Court Opinion

ID: 2673239
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-05-10 03:01:58.664+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:06:46.300028
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                         No. 12-57 C

                                     (Filed April 30, 2014)

                                       UNPUBLISHED

 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **                      *
                                                       *
 GROUND IMPROVEMENT                                    *
 TECHNIQUES, INC., for the use and                     *
 benefit of the secured creditors of                   *   RCFC 17(a); Real Parties
 GROUND IMPROVEMENT                                    *   in Interest for Claims
 TECHNIQUES, INC.; and, MK                             *   Transferred to Creditors in
 FERGUSON COMPANY, for the use and                     *   Bankruptcy Case; Neither
 benefit of GROUND IMPROVEMENT                         *   Mandatory Nor
 TECHNIQUES, INC.,                                     *   Permissive Joinder Under
                                                       *   Rules 19 and 20 Applies;
                       Plaintiffs,                     *   Substitution of Real
                                                       *   Parties in Interest and
              v.                                       *   Counsel Granted.
                                                       *
 THE UNITED STATES,                                    *
                                                       *
                       Defendant.1                     *
                                                       *
 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                     *

       Robert G. Barbour, McLean, VA, for plaintiffs (the real parties in interest).

       Steven R. Schooley, Orlando, FL, counsel for plaintiffs (the nominal
plaintiffs). Frederick Huff, Littleton, CO, of counsel for plaintiffs (the nominal
plaintiffs).

       1
         / Defendant did not participate in the motions resolved in this opinion. The caption of
this case has been corrected to reflect the court’s ruling in this opinion and order.
                         ________________________________

                              OPINION AND ORDER
                         ________________________________

Bush, Senior Judge.

       The court has before it cross-motions which contest the issue of the proper
entities to advance claims for plaintiffs, as well as the choice of counsel to
represent plaintiffs. The titles of the motions are not of much assistance here,
because competing factions claim legitimacy as plaintiffs in this dispute. For the
sake of clarity, the court distinguishes between the Real Parties’ Motion to
Substitute (and the Real Parties’ Reply), and the Nominal Plaintiffs’ Motion for
Ratification/Joinder (and the Nominal Plaintiffs’ Reply).2 On July 12, 2013, the
court stayed the cross-motions of these competing factions pending an appeal of
prior rulings of this court to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit. Subsequently, however, the Federal Circuit stayed the appeal before it to
permit a “limited remand” to this court to decide those pending cross-motions
regarding the substitution of real parties in interest and counsel. For the reasons
stated below, substitution of the real parties in interest is granted, and Mr. Robert
G. Barbour is substituted for Mr. Steven R. Schooley to represent plaintiffs in this
suit.

                                     BACKGROUND3

       I.      Overview of the Current Dispute

       2
         / The actual titles of these briefs are: (1) Motion to Substitute the Real Parties in
Interest/Motion to Substitute Counsel, filed May 24, 2013; (2) Plaintiffs’ Ground Improvement
Techniques, Inc. and MK-Ferguson Company Response to the Motion to Substitute and Cross-
Motion to Ratify Plaintiffs, filed June 7, 2013; (3) Secured Parties’ Reply to Response to Motion
to Substitute and Response to Cross Motion to Ratify, filed June 14, 2013; and, (4) Plaintiffs’
Ground Improvement Techniques, Inc. and MK-Ferguson Company Reply to the Secured
Parties’ Response to Cross-Motion to Ratify Plaintiffs, filed June 21, 2013. The entities and
individuals that are aligned with the factions referenced herein as “Real Parties” and “Nominal
Plaintiffs” will be discussed infra.
       3
        / This background information is drawn largely from the parties’ filings in this case and
does not constitute fact finding by the court.

