Court Opinion

ID: 3489346
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-05 21:18:25.040623+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:53:32.680409
License: Public Domain

The chief questions to be determined in this case are whether an exorbitant sum of money paid by the agent of the appellant to secure the release of two hundred barrels of whiskey, stored in the warehouse of the appellee, was paid voluntarily, or was paid under such circumstances as would render it a compulsory payment, and thus entitle the appellant to recover the excess over and above the proper warehouse charges, and, further, whether or not this excess can be recovered from the appellee, even if the payment was compulsory.
Herbert K. Jones, of Boston, Mass., the appellant, being the owner of two hundred barrels of Sherwood whiskey stored in the warehouse of the Sherwood Distilling Company at Cockeysville, Baltimore County, Maryland, employed Michael Garvey, of Melrose, Mass., an experienced custom house broker, to arrange for the export of the whiskey to Scotland on board the steamship City of Flint, which vessel was owned by the Oriole Steamship Company and was scheduled to leave Baltimore on or about January 1st, 1923. Garvey arrived in Baltimore on December 26th, 1922, and on December 28th, 1922, in company with Mr. Gochnauer, an employee of the steamship company, he went to the distillery at Cockeysville, some ten or fifteen miles from Baltimore, and there delivered the certificates for the whiskey to a Mr. Haim, the general manager and treasurer of the distilling company, and asked him for a statement of the charges against the whiskey. He also advised him that the whiskey was to be loaded on the steamship City of Flint, which was about to leave Baltimore, and asked him when the whiskey could be delivered. Haim promised to furnish a statement of the charges and to advise Garvey later, through the steamship *Page 28 
company, of the date on which the whiskey would be delivered.
On December 29th, 1922, Garvey was told, at the steamship company's office, to call a certain telephone number, and upon his doing so was asked to go to apartment 513 of the Hopkins Apartments, where he met a man who introduced himself as Mr. Aylward. This man had been present in the distilling company's office when Garvey and Gochnauer were talking to Haim the day before, and, though he took no part in the conversation, he "appeared to be interested therein." At the Hopkins Apartment he told Garvey that the cost of releasing the whiskey would be $7,500 to $8,000, and that this sum must be obtained at once or the whiskey would not be released. He also told him that neither a cashier's check nor a certified check would be accepted, but that the payment must be made in cash, and that Garvey would "have to do business with him." Garvey thereupon wired his principal for $8,000 cash, and this sum was transferred to him at the Continental Trust Company, Baltimore, on December 30th, 1922. At 10 A.M. on that day Garvey met Aylward by appointment at the corner of Baltimore and Calvert Streets, and paid him $1,000 on account. In the afternoon of January 2d 1923, Aylward and Garvey went to the Hopkins Apartments and after a half hour wait Haim joined them. Haim then told Garvey, "You pay this money over to Aylward and you will get the release of that whiskey tomorrow, but you won't get it unless you do." Garvey paid the $7,000 in cash to Aylward, in the presence of Haim, and Haim then produced a statement showing that the charges against the whiskey amounted to $3,161.30, which statement he offered to receipt. Garvey declined to accept this receipt on the ground that a receipt for such a sum would be of no use to him in settling with his principal, and Haim assured him that if he had any difficulty with his principal he (Haim) was a witness to the money being paid. On the following day the whiskey was released by the Sherwood Distilling Company, was loaded on the steamship City *Page 29 
of Flint on January 4th, 1923, and on the afternoon of that day the boat sailed. Garvey also testified that he thought the $8,000 charge unjust because it was $3,000 more than Jones, the appellant, estimated the charges would be, but he was not sure of its being unjust until he saw the bill, and he also said he protested about the payment.
