Court Opinion

ID: 4540925
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-06-12 12:00:27.293138+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:22.650552
License: Public Domain

PUBLISHED

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                         FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                     No. 19-4588

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                   Plaintiff − Appellee,

             v.

DARYL JOHN VAN DONK, a/k/a Daryl Jon Van Donk,

                   Defendant – Appellant.

                                     No. 20-4167

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                   Plaintiff − Appellee,

             v.

DARYL JOHN VAN DONK, a/k/a Daryl Jon Van Donk,

                   Defendant – Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia, at
Harrisonburg. Michael F. Urbanski, Chief District Judge. (5:14-cr-00042-MFU-1)

Argued: January 30, 2020                                       Decided: June 8, 2020

Before WILKINSON, DIAZ, and FLOYD, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Diaz wrote the opinion, in which Judge Wilkinson
and Judge Floyd joined.

ARGUED: Erin Margaret Trodden, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER,
Harrisonburg, Virginia, for Appellant. Laura Day Rottenborn, OFFICE OF THE UNITED
STATES ATTORNEY, Roanoke, Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Juval O. Scott,
Federal Public Defender, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Roanoke,
Virginia, for Appellant. Thomas T. Cullen, United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE
UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Roanoke, Virginia, for Appellee.

                                         2
DIAZ, Circuit Judge:

       Daryl Van Donk challenges a condition of his supervised release requiring him to

comply with the rules of his sex-offender treatment program, which ban him from viewing

any materials that sexually arouse him. He argues that this ban is too restrictive to comport

with 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d), is unconstitutionally overbroad and vague, and is an

impermissible delegation of the court’s duty to impose conditions of supervised release.

       We disagree. The ban is permissible under § 3583(d) and isn’t overbroad because

the district court made an individualized assessment, based on the testimony of Van Donk’s

treatment provider, that it was necessary. It’s enforced in a way that avoids the issues with

which the vagueness doctrine is concerned. And it’s not an impermissible delegation

because only the district court will decide whether Van Donk violated his conditions of

release. We thus affirm the release condition imposed by the district court. 1

                                             I.

       This case has a long procedural history involving several supervised-release

revocation proceedings. We begin by summarizing it.

                                             A.

       Van Donk was convicted in 2008 of possessing more than 600 images of child

pornography and sentenced to eighty months in prison, followed by five years of

       1
        Some of the materials in the factual record were submitted under seal. At oral
argument, Van Donk moved to unseal them. We grant that motion, as discussing those
materials is necessary to explain our decision in this case.

                                             3
supervised release. The district court imposed thirteen standard conditions of supervised

release, as well as eleven special conditions tailored to child-pornography offenders. One

of these special conditions was that Van Donk participate in a sex-offender treatment

program of his probation officer’s choosing. Another condition was that Van Donk not

possess any material depicting adults or minors “engaged in sexually explicit conduct, as

defined by 18 U.S.C. § 2256(2).” 2 S.J.A 133.

       Sometime after Van Donk’s release, his probation officer discovered that he had

child pornography at his mother’s house. He admitted to viewing these images and to

visiting a Goodwill store to view pornography on its computers. The district court revoked

Van Donk’s supervised release and sentenced him to another twelve months in prison

followed by three years of supervised release.

       Van Donk was released again in November 2015, completed a ten-month intensive

inpatient sex-offender treatment program in Minnesota, and then returned to his Virginia

home. At his probation officer’s direction, he entered an outpatient sex-offender treatment

program run by Vicki Cash Graff, a clinical social worker.

       2
           Subsection 2256(2) defines “‘sexually explicit conduct’” as “actual or simulated—

       (i) sexual intercourse, including genital-genital, oral-genital, anal-genital, or
       oral-anal, whether between persons of the same or opposite sex;
       (ii) bestiality;
       (iii) masturbation;
       (iv) sadistic or masochistic abuse; or
       (v) lascivious exhibition of the anus, genitals, or pubic area of any person.”

18 U.S.C. § 2256(2)(A).
                                              4
       During an unannounced search in May 2017, a probation officer found two hundred

sexually explicit DVDs at Van Donk’s residence.           Police officers found no child

pornography on these DVDs, however. His probation officer verbally reprimanded him

and advised that he was now on a zero-tolerance policy.

       In May 2018, Van Donk failed a polygraph examination (administered by his

probation officer) regarding whether he had viewed pornography. He then admitted to

“having watched a shower scene between two females ages 8–10” on a Spanish cable

channel. J.A. 90. A subsequent search of Van Donk’s home uncovered sixteen DVDs and

a cell phone containing pornography. Some of the DVDs purported to depict juveniles,

although police couldn’t determine whether the individuals therein were minors.

