Court Opinion

ID: 9839907
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-14 16:12:15.08844+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:41:58.545531
License: Public Domain

2023 UT 19

                               IN THE

       SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF UTAH

                     CAROLINE MENZIES ASHBY,
                            Appellant,
                                  v.
                           STATE OF UTAH,
                              Appellee.

                            No. 20210330
                       Heard January 11, 2023
                      Filed September 14, 2023

                         On Direct Appeal

                    Fourth District, Utah County
                    The Honorable Thomas Low
                           No. 200400292

                             Attorneys:
    Freyja Johnson, Emily Adams, Bountiful, Jensie L. Anderson,
   Jennifer Springer, Josephine Hall, Salt Lake City, for appellant
     Sean D. Reyes, Att’y Gen., Mark C. Field, Asst. Solic. Gen.,
                    Salt Lake City, for appellee

    JUSTICE HAGEN authored the opinion of the Court, in which
     CHIEF JUSTICE DURRANT, ASSOCIATE CHIEF JUSTICE PEARCE,
          JUSTICE PETERSEN, and JUSTICE POHLMAN joined.

   JUSTICE HAGEN, opinion of the Court:
                          INTRODUCTION
   ¶1 In 2012, a jury convicted Caroline Ashby of two counts of
aggravated sexual abuse of a child for allegedly abusing her son,
Kevin, 1 while they were bathing together. Ashby’s conviction rested
on allegations Kevin made first during a Children’s Justice Center

_____________________________________________________________
   1 A pseudonym.
                            ASHBY v. STATE
                         Opinion of the Court

(CJC) interview when he was eight years old, and later at trial when
he was ten.
    ¶2 About a decade later, having had no contact with his mother
during that period, Kevin recanted his statements. Kevin divulged
that he had lied to the CJC interviewer and at trial, and that Ashby
had never sexually abused him. Based on Kevin’s recantation, Ashby
filed a petition for a post-conviction determination of factual
innocence pursuant to Utah’s Post-Conviction Remedies Act (PCRA).
    ¶3 After holding an evidentiary hearing, the district court
denied the petition, ruling that Ashby had failed to prove her factual
innocence by clear and convincing evidence. The court indicated that
it would be difficult to meet the clear and convincing burden of proof
with a recantation, even if that recantation was reconcilable with the
undisputed surrounding facts. But the court found Kevin’s
recantation could not be reconciled with the “undisputed facts.”
    ¶4 On appeal, Ashby argues that the district court erred in its
application of the clear and convincing evidence standard. To the
extent the court held Ashby to a higher standard because she sought
to prove her factual innocence with a recantation, it incorrectly
inflated the burden of proof. Where a defendant is convicted based on
uncorroborated witness testimony and that witness later recants
under oath, that recantation, if credible, is sufficient to prove factual
innocence by clear and convincing evidence. Although the district
court must carefully assess the circumstances surrounding the
recantation and the witness’s credibility to determine if the
recantation is believable, the district court made no express findings
that Kevin’s testimony at the evidentiary hearing was false.
    ¶5 The State argues that, by finding Kevin’s recantation to be
“irreconcilable” with the “surrounding undisputed facts,” the district
court implicitly found that Kevin was not credible. But even assuming
the district court envisioned that finding as an implicit credibility
determination, the finding that Kevin’s testimony conflicted with the
“undisputed facts” is not supported by the record. In any event, proof
by clear and convincing evidence does not require the petitioner to
eliminate or reconcile all conflicts in the evidence. While such
discrepancies may bear on the credibility of the recanting witness, the
existence of conflicting evidence is not determinative.
   ¶6 Both parties agree that Kevin’s recantation, if believable, is
sufficient to prove Ashby’s factual innocence by clear and convincing
evidence. We therefore remand to the district court to determine

                                   2
                         Cite as: 2023 UT 19
                        Opinion of the Court

whether the recantation is credible in accordance with the legal
standards set forth in this opinion.
                         BACKGROUND
   ¶7 After a jury trial in 2012, Ashby was convicted of two counts
of aggravated sexual abuse of her son, Kevin. At trial, no physical
evidence of abuse or eyewitness testimony was presented. The only
evidence of abuse was Kevin’s testimony that Ashby had taken
indecent liberties with him while bathing together.
              A. Events Leading up to the CJC Interview
   ¶8 Kevin was born to Caroline Ashby and David Ashby (Father)
in 2002. Eventually the couple divorced, and Father married
Stepmother. After the divorce, Ashby and Father engaged in a
high-conflict relationship regarding custody and visitation, which
Kevin often observed.
   ¶9 When Kevin was between six and eight years old, he began
exhibiting behavioral issues, including throwing tantrums, being
argumentative, lying, saying “outlandish” things, and acting out
against his younger brother. Kevin also began acting out sexually
toward other children.
    ¶10 As a result of his behavioral issues, Kevin began seeing a
therapist. In therapy, Kevin candidly disclosed his sexual behavior
with other children but never disclosed any abuse or sexual behavior
with his mother. Kevin told his therapist that he bathed with Ashby
and it made him uncomfortable, but he specified that Ashby wore
clothing when she bathed with him. At some point, Father and
Stepmother learned that Kevin was bathing with Ashby, which Father
and Stepmother thought was inappropriate. Eventually, either Father
and Stepmother or Kevin himself told the therapist that Ashby and
Kevin bathed together naked.
    ¶11 Kevin’s ongoing sexual behaviors prompted Stepmother to
call the Division of Child and Family Services, which resulted in an
interview at the CJC.
                        B. The CJC Interview
   ¶12 About two years before Ashby’s trial, Father and Stepmother
took Kevin to the CJC to be interviewed. Kevin knew Father and
Stepmother were concerned about his sexual behaviors. Stepmother
explained to the CJC interviewer that she and Father thought Ashby’s
bathing with Kevin was inappropriate and that it was related to why
he was having behavior issues. Stepmother told the interviewer that
she felt Kevin, who had just turned eight at the time, was too old to

