Court Opinion

ID: 2959844
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-17 17:35:01.203868+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:40:22.381459
License: Public Domain

05-6979-cv
     In re: WorldCo m Sec. Litig.
 1
 2
 3                                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
 4                                          FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
 5
 6
 7                                                       August Term, 2006
 8
 9   (Argued: November 6, 2006                                                                  Decided: July 26, 2007)
10
11
12                                                    Docket No. 05-6979-cv
13
14   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -X
15
16   In Re: WORLDCOM SECURITIES LITIGATION
17
18   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -X
19
20    CALIFORNIA PUBLIC EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT
21    SYSTEM, CALIF ORNIA STATE TEACHERS’
22    RETIREMENT SYSTEM, THE LOS ANGELES COUNTY
23    EMPLOYEES RETIREMENT ASSOCIATION, BOARD OF
24    TRUSTEES OF THE TEACHERS’ RETIREMENT SYSTEM
25    OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, STATE UNIVERSITIES
26    RETIREMENT SYSTEM ON ILLINOIS, ILLINOIS STATE
27    BOARD OF INVESTMENT, WEST VIRGINIA
28    INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT BOARD, CONTRA
29    COSTA COUNTY, EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT SYSTEM,
30    OAKLAND FIRE AND POLICE RETIREMENT SYSTEM,
31    SACRAMENTO COUNTY EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT
32    SYSTEM, SACRAMENTO REGIONAL TRANSIT
33    DISTRICT CONTRACT EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT
34    PLAN, SACRAMENTO REGIONAL TRANSIT DISTRICT
35    SALARIED EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT PLAN, SAN
36    BERNADINO COUNTY EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT
37    ASSOCIATION, SONOMA COUNTY EMPLOYEES’
38    RETIREMENT ASSOCIATION, TULARE COUNTY
39    EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT ASSOCIATION, VENTURA
40    COUNTY EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT ASSOCIATION,

                                                                     -1-
 1    WASHINGTON STATE INVESTMENT BOARD,
 2    MINNESOTA STATE BOARD OF INVESTMENT, LOS
 3    ANGELES BOARD OF FIRE & POLICE PENSION
 4    COMMISSIONERS, BOARD OF ADMINISTRATION OF
 5    THE LOS ANGELES CITY EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT
 6    SYSTEM, THE MARYLAND-NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK
 7    AND PLANNING COM MISSION EMPLOYEES’
 8    RETIREMENT SYSTEM, HEAVY & GENERAL
 9    LABORERS’ LOCALS 472 & 172 ANNUITY FUND,
10    MILWAUKEE EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT SYSTEM,
11    MAINE STATE RETIREMENT SYSTEM, MUNICIPAL
12    EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT SYSTEM OF MICHIGAN,
13    MONROE COUNTY EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT
14    SYSTEM, STATE OF ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF
15    REVENUE, ALASKA STATE PENSION INVESTMENT
16    BOARD, and CARPENTERS PENSION TRUST FOR
17    SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA,
18
19          Plaintiff-Appellants,
20
21          -v.-
22
23    CABOTO-GRUPPO INTESA BCI and CABOTO HOLDINGS
24    SIM S.p.A.,
25
26          Defendant-Appellees,
27
28   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -X
29
30
31   Before: FEINBERG, LEVAL, and CABRANES, Circuit Judges.
32
33           Appeal from judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New
34   York (Cote, J.) dismissing plaintiffs’ securities actions as time-barred. Held, that plaintiffs, who
35   were members of a class designated in a class action complaint, were protected by the doctrine of
36   American Pipe & Construction Co. v. Utah, 414 U.S. 538 (1974), by tolling of their limitations
37   period during the time that the class action was pending on their behalf, notwithstanding their filing
38   of individual actions prior to the court’s ruling on class certification.
39           Vacated and remanded.
40
41                                                               ERIC ALAN ISAACSON (William S. Lerach, Darren J.

