Court Opinion

ID: 2732468
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-12 05:00:28.930201+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:03:16.201890
License: Public Domain

Case: 13-10266          Document: 00512765901        Page: 1   Date Filed: 09/11/2014

           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                         Fifth Circuit

                                            No. 13-10266                               FILED
                                                                              September 11, 2014
                                                                                  Lyle W. Cayce
RALPH S. JANVEY,                                                                       Clerk

                                                    Plaintiff – Appellee
v.

JAMES BROWN; ROBERT BUSH; GENE CAUSEY; JOSEPH CHUSTZ;
DARRELL COURVILLE; ET AL; THOMAS H. TURNER; TARRAL E.
DAIGLE; JEFF P. PURPERA, JR.; DANIEL JOSEPH DAIGLE; JILDA ANN
DAIGLE; ROBERT S. GREER; ALICE D. GREER; GMAG, L.L.C.; GARY D.
MAGNESS IRREVOCABLE TRUST; GARY D. MAGNESS; MAGNESS
SECURITIES, L.L.C.; DAVID TOPP; DORA TOPP; RISIA TOPP WINE;
HENRY A. MENTZ, III,

                                                    Defendants – Appellants

------------------------------------------------
Consolidated with 13-10272

RALPH S. JANVEY, In his capacity as Court-Appointed Receiver for the
Stanford International Bank, LTD et al,

                                                    Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

JAMES D. HOLDEN; HENRIETTA M. HOLDEN; BETTY JO FORSHAG;
JUDY PALMISANO JONES; WILLIAM L. LAFUZE, ENRIQUE PAREDES;
MARIANNE PAREDES; EQUUS VIII, L.L.C.; MOORE, MOORE AND
MOORE, L.L.C.; NAMDA INVESTMENT GROUP, L.L.C.; ESTATE OF
NATHAN ALLEN MOORE; SOCOCO L.T.D.A.; EDUARDO NAJERA;
JENNIFER NAJERA; MICHAEL E. STAID,

                                                    Defendants – Appellants
      Case: 13-10266          Document: 00512765901         Page: 2   Date Filed: 09/11/2014

                                       No. 13-10266 c/w 13-10272
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------------------------------------------------
Consolidated with 13-10276

RECEIVER RALPH S. JANVEY,

                                                       Plaintiff – Appellee
v.

SARTIN LIVING TRUST 1994; RAFAEL BERMUDEZ; GERALD W.
TONNER; MARY E. TONNER,

                                                       Defendants – Appellants

------------------------------------------------
Consolidated with 13-10279

RECEIVER RALPH S. JANVEY,

                                                       Plaintiff – Appellee
v.

EDWARD S. RUBIN ESTATE AND ROBERT RUBIN,

                                                       Defendant – Appellant

                                    ________________________

                     Appeals from the United States District Court
                          for the Northern District of Texas
                               ________________________

Before HIGGINBOTHAM, CLEMENT, and HIGGINSON, Circuit Judges.
PATRICK E. HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judge:

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       In this Texas Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (“TUFTA”) case,
plaintiff-appellee Ralph S. Janvey, the Receiver for the Stanford entities, seeks
to recover funds that were paid to defendants-appellants, purchasers of
certificate of deposits from Stanford International Bank, Ltd., as part of a
Ponzi scheme. The district court granted the Receiver’s motion for summary
judgment, ordering defendants-appellants to return funds paid in excess of
their original investments.           Defendants-appellants timely appeal.                We
AFFIRM.
                                              I
       This case stems from the Stanford Ponzi scheme. 1 The Stanford Ponzi
scheme has been the subject of numerous appeals, and the pertinent facts of
this scheme are well-established. We recount briefly these relevant facts.
       R. Allen Stanford created and owned a network of entities (the “Stanford
entities”) that sold certificates of deposit (“CDs”) to investors through the
Stanford International Bank, Ltd. (“SIB”). 2 These CDs promised investors
extraordinarily high rates of return. Using the Stanford entities, Stanford and
his employees would explain to “prospective investors that their funds would
be reinvested in high-quality securities so as to yield the investors the high
rates of return purportedly guaranteed by the CDs.” 3 But, instead of actually
investing the money raised by selling these CDs, Stanford used the money to
pay prior investors their promised returns. By paying the prior investors these

       1 “A ‘Ponzi scheme’ typically describes a pyramid scheme where earlier investors are
paid from the investments of more recent investors, rather than from any underlying
business concern, until the scheme ceases to attract new investors and the pyramid
collapses.” Janvey v. Democratic Senatorial Campaign Comm., Inc., 712 F.3d 185,188 n.1
(5th Cir. 2013) (quoting Eberhard v. Marcu, 530 F.3d 122, 132 n.7 (2d Cir. 2008)) [hereinafter
DSCC].
       2 See generally id. at 188, 198.
       3 Id.

