Court Opinion

ID: 6498709
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-08 14:09:14.55144+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:51:09.008986
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-3510-20

JINU KRISHNANKUTTY,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

ELLIOT KOLB,

          Defendant-Respondent,

and

PROGRESSIVE INSURANCE CO.,

     Defendant.
______________________________

                   Submitted June 2, 2022 – Decided July 8, 2022

                   Before Judges Gilson and Gummer.

                   On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                   Division, Bergen County, Docket No. L-3350-19.

                   Dario, Albert, Metz, Eyerman, Canda, Concannon,
                   Ortiz & Krouse, attorneys for appellant (Patrick M.
                   Metz, on the brief).
            Law Offices of Viscomi & Lyons, attorneys for
            respondent (Mario C. Colitti, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      In this automobile-negligence case, plaintiff Jinu Krishnankutty appeals

an order granting summary judgment to defendant Elliot Kolb and dismissing

the complaint with prejudice. The judge granted the motion based on the

perceived inadequacies or improprieties of plaintiff's expert reports. Because

the motion judge erred in granting summary judgment based on the record

presented, we reverse and remand.

                                        I.

      We discern the facts from the summary-judgment record, viewing them in

the light most favorable to plaintiff. See Richter v. Oakland Bd. of Educ., 246

N.J. 507, 515 (2021).

      In a complaint filed on May 2, 2019, plaintiff alleged he had sustained

injuries on March 9, 2017, when defendant's vehicle collided with his vehicle. 1

Plaintiff had selected "Limitation on Lawsuit" as his "tort option" in the policy

that insured him at the time of the accident.

1
 According to the police crash investigation report, the collision occurred on
May 9, 2017.
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      On January 28, 2020, plaintiff served with his answers to interrogatories

a "Comprehensive Health Report," dated April 4, 2019, "concerning [plaintiff's]

injuries." Chiropractor Dr. Marie de Stefan, who prepared the report, had

examined plaintiff on August 11, 2017. During the examination, Dr. de Stefan

performed a foraminal compression test, a Soto-Hall test, a Goldthwait test, a

Lesague straight leg raising test, a Braggard test, a Gaenslen test, a Faber-Patrick

test, a Kemp sign test, and a Whartenberg neurological instrument test.

      Dr. de Stefan in her report summarized an MRI report prepared by

radiologist Dr. Priyesh Patel. She diagnosed plaintiff as having: "cervico-

thoracic sprain strain with associated dyskinesia and myofascitis"; "thecal sac

impingement and some neuroforaminal narrowing with subsequent concomitant

radicular symptoms"; "multiple thoracic subluxation complexes resulting in

persistent spasm, inflammation and dyskinesia"; "lumbo-sacral sprain/strain

with associated dyskinesia and myofascitis"; "radicular symptomology (as per

electrodiagnostic studies)"; and an annular tear and multiple disc herniations and

bulges "as per MRI report."

      Dr. de Stefan opined plaintiff "did receive an injury as a result of the

accident," specifically "trauma to the cervical and lumbar spine causing

vertebrae to be misaligned, discs to herniate, tear and/or bulge, ligaments to be

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                                         3
stretched and nerves to be irritated, giving rise to [plaintiff's] symptoms." She

found "formation of scar tissue at the injury site has caused a permanent loss of

elasticity, which is evident in the examination findings."          Dr. de Stefan

concluded: "as a result of the above evidence, as well as other continuing

objective, orthopedic, and neurological findings, it is my professional opinion

that [plaintiff] has suffered a significant limitation of use of the affected areas

of the spine as a result of this accident."

      After 509 days, including one extension by the parties' consent and two

extensions granted as a result of defendant's motions, discovery ended on March

6, 2021. On May 13, 2021, before the court had scheduled the trial, defendant

filed a summary-judgment motion. The basis of defendant's motion was his

criticism of Dr. de Stefan's report.

      Defendant argued that because plaintiff had elected the limitation-on-

lawsuit tort option in his insurance policy, plaintiff had to prove he had sustained

a permanent injury as a result of the accident. Defendant asserted plaintiff had

failed to "offer any experts who diagnose him with the requisite permanent

injury mandated by N.J.S.A. 39:6A-8(a)."         Defendant characterized Dr. de

Stefan's opinions as "nothing more than subjective rhetoric not amounting to

proven permanency" and argued her "vague phrasing and terminology [did] not

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rise to the standard of proving permanent injury . . . ." Defendant faulted Dr. de

Stefan's report as being "purely speculative" and as constituting "an inadmissible

net opinion." Defendant also contended Dr. de Stefan could not testify at trial

because she had not independently reviewed the MRI films. 2            Defendant

"assumed" Dr. de Stefan was plaintiff's "only named expert" because plaintiff

had not "formally" identified any other expert. Defendant did not include in his

motion a copy of plaintiff's discovery responses or any pre-trial submissions

identifying trial witnesses.

