Court Opinion

ID: 2726198
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-08 20:59:27.954037+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:14:50.897306
License: Public Domain

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
 this Memorandum Decision shall not be
                                                                       Oct 24 2013, 5:23 am
 regarded as precedent or cited before any
 court except for the purpose of
 establishing the defense of res judicata,
 collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                           ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
MICHAEL L. SCHULTZ                                 RONALD E. WELDY
TRAVIS W. MONTGOMERY                               Weldy & Associates
Parr, Richey, Obremskey, Frandsen &                Indianapolis, Indiana
Patterson, LLP.
Indianapolis, Indiana

                              IN THE
                    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

CANNON IV, INC.,                                   )
                                                   )
       Appellant,                                  )
                                                   )
           vs.                                     )       No. 49A04-1304-PL-171
                                                   )
MATTHEW ANTISDEL,                                  )
                                                   )
       Appellee.                                   )

                     APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT
                         The Honorable Timothy W. Oakes, Judge
                             Cause No. 49D13-1002-PL-4755

                                        October 24, 2013
                 MEMORANDUM DECISION – NOT FOR PUBLICATION

MATHIAS, Judge
       Cannon IV appeals the judgment of the Marion Superior Court in favor of

Matthew Antisdel (“Antisdel”) in Antisdel’s breach of contract claim against Cannon IV

arising out of an Employment Agreement between the parties. On appeal, Cannon IV

argues that the trial court erred when it found that Cannon IV breached the Employment

Agreement by reducing Antisdel’s base salary.

       We affirm.

                                 Facts and Procedure

       Beginning on January 12, 2002, Antisdel was employed as a service technician by

Cannon IV. Antisdel worked as an at-will employee for several years before entering

into an Employment Agreement (“Agreement”) with Cannon IV, effective on December

26, 2007. The Agreement, drafted by Cannon IV, stated that Antisdel would receive a

base pay of $1,574.89 per bi-monthly period, or $37,797.36 per year. The Agreement

provided for automatic extension for “successive one year periods (‘Renewal Terms’),

unless either party provides notice to the other party at least sixty [] days prior to the

beginning of any such Renewal Term of its election to terminate the Employment Period.”

Appellant’s App. p. 29.

       Section 5(b) of the Agreement provided:

       If the Employment Period is terminated by the Company without Cause or
       by reason of Employee’[s] resignation with Good Reason, Employee shall
       be entitled to receive his then-current Base Pay … for the period beginning
       on the Termination Date and ending on the second anniversary of the
       Commencement Date, or the expiration of the then current one year
       Renewal Term.

Id. at 29.

                                            2
       Section 5(c) of the Agreement stated:

       If the Employment Period is terminated by the Company for Cause, by
       reason of Employee’[s] resignation (other than for Good Reason) …
       Employee shall be entitled to receive his then-current Base Pay … only to
       the extent that such amount or benefit has accrued through the Termination
       Date.

Id. at 30.

       Section 5(d) defined “Cause,” in part, as:

       (i) the failure by Employee to perform such duties commensurate with
       Employee’[s] status as a Service Technician as determined from time to
       time by the Company; (ii) Employee’[s] material disregard of his duties or
       failure to act, where such action would be in the ordinary course of
       Employee’[s] duties[.]”

Id.

       Section 5(e) of the Agreement defined “Good Reason,” in relevant part, as:

       (i) the failure by the Company to pay Employee any amount otherwise due
       hereunder; (ii) a reduction in Employee’[s] Base Pay[.]

Id.

       In 2008, Antisdel did not give notice to Cannon IV of his intention to terminate the

Agreement, nor did Cannon IV give notice to Antisdel of its intention to terminate the

Agreement. On February 23, 2009, Antisdel met with one of his supervisors, who told

him that Cannon IV was “losing a good chunk of money” and had “thought about laying

off about six people, but decided that instead of doing that, they were going to cut

everyone’s pay by seven percent effective Monday, March 2, [2009].” Tr. p. 27. After

the meeting, Antisdel decided to review his copy of the Agreement.

