Court Opinion

ID: 5134198
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-11 01:00:45.267071+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:42.218966
License: Public Domain

Appellate Case: 18-1296        Document: 010110617734       Date Filed: 12/10/2021   Page: 1
                                                                                     FILED
                                                                         United States Court of Appeals
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                            Tenth Circuit

                              FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                          December 10, 2021
                          _________________________________
                                                                            Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                                Clerk of Court
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

       Plaintiff - Appellee,

 v.                                                              No. 18-1296
                                                       (D.C. No. 1:12-CR-00033-JLK-2)
 BAKHTIYOR JUMAEV,                                                (D. Colo.)

       Defendant - Appellant.
                       _________________________________

                                       ORDER
                          _________________________________

 Before MATHESON, LUCERO, and EID, Circuit Judges.
                   _________________________________

        This matter is before the court on motion by Appellant’s counsel, Caleb

 Kruckenberg, to correct a clerical error in the opinion issued December 8, 2021. The

 opinion incorrectly identified Appellant’s counsel.

        Upon consideration, the motion is granted. A correction version of the opinion

 issued on December 8, 2021, is attached and shall be issued nunc pro tunc to the original

 filing date.

                                              Entered for the Court
                                              CHRISTOPHER M. WOLPERT, Clerk

                                              by: Jane K. Castro
                                                  Chief Deputy Clerk
Appellate Case: 18-1296     Document: 010110617734      Date Filed: 12/10/2021    Page: 2
                                                                                  FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                                       PUBLISH                                Tenth Circuit

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                     December 8, 2021

                                                                         Christopher M. Wolpert
                              FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                          Clerk of Court
                          _________________________________

  UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

        Plaintiff - Appellee,

  v.                                                         No. 18-1296

  BAKHTIYOR JUMAEV,

        Defendant - Appellant.
                       _________________________________

                       Appeal from the United States District Court
                               for the District of Colorado
                            (D.C. No. 1:12-CR-00033-JLK-2)
                         _________________________________

 Caleb Kruckenberg, Washington, D.C., for Defendant-Appellant.

 James C. Murphy, Assistant United States Attorney, Denver, Colorado (John C. Demers,
 Assistant Attorney General, National Security Division, U.S. Department of Justice,
 Washington, D.C.; Joseph Palmer and Steven L. Lane, Attorneys, National Security
 Division, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.; Jason R. Dunn, United States
 Attorney, Denver, Colorado, with him on the briefs), for Plaintiff-Appellee.
                        _________________________________

 Before MATHESON, Circuit Judge, LUCERO, Senior Circuit Judge, and EID, Circuit
 Judge.
                   _________________________________

 EID, Circuit Judge.
                          _________________________________

       Defendant-appellant Bakhtiyor Jumaev and his co-defendant Jamshid

 Muhtorov were convicted, after separate trials, of conspiring to provide material
Appellate Case: 18-1296    Document: 010110617734       Date Filed: 12/10/2021      Page: 3

 support or resources to a designated foreign terrorist organization, and knowingly

 providing or attempting to provide material support or resources to a designated

 foreign terrorist organization, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2339B.1 Both appealed,

 and, with the parties’ consent, we procedurally consolidated the cases. In an opinion

 issued concurrently with this one, we reject Muhtorov’s claims, including his Sixth

 Amendment speedy trial claim, and affirm his convictions. Muhtorov, slip op. at 1,

 106–63. In this decision, we address Jumaev’s claims, of which there are three.

 First, like Muhtorov, Jumaev asserts that his Sixth Amendment speedy trial right was

 violated. Second, Jumaev maintains that the district court abused its discretion by

 declining to severely sanction the government for its discovery conduct. Third,

 Jumaev contends that the extraterritorial search warrants for his home, phone, and

 computer were issued in violation of Rule 41 of the Federal Rules of Criminal

 Procedure. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we conclude that each of

 Jumaev’s claims fails, and we affirm.

                                              I

                                              A

       Jumaev is a refugee from Uzbekistan. In 2009, he met Muhtorov, a fellow

 Uzbekistan refugee. The two lived far apart—Jumaev, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,

 and Muhtorov in Denver, Colorado. But Philadelphia, it turned out, was one of the

       1
        Muhtorov was also convicted on a third count not brought against Jumaev.
 See United States v. Muhtorov, No. 18-1366, slip op. at 1, 3, 115 (10th Cir. Dec. 8,
 2021).

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 few cities in the United States where a trucking class was offered in Russian, and

 Muhtorov, who struggled with English but spoke Russian, wished to obtain a

 commercial trucker’s license. Muhtorov decided to take the class in Philadelphia,

 and a mutual friend arranged for Muhtorov to stay with Jumaev while Muhtorov was

 there.

          Jumaev and Muhtorov became friendly during Muhtorov’s visit. The two had

 similar backgrounds. Both had left Uzbekistan due to government brutality, and both

 were Muslim. They also shared a mutual interest in the Islamic Jihad Union (“IJU”),

 a State Department–designated foreign terrorist organization with ties to al-Qaeda.

 After Muhtorov returned to Colorado, the two men stayed in contact.

          Unbeknownst to Jumaev and Muhtorov, the government was intercepting their

 communications. Through warrantless surveillance of a non–United States person

 living abroad conducted pursuant to section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence

 Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008 (“Section 702”), Pub. L. No. 110-

 261, 122 Stat. 2436 (codified at 50 U.S.C. § 1881a), the government had become

 aware that Muhtorov was connected to the IJU. Once Muhtorov was on the

 government’s radar, the government used communications intercepted via Section

 702 to support applications to surveil Muhtorov under the Foreign Intelligence

 Surveillance Act of 1978 (“FISA” or “traditional FISA”), Pub. L. No. 95-511, 92

 Stat. 1783. The government also obtained information via traditional FISA

 surveillance that was eventually used against Jumaev.

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       In the course of surveilling Jumaev and Muhtorov, the government discovered

 that the men wished to provide money to the IJU for the “wedding,” a code word that

 referred to the Jihadist cause. Specifically, they contemplated that Jumaev would

 send $300 to Muhtorov as a “wedding gift,” and that Muhtorov would then give the

 money to the IJU.

       Bank records show that a $300 check dated on or about March 10, 2011 was

 made out to Muhtorov by a known associate of Jumaev, Ilkhom Sobirov. On

 January 21, 2012, Muhtorov was arrested at Chicago O’Hare International Airport.

 He had on him a one-way ticket to Turkey, nearly $3,000 in cash, two new iPhones,

 and a new iPad.

                                              B

       On March 14, 2012, Jumaev was charged, via a criminal complaint filed in the

 District of Colorado, with conspiring to provide material support or resources to a

 designated foreign terrorist organization. That same day, a magistrate judge in the

 District of Colorado issued an arrest warrant for Jumaev and extraterritorial search-

 and-seizure warrants for Jumaev’s home, cellular phone, and laptop computer in

 Philadelphia. Incriminating material was found on Jumaev’s devices, and Jumaev

 was promptly arrested and detained pending trial. On March 20, 2012, a superseding

 indictment, charging both Jumaev and Muhtorov, added a second count as to Jumaev

 alleging that he knowingly provided or attempted to provide material support or

 resources to a designated foreign terrorist organization. On March 22, 2012, a

 second superseding indictment was returned, which deleted Jumaev’s and

                                          4
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 Muhtorov’s aliases from the indictment caption but was otherwise identical to the

 first superseding indictment. From the filing of the first superseding indictment

 onward, Jumaev’s and Muhtorov’s cases proceeded largely in tandem, with the two

 filing numerous joint motions and objections addressing discovery, scheduling, and

 other matters.

       The pretrial proceedings over the next six years were complicated and

 protracted. Discovery, in particular, proved to be a bottleneck. Jumaev and

 Muhtorov together broadly requested (1) all statements they had made that were in

 the government’s possession, by which they meant “not just the statements made or

 given to government investigators or agents, but also all recorded conversations or

 communications including e mails and other written communications that they [were]

 alleged to have authored, as well as any statements made to third parties in whatever

 form,” App’x Vol. I at 463; (2) “any transcriptions or summaries of any such

 statements and translations into English thereof,” id.; (3) grand jury materials; and

 (4) exculpatory evidence under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), and Giglio v.

 United States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972). The resulting discovery was voluminous, and,

 because many of the materials were classified, the government had to initiate

 numerous ex parte, in camera hearings pursuant to the Classified Information

 Procedures Act (“CIPA”), 18 U.S.C. app. 3, to determine whether otherwise

 discoverable classified material could be withheld from the defense. Additionally,

 the government had acquired a large number of recordings of Jumaev and Muhtorov

                                          5
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 speaking in Uzbek, Tajik, and Russian, and translating those materials was difficult

 because Uzbek and Tajik translators with security clearances were scarce.

       On October 25, 2013, the government provided Muhtorov, but not Jumaev,

 notice that it would offer evidence at Muhtorov’s trial that was obtained or derived

 from surveillance conducted pursuant to Section 702. On January 29, 2014,

 Muhtorov moved to suppress the evidence that was obtained or derived from Section

 702 surveillance. Before Muhtorov filed his motion, the government informed

 Jumaev that he was not an “aggrieved person” as to the Section 702 acquisitions at

 issue—which was critical information, because by statute only an “aggrieved person”

 is permitted to “move to suppress . . . evidence obtained or derived from . . .

 electronic surveillance” conducted pursuant to FISA, including Section 702. 50

 U.S.C. § 1806(e); see id. § 1881e(a)(1) (deeming Section 702 surveillance to be

 “electronic surveillance” that falls within the scope of 50 U.S.C. § 1806(e)).

 Notwithstanding the fact that the government told him he had not been “aggrieved,”

 Jumaev joined Muhtorov’s motion.

       The district court denied the joint motion on November 19, 2015, nearly two

 years after it was filed. With respect to Muhtorov, the district court resolved the

 motion on the merits in the government’s favor. But with respect to Jumaev, the

 district court concluded, consistent with the representation the government had made

 to Jumaev before he joined Muhtorov’s motion, that Jumaev was not an “aggrieved

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 person” under 50 U.S.C. § 1806(e) and thus he could not seek suppression of Section

 702 evidence nor bring an as-applied challenge to the constitutionality of the statute.2

       On May 18, 2016, the government filed a third superseding indictment. The

 third superseding indictment added two new charges—counts 5 and 6—against

 Jumaev and Muhtorov for conspiring to provide personnel to a designated foreign

 terrorist organization knowing or intending that the personnel be used to prepare for

 or carry out a conspiracy to kill, kidnap, maim, or injure persons or damage property

 in a foreign country. The government maintained that Jumaev and Muhtorov had

 attempted to help Jumaev’s son study at a madrassa with ties to terrorism.

       Eventually, the district court set a discovery deadline of September 1, 2016

 and a trial date of March 13, 2017 for both Jumaev and Muhtorov. On the date of the

 discovery deadline, the government produced a hard drive containing approximately

 39,000 files of recorded statements. This did not, however, prove to be the end of

 discovery. In fact, discovery productions continued well after the discovery

 deadline—though subsequent productions were much smaller than the one that

 occurred on September 1, 2016.

       On October 17, 2016, Muhtorov filed a motion to sever his trial from

 Jumaev’s. A little over a month later, the district court granted the motion. United

       2
          To the extent Jumaev presented a facial challenge, it was resolved by the
 district court’s rejection of Muhtorov’s as-applied and facial challenges. See App’x
 Vol. III at 119; see also Muhtorov, slip op. at 22 n.11 (noting that because
 Muhtorov’s as-applied Section 702 challenge fails, his “facial challenge necessarily
 fails” as well).

                                          7
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 States v. Muhtorov, No. 12-cr-33-JLK, 2016 WL 11612426, at *1–2 (D. Colo. Nov.

 29, 2016). The district court found the severance to be appropriate because

 Muhtorov anticipated he might call Jumaev as a witness. Id. at *1. It also concluded

 that the need for separate, simultaneous translators for the different languages used in

 Muhtorov’s and Jumaev’s statements would make a joint trial cumbersome. Id. at *2.

 Muhtorov’s trial was moved back to July 31, 2017, but Jumaev’s trial remained

 scheduled to begin on March 13, 2017. Despite the severance, many aspects of the

 pretrial proceedings remained joined.

       On November 4, 2016, Jumaev moved to suppress the evidence derived from

 the searches of his home, phone, and computer. He asserted that the magistrate judge

 violated Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 41 when she issued the extraterritorial

 warrants pursuant to which the evidence was obtained. On January 31, 2017, the

 district court denied Jumaev’s motion to suppress.

       On February 28, 2017, less than two weeks before Jumaev’s trial was set to

 begin, Jumaev moved for the first time to dismiss the indictment on the grounds that

 his Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial had been violated. Jumaev argued that

 the five years he had spent waiting to go to trial were excessive and the fault of the

 government. Additionally, he maintained that the large quantity of discovery

 produced on the discovery deadline, the additional productions made after the

 deadline, and the government’s decision to bring two new charges (counts 5 and 6)

 against him more than four years after he was first indicted had prevented his defense

 team from being ready to go trial on the scheduled date.

