Court Opinion

ID: 2807200
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-06-11 05:11:22.275266+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:30:03.315385
License: Public Domain

AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed June 9, 2015.

                                         S   In The
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      No. 05-14-00475-CV

                               LLOYD DOUGLAS, Appellant
                                         V.
                             CITY OF KEMP, TEXAS, Appellee

                      On Appeal from the 422nd Judicial District Court
                                 Kaufman County, Texas
                            Trial Court Cause No. 89460-422

                             MEMORANDUM OPINION
                       Before Justices Francis, Lang-Miers, and Whitehill
                                Opinion by Justice Lang-Miers
       Appellant Lloyd Douglas appeals from the trial court’s order granting appellee City of

Kemp, Texas’s plea to the jurisdiction. On appeal Douglas argues that his claims against the

City are not barred by governmental immunity. We affirm the trial court’s order.

                                         BACKGROUND

       Douglas built a nursing facility in Kemp, a city located in Kaufman County, Texas.

According to Douglas, before he started construction, the mayor of Kemp and Kemp’s city

manager “negotiated terms for an agreed upon abatement of property taxes to serve as an

incentive for constructing the Facility [in] Kemp.” After the facility was built, Douglas received

a tax statement reflecting “the assessment of taxes in full” and “making no mention of the agreed

upon tax abatement.” As a result, Douglas sued the City asserting claims for breach of contract,
negligent misrepresentation, fraudulent inducement, promissory estoppel, and declaratory

judgment. 1

          The City answered and filed a plea to the jurisdiction arguing that all of Douglas’s claims

against the City are barred by governmental immunity. The trial court granted the City’s motion

and dismissed Douglas’s claims with prejudice. On appeal Douglas argues that the trial court

erred when it concluded that his claims were barred by governmental immunity.

                                   APPLICABLE LAW AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

          The doctrine of governmental immunity protects political subdivisions such as the City

from lawsuits seeking money damages unless immunity has been waived. See Reata Constr.

Corp. v. City of Dallas, 197 S.W.3d 371, 374 (Tex. 2006). The plaintiff bears the burden to

allege a valid waiver of immunity. Dallas Cnty. v. Logan, 420 S.W.3d 412, 423 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2014, pet. denied).

          Governmental immunity from suit defeats a trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction and is

properly raised by a plea to the jurisdiction. See Green v. City of Houston, No. 01-14-00808-CV,

2015 WL 1967582, at *1 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 30, 2015, no pet.) (mem.op.)

(citing Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 225–26 (Tex. 2004)).

Whether a trial court has subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law to be reviewed de novo.

Tex. Natural Res. Conservation Comm’n v. IT-Davy, 74 S.W.3d 849, 855 (Tex. 2002). In

performing this review, we do not look to the merits of the plaintiff’s case, but consider only the

pleadings and any evidence presented by the parties pertinent to the jurisdictional inquiry.

Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227; Cnty. of Cameron v. Brown, 80 S.W.3d 549, 555 (Tex. 2002). In

reviewing the trial court’s ruling, we take as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant and

     1
       Douglas also sued the Kaufman County Appraisal District (KCAD). The trial court granted KCAD’s plea to the jurisdiction and Douglas
does not appeal that ruling.

                                                                  –2–
indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant’s favor. Miranda,
133 S.W.3d at 228.

                                        ISSUES ON APPEAL

       In his appellant’s brief Douglas phrases his three issues on appeal as follows:

       1.      [T]he City’s claim of governmental immunity fails because the concept of
               governmental immunity—even if not otherwise specifically waived—
               simply does not apply to the proprietary actions that form the basis of
               [Douglas’s] claims.

       2.      [E]ven if the City is protected by governmental immunity, fact issues exist
               regarding whether the City waived its governmental immunity under
               Texas Local Government Code Section 271.152.

       3.      Appellant’s request for declaratory relief does not affirmatively
               demonstrate that it is barred by governmental immunity, and therefore
               Appellant should be allowed to amend its pleadings to more specifically
               state his claim.

Because the City’s plea to the jurisdiction asserted different grounds for dismissal for each of

Douglas’s claims, we analyze Douglas’s issues on appeal in the context of the claims he asserted

against the City.

