Court Opinion

ID: 6216555
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-08 20:00:52.902421+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:57:09.041922
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 22a0070n.06

                                         Case No. 21-3548

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                )                                  FILED
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                                   Feb 08, 2022
                                                )
                                                )                        DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
        Plaintiff - Appellee,
                                                )
                                                )
 v.                                                   ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                )
                                                      STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
                                                )
 ALBERT AIAD-TOSS,                                    NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
                                                )
                                                )
        Defendant - Appellant.
                                                )

BEFORE: SUTTON, Chief Judge; GIBBONS and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.

       JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Albert Aiad-Toss pled guilty to seven counts

of sex trafficking of minors and one count of production of child pornography. On appeal, Aiad-

Toss challenges the district court’s imposition of a $50,000 fine, a $40,000 payment under the

Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act (“JVTA”), and a lifetime term of supervised release. He

argues the judge selected a sentence based on erroneous facts, failed to adequately consider the

Section 3553(a) factors, and imposed a sentence that is greater than necessary to comply with the

purposes and principles of sentencing. When he pled guilty, Aiad-Toss waived his right to appeal

except under limited circumstances, none of which apply here. Because Aiad-Toss waived the

instant claims, we dismiss his appeal.

                                                I.

       In June 2019, Aiad-Toss sexually victimized six underage girls, aged twelve to fifteen, at

hotels in the Ashland, Ohio, area. Aiad-Toss used Snapchat to make initial contact with his victims
No. 21-3548, United States v. Aiad-Toss

and later met them for sexual encounters. In exchange for performing sexual acts with Aiad-Toss

and with each other, the victims were paid in cash and through Venmo, an online payment

application; taken shopping; and given drugs and alcohol. He had sexual intercourse with three of

the victims, including a twelve-year-old girl; watched and filmed the victims engage in sex acts

with each other; inserted a sex toy into one victim’s vagina; rubbed a vibrator on the genitals of

two victims; and paid another victim to produce and send him explicit photos and videos of herself

masturbating. Aiad-Toss had budgeted $2,000 per month for illicit activities with minors and used

digital payment applications to keep track of his payments to his victims. On July 5, 2019, Aiad-

Toss was detained at the Fort Lauderdale International Airport in Florida.

       In a federal grand jury’s superseding indictment, Aiad-Toss was charged with three counts

of sex trafficking of a minor under the age of fourteen in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1591(a)(1),

(b)(1); four counts of sex trafficking of a minor under the age of eighteen in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 1591(a)(1), (b)(2); and one count of production of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 2251(a). After initially pleading not guilty, Aiad-Toss pled guilty to all eight counts of the

superseding indictment pursuant to a written plea agreement. The parties agreed to several terms,

including: a 264-month term of imprisonment, subject to the district court’s acceptance of the plea

agreement; an offense level of 50, with a three-level acceptance of responsibility reduction,

resulting in a total offense level of 47; and a criminal history category to be determined by the

district court following completion of a presentencing report (“PSR”).

       The plea agreement included a table listing the “Statutory Sentence Per Count” for each of

the eight counts to which Aiad-Toss pled guilty. The agreement listed, for each count, both a

maximum statutory fine of $250,000 and a special assessment of “$100 + $5,000.” DE 77, Plea

Agreement, Page ID 353. In a paragraph entitled “Special Assessment,” the agreement stated

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No. 21-3548, United States v. Aiad-Toss

Aiad-Toss “has been deemed indigent” and must pay a “mandatory special assessment of $100 for

each count of conviction.” Id. at 354.

        The agreement also included a waiver of Aiad-Toss’s appellate rights:

        Defendant acknowledges having been advised by counsel of Defendant’s rights, in
        limited circumstances, to appeal the conviction or sentence in this case, including
        the appeal of right conferred by 18 U.S.C. § 3742, and to challenge the conviction
        or sentence collaterally through a post-conviction proceeding, including a
        proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Defendant expressly and voluntarily waives
        those rights, except as specifically reserved below. Defendant reserves the right to
        appeal: (a) any punishment in excess of the statutory maximum; or (b) any sentence
        to the extent it exceeds the maximum of the sentencing imprisonment range
        determined under the advisory Sentencing Guidelines in accordance with the
        sentencing stipulations and computations in this agreement, using the Criminal
        History Category found appliable by the Court. Nothing in this paragraph shall act
        as a bar to Defendant perfecting any legal remedies Defendant may otherwise have
        on appeal or collateral attack with respect to claims of ineffective assistance of
        counsel or prosecutorial misconduct.

Id. at 359.

        At his change of plea hearing, Aiad-Toss affirmed he understood he was waiving his rights

to appeal except as listed in the plea agreement. He also acknowledged the factual basis for his

guilty plea. The court informed Aiad-Toss that the statutory maximum punishments for his

offenses included a life term of imprisonment, a $250,000 maximum statutory fine for each of the

eight counts, and a lifetime of supervised release. The court did not, however, discuss the $5,000

per-count JVTA special assessment, noted in the written plea agreement, at the change of plea

hearing.

        The PSR calculated an adjusted offense level of 50 and subtracted three levels for

acceptance of responsibility, resulting in a total offense level of 47, consistent with the parties’

agreement. The total offense level, however, exceeded the Guidelines’ top offense level of 43, so

the PSR reduced the total offense level to 43. With no prior convictions, Aiad-Toss’s criminal

history score was zero, and his criminal history category was I. This corresponded to an advisory
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No. 21-3548, United States v. Aiad-Toss

Guidelines range of a life term of imprisonment and a five-year to life term of supervised release

per count. The PSR calculated the fine range under the Guidelines as $50,000 to $250,000. also

noted that under the JVTA, 18 U.S.C. § 3014, the district court was required to impose a per count

$5,000 special assessment if it found Aiad-Toss was nonindigent.

