Court Opinion

ID: 9957409
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-04 15:10:24.928589+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:18:18.522858
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Wadlington, 2024-Ohio-1268.]

                               COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                             EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

STATE OF OHIO,                                    :

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,              :
                                                           No. 112286
                 v.                               :

DIANA WADLINGTON,                                 :

                 Defendant-Appellant.             :

                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                 JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
                 RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: April 4, 2024

         Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                            Case No. CR-21-664506-A

                                            Appearances:

                 Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
                 Attorney, and Gregory Paul, Assistant Prosecuting
                 Attorney, for appellee.

                 Russell S. Bensing, for appellant.

MARY J. BOYLE, J.:

                   This appeal arises from the shooting death of Allen Randall

 (“victim”).       Following a jury trial, defendant-appellant, Diana Wadlington

 (“Wadlington”), was convicted of one count of murder and two counts of felonious

 assault, with the accompanying one- and three-year firearm specifications.
Wadlington appeals her convictions, arguing that the victim’s prior convictions1

should have been admitted and the jury should have been instructed on aggravated

assault, as well as involuntary manslaughter. For the reasons set forth below, we

affirm.

I. Facts and Procedural History

               In November 2021, Wadlington was charged in a six-count

indictment that included one count of aggravated murder; one count of murder;

one count of felony murder; one count of voluntary manslaughter; and two counts

of felonious assault. All counts carried both a one- and three- firearm specification.

               The matter proceeded to jury trial. During trial, the court granted the

state’s motion in limine, limiting the admissibility of the victim’s prior criminal

history. The trial court ruled that only “actual knowledge [Wadlington] had with

respect to what occurred that night and her personal knowledge, if any at all, of

specific instances with respect to her” was to be admitted into evidence. (Tr. 971.)

The following is a summary of the evidence presented.

               On the evening of October 19, 2021, Wadlington and the victim were

hanging out together trying to find some marijuana. The two stopped at the victim’s

brother’s house for a short time and then left. According to the brother, the victim

intended to drop Wadlington off at home and return to his house.

      1The    parties use the words “prior conviction,” “prior criminal history,” and
“specific instances of conduct” interchangeably. This court will address the issue as the
victim’s prior criminal history or specific instances of conduct because the conduct
referred to includes convictions, dismissed charges, as well as charges that were pending
at the time of the victim’s death.
              After leaving his brother’s house, around 10:00 p.m., the victim called

his ex-girlfriend Briana Lawson (“Lawson”) on FaceTime with Wadlington still in

the car. Lawson testified that the victim was in a good mood, acting goofy, and

laughing; he showed no signs of anger. During this call, Wadlington took the phone

and told Lawson, “Sweetheart, I’m sorry, I don’t know why he called you, but I just

wanted to let you know that we’re fucking and sucking the same n****.” (Tr. 665.)

              Shortly after the call to Lawson, at approximately 10:30 p.m., the

victim appeared at his grandmother’s house on East 128th Street, which is a few

blocks from Wadlington’s home. He walked there alone. His cousin Alexus Randall

(“Alexus”) testified that the victim asked to use her phone because Wadlington

threw the victim’s phone and keys into a field near Wadlington’s house and the

victim was having trouble finding them. Alexus testified that the victim was joking

around at this time. The victim left, and Alexus repeatedly called the victim’s phone

so he could find it. When the victim answered Alexus’s call, she heard Wadlington

in the background yelling, “I’ll kill you. I’ll kill you right now.” Alexus heard the

victim reply jokingly, “Kill me then.” (Tr. 687.)

              Brittney Randall (“Brittany”), the victim’s cousin, testified that she

also called the victim after Alexus told Brittany that she heard Wadlington’s threats.

When the victim answered, Brittany overheard Wadlington screaming “at the top

of her lungs” calling the victim a liar and saying that she was going to shoot him.

Brittney testified that she heard the victim say, “If you are going to shoot me, you’re
going to have to shoot me. I don’t have anything on me, but I am not about to beg

you, so do what you have to do.” (Tr. 868.)

