Court Opinion

ID: 9383284
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-30 07:00:12.961595+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:44.768221
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                        MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD

     MURPHY CONSOLIDATION 2,                         DOCKET NUMBER
                 Appellant,                          DA-0841-16-0524-I-1

                  v.

     OFFICE OF PERSONNEL                             DATE: March 29, 2023
       MANAGEMENT,
                   Agency.

             THIS FINAL ORDER IS NONPRECEDENTIAL 1

           David L. Murphy, Rockwall, Texas, for the appellants.

           Jane Bancroft, Washington, D.C., for the agency.

                                           BEFORE

                               Cathy A. Harris, Vice Chairman
                                Raymond A. Limon, Member
                                Tristan L. Leavitt, Member 2

                                       FINAL ORDER

¶1         The appellants have filed petitions for review of the initial decision, which
     affirmed final decisions by the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) finding

     1
        A nonprecedential order is one that the Board has determined does not add
     significantly to the body of MSPB case law. Parties may cite nonprecedential orders,
     but such orders have no precedential value; the Board and administrative judges are not
     required to follow or distinguish them in any future decisions. In contrast, a
     precedential decision issued as an Opinion and Order has been identified by the Board
     as significantly contributing to the Board’s case law. See 5 C.F.R. § 1201.117(c).
     2
       Member Leavitt’s name is included in decisions on which the three -member Board
     completed the voting process prior to his March 1, 2023 departure.
                                                                                         2

     that they jointly received an overpayment of benefits under the Federal
     Employees’ Retirement System (FERS). Generally, we grant petitions such as
     these only in the following circumstances: the initial decision contains erroneous
     findings of material fact; the initial decision is based on an erroneous
     interpretation of statute or regulation or the erroneous application of the law to
     the facts of the case; the administrative judge’s rulings during either the course of
     the appeal or the initial decision were not consistent with required procedures or
     involved an abuse of discretion, and the resulting error affected the outcome of
     the case; or new and material evidence or legal argument is available that, despite
     the petitioner’s due diligence, was not available when the record closed. Title 5
     of the Code of Federal Regulations, section 1201.115 ( 5 C.F.R. § 1201.115).
     After fully considering the filings in these appeals, we conclude that the
     petitioners have not established any basis under section 1201.115 for granting the
     petitions for review. Therefore, we DENY the petitions for review and AFFIRM
     the initial decision, except as MODIFIED to address the appellants’ argument that
     OPM should recover the overpayment from their bank.

                                      BACKGROUND
¶2         In final decisions dated July 25, 2016, OPM found that the appellants,
     FERS annuitants David Murphy and Karen Dahlstrom, jointly received an
     overpayment of $5,486.65 in annuity benefits when OPM erroneously authorized
     and deposited nine annuity payments intended for another FERS annuitant into
     their joint bank account between May 2013 and February 2014.                 Murphy
     Consolidation 2 v. Office of Personnel Management, MSPB Docket No.
     DA-0841-16-0524-I-1, Consolidation Appeal File (CAF), Tab 3 at 5-7, Tab 4 at
     5-7. OPM indicated that the appellants’ financial institution returned $2,800 to
     OPM, leaving a joint overpayment balance of $2,686.65. 3 CAF, Tab 3 at 6-7, Tab

     3
      According to OPM, it contacted the appellants’ bank regarding the misdirected funds,
     and a bank representative informed OPM that an authorized account holder had
                                                                                        3

4 at 6-7.     OPM also noted that, from August to November 2014, it
administratively offset each of the appellants’ monthly annuity payments to
recover $1,343.32 from each of them but that, on June 15, 2016, it refunded to
them the recovered amounts because they had not received due process prior to
the administrative offset. 4 CAF, Tab 3 at 6, Tab 4 at 6. Thus, OPM found that
the appellants still had a joint overpayment balance of $2,686.65 and proposed to
collect $1,343.32 from Ms. Dahlstrom’s annuity in 13 monthly installments of
$100.00 and a final installment of $43.32 and $1,343.33 from Mr. Murphy’s

