Court Opinion

ID: 3144932
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-22 18:05:25.396764+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:46:32.139877
License: Public Domain

Nos. 2-09-0210 & 2-09-0242 cons. Filed: 11-29-10
______________________________________________________________________________

                                              IN THE

                             APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                              SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

DOROTHY PIELET, Individually and as    ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
Executor of the Estate of Arthur Pielet,
                                       ) of Lake County.
                                       )
        Plaintiff-Appellee,            ) No. 98--CH--1223
                                       )
v.                                     )
                                       )
JAMES PIELET, J.P. INVESTMENTS,        )
INC., PIELET BROS. SCRAP IRON AND      )
METAL, INC., PIELET CORPORATION,       )
NATIONAL MATERIAL, L.P., and           )
N.M. HOLDING, INC.,                    )
                                       )
        Defendants                     ) Honorable
                                       ) David C. Hall and
(P.B.S. One, Inc., and Cyrus Tang,     ) Mitchell L. Hoffman,
Defendants-Appellants).                ) Judges, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

DOROTHY PIELET, Individually and as             )   Appeal from the Circuit Court
Executor of the Estate of Arthur Pielet,        )   of Lake County.
                                                )
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                      )   No. 98--CH--1223
                                                )
v.                                              )
                                                )
JAMES PIELET, J.P. INVESTMENTS,                 )
INC., PIELET BROS. SCRAP IRON AND               )
METAL, INC., PIELET CORPORATION,                )
P.B.S. ONE, INC., and CYRUS TANG,               )
                                                )
       Defendants                               )   Honorable
                                                )   David C. Hall and
(National Material, L.P., and N.M. Holding,     )   Mitchell L. Hoffman,
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

Defendants-Appellants).                ) Judges, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

       JUSTICE O'MALLEY delivered the opinion of the court:

       Defendants, P.B.S. One, Inc. (PBS One), National Material, L.P. (National Material), N.M.

Holding, Inc. (NM Holding), and Cyrus Tang (Tang), appeal the order granting summary judgment

in favor of plaintiff, Dorothy Pielet, on counts IX, X, and XI of her fifth amended complaint. The

allegation basic to all three counts is that defendants failed to honor a consulting agreement

mandating lifelong monthly payments to plaintiff's late husband, Arthur Pielet (Arthur), and, after

his death, to plaintiff for life (Consulting Agreement). Defendants also appeal the award of attorney

fees to plaintiff pursuant to a fee-shifting provision in the Consulting Agreement. We reverse and

remand.

       PBS and Tang appealed in No. 2--09--0210, and National Material and NM Holding appealed

in No. 2--09--0242. We consolidated the cases for review.

                                      I. Plaintiff's Complaint

       Plaintiff initiated this lawsuit in 1998 and filed her fifth amended complaint (complaint) on

July 19, 2005. She pled 11 counts. Counts I, II, and III named James Pielet (James), who is plaintiff

and Arthur's son, and alleged breach of contract, promissory estoppel, and equitable estoppel. Count

IV named J.P. Investments, Inc., and alleged breach of contract. Count V named Tang and PBS One

and alleged fraudulent conveyance. Counts VI, VII, and VIII alleged director liability, breach of

fiduciary duty, and distributee liability against Tang. Counts IX and X named National Material and

NM Holding and alleged breach of contract and successor liability, respectively. Finally, count XI

named PBS One and alleged breach of contract.

                                                -2-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

       Only counts IX, X, and XI are at issue in these appeals. The common allegations in these

counts are as follows. In December 1986, Arthur entered into the Consulting Agreement with James,

then president of Pielet Bros. Scrap Iron and Metal, Inc. (Pielet Inc.). In 1988, Pielet Brothers Scrap

Iron and Metal LP (Pielet LP) was formed in a two-step transaction. First, Pielet Inc.1 sold an

undivided one-half interest in its assets to PBS One, a company of which Tang was "the sole

director, sole shareholder, and president." PBS One "expressly assumed [Pielet Inc.'s] obligations

*** under the Consulting Agreement." Second, Pielet Inc. and PBS One transferred their respective

one-half shares in Pielet Inc. to Pielet LP and consequently each gained a 49.5% limited partnership

interest in Pielet LP. The remaining 1% general partnership interest was owned by Pielet/Tang

Enterprises (PT Enterprises). James owned 49% of the stock in PT Enterprises and Tang owned the

remaining 51%. Pielet LP consistently made monthly payments to Arthur under the Consulting

Agreement. On June 1, 1994, PBS One was dissolved by the Illinois Secretary of State.

       In January 1991,2 PBS One transferred its 49.5% share in Pielet LP to National Material. NM

Holding was then the general partner of National Material. In 1993, Pielet LP changed its name to

Midwest Metallics. Thereafter, Midwest Metallics made payments under the Consulting Agreement

until July 1998, when payments ceased altogether.

       Count IX, the breach-of-contract claim against National Material, alleged that, as part of the

January 1991 transfer, National Material "assumed the right, title, interest[,] and obligations" of PBS

       1
      The complaint does not recognize the fact that Pielet Inc.
changed its name to Pielet Corp. before the transaction occurred.
We recognize that change below in reciting the undisputed facts
relevant to summary judgment.
       2
      As noted below, December 31, 1990, is the actual date of
the operative legal document.

                                                 -3-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

One, including the Consulting Agreement. Plaintiff asserted that National Material's obligations

under the Consulting Agreement were paid by Pielet LP and Midwest Metallics though the latter

entities had "never contracted to assume the Consulting Agreement." Plaintiff alleged that, when

Midwest Metallics ceased paying under the Consulting Agreement in July 1998, National Material

"remained obligated to satisfy those payments" but did not pay. Plaintiff further alleged that NM

Holding was liable as the general partner of National Material.

       Count X alleged that National Material was liable under the Consulting Agreement as the

"successor" of PBS One. Specifically, plaintiff asserted:

       "Because National Material is a mere continuation of [PBS One] [and] expressly assumed

       [PBS One's] rights and obligations under the Consulting Agreement, and has acknowledged

       that it is the successor to [PBS One] in writing, all of the liabilities of [PBS One], including

       its liability under the Consulting Agreement, have been transferred and assumed to and by

       National Material."

Plaintiff further alleged that National Material's liability as successor to PBS One extended as well

to NM Holding, the general partner of National Material.

       Count XI alleged that, after its dissolution in 1994, PBS One "remained obligated under the

Consulting Agreement" and that PBS One breached the Consulting Agreement when payments under

the Consulting Agreement ceased in July 1998.

       On February 14, 2006, plaintiff moved for summary judgment against PBS One and Tang

on counts V and XI, and for summary judgment against National Material and NM Holding on

counts IX and X. PBS One and Tang together filed an opposition brief and also a cross-motion for

                                                 -4-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

summary judgment against plaintiff. National Material and NM Holding together filed their own

opposition brief as well as a cross-motion for summary judgment against plaintiff.

                            II. Undisputed Facts On Summary Judgment

       In support of their summary judgment motions, the parties filed their proposed statements

of undisputed facts. From these the trial court distilled a statement of undisputed facts as a basis for

resolving the summary judgment motions. Aside from one issue that defendants claim involves a

factual dispute (which we explain below), the parties do not challenge the trial court's statement of

undisputed facts. We follow that statement here and in some instances incorporate some additional

undisputed factual material in order to amplify and clarify certain points.

       Pielet Inc. was formed by Arthur and his brothers shortly after World War II. Pielet Inc. was

in the scrap metal business. In December 1986, Arthur sold his interest in Pielet Inc. to his sons

James and Robert Pielet (Robert). On December 23, 1986, James, president of Pielet Inc., and

Arthur signed the Consulting Agreement. The Consulting Agreement provided that Arthur would

"act as a general advisor and consultant" to Pielet Inc. and that he would receive a yearly fee of

$130,000, "payable in equal monthly installments." Arthur would be paid the fee until his death,

after which his "widow" (unnamed) would receive the fee "for her life." The Consulting Agreement

provided that the "inability [of Arthur] to render [consulting] services *** by reason of illness,

disability or incapacity" would not be deemed "a breach or default by him." The Consulting

Agreement further provided that it was binding "upon the parties [thereto], and their respective heirs,

legal representatives, successors[,] and assigns."

       In 1988, James, together with Tang, an outside investor with experience in the scrap metal

business, agreed to form Pielet LP, a partnership. Tang was sole shareholder and owner of PBS One.

                                                  -5-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

Shortly before the reorganization that led to Pielet LP, Pielet Inc. changed its name to Pielet

Corporation (Pielet Corp.)3 and James acquired Robert's shares, becoming sole shareholder. On

April 12, 1988, several documents were executed to accomplish the restructuring. Each was signed

by James as president of Pielet Corp. and by Tang as president of PBS One. The first was an "Asset

Purchase Agreement" (Purchase Agreement). The preamble to the Purchase Agreement identifies

Pielet Corp. as "Seller" and PBS One as "Buyer" and states:

               "WHEREAS, Seller has its principal place of business in Argo, Illinois[,] and

       is engaged in the business of operating scrap metal shredding and recovery plants in Argo

       and McCook, Illinois[,] and Hammond and Indianapolis, Indiana (the 'Business');

               WHEREAS, Seller and Buyer desire to form a limited partnership *** to own

       and operate the Business ***."

       Article I is entitled "Purchase and Sale of Assets." Section 1.1 under article I is entitled

"Agreement to Sell and Purchase" and states:

               "Upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein, and in reliance on the

       respective representations and warranties of the parties, Seller shall sell an undivided one-

       half (½) interest in and to the Assets (as defined below) to Buyer ***, and Buyer shall

       purchase such undivided one-half (½) interest in and to the Assets from Seller *** for the

       consideration and in accordance with the provisions of Article II hereof ***."

"Assets" is defined generally as "all the assets of Seller used or usable in connection with the

Business." "Assets" specifically includes, inter alia,

       3
      The parties appear to use "Pielet Inc." and "Pielet Corp."
interchangeably. The relevant legal documents in this case refer
to the company as Pielet Corp., and we will adhere to that usage.

                                                 -6-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

        "all of the contract rights of the Business, of any kind, nature or description, including rights

        arising under restrictive covenants and obligations of present and former officers and

        employees and of individuals and corporations, rights arising under joint venture agreements

        or arrangements, rights arising under leases of personal property, [and] rights arising under

        service and maintenance contracts ***, to the extent transferable."

        Article II is entitled "Purchase Price and Payment Terms." Section 2.1 under article II is

entitled "Purchase Price" and provides:

                "The purchase price for the undivided one-half interest in the Assets *** shall be Six

        Million Dollars ($6,000,000) plus an assumption of one-half (½) of all the Seller's liabilities

        of every kind, nature or description whether fixed or contingent, choate or inchoate, perfected

        or otherwise, and whether due or to become due (the 'Assumed Liabilities'), which amount

        shall be allocated among the Assets as set forth on Schedule 2.1(a) attached hereto."

Under "Assumed Liabilities," the Purchase Agreement states: "Attached hereto as Schedule 3.1(t)

is a correct list of Seller's liabilities as of March 31, 1988. The Seller's liabilities shall not exceed

$200,000 of the liabilities listed on Schedule 3.1(t)." Schedule 3.1(t), entitled "Liabilities," states:

                "1. All liabilities set forth on the Seller's financial statements for the year ended

        December 31, 1987[,] except those liabilities which have been paid or otherwise satisfied by

        Seller since December 31, 1987.