      On May 24, 2021, plaintiff served on defendant a report dated May 14,

2021, prepared by osteopath Dr. Ross Nochimson. In a June 2, 2021 email, a

paralegal from plaintiff's law firm advised defense counsel plaintiff was

amending his interrogatory answers to include Dr. Nochimson's report and that

"the delay for the subject report was due to COVID-19 [p]andemic restrictions."

      In his report, Dr. Nochimson attributed plaintiff's "permanent cervical and

lumbar spinal injuries to the motor vehicle accident."          He reached that

conclusion    "[b]ased   upon    a   thorough   review    of   all   the   .     .   .

2
   During oral argument, plaintiff's counsel advised the motion judge Dr. de
Stefan had not reviewed the actual MRI films but had "rel[ied] on the MRI
report."

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documents/records/studies and subjective and objective findings upon my

clinical examination." 3 Dr. Nochimson also opined:

             The injuries described above are permanent as the body
             parts have not healed to function normally and will not
             heal to function normally with further medical
             treatment. The permanent injuries are based upon
             objective, credible evidence and are verified by
             physical examination and medical testing and are not
             based solely upon subjective complaints.

      In opposition to the motion, plaintiff's counsel argued "the Dr. [de] Stefan

report satisfie[d] the [the Automobile Insurance Cost Reduction Act (AICRA),

N.J.S.A. 39:6A-1.1 to -35,] requirements and c[ould] be attacked by the defense

on cross examination." Referencing Dr. de Stefan's report, plaintiff's counsel

contended "the word 'permanency' in terms of the elasticity to the ligament is

enough to satisfy the requirements of AICRA" and "attacks on those reports can

be made in front of a jury. . . . [I]t is and always has been a question . . . for the

jury to decide whether or not there is permanent injury."

      After hearing oral argument, the motion judge granted defendant's motion

and placed her decision on the record. The judge found "[t]he content of Dr.

[de] Stefan's report [was] insufficient to present a prima facie case for the

3
   During oral argument, plaintiff's counsel advised the motion judge Dr.
Nochimson had not examined plaintiff and characterized his report as "a medical
review."
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satisfaction of a verbal threshold." The judge acknowledged Dr. de Stefan had

used "the word 'permanent' in the permanent loss of elasticity" but faulted Dr.

de Stefan for "not describ[ing] any correlation between her or any objective

findings that she had with the . . . permanency conclusions that she reaches."

The judge found Dr. de Stefan had "rel[ied] exclusively on the diagnostic

conclusions of Dr. Patel" and that plaintiff was "attempting to introduce hearsay

statements of . . . a non-testifying expert through this testifying expert" contrary

to James v. Ruiz, 440 N.J. Super. 45, 65-70 (App. Div. 2015). Finding "Dr. [de]

Stefan's report is what counted," the judge stated she was "not persuaded by the

late submission of" Dr. Nochimson's report and faulted Dr. Nochimson for not

examining plaintiff and for preparing only "a paper review of the medical

records." Noting plaintiff could have sought an extension of the discovery

period, the judge found plaintiff's "attempt to amend [his] discovery is

completely out of time without any basis suggesting, supporting any

extraordinary circumstances." The judge issued an order that day, granting

defendant's motion and dismissing the complaint in its entirety with prejudice.

      On appeal, plaintiff argues the motion judge erred in granting summary

judgment because plaintiff had provided adequate evidence to satisfy the

requirements of AICRA, specifically N.J.S.A. 39:6A-8, plaintiff had presented

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a fact question sufficient to defeat defendant's summary-judgment motion, and

defendant would not be prejudiced by the late submission of Dr. Nochimson's

report. In response, defendant contends the motion judge properly granted his

motion, having correctly rejected Dr. de Stefan's report as an insufficiently

supported net opinion and Dr. Nochimson's report as too late.

                                      II.

      We review a grant of summary judgment "de novo and apply the same

standard as the trial court." Rios v. Meda Pharm., Inc., 247 N.J. 1, 13 (2021).

Summary judgment will be granted when "the competent evidential materials

submitted by the parties," viewed in the light most favorable to the non -moving

party, show there are no "genuine issues of material fact," and that "the moving

party is entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law." Grande v. St. Clare's

Health Sys., 230 N.J. 1, 23-24 (2017) (quoting Bhagat v. Bhagat, 217 N.J. 22,

38 (2014)). We must give the non-moving party "the benefit of the most

favorable evidence and most favorable inferences drawn from that evidence."

Est. of Narleski v. Gomes, 244 N.J. 199, 205 (2020) (quoting Gormley v. Wood-

El, 218 N.J. 72, 86 (2014)). We owe no special deference to the motion judge's

legal analysis. RSI Bank v. Providence Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 234 N.J. 459, 472

(2018).

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      In New Jersey, the holder of every standard automobile liability insurance

policy must select one of two tort options: the "[l]imitation on lawsuit option"

or the "[n]o limitation on lawsuit option." N.J.S.A. 39:6A-8. A person covered

by an insurance policy with the limitation-on-lawsuit option enjoys only "a

limited right of recovery" for noneconomic damages sustained in an automobile

collision. DiProspero v. Penn, 183 N.J. 477, 486 (2005). When a plaintiff is

covered by the limitation-on-lawsuit option, he or she is bound to the "verbal

threshold" and may recover in tort for noneconomic damages only if he or she

"vault[s]" the threshold. Davidson v. Slater, 189 N.J. 166, 189 (2007).