              At 10:37 p.m., Cleveland Police Officer Michael Deighan (“Officer

Deighan”) and his partner received a call from dispatch regarding shots fired at

East 128th Street and Locke Avenue in Cleveland, Ohio. A few blocks from that

area, the officers discovered a silver sedan crashed into a streetlight pole. As Officer

Deighan approached the vehicle, he observed the victim slumped over with a

noticeable amount of blood in the car. The victim had suffered a gunshot wound to

his hand and chest. He had a weak pulse and was taken by paramedics to University

Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center where he passed away that night.

              At approximately 10:52 p.m., Wadlington called 911 and admitted she

shot the victim. Police then arrived at her residence on Locke Avenue and placed

her under arrest. She waived her constitutional rights and spoke with Cleveland

Police Officer Trevor Smith (“Officer Smith”), which was recorded on his bodycam

and played for the jury. In this interview, she told Officer Smith that she and the

victim argued in his car, then she got out of the car, went inside her house, and got

her gun because she was scared. She came back outside with the gun and told the

victim repeatedly to leave. Wadlington told Officer Smith that the victim tried to

grab her and slap her and tried to grab the gun, “so I end up just shooting him.”

She said, “[H]e attacked me.” (State’s exhibit No. 211). She also told Officer Smith

that he ripped her clip-on ponytail off and said they could find it and her gun in her

house.
               Officer Smith testified that Wadlington was disheveled and

distraught but he did not observe any injuries to her. Wadlington’s clothes were

covered in blood. Officers recovered one spent cartridge casing in the middle of the

street, along with a blood trail. A 9 mm semiautomatic pistol with blood on it was

retrieved from Wadlington’s home. DNA testing revealed that the victim’s blood

was found on Wadlington and her gun. The clip-on ponytail was never found.

              Cleveland Police Detective Charles Shultz (“Detective Shultz”)

testified to his investigation and Wadlington’s phone records, which indicated that

she made several phone calls before and after she called 911. Her text messages

revealed a text from her sister, Tonae Bolton (“Bolton”), which stated: “Don’t say

he was chasing you, say that he tried to attack you.”

              Bolton testified for the defense. Bolton is Wadlington’s older sister

and spoke with her after the shooting, but before she called 911. She explained her

text to Wadlington, saying that “people of color sometimes explain things

differently” and she “wanted to make sure that it was just accurate language,

universal language, I would say.” (Tr. 1065).       On cross-examination, Bolton

testified that she searched the computer for Ohio’s self-defense law but was not

trying to coach her sister.

              Wadlington testified on her own behalf, stating that she had been

friends with the victim for about two years and that they hung out with each other

a couple times a week. On that evening, they went to his brother’s house to smoke

marijuana, but his brother did not have any. On the way back to her house,
Wadlington stated that they argued because the victim called her family “snitches.”

She testified that he pulled his car behind hers to block her from leaving her home.

Wadlington testified that she went inside her house and the victim left in his car.

Wadlington denied throwing the victim’s keys and phone.

              Wadlington stated that while she was inside, she charged her phone

and grabbed her gun. She testified that she was inside for five to seven minutes.

Wadlington stated that she felt scared walking back outside but needed to pick up

her daughter. She testified that she always brings her gun with her at night. She

stated that she observed the victim outside and he approached her. The victim told

her he was going to beat her up and shoot up her house. She stated that “he was

just yelling threats, all type of threats.” (Tr. 1097.) Wadlington testified that the

victim said, “I’m going to beat your a**. You talk too much. I’m going to shut you

up.” (Tr. 1145.) Wadlington explained that the victim grabbed, pushed, and pulled

her clip-on ponytail off. She testified that she shot him because she was scared.

