Court Opinion

ID: 7375577
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-28 23:20:11.120192+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:21:11.385479
License: Public Domain

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                                                     PUBLISHED

                                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                       FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                                      No. 22-1094

        In re: ELI LILLY AND COMPANY; ELI LILLY ITALIA S.P.A.; ELI LILLY
        KINSALE LIMITED; ELI LILLY GES.M.B.H.; ELI LILLY NEDERLAND B.V.

        ------------------------------------------------

        ELI LILLY AND COMPANY; ELI LILLY ITALIA S.P.A.; ELI LILLY KINSALE
        LIMITED; ELI LILLY GES.M.B.H.; ELI LILLY NEDERLAND B.V.,

                                Movants - Appellants,

                        v.

        NOVARTIS PHARMA AG,

                                Respondent - Appellee.

        Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at
        Alexandria. T. S. Ellis, III, Senior District Judge. (1:21-mc-00017-TSE-IDD)

        Argued: May 4, 2022                                                   Decided: June 16, 2022

        Before NIEMEYER and DIAZ, Circuit Judges, and FLOYD, Senior Circuit Judge.

        Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Niemeyer wrote the opinion, in which Judge Diaz
        and Senior Judge Floyd joined.

        ARGUED: Katherine Ann Helm, DECHERT, LLP, New York, New York, for
        Appellants. William M. Jay, GOODWIN PROCTER, LLP, Washington, D.C., for
        Appellee. ON BRIEF: Christina Guerola Sarchio, DECHERT LLP, Washington, D.C.,
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        for Appellants. Jordan Bock, GOODWIN PROCTER LLP, Boston, Massachusetts, for
        Appellee.

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        NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge:

               Eli Lilly and Company and its foreign subsidiaries (collectively, “Eli Lilly”) applied

        to the district court under 28 U.S.C § 1782 for an order requiring Novartis Pharma AG to

        provide discovery for use in ongoing patent litigation between the two companies in

        various European countries. Section 1782(a) authorizes a district court, in its discretion,

        to order a person who “resides or is found” in its district to provide discovery for use in a

        foreign tribunal.

               After Novartis intervened and objected to Eli Lilly’s application, the district court

        entered an order denying the application, concluding (1) that Novartis was not “found” in

        the Eastern District of Virginia because it lacked a physical presence there; (2) that,

        assuming “found” was coextensive with the constitutional limits of personal jurisdiction,

        as Eli Lilly argued, Novartis was still not “found” in the district; and (3) that, in any event,

        discretionary factors identified by the Supreme Court weighed against granting Eli Lilly’s

        application in the circumstances of this case.

               On Eli Lilly’s appeal challenging each ground given by the court, we affirm the

        district court’s order based on the first and third grounds and therefore find it unnecessary

        to address the second.

                                                       I

               Eli Lilly is an international pharmaceutical company based in Indiana, and Novartis

        is an international pharmaceutical company based in Switzerland.             Both companies

        produce anti-psoriasis drugs that rely on “a monoclonal antibody that targets and binds [the

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        relevant protein],” and both companies have patents or pending patent applications relating

        to their drugs. As for Novartis, it purchased a patent portfolio from Genentech, Inc. in

        2020 that included, among others, two relevant European patents and three relevant U.S.

        patent applications.

               After acquiring the patent portfolio, Novartis filed patent-infringement actions

        against Eli Lilly in several European countries, including Germany, Ireland, Italy, Austria,

        and Switzerland. In response, Eli Lilly not only challenged the validity of at least one of

        Novartis’s European patents (including by initiating a separate action against Novartis in

        the Netherlands), but it also contended that Novartis was engaging in anticompetitive

        conduct by abusing a “dominant position in a relevant European market.” In addition, it

        has stated that it intends to file complaints against Novartis for anticompetitive conduct

        with one or more of the European agencies regulating competition.

