Court Opinion

ID: 4733001
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-12 02:57:20.517996+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:08:08.194548
License: Public Domain

Per Curiam.
Action to declare a parol gift of land. The pleadings below were framed upon the issue of gift from Anastus Yaksum to the respondent Mary Felix, and a subsequent quitclaim deed from Anastus Yaksum to the other appellants. Findings were made sustaining the gift, subject to a life estate in Anastus Yaksum, and this appeal followed.
The first point urged by appellants in this court is that all of the parties to this action are Indians, and that the title of Anastus Yaksum to the land in controversy is subject to a restriction against alienation, and for this reason the gift, though established, cannot be upheld. This point must first be determined before we can pass to the question of a gift; for it is clear, if Anastus Yaksum held this land under a restriction against alienation, no gift made by her within the period of alienlation can be sustained. This question being here suggested for the first time, we are unaided by the record in attempting its solution. Ordinarily, whatever may be suggested in cases triable here de novo, we look to the record made below for the facts upon which our determination must rest, and base our findings upon the evidence or lack of evidence. But this is an exceptional case. We are dealing with the questioned rights of Indians to hold and convey real estate, and as Indians are recognized as wards of the nation, it is the duty of this court, and every other, to uphold those barriers which the Federal government has seen fit to establish against their impoverishment by withholding from them the power of alienation. The patent conveying the lands- in controversy was issued February 3, 1908, to “Anastus Yak-sum, widow of Yaksum.” It contains no restriction whatever against alienation. The gift under which respondents claim was made in the spring of 1908, the exact date not being shown. The deeds under which appellants Kami Sam and *521Josephine Sam claim were made in July, 1912. Both of these dates would fall within the restrictive period, whatever be the one applicable to the title of Anastus Yaksum, if her title is subject to such limitation. The act of March 3, 1875, 18 Stats, at Large, 420, extending the privilege of the homestead laws to Indians who had abandoned their tribal relations, fixed the period of alienation at five years. The act of July 4, 1884, 23 Stats, at Large, 96, enlarged this period to twenty-five years. Frazee v. Piper, 51 Wash. 278, 98 Pac. 760.
In speaking of this last statute it was observed, in Frazee v. Spokane County, 29 Wash. 278, 69 Pac. 779, that it provided for the issuance of two patents; one when a person, entitled to it under the act, had consummated his right, and which patent should declare a trust under which the United States would hold the land for the period of twenty-five years for the sole use and benefit of the patentee and his heirs ; and the other, to be issued upon the expiration of twenty-five years, conveying the whole title discharged of the trust and of all charge or incumbrance whatsoever. Respondents now urge that the patent issued to Anastus Yaksum, since it contains no restrictive clause, is the second patent referred to in the act of 1884, whereby the land is conveyed discharged of the trust. The weakness of this argument is manifest from the fact that the township in which these lands are situate was not surveyed until 1884, making it impossible for the twenty-five year trust period to have expired in February, 1908, when this patent was issued. The patent, therefore, it seems to us, shows upon its face that it is not the second patent referred to in the act of 1884. There is another act not referred to in the briefs, that of August 4, 1894, which made provision for allotments in severalty to members of the Wenatschapam tribe residing along the Wenatchee river, under the act of February 8, 1887, as amended by the act of February 28, 1891. These acts may be found in. vol. 1, Indian Affairs, Laws & Treaties (2d ed.), pages 33, 56, 530. *522Under these acts, the restriction against alienation was fixed at twenty-five years. From the location of these lands within the territory covered by these acts, it is not improbable that they are the proper ones to apply to the situation before us. However, because of the imperfections of the testimony, it is impossible to say with any degree of accuracy. The difficulty is there is nothing to show to what tribe of Indians Yaksum belonged, or when and under what law he made his homestead application. Nor do we know what, if any, effect to give to § 6 of the act of February 8, 1887, according citizenship to Indian allottees who have complied with certain conditions. Nor is it of any determinative force that the patent contains no restriction against alienation. The law becomes a part of the patent, and no Federal official can waive or render inoperative, because of the failure to incorporate it, any limitation which Congress has imposed upon the title. Frazee v. Spokane County, supra.
We have, therefore, made no attempt to review the case submitted to the lower court, since we must first reach a conclusion on the question here first submitted and upon which the record is practically silent. The qnly order we can make is to set aside the judgment and send the case back for a new trial, when we trust counsel will appreciate the questions involved in the case and make a record accordingly. Appellant will not recover costs in this court.