Court Opinion

ID: 77229
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-27 03:14:52+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:09.611419
License: Public Domain

[PUBLISH]

              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                      FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                 FILED
                        ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                          ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                            February 15, 2006
                               No. 04-16419
                                                           THOMAS K. KAHN
                         ________________________              CLERK

                    D. C. Docket No. 00-02920-CV-WBH-1

THIS THAT AND THE OTHER GIFT AND TOBACCO, INC.,
d.b.a. This That & The Other,
CHRISTOPHER PREWETT,

                                                           Plaintiffs-Appellants,

                                    versus

COBB COUNTY, GEORGIA,
PAUL FOSTER, in his official capacity as
Business License Division Manager
for Cobb County, Georgia,
THURBERT E. BAKER, in his official capacity
as Attorney General for the State of Georgia,

                                                          Defendants-Appellees.

                         ________________________

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of Georgia
                       _________________________

                             (February 15, 2006)
Before BLACK, HULL and FARRIS *, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

       The plaintiffs, This That and The Other Gift and Tobacco, Incorporated, and

Christopher Prewett, appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment in

favor of the defendants on their First Amendment challenge to Georgia’s obscenity

statute, O.C.G.A. § 16-12-80. This is the second time this Court has considered the

plaintiffs’ challenge to this same statute. See This That and the Other Gift and

Tobacco, Inc. v. Cobb County, Ga., 285 F.3d 1319 (11 th Cir. 2002) (“This That I”).

In This That I, this Court concluded that: (1) § 16-12-80 “contains a per se

prohibition on advertising” related to sexual devices covered by statute; (2) “the

ban contained in O.C.G.A. § 16-12-80 is more extensive than necessary”; and (3)

“[l]ess onerous restrictions adequately would serve Georgia’s interest, and the per

se ban on advertising therefore violates the First Amendment.” Id. at 1324.

       On remand from that appeal, the district court revisited issues already

decided in This That I, in violation of the law-of-the-case doctrine. Thus, after

review and oral argument, we vacate and reverse the district court’s order granting

summary judgment for the defendants and remand this case with instructions for

the district court to enter summary judgment in favor of the plaintiffs on their First

       *
        Honorable Jerome Farris, United States Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit, sitting by
designation.

                                                2
Amendment challenge to § 16-12-80.

                                 I. BACKGROUND

A.    Georgia’s Obscenity Statute

      As emphasized by the defendants’ brief, the Georgia legislature enacted

O.C.G.A. § 16-12-80 with the “main purpose” of “advanc[ing] the government’s

interest in promoting public morality.” Toward that end, § 16-12-80 regulates the

distribution of obscene material, in relevant part, as follows:

      (a) A person commits the offense of distributing obscene material
      when he sells, lends, rents, leases, gives, advertises, publishes,
      exhibits, or otherwise disseminates to any person any obscene
      material of any description . . . .
      ...
      (c) Any device designed or marketed as useful primarily for the stimulation
      of human genital organs is obscene material under this Code section.
      ...
      (e) It is an affirmative defense under this Code section that dissemination of
      the material was restricted to:

             (1) A person associated with an institution of higher learning,
             either as a member of the faculty or a matriculated student,
             teaching or pursuing a course of study related to such material;
             or
             (2) A person whose receipt of such material was authorized in
             writing by a licensed medical practitioner or psychiatrist.

O.C.G.A. § 16-12-80.

      Thus, for the purposes of this case, section (a) makes it unlawful to sell,

lend, rent, lease, give, advertise, publish, exhibit, or otherwise disseminate obscene

                                           3
material. O.C.G.A. § 16-12-80(a). Section (c) defines obscene material to include

those “device[s] designed or marketed as useful primarily for the stimulation of

human genital organs”; for example, vibrators and dildos. O.C.G.A. § 16-12-80(c).

Section (e) provides an affirmative defense when the “dissemination” of otherwise

obscene material was to higher education faculty and students or to persons with a

valid prescription. O.C.G.A. § 16-12-80(e).

