Court Opinion

ID: 4647604
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-29 22:01:07.498883+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:06.554647
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                             No. 20-930

                                (Filed Under Seal: December 23, 2020)
                                    (Reissued: December 29, 2020)

                                                )
 HWI GEAR, INC.,                                )       Post-award bid protest; procurement
                                                )       limited to qualifying small businesses;
                   Plaintiff,                   )       requirement in solicitation for
                                                )       recertification of offerors’ small business
           v.                                   )       status upon occurrence of certain events;
                                                )       offeror’s pre-award failure to recertify
 UNITED STATES,                                 )       upon corporate change rendering offeror
                                                )       no longer small; grant of injunctive relief.
                   Defendant,                   )
                                                )
      and                                       )
                                                )
 MECHANIX WEAR LLC,                             )
                                                )
                   Defendant-Intervenor.        )
                                                )
                                                )

      Theodore Watson, Watson & Associates LLC, Denver, Colorado for plaintiff HWI Gear,
Inc. With him on briefs was Wojciech Z. Kornacki, Watson & Associates, Washington, D.C.

       Robert C. Bigler, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United
States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. for the United States. With him on briefs were
Scott G. Stewart, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division, Robert E. Kirschman, Jr.,
Director, and Lisa L. Donahue, Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.

     H. Boyd Greene, Kirkland & Ellis LLP, Washington, D.C. for defendant-intervenor
Mechanix Wear, LLC.

                                     OPINION AND ORDER 1

       1  Because of the protective order entered in this case, this opinion was initially filed under
seal. The parties were requested to review this opinion and to submit proposed redactions of any
confidential or trade secret material. The parties proposed redactions, and the court accepted
those relating to price. The resulting redactions are shown by asterisks enclosed by brackets,
e.g., “[***].”
LETTOW, Senior Judge.

       This bid protest concerns the Defense Logistics Agency’s (“DLA” or “the agency”)
decision to award a contract for the production of capacitive gloves to defendant-intervenor
Mechanix Wear, LLC (“Mechanix”). Plaintiff HWI Gear, Inc. (“HWI”) challenges DLA’s
award as unreasonable and arbitrary, specifically arguing that the agency did not properly apply
the best value tradeoff analysis and failed to follow its own solicitation criteria. The court agrees
with HWI that, by failing to inquire as to Mechanix’s status as a small business after Mechanix
gave pre-award notice of its change in corporate structure, when Mechanix in fact became other
than small, DLA failed to follow the terms of the solicitation. Therefore, HWI’s motion for
judgment on the administrative record is GRANTED.

                                        BACKGROUND 2

                                           A. Solicitation

        DLA published solicitation number SPE1C1-18-0093, seeking offers for the manufacture
and delivery of Army capacitive combat gloves. AR 2-9. 3 An advantage of the gloves is that
they can be used with touchscreens. See Mechanix Wear, Inc. B-416704.3, 2019 WL 2052703,
at *1 (Comp. Gen. May 6, 2019). The contract was for a one-year base period and three, one-
year option periods. AR 1-5. The agency’s acquisition plan estimated production requirements
to be 200,000 gloves for the first year of the contract and 210,000 gloves each year for the three
option years. AR 1-5. 4 The agency estimated the cost per unit to be $42.15 for the base year
with an average inflation rate of 2.26 percent for the subsequent option years, resulting in an
estimated cost of $36,200,400 over the course of the contract. AR 1-5.

       The solicitation was issued as a 100 percent small business set-aside. AR 1-5. Offerors
needed to certify that they qualified as a small business pursuant to 13 C.F.R. part 121. AR 4-66.
The solicitation incorporated several related provisions from the Federal Acquisition Regulation
(“FAR”), and it included the language of FAR 52.219-28 rather than merely citing that provision
or incorporating it by reference. AR 4-65 to 66. The relevant text stated that a contractor who
represents itself as small prior to contract award “shall rerepresent its size status . . . [w]ithin 30
days after a merger or acquisition that does not require a novation.” FAR 52.219-28(b). The

       2 The recitations that follow constitute findings of fact by the court from the
administrative record of the procurement filed pursuant to Rule 52.1 of the Rules of the Court of
Federal Claims (“RCFC”). See Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1356 (Fed. Cir.
2005) (specifying that bid protest proceedings “provide for trial on a paper record, allowing fact-
finding by the trial court”).

