Security income in
11   determining whether the plan was proposed in good faith.
12        Because we conclude that the bankruptcy court applied the
13   correct legal standard in determining good faith, we AFFIRM.
14                                  FACTS
15        Debtors filed a chapter 13 petition in May 2010.    Debtors
16   had moved to Montana from North Carolina in 2006.   After living
17   in rented housing for a time, debtors purchased an unfinished
18   house and obtained a construction loan to complete it.    When the
19   construction loan was insufficient to pay for completion of the
20   work on the house, debtors used credit cards to finance the rest
21   of the construction.
22        After making payments on the credit card debt for 18 months,
23   debtors consolidated that debt at an interest rate of 15 percent.
24   Thereafter, they encountered financial difficulties and filed a
25   chapter 13 bankruptcy petition.
26
27
          2
               Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter and section
28   references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. § 101 et seq.

                                       2
 1        Sharon Welsh (“Sharon”) works as a nurse at a hospital,
 2   earning $6,975 per month.    She also receives $1,100 per month in
 3   pension income from an earlier employer.    David Welsh (“David”)
 4   is unable to work because of a medical condition, and his
 5   condition will not improve.    He is retired and unemployed, but
 6   reported that he receives $358 from wages, salary and commission
 7   each month.    He also receives $1,165 per month in Social Security
 8   retirement income.
 9        Debtors valued their house at $400,000, on which they owe
10   $330,593.    Their monthly mortgage payment is $2,177.   They
11   reported unsecured nonpriority claims of $180,504.15, of which
12   $60,000 is a guaranty of their daughter’s student loan debt.     The
13   bulk of the remainder is credit card debt.
14        They own and make payments on six motor vehicles.     According
15   to debtors’ schedules and the proofs of claim filed by secured
16   creditors, many of those vehicles are over-encumbered.     According
17   to the schedules, debtors owe $3,065 on one Honda ATV and $4,500
18   on a second Honda ATV; each is valued at $2,700.3   Debtors have a
19   debt of $37,936 secured by an Airstream trailer valued at
20   $23,000.    They own a 2006 Subaru Outback valued at $9,500 on
21   which debtors owe $10,680; a 2005 Toyota Matrix worth $2,200 on
22   which they owe $1,380; and a 2005 Ford F-250 valued at $10,000 on
23   which they owe $10,838.
24
25
26        3
               The bankruptcy court found that AHFC had filed a claim
27   in the amount of $2,533.15 secured by a 2007 ATV. If the $2,700
     value attributed to each ATV is correct, the one securing the
28   AHFC loan is not over-encumbered.

                                       3
 1        Although David owns the Toyota,4 it is used by debtors’
 2   daughter, who is a medical resident.    According to Sharon’s
 3   testimony, their daughter is unable to make the payments on the
 4   Toyota because she pays approximately $1,000 per month on student
 5   loans of $150,000.
 6        Debtors use one of the ATVs to plow their driveway in the
 7   winter.   Debtors’ house is at the top of a ridge, at the end of a
 8   mile-long driveway with hairpin curves.    Plowing is necessary
 9   because the cars cannot make it up the driveway in the winter
10   unless the driveway is plowed.    They also use the ATVs to drive
11   on nearby Nature Conservancy land.    They use the Airstream
12   trailer as lodging when they have guests staying with them.
13        Debtors completed Form B22C, which contains calculations
14   necessary to determine both the required length of a chapter 13
15   plan and the amount that must be paid to unsecured creditors
16   through the plan.    The form requires a calculation of income
17   along with deductions of expenses, to determine what disposable
18   income a debtor has available.
19        Debtors’ Form B22C lists current monthly income of
20   $8,116.31, which does not include David’s Social Security income.
21   This income is above the median for a household of the size of
22   debtors’ household.
23        In calculating their deductions from income, debtors
24   deducted, in addition to other unchallenged deductions, monthly
25   payments on the six debts secured by motor vehicles, which total
26
          4
27             Sharon testified that she bought the Toyota. However,
     the bankruptcy court found that the certificate of title and
28   promissory note both show that David is the owner.

                                       4
 1   $1,350.22 per month.    Deducting all of the expenses from the
 2   current monthly income resulted in monthly disposable income
 3   listed on Line 59 of Form B22C of $218.12.
 4        Debtors’ Schedules I and J, which set out anticipated income
 5   and actual expenses, show monthly income of $7,692.68 (which
 6   includes the Social Security payments) and expenses of $7,298.00,
 7   for a monthly net income of $394.68.    Schedule J shows that the
 8   monthly payments on the vehicles total $1,879, including $113 and
 9   $158 for the two ATVs, $419 for the Airstream trailer, and $150
10   for the Toyota that is used by debtors’ daughter.
11        Debtors’ plan proposes to pay $125 per month for 30 months,
12   then $500 per month for 30 months, for a total of $18,750 in plan
13   payments.    The increase is a result of paying off the Subaru,
14   Ford F-250, and Toyota during the life of the plan.    Sharon
15   testified that, although the payments on those three vehicles
16   will end during the plan period of sixty months, they will have
17   to replace the Subaru, because it has high mileage and she drives
18   it 75 miles every day.
19        The trustee objected to confirmation of debtors’ plan,
20   arguing that it was not proposed in good faith.    He objected to
21   what he characterizes as “minuscule” payments to unsecured
22   creditors while debtors live in a $400,000 home and make payments
23   on several secured claims, and that debtors failed to commit all
24   of their disposable income to payments but instead are deducting
25   payments for unnecessary secured claims.
26        The court held a confirmation hearing at which it heard
27   testimony.    The bankruptcy court wrote an opinion explaining the
28   decision to confirm the chapter 13 plan over the trustee’s

                                       5
 1   objection.    The court concluded that David’s Social Security
 2   income was properly excluded from the calculation of projected
 3   disposable income.    It also considered whether the plan was
 4   proposed in good faith, as required by § 1325(a)(3).    The court
 5   took into account the totality of the circumstances and, in
 6   particular, addressed the factors set out in Leavitt v. Soto (In
 7   re Leavitt), 171 F.3d 1219, 1224-25 (9th Cir. 1999).    The court
 8   rejected the trustee’s argument that the facts that debtor’s plan
 9   will pay only 8.5 percent of unsecured claims while debtors
10   retain and continue to make payments on a trailer, two ATVs, and
11   three vehicles, shows egregious conduct that indicates a lack of
12   good faith.
13        The court also pointed out that the payments on the secured
14   debts are authorized in the means test under § 707(b)(2)(A).
15   Debtors were current on all of those debts, so the court
16   refrained from determining whether the payments were reasonable.
17        The court rejected the trustee’s argument that debtors’
18   exclusion of David’s Social Security income from the disposable
19   income calculation shows a lack of good faith.    The court
20   concluded that debtors had satisfied their burden of proving that
21   their plan was proposed in good faith, and overruled the
22   trustee’s objections to confirmation.
23        The trustee appeals.    He says that his argument is limited
24   to the bankruptcy court’s determination of good faith, which he
25   argues was based on an incorrect view of the law.    However, he
26   also argues that the court erred in allowing debtors’ deductions
27   from income for the secured debt payments on what he views as
28   unnecessary, luxury items.    Therefore, we will address both

                                       6
 1   issues.
 2                                     ISSUES
 3   1.   Whether in calculating disposable income under § 1325(b) a
          debtor can deduct expenses for payments on secured debts
 4        regardless of the need for the collateral securing those
          debts.
 5
     2.   Whether the bankruptcy court applied the correct legal
 6        standard in considering good faith under § 1325(a)(3).
 7                            STANDARD OF REVIEW
 8        Both of the issues raised by the trustee relate to whether
 9   the bankruptcy court applied the correct legal standard, which is
10   a question of law that we review de novo.     Bunyan v. United
11   States (In re Bunyan), 354 F.3d 1149, 1150 (9th Cir. 2004); Shook
12   v. CBIC (In re Shook), 278 B.R. 815, 820 (9th Cir. BAP 2002).
13                                   DISCUSSION
14   1.   Overview
15        Confirmation of a Chapter 13 plan is governed by § 1325.
16   The court shall confirm a plan if each of the requirements of
17   § 1325 are met.    § 1325(a).    The debtor has the burden to prove
18   that each element is met.    Meyer v. Hill (In re Hill), 268 B.R.
19   548, 552 (9th Cir. BAP 2001).
20        Two of the Chapter 13 plan confirmation requirements are at
21   issue in this appeal.    The first is the requirement that:
22        (B) the plan provides that all of the debtor’s
          projected disposable income to be received in the
23        applicable commitment period beginning on the date that
          the first payment is due under the plan will be applied
24        to make payments to unsecured creditors under the plan.
25   § 1325(b)(1).5    “Disposable income” is defined in § 1325(b)(2) as
26
          5
27             This requirement applies only if the trustee or an
     unsecured creditor objects to confirmation, which the trustee did
28                                                      (continued...)

