Court Opinion

ID: 4553471
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-08-05 20:00:37.186424+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:08:26.015258
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                          FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        AUG 5 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

GREAT-WEST LIFE & ANNUITY                       No.    18-55878
INSURANCE COMPANY,
                                                D.C. No.
      Plaintiff-counter-                        2:17-cv-04973-R-AFM
      defendant-Appellee,

 v.                                             MEMORANDUM*

MICHAEL HARRINGTON,

      Defendant-counter-claimant-
      Appellant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Central District of California
                    Manuel L. Real, District Judge, Presiding

                    Argued and Submitted December 10, 2019
                             Pasadena, California

Before: O’SCANNLAIN, PAEZ, and OWENS, Circuit Judges.
Dissent by Judge O’SCANNLAIN

      Michael Harrington raises three issues on appeal. First, he appeals the

district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Great-West Life & Annuity

Insurance Company’s (“Great-West’s”) rescission claim. Second, he appeals the

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
dismissal of his counterclaim for statutory penalties under Illinois law. Third, he

argues that he was entitled to a jury trial on his breach of contract counterclaim.

We agree the district court erred in granting summary judgment on Great-West’s

rescission claim. We also agree that Harrington should have been entitled to a jury

trial on his breach of contract counterclaim. We affirm, however, the district

court’s dismissal of his claim for statutory penalties under Illinois law. Because

the parties are familiar with the facts, we need not recount them here.

                                1. Rescission Claim

      The record does not indisputably show that Harrington misrepresented

himself on his applications for disability insurance when he did not disclose his

visits to a chiropractor.1 Great-West points mainly to two areas in which it asserts

Harrington lied—the original insurance applications and follow-up

musculoskeletal questionnaires. We discuss each in turn.

      Insurance Applications. Harrington did not indisputably misrepresent

himself by answering “no” to whether, in the last five years, he had a “checkup,

consultation, illness, surgery, or disease not mentioned.” (Question 4(d)). Reading

this question “in its factual context,” one could reasonably believe the question

1
  Under Illinois law, an insurance company may rescind insurance coverage based
on a misrepresentation in an insurance application that is “made with actual intent
to deceive or materially affects either the acceptance of the risk or the hazard
assumed by the company.” 215 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/154. The parties do not dispute
that Illinois law applies here.

                                          2
sought information only about one’s medical history, rather than chiropractic

treatment. See Cohen v. Washington Nat’l Ins. Co., 529 N.E.2d 1065, 1066 (Ill.

App. Ct. 1988) (citing Putzbach v. Allstate Ins. Co., 494 N.E.2d 192 (Ill. App. Ct.

1986)). First, the questionnaire was labeled a “Medical Questionnaire.”

(Emphasis added). Second, the questionnaire asked about Harrington’s current

“physician,” but did not seek information about his chiropractor or any other

practitioner. Last, other parts of the relevant question asked about distinctly

medical issues, such as whether Harrington had been a “patient in a hospital,

clinic, or other medical facility,” or had an “EKG, X-ray, blood test, or other

diagnostic test.” (Questions 4(b)–(c)) (emphases added). Thus, viewing the

question in its overall context, a reasonable factfinder could conclude that the

question asked about medical checkups and consultations, rather than chiropractic

ones. And, because chiropractors are not authorized to practice medicine in

California, CAL. BUS. & PROF. CODE § 1000-15; 59 Cal. Op. Att’y Gen. 420 (1976)

(“A chiropractor cannot, by virtue of his chiropractic license, claim to be anything

other than a chiropractor.”), a factfinder could reasonably conclude that he need

not disclose information about visits to his chiropractor.

      Great-West also fails to show that Harrington indisputably lied when he said

he did not, in the last ten years, have a “backache, rheumatic fever, rheumatism,

arthritis, paralysis, or disorder of the muscles or bones, including joints and

                                           3
spine[.]” (Question 2(g)). Great-West does not specify which aspect of the

question required a disclosure or what the disclosure should have been. In any

event, a reasonable factfinder could conclude that Harrington did not know, based

on the facts known at the time, he suffered from any of these ailments.2

      Follow-Up Musculoskeletal Questionnaires. Great-West has not

demonstrated that it is entitled to summary judgment based on Harrington’s

answers to the follow-up musculoskeletal questionnaires. The questionnaires were

preceded by the following header: “Regarding your history of chronic neck strain

noted in December 2011, with paresthesia and bilateral hand numbness.”

