Court Opinion

ID: 2799300
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-05-07 16:15:53.484856+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:57:33.004338
License: Public Domain

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       IN CLERKS OFFICE
IUPREME CC'.Ji"\T, STAn! OF WASHINOlON

      DA'i':I   MAY 0 7 2015
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   CHIEF JU$ lCE
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 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

 STATE OF WASHINGTON,                       )
                                            )
                     Respondent,            )             No. 90281-0
                                            )
 v.                                         )               En Bane
                                            )
 WILLIAM MICHAEL REIS,                      )
                                            )    Filed      MAY 0 7 2015
                     Petitioner.            )
                                            )

          WIGGINS, J.-William Reis was charged with manufacturing a controlled

substance after a search of his home produced evidence of a marijuana grow

operation. Reis moved to suppress the results of the search on the ground that the

search warrant was invalid, arguing that the 2011 amendments to the Washington

State Medical Use of Cannabis Act (MUCA), chapter 69.51A RCW, decriminalized the

possession of cannabis for medical use. The trial court denied Reis's motion to

suppress, and the Court of Appeals granted discretionary review and affirmed.

           The 2011 amendments to RCW 69.51A.040 provide in relevant part that the

"medical use of cannabis in accordance with the terms and conditions of this chapter

does not constitute a crime . . . . " (Emphasis added.) One of these "terms and

conditions" is that a medical user must be registered with a registry established by
State v. Reis (William Michael), No. 90281-0

section 901 of the 2011 MUCA amendments. RCW 69.51A.040(2), (3). But the

governor vetoed section 901, and no registry currently exists. It is thus impossible to

register "in accordance with the terms and conditions of this chapter ... " after the

governor's veto.

       We hold that the plain language of MUCA, supported by the context in which

the language appears, the overall statutory scheme, and the legislative intent as

captured by the governor's veto message, does not support the conclusion that the

medical use of marijuana is not a crime. Therefore, we affirm the Court of Appeals and

remand for trial.

                                          FACTS

       Detective Thomas Calabrese received an anonymous tip in 2012 from an

individual living in the Shorewood area of Burien, informing him that a man named

"William" was actively growing marijuana in a house in that neighborhood. The

informant, who feared retaliation by Reis, declined to provide any additional

information. Calabrese later drove through Shorewood and was able to observe six

marijuana plants growing on the back porch of a home. He then observed an individual

tending those plants. He noted the address and left.

       Detective Calabrese then asked and was granted permission to use a

neighbor's yard to observe the porch. From this vantage point, Calabrese was able to

observe the plants on the porch. He also heard a distinct humming sound coming from

the northwest side of the target home and observed black plastic covering the daylight

basement window. Calabrese also noticed condensation on this window.

                                               2
State v. Reis (William Michael), No. 90281-0

       Leaving his vantage point, Calabrese drove past the target house and noted

the license plate number on the vehicle parked in front of the house. A directory search

of the plate indicated that the vehicle belonged to William Reis. Calabrese began

checking that name and discovered that Reis had been arrested in 2005 for domestic

violence. During that arrest, officers discovered a large marijuana grow operation in

the basement, as well as a rifle and $18,000 cash hidden in the attic. Additional

searches of Reis's financial records in 2005 connected him to a large marijuana grow

operation in California. Detective Calabrese also learned that Reis had been arrested

in 2011 for possession of 1.3 grams of marijuana.

       Calabrese obtained Reis's 2005 booking photo and found that it matched the

individual he observed tending the marijuana plants on the porch. He then returned to

Shorewood to interview neighbors in an effort to determine whether Reis was selling

or distributing marijuana. However, none of Reis's neighbors would talk to him. They

each asserted that they were afraid of Reis and that they did not want Reis to retaliate

against them. One of the neighbors even informed Calabrese that they had purchased

a firearm specifically to protect themselves from Reis.

