Court Opinion

ID: 7801933
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-19 05:08:03.467991+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:29:21.967702
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

CALVERT BAIL BONDS AGENCY, LLC,                                     UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    August 18, 2022
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                   No. 357003
                                                                    St. Clair Circuit Court
ST. CLAIR COUNTY,                                                   LC No. 13-002205-CZ

               Defendant-Appellee.

CALVERT BAIL BONDS AGENCY, LLC,
BANKS BAIL BONDS AGENCY, LLC, and
FINANCIAL CASUALTY & SURETY, INC.,

               Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v                                                                   No. 357716
                                                                    St. Clair Circuit Court
ST. CLAIR COUNTY,                                                   LC No. 20-002199-CZ

               Defendant-Appellee.

Before: GADOLA, P.J., and CAVANAGH and K. F. KELLY, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In these consolidated appeals1 related to forfeited bail bonds, in Docket No. 357003,
plaintiff, Calvert Bail Bonds Agency, LLC (Calvert), appeals by leave granted 2 the trial court’s
opinion and order granting defendant’s motion to allow a setoff from a different case to be used to

1
  Calvert Bail Bonds Agency, LLC v St Clair Co, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals,
entered July 15, 2021 (Docket Nos. 357003 and 357716).
2
    Id.

                                                -1-
satisfy the judgment against defendant. In Docket No. 357716, plaintiffs, Calvert, Banks Bail
Bonds Agency, LLC (Banks), and Financial Casualty & Surety, Inc. (FCSI), appeal as of right the
opinion and order of the trial court granting summary disposition in favor of defendant. We affirm.

                 I. BACKGROUND FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        This appeal involves two separate, initially independent cases that eventually became
intertwined. One of the cases, Case No. 13-002205-CZ (“the 2013 case”), has been before us three
times, two of which resulted in opinions. In the second opinion from this Court in the 2013 case,
the panel provided a brief, yet relevant, factual summary of the litigation:
                 [Calvert] is a bail bond company and acts as a surety for criminal defendants
       who are required to post bond. [Calvert] posted surety bonds on behalf of 11
       underlying criminal defendants, but they all failed to appear in court. Judgment
       was entered against [Calvert], and the bonds paid on behalf of the underlying
       defendants were forfeited. [Calvert] was entitled to a return of the bond payments
       if it followed the procedures set forth under MCL 765.28, which required [Calvert]
       to pay the full amount of the judgments for bond forfeitures, and apprehend and
       return the underlying defendants to the court. However, both obligations were
       required to be completed within 56 days of the entry of the order forfeiting the
       bond. See MCL 765.28(3). In nine cases, [Calvert] located the underlying
       defendants and brought them back to the 72nd District Court in St. Clair County,
       but it failed to do so within 56 days. In the tenth case, the underlying defendant
       was located in a jail in another state. In the eleventh case, the underlying defendant
       was located in Canada. In those two cases, the St. Clair County Prosecutor declined
       to extradite the defendants, which prevented their prompt return to the district court.
       Additionally, [Calvert] paid two of the forfeited bond payments within 56 days, but
       it paid the remaining nine forfeited bond payments after the 56-day period had
       passed.

               [Calvert] requested a remittance of all 11 forfeited bond payments made on
       behalf of the underlying defendants from the 72nd District Court. The district court
       remitted partial bond payments of $450 to [Calvert] in the two cases where
       [Calvert] had paid the full forfeited bond payment within 56 days. In both cases,
       defendant retained $50. In the other nine cases, the district court refused to remit
       payment entirely because [Calvert] failed to pay the forfeited bond payment within
       56 days.

                [Calvert] filed suit to recover the forfeited bond payments that it had made
       on behalf of the 11 defendants. In total, [Calvert] requested the remittance of a sum
       total of $37,450 in forfeited bond payments. After the trial court denied defendant’s
       motion for summary disposition, the parties signed a stipulated order directing them
       to submit trial briefs and a stipulated set of facts in lieu of appearing for a bench
       trial. In its trial brief, [Calvert] argued that it was entitled to an equitable remedy
       under MCL 600.4835 because good cause existed for the trial court to grant an
       equitable remittance of the bond payments. Defendant, however, argued that MCL
       765.28 was amended in 2002 “to provide the same legal remedy to commercial
       sureties that MCL 765.15 provides in cash bond situations,” and therefore, MCL

                                                -2-
       765.28 provided the only possible remedy for [Calvert]. The trial court agreed with
       defendant, and it entered an order dismissing [Calvert]’s claims without reaching
       the question of whether there was good cause to remit the bond payments under
       MCL 600.4835. This Court, however, disagreed with the trial court, and it reversed
       the lower court’s decision and remanded for further proceedings. See Calvert Bail
       Bond Agency, LLC v St Clair Co, 314 Mich App 548, 556; 887 NW2d 425 (2016)
       [(Calvert Bail I)]. This Court held that MCL 765.28 provided a safe harbor for
       sureties where, if certain conditions were satisfied, they would be entitled to
       remittance. Id. at 555. That said, a plaintiff could still seek an equitable remittance
       under MCL 600.4835, but remittance would not be guaranteed, and even if the trial
       court authorized remittance, it would not have to be the full amount. Calvert Bail
       [I], 314 Mich App at 555.

