Court Opinion

ID: 3148512
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-22 18:54:59.208318+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:55:24.000138
License: Public Domain

ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                         Appellate Court

                    Ramirez v. FCL Builders, Inc., 2014 IL App (1st) 123663

Appellate Court            TEODORO RAMIREZ, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. FCL BUILDERS, INC.,
Caption                    an Illinois Corporation, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No.             First District, Fifth Division
                           Docket No. 1-12-3663

Rehearing denied           January 28, 2014
Modified opinion filed     January 31, 2014

Held                       The award of $1.588 million in damages to a roofer for the back injury he
(Note: This syllabus       suffered while working for a roofing subcontractor on a large warehouse
constitutes no part of     project was upheld where the trial court did not err in denying defendant
the opinion of the court   general contractor’s motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict,
but has been prepared      notwithstanding the general contractor’s contentions that it had no
by the Reporter of         liability for plaintiff’s injuries and that the trial court gave improper
Decisions for the          instructions, made evidentiary errors, and failed to impose sanctions for
convenience of the         plaintiff’s discovery errors, since there was evidence of defendant’s
reader.)
                           vicarious and direct liability in connection with the performance of the
                           work of moving materials in a safe manner, and none of the alleged trial
                           errors deprived defendant of a fair trial to the extent that the verdict was
                           affected.

Decision Under             Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 08-L-6482; the Hon.
Review                     Susan Zwick, Judge, presiding.
Judgment                     Affirmed.

Counsel on                   Elizabeth A. Knight and Sarah Hansen Sotos, both of Knight, Hoppe,
Appeal                       Kurnik & Knight, Ltd., of Rosemont, and John P. Prusik and Louis S.
                             Glaza, both of Prusik Selby Daley & Kezelis, P.C., of Chicago, for
                             appellant.

                             Robert J. Napleton and John C. Coyne, both of Motherway & Napleton,
                             of Chicago, and Law Offices of Lynn D. Dowd, of Wheaton (Lynn D.
                             Dowd, of counsel), for appellee.

Panel                        PRESIDING JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the court,
                             with opinion.
                             Justices McBride and Palmer concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                                 OPINION

¶1           Plaintiff Teodoro Ramirez was injured while employed as a roofer for Sullivan Roofing,
        a nonparty to this litigation. At the time of plaintiff’s injury, Sullivan Roofing was operating
        as a subcontractor for defendant FCL Builders, Inc., the general contractor for a warehouse
        project. Plaintiff filed suit against defendant, alleging that defendant was negligent and, after
        a jury trial, the jury found defendant liable, awarding plaintiff damages in the amount of
        $1.588 million. Defendant appeals, arguing that (1) the trial court erred in not granting
        judgment notwithstanding the verdict in favor of defendant, where defendant had no liability
        for plaintiff’s injuries as a matter of law; and, alternatively, (2) the trial court should have
        granted defendant a new trial where the trial court improperly instructed the jury, made errors
        in the admission of evidence, and failed to sanction plaintiff for several discovery violations.
        For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

¶2                                      BACKGROUND
¶3                                        I. Complaint
¶4         On June 13, 2008, plaintiff filed a complaint against defendant; the complaint was
        amended twice and it was the second amended complaint on which the parties went to trial.1

                1
                 Plaintiff also filed suit against the property owner, but that claim was settled prior to trial
        and is not part of the instant appeal.

                                                      -2-
     The second amended complaint alleges that, on or before September 29, 2004, defendant was
     a general contractor responsible for the design, construction, and maintenance of a warehouse
     facility in Romeoville, Illinois. Plaintiff was working on the roof of the warehouse on
     September 29, 2004, when plaintiff and his coworkers from Sullivan Roofing were manually
     pushing a “large, bulky and heavy roll of roofing membrane material” on the roof of the
     warehouse, causing plaintiff’s injuries. Although plaintiff was working on the roof of the
     warehouse as an employee of Sullivan Roofing, defendant “was present during the course
     of the construction project, supervised and coordinated the work being done, designated
     various work methods, maintained and checked work progress, and participated in
     scheduling the work and the inspection thereof.” Additionally, defendant “had the authority
     to stop the work, refuse the work, tools and materials, and to order changes in the work in
     the event that the work was being performed in a dangerous manner or for any other reason.”
¶5        The second amended complaint alleges that, at the time of the injury, defendant, through
     its agent, knew or should have known of the manner in which plaintiff’s work was being
     performed and defendant had a duty to exercise reasonable care under the circumstances to
     protect the safety of plaintiff. Notwithstanding that duty, defendant was negligent in one or
     more of the following ways:
              “a. Failed to permit Honda [all-terrain vehicles (ATVs)] to be used by the roofing
          crew to move heavy roofing materials; or
              b. Allowed an improper work practice to occur as it relates to material handling in
          violation of OSHA Standard 2236; or
              c. Failed to place plywood planking at various locations on the metal deck thereby
          allowing Honda ATV’s to be used to move heavy roofing materials; or
              d. Failed to instruct the Sullivan Roofing crew in the recognition and avoidance of
          an unsafe condition as it relates to material handling in violation of CFR 1926.21(b)(2);
          or
              e. Failed to follow the safe customs and practices of the construction industry in the
          manner in which the workers, such as the plaintiff, were required to perform their duties;
          or
              f. Failed to ensure handling of heavy roofing materials were done in a reasonably
          careful manner.”
     The second amended complaint alleges that, as a result of one or more of defendant’s acts
     or omissions, plaintiff suffered injuries “of a personal and pecuniary nature.”
¶6        As an affirmative defense, defendant alleges that plaintiff had the duty to exercise
     reasonable care and caution for his own safety and failed to do so in one or more of the
     following ways:
              “a. Failed to properly move and/or push roofing materials;
              b. Failed to make a reasonable inspection of the premises to ensure that he was
          familiar with the premises;
              c. Failed to use appropriate methods in the moving and/or pushing of roofing
          materials;

                                              -3-
               d. Performed his work in a manner in which the Plaintiff knew, or in the exercise of
           ordinary care, should have known was harmful or dangerous;
               e. Was otherwise careless and negligent.”
¶7                                          II. Discovery
¶8         Since defendant raises several arguments concerning discovery, we relate the relevant
       facts.
¶9         On August 12, 2010, plaintiff filed answers to defendant’s Rule 213 interrogatories,
       disclosing his anticipated witnesses, including five Rule 213(f)(2) independent expert
       witnesses and no Rule 213(f)(3) controlled expert witnesses. Ill. S. Ct. R. 213 (eff. Jan. 1,
       2007). On January 11, 2011, the trial court ordered plaintiff to answer defendant’s Rule
       213(f)(3) interrogatories by April 1, 2011. On March 13, 2011, the court entered an order that
       discovery was to close on May 4, 2011. On April 5, 2011, the trial court ordered plaintiff to
       disclose any Rule 213(f)(3) witnesses by April 4, 2011, with the witnesses to be deposed by
       May 5, 2011; the court again ordered discovery closed on May 4, 2011.
¶ 10       On April 20, 2011, plaintiff filed supplemental Rule 213 disclosures, including an
       additional Rule 213(f)(1) lay witness and one Rule 213(f)(3) controlled expert witness,
       Dennis Puchalski, a construction safety consultant.
¶ 11       On September 16, 2011, plaintiff’s current attorneys filed an appearance as additional
       attorneys of record and, in October 2011, plaintiff’s current attorneys replaced the former
       attorneys as plaintiff’s counsel.
¶ 12       On February 21, 2012, the attorneys for the parties certified that all fact, medical, and
       opinion discovery was complete; that all deposition of Rule 213(f)(1), (2), and (3) witnesses
       had been taken or waived in writing or in a court order; that all necessary evidence
       depositions had been taken; and that no dispositive motions were pending or would be filed
       by any party prior to trial. On March 8, 2012, the case was set for trial on May 3, 2012.
¶ 13       On April 24, 2012, plaintiff filed a notice of videotaped evidence deposition for Jaime
       Rojas, which would take place via telephone on April 26, 2012, since Rojas was located in
       Colorado. On April 26, 2012, defendant filed an emergency motion to quash the videotaped
       telephone evidence deposition. In the motion, defendant argued that two days’ notice for a
       videotaped evidence deposition was insufficient and would not allow defense counsel the
       opportunity to attend the deposition in person and to cross-examine the deponent in person.
       Further, defendant claimed that the deponent, Jamie Rojas, had not been listed by plaintiff
       as a Rule 213(f)(1), (2), or (3) witness. On the same day, the trial court denied defendant’s
       motion to quash the deposition and further ordered the May 3, 2012, trial date to stand.
¶ 14       On May 8, 2012, during trial, defendant filed a motion in limine seeking to bar plaintiff
       from calling David Gibson as a trial witness. The motion claimed that, on October 28, 2011,
       plaintiff made an oral motion seeking to disclose an additional Rule 213(f)(3) damages
       witness, which the trial court granted over defendant’s objection. Plaintiff’s disclosure of
       Gibson as an additional witness “resulted in defense counsel being compelled to retain its
       own defense expert on the issue of damages,” causing prejudice. On the same day, the trial
       court denied defendant’s motion.

                                                -4-
¶ 15        Defendant also filed a motion in limine seeking to bar plaintiff from calling Jaime Rojas
       as a witness for three reasons: “insufficient notice of an evidence deposition, violation of the
       Supreme Court 213(f)(2), and subsequently after taking the deposition learning of additional
       documentation that was relevant to the functional capacity evaluation that Mr. Rojas was
       testifying about on that given day.” Defendant argued that, despite plaintiff’s claim that a
       letter was sent in January 2012 disclosing Rojas as a witness, defense counsel never received
       such a letter. The trial court denied defendant’s motion.

¶ 16                                          III. Trial
¶ 17       Trial began on May 7, 2012. Evidence was presented concerning the installation of the
       roof in the case at bar, as well as plaintiff’s medical history following the injury. Several
       witnesses also testified about the safety of the procedures used on the roof, as well as
       plaintiff’s damages.

¶ 18                                      A. Roofing Witnesses
¶ 19                                       1. Michael Sullivan
¶ 20        Michael Sullivan, who was employed by Sullivan Roofing and was the brother of the
       company’s owner, was Sullivan Roofing’s safety director in September 2004. Sullivan
       testified that Sullivan Roofing was in the business of installing commercial roofs, including
       “ballasted roofing which has rock on top to hold [it] down”; Sullivan estimated that 30 to 40
       roofers would have been employed by Sullivan Roofing in 2004, and it was typical for
       Sullivan Roofing to have multiple jobs at the same time. In 2004, defendant, the general
       contractor, hired Sullivan Roofing as a subcontractor on a project called the “Wilton
       Industries Project” in Romeoville (the Wilton project). The Wilton project was to be a big-
       box warehouse with a ballasted roof “somewhere in the vicinity” of 450,000 square feet,
       which was “a large roof, but it wasn’t a huge roof.” The roof on the Wilton project was
       pitched, or slightly inclined.
¶ 21        Sullivan testified that, prior to beginning work on the Wilton project, Sullivan Roofing
       received a “welcome subcontractor type letter” from defendant, in which defendant indicated
       that it was “committed” to Sullivan Roofing’s safety and wanted to provide a workplace
       “reasonably free of recognized safety hazards,” which Sullivan testified was “very common”
       on a project of the scope of the Wilton project. The letter further stated that “safety and safety
       awareness is a two-way street,” which Sullivan agreed with, testifying that “[e]verybody on
       site is responsible for safety,” including the general contractor, subcontractor, and employees.
       Sullivan also testified that, on the Wilton project, defendant had certain “intolerable
       offenses,” which meant that “generally the subcontractor has to behave in a certain fashion
       or they’re gone.”
¶ 22        Sullivan also explained the process of laying a ballasted roof such as that installed on the
       Wilton project. First, panels of insulation were placed on top of metal decking; the panels
       were four feet by eight feet and weighed approximately four pounds. The panels were
       wrapped in bundles of 23 and hoisted to the roof by a “boom truck,” essentially, a big truck
       with a crane. The materials and tools, including insulation, rolls of rubber membrane, and

                                                  -5-
       ATVs, were placed along the perimeter of the roof, at least six feet from the edge; it was
       Sullivan Roofing’s decision where to place the materials and Sullivan testified that it would
       not be unusual to have delivery of roofing materials staggered over several weeks. The
       insulation was placed, beginning at one corner of the building, enough to cover an area of 50
       feet by 200 feet. A sheet of rubber membrane was then placed on top of the insulation; the
       entire deck was not laid with insulation before beginning to place the rubber membrane
       because, otherwise, it would be blown away by wind. After the rubber membrane was placed,
       stones would be spread on top of it; initially, rows of stone would be placed to keep the
       insulation and rubber in place in case of wind, which would be filled in later with more
       stones. The bundles of insulation could be pushed by two workers over short distances.
¶ 23       Sullivan testified that “once in awhile [sic]” ATVs would assist in rolling out the rolls
       of rubber membrane: “It wasn’t always. When the Hondas[2] were available or they came
       around, sometimes they would help push the rolls over, yes.” Sullivan testified that the ATVs
       would also be used after the rubber membrane was placed, to spread the gravel on top of the
       rubber membrane. He could not recall the size of the rubber membrane rolls but, on a roof
       the size of the Wilton project, “a lot of times we use 50 by 200s.” The rolls, when wrapped,
       were approximately 2.5 feet high and 10 feet wide and would weigh between 1,500 to 2,000
       pounds depending on the size. When moving rolls of that size and weight at distances of over
       30 feet, “[i]t all depends on how many guys were available. Sometimes we had eight guys
       pushing the roll. Sometimes there would be less guys, and the Honda would come in between
       everybody and help push it.” Sullivan testified that it would be “very rare” for workers to
       physically push the rubber membrane more than 300 feet because “[t]hose [rolls] are
       positioned so that we don’t have to move them that far when we load the job.”
¶ 24       Sullivan testified that, when roofing materials were hoisted onto the roof of the Wilton
       project, the materials were “dimpling” or denting the deck, and a solution needed to be
       provided by “the powers that be.” Sullivan could not recall who informed him of the issue,
       “but I was called, and it was said we have an issue”; Sullivan later testified that “I believe
       John [Zelasco3] called me” and informed him of the problem with the decking. Sullivan
       testified that ATVs were used on the Wilton project and were only temporarily stopped:
       “That was a decision made at the point in time all this happened, to stop everything, and we
       had to figure out a way that we could use them again and get things rolling and be able to
       load so we wouldn’t damage the deck.” A meeting was held to discuss the solution to the
       problem, at which Sullivan and Dave Majestic, also a Sullivan Roofing employee, were
       present, but Sullivan could not recall whether John Zelasco was present on behalf of
       defendant: “I don’t recall if John was there. John wouldn’t have been in that discussion until
       we figured out what we wanted to do and then we would pose that to him.”
¶ 25       Sullivan testified that Zelasco had the authority to stop work on the project if he observed
       unsafe practices and further testified that “FCL is very strict on safety. So that’s more you

              2
                  Throughout the trial, witnesses used the terms “ATVs” and “Hondas” interchangeably.
              3
                  Zelasco was defendant’s superintendent on the Wilton project.

