Court Opinion

ID: 4098768
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-11-16 17:06:40.292147+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:36:40.743887
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
                                Docket No. 43326

 THE DAVID AND MARVEL BENTON            )
 TRUST,                                 )              Pocatello, September 2016 Term
                                        )
      Plaintiff-Respondent,             )              2016 Opinion No. 131
                                        )
 v.                                     )              Filed: November 16, 2016
                                        )
 DOROTHY B. MCCARTY,                    )              Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk
                                        )
      Defendant-Appellant.              )
_________________________________________

       Appeal from the District Court of the Seventh Judicial District of the
       State of Idaho, Bonneville County. Hon. Gregory M. Moeller, District
       Judge.

       The district court’s summary judgment is affirmed. Costs and attorney
       fees on appeal are granted to the Trust.

       Cox, Ohman & Brandstetter, Chtd., Idaho Falls, attorneys for appellant.
       John Ohman argued.

       Cooper & Larsen, Chtd., Pocatello, attorneys for respondent. Gary
       Cooper argued.

W. JONES, Justice
                                     I. NATURE OF THE CASE
       Dorothy B. McCarty (“McCarty” or “Appellant”) appeals a grant of summary judgment
in which the district court held that a quitclaim deed granting certain real property to McCarty
(the “Quitclaim Deed”) was unenforceable as a matter of law because it did not contain an
adequate description of the subject property. The following issues were raised on appeal: (1)
whether Idaho Code section 55-606 bars the grantors’ successors in interest from challenging the
enforceability of the Quitclaim Deed that the grantors themselves executed; (2) whether the
district court erred in striking evidence of the grantors’ intent at the time they executed the deed;
(3) whether the district court erred in finding that the Quitclaim Deed did not contain an adequate
description of the subject property; (4) whether the district court erred by holding that the

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grantors were thereafter prevented from transferring the property by an amendment to the trust
documents; and (6) whether the district court erred in concluding that the doctrines of
‘reformation,’ ‘interlineation,’ and ‘correction deed’ were not applicable. Both sides request
attorney’s fees and costs on appeal.
                         II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       On April 23, 1990, David E. Benton (“David”) and Marvel C. Benton (“Marvel” and with
David, the “Bentons”) established a joint revocable living trust in Bonneville County, Idaho,
which they entitled the “DAVID AND MARVEL BENTON TRUST, dated April 23, 1990” (the
“Trust”). The Trust’s foundational documents named David and Marvel as both the “Grantors”
and the “Trustees” of the Trust.
       On July 1, 2010, David and Marvel executed the Quitclaim Deed, which purported to
convey certain real property owned by the Trust to McCarty. The property subject to the
Quitclaim Deed is described therein as follows:
       The property at 550 Linden Drive and the building known as Benton Engineering
       building located upon the property and all adjacent parking lots to the South of the
       Building and to the West of the Building and right of access into the parking lot
       located at 550 Linden Drive, Idaho Falls, Idaho located in Bonneville County and
       more commonly known as the Benton Engineering Office Building.
       On November 1, 2010, David and Marvel executed the Second and Irrevocable
Amendment to the David and Marvel Benton Trust (the “Second Amendment”). The Second
Amendment named two of David and Marvel’s children—David Eugene Benton II (“David II”)
and Barbara Baker (“Baker”)—as “Family Co-Trustees.” It established that any future action
taken by the Trust would have to be authorized by at least one Family Co-Trustee.
       On April 24, 2012, McCarty attempted to record the Quitclaim Deed with the Bonneville
County Recorder’s Office. Shortly thereafter, she received a letter from the Bonneville County
Assessor indicating that: (1) “grantor name is not identical to record owner’s name”; (2) “parcel
legal description is not complete”; and (3) “parcel legal description is not sufficiently certain for
accurate assessment.”
       On May 4, 2012, McCarty recorded a revised version of the Quitclaim Deed (the
“Revised Quitclaim Deed”) with the Bonneville County Recorder’s Office. The Revised
Quitclaim Deed contained an attachment describing the conveyed property as follows:
       Beginning at the Northeast corner of the Benton Engineering office building
       property, said point lying S89°30’30”E, 120.52 feet and S65°52’00”E, 103.50 feet

