Court Opinion

ID: 3098617
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 04:53:09.890336+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:51:30.525517
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS
                                EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                     EL PASO, TEXAS

                                                '
 IHS ACQUISITION NO. 171, INC.
 d/b/a MESA HILLS SPECIALTY                     '
 HOSPITAL, ENCORE HEALTHCARE,
 LLC, and LYRIC HEALTH CARE                     '               No. 08-11-00195-CV
 HOLDINGS III, INC.,
                                                '                   Appeal from
                        Appellants,
                                                '            County Court at Law No. 5
 v.                                             '             of El Paso County, Texas
 JOANN BEATTY-ORTIZ,                            §                (TC # 2010-4254)
                        Appellee.               §

                                          OPINION

       IHS Acquisition No. 171, Inc. d/b/a Mesa Hills Specialty Hospital, Encore Healthcare,

L.L.C., and Lyric Healthcare Holdings III, Inc., (collectively Appellants), file this interlocutory

appeal challenging the trial court’s denial of its motion to compel arbitration. Finding error, we

reverse.

                                      FACTUAL SUMMARY

       IHS Acquisitions No. 171, doing business as Mesa Hills Specialty Hospital, hired Joann

Beatty-Ortiz (Beatty) in May 2000. On June 30, 2006, Beatty was promoted to Chief Executive

Officer (CEO) where she remained until her termination on February 3, 2010.

       On March 31, 2010, Beatty filed a complaint with the Texas Workforce Commission

Civil Rights Division against “IHS Acquisitions #171 d/b/a Mesa Hills Specialty Hospital”

alleging continuing gender discrimination from November 2008 until the date of her termination.

She claimed constant harassment and belittlement from the Regional Director of Operations,
Paul Miller, and that she was not the only female subjected to Miller’s demeaning behavior and

double standards. Beatty further asserted that prior to her termination, she had not received a

single disciplinary action warning that her job was in jeopardy or a negative performance

evaluation. She was the only female CEO in her region and upon her termination, the position

was filled by a man who was previously the director of environmental services.

       On October 28, 2010, Beatty filed suit against Appellants, alleging essentially the same

gender discrimination allegations contained in her Texas Workforce Commission Complaint

against IHS. The only explanation she was given was that “the hospital was not going in the

direction they wanted to.” Beatty sought front and back pay benefits, compensatory damages,

punitive damages, attorney’s fees, costs, and prejudgment and post-judgment interest.

Appellants collectively filed a motion to compel arbitration, attaching a copy of a document

signed by Beatty on September 23, 2008.

                           THE ARBITRATION AGREEMENT

       The document, entitled “Mutual Arbitration Agreement” provides in relevant part:

       IHS Acquisition No. 174, Inc. (‘Employer’) as an affiliate of Lyric Health Care
       Holdings, III, Inc. maintains an Employee Injury Benefit Plan (the ‘Plan’) to pay
       benefits to Participants due to injuries or illnesses incurred in the course and
       scope of employment with Company or affiliates of Company who adopt the
       Plan. The Plan pays defined: (i) disability wage replacement benefits; (ii) death
       benefits to Participant’s beneficiaries; (iii) dismemberment/loss of use benefits;
       and (iv) medical benefits.

       The Mutual Arbitration Agreement (‘Agreement’) binds Employer and Employee
       to arbitrate claims covered by this Agreement. The Effective Date of this
       Agreement is for employees currently employed by Employer, three (3) business
       days following the notice date of the Plan (through receipt of the Summary Plan
       Description) (‘Notice Date’). The Notice Date is August 8, 2008. If an Employee
       is hired after the Notice Date, the Employee shall be provided a copy of the
       Summary Plan Description and this Agreement and will be bound by this
       Agreement and covered by the Plan.

                                     I. ARBITRATION

                                             -2-
                (This is our agreement to binding arbitration.)