                                 3
                           ASHBY v. STATE
                        Opinion of the Court

see his mother naked, and that she was concerned it was “becoming a
problem with him noticing different [body] parts.”
   ¶13 The interviewer began by asking Kevin about school, but
then turned to what he knew about “privates” and how he knew
about them. For the remainder of the interview, the interviewer
primarily questioned Kevin about bathing with Ashby. Kevin
reported that he and Ashby would take baths together and that he
“used to do it naked.” When the interviewer asked Kevin to tell her
more, Kevin sighed and said, “It’s embarrassing to me.” Kevin sighed
again and explained that it was embarrassing because “it’s just really
bad and I didn’t know that then.”
    ¶14 When asked what he and Ashby did in the bathtub, Kevin
reported that they played with toys and washed themselves. Kevin
explained that he would wash Ashby, and she would “wash
everything except [his] private parts,” which he washed himself.
Later, he said that Ashby did wash his “private parts” but that he
“didn’t wash hers.” The interviewer then showed Kevin some
drawings of children with no clothes on and asked Kevin to identify
by name various body parts. Kevin then reported that Ashby had him
wash her “private parts,” including her “boob[s]” and “nipple[s],”
“some of the butt cheek,” “inside [the] bum,” and “a little inside” her
vagina. Kevin first claimed that he had washed inside her vagina with
his “whole hand,” but adjusted his answer to indicate that it was just
one finger.
   ¶15 Kevin was never asked during the interview whether he
engaged in sexual behavior with other children, nor did he disclose
such behavior to the interviewer.
   ¶16 Shortly after the CJC interview, Kevin began seeing a second
therapist. With this therapist, Kevin denied that he had engaged in
any sexual behavior with other children, but he claimed that his
mother had sexually abused him over 100 different times.
                           C. Ashby’s Trial
   ¶17 Among other witnesses, Kevin, Father, Stepmother, and
Kevin’s therapists testified at Ashby’s trial, and the jury was shown a
video of Kevin’s CJC interview. No physical evidence of abuse was
presented, and Father and Stepmother testified that, while they
disapproved of Ashby bathing with Kevin, they never suspected
Ashby of abuse. The only evidence of abuse was Kevin’s testimony.
   ¶18 Kevin was ten years old when he testified, and his testimony
was given outside the presence of the jury and Ashby. When asked
about “private parts,” Kevin testified that he had seen Ashby’s private
                                  4
                          Cite as: 2023 UT 19
                         Opinion of the Court

parts, but no one else’s, and that Ashby’s private parts had no hair.
He described a vagina as “[t]wo ovals stick together” with a hole, and
“boobs” as “two bouncy balls” with “[a] nipple.”
   ¶19 Kevin testified that he would usually see Ashby’s private
parts in the bathtub, but that they would also sometimes wear
swimsuits. He testified that while in the bathtub, he would wash the
“outside” of Ashby’s breasts, buttocks, and vagina. He denied
washing inside her vagina or her anus, although he admitted that he
said the opposite in his CJC interview.
   ¶20 The jury convicted Ashby on both counts of aggravated
sexual abuse of a child, and she was sentenced to prison.
                        D. Kevin’s Recantation
   ¶21 Sometime after Ashby’s trial, both of Kevin’s biological
parents relinquished their parental rights, and Kevin was eventually
adopted by his paternal aunt and uncle. When Kevin was seventeen
years old, he disclosed to his adoptive mother that he had lied about
Ashby’s conduct during the CJC interview and at trial. At that point,
Kevin had not had any contact with Ashby since he was eight years
old.
   ¶22 Kevin’s adoptive mother took him to see a psychologist, Dr.
Goldsmith, to “determine whether [Kevin] is changing his story on his
own free will or, whether he has been pressured to change his
narrative.” Dr. Goldsmith reviewed transcripts of the jury trial and
sentencing hearing and interviewed Kevin twice.
    ¶23 Kevin told Dr. Goldsmith that, at the time he accused Ashby,
a neighbor boy had been sexually abusing Kevin since he was about
six years old. Kevin explained that he began acting out with other
children because of the sexual behaviors he learned from the neighbor
boy. Kevin recalled going to the CJC as a result of his sexual behaviors
and said he “didn’t want [his] friend to get in trouble, so [he] said it
was [Ashby].” Kevin told the psychologist that it “was all a lie.” He
remembered bathing with Ashby but said “there was nothing sexual
about it.” At the time, Kevin “wasn’t scared for [his] mom. [He] was
getting through the interview and told them what they wanted to
know.”
   ¶24 Kevin told Dr. Goldsmith that the one time he had asked to
do something inappropriate with Ashby, she had corrected him.
Once, after watching babies nursing, Kevin asked to suck on Ashby’s
nipples, and she said no. He was embarrassed and thought he
shouldn’t have asked that.

