Court Opinion

ID: 9369488
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-08 20:09:06.260628+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:15.410465
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Huish, 2023-Ohio-365.]

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                   TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

State of Ohio,                                         :

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,                   :
                                                                          No. 21AP-255
v.                                                     :              (C.P.C. No. 19CR-4125)

Gregory Huish,                                         :          (REGULAR CALENDAR)

                                                       :
                 Defendant-Appellant.
                                                       :

                                           D E C I S I O N

                                    Rendered on February 8, 2023

                 On brief: April F. Campbell, Campbell Law, LLC, for
                 appellant.1

                 On brief: G. Gary Tyack, Prosecuting Attorney, and Paula
                 M. Sawyers, for appellee. Argued: Seth L. Gilbert.

                   APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas
MENTEL, J.
        {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Gregory Huish, appeals from a judgment of conviction
and sentence entered by the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, pursuant to a jury
verdict, finding him guilty of two counts of murder and one count of tampering with
evidence.
        {¶ 2} For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
        {¶ 3} On August 21, 2019, appellant was indicted on two counts of murder in
violation of R.C. 2903.02, unclassified felonies (Counts One and Two); and one count of

1On February 17, 2022, counsel for appellant filed a notice of waiver of oral argument and submitted this case
for a decision on the briefs.
No. 21AP-255                                                                                 2

tampering with evidence in violation of R.C. 2921.12, a felony of the third degree (Count
Three). Appellant entered a not-guilty plea on August 23, 2019. A jury trial commenced on
March 26, 2021. The following evidence was adduced at trial.
       {¶ 4} In the summer of 2019, Daniel James Atchley resided at 380 Stoddart Avenue
in the Old Town East neighborhood of Columbus, Ohio. (Tr. Vol. II at 40, 42.) Atchley
testified that during this time, appellant was his neighbor and lived in the nearby property
at 382 Stoddart Avenue. (Tr. at 42-43.) Atchley identified appellant in the courtroom. (Tr.
at 43-44.) Appellant had initially lived in the building with a female roommate that had
small dogs and another male roommate. A fourth roommate, Ce'Marlo Fletcher, later
moved into the residence. (Tr. at 43.) Atchley stated his relationship with Fletcher consisted
mainly of waving and saying hello. (Tr. at 45-46.) Atchley testified that his house was about
10 to 20 feet from the 382 Stoddart Avenue property. (Tr. at 46-47.)
       {¶ 5} On August 12, 2019, Atchley returned from work around 5:00 p.m. At
approximately 9:30 p.m., Atchley was reading a book on his porch when he "started hearing
events going on next door, I heard raised voices." (Tr. at 50.) Atchley testified that he heard
two male voices yelling at each other for approximately 15-20 minutes. (Tr. at 51.) "The only
phrase that I could make out was, '$400.' " (Tr. at 51.) According to Atchley, Fletcher then
came outside on his cell phone. Before returning inside, Atchley overheard Fletcher state
that his PlayStation 4 had been stolen. (Tr. at 52.) Huish then came outside and told Atchley
that Fletcher believed Huish stole his PlayStation 4. Huish denied having anything to do
with it. (Tr. at 53.) After approximately five minutes, Fletcher came outside demanding his
rent. "I distinctly remember [Fletcher] saying that he wanted his rent money back for the
month of August, he said he wanted his rent money back and he was moving out." (Tr. at
54.) Before Huish went back inside his residence, Atchley cautioned Huish to be careful.
(Tr. at 54.) Atchley testified Huish went inside at approximately 10:00 p.m. (Tr. at 56.)
Later in the evening, Atchley heard someone yell "help me" as they were running up the
alleyway. (Tr. at 56.) Atchley then told his roommate to call 911. According to Atchley, he
saw a "pool of blood on my front porch * * * and I saw Ce'Marlo out moving toward the
street, and he stumbled and was falling in the tree lawn * * * near a parked car and out in
our front lawn." (Tr. at 59.) Atchley turned "Ce'Marlo on to his back and I knew that there
was blood on my porch and could see that he was bleeding." (Tr. at 59.) Atchley observed a
No. 21AP-255                                                                                  3

large wound on the top of his stomach and attempted first aid by putting pressure on the
wound. (Tr. at 60-61.) According to Atchley, the only thing Fletcher would say was "PS4."
(Tr. at 60.) Law enforcement soon arrived and secured the area. The paramedics then took
over first aid. (Tr. at 62.)
       {¶ 6} On cross-examination, Atchley testified that when he spoke to Huish, he did
not seem angry but more off-guard at being accused of stealing the PlayStation 4. (Tr. at
71.) Atchley stated, after speaking with Huish and hearing the yelling, he was worried that
there would be a fight. (Tr. at 73.) Atchley acknowledged that he did not see the incident
and did not know what happened inside the residence. (Tr. at 73.)
       {¶ 7} Officer Amanda Hill testified that she has been a patrol officer for the
Columbus Division of Police for nearly ten years. (Tr. at 81-82.) On August 12, 2019, Hill
responded to a call around 10:30 p.m. that was believed to be a shooting at Stoddart
Avenue. (Tr. at 84.) Hill and her partner arrived at the scene and identified the victim laying
on the ground. (Tr. at 84.) Hill attempted first aid, but the victim was unresponsive. (Tr. at
86.) Hill testified that the victim had injuries "[t]o his torso, initially we believed it would
be gunshots, but, I -- I couldn't tell you exactly where they were in his torso." (Tr. at 87.)
After the medics arrived, Hill went to the victim's residence and saw blood along the door
frame. (Tr. at 88.) Hill testified that she went inside the home and observed more blood
that was "[b]asically everywhere. Walking in was like a front room and then towards the
back, just the whole way through, you saw blood." (Tr. at 88-89.) Hill then assisted in
securing the scene. (Tr. at 89.) On cross-examination, Hill testified that she attempted to
speak with the victim, but he was unresponsive. (Tr. at 95-96.)
       {¶ 8} Officer Carl Harmon testified that he has been employed by the Columbus
Division of Police as a police officer for seven years. (Tr. at 99-100.) On August 12, 2019,
Harmon was dispatched to Stoddart Avenue for what was believed at that time to be a
shooting. (Tr. at 104.) Harmon testified that he arrived at the scene where other officers
were rendering aid to the victim. (Tr. at 108.) Harmon and Officer Sean Mottinger entered
the residence believing there was an armed suspect. (Tr. at 109-10.) Harmon described the
residence as a duplex, and he testified that they proceeded to search the left side of the
building. (Tr. at 110.) According to Harmon, the officers followed a trail of blood leading up
the stairs. (Tr. at 110.) Harmon cleared the house but did not find anyone inside. (Tr. at 110-
No. 21AP-255                                                                                   4

11.) Harmon characterized the scene as "very, very apparent that something, a crime of
violence had occurred inside the living room." (Tr. at 112.) According to Harmon, they went
upstairs and found the door to the attic was locked. (Tr. at 112.) Harmon stated that they
ultimately took the door apart to conduct a search of the attic. (Tr. at 112-13.) Harmon
stated the attic was accessible to the other unit so he wanted to search the other side of the
building. According to Harmon, it took approximately 10-15 minutes to clear the first side
of the duplex. (Tr. at 115.) Harmon then went to the other side of the double unit and
continued the search. (Tr. at 113-14.) Harmon stated that he announced himself during the
search. "I want everybody to know that the police are here." (Tr. at 117.) Harmon testified
regarding the search of the other half of the house as follows:
                The search was pretty quick because, like I said, it was vacant,
                there's not a lot that we have to search through. I made my way
                to the attic. The way that the attic was situated, it was a mirror
                of the other place, and so I knew that the closet, if you will,
                doors were lower, about waste height. So when I get to the attic
                I turned right and I could tell there was one of those closet
                doors and I moved back the piece of wood that was, I guess,
                acting as the door, and I saw the suspect or who I thought to be
                the suspect at the time hiding in there.
(Tr. at 116.)
       {¶ 9} According to Harmon, he then ordered the suspect out of the closet. (Tr. at
118.) Harmon observed that the suspect had blood on his shirt. Harmon did not notice any
injuries on appellant at that time. (Tr. at 120-21.) Harmon testified that he ordered the
suspect out, to turn around, and put his hands up. (Tr. at 119.) Harmon told the suspect
that if he moved "I'll fucking kill you," which the suspect replied, "[g]o ahead and do it." (Tr.
at 120.) According to Harmon, the suspect then turned towards him, which forced him to
tackle the suspect into a mini fridge. (Tr. at 121.) Harmon brought the suspect to the ground
and placed him in handcuffs. (Tr. at 122.) Harmon asked the suspect "why did you do that"
in reference to advancing on him during the arrest. (Tr. at 122.) Huish stated, " '[i]t was an
accident' or '[h]e attacked me.' " (Tr. at 123.) Harmon identified Huish in the courtroom as
the suspect he placed under arrest at the scene. (Tr. at 124.)
       {¶ 10} On cross-examination, Harmon stated that upon entering the residence his
biggest concern was the safety of everybody involved and searched the duplex for an
additional victim or the suspect. (Tr. at 139.) Harmon acknowledged that, despite all of the
No. 21AP-255                                                                                 5

blood at the scene, he did not know what happened or "how [all the blood] got there." (Tr.
at 141.) Harmon stated that since he had been in the other residence, he understood the
layout of the attic. (Tr. at 145.) Harmon acknowledged that Huish's presence in the attic
startled him. (Tr. at 146.) Harmon testified that preservation of life is most important in
those situations. (Tr. at 147.) Harmon stated that he made the decision to tackle Huish
because "[m]y weapon was holstered, I was getting ready to place him into handcuffs, it
would have taken too much time to draw my weapon and it would also have been
exceedingly dangerous to engage in a gunfight in the confines of the attic and based on the
layout and where officers were." (Tr. at 149.) Harmon found no weapons on Huish during
the arrest. (Tr. at 151.)
       {¶ 11} Officer Sean Mottinger testified that he has been employed with the
Columbus Division of Police for six years. On August 12, 2019, Mottinger was on "a walkie
crew assignment, so that typically means I'm on a bicycle here and there, so I had a different
uniform on that day, I believe. * * * The tone drop was I believe a shooting that came in on
Stoddart and I jumped into a cruiser with Officer Harmon, the officer that testified earlier."
(Tr. at 160.) Upon arriving at the scene, Mottinger followed the blood trail up to the
residence. (Tr. at 163.) Mottinger described the inside of the residence as having a
significant amount of blood on the walls. (Tr. at 163.) Mottinger testified that he followed
Harmon as he knocked down the door and searched the first half of the double unit.
Mottinger described using a "Halligan tool" to pry open the attic door. (Tr. at 163-64.)
Mottinger stated that they did not find anyone in the first residence. Mottinger and the
other officers concluded that the other side of the duplex needed to be searched due to the
shared attic space. (Tr. at 165.) Mottinger testified that the door to the other unit of the
duplex was open, and the officers proceeded to search the other unit level by level. (Tr. at
165-66.) The officers searched the house until they reached the attic where he heard
Harmon yelling commands. Mottinger went up to the attic and observed the suspect. (Tr.
at 166.) Mottinger identified Huish in the courtroom as the suspect that was arrested that
evening. (Tr. at 167.) At the time of the arrest, Mottinger did not observe any injuries on the
suspect. (Tr. at 167.) Mottinger testified that Huish looked impaired during the arrest. (Tr.
at 168.) Mottinger concluded the search and observed two bottles of liquor in the attic. (Tr.
at 172.)
No. 21AP-255                                                                                 6