Additionally, the probation officer found a handwritten list of pornographic films and

individuals depicted therein on his bedside table, some of whose titles referenced juvenile

girls. Van Donk explained to the officer that he wrote these titles down so he could

remember them after his period of supervision was over. The officer then petitioned to

revoke Van Donk’s supervised release.

                                            B.

       The district court held a revocation hearing in October 2018. Van Donk’s probation

officer testified as to the pornographic materials found at Van Donk’s home. The officer

also cited a report from Graff, who was still supervising Van Donk’s treatment. Graff’s

report indicated that Van Donk “was no longer receptive to any type of treatment services”

and was “riding out the remainder of his period of supervision.” S.J.A 158.

                                            5
       Van Donk offered letters from several people about the progress that he had made,

including his supervisor from the Minnesota inpatient treatment program he had attended

two years earlier. That supervisor opined that it was healthy for Van Donk to use

pornography to “bridge arousal to adult targets.” J.A. 92. He noted, though, that Van Donk

“had a history of using sexually explicit material to cope with life” and that if he was

continuing to do that, it would be problematic. J.A. 93. Van Donk’s counsel conceded

that he had violated his conditions of release, but asked that he be treated leniently because

he was only caught with adult pornography and because he was understandably tired of

going through Graff’s intense program.

       The district court sentenced Van Donk to six more months in prison and eighteen

months of supervised release, a sentence within the applicable Federal Sentencing

Guidelines. The court said that it was “reaffirming each and every one of the conditions

we have imposed” after Van Donk’s revocation, S.J.A. 188, and then announced:

       I have said, and I have made as clear as I can, an individual assessment that
       this gentleman cannot possess pornography of any kind because he cannot
       be constrained from straying from sexually explicit conduct into the area of
       child pornography. He’s just done it time and time again and for that reason,
       I find and I conclude that I believe that this condition of no sexually explicit
       material . . . is appropriate for his specific circumstances . . . .

       No pornography for Mr. Vandonk [sic]. I have made my individual
       assessment based on his own conduct and his inability to stay away from
       images involving or portraying children involved in sex.

S.J.A 191–92.

       Despite stating that it was reaffirming the prior conditions, the court reworded some

of them without explaining why. The court replaced the earlier condition banning sexually

                                              6
explicit materials with one stating that Van Donk “shall not possess, view or otherwise use

any type of pornography, to include adult, juvenile or child pornography, or pornography

that depicts juveniles.” J.A. 36. Another new condition—the one at issue in this appeal—

was that Van Donk submit to sex-offender treatment and “abide by all rules, requirements,

and conditions imposed by the treatment provider until discharged from treatment by the

provider.” J.A. 34.

       Van Donk appealed, challenging the condition that he not use “any type of

pornography” as overbroad and unconstitutionally vague. The government conceded that

a ban on “pornography,” without further definition, might be too vague. The government

thus moved to remand to the district court, asserting that the condition should, as it did

before, ban depictions of sexually explicit conduct as defined by 18 U.S.C. § 2256(2). We

granted the government’s motion. In the meantime, Van Donk was released from prison

in May 2019 and re-entered Graff’s outpatient program.

                                             C.

       The district court held a hearing on the condition banning pornography in July 2019,

at which Graff testified. She has been a certified sex-offender treatment provider for nearly

thirty years. Graff initially prohibits all of her patients from viewing sexually explicit

materials, but she had been working with Van Donk long enough to see that this prohibition

was especially needed for him.

       A goal of Graff’s program is for patients to develop healthy sexual relationships,

and she thought “pornography serves as a barrier” to Van Donk’s “engaging in contact

with age-appropriate partners.” J.A. 98–99. She posited that Van Donk was addicted to

                                             7
pornography and, because Van Donk was aroused by both adult and juvenile females, she

feared that “would eventually lead to child porn.” J.A. 99. She also believed that his prior

treatment program, which used pornography to try to limit his arousal to adults, was

unsuccessful.

       Graff expected Van Donk to remain in her program for the full eighteen months of

his supervised release. She wouldn’t allow Van Donk to view pornography at any point in

the program and didn’t think he should ever view it for the rest of his life. In fact, she

suggested that pornography “isn’t healthy” for anyone. J.A. 103.

       Graff also explained that her program’s definition of “pornography” extended to

mainstream media (like movies or advertisements) that sexually aroused Van Donk. In her

view, if Van Donk were to see anything that aroused him enough that he wanted to view it

again or masturbate to it—even a scene in a mainstream movie or a television show—he

should report it to Graff and then not access it again. Graff stated that a relationship with

a peer-aged woman would be a sign of progress for Van Donk.

