Court Opinion

ID: 4608457
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-20 19:42:46.331881+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:53:42.832478
License: Public Domain

FREDERICK AYER, JR., ET AL., TRUSTEES UNDER INDENTURE OF TRUST EXECUTED BY FREDERICK AYER, DATED FEBRUARY 24, 1911, PETITIONERS, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Ayer v. CommissionerDocket No. 67766.United States Board of Tax Appeals37 B.T.A. 767; 1938 BTA LEXIS 990; April 26, 1938, Promulgated *990  1.  Where under the laws of Michigan there was no provision for the extension of the life of a limited partnership association organized in 1891 for 20 years, held, a limited partnership association organized in 1908 for the purpose of taking over all the assets and liabilities of the old association is a new and distinct association (admittedly treated here as a corporation) rather than a mere continuation of the old, although there was no change in stockholders or the business then being carried on.  2.  Where the evidence is clear that the value of the net assets of the old association in 1908 was far in excess of a nominal consideration of $40,000 paid by the new association for such net assets, held, the nominal consideration will not be regarded as establishing the "value" of such assets in 1908 for the purpose of determining the "increase in value of property accrued before March 1, 1913" as that term is used in section 115(b), (d), Revenue Act of 1928.  3.  Where petitioners, who during 1915 to 1923 acquired 9,000 of the 40,000 outstanding shares of the new association for $1,017,915, received during the taxable year 1929 a distribution from the depletion reserves*991  of the new association based upon the March 1, 1913, value of $17,076,008.22, held, 25.837 percent of the distribution was from "increase in value of property accrued before March 1, 1913" and is exempt from tax under section 115(b), Revenue Act of 1928; held, further, 74.163 percent of the distribution represents "other distributions from capital" and is taxable to the extent that it exceeds the basis under section 115(d).  4.  Where section 115(d) of the Revenue Act of 1928 refers to "basis of the stock provided in section 113", it is held, under the rule that the intention of the lawmaker is to be deduced from a view of every material part of the statute, that petitioners' cost basis must be adjusted as is provided in section 111(b)(3) of that act; held, further, under section 111(b)(3), petitioners' cost basis must be reduced by all tax-free distributions and other distributions from capital made during the effective periods of the Revenue Acts of 1924, 1926, and 1928, and also by other distributions from capital made during the effective period of the Revenue Act of 1921.  Ralph E. Tibbetts, Esq., for the petitioners.  George D. Brabson, Esq.,*992   for the respondent.  BLACK *768  This proceeding was brought to redetermine a deficiency in income tax for the year 1929 in the amount of $8,051.37.  Petitioners pray for a determination that instead of the deficiency there is an overpayment of $20,159.11, thus making the total tax in controversy the amount of $28,210.48.  The only issue is what part, if any, of a distribution of $225,683.86 (now stipulated as $255,694.35) received by petitioners out of the depletion reserves of the Keweenaw Land Association, Ltd., was taxable income.  The facts were stipulated in part.  FINDINGS OF FACT.  Petitioners are trustees under an indenture of trust executed by Frederick Ayer, Sr., on February 24, 1911.  The trust maintains offices at 141 Milk Street, Boston.  During the taxable year 1929 petitioners owned 9,000 interests or shares in the Keweenaw Land Association, Ltd., sometimes hereinafter *769  referred to as the new association.  Of those shares, 5,886 were purchased on October 6, 1915, for $676,890, 3,000 on December 3, 1915, for $327,000, 64 on February 9, 1923, for $8,125, and 50 on June 11, 1923, for $5,900, thus making the total consideration for*993  all of the shares the amount of $1,017,915.  The Keweenaw Land Association, Ltd., was organized in 1908 for the purpose of acquiring the entire assets of the Keweenaw Association, Ltd., all of which is more fully set out below.  The Keweenaw Association, Ltd., sometimes hereinafter referred to as the old association, was organized on February 13, 1891, under the laws of Michigan "authorizing the formation of partnership associations, in which the capital subscribed shall alone be responsible for the debts of the association", for a term of 20 years.  Comp. Laws Mich., 1929, ch. 193.  The capital paid in was $40,000, represented by 40,000 interests or shares at $1 each.  There were 5 members, each of whom had subscribed and paid for 8,000 interests or shares.  Its charter provided in part: The total amount of capital of said association shall be and is Forty Thousand Dollars * * *; the character of the business to be conducted by said association is dealing in real estate by the purchase, holding, improving, leasing and selling of lands in the State of Michigan, and selling ores, minerals and other deposits, timber and products of lands which shall be purchased, owned or held by*994  said association * * *.  During the period from 1891 to 1908 the old association acquired large holdings of ore and timber lands in the Upper Peninsula of the State of Michigan.  