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        and S59°34’00”E, 162.95 feet of the Northwest corner of Linden Park Addition,
        Division No. 1 to the City of Idaho Falls, Bonneville County, Idaho, said point of
        beginning lying on the westerly ROW line of Linden Drive, and running thence
        N59°34’00”W, along the northerly line of said property, 128.00 feet; thence
        S30°26’00”W, 123.00 feet; thence S50°29’26”E, 116.18 feet to said westerly
        ROW line of Linden Drive; thence along said westerly line, 142.05 feet along the
        arc of a 1096.74 foot radius curve to the left, whose long chord bears
        N35°47’57”E, 141.95 feet to the point of beginning. Said property lying in the
        North half of Section 20, T. 2 N., R. 38 E.B.M.
        Contains 0.375 acres, more or less.
The Revised Quitclaim Deed was signed by David and Marvel but was not signed by either of
the Family Co-Trustees.
        On April 9, 2013, the Trust filed a Complaint to Quiet Title and for Accounting (the
“Complaint”) seeking a determination that McCarty had no right or interest to any the Trust’s
real property, including the property described in the Revised Quitclaim Deed, and seeking a
monetary judgment against McCarty for the use, rents and profits of said property since July 1,
2010.
        On September 25, 2013, McCarty moved for summary judgment against the Trust. On
January 3, 2014, the Trust moved for summary judgment against McCarty. In conjunction with
the cross-motions for summary judgment, McCarty filed twenty-four affidavits, many of which
contained testimony as to what David and Marvel told the respective affiants regarding their
intent in drafting the Quitclaim Deed. On January 3, 2014, and September 2, 2014, the Trust
moved to strike certain testimony offered by McCarty.
        On October 31, 2014, the district court issued its Memorandum Decision on Parties’
Cross-Motions for Summary judgment. In that decision the district court held as follows: (1) “the
Court will strike all statements from the affidavits [filed by McCarty] that purport to describe
David and Marvel’s intent, understanding, and/or capacity on relevance grounds. . . . David and
Marvel’s intent at the time they signed the deeds is not a material fact for purposes of the issue
presented on summary judgment” 1; (2) “whether a property description is legally sufficient is a
question of law for the court to decide”; (3) “the original Quitclaim Deed is void because it did
not provide an adequate legal description of the property”; (4) “[b]ecause the [Second

1
  With respect to the Quitclaim Deed, the district court reasoned that “McCarty does not allege that the legal
description used was not the one she, David, and Marvel intended to use. If the legal description they chose to use
was inadequate, then neither McCarty nor the grantors can work around the statute of frauds by explaining their
intent.”

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Amendment] unambiguously bars David and Marvel from acting as the only two signors on
behalf of the trust, they did not have power to sign the [R]evised Quitclaim Deed in [sic] behalf
of the Trust”; (5) “[t]he doctrines of reformation, interlineation, and ‘correction deed’ do not
apply and cannot remedy the inadequacies of the first Quitclaim Deed.”
       On January 16, 2015, McCarty moved for reconsideration of the district court’s decision
on summary judgment. Therein, McCarty repeated her arguments that the property description in
the Quitclaim Deed was sufficient as a matter of law. She attached new expert affidavits in
support along with a property survey performed by Kim Leavitt.
       On April 17, 2015, the district court entered its Memorandum Decision and Order on
Defendant’s Motion for Reconsideration. Therein, the district court denied McCarty’s motion for
reconsideration. It noted that: (1) “[j]ust because an expert believes he or she can interpret the
intent of a legal description does not mean it complies with the statute of frauds,” and (2) “the
new survey prepared by Leavitt supports the [c]ourt’s prior ruling. Leavitt’s recent survey
utilizes a ‘reconciled boundary’ which clearly could not have originated solely from the
description contained in the [Quitclaim Deed].”
                                   III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
A.     This Court Reviews Evidentiary Rulings for Abuse of Discretion.
              When reviewing the trial court’s evidentiary rulings, this Court applies an
       abuse of discretion standard. Dulaney v. St. Alphonsus Reg’l Med. Ctr., 137 Idaho
160, 163–64, 45 P.3d 816, 819–20 (2002). “To determine whether a trial court has
       abused its discretion, this Court considers whether it correctly perceived the issue
       as discretionary, whether it acted within the boundaries of its discretion and
       consistently with applicable legal standards, and whether it reached its decision by
       an exercise of reason.” Perry v. Magic Valley Reg’l Med. Ctr., 134 Idaho 46, 51,
       995 P.2d 816, 821 (2000).
State v. Jones, 160 Idaho 449, __, 375 P.3d 279, 280 (2016).
B.     This Court reviews Grants of Summary Judgment De Novo.
                On appeal from the grant of a motion for summary judgment, we review
       that decision de novo but apply the same standard used by the district court in
       ruling on the motion. McColm–Traska v. Valley View Inc., 138 Idaho 497, 65
P.3d 519 (2003); Carnell v. Barker Management, Inc., 137 Idaho 322, 48 P.3d
651 (2002). As a general rule, this Court will affirm the judgment “if the
       pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,
       show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving
       party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” I.R.C.P. 56(c); Carnell, 137
Idaho at 327, 48 P.3d at 656. When making its determination, the Court construes
       all facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id.

