Court Opinion

ID: 9394099
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-12 14:04:45.35774+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:56.887237
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: MAY 5, 2023; 10:00 A.M.
                          TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                          Court of Appeals

                             NO. 2022-CA-0191-MR

T-MOBILE SOUTH LLC (D/B/A T-
MOBILE USA), SUCCESSOR-IN-
INTEREST TO POWERTEL
MEMPHIS, INC.                                                       APPELLANT

                APPEAL FROM FRANKLIN CIRCUIT COURT
v.              HONORABLE PHILLIP J. SHEPHERD, JUDGE
                 ACTION NOS. 09-CI-01436 & 15-CI-01124

KENTUCKY COMMERCIAL MOBILE
RADIO SERVICE EMERGENCY
TELECOMMUNICATIONS BOARD
(N/K/A KENTUCKY 911 SERVICES
BOARD)                                                                APPELLEE

                                   OPINION
                                  AFFIRMING

                                  ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: CALDWELL, ECKERLE, AND KAREM, JUDGES.

CALDWELL, JUDGE: T-Mobile South LLC (“T-Mobile”) appeals from a

Franklin Circuit Court judgment concluding that T-Mobile was not entitled to a

common law refund of, or interest on, over $600,000 in service charges paid to the
Kentucky Commercial Mobile Radio Service Emergency Telecommunications

Board (“CMRS Board”) on prepaid wireless service from 2003 to 2005. We

affirm for the reasons stated herein.

                                         FACTS

                In 2020, this Court reversed the Franklin Circuit Court’s order

dismissing T-Mobile’s civil action for a refund of the CMRS service charges paid

on prepaid wireless service from 2003 until 2005. The Franklin Circuit Court had

concluded it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over T-Mobile’s refund request

because it viewed the CMRS service charge as a tax rather than a fee. So, it

reversed an order of the Kentucky Board of Tax Appeals (“KBTA”) dismissing T-

Mobile’s administrative appeal and remanded the case for further proceedings

before the Kentucky Claims Commission (which was then handling administrative

tax appeals).

                Upon appeal of the trial court’s dismissal of the civil action, we

determined that the service charge at issue was a fee rather than a tax and that the

Franklin Circuit Court had subject matter jurisdiction over the dispute. But since

neither the trial court nor the KBTA had previously reached the merits of the

                                            -2-
refund request, we declined to address whether T-Mobile was entitled to a refund

and we remanded the case to the trial court for further proceedings.1

               Upon remand to the trial court, both parties filed motions for summary

judgment in their favor. T-Mobile argued it was entitled to a common law refund

of the over $600,000 in dispute and to interest on this amount. The CMRS Board

contended T-Mobile was not entitled to a common law refund. It also argued in

the alternative that the statute of limitations barred a refund of most of the service

charges at issue.

               Following briefing and oral argument, the trial court entered an order

granting the CMRS Board’s motion and denying T-Mobile’s motion. The order

further declared that the trial court’s decision was final and appealable and that

there was no just cause for delay.

               T-Mobile filed a timely appeal. It contends that it is entitled to a

common law refund, that its claims are not time-barred, and that it is also entitled

to interest. We disagree. Further facts will be discussed as necessary to resolve

this appeal.

1
 See Kentucky Commercial Mobile Radio Service Emergency Telecommunications Board v. T-
Mobile South LLC, No. 2018-CA-001614-MR, 2020 WL 4514940 (Ky. App. Jul. 10, 2020).

                                           -3-
                                    ANALYSIS

                                Standard of Review

             We review the trial court’s resolution of the issues de novo. The

relevant facts are undisputed. Therefore, since the trial court resolved purely legal

issues in ruling on the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment, we apply the

non-deferential de novo standard of review. Majestic Oaks Homeowners

Association, Inc. v. Majestic Oaks Farms, Inc., 530 S.W.3d 435, 438 (Ky. 2017).

Trial Court Did Not Err in Ruling T-Mobile Was Not Entitled to a Common
Law Refund Under Undisputed Facts Here

   1. Discussion of Common Law Refund in Virgin Mobile was Dicta

             T-Mobile relies principally on Virgin Mobile U.S.A., L.P v.

Commonwealth ex rel. Commercial Mobile Radio Service Telecommunications

Board, 448 S.W.3d 241 (Ky. 2014), and City of Covington v. Powell, 59 Ky. 226

(1859). In its appellant brief, citing Virgin Mobile, 448 S.W.3d at 251 and quoting

City of Covington, 59 Ky. at 228, T-Mobile contends that the holdings in both

Virgin Mobile and City of Covington confirm the availability of a common law

refund to T-Mobile here because T-Mobile mistakenly paid a fee that was not

owed.

