Court Opinion

ID: 4673126
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-31 10:04:24.851294+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:11.561399
License: Public Domain

This opinion is subject to administrative correction before final disposition.

                             Before
              MONAHAN, STEPHENS, and DEERWESTER
                    Appellate Military Judges

                        _________________________

                          UNITED STATES
                              Appellee

                                     v.

                    Barnabas E. PEARSON
               Lance Corporal (E-3), U.S. Marine Corps
                             Appellant

                             No. 201900314

                          Decided: 29 March 2021

    Appeal from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Trial Judiciary

                             Military Judges:
                  John L. Ferriter (arraignment, motions)
                     Jeffrey V. Muñoz (motions, trial)

 Sentence adjudged 25 July 2019 by a general court-martial convened
 at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona, consisting of officer and
 enlisted members. Sentence in the Entry of Judgment: confinement
 for eight months and a dishonorable discharge.

                            For Appellant:
                   Captain Mary Claire Finnen, USMC

                            For Appellee:
                  Major Kerry E. Friedewald, USMC
         Lieutenant Commander Jeffrey S. Marden, JAGC, USN

 Chief Judge MONAHAN delivered the opinion of the Court, in which
 Senior Judge STEPHENS and Judge DEERWESTER joined.

        30 March 2021: Administrative Correction to Add Counsel.
                United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                              Opinion of the Court

                           _________________________

                  PUBLISHED OPINION OF THE COURT

                           _________________________

MONAHAN, Chief Judge:
    Appellant was convicted, contrary to his pleas, of one specification of
sexual abuse of a child on divers occasions and one specification of receipt,
viewing, and possession of child pornography on divers occasions, in violation
of Articles 120b and 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice [UCMJ], 10 U.S.C.
§§ 920b and 934.
    Appellant asserts four assignments of error [AOEs]: 1 (1) this Court lacks
jurisdiction to act on the findings and sentence because the convening
authority took “no action” on the sentence; 2 (2) the military judge erred in
failing to suppress Appellant’s statements to a civilian law enforcement
officer and his subsequent statements to the Naval Criminal Investigative
Service [NCIS]; (3) the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to sustain
a conviction for receiving, viewing, and possessing child pornography; and (4)
Appellant’s sentence was inappropriately severe. We find merit in the third
AOE because only one of the five images charged images constitutes child
pornography. Therefore, we set aside certain language in the child pornogra-
phy specification and reassess the sentence.

                                I. BACKGROUND

A. Appellant Begins an Online Relationship with a Minor That
Becomes Romantic and Sexualized
   In June 2017, Miss Johnson, 3 a 15-year-old Jamaican immigrant living in
New York City, New York, sent a Facebook friend request to Appellant.
Miss Johnson was interested in joining the Marine Corps, and a mutual

   1   We have renumbered Appellant’s AOEs.
   2 Although not formally raised as an AOE, in his reply brief, Appellant requests
the Court remand the record of trial to the convening authority because the
convening authority took “no action” despite Appellant’s request for clemency.
   3  All names in this opinion, other than those of Appellant, the judges, and coun-
sel, are pseudonyms.

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                United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                              Opinion of the Court

friend suggested that she get to know Appellant. At the time, Appellant was
25 years old and training to become an airplane mechanic. Appellant and
Miss Johnson began communicating through online messaging, audio calls,
and video chats, and initially he spoke to her primarily as a mentor because
of her aspirations of becoming a Marine. However, in late-July or early-
August 2017, while Appellant was completing his training at Marine Corps
Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina, [MCAS Cherry Point], the nature
of Appellant’s and Miss Johnson’s online relationship became romantic. After
that point, Miss Johnson referred to Appellant as her boyfriend and told him
personal details about her life, to include the fact that she had previously
suffered abuse at the hands of family members.

B. Miss Johnson Reports Appellant to Law Enforcement as a Missing
Person After He Attempts to End Their Relationship
   In late-October 2017, shortly before transferring to Marine Corps Air
Station Yuma, Arizona [MCAS Yuma] to begin his first Fleet assignment,
Appellant attempted to end his relationship with Miss Johnson by telling her
that they needed to stop communicating. He then blocked her on Facebook
and deleted all of their text conversations from that application. Miss
Johnson was upset that Appellant had terminated contact with her. On 31
October 2017, within days of him reporting to his new duty station, she called
the Yuma Police Department [YPD] to report Appellant as a missing person
because she had not been able to contact him. When making her report, Miss
Johnson identified Appellant as her boyfriend, and informed the police
dispatcher that she was 15 years old and he was 25 years old.
    Shortly after Miss Johnson had spoken to the YPD dispatcher, Officer
[Off.] India was tasked with calling Miss Johnson to follow up on the missing
person report. Having retired as a Gunnery Sergeant (E-7) from the regular
component of the Marine Corps in 2008, Off. India had served as a civilian
police officer for the YPD since then. In his capacity as a YPD officer, he had
worked with military investigators at MCAS Yuma in the past, including the
Provost Marshal’s Office [PMO] and NCIS, and at all relevant times there
was a joint cooperation agreement in place between YPD and NCIS.
    Reading the call notes from the dispatcher, Off. India was suspicious as to
Appellant and Miss Johnson’s supposed relationship. 4 However, he mistaken-
ly believed that she lived in Yuma, and that the area code for her call back

   4   App. Ex. XXXV at 12.

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                    United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                                  Opinion of the Court

number had been written incorrectly by the police dispatcher. 5 So, he was
unable to make contact with her when he dialed the wrong number (using
Yuma’s area code). 6
    Off. India then attempted to call Appellant with the number Miss John-
son had provided the dispatcher, and left a message asking Appellant to call
him back. He next called the MCAS Yuma PMO to inquire about contact
information for Appellant, but the PMO had none. When Appellant returned
his call, Off. India identified himself as a YPD officer, and asked if he knew
why he was calling him. Appellant replied that he believed so. Off. India then
asked Appellant if Miss Johnson had sent him any nude photographs.
Appellant replied that she had sent him one such photograph without him
asking, but that he deleted it after she sent it. Off. India asked Appellant if
there was anything else, and Appellant said there had been a video chat
during which Miss Johnson had taken all of her clothing off. He further
admitted that he did not disconnect from the chat as soon as she started
taking off her clothing. Off. India asked Appellant if he and Miss Johnson
were boyfriend and girlfriend, to which Appellant replied “sort of.” 7 Appellant
also told Off. India that he was not sure how he could end the relationship
without causing her emotional distress, but when he had moved to Yuma, he
decided to unfriend and block her on Facebook and no longer talk to her.
    Off. India clarified with Appellant as to when he had received the naked
photo from Miss Johnson and had participated in the video chat during which
she had removed articles of clothing. Appellant told Off. India that this
occurred while he was stationed at MCAS Cherry Point. Off. India asked
Appellant if they had ever met in person, and Appellant said they had not.
Believing that she lived in Yuma, Off. India pressed Appellant about meeting
her in person, and Appellant explained that she lived in New York City. At
no time during their conversation did Off. India inform Appellant that he was
a retired Marine Gunnery Sergeant.
    After speaking with Appellant, Off. India called Miss Johnson again, this
time using her correct area code and successfully reached her. Miss Johnson
asserted that she had sent nude photographs to Appellant at his request and
said that she had also taken off all of her clothing during a video chat with
Appellant. After speaking with Miss Johnson, Off. India got in contact with

