Court Opinion

ID: 2729448
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-08 21:42:09.281682+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:26:58.544721
License: Public Domain

Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before
any court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the
case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                         ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

BRUCE W. GRAHAM                                 GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Graham Law Firm P.C.                            Attorney General of Indiana
Lafayette, Indiana
                                                RYAN D. JOHANNINGSMEIER
                                                Deputy Attorney General
                                                Indianapolis, Indiana

                                                                              FILED
                              IN THE                                      Sep 28 2012, 9:35 am

                    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA                                   CLERK
                                                                                of the supreme court,
                                                                                court of appeals and
                                                                                       tax court

CURTIS BACON, JR.,                              )
                                                )
       Appellant-Defendant,                     )
                                                )
              vs.                               )        No. 79A02-1112-CR-1163
                                                )
STATE OF INDIANA,                               )
                                                )
       Appellee-Plaintiff.                      )

                    APPEAL FROM THE TIPPECANOE SUPERIOR COURT
                          The Honorable Randy J. Williams, Judge
                              Cause No. 79D01-1012-FB-35

                                    September 28, 2012

                MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

BROWN, Judge
       Curtis Bacon appeals his convictions and sentence for aggravated battery as a class

B felony, criminal recklessness committed while armed with a deadly weapon as a class

C felony, carrying a handgun without a license as a class C felony, and unlawful use of a

firearm as a sentencing enhancement. Bacon raises three issues, which we revise and

restate as:

       I.     Whether the trial court abused its discretion in admitting a prior
              statement given by one of the State’s witnesses to impeach the
              witness;

       II.    Whether the evidence is sufficient to sustain Bacon’s conviction for
              aggravated battery as a class B felony; and

       III.   Whether Bacon’s sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of
              the offense and the character of the offender.

We affirm.

       The relevant facts follow. On the night of December 4, 2010, Nick’s Nightclub in

West Lafayette, Indiana, hosted a party attended by over two hundred people.           At

approximately 1:00 a.m. on December 5, 2010, a group which included Dion Parker,

Drew Harris, Clarence Stephens, and Antwain Harrison arrived at the party.

       A separate group consisting of Bacon, Matthew Russ, Quinten Russ, Jarrett

Powell, Brandon Michael, Da’ion Nunley, Dominique Carter, and several others were

also at the party. Everyone in this group brought weapons to West Lafayette but left the

weapons in their vehicles when they entered the club.

       While the song “Get Money” was playing, Harrison had his money out joking

around with his friends. Transcript at 357. Stephens noticed that some people from

Bacon’s group were looking at Harrison as though they planned to “do something to

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him,” and Stephens told Harrison to put his money away, which Harrison did. Id. One of

the individuals in Bacon’s group made comments to Stephens, and Stephens felt

threatened. At some point, a fight or a number of fights broke out in the club which

included altercations between Bacon and those in his group and individuals in Harrison’s

group. Security guards stopped the music, sprayed mace, and ordered everyone out of

the club.

       Outside the club, there was confusion and a number of the individuals in

Harrison’s group were separated from each other. Harrison and Stephens retrieved their

guns from their vehicle because of the fight in the club and the feeling that something

was about to happen and then attempted to find others in their group. West Lafayette

police officers arrived at the club and observed one to two hundred people gathered

outside.

       Bacon, Russ, and others in their group noticed Harrison and Stephens, approached

them, and “jumped them.” Id. at 496. Bacon pulled his gun and pointed it at either

Harrison or Stephens, and Russ and the others “told [Bacon] no, be cool there is security .

. . .” Id. at 497. Bacon stated “watch out, let me shoot him, I’m going to have to shoot

him.” Id. Bacon eventually lowered the gun but continued to hold it in his hand. As

Carter approached Bacon in the parking lot, he heard Bacon state, “Bro, I ain’t playing

with them.” Id. at 436. Russ observed Bacon “aim” his handgun at Harrison and shoot at

him several times in rapid succession. Id. at 503. Bacon fired six shots, dropped his gun,

and then fled. Bacon did not have a gun permit. Harrison suffered a gunshot wound to

the back of his neck. Harrison’s head jerked, he fell to the ground, blood and fluids

                                            3
began to drain from the area around his head, and he lost consciousness. Stephens fired

two shots in the direction of the person who shot Harrison. Police quickly arrived, and

ordered Stephens to place his gun on the ground. Harrison was transported by ambulance

to the hospital. Due to the gunshot injury, Harrison is considered “a C4 quadriplegic,” he

cannot move his arms and legs, he is wheelchair bound, he does not have control of his

bowels or bladder, he needs to be rotated frequently to prevent bed sores, and he

experiences significant discomfort. Id. at 173.

