Court Opinion

ID: 2757533
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-12-04 16:05:25.887702+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:29:31.265297
License: Public Domain

FOR PUBLICATION
                                                      Dec 04 2014, 10:40 am
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:

JON LARAMORE
HARMONY A. MAPPES
Faegre Baker Daniels LLP
Indianapolis, Indiana

                           IN THE
                 COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

IN RE PETITION FOR CHANGE OF BIRTH          )
CERTIFICATE                                 )
                                            )
                                            )
                                            )       No. 79A03-1403-MI-91
                                            )
                                            )
                                            )
                                            )

                 APPEAL FROM THE TIPPECANOE CIRCUIT COURT
                       The Honorable Donald L. Daniel, Judge
                           Cause No. 79C01-1303-MI-33

                                 December 4, 2014

                           OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION

FRIEDLANDER, Judge
       Appellant is a transgender male who identifies as a man, lives as a man, and has

undergone extensive medical treatment for gender transition, including gender

reassignment surgery. Appellant filed a petition to change his legal gender so that he could

correct the gender markers on his birth certificate. The trial court denied the petition based

upon a perceived lack of authority to grant such a request. In this uncontested appeal,

Appellant contends that the trial court erred by refusing to grant the petition.

       We reverse and remand.

       In 1988, Appellant was born in Indiana as a genotypical female. Since 2008,

Appellant has received ongoing psychotherapy to address longstanding gender dysphoria

(formerly known as gender identity disorder). As Appellant’s desire and readiness to

pursue gender reassignment became clear, Appellant began living as a male in January

2011 and shortly thereafter started testosterone treatment, which he has since continued.

Appellant legally changed his name in 2012, and he completed sex reassignment surgery

the following year. According to his surgeon, Appellant’s true gender, based upon

psychological and medical testing, is male. Appellant has changed his name and gender

mark on his driver’s license, as well as with the Social Security Administration. His birth

certificate is the only significant life document that remains to be changed.

       On March 26, 2013, Appellant filed a petition for change of gender in Tippecanoe

Circuit Court. The petition sought an order changing Appellant’s legal gender from female

to male “for the purposes of meeting the requirements of the Indiana State Department of

Health for changing the gender designation on birth records.” Appendix at 6. Appellant

stated in the petition that he had successfully transitioned to a male role in society, in

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accordance with accepted medical standards of care for gender dysphoria, and that he

desired to change his gender designation so that his birth record “may be more congruent

with his appearance and social role.” Id.

       Appellant appeared pro se at the uncontested hearing on the petition on February

12, 2014. He presented evidence from his surgeon, therapist, and endocrinologist detailing

his gender transition. He also provided the court with a letter from the Indiana State

Department of Health (the ISDH) setting out its official process for changing the gender

marker on birth records. In the letter, the ISDH Birth Record Amendment Supervisor

stated in relevant part:

       The [ISDH] Registrar’s manual states that we need a court order to change
       the gender on a birth record for a person who has gone through Gender
       Reassignment Surgery.

       The court order needs to tell us the person’s name, date and place of birth
       and needs to tell us to change the original gender of the person on the
       person’s birth certificate.

       The [ISDH] Vital Records office will accept any court ordered gender change
       from any valid court in the United States.

Id. at 9. The court took the matter under advisement after specifically finding that the

petition had been made in good faith and not for a fraudulent or unlawful purpose.

       On February 14, 2014, the trial court issued an order denying the petition. The court

concluded that it did not have authority to grant such a request, noting that the Indiana

General Assembly had not yet spoken on the issue. On appeal, Appellant contends that the

trial court had authority pursuant to Ind. Code Ann. § 16-37-2-10 (West, Westlaw current

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with all 2014 Public Laws of the 2014 2nd Regular Session & 2nd Regular Technical Session

of the 118th General Assembly), as well as the court’s inherent equitable authority.

        I.C. § 16-37-2-10(b) provides in relevant part: “The state department may make

additions to or corrections in a certificate of birth on receipt of adequate documentary

evidence”. Like name changes,1 the ISDH defers to the courts by requiring a court order

to establish adequate documentary evidence for an amendment of gender on a birth

certificate. Courts in our state have entered such orders. See In re Davis, 1 N.E.3d 184

(Ind. Ct. App. 2013) (observing that trial court granted petition to change gender on birth

certificate). Further, the Indiana Bureau of Motor Vehicles expressly recognizes “certified

amended birth certificate[s] showing a change in…gender” as proof of identity to obtain,

renew, or amend an Indiana driver’s license or identification card. See 140 Ind. Admin.

Code 7-1.1-3(b)(1)(B) and (K).

