Court Opinion

ID: 6586486
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 19:44:36.093023+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:57:29.578797
License: Public Domain

Taylor, J.,
dissenting. I am unable to concur with the views expressed by the majority. A sufficient reason for dissent is to be found in the fact that the question on which the case is turned was not raised, nor even hinted at, in the court below. The ground of objection was that general assumpsit was not the appropriate remedy as to the item in controversy. The question first arose when the plaintiff offered the contract in evidence. The defendant objected upon the following grounds: “First, because the action is general assumpsit, and under the common courts this item # * * cannot be recovered, because the contract is executory, therefore that sort of a contract or the damages thereunder * * * cannot be recovered under common counts. Second, because the agreement is under seal, and the action to recover the claimed amount is under covenant and not assumpsit. ’ ’ The court admitted the contract for the purpose of showing the agreement for the payment of the $1,200 in connection with the testimony of the witness as to the execution of the contract by parol. After judgment the defendant was allowed an exception thereto on the ground “that said judgment contained an item of $598.35 arising under a land contract under seal * * *, for that recovery cannot be had for such item in this form of action.” The record discloses no other exception or ground of objection relating to this matter.
The defendant in his brief here for the first time suggested that there could he no recovery although the brief is almost wholly devoted to the question raised .below. The point was not touched upon hy the plaintiff in his brief nor in oral argument. If he was aware that the defendant was seeking to raise such a question, though it is quite possible he was not, he was justified in relying upon the repeated holding of this Court that it will consider on review only questions ruled upon by the trial court. *415The wisdom- of adhering to that rule is well illustrated in this ease, when we consider the results of a departure' from it. The plaintiff is subjected to a final judgment against him without a full opportunity for hearing, and the trial court is put in error although ruling correctly on the question presented. The plaintiff’s evidence tended to show that the contract under seal was enlarged by a parol agreement as to the time of payment of the $1,200. It is to be presumed in support of the judgment that the court found as the plaintiff claimed in that regard. Usher v. Severance, 86 Vt. 528. As the contract was set at large by the parol agreement, assumpsit and not covenant would be the appropriate remedy. Smith v. Smith, 45 Vt. 433, 440; King v. Lamoille Valley R. Co., 51 Vt. 369, 376. The defendant was in possession and the purchase price of the premises was payable in instalments. ' In such circumstances the covenant for the payment of all except the last instalment was independant of the plaintiff’s covenant to convey. 39 Cyc. 1911 and eases cited, 29. Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law 690 and cases cited. Each instalment could be sued for as it fell due. To that extent the contract would be regarded as executed. As to the item in controversy, it had become a debt due and owing with nothing remaining to be done except to pay the money. In such case general assumpsit would lie. Chaffee v. Rutland R. Co., 55 Vt. 110, 139; Parker & Son v. Clemon, 80 Vt. 521, 68 Atl. 646.
I might very properly close this dissent here; but the importance of the question discussed in the majority opinion and my inability to subscribe to the rule laid down is my justification for considering a question which I deem to be outside the record.
To deny any remedy in a case like this it must be held that the contract is cancelled by the foreclosure and so furnishes no basis for the action. The argument of the majority is based upon the assumption that the foreclosure proceeding operated to rescind or cancel the contract. I am not prepared to say that if the plaintiff had rescinded the contract, .or acted in defiance of it, or taken legal steps to terminate it, he could maintain this action. Of the cases cited in the majority opinion none, however, go to the point of holding that a foreclosure of the vendee’s rights under a land contract, with repossession by the vendor after the expiration of the law day, terminates the contract so *416as to bar rights of action that have already accrued; nor is there, in my judgment, any just reason for adopting such a rule. There is a distinction in the cases between an act of the vendor rescinding the contract and an act “under the contract” to enforce his rights; and failure to note this distinction has lead to confusion.
It will be helpful in discovering the true rule to consider the relations „of the parties under such a contract. It does not do to lose sight of the fact that equity regards such a contract as executed and as operating to transfer the estate from the vendor to the vendee. The latter is treated as the owner of the land. The vendor holds the legal title as trustee for the vendee, but only as security for the payment of the unpaid portion of the purchase price. Vermont Marble Co. v. Mead et al., 85 Vt. 20, 33. As the vendee has the full equitable estate, subject of course to the incumbrance of any unpaid purchase-money, he holds the land possessed of all the incidents of real ownership although still wanting the confirmation of his legal title for purpose of security against claims of third persons. He may convey or incumber it; may devise it by will; on his death intestate, it descends to his heirs instead of his administrators. 1 Pom. Eq. Jur. §368; 27 Harvard Law Review 79. Subsequent improvements, rises in value, and other advantages inure to his benefit. On the other hand he must bear all losses as from fire or other accidental cause, all depreciations in value and other disadvantages. In short, he is entitled to all the benefits and assumes all the risks of ownership. 4 Pom. Eq. Jur. §1406.