       3   The administrative record will be cited as “AR Tab-Page Number.”

       4 The specifications required that the leather used in the gloves be made from goat and
kidskin, i.e., leather commonly made from the skin of young goats. The process involves flaying
the skins before brining and salting, pickling, and tanning them. See Mechanix Wear, Inc., 2019
WL 2052703, at *2.

                                                  2
solicitation incorporated the language of FAR 52.219-28(b) within “Section I – Contract
Clauses.” AR 4-66.

        The solicitation stated that the procurement decision would be evaluated according to a
“Best Value Trade-Off.” AR 3-17. In addition to price, the agency would consider two other
factors: (1) product demonstration models and technical risk; and (2) past performance
confidence assessment. AR 3-17 to 18. The technical factor included three aspects, all of “equal
importance”—manufacturing operations, visual requirements, and dimensional requirements—
and required offerors to submit a product demonstration model that complied with a variety of
specifications. AR 3-17, 19. The past performance factor considered the recency, relevancy,
and quality of past performance equally in determining a rating. AR 3-18, 20 to 22. Quality of
past performance included both the quality of item and delivery performance. AR 3-18. The
solicitation stated that “[a]ll evaluation factors other than cost or price, when combined, [were]
significantly more important than cost or price.” AR 3-23. The technical factor was the “most
important evaluation factor.” AR 3-23.

                                   B. Pre-Award Challenges

        Mechanix filed two pre-award challenges to the solicitation at the Government
Accountability Office (“GAO”). The original solicitation stated that tanning and processing of
the goat/kidskin must occur in the United States, although pickled-state goat/kidskin could
originate from foreign sources. AR 4-98. When DLA issued its first amendment, however, it
replaced this criterion with the following requirement, “[a]ll Goat/Kidskin ‘MUST’ be 100%
Domestic to include all tanning process.” AR 4-98. Mechanix challenged this criterion at GAO,
arguing that requiring all acquisition and processing to occur in the United States did not comply
with the Berry Amendment. Mechanix Wear, Inc., B-416704, 2018 WL 6242627, at *1 (Comp.
Gen. Nov. 19, 2018). 5 The GAO sustained the protest, finding that goat/kidskin fit within an
exception of the Berry Amendment and that agency had not “establish[ed] the reasonableness of
its need for the restriction.” Id.

        In response, the agency issued an amendment allowing foreign-sourced goat/kidskin to be
used “in a pickled state” but required “all tanning and processing of the goat/kidskin . . . [to] be
done domestically.” AR 4-115 (emphasis removed). Mechanix filed a second protest with GAO
arguing that the amended restriction was still “unreasonable and contrary to the Berry
Amendment.” Mechanix Wear, Inc., 2019 WL 2052703, at *3. GAO found “the agency’s
interpretation . . . reasonable” and denied the protest. Id. at *5-6. Therefore, the restriction
remained a requirement of the final version of the solicitation.

       5The Berry Amendment generally restricts the Department of Defense’s expenditure of
funds for certain articles and items, including clothing and hardware, to domestically produced
products. See 10 U.S.C. § 2533a(a)-(b).

                                                 3
                                            C. Offers

        The agency received offers from six bidders designated as small business concerns,
including Mechanix and HWI. AR 35-652.6 Mechanix’s offer was submitted on August 29,
2018, AR 7-222, and HWI’s offer was submitted on August 6, 2018, AR 5-132. The agency
engaged in three rounds of negotiations with bidders, during which the bidders could address
agency concerns and revise price as appropriate. AR 35-653. After the third round of
negotiations, Mechanix’s offer included a price of [***] for the four-year contract period while
HWI offered a price of [***]. AR 35-657.7 For the product demonstration models, Mechanix
was given an overall rating of good with six weakness assessed, and HWI was awarded an
overall rating of outstanding. AR 35-652 to 653. Both bidders received a rating of “satisfactory
confidence” for the past performance factor. AR 35-652 to 653.8

                              D. Mechanix’s Post-Offer Notice

      Following its initial offer, Mechanix became affiliated with another business in July
2019. 9On October 22, 2019, Mechanix sent a letter to the contracting officer stating that it had
changed its corporate structure. AR 45-748.10 Specifically, the letter stated, “[t]his letter forms

         Six companies submitted offers and product demonstration models. AR 35-652. One
          6

offer was rejected because the offeror failed to submit pricing information. AR 35-652. The
agency, therefore, only discussed the remaining five offers in its price-negotiation memorandum.
AR 35-652.