                                               3
        The next day, February 24, 2009, Antisdel received a written reprimand from one

of his supervisors regarding his failure to properly use the “Eautomate” system1 and his

failure to “keep [his] scheduled calls up to date.” Appellant’s App. p. 39. The reprimand

did not indicate that Antisdel’s employment was in immediate jeopardy. Rather, it stated,

“[i]f an additional reprimand is needed, I will at that time discuss with you your future at

Cannon IV and if your continued employment is in the best interest of our clients and

Cannon IV.” Id.

        On Friday, February 27, 2009, Antisdel met with an attorney regarding the pay cut

and its implications for the Agreement and, later that night, instructed his attorney to

issue a resignation letter to Cannon IV on Antisdel’s behalf.                  Cannon IV received

Antisdel’s resignation letter by an email transmitted by Antisdel’s attorney on March 3,

2009. The letter stated:

        It is our understanding that effective March 2, 2009, the salary of Mr.
        Antisdel was decreased by seven percent. It is also our understanding that
        the compensation of Mr. Antisdel is governed by the Employment
        Agreement entered into by Mr. Antisdel and [Cannon IV] on December 21,
        2007.
                                            ***
        Pursuant to Section 5(e), Mr. Antisdel hereby provides written notice that
        he intends to resign effective March 18, 2009 for “Good Reason” as a result
        of the reduction of his Base Pay per Section 5(e)(ii). Pursuant to Section
        5(e), [Cannon IV] is hereby provided a 15-day opportunity to cure. If
        [Cannon IV] intends to cure, then we would ask that notice of this intention
        is provided to both Mr. Antisdel, personally, and this office via fax or e-
        mail.

1
   “Eautomate” is a system used by Cannon IV to keep track of the work activities of its service
technicians. Tr. p. 68. Antisdel testified that he and a Cannon IV supervisor had spoken several times in
the months leading up to his written reprimand about the company’s expectations regarding Antisdel’s
use of the “Eautomate” system. Tr. p. 70.
                                                   4
Ex. Vol., Plaintiff’s Ex. L (internal parentheticals omitted).2

       The day after Antisdel’s attorney sent the resignation letter, March 4, 2009,

Antisdel met with a Cannon IV supervisor, who told him that Cannon IV had received

and accepted his letter of resignation. The supervisor also told Antisdel that Antisdel’s

last official day with Cannon IV would be March 18, 2009. The following day, March 5,

2009, James Jones, Cannon IV’s chief operating officer, met with Antisdel and told

Antisdel that Cannon IV would pay him through March 18, 2009 and that Antisdel would

only need to work through March 6, 2009. Jones also told Antisdel that his final wages

would not be subject to the seven percent pay reduction, since his resignation was close

in time to the date the pay cut was to take effect. Approximately half an hour after his

meeting with Antisdel, Jones transmitted via e-mail to Antisdel and Antisdel’s attorney

the same information he had verbally relayed to Antisdel.

       Later that day, Antisdel’s attorney e-mailed to Jones a letter that stated:

       Mr. Antisdel does not consider your March 5, 2009 e-mail a response to his
       letter of March 3, 2009[]. As such, please specifically advise if Cannon IV
       wants to cure or does not want to cure the reduction in the base pay of Mr.
       Antisdel pursuant to Section 5(e) of the Employment Agreement.

Ex. Vol., Plaintiff’s Ex. M.

       On March 6, 2009, Jones informed Antisdel that Cannon IV no longer employed

Antisdel and that any further discussions regarding his employment must occur through

Antisdel’s attorney. The same day, Antisdel’s attorney received a letter from Cannon

IV’s attorney offering to allow Antisdel to resign, sign a release, and receive the benefits

2
  The record shows that December 21, 2007 is the date Antisdel first received a copy of the Agreement.
The Agreement was effective on December 26, 2007. Tr. pp. 11, 13.
                                                  5
set forth in the March 5, 2009 e-mail from Jones to Antisdel’s attorney. The letter further

provided that if Antisdel refused the offer, Cannon IV “hereby gives notice of Mr.

