Court Opinion

ID: 4292608
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-07-09 21:08:58.455829+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:38:24.164539
License: Public Domain

Digitally signed by
                                                                               Reporter of Decisions
                                                                               Reason: I attest to the
                             Illinois Official Reports                         accuracy and integrity
                                                                               of this document
                                                                               Date: 2018.06.14
                                    Appellate Court                            10:59:03 -05'00'

             Sloan Biotechnology Laboratories, LLC v. Advanced Biomedical Inc.,
                                 2018 IL App (3d) 170020

Appellate Court         SLOAN BIOTECHNOLOGY LABORATORIES, LLC, an Illinois
Caption                 Limited Liability Company, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. ADVANCED
                        BIOMEDICAL INCORPORATED, a Delaware Corporation,
                        Defendant-Appellee.

District & No.          Third District
                        Docket No. 3-17-0020

Filed                   March 14, 2018

Decision Under          Appeal from the Circuit Court of Peoria County, No. 16-MR-478; the
Review                  Hon. Katherine Gorman Hubler, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                Reversed and remanded.

Counsel on              Lane G. Alster, John S. Elias, and Janaki H. Nair, of Elias, Meginnes
Appeal                  & Seghetti, P.C., of Peoria, for appellant.

                        Daniel M. Cordis and James P. Lawson, of Cordis & Cordis, of
                        Princeville, and Deborah J. Michelson and David A. Kunselman, of
                        Miller Goler Faeges Lapine LLP, of Cleveland, Ohio, for appellee.

Panel                   PRESIDING JUSTICE CARTER delivered the judgment of the court,
                        with opinion.
                        Justices Lytton and Schmidt concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                                              OPINION

¶1        Plaintiff, Sloan Biotechnology Laboratories, LLC (Sloan), brought a declaratory
     judgment action against defendant, Advanced Biomedical Incorporated (ABI), seeking a
     ruling from the trial court that Sloan was not in breach of its contract with ABI. Citing a
     forum selection clause in the parties’ contract, ABI filed motions to either transfer venue to
     the state court in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, or to dismiss the case. Following a hearing, the
     trial court granted ABI’s request and transferred venue to the Ohio state court. Sloan filed a
     motion to reconsider and asked the trial court to reverse its prior ruling or, in the alternative,
     to amend its prior ruling to show that the case had been dismissed rather than transferred.
     After a hearing, the trial court granted the motion to reconsider in part, reversed the prior
     ruling in its entirety, and entered an order dismissing Sloan’s complaint for declaratory
     judgment. Sloan appeals. We reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand for further
     proceedings.

¶2                                               FACTS
¶3        Sloan was an Illinois limited liability company and had its principal place of business in
     Peoria, Illinois. ABI was a Delaware corporation and had its principal place of business in
     Dublin, Ohio. In March 2015, Sloan entered into an exclusive manufacturing agreement
     (manufacturing agreement) with ABI wherein Sloan agreed to manufacture a nonalcohol
     based hand sanitizer lotion and derivatives of that product for ABI. The manufacturing
     agreement incorporated by reference a prior nondisclosure agreement (NDA) that had been
     entered into between the parties in June 2014 (the 2014 NDA was entered into between Sloan
     and ABI’s predecessor and was later assigned to ABI). The following year, the parties
     entered into another NDA, which was substantially the same as the prior NDA. The
     manufacturing agreement and the two NDAs constituted the parties entire agreement
     (collectively referred to as the contract) for the purposes of this appeal.
¶4        In June 2016, Sloan filed the instant declaratory judgment action against ABI in the state
     trial court in Peoria County, Illinois. In addition to most of the information set forth above,
     Sloan alleged in its complaint that (1) it had performed all of its obligations under the parties’
     contract and (2) ABI had delivered to Sloan a demand letter claiming that Sloan had
     breached the contract and demanding that Sloan take (or refrain from taking) certain actions.
     Sloan asked the trial court to enter a declaration that Sloan had not breached the contract.
     Copies of the parties’ contract (the manufacturing agreement and the two NDAs) and the
     demand letter were attached to the declaratory judgment complaint as supporting documents.
¶5        Of relevance to this appeal, the manufacturing agreement contained the following
     provisions:
                  “12. CONFIDENTIALITY.
                  The parties hereto acknowledge and agree that the information contained in this
              Agreement and all exhibits hereto is considered ‘Confidential Information’ as such
              term is defined in the June 17, 2014 Restatement of Non-Disclosure Agreement
              between SLOAN and ABI (the ‘NDA Agreement’) and is governed by the terms of
              such NDA Agreement. The parties further acknowledge and agree that June 17, 2014