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returns, Stanford, and the Stanford entities, developed credibility and a track
record of supposed success, which in turn allowed them to recruit additional
investors. 4
      Although it is unclear for how long the Stanford Ponzi scheme operated,
the Receiver’s expert witness, Karyl Van Tassel, a certified public accountant,
examined the Stanford entities’ books, interviewed prior employees, examined
investors’ and institutions’ records, and considered the guilty plea and
arraignment statement of Stanford’s Chief Financial Officer, James M. Davis,
to conclude (i) that the scheme “began and was insolvent as early as 1999,” and
(ii) that the scheme operated continuously until October 2008. 5 When the
scheme collapsed in early 2009, the Stanford entities had raised over $7 billion
from sales of fraudulent CDs. 6
      Stanford and Davis were convicted of numerous federal offenses, and are
currently serving federal prison sentences. 7 The Securities and Exchange
Commission brought a civil suit against Stanford, his agents, and the Stanford
entities, alleging violations of federal securities laws. At the SEC’s request,
the district court appointed Ralph S. Janvey (the “Receiver”) as receiver over
the Stanford entities, and charged him with preserving corporate resources
and recovering corporate assets that had been transferred in fraudulent
conveyances. 8
      In following this charge, the Receiver has filed numerous fraudulent
transfer claims against investors who profited from the Stanford Ponzi scheme.

      4 Id.
      5 Id.
      6 Id.
      7 Id. at 188-89.
      8 Id.

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Although the vast majority of investors lost their entire investment, some
investors profited, as they had withdrawn their investments prior to the
collapse of the scheme. The Receiver now seeks disgorgement of these profits,
as he alleges that these are fictitious profits that are in fact funds taken from
other investors.
      The defendants-appellants (“investor-defendants”) in this appeal are all
investors who received back their principal, as well as supposed interest on
this principal. In other words, as described by the district court and the
Receiver, they are ‘net winners’ in the Ponzi scheme. Except for one investor-
defendant that we address below, it is undisputed that the investor-defendants
at issue here were ‘net winners.’
      The Receiver moved for partial summary judgment on the TUFTA claims
at issue here, arguing that the payments made to the investor-defendants were
fraudulent transfers and that no affirmative defenses are available to the
defendants, as the payments were not made in exchange for reasonably
equivalent value. The district court granted the motion for partial summary
judgment, and the investor-defendants timely filed for leave to interlocutory
appeal, which this court granted.
      On appeal, the investor-defendants argue (i) that the district court erred
in holding that TUFTA governed the Receiver’s claims; (ii) that the district
court erred in holding that the Receiver has standing under TUFTA to bring
these claims; (iii) that the TUFTA claims are untimely; (iv) that the district
court erred in holding that payments to the investor-defendants were
fraudulent transfers made without an exchange for reasonably equivalent
value; (v) that the investor-defendants’ assets in Individual Retirement
Accounts (“IRAs”) are exempted from TUFTA; and, (vi) that fact issues remain

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as to whether certain investor-defendants are in fact ‘net winners.’ We address
each issue in turn.
                                               II
       Our analysis begins with the choice of law question. “We conduct a de
novo review of choice-of-law issues[.]” 9 It is well-settled that choice of law
issues for supplemental state law claims, such as the fraudulent transfer
claims at issue here, are governed by the forum state in which the federal court
is sitting. 10 Here, the forum state is Texas, and “Texas courts follow the ‘most
significant relationship’ test outlined in the Restatement (Second) of Conflict
of Laws[.]” 11
       The district court, applying Texas choice-of-law rules, concluded that
TUFTA governed the Receiver’s fraudulent transfer claims. The district court
first determined that Texas state courts first conduct a ‘false conflict’ analysis,
and would then only apply the Second Restatement’s most significant
relationship test where a true conflict exists. 12               Here, the district court

       9   Cambridge Toxicology Grp., Inc. v. Exnicios, 495 F.3d 169, 175 (5th Cir. 2007) (citing
R.R. Mgmt. Co. v. CFS La. Midstream Co., 428 F.3d 214, 221–22 (5th Cir. 2005)).
         10 See Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Electric Mfg. Co., Inc., 313 U.S. 487, 496 (1941); Sommers

