Court Opinion

ID: 9882294
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-05 18:00:36.597657+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:58:58.973878
License: Public Domain

Case: 22-30779         Document: 00516921530             Page: 1      Date Filed: 10/05/2023

              United States Court of Appeals
                   for the Fifth Circuit                                         United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                          Fifth Circuit

                                      ____________                                       FILED
                                                                                      October 5, 2023
                                        No. 22-30779                                  Lyle W. Cayce
                                      ____________                                         Clerk

   Kirk Prest,

                                                                     Plaintiff—Appellant,

                                             versus

   BP Exploration & Production, Incorporated; BP
   America Production Company; BP, P.L.C.,

                                               Defendants—Appellees.
                      ______________________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Eastern District of Louisiana
                       USDC Nos. 2:10-MD-2179, 2:17-CV-3409
                      ______________________________

   Before Stewart, Dennis, and Wilson, Circuit Judges.
   Per Curiam: *
          The district court excluded the causation opinions of Kirk Prest’s
   medical experts and granted summary judgment in favor of Defendants (col-
   lectively, BP). Because Prest’s medical experts failed to show general causa-
   tion, we affirm.

          _____________________
          *
              This opinion is not designated for publication. See 5th Cir. R. 47.5.
Case: 22-30779        Document: 00516921530              Page: 2      Date Filed: 10/05/2023

                                         No. 22-30779

                                               I.
           This is a toxic tort case arising from Prest’s exposure to crude oil and
   dispersants while assisting with cleanup of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
   Prior to the disaster, Prest operated a fishing and hunting charter business
   near Venice, Louisiana. 1         The oil spill “decimated” Prest’s business.
   Consequently, he chartered his boat to BP and agreed to help with the
   cleanup. From May 3 to October 30, 2010, 2 Prest performed a variety of tasks
   for BP, including wildlife search and rescue, oil search and reporting, and
   monitoring bird scare cannons. During that time, Prest was continuously
   exposed to crude oil and dispersants in the water and the air. In one specific
   incident, an aircraft sprayed Prest and his crew with dispersant. They
   immediately started coughing and gasping for air and experienced a burning
   sensation in their eyes and sinuses. Prest did not seek medical attention after
   the incident, however.
           Before the oil spill, Prest had “perfect 20/20 vision” and had not
   experienced any problems with his eyes. However, in September 2010, Prest
   began experiencing headaches and blurred vision. His ophthalmologist, Dr.
   Robert Ross, advised him to stop working on the cleanup effort. Prest took
   Ross’s advice and stopped performing cleanup work on October 30. Shortly

           _____________________
           1
             We review a summary judgment de novo, construing “all facts and inferences in
   the light most favorable to the nonmoving party . . . .” Murray v. Earle, 405 F.3d 278, 284
   (5th Cir. 2005). Accordingly, the facts are primarily drawn from Prest’s complaint and his
   responses in opposition to BP’s motions.
           2
            The district court stated that Prest performed clean-up work from May 16 to
   November 26, 2010. Because the dates are immaterial to Prest’s claims, we use the dates
   from Prest’s complaint and brief.

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                                          No. 22-30779

   thereafter, Ross diagnosed Prest with Central Serous Retinopathy (CSR). 3
   Since then, Prest’s condition has progressively worsened.
           In 2021 and 2022 Prest began experiencing memory problems, blurred
   vision, and increased ocular pain. He returned to Dr. Ross, who determined
   Prest’s issues extended beyond his CSR diagnosis. In spring 2022, Prest
   visited Dr. Tere Vives, a specialist in neuro-ophthalmology. She noted that
   Prest had recently been suffering from a progressive loss of eyesight, ocular
   pain, and mild optic nerve swelling, and she determined he might need
   surgery to remove a cyst in his sinuses. She also testified that she could not
   determine whether his current conditions were caused by his cleanup work
   until his condition stabilized.
           In 2017, Prest filed this lawsuit against BP. 4 He alleged his exposure
   to crude oil and dispersants during the cleanup effort caused his CSR, as well
   as other long term health issues. Additionally, he alleged he suffered
   “temporary injuries” and emotional distress when he was sprayed with
   dispersant. Prest designated Dr. Ross and Dr. Jerald Cook to testify as to
   causation in support of his exposure claim.
           BP moved to exclude Dr. Ross’s and Dr. Cook’s causation opinions
   and then moved for summary judgment. The district court granted the
   motions. It found that Ross and Cook failed to establish general causation,
   and BP was thus entitled to summary judgment as to Prest’s exposure claim.
           _____________________
           3
            CSR occurs when fluid builds up behind the retina. This can cause the retina to
   detach, leading to vision loss. See Cleveland Clinic, Central Serous Retinopathy,
   my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24335-central-serous-retinopathy, (last visited
   October 4, 2023).
           4
              Prest originally filed a “Short Form Joinder” in 2011 to join the multi-district
   litigation arising from the oil spill. In 2017, the presiding judge ordered the plaintiffs who
   had not settled to file individual lawsuits. After consolidated discovery, the presiding judge
   severed the cases, and Prest’s case was assigned to Judge Barry Ashe.