                                   5
                            ASHBY v. STATE
                        Opinion of the Court

   ¶25 Dr. Goldsmith prepared a report in which he opined that
Kevin was not “under any external pressure to recant” and was
“acting of his own free will.” He found Kevin to be “forthright
throughout the interviews” and “was exposing himself to deep
emotional risks by attempting to set the record straight.”
    ¶26 Dr. Goldsmith also noted that Kevin has ADHD. During the
interview with Dr. Goldsmith, Kevin “provide[d] short answers and
often struggle[d] with accessing his memories[,] which is not atypical
for children with ADHD.” Dr. Goldsmith concluded that “it is very
likely that as a ten-year-old child in court, [Kevin] provided quick
answers in order to put an end to a stressful interview” and offered
excerpts from Kevin’s trial testimony as examples of such an
exchange.
                    E. Letter to the Board of Pardons
    ¶27 Shortly after visiting Dr. Goldsmith, Kevin wrote a letter to
the Utah Board of Pardons asserting that he had lied in the CJC
interview and at Ashby’s trial when he accused her of sexual conduct.
In his letter, Kevin explained that his sexual behavior with other
children was actually the result of being abused by a neighbor boy,
something that Kevin had never disclosed. The “sexual play” with the
neighbor boy “taught [him] that horrible sexual things were the way
kids played together.” As a child, Kevin believed adults could not “get
in trouble.” So he reasoned that he could protect the neighbor boy,
whose sexual conduct he had come to enjoy, by blaming his mother
for his sexual reactivity with other children. Kevin told the Board of
Pardons that Ashby was innocent and should not be in prison.
    ¶28 Kevin also recalled in his letter some specific memories with
Ashby, including bathing with her. His letter did not indicate whether
they were naked or wearing swimsuits during the baths, but he
affirmatively remembered that there was nothing sexual about them.
He recalled, “When I was questioned in court I know I lied about this
and remember thinking that I should make it sound convincing.”
   ¶29 The Board of Pardons held a hearing in which Kevin was
placed under oath and testified. Kevin read his letter and maintained
that his previous allegations against his mother were false. Following
the hearing, the Board of Pardons granted Ashby parole.
                     F. Ashby’s Innocence Petition
   ¶30 After the Board of Pardons hearing, Ashby filed a petition for
the determination of her factual innocence under Utah Code
section 78B-9-402 and rule 65C of the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure,

                                   6
                         Cite as: 2023 UT 19
                        Opinion of the Court

attaching Kevin’s letter to the Board of Pardons and a declaration from
Dr. Goldsmith.
    ¶31 The State moved for summary judgment, asserting that
recantations are viewed with suspicion and are a disfavored basis for
innocence claims, and that Kevin’s recantation in particular did not
ring true. The State argued that (1) Kevin’s recantation never
affirmatively disavowed the specific conduct underlying Ashby’s
conviction and only expressed his subjective belief about not being
sexually abused; and (2) it is “implausible” that an eight-year-old
would be able to provide accurate descriptions of female anatomy
without having engaged in the conduct of seeing and touching female
genitals.
    ¶32 Ashby opposed the State’s summary judgment motion,
asserting that it is inappropriate for a court to weigh credibility in
summary judgment proceedings. Ashby also argued that (1) Kevin’s
statements to Dr. Goldsmith and the Board of Pardons did disavow
the conduct underlying Ashby’s convictions; and (2) because more
than one inference could be drawn from Kevin’s testimony about
female anatomy, summary judgment was not appropriate. Ashby also
identified a number of disputed material facts that made summary
judgment inappropriate.
   ¶33 The district court never entered an order regarding the
summary judgment motion. Instead, it lifted the no-contact order that
had been in place so the parties could depose Kevin. The State
subsequently withdrew its summary judgment motion.
                         G. Kevin’s Deposition
   ¶34 The parties deposed Kevin, then eighteen years old, almost a
year after his hearing with the Board of Pardons. Again, Kevin
maintained that he had lied when he accused Ashby of sexual conduct
in an attempt to protect a neighbor boy who had been sexually
abusing him. Kevin explained that he knew he was being taken to the
CJC because of his sexual behavior toward other children and that
Father and Stepmother wanted to know why he was behaving that
way.
    ¶35 Ashby’s counsel questioned Kevin regarding the specific
conduct underlying Ashby’s conviction, and Kevin responded that
she had never asked him to touch her genitals, nor had she ever tried
to sexually stimulate him. When asked about how he came to know
about female anatomy, Kevin could not remember, but thought it was
possible he saw female nudity in an anatomy book, artwork, or
pornography.

                                  7
                           ASHBY v. STATE
                        Opinion of the Court

   ¶36 Kevin also recalled bathing with Ashby—she would wash
him, but there was nothing sexual in nature about it. He never said
whether they were naked or wearing swimsuits, but described the
bathing as being more like a pool day in the bathtub and he
remembered playing with toys.
    ¶37 After Kevin’s deposition, the State maintained that Kevin’s
testimony was insufficient to prove Ashby’s factual innocence. In the
State’s view, Kevin’s lack of memory about how he came to know
about female anatomy necessarily meant he had engaged in sexual
conduct with Ashby.
                       H. Evidentiary Hearing
    ¶38 The court then held an evidentiary hearing in which Kevin
testified. Consistent with the statements he made to Dr. Goldsmith, to
the Board of Pardons, and in his deposition, Kevin testified that he
had been sexually abused by a neighbor boy and that, as a result, he
began acting out sexually with other children. Kevin described the
abuse from the neighbor boy as “sexual touching,” but he was not
asked about any details. He explained that he blamed Ashby in order
to protect the neighbor boy, not realizing that Ashby could get into
any trouble. Kevin was never asked about why he thought he needed
to place blame on anyone in the CJC interview. Nor was he questioned
regarding what he understood as the reason why he was being taken
to the CJC.
    ¶39 Kevin affirmatively testified that he had lied at the CJC
interview and at trial when he accused Ashby of sexual conduct.
Kevin testified about bathing with Ashby, but he maintained that
nothing sexual in nature ever occurred. When asked whether he
remembered bathing nude with his mother, Kevin said that he did not
and that his only clear memory of bathing together was when they
had worn swimsuits and played with toys as if they were in a
swimming pool.
   ¶40 Kevin could not specifically remember how he came to know
about female anatomy as a child, but he knew it was not because of
Ashby. Kevin testified that he could have snuck onto the internet, he
probably saw female babies getting diaper changes, and he could have
looked at pornography. He remembered being shown drawings of
female anatomy during his CJC interview. He was never specifically
asked whether he could remember ever seeing Ashby naked.
   ¶41 Following the evidentiary hearing, the district court found
that Ashby had failed to show her factual innocence by clear and
convincing evidence and denied her petition. The court noted that it

