Court Opinion

ID: 6342594
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-05-20 14:05:47.591264+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:19:06.301575
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: MAY 13, 2022; 10:00 A.M.
                        NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                          Court of Appeals

                             NO. 2020-CA-0792-MR

CORY M. WILLIAMS                                                   APPELLANT

                 APPEAL FROM OHIO CIRCUIT COURT
v.             HONORABLE TIMOTHY R. COLEMAN, JUDGE
                      ACTION NO. 18-CR-00347

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                            APPELLEES

                                   OPINION
                                  AFFIRMING

                                 ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE; GOODWINE AND MCNEILL,
JUDGES.

MCNEILL, JUDGE: Cory M. Williams (“Williams”) appeals from the judgment

of the Ohio Circuit Court convicting him of second-degree assault and sentencing

him to five years’ imprisonment. Finding no error, we affirm.

            This case stems from an assault committed by Williams upon Spencer

Turner (“Turner”) in the early morning hours of October 14, 2018, outside of

Williams’ home. Prior to the assault, Williams was in Ohio for several days

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attending a training for his job as a coal miner. Williams’ girlfriend, Tameicka

Cobb (“Cobb”), and her two-year-old daughter accompanied Williams to the

training.

                 At some point, Williams and Cobb got into an argument and

according to Cobb, Williams kicked her and her daughter out of the hotel room.1

Cobb called Turner, who arranged for a room at the hotel and offered to drive to

Ohio to pick Cobb up and drive her back to Kentucky. Turner arrived early the

next morning and after spending the day in a nearby town, the group headed home.

                 Back in Kentucky, Turner took Cobb to retrieve her belongings from

Williams’ house. According to Turner, as he was helping load bags into his

vehicle, Williams got in his face and challenged him to fight. Turner declined and

turned his back to Williams to adjust his seat so that he could leave. As he turned

to face Williams, Williams punched him in the nose. Turner testified that Williams

hit him in the face around six times, and that each time he could hear bones in his

face breaking. Cobb confirmed that Williams was the aggressor and that Turner

never hit Williams. Because of the assault, Turner suffered multiple broken and

displaced bones in his face and later underwent surgery to repair his injuries.

                 Williams was indicted for second-degree assault and was tried on

February 19-20, 2020. Following the evidence, he was convicted of second-degree

1
    Williams testified that Cobb left the room by choice.
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assault and sentenced to five years’ imprisonment. This appeal followed. Further

facts will be set forth as necessary below.

                Williams first argues on appeal that the trial court improperly

admitted evidence of a prior bad act in violation of KRE2 404(b). At trial, the

Commonwealth introduced evidence of an incident where Williams damaged a

truck belonging to the father of Cobb’s child after learning Cobb was visiting him.

The Commonwealth responds that the evidence was relevant to show motive and

Williams’ jealously. As an initial matter, we note that this error was not properly

preserved for review. Prior to trial, Williams filed a motion in limine to exclude

the evidence but the trial court reserved ruling on the motion. Therefore, the

motion was not “resolved by order of record,” as required by KRE 103(d) to

preserve the error for appellate review. It was imperative on Williams to make a

contemporaneous objection at trial to preserve the issue, which he did not do. See

Commonwealth v. Pace, 82 S.W.3d 894, 895 (Ky. 2002) (citing RCr3 9.22) (“[A]

litigant must contemporaneously object to preserve an error for review.”). We,

therefore, review only for palpable error resulting in manifest injustice, pursuant

to RCr 10.26.

2
    Kentucky Rules of Evidence.
3
    Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure.
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             “The palpable error rule allows reversal for an unpreserved error only

when ‘manifest injustice has resulted from the error.’” Elery v. Commonwealth,

368 S.W.3d 78, 98 (Ky. 2012) (citing RCr 10.26). “This requires a probability of a

different result or error so fundamental as to threaten a defendant’s entitlement to

due process of law.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In other

words, “[t]o find manifest injustice, the reviewing court must conclude that the

error so seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the

proceeding as to be ‘shocking or jurisprudentially intolerable.’” Conrad v.

Commonwealth, 534 S.W.3d 779, 783 (Ky. 2017) (citation omitted).