                2. All liabilities set forth on Seller's balance sheet for the month ended March 31,

        1988[,] except those liabilities which have been paid or otherwise satisfied by Seller since

        February 29, 1988.

                                                  -7-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

               3. All other liabilities which have arisen in the ordinary course of business since

       February 29, 1988[,] and all other ordinary course of business liabilities of Seller, whether

       or not reflected on the Seller's balance sheet or financial statements.

               4. All liabilities or obligations of Seller as reflected in this Asset Purchase Agreement

       or any other Schedule attached hereto." (Emphasis added.)

Under a section termed "Material Contracts," the Purchase Agreement states:

       "Attached hereto as Schedule 3.1(m) is a correct and complete list of every material contract,

       agreement, relationship, or commitment, written or oral, to which [Pielet Corp.] is a party,

       including, without limitation, union contracts and agreements relating to employment and

       services of independent contractors ***."

Among the contracts listed in schedule 3.1(m) is: "Consulting Agreement with Mr. Arthur Pielet

dated December 23, 1986[,] providing for the payment of annual consulting fees of $130,000 for a

term to end at the later to occur of the death of Arthur Pielet or his wife."

       James and Tang also signed an "Assignment and Assumption Agreement" (Assignment

Agreement), which identifies Pielet Corp. as "Assignor" and PBS One as "Assignee" and states:

               "WHEREAS, pursuant to that certain Asset Purchase Agreement *** between the

       parties hereto, Assignor is selling to Assignee an undivided one-half (½) interest in all of

       Assignor's Assets relating to the Business (as such terms are defined in the Asset Purchase

       Agreement);

               WHEREAS, Assignor is an obligor of certain obligations as are set forth on Schedule

       3.1(t) to the Asset Purchase Agreement (the 'Assumed Liabilities'); and

               WHEREAS, pursuant to [this] Agreement, Assignor desires to assign the Assignee

                                                 -8-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

       the Assumed Liabilities and Assignee desires to assume the Assumed Liabilities each from

       and after the date hereof;

               ***

               1. Assignor hereby assigns, transfers, grants and conveys to Assignee, effective as of

       the date hereof, the Assumed Liabilities;

               2. Assignee does hereby accept the foregoing assignment of the Assumed Liabilities

       and from and after the date hereof, assumes and agrees to perform all of the covenants,

       agreements and obligations of the Assignor under the Assumed Liabilities."4

Finally, the Assignment Agreement states that it shall "inure to the benefit of and bind the parties

hereto and their respective successors and assigns."

       The third of the three major documents signed by James and Tang on April 12, 1988, was

a limited partnership agreement forming Pielet LP (Partnership Agreement). The Partnership

Agreement specifies that, in exchange for their capital contributions, PBS One and Pielet Corp. each

received a participating percentage of 49.5% and was made a limited partner. The general partner,

PT Enterprises, received the remaining 1% participating percentage for its capital contribution. As

Tang owned 51% of PT Enterprises, he had in effect a majority participating percentage in Pielet LP.

       Also on April 12, 1988, Tang sent a letter to Pielet Corp. stating:

       4
      It might be possible to regard the Consulting Agreement as
one of the "Assumed Liabilities" and to find PBS One's obligation
under the Consulting Agreement limited to $200,000, per the cap
in the Purchase Agreement. PBS One does not take that position
on appeal, however, but disputes contractual liability on
different grounds.

                                                -9-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

        "Pursuant to the Partnership Agreement [of April 12, 1988], [PBS One] directs Pielet Corp.

        to transfer to the Partnership the undivided one-half (½) interest in and to all of the

        Company's Assets purchased by [PBS One] pursuant to the Purchase Agreement."

(The trial court's statement of undisputed facts states: "[B]oth Pielet Corp. and PBS One conveyed

their respective one-half interests to [Pielet LP] in exchange for a 49.5% limited partnership interest

in that entity." Although the parties agree that this occurred, we have found no document in the

record that purports to effect that transfer.)

        Attorney Michael Zavis's law firm represented Pielet Corp. in connection with the formation

of Pielet LP in April 1988. In a February 22, 1999, affidavit, Zavis described the two-step process

by which Pielet LP was created:

                "4. In the first step of the restructuring, [Pielet Corp.] sold an undivided 50% interest

        in all of its assets to an Illinois Corporation named [PBS One], which was owned by [Tang].

        This undivided 50% interest included various contracts to which [Pielet Corp.] was a party,

        including a written Consulting Agreement between [Arthur] and [Pielet Corp.] ***.

                5. In the second step of the restructuring, a limited partnership was formed known as

        [Pielet LP] ***. In this second step of restructuring, [Pielet Corp.] and [PBS One] each

        contributed their respective undivided half interests in the assets and liabilities of the scrap

        metal business to the limited partnership [Pielet LP], which transaction included a transfer

        to the limited partnership of the Consulting Agreement and an assumption of [Pielet Corp.'s]

        liabilities and obligations under the Consulting Agreement."

Zavis described a conversation he had with Arthur before the April 1988 restructuring occurred:

                                                  -10-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

              "6. In 1988, before the restructuring transaction had been effected, I participated in

       at least one face-to-face meeting at my law offices at which [James], [Arthur], and [plaintiff]

       were present. During this meeting, I discussed with both [Arthur] and [plaintiff] various

       aspects of the restructuring, including, but not limited to, what was intended to happen with

       respect to Arthur's Consulting Agreement once the limited partnership [Pielet LP] was

       formed. I explained that the limited partnership was assuming [Pielet Corp.'s] obligations

       under the Consulting Agreement, that the limited partnership was substituting itself for

       [Pielet Corp.] under the Consulting Agreement, and would thereafter be making the

       payments to him in lieu of [Pielet Corp.]. I explained to Arthur that [Pielet Corp.] would no

       longer be obligated to him under the Consulting Agreement, and that the limited partnership

       would thereafter have such obligation. He agreed thereto expressing his desire to have the

       transaction concluded as soon as possible since the new entity would be financially stronger

       than [Pielet Corp.]."

       At his September 21, 1999, deposition, Zavis was asked about the April 1988 formation of

Pielet LP and about his conversations with Arthur and plaintiff beforehand:

              "A. How would you characterize this meeting you had with Arthur and [plaintiff]?

              Q. *** I discussed what was transpiring, and that--discussed the nature of the

       transaction and the contract obligations being taken over and assumed, ultimately, when it's

       all said and done, by this new entity that was being created between Cyrus Tang and [James]

       and--and--Cyrus Tang and [Pielet Corp.], and how it all transferred down.

              A. Did you say anything else to him?

              Q. I said that the payments now would be coming from--ultimately payments would

                                                -11-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

       be coming from the new entity.

                                                ***

               Q. It was your intent at this meeting to get a release from Arthur?

               A. Absolutely not. For whom?

               Q. For anyone.

               A. No.

               Q. Was it your intent to work a novation for anyone here?

               ***

               A. No.

               Q. Was it your intent to have Arthur release rights that he had against [Pielet Corp.]?

               A. No.

                                                ***

               A. [N]ow, as far as your understanding of the meeting, Arthur never gave up any of

       his rights against the original debtor; is that correct?

               Q. That is my understanding. Well, my understanding of the meeting was that he

       wasn't asked to give up any rights against anyone on anything.

               He was being informed of the transaction that was occurring and that it would have

       an impact on him because this was a significant transaction. Other than information

       purposes, I had no purpose of discussing it with him.

               Q. Nobody ever asked you to get a novation from him?

               A. No.

               Q. Nobody ever asked you to get a--to release his rights against [Pielet Corp.]?

                                                 -12-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

              A. Me? Ask me?

              Q. Yes.

              A. No.

              Q. And that was not your intent?

              A. No.

                                               ***

              Q. Your understanding is, there was to be a written assumption of [Arthur's]

       consulting agreement obligation?

              ***

              A. *** My understanding of the structure ultimately was, the assets and liability, all

       the assets and all liabilities of [Pielet Corp.] got transferred, ultimately, down into this

       partnership of which a company created by Tang owns a certain percentage as a separate

       company and a company--[James'] company had a percentage. ***

                                               ***

              Q. [Y]ou signed an affidavit that the limited partnership was assuming [Pielet

       Corp.'s] obligation. Do you see that?

              A. Yes, I do.

                                               ***

              Q. You would think if there was to be an assumption, it would have been in writing,

       correct?

              A. For everyone's sake, yeah. But you're using the word 'assumption.' I can assume

       something and the obligation is now owned by two parties.

                                               -13-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

               I'm answering that it's my understanding when I wrote [the affidavit] *** that

       ultimately the transaction was all the assets and all the liabilities of [Pielet Corp.] were going

       down into an entity which was a limited liability partnership. *** And that was owned, let's

       call it 50/50, by two different entities and, therefore, an obligation that existed in [Pielet

       Corp.] was assumed by the new entity if it got transferred down there. That does not say that

       the original entity is released. It merely says 'assumed.' So far as I know, that's an accurate

       statement.

               Q. And your understanding of the transaction or the activities at your office ***

       was that you were just informing [Arthur] that another entity was going to be liable on his

       contract, and that was [Pielet LP], right?

               A. Correct.

               Q. You did not have any intent of removing [Pielet Corp.] as an obligor, as a

       liable entity under that contract, isn't that correct?

               A. I didn't have any intention of removing them, but I couldn't remove them

       anyhow unless they agreed.

               Q. Nobody asked you to do that?

               A. No.

                                                 ***

               A. To your knowledge, Mr. Zavis, do you know of any reason why [Pielet Corp.] or

       its successors are not liable on that consulting agreement?

               MR. LIBOWSKY [Attorney for Zavis]: Object to the form of the question. You

       should answer if you can.

                                                 -14-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

                                                ***

              A. Sitting here at this moment in time, I don't--I can't recall any such fact."

       On December 31, 1990, Tang signed a document with three sections: "Assignment,"

"Assumption," and "Consent," each with separate signatures (Assumption Agreement). Under the

"Assignment" section, the document states:

              "In consideration of $5,542,000.00 and other good and valuable consideration, ***

       [PBS One] a Limited Partner in [Pielet LP], an Illinois limited partnership, does hereby

       assign to [National Material] one hundred percent (100%) of [PBS One's] limited partnership

       interest in [Pielet LP] (representing 49.5% of the total outstanding partnership interest) based

       upon the Partnership Agreement of April 12, 1988."

Tang signed this section as president of PBS One.

       Under the "Assumption" section, the Assumption Agreement states:

              "In consideration of the Assignment to [National Material] by [PBS One] of one

       hundred percent (100%) of the limited partnership interest of PBS One in [Pielet LP]

       (representing 49.5% of the total outstanding partnership interest of [Pielet LP], an Illinois

       limited partnership) ***, [National Material] does hereby accept and assume [PBS One's]

       right, title, interest[,] and obligations in and to the extent of 100% of [PBS One's] limited

       partnership interest in [Pielet LP] (representing 49.5% of the total outstanding partnership

       interest) based upon the Partnership Agreement of [Pielet LP], dated April 12, 1998."

Tang signed this section as president of C.T. One (CT One), whose sole shareholder was Tang. CT

One was the general partner of National Material. CT One controlled National Material. (CT One

would later change its name to NM Holding.)

                                                -15-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

       The third and final section of the Assumption Agreement, entitled "Consent," recited that PT

Enterprises consented to the assignment and assumption. The section was signed by Tang as well.

At his March 16, 2005, deposition, which was filed with the summary judgment motions, Tang

affirmed that PBS One sold "everything" to National Material.

