Court Opinion

ID: 4663260
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-02-26 15:12:06.37959+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:27.554605
License: Public Domain

[Cite as In re D.E., 2021-Ohio-524.]

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                   TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

In the Matter of:                                  :

[D.E.                                              :                   No. 20AP-83
                                                                  (C.P.C. No. 18JU-5647)
S.L., Mother,                                      :
                                                                (REGULAR CALENDAR)
                 Appellant].                       :

In the Matter of:                                  :

[R.P. et al.,                                      :                   No. 20AP-85
                                                                  (C.P.C. No. 18JU-5648)
S.L., Mother,                                      :
                                                                (REGULAR CALENDAR)
                 Appellant].                       :

                                            D E C I S I O N

                                       Rendered on February 25, 2021

                 On brief: Steven Thomas D. Potts, for appellee Franklin
                 County Children Services.

                 On brief: Anzelmo Law, and James A. Anzelmo, for S.L.

                  APPEALS from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas,
                      Division of Domestic Relations, Juvenile Branch

DORRIAN, P.J.
        {¶ 1} Appellant, S.L. ("appellant"), mother of four minor children, D.E., Jr., R.P.,
C.P., and T.P. (collectively, "the children"), appeals the January 22, 2020 decisions and
judgment entries of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, Division of Domestic
Relations, Juvenile Branch, which granted permanent custody of the children to appellee,
Franklin County Children Services ("FCCS"). For the following reasons, we reverse.
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                                           2

I. Facts and Procedural History
        {¶ 2} Prior to the opening of the cases presently before us, as will be referenced
briefly herein, appellant and the children had been involved in prior cases with FCCS before
the juvenile court. The two cases before us now also involve FCCS. In one, FCCS sought
permanent custody of D.E., Jr., minor child of D.E., Sr. and appellant. In the other case,
FCCS sought permanent custody of R.P., C.P., and T.P., minor children of X.P.1 and
appellant.2 On May 10, 2018, FCCS filed a complaint alleging D.E., Jr. was a dependent
child pursuant to R.C. 2151.04(C). On the same date, FCCS filed a complaint in a separate
case alleging R.P., C.P., and T.P. were dependent children pursuant to R.C. 2151.04(C).3 On
May 11, 2018, the juvenile court magistrate ("magistrate") filed orders granting FCCS
temporary custody of the children. On the same date, the magistrate filed findings of fact
and conclusions of law finding FCCS made reasonable efforts to prevent removal of the
children.
        {¶ 3} On June 15, 2018, the magistrate held a hearing at which appellant was
present but was not at that time represented by counsel. At the hearing, the magistrate
inquired of appellant for purposes of determining compliance with the Indian Child
Welfare Act ("ICWA") as follows:
                 [Magistrate]: [D]o you have any Native American heritage in
                 your background?
                 [Appellant]: Cherokee.

1 We note that X.P. and one of the children have the same initials. To avoid confusion, we shall refer to the
father of R.P., C.P., and T.P. as "X.P."

2 We note the recordreflects X.P. was incarcerated at the time of the permanent custody hearing. D.E., Sr. was
not present at the permanent custody hearings and did not participate throughout the history of the case.
Neither X.P. nor D.E., Sr. filed notices of appeal from the judgments before us.

3 Pursuant to Evid.R. 201, a court, including an appellate court, may take judicial notice of a fact not subject
to reasonable dispute that is " 'either (1) generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court or
(2) capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be
questioned.' " See State ex rel. Brime v. McIntosh, 10th Dist. No. 19AP-70, 2019-Ohio-4019, ¶ 28, quoting
Evid.R. 201(B); State v. Murphy, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-952, 2013-Ohio-5599, ¶ 23; State ex rel. Coles v.
Granville, 116 Ohio St.3d 231, 2007-Ohio-6057, ¶ 20, citing Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Rotches Pork Packers,
Inc., 969 F.2d 1384, 1388 (2d Cir.1992), quoting Kramer v. Time Warner, Inc., 937 F.2d 767, 774 (2d Cir.1991)
(citing Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. for the proposition that a " 'court may take judicial notice of a document filed in
another court "not for the truth of the matters asserted in the other litigation, but rather to establish the fact
of such litigation and related filings" ' "). We take judicial notice of the fact that complaints involving the same
parties alleging dependency pursuant to R.C. 2151.04(C) were previously filed in the juvenile court in case
Nos. 18JU-1651 and 18JU-1653 on February 12, 2018. At the May 11, 2018 hearing, the assistant prosecutor
for the state of Ohio stated: "The State's asking for a dismissal on 18JU-1653 as well as 18JU-1651. Parents
have not been served and [Indian Child Welfare Act] has not been done either, so we are unable to move
forward on those two complaints. The State would request that we move forward on the new complaints and
all orders be maintained." (May 11, 2018 Tr. at 2.)
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                   3

                [Magistrate]: All right, are you a member?

                [Appellant]: No.

(June 15, 2018 Tr. at 4.) On June 20, 2018, the magistrate filed an entry reflecting that
appellant was sworn in for "Native American heritage history." On June 21, 2018, the
magistrate reappointed Brian L. Herzberger as the children's guardian ad litem ("GAL"),
having previously served as GAL to the children from his appointment in prior cases on
June 9, 2017.
       {¶ 4} On August 20, 2018, FCCS filed semi-annual reviews and case plans in both
cases. On August 23, 2018, the magistrate filed decisions finding the children to be
dependent, pursuant to R.C. 2151.04(C), and ordering the children be committed
temporarily to the custody of FCCS pursuant to R.C. 2151.353(A)(2). The entries noted
temporary custody would continue until further notice of the court. The juvenile court
adopted the magistrate's decisions.
       {¶ 5} On January 4, 2019, FCCS filed motions for permanent custody of the
children. On January 7, 2019, the juvenile court filed notice of the permanent custody
hearing. On February 6, 2019, the magistrate filed findings of fact and conclusions of law
finding FCCS made reasonable efforts to finalize a permanency plan. On March 5 and
July 8, 2019, FCCS filed semi-annual reviews.
       {¶ 6} On March 8, 2019,         entries were filed granting FCCS's request for a
continuance in order to perfect service. On March 8, 2019, an entry was filed granting the
GAL's request for a continuance to complete his investigation. On April 16, 2019, entries
were filed granting the GAL's request for a continuance to review the children's file. On
May 22, 2019, an entry was filed granting the GAL's request for a continuance due to a
conflict.
       {¶ 7} On July 17, 2019, the GAL filed a report. On July 18, 2019, the juvenile court
held a pretrial hearing. On July 19, 2019, the juvenile court filed an entries reflecting its
decision to grant appellant's request for a continuance to complete discovery. On the same
entry, below the date of the new hearing on the motion for permanent custody, the
following notice was provided: "This is a Permanent Custody Hearing. If the Court grants
Permanent Custody, ALL your parental rights and privileges are terminated, and you will
have no legal rights to the child/ren." (Emphasis sic.) On October 29, 2019, FCCS refiled
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                                   4

motions for permanent custody of the children; however, these motions were dismissed by
FCCS, and FCCS pursued only the motions for permanent custody filed on January 4, 2019.
        {¶ 8} On December 2, 2019, the juvenile court held a hearing on the motion for
permanent custody. Appellant was not present at the hearing. The juvenile court denied a
request by appellant's counsel to continue the hearing.
        {¶ 9} At the hearing, Kristie Marshall, a caseworker for FCCS, testified that, on two
occasions, she had been assigned to cases involving the children. Marshall had first been
assigned to a case involving the children when it had been brought as "[v]oluntary case
openings protective service," or "VPS" case. (Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at 13.) According to Marshall,
VPS meant that "the parent," in this matter, appellant, "signed an agreement" for FCCS to
receive custody of children "for a certain period of time." (Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at 13.) Beginning
August 1, 2017, R.P., C.P., and T.P. were placed in FCCS's custody under a 30-day VPS
agreement with appellant to alleviate homelessness. It appears the VPS continued through
November 2017.
        {¶ 10} Following the initial VPS case, appellant had been linked with Friends of the
Homeless, a shelter organization, and had been staying at a shelter. FCCS secured housing
for appellant; however, appellant declined the housing. As a result of her decision to decline
housing, the shelter informed appellant she had to leave the shelter.4 Appellant signed an
agreement with the shelter stating she would not reapply for shelter for a period of 90 days.
        {¶ 11} According to Marshall, after being removed from the shelter, appellant stayed
at a friend's home with the children until they were removed from that home. As a result
of this removal, appellant and the children were rendered homeless and were living in a
car. Thereafter, appellant brought the children to FCCS on January 20, 2018. Due to
homelessness, appellant was unable to wash the family's clothes or provide for other basic
needs for the children. Appellant entered into another VPS to relinquish custody of the
children to FCCS for a period of 30 days. Marshall testified that appellant relinquished her
children to FCCS on January 20, 2018. She was careful not to state that the children had
been removed because the relinquishment was pursuant to appellant's VPS. Marshall
testified she was assigned the present cases involving the children in February 2018.

4We note that Marshall's testimony on this point is unclear. As the complaints in these cases were refiled on
May 11, 2018, we have no other evidence in the record to which to look for clarity.
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                               5

        {¶ 12} According to Marshall, FCCS received a temporary order of custody for the
children on February 16, 2018. The children remained in the uninterrupted custody of
FCCS from that date through the permanent custody hearing. At the time of the permanent
custody hearing, D.E., Jr. was nine years old, R.P. was six years old, C.P. was five years old,
and T.P. was four years old.
        {¶ 13} Marshall testified that in January 2018, after FCCS entered into the VPS with
appellant, the children were placed with N.C., a foster parent. On November 20, 2018, the
children were placed with a relative of appellant. On December 31, 2018, due to a
disruption, the children were moved and separated. T.P. returned to N.C., whereas D.E.,
Jr., R.P., and C.P. were moved to a foster home in Galion, Ohio. In April 2019, D.E., Jr. was
placed at Fox Run Center ("Fox Run"), a residential treatment facility for children. In July
2019, R.P. was placed at St. Vincent's Family Center ("St. Vincent"), a residential treatment
facility for children. C.P. remained at the foster home in Galion.
        {¶ 14} Based on her observations, Marshall testified the interactions between C.P.
and C.P.'s foster parents were appropriate and they were bonded to one another. C.P.'s
foster parents took very good care of C.P. and C.P. was affectionate toward the foster
parents. C.P.'s foster home was a potential adoptive placement for C.P.
        {¶ 15} Marshall stated that R.P. was ready to be discharged from residential
treatment at St. Vincent's.5 T.P.'s foster home was a potential adoptive placement for T.P.
D.E., Jr. had no projected discharge date from Fox Run. Marshall believed D.E., Jr. needed
to continue residential treatment.
        {¶ 16} There were no plans to reunite the children in the same foster home.
Marshall testified that even after their release from residential treatment, D.E., Jr. and R.P.
would not be able to return to their prior foster homes. However, the semi-annual review
indicated that R.P. had been returned to the home of the foster family who cared for C.P.
Marshall was unaware of any adoptive placements in which all the children would remain
together. Three of the children were able to verbalize their wishes for placement; those
three stated they wished to return to appellant.
        {¶ 17} Marshall testified that D.E., Sr. had not participated with the case during its
pendency, had not visited D.E., Jr., and had not been in contact with FCCS by telephone or