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        On March 1, 2017, the government voluntarily dismissed counts 5 and 6—the

  counts that had been added by the third superseding indictment. On March 13,

  2017—the day that was meant to be the start of trial—the district court denied

  Jumaev’s speedy trial motion. At the same time though, the district court sanctioned

  the government for its delayed filing and dismissal of counts 5 and 6. Specifically,

  the district court entered an order prohibiting the government from using any

  evidence pertaining to counts 5 and 6 in its case in chief. Jumaev then moved for a

  continuance to give his lawyers additional time to prepare his defense. The district

  court granted the motion and rescheduled the trial for January 8, 2018.

        On November 30, 2017, the district judge informed the parties that he

  unexpectedly needed to undergo medical treatment. To accommodate this

  development, Jumaev’s trial start date was moved again, this time to March 12, 2018.

        On February 16, 2018, a few weeks before the new trial start date, Jumaev

  moved a second time to dismiss the indictment on speedy trial grounds. The district

  court again denied Jumaev’s motion. Also in February 2018, the government finally

  made its last discovery production to Jumaev.

        On March 2, 2018, the district court sanctioned the government for discovery

  conduct that had occurred in December 2017. That month, Jumaev’s defense team

  traveled to Kazakhstan to depose a witness, Sobirov, who had acted as a confidential

  human source for the government. The government, however, failed to disclose

  potential impeachment information about Sobirov until the morning of his deposition.

  The district court determined that the timing of the government’s disclosure

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  prevented Jumaev’s defense team from being able to effectively use the potential

  impeachment information during Sobirov’s deposition. Accordingly, the district

  court ordered that the jury be read an instruction concerning “the information that

  was belatedly disclosed by the government and not elicited during [the] deposition.”

  App’x Vol. VII at 406.

        Jumaev’s trial began on March 12, 2018. On April 30, 2018—a little over six

  years after Jumaev was initially arrested and charged—Jumaev was convicted on

  both of the remaining counts against him (counts 1 and 2).3 On July 18, 2018, the

  district court sentenced Jumaev to time served—76 months and 3 days—as well as

  ten years of supervised release.4 Jumaev now appeals.

                                            II

        We begin with Jumaev’s Sixth Amendment speedy trial claim. “The Sixth

  Amendment guarantees that ‘[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy

  the right to a speedy and public trial.’” United States v. Medina, 918 F.3d 774, 779

  (10th Cir. 2019) (alteration in original) (quoting U.S. Const. amend. VI). To evaluate

  whether a defendant’s Sixth Amendment speedy trial right has been violated, we

        3
            Counts 3 and 4 pertained solely to Muhtorov.
        4
          Jumaev was released into the custody of the U.S. Department of Homeland
  Security. The government seeks to remove Jumaev from the United States, and on
  January 12, 2021, the Board of Immigration Appeals entered a final order of removal.
  Jumaev, though, has challenged that order in a separate appeal. See Jumaev v.
  Garland, No. 21-9513 (10th Cir. filed Feb. 2, 2021). On May 14, 2021, this court
  issued a stay of removal. Order, Jumaev, No. 21-9513 (May 14, 2021). Jumaev’s
  immigration appeal otherwise remains pending.

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  apply the four-part balancing test set forth by the Supreme Court in Barker v. Wingo,

  407 U.S. 514 (1972). “The four factors are: ‘(1) the length of the delay; (2) the

  reason for the delay; (3) the defendant’s assertion of his right; and (4) prejudice to

  the defendant.’” Medina, 918 F.3d at 780 (quoting United States v. Yehling, 456 F.3d

  1236, 1243 (10th Cir. 2006)). “We review the legal question of whether there was a

  Sixth Amendment violation de novo and any underlying district court factual findings

  for clear error.” United States v. Frias, 893 F.3d 1268, 1272 (10th Cir. 2018).

         Although six years is an exceptionally long time to await trial, Jumaev’s claim

  lacks merit in this instance. As noted above, we conclude in our separate Muhtorov

  opinion that Muhtorov’s speedy trial claim fails. And that conclusion resolves

  Jumaev’s claim, too. In all critical respects, Jumaev’s claim is substantially similar,

  and often identical, to Muhtorov’s. In fact, as we detail below, to the extent

  Jumaev’s claim differs from Muhtorov’s, the material differences render Jumaev’s

  claim the weaker one. Accordingly, for largely the same reasons that Muhtorov’s

  claim falls short, we determine that Jumaev’s Sixth Amendment speedy trial claim

  likewise fails.5

         We first weigh each of the Barker factors. We then balance them.

         5
           The dissent’s primary criticisms of our speedy trial analysis here are the same
  as those lodged against our speedy trial analysis in Muhtorov. See Dissent at 1
  (dissenting “[f]or the reasons stated in” the Muhtorov dissent and “incorporat[ing]
  that dissent in its entirety”). As we detail in Muhtorov, we respectfully disagree with
  those objections.

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                                             A

                                             1

        The first Barker factor—the length of the delay—weighs strongly in Jumaev’s

  favor. This first factor “typically serves as a gatekeeper.” Frias, 893 F.3d at 1272.

  “We examine the other factors only when the delay is presumptively prejudicial,

  satisfied by ‘[d]elays approaching one year.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting

  United States v. Batie, 433 F.3d 1287, 1290 (10th Cir. 2006)). “The delay period

  starts with the indictment or arrest, whichever comes first.” United States v. Nixon,

  919 F.3d 1265, 1269 (10th Cir. 2019). It ends “upon conviction.” Betterman v.

  Montana, 136 S. Ct. 1609, 1613 (2016).

        If a defendant can show that the delay is presumptively prejudicial, we must

  then “decide how much weight to assign this delay, considering the length of time

  and the complexity of the federal case.” Nixon, 919 F.3d at 1270. In making this

  assessment, we consider “the extent to which the delay stretches beyond the bare

  minimum needed to trigger judicial examination of the claim.” Doggett v. United

  States, 505 U.S. 647, 652 (1992). Unsurprisingly, “[t]he greater the delay, the more

  th[is] factor favors the defendant.” United States v. Hicks, 779 F.3d 1163, 1168 (10th

  Cir. 2015).

        Here, the roughly six-year delay “is well beyond the one-year delay that courts

  have deemed sufficient to clear the ‘gate’ and allow consideration of the remaining

  three Barker factors.” Muhtorov, slip op. at 116. And while it is shorter than the six

  and a half years that Jumaev’s co-defendant Muhtorov spent waiting for trial, it is

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  still longer than delays that we have concluded favor the defendant at the first Barker

  factor. See Batie, 433 F.3d at 1290–91 (17-month delay); United States v. Margheim,

  770 F.3d 1312, 1326 (10th Cir. 2014) (23-month delay); United States v. Seltzer, 595

  F.3d 1170, 1176–77 (10th Cir. 2010) (two-year delay); Jackson v. Ray, 390 F.3d

  1254, 1261 (10th Cir. 2004) (four-and-one-third-year delay). Accordingly, “when

  considered ‘as one factor among several,’” this six-year delay “weighs strongly in

  favor of [Jumaev].” Muhtorov, slip op. at 117 (quoting Seltzer, 595 F.3d at 1176).

         Our conclusion is not altered by the fact that a long delay can be justified for a

  “serious, complex . . . charge.” Barker, 407 U.S. at 531. As we observe in

  Muhtorov, “[t]his consideration cuts in different directions in [these] case[s].” Slip

  op. at 117. “On the one hand, the investigation included traditional FISA . . . , which

  created procedural complexities.” Id. But on the other, the underlying conduct was

  straightforward, particularly in Jumaev’s case. The government itself stressed this

  point during trial, explaining to the jury that “this [was] a simple case” concerning a

  single transaction in which Jumaev “sent $300 to a man named Jamshid Muhtorov”

  “knowing that Jamshid Muhtorov was going to go support a terrorist group called the

  Islamic Jihad Union.” App’x Vol. XVIII at 598–99, 2662. In the end, we need not

  resolve this tension. Even assuming that this case was “complex” for purposes of the

  first Barker factor, a six-year delay is still so long that the first Barker factor weighs

  strongly in favor of finding a constitutional violation in this case. See Muhtorov, slip

  op. at 118 (reaching the same conclusion with respect to Muhtorov’s delay of six and

  a half years).

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                                             2

        The second Barker factor—the reason for the delay—does not weigh in favor

  of a speedy trial violation. “Because the prosecutor and the court have an affirmative

  constitutional obligation to try the defendant in a timely manner the burden is on the

  prosecution to explain the cause of the pre-trial delay.” Muhtorov, slip op. at 119

  (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting United States v. Brown, 169 F.3d 344,

  349 (6th Cir. 1999)). In turn, delays can count in favor of a speedy trial violation

  even when “there is no evidence that the government intentionally delayed the case

  for the explicit purpose of gaining some advantage.” Seltzer, 595 F.3d at 1179.

  However, “pretrial delay is often both inevitable and wholly justifiable,” such as

  when “[t]he government . . . need[s] time to collect witnesses against the accused

  [and to] oppose his pretrial motions.” Doggett, 505 U.S. at 656.

        As we explain in Muhtorov, the delay in these cases was due to discovery,

  which lasted for Jumaev until February 2018. See Muhtorov, slip op. at 127 & n.62.6

        6
           As noted above, toward the end of 2017, the district judge alerted counsel
  that he unexpectedly needed to undergo medical treatment, and, as a result, Jumaev’s
  trial was moved from January 2018 to March 2018. App’x Vol. IV at 832, Vol. XIII
  at 1080. For the same reason, Muhtorov’s trial was similarly moved, from March
  2018 to May 2018. Muhtorov, slip op. at 127. Because the government completed
  discovery in Muhtorov’s case in January 2018—four months before Muhtorov’s trial
  occurred—we consider the delay caused by the district judge’s medical treatment in
  the course of assessing Muhtorov’s speedy trial claim. See id. at 127, 136–38. But
  with respect to Jumaev, discovery was completed later than in Muhtorov’s case and
  trial occurred sooner—just one month after the government finished its discovery
  productions. As a result, delays due to discovery productions eclipsed the delay due
  to the district judge’s medical treatment, eliminating the need to address the district
  judge’s medical situation as part of our analysis of Jumaev’s claim.

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  The government, therefore, must “provide an acceptable rationale for the delay.”

  Seltzer, 595 F.3d at 1177. This is no easy task in light of the considerable length of

  the delay. But, ultimately, the government has carried its burden. “Given the volume

  of materials requested, meeting those requests required time, particularly when the

  materials had to be translated from uncommon languages—Uzbek and Tajik—by

  translators with security clearances,” who were few and far between. Muhtorov, slip

  op. at 131. Additionally, “[t]he district court’s and the parties’ obligations to comply

  with CIPA significantly complicated the discovery process” in ways that were

  unavoidable. Id. at 129. For these reasons, the lengthy period of discovery was

  justified.7

           The dissent’s approach differs slightly from ours here. It reasons that “[b]ut
  for . . . government-caused delay, the trial would have begun in March 2017,” and
  “therefore [the dissent] would attribute the entire additional year’s delay [from March
  2017 to March 2018] to the government,” including the “additional two months until
  March 2018 due to the district court judge’s illness.” Dissent at 3 n.3. In our view,
  these different paths lead to the same destination, for, like the dissent, we count the
  entire period from March 2017 to March 2018 as delay that the government must
  justify. However, unlike the dissent, our basis for reaching this conclusion is that
  discovery was not completed until February 2018, making an earlier trial impossible.
  The dissent’s analysis does not necessarily conflict with our own—indeed, in
  Muhtorov we do weigh the delay caused by the judge’s medical treatment against the
  government, albeit not heavily. See slip op. at 136–38. But in this case we do not, at
  the end of the day, reach the issue of the judge’s illness.
         7
           As we detail in section III, infra, Jumaev asserts that the government violated
  its discovery obligations in this case by (1) failing to meet the September 1, 2016
  discovery deadline; (2) bringing new charges against him late into the proceedings,
  which forced his defense team to revisit and reevaluate the discovery that had been
  produced up until that point; and (3) delaying the disclosure of potential
  impeachment information concerning a witness, Sobirov, until the morning of that
  witness’s deposition. See Reply Br. at 27–28. Although Muhtorov does not also
  raise these claims on appeal, they do not render Jumaev’s case dissimilar from

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        The dissent takes issue with this analysis. Most of its disagreements concern

  the reasoning we employ in Muhtorov, see Dissent at 2–3 & n.2, and we address

  those critiques in that opinion. But the dissent also posits, with respect to Jumaev

  specifically, that “[t]he excessive governmental delay in responding to timely

  discovery requests made by . . . Jumaev is even more compelling [than in Muhtorov’s

  case] because the government waited to provide discovery information long in its

  possession until the eve of Jumaev’s first scheduled trial,” “caus[ing] an additional

  delay of one year.” Id. at 1. It thus concludes that “the second Barker factor” should

  “weigh[] even more heavily in Jumaev’s favor than,” in the dissent’s view, “it did for

  Muhtorov.” Id. at 4.

        For three reasons, we are unconvinced that Jumaev’s case is stronger than

  Muhtorov’s when it comes to the second Barker factor. First, the dissent’s argument

  appears to be premised on the notion that the March 2017 postponement of Jumaev’s

  trial was solely the result of discovery “produced [by the government] for the first

  Muhtorov’s for purposes of the second Barker factor. Jumaev’s claim concerning the
  government’s failure to meet the discovery deadline is simply a recasting of Jumaev
  and Muhtorov’s general complaints about the slow pace of discovery. Similarly, the
  late-filed charges included in the third superseding indictment were brought against
  Jumaev as well as Muhtorov, see App’x Vol. III at 262–63, so any time lost due to
  that development affected them both, see Muhtorov, slip op. at 139 (explaining that
  “Muhtorov would not have ‘faced trial . . . earlier than he did but for’ the . . . filing
  and dismissing of the third superseding indictment” “[g]iven that the discovery
  process happened before, during, and after [that] event[]” (first omission in original)
  (quoting Doggett, 505 U.S. at 657)). Finally, while the late disclosure of potential
  impeachment information about Sobirov is an issue unique to Jumaev, that late
  disclosure had no impact on Jumaev’s trial date, and therefore is not relevant to our
  assessment of the second Barker factor.

