Court Opinion

ID: 4533770
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-05-13 13:09:11.022964+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:27:20.716797
License: Public Domain

[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as
Youngstown City School Dist. Bd. of Edn. v. State, Slip Opinion No. 2020-Ohio-2903.]

                                        NOTICE
     This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an
     advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to
     promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65
     South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other
     formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before
     the opinion is published.

                         SLIP OPINION NO. 2020-OHIO-2903
     YOUNGSTOWN CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT BOARD OF EDUCATION ET AL.,
             APPELLANTS, v. THE STATE OF OHIO ET AL., APPELLEES.
  [Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it
    may be cited as Youngstown City School Dist. Bd. of Edn. v. State, Slip
                           Opinion No. 2020-Ohio-2903.]
Schools—Academic-distress commissions—Community learning centers—2015
        Am.Sub.H.B. No. 70—Constitutionality—Three-Consideration Rule—
        Article II, Section 15(C) of the Ohio Constitution—Bill as enacted does not
        violate constitutional requirement for three considerations when
        amendment to a bill does not vitally alter the original bill—City school
        boards—Article VI, Section 3 of the Ohio Constitution merely entitled
        electors to choose the number of members and the organization of the
        district board of education.
    (No. 2018-1131—Submitted October 23, 2019—Decided May 13, 2020.)
              APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Franklin County,
                           No. 17AP-775, 2018-Ohio-2532.
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

                               __________________
       O’CONNOR, C.J.
       {¶ 1} In this appeal, we are asked to determine whether 2015 Am.Sub.H.B.
No. 70 (“H.B. 70”) or the process by which it was enacted violates the Ohio
Constitution. For the reasons explained below, we hold that the bill does not usurp
the power of city school boards, as alleged, in violation of Article VI, Section 3 of
the Ohio Constitution and that it received sufficient consideration for purposes of
Article II, Section 15(C). Thus, we affirm the judgment of the Tenth District Court
of Appeals.
               I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       {¶ 2} On February 18, 2015, H.B. 70 was introduced in the Ohio House of
Representatives. As introduced, the bill’s purpose was to enact new sections within
R.C. Chapter 3302 to authorize school districts and community schools to create
community learning centers at schools where academic performance is low. The
bill defined a “community learning center” as a “school * * * that participates in a
coordinated, community-based effort with community partners to provide
comprehensive educational, developmental, family, and health services to students,
families, and community members during school hours and hours in which school
is not in session.” H.B. 70, Section 1. The bill as introduced was ten pages long.
       {¶ 3} That day, February 18, the House considered H.B. 70 for the first
time. On February 25, 2015, the House considered the bill a second time and
referred it to the House Education Committee. On May 19, 2015, the House
considered the bill a third time and then passed it.
       {¶ 4} The bill was introduced in the Senate and considered for the first time
on May 20, 2015. On May 27, 2015, the Senate considered the bill a second time
and referred it to the Senate Education Committee.
       {¶ 5} On June 24, 2015, the Senate Education Committee reported the bill
back to the Senate with two amendments. One amendment expanded the definition

                                          2
                                 January Term, 2020

of facilities that were eligible to become community learning centers, and the other
modified the structure of academic-distress commissions under existing law. When
it was reported out of committee, the bill had increased from 10 to 77 pages. A
significant portion of the amended bill consisted of revisions to the existing law on
academic-distress commissions, including the requirement in R.C. 3302.10(C)(1)
that for any district that has received an overall grade of “F” on its state report card
for three consecutive years, R.C. 3302.10(A)(1), a commission must appoint a chief
executive officer who has “complete operational, managerial, and instructional
control” over the district. The final bill still provided for the creation of community
learning centers—the original focus of H.B. No. 70.
        {¶ 6} The entire Senate considered H.B. 70 for the third time later that day.
The Senate adopted two additional but substantially shorter amendments on the
Senate floor. One amendment set forth a residency requirement for at least one of
the members of an academic-distress commission.             The second amendment
clarified that a chief executive officer for a school district appointed by an
academic-distress commission would serve at the pleasure of the commission.
After adopting the amendments, the Senate passed the bill.
        {¶ 7} The House received the Senate’s version of the bill on the same day
that the Senate passed it. The House voted to concur in the Senate’s amendments
to the bill. Governor Kasich then signed the bill into law, and the legislation
became effective October 15, 2015. H.B. 70 remained 77 pages in its final form.
        {¶ 8} Appellants, Youngstown City School District Board of Education;
AFSCME Ohio Council 8, AFL-CIO; Ohio Education Association; Youngstown
Education Association; and Jane Haggerty (collectively, the “Youngstown School
Board”), moved for declaratory judgment and permanent injunction in the Franklin
County Court of Common Pleas, challenging the constitutionality of H.B. 70 and
the General Assembly’s legislative process in enacting it. The Youngstown School
Board argued that the law violated Article II, Section 15(C) and Article VI, Section

                                           3
                                  SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

3 of the Ohio Constitution. Article II, Section 15(C) requires that every bill “be
considered by each house on three different days,” and Article VI, Section 3
provides that a city school district has the power “by referendum vote to determine
for itself the number of members and the organization of the district board of
education.”
         {¶ 9} The trial court held an evidentiary hearing and then denied appellants’
motion for preliminary injunction, holding that the Youngstown School Board did
not have a substantial likelihood of success on the merits, did not prove that there
would be irreparable harm or undue hardship without an injunction, and did not
establish that the public interest would be served by an injunction.                          The
Youngstown School Board appealed, but the Tenth District Court of Appeals
dismissed the appeal sua sponte for lack of a final, appealable order and remanded
the case to the trial court.
         {¶ 10} On remand, the parties agreed to submit the issues for final
determination by the trial court based on the evidence submitted at the preliminary-
injunction hearing and on the parties’ briefs. On October 11, 2017, the trial court
denied the Youngstown School Board’s motion for permanent injunction and
declaratory judgment, holding that H.B. 70 did not violate Article II, Section 15(C)
or Article VI, Section 3 of the Ohio Constitution. The trial court also granted
appellees the state of Ohio; Paolo DeMaria,1 Superintendent of Public Instruction;
and the Ohio Department of Education judgment in their favor as a matter of law.
        {¶ 11} On appeal, the Tenth District affirmed, concluding that appellants
had failed to show that the General Assembly violated Article II, Section 15(C) of
the Ohio Constitution, because “H.B. No. 70 as introduced and Am.Sub.H.B. No.
70 as adopted shared a common purpose of providing measures to improve

1. The complaint named Dr. Richard A. Ross, former Superintendent of Public Instruction. Pursuant
to S.Ct.Prac.R. 4.06(B), the current superintendent, Paolo DeMaria, is automatically substituted as
an appellee.

                                                4
                                 January Term, 2020

underperforming schools.” 2018-Ohio-2532, 104 N.E.3d 1060, ¶ 23. However,
the dissenting judge argued that the amendments to H.B. No. 70 vitally altered the
legislation and therefore the bill was passed in violation of Article II, Section 15(C).
Id. at ¶ 47-48. The appeals court further held that H.B. 70 did not violate Article
VI, Section 3 of the Ohio Constitution because the bill did not give the chief
executive officer authority to perform all of the school board’s functions. Id. at
¶ 29.
        {¶ 12} The Youngstown School Board sought this court’s discretionary
review, and we accepted the following propositions of law for review:

                The Ohio Constitution’s Three Reading Rule is a mandatory
        provision. A bill allowing school boards and communities to jointly
        provide supportive services to schools that is transformed overnight
        into an amended bill imposing the installation of unelected CEOs
        imbued with complete operational, managerial, and instructional
        control of school districts must comply with the Three Reading
        Rule.
                Am. Sub. HB 70, which radically amended R.C. 3302.10 to
        include the appointment of an unelected chief executive officer who
        is vested with complete operational, managerial, and instructional
        control of a school district, usurps the powers of elected boards of
        education in violation of Ohio Constitution Article VI, Section 3.

See 153 Ohio St. 3d 1503, 2018-Ohio-4285.
                                   II. ANALYSIS
        {¶ 13} We must determine whether H.B. 70 or the process by which it was
enacted violates the Ohio Constitution. This case is readily resolved by application
of existing standards.

                                           5
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

                        A. The Three-Consideration Rule
       {¶ 14} The first proposition requires us to consider the three-consideration
clause of the Ohio Constitution, which states:

               Every bill shall be considered by each house on three
       different days, unless two-thirds of the members elected to the house
       in which it is pending suspend this requirement, and every
       individual consideration of a bill or action suspending the
       requirement shall be recorded in the journal of the respective house.

Article II, Section 15(C), Ohio Constitution. We have held that “where it can be
proven that the bill in question was not considered the required three times, the
consequent enactment is void and without legal effect.” Hoover v. Franklin Cty.
Bd. of Commrs., 19 Ohio St. 3d 1, 3, 482 N.E.2d 575 (1985). However, the bill need
not contain exactly the same language in each of the three readings to be valid.
“[A]mendments which do not vitally alter the substance of a bill do not trigger a
requirement for three considerations anew of such amended bill. But, ‘[w]hen the
subject or proposition of the bill is thereby wholly changed, it would seem to be
proper to read the amended bill three times, and on different days * * *.’ ”
(Citations omitted.) Id. at 5, quoting Miller v. State, 3 Ohio St. 475, 482 (1854).
       {¶ 15} We later characterized a vitally altered bill as one “departing entirely
from a consistent theme.” State ex rel. Ohio AFL-CIO v. Voinovich, 69 Ohio St. 3d
225, 233, 631 N.E.2d 582 (1994). However, we recognized that we “would be
setting dangerous and impracticable precedent” by identifying a bright line
distinguishing bills that are heavily amended from those that are vitally altered. Id.
Instead, we explained that a court’s key consideration should be whether the bill
maintained a common purpose both before and after its amendment.

