Court Opinion

ID: 9550857
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-07 18:43:41.148984+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:22:34.514233
License: Public Domain

Simpson, C. J.
(dissenting)—I write this dissent with the hope that my fellow judges may recede from their position as reflected in the majority opinion and, if unsuccessful, to call attention to the fact that this becomes a landmark case in that it extends the exceptions to Rem. Rev. Stat., Vol. 7A, § 6360-88 [P.P.C. § 295-27] as contained in element four of Martin v. Hadenfeldt, 157 Wash. 563, 289 Pac. 533. The effect of the majority opinion is to do away with the statutory provisions and puts those who drive into street or highway intersections on an even basis, in so far as their rights are concerned. In fact, it does away with the “favored driver” provisions contained in the statute.
It is necessary, in order to prove my assertion, that I state the situation confronting the drivers in this case as indicated in the statement of facts.
Fourth avenue and Howard street intersect at right angles in the city of Spokane. Fourth avenue extends east and west on a level plane. Howard street ascends at a moderate grade from Third avenue. Third avenue is three hundred twenty-two and one-half feet north of the intersection of Fourth avenue and Howard street.
The accident occurred at the intersection of Howard street and Fourth avenue at eight-thirty p. m., November 9, 1946. Appellant approached the intersection while driving west on Fourth avenue. Respondent’s taxi was proceeding south on Howard street and had the right of way as it approached the intersection. Rem. Rev. Stat., Vol. 7A, § 6360-88. (As a matter of convenience, the drivers of the respective cars will be referred to as “appellant” and “respondent.”)
*654In the middle of the block, between Third and Fourth avenues on Howard street, a ditch had been dug from near the center of Howard street in a southwesterly direction to the west curb of Howard street for the purpose of making a sewer connection to a motor company building being constructed on the northwest corner of Fourth and Howard. The earth had been piled on the south or uphill side of the ditch to a height of three or four feet, with red lanterns placed thereon as a warning.
Appellant Condie Roberts testified:
“Q. Did you cross Washington Street and Fourth Avenue? A. I did. Q. Westward? A. Yes sir. Q. Is that a stop sign at Washington and Fourth? A. Yes sir. Q. And then you traveled on across Washington and over to Stevens. That’s the next street, isn’t it? A. Yes sir. Q. And across Stevens, and went on toward Howard? A. Yes sir. Q. What rate of speed were you going at when you traveled past Stevens westward toward Howard Street? A. I would say 20 miles an hour. Q. And did you look to the left and to the right for other traffic as you approached Howard Street? A. Yes sir. Q. Did you see any traffic coming north down the hill on Howard Street? A. No sir. Q. Did you keep up that speed, or did you increase it, or did you slow up as you got closer to Howard Street? A. I slowed up. Q. How far from the curb—the east curb—-of Howard street, approximately, were you when you looked to the right just before entering the intersection? A. I would say about the pedestrian lane. Q. And how far down Howard Street could you see? A. North or south? Q. North. A. I could see clear to Third, passed [t] Third. Q. Did you see any evidence of any automobile coming south up Howard Street— A. (Interposing) I never did. Q. —when you looked there? A. I never did.
“Q. . . . Now, start at the point where you had looked to the right and could not see a car all the way down Third Avenue. A. I proceeded to go on down Howard Street; I looked to the north and I see no lights or nothing. I never come to a complete stop. I just come up to the intersection and looked to the north and to the south and I didn’t see a thing, so I proceeded to go on through the intersection. I got just—oh, I’d say the front of my car across the yellow line and my wife screamed [italics mine], and the time I *655looked his lights came up and flashed in my face on the right.”