The Employer and Employee each agree to binding arbitration of all claims and
disputes described hereafter, whether these claims and disputes exist now or arise
in the future. All claims subject to arbitration must be submitted to arbitration
within one year of the date of the incident giving rise to the claim or is forever
barred. The claims, disputes and allegations subject to binding arbitration under
this Agreement include my claims involving Employer, as well as Employer’s
claims against me, for:

       1. Employer’s negligence, gross negligence, strict liability, intentional act,
       omission or any other claim or cause of action with respect to any
       employment-related death, injuries, trauma or illness;

       2. tort claims (including, but not limited to, any claims for bodily injury or
       physical, mental or psychological injury) for injuries, trauma or illness I
       may sustain in the course and scope of my employment;

       3. claims for wrongful termination, demotion, or discharge under statutory
       of common law, including retaliatory discharge claims related to
       workplace injuries, illnesses or trauma;

       4. claims for a violation of any federal, state or other government law,
       statute, regulation or ordinance relating directly or indirectly to my
       workplace injury, illness or trauma; and

       5. any and all claims challenging the validity or enforceability of this
       Agreement (in whole or in part) or challenging the applicability of this
       Agreement to a particular dispute or claim.

The appeal of a full or partial denial of benefits under the Plan is not covered by
this Agreement.

BY ARBITRATING THESE CLAIMS, EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYEE
UNDERSTAND THAT FOR EACH PARTY ANY CAUSE OF ACTION
DESCRIBED IN THIS AGREEMENT WILL BE SUBJECT TO
RESOLUTION   IN  ARBITRATION    ACCORDING  TO  THE
PROCEDURES PROVIDED IN THIS AGREEMENT.

                    II. ARBITRATION PROCEDURES
                (This is how the arbitration will be conducted)

                                  .       .       .

                                      III. TERM

                                        -3-
       Employer may modify or terminate this Agreement at any time. Any such change
       shall be prospective only. No change, amendment, modification or termination
       shall affect the obligation of both parties to arbitrate, whether the request for
       arbitration was before or after any modification, amendment, or termination of
       this Agreement. The Agreement in place at the time of the occurrence of the
       arbitration event shall govern.

                                       THE MISNOMER

       The agreement binds the “Employer,” listed as IHS Acquisition No. 174 as an affiliate of

Lyric Health Care Holdings, III, Inc. But Beatty was employed by IHS Acquisition No. 171,

filed her complaint against IHS Acquisition No. 171, and ultimately sued IHS Acquisition No.

171. While Appellants maintain the contract contains a simple scrivener’s error, Beatty counters

that because IHS does not claim to be the same entity as IHS Acquisition No. 174 and does not

claim to be an alter ego of IHS Acquisition No. 174, IHS is not a party to the arbitration policy

and cannot enforce it.

                                  STANDARD OF REVIEW

       The parties do not dispute that the FAA applies to this proceeding. See 9 U.S.C.A. §§ 1-

16 (West 2009). Section 51.016 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code permits the

interlocutory appeal of an order denying a motion to compel arbitration under the Federal

Arbitration Act. TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. § 51.016 (West Supp. 2011). A trial

court’s determination regarding the validity of an agreement to arbitrate is a question of law

which we review de novo. J.M. Davidson, Inc. v. Webster, 128 S.W.3d 223, 227 (Tex. 2003). A

trial court abuses its discretion when it refuses to compel arbitration pursuant to a valid and

enforceable arbitration agreement. In re Halliburton Co., 80 S.W.3d 566, 573 (Tex. 2002)(orig.

proceeding).

       A party seeking to compel arbitration must first satisfy a two-pronged burden of proof:

first, it must demonstrate the existence of a valid agreement to arbitrate the dispute, and second,

                                               -4-
it must prove that the claims asserted are within the scope of the agreement. In re Dillard Dept.

Stores, Inc., 186 S.W.3d 514, 515 (Tex. 2006); In re AdvancePCS Health L.P., 172 S.W.3d 603,

605 (Tex. 2005)(orig. proceeding); Budd v. Max International LLC, 339 S.W.3d 915, 918

(Tex.App.--Dallas 2011, no pet.). If the party seeking arbitration carries its initial burden, then

the burden shifts to the party opposite to present evidence of an affirmative defense. Id.

