Court Opinion

ID: 9958716
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-09 20:09:50.768796+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:18:39.279741
License: Public Domain

Valdez v De Schrijver
               2024 NY Slip Op 31104(U)
                      April 2, 2024
           Supreme Court, New York County
        Docket Number: Index No. 450657/2018
                 Judge: Shlomo S. Hagler
Cases posted with a "30000" identifier, i.e., 2013 NY Slip
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                       publication.
                                                                                                                 INDEX NO. 450657/2018
  NYSCEF DOC. NO. 346                                                                               RECEIVED NYSCEF: 04/02/2024

                             SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
                                       NEW YORK COUNTY
            PRESENT:        HON. SHLOMO S. HAGLER                              PART                                                 17
                                                                    Justice
            -------------------X                                               INDEX NO.                        450657/2018
             STEVEN VALDEZ,
                                                                                                                 05/20/2020,
                                                                               MOTION DATE                       05/04/2020
                                              Plaintiff,
                                                                               MOTION SEQ. NO. _ __,; _0.. c. .06.: . . .; . 00;; _;._
                                                                                                                                     7 _
                                        -v-
             JEROEN DE SCHRIJVER, SASKIA DER SCHRIJVER,
             ELLEN LUTGARDE DEPOORTER, DIAGRAMA                               AMENDED DECISION + ORDER
             CONSTRUCTION LLC,
                                                                                    ON MOTION
                                              Defendant.
            -------------------X

             JEROEN DE SCHRIJVER, SASKIA DER SCHRIJVER, ELLEN                                 Third-Party
             LUTGARDE DEPOORTER                                                         Index No. 43341/2017E

                                               Plaintiff,

                                         -against-

                                               Defendant.
             ------------------X
            The following e-filed documents, listed by NYSCEF document number {Motion 006) 191, 192, 193, 194,
            195,196,197,198,199,200,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,219,223,233,280,281,
            282,283,284,285,287,288,312,313,314,316
            were read on this motion to/for                        SUMMARY JUDGMENT(AFTER JOINDER

            The following e-filed documents, listed by NYSCEF document number (Motion 007) 167, 168, 169, 170,
            171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,217,
            220,221,224,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,
            289,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,317,319,331,332,333
            were read on this motion to/for                               JUDGMENT - SUMMARY

                   Motion sequence numbers 006 and 007 are hereby consolidated for disposition.

                                              PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

                   In this action, plaintiff, Steven Valdez, seeks damages for personal injuries he allegedly

            sustained on September 20, 2016. Plaintiff alleges that he fell from an A-frame ladder (the

             450657/2018 VALDEZ, STEVEN vs. DE SCHRIJVER, JEROEN                                                 Page 1 of 30
             Motion No. 006 007

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           "Subject Ladder") while working on a building renovation (the "Project") located at 289 Clinton

           Avenue, New York, NY (the "Premises"). He alleges that the Subject Ladder shifted while he

           was standing on it, causing him to fall.

                   At the time of the accident, the Premises was owned by Jeroen De Schrijver ("J.

            Schrijver"), Saskia De Schrijver (''S. Schrijver"), and Ellen Lutgarde Depoorter (collectively the

           "Owners"). Plaintiff was an employee of Vigilante Contracting, Co, Inc. ("Vigilante"), a

           contractor performing HV AC work on the Project. Plaintiff and the Owners allege that

           Diagrama Construction, LLC ("Diagrama") was the general contractor on the Project.

                   The Owners assert cross-claims against Diagrama for contractual indemnification,

           common law indemnification, and contribution.

                   In motion sequence 006, plaintiff moves for summary judgment pursuant to CPLR 3212

            in his favor as to liability on his Labor Law §240 (1) claims against defendants.

                   In motion sequence 007, Diagrama moves for summary judgment pursuant to CPLR

            3212 in its favor dismissing the complaint and the Owner's cross-claims.

           Plaintiffs Deposition Testimony

                   Plaintiff appeared for depositions on October 5, 2017 (NYSCEF Doc. No. 282),

           November 17, 2017 (NYSCEF Doc. No. 283), and February 15, 2019 (NYSCEF Doc. No. 284).

            At the time of the accident he was working for Vigilante, installing HV AC units on the Project

            (Plaintiffs October 5, 2017 tr. at 49-51). Plaintiff testified that the Project was a four-floor

            building (the "Building") renovation (id at 72). He neither knew the Owners by name, nor had

            he ever heard ofDiagrama (id at 73-74).

                   Plaintiff testified that while he was working on the Project, he had a conversation with

            someone he believed to be the owner of the Building (the "Suspected Owner") (id at 74-76).

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             Motion No. 006 007

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            This individual directed plaintiff as to the placement of a specific hole, but otherwise did not

            direct any of plaintiff's work on the Project (id. at 79-80). Plaintiff saw this individual twice on

            the worksite (Plaintiff's November 17, 2017 tr. at 70-71 ).

                    Plaintiff further testified that the Suspected Owner had a "supervisor for the whole job"

            (the "Project Supervisor") who was present at the worksite (Plaintiff's October 5, 2017 tr. at 77).

            Plaintiff testified that the Suspected Owner told the Project Supervisor to provide plaintiff with

            screws that plaintiff required for his work ( id. at 77, 79). Plaintiff further testified that the

            Suspected Owner indicated to him that the Project Supervisor was the general contractor for the

            Project (Plaintiff's November 17, 2017 tr. at 70-71).

                    Plaintiff testified that the Project Supervisor was "in charge of everything" and that the

            Project Supervisor would tell the other workers on the project what to do (id. at 77-78). Plaintiff

            observed the Project Supervisor directing workers on the Project (id. at 69-70). He further

            testified that the Project Supervisor "moved around all over" the worksite (October 5, 2017 tr. at

            156). Plaintiff testified that the Project Supervisor was not performing any work on the Project

            but was "giving orders to people" (Plaintiff's November 17, 2017 tr. at 72). Plaintiff had a

            conversation with the Project Supervisor, during which the Project Supervisor told him

            "anything that you need, just ask me" (id. at 9-10).

                    Plaintiff did not know if the Project Supervisor was actually the general contractor for the

            Project, nor did he know if the Project Supervisor had any of his own employees on the worksite

            (Plaintiff's October 5, 2017 tr. at 77-78; Plaintiff's November 17, 2017 tr. at 72). Plaintiff

            further testified that he did not know what company the Project Supervisor worked for, nor did

            the Suspected Owner ever introduce plaintiff to the Project Supervisor (Plaintiff's November 17,

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             Motion No. 006 007

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            2017 tr. at 6-8). Plaintiff testified that the Project Supervisor never told plaintiff how to perform

            his work on the Project (Plaintiffs October 5, 2017 tr. at 156-157).

                    Plaintiff testified that prior to arriving at the worksite, Vigilante employees would go to

            the Vigilante office to get materials and tools (October 5, 2017 tr. at 55). A Vigilante supervisor

            would inform the workers where they would be working that day and what materials they would

            need for the job (id. at 56). The materials would then be placed on the company van, which the

            workers would take to the worksite (id at 55-56).