                                                2
       Most of the relevant background for this dispute may be found in
Ground Improvement Techniques, Inc. v. United States, 108 Fed. Cl. 162 (2012)
(GIT I) and Ground Improvement Techniques, Inc. v. United States, No. 12-57C
(Fed. Cl. May 3, 2013) (GIT II). Only the facts essential to the dispute currently
before the court are presented here. As a threshold observation, the court notes that
the Nominal Plaintiffs disagree with the court’s prior holdings regarding the real
parties in interest to present plaintiffs’ claims in this suit. Nominal Plaintiffs’ Mot.
at 3. Nonetheless, the court’s holdings in this regard in GIT I and GIT II are
currently on appeal and are not within the scope of the limited remand from the
Federal Circuit. Thus, the primary (and relatively narrow) question currently
before the court is whether the real parties in interest identified by the court in GIT
I and GIT II will simply substitute themselves for the Nominal Plaintiffs as the
plaintiffs prosecuting this suit, or whether some other configuration of plaintiffs
will proceed in this suit. A secondary question is the choice of counsel to represent
plaintiffs in this suit.

II.    Contract Disputes Litigation and Bankruptcy Proceedings

        In 1995, Ground Improvement Techniques, Inc. (GIT) became the
subcontractor for MK-Ferguson Company (MK) on a United States Department of
Energy project in Slick Rock, Colorado (the DOE project) for the remediation of
uranium mill tailings.4 During the course of performance, GIT’s subcontract was
terminated for default and the termination thereafter became the subject of
litigation between MK and GIT in the United States District Court for the District
of Colorado (the GIT-MK litigation). During the course of that litigation, which,
including various appeals, lasted at least twelve years, GIT filed for bankruptcy
under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code, in the United States Bankruptcy Court
for the Western District of Pennsylvania (the GIT bankruptcy litigation).

      As a result of GIT’s bankruptcy, GIT’s claims against MK, except for a
dividend of $125,000 for GIT’s unsecured creditors, were transferred to five of
GIT’s creditors (the Secured Parties): PNC Bank, Fireman’s Fund Insurance
Company, Holland & Knight LLP, The Law Offices of Frederick Huff (Mr. Huff),
and R.N. Robinson & Son, Inc. The Secured Parties elected to continue litigation
against MK in the name of GIT, rather than directing GIT to assign its claims

       4
        / MK has undergone multiple corporate name changes, and will be referred to as MK
even in reference to events which occurred after those name changes.

                                             3
against MK to the Secured Parties. GIT eventually obtained a large judgment
against MK, which was partially satisfied by a surety in 2009.

       In 2001, MK, too, filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy
Code, in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Nevada (the MK
bankruptcy litigation). The unsatisfied portion of GIT’s judgment against MK, and
post-judgment interest, were claims administered in MK’s bankruptcy. The
bankruptcy court required MK to file a certified claim with DOE to attempt to
satisfy GIT’s claims against MK related to the DOE project. MK did so, but the
certification was contested as inadequate.

       The MK bankruptcy court eventually ordered GIT itself to file GIT’s claims
with DOE’s contracting officer under MK’s name, and to certify its own claims.
GIT also filed a certified claim in its own name with the DOE contracting officer.
Having received no response from the contracting officer on its claims, GIT filed a
“deemed denied” suit in this court for the claims submitted to the contracting
officer in its own name and in MK’s name (for the benefit of GIT). Counts I-III of
the complaint, claims brought directly by GIT against the United States, were
dismissed by this court for lack of privity between GIT (the subcontractor on the
DOE project) and the United States. The only remaining claim in this suit (Count
IV of the complaint) is the claim in MK’s name for the benefit of GIT, a type of
claim that is sometimes referred to as a pass-through claim.

III.   This Court’s Holding Regarding the Real Parties in Interest Issue

       Defendant asserted that GIT was not the real party in interest to bring this
suit against the United States for claims related to the DOE Project. The primary
thrust of the government’s argument was that when GIT went through bankruptcy,
any claims it possessed against MK and the United States were transferred to
GIT’s creditors. Plaintiffs conceded that certain of GIT’s creditors might receive
some benefit from this suit, but contended that post-bankruptcy GIT would be the
major beneficiary of this action.

