Court Opinion

ID: 9397715
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-26 05:06:35.201116+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:26.918892
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

                                                                     UNPUBLISHED
In re COLEMAN/HAYES/BARFIELD, Minors.                                May 25, 2023

                                                                     No. 361890
                                                                     Wayne Circuit Court
                                                                     Family Division
                                                                     LC No. 2018-001772-NA

In re S. M. BARFIELD, Minor.                                         No. 361893
                                                                     Wayne Circuit Court
                                                                     Family Division
                                                                     LC No. 2018-001772-NA

Before: PATEL, P.J., and CAVANAGH and REDFORD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In Docket No. 361890, respondent-mother appeals as of right the trial court’s orders
terminating her parental rights to her minor children, JC, AJH, JH, and SMB under MCL
712A.19(b)(3)(a)(ii) (parent has deserted the children for 91 or more days), (c)(i) (conditions that
led to adjudication continue to exist), (i) (parental rights to one or more siblings of the children
have been terminated), and (j) (reasonable likelihood the children will be harmed if returned to the
parent). In Docket No. 361893, respondent-father appeals as of right the trial court’s order
terminating his parental rights to SMB under MCL 712A.19(b)(3)(a)(ii), (c)(i), (i), and (j). We
affirm in both cases.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

        This matter began when the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) filed a
petition in October 2018, with respect to JC, AJH, and JH, whose fathers are not subject to this
appeal. In relevant part, the petition alleged: (1) respondent-mother had an extensive history with
Child Protective Services (CPS), (2) respondent-mother had a history of substance abuse, (3) AJH
was born with illegal substances in her system, and (4) respondent-mother’s parental rights to a
different child had been previously terminated. It was requested the trial court authorize the

                                                -1-
petition; remove JC, AJH, and JH from respondent-mother’s care and custody; exercise
jurisdiction; and terminate respondent-mother’s parental rights. After a preliminary hearing, the
trial court authorized the petition and placed JC, AJH, and JH in foster care.

       In January 2019, an adjudication trial was held. After hearing testimony, the trial court
exercised jurisdiction and found statutory grounds for termination. However, because the trial
court ultimately concluded termination was not in JC’s, AJH’s, and JH’s best interests, the trial
court ordered reasonable efforts toward reunification be made. Respondent-mother was ordered
to comply with a case service plan, which in relevant part required her to complete services to
address her substance abuse.

        Respondent-mother demonstrated progress at times. However, in June 2020, she gave birth
to SMB, who tested positive for cocaine. In July 2020, DHHS filed a petition requesting
termination of respondent-mother’s parental rights to SMB at the initial disposition. Respondent-
father could not be located by the CPS investigator despite efforts to contact him, and SMB was
removed from respondent-mother’s care and placed in a foster home. Respondent-mother
continued to struggle with substance abuse, and she lost her housing. In November 2020, DHHS
filed a supplemental petition, seeking termination of respondent-mother’s parental rights to JC,
AJH, and JH. The combined adjudication trial and termination hearing was adjourned multiple
times. During that time, the trial court ordered reasonable efforts toward reunification continue to
be made, and respondent-mother participated in services. However, she continued to struggle with
maintaining sobriety, and failed to consistently attend parenting time. Although respondent-father
executed an affidavit of parentage with respect to SMB, and was aware of the proceedings, he did
not contact caseworkers and request parenting time or request to participate in services.

       The combined adjudication trial and termination hearing was held over two days in
December 2021 and May 2022. Respondent-father appeared in court for the first time in May
2022. He was appointed counsel and testified that he wanted to participate in services and gain
custody of SMB. The trial court exercised jurisdiction over SMB. The trial court found grounds
for termination were established under MCL 712A.19b(3)(a)(ii), (c)(i), (i), and (j), and that
termination of respondents’ parental rights was in their respective children’s best interests. In so
concluding, the trial court found reasonable efforts toward reunification were made. These appeals
followed. This Court consolidated the appeals “to advance the efficient administration of the
appellate process.” In re Coleman/Hayes/Barfield Minors; In re Barfield Minor, unpublished
order of the Court of Appeals, entered June 29, 2022 (Docket Nos. 361890 and 361893).