                    Plaintiff testified that Vigilante had different types of ladders and that every van was

            equipped with two ladders (id at 61-63). Vigilante's warehouse had approximately ten to twenty

            ladders of different types, including A-frame ladders (id at 58-59). Plaintiff testified that if a

            Vigilante worker was at a worksite and needed a different type of ladder from the ladders

            provided, they could notify their supervisor and Vigilante would supply them with a different

            ladder (id. at 61-62). The worker would then go to the Vigilante warehouse to get the necessary

            ladder (id. at 61-62).

                   Plaintiff testified that he had been working at the worksite for approximately one-and-a-

            half weeks prior to the accident (id at 82-84). There were four other companies working on the

            Project (id at 10-18).

                   On the date of the accident, plaintiff was working at the worksite with two other

            Vigilante employees (Plaintiffs October 5, 2017 tr. at 90-92). One of these other Vigilante

            employees, "Frank," was plaintiffs superior and "in charge of the job, the job site" (id at 94-

            95). The other Vigilante workers were working on the fourth floor of the Building, and plaintiff

            was told to work in another area (id. at 128-129).

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             Motion No. 006 007

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                   Plaintiff testified that Vigilante had supplied two ladders (the "Vigilante Ladders"),

            which were on the fourth floor of the building with the other Vigilante workers (id. at 109-110,

            128-129). Plaintiff testified that "we didn't have a third ladder" and that he "went downstairs to

            borrow one" (id. at 128-129). Plaintiff could not recall what kind of work the other Vigilante

            employees were doing on the fourth floor (id. at 128-129).

                   Plaintiff's work involved running a pipe from the third floor through the second-floor

            ceiling and connecting it to another pipe located on the second floor (id. at 100). The point of

            connection between the pipes was approximately nine feet high (id. at 102-103).

                   Plaintiff testified that he found the Subject Ladder on the second floor of the Building (id.

            at 107, 113). The Subject Ladder was already in an open position and located near the area

            where plaintiff needed to work (id. at 111, 117-118). The Subject Ladder was not one of the

            Vigilante Ladders, which plaintiff testified were still on the fourth floor (id. at 109-110).

            Plaintiff testified that the date of his accident was the first time he had ever seen the Subject

            Ladder and that he did not know to whom it belonged (id. at 111-112). He further testified that

            the Subject Ladder did not have any type of locking mechanism nor wheels (id. at 118).

                   Plaintiff testified that there was only one other individual on the second floor

            immediately prior to the accident (id. at 115), Plaintiff described the individual as an

            "electrician" (the "Electrician") but did not know what company the Electrician was working for

            (id. at 115). Plaintiff testified that the Electrician told him he could use the Subject Ladder, but

            that plaintiff did not know if the Subject Ladder belonged to the Electrician (id. at 129). Plaintiff

            further testified that prior to using the Subject Ladder he "moved it" to make sure that the

            Subject Ladder "doesn't cause no problems" (id. at 118-119).

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             Motion No. 006 007

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                      The accident occurred as plaintiff was standing on the Subject Ladder connecting the two

            pipes at the connection point ( id. at 100-103 ). Plaintiff had climbed up the Subject Ladder to

            take measurements and then climbed down in order to cut a piece of pipe (id at 118). Plaintiff

            cut the pipe and ascended the Subject Ladder again, carrying the piece of pipe (id. at 118 - 119).

            Plaintiff testified that the Subject Ladder "stumbled" and moved to the side, causing him to fall

            (id at 121-122).

            Deposition Testimony of Jeroen De Schrijver, Co-owner of the property

                      J. Schrijver appeared for deposition on February 21, 2019 (NYSCEF Doc. No. 184). At

            the time of the accident, he, S. Schrijver and Depoorter were co-owners of the Building (J.

            Schrijver tr. at 43-44). He further testified that he hired all of the contractors for the Project (id.

            at 68).

                      J. Schrijver testified that in 2016, when the main renovation work began, he hired

            Diagrama as the general contractor for the Project (id. at 69, 149, 152). He further testified that

            in addition to being the general contractor, Diagrama was also hired to install sheetrock as part of

            the Project (id. at 79, 141 ). There was no written contract between J. Schrijver and Diagrama,

            and J. Schrijver paid Diagrama according to a "contractor project" (id at 71, 142). J. Schrijver

            testified that he had previously worked with Diagrama on other construction projects and spoke

            to Antonio Araujo from Diagrama about being the general contractor on the Project (id. at 72,

            76, 78-79).

                      J. Schrijver testified that Diagrama, in its role as general contractor, had authority over

            the contractors and interacted with them when J. Schrijver was not at the worksite (id. at 82-83).

            This authority included Diagrama giving contractors work instructions and reporting any safety

            hazards to J. Schrijver (id. at 82). He further testified that Diagrama had two to five employees

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             Motion No. 006 007

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            on the worksite on a regular basis and that Diagrama had "informal discussions" with the trade

            contractors regarding safety on the Project (id at 83-85). Diagrama also reviewed the scope and

            budget of the contractors' work (id. at 152-154). J. Schrijver also expected that Diagrama would

            conduct walkthroughs of the worksite and report back to him any issues as to the contractors'

            work (id. at 81 ). He further testified that Diagrama did not hire any contractors for the Project

            (id at 155-156).

                   J. Schrijver testified that Diagrama was the general contractor on the project when he

            hired Vigilante (id at 152). Vigilante worked on the Project for approximately eight weeks and

            Diagrama was present at the worksite at the same time as Vigilante (id at 82, 102). J. Schrijver

            further testified that Diagrama had the authority to supervise Vigilante's work (id. at 156-158).

                   J. Schrijver testified that he observed ladders on the worksite (id at 106-107). He also

            observed both Diagrama and Vigilante using ladders on the worksite (id. at 109-111) He further

            testified that one of his ladders was on the worksite from before the time Diagrama started on the

            Project (id. at 107). J. Schrijver testified that he did not provide a ladder to be used by anyone

            else on the worksite (id. at 107). He further testified that he had a discussion "with every single

            contractor" telling them not to use any ladders that were not their own (id at 90-91). However,

            he did not tell any of the workers that they were only to use ladders that belonged to their

            specific companies (id. at 91).

                   J. Schrijver was not at the worksite at the time of the accident and was informed of the

            accident after it had occurred (id at 114-116). He further testified that he did not know where

            the accident occurred on the worksite (id. at 128). He never made any effort to look at the

            Subject Ladder, nor did he ever take photographs of said ladder (id. at 122-123).

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                   At some point after the accident, J. Schrijver had a meeting with Araujo and a

            representative of "the insurance company" (the "Insurance Representative") at the worksite (id.

            at 123-124). J. Schrijver testified that during said meeting he, the Insurance Representative, and

            Araujo went to the location at the worksite where the accident "supposedly happened" (id at

            128-129). J. Schrijver testified that this location was on the first floor, towards the front of the

            building (id at 128). He further testified that when he was brought to this location, a ladder (the

            "Schrijver Ladder") was present there (id at 129).

