Court Opinion

ID: 4663566
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-01 08:13:19.954084+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:10:57.865263
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued February 25, 2021

                                       In The

                                Court of Appeals
                                      For The

                           First District of Texas
                              ————————————
                               NO. 01-19-00460-CV
                             ———————————
                  GARELD DUANE ROLLINS, JR., Appellant
                                          V.
  H. PAUL PRESSLER III, NANCY PRESSLER, PAIGE PATTERSON,
  JARED WOODFILL, WOODFILL LAW FIRM F/K/A/ WOODFILL &
   PRESSLER, L.L.P., SOUTHWESTERN BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL
 SEMINARY, AND FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH OF HOUSTON, Appellees

                    On Appeal from the 127th District Court
                            Harris County, Texas
                      Trial Court Case No. 2017-69277C

                                 O P I N I O N

      The trial court granted partial summary judgment in favor of the defendants

on the basis that most of Gareld Duane Rollins, Jr.’s claims are barred by limitations.

The trial court later granted three other summary judgments, which disposed of the
remainder of Rollins’s claims. Rollins now challenges the part of the resulting final

judgment based on limitations. We reverse this part of the judgment, affirm the

remainder, and remand for further proceedings consistent with our opinion.

                                 BACKGROUND

      In 2017, Rollins sued H. Paul Pressler III and several other defendants. Rollins

alleges that Pressler raped him in 1980, when Rollins was 14 years old, and then

repeatedly raped him afterward over the course of the next 24 years or so. Rollins

further alleges that the other defendants helped Pressler cover up his crimes.

      According to Rollins’s suit, Pressler began molesting him after they met at a

Bible study group led by Pressler. Pressler told Rollins that the sexual abuse was

divinely sanctioned but needed to be kept secret because only God would understand

it. Pressler allegedly continued to rape Rollins throughout the latter’s high-school

years. The sexual contact between Rollins and Pressler continued off and on

afterward until sometime in 2003 or 2004, when Rollins was in his thirties.

      Rollins and Pressler had an altercation in a Dallas hotel room in 2003. As a

result of the altercation, Rollins sued Pressler for simple assault. They settled the

lawsuit in 2004. As part of the settlement agreement, Pressler agreed to pay Rollins

$1,500 per month for 25 years, and Rollins agreed to keep the suit and underlying

altercation confidential. Rollins and Pressler have not seen each other since.

                                          2
      Rollins alleges that while he was in prison in 2015, he received psychiatric

counseling that made him realize for the first time that his sexual relationship with

Pressler had been non-consensual and that Pressler had repeatedly raped him for

years. After he was released from prison, Rollins filed this suit in 2017.

      Pressler and the other defendants moved for summary judgment based on

limitations. They argued that Pressler last saw Rollins in 2004 and that Rollins

therefore had to file suit no later than 2009, given the five-year statute of limitations

for sexual assault. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 16.0045(b)(1).

      Rollins opposed summary judgment on two grounds. First, he argued that he

was of unsound mind when his cause of action for sexual assault accrued in 2004

and that limitations thus was tolled until his 2015 breakthrough in psychiatric

counseling, when he first realized the true nature of Pressler’s abuse. See id.

§ 16.001(a)(2), (b). In support, he relied on the opinion of Dr. Harvey A. Rosenstock.

      Rosenstock submitted two affidavits. He began treating Rollins in 2016.

Rollins has a history of drug and alcohol abuse and incarceration. This behavioral

pattern began when he was about 13 years old and continued into adulthood.

      Rosenstock diagnosed Rollins as suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder

resulting from Rollins’s childhood sexual trauma. He opined that this diagnosis led

him to “conclude that as of November 2015, Mr. Rollins was of unsound mind which

rendered him incapable of making diligent inquiry as to the reasons for his repeated

                                           3
intoxication followed by appropriate action.” Rosenstock also opined that “anal

penetration of an innocent child is sufficiently traumatic to cause these

overwhelmingly painful memories to be defensively repressed and dissociated until

a safer time in the name of survival.” Rosenstock concluded that Rollins’s “repeated

intoxication at a severity to result in incarceration is an indicator of a person

chronically suffering from an unsound mind” and that Rollins’s mental condition

“has undoubtedly adversely affected his decision making for years.”

        Second, Rollins argued that the doctrine of fraudulent concealment tolled

limitations.1 Rollins claimed that Pressler had induced him not to file suit sooner by

persuading him that their sexual activities were divinely approved but had to be

concealed from others because no one but God would understand their relationship.

Rollins also claimed that Pressler had induced him not to file suit sooner by buying

his silence with the monthly payments from the 2004 settlement.

1
       Rollins has used multiple labels for his second basis for tolling: fraudulent
    inducement, fraudulent concealment, and equitable estoppel. Despite the use of
    multiple labels, Rollins is asserting a single tolling theory and its correct name is
    fraudulent concealment. See Computer Assocs. Int’l v. Altai, Inc., 918 S.W.2d
    453, 456 (Tex. 1996) (deferral of accrual of cause of action based on fraud or
    concealment resembles equitable estoppel); see also BP Am. Prod. Co. v.
    Marshall, 342 S.W.3d 59, 65–67 (Tex. 2011) (court has recognized two doctrines
    that may extend limitations, discovery rule and fraudulent concealment, latter of
    which is equitable in nature). Fraudulent inducement is a cause of action. See
    Anderson v. Durant, 550 S.W.3d 605, 614 (Tex. 2018).
                                            4
      The trial court granted partial summary judgment in favor of Pressler and the

other defendants based on their limitations defense, which disposed of all but a

handful of Rollins’s claims. The trial court later disposed of his remaining claims in

three other summary-judgment orders. On appeal, Rollins challenges the trial court’s

determination that the majority of his claims are barred by limitations.

                                   DISCUSSION

      Rollins does not dispute that all his claims accrued at the latest in 2004, when

he and Pressler last had contact. Nor does Rollins dispute that the five-year statute

of limitations for sexual assault is the lengthiest applicable limitations period.

Relying on the exception for unsound mind and the doctrine of fraudulent

concealment, however, Rollins argues that the trial court erred in granting summary

judgment to Pressler and the other defendants on the basis of limitations.

                    Standard of Review and Applicable Law

                     Traditional Summary Judgment Standard

      We review a summary judgment de novo. Erikson v. Renda, 590 S.W.3d 557,

563 (Tex. 2019). In a de novo review, we give no deference to the trial court’s ruling.

McFadin v. Broadway Coffeehouse, 539 S.W.3d 278, 282 (Tex. 2018).

