Court Opinion

ID: 8262855
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-16 15:56:30.107594+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:43:14.364620
License: Public Domain

GOODE, J.
— Plaintiffs are real estate brokers and instituted this action to recover a commission from the defendant alleged to be due them for making a sale of his farm, pursuant to a written contract entered into between them and him on the tenth clay of September, 1900. The point made for a reversal of the judgment is that the second amended petition, on which the case was tried, was a departure — that it substituted a new cause of action for the one stated in the original petition. When said amended petition was filed, appellant moved to strike it out for that reason and, his motion being overruled, refused to plead further or participate in the trial, which thereupon proceeded upon the evidence of the respondents, to a judgment in their favor for three hundred dollars, the amount prayed for in the last petition.
The contract by which the respondents were made ap*651pellant’s agents for the sale of his farm was made by filling up a printed blank form that respondents used, which form was modified in this instance by striking out some of its terms. It seems the contract remained in the possession of the respondents after its execution until the ninth day of January, 1901, on which day the appellant got it out of their office during their absence, by representing to a man in charge that it was all right for him to take the contract, as respondents could go ahead just the same, or words to that effect When the original petition was filed, the contract was still in the possession of the appellant and respondents declared on it as it would have read if no alteration had been made in the printed form. Afterwards, it was produced in obedience to an order of the court and on inspection of it an amended petition was filed, declaring on it according to its actual contents. The difference between the two petitions which appellant contends amounts to a departure and a substitution of a new cause of action, arose in this way.
Had no change been made in the printed form the contract would have read as follows, omitting the description of the property:
“This contract made and entered into this tenth day of September, 1900, by and between Stewart & Jackson of Edina, Knox county, Missouri, parties of the first and John Yan Horne of Knox county, Missouri, party of the second part
“Witnesseth: That the party of the second part has this day placed in the hands of said parties of the first part his farm . . .
“This contract is entered into for the purpose of allowing said parties of the first part to sell said farm and as a consideration for the trouble and service of the said parties of the first part in selling said farm said parties of the first part shall have and receive the sum of three hundred dollars and be allowed to retain the same from the first moneys paid on said sale, and in the event that said parties of the first part *652shall sell scuid farm for more Ilian the sum below named then they, the said parties of the first part shall be allowed in addition to the above named compensation for their services and trouble, one-half all over and above such sum. In no event shall said parties of the first part sell said land for less than twelve thousand and one hundred dollars, and if. said first parties shall fail to sell said farm before January 1, 1901, then this contract shall expire by party of the second part serving written notice to that effect on parties of the first part; but if negotiations for the sale of said farm have been commenced by parties of the first part with any purchaser, then in that case said party of the second part shall give said parties of the first part ten days’ time in which to close such negotiations. And the said second party hei'eby authorizes said parties of the first part to enter into a written contract -with any purchaser or purchasers and to receive money to bind said contract with said purchasers for him in his name a$ though he were present at the doing thereof, and said party of the second part hereby binds himself, his heirs, executors and administrators to make a good and sufficient deed for the farm so sold, and it is expressly understood that said second party shall not offer said land for sale for a less sum than is above specified, and if sold by party of the second part or ahy other party or parties other than the parties of the. first part during the time this contract remains in force, then party of the second part shall pay parties of the first part on,e-half the same amount as if sold by said parties of the first part.”
The italicized parts were stricken out before the contract was executed.
The original petition, in addition to praying for the three hundred dollars commission which plaintiffs were to receive if they sold the land for twelve thousand one hundred dollars, alleged that plaintiffs were entitled to one-half of any sum in excess of that- amount for which they sold it, to-wit, one hundred and fifty dollars (they having found a purchaser *653for it at the price of twelve thousand four hundred dollars) and prayed judgment for four hundred and fifty dollars. Said original petition likewise charged that the contract was to continue in force until the first day of January, 1901, and thereafter until defendant gave plaintiffs written notice of its termination. These allegations were omitted from the second amended petition, which contained also, an'allegation as to the manner in which defendant obtained possession of the contract. There is no other difference between the two petitions except in phraseology, the facts alleged being substantially identical save as to the foregoing allegations.
The cause of action stated is, that defendant constituted plaintiffs his agents for the sale of his farm by the aforesaid contract for not less than twelve thousand one hundred dollars, and agreed to pay them three hundred dollars for making the sale; that the written agreement was to continue in force until January 1, 1901; but if a negotiation for the sale of the farm had been commenced by the plaintiffs with any purchaser before said date, plaintiffs were to have ten days after said date, to complete such negotiations; that plaintiffs, immediately after the date of the contract, undertook to procure a buyer of the land, and while it was in force, had opened a negotiation with one Elijah Clark of McLean county, Illinois, for a sale at the stipulated price; that while said negotiation was pending under the contract, defendant was notified thereof after said first day of January, and instructed plaintiffs to go on with the transaction; that on the seventeenth day of January, said Clark in pursuance of the negotiation, came to Knox county, Missouri, where the farm'was; plaintiffs notified defendant that they had secured a purchaser for his lands under the original written contract and defendant thereupon extended the time of performance of said contract; - that plaintiffs then took Clark to view the farm, introduced him to the defendant as a purchaser, and Clark and the defendant agreed on a sale of the lands to Clark for twelve thousand four hundred *654dollars, part cask and part on time, defendant allowing Clark ten days in which to accept the conditions of the sale; that afterwards on the twenty-sixth day of January, Olark did accept said conditions and offered to comply with them and made defendant a tender of the cash payment which had been agreed on, which defendant declined to accept or to make the sale and refused utterly to comply with his contract; that Olark was a solvent buyer, entirely responsible and able to perform his undertaking in regard to the payment for the farm.