                                                   -6-
       know, anything that happens, John has the right. He runs the job. He has the right to stop.”
       If Zelasco observed someone performing his job in an unsafe manner, Zelasco would have
       the right to stop that work and then would contact Sullivan. Zelasco would also coordinate
       the work and monitor the work of the subcontractors. However, Sullivan testified that
       defendant was not involved in the means and methods of Sullivan Roofing’s work on the
       Wilton project.
¶ 26        At the meeting, they “came up with a plywood runway solution,” which would use a
       plywood runway system to distribute the weight of the heavy roofing materials and permit
       the ATVs to be used. Sullivan testified that “[w]e made the decision to use the plywood
       runway and posed that to John to help to protect the roof. That was our decision.” Sullivan
       further testified that “after a conference between John and the powers that be at Sullivan, that
       was a solution that was implemented,” and it worked to stop the dimpling.
¶ 27        Sullivan also testified to his work as safety director. Sullivan testified that, in his position
       as safety director, he would visit the work site once every one to three days, for
       approximately an hour; Sullivan was not on the roof on September 29, 2004. Sullivan
       testified that Sullivan Roofing had a safety manual given to each of its employees and that
       safe material handling was “the number one safety issue that roofers have” because “[t]here’s
       a lot of ergonomics to it again. There’s a lot of bending. There’s a lot of lifting involved.
       There’s a lot of pushing rolls, if you will. And everybody I harp constantly on lifting
       properly, don’t pull, you know, how to properly lift. Constantly we go over that.”
¶ 28        Sullivan testified that he conducted “toolbox talks” once a week, which were “a topic for
       the day basically. Sometimes it’s on safe lifting. Sometimes it’s on wind safety. Sometimes
       it’s on heat. We have all different kinds of topics that we use. And what I do is I go on the
       roofs, I go through these topics. I gather everybody together. I read them, so everybody can’t
       just sign. They have to know that you know, what we’re doing for the day. And they sign
       off on that they’ve read this and they understand what I’ve given them for the day.” Sullivan
       testified that the toolbox talks were conducted by Sullivan Roofing for its employees to keep
       its employees working safely. Sullivan conducted a toolbox talk on September 29, 2004,
       which plaintiff and his brother Sabeno both attended, as demonstrated by their signatures.
       That toolbox talk was “a safety review. It was over fall protection, material handling, MSDS
       sheets, electrical safety, and fire safety.”
¶ 29        Sullivan testified that, as safety director, he did not believe it was unsafe to have a
       Sullivan Roofing crew move a roll manually. Sullivan further testified that, with enough
       workers, using ATVs was not safer than manually pushing the rolls of membrane: “If you
       had a number of guys on there, it really wasn’t we’ve done that for a number of years I don’t
       know safer, I wouldn’t say it’s safer. It helped us move it along quicker. *** If you have four
       guys and the Honda helps, absolutely. If you have eight guys on there, it moves pretty easily.”
       He acknowledged that, during his deposition, he responded that using ATVs “would help,
       yes.” On recross, Sullivan clarified his testimony concerning the use of ATVs: “When we
       were all talking about moving these rolls and speaking about moving them 20, 30 feet, that’s
       when the rolls are in position. We use the Hondas to put the rolls in position. From the
       position point, when they’re spread out on the roof because he is correct in saying that
       we sometimes we move the roll 2, 300 feet because of the width of the building. We have

                                                   -7-
       to put them in position. The Hondas are used for that. When we have to move them in
       position to lay it over the insulation is when I’m talking about pushing it 20, 30 feet. It’s not
       to get it off a load and then roll these things by hand 300, 400 feet. That does not that’s not
       what we do.” Sullivan further testified that it was “fair to say” that it was “never appropriate”
       to move a roll of rubber membrane from one side of the building to the other without the use
       of an ATV.
¶ 30        Sullivan testified that plaintiff was an employee of Sullivan Roofing and was a “great
       worker” who, at one point, they were considering making a foreman. Sullivan characterized
       plaintiff as reliable, dependable, honest, and very good at his job. Plaintiff was familiar with
       rubber roofs and ballasted roofs, including installing thermal plastic membranes. Plaintiff
       was part of Frank Pesek’s crew and worked closely with Pesek. Sullivan recalled plaintiff
       informing him that he was planning to visit a doctor for his back, but denied discouraging
       the doctor visit or threatening to fire plaintiff.
¶ 31        On cross-examination, defense counsel attempted to introduce an incident report
       completed by Sullivan into evidence.4 Sullivan testified that plaintiff reported his back injury
       to Sullivan, who filled out an incident report in his capacity as safety director; Sullivan
       testified that keeping such reports was part of Sullivan Roofing’s normal course of business.
       Sullivan further testified that the report was in his handwriting and bore his signature.
       Defense counsel then sought to admit the report into evidence, and plaintiff’s counsel
       objected. The trial court examined the document outside the presence of the jury, noting that
       it showed an incident date of October 6 and the date of reporting as October 11. Further, the
       report indicated that the injury was due to pushing bundles of insulation, not rolling rubber
       membrane; defense counsel explained that “[t]hat’s exactly why I want this before the jury.
       Mr. Ramirez told him exactly the opposite of what he’s claiming in this lawsuit.” The trial
       court summed up the defense’s theory concerning the incident report: “It appears to me that
       what counsel is saying is that any injury that occurred didn’t occur on September 29. It
       occurred on October 6. It didn’t occur when he was pushing a roll, it occurred when he was
       pushing a bundle of insulation. *** You’re saying based on what Mr. Ramirez told Mr.
       Sullivan, September 29 didn’t happen.”
¶ 32        The trial court brought Sullivan back into the courtroom for further questioning
       concerning the incident report. Sullivan testified that he had an independent memory of
       speaking with plaintiff about the incident that was the subject of the report, and that he
       recalled being on the roof with plaintiff and Frank Pesek, the foreman, when plaintiff
       informed him of the incident. He further testified that plaintiff reported the incident to him
       on October 11 but told him that it had occurred on October 6. Sullivan admitted that the
       payroll records went to October 10 but that the last date plaintiff was on the payroll,
       according to the records, was October 7. Sullivan further admitted that it was possible that
       he was standing on a different roof, and not the Wilton roof, when plaintiff informed him of
       the incident and that “my dates could be wrong on the document. And I don’t know. I can’t
       verify that. But I remember specifically standing there talking to him.” After Sullivan’s

               4
                The incident report is not included in the record on appeal.

                                                   -8-
       examination, the court sustained the objection: “The objection as to the record itself is
       sustained. Whatever you choose to have him testify to as to his memory is still of evidentiary
       value. But because of the lack of reliability on the dates based on the voir dire and the ***
       deposition, I’m going to sustain the objection. I don’t *** find it to be within the business
       records exception because of lack of reliability. The rest of the testimony is up to you.” The
       court further noted: “It has to be created in an ordinary course of business and if it’s on or
       about the time. That’s why they’re reliable. And what we have is that missing element. It
       wasn’t created on or about the time because he says the date may be wrong and I don’t
       remember.”
¶ 33       The jury was then brought back into the courtroom, and cross-examination of Sullivan
       continued. Sullivan testified that, at one point during the two weeks of the Wilton project,
       plaintiff approached him on the roof of the Wilton project and informed him of the accident;
       Pesek was also present during the conversation. Plaintiff informed them that he was pushing
       a bundle of insulation alone “and felt a twinge in his back.” Sullivan testified that pushing
       insulation alone was contrary to Sullivan Roofing’s recommendations for material handling,
       which required two people to push a bundle of insulation. Sullivan denied telling plaintiff
       not to visit a doctor.
¶ 34       Sullivan testified that, based on the time sheets, plaintiff was working on a different
       project on Monday, September 27. He was working on the Wilton project on September 28
       and 29, and was working on a third project on September 30 and did not work on Friday,
       October 1.

¶ 35                                      2. David Majestic
¶ 36       David Majestic, vice president of field operations for Sullivan Roofing, testified that, at
       some point during the Wilton project, he learned that there was a problem with damage to
       the decking. Defendant’s superintendent, John Zelasco, placed a call to Sullivan Roofing
       informing it of damage to the decking. Majestic later testified that he “received a call at some
       point in time” indicating that there were issues, but “[w]ho gave me that phone call, I don’t
       recall that.” The problem required the work to stop until a solution was developed.
¶ 37       Majestic testified that the decision to use plywood to solve the problem was a
       collaboration between Sullivan Roofing and defendant. Majestic further testified that he was
       present while the plywood was in use, although he admitted that in his deposition, he
       testified that he was not present.
¶ 38       Majestic testified that general contractors left it to Sullivan Roofing to determine the
       means and methods of its work. On the Wilton project specifically, defendant never told him
       or his crew how to perform their work on the roof or not to use ATVs on the roof, although
       defendant had the right to stop the work if they were damaging the roof.
¶ 39       Majestic testified that ATVs were “workhorse[s]” used regularly in the roofing industry,
       including moving insulation and pushing rolls of rubber membrane, which weighed 2,500
       to 2,800 pounds. At times, ATVs were occupied with other work on the roof and were not
       available to workers needing to move rolls of membrane. It was preferable to have several
       people move a roll of membrane, and protocol required a worker who had issues with the

                                                 -9-
       size of the roll to either inform the foreman of his concern or find additional workers to push
       the roll. Majestic did observe men manually pushing membrane weighing 2,500 to 2,800
       pounds up to 200 feet in the past.
¶ 40       Majestic testified that plaintiff was a very good worker who was responsible and
       dependable and that the company had considered him for the position of foreman.

¶ 41                                         3. Frank Pesek
¶ 42        Frank Pesek, the roofing foreman for Sullivan Roofing on the Wilton project, testified
       that plaintiff worked under him and that he was a very good worker hard working,
       dependable, and honest. At one time, plaintiff was Pesek’s “leadman,” or right-hand man.
       Pesek testified that plaintiff informed him that he was injured on the Wilton project. When
       someone reported an injury, Pesek reported it to Sullivan.
¶ 43        Pesek testified that, on a job the size of the Wilton project, ATVs would be used to push
       rolls of rubber membrane to various points on the roof; the ATVs had been used “since day
       one when I was here.” Typically, two ATVs would be used to push a roll of rubber
       membrane, one on the left and one on the right of the roll. Sullivan Roofing “always used the
       ATVs” to move rolls of membrane significant distances “because it’s easier” on the workers’
       bodies, but “[i]f we had to” manually push them, “we would.”
¶ 44        Pesek testified that the type of rubber membrane used on the Wilton project would be
       unrolled “kind of like a paper towel” and then unfolded “like a blanket.” When unfolded, the
       roll would be approximately 200 by 50 feet. The materials for the roofing work were brought
       onto the roof by Sullivan Roofing’s crane. From time to time, if soil conditions prevented
       a crane from being placed at a particular location, the general contractor would direct the
       crane to be placed in a better location with more favorable soil conditions.
¶ 45        Pesek testified that he was notified by “[s]omeone from [defendant] FCL” that there was
       damage to the roof decking and he “took a timeout to craft a solution to this deck damage
       issue.” Pesek could not recall whether someone gave an order not to use ATVs, but “if we
       stopped using the Hondas, it’s because someone told me not to use them.” Pesek agreed that
       “it was more likely than not that there was an order to not use the Hondas to push the rolls,”
       and testified that “the order to not use the Hondas either came from Dave Majestic or the
       [defendant’s] superintendent on this job.” Pesek further testified that Majestic would not call
       Pesek “out of the blue” and order him to stop using the ATVs. Pesek testified that defendant
       had the power to halt the work that Sullivan Roofing was performing. Pesek further testified
       that he took his orders from Dave Majestic, his supervisor.
¶ 46        Pesek testified that once the ATVs were not allowed to push the rolls, the rolls of
       membrane would have to be manually pushed by the crew. Pesek “would rather use Hondas,”
       but did not view anything unsafe in manually rolling the rubber membrane, providing there
       were enough workers doing so, and ordered his crew to manually move the rolls; Pesek
       testified that, if he observed an unsafe act being performed by a member of his crew, he had
       the authority to stop it. There was a potential for injury when manually pushing a roll of
       rubber membrane 300 feet because “they are heavy. They’re heavy. You are pushing rolls
       that weigh a lot. Anything in roofing is strenuous.”

                                                -10-
¶ 47       Pesek testified that there was a plywood runway system in place to permit the ATVs to
       transport bundles of insulation, but that they were not in place to permit the ATVs to move
       the rolls of rubber membrane.

¶ 48                                        4. John Zelasco
¶ 49       John Zelasco, defendant’s project superintendent on the Wilton project, testified that he
       was the highest-ranking employee of defendant present on the site on a daily basis. Zelasco
       testified that it was “more likely than not” that defendant and the property owner agreed that
       defendant would work in a safe manner. On the first day that roofing materials were loaded
       onto the roof, he noticed that roofing activity was creasing the decking and notified Pesek,
       the foreman for Sullivan Roofing, as well as Michael Sullivan. He also informed his two
       immediate superiors: his project manager and his senior project manager.
¶ 50       Zelasco testified that defendant was the only general contractor on the Wilton project,
       and that he was defendant’s only superintendent on the project. Zelasco, as a superintendent,
       “had the power to stop work on this job generally.” After the decking was damaged, Zelasco
       notified Pesek and Sullivan “and at that point I think it may have been their call to stop the
       activity to take a look at what was going on, maybe to assess what activities were taking
       place.” However, Zelasco also testified that it was a joint decision between defendant and
       Sullivan Roofing to cease working for a day to assess the damage.
¶ 51       Zelasco testified that it was very common for roofers to use ATVs on a roof and that it
       would be highly unusual not to use ATVs on a roof the size of the Wilton project. He denied
       ordering Sullivan Roofing employees not to use ATVs to move rolls of rubber membrane or
       for any other purpose; he testified that “[t]hey had the right to perform their activities,”
       including using the ATVs to move the rolls of rubber membrane. He testified that, prior to
       beginning the roofing work, he met with Majestic to discuss good access points for the
       cranes; Zelasco estimated that Sullivan Roofing had access to 90% of the building’s
       perimeter, and then decided, without Zelasco’s involvement, where along that perimeter it
       wanted to unload its materials. Zelasco testified that Sullivan Roofing had unrestricted use
       of ATVs to move its materials and that “I never gave any restrictions on the means and
       methods of the contractor to do his job.”
¶ 52       Zelasco also testified about defendant’s list of “intolerable offenses” by subcontractors,
       which were “certain job rules that are strictly enforced.” One such rule concerned violations
       of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (29 U.S.C. § 651 et seq. (2006)). Zelasco testified
       that violation of the rules could result in immediate and permanent removal of the
       subcontractor from the project. Zelasco testified that “[e]veryone has to work as a team” to
       ensure a safe work site and that “we’re committed to everyone’s safety on the job site.”
¶ 53       Zelasco held safety “in the highest priority,” and he was authorized to be an outreach
       trainer for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and was involved
       with several other safety organizations. One of his duties for defendant on a given project
       was to ensure that the work site was safe. He considered Sullivan Roofing to be “one of the
       best” companies because “[t]hey have very high standards of safety. They *** have the right
       equipment. It’s very, very rare that there’s ever an issue.”

                                               -11-
¶ 54        Zelasco observed membrane used on a number of roofs and that, “[t]ypically, it’s moved
       from the truck with a crane up onto the roof. And then very typically the roofers themselves,
       usually five or more guys, will get behind it and push it into position, getting it either rolled
       up onto a cart or onto some means of transporting it where it needs to go. But it’s always it’s
       usually done manually when they’re stocking the job.” Once they were rolled onto the cart
       or ATV, the rolls would be transported to their final destination on the roof.
¶ 55        If Zelasco observed any workers behaving in a way that was causing a problem, he would
       speak to the foreman or the superintendent in order to address the issue. He denied ever
       telling roofers to stop using ATVs on the Wilton project and did not know of anyone from
       defendant doing so. He admitted that he and Majestic, from Sullivan Roofing, would have
       the authority to tell Pesek to stop using the ATVs if they were damaging the deck.
¶ 56        Zelasco was not informed of plaintiff’s injury until defendant was sued in the instant
       lawsuit.
¶ 57        After Zelasco’s testimony, outside the presence of the jury, the trial court found that
       Zelasco had not provided a sufficient foundation to admit the contract between defendant and
       the property owner into evidence. Plaintiff’s counsel indicated that they had relied on
       defendant’s disclosure that Zelasco would lay a foundation for the contract, so they were
       “kind of in a bind here,” since he was unable to do so. Plaintiff’s counsel requested that, “if
       the Court feels the foundation, as it relates to the contract specifically, is inadequate, then
       I given the [Rule] 213 disclosure of defense, relative to Mr. Zelasco, I think I’m entitled to
       call a record keeper, a signatory or somebody from FCL that can lay the foundation,
       notwithstanding the fact it’s the day before I rest my case.” Over defendant’s objection, the
       court agreed and told defendant, “you’re on notice that I would grant plaintiff’s motion. And
       that the request will come to you, I’m assuming, within the next 12 hours. And that before
       this case is put to rest, I expect to see some discussion and/or resolution one way or another.”
       The next day, plaintiff called Christopher Linn, vice president of defendant, who provided
       the necessary foundation and the contract was admitted into evidence.

¶ 58                                     5. Sabino Ramirez
¶ 59       Sabino Ramirez, plaintiff’s brother, who also worked as a roofer for Sullivan Roofing
       on the Wilton project, testified that, on September 29, 2004, both he and plaintiff were
       working at the Wilton project; Sabino as a “signal guy” for the crane and plaintiff
       “[p]ush[ing] the rolls and other material.” Typically, when rolls of rubber membrane needed
       to be moved, they would be moved by ATVs. However, the crew was ordered not to use
       ATVs to push the rolls by someone wearing a white hard hat,5 so plaintiff was moving them
       manually. Approximately two hours later, plaintiff informed Sabino that he had a great deal
       of back pain.
¶ 60       Sabino testified that he took all of his direction on the job from Pesek, the foreman, or

               5
                Pesek, the foreman for Sullivan Roofing, testified that defendant’s employees wore white
       hard hats.

                                                 -12-
       from other Sullivan Roofing employees, such as Majestic or Sullivan. Sabino had no
       communication with defendant on the job.

