Court Opinion

ID: 6638871
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 20:43:43.248416+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:59:10.098738
License: Public Domain

De Witt, J.
This action was brought by plaintiff to recover damages for injuries received by him when in the employ of defendant as a brakeman and switchman. The plaintiff was engaged in switching cars at or near the station of Neihart, on the defendant’s railway. The engine used on this occasion was a road engine. The distinction between a road engine and a switch engine is this: The road engine has a pilot in front; a yard or switch engine has a foot board, both front and rear, upon which the brakemen and switchmen step and stand while switching cars. The engine in this case had been used on the work ordinarily performed by a yard or switch engine. It had no footboards in front or rear, and therefore no convenient or safe place for the switchmen to mount and ride while engaged in their duties. Furthermore, in making up trains and switching cars, it was inconvenient to use a road engine, for the reason that the cars would have to be attached to the engine by a pilot bar, which is too heavy for convenient use. To convert the road engine ■ to the use of a switch engine, two flat cars were placed in front of the engine. The second flat car from the engine was so placed that the braking apparatus was at the end furthest from the engine. It was equipped with a double connected brake and brake staff. The purpose of placing these flat cars as they were was to enable brakemen or switchmen to mount the brake beam, and hold by the staff, in moving about the yard while switching cars. The engine and these cars were moving down the track, and crossed a switch. Having crossed the switch, it was the duty of the plaintiff to throw the switch to let the train in on another track. As the last car passed over the switch, the engineer reversed his engine. The plaintiff threw the switch, and stepped into the middle of the track. The car approached him at the rate of two or three miles an hour. He stepped carefully upon the brake beam, and took hold of the brake staff carefully with both hands. The staff was loose in its socket, and was bent at an angle of about 30 degrees from the perpendicular. It bent away from the plaintiff, as he stood. He testified that for this reason it appeared straight to him, *377and he could not tell that it was bent, and that he did not see whether the. brake wheel was tipped from a horizontal. Having carefully and firmly grasped the staff, it turned in his hands, swung around towards him, and caused him to lose his hold and fall under the trucks. The jury awarded him $2,500, which is not claimed by defendant to be excessive, if there is any liability.
It appears further that, although the engine had already started when plaintiff threw the switch, he signaled the engineer to come on. He said that, at the rate the train was approaching, he could have gotten off the track if he had seen the defective condition of the brake staff at a distance of 6 or 10 feet. He did not see the defective condition, for the reason above mentioned. He had a right to signal the engineer to stop, if there was occasion to stop in the performance of the business in which the train was engaged. There were no means provided for mounting the car on the side. It was also impossible or dangerous to mount from the side, owing to the roadbed being washed out and depressed. He was obliged to get upon the train and ride in order to be at a point about 340 feet distant, where there was another car to be coupled. He could not have walked to that point, while the train was moving to it, and be there in time to make the coupling. These facts appeared by the testimony of the plaintiff and two other witnesses. These two flat cars were equipped with air brakes, and while plaintiff was employed at this place he did not see the hand brakes used for braking the cars. These facts being shown,' the defendant moved for nonsuit, upon the ground that no negligence had been shown on the part of the defendant, and that plaintiff appeared to be guilty of contributory negligence.
As to proof of negligence or contributory negligence sufficient to go to the jury, the writer of this opinion said in Wall v. Helena St. Ry. Co., 12 Mont. 61, as follows: “I am fully aware that negligence of the defendant or contributory negligence of the plaintiff is a matter for the jury, unless the evidence is such as to leave the matter clear and undisputed *378to persons of fair and sound minds. It is needless to cite authorities. Their name is legion. They are collected in the citations above made. I find their tenor to be that, if the question of negligence or contributory negligence is a fairly disputed question of fact, it must be resolved by the jury, but that if the evidence is perfectly clear the matter is for the court; and by ‘perfectly clear,’ the authorities say, is meant, not perfectly clear in the view of the particular court or persons composing the court which is reviewing the matter, but rather in the judgment of reasonable men of sound minds. That, is, if different conclusions might be drawn by different men, of fair, sound minds, then the matter must go to the jury; but if only one conclusion can be reached by men of fair, sound minds, the determination is for the court. This seems to be a settled doctrine, and with it I fully concur. But is it not, practically, somewhat illusive ? For the court must determine what would be the judgment of men of fair, sound minds, and to arrive at that determination the court must use its own sense and knowledge and judgment. And as long as courts are composed of finite men, with minds not all cast in the same mold, we cannot but expect some diversity of views in the application of the doctrine to particular facts. This may account for the confusion in the reported cases, and the fact that decisions may be produced sustaining either side of a contention of this nature which is at all close. ’ ’
In the case before us we are perfectly satisfied that there was a sufficient showing of negligence on the part of the defendant to go to the jury. It was not perfectly clear that there was no negligence by defendant. The brake beam and brake staff being used for the purpose of mounting the car by the brakeman and switchmen, we do not hesitate to say that, to allow the apparatus to remain in the condition it was, was a showing of negligence sufficient to go to the jury.