(Emphasis in original). Based on the text of this statement, a reasonable factfinder

could conclude that the questionnaire was asking about chronic neck strain

accompanied by symptoms of paresthesia and bilateral hand numbness, rather than

information about paresthesia and hand numbness as standalone symptoms that

were independent of a chronic neck condition. That interpretation is reasonable

2
  For similar reasons, Great-West fails to show Harrington indisputably lied in his
responses to “part two” of the insurance applications. Those questions asked
whether Harrington had “been treated for or had any known indication of . . .
[n]euritis, sciatica, rheumatism, arthritis, gout, or disorder of the muscles or bones,
including the spine, or joints”; was then “under observation/receiving treatment”;
and whether in the last five years he “[h]ad a checkup, consultation, illness, injury,
surgery.” (Questions 2(h), 3(a), 5(a)). A reasonable factfinder could conclude that
these questions sought information only about medical treatment Harrington
received, not chiropractic treatment. Consistent with this narrow interpretation,
Harrington disclosed a medical diagnosis he received for sleep apnea.

                                           4
considering that later questions exclusively referenced a “neck problem” and “neck

disorder,” without ever specifying bilateral hand numbness or paresthesia.3 Thus,

Harrington’s responses to the questionnaires cannot indisputably be characterized

as misrepresentations.

      Because we reverse the district court’s conclusion that Great-West was

entitled to summary judgment, we need not decide whether Harrington’s alleged

misrepresentations were material.

                               2. Statutory Penalties

      We affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on Harrington’s

claim for statutory penalties under 215 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/155. Harrington

submitted no evidence to show that Great-West’s acts or delay in settling the claim

were vexatious or unreasonable. See 215 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/155; Med. Protective

Co. v. Kim, 507 F.3d 1076, 1087 (7th Cir. 2007) (citing McGee v. State Farm Fire

& Cas. Co., 734 N.E.2d 144, 153 (Ill. App. Ct. 2000)).

                              3. Right to a Jury Trial

      We agree with Harrington’s contention that the district court erred in

3
  For example, any questions that identified the disorder referred exclusively to the
“neck,” such as whether Harrington’s “neck problem” caused him to lose any time
from work; whether his “neck problem” interfered with his normal activities; or
whether “his neck disorder” required him to undergo surgery. (Questions 7, 8, 9).
By contrast, no other questions expressly referenced paresthesia or bilateral hand
numbness.

                                          5
denying him a right to a jury trial over his breach of contract claim. Although

litigants are not normally entitled to a jury trial over equitable claims, Pernell v.

Southall Realty, 416 U.S. 363, 375 (1974), a trial judge must “preserve [the right to

a] jury trial” when legal claims share common factual issues with equitable claims

in the same action, Dollar Sys., Inc. v. Avcar Leasing Sys., Inc., 890 F.2d 165, 170

(9th Cir. 1989) (citing Beacon Theatres, Inc. v. Westover, 359 U.S. 500, 510

(1959)). Although Great-West’s rescission claim is equitable, Harrington’s claim

for damages for breach of contract is legal in nature and therefore triable to a jury.

See Wright & Miller, 9 Fed. Prac. & Proc. Civ. § 2316 (3d ed. 2004). We see no

“imperative circumstances” justifying the court to determine Great-West’s

rescission claim before Harrington’s breach of contract claim is presented to a jury.

See Dollar Sys., 890 F.2d at 170; see also Ill. Union Ins. Co. v. Intuitive Surgical,

Inc., 179 F. Supp. 3d 958, 961 (N.D. Cal. 2016).

      REVERSED in part, AFFIRMED in part, and REMANDED for further

proceedings. The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.

                                           6
                                                                          FILED
Great-West Life & Annuity Ins. Co. v. Harrington, No. 18-55878             AUG 5 2020
                                                                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
O’SCANNLAIN, J., dissenting:                                            U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

      I respectfully dissent from Parts 1 and 3 of the court’s disposition, which

reverses the district court’s grant of summary judgment and orders a jury trial. In

my view, there is no genuine dispute that Harrington made material

misrepresentations in his disability insurance application, and I would affirm the

judgment of the district court in its entirety.

                                            I

      The majority ignores that it is undisputed that Harrington failed to disclose

his neck pain and a paresthesia medical diagnosis in his initial application to Great-

West. In his initial application, when asked if, in the past ten years he had

“backache…disorder of the muscles or bones, including joint and spine”

Harrington responded “no.” Likewise, when asked if, in the past five years, he

“had a checkup, consultation, illness, surgery, injury, or disease not mentioned in

[previous questions],” he responded “no.” Yet, the record reveals that on

December 9, 2011, he visited Dr. Kristin Pena, a physician, who diagnosed him

with the medical condition of “paresthesia—related to chronic neck strain.”

