Court Opinion

ID: 4219184
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-11-09 18:09:07.295379+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:41:52.650990
License: Public Domain

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                                    Appellate Court                         Date: 2017.10.16
                                                                            08:14:22 -05'00'

             Lyons Township ex rel. Kielczynski v. Village of Indian Head Park,
                                2017 IL App (1st) 161574

Appellate Court        LYONS TOWNSHIP ex rel. JOHN H. KIELCZYNSKI, Plaintiff-
Caption                Appellant, v. THE VILLAGE OF INDIAN HEAD PARK,
                       Defendant- Appellee.

District & No.         First District, Fifth Division
                       Docket No. 1-16-1574

Filed                  March 24, 2017
Rehearing denied       June 20, 2017
Modified upon denial
of rehearing           June 23, 2017

Decision Under         Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 15-L-1442; the
Review                 Hon. Brigid Mary McGrath, Judge, presiding.

Judgment               Reversed and remanded.

Counsel on             Loevy & Loevy, of Chicago (Matthew Topic, of counsel), for
Appeal                 appellant.

                       Querrey & Harrow, Ltd., of Chicago (Paul A. Rettberg and Jason
                       Callicoat, of counsel), for appellee.
     Panel                   JUSTICE LAMPKIN delivered the judgment of the court, with
                             opinion.
                             Justice Hall concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                             Presiding Justice Gordon specially concurred, with opinion.

                                              OPINION

¶1          Relator, John Kielczynski, appeals the dismissal of his two-count complaint against
       defendant, Village of Indian Head Park (Village), under the Illinois False Claims Act (Act)
       (740 ILCS 175/1 et seq. (West 2014)), pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code of Civil
       Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-619 (West 2014)). Relator alleged the Village overbilled for
       policing services (count I) and failed to remit collections from traffic fines (count II) in
       violation of its contract with plaintiff, Lyons Township. On appeal, relator contends the
       circuit court erred in finding that his claims were barred by the Act’s public disclosure
       provision and that the Village was immune from liability based on section 2-106 of the
       Illinois Local Governmental and Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act (Tort
       Immunity Act) (745 ILCS 10/2-106 (West 2014)). Based on the following, we reverse and
       remand for further proceedings.

¶2                                               FACTS
¶3         During the relevant time period, relator was a retired Lyons Township police officer.
       From June 2014 to October 2014, relator submitted a number of Freedom of Information Act
       (FOIA) requests. In response, relator received a 2014-16 contract for police services between
       the Village and Lyons Township, as well as copies of traffic tickets written by the Village
       while in Lyons Township. The contract expressly stated that its purpose was “to provide
       mobile, well-equipped and trained police officers from [the Village] police department to
       patrol and provide [p]olice [p]rotection in unincorporated areas within [Lyons Township] on
       a contract basis.” Pursuant to the terms of the contract, the Village was to provide a minimum
       of 3120 “man hours per year” in police services for which Lyons Township would
       compensate a specified dollar amount. Then, on February 11, 2015, relator filed a lawsuit,
       asserting that the Village had billed Lyons Township for police services not actually
       provided and that the Village retained revenue from tickets written within Lyons Township
       in violation of the contract.
¶4         The Village responded by filing a section 2-619 motion to dismiss the suit. The circuit
       court granted the motion with prejudice, finding relator’s claims were barred by the public
       disclosure provision of the Act because relator’s investigation was based on records obtained
       under FOIA. In addition, the circuit court found the Village was immune from any liability
       pursuant to section 2-106 of the Tort Immunity Act.
¶5         This appeal followed.

                                                  -2-
¶6                                            ANALYSIS
¶7         Relator contends the circuit court erred in dismissing his claims where the public
       disclosure provision of the Act and section 2-106 of the Tort Immunity Act do not apply to
       his suit.
¶8         A motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-619 admits the legal sufficiency of the
       complaint, but asserts an affirmative matter to otherwise defeat the claim. Patrick
       Engineering, Inc. v. City of Naperville, 2012 IL 113148, ¶ 31. In considering a section
       2-619 motion to dismiss, a court reviews all pleadings and supporting documents in a light
       most favorable to the nonmoving party. Van Meter v. Darien Park District, 207 Ill. 2d 359,
       367-68 (2003). In so doing, the court must determine whether the existence of a genuine
       issue of material fact precludes dismissal or, absent such an issue of fact, whether the
       asserted affirmative matter makes dismissal proper as a matter of law. Kedzie & 103rd
       Currency Exchange, Inc. v. Hodge, 156 Ill. 2d 112, 116-17 (1993). We review the dismissal
       of a complaint pursuant to section 2-619 de novo. Id. at 116.