                                             ANALYSIS

       Negligent Misrepresentation and Fraudulent Inducement Claims

       In his negligent misrepresentation claim, Douglas alleged that he incurred substantial

monetary damages because (1) the City represented that it agreed to the tax abatement,

(2) Douglas justifiably relied on that representation, and (3) the City “failed to exercise

reasonable care and competence” in ensuring that the abatement was approved, implemented,

and enforced. In his fraudulent inducement claim, Douglas alleges that he suffered substantial

monetary damages because (1) the City represented that it agreed to the tax abatement, (2) the

City made that representation recklessly and with the intent to induce Douglas to build the

facility in the City, and (3) Douglas relied on the representation.

                                                –3–
       Relying on section 101.055(1) of the Texas Tort Claims Act, the City argued in its plea to

the jurisdiction that Douglas’s negligent misrepresentation and fraudulent inducement claims

should be dismissed because there is no waiver of governmental immunity for tort claims arising

from the collection or assessment of taxes.            See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.

§ 101.055(1) (West 2011) (limited waiver of governmental immunity for certain tort claims does

not apply to claims arising “in connection with the assessment or collection of taxes by a

governmental unit”). In addition, relying on section 101.057, the City also argued that Douglas’s

fraudulent inducement claim should be dismissed because there is no waiver of governmental

immunity for intentional torts. Id. § 101.057(2) (limited waiver of governmental immunity for

certain tort claims does not apply to intentional torts).

       On appeal Douglas argues that governmental immunity is waived for his negligent

misrepresentation and fraudulent inducement claims because those claims arise from the City’s

performance of a proprietary function. As Douglas notes, the supreme court has stated that “[a]

municipality is not immune from suit for torts committed in the performance of its proprietary

functions, as it is for torts committed in the performance of its governmental functions.” Tooke

v. City of Mexia, 197 S.W.3d 325, 343 (Tex. 2006). Relying on that statement, Douglas argues

that his tort claims implicate a proprietary function for which immunity is waived because

agreeing to a tax abatement in order to encourage the construction of a nursing facility within

city limits is “entirely discretionary” and only “tangentially related to the City’s power to collect

taxes.” In response, the City argues that this case centers on the assessment and collection of

taxes, which are “purely and quintessentially governmental functions” for which immunity is not

waived. We agree with the City.

       According to Douglas’s petition, his claims arose in January 2012 when he received a tax

statement “advising, for the first time, of the assessment of taxes in full against the Property.” In

                                                 –4–
other words, Douglas’s claims stem from what he calls “invalid tax assessments.” Assessment

and collection of taxes is a governmental function. See, e.g., S & H Mktg. Grp., Inc. v. Sharp,

951 S.W.2d 265, 267 (Tex. App.—Austin 1997, no writ) (“The collection of taxes is

undoubtedly a governmental function.”). And under the Texas Tort Claims Act, there is no

waiver of immunity for tort claims “arising [ ] in connection with the assessment or collection of

taxes by a governmental unit.” See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.055(1). As a

result, we conclude that the trial court did not err when it granted the City’s plea to the

jurisdiction with respect to Douglas’s negligent misrepresentation and fraudulent inducement

claims. See City of Fort Worth v. Pastusek Indus., Inc., 48 S.W.3d 366, 372 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth 2001, no pet.) (concluding tort claims against city relating to tax abatement were barred

by governmental immunity).

       Declaratory Judgment Claim

       In his first amended petition Douglas sought the following judicial declarations:

       (1)     The tax abatement agreement constitutes a binding contract between the
               parties;

       (2)     [Kaufman County Appraisal District’s] assessments of taxes relating to the
               Property are void as they fail to conform to the abatement agreement;

       (3)     KCAD’s notices of delinquent taxes relating to the Property are void;

       (4)     KCAD abused its discretion and exceeded its authority by ignoring the
               abatement agreement and issuing the notices of delinquent taxes that are
               contrary to the abatement agreement; and

       (5)     Any future tax liens and claims for unpaid assessments brought by the
               City or KCAD and relating to the Property from 2011 to 2015 must
               conform to the terms of the abatement agreement.

       In its plea to the jurisdiction the City argued that the trial court lacked jurisdiction over

Douglas’s declaratory judgment claim for three reasons: (1) Douglas did not exhaust his

administrative remedies before filing suit, (2) Douglas’s declaratory judgment claim is merely a

recasting of his contract claim for which immunity is not waived, and (3) there is no waiver of
                                             –5–
governmental immunity for claims for declaratory judgment that seek a determination of rights

or duties under a contract, or whether a contract exists or was breached. In its reply in support of

its plea to the jurisdiction the City elaborated on its first ground and explained that Douglas was

required to comply with the prerequisite administrative procedures set forth in sections 41 and 42

of the Texas Tax Code before filing suit. To support this ground the City relied upon several

cases, including Reed v. Prince, 194 S.W.3d 101, 107 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet.

denied), in which the court explained that taxpayers must comply with certain mandatory

provisions of the tax code as a prerequisite to filing suit to challenge a tax assessment.