       Defendant’s arguments were persuasive, because GIT’s bankruptcy effected
a transfer of GIT’s claims against MK to the Secured Parties. The court cited
numerous court documents which showed that the Secured Parties, not GIT, own
the claims against MK and the United States. See GIT I, 108 Fed. Cl. at 169-70
(citing GIT’s Second Amended Plan of Reorganization, a related Agreement

                                         4
Respecting Litigation, and court orders in the GIT-MK litigation and the MK
bankruptcy litigation). Plaintiffs’ arguments to the contrary, unsupported by legal
authority, were either refuted by the court documents cited by defendant or were
irrelevant to the real parties in interest issue. See id. at 170-71 (noting that
plaintiffs’ arguments found no support in court documents, and that GIT’s rights to
any proceeds from its claims against MK and the United States are now held by the
Secured Parties, with any excess to be awarded to GIT’s unsecured creditors). The
court therefore concluded that GIT’s claims against MK are now held by the
Secured Parties and that the Secured Parties are the real parties in interest for GIT’s
claims against MK related to the DOE project, and to any related claims against the
United States. Id. at 171.

       The court held, further, that the Secured Parties are the real parties in interest
for the pass-through claim presented in Count IV of the complaint. GIT is merely
the nominal plaintiff for the interests of the Secured Parties in the remaining claim
in this suit. Id. The court therefore ordered GIT to file a notice describing the
method by which the real parties in interest would participate in this suit, pursuant
to Rule 17(a)(3) of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims (RCFC).
Under the rules of this court, to avoid dismissal of a suit the permissible types of
participation in litigation for a real party in interest are ratification of the nominal
plaintiff, substitution of the real party for the nominal plaintiff, or joinder of the
real party. RCFC 17(a).

        On February 8, 2013, GIT filed a motion for reconsideration of the court’s
ruling on the real parties in interest issue, which was accompanied by a notice
presenting its position that the Nominal Plaintiffs should continue to represent the
interests of the Secured Parties, through ratification. Mr. Barbour also filed
documents on February 8, 2013 which were intended to show that the Secured
Parties opted for substitution of the real parties in interest as plaintiffs in this suit,
and that they rejected ratification of GIT as plaintiff. The court deferred ruling on
the substitution issue, and instead issued an opinion on May 3, 2013 denying GIT’s
motion for reconsideration of the real party in interest holding in GIT I. See GIT
II, slip op. at 8-9.

      The parties then briefed the substitution issue. That briefing is now
complete and ripe for a ruling. As noted supra, the primary dispute concerns
control over the litigation of plaintiffs’ claims (which were brought in the names of

                                            5
GIT and MK and which will proceed under the names of those nominal plaintiffs).5
The secondary issue is the choice of counsel to represent plaintiffs’ interests.

                                         DISCUSSION

I.     Requirement that Actions be Brought by the Real Parties in Interest

       Aside from certain exceptions not relevant here, “[a]n action must be
prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest.” RCFC 17(a)(1). This court
has stated that “[w]ithin the context of RCFC 17(a), a real party in interest has been
defined as the party that ‘possesses the right to be enforced.’” Grass Valley
Terrace v. United States, 69 Fed. Cl. 543, 546 (2006) (citation omitted). When a
plaintiff has been determined to not be the real party in interest for a claim, this
court may allow that plaintiff a reasonable amount of time to cure the defect, either
through substitution of the real party in interest, joinder or ratification. RCFC
17(a)(3); see Aldridge v. United States, 59 Fed. Cl. 387, 390 (2004) (requiring the
submission of evidence, within a certain period of time, to determine if a
bankruptcy trustee had abandoned a claim to the debtor-plaintiff or wished to assert
the claim in this court for the benefit of the bankruptcy estate); see also First
Hartford Corp. Pension Plan & Trust v. United States, 194 F.3d 1279, 1289 (Fed.
Cir. 1999) (stating that RCFC 17(a) “sets forth the broad and general principle that
actions should be brought in the name of the real party in interest and that courts
should be lenient in permitting ratification, joinder, or substitution of that party”).
Failure to prosecute an action in the name of the real party in interest, unless cured
by the methods referenced in RCFC 17(a)(3), will result in the dismissal of the
claim.6 See, e.g., Norega v. United States, 113 F. Supp. 463, 464 (Ct. Cl. 1953);
Aldridge, 59 Fed. Cl. at 390.