       Detective Calabrese put all of this information in an affidavit of probable cause

to support a search warrant of Reis's home. Judge Eide granted a search warrant,

finding probable cause to believe that Reis was violating Washington's Uniform

Controlled Substances Act, chapter 69.50 RCW. 1 A search of Reis's home pursuant

1 Calabrese'saffidavit did not allege a violation of federal law, and the record does not suggest
the he was pursuing a violation of federal law. Therefore, the sole question on appeal is
whether Detective Calabrese had probable cause of a violation of state law. See United
States v. $186,416.00 in U.S. Currency, 590 F.3d 942, 948 (9th. Cir. 2009) (requiring state

                                               3
State v. Reis (William Michael), No. 90281-0

to the search warrant revealed plants, scales, ledgers, sales receipts, and tools

indicative of a marijuana grow operation. The search also revealed 37 plants and

210.72 ounces of cannabis. 2

       The State charged Reis with violating chapter 69.50 RCW, the Uniform

Controlled Substances Act. Reis moved to suppress the evidence found in his home,

asserting that the search warrant was not supported by probable cause. The trial court

denied Reis's motion to suppress. The trial court granted Reis's motion for expedited

discretionary review in the Court of Appeals and certified this issue for immediate

review under RAP 2.3(b)(4) 3 before Reis's scheduled trial date. The Court of Appeals,

Division One, granted discretionary review and held in a published opinion that the

authorized use of medical marijuana under RCW 69.51A.040 does not preclude an

officer from searching; compliant use under the statute is an affirmative defense that

does not negate probable cause required for a search warrant. State v. Reis, 180 Wn.

App. 438, 322 P.3d 1238 (2014). We granted review and now affirm.

law enforcement officers to indicate pursuits of violations of federal law in their affidavits, or
to seek a search warrant from a federal magistrate, to support a finding of probable cause for
the violation of a federal crime).
2The "terms and conditions" of RCW 69.51A.040(1 )(a)(i) that render the medical use of
marijuana legal require that a qualifying patient or designated provider possess no more than
15 marijuana plants and no more than 24 ounces of useable cannabis.
3 RAP 2.4(b)(4) provides for discretionary review when "[t]he superior court has certified ...
that the order involves a controlling question of law as to which there is substantial ground for
a difference of opinion and that immediate review of the order may materially advance the
ultimate termination of the litigation."

                                                4
State v. Reis (William Michael), No. 90281-0

                                         ANALYSIS

          This case asks us to determine whether RCW 69.51A.040, as enacted following

Governor Gregoire's 2011 veto, decriminalizes the medical use of marijuana. 4 In

answering this question, we apply well established principles of statutory interpretation

to chapter 69.51A RCW. These principles lead to the conclusion that the medical use

of marijuana is not lawful because compliance with RCW 69.51A.040 is currently

impossible. Further, we reject Reis's arguments regarding the effect of the governor's

veto; riothing about the veto process changes our analysis of the enacted statute.

    I.    Standard of Review

          We review questions of statutory interpretation de novo. Ass'n of Wash. Spirits

& Wine Distrib.    v.   Wash. State Liquor Control Bd., 182 Wash. 2d 342, 350, 340 P.3d 849

(2015). The court discerns legislative intent from the plain language enacted by the

legislature, considering the text of the provision in question, the context of the statute

in which the provision is found, related provisions, amendments to the provision, and

the statutory scheme as a whole. /d. (citing Dep't of Ecology      v.   Campbell & Gwinn,

LLC, 146 Wash. 2d 1, 9-10, 43 P.3d 4 (2002)).

    II.   Overview of Washington's Medical Marijuana Laws

          Marijuana is generally a schedule I unlawful controlled substance, the

possession or cultivation of which is prohibited. 5 RCW 69.50.204(c)(22); RCW

4Reis concedes the search was valid if we conclude that chapter 69.51A RCW provides only
an affirmative defense. This opinion does not discuss the propriety of the search because we
hold that the statute provides qualifying patients and designated providers with only an
affirmative defense.
5Initiative Measure 502, approved in November 2012, legalized the possession of small
amounts of marijuana. The initiative was not in effect when this search warrant issued, and

                                               5
State v. Reis (William Michael), No. 90281-0

69.50.401 (1 ). It has maintained this classification by the Washington State Legislature

since 1971. RCW 69.50.204(c)(22). Since 1971, the possession, manufacture, and

distribution of marijuana has been generally prohibited. See RCW 69.50.401-.455.

