Court Opinion

ID: 9381085
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-21 20:00:35.658067+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:29.751726
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                       File Name: 23a0050p.06

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                             ┐
 GREEN GENIE, INC.; ALVIN ALOSACHI,
                                                             │
                               Plaintiffs-Appellants,        │
                                                             │         No. 22-1441
        v.                                                    >
                                                             │
                                                             │
 CITY OF DETROIT, MICHIGAN; CITY OF DETROIT BOARD            │
 OF ZONING APPEALS; CITY OF DETROIT BUILDINGS,               │
 SAFETY    ENGINEERING     AND     ENVIRONMENTAL             │
 DEPARTMENT,                                                 │
                              Defendants-Appellees.          │
                                                             ┘

  Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.
                   No. 2:21-cv-10790—David M. Lawson, District Judge.

                                     Argued: March 9, 2023

                              Decided and Filed: March 21, 2023

             Before: BATCHELDER, GRIFFIN, and READLER, Circuit Judges.
                              _________________

                                            COUNSEL

ARGUED: Michael F. Wais, HOWARD & HOWARD ATTORNEYS PLLC, Royal Oak,
Michigan, for Appellants. Sheri L. Whyte, CITY OF DETROIT, Detroit, Michigan, for
Appellees. ON BRIEF: Michael F. Wais, Jonathan F. Karmo, HOWARD & HOWARD
ATTORNEYS PLLC, Royal Oak, Michigan, for Appellants.
                                      _________________

                                             OPINION
                                      _________________

       CHAD A. READLER, Circuit Judge. Following changes to Michigan’s marijuana law,
Green Genie sought to operate a medical marijuana distribution facility in the City of Detroit.
 No. 22-1441                Green Genie, Inc. v. City of Detroit, et al.                     Page 2

The City denied Green Genie’s request because its proposed facility fell within a “drug-free
zone,” a term of art defined by the City’s code. Green Genie challenged the City’s determination
through state and local channels. Failing on those fronts, Green Genie filed this suit, alleging
that the City violated the Constitution in the course of denying the permit. The district court
granted summary judgment to the City, leading to this appeal. In view of the legal flaws in basic
elements of each of Green Genie’s constitutional claims, we affirm.

                                                  I.

       The City of Detroit enjoys a rich history. Over the years, the City’s impact has been felt
in all sectors, from business (e.g., auto industry) to culture (e.g., Motown) to culinary (e.g, pizza,
ginger ale) to sports (e.g., Joe Louis, Tigers), to name a few. More recent days brought new
challenges.    But today, the City’s fortunes have brightened once again.              Among other
recognitions, the City has been named one of world’s greatest places to explore. See Sarah
Bence, Detroit: Newfound Glory, Time (July 12, 2022, 7:10 AM), https://time.com/collection
/worlds-greatest-places-2022/6194455/detroit/.

       The City’s growing business community has aided its resurgence.                One of those
industries, perhaps more controversial than most, is its bourgeoning medical marijuana industry.
Following a 2008 initiative that decriminalized marijuana for medical purposes under state law
and a 2016 law affording legal status to medical marijuana dispensaries in Michigan, the industry
began taking hold around the Great Lakes State, including in Detroit. See Seth Quidachay-Swan,
Researching Marijuana Law, 100 Mich. Bar J. 52 (2021).

       Those who wish to operate a medical marijuana facility in Detroit must satisfy the City’s
permit process. See Detroit, Mich., Code § 50-3-535. (All cites to the Detroit City Code are to
the 2023 version of the code unless otherwise specified). The process in place at the time of the
events at issue worked as follows. Upon receiving an application to operate such a facility, the
City’s Buildings, Safety Engineering, and Environmental Department (BSEED) would screen the
application to determine whether the applicant complies with “locational specifications” set forth
in the City code. Id. § 50-3-536(b). To that end, the code imposes several restrictions on where
a medical marijuana facility may operate. Id. § 50-3-535(b). One prohibits locating a medical
 No. 22-1441                Green Genie, Inc. v. City of Detroit, et al.                    Page 3

marijuana facility in a drug-free zone, that is, an area “within 1,000 radial feet of the zoning lot”
containing any one of a number of sensitive places, including a school.           See id. §§ 50-3-
535(b)(1), 50-16-172. If an application complied with the code’s locational requirements, the
application “shall transfer” to the City’s Medical Marihuana Facility Review Committee. Id.
§ 50-3-536(c) (2018). The Committee, in turn, would make a recommendation back to BSEED
regarding a host of discretionary zoning considerations specific to the project at issue. Id. §§ 50-
3-536(d), 50-3-281. From there, BSEED would review the application for final approval or
denial. Id. §§ 50-3-536(e); 50-3-203. (Following the events at issue here, the City eliminated
the Review Committee, along with the mandate to transfer applications that complied with
locational specification requirements to that committee, leaving all review within the discretion
of BSEED. See Ordinance No. 2021-9; see also Detroit, Mich., Code § 50-3-536(c).)