                                                  4
Cascade Auto Glass, Inc. v. Idaho Farm Bureau Ins. Co., 141 Idaho 660, 662, 115 P.3d 751, 753
(2005).
                                                    IV. ANALYSIS
A.        Idaho Code section 55-606 does not bar the Trust’s quiet title action as a matter of
          law.
          Idaho Code section 55-606 provides that:
                   Every grant or conveyance of an estate in real property is conclusive
          against the grantor, also against every one subsequently claiming under him,
          except a purchaser or encumbrancer, who in good faith, and for a valuable
          consideration, acquires a title or lien by an instrument or valid judgment lien that
          is first duly recorded.
I.C. § 55-606.
          McCarty asserts on appeal that the statutory language “conclusive against the grantor”
serves to bar a grantor or successor from ever challenging the enforceability of a document
purporting to grant or convey property. McCarty argues, therefore, that “[b]y law, the trust
cannot execute and deliver deeds to McCarty and then, years later, after the Trust has been taken
over by David II and Barbara Baker, file a quiet title action to challenge its own Deeds and quiet
title to itself.” (Emphasis in original).
          McCarty has misinterpreted Idaho Code section 55-606. Idaho Code section 55-606 is a
recording statute. It stands for the proposition that an otherwise valid and enforceable grant or
conveyance is superior to any interest claimed by the grantor or any future successor in interest,
purchaser, or encumbrancer, unless a purchaser or encumbrancer acted in good faith and first
duly recorded. Idaho Code section 55-606 does not, and has never been interpreted to, bar
grantors and their successors from challenging the enforceability of deeds or liens. 2 The reason

2
  In support of her interpretation, McCarty cites Hartly v. Stibor, 96 Idaho 157, 160, 525 P.2d 352, 355 (1974).
Hartly is not relevant here. In Hartly this Court overturned a lower court dismissal of a grantee’s action to quiet title.
96 Idaho at 161, 525 P.2d at 356. The lower court had reasoned that because the grantor had retained possession of
the property after conveying the deed, the deed must have been intended to be effective only after the grantor’s
death. Id. at 159, 525 P.2d at 354. This Court reasoned that “[w]here there is a valid delivery of the deed, with the
requisite intent on the part of the grantor, the fact that the grantor retains possession of the premises does not
necessarily invalidate the deed.” Id. at 160, 525 P.2d at 355. In coming to the conclusion that dismissal was
improper, this Court did not discuss Idaho Code section 55-606 beyond quoting its language in passing. Id. We most
certainly did not find that a grantor is unable to challenge the enforceability grantee’s deed due to Idaho Code
section 55-606. Id. Indeed, the fact that this Court actually reviewed the grantor’s challenge to the enforceability of
the grantee’s deed on the merits directly contradicts McCarty’s interpretation of the case.
        As additional support for her arguments, McCarty cites Carlson v. Stair, 472 P.2d 598, 599 (Wash. Ct.
App. 1970), Standring v. Mooney, 127 P.2d 401 (Wash. 1942), Kessinger v. Logan, 779 P.2d 263, 267 (Wash.
1989), and Maxwell v. Sullivan, 166 So. 575, 576 (Fla. 1936). Unlike Hartly, these out-of-state cases actually do

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for this is obvious from the language of the statute. Idaho Code 55-606 explicitly applies only
where there has been a “grant or conveyance.” I.C. § 55-606. Conversely, where no grant or
conveyance ever legally occurred, Idaho Code section 55-606 is not applicable.
        A conveyance is made under Idaho statue “by an instrument in writing.” I.C. § 55-601. In
addressing Idaho Code section 55-601, this Court has established that “it is fundamental that a
written instrument purporting to convey real property must contain a sufficient description of the
property.” Worley Highway Dist. v. Kootenai Cnty., 98 Idaho 925, 928, 576 P.2d 206, 209
(1978). A document that does not contain a sufficient property description cannot convey title.
Id. Accordingly, in Worley, where resolutions made by the Kootenai County Board of
Commissioners “contained no description of the property to be conveyed,” this Court determined
that they were “insufficient to pass title.” Id.
        Where a legal description in a document purporting to convey a property interest is
insufficient as a matter of law, the property interest is not conveyed. Where there has not been a
conveyance (or grant), Idaho Code section 55-606 is not applicable. It follows that McCarty’s
argument puts the cart before the horse. She attempts to argue that Idaho Code section 55-606
prevents a party from raising a legal challenge as to the enforceability of a deed, but applying
Idaho Code section 55-606 already requires the assumption that the legal challenge is meritless.
This Court will not read a statute to create an absurd result. Accordingly, we hold that Idaho
Code section 55-606 does not prevent a grantor or a successor from challenging, in a court of
law, the enforceability of a written document purporting to convey property on the basis of an
inadequate property description.
B.      The district court did not err by striking certain testimony submitted as evidence by
        McCarty as irrelevant.
        In order to be enforceable, a description of real property must adequately describe the
property such that it is possible for someone to identify ‘exactly’ what property the seller is
conveying to the buyer.” Ray v. Frasure, 146 Idaho 625, 629, 200 P.3d 1174, 1178 (2009) (citing
Garner v. Bartschi, 139 Idaho 430, 435, 80 P.3d 1031, 1036 (2003)). Whether a description is

conclude that a grantor cannot legally challenge a deed that he or she executed, however, they do not do so by
interpreting a statute similar to Idaho Code section 55-606. Instead, the holdings in these cases rest on theories of
estoppel. McCarty did not argue estoppel before this Court. Accordingly, this Court refrains from addressing
whether a grantor is prohibited from challenging the enforceability of his or her own deed based on theories of
estoppel.

