Court Opinion

ID: 4111901
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-12-28 21:03:17.590617+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:45:23.546662
License: Public Domain

Filed 12/28/16
                            CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

                 COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                      DIVISION ONE

                                   STATE OF CALIFORNIA

TONY TAITANO SAN NICOLAS,                        D069769

        Plaintiff and Appellant,

        v.                                       (Super. Ct. No. 37-2015-00018724-
                                                 CU-WM-CTL)
KAMALA D. HARRIS, as Attorney General,
etc.,

        Defendant and Respondent.

        APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Randa

Trapp, Judge. Affirmed.

        Randy Mize, Chief Deputy Primary Public Defender and Frank J. Barone, Deputy

Public Defender, for Plaintiff and Appellant.

        Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney

General, Julie L. Garland Assistant Attorney General, A. Natasha Cortina and Seth M.

Friedman, Deputy Attorneys General, for Defendant and Respondent.
                                             I

                                    INTRODUCTION

       Tony Taitano San Nicolas appeals from a judgment denying his petition for writ of

mandate challenging his placement in the California Department of Justice's sex offender

tracking program. He contends the court erroneously determined his Washington state

conviction for communicating with a minor for immoral purposes qualified under the

least adjudicated elements test as a registrable offense in California. We disagree and

affirm the judgment.

                                             II

                                     BACKGROUND

       San Nicolas pleaded guilty to communicating with a minor for immoral purposes,

a violation of Revised Code of Washington section 9.68A.090 (RCW 9.68A.090)

(Washington conviction). The California Attorney General assessed the Washington

conviction, determined the conviction required San Nicolas to register as a sex offender,

and enrolled him in the California Department of Justice's sex offender tracking program.

       San Nicolas petitioned the superior court for a writ of mandate directing the

Attorney General to remove him from the tracking program. He asserted he is not

required to register as a sex offender in California because the offense underlying his

Washington conviction does not include all of the elements of a registrable offense in

California as required by Penal Code section 290.005, subdivision (a) (section

290.005(a)).

                                             2
       After considering the parties briefing and arguments, the court denied the petition.

The court found the Washington conviction satisfied the least adjudicated elements test

for two registrable California offenses: contacting a minor with intent to commit a sexual

offense (Pen. Code, § 288.3, subd. (a) (section 288.3(a)) and annoying or molesting a

child under age 18 (Pen. Code, § 647.6, subd. (a)(1) (section 647.6(a)(1)).

                                              III

                                        DISCUSSION

                                              A

       Section 290.005(a) requires sex offender registration for "any person who … has

been … convicted in any other court, including any state … court, of any offense that, if

committed or attempted in this state, based on the elements of the convicted offense or

facts admitted by the person or found true by the trier of fact … would have been

punishable as one or more of the offenses described in subdivision (c) of Section 290 …."

These offenses include violations of sections 288.3 and 647.6. (Pen. Code, § 290,

subd. (c).)

       Because the factual record of the Washington conviction is limited, the least

adjudicated elements test governs whether the conviction requires registration under

section 290.005(a). (See In re Rodden (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 24, 39, superseded on

another point by Stats. 2011, ch. 362, §§ 1–2.) Under this test, the Washington

conviction is registrable if the underlying offense meets all of the statutory elements of a

registrable California offense. (Id. at p. 36.)

                                                  3
                                             B

       When the Washington conviction occurred, RCW 9.68A.090 provided, with

exceptions not relevant here: "A person who communicates with a minor for immoral

purposes is guilty of a gross misdemeanor." To establish a violation of RCW 9.68A.090,

a prosecutor must prove a defendant: (1) communicated through words or conduct, (2)

with a person under the age of 18, or believed to be under the age of 18, (3) for purposes

of engaging in sexual misconduct. (See State v. Falco (1990) 59 Wn.App. 354, 357–358

[796 P.2d 796]; State v. Aljutily (2009) 149 Wn.App. 286, 296 [202 P.3d 1004]; see also

Doe v. State (2015) 158 Idaho 778, 783 [352 P.3d 500].)