       While a strong presumption favoring arbitration exists, the presumption arises only after

the party seeking to compel arbitration proves that a valid arbitration agreement exists. J.M.

Davidson, Inc., 128 S.W.3d at 227. In deciding whether a party has met its initial burden, we do

not resolve doubts or indulge a presumption in favor of arbitration. Id. Rather, the party

attempting to compel arbitration must show that the arbitration agreement meets all requisite

contract requirements. Id. at 228. If the trial court determines that a valid agreement exists, the

burden shifts to the party opposing arbitration to raise an affirmative defense to enforcement of

the arbitration agreement. Id. at 227-28.

                                      APPLICABLE LAW

                               The Federal Arbitration Act (FAA)

       The FAA provides, in relevant part:

       A written provision in . . . a contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce
       to settle by arbitration a controversy thereafter arising out of such contract . . .
       shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at
       law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.

See 9 U.S.C. § 2 (West 2009); Rent-A-Center West, Inc. v. Jackson, --- U.S.---, 130 S. Ct. 2772,

2776, 177 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2010), quoting Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Constr.

Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24, 103 S. Ct. 927, 74 L. Ed. 2d 765 (1983). The above provision has been

described as reflecting both a “liberal federal policy favoring arbitration,” and the “fundamental

principle that arbitration is a matter of contract.” See AT&T Mobility LLC v. Conception, ---

                                               -5-
U.S. ---, 131 S. Ct. 1740, 1745, 179 L. Ed. 2d 742 (2011) citing Moses H. Cone Memorial

Hospital, 460 U.S. at 24, 103 S.Ct. at 927 and Rent-A-Center, --- U.S. at ---, 130 S. Ct. at 2776.

“The FAA thereby places arbitration agreements on an equal footing with other contracts, and

requires courts to enforce them according to their terms.” Rent-A-Center, --- U.S. ---, 130 S. Ct.
2776 (internal citations omitted); citing Buckeye Check Cashing, Inc. v. Cardegna, 546 U.S. 440,

443, 126 S. Ct. 1204, 163 L. Ed. 2d 1038 (2006) and Volt Information Sciences, Inc. v. Board of

Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior Univ., 489 U.S. 468, 478, 109 S. Ct. 1248, 103 L. Ed. 2d 488

(1989).

          An agreement to arbitrate is a contract, the relation of the parties is contractual, and the

rights and liabilities of the parties are controlled by the law of contracts. As such, a party cannot

be required to submit to arbitration any dispute which she has not agreed to submit. See AT&T

Mobility LLC, 131 S. Ct. at 1740 (arbitration is a creature of contract; a person can be compelled

to arbitrate a dispute only if, to the extent that, and in the manner which, he has agreed so to do).

Because arbitration is based on a contractual relationship, a party who has not consented cannot

not be forced to arbitrate a dispute. Since arbitration is generally a matter of contract, the FAA

requires courts to honor parties’ expectations. 9 U.S.C.A. § 1 et seq.; AT&T Mobility LLC, 131
S. Ct. at 1740.

                                Texas Law - Formation of Contracts

          When determining the validity of arbitration agreements that are subject to the FAA, we

apply ordinary state law contract principles that govern the formation of contracts. In re Palm

Harbor Homes, Inc., 195 S.W.3d 672, 676 (Tex. 2006), citing First Options of Chicago, Inc. v.

Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 944, 115 S. Ct. 1920, 131 L. Ed. 2d 985 (1995); In re Kellogg Brown &

Root, Inc., 166 S.W.3d 732, 738 (Tex. 2005). The party attempting to compel arbitration must

                                                  -6-
show that the arbitration agreement meets all requisite contract elements. J.M. Davidson, Inc.,
128 S.W.3d at 228. The following elements are required for the formation of a valid and binding

contract: (1) an offer; (2) acceptance in strict compliance with the terms of the offer; (3) a

meeting of the minds; (4) each party’s consent to the term; and (5) execution and delivery of the

contract with the intent that it be mutual and binding. Cessna Aircraft Co. v. Aircraft Network,

L.L.C., 213 S.W.3d 455, 465 (Tex.App.--Dallas 2006, pet. denied). Like other contracts, an

agreement to arbitrate must be supported by consideration. In re Palm Harbor Homes, Inc., 195
S.W.3d at 676; In re AdvancePCS Health L.P., 172 S.W.3d 603, 607 (Tex. 2005)(per curiam).

