Court Opinion

ID: 5457571
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-09 19:25:44.24315+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:32:43.625489
License: Public Domain

By the Court, Gridley, J.
Several questions material to' the decision of this cause, have be'en' discussed by the counsel for the respective parties, which we will prodded to eohside'f in their order.
I. It is claimed by the counsel for the defendant, that the defendant took, under the will of her deceased husband, a life estate, subject to be defeated by her marriage, in the real estate of which he died seised; and that his son, the deceased husband of the plaintiff, took á remainder in fee after the expi*329ration of the particular estate upon which it was limited. On the other hand it is insisted,by the plaintiff’s counsel, that the defendant took nothing under the will, and that the deceased son took a present estate of inheritance, subject only to the payment of the legacies bequeathed by the testator. If the latter construction shall prevail, then the plaintiff is entitled to recover in this action, unless she be estopped, as the defendant claims she is, by the execution of the lease hereinafter mentioned. In support of this latter position, we are referred to Coke on Lit. 47, b ; 12 John. 357; 12 Wend. 57, and 1 Comstock's Rep. 251, 252, 258.) Without expressing any opinion upon the question of estoppel, we are of the opinion that it was the intention of the testator to vest in the defendant an estate in the premises during the continuance of her widowhood. The clauses of the will upon the construction of which the question arises, are the following: “ Imprimis : It is my will and order that my beloved wife Lavinia shall be master of my estate, both real and personal, so long as she remains my widow, subject to the payment of the different legacies out of the same hereafter mentioned to be paid.” Then follow bequests of legacies to the children of the testator amounting to $8229, after which comes the devise to John J. Beardslee in the following words : “ I give and bequeath unto my son John J. Beardslee and to his heirs and assigns forever, all my real estate I may die seised of, at my decease.” Then follows a bequest unto all his children, share and share alike, the residue of his personal estate to be divided after the widowhood of his wife ceases; and lastly, he nominates his wife sole executrix of his will and guardian of his infant children.
This will, it must be confessed, is unskilfully drawn, and the meaning of the testator is not entirely free from doubt. Looking, however, to the whole will, and considering that the testator manifestly intended to dispose of his entire estate; and bearing in mind the affection and confidence expressed in the will for his wife; and the onerous and responsible duties which he imposed upon her, we cannot believe that he intended to leave her without any provision for herself. And yet, this is *330the necessary conclusion, unless the first clause in the will is to be construed as conferring upon her the estate ; that is, the use of his real and personal property during her widowhood. Again; we think that character and significance are given to the expression, “ master of my estate, both real and personal,” by the words “ subject to thepayment of the different legacies,” &c. It expresses the same meaning as though he had said, “ I make my beloved wife the owner of my estate both real and personal, during her widowhood, subject to the payment of the several legacies,” &c. It is also worthy of observation, that the same clause, and the same words, are employed to describe her interest in the personal estate, as in the real. And we see that the personal estate was not to be divided until the widowhood of the defendant should cease. We therefore conclude that the intention of the testator was to give his wife the use of his entire estate, (subject to the payment of the legacies,) .during her widowhood, and by consequence that she took a life estate in the premises, subject to be defeated by her marriage. There is nothing in the will to control or overrule this construction. It is true that the word “ master” is not the most apt word, by which to designate one as the owner of an estate; but in 20 Wendell’s Rep. 53, a testator directed in his will that his wife should “ have the care” of his property so long as she remained his widow, for the maintenance of herself and the children ; and that expression was held to convey an estate in the lands, by which an action for dower brought by the widow of a deceased son of the testator, who claimed under a naked devise of the fee, similar to that devised to John J. Beardslee in the will now under consideration, was barred. So too it has been held that when a testator declared one “ executor of all his lands,” there being obligations connected with the devise, he gave an estate in the lands, (5 B. & Al. 785.) Again; “ the use and benefit of all my estate,” has received a similar construction. In 25 Wendell, 633, the words “ rents and profits” were adjudged to carry an estate in the land for life, notwithstanding a devise of the inheritance, expressed in such words as, standing alone, would have conveyed a present *331estate in possession ; and this was so held against a daughter whose share in the inheritance was expressed without reservation, while the shares of her two sisters were given subject to the widow’s right. These authorities seem to show very clearly that we are not transcending the legitimate rules of construction when we interpret this will so as to give the defendant an estate in the premises in question ; and also that the devise to John J. of the inheritance, without designating the time of the commencement of his estate, does not make that devise repugnant to that which gave the defendant an estate durante viduitate. And the last of the above cited cases shows that the omission to state the time when John J. should come to the possession of his inheritance, while the period for the distribution of the residue of the personal estate was fixed by the will, furnishes no argument against the. interpretation which gives an interest in the lands to the defendant. There is one fact which would seem, at first view, to favor the plaintiff’s construction of this will; and that is this, that John having no pecuniary legacy, and not being able to come to his real estate nor to his share of the residue of the personal estate, during the widowhood of the defendant, was subject to be left for a period without any provision at all. John, however, was but a child in 1825 when the testator made his will, and the period when he would need an advancement was so distant that it probably escaped the attention of the testator. This is far more likely than that he could have intended to invest his infant son with the immediate possession and income of one of the most valuable farms in the county of Herkimer, thus leaving his other children with greatly disproportioned legacies, and his wife without a dollar.
