Court Opinion

ID: 9399903
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-06 17:09:59.501445+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:40.583551
License: Public Domain

J-S07033-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT OP 65.37

    RANDY HOFFMAN                 :             IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                  :                  PENNSYLVANIA
              v.                  :
                                  :
    JOSEPH DUGAN, INC. AND JOSEPH :
    B. CALLAGHAN, INC. AND 2601   :
    PARKWAY DEVELOPMENT, LLC AND  :
    2601 PARKWAY CONDOMINIUM UNIT :
    OWNERS ASSOCIATION A/K/A 2601 :
    PARKWAY CONDOMINIUM           :
    ASSOCIATION AND DREW          :
    KARLBERG                      :
                                  :
                                  :
    APPEAL OF: JOSEPH DUGAN, INC. :                  No. 2425 EDA 2022

             Appeal from the Judgment Entered September 21, 2022
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
                       Civil Division at No(s): 190702489

BEFORE: DUBOW, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and KING, J.

MEMORANDUM BY KING, J.:                                   FILED JUNE 6, 2023

        Appellant, Joseph Dugan, Inc., appeals from the judgment entered in

the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas, in favor of Appellee, Randy

Hoffman, in this negligence action.1 We affirm.

        The relevant facts and procedural history of this case are as follows. On

July 31, 2017, Appellee was moving out of her first-floor unit apartment in

Philadelphia.    Her mom, Wendy Hoffman, drove to Philadelphia from Long

Island, New York, to assist Appellee with the move. When Appellee attempted

____________________________________________

1   The other defendants listed in the caption are not parties to this appeal.
J-S07033-23

to open a window security grate2 located on the exterior side of one of her

apartment windows for the purpose of moving items out of her apartment, the

grate dislodged and fell on Appellee, pinning her right, dominant arm between

the grate and the windowsill.3          Appellee’s mom tried to lift the grate off

Appellee’s arm, but it was too heavy. Fortunately, the movers Appellee had

hired were already there and able to lift the grate off Appellee’s arm. After

the movers freed Appellee’s arm from the grate, Appellee took an Uber to the

closest hospital and Appellee’s mom stayed with the movers to finish the

moving-out process.        Once the move was complete, Appellee’s mom met

Appellee at the hospital. X-rays confirmed that Appellee suffered a broken

ulna. Following her discharge, Appellee could not return to her new apartment

to unpack and had to stay with her mom in Long Island for the next week, as

the injuries to her arm impeded her ability to care for herself.

       Appellant is a contracting company that had been responsible for

reinstallation of the window grate prior to the incident. On July 19, 2019,

Appellee filed a complaint against Appellant and others alleging negligence.

On April 26, 2022, Appellant filed a motion in limine seeking to preclude

testimony from Appellee’s proffered expert witness, Sylvia Deye.         Appellee

____________________________________________

2 The record sometimes refers to the window grate interchangeably as a
window gate.

3 Appellee’s landlord, defendant Drew Karlberg, had given Appellee permission
to open the window grate for the purposes of moving items out of the
apartment.

                                           -2-
J-S07033-23

responded to the motion on May 10, 2022. On June 27, 2022, the court denied

Appellant’s motion.

       A jury trial commenced on July 27, 2022, at the conclusion of which the

jury found Appellant liable for Appellee’s injuries.4 The jury awarded Appellee

$500,000.00 in damages.5 On July 8, 2022, Appellee filed a motion for delay

damages.      On July 11, 2022, Appellant filed a motion for post-trial relief

seeking judgment notwithstanding the verdict, a new trial, and/or remittitur.

The court denied Appellant’s motion by order dated August 10, 2022, and filed

August 23, 2022. On August 29, 2022, the court granted Appellee’s motion

for delay damages. On September 21, 2022, Appellant filed a praecipe to

enter judgment on the verdict and filed a timely notice of appeal that day.

The court did not order, and Appellant did not file, a concise statement of

errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b).

       Appellant raises three issues for our review:

          Did the trial court err in denying the motion for a new trial
          on disfigurement damages when there was no evidence of
          permanent disfigurement?

          Did the trial court err in refusing to remit the verdict on
          future wage loss when the jury’s decision was purely
          speculative as there was no evidence which showed plaintiff
          would suffer future wage loss?
____________________________________________

4 The jury found Appellant was 90% responsible for Appellee’s injuries and
found Mr. Karlberg 10% comparatively negligent.