      To vault the verbal threshold, a plaintiff must satisfy two burdens. First,

to obtain noneconomic damages, a plaintiff must show that "as a result of bodily

injury, arising out of [a defendant's] . . . operation . . . or use of . . . [his or her]

automobile in this State . . . [the plaintiff suffered] a permanent injury within a

reasonable degree of medical probability, other than scarring or disfigurement."

N.J.S.A. 39:6A-8(a).      A "permanent injury" is one that "has not healed to

function normally and will not heal to function normally with further medical

treatment." Ibid.; see also Sackman v. N.J. Mfrs. Ins. Co., 445 N.J. Super. 278,

290 (App. Div. 2016). A plaintiff must prove the existence of a permanent injury

with objective clinical evidence. Escobar-Barrera v. Kissin, 464 N.J. Super.

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                                           9
224, 234 (App. Div. 2020). Second, a plaintiff must show his or her injuries

were proximately caused by the defendant's negligence. Davidson, 189 N.J. at

185.

       Dr. de Stefan's report is not a paragon of clarity. But that is not the

standard a party opposing a summary-judgment motion must meet to defeat the

motion. An opposing party needs to demonstrate the existence of a genuine

issue of material fact based on the evidence, "together with all legitimate

inferences therefrom favoring the non-moving party . . . ." Bhagat, 217 N.J. at

38.

       There is a lot we don't know. The record contains no indication Dr. de

Stefan was deposed. See Congiusti v. Ingersoll-Rand Co., 306 N.J. Super. 126,

131 (App. Div. 1997) ("While the experts had not fully disclosed their theories

in their reports, had they been deposed . . . , their depositions might have fully

revealed the bases for their eventual testimony."). We don't know exactly what

Dr. de Stefan meant by her finding that a "formation of scar tissue at the injury

site has caused a permanent loss of elasticity, which is evident in the

examination findings." We don't know if by "permanent loss of elasticity" she

meant a permanent injury as defined by N.J.S.A. 39:6A-8(a). By "evident in the

examination findings," she presumably meant the findings from the examination

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                                       10
she had conducted, which would mean the motion judge was wrong when she

concluded Dr. de Stefan had "rel[ied] exclusively on the diagnostic conclusions

of Dr. Patel." We don't know if the many tests Dr. de Stefan conducted during

her examination of plaintiff were subjective in nature or, instead, provided the

objective clinical evidence necessary to support a finding of a permanent injury.

See Escobar-Barrera, 464 N.J. Super. at 234. The record does not include

plaintiff's discovery responses or any pre-trial submissions. So, we don't know

if defendant's assumption about what expert witnesses plaintiff intended to call

at trial was correct or if plaintiff planned to call Dr. Patel as a witness, which

would render unfounded the judge's concern about plaintiff "attempting to

introduce hearsay statements of . . . a non-testifying expert through this

testifying expert" contrary to James, 440 N.J. Super. at 65-70.

      Without the answers to those questions, we are left with Dr. de Stefan's

conclusion that "formation of scar tissue at the injury site has caused a

permanent loss of elasticity, which is evident in the examination findings."

Giving plaintiff all legitimate inferences, that conclusion is sufficient to create

a genuine issue of material fact and the judge should have denied the motion.

      We find meritless defendant's argument the motion judge correctly

rejected Dr. de Stefan's report as a net opinion. The judge never actually made

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                                       11
that finding. She did not cite any net-opinion cases or even use the phrase "net

opinion" in her decision.

      Plaintiff states in his brief that Dr. Nochimson's report was "unnecessary"

because, as argued by plaintiff, Dr. de Stefan's report was sufficient. Given that

statement and our reversal of the order granting summary judgment, we do not

know if plaintiff intends to attempt to rely on Dr. Nochimson's report. We

comment on the issue for the sake of clarity.

      We can understand the motion judge's reluctance to consider Dr.

Nochimson's report given that plaintiff did not submit it timely, did not move to

reopen discovery, and based the report's untimely submission on an unsworn,

unsupported, and generic statement of a paralegal that "the delay for the subject

report was due to COVID-19 [p]andemic restrictions." On remand, plaintiff may

choose to take no action regarding Dr. Nochimson's report or may move to

reopen discovery, providing support for the assertion the report was delayed due

to the pandemic.    We take no position on any potential motion to reopen

discovery and trust the trial court will be mindful of the extraordinary

circumstances created by the pandemic and of the challenges it created for

litigants, lawyers, and the court system. See Lawson v. Dewar, 468 N.J. Super.

128, 138-39 (2021) (holding that when considering "whether a brief delay

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                                       12
caused by . . . additional discovery . . . will further delay [a] trial," the "judge

should assess when [the] case might realistically be sent out to trial" given the

delays causes by the pandemic).

      Reversed and remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion. We

do not retain jurisdiction.

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