       Van Donk’s counsel argued that the pornography ban Graff described was

overbroad and vague, and that the court shouldn’t be enforcing rules meant to help Van

Donk have healthy relationships because that is beyond the scope of supervised release.

While crediting Graff’s testimony that adult pornography could be a gateway to child

pornography, the district court agreed with Van Donk that its prior ban on any type of

pornography “might technically be overbroad” and replaced it with a ban on child

                                             8
pornography. 3 J.A. 123. But the court noted that another condition of release, which would

remain in place, required Van Donk to comply with his treatment provider’s rules. If Van

Donk was kicked out of treatment because he broke Graff’s rules—including her ban on

materials that arouse him (her “pornography ban”)—he would violate his terms of

supervised release.     The court explained that it shouldn’t “micromanage treatment

protocols.” J.A. 124.

       The district court promptly filed a written order explaining its findings. Therein,

the court summarized Graff’s testimony about why Van Donk shouldn’t use adult

pornography and reiterated that Van Donk must comply with all of Graff’s rules. Based

on Graff’s testimony, the court

       remain[ed] convinced that defendant’s successful completion of sex offender
       treatment designed to promote healthy relationships and prevent the return to
       the illegal use of child pornography requires him to follow the treatment
       protocols established by his sex offender treatment counselor, including [her
       pornography ban].

J.A. 69.

       Van Donk then appealed, challenging the condition that requires him to follow

Graff’s rules, including her pornography ban.

                                            D.

       In October 2019, while this appeal was pending, Van Donk’s probation officer

petitioned the district court to revoke his supervised release. The officer alleged that Van

       3
         This condition now reads: “[T]he defendant shall not possess any material that
depicts child pornography or minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct as defined in 18
[U.S.C. §] 2256(2).” J.A. 121.

                                             9
Donk had violated the conditions that he answer the officer’s questions truthfully, that he

follow the officer’s instructions as to the conditions, and that he follow his treatment

provider’s rules.   As a result, Graff had discharged Van Donk from her program.

According to the petition, Van Donk admitted to the officer that he had purchased, viewed,

and destroyed about one or two dozen adult-pornographic movies. One of the movies, he

admitted, may have contained a juvenile girl taking a shower.

       A few days later, Van Donk appeared in court to respond to the petition, and the

magistrate judge released him on a personal recognizance bond. The magistrate judge

added two new conditions of release, banning Van Donk from using Internet-capable

devices without the court’s prior approval and ordering that he disclose all such devices to

which he has access. Van Donk then moved to amend these conditions. He informed the

court that he was trying to find a treatment provider other than Graff, but to the extent that

a new provider would ban him from viewing adult pornography, he maintained his

objection to such a ban being enforced by the court for the reasons stated in his appeal.

       Shortly thereafter, Van Donk reported to his probation officer that he had recently

viewed pornography and had either entered a sex shop or used sex-related phone services.

An officer then visited Van Donk at his home, where Van Donk admitted accessing the

Internet on his phone for the past three weeks and viewing adult pornography. A scan of

the phone revealed adult pornography. The officer filed this new information with the

court, alleging that Van Donk had violated the condition that he immediately disclose any

Internet-capable devices to which he had access.

                                             10
       The district court promptly held a supervised-release revocation hearing. Graff and

Van Donk’s probation officer testified. Graff stated that she and Van Donk had met once

a week while he was in the program and had discussed her pornography ban each time.

She defined “pornography” for Van Donk as any materials that gave him an erection, and

stated that

       if he happened upon images in mainstream movies that made him have an
       erection, we would discuss it. And many times that would be okay. The part
       that would make it not okay would be if he began seeking out that same
       movie over and over and over. But having it occur in a movie that he had no
       idea would have something like that in it was fine and even encouraging at
       times.

Feb. 3, 2020 Revocation Hr’g Tr. 12:11–15, ECF No. 57-8. She also said that Van Donk

was frustrated by not being allowed to watch pornography, but never seemed confused

about what materials she forbade or asked whether a particular image was acceptable.

After he had been in her program for five months, Graff learned from Van Donk’s

probation officer that he had frequently been viewing pornography, and she confronted him

about it. After he admitted it to her, she expelled him from her program.

       The probation officer testified that Van Donk (1) never expressed confusion to her

about what fell under Graff’s ban; (2) had ordered, viewed, and then destroyed dozens of

explicit pornographic videos, some of which purported to depict juveniles; (3) initially lied

about this to his probation officer; (4) activated his cell phone to connect to the Internet;

and (5) bought a laptop without telling his probation officer.