The next question upon the decision of the court in denying the nonsuit is,. was it perfectly clear that plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence, so that that question should, have been taken from the jury, and the court grant a nonsuit ? • We do *379not think that this was, by any means, perfectly clear. The plaintiff mounted the car with the utmost care. He mounted it just as it was intended he should. The cars were so arranged for this purpose. This was the only means by which he could mount and ride on the car in order to arrive at the car to be coupled in time to make the coupling when the train reached there.
The facts in this case differ from those in Cunningham v. Chicago, M. & St. P. R. R. Co., 17 Fed. 882, in which case Mr. Justice Miller used such strong language in granting a new trial, and in which case the learned justice said that this was not only a case of clear negligence on the part of the deceased, but a case of stupid negligence on his part. We are scarcely prepared to fully endorse the remarks in 'that case, even upon the facts which there existed. But the distinction between the facts in that case and this is that here, so far as the plaintiff could reasonably be expected to see, the apparatus of the car was in a proper condition for him to make a safe mount. In the Cunningham case the deceased undertook to mount the footboard of a switch engine from which the hand railing had been torn away the night before. The case is not fully stated in the report, but, as far as it appears, it seems that the deceased could, by looking at the rear of the tank, have very readily perceived that the hand rail was missing. In this case, plaintiff could not see that the brake staff was bent, because it was bent directly away from him, and, so far as he could see, it might readily appear to be straight. And, seeing an apparently straight brake staff, it does not appear that he should also have looked at the brake wheel, to observe that it was tipped, for the brake wheel might easily have been tipped from causes other than the bending of the staff. Taking the facts all together, we are not at all satisfied that contributory negligence was so clearly shown that the court should have removed that subject from the consideration of the jury, and ordered a non-suit. We are therefore of opinion that in this respect there was no error committed by the court.
The treatment thus far brings us logically to the next as*380signment of error made by the appellant. We have discussed the question of nonsuit upon the ground, partly, that it was in evidence that the arrangement of the locomotive and cars shown was for the purpose of allowing the brakemen and switchmen to mount upon the brake beam by grasping the brake staff. There was an objection, however, to the introduction of evidence showing that this arrangement of the cars was made for this purpose. The plaintiff and two other competent witnesses testified that the cars were so arranged in order that employes might mount when moving, in the manner attempted by the plaintiff. The objection to this testimony was that it was an opinion of the witnesses that this arrangement was made for such purposes. The. court admitted the testimony over the objection. We think this was not error. The witnesses did not give this testimony as an opinion. They, being employed in the business, and being cognizant and observant of the conduct of the business, stated, from this knowledge and observation, that as a fact the cars were arranged as described for the purposes mentioned. We think that their testimony was the statement of a fact which came under their observation. If they were mistaken, or if their testimony was not true, it could have been taken for simply what it was worth, and rebutted by testimony on behalf of defendant. But this testimony was not denied by the defendant.