               On remand, the trial court held a post-appeal hearing. After the hearing, the
       trial court entered an opinion and order granting judgment in favor of [Calvert].
       The trial court concluded that [Calvert] established the requisite good cause for
       relief under MCL 600.4835. Defendant now appeals. [Calvert Bail Bonds Agency,
       LLC v St Clair Co, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued
       May 17, 2018 (Docket No. 336821) (Calvert Bail II), pp 1-2.]

         To summarize, briefly, then, when the second appeal of the 2013 case took place, Calvert
had been awarded a judgment by the trial court against defendant in the amount of $37,500. The
award was provided under MCL 600.4835 because, although Calvert had missed the safe-harbor
provision under MCL 765.28, it had shown good cause for the equitable remedy under MCL
600.4835. Calvert Bail II, unpub op at 2. The distinction between the safe-harbor provision of
MCL 765.28 and the good-cause equitable provision of MCL 600.4835 had been established in
the first appeal of the 2013 case, Calvert Bail I, 314 Mich App at 554-555. In the second appeal,
this Court agreed with the trial court’s interpretation of the term “good cause” from MCL
600.4835, and its conclusion that Calvert had shown good cause for remittance under the statute.
Calvert Bail II, unpub op at 3-5. As a result, this Court affirmed the judgment in favor of Calvert
in the 2013 case. Id. at 5.

        While the appellate and lower court litigation in the 2013 case progressed, Calvert
continued to become involved in other cases involving bail bonds. As relevant to this appeal, in
Case No. 16-P05318-FY (“the 2016 case”) before the 72nd District Court in defendant county,
Calvert stated on the record it was acting as surety on the bond for Jameel Khatin Johnson in the
amount of $100,000. Johnson did not show up for court after being released, the bond was
forfeited, and judgment was entered against Calvert for $100,000 on October 13, 2016. Calvert
attempted to appeal the judgment after bond forfeiture to the circuit court, but missed the deadline.
The circuit court dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. Calvert then moved the district court for relief
from the judgment after bond forfeiture, which the district court denied on the basis of Calvert’s
legal arguments under MCL 765.28. Calvert again attempted to appeal to the circuit court, but
was unsuccessful. In the midst of those proceedings, Johnson was apprehended, pleaded guilty to
the charged crimes, and was sentenced. Before the district court and the circuit court in the 2016
case, Calvert never made any equitable arguments under MCL 600.4835 nor asserted that it should
not have been listed as the judgment debtor.

                                                 -3-
        By this point, then, the 2013 case had already been litigated in its entirety with Calvert
achieving an equitable judgment of $37,500, and this Court affirming. Calvert Bail II, unpub op
at 2, 5. The 2016 case, meanwhile, had twice been appealed to the circuit court by Calvert, but
had not been reversed. Thus, the $100,000 judgment in favor of defendant, against Calvert, still
remained in the 2016 case.

       Subsequently, Calvert filed an original lawsuit in the circuit court, Case No. 19-000201-
CZ (“the 2019 case”). Calvert, making only legal arguments, sought to have the judgment after
bond forfeiture in the 2016 case set aside. Calvert named as the defendant the “72nd District Court
Judge.” The trial court granted summary disposition in favor of the named defendant and
dismissed the case. Calvert did not appeal the dismissal.

       Then, on December 23, 2020, more than 17 months after the circuit court dismissed the
2019 case, and more than four years after the judgment after bond forfeiture had been entered
against Calvert in the 2016 case, Calvert, along with Banks and FCSI, filed a “complaint for
equitable relief” in Case No. 20-002199-CZ (“the 2020 case”). As specifically related to Calvert,
the complaint sought an “equitable exoneration from judgment” under MCL 600.4835.

        Before responding to the new complaint in the 2020 case, defendant moved the trial court
in the 2013 case to allow a setoff of the equitable judgment of $37,500 with the $100,000 judgment
after bond forfeiture in the 2016 case. Just eight days later, in the 2020 case, defendant moved for
summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (C)(8). In particular, defendant contended the
complaint for equitable relief was barred by the doctrine of res judicata, considering Calvert could
have and should have brought its equitable arguments in the 2019 case.

         In responding to defendant’s motion for setoff in the 2013 case, Calvert asserted, for the
first time, that it was not the appropriate judgment debtor in the 2016 case. Instead, Calvert argued
it had acted as FCSI’s agent in the case. Because FCSI was the actual surety on the bond in the
2016 case, judgment should have been entered against it. As a result, Calvert and defendant did
not have mutual debts, which disallowed setoff. Calvert requested attorney fees as a sanction,
asserting defendant’s motion was frivolous. In the 2020 case, plaintiffs argued summary
disposition was not warranted because they were permitted to bring an equitable complaint, when
they had only ever made legal arguments in previous lawsuits. Plaintiffs also asserted the 2019
case could not be used for purposes of res judicata because it had been against a different party,
the 72nd District Court Judge, not defendant. Further, plaintiffs argued its complaint for
declaratory relief only in the 2019 case could not be res judicata for additional equitable arguments
under a federally acknowledged exception to the rule.

