Court Opinion

ID: 9843787
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-24 02:43:21.07791+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:16:55.379521
License: Public Domain

VANDE WALLE, Chief Justice.
[¶ 1] Alexander Vantreece appealed from a criminal judgment entered upon a jury verdict finding him guilty of gross sexual imposition under N.D.C.C. § 12.1-20 — 03(l)(a). We hold there is not substantial evidence upon which a jury could reasonably find Vantreece compelled the complainant to submit to a sexual act by force, and we reverse the criminal judgment and remand for entry of judgment of acquittal.
I
[¶ 2] The charges against Vantreece stem from an incident which occurred at the Fargo apartment of Zelandra Van-treece, the defendant’s ex-spouse. Their young son lives in the apartment with Zel-andra. The complainant, Zelandra’s sister-in-law, was visiting her. At the time of the incident, the complainant was 27 years old, married, and the mother of two young children, including a 17-month-old infant who accompanied her on this visit.
[¶ 3] On the morning of August 15, 2005, Zelandra, knowing the complainant had not had much sleep the previous night because she was tending to her infant child, took her son and the complainant’s baby with her to run errands so the complainant could rest. After Zelandra left *430with the children, the complainant went into the son’s room and lay down on a foldout bed. The complainant was having “trouble falling asleep” when Vantreece came into the room. He and the complainant knew each other. The complainant testified that, just as she had on prior occasions, she let Vantreece try to put her to sleep “[b]y laying down beside me and rocking me.” After rocking her, Van-treece left the room for a few minutes and then returned. Although the complainant had not fallen asleep, she pretended to be asleep. Vantreece again lay down beside her. The complainant was lying on her side facing one direction and Vantreece was lying behind her, facing the same direction. The complainant testified:
Q (Mr. Boening continuing) After he came back into the room, what happened?
A He cut a hole in the pajamas that I was wearing.
Q Okay. Do you remember how you were dressed when you were trying to sleep?
A Yeah. Plaid pants with a pink shirt, I believe.
Q Do you remember how he made the hole in your pants?
A No, I couldn’t see. I was pretending to be asleep.
The complainant did not say anything to the defendant. She testified that Van-treece tried to insert his penis into her vagina but was unable to do so. He then left the room again and returned a few minutes later. She continued to pretend she was asleep. When he returned to the room the second time, he again lay on the bed with her, and he pulled her pants “down a little.” She testified he again tried to penetrate her but was not successful. He then left the room a third time. When he came back a “few seconds later,” he again lay down by her. The complainant testified Vantreece was then successful in penetrating her vagina with his penis which “seemed like it was lubricated.” She testified Vantreece used tissues to wipe her off, pulled her pants back up, and left the room.
[¶ 4] The complainant continued to pretend she was asleep and did not leave the room “for a few minutes afterwards” so the defendant “wouldn’t know that I was awake.” After 15 minutes or so, she went outside to have a cigarette, where she was joined by Vantreece. While they were smoking, Vantreece told her that Zelandra wanted her to take a shower before Zelan-dra returned home. The complainant testified that she then “went in and washed my hair,” but she did not wash any other part of her body, so that she would not “wash away all the evidence.” Wihen Zel-andra returned, the complainant told her what had happened. Zelandra then drove her to a hospital, where she was examined and an emergency room nurse “took a number of swabs” to gather DNA and other evidence.
[¶ 5] After an investigation was conducted by the Fargo Police Department, Vantreece was initially charged with committing gross sexual imposition in violation of N.D.C.C. § 12.1-20-03(l)(e), a class A felony, for engaging in a sexual act with a person who suffers from a mental disease or defect rendering her incapable of understanding the nature of her conduct. The information was later amended to charge Vantreece under N.D.C.C. § 12.1-20-03(l)(a):
[T]he above-named defendant engaged in a sexual act with another, or caused another to engage in a sexual act, when the defendant compelled the victim to submit by force, namely, physical action, to-wit.... The defendant ... ripped open a hole in the crotch of [the complainant’s] pants ... tried to put his *431penis in her vagina, pulled off her pants, touched her vaginal area and then engaged in a sex act with [the complainant].
[¶ 6] Vantreece was tried by jury, which returned a verdict of guilty. A criminal judgment was entered convicting Vantreece of “class A” felony gross sexual imposition. The court sentenced Van-treece to incarceration for 17 years, to serve a period of imprisonment of 12 years and the balance of five years suspended for a period of five years, commencing after the period of incarceration.
