Court Opinion

ID: 3882373
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-06 09:13:26.746045+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:15:21.331156
License: Public Domain

"It is competent for the Legislature, by means of an appropriation act, to increase or lessen the salary of an officer (where there is no constitutional inhibition), provided the intent to do so may be fairly inferred from the language of the statute. Belknap v. U.S., 150 U.S. 588
[14 S.Ct., 183, 37 L.Ed., 1191]; citing cases including U.S. v.Langston, 118 U.S. 389 [6 S.Ct., 1185, 30 L.Ed., 164];Buchanan v. Treasurer, 68 S.C. [411] 415, 47 S.E., 683. When such intention is clearly manifest, the appropriation statute is considered to be in conflict with a previous statute fixing such salary and to operate so as to suspend the previous general statute during the currency of the appropriation statute."
See, also, the case of State v. Rhame, 92 S.C. 455, on pages 461, 462, 75 S.E., 881, 883, Ann. Cas., 1914-B, 519, wherein it is stated: "Public officers are created for the benefit of the commonwealth, incumbents have no contract or property rights in them, and, unless otherwise it be provided by the Constitution, they are subject entirely to legislative control. Hence, subject to the Constitution, the General Assembly may fix the term, provide for removal, abolish the office, reduce the term, and in every respect control the existence, powers, emoluments, and tenure of public officers."
Section 2700 of the Code was amended in 1933 by Act No. 230, approved April 17, 1933 (38 St. at Large. p. 290), but the salary for the auditor of Clarendon County was not affected.
We now come to the question if so much of the appropriation Act for 1932 as reduces the salary of county auditors is unconstitutional as violative of Article 3, Section 17, of the Constitution of 1895, which reads as follows: "Every Act or resolution having the force of law shall relate *Page 238 
to but one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title."
The title of the appropriation Act for 1932 (37 St. at Large, p. 1567) reads as follows: "An Act to Make Appropriations to Meet the Ordinary Expenses of the State Government for the Fiscal Year Beginning January 1, 1932, to Provide a Tax to Defray the Same and Regulate the Expenditure Thereof; To Authorize the Purchase of Certain Obligations of Chesterfield County; To Reduce the Salary Schedule for Teachers Provided in Section 5480-81 of Vol. II, Code of Laws, 1932; To Prescribe the Rate of Interest on Certain Highway Obligations and Declare Certain Obligations of the Highway Department Preferential Collateral for Securing Public and/or Trust Funds and to Authorize the Issuance of Notes for the Payment of Teachers' Salaries and Other State Aid for Education Herein Appropriated."
In passing upon this question, we are fortunate in having well-settled principles and rules of law as laid down by numerous decisions of our own Court, where Acts of the General Assembly were attacked as violative of the very section of the Constitution under consideration.
In order to declare a statute unconstitutional, its invalidity should be shown beyond a reasonable doubt, and every presumption must be indulged in favor of the constitutionality of the Act. McKiever et al. v. City ofSumter et al., 137 S.C. 266, 276, 135 S.E., 60; Poulnot v.Cantwell, 129 S.C. 171, 123 S.E., 651; Battle v. Willcox,128 S.C. 500, 122 S.E., 516; Santee Mills v. Query, 122 S.C. 158,115 S.E., 202; Powell v. Hargrove, 136 S.C. 345,134 S.E., 380.
It is a grave matter to declare a solemn enactment of the Legislature, a co-ordinate branch of the government, invalid, and the Court in its deliberation and conclusions should be guided by the well-settled principle that the unconstitutionality of an Act must be shown beyond a reasonable *Page 239 
doubt. State ex rel. Richards v. Moorer, 152 S.C. 455,150 S.E., 269; Wingfield v. South Carolina Tax Commission,147 S.C. 116, 144 S.E., 846; and the cases cited in the preceding paragraph.
"It is not necessary that the title should be an index of the contents of the statute." Briggs v. Greenville County,137 S.C. 288, 135 S.E., 153, 163, and quoted with approval in State v. Moorer, supra.
"The mandate of the Constitution is complied with if the title states the general subject of legislation and the provisions in the body of the act are germane thereto as means to accomplish the object expressed in the title." Vernerv. Muller, 89 S.C. 117, 71 S.E., 654, 655, and citingConnor v. Railroad Co., 23 S.C. 427; State v. O'Day, 74 S.C. 448,54 S.E., 607.
"* * * The restriction requiring the subject of an Act to be expressed in its title should be reasonably construed, considering substance rather than form, to require the expression in the title of the general object but not the details or incidents, or means of effecting the object sought and to include the subject and not the purpose of the Act and the reasons which brought about the enactment of it by the Legislature." 36 Cyc., 1018-1020.
For further authority in keeping with the above principles of law, reference may be had to the cases and general law cited and quoted from in State v. Moorer, supra, andMcKiever v. Sumter, supra; both opinions of the Court by Mr. Justice Stabler (now Chief Justice). In view of these opinions, and others, it would be a work of supererogation to herein cite additional authorities.
With the foregoing principles in mind, can it be said that the portion of the appropriation Act of 1932, reducing the salaries of county auditors and treasurers for that year by 12 per cent. after April 1, is unconstitutional?
The title declares it to be, "An Act to Make Appropriations to Meet the Ordinary Expenses of the State Government *Page 240 
for the Fiscal Year Beginning January 1, 1932, to Provide a Tax to Defray the Same and Regulate the Expenditure Thereof."
