Court Opinion

ID: 9377196
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-07 08:00:15.40158+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:12.573399
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                        MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD

     BRANDON T. WIEGAND,                             DOCKET NUMBER
                  Appellant,                         PH-0752-18-0155-I-2

                  v.

     DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY,                         DATE: March 6, 2023
                 Agency.

             THIS FINAL ORDER IS NONPRECEDENTIAL 1

           Sara A. Austin, Esquire, York, Pennsylvania, for the appellant.

           Thomas G. Kane, Esquire, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, for the agency.

           Leslie A. Beuttell, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, for the agency.

                                           BEFORE

                               Cathy A. Harris, Vice Chairman
                                Raymond A. Limon, Member
                                Tristan L. Leavitt, Member 2

                                       FINAL ORDER

¶1         The appellant has filed a petition for review and the agency has filed a cross
     petition for review of the initial decision, which reversed the appellant’s removal.
     1
        A nonprecedential order is one that the Board has determined does not add
     significantly to the body of MSPB case law. Parties may cite nonprecedential orders,
     but such orders have no precedential value; the Board and administrative judges are not
     required to follow or distinguish them in any future decisions. In contrast, a
     precedential decision issued as an Opinion and Order has been identified by the Board
     as significantly contributing to the Board’s case law. See 5 C.F.R. § 1201.117(c).
     2
       Member Leavitt’s name is included in decisions on which the three -member Board
     completed the voting process prior to his March 1, 2023 departure.
                                                                                            2

     For the reasons discussed below, we DENY the petition for review, GRANT the
     cross petition for review, REVERSE the initial decision, and SUSTAIN the
     appellant’s removal.

                                        BACKGROUND
¶2         The appellant held the position of Museum Curator, Arms and Ordinance,
     for the U.S. Army War College. E.g., Wiegand v. Department of the Army, MSPB
     Docket No. PH-0752-18-0155-I-1, Initial Appeal File (IAF), Tab 3 at 10;
     Wiegand v. Department of the Army, MSPB Docket No. PH-0752-18-0155-I-2,
     Appeal File (I-2 AF), Tab 16, Initial Decision (ID). 3 In or around October 2013,
     the appellant began utilizing extensive leave, following what he has described as
     a nervous breakdown.       E.g., IAF, Tab 41 at 145, Tab 42 at 60.             Then, in
     January 2014,     he   submitted   medical   documentation       requesting    numerous
     accommodations for what his clinician characterized as Asperger’s disorde r and
     the   appellant   characterized    as   Asperger’s   disorder,   depression,    anxiety,
     personality disorder, and cognitive learning disability. IAF , Tab 41 at 154-55,
     Tab 89 at 42-43.        For example, the appellant’s psychologist recommended
     minimizing situations of conflict and minimizing tasks that require close
     coordination with others. IAF, Tab 41 at 154-55.
¶3         Over the ensuing months, the parties engaged in the reasonable
     accommodation interactive process.         E.g., IAF, Tab 41 at 154-175, Tab 42
     at 4-27, Tab 46 at 4-5.      The agency offered a number of accommodations
     in February 2014, which the appellant rejected as insufficient.         Compare IAF,
     Tab 41 at 157-59, with id. at 162-63.          The agency offered a new set of
     accommodations in March 2014, which the appellant also rejected as inadequate.
     Compare id. at 170-74, with IAF, Tab 41 at 175, Tab 42 at 4-13. At that point,

     3
       In order to accommodate delays involving the hearing and settlement discussions, the
     administrative judge dismissed the appellant’s appeal, without prejudice, for automatic
     refiling at a later date. IAF, Tab 96. Accordingly, there are two docket numbers for
     this one appeal.
                                                                                       3

     the agency issued a letter stating that it believed it had reasonably accommodated
     the appellant in a way that would permit his return to service and offering to meet
     to resolve any remaining details. IAF, Tab 42 at 15-16.
¶4        Throughout this time, the appellant continued to utilize extensive leave.
     IAF, Tab 46 at 4-5. He exhausted the last of his paid leave and Family Medical
     Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) leave in May 2014. Id. Around that same time, the
     appellant submitted an updated letter from his psychologist.         IAF, Tab 12,
     Subtab P, Tab 42 at 21, Tab 43 at 8. 4      The appellant’s treating psychologist
     provided the following conclusion, based on his review of both the appellant’s
     medical history and the documents exchanged between the parties regarding
     accommodation:
           At the current time, his repeated difficulty with functioning in an
           employment setting, and the developmental nature of his
           impairments indicates that [the appellant’s] condition is static and
           unlikely to change for the better.
           I continue to be in professional agreement with his being off work.
           Despite efforts on both sides, it appears that the number of
           accommodations needed to help [the appellant] achieve minimal
           success are too great for virtually any setting he might work in. I
           cannot clear him to return to work at this time.
     IAF, Tab 12, Subtab P, Tab 42 at 21, Tab 43 at 8. Around that same time, in
     May 2014, the appellant also applied for disability retirement.      E.g., I-2 AF,
     Tab 3, Hearing Transcript, Day 3 (HT3) at 140-41 (testimony of the appellant),
     Tab 4 at 11-12. Yet, he submitted a letter to the agency stating that he was not
     abandoning his position, the agency had not properly handled the reasonable
     accommodation process, and he would not return to work until or unless the
     agency fully accommodated him. IAF, Tab 42 at 18-20. The agency responded,

