Court Opinion

ID: 5122177
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-10-29 21:11:27.850052+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:22:26.699495
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Walker, 2021-Ohio-3860.]

                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                     LUCAS COUNTY

State of Ohio                                          Court of Appeals No. L-20-1047

        Appellee                                       Trial Court No. CR0201901366

v.

Malcolm Walker                                         DECISION AND JUDGMENT

        Appellant                                      Decided: October 29, 2021

                                                *****

        Julia R. Bates, Lucas County Prosecuting Attorney, and
        Evy M. Jarrett, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.

        Lawrence A. Gold, for appellant.

                                                *****

        OSOWIK, J.

                                             I. Introduction

        {¶ 1} Appellant, Malcolm Walker, appeals the February 12, 2020 judgment of the

Lucas County Court of Common Pleas sentencing him to an aggregate prison term of 21

years to life following his convictions for murder, with a related specification for using a
firearm in the commission of the offense, and possessing a weapon while under

disability. For the following reasons, we affirm, in part, and reverse, in part, the trial

court’s judgment.

                          A. Facts and Procedural Background

       {¶ 2} On March 1, 2019, appellant was indicted on one count of murder in

violation of R.C. 2903.02(B) and 2929.02, an unclassified felony; one count of felonious

assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2) and (D), a second-degree felony; and one

count of having a weapon while under a disability in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(3) and

(B), a third-degree felony. Appellant’s murder and felonious assault charge each

included a related specification for displaying, brandishing, indicating possession of, or

use of a firearm in the commission of the offense in violation of R.C. 2941.145(A), (B),

(C), and (F). The charges arose from the death of victim S.B. following an incident in

which he was shot on February 20, 2019. Appellant was arraigned on March 5, 2019. At

that time, he was determined to be indigent and appointed defense counsel. He then

entered a not guilty plea to all counts.

       {¶ 3} Following pretrial motion practice and discovery, a four-day trial

commenced on January 21, 2020. During the state’s case-in-chief, the parties elicited the

following testimony and related evidence:1

1
  For ease of reading, the summary of witness testimony is not presented in the order that
the witnesses testified at trial. Testimony not relevant to appellant’s arguments on appeal
has been omitted.

2.
          Testimony of Officer Anthony Martin, Toledo Police Department

       {¶ 4} On February 20, 2019, Toledo Police Department Officer Anthony Martin

was working an afternoon shift in field operations. His duties included traffic

enforcement and responding to 911 calls. In that capacity, he responded to an emergency

call indicating that someone had been shot at a residence at 1822 Glendale Avenue in

Toledo, Lucas County, Ohio. The location was a two-story building with each floor

divided into two apartments separated by a shared hallway. The scene of the incident

underlying this appeal was one of the upstairs apartments.

       {¶ 5} When Officer Martin arrived at the residence he was met by Ri.H. who

informed Officer Martin that someone had been shot and needed assistance. Ri.H.

directed Officer Martin to the apartment and informed him that the individual who shot

S.B. was no longer at the scene. While Officer Martin was at the scene, a number of

other officers arrived and began to secure the area.

       {¶ 6} When Officer Martin entered the apartment he saw S.B. lying face down on

the floor. Officer Martin observed S.B. moaning but unable to speak. Officer Martin

observed what he determined to be gunshot wounds in S.B.’s chest and head. Witnesses

C.W. and Ra.H. were in the apartment when Officer Martin entered. C.W. informed

Officer Martin that he lived at the apartment complex. Officer Martin asked C.W. and

Ra.H. who had shot S.B. but found them to be “very uncooperative.” Officer Martin

3.
believed that C.W. was intoxicated. Officer Martin was unable to obtain a description of

the suspected shooter at that time.

       {¶ 7} S.B. was taken from the scene via ambulance. Officer Martin then called the

Toledo Police Department’s detective bureau to advise any detectives assigned to the

case of his observations. Officer Martin’s involvement with the investigation concluded

when the detectives arrived at the scene. Prior to leaving the scene, Officer Martin heard

a radio call advising all officers that an individual with the nickname “ATL” was the

suspected shooter. Officer Martin believed that Ra.H. provided this name to another

officer. Officer Martin concluded his testimony by indicating that he left the scene and

had no further involvement with the investigation.

                                      Testimony of Ra.H.

       {¶ 8} On February 20, 2019, Ra.H. resided at 1822 Glendale Avenue—the scene

of S.B.’s shooting—with her brother, Ri.H., and her three children. The apartment

contained a living room, a kitchen, and two bedrooms. One of the bedrooms had been

converted into a recording studio. On the date of the incident, appellant had arrived at the

apartment in the morning and began “drinking” and “making some songs” with Ri.H. and

C.W.

       {¶ 9} S.B. arrived at the apartment at approximately 7:00 or 8:00 p.m. and entered

the studio. A short time later, S.B. and appellant exited the studio and went into the

kitchen. Ra.H. observed them from the living room where she and her three children

4.
were watching television. Ra.H. then heard a disturbance in the kitchen. She opened the

studio door and asked her brother and C.W. to get everyone out of the house. Ri.H. and

C.W. went into the kitchen with appellant and S.B. and told them to calm down.

       {¶ 10} As the individuals exited the kitchen Ra.H. saw appellant firing gunshots

toward the living room. S.B. exited the kitchen into the living room and told appellant to

stop and “you shot me already.” Ra.H. then saw S.B. fall to his hands and knees as

appellant approached him. Appellant then shot S.B. in the head and ran out the front

door. Appellant fired one final shot in the shared hallway as he exited. Ra.H. noted that

appellant carried an additional firearm “in his pants” during the altercation and as he

exited. Ra.H. stated that she did not see S.B. in possession of a firearm during the

incident. Ra.H. confirmed that appellant dropped a holster and cell phone, which were

later discovered at the scene.