B.    Plaintiffs Open For Business

      On April 24, 1998, the plaintiffs applied for various business licenses and

permits in Cobb County, Georgia. In submitting an application, the plaintiffs

informed Cobb County that their business would be selling devices designed or

marketed primarily for the stimulation of human genital organs. Although Cobb

County approved the plaintiffs’ application, it later expressed concern that some of

the devices sold by the plaintiffs violated Georgia’s obscenity statute. Despite

expressing concern, Cobb County subsequently renewed the plaintiffs’ licenses

and permits in 1999 and 2000.

      In early 2000, Cobb County threatened the plaintiffs with criminal

prosecution and adverse administrative action for allegedly violating Georgia’s

obscenity statute. On June 25, 2000, the plaintiffs stopped selling sexual devices

such as vibrators and dildos.

                                          4
A.    Plaintiffs’ First Motion for a Preliminary Injunction

      Plaintiffs filed suit and sought preliminary injunctive relief preventing Cobb

County from enforcing Georgia’s obscenity statute. Plaintiffs asserted, in part, that

Georgia’s obscenity statute banned commercial speech in violation of the First

Amendment. Specifically, plaintiffs asserted that O.C.G.A. § 16-12-80's complete

ban on advertising violated the four-prong test in Central Husdon Gas & Elec.

Corp. v. Public Serv. Comm’n, 447 U.S. 557, 566, 100 S. Ct. 2343, 2351 (1980).

Courts use the four-prong test in Central Hudson to determine if commercial

speech is protected by the First Amendment. Specifically, a court must determine:

(1) whether the speech concerns lawful activity and is not misleading; (2) whether

the regulation serves a substantial governmental interest; (3) whether the regulation

directly and materially advances the state’s asserted interest; and (4) whether the

regulation is no more extensive than necessary to serve that interest.

      In the district court, the plaintiffs stressed that Georgia’s obscenity statute

permitted the sale of sexual devices to higher education faculty and students and to

persons with valid prescriptions (collectively, “legal consumers”), and, thus, “the

government cannot presume all advertisements about sexual devices will be

misleading.” Plaintiffs further argued that the complete ban on advertising was

“overbroad” in that Georgia’s obscenity statute banned all advertising, which

                                           5
would include truthful advertising to medical practitioners and legal consumers.

Finally, the plaintiffs asserted that Georgia’s complete ban on advertising could not

be saved even if the defendants had the power to ban the sale of sexual devices

completely.1 Essentially, the plaintiffs contended that once Georgia permitted the

sale of sexual devices to certain consumers, it was required to permit the truthful,

non-misleading, and targeted advertisement of sexual devices to those consumers

as well as medical practitioners.

       In response to the plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction, the

defendants characterized the plaintiffs’ claims as challenging the state’s ban on the

advertising of sex devices. Specifically, defendants’ brief stated, as follows:

“Plaintiffs contend that O.G.C.A. (sic) § 16-12-80[] impermissibly infringes upon

the rights guaranteed under the First and Fourteenth Amendments under the federal

constitution by prohibiting the advertisement of sexual devices. They assert that

this advertisement ban constitutes an unlawful prior restraint on the constitutional

right of free speech.”

       In their reply to plaintiffs’ argument, the defendants asserted that because a

state may completely ban the sale of sexual devices outright, it does not violate the

       1
         In Williams v. Att’y Gen. Of Ala., 378 F.3d 1232, 1250 (11th Cir. 2004), this Court
concluded that there was no “constitutional right to privacy to cover the commercial distribution
of sex toys.”

                                                6
Constitution to ban entirely the advertisement of those products. At no point did

the defendants argue that § 16-12-80 could, or should, be construed to permit

advertisements targeted at medical practitioners or legal consumers.

      After conducting a hearing, the district court addressed the plaintiffs’ motion

for a preliminary injunction. Noting that the plaintiffs’ motion was less than clear,

the district court characterized the plaintiffs’ motion as challenging “the

prohibition of the advertising regarding devices that would lawfully be sold with a

valid medical or psychological reason . . . .” The district court then addressed the

plaintiffs’ First Amendment challenge under the four-part Central Hudson test.