Drug Stores Co. Emp. Profit Sharing Trust v. Corrigan, 883 F.2d 345, 353 (5th Cir. 1989) (“A
federal court exercising pendent jurisdiction over state law claims, must apply the
substantive law of the state in which it sits.”); see also Warfield v. Carnie, No. 3:04-CV-633,
2007 WL 1112591, at *7 (N.D. Tex. Apr. 13, 2007) (“[T]he Court recognizes that it has
supplemental jurisdiction over the Receiver’s pendent state law claims under the Uniform
Fraudulent Transfer Act and for unjust enrichment. A federal court exercising pendent
jurisdiction over state law claims must apply the substantive law of the state in which it
sits.”) (internal citation omitted); Terry v. June, 420 F. Supp. 2d 493, 500-02 (W.D. Va. 2006)
(in federal receiver context, state Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act claims treated as pendent
state law claims subject to Klaxon choice of law analysis).
         11 Casa Orlando Apartments, Ltd. v. Fed. Nat’l Mortg. Ass’n., 624 F.3d 185, 190 (5th

Cir. 2010) (citing Torrington Co. v. Stutzman, 46 S.W.3d 829, 848 (Tex. 2000)).
         12 Janvey v. Alguire, Nos. 3:09–CV–0724–N, 3:10–CV–0366–N, 3:10–CV–0415–N,

3:10–CV–0478–N, 3:10–CV–0528–N, 3:10–CV–0617–N, 3:10–CV–0725–N, 3:10–CV–0844–
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concluded that any conflict between the law of Texas, the center of the Ponzi
scheme, and the law of Antigua, SIB’s place of incorporation, was a ‘false
conflict,’ because Antigua “has no actual interest in this dispute.” 13   Finally,
the district court explained, as between Texas and other UFTA-enacting
states, there is no conflict, because these states “have identical language in
their fraudulent transfer provision, and that language is ‘virtually identical’ to
the corresponding language in the Bankruptcy Code.” 14         Thus, the district
court concluded that “because there is no conflict of laws between UFTA-
enacting states as relating to the instant motions, the Court need not
undertake a choice-of-law analysis as between those states.” 15
      The investor-defendants argue that the district court’s choice of law
analysis was fundamentally flawed. They argue that the district court first
erred in conducting a ‘false conflicts’ analysis, thereby displacing the Second
Restatement test for resolving a conflict of laws. And they argue that, even if
the district court was correct in engaging in a ‘false conflicts’ analysis, the
district court erred in concluding that there was a false conflict. They next
argue that the district court erred in ignoring SIB’s separate corporate
existence, and whether the corporate form should be ignored was a question of
Antiguan law.     Finally, they argue that a Second Restatement analysis
compels the application of Antiguan law, not Texas law.
      These arguments fail to persuade. To begin, the Texas Supreme Court,
as well as several panels of the Texas Court of Appeals and this Court, apply

N, 3:10–CV–0931–N, 3:10–CV–1002–N, 2013 WL 2451738, at *2 (N.D. Tex. Jan. 22, 2013)
[hereinafter Janvey Order].
       13 Id. at *4.
       14 Id. (citing In re Mirant Corp., 675 F.3d 530, 537 n.3 (5th Cir. 2012)).
       15 Id. at *5.

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the ‘false conflicts’ analysis. In Duncan v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 16 the Texas
Supreme Court engaged in a ‘false conflicts’ analysis rather than engaging in
a full Second Restatement analysis. The Duncan court first identified the
“policies or ‘governmental interests,’ if any, of each state in the application of
its rule.” 17 Concluding that “[a]n analysis of the relevant state contacts reveals
that New Mexico has no underlying interest in the application of its law, while
Texas has important interests,” the Duncan court held that, in “this situation,
known as a ‘false conflict,’ it is an established tenet of modern conflicts of law
that the law of the interested state should apply.” 18 Recent panels of the Texas
Court of Appeals continue to apply the ‘false conflicts’ analysis. For example,
in Engine Components, Inc. v. A.E.R.O. Aviation Co., 19 a panel explained that
“there may not be a conflict when only one forum has an interest at stake. This
is referred to as a ‘false conflict.’” 20 And we have also applied the ‘false conflicts’
analysis in Texas diversity cases. In De Aguilar v. Boeing Co., we explained
that, because “Mexico has no underlying interest in the application of its law .
. . [and] Texas certainly has an interest,” there was “a false conflict, and Texas
law applies.” 21
      To be sure, one panel of the Texas Court of Appeals held that, “[w]hile
the ‘False Conflicts’ doctrine has important influence in the governmental
policy analysis contained in the Second Restatement, we do not believe it
should be used to determine whether a conflicts exists” because such use “may

      16  665 S.W.2d 414, 421–22 (Tex. 1984).
      17  Id. at 421.
       18 Id. at 422.
       19 No. 04-10-00812-CV, 2012 WL 666648, at *2 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, pet.

denied (mem. op.)).
       20 Id. (internal citation omitted).
       21 47 F.3d 1404, 1414 (5th Cir. 1995).

