Court Opinion

ID: 2801897
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-05-19 20:03:33.463721+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:12:50.767382
License: Public Domain

Filed 5/19/15 P. v. King CA2/7
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION SEVEN

THE PEOPLE,                                                          B254930

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. GA087446)
         v.

JACQUELINE SHIN-HONG KING,

         Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Darrell
S. Mavis, Judge. Affirmed.
         Linn Davis, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Scott A. Taryle and
Michael Katz, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

                                           ______________________
       Defendant Jacqueline Shin-Hong King was charged with attempted murder (Pen.
Code, §§ 187, subd. (a), 664)1 and mayhem (§ 203). It was alleged that in the
commission of the offenses, she personally used a deadly or dangerous weapon, a knife
(§ 12022, subd. (b)(1)), and in the commission of the attempted murder she personally
inflicted great bodily injury on the victim (§ 12022.7, subd. (e)). King pled not guilty,
denied the special allegations, and pled not guilty by reason of insanity. In the guilt
phase, a jury convicted King on both counts and found true the special allegations. In the
sanity phase, the jury found that King was sane when she committed the crimes. The trial
court sentenced King to prison for a term of life with the possibility of parole for the
attempted murder, plus five years for the infliction of great bodily injury and use of a
knife, and stayed an additional nine years for mayhem under section 654.
       On appeal, King contends the trial court erred in its response to a question posed
by the jury shortly after the sanity phase deliberations started. The question concerned
whether depression constituted a mental disease or defect. Alternatively, King contends
her counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the trial court’s response to the jury
question. We affirm.

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. Guilt Phase
       1. The Prosecution’s Evidence
       King and the victim, Trevor Ozaki, began a dating and sexual relationship in early
2012. King and Ozaki broke up for three to four months after King “flipped out” on
Ozaki. King was loud and yelled at Ozaki. She also told him she was using “crystal
meth,” was bipolar and had issues. The two resumed their relationship after King called

1      All further statutory references shall be to the Penal Code unless otherwise
indicated.

                                              2
and told Ozaki she had a job and was going to school. After King called, Ozaki picked
up King and they went to his apartment and had sex.
       About two weeks later, on the evening of September 14, 2012, Ozaki picked up
King from her home in Temple City. King was usually outgoing, but that evening Ozaki
noticed she was quieter than usual. Ozaki brought King back to his apartment in
Monterey Park. King and Ozaki began watching television in the living room. King
suggested they watch television in the bedroom. Ozaki agreed. He thought it might lead
to sex as it had in the past. Ozaki and King sat on the bed and began watching a DVD of
the film The Bodyguard. Ozaki put his arm around King and kissed her. King told Ozaki
to turn the lights off and turn the movie off. She also told him to take his pants off.
Ozaki turned off the television and the lights, took his pants off and returned to bed. It
was pitch black in the room.
       After getting back in bed, Ozaki felt three blows to his head near his left ear and
on the top of his scalp. He felt pain. He ran to the light switch and turned the lights on.
He saw King standing by the bed holding a knife with about a six- to seven-inch blade.
He had not seen the knife before; it was not from his apartment. King began swinging
the knife again and hit Ozaki in the stomach. King said, “I am going to kill you
motherfucker.” Ozaki tried to defend himself by throwing a few punches and then
running out of the room.
       Ozaki ran to the living room, and King followed him still holding the knife. Ozaki
began throwing things at King, including a vase and part of a weight. The vase hit King
on the arm, but she did not drop the knife. Ozaki tried but was unable to open the
apartment door that had three locks on it. While Ozaki was trying to open the door, King
came after him with the knife. Ozaki ran to the kitchen, and King chased him. King
swung the knife at him, and Ozaki blocked it with his hand. Ozaki hit King in the face.
Ozaki put his hands on the knife blade and tried to get the knife from King. In doing so
he hurt his hands. Ozaki punched King several times and twisted her arm before she
dropped the knife to the floor and Ozaki picked it up.

