Court Opinion

ID: 4645281
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-21 21:00:38.740147+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:51.522716
License: Public Domain

FILED
                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                                  DEC 21 2020
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                                U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

SAID A. ISSE, AKA Said Ali Isse,                 No.    17-70178

              Petitioner,                        Agency No. A208-593-172

 v.
                                                 MEMORANDUM*
WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,

              Respondent.

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                     Argued and Submitted November 6, 2019
                                Portland, Oregon

Before: PAEZ and RAWLINSON, Circuit Judges, and WU,** District Judge.
Dissent by Judge PAEZ

      Said Ali Isse (Isse) petitions for review of a decision of the Board of

Immigration Appeals (BIA) dismissing his appeal from a ruling by an Immigration

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The Honorable George H. Wu, United States District Judge for the
Central District of California, sitting by designation.
Judge (IJ) that Isse was ineligible for asylum due to firm resettlement in South

Africa.

      A finding of firm resettlement is a factual determination that we review

under the substantial evidence standard. See Nahrvani v. Gonzales, 399 F.3d 1148,

1151 (9th Cir. 2005). We may only reverse the BIA’s firm resettlement

determination if “the evidence compels a contrary conclusion.” Afriyie v. Holder,

613 F.3d 924, 931 (9th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted).

      The Department of Homeland Security presented evidence that Isse received

an offer of permanent resettlement as a recognized refugee, and that Isse had full

legal protections and rights. This evidence was sufficient to satisfy the

government’s burden to make a prima facie showing of firm resettlement, thereby

creating a presumption that Isse had firmly resettled in South Africa. See Maharaj

v. Gonzales, 450 F.3d 961, 972 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc). Isse failed to rebut the

firm resettlement presumption by establishing through a preponderance of the

evidence that the nature of his stay and ties was too tenuous, that the conditions of

his residence were too restricted for him to be firmly resettled, or that entry into

South Africa was a necessary part of flight from persecution. See id. at 963, 976-

77.

                                           2
         The record reflects that Isse had no difficulty finding work or places to live

during his four years and five months in South Africa. He was able to save money

and freely travel throughout the country. Indeed, Isse acknowledged that similarly-

situated Somalis were able to own businesses in South Africa and “found peace”

there.

         Substantial evidence also supports the denial of Isse’s claim predicated on

the persecution of Somali refugees by private citizens. Isse’s experiences with acts

of hooliganism were limited to the context of employment in a Somali-owned

store. Isse offered no evidence that he ever sought employment in a non-Somali

owned business or in a business that was not a store. In addition, Isse never

testified as to having ever reported any of the asserted attacks to law enforcement.

These facts do not compel a finding of persecution. See Afriyie, 613 F.3d at 1151.

         Our decision in Siong v. INS, 376 F.3d 1030 (9th Cir. 2004), does not dictate

the outcome of this case because the issue in Siong was whether Petitioner stated a

plausible claim, not whether the agency decision was supported by substantial

evidence. See id. at 1040.

         Because substantial evidence supported the firm resettlement determination,

Isse was ineligible for asylum. See Nahrvani, 399 F.3d at 1155 (upholding a denial

of asylum based on a firm resettlement finding).

                                             3
         The dissent rests upon the IJ’s and BIA’s purportedly not having “adequately

considered” the persecution that Isse suffered by private actors during his four years

and five months in South Africa. The dissent asserts that the IJ/BIA’s “analysis

focused on persecution from the government, with no consideration given to the

persecution Isse experienced by private actors.” However, it is clear that that

persecution was examined, discussed and taken into consideration in the decisions of

the IJ and BIA.1

         The dissent simply disagrees with the IJ’s conclusion (with which the BIA

agreed) that “even though xenophobic violence occurs in South Africa, the Record

does not reflect that the conditions of his residence in that country were so

substantially and consciously restricted that he was not in fact resettled.” In reaching

that conclusion, the IJ relied upon substantial evidence including Isse’s own testimony

1
    For example, the IJ inter alia observed that:
         [Isse] also testified about his problems in South Africa. He indicated
         that he worked at various shops owned by Somalis. According to [Isse],
         wherever he worked thieves came, tied him up, beat him, and sometimes
         they would turn on the stove and threaten to burn his skin . . . . [Isse]
         further testified that some of the thieves used “rhetoric” to insult him and
         other store employees. Some of the things the thieves said included
         references to the employees’ statuses as foreigners, them [sic] having no
         rights in South Africa, and threats to kill them.
Additionally, the IJ also noted that Isse had “submitted several articles documenting
instances of xenophobic violence against Somalis in South Africa.”