However, in 1998, the legislature enacted the MUCA, chapter 69.51A RCW, creating

an exception for the medicinal use of marijuana. This exception created an affirmative

defense for qualifying patients and designated caregivers who could establish that

they complied with the requirements of that chapter. Former RCW 69.51A.040(1)

(1998).

       In 2011, the legislature amended MUCA by adopting Engrossed Second

Substitute Senate Bill (E2SSB) 5073. The stated purpose of these amendments, as

asserted in section 101 (vetoed), was to ensure that

               (a) Qualifying patients and designated providers complying with
       the terms of this act and registering with the department of health will no
       longer be subject to arrest or prosecution, other criminal sanctions, or
       civil consequences based solely on their medical use of cannabis;
               (b) Qualifying patients will have access to an adequate, safe,
       consistent, and secure source of medical quality cannabis; and
               (c) Health care professionals may authorize the medical use of
       cannabis in the manner provided by this act without fear of state criminal
       or civil sanctions.

E2SSB 5073, § 101 (as passed by the legislature) (vetoed);            see LAWS OF 2011, ch.
181, § 101. In order to achieve these goals, the legislature created a two-tiered system

of medical exceptions to the general prohibitions on possessing or cultivating

marijuana. E2SSB 5073 §§ 401, 402, 406 (codified as RCW 69.51A.040, .043(1 ), (2)).

the parties agree that the initiative has no bearing on this case. We do not consider or analyze
the initiative in this opinion.

                                               6
State v. Reis (William Michael), No. 90281-0

       Section 901 of the bill directed the state Department of Health and the state

Department of Agriculture to "adopt rules for the creation, implementation,

maintenance, and timely upgrading of a secure and confidential registration system."

E2SSB 5073, § 901 (1 ). Any established registry was required to allow

              (a) A peace officer to verify at any time whether a health care
       professional has registered a person as either a qualifying patient or a
       designated provider; and
              (b) A peace officer to verify at any time whether a person,
       location, or business is licensed ....

E2SSB 5073, § 901 (as passed by the legislature) (vetoed);      see LAWS OF 2011, ch.
181, § 901. Registration of qualifying patients and designated providers was optional.

Registration would place the burden on law enforcement officials to establish that the

terms and conditions of the medical marijuana exceptions were not being satisfied.

E2SSB 5073, § 901 (4) (vetoed);    see RCW 69.51A.040. Once established, the registry
would provide registered users heightened protection from arrest, prosecution,

criminal sanctions, and civil consequences based solely on their medical use of

marijuana. E2SSB 5073, § 102(2)(a) (codified as RCW 69.51A.005(2)). Otherwise

compliant but nonregistered, users were entitled to raise an affirmative defense.

E2SSB 5073, § 402 (codified as RCW 69.51A.043).

       In April 2011, the United States Attorneys for the Eastern and Western Districts

of Washington wrote an advisory letter to Governor Gregoire regarding Laws of 2011,

chapter 181. This letter explained the Department of Justice's position on the bill:

              "The Washington legislative proposals will create a licensing
       scheme that permits large-scale marijuana cultivation and distribution.
       This would authorize conduct contrary to .federal law and thus, would
       undermine the federal government's efforts to regulate the possession,
       manufacturing, and trafficking of controlled substances .... In addition,
       state employees who conducted activities mandated by the Washington
                                               7
State v. Reis (William Michael), No. 90281-0

        legislative proposals would not be immune from liability under the CSA
        [Controlled Substances Act, 21 U.S.C. ch. 13]. Potential actions the
        Department could consider include injunctive actions to prevent
        cultivation and distribution of marijuana and other associated violations
        of the CSA; civil fines; criminal prosecution; and the forfeiture of any
        property used to facilitate a violation of the CSA."

Cannabis Action Coal.    v.   City of Kent, 180 Wash. App. 455, 464, 322 P.3d 1246 (first

alteration in original) (footnote omitted), review granted, 182 Wash. 2d 1022, 336 P.3d
1165 (2014 ). Following receipt of this letter, the governor vetoed 36 sections that

would have established and monitored a state licensed medical marijuana registry,

including the legislature's statement of intent in section 101. See LAWS OF 2011, ch.