                                  8
                          Cite as: 2023 UT 19
                         Opinion of the Court

would be difficult for Ashby to prove her innocence by clear and
convincing evidence with recantation testimony because Kevin
“testified that he has been a prevaricator.” Under these circumstances,
the court thought it would be difficult to meet the clear and
convincing standard even if Kevin’s “testimony [was] reconcilable
with the undisputed surrounding facts.” But the court concluded that
Kevin’s “testimony is irreconcilable.”
    ¶42 Specifically, the court identified three ways in which it
deemed Kevin’s recantation “inconsistent with undisputed facts.”
First, the district court found that it was “undisputed that [Ashby]
bathed naked with [Kevin] during his childhood.” As support, the
court pointed to the statements Kevin made as a child and his more
recent statements to Dr. Goldsmith and the Board of Pardons in which
Kevin “implied that they were naked during the baths.” Specifically,
Kevin told the Board of Pardons that Ashby washed him while he
played with toys, told Dr. Goldsmith that they washed each other’s
backs, and told both that he had once asked to suck on Ashby’s
nipples. The court contrasted these statements with Kevin’s testimony
at the evidentiary hearing “that there were only a couple of times they
ever bathed together, that they wore swimming suits on both
occasions, that he only played with toys, and that neither of them
washed the other.”
    ¶43 Second, the court concluded that it was undisputed that
Kevin “had not, at least up to the time of the CJC interview, ever seen
pornography or female nudity other than [Ashby’s].” The court
observed that, at the CJC interview, Kevin “knew that a finger could
be inserted into a vagina” and, at trial, “was able to accurately describe
not only female anatomy in general” but also that his mother’s pubic
area was hairless. The court found that, at the evidentiary hearing,
Kevin was “unable to explain how he acquired this knowledge” and
“did not even admit to seeing [Ashby’s] nude body.”
    ¶44 Third, the court noted that “the primary premise of [Kevin’s]
recantation is that he impugned his mother to protect his friend.” But,
the court found, “nothing in the CJC interview applied any pressure
on [Kevin] to implicate anyone of anything or divert attention from
the friend.” The court found that Kevin’s “description of his baths
with [Ashby] bears no indications that he was covering for, or
protecting, a friend who was abusing him” and that it was apparent
that “he did not consider the baths to be abusive at the time of the CJC
interviews.” On these bases, the court concluded that Ashby had
failed to carry her burden to prove her factual innocence by clear and
convincing evidence.

                                    9
                             ASHBY v. STATE
                          Opinion of the Court

   ¶45 Ashby appeals.
                      STANDARD OF REVIEW
     ¶46 The ultimate determination of factual innocence is a mixed
question of fact and law because it requires a district court to apply
the clear and convincing standard to the evidence presented in each
case. See Randolph v. State, 2022 UT 34, ¶¶ 30, 45, 515 P.3d 444; State ex
rel. E.R., 2021 UT 36, ¶ 17, 496 P.3d 58. “Because a trial court is in a
better position to judge credibility and resolve evidentiary conflicts,
an appellate court reviews the trial court’s findings of fact for clear
error.” Brown v. State, 2013 UT 42, ¶ 37, 308 P.3d 486 (cleaned up). “We
will set aside a district court’s factual finding as clearly erroneous only
if it is against the clear weight of the evidence, or if we otherwise reach
a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Id.
(cleaned up). On the other hand, “we review the post-conviction
court’s legal conclusions for correctness, granting no deference to the
district court.” Oseguera v. State, 2014 UT 31, ¶ 9, 332 P.3d 963 (cleaned
up).
                               ANALYSIS
    ¶47 We begin with an overview of the statutory scheme under
which claims of factual innocence are evaluated. Under Part 4 of the
PCRA, titled “Postconviction Determination of Factual Innocence,” a
person convicted of a felony offense may petition the district court
“for a hearing to establish that the person is factually innocent of the
crime or crimes of which the person was convicted.” UTAH CODE
§ 78B-9-402(1). The petition must demonstrate, among other things,
that “newly discovered material evidence exists that, if credible,
establishes that the petitioner is factually innocent.” Id. § 78B-9-
402(2)–(3). If the court determines that the statute’s threshold
requirements are met and that “there is a bona fide and compelling
issue of factual innocence regarding the charges of which the
petitioner was convicted,” the district court must hold a hearing. Id.
§ 78B-9-402(9)(c)(i).
    ¶48 Section 78B-9-404 “sets forth how the evidentiary hearing is
to proceed and gives direction to courts on how to determine factual
innocence.” Brown v. State, 2013 UT 42, ¶ 40, 308 P.3d 486. “The burden
is upon the petitioner to establish the petitioner’s factual innocence by
clear and convincing evidence.” UTAH CODE § 78B-9-404(1)(b). As
relevant here, “factual innocence” means that the petitioner did not
“engage in the conduct for which the person was convicted.” Id. § 78B-
9-401.5(2)(a).

                                    10
                           Cite as: 2023 UT 19
                          Opinion of the Court

    ¶49 Unlike a motion for a new trial, in which the district court
only assesses the “probable weight” that a jury would afford the
recantation on retrial, see State v. Loose, 2000 UT 11, ¶ 18, 994 P.2d 1237,
a factual innocence petition requires the district court itself to act as
factfinder—to weigh the evidence, assess credibility, and determine
whether the petitioner has proven factual innocence by clear and
convincing evidence. In determining whether the petitioner has met
that burden, “the court shall consider, in addition to the evidence
presented at the hearing under this part, the record of the original
criminal case and at any postconviction proceedings in the case.”
UTAH CODE § 78B-9-404(3).
   ¶50 If, “after considering all the evidence,” the court “determines
by clear and convincing evidence that the petitioner” is factually
innocent, the court shall order the conviction vacated with prejudice
and expunged from the petitioner’s record. Id. § 78B-9-404(4)(a).
Under the statutory scheme, a successful petitioner is also entitled to
assistance payments based on the time spent incarcerated for a crime
the petitioner did not commit. Id. § 78B-9-405.
   ¶51 In this case, the district court found that Ashby had satisfied
the threshold showing under section 78B-9-402 and was entitled to an
evidentiary hearing. After hearing Kevin’s sworn testimony and
reviewing the record, the district court concluded that Ashby had not
proven her factual innocence by clear and convincing evidence.
               I. WHERE A CONVICTION IS BASED ON THE
            UNCORROBORATED TESTIMONY OF A SINGLE WITNESS,
            A FULL RECANTATION BY THAT WITNESS, IF CREDIBLE,
              IS SUFFICIENT TO PROVE FACTUAL INNOCENCE BY
                    CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE
    ¶52 Ashby contends that the district court erred as a matter of law
by applying a heightened burden of proof to Ashby’s factual
innocence petition because it was based on a recantation. To succeed
on a factual innocence petition, the petitioner bears the burden of
proof by clear and convincing evidence. UTAH CODE § 78B-9-404(1)(b).
The clear and convincing evidence standard “demands the
introduction of evidence that makes the existence of the disputed facts
very highly probable.” Randolph v. State, 2022 UT 34, ¶ 84, 515 P.3d 444
(cleaned up). It “is an intermediate standard of proof that implies
something more than the usual requirement of a preponderance of the
evidence; and something less than proof beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Brown v. State, 2013 UT 42, ¶ 69 n.68, 308 P.3d 486 (cleaned up).

