Court Opinion

ID: 4398672
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-05-20 20:00:26.629883+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:27:44.701829
License: Public Domain

FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                            MAY 20 2019
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

CONSERVATION CONGRESS,                           No.   18-17165

              Plaintiff-Appellant,               D.C. No.
                                                 2:18-cv-02404-JAM-CKD
 v.

UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE,                    MEMORANDUM*

              Defendant-Appellee.

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Eastern District of California
                     John A. Mendez, District Judge, Presiding

                        Argued and Submitted May 14, 2019
                                 Portland, Oregon

Before: N.R. SMITH, WATFORD, and R. NELSON, Circuit Judges.

      Conservation Congress appeals the district court’s denial of its motion for a

preliminary injunction to stay the United States Forest Service’s (USFS) project to

harvest timber burned in a forest fire (Project). We have jurisdiction under 28

U.S.C. § 1292, and we affirm.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
       The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Conservation

Congress’s motion for a preliminary injunction. See All. for the Wild Rockies v.

Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1131 (9th Cir. 2011). A district court abuses its discretion

only if its decision was based “on an erroneous legal standard or clearly erroneous

findings of fact.” Lands Council v. McNair, 537 F.3d 981, 986 (9th Cir. 2008) (en

banc) (citation omitted), overruled on other grounds by Winter v. Nat. Res. Def.

Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7 (2008).

       To obtain a preliminary injunction, the moving party must show all four of

the following: (1) that it “is likely to succeed on the merits”; (2) that it is “likely to

suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief”; (3) “that the balance

of equities tips in [its] favor”; and (4) “that an injunction is in the public interest.”

Winter, 555 U.S. at 20. “When the government is a party, [the] last two factors

merge.” Drakes Bay Oyster Co. v. Jewell, 747 F.3d 1073, 1092 (9th Cir. 2014)

(citing Nken v. Holder, 556 U.S. 418, 435 (2009)).

       1. The district court did not abuse its discretion in determining that

Conservation Congress failed to demonstrate that it was likely to succeed on the

merits of its claims.

       A. As to an alleged violation of the National Forest Management Act

(NFMA), 16 U.S.C. § 1604, for failing to comply with forest plan standards and

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guidelines regarding the Northern Goshawk, the Modoc sucker, and their

respective habitats:1 The NFMA requires that “[r]esource plans and permits,

contracts, and other instruments for the use and occupancy of National Forest

System lands . . . be consistent with the land management plans.” 16 U.S.C.

§ 1604(i). It is undisputed that the Project is subject to the Modoc National Forest

Land and Resource Management Plan (LRMP). The Project is also subject to at

least some provisions of the Sierra Nevada Forest Plan (SNFP).

      To the extent that the USFS has failed to comply with LRMP provisions

requiring a certain number of nest territories, nest stands, or acreage for each nest

stand,2 the record indicates that the fire—and not the Project itself—caused the

non-compliance. The fire destroyed two of the three Northern Goshawk Protected

Activity Centers (PACs), and the USFS is merely responding to that destruction.

      1
        While Conservation Congress invokes the Administrative Procedure Act
(APA) in each of its claims, it does not argue any APA-specific violations.
Accordingly, we treat the APA references as merely the mechanism by which
Conservation Congress asserts its claims under the NFMA and the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 42 U.S.C. § 4321. See Block v. Cmty. Nutrition
Inst., 467 U.S. 340, 345 (1984).
      2
          See, e.g., sections 4-12, 4-26(2)(A), 4-91(1) & (2).
                                             3
       As to the remaining LRMP provisions:3 each of these are merely guidelines

directing the USFS to mitigate impacts or take certain action “as opportunities

arise.” In other words, the USFS has discretion to implement them as it deems

appropriate. Lands Council, 537 F.3d at 993 (“[O]ur law . . . requires us to defer to

an agency’s determination in an area involving a ‘high level of technical

expertise.’” (citation omitted)). Accordingly, the USFS’s alleged failure to apply

these provisions as Conservation Congress wishes is not a violation of the NFMA.

       As to the SNFP: section 34 does not require the USFS to conduct more than

the two surveys Conservation Congress concedes were conducted. Even so, the

USFS conducted a third survey before granting final approval for the Project.