5 We note that in the semi-annual review filed on January 10, 2020 infra, the FCCS caseworker stated that
"[R.P.] was discharged from St. Vincent's and moved back to [the] former foster home on 12/6/2019."
(Jan. 10, 2020 Semi-Annual Review at 4.)
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                   6

e-mail. X.P. had not been involved during the pendency of the case. FCCS received written
communication from X.P. in which he stated he was incarcerated until 2025, though he
wished he had been able to be involved. X.P. had no contact with the children. Marshall
testified it was her understanding that X.P. was indeed incarcerated, with his earliest
possible release date in 2025.
       {¶ 18} Marshall described the elements of the case plan with which appellant was
required to comply: (1) provide for the basic needs of the children, including shelter, food,
clothing, education, medical, and any special needs, (2) obtain legal employment, and
(3) obtain legal housing. According to Marshall, appellant failed to maintain consistent
contact with FCCS during the pendency of the matter. Specifically, Marshall testified that
"[t]here will be periods of time where [appellant] wouldn't contact me or her contact
information would change via [sic] phone number or an address where she could be found
and she'll just come back out of the blue." (Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at 20.) Marshall had repeatedly
informed appellant of her case plan objectives throughout the pendency of the matter,
explaining that compliance was necessary in order to return the children to her custody.
       {¶ 19} Marshall described the various efforts FCCS had undertaken to assist
appellant in meeting case plan objectives. As previously noted, when the cases were initially
opened, appellant was linked with Friends of the Homeless. Later, appellant was linked
with another organization, Family to Family. Marshall made two community service
worker referrals in order to help appellant secure housing. Appellant had an open case with
a community service worker but had not been consistent in attending meetings. FCCS
provided appellant with monthly bus passes and offered Greyhound bus passes for visits to
Fox Run. Appellant had not accepted any offer for transportation to Fox Run to visit D.E.,
Jr.
       {¶ 20} Regarding appellant's case plan objective to provide for the basic needs of the
children, including their medical and special needs, Marshall described the children's
various medical and psychological issues. The children had behavioral issues prior to being
placed in foster care. All the children had sleeping issues and were receiving counseling.
D.E., Jr. had been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ("ADHD") and
was receiving six medications to address impulse control and sleep issues. R.P. had also
been diagnosed with ADHD and was receiving prescribed medications to treat ADHD and
sleep issues. It was Marshall's opinion that appellant downplayed the children's medical
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                     7

and special needs, failing to acknowledge such needs despite the fact they had been
diagnosed.
       {¶ 21} Further, according to Marshall, appellant was not able to provide for the
children's basic needs because she consistently depended on FCCS to provide
transportation, even to visits with the children. Appellant had not provided clothing,
snacks, or hygiene products to the children at visits, despite being encouraged to do so.
       {¶ 22} Marshall described appellant's visits with the children throughout the history
of the cases as "[v]ery inconsistent" and "very sporadic" at times. (Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at 25.)
From May 30, 2018 through December 2018, appellant did not visit the children.
According to Marshall, appellant had not visited the children who were in residential
treatment facilities, or attended any of their counseling sessions, despite being offered
transportation to those facilities by FCCS. Appellant had accepted an arrangement to visit
R.P. at St. Vincent's for Thanksgiving dinner, but failed to attend.
       {¶ 23} Through her observations of appellant's visits with the children, Marshall
described appellant and the children as bonded. Appellant's interactions with the children
were appropriate and her supervision of them was adequate over the duration of the visit.
However, Marshall did not believe appellant demonstrated an ability to care for the
children because of her lack of consistency and "[s]he just doesn't participate." (Dec. 2, 2019
Tr. at 43.)
       {¶ 24} Next, with regard to the case plan objective to obtain stable housing, Marshall
stated appellant had not had stable housing throughout the pendency of the matter. In
order to be compliant with the case plan requirements for obtaining stable housing,
appellant was required to obtain independent housing that she was able to sustain by
means of a legal source of income or housing assistance without depending on another
person. Over the history of the cases, appellant had lived in at least five different places of
which Marshall was aware including: with her niece for a period of a couple months; at a
shelter in Lancaster; at a hotel; with an unidentified male for about one month, during
which time she would not allow Marshall to visit where she was staying; and, beginning in
September 2019 through the permanent custody hearing, at her boyfriend's residence.
       {¶ 25} Marshall had visited appellant at her boyfriend's residence. According to
Marshall, the residence was "appropriate" with working utilities and no visible hazards.
(Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at 24.) Appellant's boyfriend, his three children, and appellant resided at
the residence. There were three bedrooms. Marshall stated that "[o]ne bedroom would be
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                      8

for the girls and the other one will be for the boys and then the boyfriend and [appellant]."
(Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at 24-25.) Considering the children's behavioral issues, the challenges of
entering a new environment, and appellant's boyfriend's lack of prior interactions with the
children, Marshall believed it would be inappropriate for the children to reside in such close
proximity to appellant's boyfriend's three children at the residence.
       {¶ 26} Marshall met appellant's boyfriend on a visit to the residence. At the time,
appellant's boyfriend indicated he was willing to have the children move into the residence
with him and his children. However, one week prior to the permanent custody hearing,
Marshall received an e-mail from appellant's boyfriend indicating he was no longer willing
to have the children reside at the residence with him and his children. Marshall was not
able to meet appellant's boyfriend's children because they were in school at the time of her
visit. Marshall did not consider appellant's housing to be stable at the time of the permanent
custody hearing because appellant had not resided at her boyfriend's residence for a
sufficient amount of time when considered in conjunction with her history of frequent
relocations, the fact that it was not independent housing, and the fact that she did not have
stable, legally obtained income sufficient to otherwise sustain housing and provide for the
children.
       {¶ 27} Finally, Marshall did not believe appellant had met the case plan requirement
to obtain stable employment. Two weeks prior to the permanent custody hearing, appellant
informed Marshall she had started working, but had not provided paystubs or any
documentation to support proof of employment. Prior to her present employment,
appellant had worked for periods of time at other jobs, but not in an "ongoing or consistent"
fashion. (Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at 30.) Marshall was unable to describe appellant's complete
employment history over the duration of the matter because there were periods of time that
appellant would not be in contact with FCCS. Marshall described appellant's progress on
her case plan requirement to maintain a stable, legal source of income as "[v]ery
inconsistent, minimal." (Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at 45.)
       {¶ 28} Herzberger testified he was first appointed as the children's GAL on June 9,
2017 on prior cases involving the same parties. Herzberger served as the children's GAL
throughout the pendency of the motions for permanent custody. In response to being asked
when he first met the children, Herzberger testified he "visited them prior to filing my
report, which I filed on July 17th of this year and it was just a little before that that I -- I
visited with them." (Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at 49.) When asked what his visits had been like,
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                    9

Herzberger responded "I visited with [R.P.] and [C.P.] and they were at their foster
placement and I can't remember the city, but -- and talked with both of them there. I visited
with [D.E., Jr.] at Fox Run and I mis -- visited with [T.P.] at [T.P.'s] foster placement."
(Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at 49.)
       {¶ 29} Regarding his contact with appellant, Herzberger testified that "I've had no
interaction with [appellant]. I believe she called my office once and left a message that she
was gonna [sic] return the call; I believe I've never heard from her." (Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at
50.) Herzberger admitted this meant he had never been present at appellant's visits with
any of the children to observe her interaction with them. Herzberger stated that "[w]ith
[appellant's] visits being so sporadic, I was unable to ever schedule one." (Dec. 2, 2019 Tr.
at 51.) Regarding his contact with D.E., Sr. and X.P., Herzberger testified he had "never
had any communication with any of the fathers." (Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at 50.) Herzberger
stated his report contained a log of who he had spoken with and the visits he had made in
this matter.
       {¶ 30} Next, Herzberger discussed his interaction with each of the children,
including their articulated wishes regarding placement, if any. Herzberger was "unable to
elicit a response" from T.P. other than a statement that T.P. enjoyed living at the foster
home. (Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at 50.) Herzberger was unable to determine whether T.P.
understood the permanency of adoption. C.P. enjoyed visiting with appellant, and wished
to be returned to live with appellant.
       {¶ 31} According to Herzberger, R.P. enjoyed visits with appellant and wanted to be
placed with her. R.P. informed Herzberger that appellant "tells [R.P.] that the two of them
are going to go together and * * * get a house together." (Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at 50.) Herzberger
met with D.E., Jr. in the presence of D.E., Jr.'s clinician because, according to Herzberger,
it was the first time they had met and D.E., Jr. wanted someone familiar to be present
during the conversation with Herzberger.
       {¶ 32} Herzberger stated he had reviewed all the discovery in the matter. When
asked whether he had any understanding of the children's medical or special needs,
Herzberger responded:
               I haven't looked at it lately, to be honest with you, no, I mean,
               with -- with the parents not being involved and [appellant]
               never contacting me, you know, that wasn't a real concern for
               my -- about whether [appellant] would be able to meet any
               needs of the children because the parents were just -- well, with
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                 10

                the one parent being incarcerated and the other one at the time
                I had no idea where he was, that wasn't a major concern for me
                about whether they would or not be able to meet any medical
                needs or special needs because they were simply not involved.

(Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at 53-54.) Herzberger was unable to identify how long the children had
been in FCCS's custody, but stated it had been for more than 12 out of the last 22 months.
       {¶ 33} Herzberger testified the children needed a legally secure and permanent
placement, and recommended the court grant the motion for permanent custody.
Herzberger stated the children could not be reunited with appellant within a reasonable
time because:
                [Appellant] never contacted me other than one call very
                recently that she was gonna [sic] call back. And once I make
                initial contact with the parent as best I can at the address, my
                practice is that it's up to the parents to be the one to get in touch
                with me so that I can see whether they're invested in the case
                or not and I can't see that any of the parents are invested in this
                case whatsoever.
(Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at 57.) With regard to appellant's housing situation, Herzberger testified
as follows:
                [FCCS Attorney]: Do you have a concern with reuniting the
                children with [appellant] based upon housing - -

                [Herzberger]: Absolutely.

                [FCCS Attorney]: - her ability to provide housing?

                [Herzberger]: Based in -- based on what I've heard from
                caseworker testified to today, yes, I would.

                [FCCS Attorney]: And your independent review of the records?

                [Herzberger]: Yes.

(Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at 57.)
       {¶ 34} On cross-examination, Herzberger confirmed he had never visited
appellant's current housing situation or spoken with her boyfriend at their residence.
Herzberger testified the children were bonded to appellant based on their comments about
enjoying visiting with her. Herzberger was unable to testify as to whether the children were
bonded with one another. However, he believed it was in the children's best interest for all
four to be placed together.
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                      11

       {¶ 35} Herzberger testified he did not make any attempts to be present for visits
between appellant and the children because he "never knew when she was or wasn't gonna
[sic] show up." (Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at 59-60.) Herzberger was informed that appellant was
visiting the children, though he "heard that [the visits] were sporadic." (Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at
60.) Herzberger responded "[n]o" when asked whether he was "aware that [FCCS] would
have all four children come visit together and let them visit even when [appellant] wasn't
present." (Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at 60.)
       {¶ 36} On January 10, 2020, FCCS filed semi-annual reviews. On January 22, 2020,
the juvenile court filed decisions and judgment entries granting FCCS's motions for
permanent custody.
II. Assignments of Error
       {¶ 37} Appellant appeals and assigns the following four assignments of error for our
review:
              [I.] The trial court erred by holding the hearing on children
              services' permanent custody petition without [appellant] being
              present, in violation of [appellant's] due process rights under
              the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the
              United States Constitution, and her confrontation rights under
              the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

              [II.] The trial court plainly erred by admitting the testimony of
              the guardian ad litem.

              [III.] The trial court plainly erred by concluding that the Indian
              Child Welfare Act did not apply to the parental rights
              termination proceedings.