     4
       This same document is available in numerous places throughout the record, but many
     copies are degraded and difficult to read. The copy most legible is a reproduction,
     provided by the agency for the sake of clarity. IAF, Tab 90 at 3 (referencing IAF,
     Tab 12, Subtab P). There appears to be no dispute about the trustworthiness of that
     reproduction.
                                                                                      4

     concluding that the aforementioned medical opinion demonstrated that the
     appellant could not be accommodated. Id. at 22-24.
¶5         Approximately 1 month later, in July 2014, the agency proposed the
     appellant’s removal.   IAF, Tab 43 at 13-16.       It did so without labeling the
     underlying charge, which became a point of debate in this appeal. Id. at 13-15.
     The proposal began as follows:
           This proposed removal is based on your unavailability for duty and
           your inability to perform key aspects of your assigned duties, as
           determined by your medical provider. This action is being proposed
           in order to promote the efficiency of the service. It has been clearly
           stated that no reasonable accommodation is possible and that you
           cannot perform the duties of your position with any additional
           possible accommodation.
     Id. at 13. The proposal went on to provide a “sequence of events on which the
     above proposal is based.”     Id.   Generally speaking, that sequence of events
     describes the appellant’s exhaustion of all leave, steps taken in the interactive
     process, and an eventual conclusion that the appellant’s condition could not be
     accommodated. Id. at 13-14. The proposal then stated as follows:
           I regret to report that due to your medical conditions, and your
           inability to resume your duties full-time, your availability for duty
           has not improved. I acknowledge you have provided medical
           documentation indicating your unavailability for duty was beyond
           your control, nonetheless, your ongoing, unscheduled unavailability
           has continued beyond a reasonable period of time and has shown no
           likelihood of resolution.
           This removal is being proposed solely due to your continuing
           unavailability for work and for the efficiency of the service. The
           intent of this proposal is not to discipline you per se. It is simply to
           address the undeniable fact that you are unable to report for duty on
           a regular basis. [] I cannot indefinitely extend leave from work to an
           employee who cannot report to work and show[s] no likelihood of
           being able to return to work or reasonably accommodated in his
           condition. Your job is critical to the mission here [] and I need a
           person ready and able to perform the duties associated with that
           position.
     Id. at 14-15.
                                                                                     5

¶6        After the appellant responded to the proposal, e.g., IAF, Tab 41 at 39-54,
     Tab 42 at 58-68, the deciding official removed him, effective October 24, 2014,
     IAF, Tab 41 at 30-36. The appellant then added his removal to the list of claims
     in an ongoing equal employment opportunity (EEO) complaint, alleging
     discrimination and reprisal. IAF, Tab 3 at 23-25. Approximately 3 years later,
     the agency issued its Final Agency Decision (FAD), adopting a decision that had
     just been issued by an administrative judge for the Equal Employment
     Opportunity Commission, finding no discrimination. Id. at 23-42. In the interim,
     the appellant was retroactively awarded disability retirement benefits.     HT3
     at 140-42 (testimony of the appellant).
¶7        The appellant filed the instant appeal in January 2018, challenging his
     removal and raising two affirmative defenses—reprisal for engaging in EEO
     activity and disability discrimination based on a failure to acco mmodate.
     Compare IAF, Tabs 1, 3 (initial appeal), with IAF, Tab 60 (prehearing summary,
     identifying the issues for adjudication). Despite the agency’s arguments to the
     contrary, the administrative judge found the appellant’s Board appeal both timely
     and within the Board’s jurisdiction. IAF, Tab 18.
¶8        The administrative judge asked the parties to file arguments concerning the
     legal standard that should apply to the agency’s unnamed charge. Compare IAF,
     Tab 51 (asking for briefing of the issue), with IAF, Tabs 52-53 (parties’
     responsive briefs). Thereafter, he concluded that the agency had the burden of
     proving that (1) the appellant was unable to perform the duties of his position
     because of his medical condition, (2) his absence due to the condition had no
     foreseeable end, and (3) the agency had a need to fill the appellant’s position.
     IAF, Tab 59 at 2 (citing Savage v. Department of the Army, 122 M.S.P.R. 612,
     ¶ 34 (2015), overruled in part by Pridgen v. Office of Management and Budget ,
     2022 MSPB 31, ¶¶ 23-25; Edwards v. Department of Transportation,
     109 M.S.P.R. 579, ¶ 14 (2008)).
                                                                                               6

¶9          The administrative judge further developed the record and held the
      requested hearing. E.g., IAF, Tab 86, Hearing Transcript (HT1), Tab 88, Hearing
      Transcript (HT2); HT3.         He then issued an initial decision reversing the
      appellant’s removal. ID at 2. Without reaching any conclusion about the first
      two elements described above, he found that the agency failed to prove the third,
      i.e., that it had a need to fill the appellant’s position.           ID at 5 -12.     The
      administrative judge did not, however, rule in the appellant’s favor regarding his
      claims of EEO reprisal, ID at 12-17, and disability discrimination, ID at 18-37.
¶10         The appellant has filed a petition for review. Wiegand v. Department of the
      Army, MSPB Docket No. PH-0752-18-0155-I-2, Petition for Review (PFR) File,
      Tab 1. He reasserts both his disability discrimination claim, id. at 5-9, and his
      EEO reprisal claim, id. at 9-11. The agency has filed a cross petition for review.
      PFR File, Tab 3. Most notably, the agency argues that it met the legal standard
      that the administrative judge applied, and, in the alternative, that the standard was
      incorrect and overly burdensome. Id. at 6-25. Both parties filed responses, PFR
      File, Tabs 5, 8, followed by replies, PFR File, Tabs 9-10. 5