                                          6
                                 January Term, 2020

       {¶ 16} In Voinovich, we concluded that a bill retained its common purpose,
despite heavy amending, id., when the bill began as a 4-page-long biennial
appropriation for the Bureau of Workers’ Compensation but eventually passed with
20 pages of amendments that replaced the five-member Industrial Commission with
a three-member one and changed various substantive and procedural laws relating
to workers’ compensation. We held that these amendments could be distinguished
from the ones in Hoover, a case in which we had held that a bill was vitally altered
because it had been introduced to enact provisions related to criminal nonsupport
but was amended to enact provisions related to the financing, acquisition, and
construction of nonprofit hospital and healthcare facilities.
       {¶ 17} In this case, the parties do not contest that each chamber considered
H.B. 70 on three different days, and no party argues that there was a vote to suspend
the three-consideration requirement. The Youngstown School Board contends that
the three considerations of the bill by each chamber do not pass constitutional
muster, because the bill that the House considered on all three occasions and that
the Senate considered on the first two occasions was materially different than the
bill that the Senate considered on the third occasion and that the House ultimately
passed. The state counters that the bill that was originally introduced had the same
common purpose as the bill that was eventually passed: improving education in
underperforming school districts.
       {¶ 18} We agree with the state. The versions of H.B. 70 as introduced and
as enacted had a common purpose of seeking to improve underperforming schools,
even though there are differences in the tools through which each version pursued
that goal. Despite the introduced and enacted bills’ differences, they are more
similar to the bills at issue in Voinovich, in which we found no vital alterations, than
to the ones in Hoover, in which the bill had been vitally altered. Specifically, when
first introduced, the bills in Voinovich and the present case started out with a
relatively minor proposed change.         In Voinovich, the proposed bill was to

                                           7
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

appropriate funding for the Bureau of Workers’ Compensation, and in this case, the
proposed bill introduced community learning centers as a tool to improve
underperforming schools. Both bills then underwent substantial changes. In
Voinovich, the enacted bill changed procedures for the adjudication of workers’
compensation claims, and in this case, the enacted bill changes the process for
outside intervention in an effort to improve underperforming schools. However, in
both Voinovich and the present case, the themes of the bills as introduced and as
enacted were consistent. Furthermore, in this case, the text of the bill as introduced
remained in the enacted bill. The changes were therefore not in theme or even in
purpose but simply in the method chosen to pursue the General Assembly’s goals.
That stands in stark contrast with the bills at issue in Hoover, in which the themes
and purposes of the bill as introduced and as enacted were entirely different and
none of the original text remained in the final wording.
        {¶ 19} We are sympathetic to the Youngstown School Board’s argument
that the process here was different than in Voinovich. In Voinovich, we recognized
that although the bill was heavily amended between readings, “both houses
deliberated * * * for several months. Hearings were held” and the governor
announced that “he would veto any appropriations bill that did not also substantially
reform the underlying workers’ compensation system.” Voinovich, 69 Ohio St. 3d
at 234, 631 N.E.2d 582. By contrast, here, the evidence establishes that the Senate
Education Committee reported out a heavily amended H.B. 70 on June 24 and the
House and Senate passed that amended version on the same day. However, the
three-consideration rule does not require any specific level of deliberation or debate
as long as the bill is not vitally altered, and this court has explained that it will not
put itself “in the position of directly policing every detail of the legislative
amendment process when bills are passed containing a consistent theme.”
Voinovich at 234.

                                           8
                                January Term, 2020

       {¶ 20} Similarly, the three-consideration rule does not allow this court to
consider the legislative proceedings leading to an amendment. A substantial
portion of the first dissenting opinion is devoted to recounting the “clandestine”
process that led to the enactment of H.B. 70, but the law, including our precedent,
limits our review of the bill. It is not our role to police how the amended language
came into existence. Accordingly, ¶ 66-88 of the first dissenting opinion are
superfluous.
       {¶ 21} Further, the dissenting opinion does not meaningfully distinguish
this case from Voinovich. The purpose of the original bill in Voinovich was to fund
the Bureau of Workers’ Compensation. In that case, this court found that during
the legislative process, the bill was “heavily amended” but not “vitally altered” even
though the amended bill “abolished the five-member Industrial Commission of
Ohio, created a new three-member Industrial Commission, substantially amended
the workers’ compensation law, and made appropriations for the Bureau of
Workers’ Compensation and the new commission.” Voinovich at 226. Indeed,
according to one justice, the amended bill at issue in Voinovich

       transform[ed] the structure of the workers’ compensation
       administration and delivery system. It limit[ed] the authority of the
       Industrial Commission and transfer[red] many of its powers to the
       Administrator of the Bureau of Workers’ Compensation (“bureau”).
       It eliminate[d] the regional boards of reviews and revamp[ed] the
       entire hearing and appeals procedures.
               The bill limit[ed] the rights of injured workers to choose
       their own doctors, and change[d] the entire health care delivery
       system. It provide[d] incentives for prolonged employer resistance
       to determinations in favor of injured workers by requiring injured

                                          9
                               SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

          workers to pay back awards that are reversed on appeal out of any
          subsequent claim payments.
                 The bill ma[de] numerous other major substantive changes
          to the workers’ compensation system and to other areas of the law.
          These changes include[d] the privatization of the rehabilitation
          program and a definition of and standard of proof for intentional tort
          actions.

Voinovich at 252 (F.E. Sweeney, J., dissenting in part and concurring in part). We
do not find that the magnitude of the changes to the bill in this case was any greater
than the magnitude of the changes to the bill in Voinovich, and that precedent
compels our decision here.
          {¶ 22} Accordingly, we hold that the amended bill continued to relate to the
creation of new methods for attempting to improve underperforming schools and
thus that the amendments did not vitally alter H.B. 70, despite the addition of
significant substantive language to the bill.
                         B. Provision for City School Boards
          {¶ 23} The second proposition of law requires us to consider whether H.B.
70 violates the Ohio Constitution’s provision for city school boards. That provision
states:

                 Provision shall be made by law for the organization,
          administration and control of the public school system of the state
          supported by public funds: provided, that each school district
          embraced wholly or in part within any city shall have the power by
          referendum vote to determine for itself the number of members and
          the organization of the district board of education, and provision

                                           10
                                 January Term, 2020

          shall be made by law for the exercise of this power by such school
          districts.

Article VI, Section 3, Ohio Constitution.
          {¶ 24} We presume that legislative enactments are constitutional. R.C.
1.47(A). “A party asserting a facial challenge to a statute must prove beyond a
reasonable doubt ‘that no set of circumstances exists under which the act would be
valid.’ ” Ohio Renal Assn. v. Kidney Dialysis Patient Protection Amendment
Commt., 154 Ohio St. 3d 86, 2018-Ohio-3220, 111 N.E.3d 1139, ¶ 26, quoting
Wymsylo v. Bartec, Inc., 132 Ohio St. 3d 167, 2012-Ohio-2187, 970 N.E.2d 898,
¶ 21. When considering a challenge under Article VI, Section 3 to legislation, we
explained that “we must interpret the applicable constitutional provisions and
acknowledge that ‘a court has nothing to do with the policy or wisdom of a statute.
That is the exclusive concern of the legislative branch of the government. When
the validity of a statute is challenged on constitutional grounds, the sole function of
the court is to determine whether it transcends the limits of legislative power.’ ”
State ex rel. Ohio Congress of Parents & Teachers v. State Bd. of Edn., 111 Ohio
St.3d 568, 2006-Ohio-5512, 857 N.E.2d 1148, ¶ 20, quoting State ex rel. Bishop v.
Mt. Orab Village School Dist. Bd. of Edn., 139 Ohio St. 427, 438, 40 N.E.2d 913
(1942).
          {¶ 25} We have previously held that Article VI, Sections 1, 2, and 3 of the
Ohio Constitution grant the General Assembly “broad powers to provide a thorough
and efficient system of common schools * * * and for the organization,
administration, and control thereof.” State ex. rel. Core v. Green, 160 Ohio St. 175,
115 N.E.2d 157 (1953), paragraph one of the syllabus. We recognized that “[t]he
General Assembly has the power to provide for the creation of school districts, for
changes and modifications thereof, and for the methods by which changes and
modifications may be accomplished * * *.” Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus.

                                          11
                                  SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

We have also declared that “[b]oards of education have only such powers as are
conferred by statute.” Marion Local Sch. Dist. Bd. of Edn. v. Marion Cty. Bd. of
Edn., 167 Ohio St. 543, 545, 150 N.E.2d 407 (1958). We found that Article VI,
Section 3 “ ‘does not give those [local] voters more power than the General
Assembly to create policy and organize and administer a system of public education
throughout the state.’ ” (Brackets sic.) Ohio Congress of Parents & Teachers at
¶ 46, quoting State ex. rel. Ohio Congress of Parents & Teachers v. State Bd. of
Edn., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 03AP-508, 2004-Ohio-4421, ¶ 39.
         {¶ 26} According to the Youngstown School Board, H.B. 70 is
unconstitutional “because it strips all power from city school boards that are subject
to R.C. 3302.10.”2 The Youngstown School Board argues that the first clause of
Article VI, Section 3 grants the General Assembly broad power in the area of public
education but that the second clause reserves some of that power for city-school-
district voters, who exercise their authority through city school boards.3
         {¶ 27} We agree with the Youngstown School Board’s observation that
“Article VI, Section 3 grants a positive right to electors in city school districts to
determine the number of members and organization of their boards of education,”
but we do not agree that the section also sets “a negative limit on the General
Assembly’s authority over city school districts.” Indeed, in Ohio Congress of
Parents & Teachers, 111 Ohio St. 3d 568, 2006-Ohio-5512, 857 N.E.2d 1148, at
¶ 47, we stated that “Section 3, Article [VI] governs questions of size and
organization, not the power and authority, of city school boards.” (Emphasis

2. R.C. 3302.10 governs academic-distress commissions.

3. We do not make any holding related to the claim of amici curiae East Cleveland City School
District Board of Education and Canton City School District Board of Education that R.C. 3302.11
is unconstitutional to the extent that it allows a mayor to appoint a new board of education after a
school district has failed to meet certain standards for improvement. Because the Youngstown
School Board did not raise this argument and the parties did not have an opportunity to litigate it,
we do not evaluate it. See State ex rel. Toledo Blade Co. v. Henry Cty. Court of Common Pleas,
125 Ohio St. 3d 149, 2010-Ohio-1533, 926 N.E.2d 634, ¶ 19.