                                         7
 1   “current monthly income received by the debtor . . . less amounts
 2   reasonably necessary to be expended” for certain expenses.
 3   “Current monthly income” is defined in § 101(10A) as the debtor’s
 4   average monthly income received in the six months before
 5   bankruptcy, “but excludes benefits received under the Social
 6   Security Act[.]”     § 101(10A)(A), (B).   For debtors whose current
 7   monthly income exceeds the median income for households of the
 8   same size in the debtor’s state, “[a]mounts reasonably necessary
 9   to be expended under paragraph (2), other than subparagraph
10   (A)(ii) of paragraph (2), shall be determined in accordance with
11   subparagraphs (A) and (B) of section 707(b)(2)[.]”     § 1325(b)(3).
12        The second requirement at issue in this appeal is that “the
13   plan has been proposed in good faith and not by any means
14   forbidden by law[.]”     § 1325(a)(3).
15   2.   Disposable income
16        The first issue is whether debtors correctly deducted their
17   payments on secured debt from their current monthly income to
18   determine their monthly disposable income.     Although the trustee
19   says that his “disposable income objection is not at issue in
20   this appeal[,]” Appellant’s Brief at 2, he devotes a good deal of
21   his brief to arguing that the debts secured by unnecessary,
22   “luxury” property should not be allowed as deductions in
23   calculating disposable income that is then projected over the
24   life of the plan.6     Given the internal inconsistency in the brief
25
          5
26         (...continued)
     in this case.
27
          6
               Although the trustee argued to the bankruptcy court
28                                                      (continued...)

                                        8
 1   regarding whether, for above-median income debtors, all current
 2   secured debt payments are proper expense deductions regardless of
 3   the debtor’s reasonable need for the collateral, we start our
 4   analysis with that question.
 5        “Disposable income” is a defined term.   It “means current
 6   monthly income received by the debtor . . . less amounts
 7   reasonably necessary to be expended —
 8        (A)(i) for the maintenance or support of the debtor or
          a dependent of the debtor . . . ; and
 9
          (ii) [certain charitable contributions] and
10
          (B) [certain business expenses].
11
12   § 1325(b)(2) (emphasis supplied).    “Amounts reasonably necessary
13   to be expended” under § 1325(b)(2)(A)(i) and (B) “shall be
14   determined in accordance with subparagraphs (A) and (B) of
15   section 707(b)(2)” if the debtor has above-median income.
16   § 1325(b)(3).
17        Section 707(b)(2)(A) sets out the means test for presumed
18   abuse in filing a chapter 7 petition.   Section 1325(b)(3)
19   incorporates the means test for determining the expenses to be
20   used in determining disposable income for above-median-income
21   debtors.   The means test requires consideration of “the debtor’s
22   current monthly income reduced by the amounts determined under
23   clauses (ii), (iii), and (iv), and multiplied by 60[.]”
24
          6
           (...continued)
25   that David’s Social Security income should be included in
26   calculating disposable income, he does not make that argument on
     appeal. In any event, it is clear that Social Security income is
27   not part of disposable income. Disposable income is calculated
     starting with “current monthly income,” which in turn excludes
28   Social Security income. § 1325(b)(2); § 101(10A)(B).

                                      9
 1   § 707(b)(2)(A)(i).    As relevant to this discussion, clause (ii)
 2   provides:
 3        (I) The debtor’s monthly expenses shall be the debtor’s
          applicable monthly expense amounts specified under the
 4        National Standards and Local Standards, and the
          debtor’s actual monthly expenses for the categories
 5        specified as Other Necessary Expenses issued by the
          Internal Revenue Service for the area in which the
 6        debtor resides, as in effect on the date of the order
          for relief[.]
 7
 8   § 707(b)(2)(A)(ii).    Clause (iii), in turn, provides:
 9        The debtor’s average monthly payments on account of
          secured debts shall be calculated as the sum of —
10
                 (I) the total of all amounts scheduled as
11               contractually due to secured creditors in each
                 month of the 60 months following the date of the
12               filing of the petition; and
13               (II) any additional payments to secured creditors
                 necessary for the debtor, in filing a plan under
14               chapter 13 of this title, to maintain possession
                 of the debtor’s primary residence, motor vehicle,
15               or other property necessary for the support of the
                 debtor and the debtor’s dependents, that serves as
16               collateral for secured debts;
17        divided by 60.
18   § 707(b)(2)(A)(iii) (2010).
19        Read together, § 707(b)(2)(A)(ii) and (iii) have been
20   understood to allow a debtor to deduct from current monthly
21   income those expenses set out in the IRS standards, and also any
22   payments on secured debt that will come due in the sixty months
23   after the petition date.    See 6 COLLIER   ON   BANKRUPTCY ¶ 707.04[3][c]
24   at 707-37 (16th ed. 2011) (“[T]he means test allows deduction of
25   amounts payable on secured and priority debts, presumably on the
26   theory that a debtor should not be forced to default on secured
27   or priority debts in order to pay general unsecured debts in a
28   chapter 13 case.”); Eugene R. Wedoff, Means Testing in the New

                                       10
 1   § 707(b), 79 AM. BANKR . L.J. 231, 274 (2005) (deduction for
 2   payments on secured debt not dependent on whether the property
 3   securing the debt is necessary or a luxury).
 4        The trustee argues that this interpretation of the statute
 5   is wrong and that, rather than allowing an expense deduction for
 6   all payments on secured debts that will come due after the
 7   petition, (iii) is merely interpretive of § 707(b)(2)(A)(ii).     In
 8   other words, (iii) directs how to calculate the amount that may
 9   be deducted for secured debt when that secured debt is allowed by
10   the IRS as a “necessary” expense.
11        Although this approach would be consonant with one of
12   Congress’s purposes in enacting the 2005 amendments to the
13   Bankruptcy Code (“BAPCPA”) of assuring that debtors who can
14   afford to pay their unsecured creditors do so, the statutory
15   language does not support that interpretation.    Section
16   707(b)(2)(A)(i) says that a debtor’s current monthly income must
17   be “reduced by the amounts determined under clauses (ii), (iii),
18   and (iv)[.]”   Amounts determined under clause (ii) are amounts
19   set out in the IRS standards.   Amounts determined under clause
20   (iii) are payments on secured debts.   Amounts determined under
21   § 707(b)(2)(A)(iii) are used to reduce the debtor’s current
22   monthly income, just as amounts determined under
23   § 707(b)(2)(A)(ii) are used to reduce income.
24        The structure of § 707(b)(2)(A)(iii) also supports reading
25   (iii) as a stand-alone expense provision.   Section
26   707(b)(2)(A)(iii)(I) refers to “the total of all amounts
27   scheduled as contractually due to secured creditors [in the
28   future.]”   Section 707(b)(2)(A)(iii)(II) refers to cure payments