        After hearing oral arguments in both cases, the trial court ruled in favor of defendant. In
the 2013 case, the trial court determined Calvert’s challenge relied on collaterally attacking the
2016 judgment, which was not permitted. Thus, because the judgment after bond forfeiture was
against Calvert, the two parties were mutually indebted. The trial court did not specifically address
Calvert’s request for attorney fees as a sanction, presumably because Calvert had not prevailed.
In the 2020 case, the trial court agreed the case was barred under the doctrine of res judicata. The
trial court refused to reward Calvert for suing the wrong party in the 2019 case. The trial court,
which decided both the 2019 and 2020 cases, stated it treated defendant as the true party in interest
in the 2019 case, so plaintiffs’ argument about different parties lacked merit. Consequently, the

                                                -4-
trial court granted summary disposition in favor of defendant and dismissed the case. These
appeals followed.

                                     II. DOCKET NO. 357003

       In this appeal, Calvert challenges the trial court’s ruling regarding setoff in the 2013 case.

                                             A. SETOFF

       Calvert argues the trial court improperly granted defendant’s motion for a setoff because
there was no mutual indebtedness between the parties. We disagree.

                      1. STANDARD OF REVIEW AND GENERAL LAW

        “The trial court’s decision in this regard to grant a setoff, a matter in equity, is reviewed de
novo.” Grace v Grace, 253 Mich App 357, 368; 655 NW2d 595 (2002). “Setoff is a legal or
equitable remedy that may occur when two entities that owe money to each other apply their
mutual debts against each other.” In re Conservatorship of Murray, 336 Mich App 234, 261; 970
NW2d 372 (2021) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “ ‘Unless specifically authorized by
statute in a particular instance, setoff is a matter in equity based on equitable principles.’ ” Id.,
quoting Mahesh v Mills, 237 Mich App 359, 361; 602 NW2d 618 (1999).

                            2. APPLICABLE LAW AND ANALYSIS

       The trial court properly granted defendant’s request to set off the judgment in the 2013 case
with the judgment after bond forfeiture from the 2016 case.

        As just stated, setoff only is appropriate when two entities have “mutual debts against each
other.” In re Conservatorship of Murray, 336 Mich App at 261 (quotation marks and citation
omitted). In the 2013 case, judgment was entered by the trial court in favor of Calvert against
defendant for $37,500. In the 2016 case, the district court entered the judgment after bond
forfeiture against Calvert for $100,000. The parties do not dispute that the judgment in the 2016
case was in favor of defendant, as required by statute. Therefore, on the face of each judgment,
defendant and Calvert had “mutual debts against each other.” Id. (quotation marks and citation
omitted).

        In an effort to escape the obvious conclusion that setoff was warranted, Calvert claims the
2016 judgment should have been entered against FCSI. Calvert insists FCSI was the surety on the
bail bond in the 2016 case, while Calvert merely acted as FCSI’s agent. As a result, Calvert claims,
there is not mutual indebtedness between it and defendant. Instead, defendant was owed money
from FCSI in the 2016 case, while Calvert was owed money from defendant in the 2013 case. The
trial court properly ignored the merits of that argument because it is an impermissible collateral
attack on the judgment after bond forfeiture in the 2016 case.

        A final decision by a “court of competent jurisdiction made and entered in a proceeding of
which all parties in interest have due and legal notice and from which no appeal is taken cannot be
set aside and held for naught by the decree of another court in a collateral proceeding . . . .”
Workers’ Compensation Agency Dir v MacDonald’s Indus Prod, Inc, 305 Mich App 460, 474;

                                                  -5-
853 NW2d 467 (2014) (quotation marks and citations omitted). In other words, “assuming
competent jurisdiction, a party cannot use a second proceeding to attack a tribunal’s decision in a
previous proceeding[.]” Id. As noted, there is an exception to that rule where the first decision is
made by a court, agency, or tribunal that entirely lacks jurisdiction regarding the matter decided.
See Altman v Nelson, 197 Mich App 467, 472-473; 495 NW2d 826 (1992) (“When there is a want
of jurisdiction over the parties or the subject matter, no matter what formalities may have been
taken by the trial court, the action is void because of its want of jurisdiction. Consequently, its
proceedings may be questioned collaterally as well as on direct appeal.”). The Michigan Supreme
Court, however, has distinguished between “errors in the exercise of jurisdiction” and the lack of
jurisdiction:

               Want of jurisdiction must be distinguished from error in the exercise of
       jurisdiction. Where jurisdiction has once attached, mere errors or irregularities in
       the proceedings, however grave, although they may render the judgment erroneous
       and subject to be set aside in a proper proceeding for that purpose, will not render
       the judgment void, and until set aside it is valid and binding for all purposes and
       cannot be collaterally attacked. [Bowie v Arder, 441 Mich 23, 49; 490 NW2d 568
       (1992), quoting Jackson City Bank & Trust v Fredrick, 271 Mich 538, 545; 260
       NW 908 (1935).]

This Court clarified, stating that “lack of subject matter jurisdiction can be collaterally attacked[,
whereas] the exercise of that jurisdiction can be challenged only on direct appeal.” Clohset v No
Name Corp (On Remand), 302 Mich App 550, 564; 840 NW2d 375 (2013) (quotation marks and
citation omitted; alteration in original).

        Calvert, in this case, has appealed an order allowing setoff from the 2013 case. The
substance of Calvert’s appeal from the 2013 case focuses solely on the judgment after bond
forfeiture, which was issued in the 2016 case. Calvert, similarly, has twice appealed the 2016 case
to the circuit court, which were unsuccessful in altering the judgment. Calvert also filed two
separate lawsuits in circuit court, seeking to be relieved from the judgment in the 2016 case, both
of which were similarly unsuccessful. Now, in an appeal from an order in the 2013 case, Calvert
has again attempted to alter the judgment in the 2016 case. Calvert has not argued the district court
lacked jurisdiction in the 2016 case.