While Section 2700, and as amended by the Act of 1933, is continuing appropriation of the salary of county auditors, yet it has been the custom to appropriate annually a lump sum with which to pay same, and this fact therefore has no bearing on the matter under discussion. It is common knowledge that the State pays two thirds of the salary of county auditors, and that they are therefore quasi-state officers. Each year the State appropriation Act deals with the salaries of its officers, although the salary of a constitutional officer cannot be changed during such officer's term of office.
The appropriation Act is the one "big piece" of legislation to occupy the time of the Legislature at each session of the General Assembly, and is probably the most studied bill; that is, by the greatest number of legislators composing the membership of the General Assembly. So then, if this section of the Constitution was intended to guard against the possible abuse of slipping through legislation under the guise of a title foreign to such legislation, it is not needed in so far as the appropriation Act is concerned. But, is not the salaries to be paid by the State a matter to be considered in providing a tax to defray the same, just as much as other appropriations? These salaries, especially when there are forty-six auditors and forty-six treasurers, located in the various counties composing the State, aggregate no inconsiderable amount, and must be taken into account in providing for the payment thereof. These salaries are a part of the ordinary expenses of the State government. It would, therefore, appear that the increase or decrease of a salary to be defrayed by the State is germane to the title of "An Act to make appropriations to meet the ordinary expenses of the State Government, * * *" and "to provide a tax to defray the *Page 241 
same * * *." At least there is a reasonable doubt as to the unconstitutionality of the Act, and under the law of this State, this doubt must be resolved in favor of the Act's constitutionality. Expressing it in another way, the violation of the constitutional inhibition must be plain and unmistakable. See 26 Am.  Eng. Enc. of Law. (2d Ed.), 574.
These principles, of course, apply with equal force to the appropriation Acts of 1933 and 1934. However, there is a material difference between that part of the respondent's claim which arises under the appropriation Act of 1932 and that part which arises under the appropriation Acts of 1933 and 1934. Under the appropriation Act of 1932, the respondent's right to prosecute the present cause is founded upon (1) the continuing appropriation for his salary made by Sections 2700 and 3212 of the Code, (2) subject to the specified reduction of 12 per cent. made by the appropriation Act of 1932. The specific direction of the statute as to the amount of the salary decrease must be taken to override any inadequacy in the appropriation made in the same Act. In other words, the 1932 appropriation Act specifically amends Section 2700 of the Code (we are ignoring the amendment of Section 2700 in 1933, since the amendment does not affect the auditor of Clarendon County) by reducing the salary of respondent by 12 per cent., and as thus amended, the continuing appropriation made by Section 2700 remains in effect. So that, under this Act (1932), the respondent obtains his remedy upon the principle that payment of the salary of an officer of the State, which is provided for in a continuing legislative appropriation, may be enforced by mandamus.
A different situation is presented under the appropriation Acts of 1933 and 1934. While no reference to the salary of county auditors is made in the narrative portions of these Acts, the appropriation by the Legislature of a sum of money to pay county auditors, without more, cannot be *Page 242 
deemed by us to have less effect than a declaration by the Legislature of its purpose to fix the salary of these officers at this decreased amount. Any other view of the matter would mean that we ascribe to the Legislature either an entire lack of purpose or an abortive attempt to limit the expenditure of the State in this particular channel. We cannot adopt either of these views in dealing with the action of a coordinate branch of the government. It is our opinion that the amount of the appropriation for the salaries of county auditors, taken in connection with the legislative history on this subject and the economic conditions prevailing at the time, constitutes a legislative declaration that the salaries of county auditors shall be so reduced, on a proportionate basis, as to bring the aggregate within the amount appropriated for their payment.
We are here not dealing with any constitutional issue. The titles of the appropriation Acts of 1933 and 1934, pertinent to any question raised, are practically identical with that of 1932. Section 2700 of the Code is a statutory schedule of salaries. Under a long legislative history it has been the practice of the Legislature to deal with the subject of salaries in the annual appropriation Acts and these Acts of course have the same force as the Code provisions which they affect. And in case of inconsistency, the appropriation Act, if later in date, necessarily prevails.
But even if this view of the matter were debatable, the fact remains that the respondent is here undertaking to collect, by writ of mandamus, a salary claim for which no appropriation has been made, or, expressed in another way, the balance of a salary claim which would exceed the appropriation that has been made therefor, and obviously this makes the claim one for an alleged debt against the State. It is impossible to treat Section 2700 of the Code as a continuing appropriation to pay a salary item which the Legislature itself, by a subsequent enactment, has by indirection said shall not be paid, and which *Page 243 
we have held herein suspends temporarily the general Act on this point.
It is not for this Court to nullify the effects of a legislative Act solely because the most direct method of legislation has not been used. We may not look with favor on the idea of dealing with the salaries of public officers by the indirect method of cutting down aggregate appropriation items which provide for the salaries of such officers, but that view would furnish no basis upon which to deny to the Acts of the Legislature the effect which they obviously are intended to have.
That mandamus is the proper proceeding to require the payment of salaries, where the Act sought to be enforced is purely ministerial duty, cannot be questioned.
The order appealed from is reversed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE STABLER and MESSRS. JUSTICES BONHAM and FISHBURNE concur.
MR. JUSTICE CARTER did not participate on account of illness.