The next question raised by appellant is its exception to the allowance of certain testimony. It may be stated as he puts it in his own brief, as follows: “Q. Mr. Ennis the testimony in this case shows that there were two flat cars, with double connected brakes, with brake staff and brake beam on the further end of the second car from the engine, and this was a road engine; that this engine and the cars had passed out of the side track where the switch had been thrown by the plaintiff, and the engine and cars were going on up to another track, about 340 feet, to make a head-end coupling with other flat cars, and that it was necessary for the plaintiff to be at the cars to make the coupling; that the engine and cars were approaching the plaintiff at the rate of about three miles an hour; that *381there were no hand holds, stirrups, or jaw straps, or other means of mounting the approaching cars from the sides; that these flat cars had double connected brake on the end nearest the plaintiff; were attached to the engine for the purpose, among others, of allowing the brakeman to step upon the brake beam, and take hold of the brake staff and mount the car. It appears, also, from the evidence, that on the west side from the track upon which the plaintiff stood the embankment was low, and depressed from two to three feet below the track, the ties stuck out over the embankment, large rocks and boulders were lying along the track, and that the east side of the track from where the plaintiff stood, the ground was low and depressed, and another track, known as the ‘Main Track, ’ came into this side track where the plaintiff stood, and on which this train was running. The evidence further shows that the plaintiff had no right to stop the train for the sole purpose of mounting the car, and that the engineer should obey the plaintiff’s signals. You may state, from your experience as a brakeman, what is the usual and customary way of mounting flat cars by brakemen experienced in the business, under those circumstances? (Defendant objects to the question upon the ground that the question assumes a state and condition of affairs not existing at the time the plaintiff received his injuries. Does not truly state the evidence, in matters material to be considered, if the question is to be answered at all. That it misdescribes the conditions of the car the plaintiff attempted to mount, and fails to state its condition in important particulars disclosed by the evidence. The question assumes that there was a necessity for mounting the car while in motion. The question is further objected to upon the ground that the evidence is not relevant or material; upon the further ground that it is incompetent as proof of the usage or custom among brakemen and men employed as the plaintiff was employed, and cannot excuse the plaintiff’s conduct as disclosed by his own evidence, such conduct being negligent as a matter of law.)”
We will examine the objections to the question as they were *382made. An examination of the record satisfies us that it is not the fact that the question did not truly state the evidence on matters material to be considered. The question gave a very fair statement of the facts. Furthermore, the objection in itself is open to criticism, in that it did not state wherein the question was defective, or wherein it did not state the facts in the case as a basis of the hypothetical question. Appellant’s counsel elaborately argues the question that testimony as to how persons other than the plaintiff performed acts similar to that performed by the plaintiff is incompetent, and that proof that other persons did negligent acts under the same circumstances is not evidence to excuse the doing of a negligent act by the plaintiff. But the competency of evidence to show acts of carelessness by other persons is not the question here involved. From what we have said as to denying the motion for nonsuit, it is apparent that the conduct of plaintiff was not per se negligence. He carefully mounted the car in the way provided for him to mount in order to perform his duties. The question was not as to what other persons did in a careless manner. The question hypothetically stated the facts, and then asked the witness to state, from his experience as a brakeman, what was the usual and customary way of mounting flat cars, under these circumstances, by brakemen experienced in the business. Therefore the question involved what an experienced person would do, not what other persons generally did, or what careless persons did. We think that the word “experienced” is used here much in the sense of “prudent”; and the question, in effect, was put to a person experienced in the business, as to what experienced or prudent persons did under the circumstances. The matter of the competency of the question comes to this: Is it competent to prove what experienced or prudent persons do under the existing circumstances? We will concede that it is not competent, in endeavoring to excuse a negligent act, to show that there is a usage or custom by others to perform said negligent act. (27 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 889 et seq.) But, when it does not appear that the act is positively negligent, we are of opinion that *383it is competent to show the usage or custom of competent and prudent persons in performing the act. In the case at bar it did not appear that the act of plaintiff was negligence per se. He carefully performed his duties with the means supplied him for their performance, and we think it was competent to show, under those circumstances, that persons experienced in the performance of the same act, under the same circumstances, performed it as did the' plaintiff.
It is said in Miller v. Illinois Cent. Ry. Co., 57 N. W. 418, 89 Iowa, 567: “The plaintiff introduced a witness who testified that it was usual and customary for brakemen, in going oyer the tender, to step on the lid of the manhole. We do not understand counsel to object to this line of evidence. It was surely proper for plaintiff to show that he was in the line of his duty when he received the injury, and that he pursued the course usually adopted by men in that employment under similar circumstances. (Jeffrey v. Keokuk, etc., R. R. Co., 56 Iowa, 546, 9 N. W. 884; Whitsett v. Chicago, etc., Ry. Co., 67 Iowa, 150, 25 N. W. 104.) The objection of the defendant is that the witness was allowed to state what he would do under the same circumstances, and what was considered a safe course to pursue. We need not set out the questions and answers to which objection is made. When the whole testimony of the witness is considered the objections do not appear to be well taken. The questions and answers show that the witness did not give his own opinion of the' proper course to pursue. ’’
As in the Iowa case, so in the case at bar, the witness did not give an opinion as to what he would do, but as to what experienced persons would do.
