Court Opinion

ID: 4430803
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-20 19:47:27.382304+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:48:56.877827
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                      APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
     This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court."
      Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the
        parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                       SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                       APPELLATE DIVISION
                                       DOCKET NO. A-0276-17T2

TEJANDRA AND ARUNA SHAH,

        Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

T&S BUILDERS, LLC,

     Defendant-Respondent.
_______________________________

              Argued April 30, 2018 - Decided July 24, 2018

              Before Judges Accurso and Vernoia.

              On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey
              Law Division, Essex County, Docket No.
              L-3509-17.

              Paul A. Sandars, III, argued the cause for
              appellants (Lum, Drasco & Positan, LLC,
              attorneys; Paul A. Sandars, III, of counsel
              and on the brief; Bernadette H. Condon, on
              the brief).

              Matthew Lakind argued the cause for
              respondent (Tesser & Cohen, attorneys;
              Matthew Lakind, on the brief).

PER CURIAM
    Plaintiffs Tejandra and Aruna Shah engaged defendant T&S

Builders, LLC in February 2014 to build an addition on their

home in Livingston for the lump sum of $315,000.     The contract,

which was heavily negotiated between the parties, without

counsel, was drafted by plaintiffs.     The contract contained an

arbitration clause, which provides:

         Section Thirteen:   Disputes

              Should any dispute arise relative to
         the performance of this contract that the
         parties cannot satisfactorily resolve, then
         the parties agree that the dispute shall be
         resolved by binding arbitration conducted by
         the American Arbitration Association. The
         party demanding arbitration shall give
         written notice to the opposite party and the
         American Arbitration Association promptly
         after the matter in dispute arises. In no
         event, however, shall a written notice of
         demand for arbitration be given after the
         date on which a legal action concerning the
         matter in dispute would be barred by the
         appropriate statute of limitations.

    After disputes arose between the parties over change orders

and payments, plaintiffs, in October 2014, purported to

terminate the contract in accordance with its terms.    On October

21, defendant filed a demand for arbitration with the AAA.

Plaintiffs filed an answer with thirteen affirmative defenses,

none of which addressed the arbitration clause, and a

counterclaim alleging breach of contract, negligence, breach of

the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, violation of the

                               2                           A-0276-17T2
Consumer Fraud Act, N.J.S.A. 56:8-1 to -204, and

misrepresentation.

    The parties, through counsel, thereafter pursued their

claims in arbitration, exchanging discovery and an expert report

and participating in a site inspection and several conferences

with the appointed arbitrator.     Pursuant to a scheduling order

issued by the arbitrator, plaintiffs filed their "Statement of

Counterclaim" in December 2016, laying out their claims under

the Consumer Fraud Act.   The parties agreed the first hearing

date would be on April 26, 2017.

    Defendant submitted its pre-arbitration brief two weeks

before the hearing date in accordance with the arbitrator's

scheduling order.    Defendant devoted two pages of its eighteen-

page brief to argue plaintiffs' Consumer Fraud Act claims were

"not properly before the AAA, and should be rejected in their

entirety."   Specifically, defendant argued the contract's

arbitration provision was ineffective as to the Consumer Fraud

Act claims because it failed to make any reference to statutory

claims.   Defendant claimed it "agree[d] to arbitrate claims

relating to the Contract, but never waived its right to a trial

on statutory claims under the [Consumer Fraud Act]."    Defendant

further argued plaintiffs could have brought their Consumer

                                 3                         A-0276-17T2
Fraud Act claims "before a court if they chose, and that right

remains to this day."

    Plaintiffs opposed defendant's in limine motion to dismiss

their Consumer Fraud Act claims and defendant's "attempts to

characterize this matter as something other than a simple

commercial dispute sounding in negligence and breach of

contract."   Plaintiffs argued Garfinkel v. Morristown Obstetrics

& Gynecology Associates, P.A., 168 N.J. 124, 131 (2001), the

case on which defendant relied, reaffirmed that "parties to an

agreement may waive statutory remedies in favor of arbitration"

and that "it is also well-established that claims arising under

the [Consumer Fraud Act] are subject to agreements to

arbitrate," relying on our unpublished opinion in Atalese v.

United States Legal Services Group, L.P., No. A-0654-12 (App.

Div. Feb. 22, 2013) (slip op. at 5).