¶9                                            I. False Claims Act
¶ 10       The Illinois False Claims Act is an anti-fraud statute modeled after the federal False
       Claims Act (31 U.S.C. §§ 3729-3733 (2006)). State ex rel. Schad, Diamond & Shedden, P.C.
       v. National Business Furniture, LLC, 2016 IL App (1st) 150526, ¶ 28. Pursuant to the Act, a
       party that perpetrates fraud against the State is liable for civil penalties and triple damages.
       740 ILCS 175/3(a)(1) (West 2014). A claim under the Act may be raised on the State’s
       behalf by the Attorney General or by a private person, known as a “relator,” in a qui tam
       action. 740 ILCS 175/4(a)-(c) (West 2014). With regard to a qui tam action, the State may
       choose to intervene or, as in this case, may allow the relator to proceed with the litigation.
       740 ILCS 175/4(b)(4) (West 2014). In the latter, the relator is considered a party to the action
       and is entitled to a percentage of the proceeds or settlement if the lawsuit is successful. 740
       ILCS 175/4(c)(1), (d) (West 2014).
¶ 11       The following provisions of the Act are relevant to our analysis and are considered the
       public disclosure bar to qui tam actions:
                   “(4)(A) The court shall dismiss an action or claim under this Section, unless
               opposed by the State, if substantially the same allegations or transactions as alleged in
               the action or claim were publicly disclosed:
                       ***
                       (ii) in a State legislative, State Auditor General, or other State report, hearing,
                   audit, or investigation; or ***
                       ***
               unless the action is brought by the Attorney General or the person bringing the action
               is an original source of the information.
                   (B) For purposes of this paragraph (4), ‘original source’ means an individual who
               either (i) prior to a public disclosure under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph (4),
               has voluntarily disclosed to the State the information on which allegations or
               transactions in a claim are based, or (ii) has knowledge that is independent of and
               materially adds to the publicly disclosed allegations or transactions, and who has

                                                    -3-
               voluntarily provided the information to the State before filing an action under this
               Section.” 740 ILCS 175/4(e)(4) (West 2014).
       The Act defines “State” as:
                   “(a) ‘State’ means the State of Illinois; any agency of State government; the
               system of State colleges and universities, any school district, community college
               district, county, municipality, municipal corporation, unit of local government, and
               any combination of the above under an intergovernmental agreement that includes
               provisions for a governing body of the agency created by the agreement.” 740 ILCS
               175/2 (West 2014).
       Accordingly, there are four inquiries that must be conducted by a court to determine whether
       it has jurisdiction to hear a qui tam suit. State ex rel. Beeler, Schad & Diamond, P.C. v.
       Target Corp., 367 Ill. App. 3d 860, 868 (2006); see also Glaser v. Wound Care Consultants,
       Inc., 570 F.3d 907, 913 (7th Cir. 2009). The questions are (1) whether the alleged “public
       disclosure” contains allegations or transactions from one of the listed sources of section
       4(e)(4)(A) of the Act (740 ILCS 175/4(e)(4)(A) (West 2014)), (2) whether the alleged
       disclosure was made “public” within the meaning of the Act, (3) whether the relator’s
       complaint is “based upon” the “public disclosure,” and (4) if the answer is positive for the
       prior three inquiries, whether the relator qualifies as an “original source” under section
       4(e)(4)(B) of the Act. Id.; 720 ILCS 175/4(e)(4)(B) (West 2014)
¶ 12       Turning to the case before us, the first question we must address is whether substantially
       the same allegations or transactions as alleged in relator’s claims were publicly disclosed in
       “a State legislative, State Auditor General, or other State report, hearing, audit, or
       investigation.” Relator contends the circuit court erroneously concluded, in reliance on the
       United States Supreme Court case Schindler Elevator Corp. v. United States ex rel. Kirk, 563
U.S. 401 (2011), that the FOIA information supporting his claims qualified as “State
       reports.” More specifically, relator argues that, pursuant to the language of the Act, the
       “State” in this matter is Lyons Township, the government unit on whose behalf the lawsuit
       was raised, and not the Village. Therefore, relator maintains that the records supporting his
       claims that were produced by the Village pursuant to his FOIA requests do not qualify as
       “State reports” and, thus, do not bar his claims. The Village counters that the FOIA
       documents do qualify as “State reports” under Schindler Elevator Corp. and the Act, where
       “State” is defined broadly as any state or local government actor. Indian Head Park continues
       that, because relator’s complaint was entirely based upon information provided in the FOIA
       documents, the complaint was properly dismissed pursuant to the public disclosure provision.
¶ 13       Our research has not revealed any Illinois case law on the question presented. That said,
       our analysis requires application of the well-known principles of statutory interpretation. The
       primary rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the
       legislature by applying the plain and ordinary meaning of the language of the statute.
       Hamilton v. Industrial Comm’n, 203 Ill. 2d 250, 255 (2003). When the statutory language is
       clear, courts must apply the statute as written. Id. at 256. However, if a statute is capable of
       being understood by reasonably well-informed persons in two or more different ways, the
       statute is considered ambiguous. Solon v. Midwest Medical Records Ass’n, 236 Ill. 2d 433,
       440 (2010). The supreme court has advised:
               “If the statute is ambiguous, the court may consider extrinsic aids of construction in
               order to discern the legislative intent. [Citation.] We construe the statute to avoid