5 Specifically, the jury awarded Appellee $250,000.00 for pain and suffering,
$100,000.00 for disfigurement, and $150,000.00 for past lost earnings and
loss of earning capacity.

                                           -3-
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         Did the trial court abuse its discretion in admitting the
         testimony of [Appellee’s] liability expert Sylvia Deye,
         answered in the negative below, when Ms. Deye testified
         outside the scope of her written report, and beyond her
         expertise?

(Appellant’s Brief at 4).

      In its first issue, Appellant argues that Appellee failed to present

evidence of a permanent disfigurement.           Appellant acknowledges that

Appellee provided photographs of her arm immediately after the accident.

Appellant contends that Appellee testified at length as to how her arm usage

was diminished, but Appellee did not provide any such testimony or visuals as

to her arm’s appearance at the time of trial to demonstrate a deformity.

Appellant also acknowledges that Appellee provided evidence of the condition

of her arm during the healing process.        Appellant claims, however, that

“[g]iven the dearth of demonstrative evidence presented by [Appellee] of the

physical condition of her healed arm, it is impossible for the Court to determine

if the jury’s finding of a visible deformity was in error.” (Id. at 14). Appellant

insists that Appellee presented no demonstrative evidence of permanent

disfigurement, such that the matter must be remanded for a new trial. We

disagree.

      As a preliminary matter, we note that Appellant appears to be under the

mistaken impression that Appellee was required to demonstrate “permanent

disfigurement” to recover disfigurement damages in this case. To be sure,

Appellant cites Walsh v. City of Philadelphia, 526 Pa. 227, 585 A.2d 445

                                      -4-
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(1991) and Alexander v. Benson, 812 A.2d 785 (Pa.Cmwlth. 2002) to

support its first issue on appeal. As Appellee correctly points out in her brief,

however, those cases are not applicable here. In both Walsh and Alexander,

the negligence claims filed by plaintiffs were against local agencies, which

usually enjoy governmental immunity. Nevertheless, there is an exception to

such immunity for situations involving the negligence of the local agency in

the operation of real property and/or motor vehicles in its possession or

control.   In such situations, however, damages for pain and suffering are

recoverable only “in cases of permanent loss of a bodily function” or in cases

of “permanent disfigurement.” Walsh, supra at 230-31, 585 A.2d at 446-

47; Alexander, supra at 787.6 Here, Appellee did not sue a local agency, so

the requirement of “permanent disfigurement” applicable in Walsh and

Alexander is not relevant here.

       Appellant also cites Mansfield v. Lopez, 432 A.2d 1016 (Pa.Super.

1981), a case in which this Court remanded for a new trial because there were

no stenographic notes of testimony taken. In the absence of a transcript, this

Court concluded in Mansfield that it was impossible to determine whether

there was merit to any of the appellant’s arguments. Id. at 572.

____________________________________________

6  In Alexander, the jury found that the plaintiff’s son did not suffer
“permanent disfigurement” based on a scar below the son’s wrist. Id. at 788.
In Walsh, our Supreme Court decided that the plaintiff’s noticeable half-inch
difference in the size of his left quadricep and calf as a result of the injury he
sustained constituted “permanent disfigurement.” Walsh, supra at 243, 585
A.2d at 453.

                                           -5-
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      Here, Appellant insists we should similarly remand for a new trial based

on   Appellee’s   lack   of   evidence   concerning   her   current   “permanent

disfigurement.” Nevertheless, as we have already stated, Appellee was not

required to show “permanent disfigurement.” Additionally, unlike the facts of

Mansfield, the record in this case contains the complete notes of trial

testimony.

