Court Opinion

ID: 4695344
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-14 20:03:03.341468+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:34.785805
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                         FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JUN 14 2021
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ARLEN SMITH; et al.,                            No.    20-35385

                Plaintiffs-Appellants,          D.C. No. 2:14-cv-01982-SU

and
                                                MEMORANDUM*
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                Plaintiff,

 v.

COLETTE S. PETERS, Director, Oregon
Department of Corrections; et al.,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                           for the District of Oregon
               Marco A. Hernandez, Chief District Judge, Presiding

                              Submitted June 10, 2021**
                                 Portland, Oregon

Before: WARDLAW, TALLMAN, and HURWITZ, Circuit Judges.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      Relators Arlen Smith, Jerry Harryman, and Rotish Singh (Relators) appeal

the district court’s dismissal with prejudice of their claims under the False Claims

Act (FCA), 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729–33, against employees of the Oregon Department

of Corrections (ODOC). We have jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and affirm.

      We review de novo the dismissal of claims under the FCA and assume the

facts as alleged in Relators’ third amended complaint are true. United States ex

rel. Campie v. Gilead Scis., Inc., 862 F.3d 890, 898 (9th Cir. 2017). We “examine

only whether [R]elators’ allegations support a cause of action under the False

Claims Act under the theories presented,” id., applying the heightened pleading

standards of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b), see Ebeid ex rel. United States

v. Lungwitz, 616 F.3d 993, 998 (9th Cir. 2010).

      1. Relators first invoke an implied false certification theory to argue

Defendants “knowingly present[ed], or cause[d] to be presented, a false or

fraudulent claim for payment or approval,” 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1)(A). But, to

state a claim under that theory, “specific representations” must have accompanied

the request for payment or property. Universal Health Servs., Inc. v. United States

ex rel. Escobar, 136 S. Ct. 1989, 2001 (2016). No specific representations were

alleged here.

      2. Relators’ reverse false claims liability theory also lacks merit. Relators

failed to plead that Defendants “knowingly and improperly avoid[ed] or

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decreas[ed] an obligation to pay or transmit money or property to the

Government.” 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1)(G). The federal civil forfeiture statute that

Relators invoke, 18 U.S.C. § 981, did not automatically impose an “obligation” on

Defendants to turn over any proceeds they earned from their alleged scheme. That

statute’s relation-back principle may cause courts to deem “[t]itle to real property”

to “‘vest’ in the United States upon commission of the act giving rise to forfeiture,

but vesting is not self-executing.” United States v. Spahi, 177 F.3d 748, 754 (9th

Cir. 1999). “Indeed, under the forfeiture statutes, ‘nothing vests in the government

until some legal step shall be taken for the assertion of its right, after which, for

many purposes, the doctrine of relation carries back the title to the commission of

the offense.’” Id. (quoting United States v. 92 Buena Vista Ave., 507 U.S. 111, 125

(1993) (plurality opinion)). Because Relators never allege that the United States

prevailed in a judicial proceeding to perfect title in Defendants’ allegedly illicit

proceeds, no reverse claims liability exists here.

      3. Relators’ remaining allegations are to no avail. Even if the ODOC

overcharges its inmates for postage, that conduct does not wrongly cause the

“government to pay out money or forfeit moneys due.” Gilead Scis., Inc., 862 F.3d

at 899 (emphasis added). Meanwhile, the district court did not abuse its discretion

in declining to consider Relators’ claim premised on fraudulent use of interagency

mail, given that Relators did not raise this argument before the magistrate judge.

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See Akhtar v. Mesa, 698 F.3d 1202, 1208 (9th Cir. 2012).

      4. Even if Relators had pled cognizable FCA violations, they failed to plead

those allegations with particularity. Their third amended complaint “lump[s]

together” all of the defendants and “assert[s] that everyone did everything,” even

though the various defendants held different positions at the ODOC and thus

cannot plausibly have all “had the exact same role in [the] fraud.” United States ex

rel. Silingo v. WellPoint, Inc., 904 F.3d 667, 677 (9th Cir. 2018) (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted).1

      AFFIRMED.

      1
        Relators have not challenged the district court’s decision to dismiss their
claims with prejudice and have thus forfeited any argument to that effect. See
Brown v. Rawson-Neal Psychiatric Hosp., 840 F.3d 1146, 1148 (9th Cir. 2016). In
any event, the magistrate and district judges did not abuse their discretion in
dismissing Relators’ third amended complaint with prejudice. See Chinatown
Neighborhood Ass’n v. Harris, 794 F.3d 1136, 1144 (9th Cir. 2015).

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