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such that the property can be ‘exactly’ identified is an objective determination made by the court.
This objective determination is not affected by the understanding or intention of the contracting
parties at the time they drafted the property description. Such considerations are irrelevant. They
do not aid the court in determining whether the document itself, standing alone (including with
any outside materials directly referenced therein), meets the necessary qualifications.
           The question before the district court in this case was whether the Quitclaim Deed
contained an adequate description of the property such that it was enforceable as a matter of law.
This question is entirely separate from how the Bentons’ interpreted their own deed at the time it
was drafted. Accordingly, any evidence as to the Bentons’ understanding or intentions with
respect to the Quitclaim Deed are entirely irrelevant and were properly excluded by the district
court.
           Furthermore, Idaho precedent is abundantly clear that extrinsic evidence is not permitted
in order to determine the sufficiency of a property description in a document purporting to
convey real property (unless that extrinsic evidence is specifically referenced in the document
itself).
           An agreement for the sale of real property must not only be in writing and
           subscribed by the party to be charged, but the writing must also contain such a
           description of the property agreed to be sold, either in terms or by reference, that
           it can be ascertained without resort to parol evidence. Parol evidence may be
           resorted to for the purpose of identifying the description contained in the writing,
           with its location upon the ground, but not for the purpose of ascertaining and
           locating the land about which the particular parties negotiated, and supplying a
           description thereof which may have been omitted from the writing.
Garner, 139 Idaho at 435, 80 P.3d at 1036 (quoting White v. Rehn, 103 Idaho 1, 2, 644 P.2d 323,
324 (1982)). Where a description of property is inadequate, “allow[ing] parol evidence and the
surrounding circumstances to be considered would be to supply a description of the property
which was omitted from the writing in order to ascertain and locate the land about which the
parties negotiated.” Rehn, 103 Idaho at 3, 80 P.2d 323 and 325. Indeed, this Court put the issue
to rest in Ray when it stated that “[t]his Court's precedent from the past 100 years permits a party
to ascertain a property description from extrinsic evidence only when the contract or deed
references the extrinsic evidence.” 146 Idaho at 629, 200 P.3d at 1178.
           Despite the 100 years of precedent referenced in Ray, McCarty asserts that extrinsic
evidence should have been admitted in this case in order to resolve ambiguities in the property
description. McCarty cites Ida-Therm LLC v. Bedrock Geothermal, LLC, 154 Idaho 6, 293 P.3d
7
630 (2002), Hall v. Hall, 116 Idaho 483, 484, 777 P.2d 255, 256 (1989), and C&G, Inc. v. Rule,
135 Idaho 763, 766, 25 P.3d 76, 79 (2001) in support of her position. On review it is abundantly
clear that these cases are not relevant to our analysis here. In Ida-Therm this Court allowed parol
evidence in order to determine whether the term “mineral” in a mineral rights deed included
geothermal resources. 154 Idaho at 8, 293 P.3d at 632. No party in that case challenged the
enforceability of the deed. This Court did not analyze the legal sufficiency of the property
description therein. Id. Hall and C&G, Inc. are even less relevant. In those cases, this Court
merely noted that parol evidence can be admissible in interpreting deeds. Neither case discussed
the legal sufficiency of a property description.
       McCarty also argues that the district court erred when it held that “resolution of an
ambiguous legal description is a legal question for the Court.” McCarty has blatantly and
inexcusably mischaracterized the district court’s holding. The district court did not hold that
resolving an ambiguity in a deed is a question of law. In fact, it clearly stated the exact opposite
when it wrote that “interpreting an ambiguous term is an issue of fact.” The district court’s
holding, which McCarty has misconstrued, was that “if a description in a contract transferring
real estate is ambiguous on its face, it is insufficient to transfer the property” and “[w]hether a
contract is ambiguous is a question of law.”
       In other words, the district court held that it is not within a court’s purview to resolve an
ambiguous legal description of property where the legal sufficiency of that description has been
challenged. Once the court determines that the property description in a document purporting to
convey real property is ambiguous (a legal determination) the document becomes unenforceable
and there is no reason for the court to resolve the ambiguity (which would be a factual
determination).
       Because McCarty has ignored 100 years of legal precedent, cited to cases that are
irrelevant, and blatantly mischaracterized the district court’s holding, we hold that the district
court did not err by striking testimony that was both irrelevant and controverted the parole
evidence rule.
C.     The district court did not err in granting summary judgment to the Trust.
       1.        The district court did not err in determining that the legal description in the
                 Quitclaim Deed was insufficient as a matter of law.
       Both Idaho Code section 9-503 and Idaho Code section 9-505(4) (the “Statute of
Frauds”) provide that real property may only be conveyed by law or in writing:
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               No estate or interest in real property, other than for leases for a term not
       exceeding one (1) year, nor any trust or power over or concerning it, or in any
       manner relating thereto, can be created, granted, assigned, surrendered, or
       declared, otherwise than by operation of law, or a conveyance or other instrument
       in writing, subscribed by the party creating, granting, assigning, surrendering or
       declaring the same, or by his lawful agent thereunto authorized by writing.
I.C. § 9-503.
               In the following cases the agreement is invalid, unless the same or some
       note or memorandum thereof, be in writing and subscribed by the party charged,
       or by his agent. Evidence, therefore, of the agreement cannot be received without
       the writing or secondary evidence of its contents:
       ...
                4. An agreement for the leasing, for a longer period than one (1) year, or
                for the sale, of real property, or of an interest therein, and such agreement,
                if made by an agent of the party sought to be charged, is invalid, unless the
                authority of the agent be in writing, subscribed by the party sought to be
                charged
I.C. § 9-505.
       “It is fundamental that a written instrument purporting to convey real property must
contain a sufficient description of the property.” Worley, 98 Idaho at 928, 576 P.2d at 209. “A
description of real property must adequately describe the property so that it is possible for
someone to identify ‘exactly’ what property the seller is conveying to the buyer.” Ray, 146 Idaho
at 629, 200 P.3d at 1178 (citing Garner, 139 Idaho at 435, 80 P.3d at 1036). In order to exactly
identify the property that is being conveyed, “a description contained in a deed [must be written
such that] quantity, identity, or boundaries can be determined.” Garner, 139 Idaho at 435, 80
P.3d at 1036 (quoting City of Kellogg v. Mission Mountain Interests Ltd., Co., 135 Idaho 239,
244, 16 P.3d 915, 920 (2000)).
       In accordance with the above standard, this Court determined in Kellogg that an
agreement purporting to convey “the lodge and the land on which it is located, along with the ski
lift” (identified elsewhere in the agreement as the ‘Tamarack Lodge” and “Chair Lift No. 4”) was
sufficient as a matter of law. 135 Idaho at 245, 16 P.3d at 921. This Court reasoned that “the
quantity of land was only the amount directly underneath the lodge, and not some other, larger
parcel within the ski resort area.” Id. Accordingly, “it was possible for someone to identify
exactly what property was being conveyed” from the property description. Id.