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  time shortly before trial.” Id. at 3. The dissent believes, apparently, that we should

  look favorably on Jumaev because until he received the government’s “eleventh-

  hour” disclosures, he believed he would be able to proceed to trial on the March 2017

  date. Id. Yet the dissent’s factual premise does not hold. As Jumaev himself

  explained in his first speedy trial motion, “[g]iven the huge number of intercepted

  communications provided on September 1, 2016, the Jumaev defense ha[d] not [as of

  March 2017] had the time or resources to review these communications [with Jumaev

  and an interpreter], let alone know which ones need[ed] to be translated for the

  preparation of transcripts for trial.” App’x Vol. VI at 703. Accordingly, Jumaev

  would not have been ready to go to trial on the initial start date even absent the

  government’s productions after September 1, 2016, for his defense team was still

  working through the communications that had been produced by the discovery

  deadline. Second, the dissent’s argument similarly lacks support in the law. We are

  unaware of any authority that suggests the constitutional import of a pretrial delay

  increases when it occurs close to a scheduled trial date. Third, given that Muhtorov’s

  trial date was pushed back at the same time as Jumaev’s and for the same amount of

  time, we fail to see how the delay is more “compelling” in Jumaev’s case. If

  anything, Muhtorov’s situation was the more compelling one, for by that point

  Muhtorov had already spent roughly two months longer than Jumaev in pretrial

  detention, and the order of Jumaev’s and Muhtorov’s trials guaranteed that Muhtorov

  would have to wait longer still for a jury to hear his case.

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         In sum, while the delay in this case was due to discovery, the government has

  justified the delay. The second Barker factor therefore weighs against finding a

  constitutional violation.

                                               3

                                               a

         The third Barker factor—Jumaev’s assertion of his right to a speedy trial—

  also weighs against a speedy trial violation. “The defendant’s assertion of his speedy

  trial right . . . is entitled to strong evidentiary weight in determining whether [he] is

  being deprived of the right.” Barker, 407 U.S. at 531–32. “[F]ailure to assert the

  right,” on the other hand, “will make it difficult for a defendant to prove that he was

  denied a speedy trial.” Id. at 532. Though a defendant bears the burden to assert his

  right, a defendant does not “waive[] any consideration of his right to speedy trial for

  any period prior to which he has not demanded a trial.” Id. at 525. Rather, “the

  ultimate inquiry is ‘whether the defendant’s behavior during the course of litigation

  evinces a desire to go to trial with dispatch.’” Muhtorov, slip op. at 142 (quoting

  Batie, 433 F.3d at 1291). Thus, “‘[w]e may weigh the frequency and force of [the

  defendant’s] objections’ to the delay.” Margheim, 770 F.3d at 1328 (first alteration

  in original) (quoting United States v. Latimer, 511 F.2d 498, 501 (10th Cir. 1975)).

  “A defendant’s early and persistent assertion of his right to a speedy trial will tip the

  third factor in his favor, but efforts to stall the proceedings, such as ‘moving for

  many continuances,’ will ‘tip the balance of this factor heavily against the

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  defendant.’” Medina, 918 F.3d at 781 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting

  Margheim, 770 F.3d at 1328).

           Jumaev argues that the motions to dismiss he filed in the trial court sufficiently

  asserted his constitutional right to a speedy trial. We determine otherwise, for

  Jumaev’s motions were not timely. The first was submitted on February 28, 2017,

  less than two weeks before the then-scheduled trial date of March 13, 2017. The

  second was filed on February 16, 2018, less than a month before his trial finally did

  occur and about five years and eleven months after he was arrested and charged. We

  have previously recognized that the third Barker factor weighs against a defendant

  who chooses “not to assert his right to a speedy trial until trial itself [is] imminent.”

  United States v. Kalady, 941 F.2d 1090, 1095 (10th Cir. 1991). And we find that that

  principle applies here. By waiting until just thirteen days before trial was set to begin

  to raise his first speedy trial objection, Jumaev tipped this factor in the government’s

  favor.

           Notably, Jumaev’s requests for a speedy trial differ from those of his co-

  defendant Muhtorov, who did adequately assert his speedy trial right. While both

  Muhtorov and Jumaev waited years to file their first speedy trial motions,

  Muhtorov’s motions were more frequent and more timely. For instance, Muhtorov,

  like Jumaev, filed two counseled motions. But, unlike Jumaev, Muhtorov also

  submitted several pro se motions in which he “expressed his frustration with delays.”

  Muhtorov, slip op. at 143. The first of these, in particular, included an analysis of the

  four Barker factors and was filed five months before Muhtorov’s then–trial date. See

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  id. at 143–45. Muhtorov’s counseled motions, too, stand in contrast to Jumaev’s.

  For example, Muhtorov’s first counseled motion was filed approximately four

  months prior to trial instead of only two weeks beforehand. See id. at 143, 145.

  Muhtorov’s persistence and diligence show that he “did not intend on waiting until

  the eve of trial to assert the right for the first time.” Id. at 145. Jumaev’s tardiness,

  by contrast, leaves open the possibility that he “merely . . . mov[ed] to dismiss after

  the delay ha[d] already occurred.” United States v. Gould, 672 F.3d 930, 938 (10th

  Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Batie, 433 F.3d at 1291).

         In reaching this conclusion, we recognize that when these cases began, the

  government believed—and represented—that discovery would be completed within

  months, not years. See App’x Vol. XI at 228. A full appreciation for the difficulties

  that discovery would present developed only gradually, and for that reason, Jumaev

  and Muhtorov’s failure to register speedy trial objections closer to the start of the

  proceedings is understandable. See Barker, 407 U.S. at 528 (instructing that a

  defendant is not obligated to submit a “pro forma demand [for a speedy trial] . . .

  immediately after appointment of counsel” to preserve his right). Indeed, this context

  helps explain why Muhtorov’s assertion of his speedy trial right was sufficient

  despite the late date on which it was lodged; in an ordinary case, a speedy trial

  objection first raised roughly five years after the indictment would be untimely. See

  Nixon, 919 F.3d at 1272 (determining that the third Barker factor weighed against a

  defendant who “waited almost a year to invoke his right to a speedy trial”); United

  States v. Black, 830 F.3d 1099, 1121 (10th Cir. 2016) (suggesting that an initial

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  assertion of the speedy trial right “13 months after the First Superseding Indictment”

  is “late”); United States v. Koerber, 10 F.4th 1083, 1110 (10th Cir. 2021) (finding

  that a first assertion of the speedy trial right “over four years after [the defendant’s]

  initial indictment” was not “‘frequent’ or ‘forceful’”). But this context does not

  justify the entirety of Jumaev’s delay. It was ultimately Jumaev’s “burden to actively

  assert his right.” Yehling, 456 F.3d at 1244; see also Muhtorov, slip op. at 140 (“The

  defendant has the ‘burden of showing he desired a speedy trial.’”) (quoting Gould,

  672 F.3d at 938). And Jumaev has not demonstrated that the government’s

  unexpected discovery delays prevented him from asserting his speedy trial right until

  trial was virtually at hand.

           Focusing on the number of motions he filed, Jumaev insists that he did meet

  his burden. He observes that he objected on speedy trial grounds on two separate

  occasions. Reply Br. at 15. And, citing our decision in United States v. Seltzer, he

  says that “this Court has held that if a defendant has ‘twice asserted his speedy trial

  rights’ this ‘put[s] both the district court and the government on notice that the

  defendant wishe[s] to proceed to a prompt resolution of his case,’ and thus ‘weighs

  strongly’ in his favor.” Id. (alterations in original) (quoting Seltzer, 595 F.3d at

  1179).

           Jumaev overreads Seltzer. Seltzer’s analysis did not turn solely on the number

  of motions filed; such a rule would permit a defendant to prevail on this factor simply

  by “rapid-fire filing [speedy trial] motions” shortly before trial. Margheim, 770 F.3d

  at 1329; see also Batie, 433 F.3d at 1291 (explaining that a speedy trial motion

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  submitted after “delay has already occurred” “could be, indeed may well be,

  strategic”). Rather, Seltzer held that the third Barker factor weighs in the defendant’s

  favor when his speedy trial requests are “repeated” and “prompt.” Seltzer, 595 F.3d

  at 1179. Applying that principle here, although “both [Jumaev] and the Seltzer

  defendant ‘brought . . . repeated requests,’ . . . only the Seltzer defendant did so

  promptly.” Margheim, 770 F.3d at 1329 (first omission and emphasis in original)

  (quoting Seltzer, 595 F.3d at 1179). Jumaev’s two motions, therefore, did not

  sufficiently assert his speedy trial right.

         Finally, Jumaev’s other pretrial conduct casts further doubt on his claim that

  he prioritized a speedy trial. See United States v. Tranakos, 911 F.2d 1422, 1429

  (10th Cir. 1990) (explaining that the third Barker factor weighs against a defendant

  who “moves for dismissal on speedy trial grounds” but whose “other conduct

  indicates a contrary desire”). Jumaev points out that he objected to the slow pace of

  the government’s discovery efforts throughout the proceedings, which is true. But

  more revealing is Jumaev’s decision to join Muhtorov’s motion seeking suppression

  of evidence acquired pursuant to Section 702. This was an issue of significant

  novelty and complexity, and it was clear that the issue would take a substantial

  period of time to litigate. For instance, one filing Jumaev and Muhtorov submitted in

  support of the motion—a notice of supplemental authority—was 420 pages long. See

  App’x Vol. II at 53–472. Moreover, Jumaev knew that his chances of prevailing on

  the motion were close to zero. After all, the government informed Jumaev two

  months before he joined Muhtorov’s motion that he was not an “aggrieved person” as

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  to the Section 702 acquisitions at issue. Id. Vol. I at 605, 608. And the district court

  corroborated this claim—while further indicating that Jumaev likely lacked standing

  to bring the Section 702 challenge—at a hearing that took place when the joint

  motion was pending. Id. Vol. XI at 266–67. Today, Jumaev acknowledges that “the

  case against [him] had virtually nothing to do with FISA.” Reply Br. at 13.8

  Nevertheless, Jumaev insisted on litigating the Section 702 issue. That choice

  reveals that he was not “focused completely on proceeding to trial.” Margheim, 770

  F.3d at 1329.9

         Based on the foregoing, we conclude that Jumaev did not adequately assert his

  speedy trial right.10

         8
          In keeping with this acknowledgment, Jumaev has not appealed the denial of
  the Section 702 suppression motion. Muhtorov, though, has appealed that ruling, and
  we address it in the opinion dedicated to his claims. See Muhtorov, slip op. at 6–75.
         9
           The dissent maintains that “Jumaev’s decision to join Muhtorov’s . . .
  suppression motion in 2014 did not evidence Jumaev’s lack of eagerness to go to
  trial” because “Jumaev and Muhtorov remained as co-defendants in a single trial
  until the November 2016 severance,” and therefore, “regardless of whether he joined
  the motion, [Jumaev] could not progress toward trial until the motion was decided in
  November 2015.” Dissent at 7 n.7. The dissent never explains, however, why
  Jumaev could not have asked for a severance once it became clear that Muhtorov’s
  case would require resolution of the complicated issues surrounding Section 702
  surveillance. Indeed, when Muhtorov asked for a severance, it was granted. See
  Muhtorov, 2016 WL 11612426, at *1–2.
         10
            In addition to the foregoing analysis, we note that (1) Jumaev did not object
  to a number of continuances requested by the government under the Speedy Trial Act
  (“STA”), 18 U.S.C. §§ 3161–3174, see App’x Vol. I at 489, 491, 529, 542, 548, and
  (2) Jumaev himself requested a nine-month continuance on March 13, 2017, the date
  his trial was initially scheduled to occur, see id. Vol. XVIII at 86, 90. We do not,
  however, count these continuances against Jumaev. Just as in Muhtorov, once
  Jumaev committed himself to litigating the Section 702 issue his “failure to object [to
  STA continuances] sooner was understandable in light of [the] pending motions to

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                                               b

         For four principal reasons, the dissent disagrees with our analysis of the third

  Barker factor. Though we understand the dissent’s frustration with the length of time

  it took for Jumaev’s case to get to trial, we are unpersuaded by the dissent’s

  arguments.

         First, the dissent contends that by “tip[ping] this factor in favor of Muhtorov

  because his . . . pro se motions expressed frustration with the delay” but not granting

  equal credit to Jumaev, we “require counseled defendants to file pro se motions in

  order for Barker’s assertion-of-the-right factor to weigh in their favor.” Dissent at 6.

