Court Opinion

ID: 6344855
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-05-27 16:00:35.505858+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:06:54.056066
License: Public Domain

Appellate Case: 21-2103     Document: 010110690021       Date Filed: 05/27/2022      Page: 1
                                                                                   FILED
                                                                       United States Court of Appeals
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          Tenth Circuit

                              FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                               May 27, 2022
                          _________________________________
                                                                          Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                              Clerk of Court
  ALLEN RUSHING,

        Plaintiff - Appellant,

  v.                                                           No. 21-2103
                                                   (D.C. No. 1:20-CV-00658-NF-KHR)
  JENNIFER GRANHOLM, Secretary of the                           (D. N.M.)
  United States Department of Energy,

        Defendant - Appellee.
                       _________________________________

                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                          _________________________________

 Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, HOLMES and ROSSMAN, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

       At the time of this lawsuit, Allen Rushing was working as a Senior Courier for

 the National Nuclear Security Administration, an agency within the United States

 Department of Energy (DOE). After he was not selected to advance in the hiring

 process for a Lead Courier position, he sued the DOE in federal district court in New

 Mexico. He alleged the DOE discriminated against him based on disability, national

 origin, and sexual orientation, and retaliated against him for filing an equal

       *
         After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
 unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
 argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
 submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
 except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
 may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
Appellate Case: 21-2103    Document: 010110690021         Date Filed: 05/27/2022    Page: 2

 employment opportunity (EEO) complaint. The district court granted the DOE’s

 motion for summary judgment, and Mr. Rushing now appeals. Exercising

 jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1291, we affirm.

       I. Background

        Mr. Rushing applied to be a Lead Courier. The human resources department

 identified a group of seven applicants, including Mr. Rushing, who were at least

 minimally qualified for the Lead Courier position. A leadership review panel then

 met and evaluated each candidate using five assessment questions designed to reflect

 each applicant’s performance during the past year. Three candidates received a score

 of 136 or higher out of a possible score of 140. Mr. Rushing received a score of 114,

 and three other candidates scored lower than him. The candidates who received the

 top three scores advanced in the hiring process and were given interviews.

 Mr. Rushing and the other candidates with lower scores were not given further

 consideration.

       After he was not chosen to advance in the hiring process, Mr. Rushing filed an

 EEO complaint with the agency.1 He subsequently filed the underlying lawsuit. The

       1
         We note in his brief, Mr. Rushing at times refers to filing an “EEO Charge of
 Discrimination,” see, e.g., Aplt. Opening Br. at 7-8, but at other times refers to filing
 an “EEOC complaint,” id. at 10, or “EEOC discrimination charge,” id. at 12. The
 references to the “EEOC” might suggest that he filed a complaint with the
 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, not the agency’s EEO office. But all
 the record evidence shows that Mr. Rushing filed an internal EEO complaint with the
 agency. We also note that neither party addresses exhaustion of administrative
 remedies in their appellate briefing. Because exhaustion is not jurisdictional, see
 Lincoln v. BNSF Ry., Co., 900 F.3d 1166, 1185 (10th Cir. 2018), and it is not
 necessary to resolve this appeal, we need not consider it, see United States v.
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 government moved for summary judgment on all claims, and Mr. Rushing filed a

 response in opposition.

       The district court first considered Mr. Rushing’s disability claim.2 The court

 concluded Mr. Rushing established a prima facie case of disability discrimination,

 but he had failed to show that the government’s legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason

 for not interviewing him—because he was not one of the top three candidates based

 on the panel score assessments—was pretext for discrimination.