                                                 3
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                                     No. 22-30779

   Additionally, it found that BP was entitled to summary judgment as to Prest’s
   emotional distress claim because he was not within a “zone of danger” while
   he was performing cleanup work. Prest timely appealed.
                                         II.
          We review a district court’s exclusion of expert testimony for abuse of
   discretion and “do not disturb the court’s decision unless it is ‘manifestly
   erroneous.’” Smith v. Chrysler Grp., L.L.C., 909 F.3d 744, 748 (5th Cir.
   2018) (quoting In re Complaint of C.F. Bean L.L.C., 841 F.3d 365, 369 (5th
   Cir. 2016)). We review a summary judgment de novo, applying the same legal
   standards as the district court. Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London v.
   Axon Pressure Prod. Inc., 951 F.3d 248, 255 (5th Cir. 2020). Summary
   judgment is appropriate when “the movant shows that there is no genuine
   dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
   matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “We construe all facts and
   inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmov[ant] . . . .” Murray v.
   Earle, 405 F.3d 278, 284 (5th Cir. 2005). “We may affirm the district court’s
   grant of summary judgment on any ground supported by the record and
   presented to the district court.” Wantou v. Wal-Mart Stores Tex., L.L.C., 23
   F.4th 422, 430 (5th Cir. 2022).
          We first address Prest’s exposure claim and then his emotional
   distress claim.
                                         A.
          Our caselaw requires a plaintiff to show both general and specific
   causation in toxic tort cases. See, e.g., Knight v. Kirby Inland Marine Inc., 482
   F.3d 347, 351 (5th Cir. 2007). “General causation is whether a substance is
   capable of causing a particular injury or condition in the general population,
   while specific causation is whether a substance caused a particular
   individual’s injury.” Johnson v. Arkema, Inc., 685 F.3d 452, 468–69 (5th Cir.

                                          4
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                                           No. 22-30779

   2012) (quoting Knight, 482 F.3d at 351). “Evidence concerning specific
   causation in toxic tort cases is admissible only as a follow-up to admissible
   general-causation evidence.” Knight, 482 F.3d at 351. A plaintiff must show
   “[s]cientific knowledge of the harmful level of exposure to a chemical” to
   satisfy general causation. Allen v. Pa. Eng’r Corp., 102 F.3d 194, 199 (5th Cir.
   1996). Because neither Dr. Cook nor Dr. Ross satisfied the general causation
   requirement, the district court did not abuse its discretion by excluding their
   testimony.
           Prest does not contest that Cook and Ross failed to offer scientific
   evidence of the level of exposure to crude oil or dispersant that would cause
   CSR—or any of his other medical conditions—in the general population.
   Rather, he contends the district court erred “when it mechanically applied
   the Fifth Circuit’s toxic tort jurisprudence.” He asserts the district court
   should have applied—and we should apply on appeal—a different standard
   based on the “unique circumstances” of the BP oil spill. Prest’s arguments
   fail for two reasons.
           First, a district court does not abuse its discretion when it properly
   analyzes the law and applies it to the facts of the case. See Thomas v. Hughes,
   27 F.4th 363, 367 (5th Cir. 2022) (quoting Maiz v. Virani, 311 F.3d 334, 338
   (5th Cir. 2002)). Prest does not cite any toxic tort cases where we have not
   required the plaintiff to show the harmful level of exposure to a chemical in
   the general population. 5 Accordingly, the district court would have erred if
   it had not applied our toxic tort precedent and instead created a new standard.