       In 1993, Tang purchased James' entire interest in Pielet LP. James then formed J.P.

Investments. After James withdrew from Pielet LP, Tang restructured. On December 1, 1993, he

signed an amendment to the Partnership Agreement. The document recited that Pielet LP had been

renamed Midwest Metallics. The amendment provided that National Material was "successor" to

PBS One, and M.T. Two, Inc., "successor" to Pielet Corp., under the Partnership Agreement. The

amendment also recited that PT Enterprises had changed its name to S.D. Metals, Inc.

       In 1994, Tang decided to have PBS One legally dissolved. In June 1994, PBS One was

dissolved by the Illinois Secretary of State. At his deposition, Tang explained his decision to have

PBS One dissolved:

       "[W]e have no reason to have the [sic] P.B.S. One at all. We have all the investment, you

       know, all finished. That's it. We just dissolved P.B.S. One. There was no purpose for that.

                                               ***

               *** P.B.S. One has no employees, no creditors. We don't owe anybody. We don't

       have anything. Just an investment. Just the investment amount. ***

                                               ***

               At that time we have no purpose for us to have P.B.S. One. We just closed the [sic]

       P.B.S. We just closed. We just have another company."

Also in 1994, CT One changed its name to NM Holding but Tang remained sole shareholder.

                                               -16-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

        After its creation, Pielet LP made payments to Arthur under the Consulting Agreement. After

Pielet LP was renamed Midwest Metallics, Arthur continued to receive payments under the

Consulting Agreement. In July 1998, Midwest Metallics ceased operations and stopped making

payments under the Consulting Agreement. No payments have been made since July 1998. Arthur

died in 1999. Also in 1999, Midwest Metallics filed for bankruptcy.

                      III. The Parties' Arguments and the Trial Court's Ruling

        Plaintiff argued that PBS One was liable under the Consulting Agreement as a matter of law

because PBS One expressly assumed Pielet Corp.'s liability under the Consulting Agreement when

PBS One entered into the Purchase Agreement and Assignment Agreement with Pielet Corp. In

response, PBS One and Tang5 maintained that the evidence showed a novation whereby Pielet LP

substituted for Pielet Corp. under the Consulting Agreement. In support of the novation defense,

PBS One and Tang attached the February 22, 1999, affidavit of Zavis, described above. PBS One

and Tang also acknowledged Zavis's September 21, 1999, deposition testimony, which had been

submitted by plaintiff. They recognized that "Zavis arguably testified in his deposition inconsistently

with the statements in his affidavit as to whether [Arthur] assented to the novation during that

meeting" (emphasis in original). PBS One and Tang maintained, however, that Zavis's testimony

"affirm[ed] the statements in his affidavit that [Arthur] intended to substitute [Pielet LP] for [Pielet

Corp.]" PBS One and Tang claimed that, at the very least, Zavis's affidavit and deposition testimony

raised an issue of material fact as to whether there was a novation.

        5
      A summary judgment motion was filed jointly by PBS One and
Tang and addressed count V, which named Tang and PBS One, count
VII, which named Tang alone, and count XI, which named PBS One
alone. (Counts V and VII are not at issue in this appeal.)

                                                 -17-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

       PBS One and Tang alternatively argued that, even if liability for the Consulting Agreement

did pass to PBS One, plaintiff's claim still failed as a matter of law. PBS One and Tang noted that

PBS One dissolved in 1994, four years before payments under the Consulting Agreement ceased.

PBS One and Tang argued that, though section 12.80 of the Business Corporation Act of 1983 (805

ILCS 5/12.80 (West 2008)) (the Survival Statute) preserves certain claims against dissolved

corporations, that section did not save plaintiff's claim. The Survival Statute provides:

               "The dissolution of a corporation *** shall not take away nor impair any civil remedy

       available to or against such corporation, its directors, or shareholders, for any right or claim

       existing, or any liability incurred, prior to such dissolution if action or other proceeding

       thereon is commenced within five years after the date of such dissolution." 805 ILCS

       5/12.80 (West 2008).

Citing authorities suggesting that the Survival Statute preserves only causes of action that accrue

before the corporation's dissolution, PBS One and Tang maintained that, since PBS One dissolved

in 1994 and plaintiff's cause of action did not accrue until July 1998 when payments under the

Consulting Agreement ceased, the Survival Statute did not preserve plaintiff's claim. PBS One and

Tang further argued that none of PBS One's actions before it dissolved could be deemed the

proximate cause of the later breach.

       On the claims against National Material and NM Holding, plaintiff argued that they were

liable as a matter of law under the Consulting Agreement because, when National Material signed

the Assumption Agreement, it expressly assumed all "obligations" of PBS One, which, plaintiff

suggested, naturally included the Consulting Agreement. Further, plaintiff argued that, even apart

from the express assumption of liabilities, National Material and NM Holding were liable under

                                                -18-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

principles of successor liability because (1) National Material "was merely a continuation of [PBS

One]"; (2) the Assumption Agreement effected a "de facto merger or consolidation of [PBS One]

and National Material"; and (3) the transaction "was carried out for the fraudulent purpose of evading

liability for [PBS One's] debts."6

       On the breach-of-contract claim, National Material and NM Holding asserted that the

Assumption Agreement made "no reference whatsoever to the Consulting Agreement, [Arthur],

[plaintiff], or the general obligations of [PBS]" but by its express terms conveyed to National

Material only a limited partnership interest in Pielet LP. Since in Illinois a limited partner is

generally not responsible for the obligations of the partnership beyond the amount of the partner's

investment, National Material could not be held liable under the Consulting Agreement, which was

Pielet LP's obligation.

       As for the claim of successor liability, National Material and NM Holding argued that the

"mere continuation" argument failed because (1) the evidence showed that National Material could

not have "continued" the business of PBS One because the latter had no business to begin with but,

like National Material after it, was simply a passive investor in Pielet LP; and (2) in any case,

liability of an entity that is simply a continuation of a prior one depends on whether the transfer was

done with intent to defraud creditors, and here there could have been no such intent because National

       6
      Although plaintiff separately alleged breach of contract
and successor liability, the latter essentially subsumed the
contract claim, as successor liability may be found, inter alia,
where "an express or implied agreement of assumption exists"
(Consolidated Services & Construction, Inc. v. S.R. McGuire
Builder & General Contractor, Inc., 367 Ill. App. 3d 324, 329
(2006)).

                                                 -19-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

Material paid PBS One considerable value for the assets purchased.7 National Material and NM

Holding further argued that there was no merger agreement between PBS One and National Material

and that in fact PBS One remained a separate legal entity until it was dissolved in 1994.

       On August 3, 2006, the trial court entered a written order holding that plaintiff was entitled

to summary judgment against PBS One, National Material, and NM Holding on counts IX through

XI. The court found as a threshold matter that the Consulting Agreement was valid. The court next

found that PBS One expressly assumed Pielet Corp.'s obligations under the Consulting Agreement.

The court held that the Survival Statute

       "does not preclude [plaintiff's] action. [Arthur and plaintiff] had an existing right to payment

       from PBS One prior to the company's dissolution, since PBS One assumed the Consulting

       Agreement prior to that date. Even though [plaintiff's] legal claim to enforce that right did

       not accrue until 1998, the Complaint was filed within five years of PBS One's dissolution.

       PBS One's dissolution is the starting point for calculating the statute of limitations period

       under the survival statute."

The court rejected PBS One's novation argument:

       "The argument that [Arthur] entered into a novation substituting [Pielet LP] for [Pielet Corp.]

       does not affect the fact that PBS One expressly assumed the Consulting Agreement, as

       outlined above. Moreover, the portion of the record that PBS One/Tang cite in support of

       this argument, which is the deposition transcript of Michael Zavis, does not support the

       7
      Though plaintiff alleged "mere continuation" and fraudulent
intent as separate grounds of successor liability, National
Material and NM Holding believed that fraud was an element of the
"mere continuation" ground. They maintain that position on
appeal as well. As we explain below, this stance is mistaken.

                                                -20-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

       argument so as to give rise to a genuine issue. Rather, the argument is mere speculation and

       does not preclude summary judgment."

Finally, though count XI named only PBS One, the court said regarding Tang himself:

               "A further undisputed fact is that PBS One, at the time it was administratively

       dissolved, had already distributed its assets, comprised of primarily the $5.5 million received

       from National Materials [sic], to Cyrus Tang. *** PBS One was solely owned and

       controlled by Mr. Tang, who was the company's President, sole shareholder and sole director.

       ***

               Under normal principles of corporate liability, Tang would not be personally liable

       to [plaintiff] for PBS One's breach of contract as a result of his status as a director or as a

       shareholder. PBS One, as a dissolved corporation that possessed few or no assets subsequent

       to the distribution of proceeds obtained from the 1991 sale of its interest in [Pielet LP], is not

       an entity from which [plaintiff] can expect to collect any judgment directly. However, once

       [plaintiff] prove[s] up the amount of the company's liability as a result of the contractual

       breach, [she] will have a meaningful remedy under 735 ILCS 5/2--1402 against directors

       who received distributions from PBS One. See Kennedy v. Four Boys Labor Service, 279
Ill. App. 3d 361 (2d Dist. 1996) ('Once a judgment creditor discovers assets of the judgment

       debtor in the hands of a third party, the trial court may order the third party to deliver up

       those assets to satisfy the judgment')."

The court disposed as follows of the motions regarding count XI against PBS One:

                                                  -21-
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              "The Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment against PBS One on Count XI,

       alleging breach of contract, is granted. PBS One's motion for summary judgment on Count

       XI is, accordingly, denied."

       As to National Material and NM Holding, the court found the breach-of-contract claim (count

IX) subsumed by the successor-liability claim (count X):

       "To resolve [the breach-of-contract] dispute, which is the subject of the parties' motions for

       summary judgment on count IX, additional context as to the ownership of the entities

       involved in this case is necessary. That context is provided in the ensuing discussion of

       whether National Material is liable based on other principles of successor liability--the

       subject of count X--which the court finds it is.

              As the Illinois Supreme Court has written, the 'well-settled general rule is that a

       corporation that purchases the assets of another corporation is not liable for the debts or

       liabilities of the transferee corporation.' Vernon v. Schuster, 179 Ill. 2d 338, 344-45 (1997).

       However, courts apply exceptions to this rule in cases where:

                      (1) there is an express or implied agreement of assumption;

                      (2) the transaction amounts to a consolidation or merger of the purchaser or

              seller corporation;

                      (3) the purchaser is merely a continuation of the seller; or

                      (4) the transaction is for the fraudulent purpose of escaping liability for the

              seller's obligations. [Vernon, 179 Ill. 2d at 345]."

       The trial court found that exceptions (1) and (3) were met here. Exception (3) was met

because "National Material was merely a continuation of [PBS One]." The court explained:

                                                -22-
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       "As Cyrus Tang's three signatures on the [Assumption Agreement] plainly document, [PBS

       One] and the general partner of National Material, CT One, shared a common officer: Tang.

       Moreover, Tang owned and/or controlled all of the entities through which the various

       transfers occurred ***."

