Court Opinion

ID: 7109878
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-24 12:25:12.074883+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:13:42.160577
License: Public Domain

Deembr, J.,
(dissenting). — It is always an unpleasant duty to dissent from the deliberate concluátons of the majority of my brethren, and particularly so when that dissent is on what is ordinarily a very plain proposition, to-wit, the construction of our previous decisions. I would not'raise a protest, were it not for the fact that in my judgment previous cases are misconstrued and overruled, and a holding made which in effect destroys a rule of property that has existed for more than II years. Moreover, the question involved is the construction of a statute which has been on our boohs for more than 20 years, — a statute which was construed by this court in the year 1884, and which construction has not been challenged by the legislature or by the courts, until the case at bar came before us. If, therefore, I am able to demonstrate that this statute was construed according to my contention in the year 1884, we find that not only have eight separate general assemblies said that this construction was a proper one, but a code commission composed of able and experienced lawyers came to the same conclusion, and recommended the retention of the law without change, knowing of the construction that had been placed upon it. These are to my mind conclusive reasons for not overruling prior decisions. There are others which I will hereafter notice. Without stating the proposition involved, I go at once to the main question, which is: Have we heretofore decided it? If so, that decision should, in my judgment be adhered to.
The question first arose in Dubuque & Dak. Co. v. Diehl. Hathaway, the landowner, intervened in the action, claiming that the title had reverted to him because of failure of the railroad company to resume work on the right of way within eight years. To this an answer was filed, showing that the work of constructing the road was abandoned in the *149year 1872, and not resumed for more than eight years. The answer also pleaded that the landowner received compensation in the year 1872, and had not refunded the amount received. The landowner demurred to the answer. In speaking to the point made by this demurrer, the court said: “We will decline to consider these points of contention between the parties, for the reason that another matter pleaded in plaintiff’s answer to the petition of intervention is decisive of the case. It is this: Plaintiff alleges that the intervener or his grantor received compensation in 1872 for the right of way which has not been refunded. Chapter 91, section 2, Acts Thirteenth General Assembly, provides that in the case of abandoned railroads, a new company may acquire the abandoned right of way by condemnation under the statute, but that a landowner, who has previously received compensation, which has not not been refunded by him, shall not recover the second time,” “but the value of the roadbed and right of way, excluding all the work done thereon, shall be assessed to the former company, or its legal representative. See Code 1873, section 1261. The answer of the plaintiff to the intervener’s petition brings the case within these provisions, and states facts which defeat' recovery by the intervener. It is shown that compensation was paid in 1872, which has not been refunded. Of course, payment to the grantor of plaintiff would defeat his recovery.. The point involving the question of the abandonment of the right of way need not be considered, in the view we take of the case, for the reason that, if it be conceded that there was an abandonment in comtemplation of law, the intervener cannot recover the money paid upon the assessment of damages for the appropriation of the right of way, because of the prior assessment and payment, which has not been refunded.” There can be no doubt from the face of the opinion that the question now before us for decision was involved, and squarely decided; but, if there be any doubt, it is entirely dissipated *150when we go to the original record in the case. It was there conceded that the particular part of the road in question had been abandoned for more than eight years, and appellee in his argument at- pages 2 and 4, contended that title had absolutely reverted under chapter 15, Acts Eighteenth General Assembly. Appellant’s counsel met this by saying that the act of the general assembly could not apply to the case for the reason that, if so considered, it would be unconstitutional, because interfering with vested rights. Kesponding to their arguments, the court refused to consider the constitutional question and after referring to the contentions of counsel and the pertinent acts of the general assembly, used the language quoted. Judge Beck, in writing the opinion, referred to the arguments of counsel in this language: “While this defense is pleaded by plaintiff, it is not pressed by counsel in argument, being barely referred to by them. In view of the' fact that counsel present the case for decision upon the points involving the constitutional question of the applicability of the present statute thereto, and the actual abandonment of the railroad in contemplation of the statute, we cannot regard the point upon which we base our decisions as waived for these reasons. We will not decide a constitutional question, unless it be necessarily involved in a case which cannot be disposed of without the. decision of such question. If the record shows other questions which are decisive of the case, they alone will be considered. Courts are slow in approaching, and hesitate to decide, constitutional questions. If it appears that the rights of the parties are determined by rules of law plainly applicable to the facts disclosed by the record, the .courts will not permit them unnecessarily to call in question the validity or effect of a statute. Parties, by waiving other questions, cannot form an agreed case upon which the courts will decide constitutional questions. Paragraph 5 of the opinion is a specific answer to the landownei-’s argument that title had reverted to him.” Can there be any doubt of what *151the ease really decides? The point herein involved was squarely decided, and the court expressly refused to pass upon the contention made by defendant and intervener quoted in the majority opinion. If it was given no attention, as my brothers say, I ask what the questions was which was decided. The expression of the court is not vague and indefinite, but stated in the terse and clear language of which Judge Beck was master. He expressly says that he declined to consider the points of contention made by the defendant and intervener because of the construction he was forced to put upon the statute. The case is in no respect’ weakened by reason of this fact, for it frequently happens that courts decide cases on points not argued by counsel, but which seem to them to be controlling. Such decisions have never before to my knowledge been doubted, simply because of this fact. If such is to be the rule, I fear that many eases written by the present bench may be shown to be of no value as precedents, because of this very fact.
