Court Opinion

ID: 9549792
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-07 18:24:44.758018+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:20:54.959935
License: Public Domain

MOORE, Justice,
dissenting.
I dissent from the majority opinion. The majority rewrites a patently clear clause which has been approved by the legislature, and which has been universally used and enforced in fire insurance policies since 1943. The court’s analysis is logically and legally flawed. It unnecessarily creates great uncertainty and ignores precedent of our earlier Alaska Supreme Court decisions, as well as the vast majority of other jurisdictions that have decided this same issue.
On August 14, 1983, Estes Music Studio was destroyed by fire. The fire marshal investigating the fire observed that the fire had two points of origin, so he suspected arson. After investigating the claim, the Estes’ insurance company denied the Estes’ claim, on the ground that the Estes allegedly caused the fire and made several misrepresentations in connection with the claim.
*1321The Estes’ fire insurance policy contains a clause which states that “no suit shall be brought on this policy unless the insured has complied with all the policy provisions and has commenced the suit within one year after the loss occurs.” The Estes filed suit one year and seven days after the denial of their claim.1 The trial court granted summary judgment for the defendant.
Reversing, the majority holds that the “time limit on commencement of suit clauses, notice of loss clauses, proof of loss clauses, and cooperation clauses should all be reviewed on the basis of whether their application in a particular case advances the purpose for which they were included in the policy.” Majority opinion at 1318. The majority concludes that the time limit clause was inserted to prevent prejudice to the insurer, so the insurer is required to show prejudice from the insured’s delay, in filing suit before the insurer may rely on the contractual suit limitation clause.
The majority relies heavily on Zuckerman v. Transamerica Ins. Co., 133 Ariz. 139, 650 P.2d 441 (1982). In Zuckerman, the insurer admitted liability and had agreed to pay the least of three estimates, but later refused to pay when the insured stated he would not use the funds to rebuild the damaged property. The claimant sued to recover the amount of the lowest estimate, at which point the insurer raised the 12-month suit limitation as a defense. The court held that
The insurer may be estopped from raising a defense based upon such an adhesive clause where the enforcement of the clause would work an unjust forfeiture. The key factor in the determination of this issue is the question of whether the insurer has shown prejudice by reason of the delay in filing suit. In the absence of such a showing, it is fair to say that the purpose for which the insurer was given permission to insert the clause will not be served by its enforcement.
650 P.2d at 448 (emphasis added). Zuckerman relied substantially on Brakeman v. Potomac Ins. Co., 472 Pa. 66, 371 A.2d 193 (1977), which required an insurer to show prejudice from delay before it could deny coverage on the basis of an insured’s failure to give prompt notice of claim.
The majority opinion here does more violence to the clear meaning of this contractual suit limitation clause than any other case in the country to date, excluding those states where such clauses are statutorily prohibited. Zuckerman, the only other case to require a showing of prejudice in this context {but see n. 3, infra), was couched in terms of an estoppel. The majority today, by contrast, announces a rigid rule of law.
The majority has not done its research. It ignores the cases which discuss the public policies served by the suit limitation clause. The majority thus fails to distinguish the suit limitation clause from those clauses designed to protect the insurer from prejudice. A holding of this importance deserves a more thorough analysis.
Prompt notice of claim clauses in insurance policies are designed to avoid prejudice to an insurer in its investigation of accidents. Brakeman, the leading case, has been widely adopted and appears to express the emerging majority rule.2