                                                 -2-
             Restatement of NDA Agreement remains in full force and effect and is hereby
             incorporated by reference as if fully set forth in this Agreement.
                                                  ***
                 16. GOVERNING LAW.
                 This Agreement shall be deemed made in Peoria, Illinois, and the validity and
             interpretation thereof shall be governed by the laws of the state of Illinois without
             regard to its conflict of law principles.”
     The manufacturing agreement did not, however, contain a forum selection clause.
¶6       Also of relevance to this appeal, the NDAs contained the following provisions:
                 “11. Governing Law. The validity, performance, construction and effect of this
             Agreement will be governed by the laws of Ohio and the federal laws of the United
             States, without regard to conflict of laws. If any international treaties or conventions
             are applicable to this Agreement, then the parties, to the greatest extent possible, shall
             opt out of such treaties and conventions being applied to this Agreement. This
             Agreement may be enforced in the courts sitting in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, and in
             other courts and before other bodies to the extent required to protect the Disclosing
             Party’s [ABI’s] rights. The prevailing party in any litigation relating to this
             Agreement or a party’s performance hereunder shall be entitled to recovery of its
             reasonable legal fees and all of its reasonable costs and expenses incurred in
             connection with the litigation.
                 12. Equitable Remedies. The Parties recognize that serious injury could result to
             the Disclosing Party [ABI] and its business if the Receiving Party [Sloan] breaches its
             obligations under this Agreement. Therefore, Receiving Party agrees that the
             Disclosing Party will be entitled to a restraining order, injunction or other equitable
             relief, the scope and extent of which shall be determined by a court of competent
             jurisdiction, sitting in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, if Receiving Party breaches its
             obligations under this Agreement, in addition to any other remedies and damages that
             would be available at law or equity.
                                                  ***
                 16. Miscellaneous. The headings used in this Agreement are for reference and
             convenience only and will not enter into the interpretation of this Agreement. This
             Agreement shall not be construed against either Party as the drafter of this
             Agreement.”
¶7       In July 2016, ABI filed a motion to transfer venue in this case to Cuyahoga County,
     Ohio. ABI also filed, in the alternative, a motion to dismiss the case pursuant to section
     2-615 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2016)). In the
     motions, ABI alleged that (1) earlier that month, it had filed a lawsuit against Sloan in the
     state court in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, for breach of the manufacturing agreement and the
     NDAs and for injunctive relief “inextricably intertwined with the issues raised by Sloan” in
     the present case; (2) the terms of the NDAs provided for exclusive venue in Cuyahoga
     County, Ohio; (3) it was unclear under Illinois law whether transfer or dismissal was the
     appropriate remedy, so ABI filed a motion requesting each remedy in the alternative; and (4)
     in addition to the forum selection clause, dismissal under section 2-615 of the Code was also
     appropriate because Sloan had failed to state a claim for declaratory relief in its complaint in