                   J. Schrijver testified that the Insurance Representative informed him that the Schrijver

            Ladder was the ladder involved in plaintiffs accident (id at 129-130). J. Schrijver identified the

            Schrijver Ladder as his own but does not know if the Schrijver Ladder was the ladder involved in

            the accident. He further testified that the Insurance Representative took photographs of the

            Schrijver Ladder (id. at 132). J. Schrijver could not recall whether Araujo identified the

            Schrijver Ladder as the ladder involved in the accident (id. at 132-133).

            Deposition Testimony ofAntonio Araujo, president of Diagrama

                   Antonio Araujo appeared for deposition on February 21, 2019 (NYSCEF Doc. No. 185).

            At the time of the accident, he was the president ofDiagrama (id. at 13). He testified that

            Diagrama had a general contractor's license for approximately ten years (id. at 66). Araujo

            further testified that he does not know his general contracting license number (id. at 77).

                   Araujo testified that Diagrama was not the general contractor over the Project. Araujo

            further testified that he did not have any contract with any of the Owners as to the Project (id. at

            41, 64). He further testified that he was not J. Schrijver's employee and was only "supporting

            him" on the Project (id. at 61-64). Araujo testified that J. Schrijver was in charge of the Project

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             Motion No. 006 007

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            and directly hired all of the contractors on the Project (id at 15-16, 30). Araujo testified that he

            was not involved in the hiring of any contractors for the Project (id at 38).

                   Araujo testified that J. Schrijver only used Diagrama in order to obtain the necessary

            work permits for the Project (id at 14-15). Araujo testified that J. Schrijver wanted to "do the

            job himself' but could not get the necessary permits because J. Schrijver was not a construction

            company (id at 21-23 ). Araujo testified that he agreed to allow J. Schrijver to use Diagrama in

            order to get the necessary permits (id. at 22-23).

                   During the course of his deposition, Araujo was shown a document entitled "NYC

            Department of Buildings Work Permit Data" that refers to HVAC work done on the Premises

            (Araujo deposition, plaintiffs exhibit 5). The document refers to a work permit issued on June

            3, 2016 that expired on December 9, 2016. The document indicates that it was issued to Araujo

            and names Diagrama as the "business." Araujo testified that J. Schrijver submitted the

            information required from the issuance of this work permit (id. at 76-77).

                   Araujo was shown a second document entitled "NYC Department of Buildings Work

            Permit Data" that also refers to construction work performed on the Premises (Araujo deposition,

            plaintiffs exhibit 6). The document refers to a work permit issued on June 3, 2016 that expired

            on December 9, 2016. The document also indicates that it was issued to Araujo and names

            Diagrama as the "business". Araujo testified that J. Schrijver also submitted the information

            required from the issuance of this work permit, and that he never saw what J. Schrijver submitted

            in order to get the permit issued (id at 78-79).

                   Araujo testified that he brought materials to the worksite and reviewed some of the work

            being done on the Project, not as a general contractor, but out of friendship with J. Schrijver (id

            at 27-28). He further testified that he never spoke to Vigilante's workers nor any of the other

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             Motion No. 006 007

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            contractors working on the Project (id. at 29-30). He testified that he never had any discussions

            with J. Schrijver as to the other contractors' work on the Project (id. at 36).

                    Araujo testified that the only work Diagrama did on the Project was sheetrock and

            painting (id. at 35). He further testified that other than sheetrock and painting, he was only at the

            worksite to "support" J. Schrijver (id. at 35).

                    Araujo testified that he never had any conversations with J. Schrijver as to the use of

            ladders on the worksite (id. at 36-37). He further testified that Diagrama did not have any

            ladders on the worksite (id. at 66). He testified that he did not know if J. Schrijver had a ladder

            at the worksite (id. at 74).

                    Araujo testified that he was on the worksite on the date of the accident but did not

            witness the accident (id. at 42-43). He arrived at the worksite at approximately 10:00 a.m. and

            left around 2:00 to 3:00 p.m. (id. at 44). During that time, he was observing the quality of the

            work being done on the Project (id. at 44-45). Araujo testified that he spent most of his time on

            the fourth floor of the Building and had only gone through the lower floors (i.e. the first, second,

            and third floors) to get to the fourth floor (id. at 46-47). He did not look at any of the work being

            done on the first through third floors (id at 47-48). Araujo could not recall ifhe saw any ladders

            on the fourth floor of the Building (id. at 49).

                    Araujo testified that while he was on the fourth floor, he heard a noise followed by a

            scream (id. at 51-52). He then went down to the first floor and saw that the Vigilante workers

            had called an ambulance for the injured worker (id. at 52).

                    Araujo testified that at some point after the accident, he had a meeting with J. Schrijver

            and the Insurance Representative (id. at 66-67). Araujo testified that he did not tell the Insurance

            Representative that he saw the accident, knew how it happened or that the accident involved a

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            ladder (id at 69). Araujo testified that he went to the first floor of the Building with the

            Insurance Representative (id. at 71 ). He further testified that he did not see a ladder while the

            Insurance Representative was with him (id at 73-74).

            Deposition Testimony of Robert Rivera, "comfort advisor" employed hy Vigilante

                      Robert Rivera appeared for deposition on July 19, 2019 (NYSCEF Doc. No. 188). At the

            time of the accident, he was employed by Vigilante as a "comfort advisor" (Rivera tr. at 61).

            Rivera testified that he was J. Schrijver's primary point of contact at Vigilante (id at 45). He

            further testified that he created a proposal for J. Schrijver and sold equipment to him (id. at 18).

            Rivera testified that J. Schrijver explained the scope of the Project to him (id at 24). In addition,

            Rivera went to the Premises to meet with J. Schrijver, take photos, and make measurements (id.

            at 22).

                      Rivera believed that J. Schrijver was the general contractor for the Project (id. at 83).

            Rivera testified that based upon his conversations with J. Schrijver, he believed that J. Schrijver

            was in charge of the Project (id. at 83). Rivera further testified that J. Schrijver never identified

            anyone else as a contact person with respect to the Project (id. at 83). Besides Vigilante

            employees, J. Schrijver was the only person Rivera spoke to on the Premises (id at 84). Rivera

            did not meet with S. Schrijver or Depoorter (id at 27-28). He further testified that he never

            spoke to Araujo with reference to the Project (id. at 82-83). Rivera did know anything about

            anyone else who worked on the Project (id. at 89-90).

                      Rivera testified that there were three Vigilante employees dedicated to working on the

            Project (id. at 62). He further testified that at the time of the accident, plaintiff was employed by

            Vigilante as a service technician (id at 61-63).

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                    Rivera testified that Vigilante had an installation manager for the Premises, who was

            responsible for installing teams, going over the project, and keeping in communication as to any

            issue that came about (id at 68-69). If any issues came up during Vigilante's work, they would

            be resolved by speaking with the installation manager or communicating with the installation

            manager ifhe was off-site (id at 70-71).

                    Rivera testified that Vigilante provided its employees with ladders (the "Vigilante

            Ladders") to work on the Project (id. at 39). He further testified that the Vigilante Ladders were

            the only equipment Vigilante workers used to reach the ceilings on the Project (id. at 40). Rivera

            testified that he saw ladders at the worksite other than the ones provided by Vigilante (id at 94).