The court constructed this chart to show the commonality of ownership and control among the

various entities:

 Entity                                            Tang's Relationship
 PT Enterprises                                    "Controlling shareholder"
 PBS One                                           "Sole shareholder and director"
 Pielet LP                                         "Controlling shareholder by virtue of his 51%
                                                   stake in PT Enterprises, which was [Pielet
                                                   LP's] general partner, and his (via PBS One's)
                                                   49.5% stake in [Pielet LP]"
 NM Holding                                        "Sole shareholder"
 National Material                                 "Controlling shareholder by virtue of his
                                                   control of NM Holding, which is National
                                                   Material's general partner, possessing a 1%
                                                   interest; Tang is also the Chairman and
                                                   President of Tang Industries, which possesses
                                                   the remaining 99% limited partnership
                                                   interest in National Material."

The court inferred from this scheme of control and ownership:

       "The transaction conveying the limited partnership interest in [Pielet LP] from [PBS One]

               to National Materials [sic] is, essentially, a reorganization of Tang's business

               interests. While this reorganization may have served legitimate business purposes,

               regarding the Consulting Agreement it represents nothing more than [PBS One]

               'putting on a new coat.' [Citation.]"

                                               -23-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

       Responding to National Material and NM Holding's arguments, the court observed that the

"mere continuation" exception to the general bar on successor liability does not require that "any

particular business operation continue as it did before," and hence, the fact that PBS One was simply

a holding company was immaterial as long as its "role as a holding company was continued by

National Material." The court also rejected the contention that the "mere continuation" exception

requires a court to "find an intent to defraud," as there is a separate exception for fraud.

       The court then held that exception (4), the fraud exception, was not met here as a matter of

law:

       "Conceivably, the transactions made and the various entities created, renamed, reorganized

       and dissolved were done for legitimate business purposes. The truth of the proposition can

       be contested at trial on the remaining counts."

       "Finally," the court noted, "it is necessary to return to *** whether the [Assumption

Agreement] constitutes an assumption by National Material of the Consulting Agreement." The

court went on:

       "In light of the fact that all of the entities referenced in the [Assumption Agreement] were

       owned or controlled by Tang, the court finds as a matter of law that the [Assumption

       Agreement's] language, stating National Material 'does hereby accept and assume PBS's

       right, title[,] interest[,] and obligations in *** [PBS One's] limited partnership interest' is

       properly construed to include the Consulting Agreement."

The court turned again to count IX and held, based on the Assumption Agreement, that National

Material and NM Holding were liable not only for breach of contract (count IX) but also under

successor liability based on implied or express assumption (count X). The court did not address

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plaintiff's remaining contention that there was successor liability because PBS One merged with

National Material.

        On August 2, 2007, the trial court set damages in the amounts of (1) $1,180,832.97,

representing 109 outstanding payments under the Consulting Agreement of $10,833.33 each; and

(2) $268,275.63 in prejudgment interest. The court assessed these damages "jointly and severally"

against "each Defendant found liable on summary judgment under the respective Count or Counts

against it."

                                      IV. Arguments on Appeal

                                        A. PBS One and Tang

        Summary judgment is proper where "the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file,

together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that

the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." 735 ILCS 5/2--1005(c) (West 2008).

In considering a motion for summary judgment, the court must view the record in the light most

favorable to the nonmoving party. Land v. Board of Education, 202 Ill. 2d 414, 433 (2002).

"Although summary judgment aids in the expeditious disposition of a lawsuit, it is a drastic measure

and should be granted only if the moving party's right to judgment is clear and free from doubt."

Land, 202 Ill. 2d at 432. "A motion for summary judgment does not ask the court to try a question

of fact, but to determine if a question of material fact exists that would preclude the entry of

judgment as a matter of law." Land, 202 Ill. 2d at 432. While "the nonmoving party is not required

to prove his case in response to a motion for summary judgment, he must present a factual basis that

would arguably entitle him to judgment." Land, 202 Ill. 2d at 432. "A motion for a summary

judgment should be denied if the facts in the record present more than one conclusion or inference,

                                                  -25-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

including one unfavorable to the movant." Hahn v. Union Pacific R.R. Co., 352 Ill. App. 3d 922,

929 (2004). We review de novo the trial court's grant or denial of summary judgment. Hahn, 352
Ill. App. 3d at 929.

       We begin with PBS One and Tang's arguments in favor of reversing the trial court's judgment

on count XI. As an initial matter, we note that PBS One and Tang do not argue that PBS One never

assumed an obligation under the Consulting Agreement8; rather, their argument is solely that plaintiff

has no cause of action against PBS One for the cessation of payments by another entity, which

occurred years after PBS One was dissolved. PBS One and Tang propose two reasons: (1) after PBS

One signed the Purchase Agreement and Assignment Agreement, there was a novation by which

Pielet LP or its successor, Midwest Metallics, substituted itself for PBS One under the Consulting

Agreement; and (2) plaintiff's claim against PBS One did not accrue until after PBS One dissolved,

and therefore it fails by operation of the Survival Statute.

       The reason we stress what PBS One and Tang have not argued is that, in their briefs in appeal

No. 2--02--0242, National Material and NM Holding state: "[I]f this Court deems PBS One not

contractually liable to the plaintiff under the [Consulting Agreement], then National Material and

NM Holding would have no successor corporate responsibility." This would depend on why we

deemed "PBS One not contractually liable." If we held that PBS One was never obligated under the

Consulting Agreement, then a fortiori National Material and NM Holding would have incurred no

duties under the Consulting Agreement when the Assumption Agreement between PBS One and

National Material was signed in December 1990. PBS One and Tang, however, do not ask us to

       8
      At oral argument, counsel for PBS One and Tang said: "In
terms of PBS One, the documents are the documents, the Consulting
Agreement was mentioned in the documents there."

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determine whether PBS One was bound in the first instance. Essentially, their argument is, whatever

obligations PBS One may have had under the Consulting Agreement prior to its dissolution in 1994,

PBS One was not liable for the cessation of payments in 1998, several years after PBS One

dissolved. We resolve that issue by assuming, without deciding, that PBS One assumed Pielet

Corp.'s obligations under the Consulting Agreement in April 1988. Of the points that PBS One and

Tang do argue, only the novation argument would also bear upon the liability of National Material

and NM Holding. We could accept the Survival Statute argument yet hold National Material liable

because the transfer to it (in 1990) occurred before PBS One's dissolution (in 1994).

       We address first PBS One and Tang's argument that the trial court misconstrued the Survival

Statute. That provision preserves, for five years following a corporation's dissolution, "any right or

claim existing, or any liability incurred, prior to such dissolution." 805 ILCS 5/12.80 (West 2008).

The trial court held that plaintiff could sue on the Consulting Agreement, because "[Arthur and

plaintiff] had an existing right to payment from PBS One prior to the company's dissolution, since

PBS One assumed the Consulting Agreement prior to that date." Plaintiff's suit was permitted under

the Survival Statute even though plaintiff's "legal claim to enforce [her] right [under the Consulting

Agreement] did not accrue" until after PBS One was dissolved.

       PBS One and Tang argue that the Survival Statute is more properly construed as preserving

only causes of action that accrue prior to the dissolution of the corporation. Plaintiff agrees that her

cause of action did not accrue until after PBS One dissolved, but asserts that it is enough for the

Survival Statute that PBS One had an "existing liability" under the Consulting Agreement before

PBS One was dissolved. The parties present us with a question of statutory interpretation, which,

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like a challenge to the grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment, is a question of law to be

reviewed de novo. In re Estate of Gagliardo, 391 Ill. App. 3d 343, 346 (2009).

        The fundamental goal for a court interpreting a statute is to give effect to the legislature's

intent, and the best indicator of that intent is the statute's language, given its plain and commonly

understood meaning. Gagliardo, 391 Ill. App. 3d at 346. The operative language of the Survival

Statute, which as noted allows the survival of "any right or claim existing, or any liability incurred"

prior to a corporation's dissolution (805 ILCS 5/12.80 (West 2008)), largely forecloses PBS One and

Tang's position that the statute applies only to "causes of action" that accrue prior to dissolution.

That the legislature stated that the Survival Statute applies to save any right "or" claim "or" any

liability incurred prior to dissolution compels the inference that the legislature intended those terms

to be viewed in the alternative. See Webb v. County of Cook, 275 Ill. App. 3d 674, 678 (1995)

(interpreting legislature's use of the word "or"). Indeed, any other interpretation would have the

unsavory effect of rendering superfluous much of the quoted statutory language, so that a list of three

items would be understood to refer to but one situation. We cannot conclude that the legislature

intended such a redundancy. See Bonaguro v. County Officers Electoral Board, 158 Ill. 2d 391, 397

(1994) ("Statutes should be construed, if possible, so that no term is rendered superfluous or

meaningless"). Instead, we must conclude that the legislature intended the Survival Statute to apply

to preserve corporate obligations of three distinct types: "claims," "rights," and "liabilities."

        To support their argument that the reach of the Survival Statute should be limited to causes

of action that accrued prior to dissolution, and not to rights or liabilities existing prior to dissolution

but not abridged until after dissolution, PBS One and Tang direct us to several court decisions

applying the Survival Statute. All of those cases, however, describe the Survival Statute's

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Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

application to causes of action. As the trial court noted, regardless of whether plaintiff's "cause of

action" accrued after PBS One's dissolution, a "right" to payment (or PBS One's "liability" to pay)

under the Consulting Agreement existed prior to the dissolution. Since this case involves a "right"

or "liability" and not a "cause of action" under the Survival Statute, our outcome here is not

controlled by case law limiting the types of causes of action that may be brought against a dissolved

corporation. See Beals v. Superior Welding Co., 273 Ill. App. 3d 655, 660 (1995) ("no valid cause

of action which accrues after dissolution may be brought against a dissolved corporation");

Blankenship v. Demmler Manufacturing Co., 89 Ill. App. 3d 569 (1980) (plaintiff could not bring

cause of action for strict liability against corporation for injury that occurred after corporation's

dissolution, because no Illinois statute provided for such an action). We agree with PBS One and

Tang that the above cases stand for the proposition that the Survival Statute allows a party to assert

a cause of action against a dissolved corporation only if the cause of action accrued before the

dissolution. However, since this case involves plaintiff's assertion of a "right" or "liability" existing

prior to PBS One's dissolution, not a "cause of action" existing prior to dissolution, we disagree that

the above cases guide us here.

        Our interpretation fits squarely with the purpose of the Survival Statute. The Survival

Statute, and statutes like it in several other states (see 19 Am. Jur. 2d Corporations §2418, at 514

(2004) (corporate survival statutes have been enacted "in virtually all jurisdictions")), are a response

to the common-law rule that a corporation's dissolution immediately terminated its legal existence

(Blankenship, 89 Ill. App. 3d at 572), just as a death would end a natural person's legal existence (J.

Belcastro, Post-Dissolution Rights of Corporations: What Survives the Survival Statute?, 89 Ill. B.J.

120, 121 (March 2001) (hereinafter Belcastro)). Under the common-law rule, "[o]nce dissolved, [a]

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Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

corporation could neither sue nor be sued, and even pending proceedings were abated."

Blankenship, 89 Ill. App. 3d at 572; see also Poliquin v. Sapp, 72 Ill. App. 3d 477, 481 ("At common

law, a corporation's capacity to sue and be sued terminated when the corporation was legally

dissolved"); Belcastro, 89 Ill. B.J. at 121 ("Dissolution utterly destroyed the right to pursue legal

proceedings by or against the corporation such that even pending proceedings spontaneously

abated"). The consequences of this rule were harsh for corporate creditors and shareholders alike.