181, at 1376 (governor's veto message). No registry currently exists. However, the

governor did not veto sections 401, 402, or 406, reasoning that the latter sections

were still meaningful because they "establish affirmative defenses" and "govern those

who have not registered." /d. Sections 402 and 406 (codified as RCW 69.51A.043(1)

and (2), respectively) establish affirmative defenses for patients who have not

registered. Section 401 (codified as RCW 69.51A.040) identifies the requirements for

qualifying patients to receive heightened protections, beyond the ability to establish

an affirmative defense. As enacted, RCW 69.51A.040 provides heightened protection

for qualifying patients and designated providers who, among other things, register with

the Department of Health.

 Ill.   Statutory Interpretation

        RCW 69.51A.040, as passed, does not decriminalize the medical use of

marijuana. Instead, the plain language of the statute establishes a limited exception

to the general prohibition against marijuana that existed at the time that the search

warrant in this case issued. This interpretation is supported by the context in which

                                               8
State v. Reis (William Michael), No. 90281-0

the statute appears, the statute's placement within the statutory scheme, and the

governor's veto message accompanying E2SSB 5073. See           LAWS OF   2011, ch. 181, at

1374-76. The legislature may have intended to create heightened protections for

qualifying patients who registered. However, because registration is currently

impossible, the statute provides qualifying patients with only an affirmative defense

until the legislature is able to establish a registry. Therefore, we reject Reis's argument

and affirm the Court of Appeals.

   A. Plain language of the statute

       We begin with the plain language of the statute. As enacted, RCW 69.51A.040

reads in relevant part:

       The medical use of cannabis in accordance with the terms and conditions
       of this chapter does not constitute a crime and a qualifying patient or
       designated provider in compliance with the terms and conditions of this
       chapter may not be arrested, prosecuted, or subject to other criminal
       sanctions or civil consequences ... if:

           (2) The qualifying patient or designated provider presents his or her
       proof of registration with the department of health, to any peace officer who
       questions the patient or provider ... ;

            (3) The qualifying patient or designated provider keeps a copy of his
       or her proof of registration with the registry established in section 901 of
       this act and the qualifying patient or designated provider's contact
       information posted prominently next to any cannabis plants, cannabis
       products, or useable cannabis located at his or her residence;

              (6) The investigating peace officer has not observed evidence of
       any of the circumstances identified in section 901 (4) of this act.

       The language of this statute is clear and unambiguous: the medical use of

cannabis is not a crime if each of the terms and conditions is complied with by either

                                               9
State v. Reis (William Michael), No. 90281-0

qualifying patients or designated providers. The terms and conditions are provided for

in RCW 69.51A.040, and the terms "qualifying patient" and "designated provider" are

defined. See RCW 69.51A.01 0. Because the terms are defined within the statute, we

need not look outside the statute to determine their meaning. State v. Smith, 117
Wash. 2d 263, 271, 814 P.2d 652 (1991) ('"Words are given the meaning provided by the

statute or, in the absence of specific definition, their ordinary meaning."' (quoting State

v. Standifer, 110 Wash. 2d 90, 92, 750 P.2d 258 (1988))). It follows that one who does

not satisfy the terms and conditions, or who is not a qualifying patient or a designated

provider, is not entitled to the enumerated protections in this statute.

   B. Chapter 69.51A RCW creates an affirmative defense to the general
      prohibition on marijuana

       The context of the statute supports our plain language interpretation. We

interpret laws dealing with the same or similar issues by considering them together.

Bainbridge Island Police Guild v. City of Puyallup, 172 Wash. 2d 398, 423, 259 P.3d 190

(2011 ). This is particularly relevant when analyzing exceptions-we do not analyze

individual subsections in isolation from the other sections of the statute when doing

so would undermine the overall statutory purpose. In re Pers. Restraint of Adams, 178
Wash. 2d 417, 424, 309 P.3d 451 (2013).

       The Controlled Substances Act makes it a crime to possess, manufacture, or

distribute marijuana in Washington. See RCW 69.50.401-.455. The medical use of

marijuana is an exception to this general prohibition, RCW 69.51A.020. The

protections available through this exception vary based on a qualifying patient's or

designated provider's adherence to the terms and conditions governing the exception.