                                     11
 1   on a “debtor’s primary residence, motor vehicle[s], or other
 2   property necessary for the support of the debtor and the debtor’s
 3   dependents[.]”   If the future secured debt payments referred to
 4   in § 707(b)(2)(A)(iii)(I) were limited to secured debt payments
 5   on property necessary for the debtor’s or debtor’s dependents’
 6   maintenance and support, there would be no reason for
 7   § 707(b)(2)(A)(iii)(II) to limit allowable cure payments to cure
 8   payments on necessary property.    Accord COLLIER at ¶ 707.04[3][c]
 9   at pp. 707-37 (because amounts for cure are limited to necessary
10   property, “it is clear that the contractual payments are not
11   limited to only those secured debts that are for necessary
12   property”); Wedoff, 79 AM. BANKR . L.J. at 274 (in contrast to
13   deductions for currently due payments on secured debt, deductions
14   for curing arrearages on secured debt are allowed only if
15   property securing the debt is necessary to support the debtor’s
16   needs).
17        To the extent there is any ambiguity in the statute, the
18   legislative history supports the common understanding.    In
19   explaining the means test, the House Report describes the
20   expenses specifically mentioned in the statute, then lists as one
21   of “other specified expenses”
22        the debtor’s average monthly payments on account of
          secured debts, including any additional payments to
23        secured creditors that a chapter 13 debtor must make to
          retain possession of a debtor’s primary residence,
24        motor vehicle, or other property necessary for the
          support of the debtor and the debtor’s dependents that
25        collateralizes such debts[.]
26   H.R. Rep. No. 109-31, Pt. 1, 109th Cong., 1st Sess. (2005) at 13
27   n.61.
28        We conclude that the means test of § 707(b)(2)(A), which is

                                       12
 1   incorporated into chapter 13, allows a debtor to deduct from
 2   current monthly income payments on secured debts, averaged over
 3   sixty months as provided in § 707(b)(2)(A)(iii), regardless of
 4   whether the collateral is necessary.   The bankruptcy court did
 5   not err in allowing debtors to make those deductions in their
 6   disposable income calculation.
 7        Neither party cites Am. Express Bank, FSB v. Smith (In re
 8   Smith), 418 B.R. 359 (9th Cir. BAP 2009), or Yarnall v. Martinez
 9   (In re Martinez), 418 B.R. 347 (9th Cir. BAP 2009), both of which
10   examined a debtor’s ability to deduct secured debt payments in
11   calculating disposable income.   In Smith, the debtors had
12   deducted amounts contractually due on two homes and a motor
13   vehicle that they intended to surrender.   In Martinez, the
14   debtors had deducted payments that they were contractually
15   obligated to make on a mortgage that they were going to strip in
16   their chapter 13 plan.
17        In rejecting the debtors’ ability to deduct the secured debt
18   payments that debtors would not be paying in Smith and Martinez,
19   the panel held that § 1325(b)(2) and § 1325(b)(3) must be read in
20   sequence, so that if an expense is reasonably necessary for a
21   debtor’s or debtor’s dependent’s maintenance and support, then
22   the amount of the expense deduction is determined by the means
23   test of § 707(b)(2)(A).   It reasoned that “[s]ection 1325(b)(2) .
24   . . requires the court to look at the necessity of the expense as
25   determined by the debtor on a real-time, forward-looking basis,
26   while section 1325(b)(3)’s incorporation of section 707(b)
27   requires a static, backward-looking inquiry[.]”   Martinez, 418
28   B.R. at 356; accord Smith, 418 B.R. at 369.

                                      13
 1        Those cases do not mean that, where the debtor retains
 2   property securing debt, does not strip the security interest, and
 3   deducts the secured debt payment as an expense in applying the
 4   means test, the bankruptcy court must determine whether the
 5   encumbered property the debtors intend to retain is necessary or
 6   unnecessary.   The panel in Smith rejected the idea that the court
 7   is required to determine whether property is necessary:
 8        Debtors cannot have it both ways. Once they determine
          that certain assets secured by liens are not necessary,
 9        and they surrender those assets, the corresponding
          debts disappear from section 1325(b)(2) and there is no
10        need to resort to section 1325(b)(3) and its dispatch
          to the mechanical formulas of section 707(b)(2)(A) &
11        (B). The dissent suggests that we have restored to the
          bankruptcy court the pre-BAPCPA discretion to decide
12        what are reasonable expenses. Not so – the debtors
          made the decision about what assets they retained and
13        what assets they surrendered. Under our analysis the
          role of the bankruptcy court is simply to hold them to
14        the consequences of their decision.
15   418 B.R. at 370-371 (emphasis supplied).
16        Smith and Martinez are factually distinguishable from this
17   case in which debtors intend to both retain and to pay for the
18   collateral without avoiding any liens.   In Smith and Martinez,
19   the debtors, not the court, made the necessity determination.
20   The panel specifically rejected the idea that the court would
21   have to make a determination of necessity where the debtors have
22   chosen to retain the property and continue making the payments.
23        We conclude that § 707(b)(2)(A)(iii) allows deduction as an
24   expense of payments on secured debt, unless the debtor determines
25   that payment on the outstanding amount of the secured claim is
26   unnecessary by either surrendering the property or avoiding the
27   lien securing the claim.   The bankruptcy court did not err in
28   allowing debtors in calculating their disposable income to deduct

                                     14
 1   their secured debt payments on the six vehicles that they intend
 2   to retain.
 3   3.   Good faith
 4        The trustee argues that the bankruptcy court applied an
 5   incorrect legal standard in considering whether debtors had
 6   proposed their plan in good faith.   He complains that the court
 7   failed to take into account the “subjective” totality of the
 8   circumstances of these debtors’ situation by limiting
 9   consideration to the factors set out for good faith in Leavitt v.
10   Soto (In re Leavitt), 171 F.3d 1219, 1224-25 (9th Cir. 1999).     In
11   particular, he argues that, even where a debtor has satisfied the
12   mechanical requirements of § 1325(b), the bankruptcy court needs
13   to consider the sufficiency of the assets devoted to plan
14   payments, including in this case debtors’ failure to include
15   Social Security income and their deduction as expenses of
16   payments on secured debts that are not necessary to their
17   maintenance or support in their calculation of projected
18   disposable income.
19        One of the requirements for confirmation of a chapter 13
20   plan is that it be proposed in good faith.   § 1325(a)(3).   “Good
21   faith” is not defined in the Bankruptcy Code.    The Ninth Circuit
22   has held that “the proper inquiry is whether the [debtors] acted
23   equitably in proposing their Chapter 13 plan.”   Goeb v. Heid (In
24   re Goeb), 675 F.2d 1386, 1390 (9th Cir. 1982).   In making that
25   inquiry, the court applies a “totality of the circumstances”
26   test, taking into consideration (1) whether the debtor
27   misrepresented facts, unfairly manipulated the Bankruptcy Code or
28   otherwise proposed the plan in an inequitable manner; (2) the

                                    15
 1   history of the debtor’s filings and dismissals; (3) whether the
 2   debtor intended only to defeat state court litigation; and (4)
 3   whether the debtor’s behavior was egregious.   Leavitt, 171 F.3d
 4   at 1224 (applying same factors for good faith filing of chapter
 5   13 petition).
 6        The bankruptcy court in this case took each of these factors
 7   into consideration.   The court expressly found that there was no
 8   evidence “that Debtors misrepresented facts in their plan or
 9   unfairly manipulated the Code,” had any history of filings and
10   dismissals, or had filed chapter 13 to defeat state court
11   litigation.   In re Welsh, 440 B.R. 836, 847 (Bankr. D. Mont.
12   2010).
13        In considering the fourth factor, the court rejected the
14   trustee’s argument that debtors’ continuing payments on debts
15   secured by what he characterized as luxury items, along with
16   their payment of one of their debts7 that allowed their adult
17   daughter to retain a car, while paying their unsecured creditors
18   only 8.5 percent of the claims, was egregious behavior that
19   showed bad faith.   The court found that the ATVs that debtors
20   retained and on which they continued to make payments were not
21   luxuries, because at least one was required to plow the driveway
22   in the winter.   It also found that the car that debtors’ adult
23   daughter used was owned by David, so it was debtors’ debt.    The
24   retention and continued payment on the Airstream trailer, the
25
26        7
               It is unclear whether it is Sharon or David who owns
27   the car. Transcript of Confirmation Hearing at 16:20-17:5 (ER
     11); 440 B.R. at 848. What is clear is that one of the debtors
28   owns the Toyota, not their daughter.