removed the funds from the appellants’ account. CAF, Tab 3 at 6, Tab 4 at 6. In a
letter dated June 30, 2014, OPM asked the bank to withhold $2,800 from a deposit
being made to Mr. Murphy’s account on July 1, 2014, and indicated that OPM held “the
bank harmless of any liability.” CAF, Tab 3 at 8, Tab 4 at 12. According to OPM, the
bank “returned $2,800.00 to OPM per [Department of the] Treasury regulations.” CAF,
Tab 3 at 6, Tab 4 at 6.
4
  Prior to issuing the July 25, 2016 final decisions at issue in this appeal, OPM issued
undated final decisions advising the appellants that they had received a joint
overpayment of $5,486.64, that their financial institution had returned $2,800 of the
overpayment, and that OPM had collected the remaining balance of the overpayment
from their annuities through administrative offset. Murphy v. Office of Personnel
Management, MSPB Docket No. DA-0841-16-0345-I-1, Initial Appeal File, Tab 1
at 6-9; Dahlstrom v. Office of Personnel Management, MSPB Docket No. DA-0841-16-
0346-I-1, Initial Appeal File, Tab 1 at 6-9. The appellants appealed OPM’s decisions to
the Board, and the administrative judge consolidated the appeals.                  Murphy
Consolidation v. Office of Personnel Management, MSPB Docket No. DA-0841-16-
0353-I-1, Consolidation Appeal File (0353 CAF), Tab 1. OPM subsequently notified
the administrative judge that it had rescinded the final decisions and moved that the
appeals be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. 0353 CAF, Tab 7 at 4. The
administrative judge found, however, that OPM had not yet refunded to the appellants
the amounts collected through administrative offset and, therefore, that it had not
completely rescinded the final decisions. 0353 CAF, Tab 8, Initial Decision at 2. She
dismissed the appeals without prejudice for 60 days to allow OPM the opportunity to
refund the aforementioned funds to the appellants. Id. at 2-3. Following automatic
refiling of the appeals, the administrative judge issued an initial decision dated
September 7, 2016, finding that OPM had completely rescinded the undated decisions at
issue, and dismissed the appeals for lack of jurisdiction. Murphy Consolidation v.
Office of Personnel Management, MSPB Docket No. DA-0841-16-0353-I-2, Appeal
File, Tab 1, Tab 6, Initial Decision. The appellants did not file a petition for review of
the initial decision dismissing those appeals for lack of jurisdiction.
                                                                                          4

     annuity in 13 monthly installments of $100.00 and a final installment of $43.33.
     CAF, Tab 3 at 6-7, Tab 4 at 6-7.
¶3         The appellants appealed OPM’s final decisions, and the administrative
     judge consolidated the appeals for adjudication. Dahlstrom v. Office of Personnel
     Management, MSPB Docket No. DA-0841-16-0522-I-1, Initial Appeal File,
     Tab 1; Murphy v. Office of Personnel Management, MSPB Docket No. DA-0841-
     16-0523-I-1, Initial Appeal File, Tab 1; CAF, Tab 1.             After holding their
     requested hearing, the administrative judge issued an initial decision finding that
     OPM established by preponderant evidence that it issued to the appellants’ joint
     bank account $5,486.65 from the Civil Service Retirement Fund, to which they
     were not entitled. CAF, Tab 21, Initial Decision (ID) at 2-4. She further found
     that the appellants failed to prove their affirmative defense of whistleblower
     reprisal and failed to establish that they were entitled to waiver of the
     overpayment or adjustment of the repayment schedule. ID at 4-7. Accordingly,
     she affirmed OPM’s July 25, 2016 final decisions. ID at 8.
¶4         The appellants have filed petitions for review challenging the administrative
     judge’s findings and arguing that they did not receive a fair hearing, that OPM
     violated their constitutional rights and failed to follow correct procedures by
     taking the administrative offset action, and that OPM should collect the
     overpayment from the bank.         Dahlstrom v. Office of Personnel Management,
     MSPB Docket No. DA-0841-16-0522-I-1, Petition for Review (0522 PFR) File,
     Tab 1 at 3-9; Murphy v. Office of Personnel Management, MSPB Docket No.
     DA-0841-16-0523-I-1, Petition for Review (0523 PFR) File, Tab 1 at 3-8. The
     agency has responded in opposition to their petitions for review. 5           Murphy

     5
       In December 2017, while his petition for review was pending before the Board, OPM
     submitted an additional pleading and evidence showing that it had erroneously collected
     14 installments of $43.33 and 13 installments of $56.67 from Mr. Murphy’s annuity but
     that it had refunded the total amount collected of $1,343.33 on December 14, 2017.
     0523 PFR File, Tab 2. Because the submission was unavailable before the record
     closed below, we have accepted it into the record on review. See Avansino v. U.S.
                                                                                            5

     Consolidation 2 v. Office of Personnel Management, MSPB Docket No.
     DA-0841-16-0524-I-1, Petition for Review File, Tab 3.

                      DISCUSSION OF ARGUMENTS ON REVIEW
     The administrative judge correctly found that OPM proved the existence and
     amount of the overpayment.
¶5         OPM bears the burden of showing the existence and the amount of an
     annuity overpayment by a preponderance of the evidence. 6 Vojas v. Office of
     Personnel Management, 115 M.S.P.R. 502, ¶ 10 (2011); see 5 C.F.R.
     § 845.307(a).    The administrative judge found that OPM met this burden by
     showing that it issued nine payments between May 2013 and February 2014,
     intended for another annuitant, totaling $5,486.65 to the bank account in which
     the appellants receive their annuity payments.        ID at 3-4.    The administrative
     judge further found that OPM submitted preponderant evidence showing that it
     paid the appellants their regular annuity payments during that period . ID at 4.
¶6         On review, the appellants do not challenge the administrative judge’s
     determination that OPM established that it deposited nine annuity payments
     totaling $5,486.65 into their joint account between May 2013 and February 2014,
     in addition to their regular annuities. 0522 PFR File, Tab 1 at 3-9; 0523 PFR
     File, Tab 1 at 3-8.        We have reviewed the record and agree with the
     administrative judge that OPM provided preponderant evidence showing that nine
     payments intended for another annuitant, in a total amount of $5,486.65, were
     directly deposited into the checking account in which the appellants receive d their
     annuity payments. CAF, Tab 3 at 15, Tab 4 at 12, Tab 16 at 4-15. We further
     agree with the administrative judge that OPM established by preponderant