The next case in which the matter was considered is Chicago, M. & St. P. R. Co. v. Bean, 69 Iowa, 257. There the land was condemned in 1870, but nothing was done toward constructing the road until May or June of the year 1878. It is true that the opinion does not show just what time in the year 1870 the condemnation was had; but that is immaterial, in view of what follows, as I shall attempt to show. In deciding the case the court said: “It is claimed by counsel for appellant that the right of way was forfeited by non-user for eight years, as provided in section 1260, 1261, Miller’s Code.” What does the court say in answer to this claim ? Does it say that it did not appear that the full eight years had expired, as stated by the majority? Does it say that chapter 15 of the Acts of the Eighteenth General Assembly, referred to by the majority as section 651, did not apply ? No; none of these things. But it proceeded to quote the statute and to dispose of the case in the following language: “It is claimed by counsel for appellant that *152the right of way was forfeited by non-user for eight years as provided, in sections 1260, 1261, Miller’s Code. These sections provide that, if a railroad right of way shall not be used or operated for a period of eight years, the land, and the title thereto, shall revert-to- the owner o-f the tract from which it was taken, but that ‘párties who- have previously received compensation in any form, which has not been refunded by them, shall not be permitted to- recover the second time.’ ” After then showing that the Agricultural College, the owner of the , land, had received compensation through condemnation proceedings, and that this compensation had not been refunded, it proceeded as follows: “Under these circumstances we think that it should be held that the defendant has no right to be paid for the right of way, because the .damages have not been refunded to the railroad company as required by law.. The plain provision of the statute is that, nothwithstanding there has been an abandonment of the line, the landowner shall not be entitled to be paid twice for the right of way.” Is there any doubt about what was actually decided in this case? We are endeavoring to- discover what was in fact decided, — not what might have been considered, but what was actually determined, by the court. A case is authority only for what it actually decides. That the court was justified in treating the case as if the full eight years had expired is plaintly evident, when we go to the arguments of counsel; for it is conceded in all the briefs in the case that *the full eight years had expired. The majority say the court should not have considered the Acts of the Eighteenth General Assembly. With that question I have no concern, and it is entirely immaterial to our present inquiry. We are endeavoring to find out what the court in fact decided, not what it should have considered. A stranger unfamiliar with our statutes would have no difficulty, I think, in determining what the court decided in this case; and it will not do to say that the case is not all authority, because the court had no *153right to construe the statute as in force. It did consider it, and gave it a construction. The only question for us is, what was in fact decided ? I am doubtful of the propriety of going to arguments of counsel to determine what the court should have considered. I have done so only to' show that the court in these two cases was right in its assumption of facts, and that the exact propositions decided were in fact considered by the court. I do it to sustain the decisions, not to overthrow them. The majority are forced to go to something outside the opinions themselves to find any sort of consolation for their views, and I am quite convinced that it is unfair to so treat any opinion. The opinion does and should speak for itself, and I have resorted to the arguments simply to emphasize what to my mind is perfectly clear. I think the majority pervert the language of Judge Rothrock, and make it mean something he did not intend to say.
