Court Opinion

ID: 4677135
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-14 16:00:36.72343+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:36.669365
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 21a0188n.06

                                         Case No. 20-5023

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                   FILED
                                                                              Apr 14, 2021
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                            )                   DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                     )
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                           )
                                                     )      ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                                   )      STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                     )      THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
CORNELIUS EDRINGTON,                                 )      KENTUCKY
                                                     )
       Defendant-Appellant.                          )

       BEFORE: GIBBONS, COOK, and LARSEN, Circuit Judges.

       COOK, Circuit Judge. Cornelius Edrington appeals the district court’s denial of his motion

to suppress statements he made during a meeting with his probation officer and two Drug

Enforcement Administration agents. We AFFIRM.

                                                I.

       In 2018, Edrington found himself on supervised release from a prior felony drug

conviction. The standard conditions of that release required Edrington to report to his probation

officer and truthfully answer her inquiries.

       During his term of supervision, federal authorities identified Edrington as a participant in

a conspiracy to distribute marijuana. They also suspected that Edrington knew about opioid

distribution in the Cincinnati area. As a result, two DEA agents asked Edrington’s probation
Case No. 20-5023, United States v. Edrington

officer to summon him for a meeting. She agreed, directing Edrington to report to the probation

office “to turn in monthly supervision reports that she was missing.”

       After he arrived at the office with his infant son, Edrington’s probation officer directed him

to an interior conference room. The probation officer and the DEA agents entered the room shortly

after Edrington. At the outset, one of the agents told Edrington that he was not under arrest and

was free to leave. The agents then questioned Edrington about the marijuana and opioid cases,

explaining that they hoped to gain his cooperation in the latter. After fifteen or twenty minutes,

an agent gave his card to Edrington and asked him to let the agent know within four days if he

planned to cooperate in the opioid case. Edrington then left with his son.

       A federal grand jury later indicted Edrington for his role in the marijuana conspiracy.

Edrington moved to suppress the statements he made during the meeting, claiming both that the

agents subjected him to custodial interrogation without providing Miranda warnings and that he

gave his statements involuntarily. The district court denied the motion after holding a hearing,

concluding that “there was nothing about the interview that would lead a reasonable person to

believe they were under arrest” and that Edrington made his statements voluntarily. Edrington

then entered a conditional guilty plea, reserving his right to challenge the suppression decision that

he now appeals.

                                                 II.

       “When reviewing the district court’s decision regarding a motion to suppress, we review

its factual findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo.” United States v. Levenderis,

806 F.3d 390, 399 (6th Cir. 2015) (citation omitted). “A finding is ‘clearly erroneous’ when

although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the

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Case No. 20-5023, United States v. Edrington

definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” United States v. U.S. Gypsum

Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395 (1948).

                                                III.

       Edrington first argues that the district court should have suppressed his statements because

he never received Miranda warnings. See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 478–79 (1966).

“Miranda warnings are required only where there has been such a restriction on a person’s freedom

as to render him ‘in custody.’” Oregon v. Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492, 495 (1977) (per curiam). To

make that determination, “courts consider ‘all of the circumstances’ surrounding the encounter,

with ‘the ultimate inquiry’ turning on whether ‘a formal arrest’ occurred or whether there was a

‘restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with a formal arrest.’” United States

v. Panak, 552 F.3d 462, 465 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S. 318, 322

(1994)). We review several factors, including “(1) the location of the interview; (2) the length and

manner of the questioning; (3) whether there was any restraint on the individual’s freedom of

movement; and (4) whether the individual was told that he or she did not need to answer the

questions.” United States v. Hinojosa, 606 F.3d 875, 883 (6th Cir. 2010).

       Edrington grounds his claim of custody principally on the terms of his supervised release.

Because those terms required him to attend the meeting and to truthfully answer the probation

officer’s inquiries, Edrington maintains that the agents should have administered Miranda

warnings before questioning him. In Minnesota v. Murphy, however, the Supreme Court rejected

that argument. 465 U.S. 420 (1984). There, a probation officer summoned the defendant and

questioned him about a rape and murder. Id. at 423–24. The Court concluded that “Murphy was

not in custody for purposes of receiving Miranda protection since there was no formal arrest or

restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with a formal arrest.” Id. at 430

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Case No. 20-5023, United States v. Edrington

(quotations and citation omitted). Though the Court acknowledged that “the probation officer

could compel Murphy’s attendance and truthful answers,” those requirements did not “transform[]

a routine interview into an inherently coercive setting.” Id. at 431; see also United States v.