Suit limitation clauses, by contrast, serve important public policies. Excluding one short-lived Federal District Court case,3 no *1322court outside Arizona has required an insurer to show prejudice before relying on the contractual suit limitation clause. Eight courts have expressly refused to require such a showing. See Ameritrust Co. Nat’l. Ass’n. v. West Am. Ins. Co., 37 Ohio App.3d 182, 525 N.E.2d 491 (1987); Zieba v. Middlesex Mut. Assur. Co., 549 F.Supp. 1318 (D.Conn.1982); Schreiber v. Pennsylvania Lumberman’s Mut. Ins. Co., 498 Pa. 21, 444 A.2d 647 (1982); Sanchez v. Kemper Ins. Companies, 96 N.M. 466, 632 P.2d 343 (1981); Petraglia v. American Motorists Ins. Co., 284 Pa.Super. 1, 424 A.2d 1360 (1981); Simms v. Allstate Ins. Co., 27 Wash.App. 872, 621 P.2d 155 (1980); Brandywine One Hundred Corp. v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 405 F.Supp. 147 (D.Del.1975); Donahue v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 110 R.I. 603, 295 A.2d 693 (1972). These courts have all recognized the validity of these clauses and the public policies they serve.
A failure to abide by the limitation of action condition in a policy stands on a much different footing than a non-compliance with the notice provisions.... [T]he main purpose underlying the notice stipulations is to safeguard the insurer from prejudice in processing a claim. Therefore, where an insurer’s interests have not been harmed by a late notice, the reason for the notice condition is lacking. By contrast, limitation periods on suits are designed to promote justice by preventing surprises through revival of stale claims, to protect defendants and courts from handling matters in which the search for truth may be impaired by loss of evidence, to encourage plaintiffs to use reasonable and proper diligence in enforcing their rights, and to prevent fraud. The presence or absence of prejudice is not, nor should it be, a factor in deciding whether an insurer may effectively assert this defense under the policy-
Zieba, 549 F.Supp. at 1321 (citations omitted).
[T]he purpose of the notice requirement in a policy is the avoidance of prejudice to an insurer in handling a claim due to lapse of time. For this reason the failure of an insured to give notice will be recognized as a defense only if the insurer is actually prejudiced thereby. By contrast, the purpose of a policy limitation on suit is not to avoid prejudice to an insurer [but rather] so that files may be closed at a definite date, uncertainty as to the amount of an insurer’s liability avoided, and stale claims cut off.... [Prejudice from delay in filing suit is not a “paramount” concern_ It is, therefore, unlikely that a Delaware Court would require an insurer to prove prejudice before effectively asserting as a defense the delay by an insure[d] in instituting an action beyond the time limitation of the policy.
... The purpose of the [notice requirement] is to avoid prejudice; the [suit limitation] is simply a contractual modification of the statute of limitations.
Brandywine, 405 F.Supp. at 151. The Rhode Island Supreme Court, by requiring an insurer to show prejudice before asserting a failure to give notice of a claim,4 “never intended ... to permit an insured, once he had purchased his policy, to file it away and forget it, and then defend his neglect to commence suit within the stipulated period on the ground that the insurer was not prejudiced thereby.” Donahue, 295 A.2d at 694. See also Simms, 621 P.2d at 157-58 (following Brandywine and Donahue ). The Pennsylvania Supreme Court, declining to extend Brakeman’s prejudice requirement to suit limitation clauses, stated that
*1323In contrast, the limitation of suit provision in appellants’ fire insurance policy was not “dictated by the insurance company to the insured.” [quoting Brakeman] Rather, the Legislature has mandated that every policy of fire insurance ... shall contain the [12 month suit limitation] proviso_ Such a statutory requirement can hardly be termed a “contract of adhesion,” imposed unfairly by the stronger party upon the weaker. Rather, it represents a legislative determination of a reasonable period within which suits must be brought, a careful balancing of the interests of both insurers and insureds. The validity of this statutorily mandated limitation of suit provision has been consistently upheld.