                                              3
       Ozaki called 911. When Ozaki went to make the call, King yelled, “Babe, help
me, help me.” She told Ozaki to “do his worst” and said “I’m sorry” while Ozaki was on
the telephone. Before the police arrived, King looked once like she was going to get up
and leave, but Ozaki told her to stay there.
       When the police arrived, King was sitting on the floor of the living room. Officer
Russell Salinas from the Monterey Park Police Department spoke to King. She was quiet
and gave short answers. Ozaki was treated by paramedics and taken to the hospital. He
received staples to close the cut on his head. He received stitches for a two-inch cut on
his cheek and also stitches to his left ear, which was split in half. He had a cut on his
right hand from the area of his ring finger to the base of his palm, a half-inch cut on his
neck, and four separate cuts on his abdomen, which also required stitches. The nail of his
left thumb was cut. He received stitches for a cut on his left kneecap. Ozaki was in the
hospital for three days.

       2. Defense
       King did not present evidence in her behalf in the guilt phase.

       3. Verdict
       On January 13, 2014 the jury convicted King on both counts. The jury also found
true special allegations related to use of a deadly weapon, a knife, and infliction of great
bodily injury.

B. Sanity Phase
       The sanity phase began on January 14, 2014. The parties stipulated that the jury
could consider all of the evidence from the guilt phase.

                                               4
       1. The Defense Witnesses
              a. Shinya King’s Testimony
       Shinya King (Shinya),2 King’s sister, testified that King’s parents were divorced
when King was young, and King lived with her father. King moved in with her uncle at
age 16 and began hanging around with the “wrong group” of people — people who used
drugs and were involved in gangs. King used marijuana, “crystal meth” and Ecstasy. At
one point King’s family tried to take her to a mental health clinic, but the clinic did not
see King. King has a high school diploma and has had about four jobs. The longest
lasted two months.
       When she was younger King was quiet and spent time in her room “doing her own
thing.” In the beginning of 2009, a friend introduced Shinya and King to “Raymond.”
King and Raymond started dating, using drugs and “hanging around hotels.” Shinya
noticed a change in King. King and Raymond were always arguing, and Shinya saw
King crying. King became pregnant by Raymond but did not have the baby.
       King and Raymond eventually stopped dating, but King repeatedly called
Raymond on the telephone crying. Raymond asked Shinya to tell King to stop calling
him and that he did not love her. King did not believe Shinya and said Raymond was
kidding and that he loved her. For about a year King continued trying to call Raymond.
King went to Raymond’s house, but he kicked her out.
       After King’s breakup with Raymond, King became “psychotic,” claiming
Raymond was a shot caller and that he had people on the streets following King. Shinya
was not sure whether Raymond was a gang member, but he could have been. One time
when Shinya and King were in front of their house, King saw a car drive by and said
Raymond had put the green light on her; Raymond was getting people to come and kill
her. King also told Shinya that Raymond and his people had come to their house, put
holes in the ceiling and planted a spy so Raymond would know what King was doing.

2     Shinya King will be referred to by her first name to distinguish her from the
defendant. We do not intend any disrespect.

                                              5
       After King was incarcerated she asked Shinya to look up Sheriff Leroy Baca for
her on Shinya’s computer, asking how old Baca was and what he looked like. King said
she thought Baca liked her, and that he had put money on her books. King also asked
Shinya to look up a scientist named Jonathan Riley. King said she was communicating
with Riley through people’s heads, and that she was going to live with him in Beverly
Hills when she got out. King told Shinya she was going to marry Baca, and later that she
was going to marry Riley and have six kids.
       Shinya was incarcerated in September 2009 on a fraud charge involving
Raymond’s friends.

              b. King’s Testimony
                     (i) Background
       Shortly after she was born, King’s parents separated. When King was about two,
she went to Taiwan to see her mother. King’s half-brother molested her every day for “a
couple weeks” while she was in Taiwan. King later returned to the United States and
lived with both parents. King’s parents got divorced when she was four, and she lived
with her father. Her father remarried and when King was 14, her father and stepmother
kicked her out of the house. She moved in with her uncle. After King was kicked out of
her father’s house she was depressed. She used the Internet to meet “bad people” with
whom she used drugs.
       When King was 14 or 15, she met a man named “Downer” online and through
friends. About a year after she met him, Downer raped her. King continued to see
Downer for a short time after the rape, and she had sex with him twice. King stopped
talking to Downer and started using a lot of drugs.
       King testified she flunked out of high school when she was a sophomore. She cut
herself on the wrist with a razor blade once or twice when she was 14, but it did not leave
a scar. She was raped at 17, after which she tried to kill herself by taking pills.
       When King was 19 she dated Raymond for a few months. They were both using
drugs. He yelled at her all the time; she hit him almost every day and “cheated on him.”