[¶ 7] A charge under N.D.C.C. § 12.1-20-03(l)(a) is designated a class AA felony, under N.D.C.C. § 12.1-20-03(3)(a). It appears the prosecutor improperly designated the charge as a class A felony instead of a class AA felony. However, in view of our reversal of the conviction, this mistake is without consequence.
II
[¶ 8] On appeal, Vantreece has designated a single issue:
Whether the evidence supports the criminal judgment and commitment for gross sexual imposition based upon the use of force when there was no force used.
However, in his appellate brief, Vantreece argues the sufficiency of the evidence issue “is bound up with prosecutorial overreaching,” because the prosecutor “made repeated suggestions that the alleged victim’s mental disease or defect was the key element of its proof.”
[¶ 9] During opening statements, the prosecutor asserted “defendant took advantage of a ... developmental^ disabled person.” Vantreece’s defense attorney at the trial responded in his opening statement that “I do believe that the testimony [is] going to show that [the complainant] has a developmental disability.” During closing argument the prosecutor told the jury:
This is a crime of opportunity. Alexander Vantreece knew that [the complainant] was a vulnerable adult. He knew he could take advantage of her, and he did just that. [The complainant] is a woman. She has a woman’s body. However, she does not have a woman’s ability to protect herself. She does not have the mind of an adult woman. Hers comes from her experience and her disability.
[¶ 10] In State v. Evans, 1999 ND 70, ¶ 11, 593 N.W.2d 336, this Court explained the standard upon which we review an issue of improper argument by a prosecutor:
“The control of closing arguments is largely within the discretion of the trial court, and we will not reverse on the ground that a prosecutor exceeded the scope of permissible closing argument unless a clear abuse of the trial court’s discretion is shown.” State v. Ash, 526 N.W.2d 473, 481 (N.D.1995). To establish a trial court abused its discretion with regard to a prosecutor’s argument, a defendant must establish the argument was improper and prejudicial. State v. Schimmel, 409 N.W.2d 335, 342 (N.D.1987). “To be prejudicial, absent a fundamental error, improper closing argument by the state’s attorney must have stepped beyond the bounds of any fair and reasonable criticism of the evidence, or any fair and reasonable argument based upon any theory of the case that has support in the evidence.” Id. “A state’s attorney’s statements of fact to the jury which are not warranted by the evidence are improper and such statements are presumed to be prejudicial unless harmless in themselves.” *432State v. Mehralian, 301 N.W.2d 409, 418 (N.D.1981).
[¶ 11] The record in this case contains evidence that the defendant was aware the complainant had mental limitations. Jim LeDoux, a detective with the Fargo Police Department, testified that Vantreece told officers he knew the complainant is a vulnerable adult and that she has the education of an eighth grader. However, Van-treece asserts the prosecutor’s argument relating to the complainant’s mental capabilities is prejudicial and irrelevant, because he was not charged under N.D.C.C. § 12.1-20-03(l)(e), for engaging in a sexual act with a person who suffers from a mental disease or defect, but under N.D.C.C. § 12.1 — 20—03(l)(a), for engaging in a sex act by force. Vantreece correctly asserts that the prosecutor had the burden to prove the victim was compelled to submit by force. However, his argument fails to recognize that a complainant’s mental capacity is relevant in a charge of having sex by force to the question of the extent of force required to compel the victim to submit. See People v. Kline, 197 Mich.App. 165, 494 N.W.2d 756, 758 (1992) (evidence of a complainant’s mental capacity relevant to show complainant may have had a diminished capacity to consent and to show that such diminished capacity may have made her more susceptible to the defendant’s coercion); Barnett v. State, 820 S.W.2d 240, 242 (Tex.Ct.App.1991) (a victim’s diminished mental capacity, along with all other evidence, can be considered by the jury in determining sufficiency of the evidence on the issue of physical force and consent); State v. Hawkins, 778 S.W.2d 780, 782 (Mo.Ct.App.1989) (evidence of complainant’s mental capacity is relevant to show whether she consented to sex with defendant charged with forcible rape).
[¶ 12] We conclude the prosecutor’s argument in this case was neither improper nor prejudicial. Statements relating to the complainant’s diminished mental capacity were supported by record evidence. That evidence was relevant to the issue of the amount of force which was required by the defendant to compel this victim to submit to engaging in a sexual act with him.
Ill
[¶ 13] The primary issue raised by Vantreece on appeal is whether there is sufficient evidence of force to convict him of the charge brought against him. The prosecution charged that Vantreece compelled the complainant to submit by force to engage in a sexual act with him in violation of N.D.C.C. § 12.1-20-03(l)(a) which provides:
1. A person who engages in a sexual act with another, or who causes another to engage in a sexual act, is guilty of an offense if:
a. That person compels the victim to submit by force or by threat of imminent death, serious bodily injury, or kidnaping, to be inflicted on any human being.