                                                  -4-
                rendering any part of it meaningless or superfluous. [Citation.] We do not depart from
                the plain statutory language by reading into it exceptions, limitations, or conditions
                that conflict with the expressed intent. [Citation.]” Id. at 440-41.
¶ 14       We recognize that, as defined by the Act, “State” can mean a unit of local government.
       We, however, conclude that, in this context, “State” means the unit of government allegedly
       being defrauded, namely, Lyons Township. We find support for our interpretation in other
       subsections of the Act. For example, the “State” has the primary responsibility for
       conducting a qui tam action and maintains the authority to dismiss a case despite a relator’s
       objections. 740 ILCS 175/4(c) (West 2014); see People ex rel. Schad, Diamond & Shedden,
       P.C. v. QVC, Inc., 2015 IL 132999, ¶ 21. Accordingly, in this context, logic dictates that the
       defrauded government unit retains the decision-making power regarding the fate of a case. In
       contrast, it would be illogical to give an unaffected unit of government the authority to make
       determinations regarding the survival of a case for which that government unit has no
       connection. In fact, the Act provides that a qui tam action “shall be brought in the name of
       the State.” 740 ILCS 175/4(b) (West 2014). Clearly, a qui tam action would not be brought
       on behalf of a government entity engaging in fraud, or any other random government unit
       with no ties to the claim. The purpose of the Act, in relevant part, is to provide qui tam
       actions for citizens to reveal fraud against the government, not to protect a government entity
       engaging in fraud. See National Business Furniture, LLC, 2016 IL App (1st) 150526, ¶ 28
       (the Illinois False Claims Act is an anti-fraud statute).
¶ 15       We find further support for our interpretation of “State report” in the most recent
       amendments to section 4(e) of the Act. Prior to August 17, 2012, section 4(e) of the Act
       provided:
                    “(4)(A) No court shall have jurisdiction over an action under this Section based
                upon the public disclosure of allegations or transactions in a criminal, civil, or
                administrative hearing, in a legislative, administrative, or Auditor General’s report,
                hearing, audit, or investigation, or from the news media, unless the action is brought
                by the Attorney General or the person bringing the action is an original source of the
                information.” Pub. Act 96-1304 (eff. July 27, 2010).
       As of August 17, 2012, however, the legislature amended section 175/4(e) of the Act to
       separate the means of public disclosure and by removing administrative reports as a
       qualifying method of public disclosure—instead, expressly requiring that a non-Auditor
       General’s report be a “State” report. See Pub. Act 97-978 (eff. Aug. 17, 2012).
¶ 16       The 2012 amendment brought the Act in compliance with the federal False Claims Act,
       which similarly had been amended to narrow the public disclosure methods to no longer
       include state and local reports, only federal reports. See 31 U.S.C. § 3730(e)(4)(A)(ii) (Supp.
       I 2012). The federal amendment was made in response to Graham County Soil & Water
       Conservation District v. United States ex rel. Wilson, 559 U.S. 280, 283 (2010), wherein the
       Supreme Court interpreted pre-amended language, nearly identical to that in the pre-amended
       version of the Illinois Act, of “administrative reports, audits, and investigations” as
       encompassing disclosures made in state and local sources as well as federal sources. As with
       the federal False Claims Act, the Illinois Act narrowed the acceptable methods for the public
       disclosure bar by limiting the prohibition, in relevant part, to a “State report.” Logic dictates
       that, in narrowing the acceptable methods for application of the public disclosure bar, the
       legislature intended “State report” to be a report known to the unit of government being

