Court Opinion

ID: 946341
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-06-27 20:53:43.788579+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:10:56.640459
License: Public Domain

Filed 6/27/13 P. v. Wigiert CA3
                                                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or
ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for
purposes of rule 8.1115.

                     IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                             THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                             (El Dorado)

                                                                    ----

THE PEOPLE,                                                                                                C071286

                     Plaintiff and Respondent,                                             (Super. Ct. No. P08CRF0255)

          v.

MATTHEW ALAN WIGIERT,

                     Defendant and Appellant.

          This case involves the interplay between the Sex Offender Registration Act
(SORA) and the Criminal Justice Realignment Act of 2011 (Realignment Act).1
          At all relevant times, defendant Matthew Alan Wigiert has been subject to lifetime
sexual offender registration arising out of a prior case, a fact which no one--not the
People, not defense counsel, and not the probation department--timely conveyed to the

________________________________________________________________
1 SORA is found at Penal Code section 290, et seq. All further section references are to
the Penal Code.

   The Realignment Act “‘shifted responsibility for housing and supervising certain
felons from the state to the individual counties’” but excludes SORA registrants from its
ambit. (People v Torres (Feb. 15, 2013, F063840) ___ Cal.App.4th ___, ___ [p. 5]; see
People v. Griffis (2013) 212 Cal.App.4th 956, 961-962 (Griffis); § 1170, subd. (h)(3)(C).)

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trial court in the current case. When sentencing defendant in the current case, the trial
court ordered defendant to register as a sex offender for (and only for) five years, as a
condition of probation. The trial court later revoked probation and sent defendant to
prison.
          Defendant claims he should not have been sentenced to state prison because he
was not excluded from the Realignment Act. We conclude the record shows defendant
had a prior lifetime duty to register under SORA. His status as a SORA registrant was
not changed by the temporally-limited registration order made as a condition of probation
earlier in this case. Contrary to defendant’s view, all SORA registrants are excluded
from the Realignment Act, not merely new SORA registrants. (See § 1170, subd.
(h)(3)(C).) Because the trial court reached the same conclusions in sentencing defendant
to state prison, we shall affirm.

                                      BACKGROUND
          In this case, defendant was charged with seven sex offenses. On August 13, 2008,
pursuant to a plea bargain, he pled no contest to two counts of unlawful sexual
intercourse with a minor more than three years younger than himself, reflecting two
separate victims. (§ 261.5, subds. (a), (c).) The agreed-upon sentence was one year in
jail, and registration as a sex offender during the period of probation. Five other counts
were trailed.
          SORA registration is not mandatory for the crime of unlawful sexual intercourse,
but a trial court has discretion to impose a registration requirement for any offense--
including unlawful sexual intercourse--if the offense is motivated by “sexual compulsion
or for purposes of sexual gratification”--and the trial court states on the record “the
reasons for its findings and the reasons for requiring registration.” (§ 290.006; see
People v. Picklesimer (2010) 48 Cal.4th 330, 345; People v. Hofsheier (2006) 37 Cal.4th
1185, 1197-1198 [discussing predecessor statute].) Such a person “shall” register

                                              2
“pursuant to” SORA. (§ 290.006.) The reporter’s transcript of the 2008 change-of-plea
hearing is not in the record, so it is unclear why the trial court ordered the temporally-
limited sex registration condition of probation in this case.2
       On November 19, 2008, a different trial court stayed imposition of sentence and
placed defendant on five years of probation, with a condition that he register as a sex
offender for the period of probation, which the trial court described as “a difference from
the normal law and order. This will be for a five year reporting term only from this date.”
The trailing counts were dismissed pursuant to the plea bargain.
       In a letter dated November 30, 2009, the probation department notified the court
that defendant had been assessed with “the State Authorized Risk Assessment Tool for
Sex Offenders (SARATSO)” and scored at “high” risk of reoffense. Normally, that
would require continuous electronic monitoring while on probation unless the trial court
found such monitoring was unnecessary in a particular case. (See § 1202.8, subd. (b).)

