Court Opinion

ID: 2973725
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 17:06:28.64106+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:43:47.222267
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                 Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                       File Name: 06a0166p.06

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                     _________________

                                                      X
                                Plaintiff-Appellant, -
 POWER & TELEPHONE SUPPLY COMPANY, INC.,
                                                       -
                                                       -
                                                       -
                                                           No. 05-5966
           v.
                                                       ,
                                                        >
 SUNTRUST BANKS, INC.; SUNTRUST BANK;                  -
                                                       -
                                                       -
 SUNTRUST BANK - ATLANTA; SUNTRUST BANK -

                                                       -
 NASHVILLE, N.A.; SUNTRUST EQUITABLE

                                                       -
 SECURITIES CORPORATION; SUNTRUST CAPITAL

                             Defendants-Appellees. -
 MARKETS, INC.,
                                                       -
                                                      N
                        Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Western District of Tennessee at Memphis.
                    No. 03-02217—Jon Phipps McCalla, District Judge.
                                      Argued: April 26, 2006
                                Decided and Filed: May 17, 2006
                   Before: GUY, DAUGHTREY, and CLAY, Circuit Judges.
                                       _________________
                                            COUNSEL
ARGUED: Cannon F. Allen, ARMSTRONG ALLEN, Memphis, Tennessee, for Appellant.
S. Lawrence Polk, SUTHERLAND, ASBILL & BRENNAN, Atlanta, Georgia, for Appellees.
ON BRIEF: Cannon F. Allen, Amy M. Pepke, Sara Falkinham, ARMSTRONG ALLEN, Memphis,
Tennessee, for Appellant. S. Lawrence Polk, Elena C. Parent, SUTHERLAND, ASBILL &
BRENNAN, Atlanta, Georgia, for Appellees.
                                       _________________
                                           OPINION
                                       _________________
        RALPH B. GUY, JR., Circuit Judge. Plaintiff Power & Telephone Supply Company, Inc.
(P&T), brought this action against the interrelated SunTrust defendants seeking to recover $6 million
in costs incurred under two derivative interest rate “swap” agreements that P&T entered into as a

                                                 1
No. 05-5966            Power & Telephone Supply Co., Inc. v.                                         Page 2
                       SunTrust Banks, Inc., et al.

hedge against increases in the variable interest rate on its syndicated lines of credit.1 P&T’s third
amended complaint asserted claims against the SunTrust defendants under theories of breach of
contract, breach of fiduciary duty, agency, negligence, common law suitability, deceptive trade
practices in violation of the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) (Tenn. Code Ann.     § 47-18-
109(a)(1)), and illegal tying under the Bank Holding Company Act (12 U.S.C. § 1972).2 The district
court first dismissed some of P&T’s claims, and then granted summary judgment to defendants on
the rest. Defendants brought a counterclaim seeking indemnification for the attorney fees and costs
incurred in defending this action. The district court granted summary judgment to defendants on
their counterclaim, and subsequently entered judgment in defendants’ favor in the amount of
$802,535.93.
        On appeal, P&T challenges the dismissal of (1) its intentional misrepresentation claim for
failure to satisfy Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b), and (2) its claim under the TCPA as barred by the one-year
statute of limitations set forth in Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-110. Also, while abandoning its claim
for breach of fiduciary duty, P&T contends that the district court erred in granting summary
judgment to defendants on its negligence claim. Finally, P&T argues that the district court erred in
finding that defendants were entitled, either singly or collectively, to indemnification under one or
more provisions of the written agreements. No challenge is made to the reasonableness of the
amount of the judgment. After review of the extensive record and the arguments presented on
appeal, we affirm.
                                                     I.
        P&T Supply, a Tennessee corporation headquartered in Memphis, distributes telecom
products to telephone, communications, and cable companies. P&T used the banking services of
First Tennessee Bank for many years, including a syndicated line of credit (SLOC) for working
capital and inventory purchases. First Tennessee was the lead bank on that syndicated credit facility.
SunTrust–Nashville participated in the SLOC for the first time in August 1996, and finally
succeeded in replacing First Tennessee as P&T’s primary bank in November 1998. In soliciting
P&T’s business, SunTrust made two presentations central to P&T’s claims in this case.
        The presentations, made in September 1996 and January 1997, pitched the investment
banking services and products of SunTrust Capital Markets (and its subsidiary SunTrust Corporate
Finance (STCF)), including syndicated credit facilities, term loans, private placements, and
derivative interest rate swaps. P&T alleges that the SunTrust defendants misrepresented the level
of care that would be taken in providing such services. In particular, P&T relies on the following
statements from the written materials that described the “advantages” of STCF’s services:
        <       STCF works almost exclusively with clients and prospects of its
                banks. This creates a high level of accountability.