        It is hard to imagine a clearer case of an impermissible collateral attack. See Workers’
Compensation Agency Dir, 305 Mich App at 474. If Calvert believed the judgment after bond
forfeiture in the 2016 case was entered against Calvert in error, it was required to make that
argument in the case in which the judgment at issue was entered. Calvert cannot, in the 2013 case,
seek to have the judgment from the 2016 case altered, absent a lack of jurisdiction in the 2016
case. See Clohset, 302 Mich App at 564. Considering Calvert has not even alleged a lack of
jurisdiction in the 2016 case, the challenges related to the judgment after bond forfeiture in the
2016 case simply could not, and properly were not, entertained in proceedings in the 2013 case.
See id. Indeed, even if Calvert were correct that the judgment in the 2016 case was improperly
entered against the wrong party, Calvert still could not be successful because, as our Supreme
Court clearly stated, “mere errors or irregularities in the proceedings, however grave, . . . will not
render the judgment void, and until set aside it is valid and binding for all purposes and cannot be
collaterally attacked.” Bowie, 441 Mich at 49 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

                                                 -6-
        Consequently, the trial court did not err in concluding Calvert’s claim of a lack of mutual
indebtedness, which required an alteration to the judgment in the 2016 case, lacked merit as a
collateral attack.3 See id. Therefore, because such was Calvert’s only argument against
defendant’s request for a setoff, the trial court properly granted defendant’s motion. The record is
clear that, on the faces of the two judgments, defendant and Calvert had “mutual debts against each
other,” In re Conservatorship of Murray, 336 Mich App at 261 (quotation marks and citation
omitted), warranting the setoff ordered by the trial court.4

                                   B. STATUTORY INTEREST

         Calvert argues the trial court failed to account for statutory interest on the judgment in the
2013 case before granting defendant’s request for a setoff. Calvert has abandoned this issue by
failing to properly brief it.

        “An appellant may not merely announce his position and leave it to this Court to discover
and rationalize the basis for his claims, nor may he give only cursory treatment with little or no
citation of supporting authority.” Bronson Methodist Hosp v Mich Assigned Claims Facility, 298
Mich App 192, 199; 826 NW2d 197 (2012) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Stated
differently, “[t]he appellant himself must first adequately prime the pump; only then does the
appellate well begin to flow.” Wayne Co Employees Retirement Sys v Wayne Charter Co, 497
Mich 36, 41; 859 NW2d 678 (2014) (quotation marks and citation omitted). When a party fails to
properly brief an issue, we can consider it abandoned and decline to address it. Bronson Methodist
Hosp, 298 Mich App at 199.

3
  Rather than acknowledge the procedural errors in its arguments, Calvert presents a worst-case-
scenario contention, asserting that allowing the judgment after bond forfeiture in the 2016 case to
remain against Calvert would essentially destroy Michigan caselaw and statutes regarding bail
bonds and agency. The trial court’s decision, and our affirmance of that decision, though, do not
contain any substantive decision regarding the 2016 case and the judgment after bond forfeiture.
Indeed, there is nothing in the present analysis suggesting the district court’s entry of the judgment
against Calvert, as opposed to FCSI, was proper in the 2016 case. Instead, the only material issue
decided here is that a party cannot challenge a judgment after bond forfeiture in a collateral
proceeding regarding setoff. Calvert’s worst-case-scenario creation, simply put, could not
possibly be realized from our affirmance of the trial court. Calvert is free to make the exact
argument made in this case about agency and bail bonds at the proper time and place for such
arguments, which is in a timely fashion in the case in which the judgment after bond forfeiture was
entered.
4
 Considering this outcome, defendant’s arguments regarding alternative grounds for affirmance
have been rendered moot and we decline to consider them. See TM v MZ, 501 Mich 312, 317; 916
NW2d 473 (2018) (holding that “[a] moot case presents nothing but abstract questions of law
which do not rest upon existing facts or rights,” and that appellate courts, generally, “will not
entertain moot issues or decide moot cases”) (quotation marks and citations omitted).

                                                 -7-
        In its brief on appeal, Calvert has provided only a single paragraph of analysis, which does
not include citation to any caselaw, statutes, or court rules. Instead, Calvert’s brief merely
announces the trial court erred by refusing to calculate statutory interest when setting off the
judgments, and then declares Calvert is entitled to relief in that regard. Calvert has not identified
the actual statute supporting the alleged interest, any caselaw related to whether setoff orders must
specifically address statutory interest, or a court rule regarding procedures for calculating the
differences in judgments during the setoff process. Having completely failed to do so, Calvert has
abandoned this issue, and we decline to consider it. See Wayne Co Employees Retirement Sys,
497 Mich at 41; Bronson Methodist Hosp, 298 Mich App at 199.5