   5   Id.
   6   Id.
   7   R. at 642.

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             United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                           Opinion of the Court

the on-duty NCIS agent, Special Agent [SA] Williams. He called Off. India
back, and the two law enforcement officers agreed to meet at YPD’s head-
quarters later that evening. During the meeting, Off. India told SA Williams
everything he had learned concerning Appellant and Miss Johnson’s
relationship.
    When SA Williams returned to his office at MCAS Yuma from YPD’s
headquarters it was late in the evening. However, he immediately initiated
an investigation and contacted Appellant’s command to request that he be
brought to the NCIS office that evening for a potential interview. Appellant
was subsequently awoken and escorted from his barracks room to the NCIS
office by a commissioned officer from his unit. Shortly before midnight, SA
Williams administered Article 31(b) warnings, and Appellant waived his
rights. SA Williams and another NCIS special agent subsequently interro-
gated Appellant for approximately two hours.
    During the interrogation, Appellant informed the agents that Miss John-
son had sent him a Facebook friend request while he was stationed in
Pensacola, Florida, and that he then transferred to MCAS Cherry Point,
where he continued to communicate with her online. Appellant admitted that
Miss Johnson told him she was 15 years old within a couple of weeks after he
began communicating with her. Appellant acknowledged that during their
online relationship, Miss Johnson referred to him as her boyfriend. He also
admitted exchanging one or two sexually explicit messages with her.
    Appellant further acknowledged receiving an unsolicited naked picture of
Miss Johnson, which he described as her standing in a shower covering her
breasts with her arm, in which nothing was visible beneath her waist. 8
Although he initially claimed that he was not sure whether he received the
photo before or after he had learned her age, he later admitted to the agents
that when he asked Miss Johnson why she had sent him the naked photo, he
told her that he could get in trouble for that because of her age. Appellant
further told the agents that his phone automatically saved all photos sent to
him over Facebook Messenger, and that he deleted the naked photo that Miss
Johnson had sent him after approximately a week. Appellant also informed
the agents that on one occasion while he was video chatting with Miss
Johnson, after telling him she felt hot, she removed her shirt and bra,
exposing her bare breasts to him over the camera. However, Appellant told
the agents that he told her at the time she did not have to do that.

    8 This photo was later extracted from Appellant’s phone and admitted into

evidence as part of Pros. Ex. 5, Image 5e. See discussion infra.

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                  United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                                Opinion of the Court

   With regard to how their relationship ended, Appellant told the NCIS
agents that shortly before he transferred to MCAS Yuma, he tried to stop
communications with Miss Johnson, to include blocking her on Facebook.

C. Incriminating Evidence Is Found on Appellant’s Cell Phone and
Computer Following Forensic Examination
    During the interrogation, the NCIS agents sought and obtained from
Appellant a permissive authorization for search and seizure [PASS] for his
cell phone, which they then seized. Later that same morning, after Appellant
had returned to his barracks room, gotten a few hours of sleep, and begun to
start his workday, the NCIS agents asked his unit to escort him to their office
a second time. When Appellant was returned to the NCIS office, the agents
asked for and obtained from him a PASS to search his barracks room and
seize his laptop computer. Next, the agents escorted Appellant to his
barracks room, where he retrieved his laptop and provided it to them.
    Following the seizure of the devices, Appellant’s cell phone and laptop
computer were forensically analyzed. Suspected images of child pornography
were located on Appellant’s cell phone. Additionally, the analysis of his laptop
computer yielded an internet browsing history showing that the phrase
“Jamaican teen” had been entered as a search term on a legal pornography
site during the charged time period. 9

D. Pretrial Motions
    Prior to trial, Appellant moved to suppress his statements to Off. India,
arguing that Off. India was required to provide him Article 31(b) rights
warnings because: (1) Off. India was working in concert with military
authorities to the extent that his civilian investigation became indivisible
with the military investigation; and (2) Off. India was acting in furtherance
of a military investigation. SA Williams testified on the motion that NCIS
never directed Off. India in his investigation of Appellant, and that NCIS did
not advise, counsel, guide, or assist Off. India in his investigation. He also
testified that YPD conducted a completely separate and independent
investigation from NCIS’s investigation into Appellant’s relationship with
Miss Johnson. The military judge denied the motion, concluding that there
was no merger of investigations and that Off. India was neither acting in
furtherance of a military investigation nor serving as an instrument of the
military.

   9   Pros. Ex. 7, at 35.

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              United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                            Opinion of the Court

    Appellant also moved before trial to suppress his statements to NCIS as
illegally obtained derivative evidence, arguing that he was apprehended
without probable cause before he was interrogated by that agency. The
military judge denied the motion, concluding that although Appellant was
apprehended prior to providing his statements to NCIS, the apprehension
was based on probable cause. Specifically, the military judge found the
following information Off. India conveyed to SA Williams prior to Appellant’s
apprehension constituted probable cause: Appellant, a 25-year-old Marine,
was involved in some sort of a relationship with a 15-year-old girl, wherein he
received at least one nude photograph of the girl and had also participated in
a nude live video chat session with her.

E. Trial
    At trial, the military judge admitted Prosecution Exhibit [Pros. Ex.] 5,
which contained five images of Miss Johnson in varying states of nudity, and
which were extracted from Appellant’s cell phone. Image 5a depicted her fully
naked and lying on a bed. Images 5b-5d depicted her topless and wearing
underwear. Image 5e depicted her fully naked and standing in a shower. The
Government’s expert in the field of digital forensics and analysis testified
that these images were found in either thumbnail or cache format, which can
be consistent with images having been deleted from a cell phone. The
Government’s expert also testified that the caching process, which is a type of
back up, can happen automatically. However, he also testified that to appear
in cache format, digital images normally would have first been saved, such as
in a cell phone’s photo gallery. Moreover, the Government’s expert testified
that if, in fact, the images in question had been deleted, it was impossible to
tell if the images were deleted immediately or saved for a longer period, such
as a week or a month, before they were deleted.
    The military judge also admitted Pros. Ex. 8, which contained screenshots
of numerous text communications sent back and forth between Appellant and
Miss Johnson via Facebook Messenger. Miss Johnson provided these text
messages to SA Williams during NCIS’s investigation. They showed that
Appellant sent Miss Johnson sexually explicit texts on more than one
occasion.
    Miss Johnson testified at trial that she told Appellant on the first day
they communicated that she was 15 years old. She testified that after their
online relationship became romantic, on more than one occasion he made
sexual communications to her in both video chats and in Facebook messenger
texts, and that she masturbated on camera using a glass bottle on multiple
occasions at Appellant’s request. She also testified that in the text messages
between her and Appellant, admitted as Pros. Ex. 8, she said, “My cervix

