Court Opinion

ID: 9391545
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-02 16:09:17.945704+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:41.093857
License: Public Domain

May 2, 2023
                                                  Supreme Court

                                                  No. 2022-151-Appeal.
                                                  (KC 16-839)

     Nancy Wildes Smith            :

              v.                   :

John R. Paquette, DMD, et al.      :

       NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision
       before publication in the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers
       are requested to notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme
       Court of Rhode Island, 250 Benefit Street, Providence,
       Rhode Island 02903, at Telephone (401) 222-3258 or
       Email opinionanalyst@courts.ri.gov, of any typographical
       or other formal errors in order that corrections may be
       made before the opinion is published.
                                                           Supreme Court

                                                           No. 2022-151-Appeal.
                                                           (KC 16-839)

           Nancy Wildes Smith              :

                    v.                     :

      John R. Paquette, DMD, et al.        :

       Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Robinson, Lynch Prata, and Long, JJ.

                                   OPINION

      Chief Justice Suttell, for the Court. The pro se plaintiff, Nancy Wildes

Smith, appeals from a Superior Court judgment in favor of the defendants, John R.

Paquette, DMD, and Warwick Family Dental Group Two, Inc. (Warwick Family

Dental) (collectively defendants), following the grant of the defendants’ motion for

summary judgment.1 On appeal, the plaintiff contends that the hearing justice erred

in granting the defendants’ motion for summary judgment based on Rhode Island’s

three-year statute of limitations for medical malpractice claims. This case came

before the Supreme Court pursuant to an order directing the parties to appear and

show cause why the issues raised in this appeal should not be summarily decided.

After considering the parties’ written and oral submissions and reviewing the record,

1
  While plaintiff appears before us pro se, at oral arguments she affirmed that she is
a practicing attorney in Connecticut, and she did not dispute opposing counsel’s
indication that she is also licensed in Rhode Island.

                                        -1-
we conclude that cause has not been shown and that this case may be decided without

further briefing or argument. For the reasons set forth herein, we affirm the

judgment of the Superior Court.

                                         I

                                  Facts and Travel

      From June 2010 until March 2013, plaintiff was a patient at Warwick Family

Dental, with Dr. Paquette serving as her primary dentist. After determining that

plaintiff needed a crown on tooth number twelve, Dr. Paquette installed a crown on

April 19, 2012.2 Thereafter, plaintiff continued to be seen by defendants until a

routine cleaning on March 6, 2013. At that visit, a hygienist identified a four-

millimeter periodontal pocket between the crowned tooth number twelve and tooth

number thirteen.3

      On April 12, 2013, in search of a second opinion with respect to the

hygienist’s conclusion, plaintiff saw Nicole Kim, a general dentist with NDK Dental.

In a consultation Dr. Kim recommended that plaintiff undergo a comprehensive oral

examination, which Dr. Kim performed on June 7, 2013. Based on her exam,

Dr. Kim determined that plaintiff was experiencing bone loss between tooth number

2
  Tooth number twelve is the upper left second bicuspid.
3
  A “periodontal pocket” is an abnormal extension of the space between the gum and
the tooth. 4 J.E. Schmidt, M.D., Attorneys’ Dictionary of Medicine and Word Finder
181 (2000); Stedman’s Medical Dictionary 1527 (28th ed. 2006).

                                        -2-
twelve and tooth number thirteen and recommended that plaintiff see a periodontist

for further evaluation.

      Shortly thereafter, on June 13, 2013, plaintiff was seen by a periodontist,

Brenda Pierce, DDS, who confirmed Dr. Kim’s bone-loss diagnosis and further

determined that osseous surgery was necessary. Doctor Pierce also found that the

crown on tooth number twelve was problematic. Specifically, Dr. Pierce’s patient

notes for plaintiff state, “[t]ooth [number twelve] has a crown margin that is

overhung and extends quite a bit apically on the distal.” The patient notes indicate

that Dr. Pierce discussed three potential causes of the bone loss with plaintiff.

Doctor Pierce wrote that a fracture or plaintiff’s own anatomy could have

contributed to the bone loss, or “[t]here could also be food impaction since there is

definitely an open margin” between tooth number twelve and tooth number thirteen.

      Based on Dr. Pierce’s recommendation that closing the crown margin before

plaintiff’s osseous surgery would optimize healing, Dr. Kim inserted a temporary

crown on plaintiff’s tooth number twelve on July 10, 2013. Doctor Pierce performed

osseous surgery for plaintiff on July 16, 2013, and Dr. Kim inserted a second

temporary crown shortly thereafter.      A few months later, Dr. Kim placed a

permanent crown on the tooth.

