Court Opinion

ID: 4857672
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-25 06:25:09.843433+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:11:53.919632
License: Public Domain

Affirm and Opinion Filed August 20, 2021

                                      In The
                            Court of Appeals
                     Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                               No. 05-19-01445-CV

                      MONTGOMERY J. BENNETT
                 AND EVAN (VAN) LANE SHAW, Appellants
                                 V.
                      MATTHEW ZUCKER, Appellee

               On Appeal from the 330th Judicial District Court
                            Dallas County, Texas
                    Trial Court Cause No. DF-19-17721

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION
                Before Justices Osborne, Pedersen, III, and Nowell
                           Opinion by Justice Osborne
      This case and its companion, No. 05-20-00488-CV, arise from the same

underlying dispute but present discrete legal issues that resulted in separate

judgments. Both cases arise from appellant Montgomery J. Bennett’s allegations

against appellee Matthew Zucker, an attorney in the law firm that represented

Bennett’s former wife in their divorce proceedings. Bennett contends that Zucker

committed legal malpractice by disclosing Bennett’s confidential information in the

divorce proceeding. Zucker responds that Bennett signed a release of all claims when

the divorce proceeding was concluded. This appeal arises from the trial court’s
rulings in a case Bennett initiated as a proceeding under civil procedure rule 202.

Bennett and appellant Evan (Van) Lane Shaw challenge the trial court’s orders

granting Zucker’s plea to the jurisdiction and awarding sanctions. We affirm the trial

court’s sanctions order. We conclude that resolution of appellants’ challenge to the

order granting Zucker’s plea to the jurisdiction is not necessary to final disposition

of the appeal.

                                   BACKGROUND

      Zucker was practicing law at Baker Botts L.L.P. when that firm represented

Remington Holdings, LP in an acquisition project. Bennett was a part owner of

Remington Holdings at the time. Bennett was also the CEO of Ashford, Inc., another

entity involved in the transaction. Zucker worked on the transaction but never met

or communicated with Bennett. The transaction was terminated on March 31, 2017.

      In February 2017, Zucker left Baker Botts and moved to Wick Phillips Gould

& Martin, LLP (“Wick Phillips”).

      On September 13, 2017, the Bennetts’ divorce proceeding was filed in the

330th District Court of Dallas County. In March 2018, Wick Phillips undertook

representation of Bennett’s then-wife Marissa in her divorce from Bennett, joining

David Hanschen, who was already serving as Marissa’s attorney.

      The Bennetts’ divorce proceeding concluded with a vigorously-negotiated

agreed decree on March 8, 2019. The decree included a release:

                                         –2–
      B. Release of All Claims by Montgomery J. Bennett:

      Montgomery J. Bennett, for himself, his heirs, executors, assigns,
      agents, successors, attorneys, and all others claiming under him, agrees
      to and does hereby compromise, settle, release and forever discharge
      Marissa A. Bennett, her agents, servants, attorneys, legal
      representatives and employees, and any and all other persons, firms,
      organizations, or corporations in privity with Marissa A. Bennett,
      from any and all claims, demands, and causes of action, of whatever
      kind or character, whether in law or in equity, which it has now or may
      have in the future, whether known or unknown, based upon any events
      that have occurred prior to the date the Court signs this Decree,
      including but not limited to the claims that have been or could have
      been asserted in the lawsuit. This release is to be construed as the
      broadest form of general release and includes all claims, whether
      known or unknown, based upon any events that have occurred prior to
      the date this Court signs this Decree. Notwithstanding the foregoing
      description of the scope of this release, nothing herein should be
      construed as releasing any obligation or duty undertaken in this Decree,
      and nothing herein should be construed as revoking any right created in
      this Decree.
      The parties dispute when Bennett learned that Zucker was previously

employed at Baker Botts but was now working at Wick Phillips. They agree,

however, that Bennett was aware of that information before he signed the release.

      On June 13, 2019, Bennett filed a proceeding under civil procedure rule 202

in County Court at Law No. 5 of Dallas County. Alleging that Zucker “potentially

shared confidential information . . . regarding Bennett” with the lawyers

representing Marissa in the divorce, Bennett sought to depose Zucker, Hanschen,

and Wick Phillips attorneys Jeffrey Hellberg, Jr. and Bryan Wick.

      On June 18, 2019, before the court made any ruling in the rule 202 proceeding,

Zucker filed a declaratory judgment action in the 330th Judicial District Court of

                                        –3–
Dallas County, the court that had rendered judgment in the Bennetts’ divorce (the

“Dec Action”). Zucker sought a declaration that Bennett had released any claim he

had against Zucker. Specifically, Zucker requested “a declaration of the rights and

scope of the Release agreed to by [Bennett] that is contained in the Agreed Final

Decree of Divorce signed by [Bennett] on March 5, 2019 and entered by the Court

on March 8, 2019.” Bennett was served with the Dec Action on July 11, 2019.

      On July 25, 2019, Zucker filed a response to Bennett’s rule 202 petition in

county court. Zucker argued that the rule 202 petition was mooted by the Dec Action

and any needed discovery could occur there.

      On July 30, 2019, Bennett filed a “First Amended Petition” in County Court

at Law No. 5 under the same cause number as his rule 202 proceeding against Zucker

(the “Malpractice Action”). He alleged that “[a]s a result of the attorney-client

relationship, ZUCKER had and has confidential and detailed knowledge of

BENNETT’S assets, how BENNETT’S businesses are structured, different entities

BENNETT controls, etc.” Bennett alleged a cause of action against Zucker for legal

malpractice and sought damages of at least $200,000.00 but not more than

$1,000,000.00 “at present,” although “as discovery progresses, the claim could be

over $1,000,000.00.”