                                  II. STATUTORY GROUNDS

       Respondent-mother argues the trial court clearly erred by finding clear and convincing
evidence supporting termination under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i) and (j). We find no clear error
warranting reversal.1

1
 Respondent-mother fails to acknowledge the trial court also found statutory grounds to terminate
her parental rights under MCL 712A.19b(3)(a)(ii) and (i). While respondent-mother has

                                                -2-
                                  A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

         We review “for clear error the trial court’s finding that there are statutory grounds for
termination of a respondent’s parental rights.” In re Atchley, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW2d
___ (2022) (Docket Nos. 358502 and 358503); slip op at 5. “A finding of fact is clearly erroneous
if the reviewing court has a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed, giving
due regard to the trial court’s special opportunity to observe the witnesses.” In re Moss, 301 Mich
App 76, 80; 836 NW2d 182 (2013) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

                                          B. ANALYSIS

        “To terminate parental rights, a trial court must find by clear and convincing evidence that
at least one statutory ground under MCL 712A.19b(3) has been established.” Id. We conclude
that the trial court did not clearly err by finding termination of respondent-mother’s parental rights
was proper under MCL 712A.19b(3)(j). Termination is proper under MCL 712A.19b(3)(j) where
“[t]here is a reasonable likelihood, based on the conduct or capacity of the child[ren]’s parent, that
the child will be harmed if he or she is returned to the home of the parent.” The harm contemplated
under MCL 712A.19b(3)(j) includes emotional harm, as well as physical harm. In re Hudson, 294
Mich App 261, 268; 817 NW2d 115 (2011).

         Respondent-mother failed to rectify her long-standing issue with substance abuse during
the proceedings, which lasted 3½ years. Indeed, during the proceedings, respondent-mother tested
positive for cocaine and missed substance screenings, despite being warned that missed screens
would be considered positive results. After respondent-mother participated in inpatient treatment
and outpatient treatment for extended periods of time, and claimed she was making significant
progress, SMB was born with cocaine in her system. Respondent-mother left substance abuse
treatment for a period of time after SMB entered care in July 2020. Although respondent-mother
testified in May 2022 that she had not used illegal substances since October 2021, she tested
positive for cocaine in April 2022. Respondent-mother asserted that it was a “false positive,” but
did not provide evidence or a rational explanation for this theory. Importantly, except for the April
2022 screening, respondent-mother failed to submit to substance screenings in the months leading
up to termination. While respondent-mother argues that she missed screenings because she was
not provided with transportation assistance, respondent-mother was given bus passes. She was
also given the option of submitting to substance screenings before parenting time with the children.

       Although JC, AJH, and JH had been in care for 3½ years and SMB had been in care for 21
months, respondent-mother lacked appropriate housing and transportation at the time of
termination. Respondent-mother was also unemployed. Respondent-mother was unable to
provide clear testimony as to how she would pay rent in the future, and she did not explain how
she would obtain reliable transportation without income. Importantly, reliable transportation was
necessary because JC required services to address his behavioral issues. JC and JH also had
cognitive issues and needed to attend school. SMB had significant special needs, which required

technically abandoned her statutory grounds arguments on appeal, we nonetheless considered
them. See Schaaf v Forbes, 338 Mich App 1, 21; 979 NW2d 358 (2021); Roberts & Son
Contracting, Inc v North Oakland Dev Corp, 163 Mich App 109, 113; 413 NW2d 744 (1987).

                                                 -3-
attending services and medical appointments. Thus, the record supports that the children would
be subjected to neglect if returned to respondent-mother’s care. They would also suffer emotional
harm because they required stability and were attached to their respective foster parents. Indeed,
JC demonstrated behavioral issues during the proceedings because of respondent-mother’s failure
to consistently attend parenting times. AJH and SMB were not bonded to respondent-mother, and
AJH would sometimes refuse to engage during parenting times. Because there is a reasonable
likelihood the children would experience harm if returned to respondent-mother, termination was
proper under MCL 712A.19b(3)(j).2

                                     III. BEST INTERESTS

       Respondent-mother next argues that the trial court improperly found termination of her
parental rights was in the children’s best interests. We disagree.