On January 7th, 1924, the appellant entered suit against the appellee and Robert J. Aylward, alleging that the difference between the $8,000 paid and the $3,161.30 actually due was procured from the appellant's agent by reason of the unlawful demand of the agents and servants of the Sherwood distilling Company, made on its behalf, and their refusal to surrender the appellant's goods to him unless such excess was paid. A demurrer was interposed to the declaration, but overruled by the learned court below, and then, after an amendment by which Haim was alleged to be treasurer of the Sherwood Distilling Company instead of Aylward, as set out in the original declaration, a demurrer was again filed and again overruled. No mention of the court's action on these demurrers is made in the briefs, and we will not discuss this action further than to say that in our opinion the amended declaration, which is the only one properly before us, sets out a good cause of action, and there was, therefore, no error in the court's ruling in this regard.
At the conclusion of the plaintiff's case the court instructed the jury "that the plaintiff has offered no evidence legally sufficient in this case to entitle the plaintiff to recover against the Sherwood Distilling Company, and the verdict must be for the said the Sherwood Distilling Company, one of the defendants in this case," and because of this action, and a ruling on evidence made during the course of the trial, the plaintiff has appealed.
It does not appear from either the record or briefs what disposition, if any, was made of this case so far as Aylward is concerned, so that the only party to be considered on this appeal is the Sherwood Distilling Company, which will hereafter be referred to as the appellee. *Page 30 
The appellee contends that the evidence was legally insufficient to prove that Haim was its agent, or that he was acting within the scope of his authority so far as the transaction here involved is concerned, and it further contends that the payment made by Garvey was made voluntarily and cannot be recovered.
On the question of agency the testimony shows that on October 3rd, 1922, Irving Haim was elected general manager, treasurer and a director of the Sherwood Distilling Company, and resigned as treasurer and general manager on January 30th, 1924, that the 1923 report of the company, filed with the State Tax Commission of Maryland on March 6th, 1923, was signed by Irving Haim as treasurer, that when the agent of the Oriole Steamship Company first called the appellee's office at Cockeysville about the appellant's whiskey he was advised "he would have to see Mr. Haim, who was the manager." It further appeared that when Garvey and the steamship company's agent went to the appellee's office they transacted their business with a Mr. Haim, who was there in the office, that this was the same Mr. Haim who directed Garvey to pay the $7,000 to Aylward and was present when he did so, that it was also the same Mr. Haim who showed the steamship company's agent through the appellee's warehouse and plant while the whiskey was being loaded on the railroad cars on January 3rd, 1923, and finally, it was proved that the day after the money above mentioned had been paid to Aylward the whiskey was released, loaded on railroad cars, and on the following day delivered to the steamship company.
There can be no question under the foregoing testimony of the appellant's right to at least have the question of Haim's agency submitted to the jury. In Heise  Bruns v. Goldman,125 Md. 554, 559, this Court, speaking through Judge Constable, said: "It is the undoubted rule of law of this state, and practically universal, that it is not for the Court to determine the question of agency vel non, but to determine whether there is any evidence tending to prove the agency, *Page 31 
and if there is any such proof, although not full and satisfactory, it is the exclusive province of the jury to judge of its weight. `Whether there be any evidence or not is a question for the judge; whether it is sufficient evidence is a question for the jury.'"
And see also Nat. Mech. Bank v. Nat. Bank, 36 Md. 5; YorkCo. Bank. v. Stein, 24 Md. 447; Morrison v. Whiteside,17 Md. 452; Henderson v. Mayhew, 2 Gill. 393. Certainly in this case there is some evidence that between December 26th, 1922, and January 4th, 1923, Haim was the agent of the appellee.
The question of Aylward's agency is not so clear. The record shows that he was at one time director of the appellee, and preceded Haim as treasurer, but his connection with the appellee corporation in December, 1922, is not shown. However, in the view which we take of the case, Aylward's agency becomes unimportant if Haim's is established, and as the testimony regarding the latter is far stronger than that offered to prove the former, we can, for all practical purposes, disregard it. We might say, though, that in our opinion the appellant did not offer sufficient evidence to have the question of Aylward's agency submitted to the jury.