       Powell was subsequently interviewed by police detectives, and the interview was

recorded. During the interview, Powell stated that he “heard people saying, don’t kill

him, don’t kill him, don’t kill him, some dude was saying don’t kill him” and that he

observed Bacon aim his gun and shoot it. State’s Exhibit at 67 at 5. During an interview

with police, Bacon stated that he had fired his gun but that he was not aiming and that

Harrison was shot accidentally.

       On December 13, 2010, the State charged Bacon with Count I, aggravated battery

as a class B felony; Count II, battery committed by means of a deadly weapon as a class

C felony; Count III, battery resulting in serious bodily injury as a class C felony; Count

IV, criminal recklessness committed by means of a deadly weapon resulting in serious

bodily injury as a class C felony; Count V, criminal recklessness committed while armed

with a deadly weapon as a class C felony; Count VI, carrying a handgun without a license

as a class A misdemeanor; Count VII, carrying a handgun without a license with a prior

conviction as a class C felony; and Count VIII, unlawful use of a firearm, a sentencing

enhancement. At Bacon’s jury trial, the State called Powell as a witness. Powell testified

                                            4
that he could not remember being in West Lafayette in December 2010, the State sought

to have Powell deemed a hostile witness, and the court granted the State’s request and

permitted the State to introduce into evidence for the purpose of impeachment Powell’s

previous statement to police. The jury found Bacon guilty on Counts I-VI, and Bacon

then pled guilty on Counts VII and VIII.1 The court merged Counts II, III, and IV with

Count I and merged Count VI with Count VII. The court sentenced Bacon to fourteen

years for his conviction in Count I, four years for his conviction in Count V, four years

for his conviction in Count VII, and five years for the sentencing enhancement in Count

VIII. The court ordered the sentences to be served consecutive to each other for an

aggregate sentence of twenty-seven years.

                                                  I.

       The first issue is whether the court abused its discretion in admitting a prior

statement given by one of the State’s witnesses to impeach the witness. Bacon contends

that the court committed reversible error when it allowed the State to impeach Powell

with his prior unsworn statement to police. Bacon argues that the admission of the prior

statement was not harmless as Powell was an eyewitness who identified Bacon as a

shooter and that the probable impact of the evidence on the jury was extensive. The State

maintains that the court did not abuse its discretion by allowing the State to impeach

Powell and that, even if the impeachment was improper, any such error was harmless

because the court admonished the jury to consider the evidence only for the purpose of

impeachment and because overwhelming evidence of Bacon’s guilt existed.

       1
         The court’s order indicates in one place that Bacon pled guilty to Count III rather than Count
VIII, and this appears to be a scrivener’s error.
                                                  5
       The admission and exclusion of evidence is a matter within the sound discretion of

the trial court, and we will review only for an abuse of discretion. Wilson v. State, 765

N.E.2d 1265, 1272 (Ind. 2002). An abuse of discretion occurs “where the decision is

clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances.” Smith v. State, 754

N.E.2d 502, 504 (Ind. 2001). “Errors in the admission or exclusion of evidence are to be

disregarded as harmless error unless they affect the substantial rights of a party.” Fleener

v. State, 656 N.E.2d 1140, 1141 (Ind. 1995) (citations omitted).

       Indiana Evidence Rule 607 provides that “[t]he credibility of a witness may be

attacked by any party, including the party calling the witness.” However, evidence

admitted only for impeachment may not be used as substantive evidence. Lawrence v.

State, 959 N.E.2d 385, 389 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), trans. denied. Under Evidence Rule 607

“a party is forbidden from placing a witness on the stand when the party’s sole purpose in

doing so is to present otherwise inadmissible evidence cloaked as impeachment.” Griffin

v. State, 754 N.E.2d 899, 904 (Ind. 2001) (citing Appleton v. State, 740 N.E.2d 122, 125

(Ind. 2001)).

       Here, prior to trial Powell had provided a statement to police during which he

identified Bacon as the shooter. At trial, the State called Powell as a witness, and when

questioned by the prosecutor Powell stated that he could not remember being in West

Lafayette in December 2010 or providing a statement to police and that he was not going

to answer the prosecutor’s questions. The State sought to have Powell deemed a hostile

witness, and the court granted the State’s request. Bacon requested a conference outside

the presence of the jury and argued that a party cannot call a witness for the sole purpose

                                             6
of impeachment through a prior statement. Still outside the presence of the jury, the State

elicited testimony from Detective Jonathan Eager that he had met with Powell during the

week before Bacon’s trial, that at the meeting Powell had identified Bacon as the shooter,

that Powell had been initially reluctant to testify but then had recalled the events of the

day of the offense and was cooperative, and that while it was undetermined whether

Powell would cooperate at trial his reluctance had subsided and he recalled the events of

the shooting. The court permitted the State to question Powell about the identity of the

shooter and, when he continued to state that he could not remember, confront him with a

portion of his recorded interview statement to police.