RCW 69.51A.040. In this context, the amended MUCA clearly establishes a tiered

                                               10
State v. Reis (William Michael), No. 90281-0

system of protections for compliant, qualifying users of medical marijuana: RCW

69.51A.040 and a series of affirmative defenses for qualifying patients failing the

requirements of RCW 69.51A.040. RCW 69.51A.043, .045, .047.

       RCW 69.51A.040 decriminalizes cannabis used for medical purposes in

accordance with the statutory scheme. This statute affords the highest level of

protections for qualifying patients and designated providers who use cannabis "in

accordance with the terms and conditions of this chapter." RCW 69.51A.040. There

are six required "terms and conditions" contained within RCW 69.51A.040. Subsection

(1) places limits on the quantity of cannabis that a qualifying patient or designated

provider may possess. Subsections (2) and (3) require registration with the

Department of Health-now impossible in light of the governor's veto-and require

that the patient keep their registration within their home and present it to inquiring

investigating officers. Subsections (4 ), (5), and (6) require that the investigating officer

not possess evidence that the qualifying patient or designated provider is converting

marijuana for their own use or benefit, or otherwise violating distribution requirements

or registration requirements. If a qualifying patient or designated provider complies

with all of these requirements, including registration, the use of marijuana "does not

constitute a crime." /d.

       RCW 69.51A.043 provides an affirmative defense for the medical use of

cannabis. The legislature made the distinction between section .040 and section .043

rest on whether the user was registered in the state registry. RCW 69.51A.040

(expressly requiring registration and display of registration); RCW 69.51A.043(2) ("A

qualifying patient or designated provider who is not registered with the registry ...

                                               11
State v. Reis (William Michael), No. 90281-0

may assert an affirmative defense to charges of violations of state law relating to

cannabis through proof at trial, by a preponderance of the evidence, that he or she

otherwise meets the requirements of RCW 69.51A.040.").

       Reis argues that this language is ambiguous because "RCW 69.51A.040

decriminalizes the same activity which RCW 69.51A.043 affords an affirmative

defense." But nothing in the text of the statute enacted following the governor's veto

supports this interpretation. Even though there is no registry, we cannot simply read

that requirement out of the statute. See G-P Gypsum Corp.       v.   Dep't of Revenue, 169
Wash. 2d 304, 309, 237 P.3d 256 (201 0) ('"[s]tatutes must be interpreted and construed

so that all the language used is given effect, with no portion rendered meaningless or

superfluous"' (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting State      v.   J.P, 149 Wash. 2d 444,

450, 69 P.3d 318 (2003))). By its language, RCW 69.51A.040 decriminalizes activities

for individuals who have, amongst other things, registered with the Department of

Health, while RCW 69.51A.043 provides an affirmative defense for those who have

not registered.

       An affirmative defense admits the defendant committed a criminal act but

pleads an excuse for doing so. State    v.   Votava, 149 Wash. 2d 178, 187-88,66 P.3d 1050

(2003). Reis's reading would render RCW 69.51A.043 superfluous-there is no need

for an affirmative defense to provide an excuse for conduct that is not unlawful. See

State v. Kurtz, 178 Wash. 2d 466, 478, 309 P.3d 472 (2013) (explaining that an affirmative

defense is necessary only when one's conduct falls outside the specific conduct

protected under RCW 69.51A.040). Thus, Reis's argument turns the plain language

of the statute on its head: the affirmative defense provisions are essential protections

                                               12
State v. Reis (William Michael), No. 90281-0

for qualifying patients and designated providers because no one can enjoy the

heightened protections of RCW 69.51A.040 in the absence of a registry.

   C. Legislative Intent
       For the reasons discussed above we hold that chapter 69.51A RCW provides

medical marijuana patients with only an affirmative defense. Reis responds to these

plain language arguments by asserting that RCW 69.51A.040 plainly reads, "[T]he

medical use of cannabis ... does not constitute a crime," citing to our opinion in Kurtz,
178 Wash. 2d at 478. He also argues that the codified legislative intent of RCW

69.51A.005 plainly articulates the purpose of the amendment and that our reading

should give effect to this purpose.