       The district court concluded that Van Donk had violated the following five

conditions of release:

                                             11
       Standard Condition 4: “You must answer truthfully the questions asked by
       your probation officer.”

       Standard Condition 13: “You must follow the instructions of the probation
       officer related to the conditions of supervision.”

       Special Condition 6: “The defendant must abide by all rules, requirements,
       and conditions imposed by the treatment provider until discharged from
       treatment by the provider.”

       Special Condition 7: “. . . The defendant may not purchase, possess, or use
       any computer . . . cellular telephone, or other Internet-capable device,
       without the prior approval of the court, upon consultation with the probation
       officer.”

       Special Condition 8: “The defendant must immediately disclose to the
       probation officer all computer devices, cellular telephones, or Internet-
       capable devices to which the defendant has access.”

See Gov’t Feb. 11, 2020 Resp. Letter 1–2, ECF No. 56.

       On that basis, the court revoked Van Donk’s supervised release, sentencing him to

nine more months in prison and another year of supervised release, with the same

conditions in place. The court expressed its frustration with Van Donk’s lies and his

disregard for its orders. The court also reaffirmed its finding, based on Graff’s testimony,

that Van Donk should be prohibited from viewing pornography.

       Van Donk filed a new appeal, which we consolidated with his previous appeal,

challenging Special Condition 6 to the extent it forbids him to view pornography. While

Van Donk is currently in prison and not in Graff’s program, he contends (and we agree)

that his appeal remains ripe because he is serving a sentence based in part on a violation of

Graff’s rules, and because he may rejoin Graff’s program when he is released. Graff is the

only sex-offender treatment provider in the Harrisonburg, Virginia area under contract with

the United States Probation Office.

                                             12
       We proceed to consider whether Special Condition 6, to the extent it required and

may continue to require Van Donk to follow Graff’s pornography ban, is proper.

                                              II.

       We review special conditions of supervision for abuse of discretion, recognizing

that district courts have “broad latitude” in this space. United States v. Dotson, 324 F.3d

256, 260 (4th Cir. 2003). “A district court by definition abuses its discretion when it makes

an error of law,” In re Grand Jury Subpoena, 870 F.3d 312, 316 (4th Cir. 2017) (cleaned

up), such as by violating a constitutional right.

       Van Donk argues that the condition mandating that he abide by his treatment

provider’s rules—in particular, Graff’s pornography ban—was an abuse of discretion, for

three reasons. We address each in turn.

                                              A.

       First, Van Donk contends that because the district court ordered that he follow the

treatment provider’s rules, those rules are subject to 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d), which

       requires that special conditions of supervised release be: (1) “reasonably
       related” to the statutory goals of deterrence, protection of the public, and
       rehabilitation; (2) “no greater [a] deprivation of liberty than is reasonably
       necessary” to achieve those statutory goals; and (3) consistent with any
       relevant policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.

United States v. McMiller, 954 F.3d 670, 676 (4th Cir. 2020) (alteration in original)

(quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d)). In his view, Graff’s pornography ban doesn’t comport with

§ 3583(d) because it’s more restrictive than is necessary to serve the purposes of supervised

release.

                                              13
       We agree with Van Donk that § 3583(d) applies to the pornography ban. We have

previously regarded treatment protocols as subject to § 3583(d) where the district court

expressly authorized (but didn’t order) the defendant’s treatment provider to use them. See

Dotson, 324 F.3d at 260–61 (authorizing a defendant’s sex-offender treatment provider to

use polygraph and penile plethysmograph testing on the basis that such tests were

“reasonably related” to the purposes of supervised release (quoting 18 U.S.C.

§ 3583(d)(1)); see also United States v. Behren, 65 F. Supp. 3d 1140, 1148 (D. Colo. 2014)

(viewing “the requirements of the [sex-offender treatment] program as being, in effect,

conditions of supervised release”).

       We take the same tack here, where the district court made findings to support Graff’s

pornography ban and stated that Van Donk’s release could be revoked if he was expelled

from Graff’s program for violating the ban. The district court’s authority to impose special

conditions comes from § 3583(d), so it would be wrong for the court to enforce a rule that

ventures beyond the statute’s requirements. Treatment providers shouldn’t be able to

compel patients to do things wholly unrelated to the purposes of supervised release—e.g.,

learn to ride a unicycle—under threat of the court revoking the patient’s release.

       We don’t believe, however, that Graff’s pornography ban runs afoul of § 3583(d).

A sentencing court must provide an individualized explanation for why any special

conditions it imposes are appropriate in light of the § 3583(d) factors. McMiller, 954 F.3d

at 676–77. The amount of explanation required “will vary with the nature of the condition

imposed and the circumstances of each case.” Id. at 677. An inadequate explanation is

cause for remand. See id.

