Court Opinion

ID: 4686471
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-05-13 15:01:35.649899+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:04:33.614968
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS

                                           No. 19-3317

                                  HUGH D. COX, JR., APPELLANT,

                                                 V.

                                    DENIS MCDONOUGH,
                          SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.

                         On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals

(Argued March 16, 2021                                                      Decided May 12, 2021)

       Kenneth M. Carpenter, of Topeka, Kansas, for appellant.

       Omar Yousaf, with whom William A. Hudson, Jr., Principal Deputy General Counsel; Mary
Ann Flynn, Chief Counsel; and Sarah W. Fusina, Deputy Chief Counsel, all of Washington, D.C.,
were on the brief for appellee.

       Before ALLEN, TOTH, and FALVEY, Judges.

       ALLEN, Judge, filed the opinion of the Court. TOTH, Judge, filed a concurring opinion.

       ALLEN, Judge: This case is about attorney fees. But it's also a cautionary tale about the
consequences of one's choices. In its May 7, 2019, decision on appeal, the Board of Veterans'
Appeals denied appellant-attorney Hugh D. Cox any fee in connection with his representation of
his client, veteran Leroy Brinkley. Why such an apparently harsh result? The answer: Mr. Cox's
choices. Appellant first chose to enter into a contract with the veteran that eliminated appellant's
ability to obtain a fee in quantum meruit if the veteran discharged him for "good and adequate
cause." And second, in representing the veteran, appellant chose to act in a way that led the veteran
to discharge him. In the decision before us, the Board determined that the veteran had discharged
appellant for "good and adequate cause." And because the fee agreement appellant and the veteran
entered into precluded the recovery of fees in quantum meruit in that circumstance, the Board
concluded that no fee was due to appellant.
       Appellant raises a host of arguments, but he doesn't challenge the Board's central
conclusion that the veteran had "good and adequate cause" to terminate him. Nor does he contest
the validity of the agreement barring him from recovering fees in quantum meruit. Instead, he
essentially contends that the Board was powerless to enforce the terms of the agreement he
voluntarily entered into with his veteran-client. But, as we will explain, the Board acted well within
its authority, and did not otherwise err, when it relied on the contractual phrase "good and adequate
cause" to deny appellant any fee. In other words, the Board was empowered to hold appellant
accountable for the choices he made in representing the veteran. Therefore, and because none of
appellant's contentions have merit no matter how he frames them, we will affirm the Board
decision before us.

                                 I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
           In August 1996, the veteran retained appellant to represent him in an appeal from an April
1996 Board decision that denied reopening of a claim seeking service connection for a stomach
disorder.1 When the veteran retained appellant, they entered into a fee agreement,2 the first of three
such agreements into which they would enter over the next several years. Specifically, the veteran
and appellant entered in a second fee agreement in April 2000, and a third in April 2005.3 For
present purposes, all three agreements shared two important features. First, all agreements
provided for direct payment by VA to appellant of 20% of any past-due benefits recovered. 4
Second, all agreements addressed payment of fees for the work appellant did before termination,
if the veteran should discharge appellant. Specifically, each agreement provided that "[i]f the
Client discharges Attorney without good and adequate cause after the Attorney has fully
performed, substantially performed, or contributed in any way to the results finally obtained by
the Client, the Client shall be liable for payment of the Attorney's fees and expenses [in] quantum
meruit."5
           From 1996 to 2007, the veteran's claims moved up to the Court, down to the Agency, up
to the Court again, and back down to the Agency again. Appellant represented the veteran through

1
    Record (R.) at 8515-16. The specifics of the veteran's claims are not at issue or disputed in this case.
2
    Id.
3
    R. at 8076-78 (second agreement), 7148-50 (third agreement).
4
    R. at 8515 (first agreement), 8076 (second agreement), 7148-49 (third agreement).
5
 R. at 8515 (first agreement), 8077 (second agreement), 7148-50 (third agreement). "Quantum meruit" means "as
much as he deserves." Dobbs v. DePuy Orthopedics, Inc., 842 F.3d 1045, 1049 (7th Cir. 2016). It is "a claim or right
of action for the reasonable value of services rendered." United Pac. Ins. Co. v. United States, 464 F.3d 1325, 1329
(Fed. Cir. 2006) (quoting quantum meruit, BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 1276 (8th ed. 2004)).

                                                              2
much of that litigation. In April 1998, while the veteran's appeal remained pending before the
Court, appellant submitted a medical opinion in support of the veteran's claims.6 In a May 2000
memorandum decision, this Court vacated the Board's denial of the veteran's request to reopen his
claim for service connection for "psychophysiological gastrointestinal reaction" and remanded the
case.7 In February 2001, the Board likewise remanded the veteran's claim for compliance with the
Veterans Claims Assistance Act of 2000 and for readjudication of the request to reopen.8 In an
April 2003 Supplemental Statement of the Case, VA declined to reopen the veteran's claim.9 When
the claim returned to the Board, the Board denied it in a November 2004 decision.10 In March
2005, on the veteran's behalf, appellant appealed to this Court.11
           Apparently, while that appeal was pending at this Court, the veteran decided to change
representation. In August 2005, the veteran appointed Disabled American Veterans as his
representative.12
           Eventually, in a March 2007 memorandum decision, this Court remanded the matter yet
again.13 And in December 2007 the Board, in turn, remanded the veteran's claims.14
           As of April 2008, appellant still appeared to be under the impression that he was the
veteran's representative.15 That month, he sent a letter to VA notifying the Agency that the veteran
was scheduled for a hearing before a decision review officer and that the veteran would not attend
the hearing because he was "unable to travel this far without medical difficulties."16
           On November 29, 2009, the veteran informed appellant that he was terminating their
attorney-client relationship effective immediately, because appellant "rarely (if ever) return[ed]

6
    R. at 8311.
7
    R. at 8057-62.
8
    R. at 8011-25.
9
    R. at 7643-48.
10
     R. at 7281-7309.
11
     See R. at 6893 (listing appellant as counsel).
12
     R. at 7081.
13
     R. at 6890-93.
14
     R. at 6616-22.
15
  Though not directly relevant to our resolution of this appeal, we note that appellant apparently disregarded the
veteran's change of representation, and we find that disregard concerning. Indeed, appellant's disregard provides
additional support for the consequences flowing from how he has chosen to represent the veteran.
16
     R. at 6400-19.