Antisdel’s termination for cause and deems his termination date to be March 6, 2009.”

Appellant’s App. p. 42. Antisdel did not sign the release. Thereafter, Cannon IV paid

Antisdel his un-reduced wages through March 18, 2009.               Cannon IV did not

communicate any intention to cure on or before March 18, 2009 and did not pay Antisdel

any wages after March 18, 2009.

       On February 2, 2010, Antisdel filed a complaint against Cannon IV alleging that

Cannon IV breached its Agreement with Antisdel and that Cannon IV was required to

pay Antisdel “his Base Pay until the second anniversary of the Commencement Date or

December 21, 2009.” Appellant’s App. p. 18. A bench trial was held on March 5, 2013.

On March 13, 2013 the trial court issued its findings of fact and conclusions of law,

which included a judgment against Cannon IV in favor of Antisdel. The trial court found,

in relevant part:

       B. Mr. Antisdel Resigned for Good Reason
                                        ***
       6. Cannon IV did not have the right to lower the compensation of Mr.
       Antisdel during the Employment Period that this Employment Agreement
       was in effect.

       7.   Cannon IV repudiated and/or anticipatory [sic] breached the
       Employment Agreement when it gave notice to Mr. Antisdel on February
       23, 2009 that Cannon IV intended to lower Mr. Antisdel’s rate of pay by
       7% effective March 1, 2009.
                                        ***
       10. A resignation with Good Reason includes a reduction in Employee’s
       Base Pay.

       11.   Mr. Antisdel provided written notice to Cannon IV that he was

                                            6
       resigning due to the 7% reduction in his Base Pay.

       12. Mr. Antisdel also provided written notice to Cannon IV of its 15-day
       opportunity to cure.

       13. When Cannon IV failed to cure, the Employment Period of Mr.
       Antisdel terminated for Good Reason and Mr. Antisdel is entitled to his
       Base Pay from his Termination Date, March 18, 2009, until the end of the
       Renewal Term, December 26, 2009.

       C. Mr. Antisdel Never Breached the Employment Agreement

       14. Based upon the evidence, Mr. Antisdel did not breach any provisions
       of the Employment Agreement.
                                         ***
       16. As the first to breach the Employment Agreement, Cannon IV is
       precluded from attempting to enforce the terms of the Employment
       Agreement against Mr. Antisdel including asserting grounds to terminate
       Mr. Antisdel pursuant to the Employment Agreement for Cause.

Appellant’s App. pp. 11-13 (internal citations omitted).

       The trial court entered judgment in favor of Antisdel in the amount of $28,872.99

in damages and $8,216.90 in statutory prejudgment interest. Cannon IV now appeals.

Additional facts will be provided as necessary.

                                  Standard of Review

       Because the trial court entered findings of fact and conclusions thereon pursuant to

Indiana Trial Rule 52(A), our standard of review is two-tiered. First, we determine

whether the evidence supports the findings, and second, whether the findings support the

judgment. Briles v. Wausau Ins. Co., 858 N.E.2d 208, 212 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans.

denied. We will not disturb the trial court’s findings or judgment unless they are clearly

erroneous. Walsh & Kelly, Inc. v. Int’l Contractors, Inc., 943 N.E.2d 394, 398 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2011), trans. denied.

                                            7
      Findings of fact are clearly erroneous when the record lacks any reasonable

inference from the evidence to support them. Briles, 858 N.E.2d at 212. A judgment is

clearly erroneous when a review of the record leaves us with a firm conviction that a

mistake has been made. Id. We will neither reweigh evidence nor judge the credibility

of witnesses, but will consider only the evidence favorable to the judgment and all

reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom. Id. Although we defer to the trial court's

factual findings, we evaluate questions of law de novo. McCauley v. Harris, 928 N.E.2d

309, 313 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010).

