Court Opinion

ID: 4696646
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-17 20:00:39.376286+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:41.691371
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JUN 17 2021
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

TIM GOMES; CATHERINE GOMES,                     No.    20-16799

                Plaintiffs-Appellants,          D.C. No. 5:18-cv-04191-EJD

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
SANTA CLARA COUNTY,

                Defendant-Appellee,

and

ROSHANDA BURNS; et al.,

                Defendants.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of California
                   Edward J. Davila, District Judge, Presiding

                              Submitted June 15, 2021**
                              San Francisco, California

Before: THOMAS, Chief Judge, and BRESS and BUMATAY, Circuit Judges.

      Tim and Catherine Gomes appeal the district court’s grant of summary

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
judgment for Santa Clara County and Bob Beck, a supervisory social worker with

the County’s Department of Family and Children’s Services (“DFCS”).                  The

Gomeses’ suit claimed the warrantless removal of their child, H.G., violated the

Fourteenth Amendment.1 We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment,

including for qualified immunity, de novo. Torres v. Cty. of Madera, 648 F.3d 1119,

1123 (9th Cir. 2011); Benavidez v. Cnty. of San Diego, 993 F.3d 1134, 1141 (9th

Cir. 2021).

      1. The district court correctly held that Beck is entitled to qualified immunity

for his role in removing H.G. without a warrant. Qualified immunity “shields federal

and state officials from money damages unless a plaintiff pleads facts showing (1)

that the official violated a statutory or constitutional right, and (2) that the right was

clearly established at the time of the challenged conduct.” Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563

U.S. 731, 735 (2011) (simplified). To be “clearly established, a right must be

sufficiently clear that every reasonable official would have understood that what he

is doing violates that right.” Reichle v. Howards, 566 U.S. 658, 664 (2012)

(simplified).

      1
        On appeal, the Gomeses challenge only the district court’s grant of summary
judgment on their Fourteenth Amendment claims (Claims 5, 7, 8, and 14) against
the County and Beck for their warrantless removal of H.G. The Gomeses dismissed
their constitutional claims against defendant Michael Shaheed below, and they do
not raise any arguments related to the other three individual Defendants—Sarah
Arana, Rashonda Burns, and Linda Hsiao.

                                            2
      The Fourteenth Amendment protects “the parent-child relationship from

unwanted interference by the state.” Kirkpatrick v. Cnty. of Washoe, 843 F.3d 784,

788 (9th Cir. 2016). Social workers may not remove children from their parents

“absent a warrant or exigent circumstances.” Id. at 791 (simplified). Exigent

circumstances exist when “[s]erious allegations of abuse that have been investigated

and corroborated” support “a reasonable inference of imminent danger” that the

child “might again be [abused] during the time it would take to get a warrant.”

Rogers v. Cnty. of San Joaquin, 487 F.3d 1288, 1294–95 (9th Cir. 2007) (simplified).

      Here, hospital staff alerted DFCS and Beck to the Gomeses’ mistreatment of

H.G., including specific instances that cast into doubt whether the days-old infant

would be fed properly, kept warm, and protected from physical harm. For example,

the hospital reported that Tim had picked H.G. up by the neck and dangled her body,

both parents had repeatedly left H.G. unswaddled to the point where her body

temperature dropped, and both parents neglected to change H.G.’s diapers or feed

her when needed. Social worker Katherine DiPaulo independently confirmed these

accounts. Then, most importantly, the hospital alerted DFCS and Beck that H.G.

would be discharged to her parents “momentarily.” Beck was understandably

concerned about how the Gomeses would care for H.G. outside the hospital staff’s

supervision. On these facts, Beck could reasonably believe that the child would face

                                         3
an immediate risk of physical harm before he could successfully secure a warrant.

See Rogers, 487 F.3d at 1294–95.

      None of the precedents cited by the Gomeses establish that “the state of the

law at the time of [the] incident provided fair warning to [Beck] that [his]

conduct was unconstitutional.” Jessop v. Cty. of Fresno, 936 F.3d 937, 940 (9th Cir.

2019) (simplified); see Kirkpatrick, 843 F.3d at 793 (holding that it must be “beyond

debate that the confluence of factors [in the present case] would not support a finding

of exigency”). Those cases are materially distinguishable from this case because

they do not involve the immediate risk of harm H.G. faced. See id. at 792 (hospital

placed a “hold” preventing the child from being released to her mother); Rogers, 487

F.3d at 1296 (social worker delayed acting for eighteen days after learning of

neglect, and agency “classified the case as a ten-day response”); Mabe v. San

Bernardino Cnty., Dep’t of Pub. Soc. Servs., 237 F.3d 1101, 1105, 1108 (9th Cir.

2001) (social worker delayed one month after initial report and four days after

interview confirming abuse before acting); Wallis v. Spencer, 202 F.3d 1126, 1131–

32, 1134, 1138–40 (9th Cir. 2000) (social workers removed child based on

uncorroborated report of an impending Satanic sacrifice by an estranged relative

with a history of “delusional disorders”); Ram v. Rubin, 118 F.3d 1306, 1311 (9th

Cir. 1997) (social workers “acted on two-year-old allegations” with no change in

circumstances).

                                          4
      The facts of this case, viewed in the light most favorable to the Gomeses,

O’Doan v. Sanford, 991 F.3d 1027, 1032 (9th Cir. 2021), support a reasonable belief

that H.G. faced an immediate risk of physical harm before Beck could obtain a

warrant. And no “clearly established” prior case law would have led a “reasonable

official” to have understood “that what he [was] doing violate[d the Constitution]”

under the circumstances presented by the record.           al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 741

(simplified). We therefore do not reach the first prong of the qualified immunity

inquiry, see Reichle, 566 U.S. at 664, and affirm the district court’s summary

judgment for Beck on qualified immunity grounds on Claims 5 and 7.

      2. We do not reach the Gomeses’ Monell claims against the County because

the Gomeses waived these claims by not raising them in their opening brief. See

Young v. State, 992 F.3d 765, 780 (9th Cir. 2021) (“We do not ordinarily consider

matters on appeal that are not specifically and distinctly raised and argued in

appellant’s opening brief.”) (simplified). Aside from sparse references to the

County’s allegedly inadequate training for its social workers in its statement of facts,

the opening brief never invokes Monell and fails to develop any arguments to

support this generalized criticism. See Greenwood v. F.A.A., 28 F.3d 971, 977 (9th

Cir. 1994). We accordingly affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment

for the County on the Gomeses’ Monell claims (Claims 8 and 14).

      AFFIRMED.

                                           5