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                  United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                                Opinion of the Court

hurts since yesterday,” 10 which she explained was in reference to the pain she
felt after Appellant asked her to masturbate with the glass bottle.
    Miss Johnson further testified on direct that Appellant asked her to send
him photos of herself, 11 and when she sent him pictures in which she was
clothed, he replied, “Not those type of pictures.” 12 She testified that during
the course of their relationship, and always at Appellant’s request, she sent
him photos of herself on various occasions in which she was either partially
or fully naked. She testified that she was the person in each of the five photos
contained in Pros. Ex. 5, that she was 15 years old when she took those
pictures of herself, and that she sent each of the five photos to Appellant
during the charged time period. Additionally, Miss Johnson testified that
after Appellant received each of the photos, he would normally tell her
afterwards when they were video chatting that he liked what he saw in the
photo and that he wanted more of them.
    On cross-examination, Miss Johnson was evasive, and her testimony on a
variety of topics was significantly impeached by the Trial Defense Counsel
[TDC]. Additionally, after acknowledging on cross that she had called TDC in
January 2019, 13 she denied telling TDC that Appellant had not asked her for
all of the nude photos she had sent him. Later in the trial, the Defense
offered the testimony of a Defense legal clerk, who had been a witness to the
pretrial conversation between Miss Johnson and TDC. The legal clerk
testified that during the phone call, Miss Johnson told TDC that although
Appellant had solicited nude photos from her on one occasion, she had sent
other nude photos to him at other times without him asking her to do so.
    The Defense also offered the testimony of its own expert in the field of
digital forensic examination. The Defense expert testified that Facebook
Messenger has a setting that allows a user to automatically download photos
contained in messages sent to the user. The Defense expert further explained
that if this setting is activated in a user’s device, any photos sent via

   10   R. at 799; Pros. Ex. 8, at 27.
   11 Prosecution Exhibit 8, which contains 44 pages of Facebook message texts
between Appellant and Miss Johnson, reflects two occasions when Appellant requests
pictures of her. However, these texts are silent on the issue of whether he is asking
for nude photos. Pros. Ex. 8, at 1-2, 23.
   12   R. at 793.
   13 This conversation occurred after charges had been preferred and the Article 32
preliminary hearing had been held in the case.

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                 United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                               Opinion of the Court

Facebook Messenger to the user would be automatically saved in his photo
gallery without further manual action.

F. Post-Trial
    The earliest date of both offenses of which Appellant was convicted was
1 August 2017. Therefore, the version of Article 60 applicable in this case 14
directs that “[a]ction on the sentence of a court-martial shall be taken by the
convening authority or by another person authorized to act under this
section.” 15 Despite this requirement, the convening authority indicated, “NO
ACTION,” on the Convening Authority’s Action and Entry of Judgment Form.

                                    II. DISCUSSION

A. Jurisdiction
   We review questions of jurisdiction de novo. 16
     The courts of criminal appeals are courts of limited jurisdiction, defined
entirely by statute. 17 Prior to January 2019, our appellate jurisdiction to act
with respect to the findings and sentence of a court-martial required an
adjudged sentence that (1) included death, a punitive discharge, or confine-
ment for one year or more; and (2) was approved by the convening authori-
ty. 18 Therefore, until a convening authority acted to approve a sentence
pursuant to Article 60, this Court did not possess appellate jurisdiction.
    Congress amended post-trial procedures in the Military Justice Act of
2016 [MJA 2016], which came into effect on 1 January 2019. 19 For cases
referred after that date, this Court’s appellate jurisdiction, pursuant to
Article 66 (2018), is no longer dependent upon the convening authority’s
action. Instead, a Court of Criminal Appeals has “jurisdiction over a court-
martial in which the judgment entered into the record under [Article 60c,
UCMJ] includes a sentence of death, [a punitive discharge], or confinement

   14   See Exec. Order 13,825, 83 Fed. Reg. 9,890 (1 March 2018).
   15   UCMJ art. 60(c)(2)(A) (2012 & Supp. V 2018).
   16   United States v. Ali, 71 M.J. 256, 261 (C.A.A.F. 2012).
   17   United States v. Arness, 74 M.J. 441, 442 (C.A.A.F. 2015).
   18   UCMJ art. 66(b) (2012 & Supp V 2018).
   19 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017, Pub. L. No. 114-328,
§§ 5321-30, 130 Stat. 2000 (2016); Exec. Order 13,825.

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                  United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                                Opinion of the Court

for 2 years or more.” 20 Article 66(d)(1) provides further that this Court “may
act only with respect to the findings and sentence as entered into the record
under [Article 60c, UCMJ].” Article 60c(a)(1) requires the military judge to
include in the Statement of Trial Results “any post-trial action by the
convening authority.”
    In light of the amendments to Article 60 over the past decade, the Presi-
dent, via executive order, directed that the version of Article 60 applicable to
a court-martial is dependent on the earliest date of misconduct for which an
accused was convicted. 21 As that date in this case is in 2017, the operative
version of Article 60 requires convening authority action. We agree with the
Army Court of Criminal Appeals that if a convening authority states, “No
Action,” the convening authority’s failure to take action is error. 22
    However, we also agree with our sister court that the convening authori-
ty’s failure to take action in the case does not deprive this Court of jurisdic-
tion. 23 The charges against Appellant were referred on 22 January 2019.
Therefore, MJA 2016 post-trial procedures were applicable in Appellant’s
case. 24 Here, the judgment entered into the record includes a sentence to a
dishonorable discharge and reflects that the convening authority took no
post-trial action to alter the adjudged sentence. Thus, this Court has
jurisdiction to review Appellant’s case, notwithstanding the convening
authority’s error in not taking action on Appellant’s sentence. 25
   As the convening authority’s error is not jurisdictional in nature, we test
the error for prejudice pursuant to Article 59(a). 26 In this case, it is clear that

   20   UCMJ art. 66(b)(3) (2018) (emphasis added).
   21 The Executive Order directs that the version of Article 60 in effect at the time
of an appellant’s earliest offense is applicable to the extent it: requires convening
authority action on the sentence; permits convening action on the findings;
authorizes the convening authority to modify the findings of a court-martial in
certain respects; authorizes proceedings in revision; and authorizes the convening
authority to approve, disapprove, commute, or suspend the sentence. See Exec. Order
13,825, 83 Fed. Reg. 9,890 (Mar. 1, 2018).
   22   United States v. Coffman, 79 M.J. 820, 823 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 2020).
   23   See id.
   24As noted above, the exception to this rule is the applicable version of Article 60.
See Exec. Order 13,825, 83 Fed. Reg. 9,890 (1 March 2018).
   25   See UCMJ art. 60(c).
   26   See United States v. Alexander, 61 M.J. 266, 269 (C.A.A.F. 2005).