                    Rivera testified that he did not know anything about the accident except that plaintiff fell

            at the worksite (id at 88).

            Deposition Testimony of Saskia De Schrijver, Co-owner of the property

                    S. Schrijver appeared for deposition on April 8, 2019 (NYSCEF Doc. No. 186). At the

            time of the accident, she, J. Schrijver, and Depoorter were all co-owners of the Building (S.

            Schrijver tr. at 11 ). She testified that the Project began in 2016 (id at 16-17). She further

            testified that Depoorter and J. Schrijver hired the contractors for the Project and that she was not

            involved (id at 21-22). S. Schrijver testified that she never spoke to any of the contractors on

            the Project (id at 24).

                    S. Schrijver testified that Araujo was "the central figure for the workmen to talk to" at the

            worksite and that he "seemed to be the person in charge" (id. at 26). She did not know how often

            Araujo was at the worksite (id at 26)

                    S. Schrijver did not witness the accident, nor did she provide any safety equipment for

            the Project (id. at 29).

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            Deposition Testimony of Ellen Depoorter, Co-owner of the property

                   Depoorter appeared for deposition on April 8, 2019. At the time of the accident, she was

            one of the co-owners of the Building (id at 10). She testified that J. Schrijver hired Diagrama as

            the general contractor over the Project and that Araujo was the owner ofDiagrama (id at 16-17).

            She further testified that as the general contractor, Araujo had a supervisory role over the other

            contractors on the Project (id at 19-20).

                   Depoorter was not involved in the Project, nor did she provide any equipment on the

            worksite (id at 21-24).

                                                        DISCUSSION

                   It is well established that "[t]he proponent of summary judgment must establish its

            defense or cause of action sufficiently to warrant a court's directing judgment in its favor as a

            matter of law" (Ryan v Trustees of Columbia Univ. in the City ofN. Y., Inc., 96 AD3d 551, 553

            [1st Dept 2012] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]). "Thus, the movant bears the

            burden to dispel any question of fact that would preclude summary judgment" (id). "Once this

            showing has been made, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to produce evidentiary proof in

            admissible form sufficient to establish the existence of material issues of fact that require a trial

            for resolution" (Giuffrida v Citibank Corp., 100 NY2d 72, 81 [2003]).

                   "[F]acts must be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party" (Vega v

            Restani Constr. Corp., 18 NY3d 499,503 [2012] [internal quotation marks and citation

            omitted]). If there is any doubt as to the existence of a triable issue of fact, summary judgment

            must be denied (Rotuba Extruders v Ceppos, 46 NY2d 223,231 [1978]; Grossman v

            Amalgamated Hous. Corp., 298 AD2d 224, 226 [1st Dept 2002]).

             450657/2018 VALDEZ, STEVEN vs. DE SCHRIJVER, JEROEN                                    Page 13 of 30
             Motion No. 006 007

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            The Owner's purported affidavits submitted in opposition to Diagrama's motion (motion
            sequence 007)

                      The Owners submit two purported "affidavits" by J. Schrijver in opposition to

            Diagrama's motion (NYSCEF Doc. No. 292 & 302). 1 These documents do not meet the

            requirements of CPLR 2309 as they were not sworn before an appropriate officer, nor were they

            sworn under penalty of perjury as required by CPLR 2106.

                      As such, the Court will not consider the purported "affidavits" in opposition to

            Diagrama's motion.

            Plaintiffs Labor Law§ 240 (1) claim against Owners (motion sequence 006, 007)

                      Plaintiff moves for summary judgment as to liability on his Labor Law § 240 ( 1) claim

            against the Owners. He argues that he has met his prima facie burden as he fell from an A-frame

            ladder while doing construction work at the Premises and the Owners' failure to provide

            adequate safety equipment was a proximate cause of the accident.

                      The Owners argue in opposition that plaintiff has failed to meet his prima facie burden.

            Specifically, they argue that plaintiff has not established that the Owners failed to provide him

            with adequate equipment and/or that the A-frame ladder was defective. They further argue that

            plaintiff was the sole proximate cause of the accident. Specifically, they argue that Vigilante

            provided plaintiff with the Vigilante Ladders, however, plaintiff chose to use "an unauthorized

            ladder with which he had no familiarity and which he did not inspect" (Owners' affirmation in

            opposition at para 27, NYSCEF Doc. No. 280). In addition, the Owners argue that plaintiff was

            recalcitrant in that he chose not to use the Vigilante Ladders even though they were available to

            him.

            1
             The Court will consider the Owners' amended opposition to Diagrama's summary judgment motion and not the
            Owners' original opposition papers.
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                  Labor Law§ 240 (1), also known as the Scaffold Law reads as follows:

                  "Scaffolding and other devices for use of employees

                  "l. All contractors and owners and their agents, except owners of one and
                  two-family dwellings who contract for but do not direct or control the work, in the
                  erection, demolition, repairing, altering, painting, cleaning or pointing of a
                  building or structure shall furnish or erect, or cause to be furnished or erected for
                  the performance of such labor, scaffolding, hoists, stays, ladders, slings, hangers,
                  blocks, pulleys, braces, irons, ropes, ·and other devices which shall be so
                  constructed, placed and operated as to give proper protection to a person so
                  employed."

                  Labor Law § 240 ( 1) "imposes upon owners, contractors and their agents a nondelegable

           duty that renders them liable regardless of whether they supervise or control the work" (Barreto

           v Metropolitan Transp. Auth., 25 NY3d 426,433 [2015]). Said liability applies to "injuries that

           are proximately caused by the failure to provide appropriate safety devices to workers subject to

           gravity-related risks" (Ladd v Thor 680 Madison Ave LLC, 212 AD3d 107, 111 [1st Dept 2022]).

                  "The mere fact that a worker falls from a ladder or a scaffolding is not enough, by itself,

           to establish that the device did not provide sufficient protection. The worker must show that

           Labor Law§ 240 (1) was violated and the violation was a proximate cause of the injury."

           (Nazario v 222 Broadway, LLC, 135 AD3d 506,508 [1st Dept 2016] citing Blake v

           Neighborhood Haus. Servs. o/N.Y. City, 1 NY3d 280,289 [NY 2003]). "[T]he single decisive

           question is whether plaintiffs injuries were the direct consequence of a failure to provide

           adequate protection against a risk arising from a physically significant elevation differential"

           (Runner v New York Stock Exch., Inc., 13 NY3d 599,603 [2009]).

                  Here, plaintiff has established prima fade that he was subjected to a gravity related risk,

           that the Owners failed to furnish him with adequate safety equipment, and that said failure was a

           proximate cause of the accident. Specifically, plaintiff has established that the Owners furnished

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             the Subject Ladder, which proved inadequate to protect him from a gravity related hazard and

            proximately caused his fall.

                    Labor Law § 240 (1) specifically requires that Owners "shall furnish or erect, or cause to

            be furnished" safety equipment sufficient to protect workers subjected to gravity related risks. It

            is undisputed that the Owners owned the Building and that the Project was the sole construction

            project being conducted at the worksite. It is further undisputed that the Subject Ladder was on

            the worksite at the time of the accident.