     Postal Service, 3 M.S.P.R. 211, 214 (1980) (providing that the Board will not consider
     evidence submitted for the first time with the petition for review absent a s howing that
     it was unavailable before the record was closed despite the party’s due diligence).
     6
      A preponderance of the evidence is that degree of relevant evidence that a reasonable
     person, considering the record as a whole, would accept as sufficient to find that a
     contested fact is more likely to be true than untrue. 5 C.F.R. § 1201.4(q).
                                                                                      6

     evidence that the appellants received their regular annuity payments during th at
     timeframe. CAF, Tab 16 at 18-25, 29-31, 33-41, 45-46. Therefore, we find no
     basis to disturb the administrative judge’s finding that OPM proved the existence
     and amount of the overpayment by preponderant evidence. ID at 4.
¶7         The appellants argue, however, that the administrative judge erred in
     rejecting their argument that a “misdirected payment” does not constitute an
     “overpayment” and in finding that the appellants received an “overpayment”
     because OPM’s records prove that they never received an “increase in benefits
     (which would indicate an ‘overpayment’).”       0522 PFR File, Tab 1 at 5-7;
     0523 PFR File, Tab 1 at 5-7. We agree with the administrative judge that these
     arguments are unavailing.       An overpayment debt under FERS occurs when an
     individual is paid benefits from the Civil Service Retirement Fund in the absence
     of entitlement or in excess of the amount to which that individual is properly
     entitled.   See 5 C.F.R. §§ 845.102, 845.202, 845.203.      Here, the appellants
     received benefits from the Civil Service Retirement Fund to which they were not
     entitled when OPM erroneously deposited annuity payments owed to another
     annuitant into their joint bank account.       Consequently, they received an
     “overpayment” under FERS, and their arguments on review provide no basis to
     disturb the initial decision.

     The administrative judge correctly found that the appellants failed to prove their
     whistleblower reprisal affirmative defense.
¶8         The administrative judge denied the appellants’ whistleblower reprisal
     affirmative defense, finding that they were not employees or applicants for
     employment protected from whistleblower retaliation by 5 U.S.C. §§ 2302(b)(8)
     and 2302(b)(9), and they failed to establish by preponderant evidence that they
     made any protected disclosures. ID at 5. On review, the appellants argue that
     they are covered by Federal whistleblower protections because they are former
     employees and that they made a protected disclosure of gross mismanagement
     when they disclosed to various entities that OPM “seized funds [] without due
                                                                                            7

     process and in violation of regulations from appellant’s annuity.” 0522 PFR File,
     Tab 1 at 6-7; 0523 PFR File, Tab 1 at 6-7.
¶9            Under the Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 (WPA), as amended by the
     Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act of 2012 (WPEA), “an employee,
     former employee, or applicant for employment” may seek corrective action from
     the Board “with respect to any personnel action taken, or proposed to be taken ,
     against such employee, former employee, or applicant for employment, as a result
     of   a    prohibited   personnel   practice   described   in   section   2302(b)(8)   or
     section 2302(b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D).”        5 U.S.C. § 1221(a); Hooker v.
     Department of Veterans Affairs, 120 M.S.P.R. 629, ¶ 9 (2014); see Alarid v.
     Department of the Army, 122 M.S.P.R. 600, ¶¶ 12-13 (2015) (discussing the
     parties’ burdens when whistleblower reprisal is raised as an affirmative defense) . 7
     Although former employees are included among those who can seek corrective
     action from the Board, they cannot do so for matters occurring after their
     employment. See Nasuti v. Merit Systems Protection Board, 376 F. App’x 29,
     33-34 (Fed. Cir. 2010); Guzman v. Office of Personnel Management, 53 F. App’x
     927, 929 (Fed. Cir. 2002) 8; see Weed v. Social Security Administration,
     113 M.S.P.R. 221, ¶ 11 (2010) (citing this principle from Guzman with
     approval). 9 Section 2302(b)(8) prohibits any employee in a position of authority
     from taking, failing to take, or threatening to take “a personnel action with