       {¶ 12} On cross-examination, Mottinger conceded that he did not know what
happened the moment Harmon found Huish in the attic. (Tr. at 177.) Mottinger also
acknowledged he had never met Huish before that night. On redirect examination,
Mottinger testified that he smelled alcohol on Huish. (Tr. at 180.)
       {¶ 13} Dr. Kevin Jenkins testified that he is employed at the Franklin County
Forensic Science Center as the Chief Deputy Coroner. (Tr. at 183-84.) Jenkins is a forensic
pathologist and licensed to practice medicine in the state of Ohio. Jenkins manages other
pathologists in the department as well as performs autopsies. (Tr. at 185.) Jenkins testified
as to his educational background and experience in performing autopsies. The state then
moved to qualify Jenkins as an expert in the field of forensic pathology. Without objection
from the defense, the trial court deemed Jenkins an expert in the field. (Tr. at 188-89.)
       {¶ 14} Jenkins performed an autopsy of the decedent, Ce'Marlo Fletcher, on
August 13, 2019. (Tr. at 192.) Jenkins prepared a report as to the results of the autopsy. (Tr.
at 193.) Jenkins testified as to Fletcher's injuries stating "[o]n the external examination
there was an injury on the left upper chest consistent with a stab wound. And there was
medical intervention to include sutures across the chest, and the -- some scattered
abrasions, bruises, scrapes on knees." (Tr. at 196.) Jenkins testified the wound was 2.4
centimeters wide, approximately four inches deep, and oriented horizontally on the chest.
(Tr. at 197, 200.) Jenkins explained that because the knife did not hit any bone or cartilage
there is no way to determine how much force was asserted to inflict the stab wound. (Tr. at
200.) Jenkins stated that were also abrasions on the decedent's "left cheek and right elbow,
right eyebrow, left forearm, left wrist, left hip and left knee." (Tr. at 201.) According to
Jenkins, these abrasions were all recent. (Tr. at 202.) Jenkins concluded, based on a
reasonable degree of medical certainty, that the decedent's cause of death was a stab wound
to the chest and the manner of death was a homicide. (Tr. at 214.)
       {¶ 15} On cross-examination, Jenkins acknowledged that there was no way for him
to determine how those abrasions occurred. (Tr. at 217.) Jenkins also conceded that he
could not say what Fletcher was doing at the time that these wounds were inflicted. (Tr. at
219.) Jenkins noted that "homicide" was defined as death caused by the actions of someone
else, and his designation has no bearing on whether the other person was justified in those
actions. (Tr. at 222-23.)
No. 21AP-255                                                                                7

       {¶ 16} Erika Jury testified that she moved into the 382 Stoddart Avenue residence
in 2017. (Tr. at 233.) Jury described the residence as a two-bedroom duplex. (Tr. at 237.)
When Jury first moved into the duplex, Huish was the only other occupant. (Tr. at 234.)
Jury testified the Huish was also a tenant and worked as the caretaker for the actual
landlord of the property. (Tr. at 240.) Jury initially moved into the bedroom on the second
floor but, after a few months, she moved to the attic. (Tr. at 235-36, 240-41.) Jury testified
that two other roommates, Benjamin Gibson and Ce'Marlo Fletcher, would later move into
the duplex. Gibson later started to live with someone else but maintained his room at the
duplex to store his property. (Tr. at 246.) Jury testified that Fletcher moved into the
smallest bedroom on the second floor. (Tr. at 248-49.) Huish stayed in the dining room and
would use a red curtain at the doorway to section off his two rooms of the house. (Tr. at
250.) Jury testified that Fletcher moved out for a brief time but returned. (Tr. at 256-57.)
According to Jury, Fletcher and Huish did not socialize, but they also did not have any
disagreements prior to the night in question. (Tr. at 259.)
       {¶ 17} On August 12, 2019, Jury had worked an evening shift at BP between the
hours of 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. (Tr. at 259.) That morning, Jury returned home from
work, socialized with her boyfriend, Armon Jones, at her residence and went to sleep
around 10:30 a.m. (Tr. at 260-61.) Jury woke up in the evening and caught the bus to work
around 9:00 p.m. (Tr. at 263.) Jury testified that Huish was the only one home when she
left for work. (Tr. at 264.) According to Jury, Fletcher called her around 9:30 p.m. about
his missing PlayStation 4. After some discussion with Fletcher, they determined that Jones
had taken the PlayStation 4. (Tr. at 266.) Jury ultimately offered to pay for the stolen
PlayStation 4. (Tr. at 267.) That evening, Jury received a notification on her phone of a
shooting on Stoddart Avenue. (Tr. at 267.) The detectives later interviewed her at work. (Tr.
at 268.) Jury stated that she spoke to the detectives a second time about the events of the
day and provided information about the stolen PlayStation 4. Jury testified that while
Fletcher was taller than Huish, Huish was noticeably heavier than Fletcher. (Tr at 269-70.)
       {¶ 18} On cross-examination, Jury acknowledged that Fletcher yelled during their
telephone conversation. (Tr. at 274.) Jury testified that she had never heard Fletcher that
upset. Jury conceded that she did not know what happened after she got off the phone with
Fletcher. (Tr. at 277.) According to Jury, Fletcher told her that he was going to ask Huish
No. 21AP-255                                                                                 8

for his rent money back and was going to move out. (Tr. at 277.) Jury recalled telling law
enforcement that Fletcher had a bad temper. (Tr. at 281.) On redirect examination, Jury
testified that she had never seen Fletcher become physically violent.
       {¶ 19} Detective Richard Bair testified that he has been employed with the
Columbus Division of Police since 1995. (Tr. Vol. III at 11-12.) Bair has been a detective with
the Crime Scene Search Unit since July 2008. (Tr. at 11.) Bair described the Crime Scene
Search Unit as the "third responders" and stated, "we meet up with the detectives that called
us out there. They will do a walk-through of the scene with us. * * * They will go over what
they want at the scene so we're basically working under the direction of the detective." (Tr.
at 15-16.) Bair described taking photographs and fingerprints, collecting evidence, making
sketches, and taking DNA samples at the Stoddart Avenue property. (Tr. at 18.) "[W]e
w[a]nt to capture the scene so we want to be able to show this is what it looked like when
we got in." (Tr. at 18.)
       {¶ 20} On August 12, 2019, Bair arrived at 382 Stoddart Avenue at approximately
1:56 a.m. (Tr. at 23.) According to Bair, he walked through the crime scene with Detective
Titus on what items they wanted collected and marked evidence for photographs. (Tr. at
23.) Bair testified to a series of photographs that were taken at the scene. (Tr. at 27.) Bair
stated that he took the photographs, and another detective collected the physical evidence.
According to Bair, he was present during the entire collection process. (Tr. at 49.) Bair also
testified to the swabs taken from the knife recovered at the scene. (Tr. at 54.) Bair testified
to the various samples as well as the liquor bottle collected in the attic of 384 Stoddart
Avenue. (Tr. at 53.) According to Bair, all the exhibits that he reviewed appeared to be in
substantially the same condition as when they were collected at the scene. (Tr. at 56.) Bair
acknowledged that he was not involved in analyzing the DNA samples. (Tr. at 56.)
       {¶ 21} On cross-examination, Bair conceded that he did not know how the blood
ended up on the wall or floor. (Tr. at 60.) Bair testified, "it looks like someone was wounded
and they bled a lot in a lot of different places." (Tr. at 60.) After a review of a photograph,
Bair stated the liquor bottle, when it was recovered, appeared "fairly full." (Tr. at 64.)
       {¶ 22} Benjamin Gibson testified that he moved into the Stoddart Avenue residence
in 2016. (Tr. at 71.) Gibson heard about the vacancy from Jury when they worked together
at the BP on Stringtown Road. (Tr. at 72.) Gibson moved into the second-floor room at the
No. 21AP-255                                                                                                  9