                                                   -5-
       defrauded and not merely a report provided by any unit of government. See Bailey &
       Associates, Inc. v. Department of Employment Security, 289 Ill. App. 3d 310, 321 (1997)
       (“[g]enerally, if the legislature passes an amendment contradicting a recent interpretation of a
       statute, it is ‘an indication that such interpretation was incorrect and that the amendment was
       enacted to clarify the legislature’s original intent’ ” (quoting Collins v. Board of Firemen’s
       Annuity & Benefit Fund, 155 Ill. 2d 103, 111 (1993)).
¶ 17       We recognize that, in Schindler Elevator Corp., the Supreme Court found that a written
       agency response to a FOIA request constituted a “report” under the federal False Claims
       Act’s public disclosure bar. 563 U.S. at 410-11. In so doing, the Supreme Court defined
       “report” based on the word’s ordinary meaning, namely, something that gives information or
       a notification, and based on the “generally broad scope of the FCA’s public disclosure bar.”
       Id. at 407-08. Relying on the “entire text” “integrated [as a] whole,” the Supreme Court noted
       the wide reach of the public disclosure bar by considering sources of public disclosure, such
       as the “news media” and “administrative hearings,” along with the legislature’s use of the
       broad terms “allegations or transactions.” Id.
¶ 18       We find, however, that Schindler Elevator Corp. has no application to the case at bar and,
       therefore, we need not determine whether a FOIA request constitutes a “report.” Putting
       aside the parties’ dispute regarding the precedential value of a federal case to the
       interpretation of our state statute, our statute was amended after the Schindler Elevator Corp.
       case. Importantly, Schindler Elevator Corp. expressly limited its analysis to the pre-amended
       version of the public disclosure bar. Id. at 404 n.1. Moreover, as previously discussed,
       section 4(e) of the Act, in relevant part, now limits the public disclosure bar to a “State
       report.” Reading the statute as a whole, as we must, a “State report” under the circumstances
       of this case means a report provided by the government entity being defrauded, i.e., Lyons
       Township. Our interpretation is consistent with the plain reading of the text and complies
       with the purpose of the public disclosure bar to strike a balance between encouraging private
       persons to root out fraud while stifling parasitic lawsuits. See Graham County Soil & Water
       Conservation District, 559 U.S. at 294-95. Accordingly, where the vast majority of FOIA
       documents upon which relator based his claims were provided by the Village, relator’s
       allegations were not substantially the same allegations or transactions as alleged in a publicly
       disclosed “State report.” 1 Relator’s claims, therefore, were not barred by the public
       disclosure provision.
¶ 19       Furthermore, we find the Village’s additional argument—that our interpretation of the
       Act cannot stand where information in the news media can act as a public disclosure bar, thus
       demonstrating that “State” need not mean the unit of government being defrauded—is
       misplaced. The 2012 amendments to the Act made clear that there are various methods for
       the public disclosure of information, one being a “State report” and another being “the news
       media.” See Pub. Act 97-978 (eff. Aug. 17, 2012). There is no question that information
       within the news media can be considered publicly disclosed; however, there is no question

           1
            We acknowledge that in United States ex rel. Moore & Co., P.A. v. Majestic Blue Fisheries, LLC,
       812 F.3d 294, 302-03 (3d Cir. 2016), the Third Circuit Court of Appeals found that a response to a
       FOIA request still qualified as a report for purposes of the federal public disclosure bar even after the
       statute was amended. That case, however, is distinguishable from the case at bar where the alleged
       fraud was perpetuated on the same entity that responded to the FOIA request.

                                                       -6-
       that the information here was not publicly disclosed in the news media. The fact that there
       are numerous public disclosure methods that would bar a qui tam claim has no bearing on the
       meaning of a “State report” as used in the Act and as applied here.
¶ 20       In sum, we conclude that the circuit court erred in finding that the public disclosure bar
       prohibited relator’s lawsuit, where the allegations supporting the fraud claims as obtained by
       relator from the FOIA responses were not from one of the listed sources in section 4(e)(4)(A)
       of the Act, namely, the alleged “public disclosure” did not contain allegations substantially
       similar to allegations publicly disclosed in “State reports.” To the extent the Village argued
       that the information relator obtained from Lyons Township qualified as a “State report”
       under our interpretation, we note there was no assertion by the Village that the Lyons
       Township information otherwise met the obligations for the public disclosure bar, i.e., that
       substantially the same allegations from the Lyons Township response detailing the amounts
       billed for each officer working in Lyons Township established the allegations of fraud.
       Instead, the Village acknowledged relator’s claims were based only “in part” on the Lyons
       Township’s FOIA response. The vast majority of documents supporting relator’s claims were
       provided by the Village. Without satisfying the first of the four inquiries required to bring the
       relator’s complaint within the Act’s threshold public disclosure jurisdictional bar, we
       conclude the circuit court erred in dismissing the claims. As a result, we need not determine
       whether the relator’s allegations were “publicly disclosed,” whether the lawsuit was “based
       upon” the publicly disclosed allegations, or, if so, whether the relator is an “original source”
       of the information upon which his lawsuit was based.