                                     16
 1   court concluded, was not by itself enough to find egregious
 2   behavior.   Id. at 848.
 3        The court also rejected the trustee’s argument that debtors’
 4   failure to use David’s Social Security income to increase their
 5   plan payments is an indicator of egregious behavior.    The court
 6   noted that § 101(10A)(B) explicitly excludes Social Security
 7   payments from the disposable income calculation, and 42 U.S.C.
 8   § 407(a) specifically provides that Social Security payments
 9   shall not be subject to operation of bankruptcy law.    Id. at 850.
10        Although the court said that it considered the exclusion of
11   Social Security income as one of the totality of debtors’
12   circumstances, id. at 849, it also said that it could not find
13   bad faith based on exclusion of Social Security payments without
14   running afoul of 42 U.S.C. § 407(a).   Id. at 850.   The court went
15   on to explain that the adequacy of plan payments is determined by
16   the disposable income calculation, and that considering Social
17   Security for purposes of good faith would render the exclusion of
18   Social Security payments from the disposable income calculation
19   meaningless.   Id.
20        The issue is whether, in determining whether a debtor has
21   filed a chapter 13 plan in good faith, the court may take into
22   consideration the debtors’ failure to include income for plan
23   payments that the Code specifically excludes from current monthly
24   income, and the debtors’ deduction of expenses that are expressly
25   allowed by the Code in calculating disposable income.   In other
26   words, if the debtor has properly calculated projected disposable
27   income and so meets the minimum payment amount under
28   § 1325(b)(1)(B), can items used in that calculation be the basis

                                    17
 1   for a finding that the plan was not proposed in good faith.      We
 2   conclude that the 2005 BAPCPA modification of how disposable
 3   income is calculated does not alter the pre-BAPCPA good faith
 4   analysis.
 5        The Bankruptcy Code does not define “good faith.”      In 1982,
 6   the Ninth Circuit decided Goeb, which rejected a substantial
 7   repayment requirement for chapter 13 confirmation.      The court
 8   noted that the Code included a minimum repayment requirement for
 9   chapter 13 in § 1325(a)(4), by requiring that amounts paid on
10   unsecured claims could not be less than would be paid in a
11   chapter 7 liquidation.   675 F.2d at 1388.   The “good faith”
12   inquiry, the court concluded, required looking at whether the
13   debtors “acted equitably in proposing their Chapter 13 plan.”
14   Id. at 1390.   In making that inquiry, the “bankruptcy court must
15   inquire whether the debtor has misrepresented facts in his plan,
16   unfairly manipulated the Bankruptcy Code, or otherwise proposed
17   his Chapter 13 plan in an inequitable manner.”    Id.    Although the
18   court could consider “the substantiality of the proposed
19   repayment,” ultimately the good faith determination must take
20   into account “all militating factors.”   Id.
21        In 1984, Congress amended § 1325 to add § 1325(b), which for
22   the first time introduced the requirement that, if there was an
23   objection to confirmation of a plan by the trustee or an
24   unsecured creditor, the debtor must provide for payment of the
25   debtor’s “projected disposable income” over the life of the
26
27
28

                                     18
 1   plan.8   “Disposable income” was defined as income “received by
 2   the debtor and which is not reasonably necessary to be expended .
 3   . . for the maintenance or support of the debtor or a dependent
 4   of the debtor[.]”   § 1325(b)(2) (1984).   Disposable income was
 5   calculated relying primarily on the debtors’ Schedules I and J,
 6   which reflected actual anticipated income and expenses.
 7        This change imposed a minimum payment requirement in
 8   addition to the requirement of § 1325(a)(4) that unsecured claims
 9   would receive not less than in a chapter 7 liquidation:    If there
10   was an objection to confirmation, a debtor was required to devote
11   his or her projected disposable income as determined by Schedules
12   I and J to payments under the plan.
13        The analysis for good faith under § 1325(a)(3), however, did
14   not change.   In 1999, the Ninth Circuit again considered good
15   faith in chapter 13 (this time in connection with good faith in
16   filing the petition), and again required consideration of the
17
18        8
                Section 1325(b)(1) provided:
19
               If the trustee or the holder of an allowed unsecured
20        claim objects to the confirmation of the plan, then the
          court may not approve the plan unless, as of the effective
21        date of the plan —
22
                (A) the value of the property to be distributed under
23              the plan on account of such claim is not less than the
                amount of such claim; or
24
                (B) the plan provides that all of the debtor’s
25              projected disposable income to be received in the
26              three-year period beginning on the date that the first
                payment is due under the plan will be applied to make
27              payments under the plan.

28   § 1325(b)(1) (1984).

                                     19
 1   totality of the circumstances.   Leavitt, 171 F.3d at 1224.   The
 2   court directed bankruptcy courts to consider (1) whether the
 3   debtor misrepresented facts, unfairly manipulated the code, or
 4   otherwise acted inequitably in filing a petition or plan; (2) any
 5   past history of bankruptcy filings; (3) whether the sole purpose
 6   of debtor’s petition or plan was to defeat state court
 7   litigation; and (4) whether egregious behavior was present.
 8        Under that formulation, the only substantial repayment
 9   requirement was that set out in the Code.   Although all
10   circumstances of the case were to be considered in determining
11   good faith, if a debtor was devoting all projected disposable
12   income to the plan, as calculated using Schedules I and J, the
13   amount of plan payment was not an indicator of a lack of good
14   faith.
15        The 2005 amendments changed how “disposable income” is
16   calculated for above-median-income debtors, substituting for
17   Schedules I and J a set formula based on historical income and
18   expenses determined in large part by IRS formulas.   BAPCPA did
19   not, however, change the requirement that, if there is an
20   objection to confirmation, the plan must provide for payment of
21   all projected disposable income to unsecured creditors.    All that
22   changed as relevant to the issue in this case was how disposable
23   income was to be determined.   Instead of relying on Schedules I
24   and J, which were based in the debtors’ economic reality,
25   Congress substituted a formula for above-median-income debtors
26   that is not necessarily based in the debtors’ economic reality.
27        This change in how disposable income is calculated does not
28   change the pre-2005 good faith analysis, which requires

                                      20
 1   consideration of the totality of the circumstances but under
 2   which a debtor’s lack of good faith cannot be found based solely
 3   on the fact that the debtor is doing what the Code allows.   The
 4   dissent would hold that the good faith “totality of the
 5   circumstances” test allows the court effectively to override
 6   other statutory provisions if, after the court’s “unfettered
 7   review,” the court concludes that the plan treats the debtor’s
 8   unsecured creditors inequitably.    We disagree.
 9        Judge Pappas explained the different post-2005 approaches to
10   good faith:
11        In light of the [2005] amendment, some courts have held
          that technical compliance with § 1325(b) creates a safe
12        harbor, and precludes a finding of bad faith. See In
          re Alexander, 344 B.R. 742, 752 (Bankr. E.D.N.C. 2006)
13        (finding that calculation of a debtor’s disposable
          income must be determined under § 1325(b) and is not an
14        element of good faith); In re Farrar-Johnson, 353 B.R.
          224 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2006) (good faith is a factor in
15        confirmation, but the calculations on Form B22C create
          a safe harbor). At the other end of the spectrum,
16        other courts hold that § 1325(a)(3) ultimately requires
          a debtor to contribute all he or she can afford to pay
17        creditors under a plan, regardless of what § 1325(b)
          might otherwise dictate. See In re Anstett, 383 B.R.
18        380, 385-86 (Bankr. D.S.C. 2008); In re Upton, 363 B.R.
          528, 536 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio 2007).
19
20   In re Stitt, 403 B.R. 694, 702-03 (Bankr. D. Idaho 2008).
21        Some courts have adopted an intermediate approach.
22        Under this approach, “the sufficiency of the assets
          devoted to the plan is not a basis for a finding of
23        lack of good faith under § 1325(a)(3), unless there is
          a showing of some sort of manipulation, subterfuge or
24        unfair exploitation of the Code by the debtor.” In re
          Williams, 394 B.R. 550, 572 (Bankr. D. Colo. 2008); see
25        also In re Briscoe, 374 B.R. 1, 22 (Bankr. D.D.C. 2007)
          (recognizing exceptions for debtors “engaging in
26        subterfuge so blatant as to indicate that they have
          ‘unfairly manipulated the Bankruptcy Code, or otherwise
27        proposed [their] Chapter 13 plan in an inequitable
          manner.’” (quoting In re Goeb, 675 F.2d at 1390)).
28        This approach recognizes that even where a debtor has

