Court Opinion

ID: 5135191
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-15 20:02:32.806732+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:48.268386
License: Public Domain

Filed 12/15/21 P. v. Melgoza CA5

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

             IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                     FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 THE PEOPLE,
                                                                                             F081377
             Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                           (Kern Super. Ct. No. BF148767A)
                    v.

 JOSE MELGOZA,                                                                            OPINION
             Defendant and Appellant.

                                                   THE COURT*
         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Kern County. Michael E.
Dellostritto, Judge.
         Kyle Gee, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Office of the Attorney General, Sacramento, California, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
                                                         -ooOoo

         *   Before Levy, Acting P. J., Poochigian, J. and Franson, J.
                                    INTRODUCTION
       In 2014, petitioner and appellant Jose Melgoza (Melgoza) was sentenced to an
aggregate term of 50 years to life after being convicted of first degree premeditated
murder (Pen. Code, §§ 187, subd. (a), 189))1 with firearm and gang enhancements
(§ 12022.53, subds. (d), (e)(1); § 186.22, subd. (b)). Based on the jury instructions and
arguments, Melgoza was convicted as either the actual killer or a direct aider and abettor;
the jury was not instructed on felony murder or the natural and probable consequences
doctrine. In 2017, this court affirmed the judgment. (People v. Melgoza (F068797, May
17, 2016) [nonpub. opn.].)2
       In 2019, Melgoza filed a petition for recall and resentencing based on the newly
enacted provisions of section 1170.95, asserting he was not the actual killer, and he was
convicted based on theories of felony murder and/or natural and probable consequences.
The superior court appointed counsel, received additional briefing, and held a hearing on
the petition. The court held Melgoza failed to set forth a prima facie case for relief

       1 All further statutory citations are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
       2 As will be discussed below, Melgoza’s petition for recall asserted that he was not
the actual killer of the victim. The prosecution’s opposition contained a lengthy factual
statement from this court’s opinion. In determining whether there was a prima facie
showing for relief, the superior court stated that it examined the record of defendant’s
conviction in reviewing and denying Melgoza’s petition, a procedure that has since been
authorized by the California Supreme Court. (People v. Lewis (2021) 11 Cal.5th 952,
970–971 (Lewis).)
        Lewis acknowledged that appellate opinions “are generally considered to be part
of the record of conviction. [Citation.]” (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 972.) Lewis
cautioned that “the probative value of an appellate opinion is case specific, and ‘it is
certainly correct that an appellate opinion might not supply all answers.’ [Citation.] In
reviewing any part of the record of conviction at this preliminary juncture, a trial court
should not engage in ‘factfinding involving the weighing of evidence or the exercise of
discretion.’ [Citation.] ‘[T]he prima facie bar was intentionally and correctly set very
low.’ ” (Ibid.)
        Given this background, we take judicial notice of the appellate record and this
court’s nonpublished opinion in People v. Melgoza, supra, F068797. The following
factual statement is from this court’s opinion. (Evid. Code, § 450, § 452, subd. (d),
§ 459; In re W.R. (2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 284, 286–287, fn. 2.)

                                             2.
because he was convicted as either the actual killer or a direct aider and abettor and
denied his petition for recall and resentencing. Melgoza filed the instant notice of appeal
from that ruling.
       On appeal, his appellate counsel has filed a brief that summarizes the facts with
citations to the record, raises no issues, and asks this court to independently review the
record. (People v. Wende (1979) 25 Cal.3d 436.) We affirm.
                                          FACTS
       On the evening of September 22, 2012, Trinidad Ortiz was walking on Monterey
Avenue in Kern County and a small black car stopped next to him. A witness later
reported that Ortiz stood next to the passenger side of the car, and no one got out of the
vehicle. The witness heard four or five gunshots, and the black car left the area. The
witness called 911 and reported the black car stopped next to Ortiz, and he was shot. The
witness did not see how many people were in the car and guessed there were two people
inside because the victim was shot from the passenger side. The witness said the victim
was looking back when he was shot. Ortiz was shot five times in the back and died from
the wounds. There were nine-millimeter shell casings in the street near his body, along
with a clear plastic bag containing a white substance of suspected narcotics. (People v.
Melgoza, supra, F068797.)
       The investigation focused on Melgoza and his half brother, George (Jorge)
Chavez. Melgoza, Chavez, and Ortiz were members of the Colonia Bakers gang. The
police obtained search warrants to wiretap cell phones linked to Melgoza and Ortiz.
Melgoza’s cell phone records placed him near the homicide scene at the time of the
shooting. (People v. Melgoza, supra, F068797.)
       In the days after the homicide, and prior to his arrest, Melgoza had several phone
conversations with Elva Rayas, the mother of both Melgoza and his half brother. Rayas
passed along messages to Melgoza from various people, encouraged Melgoza to claim a
false alibi, discussed purchasing identification papers from another person that Melgoza

