Court Opinion

ID: 9303729
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-12-02 17:14:46.969144+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:13:47.647366
License: Public Domain

DAYTON, District Judge
(after stating the facts as above). The grounds assigned for these demurrers have been reduced and condensed with remarkable clearness and brevity by learned counsel in a brief filed for the Pocahontas Coal & Coke Company, into these four propositions: First, a cross-bill may not be predicated upon a settled controversy; second, a cross-bill may not be used for the purpose of. introducing new and indispensable parties; third, an original bill may not be filed in the guise of a cross-bill; and, fourth, if the present bill is to be treated as an original bill, this court has no jurisdiction, be*1015cause it is not a controversy between citizens of different states, but a controversy between a citizen of the District of Columbia and citizens of certain states.
Taking up and considering these propositions in their order, it may be admitted at once that the first, as an abstract proposition, is both sound and self-evident. There can be no cross-bill without an original bill. When the original controversy has been settled and dismissed, this dismissal carries with it the dismissal of the cross-bill, unless affirmative collateral relief be asked for, and the fact that an original bill has once existed, but does so no longer, can give no ground for filing a cross-bill which would be in effect only an original bill or bill of review. See Story’s Eq. PI. §§ 398, 399, and note. It is therefore beyond peradventure true that a cross-bill cannot be filed in a controversy that has been settled. But how and when is a controversy “settled”? After suit in equity has been instituted in which a number have independent interests and are parties, can two or three of these parties make a compromise in pais, not ratified nor confirmed by the court, and thereby “settle” the controversy, and destroy the rights of others? Apply this proposition to the facts in this case. Ross alleges in his cross-bill that he purchased and took valid title to the one-eightieth part of this 150,000 acres of land; that Ulman instituted the original suit to clear its title and partition it among the tenants holding the same in common; that he, Ross, was recognized as such tenant in common by the principal defendant, W. G. W. Iaeger, and, upon the allegations contained in his answer, this court required the plaintiff Ulman to amend his bills, and make him, Ross, as such co-tenant, a party, which he did, admitting his right. Under such circumstances, can Ulman and Iaeger, by any number of private arrangements, compromises, or settlements, dispose of the case or controversy so as to deprive Ross of his independent right to have his rights determined, his interest ascertained and set off to him, not at the will of the other parties, but by the court of equity before whose bar he has been brought for the purpose? To allow them to do so would be to make equity a minister of wrong and oppression, instead of justice and good conscience. To allow them to do so would enable a tenant in common to consummate in equity an ouster of his co-tenant in common, a thing which equity condemns and suffers to be accomplished in pais only under extraordinary circumstances. In a case decided by the Supreme Court of Appeals of this state so recently as May 22, 1907 — Reed v. Bachman, 57 S. E. 769 (advance sheets August 10, 1907) — in a very full, clear, and able opinion Judge Brannon has reviewed the duties and obligations existing between co-tenants in common and the legal rules governing this relation. Among other things, he says:
“We have seen from the law quoted above that the possession of one joint tenant is the possession of another, and that no mere silent possession by one for any length of time will alone divest the right of a brother tenant. That brother tenant may be in any part of this earth distant from the land, and he may repose in silence and confidence that his fellow’s occupation will not destroy his right. He may assume this and sleep in composure. It is for the occupying tenant to let him know that he claims in hostility. The burden of showing this rests on him. Diligence is not required of the absent brother. Where there is a deed procured by fraud or mistake, for instance, diligence *1016after notice Is required, and suit must soon be brought; but not so as to joint-tenants. That brother is put by the law under no duty of inquiry or diligence^ If he chooses to let a co-tenant retain possession and take the profits, he can-do so. He is guilty of no negligence if he does not inquire. He may sleep-in restful confidence of the good faith of his co-tenant under the law of co-tenancy. A co-tenant cannot lose his right by mere silence. That does not. show acquiescence in loss of his estate.”
If this be true, how much stronger must become the security of such tenant when his co-tenants have impleaded him in a court of' equity, admitting his right and asking that his interest be ascertained: in severalty, and how impossible after thus impleading him is it for them, by private agreements, conveyances, compromises, and “settlements” between themselves, to wrest this security, this vested right, from him. Again, it is the very touchstone of.equity jurisprudence that, having taken jurisdiction, it will administer plenary justice to-all parties, who may have interests in the subject-matter according to-their right. No controversy is ever “settled” or ended in that court until all such rights and interests are fixed and determined by its-decree, and this is true regardless of the time and delay involved in its doing so. A court of equity recognizes neither laches nor limitation in its own administration. I am therefore constrained to hold this-first ground of demurrer untenable.
The second proposition, that a cross-bill may not be used for the purpose of introducing new and indispensable parties, I am not so-ready to concede to be sound as an abstract principle of equity practice. It is based upon the ruling in Shields v. Barrow, 17 How. 130, 15 L. Ed. 158. This ruling has been much discussed by the courts,. and quite a conflict has arisen as to it. In Brandon v. Prime, 14 Blatchf. 371, Fed. Cas. No. 1810, it is said:
“Opposed to all tbls, there is the remark of Mr. Justice Curtis in Shields v. Barrow, 17 How. 130, 15 L. Ed. 158, and the reason given by him in support of it, to the effect that new parties cannot in any ease properly be added by cross-bill, without citing any authority for it, and books and cases that have followed that remark without citing any other authority. That precise question was not involved in that case, but the mere dictum of Such a judge of such a court would ordinarily be followed, specially by lower courts. An examination of his reasoning shows that he made the suggestion without much examination probably, and his reasoning does not cover the whole ground as to all classes of cases. The modes of procedure he suggests would probably be ample in all cases of cross-bills brought for discovery in aid of a defense-merely to the original bill, but not in cases of those brought for relief as well as defense, where new parties would be necessary to the relief sought.”