        This regulatory framework sets the stage for today’s case. Green Genie is a Michigan
corporation that owns medical marijuana provisioning centers in the Detroit metro area. In 2018,
it applied to run a medical marijuana distribution facility at 16711 Mack Avenue in the City of
Detroit. BSEED denied the application at the initial screening stage on the grounds that the
proposed facility site was located in a drug-free zone. Relevant to the City’s assessment was a
tax lot (in the neighboring community of Grosse Point Park) on which St. Clare of Montefalco
Catholic School sits. The lot, the City determined, was less than 1,000 radial feet to the west of
the site where Green Genie proposed to build its distribution facility.

        Green Genie was not the only applicant to run up against the City’s proximity
restrictions. A handful of other applicants also had their applications denied because their
proposed sites were determined to be within 1,000 radial feet of a location—including a tax lot
for a school—subject to the City’s drug-free zone definition. Two other applicants, however,
fared better.

        One is Detroit Roots. It applied to establish a medical marijuana provisioning facility at
12604 East Jefferson in Detroit. Measuring from that address to the nearest tax lot containing a
school building, the City determined that the proposed facility was over 1,000 radial feet from
the parcel and thus sent the application along for eventual approval. A year later, however, a tax
parcel containing Detroit Roots was combined with two other tax parcels into one new tax
 No. 22-1441               Green Genie, Inc. v. City of Detroit, et al.                   Page 4

parcel, resulting in Detroit Roots being less than 1,000 feet from the closest edge of the school.
Nonetheless, the City seemingly has not revoked Detroit Roots’s permit.

       The other is Mack Wellness. Mack Wellness applied for a permit to run a medical
marijuana facility at 16001 Mack, in Detroit, a location west of St. Clare of Montefalco (the
school that was the basis for Green Genie’s application denial). The City, calculating from what
it believed was the closest part of St. Clare of Montefalco’s tax parcel to the proposed site,
determined that Mack Wellness’s proposed site was more than 1,000 feet from the parcel. That
computation, however, overlooked a patch of grass within 1,000 feet of the proposed site that the
City mistakenly assumed was owned by Grosse Pointe Park. In truth, the land was used by St.
Clare of Montefalco students. The City did not learn of this error until this litigation, and the
City approved the application (and has never revoked Mack Wellness’s permit).

       Green Genie challenged the City’s determination through state administrative and judicial
channels. See Green Genie, Inc. v. City of Detroit, 599 F. Supp. 3d 544, 548–49 (E.D. Mich.
2022). In those proceedings, the parties debated what constituted a “zoning lot” under the City
code. Id. at 548–50. The City deemed the St. Clare of Montefalco’s “zoning lot” to include land
where the parish church of the same name sits (even though the church and school have separate
lots of record), all of which is listed under a single tax parcel number. Id. Green Genie, on the
other hand, took the view that a “zoning lot” includes only the specific lot of record upon which
the school sits, divorcing the parish church from its school. See Alosachi v. City of Detroit, No.
356583, 2022 WL 1194634, at *2 (Mich. Ct. App. Apr. 21, 2022) (per curiam) (discussing the
dispute). The City prevailed. Id. at *3–4.

       Green Genie (along with its owner Alvin Alosachi) filed a complaint in federal court
against the City, its Board of Zoning Appeals, and BSEED. (For simplicity, we refer to plaintiffs
as Green Genie and defendants as the City). The thrust of Green Genie’s complaint was that the
City erred in measuring the distance between the proposed Green Genie site and St. Clare of
Montefalco’s, yet approved the Detroit Roots and Mack Wellness sites. Those practices, Green
Genie alleged, violated the Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection and due process
guarantees. Following discovery, the City moved for summary judgment, which the district
court granted and then accordingly entered judgment for the City.
 No. 22-1441                 Green Genie, Inc. v. City of Detroit, et al.                  Page 5

                                                  II.

          On appeal, Green Genie takes issue with the district court’s dismissal of its procedural
and substantive due process claims as well as an equal protection claim. We review the district
court’s summary judgment award de novo. See Wiley v. City of Columbus, 36 F.4th 661, 667
(6th Cir. 2022). Summary judgment is appropriate where “the movant shows that there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Once that showing has been made, the nonmoving party must
present “significant probative evidence” revealing that there is “more than some metaphysical
doubt as to the material facts” necessitating a trial; if the nonmovant cannot do that, dismissal is
warranted. See Wiley, 36 F.4th at 667 (citations and quotations omitted). With these standards
in mind, we turn first to the due process claims.