                    For the purposes of Labor Law§ 240 (1), the Owners "furnished" the Subject Ladder for

            plaintiffs use by directly placing the Subject Ladder on the worksite and/or allowing it to be

            present on the worksite (See Cherry v Time Warner, Inc., 66 AD3d 233,236 [1st Dept 2009]

             ["[I]n determining whether there is a violation of Labor Law § 240 (1 ), or whether a worker is

            the sole proximate cause of his injuries, the issue to be addressed first is whether adequate safety

            devices were provided, 'furnished' or 'placed' for the worker's use on the work site"). This

            taken together with plaintiffs testimony that the accident occurred when the Subject Ladder

            "stumbled" (Plaintiffs October 5, 2017 tr. at 121-122), is sufficient to satisfy plaintiffs prima

            facie burden on his Labor Law § 240 (1) claim against the Owners (See Castillo v TRM Contr.

            626, LLC, 211 AD3d 430,430 [1st Dept 2022] ["It is well settled that a statutory violation is

            established if a scaffold or ladder shifts, slips, or collapses, thereby causing injury to a worker."]

            citing Panek v County ofAlbany, 99 NY2d 452, 458 [2003]; see also Pinzon v Royal Charter

            Props., Inc., 211 AD3d 442, 443 [1st Dept 2022] ["plaintiff is not required to demonstrate that

            the ladder was defective in order to make a prima facie showing of entitlement to summary

            judgment on his Labor Law§ 240(1) claim"]).

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             Motion No. 006 007

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                      The Court recognizes that there is an issue of fact as to the provenance of the Subject

            Ladder (i.e. whether it belonged to the Owners and how it came to be placed on the worksite ).

            Although the Subject Ladder's provenance may speak to the Owners' common law duty of care

            as codified under Labor Law § 200, it does not speak to plaintiff's Labor Law § 240 claim. 2 It is

            undisputed that the Subject Ladder was furnished and placed within the worksite. Plaintiffs

            prima facie burden (on his Labor Law§ 240 claim) does not require that he establish who

            specifically placed the Subject Ladder in the worksite.

                      Further, the Owners have failed to create an issue of fact as to whether plaintiff was the

            sole proximate cause of the accident. The Court of Appeals has distinguished between

            recalcitrance and the defense that a plaintiff was the sole proximate cause of the subject accident

            (See Cahill v Triborough Bridge & Tunnel Auth., 4 NY3d 35, 40 [2004] ["Even when a worker is

            not recalcitrant there can be no liability under section 240 (1) when there is no violation and the

            worker's actions (here, his negligence) are the 'sole proximate cause' of the accident"] [internal

            quotation marks and citations omitted])

                      To determine whether there is an issue of fact as to sole proximate cause, "the issue to be

            addressed first is whether adequate safety devices were provided, 'furnished' or 'placed' for the

            worker's use on the work site" (Cherry, 66 AD3d at 236).

                      As previously stated, the Owners furnished the Subject Ladder on the worksite and the

            Subject Ladder was a proximate cause of the accident. To the extent that plaintiff's use of the

            Subject Ladder (as opposed to the Vigilante Ladders) may indicate contributory negligence, it is

            insufficient to create an issue of fact as to whether he was the sole proximate cause of the

            2
             As plaintiff has not moved for summary judgment against the Owners on his Labor Law § 200 and common law
            negligence claims, nor have the Owners moved for summary judgment dismissing said claims, these issues are not
            before the Court in the instant motions.
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            accident (See generally Sinera v Embassy House Eat, LLC, 188 AD3d 549, 549 [1st Dept 2020]

            [contributory negligence, even if proved, is not a defense to a Labor Law§ 240 claim]).

                   Similarly, the Owners have also failed to create an issue of fact as to whether plaintiff

            was recalcitrant in choosing to use the Subject Ladder and not the Vigilante Ladders. "[A]n

            owner who has provided safety devices is not liable for failing to insist that a recalcitrant worker

            use the devices" (Cahill v Triborough Bridge & Tunnel Auth., 4 NY3d at 39 [2004] [internal

            quotation marks and citation omitted]). The "recalcitrant worker" defense "requires a showing

            that the injured worker refused to use the safety devices that were provided by the owner or

            employer" (Stolt v General Foods Corp., 81 NY2d 918,920 [1993]). More specifically, it

            "requires a showing that the safety device in question was both available and visibly in place at

            the immediate worksite of the injured employee who deliberately refused to use it." (Powers v

            Del Zotto & Son Bldrs., 266 AD2d 668, 669 [3rd Dept 1999] [internal quotation marks and

            citations omitted]).

                   Recalcitrance "is not established merely by showing that the worker failed to comply

            with an employer's instruction to avoid using unsafe equipment or engaging in unsafe practices,

            or to use a particular safety device." (Powers at 669). Rather, the defendant must show that

            plaintiff deliberately refused to obey a direct and immediate instruction to use an available safety

            device (See Vitucci v. Durst Pyramid LLC, 205 AD3d 441, 444 [1st Dept 2022], citing Saavedra

            v 89 Park Ave. LLC, 143 AD3d 615 [1st Dept 2016]; see also Santo v Scro, 43 AD3d 897, 898-

            899 [2d Dept 2007]).

                   Here, there is nothing from the record to establish that plaintiff was ever directed not to

            use any ladders other than the Vigilante Ladders. Further, although J. Schrjver testified the had a

            discussion "with every single contractor" not to use any ladders that were not their own (J.

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           Schrijver tr. at 90-91), he specifically testified that he did not tell any of the workers that they

           were only to use ladders that belonged to their specific companies (id. at 91).

                  Accordingly, Plaintiff is entitled to summary judgment on his Labor Law § 240 ( 1) as

           against the Owners.

           Plaintiff's Labor Law§ 240 (1) claim against Diagrama (motion sequence 006, 007)

                  Plaintiff moves for summary judgment as to liability on his Labor Law § 240 (1) claims

           against Diagrama. Diagrama opposes and moves for summary judgment dismissing the

           complaint as against it.

                  Diagrama argues that it is entitled to summary judgment dismissing the complaint on the

           basis that plaintiff was the sole proximate cause of the accident and that Diagrama was neither

           the general contractor nor the Owners' agent as to the Project.

                  Plaintiff argues in opposition that Diagrama was the general contractor and/or the

           Owners' agent on the Project.

                  The Owners also argue in opposition that Diagrama was their general contractor on the

           Project.

                  As previously stated, plaintiff has met his prima face burden on his Labor Law§ 240

           claim and there is no issue of fact as to the sole proximate cause nor recalcitrance defenses.

                  However, there is an issue of fact as to whether Diagrama is a proper Labor Law

           defendant. By its language, Labor Law §240 (1) applies to '[a]ll contractors and owners and

           their agents." The statute does not include the term "general contractor," nor define "general

           contractor" as a specific term of art. Whether a contractor is subject to liability under Labor Law

           § 240 stems from their scope of authority and not necessarily their given title (see Walls v.

