Court Opinion

ID: 49922
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-26 00:40:25+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:44.240463
License: Public Domain

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT            FILED
                      ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                          ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                             No. 05-16704                   AUGUST 25, 2006
                         Non-Argument Calendar             THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                               CLERK
                       ________________________

               D. C. Docket No. 04-00120-CR-FTM-33-DNF

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                 Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                  versus

TODD FITZGERALD FRAZIER,

                                                 Defendant-Appellant.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Middle District of Florida
                     _________________________

                             (August 25, 2006)

Before CARNES, PRYOR and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
      Todd Fitzgerald Frazier appeals his conviction for possession with intent to

distribute 50 or more grams of cocaine, a violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and

(b)(1)(A)(iii), for which he received a life sentence. On appeal, he argues that the

district court erred by (1) denying his motion to suppress evidence; (2) denying his

motion for a judgment of acquittal based on insufficient evidence of guilt; and

(3) denying his request for a jury instruction regarding possession. For the reasons

set forth more fully below, we affirm.

      Prior to trial, Frazier filed a motion to suppress evidence seized following a

traffic stop of the vehicle he was driving. He argued that the police had gone on a

“fishing expedition” and extended the duration of the stop beyond the scope of the

stop’s original purpose.

      At the suppression hearing, the government called Corporal Edward

Ahlquist of the Lee County Sheriff’s Office, who testified that he was the handler

of Orson, a K-9. Ahlquist testified that, on October 20, 2004, he and his K-9

partner, Orson, arrived on the scene of a vehicle stop initiated by Corporal Hedrick

at approximately 2:15 (a.m.), and Hedrick indicated to Ahlquist that he wanted

Orson to perform a sniff. At the time, Hedrick was talking to Frazier with a ticket

book in his hand, but Ahlquist did not know when the stop had occurred. Prior to

“running” his dog, Hedrick removed the lone passenger from the car, and Ahlquist

                                          2
then took his dog to the driver’s side door. The dog’s normal response was to turn

his head toward the door seam, but Orson went into deep breathing and “bladed”

his body toward the scent two separate times, although he did not scratch, which

would have been an indicator of a “full alert.” Ahlquist then told Hedrick that

Orson had given a lot of investigation into the door seam, but hadn’t fully alerted,

and he directed Hedrick to run Chance, Hedrick’s K-9 partner. Ahlquist then took

Orson back to his car, and, while Hedrick retrieved Chance, Ahlquist held the

ticket book and stayed with Frazier and the passenger. Ahlquist testified that,

based on Orson’s response to the door, he expected Orson to scratch and believed

he had probable cause for searching the vehicle. Ahlquist did not know with 100

percent certainty whether Hedrick had finished writing the citation for Frazier.

      Ahlquist then testified that Frazier was “making [him] nervous” by pacing,

looking over his shoulders, clasping his hands, and appearing as though he might

try to run. Ahlquist further testified that, in his experience, Frazier’s level of

nervousness exceeded that of a typical stop. Ultimately, Chance gave an alert on

the vehicle and Hedrick performed a search, during which Frazier went into a

“praying motion.” The search revealed nine and a half ounces of crack cocaine

under the steering wheel column, the same general vicinity that Orson had given

his abnormal reaction. On cross-examination, Ahlquist testified that he could not

                                            3
remember whether he was radioed about the traffic stop or just came upon the

traffic stop and he did not know how long the stop had been in progress when he

arrived.

      Next, Ahlquist testified in relevant part that, from his experience, writing a

warning ticket with no interruptions takes one to two minutes. If the time it took to

run all the computer checks was included, he testified that writing the ticket could

take as much as eight minutes. Ahlquist further testified that he had been at the

traffic stop about a minute and a half or two minutes when he retrieved Orson from

his car. Later, Ahlquist stated that he considered Orson’s abnormal response an

alert and believed that narcotics were in the car based on that response. However,

with a second dog on the scene it was not uncommon to have the second dog “run

the car,” which also served the additional purpose of protecting the interests of the

stopped individual. Ahlquist further testified that approximately two to two and a

half minutes elapsed between the time he arrived on the scene and Hedrick’s dog,

Chance, alerted to the vehicle.