      According to the district court, the plaintiffs’ challenge to § 16-12-80 failed

the Central Hudson test for three reasons. First, the district court concluded “that it

is likely that any advertising of the sexual devices in the limited instances in which

it would be lawful to sell those sexual devices . . . would mislead those that were

not in possession of a valid authorization.” In other words, the district court

concluded that Georgia’s complete ban on advertising did not violate the First

Amendment because any potential advertisement to medical practitioners or legal

consumers “would inherently be misleading to the other viewers of any such

advertisement not in the possession of an authorization or without a personal

knowledge of the law.”

                                           7
      Second, the district court concluded that the complete ban on advertising in

Georgia’s obscenity statute “directly advances the government’s interest in

promoting public morality.”

      Third, the district court determined that the complete ban on advertising was

“not more extensive than necessary.” In fact, the district court went on to conclude

that it “does not envision any manner in which this substantial government interest

could be furthered in a less extensive manner.”

      Based on these conclusions, the district court determined that the plaintiffs

had failed to demonstrate that they were likely to prevail on the merits of their First

Amendment challenge to § 16-12-80, and, thus, the district court denied their

motion for a preliminary injunction.

      Plaintiffs appealed to this Court.

B.    Plaintiffs’ First Appeal

      On appeal, the plaintiffs asserted that the district court erroneously

determined that they were not entitled to a preliminary injunction on their First

Amendment claim. Specifically, the plaintiffs argued that the complete ban on

advertising in § 16-12-80 violated their First Amendment rights to commercial

speech under Central Hudson.

      According to the plaintiffs, (1) no substantial government interest existed in

                                           8
banning the advertisement of the sexual devices covered by § 16-12-80, (2) the

complete ban on advertising such sexual devices did not directly and materially

advance the government’s interest in protecting public morality, and (3) the

complete ban on the advertisement of such sexual devices was not narrowly

tailored.

       The defendants responded that the district court properly denied the

plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction. Specifically, the defendants, in a

two-page response to the plaintiffs’ First Amendment challenge, argued for the

first time that Georgia’s obscenity statute did not ban all advertising. Rather,

according to the defendants, “advertising of [sexual] devices directed at persons

lawfully entitled to use such devices . . . is not prohibited by the Georgia

statute . . . .” Thus, the defendants argued that § 16-12-80 was constitutional

because § 16-12-80(e) permitted lawful, non-misleading advertising targeted at

legal consumers.

       In its decision in the first appeal, this Court identified the four prerequisites

to a preliminary injunction, as follows:

       the plaintiffs must demonstrate that (1) they have a substantial
       likelihood of success on the merits, (2) they will suffer irreparable
       injury unless the injunction issues, (3) the threatened injury to them
       outweighs the damage that the injunction would have on the opposing
       parties, and (4) if issued, the injunction would not disserve the public
       interest.

                                            9
This That I, 285 F.3d at 1321-22 (citation omitted). This Court then noted that the

district court had ruled on only the first prerequisite of a preliminary injunction.

Thus, our prior opinion focused on only the legal issue of whether § 16-12-80

violated the First Amendment.

      With regard to that legal issue, this Court addressed the plaintiffs’ claim

“that O.C.G.A. § 16-12-80 forbids the advertising of sexual devices and therefore

bans commercial speech in violation of the First Amendment.” This That I, 285

F.3d at 1323. We first considered “whether the speech at issue is misleading or

relates to unlawful activity.” Id.

      According to this Court in the prior appeal, “[f]or commercial speech to fall

within the protections of the First Amendment, it must concern lawful activity and

not be misleading.” Id. (citing Central Hudson, 447 U.S. at 566, 100 S. Ct. at

2351). This Court “disagree[d] with the district court’s analysis of the first prong

of Central Hudson,” wherein the district court had concluded that advertising sex

devices to legal consumers would be misleading to non-legal consumers. Id. This

Court stated that it was “not convinced that an advertisement targeting [legal]

consumers necessarily would be misleading . . . [nor] that an explanation of those

persons entitled to purchase the device needs to be lengthy and complex.” Id. at

1324. Essentially, this Court concluded that it was possible to craft a truthful, non-

                                           10
misleading advertisement regarding the sexual devices targeted to legal

consumers.2

       As to the second and third prongs of Central Hudson, this Court assumed

that Georgia had a substantial governmental interest in promoting public morality

and that the complete ban on advertising advanced that interest. This That I, 285