              Wadlington denied having a sexual relationship with the victim and

denied talking to Lawson on FaceTime. Wadlington also testified that she and the

victim had gotten into a physical altercation a couple months before this incident,

but could not recall when, where, or why they fought. Wadlington testified that she

had seen the victim with a gun on a few occasions but did not see a gun on him that

evening.

              At the close of the case, the state dismissed the voluntary

manslaughter count. The court denied Wadlington’s request for instructions on
aggravated assault and involuntary manslaughter. The jury was instructed on self-

defense. Wadlington was found not guilty of aggravated murder and murder and

guilty of the felony murder and two counts of felonious assault, as well as the

accompanying firearm specifications. She was sentenced to 18 years to life in

prison.

              Wadlington now appeals, raising the following assignments of error

for review:

     Assignment of Error I: In a case in which self-defense was the
     primary issue, the trial court erred in precluding [Wadlington] from
     testifying as to her knowledge of the victim’s prior convictions of violent
     crimes.

     Assignment of Error II: The trial court erred in denying the
     defendant an instruction of the lesser offense of involuntary
     manslaughter as a third-degree felony, and the inferior offense of
     aggravated assault.

II. Law and Analysis

  A. Precluding Specific Instances of Conduct was not Error

              In the first assignment of error, Wadlington argues that because she

was asserting self-defense, the victim’s prior convictions should have been admitted

because it went to her state of mind, not the character of the victim. The state

argues that the trial court properly limited her testimony to her personal knowledge

and any specific instances that involved Wadlington.

              It is well-settled that the admission or exclusion of evidence rests

within the sound discretion of the trial court. State v. Sage, 31 Ohio St.3d 173, 180,

510 N.E.2d 343 (1987). An abuse of discretion occurs when a court exercises “its
judgment, in an unwarranted way, in regard to a matter over which it has

discretionary authority.” Johnson v. Abdullah, 166 Ohio St.3d 427, 2021-Ohio-

3304, 187 N.E.3d 463, ¶ 35. As the gatekeeper of the evidence, the trial court “must

be cognizant of the evidence the state is attempting to admit into evidence. If the

state fails to comport with the basic requirements under the law, the trial court is

obligated to exclude such evidence, even if no objection is raised.” State v. Walker,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110741, 2022-Ohio-1238, ¶ 32.

              A self-defense claim includes the following elements:

      “(1) that the defendant was not at fault in creating the situation giving
      rise to the affray; (2) that the defendant had a bona fide belief that he
      [or she] was in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm and that
      his [or her] only means of escape from such danger was in the use of
      such force; and (3) that the defendant did not violate any duty to retreat
      or avoid the danger.”

State v. Messenger, 171 Ohio St.3d 227, 2022-Ohio-4562, 216 N.E.3d 653, ¶ 14,

quoting State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 24, 759 N.E.2d 1240 (2002).

              Evid.R. 404(A) provides that, though it may be relevant, “[e]vidence

of a person’s character or a trait of character is not admissible for the purpose of

proving action in conformity therewith on a particular occasion.” (Emphasis

added.) “The term ‘character’ refers to a generalized description of a person’s

disposition or a general trait such as honesty, temperance, or peacefulness.

Generally speaking, character refers to an aspect of an individual’s personality

which is usually described in evidentiary law as a ‘propensity.”’ State v. Herron, 2d

Dist. Montgomery No. 28146, 2019-Ohio-3292, ¶ 25-26, quoting Weissenberger’s
Ohio Evidence Treatise, Section 404.3 (2009 Ed.). This admonition applies to the

victim’s character as well. See Evid.R. 404(A)(2).

              Nevertheless,    character   evidence    is   admissible   in   certain

circumstances. Evid.R. 405 sets forth when it is admissible and two methods by

which character may be proved. Evid.R. 405 states:

     (A) Reputation or Opinion. In all cases in which evidence of character
     or a trait of character of a person is admissible, proof may be made by
     testimony as to reputation or by testimony in the form of an opinion.
     On cross-examination, inquiry is allowable into relevant specific
     instances of conduct.