                                                        3
[the veteran's] phone calls, and [appellant] . . . decline[d] [the veteran's] request for an in person
hearing . . . , after which [the veteran] received an unfavorable decision." 17 Additionally, the
veteran wrote that he "often receive[d] VA claim papers from [appellant] to complete, often
without [appellant's] assistance." 18 In February 2010, appellant withdrew as the veteran's
representative.19 The veteran informed VA that, effective November 2009, appellant no longer
served as his representative. 20 When, in April 2010, the Board sought to clarify the veteran's
representation, 21 the veteran reiterated the complaints from his November 2009 letter to
appellant.22 In November 2010, the veteran executed a VA Form 21-22, appointing the American
Legion as his representative. 23 The American Legion represented the veteran through the
remainder of his proceedings with VA.24
           After two more remand orders from the Board, one in 201125 and the other in 2012,26 in
July 2013 VA granted the veteran entitlement to "[s]ervice connection for depressive disorder,
NOS (claimed as depression with his[tory] of gastrointestinal reaction) . . . with an evaluation of
50[%] effective February 16, 1993," and entitlement to a total disability rating based on individual
unemployability (TDIU) effective October 17, 2001.27 The RO based its findings on a November
14, 2012, examination.28
           Our narrative now moves from the veteran's substantive claims to the ancillary issue of
attorney fees related to VA's resolution of those claims. In July 2013, VA determined that a valid
fee agreement between the veteran and appellant had existed and found that appellant was "eligible
for a direct payment of fees by VA of $58,586.30" (i.e., 20% of the award of benefits past due to

17
     R. at 6015.
18
     Id.
19
     R. at 5942.
20
     R. at 5940.
21
     R. at 5933-34.
22
     R. at 5926-27.
23
     R. at 5832.
24
     R. at 5765, 5077, 4199.
25
     R. at 5764-76 (July 2011 Board reopening and remand).
26
     5077-5110 (May 2012 SSOC).
27
     R. at 4199; see R. at 4197-4202.
28
     See R. at 4200.

                                                         4
the veteran).29 In August 2013, the veteran disagreed with the RO's fee decision,30 on the basis of
appellant's poor and neglectful conduct as his attorney, which the veteran detailed, and the veteran
asked that VA bar appellant from receiving fees for deficient work. 31 In a December 2013
Statement of the Case, VA continued the decision that the fee agreement was valid and that
appellant was entitled to $58,586.30. 32 That same month, the veteran appealed to the Board,
reiterating that appellant did not adequately represent him, and in March 2015, the Board provided
him a hearing, at which the veteran and his son repeated the bases for discharging appellant.33 In
a July 2015 decision, the Board concluded that the requirements for payment of attorney fees in
the amount of $58,568.30 had been met and that the fee was reasonable.34 The veteran appealed to
this Court, which, in a December 2017 memorandum decision, vacated the Board's July 2015
decision for failure to discuss the agreement's "good and adequate cause" provision and remanded
the matter to the Board for readjudication.35
            In the May 2019 decision on appeal, the Board reversed course and denied appellant any
fees; it found that pursuant to the contract terms appellant was not entitled to the recovery of fees
under quantum meruit because the veteran had discharged appellant for good and adequate cause.36
The Board found that (1) all three fee agreements were valid;37 (2) appellant was eligible for a fee
related to the grant of service connection for depressive disorder, NOS;38 and (3) appellant was
not eligible for a fee related to the award of TDIU because there was no final Board decision on
that issue. 39 Under the heading "Reasonableness," the Board walked through the regulatory
presumption of reasonableness, which provides that fees limited to 20% of back benefits are

29
     R. at 4169-71.
30
     R. at 4120-24.
31
     Id.
32
     R. at 3710-26.
33
     R. at 3400-01 (Form 9), 3024-59 (hearing).
34
     R. at 2993-3007.
35
     R. at 159-64.
36
     R. at 8-25.
37
     R. at 17.
38
     Id.
39
  R. at 18; 38 C.F.R. § 20.609(c)(1)(i) (2007); see 38 C.F.R. § 14.636(c)(3)(i) (2019); 38 C.F.R. § 14.636(c)(2)(i)
(2017).

                                                        5
reasonable; the Federal Circuit's holding in Scates v. Principi,40 including that the presumption
does not apply when an attorney is discharged; the Scates reasonableness factors; and the
regulatory reasonableness factors.41 The Board also noted this Court's remand instructions in the
December 2016 memorandum decision.42 And, after analyzing appellant's conduct in light of VA
regulations and appellant's State bar rules providing the standard of conduct for attorneys,43 the
Board concluded as a factual matter that the veteran had "good and adequate cause" for discharging
appellant, meaning he was not entitled to any fee under the contract between the veteran and
appellant.44 Thus, the Board found "a discussion as to whether the fees awarded were reasonable,
or what amount of fees is reasonable, . . . unnecessary."45 This appeal followed.

                                        II. PARTIES' ARGUMENTS
            Before we get into the specifics of the parties' arguments, we can offer some helpful context
by pointing out what we see as the parties' different legal premises. Otherwise, one could
understandably think the parties talk past each other at times.
            The legal premises concern the relationships among four concepts: (1) validity of a fee
agreement, (2) eligibility of an attorney for direct payment of fees, (3) entitlement of an attorney
to fees, and (4) reasonableness of fees. Appellant seems to start from one of two premises: either
that validity, eligibility, entitlement, and reasonableness are somehow all the same thing;46 or that
validity and eligibility were the only issues here and the inquiry ended when those requirements
were met.47 On the other hand, the Secretary seems to premise his arguments on the understanding
that the relevant inquiry comprises up to four distinct elements—validity, eligibility, entitlement,

40
     282 F.3d 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2002).
41
     R. at 18-19.
42
     R. at 19.
43
     R. at 19-23.
44
     R. at 19.
45
     Id.
46
   See Appellant's Brief (Br.) at 9-13 (seemingly referring to validity, eligibility, entitlement, and reasonableness
interchangeably); Secretary's Br. at 14 ("Throughout his brief, Appellant appears to conflate the separate and distinct
concepts of validity of, eligibility for, entitlement to, and reasonableness of, a fee agreement ….").
47
     Appellant's Br. at 25-26.

                                                          6
and reasonableness—and that the analysis proceeds in that order. 48 If VA finds no validity,
eligibility, or entitlement, he seems to say, then the inquiry is over and no direct payment of a fee
is due without regard to reasonableness. Neither party, however, grounds his legal premise in
existing law.
            Now for the specifics. Appellant puts forth a number of theories about how the Board
exceeded its authority or otherwise erred when it denied him direct payment of any fee. First, he
argues that the scope of this Court's 2017 remand was narrow, limited to the question whether the
veteran had good cause to discharge appellant, and that therefore the Board erred as a matter of
law because it exceeded its authority when it revisited its 2015 decision's findings that had favored
appellant.49 Appellant further asserts that the Board's 2015 conclusions regarding the agreements'
validity and appellant's entitlement are "res judicata" or the "law of the case."50 Second, appellant
argues that the Board misapplied 38 U.S.C. § 5904(d) when it concluded that appellant was not
eligible for a fee based on the TDIU award and grant of service connection for depressive disorder,
NOS, because TDIU is not a stand-alone claim.51 Third, appellant argues that the Board lacked
subject matter jurisdiction over the issue of reasonableness of appellant's fee because neither the
veteran nor Office of General Counsel (OGC) sought review of that issue under 38 C.F.R. § 14.636
and thus OGC made no reasonableness determination in the first instance for the Board to review.52
Fourth, appellant argues that the Board erred as a matter of law when it failed to apply the
mandatory presumption of reasonableness for a 20% fee under 38 C.F.R. §§ 14.636(f) and
20.609(f) (2000), the law extant when the fee agreements were executed.53 Fifth, related to the
fourth argument, appellant argues that the Board erred when it relied on dicta in Scates v. Principi,
which improperly interpreted the terms of the parties' fee agreement to reach its holding and
exceeded the Federal Circuit's jurisdiction.54 Sixth, appellant argues that the Board erred as a
matter of law by exceeding its authority under 38 U.S.C. § 5904(c)(3)(A) when it denied, rather