                                                 -3-
       that it had alleged insufficient facts and was improperly seeking a declaration of nonliability
       for past conduct. Attached to the motions as supporting documents were ABI’s memoranda
       setting forth its position in greater detail, copies of the agreements, and a copy of the breach
       of contract complaint that ABI had filed in the state court in Cuyahoga County, Ohio.
¶8         In September 2016, Sloan filed its responses, opposing ABI’s motions to transfer or
       dismiss. Attached to the responses, among other things, was an affidavit of Sloan’s president,
       Donald Stephens, in support of Sloan’s claim that all of the relevant events, materials, and
       witnesses in this case were in Peoria, Illinois.
¶9         The following month ABI filed replies to Sloan’s responses. Attached to the replies was
       an affidavit of ABI’s president, William Fouss, in support of ABI’s claim that the
       preponderance of the relevant events, materials, and witnesses in this case were in Ohio.
¶ 10       In October 2016, a hearing was held on ABI’s motions to transfer venue or to dismiss the
       case. During the hearing, the parties presented their oral arguments to the trial court. Of
       relevance to this appeal, ABI’s attorney stated, among other things:
                     “Does the court have a preference in the order? I have two arguments. I have two
                motions filed. One is the motion to transfer venue. One is a motion to dismiss. I’ll just
                note for the record I think they’re directly related, if for no other reason, because
                there’s a procedural question as to how the Court would grant the relief we’re seeking
                if it decided to do so. We got one string of Illinois law that says it must be under the
                venue statute. We also have Illinois case law that says the proper procedural matter to
                address this would be an outright dismissal. I’ll leave that up to the Court. That’s a
                primary reason why we brought both motions.”
¶ 11       In response to a question asked during the hearing, ABI’s attorney told the trial court that
       the case that ABI had filed in the state court in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, had been removed to
       federal court on Sloan’s motion. After listening to the arguments of the attorneys, the trial
       court took the case under advisement.
¶ 12       At a later court date the following month, the trial court announced its decision. As it was
       doing so, the following conversation ensued:
                     “THE COURT: *** And in reviewing all of this, it’s pretty clear to this Court that
                both corporations, who are sophisticated, contracted to have their matters heard in
                Cuyahoga, Ohio, and Illinois law presumes validity and enforcement of an expressly
                agreed-upon forum selection clause, and I find that the contracts entered into in June
                of 2014 and October of 2015 do just that.
                     So I’m gonna find that this should be heard in Ohio. And my inclination—well,
                I’ll just ask if there would be an agreement on whether it’s dismissed or transferred.
                Does anybody have a real strong preference on—
                     [SLOAN’S ATTORNEY]: None, because I couldn’t figure out what procedurally
                is—
                     THE COURT: Well—
                     [SLOAN’S ATTORNEY]: I’d say transferred but—
                     THE COURT: I—it’s not clear to me whether it should be dismissed or
                transferred. So in an abundance of caution so that nobody’s prejudice[d]—
                     [SLOAN’S ATTORNEY]: Prejudice[d]. Yeah.

                                                   -4-
                    THE COURT: —as far as how things were done procedurally, I’ll just transfer
                it—
                    [SLOAN’S ATTORNEY]: Okay.
                    THE COURT: —to Ohio, and then you can sort it out.
                    [SLOAN’S ATTORNEY]: Okay.
                                                     ***
                    [ABI’S ATTORNEY]: To my—my only other question is, I apologize, but what
                do you mean when you say ‘you will transfer’? Just entering an order that says
                ‘transfer’?
                    THE COURT: I’m gonna grant a motion to transfer venue as opposed to
                dismissing it for improper venue. And the reason I’m doing that is so that nobody is
                prejudice[d] because of some things that have been done procedurally and then you
                can sort it out in Ohio.
                    [ABI’S ATTORNEY]: Sure.
                    THE COURT: Okay?
                    [ABI’S ATTORNEY]: Okay.”
¶ 13        After a written order was entered transferring venue in this case to Cuyahoga County,
       Ohio, Sloan filed a motion to reconsider that order or, in the alternative, to amend it. In the
       motion, Sloan alleged that (1) after the trial court made its ruling in this case, the federal
       court in the Ohio case issued an order abstaining from exercising jurisdiction and staying the
       Ohio case pursuant to the Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States, 424
       U.S. 800, 817 (1976), abstention doctrine; (2) in this case, the Peoria County trial court’s
       interpretation of the forum selection clause contained in the NDAs was incorrect under Ohio
       law; (3) the trial court in this case should reconsider its prior ruling; (4) in the alternative, the
       trial court in this case should amend its prior ruling and dismiss this case, as opposed to
       transferring it to Ohio, because transfer of venue to a foreign court is improper under Illinois
       law; and (5) dismissal would allow the parties to retain their appeal rights. Sloan attached to
       the motion to reconsider a copy of the federal court’s ruling in the Ohio case.
¶ 14        ABI filed a motion to strike the motion to reconsider. ABI attached to the motion to strike
       a notice indicating that the state court in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, had accepted the transfer
       of this case from Illinois, had docketed the case, and had assigned the case to a judge. Sloan
       filed a response and opposed the motion to strike.
¶ 15        In December 2016, a hearing was held on Sloan’s motion to reconsider or amend and on
       ABI’s motion to strike. After some brief discussion with the attorneys, the trial court granted
       Sloan’s motion to reconsider or amend, in part, and dismissed this case. In so doing, the trial
       court stated:
                    “Well, as I previously stated, I mean, there’s no question this should all be
                happening in Ohio. Period. And the only reason I didn’t rule one way or the other is
                because I didn’t want to compromise your rights.
                    So that’s—and—and nobody really—everybody was kinda like, well, we’re not
                sure exactly whether it’s transfer or dismiss. So if—given the fact that I would’ve just
                dismissed it, we wouldn’t have—we wouldn’t have all these issues. And no one had a
                strong position when we were here initially.”