II.    The Competing Factions Referenced Herein as “Real Parties” and
       “Nominal Plaintiffs”

       5
         / The caption of this opinion reflects the court’s holding in this regard. The Secured
Parties are the real parties in interest for this suit, and have been substituted for GIT. GIT and
MK remain in the caption merely as nominal plaintiffs for the use and ultimate benefit of the
Secured Parties.
       6
         / The court may rely on relevant court documents submitted by the parties to resolve a
real party in interest challenge. GIT I, 108 Fed. Cl. at 169 n.5.

                                                  6
       Since this court issued its real party in interest holding in GIT I, there has
been an apparent split among the Secured Parties as to whether GIT should remain
in control of the prosecution of this suit. To reiterate, the Secured Parties consist
of PNC Bank, Fireman’s Fund Insurance Company, Holland & Knight LLP, The
Law Offices of Frederick Huff (Mr. Huff), and R.N. Robinson & Son, Inc. One
faction, which the court designates as the “Nominal Plaintiffs,” only has the
support, among the Secured Parties, of Mr. Huff. The other faction, which the
court references as the “Real Parties,” is composed of PNC Bank, Fireman’s Fund
Insurance Company, and R.N. Robinson & Sons, Inc.7

        Although of only tangential relevance to this dispute, the Nominal Plaintiffs
faction also has the support of Robert E. Kinghorn, who apparently at the time of
GIT’s bankruptcy held an equity interest of 25% in GIT. See Def.’s Br. of Mar. 5,
2013, Ex. 1 at A-14. Mr. Kinghorn is not identified in the briefing currently before
the court, but an exhibit attached to the complaint identifies Mr. Kinghorn, at least
as of October 28, 2011, as president of GIT. Compl. Ex. 3 at 3.5; see also Def.’s
Br. of Apr. 3, 2012, Ex. E at 4 n.4 (describing Mr. Kinghorn as one of the
“principals” of GIT). In the Nominal Plaintiffs’ motion, Mr. Kinghorn is asserted
to have “the greatest monetary interest” in this suit, Nominal Plaintiffs’ Mot. at 2,
and it is further alleged that “[a]lmost all of the unpaid, reimbursable litigation
costs for this litigation have been borne solely by Kinghorn,” id. at 5.
Unfortunately for the Nominal Plaintiffs’ latest attempt to retain control of this
litigation, Mr. Kinghorn possesses no voting interest as to the operating decisions
regarding the claims presented in this suit - those voting interests are vested solely
in the Secured Parties. See infra.

III.   Analysis

       A.     The Agreement Respecting Litigation Fully Supports the Real
              Parties’ Motion to Substitute

      The Real Parties note, first, the court’s prior holdings in GIT I and GIT II
regarding the transfer to the Secured Parties of plaintiffs’ claims arising from the
DOE project. Real Parties’ Mot. ¶¶ 1-2. The Real Parties further note that:

       7
         / Holland & Knight LLP has not been identified as being aligned with either faction in
the briefs before the court.

                                               7
             Pursuant to GIT’s Second Amended Plan of
             Reorganization, the Secured Parties executed an
             Agreement Respecting Litigation that sets forth how the
             net proceeds from GIT’s claims against MK will be
             distributed and how decisions regarding the selection of
             counsel and operating decisions in the MK Litigation are
             to be made.

Id. ¶ 3 (footnote omitted). The Real Parties then cite to the relevant paragraphs of
the Agreement Respecting Litigation (Agreement), and note that, together, PNC
Bank, Fireman’s Fund Insurance Company, and R.N. Robinson & Sons, Inc. “have
a sufficient collective interest to select counsel for and make operating decisions on
behalf of the Secured Parties regarding the conduct of [this] Litigation.” Id. ¶ 5.

       Considering the terms of the Agreement, the court concurs with the position
of the Real Parties. First, as to operating decisions, 75% of the voting interests of
the Secured Parties control these decisions, and the voting interests are apportioned
as follows: Fireman’s Fund Insurance Company (48.5%); PNC Bank (24.2%);
R.N. Robinson & Sons, Inc. (18%); Holland & Knight LLP and the Law Offices of
Frederick Huff (sharing 9.3%). Def.’s Br. of Apr. 3, 2012, Ex. C ¶¶ 2, 9. Thus, for
operating decisions, such as the decision to substitute the Secured Parties for GIT
or to ratify GIT as plaintiff, the Real Parties have 90.7% of the voting interests and
they control operating decisions in this litigation.