48
     Secretary's Br. at 14.
49
     Appellant's Br. at 9-13.
50
     Id. at 12-13.
51
     Id. at 13-14.
52
     Id. at 14-16.
53
     Id. at 16-17.
54
     Id. at 17-23.

                                                 7
than reduced, the unreasonable fee.55 Seventh, appellant argues that the Board erred when it failed
to discuss reasonableness.56 All in all, appellant's bottom line is, because the Board found the
agreements valid in its 2015 decision, the inquiry is over; he is entitled to fees.57
            What appellant does not argue is just as important as what he does. Appellant does not
argue that the Board's "good and adequate cause" determination was wrong.
            For his part, the Secretary makes a few overarching points. He insists that appellant's
hyperbolic arguments only serve to distract this Court from "the simple issue of whether appellant
is entitled to fees under the clear and binding terms of the contract he executed."58 The Secretary
argues that, because appellant presents no argument about his entitlement to attorney fees and fails
to argue that the Board erred at all as to entitlement (much less clearly erred), appellant failed to
                                                            59
meet his burden to demonstrate error on appeal.                  Further, he argues that appellant's
reasonableness arguments are of no moment because the Board found that a discussion of
reasonableness was unnecessary given its no-entitlement finding. The Secretary points out that
appellant improperly conflates the concepts of validity, eligibility, entitlement, and
reasonableness, and ignores the Board's no-entitlement finding.
            Beyond those points, the Secretary also responds to each of appellant's specific arguments
in turn. First, the Board properly adjudicated the previously "ignored" issue of entitlement, fully
complying with the terms of the Court's 2017 remand and fulfilling reasons-or-bases requirements.
Contrary to appellant's assertions, the Board found the agreements valid and appellant eligible for
an award but not entitled to one because he was discharged for "good and adequate cause." The
Board did not reach reasonableness.60 Second, appellant's TDIU-finality argument is inapposite
and another "red herring."61 No matter what else, appellant is not entitled to a fee. Third, the Board
did not address reasonableness; its subject matter jurisdiction to address that issue is irrelevant.62

55
     Id. at 23.
56
     Id. at 24-25.
57
     Id. at 25-26.
58
     Secretary's Br. at 12.
59
     Id. at 13.
60
     Id. at 15-19.
61
     Id. at 19-20.
62
     Id. at 20-21.

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The Secretary also notes several self-contradicting statements in appellant's brief.63 Fourth and
fifth, the Board did not analyze reasonableness. Though the Board set out the Scates factors, it
ultimately concluded that application of those factors was unnecessary. Thus, appellant's fourth
and fifth arguments are irrelevant, nothing more than two additional red herrings.64 Sixth, the
Board did not deny fees based on 38 U.S.C. § 5904(c)(3)(A); rather, the Board denied fees based
on the contract's express terms. And the issue is not the correct amount of fees; it is entitlement to
any fees.65 Seventh, the Board found that a discussion of reasonableness was unnecessary given
its no-entitlement finding.
            Now that we know why we are here, we will roll up our sleeves and turn to the task at hand.

                                             III. ANALYSIS
            The parties' arguments suggest that the legal landscape is a bit misty; we agree to some
extent. But the fog that may be present ultimately does not obscure the correctness of the Board's
decision. We recognize that the decisions from our Court and the Federal Circuit have, at times,
not offered the clarity needed to see though the mist. That is understandable in some sense. After
all, a court will decide the case before it, sometimes not paying the requisite attention to the so-
called "big picture." With respect to attorney fees, and as the parties recognize, that "big picture"
requires consideration of four concepts: the validity of a fee agreement; the eligibility of counsel
for a fee; counsel's entitlement to a fee in a given situation; and, finally, the reasonableness of any
fee that is ultimately awarded. We believe it will be helpful both in this case and more generally
to consider how these distinct, but interrelated, concepts apply. So, we begin by explaining the
statutory and regulatory structure concerning the award of attorney fees, paying particular attention
to these four concepts, as well as to the particularly germane judicial decisions on this topic. We
then turn to the facts we have before us, explaining why the Board's decision is correct and none
of appellant's arguments have merit.
                              A. The Statutory and Regulatory Framework
            Well-established principles govern how we determine the meaning of statutes and
regulations. Statutory and regulatory interpretation are pure question of law that the Court reviews

63
     Id. at 20 & n.2, 22.
64
     Id. at 21-24.
65
     Id. at 24-26.

                                                     9
de novo.66 We look to the plain meaning of statutes and regulations and, when there is a plain
meaning, our job is simply to apply it.67 But we do not read statutory and regulatory provisions in
isolation. Instead, we interpret them in the context of the statutory and regulatory scheme as a
whole. 68 With these principles in mind, we now turn to the statutory and regulatory scheme
concerning an award of attorney fees under direct-payment fee agreements before VA. And we do
so with special attention to the four critical concepts we discussed above: validity, eligibility,
entitlement, and reasonableness.
           While they agree on little else, the parties are on common ground that the controlling statute
in this appeal is 38 U.S.C. § 5904, and that is where we will begin. Section 5904 concerns
"[r]ecognition of agents and attorneys generally." Among other things, section 5904 provides for
the possibility of direct "[p]ayment of fees out of past-due benefits": "When a claimant and an . . .
attorney have entered into a [qualifying] fee agreement . . . , the total fee payable to the . . . attorney
may not exceed 20 percent of the total amount of any past-due benefits awarded on the basis of
the claim."69 A qualifying fee agreement must provide that the attorney's fee "(i) is to be paid to
the . . . attorney by the Secretary directly from any past-due benefits awarded on the basis of the
claim; and (ii) is contingent on whether or not the matter is resolved in a manner favorable to the
claimant."70
           Section 5904 never uses the words "validity," "eligibility," or "entitlement," or any
variations of these words. Section 5904 does, however, use the word "reasonable" and variations
of it.
           In terms of reasonableness, section 5904 provides some helpful initial guidance. Congress
expressly delegated responsibility to the Secretary to regulate how much an attorney can charge