                                            14
       Restrictions on otherwise legal pornography are permissible under § 3583(d) where

the district court adequately explains why they are appropriate, and the record supports

such a finding. See United States v. Lord, 393 F. App’x 60, 63 (4th Cir. 2010) (per curiam)

(upholding a ban on any “sexually explicit materials” on plain error review); United States

v. Henson, 22 F. App’x 107, 112 (4th Cir. 2001) (per curiam) (upholding an analogous ban

“[i]n light of Henson’s conviction for receiving more than 100 images of child pornography

and his prior conviction for taking indecent liberties with a minor”). For example, other

circuits have upheld bans on adult pornography where a treatment provider testified that

sexually stimulating images could cause the defendant to revert to accessing child

pornography, see United States v. Brigham, 569 F.3d 220, 232–34 (5th Cir. 2009); where

the defendant had often videotaped his sexual assaults, leading the district court to find a

connection between pornography and his criminal behavior, see United States v.

Simmons, 343 F.3d 72, 81–83 (2d Cir. 2003); and where a probation officer believed that

such a ban was needed to address the defendant’s deviant sexual behavior triggered by his

alcohol abuse, see United States v. Bee, 162 F.3d 1232, 1234–35 (9th Cir. 1998).

       In contrast, appellate courts have struck down such conditions when they were

unaccompanied by individualized explanations for their broad sweep. Indeed, we recently

vacated a ban on sexually explicit materials because the district court’s only explanation

for it was that it’s “a standard condition for sex offenders” and “necessary and appropriate

under the circumstances.” See United States v. Wroblewski, 781 F. App’x 158, 162–63

(4th Cir. 2019) (per curiam); see also United States v. Armel, 585 F.3d 182, 186 (4th Cir.

2009); United States v. Eaglin, 913 F.3d 88, 99–101 (2d Cir. 2019) (collecting cases

                                            15
“finding an adult pornography ban to be more restrictive than necessary to achieve the

goals of sentencing where there is little indication that access to such material will impede

a defendant’s rehabilitation or put the community at risk”).

       Here, the district court credited Graff’s testimony that her pornography ban is meant

to keep Van Donk from recidivating and to treat his pornography addiction. According to

Graff, adult pornography and other sexually stimulating images could serve as a gateway

to child pornography for Van Donk, and his addiction threatened to hinder his mental health

and social relationships in the future. Graff based her opinion on her nearly thirty years of

experience as a sex-offender treatment provider and her extensive dealings with Van Donk.

And her concern about Van Donk’s addiction is corroborated by his previous treatment

provider, who stated that it “could be problematic” for Van Donk to use pornography to

“cope with his emotions.” J.A. 93.

       Based on this evidence, the district court found that Graff’s restriction on sexually

stimulating material was necessary to treat Van Donk’s addiction and to deter him from

future crimes. The court explained its finding at length in a written order and at multiple

hearings. Treatment and deterrence are permissible purposes for conditions of release. See

18 U.S.C. § 3583(d)(1) (citing id. § 3553(a)(2)(B), (D)). Thus, the district court acted

within its discretion by ordering Van Donk to follow Graff’s restriction.

       Van Donk’s counterarguments are unavailing. While he’s correct that Graff bans

all of her new patients from accessing pornography, she testified (and the court found) that

the ban was particularly needed in his case, satisfying the requirement that the district court

make an individualized assessment as to each special condition. And while not every

                                              16
treatment provider might share Graff’s negative view of pornography—i.e., her belief that

it’s unhealthy for anyone—hers was the only expert testimony in this case, and her concern

for Van Donk was corroborated by his prior treatment provider.

                                              B.

       Van Donk’s second argument is that Graff’s ban on sexually stimulating material,

and thus Special Condition 6, is facially invalid because it is both unduly vague, in violation

of the Fifth Amendment’s due process clause, and overbroad, in violation of the First

Amendment’s free speech clause. We address his vagueness challenge first.

                                               1.

       A condition of supervised release is unconstitutionally vague if it doesn’t give a

probationer “fair notice of the conduct that it punishes” or is “so standardless that it invites

arbitrary enforcement.” Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551, 2556 (2015). In the

case of a special condition banning “pornography” or “sexually stimulating material,” the

relevant concerns are that a probationer might not know what items are forbidden and that

a judge or probation officer could arbitrarily decide that an item is prohibited and therefore

punish the probationer. See United States v. Guagliardo, 278 F.3d 868, 872 (9th Cir. 2002).