              [IV.] Children services failed to establish, by clear and
              convincing evidence, that it should be given permanent custody
              of [appellant's] children.

III. Applicable Law—Parenting Is a Fundamental Right
       {¶ 38} "The right to parent one's child is a fundamental right protected by the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article
I, Section 16, of the Ohio Constitution." In re L.W., 10th Dist. No. 17AP-586, 2018-Ohio-
2099, ¶ 6. See also In re Murray, 52 Ohio St.3d 155, 157 (1990), quoting Stanley v. Illinois,
405 U.S. 645, 651 (1972) ("[T]he right to raise one's children is an 'essential' and 'basic civil
right.' "). "Parents have a 'fundamental liberty interest' in the care, custody, and
management of the child." Id., quoting Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753 (1982).
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                      12

"Permanent termination of parental rights has been described as 'the family law equivalent
of the death penalty in a criminal case.' Therefore, parents 'must be afforded every
procedural and substantive protection the law allows.' " In re Hayes, 79 Ohio St.3d 46, 48
(1997), quoting In re Smith, 77 Ohio App.3d 1, 16 (6th Dist.1991).
       {¶ 39} However, the state has broad authority to intervene to protect children from
abuse and neglect. In re C.F., 113 Ohio St.3d 73, 2007-Ohio-1104, ¶ 28, citing R.C. 2151.01.
An award of permanent custody which terminates parental rights, is an " 'alternative of last
resort and is only justified when it is necessary for the welfare of the children.' " In re C.G.,
10th Dist. No. 13AP-632, 2014-Ohio-279, ¶ 28, quoting In re Swisher, 10th Dist. No. 02AP-
1408, 2003-Ohio-5446, ¶ 26.
IV. First Assignment of Error—Denial of Continuance
       {¶ 40} In her first assignment of error, appellant asserts the juvenile court erred by
holding the permanent custody hearing outside the presence of appellant in violation of her
constitutional rights. Specifically, appellant contends the juvenile court erred by denying
her counsel's request for a continuance on the day of the permanent custody hearing.
       {¶ 41} We review a juvenile court's decision to deny a continuance in a permanent
custody case for abuse of discretion. In re K.J., 10th Dist. No. 17AP-457, 2018-Ohio-471,
¶ 17; In re A.L., 10th Dist. No. 15AP-1040, 2016-Ohio-3189, ¶ 20; In re J.B., 10th Dist. No.
08AP-1108, 2009-Ohio-3083, ¶ 26; In re B.G.W., 10th Dist. No. 08AP-181, 2008-Ohio-
3693, ¶ 23. An abuse of discretion connotes a decision that is unreasonable, arbitrary or
unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983). However, no court
possesses the authority within its discretion to commit an error of law. Badescu v. Badescu,
10th Dist. No. 18AP-947, 2020-Ohio-4312, ¶ 9; In re L.D., 10th Dist. No. 12AP-985, 2013-
Ohio-3214, ¶ 8.
       {¶ 42} " 'There are no mechanical tests for deciding when a denial of a continuance
is so arbitrary as to violate due process. The answer must be found in the circumstances
present in every case, particularly in the reasons presented to the trial judge at the time the
request is denied.' " J.B. at ¶ 26, quoting Ungar v. Sarafite, 376 U.S. 575, 589 (1964). In
reviewing a trial court's decision to deny a continuance an appellate court conducts a
balancing test, "weigh[ing] any potential prejudice to the [movant] against a court's right
to control its own docket and the public's interest in the efficient dispatch of justice." State
v. Woods, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-667, 2010-Ohio-1586, ¶ 24, citing State v. Unger, 67 Ohio
St.2d 65, 67 (1981). In Unger, the Supreme Court of Ohio listed the following factors to be
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                   13

considered by a court in conducting the balancing test: (1) the length of the requested delay,
(2) whether other continuances have been requested and granted, (3) the inconvenience to
the parties, witnesses, opposing counsel, and the court, (4) whether the requested delay is
for legitimate reasons or is dilatory, purposeful, or contrived, (5) whether the movant
contributed to the circumstances giving rise to the request for a continuance, and (6) any
other relevant factors, depending on the unique circumstances of each case. Unger, 67
Ohio St.3d at 67. See K.J. at ¶ 17.
       {¶ 43} At the December 2, 2019 custody hearing, counsel for appellant requested a
continuance:
               [Appellant's trial attorney]: I would just like to ask for a
               continuance on the record. Obviously, my client isn't here. I
               had last contact with her yesterday afternoon about this time
               by phone. She was expected to be here. I tried to text her this
               afternoon and call her. I've received nothing back yet, so I do
               not know why she is not here. It's my understanding that she
               did contact the caseworker with a (sic) email this morning,
               which my -- oh.

               [FCCS caseworker]: Not this morning. It was Wednesday.

               [Appellant's trial attorney]: Oh, Wednesday.

               [FCCS caseworker]: Uh-huh (affirmative response).

               [Appellant's trial attorney]: I -- I don't know, Your Honor.

               [Judge]: Understood, counsel.

               [Appellant's trial attorney]: Thank you.

               [Judge]: I appreciate your position, the Court will overrule your
               request.

(Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at 8-9.) In the January 22, 2020 decisions and judgment entries, the
juvenile court stated: "[Appellant] failed to appear. The Court denied [appellant's]
Counsel's request for a continuance." (Decision at 2.)
       {¶ 44} Here, the record is clear that appellant failed to appear on the day of the
permanent custody hearing. Loc.R. 2 of the Court of Common Pleas of Franklin County,
Division of Domestic Relations, Juvenile Branch ("Loc.Juv.R.") provides that "[n]o case will
be continued on the day of hearing except for good cause shown." Although the juvenile
court did not articulate reasons in support of its decision to deny the continuance, it did
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                                 14

note in its decision that the motions for permanent custody in these cases were filed on
January 4, 2019, nearly 11 months before the permanent custody hearing on December 2,
2019.6
         {¶ 45} Citing In re Sheffey, 167 Ohio App.3d 141, 2006-Ohio-619 (11th Dist.),
appellant argues the trial court's decision to deny the request for a continuance was in error
because appellant had a right to be present during a hearing pertaining to her parental
rights. In Sheffey, a children services agency brought a complaint for dependency and
neglect regarding a child who was born while the child's mother was serving a one-year
prison sentence. The clerk did not serve the mother with a copy of the complaint, but did
serve her with a copy of the judgment of the trial court granting the continuance of the
dependency and neglect hearing. The mother, who remained incarcerated during the
entirety of the case, was not transported to the hearing on neglect and dependency, nor was
she appointed counsel or given notice of her rights or the allegations about her.
         {¶ 46} After the trial court in Sheffey adjudicated the child dependent and neglected,
the court appointed a public defender to represent the mother on the children services
agency's motion for permanent custody of the child. Over one week prior to the hearing,
the public defender, appointed as the mother's representative, filed a motion to continue
the permanent custody hearing citing an inability to provide evidence in the mother's
defense. The trial court denied the motion, arranged for the mother to be present at the
permanent custody hearing, and granted the motion for permanent custody. On appeal, the
court reversed, concluding that "[b]y denying the mother proper notice, a recitation of her
rights, and proper participation in the proceedings, as well as by denying her a continuance,
and failing to appoint her counsel during the hearing for neglect and dependency, the trial
court did not comply with the basic constitutional requirements set forth in both the Ohio
and United States Constitutions." Id. at ¶ 23.
         {¶ 47} Sheffey is inapposite to the present matter. Unlike in Sheffey, there is no
allegation in this matter that the juvenile court failed to provide appellant proper notice,
appointed counsel, or recitation of her rights. More importantly, unlike in Sheffey, in which
the mother's trial counsel provided a reason for the continuance, here, appellant's trial

6 As previously noted, the record reflects FCCS filed motions for permanent custody on January 4, 2019. On

October 29, 2019, FCCS refiled motions for permanent custody of the children. At the permanent custody
hearing, counsel for FCCS stated that the October 29, 2019 motions indicated that the children had been in
FCCS's custody for a consecutive period of 12 out of the prior 22 months. FCCS withdrew the October 29, 2019
permanent custody motions and elected to proceed on the January 4, 2019 motions.
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                 15

counsel, who was present at the permanent custody hearing, had no explanation for
appellant's absence. Indeed, on appeal, appellant advances no argument as to why she was
absent or prevented from attending the hearing. Appellant's right to be present at the
hearing was not violated; appellant simply failed to attend.
       {¶ 48} Next, we consider the Unger, 67 Ohio St.2d 65, factors in light of the
particular facts and circumstances of these cases. First, it is unclear on the record before
us as to the length of the requested delay, though, as previously mentioned, the motions for
permanent custody had been pending for nearly 11 months prior to the date of the
permanent custody hearing. Second, there were several continuances related to the
motions for permanent custody, though appellant made only one such request prior to the
date of the hearing. It is important to note that in the July 19, 2019 entry granting
appellant's request for a continuance prior to the date of the hearing, the juvenile court
included, along with the date of the permanent custody hearing, the following notice to
appellant: "This is a Permanent Custody Hearing. If the Court grants Permanent Custody,
ALL your parental rights and privileges are terminated, and you will have no legal rights to
the child/ren." (Emphasis sic.)
       {¶ 49} Third, it is clear from the record that the FCCS caseworker, the GAL, the
children's attorney, and counsel for FCCS were present and prepared to proceed with the
hearing. Therefore, considering the fact that the request for a continuance was made on
the day of the hearing, we find there would have been inconvenience to the parties,
witnesses, opposing counsel, and the court had the request been granted. Fourth, we find
appellant's counsel's request for a continuance was for a legitimate reason. Fifth, in the
absence of any other facts in the record, we find appellant, through her unexplained
absence, was responsible for creating the circumstances giving rise to the request for a
continuance.
       {¶ 50} As a result, considering the length of time the motions for permanent custody
had been pending, the notice provided to appellant regarding the consequences of the
permanent custody hearing, the inconvenience to the parties, and the fact that appellant's
unexplained absence gave rise to the delay, we cannot find the juvenile court abused its
discretion by denying appellant's counsel's request for a continuance. See K.J. at ¶ 31.
Accordingly, we overrule appellant's first assignment of error.
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                                     16

V. Third Assignment of Error—ICWA Compliance
        {¶ 51} For ease of discussion, we next address appellant's third assignment of error.
In her third assignment of error, appellant asserts the juvenile court erred by holding the
ICWA did not apply to the permanent custody proceedings.
        {¶ 52} The ICWA establishes certain procedural safeguards intended to govern child
custody proceedings involving Indian children.7 See Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians
v. Holyfield, 490 U.S. 30, 36 (1989); In re A.G., 8th Dist. No. 107600, 2019-Ohio-1345,
¶ 14, citing In re L.R.D., 8th Dist. No. 107301, 2019-Ohio-178, ¶ 19.
        {¶ 53} 25 U.S.C. 1903, defines "Indian" and "Indian child" pursuant to the ICWA, as
follows:
                 (3) "Indian" means any person who is a member of an Indian
                 tribe * * *;

                 (4) "Indian child" means any unmarried person who is under
                 age eighteen and is either (a) a member of an Indian tribe or
                 (b) is eligible for membership in an Indian tribe and is the
                 biological child of a member of an Indian tribe[.]