           Turner Constr. Co., 4 NY3d 861, 864 [2005] [The label of construction manager versus general

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            contractor is not necessarily determinative of whether a contractor is subject to liability under the

            labor law]). "A contractor is subject to liability under Labor Law§§ 240(1) and 241(6) where

            the contractor is responsible for coordinating and supervising the entire construction project and

            [is] invested with a concomitant power to enforce safety standards and to hire responsible

            contractors" (Londono v Dalen, LLC, 204 AD3d 658, 659-660 [2nd Dept 2022] [internal

            quotation marks and citations omitted]).

                   In addition, a contractor may be subject to liability under the Labor Law as an agent of

            the owner or general contractor.

                   "To hold a defendant liable under the Labor Law as a statutory agent of either the
                   owner or the general contractor, it must be shown that the defendant had the
                   authority to supervise and control the injury-producing work. The determinative
                   factor is whether the defendant had the right to exercise control over the work, not
                   whether it actually exercised that right. Where the owner or general contractor
                   delegates to a third party the duty to conform to the requirements of the Labor
                   Law, that third party becomes the statutory agent"

            (Santos v Condo 124 LLC, 161 AD3d 650, 653 [l st Dept 2018] [internal quotation marks and

            citations omitted]).

                   It is undisputed that there was no written contract between the Owners and Diagrama as

            to the Project. Further, Araujo's (Diagrama's President) testimony directly contradicts the

            Owners' testimony as to Diagrama's role and authority over the Project (see Alvarez v 2455 8

            Ave, LLC, 202 AD3d 724, 725 [2nd Dept 2022] [submitted depositions create issue of fact as to

            defendant's status as general contractor]).

                   As there is an issue of fact as to whether Diagrama is a proper Labor Law defendant,

            plaintiff has failed to establish that he is entitled to summary judgment against Diagrama on his

            Labor Law § 240 (1) claim and Diagrama had failed to establish that it is entitled to dismissal of

            the claim.

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            Plaintiffs Labor Law§ 241 (6) claims against Diagrama (motion sequence 007)

                   Diagrama moves for summary judgment dismissing plaintiffs Labor Law § 241 (6)

            claims against it. Diagrama argues that it did not exercise the requisite authority to be subject to

            Labor Law§ 241 (6) and that the alleged statutory violations are insufficient to form a basis for

            Labor Law§ 241 (6) claims and/or are inapplicable to the alleged facts.

                   Plaintiff argues in opposition that Diagrama was the general contractor on the Project and

            as such a proper Labor Law defendant. He further argues that his Labor Law § 241 (6) claim is

            based upon the defendants' violations oflndustrial Code§§ 23-l.2l(b)(l), (b)(4)(iv), and (e)(3),

            which are sufficient to form the bases for a claim and relevant to the underlying facts.

                   The Owners argue in opposition to the motion that Diagrama was the general contractor

            on the Project and therefore subject to Labor Law§ 241 (6).

                   As plaintiff does not oppose dismissal of his Labor Law § 241 (6) claims based upon any

            alleged violations other than Industrial Code§ 23-1.21 (b)(l), (b)(4)(iv), (e)(2), and (e)(3), said

            claims are dismissed as abandoned (See Kempisty v 246 Spring St., LLC, 92 AD3d 474,475 [1st

            Dept 2012] ["Where a defendant so moves, it is appropriate to find that a plaintiff who fails to

            respond to allegations that a certain section is inapplicable or was not violated be deemed to

            abandon reliance on that particular Industrial Code section."]).

                   As such, the only Labor Law § 241 (6) claims before the Court are those based upon the

            defendants' alleged violations oflndustrial Code§ 23-1.21 (b)(l), (b)(4)(iv), (e)(2), and (e)(3)

                   Labor Law §241 (6) reads as follows:

                   "Construction, excavation and demolition work

                   "6. All areas in which construction, excavation or demolition work is being
                   performed shall be so constructed, shored, equipped, guarded, arranged, operated

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             Motion No. 006 007

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                   and conducted as to provide reasonable and adequate protection and safety to the
                   persons employed therein or lawfully frequenting such places. The commissioner
                   may make rules to carry into effect the provisions of this subdivision, and the
                   owners and contractors and their agents for such work, except owners of one and
                   two-family dwellings who contract for but do not direct or control the work, shall
                   comply therewith."

                   "Labor Law§ 241 (6) imposes a non-delegable duty on owners and contractors to

            provide reasonable and adequate protection and safety for workers and to comply with the

            specific safety rules and regulations promulgated by the Commissioner of the Department of

            Labor" (Toussaint v Port Auth. ofN. Y. & N.J., 38 NY3d 89, 93 [2022] [internal quotations marks

            and citations omitted]).

                   The non-delegable duty is absolute and "imposes liability upon a general contractor for

            the negligence of a subcontractor, even in the absence of control or supervision of the worksite"

            (Rizzuto v L.A. Wenger Contr. Co., 91 NY2d 343, 348-349 [1998], citing Ross v Curtis-Palmer

            Hydro-Elec. Co., 81 NY2d 494, 502 [1993] [emphasis omitted]). "To establish liability under

            Labor Law§ 241 (6), a plaintiff must demonstrate that his or her injuries were proximately

            caused by a violation of an Industrial Code provision 'mandating compliance with concrete

            specifications"' (Ennis v Noble Constr. Group, LLC, 207 AD3d 703, 705 [2d Dept 2022],

            quoting Ross v Curtis-Palmer Hydro-Elec. Co., 81 NY2d 494, 505 [1993]).

                   As previously stated, there is an issue of fact as to whether Diagrama is a proper Labor

            Law defendant. Assuming arguendo that Diagrama is a proper Labor Law defendant, the Court

            will examine each of the alleged Industrial Code violations to determine if they form a sufficient

            bases for plaintiffs Labor Law§ 241 (6) claims and are relevant to the underlying factual

            allegations.

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           Industrial Code 23-1.21 (b)(l)

                  Industrial Code 23-l.21(b)(l) is sufficiently specific to form a basis for liability pursuant

           to Labor Law § 241 (6) (See Przyborowski v A&M Cook, LLC, 120 AD3d 651, 654 [2nd Dept

           2014]) and reads as follows:

                  "Ladders and ladderways

                  "(b) General requirements for ladders.

                  "(1) Strength. Every ladder shall be capable of sustaining without breakage,
                  dislodgment or loosening of any component at least four times the maximum load
                  intended to be placed thereon."

                  Here, there is no testimony that the Subject Ladder broke, dislodged or loosened due to

           excess weight. Plaintiff testified that the accident occurred when the Subject Ladder "stumbled"

           (Plaintiff's October 5, 2017 tr. at 121-122). As such, Industrial Code 23-1.21 (b) (1) is not

           applicable to the underlying action.

           Industrial Code 23-1.21 (b)(4)(iv)

                  Industrial Code 23-1.21 (b)(4)(iv) is sufficiently specific to form a basis for liability

           pursuant to Labor Law§ 241 (6) (See Rivera v Suydam 319 LLC, 216 AD3d 495,496 [1st Dept

           2023]) and reads as follows:

                  "Ladders and ladderways

                  "(4) Installation and use.