      A defendant moving for traditional summary judgment has the burden to show

that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that he is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Ortiz v. State Farm Lloyds,

                                          5
589 S.W.3d 127, 131 (Tex. 2019). The defendant thus must conclusively disprove

at least one element of each of the plaintiff’s claims or conclusively prove each

element of an affirmative defense. Frost Nat’l Bank v. Fernandez, 315 S.W.3d 494,

508 (Tex. 2010). Proof is conclusive if reasonable people could not differ in their

conclusions. Helix Energy Sols. Grp. v. Gold, 522 S.W.3d 427, 431 (Tex. 2017).

      If the defendant carries his burden, then the burden shifts to the plaintiff to

come forward with evidence that raises a genuine issue of material fact precluding

summary judgment. Lujan v. Navistar, Inc., 555 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. 2018). In

deciding whether a disputed issue of material fact precludes summary judgment in

the defendant’s favor, we credit evidence favorable to the plaintiff if a reasonable

factfinder could and disregard contrary evidence unless a reasonable factfinder could

not. Erikson, 590 S.W.3d at 563. We indulge every reasonable inference and resolve

all doubts in the plaintiff’s favor. Lujan, 555 S.W.3d at 84.

                                Statute of Limitations

      Limitations is an affirmative defense. TEX. R. CIV. P. 94. A defendant that

moves for summary judgment based on this defense bears the burden to prove its

elements, including when the plaintiff’s claims accrued. Erikson, 590 S.W.3d at 563.

When, as here, the plaintiff pleads a tolling doctrine as an exception to the defense

of limitations, the defendant likewise must conclusively negate the exception. Id. A

defendant can negate an exception to the defense of limitations in one of two ways.

                                          6
He can conclusively establish that the exception does not apply as a matter of law.

See Schlumberger Tech. Corp. v. Pasko, 544 S.W.3d 830, 834 (Tex. 2018) (per

curiam) (discussing discovery rule). Or, if the exception applies, the defendant can

conclusively show that the evidence disproves the exception. Id.

                                    Unsound Mind

      A person of unsound mind is under a legal disability. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.

CODE § 16.001(a)(2). If a person is of unsound mind when a cause of action accrues,

the time during which he is disabled is not included in the limitations period. Id.

§ 16.001(b). But if he becomes of unsound mind after the cause of action accrues,

then his legal disability does not suspend the running of limitations. Id. § 16.001(d).

      In general, unsound mind means insane or mentally incompetent. Freeman v.

Am. Motorists Ins. Co., 53 S.W.3d 710, 713 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001,

no pet.). But tolling of limitations based on the plaintiff’s unsound mind is not

restricted to those who have been adjudged insane or mentally incompetent. Id.

      To establish an entitlement to tolling of limitations based on unsound mind, a

plaintiff has to either produce specific evidence that shows he did not have the

mental capacity to pursue his suit or submit a fact-based expert opinion to this effect.

Id.; Gribble v. Layton, 389 S.W.3d 882, 894 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012,

pet. denied). A plaintiff lacks the mental capacity to pursue his suit if he is unable to

participate in, control, or understand the progression and disposition of the suit. See

                                           7
Ruiz v. Conoco, Inc., 868 S.W.2d 752, 755 (Tex. 1993). In assessing a plaintiff’s

mental capacity, courts should consider, for example, the degree to which he was

capable of giving information and testifying. See id. at 756.

                                      Analysis

      A. Rollins has not waived his right to assert the applicability of the
         unsound-mind tolling exception to limitations on appeal.

      Pressler and the other defendants argue that Rollins has waived the right to

raise the issue of unsound mind on appeal because his brief fails to address every

argument for the tolling doctrine’s inapplicability raised by the defendant’s below.

But this argument rests on a misunderstanding of the law of preservation.

      An appellant must challenge each independent ground that could fully support

the trial court’s ruling. D & M Mar. v. Turner, 409 S.W.3d 693, 697 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. denied). But he need not address every argument that

his adversaries made about these independent grounds in the trial court. There is no

requirement that an appellant frame his brief according to the arguments raised by

others below. See State Office of Risk Mgmt. v. Martinez, 539 S.W.3d 266, 273 (Tex.

2017) (party may waive issue by failing to raise it below, but parties are free to make

new arguments about unwaived issues properly before appellate court).

      The trial court ruled for the defendants on a single ground: limitations. It is

undisputed that Rollins raised the unsound mind tolling exception in the trial court.

Thus, Rollins has preserved the issue for appellate review. See id.
                                          8
      B. The defendants bear the summary-judgment burden to conclusively
         negate the applicability of the tolling exception for unsound mind.

      The parties dispute who has the summary-judgment burden of proof on the

issue of unsound mind. The defendants argue that Rollins had to raise a genuine

issue of material fact as to his unsound mind. Rollins argues that the defendants had

to conclusively prove he was of sound mind. Intermediate appellate decisions on the

subject are mixed. Based on the decisions of the Supreme Court of Texas, we hold

that the defendants have the burden to conclusively negate the exception.

      In Myers v. St. Stephen’s United Methodist Church, our court squarely

confronted this issue in a case involving sex-abuse allegations. No. 01-96-001460-

CV, 1998 WL 723887 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 8, 1998, pet. denied)

(not designated for publication). The Myers court held that the plaintiff need only

raise the unsound mind tolling statute in his pleadings. Id. *4. Once the plaintiff has

done so, a defendant moving for summary judgment on the basis of limitations must

conclusively negate the unsound-mind exception. Id. at *4–5. Myers was non-

precedential. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.7(b) (unpublished opinions predating 2003

citable but not precedent). But Myers relied on a published decision that likewise

stated that a defendant must negate tolling statutes, like section 16.001, interposed

by the plaintiff. See Myers, 1998 WL 723887, at *4 (citing Hargraves v. Armco

Foods, 894 S.W.2d 546, 547 (Tex. App.—Austin 1995, no writ) (per curiam)).

                                          9
      When our court decided Myers, there were at least two published decisions

stating that a defendant seeking summary judgment based on limitations must

conclusively negate unsound-mind tolling if the plaintiff interposed it as a defense

to limitations. See Hargraves, 894 S.W.2d at 547; Smith v. Erhard, 715 S.W.2d 707,

709 (Tex. App.—Austin 1986, writ ref’d n.r.e.). These decisions are consistent with

the Supreme Court’s decision in Zale Corp. v. Rosenbaum, in which the Court held

that a defendant moving for summary judgment based on limitations has to

conclusively negate the applicability of any statute suspending the running of

limitations that is interposed by the plaintiff. 520 S.W.2d 889, 891 (Tex. 1975) (per

curiam). Our court has understood Zale to stand for the rule that a party seeking

summary judgment based on limitations has the burden to negate a tolling statute

raised by the nonmovant and that the nonmovant’s assertion that the tolling statute

applies suffices to raise it. See Medina v. Tate, 438 S.W.3d 583, 586–88 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.); see also Min v. Avila, 991 S.W.2d 495,

504 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.) (citing Zale for proposition that

“movant must negate any tolling interposed by the nonmovant”).