66
  See Saunders v. Wilkie, 886 F.3d 1356, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (statutory interpretation); Langdon v. Wilkie,
32 Vet.App. 291, 296 (2020) (regulatory interpretation).
67
  Frederick v. Shinseki, 684 F.3d 1263, 1269 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (statutes); Tropf v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 317, 320
(2006) (quoting Brown v. Gardner, 513 U.S. 115, 120 (1994)) (regulations); see also Kisor v. Wilkie, __ U.S. ___,
___, 139 S. Ct. 2400, 2415 (2019); Artis v. District of Columbia, __ U.S. __, __, 138 S. Ct. 594, 603 (2018) (quoting
Moskal v. United States, 498 U.S. 103, 108 (1990)); Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S.
837, 842-43 (1984).
68
   Hornick v. Shinseki, 24 Vet.App. 50, 52 (2010) (statutes); King v. Shinseki, 26 Vet.App. 484, 488 (2014)
(regulations); see King v. St. Vincent's Hosp., 502 U.S. 215, 221 (1991) (articulating same general principles); Imazio
Nursing, Inc. v. Dania Greenhouses, 69 F.3d 1560, 1564 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (same).
69
     38 U.S.C. § 5904(d), (d)(1).
70
     § 5904(d)(2)(A).

                                                         10
for representation in particular cases: "The Secretary may prescribe in regulations reasonable
restrictions on the amount of fees that an . . . attorney may charge a claimant for services rendered
in the preparation, presentation, and prosecution of a claim before the Department."71 Congress
also specified that "[a] fee that does not exceed 20 percent of the past due amount of benefits
awarded on a claim shall be presumed to be reasonable," 72 (i.e., what appellant calls the
"mandatory" presumption of reasonableness73). Finally, "[t]he Secretary may, upon the Secretary's
own motion or at the request of the claimant, review a fee agreement . . . and may order a reduction
in the fee called for in the agreement if the Secretary finds that the fee is excessive or
unreasonable."74
           The statute leaves us wanting for a comprehensive understanding of the relationships
among validity, eligibility, entitlement, and reasonableness. But the Agency shed more light on
the nature of the relationships through the regulations that Congress directed the Agency to adopt,
38 C.F.R. § 20.609 (2007) and § 14.636 (2008-present).
           But before explaining how the regulations provide guidance about the question we face,
we must confront a preliminary question. Namely, which of the two potentially applicable
regulations applies to appellant's appeal: § 20.609 or § 14.636. Otherwise, our analysis could get
confusing. The Board concluded that § 20.609 controls, because all three fee agreements in this
case were executed before § 14.636's effective date, June 23, 2008.75 Yet appellant says § 14.636
governs, although he doesn't explain in any depth why that might be so.76 The Board was correct.
Section 20.609 clearly controls based on the effective date of that regulation. Appellant does not
contest that all three fee agreements were executed before the regulation's effective date. And he
doesn't mount any developed argument about why VA's specification of that effective date is
unlawful.77 So, § 20.609, together with § 5904, provides the analytical framework that applies

71
     § 5904(a)(5).
72
     Id.
73
     Appellant's Br. at 16.
74
     § 5904(c)(3)(A).
75
  R. at 16; Accreditation of Agents and Attorneys; Agent and Attorney Fees, 73 Fed. Reg. 29,852-01, 29,866 (May
22, 2008) (explaining the changes to the prior regulation, § 20.609, and providing the effective date for the changes).
76
     See Appellant's Br. at 14-16.
77
  See Locklear v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 410, 416 (2006) (declining to evaluate an underdeveloped claim for service
connection (citing U.S. VET. APP. R. 28(a)(5) (providing that an appellant's brief must contain "an argument… and
the reasons for [it], with citations to the authorities … relied on"))).

                                                         11
here. But that is not to say that § 14.636 has no use, though it does not control. As we explain,
§ 14.636 provides context to and aids our understanding of § 20.609.
            Alone, § 20.609 may still have left us with questions about the relationships among
validity, eligibility, entitlement, and reasonableness. But reading § 20.609 along with § 14.636 for
context, we better understand the analytical framework. Like section 5904, § 20.609 uses only the
word "reasonable" and no other labels to demarcate the rest of the framework. But § 20.609 does
flesh out the framework, creating substantive requirements that the Secretary later carried over to
§ 14.636 and labeled "valid," "eligible," and "reasonable."78 So, with the benefit of § 14.636's
clarifications, we understand § 20.609 to provide for a potentially three-pronged fee inquiry:
validity, eligibility, and reasonableness. Now we examine each prong in more detail.
            So first, validity of the fee agreement.79 Section 20.609 requires (among other things) that,
to be valid, a fee agreement must include "[t]he specific terms under which the amount to be paid
for the services of the attorney-at-law or agent will be determined."80
            Next is eligibility. 81 The text provides that eligibility, like validity, comprises a finite,
enumerated list of requirements. Indeed, VA clarified, in § 14.636, that an eligibility analysis is
restricted to the requirements of paragraph (c).82
                                                                                                        83
            Only one textually provided requirement remains: reasonableness of the fee.
Reasonableness concerns the relationship between the amount of the fee and the attorney's
representation under the facts and circumstances of a case. Section 20.609(i) provides that the
Board has the authority to consider reasonableness in the first instance in this case, and may do so

78
     Compare § 20.609(b)-(d), (e), (g), with § 14.636(b)-(d), (e), (g) (2008).
79
     § 20.609(g); see also § 14.636(g)(1) (2019).
80
     § 20.609(g); see also § 14.636(g)(1)(v) (2019).
81
     § 20.609(b)-(d); see also § 14.636(b)-(d) (2019).
82
     § 14.636(c)(4), (i) (2019).
83
     § 20.609(e)-(f); see also § 14.636(e)-(f) (2019).

                                                             12
sua sponte.84 And, equally important here, § 20.609(e) sets out a nonexhaustive list of factors
"considered in determining whether fees are reasonable."85
           Because § 20.609(e)'s enumerated factor list for reasonableness is nonexhaustive, "the
Board may consider not only the statutory and regulatory requirements . . . but . . . also . . . other
factors pertinent to the specific circumstances of the case."86 For example, both the model and state
bar rules of professional conduct can inform a reasonableness analysis. 87 Note also that the
Secretary has promulgated § 14.632, which "establishes standards of conduct applicable to all
persons authorized to represent claimants before VA"88 and requires consideration of State bar
rules of conduct.89
           Take another example that looms large in this case. Effective February 19, 2019, VA added
a ninth factor to § 14.636(e): "if applicable, the reasons why an agent or attorney was discharged
or withdrew from representation before the date of the decision awarding benefits." 90 The
regulatory history for this factor reveals that this change served "to clarify a claimant's continuing
obligations with regard to fees"91 and affirm the reasoning of Scates,92 in which the Federal Circuit