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very well supplant the Second Restatement as the test to determine the
conflicts of law.” 22 As compelling as this reasoning may be, neither the Texas
Supreme Court nor other panels of the Texas Court of Appeals have adopted
this reasoning. Accordingly, we hold that the district court did not err in
applying a ‘false conflicts’ analysis.
      Applied here, the ‘false conflicts’ analysis compels the conclusion that
TUFTA applies to the Receiver’s claims. As prior opinions of this Court and
the district court have made clear, the Stanford Ponzi scheme was centered in
and operated out of Houston, Texas. Although there were numerous Stanford
entities, these entities were mere conduits by which Stanford and Davis
carried out the Ponzi scheme. The scheme’s only connection to Antigua is that
SIB was incorporated and ostensibly operated from there.             Beyond this,
Antigua has no interest in the application of its law to this case; no Antiguan
citizen has been identified as a defrauded investor, nor has the Receiver
brought suit against an Antiguan citizen as a ‘net winner’ of the Ponzi
scheme. 23 In this regard, the Texas Supreme Court’s decision in Duncan is
informative. There, the Texas Supreme Court concluded that New Mexico had
no interest in the application of its law regarding releases of joint tortfeasors
where “no New Mexico defendant or injured party is involved,” even though
the underlying plane crash occurred in New Mexico. 24 Here, similarly, Antigua
has no interest in the application of its laws to the Stanford Ponzi scheme.
      In contrast, Texas has a substantial interest in the application of its
fraudulent transfer laws. The Ponzi scheme was operated out of Texas, the

      22 Vanderbilt Mortg. & Fin., Inc. v. Posey, 146 S.W.3d 302, 318–19 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 2004, no pet.).
      23 See, e.g., Janvey Order, 2013 WL 2451738, at *4.
      24 Duncan, 665 S.W.2d at 418, 421.

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Receiver is in Texas, many of the Stanford entities are in Texas, and some of
the defrauded creditors and Net Winners are Texan. 25 Thus, in sharp contrast
to Antigua, Texas has a real interest in the application of its laws to the
Receiver’s fraudulent transfer actions. Finally, as between Texas and other
UFTA-enacting states, we find no conflict as to the provisions at issue here.
The UFTA-enacting states have identical language governing the issues in this
appeal. Accordingly, we find no error in the district court’s application of
TUFTA to the Receiver’s claims.
                                              III
       We turn next to the investor-defendants’ argument that the Receiver
lacks standing to bring TUFTA claims. We review questions of statutory
standing de novo. 26 Distilled to its essence, the investor-defendants’ argument
is that the Receiver lacks standing to bring TUFTA claims because only a
debtor’s creditors may bring fraudulent transfer claims. Since “a federal equity
receiver has standing to assert only the claims of the entities in receivership,
and not the claims of the entities’ investor-creditors,” 27 the investor-defendants
argue that the Receiver cannot bring the instant TUFTA claims.
       The Receiver argues that he has standing to pursue TUFTA claims on
behalf of the Stanford entities. He explains that because the Ponzi scheme
principals—Stanford and Davis—caused the Stanford entities to make
fraudulent transfers that harmed the entities by dissipating their assets

       25  See Janvey Order, 2013 WL 2451738, at *2-3.
       26  See Time Warner Cable, Inc. v. Hudson, 667 F.3d 630, 635 (5th Cir. 2012). Although
often clothed as an issue of subject-matter jurisdiction, the Supreme Court has made clear
that “the absence of a valid (as opposed to arguable) cause of action does not implicate subject-
matter jurisdiction, i.e., the court’s statutory or constitutional power to adjudicate the case.”
Lexmark Int’l, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc., 134 S. Ct. 1377, 1387 n.4 (2014)
(emphasis in original) (internal quotation marks omitted).
        27 Janvey v. DSCC, 712 F.3d 185, 190 (5th Cir. 2013).

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without receiving reasonably equivalent value in return, the Stanford
principals are properly viewed as debtors under TUFTA, and the Stanford
entities are the defrauded creditors under TUFTA.
       We agree. In DSCC, we explicitly held that “the Receiver has standing
to assert the claims of [SIB], and any other Stanford entity in receivership,
against the [investors] to recover the contributions made to them without
reasonably equivalent value by the Stanford Ponzi operation.” 28                             The
“knowledge and effects of the fraud of the principal of a Ponzi scheme in
making fraudulent conveyances of the funds of the corporations under his evil
coercion are not imputed to his captive corporations.” 29                        Because this
knowledge is not imputed to the Stanford entities, “the corporations in
receivership, through the receiver, may recover assets or funds that the
principal fraudulently diverted to third parties without receiving reasonably
equivalent value.” 30
       The investor-defendants argue that the panel in DSCC mistakenly relied
upon the Seventh Circuit’s decision in Scholes v. Lehmann. 31 To this end, they
argue (i) that Scholes is not binding authority, and (ii) Scholes was addressing
a fraudulent transfer claim under Illinois law that predated Illinois’ adoption
of UFTA. This argument fails to persuade, as it is foreclosed by our prior
decision in DSCC. 32       Accordingly, we hold that the Receiver has standing to
bring the TUFTA claims on behalf of the Stanford entities.