                                                12
                                January Term, 2020

added.) We have spoken in exceedingly broad terms about the General Assembly’s
authority over public education in the state, including affirming that “[a] board of
education is ‘a mere instrumentality of the state to accomplish its purpose in
establishing and carrying forward a system of common schools throughout the
state.’ ” Id., quoting Cincinnati Bd. of Edn. v. Volk, 72 Ohio St. 469, 485, 74 N.E.
646 (1905).
       {¶ 28} To be sure, we have affirmed legislation that substantially altered the
power of electors and school boards. In Ohio Congress of Parents & Teachers, we
upheld a law setting up a charter-school system in this state, which undeniably took
power from city school boards but did not usurp them. And in Core, 160 Ohio St.
175, 180, 115 N.E.2d 157, we determined that the General Assembly has the power
to create districts and move a territory from one district to another, thereby
changing a school board’s power as it does so.
       {¶ 29} The General Assembly, therefore, may lawfully influence the
authority of school boards in any manner of ways, large and small. The limitation
in Article VI, Section 3 on the General Assembly’s power merely entitles electors
to choose the number of members and the organization of the district board of
education.
       {¶ 30} The Youngstown School Board fairly describes H.B. 70 as allowing
an academic-distress commission to remove nearly all the power and authority from
a city school board and to place that authority in a chief executive officer under the
circumstances contemplated by the law. But Article VI, Section 3 does not prohibit
this action, for the reason we recognized in Ohio Congress of Parents & Teachers,
111 Ohio St. 3d 568, 2006-Ohio-5512, 857 N.E.2d 1148, at ¶ 47: the constitutional
provision requires that a city’s electors be able to decide the number of members of
and the organization of a school board but does not require that any specific power
or authority be vested in the school board. Accordingly, to the extent that H.B. 70
allows a city’s electorate to “determine for itself the number of members and the

                                         13
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

organization of the district board of education,” it does not violate Article VI,
Section 3 of the Ohio Constitution.
                                  III. Conclusion
        {¶ 31} For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the court of
appeals.
                                                                Judgment affirmed.
        FISCHER, J., concurs.
        KENNEDY, J., concurs in part and concurs in judgment only in part, with an
opinion joined by DEWINE, J.
        FRENCH, J., concurs, with an opinion.
        DONNELLY, J., dissents, with an opinion.
        STEWART, J., dissents, with an opinion.
                                _________________
        KENNEDY, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment only in
part.
        {¶ 32} Because I agree with the majority that the enactment of 2015
Am.Sub.H.B. No. 70 (“H.B. 70”) violates neither the three-consideration rule
articulated in Article II, Section 15(C) of the Ohio Constitution nor the right of
voters to decide the number of members and the organization of the district board
of education as guaranteed by Article VI, Section 3, I join the judgment affirming
the judgment of the Tenth District Court of Appeals. I disagree with the lead
opinion’s analysis regarding Article II, Section 15(C), however, because in my
view, that provision is directory only and not enforceable in the courts. For this
reason, I concur in judgment only with regard to that part of the lead opinion.
        {¶ 33} Article II, Section 15(C) provides:

               Every bill shall be considered by each house on three
        different days, unless two-thirds of the members elected to the house

                                         14
                                   January Term, 2020

           in which it is pending suspend this requirement, and every
           individual consideration of a bill or action suspending the
           requirement shall be recorded in the journal of the respective house.
           No bill may be passed until the bill has been reproduced and
           distributed to members of the house in which it is pending and every
           amendment been made available upon a member’s request.

           {¶ 34} The requirement that a bill be considered on three separate occasions
dates back to Ohio’s 1802 Constitution. The provision was retained in the 1851
Constitution: “Every bill shall be fully and distinctly read, on three different days,
unless, in case of urgency, three-fourths of the house, in which it shall be pending,
shall dispense with this rule.” Former Article II, Section 16, Ohio Constitution,
effective from September 1, 1851, to November 3, 1903. Reviewing this language
in 1854, this court described the “three-reading” rule as “directory” and enforceable
only by the General Assembly, not the courts. Miller v. State, 3 Ohio St. 475, 484
(1854). The court distinguished the power of the General Assembly to enact a law
from the mode by which it enacts a law. Id. at 482-483. The courts, we explained,
are obligated to invalidate a statute that is repugnant to the Constitution and
therefore beyond the power of the legislature to enact. Id. at 483. In contrast, we
noted that “the constitution prescribes, or recognizes, certain things to be done in
the enactment of laws, which things form a course, or mode, of legislative
procedure,” such as the three-reading rule. Id.
           {¶ 35} We stated, “This is an important provision, without doubt; but,
nevertheless, there is much reason for saying that it is merely directory in its
character, and that its observance by the assembly is secured by their sense of duty
and official oaths, and not by any supervisory power of the courts.” Id. That is,
any violation of the three-reading rule was not a basis for the courts to invalidate a
statute.

                                            15
                               SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

        {¶ 36} We reasoned in the alternative that even if the three-reading rule was
not merely directory, the courts could not receive evidence that the rule had been
violated, but rather “where the journals show that a bill was passed, and there is
nothing in them to show that it was not read as the constitution requires, the
presumption is, that it was so read, and this presumption is not liable to be rebutted
by proof.” Id. at 484. We presumed that members of the General Assembly comply
with their oath to uphold the Constitution, concluding:

        True, the courts are made the judges in the last resort of the
        constitutionality of all laws; and, as before remarked, where a statute
        is on its face plainly unconstitutional, it is their duty so to declare it;
        but it does not necessarily follow that they are authorized to
        supervise every step of legislative action, and inquire into the
        regularity of all legislative proceedings that result in laws.
Id.
        {¶ 37} We adhered to the holding that the three-reading rule is merely
directory and not subject to judicial enforcement for more than a century. See
Hoover v. Franklin Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 19 Ohio St. 3d 1, 4, 482 N.E.2d 575 (1985)
(citing cases).
        {¶ 38} In 1973, the people of Ohio amended the three-reading-rule
language, creating the three-consideration rule now embodied in Article II, Section
15(C). The people acted on the recommendation of the Ohio Constitutional
Revision Commission, which explained that “[t]he original reasons for the three
reading rule appear to have been the absence of printing and the inability of some
members of state legislatures to read and therefore become informed about matters
on which they were obliged to vote.” Ohio Constitutional Revision Commission,
Recommendations for Amendments to the Ohio Constitution, Part I:

                                            16
                                 January Term, 2020

Administration, Organization, and Procedure of the General Assembly, at 43
(1971), https://www.lsc.ohio.gov/documents/reference/current/ohioconstrevision
commrpt/recommendations%20pt1%20general%20assembly.pdf (accessed Apr. 2,
2020). [https://perma.cc/7ZLS-REWL]. The commission pointed out that those
justifications for the three-reading rule no longer existed, but it nonetheless
believed that “safeguards against hasty consideration of legislation” should be
maintained. Id.
        {¶ 39} For this reason, the commission chose to require a bill to receive
three considerations. Id. The commission stated that the determination of what it
means to “consider” a bill “will necessitate legislative interpretation,” id. at 43, but
noted that the legislature had previously had to “make a determination by rule as to
the meaning of the constitutional rule [requiring three readings], (emphasis
added),” id. And it lowered the number of votes required to dispense with the three-
consideration rule from three-fourths to two-thirds of each house. Id. at 44.
        {¶ 40} “As an added restriction upon undue haste and as an added element
of assuring that legislators be familiar with measures that they are voting upon, the
Commission incorporated a corollary to its proposed new three day rule” by barring
passage of a bill until it has been reproduced and distributed to each member. Id.
at 42. The commission rejected the approach of requiring the bill to be printed in
its final form three days prior its passage and continued the common practice of
allowing floor amendments—even large, substantive ones—without necessarily
delaying a vote on the legislation. Id. at 43-44. Rather than restarting the process
for passing a bill into law when an amendment had been made, including
considering the amended bill three times, the commission determined that
“adequate protection for the right to be informed would be afforded by revising the
language in the form proposed, guaranteeing reproduction and distribution of all
bills before passage and the availability of every amendment upon a member’s
request.” Id. at 43.

                                          17
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

       {¶ 41} Lastly, as the court in Hoover noted, Section 15(C) was amended to
include language that “every individual consideration of a bill * * * shall be
recorded in the journal of the respective house.” Based on the addition of the
journalizing requirement, this court concluded in Hoover that the amendment not
only made the three-consideration rule mandatory but also that it could now be
enforced by the courts to invalidate statutes. The court reasoned that

       by constitutional mandate, there now exists an inherently reliable
       immediate source by which the legislature’s compliance may be
       readily ascertained without any undue judicial interference. As a
       result of the new provision, there is no need to look anywhere but at
       the journals to determine whether the proper procedure has been
       followed.
Id. at 4. Because Section 15(C) required each consideration of a bill to be recorded
and entered on the legislative journal, “the absence of entries to that effect renders
the enactment invalid.” Id. The court did not limit its review to the journal’s
statement that a bill had been considered three times, however; it also held that an
amendment to the legislation could reset the requirement to consider the bill three
times if it “vitally” altered the legislation and that that determination was subject to
judicial review.
       {¶ 42} However, nothing in the amended text of Article 15(C) indicates the
intention of the people to abrogate over a century of case precedent holding that
this court will not review the mode in which legislation was enacted.
       {¶ 43} In its recommendation, the Ohio Constitutional Revision
Commission expressly acknowledged our caselaw holding that the predecessor
three-reading rule was directory, not mandatory, Ohio Constitutional Revision
Commission at 44-45, and that the rule was “virtually never observed in Ohio,” id.