The evidence fully established the allegations of the petition, showing that plaintiffs found a responsible buyer to whom the defendant agreed to sell and the defendant after-wards refused to carry out his agreement
The point made by the appellant that the proof fails to show a negotiation had been commenced between the respondents and Clark for the sale of the farm prior to the first day of January, and that therefore the contract expired on said day, because the provision that it should continue ten days longer only became effective in case a negotiation had been opened before, is without merit. The testimony is positive that the matter had been placed before Clark prior to the first day of January, and as far back as October. As soon as plaintiffs were made agents to sell the farm, they wrote to their correspondents in Illinois, a firm by the name of Schureman & Young,- directing them to seek purchasers. These correspondents took up the matter with Clark who finally bought the farm, or agreed with defendant to buy it, as stated. Letters passed between plaintiffs and Schureman & Young in December about this matter, in which Clark was alluded to as a possible purchaser, and on the second or third of January, plaintiffs themselves wrote to Clark in regard to it. The result of the correspondence was that Clark agreed to come to Missouri to look at defendant’s farm, as well as others, and did come on the fifteenth day of January. Two days later *655be was taken out to view the farm by Jackson, one of the plaintiffs, who telephoned to the defendant prior to going out that a prospective buyer had arrived and asked if he should bring him out to sell him the farm under the written contract. Appellant answered that he should. The trip resulted in Clark and Van Horne discussing terms of sale and the latter giving Clark ten days to finally decide whether he would take the lands on those terms. Appellant’s contention that there was no evidence that a negotiation with a purchaser had been begun before the expiration of the contract according to its terms is, therefore, refuted.
As to the point that the second amended petition was a departure, it may be said the gist of the cause of action stated in each petition is exactly the same, to-wit: that defendant is indebted to plaintiffs for a commission for selling his farm pursuant to a written contract by which he had constituted them his agents to sell it. Much has been said on the subject of departure in pleadings (more properly called a substitution of a new cause of action or defense) which is unprofitable and wholly inconsistent with the liberal provisions of the code in regard to amendments. In this and other matters of procedure Legislatures have proven to be more progressive than the courts; although a relaxation of the Procrustean forms, narrow logic and scholastic subtlety of the common law in regard to pleading and practice was as necessary to make judicial proceedings a surer means of determining causes according to their merits, as the transition from mediaeval tenures, regulations and policies was to introduce a broad equality of rights into the law. Justice will too. often miscarry if the old technical rules of procedure are not qualified by allowing a wide scope to the privilege of making amendments and the success of litigants will turn too much on the dexterity of their counsel. The courts have declared in innumerable instances. that the statutes permitting amendments should be liberally construed, but have often decided questions of prac*656tice on the opposite theory; and have especially hampered the right to amend, and partially defeated the purpose of the Legislature by adhering more or less to the old distinctions between forms of action. Tests of what constitute a departure have been sometimes prescribed narrow enough to well-nigh entirely exclude the right of amendment But we are aware of no test that has ever been adopted by which the amended petition in this case can be held to substitute a new cause of action for the one stated in the original petition. Both actions are in contract and both relate to the same subject-matter; both are for the same services, for the sale of the same lands for the same owner, to the same purchaser, for the same price, at the same time. So too, the same character of proof and the same criterion of damages are applicable to both. The identity of the transaction on which plaintiffs based their claim to a judgment against the defendant and the form of the action as one sounding in contract, was preserved in the amended petition; and this is the best and most reasonable criterion by which to determine whether or not an amendment of a pleading substantially changes the cause of action so as to be obnoxious to the rule against departures. Culp v. Steer, 47 Kas. 746; Spice v. Stewart, 14 Ohio St. 213; Williamson v. Railway Co., 84 Iowa 583; Daley v. Estes, 65 Vt. 592.
In Schwab Clothing Co. v. Railway Co., 71 Mo. App. 241 the subject was discussed in the light of various decisions in this and other States and the criterion above mentioned adopted. The same test was approved by the Supreme Court in one of its late utterances on the question in Rippee v. Railway Co., 154 Mo. 358, where it is said:
“If the amendment is merely the same matter more fully or differently laid to meet the possible scope of the testimony, it is not a change of the cause of action.”