      Next, the government called Corporal Hedrick, who handled the K-9,

Chance. On October 20, Hedrick observed a green Suburban going 84 m.p.h. in a

70 m.p.h. zone and conducted a traffic stop. During a typical stop, Hedrick

remained in his car for 30 to 40 seconds to ensure it’s safe to approach the stopped

                                          4
vehicle, and once it’s safe, he walks to the driver’s side door and requests the

driver’s license, vehicle registration, and proof of insurance. The driver of the car

in this case was identified as Frazier, and Hedrick testified that his hands were

shaking when he turned over his license, which in Hedrick’s experience was a

show of nervousness in excess of what he normally expected to see in a traffic

stop. Frazier did not provide the registration or the insurance, stating that car

belonged to his friend, Stacy, although he provided no further information—not

even a last name—which Hedrick found unusual. At that point, Hedrick, for safety

reasons, asked Frazier to exit his vehicle and move toward his police cruiser. As

he walked towards Hedrick’s car, Hedrick observed Frazier clasping and

unclasping his hands repeatedly, which in Hedrick’s experience often indicated

that a person was ready to fight or become violent. Hedrick further testified that

Frazier did not stand still as asked, but paced in between the vehicles and later

rocked back forth when he stopped pacing. Once positioned in front of Hedrick’s

car, Hedrick observed Frazier staring at the side of the road with darting eyes,

making Hedrick fear that Frazier might run.

      Hedrick then informed Frazier that he was going to check Frazier’s license

and the registration on the vehicle, and, if the license was fine and he had no active

warrants, he would be issued a warning citation and be free to leave. Hedrick

                                           5
testified that, ordinarily, motorists cease being nervous when told they will receive

only a warning citation, but Frazier’s nervousness actually increased, which

concerned Hedrick. At that point, Hedrick returned to his vehicle and contacted

dispatch, which occurred approximately four to five minutes after the stop had

been initiated. After Hedrick radioed dispatch, but before he had received

information back from dispatch, Ahlquist arrived on the scene, and Hedrick

signaled him to use his dog to check the vehicle.

      Hedrick then asked Frazier some questions, and Frazier indicated that he was

coming from Ft. Lauderdale, where he had checked on a vehicle that had broken

down to retrieve a title from the trunk. Frazier said that he had been in Ft.

Lauderdale for 45 minutes, which Hedrick found unusual because the trip from

Largo, where Frazier originally had departed, to Ft. Lauderdale was approximately

9 hours round-trip, making a 45 minute stay quite short for the length of the drive.

Dispatch then reported that Frazier had a valid license and the car was not reported

stolen, but it further reported that Frazier was on inmate release for trafficking in

cocaine. Concerned that the car might be stolen based on Frazier’s inability to

produce a registration or a last name of the alleged owner, Hedrick questioned the

passenger, who said that the car belonged to Frazier’s friend, Stacy, but provided

no additional information. The passenger also said that the trip to Ft. Lauderdale

                                           6
was to drop off a friend and they stayed for four or five hours, inconsistent with

Frazier’s explanations. Hedrick then asked the passenger to step outside the

vehicle and stand next to Frazier.

      Hedrick then continued to fill out the citation while Ahlquist scanned the car

with his dog. Ahlquist then informed Hedrick that Orson had “abnormaled” and

requested that Hedrick run his dog around the car. After Ahlquist returned his dog

to the car, Hedrick handed him his warning book and used his dog to perform a

free air sniff around Frazier’s car. The dog alerted, prompting a search that

revealed narcotics. Hedrick further observed that, when Ahlquist’s dog

approached Frazier’s car, Frazier’s legs “seemed like they collapsed underneath

him or gave out.”

      On cross-examination, Hedrick testified that he made the initial stop at

approximately 2:13 a.m. Next, Hedrick testified that an average traffic stop lasts

between 8 and 11 minutes, but could last longer because a stop involves more than

merely writing a citation. He also stated that, by the time Frazier had exited his car

and walked to the front of Hedrick’s car, Hedrick had already determined, based on

Frazier’s behavior and statements, that he would conduct a free air sniff. However,

Hedrick reiterated that Frazier was being detained for violating traffic laws by

speeding, not because Hedrick wanted to conduct a free air sniff. Hedrick further

                                           7
testified that Frazier’s vehicle was determined to belong to someone named Stacy.

As to the total amount of time between the traffic stop and Chance’s alert on the

vehicle, Hedrick testified that it was approximately seven minutes, and that during

those seven minutes, he had not completed all the components of the stop and did

not try to prolong Frazier’s detention for any reason.