                                    11
                            ASHBY v. STATE
                         Opinion of the Court

    ¶53 Ashby contends that the district court incorrectly held her to
a higher burden of proof because her factual innocence claim was
based on a recantation. In denying the petition, the court reasoned that
because Kevin “testified that he has been a prevaricator,” it would be
difficult for his testimony to provide clear and convincing evidence of
Ashby’s innocence. The court further observed that, “[e]ven [if
Kevin]’s testimony [was] reconcilable with the undisputed
surrounding facts, it would be difficult to meet this burden of proof.”
    ¶54 In Ashby’s view, the district court’s observation that it would
be difficult to meet the clear and convincing standard with recantation
evidence shows that the court applied the wrong legal standard.
Ashby points out that even under the higher burden of proof beyond
a reasonable doubt, testimony from an admitted prevaricator is
sufficient to uphold a criminal conviction. (Citing State v. Stricklan,
2020 UT 65, 477 P.3d 1251.) If the testimony of an admitted
prevaricator is sufficient to prove that a defendant is guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt, Ashby insists that it must be sufficient to prove
factual innocence under the lower standard of clear and convincing
evidence.
    ¶55 We agree with Ashby that where a conviction rests entirely
on the testimony of a single witness, a credible recantation by that
witness, standing alone, is sufficient to prove factual innocence by
clear and convincing evidence. To the extent the district court
considered it more difficult to prove factual innocence with a
recantation than with other evidence, it inflated Ashby’s burden of
proof.
    ¶56 As the State acknowledges on appeal, if Kevin’s recantation
is “believable, then the recantation would establish [Ashby’s] factual
innocence” by clear and convincing evidence. To prevail on her
petition, Ashby is required to prove that she did not “engage in the
conduct for which [she] was convicted.” UTAH CODE § 78B-9-
401.5(2)(a). Ashby’s conviction was based solely on Kevin’s
statements. Although there was some evidence to corroborate Kevin’s
account that he and Ashby bathed together naked, 2 no witnesses or
other evidence supported Kevin’s claim that Ashby had engaged in
_____________________________________________________________
  2 Specifically, Stepmother testified that she had gone to Ashby’s

house to pick up Kevin when he was between six and eight years old.
Stepmother stated, “When I knocked on the door [Ashby] answered it
in a towel and her hair was wet. And when I went inside, Kevin came
out of the hallway and he was naked. And [Ashby] laughed and said,
‘Sorry, we’re just getting out of the tub.’”

                                  12
                          Cite as: 2023 UT 19
                         Opinion of the Court

the sexual conduct for which she was convicted. And Kevin’s
recantation was complete and unequivocal. He did not merely claim
to have no recollection of the abuse; he testified that he remembered
lying about the abuse at Ashby’s trial. As the State puts it, “in the
context of Ashby’s case, if Kevin’s recantation testimony—the new
evidence—were found to be credible, then Kevin’s recantation would
show by clear and convincing evidence that she did not engage in the
conduct for which she was convicted and, therefore, that she is
factually innocent.” Accordingly, the only question before the district
court was whether Kevin’s recantation was credible.
   ¶57 In the State’s view, that is where the difficulty lies. The State
asserts that “recantations are inherently unreliable and therefore
using them to prove innocence is necessarily a challenging
proposition.” The State reads the district court’s challenged comments
as merely acknowledging that “a recantation, by its very nature, calls
into question the credibility of the recanting witness.”
   ¶58 There is ample support for the proposition that recantations
are viewed “’with extreme suspicion’” and have “‘long been
disfavored as the basis for a claim of innocence.’” Case v. Hatch, 731
F.3d 1015, 1041–42 (10th Cir. 2013) (quoting Carriger v. Stewart, 132
F.3d 463, 483 (9th Cir. 1997) (Kozinski, J., dissenting)). “Skepticism
about recantations is especially applicable in cases of child sexual
abuse where recantation is a recurring phenomenon.” People v.
Schneider, 25 P.3d 755, 763 (Colo. 2001).
    ¶59 To be sure, recantations must be carefully scrutinized. “The
recanting witness is admitting that he or she has lied under oath.
Either the original sworn testimony or the sworn recantation
testimony is false.” State v. McCallum, 561 N.W.2d 707, 712 (Wis. 1997).
But there is no presumption that the recantation—as opposed to the
trial testimony—is false. 3 Determining which story to credit requires
a careful examination of the retracting witness’s credibility under oath
and the circumstances surrounding the recantation.
   ¶60 Other courts have identified various factors to consider in
determining whether a recantation is credible. See, e.g., Schneider, 25
P.3d at 762; State v. Worley, 476 P.3d 1212, 1221–22 (N.M. 2020); People

_____________________________________________________________
  3 We note that some courts do apply something of a presumption

in favor of the original testimony by requiring that a recantation be
corroborated with additional newly discovered evidence. See, e.g.,
State v. McAlister, 911 N.W.2d 77, 87 (Wis. 2018). The State has not
suggested that we adopt a similar rule.