It carried on substantial operations such as selling timber lands and leasing the ore properties to operating companies on a royalty basis.  On July 14, 1908, the new association was organized under the same statute under which the old association was organized.  Its charter likewise provided for an authorized capital of $40,000, represented by 40,000 interests or shares of the par value of $1 each, all of which were subscribed for by the members of the old association.  In payment of the subscription the subscribers caused the old association to declare and pay a dividend in the amount of $40,000 direct to the new association.  On October 12, 1908, a special meeting of the managers of the old association was held, at which meeting it was: VOTED: To offer to sell the entire real and personal property of the Association and the entire assets of the Association to the Keweenaw Land Association, Limited, for the sum of $40,000.00 cash (forty thousand dollars) to be paid for such conveyance and that the*995  officers of this Association be and they are hereby empowered to execute a deed for such conveyance for the sum of forty thousand dollars cash to be paid therefor by the Keweenaw Land Association, Ltd; also * * *.  *770  On the same day, October 12, 1908, a special meeting of managers of the new association was held, at which the following action was taken: After general discussion it was, on motion of Mr. Davis, seconded by Mr. C. F. Ayer, unanimously VOTED to accept the proposal of The Keweenaw Association, Limited, for the sale of all its property real and personal, and of its entire assets to this Association for the sum of $40,000. (forty thousand dollars) cash to be paid for such conveyance.  At or about the same time, the new association paid the old association $40,000 as recited in the above resolution.  The property transferred by the old association to the new association had a value far in excess of the $40,000 which was recited in the resolutions.  Thereafter, the old association distributed the $40,000 received as consideration for the sale of its assets to its members, and then ceased to exist.  The new association continued to operate in exactly the same*996  manner as did the old.  The officers of the old association at the time the change was made in 1908 were Theo. M. Davis, chairman, and Dudley S. Dean, secretary and treasurer.  The officers of the new association at the time it was organized were Theo. M. Davis, chairman; Dudley S. Dean, treasurer; and Arthur B. Emmons, secretary.  As a result of a letter received by the treasurer of the old association from the Secretary of State of the State of Michigan, the character of the business to be conducted by the new association was stated in its charter to be as follows: The character of the business to be conducted by this association is dealing in real estate by the purchase, holding, improving, leasing and selling of lands, timber and products of such lands, leasing ores, minerals and other deposits owned or held by this association in the State of Michigan.  As of March 1, 1913, the value of the ore content in the property owned by the Keweenaw Land Association, Ltd., the new association, was $12,385,808.22; the value of the timber was $4,690,200; and the value of the land was $1,221,800.  These values have been the accepted basis for depletion for ore and timber by the Keweenaw*997  Land Association, Ltd., since they were agreed to as the correct valuations as of March 1, 1913, by the association and the Commissioner.  Of the March 1, 1913, value of the ore content of $12,385,808.22, $4,412,000 thereof represented the discovery of new mines by the Keweenaw Land Association, Ltd., between the date of acquisition in 1908 and March 1, 1913.  During the period from March 1, 1913, to December 31, 1928, extensive shipments of iron ore were made by the lessees of the new association, on which it received royalties, and extensive sales of timber were made.  *771  Each year since March 1, 1913, the Keweenaw Land Association, Ltd., has paid out in dividends not only all current earnings but also substantial distributions from its depletion reserves.  During the years 1924 to 1929, inclusive, petitioners received distributions from the Keweenaw Land Association, Ltd., which were partly taxable as dividends and partly paid from depletion reserves, as follows: Paid from depletion reservesYearTotal distributions receivedTaxable as dividendsOn 8,886 sharesOn 114 sharesTotal1924$373,500$122,694.75$247,628.38$3,176.87$250,805.251925297,00089,397.00204,973.362,629.64207,603.001926319,500146,682.45170,628.532,189.02172,817.551927247,500121,002.75124,894.951,602.30126,497.251928216,00035,100.00178,608.602,291.40180,900.00Subtotal1,453,500514,876.95926,733.8211,889.23938,623.051929283,50057,805.65222,835.552,858.80225,694.35Total1,737,000572,682.601,149,569.3714,748.031,164,317.40*998  In addition to the above distributions the parties have stipulated that: Distributions per share from Oct. 6, 1915, when the petitioners first acquired shares, to Dec. 31, 1928 inclusive, which were paid out of depletion reserves on the shares of the petitioners, more than equalled the original cost of the petitioners' shares prior to Dec. 31, 1926, with the exception of the shares purchased in 1923.  