Belcastro, 89 Ill. B.J. at 121 ("Overwhelmingly, the detrimental impact of the abrupt termination of

a corporation's life fell upon the corporation's creditors and shareholders"); cf. 19 Am. Jur. 2d

Corporations §2418, at 514 (2004) (statutes allowing winding up of corporate affairs were enacted

to "protect the creditors and stockholders *** in the process of liquidation"). For creditors, a

corporation's dissolution left them suddenly with no recourse to satisfy their claims, as all corporate

debt was extinguished upon the termination of the corporate existence. 19 Am. Jur. 2d Corporations

§2419, at 516 (2004). For shareholders, a corporation's dissolution left them with no means to

pursue a corporation's personal property, which escheated to the State, or its real property, which

devolved to the grantors. Consolidated Coal Co. v. Flynn Coal Co., 274 Ill. App. 405, 411 (1934)

("There is no dispute that by the common law doctrine of the status of a corporation after its

dissolution for any cause, the corporation has no legal existence, and the real estate held by [it]

reverts to the grantors or donors, and the personal property escheats to the king, and that no right of

action can be maintained to enforce a claim against [it]"); 19 Am. Jur. 2d Corporations §2419, at 516

(2004).

          The first solution to this problem came via the equitable theory known as the trust fund

doctrine. 19 Am. Jur. 2d Corporations §2419, at 515 (2004); see Blankenship, 89 Ill. App. 3d at 572

                                                 -30-
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("[t]he trust fund doctrine was promulgated by the equity courts to protect creditors when dissolution

occurs"). Under this theory, "notwithstanding the dissolution of [a] corporation, its assets belong

to [its shareholders], and are treated in equity as a trust fund, to be administered for the benefit of

the bona fide holders of stock, subject to the just claims of creditors of the corporation." Wheeler

v. Pullman Iron & Steel Co., 143 Ill. 197, 204 (1892). This trust fund doctrine supplanted the old

common-law rule. See Gulf Lines Connecting R.R. of Illinois v. Golconda Northern Ry., 290 Ill.
384, 392 (1919) ("[e]ven in case of a dissolution of a corporation, the common law doctrine that

upon such dissolution there remains no owner of the property is obsolete, and the assets of the

corporation will be administered, subject to the rights of creditors, for the benefit of the

stockholders"), citing Wheeler, 143 Ill. 197.

       Corporate survival statutes, such as the Survival Statute at issue here, represent another, more

comprehensive part of the solution to the problem of sudden corporate dissolution. See Consolidated

Coal Co., 274 Ill. App. at 411 ("this common law doctrine has been so modified that the property

of a dissolved corporation is to be used for the benefit of the creditors and stockholders after

dissolution, and generally, by a saving clause, stockholders or creditors may maintain an action for

that purpose, and in order to maintain an action it must be filed within the time fixed for such

purpose"); Consolidated Coal Co., 274 Ill. App. at 409 (quoting Ill. Rev. Stat. 1929, ch. 32, par. 79,

a precursor to the Survival Statute).

       The Survival Statute does several things to change the common-law rule. First, "[o]ne of the

main purposes of the survival statute is to extend the life of a corporation for [the statutory period]

following dissolution so that suits which ordinarily would have abated may be brought by and

against the corporation." Blankenship, 89 Ill. App. 3d at 574. At the same time, by setting a definite

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time after which a dissolved corporation will cease to exist, the Survival Statute avoids the problem

of open-ended corporate liability that some authority had ascribed to the trust fund doctrine. See

Blankenship, 89 Ill. App. 3d at 574 ("we believe that the survival statute reflects a legislative intent

to establish a definite point in time when a corporation ceases to exist"); see also Moore v. Nick's

Finer Foods, Inc., 121 Ill. App. 3d 923, 925 (1984) ("the general policy behind the corporate

dissolution statute is to set a definite point in time at which the existence of a corporation and the

transaction of its business are terminated"). Thus, the Survival Statute defers the corporation's

termination date and extends the life of a dissolved corporation so that it may wind up its affairs.

13 Ill. L. & Prac. §350, at 626 (2000), citing In re Morris, 171 B.R. 999 (Bnkr. S.D. Ill. 1993).

        Once a corporation has been dissolved, and once the survival period has thus begun, the

corporation may no longer "carry on any business except that necessary to wind up and liquidate its

business and affairs." 805 ILCS 5/12.30 (West 2008). The corporation's activities during this

"winding up" period are limited to those necessary to close the business, satisfy any creditors, and

devolve its remaining assets to its shareholders. See 19 Am. Jur. 2d Corporations §2424, at 519

(2004) ("The corporation's powers" during the winding-up period "merely extend to those necessary

to hold and dispose of its property, collect its assets, and discharge its obligations"). (To the extent

a corporation continues conducting its business after dissolution, such as by entering into new

contracts, the corporate officer responsible may be held personally liable on the contract. Forsythe-

Fournier v. Isaacson, 368 Ill. App. 3d 674, 676-77 (2006).) The dissolved corporation may,

however, fulfill its preexisting obligations as it works to close the business. See Isaacson, 368 Ill.

App. 3d 674 (corporation could fulfill contract to install an air-conditioning system even though the

corporation dissolved before the installation was complete).

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       A corporation's debts (and rights) extend into the survival period (19 Am. Jur. 2d

Corporations §2450, at 538 (2004) ("Dissolution does not extinguish a corporation's debts")); indeed,

as explained above, the policy favoring satisfaction of a dissolved corporation's outstanding debts

is the very reason for the Survival Statute. Thus, since the corporation's debts and obligations persist

into the survival period, and since the corporation continues to exist during the survival period, a

corporation or its creditors may assert claims regarding those debts and obligations during the

survival period. However, once the survival period has ended, the corporation ceases to exist. Since

the corporation at that point no longer exists, it can no longer be subject to any claim, and any claims

not raised against or by the corporation become forfeited.

       This overview of the purpose of the Survival Statute, and the context that bore it, very clearly

refutes PBS One and Tang's position that a party may recover from a dissolved corporation only if

the party had a cause of action that accrued against the corporation before dissolution. The policy

underlying the Survival Statute demonstrates that it was meant to preserve creditors' rights to collect

on any outstanding corporate obligation, even if the corporation had not breached its obligation at

the time of dissolution.

       This overview also brings us into discord with one decision PBS One and Tang cite in their

briefs. In Cornick v. High Grade Cleaners, Inc., 595 F. Supp. 718 (N.D. Ill. 1984), the plaintiff union

trustees sought to recover from the defendant corporation for its failure to make scheduled pension

and welfare plan payments for a six-month period in the two years following its dissolution. The

plaintiffs argued that the Survival Statute permitted their claim, which they filed within the statutory

period. The court rejected the plaintiffs' argument as follows:

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        "However, the [Survival Statute] permits suits only for causes of action which accrued before

        the corporation was dissolved. [Citation.] In this case, the [plaintiffs'] cause of action did

        not accrue until [approximately one year after the defendant's dissolution]. Thus, the

        [Survival Statute] is inapplicable to this situation ***." Cornick, 595 F. Supp. at 720.

Cornick's limited discussion of the Survival Statute indeed supports PBS One and Tang's view that

the Survival Statute applies only to causes of action, and not to any rights or liabilities existing prior

to dissolution. However, the cursory discussion also entirely overlooks the Survival Statute's

language and its purpose, both of which extend the statute to allow recovery not just for accrued

causes of action, but also for corporate debts and liabilities existing prior to dissolution. We

therefore decline to follow Cornick.

        Our reading of the purpose of the Survival Statute also puts us at odds with our decision in

a case the parties do not cite, Henderson-Smith & Associates, Inc. v. Nahamani Family Service

Center, Inc., 323 Ill. App. 3d 15 (2001). In Henderson-Smith, the plaintiff corporation had entered

into a contract with the defendant to perform accounting services, including year-end audits, for a

specific fee. Henderson-Smith, 323 Ill. App. 3d at 17. Approximately 17 months after the start of

the contract, the plaintiff was administratively dissolved, but it continued to perform accounting

services for the defendant. On appeal, we rejected the notion that the plaintiff's cause of action was

preserved by the Survival Statute. Henderson-Smith, 323 Ill. App. 3d at 20.9

        As in the Cornick decision, Henderson-Smith's discussion of the Survival Statute was quite

limited. After quoting the statute, the court in Henderson-Smith devoted but one sentence to its

        9
          Although the court in Henderson-Smith rejected the Survival Statute as a basis for the
plaintiff to bring suit, it ultimately allowed the plaintiff's cause of action on the ground that the
plaintiff's reinstatement as a corporation allowed retroactive recovery.

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application of the Survival Statute to the case at hand: "On the date that [the plaintiff] was dissolved

the cause of action had not yet accrued and therefore there could not be a cause of action pending."

Henderson-Smith, 323 Ill. App. 3d at 20. To the extent the discussion in Henderson-Smith implies

that the Survival Statute allows postdissolution claims only for causes of action that accrued before

dissolution, and not for causes of action that accrued later based on rights or liabilities that existed

prior to dissolution, we do not follow the decision. Instead, we agree with the trial court that the

Survival Statute applies to rights and liabilities, not just causes of action, existing prior to a

corporation's dissolution. Accordingly, we agree with the trial court that the Survival Statute allowed

a cause of action based on the Consulting Agreement to be brought against PBS One within five

years of PBS One's dissolution.

        PBS One and Tang also argue that, even if Arthur's right to payment from PBS One could

be enforced under the Survival Statute against PBS One, plaintiff's right to payment cannot be so

enforced. To support this argument, PBS One and Tang assert that any right to payment plaintiff had

was contingent--on her becoming Arthur's widow--at the time of PBS One's dissolution. Thus, PBS

One and Tang reason, plaintiff had no existing right (nor PBS One any existing liability to her) when

PBS One was dissolved, and PBS One's liability under the Consulting Agreement ended with

Arthur's death. We disagree.

        Even if we were to accept PBS One and Tang's position that plaintiff's right to payment from

PBS One was contingent at the time of PBS One's dissolution, she possessed that contingent right

(and PBS One had that contingent liability) at the time of PBS One's dissolution. After a

corporation's dissolution, "[a] creditor whose claim is contingent is entitled to the same consideration

and protection as a creditor whose claim is certain." 19 Am. Jur. 2d Corporations §2453, at 540

                                                 -35-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

(2004). Thus, "[a]lthough it is not necessary for a corporation to satisfy its contingent liabilities

upon dissolution, a corporation is required to make provision for the discharge of such liabilities

before distributing its remaining assets to its shareholders." 19 Am. Jur. 2d Corporations §2453, at

540 (2004); cf. H.H. Evans v. Illinois Surety Co., 220 Ill. App. 199, 211 (1920) (under statute

allowing dissolved insurance corporations to continue existence for two years for sole purpose of

winding up, "a time must be fixed for the distribution of assets, *** and *** when so fixed

contingent claims must necessarily be excluded, but we think under these statutes [a court order] may

not fix a time for exclusion at less than 2 years from *** the date of the dissolution of the

corporation"). Plaintiff's supposedly contingent interest in payment under the Consulting Agreement

enjoys the same protection under the Survival Statute as did Arthur's right to payment. The parties

do not dispute that plaintiff raised her claim to payment within the five-year period specified in the

Survival Statute. Thus, the Survival Statute allows her claim.