Schreiber, 444 A.2d at 649. See also Petraglia, 424 A.2d at 1364 (preceding Schreiber in declining to extend Brakeman to “statutorily approved” suit limitation clause). The Supreme Court of New Mexico has stated that
Reasons for allowing such [suit limitation] provisions to stand include public interest in prompt assertion of legal claims, and the possibility of fraudulent claims arising if a long period is allowed between the occurrence and the initiation of a legal claim.
[Other reasons, mentioned in Brandy-wine, are that] such a limitation allows an insurer to avoid uncertainty as to the amount of its liability. Certainly, it could be very burdensome for an insurer to be uncertain of its liability for an indefinite period into the future. Second, such a contractual provision allows stale claims to be cut off.
Sanchez, 632 P.2d at 344 (citations omitted).5 The court concluded that “time-to-sue provisions advance public policy considerations not present in cooperation provisions. Furthermore, the purpose of a time-to-sue provision is not necessarily fear of prejudice to the insured.” The court thus held that “the insurer ... need not show that it was prejudiced by violation of the provision.” Id. at 345. The Ohio Court of Appeals declined to follow Zuckerman “[i]n the absence of any Ohio authority or compelling equitable considerations.” The court’s holding was based in part on its conclusion that the insured bank was not “an unwary customer.” Ameritrust, 525 N.E.2d at 494.6
Of the cases on point, eight have not required a showing of prejudice and two have. Of the two that did, one was overruled by the highest court of that jurisdiction (ACF Produce, Inc. v. Chubb/Pacific Indem. Group, 451 F.Supp. 1095 (E.D.Pa.1978), overruled in Schreiber) and the other, Zuckerman, had attracted no following in seven years, until today.
It is well known among the insurance industry and the insurance defense bar that legitimate claims are timely filed in all but the most egregious instances, while fraudulent claims are benefitted much more by delay and late filings. This is due to the fading of witness’ memories, the loss or disappearance of material evidence, and the death or unavailability of witnesses which accompany the passage of time. Fraudulent claimants are also hesitant to expose themselves to criminal prosecution which may result from the use of discovery pursuant to Alaska Rules of Civil Procedure. By effectively repealing this clause,7 *1324the majority effectively negates prompt resolution of suspect fire claims which, in my opinion, is contrary to sound public policy reasons for enforcement of the one-year suit limitation clause.
The clause in question is also in the public interest because it helps reduce overall insurance rates. The discussion of notice of claim clauses in Justice Pomeroy’s Brakeman dissent also applies to suit limitation clauses:
The interests of insureds generally and the public interest may also be served in some instances in which the requirement of prompt notice is a disadvantage to the insured in the instant case. Under any type of insurance, early investigation reduces the risk of successful fraudulent claims. This is a disadvantage to the specific claimant, who often is also the insured, but it is a disadvantage fully supportable in the public interest.
... [Clauses that] require timely presentment of claims ... reduce the overall cost of the coverage below what it would be in the absence of such provi-sions_ [Also], they reduce the burden of providing reserves for undetermined claims by reducing the period and degree of uncertainty concerning the number of claims ... and their amounts ... R. Keeton, Insurance Law — Basic Text, § 7.2(a) at 445-46 (1972) (footnotes omitted).
Brakeman, 371 A.2d at 205 (Pomeroy, J., dissenting).
Contractual limitation clauses, in the absence of statutes prohibiting them, have been upheld in the overwhelming majority of cases.8 The critical inquiry is whether the time limitation affords the insured a reasonable amount of time to file suit once liability has been denied.9 The 12-month period in question has been in common use since 1943, when codified by the New York legislature.10 The period of one year from the date of fire has been uniformly upheld as reasonable.11 Alaskans already have much longer than one year on the basis of Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. v. Sand Lake Lounge, Inc., 514 P.2d 223 (Alaska 1973) (see n. 1).