See also Ohio Adm.Code 5101:2-53-01. Furthermore, 25 C.F.R. 23.103 provides that ICWA
applies when an Indian child is the subject of the following child custody proceedings:
                 (a) ICWA includes requirements that apply whenever an
                 Indian child is the subject of:

                 (1) A child-custody proceeding, including:

                 (i) An involuntary proceeding;

                 (ii) A voluntary proceeding that could prohibit the parent or
                 Indian custodian from regaining custody of the child upon
                 demand; and

                 (iii) A proceeding involving status offenses if any part of the
                 proceeding results in the need for out-of-home placement of

7 Congress provided that ICWA was enacted "to protect the best interests of Indian children and to promote
the stability and security of Indian tribes and families by the establishment of minimum Federal standards for
the removal of Indian children from their families and the placement of such children in foster or adoptive
homes which will reflect the unique values of Indian culture, and by providing for assistance to Indian tribes
in the operation of child and family service programs." 25 U.S.C. 1902. See 25 C.F.R. 23.3. The Supreme Court
of the United States has stated that "canons of construction applicable in Indian law are rooted in the unique
trust relationship between the United States and the Indians" and that "[s]tatutes are to be construed liberally
in favor of the Indians, with ambiguous provisions interpreted to their benefit." Montana v. Blackfeet Tribe
of Indians, 471 U.S. 759, 766 (1985).
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                                      17

                 the child, including a foster-care, preadoptive, or adoptive
                 placement, or termination of parental rights.

                 (2) An emergency proceeding.

                 ***

                 (c) If a proceeding listed in paragraph (a) of this section
                 concerns a child who meets the statutory definition of "Indian
                 child," then ICWA will apply to that proceeding. In determining
                 whether ICWA applies to a proceeding, the State court may not
                 consider factors such as the participation of the parents or the
                 Indian child in Tribal cultural, social, religious, or political
                 activities, the relationship between the Indian child and his or
                 her parents, whether the parent ever had custody of the child,
                 or the Indian child's blood quantum.

See also Ohio Adm.Code 5101:2-53-02.
        {¶ 54} When there are sufficient indications that a child involved in child custody
proceedings may be an Indian child, ICWA requires the relevant tribe(s) receive notice of
the pending proceedings and of the tribe's right of intervention. 25 U.S.C. 1912(a),8 which
governs notice requirements under ICWA, provides:
                 In any involuntary proceeding in a State court, where the court
                 knows or has reason to know that an Indian child is involved,
                 the party seeking the foster care placement of, or termination
                 of parental rights to, an Indian child shall notify the parent or
                 Indian custodian and the Indian child's tribe, by registered
                 mail with return receipt requested, of the pending proceedings
                 and of their right of intervention.
(Emphasis added.)

        {¶ 55} 25 C.F.R. 23.107 explains the obligation of a state court to inquire of each
participant in a child custody proceeding whether the participant knows or has reason to
know the child is an Indian child. 25 C.F.R. 23.107provides as follows:
                 (a) State courts must ask each participant in an emergency or
                 voluntary or involuntary child-custody proceeding whether the
                 participant knows or has reason to know that the child is an
                 Indian child. The inquiry is made at the commencement of the
                 proceeding and all responses should be on the record. State
                 courts must instruct the parties to inform the court if they

8 See25 U.S.C. 1911 (governing jurisdiction in Indian child custody proceedings). See also In re C.J., 10th Dist.
No. 16AP-891, 2018-Ohio-931 (providing extensive analysis of 25 U.S.C. 1911 in a permanent custody case).
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                      18

              subsequently receive information that provides reason to
              know the child is an Indian child.
(Emphasis added.)
       {¶ 56} The juvenile court here did not make the ICWA inquiry as outlined above in
25 C.F.R. 23.107(a). Shortly after the complaint was filed and the magistrate issued orders
for temporary custody, on June 15, 2018, the magistrate held a hearing. At the hearing,
appellant was unrepresented but informed the court she wished to be appointed counsel.
After noting appellant's request for appointed counsel, the magistrate acknowledged she
would have to continue the hearing. Notwithstanding this acknowledgement, the
magistrate proceeded and inquired of appellant, as follows:
              [Magistrate]: [D]o you have any Native American heritage in
              your background?
              [Appellant]: Cherokee.

              [Magistrate]: All right, are you a member?

              [Appellant]: No.

(June 15, 2018 Tr. at 4.)
       {¶ 57} On June 20, 2018, the magistrate filed an entry reflecting appellant was
sworn in for "Native American heritage history." Also present at the June 15, 2018 hearing
were: (1) counsel for FCCS, (2) liaison for FCCS, and (3) the GAL for the children, yet the
magistrate made no ICWA inquiry of these three participants. Nor did the magistrate
instruct the parties to inform the court if they subsequently receive information that
provides reason to know the child is an Indian child.
       {¶ 58} A little more than a year later, on July 18, 2019, the juvenile court held a
pretrial hearing on the motions for permanent custody. At the hearing, counsel for FCCS
stated: "As to ICWA, it's my understanding that there are no allegations -- no current
allegations of any specific tribal affiliations as required by any parent involved in this case."
(July 18, 2019 Tr. at 4.) Also present at the hearing were: (1) appellant, (2) appellant's
counsel (Miller), (3) counsel for the children (Murphy), and (4) the GAL for the children.
The court did not make an ICWA inquiry of these four participants. The court also did not
instruct the parties to inform the court if they subsequently receive information that
provides reason to know the child is an Indian child.
       {¶ 59} Finally, at the permanent custody hearing on December 2, 2019, the juvenile
court engaged in dialogue with the parties regarding ICWA compliance as follows:
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                               19

                [Judge]: The question was posted as to whether or not the
                requirements of ICWA had been met and hopefully, someone
                has that answer for us.

                ***

                [FCCS Attorney]: We did locate a log in which intake has asked
                [appellant] if she participated with any Cherokee tribal
                affiliation or membership. The answer was in the negative. And
                then on June 15, 2018, subsequent to the complaint being filed
                where [appellant] alleged some kind of Cher -- Cherokee - * * *
                heritage, [appellant] was put under oath on the record as noted
                under [the juvenile court magistrate's] order and she did state
                that she did -- was not eligible for membership and therefore,
                no ICWA notifications would be required under the law. And at
                that point the prosecutor had proceeded on the
                adjudication/disposition as those notifications weren't
                required. But we did locate that; that is all in the record.
                [Appellant] was put under oath again on June 15, 2018 and all
                of that testimony is on the Court's record. Thank you.

                [Judge]: Thank you. Not being familiar with the whole ICWA
                process, I trust that satisfies everyone's concerns in regard to
                ICWA?

                [Appellant's counsel]: Yes, Your Honor.

                [Judge]: Very good then.

(Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at 7-8.) Contrary to the assertion of FCCS's counsel, appellant did not
state at the June 15, 2018 hearing that "[she] was not eligible for membership." (Dec. 2,
2019 Tr. at 7-8.) Rather, appellant responded only "[n]o" when asked whether she was a
member of the tribe after identifying her heritage as Cherokee. (June 15, 2018 Tr. at 4.)
Furthermore, the juvenile court did not inquire of counsel for the children or the GAL at
this hearing.
       {¶ 60} Appellant alleges the juvenile court erred in concluding ICWA did not apply.
Yet, it is not possible to determine whether ICWA applies or does not apply if the proper
inquiry pursuant to 25 C.F.R. 23.107 is not made. Furthermore, FCCS mischaracterized
appellant's testimony regarding her heritage to the juvenile court.
       {¶ 61} The importance of a proper ICWA inquiry cannot be overstated. Ohio
Adm.Code 5101:2-53-02(A) requires public children services agencies such as FCCS to
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                                    20

comply with ICWA.9 It states that "[f]ailure to identify Indian children can nullify court
proceedings that have not been conducted in accordance with ICWA." Ohio Adm.Code
5101:2-53-02(A). Furthermore, 25 U.S.C. 1914 provides a collateral remedy for an Indian
child's tribe to bring an action to invalidate a custody determination upon a demonstration
that there was a violation of ICWA, including the notice provisions in 25 U.S.C. 1912. See
A.G. at ¶ 20 (stating that "the remedy that Congress has provided for a failure to comply
with ICWA's provisions, including its notice provisions, is to allow an Indian child, parent,
or tribe to petition to invalidate the termination judgment"). (Citations and internal
quotations omitted.) The collateral consequences of not making a proper inquiry are
potentially severe and could cause significant disruption for children and families affected
by the same beyond termination of a permanent custody case.10
        {¶ 62} The purpose of the court's inquiry is to determine whether it "knows or has
reason to know" if a child is an Indian child under ICWA. If the court knows or has reason
to know that an Indian child is involved, the party seeking termination of parental rights,
here, FCCS, "shall notify the parent or Indian custodian and the Indian child's tribe * * * of
the pending proceedings and of their right of intervention." 25 U.S.C. 1912(a).11

9 Ohio Adm.Code 5101:2-53-01 through 5101:2-53-04 outline the specific obligations of public children

services agencies, such as FCCS, and private child placing agencies to comply with ICWA. Upon making proper
inquiry, pursuant to 25 C.F.R. 23.107, as an extra measure to ensure compliance, the juvenile court may
consider inquiring if the public children services agency complied with Ohio Adm.Code 5101:2-53-01 through
5101:2-53-04. The rules state in part that "upon the initial face to face contact with the child or the child's
parent, guardian or custodian," the agency "shall ask case participants whether the participant knows or has
reason to know * * * that the child is an Indian child." Ohio Adm.Code 5101:2-53-03(A).

10 The Supreme Court of Michigan noted that "[p]ursuant to [25 U.S.C. 1914] and with no apparent time
limitation on when the collateral action may be brought—the Indian child, a parent, an Indian custodian of
the child, or the child's tribe may petition a court to invalidate foster care placements and terminations of
parental rights if the state court violated any provision included in 25 U.S.C. 1911, 1912, or 1913." (Emphasis
added and sic.) In re Morris, 491 Mich. 81, 101 (2012).

11Regarding the obligations of public children services agencies, prior to initiating relevant court action, the
agency must comply with a similar requirement. Ohio Adm.Code 5101:2-53-03 provides:
        (E) If the agency is initiating court action for removal or custody of the child and information is
        obtained that suggests a child is an Indian child and a tribe or possible tribes have been identified,
        the agency shall do all of the following:
        (1) Contact the tribe or possible tribes within fourteen calendar days of the date the information was
        obtained; and
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                                            21

           {¶ 63} 25 C.F.R. 23.107(c),12 states in relevant part that:
                    A court, upon conducting the inquiry required in paragraph (a)
                    of this section, has reason to know that a child involved in an
                    emergency or child-custody proceeding is an Indian child if:
                    (1) Any participant in the proceeding, officer of the court
                    involved in the proceeding, Indian Tribe, Indian organization,
                    or agency informs the court that the child is an Indian child;
                    (2) Any participant in the proceeding, officer of the court
                    involved in the proceeding, Indian Tribe, Indian organization,
                    or agency informs the court that it has discovered information
                    indicating that the child is an Indian child;

           (2) Submit a request to each possible tribe for written verification from the tribe regarding the child's
           tribal membership or eligibility for tribal membership. The agency's inquiry to the tribe shall be sent
           by registered or certified mail with "return receipt requested". A list of federally recognized tribes
           which includes a contact person and address for each tribe is available on the BIA website at
           www.bia.gov. If the tribe does not respond to written inquiries, the caseworker shall seek assistance
           in contacting the Indian tribe from the BIA regional office in Minnesota or the BIA's central office in
           Washington D.C. * * *
Relatedly, Ohio Adm.Code 5101:2-53-04 provides:
           (A) When a public children services agency (PCSA) or private child plating agency (PCPA) knows or
           has reason to know that an Indian child is the subject of an involuntary foster care placement or
           termination of parental rights proceeding, the agency shall send notice of each proceeding to:

           (1) Each tribe where the child is or may be a member, or eligible for membership if a biological parent
           is a member;

           (2) The child's parents; and

           (3) The child's Indian custodian, if applicable.