                                                                     -2-
 1                                                  Robbins, Michael J. Dowd, Spencer A. Burkholz,
 2                                                  Thomas E. Egler, Joseph D. Daley, Tami Falkenstein
 3                                                  Hennick, on the brief), Lerach Coughlin Stoia Geller
 4                                                  Rudman & Robbins LLP, San Diego, CA; and Patrick
 5                                                  J. Coughlin, Randi D. Bandman, Azra Z. Mehdi, on
 6                                                  the brief, Lerach Coughlin Stoia Geller Rudman &
 7                                                  Robbins LLP, San Francisco, CA, for Plaintiff-
 8                                                  Appellants
 9
10                                                  ROBERT A. HOROWITZ (Toby S. Soli, on the brief),
11                                                  Greenberg Traurig, LLP, New York, NY, for
12                                                  Defendant-Appellees.
13
14   LEVAL, Circuit Judge:

15          This is an appeal from the judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern

16   District of New York (Cote, J.), which dismissed the actions of certain bondholders (“Appellants”)

17   of WorldCom, Inc. as time-barred. The question presented is whether the filing of a complaint

18   asserting a class action tolls the statute of limitations for putative class members who file individual

19   suits (asserting the same claims) prior to the class certification decision.

20          The Appellants are public and private pension funds, which purchased bonds of WorldCom.

21   In these suits brought against the underwriters of the bonds under Section 11 of the Securities Act

22   of 1933, the Appellants allege that the registration statements covering the bonds they purchased

23   contained false and misleading information. The statute of limitations for such actions requires that

24   claims be brought “within one year after the discovery of the untrue statement or the omission, or

25   after such discovery should have been made by the exercise of reasonable diligence.” 15 U.S.C. §

26   77m. These complaints initially named as defendants a number of underwriters – not including

27   Caboto-Gruppo Intesa BCI and Caboto Holdings Sim S.p.A. (collectively, “Caboto”) who are the

28   Appellees. The complaints were later amended to add the Caboto defendants. The assertion of

                                                       -3-
 1   claims against Caboto in these actions did not occur until more than one year after the Appellants

 2   were put on inquiry notice of the misinformation in the registration statements. In the meantime,

 3   however, and prior to the expiration of the Appellants’ one-year limitations period, other purchasers

 4   of the WorldCom bonds had filed timely class action suits under Section 11 against Caboto

 5   purporting to represent Appellants as members of the class. In the district court, responding to

 6   Caboto’s motion to dismiss the suits for untimeliness, the Appellants argued that the filing of these

 7   class actions had tolled the statute of limitations as to their claims under the doctrine announced in

 8   American Pipe & Construction Co. v. Utah, 414 U.S. 538 (1974): “[T]he commencement of a class

 9   action suspends the applicable statute of limitations as to all asserted members of the class . . . .”

10   Id. at 554. The district court rejected this argument because the Appellants had filed their individual

11   suits before the class suits on their behalf had been certified. The district court held that tolling

12   under American Pipe is unavailable to class members who, like the Appellants, file individual suits

13   before the class certification decision. The court therefore found the Appellants’ suits to be untimely

14   and dismissed them. We disagree with the district court. As we understand the rule of American

15   Pipe, it provides that the filing of a class action tolls the statute of limitations for all members of the

16   asserted class, regardless of whether they file an individual action before resolution of the question

17   whether the purported class will be certified.

18                                                 Background

19           The district court summarized the origins of this complex litigation:

20           For many years, WorldCom grew by acquisitions. By 1998, it had acquired more
21           than sixty companies in transactions valued at over $70 billion. . . . In early 2000,
22           however, its attempt to acquire Sprint collapsed. During this period of
23           acquisition-driven expansion, WorldCom had used accounting devices to inflate its

                                                        -4-
 1          reported earnings. Senior WorldCom management instructed personnel in the
 2          company’s controller’s office on a quarterly basis to falsify WorldCom’s books to
 3          reduce WorldCom’s reported costs and thereby to increase its reported earnings.
 4          When the pace of acquisitions slowed, it added new strategies to disguise a decline
 5          in its revenues. In 2002, however, the scheme collapsed.
 6
 7   In re WorldCom, Inc. Sec. Litig., 294 F. Supp. 2d 392, 400 (S.D.N.Y. 2003).