      Furthermore, the record contains ample evidence of Appellee’s current

deformity. As the trial court explained:

         [Appellee] testified to a permanent deformity to her
         dominant arm and physically demonstrated from the
         witness stand. [Appellee’s] medical expert, Dr. Mandel, not
         only agreed that he observed the deformity, he also
         explained the medical reason for it based upon the nature
         of the undisputed bone break and he exhibited it to the jury
         on the X-ray of [Appellee’s] forearm. Suggesting that this
         testimony did not constitute “visible evidence” is
         disingenuous. Counsel, seeking to minimize the recovery
         against his client, [argued] the injury might be considered
         … to be “healed” and not of sufficient or (in its view)
         permanent severity to constitute disfigurement. Defense
         certainly had the fulsome ability to challenge this on cross-
         examination of [Appellee’s] expert or could have retained a
         qualified[,] competing expert to offer a different admissible
         opinion. As to the latter option, [Appellant] declined to do
         so. Thus, Dr. Mandel’s expert observations and conclusions
         were essentially unchallenged, except to the extent of any
         inroads [Appellant’s] counsel secured on cross examination.
         Furthermore, defense counsel agreed to the court charging
         the jury on non-economic loss and submitted a verdict slip
         containing a provision for assessing damages for
         disfigurement.

         … At no time during the trial did [Appellant] object to the
         testimony of [Appellee] to the recovery of disfigurement
         damages. At no time during the trial did [Appellant] object
         to the testimony of [Appellee] or Dr. Mandel that addressed

                                         -6-
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         the claimed deformity in her arm. At no time did [Appellant]
         specifically move to dismiss any claims for disfigurement as
         an element of damages. And, finally, at no time during the
         trial did [Appellant] present a single witness to assert either
         that [the] type of injury or the residual evidence of the
         healed fracture could not possibly show a deformity.
         Contrary to the contention that the record failed to support
         the claim, the court concludes that [Appellant] failed to
         impeach [or] contradict that [Appellee] did not suffer a
         deformity, and the testimony of [Appellee] and Dr. Mandel
         was available to the jury to believe or disbelieve [Appellee’s]
         evidence and [Appellant] was permitted to argue
         accordingly.

         … [Appellant] was given a full and fair opportunity to cast
         doubt on the testimony of [Appellee] and Dr. Mandel. What
         [Appellant] failed to do was offer a competing…expert to
         support its contentions and to argue the medical evidence
         to the jury in [Appellant’s] defense. Here, the jury had
         apparently…compelling…evidence [presented by Appellee]
         and only two employee witnesses of [Appellant] that did not
         address nor were offered or competent to dispute causation
         or the extent of the injury. Thus, the jury’s verdict confirms
         that the jury weighed and valued the testimony in support
         of [Appellee’s] case over the self-serving, limited and
         inconsistent testimony of [Appellant’s] witnesses.

                                  *    *    *

         [Appellant]…suggests that [Appellee] had fully recovered
         and made that argument to the jury. However, [Appellee’s]
         medical expert showed the jury X-rays of the injury which
         he used to demonstrate a bowing in the bone injured in the
         accident, which [Appellee] confirmed by showing the
         claimed deformity in her arm to the jury. The defense of “I
         don’t see it, it isn’t visible” obviously did not persuade the
         jury, and [Appellant] offered no medical testimony to
         support its “faker” defense.

(Trial Court Opinion, filed 8/23/22, at 2-4, 18).

      The record supports the trial court’s analysis. Dr. Mandel testified as a

Board-certified orthopaedic surgeon, qualified to offer expert medical

                                      -7-
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testimony.7     Dr. Mandel evaluated Appellee on April 24, 2019, almost two

years after the incident. Dr. Mandel explained that Appellee suffered a broken

ulna after the window grate fell on her arm. Dr. Mandel indicated that even

when a broken bone heals, that does not necessarily mean a patient is

restored back to how she was before the accident; the bone may remain

displaced and the patient may have a deformity. Further, just because the

bone has healed does not “necessarily mean that those other soft tissues that

you can’t see in an x-ray are back to normal either.” (See Deposition of Dr.

Mandel, 6/20/22, at 22; R.R. at 1147a). Specifically, regarding Appellee, Dr.

Mandel stated that “there was a visible deformity of the right forearm in the

area of the ulna because of angulation of the ulna that was apparent just with

[his] looking at the arm and feeling the arm.” (Id. at 24; R.R. at 1149a).

Additionally, Appellee had ten degrees less rotation of the right forearm in

each direction. (Id. at 25; R.R. at 1150a). She had “significant loss of grip

strength.” (Id. at 26; R.R. at 1151a). Based on tests Dr. Mandel performed,

there was a 90 to 95 percent likelihood that Appellee developed carpal tunnel

syndrome as a result of the trauma to her arm. (Id. at 27; R.R. at 1152a).