end of the hallway and paid $200 in rent per month. (Tr. at 73-74.) Gibson described Huish
as the landlord and characterized their relationship as "friend kind of acquaintances." (Tr.
at 76.) According to Gibson, Fletcher moved into the residence around 2018. (Tr. at 77.)
Gibson stated that they were friends and would socialize over their shared love of music.
(Tr. at 78.) Gibson testified that, around August 2019, he was "in and out" of the duplex as
he was living with someone else at the time. (Tr. at 79.) Gibson moved out around April and
used the room primarily for storage. (Tr. at 81.) Gibson returned once a week to give Huish
money for rent.
        {¶ 23} On August 12, 2019, Gibson was working as a dishwasher and prep cook at
the Franklin Park Conservatory. (Tr. at 83.) After work, Gibson returned to his residence at
62 Dunkin Street. At around 7:30 p.m., Gibson went to the Stoddart Avenue property to
pay his rent and return a video game to Fletcher. (Tr. at 86.) According to Gibson, he went
to Fletcher's room to return the video game and noticed that the PlayStation 4 was missing.
Gibson then spoke to Huish about the PlayStation 4, but Huish said he did not know
anything about it. (Tr. at 90.) Gibson recalled Huish was drinking a Bloody Mary that night.
(Tr. at 90.) Gibson helped program Huish's phone and chatted with him for approximately
10-20 minutes. (Tr. at 91.) According to Gibson, he left the residence around 8:30 p.m. (Tr.
at 91.) Gibson stated that he later received a call from Fletcher around 9:10 p.m. (Tr. at 92-
93.) Gibson testified that Fletcher was pretty upset about the missing PlayStation 4. That
was the last time Gibson spoke to Fletcher. According to Gibson, he received a call from
Jury the next morning, and she told him what had happened. (Tr. at 95.)
        {¶ 24} On cross-examination, Gibson stated Fletcher had a temper and was upset
during their telephone call on August 12, 2019. (Tr. at 101.) According to Gibson, Huish was
not upset or angry when he left the duplex. (Tr. at 102.) Gibson acknowledged that he did
not know what happened in the house the night of the incident. (Tr. at 102-03.) On redirect
examination, Gibson recalled that the door on Fletcher's room would not lock. (Tr. at 104.)
"[H]is door didn't even have hinges on it." (Tr. at 104.) Gibson also testified he had never
seen Fletcher become violent. (Tr. at 105.)2

2Prior to the testimony of Hope Olson, the parties entered into a series of stipulations that were read into the
record. (Tr. 108-10.)
No. 21AP-255                                                                                 10

       {¶ 25} Hope Olson testified that she is a forensic scientist in the DNA Section of the
Columbus Police Crime Lab. Olson testified that she has been with the crime lab for
approximately six and one half years. (Tr. at 111-12.) Olson testified to her education
background and experience in the field. Olson was subsequently qualified as an expert
without objection. (Tr. at 115.) Olson described the process of analyzing DNA and what
information is included in a DNA profile. (Tr. at 118-19.) Regarding the August 12, 2019
incident, Olson testified as to certain pieces of evidence submitted for examination. Olson
stated that the blood collected from the samples were consistent with the DNA of Fletcher.
(Tr. at 122-123.) Olson noted that it is rare to find DNA samples under someone's
fingernails even when there is an altercation. (Tr. at 128.) Olson testified that the swabs
tested from the blade of the knife were consistent with the DNA profile of Fletcher. (Tr. at
125.) Olson also concluded that the DNA profile from the stain on Huish's shirt was a
mixture of DNA from Huish and Fletcher. (Tr. at 130, 132.) Olson explained "[b]ecause I
knew that this was Gregory Huish's shirt, it's assumed that his DNA could be on the item.
It's reasonable to assume that his DNA would be on his own shirt." (Tr. at 131.)
       {¶ 26} On cross-examination, Olson explained the inherent difficulties in theorizing
why DNA was left in some place but not others. "It's just really hard because as I mentioned
before trace DNA doesn't act the same way every single time. A different fabric of shirt may
be better than another fabric. The whole circumstance, it's winter maybe someone's skin is
a little more dry than in the summertime. So there's so many factors that we are not aware
of without actually being at the scene that can play a part at leaving DNA behind." (Tr. at
137-38.) Olson acknowledged that without being at the scene during the incident, she could
not know what happened. (Tr. at 139.)
       {¶ 27} Detective Brent Close testified that he has been employed by the Columbus
Division of Police for approximately 23 years and a homicide detective for nearly two and
one half years. (Tr. at 144-45.) On the evening of August 12, 2019, Close was notified around
11:00 p.m. about a potential homicide at 382 Stoddart Avenue. (Tr. at 157-58.) Law
enforcement obtained a search warrant for both the 382 and 384 Stoddart Avenue
properties. (Tr. at 164-65.) Close described the scene as follows: "[t]here was obvious blood
inside the house, quite a bit of blood inside the living room of 382. It -- it actually showed a
path from the living room to the back door of the duplex out to the * * * back door and along
No. 21AP-255                                                                                 11

the sidewalk." (Tr. at 160.) Close conducted interviews with officers and civilians at the
scene. (Tr. at 163-64.)
       {¶ 28} Close testified to conducting an interview at CPD headquarters with Huish
about the incident. (Tr. at 167.) According to Close, Huish stated that Fletcher came home
from work and accused him of stealing his PlayStation 4. "He said that Mr. Fletcher was
very angry, yelling and screaming." (Tr. at 167.) Huish left the residence and spoke to his
neighbor that was outside on his porch. Huish then went back inside the house and started
to cook in the kitchen. (Tr. at 167.) Fletcher again confronted Huish and pushed him
multiple times. According to Close, Huish stated that he then grabbed a butcher knife from
the kitchen and "chased Mr. Fletcher to the front door. Once [in the living room near the
front door], * * * [Huish] was telling Mr. Fletcher to get away from him and to get out of his
house." (Tr. at 168.) Close testified that Huish recalled "Mr. Fletcher pushed Mr. Huish
again and/or that was when he struck him. And then during that altercation in the living
room Mr. Huish stated that he stabbed Mr. Fletcher with a knife." (Tr. at 168-69.) Huish
admitted that he did not see a weapon on Fletcher during the incident. (Tr. at 169.) Close
stated that there were no injuries to Huish's knuckles. (Tr. at 181.) Close testified the Huish
consented to have his DNA collected. (Tr. at 172.) The state then played the recorded
interview between Close and Huish for the jury. (Tr. at 178.)
       {¶ 29} Close testified that he went to the BP station to interview Jury who was able
to provide Fletcher's Facebook information. Fletcher was later identified through
fingerprints. (Tr. at 171.) There was also a surveillance video from a neighboring house but
the quality was described as "very poor." (Tr. at 173.)
       {¶ 30} On cross-examination, Close conceded the Huish was cooperative during the
interview. While Huish admitted to having a couple drinks that evening, Close
acknowledged that Huish did not appear intoxicated during the interview. (Tr. at 194.)
Close also testified that he was informed by the other officers that Huish said, "[h]e attacked
me" during the arrest. (Tr. at 196.) Close conceded that he did not ask Huish if he was fearful
for his life or if Huish felt like he had no other choice but to use the knife. (Tr. at 200-01.)
When Close asked why Huish hid in the attic, Huish responded, "[y]eah, I don't have a good
reason for why I did what I did. I just F'd up and ran and hid." (Tr. at 210.) Close
acknowledged that everyone reacts differently to stressful situations. (Tr. at 210.)
No. 21AP-255                                                                                  12

       {¶ 31} On redirect examination, Close noted that the interview occurred three hours
after the time of arrest, which provided time for the effects of alcohol to dissipate. (Tr. at
212-13.) Close testified that he was concerned about why Huish went next door and did not
call the police. (Tr. at 214.) Close also said that Huish admitted during the interview that
Fletcher did not push him into anything. (Tr. at 215.) Close stated that he did not follow up
with Huish's statement that he "fucked up [his] life" because Huish already said that "he
shouldn't have grabbed the knife, he shouldn't have stabbed him." (Tr. at 217.)
       {¶ 32} The state rested its case and moved to admit its exhibits. Counsel for
appellant then moved to dismiss the indictment under Crim.R. 29 contending that the state
did not meet its burden in the case. The state opposed the motion positing that, considering
the facts favorable to the state as required under the rule, the elements of each offense were
met. (Tr. at 228-29.) The trial court denied the motion finding that reasonable minds could
differ as to whether there was sufficient evidence to sustain a conviction.
       {¶ 33} Prior to appellant's testimony, the parties convened regarding the proposed
jury instructions. (Tr. Vol. IV. at 5.) Relevant to the instant appeal, the trial court denied
appellant's request for an unanimity jury instruction on self-defense. (Tr. at 10.) The trial
court concluded that self-defense calls for an alternative means instruction citing State v.
Gardner, 118 Ohio St.3d 420, 2008-Ohio-2787 as illustrative on this issue. (Tr. at 9.) The
trial court stated: "The jury finding different reasons as to why they think the state did or
did not disprove self defense does not reflect a disagreement of the facts pertaining to the
defendant's conduct. The actual determination is if the agreed-upon facts could be
interpreted as satisfying the necessary elements of self defense or if not." (Tr. at 9-10.)
       {¶ 34} Gregory Huish testified that he moved into the 382 Stoddart Avenue
residence in 2015. (Tr. at 17.) According to Huish, a friend owned the property and allowed
Huish to live in the house in exchange for helping him maintain his other various
properties. (Tr. at 19.) Huish was also paid $25 per week for this work. In 2019, three other
tenants resided in the Stoddart Avenue duplex. (Tr. at 22.) According to Huish, he only
interacted with Fletcher as they were coming and going in the house. (Tr. at 30.) Huish did
not have any problems with Fletcher prior to the incident. (Tr. at 32.)
       {¶ 35} The morning of August 12, 2019, Huish cut the grass at five buildings in the
neighborhood and returned to the house in the early afternoon. (Tr. at 32.) Huish testified
No. 21AP-255                                                                                13