      5
        After the close of record on review, the appellant filed a pleading titled, “Petition for
      Enforcement,” and the agency filed a response, to which the appellant replied. PFR
      File, Tabs 11-15. The appellant subsequently filed a second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth,
      seventh, and eighth “Petition for Enforcement.” PFR File, Tabs 18-21, 23-24, 28-29.
      In short, the appellant argues that, although the agency was complying with the interim
      relief order months earlier, when it certified compliance with the interim relief order, it
      was no longer in compliance because the agency was denying him a time -in-grade step
      increase and leaving him in a temporary position, rather than returning him to the
      position from which he was removed. PFR File, Tabs 11, 18 -21, 23-24, 28-29.
      The Board’s regulations do not allow for a petition for enforcement of an interim relief
      order while an appeal is pending Board review; such petitions apply only to final Board
      decisions. Sanders v. Department of Homeland Security, 122 M.S.P.R. 144, ¶ 8 n.5
      (2015), aff’d, 625 F. App’x 549 (Fed. Cir. 2015), and overruled on other grounds by
      Haas v. Department of Homeland Security, 2022 MSPB 36; 5 C.F.R. § 1201.182(a)-(b).
      We could construe the appellant’s pleadings as motions to dismiss the agency’s cross
      petition for review under 5 C.F.R. § 1201.116. However, even if we did so, and agreed
      with the appellant’s argument that the agency was in noncompliance, we would not find
      that the circumstances warrant dismissal. Thome v. Department of Homeland Security,
      122 M.S.P.R. 315, ¶¶ 15-16 (2015) (recognizing that dismissal under 5 C.F.R.
                                                                                            7

                                           ANALYSIS

      The administrative judge applied an incorrect legal standard to the agency’s
      charge. 6
¶11         An agency is not required to affix a label to a charge. Otero v. U.S. Postal
      Service, 73 M.S.P.R. 198, 202 (1997). It is simply required to state the reasons
      for a proposed adverse action in sufficient detail to allow the employee to make
      an informed reply. Id. The charge must be viewed in light of the accompanying
      specifications and circumstances, and should not be technically construed. Id.
¶12         After closely reviewing the record, it is evident that the agency’s narrative
      charge was one of medical inability to perform. The proposal letter began by
      asserting that “[t]his proposed removal is based on your unavail ability for duty
      and your inability to perform key aspects of your assigned duties, as determined
      by your medical provider.” IAF, Tab 43 at 13. The rest of the proposal letter
      adds additional details but follows the same basic allegation—that the appellant
      was unable to work due to his medical condition. Id. at 13-15. The agency’s
      decision letter similarly describes the action as “unavailability for d uty” and
      “medical unavailability for duty.” IAF, Tab 41 at 30. Notably, the appellant’s
      response in the interim contains nothing to suggest that the appellant interpreted
      the agency’s charge as something other than medical inability to perform. IAF,
      Tab 42 at 58-68.
¶13         To establish a charge of medical inability to perform, an agency must prove
      a nexus between the employee’s medical condition and observed deficiencies in

      § 1201.116(e) is permissible but not mandatory). Upon our issuance of this final Board
      order, the appellant may file a petition for enforcement with the regional office if he
      still believes the agency has not provided full interim relief. 5 C.F.R. § 1201.116(g).
      6
        The appellant argues that we should not revisit the legal standard the administrative
      judge applied because the agency failed to contemporaneously object to that standard.
      PFR File, Tab 5 at 9. We disagree. See Boltz v. Social Security Administration,
      111 M.S.P.R. 568, ¶ 11 (2009) (reopening an appeal on the Board’s own motion to
      address an administrative judge’s erroneous interpretation of the agency’s charges, even
      though not raised by either party on review); Valenzuela v. Department of the Army,
      107 M.S.P.R. 549, ¶ 11 (2007) (same).
                                                                                        8

      his performance or conduct or a high probability, given the nature of the work
      involved, that his condition may result in injury to himself or others.      Fox v.
      Department of the Army, 120 M.S.P.R. 529, ¶ 25 (2014); see Haas v. Department
      of Homeland Security, 2022 MSPB 36, ¶¶ 11-15 (recognizing this standard and
      comparing it with the differing standard that applies in the context of an
      employee’s removal from a position with medical standards based solel y on their
      medical history). The Board has otherwise described this standard as requiring
      that the agency establish that the appellant’s medical condition prevents him from
      being able to safely and efficiently perform the core duties of his position. Haas,
      2022 MSPB 36, ¶¶ 15, 20.        In determining whether an agency has met this
      burden, the Board will consider whether a reasonable accomm odation, short of
      reassignment, exists that would enable the appellant to safely and efficiently
      perform his core duties. Id., ¶ 25.
¶14        The administrative judge stated that this standard did not apply because
      there was no indication that the agency was asserting that the appellant’s
      performance or conduct were deficient due to his medical condition. IAF, Tab 59
      at 1. But that conclusion seems to draw an unwarranted distinction between cases
      in which an employee’s medical condition allows them to work but pr events them
      from doing so successfully, and those in which an employee’s medical condition
      altogether prevents them from showing up and doing their work.            See Fox,
      120 M.S.P.R. 529, ¶¶ 11-13, 25-30 (finding that an agency proved its medical
      inability to perform charge where an employee’s absences had a negative effect
      on her performance and the performance of her team); Ellshoff v. Department of
      the Interior, 76 M.S.P.R. 54, 68 (1997) (recognizing that a charge of inability to
      perform job duties is equivalent to a charge of medical incapacity).
¶15        As previously mentioned, the administrative judge concluded that the
      agency had the burden of proving that (1) the appellant was unable to perform the
      duties of his position because of his medical condition, (2) his abse nce due to the
      condition had no foreseeable end, and (3) the agency had a need to fill the
                                                                                          9