       Kurtz addressed whether the 2011 amendments to MUCA abrogated the

common law medical necessity defense. The court, in holding that the amendments

did not abrogate the common law medical necessity defense, stated that "the

legislature amended the Act making qualifying marijuana use a legal use, not simply

an affirmative defense." /d. at 476 (emphasis added). Later in that paragraph, the court

repeated that "[t]he 2011 amendment            leg~lizing   qualifying marijuana use strongly

suggests that the Act was not intended to abrogate or supplant the common law

[medical] necessity defense." /d. (emphasis added). Rather than interpret the statute,

these statements mirror the language in RCW 69.51A040 that "the medical use of

cannabis in accordance with the terms and conditions of this chapter does not

constitute a crime." (Emphasis added.) Because registration is a requirement for

qualifying marijuana use under RCW 69.51A.040, Kurtz does not support Reis's

argument.

                                                13
State v. Reis (William Michael), No. 90281-0

        Reis also argues that the legislature intended to decriminalize the medical use

of marijuana by giving patients heightened protections from searches and arrest. This

may be true; however, the legislative intent codified as RCW 69.51A.005 6 does not

trump the plain language of the statute to create an ambiguity. Declarations of intent

are not controlling; instead, they serve "only as an important guide in determining the

intended effect of the operative sections." Kilian v. Atkinson, 147 Wash. 2d 16, 23, 50
P.3d 638 (2002). This is true even when the codified intent speaks directly to the

enacted statute. Here, the governor's veto struck 36 of the 58 original sections; the

legislature's statement of intent speaks to a statute that was never enacted.

        Though the legislature's initial intent in passing this statute was never realized,

Governor Gregoire articulated her intent for the surviving portions of the amendments

in her veto message. See LAWS OF 2011, ch. 181, at 1374-76 (governor's veto

message). Our "'fundamental objective in construing a statute is to ascertain and carry

out the legislature's intent,"' Lake v. Woodcreek Homeowner's Ass'n, 169 Wash. 2d 516,

526, 243 P.3d 1283 (201 0) (quoting Arborwood Idaho, LLC v. City of Kennewick, 151

6   RCW 69.51A.005(2) reads as follows:

         Therefore, the legislature intends that:

              (a) Qualifying patients with terminal or debilitating medical conditions who,
         in the judgment of their health care professionals, may benefit from the medical
         use of cannabis, shall not be arrested, prosecuted, or subject to other criminal
         sanctions or civil consequences under state law based solely on their medical
         use of cannabis, notwithstanding any other provision of law;

            (b) Persons who act as designated providers to such patients shall also not
         be arrested, prosecuted, or subject to other criminal sanctions or civil
         consequences under state law, notwithstanding any other provision of law,
         based solely on their assisting with the medical use of cannabis ....

                                                    14
State v. Reis (William Michael), No. 90281-0

Wn.2d 359, 367, 89 P.3d 217 (2004)), and "[i]n approving or disapproving legislation,

the Governor acts in a legislative capacity and as part of the legislative branch of

government." Hallin v. Trent, 94 Wash. 2d 671, 677, 619 P.2d 357 (1980) (quoting Shelton

Hotel Co.   v.   Bates, 4 Wash. 2d 498, 506, 104 P.2d 478 (1940) ("When referring to what

the legislature intended, we must not forget that the governor ... [is] acting in a

legislative capacity, and we cannot therefore consider the intent of the house and the

senate apart from the intent of the governor.")). Here, the governor's veto message is

the only statement of legislative intent speaking to the removal of the registry from the

bill as enacted. The veto message conveys the governor's recognition that the bill will

not provide heightened arrest and seizure protection and that qualifying patients and

designated providers will instead be able to assert an affirmative defense. LAWS OF

2011, ch. 181, at 1374-76 (governor's veto message).

       Governor Gregoire explained that she decided to veto the registry because she

was "open to legislation that establishes a secure and confidential registration system

to provide arrest and seizure protections under state law to qualifying patients .... "

/d. at 1376. This strongly suggests that the governor recognized that this bill would

not provide those protections. She then announced that she would veto sections 901

and 902, stating that "[w]ithout a registry, these sections are not meaningful." /d.

However, the governor declined to veto sections 402 and 406; these sections provide

an affirmative defense for qualifying patients and designated providers who are not

registered. /d. The governor explicitly recognized that these sections remain

meaningful without a registry "[b]ecause these sections govern those who have not

registered." /d. Thus, the legislative intent does not support Reis's argument.