F.3d at 1324. However, as to the fourth prong, this Court “disagree[d] with the

district court’s analysis of the last prong of Central Hudson,” wherein the district

court had determined that the regulation was no more extensive than necessary to

serve the governmental interest. Id. This Court concluded that the complete ban

on advertising in § 16-12-80 was “more extensive than necessary” and violated the

First Amendment, stating

       we . . . conclude that the ban contained in O.C.G.A. § 16-12-80 is
       more extensive than necessary. Even though sexual devices clearly
       are lawful under certain circumstances, the statute contains a per se
       prohibition on advertising related to such devices. Distributors of
       sexual devices are forbidden unqualifiedly from advertising their
       products, even when the market they seek to reach consists of those
       consumers lawfully entitled to purchase those products. Less onerous
       restrictions adequately would serve Georgia’s interest, and the per se
       ban on advertising therefore violates the First Amendment.

Id. at 1324.

       2
         We note that it is commonplace for advertisements about medical drugs or products to
state a prescription is required in order to buy the drug or product lawfully. Thus, medical
products available only by prescription are routinely advertised in ways that do not mislead the
public.

                                                11
       In summary, the prior panel in this case has already decided: (1) it is

possible to craft a truthful, non-misleading advertisement targeted at the legal

consumers of the devices in issue; (2) § 16-12-80 contains a complete ban on

advertising; (3) the complete ban on advertising is “more extensive than

necessary”; (4) “[l]ess onerous restrictions adequately would serve Georgia’s

interest”; and (5) “the per se ban on advertising . . . violates the First Amendment.”

Id.

       Having determined that the complete ban on advertising in § 16-12-80

violated the First Amendment, this Court concluded that the district erred in

finding that the plaintiffs had failed to show a substantial likelihood of success on

the merits of their First Amendment challenge. Id. Thus, this Court remanded the

case to the district court and directed it “to consider on remand whether the

plaintiffs have satisfied the remaining prerequisites for a preliminary injunction.”

Id. Although there was a remand, this Court had already decided the purely legal

question of whether § 16-12-80 violated the plaintiffs’ First Amendment rights to

commercial speech.3

       3
        When compared to this Court’s other decisions that reviewed a district court’s ruling
regarding a preliminary injunction, the precedential force of This That I becomes obvious. See
Schiavo v. Schiavo, 403 F.3d 1223, 1226 (11th Cir. 2005) (stating that “an abuse of discretion
standard recognizes there is a range of choice within which we will not reverse the district court
even if we might have reached a different decision”) (citations omitted); Revette v. Int’l Ass’n of
Bridge, Structural & Ornamental Iron Workers, 740 F.2d 892, 893 (11th Cir. 1984) (“Although
there may be merit to these contentions, they present a sufficiently close question so that the

                                                12
C.     Proceedings After Remand

       On May 20, 2002, the district court ordered that the mandate from this Court

become the judgment of the district court. On remand, the district court did not

address the remaining prerequisites for a preliminary injunction. Rather, the

district court again addressed the question of whether § 16-12-80 violated the

plaintiffs’ First Amendment rights. Although this Court had already concluded

that § 16-12-80 contained a complete ban on advertising even to legal consumers

and that this per se advertising ban violated the First Amendment, the district court

revisited these issues. The district court ordered briefing on whether the

advertising provision of § 16-12-80 could be severed in order to save the statute.4

       The defendants submitted their brief on severability on August 23, 2002.