      appellant’s position. IAF, Tab 59 at 2. The administrative judge explained that
      the first two elements were clear from the Board’s decisions in Savage,
      122 M.S.P.R. 612, and Edwards, 109 M.S.P.R. 579, while the third was less so.
      IAF, Tab 59 at 2 n.*. Nevertheless, he found the third element necessary, based
      on a close reading of Edwards and the proposal letter at issue in the instant
      appeal. Id. For the reasons that follow, we find that the administrative judge
      mistakenly interpreted those decisions and their applicability in this appeal.
¶16         In Edwards, the agency charged the appellant with unavailability for duty.
      Edwards, 109 M.S.P.R. 579, ¶ 8.        Upon a close reading of the proposal and
      decision notices, the Board concluded that the agency had removed her for
      physical inability to perform, distinguishing that charge from one of excessive
      approved absences or a general unavailability.      Id., ¶ 14 & n.3. The Board’s
      decision in Edwards did not explicitly recount any particular legal standard for
      the charge itself. Instead, the Board simply acknowledged that an agency may
      remove an employee if she is unable, because of a medical condition, to perform
      the duties of her position, while recognizing that there was ample evidence that
      the appellant in Edwards was unavailable for duty when the agency proposed her
      removal. Id., ¶ 15.
¶17         What made Edwards different from many inability to perform cases was the
      appellant’s expected recovery. Before the agency effectuated her removal, the
      appellant in that case provided the agency with medical documentation i ndicating
      that she should be recovered and capable of returning to duty in approximately
      2-1/2 months. Id., ¶ 16. On appeal, the appellant presented evidence that she
      recovered within that timeframe, as expected, and the agency failed to present
      evidence of an urgent need that prevented it from waiting on that recovery. Id.,
      ¶¶ 17, 21. The Board found that, in light of this evidence, the removal was not
      taken for such cause as would promote the efficiency of the service. Id., ¶ 22; see
      5 U.S.C. § 7513(a) (providing that an agency may only remove an employee
      under chapter 75 “for such cause as will promote the efficiency of the service”).
                                                                                      10

¶18         Turning to Savage, the agency in that case removed an employee based on
      three charges: absence without leave, excessive absences, and unavailability for
      duty with no foreseeable end. Savage, 122 M.S.P.R. 612, ¶ 10. The Board cited
      to Edwards, again acknowledging that an agency may remove an employee if she
      is unable, because of a medical condition, to perform the duties of her position,
      id., ¶ 34, without otherwise describing a specific legal standard for the charge
      itself. The Board summarily concluded that the agency proved its third charge
      because it was undisputed that the appellant was medically unable to return to the
      workplace and the evidence suggested she would never be able to return. Id.
¶19         Contrary to the administrative judge’s conclusion in the instant appeal, the
      Edwards decision merely demonstrates that the efficiency of the service standard
      may prevent an agency from removing an employee for inability to perfo rm in
      some instances if the employee recovers from the medical condition that
      previously rendered them unable to perform. And the Savage decision merely
      demonstrates that it may be appropriate to require proof regarding the absence of
      a foreseeable end to an employee’s medical unavailability as part of the burden
      for proving the charge itself, depending on the specific language of an agency’s
      charge. But neither requires the legal standard the administrative judge applied to
      the charge in this case.
¶20         In sum, we find that the agency’s charge was one of medical inability to
      perform, and the administrative judge erred in interpreting the charge otherwise.
      Therefore, the applicable standard is as follows: did the agency prove a nexus
      between the employee’s medical condition and observed deficiencies in his
      performance or conduct or a high probability, given the nature of the work
      involved, that his condition may result in injury to himself or others. Put more
      simply, did the appellant’s medical condition prevent him from being able to
      safely and efficiently perform the core duties of his position.    In determining
      whether the agency has met this burden, we will consider whether a reasonable
                                                                                           11

      accommodation, short of reassignment, exists that would enable the appe llant to
      safely and efficiently perform his core duties.