                  "(iv) When work is being performed from ladder rungs between six and 10 feet
                  above the ladder footing, a leaning ladder shall be held in place by a person
                  stationed at the foot of such ladder unless the upper end of such ladder is secured
                  against side slip by its position or by mechanical means. When work is being
                  performed from rungs higher than 10 feet above the ladder footing, mechanical
                  means for securing the upper end of such ladder against side slip are required and
                  the lower end of such ladder shall be held in place by a person unless such lower
                  end is tied to a secure anchorage or safety feet are used."

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                   Plaintiff testified that the Subject Ladder was an A-Frame ladder and that it was fully

            opened at the time of the accident. As such, the accident did not involve a "leaning ladder" and

            does not fall within the scope oflndustrial Code 23-1.21 (b)(4)(iv) (See Jara-Salazar v. 250

            Park, L.L.C., 2023 NY Slip Op 33764(U), 11 [Sup Ct, NY County 2023] citing Morato-

            Rodriguez v Riva Construction Group, Inc., 2012 NY Misc LEXIS 7007, 2012 WL 9514734

            (Sup Ct, Bronx County, 2012) affd as modified 115 AD3d 401 [1st Dept 2014]; Balleste v

            Forest City Ratner Companies, LLC, 2019 NY Slip Op 32214(U) [Sup Ct, NY County 2019]; cf

            Rivera v Suydam 379 LLC, 216 AD3d 495 [1st Dept 2023] [finding triable issue as to whether

            industrial code provision violated where testimony ambiguous as to whether A-Frame ladder was

            closed and leaning or open and locked]).

            Industrial Code 23-1.21 (e) (2) and (3)

                   Industrial Code 23-1.21 (e) (2) & (3) is sufficiently specific to form a basis for liability

            pursuant to Labor Law§ 241 (6) (See Przyborowski v A&M Cook, LLC, 120 AD3d 651,654 [2d

            Dept 2014]; McNamara v. Gusmar Enters., LLC, 204 AD3d 779, 782 [2d Dept 2022]) and read

            as follows:

                   "Ladders and ladderways

                   "Stepladders

                   "(2) Bracing. Such bracing as may be necessary for rigidity shall be provided for every
                   stepladder. When in use every stepladder shall be opened to its full position and the
                   spreader shall be locked."

                   "(3) Stepladder footing. Standing stepladders shall be used only on firm, level footings.
                   When work is being performed from a step of a stepladder 10 feet or more above the
                   footing, such stepladder shall be steadied by a person stationed at the foot of the
                   stepladder or such stepladder shall be secured against sway by mechanical means."

            For subsection (2), plaintiff testified that the ladder was opened and locked, and there is no

            testimony in the record that it was missing any required bracing. As for subsection (3), there is

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            nothing in the record that would establish that the floor was uneven such that use of a step ladder

            would violate this provision. Further, plaintiff did not testify that he was working from a step of

            a stepladder above ten feet. As such, Industrial Code 23-1.21 (e) (2) & (3) are not applicable to

            the underlying action.

                   As none of the remaining alleged industrial code violations are applicable to the

            underlying case, plaintiffs Labor Law§ 241 (6) are dismissed in their entirety.

            Plaintiffs Labor Law § 200 and common law negligence claims against Diagrama (motion
            sequence 007)

                   Diagrama moves to dismiss plaintiffs Labor Law§ 200 and common law negligence

            claims as against it. Diagrama argues that it did not control the means and methods of plaintiffs

            work, nor did Diagrama have actual or constructive notice of any unsafe condition as to the

            Subject Ladder.

                   Plaintiff does not specifically address Diagrama's arguments to dismiss plaintiffs Labor

            Law § 200 and common law negligence claims. Plaintiff argues in opposition that Diagrama is

            subject to Labor Law § 200 and common law negligence as the general contractor and/or the

            Owners' agent on the Project. Plaintiff specifically argues that Diagrama "was vested with and

            did, in fact, exercise supervisory control and direction over the work performed and safety on

            site" (Plaintiffs affirmation in opposition at para. 10, NYSCEF Doc. No. 235).

                   The Owners do not specifically address plaintiffs Labor Law§ 200 and common law

            negligence claim, but only argue that Diagrama was the general contractor on the Project.

                   Labor Law § 200 (1) states, in pertinent part, as follows:

                   "All places to which this chapter applies shall be so constructed, equipped,
                   arranged, operated and conducted as to provide reasonable and adequate
                   protection to the lives, health and safety of all persons employed therein or
                   lawfully frequenting such places. All machinery, equipment, and devices in such

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                   places shall be so placed, operated, guarded, and lighted as to provide reasonable
                   and adequate protection to all such persons."

                   Labor Law § 200 "is a codification of the common-law duty imposed upon an owner or

            general contractor to provide construction site workers with a safe place to work" (Singh v Black

            Diamonds LLC, 24 AD3d 138, 139 [1st Dept 2005] citing Comes v NY. State Elec. & Gas Corp.,

            82 NY2d 876, 877 [1993]). "[T]here are 'two broad categories' of personal injury claims: 'those

            arising from an alleged defect or dangerous condition existing on the premises and those arising

            from the manner in which the work was performed."' (Rosa v 47 E. 34th St. (NY), L.P., 208

            AD3d 1075, 1081 [1st Dept 2022], quoting Cappabianca v Skanska USA Bldg. Inc., 99 AD3d

            139, 144 [1st Dept 2012]).

                   "Where an existing defect or dangerous condition caused the injury, liability
                   attaches if the owner or general contractor created the condition or had actual or
                   constructive notice of it. Where the injury was caused by the manner and means
                   [means and methods] of the work, including the equipment used, the owner or
                   general contractor is liable if it actually exercised supervisory control over the
                   injury-producing work."

            (Cappabianca v Skanska USA Bldg. Inc., 99 AD3d at 144 [internal citations omitted]; see also

            Toussaint v Port Auth. ofNY. & NY, 38 NY3d at 94 [to recover under Labor Law§ 200 "a

            plaintiff must show that an owner or general contractor exercised some supervisory control over

            the operation"]).

                   As previously stated, there are issues of fact as to whether Diagrama was the general

            contractor and/or the Owners' agent. However, "[a] claim for common-law negligence may lie

            even though there is no Labor Law § 200 liability" (Mullins v Center Line Studios, 194 AD3d

            421,422 [1st Dept 2021] [internal citations omitted]; see also Pimentel v. DE Frgt. LLC, 205

            AD3d 591, 593 [1st Dept 2022]). As such, Diagrama may be negligent as to plaintiffs accident

            at common-law even if it is not a proper Labor Law defendant.

