Court Opinion

ID: 9965090
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-05-01 17:06:01.316576+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:41.759229
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                     May 01 2024, 9:15 am

                                                                          CLERK
                                                                      Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                         Court of Appeals
                                                                           and Tax Court

                                           IN THE

            Court of Appeals of Indiana
                                     Papa Ndiasse Ndiaye,
                                        Appellant-Defendant

                                                   v.

                                        State of Indiana,
                                          Appellee-Plaintiff

                                             May 1, 2024
                                    Court of Appeals Case No.
                                          23A-CR-1060
                           Appeal from the Hendricks Circuit Court
                            The Honorable Daniel Zielinski, Judge
                                       Trial Court Cause No.
                                         32C01-2204-F5-38

                                  Opinion by Judge May
                               Judges Bailey and Felix concur.

May, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana |Opinion 23A-CR-1060 | May 1, 2024                   Page 1 of 12
[1]   Papa Ndiasse Ndiaye appeals following his convictions of Level 5 felony

      intimidation with a deadly weapon 1 and Level 5 felony battery resulting in

      bodily injury to a person less than fourteen years of age. 2 The intimidation

      charged was based on Ndiaye’s threat to cut off the hand of his daughter, A.N.,

      for stealing.

[2]   During trial, Ndiaye requested the trial court instruct the jury about parental

      privilege to discipline a child for both charges. The trial court granted Ndiaye’s

      request regarding the battery charge but denied his request for the intimidation

      charge. On appeal, Ndiaye argues the trial court abused its discretion when it

      denied his proposed jury instruction regarding parental privilege for

      intimidation with a deadly weapon.

[3]   We hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Ndiaye’s

      requested jury instruction because – assuming arguendo parental privilege is

      available as a defense to a charge of intimidation – as a matter of law,

      threatening to remove a child’s hand while holding a knife could never be

      construed as reasonable parenting. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s

      judgment.

      1
          Ind. Code §§ 35-45-2-1(a) & 35-45-2-1(b)(2)(A).
      2
          Ind. Code §§ 35-42-2-1(c)(1) & 35-42-2-1(g)(5)(B).

      Court of Appeals of Indiana |Opinion 23A-CR-1060 | May 1, 2024             Page 2 of 12
      Facts and Procedural History
[4]   On April 7, 2022, eight-year-old A.N.’s second grade teacher sent A.N.’s

      parents - Ndiaye and Dieynba Ndiaye (“Dieynba”) - an email indicating A.N.

      had taken candy from her and other students without their permission. The

      teacher described the wrapper of the candy that A.N. took. When Ndiaye read

      the email, he was “embarrass[ed] . . . [and] so ashamed.” (Tr. Vol. II at 199.)

      When Ndiaye arrived home, he told A.N. about the note and searched the

      garbage, looking for the candy wrapper the teacher described. He found the

      wrapper in the trash can in his office and confronted A.N., who admitted she

      stole the candy. Ndiaye then slapped A.N. 3

[5]   Ndiaye told A.N. he was going to punish her and sent her to the bathtub

      because A.N. often urinated on herself when she was being punished. At

      Ndiaye’s direction, A.N. removed her clothes except for her underwear and

      undershirt. Ndiaye then struck A.N. in the face “at least once or twice[.]” (Id.

      at 156.) Ndiaye struck A.N. on the arm and the thigh with a belt “[u]nder ten”

      times. (Id. at 157.) A.N. sustained marks on her arm, thigh, and face. Her eye

      was also “scrunched up a little bit” and she could not see normally. (Id. at 159.)

[6]   A.N.’s older sister, Ai.N., came into the bathroom. Ai.N. noticed A.N. had

      urinated on herself and helped A.N. clean off in the shower. Ai.N. saw marks

      3
          The record does not indicate where on her body Ndiaye slapped A.N. while in the office.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana |Opinion 23A-CR-1060 | May 1, 2024                                Page 3 of 12
      on A.N.’s “face and arm.” (Id. at 139.) After A.N. took a shower, Ndiaye told

      her to sit in the corner in “time out[.]” (Id. at 161.)

[7]   When Dieynba came home from work later, A.N. was still in time out in the

      corner. Ndiaye told Dieynba what had happened. Ndiaye told Ai.N. to go to

      the kitchen and “get the knife.” (Id. at 201.) Ai.N. returned with the knife,

      which was “[s]hielded, it was on the protective thingy that goes with the knife.”