Due to these risks, appellate courts have generally held that conditions banning

“pornography” or “sexually stimulating materials,” without defining those terms, are

unduly vague. See, e.g., United States v. Adkins, 743 F.3d 176, 194–95 (7th Cir. 2014)

(vacating such a condition for vagueness and collecting other cases); Simmons, 343 F.3d

at 82 (noting that the term “pornography” is “inherently vague” and tying it to the definition

contained in 18 U.S.C. § 2256(8) to cure the issue); United States v. Phipps, 319 F.3d 177,

                                              17
192–93 (5th Cir. 2003) (narrowing a ban on “sexually oriented or sexually stimulating

materials” to refer only to the kind of materials available at “such places as strip clubs and

adult theaters or bookstores”).

       Here, Graff forbade Van Donk from viewing any materials that gave him an

erection. In the abstract, that’s a difficult standard to apply and enforce. Cf. Adkins, 743

F.3d at 194 (“[H]ow can we tell which images . . . are sexually stimulating for Adkins?”).

But Graff’s rule is different from the special conditions in the above-cited cases because it

wasn’t imposed by the district court. Nor is it a static law that applies to a large group of

people like a criminal statute, for which precision is especially important. It is instead a

treatment protocol, subject to ongoing discussion between Van Donk and Graff and with a

de facto scienter requirement.

       We think that this distinction is relevant to our analysis of Van Donk’s facial

challenge. See Vill. of Hoffman Estates v. Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc., 455 U.S. 489,

498 (1982) (stating that the standard for vagueness shouldn’t be “mechanically applied”

because “[t]he degree of vagueness that the Constitution tolerates . . . depends in part on

the nature of the enactment”).      Evidence describing how Graff’s program operates,

including that Van Donk wasn’t confused about what was prohibited, combined with the

general rule that probationers may not be punished for inadvertent violations, satisfy us

that there was no due process issue with ordering Van Donk to follow Graff’s rules. In

short, the two concerns underlying the vagueness doctrine—inadequate notice and

arbitrary enforcement—aren’t implicated here.

                                             18
       As to the first concern, Van Donk has never expressed uncertainty about what he

could and couldn’t view, and he could have asked Graff for clarity at any time. Indeed,

she encouraged him to do so. They had weekly meetings where they discussed the

pornography ban. Vagueness issues are mitigated where the regulated party has “the ability

to clarify the meaning of the regulation by its own inquiry.” See Vill. of Hoffman Estates,

455 U.S. at 498. In contrast to Graff’s program, persons don’t have regular meetings with

Congress or their sentencing judge to ask what statutes or release conditions mean.

       Graff also applied her rule in a way that protected Van Donk if he didn’t know that

he was breaking it. For example, she asked that Van Donk report any incidents where he

had been tempted to repeatedly view and masturbate to any particular video or image.

When he did that, she didn’t expel him; rather, she told him not to access that video or

image again. As Graff testified, her concern wasn’t that Van Donk would happen upon a

sexually stimulating scene in a mainstream film or television show. It was that he would

access visual materials for the purpose of getting sexually aroused. In essence, to violate

Graff’s rule, Van Donk must specifically intend to do so. Taking that into account, Graff’s

rule is clearer than an undefined ban on pornography or sexually stimulating materials.

The hypotheticals that courts vacating pornography-ban release conditions have focused

on—e.g., that a probationer will be imprisoned for admiring the artistic beauty of a

Michelangelo sculpture, see United States v. Loy, 237 F.3d 251, 264 (3d Cir. 2001)—are

not implicated here.

       For the same reasons, in assessing whether Van Donk broke Graff’s rule, the district

court would not have to make arbitrary decisions about what counts as “sexually

                                            19
stimulating.” It would only punish Van Donk if he purposely accesses materials for a

reason that he knows is prohibited. A scienter requirement like this mitigates vagueness

concerns. Vill. of Hoffman Estates, 455 U.S. at 499. And even if Graff accuses Van Donk

of violating her rule, Van Donk would be able to explain to his probation officer—and

ultimately to the court at a revocation hearing—that he lacked the requisite scienter to do

so.

       We note also that Graff’s scienter requirement overlaps with the general rule that a

district court may not revoke supervised release for “inadvertent violations,” United States

v. Johnson, 446 F.3d 272, 281 (2d Cir. 2006) (citing Arciniega v. Freeman, 404 U.S. 4, 4

(1971) (per curiam)); see also Bearden v. Georgia, 461 U.S. 660, 672–73 (1983) (holding

that it will usually violate “the fundamental fairness required by” due process to imprison

a probationer because he lacks the resources to pay a fine). Because of this scienter

requirement, there’s no danger that Van Donk could commit an inadvertent violation.