Appellee also was ten degrees limited in volar flexion. (Id. at 28; R.R. at

1153a).

       Dr. Mandel further opined that Appellee’s “loss of motion is permanent.”

____________________________________________

7At trial, Appellee introduced the videotaped deposition testimony of Dr.
Mandel. Thus, we cite to the notes of testimony from Dr. Mandel’s deposition.

                                           -8-
J-S07033-23

(Id. at 36; R.R. at 1161a). Dr. Mandel went on to state “that as far as her

deformity was concerned, that was permanent.”         (Id.)   “The only way to

eliminate that would be to operate, re-break the arm, and realign it. But then

she would…have a big scar instead. So [he] didn’t think that was indicated.”

(Id. at 36-37; R.R. at 1161a-1162a). Dr. Mandel also stated that Appellee’s

pain “was something that she was living with and was going to persist.” (Id.

at 37; R.R. at 1162a). Ultimately, Dr. Mandel opined that he did not “think

there’s anything that really could have been done to bring her back a hundred

percent.     [Appellee] would have been left with some—some deficits

regardless.” (Id. at 48; R.R. at 1173a).

      On this record, even though Appellee was not required to demonstrate

a permanent disfigurement, Appellee provided ample evidence of her

disfigurement as a result of her injuries. Appellant posed no objection to the

verdict slip seeking damages for disfigurement, and we see no reason to

disrupt the jury’s award of disfigurement damages based on the evidence

presented.   See generally Davis v. Mullen, 565 Pa. 386, 773 A.2d 764

(2001) (explaining that whether plaintiff suffered compensable injury and

extent of such injury are strictly within purview of jury).          Therefore,

Appellant’s first issue on appeal merits no relief.

      In its second issue, Appellant argues that Appellee presented no

evidence or testimony to show a loss of earning capacity. Appellant states

that prior to the incident in question, Appellee was attending school for social

                                      -9-
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work and was not yet employed in that field. After the incident, Appellant

maintains that Appellee found employment as a social worker.          Appellant

claims Appellee presented no evidence that she lost earning power or the

ability to earn money based on the accident. Rather, Appellant contends that

Appellee maintained social work positions after the accident and went on to

change jobs, presumably to a better paying position. In the absence of any

evidence to quantify future wage loss, Appellant concludes the evidence

presented was speculative and the verdict should be remitted, or a new trial

granted. We disagree.

      This Court has explained:

         Our standard of review from the denial of a remittitur is
         circumspect and judicial reduction of a jury award is
         appropriate only when the award is plainly excessive and
         exorbitant. The question is whether the award of damages
         falls within the uncertain limits of fair and reasonable
         compensation or whether the verdict so shocks the sense of
         justice as to suggest that the jury was influenced by
         partiality, prejudice, mistake, or corruption. Furthermore,
         [t]he decision to grant or deny remittitur is within the sole
         discretion of the trial court, and proper appellate review
         dictates this Court reverse such an Order only if the trial
         court abused its discretion or committed an error of law in
         evaluating a party’s request for remittitur.

Tillery v. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 156 A.3d 1233, 1246-47

(Pa.Super. 2017), appeal denied, 643 Pa. 119, 172 A.3d 592 (2017) (internal

citations omitted).

      Additionally:

         [T]o recover for the loss of wages, a plaintiff must establish
         a wage loss that is the result of the negligence of the

                                     - 10 -
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         defendant. With respect to impairment of earning capacity,
         the law requires only proof that the injured person’s
         economic horizons have been shortened as a result of the
         tortfeasor’s negligence. The consideration of loss of earning
         capacity is not solely the comparative amount of money
         earned before or after an injury. The true test is whether
         or not there is a loss of earning power, and of ability to earn
         money. An award of damages for lost future earning
         capacity must be supported by evidence linking the
         plaintiff’s injuries to loss of earning capacity.

Mader v. Duquesne Light Company, 199 A.3d 1258, 1267 (Pa.Super.