See also Lottman v. Barnett, 62 Mo. 159, to the same effect. The statutes permit amendments which do not sub*657stantially change the claim or defense. E. S. 1899, secs. 657, 659 and 661. It is reasonable to conclude that the restriction thus placed on the right to amend, otherwise so generously bestowed, -and so consonant to the enlightened spirit of the code and its purpose to get rid of all technical embarrassments in the administration of justice, was intended to extend no further than is necessary to prevent a party from bringing his action for the redress of a grievance (or interposing a defense) arising out of a certain occurrence and afterwards substituting another cause of action or defense growing out of an entirely different one; to confine a party’s pleadings to the transaction first charged to have produced the controversy, and not to exclude an amendment because the two statements of the cause of action merely vary in details. If this limitation was not imposed on the privilege to amend, a party summoned in an action would never know what case he might be called on to meet, while a plaintiff certainly knows, when he sues, in what particular affair he thinks he was injured. But it is not easy to perceive why an amendment which does not transfer the dispute between the litigants to other events than those originally laid as the ground of complaint, or materially change the substance of the case made by the original petition, should be construed to substitute a different cause of action, particularly if the form of the action is not changed from contract to tort or vice versa. That is the only limitation imposed by the rules of equity pleading (Hardin v. Bond, 113 U. S. 756) and the amendment statutes consist mainly in making equity procedure applicable to all actions whether heretofore denominated legal or equitable. We think the tendency of the courts is toward adopting that view, which is the only one that can be made to harmonize with the general tenor of the code in regard to amendments. To hold that the test is whether the same evidence will support the allegations of the original and of the amended pleading, is to lose *658sight of tbe fact that amendments are usually made, and are permitted, for tbe very purpose of making tbe allegations conform to tbe proof either already introduced or expected to be —to avoid a. variance, as was said in Lottman v. Barnett, supra. That rule seems to be unsound, to have been declared on insufficient consideration of tbe effect it would have in its application to various contingencies that might arise in practice, and to have been modified in later decisions to mean that evidence of like character should support both petitions; which is about the same proposition as that the identity of the cause of action must be preserved.
Appellant insists the amended petition in this ease violates the rule laid down in Ross v. Mineral Land Co., 162 Mo. 317, but the amended petition held to have been properly struck out in that case charged the defendants with having entered into a conspiracy to dispossess plaintiffs from their leasehold and as having done the acts complained of as conspirators, whereas, the first petition charged them as simple tortfeasors and on that ground only was the ruling of the circuit court supported. Under the amended pleading, one defendant alone could not have been guilty but must have acted with at least one other; under the original petition one could have been liable even if all the others were shown to have been innocent. The very gist of the occurrence was involved in the change of pleading and this might have involved a total change of proof. The conspiracy would constitute a separate occurrence, wholly distinct from the trespass which followed it and which alone was first charged. That authority by no means requires a ruling that the amendment in the case before us was improperly permitted.
The conflict in the decisions on this subject is partly owing to a failure to distinguish between amendments made before the trial and those made during or after trial. Much more liberality should be extended to a party in respect to amending if he asks to do so in time to give his adversary fair *659warning of what be will be called on to meet. Tbe Court of Appeals of New York in construing tbe code bolds that a trial court may, but is not bound to, permit an amendment before trial substituting an entirely new cause of action. Dudley v. St. Francois Congregation, 138 N. Y. 451; Deyo v. Morss, 144 Id. 216.
Tbe fact that a larger sum was claimed in the first petition in this case than in tbe amended one, owing to a misapprehension as to tbe provisions of tbe contract, which was not before the pleader when tbe first petition was drawn, is relied on by appellant as constituting a departure in that it calls for a different measure of damages; but it could in no way operate to bis prejudice. Tbe measure of damages in each case was fixed by tbe terms of tbe contract as executed; and while tbe amount due plaintiffs, if tbe terms were as stated in tbe second amended petition, was less than would have been due them according to tbe allegations made in tbe original petition, tbe standard by which tbe amount was to be ascertained in either case was tbe same, namely: tbe terms actually stipulated; and both petitions conceded this. No departure can be predicated on such difference in the amount of damages sought. Chapman v. Currie, 51 Mo. App. 40.
Neither is tbe position that the first petition declared on tbe written contract and tbe second one on a verbal agreement, well founded. Both petitions unequivocally charged that a negotiation had been opened with Clark prior to the first day of January and that thereafter, when defendant was notified of that fact, and asked if plaintiffs might continue to act under tbe written contract and make a sale pursuant to its provisions, be agreed they might, accepted a purchaser whom they brought to him and reaffirmed tbe written contract as being still in force although the time in which plaintiffs should sell the farm as originally limited had expired. It thus appears that in each petition, plaintiffs alleged the extension of the time for the performance of the original agreement *660by the defendant and declared on it as thus modified, so that it is idle to claim the same character of evidence would not support both petitions.
The judgment is affirmed.
Bland, P. J., and Barclay, J., concur.