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       Conversely, in Garner, this Court reviewed a contract describing the property as
“Bartschi Property, City ____, Zip 83252, legally described as approx. 500 acres of mountain
property.” 139 Idaho at 434, 80 P.3d at 1035. An addendum to the contract described the
property as “Acreage: As deemed by Bear River County Platt and Tax Notices to be 512 acres.”
Id. The tax notices listed the lots the Bartschis owned as well as the acreage of each. Id. This
Court held that the descriptions in the contract, addendum, and tax notices were insufficient to
convey the property as a matter of law. Id. It reasoned that “[w]hile it may be possible for
someone to identify the property being conveyed by the Bartschis to Garner by referring to the
descriptions in the tax notices . . . one cannot tell exactly what property was being conveyed by
the Bartschis merely by the descriptions contained in those referenced documents.” Id. at 435, 80
P.3d at 1036.
       Following Garner, this Court reviewed the sufficiency of a contract for the sale of real
property in Lexington Heights Dev., LLC v. Crandlemire, 140 Idaho 276, 92 P.3d 526 (2004).
There, the contract described the property being sold as “the real property situated in Ada
County, Idaho located at 1400 West Floating Feather Road, consisting of approximately ninety
(90) acres . . . however excluding the residential dwelling (which will include no more than five
acres) and improvements identified below (herein called ‘Premises’).” Id. at 278, 92 P.3d at 528.
The Premises were described as “existing residential dwelling situated on the Premises together
with no more than five (5) acres immediately surrounding the proposed residential development
(which five (5) acres will include the existing tennis court, volleyball court, and swimming pool),
the precise size, location, dimensions and configuration of which shall be mutually determined
by Seller and Buyer.” Id. This Court held that this property description was not sufficient as a
matter of law. Id at 283, 92 P.3d at 535. It reasoned that “[a]lthough the Agreement provides that
the parcel excluded from the sale would include the land upon which the residence, swimming
pool, tennis court, and volleyball court were located, the excluded property was not limited to
such land.” Id. at 283, 92 P.3d at 533.
         In Ray, this Court was again presented with an insufficient property description. 146
Idaho at 630–31, 200 P.3d at 1179–80. In that case the contract at issue contained only the
physical address of the property and lacked any further description. Id. at 627, 200 P.3d at 1176.
This Court held that “a property description consisting solely of a physical address does not
satisfy the statute of frauds.” Id. at 630–31, 200 P.3d 1179–80. This Court reasoned that “[w]e

