Court Opinion

ID: 6340608
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-05-13 15:11:19.938217+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:02:47.183614
License: Public Domain

05/13/2022
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT NASHVILLE
                                  May 5, 2021 Session

       DEBRA JEAN GRIFFITH-BALL v. STANLEY LAUREN BALL

               Appeal from the Circuit Court for Montgomery County
                No. CC-19-CV-0029        Kathryn Wall Olita, Judge
                     ___________________________________

                           No. M2020-00509-COA-R3-CV
                       ___________________________________

A husband and wife divorced after a long marriage. They disputed whether certain assets
were marital or separate property and whether the wife was entitled to alimony. The trial
court found that the disputed assets were the husband’s separate property. And it awarded
the wife alimony in futuro, as well as attorney’s fees as alimony in solido. Upon our
review, we find the evidence preponderates against the finding that the assets are separate
property. So, with those assets included in the marital estate, we remand for a new property
division. And, because the division of marital property is a factor in awarding alimony, we
vacate the alimony awards. On remand, the court should consider whether alimony is still
appropriate under its new property division and, if so, the type, amount, and duration of
the award.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Reversed in
                      Part; Vacated in Part; and Remanded

W. NEAL MCBRAYER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which FRANK G. CLEMENT,
JR., P.J., M.S., and KENNY W. ARMSTRONG, J., joined.

Daniel P. Bryant, Clarksville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Stanley Lauren Ball.

Steven C. Girsky, Clarksville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Debra Jean Griffith-Ball.
                                       OPINION

                                            I.

                                            A.

       In January 2020, the Circuit Court for Montgomery County granted Stanley Ball
(“Husband”) and Debra Griffith-Ball (“Wife”) a divorce. They had been married for 34
years and were both 65 years old. At the start of the parties’ marriage, Husband was a car
salesman and in the Army Reserves. Wife owned her own business as a hairdresser.

       A couple of years into the marriage, the parties had two daughters, prompting
Husband to return to active duty in the Army. His career required the parties to move many
times, which made it difficult for Wife to continue her hairdressing career. So she became
a homemaker and stay-at-home parent to the parties’ children.

      Around 2006 or 2007, Wife began working for the Clarksville Montgomery County
School System in the special education department. And, in 2011, Husband retired from
the Army after serving for over thirty years. He retired with a VA disability rating of
80%—which later changed to 100%—because of post-traumatic stress disorder,
depression, migraines, back and knee problems, and sleep apnea.

       Husband received monthly VA disability benefits that he deposited in a Fortera
Credit Union account solely in his name. With this account, Husband purchased a property
on Granny White Road to lease to one of the parties’ now-adult daughters under a lease-
purchase agreement. He also purchased a Dodge pickup for himself with the account. The
account was funded only with Husband’s VA disability benefits and the monthly rent from
the daughter.

       At the time of divorce, in addition to VA disability benefits, Husband received
military retirement pay and Social Security benefits each month. His gross monthly
income was $10,354. He claimed monthly expenses of $3,803.

       Meanwhile, Wife still worked for the school system as a teacher’s aide for a special
education pre-kindergarten class. She also received Social Security. Her gross monthly
income from these sources was $2,090.18. But Wife’s job was physically demanding, and
she suffered from arthritis and sciatica. So she was unsure how much longer she could
continue working. Wife claimed monthly expenses of $3,926.

                                            2
                                            B.

       At trial, the parties agreed to much of the property division. Among other things,
they agreed that Wife should receive half of Husband’s retirement pay for the portion of
his career that occurred during the marriage. So the trial court awarded Wife approximately
$2,050 per month from Husband’s retirement pay.

       The parties disputed whether the Fortera account and the purchases made from the
account were marital or separate property. Husband argued that federal law prevents
classifying VA disability benefits as marital property. So he claimed that the account was
his separate property. Because the Granny White property and Dodge pickup were easily
traced to the account, he also claimed that those items were his separate property. Wife
acknowledged that the court could not divide Husband’s VA disability benefits going
forward. But she argued that the Fortera account was “an asset accumulated during the
marriage that should be equitably divided.” And, in addition to VA benefits, the Fortera
account consisted of monthly rent from the parties’ daughter. So Wife also contended that
the account became marital property under the doctrines of commingling and
transmutation.