                              Mutual Promises and Consideration

       Mutual, reciprocal promises which bind both parties may constitute consideration for a

contract. Texas Custom Pools, Inc. v. Clayton, 293 S.W.3d 299, 309 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2009,

no pet.). In the case of a stand-alone arbitration agreement, both sides are required to enter into

binding promises to arbitrate. In re AdvancePCS, 172 S.W.3d at 607; see also In re 24R, Inc.,

324 S.W.3d 564, 566 (Tex. 2010)(mutual promises to submit a dispute to arbitration are

sufficient consideration to support an arbitration agreement); see also In re Halliburton Co., 80
S.W.3d at 569-70 and J.M. Davidson, Inc., 128 S.W.3d at 228 (cases noting that when mutual

promises to submit employment disputes to arbitration bind both parties to their promises to

arbitrate, sufficient consideration exists to support an arbitration agreement between the

employer and the at-will employee).

                                               -7-
                                        Illusory Promises

       A promise which does not bind the promisor, as when the promisor retains the option to

discontinue performance, is illusory. In re 24R, Inc., 324 S.W.3d 564, 567 (Tex. 2010), citing

Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844, 849 (Tex. 2009); see

also J.M. Davidson, Inc., 128 S.W.3d at 228; Light v. Centel Cellular Co., 883 S.W.2d 642, 645

(Tex. 1994)(employer’s promises were illusory because they were dependent upon at-will

employee’s period of continued employment; thus, employer could avoid performance by

terminating at-will employee’s employment while the employee was bound to her promise

whether or not she remained employed). Consequently, when a purported bilateral contract is

supported only by illusory promises, there is no contract. In re 24R, Inc., 324 S.W.3d at 567,

citing Vanegas v. American Energy Services, 302 S.W.3d 299, 302 (Tex. 2009), quoting Light,
883 S.W.2d at 644-45.

       However, where an employer cannot avoid its promise to arbitrate by amending a

termination provision or terminating it altogether, the dispute resolution plan is not illusory. See

J.M. Davidson, Inc., 128 S.W.3d at 228; In re Polymerica, LLC, 296 S.W.3d 74, 76 (Tex. 2009);

see also In re Halliburton Co., 80 S.W.3d at 569-70 (when mutual promises to submit

employment disputes to arbitration bind both parties to their promises to arbitrate, sufficient

consideration exists to support an arbitration agreement between the employer and the at-will

employee).

                                           ANALYSIS

       Appellants bring two issues for review. In Issue One, they complain that the trial court

erred in denying the motion to compel because pursuant to the contractual language, the

arbitrator, not the trial court, should decide gateway issues of validity, enforceability, and

                                               -8-
arbitrability. Alternatively, in Issue Two, Appellants suggest that even if the trial court had the

authority to decide arbitrability, it abused its discretion in denying the motion to compel. The

crux of the dispute is the misnomer. Appellants argue that this clerical error is itself a gateway

issue and therefore must be arbitrated under the express terms of the Agreement. In contrast,

Beatty focuses on two arguments:        (1) a court should decide whether the Agreement is

enforceable, not an arbitrator; and (2) no agreement exists between the parties because IHS is not

the “Employer” referenced in the Agreement.

                                      Court Or Arbitrator?