           (B) If the identity or location of the child's parents, the child's Indian custodian, or the tribes in which
           the Indian child is a member or eligible for membership cannot be determined, but there is reason to
           know the child is an Indian child, the agency shall send the notice to the regional office of the bureau
           of Indian affairs (BIA) that is identified in paragraph (E) of this rule.

12   Regarding the obligations of public children services agencies, Ohio Adm.Code 5101:2-53-02 provides:
           (F) An agency has reason to know that a child is an Indian child if:
           (1) Any individual or agency relevant to the case informs the agency that the child is an Indian child
           or has discovered information indicating that the child is an Indian child;
           (2) The child gives the agency reason to know he or she is an Indian child;
           (3) The agency is informed that the domicile or residence of the child, the child's parent, or the child's
           Indian custodian is on a reservation or in an Alaska native village;
           (4) The agency is informed that the child is or has been a ward of a tribal court; or
           (5) The agency is informed that either parent or the child possesses an identification card indicating
           membership in an Indian tribe.
(Emphasis added.)
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                                        22

                   (3) The child who is the subject of the proceeding gives the
                   court reason to know he or she is an Indian child;
                   (4) The court is informed that the domicile or residence of the
                   child, the child's parent, or the child's Indian custodian is on a
                   reservation or in an Alaska Native village;
                   (5) The court is informed that the child is or has been a ward of
                   a Tribal court; or
                   (6) The court is informed that either parent or the child
                   possesses an identification card indicating membership in an
                   Indian Tribe.
           {¶ 64} There may be times when the threshold of "reason to know" is met, yet the
court does not have sufficient evidence to determine whether the child is or is not an Indian
child. In such instance, the court must:
                   (1) Confirm, by way of a report, declaration, or testimony
                   included in the record that the agency or other party used due
                   diligence to identify and work with all of the Tribes of which
                   there is reason to know the child may be a member (or eligible
                   for membership), to verify whether the child is in fact a
                   member (or a biological parent is a member and the child is
                   eligible for membership); and
                   (2) Treat the child as an Indian child, unless and until it is
                   determined on the record that the child does not meet the
                   definition of an "Indian child" in this part.
25 C.F.R. 23.107(b).13
           {¶ 65} Effective December 12, 2016, the Bureau of Indian Affairs issued updated
guidelines to provide guidance to state courts and child welfare agencies in implementing
the provisions of ICWA. See A.G. at ¶ 18. The guidelines provide the following relevant
commentary:
                   [T]he trigger for treating the child as an "Indian child" is the
                   reason to know that the child is an Indian child. This is not
                   based on the race of the child, but rather indications that the
                   child and her parent(s) may have a political affiliation with a

13Regarding    the obligations of public children services agencies, Ohio Adm.Code 5101:2-53-03, provides as
follows:
           (C) If there is reason to know that the child is an Indian child, but the agency does not have sufficient
           evidence to determine that the child is or is not an Indian child, the agency shall:
           (1) Use due diligence to identify and work with all of the tribes of which there is reason to know that
           the child may be a member or eligible for membership and to verify that the child is a member or a
           biological parent is a member and the child is eligible for membership; and
           (2) Treat the child as an Indian child, unless and until it is determined that the child does not meet
           the definition of an Indian child.
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                 23

              Tribe. * * * [T]his requirement ensures that ICWA's
              requirements are followed from the early stages of a case and
              that harmful delays and duplication resulting from the
              potential late application of ICWA are avoided. If, based on
              feedback from the relevant Tribe(s) or other information, it
              turns out that the child is not an "Indian child," then the State
              may proceed under its usual standards.
81 Fed.Reg. 38778, 38806.

       {¶ 66} Furthermore, 25 C.F.R. 23.108(a), which details the responsibility for
determining whether a child is a member of a tribe, provides:
              The Indian Tribe of which it is believed the child is a member
              (or eligible for membership and of which the biological parent
              is a member) determines whether the child is a member of the
              Tribe, or whether the child is eligible for membership in the
              Tribe and a biological parent of the child is a member of the
              Tribe, except as otherwise provided by Federal or Tribal law.
              (b) The determination by a Tribe of whether a child is a
              member, whether a child is eligible for membership, or
              whether a biological parent is a member, is solely within the
              jurisdiction and authority of the Tribe, except as otherwise
              provided by Federal or Tribal law. The State court may not
              substitute its own determination regarding a child's
              membership in a Tribe, a child's eligibility for membership in a
              Tribe, or a parent's membership in a Tribe.
              (c) The State court may rely on facts or documentation
              indicating a Tribal determination of membership or eligibility
              for membership in making a judicial determination as to
              whether the child is an "Indian child." An example of
              documentation indicating membership is a document issued
              by the Tribe, such as Tribal enrollment documentation.
       {¶ 67} Without proper inquiry, pursuant to 25 C.F.R. 23.107, the juvenile court
cannot determine if it knows or has reason to know if the children are Indian children as
defined in 25 U.S.C. 1903. Without making such "knows or has reason to know"
determination, the juvenile court cannot determine if the notice of right of intervention to
relevant tribe(s) applies. 25 U.S.C. 1912(a).
       {¶ 68} As such proper inquiry was not made here, we expressly make no
determination as to whether the juvenile court knows or has reason to know pursuant to 25
C.F.R. 23.107(c). We also expressly make no determination as to whether the children are
Indian children as defined in 25 U.S.C. 1903. Nevertheless, given the potential for
invalidation of a custody determination, we sustain the third assignment of error and
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                               24

remand these cases to the juvenile court with instructions to conduct proper inquiry
pursuant to 25 C.F.R. 23.107. The inquiry shall be conducted promptly upon remand.
VI. Second Assignment of Error—GAL
          {¶ 69} In her second assignment of error, appellant asserts the juvenile court
committed plain error by admitting the testimony of the GAL given the GAL's deficient
investigation.
          {¶ 70} R.C. 2151.281, which governs the appointment of a GAL, requires a juvenile
court to "appoint a guardian ad litem, subject to rules adopted by the supreme court, to
protect the interest of a child * * * in any [permanent custody] proceeding held pursuant to
[R.C.] 2151.414." R.C. 2151.281(B)(1). The Ohio Rules of Juvenile Procedure in effect
during 2018 and 2019 provide that a juvenile court "shall appoint a guardian ad litem to
protect the interests of a child * * * involv[ing] allegations of abuse or neglect, voluntary
surrender of permanent custody, or termination of parental rights as soon as possible after
the commencement of such proceeding." Juv.R. 4(B).14 R.C. 2151.281(D) provides that the
juvenile court "shall require the guardian ad litem to faithfully discharge the guardian ad
litem's duties and, upon the guardian ad litem's failure to faithfully discharge the guardian
ad litem's duties, shall discharge the guardian ad litem and appoint another guardian ad
litem."
          {¶ 71} R.C. 2151.281(I) provides:
                 The guardian ad litem for an alleged or adjudicated abused,
                 neglected, or dependent child shall perform whatever functions
                 are necessary to protect the best interest of the child, including,
                 but not limited to, investigation, mediation, monitoring court
                 proceedings, and monitoring the services provided the child by
                 the public children services agency or private child placing
                 agency that has temporary or permanent custody of the child,
                 and shall file any motions and other court papers that are in the
                 best interest of the child in accordance with rules adopted by
                 the supreme court.
          {¶ 72} Article IV, Section 5(A)(1) of the Ohio Constitution provides the Supreme
Court with general superintendence over all the courts in the state. In accordance with this
power, the Supreme Court originated the Rules of Superintendence for the Courts of Ohio,
including the courts of common pleas and the divisions thereof. Sup.R. 1. See Arlington
Bank v. Bee, Inc., 10th Dist. No. 10AP-41, 2010-Ohio-6040, ¶ 16.

14We note Juv.R. 4 has recently been amended effective July 1, 2020. Unless otherwise noted, all references
are to the version in effect at the time of the proceedings in the juvenile court.
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                 25

       {¶ 73} Regarding the duties of a GAL, the Rules of Superintendence in effect, in 2018
and 2019 when the GAL in these cases conducted his investigation and prepared his report,
provided in relevant part:
              In order to provide the court with relevant information and an
              informed recommendation regarding the child's best interest,
              a guardian ad litem shall perform, at a minimum, the
              responsibilities stated in this division, unless impracticable or
              inadvisable to do so.

              ***

              (13) A guardian ad litem shall make reasonable efforts to
              become informed about the facts of the case and to contact all
              parties. In order to provide the court with relevant information
              and an informed recommendation as to the child's best
              interest, a guardian ad litem shall, at a minimum, do the
              following, unless impracticable or inadvisable because of the
              age of the child or the specific circumstances of a particular
              case:

              (a) Meet with and interview the child and observe the child with
              each parent, foster parent, guardian or physical custodian and
              conduct at least one interview with the child where none of
              these individuals is present;

              (b) Visit the child at his or her residence in accordance with any
              standards established by the court in which the guardian ad
              litem is appointed;

              (c) Ascertain the wishes of the child;

              (d) Meet with and interview the parties, foster parents and
              other significant individuals who may have relevant knowledge
              regarding the issues of the case;

              (e) Review pleadings and other relevant court documents in the
              case in which the guardian ad litem is appointed;

              (f) Review criminal, civil, educational and administrative
              records pertaining to the child and, if appropriate, to the child's
              family or to other parties in the case;

              (g) Interview school personnel, medical and mental health
              providers, child protective services workers and relevant court
              personnel and obtain copies of relevant records;
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                                      26

                (h) Recommend that the court order psychological evaluations,
                mental health and/or substance abuse assessments, or other
                evaluations or tests of the parties as the guardian ad litem
                deems necessary or helpful to the court; and

                (i) Perform any other investigation necessary to make an
                informed recommendation regarding the best interest of the
                child.

2019 Sup.R. 48(D)(13).15
        {¶ 74} In 2018 and 2019, when the GAL prepared his report and the court reviewed
the report, the Rules of Superintendence regarding GAL reports provided in relevant part:
                A guardian ad litem shall prepare a written final report,
                including recommendations to the court, within the times set
                forth in this division. The report shall detail the activities

15Recently, the Supreme Court amended the rules regarding the duties of a GAL, and these amendments went
into effect January 1, 2021. Significant changes were made, including the deletion of the GAL's discretion to
not perform duties "unless impracticable or inadvisable" and to "make reasonable efforts" to perform the
duties. Now, the rules provide the GAL shall perform the duties "[u]nless specifically relieved by the court,"
thereby giving the discretion to the court, not the GAL, to determine when it is impracticable or inadvisable
to not perform duties and whether the GAL has engaged in reasonable efforts to perform the duties. The
current rules also impose different and additional requirements than were imposed in 2019. 2021 Sup.R.
48.03(D) requires:
        Unless specifically relieved by the court, the duties of a guardian ad litem shall include, but are not
        limited to, the following:
        (1) Become informed about the facts of the case and contact all relevant persons;
        (2) Observe the child with each parent, foster parent, guardian or physical custodian;
        (3) Interview the child, if age and developmentally appropriate, where no parent, foster parent,
        guardian, or physical custodian is present;
        (4) Visit the child at the residence or proposed residence of the child in accordance with any standards
        established by the court;
        (5) Ascertain the wishes and concerns of the child;
        (6) Interview the parties, foster parents, guardians, physical custodian, and other significant
        individuals who may have relevant knowledge regarding the issues of the case. The guardian ad litem
        may require each individual to be interviewed without the presence of others. Upon request of the
        individual, the attorney for the individual may be present[;]
        (7) Interview relevant school personnel, medical and mental health providers, child protective
        services workers, and court personnel and obtain copies of relevant records;
        (8) Review pleadings and other relevant court documents in the case;
        (9) Obtain and review relevant criminal, civil, educational, mental health, medical, and administrative
        records pertaining to the child and, if appropriate, the family of the child or other parties in the case;
        (10) Request that the court order psychological evaluations, mental health or substance abuse
        assessments, or other evaluations or tests of the parties as the guardian ad litem deems necessary or
        helpful to the court;
        (11) Review any necessary information and interview other persons as necessary to make an informed
        recommendation regarding the best interest of the child.
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                       27

           performed, hearings attended, persons interviewed,
           documents reviewed, experts consulted and all other relevant
           information considered by the guardian ad litem in reaching
           the guardian ad litem's recommendations and in
           accomplishing the duties required by statute, by court rule, and
           in the court's Order of Appointment. In addition, the following
           provisions shall apply to guardian ad litem reports in the
           juvenile and domestic relations divisions of Courts of Common
           Pleas:

           (1) In * * * actions to terminate parental rights:

           (a) All reports, written or oral, shall be used by the court to
           ensure that the guardian ad litem has performed those
           responsibilities required by section 2151.281 of the Revised
           Code.