         One bidder submitted a price that fell between Mechanix and HWI after the final
          7

negotiation, offering a price of [***]. AR 35-657. That bidder received a rating of good for the
product demonstration model and a rating of satisfactory confidence for past performance. AR
35-657.

          The agency provided a comparison of the five remaining offers, including breakdowns
          8

of the rating for individual aspects of each factor in its Price Negotiation Memorandum. See AR
35-652 to 653.

         The date of affiliation was July 15, 2019. See Def.-Intervenor’s Suppl. Br. at 2, ECF
          9

No. 42. The Small Business Administration found that Mechanix was no longer small as of that
date. Id. For a more complete description of the effect of the affiliation, see infra, at 5 n. 11.

           As initially filed, the administrative record did not include Mechanix’s letter of
          10

October 22, 2019, and the court consequently requested correction of the administrative record.
See Order of December 10, 2020, ECF No. 46. Defendant filed a notice correcting the
administrative record to add the letter on December 16, 2020. See Def.’s Notice Filing Corrected
Administrative Record, ECF No. 47. The filing also included a copy of Mechanix’s System for
Award Management (“SAM”) listing. Id. at 8-11. The government stated that it “was unable to
locate [the SAM listing attachment] . . . in the administrative record” despite reference to that
listing in Mechanix’s letter of October 22, 2019, but it later obtained the listing directly from
Mechanix. Id. at 1.

                                                 4
a part of the offer submitted by Mechanix . . . in response to Solicitation No. SPE1C1-18-R-0093
. . . . Mechanix . . . has just changed its corporate structure from a standard Corporation to a
Limited Liability Corporation.” AR 44-748. Mechanix indicated that its name “changed from
Mechanix Wear, Inc. to Mechanix Wear LLC.” AR 45-748. The letter also stated that “[a]ll
other terms and conditions of the Mechanix Wear offer remain unchanged.” AR 44-748.
Several months later, on January 31, 2020, Mechanix submitted a letter reiterating that it
“notified [the contracting officer] that Mechanix Wear had changed its corporate structure from a
standard Corporation to a Limited Liability Corporation” and again providing Mechanix’s new
name, Mechanix Wear LLC. AR 21-480. Neither letter provides the basis for Mechanix’s
change in corporate structure nor does the administrative record reflect evidence that the
contracting officer inquired further.

                                         E. DLA’s Award

        In April 2020, the agency determined that Mechanix represented the best value offer, and
it subsequently awarded the contract to Mechanix. AR 36-695. DLA stated that “HWI’s
proposal [was] technically superior to Mechanix[’s proposal].” AR 36-695. In evaluating their
product demonstration models, DLA found that “HWI samples did not exhibit weaknesses . . .
while Mechanix Wear had six (6) combined weaknesses.” AR 36-695. DLA noted that
Mechanix “did not have manufacturing weaknesses,” and the “three (3) visual and three (3)
dimensional weaknesses [were] easily correctable.” AR 36-692. Additionally, DLA found that
HWI was “slightly technically superior to Mechanix” on the past performance factor due to
HWI’s specific experience producing “army combat gloves and other similar items.” AR 36-
695. However, Mechanix’s price was [***] less than HWI’s price. AR 36-695. Despite HWI’s
“superior [product demonstration model] and more extensive experience,” the agency found that
“paying a substantial . . . premium [was] not warranted for six . . . easily correctable deficiencies
and for slightly greater experience.” AR 36-695. DLA notified HWI of the award to Mechanix
on April 22, 2020. AR 38-700. 11

