Court Opinion

ID: 4200575
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-08-31 20:01:35.1901+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:14:51.569851
License: Public Domain

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                             No. 16-15008

                      ________________________

                 D.C. Docket No. 2:10-cv-00143-WBH

DONNIE CLEVELAND LANCE,

                                             Petitioner - Appellant,

                                 versus

WARDEN, GEORGIA DIAGNOSTIC PRISON,

                                             Respondent - Appellee.

                      ________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Northern District of Georgia
                     ________________________

                            (August 31, 2017)

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, MARTIN, and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
      Donnie Cleveland Lance, a Georgia prisoner convicted and sentenced to

death for the murders of his ex-wife and her boyfriend, appeals the denial of his

petition for a writ of habeas corpus, 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Lance contends that we

should vacate his sentence on the grounds that his trial counsel provided

ineffective assistance when he failed to introduce mitigating mental health

testimony and character evidence during the penalty phase of Lance’s trial and

when counsel failed to obtain funds to hire expert witnesses. We disagree. The

Supreme Court of Georgia reasonably concluded that Lance did not suffer

prejudice when counsel failed to introduce mental health testimony. Counsel also

made a strategic decision not to introduce character evidence during the penalty

phase that we decline to second guess. And the Supreme Court of Georgia

reasonably concluded that counsel’s failure to obtain funds to hire expert witnesses

did not prejudice Lance. We affirm.

                             I.   BACKGROUND

      We divide this background in three parts. We first recount the facts of the

crime. We then summarize the preparation for, and disposition of, Lance’s trial,

sentencing, and direct appeal. We conclude with a summary of the state and federal

habeas proceedings.

                                         2
                                    A. The Crime

      Donnie Cleveland Lance murdered his ex-wife, Sabrina “Joy” Lance, and

her boyfriend, Dwight “Butch” Wood, Jr., in the early morning of November 9,

1997, at Butch Wood’s home. Lance v. State (“Lance I”), 560 S.E.2d 663, 669–70

(Ga. 2002). The Supreme Court of Georgia described the events surrounding the

murders as follows:

      Shortly before midnight on November 8, 1997, Lance called Joy
      Lance’s father, asked to speak to her, and learned that she was not at
      home. Shortly afterward, a passing police officer noticed Lance’s
      automobile leaving his driveway. Lance arrived at Butch Wood’s
      home, kicked in the front door, shot Butch Wood on the front and the
      back of his body with a shotgun, and then beat Joy Lance to death by
      repeatedly striking her in the face with the butt of the shotgun, which
      broke into pieces during the attack. Joy Lance’s face was rendered
      utterly unrecognizable. Later that morning, Lance told his friend, Joe
      Moore, that Joy Lance (whom Lance referred to in a derogatory
      manner) would not be coming to clean Lance’s house that day; that
      Butch Wood’s father could not “buy him out of Hell”; and that both
      Joy Lance and Butch Wood were dead. Lance later told a fellow
      inmate that he “felt stupid” that he had called Joy Lance’s father
      before the murders, and Lance bragged to the inmate that “he hit Joy
      so hard that one of her eyeballs stuck to the wall.”

Hall v. Lance (“Lance II”), 687 S.E.2d 809, 811 (Ga. 2010).

      Lance had long abused Joy. Id. In the past, he had kidnapped her, and he had

beaten “her with his fist, a belt, and a handgun.” Id. He had strangled her,

electrocuted “her with a car battery,” and threatened “her with a flammable liquid,

handguns, and a chainsaw.” Id. “He had repeatedly threatened to kill her himself,

and he had once inquired of a relative about what it might cost to hire someone to

                                          3
kill her and Butch Wood.” Id. In 1993, Lance, accompanied by Joe Moore, “kicked

in the door of Butch Wood’s home . . . armed with a shotgun, loaded a shell into

the chamber of the shotgun, and then fled only after a child in the home identified

and spoke to Joe Moore.” Id.

                 B. Trial, Conviction, Sentence, and Direct Appeal

      Lance hired J. Richardson Brannon to represent him at trial. An experienced

criminal attorney, Brannon had tried around 160 criminal cases to verdict before

Lance hired him. Three paralegals and a crime-scene investigator named Andy

Pennington assisted Brannon in his preparation for trial. Lance and his family

initially paid Brannon $50,000 to represent him, but after the exhaustion of that

initial sum, the court declared Lance indigent and retained Brannon as court-

appointed counsel.