As respects the 114 shares purchased in 1923, of the distribution of $25.07715 per share paid in 1929 out of depletion reserves, an aggregate sum of $967.37 was not in excess of the original cost adjusted by all such prior distributions.  The respondent determined that the amount paid to petitioners from depletion reserves during the year 1929 in the amount of $225,683.86 (now stipulated at $225,694.35) should be "included in capital net gain, since the cost of the stock acquired in 1916 [sic] and 1923 was extinguished prior to the year 1929." The total tax assessed on the return of the petitioners for the year 1929 was in the amount of $108,311.93, which was paid in four installments as follows: March 12, 1930, $27,311.93; June 13, 1930, $27,000; September 9, 1930, $27,000; *999  and December 15, 1930, $27,000.  The last installment was paid within two years of the filing of the petition with the Board.  OPINION.  BLACK: The sole issue in this proceeding is whether petitioners are taxable on the $225,694.35 which was paid to them during the year 1929 from the depletion reserves of the Keweenaw Land Association, *772  Ltd., and if not taxable on the entire amount, then on what part, if any, are they taxable.  The pertinent sections of the Revenue Act of 1928 are printed in the margin. 1*1000  At the outset it should be noted that the last sentence of section 115(d) is not applicable to the facts in this proceeding as the depletion reserves here involved were based upon the March 1, 1913, value rather than "on the discovery value of mines." It should also be noted that while section 115(b) provides that any tax-free distribution shall reduce the basis, it does not provide, as in section 115(d), that if in excess of such basis, the excess shall be taxable.  The principal deciding factor is the determination of what portion, if any, of the distribution of $225,694.35 represents an "increase in value of property accrued, before March 1, 1913" and what portion, if any, of the distribution falls within that group of "other distributions from capital" referred to in section 115(d).  The distribution in question was made after all the earnings and profits accumulated after February 28, 1913, and before March 1, 1913, had been distributed, and, therefore, under the plain provisions of the statute, if any part was from "increase in value of property accrued, before March 1, 1913", that part may be distributed "exempt from tax" even though it is in excess of the basis and, if*1001  any part was from "other *773  distributions from capital", that part "shall be applied against and reduce the basis of the stock provided in section 113, and if in excess of such basis, such excess shall be taxable in the same manner as a gain from the sale or exchange of property." See art. 626, Regulations 74.  Petitioners' principal contention is that the new association should be regarded in substance as a mere continuation of the old association with an investment of $40,000, and that since the distribution in question was paid out of depletion reserves based upon a March 1, 1913, value of $17,076,008.22, the entire distribution (or at least over 99 percent thereof) should be regarded as paid out of an "increase in value of property accrued, before March 1, 1913." As alternative propositions petitioners contend that, even if any part of the distribution be held as having been paid out of "other distributions from capital", then (1) only such distributions as were made during the effective period of the Revenue Act of 1928 may be applied against petitioners' basis of $1,017,915, and since during this period only $406,594.35 ($180,900 plus $225,694.35) was paid from depletion*1002  reserves, petitioners' basis would not be exceeded and they would not be taxable on any part of the distribution of $225,694.35; or (2) only such distributions as were made during the effective period of the Revenue Acts of 1924, 1926, and 1928 may be applied against petitioners' basis, and, since during this period there was paid from depletion reserves the amount of $938,623.05, the maximum portion of the distribution in question taxable as a capital net gain could not exceed the amount of $146,402.40; or (3) in any event if all distributions made between October 6, 1915, and December 31, 1928, were applied against petitioners' basis, the distribution in question could not exceed petitioners' basis by more than $224,726.98, and the respondent was at least in error to the extent that he included in petitioners' capital net gain any amount in excess of the maximum amount of $224,726.98.  The respondent concedes petitioners' third alternative contention, but contends that his determination as to all other matters should be approved.  We shall first consider petitioners' principal contention.  The old and new associations organized in 1891 and 1908, respectively, were what is known*1003  under the laws of the State of Michigan, as partnership associations.  See Comp. Laws Mich., 1929, chs. 193 and 194, secs. 9909 to 9942.  The act providing for such associations was first enacted in 1877.  It has been amended and added to from time to time, and as amended is still in effect.  The law governing corporations, rather than the law governing partnerships, is applicable to partnership associations.  