Court Opinion

ID: 2865151
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-06 00:50:57.058857+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:28:49.205373
License: Public Domain

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

                                      ---------------
                                      NO. 03-01-00718-CR
                                      ---------------

                                  Rodney Samaniego, Appellant

                                                 v.

                                  The State of Texas, Appellee

     FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TOM GREEN COUNTY, 119TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
            NO. B-00-0998-S, HONORABLE RAE LEIFESTE, JUDGE PRESIDING

               Appellant Rodney Samaniego was convicted by a jury of the offense of delivery of

a controlled substance, namely, cocaine, in the amount of one gram or more, but less than four

grams. See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. ' 481.112(c) (West Supp. 2002). The jury found

appellant guilty and found that he had been convicted of three prior felonies as alleged in the

indictment. They assessed his punishment at forty-three years = imprisonment. See Tex. Pen.

Code Ann. ' 12.42(d) (West Supp. 2002). In two points of error, appellant contends that the

evidence was insufficient to convict him and the trial court erred in overruling his objection to the

introduction of the cocaine. We will affirm the trial court=s judgment.
                                              BACKGROUND

                 On May 30, 2000, during an undercover crack cocaine investigation, a confidential

informant contacted appellant regarding a Afriend@ of his who wanted to purchase crack cocaine. The

informant brought his Afriend,@ undercover officer Vic Wilson, to the Inn of the Conchos Motel in San

Angelo as instructed by appellant. At the motel, appellant sold a quantity of cocaine to Wilson. At the trial,

the informant testified that he did not see the actual exchange take place. Furthermore, the evidence

demonstrated that although the audio of this sales transaction was recorded, the recorder malfunctioned;

however, Officer Wilson testified that the officer at the police station was able to listen to the participants in

the transaction as it transpired. The informant testified that immediately after completing the transaction, he

and Officer Wilson left the motel. Officer Wilson testified that he placed the cocaine in a Ziplock bag and

marked the evidence, and he and the informant testified that they immediately delivered the cocaine to

Officer Doug Moore, the evidence officer for the drug task force. Officer Wilson further testified that the

same evidence presented to him at trial was the evidence he delivered to Officer Moore.

                 At trial, Officer Moore testified that he prepared an envelope on May 30 in which he placed

the Ziplock bag containing the cocaine in order to send it to the Department of Public Safety laboratory in

Abilene. Furthermore, he identified the envelope presented to him at trial as the envelope he had prepared

and sent to the lab. And he identified the evidence presented to him at trial as the evidence he received

from Officer Wilson and placed in the envelope for delivery to the DPS lab.

                 Shanna Lee Hampton, a chemist employed at the DPS lab, testified as one of the records

custodians for the crime lab. She testified that she reviewed the lab report identified by the number assigned
to appellant=s case, she identified the chemist (J.R. Burch, currently retired) who conducted the tests on the

evidence submitted, she identified and explained the integrity and process of the tests used, and she then

reported that the test results concluded that the substance submitted by Officer Moore was cocaine in an

amount of 2.8 grams.

                                               DISCUSSION

                 In his first point of error, appellant contends that the evidence was insufficient to convict him

because the undercover officer=s testimony was uncorroborated.1 An offer-to-sell theory requires proof of

corroboration. See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. ' 481.183(a) (West 1992). Appellant, however, was

not charged or convicted of offering to sell a controlled substance. Rather, he was charged and convicted

as a party to actual delivery. Paragraph One of the indictment provides in part:

        . . . [Appellant] . . . did then and there intentionally and knowingly deliver a controlled
        substance, to wit: COCAINE, in an amount, by aggregate weight, including any
        adulterants and dilutants, of ONE (1) GRAM OR MORE BUT LESS THAN FOUR (4)
        GRAMS, by then and there actually transferring said controlled substance to VERN
        WILSON.

(Emphasis added.) Furthermore, in the charge of the court, the trial court, after indicating that appellant had

been Acharged by indictment with the offense of delivery of a controlled substance,@ then defined the term

Adelivery@ as follows:

        1
         Appellant does not indicate whether he is raising a legal or factual sufficiency claim. We need not
determine that issue, however, because corroboration is not required.

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          ADelivery@ means the actual transfer from one person to another of a controlled
          substance, whether or not there is an agency relationship.

(Emphasis added.) The jury found the appellant guilty of delivery of a controlled substance. Because

appellant was convicted as a party to actual delivery, the State was not required to produce corroborating

evidence. See Cano v. State, 3 S.W.3d 99, 107 (Tex. AppCCorpus Christi 1999, writ ref=d); Howery

v. State, 528 S.W.2d 230, 233 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975). We overrule appellant=s first point of error.

                 In his second point of error, appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion in

overruling his objection to the introduction of the controlled substance because there was a break in the chain

of custody. He also claims that the substance had been tampered with between the time it was seized and

the trial on the merits.

                 At trial, Officer Wilson identified the drug exhibit offered into evidence as the A15 rocks of

crack@ cocaine that he purchased from appellant on May 30, 2000. He testified that he placed the Arocks@ in

a Ziplock bag, which he marked with his initials, his badge number, and the date. He further testified that the

evidence remained in his possession until he took the evidence to a prearranged meeting place and

transferred it to Officer Moore.

                 Officer Moore testified that he prepared an envelope to Amaintain the integrity of the

evidence@ because it was going to be sent to the DPS lab in Abilene. At trial, Officer Moore identified the

envelope as Astamped with my name, my label,@ and he also identified his handwriting on the envelope.