The equitable interest of the vendor is correlative with that of the vendee. He has no beneficial interest in the land. Only the naked legal title remains which he holds in trust for the vendee with a lien so long as any part of the purchase price remains unpaid. This lien is not an interest in the land, is neither a jus ad rem nor a jus in re, but merely an incumbrance. 1 Pom. Eq. Jur. §368; 27 Harvard Law Review 79.
It was held in Bowin v. Lansing, 129 Mich. 117, 95 Am. St. Rep. 427, citing several eases, that the vendor’s title is only a trust coupled with an.interest by way of security for a debt, which is personalty. The vendee is the cestui que trust as to the legal title. It is said in Lewis v. Hawkins, 23 Wall. 119, 127: ‘‘In many of the eases it is held that the lien of the vendor who has not parted with the legal title is substantially a mortgage.” *417In Church v. Smith, 39 Wis. 492, cited in the majority opinion, it is held: ‘ ‘ The relation between the parties is analogous to that of equitable mortgagor and mortgagee. The former has the right of redemption and the latter the correlative right of foreclosure.” In Sparks v. Hess, 15 Cal. 186, also cited by the majority, it is said: “The vendor retains title as security for the debt. He may sue at law for the balance of the purchase-money or file his bill in equity for specific performance of the contract and take an alternative decree that the property be sold and applied and that vendee pay deficiency.” It should be observed that under the practice in California the lien is enforced by a foreclosure sale rather than by a decree of strict foreclosure, as in this State; but it must be apparent that the decree affects the existence of the contract in both cases alike. Many cases could be cited in support of the proposition that the relations of vendor and vendee are similar to those of mortgagee and mortgagor. It is sufficient to call attention to the following additional cases: Church v. Smith, 39 Wis. 492; Lysaght v. Edwards, 2 Ch. Div. 499; Carthage &c. Mills v. Village of Carthage, 200 N. Y. 1, 93 N. E. 60; Miles v. Hemenway (Or. 1910) 111 Pac. 696; Jordon v. Johnson (Ind. App.) 98 N. E. 143; Rexford v. So. Woodland Co., 208 Fed. 295; note 57 L. R. A. 643.
It comes to this then that for all practical purposes their relation is that of mortgagor and mortgagee. The vendee is the beneficial owner with right of redemption notwithstanding default in payment, while the claim of the vendor is but an ordinary money debt secured by the contract as by a mortgage. Walker v. Cosgrain, 101 Mich, 608; McGregor v. Putney, 75 N. H. 113, 71 Atl. 226.
When the defendant went into possession under the contract it was so far executed as to permit the recovery at law of instalments of the purchase-money as they came due. The defendant being in default as to part of the first instalment, the plaintiff brought suit therefor and soon after brought foreclosure proceedings which went to a decree while the suit at law was pending. The item thus sued for was not included in the sum found due in equity. After the tinie of redemption had run the plaintiff had judgment in the suit at law against the claim that general assumpsit was not his remedy. 'It is now said that he has no cause of action because the contract was terminated by the foreclosure and because the consideration of the defendant’s promise *418to pay, viz., plaintiff’s promise to deed, has wholly failed. As to the former claim, the action is not founded upon the written contract but, instead, upon a promise, express or implied, to pay money in consideration of an antecedent debt then due and owing. The court may have found an express agreement to pay, independent of the written contract; but however that may be, the law would imply such an agreement. As to failure of consideration, the claim is without merit, for the consideration of the promise sued upon was not plaintiff’s promise to deed but defendant’s antecedent debt, and as to this there was no failure. Assuming that the consideration of the promise on which the action is based was plaintiff’s promise to deed, I am unable to see how the foreclosure defeats the right of action which had already accrued. At the time the suit was commenced the defendant was owing the sum in controversy. Then or soon after he was in default on another instalment of the purchase price. ITe suffered his rights in equity under the contract to become barred by failing to pay as ordered, by the decree. Is it to be said that plaintiff’s right of action, if the consideration thereof could be regarded as assumed, is defeated by defendant’s further default? That is the logical result of the argument unless we regard the bringing of foreclosure bill as an election to rescind the contract.