             “Generally, evidence of prior threats and animosity of the defendant

against the victim is admissible as evidence of motive, intent or identity, whereas

evidence of prior threats or violence against an unrelated third-party is generally

regarded as inadmissible character evidence[.]” Davis v. Commonwealth, 147

S.W.3d 709, 722 (Ky. 2004), as modified (Jan. 25, 2005) (internal citation

omitted). Assuming, without deciding, that admission of the KRE 404(b) evidence

was error, it was not palpable error. The evidence of Williams’ guilt was

substantial. Both Cobb and Turner testified that Williams approached Turner

while Turner was loading Cobb’s possessions into the vehicle. Both similarly

testified that it was Williams who punched Turner and was the aggressor and that

Turner never made any threatening movements towards Williams. We cannot say

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“there is a ‘substantial possibility’ that the result in the case would have been

different without the error.” Brewer v. Commonwealth, 206 S.W.3d 343, 349 (Ky.

2006) (citation omitted).

             Williams next argues that the trial court erred in admitting highly

prejudicial photographs of Turner’s surgery, citing Hall v. Commonwealth, 468

S.W.3d 814 (Ky. 2015). “We review a trial court’s ruling on the admission of

evidence for abuse of discretion.” Breazeale v. Commonwealth, 600 S.W.3d 682,

692 (Ky. 2020) (citation omitted). “A trial court abuses its discretion when it rules

in a way that is arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound legal

principles.” Id. (citation omitted).

             During the testimony of Dr. Benjamin Kittinger, who performed the

surgery to repair Turner’s facial injuries, the Commonwealth introduced four

photographs taken during the procedure. According to Dr. Kittinger, Exhibit 12

showed how he got “to the cheekbone through the lower eyelid incision” and

showed the “lower aspect of the eye socket with the plates and screws in place

holding it exactly like we wanted it.”

             Exhibit 11 and 14 were almost identical, both showing “the plate and

screw fixation we did along that broken [cheekbone,]” with Exhibit 14 being a

close-up photo. The photos showed how the doctor accessed the cheekbone by

making an incision from ear to ear and folding the skin of the face down. Exhibit

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13 showed how the doctor got “to [the] cheekbone through the upper lip on the

inside of the mouth” and demonstrated how the “plates and screws are placed to

secure the fracture of the cheekbone [back] to the upper jawbone.”

             Williams argues that the probative value of these photos is minimal

considering that Dr. Kittinger, Turner, and his mother all testified at length to the

extent of Turner’s injuries. Further, he argues the risk of prejudice is high because

of the graphic nature of the photos.

             We begin our analysis by noting that Hall v. Commonwealth

mandated that trial courts first conduct a KRE 403 balancing test before ruling on

the admissibility of an arguably gruesome photograph. 468 S.W.3d 814, 823 (Ky.

2015). That is, the trial court must assess the probative value of each photograph

against its possible prejudicial effect and determine whether the prejudicial effect

is substantially outweighed by the photo’s probative value. Id.

             However, “[a]s a general rule, photographs of a gruesome or graphic

nature are not rendered inadmissible solely because of their gruesomeness.”

Ragland v. Commonwealth, 476 S.W.3d 236, 248 (Ky. 2015) (citation omitted).

Further, in evaluating graphic photos, our Supreme Court has said, “[b]ecause the

Commonwealth must prove the corpus delicti, such photographs are relevant to

show the nature of the injuries inflicted by the defendant upon the victim.” Ernst

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v. Commonwealth, 160 S.W.3d 744, 757 (Ky. 2005), overruled on other grounds

by Mason v. Commonwealth, 559 S.W.3d 337 (Ky. 2018).

             Here, the trial court determined that any prejudicial effect of the

photos was outweighed by their probative value in showing the extent of Turner’s

injuries. Unlike in Hall, the Commonwealth only sought to introduce four

photographs, not twenty-eight. Further, the photographs were not needlessly

cumulative, with only one showing the same subject matter; however it was a

close-up that provided greater detail of the screws and plates necessary to repair

Turner’s injuries due to the assault.

             The photos were not offered merely to inflame the jury but were

utilized by Dr. Kittinger to explain the extent of Turner’s injuries as well as the

measures undertaken to treat them. While graphic, the photos are no way in

the “upper echelon of gruesome photos” like the ones in Hall, 468 S.W.3d at 827.

These were photos of a living human during surgery, not mangled corpses or

graphic autopsy photos. Id. at 821-22. We therefore hold the trial court did not

abuse its discretion in admitting the surgery photos.

             Based upon the foregoing, the judgment of the Ohio Circuit Court is

affirmed.

             ALL CONCUR.

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BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:    BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Shannon Dupree           Daniel J. Cameron
Frankfort, Kentucky      Attorney General of Kentucky

                         Joseph A. Beckett
                         Assistant Attorney General
                         Frankfort, Kentucky

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