       {¶ 11} After the police arrived at the scene, an officer spoke with Ra.H. She did

not immediately identify appellant as the shooter. She testified that at the time she was

too focused on comforting her scared children to provide that information. After she

calmed down, she informed the officer of appellant’s identity including his nickname

“ATL.” She was transported to the police station where she identified appellant as the

shooter from a photo array lineup.

       {¶ 12} On cross-examination, Ra.H. acknowledged that she had made prior

statements when she was interviewed on the night of the incident, which were

5.
inconsistent her trial testimony. Specifically, she expressed surprise to the responding

officers when they informed her of the locations of S.B.’s wounds despite the fact that

she was present for the shooting. Additionally, her trial testimony that her children were

in the living room at the time of the shooting, did not match her statement on the night of

the incident that her children had been in the bedroom at that time. Finally, she

acknowledged that she initially informed the investigating officer that she did not see

appellant carrying a weapon before subsequently stating that she saw him shoot S.B.

          Testimony of Detective Anthony Sosko, Toledo Police Department

       {¶ 13} Anthony Sosko is a member of the Toledo Police Department’s detective

bureau. In that capacity, he is sometimes asked to serve as the administrator of blind

photo array lineups for crimes being investigated by other detectives. A photo array is a

lineup of 6 photographs of individuals, one of whom is the person subject to the

investigation, which is presented to a witness to determine if they are able to identify the

suspect. The detective tasked with presenting the photo array is provided with the six

photographs which are placed randomly in the lineup. The detective presenting the array

is not told which photograph is of the suspect in order to avoid any influence over the

witness’ selection.

       {¶ 14} Detective Sosko served in this capacity on February 20, 2019, at the

request of Detective Holland. Detective Sosko was provided with 6 photographs

6.
including one of appellant to present to Ra.H. Detective Sosko presented the photo array

to Ra.H. at 11:43 p.m. Ra.H. identified appellant as “the shooter” without hesitation.

          Testimony of Detective Martin Rocha, Toledo Police Department

       {¶ 15} At the time of the trial, Detective Martin Rocha was serving in his seventh

year assigned to the Toledo Police Department’s Scene Investigation Unit (“SIU”). As a

member of the SIU, Detective Rocha was tasked with documenting crime scenes with

photographs and reports as well as collecting evidence. Detective Rocha is tasked with

identifying items of potential evidentiary value and securing those items for further

investigation.

       {¶ 16} Detective Rocha was serving in this capacity on February 20, 2019. That

night, he was informed that a person had been shot and was called to the site of the

underlying incident. At the time he arrived, S.B. had already been transported from the

scene. Other Toledo Police officers that had arrived before Rocha were securing the

perimeter of the scene to make sure no one else entered.

       {¶ 17} Detective Rocha entered the scene and began taking photographs prior to

the collection of evidence. As he identified items with potential evidentiary value, he

placed a numbered placard in the area and photographed the item. The placing of

numbered placards identifies the specific location from which the evidence was collected

from the scene.

7.
       {¶ 18} During his time on the scene, Detective Rocha collected 6 shell casings, a

bullet, a cell phone, and a gun holster. Three of the bullet casings were found in the

kitchen. Two of the bullet casings were found in the living room. The final bullet casing

was found in the hallway outside the apartment. Detective Rocha discovered the bullet

underneath the kitchen counter after having identified a bullet hole on the exterior of the

cabinet. Detective Rocha testified that the location of the bullet hole in the cabinet was

consistent with someone firing a weapon from inside the kitchen toward the living room.

       {¶ 19} When asked whether the evidence had been subjected to finger print

analysis, Detetive Rocha stated that it had not. He noted that he was unaware of a

fingerprint ever having been identified for evidentiary purposes from a fired shell casing.

Additionally, fingerprints are used for identification purposes and were unnecessary in

this instance as a suspect had already been identified.

          Testimony of Detective David Moford, Toledo Police Department

       {¶ 20} Detective David Morford is a member of the computer crimes unit of the

Toledo Police Department. He conducts forensic investigations on digital devices to

assist detectives assigned to specific investigations.

       {¶ 21} Detective Morford conducted a forensic investigation on two devices

related to the incident underlying this appeal. First, Detective Morford was asked to

recover data from a mobile phone recovered from the scene. He was able to recover

three videos which were created on February 20, 2019. All three videos were played for

8.
the jury but only the first and third video resulted in any questions from counsel.

Detective Morford testified that he heard the first video conclude with a woman

indicating that S.B. had arrived and a male voice responding that he should “come here.”

The first video was created at 8:01 p.m. The voices on the video were not identified.

Detective Morford testified that the third video showed appellant sitting on the floor with

two handguns between his legs. The third video was created at 8:19 p.m. Detective

Morford confirmed that the 911 call reporting the shooting was made from a different

phone at 8:55 p.m.

       {¶ 22} Detective Morford also conducted a forensic analysis on a mobile phone

which was recovered on February 22, 2019. The phone was collected from appellant

when he was taken into custody on that day. Detective Morford’s analysis showed that

the phone had been activated at 9:37 P.M. on February 20, 2019. At 2:27 A.M. on

February 21, 2019, a series of text messages from appellant and an individual named

“Neesha” reflected that appellant desired to be picked up discretely and Neesha’s

reassurance that she would never turn him in. Text messages from the following day

showed that appellant saw his face on the news in a story related to the shooting. The

texts also show appellant planned on sending an associate out that night to pick up items

that he needed so that he would not be seen in public.

9.
                                    Testimony of J.B.

       {¶ 23} J.B. lives approximately one block away from the scene of the incident.