       28 Id. at 192.
       29 Id. at 190.
       30 Id.
       31 56 F.3d 750 (7th Cir. 1995).
       32 See Billiot v. Puckett, 135 F.3d 311, 316 (5th Cir. 1998) (“As a general rule, one panel

may not overrule the decision of a prior panel, right or wrong, in the absence of an intervening
contrary or superseding decision by this court sitting en banc or by the United States
Supreme Court.”).
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                                           IV
      The investor-defendants next argue that the Receiver’s TUFTA claims
are barred by the statute of limitations. Under TUFTA, an action seeking to
void a fraudulent transfer must be brought “within four years after the transfer
was made or the obligation was incurred or, if later, within one year after the
transfer or obligation was or could reasonably have been discovered by the
claimant.” 33 The investor-defendants argue (i) that Stanford himself knew or
could have discovered the fraud he was perpetrating before the Receiver was
appointed, and (ii) that the suits should have been brought within a year of the
Receiver having been appointed on February 16, 2009.
      To prevail on a limitations defense, the investor-defendants must
present “evidence to show that the Receiver knew or could reasonably have
known for more than one year prior to filing suit that the [transfers] were
fraudulent conveyances that had been made during the operation of a Ponzi
scheme and using funds from the Stanford corporations that were proceeds of
that scheme.” 34     We explained in DSCC that, “[b]ecause the Stanford
corporations were the robotic tools of Stanford’s Ponzi scheme, knowledge of
the fraud could not be imputed to them while they were under Stanford’s
coercion.” 35   Moreover, “upon the Receiver’s appointment on February 16,
2009, it was not readily evident to him or to anyone not privy to the inner
workings of the Stanford corporations that these entities were part of a
massive Ponzi scheme perpetrated by Stanford beginning as early as 1999.” 36
It was only on February 16, 2009, that the Receiver retained Van Tassel to

      33 Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 24.010(a)(1).
      34 DSCC, 712 F.3d at 193.
      35 Id.
      36 Id. at 196.

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analyze the books, and it was “not until August 27, 2009 that Davis pleaded
guilty to federal securities-, mail-, and wire-fraud offenses and in connection
therewith disclosed facts indicating the true nature and duration of Stanford’s
operation of a massive Ponzi scheme.” 37
       As in DSCC, the two suits that the investor-defendants allege were filed
too late—February 23 and May 18, 2010—were filed “less than one year after
Davis’s guilty plea.” 38 And the investor-defendants “have not introduced any
evidence that tends to show that the Receiver knew or could reasonably have
known about the true nature and duration of the Ponzi scheme for more than
one year prior to the Receiver’s filing of [these suits,] . . . or that the Receiver
and Van Tassel did not search diligently to uncover evidence and knowledge of
the Ponzi scheme[.]” 39 Thus, the Receiver’s TUFTA claims are not barred by
the statute of limitations.
                                              V
                                              A
       We turn now to the merits. We review the district court’s grant of
summary judgment de novo, applying the same standards as the district
court. 40   TUFTA provides that “a transfer made or obligation incurred by a
debtor is fraudulent as to a creditor . . . if the debtor made the transfer or
incurred the obligation . . . with actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any
creditor of the debtor.” 41     Thus, “TUFTA requires that the debtor transferor
make the transfer ‘with actual intent to . . . defraud any creditor of the

        Id. at 197.
       37

        Id.
       38
     39 Id. at 197–98.
     40 See, e.g., Hernandez v. Yellow Transp., Inc., 670 F.3d 644, 650 (5th Cir. 2012) (citing

Adams v. Travelers Indem. Co. of Conn., 465 F.3d 156, 163 (5th Cir. 2006)).
     41 Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 24.005(a)(1).

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debtor.’” 42   “In this circuit, proving that [a transferor] operated as a Ponzi
scheme establishes the fraudulent intent behind the transfers it made.” 43 This
is because “‘the transferees’ knowing participation is irrelevant under the
statute’ for purposes of establishing the premise of (as opposed to liability for)
a fraudulent transfer[;]” instead, the “statute requires only a finding of
fraudulent intent on the part of the ‘debtor[.]’” 44
       It is well-established that the Stanford principles—Stanford and Davis—
were operating a Ponzi scheme. In both DSCC and Alguire, we explained that
Stanford “created and perpetrated a ‘Ponzi scheme.’” 45 We noted that Davis’
Plea “reflects a classic Ponzi scheme,” and that the “Van Tassel Declarations
also provide clear, numerical support for the creative reverse engineering
undertaken by Stanford executives to accomplish the Ponzi scheme[.]” 46 The
investor-defendants argue that the Van Tassel Declarations are controverted
by the Stanford entities’ accounting records that reflects that they remained
solvent, but these accounting records are rendered incredible by Davis’
admission that the “continued routine false reporting . . . upon which CD
investors routinely relied in making their investment decisions, in effect,
created an ever-widening hole between reported assets and actual liabilities,
causing the creation of a massive Ponzi scheme whereby CD redemptions
ultimately could only be accomplished with new infusions of investor funds.” 47