       Graff’s rule admittedly leaves some gray areas. But conditions of release need not

“describe every possible permutation, or spell out every last, self-evident detail.” Johnson,

446 F.3d at 280. Van Donk had fair notice of what was forbidden: accessing materials for

the purpose of getting sexually aroused. He could have asked for further clarity at any

time. And given how Graff’s program functions, her rule’s scienter requirement, and the

general rule against punishing inadvertent violations, there was little risk that Van Donk’s

supervised release would be revoked arbitrarily. Relying on remote hypotheticals to vacate

Graff’s pornography ban would let the tail wag the dog. Cf. Johnson, 135 S. Ct. at 2560

(noting that “even clear laws produce close cases”).

                                             20
       The circumstances that led to Van Donk’s supervised release being revoked three

times are instructive as to the minimal risk of arbitrary enforcement. Each time, Van Donk

admitted to viewing dozens of pornographic videos. Two of these times, he initially lied

to his probation officer about it. He has never expressed uncertainty about whether these

videos were acceptable in Graff’s program. He knew that he was breaking her rule and

kept doing it anyway. Only then was his supervised release revoked, and then only after

being heard in the district court. The gray areas of Graff’s rule have not played a role in

these revocations, and Van Donk has not explained why they are likely to do so in the

future if he rejoins her program.

       If vagueness issues do arise, Van Donk may bring an as-applied challenge in

revocation proceedings.     Contrary to what he argues, as-applied challenges are not

inconsistent with United States v. Sanchez, 891 F.3d 535 (4th Cir. 2018). There, we said

that “a defendant may not challenge the special conditions of his original term of

supervised release during later revocation proceedings.” Id. at 539 (citing United States v.

Johnson, 138 F.3d 115, 117–18 (4th Cir. 1998)). But that statement refers to facial

challenges. An as-applied argument in a revocation proceeding doesn’t challenge the

special condition’s facial validity, but rather its application to a particular act by the

probationer. Cf. Farrell v. Burke, 449 F.3d 470, 486–94 (2d Cir. 2006) (Sotomayor, J.)

(analyzing an as-applied vagueness challenge to a special condition banning pornography).

       We recognize that the Third and Ninth Circuits have stated that a supervised release

condition banning “pornography” isn’t redeemed by the probationer’s ability to check with

his probation officer. See Guagliardo, 278 F.3d at 872; Loy, 237 F.3d at 266. Those courts

                                            21
reasoned that, “without a more definitive standard to guide the probation officer’s

discretion, there is a real danger that the prohibition on pornography may ultimately

translate to a prohibition on whatever the officer personally finds titillating.” Loy, 237 F.3d

at 266; accord Guagliardo, 278 F.3d at 872. The Ninth Circuit was also troubled that “[a]

probation officer could well interpret the term more strictly than intended by the court or

understood by [the probationer].” Guagliardo, 278 F.3d at 872.

       This case is different. For starters, Graff isn’t barring anything that she personally

“finds titillating.” She’s barring Van Donk from intentionally seeking out materials that

arouse him. That’s the “more definitive standard” that was absent in the Third and Ninth

Circuit cases. Also, unlike with the probation officers in those cases, the court is not asking

Graff to interpret the court’s rule. Graff is using her own treatment protocol. Thus, there’s

no risk of a disconnect between the rule’s creator and its interpreter—i.e., that Graff might

tell Van Donk he can’t do something the court meant to allow, or vice versa.

       In sum, Graff’s ban on materials that arouse Van Donk comports with due process

because it’s enforced in a way that avoids the issues with which the vagueness doctrine is

concerned.

                                              2.

       We turn briefly to Van Donk’s overbreadth challenge. Graff’s pornography ban

encompasses various materials that enjoy First Amendment protection. See United States

v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285, 288 (2008) (indicating that, while obscenity and child

pornography aren’t protected by the First Amendment, sexually explicit materials that have

“social value” are). But that doesn’t make her ban unconstitutionally overbroad.

                                              22
       A condition of supervised release may restrict a probationer from engaging in what

would otherwise be protected conduct, so long as the condition comports with 18 U.S.C.

§ 3583(d). Indeed, many typical conditions of release do this, like the one that forbids Van

Donk from leaving his judicial district without permission.           The First Amendment

overbreadth doctrine thus isn’t relevant in the context of a supervised-release condition that

satisfies § 3583(d)’s requirements, like this one. See United States v. Albanese, 554 F.2d

543, 547 (2d Cir. 1977) (“Since, unlike a statute, the probation condition at issue here can

affect only appellant, and since his conduct could be legitimately proscribed, it would be

inappropriate for us to consider whether the condition might be overbroad on its face.”);

cf. Adkins, 743 F.3d at 194–95 (collecting cases addressing vagueness and overbreadth

challenges to conditions restricting access to sexually explicit materials, all of which

focused on either vagueness or whether the restriction comported with § 3583(d)).