      The agency proved its inability to perform charge.
¶21           Although the administrative judge erred by requiring that the agency prove
      additional elements, he described the agency’s burden as including proo f that the
      appellant was unable to perform the duties of his position because of his medical
      condition. IAF, Tab 59 at 2. Therefore, the record is fully developed on the
      relevant issues, and we need not remand this case to determine whether the
      appellant’s medical condition prevented him from being able to safely and
      efficiently perform the core duties of his position. See, e.g., Haas, 2022 MSPB
      36, ¶ 20 (applying the proper standard to a medical inability to perform charge,
      rather than remanding the appeal, when the administrative judge applied an
      incorrect standard but the record was fully developed on the relevant issues).
¶22           By the appellant’s own admission, he suffered a nervous breakdown in
      October 2013.      IAF, Tab 42 at 60.       Between that time and May 2014, he
      exhausted all paid leave and FMLA leave, id.; IAF, Tab 46 at 4-5, as the parties
      unsuccessfully engaged in the interactive process to accommodate his condition,
      e.g., IAF, Tab 41 at 154-75, Tab 42 at 4-27, Tab 46 at 4-5.          The interactive
      process effectively concluded with the appellant submitting a May 2014 medical
      report    from   his   treating   psychologist,   who   had   reviewed    the   vari ous
      accommodations the agency offered and the appellant rejected.            IAF, Tab 12,
      Subtab P, Tab 42 at 21, Tab 43 at 8. Most importantly, he indicated that the
      appellant’s condition was unlikely to change for the better , the accommodations
      needed “are too great for virtually any setting he might work in,” and the
      appellant should remain off work. IAF, Tab 12, Subtab P, Tab 42 at 21, Tab 43
      at 8.
¶23           Based upon our review of the record, the appellant did not return to work or
      provide updated medical records before his removal in October 2014. See, e.g.,
      IAF, Tab 42 at 60-62. Therefore, the appellant’s medical condition effectively
                                                                                       12

      kept him from working for a full calendar year, with the prevailing medical
      opinion indicating that there was no hope for accommodation and no end in sight.
      Under those circumstances, we find that the agency met its burden.
¶24         Although the appellant has presented various argu ments about the charge,
      none warrant a different result. E.g., I-2 AF, Tab 9 at 7-10, 13-16. For example,
      the appellant suggests that his psychologist’s May 2014 letter was taken out of
      context. Id. at 7. In part, he attempts to support this argument with another letter
      from his treating psychologist, which is dated months after the appellant’s
      removal. IAF, Tab 89 at 61-62; see infra ¶ 39. We are not persuaded. The plain
      language of the medical opinion in effect at the time of the agency’s decision to
      propose and effectuate the appellant’s removal supported that action, as did the
      surrounding circumstances.
¶25         The appellant also faults the agency for not summarily granting the
      accommodations described in his psychologist’s January 2014 letter.         I -2 AF,
      Tab 9 at 13-14. However, we adopt the administrative judge’s conclusions about
      the same. In particular, as the administrative judge considered the appellant’s
      disability discrimination claim, he conducted a thorough analysis of the parties’
      reasonable accommodation interactive process and concluded that the agency met
      its obligations.   ID at 20-37.   Among other things, the administrative judge
      recounted the January 2014 recommendations and determined that they were not
      hard and fast rules of accommodations required for the appellant, as reflected by
      the numerous qualifiers the psychologist used, such as “whenever possible” and
      “ideally.”   ID at 22, 33.   He therefore found that it was both reasonable and
      necessary for the agency to tailor the January 2014 recommendations to the
      appellant’s specific position and work environment as it did, despite the
      appellant’s assertions to the contrary. ID at 33. Finally, the administrative judge
      found that the agency offered the appellant reasonable accommodations that , on
      their face, would have allowed him to perform the essential functions of his
      position. ID at 35. Yet the appellant remained unable or unwilling to work. See
                                                                                             13

      generally Miller v. Department of the Army, 121 M.S.P.R. 189, ¶¶ 15-21 (2014)
      (explaining that parties are generally required to engage in the interactive process
      in good faith, and the employer providing the accommoda tion has the ultimate
      discretion to choose between effective accommodations).
¶26         In conclusion, we find that the agency met its burden of proving its charge.
      The agency proved that the appellant’s medical condition prevented him from
      being able to safely and efficiently perform the core duties of his position, with or
      without accommodation.

      The appellant failed to prove his affirmative defenses.
            Disability discrimination
¶27         Below, the appellant presented a disability discrimination claim, based on
      the theory of a failure to accommodate.                I-2 AF, Tab 9 at 13-18.        The
      administrative judge was not persuaded. ID at 18-37. On review, the appellant
      reasserts the claim. PFR File, Tab 1 at 5-9.
¶28         The Board adjudicates claims of disability discrimination raised in
      connection with an otherwise appealable action under the substantive standards of
      section 501 of the Rehabilitation Act.               Haas, 2022 MSPB 36, ¶ 28.        The
      Rehabilitation Act has incorporated the standards of the Americans with
      Disabilities Act (ADA), as amended by the Americans with Disabilities Act
      Amendments Act of 2008.           Id.   Therefore, we apply those standards here to
      determine if there has been a Rehabilitation Act violation. Id. In particular, the
      ADA     provides   that   an      employer      is    required   to   provide   reasonable
      accommodations to an otherwise qualified individual with a di sability. 42 U.S.C.
      § 12112(b)(5); Haas, 2022 MSPB 36, ¶ 28.                  A qualified individual with a
      disability is one who can “perform the essential functions of the . . . position that
      such individual holds or desires” with or without reasonable accommodation.
      42 U.S.C. § 12111(8); Haas, 2022 MSPB 36, ¶ 28.
¶29         Above, we found that the appellant could not perform the essential
      functions   of   the   position     that   he    held,    with   or   without   reasonable
                                                                                     14