2018) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). “[I]t is for the jury to

decide the extent and duration of the loss.” Fish v. Gosnell, 463 A.2d 1042,

1051 (Pa.Super. 1983). “Our law recognizes that ‘normally’ the first years of

participation in the labor force yield lower earnings while the plaintiff is

maturing and acquiring skills, the middle years are dominated by productivity

and growth, and higher earnings, while in the later decades, increases, if any,

taper off.” Id. Proof in support of claims for damages is legally sufficient if it

affords the factfinder a “reasonably fair basis for calculation.” Id. (internal

citation omitted).

      Instantly, the trial court explained:

         [Appellant] does not argue that [Appellee] was incompetent
         to testify as to the impact the injury had on her employment
         prospects and plans or that she misrepresented her
         earnings once she suffered or to the extent recovered from
         the injury sufficiently to secure employment. [Appellant]
         also does not suggest that only an expert could evaluate her
         losses. Thus, it was not error for the court to allow the
         testimony or to conclude that the testimony provided a
         factual and sufficient basis upon which the jury could
         determine whether she suffered damages related to lost
         wages and lost employment opportunities. … [Appellant’s]

                                     - 11 -
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       only argument is that [Appellee’s] testimony, alone, is not
       a sufficient basis upon which to calculate the loss. However,
       [Appellant] cites no legal authority to support this
       argument.

       [Appellant] had, again, the opportunity to extensively cross
       examine [Appellee] as to her prospects and, also, as to the
       timing of her actually securing employment and the issues
       attendant to her ability to function on account of the injury,
       all of which related to her claim that she could not fully
       realize her income potential as a result of residual disability
       for which she required an accommodation. [Appellant] was
       also free to challenge [Appellee’s] testimony by presenting
       a medical expert to dispute [her] claim of physical
       deficiencies affecting her job performance but again elected
       not to retain an expert. [Appellant] could also have chosen
       to challenge [Appellee’s] financial records to undermine her
       claim. [Appellant] does not claim that it did not have access
       to such records.        To the contrary, it appears that
       [Appellant’s] possum strategy [was] to allow [Appellee] to
       testify as to her damages and put her case into the record,
       and thereafter to object only after the verdict based upon a
       claimed insufficiency of evidence (after having made only a
       broad, omnibus motion for directed verdict at the close of
       trial). …

                                *     *      *

       Here, the testimony bore out that [Appellee] suffered a
       serious injury that created permanent deformity, that the
       injury occurred at a critical time in [Appellee’s] career path
       and as she completed a graduate degree leading to a
       professional career track, as to which [Appellee] secured
       employment immediately upon recovering from the injury,
       but with residual issues that required accommodation and
       affected her ability to perform certain types of
       employments. On the basis of the record before the court,
       having observed the entirety of the trial and having
       considered the insufficiency of the defense that [Appellant]
       elected to present, this court cannot conclude that the jury’s
       verdict is anything other than fully supported by the
       evidence and a proper result of the court’s instructions on
       calculating damages for this injury to a then-27 year old
       [Appellee] who continues to experience residual pain and

                                    - 12 -
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         requires accommodations to her employment.

(Trial Court Opinion at 4-6, 19).

      The record supports the court’s analysis. Appellee testified that she was

27 years old on July 31, 2017—the date of her injury.          She had recently

finished a master’s program for social work at the University of Pennsylvania

and was in the midst of an employment search. Appellee secured employment

in February of 2018, approximately six months after the injury.           Appellee

explained that her first job in February 2018 was doing social work at Mercy

Fitzgerald and Mercy Philadelphia. Appellee said she was unable to secure

employment sooner based on her injuries because she was not able to type

or handwrite notes, was easily exhausted, and feared the repercussions of

asking for accommodations for her injuries. Appellee left her job at Mercy

after two months when she received a better opportunity at Drexel

University’s   counseling   center.       Specifically,   Drexel   made    special

accommodations for Appellee’s injuries including a special mouse and gel rest,

and speech-to-text technology.        A few weeks prior to trial, Appellee was

offered a new job opportunity with the United States Senate to do therapy for

the Sergeant at Arms. Notwithstanding her employment and job prospects,

Appellee explained that she still suffered from her injuries at the time of trial.

Appellee said she has difficulty writing for too long; she gets a “tingly” feeling

and then her arm goes numb. As writing notes is a crucial component of her

social work responsibilities, her injury made this aspect of her employment

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much harder. (See N.T. Trial, 6/27/22, at 92-122; R.R. at 861a-891a).