        1
          An “interest-rate swap” is a derivative contract between two parties who agree to exchange or
“swap” the interest payments that would arise on hypothetical loans of the “notational amount”—one party
paying at a fixed interest rate and the other at a variable interest rate—with the payments calculated at
specified intervals. The notational amount does not change hands, only the difference between the fixed-rate
interest payments and the variable-rate interest payments. Which party is “in the money” at the agreed points
in time depends on whether the variable rate exceeds the fixed rate or vice versa.
        2
        The SunTrust defendants are: SunTrust Banks, Inc., the parent company of SunTrust Bank and
SunTrust Capital Markets; SunTrust Bank, into which SunTrust Bank–Nashville and SunTrust Bank–Atlanta
were consolidated; and SunTrust Capital Markets, which was also known as SunTrust Equitable Securities
Corporation (STES) during times relevant to this action.
No. 05-5966           Power & Telephone Supply Co., Inc. v.                                    Page 3
                      SunTrust Banks, Inc., et al.

       <       We are dedicated to doing what is right for our clients, not just doing
               a deal. To us, every deal is an advisory assignment.
       <       Our seasoned professional staff has amassed an average of 14 years
               of experience in a diverse range of financial and corporate positions.
       <       A senior level product specialist is in charge of every deal – from
               start to finish.
       <       Every deal is important to us and warrants the highest level of
               service.
Also, in pitching their lending syndication services, the materials from both presentations stated that
STCF would assist throughout the process, “helping [clients] structure a marketable transaction that
best meets the company’s needs,” and would stay involved after the transaction is completed,
“thereby facilitating conversation regarding future transactions and reinforcing our role as financial
advisor.” With respect to “risk management,” the materials stated: “We take seriously our
responsibility to recommend only those strategies that are appropriate for our customers and will not
recommend an inappropriate or high risk transaction.”
        In April 1997, only a few months after the second presentation, First Tennessee and SunTrust
proposed that P&T hedge against rising interest rates on the SLOC and discussed the relative risks
and benefits of an interest-rate cap versus an interest-rate swap. P&T rejected SunTrust’s proposed
swap, and decided instead to purchase a five-year interest rate cap at 8% on a notational amount of
$20 million. P&T did not move the SLOC to SunTrust until November 1998, more than a year-and-
a-half after the second presentation, and did not enter the swap agreements at issue until July 1999
and July 2000, respectively.
        In November 1998, when the existing SLOC matured, SunTrust–Nashville took over as
P&T’s primary bank and became the lead lender on a new $60 million SLOC. The new SLOC, or
credit facility, was documented by Restated Credit and Restated Security Agreements, which
explicitly provided that nothing in them or any related documents created a fiduciary relationship
between P&T and either SunTrust or any participating lender.
         In June 1999, as P&T’s borrowing under the SLOC grew, SunTrust proposed that P&T enter
an interest-rate swap to hedge against increases in the variable interest rate on its higher loan
balances. SunTrust Equitable Securities Corporation (STES) presented P&T with a written proposal
that explained the swap, disclaimed any advisory role on the part of SunTrust, and advised that P&T
should determine the risks and merits of the transaction without reliance on SunTrust “or its
affiliates.” That proposal was accepted and P&T entered into a five-year swap on a notational
amount of $20 million, under which P&T would pay at a fixed rate of 6.56% and SunTrust–Atlanta
would pay at a floating rate tied to the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR).
        As is typical of such contracts, the swap was governed by a master agreement and
confirmation setting forth the particulars of the transaction. The master agreement (an International
Swap Dealers Association (ISDA) Master Agreement) included SunTrust–Atlanta’s terms of dealing
and risk disclosures, which, in turn, expressly disavowed the existence of any advisory or fiduciary
relationship absent an express written undertaking by SunTrust. The confirmation incorporated the
master agreement, acknowledged the terms of dealing and risk disclosures, and specifically
acknowledged that the transactions involved certain risks. The risks identified included: (1) that
the swap may increase or decrease in value with a change in interest rates (market risk); and (2) that
the swap could not be terminated quickly at or near its value (liquidity risk).
No. 05-5966           Power & Telephone Supply Co., Inc. v.                                   Page 4
                      SunTrust Banks, Inc., et al.