      Brannon then filed a motion for funds to hire expert witnesses, which he

amended three times. The original motion and the first two amendments, filed in

late 1998, requested funds to hire experts and a private investigator but did not

specify the kinds of experts needed, their names, the fees they charged, or any

other information. At a pre-trial hearing, Brannon requested funds to hire an expert

on jury selection, a private investigator, a DNA serologist, a forensic pathologist, a

                                          4
ballistics expert, a criminologist, and an expert on shoe print analysis. He requested

the jury expert by name and gave the court information about the hourly expenses

of the requested private investigator, DNA serologist, and the forensic pathologist.

Brannon stated that, of all the experts he requested, a forensic pathologist was

“imperative” to establish “time of death” and “manner of death.” A month after the

hearing, Brannon filed a third amendment to the motion for funds to hire expert

witnesses. This amendment proffered the names, credentials, and fees of the

experts requested.

      The trial court initially denied the request for funds to hire experts, but

reversed course a month before trial and granted $4,000 to hire an investigator.

Brannon used these funds to pay Pennington, a private investigator, and did not

hire any other experts or present any other expert testimony during the guilt or

penalty phases of the trial.

      By contrast, the state introduced testimony from six expert witnesses at trial:

Terry Cooper, an agent with the Georgia Bureau of Investigation, who testified

about the crime scene and the shoe print he removed from the door at Butch

Wood’s home; David Cochran, the chief crime scene investigator for the Jackson

County, Georgia, Sheriff’s Department, who testified about investigating the

crime; Charles Moss, a fingerprint expert who testified that he was unable to

retrieve prints from the shotgun shell casings involved in the crime; Bernadette

                                          5
Davy, a firearms expert, who testified about the shotgun shell casings found at the

scene and the kinds of wood used to manufacture the butts of shotguns; Larry

Peterson, a microanalyst who testified about the shoeprint found on Butch Wood’s

door and other evidence found at the crime scene; and Frederick Hellman, an

associate medical examiner for the Georgia Bureau of Investigation who testified

about the causes of death of Joy Lance and Butch Wood. Brannon extensively

cross-examined each of these expert witnesses, except the fingerprint expert.

      The defense theory of the case was innocence. Brannon attempted to

establish an alibi defense based on the time of death and Lance’s whereabouts on

November 8–9. Lance’s uncle testified that he was with Lance into the late evening

of November 8 and then after midnight on November 9 until 5:00 a.m. Other

witnesses corroborated this timeline and testified that Lance behaved normally

immediately before and after the time when the murder occurred. Two children

who were neighbors of Butch Wood also testified that they heard gunshots and a

scream sometime after lunch on November 9, more than twelve hours later than

when the crime allegedly occurred.

      Pennington, the private investigator hired by Brannon, also testified as an

expert crime scene technician. Pennington testified that the ballistics report from

the crime scene suggested the possibility that the shooter used weapons in addition

to the shotgun. He also testified that the absence of footprints on the stairs leading

                                           6
to the house was suspicious and that the lack of latent fingerprints on the shotgun

shells suggested “[a] good burglar” committed the crime.

      The jury found Lance guilty of the murders of Joy Lance and Butch Wood,

of burglary, and of possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime.

Lance I, 560 S.E.2d at 669. During the penalty phase of the trial, the state

presented testimony from Joy Lance’s and Butch Wood’s relatives and from David

Cochran, a crime scene investigator for the Georgia Bureau of Investigation.

Brannon presented no mitigating evidence during the penalty phase. The jury

sentenced Lance to death for the murders. Id. at 670.

      The Supreme Court of Georgia affirmed Lance’s conviction and sentence on

direct appeal. Id.at 670, 677–79. Lance argued that the trial court erred when it

denied Lance’s motion for funds to hire expert witnesses. Id. at 671. But the

Supreme Court of Georgia ruled that “Lance’s request for the contested funds was

too unspecific, uncertain, and conclusory” to overturn his conviction. Id. Lance’s

conviction became final when the Supreme Court of the United States denied his

petition for a writ of certiorari. Lance v. Georgia, 537 U.S. 1050 (2002).

