Court Opinion

ID: 9964603
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-30 15:01:16.45664+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:25:37.948147
License: Public Domain

23-1234-cv
Banyai v. Town of Pawlet

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
                                      SUMMARY ORDER
Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order
filed on or after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 32.1 and this court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a
document filed with this court, a party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an
electronic database (with the notation “summary order”). A party citing a summary order
must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by counsel.

          At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the
City of New York, on the 30th day of April, two thousand twenty-four.

          PRESENT:         John M. Walker, Jr.,
                           Steven J. Menashi,
                           Eunice C. Lee,
                                    Circuit Judges.
____________________________________________

DANIEL BANYAI,

                   Plaintiff-Appellant,

             v.                                                       No. 23-1234-cv

TOWN OF PAWLET,

JOHN AND JANE DOE 1 THROUGH 20

                   Defendant-Appellees. *

____________________________________________

*   The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the caption as set forth above.
 For Plaintiff-Appellant:                       Joseph Indusi, Law Office of Joseph
                                                Indusi, PLLC, Hauppauge, NY.

 For Defendant-Appellee Town of Pawlet:         Kevin L. Kite, Carroll, Boe, Pell &
                                                Kite, P.C., Middlebury, VT.

      Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the District
Court of Vermont (Sessions, J.).

      Upon due consideration, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and
DECREED that the orders of the district court of August 7, 2023, are AFFIRMED.

      Plaintiff-Appellant Daniel Banyai appeals the judgment of the district court
entered on August 7, 2023, dismissing three of his four constitutional claims under
the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, dismissing all four of his claims on the ground of
claim preclusion, and denying his motion for leave to amend as futile. “Because
Rooker-Feldman goes to subject-matter jurisdiction, we review de novo the district
court’s application of the doctrine.” Hunter v. McMahon, 75 F.4th 62, 66 (2d Cir.
2023) (quoting Hoblock v. Albany Cnty. Bd. of Elections, 422 F.3d 77, 83 (2d Cir. 2005)).
We also review the grant of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) de novo,
“accepting as true all factual claims in the complaint and drawing all reasonable
inferences in the plaintiff’s favor.” Slattery v. Hochul, 61 F.4th 278, 285-86 (2d Cir.
2023) (quoting Henry v. County of Nassau, 6 F.4th 324, 328 (2d Cir. 2021)). “We
review a district court’s denial of leave to amend for abuse of discretion.”
TechnoMarine SA v. Giftports, Inc., 758 F.3d 493, 505 (2d Cir. 2014) (quoting Panther
Partners Inc. v. Ikanos Commc'ns, Inc., 681 F.3d 114, 119 (2d Cir. 2012)). We assume
the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history, and the
issues on appeal.

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                                           I

      “[W]hile keeping in mind the Supreme Court’s warning that courts must
avoid extending Rooker-Feldman beyond the narrow circumstances in which it
properly applies,” we employ “a four-part test according to which Rooker-Feldman
applies if ‘(1) the federal-court plaintiff lost in state court; (2) the plaintiff
complains of injuries caused by a state court judgment; (3) the plaintiff invites
review and rejection of that judgment; and (4) the state judgment was rendered
before the district court proceedings commenced.’” Hunter, 75 F.4th at 68-69
(quoting Vossbrinck v. Accredited Home Lenders, Inc., 773 F.3d 423, 426 (2d Cir. 2014)).
The second prong—that the injuries must have been “caused by a state court
judgment”—“is the ‘core requirement from which the other Rooker-Feldman
requirements derive.’” Id. at 71 (quoting Sung Cho v. City of New York, 910 F.3d 639,
646 (2d Cir. 2018)). This prong is met if “the third party’s actions are produced by a
state-court judgment and not simply ratified, acquiesced in, or left unpunished by
it.” Id. (quoting Hoblock, 422 F.3d at 88). In other words, “Rooker-Feldman does not
bar claims based on an opponent’s misconduct that precedes the state court
proceeding, if the plaintiffs’ alleged injuries were merely ratified by the state-court
judgments rather than caused by them.” Id. (quoting Dorce v. City of New York, 2
F.4th 82, 104 (2d Cir. 2021)). The question is whether there is a “causal relationship
between the state-court judgment and the injury of which the party complains in
federal court.” Id. at 72 (quoting McKithen v. Brown, 481 F.3d 89, 98 (2d Cir. 2007)).