In Larson v. Ring, 43 Minn. 88, 44 N. W. 1078, there was a question as to negligence of contractors in stretching a guy from the top of a derrick across the street. The supreme court said: “The court erred in permitting defendant to show at what height or distance above the public ways it was usual for contractors to stretch or suspend guys or ropes. ’ ’ The court, in speaking further of usages and customs, said: “It would depend largely, perhaps, on whether there had been *384adopted and used a way or means of fastening which time, usage, and long experience had demonstrated to be reasonably safe. ’ ’ It was upon this idea that the district court acted in admitting the testimony complained of He did not admit testimony as to other persons doing careless acts, but, on the contrary, testimony as to what experience had demonstrated to be reasonably safe.
We find the following in Lawson on Usages and Customs (page 318): “Judge Story, in stating the degrees of negligence, and the measure of diligence in different relations, says: ‘Indeed, what is common or ordinary diligence is more a matter of fact than of law. And in every community it must be judged of by the actual state of society, the habits of business, the general usages of life, and the dangers as well as the institutions peculiar to the age; so that, although it may not be possible to lay down any very exact rule applicable to all times and all circumstances, yet that may be said to be common or ordinary diligence, in the sense of the law, which men of common prudence generally exercise about their own affairs in the age and country in which they live. ’ ’ Further in the same volume, we find the following: “In Vaughan v. Menlove Vaughan, J., said, in speaking of the evidence of negligence: ‘The conduct of a prudent man has always been the criterion for the jury in such cases, but it is by no means confined to them.’ ” See, also, by the same author, section 171, p. 324: See, also, 27 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, p. 902, with a large collection of cases.
We are satisfied that, under the circumstances of the case at bar, it was not error to admit this testimony.
The next error assigned by appellant is the modification of an instruction which it offered. The instruction offered was as follows: “An established usage or custom among men engaged in the same employment cannot justify or excuse an act negligent in itself.” There does not seem to be an objection to this instruction as a matter of law, but, as noted iff the treatment of the motion for a nonsuit, it did not appear clearly that the act of the plaintiff was negligent in itself. The court *385refused to give this instruction as it stood, and modified it by the following: “Unless known and acquiesced in by the defendant. This modification was not as full probably as it should be; but we are of opinion that error cannot be predicted upon it under the facts of this case, and in consideration of the fact that there was * no evidence in the case to the effect that, in the arrangement of the cars, the brake beam and brake staff were for the purpose of mounting as the plaintiff mounted.
The next question presented by appellant is that the verdict is against the law, for the reason that the jury disregarded the instructions of the court, and declined to apply them to the evidence. This is a proposition of law with which we fully concur, — a proposition which is fully discussed in the case of Murray v. Heinze, ante, page 353. But the question here is, was the verdict against the instructions ? The first instruction contrary to which the appellant claims the verdict was rendered is as follows : “If, in the discharge of a dangerous duty, an employe of a railroad company voluntary places himself in a dangerous position unnecessarily, when there is another place that is safer that he could have chosen, and he has time to exercise his judgment, and an injury results to him by reason of his position, he cannot recover for such injury.” But it is to be observed that this instruction lays before the jury the conditions of an employe voluntarily placing himself in a dangerous position unnecessarily, when there is another place safer that he could have chosen, etc. But, as appears in the treatment of this case heretofore in this opinion, the evidence is not conclusive that the plaintiff voluntarily and unnecessarily put himself in a dangerous position when he might have chosen a safer one. That was an open and disputed fact in the case, and there was evidence, as before shown, sufficient to go to the jury upon this question; and the jury, in finding a verdict for the plaintiff, did not, by necessity, find against this instruction. The same reason applies to the other instructions contrary to which the appellant claims the verdict was rendered.
*386Appellant complains of the refusal of the court to give the following instruction : “In this case the jury may, in its discretion, render a general verdict or a special one. A general verdict is one by which you pronounce generally upon all the issues in favor of the plaintiff or in favor of the defendant. A special verdict must present the conclusions of fact as established by the evidence, and not the evidence to prove them, and those conclusions of fact shall be so presented as that nothing shall remain to the court but to draw from them conclusions of law.” In connection with this, the appellant complains that the court submitted to the jury two forms of verdicts only, — one a general verdict for the plaintiff, assessing the amount of the damages, and leaving the amount blank to be inserted by the jury.