                     C. State and Federal Habeas Proceedings

      In May 2003, Lance filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the Butts

County Superior Court. The superior court held an evidentiary hearing, at which

Lance presented evidence that he received ineffective assistance of counsel

                                          7
because Brannon failed to investigate or present evidence of Lance’s mental

impairments during the penalty phase of Lance’s trial. The Supreme Court of

Georgia described the evidence on that issue as follows:

      Lance presented testimony in the habeas court from three experts in
      neuropsychology. Thomas Hyde, M.D., Ph.D., testified that he
      administered over 100 neurological tests to Lance. Yet, as his
      testimony establishes, only one of those tests indicated brain
      dysfunction. Dr. Hyde concluded that Lance had “significant damage
      to the frontal and temporal lobes” resulting from multiple blows to the
      head and from alcohol abuse. He testified that persons with frontal
      lobe dysfunction “often decompensate under periods of extreme
      emotional distress.” He also testified that such persons are unlikely to
      be able to plan and commit murder without leaving evidence but,
      instead, are more often “involved in crimes of impulse.” Dr. Hyde
      concluded that Lance’s mental state might have had an “impact” on
      Lance’s “ability to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to
      conform his conduct to the requirements of law,” but he also
      acknowledged that other “reasonable” neurologists might disagree
      with his conclusions in Lance’s case. The second of Lance’s three
      experts in neuropsychology, Ricardo Weinstein, Ph.D., commented
      generally on Lance’s “psychosocial history” as follows:

         [I]t’s a relatively unusual case in terms of his upbringing, fairly
         normal upbringing from an intact family, no major history of
         dysfunction, no history of child abuse, neglect, things of that
         nature, no history of significant mental illness in the family.

      However, Dr. Weinstein concluded that Lance, as a result of multiple
      head injuries, the exposure to toxic fumes, the ingestion of gasoline,
      and a history of “heavy alcohol use starting at the age of 19,” suffered
      from “generalized and diffuse brain dysfunction” and “clear
      compromises in the frontal lobe functions.” Dr. Weinstein concluded
      that Lance was not insane or mentally retarded, that he understood
      “that certain behaviors are unacceptable,” but that his “brain
      dysfunction . . . negatively impact[ed] his ability to conform his
      conduct to the requirements of the law.” In particular, Dr. Weinstein
      concluded that Lance would have difficulty in planning and in

                                         8
      impulse control and that the combined effects of Lance’s brain
      dysfunction and his alcohol intoxication on the night of the murders
      would have rendered “his capacity to think in a logical, well-directed
      manner . . . equivalent or similar to an individual that suffers from
      mental retardation.” Finally, Lance presented testimony from a third
      expert, David Pickar, M.D., who concluded that Lance, as a result of
      multiple head traumas and alcohol abuse, suffered from “impaired
      intellectual and frontal lobe function” that resulted in impairments of
      his ability to plan and to control his impulses.

Lance II, 687 S.E.2d at 814–15 (alterations in original).

      The state presented the testimony of Dr. Daniel A. Martell, a

neuropsychologist, who testified that Lance had an IQ of 79 and suffered from

dementia:

      [Martell] concluded that Lance functioned within “a range that’s
      higher than mild mental retardation but lower than average.” Dr.
      Martell added, however, that he had administered an additional test to
      determine what Lance’s IQ had been before any possible brain
      injuries and that the test showed Lance’s earlier IQ to fall within the
      “exact same ranges” as found by the various experts who testified in
      the habeas court. Dr. Martell testified that some of Lance’s test results
      indicated frontal lobe dysfunction, but Dr. Martell further testified as
      follows:

         His weaknesses with regard to frontal lobe have to do with a
         tendency to perseverate or repeat himself and mild to moderate
         impairment in problem-solving abilities in certain contexts like
         adapting to changing problems but not others like planning an
         effective strategy for solving a problem. However, his ability to
         inhibit unwanted or impulsive behaviors appears to be
         relatively intact. And I think that’s important in my analysis
         with regard to the issue of the crime itself because these data do
         not suggest to me that he is, in fact, impulsive or unable to
         control his impulses.

      Dr. Martell concluded that Lance’s frontal lobe dysfunction would not
      have prevented him from planning the murders and would not have
                                        9
      made him so impulsive that he could not prevent himself from
      committing the murders. As we noted above, Dr. Martell also stated
      that Lance’s symptoms were so subtle that a typical court-ordered
      evaluation might not have given any indication of problems. Dr.
      Martell summarized his opinion by stating, “In my opinion, [Lance’s
      diagnosis is] not significant to the crime.”

Lance II, 687 S.E.2d at 815 (second alteration in original).