The next contention of the appellee, namely, that there was not sufficient evidence to show that Haim, in carrying on the transaction involved in this case, was acting within the scope of his authority, is more difficult to dispose of. Similar questions, however, have been before this and other courts on numerous occasions, and through these decisions the following general principles would now seem to be firmly established.
"Corporations, as well as natural persons, are liable for the wilful tort of an agent acting within the general scope of his employment without previous express authority or subsequent ratification." "While a corporation is non-personal in its formal legal entity, it represents natural persons and must necessarily perform its duties through natural persons as agents, hence must spring the correlative responsibility *Page 32 
for the acts of its agents within the scope of their employment." "The question whether the act of the servant complained of was in furtherance of the master's business, within the scope of the servant's employment, is generally one of fact to be determined by the jury," and it is generally held that the burden is "on the defendant to show that the servant was not engaged in the course of his employment." Hopkins Chem. Co. v. Read Drug and Chem.Co., 124 Md. 210; Consolidated Ry. Co. v. Pierce, 89 Md. 495;Evans v. Davidson, 53 Md. 245; Hypes v. Southern RailroadCompany, 82 S.C. 315, 21 L.R.A. (N.S.), 873; Sawyer v.Railroad, 142 N.C. 7; Cleveland v. Newsome, 45 Mich. 62;Rounds v. D., L.  W.R.R. Co., 64 N.Y. 129. "Acts of fraud by the agent, committed in the course or scope of his employment, are also binding on the principal, even though the principal did not in fact know of or authorize the commission of the fraudulent acts, and although he derives no benefit from the success of the fraud." 2 C.J. 849, 850; New England Mut. Life. Ins. Co. v.Swain, 100 Md. 558; Andrews v. Clark, 72 Md. 396; Tome v.P.B.R. Co., 39 Md. 36; Western Maryland R.R. Co. v. FranklinBank, 60 Md. 36; Lamm v. Port Deposit Co., 49 Md. 241; Storyon Agency (7th ed.), sec. 452.
It is also established by the authorities just cited that the question whether or not the fraud complained of was within the scope of the agent's real or apparent authority is ordinarily for the jury.
We think the application of the principles just announced to the facts in the case now before us render the question of Haim's authority a proper one to be submitted to the jury. He was the general manager and treasurer of the distilling company, he was in charge of the company's office, and the appellant's agent found him there when he went to see about having the whiskey released. As general manager he would, in the absence of proof to the contrary, have charge of the appellee's business, and would be the natural person to consult about securing the whiskey which was stored in *Page 33 
the appellee's warehouse, and he would also ordinarily be the proper official to fix and estimate the warehouse charges. As treasurer he would likewise be authorized to receive money due the company, and, while this authority would not necessarily embrace the right to direct the payment of such money to a third person, we think the fact that Garvey was apparently directed to get in touch with Aylward by Haim, and actually paid $7,000 of the money to Aylward in Haim's presence and at his express direction, warrants submitting to the jury the question whether or not this conduct on the part of Haim was within the scope of his authority, real or apparent. Of course, the facts before us are not in dispute, and so it might be contended that there is nothing to submit to a jury, but such a contention ignores the different inferences which may be deducible from the same facts, and in this case we think there is a difference in the inferences which could reasonably be drawn from the undisputed facts. "Even where the evidence is not conflicting, the question should be given to the jury if reasonable minds could draw different conclusions therefrom." 2 C.J. 961, 962, 964.
So far as the questions of agency are concerned, the case ofNew England Ins. Co. v. Swain, supra, is closely analogous to the one we are considering. In that case an insurance agent fraudulently collected an insurance premium a second time and appropriated it to his own use, and in holding that the insured had a right of action against the insurance company to recover this excess payment, Judge Boyd, who wrote the opinion, said: "InTome v. P.B.R. Co., 39 Md. 36, this Court quoted with approval from Story on Agency (7th ed.), sec. 452, where the author, after saying a principal was not ordinarily liable in criminal proceedings for the acts of his agent, said, `Yet he is liable to third persons in a civil suit for the frauds, deceits, concealments, misrepresentations, torts, negligence and other malfeasances, or mis-feasances, and omissions of duty of his agent in the course of his employment, although the principal did not *Page 34 
authorize, or justify, or participate in, or indeed know of such misconduct, or even if he forbade the acts or disapproved of them. In all such cases the rule applies respondeat superior;
and it is founded upon public policy and convenience; for in no other way could there be any safety to third persons in their dealings either directly with the principal, or indirectly with him through the instrumentality of agents. In every such case the principal holds out his agent as competent and fit to be trusted, and thereby in effect he warrants his fidelity and good conduct in all matters within the scope of the agency.'"