      But our court has not been consistent on this subject. In an even earlier non-

precedential decision, Brown v. Simpson Pasadena Paper Co., we held that the

plaintiff had the burden of proof as to unsound mind on summary judgment. No. 01-

91-00919-CV, 1992 WL 173449, at *1 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 23,

                                         10
1992, no writ) (not designated for publication). In Brown, we reasoned that unsound

mind, being a matter of confession and avoidance, was an affirmative defense to

limitations. See id.; see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 94 (affirmative defense includes any

“matter constituting an avoidance”); accord Yanas v. Arco Prods. Corp., No. 14-91-

00537-CV, 1991 WL 188701, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Sept. 26,

1991, writ denied) (not designated for publication) (treating unsound mind as

avoidance or affirmative defense to limitations). A couple of years later, our court

seemingly held that the plaintiff bears the summary-judgment burden on unsound

mind in a published opinion. See Palla v. McDonald, 877 S.W.2d 472, 474–77 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, no writ) (if plaintiff raises fact issues on unsound

mind, defendant moving for summary judgment must conclusively negate them). In

Palla, we relied on the Third Court’s decision in Vale v. Ryan, 809 S.W.2d 324 (Tex.

App.—Austin 1991, no writ). See Palla, 877 S.W.2d at 474. Vale applied a different

exception to limitations and actually said something rather different about the burden

of proof—that the defendant has the burden of disproving a tolling provision if the

plaintiff asserts that the provision applies. 809 S.W.2d at 326.

      Several later Texas decisions likewise have assigned the summary-judgment

burden of proof as to unsound mind to the plaintiff. See Gribble, 389 S.W.3d at 894–

95; Doe v. Catholic Diocese of El Paso, 362 S.W.3d 707, 723 (Tex. App.—El Paso

2011, no pet.); Chavez v. Davila, 143 S.W.3d 151, 155–56 (Tex. App.—San Antonio

                                          11
2004, pet. denied); Freeman, 53 S.W.3d at 713–15; Grace v. Colorito, 4 S.W.3d

765, 769 (Tex. App.—Austin 1999, pet. denied).2 Freeman was decided by our

court, primarily in reliance on Grace. See Freeman, 53 S.W.3d at 713. It did not

mention this court’s prior decisions on this subject—Brown, Palla, or Myers.

       Between these two categories of decisions are a third that does not necessarily

assign the burden of proof to anyone but holds that summary judgment was improper

because the plaintiff raised a genuine issue of material fact on the issue of unsound

mind. See Casu v. CBI Na–Con, 881 S.W.2d 32, 34–35 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 1994, no writ) (affidavits on unsound mind created fact issue precluding

summary judgment); Tinkle v. Henderson, 730 S.W.2d 163, 167 (Tex. App.—Tyler

1987, writ ref’d) (fact issue on unsound mind apparent from record and summary

2
       Several memorandum opinions follow one or more of these decisions. See
    Draughon v. Johnson, No. 05-18-01184-CV, 2020 WL 364144, at *4 (Tex.
    App.—Dallas Jan. 22, 2020, pet. filed) (mem. op.); Morris v. Unified Hous.
    Found., 05-13-01425-CV, 2015 WL 4985599, at *5 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 21,
    2015, no pet.) (mem. op.); Ramirez v. Mansour, No. 04-06-00536-CV, 2007 WL
    2187103, at *5–6 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Aug. 1, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.);
    Chavez v. Medtronic, Inc., No. 08-02-00332-CV, 2004 WL 309303, at *4 (Tex.
    App.—El Paso Feb. 19, 2004, no pet.) (mem. op.). In non-precedential decisions,
    the Fifth Court has been somewhat inconsistent as to the summary-judgment
    burden. Compare Doe v. Roman Catholic Diocese of Dallas ex rel. Grahmann,
    No. 05-99-01774-CV, 2001 WL 856963, at *1–2 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 31,
    2001, pet. denied) (not designated for publication) (plaintiff’s burden), with
    Laura T. v. Baylor Univ. Med. Ctr., No. 05-96-01505-CV, 1998 WL 515151, at
    *2, *7–8 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 21, 1998, no pet.) (not designated for
    publication) (stating it was defendant’s burden but holding evidence did not raise
    fact issue as to unsound mind).

                                          12
judgment based on limitations thus improper); Bank of Commerce v. Barton, 605

S.W.2d 638, 639–40 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1980, writ dism’d) (evidence of

unsound mind created fact issue making summary judgment improper); Fricke v.

Wagner, 315 S.W.2d 584, 586–88 (Tex. App.—Austin 1958, writ ref’d n.r.e.)

(affidavits on unsound mind created fact issue precluding summary judgment).

      Finally, one Texas decision has applied a different, shifting burden of proof.

In Dodson v. Ford, the court of appeals held that when a plaintiff asserts unsound-

mind tolling, the defendant seeking summary judgment based on limitations has the

initial burden to make a prima facie showing that the tolling statute does not apply.

No. 02-12-00168-CV, 2013 WL 5433915, at *4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Sept. 26,

2013, no pet.) (mem. op.). If the defendant does so, then the plaintiff must raise a

genuine issue of material fact as to his unsound mind to avoid summary judgment.

Id. No other Texas decision appears to have applied Dodson’s approach.

      Thus, to resolve this appeal, we must decide which of these conflicting

approaches to follow. In doing so, we must hew to our own prior precedential

decisions unless the Supreme Court has rendered a contrary decision, our court has

revisited the issue en banc, or the Legislature has materially changed the relevant

statutory law. Medina, 438 S.W.3d at 588. Since we decided Freeman, we have not

revisited the issue en banc, and the Legislature has not materially changed the tolling

statute for unsound mind, so unless there is contrary Supreme Court precedent, we

                                          13
must assign the burden of proof to Rollins, notwithstanding our contrary non-

precedential decision in Myers. See Freeman, 53 S.W.3d at 713 (plaintiff’s burden).

      But there is contrary Supreme Court precedent. Subsequently, in Erikson, the

Court unequivocally stated that in the summary-judgment context a defendant must

“conclusively negate application of the discovery rule and any tolling doctrines

pleaded as an exception to limitations.” 590 S.W.3d at 563. This statement makes

clear that once a plaintiff pleads an exception to the statute of limitations, the

defendant bears the burden to disprove its applicability and cannot obtain summary

judgment unless he carries this burden. Though Erikson did not concern an unsound

mind tolling theory in particular, unsound mind is a tolling doctrine that is an

exception to limitations and thus is subject to the rule articulated in Erikson absent

a contrary Supreme Court decision. There is no such decision. On the contrary, the

Court has consistently said that a defendant who moves for summary judgment must

disprove any pleaded exception that would toll the statute of limitations. See Diaz v.