In McComb v. C., St. L. & N. O. R. Co. (C. C.) 7 Fed. 426-427, it is held:
“It is proper for the defendant in a bill in equity, who files a cross-bill, to-make defendants of parties not parties to the original bill, where they are necessary to complete relief” — citing Brandon v. Prime, supra.
In Mercantile Trust Co. v. A. & P. R. Co. (C. C.) 70 Fed. 518, the proposition is discussed fully, the remark of Mr. Justice Curtis is determined to be mere dictum, applicable only to cross-bills seeking discovery and not affirmative relief, and it is held that new parties can be introduced in cross-bills.
*1017Hogg, in his able work of Equity Procedure (volume 1, p. 262, § 198), says:
“It is settled that, where a cross-bill is filed as a mere defense to the original bill, persons not parties to the original bill cannot be made parties to the cross-bill; but, if the cross-bill seeks affirmative relief, and shows that persons not parties to the original are necessary parties to the cross-bill, and the ends of justice require it, such persons should be made parties to the cross-bill.”
This statement of the law is fully sustained, so far as the practice in West Virginia is concerned, by the case of Kanawha Lodge v. Swann, 37 W. Va. 176, 16 S. E. 462, where Judge Lucas reviews the two prior cases, apparently to the contrary, of McMullen v. Egan, 21 W. Va. 250, and W. Va., O. & O. L. Co. v. Vinal, 14 W. Va. 682, and overrules them in effect. On the contrary in Virginia, Derbyshire v. Jones, 94 Va. 140, 26 S. E. 416, would seem to hold to the opposite view, though not decisive.
A careful examination of these and other authorities cited by Mr. Hogg and in 5 Rose’s Notes, p. 450, leads me to conclude that the second proposition of demurrants, that new parties cannot be made in any case, by cross-bills, is not sound, but that Mr. Hogg has correctly stated the true rule in the paragraph above cited.
But, if this were not so, in this case the proposition would not be tenable for another reason. The new parties introduced by this cross-bill are merely pendente lite vendees of the parties to the original bill. They are not indispensable parties. They not only purchased pending the suit, but also after formal notice of lis pendens had been entered of record in McDowell county. Under such circumstances, they can have no other or different rights than their vendors the original parties had, and it was not incumbent on Ross to make them parties at -all to his cross-bill. If, therefore, he has brought them in and enabled them to have opportunity to defend independent of their vendors, they cannot complain.
In view of what I have already said, it is not necessary for me to •consider the third proposition, that “an original bill may not be filed in the guise of a cross-bill,” further than to say that, while absolutely ■sound as an abstract proposition, it is nevertheless wholly inapplicable to the facts and conditions existing in this case as set forth in the cross-bill. Counsel say:
“The litigation was compromised and settled, but the cause was permitted to sleep upon the docket for many years.”
Well, be it so, who compromised and who “settled,” and with whom and who permitted the cause to sleep? Was it not Ross’ co-tenants who compromised and settled out of court, with themselves alone, and who let the cause sleep? And do they want equity to give them credit for their own acts in this particular, to the injury and deprivation of the rights of their co-tenant? Judge Brannon in Reed v. Bachman, supra, has so clearly shown that laches and negligence cannot be relied on in any event between tenants in common, and has so fully cited the authorities that I deem it unnecessary to pursue the question further.
*1018We now come to the consideration of the fourth proposition, to the effect that, if the present bill is to be treated as an original bill, this court has no jurisdiction, because it is not a controversy between citizens of different states, but a controversy between a citizen of the District of Columbia and citizens of certain states. This must be admitted without a moment’s hesitation. It is well settled that a resident of the District of Columbia is not “a citizen of a state” within the constitutional provision giving federal courts cognizance of controversies between citizens of different states. Hooe v. Jamieson, 166 U. S. 395, 17 Sup. Ct. 596, 41 L. Ed. 1049. While this is true, it is equally well settled that in suits not original, but ancillary, to litigation already pending in a Circuit Court of the United States, the citizenship of the parties is wholly immaterial. Freeman v. Howe, 24 How. 460, 16 L. Ed. 749; Railroad Co. v. Chamberlain, 6 Wall. 748, 18 L. Ed. 859; Railroad Co. v. Bank, 134 U. S. 276, 10 Sup. Ct. 550, 33 L. Ed. 900; First Nat. Bank v. Salem Mills Co. (C. C.) 31 Fed. 580. These cases hold necessarily a cross-bill to be such an ancillary proceeding. It is therefore clear that this fourth proposition, while absolutely sound in the abstract, can have no application in this case, for the simple reason that Ross’ cross-bill can under no view of the case be considered an original bill, but, on the contrary, nothing more than an ancillary one, seeking enforcement of the equitable rights which he alleges are set forth and admitted in the bills filed in the original cause. There can be no question now as to this court’s jurisdiction of the original controversy. It was brought in the state court by Ulman against not Ross, but his vendor, Neal, who by Iaeger’s petition to remove was alleged to be a citizen of Virginia, and this allegation has never been denied. He having, after suit brought, conveyed his interest to Ross, this court, at the instance of laeger and by reason of the allegations of his answer, required Ulman to amend and make Ross a party. Ross filed his answer promptly, and asked that, in any partition that should be made, his one-eightieth share should be allotted to him. He now files this cross-bill to enforce this right, alleging the delay to have been occasioned by the pendency of litigation to settle title, which at last had ended. These allegations I must, upon demurrer, hold to be true, and, so regarding them, I cannot question this court’s jurisdiction of the original cause nor Ross’ right, regardless of his citizenship, to file this cross-bill; and the demurrer thereto must be overruled.