¶ 61                                           6. Plaintiff
¶ 62       Plaintiff testified that he was born in Mexico and moved to the United States in 1986; he
       began working as a roofer in 1989 and was a roofer until his injury in 2004. On September
       29, 2004, he was working as a roofer and was not permitted to use ATVs to push the rolls
       of rubber membrane “[b]ecause some guy told us don’t use the Hondas”; plaintiff testified
       that the man who told the workers not to use the ATVs was John Zelasco, but plaintiff never
       spoke to him directly. Pesek then ordered them to roll the membrane manually. The ATVs
       were only used to move bundles of insulation. Plaintiff testified that it was unusual to
       manually move the rolls 300 feet and that “[a]ll the time we use the Hondas.”
¶ 63       Plaintiff testified that the roof was wet and slightly inclined. He testified that “I, myself,
       and seven more guys, I was in the middle, we started to push the roll from the edge of the
       roof to 300 feet far, far away.” Plaintiff continued: “I hurt my back when we was pushing the
       roll into the ridge. And the metal is very wet and slippery. So, the roll goes back and
       everybody is trying to hold it, but that’s impossible to hold that kind of roll. So, everybody,
       they start to hold it and they I was in the middle. So, I tried to hold it, the roll, and that’s
       when I feel my back like crack when you crack your fingers and I feel very, very painful.”
       Plaintiff testified that they were moving the roll up a slight incline, and it began rolling back
       four to five feet, until someone was able to stop it by placing insulation under it.
¶ 64       Plaintiff testified that after he noticed the pain in his back, he informed Pesek, the
       foreman; he did not inform Sullivan, who was not on the roof that day. Pesek instructed
       plaintiff to “take it easy,” so plaintiff did light work for several hours, then took pain pills
       and rested for a few hours. After returning home, plaintiff was walking slowly and had a
       great deal of pain in his low back.
¶ 65       Plaintiff went to work the next day, a Thursday, but again only did light work. He did not
       work Friday, Saturday, or Sunday, but rested at home. On Tuesday, his wife made an
       appointment with Dr. Desmond Martello, a chiropractor she found through the yellow pages.
       That week, plaintiff avoided heavy lifting at work and was permitted light duty. On October
       8, 2004, he visited Dr. Martello, and visited him often during the next three months for
       physical therapy; however, his back did not improve. Plaintiff also had injections ordered by
       Dr. Sean Salehi, and Dr. Salehi performed surgery in 2005; the surgery helped for the first
       several months, but the pain returned.
¶ 66       Plaintiff testified that Dr. Alberto,6 a pain doctor, again injected plaintiff and prescribed
       pain medicine and, at some point, plaintiff visited Jaime Rojas for a functional capacity
       evaluation. Eventually, plaintiff visited Dr. Edward Goldberg, who performed a second
       surgery. Again, the surgery seemed to help at first, but the pain returned.
¶ 67       Plaintiff testified that he is unable to participate in activities that he had enjoyed, such as

               6
                Dr. Alberto’s first name is not in the record on appeal.

                                                  -13-
       boxing and soccer. Plaintiff further testified that he attempted to obtain work with his wife’s
       employer, but was not hired.
¶ 68       Plaintiff testified that there was no plywood runway system in place to permit the ATVs
       to be used at the time of the accident.

¶ 69                             B. Medical and Lifestyle Witnesses
¶ 70                                       1. Juana Ramirez
¶ 71       Juana Ramirez, plaintiff’s wife, testified that plaintiff had been a roofer since he came
       to the United States from Mexico in 1986 and loved his job. Until his accident in 2004,
       plaintiff played soccer and basketball and enjoyed running and boxing. Juana testified that
       on September 24, 2004, plaintiff was working for Sullivan Roofing with his brother Sabino.
       When plaintiff came home from work, Juana observed him holding his back with his left
       hand and having trouble walking. Plaintiff informed Juana that he had injured his back at
       work, so Juana prepared a hot bath for him. She also gave him painkillers and placed a cold
       pack on his back, but none of it helped his back pain. Plaintiff went to work the next day, but
       Juana called the doctor, Dr. Martello, the following week. That Friday, Juana accompanied
       plaintiff to visit Dr. Martello, who took X-rays and performed hot and cold therapy and
       electrical stimulation. Plaintiff visited Dr. Martello for approximately three months, but his
       back had not improved and he was in continuous pain.
¶ 72       In 2005, plaintiff and Juana visited Dr. Salehi, a surgeon, who gave plaintiff cortisone
       injections and, when those did not work, performed surgery on plaintiff’s back in August
       2005. Plaintiff attended physical therapy and visited Dr. Elborno,7 a “pain management
       doctor” referred by Dr. Salehi. Plaintiff then began treatment with Dr. Edward Goldberg, “an
       orthopedic,” and had a second surgery on his low back in October 2007; plaintiff has not
       returned to his roofing job or worked at all.
¶ 73       Juana testified that, as of the trial date in May 2012, plaintiff had not returned to work
       as a roofer. He had attempted to find other work, such as in the maintenance department of
       Juana’s employer, but was rejected because of his back problems. Juana characterized
       plaintiff as “totally different” than prior to his accident, since he was unable to work or
       participate in the activities he enjoyed, such as sports, or do work around the house, such as
       mowing the lawn or shoveling snow.

¶ 74                                2. Dr. Desmond Martello
                                      8
¶ 75       Dr. Desmond Martello, a licensed chiropractor, testified that plaintiff’s treatment records
       included a patient history that revealed that plaintiff was injured on September 29, 2004,
       when pushing bundles of insulation at work and reported the injury to Frank Pesek.

              7
                  Dr. Elborno’s first name is not in the record on appeal.
              8
                Martello’s testimony was presented by reading the transcript of a videotaped evidence
       deposition in open court, but the video was not played before the jury.

                                                    -14-
¶ 76                                    3. Dr. Thomas Cronin
¶ 77        Dr. Thomas Cronin, a general surgeon practicing in occupational medicine, evaluated
       plaintiff on January 22, 2005, and testified that the “triggering event” from plaintiff’s
       “history and mechanism of injury” was “pushing this 2,000 pounds of rubber with eight other
       people.” After evaluating plaintiff and examining his MRI, Cronin concluded that “number
       one, he had chronic low back syndrome, which means low back pain, on a continuing basis.
       That was number one. Number two, he had what’s known as spondylolisthesis, which is a
       slippage of the vertebrae, one on the other, with radiculopathy, which is pain down the leg
       in his case at the L5-S1 level. The third thing was he had a herniated disc at the lumbar three,
       lumbar four area, and the lumbar four, lumbar five area with encroachment upon the left
       lateral recess at both levels, which means, in common terms, a pinched nerve, but that can
       be extremely uncomfortable.” Cronin opined that plaintiff needed further treatment by a
       specialist because he had a “long measure of tenderness” down his spine and had
       “considerable limitation of motion” and numbness and tingling on his legs; plaintiff was also
       “notably uncomfortable” while in Cronin’s office and had difficulty during the examination
       during tests such as straight-leg-raising and heel-to-toe tests. Cronin opined that plaintiff
       needed to visit a spine surgeon, “either an orthopedist or a neurosurgeon that does that type
       of surgery.” In his report, Cronin opined that plaintiff “was not able to do any heavy lifting,
       no repeated bending or twisting, only light work with a restriction of five to ten pounds of
       lifting would be advisable.”

¶ 78                                      4. Dr. Sean Salehi
                            9
¶ 79       Dr. Sean Salehi, a physician board-certified in neurological surgery, testified that he
       treated plaintiff from April 14, 2005, to February 27, 2007, and performed spinal surgery on
       him on October 17, 2005. Salehi first examined plaintiff at the neurosurgery clinic at
       Northwestern University Hospital on April 4, 2005. Plaintiff reported that “he was injured
       at work in September by pulling a 2,000 pound object with the help of other coworkers. At
       the time he had immediate low back pain and also left leg pain.” Salehi opined that plaintiff
       “was having fracture of his L5 vertebrae on the backside. He also had degeneration of the
       discs in the low back and also stenosis of his lower back causing his complaints of back and
       leg pain, and I wanted to put him through [a] conservative course of care,” meaning
       nonsurgical care.
¶ 80       Plaintiff next visited Salehi on July 8, 2005, and was still experiencing back and leg pain;
       the conservative course of care had not relieved his pain at all. Salehi recommended
       proceeding with a lumbar fusion operation to stabilize the spine, and performed a
       transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion on October 17, 2005. As of January 17, 2006, three
       months after surgery, plaintiff’s left leg pain was still present but significantly improved, and
       he complained of low back stiffness when rolling in bed, which was not an unusual

               9
                Salehi’s testimony was presented in the form of a videotaped evidence deposition, the
       transcript of which is included in the report of proceedings.

                                                 -15-
       complaint.
¶ 81       Salehi testified that plaintiff visited him on April 11, 2006, six months after the
       operation, and was complaining of moderate low back and left leg pain, as well as neck pain
       when turning his head. Plaintiff underwent a functional capacity evaluation, and Salehi
       opined that he was capable of sedentary to light-duty work and was physically unable to
       return to his work as a roofer. On June 19, 2006, plaintiff was complaining of low back pain
       and intermittent left leg pain. A CT scan and MRI revealed that, while one level of the two-
       level fusion was a solid fusion, the other level had not yet healed. Salehi referred plaintiff for
       pain management and also made a recommendation for an epidural steroid injection.
¶ 82       The last time that Salehi examined plaintiff was on February 27, 2007, and plaintiff
       complained of low back and leg pain. The low back pain was constant and aggravated by any
       movement, and the leg pain traveled down the leg. Salehi opined that, if additional imaging
       showed no evidence of healing, plaintiff needed a second lumbar fusion to alleviate the
       symptoms and should receive further treatment from Dr. Edward Goldberg. Salehi opined
       that the cause of plaintiff’s injury was “[t]he rolling of the 2,000 pound object” and that
       plaintiff was not physically capable of returning to his work as a roofer as of February 2007.

¶ 83                                   5. Dr. Edward Goldberg
                                   10
¶ 84        Dr. Edward Goldberg, a board-certified orthopedic spine surgeon who treated plaintiff
       from August 2005 to April 2012, testified that he first met plaintiff on August 15, 2005,
       when “[h]e reported that he was working for Sullivan Roofing, injured himself on or about
       October 6 of 2004 when he was pushing and lifting bundles of insulation. He developed low
       back and left leg pain.” Goldberg performed a physical exam and reviewed plaintiff’s
       radiographic images; Goldberg tentatively opined that plaintiff had “aggravated a
       spondylolisthesis at L5-S1.” At that time, plaintiff’s treating physician, Dr. Salehi, was
       recommending surgery, and Goldberg concurred with that recommendation; plaintiff visited
       Goldberg for a second opinion.
¶ 85        Plaintiff was then examined by Goldberg on October 30, 2006, postsurgery, in order to
       assess his clinical condition. Plaintiff continued to complain of low back pain and an ongoing
       left leg radicular pain. Goldberg reviewed plaintiff’s postoperative films on November 1,
       2006, and opined that plaintiff’s fusion had not healed at either L4-L5 or L5-S1. At that
       point, plaintiff had two options: live with the symptoms or repeat the surgery to obtain a solid
       fusion.
¶ 86        On August 3, 2007, plaintiff was still symptomatic, complaining of low back pain and
       some numbness in both lower extremities. On August 28, 2007, Goldberg performed the
       repeat surgery. Postsurgery, plaintiff’s back pain improved, but he still had some persistent
       left leg radiculitis that had been present even before Salehi’s initial surgery. Plaintiff
       underwent physical therapy and had a work evaluation, and ultimately, his fusion healed.

               10
                 Goldberg’s testimony was presented in the form of a videotaped evidence deposition, the
       transcript of which is included in the report of proceedings.

                                                 -16-
       Plaintiff had a functional capacity evaluation at a facility called ATI, which was performed
       by Jaime Rojas; the evaluation indicated that plaintiff was working at a light physical
       demand level. At the time of his evaluation, Goldberg classified plaintiff’s recovery as
       maximum medical improvement. Goldberg opined that plaintiff was not capable of going
       back to work as a roofer, which was a heavy-demand level job.
¶ 87       Plaintiff was last examined by Goldberg on April 23, 2012, approximately a week and
       a half prior to his testimony, and plaintiff “complained of some dull low back pain, some
       pain into the left buttock and proximal left hamstring, in other words, the backside of the
       upper thigh.” Plaintiff was still at maximum medical improvement. During his last visit,
       Goldberg opined that the fusion was healed at both L4-L5 and L5-S1, with very mild disc
       degeneration at L3-L4. Goldberg opined that plaintiff could expect the residual effects of his
       injury to be of a permanent nature; he opined that plaintiff “will intermittently have some
       dull low back pain, still some of the pain, numbness in the left buttock into the hamstring.”
       Goldberg further opined that plaintiff “was injured at work. He had aggravation of an
       asymptomatic spondylolisthesis of L5-S1 and degenerative disc with spinal stenosis at L4-5.”

¶ 88                                         6. Jaime Rojas
                         11
¶ 89       Jaime Rojas, a certified licensed athletic trainer, testified that he was formerly the
       clinical director of ATI Physical Therapy (ATI), where he performed a functional capacity
       assessment of plaintiff on July 9, 2008. Rojas testified that he had performed a number of
       functional capacity assessments for roofers, and he characterized roofing as a heavy physical
       demand level job.
¶ 90       Rojas testified that plaintiff was referred to ATI by Dr. Goldberg, who requested that they
       perform a functional capacity assessment. Rojas explained the process of performing the
       assessment: first, the client filled out a 164-question questionnaire “to determine where they
       feel that they’re at at that moment,” which took approximately an hour to complete. Rojas
       did not have a copy of the questionnaire during his deposition, and no questionnaire was ever
       provided to defendant by ATI. However, Rojas testified that the contents of the questionnaire
       were not important to the assessment and “we don’t really go through that questionnaire.”
       Instead, while the client was completing the questionnaire, Rojas would be watching him in
       order to observe whether he was uncomfortable sitting or shifting, “just due to the fact they
       might have some pain, discomfort, what have you. We don’t tell them that we’re looking at
       that, but that’s what we are watching for within that hour.” In addition to assessing the
       client’s sitting tolerance, Rojas also assessed the client’s standing and walking tolerance, as
       well as his endurance in terms of bending, squatting, crawling, and kneeling. Rojas also
       assessed the client’s lifting tolerance at three levels desk to chair height, chair to floor
       height, and above shoulders and assessed the client’s ability to push, pull, and carry.
¶ 91       Rojas opined that plaintiff was demonstrating full effort during his evaluation, but was
       only able to demonstrate the ability to perform work at a light physical demand level, lifting

               11
                 Rojas’ testimony was presented in the form of a videotaped evidence deposition conducted
       via telephone, the transcript of which is included in the report of proceedings.

                                                 -17-
       approximately 32 pounds occasionally; the light physical demand level meant that he could
       occasionally lift approximately 20 pounds. Rojas explained that the assessment did not make
       any representations about plaintiff’s ability to return to work and that “[u]ltimately, it’s up
       to the doctor’s discretion to do that. We’re just stating that this is what we saw on that
       particular day, you know, we feel that he can do according to our functional capacity
       assessment, we feel like he can do a light physical demand level job.” After the evaluation,
       plaintiff was returned to Dr. Goldberg, and Rojas did not have any further contact with him.

¶ 92                              C. Safety and Damages Witnesses
¶ 93                                      1. Dennis Puchalski
¶ 94        Dennis Puchalski, a construction safety expert, testified that he was a former safety
       inspector with OSHA, as well as having jobs as a construction safety supervisor with the
       Illinois Toll Highway Authority and other construction safety jobs. Puchalski was also a
       member of the National Safety Council, Construction Section, and the American Society of
       Safety Engineers, Construction Section, and was currently a construction safety litigation
       consultant.
¶ 95        Puchalski testified that “the general contractor has to enforce safety. They’re the ultimate
       controlling contractor on the work site.” Puchalski further testified that defendant had the
       obligation to ensure safe work procedures on the roof and had an obligation to supervise,
       inspect, and coordinate the work involved, as well as proactively interceding if it observed
       unsafe work practices. As an expert in construction safety, Puchalski opined that defendant
       “did violate OSHA and customs and practices in that you’re allowing unsafe material
       handling.” Puchalski pointed to the moving of heavy rubber membrane “[a]nd the custom
       and practice is when you have heavy, heavy weights that you use mechanical means ***. ***
       But at the time of the incident these weren’t being used and you’re doing manual material
       handling over decking,” which could be slippery. Puchalski further opined that defendant
       violated the Association of General Contractors manual on accident prevention in that,
       “when you’re not planning for proper material handling and then you don’t control it to
       ensure i[t] then, yes, it’s violated.”
¶ 96        Puchalski testified that, pursuant to the contract between defendant and the property
       owner, defendant was “solely responsible for the construction, means, methods, techniques,
       sequences and procedures and to coordinate all portions of the work.”
¶ 97        On cross-examination, Puchalski admitted that neither defendant nor Sullivan Roofing
       was cited for OSHA violations as a result of the accident. Puchalski opined that the number
       of men pushing the roll of rubber membrane was irrelevant, because the fact that it was being
       pushed manually violated OSHA.