      Initially, plaintiff’s dental insurer, Delta Dental of Rhode Island (Delta

Dental), denied coverage for the new crown because Dr. Paquette had placed the

                                        -3-
first crown within Delta Dental’s sixty-month contractual time limitation. On July

16, 2013, plaintiff prepared an email to Delta Dental that contained a detailed

explanation of the sequence of events relating to tooth number twelve. In the email,

plaintiff described Dr. Kim’s and Dr. Pierce’s observations regarding the crown and

further stated, “[w]hile I believe that the crown done for me by Dr. Paquette looked

very nice in terms of color matching, it seems that it was lacking in functionality in

that it was not properly covering the area needed. I believe that the resulting space

caused the problem I have now.” The plaintiff requested that the insurer reconsider

the denial of benefits and “investigate [the] situation for [plaintiff].” The plaintiff

sent the email on July 17, 2013.

      Thereafter, plaintiff received a letter dated August 19, 2013, from Delta

Dental’s Associate Dental Director, Sharon A. Trahan, DMD, granting her appeal.

Doctor Trahan’s written decision “in response to [plaintiff’s] complaint against

Dr. John Paquette” stated that, after having reviewed the documentation from

Dr. Paquette, Dr. Kim, and Dr. Pierce, she concluded that Dr. Paquette “used poor

clinical judgment that resulted in a substandard crown” and that “[t]his contributed

to the periodontal deterioration between [tooth number twelve] and [tooth number

thirteen] necessitating the surgical procedure.”     Accordingly, Warwick Family

Dental was required to return what Delta Dental had paid for the first crown placed

                                         -4-
on plaintiff’s tooth number twelve.       The letter also indicated that plaintiff’s

replacement crown would not be subject to the policy’s time limitation.

      Precisely three years after receiving the letter granting her appeal, on August

19, 2016, plaintiff filed a dental malpractice claim against defendants.           The

defendants filed answers that denied liability for plaintiff’s injuries and asserted

several affirmative defenses, including those related to the statute of limitations. On

November 17, 2021, defendants filed a joint motion for summary judgment asserting

that the statute of limitations for plaintiff’s claims expired no later than three years

from June 13, 2013.4 The plaintiff objected to the motion, asserting that the statute

of limitations did not begin to run until she received the letter from Delta Dental

dated August 19, 2013. Thus, plaintiff argued, her complaint was timely filed.

      The hearing justice heard arguments on the motion on March 28, 2022. At

the hearing, defendants argued that the undisputed evidence demonstrated that “a

person in the exercise of reasonable diligence would have discovered [defendants’]

wrongful conduct” by July 16, 2013, when plaintiff prepared the emailed appeal to

Delta Dental.      In response, plaintiff denied knowing for certain whether

Dr. Paquette’s misconduct caused the bone loss until she received the letter from

Delta Dental on August 19, 2013. The hearing justice then rendered a bench decision

4
  According to a December 4, 2020 scheduling order, the progress of the case was
stalled due to plaintiff’s continued treatment for her injuries.

                                         -5-
granting defendants’ motion for summary judgment. The hearing justice determined

that July 16, 2013, was the operative date for the running of the statute of limitations

because plaintiff’s email to Delta Dental “clearly says the crown is lacking in

functionality and is not properly covering the area as needed.”

      An order granting summary judgment and final judgment in favor of

defendants entered on May 9, 2022. On April 14, 2022, plaintiff filed a premature

yet timely notice of appeal.

                                          II

                                Standard of Review

      “This Court will review the grant of a motion for summary judgment de novo.”

Borgo v. Narragansett Electric Company, 275 A.3d 567, 571 (R.I. 2022) (brackets

omitted) (quoting Shorr v. Harris, as Trustee of Trust of Anna H. Blankstein, 248

A.3d 633, 636 (R.I. 2021)). “We will affirm a summary judgment if, after reviewing

the admissible evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, we

conclude that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that the moving party is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id. (quoting Shorr, 248 A.3d at 636). It is

also well settled that “the question of whether a statute of limitations has run against

a plaintiff’s claim is a question of law, which this Court reviews de novo.” Goddard

v. APG Security-RI, LLC, 134 A.3d 173, 175 (R.I. 2016) (brackets and deletion

                                         -6-
omitted) (quoting Ho-Rath v. Rhode Island Hospital, 115 A.3d 938, 942-43 (R.I.

2015)).

                                         III

                                     Discussion

      In Rhode Island, a cause of action for medical malpractice must be brought

within three years of the date of the alleged act of malpractice. G.L. 1956 § 9-1-14.1

(“[A]n action for medical * * * malpractice shall be commenced within three (3)

years from the time of the occurrence of the incident that gave rise to the action.”).