Rouse, Hazard & Co. v. Donovan,111 Mich. 251">111 Mich. 251; 62 N.W. 359">62 N.W. 359; Staver & Abbott Manufacturing Co. v. Blake,111 Mich. 282">111 Mich. 282;*774 69 N.W. 508">69 N.W. 508; Armstrong v. Stearns,156 Mich. 604">156 Mich. 604; 121 N.W. 312">121 N.W. 312; Yonkerman Co., Ltd. v. Fuller's Advertising Agency,135 Fed. 613. In the last mentioned case the court said: Plaintiff is a partnership association organized under chapter 160, Comp. Laws Mich. 1897, Sections 6079 to 6089.  Such associations are legal entities, and are quasi corporations, controlled by the law applicable to corporations rather than partnerships.  Section 1 of the law under which the two associations in question were organized (sec. 9909, Comp. *1004  Laws Mich., 1929), among other things, provided that "Said articles of association shall also state * * * the contemplated duration of said association, which shall not in any case exceed twenty years * * *." The Keweenaw Association, Ltd., was organized February 13, 1891.  Under section 9909, supra, its life would have ended on February 13, 1911.  Thereafter, under section 9916 of the Compiled Laws of Michigan, 1929, "said association shall cease to carry on its business, except so far as may be required for the beneficial winding up thereof." Cf. Manhard Hardware Co. v. Rothschild,121 Mich. 657">121 Mich. 657; 80 N.W. 707">80 N.W. 707. it was not until 1919 that the State of Michigan permitted partnership associations to extend their life.  See sec. 9940, Comp. Laws Mich., 1929. What was the condition of the old association in the instant case in July 1908?  It had less than three years yet to live.  It was in the midst of a profitable business which could not be successfuly completed within that time.  The laws of Michigan contained no provision under which its life could be extended.  The members unanimously desired to carry on the business.  While they could not*1005  extend the life of the old association, there was nothing to prohibit them from organizing a new association to take over the business of the old association, providing they unanimously agreed to do so, which was the case.  Cf. Attorney General v. Perkins,73 Mich. 303">73 Mich. 303; 41 N.W. 426">41 N.W. 426. The testimony shows that the reason for organizing the new association in 1908 rather than waiting until 1911 was that some of the members were getting along in years and they thought it advisable to make the change before the death of one or more of the members, which death might have complicated the intended action.  Accordingly, the Keweenaw Land Association, Ltd., was duly organized on July 14, 1908, in the manner more fully set forth in our findings.  Petitioners, in support of their contention that the $40,000 capital of the old association remained the capital of the new association and represents the cost to it of the property taken over, and that any appreciation in the value of the assets of the old association which took place prior to October 12, 1908, represents "increase in value of *775  property accrued before March 1, 1913", within the meaning of*1006  section 115(b) of the Revenue Act of 1928, to the new association, as well as appreciation which took place between October 12, 1908, and March 1, 1913, cites and relies upon Commissioner v. Sansome, 60 Fed.(2d) 931; United States v. Kauffmann, 62 Fed.(2d) 1045; Helen v. Crocker,29 B.T.A. 773">29 B.T.A. 773; Geo. F. Baker, Jr., Executor,28 B.T.A. 704">28 B.T.A. 704. We do not think these cases are controlling upon the point we have here to decide.  They held that, where there has been a tax-free statutory reorganization under the provisions of the revenue act applicable at the time the reorganization takes place, earnings of the predecessor corporation retain their character as accumulated earnings rather than becoming capital to the successor corporation in reorganization.  For example the concluding part of the court's opinion in the Sansome case reads as follows: "Hence we hold that a corporate reorganization which results in no 'gain or loss' under Section 202(c) does not toll the company's life as continued under Section 201, and that what were 'earnings or profits' of the original or subsidiary company remain for purposes*1007  of distribution 'earnings or profits' of the successor or parent, in liquidation." To the same effect are United States v. Kauffman, supra;Helen V. Crocker, supra, and Geo. F. Baker, Jr., Executor, supra. There was no such reorganization statute in existence at the time the old association sold and transferred its property to the new association in October 1908.  Hence we hold that the cases which petitioners cite and rely upon are not controlling. In Rosenbaum Brothers, Inc.,11 B.T.A. 736">11 B.T.A. 736, the question was the determination of the petitioner's invested capital under section 326(a)(2) of the Revenue Act of 1918, and the question turned on whether the petitioner was a new corporation organized in 1916 or merely a continuation of a corporation organized in 1890.  The petitioner there was a corporation chartered under the laws of Illinois on February 24, 1916, to take over the business of a corporation by the same name that had been chartered under the laws of Illinois in 1890, but whose charter had expired by limitation on July 9, 1915.  