        As for choice of counsel, only 70% of the voting interests of the participants
in the Agreement is required to make this decision. Def.’s Br. of Apr. 3, 2012, Ex.
C ¶ 7. Under every settlement level for which participant interests are identified in
the Agreement, the Real Parties possess at least 72.6% of the interests in this
litigation. Id. ¶¶ 1-3. Thus, the Real Parties also possess the power to select
counsel to represent the Secured Parties in this litigation.

       Although this inescapable conclusion as to the powers afforded by the
Agreement has been evident since GIT I issued on December 5, 2012, the Nominal
Plaintiffs did not willingly cede control of this litigation to the Real Parties.
Instead, when the Real Parties attempted, through a defective notice, to assert their
rights to control this litigation on February 8, 2013, the Nominal Plaintiffs
countered with their own notice relying, in part, on supporting declarations from
Mr. Kinghorn and Mr. Huff. The court allowed the parties to brief the dispute by

                                          8
means of the cross-motions currently before the court.

      B.     The Nominal Plaintiffs’ Attempts to Avoid the Plain Meaning of
             the Agreement

       The Nominal Plaintiffs first attempt to distort this court’s prior holdings.
According to the Nominal Plaintiffs, “[g]iven this Court’s current view that GIT’s
creditors are now all viewed as “real parties in interest” accordingly, [the Law
Offices of Frederic Huff] and Kinghorn have significant interests in this matter
thereby permitting their continued prosecution of this case.” Nominal Plaintiffs’
Mot. at 2 (emphasis added). That is not the holding of GIT I. The court
reproduces here the key passage from GIT I:

             The court documents relied upon by plaintiffs and
             defendant show that GIT’s bankruptcy effected a transfer
             of GIT’s claims against MK to the Secured Parties. First,
             GIT’s Second Amended Plan of Reorganization, and a
             subsequent clarification of that plan, vest the rights of
             GIT to claims against MK in the Secured Parties.
             Second, the Agreement Respecting Litigation shows that
             the parties entitled to net proceeds from GIT’s claims
             against MK are the Secured Parties, not GIT. Third,
             GIT’s reorganization plan states that any amount of net
             proceeds in the GIT-MK litigation that exceeds the
             claims of the Secured Parties against GIT (and the
             $125,000 paid to GIT’s unsecured creditors) shall be
             distributed to GIT’s unsecured creditors. Fourth, during
             MK’s bankruptcy litigation, the proceeds from any suit
             against MK related to GIT’s work on the DOE project
             were described by the bankruptcy judge as belonging to
             the creditors of GIT, not GIT. Fifth, in the GIT-MK
             litigation, the district court observed that GIT’s sole role
             was to facilitate the litigation, not to share in any
             proceeds that might be obtained, according to the explicit
             terms of GIT’s reorganization plan.

108 Fed. Cl. 169-70 (citations omitted). It is the Secured Parties that are the real
parties in interest in this suit, and the Agreement governs their management of this

                                          9
suit. Just because one of the Secured Parties (Mr. Huff) and an equity holder in
GIT (Mr. Kinghorn) might be able to benefit from a judgment won in this court
does not mean that Mr. Kinghorn or Mr. Huff may flout the Agreement and its
terms. Nothing in the court’s rulings in GIT I and GIT II supports the position
advanced in the Nominal Plaintiffs’s briefs.

          The Nominal Plaintiffs also attempt to distort the terms of the Agreement
itself:

                Specifically, due to GIT’s prior recoveries and
                disbursements and due to GIT’s adjudicated but yet
                uncollected entitlements pursuant to the [GIT-MK
                litigation], Kinghorn and LOFH (Huff) collectively have
                27.4% of the allocated voting interests and rights under
                the Agreement Respecting Litigation.