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                 United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                               Opinion of the Court

there was no prejudice to any of Appellant’s substantial rights. Although the
convening authority took “no action” on Appellant’s sentence on 21 August
2019, the Convening Authority’s Action and Entry of Judgment Form also
explicitly indicates that Appellant’s various requests for clemency and
deferment of certain aspects of the sentence were considered and denied at or
before the time the convening authority took “no action” on the sentence. 27
Under these circumstances, we find the convening authority’s failure to take
action on the sentence constitutes harmless error.

B. Article 31(b) Warnings

   1. Standard of review and the law
    We review a military judge’s denial of a motion to suppress a confession
for an abuse of discretion. 28 We review the military judge’s findings of fact on
a clearly-erroneous standard, and we review conclusions of law de novo. 29
   Generally, an accused must be informed of his Miranda 30 rights prior to
custodial interrogation. Congress has provided military members, under
Article 31(b), with a rights warning requirement that is broader than what is
required by Miranda. 31 The legislative intent of this statute was “to address
the subtle and not so subtle pressures that apply to military life and might
cause members of the armed forces to feel compelled to self-incriminate.” 32
   Article 31(b) warnings are required when “(1) a person subject to the
UCMJ, (2) interrogates or requests any statement, (3) from an accused or
person suspected of an offense, and (4) the statements regard the offense of
which the person questioned is accused or suspected.” 33 Under Article 31(b)’s

   27 Block 35 of the form, Deferment and Waiver of Forfeitures, indicates that
Appellant made requests on 25 July 2019, 5 August 2019, and 6 August 2019. Block
35 also indicates that “[a]ll Request [sic] are denied, and were denied initially on 1
August 2019.” While Block 35 is not separately dated, it appears from the form that
the entry reflecting the convening authority’s final denial of Appellant’s deferment
and waiver requests was made on the date the convening authority signed the form,
21 August 2019.
   28   United States v. Chatfield, 67 M.J. 432, 437 (C.A.A.F. 2009).
   29   United States v. Ramos, 76 M.J. 372, 375 (C.A.A.F. 2017).
   30   Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
   31   Ramos, 76 M.J. at 376.
   32   United States v. Gilbreath, 74 M.J. 11, 16 (C.A.A.F. 2014).
   33   United States v. Jones, 73 M.J. 357, 361 (C.A.A.F. 2014).

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                     United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                                   Opinion of the Court

second requirement, rights warnings are required if “the person conducting
the questioning [was] participating in an official law enforcement or
disciplinary investigation or inquiry.” 34
    A plain text reading of the statute reveals that Article 31(b) is a proscrip-
tion that applies to the questioner. 35 The Court of Appeals for the Armed
Forces [CAAF] has frequently addressed the issue of when Article 31(b)
rights warnings must be given, and its cases are primarily concerned with
“the questioner’s status and the military context in which the questioning
occurs.” 36 Thus, the appropriate analysis works forward from whether the
facts and circumstances require the questioner to comply with Article 31(b),
not from the question of whether the suspect is entitled to receive the
required rights warnings. 37 However, CAAF has also recognized that the
reach of Article 31(b) is not unlimited, and has articulated that it does not
interpret Article 31(b) to reach “literal but absurd results.” 38
   Civilian law enforcement officials are not required to advise a military
member of his or her rights under Article 31(b) and Military Rule of Evidence
[Mil. R. Evid.] 305(c), unless they are acting as a knowing agent of a person
subject to the UCMJ or of a military unit. 39 CAAF has clarified these
requirements, holding that:
         civilian investigators working in conjunction with military offi-
         cials must comply with Article 31: (1) when the scope and char-
         acter of the cooperative efforts demonstrate that the two inves-
         tigations merged into an indivisible entity and (2) when the ci-
         vilian investigator acts in furtherance of any military investi-
         gation, or in any sense as an instrument of the military. 40

   34   Id. (quoting United States v. Swift, 53 M.J. 439, 446 (C.A.A.F. 2000)).
   35   Gilbreath, 74 M.J. at 15.
   36   Id.
   37   Id.
   38   Id. at 16.
   39 Mil. R. Evid. 305(b)(1), 305(c); United States v. Rodriguez, 60 M.J. 239, 252
(C.A.A.F. 2004).
   40   Rodriguez, 60 M.J. at 252 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

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               United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                             Opinion of the Court

    2. Appellant was not entitled to Article 31(b) warnings solely because
Off. India was a retired Marine subject to the UCMJ
    Appellant argues that because of Off. India’s status as a retiree of a
regular component of the armed forces, Off. India was required to provide
him Article 31(b) warnings before questioning him about his relationship
with Miss Johnson. 41 We agree that as a retired active component Marine,
under a literal reading of Article 31(b), Off. India is subsumed into the first
textual predicate (“a person subject to the UCMJ”). 42 This does not end our
inquiry, however. As CAAF articulated in United States v. Gilbreath, it does
not interpret Article 31(b) to reach “literal but absurd results.” If we were to
hold that Off. India was required to read Appellant his rights warnings in the
course of performing his duties as a civilian police officer, solely because
Off. India was eligible to receive pay as a retired member of an active
component of the armed forces, then this would truly be an absurd result. It
would be a particularly absurd result where, as here, Off. India did not
inform Appellant that he was a retired Marine Gunnery Sergeant, and where
Off. India was not acting as an agent, or in any sense an instrument, of
military law enforcement when he questioned Appellant. (See discussion
infra.) Indeed, if Article 31(b)’s first textual predicate were to be applied
literally as Appellant exhorts us, then a retired member of a regular
component of any of the armed forces who pursued civilian law enforcement
as a second career would arguably be required to provide Article 31(b) rights
warnings to any person (civilian or military) he or she suspected of a criminal
offense, before questioning them about that offense while performing his or
her duties as a civilian police officer. 43

   41  We have considered but find unpersuasive the Government’s argument that
Appellant waived his claim that Off. India’s status as a retired Marine required him
to receive Article 31(b) warnings from Off. India questioning him about his
relationship with Miss Johnson. Although Appellant did not explicitly raise this issue
in his motion to suppress at trial, the issue was raised implicitly through Appellant’s
overall argument that Article 31(b) warnings were required under the circumstances.
Moreover, in his ruling on the motion, the military judge specifically addressed
Off. India’s status as a military retiree in his analysis. App. Ex. XCI at 9.
   42 See UCMJ art. 2(a)(4); cf. United States v. Begani, 79 M.J. 767, 775 (N-M. Ct.
Crim. App. 2020) (holding retired members of the Fleet Reserve are subject to the
UCMJ), pet. granted, 80 M.J. 200 (C.A.A.F. 2020).
   43       The plain text of the statute also draws a distinction between the
        questioner, who is a person subject to the UCMJ, and the individual
        being questioned, who is “an accused or a person suspected of an of-

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                 United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                               Opinion of the Court