                                  13
                            ASHBY v. STATE
                         Opinion of the Court

v. Nelson, 171 A.D.3d 1251, 1253 (N.Y. App. Div. 2019). For example,
the New Mexico Supreme Court has instructed district courts to
“analyze the following factors, none of which is dispositive on its
own,” to determine if a recantation is credible:
       (1) The original verdict was based upon uncorroborated
       testimony; (2) the recantation is corroborated by
       additional new evidence; (3) the recantation occurred
       under circumstances free from suspicion of undue
       influence or pressure from any source; (4) the record
       fails to disclose any possibility of collusion between the
       defendant and the witness between the time of the trial
       and the retraction; and (5) the witness admitted the
       perjury on the witness stand and thereby subjected
       himself or herself to prosecution.
Worley, 476 P.3d at 1221–22 (cleaned up). In addition to those five
factors, “the district court must also weigh the credibility of the
witness.” Id. at 1222.
    ¶61 Although these factors are neither exclusive nor dispositive,
they are helpful in assessing whether a particular recantation is
reliable. Recantations are viewed with suspicion due to the real
concern that witnesses may be motivated to retract accusations for
reasons other than the truth. Therefore, examining the circumstances
in which the recantation occurred is critical to assessing whether it is
credible. To the extent the district court raised Ashby’s burden of
proof, we remand for the district court to reexamine Kevin’s
recantation under the correct legal standard.
           II. THE DISTRICT COURT DID NOT CONSIDER THE
              RELEVANT CIRCUMSTANCES SURROUNDING THE
             RECANTATION OR MAKE AN EXPRESS CREDIBILITY
                               FINDING
   ¶62 Where a recantation, if believed, would establish the
petitioner’s factual innocence, the district court must determine
whether it is “very highly probable” that the recantation is true.
Randolph v. State, 2022 UT 34, ¶ 84, 515 P.3d 444. In making that
determination, a court must consider all the relevant circumstances
and assess whether the recanting witness testified credibly under
oath.
   ¶63 Here, Ashby contends that the district court “did not weigh
the evidence, resolve factual disputes, make specific factual findings
about what occurred when Kevin was a child, or make credibility
determinations based on the witness’s demeanor and delivery while

                                  14
                          Cite as: 2023 UT 19
                         Opinion of the Court

testifying[,]” but instead “merely compared the content of Kevin’s
testimony [at the evidentiary hearing] to evidence in the trial record
. . . without ruling whether Kevin told the truth as an adult or as a
child.” We agree that the district court did not consider all the relevant
circumstances or make the factual findings necessary to allow us to
review its ruling.
    ¶64 For starters, the district court did not address the
circumstances surrounding Kevin’s recantation. And there is ample
evidence in the record that weighs in favor of the recantation’s
reliability.
    ¶65 One reason recantations are viewed with suspicion is the risk
that the petitioner, or those close to the petitioner, may have
persuaded the witness to falsely recant. Here, the record reveals there
was no “possibility of collusion between the defendant and the
witness between the time of the trial and the retraction.” State v.
Worley, 476 P.3d 1212, 1221 (N.M. 2020). It is undisputed that Kevin
had no contact with Ashby between the time of the CJC interview and
his recantation. And there is no evidence that Kevin was ever
contacted by anyone on Ashby’s behalf. Kevin first disclosed that he
had lied about Ashby in a conversation with his adoptive mother, who
is Father’s sister-in-law. There is no evidence of any relationship
between Kevin’s adoptive mother and Ashby, and, in any event,
Kevin disclosed the information unprompted and on his own
initiative.
    ¶66 Indeed, “the recantation occurred under circumstances free
from suspicion of undue influence or pressure from any source.” Id.
After Kevin disclosed that he had lied about Ashby, his adoptive
mother arranged for him to meet with Dr. Goldsmith to assess
whether he was “changing his story o[f] his own free will or, whether
he has been pressured to change his narrative.” Dr. Goldsmith
concluded that Kevin was not “under any external pressure to recant”
and was “acting of his own free will.” His adoptive mother later
helped Kevin figure out how to appear before the Board of Pardons,
but Kevin “wrote the letter to the parole board all by [him]self.” No
one reviewed it or made any suggestions. And his adoptive parents
told Kevin, “You do not have to do this if you don’t want to. This is
your choice and your choice only.” Even the State conceded at the
evidentiary hearing that Kevin was not “being coerced in any way”
and is “doing this of his own free will.”
    ¶67 Further, there is no evidence that Kevin had a motive to
falsely recant. In cases involving sexual abuse by a parent, a false
recantation may be prompted by the disruption to the child’s family

                                   15
                             ASHBY v. STATE
                          Opinion of the Court

life following the parent’s conviction. See, e.g., State v. Stricklan, 2020
UT 65, ¶ 101, 477 P.3d 1251 (holding that a jury could reasonably find
that the victim’s “recantation was motivated not by a desire to set the
record straight but to ameliorate the negative consequences of [the
defendant’s] absence from their home”). But despite living in foster
care for a time, Kevin did not recant his testimony as a child in hopes
of being reunited with his mother. Instead, he did not come forward
until he was nearly an adult and only after he was in a stable and
loving adoptive home.
    ¶68 Kevin testified in his deposition that he no longer has any
connection to Ashby and did not come forward with the expectation
of “getting any kind of money or relationship” with his mom. And the
State did not challenge Kevin’s sincerity, telling the district court that
the State was not “questioning . . . [Kevin’s] motives in coming
forward now.” In short, nothing in the record suggests that Kevin
stands to gain by falsely recanting his trial testimony. To the contrary,
according to Dr. Goldsmith, Kevin “was exposing himself to deep
emotional risks by attempting to set the record straight.”
    ¶69 And finally, Kevin recanted under oath at the evidentiary
hearing, exposing himself to prosecution for perjury if he testified
falsely. Although Ashby could offer no evidence to corroborate
Kevin’s retraction, there was also no evidence to corroborate Kevin’s
original accusations of abuse. Ashby’s conviction was based solely on
the statements that Kevin now swears were false.
   ¶70 There may be other evidence relevant to whether Kevin’s
recantation is credible, including the circumstances under which the
original accusations were made. “For example, the court may consider
any motive to fabricate the initial accusation; observations by
witnesses of the recanting witness when making the initial
accusations; the nature and detail of both the accusations and the
recantation; and whether the accusations were made under oath.”
People v. Schneider, 25 P.3d 755, 762 (Colo. 2001). But here the district
court did not weigh the relevant considerations, resolve conflicting
evidence, or make factual findings about the reliability of either the
original accusations or the recantation.
   ¶71 Nor did the district court make findings about Kevin’s
credibility as a witness. In deciding whether to credit a recantation,
district courts must “consider the credibility of the witness recanting
under oath.” Id. District courts are in a superior position to assess
credibility because they have the opportunity to observe firsthand “a
witness’s appearance, demeanor, and overall credibility.” Randolph,
2022 UT 34, ¶ 38; see also Sawyer v. Dep’t of Workforce Servs., 2015 UT