         The 1999 Swap was initially favorable to P&T because interest rates rose 1% over the next
year. P&T received quarterly statements reflecting that the 1999 Swap had a positive “unwind
value” of $90,000 in December 1999, $170,998 in April 2000, and $475,362 in May 2000. Rising
demand for credit in the spring of 2000 led P&T to seek an increase in the SunTrust SLOC and
caused further concern about the risk of rising interest rates. STES prepared a comparison of
estimated costs for the following scenarios: (1) if P&T did not choose to further hedge its
borrowing; (2) if it simply added a second interest-rate swap on a notational amount of $15 million;
or (3) if it unwound the favorable 1999 Swap for cash value and entered a newly restructured interest
rate swap on a notational amount of $35 million. P&T decided to keep the 1999 Swap and enter into
a second swap on a notational amount of $20 million under which P&T would pay at a fixed rate
of 7.37% and SunTrust–Atlanta would pay based on the LIBOR.
        This second swap, effective July 3, 2000, was memorialized by a confirmation that
incorporated the earlier master agreement, acknowledged the market and liquidity risks of the
transaction, and again disavowed any advisory or fiduciary relationship unless expressly agreed to
in a written engagement letter. In an August 2000 Loan Commitment Letter, SunTrust and STES
agreed to provide P&T with a new $75 million SLOC. The terms of the Commitment Letter
included as a condition that P&T hedge at least 50% of the SLOC and required cross-
collateralization of the SLOC and the swaps. P&T alleges that the second interest rate swap was
entered into at defendants’ urging and in anticipation of the hedging requirement. The new $75
million SLOC was executed in October 2000.
        Interest rates, specifically the LIBOR, began dropping dramatically in November 2000.
P&T’s borrowing under the SLOC also fell off, steadily declining from a high of approximately $60
million in June 2000, to approximately $40 million in February 2001, $20 million in October 2001,
$10 million in December 2001, and $0 in February 2002. As a result, while P&T’s obligations
under the SLOC fell, P&T’s quarterly obligations under the swap agreements grew. Market-to-
market estimates of the cost to unwind the now unfavorable swaps were provided to P&T and
reflected liability of approximately $1.5 million in March 2001, $2.2 million in July 2001, and $3.5
million in November 2001. P&T held the swaps until October 2002, when P&T’s decision to move
the SLOC to another bank triggered SunTrust’s right to terminate the swaps at a cost to P&T of
$3,475,500.
         P&T filed the original complaint in state court on March 13, 2003, and defendants removed
it to federal court. Successive motions to dismiss and to amend the complaint followed, and P&T
filed a first, second, and third amended complaint seeking to recover approximately $6 million
allegedly incurred as a result of the interest-rate swap agreements. P&T asserted various claims
based on the contention that defendants deceived it into believing they were acting as “financial
advisors,” and then recommended the swaps to hedge against rising interest rates when the swaps
were inappropriate and resulted in over-hedging of the debt. Defendants filed a motion to dismiss
the Third Amended Complaint, which was granted in part and denied in part. While dismissing
claims for breach of contract, misrepresentation, unfair trade practices, common law suitability, and
unlawful tying, the district court found that the breach of fiduciary duty, agency, and negligence
claims survived on the narrow grounds that P&T should be afforded an opportunity to produce any
written agreements evidencing that SunTrust undertook a fiduciary relationship with P&T.
         P&T promptly filed a motion for reconsideration and clarification of that order with respect
to the claims for misrepresentation, breach of fiduciary duty, and deceptive trade practices. Before
that motion was decided, defendants moved for entry of summary judgment in their favor both on
P&T’s remaining claims and on their counterclaim for indemnification. P&T, in turn, moved to
dismiss defendants’ counterclaim. On May 10, 2005, the district court denied reconsideration of the
dismissal order and granted summary judgment to defendants on P&T’s remaining claims. On
No. 05-5966             Power & Telephone Supply Co., Inc. v.                                          Page 5
                        SunTrust Banks, Inc., et al.