        Though never addressed by this court, the amendment of a birth certificate with

respect to gender is not novel. The vast majority of states, including Indiana, have allowed

it in practice for some time. See In re Heilig, 816 A.2d 68 (Md. 2003) (recognizing that,

at the time, twenty-two states had enacted statutes expressly enabling such amendments

and twenty states had statutes dealing generally with amendments to birth certificates; only

Tennessee statutorily forbade an amendment as to gender).                    See also Dean Spade,

Documenting Gender, 59 Hastings L.J. 731, 768 (2008) (forty-seven states allow gender

1
  In re Resnover, 979 N.E.2d 668 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), addresses the need for a court-ordered name change
for an individual to obtain an amendment to the name on a birth certificate.
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reclassification on birth certificates (Idaho, Ohio, and Tennessee do not);2 twenty-eight of

these states “specifically authorize gender reclassification by statute or administrative

ruling, while the other nineteen have no written rule stating that they allow sex designation

change, but in practice do provide sex designation change upon application”).3

        I.C. § 16-37-2-10 provides general authority for the amendment of birth certificates,

without any express limitation (in the statute or elsewhere) regarding gender amendments.

In light of this statute, as well as the inherent equity power of a court of general jurisdiction,

we conclude that the trial court had authority to grant the petition at hand. See State ex.

rel. Root v. Circuit Court of Allen County, 289 N.E.2d 503, 507 (Ind. 1972) (“a court of

general jurisdiction has inherent equity power unless a statute expressly or impliedly

provides otherwise”).         See also In re Heilig, 816 A.2d at 82 (“[t]here is nothing

extraordinary about equity jurisdiction in these kinds of matters”).

        We recognize the trial court’s concern over what evidence is required in support of

such a petition. In its order, the court queried in part:

        Can the court grant such a request merely because someone holds themselves
        out as a member of the other gender? If so, how long must they hold
        themselves out as a member of the other gender? Is gender reassignment

2
   Tennessee is the only state that statutorily bans such amendments. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 68-303(d)
(West, Westlaw current through end of the 2014 2nd Regular Session) (“[t]he sex of an individual shall not
be changed on the original certificate of birth as a result of sex change surgery”). Ohio’s denial is based on
a ruling from a probate court interpreting Ohio’s statute as “strictly a ‘correction’ type statute,” which
permits correction only “if in fact the original entry was in error.” In re Ladrach, 32 Ohio Misc. 2d 6, 8
(Ohio Prob. Ct. 1987). See also Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 3705.15 (providing for correction where
registration of birth “has not been properly and accurately recorded”). The basis of Idaho’s denial is unclear
but commentators appear to agree that gender amendments are not permitted by Idaho’s Office of Vital
Statistics.
3
  The Model State Vital Statistics Act and Regulations issued by the U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services has, since the 1977 revision, provided in § 21 for the amendment of a birth certificate upon the
receipt of a certified copy of an order indicating the individual’s sex has been changed by surgical
procedure.
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        surgery required? Is hormone therapy required? Is a medical opinion
        required?

Appendix at 4. The legislature is free to craft specific requirements. Without such

guidance, however, it is our view that the ultimate focus should be on whether the petition

is made in good faith and not for a fraudulent or unlawful purpose.4

        There can be no question in this case that Appellant made an adequate showing in

support of his petition. He presented ample medical evidence regarding his gender

transition, which culminated in sex reassignment surgery. Moreover, Appellant’s genuine

desire to have all identifying documents conform to his current physical and social identity

is apparent.

        The trial court erred in denying the petition. On remand, the trial court is directed

to grant Appellant’s petition and issue an order directing the ISDH to amend his birth

certificate to reflect his male gender.

        Reversed and remanded.

VAIDIK, C.J., and MAY, J., concur.

4
    The Social Security Administration (the SSA) recently began a new policy for individuals seeking to
change their gender designation in their Social Security records. Previously, the SSA required
documentation of sex reassignment surgery. This is no longer required. Under the new policy, individuals
can submit, among other things, an amended birth certificate with the new sex, a court order directing legal
recognition of the change of sex, or a physician’s verified statement that “the individual has had appropriate
clinical treatment for gender transition”. Soc. Sec. Admin., Program Operations Manual Sys., RM
10212.200 Changing Numident Data for Reasons Other than Name Change (2013), available at
https://secure.ssa.gov/poms.nsf/lnx/0110212200. See also Admin. Law-Identity Records-Soc. Sec. Admin.
Eliminates Surgical Requirement for Changing Trans Individuals' Gender Markers.-Soc. Sec. Admin.,
Program Operations Manual System, Rm 10212.200 Changing, 127 Harv. L. Rev. 1863 (2014).
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