Appellant introduced in evidence a topographic survey map. It was drawn to a scale of one inch to fifteen feet. Testifying on direct examination, appellant said he first looked to his right at a point marked by him on the map as “1 C. R.” That point was forty-five feet east of Howard street, and three feet south of the north curb of Fourth avenue. When he was at that point, he said he could “see to the lights on Third Avenue.” When he looked to the left, he had arrived at a point he marked on the map exhibit as “2 C. R.” This point was thirty-six feet east of Howard street, and three feet south of the north curb of Fourth avenue. He testified that he slowed up to fifteen miles per hour at a point he marked as “3.” This point was seven and one-half feet east of Howard street, and three feet south of the north curb of Fourth avenue. At the point marked 3, he said he looked to the right and did not see any cars approaching on Howard street. From points 1, 2 and 3 he could see to his right beyond Third avenue. The place he marked on the map as point 4, was where he first saw the lights of respondent’s car. This point was in the middle of Howard street in a line just west of point 3. He indicated point “X” as the place of collision. That spot was fifteen feet southwest of point 4 and one hundred eighty feet south of the pile of earth.
The map shows that the pile of earth on Howard street was one hundred sixty-seven feet north of point 3, and one hundred seventy-nine feet north of point one.
Appellant testified that at point 3 he increased his speed to twenty miles per hour. At that rate of speed he traveled “twenty-nine feet per second.” Saad v. Langworthy, 153 Wash. 598, 280 Pac. 74. At that rate, it took him one and one-half seconds to reach the point of collision.
Appellant’s brief states that respondent’s
“. . . taxicab had been driven at a speed of 50 to 60 miles per hour southward while approaching the dirt pile and barricade (uphill) and then to its left side of the cen*656terline of Howard Street, around the east end of the open sewer-connection ditch and its protective pile of dirt and wooden barricade, and continued at that very high rate of speed until the taxicab was near the top of the hill at the northerly part of the northerly (east-west) pedestrian cross-walk of the intersection.”
There is no evidence whatever to prove that statement. Following is all the evidence which relates to the speed of respondent’s taxicab.
Witness Doyle said that he saw respondent’s cab when it was “approximately 50 feet from the intersection” and it was traveling “from 30 to 35 miles.” Asked what the difference was in the speed of appellant’s and respondent’s vehicles, Mr. Doyle testified, “About 5 miles an hour or 10 miles an hour, pretty close to that.”
Mrs. Helen Doeleman, who was with Mr. Doyle, stated that she saw respondent’s car as it approached the intersection and that it was traveling at a speed of “between 20 and 25.” She saw respondent’s vehicle when it was “three or four car lengths” from the one operated by appellant.
These witnesses were called by appellants and they are bound by the testimony.
An examination of the briefs in the cases of Calvert v. Seattle, 23 Wn. (2d) 817, 162 P. (2d) 441, and McClellan v. Great Western Fuel Co., 32 Wn. (2d) 202, 201 P. (2d) 221, to which I shall refer in another portion of this dissent, shows that arguments made in favor of the disfavored drivers were similar to those made by appellants in this case. In the cited cases, however, this court reversed judgments, based on jury verdicts in- favor of the disfavored drivers.
In 1927 the legislature passed an act known as Rem. Rev. Stat., § 6362-41, subsection 14, which reads:
“ . . . Drivers, when approaching public highway intersections, shall look out for and give right of way to vehicles on their right, simultaneously approaching a given point within-the intersection, and whether such vehicles *657first enter and reach the intersection or not: Provided, this paragraph shall not apply to drivers on arterial highways.”
In 1937 the above statute was repealed, and the new act is now known as Rem. Rev. Stat., Vol. 7A, § 6360-88. It reads as follows:
“Look out approaching intersections—Vehicles to right— Arterial roads. It shall be the duty of every operator of any vehicle on approaching public highway intersections to look out for and give right of way to vehicles on their right, simultaneously approaching a given point within the intersection, and whether such vehicle first enter and reach the intersection or not: Provided, This section shall not apply to operators on arterial public highways.”
It will be noted that the two statutes are almost identical.