                                    21
 1        satisfied the mechanical requirements of § 1325(b), a
          more subjective analysis of the debtor’s good faith and
 2        the totality of the circumstances is mandated by
          § 1325(a)(3). In re Williams, 394 B.R. at 572.
 3
 4   Id. at 703.
 5        In our view, taking advantage of a provision of the Code,
 6   such as calculating disposable income under the test explicitly
 7   set out in the Code, is not an indication of lack of good faith.
 8   Thus, we reject those cases that allow a court to take into
 9   consideration an above-median-income debtor’s exclusion of income
10   or deduction of expenses that are allowed by the means test
11   formula in determining whether a debtor has proposed the plan in
12   good faith.
13        Section 1325(a)(3) still plays a role, and the court must
14   take into consideration the totality of the circumstances, based
15   on the factors the Ninth Circuit has articulated for determining
16   good faith.   If, in proposing a plan, the debtor has
17   misrepresented facts, unfairly manipulated the Code, or engaged
18   in egregious behavior,9 a court may find that the plan was not
19   proposed in good faith.   That finding may not, however, be based
20   on the mere fact that the debtor has excluded income or deducted
21   expenses that the Code allows.
22        The dissent argues that the bankruptcy court should have
23   considered debtors’ failure to cram down the secured debts owed
24   on the over-encumbered items of personal property, presumably to
25
          9
26             The other two considerations, the debtor’s history of
     bankruptcy filings and dismissals and whether the debtor filed
27   chapter 13 to defeat state court litigation, are not pertinent to
     the question of whether a court can find lack of good faith based
28   on the disposable income calculation.

                                      22
 1   free up additional funds for payments to unsecured creditors.
 2   The trustee never raised the issue of cram down, and the panel
 3   should not sua sponte raise good faith considerations neither
 4   argued by the parties nor considered by the bankruptcy court.
 5        Even if we were to consider it, we would reject the view
 6   that cramming down secured debt to the fullest extent possible to
 7   pay more to unsecured creditors is required for good faith.    The
 8   fundamental consideration in determining good faith under
 9   § 1325(a)(3) is whether the debtor acted equitably in proposing
10   their chapter 13 plan.   See Goeb, 675 F.2d at 1390.   The
11   dissent’s view that debtors must, if possible, cram down secured
12   creditors to pay more to unsecured creditors reallocates the
13   equities between secured creditors and unsecured creditors.
14   Cram-down may allow greater payments to unsecured creditors,
15   thereby being more “equitable” to that class of creditors.    We
16   think that Congress made a policy choice in enacting BAPCPA to
17   prefer certain payments to secured creditors over unsecured
18   creditors in chapter 13 by providing that payments on certain
19   secured debts are expenses that may be deducted in calculating
20   disposable income.   Whatever our view about the wisdom or
21   fairness of that policy choice, it is Congress’s choice to make,
22   not the courts’.
23        The trustee points to two particular issues in this case,
24   arguing that the court should have taken into account both the
25   fact that debtors took expense deductions in the disposable
26   income calculation for payments on debt secured by assets that
27   are not reasonably necessary for debtors’ or their dependents’
28   maintenance or support, and excluded income from Social Security.

                                     23
 1        As we discussed above, the Code allows debtors to deduct
 2   current payments on secured claims as expenses in determining
 3   disposable income.   For debtors whose income exceeds the median
 4   income, Congress has made the policy choice that payments on
 5   secured claims are “[a]mounts reasonably necessary to be
 6   expended” for the debtor’s or the debtor’s dependents’
 7   maintenance and support.   See § 1325(b)(3); § 707(b)(2).    In
 8   making its good faith determination under § 1325(a)(3), the
 9   bankruptcy court cannot find lack of good faith based on a
10   debtor’s deduction of those allowed expenses in their calculation
11   of disposable income.   To do so would be to second-guess the
12   Congressional policy choice about what expenses are reasonably
13   necessary for a debtor’s maintenance and support.
14        The same analysis applies to consideration of a debtor’s
15   exclusion of Social Security income in calculating disposable
16   income.   That income is specifically excluded from the disposable
17   income calculation for chapter 13 debtors.   See
18   §§ 1325(b)(2); 101(10A)(B).   In addition, 42 U.S.C. § 407
19   provides, as relevant here:
20        (a) The right of any person to any future payment under
          this subchapter shall not be transferable or
21        assignable, at law or in equity, and none of the moneys
          paid or payable or rights existing under this
22        subchapter shall be subject to execution, levy,
          attachment, garnishment, or other legal process, or to
23        the operation of any bankruptcy or insolvency law.
24        (b) No other provision of law, enacted before, on, or
          after April 20, 1983, may be construed to limit,
25        supersede, or otherwise modify the provisions of this
          section except to the extent that it does so by express
26        reference to this section.
27   (Emphasis supplied.)
28        Again, the cases are split on the issue of whether a

                                     24
 1   debtor’s exclusion of Social Security income in projected
 2   disposable income is indicative of lack of good faith.    Some
 3   courts hold that a debtor’s failure to commit available Social
 4   Security payments to payments under the plan cannot be considered
 5   in the good faith analysis under § 1325(a)(3).    See, e.g., Fink
 6   v. Thompson (In re Thompson), 439 B.R. 140, 143 (8th Cir. BAP
 7   2010) (considering exclusion of Social Security payments from
 8   “plan payments as part of the good faith analysis would
 9   improperly render section 1325(b)’s ability to pay test
10   meaningless[;]” debtor’s retention of Social Security income not
11   per se bad faith); In re Barfknecht, 378 B.R. 154 (Bankr. W.D.
12   Tex. 2007) (a debtor’s retention of Social Security income, while
13   paying creditors less than 100 percent, is not evidence of bad
14   faith; the Code specifically allows exclusion of Social Security
15   income from disposable income calculation).    Other courts hold
16   that such a failure may be considered as part of the totality of
17   the circumstances to determine good faith.    See, e.g., In re
18   Upton, 363 B.R. 528 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio 2007) (although Social
19   Security payments are excluded from projected disposable income,
20   amount of proposed plan payments and retention of surplus from
21   excluded Social Security may be considered in determination of
22   good faith); In re Herrmann, 2011 WL 576753 (Bankr. D.S.C. Feb.
23   9, 2011) (can consider whether it is good faith for a spouse not
24   receiving Social Security income to avoid paying creditors by
25   claiming all household expenses, leaving little disposable
26   income, while spouse retains entire amount of Social Security
27   payments); In re Westing, 2010 WL 2774829 (Bankr. D. Idaho July
28   13, 2010) (sufficiency of assets devoted to plan, including

                                    25
 1   failure to use Social Security payments to meet necessary
 2   expenses, thereby freeing up other income for plan payments, can
 3   be considered in good faith analysis).
 4        As with the expense deductions discussed above, the fact
 5   that a debtor excludes income from the disposable income
 6   calculation that Congress specifically allows the debtor to
 7   exclude is not, by itself, probative of a lack of good faith.     We
 8   reject the reasoning of the cases that say that, because Social
 9   Security payments are intended to provide for a recipient’s basic
10   needs, a debtor must use the benefit payments to provide for
11   those basic needs, thereby freeing up other, non-exempt income,
12   for plan payments.   E.g., In re Hall, 442 B.R. 754 (Bankr. D.
13   Idaho 2010).   This approach simply does by indirection what the
14   Code says cannot be done, which is to include Social Security
15   benefit payments in a debtor’s disposable income calculation.
16        We do not preclude consideration of other circumstances
17   indicative of a lack of good faith in a case in which a debtor
18   claims expenses for payments on debt secured by unnecessary
19   property and excludes income that the Code expressly excludes.
20   For example, a court may consider whether a secured debt was
21   incurred shortly before bankruptcy in an attempt to exclude the
22   income used for those payments from payments under the plan.     A
23   court may consider whether a debtor who excludes income as
24   allowed by the Code allocates expenses in such a way as to allow
25   the build-up of a substantial surplus with the excluded income
26   over the life of the plan.   See, e.g., Herrmann, 2011 WL 576753.
27   These additional facts, taken into account under the totality of
28   the circumstances, may show an unfair manipulation of the

