Court Opinion

ID: 7096336
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-24 12:11:24.56758+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:13:15.722408
License: Public Domain

Beck, J.
The plaintiff claims title to the land in controversy under the act of Congress of May 15, 1856, granting certain lands to the State of Iowa to aid in the construction *334of railroads, and the act of the Fifth General Assembly (Rev., §§ 1299-1313), which transferred to the ’Mississippi & Missouri Railroad Company á part of the lands granted by the first named act to the State. The defendants’ title and claim is based upon the act of Congress of Sept. 28, 1850, granting swamp lands to the State, and upon the legislation of the State granting to the different counties the lands so acquired by the State. Rev., Chap. 47. The plaintiff claims the land to be a part of the railroad grant, while the defendants maintain it is covered by the swamp land grant. No question arises as to the regularity of the chain of title of each party under the respective grants, or at least none need be considered, for the determination of the disputed point as to which grant covers the land will settle the rights of the parties so far as this action is concerned.
I. The question thus presented for our consideration involves the construction of the statutes of Congress just mentioned.
The act of September 28, 1850, granted to the State all “ swamp and overflowed lands, made thereby unfit for cultivation” which remained unsold at the time. It was made the duty of the Secretary of the Interior to make out a list and plats of the lands and transmit the same to the Governor of the State, and “ at the request of the Governor, cause a patent to be issued to the State therefor; and on that patent the fee simple to said lands shall vest in the State, * * * * subject to the disposal of the legislature thereof.”
We are now to inquire whether this act, in the absence of the list and patent provided for, transferred the title to the 1. swamp LAND: grant to the State State. We think this is not an open question, and that it has been determined both by this court and the United States Supreme Court. In Allison v. Halfacre, 11 Iowa, 450, this court held that “ the act granting the swamp lands operates ex proprio vigore to pass the title at once. The subsequent selection and patenting is required for the purpose of fixing their location and description.” This doctrine is recognized in Railroad Company v. Smith, 9 Wal., 95; and the following language is used by Mr. Justice *335Millee, who, announcing the opinion of the court, in speaking of the very act under consideration, which was before the' court for construction, says: “ Now,.here is a present grant by-Congress of certain lands to the states within which they lie, but it is by a description which requires something more than mere references to their townships, ranges and sections, to identify them as coming within it.” As tending to support this decision, see Fremont v. U. S., 17 Howard, 542; Rutherford v. Green's Heirs, 2 Wheat., 196; Hornsby v. U. S., 10 Wal., 224.
It is a well recognized rule that a legislative grant of lands' will pass the title to the grantee without a patent or formal .conveyance. See Courtright v. The C. R. & M. R. R. Co., 35 Iowa, 386, and authorities cited.
The evidence shows that the land in suit was not included in the list of swamp lands approved finally by the Secretary 2 _._. mistake. of the Interior; that it was in a list prepared by the Surveyor General, and approved by the Secretary in 1852, but subsequently the approval was revoked. It appears that the contradictory action occurred in this way:' The first list was prepared from the official surveys; the subsequent list was prepared by inspection and examination of' the land by commissioners appointed by the State. (See Fremont County v. B. & M. R. Co., 22 Iowa, 92, for a history of the legislation on this subject and an explanation of the manner of selecting lands under this grant.) In the last prepared list the land was omitted. The evidence before-us shows that it was examined and selected as swamp land,, but from some mistake, or from other cause, the officer charged with the duty failed to report it as such.
In some way it appeared on the proper books of the Eegis-ter of the Land office as swamp land, and was so certified by him. The county recognized it as swamp land, and in 1855 it was pre-empted and payment made upon its purchase by one under whom defendants claim title. In the same year the purchaser from the county occupied it, and it has since been improved, cultivated and occupied continuously under the title derived fr-om the county.
*336It is insisted by plaintiff’s counsel that, as tbe land was not reported in tbe list approved by the Secretary of the Interior as swamp land, and was not so reported by tbe officer charged by tbe State with tbe selection of such lands, and as tbe records and papers of tbe proper, officers do not contain evidence of these facts, proof thereof alitmde is not admissible, because it would be contradictory of these records.
It can hardty be admitted that tbe acts of mere executive officers will defeat a grant by tbe Government, when they are charged with no higher duty than that of identifying the subject of the grant. As we have seen, the title of tbe land vested in the State by the act of Congress. The subject of the grant was in existence, and the Secretary of the Interior. was charged with no other duty affecting the land than to make a list thereof and cause a patent therefor to be issued to the State. His acts did not bring the land within the grant.; they simply identified the lands listed and patented as being within it. Now, if through mistake of this officer, or of others charged with the duty of imparting to him information upon the subject, he or they fail to report the lands after they have been determined and selected as those that are included in the grant, certainly such mistake cannot defeat the grant. Courts of equity, (and this case is brought within their rules by the equitable answer,) will relieve defendants from the consequences of this mistake.
But it is held by the United States Supreme Court that, under this grant, in the absence of a patent, selection and list, 3 ___. eviolence. as provided for in the act, parol evidence is admissible to show that land is within it, and that the failure of the Secretary of the Interior to do his duty in certifying to' the State the lands j>assing under the grant, will not prevent the courts from applying it upon evidence showing that the lands are swamped and overflowred. Railroad, Company v. Smith, 9 Wal., 95. Certainly, if the Secretary of the Interior has failed to discharge his duty as to a part of the lands covered by the grant, through mistake of himself or of those charged wdth any duty touching- the same, this will not defeat the grant as to such lands. The evidence clearly *337establishes tbe facts that tbe land in question is swamp land; tbat in the first list approved by the Secretary of the Interior it is found; that it was not included in the second list through some mistake, probably a misdescription, of the officer charged with the survey and selection of swamp lands in Muscatine county, or through some other mistake or neglect of duty of other executive officers, either state or national.
The grant of land to the railroad under which plaintiff claims title, was subsequent to the swamp land grant, and of course cannot divest rights conferred by the prior enactment. By its terms, however, nothing of this kind is attempted, for it contains an express reservation limiting its operation to lands not disposed of by prior legislation.
In our opinion the judgment of the District Court is correct; it is, therefore,
AFFIRMED.
Cole, J., dissenting.