II. The plaintiff’s counsel insists that, if the defendant did take an estate in the lands, during her widowhood, nevertheless, the lease executed on the 10th of April, 1837, by the defendant, for the term of her natural life, operated as a surrender to the husband of the plaintiff, of the estate of the defendant, and that the two estates became merged and united in one; so that the husband became seised of the entire estate, in free*332senti, and his wife, by consequence, became entitled to dower in the same. This proposition is met by the defendant w'ith two answers.
(1.) It is said that the reservations in the lease, of a part of the premises, for the use and occupation of the defendant, and the various restrictions and limitations contained in the lease, prevented the lease from operating as a surrender, and rendered the merger and union of the two estates legally impossible. It is also insisted that, by the provisions of the revised statutes, in the event of the death of the husband of the plaintiff before the expiration of the term (an event, which has actually happened) the residuary interest in the term goes to the personal representatives of the deceased lessee; and that for this reason there can be no such union and merger, in law, as to give the plaintiff a right to dower. In support of this proposition the defendant’s counsel has cited a great number of authorities, among which are the following : 6 Com. Dig. tit. Surrender, H. 316. Id. I.2,318,319, 2 Bl. Com. 326. 4 Kent’s Com. 101. 2 Cowen, 258. 4 Kent, 12, 355. 2 Cruise’s Dig. tit. 17, Reversion, 4, 12, 13, 15. Co. Lit. f. u. 7, a. Com. Dig. tit. 3, Estates for Life, 93. 2 R. S. 82. 4 Kent, 267. It is doubtless true that the two estates must be re-united, so as to constitute one estate, or the wife cannot be endowed. It is laid down in 4 Kent, 39, that “The husband must be seised of a freehold in possession, and an estate of immediate inheritance in remainder or reversion, to create in the wife a title to dower. The freehold and inheritance must be consolidated, and be in the husband simul et semel during the marriage, to render the wife dowable.” This would seem to be plain language, and yet there are authorities cited in connexion with this proposition, by the learned commentator, which render the true doctrine quite uncertain. It appears that the courts, in their leaning in favor of, and with the view of sustaining, the right to dower, have been satisfied with a kind of sub modo union of the two estates. And accordingly it has been decided that the union will be regarded ’ as sufficient to create the title to dower, when an estate for years intervenes between the particular estate and the remainder. *333(Bates v. Bates, 1 Ld. Raym. 326.) It is said to be otherwise where the intervening estate is not a chattel interest, but an estate for life. (4 Kent, 39, 40.) But
(2.) A second answer to the plaintiff’s proposition is that, by the terms of the lease, the estate demised to the husband of the plaintiff, by the defendant, was conditional, liable to be defeated, and subject to a re-entry by the non-payment of rent; and that upon condition broken and a re-entry for that cause, the defendant became re-invested with her entire original estate, free from any incumbrance of dower.
This would seem to be a natural consequence arising out of the nature of the contract between the parties. The estate— the entire estate—is conditional, subject to be defeated by the happening of a condition subsequent. The same act which conveys the estate to the husband, creates in the wife the only right to dower which she can claim. The dower right in the wife is an incident, merely, of the conditional estate of the husband, and it would seem to follow as a necessary consequence that it should itself be conditional also. Upon the same principle upon which our supreme court have held (15 John. 458) that in the case of a deed and mortgage simultaneously executed for the purchase money, the right of the wife of the grantee was liable to be defeated by the foreclosure of the mortgage forth e non-payment of the purchase money. So in the case of the lease, the rent is in the nature of purchase money, payable by instalments; and by parity of reasoning, the estate being subject to the condition, from its creation, the dower right of the lessee should partake of the conditional nature of the principal estate. This doctrine is fully borne out by the authorities. It is laid down in Cruise, tit. 13, ch. 1, § 13, that “ It is a rule of law that a condition must defeat or determine the whole estate to which it is annexed, and not in part only.” Again, in chapter two of the same title, at sections 59 and 60, we find the principle stated thus: “ Where a person enters for a condition broken, the estate becomes void ab initio, and the person who enters becomes again seised of his original estate, and is in the same situation as though he had never conveyed it away. *334And as the entry of the feoffor or the feoffee, for a condition broken, defeats the estate to which the condition was annexed, so it defeats all rights and incidents annexed to that estate; for upon the entry of the feoffor he becomes seised of a paramount estate. In consequence of this principle, if a man seised of a conditional estate marries, or a woman seised of such an estate takes husband, and has issue, and afterwards the condition is broken and the grantor enters for the breach, he willx avoid all titles of dower and curtesy.” In tit. 6, Dower, ch. 3, § 33, the author says, “ There are several cases in which dower and curtesy cease upon the determination of the estate; 1st. Where the fee is evicted by title paramount; 2d. Where the seisin of the husband is wrongful and the heir is remitted, by which the wrongful estate is determined, the right to dower ceases; 3d. When the donor enters for the breach of condition, it defeats the right to dower and curtesy” See also Co. Lit. f. 203, b ; Id. 218, b ; Id.fol. 202, a, b, and note 90; Id. 241, a, note 170, where it is said, “ As entry for breach of condition defeats the estate of the tenant on condition; so it defeats his .wife’s right of dotoer,” &c. The same principle is found, expressed in the most direct and unequivocal language, in 5 Vin. Abr. p. 315, Condition, o. d, pi. 1; 9 Id. Dower, 1, pl. 4; Id. Dower, 1,pl. 3, p. 235; 3 Com. Dig. 492, Dower, A. 5. If this doctrine needed confirmation, it might be added that the authorities cited and relied on by Cruise, Viner and Comyn, are the very highest in the law.