      By orders of August 21 and 28, 2019, the Malpractice Action was transferred

to the 330th District Court “for all further proceedings.” The Malpractice Action was

not consolidated with the Dec Action already pending in that court, however.

                                        –4–
      On August 30, 2019, Zucker filed a plea to the jurisdiction and motion to strike

the “First Amended Petition” that Bennett had filed in the Malpractice Action.

Zucker argued that the court lacked jurisdiction over Bennett’s malpractice claim

because “this proceeding started as a Rule 202 petition and was improperly

converted into a suit for damages.” Zucker argued that the only relief available in a

rule 202 proceeding is an order for pre-suit depositions, and Bennett had abandoned

that request. On October 16, 2019, the trial court granted Zucker’s plea to the

jurisdiction and motion to strike.

      Meanwhile, in the Dec Action, Zucker was deposed on August 30, 2019. He

testified that after he joined Wick Phillips, he met for ten to fifteen minutes in the

firm’s conference room with Marissa Bennett and Hellberg and provided legal

advice to Marissa on issues related to her divorce.

      The trial court granted Zucker’s motion for summary judgment in the Dec

Action on October 3, 2019. The trial court declared that the release contained in the

Bennetts’ divorce decree “operates as a bar to any and all claims, known or

unknown” that Bennett may have against Zucker for conduct occurring prior to

March 8, 2019, the date of the release. The parties then proceeded to a jury trial on

the issue of Zucker’s attorney’s fees. Bennett has appealed the final judgment in the

Dec Action in the companion appeal, No. 05-20-00488-CV. We address those issues

in a separate opinion.

                                         –5–
      Back in the Malpractice Action, Zucker filed a motion for sanctions against

Bennett and Shaw on November 6, 2019, alleging that “Bennett embarked upon this

litigation to harass Mr. Zucker under the theory that he disclosed Bennett’s

confidential information in Bennett’s divorce lawsuit.” On December 2 and 4, 2019,

the trial court heard Zucker’s motion for sanctions against Bennett and Shaw.

Bennett, Zucker, Hellberg, Shaw, and Robert Haiman (another of Bennett’s

attorneys) testified at the hearing. Based on the evidence presented, the trial court

made detailed findings including that Shaw “failed to make a reasonable inquiry”

into the legal and factual bases for the pleadings he filed and that Bennett “could not

credibly explain how he was damaged” by Zucker’s alleged malpractice.

      In its order of December 12, 2019, the trial court awarded sanctions against

Bennett and Shaw under civil procedure rule 13 and chapter 10 of the civil practice

and remedies code. TEX. R. CIV. P. 13; TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 10.001–.006.

From Bennett, the court awarded Zucker $41,344.50 in attorney’s fees. The court

specified that none of this amount was attributable to Bennett’s filing the rule 202

petition; instead, the entire amount was attributable to Bennett’s actions relating to

his amended petition alleging that Zucker had committed malpractice. The trial court

also awarded conditional appellate attorney’s fees.

      Against Shaw, “who signed the Rule 202 Petition” and the amended petition

alleging the legal malpractice claim, the trial court awarded Zucker $42,844.50 in

attorney’s fees, $1,500.00 of which was “attributable to Plaintiff’s actions with

                                         –6–
regard to the 202 Petition,” and $41,344.50 attributable to the amended petition

alleging the legal malpractice claim. The trial court again ordered conditional

appellate fees, but specified that the awards “are not meant to be duplicative.” The

trial court also ordered Bennett to pay $10,000 and Shaw, $15,000 into the registry

of the court “in additional sanctions, as a penalty and to deter him from such future

behavior.”

       In this appeal, Bennett and Shaw challenge the trial court’s orders granting

Zucker’s plea to the jurisdiction and awarding sanctions. In the companion appeal,

Bennett challenges the trial court’s declaratory judgment and the award of attorney’s

fees related to it.

                                       ISSUES

       In three issues, Bennett and Shaw contend the trial court erred by (1) granting

Zucker’s plea to the jurisdiction “because the court in which a Rule 202 petition is

filed does not lack subject matter jurisdiction over a matter that could have been

separately filed as a lawsuit in that court,” (2) sanctioning Bennett and Shaw for

filing a Rule 202 petition and then filing the anticipated malpractice suit in the same

court, and “by awarding attorney’s fees for work on the sanctions motion itself,” and

(3) awarding sanctions when the evidence did not satisfy the required legal

standards.

                                         –7–
                   STANDARDS OF REVIEW AND APPLICABLE LAW

A. Plea to the jurisdiction

       As we explain below, resolution of Bennett’s and Shaw’s challenge to the trial

court’s ruling on Zucker’s plea to the jurisdiction is not necessary for disposition of

this appeal. For that reason, we need only note here that we review de novo the

question whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction, considering evidence of

jurisdictional facts, if necessary, under a standard that mirrors our review of

summary judgments. See Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d

217, 226–28 (Tex. 2004).

B. Rule 202

       Under civil procedure rule 202.1, “[a] person may petition the court for an

order authorizing the taking of a deposition on oral examination or written questions

. . . to investigate a potential claim or suit.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 202.1(b). Rule 202.2 lists

the required contents of a rule 202 petition. Rule 202.3 provides that “witnesses and

persons named” in the petition may be served in accordance with rule 21a. Rule

202.4 specifies the requirements for the trial court’s order permitting a deposition to

be taken, and rule 202.5 explains the “manner of taking and use” of depositions taken

under the rule. Under rule 202.4, the trial court “must order a deposition to be taken

if, but only if, it finds that: (1) allowing the petitioner to take the requested deposition

may prevent a failure or delay of justice in an anticipated suit; or (2) the likely benefit

of allowing the petitioner to take the requested deposition to investigate a potential

                                           –8–
claim outweighs the burden or expense of the procedure.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 202.4(a).