                                              6
King became pregnant by Raymond, and her mother made her have an abortion.
Raymond told King he did not want to see her anymore. King kept telephoning
Raymond and going to his house. King thought Raymond was sending her signs that he
loved her, through music, images, and people. Sometimes King would see hearts on the
wall and her computer would play songs that were not on her playlist.
       In 2010, King went to Alhambra hospital. She was walking outside for hours and
was reading banners on the street, thinking they were signs directed to her. She was
following lights thinking about whether she should go into the hospital A truck with
flashing lights led her to the hospital. King was hallucinating, and high on bad
methamphetamine when she went to the hospital.

                     (ii) King’s Relationship with Ozaki
       King met Ozaki through an acquaintance. When King dated Ozaki, he once
forced her head down on his penis while she was on the drug Ecstasy. After that, Ozaki
took King back home. The next day, she “went crazy on him.” She called Ozaki by
Raymond’s name, even though she knew he was not Raymond. She told Ozaki she was
always being followed and everybody around her was getting locked up. She liked
Ozaki, or “kind of” liked him, but after Ozaki broke up with her for six months to a year,
she did not like him anymore.
       Three or four weeks before King stabbed Ozaki, King saw a sign in the phone
store which said: “Get it done, go on run.” King saw signs that she had to kill or harm
someone. Some signs told her she had to kill her mother. King also saw signs that told
her to harm her friend Reyna.

                     (iii) Events of September 14, 2012
       On September 14, 2012 Ozaki picked King up and took her to his home. King
went to Ozaki’s house because she had low self-esteem and had nothing to do. Before
she left her house, King took a knife from her kitchen and put it in the back of her pants.

                                             7
She took the knife for her protection because Ozaki always forced sex on her.3 She was
not planning on doing anything with the knife unless Ozaki tried to touch her. King
knew from Ozaki’s friend that Ozaki had guns and had killed three people before and
gotten away with it. King never mentioned this to the police.
       King testified it was her idea to take the knife; she did not receive any signs that
told her to bring it to Ozaki’s home. King later testified that when she was in the car she
heard someone on the radio say “go to church,” and she took that as a sign that she
should hurt someone. She also testified that she saw signs in Ozaki’s bedroom, including
that the TV channels did not work. King did not tell the police, or the staff in the
emergency room where she was taken after the stabbing, that she saw any signs.
       According to King, it was Ozaki who suggested that they go into his bedroom, but
she did not say “no.” She knew that Ozaki was going to try to have sex with her. While
they were watching a movie, Ozaki “tried to touch” her on the shoulder, and she “let
him.” Then Ozaki got on top of her with his whole body. She pushed him off and told
him to stop. He laughed and said, “you like it.”
       King told Ozaki to turn off the lights and take his clothes off. She said this to him
because she was scared about having sex with him and did not know what to do. King
also testified that she told Ozaki to turn the lights off because she “was scared to stab
him.” Asked whether it made it easier to stab him with the lights off, King replied, “I
guess you could say that.” King testified she did not receive a sign or hear a voice that
suggested she should tell Ozaki to turn out the lights.
       King did not tell Ozaki that she did not want to have sex with him. King just
wanted to “get it done,” which meant harming Ozaki. Ozaki was “just laying there” and
she stabbed him in the stomach twice. Ozaki got up and repeatedly punched her. After
Ozaki left the room, King went after him with the knife because she thought he was
going to get his gun.

3      King also testified, however, that she only had sex with Ozaki once or twice.

                                              8
       Ozaki came after King and punched her again. King stabbed him wherever she
could but could not remember how many times. King tried to run away with the knife,
but Ozaki closed the door on her. Ozaki was punching King and got the knife. He
pretended he was going to cut King’s shoulder with the knife, then he phoned the police.
King was hallucinating, thinking about people who were going to come and save her.
She screamed, “Help, babe. Help me, help me. How come you’re never there when I
need you?”