 8          In February 2002, WorldCom reduced its revenue and earnings forecasts for the year, and

 9   reduced them again on April 22. Shortly thereafter, the first investor class action lawsuit against

10   WorldCom was filed on April 30, 2002. On June 25, WorldCom admitted publicly that it had

11   previously issued false and misleading financial statements. WorldCom admitted it had overstated

12   earnings and had falsely reported ordinary costs as capital expenditures. Soon after this public

13   disclosure, WorldCom filed for bankruptcy. Once WorldCom’s admission became public, numerous

14   class action lawsuits were filed in various federal courts around the country on behalf of purchasers

15   of WorldCom securities. In August 2002 the Judicial Panel on Multi-District Litigation consolidated

16   the federal court class actions before Judge Cote in the United States District Court for the Southern

17   District of New York.

18          In the same period, numerous individual actions were filed by holders of WorldCom

19   securities, primarily in state courts. After WorldCom’s public disclosures, between July 2002 and

20   October 2003, over 120 public and private pension funds, all represented by the law firm of Milberg

21   Weiss Bershad Hynes & Lerach LLP, filed individual state-court actions asserting claims relating

22   to their purchase of WorldCom bonds. These state-court suits alleged claims under the Securities

23   Act of 1933, but not under the Exchange Act of 1934. This choice was apparently intended to

24   prevent removal of the state-court actions to federal court. Federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction

                                                      -5-
 1   over Exchange Act claims, see 15 U.S.C. § 78aa, and any claim joined to an Exchange Act claim

 2   may also be removed under 28 U.S.C. § 1441. By contrast, the Securities Act grants state and

 3   federal courts concurrent jurisdiction and generally bars the removal of state-court actions to federal

 4   court. See 15 U.S.C. § 77v(a).

 5          Notwithstanding this strategy, the Appellants’ state-court actions were removed to federal

 6   court under 28 U.S.C. § 1452(a), which permits removal from state courts of actions falling within

 7   the federal courts’ bankruptcy jurisdiction. The Appellants challenged the removal, but the district

 8   court concluded that their cases were removable because they were “related to” the WorldCom

 9   bankruptcy, In re WorldCom, Inc. Sec. Litig., 293 B.R. 308 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) – a decision later

10   affirmed on appeal, Cal. Pub. Employees’ Ret. Sys. v. WorldCom, Inc., 368 F.3d 86 (2d Cir. 2004).

11   The Appellants’ actions were thus consolidated with the class actions in May 2003.

12          The first of these class action suits was filed by one group of Appellants, the State of Alaska

13   Department of Revenue and the Alaska State Pension Investment Board (the “Alaska Appellants”),

14   in state court in Alaska on April 21, 2003. Their complaint alleged that the Alaska Appellants

15   suffered substantial losses arising out of their purchases of bonds from WorldCom’s August 1998,

16   May 2000, and May 2001 offerings. The complaint named as defendants a number of the

17   underwriters of those bonds.1 On September 24, 2003, a month after the removal of their suit to the

18   U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, the Alaska Appellants amended their

19   complaint, adding additional underwriters (the “Additional Underwriters”) – including Caboto – as

            1
             According to the district court, “[t]he allegations in the complaints filed in each of the
     Milberg Weiss Actions are similar, but not identical.” The district court and the parties treat the
     Alaska Appellants’ complaints as representative pleadings, as do we.

                                                      -6-
 1   defendants. The Caboto defendants are the sole appellees in this appeal.

 2           The amended complaint alleged that Caboto, as well as other underwriters, violated Section

 3   11 of the Securities Act,2 which imposes liability on underwriters of securities when the registration

 4   statement contains an “untrue statement of a material fact or omit[s] to state a material fact required

 5   to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading . . . .” 15 U.S.C. §

 6   77k(a). The Alaska Appellants alleged that the registration statements and prospectuses for the

 7   WorldCom bond offerings contained false and misleading statements. Though the amended

 8   complaint described at length the fraud committed by WorldCom and its affiliates, the Alaska

 9   Appellants expressly specified that their Section 11 claims were not based on fraud, but rather on

10   negligence and strict liability for registration statements containing untrue statements of material

11   fact.

12           On October 24, 2003, the district court certified a class action involving securities claims

13   against WorldCom. The named class action plaintiffs included groups that had purchased bonds

14   during the May 2000 and May 2001 bond offerings, but not the August 1998 bond offering. The

15   class action complaint asserted Section 11 claims against underwriters of the bond offerings,

16   including Caboto.

17           The underwriter defendants in the Alaska Appellants’ action moved to dismiss based, inter

18   alia, on statute of limitations grounds. The district court permitted all the other Appellants to oppose

             2
             The amended complaint also contains allegations against J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. and J.P.
     Morgan Securities Inc. under Section 12(a)(2) of the Securities Act arising out of a December 2000
     bond private placement. Because these companies are not parties in the present appeal, this opinion
     omits discussion of Section 12(a)(2) and the December 2000 bonds.