. But this is not all. In Noll v. Railroad Co., 32 Iowa, 66, chapter 91 of the Laws of 1810, quoted by my Brother McClain .in his concurring opinion, was before this court for construction, and it was there expressly held that, notwithstanding an abandonment for more than ten years, a landowner who had once been paid for his land, who had not made a refund, could not recover a second time. As I will have occasion to refer to this case again, I quote from it as follows: “The case shows that the land in question was condemned according to law for the Dubiique & Pacific Railroad, and full compensation therefor made to the plaintiff, more than ten years prior to the commencement of the present proceeding. The corporation thus condemning and paying for the right of way acquired an easement in the land thus condemned. In the theory of the law an easement thus acquired is so acquired to.the public use. Upon no other theory can the power of eminent domain be exercised; it being well settled that the legislature has no power to take the property of a citizen for any but a public use. The *154power to take private property for public use is one of tbe sovereign, powers of the state. It is a necessary attribute of sovereignty in the state, rather than any reserved right in the grant of property to the citizen. It can, however, be exercised under our constitution only for public uses, and then only upon making just compensation. In contemplation of law, therefore, when the right of way in question was taken through plaintiff’s lands, it was taken by the state for public use, and not simply by and for the use of the railroad comp airy in whose behalf it was taken, although the compensation for the property taken was paid by the railroad company. The easement thus acquired by the railroad company is in the nature of a grant from the state for the uses and purposes fixed by law, and it is entirely competent for the legislature, when the railroad company fails to carry out the object and purpose of the grant by failing to construct and operate their railroad, to transfer their easement to another company upon compensation being made to the former company. It is simply the exercise of the power of eminent domain. This was the object and it is the effect of the act of 1810 before set out.” It will be noticed that this decision was made after the change in the law suggested by Justice McClain. I have not looked back to see whether or not Justiee Miller was justified in construing this law. It may be, as suggested by the majority in the reference to the Bean Case, that the court should not have considered the question. With this proposition I have no concern. It is enough for me in either case when I find the court did in fact consider and construe the statute. If the rule of the majority is to obtain, one is never safe in citing a case construing a statute, even when the' statute is copied in the opinion, without going back to the statute law, to see whether or not the court should have construed it. I do not think the majority will in the future take this burden upon themselves. If the court treats a statute as in force, and construes it, its determination is a precedent, even *155though it may afterwards be discovered to be a debatable proposition as to whether or not the particular statute was applicable to the case. In any event, it is no less a binding precedent on the construction of the statute. Neither the Bean nor the Diehl Case decided anything, unless it was the construction of the statutes before us. If it did, I wish the majority would point it out. Both cases squarely and unequivocally construed the very statutes in controversy, and, instead of referring to them by number, set them out in haec verba. It is also true that the statute construed in the Noll Case did not contain the magic name “revert;” but that to my mind is wholly immaterial, for there can be no question in the mind of any lawyer that in case of abandonment under the laws of 1810 the land did revert to the owner. When the railroad company “abandoned and surrendered all right and privilege to control the line,” it reverted to the owner; for there was no other place for it to go. Without reference to any statute, it is perfectly clear that, when an easement is abandoned, the title, in the absence of statutory provision, reverts to the original owner. Noll thought this was the case, and this court evidently agreed with him. A careful reading of that case will show that there is no foundation for the attempted distinction made by my Brother McClain.