             Like the trial court, we reject this contention in part because our

Supreme Court’s discussion of common law refund issues in Virgin Mobile was

dicta. As the trial court here noted, Virgin Mobile resolved whether T-Mobile and

                                         -4-
other providers were required to collect and remit CMRS service charges for

prepaid wireless service during the time period at issue, but it did not resolve any

issue about how any provider other than Virgin Mobile should seek relief via a

common law refund. Nor did Virgin Mobile explicitly hold that any provider was

entitled to a common law refund based solely on mistakenly paying a fee that was

not actually owed.

               Our Supreme Court noted that Virgin Mobile had quoted the

following language from City of Covington in its appellant brief:

               It may now be regarded as well settled in this State that
               when money has been paid through a clear and palpable
               mistake of law or fact, essentially affecting the rights of
               the parties, which in law, honor, or conscience was not
               due and payable, and which ought not to be retained by
               the party to whom it was paid, it may be recoverd [sic]
               back.

Virgin Mobile, 448 S.W.3d at 251 (quoting City of Covington, 59 Ky. at 226). And

the Court stated that it did not disagree with this “venerable principle” or with

other cases cited by Virgin Mobile.2 But our Supreme Court also clearly held that

refund cases did not apply because Virgin Mobile was not seeking a refund of

2
  Virgin Mobile’s appellant brief is available on Westlaw at 2013 WL 8610365. Virgin Mobile
cited therein the following cases for its argument that it was entitled to a refund under common
law principles: City of Covington, 59 Ky. at 226; Inland Container Corp. v. Mason Cnty., 6
S.W.3d 374 (Ky. 1999); Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. City of Lexington, 256 Ky. 595, 76
S.W.2d 894 (1934); Barnes v. Stearns Coal & Lumber Co., 295 Ky. 812, 175 S.W.2d 498
(1943); and Maximum Mach. Co., Inc. v. City of Shepherdsville, 17 S.W.3d 890 (Ky. 2000).

                                               -5-
money already paid, but was seeking to justify its underpayment of service charges

incurred later:

                    We do not disagree with the venerable principle
             cited in City of Covington or in the other cases relied
             upon by Virgin. We find them inapplicable here because
             they all involve the right to a refund, which as noted
             above, is not the issue here. Virgin does not assert these
             principles in support of an action for a refund of money
             mistakenly paid between 2002 and May 2005. Instead,
             Virgin is asserting them as a justification for its
             underpayment of the CMRS obligations that came due
             after July 12, 2006. Had Virgin paid those obligations
             when due, and in a timely fashion filed an action for a
             refund of the funds it had mistakenly thought it owed, the
             cited principles and the equities they embody may have
             favored Virgin’s position. But that is not the case before
             us.

Id. As the trial court in its opinion and order in the present case aptly stated:

             The [Kentucky Supreme] Court mere[ly] posed a
             hypothetical question, in dicta, that raised the possibility
             that the equities might be different [if] Virgin Mobile had
             pursued a different legal strategy. . . . The [Kentucky
             Supreme] Court’s use of conditional verbs (e.g., “had
             Virgin paid those obligations”; “may have favored
             Virgin’s position) along with its direct statement of “that
             is not the case before us” make it clear that it did not
             intend to validate any and all common law refund claims
             that arose in connection with parties’ remittance of
             CMRS service charges for prepaid wireless services.
             Consequently, it would be misplaced for this Court to
             rely upon hypothetical conclusions of law as a basis for a
             holding in this case.

             In its reply brief, T-Mobile contends that even if Virgin Mobile’s

discussion of common law refund issues is dicta, it is judicial dicta aimed at

                                          -6-
reducing unnecessary litigation. See Franklin Cnty. Distilling Co. v. Crowder, 305

Ky. 84, 88, 202 S.W.2d 1015, 1018 (1947). And it suggests our Supreme Court

intended to reduce unnecessary litigation over whether providers who paid CMRS

service charges on prepaid wireless service were entitled to common law refunds

by indicating that they should receive such refunds.

             But we cannot say with certainty what our Supreme Court intended to

do by discussing common law refund precedent in what is indisputably dicta.

Possibly, our Supreme Court intended to suggest that common law refunds might

be available as a remedy to providers who paid CMRS service charges on prepaid

wireless service during the relevant time period before our Supreme Court

determined they were not obligated to do so. But as the CMRS Board suggests in

its brief, the fact that common law refunds may be available as a remedy to some

providers who made the payments at issue does not mean that all of these providers

are entitled to common law refunds. Instead, such determinations must be made in

light of controlling precedent, including City of Covington, but not excluding other

precedent on the same issue.