84
   Section 20.609(i) states: "The Board of Veterans' Appeals may review a fee agreement between a claimant or
appellant and an attorney-at-law . . . upon its own motion or upon the motion of any party to the agreement and may
order a reduction in the fee called for in the agreement if it finds that the fee is excessive or unreasonable in light of
the standards set forth in paragraph (e) of this section." (emphasis added); see also § 5904(c)(3)(A). There is no need
to overthink the phrase "upon its own motion"; it does not require the Board to file some kind of literal motion separate
from its decision. See Oral Argument at 11:10-15:45, Cox v. McDonough, U.S. Vet. App. No. 19-3317 (oral argument
held Mar. 16, 2021), http://www.uscourts.cavc.gov/oral_arguments_audio.php. That is just another way of saying that
the Board can consider reasonableness sua sponte. Sua sponte, BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY (11th ed. 2019) (meaning
"[w]ithout prompting or suggestion; on its own motion"). A party need not raise the issue.
85
     See also § 14.636(e) (2019).
86
  Cornell v. McDonald, 28 Vet.App. 297, 304 (2016), aff'd sub nom. Cornell v. Wilkie, 718 F. App'x 972 (Fed. Cir.
2018); see also Bly v. McDonald, 28 Vet.App. 256, 264 (2016), vacated on other grounds sub nom. Bly v. Shulkin,
883 F.3d 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2018); Lippman v. Nicholson, 21 Vet.App. 184, 190 (2007) ("limited to a reasonable fee
under the circumstances of the case").
87
 Cornell, 28 Vet.App. at 304 (citing both the Model Rules of Professional Conduct and Illinois Rules of Professional
Conduct because the attorney in that case was an Illinois bar member).
88
     73 Fed. Reg. 29,866.
89
     38 C.F.R. § 14.632(d) (2019).
90
     § 14.636(e)(9) (2019).
91
  VA Claims and Appeals Modernization, 84 Fed. Reg. 138, 151 (Jan. 18, 2019) (emphasis added). This choice of
wording is important, because it indicates that the intention was not to create a new factor to consider in all cases
going forward, but to incorporate certain factors that had developed at common law. See Bly, 28 Vet.App. at 264
("Caselaw is clear that in reviewing fees for reasonableness, the Secretary may consider not only the factors set forth
in 38 C.F.R. § 14.636(e) but also other factors pertinent to the specific circumstances of the case.").
92
     84 Fed. Reg. 151.

                                                           13
determined that the reason for attorney discharge was a proper consideration in a reasonableness
analysis.93 We will discuss Scates in more detail shortly.
            Note, though, that nowhere does the statute or regulation use "entitlement," or variations
of it. As a textual matter, entitlement is not its own freestanding requirement.
            And yet caselaw sometimes speaks in terms of and references "entitlement" in fee
analyses.94 However confusing at times, though, our caselaw never suggests a fourth prong to the
regulatory framework; indeed, our caselaw supports the three-pronged framework we already
covered.95 As does the Federal Circuit's decision in Scates, which also helps us better understand
how the concept of "entitlement" fits into the equation.96
            In Scates, an attorney, who had represented a veteran in a benefits claim before VA but
whose representation the veteran had terminated during the proceedings, sought direct payment of
20% of past-due benefits that VA had awarded the veteran. 97 The Federal Circuit considered
"which component of the Department—the Board . . . or the Regional Office—should decide
initially the lawyer's claim."98 In the decision on appeal to the Federal Circuit, this Court sitting en
banc held that the RO must first address "'all issues involving entitlement or eligibility for attorney
fees under direct-payment contingency-fee agreements, as contrasted with the issues of

93
     Scates, 282 F.3d at 1368.
94
  See, e.g., Scates v. Gober, 14 Vet.App. 62, 64 (2000) (en banc) ("Because we read Cox as holding that the Board
does not have original jurisdiction to consider under section 5904(c)(2) any issues regarding entitlement to attorney
fees in direct-payment cases, we hold that all issues involving entitlement or eligibility for attorney fees under direct-
payment contingency-fee agreements, as contrasted with the issues of reasonableness and excessiveness, must first be
addressed by the RO [regional office] in accordance with the normal adjudication procedures and cannot be the subject
of sua sponte or other original (on motion) BVA [Board of Veterans' Appeals] review.") (mentioning only eligibility,
not entitlement, in the actual order), aff'd as modified sub nom. Scates v. Principi, 282 F.3d 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2002)
(modifying this en banc Court's remand order because of the entitlement-versus-reasonableness distinction but failing
to define the relationships clearly).
95
   Cornell, 28 Vet.App. 304 ("By February 2013, Ms. Cornell had physical possession of the money and the issue was
not only eligibility to receive the fees but also reasonableness in retaining the fees paid to her."); Lippman, 21 Vet.App.
at 190 ("When an attorney representation contract is terminated but the attorney claims entitlement to a portion of the
past-due benefits awarded, the RO should evaluate whether he or she is 'eligible' to collect the fee, and then, upon
objection of either party or on the Board's own initiative, the Board may review the fee for reasonableness using the
factors set out in Scates and § 20.609(e)."); Stanley v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 356, 361 (2002) (per curiam) ("Thus, the
Court holds that all issues involving eligibility for attorney fees under non-direct-payment fee agreements, as
contrasted with the issues of reasonableness and excessiveness, must first be addressed by the RO in accordance with
the normal adjudication procedures and cannot be the subject of original BVA review.").
96
     282 F.3d 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2002).
97
     Id. at 1363.
98
     Id.

                                                           14
reasonableness and excessiveness,'" which the Board could address in the first instance.99 Because
this Court concluded that the issue was one of eligibility or entitlement, not reasonableness, and
that the Board had decided the issue in the first instance, the Court vacated the Board decision and
remanded the matter for the RO to adjudicate the claim.100 The Federal Circuit modified this
Court's remand order and affirmed it as modified.101
            To get there, first the Federal Circuit read the agreement in context and in light of the
applicable statutory provisions and their history, and concluded that "an attorney discharged during
the case is entitled only to a fee reflecting his contribution to the litigation."102 Then the Federal
Circuit turned to the question of which entity determines the amount of the fee.103 The Federal
Circuit explained that, though the Board is primarily an entity with appellate jurisdiction, it did
have original jurisdiction to review direct-payment contingency-fee agreements for
reasonableness.104 And the Federal Circuit reasoned that "[t]he line between (1) entitlement to and
(2) reasonableness and excessiveness of attorney fees may not be as clear and bright as the
Veterans Court believed," explaining how an issue could be framed as one of entitlement or
reasonableness.105
            Ultimately, though, in Scates, the Federal Circuit did not "decide whether the Board would
have jurisdiction over the attorney's claim under § 5904(c)(2)."106 Instead, the Federal Circuit
concluded that it could sustain the decision on appeal "on an alternative ground: that on the
particular facts of this case, the Regional Office was the appropriate agency initially to decide [the
attorney's] attorney fee claim."107 The Federal Circuit identified "a number of factually-oriented
issues" that the RO might need to resolve, as the entity "better qualified" to do so.108 Finally, the
Federal Circuit noted that "[o]rdinarily state law controls the attorney-client relationship" but that

99
     Id. at 1364.
100
      Id. at 1364-65.
101
      Id. at 1363.
102
      Id. at 1365-66.
103
      Id. at 1366.
104
      Id. at 1366-67.
105
      Id. at 1367.
106
      Id. at 1368.
107
      Id.
108
      Id. at 1368-69.