           (b) Oral and written reports may address the substantive
           allegations before the court, but shall not be considered as
           conclusive on the issues.

           ***

           (d) A guardian ad litem shall be available to testify at the
           dispositional hearing and may orally supplement the final
           report at the conclusion of the hearing.

           (e) A guardian ad litem also may file an interim report, written
           or oral, any time prior to the dispositional hearing and prior to
           hearing on actions to terminate parental rights.
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                                        28

2019 Sup.R. 48(F). 16

        {¶ 75} In addition to the statutory and Supreme Court rules that address GAL duties
and reports, local court rules also address such duties and reports. Loc.R. 4 of the Franklin
County Court of Common Pleas, Division of Domestic Relations, Juvenile Branch,
("Loc.Juv.R."), in effect in 2018 and 2019,17 states in relevant part:
                 (D) Duties and responsibilities of appointed counsel and
                 guardians ad litem.

                 Attorneys accepting appointments to serve as guardian ad
                 litem, * * * shall initiate and maintain reasonable contact with
                 their client, which should be no less than once per month. The
                 attorney/guardian ad litem shall advise his / her client / ward
                 of the client's / ward's rights and the possible consequences of
                 the pending action.

                 ***

                 (1) Upon appointment the * * * guardian ad litem, * * * shall
                 make reasonable efforts to become informed about the facts of
                 the case and to contact all relevant persons. The * * * guardian
                 ad litem, * * * shall, at a minimum, perform certain basic duties,

16The Supreme Court also amended the rules regarding GAL reports, and the amendments went into effect
January 1, 2021. Perhaps most significantly, the GAL is now required to include in the report an affirmative
statement that all responsibilities have been met. Now, 2021 Sup.R. 48.06(A) governs GAL reports, and
provides in relevant part:
        (A) General report requirements
        (1) A guardian ad litem shall prepare a written final report, including recommendations to the court,
        within the times set forth in this division. The report shall affirmatively state that responsibilities have
        been met and shall detail the activities performed, hearings attended, persons interviewed,
        documents reviewed, experts consulted, and all other relevant information considered by the
        guardian ad litem in reaching the recommendations and in accomplishing the duties required by
        statute, by court rule, and in the order of appointment from the court.
        ***
        (3) Oral and written reports shall address relevant issues, but shall not be considered determinative.
        (4) A guardian ad litem shall be available to testify at any relevant hearing and may orally supplement
        the report at the conclusion of the hearing.
Furthermore, 2021 Sup.R. 48.07 governs the responsibilities of courts appointing GALs, stating that such
courts "shall," among other listed duties, "[r]eview all guardian ad litem reports, written or oral, to ensure that
the guardian ad litem has performed those responsibilities required by R.C. 2151.281." 2021 Sup.R. 48.07(G).

17 The Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, Division of Domestic Relations, Juvenile Branch, currently

has posted on its website a notice that it is soliciting comments regarding proposed additions and
amendments to Local Juvenile Rule 4 through January 14, 2021. The website also notes the additions and
amendments have been approved for immediate adoption pursuant to Supreme Court Rule of
Superintendence 5.
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                        29

           as warranted by the facts of the case, unless impracticable or
           inadvisable because of the age of the child or the specific
           circumstances of a particular case.

           (a) When the child is of sufficient age to have communicative
           ability, meet with and interview the child(ren) and ascertain
           the child's wishes. Observe the child with each parent, foster
           parent, guardian or physical custodian and conduct at least one
           interview with the child where none of these individuals is
           present. Be aware of the interaction between the parent and
           child, and the appropriateness of discipline, conversations,
           and activities. Interview both parents if permitted by their
           counsel. If only one parent is known, attempt to ascertain the
           identity and whereabouts of the other parent.

           (b) Review pleadings and other relevant court documents, and
           consult with each attorney as to position and issues. File
           pleadings, motions and other documents as appropriate under
           the applicable rules of procedure. Review the court file, and
           request discovery.

           (c) Meet with and interview all significant individuals who may
           have relevant knowledge regarding the issues of the case.

           (d) Determine the physical and mental health of the child.
           Interview medical and mental health providers, and obtain
           copies of relevant records, including medical and hospital
           records.

           (e) Interview school personnel. Obtain information regarding
           the child's behavior in school and interaction with parents.
           Review and obtain copies of the child's school records.

           (f) Perform home visits (this may be combined with the
           interview process). Observe the living conditions of each parent
           and the child's sleeping arrangements.

           (g) Evaluate the necessity, if any, of psychological evaluations
           or counseling, mental health and / or substance abuse
           assessments, or other evaluations or tests of the parties and file
           a motion requesting the same.

           ***

           (i) Communicate with the Franklin County Children Services
           worker, and other direct service providers. Obtain the case
           history. Confirm whether the child has been removed from
           home and the child's adjustment to his/her current placement.
           Confirm the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                         30

           parents and care providers. Determine what services are being
           provided the parents.

           ***

           (k) Ask the care providers for their perceptions of the child's
           adjustment. Assess the child's developmental level. If the child
           relates a new allegation of abuse or neglect, immediately call
           FCCS intake, the caseworker, and the Family Assessment
           caseworker.

           (l) Review criminal, civil, educational and administrative
           records pertaining to the child and, if appropriate, to the child's
           family or to other parties in the case.

           (m) Be cognizant that the duty of an attorney to his/her client
           and the duty of a guardian ad litem to his/her ward are not
           always identical and, in fact, may conflict. The role of the
           guardian ad litem is to investigate the ward's situation and then
           to ask the court to do what the guardian ad litem feels is in the
           ward's best interest. The role of the attorney is to zealously
           represent his/her client within the bounds of the law. The first
           and highest duty of an attorney appointed in a dual capacity is
           to zealously represent his client within the bounds of the law
           and to champion his client's cause.

           ***

           (o) Perform any other investigation necessary and appear and
           participate in any hearing for which the duties of the attorney
           or guardian ad litem or any issues substantially within an
           attorney's or guardian ad litem's duties and scope of
           appointment are to be addressed.

           ***

           (q) Perform all duties and responsibilities in a prompt and
           timely manner, and, if necessary, request timely court reviews
           and judicial intervention in writing with notice to parties or
           affected agencies.

           ***

           (s) Maintain a log documenting all work performed, all contact
           with the child, parties, witnesses, etc., and all telephone calls.
           Keep accurate records of the time spent, services rendered, and
           expenses incurred in each case and file an itemized statement
           and accounting with the court.
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                  31

              ***

              (3) Reports and court appearances.

              A guardian ad litem shall be present at all hearings pertaining
              to the child(ren), and shall prepare a written final report,
              including recommendations to the court, within the times set
              forth in this division. The report shall detail the activities
              performed, hearings attended, persons interviewed,
              documents reviewed, experts consulted and all other relevant
              information considered by the guardian ad litem in reaching
              the guardian ad litem's recommendations and in
              accomplishing the duties required by statute, by court rule, and
              in the court's Order of Appointment. In addition, the following
              provisions shall apply to guardian ad litem reports:

              In juvenile abuse, neglect, and dependency cases and actions to
              terminate parental rights:

              (a) All reports, written or oral, shall be used by the court to
              ensure that the guardian ad litem has performed those
              responsibilities required by Ohio Revised Code 2151.281.

              (b) Oral and written reports may address the substantive
              allegations before the court, but shall not be considered as
              conclusive on the issues.

              ***

              (d) A guardian ad litem shall be available to testify at the
              dispositional hearing and may orally supplement the final
              report at the conclusion of the hearing.

              (e) A guardian ad litem also may file an interim report, written
              or oral, any time prior to the dispositional hearing and prior to
              hearings on actions to terminate parental rights. Written
              reports may be accessed in person or by phone by the parties
              or their legal representatives.

(Emphasis added.)

       {¶ 76} Appellant failed to object to the admission of the GAL's testimony before the
juvenile court and, therefore, has forfeited all but plain error. L.W. at ¶ 36; In re W., 4th
Dist. No. 05CA4, 2005-Ohio-2977, ¶ 25. "In civil cases, the plain error doctrine is not
favored and may only be applied in the extremely rare case involving exceptional
circumstances such that the error, if left uncorrected, would challenge the fairness,
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                     32

integrity, or public reputation of the judicial process itself." Brisco v. U.S. Restoration &
Remodeling, Inc., 10th Dist. No. 18AP-109, 2019-Ohio-5318, ¶ 25. See State v. Morgan,
153 Ohio St.3d 196, 2017-Ohio-7565, ¶ 40, quoting Goldfuss v. Davidson, 79 Ohio St.3d
116, 121 (1997) (stating that "[a]s when they apply criminal plain-error review, reviewing
courts applying civil plain-error review 'must proceed with the utmost caution, limiting the
doctrine strictly to those extremely rare cases where exceptional circumstances require its
application to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice' "); L.W. at ¶ 36. " 'Because parental
rights determinations are difficult to make and appellate courts accord wide latitude to the
trial court's consideration of evidence in these cases, "[p]lain error is particularly difficult
to establish." ' " Hamilton v. Hamilton, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-1061, 2016-Ohio-5900, ¶ 8,
quoting Faulks v. Flynn, 4th Dist. No. 13CA3568, 2014-Ohio-1610, ¶ 20, quoting Robinette
v. Bryant, 4th Dist. No. 12CA20, 2013-Ohio-2889, ¶ 28.
       {¶ 77} Furthermore, we are mindful that courts have held the Rules of
Superintendence do not create individual rights. In Lucas v. Byers, 11th Dist. No. 2020-L-
010, 2021-Ohio-246, ¶ 71, the Eleventh District Court of Appeals stated:
              Preliminarily, this court has held that the Rules of
              Superintendence, " 'are not the equivalent of rules of procedure
              and have no force equivalent to a statute. They are purely
              internal housekeeping rules which are of concern to the judges
              of the several courts but create no rights in individual
              defendants.' " Habo v. Khattab, 11th Dist. No. 2012-P-0117,
              2013-Ohio-5809, ¶ 84, quoting State v. Gettys, 49 Ohio App.2d
              241, 243 (3d Dist.1976). Further, in Miller v. Miller, 4th Dist.
              No. 14CA6, 2014-Ohio-5127, the court observed: "we have
              generally refused to conclude that a guardian ad litem's failure
              to comply with Sup.R. 48(D) constitutes grounds for reversal."
              (Emphasis sic.) Miller, supra, at ¶ 17.