                                 Discussion and Decision

      Cannon IV challenges the trial court’s conclusion that Cannon IV anticipatorily

breached the Agreement and that Antisdel had “Good Reason” to resign. Cannon IV

claims that its February 23, 2009 notice to Antisdel of the seven percent pay cut

constituted only a request to be released from the terms of the Agreement and that

“[m]ere notice of an intended act, without more, is not sufficient to constitute breach of

contract by anticipatory repudiation.” Appellant’s Reply Br. at 3. Because it did not

breach the Agreement, Cannon IV asserts, Antisdel had no “Good Reason” to terminate

the Agreement.

      In Indiana, one party’s anticipatory breach of contract excuses the other party from

further performance. Page Two, Inc. v. P.C. Mgmt., Inc., 517 N.E.2d 103, 106 n. 2 (Ind.

Ct. App. 1987). “Repudiation of a contract must be positive, absolute, and unconditional

in order that it may be treated as an anticipatory breach.” Angelone v. Chang, 761

N.E.2d 426, 429 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001).

                                            8
       In support of its argument, Cannon IV cites Jay County Rural Elec. Membership

Corp. v. Wabash Valley Power Ass’n, Inc., where appellant Jay County Rural Electric

Membership Corporation (“Jay County”) argued that Wabash Valley Power Association

(“WVPA”) anticipatorily repudiated its contract with Jay County when it notified Jay

County of its intent to merge with another cooperative. 692 N.E.2d 905, 910 (Ind. Ct.

App. 1998). WVPA had drafted a proposed “intent to merge” resolution and informed

Jay County that it would consider adoption of the resolution at its February board

meeting. Within a few days of receiving the notice, Jay County terminated its contractual

relationship with WVPA. Two days after Jay County terminated the contract, the WVPA

board passed the resolution. This court affirmed the trial court’s conclusion that, at the

time Jay County terminated its contractual relationship with WVPA, WVPA had not

breached the contract because “WVPA had not communicated a positive, absolute, and

unconditional repudiation of the contract.” Id. at 912.

       We find the present case distinguishable from Jay County v. WVPA. In Jay

County v. WVPA, at the time Jay County terminated the contract, WVPA had merely

informed it that WVPA was considering adopting the “intent to merge” resolution and

had not yet prepared a final plan of merger. Unlike WVPA, Cannon IV was not simply

considering a pay cut, nor had it merely proposed a resolution setting forth its intent to

reduce its employees’ pay. Rather, the record shows that Cannon IV not only “decided to

do an across the board 7% reduction of everyone’s pay including Mr. Antisdel,” but also

notified its employees, including Antisdel, of its decision and the date the pay cut would

take effect. Appellant’s App. p. 5 (emphasis added). Thus, on the day Antisdel resigned,

                                             9
he was on notice that his salary would be reduced. Furthermore, the fact that Cannon IV

later decided not to apply the seven percent pay cut to Antisdel’s final wages because his

resignation occurred so close in time to the day the pay cut was to take effect belies

Cannon IV’s assertion that it simply requested to be released from the Agreement, as

does Jones’s testimony that the pay cut’s potential violation of the terms of the

Agreement “really wasn’t a thought at the time [the decision was made].” Tr. p. 107.

       Therefore, under the facts and evidence before it, the trial court’s conclusion that

Cannon IV anticipatorily breached the Agreement and that Antisdel had “Good Reason”

to resign did not constitute clear error. See Ralph E. Koressel Premier Elec., Inc. v.

Forster, 838 N.E.2d 1037, 1045 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (finding that prospective seller of

business anticipatorily breached listing agreement with business broker where, after

buyer agreed to purchase business at a price acceptable to seller, seller notified broker

that he did not intend to pay broker any commission on the sale because he believed that

broker had not done enough work to justify payment of the commission, and seller's

attorney notified broker that he was being terminated).