       The Attorney General contends these elements, as adjudicated in the Washington

conviction, also constitute violations of section 288.3(a) and section 647.6(a)(1). We

agree.1

1      Although the Attorney General relies in part on the decision in Crofoot v. Harris
(2015) 239 Cal.App.4th 1125 (Crofoot), we do not find the decision helpful to our
resolution of this appeal. The court in Crofoot concluded "[the appellant] is required to
register as a sex offender in California based upon his Washington conviction of
communicating with a child for 'immoral purposes of a sexual nature' (see Wn. Rev.
Code § 9.68A.090)." (Crofoot, supra, at p. 1127.) However, the court did not publish
the portion of its decision analyzing this point. In addition, unlike here, the appellant in
Crofoot admitted specific facts related to his Washington conviction, making it unlikely
the court had to utilize the least adjudicated elements test to reach its decision. (Id. at
1127-1128.) " ' "It is axiomatic that language in a judicial opinion is to be understood in
accordance with the facts and issues before the court. An opinion is not authority for
propositions not considered." ' " (People v. Knoller (2007) 41 Cal.4th 139, 154–155.)

                                              4
                                              C

                                              1

       Section 288.3(a) prohibits contact or communication with, or attempted contact or

communication with, a minor, or a person who reasonably should be known to be a

minor, with the intent to commit an enumerated sexual offense involving the minor,

including rape, sodomy, lewd or lascivious acts, oral copulation, forcible sexual

penetration, or distribution, possession, or creation of child pornography.2 To establish a

violation of this statute, a prosecutor must prove a defendant (1) directly or indirectly

communicated with or attempted to communicate with a person, (2) with the intent to

commit an enumerated offense involving the person, and (3) knew or reasonably should

have known the person was under the age of 18. (CALCRIM No. 1124.)

       San Nicolas contends the least adjudicated elements test is not met as to this

offense because RCW 9.68A.090 requires a communication for purposes of engaging in

sexual misconduct and section 288.3(a) requires a communication for purposes of

committing an enumerated sexual offense. However, the collection of enumerated

offenses in section 288.3(a) covers a full range of sexual misconduct involving minors

and San Nicolas has not identified a sexual misconduct purpose that would be covered by

RCW 9.68A.090 and not by section 288.3(a). Indeed, given RCW 9.68A.090's intent and

2       Section 288.3(a) specifically provides: "Every person who contacts or
communicates with a minor, or attempts to contact or communicate with a minor, who
knows or reasonably should know that the person is a minor, with intent to commit an
offense specified in Section 207, 209, 261, 264.1, 273a, 286, 288, 288a, 288.2, 289,
311.1, 311.2, 311.4 or 311.11 involving the minor shall be punished by imprisonment in
the state prison for the term prescribed for an attempt to commit the intended offense."
                                              5
breadth, we cannot conceive of a sexual misconduct purpose that would be covered by

RCW 9.68A.090 and not by section 288.3(a). (See State v. McNallie (1993) 120 Wn.2d

925, 933 [846 P.2d 1358] [RCW 9.68A.090 "prohibits communication with children for

the predatory purpose of promoting their exposure to and involvement in sexual

misconduct"]; State v. Jackman (2006) 156 Wn.2d 736, 748 [132 P.3d 136] [RCW

9.68A.090 "incorporates within its scope a relatively broad range of sexual conduct

involving a minor"].)3

       San Nicolas further contends the least adjudicated elements test is not met as to

section 288.3(a) because section 288.3(a) requires the defendant to have actual or

constructive knowledge the victim was under the age of 18 and RCW 9.68A.090 has no

such knowledge element. Nevertheless, in a prosecution under RCW 9.68A.090, "[i]t is a

defense, which the defendant must prove by a preponderance of the evidence, that at the

time of the offense, the defendant made a reasonable bona fide attempt to ascertain the

true age of the minor by requiring production of a driver's license, marriage license, birth

certificate, or other governmental or educational identification card or paper and did not

rely solely on the oral allegations or apparent age of the minor." (Wn. Rev. Code