See also In re K.W., 4th Dist. No. 17CA-7, 2018-Ohio-1933, ¶ 99; In re L.S., 8th Dist. No.
108666, 2019-Ohio-5347; In re S.S., 10th Dist. No. 17AP-681, 2018-Ohio-1249, ¶ 11 ("Rules
of Superintendence are only internal housekeeping rules that do not create substantive
rights in individuals or procedural law, and they do not have the force of law.").
       {¶ 78} Nevertheless, it bears mentioning here, the juvenile court observed,
questioned, and noted numerous deficiencies in the performance of duties by the GAL. The
juvenile court found the GAL "only first met the children prior to writing his July 2019
Report." (Emphasis added.) (Decision at 9.) The juvenile court noted that since the time
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                 33

the GAL met with R.P. and C.P. in the foster home in Galion, R.P. had been placed at St.
Vincent's and would be unable to return to the foster home.
       {¶ 79} Importantly, the juvenile court acknowledged that "[b]ased upon the cross
examination of the Guardian[,] the Court understands that there were opportunities for the
Guardian to observe [appellant] visiting with the children that were missed by the
Guardian." (Decision at 9.) Furthermore, the juvenile court found that "[t]he Guardian
was also unaware that all four children had a visit together without their [appellant]
present." (Decision at 9.) The court found the GAL was "not able to say that all four of the
children are bonded." (Decision at 10.)
       {¶ 80} We share the juvenile court's concerns and observe additional deficiencies in
the performance of duties and report of the GAL. The juvenile court's focus in determining
whether to terminate parental rights is the best interest of the child. R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)
and (D)(1)(a) through (e). The duties established by the Rules of Superintendence are
imposed "[i]n order to provide the court with relevant information and an informed
recommendation as to the child's best interest." 2019 Sup.R. 48(D)(13). The GAL here did
little to assist the court in this regard.
       {¶ 81} As noted above, the Rules of Superintendence make clear that it is incumbent
upon the GAL to "[b]ecome informed about the facts of the case." 2019 Sup.R. 48(D)(13).
See also Loc.Juv.R. 4(D)(1). The GAL in these cases was not informed about many
important facts of these cases, including he was not able to state how long the children had
been in FCCS's custody other than to state it had been for more than 12 out of the last 22
months.
       {¶ 82} Many of the Rules of Superintendence impose a requirement that the GAL
meet with, interview, or observe the children. 2019 Sup.R. 48(D)(13)(a), (b), and (c)
require the GAL: (1) meet with and interview the children, (2) observe the children with the
parent, foster parent, guardian or physical custodian, (3) conduct one interview with the
children where none of these individuals is present, (4) visit the children at his or her
residence in accordance with any standards established by the court in which the GAL is
appointed, and (5) ascertain the wishes of the children. The juvenile court imposed similar
standards pursuant to Loc.Juv.R. 4(D)(1)(a) and (f) duties and further required the GAL
"[o]bserve the child [and] [b]e aware of the interaction between the parent and child, and
the appropriateness of discipline, conversations, and activities," and "shall initiate and
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                   34

maintain reasonable contact with their client, which should be no less than once per
month."
       {¶ 83} Here, the record reveals the GAL failed to fulfill many of the aforementioned
duties of meeting with, interviewing, observing, and ascertaining the wishes of the children.
First, it appears the GAL met with and interviewed the children only once during the course
of his appointment, which began June 9, 2017 in the prior cases and June 21, 2018 in the
present cases. This conclusion is based on the testimony of the GAL and the juvenile court's
observation that the GAL "only first met the children prior to writing his July 2019 Report."
(Emphasis added.) (Decision at 9.) This is well short of the "once per month" standard set
forth in the local rules and frankly well short of any standard considering the GAL had
served for approximately two years prior to writing the report and two and one-half years
prior to testifying at the hearing.
       {¶ 84} Second, the record supports the juvenile court's conclusion that the GAL
missed opportunities to observe the children, both on their own, and with appellant
present. On cross-examination, the GAL testified:
              [Attorney for the Children]:

              Q. Did you ever make attempts to go to the visitation between
              [appellant] and the children?

              A. I did not, no. I was never - - I would have loved to, but I never
              knew when she was or wasn't gonna [sic] show up, that was a
              problem; I would say the reason why I never did that.

              Q. Were you ever made aware that she was visiting the
              children?

              A. I heard that they were sporadic and that they would happen
              sometimes and not happen other times.

              Q. Were you aware that the Agency would have all four children
              come visit together and let them visit even when [appellant]
              wasn't present?

              A. No.

(Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at 59-60.) The testimony of Marshall reveals appellant's attendance was
indeed sporadic; nevertheless, there was no evidence the GAL made any inquiries regarding
the date and time of scheduled visits or any attempt at all to observe scheduled visits.
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                     35

       {¶ 85} Third, the GAL visited R.P. while R.P. was in the foster home with C.P.
However, in July 2019, R.P. was placed at St. Vincent's and the GAL never visited R.P. from
the time of placement at St. Vincent's through the time of the permanent custody hearing
in December 2019, at which point R.P. was ready to be discharged from St. Vincent's.
Fourth, there is no indication the GAL visited the children when they were placed with
appellant's sister in November and December 2018. Fifth, it is unclear from the record
whether, or to what extent, the GAL interviewed the children where no foster parent,
guardian, or physical custodian was present. In particular, the GAL met with D.E., Jr. in
the presence of D.E., Jr.'s clinician. The GAL testified that D.E., Jr. asked for the clinician
to be present because D.E., Jr. "wanted somebody there that he knew." (Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at
53.) It is not clear whether the GAL returned to attempt to meet with D.E., Jr. outside of
the presence of the clinician.
       {¶ 86} Finally, during the course of interviews and meetings with the children the
GAL was required to ascertain the wishes and concerns of the children. Yet, the GAL visited
each of the children only once, and he was unable to ascertain T.P.'s wishes because,
according to the GAL, T.P. "wouldn't give me any response other than she liked living where
she was." T.P.'s foster parent informed the GAL that T.P. was "usually pretty talkative."
(Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at 50.) However, the GAL did not attempt to make another visit to speak
with T.P.
       {¶ 87} The Rules of Superintendence in effect in 2018 and 2019 also impose a
requirement that the GAL "contact all parties," including "parties, foster parents and other
significant individuals who may have relevant knowledge regarding the issues of the case
[and] school personnel, medical and mental health providers." 2019 Sup.R. 48(D)(13)(d)
and (g). The juvenile court imposed similar standards requiring the GAL "to contact all
relevant persons" in conjunction with Loc.Juv.R. 4(D)(1)(c), (d), and (e) duties and further
required the GAL "[a]sk the care providers for their perceptions of the child[ren]'s
adjustment." Loc.Juv.R. 4(D)(1)(k). Loc.Juv.R. 4(D)(1)(d) further required that the GAL
"[d]etermine the physical and mental health of the child."
       {¶ 88} Here, the record reveals the GAL failed to fulfill many of the aforementioned
duties of contacting all relevant persons and other specifically identified persons. First,
certainly appellant was a relevant person to these cases. However, at the permanent
custody hearing in these cases, the GAL stated his belief that the burden was inverse to this.
The GAL testified that "my practice is that it's up to the parents to be the one to get in touch
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                     36

with me so that I can see whether they're invested in the case or not." (Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at
57.) It is unclear from the record what methods the GAL undertook, if any, to initially
contact appellant. However, it is clear from the GAL's own testimony that he was aware
appellant had attempted to reach him, but he missed the telephone call and, thereafter,
made no attempt to engage with appellant.
       {¶ 89} Second, although the report indicates the GAL spoke with D.E., Jr.'s clinician
at Fox Run, it is not clear this contact was separate from the meeting the GAL had with
D.E., Jr. when he was accompanied by the clinician. Furthermore, there is no indication
either in the report or the GAL's testimony that he spoke with R.P.'s medical and mental
health providers or caregivers at St. Vincent's. Nor is there any indication the GAL spoke
with any of the children's school personnel. This lack of contact by the GAL is deeply
concerning given the fact that D.E., Jr. was in residential care as a result of aggression,
prescribed medication for ADHD and six medications for impulse control; R.P. was in
residential care and prescribed medication for ADHD; T.P. was in counseling for behavioral
issues; and all the children experience sleep issues. The juvenile court states in its decisions
that the GAL reviewed the discovery, medical records and records pertaining to special
needs, yet the GAL's report does not include medical, mental health or school records in
the list of records he stated he reviewed, and contains no information or assessment
regarding the same. The GAL testified:
              [Attorney for FCCS]: And do you [have] any understanding of
              the children's medical or any special needs?

              A. I haven't looked at it lately, to be honest with you, no, I mean,
              with -- with the parents not being involved and [appellant]
              never contacting me, you know, that wasn't a real concern for
              my -- about whether the [appellant] would be able to meet any
              needs of the children because the parents were just -- well, with
              the one parent being incarcerated and the other one at the time
              I had no idea where he was, that wasn't a major concern for me
              about whether they would or not be able to meet any medical
              needs or special needs because they were simply not involved.

(Dec. 2, 2019 Tr. at 53-54.)

       {¶ 90} The GAL opined that it is in the best interest of the children to place the
children into the permanent custody of FCCS, yet as summarized above, he failed to
perform his required duties in significant ways.         Furthermore, his report regarding
appellant was primarily based on information he received from third parties. (See GAL
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                    37