¶ 21                                        II. Tort Immunity Act
¶ 22        Lyons Township next contends the circuit court erred in finding that relator’s claims were
       barred by section 2-106 of the Tort Immunity Act. Initially, Lyons Township argues that the
       Tort Immunity Act does not apply to this case at all because relator’s fraud claims were
       based on a contract between Lyons Township and the Village. In the alternative, Lyons
       Township argues that the Village’s written misrepresentations are not immune from liability.
¶ 23        Section 2-101(a) of the Tort Immunity Act provides, in relevant part, that “[n]othing in
       this Act affects the liability, if any, of a local public entity or public employee, based on: (a)
       Contract.” 745 ILCS 10/2-101(a) (West 2014). Although it is undisputed that Lyons
       Township and the Village were parties to a contract for police services and remitter of
       payment for parking fees, relator initiated a false claims action, not a contract action. We,
       therefore, find that the Tort Immunity Act does apply. See DiMarco v. City of Chicago, 278
Ill. App. 3d 318, 324 (1996) (“[i]t is evident from the manner in which the word ‘contract’ is
       employed in section 2-101 that the legislature meant to exclude causes of action under
       contract theory” and not merely causes of action based on a contract).
¶ 24        Because we find that the Tort Immunity Act does apply to relator’s claims, we turn to the
       question of whether section 2-106 immunized the Village for the alleged fraud. In order to do
       so, we must rely on the previously discussed tenets of statutory construction. Most
       importantly, we must ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature. Id. To do so,
       we rely on the language of the statute, applying the plain or ordinary and popularly
       understood meaning to the words that appear. Id.
¶ 25        Section 2-106 of the Tort Immunity Act provides that “[a] local public entity is not liable
       for an injury caused by an oral promise or misrepresentation of its employee, whether or not

                                                   -7-
       such promise or misrepresentation is negligent or intentional.” 745 ILCS 10/2-106 (West
       2014). The circuit court agreed with the Village in interpreting section 2-106 to immunize
       municipalities against negligent and intentional misrepresentations, both oral and written. In
       contrast, Lyons Township argues that the immunity applies only to oral promises or oral
       misrepresentations wherein the term “oral” modifies both “promise” and
       “misrepresentation.”
¶ 26       Based on our analysis, we find the circuit court erred in applying section 2-106 to this
       case. Given the commonly understood principles of grammar and usage, we find the
       legislature intended for the adjective “oral” to modify both “promise” and
       “misrepresentation.” The fact that the disjunctive term “or” was used does not negate the
       legislature’s ability to use one adjective to modify multiple nouns. Moreover, reading the
       statute as a whole, we find additional support for our interpretation where the legislature did
       not repeat the word “oral” in the second half of section 2-106. If the legislature intended to
       immunize only oral promises and all misrepresentations by a municipal employee, it would
       have been incumbent on the legislature to expressly state that only oral promises, whether
       negligent or intentional, are immunized. Instead, as written, the statute limits its use of “oral”
       to a single mention because it modifies the entirety of the section. Moreover, in order to
       interpret the statute like the circuit court and the Village, we must assume the legislature
       employed improper grammar. Specifically, if “oral” only modifies “promise” then
       “misrepresentation” does not have a proper article where the statute would read “[a] local
       public entity is not liable for an injury caused by an *** misrepresentation of its employee,
       whether or not such promise or misrepresentation is negligent or intentional.” We will not
       make such an assumption. We, therefore, conclude that the immunity applies only to oral
       misrepresentations by a municipal employee. Accordingly, section 2-106 does not apply to
       the case at bar wherein the alleged fraudulent activity was based on the written contract
       between the municipalities.
¶ 27       Finally, the Village argues that, in the alternative, section 2-107 applies to immunize it
       from liability. Section 2-107 of the Tort Immunity Act provides that “[a] local public entity is
       not liable for injury caused by any action of its employees that is libelous or slanderous or for
       the provision of information either orally, in writing, by computer or any other electronic
       transmission, or in a book or other form of library material.” 745 ILCS 10/2-107 (West
       2014). According to the Village, although not explicitly alleged by relator, the injuries must
       have been caused by a Village employee’s “provision of information” wherein the time
       sheets and tickets must have been falsified and submitted by an unnamed, unspecified
       Village employee. The Village argues that, by extension, it is immunized from providing
       fraudulent payment claims.
¶ 28       As stated, in order to ascertain the intent of the legislature, we must construe a statute by
       applying the plain and ordinary meaning of the language used. Solon, 236 Ill. 2d at 440. In
       doing so, we may not depart from the plain language by reading into it exceptions,
       limitations, or conditions that conflict with the expressed intent. Id. at 440-41.
¶ 29       The plain language of section 2-107 protects municipalities from the actions of its
       employees that are “libelous or slanderous or for the provision of information.” The critical
       language is that, in order for the immunity to have application to the municipality, the
       employees’ actions must be injurious. Here, however, the Village attempts to extend the
       immunity to this case by forcibly making presumptions that an employee provided the