“Courts must strictly limit and carefully supervise pre-suit discovery to prevent

abuse of [rule 202].” In re Wolfe, 341 S.W.3d 932, 933 (Tex. 2011) (orig.

proceeding) (per curiam).

       “A party filing a Rule 202 petition does not assert a substantive claim or cause

of action.” Houston Tennis Ass’n, Inc. v. Thibodeaux, 602 S.W.3d 712, 718 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2020, no pet.). “A Rule 202 proceeding to conduct pre-

suit discovery from a party against whom a claim is contemplated is ancillary to the

contemplated claim; it is ‘in aid of’ and incident to the anticipated claim.” In re

Clapp, 241 S.W.3d 913, 917 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, orig. proceeding); Patton

Boggs LLP v. Moseley, 394 S.W.3d 565, 572 n.4 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.).

C. Sanctions

       Chapter 10 of the civil practice and remedies code and civil procedure rule 13

allow a trial court to sanction an attorney or a party for filing motions or pleadings

that lack a reasonable basis in fact or law. Low v. Henry, 221 S.W.3d 609, 614 (Tex.

2007). Rule 13 authorizes the imposition of the sanctions listed in rule 215.2(b),

which provides for a monetary penalty based on expenses, court costs, or attorney’s

fees. Id. Under rule 13, “[t]he signatures of attorneys or parties constitute a certificate

by them that they have read the pleading, motion, or other paper; that to the best of

their knowledge, information, and belief formed after reasonable inquiry the

instrument is not groundless and brought in bad faith or groundless and brought for

                                           –9–
the purpose of harassment.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 13. “If a pleading, motion or other paper

is signed in violation of this rule, the court, upon motion or upon its own initiative,

after notice and hearing, shall impose an appropriate sanction available under Rule

215, upon the person who signed it, a represented party, or both.” Id. For purposes

of rule 13, “groundless” means “no basis in law or fact and not warranted by good

faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law.” Id.

      When considering a motion for sanctions under rule 13, the trial court must

examine the facts available to the litigant and the circumstances existing when the

litigant filed the pleading. McCain v. NME Hosps., Inc., 856 S.W.2d 751, 757 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 1993, no writ). Rule 13 requires sanctions to be based on the acts or

omissions of the represented party or counsel, not merely on the legal merit of the

pleading. Id. The trial court must hold an evidentiary hearing to make the necessary

factual determinations about the motives and credibility of the person signing the

alleged groundless petition. Id.

      Chapter 10, in turn, provides that:

      The signing of a pleading or motion as required by the Texas Rules of
      Civil Procedure constitutes a certificate by the signatory that to the
      signatory’s best knowledge, information, and belief, formed after
      reasonable inquiry:

      (1) the pleading or motion is not being presented for any improper
      purpose, including to harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless
      increase in the cost of litigation;

      (2) each claim, defense, or other legal contention in the pleading or
      motion is warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for

                                        –10–
      the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the
      establishment of new law;
      (3) each allegation or other factual contention in the pleading or motion
      has evidentiary support or, for a specifically identified allegation or
      factual contention, is likely to have evidentiary support after a
      reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery; and

      (4) each denial in the pleading or motion of a factual contention is
      warranted on the evidence or, for a specifically identified denial, is
      reasonably based on a lack of information or belief.

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 10.001; Low, 221 S.W.3d at 614–15.

      “Under section 10.001, the signer of a pleading or motion certifies that each

claim, each allegation, and each denial is based on the signatory’s best knowledge,

information, and belief, formed after reasonable inquiry.” Low, 221 S.W.3d at 615.

The statute dictates that each claim and each allegation be individually evaluated for

support. Id. The statute also requires the court to describe in its order imposing

sanctions “the conduct the court has determined violated section 10.001 and explain

the basis for the sanction imposed.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 10.005. The

sanction imposed “must be limited to what is sufficient to deter repetition of the

conduct or comparable conduct by others similarly situated.” Id. § 10.004(b).

      We review a trial court’s sanctions order for abuse of discretion. See Low, 221

S.W.3d at 614; Armstrong v. Collin County Bail Bond Bd., 233 S.W.3d 57, 61 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2007, no pet.). “A trial court abuses its discretion in imposing

sanctions only if it based its order on an erroneous view of the law or a clearly

erroneous assessment of the evidence.” Monroe v. Grider, 884 S.W.2d 811, 816

                                        –11–
(Tex. App.—Dallas 1994, writ denied). The trial court as fact finder is the sole judge

of the credibility of the witnesses and evidence. Nnaka v. Mejia, No. 01-18-00779-

CV, 2020 WL 425126, at *7 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Jan. 28, 2020, no pet.)

(mem. op.) (trial court was entitled to disbelieve all or any portion of attorney’s

testimony in considering sanctions under rule 13).