May 11, 2005, the district court entered an order with respect to the counterclaim, denying P&T’s
motion to dismiss and granting summary judgment in favor of the defendants. Judgment was
entered in favor of defendants, and this appeal followed.
                                                      II.
A.      Motion to Dismiss
         Our review of the district court’s decision to dismiss claims under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6)
is de novo. Lewis v. ACB Bus. Servs., Inc., 135 F.3d 389, 405 (6th Cir. 1998). We must “construe
the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, accept all the factual allegations as true,
and determine whether the plaintiff can prove a set of facts in support of its claims that would entitle
it to relief.” Bovee v. Coopers & Lybrand C.P.A., 272 F.3d 356, 360 (6th Cir. 2001). The court
need not accept legal conclusions or unwarranted factual inferences as true. Morgan v. Church’s
Fried Chicken, 829 F.2d 10, 12 (6th Cir. 1987).
        1.       TCPA
        The Tennessee Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) provides a cause of action for one who
suffers an ascertainable monetary loss as a result of another’s unfair or deceptive acts. TENN. CODE
ANN. § 47-18-109(a)(1). An action under this section must be brought within one year from
discovery of the unlawful act or practice. TENN. CODE ANN. § 47-18-110. In Tennessee, “a cause
of action accrues and the statute of limitations begins to run when the injury occurs or is discovered,
or when in the exercise of reasonable care and diligence, it should have been discovered.” Potts v.
Celotex Corp., 796 S.W.2d 678, 680 (Tenn. 1990).
         P&T argues that the district court misapplied Tennessee’s discovery rule by failing to
recognize that knowledge sufficient to put a plaintiff on notice requires “not only an awareness of
the injury, but also the tortious origin or wrongful nature of that injury.” Shadrick v. Coker, 963
S.W.2d 726, 734 (Tenn. 1998). That same case further adds, however, that a plaintiff may not wait
to file suit until after all of the injurious effects or the specific type of legal claim are known. Id.
Applying this standard de novo, we find the district court did not err in concluding that this claim
was time barred.
        Since this action was commenced on March 13, 2003, we are concerned with what P&T
knew or should have known before March 12, 2002. P&T alleged that the “SunTrust Entities”
deceived P&T into believing that they would act as “financial advisors,” that the swap transactions
would be suitable and appropriate tools to manage the risk of rising interest rates, and that the swaps
could be renegotiated if interest rates fell. P&T started paying on the first swap in July 2000, the
second swap was executed in October 2000, and variable interest rates dropped dramatically
beginning in November 2000. Over the next year, it is alleged, P&T’s borrowing fell steadily and
virtually eliminated the need to hedge against rising interest rates under the SLOC. At the same
time, the independent obligations under the swaps grew substantially. P&T made quarterly
payments under the swaps and was aware that the cost to unwind the swap transactions increased
from $1.5 million in March 2001 to $3.5 million in November 2001. Taken together, the
circumstances as alleged demonstrated that P&T knew or should have known that it incurred
financial injury as a result of defendants’ allegedly deceptive practices before March 12, 2002.3

        3
          P&T faults the district court for relying on an internal P&T email that was attached to the complaint
as an indication that P&T began investigating the repercussions of the 1999 and 2000 Swap Agreements in
October 2000. The email, in fairness, did not directly question the appropriateness of the swaps, but raised
No. 05-5966            Power & Telephone Supply Co., Inc. v.                                         Page 6
                       SunTrust Banks, Inc., et al.

        2.      Intentional Misrepresentation
        Intentional misrepresentation is analyzed as a claim for fraud under Tennessee law.
Shahrdar v. Global Hous., Inc., 983 S.W.2d 230, 237 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). As such, it must be
stated with particularity, and the plaintiff must, at a minimum, allege the time, place and content of
the misrepresentations; the defendant’s fraudulent intent; the fraudulent scheme; and the injury
resulting from the fraud. FED. R. CIV. P. 9(b); Coffey v. Foamex, L.P., 2 F.3d 157, 161-62 (6th Cir.
1993). The elements of a fraud claim are: (1) an intentional misrepresentation of material fact; (2)
the misrepresentation was made “knowingly,” “without belief in its truth,” or “recklessly without
regard to its truth or falsity”; (3) the plaintiff reasonably relied on the misrepresentation and suffered
damages; and (4) the misrepresentation relates to an existing or past fact, or, “if the claim is based
on promissory fraud, then the misrepresentation must ‘embody a promise of future action without
the present intention to carry out the promise’[.]” Stacks v. Saunders, 812 S.W.2d 587, 592 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1990) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
        P&T alleged generally that defendants misrepresented their intent to act as a financial
advisor, the appropriateness of the swaps, and the ability to renegotiate the swaps if they became
unfavorable. The district court dismissed this claim for failure to specifically allege the
circumstances of the purported misrepresentations, the defendants’ fraudulent intent, or the
fraudulent scheme. Apparently acknowledging the lack of specificity, P&T has narrowed the focus
of this claim to the representations found in the written materials from the 1996 and 1997 sales
presentations because those materials were attached to the complaint.
        The essence of the claim based on the sales presentations is that, in pitching P&T’s business,
defendants misrepresented the intention to act as a financial advisor to P&T. Statements of future
intention, opinion, or sales talk are generally not actionable because they do not involve
representations of material past or present fact. McElroy v. Boise Cascade Corp., 632 S.W.2d 127,
130 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1982). The representations at issue, set out in the statement of facts, involved
generalized sales talk and not representations of existing or past fact. Instead, P&T claims that those4
representations induced P&T into believing that defendants would act as P&T’s financial advisor.
        Fraudulent inducement, recognized in Tennessee as promissory fraud, requires that the
misrepresentation be made without the present intention to carry it out. Neither the failure to in fact
keep the promise, nor the plaintiff’s subjective impression will demonstrate that there was no present
intention to carry out the promise. Oakridge Precision Indus., Inc. v. First Tenn. Bank Nat’l Ass’n,
835 S.W.2d 25, 29 n.2 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992). P&T did not allege that defendants promised to act
as a financial advisor without the present intention to do so if they were to secure P&T’s corporate
finance business. Nor has P&T alleged that the representations made during the sales presentations
in 1996 and 1997 were part of a scheme intended to induce P&T to enter into unsuitable swap