It was also held in that case that the question whether or not the party defrauded was misled by the agent, as well as the scope of the agent's authority, were questions for the jury. And inAndrews v. Clark, supra, it was held that: "A party who employs an agent and puts him in a position of trust to transact business with third parties, cannot be relieved of liability for the frauds and misdoings of such agent, unless it be shown that the loss sustained, as the result of such frauds, would not have occurred but for the neglect and want of ordinary care on the part of the party seeking to hold the principal liable."
In the present case Haim was in charge of the appellee's warehouse, and Garvey, the agent of the appellant, simply followed his instructions in securing the release of his principal's goods. It can be argued that Garvey acted with singular simplicity throughout the transaction, and failed to heed the many warnings of irregularity which appeared all during the affair, and thus was himself guilty of negligence; but on the other hand it can be urged with equal force that he was charged with the duty of placing the whiskey on a ship which was to and did sail within a week from the time he first asked for the release of the whiskey, that he did not know what the charges would be other than the estimate of $5,000, which he stated his principal made, that he did not actually ascertain the correct charges until after he had paid the money demanded on January 2d 1923, *Page 35 
just two days before the boat left, and that, under all the circumstances of the case, he acted in a reasonably careful and prudent manner, so that his principal is not now estopped from demanding a return of the excess payment. The determination of such a controversy should, we think, be submitted to a jury.
This brings us to the final contention of the appellee, which is that the payment made by Garvey was voluntary, and so cannot be recovered. In the case of Lester v. Baltimore, 29 Md. 415, this Court said: "No principle is better settled than that where a person, with full knowledge of the facts, voluntarily pays a demand unjustly made upon him, * * *, it will not be considered as paid by compulsion, and the party thus paying is not entitled to recover, though he may have protested against the unfounded claim at the time of payment made." And in Baltimore v.Lefferman, 4 Gill, 425, it was held, "that a payment is not to be regarded as compulsory unless made to emancipate the person or property from an actual and existing duress imposed upon it by the party to whom the money is paid." See also Awalt v. BuildingAssn., 34 Md. 435. And we apprehend that payment to a third person, at the direction of the party by whom the duress is imposed, would also render the payment compulsory. There is not much difficulty about the rule itself, though a somewhat broader statement of it is found in some authorities. The trouble arises when we try to apply it to particular cases.