       PBS One and Tang also argue that PBS One cannot be held liable on the Consulting

Agreement because their liability was not reasonably foreseeable. See, e.g., Cencula v. Keller, 180
Ill. App. 3d 645, 650 (1989) (damages are recoverable for breach of contract only where they result

naturally from the breach or are the consequence of circumstances within the parties' reasonable

contemplation at the time of the contract). PBS One and Tang contend that the damages here were

not foreseeable by PBS One because PBS One was never asked to pay under the Consulting

Agreement and in fact was not an original party to the agreement. Neither of these assertions,

however, affects the fact that the original parties to the agreement, which PBS One at one time took

responsibility for, contemplated that Arthur and plaintiff would receive payment. The damages now

asserted--the withheld payments--are the most natural and foreseeable consequences possible of a

                                                -36-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

breach of the agreement. We therefore reject PBS One and Tang's foreseeability argument, and we

move to their next argument.

       The above discussions regarding the Survival Statute and foreseeability assume that PBS One

retained the obligation to pay Arthur under the Consulting Agreement. However, PBS One and Tang

also challenge the trial court's summary judgment ruling by arguing that the obligation passed from

PBS One via a novation between Arthur and Pielet LP. PBS One and Tang observe that Michael

Zavis's affidavit and deposition testimony show that he and Arthur understood that "upon the [1988]

restructuring, Pielet Inc. [would be] effectively discharged from its obligations under the [Consulting

Agreement], thereby obligating Pielet LP to substitute under the agreement." That understanding

was borne out by subsequent events, claim PBS One and Tang, because payments under the

Consulting Agreement came from Pielet LP and later from Midwest Metallics, and Arthur accepted

them. PBS One and Tang argue that, "based *** upon Arthur accepting payments without question

for over 10 years from Pielet LP, a novation was effectuated, and PBS One was effectively never in

[the] chain of assignment." PBS One and Tang contend that, if we do not find novation as a matter

of law, we should at least conclude that material fact questions exist on the novation issue so as to

preclude summary judgment in plaintiff's favor.10 "Novation is the substitution of a new debt or

obligation for an existing one, which is thereby extinguished." First Midwest Bank v. Thunder Road,

       10
      Incidentally, there is no merit to plaintiff's argument
that, by themselves moving for summary judgment, PBS One and
Tang, and National Material and NM Holding, are estopped from
arguing the existence of a material fact question. "[M]erely
because the parties have filed cross-motions for summary
judgment, and many of the facts are undisputed, does not compel
the conclusion that there are no triable issues of fact in the
case." Danada Square, LLC v. KFC National Management Co., 392
Ill. App. 3d 598, 607 (2009).

                                                 -37-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

Inc., 359 Ill. App. 3d 921, 924 (2005). "The elements of novation are: (1) a previous valid

obligation; (2) a subsequent agreement by all of the parties to the new contract; (3) the

extinguishment of the old contract; and (4) the validity of the new contract." First Midwest Bank,
359 Ill. App. 3d at 924. "It must be shown that all parties to both [the] old and new agreements

intended to substitute the new agreement for the old." Alton Banking & Trust Co. v. Schweitzer,

121 Ill. App. 3d 629, 634 (1984). "The intention of the parties may be inferred from the

circumstances or actions of the parties." Schweitzer, 121 Ill. App. 3d at 634.

       PBS One and Tang's exact argument on novation is somewhat difficult to pinpoint. At times,

PBS One and Tang appear to argue that the novation occurred in April 1988 when Pielet LP was

formed and that Arthur's acceptance of payments from Pielet LP and, later, Midwest Metallics was

simply corroborative of Arthur's understanding in 1988, before the restructuring, that Pielet LP

would substitute for Pielet Corp. An alternative construal, however, is that PBS One and Tang are

arguing that Arthur's acceptance of payments from Pielet LP and Midwest Metallics effected the

novation. As for their assertion that PBS One "was effectively never in [the] chain of assignment"

(emphasis added), this would be the case only if the novation occurred before PBS One assumed a

one-half interest in the obligations of Pielet Corp., but neither of the novation scenarios put forth by

PBS One and Tang has the substitution occurring this early.

       We disagree with the trial court that there is no genuine issue of material fact on the issue of

novation. A triable fact question exists, we believe, on whether a novation occurred, either in April

1988 when Pielet LP was formed or later by virtue of Arthur's continued acceptance of payments

from Pielet LP and Midwest Metallics.

                                                 -38-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

       We address first the possibility that the novation occurred in April 1988. The record is

unclear as to the nature of the transactions in April 1988 between PBS One and Pielet Corp. on the

one hand and Pielet LP on the other. A novation would require the assent of PBS One and Pielet

Corp. as the original debtors or obligors. Alton Banking & Trust Co., 121 Ill. App. 3d at 635

(original guarantor on bank loan did not consent to substitution of new guarantor). The trial court

found it undisputed that "both Pielet Corp. and PBS One conveyed their respective one-half interests

[in the assets and liabilities of Pielet Corp.] to [Pielet LP] in exchange for a 49.5% limited

partnership interest in that entity." Just what this transfer effected is uncertain. Zavis, who

represented Pielet Corp. in the April 1988 transactions, gave contradictory statements on whether

Pielet LP substituted as obligor under the Consulting Agreement or simply accepted an assumption

or assignment of liability under the Consulting Agreement. "An important distinction between an

assignment, a delegation, and a novation is whether one of the original parties remains obligated

under [the] contract." Petals Factory Outlet of Delaware, Inc. v. EWH & Associates, 90 Md. App.
312, 319, 600 A.2d 1170, 1174 (1992). "The distinction between novation and assignment is clear;

in novation the obligation between the original parties to the contract is completely extinguished, and

a new obligation between the transferee and obligor is created and substituted for the previous one;

while, after assignment, the obligation of the original debtor may continue to rest upon him, and he

may be compelled to respond in the event of the default of the assignee." Harrison v. Fregger, 88
Mont. 448, 453-54, 294 P. 372, 373 (1930); see also Thomas v. Frederick J. Borgsmiller, Inc., 155
Ill. App. 3d 1057, 1061 (1987) ("Assuming there was a valid assignment of the lease ***, we find

that the facts still support the trial court's conclusion that there was no novation").

                                                 -39-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

       In his affidavit, Zavis stated that he told Arthur that Pielet LP "was assuming [Pielet Corp.'s]

obligations under the Consulting Agreement" (emphasis added). As noted, an assumption or

assignment leaves the original obligor liable for the obligation. In the same sentence, however, Zavis

wrote that Pielet LP was "substituting itself for [Pielet Corp.]" (emphasis added). Zavis went on to

assert "that [Pielet Corp.] would no longer be obligated to [Arthur] under the Consulting Agreement,

and that [Pielet LP] would thereafter have such obligation." This is the language of novation.

However, in his deposition, Zavis testified that, by the transfer of interests from Pielet Corp. and

PBS One to Pielet LP, the former simply "assumed" the obligation under the Consulting Agreement

and that Zavis never intended, nor was he asked, to secure a release from Pielet Corp. of its liability

under the Consulting Agreement.

       The remainder of the record does not settle whether the arrangement between Pielet Corp.,

PBS One, and Pielet LP was an assumption or a novation. In fact, we have found no document in

the record that purports to effect the transfer of interests from Pielet Corp. and PBS One to Pielet LP.

The only transfers the Partnership Agreement itself appears to contemplate are capital contributions

of $6 million from each limited partner and $121,000 from the general partner. Indeed, the only

document that appears to substantiate the transfer of interests is the April 12, 1988, letter from Tang

to Pielet Corp. directing it, "[p]ursuant to the Partnership Agreement, *** to transfer to the

Partnership the undivided one-half (½) interest in and to all of the Company's Assets purchased by

[PBS One]." "Assets," however, is not defined in the letter.

       We note that, while Zavis apparently represented only Pielet Corp. in the April 1988

transactions, both his affidavit and deposition testimony mentioned that PBS One held a 50%

undivided interest in the liabilities of Pielet Corp. Thus, his deposition testimony that the April 1988

                                                 -40-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

transactions were not intended to release the "original entity," that is the original obligor, under the

Consulting Agreement may reasonably be taken to apply to PBS One as co-obligor under the

Consulting Agreement. Moreover, PBS One and Pielet Corp. are jointly mentioned in all documents

that pertain to the formation of Pielet LP, and there is no reason to believe that PBS One was in a

different posture after the April 1988 transactions than Pielet Corp. We conclude that there remains

a material fact question whether the original obligors, Pielet Corp. and PBS One, intended a novation

by the 1988 transactions.

       There is also the question of Arthur's assent as creditor or obligee under the Consulting

Agreement. In his affidavit, Zavis stated that, after informing Arthur that subsequent payments

under the Consulting Agreement would be made by Pielet LP and that "[Pielet Corp.] would no

longer be obligated to him under the Consulting Agreement," Arthur "agreed thereto." While Arthur

may have intended to release Pielet Corp., it is unclear, as we have noted, whether Pielet Corp. and

PBS One themselves intended to be released. Even if the issue of Pielet Corp.'s and PBS One's

assent did not itself preclude summary judgment, we would still find summary judgment

inappropriate because there is a fair question whether Arthur assented to a novation. Plaintiff

disputes that Zavis's affidavit is relevant at all to Arthur's intent concerning PBS One as opposed to

Pielet Corp. She denies that Arthur could have assented in 1988 to a novation in favor of PBS One.

She notes that Zavis mentioned having spoken to Arthur about only Pielet Corp., not PBS One.

Plaintiff further claims that it was only after she and Arthur filed suit in 1998 that they discovered

"PBS One's involvement" in the events at issue. For support, she cites the first page of her initial

complaint in this action. The complaint indeed does not name PBS One, but this alone does not

establish that Arthur was unaware of PBS One in 1988. Moreover, though Arthur's assent to a

                                                 -41-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

novation in favor of PBS One is not explicit from Zavis's affidavit, it is undisputed that Arthur

subsequently accepted payments from Pielet LP and Midwest Metalics, and the record raises a

genuine issue whether Arthur did so while aware that Pielet Corp. and PBS One (or its successor(s))

were bound by the Consulting Agreement.

       Discounting the significance of Arthur's acceptance of payments from a source other than

Pielet Corp. and PBS One, plaintiff points to the following principles:

       "Whether a novation has occurred depends upon the intention of the parties, and the assent

       of a creditor to the novation may be express or implied from the facts and circumstances

       attending the transaction or from the subsequent conduct of the creditor. However, the fact

       that a creditor has knowledge of the assumption of his debtor's obligation by a third person

       does not necessarily establish such assent. Nor does partial payment of the debt by the third

       person to the creditor, alone or in combination with the creditor's knowledge of the third

       person's assumption of the debtor's obligation, constitute a novation as a matter of law or

       necessarily establish such assent on the part of the creditor. [Citation.] When a third party

       contracts with a debtor to assume his obligation and perform it in his stead, the mere

       acquiescence in such an assumption by the creditor is not an assent to a novation, nor is his

       mere acceptance of a part payment made by the third party. [Citation.]" (Emphasis added.)

       Frederick J. Borgsmiller, 155 Ill. App. 3d at 1061-62.

While we agree with plaintiff that Arthur's acceptance of payments from Pielet LP does not establish

a novation as a matter of law, we believe this conduct of Arthur, combined with Zavis's account of

their meeting, raises a material question of fact as to whether Arthur assented to a novation in favor

                                                -42-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

of PBS One and Pielet Corp. As we explain below, these considerations are equally relevant to the

novation argument raised by National Material and NM Holding.