Nominal Plaintiffs’ Reply at 3 (footnote and citation omitted). Even though the
most gross misstatement in this passage is corrected in a footnote, where the
Nominal Plaintiffs concede that Mr. Huff and Holland & Knight LLP share a 7.4%
participant interest in settlements over $8.5 million (thus rendering the collective
“27.4%” share figure for Mr. Kinghorn and Mr. Huff patently inaccurate), there is
nothing in the Agreement which supports the Nominal Plaintiffs’ assertion that
previous and anticipated litigation recoveries somehow diminish the voting power
of the Real Parties. Nor have the Nominal Plaintiffs cited evidence to convince the
court that the Agreement’s terms are no longer in force. Simply put, the Nominal
Plaintiffs have no argument against the terms of the Agreement other than vague
ipse dixit: “Nothing renders the Kinghorn and [Huff] interests and rights inferior
such that they cannot ratify [the Nominal Plaintiffs] as Plaintiffs in this case.” Id.

       The court must reject the Nominal Plaintiffs’ attempt to distort the
Agreement and the effect of the transfer of claims prompted by GIT’s bankruptcy.
The Real Parties possess the voting power to make operating decisions for the
plaintiffs in this suit, and, per their instructions, the Secured Parties shall be
substituted as plaintiffs in this suit proceeding under the names of nominal
plaintiffs GIT and MK. Real Parties’ Mot. Ex. 1 ¶ 4. The Secured Parties also
possess the voting power to select counsel and have chosen Mr. Barbour to replace
Mr. Schooley. Id. ¶¶ 2, 5. Thus, the attorney of record for plaintiffs is now Mr.
Barbour.

                                            10
       C.      Joinder is Not Appropriate

        In a final attempt to preserve a decision-making role in this litigation as well
as a continuing role for Mr. Schooley, the Nominal Plaintiffs seek to be joined in
this action. In one brief, it appears that GIT seeks to be joined as plaintiff to
continue to represent the interests of Mr. Huff and Mr. Kinghorn. Nominal
Plaintiffs’ Mot. at 6 (“Thus, the ratified Plaintiffs should be permitted to continue
prosecuting this case . . . to appropriately assert the rights and interests of [Mr.
Huff] and [Mr.] Kinghorn per Rule 19, RCFC and/or Rule 20, RCFC.”). In their
reply brief, the Nominal Plaintiffs may be suggesting that Mr. Kinghorn and Mr.
Huff should themselves be joined as parties, although the arguments in this regard
are not particularly coherent. See Nominal Plaintiffs’ Reply at 4 (seeking
mandatory joinder because Mr. Huff and Mr. Kinghorn are “necessary parties”); id.
at 6 (advocating for permissive joinder and describing Mr. Huff and Mr. Kinghorn
as “permission parties to ratify [Nominal] Plaintiffs”). Irrespective of the manner
of joinder proposed by the Nominal Plaintiffs, joinder of additional parties in this
litigation is inappropriate.8

       Joinder of GIT, if that is indeed an option proposed by the Nominal
Plaintiffs, is inappropriate for the simple reason that post-bankruptcy GIT has no
financial interest in claims arising from the DOE project. Those claims were
transferred to the Secured Parties in the GIT bankruptcy litigation. See GIT I, 108
Fed. Cl. at 169-70. Absent a financial interest in this case, the only rationale that
would require GIT to be joined in this action would be if the absence of GIT
prevented the court from “accord[ing] complete relief among existing parties.”
RCFC 19(a)(1)(A). The Nominal Plaintiffs have presented no persuasive argument
that removing GIT from a decision-making role in this litigation would impair this
court’s ability to render complete relief in this action. Mandatory joinder of GIT is
therefore not appropriate under this court’s rules. Permissive joinder is also not
appropriate because GIT has no rights to assert in this suit. See RCFC 20(a)(1)(A)
(stating that permissive joinder is limited to parties which “assert any right to
relief”).

       As for Mr. Kinghorn, if the Nominal Plaintiffs indeed seek to join him as a

       8
         / The court also rejects the Nominal Plaintiffs’ curious suggestion that the Real Parties’
Motion to Substitute be deemed to be a motion to intervene as co-plaintiffs in this suit. Nominal
Plaintiffs’ Mot. at 6. Such an interpretation contravenes the clear goals, and title, of the Real
Parties’ Motion to Substitute.