City of Covington Is Not Sole Controlling Authority on Common Law Refunds

             Similar to the trial court in its opinion and order, we reject any

argument that “City of Covington establishes a stand-alone test for a common law

refund where money has been paid due to a mistake of law or fact” or that our

                                         -7-
Supreme Court indicated in Virgin Mobile that City of Covington was the sole

controlling case governing common law refunds. Instead, we construe City of

Covington along with other cases developing Kentucky common law refund

principles. After all, our Supreme Court noted it also did not disagree with other

cases cited by Virgin Mobile to support a refund before stating the question of a

refund was not even properly before it. See Virgin Mobile, 448 S.W.3d at 251.

             As suggested by our Supreme Court, City of Covington expresses a

“venerable principle,” i.e., “when money has been paid through a clear and

palpable mistake of law or fact, essentially affecting the rights of the parties, which

in law, honor, or conscience was not due and payable, and which ought not to be

retained by the party to whom it was paid, it may be recoverd [sic] back.” See

Virgin Mobile, 448 S.W.3d at 251 (citing City of Covington, 59 Ky. at 226). Yet

this statement, by itself, does not express a clear and complete test about when a

refund is due under the common law. It does not describe, for example, how one

determines when a payment for something, not actually due and payable, should or

should not “be retained by the party to whom it was paid . . . .” But controlling

precedent rendered after City of Covington provides more guidance about the

application of common law refund principles.

                                          -8-
Recent Precedent Limits Common Law Tax Refunds to Situations Involving
Involuntary Payments Based on Invalid Legislation or Taxing Authority
Misrepresentation

             Recent precedent states that tax refunds are authorized under the

common law in two situations. The first situation is: “when the taxing statute or

regulation is invalid and the tax payments were submitted involuntarily[.]” The

second situation is: “when the taxing authority has engaged in misrepresentation.”

Inland Container Corp., 6 S.W.3d at 377; Maximum Mach. Co., 17 S.W.3d at 892.

             Of course, these recent precedents concerned taxes rather than the

service charges at issue here which we concluded were fees in the prior appeal.

And the CMRS Board is clearly not a taxing authority. Nonetheless, the reasoning

of this recent precedent applies by analogy since the same basic types of payments

are often alternately described as taxes and fees in earlier cases where similar

common law refund principles are discussed. See generally Great Atlantic, 76

S.W.2d at 894 (request for refund of license taxes for selling cigarettes in

groceries); Spalding v. City of Lebanon, 156 Ky. 37, 160 S.W. 751, 752 (1913)

(request for refund of license fees for selling soft drinks in pharmacies).

Longstanding Precedent Rendered After City of Covington Recognizes the
Same Basic Requirements for Common Law Refunds of Fees as Recent
Precedent about Common Law Refunds of Taxes

             For many decades, Kentucky courts have focused on issues about the

validity of legislation, voluntariness of payment, and any misrepresentation by the

                                          -9-
government or its agents when considering whether one is entitled to a common

law refund from a governmental entity. For example, the Kentucky high court

stated in its 1934 opinion in Great Atlantic, 76 S.W.2d at 895-96:

                    Money paid without consideration and which in
             law, honor, or good conscience was not payable ought in
             law, honor, and good conscience to be recoverable, and
             that rule applicable to transactions between individuals
             should be generally made applicable to municipalities
             and other governments. Only very compelling reasons of
             public policy relieve the state and its subdivisions from
             being required to live up to the same moral standards
             demanded of individuals and to repay taxes collected
             without authority of a valid law. . . .

                   On the other hand, this court is committed to the
             doctrine, at least as related to the commonwealth, that
             those equitable rules may not be invoked to compel a
             refund of taxes voluntarily paid to an officer of the law
             charged with the duty of collecting the tax. . . .

                    Here there was actual misrepresentation. . . .

                    One who has intentionally deceived another to his
             prejudice will not be heard to say in defense of the charge
             of fraud that the innocent party ought not to have trusted
             him, or was guilty of negligence in so doing.

In Great Atlantic, a grocery company official asked a city clerk whether a special

license was required to sell cigarettes and the city clerk replied there was a cost of

$35 per store. The city clerk and other city officials then continued to collect the

cigarette license payments (along with grocery license payments) and to deposit

them in the city treasury for a few years. Later, however, the city treasurer

                                         -10-
returned a payment, advising there was no license payment required for selling

cigarettes in grocery stores. The Kentucky court noted there was no actual

ordinance in existence requiring payment for an additional license to sell cigarettes

in grocery stores during the years at issue. 76 S.W.2d at 894.