  Not so. We contrast Jumaev’s motions with Muhtorov’s to illustrate why, despite the

  many similarities between their cases, Jumaev’s assertions of the right fell short even

  as Muhtorov’s successfully crossed the third-Barker-factor threshold. But what

  matters for purposes of this comparison is not that some of Muhtorov’s motions were

  pro se. What matters is that Muhtorov’s motions—regardless of whether they were

  counseled or pro se—were more frequent and more timely than Jumaev’s. See

  Medina, 918 F.3d at 781 (explaining that “[a] defendant’s early and persistent

  assertion of his right to a speedy trial will tip the third [Barker] factor in his favor”).

  suppress.” Slip op. at 146 (explaining that “[i]t may have been pointless for
  [Muhtorov] to object to the STA continuances given the pending suppression
  motions”). As for Jumaev’s own motion for a continuance, he filed it only after his
  first speedy trial motion was denied, and he maintained that the continuance was
  necessary, in part, due to the government’s ongoing document productions. See
  App’x Vol. XVIII at 85–86. Given that the government did continue to produce
  discovery well after March 13, 2017, we agree that Jumaev’s request for a
  continuance did not necessarily run counter to a desire to proceed to trial quickly.

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  To treat Jumaev’s and Muhtorov’s assertions as equivalent when conducting this

  analysis would be to essentially ignore Muhtorov’s pro se motions—something that

  the dissent acknowledges we cannot do. See Dissent at 6 (recognizing that “Barker’s

  third factor requires us to consider the . . . additional pro se motions for a speedy trial

  filed by Muhtorov”). Thus, accounting for Muhtorov’s pro se motions when we

  weigh Jumaev’s and Muhtorov’s objections, the conclusion that Muhtorov’s were

  made with greater “frequency and force,” Margheim, 770 F.3d at 1328 (quoting

  Latimer, 511 F.2d at 501), is inescapable.11

         Second, the dissent criticizes us for not “weigh[ing] the conduct of both

  parties.” Dissent at 8 (emphasis added). In its view, because “the government

  repeatedly assured [Jumaev] that discovery would be forthcoming,” Jumaev did all

  that was required of him when “[h]e waited on the government to fulfill its

  responsibilities, diligently and persistently filing discovery motions that were not met

  in a timely fashion.” Id. at 8–9.12 Our analysis is not blind to the government’s

  conduct. As our discussion in the preceding section makes clear, we have factored

         11
           The dissent also claims that our analysis, at the very least, “penalize[s]
  Jumaev by faulting him for not augmenting the motions filed by his counsel with pro
  se motions.” Dissent at 6. This, again, is an inaccurate representation of our
  reasoning. We do not punish Jumaev for not filing pro se motions. We simply
  adjudge that the two delinquent motions Jumaev did file were insufficient to tilt the
  third Barker factor in his favor.
         12
            In expressing this opinion, the dissent says that “Jumaev did not seek
  continuances.” Dissent at 9. That is not true. As mentioned above, Jumaev did, in
  fact, ask for a nine-month continuance after his first speedy trial motion was denied.
  See supra note 10. But because we do not count this request against Jumaev, see id.,
  this discrepancy is immaterial.

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  the government’s initial representations concerning discovery into our assessment of

  the timeliness of Jumaev’s first speedy trial motion. See supra section II.A.3.a. But

  when all is said and done, the burden is on the defendant “to actively assert his

  right.” Yehling, 456 F.3d at 1244. Consequently, even when delay is attributable to

  the government, the third Barker factor weighs against a defendant who “merely . . .

  mov[es] to dismiss after the delay has already occurred.” Gould, 672 F.3d at 938

  (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Batie, 433 F.3d at 1291). Nor is it

  enough for a defendant to complain about the pace of discovery without expressly

  raising a speedy trial objection. As we note in Muhtorov, Jumaev and Muhtorov (and

  now, too, the dissent) “offer[] no authority that . . . objections to the slow pace of

  discovery productions are akin to the assertion of a speedy trial right.” Slip op. at

  144 n.78.

        Third, the dissent maintains that we act uncharitably toward Jumaev by

  “[s]imply comparing the time between filing of their first counseled speedy trial

  motions and Muhtorov and Jumaev’s respective trial dates.” Dissent at 9. It says

  that such a comparison “ignores that, after severance, Jumaev was required to

  proceed to trial first, before Muhtorov,” and accordingly there was a “shorter

  practical window between the November 29, 2016 severance and the first scheduled

  trial date on March 13, 2017 available for Jumaev to assert his speedy trial right.” Id.

  This argument is without legal foundation. Our caselaw instructs that there are two

  key periods we look to when assessing the timeliness of a defendant’s assertion of the

  right: the time elapsed since indictment or arrest (whichever comes first), see, e.g.,

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  Nixon, 919 F.3d at 1272; Black, 830 F.3d at 1121, and the time left before trial, see

  Kalady, 941 F.2d at 1095. Nothing in our precedent suggests that we should alter

  these measurements to account for a co-defendant’s trial date. Even if, however, we

  were to make the adjustment the dissent calls for and use only Jumaev’s initial trial

  date when comparing Jumaev’s and Muhtorov’s first speedy trial objections, the

  juxtaposition would still be unfavorable to Jumaev. Muhtorov’s initial motion was

  submitted on February 1, 2017—roughly four weeks before Jumaev filed his first

  motion, and nearly six weeks before Jumaev’s trial was set to begin. This contrast

  illustrates, once again, that if Jumaev was committed to asserting his speedy trial

  right, he had no reason to wait until a mere thirteen days prior to trial to start

  objecting to the length of the proceedings.

         Fourth, the dissent says we should not “fault Jumaev for joining Muhtorov’s

  motion to suppress § 702-derived evidence.” Dissent at 7 n.7. It contends (1) that

  the legality of the Section 702 surveillance was “a relevant issue in Jumaev’s case”

  because evidence to be used against Jumaev was, at bottom, the product of that

  surveillance; (2) that “the government’s assertion that Jumaev was not an ‘aggrieved

  person’ entitled to notice . . . was open to good faith challenge by Jumaev below”;

  (3) that “the belated government assurances that Jumaev was not an ‘aggrieved

  person’ were far from unequivocal, requiring several defense motions to gain a clear

  articulation of the government’s position”; (4) that “Jumaev’s decision to join in

  Muhtorov’s motion . . . was far from a bad faith attempt to delay the trial”; and

  (5) that “[t]o the extent . . . additional delay resulted from [Jumaev’s] decision [to

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  join Muhtorov’s motion], which it did not given that the cases were not severed until

  a year after the motion to suppress was decided, it should not be weighed heavily

  against Jumaev.” Id. at 2, 7 n.7.

        None of these arguments convinces us to overlook Jumaev’s decision to join

  Muhtorov’s motion. With respect to the dissent’s first and second contentions that

  the Section 702 surveillance was relevant to Jumaev’s case and open to good faith

  challenge, Jumaev himself has fatally undercut such claims. By Jumaev’s own

  admission, “the case against [him] had virtually nothing to do with FISA.” Reply Br.

  at 13. Similarly, Jumaev has taken the wind out of the sails of the dissent’s third

  contention that the government’s assurances that Jumaev was not “aggrieved” were

  “belated” and “equivocal.” As Jumaev notes in his reply brief, “[t]he government . . .

  ‘made clear to [his] counsel in 2013 that the [Section 702] Notice did not apply to

  him.’” Id. (quoting Aple. Br. at 26). And 2013 was certainly early enough to inform

  Jumaev’s decision to join Muhtorov’s motion, which was not filed until 2014. As for

  the dissent’s fourth contention—concerning whether Jumaev made a bad faith

  attempt to delay the trial—this argument inverts the test we apply when weighing the

  third Barker factor. The question is not whether the defendant acted in bad faith to

  affirmatively slow down the proceedings; it is whether the defendant demonstrated

  that he wished to proceed to trial quickly. See Batie, 433 F.3d at 1291. And Jumaev

  has not made that showing. Finally, as for the dissent’s fifth contention, we agree

  with the dissent that Jumaev’s decision to join Muhtorov’s motion did not produce

  additional delay. That delay would have occurred anyway due to the slow pace of

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  discovery. See supra section II.A.2. But Jumaev could not have known that such

  delay was inevitable at the time that he joined Muhtorov’s motion. Indeed, Jumaev

  himself states that early in the case he “believed the government’s representations

  that discovery disclosures would be complete[d]” relatively quickly and that a trial

  would “follow[] closely thereafter.” Reply Br. at 19. Thus, his decision to join

  Muhtorov’s motion shows that he was more interested in litigating a complicated and

  tangential legal issue than in “go[ing] to trial with dispatch.” Batie, 433 F.3d at

  1291. And that “contrary desire” is what matters for purposes of the third Barker

  factor. Tranakos, 911 F.2d at 1429.

        In brief, Jumaev’s long-delayed speedy trial motions were inadequate

  assertions of his speedy trial right. The third Barker factor weighs in the

  government’s favor.

                                              4

        Lastly, the fourth Barker factor—prejudice—weighs in Jumaev’s favor, though

  only moderately. “The individual claiming the Sixth Amendment violation has the

  burden of showing prejudice.” Medina, 918 F.3d at 781 (internal quotation marks

  omitted) (quoting Seltzer, 595 F.3d at 1179). However, “[i]n cases of ‘extreme’

  delay, the defendant need not present specific evidence of prejudice, but can rely on a

  ‘presumption of prejudice’ resulting from the prolonged delay.” Id. (quoting United

  States v. Frater, 495 F. App’x 878, 882 (10th Cir. 2012) (unpublished)). “Generally,

  the court requires a delay of six years before allowing the delay itself to constitute

  prejudice.” Seltzer, 595 F.3d at 1180 n.3. “Absent . . . an ‘extreme’ delay, the

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  defendant must provide specific evidence of how the delay was prejudicial.” Medina,

  918 F.3d at 781 (quoting Margheim, 770 F.3d at 1329). “[I]n assessing whether [the

  defendant] has alleged prejudice with sufficient particularity, we focus on the

  interests the speedy-trial right was designed to safeguard: (1) ‘preventing oppressive

  pretrial incarceration’; (2) ‘minimizing anxiety and concern of the accused’; and

  (3) ‘limiting the possibility that the defense will be impaired.’” Margheim, 770 F.3d

  at 1329 (brackets omitted) (quoting Barker, 407 U.S. at 532).

        “Based on our discussion of the second Barker factor, we cannot attribute six

  years of delay to the government.” Muhtorov, slip op. at 152. Accordingly, this

  fourth factor turns on whether Jumaev has demonstrated specific prejudice. Jumaev

  attempts to do so by showing oppressive pretrial incarceration and impairment of his

  defense. We consider each in turn.

                                             a

        Jumaev has established that he suffered prejudice due to his pretrial

  incarceration. “Because the seriousness of a post-accusation delay worsens when the

  wait is accompanied by pretrial incarceration, oppressive pretrial incarceration is the

  second most important [interest].” Jackson, 390 F.3d at 1264. And as we recognize

  in Muhtorov, extended pretrial incarceration, on its own, can be prejudicial. See

  Muhtorov, slip op. at 153. That is the case here. Just as “the mere fact of

  [Muhtorov’s] incarceration for six-and-a-half years weighs in favor of finding

  prejudice,” so too do Jumaev’s six years of pretrial incarceration support a prejudice

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  finding. Id. “By any measure, [six] years of pretrial incarceration is extraordinary.”

  Id.

        Additionally, Jumaev has shown that his pretrial incarceration was particularly

  oppressive because he spent that incarceration “in Denver, far from his friends in

  Pennsylvania,” and during that time was “only . . . able to see one of his sons via

  videoconference for 10 minutes.” Aplt. Br. at 57 (quoting Suppl. App’x (Pleadings)

  at 154). Like we do for Muhtorov, we credit Jumaev’s claims. Muhtorov, slip op. at

  153. “Barker itself noted that time in jail for a pretrial detainee can disrupt family

  life and thereby be prejudicial.” Id. And the distance Jumaev was forced to spend

  away from his home in Philadelphia—over 1700 miles—undoubtedly exacerbated the

  isolation caused by his incarceration.

        In two instances, however, Jumaev fails to show a nexus between his pretrial

  incarceration and the conditions that he claims were oppressive. He contends that he

  experienced prejudice because (1) Denver was particularly far away from his family

  in Uzbekistan and (2) he had to “live[] with the knowledge that his communications

  with his family and friends were monitored for an extended period of his life, such

  that his private concerns ha[d] become public.” Aplt. Br. at 57–58 (second alteration

  in original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Suppl. App’x (Pleadings) at

  154). Neither of these arguments withstands scrutiny. As for the first argument,

  Jumaev’s theory appears to be that his pretrial imprisonment would have been less

  burdensome vis-à-vis his separation from his family in Uzbekistan had he been in

  Pennsylvania rather than Colorado. Yet given that Pennsylvania is still half a world

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  away from Jumaev’s homeland, this proposition makes little sense. As for the second

  argument, Jumaev apparently references the fact that the government surveilled him

  while it was building its case. That surveillance, though, would have come to light

  regardless of whether Jumaev was incarcerated before trial. Therefore, the fact that

  Jumaev learned he was surveilled bears no relation to whether his pretrial

  incarceration was oppressive.