                     (iv) Events After King’s Arrest
       King told the police that Ozaki never raped her. She was too embarrassed to tell
them he had done so. King did not hear the part of the police interview when asked if
Ozaki had raped her. If she had heard that part, she would have said “yes.” King
acknowledged she usually lies to the police.
       While King was in jail on this case, she discovered that this “whole thing was [a]
conspiracy” with” big people” who were “playing this game.” A sheriff’s deputy in the
jail showed her some signs. Jonathan, Sheriff Baca, and the scientist confused her by
talking to her at once “telepathing” through somebody else’s head, including her
bunkmate. King testified that the signs and hallucinations did not stop until she hurt
someone and went to jail, when the “game” was “over.”
       By the time of trial, King was taking medication. She felt a lot better and no
longer saw signs. Before she went to jail, she did not know that it was wrong to stab
someone. King did not tell the prosecution’s expert that she knew it was wrong to hurt
people. King said she was sorry because she was. She did not realize she would get in
trouble until after she stabbed Ozaki. She thought she would get away with it. When the
police came, King thought they would be on her side and that the police were playing the
game too.

                                               9
              c. Dr. Dupee’s Testimony
       Dr. Suzanne Dupee is a child/adolescent/adult forensic psychiatrist. She was
asked to evaluate King to determine whether King was insane at the time of the crime.
Dupee opined that King was insane at the time she stabbed Ozaki. Dupee testified that
King suffers from a mental disease or defect, schizophrenia, and did not know it was
legally or morally wrong to stab Ozaki on the night of the incident. Dupee did not agree
with the opinion of the prosecution’s expert, Dr. Haig Kojian, that King suffered from
depression. She testified: “[King] has constant psychosis. And I don’t think that she just
has depression. I think she’s depressed but in a kind of normal way that she’s in jail
facing very serious charges, but her predominant symptoms were psychosis.” Dupee did
not believe King was suffering from drug-induced psychosis in jail or that she has bipolar
disorder.
       Dupee interviewed King once, on August 21, 2013, about a year after the stabbing.
During the initial part of the interview, King’s thoughts were logical and linear. About
halfway through the interview, King started describing a lot of psychotic symptoms. It
was clear she was experiencing a lot of “crazy thoughts.” King had paranoid delusions
such as her belief that Sheriff Baca and the head of NASA were personally involved with
her. King thought she was getting signs and that people were talking about her. She
thought an ad regarding toe fungus was put on the television specifically to refer to her.
King also exhibited grandiosity, thinking that important people were involved with her
and believing signs on buses specifically referred to her.
       Dupee believed it was highly possible that King had the psychotic symptoms for a
long time. It was Dupee’s opinion that King was not malingering or faking her
symptoms. Dupee opined that King was psychotic at the time of the incident and did not
understand the wrongfulness of her action.
       Dupee testified that the 2010 Alhambra hospital records, Ozaki’s statement that
the incident happened randomly and unexpectedly, the police description of King’s blank
stare, King’s self-incriminating statements to the police, and the report of Dr. Mindy
Mechanic, who was retained by defense counsel to conduct a psychological evaluation of

                                             10
King, supported her conclusion. King appeared to have entrenched psychotic symptoms
that she described as having had at the time of the incident. King had a delusion when
she was in the jail that she was pregnant or at risk of pregnancy that set her off into a
psychotic state that was evident to jail personnel and doctors.

       2. The Prosecution’s Witness
       Kojian, a clinical psychologist with over 20 years’ experience, testified for the
prosecution. Kojian concluded that King had been suffering from depression for a very
long time, and that depression is a legitimate mental disease recognized in the diagnostic
study guide. Kojian concluded nonetheless that King was legally sane at the time of the
incident, because there was nothing to indicate she did not know the nature of her actions,
or that she did not know what she was doing was morally or legally wrong.
       Kojian interviewed King on two occasions, September 18 and September 25,
2013, about a year after the incident. Kojian had King complete a personality assessment
inventory. The results indicated King was exaggerating some symptoms. Kojian also
questioned King about her personal history. Kojian thought King was a good historian
on her life, and he had no problems communicating with her. King told Kojian that she
had followed signs to the Alhambra Hospital emergency room in 2010 and told the
people there she was confused. Kojian concluded that incident was related to the use of
methamphetamine.
       Kojian testified that the records from Garfield Medical Center where King was
taken after the stabbing did not suggest that King had any mental health problems. The
county jail records from five days after King was incarcerated did not suggest any mental
health problems. King was evaluated by a psychologist at the jail on September 27,
2012, and the psychologist found no evidence of mental impairment.
       Kojian further testified there was nothing to indicate that King did not know the
nature of her actions at the time of the incident. Kojian based that on the following:
King gave different answers to Kojian, at first saying she was following signs to kill
Ozaki, but later saying she went to Ozaki’s house because she had nothing better to do.