Many states’ legislatures have mandated that fire insurance policies contain the 12-month limitation on suit,12 in furtherance of the public policies discussed above. Other states merely allow the clauses.13 A small minority of states expressly prohibit such clauses.14
*1325Like Arizona, Alaska has merely allowed such clauses.15 However, Alaskan courts have consistently enforced the 12-month clause since at least 1954. See Sauer v. Law, Union & Rock Ins. Co., 17 F.R.D. 430, 431 (D.Alaska 1954) (“It is well established that a contractual limitation in insurance policies requiring suit to be brought within a prescribed period of time is, in the absence of statutory provisions to the contrary, valid, if reasonable.”); Austin v. Fulton Ins. Co., 444 P.2d 536, 538 (Alaska 1968) (“[A]ppellant ... is barred by the twelve-month period of limitation from asserting his claim”; finding “no facts which would create an estoppel as to the twelvemonth limitation provision”); Barrow Dev. Co. v. Fulton Ins. Co., 418 F.2d 316, 319 (9th Cir.1969) (Plaintiff’s “right to sue is governed by the terms of the policy, one of which is the express limitation provision requiring any suit to be brought ‘within 12 months next after the inception of the loss’ ”; suit “was not timely.”); Dischner v. New Hampshire Ins. Co., 324 F.Supp. 89, 91 (D. Alaska 1971) (“Plaintiff timely filed this action within 12 months after the sixty (60) days loss payable period had expired, and thus plaintiff’s action is not barred.”); Sand Lake Lounge, 514 P.2d at 227 (“[T]he minimum period of limitation to which the parties could agree would be one year from” the date coverage was denied).
The majority clearly mistakes the fundamental purpose of the suit limitation clause and blithely exorcises it out of the insurance contract. In so doing, the majority inexplicably disregards and seriously hampers important public policy reasons for enforcement of the suit limitation clause based upon 35 years of consistent precedent followed by the vast majority of jurisdictions. Why? No notice problems are involved. No ambiguity exists in the suit clause requirement. No unfairness is demonstrated since the insured had 22 months and 7 days after the date of the fire to file a suit against the insurance company. This 1943 fire insurance form has been approved by the insurance commissioner and, implicitly by the legislature. The insured was represented by counsel.
The majority’s decision is especially disturbing in light of the availability of waiver, estoppel, and tolling of the limitations period when the circumstances of a particular case would warrant such an application. These tools are frequently used to avoid the harshness of the clause in meritorious cases.16 Zuckerman was in fact couched in terms of estoppel, and rightly so, given its facts.17
The clause in question is clearly worded and unambiguous. Rather than enforce it as written, the court chooses to discern the “purpose for which [it was] included in the policy.” Majority Op. at 1318. The wisdom of this ‘modern’ analysis aside,18 I submit that the clause in question passes the proposed standard. Enforcement of the clause in this case serves the purpose for which it was inserted: the prevention of stale and fraudulent claims. The insured’s reasonable expectations are not de: *1326feated, for the clause is clearly worded and unambiguous.19 It is preposterous to attempt to interpret any contract with the assumption that it is reasonable for a party not to read it.20
Finally, the insured here was represented by competent counsel, as will be most persons whose claims have been denied. The leniency appropriate in the notice of claims context, where no attorney has normally been consulted, is inappropriate where counsel is present.21 The clause in question would put even incompetent attorneys on clear notice of the impending deadline. If counsel fails to file suit in time; a plaintiff with a meritorious claim should be able to recover via a malpractice suit.
In sum, requiring an insurer to show prejudice before relying on the enforcement of the suit limitation clause is simply bad law.22 Such a result is misguided, misdirected and inappropriate.23