                                     26
 1   Bankruptcy Code or egregious behavior, which are relevant to
 2   whether the plan was proposed in good faith.
 3        In this case, however, the trustee does not argue that there
 4   are other circumstances that would support a finding of lack of
 5   good faith.    He does not argue that debtors incurred the secured
 6   debt in anticipation of bankruptcy or to shield the payments on
 7   that debt from unsecured creditors.   Nor does he argue that
 8   debtors are building up a substantial surplus as a result of
 9   excluding the Social Security income.   In fact, debtors propose
10   to devote the Social Security income to payments under the plan,
11   and according to their Schedules I and J, this will leave them
12   with a monthly surplus of approximately $200.    The trustee does
13   not claim that this modest surplus indicates a lack of good
14   faith.
15        The trustee seeks a holding that would allow the bankruptcy
16   court in this case to find a lack of good faith based solely on
17   debtors’ calculation of disposable income that deducts expenses
18   the Code allows and excludes income the Code excludes.    As we
19   have explained, those are factors that will not alone support
20   denial of confirmation under the good faith standard of
21   § 1325(a)(3).
22        The bankruptcy court in this case expressly said that it
23   considered the totality of circumstances in determining that
24   debtors had proposed their plan in good faith.   In re Welsh, 440
25   B.R. at 847.    It noted that the current secured debt payments are
26   deductions allowed in determining disposable income, and that the
27   Social Security income is income that the Code excludes from the
28   disposable income calculation.   Although the court discussed the

                                      27
 1   necessity of the six vehicles debtors retained, along with the
 2   related secured debt expenses that they deducted, it properly did
 3   not find a lack of good faith based on those facts alone.       It
 4   also expressly declined to consider the fact that debtors receive
 5   Social Security payments, a portion of which they are not
 6   proposing to devote to plan payments.
 7        Ultimately, the question of whether a plan is proposed in
 8   good faith is a factual one.    Leavitt, 171 F.3d at 1222-23.       A
 9   court must, however, apply the correct legal standard in reaching
10   that factual determination.    In this case, the bankruptcy court
11   applied the correct legal standard in refusing to deny
12   confirmation based solely on debtors’ exclusion of Social
13   Security payments and deduction of current payments secured by
14   arguably unnecessary collateral.       Accordingly, we affirm the
15   court’s order confirming debtors’ chapter 13 plan.
16                                 CONCLUSION
17        The bankruptcy court applied the correct legal standard in
18   making its finding that debtors’ plan was proposed in good faith.
19   The bankruptcy court did not err in concluding that debtors who
20   devoted the requisite disposable income, as defined by the Code,
21   to paying unsecured creditors met the requirement that their plan
22   be proposed in good faith, even though they could have paid more
23   to their unsecured creditors if they had stopped paying certain
24   secured creditors amounts that are statutorily permitted.
25   Therefore, we AFFIRM.
26
27   PAPPAS, Bankruptcy Judge, Dissenting:
28        I dissent because, in my opinion, the bankruptcy court

                                       28
 1   abused its discretion when it confirmed Debtors’ chapter 13 plan
 2   because it applied incorrect legal rules in determining that the
 3   plan had been proposed in good faith as required by
 4   § 1325(a)(3).10
 5        The bankruptcy court concluded in this case that, in
 6   performing a good faith analysis, it was precluded from
 7   considering that David Welsh receives $1,165 per month in Social
 8   Security retirement benefits.11   The bankruptcy court also
 9   decided that, because Debtors were current on their monthly
10   payments to secured creditors, as a matter of law, it would not
11   consider whether it was reasonable for these above-median income
12   Debtors to continue to pay the full amount of all of their
13   secured debts through their chapter 13 plan, even though some of
14   those debts were secured by items that were patently unnecessary
15   to the success of Debtors’ financial reorganization.12    In these
16
17        10
               In addition to reviewing Trustee’s challenges to the
18   bankruptcy court’s good faith analysis under § 1325(a)(3), the
     majority assumes that Trustee is also appealing the bankruptcy
19   court’s decision regarding the amount of Debtors’ “disposable
     income” under § 1325(b)(2). While Trustee’s argument is perhaps
20   somewhat equivocal, I understand his appellate brief to indicate
     that this is not an issue. Moreover, in its decision, the
21
     bankruptcy court noted that Trustee “withdrew the disposable
22   income objection” prior to entry of its decision. In re Welsh,
     440 B.R. 836, 841 n.9 (Bankr. D. Mont. 2010). I therefore also
23   decline to join this part of the majority’s opinion because, I
     fear, it is dicta.
24
          11
               In re Welsh, 440 B.R. at 850 (holding that to consider
25   Social Security income in a good faith analysis would “[run]
26   afoul of 42 U.S.C. § 407(a),” and would be “duplicative” of
     § 1325(b)’s “ability to pay” test.)
27
          12
               In re Welsh, 440 B.R. at 848 (holding that considering
28                                                      (continued...)

                                       29
 1   two respects, I think the bankruptcy court erred.   Contrary to
 2   the majority, I believe we should vacate the order confirming the
 3   plan and remand this case to the bankruptcy court to conduct a
 4   proper § 1325(a)(3) good faith analysis.
 5                                    I.
 6        As the majority notes, it is Debtors’ burden to show that
 7   all of the § 1325 plan confirmation requirements have been
 8   satisfied.   Meyer v. Hill (In re Hill), 268 B.R. 548, 552 (9th
 9   Cir. BAP 2001).   One such requirement is § 1325(a)(3), which
10   requires that Debtors prove that “the plan has been proposed in
11   good faith.”   Good faith is not defined in the Code.   However, it
12   is the long-standing law in the Ninth Circuit that, when there is
13   a contest about a chapter 13 debtors’ good faith, the bankruptcy
14   court must focus upon whether the debtor’s plan treats their
15   creditors “equitably.”    Goeb v. Heid (In re Goeb), 675 F.2d 1386,
16   1390 (9th Cir. 1982).13   In applying this test, a bankruptcy
17
          12
           (...continued)
18
     plan payments on current secured debts in a good faith analysis
19   ignores that such payments are authorized under the § 707(b)(2)
     means test). The bankruptcy court reaffirmed this aspect of its
20   ruling in a subsequent decision, In re McHenry, 2011 WL 4625385
     at *5-6 (Bankr. D. Mont. Sept. 30, 2011).
21
          13
               Subsequent decisions from the Ninth Circuit, like
22
     Leavitt v. Soto (In re Leavitt), 171 F.3d 1219, 1224 (9th Cir.
23   1999) and Eisen v. Curry (In re Eisen), 14 F.3d 469 (9th Cir.
     1994), have embellished upon the Goeb test. However, to be
24   precise, those cases analyzed a debtor’s conduct in filing the
     chapter 13 case in the first place, as opposed to whether the
25   debtor had proposed a plan in good faith. In apparent
26   recognition that these are distinct confirmation standards,
     Congress added § 1325(a)(7) to the Code in 2005, which now
27   requires that a debtor also prove that the “filing [of] the
     petition was in good faith.” Other decisions, both pre- and
28                                                      (continued...)