       The parties also disputed whether Wife was entitled to alimony. Husband argued
that Wife’s income could cover her monthly expenses, especially when considering her
share of Husband’s retirement pay. And, in Husband’s view, Wife had “substantial
separate assets” and would “be taking a substantial sum of cash and other assets in the
division of marital property.” Wife countered that her age and physical limitations would
keep her from working in the future. And Husband’s “substantial income” left him “more
than capable” of paying alimony in futuro. Wife also sought alimony in solido to cover
attorney’s fees.

       The trial court found that the disputed assets were Husband’s separate property.
The court reasoned that the Fortera account was in Husband’s separate name, and “Wife
has had no access to it.” Although the Granny White property was titled in both parties’
names, Husband purchased it with his separate Fortera account. And he purchased it to
lease to the parties’ daughter, not for the parties to live there themselves. There was “no
evidence” that Husband intended to gift the property to the marital estate. Husband also
purchased the Dodge pickup with the Fortera account. So the pickup could likewise be
“traced into” Husband’s separate property.

       As for alimony in futuro, the trial court awarded Wife $2,000 per month. Wife had
“limited earning capacity” because of her physical issues. And, earlier in the marriage, her
support of Husband’s career prevented her from developing her own. Wife was also
“financially disadvantaged as compared with Husband.” After considering Wife’s portion
of Husband’s retirement pay, Husband still earned “nearly twice” what Wife did. Most
importantly, Wife showed “a documented need of $2,044.72 per month,” and Husband had
                                              3
the ability to pay. Husband earned over $100,000 per year and had a monthly surplus of
$2,800. He also left the marriage “with substantial separate assets.”

        The trial court also agreed with Wife that she was entitled to alimony in solido,
awarding her $15,000 “to go toward the attorney fees she incurred.” Husband had argued
that his VA disability benefits could not be considered as income “for any purpose.” But
the court found this argument “contrary to the existing law.” And it contributed to the need
for a trial and an increase in Wife’s attorney’s fees. The court also considered that Wife
had not received her portion of Husband’s retirement “for the nearly [twelve] months th[e]
matter ha[d] been pending.”
                                             II.

       On appeal, Husband argues that the trial court erred in granting Wife alimony in
futuro and alimony in solido. Alternatively, he argues that the awards were too high. For
her part, Wife argues that the Fortera account, Granny White property, and Dodge pickup
should have been classified as marital property. Both parties also request attorney’s fees
on appeal.

       Because this was a bench trial, our review is de novo on the record with a
presumption that the trial court’s factual findings are correct, unless the evidence
preponderates against those findings. TENN. R. APP. P. 13(d). Evidence preponderates
against a finding of fact if the evidence “support[s] another finding of fact with greater
convincing effect.” Rawlings v. John Hancock Mut. Life Ins. Co., 78 S.W.3d 291, 296
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2001). We review the trial court’s conclusions of law de novo with no
presumption of correctness. Kaplan v. Bugalla, 188 S.W.3d 632, 635 (Tenn. 2006).

                                              A.

       The division of marital property and each party’s separate assets impact the question
of alimony. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-121(i)(7)-(8) (2021). So we start with Wife’s
issues on appeal. Dividing a marital estate “must start with the classification of the parties’
property.” Flannary v. Flannary, 121 S.W.3d 647, 650 (Tenn. 2003); Owens v. Owens,
241 S.W.3d 478, 485 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007). Property is classified “as either marital or
separate.” Keyt v. Keyt, 244 S.W.3d 321, 328 (Tenn. 2007); Brown v. Brown, 913 S.W.2d
163, 166 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994). And “only marital property is equitably divided between
the parties.” Oakes v. Oakes, 235 S.W.3d 152, 158 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007); see Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-4-121(a)(1) (2021). Separate property “is not part of the marital estate and is
therefore not subject to division.” Snodgrass v. Snodgrass, 295 S.W.3d 240, 246 (Tenn.
2009). The classification of property as marital or separate is a question of fact. Stratienko
v. Stratienko, 529 S.W.3d 389, 398-99 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2017). All property “acquired by
either or both spouses during the course of the marriage” is marital property. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-4-121(b)(1)(A).