      Dr.   Mandel   confirmed   that   had   Appellee   sought   post-graduate

employment between the date of the accident and the date when she began

working in February 2018, the injuries to her right wrist and forearm would

have significantly impaired her ability to carry out certain duties such as

keyboard typing or note-taking by hand. (See Deposition of Dr. Mandel at

45; R.R. at 1170a).     Specifically, Appellee was immobilized in one of the

treatment devices after the incident and then casted several times.

Thereafter, Appellee wore a clamshell-type brace for three months. During

that period when Appellee was initially being treated after the incident, “she

really would not have had much function at all of her hand.” (Id. at 46; R.R.

at 1171a). After her arm had been immobilized for several months, Appellee

would be weak and stiff, and it would have taken her a while to regain her

dexterity. (Id.) Thus, Dr. Mandel opined that Appellee would not “have been

able to do the job of a social worker with any sort of efficiency, or even get

the job done during that initial period of time.” (Id. at 47; R.R. at 1172a).

      The record supports the jury’s award of damages for lost earnings and

loss of earning capacity. See Mader, supra; Fish, supra. As such, we see

no abuse of discretion or error of law in the court’s denial of Appellant’s post-

trial motion seeking remittitur. See Tillery, supra. Therefore, Appellant’s

second issue on appeal merits no relief.

      In its third issue, Appellant argues the court erred by denying its motion

                                     - 14 -
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in limine seeking to preclude testimony from Appellee’s expert, Sylvia Deye.

Appellant claims that Ms. Deye is an architect “but has no specialized training

or experience that would qualify her as an expert in the fields of engineering

specific to bolting/fastener design/technologies, metallurgy, fracture analysis

in bolting components, coatings (over carbon steel surfaces), destructive

and/or nondestructive testing technologies upon which to base her opinions.”

(Appellant’s Brief at 19).       Appellant claims Ms. Deye improperly used her

“expert” status to bolster what is essentially “lay” testimony, based on nothing

more than speculation and photographs and witness testimony, which the

jurors could have evaluated for themselves. Appellant indicates that Ms. Deye

concludes that the grate failed due to over-torquing and the failure to clean

lag holes by the defendants. Appellant insists this testimony overreaches the

scope of architecture and opines on matters better suited for an engineer.

Appellant concludes the court erroneously admitted Ms. Deye’s testimony, and

this Court must remand for a new trial.8 We disagree.

       “The admission of expert testimony is a matter committed to the

discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed absent an abuse of that

discretion.” Nobles v. Staples, Inc., 150 A.3d 110, 113 (Pa.Super. 2016).

“An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment, but if in reaching

____________________________________________

8 Notwithstanding the phrasing of Appellant’s third issue in the statement of
questions presented, Appellant makes no argument on appeal that Ms. Deye
testified beyond the scope of her written report.

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a conclusion the law is overridden or misapplied, or the judgment exercised is

manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will,

as shown by the evidence or the record, discretion is abused.” Id. (internal

citation and quotation marks omitted).

       Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 702 permits expert testimony on subjects

concerning knowledge beyond that possessed by a layperson. See Pa.R.E.

702.   “It is the job of the trial court to assess the expert’s testimony to

determine whether the expert’s testimony reflects the application of expertise

or strays into matters of common knowledge.” Snizavich v. Rohm and Hass

Company, 83 A.3d 191, 194 (Pa.Super. 2013). “Admissible expert testimony

that reflects the application of expertise requires more than simply having an

expert offer a lay opinion.” Id. at 195. “[E]xpert testimony must be based

on more than mere personal belief, and must be supported by reference to

facts, testimony or empirical data.”      Id. (internal citations and quotation

marks omitted).

       Instantly, the trial court explained:

          [Appellant] further challenges that the expert was merely
          an Architect “but has no specialized training or experience
          that would qualify her as an expert in the fields of
          engineering        specific       to        bolting/fastener
          design/technologies/metallurgy, fracture analysis…” This
          argument ignores that [Appellant’s] pre-trial Motion in
          Limine did not challenge Ms. Deye’s qualifications to
          render an opinion, only that her opinion was not based on
          sufficient facts. Nor did [Appellant] challenge Ms. Deye’s

                                      - 16 -
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           qualifications at trial or request a Frye[9] hearing.
           [Appellant] cannot now make objections that were waived
           before and during the trial. …

(Trial Court Opinion at 12-13) (emphasis in original).