    Therefore, we hold that under Article 31(b)’s second requirement, rights
warnings are only necessary if the person conducting the questioning is
participating in an official military law enforcement or disciplinary investiga-
tion or inquiry. 44 Reading this qualifier into the requirement serves
Congress’s intent of addressing the “subtle and not so subtle pressures that
apply to military life and might cause members of the armed forces to feel
compelled to self-incriminate,” 45 while simultaneously avoiding foisting an
unworkable and unwise framework upon retired military members who
pursue a second career in civilian law enforcement and the agencies they
serve.
    In this case, although Off. India was subject to the UCMJ as a military
retiree, he had no UCMJ authority over Appellant. Moreover, Appellant was
unaware of Off. India’s UCMJ status and, thus, Appellant was not suscepti-
ble to the subtle and not so subtle pressures that Article 31(b) was meant to
guard against. Unlike the active duty Air Policeman serving as a liaison with
local authorities in United States v. King, who the Court of Military Appeals
held was required to have given Article 31(b) warnings when he questioned
the appellant in that case, 46 here Off. India did not use his military status in
furtherance of conducting the civilian investigation. Therefore, we find
Appellant’s argument that Off. India was required to give Article 31(b) rights
warnings due to his status as a person subject to the UCMJ to be without
merit.

         fense.” Article 31(b), UCMJ. This latter provision directs itself to a
         person who is suspected of an offense under the UCMJ, and is not
         addressed to the military status of the person questioned. It is not
         dissimilar from language elsewhere in the UCMJ directed to any
         “person,” which is directed toward the interaction of the military jus-
         tice system and external persons.
Gilbreath, 74 M.J. at 16.
   44  However, we recognize that if a military member uses his military status in
furtherance of a civilian investigation, then Article 31(b) rights warnings are
required. See United States v. King, 34 C.M.R. 7, 8-11 (C.M.A. 1963) (at the request of
a local law enforcement officer, an active duty Air Policeman from the appellant’s
military installation who served as a liaison officer between the installation and the
local community, was asked to come to the district attorney’s office to talk to or
question the appellant regarding allegations that the appellant had sexually
molested his 14-year-old niece).
   45   See Gilbreath, 74 M.J. at 16.
   46   King, 34 C.M.R. at 8-11.

                                           14
                     United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                                   Opinion of the Court

   3. Off. India was not required to provide Appellant Article 31(b) rights
warnings because he did not act as a “knowing agent” of a military unit or of a
person subject to the UCMJ
    Appellant argues that Off. India “acted as the military’s agent for a mili-
tary investigative purpose even when the military did not know of, or direct
his investigative acts.” 47 Specifically, Appellant asserts that although there
was no military investigation in existence when Off. India questioned him,
the military judge erred when he failed to focus on what Off. India’s purpose
was—trying to assist NCIS—when he continued to investigate beyond
resolving his civilian police department’s missing person’s case. Appellant
also stresses the fact that Off. India had a close tie with the military as a
retiree, and, thus, “he did not need a military member to direct him to be an
agent.” 48
    As an initial matter, we observe that in United States v. Brisbane, CAAF
articulated that the test for whether Article 31’s requirement for rights
warnings is not “an issue of the questioner’s ‘primary purpose.’ ” 49 However,
assuming arguendo that Off. India’s primary purpose in questioning
Appellant about his relationship with Miss Johnson is essential to the
determination of this issue, the facts in the record undercut Appellant’s
argument. Although Off. India was tasked to investigate a missing person
case, he became immediately suspicious of Appellant when he read the police
dispatcher’s notes that Miss Johnson reported that she was 15 years old and
that, Appellant, her “boyfriend,” was 25 years old. Moreover, Off. India
mistakenly believed that Miss Johnson lived in Yuma, which led him to
suspect Appellant may have engaged in criminal sexual activity with her in
Yuma, where YPD had jurisdiction. This mistaken belief was only cleared up
over the course of his conversation with Appellant, during which Appellant
made the admissions that he later sought to suppress. Therefore, we find
unpersuasive Appellant’s argument that Off. India’s primary purpose was to
obtain information for NCIS when he questioned him.
    Off. India’s status as a retired Marine does not change our analysis on
this point. Rather, we find that Off. India was simply performing his duties
as a civilian police officer by conducting an independent investigation into
potential crimes over which YPD held investigatory jurisdiction. Following

   47   Appellant’s Br. at 48.
   48   Id. at 50.
   49   63 M.J. 106, 112 (C.A.A.F. 2006).

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                 United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                               Opinion of the Court

the conclusion of this investigation, he merely turned over the information he
had learned from speaking with Appellant and Miss Johnson to SA Williams.
Only after that handoff did NCIS open an investigation. Moreover, neither
SA Williams nor any military law enforcement official was in any way
involved in the investigation that Off. India conducted or the questions he
posed to Appellant. Thus, we agree with the military judge that there was no
merger of investigations, and that Off. India was neither acting in further-
ance of a military investigation nor serving as an instrument of the military.
For these reasons, we hold that the military judge did not abuse his
discretion by denying the motion to suppress.

   4. Because Off. India was not required to administer Article 31(b) rights
warnings, Appellant’s argument that his later statement to NCIS should be
suppressed fails
    Appellant argues that because his statement to Off. India was illegally
obtained due to Off. India’s failure to provide him Article 31(b) rights, his
statement to NCIS made hours later should be suppressed. However, we have
found that Off. India was not required to administer Article 31(b) rights
warnings to Appellant. (See discussion supra.) Moreover, the record clearly
reflects that SA Williams properly advised Appellant of his rights under
Article 31(b) prior to interrogation, that Appellant subsequently waived his
rights, and that under the totality of the circumstances, Appellant’s
statement to NCIS was voluntary. Therefore, his argument on this issue is
without merit. 50

C. Factual and Legal Sufficiency of Child Pornography Offenses

   1. Standard of review and the law
   We review each case de novo for legal and factual sufficiency. 51
    When testing for legal sufficiency, we look at “whether, considering the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a reasonable
factfinder could have found all the essential elements beyond a reasonable
doubt.” 52 Our assessment of legal sufficiency is limited to the evidence

   50   See United States v. Matias, 25 M.J. 356, 361 (C.M.A. 1987).
   51   UCMJ art. 66; United States v. Washington, 57 M.J. 394, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002).
   52United States v. Turner, 25 M.J. 324 (C.M.A. 1987) (citing Jackson v. Virginia,
443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)).