                                               15
State v. Reis (William Michael), No. 90281-0

      Applying each of these well-established principles of statutory interpretation

leads to the conclusion that RCW 69.51A.040 does not decriminalize the medical use

of cannabis. It is currently impossible to comply with each of the requirements in RCW

69.51A.040 because a registry does not currently exist. Following the governor's veto,

chapter 69.51A RCW does not provide for the heightened search and arrest

protections that the legislature may have intended. See RCW 69.51A.005(2); E2SSB

5073, § 101 (vetoed). Instead, qualifying patients and designated providers are

provided with an affirmative defense and RCW 69.51A.040 establishes the elements

for raising that defense. The possibility remains that the legislature may yet amend

the statute to create a registry; this does not suggest that the current statute has

multiple reasonable interpretations. It also does not suggest that the legislature

intended to decriminalize marijuana without the benefits of a registry.

   D. We may not modify the plain and unambiguous statutory language

       Despite Reis's arguments, we do not have the authority to rewrite the statute to

provide the enhanced protections that the legislature may have intended had it

anticipated the governor's veto. The court is not permitted to "speculate as to what the

legislature intended, had it foreseen the veto." Shelton Hotel Co.   v. Bates, 4 Wash. 2d
498, 509, 104 P.2d 478 (1940). Instead, we are left with the statute '"to be considered

now just as it would have been if the vetoed provisions had never been written into

the bill at any stage of the proceedings."' /d. at 506 (quoting State ex ref. Stiner   v.
Yelle, 174 Wash. 402, 408, 25 P.2d 91 (1933)). Indeed, this situation is analogous to

a legislative omission, a situation in which we have long recognized that

       we do not have the power to read into a statute that which we may
       believe the legislature has omitted, be it an intentional or an inadvertent

                                               16
State v. Reis (William Michael), No. 90281-0

      omission .... [l]t would be a clear judicial usurpation of legislative power
      for us to correct that legislative oversight.

State v. Martin, 94 Wash. 2d 1, 8, 614 P.2d 164 (1980) (citations omitted). It is not this

court's job to remove words from statutes or to create judicial fixes, even if we think

the legislature would approve. Statutes that frustrate the purpose of others, though

perhaps unintentionally, are "purely a legislative problem." State ex ref. Hagan        v.
Chinook Hotel, Inc., 65 Wash. 2d 573, 578, 399 P.2d 8 (1965). Until the legislature

amends the statute or creates a registry, the MUCA provides qualifying patients with

only an affirmative defense.

IV.    The Veto Does Not Undermine Our Analysis of the Enacted Statute

       This statutory analysis has interpreted the relative statutes as if the legislature

had written the statutes as they were enacted following the governor's veto. Nothing

about the governor's veto changes the way we interpret these statutes.

       The governor's veto power, broadly construed since the territorial days, has

evolved over time. See generally Wash. State Legislature      v.   Lowry, 131 Wash. 2d 309,

315-16, 931 P.2d 885 (1997). Initially, the governor's veto extended to full bills,

sections of bills, and items in bills. WASH. CONST. 1889, art. Ill, § 12. This power was

limited by the 62nd amendment in 1974. Lowry, 131 Wash. 2d at 316. Today, the

Washington Constitution confers on the governor general veto authority over

legislation and a different "!.ine item" veto power over "appropriation items":

       If any bill presented to the governor contain several sections or
       appropriation items, he may object to one or more sections or
       appropriation items ... Provided, That he may not object to less than an
       entire section, except that if the section contain one or more
       appropriation items he may object to any such appropriation item or
       items.

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State   v. Reis (William Michael),   No. 90281-0

WASH. CONST. art. Ill,§ 12 (amend. 62). Thus, under the general veto power exercised

in this case, the governor may veto a whole bill or a section of a bill but cannot veto

individual items or lines in bills. /d.

         Governor Gregoire lawfully vetoed 36 of the 58 sections of chapter 181. LAWS

OF 2011, ch. 181, at 1376 (governor's veto message). She vetoed section 901 which

would have established and monitored a state licensed medical marijuana registry,

but did not veto references to section 901, in the amended MUCA. As a result of the

governor's choice not to veto references to the registry, these references remain in

the bill, codified as chapter 69.51A RCW. Therefore, we must analyze the effect that

Governor Gregoire's veto has on the remaining references to the vetoed sections.