     (B) Specific Instances of Conduct. In cases in which character or a trait
     of character of a person is an essential element of a charge, claim, or
     defense, proof may also be made of specific instances of his conduct.

              In Barnes, the Ohio Supreme Court held that “[a] defendant asserting

self-defense cannot introduce evidence of specific instances of a victim’s conduct to

prove that the victim was the initial aggressor.” Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 24, 759

N.E.2d 1240, at syllabus, citing Evid.R. 404(A) and 405. Both parties agree that

Wadlington cannot introduce specific instances of the victim’s conduct to prove

that he was the initial aggressor.

              The parties also agree “that a defendant arguing self-defense may

testify about [her] knowledge of specific instances of the victim’s prior conduct in

order to establish the defendant’s state of mind at the time of the incident.” In re

D.N., 195 Ohio App.3d 552, 2011-Ohio-5494, 960 N.E.2d 1063, ¶ 15 (8th Dist.),

quoting State v. Baker, 88 Ohio App.3d 204, 208, 623 N.E.2d 672 (9th Dist.1993);
State v. Carlson, 31 Ohio App.3d 72, 508 N.E.2d 999 (8th Dist.1986).2 The parties

disagree, however, on whether this includes criminal conduct known to Wadlington

that does not involve her.

               Wadlington proffered she was aware the victim had recently been

pulled over and had “caught a gun case” and had a domestic violence case in the

past but did not know the details. (Tr. 1150.) At the time of his death, the victim

was charged with having weapons while under disability, receiving stolen property,

and improperly handling firearms in a motor vehicle.3 Previously, in 2016, the

victim was charged with domestic violence in two separate cases, neither of which

he was convicted.4 Wadlington’s proffered testimony was excluded, as well as the

      2 Several other Ohio appellate districts have interpreted Evid.R. 405 to permit a

defendant to “testify about specific instances of the victim’s prior conduct known to the
defendant in order to establish the defendant’s state of mind.” State v. Steinhauer, 4th
Dist. Scioto No. 12CA3528, 2014-Ohio-1981, ¶ 30, citing State v. Moore, 3d Dist. Allen
Nos. 1-06-89 and 1-06-96, 2007-Ohio-3600, ¶ 59; see also State v. Krug, 11th Dist. Lake
No. 2008-L-085, 2009-Ohio-3815, ¶ 60; State v. Salyers, 2d Dist. Montgomery
No. 20695, 2005-Ohio-2772, ¶ 32; State v. Davis, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2003 CA 429,
2004-Ohio-7056, ¶ 19; State v. Mason, 6th Dist. Lucas Nos. L-02-1189 and L-02-1211,
2003-Ohio-5974, ¶ 36.

      3 State v. Randall, Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-21-664124-A (Nov. 1, 2021), was abated

by death. Although the dockets of the victim’s cases are not part of our appellate record,
we may take judicial notice of the docket entries. Zhong v. Liang, 2020-Ohio-3724, 155
N.E.3d 1042, ¶ 20 (8th Dist.), citing State v. Cuyahoga Cty. Common Pleas Court, 8th
Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108974, 2019-Ohio-3782, ¶ 5.

      4 See State v. Randall, Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-16-612122-A (May 16, 2017), and

State v. Randall, Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-16-603258-A (June 27, 2016).
victim’s pending aggravated burglary charge, and a felonious assault conviction

from 2005.5

              We find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it

excluded the pending aggravated burglary charge and the felonious assault

conviction. Because Wadlington was unaware of those cases, they could not have

influenced her state of mind at the time of the shooting. See State v. Lane, 48 Ohio

App.3d 172, 549 N.E.2d 193 (1st Dist.1988) (finding that the exclusion of the

victim’s juvenile record was proper because there was no showing the accused was

aware of said record); see also State v. Sutton, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA90-01-001,

1991 Ohio App. LEXIS 3115, 14 (July 1, 1991).

               Turning to the victim’s pending gun case and the dismissed domestic

violence charges, Wadlington argues that these are admissible to prove that she

knew the victim carried a gun and that he had previously allegedly attacked a

woman. Wadlington relies on Carlson for this argument.