       The court next observed that Mr. Rushing’s response did not address his

 claims for discrimination based on national origin and sexual orientation.3

       Finally, the district court determined that Mr. Rushing failed to establish a

 prima facie case of retaliation. The court explained that “‘[a] plaintiff establishes a

 prima facie case of retaliation by showing: (1) he or she engaged in protected

 opposition to discrimination; (2) he or she was subject to an adverse employment

 Burkholder, 816 F.3d 607, 620 n.11 (10th Cir. 2016) (“In our adversary,
 common-law system, courts properly answer only the questions that the parties
 present to them and that are necessary for the resolution of the case at hand.”).
       2
          The district court analyzed the claim using the burden-shifting framework
 from McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802-06 (1973). Under that
 framework, “[i]f the plaintiff advances a prima facie case of discrimination, the
 burden shifts to the employer to articulate a ‘legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason’
 for not hiring the plaintiff.” Lincoln, 900 F.3d at 1193 (quoting McDonnell Douglas,
 411 U.S. at 802). “If the employer articulates a satisfactory reason, the burden shifts
 back to the plaintiff to demonstrate that the employer’s stated reason is pretext for
 discrimination.” Id.
       3
        Mr. Rushing states in his opening brief that he “drop[ped]” these claims.
 Aplt. Opening Br. at 6 n.1.
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 action; and (3) a causal connection exists between the protected activity and the

 adverse action.’” Aplt. App., vol. II at 231-32 (quoting Kendrick v. Penske Transp.

 Servs., Inc., 220 F.3d 1220, 1234 (10th Cir. 2000)). Although the court found that

 Mr. Rushing engaged in protected opposition to discrimination when he filed his

 EEO complaint, the court concluded he had not shown he was subject to an adverse

 employment action. In reaching that conclusion, the district court observed

 Mr. Rushing did not explain how the five occurrences he identified in his response to

 summary judgment could meet the definition of an adverse employment action,

 which requires that the act “carry a ‘significant risk of humiliation, damage to

 reputation, and a concomitant harm to future employment prospects.’” Id. at 233

 (quoting Annett v. Univ. of Kan., 371 F.3d 1233, 1239 (10th Cir. 2004)).

       The court granted the motion on all claims and entered judgment in favor of

 the DOE. This timely appeal followed.

       II. Discussion

       Summary judgment is proper “if the movant shows that there is no genuine

 dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of

 law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). We review de novo the district court’s decision granting

 summary judgment. Savant Homes, Inc. v. Collins, 809 F.3d 1133, 1137

 (10th Cir. 2016).

       We have recognized “[t]he first task of an appellant is to explain to us why the

 district court’s decision was wrong.” Nixon v. City and Cnty. of Denver, 784 F.3d

 1364, 1366 (10th Cir. 2015). Mr. Rushing’s brief purports to raise two issues of error

                                            4
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 with the district court’s decision, but he has “utterly fail[ed] . . . to explain what was

 wrong with the reasoning the district court relied on in reaching its decision.” Id.

        For his first issue, Mr. Rushing argues the district court erred in determining

 that he had not produced sufficient evidence of causation to survive summary

 judgment on his retaliation claim. He contends the district court “held that [he]

 provided sufficient evidence to establish the first two prongs of a prima facie case of

 retaliation” because his “action of filing an EEOC complaint is a protected activity

 and [his] termination was an adverse employment action.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 10.

 He further argues the district court “reasoned that the causation prong was

 unnecessary” because Mr. Rushing failed to offer evidence that the “proffered reason

 for [his] termination was pretextual.” Id. He maintains on appeal that he “presented

 sufficient evidence of causation between [his] EEOC discrimination charge and [his]

 termination.” Id. at 12.

        In response, the government contends that “Rushing appears to be discussing

 some other case—because that is not what happened here.” Aplee. Br. at 16. We

 agree. As the government correctly explains: “The district court found that

 Rushing’s filing of the EEO complaint was protected activity, but it granted summary

 judgment on the second element because it found that Rushing failed to present

 sufficient evidence of an adverse employment action.” Id. As for Mr. Rushing’s

 references to his “termination,” the government further explains that Mr. Rushing

 never alleged in district court that he had been terminated. To the contrary, he

 alleged in his complaint that he “works for Defendant as a Senior Courier,” Aplt.