       B. As to the claims that the USFS violated NEPA by failing to adequately

consider every relevant impact to the Northern Goshawk, the Modoc sucker, and

their respective habitats: “Through the NEPA process, federal agencies must

carefully consider detailed information concerning significant environmental

impacts, but they are not required to do the impractical. Alternatively phrased, the

task is to ensure that the agency has taken a ‘hard look’ at the potential

environmental consequences of the proposed action.” Klamath-Siskiyou Wildlands

       3
           See, e.g., sections 4-86(2)(b) & (c), 4-86(4), 4-91(3), 4-186, and appendix
M-1.
                                             4
Ctr. v. Bureau of Land Mgmt., 387 F.3d 989, 992–93 (9th Cir. 2004) (internal

citations, alterations, and quotation marks omitted). “Although an agency’s actions

under NEPA are subject to careful judicial scrutiny, courts must also be mindful to

defer to agency expertise, particularly with respect to scientific matters within the

purview of the agency.” Id. at 993.

      Here, the USFS concluded that “the Modoc sucker would not be [a]ffected

by the proposed project,” because the Modoc sucker riparian area is outside the

Project area, is in a different subwatershed than most of the Project, and is

“essentially disconnected” from any possible tributaries within the Project area.

The USFS had a project map and a hydrology report that included a map of the

subwatersheds before it when it made this scientific determination, and the

agency’s conclusion is entitled to deference. United States v. Alpine Land &

Reservoir Co., 887 F.2d 207, 213 (9th Cir. 1989). Conservation Congress has not

shown how additional mapping, surveying, grazing analysis, or sediment

transportation analysis would have any effect on the USFS’s conclusion. Thus,

Conservation Congress has not demonstrated a likelihood of success on its Modoc

sucker NEPA claims.

      The USFS likewise determined that the Project would not have a significant

impact on the Northern Goshawk. The record shows that USFS conducted three

                                           5
surveys of the Northern Goshawks PACs within the Project area. It also evaluated

the habitat of the Northern Goshawk’s prey—concluding that although altering the

post-fire habitat “may reduce the quality of salvage units for northern goshawk

foraging in the short-term,” these “minor short-term reductions . . . would be

minimized to some extent” by other aspects of the Project. Although Conservation

Congress asserts that the USFS should have conducted more surveys and re-

mapped the Northern Goshawk PACs in the Project area, it has not identified any

requirements for USFS to do so.4 Accordingly, it was not an abuse of discretion for

the district court to conclude that Conservation Congress has not demonstrated a

likelihood of success on its Northern Goshawk NEPA claims.5

      2. The district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the balance of

the equities and the public interest favored denying the requested injunction.

“[C]ourts must balance the competing claims of injury and must consider the effect

on each party of the granting or withholding of the requested relief.” Winter, 555

      4
        Conservation Congress also asserts that the USFS violated NEPA by failing
to identify or analyze the suitability of the surrounding habitat for the Northern
Goshawk and by failing to address how neighboring projects affect compliance
with the LRMP’s Northern Goshawk requirements. However, the record indicates
that any problems in the Northern Goshawk habitat in the Cove Fire
area—including the Project area and any surrounding project areas—were, again,
caused by the Cove Fire and not the Project itself.
      5
       We have considered the remainder of Conservation Congress’s arguments
regarding the first Winter factor, and we find them to be without merit.
6
U.S. at 24 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Amoco Prod. Co. v. Vill. of

Gambell, 480 U.S. 531, 542 (1987)). They must also “pay particular regard for the

public consequences in employing the extraordinary remedy of injunction.” Id.

(quoting Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456 U.S. 305, 312 (1982)).

      Here, the district court found that the public’s interest “in taking proactive

steps to prevent treacherous road conditions caused by fire-killed trees falling on

and obstructing public roads,” and “in mitigating the intensity and severity of

future fires” outweighs the public interests that support an injunction.

      There is ample support in the record that public safety interests disfavor

granting a preliminary injunction, including agency findings: (1) that “[t]here is an

urgency to implement [the Project] as soon as feasible to improve public and

Forest Service personnel safety”; (2) that “[r]oad maintenance activities will

improve both administrative and public access, and fire responder safety”; (3) that

“[g]usty winds are common in the area of the Cove Fire and could suddenly blow

down many hazardous trees at one time, posing an unacceptable risk to area

residents, forest workers, and visitors”; and (4) that the purposes of the Project

include reducing “safety hazards . . . along high use roads,” and reducing “small

fire-killed trees to reduce future fuel loads.”

                                            7
      These public safety interests are not clearly outweighed by the permanence

of Conservation Congress’s claimed injuries or the USFS’s alleged failures to obey

the law and to properly designate and mark trees for removal. See League of

Wilderness Defs./Blue Mountains Biodiversity Project v. Connaughton, 752 F.3d
755, 766 (9th Cir. 2014) (noting the strong public interest in mitigating hazardous

road conditions and forest fires, which is given “great weight when the risk is

imminent or the danger has begun”).

      AFFIRMED.

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