The information charged that Vantreece “ripped open a hole in the crotch of [the complainant’s] pants ... tried to put his penis in her vagina, pulled off her pants, touched her vaginal area and then engaged in a sex act” with her.
[¶ 14] In reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence challenge, we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether a rational trier of fact could have found that the essential elements of the crime were established beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Keller, 2005 ND 86, ¶ 50, 695 N.W.2d 703. A reversal is warranted only if, after viewing the evidence and all reasonable eviden-*433tiary inferences in the light most favorable to the verdict, no rational factfinder could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. We do not weigh conflicting evidence nor do we judge the credibility of witnesses; instead, we look only to the evidence most favorable to the verdict and the reasonable inferences therefrom to see if there is substantial evidence to warrant a conviction. State v. Manke, 328 N.W.2d 799, 805 (N.D.1982).
[¶ 15] The trial court instructed the jury on the elements of the offense:
The State’s burden of proof is satisfied only if the evidence shows, beyond a reasonable doubt, the following essential elements:
1) That on or about the 15th day of August, 2005, in Cass County, North Dakota, the Defendant, Alexander Van-treece, willfully engaged in a sexual act with [the complainant]; and
2) The Defendant did so by willfully compelling [the complainant] to submit by force.
The prosecution had the burden to introduce substantial evidence for the jury to find the use of force by the defendant sufficient to overcome resistance. State v. Joern, 249 N.W.2d 921, 922 (N.D.1977). The use of the word “compels” under the statute negates consent, as does the requirement that the use of force must be found by the jury. Id. at 922-23.
[¶ 16] As we have previously stated, our criminal code is modeled on the proposed Federal Criminal Code, which relies heavily on the Model Penal Code. See State v. Brown, 420 N.W.2d 5, 6 (N.D.1988). The commentary by the drafters of the Model Penal Code § 207.4(l)(a) (Tentative Draft No. 4 1953), which contains language substantively identical to the crime charged in this case, is instructive. That commentary states:
The situations covered by paragraph (a) of subsection (1) are the classic rape cases, where the woman is overpowered by violence or the threat of it. Sometimes, in order to make it perfectly clear that a token initial resistance is not enough, existing law specifies that the woman must resist “to the utmost.” We believe that the text requirement that she be “compelled to submit” is adequate for this purpose.
Id. at 246.
[¶ 17] The commentary to the final draft of the Model Penal Code § 213.1(l)(a) (1962), which section also contains substantively identical language to the criminal statute under which Van-treece was charged, is also instructive regarding the proof required to convict:
The primary problem in determining how the elements of rape should be stated concerns the method by which the imposition by the male or the lack of consent by the female should be described .... There is considerable difficulty, however, in determining how the elements of force or threat should be defined. As has been stated elsewhere, rape “is the only form of violent criminal assault in which the physical act accomplished by the offender ... is an act which may, under other circumstances, be desirable to the victim.” This unique feature of the offense necessitates the drawing of a line between forcible rape on the one hand and reluctant submission on the other, between true aggression and desired intimacy....
As will be elaborated below, the effort in Subsection (l)(a) is to meet these difficulties in the most serious form of rape by focusing upon objective manifestations of aggression by the actor. Accordingly, the offense is defined to occur when the actor “compels” the victim “to *434submit by force or by threat” of certain specified serious harms....
With respect to grading, the Model Code is drafted on the premise that three major factors should control: the culpability and dangerousness manifested by the actor; the presence or absence of factors objectively verifying these conditions in the actor; and the degree of harm inflicted upon the victim. ...
Subsection (l)(a) of Section 213.1 punishes forcible rape. The definition of the offense is stated not in terms of the victim’s lack of consent but of the actor’s use of force that “compels her to submit” to intercourse....
As a practical matter, juries may require resistance to show that the male compelled her to submit, but there is little reason to encase this generalization in a rule of law. Where the proof establishes that the actor did compel submission to intercourse by force, the failure of a weak or fearful victim to display “utmost” or even “earnest” resistence should not be exculpatory.
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By focusing upon the actor who “compels” the victim “to submit to force” and by omitting express language of consent and resistance, the Model Code casts away encrusted precedents and strikes a fresh approach. This is not to say that consent by the victim is irrelevant or that inquiry into the level of resistence by the victim cannot or should not be made. Compulsion plainly implies non-consent, just as resistance is evidence of non-consent. By the same token, the lack of resistance on a particular occasion will not preclude a conviction of rape if the jury can be convinced by the context and the degree of force employed by the actor that the submission was by compulsion.
Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Part II, § 213.1 cmt. at 279-280, 304-307.
[¶ 18] As the commentary clarifies, the crimes to which this statutory language applies are “classic rape cases” wherein a woman is overpowered by violence or threat of violence. The serious nature of these criminal acts is underscored by the legislature classifying them as class AA felonies, carrying a potential sentence of life imprisonment without parole. N.D.C.C. §§ 12.1-20-03(3)(a) and 12.1-32-01(1). Our legislature has defined force to mean “physical action.” N.D.C.C. § 12.1-01-04(11). It is the force or physical action by the defendant which must “compel” the victim to “submit” to a sex act for a crime to be committed under N.D.C.C. § 12.1-20-03(l)(a).
[¶ 19] The complainant in this case testified about her past experience and its effect on her psyche. She was sexually molested by a stepfather at age 14 or 15. At age 18 she quit school and lived with friends of her mother for four years. She testified that during this period she was sexually molested by “the lady’s husband” on a “daily basis.” She testified that she would pretend to be asleep so this man would not have sex with her. She said that on “numerous occasions” she would try to tell him no, and the last time she said “no” he “picked me up by the throat and threw me on a bed and told me, ‘don’t ever tell me that again or you’ll regret it.’ ” After living four years with that family, she left one day on her own and went to the Salvation Army. She moved to Texas and had her first child with a man she met there. She later met her current husband, with whom she had her second child.
[¶ 20] The complainant was acquainted with the defendant. She testified that on prior occasions “[h]e tried to put me to sleep ... [b]y laying down beside me and rocking me.” She consented to have the *435defendant lay beside her and rock her in his arms on August 15, 2005. He then left the room, and when he returned he lay down beside her and tore a small hole in the crotch of her pants to have intercourse with her.
[¶ 21] The complainant testified that when Vantreece attempted to have sex with her she pretended to be asleep because “[i]t was much safer that way.” She testified that she never asked him to stop and she did not attempt to resist or flee from the situation. On cross-examination she further testified:
Q Now, at any point did Alex hold you down and make you—
A No.
Q —do this with him?
A No. ‘Cause he didn’t need to. I was sleeping. Or he thought I was—
Q Or pretending to be asleep?
A Yeah. So he didn’t need to hold me down.
Q He never forced you to — to lay there?
A No. I chose to lay there because I was scared to say anything.
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Q He didn’t threaten you in any way? Like you mentioned that A1 had threatened you the one time. Alex never did threaten you this day, did he?
A No. I was sleeping. He couldn’t have threatened me. He didn’t know I was awake, so he didn’t say nothing.
Q He didn’t hold your hands back, anything like that?
A No. I was sleeping.
Q Well, you were pretending to be sleeping?
A Yeah.
To convict, the State had to show Van-treece exerted force upon the complainant which compelled her to submit to having sex with him. In the absence of force or threats of death or serious bodily injury, there was no crime under N.D.C.C. § 12.1 — 20—03(l)(a). It was not sufficient to prove Vantreece committed this crime with evidence that the complainant acquiesced in a sexual act with him because she “learned from the past” to acquiesce in sexual advances without protest or resistance of any kind.
[¶ 22] The record evidence in the ease is entirely devoid of any showing that Vantreece exerted physical action or force against the complainant which compelled her to submit to having sex with him. After Vantreece opened a hole in her pajama, he left the room twice before he eventually had sex with her. Evidence of the tearing of the pajama is not adequate under these circumstances to demonstrate force sufficient to compel the complainant to submit to having sex with the defendant.
[¶ 28] In a case with factual similarities, the Texas Court of Appeals in Jiminez v. State, 727 S.W.2d 789, 792 (Tex.Ct.App.1987), reversed a conviction of sexual assault. The complainant was a 21-year-old university student, who went to the campus in the early morning hours to meet her boyfriend. She did not find him, but she consumed some wine and then fell asleep on the floor in a music building. Her first awareness was of someone in the unlighted room with her who had his hand on her vaginal area outside of her clothing. She eventually recognized that her assailant was a university police officer. She did not protest, but pretended to be asleep. He continued to enter and leave the room several times, and he eventually moved her underwear aside and inserted his finger inside her vagina. He then attempted to have intercourse with her. At that point, she coughed loudly to make him think she was awaking. He immediately *436ran from the room. The alleged attacker was ultimately charged with sexual assault by compelling the complainant to submit by the use of physical force or violence. A jury found him guilty, but the Texas Court of Appeals reversed the conviction, concluding there was insufficient evidence to sustain the verdict:
The undisputed evidence shows that the complainant pretended to be asleep throughout the episode; that there was no communication whatsoever between her and her attacker; and that the attacker fled at the first sign that the complainant was not unconscious or unaware that the assault was occurring. We find no evidence in the record that appellant intentionally or knowingly used or threatened to use force or violence.