Through an oversight the officers of the old corporation did not become*1008  aware that the charter had expired until the following year, at which time they immediately secured a new charter for a term of 99 years.  Between the date that the old charter expired and the new charter was secured, the business continued to operate and function in the same manner as it had operated and functioned under the corporate charter secured in 1890.  At the time the new charter was issued there was no change of domicile, capitalization, officers, directors, stockholders, assets, or name, nor of business methods *776  or practices.  The assets and liabilities remained on the books of the new corporation at the same figure as they appeared on the books of the old.  The new corporation issued its capital stock of the par value of $200,000 and assumed all of the liabilities of the old corporation in exchange for all of the assets of the latter, which had a value of $157,665.94 more than the amount at which they were entered on the books.  The Commissioner there contended that there was no essential difference between the petitioner and the old corporation, and that, looking through form to substance, the petitioner there had had a continuing existence since 1890, and that*1009  therefore it could not write up its invested capital to correspond with the increased value of its assets.  In denying this contention and holding for the petitioner, we said in part: In our opinion the petitioner is a new entity, separate and distinct from the old corporation * * *.  It was undoubtedly organized for the purpose of continuing under corporate form the business theretofore carried on by the old corporation.  But the purpose in the minds of the incorporations can in no way diminish the power and authority of the State of Illinois to grant a new charter and by the granting thereof to create a new corporation.  We are here dealing, not with the renewal of an old charter, but the granting of a new one; not with the extension of the life of an old corporation, but with the creation of a new corporate life.  * * * This identity of stockholders might affect the situation if this case came under the provisions of section 331 of the Revenue Act of 1918, but as that section has no bearing upon corporate organizations prior to March 3, 1917, it does not apply here.  In the instant case we are of the opinion that in substance as well as form the Keweenaw Land Association, *1010  Ltd., was a new entity, separate and distinct from the Keweenaw Association, Ltd.  There is no provision in the revenue laws that would require us to disregard the separateness of the two entities as is sometimes the case in reorganizations, as has already been pointed out, where the new entity is created on or after March 3, 1917.  Since the Keweenaw Land Association, Ltd., was created long before 1917, we are bound to regard it in the light of what it actually is, and, when so regarded, we can not escape the conclusion that under the laws of Michigan it was in every respect a new and distinct legal entity.  It follows, therefore, that, in determining what portion of the $17,076,008.22 March 1, 1913, value of depletable properties represents an "increase in value of property accrued, before March 1, 1913", we must look to the "value" of the properties when acquired by the new association in 1908 rather than the cost when acquired by the old association prior thereto.  Unfortunately, the record does not show what the value of the depletable properties was in 1908.  The nominal price of $40,000 stated in the October 12, 1908, resolutions of both associations is clearly no indication*1011  of the value of the depletable properties at that time.  We do not understand the petitioners *777  to so contend.  Their main contention, as previously stated, is that the new association is merely a continuation of the old, with all the consequences which follow, which contention we have denied.  Ordinarily where a sale is made at arm's length by persons familiar with the property involved, the price paid establishes the value of the property at that time.  This was not such an arm's length transaction.  The members of both associations were identically the same persons, with each person having identically the same interests in both associations.  They were interested only in having the properties of the old association transferred to the new so that the business could go on uninterrupted after 1911 the date when the old association was to cease by operation of law.  They were not interested in establishing a value for the properties at that time.  One dollar would have served the purpose as well as $40,000.  The balance sheet of the new association as of April 1, 1909 (Exhibit 4 of the stipulation of facts) shows net assets of $171,469.31, exclusive of any value whatever for*1012  real estate, timber, and ores, which are listed among the assets as follows: "404,979 acres (estimated) of timber lands, farming and mineral lands, including 28 iron mines, Value not estimated." It is therefore plain that the $40,000 recited in the resolution as having been paid by the new association to the old association for its property does not in any sense represent the true value of the property at that time.  The evidence does show, however, that of the March 1, 1913, value of the ore content of $12,385,808.22, $4,412,000 thereof represented the discovery of new mines by the Keweenaw Land Association, Ltd., between the date of acquisition in 1908 and March 1, 1913.  