                                          18
                                 January Term, 2020

at 42-43. It also addressed testimony submitted to the commission that “challenged
the justification of retaining in the Constitution provisions which courts have
termed ‘directory only.’ ” Id. at 44. The commission stated that it had not rejected
provisions such as the three-consideration rule, even though they had been labeled
as directory, because “such rules are important as rules of proceeding although the
only safeguard against their violation is regard for an oath to support the
Constitution.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at 45. The commission understood that the
violation of directory provisions such as the three-reading rule and the one-subject
rule “has not invalidated legislation,” id., but determined that these directory
provisions should be retained anyway to “provide a minimal guarantee of a fair
legislative process,” id., a guarantee enforced by the legislature itself.
       {¶ 44} The court’s determination in Hoover that the three-consideration
rule is mandatory and that the courts may use it to invalidate legislation therefore
runs counter to the express intent of the framers of the 1973 amendment. Instead,
Section 15(C) leaves it up to the legislature, not the courts, to enforce the three-
consideration rule.
       {¶ 45} For these reasons, I would overrule Hoover and its progeny and
restore the meaning of the Article II, Section 15(C) to what the people ratified in
1973—a directory provision safeguarded by the oath each member of the General
Assembly takes to uphold the Constitution, including its rules of procedure.
Because the lead opinion does not do so, I join its judgment but not its reasoning
with regard to whether Article II, Section 15(C) of the Ohio Constitution is
enforceable in the courts.
       DEWINE, J., concurs in the foregoing opinion.
                                _________________
       FRENCH, J., concurring.
       {¶ 46} I agree with the lead opinion that neither the challenged provisions
of 2015 Am.Sub.H.B. No. 70 (“H.B. 70”) nor the process by which they were

                                          19
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

enacted violate the Ohio Constitution. I write separately, however, because I
believe that it is time to overrule our flawed test in Hoover v. Franklin Cty. Bd. of
Commrs., 19 Ohio St. 3d 1, 482 N.E.2d 575 (1985), for determining whether a
legislative enactment violates the three-consideration rule in Article II, Section
15(C) of the Ohio Constitution. While I respect the principles of stare decisis, it is
time to overrule Hoover because it was wrongly decided, it presents a rule that
defies practical workability, and abandoning it would not create an undue hardship
for those who have relied upon it. Westfield Ins. Co. v. Galatis, 100 Ohio St. 3d
216, 2003-Ohio-5849, 797 N.E.2d 1256, paragraph one of the syllabus.
       {¶ 47} The three-consideration rule states:

               Every bill shall be considered by each house on three
       different days, unless two-thirds of the members elected to
       the house in which it is pending suspend this requirement,
       and every individual consideration of a bill or action
       suspending the requirement shall be recorded in the journal
       of the respective house. No bill may be passed until the bill
       has been reproduced and distributed to members of the house
       in which it is pending and every amendment been made
       available upon a member’s request.

Article II, Section 15(C) of the Ohio Constitution. In short, the rule requires each
house of the General Assembly to consider every bill on three separate days before
passing it and to record the dates of each consideration in its journal.
       {¶ 48} In Miller v. State, 3 Ohio St. 475 (1854), this court first addressed
the role of the judicial branch in enforcing the General Assembly’s compliance with
the three-consideration rule. The court understood its role to be a very limited one.
At that time, the constitutional provision read: “Every bill shall be fully and

                                          20
                                 January Term, 2020

distinctly read, on three different days, unless, in case of urgency, three-fourths of
the house in which it shall be pending, shall dispense with this rule.” Former Article
II, Section 16, Ohio Constitution, effective from September 1, 1851, to November
3, 1903. The Miller court construed the rule as “directory in its character” and
concluded that “its observance by the assembly is secured by their sense of duty
and official oaths, and not by any supervisory power of the courts.” Id. at 483. The
court’s analysis started and ended with the legislative journals: “[W]here the
journals show that a bill was passed, and there is nothing in them to show that it
was not read as the constitution requires, the presumption is, that it was so read,
and this presumption is not liable to be rebutted by proof.” Id. at 484. Because the
legislative journals indicated that the General Assembly considered the challenged
bill on three separate days, the court declined to declare the statute unconstitutional
on the ground that there were not three new readings of an amendment to the bill.
Id. at 481-482.
       {¶ 49} After Miller, the court continued to follow its holding that the three-
consideration rule was directory in nature. Lehman v. McBride, 15 Ohio St. 573,
604 (1863). And the court relied on Miller to conclude that the one-subject rule,
another constitutional provision governing legislative procedure, was also directory
rather than mandatory. Pim v. Nicholson, 6 Ohio St. 176, 179-180 (1856).
       {¶ 50} In 1973, Ohioans amended the three-consideration rule.               That
version, now the current iteration of the rule, introduced three changes. First, it
replaced the phrase “shall be * * * read” with “shall be considered.” Second, it
changed the provision allowing each house to “dispense with” the rule to “suspend”
the rule. And finally, it added a requirement that “every individual consideration
of a bill or action suspending the requirement shall be recorded in the journal of the
respective house.”
       {¶ 51} None of these amendments suggested an intent to authorize greater
judicial scrutiny of the legislative process. Yet, a decade later, this court ruled that

                                          21
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

these amendments—specifically, the addition of a requirement that each
consideration of the bill be recorded in the legislative journal—rendered Miller no
longer controlling. Hoover, 19 Ohio St. 3d at 4, 482 N.E.2d 575. The Hoover court
construed this amendment as affording an opportunity for plaintiffs to offer
extrinsic evidence that “the legislative journal does not reflect the requisite three
considerations in each house of the bill in the form in which it was eventually
enacted.” Id. at 5. The legislative journals no longer provided conclusive proof of
the General Assembly’s compliance with the three-consideration rule. “Where it
can be proven that the bill in question was not considered the required three times,
the consequent enactment is void and without legal effect.” Id. at 3.
        {¶ 52} In this way, the Hoover court abandoned the holding of Miller. But
it adopted dicta from Miller to conclude: “[A]mendments which do not vitally alter
the substance of a bill do not trigger a requirement for three considerations anew of
such amended bill. * * * But ‘[w]hen the subject or proposition of the bill is
thereby wholly changed, it would seem to be proper to read the amended bill three
times, and on different days * * *.’ ” Hoover at 5, quoting Miller, 3 Ohio St. at
482.
        {¶ 53} The “vital alteration” language from Hoover has become the
boilerplate test for determining whether a legislative enactment violates the three-
consideration rule. See State ex rel. Ohio AFL-CIO v. Voinovich, 69 Ohio St. 3d
225, 233, 631 N.E.2d 582 (1994) (a bill does not violate the three-consideration
rule if “there is no indication that the subject matter of the original bill was ‘vitally
altered’ such that there is no longer a common purpose or relationship between the
original bill and the bill as amended” [emphasis deleted]). But neither Hoover nor
our subsequent precedent provides any textual or historical reason why the addition
of a recording requirement justifies heightened judicial scrutiny. Hoover was
wrongly decided.

                                           22
                                   January Term, 2020

        {¶ 54} Hoover has also become unworkable. Hoover’s flawed analysis of
the three-consideration rule has led to the “absurd and alarming consequences” that
the Miller court tried to prevent—courts are being called upon to review every step
of the legislative amendment process. Miller, 3 Ohio St. at 483. The dissent’s
lengthy recitation of the legislative maneuvering behind the enactment of H.B. 70
proves that point.
        {¶ 55} With respect to the final element of Galatis, 100 Ohio St. 3d 216,
2003-Ohio-5849, 797 N.E.2d 1256, paragraph one of the syllabus, overruling
Hoover would not create an undue hardship for those who have relied on it. Since
Hoover was decided, we have discussed the three-consideration rule in only two
cases, and we have not invalidated a legislative enactment on the basis that the rule
was violated. See Comtech Sys., Inc. v. Limbach, 59 Ohio St. 3d 96, 570 N.E.2d
1089 (1991); Voinovich.           Overruling Hoover would not interfere with any
substantial reliance interests.
        {¶ 56} I would therefore overrule Hoover and abide by the text of the three-
consideration rule. And the rule requires only that each house of the General
Assembly consider every bill on three separate days and that each consideration be
recorded in the journal of the respective house. Article II, Section 15(C) of the
Ohio Constitution. The legislative journals reflect that each house of the General
Assembly considered some version of H.B. 70 three times before its passage. Our
inquiry ends there.      Because the legislative record establishes the General
Assembly’s compliance with the three-consideration rule, I would conclude that the
enactment of H.B. 70 did not violate Article II, Section 15(C) of the Ohio
Constitution.
                                   _________________
        DONNELLY, J., dissenting.
        {¶ 57} Article II, Section 15(C) of the Ohio Constitution declares that
“[e]very bill shall be considered by each house on three different days * * *.”

                                           23
                                  SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

Today, a majority of the court discards the three-consideration rule set forth in the
Constitution and accepts in its place the far less bothersome rule of one-and-done.
In an egregious display of constitutional grade inflation, the majority gives passing
marks to an act that was not considered three times by either house.
         {¶ 58} Indeed, this is more like a tale of two bills. One bill, as introduced
in the Ohio House of Representatives, authorized local school districts to establish
community learning centers as an additional local resource. That bill received due
consideration by both houses of the legislature. The other bill, offered at the 11th
hour, provided for a state takeover process aimed at underperforming public
schools throughout Ohio. Those material alterations, which were bootstrapped to
the original bill, were considered once by the Senate on June 24, 2015, and, through
political muscle and partisan control, were thereafter passed by the Senate and
concurred to by the House that same day. By any fair measure, the amendments
added by the Senate at the 11th hour did not receive the requisite three
considerations in either house.
         {¶ 59} In my view, the enactment of Am.Sub.H.B. No. 70 woefully fails to
meet the letter or the spirit of the three-consideration rule. Yet, regrettably, in its
willful disregard of the facts and superficial treatment of precedent, a majority of
the court hands out a passing grade. Because I believe that facts and precedent
dictate that the 2015 enactment of Am.Sub.H.B. No. 70 is unconstitutional, I
vehemently dissent.4
                    The Three-Consideration Rule and Precedent
         {¶ 60} Article II, Section 15(C) of the Ohio Constitution, states:

                  Every bill shall be considered by each house on three
         different days, unless two-thirds of the members elected to the house

4. This dissent offers no opinion on the majority’s analysis on the second proposition of law.

                                                24
                                 January Term, 2020

        in which it is pending suspend this requirement, and every
        individual consideration of a bill or action suspending the
        requirement shall be recorded in the journal of the respective house.
        No bill may be passed until the bill has been reproduced and
        distributed to members of the house in which it is pending and every
        amendment been made available upon a member’s request.

        {¶ 61} “[T]he three-consideration language of Section 15(C), Article II is
no longer directory but is instead mandatory.” State ex rel. Ohio AFL-CIO v.
Voinovich, 69 Ohio St. 3d 225, 232, 631 N.E.2d 582 (1994).
        {¶ 62} In Hoover v. Franklin Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 19 Ohio St. 3d 1, 482
N.E.2d 575 (1985), a taxpayer claimed that a bill by which R.C. 140.051 was
enacted violated the Constitution’s three-consideration rule. The bill, as introduced
in the Senate, pertained to criminal nonsupport. With minor amendments, it
received three hearings and was passed in the Senate. See id. at 5. After it was sent
to the House, a committee reported back to the House a substitute bill that was
completely different in content.      The substitute bill concerned the financing,
acquisition, and construction of hospital and healthcare facilities for the use of
nonprofit entities. See id. Prior to its third consideration in the House, the substitute
bill was amended to provide for the Ohio licensure of Canadian physicians without
examination. See id. We held, however, that the plaintiff would be entitled to relief
if he could prove the facts alleged in his complaint, that is, that the bill was enacted
without the required three considerations in each house:

        Therefore, plaintiff must be afforded an opportunity to demonstrate
        if he can that the legislative journal does not reflect the requisite
        three considerations in each house of the bill in the form in which it
        was eventually enacted. * * * [A]mendments which do not vitally

                                           25
                                  SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

          alter the substance of a bill do not trigger a requirement for three
          considerations anew of such amended bill. Miller [v. State, 3 Ohio
          St. 475, 482 (1854)]. But, “[w]hen the subject or proposition of the
          bill is thereby wholly changed, it would seem to be proper to read
          the amended bill three times, and on different days * * *.” Id.