          We also comment on PBS One and Tang's argument that the trial court erred by, as they

claim, "declaring Cyrus Tang personally liable for" damages under the Consulting Agreement. It is

questionable whether the trial court did actually enter judgment against Tang himself. In its August

2, 2007, order on damages, the court assessed damages against "each Defendant found liable on

summary judgment under the respective Count or Counts against it." The judgment line in the trial

court's August 31, 2006, order on summary judgment states in part: "Plaintiff's motion for summary

judgment against PBS One on Count XI, alleging breach of contract, is granted" (emphasis added).

Since Tang is not mentioned, it is reasonable to conclude that he was not one of the defendants

"found liable under the *** Counts." Thus, the court's comment in the August 31, 2006, order that,

once plaintiff proves the damages assessable against PBS One, she "will have a meaningful remedy

under 735 ILCS 5/2--1402 against directors who received distributions from PBS One," likely was

just a tip to plaintiff that there was a means of obtaining relief against Tang himself for PBS One's

breach.

          The court really could do no more since it was plaintiff's responsibility to initiate proceedings

against Tang if she wished, and she would have had to utilize the procedure under section 2--1402

of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2--1402 (West 2008)), which "provides a mechanism

by which a judgment creditor may initiate supplemental proceedings to discover assets of a judgment

debtor in the possession of a third party and apply those assets to satisfy the judgment." Tobias v.

Lake County Partners, LLC, No. 1--09--1054, slip op. at 7 (June 22, 2010); see 134 Ill. 2d R. 277(a)

(supplementary proceedings under section 2--1402 "may be against a judgment debtor or any third

                                                    -43-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

party the judgment creditor believes has property of or is indebted to the judgment debtor"). Section

2--1402(a) provides that "[t]he procedure for conducting supplementary proceedings shall be

prescribed by rules." 735 ILCS 5/2--1402(a) (West 2008). It is Supreme Court Rule 277 (134 Ill.
2d R. 277) that "prescribes the procedure for implementation of the supplementary proceedings

provided for in section 2--1402." Tobias, slip op. at 7. Rule 277(b) states that the "supplementary

proceeding[s] shall be commenced by the service of a citation on the party against whom it is

brought." 134 Ill. 2d R. 277(b).

       As PBS One and Tang note, no proceedings under section 2--1402 have been commenced

against Tang, whom the trial court evidently believed was (for purposes of the judgment on count

XI) a third party in whose possession might be the (former) assets of PBS One. To the extent that

the trial court meant to enter a judgment against Tang pursuant to section 2--1402, that judgment was

questionable because no citation was filed against Tang. Of course, since we hold that summary

judgment for plaintiff and against PBS One on count XI was improper in any event, we need not

reach any holding on the separate issue of Tang's liability.

       To summarize, we hold that the Survival Statute preserves plaintiff's breach of contract claim

against PBS One. Since, however, material questions of fact exist as to whether a novation occurred

in favor of PBS One, summary judgment for plaintiff on count XI was improper. Moreover, since

questions of material fact currently preclude a finding that PBS One is liable for breach of contract,

we do not address whether there was a basis for holding Tang personally liable for the breach.

                              B. National Material and NM Holding

       We proceed to the arguments of National Material and NM Holding against summary

judgment on counts IX and X, alleging, respectively, breach of contract and successor liability. We

                                                -44-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

begin with count IX, which alleged that, by the Assumption Agreement, National Material assumed

responsibility under the Consulting Agreement. The Assumption Agreement states, in relevant part,

that National Material "does hereby accept and assume [PBS One's] right, title, interest[,] and

obligations in and to the extent of 100% of [PBS One's] limited partnership interest in [Pielet LP]."

National Material and NM Holding do not dispute that PBS One assumed liability under the

Consulting Agreement by virtue of the Purchase Agreement and Assignment Agreement. They

focus, rather, on what PBS One conveyed to National Material under the Assumption Agreement.

       Plaintiff, however, seeks to forestall the challenge to the trial court's judgment on count IX.

She claims that National Material and NM Holding have "no defense" to the breach-of-contract

claim because "[i]n January 2000, after National Material had been joined as a defendant, the circuit

court ruled that a breach of the Consulting Agreement had occurred in July 1998[,] and National

Material did not appeal that order." Plaintiff supplies no context by which to understand this

assertion but apparently leaves it for us to discern the context from her record citation. She cites to

the trial court's order of January 2000 granting summary judgment against J.P. Investments on

plaintiff's count IV, "on the grounds set forth in the Plaintiff's briefs." The order cited is not self-

illuminating, and we decline to comb through the record to discern how, if at all, the January 2000

ruling might impact the proceedings here. Plaintiff's argument is forfeited for lack of development.

See 210 Ill. 2d R. 341(h)(7).

       The trial court, in finding a breach of contract and successor liability based on an express

assumption, reasoned that "obligations" as mentioned in the Assumption Agreement naturally

included the Consulting Agreement. National Material and NM Holding, however, focus on the

qualifying phrase "in and to the extent of *** [PBS One's] limited partnership interest in [Pielet

                                                 -45-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

LP]." They argue that the Assumption Agreement by its unequivocal language conveyed only PBS

One's limited partnership interest, which they emphasize is a limited-liability interest under Illinois

law. National Material and NM Holding quote section 303 of the Uniform Limited Partnership Act

(Partnership Act) (805 ILCS 215/303 (West 2008)), which states:

               "No liability as limited partner for limited partnership obligation. An obligation of

       a limited partnership, whether arising in contract, tort, or otherwise, is not the obligation of

       a limited partner. A limited partner is not personally liable, directly or indirectly, by way of

       contribution or otherwise, for an obligation of the limited partnership solely by reason of

       being a limited partner, even if the limited partner participates in the management and control

       of the limited partnership."

"The fundamental difference between the liability of general partners and limited partners *** is that

the former are responsible in solido for the debts and obligations of the firm, without regard to the

amounts contributed by them to the capital, while the latter is not personally liable *** because his

cash contribution is substituted for personal liability."      Allen v. Amber Manor Apartments

Partnership, 95 Ill. App. 3d 541, 547 (1981). In this spirit, the Partnership Agreement provides: "No

Limited Partner shall have any personal liability whatever, whether to the Partnership, to any of the

Partners or to the creditors of the Partnership, for the debts of the Partnership or any of its losses."

       A vital premise of National Material and NM Holding's argument is that the Consulting

Agreement was "[a]n obligation of [the] limited partnership" (805 ILCS 215/303 (West 2008)),

Pielet LP. They claim this was so because the Consulting Agreement was Pielet LP's debt, since

Pielet LP "had assumed Pielet Corp.'s obligations to plaintiff under the [Consulting Agreement]."

"Pielet LP had the legal obligation to make those payments," and neither Pielet Corp., PBS One, nor

                                                 -46-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

their successors were so obligated. The point here appears to be that the Consulting Agreement was

"an obligation of [Pielet LP]" because there was a novation in favor of PBS One and Pielet Corp.11

We have held that a triable issue of fact exists on whether the transfer of PBS One's and Pielet

Corp.'s interests to Pielet LP was a novation or simply an assumption that did not extinguish PBS

One's and Pielet Corp.'s obligation under the Consulting Agreement. The novation might have

occurred with the formation of Pielet LP in April 1988, or later by virtue of Arthur's acceptance of

payments from Pielet LP and Midwest Metallics. Realistically, the timing of the novation would not

impact the liability of National Material. If the novation occurred before the Assumption Agreement

was signed in December 1990, then there was no liability for National Material to assume. Yet

under any plausible scenario (at least as judged on the basis of the present undisputed facts), the

novation would have occurred before payments under the Consulting Agreement ceased in July 1998

and plaintiff's cause of action arose. The timing of the novation is a matter for the fact finder. At

present, the novation question precludes summary judgment on count IX.

       If, however, there was no novation, and PBS One and Pielet Corp. remained liable under the

Consulting Agreement, then there would still be the question of whether the Consulting Agreement

was one of the "obligations" assumed by National Material per the Assumption Agreement. In the

interests of judicial economy, we determine whether, as the trial court found, the Assumption

Agreement reflects an intent by the parties for National Material to assume liability under the

       11
      Plaintiff argues that National Material and NM Holding
forfeited their novation argument by not raising it in the trial
court. We disagree. Though National Material and NM Holding did
not expressly argue novation below, a novation argument was
implicit in their contention, brought below and thus preserved
for appeal, that the Consulting Agreement became a debt of the
partnership, Pielet LP.

                                                -47-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

Consulting Agreement. The primary goal in interpreting a contract is to ascertain and give effect to

the intent of the parties. McHenry Savings Bank v. Autoworks of Wauconda, Inc., 399 Ill. App. 3d
104, 111 (2010). The best indicator of the parties' intent is the contract language itself, given its

plain and ordinary meaning. Hensley Construction, LLC v. Pulte Home Corp., 399 Ill. App. 3d 184,

192 (2010). The parties do not dispute that PBS One assumed one-half of Pielet Corp.'s liabilities,

including the Consulting Agreement, and that (as the trial court phrased it) "both Pielet Corp. and

PBS One conveyed their respective one-half interests to [Pielet LP] in exchange for a 49.5% limited

partnership interest in that entity." It is reasonable to conclude that (1) PBS One's obligation under

the Consulting Agreement became part of its limited partnership interest in Pielet LP; and (2) the

limited partnership interest was assigned wholesale to National Material, under the provisions in the

Assumption Agreement that "[PBS One] *** assign[s] to [National Material] one hundred percent

(100%) of [PBS One's] limited partnership interest in [Pielet LP]" and that "[National Material] ***

accept[s] and assume[s] [PBS One's] right, title, interest[,] and obligations in and to the extent of

100% of [PBS One's] limited partnership interest in [Pielet LP]."

       National Material and NM Holding argue that liability under the Consulting Agreement was

not assumed by National Material because the Consulting Agreement was not specified in the

Assumption Agreement as one of PBS One's "obligations." They cite, however, no canon of

contractual interpretation that would bar us from according the phrase, "in and to the extent of 100%

of [PBS One's] limited partnership interest in [Pielet LP]," the inclusiveness it plainly conveys. This

interpretation, not National Material and NM Holding's, gives effect to the parties' obvious intent of

assigning PBS One's limited partnership interest in toto to National Material.12

       12
      As evidence that National Material acknowledged its
assumption of liability under the Consulting Agreement, plaintiff

                                                 -48-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

        We conclude that, because the novation issue presents a genuine question of material fact that

could preclude plaintiff's recovery under count IX, summary judgment on count IX was

inappropriate.          For the same reasons, the novation issue bars summary judgment on count X,

alleging successor liability. Counts IX and X both assert liability based on the alleged succession

of interests between PBS One and National Material, but where count IX is based on the allegedly

express assumption provision in the Assumption Agreement, count X is based on a doctrine that

recognizes various means, including express assumption, by which an entity may be deemed the

successor of another. As we noted, if the novation in favor of PBS One occurred before the

succession of interests from PBS One to National Material, then a fortiori liability under the

Consulting Agreement could not have passed to National Material. If the novation occurred only

later by virtue of Arthur's continued acceptance of payments from Pielet LP and Midwest Metallics,

we suspect it would have occurred before plaintiff's cause of action arose. Therefore, as the novation

issue potentially bars recovery against National Material, summary judgment on count X was

improper.