What have the majority to say of these cases which stand in the way of an affirmance of this judgment? After a labored, and to my mind fruitless, attempt to show that Judge Beck did not decide anything in the Diehl Case, or that, if he did, the point was given no attention, and that Judge Bothrock did not know what he was doing in the Bean Case, and with a mere glance at the Noll Case, with the remark that the word “revert” was not used, they, apparently doubtful of their conclusions, fall back on a quotation from the Washburn-Halligan Case and some general reflections regarding the duties of courts in construing statutes, which have no application whatever, unless in justifica*156tion of an opinion overruling previous cases. Evidently this is for the purpose of fortifying themselves in the went it is found that their views regarding the effect of these previous decisions do not meet with approval. Why this timidity is left only to surmise. Realizing the diffieidties standing in the way of an affirmance of this case, Justice McClain very frankly and boldly votes to overrule at least two of our previous decisions, although the third seems to have escaped his notice, and to' eliminate from section 2016 the words, “but parties who have previously received compensation in any form for the right of way on the line of such abandoned railway, which has not been refunded by them, shall not be permitted to recover the second time.” While admiring his frankness, 1 cannot agree to any such departure from well_ established rules. We owe it to ourselves and to the ■ profession to squarely overrule these cases, if the majority opinion is to prevail, and I regret the attempt to explain and distinguish, when there is no difference; and I especially regret to see a “plain proposition” as it appeared to Judge Roth-rock converted by mere lapse of time into a “palpable absurdity.” It is strange that it did not occur to Judge Beck, to Judge Rothrock, who wrote the Bean Case, or to Judge Miller, who wrote the Noll Oase, or to any of their associates, that an abandoned right of way was no right of way. I confess that I am a little skeptical on this proposition. I do not know how you can otherwise describe a right of way which has been abandoned than by calling it an abandoned right of way. There are many other things discovered by the majority which I can hardly believe escaped the attention of these learned judges. There is nob a case cited by the majority which gives the least support to the conclusion reached. Brown v. Young, 69 Iowa, 625, simply decides that a right of way easement conveyed by deed is not a breach of covenant of warranty as to- title. *157Smith v. Hall, 103 Iowa, 96, has no bearing on the question now before us. The point was not mentioned or considered in the opinion, nor was it referred to in argument.
There are, then, two cases, and I think three, which must be overruled, if this case is to be affirmed. We are, then, face to face with this proposition: Should these cases be overruled? I think not, and as briefly as I may will state the grounds for my conclusion: First, because they establish a rule of property, and should not be overruled without some imperious necessity, or to prevent some great mischief. McGahen v. Carr, 6 Iowa, 331; Tuttle v. Griffin, 64 Iowa, 455. Second, because they construe a statute, and the construction adopted has been approved and accepted by at least eight separate general assemblies as a proper interpretation of the acts. The legislature, which theoretically, at least, alone has power to make and unmake law, has accepted our construction as an expression of its intent; and we, who are here simply to construe, should not vacillate in our construction, when that construction has once been given and approved and accepted by the lawmaking power. Third, because of the rule of stare decisis, which is one of the most sacred in the law. As said by this court, it is more important that a rule should be fixed and stable than that it should be strictly just. Clark v. Hyman, 55 Iowa, 14. I call special attention to the apt quotation in that case from Ram’s Legal Judgments. Were it not for the length of this dissent, I would quote from Judge Black’s extremely forceful statement of the rule of stare decisis, found in Hole v. Rittenhouse, 2 Phila. 417. He tersely says, in substance, that if each new set of judges consider themselves at liberty to overthrow the doctrines of their predecessors, our system of jurisprudence, if system it might be called, would be the most fickle, uncertain, and vicious the civilized world has ever seen; that rules of property, which should be as steadfast as the hills, would, but for the rule of stare decisis, become as unstable as the waves; *158that, if any man. be offered the title which the supreme court has decided good, let him not buy if the judges who made the decisions are dead; and that, if they are living, he should get an insurance on their lives, for no- one knows what an hour or a day may bring forth.
Let us see if there is any great and imperious necessity for overruling these cases, — any reason why we should assume superior knowledge in the construction of a statute to that possessed by our learned predecessors. The statute in question was passed in order to settle disputes as to when the right of way of a railway company should be considered abandoned. Without that statute a right of way acquired by condemnation, and not by grant, could be lost by abandonment; but the law did not undertake to fix a definite time, and the whole matter was left to the determination of a jury. Jones, Easements, sections 849, 852, and numerous cases cited. By the statute in question the legislature undertook to treat of the question of abandonment, to fix various periods as applicable to different interests, and to impose conditions on parties who sought to take advantage of the' abandonment. The statute treats of the effect of abandonment, and says, in effect, that after five years’ non-use or abandonment any other corporation may enter upon and acquire the right of way; after eight years’ non-user or abandonment-by the corporation first acquiring it, the right of way reverts to the landowner. If this were all, there would be much force in the majority opinion. But it is not; for section 2016, under which appellant acted in this case, relating to condemning abandoned rights of way, imposes conditions and limitations on the rights of both the landowner and of the other corporation which may seek to take advantage of the abandonment. It will be noticed that the first section treats of abandonment or non-user, and deals with two periods of time, — one from five to eight years, and the other eight years and after, — ■ and states the effect to be given such abandonment. The *159section as to taking tbe abandonéd right of way clearly has reference to both periods of time, for it makes no express distinction between them. At any rate, defendant proceeded under this statute, and is seeking to condemn in accordance therewith. Plaintiff is not resisting the right to condemn the abandoned right of way, but wishes to be relieved of the conditions imposed by section 2016.