Westphal, 941 S.W.2d 96, 98 (Tex. 1997); Jennings v. Burgess, 917 S.W.2d 790,

793 (Tex. 1996); Zale, 520 S.W.2d at 891. As an intermediate appellate court, we

are not free to disregard this authority. See Lubbock Cty. v. Trammel’s Lubbock Bail

Bonds, 80 S.W.3d 580, 585 (Tex. 2002).

      Though the court of appeals decisions that place the burden of proof on the

plaintiff most often do not state a rationale, their holdings appear to be premised on

                                         14
the notion that unsound mind is a matter of confession and avoidance. See Brown,

1992 WL 173449, at *1. Thus, they treat unsound mind as an affirmative defense to

the affirmative defense of limitations, like fraudulent concealment, a matter on

which the plaintiff bears the summary-judgment burden. See ExxonMobil Corp. v.

Lazy R Ranch, 511 S.W.3d 538, 544 (Tex. 2017) (party asserting fraudulent

concealment has burden to raise fact issue on each element of this defense to

limitations). But assuming unsound mind is a plea in confession and avoidance, this

does not alter the burden of proof on summary judgment.

      In Woods v. William M. Mercer, Inc., the Court held that “the discovery rule

is a plea in confession and avoidance.” 769 S.W.2d 515, 517 (Tex. 1988).

Accordingly, a plaintiff who relies on the discovery rule as a defense to limitations

must plead it. Id. at 518. The plaintiff likewise bears the burden to prove that the

discovery rule is applicable and obtain favorable findings as to its applicability at

trial. Id. On summary judgment, however, the Court held that the defendant bears

the burden “to negate the discovery rule by proving as a matter of law that no issue

of material fact exists concerning when the plaintiff discovered or should have

discovered” his injury. Id. at 518 n.2 (relying on Weaver v. Witt, 561 S.W.2d 792,

794 (Tex. 1977) (per curiam)). Woods therefore refutes the notion that a party who

asserts a tolling doctrine that is or could be categorized as plea in confession and

avoidance bears the summary-judgment burden of proof as to the tolling doctrine.

                                         15
      The court of appeals decisions that assign the burden to the plaintiff are

marred by misunderstandings of the authority on which they rely. In summary:

      •   Grace, the most influential of these decisions, is inconsistent with the
          Third Court’s own precedent, which states the burden is on the defendant.
          See Hargraves, 894 S.W.2d at 547; Erhard, 715 S.W.2d at 709. Grace
          relied on Porter v. Charter Medical Corp., 957 F. Supp. 1427 (N.D. Tex.
          1997). See Grace, 4 S.W.3d at 769. But Porter applied federal procedural
          law, which differs from Texas law as to the placement of the summary-
          judgment burden of proof. See Porter, 957 F. Supp. at 1436.

      •   Chavez relied on Grace and two other decisions that relied on Grace. See
          Chavez, 143 S.W.3d at 156. Thus, it is as infirm as Grace. Chavez also
          characterized unsound mind as a plea in confession and avoidance and
          held on this basis that the plaintiff bears the summary-judgment burden of
          proof. See id. Notably, one justice dissented on the basis that in Woods the
          Supreme Court held that a defendant moving for summary judgment based
          on limitations has the burden of negating tolling defenses. See id. at 157
          (Lopez, J., dissenting) (citing Woods, 769 S.W.2d at 518 n.2).

      •   Freeman relied on Grace. See Freeman, 53 S.W.3d at 713. Freeman also
          relied on Porter, which the Freeman court erroneously characterized as
          “applying Texas law.” Id. But Porter explicitly acknowledged that Texas
          law would place the summary-judgment burden as to unsound mind on
          the defendant and instead applied federal procedural law, which places the
          burden on the plaintiff. See Porter, 957 F. Supp. at 1436.

      •   Gribble uncritically relied on Freeman. See Gribble, 389 S.W.3d at 894.

      •   Doe recited the correct rule but did not apply it. The court first stated that
          when a nonmovant asserts a tolling statute, the movant must negate its
          applicability to obtain summary judgment. Doe, 362 S.W.3d at 723. In the
          very next sentence, however, the court contradicted itself by concluding
          that the plaintiff had to show that he was of unsound mind to preclude
          summary judgment. Id. For this contradictory proposition, Doe relied on
          Wagner v. Texas A & M University, 939 F. Supp. 1297 (S.D. Tex. 1996).
          Wagner, in turn, misread the Third Court’s Erhard decision as saying so.
          See Wagner, 939 F. Supp. at 1317–18. In fact, Erhard says the opposite—
          that the burden is the defendant’s. See Erhard, 715 S.W.2d at 709 (had
                                          16
          plaintiff contended “in a writing filed in the cause” that she had been of
          unsound mind, “appellees then would have labored under the burden of
          establishing conclusively, in the summary-judgment record, that she was
          not of unsound mind within the meaning of the statute”).

      •   Palla relied on a Third Court decision—Vale—for the premise that if a
          plaintiff “raises fact issues suspending limitations,” the defendant must
          negate these fact issues. Palla, 877 S.W.2d at 474. But Vale actually stated
          that if “a plaintiff has asserted the applicability of a tolling provision, the
          moving defendant bears the burden of showing its inapplicability as a
          matter of law.” Vale, 809 S.W.2d at 326.

In sum, Texas decisions holding that plaintiffs bear the summary-judgment burden

of proof on unsound mind are primarily based on a misreading of other cases.

      In addition, with respect to Palla, we note that no court has cited it for the

notion that the summary-judgment burden of proof belongs to the plaintiff. This may

be because Palla is distinguishable on another ground. The plaintiff in that case

asserted a healthcare liability claim subject to an absolute two-year statute of

limitations that is not subject to unsound-mind tolling. See 877 S.W.2d at 475. She

thus had to assert that the application of limitations to her claim violated the open-

courts provision of the Texas Constitution due to her mental incompetency. See id.

Unlike other contexts, a plaintiff who argues that the open-courts provision defeats

a limitations defense has the summary-judgment burden to raise a fact issue—even

if the plaintiff’s open-courts argument is premised on her unsoundness of mind. See

Yancy v. United Surgical Partners Int’l, 236 S.W.3d 778, 781–82 (Tex. 2007).

                                          17
      The decisions of the Supreme Court unambiguously hold that a defendant

moving for summary judgment based on limitations must conclusively negate any

tolling exceptions pleaded by the plaintiff. See, e.g., Erikson, 590 S.W.3d at 563. We

therefore hold that Pressler and the other defendants bear the burden to prove that

Rollins was of sound mind to obtain summary judgment. See id.

      C. The defendants did not carry their burden to conclusively negate the
         applicability of the unsound mind tolling exception.