                                              4
that “similarly situated Somalis find peace in South Africa, and manage to own and

operate businesses.”2 The IJ also found that “there is no evidence or argument that

South African officials were the perpetrators or acquiesced in the alleged acts of

violence against [Isse].”

      In this case, there was evidence on both sides as to the issue of the resettlement

bar. Nevertheless, under the applicable standard of review, in order to reverse the

IJ/BIA decision, one must conclude that the evidence not only supports the contrary

conclusion but compels it. See INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 n.1 (1992);

Bringas-Rodriguez v. Sessions, 850 F.3d 1051, 1059 (9th Cir. 2017) (en banc). Isse’s

evidence and contentions simply do not reach that elevated state.

      PETITION DENIED.

2
 The dissent refers to the fact that some Somalis live safely and in fact prosper in
South Africa as merely being “anecdotal evidence” as if it were some second class
evidence not to be taken seriously. However, the source of that evidence is Isse
himself, whose credibility no one is questioning at this point.

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                                                                          FILED
                                                                          DEC 21 2020
Isse v. Barr, No. 17-70178
Paez, J., dissenting.                                                 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                        U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

      Throughout his time in South Africa, Isse suffered numerous attacks by

private actors due to his identity as a Somali refugee. Yet neither the immigration

judge (“IJ”) nor the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) adequately considered

this persecution when they concluded that Isse firmly resettled in South Africa.

The majority repeats this error. Because our precedent recognizes that persecution

in a third country may undermine a claim of firm resettlement, and because the

record compels a finding that Isse did not firmly resettle in South Africa due to

persecution he experienced there, I respectfully dissent.

      1. The agency erred by failing to consider whether Isse suffered persecution

from private actors in the firm resettlement analysis. “[F]irmly resettled aliens are

by definition no longer subject to persecution,” including persecution by private

actors. Siong v. INS, 376 F.3d 1030, 1040 (quoting Yang v. INS, 79 F.3d 932, 939

(9th Cir. 1996)); see also Arrey v. Barr, 916 F.3d 1149, 1155, 1159–60 (9th Cir.

2019). In Arrey, “[t]he Board’s decision to ignore [evidence of private

persecution] made its firm resettlement determination incomplete, and erroneous as

a matter of law.” 916 F.3d at 1160.

      Neither the BIA nor the IJ cited Siong or Arrey in their firm resettlement

analysis. When briefly discussing the violence Isse feared in South Africa, the

BIA repeated the IJ’s finding that “the record does not show that the conditions of
                                          1
[Isse]’s residence in South Africa were so ‘substantially and consciously restricted

by the authority of [South Africa]’” to preclude firm resettlement. This analysis

focused on persecution from the government, with no consideration given to the

persecution Isse experienced by private actors. Therefore, in my view, the agency

committed legal error by failing to apply Siong and Arrey.

      The majority incorrectly discounts the holding in Siong. The majority

contends that Siong does not apply because Siong concerned ineffectiveness of

counsel and whether the petitioner stated a plausible claim for relief to rebut a

presumption of firm resettlement, not whether substantial evidence supports an

agency’s decision. Maj. 3. But the different procedural posture of Siong does not

lessen its holding. A failure to address an individual’s personal experience of

persecution renders the agency’s decision legally inadequate.