                                                   15
here, "a federal statute provides for and governs" direct-payment contingent-fee agreements, so
"[i]n that situation, should not federal rather than state law govern those aspects of the
relationship?"109
            Having covered the law that guides our analysis, we now turn to its application to this case.
                                                B. Application
            In the decision on appeal, the Board concluded that appellant was "not entitled to any fees"
because it found that the veteran had discharged appellant for "good and adequate cause" under
the terms of the fee agreement, and that "[t]herefore, a discussion as to whether the fees awarded
were unreasonable, or what amount of fees is reasonable, is unnecessary." 110 The question is
whether the Board exceeded its authority, or otherwise erred, when it denied appellant any fee
based on the contract term. We conclude that it did not. The Board had authority to consider the
contract term, as well as appellant's conduct, and did not err in its analysis. Taken in context, the
Board's no-entitlement finding fits within § 20.609's textual framework, here, as a threshold
consideration—if not part and parcel111—of its reasonableness inquiry.
            We stress that we are not holding that anytime anyone uses the word "entitled" or
"entitlement" in a fee analysis, he or she necessarily does so in the context of reasonableness. In
fact, we acknowledge that in the very Board decision at issue here, the Board summarized another
finding—that appellant was ineligible for a fee related to the TDIU award—by saying that
appellant was "not entitled to attorneys fees" because there was no final Board decision on that
issue.112 The bottom line is, context is key. These sorts of inartful substitutions of "entitlement" or
"entitled" for the regulatory terms of art apparently creates confusion and, here, in part gave rise
to this appeal. We hope this opinion clears up any confusion and leads to more precise word choice.
            Now back to how the Board's reasoning accords with law. As an initial point, no one
disputes the agreement's validity or appellant's eligibility for a fee, and the Board found the
agreement valid and the appellant eligible for a fee. Nevertheless, we mention validity and
eligibility because they provide important context for our conclusion that the Board neither

109
      Id. at 1369-70.
110
      R. at 19.
111
   See Scates, 282 F.3d at 1367 (suggesting to some extent that entitlement and reasonableness could be one in the
same).
112
      R. at 18.

                                                       16
exceeded its authority nor erred. Starting with validity, it would be odd for § 20.609 to require
inclusion of "[t]he specific terms under which the amount to be paid for the services of the attorney-
at-law or agent will be determined"113 if VA could never consider such terms in its fee analysis as
a matter of law. It follows that at least one VA entity could consider them. The questions become
which one, under what circumstances, and at what point in the rest of the inquiry.
           A look at eligibility narrows down the answers. Basically, an attorney is eligible for direct
payment if he checks all the boxes on the statutory and regulatory checklist; eligibility is not
subject to some additional, extratextual factor, say, a unique contract term. So, neither VA nor a
court can import an extratextual eligibility requirement, or properly conclude, for example, that an
attorney is not "eligible" for a fee by virtue of a unique contract term because that consideration is
beyond the textual eligibility requirements.
           On the other hand, we know that the reasonableness inquiry is based on a nonexhaustive
factor list and that "the Board may consider not only the statutory and regulatory requirements . . .
but . . . also . . . other factors pertinent to the specific circumstances of the case."114 Imagine the
reasonableness inquiry as a dimmer switch. The amount of light is the amount of the fee. The facts
and circumstances of the case move the switch, controlling the fee amount. Suppose the facts and
circumstances, such as the "good and adequate cause" discharge and contract term in this case,
raise the question whether an attorney should receive any fee at all (i.e., whether the attorney is
entitled to any fee), for a reason apart from the enumerated validity and eligibility requirements.
A denial of any fee, as here, is the equivalent of sliding the dimmer switch fully off.115 Because
reasonableness is such an inclusive, facts-and-circumstances inquiry, we conclude that the Board
had authority to consider the "good and adequate cause" term of the parties' agreement and its
application to appellant's conduct while he represented the veteran.
           What's more, though § 14.636 does not apply here, we underscore that the reason for
attorney discharge is now listed as a reasonableness factor in § 14.636(e)(9). This later regulatory

113
      § 20.609(g); see also § 14.636(g)(1)(v) (2019).
114
   Cornell, 28 Vet.App. at 304; see also Bly, 28 Vet.App. at 264; Lippman, 21 Vet.App. at 190 ("limited to a
reasonable fee under the circumstances of the case").
115
   This metaphor is consistent with Scates's holding. Essential to the Federal Circuit's modification of this Court's
remand order in Scates was the Federal Circuit's criticism of this en banc Court's holding that entitlement was (1)
distinct from reasonableness and (2) folded into an eligibility analysis. 282 F.3d at 1367 (explaining how "[t]he line
between . . . entitlement to and . . . reasonableness and excessiveness of attorney fees may not be as clear and bright
as the Veterans Court believed").

                                                         17
history supports our conclusion about the scope of the Board's authority in § 20.609. If § 14.636
applied, VA could consider the reason for discharge, even if the parties had not contracted to
condition fees on discharge circumstances.
            But they did. And, given the facts-and-circumstances nature of the reasonableness analysis,
we see no principled reason to conclude that the Board could not base denial of any fee, as it did,
on the parties' all-or-nothing contract term. After all, that was their choice. Nor does appellant cite
any law that provides a principled reason to ignore this choice. Therefore, we hold that the Board
acted within its authority when it denied appellant any fee based on the "good and adequate cause"
discharge and contract term.116
            Further, with the law clarified, and with context, we can see that the Board built its reasons
for denial on a strong foundation in controlling law. Under the heading "Reasonableness," the
Board cited all the controlling law: the presumption of reasonableness, Scates's holding that the
presumption does not apply when an attorney is discharged, the Scates reasonableness factors, and
regulatory reasonableness factors. 117 Again, the Board properly considered the all-or-nothing
contract term as a unique fact or circumstance of the case at hand.118 The Board properly consulted
VA regulations and appellant's State bar rules to describe the standard of conduct that applied to
that contract term. 119 After thoroughly discussing how appellant's conduct failed to meet the
standard, the Board concluded that appellant was discharged for "good and adequate cause,"
meaning he was not entitled to any fee under the contract. In other words, the Board merely
enforced the parties' agreement, and slid the dimmer switch completely off (i.e., finding no
entitlement to any fee).
            What, then, to do with the Board's statement that "a discussion as to whether the fees
awarded were reasonable, or what amount of fees is reasonable, is unnecessary"?120 We understand
the Board's statement to mean simply that there was no need to conduct a cookie-cutter

116
   This case is also distinguishable from Scates in that, here, the entitlement/reasonableness issue does not involve
thorny factual disputes perhaps more properly resolved by an agency of original jurisdiction. Scates, 282 F.3d at 1368-
69. Appellant raises no arguments about the facts underlying the Board's "good and adequate cause" determination.
Therefore, as a matter of law, the Board was fully empowered to decide the issue.
117
      R. at 18-19.
118
      Cornell, 28 Vet.App. at 304; see § 20.609(e) (2007) (listing nonexhaustive factors).
119
      R. at 19-23; 38 C.F.R. § 14.632(d) (2019); Cornell, 28 Vet.App. at 304.
120
      R. at 19.