      While “Rooker-Feldman squarely forecloses” an attempt to void a state court
judgment, “it is equally clear that federal courts do not lose jurisdiction merely
because ‘a federal plaintiff presents some independent claim, albeit one that denies
a legal conclusion that a state court has reached in a case to which he was a party.’”
Dorce, 2 F.4th at 104 (quoting Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp., 544 U.S.
280, 293 (2005)). For example, Rooker-Feldman does not generally bar claims against
third parties for “alleged misconduct occurring in the course of a state court
proceeding,” even if the misconduct calls the state court judgment into question.
Hansen v. Miller, 52 F.4th 96, 100 (2d Cir. 2022).

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      In this case, Banyai’s claims are independent of the state court judgments
and are not barred under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. Banyai alleges a years-long
coordinated effort to deprive him of his constitutional rights, consisting of actions
taken before and after relevant state court judgments were issued, including
misconduct in bringing and enforcing the state court judgments. These actions are
the alleged cause of his injuries, not the state court judgments that may have
“ratified” the purported misconduct but did not “cause[]” it. Hunter, 75 F.4th at
71. Rooker-Feldman does not prevent a federal district court from considering
“alleg[ations] that some of the defendants conspired—before any decisions were
issued by the [state] court—to” violate a plaintiff’s constitutional rights. Id. at 72.

      Banyai’s selective enforcement claim asserts that the defendants brought
state court actions to enforce zoning decisions against him but not against others
who were similarly situated. He alleges that the enforcement was selective
because, for example, the defendants “refused reasonable accommodations and
opted for immediate deconstruction and removal of all structures on Plaintiff’s
property,” which treated him “[u]nlike other similarly situated persons.” App’x
18. That claim involves “alleged misconduct occurring in the course of a state court
proceeding,” Hansen, 52 F.4th at 100, and “the way in which the defendants chose
to enforce” the “judgment[s] they obtained in state court” and from the zoning
administrator. Powell v. Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC, No. 23-421, 2024 WL 763406, at
*2 (2d Cir. Feb. 26, 2024). The alleged harm flows from that conduct rather than
from the state court judgments. Banyai’s equal protection and due process claims
concern alleged discriminatory and arbitrary conduct that “precede[d] the state
court proceeding,” Hunter, 75 F.4th at 71 (emphasis omitted), so that conduct
cannot have been produced by the proceeding. And Banyai’s Second Amendment
claim, as the district court recognized, “alleges injuries that do predate the
commencement of the state-court proceedings.” Banyai v. Town of Pawlet, No. 23-
CV-101, 2023 WL 5971833, at *7 (D. Vt. Aug. 7, 2023). We conclude that Rooker-
Feldman did not deprive the district court of subject matter jurisdiction to consider
Banyai’s claims.

                                           4
                                           II

      If the district court had lacked subject matter jurisdiction over Banyai’s
claims, it would not have been able to proceed to the issue of claim preclusion. See
Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 94 (1998) (“Jurisdiction is power
to declare the law, and when it ceases to exist, the only function remaining to the
court is that of announcing the fact and dismissing the cause.”) (quoting Ex parte
McCardle, 74 U.S. 506, 514 (1868)); see also Exxon Mobil, 544 U.S. at 293 (“Preclusion,
of course, is not a jurisdictional matter.”); Siegel v. Apergis, 610 F. App’x 15, 16 (2d
Cir. 2015) (“[C]laim preclusion go[es] to the merits of a claim, which a court cannot
adjudicate in the absence of jurisdiction.”). In this case, however, Rooker-Feldman
did not deprive the district court of subject matter jurisdiction and therefore its
consideration of claim preclusion was proper. We agree with the district court that
Banyai’s claims are precluded and we affirm its judgment on that ground.