              In Carlson, the defendant was charged with felonious assault. He

admitted that he shot the victim but asserted self-defense. Carlson, 31 Ohio App.3d

at 72. The defendant testified that the victim was drunk and upset when he was

told to leave the bar. The victim threw a can of beer at defendant’s head and started

to climb over the bar while threatening to kill the defendant. When the victim went

towards the defendant, he shot the victim. Id. At trial, the defendant was precluded

      5 See State v. Randall, Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-20-651699-A (Nov. 1, 2021), and

State v. Randall, Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-05-471603-A (Feb. 26, 2007).
from testifying about the prior violent acts of the victim that defendant was aware

of at the time of the shooting. This included what defendant had himself witnessed

of victim’s violent behavior at other bars. This court ruled that excluding such

testimony was prejudicial to the defense because it went directly to the defendant’s

state of mind and “tended to show that the [defendant] feared the victim.” Id. at

73. This court stated that “[t]hese events are admissible in evidence, not because

they establish something about the victim’s character, but because they tend to

show why the defendant believed the victim would kill or severely injure him.” Id.

at 73, citing State v. Randle, 69 Ohio App.2d 71, 73, 430 N.E. 2d 951 (10th

Dist.1980).

              We find the facts in this case distinguishable from Carlson.

Wadlington testified she and the victim were friends for nearly two years and they

were together a couple times a week; she said she was comfortable with him. She

alleged they had one prior physical altercation in which they both slapped and

punched each other. She said she did not see a doctor or press charges because “it

was not that serious at that time.” (Tr. 1090-1091.) No gun was involved. She could

not remember where, when, or why it happened. She testified that they remained

friends. On cross-examination, Wadlington told detectives on the night of the

shooting that “[n]othing like this ever happened before. Never got physical before.”

(Tr. 1119.) Wadlington did not testify that she was afraid of the victim before,

during, or after the alleged altercation. She proffered that she did not know the

details of the domestic violence charges.
              Wadlington was permitted to testify and did testify that she observed

the victim carrying a firearm on a couple of occasions. Nevertheless, she testified

that she did not see a gun on the victim the night he died. This is not a situation

where Wadlington was afraid of the victim on any other occasion or for any other

reason. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it excluded the

victim’s pending gun case or the dismissed domestic violence cases because they

did not tend to demonstrate that Wadlington feared the victim because of these

cases.

              Accordingly, Wadlington’s first assignment of error is overruled.

  B. The Jury Instructions Were Proper

              In the second assignment of error, Wadlington asserts that the trial

court should have instructed on the inferior offense of aggravated assault and, thus,

the lesser included offense of involuntary manslaughter because Wadlington was

under substantial provocation at the time of the shooting. The state argues that

Wadlington testified that she was in fear and fear is incompatible with the mental

state of rage, which is the required mental state for aggravated assault. The state

further argues that an instruction on aggravated assault is inconsistent with

Wadlington’s argument of self-defense.       We find the state’s argument more

persuasive.

              “When reviewing a trial court’s jury instructions, the proper standard

of review for an appellate court is whether the trial court’s refusal to give a

requested instruction constituted an abuse of discretion under the facts and
circumstances of the case.” State v. Gibson, 2023-Ohio-2481, 221 N.E.3d 984, ¶ 98

(8th Dist.), quoting State v. Sims, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 85608, 2005-Ohio-5846,

¶ 12, citing State v. Wolons, 44 Ohio St.3d 64, 68, 541 N.E.2d 443 (1989).