      accommodations. Supra ¶¶ 22-26. Therefore, to determine whether the appellant
      is “qualified,” the question that remains is whether the appellant could perform
      the essential functions of a position that he desired, with or without reasonable
      accommodation.
¶30           The administrative judge found that the agency met its obligations
      following the January 2014 recommendations provided by the appellant’s
      psychologist, both in terms of accommodation and reassignment. ID at 33 -37. In
      short, he found that the accommodations the agency offered were s ufficient, so
      the agency was not required to offer reassignment at that time. ID at 35. He then
      found that the agency was justified in ceasing the accommodation process after
      receiving the May 2014 letter from the appellant’s psychologist, which indicate d
      that the appellant’s condition was unlikely to change and the accommodations
      needed for minimal success were too great for virtually any position.          ID
      at 36-37. In other words, the May 2014 letter supported the conclusion that the
      appellant could not perform the essential functions of his position or any other
      that he desired.
¶31           On review, the appellant’s arguments are similar to those he presented
      below. He once again suggests that the agency erred because it did not strictly
      adhere to the recommendations detailed in his psychologist’s January 2014 letter.
      PFR File, Tab 1 at 5-6.       But again, we find no basis for disturbing the
      administrative judge’s well-reasoned findings about the same. ID at 20-37; supra
      ¶ 25.     He also argues that the agency repeatedly failed to follow its own
      reasonable accommodations policies, such as a policy requiring that the agency
      explain why it was denying a request for accommodation. PFR File, Tab 1 at 6 -8.
      But even if we agreed, the appellant has not shown how such a failure to follow a
      policy amounts to a harmful error, or requires any particular result for his
      disability discrimination claim.   ID at 37 n.18; see Goeke v. Department of
      Justice, 122 M.S.P.R. 69, ¶ 7 (2015) (recognizing that reversal of an adverse
      action is required if an appellant establishes that the agency committed a harmful
                                                                                      15

      procedural error, i.e., one that was likely to have caused the agency to reach a
      conclusion different from the one it would have reached in the absence or cure of
      the error).
¶32         The most relevant argument the appellant presents involves reassignment.
      He identified specific positions for his possible reassignment —archivist and
      librarian positions. E.g., I-2 AF, Tab 4 at 34-70, Tab 9 at 15-16; PFR File, Tab 1
      at 7-8.       However, it is the appellant that has the burden of proof for his
      affirmative defenses, 5 C.F.R. § 1201.56(b)(2)(i)(C), and he has provided little
      more than a conclusory assertion that he could have performed other positions.
      I-2 AF, Tab 9 at 15-16; PFR File, Tab 1 at 7-8. Given the appellant’s medical
      absence from his own position, in conjunction with the May 2014 letter from his
      psychologist, we are not persuaded.

             EEO Reprisal
¶33         The appellant filed an EEO complaint in February 2014, before amending it
      several times later that year. IAF, Tab 3 at 23. The resulting FAD indicates that
      his allegations all involved his disability, rather than some other characteristic.
      Id. Then, in the instant appeal, the appellant presented an affirmative defense of
      EEO reprisal. I-2 AF, Tab 9 at 16-17. The administrative judge found that he
      failed to meet his burden of proving the same. ID at 12 -17. Among other things,
      the administrative judge considered the appellant’s allegations of suspicious
      timing between his EEO activity and his removal, but was not persuaded. Id.
¶34         On review, the appellant reasserts his EEO reprisal claim. PFR File, Tab 1
      at 9-11. He effectively presents the same argument from below, relying on the
      timing of relevant actions to suggest that his removal must have been retaliatory.
      Id. Although we have reviewed these arguments, we find no basis for disturbing
      the administrative judge’s well-reasoned findings of fact.       We do, however,
      clarify the applicable legal standard for the appellant’s EEO reprisal claim.
¶35         The Board has recognized that a more stringent standard than the
      motivating factor standard applies in the context of retaliation claims arising
                                                                                      16

      under the ADA and Rehabilitation Act, such that the appellant must prove that his
      prior EEO activity was the “but-for” cause of the retaliation.            Pridgen,
      2022 MPSB 31, ¶¶ 43-47.          The administrative judge relied on Savage,
      122 M.S.P.R. 612, ¶ 51, and its progeny, without having the benefit of our most
      recent decisions discussing disability-based EEO reprisal.     ID at 12-14.    We
      therefore recognize that the more stringent “but-for” standard should have applied
      to the appellant’s EEO reprisal claim, rather than the motivating factor standard.
      Nevertheless, because the appellant failed to meet the lesser motivating factor
      standard applied by the administrative judge, he necessari ly failed to meet the
      more stringent standard that actually applied to his disability-based EEO reprisal
      claim. See Haas, 2022 MSPB 36, ¶¶ 31-32.