D. Legal malpractice

      Bennett’s sole cause of action against Zucker is for legal malpractice. To

prevail on this claim, Bennett must establish that (1) Zucker owed him a duty of care,

(2) Zucker breached that duty, and (3) Zucker’s breach proximately caused damage

to Bennett. See Nelson v. Sheedy, No. 05-16-01262-CV, 2018 WL 2434389, at *3

(Tex. App.—Dallas May 30, 2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (citing Rogers v. Zanetti,

518 S.W.3d 394, 400 (Tex. 2017), and Stanfield v. Neubaum, 494 S.W.3d 90, 96

(Tex. 2016)). “In every case, the plaintiff must supply a causal link between the

attorney’s alleged negligence and the client’s damages.” Rogers, 518 S.W.3d at 404.

“A lawyer can be negligent and yet cause no harm.” Id. at 400. “And, if the breach

of a duty of care does not cause harm, no valid claim for legal-malpractice exists.”

Id. “[A]lthough causation is typically a question of fact, it may be determined as a

matter of law when reasonable minds could not arrive at a different conclusion.” Id.

at 401.

                                        –12–
                                              DISCUSSION

A. Plea to the jurisdiction

        In their first issue, Bennett and Shaw argue the trial court erred by granting

Zucker’s plea to the jurisdiction. They contend that “the court in which a Rule 202

petition is filed does not lack subject matter jurisdiction over a matter that could have

been separately filed as a lawsuit in that court.” Although we identified this issue in

a 2008 opinion, we have not decided it. Lee v. GST Transp. Sys. LP, 334 S.W.3d 16,

19 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, pet. denied) (“And whether it is appropriate to allege

a lawsuit for the first time in an ‘amended petition’ in the same cause number as a

rule 202 petition is not an issue we need to address.”).1

        Similarly here, that question remains for another day. As we discuss at length

below, Bennett’s and Shaw’s dispositive appellate complaints are about the amount

of sanctions awarded and the basis for them. The record reflects that, contrary to

Bennett’s and Shaw’s contention, the basis for the sanctions was not the mere filing

of the amended petition. Instead, the trial court awarded sanctions because it found

the rule 202 and amended petitions to be groundless and made in bad faith. The trial

court’s findings turned on the petitions’ substance: that Bennett and Shaw were

requesting discovery about or seeking damages for claims they had knowingly

    1
      We considered a similar question in Patton Boggs LLP, 394 S.W.3d at 572, concluding that a court
in which a rule 202 petition was pending lacked jurisdiction over the opposing party’s motion to compel
arbitration. In that case, however, no “amended petition” had been filed by the rule 202 movant in an attempt
to convert the rule 202 proceeding into a lawsuit. See generally id.
                                                   –13–
released fully and finally in the divorce proceedings. The trial court expressly found

that “the 202 Petition and Bennett Malpractice Action were not filed after a

reasonable inquiry, [and] were filed and presented for the improper purpose of

harassing Mr. Zucker.” On this record, and given the issues as presented by Bennett

and Shaw, our disposition of this appeal does not depend on whether the trial court

erred by granting Zucker’s plea to the jurisdiction. Instead, it turns on the propriety

of the sanctions the trial court assessed against Bennett and Shaw for filing the

pleadings at all, regardless of the trial court’s jurisdiction over the amended petition.

In sum, because resolution of Bennett’s and Shaw’s first issue is not “necessary to

final disposition of the appeal,” see TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1, we need not consider it

further.

B. Sanctions

      In their second issue, Bennett and Shaw complain that the trial court erred by

sanctioning them for “merely filing” a Rule 202 petition “and amending that

petition” because “[t]hose are not sanctionable acts.” They also argue that the trial

court erred by including in the sanctions award Zucker’s attorney’s fees for “time

spent filing and arguing the sanctions motion itself.” These complaints, like those in

the third issue, challenge the basis for the trial court’s sanctions award and the

sufficiency of the evidence to support it. Consequently, we discuss the second and

third issues together, first considering the basis for the sanctions and then reviewing

the attorney’s fees award.

                                         –14–
        1. Basis for sanctions

        Challenging the basis for the sanctions award, Bennett and Shaw argue that

their “decision to seek more information first” by filing a rule 202 petition “was not

a sanctionable act.” They contend that when they filed the rule 202 petition, they

suspected “there was no other explanation of how Wick Phillips knew of Bennett’s

oral business agreements when they were negotiating the [divorce decree].” Bennett

testified that the oral agreements in question related to “Remington Holdings and its

form and items related to it.”2

        There was evidence, however, that Bennett had already disclosed the

information in question in the divorce proceedings before Wick Phillips appeared as

Marissa’s counsel. Shaw testified he did not review any discovery materials or

pleadings from the divorce proceedings before filing the rule 202 petition. He

        2
            Bennett and Shaw argue the trial court’s findings about their credibility were based on its mistaken
finding that there were inconsistencies between their testimony and the documentary evidence. They
contend that Bennett was “interrupted and cut off” when he “tried to explain” what “transaction Bennett
suspected Zucker had discussed with Mrs. Bennett and the Wick Phillips lawyers.” On redirect examination,
however, Bennett testified without interruption that “the issue” was “around Remington’s formation, the
timing of the formation, whether it was written or oral, the fact that it was Delaware instead of Texas, how
it relates to Texas entities and the assignment that happened early on about assigning its economic interest,
but not everything, but its economic interest,” a “legal analysis” that he “paid a ton of money to Baker Botts
to discover.” He testified he was concerned that Wick Phillips had obtained this confidential information
because it took the position in the divorce that distributions from Remington were “deemed to have gone
to me personally, [and] therefore, [were] community property.” Zucker, in turn, introduced evidence that
Bennett filed an affidavit in the divorce proceeding containing information about the business agreements
in question two months before Marissa retained Wick Phillips to represent her in the divorce proceeding
and sought summary judgment on the ground that the Remington entities were his separate property. The
trial court was the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and evidence on this issue, and the court
expressly found that Bennett’s “sworn testimony is not credible” for reasons specifically discussed in the
findings. See Hollingsworth v. Hollingsworth, 274 S.W.3d 811, 815 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.) (“In
a bench trial, it is for the court, as trier of fact, to judge the witnesses, to assign the weight to be given their
testimony, and to resolve any conflicts or inconsistencies in the testimony.”).