                                           16
                 United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                               Opinion of the Court

produced at trial. 53 In performing this analysis, we must “draw every
reasonable inference from the evidence of record in favor of the prosecu-
tion.” 54 “The standard for legal sufficiency involves a very low threshold to
sustain a conviction.” 55
    In evaluating factual sufficiency, we must determine whether, after
evaluating all the evidence in the record of trial and making allowances for
not having observed the witnesses, we are convinced of Appellant’s guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt. 56 In performing this function, we must take “a
fresh, impartial look at the evidence,” applying “neither a presumption of
innocence or a presumption of guilt,” and we must make our own, “independ-
ent determination as to whether the evidence constitutes proof of each
required element beyond a reasonable doubt.” 57 Reasonable doubt, however,
does not mean the evidence must be free from conflict. 58
   Article 134 defines “child pornography” as “material that contains either
an obscene visual depiction of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct
or a visual depiction of an actual minor engaging in sexually explicit
conduct.” 59 Article 134 further defines “sexually explicit conduct,” as actual or
simulated sexual intercourse or sodomy, bestiality, masturbation, sadistic or
masochistic abuse, and “lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area of
any person.” 60 Child pornography is defined similarly under civilian federal
law. 61 Congress has not defined the term “lascivious exhibition” in either
Article 134 or its civilian federal counterpart. 62 However, like most civilian

   53   United States v. Dykes, 38 M.J. 270, 272 (C.M.A. 1993).
   54 United States v. Gutierrez, 74 M.J. 61, 65 (C.A.A.F. 2015) (internal citations
omitted).
   55 United States v. King, 78 M.J. 218, 221 (C.A.A.F. 2019) (internal citations
omitted).
   56   Turner, 25 M.J. at 325.
   57   Washington, 57 M.J. at 399.
   58   United States v. Lepresti, 52 M.J. 644, 648 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 1999).
   59   MCM, pt. IV, para. 68b.c.(1) (2016 ed.).
   60   MCM, pt. IV, para. 68b.c.(7) (2016 ed.).
   61   18 U.S.C. § 2256 (2012).
   62   United States v. Roderick, 62 M.J. 425, 429 (C.A.A.F. 2006).

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                  United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                                Opinion of the Court

federal courts, CAAF has adopted the factors from United States v. Dost 63 to
determine whether an image constitutes a “lascivious display” of the genitals
or pubic area of an individual. 64 They are:
             (1) whether the focal point of the visual depiction is on the
         child’s genitalia or pubic area;
             (2) whether the setting of the visual depiction is sexually
         suggestive, i.e. in a place or pose generally associated with sex-
         ual activity;
            (3) whether the child is depicted in an unnatural pose, or in
         inappropriate attire, considering the age of the child;
              (4) whether the child is fully or partially clothed, or nude;
            (5) whether the visual depiction suggests sexual coyness or
         a willingness to engage in sexual activity;
             (6) whether the visual depiction is intended or designed to
         elicit a sexual response in the viewer. 65
     In addition to these six factors, several federal circuit courts have recog-
nized that although Dost provides some specific, workable criteria, there may
be other factors that are “equally if not more important in determining
whether a photograph contains a lascivious exhibition.” 66 CAAF has adopted
the approach of these other courts to determine whether a particular
photograph contains a “lascivious exhibition” by combining a review of the
Dost factors with an overall consideration of the totality of the circumstanc-
es. 67
   In United States v. Piolunek, CAAF reasoned, “Properly instructed mem-
bers are well suited to . . . determin[e] . . . whether an image does or does not

   63 636 F. Supp. 828, 832 (S.D. Cal. 1986), aff’d sub nom. United States v. Wie-
gand, 812 F.2d 1239 (9th Cir. 1987).
   64   Roderick, 62 M.J. at 429.
   65   Id. (quoting Dost, 636 F. Supp. at 832).
   66 Id. at 429-30 (quoting United States v. Amirault, 173 F.3d 28, 32 (1st Cir.
1999)).
   67   Id. at 430.

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                 United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                               Opinion of the Court

depict the genitals or pubic region, and is, or is not, a visual depiction of a
minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct.” 68 Thus, the Piolunek court held:
         convictions by general verdict for possession and receipt of vis-
         ual depictions of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct
         on divers occasions by a properly instructed panel need not be
         set aside after the [Court of Criminal Appeals] decides several
         images considered by the members do not depict the genitals or
         pubic region. 69
    In United States v. Blouin, CAAF implied that there must be genital or
pubic area nudity under a prosecution for child pornography under a
“lascivious display” theory of child pornography. 70 Subsequently, in United
States v. Gould, following a remand from CAAF to revisit its earlier opinion
affirming the appellant’s child pornography conviction in light of CAAF’s
Blouin opinion, our sister court considered whether four photographs of a
minor female whose pubic area was covered by underwear met the definition
of child pornography. 71 Although the Gould court did not answer the question
of whether a lascivious exhibition requires actual nudity, it nonetheless
applied the Dost factors and under the totality of the circumstances held that
the images were legally and factually insufficient to support the child
pornography offense.
    It is an element of an Article 134 child pornography offense that the
accused “knowingly and wrongfully” possessed, received, or viewed the child
pornography in question. 72 “Any facts or circumstances that show that a
visual depiction of child pornography was unintentionally or inadvertently
acquired are relevant to wrongfulness, including but not limited to the
method by which the visual depiction was acquired, the length of time the
visual depiction was maintained, and whether the visual depiction was
promptly, and in good faith, destroyed or reported to law enforcement.” 73

   68   74 M.J. 107, 110 (C.A.A.F. 2015).
   69   Id. at 111-12.
   70   74 M.J. 247, 250 (C.A.A.F. 2015).
   71United States v. Gould, 2017 CCA LEXIS 338 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 2017)
(unpublished).
   72   MCM, pt. IV, para. 68b.b.(1)(a) (2016 ed.).
   73   MCM, pt. IV, para. 68b.c.(9) (2016 ed.).

                                            19
                  United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                                Opinion of the Court

    In United States v. King, CAAF recently considered the issue of legal
sufficiency in a case where the appellant was convicted of viewing three
images of child pornography. 74 All three of the images were found on the
appellant’s home computer, with two found in cache and the third in
unallocated space. 75 The government’s computer forensic expert testified
among other things that there was no way to know if the appellant had
actually accessed the cached images, and that there was no way of knowing
from any forensic determination whether a user had actually seen the
charged photos. 76 However, the expert did confirm that the appellant had
searched for several terms indicative of child pornography. 77
   Despite there being no direct evidence of guilt, CAAF affirmed King’s
conviction based on the strong circumstantial case presented by the
government. The court enunciated:
             We recognize that the ability to rely on circumstantial evi-
         dence is especially important in cases, such as here, where the
         offense is usually committed in private . . . . [D]irect evidence of
         the offense of viewing child pornography will be rare because
         the offense is usually committed in private. As a result the gov-
         ernment often will have to rely on circumstantial evidence in
         attempting to prove the offense. 78
   Assessing the facts of King’s case, CAAF further reasoned that although
“the forensics failed to conclusively determine that [the appellant] actually
saw the three charged images, they still give rise to an inference that [the
appellant] viewed the photos.” 79 Among the facts that the court relied upon to
reach that conclusion were that the images of child pornography were found
on his password-protected home computer, and that the forensic report
suggested that at one time the two cached files were viewed. 80

   74   78 M.J. 218, 219 (C.A.A.F. 2019).
   75   Id. at 220.
   76   Id. at 220-21.
   77   Id. at 221.
   78   Id.
   79   Id. at 222.
   80   Id.