________________________________________________________________

2 As the People argued in the trial court, this may have been an unauthorized limitation.
Registration is for life. (Pen. Code, § 290, subd. (b).) Because of the lifetime registration
requirement, the court generally has no authority to require registration only for the
period of probation. Although no published decision has yet addressed the point, if the
court is imposing registration under the discretionary provisions of section 290.006, it
might be argued the court also has the discretion to determine the length of the
registration requirement. Nothing in the section 290 statutory scheme, however, indicates
registration, whether mandatory or discretionary, is for anything less than life without a
certificate of rehabilitation or pardon.” (Couzens, Prickett & Bigelow, Sentencing
California Crimes (Barrister Press, Aug. 2011) Sex Crimes, p. 270 (Couzens, Prickett &
Bigelow); see People v. Zaidi (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 1470, 1481-1490 [allowing a
defendant to withdraw his plea because he thought SORA registration was merely for
length of probation, and he was not advised it was a lifetime duty, pointing out (at p.
1484) that “Registration is not for a finite period, like a jail incarceration or probation”].)
We need not resolve that issue in this appeal. However, we note that the trial court’s
probation condition was not wholly unprecedented. (See People v. King (2007) 151
Cal.App.4th 1304, 1306 (King).)

                                              3
The probation department recommended against monitoring by the probation department
because, “As a result of his status as a registered sex offender the defendant is subject to
the continuous electronic monitoring as a condition of parole. Therefore, it is
respectfully recommended that the defendant not be subject to continuous electronic
monitoring by the probation officer at this time. Prior to his discharge from parole the
probation officer will reevaluate the appropriateness of subjecting the defendant to
continuous electronic monitoring and make the appropriate recommendation to the
court.” Although this information signaled clearly that the registration probation
condition imposed in the current case was partly duplicative of a lifetime registration
requirement from a prior case, the only result of this letter was that the trial court ordered
defendant “absolved from continuous electronic monitoring by the probation officer until
he is discharged from parole.”
       On November 21, 2011, the People filed a petition alleging defendant violated
probation (VOP), and probation was summarily revoked. A VOP report alleged
defendant removed his ankle monitor and absconded to Nevada with his mother’s ATM
card. The report stated defendant had recently been discharged from parole “following a
lengthy criminal history including multiple convictions for sex offenses, burglary, and
narcotics use[,]” (emphasis added) and recommended a two-year sentence on each count,
to be served consecutively, for a four-year prison term.
       Defendant was later charged with two drug offenses, and a second VOP was filed.
On February 10, 2012, he pled no contest to one misdemeanor drug charge, the other was
dismissed, and he admitted violating probation. Imposition of sentence in the drug case
was suspended and probation was reinstated.
       On February 16, 2012, a third VOP was filed, alleging defendant did not promptly
contact the probation officer and did not report as directed for installation of a new
monitoring device. An attached probation report noted defendant was a “high risk” sex
offender who “had cut off” his monitoring device and fled the state before, and

                                              4
recommended the trial court impose and stay a two-year sentence and order him to serve
120 days in jail, with no credit for time served.3
       On March 5, 2012, defendant admitted the latest VOP allegations. The trial court
declined to reinstate probation and sentenced defendant to the upper term of three years
on one of the sex counts, with a concurrent midterm on the other, but “split the sentence”
so that defendant would serve two years in county jail, and the trial court stayed the
remaining year “so the Defendant will be released on mandatory supervision.” The trial
court was “somewhat troubl[ed]” by the prior limited sex registration order, stating “it’s
not really appropriate on a state prison sentence. But I’m sure probation will have other
terms they’ll be requesting.” 4
       On March 7, 2012, the parties were back in court to discuss a claimed error in the
computation of defendant’s custody credits. At that hearing, the People for the first time
advised the court that, because defendant was a registered sex offender (apparently still
referencing only the current case), he was ineligible for sentencing under the
Realignment Act, and asked the court to correct what they characterized as an
unauthorized “split” sentence, seeking a state prison sentence instead. The trial court
recalled the sentence (see § 1170, subd. (d)) and sought briefing from the parties. (See
fn. 5, post.)

________________________________________________________________

3 The record sheds no light on the question of why a two-year stayed state prison
sentence was recommended at this point, when a four-year unstayed state prison sentence
was recommended before defendant twice more violated probation.