                                                            18
reasonableness inquiry because, in this unique case, the "good and adequate cause" discharge and
contract term ended the inquiry. In other words, appellant's choices led to the result that no fee was
reasonable, a finding that can equally be stated in terms that appellant was not entitled to a fee.
            Again, it's worth noting that appellant makes no argument about the substance of the
Board's finding that the veteran had "good and adequate cause" to discharge appellant under his
and appellant's agreement. Therefore, appellant has forfeited any such argument.121 But we note
that even were we to review the Board's determination on this matter, it is not clearly wrong.
Indeed, it's demonstrably correct. Appellant certainly did not provide the kind of representation
and client communication one would expect of a prudent lawyer.
            Our foregoing analysis lets us make quick work of appellant's reasonableness arguments.
First is the argument that the Board lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the issue of
reasonableness of appellant's fee because neither the veteran nor OGC sought review of that issue
under 38 C.F.R. § 14.636, and thus OGC made no reasonableness determination in the first
instance for the Board to review.122 This argument wrongly assumes that § 14.636 controls—when
it does not. As we previously discussed,123 § 20.609 controls and clearly provides that the Board
has original jurisdiction over the reasonableness issue.
            Next, the argument that the Board erred as a matter of law when it failed to apply the
mandatory presumption of reasonableness for a 20% fee.124 Any failure by the Board to apply the
"mandatory" presumption of reasonableness for a 20% fee was not error because, at most, a
presumption is just that—a presumption.125 And the Board clearly, if implicitly, decided that the
facts and circumstances of this case rebutted any presumption. What's more, in practice the
presumption seems to have less bite than appellant suggests.126

121
   See DeLisio v. Shinseki, 25 Vet.App. 45, 47 (2011) (Court's disposition of case addressed only those portions of
the Board decision argued on appeal).
122
      Appellant's Br. at 14-16.
123
      Supra discussion p. 11.
124
      Appellant's Br. at 16-17; see §§ 14.636(f), 20.609(f).
125
    Bly, 28 Vet.App. at 264 (noting "the Court has noted that many veterans could be deprived of rightful benefits if
the Court allowed all attorneys, without regard to individual circumstance, to collect a full 20% of past-due benefits."
(citing Lippman v. Shinseki, 23 Vet.App. 243, 253-54 (2009))); see also Scates, 282 F.3d at 1366 ("[A]n attorney with
a contingent fee contract for payment of twenty percent of accrued veterans benefits awarded, discharged by the client
before the case is completed, is not automatically entitled to the full twenty percent fee.").
126
      § 20.609(f); see also § 14.636(f) (2019); 73 Fed. Reg. 29,869. This provision of the Federal Register provides:
            Section 14.636(f) implements the statutory presumption that fees that do not exceed 20 percent of

                                                               19
            Next is appellant's argument that the Board erred in relying on dicta in Scates.127 Any
reliance by the Board on dicta did not constitute error, much less reversible error, because the
Board's reasonableness analysis was otherwise proper and is supported by other sources.128 In
short, appellant has not demonstrated that any error (and we don't think there is any error)
prejudiced him. That is fatal to his argument.129
            Turning to appellant's next argument, the Board did not exceed its authority, or err as a
matter of law, when it denied, rather than reduced, the unreasonable fee.130 Nothing in statute,
regulation, or caselaw precludes the Board from awarding no fee. Section 5904 imposes no floor
on "a reduction in the fee called for in the agreement if the Secretary finds that the fee is excessive
or unreasonable."131 Stated differently, there are times—and this is one of them—where the only
"reasonable" fee is $0.
            Last is appellant's argument that the Board erred by failing to discuss reasonableness.132
As we have already discussed, one could in fact fairly call what the Board did here a reasonableness
analysis. And we see no law that requires more discussion than what the Board provided. Having
said that, in the future there may well be a case where an attorney is discharged for cause, yet the
parties did not agree to a "good and adequate cause" term like the one in this case. Such a case
may call for further discussion of additional reasonableness factors. But that is not the case before
us because appellant's contractual choice negated the need for any further discussion.

            past-due benefits awarded are reasonable. We interpret these [presumption] provisions to mean that
            VA is not required to initiate the review of a fee that is less than or equal to 20 percent of past-due
            benefits awarded, and that any fee in excess of 20 percent does not benefit from the presumption
            and is subject to review by OGC on its own motion.
 (emphasis added). Scates also seems to suggest, if implicitly, that the presumption does not weigh heavily if
something has raised a question about reasonableness. See 282 F.3d at 1365-69.
127
      Appellant's Br. at 17-23.
128
  See Butts v. McDonald, 28 Vet.App. 74, 80 (2016) (citing DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. United States, 361 F.3d 1378,
1385 n.3 (Fed.Cir. 2004) ("Dicta or not, the Federal Circuit's considered view on a matter is entitled to deference.")).
129
    See 38 U.S.C. § 7261(b)(2) (requiring the Court to "take due account of the rule of prejudicial error"); Shinseki v.
Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 409 (2009) (holding that the harmless-error analysis applies to the Court's review of Board
decisions and that the burden is on the appellant to show that he or she suffered prejudice as a result of VA error).
130
      Appellant's Br. at 23.
131
      § 5904(c)(3)(A).
132
      Appellant's Br. at 25-26.