               On June 16, 2021, Eli Lilly filed its application under § 1782 for an order requiring

        Novartis to produce documents relevant to its acquisition of the patent portfolio. Those

        documents, it explained, would assist it in asserting its anticompetition claims and patent-

        infringement defenses against Novartis in the European proceedings by “uncovering

        Novartis’ intent behind acquiring and asserting the [patent] portfolio.”

               Eli Lilly’s application was assigned to a magistrate judge for disposition in the first

        instance, and the magistrate judge granted it and authorized Eli Lilly to serve a subpoena

        on Novartis. Novartis thereafter filed a motion to intervene, which the magistrate judge

        granted, and it then filed a motion to vacate the magistrate judge’s order and quash the

        subpoena. Eli Lilly, in turn, filed a motion to compel Novartis to produce the discovery.

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        After finding that Novartis had “sufficient enough contacts” with the Eastern District of

        Virginia to justify subjecting it to § 1782 discovery, the magistrate judge denied Novartis’s

        motion and continued Eli Lilly’s motion to compel production of the discovery.

               The district court, however, issued an order dated January 18, 2022, vacating the

        magistrate judge’s order, denying Eli Lilly’s § 1782 application, and granting Novartis’s

        motion to quash Eli Lilly’s subpoena. In doing so, the court concluded that Novartis was

        not “found” in the Eastern District of Virginia, as required by § 1782(a), because it did not

        have a “physical presence” there. The court also found, in the alternative, that even if the

        meaning of “found” was coextensive with the limits of personal jurisdiction, as Eli Lilly

        argued, Novartis was still not “found” in the Eastern District of Virginia because it had

        insufficient contacts with the district. And finally, the court held conditionally that even if

        the statutory requirements of § 1782 had been satisfied, discretionary factors identified in

        Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., 542 U.S. 241 (2004), would lead it to deny

        Eli Lilly’s application.

               Eli Lilly filed this appeal from the district court’s order.

                                                       II

               In denying Eli Lilly’s application under 28 U.S.C. § 1782, the district court held

        first that Novartis was not “found” in the Eastern District of Virginia because it was not

        physically present there. Eli Lilly contends that the court erred in interpreting the word

        “found” so restrictively, arguing instead that a person is “found” within a district for

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        purposes of § 1782 when it is “within the personal jurisdiction” of the district court,

        extending to “the full reach of personal jurisdiction” under the Due Process Clause.

               We are thus presented with the question of what the word “found” in § 1782 means

        when it is used to authorize a district court to order discovery from a person who “resides

        or is found” in the district. 28 U.S.C. § 1782(a) (emphasis added). Because this is a

        question of statutory interpretation, we review it de novo. See McAdams v. Robinson,

        26 F.4th 149, 155 (4th Cir. 2022).

               Section 1782 provides in relevant part, “The district court of the district in which a

        person resides or is found may order him to [provide discovery] for use in a proceeding in

        a foreign or international tribunal.” 28 U.S.C. § 1782(a) (emphasis added). While the

        statute applies disjunctively to a person who “resides” or a person who “is found” in the

        district, neither party contends that “resides” is at issue here, as it is the more demanding

        term to satisfy. At least in the context of an individual person, “resides” suggests that the

        person is dwelling in the district permanently or continuously. See Reside, Merriam-

        Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary 1060 (11th ed. 2020). On the other hand, an individual

        person is thought to be “found” in a district if he is physically present there. For example,

        one would not say that an individual sitting on the beach in Delaware is somehow “found”

        in Maryland. He is found where he physically is. See, e.g., United States v. Ayon-Brito,

        981 F.3d 265, 269 (4th Cir. 2020) (stating that an “alien is ‘found’ wherever he is” (quoting

        United States v. Rodriguez-Rodriguez, 453 F.3d 458, 460 (7th Cir. 2006))).

               But the analysis is more complex in the context of a corporation. As the Supreme

        Court has noted, “When the litigants are natural persons the conceptions underlying venue

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        [designated by where the person is “found”] present relatively few problems in application.