Hoover at 5.
          {¶ 63} In Voinovich, the court rejected a three-consideration challenge to
Am.Sub.H.B. No. 107, 145 Ohio Laws, Part II, 2990. That bill was introduced as
a 4-page bill to appropriate money to the Bureau of Workers’ Compensation, but
20 pages of amendments were added that structurally changed the Bureau of
Workers’ Compensation and the Industrial Commission and amended the
procedural and substantive law underlying the compensation of injured workers.5
Indicating that a “vitally altered” bill is one “departing entirely from a consistent
theme,” the lead opinion there, seemingly borrowing analytically distinct precepts
used in one-subject rule analysis, Article II, Section 15(D) of the Ohio Constitution,
stated:

          We therefore hold that a legislative Act is valid if the requisite
          entries are made in the legislative journals and there is no indication
          that the subject matter of the original bill was “vitally altered” such
          that there is no longer a common purpose or relationship between
          the original bill and the bill as amended.

5. Provisions relating to an intentional tort and child-labor exemptions were found to violate the
one-subject rule under Article II, Section 15(D) of the Ohio Constitution and were severed from the
act. Voinovich at 230.

                                                26
                                       January Term, 2020

(Emphasis sic.) Id. at 233.6 Acknowledging that the bill had been “substantially
amended at every step in the proceedings,” id., the court stated:

                  The difference between a valid bill that is heavily amended,
         however, and an invalid one that is “vitally altered,” * * * is one of
         degree. Section 15(A), Article II of the Ohio Constitution reserves
         to each house the right to freely alter, amend or reject bills
         introduced by either. This court would be setting dangerous and
         impracticable precedent if it undertook a duty to police any such
         difference of degree.
                  Instead, we must look to the underlying purpose of the three-
         consideration provision. As articulated by Justice Douglas in his
         concurring opinion in Hoover, “the purpose of the ‘three reading’
         rule is to prevent hasty action and to lessen the danger of ill-advised
         amendment at the last moment. The rule provides time for more
         publicity and greater discussion and affords each legislator an
         opportunity to study the proposed legislation, communicate with his

6. Given that all seven justices wrote separate opinions in Voinovich, it is not immediately apparent
that the lead opinion, signed only by Justice Wright, necessarily represents a majority opinion. Two
justices concurred, agreeing that the three-consideration requirement had been satisfied. Id. at 245
(Douglas, J., concurring); id. 247 (Resnick, J., concurring). A fourth justice said simply that the
majority had “effectively and pragmatically” resolved the legitimate constitutional issues presented.
Id. at 247 (Pfeifer, J., concurring). While dissenting from the majority’s decision to sever the
employment-intentional-tort and child-exemption provisions, the chief justice otherwise concurred
in the majority opinion. Id. at 248-249 (Moyer, C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). A
sixth justice agreed that the employment-intentional-tort and child-exemption provisions violated
the one-subject rule, but also believed that the entire act violated the one-subject rule, and expressed
no opinion on the three-consideration issue. Id. at 249-250 (A.W. Sweeney, J., concurring in part
and dissenting in part). A seventh justice concurred in the court’s decision to grant a writ of
mandamus to compel the relator’s salary increase, but dissented from the other dispositions and
specifically dissented from the court’s three-consideration disposition. Id. at 251-255 (F.E.
Sweeney, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). Despite the lack of express assent to the lead
opinion’s discussion of the three-consideration rule, I will nevertheless assume for purposes of this
discussion that that opinion’s discussion of the three-consideration rule garnered the unexpressed
assent of a court majority if only by silent implication.

                                                  27
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

       or her constituents, note the comments of the press and become
       sensitive to public opinion.”

(Footnote omitted.) Voinovich at 233-234, quoting Hoover, 19 Ohio St. 3d at 8, 482
N.E.2d 582 (Douglas, J., concurring).
       {¶ 64} In contrast with Hoover, in which the entire contents of the original
bill had been removed and replaced by a totally unrelated subject, Voinovich
addressed a bill that had been heavily amended and yet retained its common
purpose to modify workers’ compensation laws. Id. at 234.

       Furthermore, both houses deliberated upon Am.Sub.H.B. No. 107
       and its amendments for several months. Hearings were held and the
       issues were openly debated. The Governor stimulated the debate by
       announcing in the press that he would veto any appropriations bill
       that did not also substantially reform the underlying worker’s
       compensation system. It would be difficult to characterize this
       activity as “hasty action” that precipitated “ill-advised amendment
       at the last moment.”
Id.

                                        28
                                        January Term, 2020

         {¶ 65} For the reasons that follow, however, I believe that the lead opinion’s
superficial treatment of the underlying facts and applicable law fails fundamentally
to honor the three-consideration rule or do justice in this case.7
                                            Background
         {¶ 66} The original bill, H.B. No. 70, was several years in the making.
After nearly four years of careful study and work, it had been introduced as H.B.
No. 460 during the 130th General Assembly. Although it had made its way through
the House and reached the Senate during the previous biennial, there had not been
sufficient time for it to pass. However, because of its wide bipartisan support, the
bill’s primary sponsors reintroduced it in the 131st General Assembly. Thus,
Representative Denise Driehaus, one of its primary sponsors, reintroduced H.B.
No. 460, now known as H.B. No. 70, in the House on February 18, 2015.
         {¶ 67} Representative Driehaus’s ten-page bill, referred to as the
Community Learning Centers Process, was a permissive bill that sought to expand
opportunities for local school districts, working in collaboration with teachers,
parents, and the community, to create community learning centers. The bill defined
“community learning center” as a school that “participates in a coordinated,
community-based effort with community partners to provide comprehensive
educational, developmental, family, and health services to students, families, and
community members during school hours and hours in which school is not in
session.” The bill proposed the enactment of three new sections of the Revised
Code: R.C. 3302.16, 3302.17, and 3302.18.

7. The lead opinion calls my recitation of the facts in this opinion superfluous, asserting that it is not
this court’s role to police how the amended language came into existence. But I believe that legal
issues do not arrive at the court in a vacuum. Facts always play an integral part in our analysis and
must be included to allow a reader to understand the legal issues we decide. But for this dissent, the
public would be left with the perfunctory and sanitized rendition of the facts outlined in the lead
opinion. Instead, I believe that inclusion of the facts surrounding the amendment of H.B. No. 70
serves to shine a necessary spotlight on the General Assembly’s failure to follow the dictates of the
Ohio Constitution. Let the people decide whether, based on these facts, we have failed them in our
role as guardians of the constitutional system of checks and balances.

                                                   29
                            SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

       {¶ 68} H.B. No. 70 was considered for a second time in the House on
February 25 and sent to committee. On May 19, the bill was considered for the
third time and passed in the House.
       {¶ 69} The next day, H.B. No. 70 was considered for the first time in the
Senate. It was considered a second time on May 27 and sent to committee.
Although H.B. No. 70 picked up more co-sponsors, the language of the bill
remained unaltered from its original introduction.
       {¶ 70} In the meantime, and unbeknownst to the primary sponsors, state
actors such as Governor Kasich’s staff, Dr. Ross, the superintendent of public
education, and his staff were busily and covertly crafting a plan to restructure the
current academic-distress-commission law that would affect the Youngstown City
School District, which was currently under academic-distress-commission control.
       {¶ 71} In September 2014, Thomas Humphries, president of the
Youngstown/Warren Regional Chamber of Commerce, talked with representatives
from the governor’s office and the Ohio Department of Education. After the
meeting, Humphries assembled a small cabinet that included local business people.
Although the cabinet had the aspirational goal of reaching out to various
community leaders to produce a plan that would improve the Youngstown City
School District, no public announcement was made about the cabinet, and some
people who expressed interest in helping improve the schools were not asked to
join the cabinet or allowed to provide input. In fact, the cabinet never considered
any recommendations from the community or drafted its own plan. The cabinet
members met in secrecy, and their identities were not made known until after the
legislation had passed.
       {¶ 72} Instead, despite its mission of developing a plan that would be owned
by the community, the cabinet merely served as the conduit for the governor and
Department of Education’s scheme to take over the Youngstown City School

                                        30
                                January Term, 2020

District. Much like a drug-dealer’s “mule,” the cabinet would unwittingly provide
innocent cover for the state bandits.
       {¶ 73} The cabinet first learned of the state’s scheme in February 2015
when Buddy Harris, a Department of Education senior policy analyst, attended the
cabinet meeting and shared that the state was formulating a plan and the cabinet
should be prepared to implement it. Harris attended another cabinet meeting, held
on April 28, and offered more details of the state’s plan.
       {¶ 74} In May, Dr. Ross, Harris, and another Department of Education
analyst met with the cabinet to educate it on the particulars of the state plan and to
keep the group up-to-date as to what was going to take place over the next few
weeks. At the start of the meeting, Dr. Ross reminded the cabinet to keep the plan
confidential. Dr. Ross then turned the meeting over to the senior policy analysts to
explain the plan that would soon be added to H.B. No. 70. Dr. Ross reiterated the
importance of maintaining secrecy at the conclusion of the meeting.
       {¶ 75} The plan, which was presented to the cabinet by state officials at
secret meetings, was referred to as the “Academic Distress Commission Reform
Proposal.” The state’s calculated design was to attach the 66-page proposal to H.B.
No. 70 on the last day of the legislative session, June 24.
       {¶ 76} Humphries, working in conjunction with the governor’s staff,
created a call schedule that contained names of legislators to contact as well as dates
on which those legislators should be called. Calls would begin once Humphries
received approval from state officials. To counteract negative public feedback,
talking points were prepared by state operatives and circulated to the cabinet
members. Calls were made to some Republican legislators from June 19 through
June 22. On June 23, a lobbyist was notified and the Democrat minority leader and
a Republican primary sponsor of H.B. No. 70 were to be notified of the amendment.
On the morning of June 24, the primary Democrat sponsor, Representative