¶ 98                                2. Thomas Hutchinson
¶ 99      Thomas Hutchinson, an architect and licensed roof consultant, testified that he was an
       expert in the design and installation of roofing systems such as the one involved in the
       Wilton project. Hutchinson testified that when the rubber membrane used in the Wilton

                                                 -18-
      project first came into use, the membrane was rolled manually across the roof; the circular
      nature of the roll permitted momentum to unroll the membrane, once it had been started with
      a push. However, with the advent of supersize projects and large warehouses, contractors
      began using mechanical means of unrolling the membrane in order to be more efficient;
      ATVs began being used in approximately 2000. Hutchinson testified that, “even today,”
      rubber membrane was often rolled manually, because contractors did not have the means to
      put ATVs on the roof or the roof was too small.
¶ 100     Hutchinson testified that “[t]here are several means and methods and customs and
      practices in regards to moving just the membrane across the roof.” The first was the
      “traditional way,” in which a group of crew members would stand behind the membrane and
      push the roll. The other option was the “bump and roll,” using mechanical means.
      Hutchinson testified that, even using mechanical means, worker would still need to manually
      move the roll somewhat, since the roll needed to be in a position where the ATV could roll
      it.

¶ 101                                        3. David Gibson
¶ 102        David Gibson, senior analyst for Vocational Services, Inc., testified that his work
        involved understanding the ways in which a disability interfered with a person’s ability to
        perform work in the United States labor market, as well as projecting a person’s earnings
        before and after a given event in order to determine in dollars what loss the person incurred
        as a result of the event.
¶ 103        Gibson testified that, based on an interview with plaintiff and a review of plaintiff’s
        medical and employment records, plaintiff had six years of formal education and been
        employed as a roofer since 1989 and had planned on continuing in that line of work until
        retirement. However, plaintiff had significant pain, which impacted him in his ability to
        walk, stand, sit, lift, and bend, as well as his abilities to crouch, crawl, balance, and climb
        stairs or ladders. Plaintiff’s overall strength limitation was approximately 20 pounds and his
        back limitations impacted his ability to reach above his head.
¶ 104        Gibson testified that the functional capacity evaluation that plaintiff had undergone was
        important to his analysis, since it measured plaintiff’s ability to lift. Gibson explained that
        lifting was a key component of many manual labor jobs, and that “[t]he less education a
        person has, the more likely they are to have to work in manual labor type jobs.”
¶ 105        Gibson testified that plaintiff’s restrictions “essentially limited him to sedentary
        employment,” which painted a “very bleak picture,” since sedentary jobs were largely skilled
        in nature. However, plaintiff “has no transferable skills. The skills that he had were all very
        important skills and well paying skills, but they’re specific to a job that he did as a roofer that
        he can no longer do due to the strength requirement.” Consequently, “the percentage of jobs
        that he has available to him to apply against in the U.S. labor market is less than one
        percent.” Gibson further noted that many sedentary jobs require fluency in English, which
        plaintiff did not have, further diminishing his access to the labor market.
¶ 106        Gibson testified that plaintiff’s pre-injury average annual income was approximately
        $57,848 in base salary using a calculation based on the three years prior to the accident, and

                                                   -19-
      was approximately $55,419 using a five-year calculation. His work life expectancy from the
      date of injury would have been 18.5 years. After his injury, plaintiff had no substantial
      likelihood of having further gainful employment and had a work life expectancy of zero.
¶ 107      Gibson testified that, based on his annual income and including fringe benefits, plaintiff’s
      lifetime loss from his injury would be $1,166,244 in present cash value using the five-year
      average and $1,214,252 using the three-year average. Further, Gibson testified that plaintiff’s
      pension was reduced by $118,423 in present cash value due to his injury. Including the
      pension loss, the total present cash value of plaintiff’s losses was $1,284,667 using the five-
      year average and $1,332,675 using the three-year average.

¶ 108                              D. Jury Instructions and Verdict
¶ 109      The jury was given the following instruction concerning liability of a general contractor
      over defendant’s objection:
               “A contractor who entrusts work to a subcontractor can be liable for injuries resulting
           from the work if the contractor retains some control over the safety of the work and if the
           injuries were proximately caused by the contractor’s failure to exercise that control with
           ordinary care.”
¶ 110      On May 11, 2012, the jury completed “Verdict Form B,” finding in favor of plaintiff and
      against defendant and that the amount of damages suffered by plaintiff was $1.985 million.
      The jury further found:
               “Assuming that 100% represents the total combined legal responsibility of all persons
           or entities that proximately caused Teodoro Ramirez’s injury, we find the percentage of
           legal responsibility attributable to each as follows:
                    a) Teodoro Ramirez 20%
                    b) FCL Builders, Inc. 40%
                    c) Sullivan Roofing, Inc. 40%.”
      Finally, reducing plaintiff’s total damages by the percentage of contributory negligence
      attributable to plaintiff, the jury awarded plaintiff damages in the amount of $1.588 million.
      The court entered judgment on the jury’s verdict.
¶ 111      On July 11, 2012, after obtaining an extension of time, defendant filed a posttrial motion
      in which it renewed its motion for a directed verdict, moved the court to vacate the May 11,
      2012, judgment, and requested judgment notwithstanding the verdict in defendant’s favor
      or, in the alternative, a new trial. On November 6, 2012, the trial court denied defendant’s
      motion in a written order. The court found that there was sufficient evidence for the jury to
      have concluded that defendant exercised sufficient control over the aspect of Sullivan
      Roofing’s work that caused plaintiff’s injury. The court further found that the verdict form
      was appropriate, and that the other errors asserted by defendant were insufficient to require
      a new trial or judgment notwithstanding the verdict.

¶ 112                                       ANALYSIS

                                                 -20-
¶ 113        On appeal, defendant argues that (1) the trial court erred in not granting a judgment
        notwithstanding the verdict in favor of defendant, where defendant had no liability for
        plaintiff’s injuries as a matter of law; and, alternatively, (2) the trial court should have
        granted defendant a new trial where the trial court improperly instructed the jury, made errors
        in the admission of evidence, and failed to sanction plaintiff for several discovery violations.

¶ 114                        I. Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict
¶ 115     Defendant first argues that the trial court erred in failing to enter a judgment
      notwithstanding the verdict in defendant’s favor because defendant had no liability for
      plaintiff’s injuries as a matter of law. Defendant argues both that it did not know of any
      unsafe work practice on the part of Sullivan Roofing and that it did not exercise sufficient
      control over the work site to expose it to liability for plaintiff’s injury.
¶ 116     Judgments notwithstanding the verdict are proper only where all the evidence viewed
      most favorably to the opponent so overwhelmingly favors the movant that no contrary verdict
      could ever stand. Maple v. Gustafson, 151 Ill. 2d 445, 453 (1992). It is the province of the
      jury to resolve conflicts in the evidence, to pass upon the credibility of the witnesses and to
      decide what weight should be given to the witnesses’ testimony. Maple, 151 Ill. 2d at 452.
      On review of a trial court’s decision to deny a motion for a judgment notwithstanding the
      verdict, all of the evidence must be reviewed in a light most favorable to the opponent of the
      motion. Thacker v. UNR Industries, Inc., 151 Ill. 2d 343, 353-54 (1992). A court does not
      weigh the evidence, nor is it concerned with the credibility of the witnesses; rather, it may
      only consider the evidence and any inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the
      party resisting the motion. Mizowek v. De Franco, 64 Ill. 2d 303, 309-10 (1976). A judgment
      notwithstanding the verdict is not appropriate if “reasonable minds might differ as to the
      inferences or conclusions to be drawn from the facts presented.” Pasquale v. Speed Products
      Engineering, 166 Ill. 2d 337, 351 (1995).

¶ 117                  A. Section 414 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts
¶ 118      In the case at bar, plaintiff’s theory of recovery is grounded in common-law negligence.
      “The essential elements of a cause of action based on common-law negligence are the
      existence of a duty owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, the breach of that duty, and the
      injury proximately caused by that breach.” Cochran v. George Sollitt Construction Co., 358
Ill. App. 3d 865, 873 (2005) (citing Ward v. K mart Corp., 136 Ill. 2d 132, 140 (1990)). Here,
      defendant’s arguments focus on the duty element.
¶ 119      “Generally, one who employs an independent contractor is not liable for the latter’s acts
      or omissions.” Joyce v. Mastri, 371 Ill. App. 3d 64, 73 (2007) (citing Downs v. Steel & Craft
      Builders, Inc., 358 Ill. App. 3d 201, 204-05 (2005)). However, section 414 of the
      Restatement (Second) of Torts (1965), “which has long been recognized as an expression of
      law in Illinois,” provides an exception to the general rule, referred to as the “retained control”
      exception. Cochran, 358 Ill. App. 3d at 873-74 (citing Larson v. Commonwealth Edison Co.,
      33 Ill. 2d 316, 325 (1965)); Calloway v. Bovis Lend Lease, Inc., 2013 IL App (1st) 112746,
      ¶ 47.

                                                 -21-
¶ 120     Section 414 provides:
               “One who entrusts work to an independent contractor, but who retains the control of
          any part of the work, is subject to liability for physical harm to others for whose safety
          the employer owes a duty to exercise reasonable care, which is caused by his failure to
          exercise his control with reasonable care.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 414 (1965).
¶ 121     “The Restatement describes a continuum of control, explaining [that] the employer is
      subject to liability as master under the principles of agency where the employer retains
      control over the operative detail of any part of the contractor’s work. [Citation.] If the
      employer retains only supervisory control, i.e., power to direct the order in which work is
      done, or to forbid its being done in a dangerous manner, then the employer is subject to
      liability under section 414 unless he exercised supervisory control with reasonable care.”
      Martens v. MCL Construction Corp., 347 Ill. App. 3d 303, 314 (2004) (citing Restatement
      (Second) of Torts § 414, cmt. a (1965)). Thus, “[a]s comment a to section 414 clarifies, the
      general contractor, by retaining control over the operative details of its subcontractor’s work,
      may become vicariously liable for the subcontractor’s negligence; alternatively, even in the
      absence of such control, the general contractor may be directly liable for not exercising his
      supervisory control with reasonable care.” Cochran, 358 Ill. App. 3d at 874.
¶ 122     However, the “retained control” concept is limited by comment c to section 414:
          “In order for the rule stated in this Section to apply, the employer must have retained at
          least some degree of control over the manner in which the work is done. It is not enough
          that he has merely a general right to order the work stopped or resumed, to inspect its
          progress or to receive reports, to make suggestions or recommendations which need not
          necessarily be followed, or to prescribe alterations and deviations. Such a general right
          is usually reserved to employers, but it does not mean that the contractor is controlled as
          to his methods of work, or as to operative detail. There must be such a retention of a right
          of supervision that the contractor is not entirely free to do the work in his own way.”
          Restatement (Second) of Torts § 414 cmt. c (1965).
      Thus, negligence and, specifically, the existence of a duty under section 414 “turn[ ] on
      whether the defendant controls the work in such a manner that he should be held liable.”
      Martens, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 315; Calloway, 2013 IL App (1st) 112746, ¶ 50. “Whether a
      contractor retained such control over a subcontractor’s work so as to give rise to liability is
      an issue reserved for a trier of fact, unless the evidence presented is insufficient to create a
      factual question.” Joyce v. Mastri, 371 Ill. App. 3d 64, 74 (2007) (citing Bokodi v. Foster
      Wheeler Robbins, Inc., 312 Ill. App. 3d 1051, 1059 (2000)). In the case at bar, defendant
      argues that plaintiff failed to prove control sufficient for either direct or vicarious liability
      under section 414.

¶ 123                         B. Vicarious Liability Under Section 414
¶ 124       As noted, “the general contractor, by retaining control over the operative details of its
        subcontractor’s work, may become vicariously liable for the subcontractor’s negligence”
        pursuant to section 414. Cochran, 358 Ill. App. 3d at 874. In the case at bar, defendant argues
        that “[t]he evidence in the case at bar shows no hands-on involvement by [defendant] in the

                                                 -22-
        incidental or operational aspects of Sullivan Roofing’s work,” emphasizing that, “at most,
        its directive to Sullivan Roofing was, essentially, ‘Stop damaging the client’s roof decking.’ ”
        Defendant further argues that it was never involved in the manner in which Sullivan Roofing
        did its work and did not order Sullivan Roofing to stop using ATVs.
¶ 125        We note that, in considering the denial of a motion for judgment notwithstanding the
        verdict, we do not weigh the evidence, nor are we concerned with the credibility of the
        witnesses; rather, we may only consider the evidence and any inferences drawn therefrom
        in the light most favorable to plaintiff. Mizowek, 64 Ill. 2d at 309-10. Additionally, a
        judgment notwithstanding the verdict is proper only where all the evidence viewed most
        favorably to the opponent so overwhelmingly favors the movant that no contrary verdict
        could ever stand. Maple, 151 Ill. 2d at 453. Here, considering the evidence in the light most
        favorable to plaintiff, we cannot find that the evidence so overwhelmingly favored defendant
        that no contrary verdict could ever stand.
¶ 126        There was evidence presented at trial that defendant had the right to control the safety of
        the work at the Wilton project and exercised that right by controlling operative details of
        Sullivan Roofing’s work when (1) defendant noticed the damage to the decking and ordered
        work to stop; (2) defendant participated in finding a solution to the problem; and (3)
        defendant ordered the use of ATVs to cease, resulting in the workers’ manually pushing the
        rolls of rubber membrane. The jury could reasonably have found that this conduct was
        sufficient to demonstrate that defendant retained a level of control over Sullivan Roofing’s
        work to give rise to liability. See Joyce, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 74 (“Whether a contractor
        retained such control over a subcontractor’s work so as to give rise to liability is an issue
        reserved for a trier of fact, unless the evidence presented is insufficient to create a factual
        question.” (citing Bokodi, 312 Ill. App. 3d at 1059)).
¶ 127        First, Michael Sullivan, Sullivan Roofing’s safety director at the time of plaintiff’s injury,
        testified that, prior to beginning work on the Wilton project, Sullivan Roofing received a
        “welcome subcontractor type letter” from defendant, in which defendant indicated that it was
        “committed” to Sullivan Roofing’s safety and wanted to provide a workplace “reasonably
        free of recognized safety hazards,” which Sullivan testified was “very common” on a project
        of the scope of the Wilton project. The letter further stated that “safety and safety awareness
        is a two-way street,” which Sullivan agreed with, testifying that “[e]verybody on site is
        responsible for safety,” including the general contractor, subcontractor, and employees.
        Sullivan also testified that, on the Wilton project, defendant had certain “intolerable
        offenses,” which meant that “generally the subcontractor has to behave in a certain fashion
        or they’re gone.”
¶ 128        Sullivan testified that John Zelasco had the authority to stop work on the project if he
        observed unsafe practices and further testified that “FCL is very strict on safety. So that’s
        more you know, anything that happens, John has the right. He runs the job. He has the right
        to stop.” If Zelasco observed someone performing his job in an unsafe manner, Zelasco
        would have the right to stop that work and then would contact Sullivan. Zelasco would also
        coordinate the work and monitor the work of the subcontractors.
¶ 129        Sullivan testified that when roofing materials were hoisted onto the roof of the Wilton

                                                   -23-
        project, the materials were “dimpling” or denting the deck, and a solution needed to be
        provided by “the powers that be.” Sullivan testified that “I believe John [Zelasco] called me”
        and informed him of the problem with the decking. Sullivan testified that ATVs were used
        on the Wilton project and were only temporarily stopped: “That was a decision made at the
        point in time all this happened, to stop everything, and we had to figure out a way that we
        could use them again and get things rolling and be able to load so we wouldn’t damage the
        deck.”
¶ 130        At a meeting between Sullivan and David Majestic, they “came up with a plywood
        runway solution,” which would use a plywood runway system to distribute the weight of the
        heavy roofing materials and permit the ATVs to be used, and “posed that to John to help to
        protect the roof.” Sullivan further testified that “after a conference between John and the
        powers that be at Sullivan, that was a solution that was implemented.”
¶ 131        Thus, after hearing Sullivan’s testimony and making reasonable inferences therefrom, the
        jury could have reasonably concluded that defendant had at least some control over the safety
        of the work; ordered Sullivan Roofing’s work, including the use of ATVs, to stop when it
        was damaging the roof; and approved Sullivan Roofing’s proposed solution of using a
        plywood runway system.
¶ 132        Next, David Majestic, vice president of field operations for Sullivan Roofing, testified
        that defendant’s superintendent, John Zelasco, placed a call to Sullivan Roofing informing
        it of damage to the decking; defendant had the right to stop the work if Sullivan Roofing was
        damaging the roof. The problem required the work to stop until a solution was developed,
        and Majestic testified that the decision to use plywood to solve the problem was a
        collaboration between Sullivan Roofing and defendant. Thus, after hearing Majestic’s
        testimony and making reasonable inferences therefrom, the jury could have reasonably
        concluded that defendant had some control over the work being performed on the roof,
        ordered the work to stop until a solution was developed, and participated in the decision to
        use plywood.
¶ 133        Additionally, Frank Pesek, the roofing foreman for Sullivan Roofing on the Wilton
        project, testified that, on a job the size of the Wilton project, ATVs would be used to push
        rolls of rubber membrane to various points on the roof; the ATVs had been used “since day
        one when I was here” and Sullivan Roofing “always used the ATVs” to move rolls of
        membrane significant distances “because it’s easier” on the workers’ bodies.
¶ 134        Pesek testified that he was notified by “[s]omeone from [defendant] FCL” that there was
        damage to the roof decking and he “took a timeout to craft a solution to this deck damage
        issue.” Pesek could not recall whether someone gave an order not to use ATVs, but “if we
        stopped using the Hondas, it’s because someone told me not to use them.” Pesek agreed that
        “it was more likely than not that there was an order to not use the Hondas to push the rolls,”
        and he testified that “the order to not use the Hondas either came from Dave Majestic or the
        [defendant’s] superintendent on this job.” Pesek further testified that Majestic would not call
        Pesek “out of the blue” and order him to stop using the ATVs and testified that defendant
        had the power to halt the work that Sullivan Roofing was performing.
¶ 135        Pesek testified that once the ATVs were not allowed to push the rolls, the rolls of