      In addition, Lance presented evidence that Brannon rendered ineffective

assistance when Brannon failed to introduce mitigating character evidence during

the penalty phase of the trial. Friends and family testified that Lance was a loving

father, that his children loved him, and that he had a good character. But Brannon

testified that he chose not to introduce this evidence because to do so would have

allowed the state to cross-examine the character witnesses about aggravating

character evidence.

      Lance also presented evidence that Brannon rendered ineffective assistance

during the guilt phase of the trial because Brannon’s request for funds to hire

expert witnesses was deficient and the failure to present this expert testimony

prejudiced Lance. Brannon explained that experts “were needed in this case,

particularly since it’s a death penalty case.” But he also testified that his motions

for funds to hire expert witnesses were sufficiently detailed for the trial court to

grant them. Although Lance’s habeas counsel acknowledged that Brannon “made a

request repeatedly for expert assistance in the case and pointed out the specific

                                          10
categories that [Brannon] thought experts were critical to,” he argued that these

motions were “vague and entirely unspecific.”

      The superior court granted Lance’s petition in part and vacated his death

sentence on the ground that Lance had received ineffective assistance of counsel

during the penalty phase of his trial. The superior court found that Brannon’s

failure to investigate and introduce evidence of Lance’s mental health history was

unreasonable. The superior court also found that, had Brannon introduced evidence

of Lance’s mental health history, “such an investigation . . . would have provided

significant mitigating evidence for the jury to consider.”

      The Supreme Court of Georgia reversed and reinstated Lance’s death

sentence. Lance II, 687 S.E.2d at 811–12. Although the Supreme Court of Georgia

agreed with the superior court that Brannon’s failure to investigate Lance’s mental

health history was deficient performance, it disagreed that Lance suffered

prejudice. Id. at 812. The Supreme Court of Georgia explained that even if

Brannon had investigated Lance’s mental health background, Brannon would not

have sought “a psychological evaluation of Lance,” because such an investigation

would have revealed only mild mental impairment. Id. at 813. In addition, the court

reasoned that “the trial court [would not] have abused its discretion[] if it had been

asked by trial counsel for funds for a psychological evaluation of Lance, [but]

                                          11
determin[ed] that this information failed to show that the assistance of a

psychologist was critical to Lance’s defense.” Id. (citation omitted).

      In the alternative, the Supreme Court of Georgia held that even if Lance had

presented the expert testimony that he presented during his habeas proceedings,

there was not a reasonable probability that the testimony would have changed the

outcome of the trial. The court explained that the evidence established only mild

mental impairments, and “[a]gainst this somewhat mitigating evidence, the jury

would have weighed Lance’s long history of horrific abuse against Joy Lance,” the

horrific nature of the crime, and evidence about Lance’s statements and demeanor

after the crime, such as his declaration that Butch Wood was in “Hell” and “his

boast to an inmate that ‘he hit Joy so hard that one of her eyeballs stuck to the

wall.’” Id. at 815–16.

      The Supreme Court of Georgia also denied Lance’s claim that his trial

counsel rendered ineffective assistance in his application for funds for forensic

experts. Id. at 816. The court explained that his trial counsel was not deficient even

though the court had described the motions on direct appeal as conclusory. Id. In

the alternative, the court ruled that Brannon’s failure to request funds for several

expert witnesses did not prejudice Lance. Id. at 817. Lance argued that his trial

counsel should have obtained three additional experts: (1) “an expert to testify that

the repeated blows to Joy Lance’s face with the butt of the shotgun likely would

                                          12
have resulted in the perpetrator being spattered with blood and brain matter”; (2)

“an expert to testify that there were no shoe prints at the crime scene other than the

one on the front door”; and (3) “an expert in polygraph science to testify that the

results of the polygraph examination taken by Joe Moore were ‘inconclusive.’” Id.

(footnote omitted). But according to the Supreme Court of Georgia, the absence of

this testimony did not prejudice Lance. Testimony regarding “spattered . . . blood

and brain matter” was unnecessary because it would “have been obvious to the

jury” and consistent with the evidence that showed Lance “had initially walked

away from the crime scene rather than driving away in his automobile.” Id. The

absence of expert testimony about shoe prints “was not a matter that was subject to

varying scientific opinions.” Id. And, the absence of expert testimony regarding

Joe Moore’s polygraph did not prejudice Lance because “Moore’s volunteered

[polygraph] testimony was ruled inadmissible, and the jury was instructed to

disregard it.” Id. (citation omitted).