                                          31
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

Driehaus, other Youngstown area Democrat representatives, and key Republican
representatives were to be notified of the amendment.
        {¶ 77} Although Representative Driehaus, the bill’s primary sponsor, was
not supposed to be contacted until the morning of June 24, she received a call from
the governor’s office on June 23 asking her to meet. She was not told the purpose
of the meeting, and her aide’s attempt to discover that information was
unsuccessful. At the meeting, Representative Driehaus learned that an amendment
to her bill would be offered in the Senate. Despite the requirement in Article II,
Section 15(C) of the Constitution that every amendment shall be “made available
upon a member’s request,” she was not provided with a copy of the amendment.
Representative Driehaus later stated before the House that she strongly opposed the
amendment and argued that her bill was being “turned on its head.”
        {¶ 78} By happenstance, Senator Schiavoni, who represented the Senate
district that includes the Youngstown City School District, also learned of the
amendment on June 23. According to Senator Schiavoni, he was in Youngstown
on June 23 when he heard rumblings that legislation that would affect the
Youngstown City School District was to be submitted. That information was
confirmed when he received a call from the governor’s office that evening. He was
told that the Senate Education Committee was going to vote on a bill the next
morning that would affect the school district and that the bill would then be sent
directly to the floor for a vote.
        {¶ 79} Senator Schiavoni promptly began to drive to Columbus. On the
way, he called Senator Lehner and demanded to meet with her that evening. When
Senator Schiavoni arrived in Columbus around 10:30 p.m., he met with Senator
Lehner. Senator Schiavoni’s aide had been able to obtain an electronic copy of the
amendment, and it was that copy, which had been downloaded to his cell phone,
that he had when he met with Senator Lehner.

                                        32
                                January Term, 2020

       {¶ 80} Senator Schiavoni asked for more time to understand the legislation
and get public input on it. He testified at the preliminary-injunction hearing that he
was told multiple times that “the Governor wanted this [legislation passed] the next
day which was the last day of the session.”
       {¶ 81} The Senate Education Committee held a hearing on H.B. No. 70 on
June 24. Melissa Cropper, then president of the Ohio Federation of Teachers, who
had previously been scheduled to testify in favor of H.B. No. 70, rose to speak.
Cropper had learned of the coming amendment and tried to speak against it. But
Senator Lehner denied Cropper that opportunity because the amended version had
not been introduced yet. As soon as Cropper returned to her seat, the amended
version was introduced. After the hearing, Am.Sub.H.B. No. 70 was reported out
of committee that day and sent to the full Senate.
       {¶ 82} Am.Sub.H.B. No. 70, as reported out of the Senate committee,
sought to enact or amend 15 sections of the Revised Code. The Senate amendment
left the language creating community learning centers undisturbed. But the Senate
version added provisions to repeal former R.C. 3302.10, which had created
academic-distress commissions vastly different from the ones created in the new
bill, and amounted to a state takeover of any affected local school district.
       {¶ 83} R.C. 3302.10, as enacted in Am.Sub.H.B. No. 70, requires that the
state superintendent of public instruction establish a five-member academic-
distress commission (comprised of three members appointed by the state
superintendent, a district teacher appointed by the president of the school board,
and a member appointed by the mayor of the area where the school district is
located) for any school district that either received an overall grade of “F” on the
school report card delivered by the Department of Education for three consecutive
years or had an academic-distress commission that was in existence on the effective
date of the bill and in existence for at least four years. The commission is required
to appoint a chief executive officer (“CEO”), defined as an individual having high-

                                         33
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

level-management experience in either the public or private sector.              R.C.
3302.10(C)(1). The CEO, who serves at the pleasure of the commission and is paid
by the Department of Education, has complete operational, managerial, and
instructional control over the district. Id. Thus, the CEO’s powers effectively
replaced the duties and responsibilities of the locally elected school board and the
school superintendent. See R.C. 3302.10(C)(1)(a) through (q).
       {¶ 84} The amendment to H.B. No. 70 increased offers for vouchers to
charter schools for any family regardless of income, incentivized payments to
schools outside the district, and gave the CEO essentially unfettered discretion to
reconstitute public schools into charter schools. In reconstituting a school, the CEO
can replace school staff, contract with a nonprofit or for-profit entity to manage and
staff the school, change the focus of the school’s curriculum, reopen negotiations
for existing collective-bargaining contracts, and permanently close a school. R.C.
3302.10(H)(1). And finally, what Senator Schiavoni later described as “the icing
on the cake,” R.C. 3302.10(O) states that if no students remain in the district, the
commission shall be dismantled and the CEO shall cease to exercise any powers.
       {¶ 85} Several lawmakers rose on the House floor to speak against the
Senate’s amendment. Representative Driehaus stated:

               REPRESENTATIVE DRIEHAUS: This is House Bill 70, as
       passed by the house. This is House Bill 70. I love this bill. This is
       a transformational bill. People have turned their lives around in
       Cincinnati because of this model. This is our bill. Most of you voted
       for this bill, a whole bunch of you put your name on it. It’s a good
       bill. I’ve been working on this bill for four years.
               Some of you have come down to Cincinnati, some of you
       have come to Oyler. I’ve heard nothing but rave reviews about

                                         34
                         January Term, 2020

Oyler and the model, and I thank you for coming. It meant a lot over
the four-year period.
         About 24 hours ago, though, I was asked to meet with the
Ohio Department of Education.           I didn’t know why we were
meeting. I even asked my aide, call them, what are we meeting—is
it the budget? Is it the community learning—what is it? What are
we meeting about? I would like to be prepared.
         I couldn’t get that information about what the meeting was
about.
         So I went to the meeting, and they told me they’re going to
offer an amendment to House Bill 70 over on the Senate side. I said
okay. What’s the purpose of the amendment? Could I get the
language of the amendment?
         What’s the hurry on the amendment and why my bill? What
are we doing—we’ve got a budget rolling through right now. We’ve
got other bills rolling through right now. Really? I don’t know
anything about this. Why House Bill 70? I got incomplete answers
to all of those questions.
         So it turns out that this amendment is the antithesis of House
Bill 70. House Bill 70 is about a groundswell of support for
something in a community where you engage the community, the
parents, the teachers, the community at large. That’s what—that’s
what the model is all about. Without that, there is no model. It’s
about community engagement; it’s about collaboration.             The
amendment turns the bill on its head.
         The amendment is about Youngstown and every other
community that’s going to go into academic distress, by the way.

                                   35
                            SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

       This isn’t just Youngstown. This will come to any community that
       has this distress commission. So this is a statewide policy.
               And it talks about a process where a CEO is put in place,
       hired by five people, three of whom are chosen by somebody here
       in Columbus, and that person has ultimate authority over the school
       district.
               Eventually, according to this amendment, from my read, the
       entire school district could be dismantled under this amendment by
       way of the CEO. And I am not exaggerating. That’s what the
       language says. And it’s a top down approach to schools, to school
       districts. That is not what House Bill 70’s about. It’s the opposite
       of what House Bill 70’s about.
               So we need to address the issues in Youngstown. I agree. I
       don’t know that much about the distress commission nor do I know
       that much about the trials and tribulations over the last four years in
       Youngstown. We need to address what’s going on in Youngstown,
       I agree. Let’s work on it. Let’s take our time. Let’s do it together.
       Let’s create some good policy. Let’s do our work. We did our work;
       we did our due diligence. We engaged interested parties. We
       worked in a bipartisan way all the way through this bill. I’ve been
       working on this bill for four years. In 24 hours the administration
       blew it up.
               I do not agree with the administration’s changes to my bill,
       and I ask you to join me in nonconcurrence with the Senate changes.

       {¶ 86} Representative Lepore-Hagan of Youngstown also rose on the
House floor to speak against concurring in the Senate’s amendment:

                                         36
                         January Term, 2020

        REPRESENTATIVE LEPORE-HAGAN:                         I rise in
opposition to this bill in this current form. While I still believe in its
original intentions of House Bill 70, I cannot in good conscience
support a bill with this amendment attached to it.
        What started out as an organic community based plan for our
children’s futures has really been turned on its head and perverted
by a fast track, heavy handed takeover of Youngstown city schools.
The total loss of the citizens’ right of local control. I have concerns
about the process and the content of this amendment and how it was
rushed through at the last minute with no involvement from the
legislative delegation or the community.
        We spent six months discussing the Cleveland plan, four
months discussing the Columbus plan, and now here we stand given
less than 24 hours to review a 66-page amendment that had one brief
public hearing this morning. This is now the major policy for
education? This is the change.
        At the 11th hour, we’re asked to consider an amendment to
a bill that received wide bipartisan support when it left the chamber.
This amendment was not vetted in the house because we had no
hearings on the amendment and yet we are expected to concur.
        Members had three years to consider the community
learning center models and many in this chamber visited the
Cincinnati schools to see first-hand how the wraparound services
can change the lives of a community, its students and * * * school,
and it’s an overwhelming success and the development from the
ground up opposite of the language that is in the amendment.
        We need to respect the fact that education decisions should
be made in consultation with parents, the teachers, regional

                                   37
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

       lawmakers, business leaders, local and elected officials. And in the
       coming weeks, I intend to continue to hold my meeting with
       community leaders in Youngstown to discuss implementing a
       community learning center in Youngstown.
               But today this fast track creates a slippery slope that ends up
       being a slow transition to a dissolution of a school district, forcing
       Youngstown city school kids to failed charter schools. Our kids in
       Youngstown deserve a more deliberate and thorough process for a
       plan that enables them to succeed, not a plan that plans on their
       failures.
               ***
               I urge a no vote, Mr. Speaker, on the concurrence of the
       Senate amendment.