       Based upon the record, we cannot say that Powell’s testimony was offered for the

sole purpose of impeaching him with his statement to police in which he had identified

Bacon as the shooter. See Edmond v. State, 790 N.E.2d 141, 146 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003)

(holding that a witness’s testimony was not offered for the sole purpose of impeaching

the witness with his prior statement in which the witness had identified the defendant as

the shooter), trans. denied.

       In addition, any possible error in the admission of Powell’s previous statement

was harmless. Powell’s testimony, including the identification of Bacon as the person he

observed point and shoot his firearm, was substantially similar to the testimony of two

other witnesses who observed Bacon aim his gun and shoot at Harrison. See id. (holding

that any possible error in the admission of the evidence would have been harmless

because the witness’s testimony, including the identification of the defendant as the

shooter, was substantially similar to the testimony of another witness). Accordingly,

                                             7
reversal of Bacon’s convictions on the basis of the court’s admission of Powell’s

previous statement is not warranted.

                                            II.

       The next issue is whether the evidence is sufficient to sustain Bacon’s conviction

for aggravated battery as a class B felony. When reviewing claims of insufficiency of the

evidence, we do not reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of witnesses. Jordan v.

State, 656 N.E.2d 816, 817 (Ind. 1995), reh’g denied. Rather, we look to the evidence

and the reasonable inferences therefrom that support the verdict. Id. We will affirm the

conviction if there exists evidence of probative value from which a reasonable trier of

fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.

       The offense of aggravated battery is governed by Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1.5, which

provides:

       A person who knowingly or intentionally inflicts injury on a person that
       creates a substantial risk of death or causes:

              (1)    serious permanent disfigurement;

              (2)    protracted loss or impairment of the function of a
                     bodily member or organ; or

              (3)    the loss of a fetus;

       commits aggravated battery, a Class B felony.

To convict Bacon of aggravated battery, the State needed to prove that Bacon knowingly

or intentionally inflicted an injury on Harrison that created a substantial risk of death or

caused serious permanent disfigurement or protracted loss or impairment of the function

of a bodily member or organ.

                                             8
      A person engages in conduct “intentionally” if, when he engages in the conduct, it

is his conscious objective to do so. Ind. Code § 35-41-2-2(a). A person engages in

conduct “knowingly” if, when he engages in the conduct, he is aware of a high

probability that he is doing so. Ind. Code § 35-41-2-2(b).

      Bacon argues that there was insufficient evidence to demonstrate that he intended

to shoot the victim and that, while his conduct may have been reckless, it was not

intentional. Bacon acknowledges his admission that he fired a weapon, but asserts that

no forensic evidence linked the bullet that struck Harrison to a weapon fired by Bacon,

that none of the police officers at the scene actually saw the shooting occur, and that the

other witnesses could not say whether Bacon was the person who shot Harrison. The

State argues that Bacon admitted his intention to shoot the victim and the fact that Bacon

fired six shots showed that he intended to shoot the victim and not merely scare him. The

State also argues that the evidence, including Russ’s testimony and the evidence that

Bacon was the only shooter besides Stephens in the club parking lot, was sufficient to

show that Bacon was the person who fired the shot that struck Harrison.

      We note that intent is a mental function, and absent an admission by the defendant

it must be determined from a consideration of the defendant’s conduct and the natural and

usual consequences thereof. Spann v. State, 632 N.E.2d 741, 743 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994)

(citing Metzler v. State, 540 N.E.2d 606, 609 (Ind. 1989)). The trier of fact usually must

resort to “reasonable inferences based upon an examination of the surrounding

circumstances to determine whether, from the person’s conduct and the natural

                                            9
consequences that might be expected from that conduct, a showing or inference [of] the

intent to commit that conduct exists.” Id.

       We also note that identity may be established entirely by circumstantial evidence

and the logical inferences drawn therefrom. Bustamante v. State, 557 N.E.2d 1313, 1317

(Ind. 1990). Inconsistencies in identification testimony impact only the weight of that

testimony, because it is the jury’s task to weigh the evidence and determine the

credibility of the witnesses. Gleaves v. State, 859 N.E.2d 766, 770 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007).

As with other sufficiency matters, we will not weigh the evidence or resolve questions of

credibility when determining whether the identification evidence is sufficient to sustain a

conviction.   Id.   Rather, we examine the evidence and the reasonable inferences

therefrom that support the verdict. Id.