                                                10
are unwilling to create an area of unsettled law by holding that a real property description that
does not allow a person to determine exactly what property the seller is conveying to the buyer
satisfies the statute of frauds.” Id. at 630, 200 P.3d 1179.
       McCarty contends that the district court erred in determining that the legal description in
the Quitclaim Deed was insufficient as a matter of law. She asserts that “the Quitclaim Deed
clearly identifies the property conveyed by the Deed” and “the boundaries of the property
conveyed are easily determined from the face of the Deed.” (Emphasis in original). McCarty
even goes so far as to argue that “the property description on page 1 of the Quitclaim Deed is not
only sufficient in all respects, it is superior to the metes and bounds description and takes
precedence over the metes and bounds description.” (Emphasis in original). She cites minimal
case law for these propositions, instead relying on affidavits of professional engineers and
surveyors.
       McCarty’s assertions are without merit. The property description contained in the
Quitclaim Deed does not ‘exactly’ identify the property that it allegedly conveyed, either through
the use of landmarks or by setting boundaries.
       The property description in the Quitclaim Deed can be broken down as follows: (1) “[t]he
Property at 550 Lindon Drive”; (2) “the building known as the Benton engineering building
located upon the property”; (3) “all adjacent parking lots to the South of the Building and to the
West of the Building”; and (4) a “right of access into the parking lot located at 550 Linden
Drive.” This description gives an address and identifies certain alleged landmarks thereon. It
follows that under this Court’s precedent in Kellogg, the Quitclaim Deed might have been
sufficient to transfer the land directly under those identified landmarks. However, McCarty
claims that the Quitclaim Deed conveyed significantly more property that just the identified
landmarks. Specifically, she asserts title to: (1) the curtilage located around the building; (2)
grass lawns (including a strip of grass extending along the west paved parking lot area); and (3)
paved parking area that is not directly south or west of the building. On review of the maps
provided to this Court, it is clear that this additional land, which is not identified or referenced in
the property description, is significant in size. Accordingly, this case is less similar to Kellogg
than it is to Lexington Heights. In Lexington Heights, this Court made it clear that identifying
certain landmarks within a piece of property is not legally sufficient where the conveying
document purports to convey more than that just those landmarks. Lexington Heights, 140 Idaho
11
at 283, 92 P.3d at 533. The same principle proves controlling for our analysis here. The
Quitclaim Deed has identified landmarks, but McCarty has not limited her claims to those
landmarks. Because the property description does not identify or describe this additional claimed
property, it cannot be sufficient to convey said property as a matter of law.
       McCarty next argues that the property description does not need to describe all of the
property contained therein because it sets specific boundaries, and everything within the
boundaries is presumed to be included. However, on review of McCarty’s proposed boundaries,
as set forth in the Leavitt survey, it becomes immediately clear that she could not have
ascertained those boundaries from the property description alone (i.e. she must have resorted to
extrinsic evidence).
       For example, on the Leavitt survey map, one corner of the property uses an “S” shaped
boundary line. Such a boundary line could not possibly have been determined solely from the
description in the Quitclaim Deed, which makes no reference to any curved boundary. In fact,
Leavitt admitted that he referred to the deeds of neighboring properties to determine the
boundaries of his map. Likewise, Leavitt’s survey shows that the strip of grass bordering the
North side of the building extends further West than the boundary of the Western parking lot,
creating a narrow 6 x 17 foot section of property. This section of land was not referenced in the
Quitclaim Deed and could not have been determined from the property description therein.
       Perhaps the most damning evidence that the property description is insufficient, however,
comes from the fact that the survey performed by Leavitt does not match the boundaries
provided in the Revised Quitclaim Deed. Both of these documents were prepared in support of
McCarty’s interest, and each purports to describe the property in the Quitclaim Deed. However,
while Leavitt determined in his survey that the property conveyed by the Quitclaim Deed was .54
acres in size, the Revised Quitclaim Deed states that the property only contains 0.375 acres. If
McCarty herself is submitting inconsistent determinations of the boundaries and acreage of the
property, the Court cannot conclude that the description in the Quitclaim Deed exactly describes
the property.
       Because the description in the Quitclaim Deed does not make it possible to identify
exactly what property the seller is conveying to the buyer without resorting to extrinsic evidence,
the Quitclaim Deed is unenforceable under Idaho law. The district court did not err when it
granted summary judgment in favor of the Trust.

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       2.      This Court need not address the arguments regarding Reformation, Correction
               Deed, and Interlineation.
       McCarty states in her brief that even if the property description in the Quitclaim Deed
was insufficient, the addition of the metes and bounds property description in the Revised
Quitclaim Deed is “authorized and enforceable under the legal doctrines of reformation,
interlineation, and correction deed.” McCarty cites no authority for these arguments in her
opening brief; instead, she directs this Court to review her arguments in a reply brief that she
previously filed before the district court.
       Idaho Appellate Rule 35 provides that:

       (a) Appellant's Brief. The brief of the appellant shall contain the following
       divisions under appropriate headings:
       ...
       (6) Argument. The argument shall contain the contentions of the appellant with
       respect to the issues presented on appeal, the reasons therefor, with citations to the
       authorities, statutes and parts of the transcript and record relied upon.
I.A.R. 35.
       In order to be considered by this Court, the appellant is required to identify legal
       issues and provide authorities supporting the arguments in the opening
       brief. I.A.R. 35. A reviewing court looks to the initial brief on appeal for the
       issues presented on appeal.” Myers v. Workmen’s Auto. Ins. Co., 140 Idaho 495,
       508, 95 P.3d 977, 990 (2004). Accord Suitts v. Nix, 141 Idaho 706, 708, 117 P.3d
120, 122 (2005) (“A reviewing court looks only to the initial brief on appeal for
       the issues presented because those are the arguments and authority to which the
       respondent has an opportunity to respond in the respondent’s brief.”); State v.
       Raudebaugh, 124 Idaho 758, 864 P.2d 596 (1993).
Hogg v. Wolske, 142 Idaho 549, 557–558, 130 P.3d 1087, 1095–96 (2996).
       McCarty’s arguments in regard to reformation, interlineation, and correction deed are
presented in conclusory fashion and do not contain any legal reasoning or cite to any authorities
or statutes. By failing to include any law or argument on these issues, McCarty has deprived the
Trust of a full and fair opportunity to respond. As such, this Court will not consider these
arguments.
       3.      The district court did not err in determining that the Second Amendment
               invalidated the Revised Quitclaim Deed.
       Because the Quitclaim Deed is unenforceable, McCarty had no interest in the property at
the time the Bentons executed the Second Amendment. Once the Second Amendment was

                                                13
executed, David and Marvel no longer had the power to convey Trust property without the
signature of a Family Co-Trustee. It follows that when McCarty attempted to record the Revised
Quitclaim Deed, which was signed only by David and Marvel, she could not legally do so
because David and Marvel did not have authority to convey the subject property.
       McCarty argues that the district court misinterpreted the language of the Second
Amendment, and that “the plain language of the Second Amendment . . . only applies if the
Bentons are ‘disabled’ at the time of the ‘transaction.’” (Emphasis in original). We disagree.
       The Second Amendment reads as follows:
       Notwithstanding any other provision of the Trust, the following shall irrevocably
       apply and control in priority over all other terms and provisions of the Trust:
       Family Co-Trustees. For so long as either David Eugene Benton or Marvel
       Cooley Benton are living, there shall be not less than two co-Trustees serving
       together with them or the survivor of either of them as Family co-Trustees of the
       Trust. In addition to all other powers granted by law or by the Trust instrument,
       the Family Co-Trustees shall have those powers specifically granted to a
       Disability Trustee. The following persons are hereby appointed to serve,
       commencing upon execution of this instrument, as Family co-Trustees:
       1. Barbara Baker
       2. David Eugene Benton II
       Authority to Act for The Trust. For the remainder of Grantors' lives, not less
       than two signatures shall be required on all transactions of any kind or nature
       involving the Trust and all of its property and assets. Subject to the disability of
       Grantors, such two signatures may be made by one Family Co-Trustee and one
       Grantor, or by two Family co-Trustees. In no event shall Grantors be the only two
       signors on behalf of the Trust.
       The natural interpretation of the above passages is that they establish: (1) Barbara and
David are Family Co-Trustees; and (2) “in no event shall Grantors be the only two signors on
behalf of the trust.” McCarty argues, however, that the qualifier “Subject to the disability of
Grantors,” which is contained in the second sentence of the Authority to Act subsection, also
modifies the third sentence of that subsection. We hold that there is no basis for such a reading.
Indeed, it would serve to make the second and third sentences redundant. Accordingly, the
district court did not err when it held that “the 2010 Amendment unambiguously prohibits David
and Marvel from acting alone as signors on behalf of the Trust, and this restriction applies in all
circumstances, regardless of whether David or Marvel are disabled.”
D.     Attorney’s fees are granted to the Trust.

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       An “award of attorney fees under Idaho Code section 12-121 is not a matter of right to
the prevailing party, but is appropriate [] when the court, in its discretion, is left with the abiding
belief that the case was brought, pursued, or defended frivolously, unreasonably, or without
foundation.” Teurlings v. Larson, 156 Idaho 65, 75–76, 320 P.3d 1224, 1234–35 (2013) (quoting
Michalk v. Michalk, 148 Idaho 224, 235, 220 P.3d 580, 591 (2009)). An award of attorney’s fees
to the Trust under Idaho Code section 12-121 is appropriate here. The vast majority of
McCarty’s arguments, especially with respect to the admission of extrinsic evidence, were
brought before this Court despite substantial and incontrovertible case law to the contrary.
Furthermore, most of the case law cited by McCarty was irrelevant and that which was not
irrelevant provided at best minimal support to her arguments. With respect to the issues of
reformation, interlineation, and correction deed, McCarty made no legal argument and cited no
case law in her opening brief. Finally, throughout her briefs McCarty misrepresented and ignored
the holdings of the district court, which were consistently clear and well-reasoned. For these
reasons, we conclude that McCarty pursued her appeal frivolously, unreasonably, and without
foundation.
                                          V. CONCLUSION
       The district court’s summary judgment is affirmed. Costs and attorneys fees on appeal are
granted to the Trust.
       Justices EISMANN, BURDIC K and HORTON, CONCUR.
Chief Justice J. JONES, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
       With a certain amount of trepidation, I dissent, in part, from the Court’s opinion.
Although the Court’s result is probably warranted under all of the circumstances, I am concerned
about the conclusion in Part V, Section C of the opinion that the entire legal description in the
Quitclaim Deed is insufficient as a matter of law. I agree that part of the legal description—“all
adjacent parking lots to the South of the Building and to the West of the Building and right of
access into the parking lot located at 550 Linden Drive”—is insufficient for purposes of a valid
conveyance. However, the part of the description which identifies “the building known as
Benton Engineering building located upon the property. . . at 550 Linden Drive, Idaho Falls,
Idaho located in Bonneville County and more commonly known as the Benton Engineering
Office Building,” appears to meet the requirements set out by this Court in City of Kellogg v.
Mission Mountain Interests, Ltd. Co., 135 Idaho 239, 16 P.3d 915 (2000). In that case, the Court