     7
       While the appellants did not file an individual right of action appeal, in an appeal of
     an otherwise appealable action, such as this, an appellant’s claim of whistleblower
     reprisal is treated as an affirmative defense.
     8
      The Board may follow a nonprecedential decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
     Federal Circuit when, as here, it finds its reasoning persuasive.       LeMaster v.
     Department of Veterans Affairs, 123 M.S.P.R. 453, ¶ 11 n.5 (2016).
     9
       We recognize that these cases were decided before the WPEA’s November 27, 2012
     enactment but find that they are applicable to our analysis here because the WPEA did
     not alter the requirement that a challenged personnel action concern an employee or
     applicant for employment, but not a former employee.             See WPEA, Pub. L.
     No. 112-199, 126 Stat. 1465.
                                                                                              8

      respect to any employee or applicant for employment” because of a protected
      disclosure of information “by an employee or applicant.” 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8)
      (emphasis added). Section 2302(b)(9) similarly prohibits personnel actions taken
      “against any employee or applicant for employment” because of certain classes of
      protected activity. 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9) (emphasis added). Therefore, the WPA,
      as amended by the WPEA, does not cover “a claim brought by a former employee
      complaining of agency action taken after the termination of employment in
      response to a disclosure that was also made after the termination of his
      employment.” Nasuti, 376 F. App’x at 34.
¶10         Here, the record reflects that Mr. Murphy retired from Federal employment
      in 2012 and that Ms. Dahlstrom retired from Federal employment in 2009. CAF,
      Tab 3 at 19, Tab 4 at 16.        In addition, the alleged protected disclosures all
      occurred in 2014, after they both retired. CAF, Tab 20 at 2-45. Therefore, as the
      administrative judge correctly determined, the appellants failed to establish an
      affirmative defense of whistleblower reprisal because they cannot show that they
      were employees or applicants for employment at the time of the alleged
      disclosures or the alleged retaliation. 10 ID at 5. The appellants’ arguments on
      review provide no basis to disturb this finding. 11

      10
         The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 (NDAA for 2018),
      Pub L. No. 115-91, 131 Stat. 1283, was signed into law on December 12, 2017. The
      NDAA for 2018 amended 5 U.S.C. § 2302(f)(1) to provide that a disclosure shall not be
      excluded from protection under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8) because it was made before the
      individual’s appointment or application for employment.               NDAA for 2018,
      § 1097(c)(1)(B)(i), 131 Stat. at 1618 (codified at 5 U.S.C. § 2302(f)(1)(F)). This
      provision does not affect the analysis of the whistleblower reprisal claim in this appeal,
      as both the alleged protected disclosures and the agency’s alleged retaliatory acts
      occurred after the appellants’ employment had ended.
      11
         The administrative judge alternatively found that the alleged disclosures were not
      protected. However, Mr. Murphy alleged that he made, and threatened to make,
      disclosures to OPM’s Office of Inspector General, which might be protected activities
      regardless of the content of the information disclosed.          ID at 5; 5 U.S.C.
      § 2302(b)(9)(C). In light of our finding here, we vacate the administrative judge’s
      alternative finding.
                                                                                        9

      The administrative judge correctly determined that the appellants are not entitl ed
      to waiver of the overpayment or to adjustment of the repayment schedule.
¶11        Appellants seeking waiver of an overpayment bear the burden of
      establishing their entitlement to such a waiver by substantial evidence. 12 5 C.F.R.
      § 845.307(b).    OPM may waive collecting an annuity overpayment when the
      annuitants are without fault and recovery would be against equity and good
      conscience.     5 U.S.C. § 8470(b); Zucker v. Office of Personnel Management,
      114 M.S.P.R. 288, ¶ 7 (2010). Generally, recovery of an overpayment is against
      equity and good conscience when any of the following conditions are met:
      (a) recovery would cause the annuitants financial hardship; (b) the annuitants can
      show that, due to the notice that such payment would be made or because of the
      incorrect payment, they either have relinquished a valuable right or have changed
      positions for the worse; or (c) recovery would be unconscionable under the
      circumstances. 5 C.F.R. § 845.303; see Zucker, 114 M.S.P.R. 288, ¶ 7. When the
      annuitants knew or suspected that they were receiving an overpayment, however,
      OPM’s set-aside rule applies, and the annuitants are expected to set aside the
      overpaid money pending recovery by OPM.          See Boyd v. Office of Personnel
      Management, 851 F.3d 1309, 1313 (Fed. Cir. 2017). In such a case, recovery of
      the overpayment will not be waived absent “exceptional circumstances.”           Id.
      at 1313-14.
¶12        Here, the administrative judge found that the appellants were not at fault in
      creating the overpayment but that they were not entitled to waiver because they
      did not show that recovery of the overpayment would be against equity and good
      conscience.     ID at 6-7.   Specifically, she found that the appellants knew or
      suspected that they were receiving an overpayment and that they therefore were
      expected to set aside the amount overpaid pending recoupment by OPM. ID at 6.

