Court Opinion

ID: 4854165
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-24 16:03:56.472454+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:11:47.753413
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 20-13104   Date Filed: 08/24/2021   Page: 1 of 12

                                                       [DO NOT PUBLISH]

           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                  FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                    ________________________

                           No. 20-13104
                       Non-Argument Calendar
                     ________________________

               D.C. Docket No. 6:19-cv-00638-PGB-GJK

VALENTINE OKONKWO,

                                                        Petitioner-Appellant,

                               versus

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                       Respondent-Appellee.

                     ________________________

                           No. 20-13552
                       Non-Argument Calendar
                     ________________________

              D.C. Docket No. 6:14-cr-00005-PGB-GJK-1
         USCA11 Case: 20-13104        Date Filed: 08/24/2021   Page: 2 of 12

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                  Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                        versus

VALENTINE OKONKWO,

                                                                Defendant-Appellant.

                           ________________________

                   Appeals from the United States District Court
                        for the Middle District of Florida
                          ________________________

                                 (August 24, 2021)

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, JILL PRYOR and LUCK, Circuit
Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Valentine Okonkwo, a federal prisoner, appeals the denial of his motion to

vacate, 28 U.S.C. § 2255, and petition for a writ of audita querela. We issued a

certificate of appealability to address whether trial counsel was ineffective for

failing to object to the amount of oxycodone attributed to Okonkwo for conspiring

to distribute and for distributing that drug illegally. We consolidated that appeal

with Okonkwo’s challenge to the denial of his petition for a writ of audita querela

to vacate his forfeiture monetary judgment. Because counsel had no obligation to

object to Okonkwo being held responsible for all the oxycodone distributed from

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his pharmacy and the writ of audita querela was unavailable for him to challenge

purported errors that preceded the entry of his forfeiture judgment, we affirm.

                                I. BACKGROUND

      In January 2015, a grand jury returned an amended indictment that charged

Okonkwo with conspiring to possess with intent to distribute and ten counts of

distributing oxycodone to specific customers outside the usual course of

professional practice and for other than a legitimate medical purpose. 21 U.S.C.

§§ 846, 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(C). The indictment also sought forfeiture of

Okonkwo’s pharmaceutical licenses and “a money judgment in the amount of at

least $555,000, representing the amount of proceeds [he] obtained . . . from the

conspiracy” to distribute oxycodone between December 2009 and October 2012.

Id. § 853. Later, the government filed a notice requesting the district court enter a

forfeiture monetary judgment against Okonkwo.

      Business records and testimony from customers, employees, an owner of an

adjacent business, and an expert proved that Okonkwo filled forged, altered, and

duplicative prescriptions for oxycodone at his Orlando business, Avalon Park

Pharmacy. Emily Bird, an oxycodone addict, testified that Okonkwo filled

prescriptions without verification in return for cash payments and advised her to

obtain prescriptions of better quality. Three Avalon employees who processed

internet and mail-order prescriptions testified that customers often appeared to be

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drug addicts and some would lose consciousness at the pharmacy. The owner of a

nearby salon observed carloads of customers arrive at Avalon, where they waited

outside for hours and become rowdy and intoxicated. A professor of pharmacy

practice identified multiple “red flags” in prescriptions Avalon filled, including

prescriptions written and submitted on one day for multiple patients by a single

doctor and prescriptions dated long before being filled. Business records

established that Avalon purchased more oxycodone between 2009 and 2012 than

any pharmacy chain store in the area.

      Agents of the Drug Enforcement Agency also testified about Avalon’s

profits and Okonkwo’s wrongdoing. Agent Paul Short discovered that many

prescriptions Avalon filled were written by doctors whose offices were more than

100 miles away, that 74 percent of its transactions involved oxycodone, and that 99

percent of its customers paid with cash, which resulted in proceeds of more than

$1.2 million between 2009 and 2012. The agent also learned that Avalon dispensed

563,000 oxycodone tablets between December 2009 and April 2012, which far

exceeded the average distribution rate by pharmacies of 72,000 tablets a year and

that Okonkwo filled 605 prescriptions and dispensed 120,829 oxycodone tablets.

Agent Barbara Boggess discovered that, between 2009 and 2013, Okonkwo

underreported to drug distributors the amount of Oxycodone that Avalon sold, cash

payments it received, and sales it made to remote customers and that he

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misrepresented that Avalon verified prescriptions with physicians and reported

fraudulent prescriptions to law enforcement. Agent Deana Diapola testified that

she and other agents observed Okonkwo falsely mark forged prescriptions as being

verified with issuing physicians.