       We therefore reject Van Donk’s First Amendment overbreadth challenge.

                                              C.

       Lastly, Van Donk asserts that the district court improperly delegated a core judicial

function—setting conditions of release—to Van Donk’s treatment provider. He is wrong.

       We agree with our sister circuits that it’s proper for a court to order a probationer to

follow treatment-program rules. See United States v. Bender, 566 F.3d 748, 750, 752 (8th

Cir. 2009) (affirming a condition requiring that the defendant “follow all other lifestyle

restrictions or treatment requirements imposed by the therapist”); United States v. Fellows,

157 F.3d 1197, 1204 (9th Cir. 1998) (same). Such a view comports with our recognition

“that courts may use nonjudicial officers . . . to support judicial functions, as long as the

                                              23
judicial officer retains and exercises ultimate responsibility.” United States v. Miller, 77

F.3d 71, 77 (4th Cir. 1996); accord United States v. Johnson, 48 F.3d 806, 808–09 (4th

Cir. 1995).

       Of course, “the type of duty that the court may delegate is limited” by Article III.

Johnson, 48 F.3d at 808–09. A court can’t delegate “core judicial function[s]” such as the

authority to decide the amount of a fine or restitution payment, Miller, 77 F.3d at 77, or

whether a defendant must attend a treatment program, United States v. Melendez-Santana,

353 F.3d 93, 101 (1st Cir. 2003), overruled on other grounds by United States v. Padilla,

415 F.3d 211 (1st Cir. 2005)); United States v. Peterson, 248 F.3d 79, 85 (2d Cir. 2001).

But a court may delegate “details with respect to the selection and schedule of the

program.” Peterson, 248 F.3d at 85.

       Similarly, while the court itself must be the one to order treatment, it may require a

probationer to comply with the terms set forth by the treatment provider. See Bender, 566

F.3d at 752; Fellows, 157 F.3d at 1203–04; see also United States v. York, 357 F.3d 14,

21–22 (1st Cir. 2004) (affirming a requirement that the defendant submit to periodic

polygraph testing “as a means to insure that he is in compliance with the requirements of

his therapeutic program”).     Indeed, “[t]he court cannot be expected to design and

implement the particularities of a treatment program.” Fellows, 157 F.3d at 1204.

       In Van Donk’s case, the district court retains ultimate responsibility over the core

judicial function of deciding whether Van Donk has violated his conditions of supervised

release. This is demonstrated by recent events: When Van Donk was expelled from Graff’s

program, the court didn’t automatically revoke his supervised release, but rather ordered

                                             24
hearings on the issue. This regime affords Van Donk due process without micromanaging

his treatment.

       The cases Van Donk points to are either distinguishable or support our conclusion.

In United States v. Myers, the Second Circuit recognized that courts don’t have to manage

the details of a treatment program. See 426 F.3d 117, 130 (2d Cir. 2005) (citing Peterson,

248 F.3d at 85). As we have explained, United States v. Loy is distinguishable because,

here, the court isn’t directing someone else to decide a difficult legal issue, i.e., to interpret

a vague rule imposed by the court. Special Condition 6 authorizes the treatment provider

to set and interpret its own rules, not to interpret the court’s rules. In United States v.

Morin, the Fifth Circuit vacated a condition authorizing a therapist to impose, “without

court review,” lifestyle restrictions that were unrelated to the defendant’s compliance with

the treatment program. See 832 F.3d 513, 516–18 (5th Cir. 2016). In doing so, the court

expressly distinguished conditions like the one we have before us now, stating that

therapists may devise “the manner and means of therapy during a treatment program.” Id.

at 516–17. Finally, in United States v. Heckman, the Third Circuit vacated a condition that

ordered the defendant to follow the probation office’s directions regarding contact with

minors without cabining the office’s discretion in any way. See 592 F.3d 400, 411 (3d Cir.

2010). The court reasoned that “a probation officer may not decide the nature or extent of

the punishment imposed upon a probationer.” Id. (cleaned up). That’s not what’s

happening here, where the treatment provider is deciding only the means of court-ordered

therapy.

                                               25
                                            III.

       For the reasons given, we conclude that Special Condition 6 is consistent with 18

U.S.C. § 3583(d), comports with due process and the First Amendment, and isn’t an

improper delegation of the court’s authority. Thus, the judgment of the district court is

                                                                              AFFIRMED.

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