         We are also unpersuaded by Jumaev’s final argument concerning the

  oppressiveness of his pretrial incarceration. Jumaev maintains that his pretrial

  incarceration was oppressive because “it is likely that [he] would have received a . . .

  shorter . . . term of imprisonment” had he not been incarcerated before trial, given

  that “his time served was already near the top of his advisory guideline range by the

  time of sentencing.” Reply Br. at 24. Observing that “[t]he Supreme Court has

  recognized that pretrial custody can be particularly oppressive when it involves ‘dead

  time’ in jails that ‘offer little or no recreational or rehabilitative programs,’” he says

  that “[h]ad [he] gone to trial earlier, he likely would have spent less total time in

  custody that [sic] he did in pretrial custody.” Id. at 25 (quoting Barker, 407 U.S. at

  532–33).13 This in turn, he continues, “suggests that the time in custody was

  particularly oppressive.” Id.

         13
            Although Jumaev references the principle that incarceration is more
  oppressive when it occurs in “local jails” that “lack . . . rehabilitation programs and
  visiting privileges,” Muhtorov, slip op. at 154, he does not specifically claim that he
  spent time in such a place, and the record discloses that he was incarcerated at a
  federal facility—the Englewood Federal Detention Center—from March 30, 2012
  through his release in 2018, see, e.g., App’x Vol. VI at 695.

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         This argument carries no water. Jumaev cites no case that has treated the

  sentence imposed post-conviction as relevant to assessing the constitutional validity

  of pretrial proceedings. And even supposing a defendant’s sentence can be a valid

  component of the speedy trial analysis in an appropriate case, Jumaev fails to present

  a compelling argument as to why the sentence imposed in this instance rendered the

  pretrial incarceration oppressive. Jumaev’s period of pretrial detention—76 months

  and 3 days—fell within the applicable sentencing guidelines range of 63 to 78

  months. Suppl. App’x (Pleadings) at 145. And although, practically speaking, the

  length of that pretrial incarceration prevented the district court from selecting a

  sentence on the low end of the relevant range, see id. at 158, it is not clear that, at

  bottom, Jumaev’s pretrial detention was the reason he received a long sentence.

  After all, the district court said during the sentencing hearing that “[t]he crimes with

  which Mr. Jumaev has been convicted are undoubtedly grave and he must be

  sentenced accordingly”—reasoning that indicates a sentence on the high end of the

  guidelines range was on the table regardless of how much time Jumaev had already

  served. Id. at 153. In these circumstances, we cannot say that Jumaev’s sentence of

  time served demonstrates that his pretrial incarceration was oppressive.

         Notwithstanding the failures of some of Jumaev’s arguments, on the whole,

  Jumaev has demonstrated prejudice due to the nature and length of his six years of

  pretrial incarceration.

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                                              b

        Jumaev has also demonstrated prejudice due to impairment of his defense.

  “[T]he most serious [interest] is the ‘hindrance of the defense’ because the inability

  of a defendant to adequately prepare his case skews the fairness of the entire system.”

  Seltzer, 595 F.3d at 1179–80 (quoting United States v. Toombs, 574 F.3d 1262, 1275

  (10th Cir. 2009)). “On this interest, we have held that a defendant should show ‘that

  the delay resulted in the loss of specific evidence or the unavailability of certain

  witnesses.’” Frias, 893 F.3d at 1273 (quoting Hicks, 779 F.3d at 1169). Impairment

  of the defense also occurs when “witnesses lose their memory of events that are

  critical to the theory of defense.” Margheim, 770 F.3d at 1329.

        To establish impairment from lost testimony, a defendant must make three

  showings. First, the defendant must “state[] with particularity what . . . testimony

  would have been offered,” Jackson, 390 F.3d at 1265 (alteration in original) (internal

  quotation marks omitted) (quoting Tranakos, 911 F.2d at 1429), and explain how the

  lost testimony was “material,” Margheim, 770 F.3d at 1330, or “meaningful,”

  Medina, 918 F.3d at 782. Second, the defendant must “present evidence that the

  delay caused the . . . unavailability.” Jackson, 390 F.3d at 1265. Third, the

  defendant must establish that he “t[ook] steps, when possible, to preserve testimony.”

  Id. “But when a defendant is not ‘on notice of the need to preserve testimony’ or has

  no ‘realistic opportunity to do so,’” we do not “view the failure to preserve testimony

  as fatal to a claim of prejudice.” Muhtorov, slip op. at 150–51 (quoting Jackson, 390

  F.3d at 1265).

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           Jumaev tries to demonstrate prejudice due to loss of testimony in two ways:

  the failure of his own memory, and the unavailability of his former roommate

  Jakhonghir Rakhimov as a witness. He succeeds in the latter attempt, but the weight

  of his showing is reduced because Rakhimov’s testimony would not have been

  exculpatory or central to Jumaev’s defense.

           We first address Jumaev’s assertion that his own recollection suffered from the

  passage of time. Jumaev says that because his memory failed, he was unable “to give

  context to the volumes of recorded conversations he had been a part of seven years

  prior to his trial.” Reply Br. at 21. And he further claims that “[t]hese lapses in his

  memory were exploited by the government” at trial, used to show “that [his]

  explanations about his discussions with the FBI and Mr. Muhtorov were ‘neither

  reliable nor credible.’” Id. at 22 (emphasis omitted) (quoting App’x Vol. XVIII at

  2717).

           We accept that Jumaev can satisfy the second and third impairment-of-the-

  defense requirements with respect to this lost testimony. We do not doubt that

  Jumaev’s recollection of the relevant events faded, to at least some degree, over the

  long span of time at issue. See Seltzer, 595 F.3d at 1177 n.2 (noting “the dangers of

  memory loss or distortion over time”); see also Edmaiston v. Neil, 452 F.2d 494, 500

  (6th Cir. 1971) (concluding that the defendant’s “own memory was understandably

  vague with regard to events occurring eight and one-half years before trial”).

  Additionally, there is no indication that Jumaev had reason to know—at the outset,

  when his memory was still fresh—that the proceedings would last so long as to cause

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  his memory to falter, such that he needed to take steps to preserve his own testimony.

  Finally, even if Jumaev had anticipated that his memory would fail, preserving his

  testimony was not a realistic option: it would have been impractical for him to record

  every detail he could recall about every conversation he had ever had (1) with

  Muhtorov or (2) that pertained to the IJU. Accordingly, Jumaev has established that

  the delay here produced the loss of his testimony and that preservation was neither

  required nor feasible.

         Jumaev falls short, however, in his attempt to show that the lost testimony

  was material. Jumaev does not assert prejudice on the grounds that his testimony

  would have been exculpatory. Instead, he claims that the government used his poor

  recollection against him “as evidence of his evasiveness,” undermining his credibility

  with the jury. Aplt. Br. at 55. The record does not bear out Jumaev’s

  characterization of the government’s trial arguments. True, the prosecutor who made

  the government’s closing statement contended that Jumaev “said plenty of things that

  are neither reliable nor credible.” App’x Vol. XVIII at 2717. But she was likely

  referring to the fact that, by Jumaev’s own admission, he had lied to the FBI on

  multiple occasions, not to the fact that Jumaev had struggled to remember certain

  details when he testified. See id. at 1879, 1882–83, 1887. Further, at that point in

  her closing, the prosecutor was not trying to cast doubt on Jumaev’s testimony. To

  the contrary, she was trying to convince the jury that, despite the lies Jumaev had

  previously told to the FBI, incriminating statements he made to the FBI after he was

  arrested were credible. See id. at 2710–13, 2717. Jumaev thus fails to show that the

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  government used his lack of recollection against him. Ergo, he has not demonstrated

  that he was prejudiced by the loss of his own testimony.

        Turning to Jumaev’s argument about the unavailability of Rakhimov, we

  conclude that Jumaev fares better on this score. The government does not contest

  that the march of time rendered Rakhimov—who could not be located for Jumaev’s

  trial—unavailable as a witness. Nor does the government maintain that Jumaev had

  notice that he needed to attempt to preserve Rakhimov’s testimony. The sole

  question, then, is whether Jumaev has pointed to particular testimony from Rakhimov

  that would have been material to Jumaev’s case.

        Jumaev has done so. Relying on an interview of Rakhimov conducted by the

  FBI, he shows that, had Rakhimov been available, Rakhimov would have testified

  that Jumaev “was a simple primitive man who did not understand Islam.” Aplt. Br. at

  56 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting App’x Vol. V at 37). And this

  testimony, Jumaev further explains, could have cast doubt on the government’s claim

  that Jumaev was serious about joining Muhtorov in the pursuit of religious

  extremism. Id.; see App’x Vol. XVIII at 2707–09. Thus, Rakhimov’s testimony

  “arguably ‘would have aided [Jumaev’s] defense,’” rendering it material. Muhtorov,

  slip op. at 156 (quoting United States v. Trammell, 133 F.3d 1343, 1351 (10th Cir.

  1998)).

        That said, “we do not weigh this prejudice heavily” because Rakhimov’s

  testimony “would not have been exculpatory or central to the defense.” Id. at 158.

  Rakhimov’s testimony would not have directly contradicted the government’s theory

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  that Jumaev was radicalized; the jury could have determined that Jumaev turned to

  religious extremism even though he “did not understand Islam.” Moreover, the

  actions charged in the indictment occurred in 2011 and 2012, while Rakhimov was

  Jumaev’s roommate only until 2008. App’x Vol. V at 37. The jury, therefore, could

  have concluded that in the years after Rakhimov lived with Jumaev, Jumaev’s

  understanding of Islam grew. Indeed, lending support to such a conclusion,

  Rakhimov himself would have testified that Jumaev “was teaching himself” about

  Islam using “videos and . . . tapes” and by “listening to sermons from . . . Anwar

  Aulaqi,” a well-known cleric who had been “‘blacklisted’ by the United States.” Id.

  In short, even though Rakhimov’s testimony was material, it was neither exculpatory

  nor central to his defense. For that reason, we do not find this prejudice substantial.

                                             B

        We now turn to balancing the Barker factors, but given the substantial

  similarities between this case and Muhtorov’s, we need not belabor the analysis. The

  first, second, and fourth Barker factors carry essentially the same weights here that

  they carry in Muhtorov. In both cases, (a) the first Barker factor weighs heavily in

  favor of finding a constitutional violation because a delay of six years or more is

  substantial, (b) the second Barker factor does not weigh in favor of a violation

  because the government has justified the discovery delay, and (c) the fourth factor

  weighs in favor of a violation due to the oppressive pretrial incarceration and the loss

  of a witness, though does not weigh as heavily as it would had the witness’s

  testimony been exculpatory or central to the defense. Muhtorov, slip op. at 158. The

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  only significant difference between these cases is that for Jumaev, the third factor—

  assertion of the right to a speedy trial—weighs against finding a violation. Muhtorov

  makes clear that even if the third factor tipped toward a constitutional violation,

  Jumaev’s claim would not succeed “given the quantity and nature of the discovery,

  and the overall good faith and diligence of the government and the district court in

  bringing this case to trial.” Id. at 162–63. A fortiori, with the third factor weighing

  against Jumaev, his speedy trial claim fails.

                                             III

        We next consider Jumaev’s discovery-sanctions claim.14 “We review a district

  court’s decision to impose sanctions, and the court’s choice of sanction, for an abuse

  of discretion.” United States v. Golyansky, 291 F.3d 1245, 1249 (10th Cir. 2002).

        Jumaev maintains that the government “violated the court’s discovery orders

  in two ways.” Reply Br. at 27. First, he says that “[t]he government undoubtedly

        14
            In his opening brief, Jumaev appeared to raise, in addition to the argument
  we consider here, an argument that the government failed to timely fulfill its
  obligations under Brady v. Maryland. See Aplt. Br. at 59 (“The court erred in
  declining to impose sufficient sanctions for the government’s repeated violations of
  its Brady obligations and the court’s discovery orders.”). In his reply brief, however,
  Jumaev clarifies that he does not “argu[e] a constitutional violation based on the late
  disclosure of Brady material.” Reply Br. at 27. Rather, he argues only “that the
  district court erred by declining to impose sufficient sanctions for discovery
  violations.” Id. Because Jumaev has “intentionally relinquished” his Brady
  argument, we do not address it. Folks v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 784 F.3d
  730, 737 (10th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Richison v.
  Ernest Grp., Inc., 634 F.3d 1123, 1127 (10th Cir. 2011)); see also United States v.
  Augustine, 742 F.3d 1258, 1264 n.1 (10th Cir. 2014) (declining to consider
  arguments that were “abandoned . . . in [the] reply brief”).

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  disregarded the September 1, 2016, discovery deadline imposed by the court.” Id.

  Yet rather than, as Jumaev argues the district court should have done, penalize the

  government for this conduct, the district court granted a nine-month continuance.

  See id. at 27–28; App’x Vol. XVIII at 86, 90.15 Second, Jumaev observes that “the

  trial court twice sanctioned the government for” its discovery conduct. Reply Br. at

  28 (emphasis omitted) (citing App’x Vol. VII at 406, Vol. XVIII at 82–83). The first

  sanction was issued after the district found that the government “caused the defense

  team to have to revisit and reevaluate all of the discovery that had been provided to it

  by the Government” by waiting over four years after the initial indictment to bring

  two new charges against Jumaev (count 5 and count 6). App’x Vol. XVIII at 83. As

  remedies for the government’s conduct, the district court granted the aforementioned

  continuance (which served multiple functions), as well as entered “[a]n order of

  preclusion . . . prevent[ing] the Government from offering any of the Count 5 and 6

  evidence in its possession in its case in chief.” Id. The second sanction was issued

  when the district court determined that the government “disturbed the balance

  between the parties” by waiting to disclose potential impeachment information about

  a witness, Sobirov, until the morning of the witness’s deposition in Kazakhstan.