      “The res judicata effect of state-court decisions … is a matter of state law,”
Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 480 n.2 (1994), so “a federal court must apply
Vermont claim preclusion law to Vermont state court judgments,” Demarest v.
Town of Underhill, No. 22-956, 2022 WL 17481817, at *1 (2d Cir. Dec. 7, 2022). Under
that law, a claim is precluded if “(1) a previous final judgment on the merits exists,
(2) the case was between the same parties or parties in privity, and (3) the claim
has been or could have been fully litigated in the prior proceeding.” Iannarone v.
Limoggio, 190 Vt. 272, 279 (2011) (emphasis added) (quoting In re St. Mary’s Church
Cell Tower, 180 Vt. 638, 638 (2006)).

      For the third prong of this test, Vermont applies “the broader approach
taken by the Restatement (Second) of Judgments, which contains a transaction-
based definition.” Demarset v. Town of Underhill, 214 Vt. 250, 256 (2021) (citing
Faulkner v. Caledonia Cnty. Fair Ass’n, 178 Vt. 51, 56-57 (2004)). “Under this
approach, the scope of the transaction is determined by ‘giving weight to such
considerations as whether the facts are related in time, space, origin, or motivation,
whether they form a convenient trial unit, and whether their treatment as a unit

                                           5
conforms to the parties’ expectations or business understanding or usage.’” Id.
(quoting Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 24(2)). As long as “the second
action … stems from the same transaction[,] … claim preclusion may apply even
though the second action relies on different evidence or legal theories, or seeks
relief not requested in the first action.” Sutton v. Purzycki, 295 A.3d 377, 388 (Vt.
2022) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[R]es judicata applies to both
affirmative defenses that could have been raised before, and compulsory
counterclaims that should have been raised before, but not to permissive
counterclaims.” In re Tariff Filing of Cent. Vt. Pub. Serv. Corp., 172 Vt. 14, 20 (2001)
(citation omitted).

      Here, the state court action produced a final judgment on the merits and
involved the same parties or those in privity with those parties. Banyai, 2023 WL
5971833, at *8. Whether claim preclusion applies therefore turns on “whether the
facts” of the two claims “are related in time, space, origin, or motivation, whether
they form a convenient trial unit, and whether their treatment as a unit conforms
to the parties’ expectations or business understanding or usage.” Demarset, 214 Vt.
at 256 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 24(2)).

      Banyai’s constitutional claims in the federal court litigation “could have
been fully litigated in the prior proceeding[s]” brought by the Town of Pawlet to
enforce the second Notice of Zoning Violation (“NOV2”) before the Vermont
Environmental Division and the Vermont Supreme Court. Iannarone, 190 Vt. at
279. This is because the claims arose from the same series of transactions that were
at issue in the state court. All of Banyai’s claims were available as “affirmative
defenses that could have been raised.” Tariff Filing, 172 Vt. at 20. Banyai could have
argued that NOV2 could not be enforced against him because of its
unconstitutionality under any of Banyai’s four theories. 1 Banyai’s arguments
before the Environmental Division that NOV2 could not be enforced, given the

1
 Contrary to Banyai’s arguments, 24 V.S.A. § 4472(b) did not prohibit him from raising
the unconstitutionality of enforcing NOV2 as an affirmative defense.

                                           6
June 2018 permit and the Town’s “alleged violations of his and his family’s civil
rights[] over the last 20+ months,” App’x 28, involved facts “related in time, space,
origin, [and] motivation,” Demarset, 214 Vt. at 256 (quoting Restatement (Second)
of Judgments § 24(2)), to his current claims that NOV2 and the Town’s
enforcement of NOV2 are unconstitutional.

         Therefore, Banyai’s claims are precluded under Vermont law. Banyai’s
proposed amendments to his complaint would not alter this legal conclusion, so
the district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that amendment would
be futile.

                                   *      *     *

         We have considered Banyai’s remaining arguments, which we conclude are
without merit. For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district
court.

                                        FOR THE COURT:
                                        Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court

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