      Even if the agency’s decision can be construed as applying Siong and Arrey,

the agency’s decision is not supported by substantial evidence. Substantial

evidence review is deferential as “we may only reverse the agency’s determination

where the evidence compels a contrary conclusion,” Parada v. Sessions, 902 F.3d

901, 908–09 (9th Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), but

“deference does not mean blindness.” Nguyen v. Holder, 763 F.3d 1022, 1029 (9th

Cir. 2014) (quoting Li v. Ashcroft, 356 F.3d 1153, 1158 (9th Cir. 2004) (en banc)).

The BIA’s summary of Isse’s fears, that “he will be limited to Somali-owned shops

                                          2
for work, be robbed, and fears xenophobic violence,” is forward-looking, and

ignores the brutal violence Isse personally experienced in South Africa. And the

majority’s characterization of Isse’s time in South Africa, repeating the agency’s

findings that “Isse had no difficulty finding work or places to live during his four

years and five months in South Africa” and “freely travel[led] throughout the

country,” masks the violence he encountered. Maj. 3.

      Isse’s travel in South Africa was not for pleasure; it was to escape

persecution. And although Isse found work, working meant risking his life. The

first store Isse worked at was repeatedly robbed by local South Africans who “told

[Isse] that [Somalis] do not belong in their country and . . . should go back to

where [they] came from.” In 2013, Isse moved to a different area in Limpopo

Province. But that area was similarly plagued with violence—including killings—

against Somalis. Isse then moved again, looking for somewhere he “could be safe”

and where his “life would not be in danger.” But after this last move, in February

2015, a group of armed robbers entered the store where Isse worked, held Isse and

his coworkers hostage, beat them, and locked them inside before setting the

building on fire. Isse escaped out of the back door, and soon fled South Africa for

the United States.

      Anecdotal evidence that some Somalis live safely in South Africa does not

negate the persecution Isse experienced. Siong and Arrey require the agency to

                                          3
consider an asylum applicant’s particular claims of persecution. See Siong, 376

F.3d at 1040; Arrey, 916 F.3d at 1159–60. And Isse’s experiences in South Africa

are not unique or implausible, nor mere acts of “hooliganism” as described by the

majority. Maj. 3. Country conditions reports and news stories in the record

underscore the pervasive, targeted violence against Somali nationals, including

robberies, beatings, and killings.

      When the agency did discuss persecution in South Africa—in its separate

discussion of Isse’s withholding of removal claim from South Africa—its analysis

misapplied the law and ignored key portions of the record. The IJ misapplied

Parussimova v. Mukasey by requiring that nationality or race “stand[] alone” as the

reason persecutors attacked him, when Parussimova also acknowledges that

“persecution may be caused by more than one central reason.” 555 F.3d 734, 741

(9th Cir. 2009). That people who robbed Isse also sought financial gain does not

lessen their intent to target Somali nationals. See Sinha v. Holder, 564 F.3d 1015,

1021 (9th Cir. 2009) (recognizing that the persecutors’ “desire to steal petitioners'

money and valuables does not undercut the role that racial animus played in their

motivation.”). Further, the IJ and majority each emphasize that Isse never reported

the robberies to police in South Africa. Maj. 3. But they fail to note that Isse’s

boss did file a police report—which is included in the record—and Isse described

the police’s failure to protect him in his credible fear interview.

                                           4
      Our precedent requires consideration of past persecution in the firm

resettlement analysis, including persecution by private actors. Because the agency

failed to consider the persecution Isse experienced in South Africa, I would grant

the petition and remand for further consideration of whether Isse firmly resettled in

South Africa.

      2. As to the BIA’s alternative ruling denying relief based on the possibility

of internal relocation in Somalia, I would remand to the BIA to conduct an

individualized assessment. As the government noted in its brief, “[i]t is not clear

whether the agency considered Isse’s argument that he could not safely relocate to

the outskirts of Abudwak” or “whether the agency considered the relevant country

reports.” See Matter of M-Z-M-R-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 28, 33–34 (BIA 2012)

(explaining that the Board must consider relevant country reports and conduct an

individualized assessment of whether a new location is “substantially better than

those giving rise to a well-founded fear of persecution on the basis of the original

claim”).

                                          5