       {¶ 87} Another member of the House, Representative Phillips, tellingly
asks: “I'm reading the synopsis of Senate amendments, and obviously we don't have
the actual language of the amendments before us, and there are a couple provisions
in here that seem very sweeping to me and somewhat different from what you stated
previously, specifically how widespread this might be.”
       {¶ 88} Until 2018, two school districts with preexisting academic-distress
commissions were Youngtown and Lorain City Schools, according to amicus
curiae East Cleveland City School District Board of Education. Since H.B. No. 70
was enacted over four years ago, all lower performing school districts in the state
are potentially subject to the takeover provisions. In September 2018, Canton
became one of the 14 public-school districts in the state subject to takeover pursuant
to Am.Sub.H.B. No. 70. Amicus curiae Canton City School District asserts that
the other city school districts subject to Am.Sub.H.B. No. 70 are Ashtabula,

                                         38
                                January Term, 2020

Cleveland Municipal, Columbus, Dayton, East Cleveland, Euclid, Lima,
Mansfield, North College Hill, Painesville, and Toledo.
                   Violation of the Three-Consideration Rule
       {¶ 89} On this record, it is demonstrably untenable to say that Am.Sub.H.B.
No. 70 received the requisite three considerations by both houses of the General
Assembly.
       {¶ 90} When H.B. No. 70 was introduced in the House, its purpose was to
authorize a board of education to develop community learning centers. The House
had no reason to give any consideration to a clandestine academic-distress-
commission takeover initiative. After it was considered three times, H.B. No. 70
passed without amendment.
       {¶ 91} When H.B. No. 70 was introduced and then considered on two
separate days by the Senate, it still addressed only community learning centers. The
Senate had no reason to give any consideration at that point to a clandestine
academic-distress-commission takeover initiative.
       {¶ 92} But the Senate amendment to H.B. No. 70 introduced extensive and
radically new concepts of school-district governance that did not relate to or follow
logically from the theme of H.B. No. 70 as introduced. The purpose of the
amendment was to allow the state to unilaterally remove local control by replacing
a board of education with an appointed, not elected, academic-distress commission
and by placing the school district under the control of a CEO, who could ultimately
decide to completely dismantle the public-school district and replace it with for-
profit charter schools. Instead of enhancing a local school board’s ability to provide
services for students and families in underperforming districts, Am.Sub.H.B. No.
70 strips away all local control. By prior calculation and design, the stealth
takeover did not emerge until just prior to the third consideration in the Senate,
immediately prior to its passage in the Senate and immediate transmission to the
House, where it passed on a party-line vote on the last day of the legislative session.

                                          39
                                  SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

           {¶ 93} It is one thing to amend a bill with language that has been debated
and considered by the legislative authority. It is quite another thing to add an entire
stand-alone bill that proposes major public-school reform. Like a thief in the night,
Am.Sub.H.B. No. 70 appeared without warning to unsuspecting lawmakers and the
public they serve, and with no opportunity for reflection, public discourse, or
debate, slipped away untouched with the complete power to displace local public
control of Ohio public school districts. Under no circumstances can it be fairly said
that Am.Sub.H.B. No. 70 received three considerations in each house.
           {¶ 94} Relying on Voinovich, the lead opinion here is content to accept the
state’s blithe assertion that H.B. No. 70 as originally introduced “had the same
common purpose as the bill that was eventually passed: improving education in
underperforming school districts.” Lead opinion at ¶ 17.8 But neither Voinovich
nor Hoover stand for the proposition that courts should close their eyes to vital
substantive alterations that have not been considered three times before a final vote
is held.
           {¶ 95} Indeed, suppose that just prior to the third consideration of H.B. No.
70 in the Senate, the Senate proposed an amendment that completely removed the
community-learning-center provisions but contained all the academic-district-
commission provisions. Could anyone seriously contend that those academic-

8. The purpose of H.B. No. 70, as considered by the House, was to allow community learning centers
as an additional resource for local school districts. But the amendment added by the Senate on June
24 created financial incentives for academic-distress commissions to transfer students from public
schools to for-profit charter schools and thus to ultimately close local public schools. It is, to be
charitable, Orwellian doublespeak to say that they had a common purpose of improving education
in underperforming districts. But then again, this court has concluded that the system of funding
public schools in Ohio violates the Thorough and Efficient Clause of the Ohio Constitution. Article
VI, Section 2, Ohio Constitution. See DeRolph v. State, 78 Ohio St. 3d 193, 677 N.E.2d 733 (1997);
DeRolph v. State, 89 Ohio St. 3d 1, 728 N.E.2d 993 (2000); DeRolph v. State, 93 Ohio St. 3d 309,
754 N.E.2d 1184 (2001), vacated on reconsideration, 97 Ohio St. 3d 434, 2002-Ohio-6750, 780
N.E.2d 529. Exacerbating that constitutional disparity, the true purpose of H.B. No. 70 as ultimately
passed would appear to be: If you can’t fund them, eliminate them.

                                                 40
                                January Term, 2020

distress-commission provisions, even if offered for the purpose of “improving
education in underperforming school districts,” had received three considerations
in the House and the Senate? Of course not! It would have been a completely
different piece of legislation. I fail to see how the last-minute attempt to piggyback
on the duly considered community-learning-center legislation can give the
academic-district-commission legislation even a fig leaf of cover to mask the utter
failure to comply with the letter or spirit of Article II, Section 15(C) of the
Constitution.
       {¶ 96} If some conditions existed to necessitate immediate passage without
three considerations, Article II, Section 15(C) itself provides a mechanism: a vote
to suspend the requirement that is recorded in the journal of each house. That did
not occur here. There was no emergency warranting suspension of the three-
consideration rule.   There was only a calculated scheme to circumvent that
constitutional obligation at the 11th hour.
       {¶ 97} More than happy to avoid any meaningful analysis of the “difference
of degree,” Voinovich, 69 Ohio St. 3d at 233, 631 N.E.2d 582, between the bill as
introduced and the bill as enacted and all but ignoring “the underlying purpose of
the three-consideration provision,” id., the lead opinion here can only express its
sympathy to the Youngstown School Board. See lead opinion at ¶ 19. But
Voinovich itself shows how egregiously the passage of Am.Sub.H.B. No. 70
desecrates the underlying purpose of the three-consideration rule.
       {¶ 98} After the original workers’ compensation legislation at issue in
Voinovich was amended, it was sent to a conference committee. Both houses
deliberated and then passed the bill as it was reported out by the conference
committee. This process took over five months. The legislators had time to
conduct hearings and openly debate the issues. Moreover, the governor stimulated
the debate by announcing in the press that he would veto any appropriations bill
that did not also substantially reform the workers’ compensation system.

                                         41
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

       {¶ 99} In stark contrast, the only amendment to H.B. No. 70 occurred just
prior to its third consideration in the Senate, when the 10-page community-
learning-centers bill ballooned by operation of Am.Sub.H.B. No. 70 into a 77-page
academic-distress-commission state-takeover bill. The Senate then considered and
immediately passed the bill, sending it that same day to the House, where it was
rushed to a vote and passed on party lines over strenuous objections, all within a
span of approximately 12 hours.
       {¶ 100} There were no hearings on the amendment. There was no public
debate on the amendment. Far from stimulating open discussion about his plans,
the governor and the staff of the Department of Education operated in complete
secrecy in order to conceal the state-written takeover plan.          There was no
announcement to the press. The legislators had no opportunity to study the
proposed legislation, much less communicate with their constituents to determine
their reactions to the proposed amendment. This is precisely the kind of “hasty
action” taken “at the last moment,” Voinovich, 69 Ohio St. 3d 233, 631 N.E.2d 582,
that the three-consideration rule should guard against.
       {¶ 101} I am sorely distressed that this court has missed the opportunity to
uphold fundamental principles of the Ohio Constitution—principles that must not
be swept aside in a rush to pass hasty legislation. The wise framers of the
Constitution carefully fashioned checks and balances that are a cornerstone to our
democratic system and that provide for good governance. Buckeye Community
Hope Found. v. Cuyahoga Falls, 82 Ohio St. 3d 539, 547, 697 N.E.2d 181 (1998)
(Stratton, J., concurring). The intent of the framers of the Constitution should guide
this court. Hockett v. State Liquor Licensing Bd., 91 Ohio St. 176, 179-180, 110
N.E. 485 (1915).
       {¶ 102} Here, the history of the Constitution shows that the language was
amended in 1973 to change the requirement from “[e]very bill shall be fully and
distinctly read on three different days * * *” to “[e]very bill shall be considered by

                                         42
                                 January Term, 2020

each house on three different days * * *.” They rejected proposals to eliminate the
three-reading rule from the Constitution and leave it to legislative rule. The drafters
understood the three-consideration rule to be a safeguard against hasty action and
the courts are the means to enforce that safeguard. Ohio Constitutional Revision
Commission, Recommendations for Amendments to the Ohio Constitution, Part I,
43 (December 31, 1971). https://www.lsc.ohio.gov/documents/reference/current/
ohioconstrevisioncommrpt/recommendations%20pt1%20general%20assembly.pd
f (accessed Mar. 5, 2020) [https://perma.cc/V3RJ-RL8T].
        {¶ 103} The General Assembly’s failure to comply with the mandated
provisions of the three-consideration rule in Article II, Section 15(C) of the Ohio
Constitution renders the legislation at issue unconstitutional and invalid.
        {¶ 104} While no one disputes that improving failing public schools is an
important cause, the ends do not justify the means. This court can respect the
powers of the General Assembly without relinquishing its duty to enforce the
Constitution. Capital Care Network of Toledo v. Ohio Dept. of Health, 153 Ohio
St.3d 362, 2018-Ohio-440, 106 N.E.3d 1209, ¶ 75 (O’Connor, C.J., dissenting).
“When the people use their power to place specific restraints on government, this
court has a responsibility to honor and enforce that decision.” Id. at ¶ 66
(O’Connor, C.J., dissenting). Justice may be blind, but it should not be because we
have willfully blinded ourselves to injustice.
                                     Conclusion
        {¶ 105} Today’s decision sets a new low for constitutional compliance with
Article II, Section 15(C) of the Ohio Constitution. For all the talk about academic
distress, it is sadly our constitutional form of government that is in distress by this
decision. The state legislature could honor our Constitution simply by applying its
legislative requirements as they are written. It failed. Likewise, this court could
honor our Constitution simply by applying its terms as they are written. It too has
failed. I cannot and will not join in this travesty of justice. I dissent.