      Lance then filed a federal petition for a writ of habeas corpus, which the

district court denied. The district court granted Lance a certificate of appealability

about whether his trial counsel was ineffective in “preparing for and presenting

[Lance’s] case in mitigation during the penalty phase of his trial.” Lance appealed

and filed a motion to expand his certificate. We granted it on one issue: whether

                                          13
Brannon “rendered ineffective assistance when he failed to properly request funds

for an investigator and expert witnesses.”

                       II.   STANDARD OF REVIEW

      “We review de novo the denial of a petition for a writ of habeas corpus.”

Williamson v. Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 805 F.3d 1009, 1016 (11th Cir. 2015). The

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 imposes a “highly

deferential standard for evaluating state-court rulings” that “demands that state-

court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt.” Rutherford v. Crosby, 385 F.3d
1300, 1306–07 (11th Cir. 2004) (citations omitted). We will not disturb the

decision of the state court unless it “was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable

application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme

Court of the United States” or “was based on an unreasonable determination of the

facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. §

2254(d); accord McClain v. Hall, 552 F.3d 1245, 1250 (11th Cir. 2008).

                             III.   DISCUSSION

      Lance argues that he is entitled to relief because Brannon rendered

ineffective assistance of counsel and the decision of the Supreme Court of Georgia

that Brannon did not do so was unreasonable, but we disagree. “It is by now

hornbook law that to succeed on a Sixth Amendment ineffective-assistance claim,

a petitioner must show that: (1) ‘counsel’s representation fell below an objective

                                         14
standard of reasonableness,’ and (2) ‘there is a reasonable probability that, but for

counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been

different.’” Jones v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 834 F.3d 1299, 1312 (11th Cir.

2016) (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 694 (1984)). “To

establish deficient performance, the petitioner must show that his attorney ‘made

errors so serious that he was not functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed the

defendant by the Sixth Amendment.’” Id. (alteration adopted) (citation omitted).

“On the issue of prejudice, . . . a reasonable probability of a different result means

‘a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.’” Id. (citation

omitted). “When a petitioner challenges his conviction, ‘the question is whether

there is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the factfinder would have

had a reasonable doubt respecting guilt.’” Id. (citation omitted). “When a capital

petitioner challenges his death sentence, ‘the question is whether there is a

reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the sentencer . . . would have

concluded that the balance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances did not

warrant death.’” Id. (citation omitted). “The standards created by Strickland and

[section] 2254(d) are both highly deferential, and when the two apply in tandem,

review is doubly so.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 105 (2011) (citations and

internal quotation marks omitted).

                                          15
      We divide our discussion in three parts. First, we explain that the Supreme

Court of Georgia reasonably determined that Lance did not suffer prejudice when

Brannon failed to present mental health testimony in the penalty phase. Second, we

explain that Brannon made a strategic decision not to introduce mitigating

character evidence. Third, we explain that Brannon’s failure to obtain funds to hire

expert witnesses was not prejudicial.

            A. Inadequate Mental Health Investigation and Testimony

      Although the parties dispute whether the Supreme Court of Georgia

reasonably determined that Brannon’s failure to investigate and present expert

mental health testimony during the penalty phase of the trial was deficient

performance, we need not decide this question. We need only decide that the

determination of the Supreme Court of Georgia that this deficiency did not affect

the outcome of the case was reasonable.

      Lance argues that, had Brannon performed a reasonable investigation,

Brannon would have discovered “red flags” in Lance’s background that would

have led him to introduce mitigating evidence during the penalty phase of the trial.

According to Lance, “a basic investigation would have revealed” that Lance was

shot in the head, that Lance “had been hospitalized for mental health treatment” for

depression, and that Lance abused alcohol. Lance argues that discovery of this

evidence “necessarily would have led [Brannon] to [request] a comprehensive

                                          16
mental health investigation.” Such an investigation would have led in turn to the

introduction of the expert testimony of doctors, such as Weinstein, Pickar, and

Hyde, that Lance suffered from “borderline retardation,” dementia, and frontal lobe

dysfunction, which impaired Lance’s ability to control his behavior. Lance

contends that, in the light of this evidence, it was unreasonable for the Supreme

Court of Georgia to conclude that Lance did not suffer prejudice.

      The Supreme Court of Georgia made two alternative holdings on prejudice,

and we conclude that its second holding was not unreasonable. The Supreme Court

of Georgia held that even if Brannon had introduced the mental health testimony

presented at the state habeas hearing, that evidence would not have changed the

outcome of the case. Lance II, 687 S.E.2d at 815. The court explained that the

evidence presented on habeas review “showed merely that Lance functioned, when

sober, in the lower range of normal intelligence”; had memory issues; suffered

from mild depression; was “somewhat impulsive”; and had some trouble problem

solving. Id.