        But in the case of corporate litigants these procedural problems are enmeshed in the wider

        intricacies touching the status of a corporation in our law.” Neirbo Co. v. Bethlehem

        Shipbuilding Corp., 308 U.S. 165, 168 (1939) (emphasis added). A corporation is an

        abstract entity created by law to function as a person apart from its owners. And while it

        has no physical existence (except perhaps for its charter), its agents and property do have

        physical existence. Thus, inquiring as to where a corporation is found might give rise to

        various answers anchored in where its charter was issued or is retained; where its agents or

        properties are located; where — by analogy to an individual’s presence — it is present; or

        to some other aspect. Here, we must determine what § 1782 means when it authorizes a

        district court to order discovery from a corporation that is found in its district.

               We begin, as we ordinarily do when determining a statute’s meaning, with an

        assessment of its text to find its “ordinary meaning at the time of [its] enactment.” United

        States v. George, 946 F.3d 643, 645 (4th Cir. 2020) (cleaned up). And that meaning will

        control “absent ambiguity or a clearly expressed legislative intent to the contrary.” Id.

        (cleaned up).

               To aid in this analysis, we turn to definitions of “found” contemporaneous with

        § 1782’s enactment in 1948, as well as its amendments in 1949 and 1964. Editions of

        Black’s Law Dictionary covering those periods defined “found” when applied to

        corporations as requiring that the corporation “be doing business in such state through an

        officer or agent or by statutory authority in such manner as to render it liable then to suit

        and to constructive or substituted service of process,” thereby establishing its “actual

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        presence” there. Found, Black’s Law Dictionary (4th ed. 1951); Found, Black’s Law

        Dictionary (3d ed. 1933) (similar definition); Found, Black’s Law Dictionary (4th rev. ed.

        1968) (same).

               The same understanding of “found” is reflected in Supreme Court decisions issued

        prior to § 1782’s enactment that interpreted statutes in which the word is used with respect

        to a corporation. In People’s Tobacco Co. v. American Tobacco Co., 246 U.S. 79 (1918),

        the Court construed the identical statutory language that Congress employed in § 1782.

        Section 7 of the Sherman Act allowed plaintiffs to bring antitrust suits against defendants

        “in the district in which the defendant resides or is found.” See Sherman Act, ch. 647, § 7,

        26 Stat. 209, 210 (repealed 1955) (emphasis added). Construing that provision, the Court

        held that a corporation, to be “found” in a district, “must be present in the district by its

        officers and agents carrying on the business of the corporation,” thus requiring a form of

        physical presence in the district. People’s Tobacco, 246 U.S. at 84 (emphasis added).

               Then, in Eastman Kodak Co. of New York v. Southern Photo Materials Co.,

        273 U.S. 359 (1927), the Court construed “found” similarly to require a form of a

        corporation’s physical presence in the district. The Court considered § 12 of the Clayton

        Act, which addresses venue for antitrust suits against corporations by providing that

        antitrust actions “against a corporation may be brought not only in the judicial district

        whereof it is an inhabitant, but also in any district wherein it may be found or transacts

        business.” 15 U.S.C. § 22 (emphasis added). In construing the provision, the Court

        distinguished between the meanings of “found” and “transacts business,” noting that a

        corporation could “transact[] business” in a district even if it is “not present by agents

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        carrying on business of such character and in such manner that it is ‘found’ therein.”

        Eastman Kodak, 273 U.S. at 373. The Court thus distinguished “transacting business”

        from “found” by the requirement in “found” that the corporation be present in the district.

               In view of these contemporaneous definitions in legal dictionaries and Supreme

        Court opinions, we can presume that when Congress similarly used “found” in § 1782, it

        intended that the same meaning apply — that a corporation is found where it is physically

        present by its officers and agents carrying on the corporation’s business. See Bragdon v.

        Abbott, 524 U.S. 624, 645 (1998) (“When administrative and judicial interpretations have

        settled the meaning of an existing statutory provision, repetition of the same language in a

        new statute indicates, as a general matter, the intent to incorporate its administrative and

        judicial interpretations as well”).