           _____________________
           5
             Prest offers Mcgill v. BP Expl. & Prod., Inc., 830 F. App’x 430, 433 (5th Cir. 2020);
   Clark v. Kellogg Brown & Root L.L.C., 414 F. App’x 623, 627 (5th Cir. 2011); and Curtis v.
   M&S Petroleum, Inc., 174 F.3d 661, 671 (5th Cir. 1999), to argue that we have stated “it is
   not necessary for an expert to establish the precise level of exposure.” But those cases
   discuss specific causation.

                                                 5
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                                         No. 22-30779

   See Hesling v. CSX Transp., Inc., 396 F.3d 632, 638 (5th Cir. 2005) (“A
   district court abuses its discretion if it bases its decision on an erroneous view
   of the law . . . .”).
           Second, Prest’s arguments are based on a flawed understanding of the
   general causation requirement. The crux of Prest’s argument is that BP’s
   failure to conduct biomonitoring of oil spill workers and preserve data
   “ma[de] it impossible” for Prest “to reliably recreate dosage levels” or
   otherwise quantify his exposure to the chemicals that caused his alleged
   injuries. But Prest puts the cart before the horse. BP’s alleged failure to
   conduct biomonitoring and preserve data has no bearing on general
   causation. Rather, “[e]xposure data collected (or not) from the incident
   almost always bears on specific causation. It does not bear on whether, per the
   scientific literature, exposure to a chemical can cause a specific injury in the
   general population.” Byrd v. BP Expl. & Prod., Inc., No. 22-30654, 2023 WL
   4046280, at *2 (5th Cir. June 16, 2023). 6 Thus, “even assuming that BP had
   an affirmative duty to [conduct biomonitoring or preserve data] after the oil
   spill, the lack of this information is not what renders Dr. Cook’s [and Dr.
   Ross’s] expert report[s] unreliable, unhelpful, and inadmissible.” Id. In
   other words, even if Cook and Ross had quantified Prest’s exposure to the
   chemicals that allegedly caused his injuries, their expert testimony would still
   fail to satisfy general causation. See Johnson, 685 F.3d at 468–69 (finding no
   abuse of discretion in excluding an expert witness’s causation opinion when
   the expert provided a differential diagnosis without satisfying general
   causation requirement). Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its
   discretion in excluding their opinions.

           _____________________
           6
            Although unpublished opinions are non-precedential, we cite them as persuasive.
   Byrd is particularly relevant because it involves a similarly situated plaintiff, the same
   defendant, and one of the same expert witnesses—Dr. Cook.

                                               6
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                                    No. 22-30779

          And without Dr. Cook’s and Dr. Ross’s testimony, Prest cannot
   establish causation for his chemical exposure claims. See Allen, 102 F.3d at
   199 (requiring not just knowledge, but scientific knowledge). Accordingly, the
   district court did not err in granting summary judgment for BP as to Prest’s
   exposure claim. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322–23 (1986)
   (“[A] complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the
   nonmoving party’s case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial.”).
                                         B.
          Prest also contends the district court erred in dismissing his
   “temporary injury” and emotional distress claims based on his being sprayed
   with dispersant. He reasons that expert testimony is not required for those
   claims. But he cites no authority to support his argument that expert
   testimony is not required for his temporary injuries. Instead, he only
   references his opposition to BP’s motion for summary judgment. A party
   cannot simply point to a district court filing to support an argument on
   appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(4). “Our court has resoundingly
   rejected such a tactic.” E.R. by E.R. v. Spring Branch Indep. Sch. Dist., 909
   F.3d 754, 763 (5th Cir. 2018) (citing Yohey v. Collins, 985 F.2d 222, 224–25
   (5th Cir. 1993)). Accordingly, Prest waived any argument that expert
   testimony is not required to substantiate temporary injuries. See id.; see also
   United States v. Fernandez, 48 F.4th 405, 412 (5th Cir. 2022) (“[F]ailure
   adequately to brief an issue on appeal constitutes waiver of that argument.”).
          As for his emotional distress claim, Prest contends the district court
   erred by finding that he was not in a zone of danger. As a threshold matter,
   “[w]e have ‘repeatedly declined to adopt or preclude the zone-of-danger
   theory’ for general maritime law.” SCF Waxler Marine, L.L.C. v. Aris T
   M/V, 24 F.4th 458, 476 (5th Cir. 2022). Assuming arguendo that plaintiffs
   can recover under such a theory, Prest’s claim nonetheless fails.