4 The “split-sentence” is a creature of the Realignment Act: “When a court sentences a
defendant to county jail under the Realignment Act, the court can suspend execution of a
concluding portion of the defendant's sentence, during which time the defendant is given
supervised release from custody, akin to probation. (§ 1170, subd. (h)(5) (B).)” (Griffis,
supra, 212 Cal.App.4th at p. 963, fn. 2.)

                                              5
       Defendant filed his brief on March 15, 2012, asserting his registration duty arose
from only the probation condition in the current case. The SORA exception provided by
the Realignment Act, requiring defendants to serve sentences in state prison rather than
county jail, applies to any defendant who “is required to register as a sex offender
pursuant to Chapter 5.5 (commencing with Section 290) [.]” (§ 1170, subd. (h)(3)(C),
emphasis added.) Defendant’s argument was that he was not required to register
“pursuant to” SORA, but pursuant to a probation condition.
       The People then lodged with the trial court a letter from the California Department
of Justice (DOJ), authenticating certified copies of defendant’s “California Sex and Arson
Registry.” In part, it shows that defendant was previously convicted of misdemeanor
sexual battery (§ 243.4, subd. (e)(1)). As a matter of law, such a conviction results in
mandatory lifetime SORA registration. (§ 290, subds. (b) & (c).)
       The People’s brief argued the split sentence reflected an abuse of discretion
because the trial court (and, inferentially, everyone else involved) had until that point
been “unaware the defendant was already a lifetime sex offender registrant pursuant to
his valid plea and waiver agreement in case P06CRF0388 [the prior sexual battery case].
Thus, the validity of the court’s order requiring him to register in case P08CRF0255 [i.e.,
as a condition of probation in the current case] is irrelevant and the issue is moot.”
Attached to the brief was a copy of the plea form in the prior case, showing defendant
resolved four then-pending criminal cases by pleading no contest to receiving stolen
property (P07CRF0011), second-degree burglary (P06CFR0598), and misdemeanor
sexual battery (P06CRF0388), with the fourth case (P06CRF1084) to be dismissed.
Defendant had initialed a line that read: “I understand that I will be required to register
as a sex offender pursuant to Penal Code § 290.”
       When the current case came on for a hearing on March 21, 2012, the trial court
lamented its “sordid history[,]” but concluded that it had not lost jurisdiction to change
the sentence because it retained the power to recall the sentence within 120 days,

                                              6
pursuant to section 1170, subdivision (d).5 The trial court continued the matter for the
parties to brief the newly-discovered issue regarding defendant’s registration status
arising from the prior case. Then, for the first time, the People informed the court that
there was a second prior case, P05CRM1922, in which defendant allegedly was
convicted of unlawful sexual intercourse and ordered to register as a sex offender.
       The subsequent defense brief did not address the issue of the registration orders in
the two prior cases, except to state counsel had not received all relevant transcripts. The
People’s brief included as exhibits a March 5, 2007 change-of-plea form in the prior
sexual battery case (P06CRF0388), and a February 24, 2006 minute order in the prior
unlawful sexual intercourse case (P05CRM1922), reflecting that defendant was ordered
to register as a sex offender “pursuant to” section 290, in each case. The same copy of
defendant’s Sex and Arson Registry report that had been submitted before was attached
to the People’s brief.
       On April 11, 2012, the trial court took judicial notice of the two prior “cases” and
stated “I have considered those files.” The trial court tentatively concluded the prior
cases mooted the pending sentencing issues. Defense counsel argued in a part that
“increased penalties and additional obligations” had not been pled or proven, a point
reiterated in a later motion.6 The People argued the original split sentence was
unauthorized because defendant was a SORA registrant.

________________________________________________________________

5 The trial court relied on a leading bench guide, which concludes a trial court’s power to
recall a state prison commitment (§ 1170, subd. (d)) includes the power to recall a prison
sentence ordered to be served locally. (Couzens & Bigelow, Felony Sentencing After
Realignment (Feb. 2013) Additional Issues, pp. 26-27 (Couzens & Bigelow).) Defendant
disagrees with this view, but concedes the trial court had the power to “correct” its
sentence if it were not legally authorized.
6 As defendant points out, the trial court did not clearly identify the documents judicially
noticed. The trial court may have meant the entire case files, or merely the documents
from those files attached as exhibits to the People’s brief. We need not resolve this point.