                                             3.
could use, and suggested that Melgoza hide with relatives in Iowa. (People v. Melgoza,
supra, F068797.)
       During one phone call, Melgoza told Rayas that he was using drugs again. Rayas
became upset and asked if he was using heroin, and Melgoza said yes. (People v.
Melgoza, supra, F068797.)

       “ ‘[Rayas]: [B]ut hopefully you get rid of that habit son … because we will
       mess up our own lives son … I can’t believe all you were going through
       and you started to do that ...

       “ ‘[Melgoza]: I know … but I did …

       “ ‘[Rayas]: No, you need lots more experience … like Jorge … how many
       times did I tell you guys [to] not carry a gun … remember … I told you too
       … you didn’t listen … right?

       “ ‘[Melgoza]: Since we went and killed that fool … I put my gun away …
       my gun is still put away …

       “ ‘[Rayas]: No more … no more … never again …

       “ ‘[Melgoza]: My gun has not come out … I want you to know and
       understand that even though I was all f[* *]ked up … I still wanted to
       change and work and do whatever I could.’ ” (People v. Melgoza, supra,
       F068797, italics added.)
       As the investigation drew near Melgoza and Chavez, Melgoza called Jose Rizo,
another member of the Colonia Bakers gang, and asked if he still had “the burner.” Rizo
said yes. Melgoza said, “[W]e are going to need to throw it away” because a homicide
detective talked to his mother and said Melgoza was a suspect “in the death of that fool.”
Rizo assured Melgoza that he had it “well hidden” in his house. Melgoza said he would
meet up with Rizo later and pick it up. (People v. Melgoza, supra, F068797.)
       Rizo was arrested and his house was searched. The murder weapon was found
inside a pillow. (People v. Melgoza, supra, F068797.) DNA samples were later taken
from Melgoza, Chavez, and Rizo, and their profiles were compared with DNA tests
conducted on the trigger slide and grips of that same handgun. The DNA profile from the

                                            4.
gun had at least four contributors. Melgoza could not be excluded as a major contributor
to the major portion of the DNA profile from the gun. Rizo and Chavez were excluded as
possible contributors to the major portion of the DNA profile. (Ibid.)
       Melgoza was arrested as he was planning to leave the state. (People v. Melgoza,
supra, F068797.)
Instructions
       Melgoza was charged with first degree premeditated murder with gang and
firearm enhancements. The jury was instructed on first and second degree murder,
express and implied malice, intent to kill, and premeditation. (People v. Melgoza, supra,
F068797.) The jury was further instructed on direct aiding and abetting. CALCRIM No.
400 stated:

              “ ‘A person may be guilty of a crime in two ways. One, he or she
       may have directly committed the crime, and I will call that person the
       perpetrator. Two, he or she may have aided and abetted a perpetrator who
       directly committed the crime. A person is guilty of a crime whether he or
       she committed it personally or aided and abetted the perpetrator.’ ” (People
       v. Melgoza, supra, F068797.)
       CALCRIM No. 401 defined aiding and abetting, and stated in relevant part:

               “ ‘To prove that the defendant is guilty of a crime on aiding and
       abetting that crime, the People must prove that, one, the perpetrator
       committed the crime. Two, the defendant knew that the perpetrator
       intended to commit the crime. Three, before or during the commission of
       the crime, the defendant intended to aid and abet the perpetrator in
       committing the crime. And, four, the defendant’s words or conduct did, in
       fact, aid and abet the perpetrator’s commission of the crime.

              “ ‘If someone aids and abets a crime, if he or she knows of the
       perpetrator’s unlawful purpose, and he or she specifically intends and
       does, in fact, aid, facilitate, promote and encourage or instigate the
       perpetrator’s commission of that crime. If all of these requirements are
       proved, the defendant does not need to actually have been present when the
       crime was committed to be guilty as an aider and abettor.’ ” (People v.
       Melgoza, supra, F068797.)