                                              4
       Here, Husband funded the Fortera account with rent income from the parties’
daughter and VA disability benefits that he received during the marriage. Rent income
earned during marriage is marital property under Tennessee law.1 See id.; see also Wade
v. Wade, 897 S.W.2d 702, 716 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994) (reasoning that “whatever [a spouse]
earn[s] during the marriage” is marital property). But federal law governs whether
Husband’s VA benefits can be divided as marital property.

       The anti-attachment provision exempts “[p]ayments of [VA] benefits due or to
become due” from “attachment, levy, or seizure by or under any legal or equitable process
whatever.” 38 U.S.C. § 5301(a)(1). The division of property in a divorce proceeding “is
certainly ‘legal or equitable process.’” Stacy v. Stacy, 144 N.E.3d 899, 904 (Mass. App.
Ct. 2020). And “attachment, levy, or seizure” should not be read narrowly. See id. To do
so would not “be consistent with the statute’s evident purpose.” Id. Simply put, federal
law prohibiting attachment serves to preempt state law on division of marital property. See
Mansell v. Mansell, 490 U.S. 581, 590 (1989) 2 (citing Hisquierdo v. Hisquierdo, 439 U.S.
572, 584 (1979); Wissner v. Wissner, 338 U.S. 655, 658-59 (1950)). Thus, the anti-
attachment provision generally prevents dividing VA disability benefits as marital
property. See Rickman v. Rickman, 605 P.2d 909, 911 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1980); In re
Marriage of Green, 169 P.3d 202, 204 (Colo. App. 2007); In re Marriage of Wojcik, 838
N.E.2d 282, 295 (Ill. App. Ct. 2005); In re Marriage of Howell, 434 N.W.2d 629, 633
(Iowa 1989); West v. West, 736 S.W.2d 31, 32 (Ky. Ct. App. 1987); Stacy, 144 N.E.3d at
904; Strong v. Strong, 8 P.3d 763, 768 (Mont. 2000); Ex parte Johnson, 591 S.W.2d 453,
456 (Tex. 1979); Pfeil v. Pfeil, 341 N.W.2d 699, 701-02 (Wis. Ct. App. 1983).

        But VA benefits lose the protections of the anti-attachment provision and become
marital property when “commingled with marital assets.” In re Marriage of Green, 169
P.3d at 204; accord In re Marriage of Hapaniewski, 438 N.E.2d 466, 471 (Ill. App. Ct.
1982); see also Hawes v. Stephens, 964 F.3d 412, 417 (5th Cir. 2020) (concluding that the
anti-attachment provision did not apply to VA benefits commingled with other funds); cf.
Angell v. Angell, 777 N.W.2d 32, 34-35, 40 (Minn. Ct. App. 2009) (holding that death-
gratuity benefits remained exempt under the anti-attachment provision when not
commingled with marital property); Pfeil, 341 N.W.2d at 702 (same, regarding VA

       1
         Husband argues that the rent “should not count as income.” In his view, the monthly payments
were loan repayments because Husband and the parties’ daughter had a lease-purchase arrangement.
Regardless, payments received under lease-purchase agreements “are generally rental income.” I.R.S. Pub.
No. 527, Residential Rental Property, 3 (Jan. 19, 2022), https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p527.pdf.

       2
          In Mansell v. Mansell, 490 U.S. 581 (1989), the United States Supreme Court held that state
courts cannot “treat as property divisible upon divorce military retirement pay that has been waived to
receive [VA] disability benefits.” Id. at 594-95. Here, Husband did not waive any retired pay to receive
VA disability benefits. He receives Concurrent Retirement and Disability Pay, which allows a qualified
service member to receive disability benefits without a corresponding reduction in retired pay. See 10
U.S.C. § 1414(a)(1).
                                                   5
benefits). Separate property becomes marital property by commingling “if inextricably
mingled with marital property.” Langschmidt v. Langschmidt, 81 S.W.3d 741, 747 (Tenn.
2002) (citations omitted).