      (Id.) A.N. was approximately six to eight feet away from Ndiaye at the time.

      Ndiaye told A.N. that he was “going to cut [A.N.’s] hand off” (id. at 162), so

      she would “never, ever think about stealing again.” (Id. at 202.) Dieynba said

      they could “wait until nighttime” to cut off A.N.’s hand and then they would

      “go drop her off in the forest.” (Id. at 162.) A.N. was scared because she

      believed Ndiaye would cut her hand off and she would die because she “was

      going to bleed out and there wouldn’t be any blood left in [her] body.” (Id.)

[8]   The next day, Tyler Jean, the school resource officer at A.N.’s school, met with

      A.N. at the request of the school principal. Jean observed “bruising on [A.N.’s]

      left arm, kind of on the front and it kind of, bled over to the side. And then

      some bruising and a scratch around her left eye.” (Id. at 109.) A.N.’s left arm

      was swollen. Jean took pictures of A.N.’s injuries. A.N. told Jean “she didn’t

      feel completely safe going home[.]” (Id. at 111.) Jean then called the

      Department of Child Services (“DCS”) and the Avon Police Department.

[9]   DCS Family Case Manager Mike Howell arrived to speak with A.N. After

      obtaining Ndiaye’s permission to do so, Howell and Jean transported A.N. to

      Court of Appeals of Indiana |Opinion 23A-CR-1060 | May 1, 2024           Page 4 of 12
       Susie’s Place for a forensic interview. Before the interview Detective Jacob

       Boggess looked at Jean’s pictures of A.N.’s injuries. During the interview,

       Detective Boggess observed “bruising to the side of [A.N.’s] face” when he

       spoke to her. (Id. at 171.) While A.N. told Detective Boggess what happened

       during the “incident with her father” the night before, she was “very tearful and

       upset.” (Id.)

[10]   After interviewing A.N., Detective Boggess spoke with Ndiaye, who admitted

       hitting A.N. with his hand and his belt after he found out A.N. had stolen

       candy from her teacher and other children. Ndiaye told Detective Boggess that

       he was holding a knife when he told A.N. that he would cut off her hand. He

       told Detective Boggess that he was not going to cut off A.N.’s hand and instead

       wanted to scare A.N. so she would stop stealing. Detective Boggess arrested

       Ndiaye. A.N. went home with Dieynba and Ai.N.

[11]   On April 11, 2022, the State charged Ndiaye with Level 5 felony battery

       resulting in bodily injury to a person less than fourteen years of age and Level 5

       felony intimidation with a deadly weapon. After the presentation of evidence,

       Ndiaye submitted a jury instruction regarding parental privilege that applied the

       defense to both the battery and intimidation charges. It stated:

               It is a defense to the charges of Battery and Intimidation that
               Papa Ndiaye was the parent of [A.N.] and Papa Ndiaye’s alleged
               conduct was the use by Papa Ndiaye upon [A.N.] of reasonable
               force and/or threats of force which Papa Ndiaye reaosnably [sic]
               believed to be necessary for [A.N.’s] proper control, training, or
               education.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana |Opinion 23A-CR-1060 | May 1, 2024           Page 5 of 12
        In determining whether Papa Ndiaye’s conduct was such
        reasonable discipline, you may consider:

        1) Whether the Papa Ndiaye was [A.N.’s] parent;

        2) [A.N.’s] age, sex, and physical and mental condition;

        3) The influence of [A.N.’s] example upon other children of the
        same family or group;

        4) Whether the alleged force and/or threats of force were
        reasonably necessary and appropriate to compel obedience to a
        proper command to [A.N.];

        5) Whether the alleged force and/or threats of force were:

                 a. Disproportionate to [A.N.’s] behavior, and/or

                 b. Unnecessarily degrading, and/or

                 c. Likely to cause serious or permanent harm;

        In considering these factors, you should balance them against
        each other, giving each the weight you find was appropriate
        under the circumstances in determining whether the alleged force
        and/or threats of force were reasonable discipline.

        The State has the burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt
        that

                 a. The force and/or threats of force used were
                 unreasonable, or

Court of Appeals of Indiana |Opinion 23A-CR-1060 | May 1, 2024            Page 6 of 12
                        b. Papa Ndiaye’s belief that the force and/or threats of
                        force used were necessary to control the child and to
                        prevent misconduct was unreasonable.