that he got cleaned up and went to purchase a new cellphone at Target. (Tr. at 35.) At 4:00
p.m., Huish returned home and decided to make dinner (Tr. at 37.) At around 6:30 p.m.,
Gibson came by the duplex and programmed Huish's new phone. (Tr. at 38.) Huish testified
that he had consumed two drinks at this point in the evening. (Tr. at 42.)
       {¶ 36} Huish testified that Fletcher, shortly after returning home, stormed
downstairs asking about his PlayStation 4. (Tr. at 43.) Huish denied taking anything out of
Fletcher's room. After some discussion, Fletcher returned upstairs. Huish left the residence
and spoke with his neighbor who was outside reading a book. According to Huish, he could
hear Fletcher yelling inside the house. (Tr. at 45-46.) Huish estimated that he was outside
for five to ten minutes. (Tr. at 48.) Huish returned to the kitchen and started cleaning up
when Fletcher came back downstairs. According to Huish, Fletcher was upset and began
yelling about the PlayStation 4. Fletcher asked if Huish left the house open, which he
denied. (Tr. at 51.) Fletcher again returned to his room. Huish proceeded to prepare a snack
in the kitchen. (Tr. at 53.)
       {¶ 37} Fletcher returned to the kitchen for a third time. According to Huish, Fletcher
kept screaming about the missing PlayStation 4. (Tr. at 58.) Huish testified that Fletcher
began pushing him and "hitting me in the chest right here, [saying] you owe me." (Tr. at
60.) Huish testified that at this point he was trying to ignore Fletcher. Huish eventually told
Fletcher "[t]his is not my problem." (Tr. at 63.) "Ce'Marlo was pushing -- was pointing at
me and stuff and I had nothing to do with this, I don't want anything to do with this, I
grabbed the knife and I grabbed my drink and I walked into the kitchen ignoring him." (Tr.
at 66.) Huish went into his bedroom at which point Fletcher followed "yelling at me the
whole time." (Tr. at 66.) When asked why Huish had the knife, he stated, "I pulled out the
cutting board and I was gonna get the cheese and the crackers and all the stuff and pile it
up on there. And in front of me was my drink and the knife, and I can't carry everything at
once." (Tr. at 67.)
       {¶ 38} Huish denied that he threatened Fletcher with the knife, but he
acknowledged that he told Fletcher to get out of the house. (Tr. at 67.) Huish stated that
Fletcher then started to grab his shirt before Huish pushed him away. (Tr. at 74.) According
to Huish, Fletcher then hit him on the side and was up against the wall on top of the bed.
"All I remember is I grabbed that knife and I hit it -- I hit him with it." (Tr. at 75.) Huish
No. 21AP-255                                                                                 14

said that he "thought he'd kill me." (Tr. at 76.) According to Huish, he "freaked out and I
just ran out of the room." (Tr. at 76.) Huish stated he grabbed the vodka and cranberry juice
on the way to the other house. (Tr. at 78.) Huish thought that Fletcher would not look in
the other unit. (Tr. at 79.) Huish was later found in the attic and placed under arrest. (Tr.
at 80.) According to Huish, he was hiding from Fletcher. (Tr. at 81.) Huish does not
remember hearing the police come into the duplex. (Tr. at 84.)
       {¶ 39} Huish denied that he ever chased Fletcher to the front door despite his earlier
statement during the interrogation to that effect. (Tr. at 86.) Huish stated that he did not
believe he had any other choice but to use the knife. (Tr. at 87-88.) Huish denied that he
realized the severity of Fletcher's injury. "I just threw it. I just picked it up and grabbed it
and hit him with it." (Tr. at 92.) Huish does not remember telling police that if he had not
had a couple drinks this may not have happened. (Tr. at 89.) Huish also admitted to
throwing the knife above the cabinets. (Tr. at 91.) "I just threw it up there and then I went
upstairs." (Tr. at 91.)
       {¶ 40} On cross-examination, Huish conceded that he did not have a great frame of
reference for Fletcher's emotions. (Tr. at 95.) Huish admitted that since there is no written
lease, if a dispute arose, the only remedy available to Fletcher was to ask for his money back.
(Tr. at 96.) Huish testified that he started drinking around 4:00 p.m. while he was cooking
dinner. Huish acknowledged there was an empty bottle of liquor on the kitchen counter.
(Tr. at 102.) While Huish admitted that he told police, "I wish I wouldn't have had a few
cocktails, I wouldn't be here," he did not remember saying it. (Tr. at 105-06.) While Huish
told law enforcement his last drink was between 8:00-9:00 p.m., he admitted that was not
true since he had a drink when speaking with Atchley after 9:30 p.m. (Tr. at 107.) Huish
also conceded that he had a drink in his hand when arguing with Fletcher after 10:00 p.m.
Huish admitted that he was generally not afraid of Fletcher and never called the police on
him. (Tr. at 110.) Huish testified that Fletcher pushed him in the kitchen but not into
anything. (Tr. at 113.) While Huish does not remember telling police that he "chased
Ce'Marlo into that front room," he admitted he made the statement during the
interrogation. (Tr. at 115.) Huish conceded that his testimony at trial was the first time he
said that he went into the living room before Fletcher. (Tr. at 115.) While Huish told police,
"I chased him out to the front door," Huish denied that ever happened. (Tr. at 115.) Huish
No. 21AP-255                                                                                   15

admitted that while he told police that he could not remember when Fletcher punched him
in the side, he testified at trial that it was in the front room. (Tr. at 119.) Huish acknowledged
that he was getting upset after Fletcher kept accusing him of something he did not do. (Tr.
at 133.) Huish conceded that Fletcher never had a weapon. (Tr. at 125.)
       {¶ 41} On redirect examination, Huish testified that he was not drunk during the
evening. Huish reiterated that he did not feel like he had any other choice that night and
did not think he could have done anything different under the circumstances. (Tr. at 139.)
On re-cross, Huish admitted that he did not seek medical care for his purported injuries
after the incident. (Tr. at 143.)
       {¶ 42} At the conclusion of Huish's testimony, the defense rested its case and moved
to admit its exhibits. Without objection from the state, the trial court admitted the exhibits.
Defense counsel then renewed his Crim.R. 29 motion, which the trial court denied. (Tr. at
145.) The jury returned a verdict of guilty on all counts.
       {¶ 43} On April 15, 2021, the trial court conducted a sentencing hearing in this
matter. The trial court found that Count One merged with Count Two and sentenced
appellant to 15-years-to-life in prison to run concurrent with a 36-month term of
incarceration on Count Three. The trial court awarded appellant 610 days of jail-time credit.
       {¶ 44} Appellant filed a timely appeal.
II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
       {¶ 45} Appellant assigns the following as trial court error:
               [1] Huish's murder conviction should be reversed because the
               trial court did not give a specific unanimity instruction on self-
               defense when it was required to.
               [2] Huish's murder conviction must be reversed because the
               trial court incorrectly instructed the jury on the law of self-
               defense.
               [3] Huish's murder conviction must be reversed because the
               instructions on self-defense were conflicting and confusing.
               [4] Huish's convictions should be reversed because trial
               counsel was prejudicially ineffective for failing to object to the
               jury instructions and verdict forms, requiring reversal of
               Huish's convictions.
               [5] This Court should overturn its decision to find that self-
               defense does not fall under the sufficiency of the evidence
               standard.
No. 21AP-255                                                                                            16

                [6] The State's evidence was insufficient to disprove self-
                defense, thus Huish's conviction for murder was legally
                insufficient.
                [7] The evidence weighed manifestly against convicting Huish
                of Murder
(Sic passim.)
III. LEGAL ANALYSIS
        A. Appellant's First Assignment of Error
        {¶ 46} In appellant's first assignment of error, he argues that the trial court erred by
not providing a specific unanimity instruction on self-defense. Appellant argues that
"[b]ecause a 'patchwork' of less than a unanimous verdict occurred here, and because the
State's burden to disprove self-defense is a division of two or more 'distinct conceptual
groupings,' the jury had to be instructed specifically that it must unanimously conclude that
Huish committed acts falling within one such grouping on the question of self-defense, to
reach a guilty verdict." (Appellant's Brief at 17.)
        {¶ 47} The trial court is tasked with providing all jury instructions relevant and
necessary for the trier of fact to weigh the evidence and determine the facts. (Further
citation omitted.) State v. Ross, 10th Dist. No. 17AP-141, 2018-Ohio-3027, ¶ 31. We review
a trial court's refusal to provide a requested jury instruction for an abuse of discretion. Id.,
citing State v. Kimkhe, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-433, 2012-Ohio-1964, ¶ 12; State v. Smith, 10th
Dist. No. 01AP-848, 2002 Ohio App. LEXIS 1507 (Apr. 1, 2002), citing State v. Wolons, 44
Ohio St.3d 64, 68 (1989). An abuse of discretion is a decision that is unreasonable,
arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217 (1983).3
        {¶ 48} In most instances, a general instruction that the jury must resolve the case
unanimously is sufficient. State v. Boyd, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-961, 2015-Ohio-5116, ¶ 14,
citing State v. Johnson, 46 Ohio St.3d 96, 104 (1989) overruled on other grounds by State
v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 282 (1991); see also Crim.R. 31 ("The verdict shall be
unanimous. It shall be in writing, signed by all jurors concurring therein, and returned by
the jury to the judge in open court."). The jury "need not always decide unanimously which
of several possible sets of underlying brute facts make up a particular element, say, which

3At oral arguments, appellee conceded that appellant's first assignment of error was preserved. As such, we
will review the matter under an abuse of discretion analysis.
No. 21AP-255                                                                                 17

of several possible means the defendant used to commit an element of the crime." (Further
citation and quotation omitted.) State v. Caldwell, 10th Dist. No. 18AP-814, 2019-Ohio-
3015, ¶ 19. However, when "a single count can be divided into two or more 'distinct
conceptual groupings,' the jury must be instructed specifically that it must unanimously
conclude that the defendant committed acts falling within one such grouping in order to
reach a guilty verdict." Johnson at 104, quoting States v. Gipson, 553 F.2d 453, 458 (C.A.
5, 1977). The critical inquiry is whether the case concerns "alternative means" or "multiple
acts." Gardner at ¶ 48. In Caldwell, we examined these concepts writing:
               Alternative means cases involve situations "where a single
               offense may be committed in more than one way * * *."
               Gardner at ¶ 49. In those matters there must be jury unanimity
               as to guilt for the single crime charged. Unanimity is not
               required, however, as to the means by which the crime was
               committed so long as substantial evidence supports each
               alternative means." Id. Multiple acts cases, on the other hand,
               include scenarios where several acts are alleged and any one of
               them could constitute the crime charged. Id. at ¶ 50. In these
               cases,["]the jury must be unanimous as to which act or incident
               constitutes the crime. To ensure jury unanimity in multiple acts
               cases, we require that either the State elect the particular
               criminal act upon which it will rely for conviction, or that the
               trial court instruct the jury that all of them must agree that the
               same underlying criminal act has been proved beyond a
               reasonable doubt.["] Id. * * * In sum, alternative means cases
               require unanimity only as to guilt but not as to means. In
               contrast, multiple act matters require unanimity as to guilt and
               as to means.
Caldwell at ¶ 20.
       {¶ 49} This court has found that the revisions to R.C. 2901.05(B)(1) has placed the
burden on the state to disprove at least one of the elements of self-defense beyond a
reasonable doubt. See State v. Carney, 10th Dist. No. 19AP-402, 2020-Ohio-2691, ¶ 31.
Therefore, the state must show beyond a reasonable doubt that Huish: "(1) was at fault in
creating the situation giving rise to the affray, OR (2) did not have a bona fide belief that he
was in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm for which the use of deadly force was
his only means of escape, OR (3) did violate a duty to retreat or avoid the danger."
(Capitalization sic.) Carney at ¶ 31, citing R.C. 2901.05(B)(1).
No. 21AP-255                                                                                                18

