Court Opinion

ID: 3018804
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:19:47.757784+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:47:12.480545
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
            _____________

            No. 96-3141EM
            _____________

United States of America,            *
                                     *
                  Appellee,          *
                                     *
      v.                             *
                                     *
John McFarland, also known as Buggy, *
                                     *
                  Appellant.         *

            _____________                  Appeals from the United States
                                           District Court for the Eastern
            No. 96-3278EM                  District of Missouri.
            _____________

United States of America,            *
                                     *
                   Appellee,         *
                                     *
      v.                             *
                                     *
Darryl Warren, also known as Monk,   *
                                     *
                   Appellant.        *
                               _____________

                            Submitted: March 11, 1997
                                Filed: June 5, 1997
                                 _____________

Before FAGG, HEANEY, and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judges.
                                    _____________

FAGG, Circuit Judge.

        A jury convicted John McFarland and Darryl Warren of conspiring to distribute
and to possess with intent to distribute cocaine, heroin, and marijuana in violation of
21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846 (1994), and also found McFarland guilty of interstate
travel in aid of racketeering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1952(a)(3) (1994). No purpose
would be served by reciting at length the facts of this case. The testimony of police
officers, postal inspectors, and unindicted coconspirators painted a picture of a five-
year-long scheme, involving McFarland, Warren, and ten others, to transport large
quantities of illegal drugs from California for distribution in and around St. Louis,
Missouri. Warren appeals his conviction and McFarland appeals his convictions and
sentence. We affirm.

       Warren challenges the sufficiency of the evidence against him by contending the
testimony of coconspirator witnesses who linked him to the conspiracy was unworthy
of belief. Witness credibility is for the jury to decide, not for us. See United States v.
Rogers, 91 F.3d 53, 57 (8th Cir. 1996). Warren also urges reversal because the
evidence does not eliminate every possibility that Warren is innocent. To be sufficient,
however, the evidence need not do so. See United States v. McMurray, 34 F.3d 1405,
1412 (8th Cir. 1994). As long as “there is an interpretation of the evidence that would
permit a reasonable jury to find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt,” the jury’s verdict
stands. United States v. Maza, 93 F.3d 1390, 1399 (8th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 117
S. Ct. 1008 (1997). Where, as here, the evidence establishes the existence of a
conspiracy, only slight evidence connecting Warren to the conspiracy is enough to
sustain his conviction. See id.

      The Government introduced far more than slight evidence against Warren.
Besides coconspirator testimony linking Warren to McFarland’s drug business in 1994

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and 1995, the jury heard about a 1990 police stop of Warren, McFarland, and a third
person in a vehicle containing a kilogram of cocaine. Questioned separately, the three
told police conflicting stories about where they had been and with whom they had
stayed. The jury also learned about the substantial and unexplained gap between
Warren’s spending and his reported income. Further, when police searched Warren’s
bedroom they found $9,000 in cash, along with a drug ledger similar to one of
McFarland’s, a photograph of Warren and a coconspirator, the California address of
another coconspirator, and California addresses and phone numbers for McFarland.
Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, see Rogers, 91 F.3d
at 57, we conclude it amply supports Warren’s conviction.

       We turn now to McFarland’s appeal. McFarland first contends the district court
wrongly denied his motion to suppress evidence gathered during warrantless searches
of his residence and a storage locker rented in his name. At the time these searches
were carried out, McFarland was on parole from a California prison, subject to this
condition: “You and your residence and any property under your control may be
searched without a warrant at any time by any agent of the Department of Corrections
or any law enforcement officer.” McFarland’s parole officer, Linda Arizaga,
authorized both searches and was present for the locker search, but police officers
alone carried out the residential search. McFarland argues that Arizaga was helping
police dodge the warrant requirement instead of pursuing her own parole-related
purposes. See United States v. Harper, 928 F.2d 894, 897 (9th Cir. 1991). We agree
that a parole search is unlawful when it is nothing more than a ruse for a police
investigation. See id.; United States v. Martin, 25 F.3d 293, 296 (6th Cir. 1994)
(probation search); United States v. Coleman, 22 F.3d 126, 129 (7th Cir. 1994); Shea
v. Smith, 966 F.2d 127, 132 (3d Cir. 1992); United States v. Cardona, 903 F.2d 60, 65
(1st Cir. 1990). Parole and police officers may work together, however, provided the
parole officer is pursuing parole-related objectives and is not merely a “stalking horse”
for the police. See Harper, 928 F.2d at 897.

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         In this case, the district court found Arizaga authorized the police to carry out
the challenged searches to determine if McFarland was violating his parole. This factual
finding is not clearly erroneous. See United States v. Richardson, 849 F.2d 439, 441
(9th Cir. 1988). Arizaga was already concerned McFarland was violating a condition
of his parole before the police contacted her seeking permission to search McFarland’s
residence. Arizaga then consulted with her supervisor before giving the police the go-
ahead. When the police later asked for authorization to search McFarland’s storage
locker, Arizaga insisted on being present for the search. These circumstances support
the district court’s finding that Arizaga authorized the searches for parole, not police,
purposes, and so the district court properly denied McFarland’s motion to suppress. As
a separate matter, although the police-only parole search of McFarland’s residence was
proper under California law, see Cal. Penal Code § 3052 (West 1997); Cal. Code Regs.
tit. 15, § 2511(b)(4); People v. Burgener, 714 P.2d 1251, 1271 (Cal. 1986), McFarland
has not asked us to decide whether California’s parole-search law satisfies the Fourth
Amendment’s reasonableness requirement, see Griffin v. Wisconsin, 483 U.S. 868,
872-73 (1987) (holding probation search lawful because search conformed to state law
itself reasonable for Fourth Amendment purposes). We leave this unbriefed
constitutional question for another day.
         McFarland’s remaining claims merit little discussion. McFarland waived his
right to assert a Speedy Trial Act violation by failing to move for dismissal before trial.
See 18 U.S.C. § 3162(a)(2) (1994); United States v. Kime, 99 F.3d 870, 881 (8th Cir.
1996), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 1015 (1997). Only a little over seven months elapsed
between McFarland’s indictment and trial, too brief a delay to trigger review of his
Sixth Amendment speedy trial claim. See Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647, 651-
52 & n.1 (1992). McFarland’s contention that the evidence was insufficient to convict
him on the drug conspiracy count is without merit. The jury could also reasonably find
that the testimony of Linda Jackson, one of McFarland’s coconspirators, established
the elements of a Travel Act violation by McFarland beyond a reasonable doubt. See
18 U.S.C. § 1952(a)(3); United States v. Brown, 956 F.2d 782, 785 (8th Cir. 1992).

                                           -4-
As for McFarland’s sentence, the district court properly relied on trial testimony to
establish the drug quantities attributable to McFarland for sentencing purposes. See
United States v. Delpit, 94 F.3d 1134, 1154 (8th Cir. 1996). Actually, McFarland
failed to object specifically to any of the drug-quantity calculations contained in his
presentence report (PSR), and so the district court could have relied directly on the
PSR. See United States v. LaRoche, 83 F.3d 958, 959 (8th Cir. 1996) (per curiam).
Finally, McFarland’s challenge to the four-level increase of his offense level for
organizing or leading a criminal activity involving five or more participants is without
merit.

      We affirm Warren’s conviction and McFarland’s convictions and sentence.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                     CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.

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