      The appellant’s removal is appropriate.
¶36           Generally, removal for inability to perform the essential functions of a
      position promotes the efficiency of the service, as required by 5 U.S.C. § 7513(a).
      Fox, 120 M.S.P.R. 529, ¶ 40. However, a removal action may be rescinded on the
      basis that such action would not promote the efficiency of the service when the
      evidence clearly and unambiguously demonstrates that the appellant has
      recovered before the administrative judge issues an initial decision in their Board
      appeal. Wren v. Department of the Army, 121 M.S.P.R. 28, ¶ 6 (2014).
¶37           The evidence before the agency at the time of the appellant’s removal did
      not reflect a foreseeable end to the appellant’s unavailability.      Instead, the
      May 2014 letter from the appellant’s psychologist—which appears to be the last
      medical documentation the appellant provided to the agency before his removal —
      recommended that the appellant remain off work and described his con dition as
      “unlikely to change for the better.” IAF, Tab 12, Subtab P, Tab 42 at 21, Tab 43
      at 8.
¶38           As we previously mentioned, the appellant submitted an updated medical
      report from his psychologist in this appeal. IAF, Tab 89 at 61-62; see supra ¶ 24.
      The report is dated December 2014, approximately 2 months after the appellant’s
                                                                                             17

      removal. IAF, Tab 89 at 61-62. However, as further detailed below, it is not
      persuasive.
¶39         The December 2014 report does not describe the appellant’s condition, nor
      does it give any indication that the appellant’s psychologist had evaluated the
      appellant to determine whether his condition had changed for the better or worse.
      Id.; see Wren, 121 M.S.P.R. 28, ¶ 9 (recognizing several relevant factors in
      assessing the probative weight of a medical opinion, including whether the
      opinion was based on a medical examination and whether the opinion provided a
      reasoned explanation for its findings as distinct from mere conclusory assertions).
      Instead, the report generally consists of an explanation of the psychologist’s prior
      reports. IAF, Tab 89 at 61-62. For example, the appellant’s psychologist begins
      by stating that he “would not have written the January 8, 2014 letter requesting
      accommodation . . . if [he] did not feel that it was possible to accommodate” the
      appellant. Id. at 61. Regarding a February 2014 letter he wrote to support the
      appellant’s retirement, he provided that “it became apparent that, despite our best
      efforts, the employer was unlikely to fully accommodate [the appellant] at a level
      [] sufficient.” Id. This statement, however, appears to be incomplete, due to a
      clerical or filing error. 7 That which remained to end the psychologist’s letter
      consisted of the following:
            I do not agree with the conclusions that the employer has made in
            regard to the meaning of my January 8, 2014, and May 19, 2014
            letters in regard to [the appellant].
            If [the appellant] cannot be accommodated in a manner that is
            consistent with the recommendations, then [the appellant] should be
            considered eligible for a medical disability retirement.

      7
       The appellant’s attorney asked to submit the December 2014 report into the record and
      she specifically described it as being two pages, consistent with what is available in the
      physical file. Compare IAF, Tab 89 at 61-62, with HT2 at 115; HT3 at 137-39. It is
      composed in outline form, using numbered headings, followed by lette red subparts.
      IAF, Tab 89 at 61-62. But the first page ends in what appears to be an incomplete
      sentence for section 2c, while the second page abruptly starts with a new sentence in
      what appears to be 3a, rather than a conclusion to 2c. Id.
                                                                                               18

      Id. at 62.
¶40         While we have considered the December 2014 report, we find th at the
      appellant’s removal nevertheless promotes the efficiency of the service. At best,
      the report merely adds confusion to the record regarding the appellant’s condition
      and his ability to function in the workplace. 8               It does not clearly and
      unambiguously establish that the appellant had recovered sufficiently from his
      condition as to enable him to engage in the essential functions of his position.
¶41         To conclude, we find that the administrative judge applied an incorrect
      standard to the agency’s charge. Under the correct legal standard, the agency met
      its burden.     Moreover, we find that the appellant has failed to prove his
      affirmative defenses, and that his removal is appropriate and sustained.

                                NOTICE OF APPEAL RIGHTS 9
             You may obtain review of this final decision. 5 U.S.C. § 7703(a)(1). By
      statute, the nature of your claims determines the time limit for seeking such
      review and the appropriate forum with which to file.                 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b).
      Although we offer the following summary of available appeal rights, the Merit
      Systems Protection Board does not provide legal advice on which option is most
      appropriate for your situation and the rights described below do not represent a
      statement of how courts will rule regarding which cases fall within their
      jurisdiction.   If you wish to seek review of this final decision, you should
      immediately review the law applicable to your claims and carefully follow all

      8
        To the extent that the appellant has argued that his application for disability retirement
      and associated statements from his treating clinician cannot be considered in this
      removal appeal for any purpose, he is mistaken. PFR File, Tab 5 at 12 -13. The statute
      and Board precedent he cites merely provide that the appellant’s retirement status may
      not be taken into account for purposes of determining whether the Board has
      jurisdiction over his removal appeal. 5 U.S.C. § 7701(j); Fox, 120 M.S.P.R. 529, ¶ 21.
      9
        Since the issuance of the initial decision in this matter, the Board may have updated
      the notice of review rights included in final decisions. As indicated in the notice, the
      Board cannot advise which option is most appropriate in any matter.
                                                                                      19

filing time limits and requirements. Failure to file within the applicable time
limit may result in the dismissal of your case by your chosen forum.
      Please read carefully each of the three main possible choice s of review
below to decide which one applies to your particular case. If you have questions
about whether a particular forum is the appropriate one to review your case, you
should contact that forum for more information.