        {¶ 50} After consideration of the relevant case law and record at issue, the trial court
did not abuse its discretion by denying appellant's request for a unanimity instruction on
self-defense as there is no requirement that the jury be unanimous as to which element of
self-defense they believed the state disproved. As cited by the trial court, Gardner provides
the most instructive language on this issue. "In situations where 'the alternatives of mens
rea [intent] component give rise to the same criminal culpability, it does not appear critical
that the jury may have reached different conclusions regarding the nature of the
defendant's intent if such differences do not reflect disagreement on the facts pertaining to
the defendant's conduct.' " Gardner at ¶ 68, quoting State v. Suggs, 209 Conn. 733, 763,
553 A.2d 1110 (1989). Moreover, the Supreme Court of Ohio noted that when there is a
"single conceptional grouping of related facts," "no specific instruction is necessary,
because in such a case, the alternatives presented to the jury are not conceptually distinct,
and a 'patchwork' verdict is not possible." Gardner at ¶ 52, quoting State v. Johnson, 46
Ohio St.3d 96, 104 (1989). As such, even assuming arguendo that the jury was split on the
which elements of self-defense the state disproved, each juror concluded beyond a
reasonable doubt that appellant murdered Fletcher, and he was not acting in self-defense.
Therefore, it does not deprive appellant of a unanimous verdict if the jury reached different
conclusions as to why he did not act in self-defense since the alternatives presented to the
jury were not conceptually distinct. Accordingly, the trial court's analysis in this regard is
not wholly unreasonable. Appellant's first assignment of error is overruled.4
        B. Appellant's Second and Third Assignments of Error
        {¶ 51} In appellant's second assignment of error, he argues the trial court erred by
incorrectly instructing the jury on the law of self-defense. In appellant's third assignment
of error, he argues the trial court erred as its instruction on self-defense was conflicting and
confusing. For harmony of analysis, we will address both assignments of error together.
        {¶ 52} Prior to revisions in R.C. 2901.05, Ohio law considered self-defense an
affirmative defense that required a defendant to demonstrate the elements of self-defense
by a preponderance of evidence. See, e.g., State v. Lindsey, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-751, 2015-
Ohio-2169, ¶ 45, citing State v. Martin, 21 Ohio St.3d 91, 93 (1986). Effective March 28,

4 In appellant's first assignment of error, he also argues that the instructions could create confusion for the
jury. (Appellant's Brief at 16.) Appellant's arguments overlap with those presented in his third assignment of
error. We will address these arguments in the subsequent section of this decision.
No. 21AP-255                                                                             19

2019, the General Assembly revised R.C. 2901.05 to "place[] the burden on the
prosecution to disprove at least one of the elements of self-defense beyond a reasonable
doubt." Carney at ¶ 31, citing R.C. 2901.05(B)(1); 2019 Am.Sub.H.B. No. 228. In relevant
part, R.C. 2901.05(B)(1) provides:
               A person is allowed to act in self-defense, defense of another,
               or defense of that person’s residence. If, at the trial of a person
               who is accused of an offense that involved the person’s use of
               force against another, there is evidence presented that tends
               to support that the accused person used the force in self-
               defense, defense of another, or defense of that person’s
               residence, the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable
               doubt that the accused person did not use the force in self-
               defense, defense of another, or defense of that person’s
               residence, as the case may be.
       {¶ 53} Consequently, the state is required " 'to disprove self-defense by proving
beyond a reasonable doubt that [the defendant] (1) was at fault in creating the situation
giving rise to the affray, OR (2) did not have a bona fide belief that he was in imminent
danger of death or great bodily harm for which the use of deadly force was his only means
of escape, OR (3) did violate a duty to retreat or avoid the danger.' " State v. Messenger,
10th Dist. No. 19AP-879, 2021-Ohio-2044, ¶ 36, quoting Carney at ¶ 31.
       {¶ 54} A jury instruction requested by the parties in a criminal case must be given
when it is "relevant and necessary for the jury to weigh the evidence and discharge its duty
as the factfinder." State v. Angel, 10th Dist. No. 19AP-771, 2021-Ohio-4322, ¶ 67, quoting
State v. Joy, 74 Ohio St.3d 178, 181 (1995). A jury instruction must also be appropriate
under the facts of the case. State v. White, 142 Ohio St.3d 277, 2015-Ohio-492, ¶ 46, citing
State v. Griffin, 141 Ohio St.3d 392, 2014-Ohio-4767, ¶ 5. When reviewing errors in a jury
instruction, a trial court must consider a jury charge as a whole. Cromer v. Children's
Hosp. Med. Ctr. of Akron, 142 Ohio St.3d 257, 2015-Ohio-229, ¶ 35-36. "An unnecessary,
ambiguous, or even affirmatively erroneous portion of a jury charge does not inevitably
constitute reversible error." Id. A reviewing court will examine the giving, or not giving,
of a jury instruction under an abuse of discretion analysis. (Further citation omitted.)
State v. Robinson, 10th Dist. No. 17AP-853, 2019-Ohio-558, ¶ 30. When a jury instruction
incorrectly states the law, "a reviewing court applies a mixed de novo and abuse of
discretion standard of review," examining "the jury charge as a whole and must determine
No. 21AP-255                                                                                                   20

whether the jury charge probably misled the jury in a matter materially affecting the
complaining party's substantial rights." (Internal citations and quotations omitted.) State
v. Rutledge, 10th Dist. No. 17AP-590, 2019-Ohio-3460, ¶ 31.
          {¶ 55} An appellant who fails to object as required by Crim.R. 30(A)5 "is precluded
from claiming error in the instructions to the jury unless the instructions constitute plain
error under Crim.R. 52(B)." State v. McCown, 10th Dist. No. 06AP-153, 2006-Ohio-6040,
¶ 36. Crim.R. 52 states "[p]lain errors or defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed
although they were not brought to the attention of the court." Here, counsel for appellant
failed to object to the alleged issues in the jury instructions before the trial court. As such,
we will examine the claimed errors under a plain error analysis.
          {¶ 56} In State v. Vinson, 10th Dist. No. 19AP-574, 2022-Ohio-2031, we explained
the limitations of plain error review:
                  "By its very terms, the rule places three limitations on a
                  reviewing court's decision to correct an error despite the
                  absence of a timely objection at trial. First, there must be an
                  error, i.e., a deviation from a legal rule." State v. Barnes, 94
                  Ohio St.3d 21, 27, 2002-Ohio-68, 759 N.E.2d 1240 (2002).
                  Second, to be considered plain, the error asserted "must be an
                  'obvious' defect in the trial proceedings." Id., citing State v.
                  Sanders, 92 Ohio St.3d 245, 257, 2001-Ohio-189, 750 N.E.2d
                  90 (2001). Third, the error in question "must have affected
                  substantial rights" by "affect[ing] the outcome of the trial."
                  State v. Thomas, 152 Ohio St.3d 15, 2017-Ohio-8011, ¶ 33, 92
                  N.E.3d 821, quoting Barnes, 94 Ohio St. at 27. In other words,
                  "the accused is 'required to demonstrate a reasonable
                  probability that the error resulted in prejudice' " to show plain

5   Crim.R. 30(A) states:
         At the close of the evidence or at such earlier time during the trial as the court reasonably
         directs, any party may file written requests that the court instruct the jury on the law as set
         forth in the requests. Copies shall be furnished to all other parties at the time of making the
         requests. The court shall inform counsel of its proposed action on the requests prior to
         counsel's arguments to the jury and shall give the jury complete instructions after the
         arguments are completed. The court also may give some or all of its instructions to the jury
         prior to counsel's arguments. The court shall reduce its final instructions to writing or make
         an audio, electronic, or other recording of those instructions, provide at least one written
         copy or recording of those instructions to the jury for use during deliberations, and preserve
         those instructions for the record.
          On appeal, a party may not assign as error the giving or the failure to give any instructions
          unless the party objects before the jury retires to consider its verdict, stating specifically the
          matter objected to and the grounds of the objection. Opportunity shall be given to make the
          objection out of the hearing of the jury.
No. 21AP-255                                                                                                    21

                 error. Id., quoting State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-
                 Ohio-2459, ¶ 22, 38 N.E.3d 860.
                 "Even if a forfeited error satisfies these three prongs, however,
                 Crim.R. 52(B) does not demand that an appellate court correct
                 it" because the rule "states only that a reviewing court 'may'
                 notice plain forfeited errors; a court is not obliged to correct
                 them." Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d at 27. Thus, "[n]otice of plain
                 error under Crim.R. 52(B) is to be taken with the utmost
                 caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to prevent
                 a manifest miscarriage of justice." State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d
                 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph three of the syllabus.
Vinson at ¶ 32-33.
        {¶ 57} The Supreme Court of Ohio has found that an erroneous jury instruction does
not meet the plain error threshold unless, " 'but for the error, the outcome of the trial clearly
would have been otherwise.' " McCown at ¶ 38, quoting State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91
(1978), paragraph two of the syllabus; State v. Cunningham, 105 Ohio St.3d 197, 2004-
Ohio-7007, ¶ 56, citing State v. Underwood, 3 Ohio St.3d 12 (1983), syllabus.
        {¶ 58} Appellant first argues that the jury was not told that it had the option to find
him not guilty if the state did not meet its burden of proof. "Rather, the transcripts reveal
that the Jury was instructed to find Huish guilty if the State failed to meet its burden to
disprove self-defense." (Appellant's Brief at 20.)
        {¶ 59} Upon review, we do not find the purported error in the jury instructions
warrants reversal under plain error review. As identified by appellant, there is a clear
typographical error in the jury instructions. The written instructions inadvertently wrote
"find the not defendant guilty" instead of "find the defendant not guilty." (Mar. 31, 2021
Jury Instructions at 10.) While this is an obvious typographical error, we cannot say that
this error affected appellant's substantial rights by impacting the outcome of the trial. We
must examine jury instructions as a whole. Cromer at ¶ 35-36. The jury instructions
repeatedly make clear that the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt every essential
element of the offense. (See Jury Instructions at 2, 5-8.6) If the state met this burden, the