                                                   -8-
       information in order to protect itself from its own fraudulent actions. There was no named
       employee to whom the injurious behavior was attributed nor was the injurious behavior the
       “provision of information.” Instead, the Village itself was named as the entity engaging in
       fraud by submitting unsupported claims for payment. We find that the Village’s
       interpretation of the immunity would require this court to read into the language exceptions,
       limitation, or conditions not expressed by its intent. Accordingly, based on the circumstances
       of this case, we conclude the immunity provided by section 2-107 of the Tort Immunity Act
       is not applicable.
¶ 30       In sum, we conclude that the Village’s alleged actions were not immunized pursuant to
       the Tort Immunity Act.

¶ 31                                       CONCLUSION
¶ 32       We reverse this cause and remand it for further proceedings where relator’s false claims
       action was not barred by the public disclosure provision of the Act and where the Village’s
       alleged conduct was not immunized by the Tort Immunity Act.

¶ 33      Reversed and remanded.

¶ 34      PRESIDING JUSTICE GORDON, specially concurring.
¶ 35      While I concur in the result, I must write separately to clarify both the facts and the law.
       The facts in the majority’s opinion are too short and incomplete to make it clear that there are
       two very separate state entities involved in this suit. Also, I believe that our analysis section
       needs a broader discussion of the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Schindler
       Elevator Corp. v. United States ex rel. Kirk, 563 U.S. 401 (2011), and subsequent federal
       appellate opinions. In this special concurrence, I write separately to add those necessary facts
       and provide a broader discussion of Schindler.

¶ 36                                             I. Facts
¶ 37       John Kielczynski is both a retired police officer and a resident of unincorporated Lyons
       Township. On behalf of Lyons Township, he filed a civil suit against the Village of Indian
       Head Park, alleging that Indian Head Park police officers, whom Lyons Township was
       paying to patrol Lyons Township, were instead performing work for Indian Head Park.
¶ 38       Lyons Township and Indian Head Park had executed a contract, the purpose of which
       was “to provide mobile, well-equipped and trained police officers from the Indian Head Park
       Police Department to patrol and provide Police Protection in unincorporated areas within
       [Lyons] Township on a contract basis.”
¶ 39       The contract states that Indian Head Park will provide a police officer to patrol
       unincorporated Lyons Township from 3 to 11 p.m. daily, as well as an additional officer on
       either Friday or Saturday from 7 to 11 p.m., for a total of 60 hours per week at a rate of
       $32.71 per hour. The contract states that the Indian Head Park officers will be “certified,
       trained officers (not auxillary),” and that they will work a total of 3120 hours per year
       patrolling specified “portions” of “unincorporated [Lyons] Township.”
¶ 40       The complaint alleges that, instead of adhering to the terms of this contract, the Indian
       Head Park police officers were performing work in Indian Head Park at times when they