It may be conceded as already intimated that, if the plaintiff had elected to rescind the contract by declaring a forfeiture and ejecting the defendant after default, he could not' afterwards maintain a suit at law for the purchase price; but that is not this case. In all that he did the plaintiff acted within and upon the contract. By bringing the action for the past due instalment he elected to treat'the contract as still in force. Foster v. Lour (Wis.) 110 N. W. 829. By foreclosure he took the only consistent course to enforce his lien upon the land, and in so doing reaffirmed the contract. The decree did not set the contract aside but presumably conformed to it. Jones v. Bowling, 117 Mich. 288, 75 N. W. 611. By the decree plaintiff merely said .to the defendant you must pay according to contract or be foreclosed, and it was only by further default on the part of the defendant that he was divested of his equitable estate. If he paid under the decree, was the contract cancelled? If not, by what course of reasoning was it cancelled by the same decree if he did not pay?
*419I select a few from the many cases in other jurisdictions in which this question has arisen. It was held in Wilburn v. Haines, 53 Ill. 207, that the bringing of a suit by the vendor to recover possession of the premises did not amount to a rescission of the contract. In Etterman v. Hyman, 192 N. Y. 113, 84 N. E. 937, it was said that a vendor does not rescind when he insists in a court of equity on a right springing from the contract and payment thereon pursuant to its terms; that, he does not repudiate the contract but stands on it and affirms it as the foundation of the right he seeks to enforce as fully as if he sought specific performance. In Henst v. Trow P. & R. Co., 142 N. Y. 637, 37 N. E. 566, it was held that the termination of a contract as to the future by one party owing to the default of the other is a rescission neither ab initio nor in any true sense. In Williams v. Forbes, 47 Ill. 148, held that when a vendor reserves the right to rescind on failure of the vendee to pay the price of the land, bringing an action of ejectment will not bar a prior action o.f assumpsit on the notes.
I maintain that the right to sue at law for an overdue instalment of the purchase-m'oney and in equity to enforce the lien are distinct and independent remedies and that the vendor may prosecute either, or both at the same time. Field v. Asley, 79 Mich. 231, 44 N. W. 602; Moody v. Eastern Oregon Land Co., 180 Fed. 532; 39 Cyc. 1847-1848 and cases cited; note 73 Am. St. Rep. 567 and cases cited. "While it may be said that the contract was terminated as to the future by the foreclosure proceedings, the effect on rights that have become fixed is entirely different than it would have been if the contract had been cancelled because of some equitable ground for setting it aside. This distinction is made in Lysaght v Edwards, 2 Ch. Div. 499, relied upon by the majority, a distinction which they seem to have overlooked.
I can conceive of no valid reason for making a distinction between the effect to be given to a foreclosure of a mortgage and a foreclosure of such a contract as this. The plaintiff like a mortgagee should still be at liberty to pursue his remedy in personam and recover the purchase price remaining unsatisfied. In practice it would work complete justice to both parties. The majority holding makes it possible for the vendee in possession to profit by his own wrong, or to escape the consequences of his contract when it is to his advantage, by compelling the vendor to *420foreclose. If the value of the property depreciates while in the possession of the vendee, should the vendor be made to suffer the loss? This is the result if he is referred to his security alone to recover the contract price. On the other hand, if the vendor recovers the property by foreclosure, the debt for the purchase-money is discharged pro tanto. If it is equal in value to the unpaid balance, the debt would be fully discharged.’ The defendant would have to pay so'much only of the purchase price as remained’unsatisfied by the return of thé property. Devereaux & Meserve v. Fairbanks, 52 Vt. 587.
This view is consistent with all our cases. Of those cited by the majority Sawyer v. McIntyre, 18 Vt. 27, related to a contract concerning personal property and bears no analogy to the case at bar. In Arbuckle v. Hawks, 20 Vt. 538, the defendant (the vendor) had rescinded the contract and ejected the plaintiff (the vendee), thus terminating the contract. The court properly held that having done so all claim upon the note given for the purchase-money was gone. But the court, intimated that the plaintiff might have claimed a lien upon the land and at the same time maintain a suit for the price, which is consistent with the plaintiff’s claim here. •
The case does not require the application of equitable principles to an action at law, however much could be’said in favor of that practice. "Reference to the rights of the parties in equity is made only to show that the bringing of the foreclosure suit was hot a rescission of the contract and that the effeet’of the proceeding was not to cancel it so as to leave the action unsupported.

I am authorized to say that Powers, G. I., concurs in this dissent. ■ ■ '