  App’x Vol. VII at 406. The district court corrected this imbalance by “instruct[ing]

        15
           Jumaev moved for this continuance because he needed more time to review
  discovery produced by the September 1, 2016 deadline. See supra notes 10, 12. He
  also did so, though, because (among other reasons) the government produced
  discovery after the September 1, 2016 deadline. See id. Hence, we agree with
  Jumaev that the continuance was, in part, a means of addressing the government’s
  post-deadline discovery production.

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  the jury on the information that was belatedly disclosed by the government and not

  elicited during Mr. Sobirov’s deposition.” Id. The question Jumaev presents on

  appeal is whether the district court’s choice of remedies in these three instances was

  an abuse of discretion.16

        Under Rule 16(d)(2) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, a district

  court has broad discretion in choosing a sanction upon determining that a party has

  violated a discovery obligation. “[T]he court may: (A) order that party to permit the

  discovery or inspection; specify its time, place, and manner; and prescribe other just

  terms and conditions; (B) grant a continuance; (C) prohibit that party from

  introducing the undisclosed evidence; or (D) enter any other order that is just under

  the circumstances.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 16(d)(2). When selecting the sanction, a

        16
             The government contends that Jumaev “has not shown any discovery order
  . . . violations,” Aple. Br. at 19, a claim that appears to be premised on the fact that,
  although the government was sanctioned for its discovery conduct, it was not
  sanctioned for violating an order of the district court pertaining to discovery. While
  the government’s assertion is partially correct as a factual matter, the government
  offers a distinction without a difference. The government is subject to discovery
  obligations in a criminal case regardless of whether the district court issues discovery
  orders, and the district court’s authority to order sanctions for late compliance with
  discovery obligations—as well as our review of such an order—is unaffected by the
  source of the discovery obligation that was violated. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 16(d)(2)
  (authorizing a district court to issue sanctions for violations of the discovery
  obligations imposed by Rule 16 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure,
  including those obligations created by a district court order issued pursuant to Rule
  16(d)(1)); United States v. Burke, 571 F.3d 1048, 1054 (10th Cir. 2009) (indicating
  that district courts have authority under Rule 16 to remedy belated disclosures that
  violate Brady rather than Rule 16 itself); United States v. Gonzales, 164 F.3d 1285,
  1291–92 (10th Cir. 1999) (observing that “[e]ven where Rule 16 is inapplicable, the
  courts have discretion to exclude evidence as a sanction for violation of a discovery
  order,” id. at 1291, and employing the same legal standard used in Rule 16 cases).

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  district court considers the factors we first announced in United States v. Wicker,

  848 F.2d 1059 (10th Cir. 1988): “(1) the reasons the government delayed producing

  the requested materials, including whether or not the government acted in bad faith

  when it failed to comply with the discovery [obligation]; (2) the extent of prejudice

  to the defendant as a result of the government’s delay; and (3) the feasibility of

  curing the prejudice with a continuance.” Id. at 1061. “[T]hese three factors,”

  however, “should merely guide the district court in its consideration of sanctions;

  they are not intended to dictate the bounds of the court’s discretion.” Id.

        Although the choice of sanction is committed to the district court’s discretion,

  we have instructed that “[t]he court should impose the least severe sanction that will

  accomplish prompt and full compliance with” the violated discovery requirement.

  Gonzales, 164 F.3d at 1292. “The preferred sanction is a continuance.” Golyansky,

  291 F.3d at 1249. “It would be a rare case where, absent bad faith, a district court

  should exclude evidence rather than continue the proceedings.” Id.

        Here, “the government acted diligently and without bad faith or negligence.”

  Muhtorov, slip op. at 118.17 Accordingly, to establish that the district court abused

        17
           This observation from Muhtorov concerns the overall pace of discovery, and
  thus applies here only to the government’s failure to complete discovery by the
  September 1, 2016 deadline. But we similarly find no evidence of bad faith
  concerning the filing of the third superseding indictment and the delayed disclosure
  of potential impeachment information about Sobirov. Jumaev points to only one
  possible instance of bad faith related to either of these events: that in response to
  Jumaev’s motion to have Sobirov—an immigrant who had left the country after
  serving as a confidential human source for the government—paroled into the United
  States to testify at Jumaev’s trial, the government asserted that the motion should be
  denied “because there was no way of knowing whether [Sobirov] would leave

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  its discretion by declining to impose more severe sanctions, Jumaev must

  demonstrate (1) prejudice to his defense (2) that the district court’s sanctions did not

  cure. See Golyansky, 291 F.3d at 1249.18 Jumaev fails to make such a showing.

        We start with prejudice. Jumaev contends that “[t]he prejudice [he] suffered

  was, primarily, the extreme delay” caused by the belated discovery productions.

  Aplt. Br. at 64. He does not claim that this delay caused “prejudice as it relates to

  guilt or innocence.” Reply Br. at 28. But, pointing to a Sixth Amendment speedy

  trial case, he says that “prejudice can come in the form of delay itself.” Id. (citing

  Doggett, 505 U.S. at 657).

        Jumaev’s attempt to show that delay itself constitutes prejudice comes up

  short. Although Jumaev is correct that delay itself can be prejudicial for purposes of

  willingly after the trial.” App’x Vol. VII at 405; see Aplt. Br. at 62, 64. The district
  court determined that “[t]his representation by the government was not forthright and
  bordered on deceitful,” given that the government “had previously granted Mr.
  Sobirov deferred action and Significant Public Benefit Parole so that he could remain
  in the U.S.” App’x Vol. VII at 405.
          While the government’s misrepresentation is troubling, in this appeal Jumaev
  does not take issue with the fact that Sobirov was unavailable to testify at Jumaev’s
  trial. And critically, Jumaev never explains how the government’s lack of candor in
  opposing his motion to have Sobirov paroled into the United States demonstrates that
  the timing of its disclosure of potential impeachment information about Sobirov was
  the product of bad faith. Indeed, any connection between the motion and the delayed
  disclosure is tenuous at best given that, a month before Sobirov’s deposition, the
  government dropped its opposition to permitting Sobirov to enter the United States to
  testify. See id. at 332. Jumaev thus has not established that the discovery violations
  at issue were the product of bad faith.
        18
           We have also indicated that, absent prejudice, a district court may suppress
  evidence that did not comply with discovery orders when doing so is necessary “to
  maintain the integrity and schedule of the court.” Wicker, 848 F.2d at 1061. Jumaev
  does not argue that such circumstances were presented in this case.

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  a constitutional speedy trial claim, see, e.g., Frias, 893 F.3d at 1272 (noting that

  when assessing the first Barker factor, delay “is presumptively prejudicial” if it

  “‘approach[es] one year’” (quoting Batie, 433 F.3d at 1290)), “prejudice” means

  different things in different legal contexts. For instance, even in the speedy trial

  context, the prejudice analysis differs depending on which Barker factor is under

  consideration. See Muhtorov, slip op. at 148 n.81. So too, the Wicker prejudice

  analysis is its own inquiry. Specifically, when applying the Wicker prejudice factor,

  we ask whether “the delay impacted the defendant’s ability to prepare or present its

  case.” Golyansky, 291 F.3d at 1250 (emphasis added). Delay, therefore, is relevant

  to assessing prejudice under Wicker only to the extent that delay impaired the

  defendant’s ability to mount his defense.

         Jumaev makes no effort to show such impairment here. As discussed supra in

  section II.A.4.b., Jumaev argues as part of his speedy trial claim that the time his case

  took to get to trial (1) impaired his ability to recall important details when he testified

  and (2) rendered a witness who would have testified on his behalf, Rakhimov,

  unavailable. But Jumaev does not present these arguments in support of this

  discovery-sanctions claim. Nor is it clear that he could have made such arguments

  here—the delay at issue for this discovery-violation claim is not the entire pretrial

  period, but just the time from the September 1, 2016 discovery deadline until the

  government made its final production to Jumaev in February 2018. Consequently,

  Jumaev has not demonstrated that he suffered Wicker prejudice due to delay.

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         This is not to say that Jumaev suffered no prejudice. To the contrary, the late

  discovery productions and the belated superseding indictment caused Jumaev’s

  defense team to need more time to prepare for trial. See Golyansky, 291 F.3d at 1250

  (explaining that late productions can cause “unfair surprise”). And the last-minute

  disclosure of potential impeachment information about Sobirov prevented Jumaev’s

  defense team from being able to effectively use that information during Sobirov’s

  deposition. But it is only these harms—not “delay itself”—that the district court’s

  orders needed to address.

         With these harms in mind, we turn to whether the district court’s sanctions

  cured the prejudice to Jumaev’s defense, and we conclude that the district court

  crafted adequate remedies. First, to ensure that Jumaev’s defense team was able to

  review discovery materials produced after September 1, 2016, as well as to make up

  for time that Jumaev’s defense team had spent revisiting evidence after the filing of

  the third superseding indictment, the district court granted a continuance. App’x Vol.

  XVIII at 86, 90. Second, to prevent the late-filed charges from creating further

  additional work for the defense team, the district court forbade the government from

  using any evidence associated with counts 5 and 6 in its case in chief, even in support

  of the other counts. Id. at 83–84.19 Third, to make up for the defense team’s inability

         19
           Prohibiting the use of such evidence in support of the other counts is what
  gave this part of the district court’s order its teeth, as by the time the court was ready
  to rule on this discovery issue, the government had voluntarily dismissed counts 5
  and 6. See App’x Vol. XVIII at 83.

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  to use potential impeachment evidence during Sobirov’s deposition in Kazakhstan,

  the district court “instruct[ed] the jury on the information that was belatedly

  disclosed by the government and not elicited during Mr. Sobirov’s deposition.” Id.

  Vol. VII at 406. These orders redressed the prejudice caused by the government’s

  delays and in turn were a proper exercise of the district court’s discretion.

        Focusing on the continuance remedy, Jumaev protests that the continuance

  actually “made [things] worse” because by that point he had already suffered through

  years of pretrial delays. Aplt. Br. at 64. In this respect, Jumaev is correct that a

  district court must keep a defendant’s right to a speedy trial in mind when

  determining whether a continuance is an appropriate sanction for a discovery

  violation. See United States v. Yepa, 608 F. App’x 672, 680 (10th Cir. 2015)

  (unpublished) (determining that the district court acted within its discretion in

  deciding that a continuance was not a feasible sanction because a continuance would

  have “inequitably extend[ed] [the defendant’s] pretrial incarceration”); United States

  v. Ivory, 131 F. App’x 628, 631 (10th Cir. 2005) (unpublished) (upholding the district

  court’s decision to order a continuance as a discovery sanction when doing so “would

  solve the problem with respect to [the defendant] without impairing his speedy trial

  rights” (emphasis added)).20 But here, for the reasons stated supra in section II,

        20
           Unpublished cases cited in this opinion are not binding precedent, but we
  consider them for their persuasive value. See Fed. R. App. P. 32.1(a); 10th Cir. R.
  32.1(A), (C).

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  Jumaev’s speedy trial right was not violated. It follows, then, that Jumaev’s speedy

  trial right did not render a continuance an inappropriate sanction in this instance.

        To summarize, although the slow pace of discovery, the late-filed charges, and

  a last-minute disclosure of potential impeachment information caused Jumaev some

  prejudice, the district court’s orders were sufficiently curative. The remedy that

  Jumaev most strongly objects to—the continuance—was not only within the district

  court’s discretion to order, but is generally the preferred method for dealing with

  discovery violations. Accordingly, Jumaev’s challenge to the district court’s choice

  of discovery sanctions fails.

                                             IV

        Finally, we turn to Jumaev’s claim that the evidence obtained from the

  execution of extraterritorial search warrants for his home, cellular phone, and laptop

  computer should have been suppressed. In considering Jumaev’s challenge to the

  district court’s denial of his suppression motion, we review the district court’s legal

  determinations de novo and its factual findings for clear error, viewing the evidence

  in the light most favorable to the government. United States v. Trujillo, 993 F.3d

  859, 864 (10th Cir. 2021).

        The search warrants at issue were authorized by a federal magistrate judge, a

  federal judicial officer whose power to issue warrants is geographically constrained.

  As relevant here, Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 41 “generally limits a federal

  magistrate judge’s warrant-issuing authority to the district where he or she sits.”

  United States v. Krueger, 809 F.3d 1109, 1110–11 (10th Cir. 2015); see Fed. R.

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  Crim. P. 41(b)(1) (“[A] magistrate judge with authority in the district . . . has

  authority to issue a warrant to search for and seize a person or property located

  within the district . . . .”).21 This general limitation, however, is subject to

  exceptions. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(a) (indicating that a federal magistrate judge has

  powers outside of “the district in which” he or she sits “as authorized by law”).

  Here, the government invokes the exception found in Federal Rule of Criminal

  Procedure 41(b)(3), which provides that “a magistrate judge—in an investigation of

  domestic terrorism or international terrorism—with authority in any district in which

  activities related to the terrorism may have occurred has authority to issue a warrant

  for a person or property within or outside that district.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 41(b)(3);

  see also Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools

  Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (USA PATRIOT Act),

  Pub. L. No. 107-56, § 219, 115 Stat. 272, 291 (inserting Rule 41(b)(3) into the

  Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure). Because Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure

  41(b) is entitled “Venue for a Warrant Application,” we refer to Rule 41(b)(3)’s

  requirement that there be a connection between the magistrate judge’s district and the

  terrorism activities under investigation as a “venue requirement.”