We recognize that it is natural and reasonable for one who is involuntarily confronted with distasteful options to select the one that is the least distasteful, and we emphasize that the evidence herein is not insufficient because the victim did not resist. A victim is not required to resist, and it may be wise not to do so.... The fatal defect in this case is not the absence of resistance, but the absence of the threat or use of force or violence.
Id. at 792.
[¶ 24] Similar to the facts in Jiminez, there is no record evidence to show Van-treece used physical force or threats to compel the complainant to submit to having sex with him.
[¶ 25] In another case with factual similarities, the Supreme Court of Michigan in People v. Patterson, 428 Mich. 502, 410 N.W.2d 733, 734 (1987), reversed a sexual assault conviction for insufficient evidence on the elements of force or coercion. The complainant, a 17-year-old high school student, testified that while sleeping at home alone one night she was awakened by the feel of a hand on her genital area outside her underwear. She called out, “[w]ho is it?” No one answered, and she reached up and felt a face “with scratchy hair and stubble on it.” She then rolled over in the bed, turned on the light, and, staring at the man squatting beside her, told him to get out of the house. The defendant immediately turned around and left the room. He was later apprehended and charged with fourth-degree criminal sexual conduct for having sexual contact with the complainant by force or coercion. The jury found the defendant guilty, but the Michigan Supreme Court reversed the conviction:
[T]here was insufficient evidence of the element of force and coercion as required under the fourth-degree criminal sexual conduct statute.... The Legislature specifically required force or coercion to convict a defendant of fourth-degree criminal sexual conduct where the defendant is charged as this defendant was charged in the information. If the Legislature had wanted to make all unconsented-to sexual contact punishable, with or without force, it should have said so....
[W]e decline to expand the definition of force or coercion to include the defendant’s conduct in this case.
In this case, the defendant had accomplished the unconsented-to touching before the complainant woke up. The complainant reached over to turn on the light and the hand left her body.
The Legislature specifically provided under subsection (l)(b) that sexual contact with a person who is physically helpless, i.e., asleep, is a crime.... Therefore, the Legislature intended to treat sexual assaults accomplished by force or coercion separately from as*437saults on physically or mentally incapacitated victims.
If this Court was to interpret defendant’s conduct in this case to be included within the provisions of subsection (l)(a) of the fourth-degree criminal sexual conduct statute, this would render the language of subsection (l)(b) of the statute a nullity.
Id. at 743.
[¶ 26] While the complainant in this case, unlike the complainant in Patterson, was not sleeping, she was pretending to be sleeping. The complainant candidly testified that Vantreece did not utter any threats and did not exert any force to hold her down or to restrain her from moving or fleeing. Her testimony shows that although Vantreece had sex with her, it was accomplished without resort to force or threats to compel her submission.
[¶ 27] The State did not charge Van-treece with class B misdemeanor sexual assault under N.D.C.C. § 12.1-20-07(l)(a), which makes it an offense to have sexual contact with another person when the perpetrator “knows or has reasonable cause to believe that the contact is offensive to the other person.” Nor did the State charge Vantreece under N.D.C.C. § 12.1-20-03.1(a)(c), for engaging in a sexual act with a person when the perpetrator “knows that the victim is unaware that a sexual act is being committed upon him or her.” See Jiminez v. State, 727 S.W.2d 789, 792-93 (Tex.Ct.App.1987). In its discretion, the prosecution charged Vantreece under N.D.C.C. § 12.1-20-03(l)(a). Its burden thereunder was to prove Vantreece by force compelled the complainant to submit to engaging in a sex act with him. While the defendant’s conduct may have been reprehensible and he may have willfully taken advantage of someone he knew was “vulnerable,” there is not substantial evidence upon which a reasonable factfin-der could conclude the complainant was compelled to submit to a sexual act by force or threat.
IV
[¶ 28] We hold there is not substantial evidence upon which the jury could reasonably find that Vantreece compelled the complainant to submit to a sexual act with him in violation of N.D.C.C. § 12.1-20-03(l)(a). We, therefore, reverse the criminal judgment and remand for entry of judgment of acquittal.
[¶ 29] DALE V. SANDSTROM, J., concur.