      This conclusion was not unreasonable because much of the evidence that

Lance introduced in the superior court of his mental impairments was not

necessarily mitigating. We have often acknowledged that juries may infer that a

defendant’s alcohol abuse or impulsive behavior that is triggered by organic brain

damage is aggravating. See Evans v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr., 703 F.3d 1316, 1329

                                         17
(11th Cir. 2013) (en banc) (“We have held too that evidence of substance abuse

‘can do as much or more harm than good in the eyes of the jury.’” (citation

omitted)); Rhode v. Hall, 582 F.3d 1273, 1285–86 (11th Cir. 2009) (“Counsel

reasonably believed that the jury would see Rhode’s impulsive behavior, which

more than one expert believed was triggered by his organic brain damage, as

aggravating.”). And although Lance insists that the Supreme Court of Georgia

erred because it “never even mentioned the word ‘dementia’ in its decision,” the

Georgia Supreme Court did acknowledge “new evidence of subtle neurological

impairments.” Lance II, 687 S.E.2d at 816. This characterization of the evidence

was not objectively unreasonable.

      Indeed, “[o]ur analysis of the prejudice prong . . . must also take into

account the aggravating circumstance’s associated with [Lance]’s case . . . .”

Dobbs v. Turpin, 142 F.3d 1383, 1390 (11th Cir. 1998). “At the end of the day, we

are required to ‘reweigh the evidence in aggravation against the totality of

available mitigating evidence.’” Boyd v. Allen, 592 F.3d 1274, 1301 (11th Cir.

2010) (quoting Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 534 (2003)). In Boyd, for example,

we explained that although trial counsel’s investigation overlooked mitigating

evidence of childhood abuse that “undeniably would have been relevant to Boyd’s

mitigation case,” we determined “that the evidence of abuse would not ultimately

have affected weighing the aggravators and the mitigators.” Id. at 1299. The

                                         18
petitioner in Boyd had participated in a gruesome double murder that culminated in

Boyd and his accomplice beating and shooting the victims. Id. at 1279–81. Boyd

later “bragged about the killings and about how cold blooded he was.” Id. at 1284.

In the light of these circumstances, “we conclude[d] that the totality of mitigating

evidence . . . pales when compared to the brutal nature and extent of the

aggravating evidence.” Id. at 1302. As in Boyd, the aggravating factors of Lance’s

crime are substantial. He had a long history of abusing Joy Lance, he beat her

during the crime until her face was “utterly unrecognizable,” he made derogatory

statements about her and Butch Wood, and Lance showed little remorse after the

crime. Lance II, 687 S.E.2d at 811. And Lance’s new mitigating evidence fails to

convince us that the Georgia Supreme Court unreasonably determined that Lance

was not prejudiced by his defense counsel’s performance.

      Lance urges us to follow a trio of decisions—Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U.S.
374 (2005), Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362 (2000), and Porter v. McCollum, 558
U.S. 30 (2009)—but each decision involved undiscovered evidence that is

substantially more mitigating than the evidence Lance introduced on state habeas

review. Had trial counsel in Rompilla performed an adequate investigation, he

would have discovered that the defendant was raised in a “slum environment,”

suffered from schizophrenia, and had a third-grade level of cognition. Rompilla,
545 U.S. at 390–91. Moreover, the Supreme Court was not bound by the same

                                         19
deferential standard of review that we are. Id. at 390 (conducting a de novo

review). Nor is the mitigating evidence here like the evidence uncovered in

Williams. Unlike the evidence that Lance argues Brannon would have uncovered,

had Williams’ trial counsel performed an adequate investigation, he “would have

uncovered extensive records graphically describing Williams’ nightmarish

childhood.” Williams, 529 U.S. at 395. And in Porter, an adequate investigation

would have revealed the defendant’s heroic military service, “his struggles to

regain normality upon his return from war,” a childhood of abuse, and a brain

abnormality. Porter, 558 U.S. at 41.

      Lance erroneously contends that the Supreme Court of Georgia applied an

incorrect prejudice standard, because, according to Lance, it asked “whether the

sentencing jury ‘might’ have considered the mitigating evidence and nonetheless

imposed the death penalty,” when the correct inquiry is “whether the mitigating

evidence might have caused the jury to impose a life sentence in lieu of the death

penalty.” But this latter standard was the standard that the Supreme Court of

Georgia applied; it asked whether, “in reasonable probability [the mitigating

evidence would] have changed the outcome of the sentencing phase if it had been

presented at Lance’s trial.” Lance II, 687 S.E.2d at 816.