                                                      –15–
admitted he did no investigation “to determine what confidential information Mr.

Zucker might have disclosed.” He reviewed the release provision but “[n]othing

else.” In the amended petition, filed without any attempt to establish the required

foundation for rule 202 discovery, Bennett alleged damages “over the amount of

$200,000 but not more than $1,000,000.00 at present,” and further alleged that “as

discovery progresses, the claim could be over $1,000,000.00.” We conclude the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in finding that “Mr. Shaw failed to make a

reasonable inquiry into the legal and factual bases of the claims he made at the time

the pleadings were filed.”

      Next, Bennett and Shaw argue that sanctions must be based on knowledge the

attorney and client had at the time of the allegedly sanctionable action, not hindsight.

They contend that the trial court’s ruling in the Dec Action—that Bennett released

any claims he had against Zucker—came after they filed the rule 202 and amended

petitions. They argue that Bennett relied in good faith on his attorney’s

determination that the release did not apply to Zucker. They also argue they did not

know until Zucker’s deposition that he was claiming to be in the category of

Marissa’s “attorneys” under the release.

      But Bennett testified that at the time he filed the rule 202 petition, he already

had enough information to support a claim for legal malpractice against Zucker:

      Q. (By Mr. Welch) Mr. Bennett, at the time the 202 was filed did you
      believe you had enough information to bring a full blown lawsuit?

      A. Absolutely.
                                         –16–
       Q. Okay. And why did you bring a 202 then?

       A. On advice of counsel.
Shaw then explained that he advised Bennett to file the rule 202 petition first:

       I was being conservative by filing a 202 and I wanted more information
       about Mr. Zucker’s role at Wick Phillips and why Wick Phillips took
       the case and what Zucker’s divulging was on the conflicts, Mr.
       Zucker’s. I knew the release that was signed. I knew the release applied
       to Marissa Bennett’s lawyers, not every lawyer at Wick Phillips for the
       history of Wick Phillips.

       Rule 202 depositions are not intended for routine use. In re Elliott, 504 S.W.3d

455, 460 (Tex. App.—Austin 2016, orig. proceeding). “Courts must strictly limit

and carefully supervise pre-suit discovery to prevent abuse of the rule.” Id. (internal

quotation omitted). The trial court “must order a deposition to be taken if, but only

if, it finds that . . . the likely benefit of allowing the petitioner to take the requested

deposition to investigate a potential claim outweighs the burden or expense of the

procedure.” Id. (quoting TEX. R. CIV. P. 202.4(a)(2)). No such finding was made by

the trial court here, because Bennett and Shaw never offered any evidence to support

it. A trial court does not abuse its discretion in awarding sanctions where the rule

202 petitioner’s claims have no basis in law or fact and are not warranted by good

faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law. See In re

Lewis, No. 05-08-01541-CV, 2010 WL 177817, at *4 (Tex. App.—Dallas Jan. 20,

2010, no pet.) (mem. op.) (affirming sanctions award based on filing of rule 202

petition that was groundless and was also made in bad faith or for purposes of

harassment).
                                          –17–
        Bennett and Shaw contend Zucker violated the disciplinary rules, which

“simply forbid the representation without regard to whether confidences were

breached.” They argue that two irrebuttable presumptions arise from the evidence

that Zucker worked on Bennett’s file3 at Baker Botts: first, that Zucker obtained

client confidences, and second, that he shared them with Wick Phillips. Assuming

these arguments are correct, however, an essential element of Bennett’s legal

malpractice claim was that Bennett was damaged by Zucker’s negligence. See

Nelson, 2018 WL 2434389, at *3.

        Zucker contends there was no good faith claim that Bennett suffered any

damages. Bennett and Shaw respond that their objective in filing the rule 202 petition

was to investigate that very question, and the trial court erred by concluding they

acted in bad faith by doing so. But the trial court’s conclusion was based on its

findings that Bennett entered into the release in bad faith, intending to retain claims

against Zucker and Wick Phillips despite the release’s unambiguous terms. Zucker

offered evidence to support these findings. The record reflects that Bennett knew,

before he signed the release, that Zucker had worked on Remington’s file at Baker

Botts and was now practicing at Wick Phillips. There was evidence of Bennett’s

animosity against Wick Phillips as a result of Bennett’s agreement to pay Marissa’s

attorney fees in the acrimonious and expensive divorce proceedings. There was

    3
      The parties also dispute whether Zucker, while at Baker Botts, ever represented Bennett individually
rather than one or more of the entities in which Bennett had an interest.
                                                 –18–
evidence that Bennett and his lawyers discussed obtaining, and attempted to

negotiate, a release that excluded Wick Phillips and its lawyers. And there was

evidence that Marissa’s lawyers rejected Bennett’s deletion of the provision in

question. Accordingly, and as we discuss at more length in the companion appeal,

the decree included a broadly-worded release of claims against Marissa’s “agents,

servants, attorneys, legal representatives and employees” that was “to be construed

as the broadest form of general release” of “all claims, whether known or unknown,

based upon any events that have occurred prior to the date this court signs this

Decree.” In sum, the evidence supported the trial court’s findings that Bennett’s and

Shaw’s intent in filing both the rule 202 petition and the amended petition was to

harass Zucker and Wick Phillips, and that both petitions were “utterly and

completely groundless, with no basis in law or fact.”