      Pressler and the other defendants advance three arguments in support of their

position that they are entitled to traditional summary judgment based on the five-

year statute of limitations for sexual assault, notwithstanding Rollins’s invocation of

the statutory tolling provision for unsound mind. First, Pressler and the other

defendants argue that post-traumatic stress disorder and repressed memories cannot

constitute unsound mind as a matter of law. Second, they argue that even if post-

traumatic stress disorder or repressed memories could constitute unsound mind in

general, Rosenstock’s expert opinion fails to establish that Rollins in particular was

of unsound mind. They reason that Rosenstock’s opinion is scientifically unreliable,

conclusory, and inadequate on its face because it does not show that Rollins was of

unsound mind in 2004, which is the latest date by which his sexual-assault claim

could have accrued. Finally, they contend that other evidence in the record, including

Rollins’s 2004 lawsuit against Pressler for simple assault, negates the applicability

of unsound-mind tolling because it shows that Rollins was capable of litigating any
                                          18
claims he had against Pressler at that time. We consider each argument in turn.

      1. Post-traumatic stress disorder and repressed memories are not
         incompatible with unsound-mind tolling as a matter of law.

      Pressler and the other defendants acknowledge that the tolling statute does not

define unsound mind. See TEX. CIV. & PRAC. REM. CODE § 16.001(a)(2). But

because Texas courts have held that unsound mind is the equivalent of insanity or

incompetency, they argue post-traumatic stress disorder and the repression of

selective memories that result solely in limited mental incapacity or partial disability

are categorically incompatible with the application of unsound-mind tolling. Pressler

and the other defendants further argue that Rollins’s memory-repression theory of

tolling is more accurately categorized as an invocation of the discovery rule and that

the Supreme Court has already rejected the application of the discovery rule based

on repressed memories in S.V. v. R.V., 933 S.W.2d 1 (Tex. 1996).

      We agree that unsound mind is the equivalent of insanity or incompetency.

See, e.g., Freeman, 53 S.W.3d at 713 (unsound mind synonymous with insanity).

But the concepts of insanity and incompetency are not all-or-nothing propositions

requiring total incapacity or disability. Insanity, for example, is a generic term that

encompasses “all kinds and conditions of mental unsoundness and derangement, and

may assume as many various forms as there are shades of difference in the human

personality.” Conaway v. State, 663 S.W.2d 53, 55 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

1983, pet. ref’d). Thus, for purposes of unsound mind, insanity may take myriad
                                          19
forms, including but not limited to “religious or emotional insanity, senile dementia,

monomania, paranoia, insane delusion, and kleptomania.” Lowery v. Lowery, 386

S.W.2d 194, 197 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1965, no pet.). By definition, some of these

forms of insanity are more limited in scope or effect than others. See id.

      Our Supreme Court has implicitly recognized that unsound-mind tolling need

not be predicated on total incapacity or disability. In Ruiz, the Court held that a

plaintiff is of unsound mind under the tolling statute when he lacks the mental

capacity to pursue his suit because he is unable to participate in, control, or

understand the suit’s progression and disposition. 868 S.W.2d at 755; see also Eber

v. Harris Cty. Hosp. Dist., 130 F. Supp. 2d 847, 871 (S.D. Tex. 2001) (plaintiff is of

unsound mind for purposes of tolling statute when he “is unable to manage his affairs

or to understand his legal rights” to extent that infirmity renders him unable to

participate in, control, or understand disposition of lawsuit). The inquiry focuses on

subjects like the degree to which the plaintiff was incapable of giving information

and testifying as a result of his unsound mind. Ruiz, 868 S.W.2d at 756. In this

respect, the standard for unsound-mind tolling is somewhat akin to the test for a

person’s competency to stand trial in the criminal context, albeit with a focus on the

person’s mental competency in the past rather than the present. See TEX. CODE CRIM.

PROC. art. 46B.003(a) (person incompetent if he lacks sufficient present ability to

                                         20
consult with lawyer with reasonable degree of rational understanding or lacks

rational as well as factual understanding of proceedings against him).

      Complete mental incapacity or disability undoubtedly qualifies as unsound

mind under the tolling statute because it necessarily precludes a meaningful ability

to pursue or participate in any suit. For example, in Yancy, the Supreme Court held

that evidence that the plaintiff had been comatose since the accident precipitating

suit sufficed to raise the issue of unsound mind. 236 S.W.3d at 782–83.

      But a lesser degree of incapacity or partial disability may qualify as unsound

mind so long as the evidence ultimately shows the plaintiff lacked the ability to

pursue or participate in the suit. In Casu, our sister court described the plaintiff as

being of “diminished mental capacity” and held that evidence of his acute paranoid

psychosis with defective cognitive and memory functioning resulting from chemical

exposure presented a fact issue for purposes of unsound-mind tolling. 881 S.W.2d

at 34–35. Similarly, in Palla, our court held that evidence of the plaintiff’s “profound

neurocognitive impairment,” which made her unable to recall “many of the

important aspects of her life,” raised the issue of unsound mind. 877 S.W.2d at 474–

75. Thus, Rollins’s allegations of post-traumatic stress disorder and memory

repression are not incompatible with unsound-mind tolling as a matter of law.

       Though our opinion in Myers is non-precedential, it is almost directly on

point and instructive here. In that case, the plaintiff alleged he had been sexually

                                          21
abused by the defendant minister from the time he was twelve years old through his

late teens, but the plaintiff did not bring suit until more than a decade later when he

was in his late twenties. 1998 WL 723887, at *2. The plaintiff had low cognitive

function and social maturity, was in special education classes while in school, and

had psychiatric issues, including post-traumatic stress disorder. Id. at *3. Even

though there was evidence the plaintiff’s degree of mental incapacity or disability

was far from total—including evidence that he had a driver’s license, obtained a

general equivalency diploma, and had held several jobs—we held the defendant

minister was not entitled to summary judgment on the basis of limitations because

he had not conclusively disproved the plaintiff was of unsound mind for purposes of

tolling. Id. at *4–5. While the plaintiff in Myers did not allege repressed memories,

Rollins’s additional allegation of memory repression does not negate the possibility

he was of unsound mind as a matter of law. See Casu, 881 S.W.2d at 34–35

(defective memory); Palla, 877 S.W.2d at 474–75 (impaired memory); see also Doe

v. St. Stephen’s Episcopal Sch., No. C-08-299, 2008 WL 4861566, at *1, *7–8 (S.D.

Tex. Nov. 4, 2008) (denying limitations-based motion to dismiss in suit in which

plaintiffs asserted unsound-mind tolling based on allegation that sexual abuse

endured decades before filing suit caused psychological injuries so chronic and

severe as to make them unable to file suit or act on claims any sooner).