        During trial, the parties disputed the process for obtaining a forfeiture

monetary judgment. The prosecutor argued that Federal Rule of Criminal

Procedure 32.2(b)(1) and United States v. Curbelo, 726 F.3d 1260 (11th Cir.

2013), dictated that the district court should determine the amount Okonkwo had to

pay. Defense counsel argued that the determination of the amount rested with the

jury.

        The jury found Okonkwo guilty of one count of conspiring to distribute and

ten counts of distributing oxycodone without a legitimate medical purpose. The

jury also returned a special verdict finding that Okonkwo used his professional

licenses to commit his crimes. The district court ordered Okonkwo to forfeit his

licenses. Later, the district court granted the motion of the government for a

forfeiture monetary judgment against Okonkwo of $555,000.

        Okonkwo’s presentence investigation report provided a base offense level of

38 for distributing more than 15 kilograms of oxycodone between December 2009

and April 2012 by dispensing 491,706 30-milligram tablets and 65,217 15-

milligram tablets, which equated to 105,387 kilograms of marijuana. United States

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Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2D1.1(c)(1) (Nov. 2015). The presentence report

added two levels for Okonkwo’s use of a special skill, id. § 3B1.3, which resulted

in a total offense level of 40. With a criminal history category of I, Okonkwo’s

presentence report provided an advisory sentencing range of 292 to 365 months of

imprisonment. The report stated that Okonkwo was unable to pay a fine due to

“pending forfeitures” and other financial obligations.

      Okonkwo objected to the use of a 1:6700 ratio of oxycodone to marijuana

and argued that the district court should apply a 1:500 ratio, which would result in

a base offense level of 32, but the district court overruled his objection. The district

court ruled that, despite counsel’s “cogent point” about the equivalency ratio, the

sentencing guidelines did not overrepresent the seriousness of Okonkwo’s offense

because “oxycodone carrie[d] distinct risks, unlike heroin, due to its legitimate

medical use and accessibility” and Okonkwo’s ability to “sell it in plain view of

the public with a sense of security.”

      The district court recounted the evidence against Okonkwo and sentenced

him to 292 months of imprisonment. The district court reminded Okonkwo that it

had addressed the “matter of forfeiture . . . [in] a [preliminary] order . . . [and] a

final order.” The prosecutor interjected that the orders referenced did not pertain to

Okonkwo’s “license . . . [being] forfeited by the jury at trial.” Okonkwo appealed

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and challenged his convictions, which we affirmed. United States v. Okonkwo, 702

F. App’x 866 (11th Cir. 2017).

      While Okonkwo’s appeal was pending, he moved pro se to reduce the

forfeiture monetary judgment from $555,000 to $10,000. Okonkwo argued that

appellate counsel told him about the judgment and that it should have equaled the

proceeds of his unlawful transactions with the ten customers identified in his

indictment. The government responded that Okonkwo received notice of the

personal money judgment during his trial and at sentencing, that he failed timely to

challenge the judgment, and that it was correctly based on the proceeds of the

conspiracy. The district court denied Okonkwo’s motion.

      Okonkwo later moved to vacate his sentence. 28 U.S.C. § 2255. He argued

that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the calculation of his

base offense level based on the 556,923 oxycodone tablets dispensed from Avalon

and should have asked the district court to determine his offense level based on the

120,829 oxycodone tablets that he dispensed. The district court denied Okonkwo’s

motion to vacate.

      Okonkwo also petitioned pro se for a writ of audita querela. He argued that

his trial counsel failed to notify him of the personal money judgment and then

disregarded his instructions to challenge the judgment on direct appeal. He also

argued that the district court erred by basing the judgment on gross proceeds

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instead of net proceeds of Avalon and by treating funds in business bank accounts

as substitute assets.

      The district court denied Okonkwo’s petition. The district court ruled that

Okonkwo “was well-aware of the forfeiture judgment” and “the writ of audita

querela [did] not apply” because he could have “appealed [the personal money

judgment] to the Eleventh Circuit and chose not to.”

                          II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      On denial of a motion to vacate a sentence, we review findings of fact for

clear error and the application of law to those facts de novo. Dell v. United States,

710 F.3d 1267, 1272 (11th Cir. 2013). We also review “de novo the question of

whether a prisoner may challenge his sentence by filing a motion for a writ of

audita querela.” United States v. Holt, 417 F.3d 1172, 1174 (11th Cir. 2005).

                                 III. DISCUSSION

      We divide our discussion in two parts. We first address Okonkwo’s

argument that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge the amount of

oxycodone tablets used to determine his base offense level. We next address his

request for an extraordinary writ to set aside his forfeiture monetary judgment.