        Here, Husband “jeopardized the identity of his separate [VA] funds” when he
combined them with marital rent income in the Fortera account. See Eldridge v. Eldridge,
137 S.W.3d 1, 17 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002); see also Ogle v. Duff, No. E2016-01295-COA-
R3-CV, 2017 WL 2275801, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 24, 2017) (reasoning that an account
“may have become marital property . . . [by] commingling if [the husband] contributed
marital funds to the account during the marriage”). It was his burden to show that the
benefits “continued to be segregated” or “could be traced into their product.” See Eldridge,
137 S.W.3d at 17; see also United States v. Griffith, 584 F.3d 1004, 1021 (10th Cir. 2009)
(explaining that, “even if VA funds are commingled in an account with other funds, they
will retain their VA character as long as they are readily traceable”); In re Seneca Oil Co.,
906 F.2d 1445, 1452 (10th Cir. 1990) (“[M]ere commingling of . . . funds does not defeat
tracing.”); accord In re Dameron, 155 F.3d 718, 723-24 (4th Cir. 1998); First Fed. of Mich.
v. Barrow, 878 F.2d 912, 915 (6th Cir. 1989).

       Husband did not meet this burden. He only offered proof of the total value of the
account; he did not show how much came from separate VA benefits as opposed to marital
rent income. The two sources of funds were not segregated, and no amount of funds was
traced to either source. See Darnell v. Darnell, No. E2018-02007-COA-R3-CV, 2019 WL
3781456, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 12, 2019) (finding commingling where the wife did
not prove how many times she deposited marital funds into a separate account or the
amount of the deposits); Hirt v. Hirt, No. E2004-00354-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 292414,
at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 8, 2005) (finding commingling where “there was absolutely no
proof” showing how much of the money in an account was separate or marital); cf. Smith
v. Smith, 93 S.W.3d 871, 879 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002) (no commingling where an accountant
“determine[d] the value of the accounts that was attributable to” separate property). So
Husband’s VA benefits lost their exempt status under the anti-attachment provision and
became marital property by commingling.

         Because Husband funded the Fortera account with marital income, the account is
“presumed to be marital property.” See Woodward v. Woodward, 240 S.W.3d 825, 828
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2007). Husband failed to rebut this presumption. See Owens, 241 S.W.3d
at 485-86 (reasoning that a party seeking to rebut the presumption must prove “by a
preponderance of the evidence that the asset is separate property”). At trial, he relied on
the fact that the account was in his name only, and Wife had no access to it. But income
earned during the marriage is marital property “regardless of the bank account into which
it [i]s deposited.” Wade, 897 S.W.2d at 716; see Wilson v. Moore, 929 S.W.2d 367, 374
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1996) (holding that a salary earned during the marriage was marital
property even though the husband “deposited [it] into his separate accounts”). And the
account did not meet any definition of separate property. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-
                                            6
121(b)(2). So the evidence preponderates in favor of a finding that the Fortera account was
marital property.

       As for the Granny White property, Husband purchased it with the Fortera account
before commingling his VA benefits with marital rent income. He did not earn the rent
income until purchasing the house and leasing it to the parties’ daughter. But, unlike VA
benefit funds that remain separate from other funds, the Granny White property purchased
with such funds is not exempt under the anti-attachment statute. VA benefits only remain
exempt if they “are readily available as needed for support and maintenance, . . . retain the
qualities of moneys, and have not been converted into permanent investments.” Porter v.
Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 370 U.S. 159, 162 (1962) (construing predecessor statute).

       Here, Husband’s VA benefits “lost the qualities of moneys” when used to purchase
the Granny White property. See Trotter v. Tennessee, 290 U.S. 354, 356 (1933). They
were no longer “[p]ayments of benefits due or to become due.” See 38 U.S.C. § 5301(a)(1);
see also Carrier v. Bryant, 306 U.S. 545, 547 (1939) (reasoning that investments
“purchased with . . . benefits are not such payments due or to become due” under the anti-
attachment provision). Instead, they “were converted into [real estate].” See Trotter, 290
U.S. at 356. So “there was an end to the exemption.” See id. (analyzing the tax exemption
in the anti-attachment statute); see also Pfeil, 341 N.W.2d at 702-03 (holding that VA
benefits “lost their exemption when invested in [a] real estate purchase” and a mortgage
note); accord Bischoff v. Bischoff, 987 S.W.2d 798, 800 (Ky. Ct. App. 1998).

        Because the Granny White property was not exempt under the anti-attachment
statute, it need not be classified as Husband’s separate property. And, under our statutes,
it is marital property. Husband acquired it during the marriage, and it does not otherwise
satisfy any definition of separate property. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(b)(1)(A),
(b)(2).