       42 Janvey v. Alguire, 647 F.3d 585, 598 (5th Cir. 2011) (alteration and emphasis in
original) (quoting Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 24.005(a)(1)).
       43 Id. (alteration in original) (quoting SEC v. Res. Dev. Int’l, LLC, 487 F.3d 295, 301

(5th Cir. 2007)).
       44 Res. Dev. Int’l, LLC, 487 F.3d at 301 (quoting Warfield v. Byron, 436 F.3d 551, 559

(5th Cir. 2006)).
       45 DSCC, 712 F.3d 185, 188 (5th Cir. 2013).
       46 Alguire, 647 F.3d at 597.
       47 Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Davis’s plea).

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Indeed, Davis made clear that the Stanford entities’ records were unreliable
since 1988 when “Stanford directed Davis to ‘make false entries into the
general ledger for the purpose of reporting false revenues and false investment
portfolio balances to the banking regulators’ shortly after opening Guardian
International Bank, as SIB was then known, in Montserrat.” 48
      The investor-defendants argue that it was permissible for SIB to prefer
one creditor over another. In this regard, they argue TUFTA does not give rise
to a claim merely because all creditors do not receive the same value. This
argument misses the mark. It is well-established that the Stanford principles
operated the Stanford entities as a Ponzi scheme, and the existence of the
Ponzi scheme establishes fraudulent intent. In other words, this is not the case
of an innocent debtor preferring one creditor over another; instead, this was an
insolvent Ponzi scheme perpetuated by paying old investors with new
investors’ investments. We agree with the district court that the Receiver
established that the Stanford principles transferred monies to the investor-
defendants with fraudulent intent.
                                              B
      That transfers were made with fraudulent intent does not end the
inquiry, as TUFTA provides that a “transfer or obligation is not voidable . . .
against a person who took in good faith and for a reasonably equivalent
value.” 49 Under TUFTA, “[v]alue is given for a transfer or an obligation if, in
exchange for the transfer . . . an antecedent debt is secured or satisfied[.]” 50

      48 Id. (quoting Davis’s plea).
      49 Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 24.009(a).
      50 Id. § 24.004(a).

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TUFTA defines debt as “a liability on a claim,” 51 and a claim as “a right to
payment or property[.]” 52
      Here, the investor-defendants argue that the payment of interest to them
is a reduction of antecedent contractual debt that they are owed by SIB on the
CDs that they purchased. In their view, it is one thing to say that an investor
should not get to keep the distribution of profit when there is no profit and any
reported profits are fictitious, but it is entirely different to say that an investor
should not be permitted to keep his contractually guaranteed interest
payments. In support of this position, the investor-defendants rely chiefly on
In re Carrozzella & Richardson, 53 where a district court held that contracts
with Ponzi schemes for payments of reasonable interest are enforceable and
payments made on them are for reasonably equivalent value. In Carrozzella
& Richardson, a law firm ran a Ponzi scheme wherein it “solicited investors to
deposit funds with it in exchange for a promised annual rate of return between
8% and 15%.” 54      The firm “commingled the funds placed with it by a given
investor with funds deposited by other investors and other entities, as well as
the general revenue of the legal practice of [the firm.]” 55 The early investors
received a return of their principal plus interest, whereas later investors lost
virtually all of their principal investments. An involuntary petition for relief
under Chapter 7 was filed against the law firm, and a Trustee was appointed.
The Trustee then sought to recover all interest payments made to the earlier
investors under Connecticut’s UFTA.           The district court held that the

      51 Id. § 24.002(5).
      52 Id. § 24.002(3).
      53 286 B.R. 480 (D. Conn. 2002).
      54 Id. at 483-84.
      55 Id. at 484.