6See, e.g., "The defendant must be acquitted of an offense unless the state produces evidence which convinces
you beyond a reasonable doubt of every essential element of the offense." Id. at 2; see also id. at 6, "If you fail
to find that the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt all the elements of Murder as charged in Count One
of the indictment, you shall find the Defendant not guilty," see also id. at 8, "If you find that evidence was
presented that tends to support the finding that the defendant used deadly force in self-defense, the State must
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did not use deadly force in self defense."
No. 21AP-255                                                                                  22

jury was then to engage in a self-defense analysis. (Jury Instructions at 6.) Moreover, the
location of the typographical error provides further mitigation for any potential prejudice
to appellant. The instructions read, "If you find that the State proved beyond a reasonable
doubt all of the elements of Murder and that the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt
that self-defense does not apply, you must find the defendant guilty according to your
findings." The subsequent paragraph then read, "If you find that the state failed to prove
beyond a reasonable doubt any of the elements of Murder or if you find that the state failed
to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that self-defense does not apply, you must find that the
not defendant guilty according to your findings." (Jury Instructions at 10.) Furthermore,
other provisions of the jury instructions reinforce the state's burden when engaging in self-
defense analysis. See, e.g., March 31, 2021 Jury Instructions at 8, "[s]tate must prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did not use deadly force in self-defense."; see
also id. at 10, "[i]f you find that the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt all of the
elements of Murder and that the State proved beyond reasonable doubt that self-defense
does not apply, you must find the defendant guilty according to your findings"). It is well-
established law that ambiguous or even erroneous provisions of a jury instruction do not
inevitably constitute reversible error. Cromer at ¶ 35-36. Here, the instructions were clear
as to the state's burden to demonstrate, beyond a reasonable doubt each element of the
charged offenses. The instructions also made clear that the state was to disprove self-
defense beyond a reasonable doubt. As such, considering the instructions as a whole, the
typographical error was harmless as there was no reasonable probability that the error
resulted in prejudice.
       {¶ 60} Appellant next argues that the trial court erroneously instructed the jury that
"it had the burden to decide whether self-defense must [be] addressed by them at all."
(Appellant's Brief at 18.) Appellant cites the provision of the jury instruction that reads "[i]f
you find that evidence was presented that tends to support the finding that the defendant
used deadly force in self-defense," as support for this argument. (Jury Instructions at 8.)
Appellant contends that the jury could have decided not to consider self-defense at all
requiring reversal. We disagree.
       {¶ 61} This instruction at issue addresses appellant's duty of production when
asserting self-defense. "The plain language of R.C. 2901.05(A) reflects that self-defense is
No. 21AP-255                                                                                                  23

still an affirmative defense and that the burden of production is still on the defendant."
State v. Messenger, __Ohio St.3d__, 2022-Ohio-4562, ¶ 21.7                                Furthermore, the
subsequent portion of the sentence relieves any further tension on this issue reading, "the
State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did not use deadly force in
self-defense." (Jury Instructions at 8.) The jury instructions accurately state the law on this
issue. We emphasis that Messenger provides that this burden of production is "not a heavy
one and that it might even be satisfied through the state's own evidence." Id. at ¶ 22. As
such, we find no error, plain or otherwise, with this instruction.
        {¶ 62} Appellant alleges other provisions of the jury instructions are similarly
confusing claiming that while the state has the burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt
that self-defense "does not apply," the trial court also told the jury that self-defense may not
"apply" at all "if" they found appellant's burden of production was not met. (Jury
Instructions at 8, 10.) We disagree. As set forth in the body of the decision, Messenger has
made clear that while the defendant has the burden of production, the state must prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that self-defense does not apply. This requires the state to
disprove any one element of self-defense. We are not persuaded that these instructions are
conflicting or confusing, and certainly do not rise to the level of plain error.
        {¶ 63} Finally, appellant argues that the jury should have been instructed that
appellant had no duty to retreat.8 Here, the trial court did provide the jury some instruction
regarding duty to retreat as follows: "[t]he defendant is presumed to have acted in self-
defense when using defensive force that was intended or likely to cause death or great bodily
harm to another if the person against whom the defensive force was used was in the process

7Messenger further notes "[b]y stating that the burden of persuasion is on the defendant for 'an affirmative
defense other than self-defense,' the statute indicates that self-defense falls within the category of affirmative
defenses but is excepted from the burden of persuasion. And by stating that the defendant bears the 'burden
of going forward with the evidence of an affirmative defense[],' the statute indicates that there are no
exceptions to the defendant's burden of production regarding affirmative defenses." Id., quoting R.C.
2901.05(B)(1).
8 Effective April 6, 2021, the General Assembly amended R.C. 2901.09 abolishing the duty to retreat for "any
person who was in a place where he/she lawfully had a right to be when he/she used force in self-defense,
defense of another or defense of his/her residence." 2 OJI CR 421.21 Comment. We note that appellant was
convicted on April 1, 2021. Therefore, the revised language was not in place at the time of the offense or prior
to his conviction. The First District Court of Appeals addressed whether R.C. 2901.09 should be applied
retroactively. State v. Parker, 1st Dist. No. C-210440, 2022-Ohio-3831. The Parker court concluded that there
is no language in R.C. 2901.09 to suggest that the legislature intended it to apply retroactively. We agree.
Accordingly, we acknowledge our analysis on this issue has limited application going forward.
No. 21AP-255                                                                                                  24

of entering or had entered, unlawfully and without privilege to do so, the residence occupied
by the defendant." (Jury Instructions at 10.) However, the trial court also provided an
instruction consistent with the state's claim that the presumption did not apply as the
victim was a lawful resident and had a right to be in the residence. The instruction read that
the presumption does not apply when: "the person against whom the defensive force was
used was a lawful resident of or had a right to be in the residence. Even if the state rebuts
the presumption of self-defense the state must still prove beyond a reasonable doubt that
the defendant did not use the force in self-defense." Id. Considering the instructions as a
whole, we need not examine whether the inclusion of both provisions constituted error as
the language did not affect appellant's substantial rights and impact the outcome of the
trial.
         {¶ 64} Appellant next argues that the jury instructions "never told [the jury] that the
State had to disprove any one element beyond a reasonable doubt." (Appellant's Brief at
11.) Upon review, we disagree that the failure to include language expressly stating that the
state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt at least one element of self-defense requires
reversal under plain error review. The instructions make clear that, to find appellant guilty,
the jury must "find that the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt all of the elements of
Murder and that the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt that self-defense does not
apply." (Emphasis added.) (Jury Instructions at 10.) As such, the ambiguity in the
instructions was not necessarily erroneous as the definition of self-defense was provided in
an earlier provision of the instructions.9 Arguendo, the ambiguity in the instructions could
even be perceived to benefit appellant as the instructions could be read to require the state
disprove more than one element of self-defense.
         {¶ 65} As the instructions are taken as a whole, we find that the instructions
provided the jury with the appropriate law and did not rise to the level of plain error. Any
typographical errors or minor ambiguities in the language were clarified with other
provisions in the jury instructions. As such, we cannot say that any of the cited issues meet
the exceedingly high threshold required under plain error.

9"Self-Defense" means that (A) the defendant was not at fault in creating the situation giving rise to the affray;
and (B) the defendant had reasonable grounds to believe and an honest belief, even if mistaken, that he was
in immediate danger of death or great bodily harm; and (C) the defendant did not violate any duty to retreat
to avoid the danger, and (D) the defendant used reasonable force." (Jury Instructions at 9.)
No. 21AP-255                                                                                                  25

        {¶ 66} Appellant cites State v. Flory, 3rd Dist. No. 15-20-02, 2020-Ohio-5136 and
State v. Parrish, 1st Dist. No. C-190379, 2020-Ohio-4807 for the proposition that an
improper instruction on self-defense requires reversal. However, these cases are
distinguishable in several important ways. In Flory, the Third District Court of Appeals
reversed the defendant's conviction for domestic violence based on conflicting and
incorrect instructions. In one section, the Flory instructions properly informed the jury
that, under R.C. 2901.05(B)(1), the state must disprove self-defense beyond a reasonable
doubt. The instructions then erroneously provided a conflicting instruction that required
the defendant to prove the elements of self-defense by a preponderance of the evidence.
Here, the instructions are consistent with the current version of R.C. 2901.05(B)(1) that it
is the states' burden to disprove self-defense beyond a reasonable doubt.
        {¶ 67} In Parrish, the First District Court of Appeals reversed a judgment of
conviction, pursuant to a bench trial, where the trial court failed to apply the amended
version of R.C. 2901.05(B)(1). The trial court judge in Parrish found the defendant guilty
and stated to the defendant, "you prove self-defense, not them. They don't have to disprove
it." Id. at ¶ 2. The instant case is distinct from Parrish most notably as it involves a jury
instruction and there is no claim that the jury was instructed on the prior iteration of R.C.
2901.05(B)(1).
        {¶ 68} Finally, appellant cites State v. Harvey, 3rd Dist. No. 9-04-69, 2005-Ohio-
3882 for the proposition that inadequate jury instructions constitute plain error. However,
Harvey is also inapplicable from the present case as the jury instructions in Harvey failed
to set forth all of the essential elements of the offense. The defendant was convicted of
possession of a deadly weapon but the jury was not instructed at any time that the weapon
had to be deadly. As the instructions omitted the word "deadly" from possessing a deadly
weapon, "as a matter of law, the jury instructions and verdict forms were not adequate
because they did not set forth all of the essential elements of the offense." Id. at ¶ 7. Harvey
is distinct from the present case as all the essential elements of the charged offenses were
included in the instructions.10