       The PSR included an analysis of Aiad-Toss’s finances, which the district court discussed

at length at sentencing. Aiad-Toss was an emergency room physician for over twenty-five years,

making approximately $200,000 annually for the duration of his career. After his arrest, he and

his wife divorced, and he transferred large assets to her, like their home, which she sold. At

sentencing, Aiad-Toss contended he did not have the ability to pay the financial penalties and

noted the plea agreement characterized him as indigent. Over his objections, the district court

determined Aiad-Toss had the ability to pay both a fine and the special assessment. It noted his

lengthy tenure as a high-earning physician and, even discounting half of his net-worth of $233,000

based on his divorce, “that is still $116,500, and the fine and assessments would total less than

that.” DE 97, Sentencing Tr., Page ID 526–27.

       After carefully considering each of the sentencing factors set out in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a),

the court accepted the parties’ agreement. The court sentenced Aiad-Toss to 264 months’

imprisonment on each of the eight counts, to be served concurrently, which was a downward

variance from the applicable Guidelines range of life imprisonment. The court also imposed a

$50,000 fine, the $40,000 JVTA special assessment ($5,000 per count, for eight counts), an $800

special assessment ($100 per count, for eight counts), and a life term of supervised release.

                                                II.

       The government argues that Aiad-Toss’s appellate waiver bars this appeal. “Criminal

defendants may waive their right to appeal as part of a plea agreement so long as the waiver is

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No. 21-3548, United States v. Aiad-Toss

made knowingly and voluntarily.” United States v. Swanberg, 370 F.3d 622, 625 (6th Cir. 2004);

see also United States v. Griffin, 854 F.3d 911, 914 (6th Cir. 2017) (“A knowing and voluntary

waiver of the right to appeal precludes appellate review.”). Aiad-Toss does not contest the validity

of his appeal waiver, so we “look to see if the claim[s] raised on appeal fall[] within the scope of

the appellate waiver.” United States v. Toth, 668 F.3d 374, 378 (6th Cir. 2012). We review this

question de novo. Id.

       Aiad-Toss’s appeal is foreclosed. He waived his current claims when he pled guilty under

the written plea agreement, in which he “expressly and voluntarily” waived all of his appellate

rights “except as specifically reserved.” DE 77, Plea Agreement, Page ID 359. He only reserved

the right to appeal “(a) any punishment in excess of the statutory maximum; or (b) any sentence to

the extent it exceeds the maximum of the sentencing imprisonment range determined under the

advisory Sentencing Guidelines in accordance with the sentencing stipulations and computations

in this agreement.” Id. At the subsequent hearing, the court discussed the details of the plea

agreement with Aiad-Toss, and he confirmed that he understood the appellate rights he was giving

up. His waiver was therefore knowing and voluntary. See Swanberg, 370 F.3d at 625.

       The instant appeal does not fall within the scope of either limited category that Aiad-Toss

reserved the right to appeal. Aiad-Toss challenges the district court’s imposition of a $50,000 fine,

a $40,000 special assessment under the JVTA, and a lifetime term of supervised release. None of

these punishments are in excess of the statutory maximum or the sentencing Guidelines range

maximum. The $40,000 special assessment is the mandatory statutory penalty, and the sentencing

Guideline for Aiad-Toss’s fine was $50,000 to $250,000. See 18 U.S.C. § 3014(a); U.S.S.G.

§5E1.2(c)(3). The lifetime term of supervised release is at the upper limit of, but does not exceed,

the maximum statutory sentence. See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(k).

                                                -5-
No. 21-3548, United States v. Aiad-Toss

       We also note that, although Aiad-Toss’s plea agreement characterizes him as indigent, this

does not impede the district court’s ability to find him nonindigent and impose the mandatory

JVTA special assessment. Nor does this affect Aiad-Toss’s waiver of his appellate rights. “[T]he

JVTA special assessment is not discretionary,” and the defendant bears the burden of proving

indigency. United States v. Wandahsega, 924 F.3d 868, 889–90 (6th Cir. 2019); see also 18 U.S.C.

§ 3014(a)(2) (“[T]he court shall assess an amount of $5,000 on any non-indigent person . . . .”

(emphasis added)). The district court determined Aiad-Toss failed to carry his burden and found

him nonindigent. Moreover, in the section titled “Statutory Penalties,” the parties’ agreement lists

the offenses to which Aiad-Toss entered a guilty plea, all of which carry a “special assessment” of

“$100 + $5,000.” DE 77, Plea Agreement, Page ID 353–54. Unlike United States v. Fowler, 956

F.3d 431, 437 (6th Cir. 2020), in which we declined to enforce an appeal waiver in connection

with a JVTA special assessment claim because the “special assessment was not mentioned in the

plea agreement,” the parties’ plea agreement expressly lists the JVTA special assessment as a

penalty. DE 77, Plea Agreement, Page ID 353–54.

       Because no part of Aiad-Toss’s punishment exceeds the statutory maximum, his claims,

which fall within the scope of his appellate waiver, were knowingly and voluntarily waived. We

therefore dismiss Aiad-Toss’s appeal.

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