                                             11
King told Kojian she took the knife to Ozaki’s house to harm him, and when he tried to
take advantage of her, she “took action.” King told Kojian that she stabbed Ozaki
because he touched her and she was tired of being touched. King repeatedly told the
police she stabbed Ozaki and that it was her fault. King knew she was stabbing Ozaki at
the time of the incident.
       Kojian also concluded that there was no evidence to suggest King did not know
that what she was doing was morally or legally wrong. King ascribed fault to herself;
that implies knowledge of culpability. She told Kojian that she wanted to run out of the
apartment but was prevented from doing so. King told Kojian she knew it was wrong to
stab people, and she stabbed Ozaki because she was angry with him. The probation
report also indicated that King said that this was her fault and that she stabbed Ozaki
“because he kept importuning her for sex.”
       Kojian reviewed the jail notes. He concluded that many months after her arrest
there might have been some question about whether or not King “came really close to
being psychotic.” King may have been decompensating due to being held in custody
pending serious charges.

       3. Jury Instructions, Deliberations and Verdict
       The trial court instructed the jury regarding the insanity defense, using CALCRIM
No. 3450. The jury was instructed, in part, as follows: “You have found the defendant
guilty of attempted murder and mayhem. Now you must decide whether she was legally
insane when she committed the crimes. [¶] The defendant must prove that it is more
likely than not that she was legally insane when she committed the crimes.
       “The defendant was legally insane if: [¶] 1. When she committed the crimes, she
had a mental disease or defect; [¶] AND [¶] 2. Because of that disease or defect, she
was incapable of knowing or understanding the nature and quality of her act or was
incapable of knowing or understanding that her act was morally or legally wrong.
       “None of the following qualify as a mental disease or defect for purposes of an
insanity defense: personality disorder, adjustment disorder, seizure disorder, or an

                                             12
abnormality of personality or character made apparent only by a series of criminal or
antisocial acts. [¶] . . . [¶] You may consider any evidence that the defendant had a
mental disease or defect before the commission of the crimes. If you are satisfied that
she had a mental disease or defect before she committed the crimes, you may conclude
that she suffered from that same condition when she committed the crimes. You must
still decide whether that mental disease or defect constitutes legal insanity.”
       Shortly after deliberations began, the jury sent a question as follows: “Is
depression considered a mental disease or defect, by definition?” The minute order for
that date states that “[a]fter notification to counsel, the court by written response, gives
further instruction to the jury.” The trial court’s response was: “It is up to you to
determine whether something rises to the level of a mental disease or defect based upon
all the evidence.”
       After about two hours of deliberation, the jury found that King was sane when she
committed the crimes.

                                       DISCUSSION

       King contends the trial court’s answer (“It is up to you to determine whether
something rises to the level of a mental disease or defect based upon all the evidence”)
was erroneous as a matter of law and violated King’s due process rights and right to a
jury trial. King argues “[t]he short answer to the jury’s question was ‘yes’” and that “[a]t
a minimum,” the trial court should have explained the difference between the common
usage of the word “depression” and “its technical use in psychiatry.” We find no error in
the trial court’s response.4

4      The People argue King forfeited her claim of instructional error by failing to
object in the trial court. Even though no objection was made, under section 1259 we
review the jury instruction to determine whether it affected the substantial rights of King.

                                              13
A. The Trial Court Did Not Misstate the Law or Abuse Its Discretion
       1. Standard of Review
       “We determine whether a jury instruction correctly states the law under the
independent or de novo standard of review.” (People v. Ramos (2008) 163 Cal. App. 4th
1082, 1088.) “We consider the instructions as a whole as well as the entire record of
trial, including the arguments of counsel. [Citation.] If reasonably possible, instructions
are interpreted to support the judgment rather than defeat it. [Citation.]” (People v.
McPheeters (2013) 218 Cal. App. 4th 124, 132.)
       In the absence of a misstatement of law, we apply the “abuse of discretion
standard of review to any decision by a trial court to instruct, or not to instruct, in its
exercise of its supervision over a deliberating jury. [Citations.]” (People v. Waidla
(2000) 22 Cal. 4th 690, 745-746; accord, People v. Dykes (2009) 46 Cal. 4th 731, 802.)
“The court is under a general obligation to ‘clear up any instructional confusion
expressed by the jury,’ but ‘[w]here . . . the original instructions are themselves full and
complete, the court has discretion . . . to determine what additional explanations are
sufficient to satisfy the jury’s request for information.’ [Citations.]” (Dykes, supra, at
p. 802; People v. Gonzalez (1990) 51 Cal. 3d 1179, 1212-1213.)