               This textual conclusion is confirmed by legislative history, although any reference

        to legislative history in these circumstances might be gratuitous. See Encino Motorcars,

        LLC v. Navarro, 138 S. Ct. 1134, 1143 (2018) (“If the text is clear, it needs no repetition

        in the legislative history”). In 1949, when Congress amended § 1782 to allow “the district

        court of any district where the witness resides or may be found” to take the deposition of

        “any witness within the United States,” see Act of May 24, 1949, Pub. L. No. 81-72, ch.

        139, § 93, 63 Stat. 89, 103 (emphasis added), it expanded the scope of the original 1948

        version of the statute, which allowed the specified district courts to take depositions only

        of witnesses “residing within the United States,” see Act of June 25, 1948, Pub. L. No. 80-

        773, ch. 646, § 1782, 62 Stat. 869, 949 (emphasis added). In a report accompanying the

        1949 amendment, the House Judiciary Committee stated that this amendment was intended

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        to “correct[] restrictive language in section 1782 . . . and permit[] depositions in any judicial

        proceeding without regard to whether the deponent is ‘residing’ in the district or only

        sojourning there.” H.R. Rep. No. 81-352, at 16 (1949) (emphasis added). Because the

        statute used the two alternative terms, “resides” and “found,” the report is fairly read as

        using “sojourning” as a synonym for the latter.            And “sojourning” has a definite

        connotation of physical presence. See, e.g., Sojourning, Black’s Law Dictionary (4th ed.

        1951) (stating that “sojourning” “applies to a temporary, as contradistinguished from a

        permanent, residence”).

               Thus, because Eli Lilly does not contend that Novartis was physically present in the

        Eastern District of Virginia by its officers and agents carrying on the corporation’s

        business, we conclude that the district court acted in conformance with the requirements of

        § 1782 when it denied Eli Lilly’s application to issue a discovery order directed against

        Novartis on the ground that Novartis was not found in the Eastern District of Virginia.

               Eli Lilly disputes that the definition of “found” includes a requirement of physical

        presence, relying on the Supreme Court’s decision in Freeman v. Bee Machine Co.,

        319 U.S. 448, 454 (1943), where the Court said that “‘found’ in the venue sense does not

        necessarily mean physical presence.” But neither the Court’s holding in Freeman nor the

        particular statement relied on by Eli Lilly advances its cause.

               As to Freeman’s holding, the plaintiff in that case sought to amend its complaint

        against Freeman to add a treble-damages claim under § 4 of the Clayton Act at a time when

        Freeman was no longer physically present in the District of Massachusetts, where the

        action was pending. 319 U.S. at 449–50. Freeman had opposed the amendment because

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        § 4 of the Clayton Act requires that any action be brought in the district “in which the

        defendant resides or is found or has an agent.” Id. at 452–53 (emphasis added) (quoting

        15 U.S.C. § 15). The Court rejected Freeman’s argument because, as it pointed out,

        Freeman was present in Massachusetts when he was served, entered a general appearance,

        defended on the merits, and filed a counterclaim in the action. “He was accordingly ‘found’

        in the district.” Id. at 453.

               Despite that holding grounded on Freeman’s presence in Massachusetts, the Court

        did note that “found” “does not necessarily mean physical presence.” Freeman, 319 U.S.

        at 454. But this observation came in a broader context, which Eli Lilly elided:

               But “found” in the venue sense does not necessarily mean physical presence.
               We noted in Neirbo Co. v. Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corp., [308 U.S. 165,
               170–71 (1939)] that a corporation may be “found” in a particular district for
               venue purposes merely because it had consented to be sued there.

        Id. The Neirbo principle to which the Court referred was that even though a corporation

        “must dwell in the place of its creation,” 308 U.S. at 169 (citation omitted), it may be

        “found” in any state in which it consents to being sued by designating an agent to accept

        service of process, id. at 170–71; see also Ex parte Schollenberger, 96 U.S. 369, 375–76

        (1877) (holding that a corporation is “found” in the district in which it has designated an

        agent for service of process, even though the corporation was not incorporated there).