       11  In the letter dated April 22, 2020, in which the Contracting Officer notified HWI that
Mechanix was the apparent successful offeror, he requested no response “unless a basis arises to
challenge the small business size status of [Mechanix].” AR 38-700. HWI did submit a timely
protest of Mechanix’s size status based on an alleged joint venture with Pyramid Case Co., Inc.,
and its affiliation with Gryphon Investors who bought out Mechanix, both of whom are no longer
small businesses. AR 38-701. The protest was submitted to the Small Business Administration
(“SBA”), which on June 3, 2020, found that Gryphon was affiliated with Mechanix after the bid
submission and confirmed that Gryphon was not a small business but found that it was not
affiliated when Mechanix submitted the bid. AR 40-717 to 718. The SBA also found that
Pyramid was affiliated with Mechanix at the time of Mechanix’s initial proposal, but that
Pyramid was also small at that time. AR 40-723 to 725. The SBA determined that Mechanix
was a small business for purposes of the solicitation. AR 40-725 to 726. That determination was
subsequently reversed by SBA’s Office of Hearings and Appeals, and the matter was remanded
to SBA’s area office. See infra.

                                                 5
                                   F. Post-Award Challenges

        HWI filed a protest challenging Mechanix’s size as a small business, which was referred
to the Small Business Administration’s (“SBA”) Office of Government Contracting (“OGC”).
See AR 40-712. Factually, following the submission of its initial proposal but prior to the award
decision, Mechanix became affiliated with another company which was and is “other than
small.” AR 40-717 to 718. HWI argued that due to this affiliation, Mechanix was not a small
business concern, and therefore was ineligible for the contract award. AR 39-701. The SBA
OGC found that Mechanix was “small for solicitation SPE1C118R0093” because the appropriate
time to calculate Mechanix’s size was at the time of its offer prior to its change of corporate
structure. AR 40-725.

        HWI appealed the decision to the SBA Office of Hearings and Appeals (“OHA”),
“contend[ing] that the size determination [was] clearly erroneous.” HWI Gear, Inc., SBA No.
SIZ-6072, slip op. at *1 (Sept. 16, 2020) (included in the record as ECF No. 31-1). OHA
reversed and remanded because the SBA’s analysis was “incomplete or flawed.” Id. at *9.
Mechanix since has filed a petition for reconsideration before OHA. See Notice of Mechanix’s
Pet. for Recons., ECF No. 33. The administrative adjudication remains pending.

        HWI filed a complaint in this court on July 30, 2020 challenging the contract award to
Mechanix. Compl., ECF No. 1. HWI’s two main contentions were that DLA “failed to follow
its own Solicitation evaluation criteria and engaged in [an] unreasonable technical evaluation that
failed to apply the best value tradeoff analysis. Id. at 1. The government filed the administrative
record on August 14, 2020. See ECF No. 23. HWI subsequently moved for judgment on the
administrative record. Pl.’s Mot. for J. on the Administrative R., (“Pl.’s Mot.”) ECF No. 25.
The government and Mechanix filed cross-motions for judgment on the administrative record.
Def.-Intervenor’s Resp. & Cross-Mot. for J. on the Administrative R. (“Def.-Intervenor’s Cross-
Mot.”), ECF No. 28; Def.’s Cross-Mot. for J. on the Administrative R. & Resp. (“Def.’s Cross-
Mot.”), ECF No. 29. The cross-motions have been fully briefed. See Pl.’s Reply & Resp., ECF
No. 32; Def.’s Reply, ECF No. 34; Def.-Intervenor’s Reply, ECF No. 35. 12

       The court held a hearing on the cross-motions on October 20, 2020. Following the
hearing, the court requested supplemental briefing from the parties “addressing the application of
the small business criteria contained within 13 CFR Part 121.” Order of October 21, 2020, ECF
No. 36. The parties each submitted a supplemental brief pursuant to the court’s order. See Pl.’s
Suppl. Br., ECF No. 40; Def.’s Resp. to Suppl. Br., ECF No. 41; Mechanix’s Resp. to Suppl. Br.,
ECF No. 42.

       12HWI also moved to supplement the Administrative Record with the Affidavit of HWI
Vice President, William Isaac Hatch. Pl.’s Mot. for Leave to Suppl. the AR, ECF No. 27. HWI
contends that “[t]he administrative record does not explain or define” several key terms and
“does not explain the process of manufacturing combat gloves for the U.S. Government.” Id. at
2. The government opposes plaintiff’s motion. See Def.’s Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. to Suppl. the AR,
ECF No. 30.