               If you find that the State has not proven a. or b. above beyond a
               reaosnable [sic] doubt, you may not convict Papa Ndiaye of
               Battery or Intimidation, both Level 5 Felonies.

       (App. Vol. II at 90.) The trial court granted Ndiaye’s request that the jury

       instruction regarding the defense of parental privilege be given during the

       instructions for the battery charge but denied his request to give it during the

       instructions for the intimidation charge.

[12]   The jury returned guilty verdicts on both charges, and the trial court entered

       convictions accordingly. The trial court sentenced Ndiaye to three years for

       each count to run concurrent with one another for an aggregate sentence of

       three years with thirty days to be served incarcerated and the remainder of the

       aggregate sentence suspended.

       Discussion and Decision
[13]   Ndiaye argues the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his request for

       a jury instruction about the defense of parental privilege as it pertains to the

       charge of intimidation. Our standard of review regarding the trial court’s

       instructions to the jury is well-settled:

               The instruction of the jury lies within the trial court’s sound
               discretion, and we review the trial court decisions with regard to
               jury instructions only for an abuse of that discretion. To

       Court of Appeals of Indiana |Opinion 23A-CR-1060 | May 1, 2024               Page 7 of 12
               constitute an abuse of discretion, an instruction that is given to
               the jury must be erroneous, and the instructions viewed as a
               whole must misstate the law or otherwise mislead the jury. In
               determining whether the trial court abused its discretion when it
               refused to give a tendered instruction we consider: (1) whether
               the instruction correctly states the law; (2) whether there is
               evidence in the record supporting the instruction; and (3) whether
               the substance of the instruction is covered by other instructions.
               When a defendant seeks reversal based on instructional error, he
               must demonstrate a reasonable probability that substantial rights
               of the complaining party have been adversely affected.

       Harrison v. State, 32 N.E.3d 240, 251 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (internal citations

       omitted), trans. denied.

[14]   To prove Ndiaye committed Level 5 felony intimidation using a deadly

       weapon, the State had to prove he communicated a threat that placed another

       person in fear that the threat will be carried out while armed with a deadly

       weapon. Ind. Code §§ 35-45-2-1(a) & 35-45-2-1(b)(2)(A). As defined in the

       intimidation statute, a threat is “an expression, by words or action, of an

       intention to . . . unlawfully injure the person threatened[.]” Ind. Code § 35-45-

       2-1(c)(1). The facts most favorable to the judgment demonstrate Ndiaye

       committed this crime when he communicated an intention to cut off A.N.’s

       hand with the knife that he was holding, which placed A.N. in fear.

       Nevertheless, Ndiaye argues he should have been able to assert a parental

       privilege to intimidate his child.

[15]   The defense of parental privilege is born out of Indiana Code section 35-41-3-1,

       which states, “[a] person is justified in engaging in conduct otherwise prohibited

       Court of Appeals of Indiana |Opinion 23A-CR-1060 | May 1, 2024           Page 8 of 12
if he has legal authority to do so.” Smith v. State, 34 N.E.3d 252, 255 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2015). Regarding this defense, our Indiana Supreme Court adopted

language found in Restatement of the Law (Second) Torts, § 147(1) (1965): “A

parent is privileged to apply such reasonable force or to impose such reasonable

confinement upon his [or her] child as he [or she] reasonably believes to be

necessary for its proper control, training, or education.” Willis v. State, 888

N.E.2d 177, 182 (Ind. 2008). The Restatement further provides:

        In determining whether force or confinement is reasonable for
        the control, training, or education of a child, the following factors
        are to be considered:

                 (a) whether the actor is a parent;

                 (b) the age, sex, and physical and mental condition of the
                 child;

                 (c) the nature of his offense and his apparent motive;

                 (d) the influence of his example upon other children of the
                 same family or group;

                 (e) whether the force or confinement is reasonably
                 necessary and appropriate to compel obedience to a proper
                 command;

                 (f) whether it is disproportionate to the offense,
                 unnecessarily degrading, or likely to cause serious or
                 permanent harm.

Court of Appeals of Indiana |Opinion 23A-CR-1060 | May 1, 2024                Page 9 of 12
       Id. at § 150. “[T]o sustain a conviction for battery where a claim of parental

       privilege has been asserted, the State must prove that either: (1) the force the

       parent used was unreasonable or (2) the parent’s belief that such force was

       necessary to control her child and prevent misconduct was unreasonable.”