Since the mines were not known to exist in 1908, but were discovered between 1908 and March 1, 1913, we think that at least $4,412,000 of the total March 1, 1913, value of depletable properties of $17,076,008.22 represents an "increase in value of property accrued before March 1, 1913" as that phrase is used in the above quoted statute.  The balance of the March 1, 1913, value, in the absence of proof, must for the purposes of this proceeding be regarded as cost or paid-in surplus of the association at the time*1013  of its organization, and any distribution from a depletion reserve based upon cost or paid-in surplus must be regarded as "other distributions from capital" as that phrase is used in section 115(d), supra. We, therefore, hold that 4,412,000/17,076,008.22 (25.837 percent) of the distribution of $225,694.35, or $58,312.65, was distributed from an "increase in value of property accrued before March 1, 1913" and is "exempt from tax" under section 115(b), supra; and that 12,664,008.22/17,076,008.22 (74.163 percent) of the distribution of $225,694.35, or $167,381.70 represents "other distributions from capital" as that phrase is used in *778  section 115(d), supra. This holding makes it necessary to consider next petitioners' alternative propositions.  Although prior to December 31, 1926, the total distributions paid to petitioners, on the 8,886 shares purchased in 1915, out of depletion reserves up to that time more than equaled the total cost of the 8,886 shares, $1,003,890, and on December 31, 1928, the total distributions paid to petitioners on the 114 shares purchased in 1923 lacked only $967.37 of equaling the cost of the 114 shares, $14,025, petitioners' first*1014  alternative contention is that their total basis of $1,017,915 can be reduced only by the distributions out of depletion reserves that were made during the effective period of the Revenue Act of 1928.  In support of this contention petitioners point out that in section 115(d) Congress referred only to the "basis of the stock provided in section 113" and that there is nothing in section 113 providing for an adjusted basis such as is provided for in section 111(b).  Petitioners argue that section 111 deals exclusively with the determination of gain or loss on the sale or disposition of property and does not deal with the taxability of distributions made by a corporation to its stockholders, which is specifically dealt with by section 115; that while section 111 also refers to section 113, it goes further than section 115(d), and, by the express provisions of section 111(b)(3), modifies section 113; that this difference in the applicable basis as set out in section 115(d), and as set out in section 111, was later recognized by Congress in the Revenue Act of 1934, wherein Congress in section 115(d) provided that other distributions from capital shall be applied against and reduce the "adjusted*1015  basis" of the stock provided in section 113; and that in applying the Revenue Act of 1928 to the facts in the instant proceeding we can not read into the act something that is not there.  We are not convinced by this argument.  It is a long established rule that the intention of the lawmaker is to be deduced from a view of every material part of the statute.  Hellmich v. Hellman,276 U.S. 233">276 U.S. 233; Kohlsaat v. Murphy,96 U.S. 153">96 U.S. 153, 159; United States v. Fisher, 2 Cranch, (6 U.S.) 358, 386.  In the latter case Chief Justice Marshall said: "It is undoubtedly a well-established principle in the exposition of statutes, that every part is to be considered, and the intention of the legislature to be extracted from the whole." It is our opinion that in applying section 115(d) to the facts in this proceeding, the term "basis" must be construed in the light of the entire statute, and, when so construed, it must be adjusted as Congress has provided in section 111(b)(3).  Congress has provided in section 111(b)(3) that the "basis shall be diminished by the amount of distributions previously made in respect of such stock, to the extent provided under*1016  the law applicable *779  to the year in which the distribution was made." Petitioners have received distributions in every year 1915 to 1929, inclusive.  The law applicable to these years embraces every revenue act enacted since the Sixteenth Amendment to and including the Revenue Act of 1928.  To what extent do the several statutes require the basis to be diminished by distributions made in respect of petitioners' interests or shares in Keweenaw Land Association, Ltd.?  The Revenue Acts of 1924, 1926, and 1928 all require the basis to be diminished by distributions both from "increase in value of property accrued before March 1, 1913" and "other distributions from capital." Sec. 201(b), (d), Revenue Acts of 1924 and 1926; sec. 115(b), (d), Revenue Act of 1928.  It follows that on January 1, 1929, the beginning of petitioners' taxable year in question, petitioners' cost basis of $1,017,915 must be diminished by at least the total distributions of $938,623.05 paid from depletion reserves for the years 1924 to 1928, inclusive, thus leaving on January 1, 1929, a tentative adjusted basis remaining of $79,291.95.  