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                    Here, the accident occurred when the Subject Ladder "stwnbled" causing plaintiff to fall

            (Plaintiff's October 5, 2017 tr. at 121-122). As such, Plaintiff's accident resulted from the means

            and methods of the work. Specifically, the accident resulted from plaintiffs use of the Subject

            Ladder on the worksite (See Quiroz v New York Presbyt./Columbia Univ. Med. Ctr., 202 AD3d

            555,556 [1st Dept 2022] [means and methods analysis applied where plaintiff fell from an A-

            frame ladder that tilted after a leg of the ladder broke through a temporary masonite covering];

            Seferovic v Atlantic Real Estate Holdings, LLC, 127 AD3d 1058, 1059 [2nd Dept 2015] [means

            and methods analysis applied where plaintiff was injured when the foot of an unsecured A-frame

            ladder twisted out from under him]; see also Villanueva v 114 Fifth Ave. Assoc. LLC, 162 AD3d

            404,406 [1st Dept 2018] ["Where a defect is not inherent but is created by the manner in which

            the work is performed, the claim under Labor Law § 200 is one for means and methods and not

            one for a dangerous condition existing on the premises"]). 3

                    Asswning arguendo that Diagrama was the general contractor and/or the Owners' agent,

            Diagrama has established prima facie that it did not exercise actual supervisory control over

            plaintiff work. Plaintiff testified that on the date of the accident, his superior was 'Frank", a

            Vigilante employee who was "in charge of the job, the job site" (Plaintiff's October 5, 2017 tr. at

            94-95). None of plaintiffs testimony suggests that Diagrama exercised actual supervisory

            control over the injury producing work. Moreover, it is uncontested that Diagrama did not

            possess or control any ladders on the worksite (Araujo tr. at 66).

                    Further, plaintiff has failed to create an issue of fact in opposition to the motion. Plaintiff

            refers to J. Schrijver's testimony as to Diagrama's role on the Project. Even assuming arguendo

            3 The Court notes that plaintiff has not moved for summary judgment against Diagrama on his Labor Law § 200 and

            common law negligence claims. Further, plaintiff has not presented any theory of liability under Labor Law § 200
            nor common law negligence in opposition to Diagrama's motion apart from arguing that Diagrama was the general
            contractor and/or the Owners' agent.
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            that Diagrama was the general contractor, said testimony is insufficient to create an issue of fact

            as to whether Diagrama exercised actual supervisory control over the injury producing work (See

            Maddox v Tishman Constr. Corp., 138 AD3d 646,646 [1st Dept 2016] [Regular general

            inspection of a site to ensure that work is progressing according to schedule and the authority to

            stop any work perceived to be unsafe are not enough to warrant imposing liability under Labor

            Law § 200 or common law negligence])

                   The accident arose from the means and methods of plaintiffs work and Diagrama has

            established that it did not exercise actual supervisory control over plaintiffs work. As such,

            there is no other basis to hold Diagram liable under common law negligence.

                   Accordingly, Diagrama is entitled to summary judgment in its favor dismissing plaintiffs

            Labor Law § 200 and common law negligence claims as against it.

            Owners' cross-claim for contractual indemnification against Diagrama (motion sequence 007)

                   Diagrama moves to dismiss the Owners' cross-claim for contractual indemnification as

            against it. Diagrama argues that there was no written contract between Diagrama and the

            Owners.

                   The Owners do not address their contractual indemnification cross-claim in their

            opposition to Diagrama' s motion.

                   "A party is entitled to full contractual indemnification provided that the intention to

            indemnify can be clearly implied from the language and purposes of the entire agreement and the

            surrounding facts and circumstances" (Karwowski v 1407 Broadway Real Estate, LLC, 160

            AD3d 82, 87-88 [1st Dept 2018], quoting Drzewinski v Atlantic Scaffold & Ladder Co., 70

            NY2d 774, 777 [1987]). "A contractual provision imposing a duty to indemnify 'must be strictly

            construed to avoid reading into it a duty which the parties did not intend to be assumed"'

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            (Lombardo v Tag Ct. Sq., LLC, 126 AD3d 949,950 [2nd Dept 2015], quoting Hooper Assoc. v

            AGS Computers, Inc., 74 NY2d 487,491 [1989]).

                   Here, there is no dispute that the Owners and Diagrama did not have a written contract as

            to the Project. As such, there is no basis for the Owners' contractual indemnification claim

            against Diagrama.

                   Accordingly, Diagrama is entitled to summary judgment in its favor dismissing the

            Owners cross-claim for contractual indemnification.

            Owners cross-claim/or common law indemnification and contribution against Diagrama
            (motion sequence 007)

                   Diagrama moves to dismiss the Owners' cross-claims for common law indemnification

            and contribution. Diagrama argues that it did not violate the Labor Law nor was it in anyway

            negligent as to plaintiffs accident.

                   The Owners do not address their common law indemnification and contribution cross-

            claims in their opposition to Diagrama's motion.

                   "To be entitled to common-law indemnification, a party must show (1) that it has been

            held vicariously liable without proof of any negligence or actual supervision on its part; and (2)

            that the proposed indemnitor was either negligent or exercised actual supervision or control over

            the injury-producing work" (Naughton v City ofNew York, 94 AD3d 1, 10 [1st Dept 2012],

            citing McCarthy v Turner Constr., Inc., 17 NY3d 369, 377-378 [2011]; Reilly v DiGiacomo &

            Son, 261 AD2d 318 [1st Dept 1999]). "Thus, a party moving for summary judgment dismissing

            a common-law indemnification claim can meet its prima facie burden by establishing that the

            plaintiffs accident was not due to its own negligence" (Cando v Ajay Gen. Contr. Co. Inc., 200

            AD3d 750, 752 [2nd Dept 2021] [citations omitted])

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                    As previously stated, Diagrama was not negligent as to the plaintiffs accident. As such,

            Diagrama is entitled to summary judgment in its favor dismissing the Owners' cross-claims for

            common law indemnification and contribution (See Cando, 200 AD3d at 753; see also Padron v

            Granite Broadway Dev. LLC, 209 AD3d 536, 537 [1st Dept 2022] [Court correctly granted

            summary judgment dismissing contribution claims, as the record demonstrated that movant was

            free from negligence]).

                    The parties' remaining arguments have been considered and are deemed unavailing.

                                          CONCLUSION AND ORDER

                    For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby

                    ORDERED that plaintiff, Steven Valdez's, motion for summary judgment pursuant to

            CPLR 3212 as to liability in his favor on his Labor Law §240 claims (motion sequence 006) as

            against Jeroen De Schrijver, Saskia De Schrijver, and Ellen Lutgarde Depoorter (collectively the

            "Owners") is granted, and the motion is otherwise denied; and it is further

                    ORDERED that Diagrama's motion for summary judgment pursuant to CPLR 3212 in

            its favor dismissing the complaint and all cross-claims (motion sequence 007) as against it is

            granted to the extent of dismissing plaintiffs Labor Law§§ 241 (6) and 200 claims and common

            law negligence claims, as well as Owner's cross-claims for contractual and common law

            indemnification against it.

                     4/2/2024
                      DATE                                                   SHLOMO S. HAGLER, J.S.C.

                                      ~
             CHECK ONE:                   CASE DISPOSED                NON-FINAL DISPOSITION

                                          GRANTED         □ DENIED     GRANTED IN PART          □ OTHER
             APPLICATION:                 SETTLE ORDER                 SUBMIT ORDER

             CHECK IF APPROPRIATE:        INCLUDES TRANSFER/REASSIGN   FIDUCIARY APPOINTMENT    □ REFERENCE

             450657/2018 VALDEZ, STEVEN vs. DE SCHRIJVER, JEROEN                                Page 30 of 30
             Motion No. 006 007

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