    Plaintiffs further claimed the wording of the arbitration

clause, in which the parties agreed to arbitrate, "any dispute

. . . relative to the performance of this contract," was clear

and sufficiently broad to provide notice that all possible

claims arising out of the performance of the contract would be

resolved in arbitration.   Plaintiffs concluded by stating:

              All of the claims in [plaintiffs']
         Counterclaim, including its statutory
         [Consumer Fraud Act] claims, are founded on

                                4                         A-0276-17T2
         the same set of facts and "arise from" the
         performance of the contract. Accordingly[,]
         since the factual basis of [plaintiffs']
         Counterclaim also "arises from" disputes
         relative to the performance of the contract,
         all of the causes of action set forth in the
         Counterclaim, including the [Consumer Fraud
         Act] claim should also be heard in
         arbitration.

    That was how matters stood until the evening before the

hearing when the arbitrator sent counsel a copy of the Supreme

Court's opinion in Atalese v. United States Legal Services

Group, L.P., 219 N.J. 430, 436 (2014), which reversed our

decision and held that "[t]he absence of any language in the

arbitration provision that plaintiff was waiving her statutory

right to seek relief in a court of law" rendered the arbitration

provision in that case unenforceable.   The arbitrator asked

counsel to review the case "in connection with the pending

motion in limine."

    By the time the parties appeared for the hearing the next

morning, they had reversed their positions, with plaintiffs

arguing the arbitration clause they drafted was unenforceable

and defendant claiming plaintiffs' Consumer Fraud Act claims had

to be heard by the arbitrator.   The arbitrator recapped the

parties' positions in an email sent the same day.

              Last evening, in connection with the
         pending [defendant] motions in limine, I
         reviewed the parties' submissions.

                                 5                       A-0276-17T2
[Plaintiffs] provided to me the unreported
Appellate Division decision in Atalese v.
United States Legal Services Group. I
happened to know that this had been reversed
by the New Jersey Supreme Court [Justice
Albin having attended and discussed the
decision at one of the Garibaldi ADR Inn of
Court meetings].

     I provided a copy of the attached NJ
Supreme Court decision to counsel last
evening.

     When we began the hearing this morning,
I was advised that [plaintiffs] wished to
make an application to stay the arbitration.
The concern expressed by [plaintiffs'
counsel] was that perhaps the Consumer Fraud
claims would be waived if they were not
within the arbitration clause, or perhaps
under the authority of Atalese, the
arbitration clause is unenforceable.

     I suggested that I withdraw from the
conference room and give counsel time to
determine if the concerns could be addressed
in a manner acceptable to all parties (since
prior to my circulating the attached
decision, the parties were ready to proceed
today).

     I returned to the hearing and was
advised that the [plaintiffs] wish to make
an application to the NJ Superior Court to
have all the claims heard in litigation
rather than arbitration.

     As a result, I feel that I have no
option but to stay the arbitration at this
time. If it is determined by the New Jersey
Superior Court that any (or all) claims are
to be arbitrated, then we will lift the stay
and reschedule the arbitration hearings.

                     6                         A-0276-17T2
The arbitrator subsequently "confirm[ed] that [defendant] agreed

to have all claims, including any [Consumer Fraud Act] claims,

submitted to arbitration" and "that [defendant] withdrew its

motion in limine."

      Plaintiffs then filed a complaint in the Law Division,

identical to the counterclaim they filed in arbitration, which

defendant moved to dismiss.   Judge Vena, in a cogent and

comprehensive opinion from the bench, granted the motion,

sending the parties back to arbitration.      The judge analyzed the

case relying on the Supreme Court's opinion in Cole v. Jersey

City Medical Center, 215 N.J. 265, 280-81 (2013), although

acknowledging that case involved a waiver of a right to

arbitration and not litigation.       Applying the factors the Court

identified to gauge whether a party's litigation conduct was

consistent with a purportedly reserved right to arbitrate,1 Judge

1
    The seven factors identified by the Cole Court are:

           (1) the delay in making the arbitration
           request; (2) the filing of any motions,
           particularly dispositive motions, and their
           outcomes; (3) whether the delay in seeking
           arbitration was part of the party's
           litigation strategy; (4) the extent of
           discovery conducted; (5) whether the party
           raised the arbitration issue in its
           pleadings, particularly as an affirmative
           defense, or provided other notification of
           its intent to seek arbitration; (6) the
                                                          (continued)

                                  7                          A-0276-17T2
Vena had no hesitation in concluding plaintiffs, by their

conduct, waived any right to bring their claims in the Law

Division.    Acknowledging the result of the motion "might not

[have been] the same" if made almost three years earlier when

defendant filed its demand for arbitration, the judge found

plaintiffs participation in the arbitration proceeding in the

interim precluded a "do-over" in the Law Division.