Notice .the section starts by saying: “In case of abandonment, as provided in the preceding section.” What does this mean, — abandoned for five years, or for eight years, or both? Manifestly both; for both are referred to in the preceding section. Now, what follows? The corporation shall proceed to condemn under the statute for taking private property for public use. But who shall receive the award? If the eight years have not elapsed, the former company or its legal representatives shall receive it. And why? Because the owner has no interest in it, and has nothing to say. As said in the Noll Case, the easement having been acquired for public purposes, the legislature may transfer the easement to another company, upon compensation being made the former company. But, suppose the right of way has been abandoned for more than eight years; who gets the compensation awarded on the second condemnation? If the case stood alone on section 2015, the landowner would be entitled to it unconditionally; but section 2016, under which defendant was proceeding, provides that parties who have previously received compensation in any form for the right of way on the line of such abandoned railroad, which has not been refunded by them, shall not be permitted to recover a second time. This manifestly refers to the landowner; for he is the only party who could have received compensation “before” for' the right of way. It cannot refer to the first company; for there is no method whereby it may receive compensátion for the right of way. It has paid out the compensation to the landowner, not received it. If the first company has sold out to a second, *160it has received the purchase price for its improvements, etc.; and its successor, or its legal representative, are entitled to compensation, provided the condemnation is had after five years and before eight. After eight years the compensation goes to the landowner, provided he has refunded the ■compensation first received by him, but n’ot otherwise. This is the fair and reasonable construction of these statutes, and is the only way of harmonizing the doubtful provisions. It surely does not mean that the owner is expected to refund, before the expiration of eight years; for at any time within five and eight years a second company may enter upon, and take the land by paying the first company, not compensation for the land, but the value of the roadbed and right of way, excluding the work done thereon. Before the expiration of the eight years the owner has no right to compensation, when the land is taken by a second company. After the expiration of eight years, the first company has nothing to say in recondemnation proceedings; but the owner of the land is not entitled to be again paid for his land unless he has refunded what he originally received. As said in the Fernow v. Chicago, M. & St. P. Ry. Co. 75 Iowa, 526. “As we understand the statute, it defines what shall be regarded as an abandonment of a right of way. . It definitely fixes the rights of the parties, and under its provisions nothing less than non-user for eight years will authorize the owner of the land from which it was taken to take posses■sion of the land; and any time within the eight years the company owning the right .of way has the right to take up ■the use for which the right of way was granted.” Surely no refund ’ by the owner is contemplated until he has the right of re-entry, and that does not exist until the expiration of eight years. Before that time his entry on the right ■of why would be a trespass. If the matter of refund does not apply to the landowner, I do not know to whom it does apply. Surely not to the first company; for, we have seen, it has received no compensation for the right of way, and *161after eight years it has no interest therein. The landowner has no interest in the right of way under these statutes until an abandonment by the railroad company for a period of .eight years. The first company could re-enter at any time before eight years, without paying a dollar of compensation to any one. The whole thought of the law is that the landowner shall not be twice paid for his land. This is reasonable, because he has had the use of his money from the time of the first condemnation, and afterwards gets back his land, which he is entitled to hold against all the world, save as to another corporation, engaged in public service, that may wish to take it again for public uses. If thelandowner, after the expiration of the eight years, which is the only time he can refund, under the doctrine of the Fernow Case, has made a refund of the compensation received and taken absolute title to his land, he is then entitled to compensation on the recondemnation. This is equitable and just, and, I think, the only fair construction the statutes will bear.