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               United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                             Opinion of the Court

    2. Only one of the five images of which Appellant was convicted of receiv-
ing, viewing, and possessing is legally sufficient to meet the definition of “a
minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct”
    The Government offered a total of five images [Pros. Ex. 5, Images 5a-5e]
of alleged child pornography into evidence, under the theory that the images
constituted visual depictions of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct
because each constituted a “lascivious display” of Miss Johnson’s genitals or
pubic area. The military judge properly instructed the members with regard
to all relevant provisions of the law. Subsequently, the members returned a
general verdict to convict Appellant of a single specification of, on divers
occasions, possessing, receiving and viewing “digital images of a minor,
engaging in sexually explicit conduct.”
    Under the totality of the circumstances, we find that only Image 5a is
legally and factually sufficient to meet the definition of “a minor engaging in
sexually explicit conduct.” We find the remaining images legally insufficient
to meet this element of the offense. 81
    Image 5a depicts Miss Johnson engaging in sexually explicit conduct
because the image constitutes a lascivious display of her pubic area. This
image depicts her fully nude and lying on a bed. She has one arm up in the
air, apparently holding her cell phone or other camera over her head to take
the “selfie” picture. From this angle, her breasts are prominently displayed.
Her legs are closed tightly, thus obscuring her genitals. However, her pubic
area, to include pubic hair, is visible. Applying the Dost factors, we first find
that, although her breasts are a focal point of the picture, her pubic area is a
focal point as well. 82 Second, the image’s setting is sexually suggestive
because she is lying on a bed. Third, Miss Johnson appears in an unnatural
pose because she is lying on her back, looking up at the camera and smiling
at it. Fourth, she is fully nude in the photo. Fifth, the image depicts sexual
coyness because of the way she is smiling. Sixth, we believe that the image is
intended to elicit a sexual response under all of the circumstances.

   81   We abstain from reviewing Images 5b-5e for factual sufficiency because we
have found those images legally insufficient. This is because we are required to “first
. . . determine the correct, applicable law in this case in order to properly conduct
[our] factual sufficiency analysis.” United States v. Pease, 75 M.J. 180, 184 (C.A.A.F.
2016).
   82 We are unaware of any restriction under the relevant law that a photo can
have only one focal point.

                                          21
              United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                            Opinion of the Court

    We find that none of Images 5b-5d are legally sufficient to meet the defi-
nition of sexually explicit conduct. In each of the photos, Miss Johnson is
topless but wearing opaque underwear that covers her genitals and pubic
area. In none of the photos is she engaging in any other activity that would
constitute sexually explicit conduct. Although we are mindful that in Blouin,
our superior court did not expressly hold that genital or pubic area nudity is
required to meet the definition of “lascivious display,” CAAF strongly implied
it. Ultimately, even when viewing them in the light most favorable to the
Prosecution, we simply are unable to conclude that a reasonable factfinder
could have found these three images to meet the strict definition of child
pornography.
    Similarly, we find that Image 5e is legally insufficient to meet the defini-
tion of sexually explicit conduct. In this photo, Miss Johnson is standing in a
shower fully nude, with her arm across her breasts. However, due to the
angle of the camera and the shadow cast by her upper body, her genitals and
pubic area are not visible. Because it is impossible to discern her genitals or
pubic area in the picture, we readily find that a reasonable fact finder could
not have found this image meets the strict definition of child pornography.
    Even though we have decided that some of the images at issue do not
depict the genitals or pubic region, because the members were properly
instructed on the applicable law, under CAAF’s holding in Piolunek, the
general verdict on the specification at issue need not be set aside as a whole.
However, the Government’s “on divers occasions” charging scheme for this
specification was based on the theory that on various occasions during the
charged period, Miss Johnson sent Appellant an image or images of herself
constituting child pornography, which Appellant thereafter knowingly and
wrongfully received, viewed, and possessed. Therefore, as we have found that
only one of the five charged images constitutes child pornography, in our
decretal paragraph we will set aside and dismiss the words “on divers
occasions” and “digital images” substituting therefor the words “a digital
image.”

   3. There is legally and factually sufficient evidence that Appellant know-
ingly and wrongfully received, viewed, and possessed child pornography
   Above, we find that Pros. Ex. 5, Image 5a constitutes child pornography.
We now find that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to conclude
that Appellant knowingly and wrongfully received, viewed and possessed this
image.
    There is direct evidence that Appellant committed the child pornography
offenses of which he was convicted. Miss Johnson testified she sent the
charged images to Appellant after he sought out nude photos of her during

                                      22
                 United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                               Opinion of the Court

their conversations over video chat. She further testified that she knew he
received and viewed them because each time she sent him a picture he would
later tell her in video chat that he “liked what he saw in the picture, and he
would like more.” 83
    Appellant acknowledges that he admitted to law enforcement that he
received and possessed, inadvertently, Image 5e, the picture of Miss Johnson
in the shower. However, he also correctly points out on appeal that the image
does not meet the strict definition of child pornography. He further argues
that Miss Johnson’s testimony is “simply inadequate” to prove knowing and
wrongful receipt, viewing, and possession of child pornography, 84 and
highlights that there is no direct evidence contained in any of the 44 pages of
text messages between them introduced at trial that shows he knowingly and
wrongfully received, viewed, or possessed them.
    We are aware that Miss Johnson’s testimony on a variety of topics was
significantly impeached during cross-examination by the TDC. We
acknowledge that during the investigation, Miss Johnson emailed an
unsolicited nude picture to SA Williams. We also observe from the record that
a Defense legal clerk impeached her testimony concerning whether she ever
told TDC that she had sometimes sent Appellant unsolicited nude photos.
Under these circumstances, we consider her testimony cautiously.
    However, we find that Miss Johnson’s testimony concerning Appellant’s
desire for and acknowledgment of receipt of nude images is corroborated by
circumstantial evidence yielded by the forensic examination of Appellant’s
devices. The image at issue was found on Appellant’s cell phone. Although it
was in cache format, the Government’s digital forensics expert testified that
to appear in such a format a digital image would normally have been saved,
such as in a cell phone’s photo gallery. 85
   Additionally, there was evidence offered by the Government that may
properly be considered for non-propensity purposes under Mil. R. Evid.
404(b), as additional circumstantial evidence on the issue of whether
Appellant knowingly received, viewed, and possessed Image 5a. Specifically,
we find that evidence that Appellant searched an adult pornography website

   83   R. at 795.
   84   Appellant’s Br. at 37.
   85  We also acknowledge the testimony of the Defense forensic examination expert
who testified that Facebook Messenger has a setting that allows a user to automati-
cally save any photos sent to the user via that application.