   A. The District Court Did Not Err by Denying Okonkwo’s Motion to Vacate.

      To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a movant must

satisfy a two-part standard. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 694

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(1984). The movant must first prove “that counsel made errors so serious that [he]

was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed . . . by the Sixth Amendment” and

that counsel’s error was “so serious as to deprive [him] of a fair trial, a trial whose

result is reliable.” Id. at 687. “Surmounting Strickland’s high bar is never an easy

task.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 105 (2011) (quoting Padilla v.

Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 371 (2010)). Counsel enjoys a “strong presumption” that

his performance was reasonable and that his strategic decisions represented “the

exercise of reasonable professional judgment.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689–90.

Counsel is ineffective only if his performance falls “outside the wide range of

professionally competent assistance.” Id. at 690.

      To determine a defendant’s base offense level for a drug offense, the district

court must consider both the amount of the substance alleged in his indictment and

any amount that is part of his relevant conduct. When “the offense involved both a

substantive drug offense and a[] . . . conspiracy. . . , the total quantity involved

[must] be aggregated to determine the scale of the offense.” U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 cmt.

n.5. “Where there is no drug seizure . . ., the [district] court [is required to]

approximate the quantity of the controlled substance.” Id.

      The district court did not err by rejecting Okonkwo’s argument that his

counsel performed deficiently by failing to object to the amount of drugs attributed

to him. Okonkwo was responsible for unlawfully distributing tablets of oxycodone

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he dispensed by filling hundreds of prescriptions that he knew were fraudulent or

that he knew were written by a physician for no legitimate medical purpose. See

United States v. Iriele, 977 F.3d 1155, 1169 (11th Cir. 2020). He also was

responsible for the unlawful sales of oxycodone by his pharmacy, which he

attempted to conceal from drug distributors and government agencies. See

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3 (defining relevant conduct as encompassing acts that the

defendant aids and abets and that are foreseeable to him in “jointly undertaken

criminal activity”). The district court reasonably approximated the amount of

oxycodone Okonkwo distributed by holding him responsible for the 491,706 30-

milligram tablets and 65,217 15-milligram tablets dispensed by his pharmacy. So

defense counsel had no viable ground to object to the amount of oxycodone

attributed to Okonkwo. And because counsel cannot be ineffective for “failing to

recognize . . . [or] to preserve a meritless issue,” United States v. Winfield, 960

F.2d 970, 974 (11th Cir. 1992), Okonkwo was not entitled to postconviction relief.

The district court did not err by denying Okonkwo’s motion to vacate.

B. The District Court Also Did Not Err by Denying Okonkwo’s Petition for a Writ
of Audita Querela.

       Audita querela is an ancient, common law writ that allows a defendant to

attack the enforcement of a judgment after it is rendered. Holt, 417 F.3d at 1174.

The writ is used only to raise a defense or remedy an error that has “arisen after

judgment.” Leggett v. Humphreys, 62 U.S. 66, 71 (1858); see Rawlins v. Kansas,
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714 F.3d 1189, 1196 (10th Cir. 2013) (“[A]udita querela addresses unanticipated

situations that arise after judgment.”); United States v. Miller, 599 F.3d 484, 489

(5th Cir. 2010) (“Audita querela is only available where the judgment of the

district court was correct at the time it was rendered, but is undermined by facts

that later come to light.”); United States v. Reyes, 945 F.2d 862, 866 (5th Cir.

1991) (citing United States v. Holder, 936 F.2d 1 (1st Cir. 1991), and United States

v. Ayala, 894 F.2d 425 (D.C. Cir. 1990), for the proposition that the writ of audita

querela is available based on a legal objection that “arisen subsequent to that

conviction”). Audita querela, like coram nobis, is an “extraordinary remedy” that

is available “only under circumstances compelling such action to achieve justice”

to correct “errors of the most fundamental character.” United States v. Morgan,

346 U.S. 502, 511–12 (1954).

      The writ of audita querela is not available to address the contemporaneous

errors alleged by Okonkwo. Okonkwo alleged that his defense counsel failed to

inform him that the government sought a personal money judgment against him or

to give him a copy of that judgment and that the district court miscalculated the

amount he had to pay and misclassified the funds in business bank accounts as

substitute assets. Because all these events occurred before entry of the forfeiture

money judgment, the remedy of audita querela is unavailable to correct any error.

The district court correctly denied Okonkwo’s petition for extraordinary relief.

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                            IV. CONCLUSION

      We AFFIRM the denial of Okonkwo’s motion to vacate and petition for a

writ of audita querela.

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