        In the interests of judicial economy, we review an aspect of the trial court's ruling on count

X. Explaining the scope of our ruling first requires us to set forth the doctrine of successor liability.

"The well-settled general rule is that a corporation that purchases the assets of another corporation

points to a memorandum from National Material executive Frank
Sove to then-company president Michael Tang (son of Cyrus Tang).
The memorandum is dated May 29, 1991, several months after the
Assumption Agreement was signed. According to plaintiff, the
memorandum "outline[s] the interests formerly held by PBS One and
assumed by National Material" and specifies the Consulting
Agreement. The Consulting Agreement is in fact listed in the
memorandum, but the document purports to list not what was
transferred from PBS One to National Material but what was
transferred from Pielet Corp. to PBS One per the Purchase
Agreement and Assignment Agreement.

                                                  -49-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

is not liable for the debts or liabilities of the transferor corporation." Vernon v. Schuster, 179 Ill. 2d
338, 344-45 (1997). "The traditional rule of successor corporate nonliability 'developed as a

response to the need to protect bonafide purchasers from unassumed liability.' " Vernon, 179 Ill. 2d

at 345, quoting Tucker v. Paxson Machine Co., 645 F.2d 620, 623 (8th Cir. 1981). " 'To offset the

potentially harsh impact of the rule, however, the law also developed methods to protect the rights

of corporate creditors after dissolution.' " Vernon, 179 Ill. 2d at 345, quoting Tucker, 645 F.2d at

623. There are four exceptions to the general rule of successor corporate nonliability: (1) where

there is an express or implied agreement of assumption; (2) where the transaction amounts to a

consolidation or merger of the purchaser or seller corporation; (3) where the purchaser is merely the

continuation of the seller; or (4) where the transaction is for the fraudulent purpose of escaping

liability for the seller's obligations. Vernon, 179 Ill. 2d at 345.

        The trial court found successor liability on two separate grounds. First, the court found that

the Assumption Agreement was an express assumption of liability under the Consulting Agreement.

Second, the court determined that National Material was the "mere continuation" of PBS One.

Above, in discussing count IX, we held that the Assumption Agreement does indeed constitute an

express assumption by National Material of PBS One's liability under the Consulting Agreement.

To facilitate proceedings on remand, we reach the alternative ground offered by the trial court and

hold as a matter of law that National Material is the mere continuation of PBS One.

        The mere-continuation exception applies "when the purchasing corporation is merely a

continuation or reincarnation of the selling corporation." Vernon, 179 Ill. 2d at 346. "In other

words, the purchasing corporation maintains the same or similar management and ownership but

                                                  -50-
Nos. 2--09--0210 & 2--09--0242 cons.

merely 'wears different clothes.' " Vernon, 179 Ill. 2d at 346, quoting Bud Antle, Inc. v. Eastern

Foods, Inc., 758 F.2d 1451, 1458 (11th Cir. 1985). The continuation exception

        " 'is designed to prevent a situation whereby the specific purpose of acquiring assets is to

        place those assets out of the reach of the predecessor's creditors. *** To allow the

        predecessor to escape liability by merely changing hats would amount to fraud. Thus, the

        underlying theory of the exception is that, if a corporation goes through a mere change in

        form without a significant change in substance, it should not be allowed to escape liability.' "

        Vernon, 179 Ill. 2d at 346, quoting Baltimore Luggage Co. v. Holtzman, 80 Md. App. 282,

        297, 562 A.2d 1286, 1293 (1989).

Although the aim of the mere-continuation exception is to prevent fraud, the exception does not

require specific proof of an intent to defraud creditors. Amjad Munim, M.D., P.A. v. Azar, 648 So.
2d 145, 153 (Fla. App. 1994) ("Proof of fraudulent intent is not an integral element" of the mere-

continuation exception). The mere-continuation exception is a prophylactic measure that is

independent of the fraud exception (exception (4)). The latter requires specific proof of intent to

defraud and applies regardless of the ownership or control of the new entity. Therefore, for purposes

of the mere-continuation exception, it is immaterial whether, as National Material and NM Holding

claim, "nothing of record *** demonstrates that it was the 'specific purpose' of PBS One and

National Material at the time of the asset sale in 1991 to place assets out of the reach of PBS One's

creditors [citation]."

        Illinois courts require " 'identity of ownership' " for the mere-continuation exception.

Vernon, 179 Ill. 2d at 347, quoting Nilsson v. Continental Machine Manufacturing Co., 251 Ill. App.
3d 415, 418 (1993). Special emphasis is placed on the " 'common identity of officers, directors, and

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stock between the selling and purchasing corporation.' " Vernon, 179 Ill. 2d at 346-47, quoting

Tucker, 645 F.2d at 625-26; see Hoppa v. Schermerhorn & Co., 259 Ill. App. 3d 61, 66 (1994)

("Continuity of shareholders is a key factor in the determination of successor corporate liability.

Absent continuity of stock ownership, a court cannot find that a transferee corporation is merely a

continuation of the transferor").

       Tang, the trial court found, was the common denominator, as he "owned and/or controlled

all of the entities through which the various transfers occurred." The court's chart, reproduced above,

has Tang as (1) "sole shareholder and director" of PBS One; (2) "[s]ole shareholder" of NM Holding;

and (3) "[c]ontrolling shareholder" of National Material. The court deduced (3) from the following:

(a) Tang's control of NM Holding, which is National Material's general partner, possessing a 1%

interest; and (b) Tang's status as "Chairman and President of Tang Industries, which possesses the

remaining 99% limited partnership interest in National Material."

       National Material and NM Holding do not specifically dispute any of these assertions. They

admit that Tang "owned PBS One" but assert that Tang "did not own National Material." The only

record citation they provide for the latter contention is to a page containing a copy of the Assumption

Agreement. The Assumption Agreement bears what appears to be the signature of Tang as

"President" of CT One (later NM Holding), general partner of National Material. The document

suggests that National Material is a partnership but does not indicate ownership or control of

National Material.

       We add that National Material and NM Holding do not make any assertion to us about the

ownership of Tang Industries, the limited partner of National Material. It appears as if Tang himself

might not have been the majority owner of Tang Industries. Tang testified in his deposition that he

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himself did not own "that much" stock in Tang Industries and that the rest was owned by his family

trust. (On the other hand, in their response below to plaintiff's statement of undisputed facts in

support of summary judgment, National Material and NM Holding denied plaintiff's assertion that

"Cyrus Tang and his family trust own all of the stock in Tang Industries.") Though, again, National

Material and NM Holding make no issue of the ownership of Tang Industries, the fact that National

Material was owned (to some unknown extent) by someone other than Tang would not of itself

defeat a finding of mere continuation. "[T]he continuity of shareholders necessary to a finding of

mere continuation does not require complete identity between the shareholders of the former and

successor corporations." Park v. Townson & Alexander, Inc., 287 Ill. App. 3d 772, 775 (1997). A

change of shareholders is consistent with mere continuation as long as the former owners retain a

controlling interest in the successor entity. See Hoppa, 259 Ill. App. 3d at 66 (facts that former joint

shareholder's interest was reduced to 2% and that additional family member was shareholder of

successor corporation did not prevent finding of continuity since former shareholders together had

controlling interest in successor). Notably, also in response below to plaintiff's statement of

undisputed facts in support of summary judgment, National Material and NM Holding affirmed that

National Material was not controlled by Tang Industries but was "controlled solely" by NM Holding.

Given that Tang undisputedly is the sole owner of PBS One and undisputedly controls National

Material as the sole shareholder of NM Holding, National Material's general partner, and that

National Material and NM Holding do not make an issue of the ownership of Tang Industries, the

limited partner of National Material, we conclude that the uncontested facts show continuity of

ownership from PBS One to National Material.

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        In so holding, we note Tang's own view of the transfer from PBS One to National Material.

In his deposition, Tang stated that PBS One sold "everything" to National Material. When asked

why he subsequently decided to have PBS One dissolved, Tang answered: "At that time we have no

purpose for us to have P.B.S. One. *** We just have another company." (Emphasis added.) It seems

Tang himself regarded the shift as more of form than substance.

        National Material and NM Holding claim it is significant that National Material gave

valuable consideration, namely $5 million, for the partnership interest. They do not, however, cite

any authority for the relevance of this fact. We will not search through Illinois law ourselves to test

National Material and NM Holding's assertion, but are content simply to note that, in setting forth

the general principles of successor liability, the supreme court in the seminal Vernon case repeatedly

refers to a hypothetical "seller" and "purchaser," not just a "transferor" and "transferee," as if the

giving of consideration is presumed and of itself no bar to successor liability.

        NM Holding argues that judgment may not be entered against it even if National Material

is found liable, because plaintiff did not allege in her complaint that "NM Holding either acted or

failed to act, or that it directly or indirectly injured her," and "[t]here is no legal basis for holding a

general partner liable for its limited partner's obligations to third parties." NM Holding cites no legal

authority for the latter remark, which in any event is based on a false factual premise. National

Material does not stand as a limited partner of NM Holding. Rather, National Material is itself a

partnership of which NM Holding is general partner. As such, NM Holding is liable for the debts

and obligations of National Material. See Amber Manor Apartments, 95 Ill. App. 3d at 547 ("The

fundamental difference between the liability of general partners and limited partners *** is that the

former are responsible in solido for the debts and obligations of the firm, without regard to the

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amounts contributed by them to the capital, while the latter is not personally liable *** because his

cash contribution is substituted for personal liability").

       We emphasize that our holding that National Material is the successor of PBS One--a holding

preliminary to whether PBS One is liable as a successor under one of the exceptions to successor

nonliability--is not dependent on the Assumption Agreement, for it is undisputed that, as Tang

acknowledged in his deposition, PBS One transferred all of its assets to National Material and,

accordingly, as the December 1, 1993, amendment to the Partnership Agreement recognized,

National Material was the "successor" of PBS One. On the further question of whether National

Material is liable as successor for the obligations of PBS One, the Assumption Agreement is indeed

material (as we found in discussing count IX), but an entirely independent basis for liability is the

undisputed fact of continuity of ownership between PBS One and National Material.

       We note that plaintiff argues two additional grounds for successor liability: that the transfer

from PBS One to National Material was fraudulent and that PBS One and National Material were

merged or consolidated. On the fraud allegation, the trial court found genuine issues of material fact

precluding summary judgment. The trial court did not address the merger allegation. Because we

have already determined that plaintiff will prevail on two grounds of successor liability (express

assumption and mere continuation), subject to the novation defense, we decline to address plaintiff's

remaining proposed grounds for successor liability.

       In conclusion, we hold that there is no genuine issue of material fact that National Material

is the successor of PBS One. Triable fact questions remain, however, on whether there was a

novation in favor of National Material and NM Holding. Consequently, we reverse the grant of

summary judgment for plaintiff on counts IX and X.

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       To summarize, we reverse the grant of summary judgment for plaintiff on counts XI (breach

of contract--PBS One), IX (breach of contract--National Material and NM Holding), and X

(successor liability--National Material and NM Holding). We affirm the denial of summary

judgment on those counts for PBS One and Tang, National Material, and NM Holding. Since we

are reversing the underlying judgments for plaintiff, we vacate the award of attorney fees to her.

Consequently, we do not reach defendants' argument that the shifting of plaintiff's attorney fees to

them was improper because the underlying fee agreement between plaintiff and her counsel was

invalid.

                                          V. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the grant of summary judgment for plaintiff on counts

XI (breach of contract--PBS One), IX (breach of contract--National Material and NM Holding), and

X (successor liability--National Material and NM Holding). We affirm the denial of summary

judgment on those counts for PBS One and Tang, National Material, and NM Holding. We remand

this case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

       Reversed and remanded.

       SCHOSTOK and HUDSON, JJ., concur.

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