      Lance also argues that the Supreme Court of Georgia improperly “brushed

aside” the factual findings of the superior court, but we disagree. The Supreme

                                         20
Court of Georgia accepted the factual findings of the superior court, but

determined the legal question of prejudice de novo, id. at 812, 815, which Georgia

law requires. Humphrey v. Morrow, 717 S.E.2d 168, 172 (Ga. 2011). The Supreme

Court of Georgia reasonably concluded that Lance did not suffer prejudice when

Brannon failed to introduce mental health testimony.

                          B. Mitigating Character Evidence

      Lance next argues that Brannon rendered ineffective assistance when

Brannon failed to introduce mitigating character evidence during the penalty phase

of the trial. Although this claim appears to be procedurally defaulted because the

Supreme Court of Georgia held that it was abandoned, Lance II, 687 S.E.2d at 819,

neither party addresses this preliminary question, so we deny Lance’s claim on its

merits. Valle v. Sec’y for Dep’t of Corr., 459 F.3d 1206, 1213 (11th Cir. 2006)

(“Here, it is unnecessary to address the issue of the procedural bar, because even

assuming the claim is preserved, Valle is not entitled to habeas relief . . . .”). Lance

argues that, had Brannon investigated Lance’s background, Brannon would have

introduced character evidence that painted Lance as a “quiet, peaceful man,” who

was “normally a kind, dependable, and compassionate person.” Brannon “also

could have identified witnesses to testify that [Lance] loved his son and daughter

dearly, and they loved him in return.” Lance argues that Brannon’s failure to do so

constituted ineffective assistance. We disagree.

                                          21
      The decision not to introduce mitigating character evidence was a reasonable

strategic decision. Brannon testified that he chose not to introduce mitigating

character evidence because it would have opened the door to the introduction of

aggravating character evidence. We have repeatedly held that this kind of

decision—to call or not call certain witnesses—is the “epitome of a strategic

decision . . . that we will seldom, if ever, second guess,” Waters v. Thomas, 46
F.3d 1506, 1512 (11th Cir. 1995); accord Ledford v. Warden, Ga. Diagnostic &

Classification Prison, 818 F.3d 600, 647 (11th Cir. 2016); Conklin v. Schofield,

366 F.3d 1191, 1204 (11th Cir. 2004), and we decline to do so here.

                 C. Motion to Obtain Funds for Expert Witnesses

      Lance argues that Brannon rendered ineffective assistance because the

motions for funds to hire expert witness fell below the standard set by Georgia law

and that this deficiency caused Lance to suffer prejudice, but we disagree.

Although the Supreme Court of Georgia held that the motions for funds were not

deficient, we consider only its holding that the motions did not cause prejudice.

      Lance argues that, had Brannon obtained funds to hire expert witnesses, he

would have presented the testimony of a forensic pathologist, a crime scene expert,

a polygraph expert, and a fingerprint expert. He contends that there is a reasonable

probability that this additional testimony would have changed the outcome of the

case. A forensic pathologist, according to Lance, would have “uncovered . . .the

                                         22
lack of physical evidence” in the case, testified to inconsistencies in Agent

Cooper’s testimony on the times of death, and explained that it could have been

“‘virtually impossible for the person administering the blows [to Joy Lance] to

escape from the scene with little or no blood on her/him.’” A crime scene expert,

according to Lance, would have testified that the Jackson County Sheriff’s Office

“failed to look for footprints, tire marks, or other evidence on the ground around

Wood’s home.” A polygraph expert, according to Lance, would have discredited

the testimony of Joe Moore, who took a polygraph test and implicated Lance in the

murders. And a fingerprint expert, according to Lance, would “have testified that

[Lance’s] fingerprints were never found in or around the crime scene.”