concern about several terms of the proposed 2000 SLOC (including the cross-collateralization of the swaps).
Nonetheless, the email did suggest that P&T recognized as early as October 2000 that SunTrust may not
have been acting in P&T’s best interest. The email, sent to P&T’s acting CFO Boyd Pollard and CEO Jim
Pentecost, raised several concerns about terms of the 2000 SLOC and stated: “If they ask why, I would tell
them that you feel you are being taken advantage of and that being taken advantage of is not one of your long
term goals.”
        4
          Although defendants argue that the parol evidence rule bars consideration of the representations
made during the sales presentations, it does not apply to claims of fraudulent misrepresentation inducing a
contract. Lipford v. First Family Fin. Servs., Inc., No. W2003-01208-CV, 2004 WL 948645, at *2-3 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Apr. 29, 2004) (unpublished) (discussing cases).
No. 05-5966            Power & Telephone Supply Co., Inc. v.                                         Page 7
                       SunTrust Banks, Inc., et al.

agreements in 1999 and 2000. If anything, the representations were made to induce P&T to work
with SunTrust generally; not to induce P&T to rely on its advice in entering the swap agreements
more than two years later.
B.      Summary Judgment
        We review the district court’s decision granting summary judgment de novo. Smith v.
Ameritech, 129 F.3d 857, 863 (6th Cir. 1997). Summary judgment is appropriate when there are no
issues of material fact in dispute and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c). In deciding a motion for summary judgment, the court must view all factual
evidence and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party. Matsushita Elec.
Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 582 (1986).
        1.      Negligence
        To establish a claim for negligence, a plaintiff must demonstrate (1) a duty of care owed by
the defendant to the plaintiff; (2) conduct by the defendant falling below the applicable standard of
care; (3) an injury or loss; (4) causation in fact; and (5) proximate, or legal, causation. Bradshaw
v. Daniel, 854 S.W.2d 865, 869 (Tenn. 1993). Both the motion to dismiss and the motion for
summary judgment focused on the question of duty, the existence of which is entirely a question of
law for the court. Id. The court must determine whether “‘upon the facts in evidence, such a
relation exists between the parties that the community will impose a legal obligation upon one for
the benefit of others–or, more simply, whether the interest of the plaintiff which has suffered
invasion was entitled to legal protection at the hands of the defendant.” Id. at 869-70 (quoting
Lindsey v. Miami Dev. Corp., 689 S.W.2d 856, 859 (Tenn. 1985)).
        Tennessee common law generally does not impose fiduciary or similar duties on banks with
respect to their customers, depositors, or borrowers absent special circumstances. Glazer v. First
Am. Nat’l Bank, 930 S.W.2d 546, 550 (Tenn. 1996); Oak Ridge Precision, 835 S.W.2d at 30. This
rests on the recognition that bank-depositor or debtor-creditor relationships generally involve arm’s-
length dealings. The district court concluded that no fiduciary or advisory relationship had been
established with respect to the swap transactions in this case. As a result, the district court granted
summary judgment to defendants on the agency and breach of fiduciary duty claims. While that
decision has not been appealed, P&T takes issue with the district court’s further decision to grant
summary judgment to defendants on the common law negligence claim because the only recognized
legal duty asserted in support of that claim was a fiduciary duty to evaluate and advise P&T on the
appropriateness of the swap transactions.
        To avoid the legal conclusion that there was no duty to advise P&T regarding the
appropriateness of the swaps, P&T contends that it has asserted a claim for “professional
negligence” for which a duty to exercise reasonable care arises as a matter of law, and the standard5
of care may be established from expert witness testimony regarding banking industry standards.

