Court Opinion

ID: 9763620
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-29 02:50:44.559016+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:29:46.810881
License: Public Domain

John I. Purtle, Justice, dissenting. I respectfully dissent because the majority has denied appellant his rights as guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. I feel, first, that the stop and arrest of the appellant should have been held to be illegal and second, that the search and seizure of appellant’s automobile was not done within constitutional bounds. I would like to address myself to these points individually. THE STOP AND ARREST Officer Porterfield received a radio broadcast at 4:05 p.m. on the day of the robbery, which included a description of two suspects. No car was mentioned in the broadcast. On a hunch, he went directly to Kanis Park, met a vehicle, turned, overtook it, flipped on his blue lights, and pulled over appellant who was driving a bright orange Vega. Officer Porterfield testified that appellant was not breaking any laws or acting unusual in any way and did not fit the description of the robbers. As a matter of fact, the observed vehicle had an opportunity to turn away from the police car at an intersection, but the car passed directly by the police car and the police officer and appellant made eye contact with one another. The officer was not the least bit suspicious of appellant at this time. Nevertheless, Officer Porterfield turned around, switched on his blue lights, gave chase and pulled the vehicle over. The officer’s explanation was that the driver might be a possible witness to a robbery which had taken place perhaps an hour before (3:15 p.m. according to one witness) and at a place a quarter mile away. Ark. Stat. Ann. § 43-432 (Repl. 1977) deals directly with the stopping of witnesses to a felony, the pertinent part of which reads: Whenever a law enforcement officer has reasonable cause to believe that any person found at or near the scene of a felony is a material witness to the felony, he may stop that person and after having identified himself he must advise the person of the purpose of the stopping and may then demand of him his name, address, and any information he may have regarding the felony. . . . Based on review of the record, I can find nothing to substantiate the majority’s expressed opinion that the stop was based on reasonable suspicion. To the contra, the officer was not even remotely suspicious that appellant was a suspect nor was there evidence that he suspected appellant was a material witness. The stop violated the appellant’s Fourth Amendment rights against unreasonable searches and seizures and unreasonably infringed on his right as a motorist to be free from arbitrary disruption or unrestricted lawful travel. When a police officer accosts an individual and by show of authority restrains his liberty short of arrest, the stop becomes a “seizure” of the person. Such a seizure must then be tested for reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968). Arkansas Rules of Criminal Procedure, Rule 2.1, defines reasonable suspicion: “Reasonable suspicion” means a suspicion based on facts or circumstances which of themselves do not give rise to the probable cause requisite to justify a lawful arrest, but which give rise to more than a bare suspicion; that is, a suspicion that is reasonable as opposed to an imaginary or purely conjectural suspicion. Our statutes have also set limitations on the right of a police officer to stop and search. Ark. Stat. Ann. § 43-434 (Repl. 1977) states in part: This Act (§§ 43-429 — 43-436) shall not be construed to: (1) Permit an officer to stop just any passerby . . . (2) Permit the stopping and searching of any person found in the vicinity of a felony scene, merely because he happens to be there. There is no doubt in my mind that Officer Porterfield’s blue-light chase and pull-over of the first vehicle he observed in Kanis Park upon the pretense that the occupant (who did not fit the description of either robbery suspect) was somehow a witness to a crime committed almost an hour before and a quarter mile away was nothing short of an unreasonable and patently violative intrusion of appellant’s Fourth Amendment rights. There were other less intrusive means readily available to Officer Porterfield if he had indeed been concerned with obtaining information from the appellant. In United States v. Ward, 488 F. 2d 162 (9th Cir. 1973), the court stated: Clearly, the narrow exception of Terry v. Ohio, supra, which allows investigative stops on grounds short of probable cause cannot be stretched so far as to allow detentive stops for generalized criminal inquiries. The court there held that where less intrusive means were available, it then followed that “there were no exigent circumstances warranting the extreme nature of a vehicular stop by a siren on a public street.” As far as the subsequent arrest is concerned, not only would it be illegal as the product of an illegal stop, but also, even standing alone, Officer Porterfield lacked the necessary probable cause to effect it. Officer Porterfield cited three factors for his