        Regarding the amount of the sanctions, the trial court’s sanctions order and

both parties’ briefs include charts listing the factors identified in Low v. Henry4 to

   4
       The nonexclusive factors identified in Low v. Henry are:

        a. the good faith or bad faith of the offender; b. the degree of willfulness, vindictiveness,
        negligence, or frivolousness involved in the offense; c. the knowledge, experience, and
        expertise of the offender; d. any prior history of sanctionable conduct on the part of the
        offender; e. the reasonableness and necessity of the out-of-pocket expenses incurred by the
        offended person as a result of the misconduct; f. the nature and extent of prejudice, apart
        from out-of-pocket expenses, suffered by the offended person as a result of the misconduct;
        g. the relative culpability of client and counsel, and the impact on their privileged
        relationship of an inquiry into that area; h. the risk of chilling the specific type of litigation
        involved; i. the impact of the sanction on the offender, including the offender’s ability to
        pay a monetary sanction; j. the impact of the sanction on the offended party, including the
        offended person’s need for compensation; k. the relative magnitude of sanction necessary
        to achieve the goal or goals of the sanction; l. burdens on the court system attributable to
        the misconduct, including consumption of judicial time and incurrence of juror fees and

                                                     –19–
“guid[e] the often intangible process of determining a penalty for sanctionable

behavior.” Nath v. Tex. Children’s Hosp., 446 S.W.3d 355, 372 and n.29 (Tex. 2014)

(citing Low, 221 S.W.3d at 620–21 and n.5). A trial court is not required to address

all of the factors, but “should consider relevant factors” in assessing the amount of

the sanction. Nath, 446 S.W.3d at 372 (citing and quoting Low, 221 S.W.3d at 620–

21).

        Bennett and Shaw make the following arguments challenging the trial court’s

findings on the Low v. Henry factors:

        • It is not bad faith to file a rule 202 petition to investigate facts, especially
          when acting on an attorney’s advice about applicability of a release
          provision;

        • Bennett disliked Zucker but did not demonstrate a high degree of
          vindictiveness, and the allegations were not frivolous. Once Zucker was
          deposed, Bennett and Shaw learned that Zucker had in fact advised
          Marissa;

        • Zucker never incurred any out-of-pocket expenses because his firm is
          representing him and has not asked him to pay any of its bills;

        • There is no evidence that Zucker suffered any prejudice from the suit;

        • Bennett and Shaw were not culpable in any way;

        • The trial court’s sanctions are chilling because they discourage the use of
          rule 202 to investigate attorney malpractice claims;

        other court costs; . . . . n. the degree to which the offended person’s own behavior caused
        the expenses for which recovery is sought. . . .”

Low, 221 S.W.3d at 620 n. 5 (internal quotations omitted).

                                                  –20–
      • The sanctions award would have a significant financial impact on both
        Bennett and Shaw;

      • Zucker would not have been sued for malpractice until after his rule 202
        deposition had he not filed the declaratory judgment action;

      • The sanction is excessive and includes amounts not authorized by any rule
        or statute;

      • The trial court found that the jurisdiction of three civil district courts was
        invoked, but it was only two; and

      • Zucker’s own behavior—filing a lawsuit “to declare that Bennett would
        not win a malpractice suit”—caused all of the fees Zucker was awarded.

      Zucker responds that the record supports the trial court’s findings under Low.

Regarding Bennett’s and Shaw’s intent in filing the rule 202 petition, Zucker argues

that only a small portion of the monetary sanctions—$1,500 of the approximately

$41,000 awarded—was “attributable to Plaintiff’s actions with regard to the 202

petition,” and the award was only against Shaw, not Bennett. Zucker contends the

trial court’s rulings make clear that the $1,500 award was premised on Shaw’s failure

to make any “reasonable inquiry” about the basis for the claims before filing the rule

202 petition, not the filing of the rule 202 petition itself. Because there was evidence

to support the trial court’s finding that “Mr. Shaw failed to make a reasonable inquiry

into the legal and factual bases of the claims he made at the time the pleadings were

filed,” including Shaw’s admission that he did not review any of the information

Bennett had produced in the divorce proceeding before Wick Phillips’s appearance

in the case, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in making its

$1,500 award against Shaw.
                                         –21–
        The remainder of the sanctions awarded—$41,344.50, supported by evidence

of Zucker’s attorney’s fees, as we discuss below—was based on Bennett’s and

Shaw’s filing of the Malpractice Action. In response to Bennett’s and Shaw’s

arguments under the Low factors, Zucker relies on the trial court’s findings that:

        • Bennett “had animus towards the attorneys of Wick Phillips, including
          referring to its attorneys as unethical and liars,” and had a “cavalier attitude
          towards the triggering of Wick Phillips’ legal malpractice insurance
          policy”;

        • “[T]here was no evidentiary support for the factual contention that
          confidential information had been disseminated by Zucker”; Bennett failed
          to explain how the alleged confidential information was used in the divorce
          proceeding or how he was damaged as a result; and Bennett’s “attempts to
          offer such an explanation, were not credible”;

        • Bennett is an experienced businessperson “and has been involved
          personally in multiple lawsuits,” and Shaw “is an experienced trial
          attorney, has specific knowledge of the requirements of legal malpractice
          actions, and has some history of sanctions in other litigation.” Both Bennett
          and Shaw have “the capability of answering the sanctions awarded”;