We shall now consider to what extent the Acts of 1913, 1916, 1917, *1017  1918, and 1921 require the basis to be diminished by distributions made in respect of petitioners' shares.  The pertinent section of the Revenue Act of 1921 is section 201, the material parts of which are printed in the margin. 2*1018  Petitioners in their brief, after quoting section 201(c) (printed in footnote No. 2, supra), argue that "It is obvious that section 201(c) has application only in case of a sale or other disposition of stock and has no bearing upon the taxability or nontaxability of distributions of dividends, whether or not they exceed the basis of the stock." We do not agree with this statement.  That is the same argument petitioners made in contending that section 111(b)(3) of the Revenue Act of 1928 could not be applied so as to reduce petitioners' "basis" referred to in section 115(d) of that act.  We have already considered and denied that argument.  We are of the opinion that section 111(b)(3) of the Revenue Act of 1928 requires the basis to be diminished *780  by the distributions made during the years 1921, 1922, and 1923, the effective period of the Revenue Act of 1921, to the extent provided under that act, and that under section 201(b) thereof the basis is to be diminished by tax-free distributions only where the distributee is claiming a loss, and that under section 201(c) the basis is to be diminished by other distributions from capital regardless of whether a loss or gain*1019  is involved.  See Paul & Mertens, vol. 2, sec. 18.191.  Since in the instant proceeding petitioners are not claiming any loss, we hold that the basis should not be reduced by distributions from "increase in value of property accrued before March 1, 1913" made during the effective period of the Revenue Act of 1921, but only by other distributions from capital made during that period.  The Acts of 1913, 1916, 1917, and 1918 do not require the basis to be diminished by distributions made in respect of petitioners' shares.  Cf. Caroline S. McLean,4 B.T.A. 487">4 B.T.A. 487. We hold, therefore, that petitioners' basis should not be reduced by distributions made while those acts were in force. The record, however, does not show the amounts of the distributions made from depletion reserves during the years 1921, 1922, and 1923 on the 8,886 shares purchased in 1915.  Regarding the 114 shares purchased in 1923, the record does show that $11,889.23 was distributed from depletion reserves during the years 1924 to 1928, inclusive, and that, after applying all the distributions made on such shares from February 9, 1923, to December 31, 1928, inclusive, against the total cost of $14,025, *1020  there was a remaining cost of $967.37.  Therefore, we find that from February 9 to December 31, 1923, petitioners received distributions of $1,168.40 from depletion reserves on the 114 shares, $866.52 (74.163 percent of $1,168.40) of which represented "other distributions from capital." It follows that petitioners' cost of the 114 shares, $14,025, should be reduced by $12,755.75 ($866.52 plus $11,886.23), thus leaving of remaining cost basis of the ($866.52 plus $11,889.23), thus leaving a remaining cost basis of the As shown in our findings, there was paid to petitioners from depletion reserves on the 114 shares during 1929 the amount of $2,858.80.  Of this amount, 25.837 percent or $738.63 represents a distribution from "increase in value of property accrued before March 1, 1913" and is exempt from tax under section 115(b) of the Revenue Act of 1928.  This amount, however, must be applied against and reduce petitioners' remaining basis of $1,269.25 to the amount of $530.62.  Of the amount of $2,858.80, 74.163 percent or $2,120.17 represents "other distributions from capital" and, under section 115(d) of the Revenue Act of 1928, must be applied against the remaining basis of $530.62*1021  and the excess of $1,589.55 taxed in the same manner as gains from the sale or exchange of property.  *781  Regarding the distributions made from depletion reserves on the 8,886 shares during the years 1921, 1922, and 1923, we are, of course, able to determine from the record that at least $91,072.61 ($1,168.40 divided by 114 equals $10.249 per share times 8,886) was so distributed from February 9 to December 31, 1923.  Of the $91,072.61, $67,542.18 (74.163 percent) represented "other distributions from capital." Reducing petitioners' cost of the 8,886 shares, $1,003,890, by the amount of $67,542.18 and by all the distributions made from depletion reserves on the 8,886 shares during the years 1924 to 1928, inclusive, or $926,733.82, would leave a remaining cost of the 8,886 shares on January 1, 1929, of $9,614.  But this cost would have to be further reduced by "other distributions from capital" made from depletion reserves during the period from January 1, 1921, to February 9, 1923, and the record is silent as to the amount of such distributions.  This lack of proof, however, becomes immaterial, for whether we apply the total distributions paid from depletion reserves during*1022  the taxable year on the 8,886 shares, or $222,835.55, against the basis as adjusted under section 111(b)(3), or $9,614, or a lesser amount, the excess over such adjusted basis would in either event be greater than $165,261.53 (74.163 percent of $222,835.55), the maximum amount that can be taxed under section 115(d) of the Revenue Act of 1928.  