On March 13, 2019, J.B. was cleaning up sticks from his yard when he discovered a

firearm on the ground. Believing it to be a toy, he picked it up and realized that it was

real. He placed the firearm back on the ground and called the Toledo Police. Two

officers responded and, while there, discovered a second firearm in the yard. Both

firearms were secured and collected by the officers. J.B. testified that although his yard

was fenced in, he did not believe it would be difficult for someone to have thrown the

firearms into his yard from the sidewalk.

         Testimony of Criminalist Kaitlin Porter, Toledo Police Department

       {¶ 24} Kaitlin Porter is a criminalist in the Toledo Police Department’s forensics

lab. Her primary duty is to determine the operability of firearms that are brought to her in

the course of an investigation. She test-fired both firearms discovered at J.B.’s residence.

She found them both to be operable, despite significant weathering, and fired two shots

from each. The firearms, shell casings, and bullets from the test-firing were collected for

further analysis.

      Testimony of Lab Administrator David Cogan, Toledo Police Department

       {¶ 25} David Cogan is the lab administrator in the Toledo Police Department’s

forensics lab. His primary duty is in firearms examinations. He was tasked with

examination of the firearms discovered at J.B.’s residence and the related test-firing

10.
materials. Cogan testified that each firearm will create unique identifying marks on

bullet casings and bullets once they have been fired. The distinguishing marks created by

a semiautomatic pistol—the types of pistols recovered form J.B.’s yard—come from a

mechanism called an extractor which pulls the spent casing from the chamber, an ejector

which pushes the casing out of the firearm, and a firing pin which leaves a mark on the

rear of the casing. Cogan determined that all six of the casings recovered from the scene

of the incident were discharged from the firearms recovered at J.B.’s residence—two

from one firearm and four from the other.

                           Testimony of Cynthia Besser, M.D.

       {¶ 26} Dr. Cynthia Besser is a forensic pathologist and deputy coroner in Lucas

County, Ohio. She performed an autopsy on S.B. on February 21, 2019. She confirmed

that S.B. suffered gunshot wounds to his right flank, left buttock, and head prior to his

death. The gunshot wound to his right flank showed that the bullet entered through his

right side, traveled through his liver and lungs, and exited through his chest on the left

side. The gunshot wound to S.B.’s left buttock revealed that the bullet traveled through

his bowel and lower abdomen before exiting through his left lower quadrant. The wound

to S.B.’s head revealed that the bullet entered S.B.’s head above his right ear and traveled

nearly straight down through his brain before settling into the occipital lobe on the base

of his skull. Dr. Besser recovered the bullet from that location. She testified that the

11.
gunshot wound to the head was consistent with S.B. having been shot from above while

on his hands and knees.

       {¶ 27} Having testified regarding each of the gunshot wounds identified in the

autopsy, Dr. Besser testified that S.B.’s cause of death was multiple gunshot wounds.

She determined that the manner of his death was a homicide.

         Testimony of Detective Richard Holland, Toledo Police Department

       {¶ 28} Detective Holland was the assigned lead detective in the death of S.B.

While traveling to the scene after the initial report of the incident, Holland was advised

that S.B. had been transported to the hospital and that two witnesses had been taken to the

police station. He traveled there to conduct his initial interviews with the witnesses.

Before arriving at the station, he was advised that appellant was being reported as a

potential suspect.

       {¶ 29} Detective Holland first spoke with Ra.H. Detective Holland described

Ra.H. as fearful during the night of the interview. She was hesitant to participate because

she believed it could adversely affect her children and their safety. Detective Holland

noted that a photo array had been prepared to be shown to Ra.H. but that prior to her

identifying appellant from the photo array, she showed Detective Holland a picture of

appellant on her cell phone and stated “this is him, that’s the guy who shot [S.B.]”

Detective Holland also testified that Ra.H. identified appellant from the photo array as

described in previous testimony.

12.
       {¶ 30} Detective Holland next spoke with Ri.H. He described Ri.H. as

uncooperative and was not asked for any additional details regarding his interview.

       {¶ 31} After examining the evidence collected and reviewing the statements made

by witnesses, Detective Holland sought and obtained an arrest warrant for appellant.

       {¶ 32} Detective Holland was later advised of the results of the autopsy after it

was conducted on February 21, 2019. The following day, he returned to the scene of the

incident where he happened to encounter Ra.H. He then conducted a subsequent

interview with Ra.H. At that time, Ra.H. provided additional detail regarding S.B.’s

position at the time he was shot, specifically that he was on his hands and knees when

appellant shot him in the head, a detail which she omitted in her initial interview.

Detective Holland determined that Ra.H.’s statement about S.B.’s position at the time he

was shot was consistent with the results of the autopsy.

       {¶ 33} Appellant was arrested at a hotel early in the morning on February 22,

2019. When appellant was arrested he was in possession of the second cell phone

examined by Detective Morford. Appellant also admitted that the other phone recovered

from the scene of the incident was his. Detective Holland confirmed that markings on

one of the handguns recovered from J.B.’s lawn matched markings on one of the

handguns appellant possessed in the video recovered from his cell phone. Additionally,

Detective Holland confirmed that each of the six shell casings recovered from the scene

were fired by one of the two recovered firearms.

13.
       {¶ 34} Detective Holland interviewed appellant after his arrest. A video of the

interview was played for the jury at trial. Detective Holland testified that appellant

admitted that he shot S.B. but that he did so in self-defense. Appellant told Detective

Holland that he had previously been the victim of a robbery by one of S.B.’s associates.

Appellant stated that he saw S.B. speaking to that associate on a video call earlier in the

evening on February 20, 2019. He heard S.B. state that he was with appellant which

made appellant fear that an additional altercation would occur with S.B. or his associate.