In 1929, this court decided the case of Saad v. Langworthy, 153 Wash. 598, 280 Pac. 74. In deciding that case, it was held that when two cars collided at an intersection they were simultaneously approaching the point where the accident occurred. The facts in that case are so like those in the case at bar that I quote them as follows:
“About nine o’clock of the forenoon of July 30, 1928, the day was bright and the streets were dry in the city of Spokane, Washington. At that time, in that city, the collision of which complaint is made occurred within the intersection of Adams street and Seventh avenue, which are paved and intersect each other at right angles. Adams street runs north and south, is forty feet in width, and has a descending grade at the place of the accident of about two per cent towards the north. Seventh avenue runs east and west, is thirty feet wide and has a down grade at the place of the accident of about five per cent to the west. On the southeast corner of the intersection, the shrubbery is high and overhangs the five foot sidewalk to such an extent that the driver of an automobile proceeding north on Adams street would not be within the view of the driver of, and would be unable to see, an automible approaching from the east on Seventh avenue, until the front of the northbound car on Adams street was even with the curb line of Seventh avenue. Appellant was driving north on Adams street, intending to continue across the intersection. Respondent was driving west on Seventh avenue, intending to continue across the intersection.”
*658In deciding that case, we held, p. 605:
“The impairment of appellant’s view by the shrubbery imposed the duty of slowing down his automobile and driving with caution, or even to stop, [Italics mine] until he could obtain a clear view of Seventh avenue to the east.”
The case of Martin v. Hadenfeldt, 157 Wash. 563, 289 Pac. 533, written by Judge Tolman, laid down four rules interpreting the rights of drivers approaching an intersection. These rules, which have been adhered to in our cases since the opinion was written, read:
“ (1) All rights of way are relative, and the duty to avoid accidents or collisions at street intersections rests upon both drivers.
“(2) The primary duty of avoiding such accidents rests upon the driver on the left, which duty he must perform with reasonable regard to the maintenance of a fair margin of safety at all times.
“(3) If two cars collide within the intersection, then they were simultaneously approaching a given point within the intersection, within the meaning of the statute, unless—
“ (4) The driver on the left assumes and meets the burden of producing evidence which will carry to the jury the question of fact as to whether or no the favored driver on the right so wrongfully, negligently, or unlawfully operated his car as would deceive a reasonably prudent driver on the left and warrant him in going forward upon the assumption that he had the right to proceed.”
Rhodes v. Johnson, 163 Wash. 54, 299 Pac. 976; Strouse v. Smith, 166 Wash. 643, 8 P. (2d) 411; Sather v. Blodgett, 169 Wash. 25, 13 P. (2d) 60; Delsman v. Bertotti, 200 Wash. 380, 93 P. (2d) 371; Hauswirth v. Pom-Arleau, 11 Wn. (2d) 354, 119 P. (2d) 674; Calvert v. Seattle, 23 Wn. (2d) 817, 162 P. (2d) 441; McClellan v. Great Western Fuel Co., 32 Wn. (2d) 202, 201 P. (2d) 221, and Shultes v. Halpin, 33 Wn. (2d) 294, 205 P. (2d) 1201, hold that failure to look out for and give right of way to a vehicle on the right, simultaneously approaching a given point within the intersection, constitutes negligence as a matter of law.
In the Hauswirth case, this court decided that where two cars collided within an intersection, the disfavored driver *659never saw the other car at all and therefore could not contend that he had been deceived by any wrongful operation on the part of the favored driver, and that the two cars were simultaneously approaching a given point within the intersection.
The case of McClellan v. Great Western Fuel Co., supra, is exactly in point. The accident concerned in that case occurred at the intersection of Pacific avenue and Haven street in the city of Spokane at about 11:45 a. m. Pacific avenue extends in an easterly and westerly direction and Haven street runs north and south. Respondents’ truck was traveling westerly on Pacific avenue. Appellants’ truck was traveling south on Haven street which was twenty-six feet in width. Appellants’ truck was traveling fast on its left side of the street. As respondents’ disfavored driver approached the intersection he looked to the right at a place where a row of trees extended through the entire block between the sidewalk and curb on Haven street entirely obstructing his view. The opinion is so conclusive of the question presented here that I quote it as follows:
“The respondents were guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law in not yielding the right of way to the appellants. The respondents attempt to justify their violation of the right of way statute by contending that they had a right to assume that traffic from their right would be on its proper side of the street, where it could be seen from the position whence they looked to the right, and that they had no duty to ascertain that no vehicle was simultaneously approaching the intersection on the obscured and wrong half of the street.
“This argument would be quite persuasive if it were sustained by the facts in the case, but we think they cannot be heard to say that they had no duty to see the appellants’ truck because most of it was on the wrong side of the street; since, if they saw the part of the truck that was in its own right-hand lane, they would have been aware of its presence and its right to the right of way. [Citing cases.]