             Despite arguments that the grocery company should have

independently investigated to see if it was obligated to pay for an additional license

to sell cigarettes, the Kentucky court concluded the grocery company was entitled

to a refund in light of evidence of actual misrepresentation by city officials and

evidence that the payments were not voluntary but compulsory. Id. at 895-96.

             The Kentucky court also cited authority indicating that payments were

not voluntary but compulsory “whenever they are collectible by summary process

or fine and imprisonment[.]” And it noted the parties’ stipulation that “the

company knew that those who conducted a business in the city on which a license

tax was imposed without paying the tax were subject to the imposition of fines and

other penalties, and that the company believed if it failed to pay such licenses it

would be liable to those penalties.” Id. at 896.

             Even farther back, in 1913, the Kentucky high court stated the

Kentucky rule allowing for possible recovery of payments made based on mistake

of fact or law had been modified when applied to governmental entities collecting

undue payments to only permit refunds of involuntary payments:

                                         -11-
                      One of the modifications to this Kentucky rule,
               however, is that illegal taxes paid voluntarily may not be
               recovered; but, if they are paid under compulsion which
               exists whenever they are collectible by summary process
               of fine and imprisonment, they come within the general
               rule and may be recovered. When taxes can be collected
               by suit only, and are voluntarily paid, an action to
               recover them cannot be maintained.

Spalding, 160 S.W. at 753.3

               The Kentucky high court concluded that involuntary payment was

shown under the facts of that case. Id. The plaintiffs/appellants had sought

refunds of license fees paid to sell soft drinks at drugstores under a void ordinance

for which one could be fined for non-payment and which even resulted in an arrest:

               Section 7 of the ordinance provided a fine of $5 for any
               person who should violate its provisions by selling soft
               drinks without the license; and, on one occasion, the
               plaintiffs having failed to pay the quarterly installment of
               their license when due, one of them was arrested, and,
               upon his pleading guilty, a fine of $5 was assessed
               against him and paid.

Id. at 752-53.

               Ultimately the Kentucky court reversed the trial court’s judgment in

the city’s favor and indicated the appellants should recover the money paid after

determining the ordinance was invalid, the payment was involuntary, and the

appellants essentially received no consideration for their payments. Id. at 753-54.

3
 The Kentucky court cited, inter alia, City of Covington, 59 Ky. at 228, in its discussion of prior
common law refund precedent in Spalding, 160 S.W. at 754.

                                               -12-
Thus, the Kentucky court determined that a common law refund of the license fees

paid was authorized in light of conditions showing both invalid authority for

requiring the payment and involuntary payment – which is consistent with the

requirements for obtaining a common law refund of taxes in recent precedent such

as Inland Container, 6 S.W.3d at 377.

             Similarly, in Ziedman & Pollie, Inc. v. City of Ashland, 244 Ky. 279,

50 S.W.2d 557 (1932), the Kentucky court reversed a judgment in favor of the city

on the appellants’ request for a refund of carnival license fees. The court

determined the ordinance imposing the fees was void. Id. at 559. It quoted the

rule stated in Spalding, 160 S.W. at 753, about not permitting refunds of voluntary

payments of illegal taxes but recognizing that payments were not voluntary “[if]

collectible by summary process of fine and imprisonment[.]” And it concluded the

payment of the fees at issue was involuntary, Ziedman, 50 S.W.2d at 560, after

previously noting one would be subject to fines of $100 per day for operating a

carnival without paying the fees. See id. at 557. This is also consistent with

common law refund requirements in recent precedent such as Inland Container.

             So, in light of long-standing precedent regarding common law

refunds of fees and analogous requirements for common law tax refunds in recent

precedent, we conclude that for one to be entitled to a common law refund of fees

paid to a governmental entity based on mistake of law or fact, there must be either

                                        -13-
1) both invalid authority requiring the payment and involuntary payment, or 2)

misrepresentation by the government entity.

               To the extent that prior precedent such as City of Covington or Bruner

v. Town of Stanton4 broadly authorizes common law refunds of moneys mistakenly

paid to governmental entities without requiring a showing of involuntary payment

or misrepresentation, such precedent has long been implicitly modified by

controlling precedent recognizing additional requirements in this context including

Great Atlantic and Spalding.