      The Supreme Court of Georgia held that this additional testimony would not

have changed the outcome of the trial. Lance II, 687 S.E.2d at 816–17.The court

explained “there is, even now, no substantial dispute among the experts regarding

the time of death but, instead, that there is merely a dispute over the manner in

which the time of death was established.” Id. at 816. The court reasoned that the

lack of blood spatter would “have been obvious to the jury,” and it was also

“consistent with Lance having disposed of any bloody clothes at the same time he

obviously disposed of his distinctive shoes.” Id. at 817. In addition, “the absence of

shoe prints was not a matter that was subject to varying scientific opinions.” Id. A

polygraph expert was unnecessary, according to the Supreme Court of Georgia,

                                         23
because “Moore’s volunteered testimony was ruled inadmissible, and the jury was

instructed to disregard it.” Id. (citation omitted). Finally, the court explained that

the lack of fingerprint evidence was a “matter of common sense,” not varying

scientific opinions. Id.

      The decision of the Supreme Court of Georgia was not an unreasonable

application of federal law. The court weighed the new evidence presented by

Lance during state habeas proceedings and concluded that the new evidence would

not have changed the outcome of Lance’s trial. Lance II, 687 S.E.2d at 816–17.

This analysis is the analysis Strickland commands. The state habeas court

compared the “totality of the evidence before the . . . jury” with the new evidence

presented by Lance and concluded that the new evidence had “an isolated, trivial

effect” on the whole “evidentiary picture.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695. There was

little testimony introduced that went beyond ruminations about common sense

facts, and no testimony that fundamentally undermined the state’s case. As the

district court correctly explained, Lance’s claim amounts to a “quibble[]” with the

conclusion of the Supreme Court of Georgia, not that the conclusion was truly

unreasonable. None of the evidence presented by Lance would have had a

“pervasive effect on the inferences” drawn by the jury. Strickland, 466 U.S. at

695–96.

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                    IV.    CONCLUSION

We AFFIRM the denial of Lance’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus.

                                25
MARTIN, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment:

      Counsel’s performance at the penalty phase of Donnie Lance’s capital

murder trial was unquestionably deficient. Trial counsel conducted no

investigation into Mr. Lance’s background or mental health. And at trial, counsel

offered nothing in mitigation. As a result, the jurors that decided whether Mr.

Lance should live or die never learned any facts that gave them a reason not to

sentence him to death. The jury never heard that Mr. Lance had suffered from

repeated head trauma, including the time he was shot in the head, and was brain-

damaged as a result. Neither did the jury learn of his dementia or his borderline

intellectual functioning. Because the jury did not know of Mr. Lance’s mental

impairments, it could not “accurately gauge his moral culpability.” Porter v.

McCollum, 558 U.S. 30, 41, 130 S. Ct. 447, 454 (2009). Had the jury heard the

mitigating evidence uncovered during postconviction proceedings, there is, in my

view, a “reasonable probability that at least one juror would have struck a different

balance” between the aggravating and mitigating factors. Wiggins v. Smith, 539
U.S. 510, 537, 123 S. Ct. 2527, 2543 (2003).

      Our death penalty jurisprudence is premised on the idea that only those most

deserving should receive the ultimate punishment. See Woodson v. North

Carolina, 428 U.S. 280, 304, 96 S. Ct. 2978, 2991 (1976). That being the case, the

“primary purpose” of the penalty phase of a capital trial is to ensure that the

                                          26
sentence is individualized “by focusing on the particularized characteristics of the

defendant.” Brownlee v. Haley, 306 F.3d 1043, 1074 (11th Cir. 2002) (quotation

omitted and alteration adopted). This process doesn’t work, however, when

counsel fails to perform a constitutionally adequate mitigation investigation,

thereby denying the defendant the opportunity to make the case that he should live.

I respectfully disagree with the Georgia Supreme Court’s conclusion that Mr.

Lance failed to show prejudice here. The habeas court disagreed with this

conclusion as well, and so found that Mr. Lance was entitled to relief on his

ineffective assistance claim and vacated his death sentences.

      However, it is not the job of this Court to decide the merits of Mr. Lance’s

ineffective assistance claim in the first instance. Rather, the Antiterrorism and

Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”), 28 U.S.C. § 2254, allows a federal court

to grant relief to a state prisoner challenging his conviction or sentence only if the

state court’s decision involves an unreasonable application of the law or is based

on an unreasonable determination of the facts. Id. § 2254(d). Despite my belief

that the Georgia Supreme Court got this wrong, I acknowledge that fairminded

judges can disagree. See Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 101, 131 S. Ct. 770,

786 (2011) (“A state court’s determination that a claim lacks merit precludes

federal habeas relief so long as fairminded jurists could disagree on the correctness

of the state court’s decision.” (quotation omitted)). For that reason, I concur with

                                          27
the majority’s holding that Mr. Lance is not entitled to federal habeas relief on his

claims.

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