      12
        Substantial evidence is the degree of relevant evidence that a reasonable person,
      considering the record as a whole, might accept as adequate to support a conclusion,
      even though other reasonable persons might disagree. 5 C.F.R. § 1201.4(p).
                                                                                        10

      Moreover, she found that they failed to provide any evidence showing that
      recovery of the overpayment would cause them financial hardship. ID at 6-7. On
      review, the appellants argue that the administrative judge erred in finding that
      they were not entitled to waiver of the overpayment because it “would be against
      ‘equity and good conscience’ to collect from ann uity accounts that had never
      received an overpayment.” 0522 PFR File, Tab 1 at 6; 0523 PFR File, Tab 1 at 5.
¶13         As discussed above, the appellants’ contention that they “never received an
      overpayment” is unpersuasive. Therefore, their argument on review provides no
      basis to disturb the initial decision. In addition, we agree with the administrative
      judge’s finding that the appellants knew or suspected that they were receiving an
      overpayment. ID at 6. OPM refunded the overpayment to them in June 2016, in
      connection with their prior Board appeal. Id.; Murphy Consolidation v. Office of
      Personnel Management, MSPB Docket No. DA-0841-16-0353-I-2, Appeal File,
      Tab 6, Initial Decision (0353-I-2 ID) at 2.        Accordingly, the set-aside rule
      applies, and the appellants are not entitled to waiver absent “exceptional
      circumstances,” see Boyd, 851 F.3d at 1313, which they have not shown or
      alleged. Even if the set-aside rule did not apply, we agree with the administrative
      judge’s determination that the appellants failed to show that they are entitled to
      waiver based on financial hardship because they have not submitted any
      information regarding their finances.       ID at 6-7; see 5 C.F.R. § 845.304
      (providing that financial hardship exists if an annuitant “needs substantially all of
      his or her current income and liquid assets to meet current ordinary and necessary
      living expenses and liabilities”).
¶14         Annuitants who are ineligible for a waiver may nonetheless be entitled to an
      adjustment in the recovery schedule if they show that it would cause them
      financial hardship to make payment at the rate scheduled. Maseuli v. Office of
      Personnel Management, 111 M.S.P.R. 439, ¶ 10 (2009); 5 C.F.R. § 845.301.
      Here, the administrative judge determined that the appellants fail ed to establish
      by substantial evidence their entitlement to an adjustment of the repayment
                                                                                         11

      schedule because they did not submit Financial Resources Questionnaires or
      provide any other information about their finances.         ID at 7.     They have not
      challenged this finding on review, 0522 PFR File, Tab 1; 0523 PFR File, Tab 1,
      and we discern no basis to disturb it.

      The appellants’ allegations regarding OPM’s collecting the overpayment through
      administrative offset provide no basis to disturb the initial decision.
¶15         On review, the appellants argue that OPM violated their constitutional
      rights to due process and freedom of speech and failed to follow the applicable
      regulations when it collected the overpayment through administrativ e offset
      procedures. 0522 PFR File, Tab 1 at 3-6; 0523 PFR File, Tab 1 at 3-6.
¶16         As noted above, OPM informed the appellants in its prior undated final
      decisions that it had administratively offset their annuity payments from August
      to November 2014 to recover the overpayment. Murphy v. Office of Personnel
      Management, MSPB Docket No. DA-0841-16-0345-I-1, Initial Appeal File, Tab 1
      at 6-9; Dahlstrom v. Office of Personnel Management, MSPB Docket No.
      DA-0841-16-0346-I-1, Initial Appeal File, Tab 1 at 6-9. The appellants appealed
      OPM’s decisions to the Board, and, after OPM refunded the amounts collected
      through administrative offset to the appellants and rescinded the undated final
      decisions, the administrative judge issued an initial decision dismissing the
      appeals for lack of jurisdiction. 0353-I-2 ID. That initial decision became the
      Board’s final decision after neither party filed a petition for review. 5 C.F.R.
      § 1201.113(a).      Therefore,    the    appellants’   challenges   to   OPM’s   2014
      administrative offset action are not presently before the Board and provide no
      basis to disturb the initial decision.
¶17         The record also reflects that OPM collected $100 from each of the
      appellants while the instant appeals were pending in November 2016 but that it
      subsequently refunded to them the amount collected and suspended its collection
      efforts pending resolution of these appeals. CAF, Tab 11 at 4. In addition, OPM
      submitted evidence on review showing that it collected a total amount of
                                                                                         12

      $1,343.33 from Mr. Murphy’s annuity between October 2016 and December 2017
      and that it refunded the improperly collected amount on December 14, 2017.
      0523 PFR File, Tab 2. The appellants have not alleged that OPM did not refund
      the full amounts that were improperly collected. Accordingly, OPM’s improper
      collections provide no basis to disturb the initial decision.