                                                  15
held that the description of a building as “Tamarack Lodge” was sufficient to identify the
property being conveyed, with the caveat that “the quantity of land involved was only the
amount directly underneath the lodge, and not some other, larger parcel within the ski resort
area.” Id. at 244–45, 16 P.3d at 920–21.
       The pertinent question here is whether the legal description is an all-or-nothing
proposition. That is, does it stand or fall in its entirety? McCarty has seemingly approached the
issue both ways in the written and oral argument she presented to the Court. The overall thrust of
McCarty’s argument is that the entire legal description is adequate and that she is entitled to the
entire property. On the other hand, in a number of instances in her briefing she seems to advance
a piecemeal approach, e.g., “it cannot be disputed that the deed conveyed the Benton
Engineering building, because it is expressly called out in the deed” and “[w]ithout question, the
Quitclaim Deed conveys the Benton Engineering building to McCarty.” When asked at oral
argument whether the legal description was an all-or-nothing proposition, McCarty’s counsel
responded with less than absolute certainty.
       In my view, the building was identified with sufficient certainty to meet the requirements
of this Court’s precedent. Therefore, I am not inclined to disqualify the conveyance for lack of
certainty with regard to the building. That does not mean that I would give my blessing to the
purported transfer of the property to McCarty pursuant to the Quitclaim Deed.
       There are some troubling aspects with regard to this purported conveyance. McCarty
described one of the grantors, David Benton, as “a civil engineer and land surveyor of many
decades.” It is hard to conceive that a person with such qualifications would prepare or sign a
quitclaim deed with such an amateurish legal description. The Quitclaim Deed was purportedly
signed on July 1, 2010, but not notarized at that time, an unusual oversight for an experienced
engineer and land surveyor. It was not offered to the county for recording until almost two years
later. The deed was purportedly notarized on April 24, 2012, and then submitted for recording
with the county recorder on that same date. Strangely, on the same day the Quitclaim Deed was
signed, the Bentons also signed a warranty deed purporting to convey the same property, with a
slightly different description, to McCarty. That deed was neither notarized nor recorded.
       The title to the property was held by “The David and Marvel Benton Trust” but there was
no indication on the Quitclaim Deed when it was purportedly signed on July 1, 2010, that any
trust was involved in the transaction. It appeared to be a conveyance to McCarty by a husband

                                                16
and wife acting in their own right. When the deed was submitted to the county for recording on
April 24, 2012, there was still no indication of any trust interest in the property. Shortly
afterward, the Bonneville County Assessor notified McCarty that the “grantor name is not
identical to recorded owner’s name.” The deed appears to have been re-recorded on May 4,
2012, with the printed word “trust” after the names of the grantors, and the addition on its face,
just above the legal description, of the words “Exhibit ‘A.’” The deed then had a second page
containing what appears to be a proper legal description. It is odd that a person with some
sophistication in real estate matters and the trustee of a marital trust would misidentify the
grantor of a deed conveying property out of the trust.
           Just four months after the Quitclaim Deed was purportedly signed, the Bentons amended
their trust to require that any transaction with regard to trust assets had to have the signature of a
family co-trustee, as well as their own, in order to be valid. The amendment also provided “[i]n
no event at any time shall Dorothy Benton McCarty serve as a Trustee of the Trust or have
control over any property or business entity owned by the Trust.” The amendment was effective
November 1, 2010, a year and a half before the Quitclaim Deed was first recorded. Further,
Respondent points out that David Benton executed a First Codicil to his Will on June 30, 2008,
stating:
           I hereby state that DOROTHY BENTON MCCARTY does not own any part of
           the Benton Engineering Office located at 550 Linden Drive, Idaho Falls, Idaho,
           nor any of the garages or surrounding property. I further declare that DOROTHY
           BENTON MCCARTY does not own any part of the Benton Engineering
           business. I specifically direct that upon my death that she will not become the
           manager of Benton Engineering. I further direct that in the event of my disability
           or incapacity that she shall not become the manager of Benton Engineering.
The trust amendment and will codicil certainly seemed to be contrary to the intent of the deeds
purportedly signed by the Bentons. In this regard, the record contains allegations by the
Respondent of lack of mental capacity on the part of David Benton.
           Although I tend to think the end result reached by the Court is probably warranted, based
upon what is contained in the record, I can’t overlook the fact that the building was adequately
described in the Quitclaim Deed. For that reason, I would vacate the summary judgment with
respect to the building and remand for further proceedings regarding the validity of the purported
conveyance.

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