                                    16
                          Cite as: 2023 UT 19
                         Opinion of the Court

33, ¶ 13, 345 P.3d 1253. “Manner of expression, sincerity, candor and
straightforwardness are just some of the intangibles available to the
trial judge in evaluating the credibility of recantation testimony.” State
v. Carter, 354 A.2d 627, 631–32 (N.J. 1976). For that reason, “when an
assessment of credibility turns on observing a witness and [the
witness’s] demeanor, we afford deference to the trier of fact that had
the opportunity to assess the witness’s credibility.” Stricklan, 2020 UT
65, ¶ 100 n.18. But here, the court made no credibility assessment
based on its observations of Kevin’s testimony. The order contains no
findings about the manner in which Kevin testified, nor does it
suggest that the court found Kevin to be an unbelievable witness
based on intangible factors not apparent from the cold record.
    ¶72 In fact, the district court never expressly made any adverse
credibility determination. Although the court labeled section eleven
of its order, “The Court’s Findings on Credibility,” it contains only one
express credibility finding: that Kevin’s testimony about not knowing,
as a child, that he was getting Ashby into trouble was “believable.”
The court never made the inverse finding that Kevin’s other testimony
was not believable. We do not necessarily require a district court to
make express credibility findings where “the findings of ultimate facts
implicitly reflect consideration of the believability of the witnesses’
testimony.” In re Adoption of McKinstray v. McKinstray, 628 P.2d 1286,
1289 (Utah 1981). But here, the court made no findings of ultimate fact
regarding whether Ashby “engage[d] in the conduct for which [she]
was convicted.” See UTAH CODE § 78B-9-401.5(2)(a).
   ¶73 Both parties agree that Kevin’s recantation, if believable, is
sufficient to prove Ashby’s factual innocence by clear and convincing
evidence. Because the district court did not address the relevant
considerations or determine the recantation’s veracity, we cannot
evaluate whether Ashby met her burden.
         III. THE DISTRICT COURT’S DETERMINATION THAT THE
               RECANTATION WAS IRRECONCILABLE WITH THE
              “UNDISPUTED EVIDENCE” IS CLEARLY ERRONEOUS
    ¶74 The State argues that the district court did, in fact, find that
Kevin’s recantation was not believable. It urges us to read the court’s
finding that Kevin’s testimony was “irreconcilable” with the
“undisputed surrounding facts” as an implicit credibility finding.
And, the State argues, Ashby has not met her heavy burden to
overcome the deference that this court affords to the district court’s
factual findings.

                                   17
                             ASHBY v. STATE
                          Opinion of the Court

    ¶75 For her part, Ashby argues that because “the district court’s
determination that Kevin’s testimony was ‘irreconcilable’ with
‘undisputed facts’ was made from comparing the cold record of the
trial (for which it had not been present) with Kevin’s statements at the
evidentiary hearing, the court’s determination that Kevin’s testimony
was ‘irreconcilable’ should be reviewed without any deference from
this Court.” Even if we afford deference on review, Ashby contends
that “the court’s determinations that Kevin’s testimony is
‘irreconcilable’ are clearly erroneous because the court failed to
consider all of the facts and made a determination against the clear
weight of the evidence.” (Cleaned up.)
    ¶76 Generally, when “making factual findings, the trial court is in
a unique position to assess the credibility of witnesses and weigh the
evidence.” State v. Tripp, 2010 UT 9, ¶ 30, 227 P.3d 1251 (cleaned up).
Accordingly, we “defer to the factual findings of the trial court unless
the findings are clearly erroneous.” Id. When reviewing for clear error,
“[t]he lower court’s decision should be respected unless the court
failed to consider all of the facts or reached a decision against the clear
weight of the evidence.” State ex rel. E.R., 2021 UT 36, ¶ 32, 496 P.3d 58
(cleaned up).
¶77      The district court’s determination that Kevin’s testimony
could not be reconciled with the record rested on its determination
that certain facts were “undisputed.” Specifically, the court deemed it
undisputed that (1) Kevin had admitted to bathing nude with Ashby;
(2) Kevin had never seen female nudity prior to his CJC interview; and
(3) Kevin was under no pressure to make allegations against anyone
when he was interviewed at the CJC. Because there is conflicting
evidence in the record on each of these points, the district court clearly
erred in treating these facts as “undisputed.”
    ¶78 First, the court found that Kevin’s testimony that he only
recalled bathing with Ashby while they were wearing swimsuits was
irreconcilable with the undisputed evidence that Kevin remembered
bathing together naked. The undisputed evidence that the court cited
was Kevin’s statements to Dr. Goldsmith and the Board of Pardons
that Ashby washed him while he played with toys, that they washed
each other’s backs, and that he had once asked to suck on Ashby’s
nipples. 4 The court inferred from those statements that Kevin had
_____________________________________________________________
  4 The district court did not cite Ashby’s testimony at trial that she