      The court found that Hedrick’s dog, Chance, alerted within seven minutes of

the traffic stop, and, in light of precedent upholding a 14-minute traffic stop

detention, found that the detention here was based on a valid traffic stop and not

unreasonable. It further found that, once Frazier was stopped, the officer had

reasonable suspicion to believe that something was “going on,” and, as a result of

the dog’s alert, had probable cause to search the vehicle, where narcotics were

found. Accordingly, Frazier’s motion to suppress was denied.

      At trial, the government presented Hedrick’s testimony regarding the details

of the traffic stop, which also included that, when Frazier was asked to step out of

his vehicle, he was breathing very rapidly. Hedrick also testified that, during his

search of Frazier’s vehicle, he discovered a felt bag underneath the steering wheel,

a photo of which was published to the jury. Hedrick then informed the jury that

the contents of the bag turned out to be 230.7 net grams of cocaine base and 14.7

grams of cocaine, the street value of which he approximated at $20,000.

                                           8
      Following Frazier and Jones’s arrests, they were placed in the back of a

police car for 20 to 30 minutes with a digital recorder running. Hedrick retrieved

the recording, which captured a conversation between Frazier and Jones that was

later enhanced by the FBI and placed on a compact disk. On the recording,

Hedrick heard a reference to “chunked up,” which he testified was a term used to

describe how cocaine is packaged. Hedrick also testified that, to his knowledge, no

fingerprints were lifted from the bag containing the cocaine and cocaine base. As

to the expression “chunked up,” Hedrick testified that chunk could be used to

describe “a million things,” including throwing. Hedrick further admitted that the

audio recording was at times inaudible and it was difficult to hear complete

sentences.

      Next, the government called Ahlquist, who also gave virtually the same

testimony regarding his involvement in the traffic stop as he did at the suppression

hearing. The government also called forensic chemist, Yanette Gattorno, to testify

that her analysis of the substances seized from Frazier’s vehicle revealed 230.7

grams of cocaine base and 14.7 grams of cocaine. The government’s next witness

was Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Task Force Agent Michael Masiero,

who participated in the transcription of the conversation recorded between Frazier

and Jones. That transcript was admitted as a demonstrative aid during the playing

                                          9
of the tape for the jury. Among the relevant portions of that transcript, Frazier was

recorded as having said, “should’a dumped that shit. . . . Shit out the window . . .

had it chunked up . . . while he was looking . . . .” The government rested, and

Frazier moved for a judgment of acquittal on grounds that the circumstantial

evidence in the case failed to make out a prima facie case of constructive

possession. The motion was denied.

      As a jury instruction, Frazier requested that the court add the following:

“The defendant’s mere presence in the area of the thing alleged or aware[ness] of

its location is not enough to establish actual constructive possession.” The

government objected, and the district court eventually sustained that objection,

finding that the cases Frazier relied upon for the instruction were factually

inapposite, and, therefore, the instruction could be misleading. The instruction

actually given to the jury regarding possession was as follows:

      The law recognizes several kinds of possession. A person may have
      actual possession or constructive possession. A person may also have
      sole possession or joint possession. A person who knowingly has
      physical control of something is then in actual possession of it. A
      person who is not in actual possession but who has both the power
      and the intention to later take control over something, either alone or
      together with someone else, is in constructive possession of it.

The jury was further instructed that the term knowingly was defined as “done

voluntarily and intentionally and not because of mistake or accident.”

                                          10
Additionally, the jury was instructed that it could find that Frazier acted

“knowingly” if he actually knew that he possessed cocaine base or deliberately

closed his eyes to what he had every reason to believe was cocaine base. A jury

convicted Frazier of the sole count in the indictment. Frazier filed a motion for a

new trial that was denied, and the district court later sentenced Frazier to a

statutorily required life sentence.

                                I. Motion to Suppress

      On appeal, Frazier argues that the district court erred by denying his motion

to suppress because the evidence at the suppression hearing did not support its

findings of fact or ultimate conclusions. In particular, Frazier argues that the use of

the dogs to perform a sniff made the duration of his detention unreasonable, and,

therefore, the sniff was unconstitutional. He further argues that, between the

testimony of Ahlquist and Hedrick, no evidence was presented concerning the

length of Frazier’s detention, but the district court concluded that a detention of 14

minutes was not unreasonable despite there being no testimony that the stop lasted

14 minutes.

      “A district court’s ruling on a motion to suppress presents a mixed question

of law and fact.” United States v. Zapata, 180 F.3d 1237, 1240 (11th Cir. 1999).