                                                   -9-
       were to be patrolling Lyons Township. The complaint alleges at least 53 specific instances of
       fraudulent billing by Indian Head Park.
¶ 41        In addition, the complaint alleges at least 11 instances where fines from tickets written by
       Indian Head Park officers working in Lyons Township were paid, not to Lyons Township as
       required by the contract, but to Indian Head Park. The complaint alleges that Indian Head
       Park has “no records showing payment of any ticket revenue paid to LYONS.”
¶ 42        Instead of seeking a specific amount, the complaint asks (1) that Indian Head Park be
       ordered to account for (a) all the time billed to Lyons Township for policing services and (b)
       all the revenue paid to Indian Head Park for tickets written in Lyons; (2) that Indian Head
       Park be ordered to pay Lyons Township three times the value of (a) the police time
       fraudulently billed to Lyons Township and (b) the ticket revenue owed; (3) that the court
       assess penalties against Indian Head Park for $1000 for each violation; and (4) that the court
       award attorney fees and costs.
¶ 43        In his brief to this court, Kielczynski argues that his suit is based on his observations as a
       resident, his experience as a police officer, and records he obtained from Indian Head Park
       pursuant to FOIA. Kielczynski argues that, after receiving Indian Head Park’s responses to
       his FOIA requests, he performed his own independent analysis of them by utilizing his
       experience and knowledge as a police officer.

¶ 44                                            II. The Law
¶ 45        The trial court granted Indian Head Park’s motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-619 of
       the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-619 (West 2014)). “A section 2-619
       motion to dismiss admits the sufficiency of the complaint, but asserts a defense outside the
       complaint that defeats it.” Patrick Engineering, Inc. v. City of Naperville, 2012 IL 113148,
       ¶ 31. “Specifically, section 2-619(a)(9) permits involuntary dismissal where the claim is
       barred by ‘other affirmative matter.’ ” Patrick, 2012 IL 113148, ¶ 31. “When ruling on such
       motions, a court must accept as true all well-pleaded facts, as well as any reasonable
       inferences that may arise from them.” Patrick, 2012 IL 113148, ¶ 31. Our review of a
       dismissal under section 2-619 is de novo. Patrick, 2012 IL 113148, ¶ 31.
¶ 46        The trial court granted Indian Head Park’s motion to dismiss based upon the public
       disclosure bar in the Illinois False Claims Act (740 ILCS 175/4(e)(4) (West 2014)) and
       section 2-106 of the Illinois Local Governmental and Governmental Employees Tort
       Immunity Act (Illinois Tort Immunity Act) (745 ILCS 10/2-106 (West 2014)). I find the
       majority’s discussion of the Illinois Tort Immunity Act persuasive (supra ¶¶ 21-30), but I
       must write separately concerning the Illinois False Claims Act.
¶ 47        Kielczynski brought this suit pursuant to the Illinois False Claims Act, which permits a
       member of the public to file suit on behalf of a state entity that has been defrauded when the
       state entity does not file suit or make a claim. See generally 740 ILCS 175/2(a) (West 2014)
       (listing covered state entities), and 740 ILCS 175/3(a) (West 2014) (describing the types of
       fraud). However, the suit may be barred if the information upon which it is based was
       publicly disclosed. 740 ILCS 175/4(e)(4) (West 2014).
¶ 48        The purpose of a public disclosure bar is to eliminate “ ‘parasitic’ ” lawsuits that are
       based on information of which the government is well aware and which then result in a
       windfall to “enterprising individuals.” United States ex rel. Moore & Co. v. Majestic Blue