Report at 3.) It seems his testimony was also based, in part, on information he received
from third parties. At the hearing, the GAL opined he had a concern with reunifying the
children with appellant based on housing, and initially stated he based this opinion on
"what I've heard from [the FCCS] caseworker [who] testified * * * today." (Dec. 2, 2019 Tr.
at 57.) After prompting from the juvenile court judge, the GAL then stated his opinion was
based on his independent review of the record. A GAL is under a duty to "provide the
juvenile court with an independent evaluation of the issues." In re Ridenour, 11th Dist. No.
2003-L-146, 2004-Ohio-1958, ¶ 25. To this end, the "guardian's recommendation, then,
should not be based on the testimony given at the hearing, but on the guardian's own
experience in the case." Id. See In re Hoffman, 97 Ohio St.3d 92, 2002-Ohio-5368, ¶ 13
(stating that the purpose of the statutory provisions providing for the appointment of a GAL
"is to give the court information, in addition to that elicited at the hearing, to assist it in
making sound decisions concerning permanent custody placements").
       {¶ 91} During the pendency of the permanent custody motions, the GAL sought and
received multiple continuances, which he asserted were needed to complete his
investigation. However, the GAL only met each of the children once, preventing him from
giving any testimony on whether the children's wishes had changed or evolved over the
duration of the matter. He did not follow up on his July 17, 2019 report with any additional
visits with the children or attempts to observe the children with appellant despite the fact
that on July 19, 2019, two days after the report was filed, the juvenile court continued the
matter until December 2, 2019, over four months later.
       {¶ 92} Notwithstanding the significant deficiencies in the investigation, we cannot
find the juvenile court plainly erred in admitting the GAL's testimony and report. First,
appellant did not argue any specific authority for exclusion of the GAL's testimony or report
nor did she argue the juvenile court erred in its duty pursuant to R.C. 2151.281(D). Second,
although in permanent custody proceedings, parents must be afforded every procedural
and substantive protection the law allows, the duty of the GAL is to provide the court with
information and recommendations regarding the children's best interest. The children in
these cases were represented by counsel who was separate from the GAL. Counsel for the
children did have an opportunity to cross-examine the GAL, and the children's counsel did
not object to the GAL's testimony or report. Third, as noted above, the juvenile court
acknowledged many of the deficiencies in its decision.          Finally, it would be a rare
circumstance for the court to find that the GAL's failure to comply with the Rules of
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Superintendence or local rules alone would result in reversal. This is especially true when
a juvenile court is not bound by a GAL's recommendations. See In re Baby C., 10th Dist.
No. 05AP-1254, 2006-Ohio-2067, ¶ 95; Ramsey v. Ramsey, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-840,
2014-Ohio-1921, ¶ 59 (stating that "[w]hile a court must consider the recommendation of a
guardian ad litem, a court is not bound by such a recommendation"). Therefore, we cannot
say the juvenile court plainly erred by admitting the testimony and report of the GAL.
Accordingly, we overrule the second assignment of error.
VII. Fourth Assignment of Error—Clear and Convincing Evidence
       {¶ 93} In her fourth assignment of error, appellant asserts the juvenile court erred
by granting FCCS's motion for permanent custody. Specifically, appellant asserts the
juvenile court erred by: (1) finding appellant could not be reunited with the children within
a reasonable period of time, (2) finding it was in the best interest of the children to grant
permanent custody, (3) finding appellant abandoned the children, and (4) giving weight to
the GAL's recommendation. Because we must reverse and remand this matter for the
juvenile court to make a proper ICWA inquiry, it is premature to address appellant's
arguments regarding the weight of the evidence. See Columbus v. Phillips, 10th Dist. No.
15AP-408, 2015-Ohio-5088, ¶ 46; In re Kangas, 11th Dist. No. 2006-A-0010, 2006-Ohio-
3433, ¶ 56 (finding manifest weight argument in permanent custody case to be premature
and moot in light of remand to afford parent opportunity to cross-examine GAL and present
rebuttal evidence). As such, appellant's fourth assignment of error is rendered moot.
VIII. Conclusion
       {¶ 94} Having sustained appellant's third assignment of error, overruled appellant's
first and second assignments of error, and found appellant's fourth assignment of error to
be premature and moot, we reverse the judgments of the Franklin County Court of
Common Pleas, Division of Domestic Relations, Juvenile Branch and remand these matters
for further proceedings consistent with this decision and law.
       {¶ 95} We instruct the juvenile court to vacate its January 22, 2020 judgments
granting permanent custody of the children to FCCS. Upon vacating the January 22, 2020
judgments, the January 4, 2019 motions for permanent custody filed pursuant to R.C.
2151.415 will still be pending as there will be no dispositional orders resolving the same.
Therefore, we order the juvenile court to issue dispositional orders on the motions after
making proper ICWA inquiry of each participant in the permanent custody proceeding
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                                       39

pursuant to 25 C.F.R. 23.107. The ICWA inquiry and dispositional orders shall be made
and entered promptly upon remand of these cases.
           {¶ 96} Upon vacating the January 22, 2020 judgments, pursuant to R.C.
2151.353(F),18 the juvenile court shall retain jurisdiction over the children. Furthermore, on
the facts of these cases,19 as the motions for permanent custody pursuant to R.C. 2151.415

18   R.C. 2151.353(F)(1) provides:

           The court shall retain jurisdiction over any child for whom the court issues an order of disposition
           pursuant to division (A) of this section or pursuant to section 2151.414 [permanent custody] or
           2151.415 [(A)(4) permanent custody] of the Revised Code until the child attains the age of eighteen
           years * * *.

19The relevant facts here include that the juvenile court entered the original January 22, 2020 judgments
prior to the expiration of the two-year sunset period for temporary custody set forth in R.C. 2151.353(G) and
2151.415(D)(4), appellant did not challenge the judgments on grounds of R.C. 2151.353(G) and 2151.415(D)(4),
and the record before us reveals the problems that led to the original temporary custody order remain
unresolved. We consider these facts mindful of the language of R.C. 2151.353(G) and 2151.415(D)(4) and the
lack of precedent applying the same in the context of remand.

R.C. 2151.353(G) states:

           Any temporary custody order issued pursuant to division (A) of this section shall terminate one year
           after the earlier of the date on which the complaint in the case was filed or the child was first placed
           into shelter care, except that, upon the filing of a motion pursuant to section 2151.415 of the Revised
           Code, the temporary custody order shall continue and not terminate until the court issues a
           dispositional order under that section. In resolving the motion, the court shall not order an existing
           temporary custody order to continue beyond two years after the date on which the complaint was filed
           or the child was first placed into shelter care, whichever date is earlier, regardless of whether any
           extensions have been previously ordered pursuant to division (D) of section 2151.415 of the Revised
           Code.

R.C. 2151.415(D)(4) states:

           No court shall grant an agency more than two extensions of temporary custody pursuant to division
           (D) of this section and the court shall not order an existing temporary custody order to continue
           beyond two years after the date on which the complaint was filed or the child was first placed into
           shelter care, whichever date is earlier, regardless of whether any extensions have been previously
           ordered pursuant to division (D) of this section.

In 1996, the Supreme Court interpreted a former version of R.C. 2151.353(G) (then R.C. 2151.353(F)), and to
this day many courts still look to In re Young, 76 Ohio St.3d 632 (1996), for guidance in interpreting the one-
year sunset provision. See In re A.J., 10th Dist. No. 13AP-864, 2014-Ohio-2734, ¶ 8-13. We acknowledge,
however, that the statute was amended, effective in 2009, to add an additional two-year sunset provision.
With 2007 Ohio H.B. No. 7, the 127th General Assembly added the language "[i]n resolving the motion, the
court shall not order an existing temporary custody order to continue beyond two years after the date on which
the complaint was filed * * *, regardless of whether any extensions have been previously ordered pursuant to
division (D) of section 2151.415 of the Revised Code." R.C. 2151.353(G). Identical language was likewise added
to R.C. 2151.415(D)(4).
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have been filed and dispositional orders remain to be issued, pursuant to R.C. 2151.353(G),
the juvenile court's temporary custody orders "shall continue and not terminate until the
court issues * * * dispositional order[s] [pursuant to R.C. 2151.415]."
                                                                              Judgments reversed;
                                                                  causes remanded with instructions.

                                 HESS, J., concurs.
                  LUPER SCHUSTER, J., concurs in part and dissents in part.

                 Hess, J., Assigned to active duty under authority of the Ohio
                 Constitution, Article IV, Section 6(C).

LUPER SCHUSTER, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.
        {¶ 97} I agree with the majority's decision to overrule appellant's first and second
assignments of error. I disagree, however, with the majority's resolution of appellant's third
and fourth assignments of error, and the reversal of the trial court's judgment. Unlike the
majority, I would overrule all four of appellant's assignments of error and therefore affirm
the trial court's judgment.
        {¶ 98} The majority's decision to reverse the trial court's judgment is based on its
resolution of appellant's third assignment of error. In this assignment of error, appellant
alleges the trial court committed plain error by concluding the ICWA did not apply to the
permanent custody proceedings. The majority concludes the trial court engaged in an

This court is not aware of any precedent instructing how to interpret and apply R.C. 2151.353(G) and
2151.415(D)(4) in circumstances where a case is remanded for a juvenile court to conduct additional inquiry
before ruling on a pending permanent custody motion. In State ex rel. Allen Cty. Children Servs. Bd. v. Mercer
Cty. Court of Common Pleas, 150 Ohio St.3d 230, 2016-Ohio-7382, ¶ 23, the Supreme Court acknowledged
the 2009 amendment stating, "[t]he fact that temporary custody cannot extend beyond two years, see R.C.
2151.415(D)(4), does not alter the nature of the continuing jurisdiction remaining with a juvenile court that
issues a disposition of temporary custody." However, this statement was made in the context of a case where
a probate court was exercising jurisdiction over a minor child for adoption proceedings and a juvenile court
was concurrently exercising continuing jurisdiction over the child custody proceedings. In addition, there
seems to be conflicting precedent from other appellate courts interpreting and applying R.C. 2151.353(G) in
the context where a juvenile court ruled on pending permanent custody motions, in the first instance, beyond
the two-year sunset. See In re J.W., 11th Dist. No. 2017-G-0139, 2018-Ohio-2475, ¶ 34-47. Compare In re
M.O., 2d Dist. No. 25965, 2014-Ohio-3060, ¶ 11-15.

For these reasons, we confine our instruction regarding temporary custody on remand to the facts of these
cases. Furthermore, sensitive to the concern that children and parents not be left in legal limbo for months
and even years while waiting for courts to process their cases, we instruct the juvenile court, upon remand, to
act promptly to make proper inquiry pursuant to ICWA and to enter dispositional orders on the pending
permanent custody motions. See In re K.M., 159 Ohio St.3d 544, 2020-Ohio-995, and In re Davis, 84 Ohio
St.3d 520, 528 (1999).
Nos. 20AP-83 and 20AP-85                                                                    41

inadequate inquiry regarding whether the children are Indian children, as defined in 25
U.S.C. 1903. Consequently, the majority sustains appellant's third assignment of error and
remands this matter for a proper inquiry as to this issue. In my view, however, our analysis
should be limited to the arguments appellant presents, which does not include an allegation
that the trial court's ICWA inquiry was deficient.
       {¶ 99} In support of her third assignment of error, appellant only argues that,
contrary to the trial court's conclusion, the requirements of ICWA apply because her
children are Indian children. For ICWA to apply to a child custody proceeding in state
court, there must be a preliminary showing that the proceeding involves an "Indian child."
In re C.C., 187 Ohio App.3d 365, 2010-Ohio-780, ¶ 4 (8th Dist.). Pursuant to 25 U.S.C.
1903, an "Indian child" is "any unmarried person who is under age eighteen and is either
(a) a member of an Indian tribe or (b) is eligible for membership in an Indian tribe and is
the biological child of a member of an Indian tribe." Appellant reasons that because she
informed the trial court she is of Cherokee heritage, she is an automatic member of an
Indian tribe, thereby qualifying her children as Indian children under this definition. But
this reasoning is flawed. First, appellant specifically testified before the trial court that
while she has Cherokee heritage, she is not a member of that tribe. Second, general
evidence of a parent's Indian ancestry is not, in itself, sufficient to invoke ICWA. See, e.g.,
In re C.C. at ¶ 6 (evidence that the child's great-grandmother was a member of the Cherokee
tribe was not sufficient to invoke ICWA); see also Nielson v. Ketchum, 640 F.3d 1117, 1124
(10th Cir.2011) (Indian tribe cannot create automatic tribal membership for the purpose of
invoking ICWA protections on behalf of children not otherwise within the definition of
Indian child). Because appellant's argument in support of her third assignment of error
fails, I would overrule that assignment of error.
       {¶ 100} Appellant's fourth assignment of error alleges FCCS failed to establish, by
clear and convincing evidence, that the trial court should grant permanent custody of the
children. The majority finds this assignment of error is moot based on its disposition of
appellant's third assignment of error. I would address the merits, however, because I would
overrule appellant's third assignment of error. I find the trial court's decision to grant
permanent custody was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. The record
contains competent, credible evidence supporting the trial court's findings that the children
could not, and should not, be placed with either of their parents within a reasonable time,
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and that granting the request for permanent custody is in the children's best interest. See
R.C. 2151.414(B)(1). Thus, I would overrule appellant's fourth assignment of error.
       {¶ 101} Because I would overrule all four of appellant's assignments of error and
affirm the trial court's judgment, I respectfully concur in part and dissent in part.