                                                       -7-
 1   the motion through a joint amicus brief. The court noted that once it had decided the motion in the

 2   Alaska Appellants’ case, the parties in the other actions would be allowed to argue whether the

 3   resolution of that motion should govern their cases.

 4          The underwriter defendants based their statute-of-limitations argument on Section 13 of the

 5   Securities Act, which provides:

 6          No action shall be maintained to enforce any liability created under section 77k
 7          [Section 11] . . . of this title unless brought within one year after the discovery of the
 8          untrue statement or the omission, or after such discovery should have been made by
 9          the exercise of reasonable diligence . . . . In no event shall any such action be
10          brought to enforce a liability created under section 77k [Section 11] . . . of this title
11          more than three years after the security was bona fide offered to the public . . . .
12
13   15 U.S.C. § 77m. Thus, a suit alleging that a securities underwriter violated Section 11 must be filed

14   (a) within one year of the date that the plaintiff was on actual notice or inquiry notice of the

15   violation, and (b) within three years of the date that the security was offered to the public. The

16   underwriter defendants argued that the claims in the Alaska Appellants’ original complaint, as well

17   as claims added in the amended complaint, were barred by the one-year time limit, the three-year

18   time limit, or both.

19          In response, the Alaska Appellants (and the other Appellants, through their amicus brief)

20   argued that their claims should be governed by the longer statutes of limitations provided for in the

21   Sarbanes-Oxley Act, rather than the shorter ones described in Section 13 of the Securities Act. The

22   Sarbanes-Oxley Act provides for two-and five-year limitations periods for private securities cases

23   “that involve[] a claim of fraud, deceit, manipulation, or contrivance . . . .” 28 U.S.C. § 1658(b).

24   However, the district court held that the Alaska Appellants could not benefit from these longer

25   limitations periods, because they had expressly disavowed relying on allegations of fraud or

                                                       -8-
 1   intentional misconduct, basing their Section 11 claims entirely on theories of negligence and strict

 2   liability. Moreover, the court found that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act’s language and legislative history

 3   confirmed that its limitations periods were not available in Section 11 claims such as those asserted

 4   by the Alaska Appellants.

 5          Having found that the Securities Act’s one- and three-year statutes of limitations applied to

 6   the Alaska Appellants’ claims, the district court held that any claims based on the August 1998 bond

 7   offering had expired in August 2001 and were time-barred.3 The district court next turned to the

 8   Section 11 claims based on the May 2000 and May 2001 bond offerings. The Securities Act required

 9   that these claims be brought within one year after the Alaska Appellants were on inquiry notice of

10   the inaccuracies in the bond-offering registration statements. The Alaska Appellants’ initial

11   complaint was brought on April 21, 2003. Upon examination of the public disclosures of

12   WorldCom, the court ruled that the underwriters had failed to demonstrate as a matter of law that

13   the Alaska Appellants were on inquiry notice as of April 20, 2002 – a year and a day before the

14   original complaint.

15          However, the court noted that claims against the additional underwriter defendants, including

16   Caboto, were asserted for the first time in the amended complaint on September 24, 2003.

            3
               Because it held that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act’s statutes of limitations did not apply to the
     Alaska Appellants’ claims, the court declined to consider whether the Act could be applied
     retroactively to revive a claim that had expired before its passage. The Second Circuit later took up
     this question and concluded that Sarbanes-Oxley did not revive expired claims. See In re Enterprise
     Mortgage Acceptance Co. Sec. Litig., 391 F.3d 401 (2d Cir. 2004) (as amended Jan. 7, 2005). As
     a result, claims relating to the August 1998 bond offering, which expired a year before Sarbanes-
     Oxley’s passage, cannot be revived and are not at issue in the present appeal, which the Appellants
     concede.

                                                     -9-
 1   WorldCom had revealed much of its financial misconduct on June 25, 2002, when it publicly

 2   restated its earnings and expenses. Therefore, the court held, the Alaska Appellants were on inquiry

 3   notice of their Section 11 claims as of that date at the latest,4 and their claims against the Additional

 4   Underwriters were filed past the one-year deadline, which expired on June 25, 2003, one year after

 5   Appellants were first on inquiry notice regarding WorldCom’s financial misconduct. Those claims

 6   would have to be dismissed unless the statute of limitations was tolled by virtue of the class actions

 7   asserted against the additional underwriter defendants.