10 Appellant also argues that the trial court erred as there was nowhere for the jury to find him not guilty based
on self-defense or a separate finding on the verdict forms. (Apr. 1, 2021 Verdict Forms.) We cannot find that
this omission constituted plain error. More extensive examination of the verdict forms is provided in Section
E of this decision.
No. 21AP-255                                                                                               26

        {¶ 69} For the foregoing reasons, appellant's second and third assignments of error
are overruled.
        C. Appellant's Fifth Assignment of Error
        {¶ 70} In appellant's fifth assignment of error, he argues that this court should
overturn our decision in State v. Messenger, 10th Dist. No. 19AP-879, 2021-Ohio-2044. On
October 12, 2021, the Supreme Court accepted review of Messenger on this very issue and
considered whether self-defense claims may be reviewed on direct appeal for sufficiency of
the evidence. In a 7-0 decision, the Supreme Court affirmed this court's decision writing:
                 H.B. 228's amendments to R.C. 2901.05 did not eliminate the
                 defendant's burden of production regarding a claim of self-
                 defense. The state's new burden of disproving the defendant's
                 self-defense claim beyond a reasonable doubt is subject to a
                 manifest-weight review on appeal, and the Tenth District
                 correctly declined to review the state's rebuttal of self-defense
                 for sufficiency of the evidence.
 State v. Messenger, __Ohio St.3d__, 2022-Ohio-4562, ¶ 27.
        {¶ 71} Accordingly, on the authority of the Supreme Court's decision in Messenger,
we overrule appellant's fifth assignment of error.
        D. Appellant's Sixth and Seventh Assignments of Error
        {¶ 72} In appellant's sixth assignment of error, he argues there was insufficient
evidence to convict appellant of murder.11 In appellant's seventh assignment of error, he
argues that his conviction for murder was against the manifest weight of the evidence. For
harmony of analysis, we will address these assignments of error together.
        {¶ 73} As the legal concepts of sufficiency of the evidence and manifest weight are
" 'quantitatively and qualitatively different,' " they require two distinct legal standards.
State v. Vinson, 10th Dist. No. 19AP-574, 2022-Ohio-2031, ¶ 23, quoting State v.
Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380 (1997), paragraph two of the syllabus. Sufficiency of the
evidence is a question of law that examines whether the state's evidence meets a " 'test of
adequacy.' " Id. " ' "[S]ufficiency" is a term of art meaning that legal standard which is
applied to determine whether the case may go to the jury or whether the evidence is legally
sufficient to support the jury verdict as a matter of law.' " State v. Moore, 10th Dist. No.

11We note that appellant does not contest that there was sufficient evidence in the record, or that the
conviction was not against the manifest weight of the evidence, to support appellant's conviction for tampering
with evidence in violation of R.C. 2921.12, a felony of the third degree.
No. 21AP-255                                                                               27

20AP-209, 2022-Ohio-1732, ¶ 12, quoting Thompkins at 386, quoting Black's Law
Dictionary 1433 (6th Ed.1990). "The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence
in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt." (Further citations and
quotations omitted.) Moore at ¶ 12. If reasonable minds could reach different conclusions
as to whether each element of a crime was demonstrated beyond a reasonable doubt, a trial
court cannot order an entry of acquittal. Moore, quoting State v. Bridgeman, 55 Ohio St.2d
261 (1978), syllabus.
       {¶ 74} Conversely, when considering a manifest weight argument, an appellate
court evaluates the evidence as an additional, or "thirteenth juror." Vinson at ¶ 24, citing
Thompkins at 387. Upon a manifest weight standard of review, an appellate court considers
whether there is sufficient competent, credible evidence to support the jury's verdict. State
v. Hoyle, 10th Dist. No. 21AP-610, 2022-Ohio-3065, ¶ 16, citing State v. Salinas, 10th Dist.
No. 09AP-1201, 2010-Ohio-4738, ¶ 32, citing Thompkins at 387. " 'To evaluate a claim that
a jury verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence, we review the entire record,
weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses, and
determine whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and
created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that we must reverse the conviction and order
a new trial.' " State v. Erb, 10th Dist. No. 21AP-402, 2022-Ohio-3797, ¶ 27, quoting State
v. Wilks, 154 Ohio St.3d 359, 2018-Ohio-1562, ¶ 168, citing Thompkins at 387.
       {¶ 75} The jury is the primary determinator of credibility and weight of a witnesses'
testimony. Erb at ¶ 28, citing State v. Craig, 1oth Dist. No. 21AP-468, 2022-Ohio-1219,
¶ 18, citing State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230 (1967), paragraph one of the syllabus. A jury
is free to "believe all, part, or none of a witness's testimony." (Internal citations and
quotations omitted.) Erb at ¶ 28. Reversal on manifest weight of the evidence grounds is
reserved for only the most " 'exceptional cases.' " Thompkins at 387, quoting State v.
Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175 (1st Dist.1983).
       {¶ 76} R.C. 2903.02(A) states, in pertinent part, "[n]o person shall purposely cause
the death of another." R.C. 2903.02(B) states "[n]o person shall cause the death of another
as a proximate result of the offender’s committing or attempting to commit an offense of
violence that is a felony of the first or second degree and that is not a violation of section
No. 21AP-255                                                                                   28

2903.03 or 2903.04 of the Revised Code." At trial, the state argued appellant was guilty of
murder in Count One claiming that on August 12, 2019, appellant purposefully caused the
death of Fletcher. In Count Two, the state alleged that appellant caused the death of
Fletcher as a proximate result of committing or attempting to commit felonious assault, an
offense of violence, in violation of R.C. 2903.11. There was extensive testimony at trial to
support the jury's finding of guilt on both counts.
       {¶ 77} Atchley testified that he resided at 380 Stoddart Avenue in the summer of
2019. On August 12, 2019, at approximately 9:30 p.m., Atchley was reading a book on his
porch when he "started hearing events going on next door." (Tr. Vol. I at 50.) Atchley heard
two male voices yelling at each other for approximately 15-20 minutes. (Tr. at 51.) "The only
phrase that I could make out was, '$400.' " (Tr. at 51.) After interacting with his neighbors
earlier in the evening, Atchley was in his basement when he heard someone yell "help me"
outside as they were running up the alleyway. (Tr. at 56.) Atchley testified that he told his
roommate to call 911 and observed a "pool of blood on my front porch[.] * * * I saw Ce'Marlo
out moving toward the street, and he stumbled and was falling in the tree lawn * * * near a
parked car and out in our front lawn." (Tr. at 59.) Atchley attempted first aid and he put
pressure on Fletcher's wounds. (Tr. at 60-61.) According to Atchley, the only thing Fletcher
would say was "PS4." (Tr.at 60.)
       {¶ 78} Hill testified that she responded to a call at Stoddart Avenue on August 12,
2019. Hill and her partner arrived at the scene and identified a victim on the ground. (Tr.
at 84.) Hill described the victim's injuries as "[t]o his torso, initially we believed it would be
gunshots, but, I -- I couldn't tell you exactly where they were in his torso." (Tr. at 87.) Hill
testified that she attempted to speak with the victim, but he was unresponsive. (Tr. at 95-
96.) Hill testified that she went inside the home and observed more blood that was
"[b]asically everywhere." (Tr. at 88.)
       {¶ 79} Harmon testified that he entered the residence believing there was an armed
suspect. (Tr. at 109-10.) According to Harmon, he followed a trail of blood going up the
stairs. (Tr. at 110.) Harmon characterized the scene as "very, very apparent that something,
a crime of violence had occurred inside the living room." (Tr. at 112.) Harmon stated they
searched the first half of the duplex and discovered the attic was shared with the other unit
so he wanted to search the other side of the building. In the course of searching the attic of
No. 21AP-255                                                                               29

the other unit, Harmon "moved back the piece of wood that was, I guess, acting as the door,
and I saw the suspect or who I thought to be the suspect at the time hiding in there." (Tr. at
116.) Harmon testified that he observed that the suspect had blood on his shirt. Harmon
ordered the suspect out, to turn around, and put his hands up. (Tr. at 119.) Mottinger
testified that, at the time of the arrest, he did not observe any injuries on the suspect and
that Huish looked impaired. (Tr. at 167.) Mottinger observed two bottles of liquor in the
attic and smelled alcohol on Huish during the arrest. (Tr. at 172, 180.)
       {¶ 80} Jenkins testified that he performed an autopsy of the decedent, Ce'Marlo
Fletcher, on August 13, 2019. (Tr. at 192.) According to Jenkins, Fletcher had injuries "on
the left upper chest consistent with a stab wound. And there was medical intervention to
include sutures across the chest, and the -- some scattered abrasions, bruises, scrapes on
knees." (Tr. at 196.) Jenkins found, based on a reasonable degree of medical certainty, that
the decedent's cause of death was a stab wound to the chest and concluded the manner of
death was a homicide. (Tr. at 214.)
       {¶ 81} Jury testified that she moved into the 382 Stoddart Avenue duplex in 2017.
According to Jury, everyone got along for the most part with no major problems in the
house. (Tr.at 256.) On August 12, 2019, Jury worked an evening shift at BP between the
hours of 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. (Tr. at 259.) According to Jury, Fletcher called her around
9:30 p.m. inquiring about his missing PlayStation 4. After some discussion with Fletcher,
they determined that her boyfriend had likely taken the PlayStation 4. (Tr. at 266.) Jury
testified that she later got a notification on her phone of a shooting on Stoddart Avenue.
(Tr. at 267.) Jury stated that while Fletcher was taller than Huish, Huish was noticeably
heavily than Fletcher. (Tr at 269-70.) Gibson testified that he moved into the Stoddart
Avenue residence in 2016. (Tr. Vol. III at 71.) On August 12, 2019, Gibson testified that he
went to the Stoddart Avenue property around 7:30 p.m. to pay his rent and return a video
game from Fletcher. Gibson went to Fletcher's room and noticed that the PlayStation 4 was
missing. According to Gibson, he left the residence around 8:30 p.m. (Tr. at 91.) Gibson
stated that he received a call from Fletcher around 9:10 p.m. (Tr. at 92-93.) Gibson testified
that Fletcher was pretty upset about the missing PlayStation 4. Gibson stated that was the
last time he spoke with Fletcher. According to Gibson, he received a call from Jury the next
morning, and she told him what had happened. (Tr. at 95.)
No. 21AP-255                                                                              30