                                            5.
       The jury also received CALCRIM No. 521, that Melgoza was being prosecuted for
first degree murder under two theories: “ ‘One, the murder was willful, deliberate and
premeditated. And, two, the murder was committed by shooting a firearm from a vehicle.
Each theory of first degree murder has different requirements, and I will instruct you on
both. You may not find the defendant guilty of first degree murder unless all of you
agree that the People have proved the defendant committed murder, but all of you … do
not need to agree on the same theory.’ ” (People v. Melgoza, supra, F068797.)

              “ ‘The defendant [is] guilty of first degree murder if the People have
       proved that he acted willfully, deliberately, and with premeditation. The
       defendant acted willfully if he intended to kill. The defendant acted
       deliberately if he carefully weighed the considerations for and against his
       choice and knowing the consequences decided to kill. [¶] The defendant
       acted with premeditation if he decided to kill before completing the act that
       caused death....’ ” (People v. Melgoza, supra, F068797, italics added.)
       As to the second theory of first degree murder, the jury was instructed:

       “ ‘The defendant is guilty of first degree murder if the People have proved
       that the defendant murdered by shooting a firearm from a motor vehicle.
       The defendant committed this kind of murder if, one, he shot a firearm
       from a motor vehicle. Two, he intentionally shot at a person who was
       outside the vehicle. And, three, he intended to kill that person.’ ” (People
       v. Melgoza, supra, F068797, italics added.)
       The jury was not instructed on felony murder or any underlying felony offenses
committed during the murder, or any target offenses for aiding and abetting based on the
natural and probable consequences doctrine.
       In closing argument, the prosecutor acknowledged it was not clear whether
Melgoza was the gunman and/or the driver but argued Melgoza was in the car when Ortiz
was killed, and he was guilty of first degree murder based on his statements in the
wiretap conversations, his location based on the cell phone tower signals, and the DNA
evidence on the murder weapon which excluded Chavez and Rizo but did not exclude
Melgoza. (People v. Melgoza, supra, F068797.)

                                            6.
Convictions and sentence
       On November 12, 2013, the jury convicted Melgoza of first degree murder and
found true the section 189 special allegation, that the crime “ ‘was done by one of the
following means: A) willful, deliberate, and premeditated killing; H) discharge of a
firearm from a motor vehicle, intentionally at another person outside the vehicle, with the
intent to inflict death; within the meaning of … section 189, as alleged in the first count
of the Information.’ ” (People v. Melgoza, supra, F068797.) Also, as to the murder
conviction, the jury found true a gang enhancement and a firearm enhancement – that
Melgoza was a principal in the offense, and, in the commission of the offense, at least
one principal intentionally and personally discharged and personally used a firearm, and
proximately caused death or great bodily injury, to a person other than an accomplice
(§ 12022.53, subds. (d), (e)(1)). (People v. Melgoza, supra, F068797) Melgoza was also
convicted of count 2, felon in possession of a firearm (§ 29800, subd. (a)(1)), with a gang
enhancement; and count 3, active participation in a criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd.
(a)(1)). People v. Melgoza, supra, F068797.)
       On January 22, 2014, Melgoza was sentenced to 50 years to life, based on 25 years
to life for count 1, murder, and a consecutive term of 25 years to life for the firearm
enhancement, with concurrent terms for the other convictions and enhancements.
(People v. Melgoza, supra, F068797.)
Appellate opinion
       On May 17, 2016, this court affirmed Melgoza’s convictions and sentence in
People v. Melgoza, supra, F068797. Melgoza’s primary appellate argument was that the
jury instructions on aiding and abetting for first degree murder were “at best, ambiguous”
on the specific intent required to convicted Melgoza of murder based on aiding and
abetting. Melgoza asserted the instructions allowed the jury to convict him of first degree
murder as either the gunman or an aider and abettor without proof that he personally
premeditated and deliberated, or that he personally intended that a shooting from the car

                                             7.
would kill the victim. (Ibid.)
       In rejecting this argument, this court extensively addressed aiding and abetting,
and the instructions that were given. (People v. Melgoza, supra, F068797.) This court
held the jury was correctly instructed on the specific intent and premeditation required to
be convicted as an aider and abettor of first degree murder. (Ibid.)