 8           The Alaska Appellants argued that, under the doctrine of American Pipe, their claims were

 9   tolled by the filing of a WorldCom class action on April 30, 2002. In American Pipe, the Supreme

10   Court held that the filing of a class suit tolled the statute of limitations for class members who sought

11   to intervene after the class certification motion was denied for failure to demonstrate numerosity.

12   414 U.S. at 552-53. In later cases, the Court extended its ruling to class members who opted out

13   after the certification motion was granted, see Eisen v. Carlisle & Jacquelin, 417 U.S. 156, 176 n.13

14   (1974), and to class members who filed separate suits after class certification was denied, see Crown,

15   Cork & Seal Co. v. Parker, 462 U.S. 345, 353-54 (1983). The Alaska Appellants argued that their

16   suits should also benefit from American Pipe tolling, pointing to language in these opinions, which

17   articulates the principle in broad terms. See, e.g., id. at 350 (“The filing of a class action tolls the

18   statute of limitations ‘as to all asserted members of the class . . . .’” (quoting American Pipe, 414

19   U.S. at 554)). The earliest federal WorldCom class actions were filed on April 30, 2002, and several

20   others were filed soon thereafter. If the filing of these class action suits tolled the Securities Act’s

             4
                 The Appellants do not contest this finding on appeal.

                                                       -10-
 1   statutes of limitations, then the claims against the Additional Underwriters by entities asserted to be

 2   class members would still be viable, notwithstanding the fact that they were filed more than a year

 3   after the plaintiffs were put on inquiry notice.

 4           The district court ruled that the Alaska Appellants could not benefit from American Pipe

 5   tolling. The court reasoned that the justification for the doctrine was to avoid the filing of numerous

 6   suits by individual class members as a safeguard to preserve their option of proceeding by individual

 7   action. With the benefit of American Pipe tolling, class members could wait until after certification

 8   was resolved before deciding whether to file their individual suits. According to the district court’s

 9   reasoning, class members (such the Alaska Appellants) who filed individual suits before the

10   certification decision were not entitled to have their claims tolled, because such individual suits were

11   precisely what the American Pipe tolling doctrine sought to avoid.

12           The Alaska Appellants argued that unless claims like theirs qualified for American Pipe

13   tolling, parties who intend to file their own suits “will simply forbear doing so until it is time to opt

14   out of the class.” The district court responded that such a delay would have beneficial effects:

15           The parties and courts will not be burdened by separate lawsuits which, in any event,
16           may evaporate once a class has been certified. At the point in a litigation when a
17           decision on class certification is made, investors usually are in a far better position
18           to evaluate whether they wish to proceed with their own lawsuit, or to join a class,
19           if one has been certified.
20
21   The court concluded that “Plaintiffs who choose, as is their right, to pursue separate litigation may

22   not enjoy the benefits of that separate litigation without bearing its burdens,” including the burden

23   of filing suit within the applicable statute of limitations.

24           Because the district court held that the filing of the WorldCom class actions did not toll the

                                                        -11-
 1   statute of limitations as to the Alaska Appellants’ claims, those claims expired a year after the Alaska

 2   Appellants were on inquiry notice of the falsities in WorldCom’s registration statements – at the

 3   latest, a year after WorldCom’s public disclosures on June 25, 2002. The claims in the amended

 4   complaint against the Additional Underwriters, which was filed in September 2003, were untimely.

 5   The court dismissed with prejudice all the Alaska Appellants’ claims against the Additional

 6   Underwriters.

 7          After the district court issued its opinion on November 21, 2003, the underwriters in the other

 8   Appellant actions (as well as some additional suits not filed by Milberg Weiss) moved to dismiss

 9   based largely on the grounds of the district court’s ruling. The Appellants opposed the motions to

10   dismiss, and the Alaska Appellants moved the court to reconsider certain aspects of its opinion. The

11   district court again rejected the argument that American Pipe tolling should apply to the Appellants’

12   claims against the Additional Underwriters. After rejecting other arguments (which are not relevant

13   for present purposes), the district court dismissed with prejudice the Appellants’ claims against the

14   additional underwriters under the Securities Act’s statute of limitations.