      We find no merit to the appellants’ contention that OPM should recover the
      overpayment from their bank.
¶18         As noted above, OPM indicated in its final decisions that it erroneously
      deposited annuity payments into the appellants’ joint account that were intended
      for another annuitant and that the appellants’ bank returned $2,800 of the
      overpayment to OPM, thereby reducing the appellants’ outstanding overpayment
      to $2,686.64. CAF, Tab 3 at 6, Tab 4 at 6. In addition, OPM explained that
      Department of the Treasury regulations and the Green Book: A Guide to Federal
      Government ACH Payments (Green Book) 13 prohibit U.S. banks from depositing
      Government funds into bank accounts whose registered owners are different from
      the intended payee but that the appellants’ bank nonetheless allowed payments
      “clearly directed to a person with a name different from [theirs] to be dep osited
      into [their] account.” CAF, Tab 3 at 7, Tab 4 at 7. The appellants argued that
      OPM should collect the overpayment from the bank, rather than from the m,
      because its error allowed the incorrect payments to take place. CAF, Tab 18,
      Hearing Compact Disc (HCD) (opening statements of Mr. Murphy).                    The
      administrative judge did not address this argument in the initial decision, and the
      appellants raise it again on review. 0522 PFR File, Tab 1 at 8; 0523 PFR File,

      13
          The Department of the Treasury’s Bureau of the Fiscal Service issues the
      Green Book, which provides procedures and guidelines for financial institutions
      that process Automated Clearing House (ACH) payments from the Federal
      Government. 31 C.F.R. § 210.2(k), (l), (p); Green Book at ii (Jan. 2021), available at
      https://www.fiscal.treasury.gov/fsreports/ref/greenBook/greenbook_home.htm       (last
      visited Mar. 29, 2023). Financial institutions that receive ACH payments from the
      Government are bound to comply with the instructions and procedures set forth in the
      Green Book. 31 C.F.R. § 210.3(c).
                                                                                      13

      Tab 1 at 8.   For the reasons that follow, we find no merit to the appellants’
      argument and, therefore, further find that the administrative judge’s failure to
      address this argument below did not prejudice the appellants.       See Panter v.
      Department of the Air Force, 22 M.S.P.R. 281, 282 (1984) (stating that an
      adjudicatory error that is not prejudicial to a party’s substantive rights provides
      no basis for reversing an initial decision).      We modify the initial decision
      consistent with this section to address this argument.
¶19         Pursuant to the Green Book and the applicable regulations, if a financial
      institution “becomes aware that an agency has originated an [Automated Clearing
      House (ACH)] credit entry to an account that is not owned by the payee whose
      name appears in the ACH payment information, [the financial institution] shall
      promptly notify the agency.” 31 C.F.R. § 210.8(d); Green Book at 2-6, 4-3. The
      Green Book notes that a financial institution may become aware of a misdirected
      payment if, among other things, it “manually posts [its] ACH credits [and] notices
      that a payment is being credited to the wrong account.” Green Book at 2-6. The
      Green Book clarifies, however, that “an institution is not required to match names
      when posting a Federal government ACH entry.” Id.
¶20         There is no evidence here establishing that the appellants’ bank was aware
      that the misdirected annuity payments were intended for another annuitant or that
      its obligation to notify OPM of the misdirected payment had been triggered. Id.
      Even if the bank noticed that the name of the intended payee did not match the
      owners of the account, it does not appear that the Green Book requires OPM to
      hold the bank liable for the misdirected funds that were received by and
      recoverable from the appellants. Therefore, although a financial institution may
      be held liable when the Government sustains a loss as a result of its failure to
      properly handle ACH payments, 31 C.F.R. § 210.8(b), there does not appear to be
      any basis here for OPM to hold the bank liable for funds that OPM incorrectly
      routed to the appellants.
                                                                                            14

¶21         The appellants have not identified any other basis, and we are aware of
      none, to hold the bank liable for the funds they received through OPM’s
      misdirected payments. Accordingly, we find no merit to their contention that
      OPM may, or is required to, collect the overpayment from their bank. 14

      The appellants’ allegation that the administrative judge denied them a fair hearing
      provides no basis to disturb the initial decision.
¶22         The appellants also argue on review that the administrative judge denied
      them a fair hearing because she did not allow them to call OPM employees as
      witnesses. 0522 PFR File, Tab 1 at 4; 0523 PFR File, Tab 1 at 4. The record
      reflects that the administrative judge initially approved the appellan ts’ requests to
      call two OPM employees as witnesses at the hearing. CAF, Tab 8 at 6. OPM
      objected, arguing that the employees had no personal knowledge of the facts of
      the case.    CAF, Tab 12 at 4-5.        In an order rescheduling the hearing, the
      administrative judge denied the appellants’ request to call the OPM employees as
      witnesses. CAF, Tab 17. She advised the parties that, if they objected to the
      order, they must submit a written objection or raise the objection orally at the
      start of the hearing. Id. at 2.
¶23         At the beginning of the hearing, Mr. Murphy objected to the disallowance
      of OPM’s employees as witnesses, arguing in particular that he wanted to
      question the Acting Chief of Quality Control and Authorization Operations
      Support (Acting Chief). HCD (opening statements by Mr. Murphy); CAF, Tab 4
      at 8. Mr. Murphy argued that the Acting Chief had informed him by telephone
      that he was going to “screw [him]” and that he sought to collect the overpayment