                                                6
         As described supra, the solicitation incorporated language from FAR 52.219-28. AR 4-
65 to 66. Specifically, the solicitation stated that “[i]f the Contractor represented that it was a
small business concern prior to award of this contract, the Contractor shall rerepresent its size
status . . . [w]ithin 30 days after a merger or acquisition.” AR 4-66. Mechanix certified as a
small business concern at the time that it submitted its offer. See AR 8-258.13 On October 22,
2019, Mechanix notified DLA that it had “changed its corporate structure,” AR 45-748, also
stating that “[a]ll other terms and conditions of the Mechanix Wear offer remain unchanged,”
AR 45-748. While Mechanix informed the agency of its structural change, it did not provide
information regarding the reason for the change nor did the contracting officer inquire further.
The parties’ supplemental briefing debated whether this language imposed a recertification
requirement on Mechanix, and, if so, whether the contracting officer violated the terms of the
solicitation by failing to inquire as to the reason for the corporate change and the accuracy of
Mechanix’s representation that all other terms and conditions of its offer remained unchanged.
See Pl.’s Suppl. Br. at 4-10; Def.’s Resp. to Suppl. Br. at 7-9; Def.-Intervenor’s Resp. to Suppl.
Br. at 3. All briefing has been completed, and the motions are ready for disposition.

                                 STANDARDS FOR DECISION

        The Tucker Act vests this court with jurisdiction to “render judgment on an action by an
interested party objecting to a solicitation by a Federal agency for bids or proposals for a
proposed contract or to a proposed award or the award of a contract or any alleged violation of
statute or regulation in connection with a procurement or a proposed procurement.” 28 U.S.C. §
1491(b)(1). The standards of the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. § 706, govern
the court’s review of a protest of the government’s decisions regarding the award of a contract.
See 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(4) (“In any action under this subsection, the courts shall review the
agency’s decision pursuant to the standards set forth in section 706 of title 5.”). Under the APA,
the court may set aside a government procurement decision that is “arbitrary, capricious, an
abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law,” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), subject to
the traditional balancing test applicable to a grant of equitable relief, see PGBA, LLC v. United
States, 389 F.3d 1219, 1225-28 (Fed. Cir. 2004); Hyperion, Inc. v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl.
541, 550 (2014).

        The court may not “substitute its judgment for that of the agency,” Hyperion, 115 Fed.
Cl. at 550 (quoting Keeton Corrections, Inc. v. United States, 59 Fed. Cl. 753, 755 (2004) (in
turn quoting Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 416 (1971),
abrogated on other grounds as recognized in Califano v. Sanders, 430 U.S. 99, 105 (1977))), but
“must uphold an agency’s decision against a challenge if the ‘contracting agency provided a
coherent and reasonable explanation of its exercise of discretion,’” Id. (quoting Axiom Res.
Mgmt., Inc. v. United States, 564 F.3d 1374, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2009)). The court may overturn the
government’s procurement decision only “if ‘(1) the procurement official’s decision lacked a
rational basis; or (2) the procurement procedure involved a violation of regulation or
procedure.’” Centech Grp., Inc. v. United States, 554 F.3d 1029, 1037 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (quoting

       13In the copy of the solicitation attached to Mechanix’s proposal, an “X” appears in the
box indicating that “[t]he contractor represents that it . . . is . . . a small business concern.” AR 8-
258.

                                                   7
Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1332 (Fed. Cir.
2001)). In conducting the rational basis analysis, the court looks to whether the “the contracting
agency provided a coherent and reasonable explanation of its exercise of discretion,” Axiom, 564
F.3d at 1381 (quoting Impresa Construzioni, 238 F.3d at 1333), and affords “contracting officers
. . . discretion upon a broad range of issues,” AgustaWestland N. Am., Inc. v. United States, 880
F.3d 1326, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (quoting Impresa Construzioni, 238 F.3d at 1332-33); see also
Glocoms v. United States, 150 Fed. Cl. 258, 265, (2020) (noting the agency’s broad discretion to
weigh factors in a best value procurement). Accordingly, “the disappointed bidder bears a heavy
burden of showing that the award decision had no rational basis.” Centech, 554 F.3d at 1037
(quoting Impresa Construzioni, 238 F.3d at 1332-33). Protests alleging a violation of regulation
or procedure “must show a clear and prejudicial violation.” Axiom, 564 F.3d at 1381 (quoting
Impresa Construzioni, 238 F.3d at 1333).