Appellant stated that while he and S.B. were in the kitchen together later that evening

they engaged in a physical altercation. Appellant alleged that S.B. pulled a firearm on

him and that his only recourse was to shoot S.B. Appellant then fled from the scene.

Detective Holland testified that appellant did not file a police report related to the alleged

robbery by S.B.’s associate.

       {¶ 35} Detective Holland also testified that appellant had previously been

convicted of trafficking in heroin. As a result of that conviction, appellant was prohibited

from possessing a firearm.

                      Appellant’s Crim.R. 29 Motion for Acquittal

       {¶ 36} At the conclusion of Detective Holland’s testimony, the state rested its

case-in-chief. Appellant then moved for an acquittal pursuant to Crim.R. 29 arguing the

state failed to produce sufficient evidence as to each element of the charged offenses.

The trial court denied appellant’s motion. Appellant then proceeded to present his case-

14.
in-chief. After waiving his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination and

affirming that he wished to testify, appellant offered the following testimony:

                         Testimony of appellant, Malcolm Walker

         {¶ 37} Appellant testified that he arrived at the scene of the incident at

approximately 7:30 P.M. on the evening of February 20, 2019. That night he planned to

make music with Ri.H. and C.W. S.B. arrived at the residence approximately forty-five

minutes later. Appellant testified that shortly after he arrived, S.B. began waving a

firearm around to let the individuals present know that he carried a firearm with him.

S.B. then put the firearm away and the group returned to making music.

         {¶ 38} While he was recording music, appellant began filming videos he intended

to post on social media as a means of promoting his music. He acknowledged that these

were the same videos subsequently downloaded from his phone which had already been

played for the jury. He stated that his possession of firearms in the video was intended to

portray an image similar to that exhibited in other music videos available on social

media.

         {¶ 39} After filming his final video, appellant saw S.B. participating in a video

call with an individual that had purportedly robbed appellant two days earlier. S.B.

informed this individual that appellant was at the residence. Appellant testified that this

alarmed him because he had received messages through his Facebook account that

someone related to the robbery was looking for him and planning to kill him. Appellant

15.
left the studio and went into the living room where he spoke with Ra.H. and started

entertaining her children.

       {¶ 40} A short time later, appellant returned to the studio. S.B. requested that they

go to the kitchen to talk because the music was too loud in the studio. S.B. asked

appellant whether there was a problem between him and the individual appellant alleged

had robbed him. Appellant informed S.B. of the robbery and S.B. told appellant that the

other individual would arrive soon and that appellant should meet him outside to settle

their dispute. S.B. then pulled out a firearm from his own pocket and stuck it in

appellant’s face. While holding the firearm on appellant, S.B. took another firearm from

appellant’s pocket. Appellant believed that S.B. was attempting to rob him. A physical

altercation ensued in which appellant ultimately took a firearm from S.B. During the

altercation, the firearm discharged. S.B. then pointed the second firearm at appellant.

Appellant alleges that S.B. shot himself in the side when he attempted to cock this second

firearm. Appellant then fired a shot at S.B. and struck him in the buttock in an effort to

get out of the kitchen.

       {¶ 41} Appellant testified that the back door to the kitchen was locked and he had

never seen it used. As a result, he was unsure if it was operable and he determined that

his only means of exit from the apartment was through the front door. He pushed his way

around S.B. and when he reached the front door he found it secured by a chain lock. He

testified that he had to place the firearm still in his possession on the ground in order to

16.
disengage the lock and exit the apartment. He then ran through the door and away from

the apartment having left the firearm inside the apartment. As he ran he heard additional

shots being fired which he believed were aimed at him but he did not turn around to

verify where they were coming from. He testified that he left the residence because he

was afraid for his life. He also testified that no other individuals in the apartment saw the

altercation or his exit as they were in different rooms.

       {¶ 42} Appellant ultimately ended up at a hotel in Oregon, Lucas County, Ohio.

The following morning he saw news coverage of the incident which identified him as a

suspect in S.B.’s homicide. He testified that he intended to hire a lawyer to arrange a

voluntary surrender to the police but he was arrested at the hotel before he could do so.

       {¶ 43} On cross-examination, appellant essentially testified that Ra.H. was lying

about witnessing S.B.’s shooting in the living room because she had been threatened by

an unnamed individual. He also testified that one of the firearms he possessed in the

third video played for the jury belonged to S.B. and that he returned it to him after he

completed filming the video, despite having testified that he was afraid for his life having

witnessed S.B.’s video call. He acknowledged that he sent the text messages related to

his remaining in hiding the following day and that he never reported the basis for his self-

defense claim—the altercation with S.B.—to the police prior to his arrest.

17.
       Appellant’s Renewed Crim.R. 29 Motion, Jury Verdict, and Sentencing

       {¶ 44} Appellant rested its case-in-chief at the close of his own testimony.

Appellant renewed his Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal arguing that the state failed to

introduce sufficient evidence to support each element of the charged offenses. The trial

court denied appellant’s renewed motion. Following closing arguments, the matter was

submitted to the jury for its deliberations. The jury returned a guilty verdict on all three

counts.

       {¶ 45} The trial court set a sentencing hearing for February 10, 2020. At that time,

the trial court determined that appellant’s felonious assault charge and murder charge

were allied offenses of similar import pursuant to R.C. 2941.25. The state elected to have

the trial court sentence appellant for the murder charge. The trial court imposed a prison

term of fifteen years to life for S.B.’s murder with a mandatory, consecutive three-year

prison term for the related firearm specification. The trial court also imposed a three-year

prison term for appellant’s conviction for possession of a firearm while under a disability.