This edict, however, is not absolute and yields to the “discovery rule,” which is now

codified in § 9-1-14.1(3):5

             “In respect to those injuries or damages due to acts of
             medical * * * malpractice that could not in the exercise of
             reasonable diligence be discoverable at the time of the
             occurrence of the incident that gave rise to the action, suit
             shall be commenced within three (3) years of the time that
             the act or acts of the malpractice should, in the exercise of
             reasonable diligence, have been discovered.”
The discovery rule exception “serves to protect individuals suffering from latent or

undiscoverable injuries who then seek legal redress after the statute of limitations

has expired for a particular claim.” Fogarty v. Palumbo, 163 A.3d 526, 534 (R.I.

5
 This rule was previously codified at G.L. 1956 § 9-1-14.1(2). The statute was
amended in 2018, but the pertinent language of the rule remained the same. See P.L.
2018, ch. 154, § 1; P.L. 2018, ch. 273, § 1. The Court refers to its current section
number—§ 9-1-14.1(3)—throughout this opinion.

                                         -7-
2017) (quoting Behroozi v. Kirshenbaum, 128 A.3d 869, 873 (R.I. 2016)).

Nevertheless, the remedial aim of the discovery rule is balanced “against the need

of society and the judicial system for finality—for a closing of the books.”

Bustamante v. Oshiro, 64 A.3d 1200, 1208 (R.I. 2013) (quoting Ryan v. Roman

Catholic Bishop of Providence, 941 A.2d 174, 181 (R.I. 2008)).

      The parties do not dispute that the discovery rule applies to plaintiff’s claims.

Instead, the parties only dispute the precise date the three-year statute of limitations

period began to run. The plaintiff argues that the statute of limitations began to run

for her dental malpractice claim when she received the August 19, 2013 letter from

Delta Dental granting her appeal based on Dr. Paquette’s suspected professional

misjudgment. The plaintiff submits that this is the earliest date that she knew or had

reason to know the cause of her injury. Before this date, plaintiff argues that she

merely had a “layperson suspicion that was unconfirmed by either [her] dentist or

periodontist * * * .”

      In response, defendants argue that the statute of limitations began to run, at

the latest, on July 16, 2013.       The defendants submit that, at that point, as

demonstrated by her letter to Delta Dental, plaintiff was apparently aware that the

crown installed by Dr. Paquette was problematic and could be connected to her bone

loss. Thus, defendants contend that plaintiff was on notice that she had a potential

claim against defendants for medical malpractice.

                                         -8-
      “The standard applied to [the discovery rule] exception is objective: It requires

only that the plaintiff be aware of facts that would place a reasonable person on

notice that a potential claim exists.” Fogarty, 163 A.3d at 534 (quoting Behroozi,

128 A.3d at 873). Where, as in the case before us, “the manifestation of an injury,

the cause of that injury, and the person’s knowledge of the wrongdoing occur at

different points in time, the running of the statute of limitations [begins] when the

person discovers, or with reasonable diligence should have discovered, the wrongful

conduct.” Zuccolo v. Blazar, 694 A.2d 717, 719 (R.I. 1997) (deletions omitted)

(quoting Anthony v. Abbott Laboratories, 490 A.2d 43, 46 (R.I. 1985)). “If a

reasonable person in similar circumstances should have discovered that the wrongful

conduct of the defendant caused his or her injuries as of some date before the plaintiff

alleged that he or she made this discovery, then the earlier date will be used to start

the running of the limitations period.” Bustamante, 64 A.3d at 1204 (brackets

omitted) (quoting Hanson v. Singsen, 898 A.2d 1244, 1249 (R.I. 2006)).

Nevertheless, this Court draws “‘all reasonable inferences’ in plaintiff’s favor to

determine whether, in the exercise of reasonable diligence, plaintiff should have

discovered the alleged act of malpractice.” Canavan v. Lovett, Schefrin and Harnett,

862 A.2d 778, 784 (R.I. 2004) (quoting Richmond Square Capital Corp. v.

Mittleman, 689 A.2d 1067, 1069 (R.I. 1997) (mem.)).

                                         -9-
      It is our opinion that plaintiff’s dental malpractice claims against defendants

are time-barred because, by June 13, 2013, plaintiff was aware of facts that, in the

exercise of reasonable diligence, should have led her to discover that defendants’

alleged wrongful conduct caused her to be injured. By June 13, 2013, plaintiff was

equipped with Dr. Kim’s and Dr. Pierce’s diagnoses of bone loss in the immediate

area surrounding the tooth where Dr. Paquette placed the crown, Dr. Pierce’s theory

of potential sources of the ailment, and Dr. Pierce’s recommended treatment. This

is more than enough to place a person in plaintiff’s position, in the exercise of

reasonable diligence, on notice that a potential claim against defendants existed. See

Fogarty, 163 A.3d at 534.