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payments were for reasonably equivalent value. It explained that “the proper
focus is the contractual relationship between the investor and the debtor and
the quid pro quo thereunder.” 56 And in the case of interest payments, “the
debtor’s use of the investor’s funds for a period of time supported the payment
of reasonable contractual interest[.]” 57         Thus, since in “exchange for the
interest paid to the Defendants, the Debtor received a dollar-for-dollar
forgiveness of a contractual debt[,]” “[t]his satisfaction of an antecedent debt is
‘value’ . . . and in this case ‘reasonably equivalent value.’” 58 Importantly, the
court noted that to “the extent that these Defendants had not been paid the
interest owed, they would have been creditors of the Debtor’s bankruptcy
estate, asserting claims for unpaid interest.” 59
      Here, the district court rejected this argument, holding that the investor-
defendants failed to provide any value for the interest payments that they
received because the only claim that they have for their interest payments is a
contractual one, which the district court held is unenforceable. In contrast, the
district court held that the investor-defendants did give reasonably equivalent
value to the extent that they received back their principal because they have
actionable claims for fraud and restitution. The district court noted that this
leads to an equitable result, because “for victims of a Ponzi scheme, everyone
is a loser. . . . Allowing Net Winners to keep their fraudulent above-market
returns in addition to their principal would simply further victimize the true
Stanford victims, whose money paid the fraudulent interest.” 60

      56 Id. at 487.
      57 Id. at 489.
      58 Id. at 491.
      59 Id.
      60 Janvey Order, 2013 WL 2451738, at *10.

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       We agree with the district court. There are two competing approaches
to fraudulent transfer claims arising from contractual interest payments in
Ponzi schemes. First, some courts have held that contracts, like the CDs at
issue here, are either void and create “no legal entitlement to profits or
interest,” or are in actuality “investment contracts as opposed to loans,”
because parties invest in such vehicles “with the hope of reaping a profit rather
than providing a loan with an entitlement to some kind of return.” 61 Yet, as
the investor-defendants note, some courts have followed the Carrozzella &
Richardson reasoning, holding that in the case of interest payments, “the
debtor’s use of the investor’s funds for a period of time support[s] the payment
of reasonable contractual interest[.]” 62
       Although the Carrozzella & Richardson reasoning has some force, we
find permitting clawback of interest payments made by Ponzi schemes—the
approach taken by the district court—to be more persuasive. The Carrozzella
& Richardson approach depends on there being a ‘debt’ that the interest
payments are reducing. Because TUFTA defines a ‘debt’ as being a “liability
on a claim,” the investor-defendants must have a valid claim.                       Here, we
conclude that there is no valid claim for interest; the CDs issued by SIB are
void and unenforceable. 63 This is because “[t]o allow an [investor] to enforce

       61  Warfield v. Carnie, No. 3:04-cv-633-R, 2007 WL 1112591, at *1213 (N.D. Tex. Apr.
13, 2007); see also In re Hedged-Invs. Assocs., Inc., 84 F.3d 1286, 1290 (10th Cir. 1996); In re
Taubman, 160 B.R. 964, 985-86 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio 1993); In re Indep. Clearing House Co., 77
B.R. 843, 857-58 (D. Utah 1987) (en banc).
        62 Carrozzella & Richardson, 286 B.R. at 489.
        63 See, e.g., Warfield, 2007 WL 1112591, at *12; see also Fairfield Ins. Co. v. Stephens

Martin Paving, L.P., 246 S.W.3d 653, 663 (Tex. 2008) (“In the absence of expressed direction
from the Legislature, whether a promise or agreement will be unenforceable on public policy
grounds will be determined by weighing the interest in enforcing agreement versus the public
policy interest against such enforcement.”).
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his contract to recover promised returns in excess of his undertaking would be
to further the debtors’ fraudulent scheme as the expense of other [investors].” 64
And “any recovery would not come from the debtors’ own assets because they
had no assets they could legitimately call their own. Rather, any award of
damages would have to be paid out of money rightfully belonging to other
victims of the Ponzi scheme.” 65 Thus, because the investor “had no claim
against [the entity engaged in the Ponzi scheme] for damages in excess of her
original investment, [that entity] had no debt to her for those amounts.
Therefore, the transfers could not have satisfied an antecedent debt of [the
entity,] which means [the entity] received no value in exchange for the
transfers.” 66 To be sure, courts often permit innocent plaintiffs to enforce
contracts that are against public policy, but here, such “enforcement would
further none of the policies generally favoring enforcement by an innocent
party to an illegal bargain. . . . [A]ny award of damages would have to be paid
out of money rightfully belonging to other victims of the Ponzi scheme.” 67
       Moreover, this approach comports with our decision in Warfield v.
Byron. 68 There, we explained that “[t]he primary consideration in analyzing
the exchange for value for any transfer is the degree to which the transferor’s

       64  Taubman, 160 B.R. at 985 (quoting Indep. Clearing House, 77 B.R. at 858).
       65  Hedged-Invs. Assocs., Inc., 84 F.3d at 1290 (quoting Indep. Clearing House, 77 B.R.
at 858). Although the Tenth Circuit case addresses the bankruptcy code, we have recognized
that the provision of the UFTA at issue here “is ‘virtually identical’ to the corresponding
provision of the Bankruptcy Code[.]” Warfield v. Byron, 436 F.3d 551, 558 (5th Cir. 2006).
        66 Hedged-Invs. Assocs., Inc., 84 F.3d at 1290.
        67 Indep. Clearing House, 77 B.R. at 858; see also In re United Energy Corp., 944 F.2d
589, 596 (9th Cir. 1991) (“We recognize that if the [interest] payments are not set aside,
earlier investors who received these payments will enjoy an advantage over later investors
sucked into the Ponzi scheme who were not so lucky.”).
        68 436 F.3d 551 (5th Cir. 2006).