Vreeland, 684 F.3d 653, 659–60 (6th Cir. 2012).1 Because Murphy teaches that the terms of

supervised release did not relieve Edrington of his obligation to invoke his Fifth Amendment

privilege, we turn to the four custody factors.

       Location of the Interview. As the Court explained in Murphy, questioning at a probation

office contrasts sharply with the coercive atmosphere of custodial interrogation. 465 U.S. at 433.

Probation officers generally “arrange[] . . . appointment[s] at a mutually convenient time,” making

it “unlikely” that a suspect will believe “that he has no choice but to submit to the officers’ will

and to confess.” Id. And Edrington’s regular meetings at the probation office—including in its

interior conference rooms—“should have served to familiarize him” with his surroundings “and

to insulate him from psychological intimidation that might overbear his desire to claim the

privilege.” Id.

       Adding to these differences, Edrington brought his infant son to the probation office—

hardly conjuring “the same inherently coercive pressures as the type of station house questioning

at issue in Miranda.” Howes v. Fields, 565 U.S. 499, 509 (2012). We therefore conclude that the

location of the interview cuts against Edrington. See, e.g., Vreeland, 684 F.3d at 660 (interview

at probation office not custodial); Cranley, 350 F.3d at 619–20 (same); United States v. Nieblas,

       1
         Edrington suggests that Murphy “is totally distinguishable” because “there were no police
agents whatsoever present during that interview.” While the presence of police may increase the
coerciveness of the interview, their presence alone does not automatically render the interrogation
custodial. United States v. Cranley, 350 F.3d 617, 620 (7th Cir. 2003).
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Case No. 20-5023, United States v. Edrington

115 F.3d 703, 705 (9th Cir. 1997) (same); United States v. Howard, 115 F.3d 1151, 1154–55 (4th

Cir. 1997) (same); United States v. Rainey, 404 F. App’x 46, 56 (7th Cir. 2010) (same).

       Length and Manner of Questioning. The meeting lasted only fifteen to twenty minutes,

“well within the window of time that we traditionally consider to be a noncustodial interview.”

United States v. Saylor, 705 F. App’x 369, 374 (6th Cir. 2017).2 During that brief period, the

agents focused the discussion on Edrington’s potential cooperation in the opioid investigation—

not the evidence against him in the marijuana investigation. Also, as the district court found, the

“consensual” tone and tenor of the meeting weighs against a finding of custody. See, e.g., United

States v. Cantie, 839 F. App’x 998, 1003 (6th Cir. 2021) (rejecting claim of custody when the

“questioning was not hostile or coercive”); United States v. Abdi, 827 F. App’x 499, 507 (6th Cir.

2020) (when questions were “non-accusatory”); United States v. Martinez, 795 F. App’x 367, 374

(6th Cir. 2019) (when “the tone of the conversation remained calm and noncombative”).

       Resisting this conclusion, Edington notes that the probation officer gave an apparently

pretextual reason for the meeting: to turn in missing supervision reports. That fact, however, “does

not create the level of compulsion or coercion that turns non-custody into a custodial situation.”

United States v. Malcolm, 435 F. App’x 417, 421 (6th Cir. 2011); see also, e.g., Martinez, 795 F.

App’x at 373 (finding that agents’ ruse in summoning defendant for interview “weighs only

modestly in favor of custody”).

