Court Opinion

ID: 9556614
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-17 21:01:29.188294+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:01:18.316422
License: Public Domain

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                                            UNPUBLISHED

                               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                              No. 22-1430

        HAROLD JAMES HOBLICK; MIRIAM HOBLICK,

                            Plaintiffs - Appellants,

                     v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                            Defendant - Appellee.

        Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, at
        Charleston. David C. Norton, District Judge. (2:19-cv-01829-DCN)

        Submitted: August 7, 2023                                         Decided: August 16, 2023

        Before GREGORY and THACKER, Circuit Judges, and MOTZ, Senior Circuit Judge.

        Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

        Harold James Hoblick, Miriam Hoblick, Appellants Pro Se. Michelle Delemarre, Civil
        Division, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for
        Appellee.

        Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
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        PER CURIAM:

               Harold Hoblick and Miriam Hoblick appeal the district court’s order granting their

        motion to alter or amend the court’s judgment dismissing for lack of admiralty jurisdiction

        their claims of negligence and loss of consortium and entering judgment in favor of the

        United States on those claims. The Hoblicks alleged in their complaint that Harold, a

        maritime facility security guard, was assaulted and seriously injured by a crewmember on

        board the USNS Maury (the “Maury”), a vessel owned and operated by the United States.

        The district court dismissed the action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, finding, as

        relevant here, that the United States was entitled to sovereign immunity on the Hoblicks’

        claims of negligence arising from the United States’ hiring, supervision, and retention of

        its employee. We affirm.

               We review de novo a district court’s dismissal under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) for

        lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Balfour Beatty Infrastructure, Inc. v. Mayor & City

        Council of Balt., 855 F.3d 247, 251 (4th Cir. 2017). Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(1) is

        appropriate “only if the material jurisdictional facts are not in dispute and the moving party

        is entitled to prevail as a matter of law.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

               “As a general matter, the United States is immune from suit unless it waives that

        immunity.” Sanders v. United States, 937 F.3d 316, 327 (4th Cir. 2019) (internal quotation

        marks omitted). The Suits in Admiralty Act, 46 U.S.C. §§ 30901-18, and the Public

        Vessels Act, 46 U.S.C. §§ 31101-13, each contain limited waivers of the United States’

        sovereign immunity. Wu Tien Li-Shou v. United States, 777 F.3d 175, 183-84 (4th Cir.

        2015). While neither statute “contains an explicit exception to the scope of its waiver,”

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        we have held that both acts “must be read to include a discretionary function exception” to

        their waivers of sovereign immunity. Id. at 184 (internal quotation marks omitted).

               We look to Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) cases for guidance in applying the

        discretionary function exception. Id. The FTCA’s waiver of sovereign immunity does not

        apply to claims “based upon the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or

        perform a discretionary function or duty on the part of [the United States], whether or not

        the discretion involved be abused.” Blanco Ayala v. United States, 982 F.3d 209, 214 (4th

        Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted). Determining whether the discretionary

        function exception applies requires application of a two-pronged test. See Wood v. United

        States, 845 F.3d 123, 128 (4th Cir. 2017). First, we evaluate “whether the conduct in

        question involves an element of judgment or choice.” Id. (internal quotation marks

        omitted). “The exception does not apply when a federal statute, regulation, or policy

        specifically prescribes a course of action for [a government] employee to follow.” Blanco

        Ayala, 982 F.3d at 214 (internal quotation marks omitted).

               Second, “[i]f the challenged conduct is the product of judgment or choice,” we

        analyze “whether the challenged conduct is of the kind that the discretionary function

        exception was designed to shield, i.e., a decision based on considerations of public policy.”

        Clendening v. United States, 19 F.4th 421, 432 (4th Cir. 2021) (internal quotation marks

        omitted), cert. denied, 143 S. Ct. 11 (2022). In conducting this analysis, “we do not inquire

        whether policy considerations were actually contemplated in making a decision.” Id. at 435

        (internal quotation marks omitted). Instead, we consider only whether “the inherent,

        objective nature of the challenged decisions” is “of the type normally thought to involve

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        policy choices.” Blanco Ayala, 982 F.3d at 217 (internal quotation marks and brackets

        omitted); see Sanders, 937 F.3d at 328 (focusing “on the nature of the actions taken and on

        whether they are susceptible to policy analysis” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

        Because exceptions to the waiver of sovereign immunity “work to defeat the subject matter

        jurisdiction of the federal courts,” plaintiffs bear the burden “to establish that the

        discretionary function exception does not foreclose their claim.” Blanco Ayala, 982 F.3d

        at 214 (internal quotation marks omitted).

               Here, as the district court noted, the Hoblicks cite no governmental policy or

        regulation controlling how the United States hires or retains employees on board the USNS

        Maury. Therefore, when we apply the framework described above, the relevant question

        becomes whether the United States’ hiring and retention decisions are of the kind grounded

        in public policy that the discretionary function exception is designed to protect. We agree

        with the United States that its decisions to hire and retain an employee are the type of

        discretionary decisions that are grounded in public policy. Thus, we conclude that the

        district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the Hoblicks’ negligent hiring and

        retention claims, and we affirm the district court’s dismissal of those claims. *

               *
                 Because the Hoblicks do not challenge in their informal brief the district court’s
        grant of summary judgment to the United States on Miriam’s loss of consortium claim,
        they have failed to preserve this issue for appellate review. See Jackson v. Lightsey, 775
        F.3d 170, 177 (4th Cir. 2014) (“The informal brief is an important document; under Fourth
        Circuit rules, our review is limited to issues preserved in that brief.” (citing 4th Cir. R.
        34(b))).

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              Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s judgment. We dispense with oral

        argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials

        before this court and argument would not aid the decisional process.

                                                                                     AFFIRMED

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