                                 A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        We review a trial court’s best-interest determination for clear error. In re White, 303 Mich
App 701, 713; 846 NW2d 61 (2014). “A finding of fact is clearly erroneous if the reviewing court
has a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed, giving due regard to the trial
court’s special opportunity to observe the witnesses.” In re Moss, 301 Mich App at 80 (quotation
marks and citation omitted).

                                         B. ANALYSIS

        “The trial court must order the parent’s rights terminated if the Department has established
a statutory ground for termination by clear and convincing evidence and it finds from a
preponderance of the evidence on the whole record that termination is in the children’s best
interests.” In re White, 303 Mich App at 713. This Court focuses on the children—not the
parent—when reviewing best interests. In re Atchley, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 7. When
determining best interests,
       the court should consider a wide variety of factors that may include the child’s bond
       to the parent, the parent’s parenting ability, the child’s need for permanency,
       stability, and finality, and the advantages of a foster home over the parent’s home.
       The trial court may also consider a parent’s history of domestic violence, the
       parent’s compliance with his or her case service plan, the parent’s visitation history
       with the child, the children’s well-being while in care, and the possibility of
       adoption. [In re White, 303 Mich App at 713-714 (quotation marks and citations
       omitted).]

      JC, who was 3½ years old when he was removed from respondent-mother’s care, was
bonded with respondent-mother and called her “mom.” However, evidence supports that JC’s

2
  Because termination was proper under (j), we need not specifically consider the additional
grounds on which the trial court based its decision. See In re HRC, 286 Mich App 444, 461; 781
NW2d 105 (2009).

                                                -4-
bond with respondent-mother was not healthy. Indeed, an infant mental health therapist began
working with respondent-mother and JC in August 2020. One of the main goals was to assist in
establishing a “secure attachment” between respondent-mother and JC. After 16 months, there
was “still . . . work to do.” The infant mental health therapist noted JC, who she opined had
experienced “complex trauma,” exhibited “strong reactions,” defiance, anxiety, and “hypervigilant
behaviors” if respondent-mother failed to attend a parenting time. The infant mental health
therapist did not have any further recommendations as to how respondent-mother, who continued
to miss parenting times in the months leading up to termination, could create a secure attachment
with JC. In sum, JC’s bond with respondent-mother was not healthy for JC, who desperately
needed permanency and stability respondent-mother could not provide. See In re CR, 250 Mich
App 185, 196-197; 646 NW2d 506 (2002), overruled on other grounds by In re Sanders, 495 Mich
394 (2014) (holding because there was a “serious dispute on the record concerning whether [the
respondent] had a healthy bond of any sort with her children” the decision that termination of her
parental rights was in the children’s best interests was sufficiently supported).

       JH was bonded with respondent-mother and enjoyed spending time with her. However,
JH, who was removed from respondent-mother’s care when she was one year old, called her foster
mother “mama.” JH also did not exhibit signs of sadness or distress when leaving parenting time
with respondent-mother. Rather, she was eager to return to her foster mother’s care. Thus, the
record does not support that JH viewed respondent-mother as her parental figure. AJH, who was
removed from respondent-mother’s care when she was two months old, and SMB, who was
removed from respondent-mother’s care when she was one month old, were not bonded with
respondent-mother.