                            C. ATTORNEY FEES AS A SANCTION

         Calvert contends the trial court abused its discretion by failing to address Calvert’s request
for attorney fees as a sanction. Once again, Calvert has abandoned this issue by failing to properly
brief it. As just discussed, we can refuse to review an issue when a party raises it without providing
any analysis or proper citation to authority. Wayne Co Employees Retirement Sys, 497 Mich at
41; Bronson Methodist Hosp, 298 Mich App at 199. In this case, with respect to Calvert’s
arguments related to attorney fees as a sanction, Calvert has not cited any authority whatsoever in
support of that claim. Calvert has not identified any caselaw, statutes, or court rules permitting it
to collect attorney fees from defendant. Plainly, Calvert has attempted to “announce [its] position
and leave it to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis for [its] claims,” which Calvert was
not permitted to do. Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). Consequently, the issue has been
abandoned, and we decline to consider it. See Wayne Co Employees Retirement Sys, 497 Mich at
41; Bronson Methodist Hosp, 298 Mich App at 199.6

5
  We note, though, Calvert has failed to acknowledge it is appealing an order of the trial court that
was not a final order. Thus, the trial court has not yet ruled out accounting for statutory interest
when it eventually enters a satisfaction of the judgment on behalf of defendant as a result of the
setoff. This issue, then, also is not ripe for our review. “The doctrine of ripeness is closely related
to the standing doctrine in that it focuses on the timing of the action.” Van Buren Charter Twp v
Visteon Corp, 319 Mich App 538, 553; 904 NW2d 192 (2017) (quotation marks and citation
omitted). In other words, “[t]he ripeness doctrine requires that a party has sustained an actual
injury to bring a claim,” and “[a] party may not premise an action on a hypothetical controversy.”
Id. at 554. Briefly, the trial court has not actually determined specific amounts by which the
$100,000 judgment after bond forfeiture will be offset. When it does so, the trial court undoubtedly
will determine the interest on the judgment in the 2013 case. Should it fail to do so, Calvert’s
argument would then ripen for our review. As of now, Calvert has merely presented “a
hypothetical controversy” on which it is not permitted to “premise an action . . . .” Id. Indeed,
considering the trial court has not ruled out adding in statutory interest when conducting the setoff,
Calvert has not identified any actual error for us to correct.
6
  Notably, with respect to this issue, Calvert’s failure to cite any legal authority is not only an
abandonment of the issue procedurally, but also a fatal flaw substantively. Under applicable and
binding caselaw, Calvert was required to identify a statute, court rule, or contract specifically

                                                 -8-
                                     III. DOCKET NO. 357716

       In this appeal, plaintiffs challenge the trial court’s order granting summary disposition in
favor of defendant in the 2020 case.

                                         A. RES JUDICATA

        Plaintiffs argue that the doctrine of res judicata did not bar their lawsuit for equitable relief
in the 2020 case. We disagree.

                                   1. STANDARD OF REVIEW

         Defendant moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (C)(8), arguing
that res judicata barred the lawsuit. The trial court did not indicate under which subrule it granted
the motion; however, the court considered documentary evidence outside of the pleadings, which
it is not permitted to do when granting summary disposition under (C)(8). See MCR 2.116(G)(5).
And MCR 2.116(C)(7) is a proper subrule under which to grant summary disposition on the basis
of res judicata. See Minicuci v Scientific Data Mgt, Inc, 243 Mich App 28, 29; 620 NW2d 657
(2000). Therefore, we will review the trial court’s order as if it were decided under MCR
2.116(C)(7).

        “We review de novo the circuit court’s resolution of defendant[’s] summary disposition
motion.” Stephens v Worden Ins Agency, LLC, 307 Mich App 220, 227; 859 NW2d 723 (2014).
“[S]ummary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7)” is proper when “the moving party was
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Wells Fargo Bank, NA v Null, 304 Mich App 508, 518;
847 NW2d 657 (2014). “Summary disposition may be granted under MCR 2.116(C)(7) when a

providing for the right to collect attorney fees. See Peterson v Oakwood Healthcare, Inc, 336
Mich App 333, 359; 970 NW2d 389 (2021) (“The American rule for attorney fees provides that
each party is responsible for its own attorney fees, unless there is a statute or court rule expressly
authorizing the award.”); see also Pransky v Falcon Group, Inc, 311 Mich App 164, 194; 874
NW2d 367 (2015) (allowing for attorney fees when permitted under a contract). Calvert, as is
obvious from its failure to cite any authority at all, has failed to do so. Absent a ground for
awarding attorney fees identified by Calvert, this argument simply must fail because the American
rule, by which Michigan abides, required Calvert to pay its own attorney fees unless a specific
exception existed. See Peterson, 336 Mich App at 359; Pransky, 311 Mich App at 194.
        Moreover, to the extent discernible from the record, Calvert appears to be relying on an
allegation that defendant’s motion for a setoff was frivolous. However, as the trial court
determined, and we now affirm, defendant was the prevailing party in the litigation regarding the
setoff motion. According to a recent decision by this Court, attorney fees are properly rejected
when a party is not the prevailing party. Kostreva v Kostreva, 337 Mich App 648, 678; ___ NW2d
___ (2021) (“On every issue, [the] plaintiff is properly the prevailing party in this case, and this
Court may reject [the] defendant’s claim for attorney fees on that basis alone.”). The same is true
of this case; because defendant was the prevailing party, Calvert’s request for attorney fees as a
sanction lacked merit. See id.