       “ ‘[A]n aider and abettor of a specific intent crime shares the perpetrator’s
       specific intent when he or she knows of the perpetrator’s criminal purpose
       and aids, promotes, encourages, or instigates the perpetrator with the intent
       of encouraging or facilitating the commission of the crime. [Citations.]’
       (People v. Houston (2012) 54 Cal.4th 1186, 1224.) [People v.] Beeman’s
       [(1984) 35 Cal.3d 547, 560] definition of aiding and abetting, and what it
       means to share the perpetrator’s specific intent, has repeatedly been
       approved, and CALCRIM No. 401 adequately conveys those principles.
       (People v. Houston, supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 1224; People v. Prettyman
       (1996) 14 Cal.4th 248, 259; People v. Marshall (1997) 15 Cal.4th 1, 40.)
       ‘CALCRIM No. 401 clearly provides that knowledge that the perpetrator
       intends to commit the crime is only one of the four elements for aiding and
       abetting liability. If the jury found mere knowledge alone, by the terms of
       CALCRIM No. 401, that would be insufficient to establish aiding and
       abetting liability. This point is even emphasized by the portion of the
       instruction that reads as follows: “Someone aids and abets a crime if he or
       she knows of the perpetrator’s unlawful purpose and he or she specifically
       intends to, and does in fact, aid, facilitate, promote, encourage, or instigate
       the perpetrator’s commission of that crime.” (CALCRIM No. 401.)’
       (People v. Stallworth (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 1079, 1103−1104, italics in
       original.) [¶] … [¶]

               “ ‘In this case, the jury received CALCRIM Nos. 401 and 521,
       regarding the necessity of finding [Melgoza] acted willfully, deliberately
       and with premeditation if he intended to kill. By finding [Melgoza] guilty
       of first degree murder, the jury necessarily found that he had acted willfully
       and with the intent to kill. Thus, although it was unknown whether he was
       an actual perpetrator or an aider and abettor, … the entirety of the court’s
       instructions did not relieve the jury, under the court’s other instructions, of
       finding [Melgoza] had the intent to kill at the time of the murder of Ortiz.’ ”
       (People v. Melgoza, supra, F068797.)

                                              8.
                                 SENATE BILL NO. 1437
       The instant appeal involves Melgoza’s petition for recall and resentencing filed
pursuant to Senate Bill No. 1437 (2017–2018 Reg. Sess.) (Senate Bill 1437), which
became effective on January 1, 2019, and “was enacted to ‘amend the felony murder rule
and the natural and probable consequences doctrine, as it relates to murder, to ensure that
murder liability is not imposed on a person who is not the actual killer, did not act with
the intent to kill, or was not a major participant in the underlying felony who acted with
reckless indifference to human life.’ [Citation.] Substantively, Senate Bill 1437
accomplishes this by amending section 188, which defines malice, and section 189,
which defines the degrees of murder, and as now amended, addresses felony murder
liability.” (People v. Martinez (2019) 31 Cal.App.5th 719, 723 (Martinez), italics added;
People v. Gentile (2020) 10 Cal.5th 830, 842 (Gentile).)
       Senate Bill 1437 added a crucial limitation to section 188’s definition of malice
for purposes of murder: “Except as stated in subdivision (e) of Section 189, in order to
be convicted of murder, a principal in a crime shall act with malice aforethought. Malice
shall not be imputed to a person based solely on his or her participation in a crime.”
(§ 188, subd. (a)(3), italics added.) Section 189, subdivision (e) was amended to state
that with respect to a participant in the perpetration or attempted perpetration of a felony
listed in section 189, subdivision (a), in which a death occurs – that is, as to those crimes
that provide the basis for the charge of first degree felony murder – that the individual is
liable for murder “only if one of the following is proven: [¶] (1) The person was the
actual killer. [¶] (2) The person was not the actual killer, but, with the intent to kill,
aided, abetted, counseled, commanded, induced, solicited, requested, or assisted the
actual killer in the commission of murder in the first degree. [¶] (3) The person was a
major participant in the underlying felony and acted with reckless indifference to human
life, as described in subdivision (d) of Section 190.2.” (§ 189, subd. (e), italics added.)