        Thus, the Freeman statement to which Eli Lilly refers actually supports the principle that

        a corporation is “found” not only where it is incorporated but also where it has agents

        carrying on its business or designated to receive process. See, e.g., Found, Black’s Law

        Dictionary (3d ed. 1933) (defining “found” as to a corporation as requiring that the

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        corporation “be doing business in such state through an officer or agent or by statutory

        authority in such manner as to render it liable then to suit and to constructive or substituted

        service of process”).

               Eli Lilly also points to a purportedly different definition of “found” in the 1951

        edition of Black’s Law Dictionary, noting that the definition states that “found” “does not

        necessarily mean physical presence.” See Found, Black’s Law Dictionary (4th ed. 1951).

        This particular reference in the definition, however, was simply a direct quote from

        Freeman. And more importantly, the definition to which Eli Lilly refers goes on to define

        “found” as it is used in connection with a corporation. That portion states:

               As [“found” is] applied to a corporation it is necessary that it be doing
               business in such state through an officer or agent or by statutory authority in
               such manner as to render it liable then to suit and to constructive or
               substituted service of process.

        Id. (emphasis added).

               In short, Eli Lilly’s invocations of Freeman and Black’s Law Dictionary hardly

        advance its position.

               Even so, Eli Lilly mounts a more general attack on the district court’s interpretation

        of “found” by arguing, at a jurisprudential level, that a physical-presence requirement for

        “found” is an “outmoded territorial approach,” inconsistent with the “modern approach”

        articulated in International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (1945), and its progeny.

        Under that approach, Eli Lilly contends, the concept of a corporation’s “presence” in a

        district is “used merely to symbolize th[e] activities of the corporation’s agent within the

        state which courts will deem to be sufficient to satisfy the demands of due process.”

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        (Quoting International Shoe, 326 U.S. at 316–17). Thus, in Eli Lilly’s view of the modern

        approach, a corporation is “found” in a district whenever its contacts there “are sufficient

        to subject it to suit there, consistent with due process, whether that presence is physical or

        constructive.”

               Of course, we do not dispute that International Shoe is a foundational decision for

        determining when state courts may constitutionally exercise personal jurisdiction over

        defendants, including corporations. See Ford Motor Co. v. Mont. Eighth Jud. Dist. Ct.,

        141 S. Ct. 1017, 1024 (2021) (characterizing International Shoe as a “canonical decision”

        in establishing the “limits [of] a state court’s power to exercise jurisdiction over a

        defendant” consistent with the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause).                But

        Congress did not incorporate International Shoe’s “modern approach,” as Eli Lilly

        suggests, when enacting § 1782. It instead used the word “found,” a well-recognized term

        in this context with an established meaning. Thus, in interpreting § 1782, our task is only

        to apply that established meaning, not to convert “found” into an invocation of the personal

        jurisdiction standard of International Shoe. In other words, we do not find it appropriate

        to blur these two distinct concepts when interpreting § 1782.

               To argue otherwise, Eli Lilly points to In re del Valle Ruiz, 939 F.3d 520 (2d Cir.

        2019), which indeed held that a corporation is “found” in a district so long as it is properly

        subject to personal jurisdiction there consistent with the Due Process Clause. See id. at

        528. But the del Valle Ruiz court did not discuss the plain meaning of “found.” Indeed,

        by simply concluding that “found” refers to the personal jurisdiction standard under the

        Due Process Clause, the court ignored both the holding in People’s Tobacco, 246 U.S. at

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        84, which was controlling, as well as contemporaneous legal dictionary definitions of

        “found.” And while the court did recognize that § 1782’s legislative history indicated that

        “found” embraced a physical-presence requirement, the court conclusorily dismissed that

        evidence to reach the opposite conclusion. See del Valle Ruiz, 929 F.3d at 527–28. With

        respect, we are not persuaded by the del Valle Ruiz conclusion that “found” means

        something other than its plain meaning.

