Court Opinion

ID: 6733690
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 23:15:54.988335+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:01:42.041526
License: Public Domain

BRITT, Judge.
Defendant contends he is entitled to a new trial for the reason that certain instructions given by the trial court to the jury violated the rule established by the United States Supreme Court in Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684, 95 S.Ct. 1881, 44 L.Ed. 508 (1975), and followed by the North Carolina Supreme Court in State v. Hankerson, 288 N.C. 632, 220 S.E. 2d 575 (1975). We hold that the contention has merit.
*591In the case at hand defendant admitted shooting and killing McIntosh but insisted that he did it in self-defense. In his instructions to the jury with respect to the difference between second-degree murder and manslaughter, the trial judge charged that if the jury was satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant intentionally shot the deceased and thereby proximately caused his death, the burden would rest upon defendant to satisfy the jury of circumstances of adequate provocation which would reduce the killing to manslaughter, “unless the evidence arises out of the State’s evidence, evidence of such provocation.”
On the question of self-defense, the jury charge included the following:
“ . . . The defendant contends that he acted in self defense and if you find beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant intentionally killed the deceased — or intentionally shot him and thereby proximately caused his death, then for you to find that such killing was in self defense and therefore excusable and not unlawful and (sic) the defendant must satisfy you, not beyond a reasonable doubt or by the greater weight of the evidence, but simply must satisfy. you of three things: first, that he, himself, was not the aggressor. (Emphasis added.)
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“Secondly, you must be satisfied that the circumstances as they appeared to the defendant at the time were such as to create in the mind of a person of ordinary firmness a reasonable belief that the shooting of the deceased was necessary in order to save himself from death or great bodily harm, and circumstances did create such a belief in the defendant’s mind.
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“Thirdly, the defendant must satisfy you or you must be satisfied from all the evidence that he did not use excessive force in defending himself; that is, more force than under the circumstances reasonably appeared to be necessary to save himself from death or great bodily harm. ...” (Emphasis added.)
Clearly, the instructions placing the burden on defendant (1) to show circumstances that would reduce the offense from *592second-degree murder to manslaughter and (2) to justify the killing on ground of self-defense were erroneous in view of Mullaney and Hankerson. We hasten to add, however, that the trial of the instant case took place in March of 1975, previous to the Mullaney and Hankerson decisions, and the able trial judge gave the substance of instructions that had been approved by the Supreme Court of this State for more than one hundred years.
In Hankerson our Supreme Court declared no longer valid instructions similar to those challenged in the instant case. We quote from the Hankerson opinion (page 643) : “We hold that by reason of the decision in Mullaney the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the use of our longstanding rules in homicide cases that a defendant in order to rebut the presumption of malice must prove to the satisfaction of the jury that he killed in the heat of a sudden passion and to rebut the presumption of unlawfulness, that he killed in self-defense. ...”
We now reach the question whether the erroneous instructions were prejudicial to defendant. The burden is on a defendant not only to show error but also to show that the error was prejudicial to him. 4 Strong, N. C. Index 3d, § 167.
Since the jury, in effect, found defendant not guilty of second-degree murder but found him guilty of manslaughter, we perceive no prejudice in thé challenged instructions placing the burden on him to show circumstances that would reduce the charges against him from second-degree murder to manslaughter. However, defendant’s plea of self-defense applied to manslaughter as well as to second-degree murder, therefore, we perceive that the erroneous instructions placing on him the burden of showing self-defense were prejudicial.
In State v. Hankerson, supra, without further guidance from the U. S. Supreme Court our State Supreme Court declined to give the Mullaney decision retroactive effect. Thereafter the U. S. Supreme Court allowed certiorari in Hankerson and in an opinion filed 17 June 1977 held that our State Supreme Court erred in declining to hold the Mullaney rule retroactive. Of course, we are bound by that opinion. Consequently, we hold that defendant in the case at hand is entitled to a new trial and it is so ordered.
*593New trial.
Judges Vaughn and Aenold concur.