       In his appellate brief Douglas argues that he should be allowed to amend his declaratory

judgment claim “to cure any jurisdictional defects” because his declaratory judgment claim does

not affirmatively demonstrate that it is barred by governmental immunity. In response, the City

argues that the trial court’s ruling must be affirmed because it could have been based on the

unchallenged ground that Douglas failed to exhaust his administrative remedies before filing

suit. We agree with the City.

       When a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the trial court’s exercise of jurisdiction on

multiple grounds and the order granting the plea does not state the basis for the trial court’s

ruling, an appellant must challenge and negate all grounds on appeal. Davison v. Plano Indep.

Sch. Dist., No. 05-12-01308-CV, 2014 WL 1018212, at *5 (Tex. App.—Dallas Feb. 20, 2014, no

pet.) (mem. op.). If an appellant does not challenge all possible grounds, we must affirm the

ruling on the unchallenged ground. See Davison, 2014 WL 1018212, at *5.

       The City argued that Douglas’s declaratory judgment claim is barred because he failed to

exhaust the administrative remedies available under the tax code before filing suit. In his reply

brief Douglas argues that he was not required to exhaust the administrative remedies set forth in

the tax code because his claims involve “the validity of the assessment of ad valorem taxes,” as

                                                –6–
opposed to “the valuation of the property at issue.” And in a footnote Douglas argues that his

argument is timely because it is made “in response to arguments contained in the [City’s

appellee’s brief].” We disagree. As our sister court explained,

           Pointing out the absence of an appellant’s argument does not raise the argument
           or entitle appellant to assert that argument for the first time in his reply brief. If
           the rule were construed otherwise, an appellee could never point out matters not
           raised by an appellant for fear of reopening the door.

Barrios v. State, 27 S.W.3d 313, 322 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, pet. ref’d). Because

Douglas did not challenge this independent ground that could, if meritorious, support the trial

court’s ruling, we affirm the dismissal of Douglas’s claim for declaratory judgment. 2                                                        See

Davison, 2014 WL 1018212, at *5.

           Contract Claim

           In his contract claim, Douglas alleged that (1) he and the City had a “valid, enforceable

contract” in which Douglas promised to build the facility in Kemp in exchange for an “agreed

upon tax abatement,” (2) Douglas performed, (3) the City “failed to implement and abide by the

terms of the agreed upon tax abatement, and (4) Douglas incurred substantial monetary damage

as a result of the City’s breach.

           On appeal the parties disagree about whether we are required to first determine whether

Douglas’s contract claim implicates a proprietary or governmental function. More specifically,

relying on Gates v. City of Dallas, 704 S.W.2d 737 (Tex. 1986), and City of Texarkana v. City of

New Boston, 141 S.W.3d 778 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2004, no pet.), Douglas argues that we

cannot determine whether the City’s governmental immunity is waived as to his contract claim

     2
        In its appellee’s brief the City contends that in its plea to the jurisdiction it raised the argument about Douglas’s failure to exhaust his
administrative remedies as a grounds for dismissal of each of Douglas’s claims, not just his claim for declaratory judgment, and that we must
affirm the trial court’s ruling as to all claims without addressing any of Douglas’s other arguments. In its plea to the jurisdiction, however, the
City raised this argument in connection with Douglas’s claim for declaratory judgment. In its first amended plea to the jurisdiction the City stated
that the trial court lacked jurisdiction over Douglas’s declaratory judgment claim because he “did not exhaust his administrative remedies.” And
in its reply in support of its plea to the jurisdiction the City explained the prerequisite administrative procedure and then stated, “For these
reasons, the Court lacks jurisdiction over [Douglas’s] declaratory judgment claim against the City and it should be dismissed with prejudice.”