        5
           To demonstrate breach of the standard of care, P&T relied on opinions from several expert
witnesses to show that defendants failed to comply with industry standards for evaluating the appropriateness
of derivative transactions. In particular, the experts opined that, among other things, defendants failed to
meet industry standards by failing to evaluate the appropriateness of the swaps for P&T’s asset-based
business, failing to recognize that the swaps would result in over-hedging of the interest-rate risk, and
recommending the swaps despite having reason to believe P&T’s management did not fully understand the
risks of the swap transactions. P&T also claims that breach of the standard of care is demonstrated because
banking regulators expect banks to determine the appropriateness of derivative transactions. The bulletin,
Office of Controller of Currency Regulation Banking Circular 277 (BC-277), requires banks to assess
No. 05-5966             Power & Telephone Supply Co., Inc. v.                                         Page 8
                        SunTrust Banks, Inc., et al.

There being no cases applying a professional negligence standard to a bank-customer relationship,
P&T relies on the general articulation of such claim in Wood v. Clapp, 36 Tenn. (4 Sneed) 65
(1856). In Wood, a medical malpractice case, the Court explained:
        [A]ny one who assumes to be qualified for the exercise of any profession, art, or
        vocation, is responsible for any damage which may result to those who employ him
        from the want of the necessary and proper knowledge, skill, and science which such
        profession demands. . . . He impliedly contracts with those who employ him that he
        has such skill, science, and information as will enable him properly and judiciously
        to perform the duties of his calling. . . . This is the general rule applicable to all
        professions and avocations in which men are employed to act for others in any
        particular department of business requiring skill, art, or science.
Id. at 66-67. The premise of this standard is, of course, that the individual undertook or was engaged
to perform professional services. See Dooley v. Everett, 805 S.W.2d 380, 384-85 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1990) (holding pharmacist is professional).
        Here, P&T argues that this standard should apply because defendants held themselves out
to be “market professionals” and “financial advisors”; provided training to their managers on how
to develop relationships and be “successful financial advisors”; and assumed a duty to recommend
only “appropriate” derivative products. In other words, this claim rests on the alleged undertaking
to act as P&T’s financial advisor in connection with the swap transactions. Calling this a
professional negligence claim does not make it distinct from a claim for breach of fiduciary duty.
Because P&T has not demonstrated that defendants owed it a legal duty to advise it on the
appropriateness of the swap transactions distinct from the agency and breach of fiduciary duty
claims, we find the district court did not err in granting summary judgment to defendants on P&T’s
professional negligence claim.
        2.      Indemnification
       Tennessee adheres to the American Rule under which prevailing parties pay their own
attorney fees absent statutory authorization, agreement of the parties, or other exception. Pullman
Standard, Inc. v. Abex Corp., 693 S.W.2d 336, 338 (Tenn. 1985). Attorney fees and costs are
recoverable under an express indemnity contract “if the language of the agreement is broad enough
to cover such expenditures.” Id. The contractual language must be construed as written and
enforced according to its plain an unambiguous terms. Planters Gin Co. v. Fed. Compress &
Warehouse Co., 78 S.W.3d 885, 890 (Tenn. 2002).
       The district court found that defendants were entitled to indemnification for the amount of
reasonable attorney fees and costs incurred in connection with this action under some but not all of
the indemnity provisions on which defendants relied. P&T argues on appeal both that it was not
obligated under any of the indemnity clauses, and that it was error to find that the defendants could
recover collectively. Addressing only those provisions that the district court found entitled
defendants to indemnification—§ 10.4(iii) of both the 1998 and 2000 Restated Credit Agreements;

whether a transaction is consistent with a counterparty’s policies and procedures. Regulators have clarified,
however, that this “appropriateness” assessment is not for the protection of customers but is rather to ensure
that banks are conducting this business in a safe and sound manner.
No. 05-5966            Power & Telephone Supply Co., Inc. v.                                        Page 9
                       SunTrust Banks, Inc., et al.