                                                  -9-
claim is barred by res judicata or collateral estoppel.” Allen Park Retirees Ass’n, Inc v City of
Allen Park, 329 Mich App 430, 443-444; 942 NW2d 618 (2019). “In reviewing a ruling pursuant
to subrule (C)(7), we consider all documentary evidence submitted by the parties, accepting as true
the contents of the complaint unless affidavits or other appropriate documents specifically
contradict them.” Seldon v Suburban Mobility Auth for Regional Transp, 297 Mich App 427, 432-
433; 824 NW2d 318 (2012) (quotation marks, citation, and alterations omitted). Further, “the
circuit court must accept the nonmoving party’s well-pleaded allegations as true and construe the
allegations in the nonmovant’s favor.” Stephens, 307 Mich App at 227 (quotation marks, citation,
and alterations omitted). Likewise, “[t]he applicability of the doctrine of res judicata constitutes a
question of law that this Court also reviews de novo.” Beyer v Verizon North Inc, 270 Mich App
424, 428; 715 NW2d 328 (2006).

                                    2. LAW AND ANALYSIS

       The trial court properly granted summary disposition in favor of defendant under MCR
2.116(C)(7) because plaintiffs’ claims were precluded under the doctrine of res judicata.

        Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred by granting summary disposition in favor of
defendant in the 2020 case. Plaintiffs sued defendant seeking an equitable exoneration from the
judgment after bond forfeiture from the 2016 case. Plaintiffs are correct that, generally, such a
case is permitted by statute and this Court’s published decision in Calvert Bail I, 314 Mich App at
554-555, citing MCL 600.4835. Indeed, plaintiffs dedicate a great deal of their analysis in their
brief on appeal to the issue already decided in Calvert Bail I, which allowed a separate suit to seek
equitable remittance on a judgment after bond forfeiture when the underlying criminal defendant
was apprehended outside of the 56-day safe harbor found in MCL 765.28. The trial court’s
decision and defendant’s arguments do not require us to revisit that decision, nor would it be proper
to do so. Instead, defendant and the trial court relied on the doctrine of res judicata when arguing
for, and granting, respectively, summary disposition in this case.

         Specifically, defendant contends the trial court properly granted summary disposition in
favor of defendant because plaintiffs’ lawsuit was barred after Calvert previously initiated the 2019
case, which had been dismissed. Defendant is correct. “The purpose of the doctrine of res judicata
is to prevent multiple suits litigating the same cause of action.” King v Munro, 329 Mich App 594,
600; 944 NW2d 198 (2019). Stated differently, “[t]he preclusion doctrine[] of res judicata . . .
serve[s] an important function in resolving disputes by imposing a state of finality to litigation
where the same parties have previously had a full and fair opportunity to adjudicate their claims.”
Allen Park Retirees Ass’n, 329 Mich App at 444 (quotation marks and citation omitted). “The
doctrine bars a second, subsequent action when (1) the prior action was decided on the merits, (2)
both actions involve the same parties or their privies, and (3) the matter in the second case was, or
could have been, resolved in the first.” Foster v Foster, ___ Mich ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2022)
(Docket No. 161892); slip op at 8 (citation omitted). “Michigan courts apply the doctrine broadly
to bar not only claims already litigated, but also every claim arising from the same transaction that
the parties, exercising reasonable diligence, could have raised but did not.” King, 329 Mich App
at 601 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

        In the 2016 case, judgment after bond forfeiture was entered against Calvert when Johnson
failed to show up in district court for his probable cause hearing. Calvert appealed the judgment

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to the circuit court, but did so seven days too late. Thus, lacking jurisdiction because of Calvert’s
timing issues, the circuit court dismissed the appeal. Calvert then moved the district court for
relief from judgment, arguing defendant was entitled to legal relief under MCL 765.28 because
Johnson had been apprehended within the safe-harbor time period. The district court disagreed
and denied Calvert’s motion for relief from judgment. Calvert again appealed to the circuit court,
and the circuit court again dismissed the appeal. This time, the circuit court did provide a reason
for the dismissal. In any event, Calvert did not apply for leave to appeal either of those dismissals
with this Court. The judgment after bond forfeiture issued in the 2016 case, then, had been finally
and totally litigated.

        As discussed above, though, Calvert was still entitled to seek equitable relief under MCL
600.4835 by filing a lawsuit for such relief in the circuit court. In 2019, Calvert did indeed file a
separate lawsuit seeking relief from the judgment in the circuit court. Yet, despite being well
aware of the sole available equitable remedy considering Calvert was the named plaintiff in the
exact decision of this Court verifying such a lawsuit was permissible under the relevant statutes,
Calvert Bail I, 314 Mich App at 554-555, Calvert’s 2019 lawsuit sought only legal relief. Indeed,
the 2019 case made almost all of the same arguments raised by Calvert in the 2016 case. Oddly,
even though Calvert successfully sued defendant in the 2013 case, the 2019 case filed by Calvert
named a 72nd District Court Judge as the defendant. Although Calvert named the defendant in
that manner, the lawsuit clearly sought legal relief from the judgment after bond forfeiture, which
was undoubtedly and statutorily mandated to be in favor of defendant. The circuit court dismissed
the 2019 case on July 16, 2019. The written order of dismissal did not provide specific reasoning
for the order, but cited the circuit court’s reasons stated on the record. The record in question was
not provided to the trial court in the 2020 case, nor has it been provided to us on appeal.