                                             ANALYSIS

        Plaintiff raises various arguments related to the agency’s evaluation of its offer,
evaluation of Mechanix’s offer, and compliance with the solicitation. However, the court does
not need to reach most of these arguments because the court finds that the agency failed to
comply with the solicitation requirement concerning recertification of a bidder’s status as a small
business. The agency was on notice of Mechanix’s corporate change prior to the contract award,
and, therefore, should have inquired as to whether Mechanix continued to qualify as a small
business. Notably, Mechanix’s representation that the terms and conditions of its offer were
unchanged was in fact not correct, because the condition that Mechanix remained a small
business was not true. The contracting officer’s failure resulted in the agency violating its
solicitation requirements. That omission was prejudicial because if the contracting officer had
inquired, he would have learned that Mechanix failed to remain a small business.

                                   A. Small Business Certification

        In its supplemental briefing, plaintiff argues first that DLA required offerors to reaffirm
their small size. Pl.’s Suppl. Br. at 4-8. Mechanix, according to plaintiff, was required to
recertify after its merger to determine whether Mechanix remained eligible for the contract. Id.
at 6. When Mechanix notified the contracting officer of its change in corporate structure and
represented that the terms and conditions on its offer remained in place, the contracting officer
was obligated to inquire further. Id. at 8-10. The solicitation incorporated language originally
found in FAR 52.219-28, that “[i]f the Contractor represented that it was a small business
concern prior to award of this contract, the Contractor shall rerepresent its size status . . . [w]ithin
30 days after a merger or acquisition.” AR 4-66.14 Mechanix certified as a small business

        14   The relevant language is as follows:

        (a) Definitions. As used in this clause.
        . ..
        Small business concern means a concern, including its affiliates, that is independently
        owned and operated, not dominant in the field of operation in which it is bidding on

                                                    8
concern at the time that it submitted its offer. See AR 8-258. Generally, the company’s size is
determined at the time of the initial offer and that finding of size continues for the life of the
contract. 13 C.F.R. § 121.404(g). But, plaintiff argues that because “the solicitation specifically
requested rerepresentation within thirty days of merger,” “the size status on the date of that
recertification is determinative.” Pl.’s Suppl. Br. at 5. It contends that here, because “DLA took
the initiative to insert th[e] clause,” the solicitation included a requirement for an offeror to “re-
represent [its] status.” Hr’g Tr. 29:9-14 (Oct. 20, 2020).

          In response, defendant contends that plaintiff’s recertification argument is a “repackaged
. . . size protest” which plaintiff is not able to bring before this court, as it did not raise this
argument during the SBA adjudication. Def.’s Resp. to Suppl. Br. at 5-7. Defendant further
argues that because “FAR 52.219-28 does not apply to offers submitted during the bidding
process,” there was no requirement for Mechanix to recertify itself as a small business following
the merger. Id. at 8. In support of their argument, defendant and Mechanix cite the location of
the inserted language in the solicitation, the use of the word “contractor,” and the title of the
section in which the clause appears. See id. at 8-9; Def.-Intervenor’s Resp. to Suppl. Br. at 4-5.

        Defendants are correct that there is not ordinarily a requirement for recertification and
that size is typically determined at the time that the offer is submitted. See 13 C.F.R. §
121.404(g). The SBA has repeatedly rejected the argument that “merely setting the task order
aside for small businesses is a request for recertification.” See, e.g., Safety & Ecology Corp.,

       Government contracts, and qualified as a small business under the criteria in 13 CFR part
       121 and the size standard in paragraph (c) of this clause.
       . ..
       (b) If the Contractor represented that it was a small business concern prior to award of
       this contract, the Contractor shall rerepresent its size status according to paragraph (e) of
       this clause or, if applicable, paragraph (g) of this clause, upon the occurrence of any of
       the following:
       . ..
                (2) Within 30 days after a merger or acquisition that does not require a novation
                or within 30 days after modification of the contract to include this clause, if the
                merger or acquisition occurred prior to inclusion of this clause in the contract.
       . ..
       (g) If the Contractor does not have representations and certifications in SAM, or does not
       have a representation in SAM for the NAICS code applicable to this contract, the
       Contractor is required to complete the following rerepresentation and submit it to the
       contracting office, along with the contract number and the date on which the
       rerepresentation was completed:

       The Contractor represents that it [ ] is, [ ] is not a small business concern under NAICS
       Code 315990 assigned to contract number.
       [Contractor to sign and date and insert authorized signer’s name and title].