We accept the district court’s findings of fact to be true, unless shown to be clearly

                                           11
erroneous, and reviews the district court’s application of the law to those facts

de novo. Id. These factual findings include the district court’s credibility

determinations, to which we will “accord considerable deference.” United States

v. Ramirez-Chilel, 289 F.3d 744, 749 (11th Cir. 2002) (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted). In fact, we have stated that we “should defer to the . . .

judge’s [credibility] determinations unless his understanding of the facts appears to

be “unbelievable.” Id. (citation omitted). “[A]ll facts are construed in the light

most favorable to the prevailing party below.” United States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d

1256, 1262 (11th Cir. 2000). “The individual challenging the search has the

burdens of proof and persuasion.” United States v. Cooper, 133 F.3d 1394, 1398

(11th Cir. 1998).

      The Fourth Amendment protects individuals from “unreasonable searches

and seizures” by government officials, and its protections extend to “brief

investigatory stops of persons or vehicles.” United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266,

273, 122 S.Ct. 744, 750, 151 L.Ed.2d 740 (2002). For brief investigatory stops,

the Fourth Amendment is satisfied if the police officer has a “reasonable

suspicion” to believe that criminal activity “may be afoot.” Id. (citing Terry v.

Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968)). When determining

whether reasonable suspicion exists, courts must consider the totality of the

                                          12
circumstances to determine whether the police officer had a “particularized and

objective basis” for suspected legal wrongdoing. Arvizu, 534 U.S. at 273,

122 S.Ct. at 750. A decision to stop a vehicle is reasonable under the Fourth

Amendment where an officer has probable cause to believe that a traffic violation

occurred. United States v. Simmons, 172 F.3d 775, 778 (11th Cir. 1999).

      Secondly, “an officer’s investigation of a traffic stop must be reasonably

related in scope to the circumstances which justified the interference in the first

place.” United States v. Boyce, 351 F.3d 1102, 1106 (11th Cir. 2003) (quotation

and citation omitted). The stop must be of limited duration and may not last “any

longer than necessary to process the traffic violation unless there is articulable

suspicion of other illegal activity.” United States v. Purcell, 236 F.3d 1274, 1277

(11th Cir. 2001). The duration of the traffic stop “must be limited to the time

necessary to effectuate the purpose of the stop.” Id. However, where the initial

traffic stop is legal, the officer has “the duty to investigate suspicious

circumstances that then [come] to his attention.” United States v. Harris, 928 F.2d

1113, 1117 (11th Cir. 1991). Additionally, police are “entitled under the

decisional law to conduct a variety of checks on the driver and his car, including

questioning the driver about the traffic violation, requesting consent to search the

car, and running a computer check for outstanding warrants.” Simmons, 172 F.3d

                                            13
at 778; see also Purcell, 236 F.3d at 1278 (“The request for criminal histories as

part of a routine computer check is justified for officer safety. It is both reasonable

and minimally intrusive.”).

      Here, there is no dispute that the police had probable cause to stop Frazier

because he violated traffic laws by speeding. Moreover, the evidence, taken in a

light most favorable to the government, supports the district court’s denial of

Frazier’s motion to suppress. Officer Hedrick testified that he stopped Frazier,

waited 30 to 40 seconds to ensure safety, and then walked to Frazier’s driver’s side

door to request his driver’s license, vehicle registration, and proof of insurance.

Frazier was only able to provide the license, and when he did so, his hands were

shaking, indicating a level of nervousness above what Hedrick ordinarily observed

during a routine traffic stop. When Hedrick could not provide the registration or

proof of insurance, and further could not even recall the last name of the friend

who loaned him the vehicle, Hedrick requested that Frazier exit the vehicle for

safety reasons and directed him toward the police cruiser. Frazier made hand

movements that Hedrick previously had seen in persons who were ready to fight or

become violent. At times, Frazier was observed staring at the side of the road,

heightening Hedrick’s concern that Frazier might run. Hedrick, as he was

permitted “under decisional law,” began to run a check on Frazier’s license, but

                                          14
even after Frazier was told he would be free to go if the license came back clean,

Frazier became more nervous. Hedrick’s call to dispatch was made within five

minutes of the original stop. While talking to Frazier, Hedrick learned that Frazier

had traveled to Ft. Lauderdale and stayed only 45 minutes, a short stay given

Hedrick’s estimation that the trip should have taken 9 hours round-trip. Jones’s

version of the story was different. Notably, the computer check revealed that

Frazier was on inmate release for trafficking in cocaine.