                                      30
 1   court “may consider the substantiality of the proposed repayment
 2   [to creditors and] must make its good-faith determination in the
 3   light of all militating factors.”     Id.    To do justice in this
 4   inquiry, the “bankruptcy courts should determine a debtor’s good
 5   faith on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the particular
 6   features of each chapter 13 plan.”     Id.
 7        The bankruptcy court in this case decided that Debtors’ plan
 8   was proposed in good faith, a ruling blessed by the majority.
 9   However, in coming to its conclusion, the bankruptcy court did
10   not engage in the sort of unfettered “totality of the
11   circumstances” review mandated by In re Goeb.       Instead, the
12   bankruptcy court applied a “not-quite totality of the
13   circumstances” test, and decided it should not consider two
14   highly relevant factors about Debtors’ plan.       That was error.
15                                   II.
16        First, the bankruptcy court noted that under 42 U.S.C.
17   § 407(a), Social Security benefits are not “subject to” any
18   bankruptcy law.   In re Welsh, 440 B.R. at 843–44.      It also
19   observed that, under § 101(10A), benefits received under the
20
21        13
           (...continued)
     post-BAPCPA have focused more narrowly on the provisions of the
22
     debtor’s proposed plan in determining a debtor’s good faith.
23   See, e.g., Spokane Ry. Credit Union v. Gonzales (In re Gonzales),
     172 B.R. 320, 325 (E.D. Wash. 1994); Fidelity & Cas. Co. of N.Y.
24   v. Warren (In re Warren), 89 B.R. 87, 90–93 (9th Cir. BAP 1988);
     In re Frazier, 448 B.R. 803, 812–13 (Bankr. E.D. Cal. 2011).
25   Leavitt is instructive in providing one generic tenet for
26   application in any chapter 13 good faith review: to find a lack
     of good faith, a bankruptcy court need not decide that the debtor
27   is acting with fraudulent intent, ill will directed to the
     creditors, or that the debtor is affirmatively attempting to
28   violate the law. 171 F.3d at 1224-25.

                                     31
 1   Social Security Act are excluded from calculating a debtor’s
 2   “current monthly income” for purposes of determining eligibility
 3   for chapter 7 relief under the § 707(b) “means test,” a test
 4   incorporated in chapter 13 to fix the amount of a debtor’s
 5   “disposable income” under § 1325(b)(2).    Id. at 844–46.   The
 6   bankruptcy court reasoned that it would violate these statutory
 7   provisions were it to consider Debtors’ Social Security income in
 8   deciding whether they have proposed their plan in good faith.
 9   Id. at 849–50.   This conclusion is surely incorrect for several
10   reasons.
11        Despite these statutes, the fact that a debtor receives
12   Social Security income is considered all the time, for many
13   different purposes, in chapter 13 cases.    For example, a debtor’s
14   monthly Social Security payments can provide the basis for a
15   bankruptcy court to find that a debtor has “regular income” to be
16   eligible for chapter 13 relief in the first place.14   Moreover,
17   in considering confirmation of a plan, since a debtor’s monthly
18   Social Security benefits are available to pay living expenses and
19   plan payments, they are also properly taken into account to
20   decide whether, under § 1325(a)(6), “the debtor will be able to
21   make all payments under the [proposed] plan.”15   In the context
22   of a chapter 13 case, there is no realistic reason to consider a
23
24        14
               See, e.g., Hagel v.   Drummond (In re Hagel), 184 B.R.
     793, 797 (9th Cir. BAP 1995);   In re Bassett, 413 B.R. 778, 786–87
25   (Bankr. D. Mont. 2009); In re   Spurlin, 350 B.R. 716, 721–22
26   (Bankr. W.D. La. 2006); In re   Rigales, 290 B.R. 401, 403 (Bankr.
     D.N.M. 2003).
27
          15
               See In re Upton, 363 B.R. 528, 535 n.6 (Bankr. S.D.
28   Ohio 2007).

                                      32
 1   debtor’s Social Security income for some purposes, but to ignore
 2   that same income in determining a debtor’s good faith.
 3        That 42 U.S.C. § 407(a) may place Social Security benefits
 4   out of the reach of, for example, a hungry chapter 7 bankruptcy
 5   trustee trying to assemble funds to distribute to creditors is no
 6   justification to disregard the existence of such income in
 7   judging a debtor’s good faith in proposing a particular plan
 8   under chapter 13.   In a chapter 13 case, a debtor’s Social
 9   Security benefits are not being garnished, seized, or “subjected
10   to” the reach of creditors.   Plainly, consideration of Social
11   Security income does not violate either the letter or spirit of
12   42 U.S.C. § 407(a).   Not surprisingly, then, and contrary to the
13   majority’s conclusion, bankruptcy courts across the country have
14   recognized it is appropriate to consider the existence and amount
15   of a debtor’s Social Security income in performing a chapter 13
16   good faith analysis.16
17        It is also not significant in judging a debtor’s good faith
18   in a chapter 13 case that Social Security income is excluded by
19   § 101(10A) from the means test calculations in a chapter 7 case,
20   or from the process of determining an above-median income
21   debtor’s plan payment under § 1325(b)(2).17   While a debtor’s
22
          16
23             See,   e.g., In re Herrmann, 2011 WL 576753 at *7–8, 11
     (Bankr. D.S.C.   Feb. 9, 2011); In re Mains, 451 B.R. 428, 434,
24   436–37 (Bankr.   N.D. Mich. 2011); In re Thomas, 443 B.R. 213,
     217–19 (Bankr.   N.D. Ga. 2010); In re Upton, 363 B.R. at 535–37.
25
          17
26             See, e.g., In re Devilliers, 358 B.R. 849, 867 (Bankr.
     E.D. La. 2007) (“[S]trict and technical compliance with the means
27   test does not necessarily satisfy any debtors’ burden of good
     faith. Determining whether a plan is proposed in good faith
28                                                      (continued...)

                                      33
 1   projected disposable income as calculated under § 1325(b)(2) sets
 2   a floor for chapter 13 plan payments, these calculations do not
 3   constitute a safe harbor, nor dictate whether a debtor could
 4   comfortably be paying more to creditors in a particular case.18
 5        Like the many other bankruptcy courts that have done so,
 6   this Panel should hold that Social Security income is a relevant
 7   factor for the bankruptcy court to consider in evaluating a
 8   debtor’s good faith under a § 1325(a)(3).   If Congress wanted
 9   bankruptcy courts to exclude consideration of Social Security
10   benefits under § 1325(a)(3), it could have easily done so
11   expressly, as it did in § 101(10A).   It did not, and we should
12   not strain to imply that restriction in reading other,
13   inapplicable statutes.   In this case, when the bankruptcy court
14   held that it was constrained from considering Debtor’s Social
15   Security payments, it erred.
16                                  III.
17        The bankruptcy court also held that, since these above
18   median-income Debtors were current on their monthly payments to
19
20        17
           (...continued)
     requires an analysis of the totality of the circumstances.”).
21
          18
               Under § 101(10A), Social Security benefits are excluded
22
     when determining under the § 707(b)(2)(A) means test whether a
23   statutory “presumption of abuse” arises in the case of a debtor
     seeking relief under chapter 7. Interestingly, however, Social
24   Security income would apparently be relevant in determining
     whether, in a case in which no statutory presumption arises,
25   granting the debtor chapter 7 relief would otherwise be an
26   “abuse” under § 707(b)(3). See In re Calhoun, 396 B.R. 270, 274
     (Bankr. D.S.C. 2008). To make that decision, the statute
27   requires the bankruptcy court to consider whether “the totality
     of the circumstances . . . of the debtor’s financial situation
28   demonstrates abuse.” 11 U.S.C. § 707(b)(3)(B).

                                     34
 1   their many secured creditors, it could not consider whether it
 2   was good faith for Debtors to propose a plan that allowed them to
 3   continue to pay all of these secured debts in full, regardless of
 4   whether it was reasonable under the circumstances for them to do
 5   so.   In re Welsh, 440 B.R. at 847–49.    I disagree with that
 6   conclusion.   Again, that current payments to secured creditors
 7   are deducted in a § 707(b)(2)/§ 1325(b) means test analysis is
 8   not reason enough for the bankruptcy court to decline to exercise
 9   its conscience in deciding whether, in proposing large plan
10   payments on unnecessary secured debts, the plan treats Debtors’
11   other creditors equitably.
12         Here, Debtors should reasonably be expected to propose a
13   chapter 13 plan that retains, and pays the debts secured by,
14   their home19 and necessary vehicles.     But there is nothing in the
15   record to demonstrate that Debtors needed, or that they should
16   pay the debts for, a car their nonresident, physician-daughter
17   drives, two four-wheeler ATVs,20 or an Airstream travel trailer.
18
           19
19             Debtors have significant equity in their spacious home.
     Under different facts, however, a bankruptcy court should also
20   have a say under § 1325(a)(3) regarding whether a debtor should
     be able to retain, and pay for, an expensive house that is
21   completely unreasonable for his or her needs. While this would
22   admittedly involve a subjective analysis by the bankruptcy court,
     in my view that’s exactly the approach § 1325(a)(3) and the case
23   law mandates, something which BAPCPA could have changed, but
     clearly did not. While BAPCPA may have constrained the
24   discretion of the bankruptcy courts in some respects, it is
     doubtful Congress intended BAPCPA as a vehicle for chapter 13
25   debtors to retain luxury houses subject to large mortgages at the
26   expense of their unsecured creditors.
           20
27             The bankruptcy court found that one ATV was needed by
     Debtors to plow snow on their mile-long driveway in the winter.
28                                                      (continued...)