. In a "masterpiece of judicial prestidigitation," this court held, in Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. v. Sand Lake Lounge, Inc., 514 P.2d 223 (Alaska 1973), that an insured may sue one year from the date the insurer denies liability rather than one year from the date of the fire. (Characterization from Reader and Polk, The One-Year Suit Limitation in Fire Insurance Policies: Challenges and Counterpunches, 19 Forum 24, 35 (1983) (hereafter “Reader and Polk”)).

. See, e.g., Weaver Bros. v. Chappel, 684 P.2d 123 (Alaska 1984); Aetna Cas. and Sur. Co. v. Murphy, 206 Conn. 409, 538 A.2d 219 (1988); Travelers Ins. Co. v. Feld Car & Truck Leasing Corp., 517 F.Supp. 1132 (D.Kansas 1981); Annotation, Liability Insurance: Clause With Respect to Notice of Accident or Claim, etc., or With Respect to Forwarding Suit Papers, 18 A.L.R.2d 443, §§ 24-26 (1951).

. A federal district court in Pennsylvania preceded Zuckerman v. Transamerica Ins. Co., 133 *1322Ariz. 139, 650 P.2d 441 (1982). ACF Produce, Inc. v. Chubb/Pacific Indent. Group, 451 F.Supp. 1095, 1098 (E.D.Pa.1978) (‘‘[N]either insurer may avail itself of the limitation of suit clause absent a showing of prejudice”). The Pennsylvania Supreme Court, in Schreiber v. Pennsylvania Lumberman’s Mut. Ins. Co., 498 Pa. 21, 444 A.2d 647 (1982), rejected the holding of the district court and held that no showing of prejudice is required before an insurer may rely on the suit limitation clause.

. Pickering v. American Employers Ins. Co., 109 R.I. 143, 282 A.2d 584 (1971).

. This court has recognized the "greater necessity for certainty required for ascertaining rates to be paid for policies.” Day v. A & G Constr. Co., Inc., 528 P.2d 440, 444 (Alaska 1974). See also INA Life Ins. Co. v. Brundin, 533 P.2d 236, 241 (Alaska 1975).

. See also Centennial Ins. Co. v. Dowd’s Inc., 306 A.2d 648, 651 (D.C.1973) (“The possibility of fraudulent claims regrettably looms ever-present in the realities of the insurance industry.... [W]e see no basis for our invalidating such a contractual [suit limitation] provision;” court rejects argument that clause is "contrary to public policy.”); Webb v. Kentucky Farm Bur. Ins. Co., 577 S.W.2d 17, 18 (Ky.App.1978) (“[A] statutory provision which allows an insurer to limit an action against it certainly indicates that the public policy of Kentucky favors such limitations.").

. See Zuckerman, 133 Ariz. at 147, 650 P.2d at 449 (Holohan, C.J., dissenting):
The court's decision today, for all practical purposes, frustrates the legislative policy by eliminating the shorter period of limitation in the insurance contract. The new clause written for the parties by the majority translates into a statement that the one-year limitation *1324will not be enforced if a court thinks that the enforcement of the period of limitation would be unjust. This standard, or non-standard, is advanced by the court as a “rule consistent with the modern day business methods of the insurance industry."
The present decision destroys what I view as the public policy of this state. The rule fashioned today so severely limits the legislative-approved limitation clause that it virtually repeals it.
The majority's holding guarantees that, for at least a few years, this court will be involved in deciding when a suit limitation clause served the “purpose" for which it was inserted. This involves no less than a full trial and resulting review on the merits. If the clause cannot be applied until after a trial on the merits, it certainly will not have barred the suit. The clause is literally read out of the contract.

. See, e.g., Austin v. Fulton Ins. Co., 444 P.2d 536 (Alaska 1968); Johnson v. Phoenix Assur. Co. of New York, 70 Wash.2d 726, 425 P.2d 1 (1967); Gibbons v. Badger Mut. Ins. Co., 11 Ariz.App. 485, 466 P.2d 36 (1970); Annotation, Validity of Contractual Time Period, Shorter Than Statute of Limitations, for Bringing Action, 6 A.L.R.3d 1197, § 4a (1966); Reader and Polk, 19 Forum at 25 n. 8; 20A J. Appleman, Insurance Law and Practice § 11601 (1962); 13A Couch on Insurance § 75:71 (2nd ed. 1968); 51 AmJur.2d Limitation of Actions § 64 (1970).

. See Midwest Triangle Paint Works, Inc. v. Firemen's Ins. Co., 36 Ill.App.2d 65, 183 N.E.2d 562, 565 (1962) (five to six weeks after rejection of claim “was adequate,” suit filed one year and seven days after fire held barred).

. See Sand Lake Lounge, 514 P.2d at 225; Simms v. Allstate Ins. Co., 27 Wash.App. 872, 621 P.2d 155, 156 (1980); Reader and Polk, 19 Forum at 24.

. See Annotation, supra note 8, 6 A.L.R.3d 1197 § 4(a).

. See Reader and Polk, 19 Forum at 25 n. 9.

. See Reader and Polk, 19 Forum at 26-27.

. Arkansas and South Dakota are two examples. See Reader and Polk, 19 Forum at 26 nn. 14, 15.