Specifically, the judge found plaintiffs' delay in asserting

their right to litigate the issues until the day of the hearing,

after "[a]ll paper discovery was conducted; experts' reports

were exchanged [and] arbitration briefs were prepared and

exchanged" substantially prejudiced defendant and could not be

countenanced by the court.

    Plaintiffs appeal.     Relying on our courts' solicitude of

consumers forced to arbitrate statutory claims buried in

contracts of adhesion, which do not inform them that they are

surrendering their rights to pursue those claims in court, see,

e.g., NAACP of Camden Cty. E. v. Foulke Mgmt. Corp., 421 N.J.

(continued)
          proximity of the date on which the party
          sought arbitration to the date of trial; and
          (7) the resulting prejudice suffered by the
          other party, if any.

            [Cole, 215 N.J. at 280-81.]

                                 8                         A-0276-17T2
Super. 404, 425 (App. Div. 2011), certif. granted, 209 N.J. 96

(2011), and appeal dismissed, 213 N.J. 47 (2013), plaintiffs

argue the arbitration clause in this consumer contract "by its

own terms, only encompasses contract-based claims and does not

evidence a specific agreement among the parties to refer

statutory claims to binding arbitration."    Plaintiffs further

contend the trial court erred in relying on Cole, as "that case

concerned waiver in the context of a delay in asking the court

to send the case to arbitration."

    Although our review here is de novo, the trial court's

factual findings underlying its ruling that the case should

proceed in arbitration are entitled to deference and subject to

review for clear error.   See Cole, 215 N.J. at 275.

    Neither we nor the Supreme Court has apparently had the

opportunity to consider whether the principles enunciated in

Cole would apply where a party has participated in arbitration

for well over two years before asserting a right to proceed in

Superior Court.   But see, Cole, 215 N.J. at 277 (noting the

"Court has addressed waiver of the right to a judicial

determination when the parties engage in arbitration, see, e.g.,

Johnson v. Johnson, 204 N.J. 529, 545 (2010); Fawzy v. Fawzy,

199 N.J. 456, 462, 482 (2009)").    We do not do so here, as the

peculiar circumstances that give rise to this appeal make it a

                                9                          A-0276-17T2
poor vehicle for considering the issue, and the case is easily

resolved by resort to basic contract principles.

    "Although arbitration is traditionally described as a

favored remedy, it is, at its heart, a creature of contract."

Fawzy, 199 N.J. at 469 (quoting Kimm v. Blisset, LLC, 388 N.J.

Super. 14, 25 (App. Div. 2006)).    Accordingly, our focus is

always on whether the agreement to arbitrate was the product of

mutual assent, the so-called "meeting of the minds."    Atalese,

219 N.J. at 442.   Here, unlike in the usual consumer case, it

was plaintiffs, the consumer in this transaction, who drafted

the contract containing the arbitration clause.    And it was

plaintiffs who filed a counterclaim with the AAA asserting

Consumer Fraud Act claims.   Both parties thereafter proceeded in

arbitration for the next two years, exchanging written discovery

and an expert report, participating in multiple conferences and

a site inspection and preparing for and attending the first day

of the hearing.

    Those acts, as found by Judge Vena, are all powerful

indicators that these parties understood and agreed that all

claims between them, including the Consumer Fraud Act claims,

were subject to arbitration in accordance with their agreement.

Indeed, neither party gave any indication otherwise until just

before the scheduled arbitration hearing when their counsel

                               10                         A-0276-17T2
engaged in the procedural maneuvering giving rise to this

appeal.   As our Supreme Court observed almost forty years ago,

"[a]rbitration is a substitution, by consent of the parties, of

another tribunal" for the one provided by law, with the "goal of

providing final, speedy and inexpensive settlement of disputes."

Barcon Assocs., Inc. v. Tri-County Asphalt Corp., 86 N.J. 179,

187 (1981) (internal quotation omitted).   It is "meant to be a

substitute for and not a springboard for litigation."   Ibid.

(internal quotation omitted).

    We agree with Judge Vena this controversy should remain in

the arbitral forum the parties plainly chose to resolve all

aspects of their dispute.   Accordingly, we affirm, substantially

for the reasons he expressed from the bench on August 4, 2017.

    Affirmed.

                                11                       A-0276-17T2