                                                 -24-
        membrane would have to be manually pushed by the crew. Pesek “would rather use Hondas,”
        but he did not view anything unsafe in manually rolling the rubber membrane, providing
        there were enough workers doing so, and ordered his crew to manually move the rolls.
        Finally, Pesek testified that there was a plywood runway system in place to permit the ATVs
        to transport bundles of insulation but they were not in place at that point in time to permit
        the ATVs to move the rolls of rubber membrane.
¶ 136        Thus, after hearing Pesek’s testimony and making reasonable inferences therefrom, the
        jury could have reasonably concluded that defendant had some control over Sullivan
        Roofing’s work and ordered the work halted over the damage to the decking. Furthermore,
        the jury could have reasonably concluded that defendant ordered the use of ATVs in pushing
        rolls of rubber membrane to cease, meaning that the workers would need to manually move
        them, something that Sullivan Roofing did not normally do of its own accord.
¶ 137        Next, John Zelasco, defendant’s project superintendent on the Wilton project, testified
        that he was present on the site on a daily basis. Zelasco, as a superintendent, “had the power
        to stop work on this job generally” and one of his duties for defendant on a given project was
        to ensure that the work site was safe. Zelasco also testified about defendant’s list of
        “intolerable offenses” by subcontractors, which were “certain job rules that are strictly
        enforced,” and testified that violation of the rules could result in immediate and permanent
        removal of the subcontractor from the project. Zelasco testified that “[e]veryone has to work
        as a team” to ensure a safe work site and that “we’re committed to everyone’s safety on the
        job site.”
¶ 138        Zelasco testified that, on the first day that roofing materials were loaded onto the roof,
        he noticed that roofing activity was creasing the decking and notified Pesek and Sullivan.
        Zelasco also testified that it was a joint decision between defendant and Sullivan Roofing to
        cease working for a day to assess the damage.
¶ 139        Zelasco testified that it was very common for roofers to use ATVs on a roof and that it
        would be highly unusual not to use ATVs on a roof the size of the Wilton project. Zelasco
        testified that Sullivan Roofing had unrestricted use of ATVs to move its materials and that
        “I never gave any restrictions on the means and methods of the contractor to do his job.” He
        admitted that he and Majestic, from Sullivan Roofing, would have the authority to tell Pesek
        to stop using the ATVs if they were damaging the deck.
¶ 140        Zelasco observed membrane used on a number of roofs and that, “[t]ypically, it’s moved
        from the truck with a crane up onto the roof. And then very typically the roofers themselves,
        usually five or more guys, will get behind it and push it into position, getting it either rolled
        up onto a cart or onto some means of transporting it where it needs to go. But it’s always it’s
        usually done manually when they’re stocking the job.” Once they were rolled onto the cart
        or ATV, the rolls would be transported to their final destination on the roof.
¶ 141        Thus, after hearing Zelasco’s testimony and making reasonable inferences therefrom, the
        jury could have reasonably concluded that defendant had control over the safety of the work
        site and had the power to stop work, and that defendant in fact ordered the roofing work to
        stop. Furthermore, the jury could have reasonably concluded that Zelasco knew that ATVs
        were normally used to move rolls of rubber membrane and that the other alternative was

                                                  -25-
      moving the rolls manually.
¶ 142      Finally, plaintiff’s brother testified that, on the day of plaintiff’s injury, the crew was
      ordered not to use ATVs to push the rolls by someone wearing a white hard hat,12 so plaintiff
      was moving them manually, and plaintiff testified that he was not permitted to use ATVs to
      push the rolls of rubber membrane “[b]ecause some guy told us don’t use the Hondas”;
      plaintiff testified that the man who told the workers not to use the ATVs was John Zelasco.
      Pesek then ordered them to roll the membrane manually, and the ATVs were only used to
      move bundles of insulation. Plaintiff testified that it was unusual to manually move the rolls
      300 feet and that “[a]ll the time we use the Hondas.” Thus, after hearing testimony from
      plaintiff and his brother and making reasonable inferences therefrom, the jury could have
      reasonably concluded that defendant ordered the workers to stop using ATVs to move the
      rolls of rubber membrane, resulting in the order to move the membrane manually.
¶ 143      In sum, taking all evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff as the nonmovant, the
      jury could have reasonably concluded that: defendant had a degree of control over work site
      safety and had the power to stop the work; defendant did stop the work when damage to the
      decking was discovered; defendant participated in finding a solution to the problem; and
      defendant ordered the use of ATVs to stop, despite being aware that the alternative was to
      manually push the rolls of rubber membrane, a decision that directly led to plaintiff’s injury.
      The jury could have reasonably found that this conduct was sufficient to demonstrate that
      defendant retained a level of control over Sullivan Roofing’s work so as to give rise to
      liability, especially since the control exercised by defendant was control over the method and
      means of rolling membrane, an operative detail of Sullivan Roofing’s work. See Joyce, 371
Ill. App. 3d at 74 (“Whether a contractor retained such control over a subcontractor’s work
      so as to give rise to liability is an issue reserved for a trier of fact, unless the evidence
      presented is insufficient to create a factual question.” (citing Bokodi, 312 Ill. App. 3d at
      1059)). The jury hears the evidence and decides the credibility of the witnesses and the
      weight to be given to their testimony. Maple, 151 Ill. 2d at 452. In the case at bar, this jury
      believed the versions testified to by Pesek, plaintiff, and his brother, and we cannot say that
      all of the evidence viewed most favorably to the opponent so overwhelmingly favors the
      movant that no contrary verdict could ever stand. Maple, 151 Ill. 2d at 453.
¶ 144      We find the cases relied on by defendant to be factually distinguishable. For instance, in
      Rangel v. Brookhaven Constructors, Inc., 307 Ill. App. 3d 835, 839-40 (1999), we affirmed
      the grant of summary judgment in a general contractor’s favor, finding that the general
      contractor owed no duty to the subcontractor’s employee. In that case, Rangel, the employee,
      was injured after falling from scaffolding that had been constructed by Drywall, the
      subcontractor, two days earlier. Rangel, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 837. Rangel brought suit against
      Brookhaven, the general contractor, alleging that Brookhaven owed Rangel a duty of care,
      which it breached by failing to inspect the scaffold or warning him of the dangerous
      condition the scaffold presented. Rangel, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 837.

               12
                 Pesek, the foreman for Sullivan Roofing, testified that defendant’s employees wore white
       hard hats.

                                                 -26-
¶ 145      We upheld the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in Brookhaven’s favor, finding
      that “[t]here is no evidence to suggest that Drywall was not entirely free to perform the work
      in its own way. The evidence showed Brookhaven never directed the ‘operative details’ of
      the work performed by Drywall and Rangel. Drywall, not Brookhaven, supplied the scaffold
      on which Rangel worked. A Drywall supervisor, not Brookhaven, directed Rangel to utilize
      the braces when necessary for positioning the drywall. This unsafe method of performing the
      work, which led to Rangel’s injury, was proposed by Rangel’s employer just hours before
      the accident.” Rangel, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 839. Thus, we concluded that, since “ ‘[the
      employer] controlled the ends, [the independent contractor] was responsible for the means
      by which those ends were achieved,’ ” there could be no liability imposed on Brookhaven.
      Rangel, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 839 (quoting Fris v. Personal Products Co., 255 Ill. App. 3d 916,
      924 (1994)).
¶ 146      Similarly, in Joyce, we affirmed the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in a general
      contractor’s favor where the employee of a subcontractor was injured while using a ladder
      that malfunctioned. There, the ladder was provided by another subcontractor and the general
      contractor did not provide any equipment or have any contact with the employee. Joyce, 371
Ill. App. 3d at 68. We upheld the trial court’s grant of summary judgment, finding that “the
      facts indicate that Madison Services did not control EGM’s work. There is no evidence that
      Madison Services directed the ‘operative details’ of the work site or that EGM was not free
      to perform the demolition work in its own way. The evidence showed that Madison Services
      did not participate in or supervise any of the demolition work. Reinersman, on behalf of
      Madison Services, visited the work site at the beginning of the project merely to inform
      EGM of the scope of work and any subsequent visits were to monitor the progress of the
      work. Reinersman did not direct EGM employees as to the operative details as to how to
      perform their work and did not give any job assignments to EGM’s employees. The evidence
      showed that Olson, EGM’s superintendent, ran the job and that EGM’s workers were
      supervised by its lead man, Jerry Johansen. Olsen himself testified that Madison Services did
      not supervise EGM’s work and that EGM workers would go to him if they had any type of
      problems.” Joyce, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 75-76.
¶ 147      Finally, in Cochran, we affirmed the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in the
      general contractor’s favor where a subcontractor’s employee was injured when falling off a
      ladder set up in an unsafe manner; the equipment was provided by the subcontractor and the
      employee received work instructions from the subcontractor. Cochran, 358 Ill. App. 3d at
      867-68. We found that there was no basis for vicarious liability “because no evidence was
      presented that [the general contractor] so controlled the operative details of [the
      subcontractor’s] work that [the subcontractor’s] employees were not entirely free to perform
      the work in their own way.” Cochran, 358 Ill. App. 3d at 879.
¶ 148      In the case at bar, by contrast, there was evidence that defendant involved itself in the
      operative details of the roofing work. Contrary to defendant’s assertion that, “at most, its
      directive to Sullivan Roofing was, essentially, ‘Stop damaging the client’s roof decking,’ ”
      there was evidence presented that defendant had a role in ordering the work to stop, in
      implementing a solution to the damage issue, and in ordering the use of ATVs to stop,
      leading to the workers’ manually pushing the rolls of rubber membrane. Thus, we find

                                               -27-
        defendant’s cases inapposite and affirm the trial court’s denial of defendant’s motion for
        judgment notwithstanding the verdict.

¶ 149                          C. Direct Liability Under Section 414
¶ 150     Defendant also argues that there was no evidence that it was directly liable for plaintiff’s
      injuries under section 414. As noted, “the general contractor may be directly liable for not
      exercising his supervisory control with reasonable care,” even in the absence of control
      sufficient to subject the general contractor to vicarious liability. Cochran, 358 Ill. App. 3d
      at 874. Here, defendant argues that plaintiff did not prove direct liability under section 414
      because (1) plaintiff did not prove an unsafe work method and (2) plaintiff did not prove that
      defendant was on notice of the alleged unsafe work method. “According to comment b to
      section 414, the general contractor’s knowledge, actual or constructive, of the unsafe work
      methods or a dangerous condition is a precondition to direct liability.” Cochran, 358 Ill. App.
3d at 879-80. Thus, in Cochran, we found that the general contractor was not directly liable
      for a worker’s injury in falling off an unsafe ladder where the unsafe condition was in
      existence for an hour at most and the general contractor had no knowledge of the unsafe
      condition. Cochran, 358 Ill. App. 3d at 880.
¶ 151     In the case at bar, there was sufficient evidence for the jury to conclude that defendant
      was directly liable for plaintiff’s injury. First, there was evidence that manually moving the
      rolls was an unsafe work method. Puchalski testified that manually moving rolls of rubber
      membrane was unsafe, and all of the roofing witnesses testified that using an ATV was
      preferable to manually moving the rolls. The jury could have found Puchalski credible and
      determined that manually moving the rolls was an unsafe work method.
¶ 152     Additionally, there was testimony that defendant was aware of the unsafe work method
      through its order to stop using the ATVs. Again, we note that, although there was
      contradictory testimony over who ordered the workers to stop using the ATVs, our review
      must take the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff. Pesek testified that, once the
      use of ATVs was stopped, the membrane would need to be manually pushed by the crew.
      Plaintiff’s brother also testified that plaintiff was moving rolls manually because the crew
      was ordered to stop the use of ATVs by someone wearing a white hard hat, and the evidence
      established that defendant’s employees wore white hard hats. Plaintiff also testified that
      Zelasco ordered the workers to stop using ATVs, resulting in them pushing the rolls
      manually. Furthermore, since Sullivan Roofing was still required to work despite being
      ordered not to use the ATVs, a reasonable inference would be that the workers would
      manually push the rolls.
¶ 153     Defendant argues that defendant did not know that the workers would push the rolls
      manually, and that Sullivan Roofing could have used the ATVs on the plywood runway
      system. However, there was evidence presented that cast doubt over whether the plywood
      runway system was implemented and whether it was used for rolling membrane. For
      instance, plaintiff testified that there was no plywood runway system in place and Pesek
      testified that the plywood runway system permitted ATVs to move insulation but could not
      be used to roll membrane.

                                                -28-
¶ 154       Additionally, Hutchinson, defendant’s expert, testified that the rolls could be moved in
        one of two ways: manually or through mechanical means. The jury could have inferred that,
        once the mechanical means were stopped, the manual method would need to be used. Finally,
        Zelasco testified that he had observed membrane used on a number of roofs and had
        observed workers both using ATVs and manually moving membrane. The jury could have
        inferred from Zelasco’s testimony that Zelasco would have been aware that the result of
        stopping the use of ATVs would be the manual rolling of the membrane. Thus, we do not
        find defendant’s argument persuasive and affirm the trial court’s denial of defendant’s
        motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict.

¶ 155                                       II. New Trial
¶ 156        Defendant alternatively argues that the trial court should have granted defendant a new
        trial where the trial court improperly instructed the jury, made errors in the admission of
        evidence, and failed to sanction plaintiff for several discovery violations. Defendant also
        argues that the jury’s verdict was against the manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 157                          A. Jury Verdict Against Manifest Weight
¶ 158       First, defendant argues that the jury’s verdict was against the manifest weight of the
        evidence, claiming that there was no evidence that defendant retained control of the roofing
        work. “ ‘[O]n a motion for a new trial a [trial] court will weigh the evidence and set aside the
        verdict and order a new trial if the verdict is contrary to the manifest weight of the
        evidence.’ ” Maple v. Gustafson, 151 Ill. 2d 445, 454 (1992) (quoting Mizowek v. De Franco,
        64 Ill. 2d 303, 310 (1976)). “ ‘A verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence where
        the opposite conclusion is clearly evident or where the findings of the jury are unreasonable,
        arbitrary and not based upon any of the evidence.’ ” Maple, 151 Ill. 2d at 454 (quoting Villa
        v. Crown Cork & Seal Co., 202 Ill. App. 3d 1082, 1089 (1990)). A trial court’s ruling on a
        motion for a new trial will not be reversed except in those instances where it is affirmatively
        shown that it clearly abused its discretion. Maple, 151 Ill. 2d at 455 (citing Reidelberger v.
        Highland Body Shop, Inc., 83 Ill. 2d 545, 548 (1981)); Duffek v. Vanderhei, 81 Ill. App. 3d
1078, 1087 (1980); Prange v. Wallenburg, 27 Ill. App. 3d 618, 626 (1975); Yocco v. Barris,
        16 Ill. App. 3d 113, 115 (1973). In determining whether a trial court abused its discretion,
        the reviewing court should consider whether the jury’s verdict was supported by evidence
        and whether the losing party was denied a fair trial. Maple, 151 Ill. 2d at 455 (citing
        Reidelberger, 83 Ill. 2d at 549). Furthermore, it is important to keep in mind that “ ‘ “[t]he
        presiding judge in passing upon the motion for new trial has the benefit of his previous
        observation of the appearance of the witnesses, their manner in testifying, and of the
        circumstances aiding in the determination of credibility.” ’ ” Maple, 151 Ill. 2d at 456
        (quoting Buer v. Hamilton, 48 Ill. App. 2d 171, 173-74 (1964), quoting Hulke v.
        International Manufacturing Co., 14 Ill. App. 2d 5, 47 (1957)). If the trial judge, in the
        exercise of his discretion, finds that the verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence,
        he should grant a new trial; on the other hand, where there is sufficient evidence to support
        the verdict of the jury, it constitutes an abuse of discretion for the trial court to grant a motion

                                                   -29-
      for a new trial. Maple, 151 Ill. 2d at 456 (citing Kitsch v. Goode, 48 Ill. App. 3d 260, 270-71
      (1977)); Morella v. Melrose Park Cab Co., 65 Ill. App. 2d 175, 181-83 (1965).
¶ 159     In the case at bar, as noted, plaintiff’s theory of recovery is grounded in common-law
      negligence. “The essential elements of a cause of action based on common-law negligence
      are the existence of a duty owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, the breach of that duty, and
      the injury proximately caused by that breach.” Cochran, 358 Ill. App. 3d at 873 (citing Ward,
136 Ill. 2d at 140). However, defendant’s arguments concerning the jury’s verdict concern
      only the duty element. Here, we cannot find that the jury’s verdict was against the manifest
      weight of the evidence.
¶ 160     As explained in the previous section, the jury could properly have determined that
      defendant owed a duty to plaintiff pursuant to section 414 of the Restatement (Second) of
      Torts, based on the testimony of the witnesses at trial. Accordingly, we cannot find that the
      jury’s verdict was against the manifest weight of the evidence and affirm the trial court’s
      denial of defendant’s motion for a new trial.