justification of arresting the appellant: (1) that appellant was wearing tennis shoes, (2) that is pants legs appeared to be “. . . a little bit wet,” and, (3) that his hands shook when he produced his driver’s license. However, he knew none of these things until after he stopped appellant and, as a matter of fact, did not even mention shoes or wet pants in his police report. Although the officer admitted that the appellant did not meet the description of the robbers, except for the fact he was wearing tennis shoes, he did not dismiss him. When appellant stated to the officer that there were two other persons in the car, Officer Porterfield pulled his pistol and kept the appellant covered while he approached the Vega. I cannot allow the majority to say in effect that “the end justifies the means” as seems to be the case here. Even though Officer Porterfield’s hunch turned out to be fruitful, it cannot be said that either the stop or the arrest was based on probable cause. The reason we have set standards is in order that people may be secure in knowing what their rights are. An intrusion on anyone’s rights in this regard is a diminution of everyone’s rights. The majority opinion will allow almost any stop and subsequent arrest on the basis that the officer was merely investigating. Admittedly, the stop was not made pursuant to the officer’s founded suspicion that appellant was involved in criminal behavior, rather, it was made to question appellant about third parties and any information he might have had about them in connection with the crime. Once he had made inquiry as to this he should have dismissed appellant. Yet, the officer has made a feeble attempt to justify his subsequent arrest on the basis of a shaking hand, damp pants legs and tennis shoes, all of which certainly do not constitute probable cause. Having found that Officer Porterfield’s stop of appellant’s car is an unreasonable intrusion under the Fourth Amendment it should be held that any and all materials discovered as a result of that stop should have been suppressed as the fruit of an unlawful stop. Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471 (1963). THE SEARCH AND SEIZURE As to the search and seizure of the back compartment of the automobile, I believe the majority’s reliance on New York v. Belton, 450 U.S. 1028, 69 L. Ed. 2d 768 (1981), to be totally without basis. The United States Supreme Court’s landmark decision in Belton specifically states: . . . we hold that when a policeman has made a lawful custodial arrest of the occupant of an automobile, he may, as a contemporaneous incident of that arrest, search the passenger compartment of that automobile. Firstly, this was not a lawful custodial arrest, as I have pointed out in the first part of this dissent; and, secondly, the hatchback portion of a Vega hatchback automobile can in no wise be considered as part of the “passenger compartment.” I see no way passengers could possibly fit into the luggage compartment of a hatchback automobile. One of the officers even testified that he had to take the car keys and open the hatchback (he called it a “trunk”) to get the pillowcases. Under our decision in Moore v. State, 268 Ark. 171, 594 S.W. 2d 245 (1980), coupled with the United States Supreme Court’s decision in New York v. Belton, supra, there are three exceptions involved in a warrantless search of an automobile: (1) cases involving danger to the officers; (2) cases involving loss or destruction of evidence; and, (3) searches of the passenger compartment when such search is incident to a lawful arrest. The present case contains none of the above-mentioned criteria. Therefore, the fruits should be considered inadmissible under Wong Sun v. United States, supra. The officers had the automobile under their exclusive control, they had the appellant and two other passengers under arrest and conceivably they had the right to search the passenger compartment. But to search the hatchback portion, they would have had to submit their probable cause to an impartial magistrate for a determination and issuance of a warrant. To do otherwise would not comport with the clear provisions of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. There are two other facets of this case which trouble me. The initial police radio broadcast mentioned that one of the robbers was wearing black boots. In what I perceive to be an after the fact attempt to establish probable cause, at a preliminary hearing in the case, one officer testified he observed a pair of black boots sitting in the front floorboard of the vehicle. Another officer testified he saw the boots in the storage compartment of the hatchback vehicle, and a third officer testified he took the boots off of one of the other codefendants at the police station. It was stipulated that there was only one pair of boots involved. The second point is the refusal to grant appellant’s request to have the codefendants’ trial before his in order that they might be free to testify and corroborate his story that he had merely come to the park in response to their telephone call for the sole purpose of picking them up and transporting them to their home.