Indeed, Harrington does not even dispute that this information was not disclosed

on the initial application. Such a failure to disclose constitutes a misrepresentation.

                                            1
Essex Ins. Co. v. Galilee Medical Center SC, 988 F. Supp. 2d 866, 871 (N.D. Ill.

2013).

      And Harrington made further misrepresentations in failing to disclose his

chiropractic treatments. It is undisputed that Harrington was treated by Dr.

Michael Peck, a chiropractor, four times, twice for bilateral hand/finger numbness,

and the other times were for back and neck problems. It is also undisputed that

Harrington never disclosed any of these visits either in the initial application or in

the follow-up questionnaire.

      Harrington admitted in his deposition that a “consultation” includes a visit to

a chiropractor. Yet, he still answered “no” on the initial application. The majority

argues that it is not certain what “consultation” means, especially since the

application was a “medical questionnaire,” and therefore it could be disputed

whether or not Harrington engaged in a misrepresentation by failing to disclose his

visits to a chiropractor. Yet neither party disputes that a consultation would

include a visit to a chiropractor, and the court should not read in ambiguity where

none exists. See Cohen v. Washington Nat’l Ins. Co., 529 N.E.2d 1065, 1066-67

(Ill. App. Ct. 1986).

                                           II

      After Great-West received the Dr. Pena medical records, it sent Harrington a

“Musculoskeletal Questionnaire” to obtain more information. Instead of providing

                                           2
the requested information, Harrington simply stated, “This is an inaccurate medical

record and does not exist” and failed to fill out the rest of the questionnaire. Still

attempting to obtain information, Great-West sent a second Musculoskeletal

Questionnaire to which Harrington responded “This was a one time occurrence do

[sic] to a poor nights [sic] sleep. The condition resolved the next day so no follow

was indicated.” Even when given the opportunity to correct his prior

misrepresentation, Harrington still continued to provide inaccurate information.

Particularly troubling, he even attempted to get Dr. Pena’s office to change the

medical record so that there would be no reference to a paresthesia diagnosis.

      The majority asserts that the questions in the Musculoskeletal Questionnaire

were ambiguous because it asked principally about “chronic neck strain” and only

secondarily about “paresthesia.” Yet, even though Harrington was sent the same

questionnaire twice, he made no effort to clarify its language. Furthermore, the

fact that he responded it was a “one time occurrence” and made efforts to have his

medical records changed indicates that he knew of the significance of Dr. Pena’s

diagnosis. Harrington’s failure to disclose Dr. Pena’s paresthesia and neck strain

diagnosis and corresponding treatment constituted a false assertion that indeed

affected the risk taken by the insurer. Essex Ins. Co., 988 F. Supp. 2d at 871.

      Finally, it is undisputed that Harrington did not disclose his treatments by

Dr. Peck on the Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. One question specifically asked

                                           3
for the contact information of any treating chiropractors, but Harrington did not

provide Dr. Peck’s contact information even though he had been treated for

bilateral hand/finger numbness (paresthesia) and neck pain, the very conditions

that were the subject of the questionnaire. It appears that Harrington did indeed

understand the information that the questionnaire sought because he also went back

to Dr. Peck and asked him to change his records to indicate that Harrington never

had hand/finger numbness or neck pain. Harrington’s failure to disclose

chiropractic treatments constituted a misrepresentation that affected the risk taken

by the insurer. Essex Ins. Co., 988 F. Supp. 2d at 871.

                                          III

      Such misrepresentations were indeed material because, as Great-West

underwriter Ami Hanson testified, had Great-West known Harrington’s complete

medical and treatment history, it would not have issued the coverage that it did,

and the testimony of an underwriter is sufficient to establish materiality under

Illinois law. Id. at 873. Great-West was entitled to rescission as a matter of law.1

1
 Because I would hold that Great-West was entitled to rescission, it follows that
Harrington’s statutory breach of contract claim would fail as a matter of law; for
that reason, I concur in Part 2 of the majority’s disposition. Illinois State Bar Ass’n
Mut. Ins. Co. v. Coregis, 821 N.E.2d 706, 715 (Ill. App. 2004).

                                          4
Essex Ins. Co., 988 F. Supp. 2d at 871. Summary judgment was properly granted;

I would affirm the decision of the district court.2

2
 Since I would hold summary judgment was proper, I would not reach the jury trial
issue.

                                           5