               Because our ruling affirms the district court on the basis of its interpretation of the

        word “found” in § 1782, we need not address the court’s alternative conclusion that,

        assuming the meaning of “found” is coextensive with the constitutional limits of personal

        jurisdiction, Novartis was still not “found” in the Eastern District of Virginia.

                                                      III

               In denying Eli Lilly’s § 1782 application for discovery, the district court also

        concluded that “important discretionary factors weigh[ed] heavily in favor of” its decision.

        (Citing Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., 542 U.S. 241 (2004)). Thus, the court

        concluded conditionally that, “[e]ven assuming that § 1782’s requirements [were] met,”

        the discretionary factors identified in Intel supported its denial of Eli Lilly’s application.

               In Intel, the Supreme Court held that “a district court is not required to grant a

        § 1782(a) discovery application simply because it has the [statutory] authority to do so.”

        542 U.S. at 264 (emphasis added). The provision’s language that a district court “may

        order” discovery indicates that any decision is left to the court’s discretion. 28 U.S.C.

        § 1782(a) (emphasis added); see also In re Naranjo, 768 F.3d 332, 347 (4th Cir. 2014).

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        Thus, we review the district court’s decision for an abuse of discretion. See Naranjo,

        768 F.3d at 347.

               The Intel Court identified four factors for district courts to consider in exercising

        discretion under § 1782, namely: (1) whether “the person from whom discovery is sought

        is a participant in the foreign proceeding”; (2) “the nature of the foreign tribunal, the

        character of the proceedings underway abroad, and the receptivity of the foreign

        government or the court or agency abroad to U.S. federal-court judicial assistance”; (3)

        “whether the § 1782(a) request conceals an attempt to circumvent foreign proof-gathering

        restrictions or other policies of a foreign country or the United States”; and (4) whether the

        request is “unduly intrusive or burdensome.” 542 U.S. at 264–65. But Intel does not

        mandate that every factor support a court’s exercise of discretion or that all factors need

        even be considered. Rather, it provided the factors to illuminate considerations relevant to

        the decision of whether to authorize assistance for use in proceedings before a foreign

        tribunal. Id. at 264 (noting that the factors identified “bear consideration in ruling on a

        § 1782(a) request” (emphasis added)).

               In this case, while the district court stated generally that it had indeed considered

        the Intel factors, it focused particularly on the third and fourth factors. It concluded that

        the discovery requested by Eli Lilly was “unduly burdensome” because Eli Lilly gave “no

        indication” that the materials it sought were “located in the Eastern District of Virginia or

        even in the United States.” The court explained, “Eli Lilly in essence requests that a

        substantial volume of data and materials located abroad be brought into the United States

        for subsequent use in proceedings abroad, a nonsensical result.” The court also concluded

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        that Eli Lilly’s § 1782 application was “an attempt to circumvent foreign discovery

        procedures” in the parties’ pending European suits. Indeed, since this case was briefed, we

        have learned that the Irish High Court issued a judgment dated April 26, 2022, adjudicating

        four discovery motions raised by Novartis and Eli Lilly in the Irish proceedings. See

        Novartis Pharma AG v. Eli Lilly Nederlands B.V. [2022] IEHC 234 (Ir.). And the

        categories of documents that that decision describes Eli Lilly having requested from

        Novartis appear to overlap significantly with those requested by Eli Lilly in its § 1782

        application. See id. at para. 103.

               It is apparent that the factors addressed by the district court fall squarely within those

        factors identified by the Supreme Court in Intel as relevant. We accordingly conclude that

        the district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that the Intel factors weighed in

        favor of denying Eli Lilly’s § 1782 application.

                                                *      *       *

               For the reasons given, the district court’s ruling dated January 18, 2022, denying Eli

        Lilly’s application seeking discovery from Novartis, is affirmed.

                                                                                           AFFIRMED

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