                                                             20
            As much as we have covered so far, we still have two more arguments to address. Appellant
made a complicated argument (which we described earlier 133 ), conflating validity, eligibility,
entitlement, and reasonableness,134 and involving three legal principles: res judicata, the law of the
case doctrine, and the prohibition on reversing favorable findings.135 But none of those principles
carries the day for appellant. Neither res judicata nor the law of the case doctrine barred the Board
decision on appeal, and neither the Court nor the Board unlawfully disturbed a favorable finding.
            Res judicata, or claim preclusion, "ensures that a litigant may have his or her day in [c]ourt,
but not two or three."136 "Principles of finality and res judicata apply to agency decisions that have
not been appealed and have become final."137 Claims become final when a veteran fails to appeal
an RO decision within the relevant period.138 The 2015 Board decision was not final, because the
veteran filed a timely appeal to this Court. Therefore, res judicata barred nothing here.
            The law of the case doctrine "operates to preclude reconsideration of identical issues" when
an appellate court makes a determination, the court remands the case, and then the case returns to
the appellate court.139 "The purpose of the doctrine is to foreclose relitigation of a question once
considered and decided by an appellate court where the same case is once again before it upon a
subsequent appeal."140 That doctrine does not apply to the Board's legal conclusions, at least not
when, as here, the veteran previously appealed those conclusions and this Court vacated them and
remanded the matter.141
            And, in Medrano v. Nicholson,142 this Court held that it is "not permitted to reverse findings
of fact favorable to a claimant made by the Board pursuant to its statutory authority."143 But it

133
      Supra discussion p. 7.
134
      See Appellant's Br. at 9-13 (referring to validity, eligibility, entitlement, and reasonableness interchangeably).
135
      Id.
136
      Bissonnette v. Principi, 18 Vet.App. 105, 112 (2004).
137
      Id.
138
      Cook v. Principi, 318 F.3d 1334, 1336 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (en banc).
139
      Johnson v. Brown, 7 Vet.App. 25, 26-27 (1994).
140
      Id.
141
   See Means v. Brown, 9 Vet.App. 482, 483 (1996) (explaining the law of the case doctrine); Johnson, 7 Vet.App. at
26-27 (same).
142
   21 Vet.App. 165, 170 (2007), aff'd in part, dismissed in part sub nom. Medrano v. Shinseki, 332 F. App'x 625 (Fed.
Cir. 2009).
143
      Id.

                                                              21
makes no sense to apply that rule here, where the Court did not reverse anything in the December
2016 memorandum decision; the Court vacated the 2015 Board decision and remanded the matter
based on inadequate reasons or bases.144 So appellant's Medrano argument fails. What's more,
direct-fee requests, such as the one at issue here, are simultaneously contested claims.145 And "[t]he
very nature of a simultaneously contested claim means that a material factual determination will
be favorable to one claimant while at the same time being adverse to another."146 So, to the extent
the Court did reverse something, the Court was entitled to disturb factual findings favorable to
appellant here because "[h]olding otherwise would deprive the adversely affected [veteran] of [his]
right to meaningful judicial review."147 So that argument fails no matter which way we look at it.
            Second and lastly, we address appellant's argument that the Board misapplied 30 U.S.C.
§ 5904(d) when it concluded that appellant was not eligible for a fee based on the TDIU award
and grant of service connection of depressive disorder, NOS, because TDIU is not a stand-alone
claim.148 We see no error, but even if one occurred, it was harmless.
            It could well be that no error whatsoever occurred regarding the Board's no-eligibility
finding for a fee based on the award of TDIU. Section 20.609(c)(1)(i) conditions a fee on the
existence of "[a] final decision . . . promulgated by the Board of Veterans' Appeals with respect to
the issue, or issues, involved." And the Board denied eligibility for a fee related to the award of
TDIU because there was no final Board decision on that issue.149 Seemingly contrary to appellant's
argument regarding the TDIU no-eligibility finding, the Federal Circuit has considered eligibility
for a fee related to a TDIU claim separate from eligibility for a fee related to other issues, and has
looked for a final Board decision regarding the TDIU claim specifically.150 The Federal Circuit
noted that "[b]oth the statute and the regulations are explicit about [the final Board decision]

144
      R. at 163-64.
145
      Mason v. Shinseki, 743 F.3d 1370, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2014).
146
      Sapp v. Wilkie, 32 Vet.App. 125, 151 (2019) (citing Mason, 743 F.3d at 1374).
147
      Id.
148
      Appellant's Br. at 13-14.
149
      R. at 18; § 20.609(c)(1)(i); see § 14.636(c)(3)(i) (2019), (c)(2)(i) (2017).
150
      Stanley v. Principi, 283 F.3d 1350, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2002).

                                                              22
requirement." 151 So the Board's decision in this case seems to accord with Federal Circuit
precedent.
            But even if the Court were to assume error, that error was harmless. After all, as we already
discussed, the Board properly found that appellant was discharged for "good and adequate cause"
and should not be awarded a fee.
            At the end of the day, the Board's decision is fully consistent with the governing law and
is supported by an adequate statement of reasons or bases. As we noted at the beginning of this
opinion, choices have consequences. The Board's determination—to enforce the choices appellant
made when he entered into his fee agreements with the veteran and then performed his services
inadequately leading to a discharge—was within the Board's authority. And, as we have explained,
the Board's determination was correct.

                                                  IV. CONCLUSION
            After considering the parties' briefs, oral argument, the governing law, and the record, the
Court AFFIRMS the May 7, 2019, Board decision.

            TOTH, Judge, concurring, I join the opinion in full and write separately only to
acknowledge the Board's authority under the public rights doctrine to examine contractual
provisions under 38 U.S.C. § 5904.
            Contract disputes involving monetary damages are private actions governed by state law
and carry the right to a jury trial under the Seventh Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.152 See
Int'l Fin. Servs. Corp. v. Chromas Techs. Can. Inc., 356 F.3d 731, 735 (7th Cir. 2004). For this
reason, administrative tribunals such as the Board—or Article I courts such as ours—generally
lack authority to adjudicate private disputes such as whether a party was justified under contract
in terminating an attorney for good and adequate cause. See Stern v. Marshall, 564 U.S. 462, 482-
86 (2011).

151
      Id.
152
      The Seventh Amendment provides:
            In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial
            by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court
            of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
            U.S. CONST. amend. VII.

                                                             23
       But under the public rights doctrine, Congress may assign the adjudication of a legal claim
to non-jury tribunals where the case concerns a public right. N. Pipeline Const. Co. v. Marathon
Pipe Line Co., 458 U.S. 50, 67-68 (1982). Public rights cases can arise when a case "involves a
seemingly private right" that is created by statute and is "so closely integrated into a public
regulatory scheme as to be a matter appropriate for agency resolution with limited involvement by
the Article III judiciary." Granfinanciara S.A. v. Nordberg, 492 U.S. 33, 54 (internal quotation
marks omitted).
       Here, section 5904 creates a public right in the form of the direct payment of attorney's fees
and spells out various conditions required to qualify for such entitlement. Subsection (c)(3)(A) of
5904 gives the Secretary the authority to review agreements filed with VA and to reduce the fee if
it is either unreasonable or excessive. This forms the textual foothold that provides the Board the
authority to review the terms of the contract between attorney and client and to determine whether
the fees were reasonable in light of the work performed.
       So, the Board has the authority to examine an agreement for the limited purpose of
determining entitlement under section 5904—specifically, whether the fees were reasonable. The
public right at issue here is the direct payment of such fees, and the Board's findings related to
section 5904 do not amount to an ultimate adjudication of a contract dispute such as whether any
termination was, in fact, for good cause.

                                                24