                                           43
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

                                _________________
       STEWART, J., dissenting.
       {¶ 106} A majority of this court has decided that the amendments made to
2015 Am.Sub.H.B. No. 70 (“H.B. 70”) during its consideration by the General
Assembly do not violate the requirement in the Ohio Constitution that a bill must
be considered by each house of the General Assembly on three separate days. This
decision is a complete abdication of this court’s responsibility as the guardian of
the Constitution.
       {¶ 107} Article II, Section 15(C) of the Ohio Constitution states, “Every bill
shall be considered by each house on three different days, unless two-thirds of the
members elected to the house in which it is pending suspend this requirement, and
every individual consideration of a bill or action suspending the requirement shall
be recorded in the journal of the respective house.”
       {¶ 108} “The usual explanation for Delay Rules like the three-reading rule
is that [the legislative body] wants to constrain itself from acting out of temporary
passion, and that the costs of bad legislation caused by passion are greater than the
benefits that are lost as a result of the constraint on quick action.” Gersen & Posner,
Timing Rules and Legal Institutions, 121 Harv.L.Rev. 543, 565 (2007). In addition,
the three-consideration clause “provides time for more publicity and greater
discussion and affords each legislator an opportunity to study the proposed
legislation, communicate with his or her constituents, note the comments of the
press and become sensitive to public opinion.” Hoover v. Franklin Cty. Bd. of
Commrs., 19 Ohio St. 3d 1, 8, 482 N.E.2d 575 (1985) (Douglas, J., concurring). See
also Schwegmann Bros. v. Calvert Distillers Corp., 341 U.S. 384, 396, 71 S. Ct.
745, 95 L. Ed. 1035 (1951) (Jackson, J., concurring) (“The Rules of the House and
Senate, with the sanction of the Constitution, require three readings of an Act in
each House before final enactment. That is intended, I take it, to make sure that

                                          44
                                 January Term, 2020

each House knows what it is passing and passes what it wants, and that what is
enacted was formally reduced to writing” [emphasis added]).
        {¶ 109} Article II, Section 15(C) contains both a substantive and a
procedural component. The procedural component requires that every individual
consideration of a bill be recorded in the journal of the respective house; the
substantive component requires that a bill that is vitally altered by amendments be
considered by each house on three separate days, Hoover at 5. Amendments vitally
alter a bill when “there is no longer a common purpose or relationship between the
original bill and the bill as amended.” State ex rel. Ohio AFL-CIO v. Voinovich, 69
Ohio St. 3d 225, 233, 631 N.E.2d 582 (1994).
        {¶ 110} The original title of H.B. 70, as introduced, stated that the bill’s
purpose was to “enact sections 3302.16, 3302.17, and 3302.18 of the Revised Code
to authorize school districts and community schools to initiate a community
learning center process to assist and guide school restructuring.” A bill’s title is
important. First, the subject of a bill is to be clearly expressed in its title. Article
II, Section 15(D) of the Ohio Constitution. Second, the purpose of expressing the
object of the legislation in the title of a bill is “to defeat deceitful, mysterious and
misleading titles which foster the practices of entrapping the Legislature into the
passage of provisions in the bill unrelated to and not intimated by the title of the
bill, and also of misleading the people as to the contents of proposed statutes.”
Manson, The Drafting of Statute Titles, 10 Ind.L.J. 155, 156 (1934). Thus, when
the legislature titles a statute, it “determines for itself the desired scope of the
statute, and defines the object and the scope of the statute in the title of the act with
such particularity of definition as it deems best.” Id. at 161.
        {¶ 111} When the Ohio Senate amended H.B. 70, it changed the title to the
following:

                                           45
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

               A BILL To amend sections 133.06, 3302.01, 3302.036,
       3302.04, 3310.02, 3310.03, 3310.032, 3310.035, 3311.29, and
       3314.102; to enact new section 3302.10 and sections 3302.11,
       3302.16, 3302.17, and 3302.18; and to repeal section 3302.10 of the
       Revised Code to authorize school districts and community schools
       to initiate a community learning center process to assist and guide
       school restructuring and to revise the law regarding academic
       distress commissions and other supports for lower performing
       school districts.

       {¶ 112} By amending the title of H.B. 70 to include revisions to the law
regarding academic-distress commissions, the legislature expanded the scope of the
bill to reach well beyond its original purpose—the creation of community-learning
centers. By amending the title, the legislature demonstrated that the amendments
to H.B. 70 altered the purpose of the bill to the extent that it was required to amend
the bill’s title. For this court to decide otherwise is to ignore the obvious.
       {¶ 113} The lead opinion concludes that both bills had the same common
purpose—to improve underperforming schools. “Purpose” and “subject” are not
synonymous; two different subjects could serve the same purpose. Administering
intravenous antibiotics to someone with an infected limb or amputating that limb
both serve the same purpose—getting rid of the infection. But the subject of those
medical treatments, clearly, is not the same. In any event, the amendments to H.B.
70 were so significant that they overwhelmed the original purpose to create
community-learning centers. No further proof is needed than the lead opinion’s
description of the amendments—those amendments had nothing to do with
community-learning centers and they added an additional 67 pages to the original
bill. To determine whether an amendment is germane to the subject matter of the
proposed bill, we should inquire whether the new matter fits under the original title

                                          46
                                January Term, 2020

of the bill. Using this test, it becomes apparent that the amendment sponsors
themselves did not believe that the original title of H.B. 70 accurately described the
bill as amended.
       {¶ 114} The opinion concurring in part and concurring in judgment only in
part in this case suggests that Article II, Section 15(C) of the Constitution is merely
directory and is unenforceable in the courts.        We have held that the three-
consideration clause is directory. See Hoover, 19 Ohio St. 3d at 4, 482 N.E.2d 575.
But we long ago rejected the argument that a directory constitutional provision
could not be enforced in the courts. We suggested in Pim v. Nicholson, 6 Ohio St.
176, 180 (1856), that “a manifestly gross and fraudulent violation of these rules
might authorize the court to pronounce a law unconstitutional.” And in State ex
rel. Dix v. Celeste, 11 Ohio St. 3d 141, 144, 464 N.E.2d 153 (1984), we explained
that our “reluctance to interfere with the legislative process” would not cause this
court to “abdicate in its duty to enforce the Ohio Constitution.” We thus concluded,
as we had suggested in Pim, that “a manifestly gross and fraudulent violation” of a
directory constitutional provision “will cause an enactment to be invalidated.” Id.
at syllabus. See also Voinovich, 69 Ohio St. 3d at 229, 631 N.E.2d 582. As this
state’s highest court, we have the obligation “to say what the law is.” State v.
Parker, 157 Ohio St. 3d 460, 2019-Ohio-3848, 137 N.E.3d 1151, ¶ 31. And saying
what the law is includes the duty to determine when a constitutional provision has
been violated.
       {¶ 115} The concurring opinion would simply overrule Hoover as
unworkable on the ground that it requires us to review “every step of the legislative
amendment process.” Concurring opinion at ¶ 54. This is an exaggeration—the
only review required of us in this case is whether H.B. 70 received the
constitutionally required three considerations. And given that we have considered
a mere handful of cases involving the three-consideration clause, concerns that
Ohio courts will be intruding into the legislative process are unfounded.

                                          47
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

       {¶ 116} Appellees open their brief by referring to the adage that lawmaking
is like sausage making—no one should see how either is made. But the hasty and
covert efforts to amend the bill before it was enacted are important to recognizing
the constitutional violation. As the first dissenting opinion notes, H.B. No. 70 was
amended such that the original bill was vitally altered, the Senate Education
Committee adopted the amendments, the Senate considered and passed the
amended bill, the House considered the amended bill, and the House voted to
concur in the amendments, all on the last day of the legislative session and in a
matter of hours. Attempts by the original bill’s sponsors and other stakeholders to
see how this “sausage” was being made were thwarted at every turn. Enacting laws
in this manner causes the public to lose faith in its government. And now, this court
throws up its hands to sanction this type of lawmaking. But I believe that Article
II, Section 15(C) of the Ohio Constitution and this court’s precedents prohibit this
type of lawmaking.
       {¶ 117} Even if the parties in this case and all of the other actors involved
desired to effectuate policy by creating a mechanism that would improve the
education of children in the Youngstown city schools, the creation of an academic-
distress commission in H.B. 70 was controversial to say the least. Hence, the
amendment was cloaked in secrecy. But the public—particularly the parents,
students, and educators in the Youngstown City School District—had the right to
expect transparency in the enactment of legislation that directly affected them.
What is more, the General Assembly had the legal responsibility to enact legislation
as directed by the Ohio Constitution.
       {¶ 118} Today’s decision is the antithesis of the letter and spirit of Article
II, Section 15(C). Make no mistake: today’s decision will no doubt serve to
encourage similar conduct in the future by whoever controls the majority in the
legislature at any given time.

                                         48
                                January Term, 2020

       {¶ 119} Because I find that appellants met their burden and proved that the
General Assembly enacted H.B. No. 70 in violation of Article II, Section 15(C) of
the Ohio Constitution, I would reverse the judgment of the court of appeals. Since
a majority of this court holds otherwise, I dissent.
                                _________________
       Roth, Blair, Roberts, Strasfeld & Lodge, L.P.A., James E. Roberts, David
S. Barbee, Christine Z. Papa, and Edward L. Ostrowski Jr., for appellant
Youngstown City School District Board of Education.
       R. Sean Grayson, for appellant AFSCME Ohio Council 8, AFL–CIO.
       Green, Haines, Sgambati Co., L.P.A., Ira J. Mirkin, and Charles W.
Oldfield, for appellants Youngstown Education Association, Ohio Education
Association, and Jane Haggerty.
       Dave Yost, Attorney General, Benjamin M. Flowers, State Solicitor, and
Michael J. Hendershot, Deputy Solicitor, for appellees.
       Walter Haverfield, L.L.P., Sara Ravas Cooper, Christina Henagen Peer, and
Sara M. Markouc, urging reversal for amicus curiae Canton City School District
Board of Education.
       Pepple & Waggoner, Ltd., Donna M. Andrew, Christian M. Williams, Brian
J. DeSantis, and Samantha A. Vajskop, urging reversal for amicus curiae East
Cleveland City School District Board of Education.
       Baasten, McKinley & Co., L.P.A., Kathleen K. McKinley, Rachel M.
Reight, and Brad Zebedis, urging reversal for amici curiae East Cleveland
Education Association, OEA/NEA, and Lorain Education Association, OEA/NEA.
       Bricker & Eckler, L.L.P., Bryan Smeenk, Maria J. Armstrong, and Nicole
M. Donovsky, urging reversal for amici curiae Ohio School Boards Association,
Buckeye Association of School Administrators, Ohio Federation of Teachers, Ohio
Association of School Business Officials, Lorain City School District Board of
Education, and Columbus City Schools Board of Education.

                                          49
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

 _________________

         50