        While the parent-child bond is only one factor for the trial court to consider, In re
Olive/Metts Minors, 297 Mich App 35, 41-42; 823 NW2d 144 (2012), as already discussed at
length, respondent-mother failed to address her issues with substance abuse during the lengthy
proceedings. At the time of termination, respondent-mother was unable to provide stability and
permanency for the children. Meanwhile, the children were doing well in their respective
placements, where they had the opportunity to maintain stability and obtain permanency.
Importantly, the children were bonded with their respective foster parents, who had cared for them
for the entirety of their time in care and were willing to adopt them. For these reasons, the trial
court did not clearly err by finding termination of respondent-mother’s parental rights was in the
children’s best interests. While termination resulted in JC and JH being separated from AJH and
SMB, it was in the children’s best interests because the children were doing well in their
placements and obtaining the care and stability they required. According to a caseworker, it would
be “very, very, hard” for one person to care for all the children because they each required a lot of
individual attention. Importantly, testimony supported the children’s respective foster parents
were committed to fostering the children’s relationships in the future.

                               IV. DUE-PROCESS ARGUMENTS

       Respondent-father argues that his due-process rights were violated in several ways. We
conclude respondent-father is not entitled to relief.

                                                -5-
                     A. PRESERVATION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

        Respondent-father failed to raise the due-process arguments below, thereby rendering them
unpreserved. See In re Utrera, 281 Mich App 1, 8; 761 NW2d 253 (2008). We review
unpreserved issues for plain error affecting substantial rights. In re Pederson, 331 Mich App 445,
463; 951 NW2d 704 (2020). “To avoid forfeiture under the plain error rule, three requirements
must be met: 1) the error must have occurred, 2) the error was plain, i.e., clear or obvious, 3) and
the plain error affected substantial rights.” In re VanDalen, 293 Mich App 120, 135; 809 NW2d
412 (2011) (quotation marks and citations omitted). “[A]n error affects substantial rights if it
caused prejudice, i.e., it affected the outcome of the proceedings.” In re Utrera, 281 Mich App at
9. Reversal is only warranted when the plain error “seriously affect[ed] the integrity, fairness, or
public reputation of judicial proceedings.” In re Mota, 334 Mich App 300, 311; 964 NW2d 881
(2020).

                                           B. ANALYSIS

        Respondent-father first argues that he was not appointed counsel until the last day of trial
and argues his counsel was therefore unable to adequately prepare. “This Court has explicitly
recognized that the United States Constitution guarantees a right to counsel in parental rights
termination cases.” In re Williams, 286 Mich App 253, 275; 779 NW2d 286 (2009). In In re
Cobb, 130 Mich App 598, 600; 344 NW2d 12 (1983), this Court stated: “[T]he constitutional
guarantee of due process confer[s] to an indigent parent the right to appointed counsel at a hearing
which may involve termination of parental rights.” This pronouncement flows from an
understanding that the parent, child, and lawyer-guardian ad litem “share a vital interest in
preventing erroneous termination” of the “natural relationship” between a parent and his or her
child. Santosky v Kramer, 455 US 745, 760; 102 S Ct 1388; 71 L Ed 2d 599 (1982).

         Respondent-father cites MCR 3.915 to support his claim that he was entitled to appointed
counsel “at all hearings.” Under MCR 3.915(B)(1)(a), at a “respondent’s first court appearance,”
a trial court is required to advise a respondent in a child protective proceeding that he or she “has
the right to a court appointed attorney at any hearing . . . if the respondent is financially unable to
retain an attorney. . . .” A trial court is required to appoint an attorney “to represent the respondent
in any hearing” if the respondent requests an attorney, and “it appears to the court . . . the
respondent is financially unable to retain an attorney.” MCR 3.915(B)(1)(b). The first time
respondent-father appeared at any hearing or trial in the child protective proceedings concerning
SMB was the May 2022 bench trial. At that time, respondent-father was appointed counsel, who
was the same counsel who had been representing the father of AJH and JH throughout the 3½
year-long proceedings. Thus, because respondent-father was appointed counsel at his “first court
appearance,” and there is no indication that he requested counsel before that date, respondent-
father was not denied his due-process right to counsel.