As is said in 21 R.C.L. 146, sec. 170: "What shall constitute the compulsion or coercion which the law will recognize as sufficient to render (a payment) involuntary is often a question of difficulty. From the nature of the question no very precise rules can be laid down. * * * The real and ultimate fact to be determined in every case is whether or not the party really had a choice, and the determination of that question is for the jury."Ritchie v. Sweet, 32 Tex. 333, 5 Am. Rep. 245; Cobb v.Charter, 32 Conn. 358, 87 Am. Dec. 178. *Page 36 
In the following cases the payments were held to have been compulsory, and the party making them was allowed to recover the excess: Withholding a deed and threatening to destroy it unless the payment was made (Motz v. Mitchell, 91 Pa. St. 114); payment of an excessive gas bill to prevent the shutting off of the gas (Indiana Natural, etc., Gas Co. v. Anthony,26 Ind. App. 307); payment by an agent of an excess on the purchase price of land to prevent delay in closing the transaction (Carter v.Riggs, 112 Iowa 245); payment to actor to insure his appearance at an evening performance after bills advertising it had been distributed (Dana v. Kemble, 17 Pick. [Mass.], 545); the exaction of illegal toll charges (Chase v. Dwinal, 7 Me. 134, 20 Am. Dec. 352); and the weight of authority would seem to hold that excess freight charges, paid to secure the transportation of goods, or their possession after transportation, can be recovered. 21 R.C.L. 157, sec. 182; 6 Cyc. 498; McGregor v.Erie R.R. Co., 35 N.J. 89; Memphis, etc., Packet Co. v. Abell,
17 Ky. L. Rep. 191, 30 S.W. 658; Railroad Company v. Lockwood,
17 Wall. 379; Transportation Co. v. Sweetzer, 25 W. Va. 434;Maxwell v. Griswold, 10 How. (U.S.), 242; Harmony v. Bingham,12 N.Y. 99, 62 Am. Dec. 142; C.  A.R.R. Co. v. C., V.  W. CoalCo., 79 Ill. 121; M.  M. Rwy. Co. v. Steiner, etc., Co.,61 Ala. 560; Kenneth v. S.C.R.T. Co., 15 Rich. L. (S.C.), 284, 98 Am. Dec. 382; Parker v. Great Western Railway Co., 7 Man.  G. 253, 18 L.R.A. (N.S.), 124, note. These authorities do not conflict with the decision of this Court in Potomac Coal Co. v.C.  P.R.R. Co., 38 Md. 226, in which the recovery of excess freight paid the carrier over a period of seven years was denied, because in that case the agreed statement of facts showed that the payments were made voluntarily, and the Court carefully commented on this in its opinion, and stated that there was no claim "that the money sought to be recovered, was paid under a mistake of the facts, or under circumstances of duress, fraud or extortion."
It is also held that "if a person has in his possession *Page 37 
property belonging to another, and refuses to deliver it to the owner without the payment to him of a sum of money which he has no right to receive, and the owner, in order to obtain possession of his property, pays that sum, the money so paid is a payment by compulsion, and especially is such the case where the wrongful detention is connected with circumstances of hardship or serious inconvenience to the owner." 21 R.C.L. 161, sec. 186;Fargusson v. Winslow, 34 Minn. 384. And this rule applies even though there may be a legal remedy, as by suit in replevin or trover, provided the use of the legal remedy would so delay the owner as to cause him serious inconvenience or loss. 21 R.C.L. 150, sec. 175; 30 Cyc. 1311; DeGraff v. Board of CountyCommrs., 46 Minn. 319; Joannin v. Ogilvie, 49 Minn. 564, 16 L.R.A. 376; Oceanic Steam Nav. Co. v. Tappan, 16 Blatch, 297;Astley v. Reynolds, 2 Strange, 915; Fout v. Giraldin, 64 Mo. App. 163; Sartwell v. Horton, 28 Vt. 370.
In Cobb v. Charter, supra, an illegal payment made by the owner to obtain possession of a chest of tools illegally detained was held compulsory; in Barnett v. Central Line of Boats,51 Ga. 439, a payment made to a carrier to secure possession of goods wrongfully retained by the carrier was held compulsory; inChandler v. Sanger, 114 Mass. 364, 19 Am. Rep. 367, a payment made to secure the release of goods from an attachment made for purposes of extortion, was held compulsory; in Quinnett v.Washington, 10 Mo. 53, it was held that money paid to secure the release of goods from an illegal distress could be recovered, though in Weber v. Aldrich, 2 N.H. 461, just the opposite conclusion seems to have been reached; in Briggs v. Boyd,56 N.Y. 289, money paid to secure the release of property held by one who wrongfully claimed a lien on the property was held to be compulsory payment, and in Clark v. Pearce, 80 Tex. 146, money paid to secure the release of property wrongfully seized by an officer was held to be a compulsory payment. And to the same effect see Weber v. Kirkendall, 44 Neb. 766; Alston v.Durant, 2 Strob. (S.C.), 257, 49 Am. *Page 38 
Dec. 596; White v. Heylman, 34 Pa. 142, and Scholey v.Mumford, 60 N.Y. 498.