       2. The Response Was a Correct Statement of Law
       Prior to the jury’s question, the jury had already been instructed regarding the
insanity defense with CALCRIM No. 3450. King does not contend that CALCRIM
No. 3450 was ambiguous or misleading when given. The jury was required to consider
two questions in adjudicating the insanity defense: first, if at the time King committed the
crimes she had a mental disease or defect; and second, whether because of that disease or
defect she was incapable of knowing or understanding the nature and quality of her act,
or that her act was morally or legally wrongful. Kojian, the People’s expert, testified that
King suffered from depression and that depression was a mental disease. Dupee, King’s
expert, testified that she disagreed with Kojian’s opinion that King suffered from
depression. She testified, “[King] has constant psychosis. And I don’t think that she just

                                               14
has depression. I think she’s depressed but in a kind of normal way that she’s in jail
facing very serious charges, but her predominant symptoms were psychosis.”
         Faced with conflicting evidence whether King had a mental disease or defect
connected with depression, the trial court properly instructed the jury that it was for the
jury to decide the issue based on all the evidence. As the People argue, the trial court
could reasonably have understood the jury’s question as asking the court to apply the
evidence to the instruction and to determine whether the first element of the insanity
defense had been proven. That is not an appropriate role for the trial court. (See People
v. Yarbrough (2008) 169 Cal. App. 4th 303, 315 [“‘no matter how conclusive the
evidence, a trial court cannot directly inform the jury that an element of the crime
charged has been established’”]; People v. Figueroa (1986) 41 Cal. 3d 714, 741 [trial
judge improperly usurped the jury’s role by giving an instruction which applied the law
to the facts as he understood them].)
         King posits a number of theories under which the instruction was error. King
argues that “[o]nce there is evidence from a psychologist or psychiatrist that he or she has
diagnosed a defendant with a mental disease or defect, which is not otherwise excluded
by statute, there is nothing for the jury to decide as to the first element.” We disagree.
As previously discussed, the experts differed on whether King’s depression constituted a
mental disease or defect. As with other witnesses, it was up to the jury to determine
whether it credited either expert’s testimony. (People v. Vang (2011) 52 Cal. 4th 1038,
1050.)

         3. No Additional Instructions Were Mandated
         King relies on the principle articulated in Bollenbach v. United States (1946) 326
U.S. 607, 612-613 [66 S. Ct. 402, 90 L. Ed. 350] that “[w]hen a jury makes explicit its
difficulties a trial judge should clear them away with concrete accuracy.” Bollenbach,
however, is distinguishable. In Bollenbach, the trial court answered a jury’s question
with an instruction that was “simply wrong.” (Id. at p. 613.) Here the trial court’s
instruction contained no error of law.

                                              15
       King also cites a number of cases holding that a trial court has a duty to define
terms which have a technical meaning peculiar to the law. In all of those cases, the trial
court failed to define a term used in the jury instructions or to instruct on a general
principle of law governing the charges. (See People v. Pitmon (1985) 170 Cal. App. 3d
38, 51-52 [failure to define “force” where defendant charged with committing lewd or
lascivious acts by means of force or duress], disapproved on other grounds in People v.
Soto (2011) 51 Cal. 4th 229, 248; People v. Hill (1983) 141 Cal. App. 3d 661, 668 [failure
to instruct on the legal definition of “extortion” when defendant charged with kidnap for
ransom or extortion]; People v. McElheny (1982) 137 Cal. App. 3d 396, 403-404 [failure
to give the standard instruction defining assault].) Here, however, the jury did not ask the
trial court to define a term used in the jury instructions, nor did the trial court fail to
instruct on a general principle of law governing the insanity defense.
       King argues the trial court was under an obligation to explain the difference
between depression as commonly understood and depression which constitutes a mental
disease or defect for purposes of the insanity defense. King points to no evidence in the
record from which the trial court could have articulated the type of response King
suggests was required. Kojian testified King’s depression constituted a mental disease;
Dupee disagreed. Dupee opined King was depressed in a kind of “normal” way, but did
not articulate any standard by which she made that conclusion.