                                                                       –7–
unless we “first determine whether the City entered into the contract in its proprietary capacity,”

because “a municipality that contracts in a proprietary role is subject to the same liability as

private citizens.” In contrast, relying in part on Gay v. City of Wichita Falls, No. 08-13-00028-

CV, 2014 WL 3939141 (Tex. App.—El Paso Aug. 13, 2014, no pet.), the City argues that

“waiver of immunity for contract claims is determined under § 271.151 and § 271.152 of the

[Local] Government Code, not the governmental/proprietary dichotomy.” We do not need to

resolve this disagreement, however, because we have already concluded that the crux of

Douglas’s claims is “invalid tax assessments,” and the assessment and collection of taxes is a

governmental function. See, e.g., S & H Mktg. Grp., 951 S.W.2d at 267 (“The collection of taxes

is undoubtedly a governmental function.”). As a result, even if we accepted Douglas’s argument

and applied the governmental/proprietary dichotomy to his contract claim, we would conclude

that Douglas’s claim implicates a governmental function for which immunity is not waived.

       In its plea to the jurisdiction, the City relied in part on sections 271.151(2)(A) and

271.152 of the Texas Local Government Code. Under those sections, immunity to suit is waived

for the purpose of adjudicating a claim for breach of a properly executed written contract relating

to the provision of goods or services to a local governmental entity like the City. See TEX. LOC.

GOV’T CODE ANN. §§ 271.151(2)(A), 271.152 (West 2005 & Supp. 2014). Based on those

sections, the City argued that its governmental immunity is not waived for Douglas’s contract

claim because (1) “there is no written tax abatement contract,” (2) “no written contract [ ] was

properly executed on behalf of the City,” and (3) an agreement to abate property taxes is not “a

contract for the provision of goods and services.”

       On appeal Douglas argues that a fact issue exists as to whether there was a written

contract concerning the tax abatement. More specifically, Douglas contends that the parties had

a written agreement known as the “380 Agreement,” and that this agreement “represented, or

                                               –8–
should have provided for, the agreed tax abatement.” In his pleadings in the trial court, however,

Douglas explained that the 380 Agreement was “a separate agreement to offset the cost of

construction of certain utilities required for the Facility[.]”                                        Douglas did not allege or

demonstrate that the 380 Agreement addressed the tax abatement he claims to have received.

           Additionally, in his opening brief on appeal Douglas did not address the City’s alternative

argument that an agreement to abate property taxes would not waive immunity under sections

271.151(2)(A) and 271.152 because it is not an agreement for goods or services. 3 Because

Douglas did not challenge this independent ground that could support the trial court’s ruling, we

affirm the dismissal of Douglas’s claim for breach of contract. See Davison, 2014 WL 1018212,

at *5.

           Promissory Estoppel Claim

           In the “statement of the case” section of his appellant’s brief, Douglas states that he

asserted a claim for promissory estoppel. Douglas also argues, in general, that all of his claims

implicate a proprietary function rather than “governmental conduct related to the collection of

taxes.” But in the analysis section of his brief Douglas does not mention his promissory estoppel

claim or explain why the City’s immunity is not waived as to that particular claim. As a result,

we do not address his promissory estoppel claim. See, e.g., Jacobs v. Satterwhite, 65 S.W.3d
653, 655–56 (Tex. 2001) (per curiam).

     3
        In his reply brief Douglas states that “the tax abatement agreement falls comfortably within the definition of providing goods and services
to the City,” because, in exchange, the City was receiving “direct benefits” such as the creation of new jobs. As we explained above, however, an
appellant cannot challenge an independent ground that could support an adverse ruling in a reply brief. See Barrios, 27 S.W.3d at 322.

                                                                      –9–
                                          CONCLUSION

       We resolve Douglas’s issues against him and affirm the trial court’s order granting the

City’s plea to the jurisdiction and dismissing Douglas’s claims against the City with prejudice.

                                                   /Elizabeth Lang-Miers/
                                                   ELIZABETH LANG-MIERS
                                                   JUSTICE

140475F.P05

                                              –10–
                                          S
                                Court of Appeals
                         Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                        JUDGMENT

LLOYD DOUGLAS, Appellant                              On Appeal from the 422nd Judicial District
                                                      Court, Kaufman County, Texas
No. 05-14-00475-CV          V.                        Trial Court Cause No. 89460-422.
                                                      Opinion delivered by Justice Lang-Miers.
CITY OF KEMP, TEXAS, Appellee                         Justices Francis and Whitehill participating.

       In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the trial court’s order granting
appellee City of Kemp, Texas’s First Amended Plea to the Jurisdiction is AFFIRMED.

      It is ORDERED that appellee recover its costs of this appeal from appellant Lloyd
Douglas.

Judgment entered this 9th day of June, 2015.

                                               –11–