According to the defendants, “the unconstitutional provision consisting of the

term[] ‘advertise’[] can be properly severed or stricken from the statute, leaving the

remainder of the statute intact.” Section 16-12-80(a) makes it unlawful when a

person “sells, lends, rents, leases, gives, advertises, publishes, exhibits, or

district court could probably have gone either way in its decision to a preliminary injunction. In
such a case, there can be no abuse of discretion.”).
       4
          In that regard, on August 7, 2002, the district court entered an order stating: “[b]oth
parties . . . have brought it to the Court’s attention that the interest of judicial economy would be
served by the Court’s adjudication of the issue of severability of the advertising provision of
O.C.G.A. § 16-12-80 before the parties proceed with any other matters.” Thus, the district court
ordered the parties to address the “severability issue.” It is unclear how and when the parties
brought this severability issue to the district court’s attention.

                                                 13
otherwise disseminates” any obscene material. Essentially, the defendants argued

that if the district court removed the term “advertises” from § 16-12-80(a), the

statute would be constitutional. At no point did the defendants reassert that

advertising targeted at medical practitioners or legal consumers was already

permitted under § 16-12-80 or that “dissemination” as used in the affirmative

defense in § 16-12-80(e) could, or should, be construed to include advertising.

      The plaintiffs then filed their response regarding the issue of severability.

Although not a picture of clarity, the plaintiffs’ response argued that severing the

term “advertise” from section (a) would not cure the constitutional problem

because “it is the act of advertising – not the word ‘advertises’ – which is protected

by the First Amendment.” According to the plaintiffs, the prohibitions against

publishing or exhibiting materials in section (a) could reasonably be read to affect

their First Amendment right to advertise to legal consumers. The plaintiffs further

asserted that it was unclear how the Georgia legislature would respond given the

“infirmities” in § 16-12-80. The plaintiffs argued that because there were different

options available to the Georgia legislature, it was improper for a federal district

court to select among them.

      The defendants filed a reply brief and characterized this Court’s prior

decision in This That I as follows:

                                          14
      The Eleventh Circuit held that the per se ban on advertising as applied
      to sexual devices violated the First Amendment because
      advertisements targeting consumers of “lawful” sexual devices as
      provided in O.C.G.A. § 16-12-80(e) would not be misleading. The
      Court also held that the per se prohibition on advertising relating to
      sexual devices was too extensive because the prohibition failed to take
      into account sexual devices that could be lawfully distributed to
      certain consumers.

Again, the defendants argued that “there are no countervailing considerations that

would prohibit severance and/or partial invalidation of the term advertise as

applied to sexual devices.” At no point did the defendants reassert that advertising

targeted at medical practitioners or legal consumers was already permitted under

Georgia’s obscenity statute or that “dissemination” as used in the affirmative

defense in § 16-12-80(e) could, or should, be construed to include advertising.

      After briefing, the district court on remand entered an order once again

denying the plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction. In that order, the

district court stated that “[t]he Eleventh Circuit opinion does not address whether

the statute may be saved through severance or the imposition of a limiting

construction.” The district court first concluded that § 16-12-80 could not be saved

by severing only the term “advertises” from subsection (a) of § 16-12-80,

explaining that

      [t]o fully protect the First Amendment right to advertise, as identified
      by the Eleventh Circuit, the Court would have to sever other terms in
      the statute that overlap with the term ‘advertise.’ Even if the statute

                                          15
      could be severed in such an extensive manner, the Court cannot be
      reasonably certain that the legislature would have enacted an
      obscenity statute that allows distributors to advertise expressive
      obscene material, particularly where the statute prohibits the sale of
      such material.

However, the district court reasoned that “[a]s an alternative to severance, the

Court may avoid invalidating the statute in its entirety if the statute is ‘readily

susceptible’ to a limiting construction.”

      According to the district court, “the plain language of the statute shows that

it is readily susceptible to a limiting construction.” The district court looked to the

affirmative defense in subsection (e) of § 16-12-80 and noted that the Georgia

legislature in § 16-12-80(e) had permitted the sale of sexual devices to particular

consumers. The district court reasoned that “the Georgia legislature has, in effect,

provided the Court with the necessary guidance for limiting the statute’s

advertising ban in a way that comports with the First Amendment.” The district

court determined that “[a] clear line may be drawn between advertising directed at

the general public and advertising directed at lawful consumers.” The district court

concluded that, in the absence of any legislative intent to the contrary, Georgia’s

obscenity “statute should be invalidated only insofar as it prohibits the advertising

of sexual devices targeted at the lawful consumers identified in subsection (e).”