                                                  A.

          The Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause prohibits governmental deprivations
of “life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” See U.S. CONST. amend. XIV, § 1.
The Clause has been construed to include not only a procedural component, but also (although
not obvious from its text) a substantive one. That latter right hazily protects against “certain
government actions regardless of the fairness of the procedures used to implement them.” See
Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 331 (1986). No matter the nature of the due-process theory
asserted, Green Genie must show a deprivation of a constitutionally protected right—in this case,
a deprivation of property. See Prater v. City of Burnside, 289 F.3d 417, 431 (6th Cir. 2002).

          How is “property” defined, for Due Process Clause purposes?          Narrowly, in some
respects. It “does not protect everything that might be described as a ‘benefit.’” Town of Castle
Rock v. Gonzales, 545 U.S. 748, 756 (2005) (citation omitted). Rather, one must have a
“legitimate claim of entitlement to” the purported property interest, as opposed to an abstract
need or desire. Bd. of Regents of State Colls. v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 577 (1972). Applying this
understanding to the setting before us, a government benefit, such as a permit, is not a protected
entitlement if officials “may grant or deny it in their discretion.” Town of Castle Rock, 545 U.S.
at 756.
 No. 22-1441                Green Genie, Inc. v. City of Detroit, et al.                   Page 6

       That rule helps shape Green Genie’s claim. All appear to agree that permit approval is a
decision left to the City’s discretion, meaning obtaining a permit is not a protected entitlement.
Instead, Green Genie contends that it had a “protected property interest” in having its application
transferred to the Review Committee as a matter of course.            The heart of Green Genie’s
argument, it seems, is that the City code’s former use of mandatory language—“shall”—entitles
applicants that otherwise complied with locational specifications to consideration by that special
committee.

       That contention too runs headlong into unfavorable precedent. As we have said before, a
plaintiff may not “assert a property right in government procedures themselves.” Janosek v. City
of Cleveland, 718 F.3d 578, 582 (6th Cir. 2013); see also Richardson v. Twp. of Brady, 218 F.3d
508, 517–19 (6th Cir. 2000) (same); LRL Props. v. Portage Metro Hous. Auth., 55 F.3d 1097,
1110 (6th Cir. 1995) (same). At bottom, Green Genie’s request to be heard by a special
committee is little more than an interest in “a procedure itself, without more.” United of Omaha
Life Ins. Co. v. Solomon, 960 F.2d 31, 34 (6th Cir. 1992) (citation omitted). In response, Green
Genie emphasizes the decision in Ritz v. City of Findlay, No. 3:07-CV-3716, 2009 WL 1954635
(N.D. Ohio July 6, 2009). That the distributor’s lead authority is an unpublished, district court
case suggests the case law is not in its favor. Nor, in any event, is Ritz analogous. Instead, that
case concerned a property interest in obtaining ultimate approval of a site plan proposal for an
apartment complex. Id. at *6. It has nothing to do with an interest in the procedures at issue
themselves. With no property interest at stake, there is no need to entertain Green Genie’s
remaining arguments about the inadequacy of the City’s procedures or that the City more
generally engaged in an arbitrary and irrational decision making. See Prater, 289 F.3d at 431–
32.

                                                 B.

       That leaves Green Genie’s equal protection claim.            The Fourteenth Amendment’s
guarantee of the “equal protection of the laws” bars governmental discrimination that either
(1) burdens a fundamental right, (2) targets a suspect class, or (3) intentionally treats one
differently from others similarly situated without any rational basis for the difference. TriHealth,
Inc. v. Bd. of Comm’rs, 430 F.3d 783, 788 (6th Cir. 2005). Green Genie hitches its claim to the
 No. 22-1441                Green Genie, Inc. v. City of Detroit, et al.                    Page 7

third wagon, framing its argument as a class-of-one claim. See Davis v. Prison Health Servs.,
679 F.3d 433, 441 (6th Cir. 2012). To prevail on that claim, Green Genie must show that (1) the
City “intentionally treated” Green Genie “differently from others similarly situated” and
(2) “there is no rational basis for the difference in treatment.” Vill. of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528
U.S. 562, 564 (2000) (per curiam).

