Court Opinion

ID: 4324624
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-10-25 20:00:51.098887+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:19:41.177084
License: Public Domain

FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                            OCT 25 2018
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No.   17-50406

              Plaintiff-Appellant,               D.C. No.
                                                 3:17-cr-00372-JLS-1
 v.

MIGUEL ANGEL SAVELLANO,                          MEMORANDUM*

              Defendant-Appellee.

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Southern District of California
                   Janis L. Sammartino, District Judge, Presiding

                      Argued and Submitted August 27, 2018
                              Pasadena, California

Before: GOULD and BYBEE, Circuit Judges, and HERNANDEZ,** District
Judge.

      The United States has interlocutorily appealed the district court’s order

granting defendant-appellee Miguel Angel Savellano’s (Savellano) motion to

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
              The Honorable Marco A. Hernandez, United States District Judge for
the District of Oregon, sitting by designation.
suppress. Savellano is charged with transportation of an alien in violation of 8

U.S.C. §§ 1324(a)(1)(A)(ii), (v)(II), and (a)(1)(B)(i). He moved to suppress

evidence that Border Patrol obtained during a motor vehicle stop, arguing that the

agents lacked reasonable suspicion to stop the vehicle. On de novo review, United

States v. Camacho, 368 F.3d 1182, 1183 (9th Cir. 2004), we affirm the district

court’s grant of this motion, despite errors in its analysis.

      The facts of this case are known to the parties and are not restated here. At

issue is whether Border Patrol officers had a particularized and objective basis for

suspecting the vehicle’s occupants of criminal activity at the time they executed the

stop. United States v. Cotterman, 709 F.3d 952, 968 (9th Cir. 2013) (en banc). We

consider the totality of the circumstances in making a reasonable suspicion

determination, and individually innocent acts taken together may form the basis of

reasonable suspicion. United States v. Valdes-Vega, 738 F.3d 1074, 1078 (9th Cir.

2013) (en banc).

      Here, the district court made legal errors in assessing the weight it would

ascribe to the fact that the vehicle was traveling on County Route S-2, a known

smuggling corridor, at the time of the stop. First, the district court relied on its

determination that Border Patrol agents had decided to stop the vehicle before it

turned onto the S-2. However, we have held that a reasonable suspicion inquiry

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takes into account all events which occur up to the time when the seizure is

effectuated—which, in automotive cases, is when the vehicle is stopped. United

States v. Santamaria-Hernandez, 968 F.2d 980, 983 (9th Cir. 1992). Additionally,

the district court relied on evidence of the Border Patrol agents’ subjective state of

mind. The district court was instead obliged to determine whether the

circumstances of the seizure, viewed objectively, justified the stop. Ashcroft v. al-

Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 736 (2011). Thus, this court must re-balance the totality of the

circumstances inquiry to correct for these errors.

      However, this re-balancing does not disturb the district court’s conclusion.

The suspicious factors in this case are as follows: the vehicle was of the size and

type commonly used for smuggling; it left a suspected “stash house” into which

persons that Border Patrol suspected of being undocumented aliens had entered; its

occupants had acted in a suspicious manner outside the suspected stash house; it

proceeded along two known smuggling corridors for 70 miles from Brawley,

California, toward Los Angeles; it traveled at a high rate of speed; the stop took

place near the Mexican border; and the agents involved in the stop had eight to

eleven years of experience. We hold that these factors, without additional

evidence, are insufficient to support a finding of reasonable suspicion. The fact

that the vehicle traveled along two smuggling roads, the I-8 and S-2, is less

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relevant than it may appear because these are two of the only three roads

connecting Brawley to Los Angeles. And aside from speeding, Border Patrol

agents did not testify to any type of suspicious driving. As the district court

correctly posited, “To hold otherwise would support the stop of virtually any

vehicle seen leaving [a suspected stash house], a result that cannot be consistent

with the Fourth Amendment.” United States v. Aguilera, 279 F. Supp. 3d 1095,

1098 (S.D. Cal. 2017).

      AFFIRMED.

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