                                                     -5-
       The trial court entered a written order that Sloan had prepared reversing the trial court’s
       previous ruling in its entirety and dismissing the case. Sloan filed this appeal to challenge the
       trial court’s ruling.

¶ 16                                            ANALYSIS
¶ 17        On appeal, Sloan argues that the trial court erred in granting ABI’s section 2-615 motion
       to dismiss Sloan’s complaint for declaratory judgment. Sloan asserts that the motion to
       dismiss should have been denied because the parties’ contract does not require Sloan to
       litigate this case in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, or prohibit Sloan from bringing this case in
       Peoria County, Illinois. In making that assertion, Sloan acknowledges that paragraph 12 of
       the NDAs contains a mandatory forum selection clause but denies that it applies in this case.
       Rather, Sloan maintains that the mandatory forum selection clause only applies to suits
       brought by ABI for injunctive or other equitable relief for breach of the nondisclosure
       provisions and only for the purpose of determining the scope and extent of any such
       injunctive relief that may be granted. According to Sloan, if any forum selection clause
       applies in this case, it is the permissive forum selection clause contained in paragraph 11 of
       the NDAs that allows a lawsuit, such as the one in the present case, to be brought in any
       court. In the alternative, Sloan asserts that the mandatory forum selection clause is
       unenforceable because the chosen forum is so inconvenient, under the circumstances of the
       present case in which almost all of the relevant witnesses, documents, and materials are in
       Peoria, that it would, in effect, provide Sloan with no remedy at all. For all of the reasons
       stated, Sloan asks that we reverse the trial court’s dismissal order; that we find that venue is
       appropriate in Peoria County, Illinois; and presumably, that we remand this case for further
       proceedings.
¶ 18        ABI argues that the trial court’s ruling was proper and should be upheld. In support of
       that argument, ABI asserts first that Sloan has waived its claim of error on appeal by asking
       the trial court to dismiss the case in Sloan’s motion to reconsider and by submitting the
       proposed dismissal order that the trial court approved and entered. Thus, ABI contends that
       Sloan invited or induced the trial court to make the alleged erroneous dismissal and that
       Sloan cannot now challenge that dismissal on appeal. Second, ABI asserts that even if
       Sloan’s claim of error is not waived, it should still be rejected by this court because the
       parties’ agreement specifically and mandatorily provides that venue for cases such as this
       shall be in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, as the trial court correctly found. In making that
       assertion, ABI maintains that the mandatory forum selection clause is not limited to claims
       for injunctive relief, as Sloan suggests but, rather, applies to all cases involving Sloan’s
       alleged breach of the contract, regardless of the remedy being sought. ABI maintains further
       that paragraphs 11 and 12 of the NDAs are not ambiguous or in conflict and can be easily
       harmonized in that paragraph 11 addresses the jurisdictions where ABI can seek to protect its
       rights (any jurisdiction) and paragraph 12 addresses the locale where the parties must litigate
       disputes regarding Sloan’s alleged breach of the contract (the selected Ohio forum), such as
       those disputes raised in the present case. In addition, ABI contends that the mandatory forum
       selection clause in the present case is valid and enforceable and that Sloan’s claim as to
       inconvenience is wholly irrelevant in this context or, at the very least, that it must be
       balanced against the inconvenience that would result to ABI if this case was not litigated in
       the designated forum. ABI contends further that when an agreement contains both a