It is said in American Co. v. Bradford, 27 Cal. 365, and Swift v. Mulkey, 14 Or. 65, 12 Pac. 76, that it is discretionary with the court whether or not it submit special findings to the jury. But in the case at bar no findings were requested by the appellant. He did not.ask that the court submit special findings upon any branch of the case. Not having made this request, he cannot complain of the action of the court. It certainly would have thrown the jury into inextricable confusion to instruct them, as appellant requested, that they might find special findings or special verdict, when not the slightest intimation was given to them upon what questions of fact they should find.
Appellant complains that the court refused to instruct the jury that there was no evidence tending to show that the defendant had failed to use proper care to keep its track and roadbed in proper condition; nor that there was any evidence that would justify the jury in finding that the defendant had failed. to use reasonable care in keeping the ground on both sides of the track in proper condition for use by the employes. But, if .this instruction had been given, it would, have taken that question of fact wholly from the jury. We are of opinion that there was some evidence at least upon this question, *387and the treatment of this branch of the case seems to us to have been fully covered by other instructions which the court gave.
As to the exception to the refusal of the court to give instructions Nos. 7 and 12, requested by the appellant, without reciting them, we are satisfied to say that the questions there raised were covered by other instructions given by the court.
Appellant again complains of the refusal of the court to give the instruction requested by it, Ro. 15, as follows: “The undisputed evidence is that the plaintiff had the power to stop the engine and cars by a signal, and that it was the duty of the engineer to obey his signals. ’ ’ Following this was defendant’s request 22, refused, as follows : “I charge you that the plaintiff had a right to stop these cars for the sole purpose of mounting them, if, in the proper discharge of his duties, it was reasonably_ necessary that he should mount the car on the brake beam, and if the act of mounting a flat car or the brake beam thereof, while moving at the rate of about three miles an hour, would ordinarily be attended by any considerable danger. ’ ’ It is true that the plaintiff had the power to stop the engine by signal for the purpose of mounting them, but his right to stop the train was only in the course of his business as brakeman, and it was all through the case a question whether his mounting the car while in motion was per se contributory negligence. We have determined that that w,as a question for the jury. If the court had given the instructions as charged, it would have taken that question away from the jury, and practically instructed the jury that it was contributory negligence per se to mount the cars as he did.
The appellant complains of the refusal of the court to instruct the jury as requested in Nos. 20 and 21, which are as follows: “It appears from the evidence that the plaintiff’s injuries resulted from his own voluntary act, in mounting the car as it was in motion. This being the case, it devolves upon the plaintiff to satisfy you by a fair preponderance of the evidence that he was not guilty of negligence contributing to his injury.” “Under the circumstances of the case, the burden *388of proving that he was free from negligence contributing to his injury rests upon the plaintiff, and he must establish his freedom from such negligence by a preponderance of evidence. ’ ’
Counsel on both sides of this case have extensively argued the question of the burden of proof of contributory negligence. It is as unnecessary to review the law upon that topic in this opinion as it was to discuss it in the briefs, as it has long been settled in this state. (Higley v. Gilmer, 3 Mont. 97; Kennon v. Gilmer, 4 Mont. 433; Wall v. Helena St. Ry. Co., 12 Mont., at page 56; Nelson v. City of Helena, 16 Mont. 19.) Contributory negligence is a matter of defense, and plaintiff need not allege or prove its absence. The corollary to this rule is that, whenever the plaintiff’s own case raises a resumption of contributory negligence, the burden of proving its absence is immediately upon him, and it devolves upon the plaintiff to clear himself of suspicion of contributory negligence which he himself has created. (See cases last cited.)
The instructions refused were based upon the ground that the plaintiff had shown himself guilty of contributory negligence. As heretofore demonstrated, this was not the fact. The instructions were therefore inapplicable and properly refused. It did not appear by the testimony on the part of the plaintiff that there was a presumption of his contributory negligence.
Having reviewed the points raised upon this appeal, we are of opinion that the judgment and the order denying a new trial should be affirmed, which is accordingly done.

Affirmed.

Pemberton, C. J., and Hunt, J., concur.