¶ 161                                     B. Jury Instructions
¶ 162     Defendant next argues that the trial court erred in issuing certain jury instructions based
      on the Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions (IPI), claiming that they are not an accurate statement
      of the law. “Although jury instructions are generally reviewed for an abuse of discretion, our
      standard of review is de novo when the question is whether the applicable law was accurately
      conveyed.” Barth v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co., 228 Ill. 2d 163, 170 (2008) (citing
      People v. Pierce, 226 Ill. 2d 470, 475 (2007)); Studt v. Sherman Health Systems, 2011 IL
108182, ¶ 13. De novo consideration means we perform the same analysis that a trial judge
      would perform. Khan v. BDO Seidman, LLP, 408 Ill. App. 3d 564, 578 (2011).
¶ 163     Illinois Supreme Court Rule 239(a) (eff. Jan. 1, 1999) states that a trial court “shall” use
      an IPI instruction when it is “applicable in a civil case, giving due consideration to the facts
      and the prevailing law, *** unless the court determines that it does not accurately state the
      law.” A non-IPI instruction may be used if the IPI instruction does not accurately state the
      law. Studt, 2011 IL 108182, ¶ 14 (citing Ill. S. Ct. R. 239(b) (eff. Jan. 1, 1999)); Schultz v.
      Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter R.R. Corp., 201 Ill. 2d 260, 273 (2002).
¶ 164     However, even if the reviewing court determines that the trial court gave faulty
      instructions to the jury, reversal is not warranted unless the error results in “ ‘serious
      prejudice’ ” to the appellant’s right to a fair trial. Studt, 2011 IL 108182, ¶ 28 (quoting
      Heastie v. Roberts, 226 Ill. 2d 515, 543 (2007)); Schultz, 201 Ill. 2d at 274 (“A reviewing
      court ordinarily will not reverse a trial court for giving faulty instructions unless they clearly
      misled the jury and resulted in prejudice to the appellant.”).
¶ 165     In the case at bar, the trial court gave the jury instructions based on the IPI. Specifically,
      the trial court gave the following instruction, based on Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions,
      Civil, No. 55.01 (2011) (hereinafter, IPI Civil (2011) No. 55.01):
               “A contractor who entrusts work to a subcontractor can be liable for injuries resulting
          from the work if the contractor retains some control over the safety of the work and if the
          injuries were proximately caused by the contractor’s failure to exercise that control with

                                                 -30-
           ordinary care.”
      Defendant argues that this instruction did not accurately state the law because a general right
      to control safety is not sufficient to impose liability under section 414. We agree.
¶ 166      The committee comments to the 55.00 series indicate that, “[d]ue to the lack of
      consensus among the appellate courts and no Supreme Court cases on this subject since
      Larson [v. Commonwealth Edison Co., 33 Ill. 2d 316 (1965)], the concept of ‘control’ caused
      the committee great difficulty.” IPI Civil (2011) No. 55.00, Introduction, at 261.
      Consequently, “[t]he committee chose to concentrate on the area of ‘safety’ in these
      instructions. The committee believed that the overriding consideration throughout all of these
      cases is the ability of the controlling entity to affect overall job safety. It would appear that
      the ability to stop unsafe work and not permit it to be resumed until done to the satisfaction
      of the controlling entity satisfies both the requirement of ‘control’ and demonstrates that the
      contractor is ‘not entirely free to do the work in his own way.’ ” IPI Civil (2011) No. 55.00,
      Introduction, at 261.
¶ 167      The committee’s statement that “[i]t would appear that the ability to stop unsafe work
      and not permit it to be resumed until done to the satisfaction of the controlling entity” would
      bring the contractor under the purview of section 414 is likely an accurate statement of the
      law because, under that scenario, the contractor would have the power to affect the methods
      by which the subcontractor alleviated the safety problem. See, e.g., Calloway, 2013 IL App
      (1st) 112746, ¶ 74 (general contractor’s authority included right “to stop any work that they
      saw being done in an unsafe manner and to direct that the work be done in a different
      manner”); Bokodi v. Foster Wheeler Robbins, Inc., 312 Ill. App. 3d 1051, 1063 (2000)
      (general contractor’s authority included right to “shut down the work of the subcontractors
      until a safety breach was alleviated to defendants’ satisfaction”).
¶ 168      However, the language of IPI Civil (2011) No. 55.01 is broader than the scenario posed
      by the committee comments, requiring only that the contractor “retain[ ] some control over
      the safety of the work.” (Emphasis added.) “Some” is defined as “[b]eing an unspecified
      number or quantity.” American Heritage Dictionary 1164 (2d coll. ed. 1985). In other words,
      the pattern instruction requires the contractor to have retained an unspecified portion of the
      control over safety in order to be liable. Section 414, however, applies to “[o]ne who entrusts
      work to an independent contractor, but who retains the control of any part of the work.”
      (Emphasis added.) Restatement (Second) of Torts § 414 (1965). “[A] principle of statutory
      construction is that ‘the definite article “the” particularizes the subject which it precedes. It
      is a word of limitation as opposed to the indefinite or generalizing force of “a” or “an.” ’ ”
      (Emphasis omitted.) Sibenaller v. Milschewski, 379 Ill. App. 3d 717, 722 (2008) (quoting
      Brooks v. Zabka, 450 P.2d 653, 655 (Colo. 1969)). Section 414’s use of the phrase “the
      control,” then, implies that there is only one person or entity exercising control over a part
      of the work, something that is not true of the pattern instruction’s requirement of “some
      control.” Indeed, since the jury is not instructed as to the amount of control required, a jury
      could easily find that minimal control over safety is sufficient to hold a contractor liable.
      Thus, it is evident that IPI Civil (2011) No. 55.01 encompasses conduct that would not give
      rise to liability under section 414.

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¶ 169      Furthermore, the IPI language does not include the explanation of “retained control”
      found in the comments to section 414. Comment c to section 414 specifically provides that
      “[i]t is not enough that [the contractor] has merely a general right to order the work stopped
      or resumed, to inspect its progress or to receive reports, to make suggestions or
      recommendations which need not necessarily be followed, or to prescribe alterations and
      deviations. Such a general right is usually reserved to employers, but it does not mean that
      the contractor is controlled as to his methods of work, or as to operative detail. There must
      be such a retention of a right of supervision that the contractor is not entirely free to do the
      work in his own way.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 414 cmt. c (1965). However, under
      the language of IPI Civil (2011) No. 55.01, a jury could consider such a general right to be
      a retention of “some control over the safety of the work,” since the jury is not further
      instructed as to what conduct constitutes control.
¶ 170      Additionally, as noted by defendant, our recent case law, not cited by the committee
      comments, consistently finds no control where there is only a general right to control. Pekin
      Insurance Co. v. Roszak/ADC, LLC, 402 Ill. App. 3d 1055, 1067 (2010) (“a general
      contractor that retains the power to coordinate the order in which work is done and to stop
      work that is performed dangerously” does not retain sufficient control so as to be vicariously
      liable for the subcontractor’s negligence); Calderon v. Residential Homes of America, Inc.,
      381 Ill. App. 3d 333, 346 (2008) (“ ‘the rights retained by [a general contractor] to schedule
      and stop work [and] to order changes, *** are general rights of supervision and not a
      retention of control over the incidental aspects of the work’ ” (quoting Downs v. Steel &
      Craft Builders, Inc., 358 Ill. App. 3d 201, 206 (2005))); Bieruta v. Klein Creek Corp., 331
Ill. App. 3d 269, 278 (2002) (“even where the employer or general contractor retains the right
      to inspect the work done, orders changes to the specifications and plans, and ensures that
      safety precautions are observed and the work is done in a safe manner, no liability will be
      imposed on the employer or general contractor unless the evidence shows that the employer
      or general contractor retained control over the ‘incidental aspects’ of the independent
      contractor’s work”). Accordingly, in light of the development of case law interpreting section
      414, we find that the broad language of IPI Civil (2011) No. 55.01 is not an accurate
      statement of the law.
¶ 171      While plaintiff states, without citation, that “[t]he Illinois Pattern Jury instructions on
      negligence have been among the most tested and approved instructions in Illinois,” our
      research has only revealed the two cases cited by defendant in which the accuracy of IPI Civil
      (2011) No. 55.01 has been considered: Jones v. DHR Cambridge Homes, Inc., 381 Ill. App.
3d 18 (2008), and Diaz v. Legat Architects, Inc., 397 Ill. App. 3d 13 (2009), which applied
      the holding in Jones. In Jones, a different division of the appellate court rejected a general
      contractor’s argument that IPI Civil (2005) 55.0113 no longer reflected an accurate statement
      of the law. Jones, 381 Ill. App. 3d at 37-38. The general contractor argued that the instruction
      was no longer an accurate statement of the law in light of Martens, where the Martens court
      indicated: “ ‘The central issue [in a section 414 analysis] is retained control of the

               13
                    IPI Civil (2005) No. 55.01 and IPI Civil (2011) No. 55.01 are identical.

                                                     -32-
        independent contractor’s work, whether contractual, supervisory, operational, or some mix
        thereof. The party who retains control is the logical party upon whom to impose the duty to
        ensure worker safety.’ ” Jones, 381 Ill. App. 3d at 37 (quoting Martens, 347 Ill. App. 3d at
        318). The Jones court disagreed with the general contractor’s argument, noting that the
        Martens court referred to IPI Civil (2005) No. 55.02 without criticism, indicating that the
        Martens court did not intend its decision to mean that the pattern instruction no longer
        reflected an accurate statement of the law. Jones, 381 Ill. App. 3d at 38. Additionally, the
        Jones court distinguished Martens on its facts, noting that the general contractor in Jones
        could require compliance with its safety standards and stop the work if its safety rules were
        violated, where the general contractor in Martens could not. Jones, 381 Ill. App. 3d at 38.
¶ 172       We note that the parties and the court in Jones proceeded from an assumption that the
        pattern instruction was an accurate statement of the law, and only considered whether
        Martens changed the accuracy of the statement. Here, by contrast, defendant does not begin
        with such an assumption but instead argues that the instruction is inaccurate because it is
        based on an incorrect interpretation of section 414. Thus, the fact that the Jones court did not
        find that the pattern instruction no longer reflected an accurate statement of the law does not
        preclude us from finding that IPI Civil (2011) No. 55.01 is not an accurate statement of the
        law.
¶ 173       However, despite our conclusion that the trial court issued an improper instruction,
        reversal is not warranted unless the error results in “ ‘serious prejudice’ ” to the appellant’s
        right to a fair trial. Studt, 2011 IL 108182, ¶ 28 (quoting Heastie, 226 Ill. 2d at 543). In the
        case at bar, we cannot find that the erroneous instruction resulted in serious prejudice to
        defendant. Although the pattern instruction permits a jury to find control in situations that
        would not satisfy the requirements of section 414, there is no indication that this was the case
        here. Instead, the record demonstrates that the crux of plaintiff’s theory was that defendant
        made the decision to stop the use of ATVs, demonstrating control over an operative detail
        of Sullivan Roofing’s work. Thus, throughout trial, the parties focused on the extent of
        defendant’s involvement in the decision to manually move the rolls of rubber membrane.
        Indeed, during closing argument, plaintiff’s counsel noted that “the main issue that you guys
        will have to decide is who gave that no Honda order as it relates to the big rolls.”
¶ 174       As noted in previous sections, there was sufficient evidence for the jury to conclude that
        defendant was liable under section 414, both vicariously and directly, as a result of testimony
        concerning defendant’s participation in the process that led to manual rolling of the rubber
        membrane. This is not, as defendant contends, a situation where the only evidence was that
        defendant ordered plaintiff to stop damaging the roof. Instead, there was testimony that
        defendant ordered the stoppage of work, participated in implementing a solution to the
        damage issue, and ordered the use of ATVs to cease an order that directly impacted the
        means by which Sullivan Roofing completed its roofing work.
¶ 175       First, there was evidence at trial that defendant noticed the damage to the decking and
        ordered the work stopped. Zelasco testified that on the first day that roofing materials were
        loaded onto the roof, he noticed that roofing activity was creasing the decking and notified
        Pesek and Sullivan; Zelasco also testified that it was a joint decision between defendant and
        Sullivan Roofing to cease working for a day to assess the damage. Sullivan and Majestic also

                                                 -33-
        testified that Zelasco placed a call to Sullivan Roofing informing them of damage to the
        decking, and Pesek testified that he was notified by “[s]omeone from [defendant] FCL” that
        there was damage to the roof decking and he “took a timeout to craft a solution to this deck
        damage issue.”
¶ 176        Additionally, there was testimony that defendant was involved in seeking a solution to
        the problem with the decking. For instance, Majestic testified that the decision to use
        plywood to solve the problem was a collaboration between Sullivan Roofing and defendant,
        and Sullivan testified that “after a conference between John [Zelasco] and the powers that
        be at Sullivan, that was a solution that was implemented.” Moreover, several of the witnesses
        testified that defendant gave the order to stop using ATVs to push the rolls of rubber
        membrane. Sullivan testified that use of ATVs was temporarily stopped: “That was a
        decision made at the point in time [that] all this happened, to stop everything, and we had to
        figure out a way that we could use them again and get things rolling and be able to load so
        we wouldn’t damage the deck.” Pesek testified that “it was more likely than not that there
        was an order to not use the Hondas to push the rolls,” and testified that “the order to not use
        the Hondas either came from Dave Majestic or the [defendant’s] superintendent on this job.”
        Plaintiff’s brother also testified that the crew was ordered not to use ATVs to push the rolls
        by someone wearing a white hard hat, and the evidence established that defendant’s
        employees wore hard hats. Finally, plaintiff testified that Zelasco ordered the workers to
        cease using ATVs to move the rolls of rubber membrane.
¶ 177        Thus, the evidence at trial focused specifically on defendant’s involvement in the
        decision to manually push the rolls of rubber membrane, and the testimony related to that
        issue was sufficient for a jury to find control. Since, under the facts in the case at bar, the jury
        considered the same evidence as would have been presented had an accurate instruction been
        given, we find no prejudice and, consequently, no reversible error. See Studt, 2011 IL
108182, ¶¶ 28-29 (despite an inaccurate jury instruction indicating that evidence other than
        expert testimony would suffice to establish the standard of care in a professional negligence
        action, finding no serious prejudice because evidence of the standard of care was in fact
        introduced through expert testimony).
¶ 178        As a final matter, in its petition for rehearing, defendant argues that our decision conflicts
        with the recent decision of Powell v. Dean Foods, 2013 IL App (1st) 082513-B. However,
        the issues present in the case at bar are not the same as those presented in Powell. There, the
        jury was instructed: “ ‘If you find that Defendant Jaime Reeves was the agent of the
        Defendant Dean Foods Company at the time of the occurrence and if you find Jaime Reeves
        is liable, then all Defendants are liable. If you find that Jaime Reeves is not liable, then no
        Defendant is liable.’ ” Powell, 2013 IL App (1st) 082513-B, ¶ 133. The court noted that
        “[t]he instructions, as given to the jury, did not state that it was plaintiffs’ burden to prove
        that Reeves was an agent of Dean Foods” and concluded that “it was reversible error not to
        give an instruction on the burden of proof on the issue of Dean Foods’ agency.” Powell, 2013
IL App (1st) 082513-B, ¶ 135. Thus, the problem with the jury instruction in Powell was that
        it did not state who needed to prove the issue of agency.
¶ 179        In the case at bar, by contrast, the issue does not pertain to who needs to prove that
        defendant controlled the work of Sullivan Roofing, but instead concerns what evidence is

                                                   -34-
        necessary to demonstrate “control.” In other words, the issue is not about who needs to prove
        something, but how it needs to be proved, i.e., through evidence demonstrating control over
        operative details of the work. While we have determined that the pattern instruction is not
        an accurate statement of the law because it could be read to encompass conduct broader than
        that contemplated by section 414, in the case at bar, the evidence presented went to the issue
        of “retained control,” as would have been the case had a correct instruction been given. Since
        the evidence established this element, defendant did not suffer serious prejudice from the
        incorrect instruction.