AR 4-66 (emphasis added).

                                                  9
SBA No. SIZ-5177, 2010 WL 6576189, at *23 (Dec. 20, 2010). The court concurs with the
government and Mechanix that the regulations themselves do not contain an independent
requirement for an offeror to recertify, nor would FAR 52.219-28 require recertification by
reference alone. However, the concern in this case is not with the FAR requirement as it exists
in the regulations, but rather with the explicit incorporation of the pertinent mandate into the
solicitation. Offerors must comply with the requirements of the solicitation, and the agency must
manage the procurement in accordance with its own solicitation. The agency in this case
specifically chose to include the language from FAR 52.219-28 directly in the solicitation. This
incorporation imbues the solicitation with the recertification requirement. See Metters Indus.,
Inc. v. United States, 109 Fed. Cl. 444, 447 (2013); see also 13 C.F.R. § 121.404(g). Though the
agency did not need to include the clause in the contract, after it did so, the agency must enforce
the requirement.

        Defendant and defendant-intervenor raise several reasons why the court should interpret
the incorporated language as applying only after the contract award. Def.’s Resp. to Suppl. Br.
at 8-9; Def.-Intervenor’s Resp. to Suppl. Br. at 4-5. These arguments are not persuasive. Neither
the inclusion of the provision in “Section I – Contract Clauses” nor the use of the term
“contractor” indicates that the language only applies post-award. Notably, Section I includes
requirements applicable to both offerors and contractors as well as instances where the words
contractor and offeror are used interchangeably. See AR 4-62 (“The Offeror represents . . . .”
(emphasis added)); AR 4-63 (“The Offeror/Contractor may request a waiver.” (emphasis
added)); AR 4-67 (“The offeror must list . . . .” (emphasis added)). Further evidence that the
clause was intended to apply to offerors comes from Mechanix’s own offer submission. In the
copy of the solicitation attached to Mechanix’s offer, Mechanix placed an “X” in the box
indicating that “[t]he Contractor represents that it . . . is . . . a small business concern . . . .” AR
8-258. This certification occurred on August 29, 2018. See AR 7-222.

         The court also takes into account the fact that Mechanix’s notice, provided after the
initial offer was submitted but before award, erred in representing that the terms and conditions
of its offer were unchanged. The conditions had been modified by its merger and it was no
longer a small business. 15 That circumstance was material to DLA’s consideration of
Mechanix’s offer.

         This circumstance is distinct from cases cited by defendants. While the SBA in Delmock
Technologies, Inc. cited the fact that the solicitation did not “contain unusual language beyond
standard FAR clauses” to support the denial of the appellant’s size challenge, that challenge
concerned FAR 52.212-3 which did not specifically call for recertification of size status, SBA
No. SIZ-5937, 2018 WL 5982022 (July 10, 2018). Contrastingly, here the contracting officer
specifically requested responses during the negotiation process, and, in the series of letters
Mechanix repeatedly stated that its statements were “part of the offer” and that, with the
exception of its change in corporate structure, “[a]ll other terms and conditions remain
unchanged.” See AR 21-480 to 482; AR 45-748. Therefore, this case more closely resembles
that situation in Metters Indus., Inc. v. United States, 109 Fed. Cl. 444 (2013). The terms of the

        Indeed, Mechanix in its letter did not mention “merger,” but instead stated it had
        15

“changed its corporate structure.” AR 45-748. That was true but was less than fully descriptive.