The trial court ordered appellant to serve the sentences for the murder and weapon

possession convictions consecutive to one another, pursuant to R.C. 2929.14(C)(4), with

both of those sentences to be served consecutive to the mandatory three-year prison term

for the firearm specification. As a result of the consecutive sentences, appellant was

ordered to serve an aggregate prison term of twenty-one years to life. Appellant’s

sentence was memorialized in a judgment entry dated February 12, 2020.

18.
                                B. Assignments of Error

      {¶ 46} Appellant timely appealed and asserts the following errors for our review:

             1. The trial court imposed a consecutive sentence without making

      judicial findings in appellant’s sentencing entry in violation of appellant’s

      rights under R.C. 2929.14(C).

             2. Appellant received ineffective assistance of counsel in violation

      of his rights under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United

      States Constitution and Article I, Section 10 of the Constitution of the State

      of Ohio.

             3. The trial court erred in denying appellant’s Crim.R. 29 motion.

             4. The jury’s verdict was against the manifest weight of the

      evidence presented at trial.

                                  II. Law and Analysis

      A. The trial court failed to make all necessary findings required under R.C.
      2929.14(C) to impose consecutive sentence

      {¶ 47} In his first assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred in

failing to make all required findings under R.C. 2929.14(C) before ordering him to serve

his prison sentences for murder and possessing a firearm while under a disability

consecutively. We review felony sentences under R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). State v. Goings,

6th Dist. Lucas No. L-13-1103, 2014-Ohio-2322, ¶ 20. We may increase, modify, or

vacate and remand a trial court’s imposition of consecutive sentences only if we clearly

19.
and convincingly find that: (1) “the record does not support the sentencing court’s

findings under division * * * (C)(4) of section 2929.14, * * * ” or (2) “the sentence is

otherwise contrary to law.” Id., citing R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). The burden is on appellant to

identify clear and convincing evidence in the record to show that the trial court erred in

imposing his sentence. State v. Torres, 6th Dist. Ottawa No. OT-18-008, 2019-Ohio-434,

¶ 6.

       {¶ 48} Before imposing consecutive sentences, a trial court is required to make

certain statutory findings under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4). State v. Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d

209, 2014-Ohio-3177, 16 N.E.3d 659. R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) states:

              If multiple prison terms are imposed on an offender for convictions

       of multiple offenses, the court may require the offender to serve the prison

       terms consecutively if the court finds that the consecutive service is

       necessary to protect the public from future crime or to punish the offender

       and that consecutive sentences are not disproportionate to the seriousness of

       the offender’s conduct and to the danger the offender poses to the public,

       and if the court also finds any of the following:

              (a) The offender committed one or more of the multiple offenses

       while the offender was awaiting trial or sentencing, was under a sanction

       imposed pursuant to section 2929.16, 2929.17, or 2929.18 of the Revised

       Code, or was under post-release control for a prior offense.

20.
              (b) At least two of the multiple offenses were committed as part of

       one or more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two or more of the

       multiple offenses so committed was so great or unusual that no single

       prison term for any of the offenses committed as part of any of the courses

       of conduct adequately reflects the seriousness of the offender’s conduct.

              (c) The offender’s history of criminal conduct demonstrates that

       consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime

       by the offender.

       {¶ 49} Put simply, this statute requires the trial court to make three statutory

findings before imposing consecutive sentences. State v. Beasley, 153 Ohio St.3d 497,

2018-Ohio-493, 108 N.E.3d 1028, ¶ 252; State v. Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d 209, 2014-

Ohio-3177, 16 N.E.3d 659, ¶ 26. It must find (1) that consecutive sentences are

necessary to protect the public or to punish the offender; (2) that consecutive sentences

are not disproportionate to the seriousness of the offender’s conduct and to the danger

that the offender poses to the public; and (3) that R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(a), (b), or (c) is

applicable. Beasley at ¶ 252. “[T]he trial court must make the requisite findings both at

the sentencing hearing and in the sentencing entry.” (Emphasis in original.) Id. at ¶ 253,

citing Bonnell at ¶ 37. While “a word-for-word recitation of the language of the statute is

not required,” a reviewing court must be able to discern that the trial court engaged in the

21.
correct analysis and the record must contain evidence to support the trial court’s findings.

Bonnell at ¶ 29.

       {¶ 50} Appellant argues that the trial court erred when it failed to incorporate its

consecutive sentencing findings into the judgment entry. The state concedes that this

constitutes error. Generally, “[a] trial court's inadvertent failure to incorporate the

statutory findings in the sentencing entry after properly making those findings at the

sentencing hearing does not render the sentence contrary to law; rather, such a clerical

mistake may be corrected by the court through a nunc pro tunc entry to reflect what

actually occurred in open court.” Bonnell at ¶ 30, citing State v. Qualls, 131 Ohio St.3d

499, 2012-Ohio-1111, 967 N.E.2d 718. The state requests we remand this matter for the

limited purpose of issuing a nunc pro tunc entry to incorporate the findings made at the

sentencing hearing. Our review of the record, however, shows that the trial court did not

make each of the required findings necessary to impose consecutive sentences, thereby

precluding this court from remanding solely for the issuance of a nunc pro tunc entry.

       {¶ 51} At the sentencing hearing, the trial court stated:

       [The sentences] will be served consecutive to one another as the court finds

       they are necessary to fulfill the purposes of Revised Code Sections 2929.11

       and 2929.14(E) and not disproportionate to the seriousness of the

       offender’s conduct or the danger the defendant poses. The court further

       finds to protect the public from future crime or to punish the offender as the

22.
       harm caused was great or unusual such that no single prison term is

       adequate.

The trial court clearly made two of the three required findings to impose consecutive

sentences—that is, consecutive sentences were necessary to protect the public or punish

appellant and that consecutive sentences were not disproportionate to appellant’s conduct

or the danger he poses to the public.