“This same factor defeats their further contention that they have a right to invoke the rule of Martin v. Hadenfeldt, 157 Wash. 563, 289 Pac. 533, upon the ground that they were deceived by the truck ‘stalking’ the respondents by *660slipping down in the hidden half of the street. See Boyle v. Lewis, 30 Wn. (2d) 665, 193 P. (2d) 332; Calvert v. Seattle, 23 Wn. (2d) 817, 162 P. (2d) 441. Some part of appellants’ truck was there to be seen on its right side of the street, and they cannot claim they were deceived when they did not see the part they had a duty to see. Neither can they claim that an emergency existed because of their failure to see that which was to be seen which would soften the rules of contributory negligence.”
The approval of this and the above case leaves this court in the peculiar position of holding a disfavored driver guilty of contributory negligence when cars approaching to his right are hidden by trees, but innocent when they are hidden by an earth mound.
Another case in point is that of Calvert v. Seattle, supra. The evidence given by the disfavored driver in that case is so similar to that given by the appellant here that I set it out.
“ ‘Q. As I understand you, as a matter of fact, you looked the full block and you didn’t see the bus at all up there?. A. I didn’t see it at all. Q. If it was loading, you didn’t see it? A. I didn’t see it. Q. And you started then across in second gear? A. Yes. Q. As you looked and observed up that street, then, there was nothing which was coming which kept you from crossing? A. I didn’t keep looking. I looked up when I went into the intersection. The first— as I said—that I knew anything was when Mrs. Calvert said, “Look out for the bus.” Q. I understand. But when you looked and could see up that block, there was nothing coming that you saw? A. No. Q. Did you think then that you had ample time to go across the street? A. I thought that I had ample time to get across. Q. Did you continue across in second gear? A. I did.’ ”
The rule to be followed in cases of this nature is ably set forth in the following excerpt from the Delsman case, p. 390:
“The burden to avoid colliding with a car approaching from his right rests heavily upon the disfavored driver. A clear and unambiguous statute imposes this burden, and the ingrafting of exceptions upon this sound and wholesome rule of the road would tend only to confusion and lead drivers occupying the disfavored position under the statute *661to think that they might somehow escape the burden imposed upon them by law and throw the blame for avoidable accidents upon another. Speed is of much less importance than safety, and, under modern traffic conditions, safety, to a great extent, depends upon careful and prudent observation both of natural physical conditions and of other vehicles using the highway, as well as of pedestrians. We are in accord with the rules laid down in the Hadenfeldt case, but are not inclined to extend the exception therein provided for.”
It is argued that the respondent’s car was behind the mound of earth at the times appellant looked to his right, and then, as it came from behind it, the rays of light would be directed in a southwesterly direction so that they could not be seen by appellant. To say that the lights so directed could not be seen by appellant at distances of one hundred sixty-seven and one hundred seventy-nine feet, when at the same time he could see another street three hundred twenty-two feet away, strains the credulity of anyone who has driven a car at night. We, as judges, should not deny facts which we as individuals know to be true. As a matter of fact, lights on a car so driven, being unusual, would immediately challenge the attention of anyone looking in that direction.
It was impossible, as shown by the undisputed facts, for respondent’s taxicab to have been hidden behind the dirt pile and to have come around it and have been driven one hundred eighty feet to hit appellant’s car in the time that elapsed after appellant had looked from point 3. In the first place, the earth mound was not high enough to hide the car; in the second place, respondent’s car could travel only 51.33 feet per second while going at a speed of thirty-five miles per hour. It could have traveled but seventy-seven feet during the one and a half seconds appellant consumed in traveling from point 3 to X, 3 being the point where he last looked to his right, and X being the place of collision. The taxicab was in plain sight when appellant started across the intersection. His witnesses saw the taxicab. Ap*662pellant did not see it because he did not look as the statute directed.
The judgment of the trial court was correct and should be affirmed.
Beals, Schwellenbach, and Donworth, JJ., concur with Simpson, C. J.
May 1, 1950. Petition for rehearing denied.