15          The district court’s opinion was issued on January 20, 2004. On July 22, 2004, the court

16   ordered the dismissal with prejudice of most of the Appellants’ Section 11 claims, including all

17   Section 11 claims against the Additional Underwriters. In its orders of dismissal, the court noted:

18          [I]f any plaintiff files a motion to dismiss its lawsuit voluntarily by the end of the opt
19          out period for the WorldCom consolidated class action, the plaintiff shall be
20          permitted to remain a member of the Class without prejudice as to its right to recover
21          for any claims that are brought on behalf of the Class.
22
23   Most or all of the Appellants declined to voluntarily withdraw their suits and rejoin the class.

24          In November 2005, the Appellants settled with all of the underwriters except one – Caboto.

                                                      -12-
 1   Appellants’ individual claims against Caboto appeared for the first time in their amended complaints,

 2   and those claims relate only to the May 2001 offering. Therefore, the only issues on appeal concern

 3   whether the district court was correct to dismiss with prejudice the amended complaints’ claims

 4   against Caboto based on the May 2001 offering.

 5                                                 Discussion

 6           The question is whether a plaintiff, which is identified as a member of the plaintiff class in

 7   a class action suit, is deprived of the benefit of the tolling provided by the American Pipe doctrine

 8   if it filed its own individual action before the motion for class certification was resolved. We agree

 9   with the Appellants that their time to file should have been tolled upon the filing of a class action

10   purporting to assert their claims, regardless of their having also filed individual actions asserting the

11   same claims.

12                                                      A

13           In American Pipe, the Supreme Court considered a case in which the State of Utah brought

14   an antitrust suit eleven days before the one-year statute of limitations was set to expire. The State

15   purported to bring the suit as a class action, but the district court denied the State’s motion to certify

16   the class because it found that the requirement of numerosity of Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil

17   Procedure was not met. (The court agreed that the State’s claims were typical of the class and that

18   the State was an adequate representative.) After denial of the motion, and beyond the limitations

19   period, parties that would have been class members had certification been granted moved to

20   intervene. The district court denied the motion to intervene on the ground that the would-be

21   intervenors’ claims were barred by the statute of limitations. See 414 U.S. at 541-44.

                                                       -13-
 1          The court of appeals reversed, and the Supreme Court agreed with the court of appeals that

 2   the intervenors were not time-barred. After considering the history of Rule 23, the Court noted that

 3   the present version of the Rule makes class actions “truly representative suit[s]” in which the claims

 4   of class members are pressed by the class representatives. Id. at 550. As a result, the class members

 5   should be considered parties to the suit “until and unless they received notice thereof and chose not

 6   to continue.” Id. at 551. Thus, just as the filing of the class action satisfied the State of Utah’s

 7   statute-of-limitations obligations, it also did so for class members, including the intervenors. To

 8   hold otherwise would “frustrate the principal function of a class suit, because then the sole means

 9   by which members of the class could assure their participation in the judgment if notice of the class

10   suit did not reach them until after the running of the limitation period would be to file earlier

11   individual motions to join or intervene as parties – precisely the multiplicity of activity which Rule

12   23 was designed to avoid . . . .” Id. In other words, unless class members’ claims were tolled by the

13   filing of the class suit, those class members would be forced to initiate their own actions in

14   anticipation of the possibility that a motion for class certification would be denied.

15          The Court next explained that its ruling was not limited to class members who had

16   deliberately relied on the class action to advance their claims. Just as class members need not

17   actively participate in order to profit from the class action’s eventual outcome, they may also benefit

18   passively from the suit’s tolling effect on the statute of limitations. Even class members who were

19   unaware of the class action – indeed, even those who “demonstrably did not rely” on it – should

20   benefit from the tolling. Id. at 552.

21          The Court noted that its ruling was not inconsistent with the purposes of a statute of

                                                      -14-
 1   limitations. Statutes of limitations are designed to prevent “‘the revival of claims that have been

 2   allowed to slumber until evidence has been lost, memories have faded, and witnesses have

 3   disappeared.’” Id. at 554 (quoting Order of R.R. Telegraphers v. Ry. Express Agency, 321 U.S. 342,

 4   348-49 (1944)). Statutes of limitations thus guard against unfair surprises that result from the

 5   resurrection of stale claims. The need to put an adversary on notice to defend against a claim is

 6   served when a class action is brought identifying both the nature of the claim and the plaintiffs who

 7   may participate in the judgment. “Within the period set by the statute of limitations, the defendants

 8   have the essential information necessary to determine both the subject matter and the size of the

 9   prospective litigation . . . .” Id. at 555.