       The evidence most favorable to Bacon’s aggravated battery conviction reveals that

Bacon fired six shots at Harrison and that one of the bullets struck Harrison in the neck

rendering him quadriplegic. Carter testified that he heard Bacon state “Bro, I ain’t

playing with them” and then observed him shoot his gun. Transcript at 436. Russ

testified that Bacon pointed his gun at Harrison and Stephens and stated “watch out, let

me shoot him, I’m going to have to shoot him.” Id. at 497. Russ further testified that he

observed Bacon “aim” his gun at Harrison and shoot several times in rapid succession

and saw Harrison’s head “jerk.” Id. at 502-503. Russ testified that the first gunshots

were fired by Bacon, that he saw Harrison’s head jerk, and that he then heard the second

round of shots. Also, during a statement to police, Bacon stated that he had fired his gun

but that he was not aiming and that Harrison was shot accidentally. The jury was able to

                                             10
consider the testimony and evidence presented by the State regarding Bacon’s

involvement in the shooting and his intent at the time of the shooting.

       Based upon our review of the evidence as set forth in the record and above, we

conclude that sufficient evidence exists from which the jury could find Bacon guilty

beyond a reasonable doubt of aggravated battery as a class B felony. See Wilder v. State,

716 N.E.2d 403, 405 (Ind. 1999) (noting that it is the duty of the fact-finder to assess the

credibility of witness testimony and finding that the State presented evidence of the

defendant’s identity as the perpetrator involved in the offense); Spann, 632 N.E.2d at

743-744 (holding that there was ample evidence from which the jury could conclude

beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant knowingly or intentionally inflicted an

injury that created a substantial risk of death or caused a protracted loss or impairment of

a bodily member or organ and noting that the jury was free to draw reasonable inferences

from the evidence presented to determine the defendant’s intent when he shot the victim

at close range in the abdomen).

                                            III.

       The next issue is whether Bacon’s sentence is inappropriate. Indiana Appellate

Rule 7(B) provides that this court “may revise a sentence authorized by statute if, after

due consideration of the trial court’s decision, [we find] that the sentence is inappropriate

in light of the nature of the offense and the character of the offender.” Under this rule,

                                             11
the burden is on the defendant to persuade the appellate court that his or her sentence is

inappropriate.2 Childress v. State, 848 N.E.2d 1073, 1080 (Ind. 2006).

         Bacon argues that numerous persons who attended the party were armed,

including Harrison, that he had four children and child support obligations, that he had a

minimal criminal history, and that while Harrison’s injuries were severe they were

partially based on Harrison’s own actions and the culture and lifestyle which both he and

Bacon maintained.        Bacon asserts his aggregate sentence of twenty-seven years is

excessive and inappropriate and requests a reduction of the sentence to an appropriate

level.

         The State argues that the nature of the offense justifies Bacon’s sentence,

including that Bacon shot Harrison in the neck, rendering him permanently quadriplegic,

and that in firing six shots into a crowded parking lot Bacon endangered many people.

The State also argues that Bacon’s character justifies his sentence, including the fact that

the instant offense was his second handgun offense in three years and that at the age of

twenty-one Bacon illegally carried a handgun, that Bacon had been arrested for

possessing an illegal drug, that he showed a total absence of remorse, that other than a tax

refund which had been garnished Bacon never made any child support payments and

failed to show any undue hardship on his dependents due to his incarceration, and that the

presence of other firearms did not justify or mitigate Bacon’s action of shooting Harrison.

         2
          We observe that Bacon also appears to argue that the trial court abused its discretion in
sentencing him and in failing to identify several mitigating factors that were supported by the record.
However, we need not address this issue because we elect to exercise our option to review Bacon’s
sentence under Ind. Appellate Rule 7(B). See Windhorst v. State, 868 N.E.2d 504, 507 (Ind. 2007)
(holding that where the court on appeal finds that a trial court abused its discretion in sentencing the
defendant, the court may either remand for resentencing or exercise the appellate court’s authority to
review the sentence under Ind. Appellate Rule 7(B)), reh’g denied.
                                                  12
       Our review of the nature of the offense reveals that, following a fight inside the

nightclub, Bacon, who did not have a gun permit, together with one or more of the others

in his group approached Harrison and Stephens in the parking lot outside the club, drew

his gun, aimed it at Harrison, and shot at Harrison six times. As a result of the gunshot

injury, Harrison is quadriplegic, cannot move his arms and legs, is wheelchair bound,

does not have control of his bowels or bladder, and experiences significant discomfort.

Our review of Bacon’s character reveals that he was convicted of carrying a handgun

without a license as a class A misdemeanor in 2008. Bacon was also arrested for

possession of marijuana in 2009. After due consideration, we conclude that Bacon has

not sustained his burden of establishing that his aggregate sentence of twenty-seven years

is inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and his character.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Bacon’s convictions and sentence.

       Affirmed.

FRIEDLANDER, J., and PYLE, J., concur.

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