      Nor does S.V. v. R.V. compel a different result. In that case, a divorcing

                                          22
couple’s adult daughter intervened in the divorce alleging that her father had

sexually abused her into her late teens. 933 S.W.2d at 3. The daughter made this

claim outside of the limitations period but asserted the discovery rule applied as she

had repressed all memory of the abuse until shortly before she intervened. Id. The

trial court entered a directed verdict against the daughter on the basis of the statute

of limitations. Id. A divided court of appeals reversed the trial court and remanded

the case for a new trial. Id. at 3, 8. The Supreme Court held the discovery rule did

not apply and affirmed the trial court’s judgment on limitations grounds. See id. at

3. But in so holding the Court did not decide anything as to unsound-mind tolling,

which the daughter did not assert as a basis for avoiding limitations.

      A careful reading of S.V. v. R.V. shows it is distinguishable in at least two

respects. First, the Court’s decision turned on the specific requirements of the

discovery rule, which materially differ from unsound-mind tolling. Second, the

procedural posture of that case—directed verdict—differs from the present case in

that the Court’s ruling was predicated on a fully developed record.

      The Court held that the discovery rule applies when an alleged injury is

inherently undiscoverable and objectively verifiable. Id. at 6, 15. To be inherently

undiscoverable, the injury must by nature be unlikely to be discovered within the

limitations period despite due diligence. Id. at 7. To be objectively verifiable, the

injury generally has to be indisputable or provable by direct evidence. See id.

                                          23
Evidence that satisfies the objective verifiability requirement includes a confession,

a criminal conviction, contemporaneous records or written statements of the abuser

such as diaries or letters, medical records of the victim showing contemporaneous

physical injury, photographs or recordings of the abuse, or an objective eyewitness’s

account. Id. at 15. Expert testimony cannot provide the objective verification of

injury required by the discovery rule, at least not when there is not a settled scientific

consensus on the subject. See id. at 7, 15, 18.

      In contrast, unsound mind does not require a plaintiff to show his injury is

inherently undiscoverable or objectively verifiable. Application of unsound-mind

tolling instead turns on the plaintiff’s inability to participate in, control, or

understand the progress and disposition of a lawsuit concerning his injuries. Ruiz,

868 S.W.2d at 755. The plaintiff ultimately may prove at trial that he is entitled to

the tolling of limitations based on unsound mind by either producing specific

evidence showing he lacked the mental capacity to pursue his suit or submitting a

fact-based expert opinion to this effect. Freeman, 53 S.W.3d at 713. Given that

unsound-mind tolling and the discovery rule have distinct requirements, courts

separately analyze the two tolling doctrines when a plaintiff asserts both as a defense

to limitations in the same suit. See, e.g., Grahmann, 2001 WL 856963, at *2–3;

Grace, 4 S.W.3d at 769–71; accord Doe v. Catholic Soc’y of Religious & Literary

Educ., No. H-09-1059, 2010 WL 345926, at *17–19 (S.D. Tex. Jan. 22, 2010)

                                           24
(separately analyzing unsound mind and discovery rule under Texas law).

      S.V. v. R.V. turned on the particular requirements of the discovery rule, which

are not readily translatable to unsound-mind tolling. The Court assumed without

deciding that memory repression could render some claims of sexual abuse

inherently undiscoverable. 933 S.W.2d at 8. But it held that the daughter’s claim of

sexual abuse was not objectively verifiable. Id. at 15. The Court only did so,

however, after reviewing the evidence at trial in detail. Id. at 8–13. It also reviewed

the scientific evidence as to repressed memories at some length and then concluded

that expert testimony on this subject could not demonstrate objective verifiability

because there was no scientific consensus on the subject. Id. at 15–20.

      The present case differs from S.V. v. R.V. in that it is an appeal from a

summary judgment decided on a very limited evidentiary record. Neither Rollins nor

his expert, Rosenstock, have been deposed. Rosenstock submitted two affidavits.

Pressler and the other defendants have not introduced affidavits from their own

experts, if they have retained any. The parties appear to have made little or no written

discovery or document production. The record contains no evidence as to the present

state of scientific opinion on the issue of sexual abuse and repressed memories. In

short, our record is not comparable to the trial record in S.V. v. R.V.

      These record differences are significant. Assuming the Court’s rationale for

refusing to apply the discovery rule to claims of repressed sexual abuse could

                                          25
somehow be extrapolated to unsound-mind tolling despite the distinct requirements

of these two tolling doctrines, we do not know whether Rollins will be able to

support his claims of sexual abuse with indisputable or direct evidence at this point

in the litigation due to the limited extent of discovery—discovery that the trial court

limited before ruling on the defendants’ summary-judgment motions.3 Nor does the

record inform us of the present state of scientific opinion on repressed memories.

S.V. v. R.V. was decided almost 25 years ago. Scientific inquiry seldom stands still

for a quarter of a century; the consensus then may no longer be the consensus now.

Because the Court’s discovery-rule holding was based on the evidence before it and

the state of scientific opinion at the time, a different outcome is at least theoretically

possible today. See id. at 15 (recognizing possibility “that recognized expert opinion

on a particular subject would be so near consensus that, in conjunction with objective

evidence not based entirely on the plaintiff’s assertions, it could provide the kind of

verification required” to apply discovery rule). Thus, assuming for the sake of

argument that S.V. v. R.V.’s rationale could be extrapolated to unsound-mind tolling,

the record in this case is too underdeveloped for us to conclude that its rationale

forecloses Rollins’s sexual-abuse claims as matter of law.

3
       The trial court’s discovery rulings are referenced in the record, but its orders
    are omitted. The record does, however, indicate that the defendants sought to
    limit the scope of discovery pending a ruling on their dispositive motions.
                                           26
      2. Any inadequacies in Rosenstock’s opinion are not dispositive because
         the defendants bear the burden of proof on summary judgment.

      Pressler and the other defendants contend that Rosenstock’s expert opinion is

incompetent summary-judgment evidence for three reasons. Specifically, they

contend his opinion is:

      •   scientifically unreliable because there is too great an analytical gap
          between the methodology he used and the conclusions he reached;

      •   conclusory and thus constitutes no evidence; and

      •   inadequate on its face because he does not demonstrate that Rollins was
          of unsound mind in 2004 when any sexual-assault claim last accrued.

      As an initial matter, the defendants have not preserved for appellate review

their complaint about an ostensible analytical gap between Rosenstock’s

methodology and conclusions because they did not move to exclude his opinion on

this basis in the trial court. See City of San Antonio v. Pollock, 284 S.W.3d 809, 817

(Tex. 2009) (challenge to reliability of expert opinion must be made in trial court

when it requires court to evaluate methodology, technique, or foundational data).

      Setting aside error preservation, all three of the defendants’ complaints about

Rosenstock’s opinion share a common fault: they misallocate the burden of proof.

Even if the defendants are right that Rosenstock’s opinion is not competent evidence,

Rollins does not have to prove that he was of unsound mind on summary judgment.