       {¶ 52} The trial court’s third finding referenced R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(b) which

requires a finding that “[a]t least two of the multiple offenses were committed as part of

one or more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two or more of the multiple

offenses so committed was so great or unusual that no single prison term for any of the

offenses committed as part of any of the courses of conduct adequately reflects the

seriousness of the offender's conduct.” The trial court references the great or unusual

harm resulting from appellant’s multiple offenses. Absent from the record, however, is

any reference to the trial court making the required finding that appellant’s offenses were

committed as part of one or more courses of conduct. Moreover, we are unable to

identify any part of the record that suggests the court properly reached this conclusion

and merely omitted its finding when imposing appellant’s sentence.

       {¶ 53} The failure to make the course of conduct finding pursuant to R.C.

2929.14(C)(4)(b) renders the imposition of consecutive sentences contrary to law. See

State v. Gessel, 6th Dist. Williams No. WM-19-004, 2020-Ohio-40, ¶ 15 (holding that the

23.
failure to make the course of conduct finding before imposing consecutive sentences

constituted reversible error). Therefore, because the trial court failed to make this

required finding prior to imposing consecutive sentences, we find appellant’s first

assignment of error well-taken and remand this matter to the trial court for resentencing.

       B. Appellant’s counsel was not ineffective for failing to file a motion to waive
       costs imposed by the trial court

       {¶ 54} In his second assignment of error, appellant argues that he received

ineffective assistance of counsel when his trial counsel failed to file a motion to waive

costs. At the sentencing hearing, appellant’s counsel preemptively made an oral motion

to waive any “court costs” the trial court might impose. He argued that the length of

appellant’s sentence precluded him from earning the money necessary to pay those costs

and that he was previously determined to be indigent before that sentence was even

imposed. The trial court did not rule on appellant’s motion at sentencing.

       {¶ 55} When discussing the imposition of costs, the trial court stated:

             The court has considered the defendant’s present and future ability to

       pay, and after considering all relevant factors pursuant to Revised Code

       section 2941.51(B)—actually, you know, based on defense counsel’s

       request today for costs to be waived, I’m going to take into consideration

       upon filing of that.

It is evident from this statement that the trial court did not actually impose any costs at

the sentencing hearing. The trial court’s judgment entry likewise failed to impose any

24.
costs stating the “[c]ourt will defer full payment of costs awaiting any filing from

counsel.”

         {¶ 56} Having reviewed the record, we find that the trial court never actually

imposed the mandatory costs of prosecution pursuant to R.C. 2947.23 or any other

discretionary costs on appellant. Clearly, trial counsel could not have offered ineffective

assistance by failing to file a motion to waive costs which were not imposed. This issue,

however, is moot in light of our resolution of appellant’s first assignment of error in

which we remanded this matter to the trial court for resentencing. The trial court’s failure

to impose costs or to resolve appellant’s oral motion to waive those costs can be

remedied at that time. For these reasons, we find appellant’s second assignment of error

is moot.

      C. The state introduced sufficient evidence to support appellant’s convictions

         {¶ 57} In his third assignment of error, appellant argues that the state failed to

produce sufficient evidence to support each element of his convictions for murder and for

possessing a weapon while under a disability.2 Specifically, appellant argues that the

2
 Appellant also argues that the state failed to produce sufficient evidence in support of
his conviction for felonious assault. However, because the felonious assault count
merged with the murder count and the state elected to have appellant sentenced for
murder, he was not convicted of felonious assault. See State v. Whitfield, 124 Ohio St.3d
319, 2010-Ohio-2, 922 N.E.2d 319 (holding that an offender is not convicted for offenses
on which the jury returned a guilty verdict but was sentenced for an allied offense in spite
of that verdict). Therefore, we limit our analysis to appellant’s convictions for murder
and possessing a weapon while under disability.

25.
state failed to produce sufficient evidence that he did not act in self-defense. Before

addressing the merits of appellant’s argument, we must determine whether the state’s

obligation to introduce sufficient evidence to support the elements of the offenses for

which appellant was convicted includes a requirement that the state introduce sufficient

evidence to disprove appellant’s self-defense claim.

       {¶ 58} Generally, a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence presented by the

state does not require review of the state’s evidence contrary to an affirmative defense.

See State v. Hancock, 108 Ohio St.3d 57, 2006-Ohio-160, 840 N.E.2d 1032. The

guarantee that the state will produce sufficient evidence as to each element of the charged

offense “does not implicate affirmative defenses, because proof supportive of an

affirmative defense cannot detract from proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused

had committed the requisite elements of the crime.” Id. at ¶ 37, citing Caldwell v.

Russell, 181 F.3d 731 (6th Cir.1999). Instead, the presentation of an affirmative defense

merely excuses a defendant’s commission of the offense. Id. Put simply, the state is

traditionally only required to introduce sufficient evidence that supports each element of

the offense.

       {¶ 59} However, the Ohio General Assembly recently amended R.C. 2901.05—

the statute establishing the burden of proof on a self-defense claim—effective March 28,

26.
2019. The amendment included the following language regarding the burden of proof for

a defendant’s self-defense claim:3

              If, at the trial of a person who is accused of an offense that involved

       the person’s use of force against another, there is evidence presented that

       tends to support the accused person used the force in self-defense * * *, the

       prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused person

       did not use the force in self–defense.

Appellant argues that under this newly-defined burden shifting analysis, this court must

determine whether the state introduced sufficient evidence not only to support the

charged offenses but also to disprove his self-defense claim. The state argues that this

court’s analysis should be limited only to the elements of the charged offenses without

regard to appellant’s self-defense claim. We agree with the state.