10           The Court announced the rule in general terms:

11           We are convinced that the rule most consistent with federal class action procedure
12           must be that the commencement of a class action suspends the applicable statute of
13           limitations as to all asserted members of the class who would have been parties had
14           the suit been permitted to continue as a class action.
15
16   Id. at 554.

17           The Supreme Court revisited the rule in American Pipe shortly after the decision was issued.

18   Eisen v. Carlisle & Jacquelin, 417 U.S. 156 (1974), was an antitrust class action against brokerage

19   firms and stock exchanges. One question presented was whether, under the particular circumstances

20   of the case, individual notice to identifiable class members was required or was merely discretionary.

21   In a footnote, the Court rejected the argument that class members (even if individually notified)

22   would not opt out of a class action because the statute of limitations would have run on what would

23   have been their individual causes of action. The Court explained that “[t]his contention is disposed

24   of by our recent decision in American Pipe . . . , which established that commencement of a class

                                                     -15-
 1   action tolls the applicable statute of limitations as to all members of the class.” Id. at 176 n.13. In

 2   other words, the claims of class members who opted out would not be time-barred, because the

 3   statute of limitations on those claims was tolled by the filing of the class action.

 4           The third and final Supreme Court opinion to discuss the issue was Crown, Cork & Seal.

 5   The plaintiff, Theodore Parker, filed a race-discrimination charge with the Equal Employment

 6   Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) in October 1977. While his charge was pending before the

 7   EEOC, others filed a purported class action based on similar allegations. In September 1980, a

 8   motion for class certification was denied. Parker, who was within the asserted plaintiff class, filed

 9   suit in federal court in October 1980 – within 90 days of the denial of class certification, but almost

10   two years after the EEOC had issued him a Right to Sue letter. The district court dismissed his suit

11   because he had not filed within 90 days of receiving his Right to Sue letter, as required by the

12   applicable statute of limitations. See 462 U.S. at 347-48.

13           The court of appeals reversed, and the Supreme Court affirmed the court of appeals, ruling

14   that Parker’s suit was timely. The Court explained that its holding in American Pipe was not limited

15   to intervenors, reiterating that “[t]he filing of a class action tolls the statue of limitations ‘as to all

16   asserted members of the class.’” Id. at 350 (quoting American Pipe, 414 U.S. at 554). The Court

17   again noted that a contrary rule would lead class members to file anticipatory suits for fear that

18   certification would be denied, resulting in “a needless multiplicity of actions.” Id. at 351. Moreover,

19   the district court’s failure to apply American Pipe to a non-intervenor’s separate action was

20   inconsistent with Eisen, where the Court noted that class members’ claims would be tolled until they

21   opted out of the class action. Id. at 351-52. Finally, the Court noted that the purposes of statutes of

                                                        -16-
 1   limitations – “to put defendants on notice of adverse claims and to prevent plaintiffs from sleeping

 2   on their rights” – are fulfilled “when a class action is commenced.” Id. at 352. Class members are

 3   permitted – even encouraged – to rely on the class plaintiffs to advance their claims, and the

 4   initiation of a class suit gives defendants all the information they need to prepare their defense.

 5   Perhaps fewer suits in fewer jurisdictions would be filed if only intervenors received the benefits of

 6   American Pipe tolling after certification is denied, but “this is not an interest that statutes of

 7   limitations are designed to protect.”5 Id. at 353. The Court again reiterated the American Pipe

 8   principle in broad terms, quoting directly from that decision:

 9          “[T]he commencement of a class action suspends the applicable statute of limitations
10          as to all asserted members of the class who would have been parties had the suit been
11          permitted to continue as a class action.” [American Pipe, 414 U.S. at 554]. Once the
12          statute of limitations has been tolled, it remains tolled for all members of the putative
13          class until class certification is denied.
14
15   Id. at 353-54.

16                                                     B

17          This court has not yet faced the question whether the tolling required by American Pipe for

18   members of a class on whose behalf a class action is filed applies also to class members who file

19   individual suits before class certification is resolved.6 We now conclude that it does.