Instead, Pressler and the other defendants have the burden to conclusively prove that

Rollins was of sound mind. See Erikson, 590 S.W.3d at 563. The defendants must
                                         27
carry their burden of proof regardless of the quality or quantity of Rollins’s evidence.

See Whirlpool Corp. v. Camacho, 298 S.W.3d 631, 639 (Tex. 2009). The defendants

therefore cannot obtain summary judgment simply by discrediting or disposing of

Rollins’s evidence of the opposite state of affairs. See id.; see also Amedisys, Inc. v.

Kingwood Home Health Care, 437 S.W.3d 507, 511–12 (Tex. 2014) (court cannot

grant summary judgment by default even when nonmovant does not file response if

summary-judgment evidence is insufficient). Their summary-judgment arguments

as to Rosenstock’s opinion amount to a species of argumentum ad ignorantiam

(argument from ignorance)—the mistaken notion that something is demonstrably

false because it has not been proved true.

      3. Other evidence, including Rollins’s 2004 simple assault lawsuit, does
         not negate the possibility of unsound-mind tolling.

      Pressler and the other defendants argue evidence in the record conclusively

proves that Rollins was of sound mind for tolling purposes. In particular, they rely

on a 2004 lawsuit in which Rollins sued Pressler for simple assault as conclusive

proof that Rollins had the ability to participate in, control, or understand the progress

and disposition of a lawsuit when his claim for sexual-abuse last accrued.

      At the outset, we reiterate that the record before us is threadbare. It contains

very little evidence shedding light on Rollins’s past mental competency. Rollins has

not been deposed. The record does not contain his healthcare records.

      In Rollins’s live pleading, he alleges he was enrolled in a college in San
                                           28
Marcos on an on-again, off-again basis during the 1980s and 1990s but did not

graduate. He also alleges he worked part-time at a pawnshop and held other

unspecified part-time jobs in the 1990s. According to Rollins, he also worked as an

office assistant for Pressler at Pressler’s home office in 2003–04.

      Rollins’s allegations about college and employment are judicial admissions as

to these facts. Though these admissions show he had the ability to manage his affairs

to some extent, they do not conclusively prove he had the mental capacity to sue

Pressler for sexual abuse before he filed the present suit. Consider two cases.

      In Myers, the plaintiff had a driver’s license, obtained a general equivalency

diploma, and held several jobs, including positions as an assistant manager of an

apartment complex, dishwasher, and cab driver. 1998 WL 723887, at *4. We

nonetheless held this summary-judgment evidence did not conclusively prove the

plaintiff had been of sound mind. Id. at *4–5. Similarly, in Gribble, our sister court

held that a fact issue existed as to whether an intellectually disabled plaintiff had

been of unsound mind, despite evidence he had held a job through a government

program for eight years and participated in the Special Olympics, and even though

he had briefly testified during a hearing. 389 S.W.3d at 885–86, 894–95. In doing

so, the court decided the plaintiff’s ability to engage in these activities was not

conclusive as to whether he also had the ability to pursue litigation. See id. The same

is true here. In this instance, we know only that Rollins went to college for a period

                                          29
of time and held part-time jobs. We do not know any details about these activities,

such as their duration or the quality of his performance. Sporadic studies and

employment are not conclusive evidence that Rollins could participate in, control,

or understand the progression and disposition of any lawsuit against Pressler let

alone one allegedly involving repressed sexual abuse.

      In Rollins’s live pleading, he also admits to an extensive history of criminal

convictions beginning in 1986 and continuing through 2014. Records summarizing

Rollins’s criminal history show he has six convictions for driving while intoxicated

as well as convictions for theft and possession of heroin. He also was charged with

forgery and burglary of a habitation. Rollins’s live pleading and the summary

records show that he was incarcerated several times. But the record does not include

much additional detail regarding Rollins’s criminal history.

      In criminal proceedings, competency is presumed unless contested and

disproved. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 46B.003(b). None of the underlying

pleadings or evidence from Rollins’s criminal proceedings are in the record. Nor is

there any testimony from his criminal defense attorneys. Thus, the record does not

indicate whether Rollins’s competency was ever questioned. Without further

evidence of the underlying proceedings, a summary of Rollins’s prior convictions

and criminal history does not conclusively prove that Rollins could participate in,

control, or understand the progression and disposition of a civil lawsuit against

                                         30
Pressler let alone one allegedly involving repressed sexual abuse.4

       Finally, we address Rollins’s previous lawsuit against Pressler. The petition,

settlement agreement, and order of nonsuit from that suit are in the record.

       In 2004, Rollins and his mother sued Pressler. Citing the Penal Code’s

provision for simple assault,5 Rollins alleged that in November 2003 “Pressler

committed an assault against him” that resulted in “bodily injury” while they were

together in Dallas. Rollins and his mother both asserted a second cause of action for

breach of an informal fiduciary duty against Pressler. Neither Rollins nor his mother

specified a factual basis for their claims beyond the assault and bodily injury.

       Less than two months later, the parties settled. In their confidential settlement

agreement, Pressler denied liability but agreed to pay Rollins $1,500 per month for

25 years plus an additional $5,000 payable on dismissal of all claims. Rollins, his

mother, and Pressler signed the settlement agreement, which also stated it

constituted a release of claims against the law firm of Woodfill & Pressler. The

settlement language is general; it does not specify the nature of the settled claims.

4
       Indeed, Pressler testified during his deposition that he thought Rollins’s
    extensive criminal history indicated that Rollins was not mentally capable.
5
        Rollins cited Section 22.01(a)(1) of the Penal Code, which provides that a
    person commits assault if he “intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes
    bodily injury to another.” In this context, “bodily injury” means “physical pain,
    illness, or any impairment of physical condition.” TEX. PENAL CODE § 1.07(a)(8).
    The elements of assault are the same in both civil suits and criminal prosecutions.
    Loaisiga v. Cerda, 379 S.W.3d 248, 256 (Tex. 2012).
                                           31
During his deposition, Pressler testified that Rollins accused him of sexual assault

throughout the course of the 2004 suit. But Pressler acknowledged that neither the

petition nor the settlement agreement made any kind of reference to sex.

      Two weeks after the parties executed the settlement agreement, the trial court

signed an order of nonsuit memorializing the plaintiffs’ nonsuit of their claims.

      The evidence about the 2004 lawsuit is conflicting as to whether Rollins

alleged sexual abuse at that time. Pressler testified that Rollins did so but conceded

the petition made no such allegation. It is undisputed that the petition alleged simple

assault and referred solely to bodily injury sustained on a single occasion in

November 2003 in Dallas. Given this evidentiary conflict, we cannot conclude that

the evidence shows as a matter of law that Rollins was aware of the allegedly

repressed sexual abuse at the time of the previous 2004 lawsuit against Pressler. Cf.

Placette v. M.G.S.L., No. 09-09-00410-CV, 2010 WL 1611018, at *3, *5–6 (Tex.