The district court, in effect, interpreted § 16-12-80(e) to include the term

                                            16
advertising in that affirmative defense.5

       Focusing on only the legal issue as to the construction of § 16-12-80, the

district court ruled that the plaintiffs did not have a substantial likelihood of

success on the merits regarding the constitutionality “of the statute as it has now

been construed.” The district court once again addressed only the legal issue as to

whether § 16-12-80 violated the First Amendment, and never addressed the other

prerequisites for a preliminary injunction. The district court again denied the

plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction, and subsequently granted the

defendants’ motion for summary judgment.

       Plaintiffs again appeals.

                                       II. DISCUSSION

       We first examine the law-of-the-case doctrine and then whether on remand

the district court erred in revisiting whether § 16-12-80 violated the First

Amendment.

A.     Law-of-the-Case Doctrine

       “Under the ‘law of the case’ doctrine, the findings of fact and conclusions of

law by an appellate court are generally binding in all subsequent proceedings in the

same case in the trial court or on a later appeal.” Heathcoat v. Potts, 905 F.2d 367,

       5
        While the district court ordered the parties to brief the severability issue, there was no
new briefing on this limiting construction issue.

                                                 17
370 (11 th Cir.1990) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Furthermore,

the law-of-the-case doctrine bars relitigation of issues that were decided either

explicitly or by necessary implication. See Schiavo v. Schiavo, 403 F.3d 1289,

1291 (11 th Cir. 2005) (“The [law-of-the-case] doctrine operates to preclude courts

from revisiting issues that were decided explicitly or by necessary implication in a

prior appeal.”); Klay v. All Defendants, 389 F.3d 1191, 1198 (11 th Cir. 2004)

(“Realizing that a prior decision is law of the case as to matters decided explicitly

and by necessary implication, we find that our prior affirmation of the district court

constitutes law of the case here . . . .”), cert. denied, 125 S. Ct. 2523 (2005); A.A.

Profiles, Inc. v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 253 F.3d 576, 582 (11 th Cir. 2001)

(“Generally, the law of the case doctrine requires a court to follow what has been

explicitly or by necessary implication decided by a prior appellate decision.”); In re

Justice Oaks II, Ltd., 898 F.2d 1544, 1550 n.3 (11 th Cir. 1990) (“While the law of

the case does not bar litigation of issues which might have been decided but were

not, it does require a court to follow what has been decided explicitly, as well as by

necessary implication, in an earlier proceeding.”) (internal marks and citation

omitted). The doctrine’s central purposes include bringing an end to litigation,

protecting against the agitation of settled issues, and assuring that lower courts

obey appellate orders. See United States v. Williams, 728 F.2d 1402, 1406 (11 th

                                           18
Cir. 1984).

      When a court decides a question of law, the only means by which the law-

of-the-case doctrine can be overcome is if: (1) since the prior decision, “new and

substantially different evidence is produced, or there has been a change in the

controlling authority”; or (2) “the prior decision was clearly erroneous and would

result in a manifest injustice.” Oladeinde v. City of Birmingham, 230 F.3d 1275,

1288 (11 th Cir. 2000) (citations omitted).

B.    The Law of This Case

      As outlined above, the prior panel in this case expressly determined that

§ 16-12-80 banned all advertising of the sexual devices in issue, that this per se ban

on advertising in § 16-12-80 “is more extensive than necessary,” and that it

violated the plaintiffs’ First Amendment rights. This That I, 285 F.3d at 1324.

Indeed, in the prior appeal, Cobb County argued that § 16-12-80(e) of Georgia’s

obscenity statute permitted the truthful, non-misleading, and targeted

advertisement of sexual devices to legal consumers. However, the prior panel

rejected that reading and concluded that “[e]ven though sexual devices clearly are

lawful under certain circumstances, the statute contains a per se prohibition on

advertising related to such devices. Distributors of sexual devices are forbidden

unqualifiedly from advertising their products, even when the market they seek to

                                              19
reach consists of those consumers lawfully entitled to purchase those products.”