                                               9.
       “Senate Bill 1437 also add[ed] … section 1170.95, which allows those ‘convicted
of felony murder or murder under a natural and probable consequences theory … [to] file
a petition with the court that sentenced the petitioner to have the petitioner’s murder
conviction vacated and to be resentenced on any remaining counts .…’ [Citation.]”
(Martinez, supra, 31 Cal.App.5th at p. 723.)
       “An offender may file a petition under section 1170.95 where all three of the
following conditions are met: ‘(1) A complaint, information, or indictment was filed
against the petitioner that allowed the prosecution to proceed under a theory of felony
murder or murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine[;] [¶] (2) The
petitioner was convicted of first degree or second degree murder following a trial or
accepted a plea offer in lieu of a trial at which the petitioner could be convicted for first
degree or second degree murder[;] [¶] [and] (3) The petitioner could not be convicted of
first or second degree murder because of changes to Section 188 or 189 made effective
January 1, 2019.’ [Citation.]” (Martinez, supra, 31 Cal.App.5th at p. 723, italics added.)
       “A trial court that receives a petition under section 1170.95 ‘shall review the
petition and determine if the petitioner has made a prima facie showing that the petitioner
falls within the provisions of this section.’ [Citation.]” (Martinez, supra, 31 Cal.App.5th
at p. 723.)
       To demonstrate prejudice from the denial of a section 1170.95 petition before the
issuance of an order to show cause, the petitioner must show it is reasonably probable
that, absent error, his or her petition would not have been summarily denied without an
evidentiary hearing. (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 972–974.)
                                MELGOZA’S PETITION
       On May 13, 2019, Melgoza filed a petition in the Superior Court of Kern County,
in propria persona, for recall and resentencing of his first degree murder conviction and
sentence pursuant to section 1170.95. Melgoza used a preprinted form and checked
boxes to indicate he was “not the actual killer,” and he did not, “with the intent to kill,

                                              10.
aid, abet, counsel, command, induce, solicit, request, or assist the actual killer in the
commission of the murder in the first degree.” He also checked boxes to indicate he was
convicted of “1st or 2nd degree murder pursuant to the felony murder rule or the natural
and probable consequences doctrine,” and he “could not be convicted of 1st or 2d degree
murder because of changes made to Penal Code §§ 188 and 189,” effective January 1,
2019. Melgoza requested appointment of counsel.
       On May 17, 2019, the court appointed the public defender’s office to represent
Melgoza.
The People’s opposition
       On May 22, 2020, the prosecution filed opposition to Melgoza’s petition, and
recited the factual statement from this court’s unpublished opinion. The prosecution
argued that Senate Bill 1437 only applied to an accomplice who was not the actual killer
“or without the requisite specific intent to kill as an aider and abettor.” Instead, Melgoza
was “an aider and abettor who acted with an intent to kill,” and he was convicted of first
degree murder with a true finding of acting with premeditation and deliberation pursuant
to section 189. The prosecution cited the conclusion in this court’s opinion that based on
the instructions, “the jury necessarily found that he had acted willfully and with the intent
to kill. Thus, although it was unknown whether he was an actual perpetrator or an aider
and abettor … the entirety of the court’s instructions did not relieve the jury … of finding
[Melgoza] had the intent to kill at the time of the murder….”
       The prosecution further argued Melgoza had the intent to kill either as the direct
perpetrator or the aider and abettor, and he remained culpable despite the amendments
enacted by Senate Bill 1437, citing his statements to his mother on the wiretap, “ ‘Since
we went and killed that fool … I put my gun away … my gun is still put away….’ ”
       Finally, the prosecution noted that Melgoza’s petition contained multiple
inaccurate statements that were contrary to the jury’s verdict because he was not
prosecuted or convicted under theories of felony murder or natural and probable

                                              11.
consequences, and the jury “necessarily found [he] acted willfully and with the intent to
kill.”3
Melgoza’s reply
          On June 10, 2020, Melgoza’s counsel filed a reply to the People’s opposition, and
stated that Melgoza was submitting the matter based on his declaration in the petition for
recall that “he was not the killer.”
Hearing on the petition
          On June 11, 2020, the court held a hearing as to whether Melgoza made a prima
facie showing for relief under section 1170.95.
          The prosecutor argued Melgoza was convicted as either the actual killer or a direct
aider and abettor. The prosecutor further argued Melgoza’s petition raised allegations
that were not supported by the record, such as declaring he was convicted under the
felony-murder rule. Defense counsel replied that Melgoza was not a legal scholar and
did not understand some of the terms contained in the preprinted form that he submitted
as his petition.
          The court took the matter under submission and stated it would review the record
and determine whether Melgoza “was the killer, he wasn’t the killer or if he was an aider
and abettor and he had the intent to kill and if he was a major participant.”
The court’s denial of the petition
          On June 18, 2020, the court denied Melgoza’s petition and found he failed to state
a prima facie case for relief. The court stated it had reviewed the petition, opposition,
and reply, and also “a significant portion of the case file, including but not limited to the
Jury Instructions and the Appellate Opinion (F068797).”

          3
        The prosecution separately moved to dismiss the petition and asserted Senate
Bill 1437 was unconstitutional. The trial court denied the motion on this ground and
found Senate Bill 1437 was constitutional.