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net worth is preserved.” 69 The focus on the transferor’s net worth is important
because, as the Seventh Circuit noted in Scholes v. Lehmann, “creditors are
not . . . defrauded if all that happens is the exchange of an existing asset of the
debtor for a different asset of equal value.” 70             In Warfield, a receiver was
appointed to recover assets from a Ponzi scheme, and was authorized to sue
individuals to recoup receivership assets. 71           The receiver sued an investor—
who had received assets from the Ponzi scheme—under Washington’s UFTA.
The investor sought to avoid repayment, arguing that he received the assets in
exchange for reasonably equivalent value, his brokerage services. 72                        We
rejected this argument, explaining that “[i]t takes cheek to contend that in
exchange for the payments he received, the RDI Ponzi scheme benefitted from
his efforts to extend the fraud by securing new investments.” 73
       Here too, SIB received no benefit or preservation of wealth from the
payment of interest to the investor-defendants; indeed, SIB was insolvent and
remained insolvent during the Ponzi scheme. Each payment of “interest” only
worsened this insolvency because each payment was made using a later
investor’s deposit. Thus, from the perspective of the transferor, each interest
payment decreased net worth, and because the investor-defendants have no
claim for contractual interest from a Ponzi scheme, the transferor received
nothing of value that preserved its net worth. Accordingly, we conclude that

       69  Id. at 560 (citing Butler Aviation Int’l v. Whyte, 6 F.3d 1119, 1127 (5th Cir. 1993)).
       70  56 F.3d 750, 753 (7th Cir. 1995).
        71 436 F.3d at 554.
        72 Id. at 560.
        73 Id. See also Taubman, 160 B.R. at 986 (“If the use of the defendants’ money was of

value to the debtors, it was only because it allowed them to defraud more people of more
money. Judged from any but the subjective viewpoint of the perpetrators of the scheme, the
‘value’ of using others’ money for such a purpose is negative.”).
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the district court did not err in granting partial summary judgment to the
Receiver.
       The investor-defendants argue that this result is in tension with our
opinion in Janvey v. Adams. 74 This argument also misses the mark; Janvey v.
Adams only held that the “debtor-creditor relationship between” the
defendants and SIB “constitutes a sufficient legitimate ownership interest to
preclude treating the Investor Defendants as relief defendants.” 75 We did not
address the application of TUFTA nor in any way address the merits of the
fraudulent transfer claims.
       Finally, we agree with the district court that principal payments made
to the investor-defendants are not subject to TUFTA claims. Unlike interest
payments, it is undisputed that the principal payments were payments of an
antecedent debt, namely fraud claims that the investor-defendants have as
victims of the Stanford Ponzi scheme. 76
                                             VI
       Some of the investor-defendants seek to shelter net winnings as assets
in IRA accounts exempted by Texas Property Code § 42.0021(a). As we recently
explained, to claim this exception, a defendant “must establish that she has a
legal right to the funds in the IRA.” 77 The investor- defendants have offered
no evidence to the district court that they have a legal right to the funds despite
those funds being the product of a fraudulent transfer. The district court did
not err in denying this exemption.

       74 588 F.3d 831 (5th Cir. 2009).
       75 Id. at 835.
       76 See, e.g., Hedged-Invs. Assocs., Inc., 84 F.3d at 1290 (recognizing that Ponzi scheme

victims have claims for damages in the amount of their original investment).
       77 Alguire, 647 F.3d at 601 (citing Jones v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 131 S.W.3d 261, 270

(Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2004, no pet.)).
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                                      VII
      Finally, we decline to reach the investor-defendants’ argument that
certain factual issues remain as to whether the Magness defendants received
net profits from their investments. As the Receiver points out, the investor-
defendants did not raise this argument to the district court in its briefing on
the motion for partial summary judgment, but instead raised in a currently
stayed cross-motion for summary judgment, filed one year after briefing on the
Receiver’s motion was completed. The Magness motion for summary judgment
has been stayed by the district court and, as this is an interlocutory appeal of
the district court’s grant of the Receiver’s motion for partial summary
judgment, reaching this issue would be premature.
      For these reasons, we AFFIRM.

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