       The Dodge pickup was likewise marital property. Husband purchased it with the
Fortera account after commingling his VA benefits with marital rent income. His VA
benefits had lost their exempt status and become marital property along with the rent
income.3 And “property purchased during the marriage with marital earnings is marital
property.” Gorbet v. Gorbet, No. W2011-01879-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 4847090, at *12
(Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 11, 2012) (citing Wade, 897 S.W.2d at 716-17); see Mahler v. Mahler,
No. 01A01-9507-CH-00303, 22189, 1997 WL 187130, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 18,
1997) (finding that property purchased with marital funds was marital property).

       3
          The vehicle would not have been exempt under the anti-attachment provision regardless. See
Gray v. Gray, 922 P.2d 615, 619-20 (Okla. 1996) (holding that VA benefits lost their exempt status when
used to purchase two vans and a motor home).
                                                  7
       The evidence preponderates in favor of a finding that the Fortera account, Granny
White property, and Dodge pickup are marital assets. With these assets included in the
marital estate, we remand the case for the trial court to reconsider the equitable division of
the parties’ marital property.

                                             B.

       Tennessee law “recognizes several distinct types of spousal support.” Gonsewski v.
Gonsewski, 350 S.W.3d 99, 107 (Tenn. 2011). Among them are alimony in futuro and
alimony in solido. Id. Both are forms of long-term support. Mayfield v. Mayfield, 395
S.W.3d 108, 115 (Tenn. 2012). Alimony in futuro “provide[s] financial support to a spouse
who cannot be rehabilitated.” Burlew v. Burlew, 40 S.W.3d 465, 471 (Tenn. 2001).
Alimony in solido is often awarded “to adjust the distribution of the parties’ marital
property.” Gonsewski, 350 S.W.3d at 108 (citation omitted). An award of alimony in
solido may include attorney’s fees. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-121(d)(5).

       Decisions on spousal support are “factually driven and involve[] the careful
balancing of many factors.” Gonsewski, 350 S.W.3d at 105 (footnote omitted). Trial courts
“have broad discretion to determine whether spousal support is needed and, if so, the
appropriate type of alimony, amount, and duration.” Watson v. Watson, 309 S.W.3d 483,
497 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009).

       Here, the trial court awarded Wife $2,000 per month in alimony in futuro and
$15,000 in attorney’s fees as alimony in solido. Each party’s separate property and the
division of marital property are both relevant factors in making such awards. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-5-121(i)(7)-(8). And, as explained above, a new division of marital property is
necessary. So, on remand, the trial court should also make a fresh determination on
whether alimony is appropriate, and, if so, the type, amount, and duration of the award.
See id. § 36-5-121(i). For the court to find that an award of attorney’s fees is still
appropriate, it must determine that the requesting party “lacks sufficient funds to pay his
or her own legal expenses” or “would be required to deplete his or her resources in order
to pay them.” See Gonsewski, 350 S.W.3d at 113. Below, there was no evidence of Wife’s
attorney’s fees to support a fee award.

                                             C.

        Husband and Wife both request an award of attorney’s fees on appeal under
Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-5-103(c) (2021). An award of attorney’s fees under this
statute is in our discretion. Pippin v. Pippin, 277 S.W.3d 398, 407 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008).
We consider “the ability of the requesting party to pay his or her own attorney’s fees, the
requesting party’s success on appeal, and whether the requesting party has been acting in
good faith.” Shofner v. Shofner, 181 S.W.3d 703, 719 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004).

                                              8
       Here, Husband did not include his request for attorney’s fees as an issue on appeal.
So he has waived the issue. See Hodge v. Craig, 382 S.W.3d 325, 335 (Tenn. 2012)
(reasoning that “an issue may be deemed waived when it is argued in the brief but is not
designated as an issue”). And, in our discretion, we decline to award Wife attorney’s fees
on appeal.

                                            III.

       We reverse the trial court’s determination that the Fortera account, Granny White
property, and Dodge pickup were Husband’s separate property. With these assets part of
the marital estate, we remand for a reconsideration of the property division. The trial court
should also consider whether its new property division impacts its awards of alimony. So
we vacate the alimony awards and remand for a determination of whether alimony is
appropriate and, if so, the type, amount, and duration of alimony. We decline to award
attorney’s fees on appeal.

                                                      s/ W. Neal McBrayer
                                                   W. NEAL MCBRAYER, JUDGE

                                             9