                                                11
party to this action, the Real Parties cite appropriate authorities that deny
mandatory and/or permissive joinder to entities with merely contingent financial
interests in the proceeds of suits in this court. See Real Parties’ Reply at 5-9 (citing
United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians of Okla. v. United States, 480 F.3d
1318 (Fed. Cir. 2007); Fisherman’s Harvest, Inc. v. United States, 74 Fed. Cl. 681
(2006); Franconia Assocs. v. United States, 61 Fed. Cl. 335 (2004)). Mr.
Kinghorn possesses no direct claim against the United States that can be
adjudicated in this court, and his absence from this suit will not impair the court’s
ability to render complete relief to the existing parties in this action. No type of
joinder of Mr. Kinghorn is therefore appropriate pursuant to this court’s rules. The
court notes, too, that the Agreement entered into by Mr. Kinghorn places control of
this litigation in the hands of the Secured Parties; thus, in the court’s view, joinder
of Mr. Kinghorn could quite possibly violate the Agreement’s terms and the
conditions of GIT’s bankruptcy. See Def.’s Br. of Apr. 3, 2012, Ex. C ¶¶ 2, 9.

        As for Mr. Huff, if the Nominal Plaintiffs indeed seek to join him as a party
to this action, the Real Parties argue that his status as one of the Secured Parties
gives his interests adequate protection in this suit. Real Parties’ Reply at 10-11.
The court agrees. The Secured Parties are the real parties in interest in this suit and
their interests are now represented by Mr. Barbour. Mr. Huff is thus represented in
this suit, although, pursuant to the Agreement he signed, his voting interest among
the Secured Parties is so small that he cannot, by himself, choose counsel or direct
the litigation. Mandatory joinder is not appropriate, because complete relief may
be afforded Mr. Huff and the other Secured Parties, and his interests in a judgment
award from this court or a settlement are adequately protected. Additionally, as is
the case for Mr. Kinghorn, the Agreement entered into by Mr. Huff places control
of this litigation in the hands of those entities or individuals who constitute the
Secured Parties and who hold 75% or more of the voting interests at a particular
settlement level. Thus, in the court’s view, joinder of Mr. Huff as a separate
plaintiff could quite possibly violate the Agreement’s terms and the conditions of
GIT’s bankruptcy. See Def.’s Br. of Apr. 3, 2012, Ex. C ¶¶ 2, 9.

       As previously observed, the Nominal Plaintiffs’ arguments regarding joinder
are largely vague ipse dixit pronouncements that have no basis in law. To the
extent that the Nominal Plaintiffs cite generally to United Keetowah, the analysis is
perfunctory and unpersuasive. See Nominal Plaintiffs’ Reply at 5 (drawing
unspecified support from United Keetowah to conclude that Mr. Huff’s and Mr.
Kinghorn’s interests are “direct and immediate,” “legally protectable,” and

                                          12
“sufficiently affected” to mandate joinder under RCFC 19). Similarly, when the
Nominal Plaintiffs cite generally to Franconia Associates, the argument is vague
and unpersuasive as well with respect to permissive joinder under RCFC 20:

                   As addressed in Franconia Associates v. United
            States, 61 Fed. Cl. 335 (2004), the two (2) criteria for
            joinder of permissive parties is easily satisfied where, as
            here, the rights of all parties arise from the same
            occurrence and transactions. In this matter, all parties to
            the Agreement Respecting Litigation are considered real
            parties in interest. Accordingly, Kinghorn and [Huff]
            have rights to relief equivalent to those of the
            “Substituting Secured Parties”. The contention that
            neither Kinghorn nor [Huff] have sufficient rights to
            allow permissive joinder is wrong.
                   The glaring flaw in the “Substituting Secured
            Parties[]” argument is that they claim their interests for
            substitution into this case based on the same grounds as
            they contend fails to give Kinghorn and [Huff] sufficient
            interest for permissive joinder. These contentions are
            entirely inconsistent.
                   If the “Substituting Secured Parties” have
            sufficient interest to be considered real parties in interest
            for purposes of substitution, then Kinghorn and [Huff]
            must likewise have sufficient interest to be permissive
            parties. Therefore, the Kinghorn and [Huff] ratifications
            of Plaintiffs should be sufficient for this case to continue
            forward.