        Our review of the record confirms that Appellant did not challenge Ms.

Deye’s qualifications in its motion in limine.     To the contrary, Appellant’s

motion in limine sought to preclude Ms. Deye’s testimony based on the fact

that Ms. Deye had not inspected the actual window grate.10 Thus, Appellant

argued that Ms. Deye’s proffered testimony was speculation and conjecture.

As the trial court noted, Appellant did not claim in the motion in limine that

Ms. Deye’s experience as an architect rendered her unqualified to give expert

testimony in this case. (See Motion in Limine, filed 4/26/22, at ¶¶ 1-24; R.R.

at 50a-54a).

        Nevertheless, Appellant did object to Ms. Deye’s qualifications at trial.

Specifically, following voir dire of Ms. Deye, Appellant’s counsel stated: “I don’t

think the qualifications she discussed qualify her to discuss the material’s

failure of the grates in question.” (N.T. Trial, 6/28/22, at 29; R.R. at 988a).

The court overruled Appellant’s objection. (Id.) Thus, we disagree with the

trial court’s statement that Appellant failed to object to Ms. Deye’s

____________________________________________

9   Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C.Cir. 1923).

10   The window grate was not available for inspection.

                                          - 17 -
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qualifications during trial.11

       Regarding her qualifications, Ms. Deye testified that she received her

Bachelor of Science degree in architecture from Spring Garden College. Ms.

Deye went on to the University of Illinois and completed a master’s degree

program in architecture. She then had a three-year internship and completed

an examination in mechanical structural electrical site, civil and history. Ms.

Deye also continues to complete continuing education courses that involve

masonry, masonry construction, the structural capabilities that are required

by building facades as well as components that are attached to them. Ms.

Deye is a member of the American Institute of Architects and the National

Accreditation Review Board of Architects. Ms. Deye is also an ice and snow

expert and tribometer expert for slip resistance. Ms. Deye explained she has

been doing project construction her whole life. (Id. at 19-22; R.R. at 978a-

981a).

       Upon voir dire cross-examination, Ms. Deye conceded that she does not

have a degree in mechanical engineering. Nevertheless, Ms. Deye confirmed

that she has studied metallurgy (a branch of science and technology

concerned with the properties of metals and their production and purification).

Ms. Deye explained that as an architect, she hires the mechanical, electrical

and structural engineers and guides them through the process of what she

____________________________________________

11Appellant also objected to Ms. Deye’s qualifications in its post-trial motion.
(See Post-Trial Motion, filed 7/11/22, at ¶ 40; R.R. at 684a).

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likes to see in a building.   Thus, “[i]t is [Ms. Deye’s] job as a whole to

understand and to make sure that what they’re providing works with the

overall building. So [she] has to understand everything they do. And [she]

actually guide[s] them and [they] work together.” (Id. at 24; R.R. at 983a).

      Over Appellant’s objection, the court accepted Ms. Deye as an expert in

architectural safety. (Id. at 29; R.R. at 988a). Notably, Appellant failed to

present any rebuttal expert witness to contradict Ms. Deye’s conclusions or to

opine that Ms. Deye was testifying beyond the scope of her expertise. On this

record, we see no reason to disrupt the court’s decision to accept Ms. Deye as

a liability expert in this case. See Snizavich, supra; Nobles, supra.

      Further, Ms. Deye explained that she reviewed the photographic

evidence, the deposition testimony of various witnesses, the contracts with

the engineer, the project punch list as well as the Philadelphia certification

and approval dates, and Appellant’s answers to interrogatories, in formulating

her opinion in this case. (See N.T., 6/28/22, at 22; R.R. at 981a). Ms. Deye

confirmed that “[b]ased on [her] education, training and experience, … the

information provided to [her was] adequate for [her] to perform the review of

this particular matter.” (Id.) Thus, we disagree with Appellant’s contention

that Ms. Deye’s opinion was based on mere speculation or conjecture. See

Snizavich, supra.     Therefore, Appellant’s third issue merits no relief.

Accordingly, we affirm.

      Judgment affirmed.

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 6/6/2023

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