Petitioners' tax liability for the year 1929 should be recomputed by including in capital net gain the amount of $166,851.08 ($165,261.53 plus $1,589.55) instead of the amount of $225,683.86 included by the respondent in his determination.  Reviewed by the Board.  Decision will be entered under Rule 50.VAN FOSSAN, LEECHVAN FOSSAN and LEECH, dissenting: Petitioners contend that their basis for the stock on which the disputed distributions in 1929 were made, is cost, diminished only by distributions from depletion reserves, occurring within the period during which the Revenue Act of 1928 was effective.  We agree.  Section 115(d) of the Revenue Act of 1928 admittedly controls the treatment of these distributions.  That section provides clearly that, in computing the taxable gain therefrom "such [distributions] shall*1023  be applied against and reduce the basis of the stock provided in section 113." (Emphasis supplied.) Section 113 says just as clearly that, here, such basis "shall be the cost" of the stock.  Section 111, the provisions of which the majority applies, is not mentioned in section 115(d).  Not only that, but section 111, by its terms, is restricted in its application to sales or other dispositions, neither of which occurred here.  *782  Therefore, there is no sound reason for this Board to disregard the explicit and unambiguous provisions of sections 115(d) and 113.  Koshland v. Helvering,298 U.S. 441">298 U.S. 441; Helvering v. St. Louis Southwestern Railway Co., 84 Fed.(2d) 857; Helvering v. Owens, 95 Fed.(2d) 318. Particularly is this true in view of the history of the treatment such distributions were given in the revenue acts both before and since that of 1921.  Footnotes1. SEC. 115.  DISTRIBUTIONS BY CORPORATIONS.  * * * (b) Source of distributions. - For the purposes of this Act every distribution is made out of earnings or profits to the extent thereof, and from the most recently accumulated earnings or profits.  Any earnings or profits accumulated, or increase in value of property accrued, before March 1, 1913, may be distributed except from tax, after the earnings and profits accumulated after February 28, 1913, have been distributed, but any such tax-free distribution shall be applied against and reduce the basis of the stock provided in section 113.  * * * (d) Other distributions from capital. - If any distribution (not in partial or complete liquidation) made by a corporation to its shareholders is not out of increase in value of property accrued before March 1, 1913, and is not out of earnings or profits, then the amount of such distribution shall be applied against and reduce the basis of the stock provided in section 113, and if in excess of such basis, such excess shall be taxable in the same manner as a gain from the sale or exchange of property.  The provisions of this subsection shall also apply to distributions from depletion reserves based on the discovery value of mines.  * * * SEC. 113.  BASIS FOR DETERMINING GAIN OR LOSS.  (a) Property acquired after Februarty 28, 1913. - The basis for determining the gain or loss from the sale or other disposition of property acquired after February 28, 1913, shall be the cost of such property; except * * * SEC. 111.  DETERMINATION OF AMOUNT OF GAIN OR LOSS.  (a) Computation of gain or loss. - Except as hereinafter provided in this section, the gain from the sale or other disposition of property shall be the excess of the amount realized therefrom over the basis provided in section 113, and the loss shall be the excess of such basis over the amount realized.  (b) Adjustment of basis. - In computing the amount of gain or loss under subsection (a) - * * * (3) In the case of stock the basis shall be diminished by the amount of distributions previously made in respect of such stock, to the extent provided under the law applicable to the year in which the distribution was made.  * * * ↩2. (b) For the purposes of this Act every distribution is made out of earnings or profits, and from the most recently accumulated earnings or profits, to the extent of such earnings or profits accumulated since February 28, 1913; but any earnings or profits accumulated or increase in value of property accrued prior to March 1, 1913, may be distributed exempt from the tax, after the earnings and profits accumulated since February 28, 1913, have been distributed.  If any such tax-free distribution has been made the distributee shall not be allowed as a deduction from gross income any loss sustained from the sale or other disposition of his stock or shares unless, and then only to the extent that, the basis provided in section 202 exceeds the sum of (1) the amount realized from the sale or other disposition of such stock or shares, and (2) the aggregate amount of such distributions received by him thereon.  (c) Any distribution (whether in cash or other property) made by a corporation to its shareholders or members otherwise than out of (1) earnings or profits accumulated since February 28, 1913, or (2) earnings or profits accumulated or increase in value of property accrued prior to March 1, 1913, shall be applied against and reduce the basis provided in section 202 for the purpose of ascertaining the gain derived or the loss sustained from the sale or other disposition of the stock or shares by the distributee. ↩