       {¶ 60} “[T]he burden of proof encompasses two different concepts: the burden of

production and the burden of persuasion.” State v. Petway, 156 N.E.3d 467, 2020-Ohio-

3848, ¶ 47. “The burden of production requires a party to come forward with or to

produce sufficient evidence to make out a prima facie case.” Id. “The burden of

3
  R.C. 2901.05(B), which went into effect after S.B.’s death but prior to appellant’s trial
shifted the burden of proof on self-defense claims to the state. We previously determined
that R.C. 2901.05(B) applied to all trials after the effective date of the amendment. See
State v. Smith, 6th Dist. No. , 2020-Ohio-5119. The applicability of the statute to post-
amendment trials for conduct which occurred prior to the amendment is currently
pending before the Ohio Supreme Court in State v. Brooks, Ohio Supreme Court case No.
2020-1250. See 12/30/2020 Case Announcements, 2020-Ohio-6834.

27.
persuasion is the requirement that a party must convince the trier of fact that a given

assertion is supported by the quantum of evidence required under law.” Id. Whether the

state is obligated to introduce sufficient evidence disproving the elements of appellant’s

self-defense claim at trial is contingent on this important distinction.

       {¶ 61} Under the current version of R.C. 2901.05(B), the state is not required to

prove the defendant did not act in self-defense until that defendant introduces evidence

that tends to support they acted in self-defense. In other words, the defendant maintains

the burden of production on their self-defense claim before the state inherits the burden of

persuasion. Id. at ¶ 55. In State v. Messenger, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 19AP-879, 2021-

Ohio-2044, the Tenth District Court of Appeals considered the various burdens under the

current version of R.C. 2901.05 as they relate to whether the state introduced sufficient

evidence to support a conviction. There, the court held:

              Under the current version of R.C. 2901.05, while the burden of proof

       for the affirmative defense of self-defense has shifted to the state, the

       burden of production for all affirmative defenses, including self-defense,

       remains with the defendant. * * * Thus, if the state does not bear the burden

       of production on self-defense, it follows that sufficiency of the evidence is

       not the proper framework to review whether the state proved the absence of

       self-defense.

28.
Id. at ¶ 44. “[T]here is nothing in the current version of R.C. 2901.05(B)(1) indicating

that by shifting the burden of proof on the affirmative defense of self-defense, the

General Assembly intended to transform the absence of self-defense into an essential

element of a criminal offense.” Id. at ¶ 43.

       {¶ 62} We concur with the Tenth District’s analysis. We find that because the

burden of production for self-defense under R.C. 2901.05 remains with appellant, he

cannot challenge his convictions based on the state’s purported failure to introduce

sufficient evidence disproving that defense. Therefore, we limit our review under

appellant’s second assignment of error to whether the state introduced sufficient evidence

for each of the elements of the offenses charged and not whether there was sufficient

evidence to disprove his self-defense claim.

       {¶ 63} In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we view the

evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution and determine whether “any rational

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a

reasonable doubt.” State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d 89, 113, 684 N.E.2d 668 (1997). In

making that determination, the appellate court will not weigh the evidence or assess the

credibility of the witnesses. State v. Were, 118 Ohio St.3d 448, 2008-Ohio-2762, 890

N.E.2d 263, ¶ 132. Whether there is sufficient evidence to support a conviction is a

question of law. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997).

29.
       {¶ 64} Appellant was convicted of murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(B) which

states “[n]o person shall cause the death of another as proximate result of the offender’s

committing or attempting to commit an offense of violence that is a felony of the first or

second degree [.]” It is undisputed that S.B. died as a result of the gunshot wounds

inflicted by appellant. Therefore, the state introduced sufficient evidence supporting the

murder conviction if the evidence supports that S.B.’s death was caused by appellant

while he was committing or attempting to commit a violent first or second degree felony.

The predicate offense satisfying this requirement was appellant’s felonious assault of

S.B. R.C. 2903.11(A)(2) defines felonious assault as “[causing or attempting] to cause

physical harm to another * * * by means of a deadly weapon[.]” Felonious assault is a

second degree felony. R.C. 2903.11(D)(1)(a).

       {¶ 65} At trial, the Ra.H. testified that she saw appellant shoot S.B. in the head

while he was on his hands and knees. Appellant does not dispute that he used a firearm

to shoot S.B. R.C. 2923.11(B)(1)’s definition of “firearm” explicitly states that it is a

“deadly weapon.” Therefore, Ra.H.’s testimony alone, viewed in a light most favorable

to the prosecution, shows that a rational trier of fact could find that appellant committed a

felonious assault which resulted in S.B.’s death. Therefore, the state introduced sufficient

evidence to support appellant’s conviction for murder under R.C. 2903.02(B).

       {¶ 66} Appellant was also convicted of possessing a firearm while under a

disability pursuant to R.C. 2923.13(A)(3) and (B), which prohibits a person who has been

30.
convicted of trafficking in any drug of abuse from possessing a firearm. Through the

testimony of Detective Holland, the state introduced a certified copy of a judgment entry,

without object from appellant, reflecting that appellant was convicted of trafficking in

heroin on August 28, 2015. The state also introduced a video obtained from appellant’s

cell phone which showed him holding two firearms. The state, therefore, introduced

sufficient evidence to show that appellant was prohibited from possessing firearms based

on his prior conviction for trafficking in heroin and that he had been in possession of a

firearm.

       {¶ 67} In sum, we find that the trial court introduced sufficient evidence as to each

element of appellant’s convictions for murder and possession of a firearm while under a

disability. Appellant’s argument that the state failed to introduce sufficient evidence to

disprove his affirmative defense is without merit as a matter of law and his third

assignment of error is found not well-taken.