       Cannon IV also argues that since it notified Antisdel, after his attorney tendered

Antisdel’s resignation letter, that it would not reduce his final pay check, it had cured and

that since there was no reduction in pay, there was no “Good Reason” for Antisdel to

resign. Indeed, the record shows that after Antisdel resigned, Cannon IV decided not to

apply the seven percent reduction to Antisdel’s final wages since his resignation occurred

close in time to the institution of the pay cut.

                                              10
       The fact that Cannon IV ultimately failed to enforce the pay reduction against

Antisdel’s final pay period wages does not somehow rescind its breach of the Agreement

and does not constitute curing of the breach. A “cure” occurs where a party has failed to

perform but the party’s performance or offer to perform shortly after the breach “has the

effect of ‘curing’ the breach to the extent that the breach is no longer material.” See

Frazier v. Mellowitz, 804 N.E.2d 796, 803 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004) (quoting Murray on

Contracts, § 167 (2d Rev. ed. 1974)).

       The trial court found that, although Cannon IV did not reduce Antisdel’s wages in

his final pay, it “has not paid Mr. Antisdel any money since March 18, 2009.”

Appellant’s App. p. 10. It also found that “[f]rom March 19, 2009 (the Termination

Date) to December 26, 2009 (the Renewal Date), Cannon IV should have paid Mr.

Antisdel $28,872.99.”    Id.   If Cannon IV’s intention had been to cure under the

Agreement, it would have notified Antisdel that it would not reduce his pay and that he

could continue his employment with Cannon IV at the base pay set forth in the

Agreement through the end of the contract term, or it would have paid him the full

amount due for the term under the Agreement. Cannon IV’s payment of the un-reduced

base pay that was already due Antisdel for his last pay period was not a cure for purposes

of contract law.

       Finally, Cannon IV argues that it terminated Antisdel for “Cause” because of

“Antisdel’s repeated failure to meet reasonable expectations of communication and

project management and his intentional disregard for his obligations to Cannon IV on

                                           11
February 27.”3 Appellant’s Br. at 18. It asserts, “Antisdel’s employment terminated at

the end of business on [March 6, 2009], as did his right to collect any further pay or

benefits from his then-former employer.” Appellant’s Br. at 11.

       We disagree. Since Cannon IV was the first to breach the Agreement by reducing

Antisdel’s base salary, it may not subsequently enforce the Agreement against Antisdel

by asserting grounds to terminate Antisdel for cause. See Licocci v. Cardinal Associates,

Inc., 492 N.E.2d 48, 52 (Ind. Ct. App. 1986) (providing, “[a] party first guilty of a

material breach of contract may not maintain an action against the other party or seek to

enforce the contract against the other party should that party subsequently breach the

contract.”). As the trial court noted in its findings, it was only after Antisdel asserted his

rights under the Agreement that Cannon IV attempted to terminate him. When Cannon

IV issued the February 24, 2009 written reprimand to Antisdel, it did not indicate any

intention to terminate Antisdel because of the performance issues set forth in the

reprimand. Furthermore, Jones testified that, at the time of his March 3, 2009 meeting

with Antisdel, “I was aware of the reprimand. I told [Antisdel] to fix what he needed to

fix … and let’s just move on. I didn’t agree with quitting your job over seven percent[.]”

Tr. p. 104. Given this evidence, we cannot say that the trial court clearly erred when it

concluded, “Cannon IV is precluded from attempting to enforce the terms of the

Employment Agreement against Mr. Antisdel including asserting grounds to terminate

Mr. Antisdel pursuant to the Employment Agreement for cause.” Appellant’s App. p. 13.

3
   Here, Cannon IV refers to the fact that Antisdel’s February 27, 2009 meeting with his attorney
regarding the Employment Agreement occurred during his normal work hours.
                                               12
                                       Conclusion

       For all of these reasons, we conclude that the trial court’s conclusions that Cannon

IV breached the Employment Agreement and that Antisdel resigned for “Good Reason”

are not clearly erroneous. The judgment of the trial court is therefore affirmed.

       Affirmed.

NAJAM, J., and BROWN, J., concur.

                                            13