                                              5
Appellate Case: 21-2103    Document: 010110690021        Date Filed: 05/27/2022     Page: 6

 App., vol. I at 6 (emphasis added), and he repeats that allegation in his opening brief,

 see Aplt. Opening Br. at 7.

       The government asserts that Mr. Rushing’s opening brief “does not

 acknowledge, much less challenge, the district court’s ruling that he failed to offer

 sufficient evidence of an adverse employment action. Instead, he attacks rulings on

 the causation element and on the issue of pretext that the district court never made.”

 Aplee. Br. at 16. The government therefore argues that Mr. Rushing has waived any

 challenge to the district court’s grant of summary judgment on his retaliation claim.

 See id. We are persuaded by the government’s argument that Mr. Rushing has

 waived any challenge to the district court’s ruling on his retaliation claim by not

 addressing the basis for that ruling in his opening brief.4 See Nixon, 784 F.3d at 1369

 (affirming dismissal of claim because opening brief “contain[ed] nary a word to

 challenge the basis of the dismissal”); see also Reedy v. Werholtz, 660 F.3d 1270,

 1275 (10th Cir. 2011) (declining to address propriety of district court’s ruling

 because appellant failed to “challenge the court’s reasoning on th[at] point”).

       4
          Mr. Rushing does attempt to address this issue in his reply brief, arguing for
 the first time that he did present sufficient evidence of an adverse employment action.
 But “[t]he general rule in this circuit is that a party waives issues and arguments
 raised for the first time in a reply brief.” Reedy v. Werholtz, 660 F.3d 1270, 1274
 (10th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). And “[w]e see no reason to
 depart from that rule here.” Id.; see also, e.g., In re Motor Fuel Temperature Sales
 Pracs. Litig., 872 F.3d 1094, 1112 & n.5 (10th Cir. 2017) (applying this waiver rule
 where appellant failed to address district court’s reasoning in its opening brief and
 instead addressed it for the first time in its reply brief).

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       Mr. Rushing’s second issue fares no better. He argues the district court

 granted summary judgment despite material issues of fact in dispute related to the

 “Leadership Review done by the Agency.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 13. But

 Mr. Rushing does not explain what claim this argument relates to or what aspect of

 the district court’s decision he is challenging. See id. at 13-14. He offers only a

 repeated citation to one page from his response to summary judgment. See id. (citing

 Aplt. App., vol. II at 158). On that page, Mr. Rushing argued that the evidence he

 presented about the Leadership Review was “sufficient evidence of pretext to survive

 the summary judgment stage” on his disability claim. Aplt. App., vol. II at 158. But

 the district court rejected this argument, explaining that Mr. Rushing failed to show

 pretext because he “[did] not correlate the fact of his disability to any of the actions

 taken by the review panel.” Id. at 229.

       On appeal, Mr. Rushing fails to address the district court’s reasoning. He does

 not appropriately frame and develop any challenge to the grant of summary judgment

 on his disability claim, or mention that he is challenging the district court’s

 determination that he failed to show the government’s legitimate, nondiscriminatory

 reason for not advancing him in the hiring process was pretextual. We therefore

 agree with the government that Mr. Rushing has waived this argument by failing to

 adequately brief it, so we cannot address it on appeal. See, e.g., Adler v. Wal-Mart

 Stores, Inc., 144 F.3d 664, 679 (10th Cir. 1998) (“Arguments inadequately briefed in

 the opening brief are waived.”); Murrell v. Shalala, 43 F.3d 1388, 1389 n.2 (10th Cir.

                                             7
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 1994) (explaining that “perfunctory complaints” that “fail to frame and develop an

 issue” are insufficient “to invoke appellate review”).

       III. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s judgment.

                                             Entered for the Court

                                             Veronica S. Rossman
                                             Circuit Judge

                                            8