       4. No Abuse of Discretion
       Here, the CALCRIM instruction was complete, and the trial court’s response was
a correct statement of law. It was not an abuse of discretion for the trial court to conclude
additional instructions were unnecessary. We find unsupported King’s arguments that
the failure to instruct on the difference between the common usage of the word
depression and its psychiatric definition led the jury astray. King claims the jury “could
have found [King] sane based on the common usage of the word ‘depression’ because she
had a sad life”; “could have found her sane because she used drugs at one time”; “could
have found her sane by their own diagnosis that she had a personality disorder”; and

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“could have found her sane because she was a bad person who deserved to be punished
for the horrific crimes she committed.” Not only is the argument speculative, 5 it also
requires us to assume the jury ignored the instructions given as a whole, including
CALCRIM No. 3450. We decline to do so. A jury is presumed to understand and follow
jury instructions. (People v. Pearson (2013) 56 Cal. 4th 393, 414; People v. Rhodes
(2005) 129 Cal. App. 4th 1339, 1348.)
       Finally, King contends that the trial court’s response, coupled with the
prosecutor’s closing argument, invited the jury to substitute its diagnosis for that of the
experts. The record does not support this conclusion.6 In his closing argument, the
prosecutor focused on the second step of the insanity analysis, rather than the first step.
Early in his argument the prosecutor stated: “So did she have a mental disease or defect?
Which one? But you know what, for the sake of argument, let’s say she does have some
mental disease or defect. All right. Let’s go with that. But it’s not — in and of itself, it’s
not enough. So what is the ‘and’? Because of that disease or defect she was incapable of
knowing or understanding the nature and quality of her act, or, she was incapable of
knowing or understanding that her act was morally or legally wrong.” The balance of the
People’s argument focused on this latter question.
       King takes out of context the prosecutor’s remark that, “You know more than
these doctors do.” This remark was made after the prosecutor noted that the jurors had
spent more time listening to King and hearing King being interviewed than the doctors.
The prosecutor noted that the jury knows “more about the evidence” than the doctors.
We find without merit King’s argument that the jury was invited to render their own
diagnosis of mental disease or defect.

5     See People v. Bell (1989) 49 Cal. 3d 502 at page 552, rejecting a speculative
argument on how an instruction could have affected deliberations.
6     To the extent King’s argument could be considered a claim of prosecutorial
misconduct, this issue was not developed in King’s opening brief and will not be
considered. (People v. Smithey (1999) 20 Cal. 4th 936, 1017, fn. 26; People v. Battle
(2011) 198 Cal. App. 4th 50, 76.)

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B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
       King argues that the failure of her trial counsel to object to the trial court’s
response to the jury’s question constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel and renders
the jury’s verdict unreliable. To prevail on this claim, King must show that “counsel’s
representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing
professional norms, and that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result would have been different.” (People v. Farnam (2002)
28 Cal. 4th 107, 201.) If the appellate record does not reveal why counsel “acted or failed
to act in the manner challenged, then unless counsel were asked for an explanation and
failed to provide one, or unless there simply could be no satisfactory explanation,” the
contention of ineffective assistance on appeal must be rejected. (Ibid.; see also People v.
Carter (2005) 36 Cal. 4th 1114, 1189.)
       King argues that no one could conceive of an explanation why trial counsel would
fail to object to the trial court’s instruction and “would . . . forfeit her entire claim.” We
discern no error in the court’s instruction, and are not persuaded that failure to object to
the court’s instruction in any way resulted in a forfeiture of King’s insanity claim. Thus
trial counsel’s failure to object did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness.
(See People v. Farnham, supra, 28 Cal.4th at p. 186, fn. 36.) We therefore reject the
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.

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                                    DISPOSITION

      The judgment is affirmed.

                                                STROBEL, J.*

We concur:

             PERLUSS, P. J.

             ZELON, J.

*       Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

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