                                                   -6-
       mandatory and a permissive forum selection clause, the mandatory forum selection controls
       over the permissive one. Third and finally, ABI asserts that even if the trial court’s reasoning
       on venue was incorrect, dismissal was still proper in this case because Sloan’s complaint
       failed to state a cause of action for declaratory judgment in that the complaint (1) sought a
       declaration of nonliability for past conduct, which is not actionable under Illinois law, and (2)
       failed to allege sufficient facts under Illinois pleading standards. For all of the reasons set
       forth, ABI asks that we affirm the trial court’s dismissal order.
¶ 19        In reply to ABI’s assertions, Sloan repeats many of the same arguments that it made
       initially. Sloan does, however, make some additional assertions about ABI’s waiver
       argument and about ABI’s failure-to-state-a-claim argument. First, as to ABI’s waiver
       argument, Sloan contends that waiver does not apply here because Sloan’s motion to
       reconsider was ultimately requesting that the trial court reverse its previous ruling and deny
       ABI’s motion to transfer or dismiss the case. According to Sloan, it requested in the
       alternative that the trial court amend the previous order and change it to a dismissal order,
       rather than a transfer order, because it believed that the trial court had erred, as a matter of
       civil procedure, by transferring the case, instead of dismissing it. Further, Sloan contends it
       prepared and submitted the proposed order after the trial court requested that Sloan do so.
       Second, as to ABI’s failure-to-state-a-claim argument, Sloan contends that its declaratory
       judgment complaint was sufficient under the law. Sloan asserts that in the complaint it was
       not seeking a declaration of nonliability for past conduct but, rather, was seeking the right to
       continue acting in the future, with regard to the contract, as it had acted in the past and was
       challenging the current allegations that were being made by ABI. Sloan points out that the
       trial court did not rule upon the sufficiency of the complaint and asserts that, if this court
       reaches that issue, it should remand the case for the trial court to decide the issue and to
       allow Sloan to file an amended complaint if the need arises. Ultimately, Sloan again asks that
       we reverse the trial court’s dismissal order; that we find the venue is appropriate in Peoria
       County, Illinois; and presumably, that we remand this case for further proceedings.

¶ 20                                       I. Standard of Review
¶ 21       A section 2-615 motion to dismiss challenges the legal sufficiency of a complaint based
       upon defects that are apparent on the face of the complaint. Heastie v. Roberts, 226 Ill. 2d
       515, 531 (2007). In determining whether a complaint is legally sufficient, a court must accept
       as true all well-pleaded facts and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from those
       facts. Id. The critical inquiry in deciding a section 2-615 motion to dismiss is whether the
       allegations of the complaint, considered in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, are
       sufficient to state a cause of action upon which relief can be granted. Board of Directors of
       Bloomfield Club Recreation Ass’n v. Hoffman Group, Inc., 186 Ill. 2d 419, 424 (1999). A
       cause of action should not be dismissed pursuant to section 2-615 unless it is clearly apparent
       that the plaintiff cannot prove any set of facts that will entitle the plaintiff to relief. Heastie,
       226 Ill. 2d at 531. In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a section 2-615 motion to dismiss, the
       appellate court applies a de novo standard of review. Id. at 530-31. When de novo review
       applies, the appellate court performs the same analysis that the trial court would perform.
       Direct Auto Insurance Co. v. Beltran, 2013 IL App (1st) 121128, ¶ 43. The appellate court
       may affirm a trial court’s grant of a section 2-615 motion to dismiss on any basis supported
       by the record. Fidelity National Title Insurance Co. of New York v. Westhaven Properties

                                                    -7-
       Partnership, 386 Ill. App. 3d 201, 220 (2007). In addition, as will be discussed later in this
       decision, our ruling on the main issue in this particular case turns on an interpretation of the
       parties’ contract. Contract interpretation is a matter that is also subject to de novo review on
       appeal. Gallagher v. Lenart, 226 Ill. 2d 208, 219 (2007).

¶ 22                                   II. ABI’s Assertion of Waiver
¶ 23       Before we reach the merits of the parties’ arguments on appeal, we must first address
       ABI’s assertion that Sloan waived its claim of error by asking the trial court to enter the
       dismissal order in Sloan’s motion to reconsider and by preparing and submitting the
       dismissal order that the trial court eventually entered. It is well settled that a party may not
       complain on appeal about an error that it invited or induced the trial court to make. McMath
       v. Katholi, 191 Ill. 2d 251, 255 (2000); Stephens v. Taylor, 207 Ill. 2d 216, 222-24 (2003).
       When a party invites or induces the trial court to commit error, we do not inquire into the
       party’s motivations for doing so. See Stephens, 207 Ill. 2d at 222-24. The party’s motivations
       for inviting or inducing the trial court to commit error are irrelevant. Id. That being said,
       under the circumstances of the present case, we cannot agree with ABI’s claim that Sloan
       invited or induced the trial court to enter the allegedly erroneous dismissal order. It was ABI,
       and not Sloan, who initially moved for transfer or dismissal. Because of the uncertainty on
       this issue under Illinois law, neither the parties nor the trial court was sure of the appropriate
       remedy to award ABI. However, when Sloan learned that under the case law, a transfer to a
       foreign jurisdiction was not allowed, it appropriately informed the trial court that it had
       entered the wrong remedy under the law. We find, therefore, that Sloan did not waive its
       claim of error under the circumstances of this particular case.