§ 14(l) of the 1998 Restated Security Agreement; and ¶ F.1 of the 2000 Loan Commitment
Letter—we affirm.6
                a.      2000 Loan Commitment Letter
       The Loan Commitment Letter, to which SunTrust Bank and STES were parties, included the
following indemnification provision in paragraph F.1:
                Indemnification. You further agree to indemnify and hold harmless SunTrust
        Equitable Securities and each Lender (including SunTrust Bank) and each director,
        officer, employee, affiliate, and agent thereof (each, an “Indemnified Person”)
        against, and to reimburse each Indemnified Person, upon its demand, for any losses,
        claims, damages, liabilities or other expenses (“Losses”) incurred by such
        Indemnified Person insofar as such Losses arise out of or in any way relate to or
        result from this Commitment Letter, the Fee Letter or the financing contemplated
        hereby, including, without limitation, Losses participating [sic] in any legal
        proceeding relating to any of the foregoing[.] . . . Your obligations under this
        paragraph shall remain effective whether or not definitive financing documentation
        is executed and notwithstanding any termination of this Commitment Letter.
The plain meaning of this language provides indemnification for any expenses that “arise out of or
in any way relate to or result from this Commitment Letter, the Fee Letter, or the financing
contemplated hereby including losses [from] participating in any legal proceeding relating to any
of the foregoing.”
         P&T alleged among the general allegations (and incorporated into each count) the averment
that the “SunTrust Entities” wrongfully and imprudently required as a condition of the loan
Commitment Letter that P&T hedge at least 50% of the 2000 SLOC and that the loan be cross-
collateralized. It is further alleged that while the terms of the commitment were being negotiated,
P&T entered into the second swap in anticipation of and to satisfy that requirement. Moreover, P&T
claimed specifically in Count VIII that the 50% hedging and cross-collateralization requirements
constituted unlawful tying. We find that the attorney fees and costs incurred in this litigation arise
out of, relate to, or result from the terms of the Commitment Letter itself. Without contesting this
on appeal, P&T argues instead that this indemnity provision was superceded by the 2000 Restated
Credit Agreement that was contemplated by the Commitment Letter. The integration clause in the
Restated Credit Agreement, § 10.14, stated:
        This Agreement, the other Credit Documents, and the agreements and documents
        required to be delivered pursuant to the terms of this Agreement constitute the entire
        agreement among the parties hereto and thereto regarding the subject matters hereof
        and thereof and supersede all prior agreements, representations and undertakings
        related to such subject matters.
“Credit Documents” are further defined as “this Agreement, the Notes, the Subsidiary Guaranties,
the Security Agreement, and all other instruments, documents, certificates, agreements and writings
executed in connection herewith, and any amendments thereto or restatements thereof.” Relying on
the fact that the Commitment Letter preceded the Credit Agreement by two months, P&T argues that

        6
          We do not address the other provisions under which defendants asserted a right to indemnification:
§ 10.4(i) of the 1998 and 2000 Restated Credit Agreements; § 11 of the ISDA Master Agreement; and the
First Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Note.
No. 05-5966           Power & Telephone Supply Co., Inc. v.                                   Page 10
                      SunTrust Banks, Inc., et al.

the Commitment Letter was not executed “in connection with” the Credit Agreement. As the district
court found, however, the plain meaning of this language does not limit “credit documents” to
agreements executed contemporaneously with the Credit Agreement. Because other of the credit
documents were not executed at the same time, the phrase “in connection herewith” must mean
connected in other than a temporal sense.
        Finally, P&T contends that the indemnity clause in the Commitment Letter was superceded
because it is inconsistent with the narrower indemnity clause found in § 10.4(iii) of the Restated
Credit Agreement. On the contrary, this action “arises out of” or “relates to” the terms of the
Commitment Letter itself, which allegedly resulted in the second unsuitable swap transaction and
constituted unlawful bank tying. Moreover, the indemnity clause in Paragraph F.1. expressly states
that it is to have effect “whether or not definitive financing documentation is executed and
notwithstanding any termination of this Commitment Letter.”
               b.      Restated Credit Agreements
       The 1998 and 2000 Restated Credit Agreements contain the same language in § 10.4(iii),
which states that the Borrower, P&T, shall:
       [I]ndemnify the Agent and each Lender, and their respective officers, directors,
       employees, representatives and agents from, and hold each of them harmless against,
       any and all costs, losses, liabilities, claims, damages or expenses incurred by any of
       them (whether or not any of them is designated a party thereto) (an “Indemnitee”)
       arising out of or by reason of any investigation, litigation or other proceeding related
       to any actual or proposed use of the proceeds of any of the Loans or any
       Consolidated Company [P&T and its subsidiaries] entering into and performing of
       the Agreement, the Notes, or the other Credit Documents, including, without
       limitation, the reasonable fees actually incurred and disbursements of counsel
       incurred in connection with any such investigation, litigation or other proceeding,
       provided, however, Borrower shall not be obligated to indemnify, any Indemnitee for
       any of the foregoing arising out of such Indemnitee’s gross negligence or willful
       misconduct[.]
The district court found this indemnity clause encompassed attorney fees and costs because this
litigation was “related to” P&T’s “entering into and performing of . . . other Credit Documents”
namely, the Swap Agreements and the Restated Security Agreement. Again, “Credit Documents”
are defined to mean, collectively, “this Agreement, the Notes, the Subsidiary Guaranties, the
Security Agreement, and all other instruments, documents, certificates, agreements and writings
executed in connection herewith[.]”
        Unlike the district court, we find it a stretch to conclude that the first swap agreement, not
contemplated at the time and not entered into until July 1999, could have been made “in connection
with” the Restated Credit Agreement from November 1998. Nonetheless, we find both that that the
second swap agreement was “executed in connection with” the 2000 Credit Agreement and that the
claims asserted in this litigation were “related to” P&T’s “entering into” that second swap
agreement. As a result, attorney fees and costs incurred in this action are recoverable under the
indemnification clause found in § 10.4(iii) of the 2000 Restated Credit Agreement.
               c.      Restated Security Agreement
       The district court also found that defendants were entitled to indemnification under § 14(l)
(but not § 14(j)) of the 1998 Restated Security Agreement. Section 14(l) stated in part:
No. 05-5966           Power & Telephone Supply Co., Inc. v.                                   Page 11
                      SunTrust Banks, Inc., et al.