       We can begin and end with Olech’s first prong. Does the evidence create a genuine
dispute as to whether the City, in denying Green Genie’s application, “intentionally treated”
Green Genie “differently from others similarly situated”? Id. To our eye, no. Begin with a
bedrock background principle of equal protection law: the “unequal application” of a facially
neutral law is “not a denial of equal protection unless there is shown to be present in it an
element of intentional or purposeful discrimination.” Snowden v. Hughes, 321 U.S. 1, 8 (1944).
Sometimes, a plaintiff can present direct evidence of discrimination. But the more common
approach, as here, is to attempt to demonstrate intentional discrimination through circumstantial
evidence. See Vill. of Arlington Heights v. Metro. Hous. Dev. Corp., 429 U.S. 252, 264–66
(1977). For Green Genie’s class-of-one claim, it must demonstrate “an inference” of intentional
discrimination “arising from the fact” that the adverse treatment of Green Genie “was such a
stark outlier from an otherwise consistent pattern of favorable treatment in similarly situated
cases.” See SECSYS, LLC v. Vigil, 666 F.3d 678, 689 (10th Cir. 2012) (Gorsuch, J.); see also
TriHealth, 430 F.3d at 788 (requiring proof that the plaintiff was “intentionally singled out by
the government for discriminatory adverse treatment”).          The notion of “similarly situated
individuals” is thus “simply a way” to gauge whether the “plaintiff failed at the first step to prove
intentional discrimination.” See SECSYS, 666 F.3d at 689. To make that assessment, we look to
“relevant similarity,” which is a product of the specific “facts and context of the case.” Loesel v.
City of Frankenmuth, 692 F.3d 452, 463 (6th Cir. 2012).

       Turning to the facts and context here, Green Genie claims it was treated relatively worse
by the City than other medical marijuana facility applicants. In its complaint, Green Genie
suggested that the City’s approval of Detroit Roots and Mack Wellness—notwithstanding their
location in a drug-free zone—meant that the City purposely used a different method of
measurement when evaluating Green Genie’s application. Put another way, Green Genie targets
 No. 22-1441                Green Genie, Inc. v. City of Detroit, et al.                    Page 8

the City’s process for determining whether an applicant’s proposed medical marijuana facility
was in a drug-free zone. For “relevant” comparator purposes, then, we look to other medical
marijuana facilities that submitted applications around the time of Green Genie’s application. See
United States v. Green, 654 F.3d 637, 651 (6th Cir. 2011) (analyzing who is “similarly situated”
at the appropriate “time frame” of the alleged violation).

       At summary judgment, the City submitted evidence that it applied the same test to all
applicants. Rather than the applicable test, it was idiosyncrasies in Detroit Roots’s and Mack
Wellness’s requests that resulted in their approval. Detroit Roots obtained City approval because
the underlying comparator tax lot had not yet been merged with others to extend the reach of the
drug-free zone. And Mack Wellness received approval because officials overlooked a patch of
grass owned by a school that would have placed the proposed site within the drug-free zone.

       But the relevant comparators do not end there. At summary judgment, the City expanded
the universe of comparators: it presented evidence that four other medical marijuana facility
applicants were subjected to the same tax-lot-based measurement as was Green Genie. And, like
Green Genie, their applications were rejected as being within a drug-free zone. Green Genie, for
its part, failed to present evidence to contest the City’s method of measurement in those cases.

       Even viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to Green Genie, the distributor fails
to satisfy the first prong of the Olech test. The City applied the same method of measurement to
each comparable applicant. Many applications were rejected on that basis. True, Detroit Roots
and Mack Wellness fared better. But that was due to an arguably improper application of the
test, not the test itself. On balance, Green Genie fails to show that its application was a “stark
outlier” from the others. See SECSYS, 666 F.3d at 689. Indeed, in many respects, granting
Green Genie’s wish seemingly would flip a class-of-one claim on its head—it would turn on the
fact that two manufacturers were erroneously singled out for beneficial treatment. TriHealth,
430 F.3d at 788. And, again, any favorable treatment of Detroit Roots and Mack Wellness was
due to simple misunderstandings about those particular applications, not an effort to “single[]
out” Green Genie. Id. The City’s arguably “sloppy administration” of its permitting system and
“misapplication of . . . local law” is insufficient to show an equal protection violation. Charles v.
 No. 22-1441                Green Genie, Inc. v. City of Detroit, et al.                    Page 9

Baesler, 910 F.2d 1349, 1357 (6th Cir. 1990); see also Cahoo v. SAS Analytics Inc., 912 F.3d
887, 905 (6th Cir. 2019).