¶ 24                          III. Validity of the Mandatory Forum Selection
                             Clause Contained in Paragraph 12 of the NDAs
¶ 25       Having determined that there was no waiver in this case, we turn to the merits of the
       parties’ arguments on appeal and must first decide whether the mandatory forum selection
       clause contained in paragraph 12 of the NDAs was valid and enforceable. Pursuant to the
       provisions of the NDAs, we are required to apply Ohio law in answering that question.
¶ 26       Ohio law recognizes that parties to a contract may agree to submit their disputes to a
       particular court by placing a forum selection clause to that effect in their contract. See
       Salehpour v. Just A Buck Licensing, Inc., 2013-Ohio-4436, ¶ 10. There are generally two
       types of forum selection clauses: permissive and mandatory. State ex rel. Cordray v.
       Makedonija Tabak 2000, 189 Ohio App. 3d 73, 2010-Ohio-2903, 937 N.E.2d 595, ¶ 15. A
       permissive forum selection clause allows the parties to submit their dispute to a designated
       forum but does not prohibit litigation elsewhere. Id. A mandatory forum selection clause, on
       the other hand, provides an exclusive forum for litigation under the agreement as the only
       place where the parties are allowed to submit their dispute. See id. Use of the words “may”
       or “should” in a forum selection clause indicates that the parties intended the clause in
       question to be permissive in nature. Id. ¶ 16. Whereas, use of the word “shall” tends to
       signify that the parties intended the forum selection clause to be mandatory. See Cleveland
       Ry. Co. v. Brescia, 126 N.E. 51, 52 (Ohio 1919). For a forum selection clause to be
       considered mandatory, however, the clause must clearly display the intent of the contracting

                                                   -8-
       parties to choose a particular forum to the exclusion of all others. Cordray, 2010-Ohio-2903,
       ¶ 15.
¶ 27        In the present case, there is no dispute between the parties that paragraph 11 of the NDAs
       contains a permissive forum selection clause and that paragraph 12 of the NDAs contains a
       mandatory forum selection clause. Instead, the dispute between the parties in this appeal
       centers on how the forum selection clauses are to be interpreted, how the forum selection
       clauses are to be applied, and whether the forum selection clauses should be enforced. Again,
       we turn to Ohio law to resolve those questions.
¶ 28        Under Ohio law, a forum selection clause contained in a commercial contract between
       two business entities (commercial forum selection clause) is prima facie valid, as long as it
       was bargained for freely. Kennecorp Mortgage Brokers, Inc. v. Country Club Convalescent
       Hospital, Inc., 610 N.E.2d 987, 989 (Ohio 1993). A commercial forum selection clause,
       therefore, will generally be enforced, absent a strong showing that it should be set aside. Id.
       Enforcement of a commercial forum selection clause will be rejected, however, where either
       one of the two following conditions is clearly present: (1) where the clause was the product
       of fraud or overreaching or (2) where enforcement of the clause would be unreasonable and
       unjust in that it would essentially deprive the opposing party of its day in court or would be
       against public policy. See id.; Preferred Capital, Inc. v. Power Engineering Group, Inc., 112
       Ohio St. 3d 429, 2007-Ohio-257, 860 N.E.2d 741, ¶ 17.
¶ 29        In the present case, Sloan does not allege fraud or overreaching and has made no showing
       that enforcement of the mandatory forum selection clause contained in paragraph 12 would
       essentially deprive it of its day in court or would be against public policy. See Kennecorp
       Mortgage Brokers, Inc., 610 N.E.2d at 989. Sloan merely alleges, in effect, that having to
       litigate this breach of contract case in Ohio would be inconvenient. Such an allegation is not
       sufficient, however, to negate the application of the mandatory forum selection clause. See
       id. at 988-89 (a minimum-contacts analysis, as set forth in International Shoe Co. v.
       Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945), and its progeny, does not apply in determining the
       validity of a commercial forum selection clause). Thus, the mandatory forum selection clause
       is valid and enforceable. The only question that remains to be resolved is how that forum
       selection clause should be interpreted. That question is one of contract interpretation.