Furthermore, Officer Moore identified the Ziplock bag containing the crack cocaine that he placed in the

envelope by referencing the case number 10648, his initials, and the date he had marked on the bag. He then

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testified he retained the evidence in his exclusive possession until he mailed it to the DPS lab on June 1, 2000.

Although Officer Moore testified he sent the envelope via certified mail, he did not have the receipts with him

at trial.

                   Ms. Hampton, the chemist employed at the DPS lab, testified as one of the records

custodians for the crime lab. She testified that she reviewed the lab report identified as case number 10648.

She also testified that the case number assigned by the lab for testing the evidence submitted in case number

10648 also appeared on the envelope prepared and sent by Officer Moore and on the Ziplock bag

contained inside the envelope. She identified the chemist who conducted the tests on the evidence submitted,

she identified and explained the integrity and process of the tests made on the contents of the Ziplock bag,

and she then reported that the test results concluded that the substance submitted by Officer Moore was

cocaine in an amount of 2.8 grams.

                   Appellant bases his tampering claim on the change in appearance of the crack cocaine

Arocks@ between the time of seizure and the time of the trial. Officer Wilson testified that he had put 15

Arocks@ of crack cocaine in the Ziplock bag when he made the purchase. When asked to identify the Akind

of condition@ they were in at trial, he responded AIt=s beenCthey=ve fallen apart. The rocks have fallen

apart.@

                   Officer Moore also described the difference in condition of the evidence from the time of

seizure until it was presented at trial as follows:

            Q. Can you describe for the jury what it looked like when you first received it?

            A. As I recall, when I received it, as it=s marked, it was tan, a rock-like substance, which
               is the way that generally crack is distributed or sold orCbefore it=s used, and that=s

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            how I received it. What I received is what you would call crack rocks. And as you
            can see here, it=s more of a crushed form. It looks more like baking soda chunks than
            it does a rock-like substance.

       Q. It=s more granular now?

       A. It=s more granular now, yes.

               However, Officer Moore also explained the procedures for maintaining the integrity of the

evidence:

       Q. Let me ask you Detective Moore: State=s Exhibit 1, the brown envelope, does it
          appear to have been tampered with in any way since you prepared it for mailing?

       A. It has been opened, but it seems to be marked with an evidence tape around it, initials
          from evidence Texas D.P.S. Labs in Abilene, Texas.

       Q. And so is that theCit=s in the same or similar condition as it was when you first
          prepared it?

       A. Yes, it is. The tape has the same integrity as when I prepared it.

       Q. And youCyou=re discussing the integrity of the evidence. Regarding State=s Exhibit 2,
          that plastic bag, the outer plastic bag, how is that sealed?

       A. That=s sealed with a heat seal, like a Seal-a-Meal. It=s a heat shrink that seals the
          bags for us.

       Q. Why do youCyou all use a heat seal?

       A. To maintain the evidence integrity; it keeps items from falling out; it keeps moisture
          from getting into them, et cetera.

       Q. And it=sCit would be a tamper indicator. IfCif this bag had been tampered with or
          opened, it would be indicated because you could tell because from the heat seal?

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           A. Yes. The heat seals would be broken or misaligned, there would be holes in it, et
              cetera.

                   Ms. Hampton also testified based on the records prepared by Mr. Burch, the retired

chemist who performed the test on the evidence, and she stated that Mr. Burch indicated in his records that

the items submitted for testing were A[a] Ziplock with tan solid material.@ Accordingly, there was

uncontroverted testimony that the condition of the evidence remained the same at least until the time of

testing.

                   Appellant also contends that the certified mail receipt indicating the person who received the

envelope at the lab was not presented at trial and, as a result, this demonstrates a break in the chain of

custody. As appellant sums up his argument in his brief:

           Because of the change in appearance of the substance and the lack of the introduction of
           any evidence as to who received and signed for the evidence at the DPS Laboratory, one
           cannot rule out the possibility that the evidence was not tampered with or that perhaps it is
           not the same evidence. (Emphasis added.)

We do not find this argument persuasive. There is no reason to believe the evidence did not simply

deteriorate by breaking down from Arock@ form to granular form over the time between the seizure and its

presentation at trial. As the court of criminal appeals explained in Darrow v. State, 504 S.W.2d 416 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1974), Aappellant has shown the possibility which existed for someone to tamper with the

evidence, but nothing more. Appellant=s objection goes to the weight, and not the admissibility of the

evidence.@ Id. at 417. See also Jones v. State, 617 S.W.2d 704, 705 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981); Boss v.

State, 489 S.W.2d 582, 583-84; Wright v. State, 420 S.W.2d 411, 413 (Tex. Crim. App. 1967).

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Furthermore, in Mitchell v. State, 488 S.W.2d 786 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973), the court stated A[t]he

evidence having sufficiently identified and traced the chain of custody of the exhibit, absent a showing of

the exhibit being tampered with or changed, appellant=s objection goes to the weight rather than the

admissibility of the evidence. (Emphasis added.) Id. at 787. In the present case, the evidence was

sufficiently identified and the chain of custody of the exhibit was traced. Furthermore, there was

uncontroverted testimony that the condition of the evidence remained the same at least until the time of

testing. On these facts, we conclude that appellant has not made a showing that the exhibit had been

tampered with or changed. Accordingly, his objection goes to the weight and not the admissibility of the

evidence. We overrule his second point of error.

                                            CONCLUSION

                 Having overruled both of appellant=s points of error, we affirm the judgment of the trial

court.

                                                 __________________________________________

                                                 Marilyn Aboussie, Chief Justice

Before Chief Justice Aboussie, Justices B. A. Smith and Yeakel

Affirmed

Filed: July 26, 2002

Do Not Publish

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