The majority seem to hang on the word “revert.” I agree that it is a technical word, and that the definition given is correct; but I do not agree that it was used in a strictly technical sense by the legislature,, and certainly the legislature may in its wisdom provide conditions under which the reversion shall take place, and the effect thereof after it has taken place. The legislature, it is true, says the land shall revert to the owner; but it is on condition that, if again' wanted for public purposes, a corporation entitled to excercise the right of eminent domain for railway purposes may take it under section 2016, but, when so taken, the landowner cannot again recover compensation unless he has refunded the compensation originally received. No stranger may appropriate the land, except for the purpose for which the right of way was originally taken, and then it must be done under due forms of law. As against all the world, except a second company engaged in the same *162business, the landowner’s title is good; and it is good as to that company until it acquires tbe right thereto under section 2016 of the Code. The fancied dangers feared by the majority are not very serious, as it seems to'me, in view of this plain construction of the statute. Surely not so serious as to justify us in overruling cases that have stood undisturbed for more than 1Y years. Knowing the law, if the landowner wishes to erect valuable improvements on an abandoned right of way, he may easily make the refund contemplated by statute; and as a general rule .in view of the advance in land values, he will be able to repurchase his land, for which he has been fully compensated, at a very small percentage of its real value. The distinction made in the opinion between “abandonment” and “reversion” I do not exactly understand. When land is abandoned, it reverts to the original owner. Reversion is simply one of tire effects of abandonment. Section 2015 refers to non-user or abandonment, and states the effects that flow from it. Whether the period be five or eight years, it is nevertheless abandonment. The effect of such abandonment is to be found in that and the subsequent section.- I do not see how abandonment and reversion are to be treated as distinct from each other, when used as in the statutes referred to. To permit a second company to take lands already devoted to public use, and for which compensation has been paid, without requiring a second payment is clearly within tire power of the legislature. Noll v. Railroad Co., supra. Indeed, I have never known this ’ proposition to be questioned. Of course, if the owner has returned the compensation originally awarded, a different question would arise. To the suggestion of the majority that the landowner may never be able to acquire absolute title, there is a very ready answer. lie may easily refund the compensation awarded him after the expiration of eight years, and thus free the land of the right of a subsequent company to resume the use thereof for the purpose intended, and for *163which he has received full compensation. If the majority would suggest any person to whom the clause relating to refund could apply, except the landowner, I should not be writing this dissent. But they do not, and cannot do so. Appreciating the difficulty, Justice McClain courageously proposes to read out of the statute the entire clause relating to refund. This, of course, is the only conclusion that can logically be reached, if the judgment is to be affirmed, although it evidently did not occur to him when acting as one of the members of the code commission. But I do not think we are justified in reading out whole clauses of a statute. This is not our function. Our duty is to construe, not .to repeal. If this were not true, the legislature now in session might as well adjourn; for we by so-called construction may write out of a statute any clause we see fit.
If the question before us- were one of substantive law, I should not be so determined in my opposition to the opinion. That it is not clear; and, as said by the majority, “the object of construction is to ascertain the meaning and intention of the legislature as exemplified in the statutes under consideration.” In doing this, however, we are not justified in assuming that the legislature wasted space and effort in writing into a law a elairse which it knew had no meaning. It is a very extreme case indeed, when we are justified in entirely obliterating a clause in a statute. We must assume that it was placed there for some purpose, and so construe a law as to give effect to all the language used. T^at is not difficult in this particular case, and I seriously object to repealing the clause with reference to a refund by the owner. Justice McClain clearly shows in his concurring opinion that the clause he and the majority would read out of the statute has reference solely to the landowner; and in at least two cases we have held, not only that this clause was a part of the law, but gave it a construction which has passed unchallenged either by the court or by the legislature for more than 17 years. The difficulties sug*164gested by Justice McClain did not seem to trouble Judge Beck, or Judge Rothrock, or Judge Miller. Each of these judges thought every provision of the law could stand and be made harmonious. It remains for us in this case to create the doubt. When a statute has been construed by the court in accordance with the assumed legislative intent, and that construction has been approved by at least eight consecutive legislative assemblies, it may well be assumed that we have found that legislative intent else the legislature would have changed the language of the act. Certainly it is as easy for it to eliminate the provision relating to a refund by an express repeal, as it is for us to read the clause out of the statute by judicial construction, and to my mind, such a course is much more seemly. It is important, I think, to keep the functions of the different departments of government well preserved and sharjfiy defined; and for one I do not wish to be put in the position of a legislator, and of assuming functions belonging to the legislative department.