        • Zucker has suffered prejudice because he had never been sued before this
          lawsuit and neither he nor his firm had been required to place their
          malpractice insurance carrier on notice of a claim as a result of his
          conduct;5

        • “[T]he 202 Petition and Bennett Malpractice Action were not filed after a
          reasonable inquiry.” They “were filed and presented for the improper
          purpose of harassing Mr. Zucker,” and “the 202 Petition was converted

    5
      Zucker also relies on his own testimony that the lawsuit has “been very stressful and it has distracted
me from my work and my family.” He testified he is concerned about his professional reputation as well,
noting that his former Baker Botts colleagues are aware of Bennett’s accusations. He testified, “My concern
is that the accusations alone are going to make people not want to work with me in the future.” Further,
Zucker argues that he presented detailed evidence of his attorney’s fees and has agreed to pay them. He
contends that proof of fees actually paid is not a prerequisite to recovery.
                                                   –22–
            into the Bennett Malpractice Action to needlessly increase litigation
            costs”;6

        • Bennett and Shaw “create[d] unnecessary expense” and “needlessly
          prolong[ed] litigation” by filing the Malpractice Action rather than
          asserting a counterclaim in Zucker’s already-filed Dec Action; and

        • Zucker’s “behavior did not contribute to the expenses for which recovery
          is sought.”

        After a review of the entire record, the parties’ contentions, and the applicable

law, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in imposing sanctions.

See Low, 221 S.W.3d at 614. The trial court’s comprehensive order—seventeen

pages in which the trial court made detailed fact findings, assessed the credibility of

the evidence, cited legal authority, applied appropriate standards, and explained its

conclusions of law—is supported by the record and by applicable law. See Monroe,

884 S.W.2d at 816 (trial court abuses its discretion in imposing sanctions only if its

order is based on an erroneous view of the law or a clearly erroneous assessment of

the evidence). We decide Bennett’s and Shaw’s challenges to the basis for the

sanctions in their second and third issues against them.

        2. Attorney’s fee award

        Bennett and Shaw make three arguments about the attorney’s fees awarded to

Zucker: (1) civil practice and remedies code section 10.004(b)(3) only permits

recovery of fees for “reasonable expenses incurred by the other party because of the

    6
     Before reaching this conclusion, the trial court made detailed, specific fact findings including that
Bennett’s and Shaw’s testimony regarding the alleged dissemination confidential information “was wholly
inconsistent with the documentary evidence admitted on this issue.”
                                                 –23–
filing of the pleading or motion” signed in violation of section 10.001, not fees

incurred for filing and prosecuting the motion for sanctions itself; (2) the fees

incurred for the sanctions hearing were only “vaguely described”; and (3) the

description of appellate fees was “insufficient to satisfy the requisite legal

standards.”

        In their first argument, Bennett and Shaw contend recoverable fees “would

only include Wick Phillips’ fees charged to Zucker for responding to the Rule 202

petition and objecting to the ‘conversion’ of it into the malpractice suit by filing the

plea to the jurisdiction,” not fees incurred “for time spent on the sanctions motion

and hearing.” They rely on section 10.004(b)(3)’s language alone and do not refer

us to any case law to support their interpretation. As Zucker argues, however, the

trial court relied on rule 13 as well as Chapter 10 as a basis for sanctions, and Bennett

and Shaw have not challenged recovery of the fees under rule 13. See TEX. R. CIV.

P. 13 (permitting sanctions under rule 215-2b, including attorney’s fees, against

offending party). Consequently, any error in the trial court’s ruling under Chapter

10 is harmless. See Oliphant Fin. LLC v. Angiano, 295 S.W.3d 422, 424 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.).7

    7
      In Oliphant Financial, we explained that “[i]f an independent ground fully supports the complained-
of ruling or judgment, but the appellant assigns no error to that independent ground, we must accept the
validity of that unchallenged independent ground, and thus any error in the grounds challenged on appeal
is harmless because the unchallenged independent ground fully supports the complained-of ruling or
judgment.” 295 S.W.3d at 424.
                                                 –24–
      Next, Bennett and Shaw challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support

the attorney’s fees awarded for trial and appeal. The trial court ordered Bennett and

Shaw to pay Zucker $41,344.50 in attorney’s fees and an additional $82,500 in

appellate fees awarded incrementally should Zucker prevail on appeal. Bennett and

Shaw argue that Zucker’s attorneys had to complete only four tasks in response to

the rule 202 petition: opposing consolidation in the county court, seeking transfer to

the family court, filing and arguing the plea to the jurisdiction, and filing for a

protective order to prevent Zucker’s deposition until the court ruled on his plea to

the jurisdiction. They contend the evidence to support the fees awarded “for those

limited and uncomplicated tasks was insufficient.”

      Hellberg testified about Zucker’s attorney’s fees. He offered Wick Phillips’s

redacted bills and prepared spreadsheets segregating the time applicable to the

Malpractice Action. Bennett and Shaw argue that the descriptions in the redacted

bills, such as “attention to” a particular matter, were too vague. They also contend

there was no “market-rate hourly fee evidence to support reasonableness,” and there

was no testimony to support the appellate fees awarded.

      Hellberg testified that he is board certified in civil trial law and civil appellate

law. He has practiced law in Dallas for twenty years and is familiar with the rates

charged for civil trials and appeals. He testified that he is also familiar with “the time

it takes to try legal malpractice defense cases.” He identified Exhibit 11 as attorney’s

fees invoices to Zucker from Wick Phillips. He also identified Exhibits 12 and 12-A,

                                          –25–
documents he prepared to show which fees from Exhibit 11 were sought “related to

the 202 case” and the amended petition seeking damages for legal malpractice.