¶ 180                               C. Improper Jury Verdict Form
¶ 181     Defendant next argues that he is entitled to a new trial due to the inclusion of Sullivan
      Roofing, plaintiff’s employer, on verdict form B, which was based on IPI Civil (2011) No.
      B45.03.A. On that form, the jury found:
               “Assuming that 100% represents the total combined legal responsibility of all persons
          or entities that proximately caused Teodoro Ramirez’s injury, we find the percentage of
          legal responsibility attributable to each as follows:
                   a) Teodoro Ramirez 20%
                   b) FCL Builders, Inc. 40%
                   c) Sullivan Roofing, Inc. 40%.”
      Defendant argues that Sullivan Roofing should not have been included on the verdict form.
      We agree.
¶ 182     “An abuse of discretion standard applies when we review a trial court’s decisions relating
      to verdict forms.” Werner v. Nebal, 377 Ill. App. 3d 447, 457 (2007) (citing People v.
      Roberts, 351 Ill. App. 3d 684, 690 (2004)); Gold v. Ziff Communications Co., 322 Ill. App.
3d 32, 45 (2001). “The standard for deciding whether a trial court abused its discretion and
      the propriety of tendered [jury] instructions is ‘whether the jury was fairly, fully and
      comprehensively informed on the relevant principles, considering the instructions in their
      entirety.’ ” Auten v. Franklin, 404 Ill. App. 3d 1130, 1137 (2010) (quoting Saunders v.
      Schultz, 20 Ill. 2d 301, 314 (1960)).
¶ 183     Analysis of the verdict form requires consideration of section 2-1117 of the Code of Civil
      Procedure (the Code), which provides:
          “Except as provided in Section 2-1118, in actions on account of bodily injury or death
          or physical damage to property, based on negligence, or product liability based on strict
          tort liability, all defendants found liable are jointly and severally liable for plaintiff’s past
          and future medical and medically related expenses. Any defendant whose fault, as
          determined by the trier of fact, is less than 25% of the total fault attributable to the
          plaintiff, the defendants sued by the plaintiff, and any third party defendant except the
          plaintiff’s employer, shall be severally liable for all other damages. Any defendant whose
          fault, as determined by the trier of fact, is 25% or greater of the total fault attributable to
          the plaintiff, the defendants sued by the plaintiff, and any third party defendants except
          the plaintiff’s employer, shall be jointly and severally liable for all other damages.” 735

                                                   -35-
             ILCS 5/2-1117 (West 2008).
        Under the express terms of section 2-1117, any fault of Sullivan Roofing, as plaintiff’s
        employer, cannot be included in the apportionment of fault for the purposes of determining
        defendant’s joint and several liability. Consequently, defendant argues that Sullivan Roofing
        likewise could not have been included on the verdict form.
¶ 184        Based on our research, there have been no cases considering the issue of whether a
        plaintiff’s employer can be included on the verdict form filed after our supreme court issued
        its decision in Ready v. United/Goedecke Services, Inc., 232 Ill. 2d 369 (2008), a decision
        that we find controls the outcome of the issue. In Ready, our supreme court considered
        whether settling tortfeasors were considered “ ‘defendants sued by the plaintiff’ ” within the
        meaning of section 2-1117. Ready, 232 Ill. 2d at 374 n.2 (quoting 735 ILCS 5/2-1117 (West
        2004)). There, the plaintiff’s husband was killed during a construction project and the
        plaintiff filed a wrongful-death suit against the building owner, her husband’s employer; the
        general contractor; and a subcontractor on the project. Ready, 232 Ill. 2d at 372. The building
        owner and the general contractor settled prior to trial. Ready, 232 Ill. 2d at 372. During trial,
        the subcontractor was not permitted to present any evidence as to the conduct of the settling
        defendants and the settling defendants were not listed on the verdict form; the jury found the
        subcontractor liable for negligence and the trial court found the subcontractor jointly and
        severally liable for the amount of the verdict remaining after offsets for the husband’s
        comparative negligence and the settlement amounts paid by the settling defendants. Ready,
232 Ill. 2d at 373.
¶ 185        On appeal, the subcontractor argued that the trial court erred by failing to include the
        settling defendants on the verdict form, claiming that if the jury had been able to consider
        their share of fault, the subcontractor’s share may have been less than 25%, making the
        subcontractor only severally liable. Ready, 232 Ill. 2d at 373. The appellate court agreed,
        concluding that, under section 2-1117, a nonsettling defendant’s fault should be assessed
        relative to the fault of all defendants, including settling defendants, and, thus, the settling
        defendants should have been included on the verdict form for purposes of fault
        apportionment. Ready, 232 Ill. 2d at 373-74.
¶ 186        The supreme court, however, after considering the language and history of the statute,
        found that nonsettling defendants are not “ ‘defendants sued by the plaintiff’ ” within the
        meaning of section 2-1117, stating that “we disagree with the appellate court’s holding that,
        under section 2-1117, a remaining defendant’s culpability must be assessed relative to the
        culpability of all defendants, including settling defendants.” Ready, 232 Ill. 2d at 383.
        Accordingly, the supreme court held that “section 2-1117 does not apply to good-faith
        settling tortfeasors who have been dismissed from the lawsuit” and reversed the portion of
        the appellate court’s judgment that reversed the trial court as to liability. Ready, 232 Ill. 2d
        at 385.
¶ 187        After the supreme court’s 2008 decision in Ready, appellate courts and parties have
        uniformly interpreted Ready as preventing settling defendants from appearing on a verdict
        form. See Miranda v. Walsh Group, Ltd., 2013 IL App (1st) 122674, ¶ 14 (noting that, in
        Ready, “our supreme court held that a settling defendant was not a ‘defendant sued by the

                                                  -36-
      plaintiff’ under section 2-1117 of the Code and should not be named on the jury verdict form
      for the appropriation of fault”); Cellini v. Village of Gurnee, 403 Ill. App. 3d 26, 37 (2010)
      (during a hearing on a motion for a good-faith finding between settling parties, a nonsettling
      defendant argued “that in light of our supreme court’s decision in Ready v. United/Goedecke
      Services, Inc., which held that a settling tortfeasor was not a ‘defendant’ considered in
      apportioning fault and would not be listed on the verdict form, a nonsettling defendant ***
      would be ‘left holding the bag’ ”); Jablonski v. Ford Motor Co., 398 Ill. App. 3d 222, 271
      (2010) (finding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing a defendant’s
      proposed verdict forms, which would have required the jury to allocate fault between the
      defendant and a settling tortfeasor, due to the supreme court’s decision in Ready).
¶ 188      Indeed, at least one court has found reversible error where a settling tortfeasor was
      improperly listed on the jury verdict form. In Heupel v. Jenkins, 395 Ill. App. 3d 689, 690
      (2009), the plaintiff was injured when the defendant’s vehicle collided with another vehicle,
      driven by Murugeson. Prior to filing suit, the plaintiff settled with Murugeson and, after a
      jury trial, the jury returned a verdict in favor of the defendant. Heupel, 395 Ill. App. 3d at
      690. On appeal, the plaintiff argued, inter alia, that the trial court erred by including
      Murugeson on one of the jury verdict forms and the appellate court affirmed. Heupel, 395
Ill. App. 3d at 690.
¶ 189      In determining that inclusion of Murugeson on the jury verdict form was proper, the court
      in the original opinion filed in 2008 addressed policy reasons:
           “Presumably in the case at bar, plaintiff settled with the ‘indigent’ tortfeasor with the
           intent of insulating Murugeson from the issue of fault and proceeded against defendant,
           the ‘wealthy’ tortfeasor, who the jury ultimately concluded was not liable. Moreover,
           unlike the driving concern in Blake [v. Hy Ho Restaurant, Inc., 273 Ill. App. 3d 372, 374
           (1995)], namely, that allowing the jury to consider settled tortfeasors in the fault
           allocation would expose them to the expense of discovery and ‘frustrate Illinois public
           policy favoring peaceful and voluntary resolutions of claims through settlement
           agreements’ [citation], plaintiff in the instant case essentially brought Murugeson into
           the case as a party when she called Murugeson as a witness to disprove defendant’s
           ‘empty chair defense.’ Plaintiff’s attempt to use Murugeson and the prior settlement as
           both a sword and a shield completely contradicts the spirit and purpose of section 2-1117
           of the Code. Consequently, we conclude that naming Murugeson on the jury verdict form
           was proper.” Heupel v. Jenkins, 379 Ill. App. 3d 893, 904 (2008) (opinion prior to
           remand).
¶ 190      After the supreme court decided Ready, it vacated the judgment in Heupel and directed
      the Heupel court to reconsider its decision in light of Ready. On reconsideration, the
      Heupel court reversed and remanded the case for a new trial. Heupel, 395 Ill. App. 3d at 690.
      The Heupel court determined that, based on Ready, Murugeson was not a “defendant sued
      by the plaintiff” within the meaning of section 2-1117 and, consequently, should not have
      been listed on the jury verdict form. Heupel, 395 Ill. App. 3d at 693. Furthermore, the court
      determined that the inclusion of Murugeson’s name on the verdict form constituted reversible
      error warranting a new trial because “here, the jury heard a great deal of testimony regarding
      Murugeson’s role in the collision” and “we cannot be certain that the jury did not consider

                                               -37-
      the amount of fault attributable to Murugeson.” Heupel, 395 Ill. App. 3d at 693.
¶ 191     In the case at bar, we are not asked to consider the presence of a settling tortfeasor on a
      jury verdict form. Instead, we are asked to consider the presence of plaintiff’s employer,
      Sullivan Roofing, on the form. However, we find that the same result must follow.
¶ 192     As defendant notes, there is no doubt that Sullivan Roofing is specifically excluded from
      an apportionment of fault under section 2-1117 of the Code. Thus, the sole question is
      whether that exclusion also means that Sullivan Roofing should have been excluded from
      the jury verdict form. The trial court and plaintiff rely on the comments to the IPI jury verdict
      form to support Sullivan Roofing’s presence on the verdict form. The comments attempted
      to reconcile Ready with older cases finding that the fault of nonparty tortfeasors could be
      considered. Quoting Bofman v. Material Service Corp., 125 Ill. App. 3d 1053 (1984), and
      Smith v. Central Illinois Public Service Co., 176 Ill. App. 3d 482 (1988),14 the comments
      note:
          “ [‘]Consideration of the negligence of both parties and non-parties to an action is
          essential for determining liability commensurate with degree of total fault.’ [Citation.]
          [‘]In cases where contributory negligence is involved, it is permissible to introduce
          evidence of the liability of a non-party. The liability of non-party tortfeasors may be
          considered in order to determine the extent of plaintiff’s responsibility for his
          injuries.’ [Citation.]” IPI Civil (2011) No. B45.03.A, Comment, at 229.
      The comments then continue:
              “In Bofman, a plaintiff was able to obtain reversal of a verdict because the jury was
          not properly instructed to account for the negligence of a settled nonparty. While Ready
          v. United/Goedecke Services, Inc., 232 Ill. 2d 369 (2008) held that the percentage fault
          of a defendant who settled is not part of the calculation under 735 ILCS 5/2-1117, that
          case did not reduce the vitality of Bofman or Smith. If the jury hears evidence to suggest
          fault on the part of settled parties and if contributory negligence is claimed, the settled
          parties should be listed on the verdict form to correctly determine the percentage
          contributory fault of the plaintiff. The fault of the settling parties, however, should be
          disregarded for purposes of the 2-1117 calculation.” IPI Civil (2011) No. B45.03.A,
          Comment, at 230.
      However, application of the rule proposed by the comments demonstrates that these
      comments are inconsistent with the holding in Ready.
¶ 193     In Ready, as noted, the supreme court reversed the appellate court’s determination that
      settling tortfeasors should be listed on the jury verdict form, finding that “section 2-1117
      does not apply to good-faith settling tortfeasors who have been dismissed from the lawsuit.”
      Ready, 232 Ill. 2d at 385. Ready came before the supreme court again after its remand to the
      appellate court, and the supreme court then determined that the trial court erred in excluding
      evidence of the settling parties’ culpability, finding that it would have supported the

               14
                    We note that neither Bofman nor Smith has been cited for this proposition since Ready was
       decided.

                                                     -38-
      defendant’s sole-proximate-cause defense. Ready v. United/Goedecke Services, Inc., 238 Ill.
2d 582, 591-92 (2010). Thus, despite the settling defendants’ absence from the verdict form,
      evidence of their culpability should have been presented to the jury. According to the IPI
      comments, then, since (1) the jury should have heard evidence to suggest fault on the part of
      settled parties and (2) the jury found the plaintiff’s comparative negligence to be 35%
      (Ready, 232 Ill. 2d at 373), meaning that contributory negligence was claimed, it would
      follow that “the settled parties should be listed on the verdict form to correctly determine the
      percentage contributory fault of the plaintiff” (IPI Civil (2011) No. B45.03.A, Comment, at
      230). However, the supreme court held that the settled parties should not be listed on the
      verdict form, without any reference to the impact of the settled parties’ absence on the
      plaintiff’s percentage of fault. Indeed, none of the cases citing Ready and concluding that
      settled tortfeasors should not appear on the verdict form contain any discussion of the
      determination of the plaintiff’s level of fault. Instead, the conclusion to be drawn is that the
      section 2-1117 analysis determines whether the nonparty may appear on the verdict form. See
      also Jones, 381 Ill. App. 3d at 31-32 (determining that, based on section 2-1117, “in order
      for [a nonparty] to be included on the verdict form, it must have been named as a party” by
      the defendant). Here, since section 2-1117 expressly excludes Sullivan Roofing as plaintiff’s
      employer, Sullivan Roofing should not have been named on the verdict form.
¶ 194     We do not find plaintiff’s argument that “defendant cannot have it both ways, legally or
      equitably,” to be persuasive. As noted, the Heupel court identified policy reasons for
      including Murugeson on the verdict form. Heupel, 379 Ill. App. 3d at 904 (opinion prior to
      remand). Despite those reasons, in light of Ready, the court was compelled to find that
      Murugeson should not have been listed on the jury verdict form. Heupel, 395 Ill. App. 3d at
      693. Likewise, in the case at bar, although plaintiff poses reasonable arguments for including
      Sullivan Roofing on the verdict form, our supreme court’s decision in Ready is equally
      applicable here, where section 2-1117 expressly excludes that entity from apportionment of
      fault.
¶ 195     However, despite our conclusion that Sullivan Roofing should not have been listed on
      the verdict form, reversal on the basis of faulty jury instructions is not warranted unless the
      error results in “ ‘serious prejudice’ ” to the appellant’s right to a fair trial. Studt, 2011 IL
108182, ¶ 28 (quoting Heastie, 226 Ill. 2d at 543); Schultz, 201 Ill. 2d at 274 (“A reviewing
      court ordinarily will not reverse a trial court for giving faulty instructions unless they clearly
      misled the jury and resulted in prejudice to the appellant.”). In the case at bar, defendant’s
      brief does not specify any prejudice it suffered from the improper verdict form, and it is
      difficult to determine where any prejudice would arise. This is not a situation where a party
      was excluded from a verdict form erroneously, such that a proper jury form would likely
      lessen the defendant’s percentage of fault. Instead, here, fault was apportioned among more
      parties, presumably resulting in defendant bearing a smaller share of fault than would
      otherwise be the case.
¶ 196     During oral argument, defendant’s counsel stated that defendant was prejudiced because
      the 40% fault allocated to Sullivan Roofing would have instead been allocated to plaintiff
      had Sullivan Roofing been excluded from the verdict form. We do not find this argument
      persuasive. The evidence at trial established that either Sullivan Roofing (under defendant’s

                                                 -39-
        view) or defendant (under plaintiff’s view) ordered the workers to stop using ATVs and push
        the membrane rolls manually; there is absolutely no evidence that plaintiff made the choice
        to manually roll the membrane independently. Any share of the fault apportioned to plaintiff
        involved the question of whether more people should have assisted in moving the roll. Thus,
        we find no merit in defendant’s contention that Sullivan Roofing was factually more aligned
        with plaintiff than with defendant. Normally, the more parties listed on a jury verdict form
        will help a defendant more than a plaintiff. Since we cannot find that defendant was seriously
        prejudiced by the erroneous verdict form, we find no reversible error.

¶ 197                                 D. Admission of Evidence
¶ 198       Next, defendant claims that the trial court erred in refusing to permit the Sullivan
        Roofing incident report into evidence and in permitting the contract between defendant and
        the property owner to be admitted into evidence. The decision to admit or exclude evidence
        rests within the sound discretion of the trial court and that decision will not be disturbed
        absent an abuse of discretion. Snelson v. Kamm, 204 Ill. 2d 1, 24 (2003). A trial court abuses
        its discretion only when “no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the trial
        court.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Foley v. Fletcher, 361 Ill. App. 3d 39, 46 (2005).
        Moreover, a party is not entitled to reversal based upon the trial court’s evidentiary rulings
        unless the error substantially prejudiced the aggrieved party and affected the outcome of the
        case. Bosco v. Janowitz, 388 Ill. App. 3d 450, 462 (2009). The party seeking reversal bears
        the burden of establishing such prejudice. Bosco, 388 Ill. App. 3d at 462.

