Court Opinion

ID: 4550295
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-07-22 20:00:24.508708+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:04:23.242649
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         JUL 22 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       No.    19-10106

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No.
                                                1:17-cr-00136-LJO-SKO-1
 v.

CRAIG MARTIN SHULTS,                            MEMORANDUM*

                Defendant-Appellant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Eastern District of California
                   Lawrence J. O'Neill, District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted June 10, 2020
                            San Francisco, California

Before: M. SMITH and HURWITZ, Circuit Judges, and EZRA,** District Judge.

      Craig Shults appeals his conviction and 72-month sentence for threatening to

assault Judge Andrew Guilford with intent to retaliate on account of the

performance of his official duties, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 115(a)(1)(B). We

have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The Honorable David A. Ezra, United States District Judge for the
District of Hawaii, sitting by designation.
      1.     The district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the

Valkovich testimony. See United States v. Major, 676 F.3d 803, 807 (9th Cir.

2012) (stating standard of review). Valkovich’s testimony clearly satisfies the

requirements of Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b). His testimony that Shults

repeatedly offered to pay him to solicit the murder of Judge Guilford and others

tends to show that, at the time Shults made the earlier charged threats in

conversation with Knox, Shults had a “plan” for carrying them out (hiring a hit

man), the “opportunity” to carry them out (possession of sufficient money to pay a

hit man), and the “intent” to carry them out (because he would subsequently take

more concrete steps to do so). Fed. R. Evid. 404(b).

      The district court did not abuse its discretion in finding the “probative value”

of Valkovich’s testimony not “substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair

prejudice.” Fed. R. Evid. 403. His testimony was highly probative to prove intent

and to disprove the defense theory that Shults was only bluffing. Its probative

value was not materially diminished by the prosecution’s decision not to call Knox

to testify, as it was highly relevant to the jury’s interpretation of the recorded

conversation between Shults and Knox.

      2.     The district court did not plainly err with regard to Shults’ right to

allocute at his sentencing hearing. See United States v. Jordan, 256 F.3d 922, 926

(9th Cir. 2001) (stating standard of review). The district court afforded Shults the

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required opportunity to speak pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure

32(i)(4)(A)(ii), and Shults declined the opportunity. See United States v. Mack,

200 F.3d 653, 657–58 (9th Cir. 2000). Although the court reporter heard Shults

later ask his lawyer, “Can I say something?,” the record does not reflect that the

court heard the request, nor that the request was to speak to the court, rather than

just to counsel.

      3.     The district court did not plainly err by applying the preponderance of

the evidence standard to the sentencing enhancements. See Jordan, 256 F.3d at

926 (stating standard of review). As to the six-level intent enhancement, U.S.S.G.

§ 2A6.1(b)(1), due process considerations do not favor requiring clear and

convincing evidence, because the facts underlying the enhancement stemmed from

the conduct of which Shults was convicted. See United States v. Hymas, 780 F.3d
1285, 1289–92 (9th Cir. 2015). Meanwhile, with the exception of factor 5, the

Valensia factors either weigh against the higher standard, are not relevant, or are

inconclusive because it is unclear what the relevant baseline is. See Jordan, 256
F.3d at 928 (listing six factors first articulated in United States v. Valensia, 222
F.3d 1173, 1182 (9th Cir. 2000), cert. granted, judgment vacated, 532 U.S. 901

(2001)).

      As to the two-level multiple-threats enhancement, U.S.S.G. §

2A6.1(b)(2)(A), it had only a minimal effect on the sentence, not an “extremely

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disproportionate” effect. United States v. Hopper, 177 F.3d 824, 833 (9th Cir.

1999) (quoting United States v. Restrepo, 946 F.2d 654, 659 (9th Cir. 1991) (en

banc)). Thus, considered separately, it was not plain error to apply a

preponderance standard to the challenged enhancements.

      Even if the sentencing enhancements had an “extremely disproportionate”

effect when considered in the aggregate, our precedents do not clearly require this

method of calculation. Compare Jordan, 256 F.3d at 928 (interpreting Valensia to

require that the court aggregate the challenged enhancements), with Hymas, 780
F.3d at 1290–91 (separating a single loss enhancement into two parts).

Accordingly, it was not plain error for the district court to apply a preponderance

of the evidence standard.

      AFFIRMED.

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