                                     35
 1        The bankruptcy court erred in approving a plan as “good
 2   faith” that allows these high-income Debtors21 to pay secured
 3   creditors to retain unnecessary items.   In reaching this
 4   conclusion, I join a host of other courts that have decided that,
 5   in reviewing the totality of the circumstances, § 1325(a)(3)
 6   requires a bankruptcy court to examine the nature and amount of
 7   secured debt being paid through a debtor’s proposed plan.22
 8        As noted above, the chapter 7 means test calculations
 9   incorporated in § 1325(b), and the good faith analysis required
10   by § 1325(a)(3), are distinct plan confirmation requirements.
11   While under § 1325(b), if the trustee objects, above-median
12   income chapter 13 debtors must pay at least their “projected
13   disposable income” to creditors through a plan, Congress did not
14   decide that a plan proposing to pay only that amount might not
15   otherwise fail the good faith test.   While a debtor with a large
16   house, several cars, and other “luxury” secured debt, might
17   successfully navigate the means test, § 1325(a)(3) still requires
18   that the debtor treat the other creditors equitably in the
19
20
21        20
           (...continued)
22   The only other use cited in the record for the ATVs was for their
     recreation.
23
          21
               Debtors’ total monthly income exceeds $9,200.
24
          22
               See, e.g., In re Kramp, 2011 WL 4002614 at *1–2 (Bankr.
25   N.D. W. Va. Sept. 6, 2011); In re Hicks, 2011 WL 2414419 at *4–7
26   (Bankr. N.D. Ala. Jun. 15, 2011); In re Daniel-Sanders, 420 B.R.
     102, 106–07 (Bankr. W.D.N.Y. 2009); In re Spruch, 410 B.R. 839,
27   843–44 (Bankr. S.D. Ind. 2008); In re Martin, 373 B.R. 731,
     734–36 (Bankr. D. Utah 2007; In re Hylton, 374 B.R. 579, 586
28   (Bankr. W.D. Va. 2007).

                                    36
 1   plan.23   In this case, Debtors’ plan pays for recreational
 2   vehicles and a car they do not use at the expense of their
 3   unsecured creditors.   On this record, that’s not fair.24
 4        There is also no evidence in the record, nor mention in the
 5   bankruptcy court’s decision to explain why, even if these
 6   unnecessary assets were to be retained, Debtors’ plan did not
 7   propose to “cram down” the secured debts owed on the over-
 8   encumbered items, as allowed under § 1325(a)(5)(B).25   In this
 9
          23
               See In re Williams, 394 B.R. 550, 572 (Bankr. D. Colo.
10
     2008) (“[Section] 1325(a)(3) allows for a more subjective
11   analysis of a debtor’s good faith and the totality of the
     circumstances, even where the debtor has met the mechanical
12   requirements of § 1325(b).”).
13        24
               The Utah bankruptcy court aptly described the function
     of the § 1325(a)(3) good faith requirement as a “smell test” and
14   noted that “[i]t seems fundamentally inappropriate that a debtor
15   might file for bankruptcy relief and obtain a discharge of debt
     while still enjoying a luxury item such as a recreational ski
16   boat and trailer” and paying unsecured creditors a minimal
     amount. In re Martin, 373 B.R. at 736.
17
          25
               The majority would prefer to decline to consider in
18   this appeal that the amount being paid by Debtors under their
19   plan to secured creditors grossly exceeds the value of the
     collateral securing those claims. The majority argues that
20   Trustee never raised this offensive feature of the plan in his
     good faith challenge in the bankruptcy court. To me, this
21   approach to review of the bankruptcy court’s decision is flawed
     for at least two reasons. First, Debtors’ treatment of their
22
     secured debts was indeed a key feature of Trustee’s objection to
23   confirmation of their plan. Of course, Trustee argued the claims
     secured by Debtors’ unnecessary assets should not be paid at all
24   through Debtors’ plan. Given that objection, if those creditors
     are to be paid, how much they should fairly receive should
25   certainly be fair game for the bankruptcy court, and for this
26   Panel on appeal, when considering Debtors’ good faith. Second,
     the bankruptcy court had an independent duty to decide whether
27   Debtors’ plan satisfied the Code’s confirmation requirements,
     including § 1325(a)(3), even in the absence of an objection by
28                                                      (continued...)

                                      37
 1   regard, the bankruptcy court and this Panel should instead ask
 2   how it is good faith for Debtors to use chapter 13 to pay $38,000
 3   for an Airstream trailer worth $23,000, $7,500 for two ATVs worth
 4   $5,400, and $19,000 for a pickup valued at $10,000?26
 5                                   IV.
 6        While it may be an amorphous, somewhat subjective standard,
 7   at bottom, § 1325(a)(3) is designed to prevent confirmation of
 8   inequitable plans.   A bankruptcy court simply cannot decide if a
 9   plan is proposed in good faith if it declines to consider either
10
11        25
           (...continued)
12   the trustee. United Student Aid Funds, Inc. v. Espinosa, 130 S.
     Ct. 1367, 1381 & n. 15 (2010), citing In re Mammel, 221 B.R. 238,
13   239 (Bankr. N.D. Iowa 1998) (“[W]hether or not an objection is
     presently lodged in this case, the Court retains the authority to
14   review this plan and deny confirmation if it fails to comply with
15   the confirmation standards of the Code.”). I question how that
     duty can be discharged if the bankruptcy court, or this Panel,
16   declines to consider Debtors’ intent to pay secured creditors far
     more than § 1325(a)(5)(B) would require in connection with the
17   equitable analysis mandated by § 1325(a)(3).
18        26
               In a later decision, the bankruptcy court described
19   Debtors’ proposed payments under their plan to the unsecured
     creditors in this case as “minuscule.” In re McHenry, 2011 WL
20   4625385 at *4 (“This Court, in Welsh, confirmed a plan that
     permitted the debtors to make payments on secured claims,
21   including a $400,000 home, while making only minuscule payments
     to general unsecured creditors.”). I agree with this
22
     description. Debtors’ plan proposes to pay secured debts,
23   excluding those for the house and one car, totaling about
     $65,000, while committing to pay their unsecured creditors, that
24   hold claims totaling $180,000, $14,700 over the sixty-month term
     of their plan. Debtors’ schedules I and J reflect they have net
25   income available each month, after payment of living expenses and
26   secured debts, of $395, which if paid to unsecured creditors,
     would amount to $23,700 over the term of their plan. If
27   Debtors’s plan omitted payments on their Airstream, one ATV, and
     the car used by their daughter, another $700+ per month, or
28   $42,000, would be available for unsecured creditors.

                                     38
 1   that a debtor receives Social Security income, or the nature,
 2   amount and reasonableness of the debtor’s proposed payments to
 3   secured creditors through a plan.   Because the bankruptcy court
 4   refused to consider such highly relevant facts as part of the
 5   totality of the circumstances in Debtors’ case, it applied an
 6   incorrect legal analysis in examining Debtors’ good faith, and
 7   abused its discretion in confirming Debtors’ plan.   The
 8   principles of fairness embodied in § 1325(a)(3) require that we
 9   vacate the order confirming the plan and remand to the bankruptcy
10   court to perform a proper good faith analysis of Debtors’ plan.27
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25        27
               “[The] bankruptcy court[] cannot substitute a glance
26   [at some good faith factors, but not others,] for a review of the
     totality of the circumstances . . . . [If] the [bankruptcy] court
27   below did not inquire adequately into whether the [debtor] acted
     in good faith, we must reverse and remand . . . .” In re Goeb,
28   675 F.2d at 1391.

                                    39