had bathed with Kevin when he was three or four years old,
presumably because Kevin could not be expected to remember events
that occurred so early in his childhood.
                                    18
                          Cite as: 2023 UT 19
                         Opinion of the Court

admitted to bathing naked with Ashby. Although the court might
have drawn a reasonable inference that the two were naked, it was
equally plausible that the two were wearing swimsuits when those
events occurred. And Kevin was never asked to address those specific
instances at the evidentiary hearing. Because competing inferences
could be drawn from the evidence, the court clearly erred in finding
that it was “undisputed” that Kevin knew that he and Ashby had
bathed together naked and that Kevin’s testimony that he only
recalled bathing together in swimsuits was irreconcilable with that
fact.
    ¶79 Second, the court found that it was “undisputed” that Kevin
“had not, at least up to the time of the CJC interview, ever seen
pornography or female nudity other than [Ashby’s].” As evidence, the
court cited Kevin’s inability to explain how he acquired knowledge of
female anatomy. But Kevin testified that, although he did not recall
anyone showing him pornography as a child, he “could have looked
at porn” and could imagine “sneaking and getting it on the internet.”
When asked how he could have known as an eight-year-old child that
a finger could be inserted into a woman’s vagina, Kevin responded,
“I honestly don’t know. I could have looked at porn or—because those
things happen in pornography. I honestly am not sure how I became
aware of that much female anatomy, but somehow I did. But it wasn’t
because of my mom.” The fact that Kevin, as an adult, could not
specifically recall how he learned about female anatomy as a child
does not establish, as an undisputed fact, that he had no exposure to
pornography or other sources of such information.
    ¶80 The court also found that, even though Kevin correctly
recounted as a child that his mother’s genitals were hairless, Kevin
“did not even admit to seeing [Ashby’s] nude body.” But Kevin did
not testify that he had never seen his mother nude. Although he
testified that he only recalled bathing together in swimsuits, he was
never asked whether he had observed his mother nude while she was
dressing, showering, or engaged in other ordinary activities in the
home. Because Kevin never denied seeing his mother nude, the
evidence does not support the court’s conclusion that his testimony
was irreconcilable with his knowledge as a child.
   ¶81 Third, the court found that Kevin’s explanation that he lied to
protect the neighbor boy was irreconcilable with the undisputed fact
that Kevin was under no pressure to implicate anyone when he
disclosed the alleged abuse in the CJC interview. Although the record
supports the district court’s finding that “nothing in the CJC interview
applied any pressure on [Kevin] to implicate anyone of anything or to

                                  19
                            ASHBY v. STATE
                         Opinion of the Court

divert attention from the friend,” the court overlooked evidence that
Kevin understood the purpose of the interview before it started.
(Emphasis added.)
    ¶82 In his deposition, Kevin explained that he knew Father and
Stepmother were upset because he had been acting out sexually with
other children, his parents wanted to know why he was behaving that
way, and they took him to a therapist because of his sexual behavior.
He also knew going into the CJC interview that Father and
Stepmother’s concerns about his behavior were at least somewhat tied
to him bathing with Ashby. And his statements in the interview
confirm that he had been taught, prior to the interview, that bathing
naked with his mother was “just really bad.” Kevin told Dr.
Goldsmith that he knew that Father and Stepmother “believed that his
sexual acting out behaviors were a result of inappropriate behaviors
that took place while he visited [Ashby] on weekends.” So, Kevin
explained, when he was asked where he learned sexual behaviors, he
said “my mom” because he did not want to reveal that he had actually
learned them from the neighbor boy.
    ¶83 Even if Kevin “had no idea that he was describing something
that could be interpreted as abuse,” there was at least some evidence
in the record that Kevin was preconditioned to attribute “sexual play”
to Ashby. Given this competing evidence, the court clearly erred in
finding that it was undisputed that Kevin was under no pressure to
implicate Ashby at the time of the CJC interview.
    ¶84 Because there is conflicting evidence in the record, we reverse
the court’s finding that Kevin’s testimony is “irreconcilable” with the
“undisputed evidence.” In reaching this conclusion, we do not mean
to suggest that the evidence identified by the district court is not
relevant to determining whether Kevin’s recantation is credible.
Perceived discrepancies in a witness’s statements are appropriately
considered in assessing a witness’s credibility. But such discrepancies
“are not determinative of [a witness’s] credibility.” See State v. Kirby,
2016 UT App 193, ¶ 23, 382 P.3d 644 (addressing inconsistencies
between a victim’s testimony at the preliminary hearing and at trial).
And       conflicting—even    irreconcilable—evidence       does     not
automatically defeat proof by clear and convincing evidence. In Brown
v. State, 2013 UT 42, 308 P.3d 486, for example, we upheld a district
court’s determination of factual innocence by clear and convincing
evidence even though there was inconsistent evidence in the record.
In doing so, we noted that “the mere existence of contradictory,
underlying evidence is of no consequence” because we rely on the

                                   20
                          Cite as: 2023 UT 19
                         Opinion of the Court

district court “to judge credibility and resolve conflicting evidence.”
Id. ¶ 63.
    ¶85 But here the district court did not purport to judge credibility
or resolve the conflicts in the evidence. It treated the facts as
undisputed and, in so doing, failed to consider all of the evidence.
Because we conclude that any implicit credibility determination was
based on a clearly erroneous factual finding that the recantation was
“irreconcilable” with the “undisputed facts,” we vacate the district
court’s order and remand for further findings consistent with this
opinion.
                           CONCLUSION
    ¶86 Kevin’s recantation, if credible, is sufficient to prove Ashby’s
factual innocence by clear and convincing evidence. But the district
court denied the petition without weighing all the relevant evidence,
assessing credibility, or making an ultimate finding on the
recantation’s veracity. And, to the extent the court made an implicit
credibility determination, it was based on a clearly erroneous finding
that certain facts were undisputed. We therefore remand to the district
court to determine whether Kevin’s recantation is credible.

                                  21