       2
           We find little value in Edrington’s appeal to United States v. Barnes, where the
interrogation lasted approximately two hours. 713 F.3d 1200, 1204 (9th Cir. 2013) (per curiam).
Unlike the meeting at issue here, the interrogation in Barnes took place behind a locked door after
the defendant had been searched. Id. The FBI agents in Barnes did not open questioning by
informing the defendant that he was free to leave, see id., as the DEA agents did for Edrington.
Moreover, Barnes did not address Murphy’s holding that a similar probation meeting was non-
custodial.
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Case No. 20-5023, United States v. Edrington

       Restraints on Freedom of Movement. Also weighing against custody, the plainclothes

agents made no effort to restrain Edrington, such as by displaying weapons or handcuffs or by

blocking access to the door. See, e.g., Levenderis, 806 F.3d at 400; Malcolm, 435 F. App’x at 421;

United States v. Brooks, 379 F. App’x 465, 473 (6th Cir. 2010). “Since [Edrington] was not

physically restrained and could have left the office, any compulsion he might have felt from the

possibility that terminating the meeting would have led to revocation of [supervised release] was

not comparable to the pressure on a suspect who is painfully aware that he literally cannot escape

a persistent custodial interrogator.” Murphy, 465 U.S. at 433.

       Warnings. As the district court recognized, neither the probation officer nor the agents

informed Edrington that he could decline to answer the agents’ questions. But “we have never

held that [this] is a necessary condition (as opposed to a frequently sufficient condition) before

officers may question an individual in a non-custodial setting.” Panak, 552 F.3d at 467. “It would

be strange, indeed, to say that a telltale sign of whether an individual must be Mirandized is

whether the officer gave the individual one of the Miranda warnings—that [he] need not answer

the questions.” Id. What’s more, the district court found that the agents informed Edrington that

he was not under arrest, “an important factor in finding that the suspect was not in custody.” United

States v. Salvo, 133 F.3d 943, 951 (6th Cir. 1998). Given this fact, we accord little weight to their

failure to inform him that he did not need to answer their questions.

       The district court rightly determined this brief, consensual meeting with the agents to have

been non-custodial regardless of Edrington’s supervised-release status.

                                                IV.

       Edrington also claims that the terms of his supervised release rendered his statements

involuntary. “The general rule that the privilege must be claimed when self-incrimination is

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Case No. 20-5023, United States v. Edrington

threatened has also been deemed inapplicable in cases where the assertion of the privilege is

penalized so as to ‘foreclos[e] a free choice to remain silent . . . .’” Murphy, 465 U.S. at 434

(alteration in original) (quoting Garner v. United States, 424 U.S. 648, 661 (1976)). In Murphy,

the Court noted that a probation officer’s questions about matters relevant to a pending or future

criminal prosecution could present such a scenario.        “[I]f the state, either expressly or by

implication, asserts that invocation of the privilege would lead to revocation of probation,” the

Court explained, “it would have created the classic penalty situation, the failure to assert the

privilege would be excused, and the probationer’s answers would be deemed compelled and

inadmissible in a criminal prosecution.” Id. at 435. Because the probation officer did not take that

“extra, impermissible step” of threatening Murphy with revocation for invoking the privilege and

because Murphy’s probation conditions did not create a penalty situation on their face, the Court

held the statements admissible. Id. at 436–37; see also Vreeland, 684 F.3d at 660 (rejecting Fifth

Amendment claim when probation officer “did not threaten arrest or a supervised release

violation” during meeting); Cranley, 350 F.3d at 622 (same).

       We have already held that a supervision condition consisting of language identical to

Edrington’s did not create a penalty situation. See Vreeland, 684 F.3d at 660; see also U.S.S.G.

§ 5D1.3(c)(4) cmt. n.1 (“[A] defendant’s legitimate invocation of the Fifth Amendment privilege

against self-incrimination in response to a probation officer’s question shall not be considered a

violation of this condition.”). The district court specifically found that “[n]o one told [Edrington]

that he was going to be indicted in connection with the marijuana case or threatened him in any

way during the May 31 meeting.” Edrington identifies no clear error in that finding. See Vreeland,

684 F.3d at 660. And we cannot derive an implicit threat of revocation based on the probation

officer’s mere presence during the agents’ questioning. Because neither the probation officer nor

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Case No. 20-5023, United States v. Edrington

the agents took the “extra, impermissible step” of threatening Edrington, the court is without

grounds to conclude that he made his statements involuntarily. Murphy, 465 U.S. at 436; see

Vreeland, 684 F.3d at 660.

                                               V.

       We AFFIRM.

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