App.—Beaumont Apr. 22, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.) (reversing order denying

summary judgment and entering take-nothing judgment in suit in which sexually

abused plaintiff with post-traumatic stress disorder and her psychiatrist both

conceded that plaintiff “has always had the cognitive awareness of her injury and

intellectual capacity to comprehend what happened to her”).

      Thus, the question is whether the mere fact that Rollins sued Pressler for

simple assault in 2004 constitutes conclusive evidence that Rollins was able to

                                          32
participate in, control, or understand the progression and disposition of a sexual-

abuse suit at that time. We hold that it is not for three interrelated reasons.

      First, while the wherewithal to pursue redress for one type of wrong certainly

is some evidence of a person’s capability to seek redress in general, such evidence

does not conclusively prove the person was capable of pursuing redress for any and

every conceivable wrong. In the 2004 lawsuit, Rollins alleged a wrong—simple

assault on a single occasion resulting in immediate bodily injury—that is readily

perceived or understood by most persons, including some persons whose mental

capacity is impaired in some fashion. In contrast, Rollins alleges that he was unaware

of the wrong for which he now sues—sexual abuse that occurred long ago—until

relatively recently due to post-traumatic stress disorder and memory repression. This

allegation, if ultimately proved, precludes the possibility that he could have given

information or testified about the sexual abuse beforehand. The ability to give

information and testify, rather than mere access to the courts, is an important factor

in deciding whether a plaintiff lacked a viable opportunity to protect his legal rights

on account of being of unsound mind. See Ruiz, 868 S.W.2d at 755–56.

      Second, the evidence as to the 2004 lawsuit is too scant to be conclusive on

the dispositive issue, which is whether Rollins lacked the ability “to participate in,

control, or even understand the progression and disposition” of his lawsuit. Id. at

755. The petition, settlement, and order of nonsuit show that Rollins was a party to

                                           33
a lawsuit that was resolved out of court within about two months of filing. There is

no evidence about the extent of Rollins’s participation, control, or understanding of

the suit’s progression and disposition. Nor is there any evidence about the extent to

which he was capable of giving information to his attorney or testifying had doing

so become necessary. Notably, Rollins’s mother was a plaintiff in the 2004 suit even

though the petition does not suggest how she, as opposed to her son, was wronged.

Absent contrary evidence, a factfinder could infer from her involvement that her son

was not capable of pursuing the suit on his own. At any rate, on this record, we can

do no more than speculate as to what role Rollins played in the prosecution of the

2004 lawsuit. Speculation, of course, is not evidence, let alone conclusive evidence,

and it cannot support summary judgment. See Joe v. Two Thirty Nine Joint Venture,

145 S.W.3d 150, 164 (Tex. 2004) (speculation is not evidence) Mariner Fin. Grp. v.

Bossley, 79 S.W.3d 30, 34 (Tex. 2002) (summary-judgment standard does not permit

speculation).

      Third, in Ruiz, the Supreme Court held that prior lawsuits filed by or on behalf

of a person who invokes unsound-mind tolling in a later suit do not, standing alone,

disentitle him to the tolling of limitations in the later suit. 868 S.W.2d at 756. As

discussed, the evidence as to the 2004 lawsuit establishes little more than that it was

filed and quickly settled. The Court’s decision in Ruiz is therefore dispositive.

                                          34
      In Ruiz, an employee sustained head injuries while working on an oil well. Id.

at 753. He and his wife sued his employer, which joined the well’s owner. Id. The

two plaintiffs also separately sued the owner in another county. Id. Both suits were

dismissed, one for discovery abuse and the other for want of prosecution. Id. After

these suits were dismissed and almost five years after the accident, the employee

was adjudged mentally incompetent and his wife was appointed as his guardian. Id.

at 753–54. She later filed suit against the well’s owner on her husband’s behalf. Id.

      In this third suit, the well’s owner moved for summary judgment based on the

two-year statute of limitations. Id. at 754. The trial court denied the motion on the

basis that the employee’s unsound mind tolled limitations. Id. The court of appeals

also held that the suit was not barred by limitations. Id. at 753–54. On appeal, the

well’s owner argued that limitations should not be tolled during the prior two

lawsuits—a period exceeding two years—because those suits showed that the

employee was of sound enough mind to access the courts. See id. at 755. The

Supreme Court disagreed, holding that the prior suits, considered alone, were

“insufficient to deny the protection of the tolling provision.” Id. at 756.

      Ruiz differs from Rollins’s suit in that the well’s owner conceded that the

employee-plaintiff was mentally incompetent and had been so since the accident. Id.

at 755. But our court has applied Ruiz even when the defendant has not conceded

                                          35
that the plaintiff was incompetent. See Palla, 877 S.W.2d at 474–75, 477 (plaintiff’s

deposition and expert opinion created fact issue as to soundness of plaintiff’s mind).

      In Palla, the plaintiff’s husband, acting as his wife’s next friend, sued multiple

defendants on her behalf after she suffered brain damage during a hospital stay. Id.

at 474–75 & n.1. He timely sued fifteen defendants but filed suit against another one

after two years had elapsed. Id. at 474, 476. Applying Ruiz, we held that the

plaintiff’s timely suit against the other defendants was not sufficient to deny her the

protection of the unsound mind tolling statute with respect to the defendant she sued

after the two-year limitations period. Id. at 477; see also Casu, 881 S.W.2d at 33–34

(rejecting defendant’s contention that plaintiff’s prior timely filing of suit against

two others showed that plaintiff was not of unsound mind).

      We hold that the prior litigation between Rollins and Pressler does not

conclusively prove that Rollins was of sound mind in 2004 when his sexual-assault

claim last accrued. See Ruiz, at 868 S.W.2d 756; Palla, 877 S.W.2d at 477; Casu,

881 S.W.2d at 33–34. Thus, this evidence does not satisfy the defendants’ burden of

proof. Because the defendants did not conclusively negate the unsound-mind

exception to limitations, the trial court erred in granting summary judgment.

                             Fraudulent Concealment

      Because Pressler and the other defendants did not conclusively negate

Rollins’s unsound mind tolling theory, they are not entitled to summary judgment.

                                          36
We therefore need not resolve the parties’ dispute about whether the doctrine of

fraudulent concealment provides a defense to limitations. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.

                                  CONCLUSION

      We reverse the part of the trial court’s judgment in which it ruled in favor of

Pressler and the other defendants on the basis of limitations. Because Rollins has not

challenged any of the trial court’s other summary-judgment rulings that merged into

its final judgment, we affirm the remainder of the trial court’s judgment. We remand

this cause to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with our opinion.

                                               Gordon Goodman
                                               Justice

Panel consists of Justices Goodman, Landau, and Hightower.

Hightower, J., dissenting.

                                          37