        After the case had been dismissed, plaintiffs brought the present suit in 2020. The 2020
case, finally, sought equitable relief from the judgment after bond forfeiture issued in the 2016
case. The 2020 case even named the correct party, defendant. Despite additional plaintiffs being
added to the case, namely FCSI and Banks, the lawsuit primarily sought relief from the judgment
against Calvert. Plaintiffs argued Johnson had been apprehended without additional expenses from
defendant, which was good cause under MCL 600.4835 to excuse Calvert from paying the
judgment after bond forfeiture in the 2016 case. Rather than address the merits of the argument,
defendant asserted plaintiffs’ arguments were barred by the doctrine of res judicata because Calvert
could have and should have raised these equitable arguments in the 2019 case. The trial court
agreed and granted summary disposition in favor of defendant.

         Recall that res judicata applies to bar a subsequent action when three elements are met:
“(1) the prior action was decided on the merits, (2) both actions involve the same parties or their
privies, and (3) the matter in the second case was, or could have been, resolved in the first.” Foster,
___ Mich at ___; slip op at 8 (citation omitted). It is undisputed, in this appeal, that the circuit
court’s decision in the 2019 case was on the merits. Notably, although plaintiffs argued the
dismissal was not on the merits during the trial court proceedings, they have not repeated that
argument in this appeal. This is likely because the argument lacked merit considering, under MCR
2.504(B)(3), “[u]nless the court otherwise specifies in its order for dismissal, a dismissal under
this subrule or a dismissal not provided for in this rule, other than a dismissal for lack of jurisdiction
or for failure to join a party under MCR 2.205, operates as an adjudication on the merits.” Because
the order of dismissal in the 2019 case did not “otherwise specif[y],” it was deemed to be on the

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merits. MCR 2.504(B)(3). Therefore, the first element of the res judicata doctrine was fulfilled.
See id.; Foster, ___ Mich at ___; slip op at 8.

        The second element requires this Court to consider whether the 2019 case involved the
same parties or their privies as the 2020 case. Id. Plaintiffs contend this element is not fulfilled
because the 2019 case was against the “72nd District Court Judge” and not defendant. “In general,
to be in privity is to be so identified in interest with another party that the first litigant represents
the same legal right that the later litigant is trying to assert.” Dep’t of Environmental Quality v
Sancrant, 337 Mich App 696, 709; ___ NW2d ___ (2021) (quotation marks, citation, and
alterations omitted). “The outer limit of the doctrine traditionally requires both a ‘substantial
identity of interests’ and a ‘working functional relationship’ in which the interests of the nonparty
are presented and protected by the party in the litigation.” Id. (quotation marks and citation
omitted). When dealing with governmental entities, “ ‘Courts have . . . generally found that no
privity exists between state and federal governments, between the governments of different states,
or between state and local governments.’ ” Id. at 710, quoting Baraga Co v State Tax Comm, 466
Mich 264, 270; 645 NW2d 13 (2002) (alteration in Dep’t of Environmental Quality). Even so,
“there may be specific circumstances under which the state may be bound by a judgment to which
a subordinate political division was a party and the state was not, such as when the subordinate
political subdivision is found to have been acting as a trustee for the state.” Baraga Co, 466 Mich
at 270-271.

        This case presents an unusual factual aspect not often seen in res judicata litigation.
Typically, it is the legal entity who was not a party in the first litigation arguing it should not be
bound to the result in that initial case. In this case, it is Calvert, who undoubtedly was a party in
the 2019 case, arguing res judicata should not apply because defendant was not a party to the 2019
case. The trial court acknowledged this obscure circumstance, and attempted to reason around it,
by noting it treated defendant as the real party in interest in the 2019 case, despite it not being
named in the litigation. Indeed, the trial court expressed concern that, by naming the improper
party in the 2019 case, Calvert was attempting to avoid application of the doctrine of res judicata
as related to the 2016 case. Recall that, importantly, the 2019 case focused on the legal remedies
available to Calvert, which already had been litigated to completion in the 2016 case.

         While there certainly will be instances when a district court would not adequately represent
the interests of a county to establish privity, this case is not one of them. Although Calvert named
a district court judge as the defendant in the 2019 case, the complaint in that case made abundantly
clear Calvert was attempting to escape enforcement of the judgment in favor of defendant county.
Thus, for the purposes of this case, as applied against Calvert, the defendant in the 2019 case had
a “substantial identity of interests” and a “working functional relationship” with defendant county.
See Dep’t of Environmental Quality, 337 Mich App at 709 (quotation marks and citation omitted).
Indeed, considering it was defendant county’s financial interest at stake in the 2019 case, the 72nd
District Court Judge identified as the defendant by Calvert in the 2019 case was actually
representing an interest held solely by defendant county. See id. Therefore, Calvert’s attempts to
escape res judicata by suing the wrong party in the 2019 case cannot be successful when the party
actually named represented the interests of the true party in interest, defendant. Consequently, the
second element of the res judicata analysis is fulfilled. See Foster, ___ Mich at ___; slip op at 8.

                                                  -12-
        The final element to bar a claim under the doctrine of res judicata requires that “the matter
in the second case was, or could have been, resolved in the first.” Id. (citation omitted). “[T]he
determinative question is whether the claims in the [second] case arose as part of the same
transaction as did the claims in” the first case. Adair v Michigan, 470 Mich 105, 125; 680 NW2d
386 (2004). In other words, “[w]hether a factual grouping constitutes a transaction for purposes
of res judicata is to be determined pragmatically, by considering whether the facts are related in
time, space, origin or motivation, and whether they form a convenient trial unit.” Id. (quotation
marks, citation, and alterations omitted).