      Even though Dr. Pierce identified other potential causes of plaintiff’s bone

loss, we have previously held that even the mere suggestion of a possible connection

between a plaintiff’s injuries and a defendant’s alleged wrongful conduct is enough

to trigger the running of the statute of limitations. Bustamante, 64 A.3d at 1207-08;

Zuccolo, 694 A.2d at 719. For this reason, plaintiff’s reliance on our decision in

Zuccolo is misplaced.

      In Zuccolo, the plaintiff suspected a connection between his swelling joints

and a medication prescribed by the defendant in 1985. Zuccolo, 694 A.2d at 718.

Nevertheless, between 1985 and 1988, three different doctors misdiagnosed the

plaintiff with rheumatoid arthritis and expressly rejected the plaintiff’s suspicions

                                        - 10 -
regarding the cause of his complaints. Id. Because the plaintiff’s suspicions had not

been confirmed, “and in fact had been explicitly contradicted[,]” this Court held that

the statute of limitations for the plaintiff’s medical malpractice claim did not begin

to run until he finally received an MRI in December 1988. Id. at 719. The MRI

revealed that he was suffering from avascular necrosis and a fourth doctor

“ambiguously suggested” that the plaintiff’s condition could be related to a

previously prescribed medication. Id. at 718.

      Our holding in Zuccolo is instructive in this regard. Akin to the plaintiff in

Zuccolo, here, dissatisfied with the original explanation she received from the

hygienist at Warwick Family Dental, plaintiff pursued a second opinion from

Dr. Kim. See Zuccolo, 694 A.2d at 719. Fortunately for plaintiff, however, she was

not made to run the gauntlet of inaccurate diagnoses. Instead, Dr. Pierce’s treatment

notes clearly document discussions with plaintiff regarding the bone-loss diagnosis,

potential causes, and suggested treatment—which notably included replacing the

defective crown.

      To be sure, whether plaintiff “subjectively suspected that defendants had done

something wrong is of scant relevance in the discovery-rule analysis * * *.”

Bustamante, 64 A.3d at 1206. Nonetheless, our conclusion that plaintiff’s claim

ripened by June 13, 2013, is buttressed further by the statements made in plaintiff’s

July 16, 2013 emailed appeal to Delta Dental. In the email, plaintiff memorialized

                                        - 11 -
discussions with Dr. Pierce relating to “a gap of space [between tooth number twelve

and tooth number thirteen] that would have allowed food to lodge there causing

bacteria that went into the gum” and plaintiff’s belief that the crown inserted by Dr.

Paquette “seem[ed] that it was lacking in functionality in that it was not properly

covering the area needed.” These statements do more than demonstrate a mere

suspicion of defendants’ alleged wrongdoing; instead, the statements demonstrate

that plaintiff had already acquired enough facts to connect her injuries with

defendant’s alleged wrongdoing. See Bustamante, 64 A.3d at 1208; Zuccolo, 694

A.2d at 719.

      Delta Dental’s August 19, 2013 letter may have provided “a clear-cut

anchoring [of the plaintiff’s injuries] to the allegedly negligent conduct of” the

defendants, but the discovery rule does not require such exacting clarity.

Bustamante, 64 A.3d at 1207. Instead, “in the exercise of reasonable diligence[,]”

the plaintiff should have discovered the defendants’ alleged acts of malpractice by

the plaintiff’s examination with Dr. Pierce on June 13, 2013. Section 9-1-14.1(3).

The three-year statute of limitations for the plaintiff’s claim, therefore, began to run

on that date, and thus the plaintiff’s August 19, 2016 complaint is time-barred.

                                         - 12 -
                                        IV

                                    Conclusion

      For the reasons set forth herein, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court.

The record may be returned to the Superior Court.

                                       - 13 -
                                              STATE OF RHODE ISLAND
                                         SUPREME COURT – CLERK’S OFFICE
                                               Licht Judicial Complex
                                                 250 Benefit Street
                                               Providence, RI 02903

                                     OPINION COVER SHEET

Title of Case                            Nancy Wildes Smith v. John R. Paquette, DMD, et al.

                                         No. 2022-151-Appeal.
Case Number
                                         (KC 16-839)

Date Opinion Filed                       May 2, 2023

                                         Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Robinson, Lynch Prata, and
Justices
                                         Long, JJ.

Written By                               Chief Justice Paul A. Suttell

Source of Appeal                         Kent County Superior Court

Judicial Officer from Lower Court        Associate Justice Brian Van Couyghen

                                         For Plaintiff:

                                         Nancy Smith, pro se
Attorney(s) on Appeal
                                         For Defendants:

                                         Alan R. Tate, Esq.

SU-CMS-02A (revised November 2022)