       Borrower agrees to pay on demand all reasonable out-of-pocket costs and expenses
       of Agent and each of the Lenders (including the reasonable fees and out-of-pocket
       expenses of Agent’s and Lenders’ attorneys, paralegals, accountants, auditors, and
       consultants) incurred by Agent and/or the Lenders in connection with the
       preparation, execution, delivery, administration, interpretation, amendment, waiver
       or enforcement of this Agreement, or in the protection of Agent’s and/or the
       Lenders’ rights hereunder (including any suit for declaratory judgment or
       interpretation of the provisions hereof and any bankruptcy, insolvency or
       condemnation proceedings involving Borrower or any Collateral).
The district court found that this language entitled defendants to indemnification for “reasonable
out-of-pocket costs and expenses . . . incurred by Agent and/or the Lenders . . . in connection with
the . . . interpretation . . . of this Agreement.” That is, the court found it was called upon to
“interpret” § 14(j) of that same Agreement, which provided that: “Nothing contained herein or in
any related document shall be deemed to create any partnership, joint venture or other fiduciary
relationship between Agent and Borrower and/or any Lender and Borrower for any purpose.”
Although defendants relied on § 14(l) to negate the existence of any fiduciary relationship, P&T had
not asserted any breach of fiduciary duty with respect to the 1998 Security Agreement (or the 1998
SLOC). Any attorney fees and costs that could be showed to have been incurred specifically “in
connection with” the interpretation of § 14(l) would certainly have been minimal. We find this
provision cannot be the basis to order indemnification of all the reasonable costs and attorney fees
incurred by defendants in this litigation. Because the other provisions do, however, we turn to the
final question of whether the defendants were all entitled to indemnification.
               d.      Joint or Collective Indemnification
        In a final effort to upend the judgment on the counterclaim, P&T argues that only the parties
to the agreements containing the indemnity provisions should be entitled to indemnification. To be
clear, however, the district court did not order that each defendant was separately entitled to
indemnification. Instead, the district court found that the defendants were collectively entitled to
a single recovery of the total reasonable attorney fees and costs incurred in this litigation. We find
no error in this regard given the interrelated nature of the defendants, their common defense, and the
scope of the indemnification provisions at issue.
        While the Third Amended Complaint named six “SunTrust Entities,” only three continued
to exist as named: (1) SunTrust Banks, Inc., the parent company; (2) SunTrust Bank, a subsidiary
of SunTrust Banks, Inc., into which SunTrust–Nashville and SunTrust–Atlanta were consolidated;
and (3) SunTrust Capital Markets, Inc., also a subsidiary of SunTrust Banks, Inc., which was
formerly known as STES. Both subsidiaries, or a predecessor in interest, were parties to the
agreements that we find provided a basis for indemnification.
        Starting with the 2000 Loan Commitment Letter, P&T agreed to indemnify both SunTrust
Bank and STES for any expenses that “arise out of or in any way relate to or result from” the
Commitment Letter or the financing contemplated by it. Similarly, the 2000 Restated Credit
Agreement promised indemnification to SunTrust Bank, as Agent and Lender, for any and all costs
arising out of litigation “related to” the entering into and performing of the 2000 Swap. We agree
with the district court that either indemnity agreement was sufficiently broad to cover all the
reasonable attorney fees and costs incurred in this litigation. This is particularly true in this case,
where P&T asserted its claims against the “SunTrust Entities” collectively under a “joint enterprise
theory.” While P&T is correct that this did not alter the contractual indemnity agreements, the result
was that defendants were required to defend against all of the claims and, in fact, did so under joint
representation.
No. 05-5966   Power & Telephone Supply Co., Inc. v.   Page 12
              SunTrust Banks, Inc., et al.

      AFFIRMED.