                                             7
       On April 11, 2012, the trial court declined to reinstate probation and imposed a
state prison sentence consisting of the upper term of three years on count I, with a
concurrent lower-term sentence on count II.
       Defendant timely filed this appeal.
                                      DISCUSSION
                                              I
                     Defendant is Excluded from the Realignment Act
       Defendant contends no evidence shows he was subject to a lifetime registration
requirement resulting from any prior case, and in any event he remained eligible for a
county jail commitment under the Realignment Act. We disagree.
       First, we have previously held there is no need to plead and prove a prior
conviction in order to disqualify a defendant from the Realignment Act, and in doing so
made it clear our holding applied to “a prior conviction or other factor disqualifying a
defendant from a jail sentence under the Realignment Act[.]” (Griffis, supra, 212
Cal.App.4th at pp. 963-964, emphasis added.) We adhere to that view in this case.
Therefore, there was no need for the People to formally plead and prove his exclusion
from the Realignment Act.
       The trial court took judicial notice of records in two prior cases, and found
defendant was subject to lifetime SORA registration. (See fn. 6, ante.) The documents

Defense counsel did not ask the trial court to clarify what it was considering or to lodge
that material in the record. Instead, counsel merely objected to the trial court’s
considering anything outside the current case file, arguing there was an issue “of what
must be pled and proven[.]” On appeal, defendant fails to present any authority
preventing a trial court from taking judicial notice of its own files, or documents from its
files, to determine a defendant’s prior criminal record, and therefore has forfeited any
such claim. (See In re S.C. (2006) 138 Cal.App.4th 396, 408.) And in any event, such a
claim would fail. (See People v. Woodell (1998) 17 Cal.4th 448, 455-456; 1 Witkin, Cal.
Evidence (4th ed. 2000) Judicial Notice, § 23, pp. 117-118.) There was simply no factual
dispute that defendant was previously convicted of sexual battery. (§ 243.4, subd. (e)(1).)

                                              8
from those cases, and the authenticated DOJ documents, confirm defendant was a
lifetime sex registrant, independent of the probation condition imposed in this case. If
trial counsel thought those documents were somehow inadequate, the remedy was to
challenge them or present other evidence that belied them. This was not done. The
documents presented to the trial court were sufficient to show defendant had been
convicted of sexual battery, for which SORA registration is compelled, and that he had,
in fact, registered.
       Defendant in part contends those documents do not show defendant was ordered to
register for life. We disagree. Even if SORA registration is not always for life--barring a
certificate of rehabilitation or pardon (see fn. 2, ante)--the order imposing registration
“pursuant to” SORA in the sexual battery case was a lifetime order: “Every person
described in subdivision (c) [which includes convictions for sexual battery], for the rest
of his or her life,” is subject to SORA. (§ 290, subd. (b), emphasis added.)
       Assuming the limited registration order was authorized (but see fn. 2, ante), we
disagree with defendant that there was “no point in his being ordered to register for a
finite period of time” as a condition of probation in the present case. Although that order
may have been made without knowledge of defendant’s preexisting SORA registration
duties, “A trial court has broad discretion to impose conditions of probation that will
foster rehabilitation of the defendant and protect the public and the victim.” (King,
supra, 151 Cal.App.4th at p. 1309.) It would not be irrational to impose a SORA
registration order as a condition of probation, even for a person, like defendant, who is
also required to register because of a prior conviction, because doing so would allow
flexibility in dealing with subsequent SORA violations: They might result in new
criminal charges or could be dealt with by means of a VOP alleging noncompliance with
the probation condition, depending on the severity of the violation and other relevant
factors. (Cf. King, supra, 151 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1307-1309, & fn. 6 [where defendant’s
duty to register arose solely from a condition of probation, and trial court had not made