. See Sand Lake Lounge, 514 P.2d at 225-26 & n. 4; AS 21.03.040; but cf. Dischner v. New Hampshire Ins. Co., 324 F.Supp. 89, 91 (D.Alaska 1971) ("Alaska does not have a statute which prescribes provisions for fire insurance policies.”)

. On estoppel and waiver, see Austin, 444 P.2d at 538; Zieba, 549 F.Supp. at 1322-23; Schreiber, 444 A.2d at 649; Brandywine, 405 F.Supp. at 151-53; Florsheim v. Travelers Indem. Co. of Illinois, 75 Ill.App.3d 298, 30 Ill.Dec. 876, 393 N.E.2d 1223, 1228-31 (1979); Reader and Polk, 19 Forum at 37-45. On tolling, see Peloso v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 56 N.J. 514, 267 A.2d 498, 500-02 (1970); Reader and Polk, 19 Forum at 35-36.

. See Annotation, Insurer's Failure to Pay Amount of Admitted Liability as Precluding Reliance on Statute of Limitations, 41 A.L.R.3d 1111 (1972); 44 Am.Jur.2d Insurance § 1915 (1982); Lee v. Safeco Ins. Co., 144 Ga.App. 519, 241 S.E.2d 627 (1978).

. See Brakeman, 371 A.2d at 204 ("While some courts have chosen to reject traditional contract principles in interpreting insurance policies, I perceive no reason to do so in wholesale fashion.”); Petraglia, 424 A.2d at 1364. (“[C]ourts should be reluctant to overrule such wellsettled principles where to do so would vitiate a legislatively approved provision of a standard fire insurance policy.”).

. See Ashburn v. SAFECO Ins. Co. of Am., 42 Wash.App. 692, 713 P.2d 742 (1986) ("[T]he unambiguous contract provision limiting the right of action on the Ashburn contract does not frustrate the reasonable expectation of the insured and the purpose of the contract.”). See also Insurance Co. of N. Am. v. State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co., 663 P.2d 953, 955 (Alaska 1983) ("Where an insurance company limits the coverage of a policy issued by it in plain language, this court recognizes that restriction.”); Werley v. United Serv. Auto. Ass’n., 498 P.2d 112, 116 (Alaska 1972) ("Where the terms of the policy are clear and unambiguous, we will, of course, give effect to the language.”).

. See Florsheim, 393 N.E.2d at 1231 (Insured “cannot blame the insurer for her failure to read the policy to discover the requirements for bringing suit.”)

. See Laughton v. Chester County Mut. Ins. Co., 641 F.Supp. 40, 43 (E.D.Pa.1985) ("Plaintiff retained her present counsel for more than one year before suit was filed; this counsel received defendant's final letter ... denying coverage. Plaintiffs counsel offers no explanation for this delay.”).

. I would urge the legislature to overrule the majority's decision by express legislation and approve the application and enforcement of the suit limitation clause for the reasons set forth in my dissent.

. Footnote 1 of the majority opinion suggests that the avoidance of the extra danger of fraud or mistake associated with stale claims, and resulting prejudice, can be cured simply by the insurance company bringing a declaratory judgment proceeding separate and apart from any suit by the insured under the terms of the insurance policy.
This proposed simplistic solution is naive, unnecessary and certainly not cost effective. When the insurance company denies a claim due to arson, fraud or misrepresentation, the insured now has one year to file suit. If the insured’s claim is honest and bona fide, there is absolutely no valid reason why the insured cannot file suit within one year from the date the claim was denied. The majority has failed to even suggest a valid reason for such a delay.
Most cases involving arson fires or fraud claims require the linkage of numerous pieces of circumstantial evidence in order to solve the jigsaw puzzle implicating the insured. Until the insured elects to sue under the terms of the policy, within one year after denial of the claim, the insurance company has no contractual obligation to prematurely institute a lawsuit. Why would it if the insured elected not to sue? Why would unnecessary expense be incurred to attempt to prove a negative when the insured has the contractual duty and obligation to substantiate the legitimacy of the claim and the amount of damages? If the insured elects to sue within one year after denial of the claim, then, in the same lawsuit, the defenses of arson and fraud are raised, and all matters are tried at one time.