         As discussed, the 2020 case was for equitable relief from the judgment after bond forfeiture
issued in the 2016 case. Plaintiffs claimed Calvert was entitled to such equitable relief because
Johnson had been apprehended, charged, convicted, and sentenced related to the crimes for which
the bond was originally posted. The 2019 case, on the other hand, was nominally for a declaratory
judgment that Calvert was not required to pay the judgment after bond forfeiture issued in the 2016
case. In that case, Calvert asserted it was entitled to have the judgment after bond forfeiture set
aside because the legal requirements for doing so, under MCL 765.28, had been met by Johnson’s
apprehension in Knox County, Tennessee, in December 2016. The 2019 case, importantly, was
brought in circuit court, which has jurisdiction over equitable issues.7 See O’Connell v Dir of
Elections, 316 Mich App 91, 101; 891 NW2d 240 (2016) (“[T]he circuit court is a court of general
equity jurisdiction . . . .”) (Quotation marks and citation omitted). Further, as this Court
established in Calvert Bail I, 314 Mich App at 554-555, a suit for equitable remittance of a
judgment after bond forfeiture is properly litigated in the circuit court. Thus, certainly, Calvert
could have litigated its equitable claims in the 2019 case, which was brought in the circuit court.
Moreover, the two claims “arose as part of the same transaction;” namely, Johnson being brought
to justice after the judgment was entered against Calvert in the 2016 case. See Adair, 470 Mich at
125. Both cases relied on “facts [] related in time, space, origin or motivation, and” the two claims
“form[ed] a convenient trial unit.” Id. (quotation marks, citation, and alterations omitted). Briefly,
in both cases, Calvert would be required to prove Johnson violated the terms of his release on
bond, but had subsequently been arrested, convicted, and sentenced related to the charged crimes.
The third and final element of the res judicata argument, then, is fulfilled. See id.

         In an attempt to escape this conclusion, plaintiffs ask us to adopt an exception to the
doctrine of res judicata when the first action was solely for declaratory relief. In support of that
argument, plaintiffs cite three opinions from United States Circuit Courts of Appeals: (1) Laurel
Sand & Gravel, Inc v Wilson, 519 F3d 156, 164 (CA 4, 2008) (“As to matters not declared, a
litigant who solely sought a declaratory judgment in the prior proceeding is not precluded from
bringing those claims.”), (2) Allan Block Corp v Co Materials Corp, 512 F3d 912, 916 (CA 7,
2008) (“But there is an exception to res judicata for cases in which the only relief sought in the
first suit is a declaratory judgment.”), and (3) Harborside Refrigerated Servs, Inc v Vogel, 959 F2d
368, 372 (CA 2, 1992) (“Many jurisdictions recognize an exception to ordinary res judicata
principles where, as here, the prior action involved only a request for declaratory relief.”). Those

7
 Notably, the 2016 case was litigated in district court, which, under MCL 600.8315, “shall not
have jurisdiction in . . . actions which are historically equitable in nature, except as otherwise
provided by law.”

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decisions of federal circuit courts are not binding on this Court, but could be considered persuasive.
Johnson v Vanderkooi, 502 Mich 751, 764 n 6; 918 NW2d 785 (2018) (“Although caselaw from
the federal circuits and federal district courts is not binding on this Court, it may be considered for
its persuasive value.”). The parties agree a Michigan appellate court has not yet, in a published
decision, directly addressed whether a similar exception exists in Michigan.

        Despite the law regarding the argued exception being unclear in Michigan, plaintiffs’
arguments must fail. This is because, even assuming this Court adopted the exception, it would
not apply in this case. Importantly, the exception exists only when the second action pertained to
issues the first declaratory judgment action did not address. See Laurel Sand & Gravel, 519 F3d
at 164 (“[T]he preclusive effect of declaratory judgments was limited to matters actually declared
by the judgment.”); see also Allan Block Corp, 512 F3d at 916 (“Giving such a judgment preclusive
effect would stymie a plaintiff who, having obtained a declaratory judgment, later sought—
because the defendant thumbed his nose at the declaration—injunctive relief, an authorized and
common sequel to a declaratory judgment.”); see also Harborside Refrigerated Servs, 959 F2d at
372 (“Under this exception, the preclusive effect of the declaratory judgment is limited to the
subject matter of the declaratory relief sought.”). In the 2019 case, Calvert claimed to be seeking
declaratory relief. However, the declaration Calvert sought was an exoneration of the judgment
after bond forfeiture in the 2016 case. Notably, the relief Calvert again seeks in the 2020 case is
an exoneration, albeit an equitable one this time, from the judgment issued in the 2016 case.
Consequently, the subject matter of both the 2019 case and the 2020 case were the same.
Therefore, even if the federal exception for declaratory judgment actions applied in Michigan, it
would be of no assistance to Calvert. It could have and should have brought its equitable claims
in the 2019 case. Its failure to do so barred it from doing so in the 2020 case under the doctrine of
res judicata.

        Because all of the elements of res judicata are fulfilled, the trial court properly determined
that defendant was entitled to summary disposition. See Foster, ___ Mich at ___; slip op at 8.

       Affirmed.

                                                               /s/ Michael F. Gadola
                                                               /s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
                                                               /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly

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