                                              9
the discretionary findings authorizing SORA registration for the offense of unlawful
sexual intercourse, defendant could not be convicted of violating SORA, but could be
subject to revocation of probation].) But in any event we reject defendant’s apparent
view that the earlier probation order in this case has any relevance to his preexisting
SORA registration status.
       Defendant argues the documents in the record merely show defendant would be
ordered to register, not that he actually did register. But the authenticated DOJ
documents show that he did, in fact, register. Further, we presume official duties are
carried out and the relevant officials ensured that he did register under SORA. As stated
in an analogous case, “official government records clearly describing a prior conviction
presumptively establish that the conviction in fact occurred, assuming those records meet
the threshold requirements of admissibility. (See Evid. Code, § 664 [‘It is presumed that
official duty has been regularly performed’].) Some evidence must rebut this
presumption before the authenticity, accuracy, or sufficiency of the prior conviction
records can be called into question.” (People v. Epps (2001) 25 Cal.4th 19, 27.) Nothing
in the record calls into question defendant’s status as a SORA registrant.
       Finally, we reject defendant’s claim that only those sex registrants whose SORA
duties arise from a current case are excluded from the Realignment Act. The portion of
the statute relevant to his argument is as follows:

              “Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) and (2), where the defendant (A) has a
       prior or current felony conviction for a serious felony described in subdivision (c)
       of Section 1192.7 or a prior or current conviction for a violent felony described in
       subdivision (c) of Section 667.5, (B) has a prior felony conviction in another
       jurisdiction for an offense that has all the elements of a serious felony described in
       subdivision (c) of Section 1192.7 or a violent felony described in subdivision (c)
       of Section 667.5, (C) is required to register as a sex offender pursuant to Chapter
       5.5 (commencing with Section 290) of Title 9 of Part 1, or (D) is convicted of a
       crime and as part of the sentence an enhancement pursuant to Section 186.11 is
       imposed, an executed sentence for a felony punishable pursuant to this subdivision
       shall be served in state prison.” (§ 1170, subd. (h)(3).)

                                             10
       Defendant’s argument hinges on the use of “prior or current” and “prior”
convictions in other exclusions from the Realignment Act. He reasons that because
“prior” does not appear in the part of the statute pertaining to SORA registrants, only
current-case SORA registrants are excluded. We disagree.
       The other provisions exclude persons who have “a prior or current” serious or
violent felony or a “prior” foreign conviction that would be serious or violent if
committed in California. The SORA exclusion refers to a person’s status, which might
arise from a current or prior conviction in California or elsewhere, provided that such
conviction triggers the SORA definitions. (See §§ 290, subds. (b) & (c), 290.005.) All
such persons are “required to register as a sex offender pursuant to” SORA. (§ 1170,
subd. (h)(3)(C).) Had the Legislature wanted to limit the exclusion to persons ordered to
comply with SORA in current cases but not prior registrants--assuming there was some
rational reason to do so--it would not have phrased the exclusion the way it did, to cover
any person who “is required to register as a sex offender pursuant to” SORA. (§ 1170,
subd. (h)(3)(C).) We agree with the view of other learned jurists that, “The plain
language of the statute suggests that anyone required to register, whether or not for the
current offense, will be excluded from sentencing under section 1170(h).” (Couzens &
Bigelow, supra, p. 24; see also Couzens, Prickett & Bigelow, supra, p. 130.)7
                                             II
                       The Abstract of Judgment Must be Corrected
       An abstract of judgment must fully and accurately capture all components of a
defendant’s sentence. (See People v. Mitchell (2001) 26 Cal.4th 181, 185; People v.
Zackery (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 380, 385-389.) The sentencing triad for unlawful sexual

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7  Contrary to defendant’s view, his reading of the statute does not plausibly account for
its language and therefore he has not tendered an ambiguity so as to trigger the “rule of
lenity.” (See People v. Cornett (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1261, 1271 [rule of lenity not applied
unless two interpretations stand in relative equipoise].)

                                            11
intercourse with a victim more than three years younger than the defendant is the default
triad of 16 months, two years, or three years. (See §§ 18, 261.5, subd. (c).)
       As the People note, the trial court imposed the lower term of 16 months in state
prison for count II, to be served concurrently to the upper-term sentence of three years for
count I. However, the abstract of judgment incorrectly states the concurrent sentence on
count two is one year and six months (that is, 18 months), instead of one year and four
months (that is, 16 months).
       We will direct the trial court to prepare a corrected abstract of judgment.
                                     DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed. The trial court is directed to prepare a corrected
abstract of judgment and forward a certified copy thereof to the Department of
Corrections and Rehabilitation.

                                                       DUARTE                        , J.

We concur:

          BLEASE                           , Acting P. J.

          MURRAY                          , J.

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