      Meanwhile, while Hedrick was talking to Frazier, Officer Ahlquist arrived

on the scene with his K-9, Orson. Hedrick indicated to him that he wanted Orson

to run a sniff, which Ahlquist completed, resulting in an abnormal response to the

driver’s side door. Ahlquist believed that Orson’s response was sufficient to

conduct a search, but because a second dog was on the scene, asked Hedrick to run

his K-9, Chance. When Orson first approached Frazier’s car, Hedrick observed

that Frazier’s legs “seemed like they collapsed underneath him or gave out.” When

Hedrick began searching Frazier’s car based on Chance’s positive alert, Ahlquist

observed Frazier making a “praying motion.” All told, Hedrick testified that

approximately seven minutes elapsed from the initial stop to the time that Chance

gave his alert to the door.

      Based on the foregoing, it cannot be said that the stop was unreasonably

                                         15
prolonged or the search unsupported by probable cause. While Hedrick was

running a computer check and asking Frazier questions, Ahlquist arrived on the

scene with his K-9 unit. At that point, Hedrick had already observed Frazier

behaving in nervous fashion, such as his hands shaking when he turned over the

license and making gestures indicative of fighting or glances indicative of fleeing

the scene. Moreover, Frazier had only a license and did not even know the last

name of the person who loaned him the car he was driving. When Ahlquist arrived

on the scene, Hedrick was still in the process of investigating his stop, and, at that

point, had Ahlquist run Orson on a sniff test. When that test resulted in an

abnormal response, though one that Ahlquist believed provided probable cause for

a search, Ahlquist requested an additional safeguard on Frazier’s behalf—an

additional sniff test by another dog, Chance, who alerted to the presence of

narcotics at the driver’s side door. In light of Frazier’s observed responses,

including nervousness, knee-buckling, praying, and the inconsistent stories of

driver and passenger, combined with a positive alert by a trained K-9 unit,

probable cause existed to search the vehicle. Furthermore, the uncontroverted

testimony, taken in a light most favorable to the government, was that the time

between the stop and Chance’s alert was approximately seven minutes, and,

therefore, we conclude that the stop was not unreasonably prolonged. Purcell, 236

                                           16
F.3d at 1279 (“Fourteen minutes is not an unreasonable amount of time for a traffic

stop.).

          Finally, the core of Frazier’s argument is that “there was a complete absence

of evidence concerning the length of detention associated with the traffic stop.”

However, as noted above, Hedrick testified that Frazier was detained

approximately seven minutes from the time of the stop to the time Chance alerted

to the driver’s side door, and we are required to credit that testimony on appeal.

We conclude that the district court properly denied Frazier’s motion to suppress.

                              II. Sufficiency of the Evidence

          Next, Frazier argues that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient for a

reasonable jury to infer that he was aware that the cocaine was in the vehicle, and,

therefore the district court erred by denying his motion for a judgment of acquittal.

In particular, he argues that there was no direct evidence, such as an admission or

his fingerprints on the bag containing the drugs, linking him to the cocaine in the

car and the government’s case rested on a statement pulled from a nearly inaudible

tape referencing what possibly could have been a slang reference to the way in

which cocaine is packaged. Frazier further argues that his “mere presence” in the

area of the cocaine or his awareness was insufficient to prove he had possession of

it and the government’s evidence, at most, established that he was in the presence

                                             17
of the cocaine.

      We review a challenge to the sufficiency of evidence de novo. United States

v. Silvestri, 409 F.3d 1311, 1327 (11th Cir.), cert. denied 126 S.Ct. 772 (2005). A

guilty verdict will not be disturbed unless, “given the evidence in the record, no

trier of fact could have found guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (quotation

omitted). When evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence, we examine “the

evidence in the light most favorable to the government, drawing all reasonable

inferences and making all credibility choices in the government's favor.” Id.

“Where, as here, the Government’s case is based on circumstantial evidence,

‘reasonable inferences, not mere speculation, must support the jury's verdict.’”

United States v. McDowell, 250 F.3d 1354, 1364 (11th Cir. 2001).

      “To convict a defendant of possession with intent to distribute controlled

substances, the Government must prove that he or she possessed drugs with the

intent to distribute them. . . . The government may prove each of these elements

with direct or circumstantial evidence.” United States v. Miranda, 425 F.3d 953,

959 (11th Cir. 2005) (quotations and citation omitted). “The government may

satisfy the ‘possession’ prong by showing either actual or constructive possession.