                                        23
                  United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                                Opinion of the Court

for the term “Jamaican teen,” as well as evidence that he asked Miss Johnson
to masturbate for him over video chat is strong circumstantial proof that he
knowingly received, possessed, and viewed the image at issue after she sent
it to him. 86
    Evidence that Appellant was sexually interested in pornographic images
of Jamaican teenagers, as demonstrated by the phrase “Jamaican teen”
entered as a search term on a legal pornography site from his laptop during
the charged period, corroborates Miss Johnson’s testimony that he knowingly
received and viewed nude pictures of her (a Jamaican immigrant teen), to
include Image 5a. This evidence also reasonably supports the inference that
he possessed Image 5a on his cell phone for some appreciable period of time.
   Miss Johnson’s testimony that Appellant repeatedly asked her to mastur-
bate on camera for his sexual gratification is relevant for the same reasons.
Her testimony on this point is strongly corroborated by the following text
exchange between Appellant and her:
        Appellant:      stop if it hurts
 Miss Johnson:          I’m not doing anything
                        My cervix hurts since yesterday 87
    Relying on all of the direct and circumstantial evidence on this issue, and
drawing all inferences in favor of the Prosecution, we find that a reasonable
fact finder could have reached the conclusion that Appellant knowingly and
wrongfully received, viewed, and possessed Image 5a. 88
    With regard to factual sufficiency, we have carefully reviewed the record
of trial, the briefs of counsel, and have given no deference—other than to
recognize that the finders of fact heard and saw the witnesses in person—to
the factual determinations made at the trial level. Based on that review, we
are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant knowingly and
wrongfully received, viewed, and possessed Image 5a.

   86 During his finding instructions, the military judge provided the members a
proper instruction that they could use such evidence for this purpose.
   87   Pros. Ex. 8, at 26-27.
   88   See King, 78 M.J. at 222.

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                 United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                               Opinion of the Court

D. Sentence Reassessment & Sentence Appropriateness

   1. Sentence reassessment
   Having set aside certain language of which Appellant was found guilty in
the sole Specification of Charge II, we must determine if we can reassess the
sentence “more expeditiously, more intelligently, and more fairly than a new
court-martial.” 89 In reassessing sentences, we “act with broad discretion.” 90
    So long as we are able to determine that the sentence imposed on Appel-
lant, absent the error, would have been at least of a certain magnitude and
no higher than he would have received without the error, we may reassess
the sentence. 91 Any sentence we seek to affirm must be “appropriate,”
meaning it is not only “purged of prejudicial error [but] also . . . ‘appropriate’
for the offense involved.” 92
    We look to the non-exclusive list of five factors in Winckelmann to deter-
mine whether to reassess a sentence or to order a sentencing rehearing:
(1) whether there has been a dramatic change in the penalty landscape and
exposure; (2) the forum of the court-martial; (3) whether the remaining
offenses capture the gravamen of the criminal conduct; (4) whether signifi-
cant aggravating circumstances remain admissible and relevant; and
(5) whether the remaining offenses are the type with which we as appellate
judges have experience and familiarity to reasonably determine what
sentence would have been imposed at trial. 93
   Under all the circumstances presented, we find that we can reassess the
sentence and it is appropriate for us to do so. There is no change in the
penalty landscape and exposure. Appellant was sentenced by members. The
remaining language and offenses capture the gravamen of the criminal
conduct for which Appellant was sentenced, and there is little change in
admissible sentencing evidence. Additionally, we have significant experience
and familiarity with the language and offenses that remain and conclude that
sentence reassessment is appropriate. Absent the error, we are confident that

   89 United States v. Wincklemann, 73 M.J. 11, 15 (C.A.A.F. 2013) (internal quota-
tion marks omitted).
   90   Id.
   91   United States v. Harris, 53 M.J. 86, 88 (C.A.A.F. 2000).
   92   United States v. Sales, 22 M.J. 305, 308 (C.M.A. 1986).
   93   Winckelmann, 73 M.J. at 15-16.

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                     United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                                   Opinion of the Court

the court-martial would have imposed a sentence no less severe than that
contained in the Entry of Judgment—eight months’ confinement and a
dishonorable discharge. Finally, we conclude the reassessed sentence purges
the error from the original sentence and is an appropriate punishment for the
modified findings and this offender. 94

   2. Sentence appropriateness
    With regard to sentence appropriateness, Appellant argues that a dishon-
orable discharge is an inappropriately severe punishment in light of the
nature of the misconduct. Among other things, Appellant asks us to consider
that Miss Johnson was a 15-year-old high school student as opposed to a
young child and that she was “the primary instigator of the relationship,
including, judging from the text messages, its sexual nature.” 95 He also asks
us to take into consideration the fact that “the entire relationship was
conducted behind the relative anonymity of the computer and phone and
there was no physical contact.” 96
    In making our determination, we take into account Appellant’s brief but
meritorious service and his personal circumstances at the time of the
offenses. However, Appellant, a 25-year-old Marine, transformed his mentor-
like relationship with a 15-year-old high school student interested in joining
the Marine Corps into one that is fairly characterized as sexual abuse of an
underage girl. Along the way, he encouraged her to masturbate with a glass
bottle on multiple occasions during video chats for his own sexual gratifica-
tion, causing her to experience physical pain on at least one of those
occasions. He also knowingly and wrongfully received, viewed, and possessed
an image of child pornography of her that she sent him. Moreover, Appellant
knew that Miss Johnson had previously been the victim of abuse committed
by members of her family. Considering all the circumstances, we determine
Appellant’s sentence as reassessed, to include his dishonorable discharge, to
be appropriate.

                                    III. CONCLUSION

    The finding of guilty to the words “on divers occasions” and “digital imag-
es” contained in the sole Specification of Charge II are SET ASIDE, and that

   94   Sales, 22 M.J. at 308.
   95   Appellant’s Br. at 57-58.
   96   Id. at 58.

                                          26
                United States v. Pearson, NMCCA No. 201900314
                              Opinion of the Court

language is DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. The words, “a digital image,”
are substituted for the words, “digital images”, so that the sole Specification
of Charge II now reads:
         In that Private First Class Barnabas E. Pearson, U.S. Marine
         Corps, on active duty, did at or near Cherry Point, North Caro-
         lina, between on or about 1 August 2017 and on or about 31 Oc-
         tober 2017, knowingly and wrongfully possess, receive, and
         view, child pornography, to wit: a digital image of a minor, en-
         gaging in sexually explicit conduct, and that said conduct was
         of a nature to bring discredit upon the armed forces.
    After careful consideration of the record and briefs of the appellate coun-
sel, we have determined that, following our corrective action, the remaining
findings and the sentence contained in the Entry of Judgment are correct in
law and fact and that no error materially prejudicial to Appellant’s substan-
tial rights remains. 97 Accordingly, the findings as modified and the sentence
are AFFIRMED.
   Senior Judge STEPHENS and Judge DEERWESTER concur.

                                 FOR THE COURT:

                                 RODGER A. DREW, JR.
                                 Clerk of Court

   97   UCMJ arts. 59, 66.

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