       When a dispute involving an agreement to arbitrate is brought to a court for resolution, it

is the court’s obligation to determine whether the parties agreed to submit a particular issue to

arbitration. See United Steelworkers of America v. American Mfg. Co., 363 U.S. 564, 80 S. Ct.
1343, 4 L. Ed. 2d 1403 (1960); Del E. Webb Const. v. Richardson Hosp. Authority, 823 F.2d 145

(5th Cir. 1987). An arbitration provision may give the arbitrator the power to resolve gateway

issues regarding validity and enforceability of the arbitration agreement. In that event, the entire

matter of arbitrability is transferred from the courts to the arbitrator. Unless the agreement

clearly demonstrates that the parties intended to confer on the arbitrator the power to determine

what disputes are arbitrable, the court retains the duty to decide that issue.          Arbitration

agreements that clearly and unmistakably show intent to assign gateway issues to the arbitrator

are fully enforceable. See Rent-A-Center, -- U.S.--, 130 S. Ct. at 2777; First Options of Chicago,

Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 943, 115 S. Ct. 1920, 131 L. Ed. 2d 985 (1985)(holding question of

primary power to decide arbitrability “turns upon what the parties agreed about that matter”);

AT&T Technologies, Inc. v. Communications Workers, 475 U.S. 643, 649, 106 S. Ct. 1415, 1418,

89 L. Ed. 2d 648 (1986)(holding parties may agree to arbitrate arbitrability). Accordingly, under

                                               -9-
First Options, gateway questions which are normally decided by a court will be submitted to an

arbitrator where the agreement was clear and unmistakable. See First Options, 514 U.S. at 943;

AT&T Technologies, Inc., 475 U.S. at 649, 106 S.Ct. at 1418.

        Here, the Agreement provided that “any and all claims challenging the validity or

enforceability of this Agreement . . .” are subject to arbitration. It thus clearly and unmistakably

provided for issues of validity and enforceability to go to the arbitrator. Beatty argues that

whether the contract is supported by adequate consideration is not an issue of validity or

enforceability but rather an issue of formation for the court to decide. We disagree. The

Agreement bears Beatty’s signature evidencing her assent to its terms and clearly provides for an

arbitrator to decide all issues of arbitrability.

        In Rent-A-Center, the Supreme Court clarified how courts must treat challenges to an

arbitration agreement’s delegation provision. See Rent-A-Center --- U.S. ----, 130 S. Ct. 2772.

        The Arbitrator, and not any federal, state, or local court or agency, shall have
        exclusive authority to resolve any dispute relating to interpretation, applicability,
        enforceability or formation of this Agreement including, but not limited to any
        claim that all or any part of this Agreement is void or voidable.

Id. at 2775-76. According to the Supreme Court, the analysis in situations challenging a stand-

alone arbitration agreement containing a delegation provision depends on the kind of challenge

being made. Id. If the challenge relates to the arbitration agreement as a whole, and the

agreement contains a provision delegating issues of arbitrability to the arbitrator, then the

challenge must be directed to arbitration.          Id.      If the challenge is specific to the issue of

delegation, however, then the court must resolve the challenge. Id.

        The Agreement presented clearly and unmistakably provides that issues of validity and

enforceability go to the arbitrator. Beatty signed the Agreement, manifesting her intent that

gateway issues be arbitrated. Additionally, Beatty challenges the entire arbitration agreement

                                                    - 10 -
based on the assertion that the term provision renders the Agreement illusory. Under Rent-A-

Center, because there is a specific delegation provision, and Beatty challenges the Agreement as

a whole, rather than the specific delegation provision, the issue goes to the arbitrator. Therefore,

the determination of whether the agreement is illusory is for the arbitrator and not the court.

                                     Effect of the Misnomer

       We have already highlighted the misnomer in the Agreement. Beatty was employed by

IHS Acquisition No. 171 d/b/a Mesa Hills Specialty Hospital but the Agreement defines

“Employer” to mean “IHS Acquisition No. 174. Beatty argues that the Appellants failed to

demonstrate the existence of an arbitration agreement between the parties. A misnomer does not

render an arbitration agreement unenforceable. See Fogal v. Stature Construction, Inc., 294
S.W.3d 708, 716 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied). In Fogal, the arbitration

clause was signed by the Fogals and Tremont Homes, and the entity named Stature Construction

appeared at first to be a non-signatory to the arbitration agreement. Fogal, 294 S.W.3d at 717.