¶ 199                           1. Sullivan Roofing Incident Report
¶ 200      First, defendant argues that the trial court erred in refusing to permit the Sullivan Roofing
      incident report into evidence. During Sullivan’s testimony, defense counsel attempted to
      introduce an incident report completed by Sullivan into evidence. Sullivan testified that
      plaintiff reported his back injury to Sullivan, who filled out an incident report in his capacity
      as safety director; Sullivan testified that keeping such reports was part of Sullivan Roofing’s
      normal course of business. Sullivan further testified that the report was in his handwriting
      and bore his signature. Defense counsel then sought to admit the report into evidence, and
      plaintiff’s counsel objected. After examining the document and further questioning of
      Sullivan outside the presence of the jury, the court sustained the objection: “The objection
      as to the record itself is sustained. Whatever you choose to have him testify to as to his
      memory is still of evidentiary value. But because of the lack of reliability on the dates based
      on the voir dire and the *** deposition, I’m going to sustain the objection. I don’t *** find
      it to be within the business records exception because of lack of reliability. The rest of the
      testimony is up to you.” The court further noted: “It has to be created in an ordinary course
      of business and if it’s on or about the time. That’s why they’re reliable. And what we have
      is that missing element. It wasn’t created on or about the time because he says the date may
      be wrong and I don’t remember.”
¶ 201      On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred in concluding that the incident
      report did not qualify as a business record and was, therefore, inadmissible hearsay.

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      Admission of business records into evidence is governed by Supreme Court Rule 236, which
      provides:
           “Any writing or record, whether in the form of any entry in a book or otherwise, made
           as a memorandum or record of any act, transaction, occurrence, or event, shall be
           admissible as evidence of the act, transaction, occurrence, or event, if made in the regular
           course of any business, and if it was the regular course of the business to make such a
           memorandum or record at the time of such an act, transaction, occurrence, or event or
           within a reasonable time thereafter. All other circumstances of the making of the writing
           or record, including lack of personal knowledge by the entrant or maker, may be shown
           to affect its weight, but shall not affect its admissibility. The term ‘business,’ as used in
           this rule, includes business, profession, occupation, and calling of every kind.” Ill. S. Ct.
           R. 236(a) (eff. Aug. 1, 1992).
      Thus, if it was the regular course of the business to make such a memorandum at the time
      of such an act, “Rule 236 requires only that the party tendering the record satisfy the
      foundation requirement of demonstrating that the record was made in the regular course of
      business and at or near the time of the transaction.” In re Estate of Weiland, 338 Ill. App. 3d
585, 600 (2003) (citing Progressive Printing Corp. v. Jane Byrne Political Committee, 235
Ill. App. 3d 292, 305 (1992)); Kimble v. Earle M. Jorgenson Co., 358 Ill. App. 3d 400, 414
      (2005).
¶ 202      In the case at bar, the trial court found that the incident report did not qualify as a
      business record because Sullivan’s testimony was insufficient to demonstrate that the
      incident report was made at or near the time of plaintiff’s injury. We cannot find that the trial
      court abused its discretion in making that determination. Sullivan testified, and the incident
      report stated, that plaintiff’s injury was reported to Sullivan on October 11; however,
      Sullivan admitted that the payroll records indicated that plaintiff’s last day on the payroll was
      October 7. More importantly, however, Sullivan further admitted that it was possible that he
      was standing on a different roof, and not the Wilton roof, when plaintiff informed him of the
      incident and that “my dates could be wrong on the document. And I don’t know. I can’t
      verify that. But I remember specifically standing there talking to him.” Given this uncertainty
      by the report’s preparer over the date the report was completed, we cannot find that the trial
      court abused its discretion in determining that defendant had not satisfied the foundational
      requirements for admission of the incident report as a business record.
¶ 203      Defendant argues that courts have repeatedly ruled that “ ‘a reasonable time thereafter’
      can encompass a period of time far, far longer than the few days at issue in the case at bar.”
      For support, defendant cites Taluzek v. Illinois Central Gulf R.R. Co., 255 Ill. App. 3d 72,
      85 (1993), in which a document prepared approximately two weeks after an injury was
      considered reasonable, and Amos v. Norfolk & Western Ry. Co., 191 Ill. App. 3d 637, 646
      (1989), in which a one-month delay was reasonable. However, the trial court’s decision was
      not based on the fact that the incident was reported on October 11 when the injury occurred
      on October 6. Instead, the trial court’s concern was that “[i]t wasn’t created on or about the
      time because he says the date may be wrong and I don’t remember.” In other words, the date
      reported was not the issue; the issue was that the preparer of the report did not know exactly
      when the document was prepared. We cannot find that excluding the document on this basis

                                                 -41-
      was error.
¶ 204      Defendant also argues that the incident report should have been admitted because it was
      the admission of a party opponent and, thus, not hearsay at all. “Any oral or written out-of-
      court statement by a party to the action, or attributable to a party, which tends to establish or
      disprove any material fact in a case is an admission and is competent evidence against that
      party in the action.” Ficken v. Alton & Southern Ry. Co., 291 Ill. App. 3d 635, 647 (1996)
      (citing Werner v. Botti, Marinaccio & DeSalvo, 205 Ill. App. 3d 673, 679 (1990)); CFC
      Investment, L.L.C. v. McLean, 387 Ill. App. 3d 520, 529 (2008). “The admissibility of such
      statements of fact rests on the presumption that courts can usually rely on statements made
      against the speaker’s interests.” CFC Investment, 387 Ill. App. 3d at 529 (citing Felker v.
      Bartelme, 124 Ill. App. 2d 43, 50 (1970)). However, in the case at bar, the trial court
      expressly found that the incident report was not reliable based on the discrepancy over when
      it was completed. Thus, we cannot find that it should have been admitted as an admission
      of a party opponent. See Zaragoza v. Ebenroth, 331 Ill. App. 3d 139, 141-42 (2002) (in order
      for a codefendant’s testimony of a conversation between the codefendant and the defendant
      to be admissible as a party admission, the defendant “must have been a party opponent, he
      must have made an admission, and the [codefendant’s] testimony must have been reliable”).
      The same reasoning applies to defendant’s claim that, since it would not have been offered
      to prove the truth of the matter asserted, it was not hearsay at all.
¶ 205      Moreover, even if the report should have been admitted, its exclusion does not constitute
      reversible error because the same information was presented to the jury through Sullivan’s
      testimony. Sullivan testified that, at one point during the two weeks of the Wilton project,
      plaintiff approached him on the roof of the Wilton project and informed him and Pesek that
      he had been pushing a bundle of insulation alone “and felt a twinge in his back.” Sullivan
      further testified that, based on the time sheets, plaintiff was working on a different project
      on Monday, September 27. He was working on the Wilton project on September 28 and 29,
      and was working on a third project on September 30 and did not work on Friday, October 1.
      Thus, the jury heard that plaintiff had initially given a different account of the injury and that
      plaintiff was working on other Sullivan Roofing projects during the same time frame.
      Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s decision not to admit the incident report into
      evidence.

¶ 206                                 2. General Contract
¶ 207     Defendant also argues that the trial court erred in admitting the contract between
      defendant and the property owner into evidence because it was not relevant. Defendant
      emphasizes that the issue central to the case is the determination of who had control as
      between Sullivan Roofing, the subcontractor, and defendant, the general contractor not the
      question of who had control as between the general contractor and the property owner, which
      was the only purpose of the contract between defendant and the property owner.
¶ 208     “The rule is stark and absolute: ‘Irrelevant evidence is not admissible.’ ” Downey v.
      Dunnington, 384 Ill. App. 3d 350, 387 (2008) (quoting Maffett v. Bliss, 329 Ill. App. 3d 562,
      574 (2002)). “ ‘[E]vidence is relevant if it has any tendency to make the existence of a fact

                                                 -42-
        that is of consequence to the determination of the action either more or less probable [than]
        it would be without the evidence.’ ” In re Estate of Bitoy, 395 Ill. App. 3d 262, 277 (2009)
        (quoting Downey, 384 Ill. App. 3d at 387). In the case at bar, we cannot find that the contract
        was irrelevant and, therefore, inadmissible.
¶ 209        The contract between defendant and the property owner indicated that, as between
        defendant and the property owner, defendant was “solely responsible for the construction,
        means, methods, techniques, sequences and procedures and to coordinate all portions of the
        work,” as Puchalski testified. Additionally, under the contract, defendant undertook the
        responsibility of safety for the work site. Finally, although not mentioned by either party, the
        contract included a provision in which defendant could require each subcontractor “to
        assume toward the Contractor all the obligations and responsibilities, including the
        responsibility for safety of the Subcontractor’s Work, which the Contractor, by these
        Documents, assumed toward the Owner and Architect.” Thus, the contact was relevant in
        assisting the jury to determine the issue of control.
¶ 210        Defendant argues that we have repeatedly held that a contract between a general
        contractor and a property owner “simply has no bearing on the Section 414 analysis.”
        However, defendant’s cited cases do not support that argument. While the contract between
        the general contractor and the property owner certainly is substantially less relevant for the
        section 414 analysis than the contract between the general contractor and the subcontractor,
        none of defendant’s cited cases has determined that the contract should not be admissible at
        all because it is irrelevant; indeed, all of the cases involve motions for summary judgment
        and do not consider evidentiary issues. Accordingly, we cannot find that the trial court
        abused its discretion in finding the contract admissible.
¶ 211        Defendant further argues that, even if the contract was relevant, plaintiff failed to lay a
        proper foundation for its admission and the trial court “grossly overstepped its bounds in
        assisting Plaintiff by forcing Defendant FCL in mid-trial to produce a foundation witness for
        Plaintiff.” We find defendant’s argument unpersuasive.
¶ 212        After the trial court found that Zelasco had not laid a proper foundation for the admission
        of the contact, plaintiff’s counsel indicated that they had relied on defendant’s disclosure that
        Zelasco would lay a foundation for the contract, so they were “kind of in a bind here,” since
        he was unable to do so. Plaintiff’s counsel requested that, “if the Court feels the foundation,
        as it relates to the contract specifically, is inadequate, then I given the [Rule] 213 disclosure
        of defense, relative to Mr. Zelasco, I think I’m entitled to call a record keeper, a signatory or
        somebody from FCL that can lay the foundation, notwithstanding the fact it’s the day before
        I rest my case.” Over defendant’s objection, the court agreed and told defendant, “you’re on
        notice that I would grant plaintiff’s motion. And that the request will come to you, I’m
        assuming, within the next 12 hours. And that before this case is put to rest, I expect to see
        some discussion and/or resolution one way or another.” The next day, plaintiff called
        Christopher Linn, vice president of defendant, who provided the necessary foundation and
        the contract was admitted into evidence.
¶ 213        An examination of the record reveals that plaintiff relied on Zelasco, defendant’s
        employee, to provide a foundation for the contract, as disclosed in defendant’s discovery

                                                  -43-
        responses. When Zelasco was unable to do so, the trial court ordered defendant to provide
        another employee that could provide the sufficient foundation. Defendant argues that its
        discovery disclosures said only that Zelasco would testify as to the subcontracts on the
        Wilton project. However, these disclosures are not included in the record on appeal, so we
        cannot make any comment as to their contents. Accordingly, we cannot find any error in the
        trial court’s conduct and affirm its decision as to the admission of the contact between
        defendant and the property owner.

¶ 214                                 E. Discovery Violations
¶ 215      Defendant also argues that the trial court erred in permitting the testimony of Jaime Rojas
      and David Gibson to be presented due to the improper disclosure of these witnesses under
      Rule 213. “The admission of evidence pursuant to Rule 213 is within the sound discretion
      of the trial court, and the court’s ruling will not be disturbed absent an abuse of that
      discretion.” Sullivan v. Edward Hospital, 209 Ill. 2d 100, 109 (2004). As noted, a trial court
      abuses its discretion only when “no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the
      trial court” (internal quotation marks omitted) (Foley, 361 Ill. App. 3d at 46) and a party is
      not entitled to reversal based upon the trial court’s evidentiary rulings unless the error
      substantially prejudiced the aggrieved party and affected the outcome of the case. Bosco, 388
Ill. App. 3d at 462.
¶ 216      The Rule 213 disclosure requirements are mandatory and subject to strict compliance by
      the parties. Sullivan v. Edward Hospital, 209 Ill. 2d at 109; Warrender v. Millsop, 304 Ill.
      App. 3d 260, 265 (1999). In Sullivan, the Illinois Supreme Court stated that its rules were its
      best efforts to manage the complex and important process of discovery. Sullivan, 209 Ill. 2d
      at 109. “To allow either side to ignore Rule 213’s plain language defeats its purpose and
      encourages tactical gamesmanship.” Sullivan, 209 Ill. 2d at 109-10 (citing Department of
      Transportation v. Crull, 294 Ill. App. 3d 531, 537 (1998)). In the case at bar, even if
      disclosure of plaintiff’s witnesses violated Rule 213, we cannot find that the trial court
      abused its discretion in permitting the witnesses to testify.
¶ 217      Our Illinois Supreme Court has set forth six factors that must be considered in
      determining whether the exclusion of testimony is an appropriate sanction for nondisclosure:
      (1) the surprise to the adverse party; (2) the prejudicial effect of the testimony; (3) the nature
      of the testimony; (4) the diligence of the adverse party; (5) the timely objection to the
      testimony; and (6) the good faith of the party calling the witness. Sullivan, 209 Ill. 2d at 110.

¶ 218                                        1. Jaime Rojas
¶ 219       With regard to Jaime Rojas, plaintiff purportedly disclosed Rojas as a Rule 213(f)(2)
        witness in a January 4, 2012, letter to defense counsel; however, defense counsel claimed not
        to have received the letter and only learned of Rojas when plaintiff’s counsel faxed a notice
        of evidence deposition. We have no way of knowing whether the letter was sent or received;
        however, the trial court heard defendant’s argument that counsel never received the letter and
        nevertheless permitted the evidence deposition to take place and permitted the evidence

                                                 -44-
      deposition to be presented to the jury.15
¶ 220     Considering the factors set forth in Sullivan, we cannot find that the trial court abused its
      discretion in refusing to bar Rojas’ testimony. Rojas testified that he performed a functional
      capacity assessment of plaintiff and opined that plaintiff could only work at a light physical
      demand level. If defendant did not know of Rojas’ existence until two days before his
      deposition, it was certainly surprised and timely objected, and there is no issue of defendant’s
      diligence in other discovery matters. However, as noted, it is unclear whether defendant had
      prior notice of Rojas’ status as a Rule 213(f)(2) witness. Additionally, the nature of his
      testimony and its prejudicial effect are small; plaintiff had several witnesses testify as to
      plaintiff’s limitations, and Rojas’ testimony concerned a single evaluation and an opinion
      limited to plaintiff’s condition on that day. Finally, there is no indication that plaintiff was
      not acting in good faith: plaintiff had retained new counsel in October 2011, and counsel
      explained the reasons for the evidence deposition to the trial court, stating that it had only
      been recently discovered that Rojas was now living in Colorado and he would only be
      available for a few days.
¶ 221     We find defendant’s citation of Nedzvekas v. Fung, 374 Ill. App. 3d 618 (2007), and
      Boyd v. City of Chicago, 378 Ill. App. 3d 57 (2007), to be unpersuasive. In both cases, the
      reviewing court was determining whether the trial court had abused its discretion in barring
      witnesses due to Rule 213 violations and determined that it had not. However, in the case at
      bar, we are considering whether the trial court abused its discretion in not barring Rojas.
      Consequently, defendant’s cases are of limited use and we cannot find that the trial court
      abused its discretion in permitting Rojas to testify.

¶ 222                                       2. David Gibson
¶ 223        Defendant’s only arguments concerning Gibson involve prejudice. While defendant
        acknowledges that Gibson was disclosed with sufficient time to be deposed, defendant also
        argues that Gibson’s testimony was much more prejudicial, since Gibson attached a dollar
        figure to plaintiff’s losses. However, considering the other factors, we cannot find that the
        trial court abused its discretion in permitting Gibson to testify. There was no indication that
        plaintiff acted in bad faith, and defendant’s surprise was limited, as plaintiff’s new counsel
        immediately made an oral motion to disclose a damages witness upon taking over the case.
        Additionally, defendant had sufficient time to retain its own damages expert, as defendant
        stated during the hearing on the motion in limine to bar Gibson, so defendant could have
        mitigated the damaging nature of Gibson’s testimony.16 Accordingly, we cannot find that the
        trial court abused its discretion in permitting Gibson to testify.

                15
                 We note that different judges decided the motion to quash the evidence deposition and the
        motion in limine seeking to bar Rojas’ testimony.
                16
                     Gibson was the only damages witness to testify at trial.

                                                      -45-
¶ 224                                      F. Cumulative Error
¶ 225       Finally, defendant argues that the cumulative errors during the trial require a new trial.
        “A new trial is necessary when the cumulative effect of trial errors so deprives a party of a
        fair trial that the verdict might have been affected.” Netto v. Goldenberg, 266 Ill. App. 3d
174, 184 (1994). However, in the case at bar, we cannot find that defendant was deprived of
        a fair trial such that the verdict might have been affected.

¶ 226                                       CONCLUSION
¶ 227       The trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for judgment notwithstanding
        the verdict, nor did it err in denying defendant’s motion for a new trial.

¶ 228      Affirmed.

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