The only case or dictum which has been furnished us, inconsistent with this current of authority, is found in Co. Littleton, 31 a, (4 note 180,) and purports to have been taken by the annotators from Hale’s Manuscripts, and it reads thus: “ Lessee for life surrenders to him in reversion on condition, and enters for condition broken. Yet the wife of the reversioner shall be endowed. (Noy, n. 284. Osmund’s case, Noy, 66.)” This case, which is relied upon as the authority for the principle contained in this note, is thus stated in- Noy, 66: “ Osmund and wife surrender on condition, &c. Plea, Ne unq. seiz. of dower. (See Dyer, 41.) And by the court. If a man bargain and sell his-*335lands by three words only, and makes livery, that yet the bargainee (although that the indenture was never enrolled) may plead that, for a bargain includes a grant? It needs no argument to show that this case furnishes no authority for the principle laid down in the note in question. There is still less foundation for this principle in the case referred to in Dyer, 41. That was a writ of dower, to which the tenant pleaded ne unq. seiz. dower, and on the trial the facts disclosed were these; a feoffment made to the husband of the defendant, in fee, which on the face of the deed showed seisin in the husband. In answer to this, it appeared that long before the feoffment the husband was seised of land to him and his first wife in special tail, and they made a discontinuance and took back an estate in fee by the feoffment aforesaid, and died seised of such estate; wherefore the heir who was tenant in tail was remitted, and therefore the second wife not dowable thereof. And though the court held this to be the law, yet they allowed the demandant to recover, because these facts could not be proved under the issue between the parties. This case, it will be seen, turned on a question of pleading, but is in truth a case belonging to a class of authorities directly opposed to the principle contained in the note in question. This note having been disposed of, we believe the current of authority remains unbroken, in support of the general proposition, that when the grantor of an estate on condition enters for condition broken, the dower of the wife falls with the estate of the husband. This leads us to the only remaining question; which is
III. Whether it is proved in this case that the defendant has re-entered for condition broken ? This proposition consists of three branches. (1.) Was the condition broken 1 That is proved by the production of the lease, which is a part of the case, upon which it appears that the rent is due, and no proof of its payment. (2.) Has the defendant actually re-entered 1 That also appears by the case. (3.) Did she enter on account of condition broken ? That the condition was broken, and that the defendant having a right to re-enter for that cause has actually re-entered, would seem to lay the foundation for a strong pre*336sumption that she re-entered for that cause. The provisions of the revised statutes, (2 R. S. 505, §§ 30, 31, 32,) contain the directions for a re-entry for non-payment of rent, by ejectment. And if these directions haVe been complied with, no other evidence can be necessary under this branch of the case. The plaintiff’s counsel, on the argument, objected to the judgment record and execution in the suit against the husband of the plaintiff, as being competent evidence against her. On looking into the case, however, it will be found that no evidence was objected to, but that all the facts were admitted by the parties. Now the fact, necessary to make the chain of evidence perfect, is the re-entry by the defendant for the breach of the condition of the lease. And we find it admitted in the case, that the de fendant, in May term, 1843, 'commenced her action of ejectment against the plaintiff’s husband, for the land in question, and filed her affidavit of the amount of rent due, <fcc. and took a judgment by default against him on the 8th of June, 1843. And that on the 13th of June the defendant re-entered by virtue of a writ of possession, and has remained in possession ever since. It is also stated in the case that a copy of the record, writ of possession with the sheriff’s return, and the affidavit filed by the defendant,, are annexed and make a part of the case. Now we repeat that all this evidence was put in by consent and admission, without any objection except that stated in the last clause of the case, which is the usual allegation, that the foregoing facts are taken subject to all legal exceptions and objections, and with liberty to turn the case into a bill of exceptions, &c. Now we regard this as nothing more than that the case is made subject to the legal conclusions arising upon the facts contained therein. Had it been the intention of the plaintiff’s counsel to reserve the right to raise an objection to the character of the evidence offered to proveí the re-entry, he should, instead of admitting the fact in so many words, have objected for that reason, and then the appropriate testimony might have been given;
Our conclusion on,the whole case is, that judgment must be entered for the defendant.
Judgment for the defeiidant.