         Jumaev does not dispute that the investigation into his conspiracy with

  Muhtorov to provide material support to the IJU was an investigation of domestic or

         21
           There are also statutory limits on a magistrate judge’s authority. See
  28 U.S.C. § 636(a); see also Krueger, 809 F.3d at 1117–18 (Gorsuch, J., concurring
  in the judgment) (emphasizing the importance of these statutory limits).

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  international terrorism sufficient to trigger Rule 41(b)(3). Nor does he contest that

  “activities related to the terrorism” occurred within the District of Colorado, the

  judicial district in which the magistrate judge who issued the warrants sat. Instead,

  his argument is a procedural one concerning the sufficiency of the warrant

  application materials that were submitted to the magistrate judge. See Aplt. Br. at 68.

  He contends that the materials “were deficient because they failed to attest to a single

  fact showing any connection to Colorado.” Id. Due to this alleged failure to

  “present[] information to the magistrate demonstrating that she had statutory

  authority to issue the warrants,” Reply Br. at 29, Jumaev argues that the magistrate

  judge’s issuance of the warrants violated Rule 41, and that in turn the evidence

  obtained via those warrants must be suppressed, see Aplt. Br. at 68–69.22

        Jumaev’s argument founders because it is not supported by the text of Rule 41.

  No provision of Rule 41 mandates that an application for a Rule 41(b)(3) warrant

        22
            We assess whether a Rule 41 violation justifies suppression using the
  analytical framework this court adopted in United States v. Pennington, 635 F.2d
  1387 (10th Cir. 1980). “Under this framework, we begin by considering whether
  Rule 41 was in fact violated.” Krueger, 809 F.3d at 1113. “If so, we typically
  proceed by determining whether that specific Rule 41 violation rises to the level of a
  Fourth Amendment violation.” Id. “If we determine that the Rule 41 violation is not
  of constitutional import, we then consider whether the defendant can establish that, as
  a result of the Rule violation, ‘(1) there was “prejudice” in the sense that the search
  might not have occurred or would not have been so abrasive if the Rule had been
  followed, or (2) there is evidence of intentional and deliberate disregard of a
  provision in the Rule.’” Id. at 1114 (quoting Pennington, 635 F.2d at 1390).
          Because we conclude that Rule 41 was not violated, we resolve this case at the
  first step of the Pennington analysis. Further, for the same reason, we do not address
  the government’s alternative argument that the good faith exception to the
  exclusionary rule applies.

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  address 41(b)(3)’s venue requirement. The only reference to the 41(b)(3) venue

  requirement is found in Rule 41(b) itself, a part of Rule 41 that other circuits have

  recognized “is a substantive provision,” not one that “detail[s] the procedures for

  obtaining and issuing warrants.” United States v. Berkos, 543 F.3d 392, 397–98

  (7th Cir. 2008) (emphasis omitted); see also United States v. Ackies, 918 F.3d 190,

  201 (1st Cir. 2019) (adopting the Seventh Circuit’s view). By contrast, the part of

  Rule 41 that does speak to the procedure for obtaining a search-and-seizure

  warrant—Rule 41(d)—points to just one thing that must be shown in a search-and-

  seizure warrant’s application materials: “probable cause to search for and seize a

  person or property.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 41(d)(1) (“After receiving an affidavit or other

  information, a magistrate judge . . . must issue the warrant if there is probable cause

  to search for and seize a person or property . . . .” (emphasis added)). Given that this

  is the only application requirement identified in the rule, it follows that an

  application’s omission of information pertaining to the 41(b)(3) venue requirement is

  not a Rule 41 violation. “After all, ‘common sense, reflected in the canon expressio

  unius est exclusio alterius, suggests that the specification of [one requirement]

  implies’ the exclusion of others.” Elwell v. Oklahoma ex rel. Bd. of Regents of Univ.

  of Okla., 693 F.3d 1303, 1312 (10th Cir. 2012) (Gorsuch, J.) (brackets omitted)

  (quoting Arizona v. United States, 567 U.S. 387, 432 (2012) (Scalia, J., concurring in

  part and dissenting in part)); see also Keene Corp. v. United States, 508 U.S. 200,

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  208 (1993) (noting that courts have a “duty to refrain from reading a phrase into [a]

  statute when Congress has left it out”).23

        Although we determine that Rule 41 does not obligate the government to

  address the 41(b)(3) venue requirement in its warrant application materials, we do

  not go so far today as to hold that a magistrate judge may issue an extraterritorial

  warrant pursuant to Rule 41(b)(3) without having any basis for concluding that

  activities related to the terrorism under investigation may have occurred in her

  district, so long as the government could have showed such a connection at the time

  the warrant was issued. We need not decide that question, because in this case the

  magistrate judge was given the information she needed to determine that relevant

  terrorism activities had occurred in Colorado. To start, the warrant application

  materials here may have been enough on their own to allow the magistrate judge to

  discern the Colorado connection, for in support of the warrant applications the

  government submitted an affidavit that detailed at length Jumaev’s interactions with

  Muhtorov, and Muhtorov had already been indicted on a terrorism charge in the

  District of Colorado. See App’x Vol. I at 217, Vol. VI at 52–70. But even if the

  application materials themselves failed to establish the link to Colorado, the

  government provided more: it also filed a criminal complaint against Jumaev that

  alleged he had “conspire[d]” “with others” “in the county of Denver in the State and

        23
           Rule 41 also lays down requirements as to what must be in a warrant. See
  Fed. R. Crim. P. 41(e)(2) (“Contents of the Warrant”). Again, information about
  venue is not among those requirements. See id.

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  District of Colorado.” Id. Vol. VI at 50–51 (emphasis added). The warrant

  applications, the affidavit, and the criminal complaint were clearly intended to be

  considered as a single package; in fact, the affidavit pulled double duty, expressly

  supporting both the warrant applications and the complaint. Id. at 52. And together,

  these submissions allowed the magistrate judge to discern that at least some of the

  numerous terrorism-related activities described in the affidavit had occurred in

  Colorado. No more was necessary.

        Jumaev argues that this analysis conflicts with the Supreme Court’s decision in

  Whiteley v. Warden, 401 U.S. 560 (1971). There, the Court held that “an otherwise

  insufficient affidavit cannot be rehabilitated by testimony concerning information

  possessed by the affiant when he sought the warrant but not disclosed to the issuing

  magistrate,” because “[a] contrary rule would . . . render the warrant requirements of

  the Fourth Amendment meaningless.” Id. at 565 n.8. Extending this logic, Jumaev

  contends that to permit the government to rely on a criminal complaint to help satisfy

  the 41(b)(3) venue requirement would be to sanction the very type of “rehabilitation”

  that Whiteley forbids. See Reply Br. at 31–32.

        Jumaev’s reliance on Whiteley misses the mark. The government here did not

  try to supplement its warrant affidavit after realizing that the affidavit was deficient.

  Rather, the government submitted the complaint that referenced Colorado alongside

  the affidavit and the applications. Further, Whiteley concerned the probable-cause

  requirement imposed by the Fourth Amendment, see 401 U.S. at 564–65, not a venue

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  requirement listed in a rule of procedure. Whiteley, therefore, is easily distinguished

  from the case at hand.

         Jumaev nevertheless insists that the “reasoning behind” Whiteley is “in play

  here.” Reply Br. at 31–32. He says that “the magistrate must be informed of some of

  the underlying circumstances”; “otherwise, the inferences from the facts which lead

  to the complaint will be drawn not by a neutral and detached magistrate, as the

  Constitution requires, but instead, by a police officer engaged in the often

  competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime.” Id. at 32 (brackets and internal

  quotation marks omitted) (quoting Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 114–15 (1964)).

  Jumaev again ignores that this reasoning concerned the process by which the

  government establishes probable cause—something that the Constitution identifies as

  essential to the issuance of a warrant. See U.S. Const. amend. IV (“[N]o Warrants

  shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation . . . .”). The

  process a magistrate judge must use to determine that the government has satisfied a

  venue provision found in rules of criminal procedure, by contrast, is a subject about

  which the Fourth Amendment has nothing to say. Whiteley’s reasoning thus has no

  application in this case.

         In sum, no provision of Rule 41 demands that Rule 41(b)(3)’s venue

  requirement be addressed in the warrant application materials. And even assuming

  without deciding that a magistrate judge must have a basis for concluding that

  Rule 41(b)(3)’s venue requirement is satisfied before issuing a 41(b)(3) warrant, we

  conclude that the magistrate judge had such a basis here. Thus, the extraterritorial

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  search warrants for Jumaev’s home, cellular phone, and laptop computer did not

  violate Rule 41.

                                          V

        For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM Jumaev’s convictions and the district

  court’s judgment.

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  18-1296, United States v. Jumaev
  LUCERO, Senior Judge, dissenting.

         For the reasons stated in my dissent in the companion case of co-defendant

  Jamshid Muhtorov, I respectfully dissent from the decision not to vacate Bakhtiyor

  Jumaev’s conviction for want of a speedy trial.1 See United States v. Muhtorov, No. 18-

  1366, slip op. at 1-24 (10th Cir. Dec. 8, 2021) (Lucero, Senior J., dissenting) (hereinafter

  “Muhtorov dissent”). I incorporate that dissent in its entirety herein. The excessive

  governmental delay in responding to timely discovery requests made by defendant

  Bakhtiyor Jumaev is even more compelling because the government waited to provide

  discovery information long in its possession until the eve of Jumaev’s first scheduled

  trial. This caused an additional delay of one year. Such delay is attributable to the

  government under the Barker factors discussed in my earlier dissent. Barker v. Wingo,

  407 U.S. 514 (1972). As in that dissent, the government has failed to show that the

  delays resulting from its discretionary decisions were necessary. See United States v.

  Seltzer, 595 F.3d 1170, 1178 (10th Cir. 2010).

                                                I

         Jumaev was indicted for conspiring with Muhtorov to provide material support to

  a designated terrorist organization and for knowingly providing such support. From their

  indictments in 2012 to the severing of their cases on November 29, 2016, Jumaev and

         1
          Jumaev also contends that the district court abused its discretion by declining to
  severely sanction the government for its discovery violations and that the extraterritorial
  search warrants issued in his case violated Rule 41. (Op. at 2.) Because I would vacate
  his conviction on the basis of a speedy trial violation, I do not address these contentions.
                                                1
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  Muhtorov were fused together as defendants in a joint trial. As a result, the government’s

  decisions on § 702 notice, discovery production, and CIPA procedures directly affected

  both defendants, because absent severance, one could not go to trial without the other.

  Adding to their conjoined destiny, the evidence against Jumaev was directly derived from

  the traditional FISA surveillance of Muhtorov, itself a product of the § 702 surveillance

  of Muhtorov, making the legality of its collection a relevant issue in Jumaev’s case.

         The unwarranted delays caused by the government that are described in the

  Muhtorov dissent—the delay in the provision of the § 702 notice, the delay in meaningful

  discovery production, and the failure to begin the CIPA § 4 evaluation until after

  November 19, 2015—are present in full measure in Jumaev’s case, as are the delays

  resulting from the government’s decisions not to clear counsel, its failure to adequately

  resource translation services, its seeking of a third superseding indictment in May 2016,

  and its chosen CIPA procedures. I weigh the government’s conduct heavily against it

  under the second factor of Barker to conclude that Muhtorov’s right to a speedy trial was

  violated.2 See Muhtorov dissent, at 4-23. Perforce, the same conclusion that I drew with

         2
           For Jumaev, my colleagues determine that “the first, second, and fourth Barker
  factors carry essentially the same weights here that they carry in Muhtorov.” (Op. at 38.)
  In other words, for them, the length of the delay weighs heavily in favor of a
  constitutional violation and the prejudice arising from this delay weighs in Jumaev’s
  favor, but the decisive second factor—the reason for the delay—weighs against him.
  (Op. at 38-39.) As I did in Muhtorov, I would also weigh the prejudice factor more
  heavily in Jumaev’s favor. In evaluating this factor we must “recognize that excessive
  delay presumptively compromises the reliability of a trial in ways that neither party can
  prove or, for that matter, identify.” Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647, 655 (1992).
  This presumption of prejudice “cannot alone carry a Sixth Amendment claim without
  regard to the other Barker criteria, [but] it is part of the mix of relevant facts, and its

                                               2
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  respect to Muhtorov is applicable here. Further, my colleagues in the majority conducted

  a rigid and formalistic Barker analysis and fault Jumaev for not filing a pro se speedy trial

  motion separate and apart from those filed by his counsel.

                                                II

         Jumaev was incarcerated for six years as he awaited trial, hostage to the same

  series of inexplicable—or at least unexplained—government decisions I described in

  depth in the Muhtorov dissent. See id. Exacerbating the unwarranted delay described in

  the Muhtorov dissent, eleventh-hour discovery production by the government caused an

  additional year’s delay in Jumaev’s trial from March 2017 to March 20183 while he

  “languish[ed] in confinement under unresolved charges.” Betterman v. Montana, 136 S.