¶ 30                   IV. Interpretation of the Mandatory Forum Selection Clause
¶ 31       The rules of contract interpretation under Ohio law are well established and are similar to
       the rules of contract interpretation under Illinois law. Compare, e.g., In re All Kelley &
       Ferraro Asbestos Cases, 104 Ohio St. 3d 605, 2004-Ohio-7104, 821 N.E.2d 159, ¶ 29
       (setting forth some of the rules of contract interpretation under Ohio law), with Gallagher,
       226 Ill. 2d at 232-33 (setting forth some of the rules of contract interpretation under Illinois
       law). The main goal of contract interpretation under Ohio law is to ascertain and give effect
       to the intent of the parties, which a court presumes rests in the language that the parties chose
       to use in their contract. All Kelley, 2004-Ohio-7104, ¶ 29. In determining the parties’ intent, a
       court must read the contract as a whole and must attempt to give effect to, and harmonize,
       every part of the contract. See id.; Ford Motor Co. v. John L. Frazier & Sons Co., 196 N.E.2d
       335, 337-38 (Ohio Ct. App. 1964). Common words in a contract are to be given their
       ordinary meaning unless manifest absurdity results or unless some other meaning is clearly
       evidenced from the face or overall contents of the contract itself, and technical words will be

                                                   -9-
       given their technical meaning unless a different intention is clearly expressed. Foster
       Wheeler Enviresponse, Inc. v. Franklin County Convention Facilities Authority, 678 N.E.2d
       519, 526 (Ohio 1997). When the terms of a contract are clear and unambiguous, the trial
       court need not go beyond the plain language of the contract to determine the rights and
       obligations of the parties. All Kelley, 2004-Ohio-7104, ¶ 29. “However, if a term cannot be
       determined from the four corners of a contract, factual determination of intent or
       reasonableness may be necessary to supply the missing term.” Inland Refuse Transfer Co. v.
       Browning-Ferris Industries of Ohio, Inc., 474 N.E.2d 271, 273 (Ohio 1984) (applying that
       rule of contract interpretation in the context of a summary judgment proceeding). That being
       said, it must be remembered that it is not the role of the court to alter a contract by
       construction or to make a new contract for the parties; rather, it is the court’s duty to interpret
       the contract that the parties have made for themselves. See In re All Kelley & Ferraro
       Asbestos Cases, 153 Ohio App. 3d 458, 2003-Ohio-3936, 794 N.E.2d 729, ¶ 57, rev’d on
       other grounds, 2004-Ohio-7104, ¶ 42.
¶ 32       Applying the Ohio rules of contract interpretation in the present case, we find that the
       forum selection clause contained in paragraph 12 of the NDAs, while mandatory, is not
       nearly as broad as ABI suggests. To give paragraph 12 such a meaning would negate the
       permissive forum selection clause contained in paragraph 11. The only way to harmonize the
       two forum selection clauses (paragraph 11 and paragraph 12) is to interpret the mandatory
       forum selection clause very narrowly, as indeed it is so worded. We conclude, therefore, that
       the mandatory forum selection clause only applies to cases brought by ABI for breach of the
       nondisclosure provisions and only for the purpose of determining the scope of any restraining
       order, injunctive relief, or equitable relief that may be awarded in such a case. As Sloan
       correctly points out, that is not the situation before the court in the present case. Thus, we
       agree with Sloan that there is no provision in the manufacturing agreement or in the NDAs
       that prohibits Sloan from bringing the instant declaratory judgment action in the Peoria
       County trial court. The trial court erred in ruling to the contrary.
¶ 33       Having made that determination, we will not reach the other main assertion set forth by
       ABI—that its motion to dismiss should be granted because Sloan failed to state a claim for
       declaratory relief in its complaint. The trial court did not rule upon that particular argument
       and will undoubtedly face a motion to amend the complaint by Sloan if the trial court
       determines that the complaint is insufficient. We, therefore, remand this case for the trial
       court to decide that issue and any other matters that may arise.

¶ 34                                        CONCLUSION
¶ 35      For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court of Peoria County
       and remand this case for further proceedings.

¶ 36      Reversed and remanded.

                                                   - 10 -