Id. (emphasis added).

      In reaching this conclusion, the prior panel, at least by implication,

determined that § 16-12-80 could not be saved by giving the statute the more

limiting construction used by the district court. See Christianson v. Colt Indus.

Operating Corp., 486 U.S. 800, 817, 108 S. Ct. 2166, 2178 (1988) (“That the

Federal Circuit did not explicate its rationale is irrelevant, for the law of the case

turns on whether a court previously decided upon a rule of law – which the Federal

Circuit necessarily did – not on whether, or how well, it explained the decision.”)

(internal marks and alteration omitted); United States v. Jordan, 429 F.3d 1032,

1035 (11 th Cir. 2005) (“We did not address that argument in so many words, or in

any words for that matter, but we did reject it ‘by necessary implication,’ which is

enough under our decisions to bring the law of the case doctrine to bear in this

appeal.”) (citations omitted). Furthermore, none of the exceptions discussed above

to the law-of-the-case doctrine apply here. Consequently, the district court on

remand violated the law-of-the-case doctrine when it revisited the issue of whether

§ 16-12-80 violated the plaintiffs’ First Amendment rights and concluded a clear

line could be drawn in the statute between advertising directed at the general public

                                           20
as opposed to legal consumers.6

       The fact that the earlier panel opinion in this case was decided during the

preliminary injunction stage does not impact the applicability of the law-of-the-

case doctrine in this case. Rather, the prior panel clearly determined that § 16-12-

80 banned all advertising to even legal consumers, and, thus, violated the

plaintiffs’ First Amendment rights. As such, this Court’s prior legal conclusion

was binding on the district court, just as it is now binding on us. See Roe v. State

of Alabama, 68 F.3d 404, 408 (11 th Cir. 1995) (Applying the law of the case and

stating that “[a]lthough the law established by the prior panel was announced in a

preliminary injunction posture, . . . the principle of law adopted was clear”); Nat’l

Airlines, Inc. v. Int’l Assoc. of Machinists & Aerospace Workers, 430 F.2d 957,

960 (5 th Cir. 1970) (Recognizing that the law-of-the-case doctrine applies to

preliminary injunctions and stating that “[t]he exception to law of the case where

       6
         In addition to the district court’s limiting construction, there is also a separate argument
on appeal that the term “dissemination” as used in the affirmative defense in § 16-12-80(e) could
be construed to encompass all prohibited conduct in § 16-12-80(a). However, a prior panel of
this Court has necessarily rejected that reading as well. See This That I, 285 F.3d at 1324.
Furthermore, this case illustrates that rewriting of statutes should be left to the Georgia
legislature. If the Georgia legislature elects to enact another obscenity statute, it may elect to
protect commercial speech to legal consumers by expanding subsection (e) to include all the
terms in subsection (a). However, it may also elect to ban the sale and advertising of certain
devices to all consumers. We offer no opinion as to the constitutionality of either approach. All
we conclude is that the district court, and this Court, are bound by our prior panel’s conclusion
that, as written, § 16-12-80 is more extensive than necessary and violates the plaintiffs’ First
Amendment rights to commercial speech.

                                                 21
evidence on a subsequent trial is substantially different is inapplicable where by the

prior appeal the issue is not left open for decision”) (internal punctuation and

citations omitted).7

       Because a prior panel in this case has already determined that § 16-12-80

unconstitutionally infringes upon the plaintiffs’ First Amendment rights, we

remand this case to the district court to enter summary judgment in favor of the

plaintiffs. Because we are bound by the law-of-the-case doctrine, we need not

consider whether the type of limiting construction the district court gave to § 16-

12-80 is a proper construction of that state statute.8

       REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.

       7
           See Bonner v. City of Pritchard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc).
       8
        The plaintiffs also argue that § 16-12-80 is unconstitutionally vague and that Cobb
County has engaged in selective prosecution. After review, we conclude these claims are
without merit. Instead, § 16-12-80 violates the First Amendment solely on the basis determined
by the prior panel in This That I.

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