      14
         OPM has advised the Board that it may seek recovery of any debt remaining upon an
      appellant’s death from the appellant’s estate or other responsible party. A party
      responsible for any debt remaining upon the appellant’s death may include an heir
      (spouse, child or other) who is deriving a benefit from the appellant’s Federal benefits,
      an heir or other person acting as the representative of the estate if, for ex ample, the
      representative fails to pay the United States before paying the claims of other creditors
      in accordance with 31 U.S.C. § 3713(b), or transferees or distributers of the appellant’s
      estate. Pierotti v. Office of Personnel Management, 124 M.S.P.R. 103, ¶ 13 (2016).
                                                                                     15

      from the appellants, rather than the bank, because of retaliatory motives. HCD
      (opening statements by Mr. Murphy). On review, Mr. Murphy argues that the
      administrative judge erred in disallowing the testimony of the Acting Chief
      because, according to Mr. Murphy, he was “personally involved in this matter”
      and because his testimony would have revealed his “illegal activities and abusive
      actions.” 0523 PFR File, Tab 1 at 4.
¶24        An administrative judge has wide discretion to control the proceedings,
      including the authority to exclude testimony she believes would be irrelevant,
      immaterial, or unduly repetitious. Guerrero v. Department of Veterans Affairs,
      105 M.S.P.R. 617, ¶ 20 (2007); 5 C.F.R. § 1201.41(b)(7). To obtain reversal of
      an initial decision on the ground that the administrative judge abused her
      discretion in excluding evidence, the petitioning party must show on review that
      relevant evidence, which could have affected the outcome, was disallowed.
      Jezouit v. Office of Personnel Management, 97 M.S.P.R. 48, ¶ 12 (2004), aff’d
      per curiam, 121 F. App’x 865 (Fed. Cir. 2005).
¶25        Here, as discussed above, the appellants may not assert an affirmative
      defense of whistleblower retaliation and, moreover, have not shown that OPM
      exercised any discretion in seeking to collect the overpayment from them, rather
      than from the bank. Therefore, the appellants have not shown that the Acting
      Chief’s testimony would be relevant to the dispositive questions at issue in these
      appeals. Furthermore, the appellants have not alleged, and we do not discern, that
      the second OPM employee would have provided any relevant, nonrepetitious, and
      material testimony.   In light of the foregoing, we find that the administrative
      judge did not abuse her discretion in excluding OPM’s employees as witnesses at
      the hearing. See McDaniel v. Office of Personnel Management, 123 M.S.P.R. 55,
      ¶¶ 6, 9 (2015) (declining to grant review based on an administrative judge’s
      denying an appellant’s request for an OPM witness because the testimony sought
      did not concern the only relevant question of whether another individual was
      entitled to a lump-sum annuity payment); Brownscombe v. Office of Personnel
                                                                                     16

Management, 37 M.S.P.R. 382, 386 (1988) (finding that an administrative judge
did not err in denying the appellant’s request to call as witnesses the OPM
officials who decided his retirement case because the appellant did not establish
that their testimony would have added any new information to the information
already contained in the record), aff’d per curiam, 871 F.2d 1097 (Fed. Cir. 1989)
(Table).

                         NOTICE OF APPEAL RIGHTS 15
      The initial decision, as supplemented by this Final Order, constitutes the
Board’s final decision in this matter.      5 C.F.R. § 1201.113.     You may obtain
review of this final decision. 5 U.S.C. § 7703(a)(1). By statute, the nature of
your claims determines the time limit for seeking such review and the appropriate
forum with which to file. 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b). Although we offer the following
summary of available appeal rights, the Merit Systems Protection Board does not
provide legal advice on which option is most appropriate for your situation an d
the rights described below do not represent a statement of how courts will rule
regarding which cases fall within their jurisdiction. If you wish to seek review of
this final decision, you should immediately review the law applicable to your
claims and carefully follow all filing time limits and requirements. Failure to file
within the applicable time limit may result in the dismissal of your case by your
chosen forum.
      Please read carefully each of the three main possible choices of review
below to decide which one applies to your particular case. If you have questions
about whether a particular forum is the appropriate one to review your case, you
should contact that forum for more information.

15
  Since the issuance of the initial decision in this matter, the Board may have updated
the notice of review rights included in final decisions. As indicated in the notice, the
Board cannot advise which option is most appropriate in any matter.
                                                                                        17

      (1) Judicial review in general. As a general rule, an appellant seeking
judicial review of a final Board order must file a petition for review with the U.S.
Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which must be received by the court
within 60 calendar days of the date of issuance of this decision.                 5 U.S.C.
§ 7703(b)(1)(A).
      If you submit a petition for review to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
Federal   Circuit,   you   must   submit    your   petition    to   the   court    at   the
following address:
                              U.S. Court of Appeals
                              for the Federal Circuit
                             717 Madison Place, N.W.
                             Washington, D.C. 20439

      Additional information about the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit is available at the court’s website, www.cafc.uscourts.gov. Of particular
relevance is the court’s “Guide for Pro Se Petitioners and Appellants,” which is
contained within the court’s Rules of Practice, and Forms 5, 6, 10, and 11.
      If you are interested in securing pro bono representation for an appeal to
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, you may visit our website at
http://www.mspb.gov/probono for information regarding pro bono representation
for Merit Systems Protection Board appellants before the Federal Circuit. The
Board neither endorses the services provided by any attorney nor warrants that
any attorney will accept representation in a given case.