However, evidence was produced showing that Stature Construction was doing business as

“Tremont Custom Homes” (which was the entity that should have been listed on the earnest-

money contract that referred to Tremont Homes). Id. Moreover, evidence showed that the deed

for the house purchased by the Fogals reflected that Stature was the seller referred to in the

earnest-money contract. Id. The Fogals did not dispute that Stature was the seller or that Stature

was doing business as Tremont Custom Homes. Instead, the Fogals built their non-arbitration

argument on the technical error mentioning “Tremont Homes” rather than “Tremont Custom

Homes,” and claimed that since there was not an assumed name certificate filed with the Texas

Secretary of State, Stature could not enforce the arbitration agreement. Id. The Houston Court

noted that:

                                               - 11 -
       Because arbitration is contractual in nature, the FAA generally ‘does not require
       parties to arbitrate when they have not agreed to do so.’ Federal and Texas state
       courts have recognized, however, that “ ‘[i]t does not follow . . . that under the
       [FAA] an obligation to arbitrate attaches only to one who has personally signed
       the written arbitration provision’; instead, under certain circumstances, principles
       of contract law and agency may bind a non-signatory to an arbitration
       agreement.”

Id., citing Kellogg Brown & Root, 166 S.W.3d at 738. Although that case dealt with whether or

not an assumed named certificate was required, the Houston Court of Appeals ultimately held

that Stature could enforce the arbitration agreement, despite the technical deficiencies. Id. at

717-18.

       In construing an arbitration agreement, the court should attempt to give effect to the

parties’ intentions, in light of the usual and ordinary meaning of the contractual language and the

circumstances under which the agreement was made. See In re Kaplan Higher Educ. Corp., 235
S.W.3d 206, 210 (Tex. 2007)(“Arbitration agreements are enforced according to their terms and

according to the intentions of the parties.”)(internal quotations and citations omitted). Here, the

Agreement clearly evidences an intent for the “Employer” and “Employee” to mutually arbitrate

a specific and detailed list of disputes. The parties’ intent is ascertained by looking to the plain

language of the agreement.       Appellants not only presented the signed Agreement, it is

undisputed that Beatty was employed by IHS 171 at the time the Agreement was signed. Beatty

did not present evidence that she did not intend to enter into an Agreement with her Employer or

that she was not employed by IHS 171 at the time she signed the Agreement. Nor does Beatty

present any evidence that she ever worked for IHS 174.

       To meet their burden, Appellants must demonstrate the existence of a valid agreement to

arbitrate the claimed disputes. Although not always expressly stated, part of this requirement is

that the Agreement be between the parties. Even though the Agreement provides that issues of

                                               - 12 -
validity and enforceability must go to an arbitrator, Appellants still bear the burden of producing

some evidence that they were either a party to the Agreement or otherwise had rights to enforce

it.   They presented an Agreement which is clearly between an Employer and Employee.

Although the Agreement defines the Employer as IHS Acquisition 174, Appellants also

produced evidence that at the time the Agreement was signed, Beatty was employed by IHS

Acquisitions 171 and that Beatty had never been employed by IHS 174.

                                        Affirmative Defense

        If the party seeking arbitration carries its initial burden, then the burden shifts to the party

opposing arbitration to present evidence on an affirmative defense to the arbitration agreement.

J.M. Davidson, Inc., 128 S.W.3d at 227.           In the context of enforcement of an arbitration

agreement, defenses refer to unconscionability, duress, fraudulent inducement, and revocation.

In re FirstMerit Bank, N.A., 52 S.W.3d 749, 756 (Tex. 2001).                Because the law favors

arbitration, the burden of proving a defense to arbitration is on the party opposing it. See J.M.

Davidson, Inc., 128 S.W.3d at 227.

        Beatty has not offered evidence as to any of the applicable affirmative defenses. Her

only claims related to issues of arbitrability which we have already determined must be presented

to the arbitrator. We conclude that the trial court erred in refusing to compel arbitration. We

sustain both issues for review and reverse and remand for orders compelling arbitration.

May 9, 2012                             ________________________________________________
                                        ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Chief Justice

Before McClure, C.J., Rivera, and Antcliff, JJ.

                                                 - 13 -