                                         7
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                                     No. 22-30779

          To recover under a zone of danger theory, a plaintiff’s emotional
   injuries must be “a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the defendant’s
   alleged negligence.” Id. Prest avers that he has “constantly [had] flashbacks
   and nightmares from all [he] [has] endured . . . whether it’s [his] mental or
   physical health, [his] family/friends enjoyment (or lack thereof), the estuary,
   [their] business, or the future that [their] one-and-only son would have had if
   not for BP. It has forever changed [Prest] both mentally and physically.” He
   also states more broadly that “he has . . . suffered substantial mental pain and
   suffering and loss of enjoyment of life related to the Oil Spill.” We do not
   question the seriousness of Prest’s alleged emotional injuries, but, by his own
   testimony, they are not a foreseeable consequence of being sprayed with
   dispersant by the airplane. Rather, they pertain to the BP oil spill generally.
   Prest does not articulate any emotional injuries related directly to being
   sprayed with dispersant. Accordingly, Prest’s emotional distress claims not
   only fail under a zone of danger theory, but “under any known theory of
   recovery—even the most liberal.” See Plaisance v. Texaco, Inc., 966 F.2d 166,
   168 (5th Cir. 1992).
                                        III.
          Prest also challenges the district court’s order denying his motion to
   amend the scheduling order and continue trial. He asserts there was good
   cause to continue the trial based on Dr. Vives’s testimony that she could not
   determine if Prest’s recent medical issues were the result of his oil spill work
   until those conditions stabilized. Id.
          District courts have broad discretion in enforcing the deadlines in
   their scheduling orders. Batiste v. Lewis, 976 F.3d 493, 500 (5th Cir. 2020).
   “We will not lightly disturb a court’s enforcement of those deadlines.” Id.
   (quoting Geiserman v. MacDonald, 893 F.2d 787, 792 (5th Cir. 1990)). We
   consider several factors to determine whether a district court abused its

                                            8
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                                          No. 22-30779

   discretion to exclude evidence as a means of enforcing its scheduling order:
   “(1) the explanation for the failure to . . . [comply with the scheduling order];
   (2) the importance of the [evidence]; (3) potential prejudice in allowing the
   [evidence]; and (4) the availability of a continuance to cure such prejudice.”
   Id. (quoting Squyres v. Heico Cos., 782 F.3d 224, 237 (5th Cir. 2015)).
           All four factors weigh against Prest, but we focus on the importance
   of Dr. Vives’s evidence. Vives’s potential testimony is less important
   because it relates to specific causation—and thus does not remedy Prest’s
   inability otherwise to show general causation. Vives does not purport to have
   evidence that exposure to crude oil or dispersants causes neurological issues
   in the general population. Thus, even if she testified that there was a
   connection between Prest’s recent medical issues and his oil spill work,
   summary judgment would still be appropriate. Consequently, the district
   court did not abuse its discretion in denying Prest’s motion for a
   continuance. 7
                                               IV.
           For the reasons stated, the judgment of the district court is
                                                                              AFFIRMED.

           _____________________
           7
             Prest also argues for the first time on appeal that the district judge erred by
   refusing to recuse. “That argument was not raised in the district court, so it is forfeited.”
   U.S. ex rel. Drummond v. BestCare Lab’y Servs., L.L.C., 950 F.3d 277, 285 (5th Cir. 2020)
   (citing Andrade v. Chojnacki, 338 F.3d 448, 454 (5th Cir. 2003)).

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