       {¶ 82} Olson is a forensic scientist in the DNA Section of the Columbus Police Crime
Lab. Olson testified to the process of analyzing DNA and what information is included in a
DNA profile. (Tr. at 118-19.) Regarding the August 12, 2019 incident, Olson stated that the
swabs tested from the blade of the knife were consistent with the DNA profile of Fletcher.
(Tr. at 125.) Olson also concluded that the DNA profile from the stain on Huish's shirt was
a mixture of Huish and Fletcher. (Tr. at 130, 132.)
       {¶ 83} Close testified that he interviewed Huish about the incident at CPD
headquarters. (Tr. at 167.) Huish stated that Fletcher came home from work and accused
him of stealing his PlayStation 4. "He said that Mr. Fletcher was very angry, yelling and
screaming." (Tr. at 167.) Close testified that after several back-and-forth arguments,
Fletcher pushed Huish multiple times. Huish stated that he then grabbed a butcher knife
from the kitchen and "chased Mr. Fletcher to the front door. Once [in the living room near
the front door], * * * he was telling Mr. Fletcher to get away from him and to get out of his
house." (Tr. at 168.) Close stated that Huish claimed "Mr. Fletcher pushed [him] again
and/or that was when he struck him. And then during that altercation in the living room
Mr. Huish stated that he stabbed Mr. Fletcher with a knife." (Tr. at 168-69.) Huish
acknowledged during the interview that he did not see a weapon on Fletcher. (Tr. at 169.)
       {¶ 84} Therefore, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the state demonstrated all of the
essential elements of the murder beyond a reasonable doubt.
       {¶ 85} As to appellant's argument that reversal was warranted on manifest weight
grounds, after a careful review of the transcript and evidence at trial, we find there is
sufficient competent, credible evidence to support the jury's verdict. In addition to the
evidence provided in the sufficiency analysis, there was ample testimony to support the
conclusion that the state disproved, beyond a reasonable doubt, at least one element of self-
defense.
       {¶ 86} The state and appellant presented far different accounts of the incident on
August 12, 2019. At trial, Huish testified that he never threatened Fletcher with a knife or
chased him into the living room. (Tr. Vol. IV at 67, 86.) Huish did, however, acknowledge
telling Fletcher to get out of the house. According to Huish, after several arguments
throughout the evening, Fletcher started to grab his shirt saying he owed him money. (Tr.
No. 21AP-255                                                                                    31

at 74.) Huish testified that Fletcher then hit him on the side and was up against the wall on
top of the bed. According to Huish, he was terrified and "thought he'd kill me." (Tr. at 75-
76.) "All I remember is I grabbed that knife and I hit it -- I hit him with it." (Tr. at 75.) Huish
then "freaked out and I just ran out of the room" to the other unit because he believed that
Fletcher would not look for him there. (Tr. at 76, 79, 81.) Huish testified that he did not
have any other choice but to use the knife. (Tr. at 87-88.)
       {¶ 87} The state, however, addressed many of these claims on cross-examination.
First, Huish conceded that he did not know Fletcher very well and did not have a great
frame of reference for his emotions. (Tr. at 95.) Huish testified that he started drinking
around 4:00 p.m. and acknowledged there was an empty bottle of liquor on the kitchen
counter. (Tr. at 102.) Huish conceded that he told police, "I wish I wouldn't have had a few
cocktails, I wouldn't be here." (Tr. at 105-06.) Huish acknowledged that he was not
generally afraid of Fletcher or had to call the police on him in the past. (Tr. at 110.) Huish
also conceded that his testimony at trial was the first time he said that he went into the
living room before Fletcher. (Tr. at 115.) Huish also admitted that he told police that he
could not remember when Fletcher punched him in the side, but he testified at trial that it
was in the front room. (Tr. at 119.) While Huish does not recall telling police that he "chased
Ce'Marlo into [the] front room," he admitted he made that statement to Close during the
interrogation. (Tr. at 115.)
       {¶ 88} Given the conflicts between Huish's statements to law enforcement
immediately after the arrest and at trial, the jury, as the trier of fact in this case, is best
positioned to make determinations of credibility and weight of the testimony. State v.
Messenger, 10th Dist. No. 19AP-879, 2021-Ohio-2044, ¶ 47, citing State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio
St.2d 230 (1967), paragraph one of the syllabus. Accordingly, the jury may consider any
inconsistencies and resolve them accordingly, "believ[ing] all, part, or none of a witness's
testimony." State v. Raver, 10th Dist. No. 02AP-604, 2003-Ohio-958, ¶ 21, citing State v.
Antill, 176 Ohio St. 61, 67 (1964). Therefore, in light of the evidence discussed above, as well
as the record in its entirety, we do not find the jury clearly lost its way concluding that Huish
murdered Fletcher and that he was not acting in self-defense.
       {¶ 89} Accordingly, we overrule appellant's sixth and seventh assignments of error.
No. 21AP-255                                                                                   32

       E. Appellant's Fourth Assignment of Error
       {¶ 90} In appellant's fourth assignment of error, he argues that his trial counsel was
ineffective by failing to object to the alleged issues in the jury instructions and verdict forms.
       {¶ 91} The United States Supreme Court has set forth a two-part test to address
issues of ineffective assistance of counsel. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668
(1984). In State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 142 (1989), the Supreme Court of Ohio
adopted the Strickland test to address whether an attorney's representation was ineffective.
State v. Leyh, 166 Ohio St.3d 365, 2022-Ohio-292, ¶ 17, citing State v. Simpson, 164 Ohio
St.3d 102, 2020-Ohio-6719, ¶ 14, id. at ¶ 23 (O'Connor, C.J., concurring), id. at ¶ 28
(Fischer, J., concurring).
       {¶ 92} In order to bring a successful ineffective assistance of counsel claim, a
defendant must demonstrate that the trial court's representation was objectively
unreasonable deviating from the acceptable range of professionally competent assistance
and was, therefore, deficient. Strickland at 687. "[A] court must indulge a strong
presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional
assistance; that is, the defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the
circumstances, the challenged action 'might be considered sound trial strategy.' " Id. at 689,
quoting Michel v. Louisiana, 350 U.S. 91, 101 (1955). The second prong requires a
defendant to demonstrate that the trial counsel's representation resulted in prejudice
depriving the defendant of a fair trial. Strickland at 687. A defendant must show that,
without the purported prejudice, "there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable
probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." Id. at 694.
       {¶ 93} Appellant first argues counsel was ineffective by failing to request a separate
finding on the issue of self-defense on the verdict forms. Appellant cites State v. Reeds, 11th
Dist. No. 2007-L-120, 2008-Ohio-1781 in support of this claim. Upon review, we do not
find that failing to include self-defense language in the verdict forms was necessarily
ineffective assistance of counsel. The verdict forms at issue do not mention self-defense but
indicate a finding for each charge and a space for "guilty" or "not guilty." The instructions,
however, state, "[i]f you find that the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt all of the
elements of Murder and that the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt that self-defense
No. 21AP-255                                                                                    33

does not apply, you must find the defendant guilty according to your findings." (Jury
Instructions at 10.) It is clear the instructions at issue inform the jury that a finding of guilty
would indicate that they believed that the state proved that self-defense did not apply. Even
without a separate verdict form on self-defense, the jury was aware that it was free to
consider it in their deliberations. As such, the rejection of a self-defense argument is
inherent in a guilty verdict. State v. Ellis, 8th Dist. No. 109408, 2021-Ohio-1297, ¶ 22. See
also State v. Jones, 8th Dist. No. 108371, 2020-Ohio-3367, ¶ 94 (finding there was no error
in the failure of counsel to ask for separate self-defense findings on a verdict form).
       {¶ 94} Appellant's reliance on Reeds is misplaced. The Eleventh District Court of
Appeals, in fact, reached the same result as we did in this case concluding that the exclusion
of self-defense on the verdict form was not in error. Like Reeds, appellant, by admitting to
killing the victim and presenting a self-defense argument, "the only conclusion that could
be drawn through a finding of 'not guilty' " is that Huish stabbed Fletcher in self-defense.
Id. at ¶ 62. While the inclusion of self-defense on the verdict forms would have provided
some clarity, here, we cannot say its absence of such language was deficient. Moreover, we
cannot find that the exclusion of such language resulted in a reasonable probability to
undermine the confidence in the outcome of the trial.
       {¶ 95} Appellant also alleges counsel was ineffective for failing to object to various
provisions in the jury instructions. This issue was extensively examined in our analysis in
Section B of this decision. After review of the record, we need not examine whether counsel
was ineffective as appellant cannot succeed in the second prong under Strickland
demonstrating that there was a reasonable probability that, but for the ineffective error of
counsel, the result would have been different. As discussed at length in this decision, the
state presented ample support for finding appellant guilty of murder.
       {¶ 96} Accordingly, appellant's fourth assignment of error is overruled.
IV. CONCLUSION
       {¶ 97} Having overruled appellant's seven assignments of error, we affirm the
judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas.
                                                                            Judgment affirmed.
                        BEATTY BLUNT, P.J. and KLATT, J. concur.
                                      _____________