       Next, respondent-father argues that he was denied procedural due process. Parents have
fundamental due-process rights in termination of parental rights proceedings. In re Sanders, 495
Mich 394, 403; 852 NW2d 524 (2014). “The fundamental requisite of due process of law is the
opportunity to be heard. The hearing must be at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.”
In re Rood, 483 Mich 73, 92; 763 NW2d 587 (2009) (quotation marks and citations omitted).

                                                  -6-
              The opportunity to be heard includes the right to notice of that opportunity.
       An elementary and fundamental requirement of due process in any proceeding
       which is to be accorded finality is notice reasonably calculated, under all the
       circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford
       them an opportunity to present their objections. [Id. (quotation marks and citation
       omitted).]

Thus, “a parent is entitled to procedural due process if the state seeks to terminate his parental
rights. The state must make reasonable efforts to notify [the parent] of the proceedings and allow
him a meaningful opportunity to participate.” Id. at 122.

        Assuming without deciding that respondent-father was not properly served with notice of
the bench trial under MCR 3.920, we fail to see how respondent-father can establish plain error
affecting his substantial rights. Respondent-father acknowledged that he was aware SMB was
born in June 2020, and that CPS was involved. DHHS attempted to serve respondent-father
personally and by certified mail with notice of hearings at Collingwood Street in Detroit between
July 2020 and May 2021. The home at the Collingwood Street address was owned by one of
respondent-father’s family members, and respondent-father acknowledged that he lived there
when SMB was born. In April 2021, DHHS accomplished service by publication. Respondent-
father’s mother, who was in communication with respondent-mother, attended hearings and
provided respondent-father with information concerning SMB. Respondent-father was also in
contact with respondent-mother, and they executed the affidavit of parentage in November 2020.
On the affidavit of parentage, respondent-father listed the Collingwood Street address as his
address, and he acknowledged he likely received mail there. Respondent-father appeared at the
May 10, 2022 hearing despite not being served with notice, thereby showing that he was aware of
the proceedings and nonetheless failed to participate before May 2022. Respondent-father did not
place objections on the record concerning notice. See MCR 3.920(H) (“The appearance and
participation of a party at a hearing is a waiver by that party of defects in service with respect to
that hearing unless objections regarding the specific defects are placed on the record.”).

        Given that respondent-father never attempted to care for SMB, despite being aware SMB
was born and CPS was involved, we fail to see how the outcome of the proceedings would have
been different. Indeed, termination of respondent-father’s parental rights was undoubtedly
established under MCL 712A.19b(3)(a)(ii) and (j) because of his (1) failure to see or care for SMB,
(2) lack of a stable home and employment, and (3) lack of information concerning SMB’s
extensive needs. See In re Mayfield, 198 Mich App 226, 230, 235; 497 NW2d 578 (1993); see
also In re Hudson, 294 Mich App at 268. The record also overwhelmingly establishes termination
was in SMB’s best interests because respondent-father did not have a bond with her and because
SMB was bonded with her foster parent, who had cared for her throughout the 21 months she spent
in care. See In re White, 303 Mich App at 713-714 (outlining the relevant considerations when
deciding best interests). Respondent-father is not entitled to relief.

        Next, respondent-father argues that he was deprived of the ability to meaningfully
participate in the proceedings because the trial court terminated his parental rights before
permitting him to engage in services. We conclude that respondent-father cannot establish plain
error affecting his substantial rights. Indeed, despite having notice SMB was born in June 2020,
and CPS was involved, respondent-father failed to come forward and attempt to provide care to

                                                -7-
SMB during the proceedings, which lasted 21 months. Respondent-mother was provided with
services after SMB entered care in July 2020, and the trial court ordered in February 2021 that
reasonable efforts toward reunification be made. Respondent-father was not provided with
services because of his complete lack of involvement for a vast majority of the proceedings despite
having knowledge of them. Moreover, given the facts of this case, we fail to see how any plain
error “seriously affect[ed] the integrity, fairness, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” In
re Mota, 334 Mich App at 311.

       Affirmed in both cases.

                                                              /s/ Sima G. Patel
                                                              /s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
                                                              /s/ James Robert Redford

                                                 -8-