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       Fisheries, LLC, 812 F.3d 294, 297-99 (3d Cir. 2016) (discussing the public disclosure bar in
       the federal False Claims Act). See also 740 ILCS 175/4(d)(2) (West 2014) (if the State does
       not proceed with the action, the person bringing the action may receive between 25% and
       30% of the proceeds of the action); Schindler Elevator Corp. v. United States ex rel. Kirk,
       563 U.S. 401, 405 (2011) (when the government chooses not to intervene, the private party
       “stands to receive between 25% and 30% of the proceeds of the action” under the federal
       False Claims Act).
¶ 49        The trial court concluded that Kielczynski’s suit on behalf of Lyons Township was based
       on information that was publicly disclosed because it was based on information which he had
       obtained through FOIA requests to Indian Head Park.
¶ 50        Thus, the first question in this suit is whether a response to a FOIA request qualifies as a
       “State report” under the Illinois False Claims Act, thereby triggering the public disclosure bar
       (740 ILCS 175/4(e)(4) (West 2014)). Supra ¶ 11.
¶ 51        In 2011, the United States Supreme Court found that a written response to a FOIA
       response did constitute a “report” under the federal False Claims Act’s public disclosure bar.
       Schindler, 563 U.S. at 411. Specifically, the Schindler plaintiff had discovered, through
       FOIA requests to the Department of Labor, that a federal contractor had failed to make
       statutorily required reports to the Department of Labor. Schindler, 563 U.S. at 404-06. The
       Supreme Court found that the Department of Labor’s FOIA responses were “report[s]”
       within the meaning of the federal public disclosure bar. Schindler, 563 U.S. at 411 (“The
       [Department of Labor]’s three written FOIA responses to Mrs. Kirk, along with their
       attached records, are thus reports within the meaning of the public disclosure bar.”).
       Schindler is relevant because, as the majority observes, the Illinois False Claims Act is
       modeled on the federal act. Supra ¶ 10.
¶ 52        However, the Schindler opinion effectively distinguishes itself from the case at hand. In
       its first footnote, the Schindler court observed: “During the pendency of this case, the Patient
       Protection and Affordable Care Act, 124 Stat. 119, amended the public disclosure bar. Since
       the amendments are not applicable to pending cases, Graham County Soil and Water
       Conservation Dist. v. United States ex rel. Wilson, 559 U.S. 280, 283, n. 1 (2010), this
       opinion refers to the statute as it existed when the suit was filed.” Schindler, 563 U.S. at 404
       n.1. See also United States ex rel. Oliver v. Philip Morris USA Inc., 763 F.3d 36, 38 n.2
       (D.C. Cir. 2014) (“The False Claims Act was amended on March 23, 2010, by the Patient
       Protection and Affordable Care Act. Pub. L. No. 111-148, § 10104(j)(2), 124 Stat. 119,
       901-901 (2010). Those amendments do not apply to pending suits filed before their
       enactment. [Citation.] Accordingly, throughout this opinion we refer to the version of the
       [False Claims Act] that was in effect at the time [plaintiff] filed his complaint.”).
¶ 53        As a result of the Schindler footnote, the federal cases most relevant to our discussion are
       cases (1) that were decided after March 23, 2010, and (2) that applied the 2010 amendment.
       Similarly, the only precedential Illinois cases are cases (1) that were decided after August 17,
       2012, and (2) that applied our state’s August 17, 2012, amendment, which was enacted to
       bring our act in line with the amended federal False Claims Act. See supra ¶ 16.
¶ 54        As a result, our search for the most relevant cases is within a limited time frame. Within
       this time frame, we have not found any precedential Illinois cases and only two relevant
       federal appellate court cases.

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¶ 55       First, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals issued an opinion last year that contains a
       discussion of the history of the federal False Claims Act in general and the 2010 amendments
       in particular. Moore, 812 F.3d at 297-99. The court concluded that, even after the 2010
       amendments, Schindler’s finding still applied, and that a response to a FOIA request still
       qualified as a report for purposes of the federal public disclosure bar. Moore, 812 F.3d at
       302-03.
¶ 56       Specifically, the Moore plaintiff had discovered, through FOIA requests to the United
       States Coast Guard, that a vessel owner had provided false information to the United States
       Coast Guard. Moore, 812 F.3d at 300-01. Factually, the Moore case is similar to Schindler,
563 U.S. at 404-06. In both cases, the alleged fraud was perpetuated on the same entity,
       which responded to the FOIA requests.
¶ 57       Similarly, the Eighth Circuit applied the 2010 amendments in United States ex rel.
       Kraxberger v. Kansas City Power & Light Co., 756 F.3d 1075, 1078 n.2 (8th Cir. 2014), and
       found that, under Schindler,2 a FOIA response was a report for purposes of the federal public
       disclosure bar, where the plaintiff had discovered, through FOIA requests to the General
       Services Administration (GSA), that a federal contractor had defrauded the GSA. In all three
       cases—Schindler, Moore, and Kraxberger—the alleged fraud was perpetuated on the same
       entity that had supplied the FOIA information.
¶ 58       In contrast to these cases, the alleged fraud in the case at bar was perpetuated by a
       different entity. Indian Head Park and Lyons Township are considered separate entities that
       entered into an arms-length contract, which spelled out, in detail, the services to be
       performed and the payment for the service. Thus, the relevant federal opinions are readily
       distinguishable from the case at bar.
¶ 59       For these reasons, I concur with the majority’s conclusion that, in this rare case, where
       one state entity is accused of defrauding another state entity, the fact that the alleged
       malfeasor made a FOIA response does not trigger the public disclosure bar for its alleged
       victim.

           2
            The Eighth Circuit applied Schindler without first discussing whether Schindler still applied after
       the 2010 amendments. Kraxberger, 756 F.3d at 1078-79.

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