Generally, “a charge on a lesser-included or inferior offense is required only where

the evidence presented at trial would reasonably support both an acquittal on the

crime charged and a conviction upon the lesser-included or inferior offense.” State

v. Carter, 2018-Ohio-3671, 119 N.E.3d 896, ¶ 59 (8th Dist.), citing State v. Thomas,

40 Ohio St.3d 213, 533 N.E.2d 286 (1988), paragraph two of the syllabus. In

determining whether a lesser-included or inferior offense instruction is

appropriate, the trial court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the

defendant. Id. at ¶ 59, citing State v. Monroe, 105 Ohio St.3d 384, 2005-Ohio-

2282, 827 N.E.2d 285, ¶ 37. An instruction is not warranted, however, every time

“some evidence” is presented on a lesser-included or inferior offense. State v.

Smith, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 90478, 2009-Ohio-2244, ¶ 12, citing State v. Shane,

63 Ohio St.3d 630, 590 N.E.2d 272 (1992).

      “To require an instruction * * * every time some evidence, however
      minute, is presented going to a lesser-included (or inferior-degree)
      offense would mean that no trial judge could ever refuse to give an
      instruction on a lesser-included (or inferior-degree) offense.”

Id., quoting Shane at 633. Thus, a court must find there is sufficient evidence to

allow a jury to reasonably reject the greater offense and find the defendant guilty on

the lesser-included or inferior offense. Shane at 632-633.
              In State v. Deem, 40 Ohio St.3d 205, 533 N.E.2d 294 (1988), the Ohio

Supreme Court distinguished between a lesser-included offense and an offense that

is an “inferior degree” of the indicted offense. “An offense is an ‘inferior degree’ of

the indicted offense where its elements are identical to or contained within the

indicted offense, except for one or more additional mitigating elements.” Id. at

paragraph two of the syllabus, citing R.C. 2945.74 and Crim.R. 31(C); State v.

James, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110812, 2022-Ohio-2040, ¶ 14-15.

               Regarding felonious assault and aggravated assault, our court has

stated:

      It is well settled that aggravated assault is not a lesser-included offense
      of felonious assault. Instead, aggravated assault is an inferior degree of
      felonious assault because its elements are identical to or contained
      within the offense of felonious assault, coupled with the additional
      presence of one or both mitigating circumstances of sudden passion or
      a sudden fit of rage brought on by serious provocation occasioned by
      the victim. State v. Searles, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96549, 2011-Ohio-
      6275, citing State v. Logan, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 08AP-881, 2009-
      Ohio-2899, citing State v. Deem, 40 Ohio St.3d 205, 533 N.E.2d 294
      (1988); see also R.C. 2903.12.

State v. Martin, 2018-Ohio-1098, 109 N.E.3d 652, ¶ 8 (8th Dist.); see State v.

Ruppart, 187 Ohio App.3d 192, 2010-Ohio-1574, 931 N.E.2d 627, ¶ 15-24 (8th

Dist.).

               Involuntary manslaughter is a lesser-included offense of felony

murder under R.C. 2903.02(B). Thomas at 215. “[I]nvoluntary manslaughter

under R.C. 2903.04(A), which states ‘no person shall cause the death of another *

* * as a proximate result of the offender’s committing or attempting to commit a
felony,’ is almost identically worded as the felony murder statute but expands the

definition to include any felony offense, instead of limiting the predicate crime to a

first- or second-degree felony offense of violence.”       State v. Rider, 2d Dist.

Champaign No. 2021-CA-12, 2022-Ohio-1964, ¶ 41. The lesser included jury

instruction on involuntary manslaughter is only warranted in situations where the

felony murder cannot be proven because there is a lack of evidence establishing that

the underlying criminal act was a first- or second-degree offense of violence. State

v. Duncan, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 87220, 2006-Ohio-5009, ¶ 5; State v. Franks,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103682, 2016-Ohio-5241, ¶ 20. Thus, if the jury found

Wadlington guilty of aggravated assault, a felony of the fourth degree, rather than

felonious assault, a felony of the second degree, it would necessarily be limited to a

conviction for involuntary manslaughter.