Something is said about the inequality of the statute, viewed in the light of its former construction by this court. I do not see the force of this suggestion, and think it is fully answered by -what is said in the Noll Case, supra. As well might a grantor, who has received full and adequate compensation for his land, ask it back because his grantee gave it to another without consideration. Surely there is nothing inequitable in saying that a landowner shall not be twice paid for his land. Moreover, in this case the landowner not only received compensation for the land actually taken, but full pay for all damages suffered by him on account of the perpetual use of the strip so taken for railway purposes for all time in the future. A pertinent inquiry in this connection is, how many times may a landowner recover compensation for a right of way over his land? The majority say as many as eight years will go into eternity. In view of the statute quoted,' I do not think this was the intent of the legislature; and I think it has said in as strong terms as it could that this was not its intent. *165If there is any other construction to be put on its inaction, in view of our former decisions, than the one I have given, my brothers have failed to point it out. I am not reading anything into the statute, but doing my best to prevent the majority from reading something out of it. After a labored attempt to construe the statutes in harmony with their contention, the majority fall back on the supposed inequalities thereof, and, while'not so bold as Justice McClain, I think it clearly appears that they arrive at the same result as he does and that they read out of the statute the provisions with reference to a refund. The code commissioners appointed to report the Code of 1873 expressly say that they did not change the existing law on this subject as declared in the Noll Case, and the commission appointed to report the Code of 1897 say the same thing in substance. That the latter commission was familiar with our previous decisions is not left to inference, because the annotations to that Code refer to the decisions on which this dissent is founded, and correctly state what is held in the Bean and Diehl Cases. Are we justified, in view of these facts, in overruling these previous decisions? I think not.- The most that may be said is that these statutes axe susceptible of two constructions. If there were any doubt about this, it is dispelled by our present situation, without reference to prior cases. The majority give them one construction, and the minority another, and Justice McClain another, based, not on a reading of the statutes themselves, but on the history of the enactments. He goes further than any of us, however, although I think his conclusion must be accepted by the majority, and unhesitatingly repeals a definite clause found in section 2016 of the Code. The majority say my construction was never thought of by the legislature. Justice McClain, in his dissent, clearly demonstrates that that was its intent down to a certain time; but he concludes that in changing the law the legislature did not take enough out and therefore he would repeal the rest. I am opposed to' such an arbitrary exercise of power.
*166It is said our former decisions discuss questions not in the cases. I do not agree to this, and have heretofore attempted to' demostrate the error in the proposition. If the rule of the majority is to stand as authoritive, m> one will ever be justified in treating a case, which sets out a statute and gives it a construction, as decisive of anything, without first looking through the statutes of the particular state to see whether oy not the court should have considered the question. This is certainly a novel rule, and one which will entail a vast amount of work, not only on this court, but upon the profession at large. It is enough for me that a court does consider and interpret a statute. There is no doubt, I think, that in each and all of the cases relied upon by me the statutes are set out and a construction given them. That the court should not have considered them is of no concern, for in each case the decision is made to turn on the construction of these statutes. When a court says a statute is involved, and proceeds to construe it, the construction given is binding; for in effect the court says that it is involved and applicable to the case., If the cases on which I rely do not construe these statute, and if this construction was not the sole ground of the decisions, I ask my brothers to point out what was decided, and how the conclusion arrived at could have been reached in any other manner.
I have given this case more than ordinary attention, because a rehearing was granted on the theory that the original opinion was erroneous in saying that the questions had theretofore been decided. From this examination I am led to conclude that the result reached in the original opinion was correct, that we correctly interpreted previous decisions, and are not justified in overruling them at this time. For these reasons, I would reverse; and this I would do, were there no other ground than the rule of stare decisis.
Sherwin, J., concurs in this dissent.