                                                  10
solicitation, as determined by the contracting officer, required recertification within thirty days of
a merger. See AR 4-66. The contracting officer was on notice of Mechanix’s corporate change,
through direct communication from Mechanix, no later than October 22, 2019. AR 45-748. The
letter did not provide the reason for corporate change, although the later SBA adjudication
determined that it was due to a merger with another business entity. See HWI Gear, Inc., SBA
No. SIZ-6072, at 4. The contracting officer should have inquired into the reason for Mechanix’s
corporate change. The government has provided no explanation as to why it failed to conduct
this inquiry despite the solicitation requirement and why it made an award to a large business
despite the small-business restriction.

        It is important to note the limited scope of this decision. The court is not determining
Mechanix’s size at the time it made its initial offer. That issue is subject to ongoing
administrative review by SBA. See generally HWI Gear, Inc., SBA No. SIZ-6072. The court is
simply stating that the solicitation, by its very language, required Mechanix to recertify that it
was a small business within thirty days of its merger. AR 4-66. It did not do so. Once, the
contracting officer was alerted to Mechanix’s corporate change, the contracting officer should
have, at minimum, inquired further in an effort to ensure that Mechanix was complying with the
solicitation requirements. Because no inquiry occurred and Mechanix no longer qualified, the
agency failed to comply with the terms of its solicitation.

        Defendant and intervenor further argue that HWI cannot show that the agency’s failure to
act prejudiced HWI. Def.’s Suppl. Br. at 9-10; Def.-Intervenor’s Resp. to Suppl. Br. at 7-8. 16
According to defendants, even if the agency violated the terms of the solicitation, plaintiff cannot
show it that it had a “substantial chance” of receiving the award. Def.’s Resp. to Suppl. Br. at 10
(quoting Emery Worldwide Airlines, Inc. v. United States, 264 F. 3d 1071, 1086 (Fed. Cir.
2001)). However, if the agency had complied with the solicitation and determined that
Mechanix was no longer a small business concern prior to award, the agency could have selected
HWI as the awardee. DLA found HWI superior to Mechanix for both technical capability and
past performance. AR 36-695. In this scenario, the agency could have determined that HWI was
the best value for the government. HWI has made a sufficient showing of prejudice. Therefore,
because the agency failed to comply with its own solicitation in manner that prejudiced HWI, the
award to Mechanix is invalid.

                                  B. Plaintiff’s Other Arguments

       Plaintiff also raises six arguments related to the evaluation of the offers and issuance of
the award. Specifically, Plaintiff argues that the agency (1) conducted an improper cost realism
analysis, (2) failed to evaluate awardee’s proposal for unbalanced pricing, (3) conducted a
lowest-price technically acceptable evaluation rather than a best value assessment, (4) failed to

       16 Both seemingly suggest that the only consequence of Mechanix’s change in its
qualifications should be that DLA cannot count the award to Mechanix as a contribution to its
small business procurement goals. See Hr’g Tr. 27:3-13 (Oct. 20, 2020) (“With respect to
52.219-28, the [g]overnment . . . revised and required recertification to show that agencies could
no longer claim that dollars spent on a company after it had become a large business by virtue of
a transaction could be counted towards agency small business goals.”).

                                                 11
consider HWI’s superior technical rating, (5) failed to consider the risk of non-domestic
commodities in Mechanix’s proposal, and (6) made an unreasonable best value trade-off
analysis. See Pl.’s Mot. Defendant and defendant-intervenor argue that the agency complied
with the solicitation and that the court should uphold the contracting officer’s discretion in
determining the best value procurement. See Def.’s Cross-Mot.; Def.-Intervenor’s Cross-Mot.
However, because the court finds that the agency failed to comply with the solicitation regarding
the small business recertification, the court does not need to reach plaintiff’s additional
arguments.

                                        CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, plaintiff’s motion for judgment on the administrative record is
GRANTED and defendant and Mechanix’s motions for judgment on the administrative record
are DENIED. As such, the contract award to Mechanix is declared invalid and is SET ASIDE.

       The Clerk shall enter judgment in accord with this disposition. 17

       No Costs.

       It is so ORDERED.

                                                    s/ Charles F. Lettow
                                                    Charles F. Lettow
                                                    Senior Judge

       17HWI’s motion to supplement the Administrative record is DENIED. Other materials
properly accessible by the court, including GAO’s prior decisions, fill the gap HWI pointed out.

                                               12