      (2) Judicial   or    EEOC    review     of   cases      involving   a   claim      of
discrimination. This option applies to you only if you have claimed that you
were affected by an action that is appealable to the Board and that such action
was based, in whole or in part, on unlawful discrimination. If so, you may obtain
judicial review of this decision—including a disposition of your discrimination
claims—by filing a civil action with an appropriate U.S. district court ( not the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit), within 30 calendar days after you
                                                                                18

receive this decision.     5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(2); see Perry v. Merit Systems
Protection Board, 582 U.S. ____ , 137 S. Ct. 1975 (2017).          If you have a
representative in this case, and your representative receives this decision before
you do, then you must file with the district court no later than 30 calendar days
after your representative receives this decision. If the action involves a claim of
discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, or a disabling
condition, you may be entitled to representation by a court-appointed lawyer and
to waiver of any requirement of prepayment of fees, costs, or other security. See
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f) and 29 U.S.C. § 794a.
      Contact information for U.S. district courts can be found at their respective
websites, which can be accessed through the link below:
      http://www.uscourts.gov/Court_Locator/CourtWebsites.aspx.
      Alternatively, you may request review by the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (EEOC) of your discrimination claims only, excluding
all other issues. 5 U.S.C. § 7702(b)(1). You must file any such request with the
EEOC’s Office of Federal Operations within 30 calendar days after you receive
this decision. 5 U.S.C. § 7702(b)(1). If you have a representative in this case,
and your representative receives this decision before you do, then you must file
with the EEOC no later than 30 calendar days after your representative receives
this decision.
      If you submit a request for review to the EEOC by regular U.S. mail, the
address of the EEOC is:
                         Office of Federal Operations
                  Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
                               P.O. Box 77960
                          Washington, D.C. 20013

      If you submit a request for review to the EEOC via commercial delivery or
by a method requiring a signature, it must be addressed to:
                                                                                     19

                            Office of Federal Operations
                     Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
                                 131 M Street, N.E.
                                   Suite 5SW12G
                             Washington, D.C. 20507

      (3) Judicial     review     pursuant   to   the    Whistleblower      Protection
Enhancement Act of 2012. This option applies to you only if you have raised
claims of reprisal for whistleblowing disclosures under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8) or
other protected activities listed in 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D).
If so, and your judicial petition for review “raises no challenge to the Board’s
disposition of allegations of a prohibited personnel practice described in section
2302(b) other than practices described in section 2302(b)(8), or 2302(b)(9)(A)(i),
(B), (C), or (D),” then you may file a petition for judicial review either with the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit or any court of appeals of
competent jurisdiction. 16   The court of appeals must receive your petition for
review within 60 days of the date of issuance of this decision.               5 U.S.C.
§ 7703(b)(1)(B).
      If you submit a petition for judicial review to the U.S. Court of Appeals for
the Federal Circuit, you must submit your petition to the court at the
following address:
                                 U.S. Court of Appeals
                                 for the Federal Circuit
                                717 Madison Place, N.W.
                                Washington, D.C. 20439

16
   The original statutory provision that provided for judicial review of certain
whistleblower claims by any court of appeals of competent jurisdiction expired on
December 27, 2017. The All Circuit Review Act, signed into law by the President on
July 7, 2018, permanently allows appellants to file petitions for judicial review of
MSPB decisions in certain whistleblower reprisal cases with the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit or any other circuit court of appeals of competent jurisdiction.
The All Circuit Review Act is retroactive to November 26, 2017. Pub. L. No. 115 -195,
132 Stat. 1510.
                                                                              20

      Additional information about the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit is available at the court’s website, www.cafc.uscourts.gov. Of particular
relevance is the court’s “Guide for Pro Se Petitioners and Appellants,” which is
contained within the court’s Rules of Practice, and Forms 5, 6, 10, and 11.
      If you are interested in securing pro bono representation for an appeal to
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, you may visit our websi te at
http://www.mspb.gov/probono for information regarding pro bono representation
for Merit Systems Protection Board appellants before the Federal Circuit. The
Board neither endorses the services provided by any attorney nor warrants that
any attorney will accept representation in a given case.
      Contact information for the courts of appeals can be found at their
respective websites, which can be accessed through the link below:
      http://www.uscourts.gov/Court_Locator/CourtWebsites.aspx.

FOR THE BOARD:                            /s/ for
                                          Jennifer Everling
                                          Acting Clerk of the Board
Washington, D.C.