                                              12.
       “[Melgoza] has failed to make a prima facie showing that he is entitled to
       resentencing under P.C.§ 1170.95. [Melgoza] was not prosecuted under a
       felony-murder theory or under the natural and probable consequences
       doctrine. He was prosecuted and convicted of first-degree murder under a
       theory of either being the actual killer or an aider and abettor with the
       specific intent to kill. Under the changes to P.C. § 189, effective January1,
       2019, he could now still be convicted of first-degree murder.”
       On July 1, 2020, Melgoza filed the instant notice of appeal from the court’s denial
of his petition for recall and resentencing.
                                       DISCUSSION
       As noted above, Melgoza’s counsel has filed a Wende brief with this court. The
brief also includes the declaration of appellate counsel indicating that Melgoza was
advised he could file his own brief with this court. By letter on September 1, 2020, we
invited Melgoza to submit additional briefing. He has failed to do so.4
       The court properly denied Melgoza’s petition. While Senate Bill 1437 eliminated
natural and probable consequences liability for murder as it applies to aiding and abetting
(Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 957), a defendant convicted of murder for directly aiding
and abetting that offense is ineligible for resentencing under section 1170.95 because
liability stems from the defendant’s own mental state; it is not dependent on imputed
malice under the felony murder rule or the natural and probable consequences doctrine.
(People v. Chiu (2014) 59 Cal.4th 155, 167 (Chiu) [a direct aider and abettor “acts with
the mens rea required for first degree murder”]; People v. McCoy (2001) 25 Cal.4th 1111,

       4  A series of appeals from the denials of section 1170.95 petitions are pending
before the California Supreme Court, where the appellate courts therein found the
procedures set forth in Wende are not constitutionally compelled if a criminal defendant’s
appeal is not his or her initial appeal of right. Accordingly, if a defendant’s counsel files
a brief indicating [he or] she has been unable to identify any arguable appellate issues
and, after notice, the defendant does not exercise his or her right to file a supplemental
brief, we presume the order appealed from is correct and dismiss the appeal as
abandoned. (People v. Delgadillo (Nov. 18, 2020, B304441) [nonpub. opn.], review
granted, February 17, 2021, S266305.) We will follow the Wende review procedures in
section 1170.95 cases pending further ruling by the Supreme Court.

                                               13.
1118 [a direct aider and abettor must necessarily “know and share the murderous intent of
the actual perpetrator”].)
       In Melgoza’s case, the jury was not instructed on the felony-murder rule or a
predicate felony that could have served as the basis for felony murder. (See, e.g.,
Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at p. 848.) The jury was not instructed on the natural and
probable consequence doctrine, or any target crime upon which murder based on a
natural and probable consequences theory could be predicated. The jury thus was not
permitted to convict Melgoza under an imputed malice theory eliminated by Senate
Bill 1437. (See, e.g., Chiu, supra, 59 Cal.4th at pp. 160–161, partially superceded by
Senate Bill 1437 as explained in Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 959, fn. 3; cf. People v.
Prettyman, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 271; CALCRIM Nos. 402, 403.)
       Instead, the jury was instructed on direct aiding and abetting for first degree
murder, which required the prosecution to prove the Melgoza, as the aider and abettor,
knew and shared the murderous intent of the actual perpetrator, actually aided or
encouraged the commission of the murder, and he had to act with the requisite
premeditation. (Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at p. 850; Chiu, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 167,
CALCRIM Nos. 401, 521.)
       Senate Bill 1437 eliminated murder convictions based on imputed malice, when a
person aided and abetted a nonhomicide crime that resulted in murder, and the natural
and probable consequences doctrine allowed him or her to be convicted without
personally possessing malice aforethought. (Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at p. 845.) Senate
Bill 1437 does not eliminate direct aiding and abetting liability for murder because a
direct aider and abettor to murder must personally possess intent to kill and malice
aforethought. (People v. McCoy, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 1118; Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th
at p. 848.)5

       5Our analysis is based on the version of section 1170.95 presently in effect. The
Legislature recently passed, and the Governor signed, a bill amending section 1170.95.

                                             14.
       After independent review of the record, we find that no reasonably arguable
factual or legal issues exist.
                                     DISPOSITION
       The trial court’s denial of Melgoza’s petition for recall and resentencing is
affirmed.

(Sen. Bill No. 775 (2021–2022 Reg. Sess.).) The amendments are not yet effective (Cal.
Const., art. IV, § 8, subd. (c)(1)) and, in any event, would not alter our analysis.

                                            15.