              Wadlington argues that there was sufficient provocation to warrant

an instruction on aggravated assault regardless of her claim of self-defense,

asserting that when a reasonable juror could find provocation and reject self-

defense, the court must give the provocation instruction. The state argues that

Wadlington repeatedly testified that she shot the victim because she was afraid and

the mental state of fear is inconsistent with the mental state of rage.

              In State v. Mack, 82 Ohio St.3d 198, 694 N.E.2d 1328 (1998), the

Ohio Supreme Court explained that to instruct on the inferior offense of aggravated

assault, an objective standard must be applied to determine whether the alleged

provocation is reasonably sufficient to bring on a sudden passion or fit of rage. The
provocation must be “sufficient to arouse the passions of an ordinary person

beyond the power of his or her control.” If the provocation is sufficient, then the

analysis shifts to a subjective standard to determine whether this particular

defendant was “actually was under the influence of sudden passion or in a sudden

fit of rage.” Id., citing Shane, 63 Ohio St.3d at 634-635, 590 N.E.2d 272.

              This court has stated that “[w]ords alone will not constitute

reasonably sufficient provocation to incite the use of deadly force in most

situations.” State v. Almashni, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92237, 2010-Ohio-898,

¶ 38-39, citing Shane at paragraph two of the syllabus. Further, “fear alone is

insufficient to demonstrate the kind of emotional state necessary to constitute

sudden passion or fit of rage.” Id., see State v. Collins, 97 Ohio App.3d 438, 445-

446, 646 N.E.2d 1142 (8th Dist.1994); State v. Williams, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

60819, 1992 Ohio App. LEXIS 4159 (Aug. 13, 1992). Moreover, this court has

recognized that aggravated assault is incompatible with a theory of self-defense

because self-defense requires proof of fear while aggravated assault requires a

showing of a sudden passion or rage. State v. Hughkeith, 2023-Ohio-1217, 212

N.E.3d 1147, ¶ 102 (8th Dist.), see also State v. Bouie, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

108095, 2019-Ohio-4579, ¶ 47 (“‘[I]t has been held that in most cases, jury

instructions on both self-defense and serious provocation are inconsistent’ because

‘the mental states of fear as required for self-defense and rage as required for

aggravated assault are incompatible’”), quoting State v. Crim, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 82347, 2004-Ohio-2553, ¶ 14; State v. Betliskey, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
101330, 2015-Ohio-1821, ¶ 24 (jury instruction on aggravated assault not required

where defense theory was self-defense); State v. Loyed, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

83075, 2004-Ohio-3961, ¶ 14 (instruction on voluntary manslaughter not required

where defense asserted self-defense because the theories were incompatible and “it

must be one or the other”).

              Wadlington testified that the victim was making “all types of threats,”

specifically, “You talk too much. I am going to shut you up.” She testified that the

victim did not have a gun on him, but she did. Wadlington repeatedly and

consistently testified that she was in fear and that is why she shot the victim. We

find that there is no evidence in the record of sufficient provocation by the victim

to arouse the passions of an ordinary person beyond her power or control.

Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it refused to give an

instruction   on   aggravated    assault.     Furthermore,      because   involuntary

manslaughter is dependent upon a finding of aggravated assault, on the facts of this

case, it was not error for the court to deny the instruction.

              Accordingly, Wadlington’s second assignment of error is overruled.

III. Conclusion

              The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it limited the victim’s

specific instances of conduct to those incidents known to Wadlington that tended

to influence her state of mind. Further, the trial court did not abuse its discretion

when it did not instruct on aggravated assault or involuntary manslaughter because

there was no evidence in the record that Wadlington was provoked into a fit of rage.
Rather, Wadlington repeatedly testified that she shot the victim out of fear, which

is the mental state for self-defense.

               Accordingly, the judgment is affirmed.

      It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the

common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.          The defendant’s

conviction having been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated. Case

remanded to the trial court for execution of sentence.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

_______________________
MARY J. BOYLE, JUDGE

MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, P.J., and
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, J., CONCUR