T-Mobile Cannot Show Common Law Refund Requirements Such as
Involuntary Payments or Misrepresentation by the CMRS Board

               T-Mobile argues it fulfilled the requirements for a common law

refund set forth in Inland Container and/or other precedent. We disagree. T-

Mobile cannot show involuntary payments or misrepresentation based on the

4
  See Bruner v. Town of Stanton, 102 Ky. 459, 43 S.W. 411, 412 (1897) (“It has been held that,
even where the licensee knew the tax imposed was illegal, and paid it, yet, if there were
circumstances of oppression connected with the transaction, the money beyond the amount
authorized to be collected might be recovered . . . . The general rule is well settled, and is alike
applicable to transactions between an individual and a municipality as between individuals alone,
that where money has been paid through a clear and palpable mistake of law or fact essentially
affecting the right of the parties, which in law, honor, or conscience was not due and payable,
and which ought not to be retained by the party to whom it is paid, it may be recovered back.”).
Ultimately, however, the Kentucky court in Bruner determined “no recovery can be had, because
at the time the money is alleged to have been paid, namely, June 5, 1893, the town authorities
were authorized to enforce the collection complained of.” Id.

                                               -14-
undisputed facts here – regardless of any questions about the validity of controlling

statutes or the CMRS Board’s interpretation of the statutes.

                Technically, our Supreme Court did not declare invalid then-

applicable statutes requiring the payment of CMRS service charges in Virgin

Mobile, although it interpreted these controlling statutes as not requiring that

providers of prepaid wireless service such as T-Mobile were responsible for

collecting or paying CMRS service charges on prepaid wireless services. Virgin

Mobile, 448 S.W.3d at 251. But even assuming a lack of valid authority for

requiring it to pay the CMRS service charges for the time at issue, T-Mobile

cannot show that its payments were involuntary in the sense defined by long-

standing precedent such as Spalding or Great Atlantic. The CMRS service charge

fees were not collectible by summary process of fine or imprisonment. Instead,

unpaid CMRS service charge fees would have to be collected by suit – such as the

collection action filed against Virgin Mobile. See KRS5 65.7635(5).

                Not only can T-Mobile not show that its payments were involuntary,

but it cannot show actual, intentional misrepresentation. See Great Atlantic, 76

S.W.2d at 895-96. Unlike Great Atlantic, this is not a case in which there was no

legislation actually requiring the payment of a fee or tax despite government

officials’ representations to the contrary. Instead, then-existing statutes required

5
    Kentucky Revised Statutes.

                                          -15-
the payment of CMRS service charges and there was simply a debate over whether

providers of prepaid wireless service were obligated to collect or remit such

charges themselves.

             The CMRS Board, through its officials and counsel, simply stated in

correspondence that it took the position that service providers were responsible

for collecting CMRS service charges on prepaid wireless service for the time at

issue – in response to T-Mobile’s and other providers’ questions about whether

they were required to collect and remit these charges. The CMRS Board did not

state an untruth, as it merely stated its interpretation of governing statutes in

response to those offering different interpretations before our Supreme Court

resolved the controversy in Virgin Mobile.

Other Authority Cited by T-Mobile Does Not Support Entitlement to
Common Law Refund Under Undisputed Facts Here

             T-Mobile argues it is entitled to a refund based on alleged similarities

to Barnes, 175 S.W.2d 498. In some ways, this case is similar to Barnes – such as

the payments at issue being placed in specialized accounts rather than the general

treasury for the Commonwealth or a municipality. See id. at 499-500. But notably

distinct from the present case, statutory provisions authorized refunds of the

unemployment insurance-type payments at issue in Barnes regardless of whether

there were any showing payments were involuntary. See id. at 500 (referring to

statute providing that refunds of payments at issue be paid out of a particular

                                          -16-
account and rejecting argument that statute expressly providing for refunds and

adjustments only applied to involuntary payments). So, Barnes essentially

involved issues of entitlement to a refund pursuant to a statute which did not

require the payments to be refunded to have been made involuntarily. There is no

such statute here to eliminate the involuntariness requirement for T-Mobile to

obtain a common law refund.

             Thus, we do not perceive Barnes as showing T-Mobile’s entitlement

to a common law refund under the facts here. Instead, based upon the clear

requirements developed in Kentucky precedent for common law refunds, T-Mobile

was not entitled to such a refund.

              In sum, based upon our review of Kentucky precedent, we discern no

error in the trial court’s conclusion that T-Mobile was not entitled to a common

law refund under the undisputed facts here. Furthermore, given the clear lack of

entitlement to a common law refund under the facts here, it is not necessary for us

to address arguments concerning the statute of limitations or interest or any other

issues raised in the briefs but not discussed herein.

                                     CONCLUSION

             For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the Franklin Circuit Court’s

judgment.

             ALL CONCUR.

                                         -17-
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:     BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Mark A. Lloyd             Shawn D. Chapman
Bailey Roese              Jacob C. Walbourn
Stephanie M. Bruns        Frankfort, Kentucky
Louisville, Kentucky

                        -18-