            5
              The Court emphasized that the American Pipe rule would reduce the number of protective
     filings by litigants who wish to stop the running of the statute of limitations. The Court also noted
     that “avenues exist by which the burdens of multiple lawsuits may be avoided . . . [such as]
     consolidation in appropriate cases and multidistrict proceedings.” Id. at 353 (citations omitted).
            6
             At the start of Crown, 462 U.S. at 348-49, the Court noted that two courts of appeals – the
     Ninth and the Second Circuits – had held that American Pipe tolling applied only to putative class
     members who sought to intervene after certification was denied. Crown thus overruled those
     decisions. In one of those decisions, Arneil v. Ramsey, 550 F.2d 774 (2d Cir. 1977), putative class

                                                      -17-
 1          The theoretical basis on which American Pipe rests is the notion that class members are

 2   treated as parties to the class action “until and unless they received notice thereof and chose not to

 3   continue.” American Pipe, 414 U.S. at 551. Because members of the asserted class are treated for

 4   limitations purposes as having instituted their own actions, at least so long as they continue to be

 5   members of the class, the limitations period does not run against them during that time. Once they

 6   cease to be members of the class – for instance, when they opt out or when the certification decision

 7   excludes them – the limitation period begins to run again on their claims.

 8          Nothing in the Supreme Court decisions described above suggests that the rule should be

 9   otherwise for a plaintiff who files an individual action before certification is resolved. To the

10   contrary, the Supreme Court has repeatedly stated that “‘the commencement of a class action

11   suspends the applicable statute of limitations as to all asserted members of the class who would have

12   been parties had the suit been permitted to continue as a class action.’” Crown, 462 U.S. at 353-54

13   (quoting American Pipe, 414 U.S. at 554). We see no reason not to take this statement at face value.

14          It would not undermine the purposes of statutes of limitations to give the benefit of tolling

15   to all those who are asserted to be members of the class for as long as the class action purports to

16   assert their claims. As the Supreme Court has repeatedly emphasized, the initiation of a class action

17   puts the defendants on notice of the claims against them. See, e.g., American Pipe, 414 U.S. at 554-

18   55 (noting that the purposes of statues of limitations “are satisfied when . . . a named plaintiff who

     members had filed an individual suit before a class certification motion was decided. The Appellants
     argue that because Crown overruled Arneil, and Arneil involved a fact pattern similar to the present
     case, Crown affirms that those who file suit before certification are entitled to tolling. However,
     Crown did not address the issue; the only part of Arneil it squarely addressed was whether non-
     intervenors may ever benefit from American Pipe tolling.

                                                     -18-
 1   is found to be representative of a class commences a suit and thereby notifies the defendants not only

 2   of the substantive claims being brought against them, but also of the number and generic identities

 3   of the potential plaintiffs who may participate in the judgment”). A defendant is no less on notice

 4   when putative class members file individual suits before certification. The Supreme Court explained

 5   that “[c]lass members who do not file suit while the class action is pending cannot be accused of

 6   sleeping on their rights,” Crown, 462 U.S. at 352; the same is certainly true of class members who

 7   file individual suits before the court decides certification.

 8          In concluding that the Appellants could not benefit from American Pipe tolling, the district

 9   court stated that the goal of avoiding a “needless multiplicity of actions” is undermined when class

10   members file individual suits before a certification motion is decided. The district court reasoned

11   that class members who wait to sue individually until after the class certification decision will be in

12   a “better position to evaluate whether they wish to proceed with their own lawsuit.” Moreover, class

13   members’ desire to sue separately may “evaporate” once they have a chance to assess the class

14   representatives’ performance.

15          The district court may be correct that its conception of the American Pipe rule would reduce

16   the number of individual suits filed by class members. But this is beside the point. While reduction

17   in the number of suits may be an incidental benefit of the American Pipe doctrine, it was not the

18   purpose of American Pipe either to reduce the number of suits filed, or to force individual plaintiffs

19   to make an early decision whether to proceed by individual suit or rely on a class representative. Nor

20   was the purpose of American Pipe to protect the desire of a defendant “not to defend against multiple

21   actions in multiple forums.” Crown, 462 U.S. at 353. The American Pipe tolling doctrine was

                                                      -19-
 1   created to protect class members from being forced to file individual suits in order to preserve their

 2   claims. It was not meant to induce class members to forgo their right to sue individually.

 3           We hold that because Appellants were members of a class asserted in a class action

 4   complaint, their limitations period was tolled under the doctrine of American Pipe until such time

 5   as they ceased to be members of the asserted class, notwithstanding that they also filed individual

 6   actions prior to the class certification decision.7

 7                                                 Conclusion

 8           The judgment of the district court is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further

 9   proceedings.

10

11

12

13

14

             7
              We need not consider the Appellants’ alternative argument that their claims qualify for the
     longer statutes of limitations in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

                                                       -20-