       Willis, 888 N.E.2d at 182.

[16]   Willis involved parental privilege as a defense to a battery charge. Other

       Indiana caselaw regarding parental privilege also involved charges of battery.

       See, e.g., Vernon v. State, 211 N.E.3d 1040, 1043-4 (Ind. Ct. App. 2023)

       (discussing parental privilege as a defense to Level 5 battery resulting in bodily

       injury to a person less than five years of age); Smith, 34 N.E.3d at 258

       (discussing parental privilege as a defense to Class A misdemeanor battery);

       Hunter v. State, 950 N.E.2d 317, 322 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (discussing parental

       privilege as a defense to Class A misdemeanor battery). Ndiaye nevertheless

       asks us to “extend this [parental] privilege to the charge of intimidation.” (Br.

       of Appellant at 7.) Our research has not uncovered a jurisdiction in the United

       States that has applied the defense of parental privilege to an intimidation

       charge. Accordingly, Ndiaye’s request raises an issue of first impression. We

       choose not to address that issue, however, because even if we assume without

       deciding that parental privilege is available for a charge of intimidation, the

       privilege could not extend to Ndiaye’s crime.

[17]   The defense of parental privilege allows a parent’s unlawful action against their

       child to be determined lawful based on the parent’s right to reasonably

       discipline their child. Vernon, 211 N.E.3d at 1043. Here, Ndiaye, while armed

       Court of Appeals of Indiana |Opinion 23A-CR-1060 | May 1, 2024             Page 10 of 12
with a knife, told eight-year-old A.N. that he would cut her hand off because

she had stolen candy at school. While, in theory, parents might reasonably

attempt to coerce desired behavior from their children by threatening

punishment for failure to cooperate with the parents’ instructions, reasonable

parenting cannot, as a matter of law, include threatening to commit serious

bodily injury 4 to a child with a deadly weapon. Thus, the giving of an

instruction allowing the jury to consider whether parental privilege excused

Ndiaye’s intimidation of A.N. would have been inappropriate under the facts of

this case. Based thereon, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion

when it denied Ndiaye’s request to instruct the jury on the defense of parental

privilege as it pertained to the charge of Level 5 felony intimidation with a

deadly weapon. 5 See, e.g., Henson v. State, 786 N.E.2d 274, 277 (Ind. 2003) (trial

court does not abuse its discretion when it denies a request to tender a jury

instruction that is an incorrect statement of the law).

4
  Our legislature defined serious bodily injuries as those creating a substantial risk of death or causing: “(1)
serious permanent disfigurement; (2) unconsciousness; (3) extreme pain; (4) permanent or protracted loss or
impairment of the function of a bodily member or an organ; or (5) loss of a fetus.” Ind. Code § 35-31.5-2-
292.
5
  Additionally, we note that, even if the trial court abused its discretion when it denied Ndiaye’s request to
instruct the jury regarding the defense of parental privilege for the intimidation charge, any error was
harmless because there is not a reasonable probability the jury would have acquitted Ndiaye given the
evidence in the record. See, e.g. Dill v. State, 741 N.E.2d 1230, 1233 (Ind. 2001) (“Errors in the giving or
refusing of instructions are harmless where a conviction is clearly sustained by the evidence and the jury
could not properly have found otherwise.”).

Court of Appeals of Indiana |Opinion 23A-CR-1060 | May 1, 2024                                     Page 11 of 12
       Conclusion
[18]   The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Ndiaye’s request to

       include a jury instruction about the defense of parental privilege as applied to

       the intimidation charge against him because, as a matter of law, threatening a

       child with a deadly weapon is not reasonable parenting, and thus the proffered

       jury instruction is not supported by the facts of the case. Accordingly, we

       affirm the trial court’s judgment.

[19]   Affirmed.

       Bailey, J., and Felix, J., concur.

       ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
       Lisa Diane Manning
       Plainfield, Indiana

       ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
       Theodore E. Rokita
       Indiana Attorney General
       Indianapolis, Indiana
       Robert M. Yoke
       Deputy Attorney General
       Indianapolis, Indiana

       Court of Appeals of Indiana |Opinion 23A-CR-1060 | May 1, 2024          Page 12 of 12