While, as we have already said, no precise rule can be laid down as to just when a payment is compulsory, and each case has to be determined largely on its own particular facts, the authorities heretofore cited would seem to make it apparent that the testimony concerning the payment made in this case was sufficient to require submitting to the jury the question whether or not this payment was compulsory. There is testimony that the whiskey of the appellant was actually in the warehouse of the appellee, that the appellee's general manager and treasurer refused to release it unless the appellant's agent paid Aylward $8,000, and that he also declined to furnish a statement of the charges against the whiskey until this payment was made. There was also testimony that Garvey had to secure possession of the whiskey promptly so that it would be shipped on the steamship City of Flint, as his principal had contracted to deliver it to the purchasers in Scotland on that vessel, and arrangements for its transportation by that ship had been made. Delay beyond January 4th, 1923, meant that neither the transportation contract nor the contract of sale could be complied with, and these defaults would doubtless have resulted in loss to the owner. We think these facts and circumstances, if found by the jury to exist, would be sufficient to sustain a finding that the payment of the appellant was a compulsory one, unless the appellant had an adequate legal remedy for the recovery of the goods, and chose to pay the money rather than resort to that remedy, or unless the agent of the appellant was himself guilty of fraud or negligence. Garvey testified that the steamship City of Flint was scheduled to leave Baltimore on or about January 1st, 1923, though it did not actually leave until January 4th, that he did not make a demand for the whiskey until December 28th, 1922, and that he received no information about the charges until December 29th, when Aylward told him that he would have to pay $8,000 to get the whiskey, and he did not actually *Page 39 
know that the charges were excessive until after he completed paying the full $8,000 on January 2d 1923. December 29th, 1922, fell on Friday, and January 1st, 1923, fell on Monday, so that if Garvey, on December 29th, still understood that the ship would sail on January 1st, 1923, he had only one day, Saturday, December 30th, in which to take the necessary legal proceedings to obtain the whiskey, and even if he then knew that the ship would not leave until January 4th, and was put on notice by Aylward's demand that something was wrong, he still had but five days in which to get the whiskey on board. A suit in trover would not have been adequate, and a replevin suit would have required the filing of a large bond, which, because of the presence of the whiskey in Baltimore and of its owner in Boston, and perhaps for other reasons, it would have taken some time to have executed and delivered in Baltimore, where the suit had to be brought. It is difficult, if not impossible, to imagine a case in which some legal remedy for the recovery of goods would not be open to their owner, but the law does not require the owner to adopt such a remedy unless it is an adequate one, and if the use of the remedy would cause great inconvenience or loss it is not considered adequate. In this case we do not think the appellant had an adequate legal remedy, and, of course, the question of Garvey's duplicity or negligence was for the jury. It might be contended that Garvey paid the $8,000 voluntarily in the belief that this sum represented the actual charges against the whiskey, but such a contention would be of no assistance to the appellee, because such a belief, if it existed, was fraudulently induced by Haim and this constituted a deceit. And it is well established, as we have seen, that "money obtained by deceit and in bad faith, which the payee ought not to retain, may be recovered back." 30 Cyc. 1312; New England Mut. Ins. Co. v. Swain, supra; Andrews v.Clark, supra.
The only remaining point to be considered is the exception taken by the appellant to the exclusion of a written lease for apartment 513 in the Hopkins Apartments in the name *Page 40 
of and signed Irving Haim. There was no proof that the Irving Haim who was general manager of the appellee signed this lease, in fact the only evidence on the point was that the signature on the lease was not the signature of the Irving Haim involved in this case. Had there been proper evidence offered to show that Irving Haim, the manager of the appellee, was the person who signed the lease, we think it would have been admissible, but as there was no such evidence the lease was properly excluded.
For the reasons heretofore given the judgment will be reversed, and the case remanded for a new trial.
Judgment reversed and case remanded for a new trial, withcosts to the appellant.