      (1) Judicial review in general. As a general rule, an appellant seeking
judicial review of a final Board order must file a petition for review with the U.S.
Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which must be received by the court
within 60 calendar days of the date of issuance of this decision.               5 U.S.C.
§ 7703(b)(1)(A).
      If you submit a petition for review to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
Federal   Circuit,   you   must   submit   your   petition   to   the   court    at   the
following address:
                              U.S. Court of Appeals
                              for the Federal Circuit
                             717 Madison Place, N.W.
                             Washington, D.C. 20439

      Additional information about the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit is available at the court’s website, www.cafc.uscourts.gov. Of particular
relevance is the court’s “Guide for Pro Se Petitioners and Appellants,” which is
contained within the court’s Rules of Practice, and Forms 5, 6, 10, and 11.
      If you are interested in securing pro bono representation for an appeal to
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, you may visit our website at
http://www.mspb.gov/probono for information regarding pro bono representation
for Merit Systems Protection Board appellants before the Federal Circuit. The
Board neither endorses the services provided by any attorney nor warrants that
any attorney will accept representation in a given case.
                                                                                  20

      (2) Judicial   or   EEOC     review   of   cases   involving    a   claim   of
discrimination. This option applies to you only if you have claimed that you
were affected by an action that is appealable to the Board and that such action
was based, in whole or in part, on unlawful discrimination. If so, you may obtain
judicial review of this decision—including a disposition of your discrimination
claims—by filing a civil action with an appropriate U.S. district court ( not the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit), within 30 calendar days after you
receive this decision.     5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(2); see Perry v. Merit Systems
Protection Board, 582 U.S. ____ , 137 S. Ct. 1975 (2017).            If you have a
representative in this case, and your representative receives this decision before
you do, then you must file with the district court no later than 30 calendar days
after your representative receives this decision. If the action involves a claim of
discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, or a disabling
condition, you may be entitled to representation by a court-appointed lawyer and
to waiver of any requirement of prepayment of fees, costs, or other security. See
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f) and 29 U.S.C. § 794a.
      Contact information for U.S. district courts can be found at their respective
websites, which can be accessed through the link below:
      http://www.uscourts.gov/Court_Locator/CourtWebsites.aspx.
      Alternatively, you may request review by the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (EEOC) of your discrimination claims only, excluding
all other issues. 5 U.S.C. § 7702(b)(1). You must file any such request with the
EEOC’s Office of Federal Operations within 30 calendar days after you receive
this decision. 5 U.S.C. § 7702(b)(1). If you have a representative in this case,
and your representative receives this decision before you do, then you must file
with the EEOC no later than 30 calendar days after your representative receives
this decision.
      If you submit a request for review to the EEOC by regular U.S. mail, the
address of the EEOC is:
                                                                                     21

                            Office of Federal Operations
                     Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
                                  P.O. Box 77960
                             Washington, D.C. 20013

      If you submit a request for review to the EEOC via commercial delivery or
by a method requiring a signature, it must be addressed to:
                            Office of Federal Operations
                     Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
                                 131 M Street, N.E.
                                   Suite 5SW12G
                             Washington, D.C. 20507

      (3) Judicial     review   pursuant     to   the   Whistleblower       Protection
Enhancement Act of 2012. This option applies to you only if you have raised
claims of reprisal for whistleblowing disclosures under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8) or
other protected activities listed in 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D).
If so, and your judicial petition for review “raises no challenge to the Board’s
disposition of allegations of a prohibited personnel practice described in
section 2302(b) other than practices described in section 2302(b)(8), or
2302(b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D),” then you may file a petition for judicial
review either with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit or any court
of appeals of competent jurisdiction. 10 The court of appeals must receive your
petition for review within 60 days of the date of issuance of this decision.
5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(1)(B).

10
   The original statutory provision that provided for judicial review of certain
whistleblower claims by any court of appeals of competent jurisdiction expired on
December 27, 2017. The All Circuit Review Act, signed into law by the President on
July 7, 2018, permanently allows appellants to file petitions for judicial review of
MSPB decisions in certain whistleblower reprisal cases with the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit or any other circuit court of appeals of competent jurisdiction.
The All Circuit Review Act is retroactive to November 26, 2017. Pub. L. No. 115 -195,
132 Stat. 1510.
                                                                                22

      If you submit a petition for judicial review to the U.S. Court of Appeals for
the Federal Circuit, you must submit your petition to the court a t the
following address:
                             U.S. Court of Appeals
                             for the Federal Circuit
                            717 Madison Place, N.W.
                            Washington, D.C. 20439

      Additional information about the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit is available at the court’s website, www.cafc.uscour ts.gov. Of particular
relevance is the court’s “Guide for Pro Se Petitioners and Appellants,” which is
contained within the court’s Rules of Practice, and Forms 5, 6, 10, and 11.
      If you are interested in securing pro bono representation for an appeal to
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, you may visit our website at
http://www.mspb.gov/probono for information regarding pro bono representation
for Merit Systems Protection Board appellants before the Federal Circuit. The
Board neither endorses the services provided by any attorney nor warrants that
any attorney will accept representation in a given case.
      Contact information for the courts of appeals can be found at their
respective websites, which can be accessed through the link below:
      http://www.uscourts.gov/Court_Locator/CourtWebsites.aspx.

FOR THE BOARD:                                    /s/ for
                                          Jennifer Everling
                                          Acting Clerk of the Board
Washington, D.C.