Exhibits 12 and 12-A excluded fees incurred in the Dec Action as well as reflecting

Hellberg’s “discretionary reductions” in the amounts charged. Bennett’s counsel

cross-examined Hellberg at length about his testimony, the exhibits, and the fees

charged.

        As Bennett and Shaw argue, the supreme court in Rohrmoos Venture v. UTSW

DVA Healthcare, LLP held that “a claimant seeking an award of attorney’s fees must

prove the attorney’s reasonable hours worked and reasonable rate by presenting

sufficient evidence to support the fee award sought.” 578 S.W.3d 469, 501–02 (Tex.

2019). “Sufficient evidence includes, at a minimum, evidence of (1) particular

services performed, (2) who performed those services, (3) approximately when the

services were performed, (4) the reasonable amount of time required to perform the

services, and (5) the reasonable hourly rate for each person performing such

services.” Id. at 502.8 Zucker’s evidence included this information.

        Hellberg explained that he considered the court’s opinion in Rohrmoos as well

as several other cases and rules setting out requirements for proof of attorney’s fees.

    8
       Bennett and Shaw also cite Nath v. Texas Children’s Hospital, where the court explained that
“[c]onclusory affidavits containing mere generalities about the fees for working on [the sanctioned party’s]
frivolous claims are legally insufficient to justify the sanction awarded here.” 576 S.W.3d 707, 710 (Tex.
2019) (per curiam). In Nath, the only evidence of attorney’s fees was presented in several “conclusory
affidavits” lacking both the reasonable hours worked and the reasonable hourly rate. See id. Here, in
contrast, Zucker offered Hellberg’s live testimony and detailed exhibits including both of the elements
missing in Nath.
                                                  –26–
The redacted invoices in Exhibit 11 include columns showing the date work was

performed, the person performing the work, a description of the work, the number

of hours spent, the hourly rate charged, and the total amount charged. The only

redactions made were in some of the work descriptions. Exhibits 12 and 12-A

include columns for the dates fees were incurred, the timekeeper performing the

services, the hours spent, the rate charged, the billed total, and the narrative

explanation for the work performed. Hellberg also testified that he reduced some of

the amounts charged according to what he considered to be a reasonable fee for the

services performed, and he did not increase any of the amounts charged. We

conclude that Hellberg’s testimony and the accompanying exhibits were sufficient

to support the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees.

      Bennett and Shaw also challenge the trial court’s contingent award of

appellate attorney’s fees because the evidence to support the award “was not more

than a scintilla.” In response, Zucker cites the supreme court’s opinion in Yowell v.

Granite Operating Co., 620 S.W.3d 335, 355 (Tex. 2020). In Yowell, the court

explained that the lodestar analysis of Rorhmoos “applies to situations in which an

objective calculation of reasonable hours worked can be employed.” Id. (internal

quotation omitted). The court continued:

      That is not the situation with respect to contingent appellate fees, which
      have not yet been incurred and thus must be projected based on expert
      opinion testimony. At the point when fees are awarded by the trial
      court, any appeal is still hypothetical. There is no certainty regarding
      who will represent the appellee in the appellate courts, what counsel’s

                                         –27–
      hourly rate(s) will be, or what services will be necessary to ensure
      appropriate representation in light of the issues the appellant chooses to
      raise.

      Of course, this uncertainty does not excuse a party seeking to recover
      contingent appellate fees from the need to provide opinion testimony
      about the services it reasonably believes will be necessary to defend the
      appeal and a reasonable hourly rate for those services.

Id. (citations omitted). In accordance with Yowell, Hellberg testified to a reasonable

“blended” hourly rate, considering his normal billing rate and the rates other lawyers

in the firm with less experience, and a “reasonable amount of time” for each level of

appeal. We conclude Hellberg’s testimony was sufficient to support the trial court’s

award of trial and appellate attorney’s fees. Cf. KBIDC Invs., LLC v. Zuru Toys, Inc.,

No. 05-19-00159-CV, 2020 WL 5988014, at *24 (Tex. App.—Dallas Oct. 9, 2020,

pet. filed) (mem. op.) (evidence of appellate attorney’s fees was insufficient where

testimony did not “provide the reasonable hourly rate for any of the reasonable and

necessary services for the appeals process”).

      We conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion regarding the amount

of sanctions awarded. See Low, 221 S.W.3d at 614. We decide Bennett’s and Shaw’s

second and third issues against them.

                                   CONCLUSION

      We affirm the trial court’s December 12, 2019 “Order on Motion for

Sanctions.”

                                        –28–
                /Leslie Osborne//
191445f.p05     LESLIE OSBORNE
                JUSTICE

              –29–
                            Court of Appeals
                     Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                  JUDGMENT

MONTGOMERY J. BENNETT                          On Appeal from the 330th Judicial
AND EVAN (VAN) LANE SHAW,                      District Court, Dallas County, Texas
Appellants                                     Trial Court Cause No. DF-19-17721.
                                               Opinion delivered by Justice
No. 05-19-01445-CV           V.                Osborne. Justices Pedersen, III and
                                               Nowell participating.
MATTHEW ZUCKER, Appellee

      In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the trial court’s December
12, 2019 Order on Motion for Sanctions is AFFIRMED.

      It is ORDERED that appellee Matthew Zucker recover his costs of this appeal
from appellants Montgomery J. Bennett and Evan (Van) Lane Shaw.

Judgment entered this 20th day of August, 2021.

                                        –30–