Nominal Plaintiffs’ Reply at 6-7.

       As explained supra, the rules for joinder relied upon by the Nominal
Plaintiffs do not contemplate the joinder of Mr. Huff and Mr. Kinghorn simply
because they may eventually assert rights to a portion of any judgment or
settlement achieved in this case. These two individuals have no independent rights
arising from the DOE project; their financial interests are already adequately
represented in this suit by the Secured Parties and the Secured Parties’ choice of
counsel, Mr. Barbour. The Nominal Plaintiffs have presented no cogent or

                                         13
persuasive argument that joinder in this case is warranted under this court’s rules
or applicable precedent.

       The court notes that the Nominal Plaintiffs have offered no caselaw which
supports joinder of Mr. Huff or Mr. Kinghorn in this case. A proportionate right to
a judgment or settlement obtained through this litigation is a contingent interest
which does not require joinder of these two individuals as parties, particularly
where Mr. Huff and Mr. Kinghorn entered into an Agreement as to how their rights
would be protected in this litigation. See Fisherman’s Harvest, 74 Fed. Cl. at 688
(holding in that case that the advocates of joinder failed to demonstrate that
complete relief would not be accorded the existing parties absent joinder, and
failed to show that the interests of the entities proposed for joinder would be
impaired absent joinder).

        Furthermore, Mr. Huff and Mr. Kinghorn do not possess any right or claim
independent of the claim asserted by the Secured Parties so as to make permissive
joinder under RCFC 20 appropriate. In other words, theirs is not an asserted claim
against the United States currently poised to proceed in this court, but a right that
might eventually be asserted against the other participants to the Agreement. Thus,
there is a valid distinction to be drawn between claims arising from the DOE
project and the legal principles relevant to those claims, on the one hand, and
GIT’s creditors’ potential claims to a share of any proceeds resulting from this
litigation, on the other. The Real Parties are correct to assert that the transaction at
issue in this suit, and the questions of law at issue in this suit, are not the same as
the transactional context of legal claims that may eventually be adjudicated in a
suit brought by Mr. Huff and/or Mr. Kinghorn should a settlement or judgment be
obtained by the Secured Parties. See Real Parties Reply at 8-9 (citing RCFC
20(a)(1) and Franconia Associates, 61 Fed. Cl. at 336-38). For all of these
reasons, joinder of Mr. Huff or Mr. Kinghorn in this action is not appropriate under
either RCFC 19 or 20.

                                   CONCLUSION

        The motion for substitution of the real parties in interest as plaintiffs in this
litigation and for the substitution of Mr. Barbour for Mr. Schooley as counsel for
plaintiffs is granted. Notice of the court’s decision shall be communicated to the
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit by the parties as required by
the order issued in that appeal. Accordingly, it is hereby ORDERED that

                                           14
(1)   The Real Parties’ Motion to Substitute the Real Parties in
      Interest/Motion to Substitute Counsel, filed May 24, 2013, is
      GRANTED;

(2)   Plaintiffs’ Ground Improvement Techniques, Inc. and MK-
      Ferguson Company Cross-Motion to Ratify Plaintiffs, filed
      June 7, 2013, is DENIED;

(3)   The Clerk’s Office is directed to CORRECT the docket to
      reflect the substitution of the real parties in interest as plaintiffs,
      pursuant to RCFC 17(a)(3), as shown in the caption of this
      opinion;

(4)   The Clerk’s Office is directed to SUBSTITUTE Mr. Robert G.
      Barbour, pursuant to RCFC 83.1(c)(4)(A)(i)(II), as the attorney
      of record for all plaintiffs in this case; and,

(5)   Proceedings in this case, pursuant to the court’s order of July
      12, 2013, remain STAYED pending the resolution of the appeal
      before the Federal Circuit, and all provisions of that order
      remain in effect.

                                  /s/Lynn J. Bush
                                  LYNN J. BUSH
                                  Senior Judge

                             15