To prove actual possession the evidence must show that the defendant either had

physical possession of or personal dominion over the thing allegedly possessed.”

                                          18
United States v. Leonard, 138 F.3d 906, 909 (11th Cir. 1998). “Constructive

possession exists when a defendant has ownership, dominion, or control over an

object itself or dominion or control over the premises or the vehicle in which the

object is concealed.” Id.

      To establish possession, we have held that the government must show that

the defendant was more than merely present in the car containing contraband. Id.

We require that some nexus exist between the defendant and the contraband, and a

defendant must have knowledge of the substance’s existence to exercise control or

dominion over it. Holmes v. Kucynda, 321 F.3d 1069, 1080 (11th Cir. 2003).

Evidence of a “consciousness of guilt,” such as nervousness, inconsistent

statements or stories, and anxiousness regarding the search, is sufficient for a jury

to infer a defendant’s knowledge of the controlled substances found in a car. See

United States v. Stanley, 24 F.3d 1314, 1320, n.50 (11th Cir. 1994) (citations

omitted).

      In the instant case, the jury reasonably could have inferred Frazier’s

knowledge and possession of the cocaine in the car because there was adequate

circumstantial evidence showing a consciousness of guilt. Hedrick testified that

Frazier was excessively nervous to the point his hand was shaking when he handed

over his license during the traffic stop. He further testified that Frazier’s

                                           19
movements were indicative of someone who was ready to fight or flee. Hedrick

also observed Frazier’s knees buckle when Ahlquist ran his dog, Orson, around the

vehicle, and Ahlquist observed Frazier in a praying motion when the car was

actually searched. Moreover, Frazier and his passenger gave inconsistent stories.

Finally, the government presented evidence of a conversation between Frazier and

Jones in which references were made to throwing things out the window and the

term “chunked up” was used—a term that Hedrick testified was slang for the way

cocaine is packaged. In light of the foregoing, we conclude that there was

sufficient evidence for a jury to infer a “consciousness of guilt,” demonstrating

knowledge of the drugs in the vehicle. Stanley, 24 F.3d at 1320-21, n.50; Leonard,

138 F.3d at 909. Therefore, the district court properly denied Frazier’s motion for

a judgment of acquittal.

                               III. Jury Instruction

      Finally, Frazier argues that the district court erred by refusing to give his

requested jury instruction, which would have stated that “the defendant’s mere

presence in the area of the thing alleged or aware[ness] of its location is not enough

to establish actual or constructive possession.” He argues, as he did in issue 2,

supra, that the absence of any direct evidence linking him to the cocaine in the car

required the jury to infer his knowledge and dominion over the drugs, and,

                                          20
therefore, the jury should have been instructed that his mere presence was an

insufficient basis for finding guilt.

       “The district court’s refusal to give a defendant's requested jury instruction

is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.” United States v. Arias-Izquierdo, 449 F.3d

1168, 1185 (11th Cir. 2006). “To prove reversible error, a defendant must show

that the instruction: (1) was a correct statement of the law; (2) was not adequately

covered in the instructions given to the jury; (3) concerned an issue so substantive

that its omission impaired the accused’s ability to present a defense; and (4) dealt

with an issue properly before the jury.” Id. (quotation and citation omitted).

       Here, the district court’s instructions to the jury included an accurate

statement of the law regarding actual and constructive possession. Leonard, 138

F.3d at 908, supra. It further instructed the jury that the defendant could not

knowingly have possessed the cocaine unless he possessed it voluntarily and

intentionally. Thus, the jury could not have attributed possession to Frazier

through his mere presence alone, as mere presence would not establish either

voluntary or intentional possession. Therefore, we conclude that Frazier’s

requested instruction was adequately covered by the instructions given to the jury.

See also United States v. Rojas, 537 F.2d 216, 219-20 (5th Cir. 1976) (holding that

the district court’s charge that, “in order to find possession, the jury must find that

                                           21
the defendant had either direct physical control or the power and intention to

exercise dominion or control over the cocaine,” was sufficient to preclude a

conviction for mere proximity or presence to cocaine).

      In light of the foregoing, we conclude that the district court did not err by

denying Frazier’s motion to suppress or his motion for a judgment of acquittal, nor

did it err by rejecting his proposed jury instruction. We, therefore, affirm.

      AFFIRMED.

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