3       On this point at oral argument, San Nicolas's counsel directed us for the first time
to State v. Wissing (1992) 66 Wn.App. 745 [833 P.2d 424]. However, this case does not
aid our review. The case held RCW 9.68A.090 was unconstitutionally vague as applied
to a defendant who showed a 12-year-old boy some "Playboy-type" magazines, asked if
the boy knew how to masturbate, and asked to see the boy's pubic hair. (Wissing, supra,
at pp. 747–748.) It is example of conduct not covered by RCW 9.68A.090. It is not
example of conduct covered by RCW 9.68A.090, but not covered by section 288.3(a).
Consequently, it is irrelevant to the issue of whether the least adjudicated elements test
has been met as to these two statutes.
                                              6
§ 9.68A.110, subd. (3).) By pleading guilty to violating RCW 9.68A.090, San Nicolas

gave up this defense, effectively adjudicating it against him. Thus, the least adjudicated

elements of RCW 9.68A.090 in this particular case include San Nicolas's constructive

knowledge the victim was a minor.

       San Nicolas does not dispute the identity of the remaining elements of RCW

9.68A.090 and section 288.3(a). Accordingly, we conclude the court did not err in

determining the least adjudicated elements of San Nicolas's conviction for violating RCW

9.68A.090 also constitute a violation of section 288.3(a).

                                             2

       Alternatively, section 647.6(a)(1) prohibits a person from annoying or molesting

any child under 18 years of age.4 To establish a violation of this statute, a prosecutor

must prove a defendant (1) engaged in conduct directed at a child; (2) a normal person,

without hesitation, would have been disturbed, irritated, offended, or injured by the

conduct; (3) the conduct was motivated by an unnatural or abnormal sexual interest in the

child; and (4) the child was under the age of 18 years at the time of the conduct. (People

v. Valenti (2016) 243 Cal.App.4th 1140, 1158; People v. Phillips (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th

1383, 1396; CALCRIM No. 1122.)

       San Nicolas contends the least adjudicated elements test is not met as to this

offense because section 647.6(a)(1) requires the offending conduct to be motivated by an

4      Section 647.6(a)(1) specifically provides: "Every person who annoys or molests
any child under 18 years of age shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five thousand
dollars ($5,000), by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by both the
fine and imprisonment."
                                             7
unnatural or abnormal sexual interest in the child and RCW 9.68A.090 requires no such

motivation. To the contrary, a violation of RCW 9.68A.090 must be motivated by desire

to engage in sexual misconduct. Because there can be no normal sexual interest in a

child (In re D.G. (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 1562, 1571), the motivation element of section

647.6(a)(1) is encompassed within the motivation element of RCW 9.68A.090.

       Echoing an argument raised as to section 288.3(a), San Nicolas further contends

the least adjudicated elements test is not met as to section 647.6(a)(1) because section

647.6(a)(1) requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt the defendant did not have a good

faith belief the child was at least 18 years old while RCW 9.68A.090 requires no such

mental state. However, as we previously explained, the least adjudicated elements of

RCW 9.68A.090 in this particular case include San Nicolas's constructive knowledge the

victim was a minor, which precludes him from having had a good faith belief the victim

was at least 18 years old. As San Nicolas does not dispute the identity of the remaining

elements of RCW 9.68A.090 and section 647.6(a)(1), we conclude the court did not err in

determining the least adjudicated elements of San Nicolas's conviction for violating RCW

9.68A.090 also constitute a violation of section 647.6(a)(1).

                                             8
                                     IV

                                 DISPOSITION

    The judgment is affirmed.

                                               MCCONNELL, P. J.

WE CONCUR:

                   BENKE, J.

                     IRION, J.

                                      9