       Green Genie has three responses.        First, it says that the district court at summary
judgment inappropriately weighed the evidence.         But the evidence was one-sided, leaving
nothing favoring Green Genie. Green Genie chiefly relied on the purported favorable treatment
of Detroit Roots and Mack Wellness, which, it says, suggested an inference that the City
intended to single out Green Genie. For summary judgment purposes, however, a bare assertion
that a plaintiff “was treated one way and everyone else another . . . has never been thought to
raise an equal protection claim.” See Charles, 910 F.2d at 1357 (citation omitted); see also
Copeland v. Machulis, 57 F.3d 476, 481 (6th Cir. 1995) (“[M]ere disparate impact is insufficient
to demonstrate [at summary judgment] an equal protection violation.”). In other words, there is
simply no evidence to weigh here; we have only the City’s evidence defeating summary
judgment on the state-of-mind element. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 257
(1986) (recognizing that even when state of mind is at issue, a nonmoving party must “present
affirmative evidence . . . to defeat a properly supported motion for summary judgment”).

       Next, Green Genie tries to distinguish each of the City’s four comparators. As to two of
them, Green Genie highlights the fact that, following an initial rejection, each later received
approval to operate. But the City’s reversal was due to revelations that the sensitive site that was
the basis for the drug-free zone was no longer in operation, facts materially different than those
in Green Genie’s case. In other words, the City only changed course once facts were revealed
that “reasonably justified” the differential treatment.        See TriHealth, 430 F.3d at 790
(“[D]isparate treatment of persons is reasonably justified if they are dissimilar in some material
respect.”). But at the time of the initial review, when the equal protection violation allegedly
occurred, the City reviewed all applications in a similar manner. See Green, 654 F.3d at 651
(noting the importance of “time frame” when assessing who is similarly situated).

       That leaves two other comparators, both of whom Green Genie argues are not similarly
situated. But any dissimilarities, for example, that their proposed sites were not near a combined
lot with a church and school, like St. Clare of Montefalco’s, are immaterial. See TriHealth, 430
F.3d at 790. Setting aside the fact that Green Genie’s argument would also eliminate Detroit
 No. 22-1441                Green Genie, Inc. v. City of Detroit, et al.                  Page 10

Roots as a comparator, each comparator is similar in the most critical respect: it was denied
approval because its proposed site was closer than 1,000 radial feet to the closest corner of a tax
lot containing a site protected by a drug-free zone. See Loesel, 692 F.3d at 463 (requiring
relevant similarity).

       Lastly, Green Genie turns our attention back to Detroit Roots and Mack Wellness. Green
Genie asserts that the City’s apparent failure to revoke permits awarded to those two applicants
allows for the reasonable inference that Green Genie’s denial was intentional. That contention
suffers from numerous flaws.      For one, it does nothing to discount the evidence of other
comparators, meaning Green Genie’s treatment was not a “stark outlier,” the standard it must
meet to show it was intentionally treated differently from others similarly situated. See SECSYS,
666 F.3d at 689; see also Olech, 528 U.S. at 564. Even taking Green Genie’s argument on its
face, there is a disconnect in timing between the alleged equal protection violation (i.e., the
rejection of Green Genie’s application) and the City’s later learning of the mistakes in Detroit
Roots’s and Mack Wellness’s applications. We fail to see how the City’s subsequent decision to
not try to put the genie back in the bottle and shut down Detroit Roots and Mack Wellness makes
it more likely than not that the City intentionally treated Green Genie differently from all
relevant comparators in reviewing initial applications. See EJS Props., LLC v. City of Toledo,
698 F.3d 845, 866 (6th Cir. 2012) (“Gaps in time and context may suggest a change in policy
rather than differential treatment.”). At best, Green Genie’s evidence raises the inference that the
City was aware that it was favoring Detroit Roots and Mack Wellness at the expense of others.
But the “discriminatory purpose” necessary to establish an equal protection violation “implies
more than intent as volition or intent as awareness of consequences”; it requires evidence that
“the decisionmaker . . . selected or reaffirmed a particular course of action at least in part
‘because of,’ not merely ‘in spite of,’ its adverse effects upon an identifiable group.” Pers.
Adm’r v. Feeney, 442 U.S. 256, 279 (1979) (citation omitted). Whether the City favored Detroit
Roots and Mack Wellness by letting them continue to operate, in other words, does not
demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact over whether the City intentionally treated Green
Genie differently from all comparators. See TriHealth, 430 F.3d at 788; see also Wiley, 36 F.4th
at 667 (requiring “significant probative evidence” to rebut summary judgment once established
by the movant).
No. 22-1441              Green Genie, Inc. v. City of Detroit, et al.   Page 11

                                             III.

     We affirm the judgment of the district court.