       D. Appellant’s convictions were not against the manifest weight of the
       evidence.

       {¶ 68} In his fourth assignment of error, appellant argues that his convictions were

against the manifest weight of the evidence presented at trial. Specifically, he argues that

the jury gave insufficient weight to his testimony that he acted in self-defense following

an altercation with S.B. Had the jury properly weighed his testimony, appellant argues, it

would have resulted in his acquittal.

31.
       {¶ 69} “When examining whether a conviction was contrary to the manifest

weight of the evidence, the appellate court serves as a ‘thirteenth juror’ to conclude

whether the trial court lost its way so significantly as to result in a manifest miscarriage

of justice, necessitating that the conviction be overturned.” State v. Butler, 6th Dist.

Lucas No. L-08-1390, 2010-Ohio-178, ¶ 11. “In reaching this determination, we grant

substantial deference to the trial court's decision given its unique opportunity to consider

the evidence presented and to closely observe and assess the demeanor and credibility of

the witnesses.” Id. We note that questions regarding the “weight and credibility of

evidence are primarily for the trier of fact.” State v. Teal, 6th Dist. Lucas Nos. L-15-

1280 and L-15-1281, 2017-Ohio-7202, ¶ 58, citing State v. Pena, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-

12-1309, 2014-Ohio-423, ¶ 22. This court’s “discretionary power to grant a new trial

should be exercised only in the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily

against the conviction.” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 386, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting State

v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st. Dist.1983). Upon review of

the record, we find that the jury’s verdict is not against the manifest weight of the

evidence.

       {¶ 70} At trial, Ra.H. testified that she saw appellant shoot and kill S.B. while he

was on his hands and knees after having already been shot twice by appellant. Ra.H.

testified that she saw appellant in possession of two firearms—one in his hand and one in

his waistband—at the time he shot S.B. She also testified that after appellant shot S.B.

32.
and exited the apartment she heard an additional shot being fired in the hallway. The

state elicited testimony from various forensic experts that established the five shell

casings discovered inside the apartment, and the shell casing found in the hallway just

outside the apartment, were fired from two firearms discovered in a yard a block away

from the incident approximately one month later. Detective Holland testified that

appellant was seen in possession of both of those firearms in a video created shortly

before the shooting. Detective Holland testified that appellant did not have any injuries

consistent with an altercation with S.B. He also testified that appellant never reported the

alleged robbery which ultimately led to the alleged altercation with S.B.

       {¶ 71} Appellant, in turn, testified that he acted in self-defense when he shot S.B.

following an altercation between them in the kitchen of the apartment. His testimony

relies solely on his own account of events since no one else witnessed the altercation. He

also testified that he only shot S.B. twice during the altercation and that he dropped the

only firearm he possessed at the time he exited the apartment.

       {¶ 72} Having reviewed the record, we find that the state introduced compelling

witness testimony and physical evidence which shows appellant intended to cause S.B.

physical harm when he shot him. Appellant’s own conduct—welcoming S.B. into the

studio, filming a video about not being afraid of threats made against him, sitting in the

living room entertaining Ra.H.’s children while he was supposedly afraid of being

assaulted by S.B.’s associate—is not consistent with an individual acting in self-defense.

33.
       {¶ 73} Essentially, appellant believes the jury should have found his testimony

more credible than the testimony and evidence introduced by the state, and found that he

acted in self-defense when he shot and killed S.B. The credibility of appellant’s

testimony is an issue for the jury to determine and we may only disturb the jury’s

assessment of his credibility “in the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs

heavily against the conviction.” Thompkins at 386. In light of the testimony and

evidence introduced by the state, and our own review of the evidence, we find that this is

not an “exceptional case” which warrants reversal. The jury’s verdict as to appellant’s

murder conviction was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶ 74} Appellant’s brief extends his manifest weight argument regarding his

claimed self-defense to his conviction for possession of a firearm while under a disability.

Appellant’s argument is without merit, however, because “self-defense is not available as

a defense to having weapons while under disability as a matter of law where an offender

possessed the weapon prior to the incident where alleged self-defense arises.” State v.

Martz, 163 Ohio App.3d 780, 2005-Ohio-5428, 840 N.E.2d 648, ¶ 41 (5th Dist.). By his

own admission, appellant possessed the firearms while making a video on his cell phone,

well before the altercation which he argues required his self-defense from S.B.

Therefore, appellant has failed to identify any basis on which his conviction for

possessing a weapon while under a disability was against the manifest weight of the

evidence.

34.
       {¶ 75} In sum, the jury’s verdict finding appellant guilty of murder and possessing

a weapon while under a disability was not against the manifest weight of the evidence

presented at trial. Appellant’s arguments are without merit and his fourth assignment of

error is found not well-taken.

                                     III. Conclusion

       {¶ 76} We find appellant’s first assignment of error well-taken and remand this

matter for resentencing. Our resolution of appellant’s first assignment of error renders

his second assignment of error moot. We find appellant’s third and fourth assignments of

error not well-taken. Therefore, we affirm, in part, and reverse, in part, the February 12,

2020 judgment of the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas.

       {¶ 77} Appellant and the state are ordered to split the costs of this appeal pursuant

to App.R. 24.

                                                                      Affirmed, in part, and
                                                                           reversed, in part.

35.
                                                                            State of Ohio
                                                                       v. Malcolm Walker
                                                                               L-20-1047

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27.
See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.

Mark L. Pietrykowski, J.                       ____________________________
                                                       JUDGE
Thomas J. Osowik, J.
                                               ____________________________
Myron C. Duhart, J.                                    JUDGE
CONCUR.
                                               ____________________________
                                                       JUDGE

       This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of
  Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported
       version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at:
                http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.

36.