  Ct. 1609, 1614 (2016). The context of Jumaev’s motion for a speedy trial is telling. In

  late February 2017, just two weeks before the scheduled trial date and after years of

  futilely filing motions to compel discovery, Jumaev sought dismissal of the charges

  because of the government’s belated disclosure of a substantial portion of Brady and Rule

  41 material that included 29 trial exhibits it produced for the first time shortly before trial.

  importance increases with the length of delay.” Id. at 656 (citation omitted and emphasis
  added).
         3
            Although the initial continuance granted after the district court denied Jumaev’s
  requested remedy of dismissal was for ten months until January 2018, the trial was
  delayed for an additional two months until March 2018 due to the district court judge’s
  illness. But for the government-caused delay, the trial would have begun in March 2017,
  therefore I would attribute the entire additional year’s delay to the government. See
  United States v. Carini, 562 F.2d 144, 149 (2d Cir. 1977) (illnesses of judges are
  institutional delays properly chargeable to the government). As the record makes clear,
  replacement of the trial judge during his treatment would have delayed the trial longer as
  the available replacement would have required time to become familiar with the case.
                                                 3
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  This late production of evidence—evidence that had been in the custody of the

  government since the time of Jumaev’s arrest or before—made it impossible for his

  counsel to be prepared for the trial that was scheduled to begin on March 13, 2017. For

  Jumaev, this eve-of-trial production of constitutionally-required evidence necessitated

  dismissal for violation of a speedy trial because, as his counsel argued, counsel would be

  forced to provide ineffective assistance if the trial proceeded. His first speedy trial

  motion was filed to oppose the unwarranted additional delay staring Jumaev in the face—

  delay directly caused by the unexplained late production of evidence in the possession of

  the government for more than five years.4 Jumaev, like Muhtorov, was not required to

  trade one constitutional right for another; the Constitution protects both. Muhtorov

  dissent, at 17-18. Because the governmental delays described in the Muhtorov dissent

  were exacerbated for Jumaev, whose scheduled trial was continued as a direct result of

  the government’s eleventh-hour production of discovery material it long had in its

  possession, the second Barker factor weighs even more heavily in Jumaev’s favor than it

  did for Muhtorov.

         4
           Jumaev’s March 2017 motion was filed only after his speedy trial motion was
  denied, a decision which the district court recognized forced his counsel to seek a
  continuance or go to trial and provide ineffective assistance. For Jumaev, the March
  2017 speedy trial motion was filed to avoid the additional delay necessitated by the
  government’s late production of discovery, including disclosure of trial exhibits on the
  eve of trial; it was not filed “after the delay has already occurred.” (Op. at 26 (quotation
  omitted).) The record is clear that absent the government’s late disclosures, Jumaev was
  ready to proceed to trial in March 2017. Late production of constitutionally required
  discovery by the government continued until the eve of the March 2018 trial. (See Op. at
  14 n.6.) Counsel for Jumaev argued below that these late disclosures included
  unclassified evidence long in the possession of the government that was not required to
  be analyzed under CIPA.
                                                4
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                                                  III

         The third Barker factor—assertion of the speedy trial right—similarly supports

  Jumaev’s claim. The majority comes to the opposite conclusion because (1) Jumaev

  neither augmented his counseled motions with pro se filings nor (2) filed his speedy trial

  motions as early as did Muhtorov. The Barker analysis conducted by my colleagues is

  not faithful to the requirements of that case. Barker requires that its balancing test weigh

  “the conduct of both the prosecution and the defendant.” 407 U.S. at 530. Rather than

  carrying out this ad hoc and contextual analysis, the majority instead conducts a highly

  rigid and formulistic evaluation of whether Jumaev asserted his right to a speedy trial.

  See id. at 522 (“[A]ny inquiry into a speedy trial claim necessitates a functional analysis

  of the right in the particular context of the case . . . .”).

         My research fails to disclose any cases or authorities that hold that a counseled

  defendant must file pro se motions for denial of a speedy trial separate and apart from

  those of his counsel. My colleagues fail to enlighten me further on that point. To the

  extent that the majority creates a new precedent for this circuit compelling defendants to

  file pro se motions separate and apart from those of their counsel in order to assert speedy

  trial rights or implies that such filings give greater weight to an assertion of the right to a

  speedy trial, I am compelled to separate myself from this jurisprudentially problematic

  proposition.

                                                   5
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         Although Barker’s third factor requires us to consider the two additional pro se

  motions for a speedy trial filed by Muhtorov,5 it is obvious that we cannot require

  counseled defendants to file pro se motions in order for Barker’s assertion-of-the-right

  factor to weigh in their favor. To say it another way, although we must consider

  Muhtorov’s pro se motions when evaluating whether he asserted his speedy trial right, we

  cannot penalize Jumaev in comparison.6 My colleagues so penalize Jumaev by faulting

  him for not augmenting the motions filed by his counsel with pro se motions. (Op. at 19-

  20.) The majority appears to tip this factor in favor of Muhtorov because his two pro se

  motions expressed frustration with the delay. Yet Jumaev did not accede happily to the

  delays in bringing his case to trial. The two speedy trial motions filed by his counsel,

  which exhaustively detail his persistent and diligent efforts to access the discovery to

  which he was constitutionally entitled and to move the case to trial, are equally

  expressive of his frustration, and additional pro se motions were not necessary.

         Although my colleagues acknowledge that Jumaev “objected to the slow pace of

  the government’s discovery efforts throughout the proceedings,” (Op. at 22), they give

         5
           Appellate review of Muhtorov’s pro se motions is problematic because the
  motions were, permissibly, not accepted by the district court. See generally United States
  v. Dunbar, 718 F.3d 1268, 1278 (10th Cir. 2013) (“Defendant ha[s] no right to submit
  motions other than through his attorney.”); United States v. Bennett, 539 F.2d 45, 49
  (10th Cir. 1976) (“[P]ermission for [hybrid representation is] recognized as being
  discretionary with the trial court.”).
         6
           Both Muhtorov and Jumaev filed two counseled motions for a speedy trial
  violation; the sole difference in the number of speedy trial motions are the two pro se
  motions filed by Muhtorov. I conclude that both Muhtorov and Jumaev sufficiently
  asserted their right to a speedy trial, and disagree that this factor weighs against Jumaev.

                                                6
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  him little credit for these efforts, and instead focus myopically on measuring the time

  between the filing and the scheduled trial dates.7 This type of formulistic, truncated

         7
            My colleagues in the majority fault Jumaev for joining Muhtorov’s motion to
  suppress § 702-derived evidence. They assert that Jumaev “knew that his chances of
  prevailing on the motion were close to zero,” in part because the “government informed
  Jumaev two months before he joined Muhtorov’s motion that he was not an ‘aggrieved
  person’ as to the Section 702 acquisitions at issue,” and therefore, Jumaev’s decision to
  join the motion demonstrates that he was not actually eager to go to trial. (Op. at 22-23.)
  Problems abound with this analysis. First, the government’s assertion that Jumaev was
  not an “aggrieved person” entitled to notice is an unsettled question of statutory
  interpretation that, although not presently contested in this appeal, was open to good faith
  challenge by Jumaev below. Second, contrary to the majority’s assertion, the belated
  government assurances that Jumaev was not an “aggrieved person” were far from
  unequivocal, requiring several defense motions to gain a clear articulation of the
  government’s position. Third, in accordance with the government’s decision to try them
  jointly, Jumaev and Muhtorov remained as co-defendants in a single trial until the
  November 2016 severance. Therefore, Jumaev’s decision to join Muhtorov’s second
  suppression motion in 2014 did not evidence Jumaev’s lack of eagerness to go to trial
  because, regardless of whether he joined the motion, he could not progress toward trial
  until the motion was decided in November 2015, which was more than a year before
  severance. Finally, as recognized by the district court, the government’s interpretation
  that Jumaev was not an “aggrieved person” under the statute does not resolve the
  constitutional derivative evidence inquiry or his facial challenge to the constitutionality
  of § 702 surveillance.
          The majority asserts that “the district court corroborated this claim [that Jumaev’s
  chances of success on the motion to suppress were close to zero] . . . at a hearing that
  took place when the joint motion was pending.” (Op. at 22.) In doing so, the majority
  once again ignores context—at this June 2015 hearing, the district court told the parties
  “what he was going to do, and what it means” in regard to the defendants’ motion to
  suppress § 702 evidence. Far from evidencing a foregone conclusion that Jumaev’s
  “chances of prevailing on the motion were close to zero,” id., it instead was a preliminary
  ruling on that very question. Given that the evidence used against Jumaev was derived
  from § 702 surveillance, albeit one step removed from that of Muhtorov, Jumaev’s
  decision to join in Muhtorov’s motion to suppress evidence derived from § 702
  surveillance was far from a bad faith attempt to delay the trial. To the extent that
  additional delay resulted from this decision, which it did not given that the cases were not
  severed until a year after the motion to suppress was decided, it should not be weighed
  heavily against Jumaev.

                                               7
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  analysis was rejected by the Supreme Court as “insensitive to a right which we have

  deemed fundamental.” Barker, 407 U.S. at 529-30. Barker requires “a balancing test, in

  which the conduct of both the prosecution and the defendant are weighed.” Id. at 530.

  Our analysis must decide “whether the defendant’s behavior during the course of

  litigation evidences a desire to go to trial with dispatch.” United States v. Batie, 433 F.3d

  1287, 1291 (10th Cir. 2006). When I weigh the conduct of both parties as required by

  Barker, I cannot conclude that Jumaev did not sufficiently assert his right to a speedy

  trial.

           In the initial years of Jumaev’s incarceration, the government repeatedly assured

  him that discovery would be forthcoming. In May 2012, it asserted that discovery would

  be provided in June 2012. When that did not ensue, in October 2012, the government

  asserted that the required discovery (which included the requested defendants’ statements

  and Brady material) would be provided by June 2013. Very little was provided, with no

  discovery provided between September 2014 and April 2015. In March 2016, the

  government resisted defense efforts to compel discovery and a trial date. The defendants

          My colleagues contend that Jumaev acknowledges that “the case against [him] had
  virtually nothing to do with FISA,” cherry picking this purported admission from his
  reply brief. (Op. at 23 (citing Reply Br. at 13).) To the contrary, in his reply Jumaev was
  pointing out the contradiction in the government’s simultaneous assertion that FISA and
  CIPA did not apply to him and its insistence that FISA and CIPA still limited its ability to
  comply with its discovery obligations. My colleagues further question my failure to
  explain why Jumaev could not have moved for severance earlier. (Op. at 23 n.9.) The
  more appropriate question is how he was to assess this decision without notice of the
  involvement of § 702 evidence in the case against him for more than 23 months, or any
  meaningful discovery until September 2016. His inability to evaluate this decision was
  caused by the government’s obfuscation of the source of its evidence against him until
  after October 2013.
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  requested a discovery cut-off of July 1, 2016 to facilitate progress to trial, but the

  government pushed the date back to September 1, 2016. The filing of the Third

  Superseding Indictment by the government in May 2016 “mandated” an additional trial

  delay. Finally, as discussed above, belated discovery following the court-imposed

  discovery cut-off resulted in an additional year’s delay in trial. Unlike Batie, Jumaev did

  not seek continuances. He waited on the government to fulfill its responsibilities,

  diligently and persistently filing discovery motions that were not met in a timely fashion.

  If this is the conduct I am weighing, the balance easily comes down on Jumaev’s side of

  the scale.

         The majority also ignores that, after severance, Jumaev was required to proceed to

  trial first, before Muhtorov. Simply comparing the time between filing of their first

  counseled speedy trial motions and Muhtorov and Jumaev’s respective trial dates ignores

  the shorter practical window between the November 29, 2016 severance and the first

  scheduled trial date on March 13, 2017 available for Jumaev to assert his speedy trial

  right. It similarly ignores that Jumaev’s first motion to dismiss on speedy trial grounds

  was not filed to take advantage of delay that had already occurred. (Op. at 25-27.)

  Although significant, and in my mind unexplained, delay had already occurred, this

  motion was instead filed because the government’s continued discovery delays and late

  production had necessitated another year’s delay in addition to the years-long delay

  already caused by the government. Jumaev’s second motion to dismiss for a speedy trial

  violation highlighted the late production of required discovery that continued throughout

  this additional year of delay. The majority agrees that “discovery was not completed

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  until February 2018, making an earlier trial impossible.” (Op. at 15 n.6.) Such continued

  late production of constitutionally required discovery raises significant questions about

  the readiness of the government to have gone to trial in March 2017, and failure to meet

  its discovery obligations does not show “necessity” for the delay under Seltzer.

         My colleagues view the motions filed by Jumaev as not timely. (Op. at 19.) But

  Jumaev had been eager to proceed to trial in March 2017 before the government’s

  eleventh-hour disclosure that required the additional delay in trial. Far from being

  untimely, Jumaev’s motions represent the culmination of years of conduct seeking to

  proceed to trial. When I assess Jumaev’s conduct during the course of the litigation, his

  persistent motions seeking the disclosure he had requested and was constitutionally due

  does not show a defendant “who moves for dismissal on speedy trial grounds when his

  other conduct indicates a contrary desire.” United States v. Tranakos, 911 F.2d 1422,

  1429 (10th Cir. 1990). As a result, I would weigh Barker’s third assertion-of-the-right

  factor heavily in Jumaev’s favor.

                                              IV

         For the reasons described herein and in the Muhtorov dissent, I weigh all four

  Barker factors heavily in favor of Jumaev and conclude his conviction must be vacated

  for want of a speedy trial. Any other result would “not [be] consistent with the interests

  of defendants, society, or the Constitution.” Barker, 407 U.S. at 528.

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