Specifically, we must address the references to a state registry.

         The governor's veto completely removes the vetoed material from the

legislation. Hallin, 94 Wash. 2d at 677. The act is "'to be considered now just as it would

have been if the vetoed provisions had never been written into the bill at any stage of

the proceedings."' Shelton Hotel Co., 4 Wash. 2d at 506 (quoting State ex ref. Stiner, 174

Wash. at 408). Reis relies on these cases, as well as Washington Federation of State

Employees v. State, 101 Wash. 2d 536, 545, 682 P.2d 869 (1984 ), to argue that we must

disregard not only the vetoed provisions themselves but also all remaining references

to the vetoed sections. But this case differs from Hallin, Shelton Hotel Co., and

Washington Federation in one major way: in those cases the disregarded language

was actually vetoed; in this case, the references to the registry were never vetoed

from RCW 69.51A.040. Since the references to section 901 were not vetoed from

                                                   18
State v. Reis (William Michael), No. 90281-0

RCW 69.51A.040, we cannot disregard them. Accordingly, we reject Reis's argument

that the medicinal use of cannabis is no longer a crime.

       Contrary to Reis's assertions, Washington Federation does not require this

court to strike references to vetoed legislation. Washington Federation concerned a

challenge to Governor Spellman's veto of Substitute House Bill 1226, 47th Leg., 1st

Ex. Sess. ch. 53, at 511 (Wash. 1982). 101 Wash. 2d at 538. The veto explicitly removed

section 30 and all references to that section. /d. The petitioner in Washington

Federation argued that the removal of the related items was a line item veto in violation

of article Ill, section 12 of the Washington State Constitution. !d. In rejecting that

argument, this court held:

       The veto of Governor Spellman was of an entire section and was valid.
       The deleted references to section 30 were incidentally vetoed purely as
       a ministerial act. If not deleted, the Code Reviser, pursuant to RCW
       1.08.015(2)(m), would have taken out such "manifestly obsolete"
       references.

/d. at 544. Thus, Washington Federation permitted the incidental veto by the executive

branch of individual line items, despite the general prohibitions of Washington

Constitution article Ill, section 12 (amend. 62). /d. It does not address whether a court

must evaluate and disregard individual items of legislation that reference a vetoed

section when those items survived the governor's veto. We decline to read these

requirements out of the statute when they were not actually vetoed by the governor.

       Governor Gregoire's veto message carefully and deliberately distinguishes

between references that "are not meaningful" and those that "remain meaningful"

following her veto of the registry. But even if we believed that the governor overlooked

these particular references, we do not have the power to edit the language of the

                                               19
State v. Reis (William Michael), No. 90281-0

enacted statute. In exercising the veto power, the governor is acting in a legislative

capacity. Shelton Hotel Co., 4 Wash. 2d at 506. This court does not have the authority

to read language out of a statute, even when we believe that the statute contains

errors or inadvertent omissions. Cf. Martin, 94 Wash. 2d at 8 (court does not have the

power to "read into a statute that which we may believe the legislature has omitted,

be it an intentional or an inadvertent omission"). The governor's veto did not eliminate

the statutory language requiring registration in RCW 69.51A.040, and we cannot

eliminate that language ourselves. We instead must limit our interpretation to the

enacted statute; we therefore regard "the excised material ... as though it had never

been written by the legislature." Hallin, 94 Wash. 2d at 678.

 V.    Lawfulness of the Search Warrant

       We hold that the search was valid because the plain language of the statute

and the legislative intent as expressed in the governor's veto message lead to the

conclusion that a user or possessor of cannabis may raise only an affirmative defense

under MUCA. Reis concedes that the possibility of proving the affirmative defense

does not undermine probable cause for a search warrant. State      v. Fry,   168 Wash. 2d 1,

6, 228 P.3d 1 (201 0).

                                      CONCLUSION

       We affirm the Court of Appeals and remand for trial consistent with this opinion.

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State v. Reis (William Michael), No. 90281-0

                                                    (/

       WE CONCUR.

                                               21