Court Opinion

ID: 4414302
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-07-05 13:43:34.675705+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:59:46.631558
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Bass v. Bass, 2019-Ohio-2746.]

                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                    MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 RHONDA SMITH BASS                              :
                                                :
         Plaintiff-Appellee                     :   Appellate Case No. 28217
                                                :
 v.                                             :   Trial Court Case No. 2010-DR-793
                                                :
 MICHAEL C. BASS                                :   (Domestic Relations Appeal)
                                                :
         Defendant-Appellant                    :
                                                :

                                          ...........

                                          OPINION

                              Rendered on the 5th day of July, 2019.

                                          ...........

DAVID M. MCNAMEE, Atty. Reg. No. 0068582, 2625 Commons Boulevard, Suite A,
Beavercreek, Ohio 45431
     Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

JAY B. CARTER, Atty. Reg. No. 0041295, 111 West First Street, Suite 519, Dayton, Ohio
45402
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                          .............

WELBAUM, P.J.
                                                                                         -2-

         {¶ 1} This case is the fourth appeal concerning the divorce of Appellant, Michael

Bass, and Appellee, Rhonda Smith (also known as Rhonda Smith Bass).1 According to

Michael, the trial court erred in failing to enforce a May 2017 contempt order and a

September 2018 agreed order. After reviewing the record, we find no error on the trial

court’s part. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court will be affirmed.

                                I. Facts and Course of Proceedings

         {¶ 2} The parties in this case were married in 1998, and no children were born as

a result of the marriage. In July 2010, Rhonda filed a complaint for divorce, and Michael

filed an answer and counterclaim for divorce in September 2010.

         {¶ 3} After an evidentiary hearing, the trial court issued an order in August 2013

granting a divorce and dividing the parties’ assets. In the order, the court noted the

parties’ disagreement about personal property and ordered that an inventory be

conducted by both parties with a third person present.              After the inventory was

completed, the parties were to divide the personal property items within 30 days pursuant

to Mont. D.R. Rule 4.40(C). The final decree, which was entered on September 13,

2013, ordered the inventory and division as noted in the court’s earlier order.

         {¶ 4} Michael appealed from the final judgment and decree of divorce, challenging

the trial court’s division and distribution of marital assets. See Bass v. Bass, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 25922, 2014-Ohio-2667, ¶ 4 (Bass I).                He did not challenge the

personal property division. Instead, “[t]he disputed issues were the value of [Rhonda’s]

retirement account, the disposition of a condo owned by the parties, on which there was

1   To avoid confusion, we will refer to the parties by their first names.
                                                                                               -3-

no mortgage and in which [Rhonda’s] mother lived, and the disposition of the marital

home, on which there were two mortgages. Improvements had been made to the marital

home; the parties also disputed whether these improvements had been made using funds

loaned to [Michael] by his son, which the parties were obligated to repay.” Id. at ¶ 5.

We found no error and affirmed the trial court’s judgment in June 2014.

       {¶ 5} Thereafter, many post-decree motions and appeals were filed (mostly by

Michael), resulting in the fact that litigation still continues in this minimal asset case, nearly

nine years after the parties separated and the divorce complaint was filed.

       {¶ 6} The second appeal, in 2015, concerned Michael’s disagreement with two

post-decree judgments. See Bass v. Bass, 2016-Ohio-596, 47 N.E.3d 224, ¶ 1 (2d Dist.)

(Bass II). As pertinent here, Michael challenged a July 2015 trial court judgment, which

had “ordered the return of Michael's unspecified jewelry and ordered the sale of the time

share. As to the personal property, the court added some items to the inventory list for

the parties to divide under Mont. D.R. Rule 4.40(C) and found that the rest of the items

were not ‘missing.’ ” Id. at ¶ 18. According to Michael, the court’s judgment was against

the manifest weight of the evidence. Id. at ¶ 20. After reviewing the evidence, we

disagreed, stating that:

               It seems that the parties have been squabbling over substantially the

       same set of items for years. Regardless, Michael's testimony – that Exhibit

       M represents all the missing items as of the inventory – is the limiting aspect

       of our review. Each of those items either has been accounted for or, as

       the trial court found, went missing during Michael's occupation of the home.

       It is apparent that the trial court believed Rhonda's testimony that the
                                                                                       -4-

      appliances had to be replaced, that she gave [Michael] the four chairs, that

      her bar stools were not their bar stools, that the red couch was the “rust”

      couch, and that the one or two remaining items went missing during

      Michael's occupancy. The court also believed Rhonda that she did not

      take the one or two remaining items. On this issue there is evidence to

      support the trial court's decision.

(Footnote omitted.) Id. at ¶ 27. We, therefore, affirmed the judgment.

      {¶ 7} Bass II was issued in February 2016. In May 2016, Michael filed a motion

addressing several matters, including sale of the time-share, return of personal property,

division of marital property, and payment of equity in real estate. He then filed a motion

to show cause in August 2016, concerning Rhonda’s alleged failure to pay him for his

equity in the real estate and marital vehicles. A hearing was held concerning these

matters in September 2016.

      {¶ 8} In December 2016, the parties’ counsel agreed that Rhonda and Michael

would meet at Rhonda’s residence, and a third party would divide the property pursuant

to local rules. However, in January 2017, Michael filed another motion to show cause

because Rhonda failed to be present on the agreed-upon date.            Subsequently, in

February 2017, the magistrate found Rhonda in contempt, stating that Rhonda had

“repeatedly and persistently failed to cooperate with the procedure for a division of

property which has contributed to this ‘squabbling’ persisting for yet another year.”

Docket for Third Appeal (“Third Appeal”), Doc. #57, p. 5.2 The magistrate, therefore,

2 Because this case has been appealed four times, the docket numbers are not
sequential. For example, the docket summary for the first appeal contains 141 docket
entries. There are 63 docket entries on the summary for the second appeal (which
                                                                                           -5-

found Rhonda in contempt and imposed a 30-day sentence and a $1,000 fine, which were

suspended pending Rhonda’s cooperation with a property division procedure. On May

22, 2017, the trial court overruled Rhonda’s objections to the magistrate’s decision.

Rhonda did not appeal from that judgment. Michael then filed a motion on June 28,

2017, asking the court to impose sentence because Rhonda had failed to pay fees that

were imposed. He did not mention the property division. Id. at Doc. #81. A hearing

on that motion was set for September 7, 2017.

       {¶ 9} In the meantime, in July 2017, a magistrate filed a decision on the motion

that Michael had filed in May 2016, and the motion to show cause that he filed in August

2016. As noted, these motions involved Rhonda’s alleged failure to pay the money the

divorce decree ordered for the division of marital property, her alleged failure to list the

time-share for sale, and her alleged failure to return a set of diamond cuff links to Michael.

       {¶ 10} The magistrate found Rhonda in contempt because she made partial

payment of around $51,000, but failed to pay Michael for his share of the value of the

motor vehicles ($7,805.66). See Third Appeal, Doc. #84. However, the magistrate

found insufficient evidence to establish that Rhonda failed to comply with the order to list

the time-share for sale, or that Rhonda possessed diamond cuff links that Michael claimed

to be entitled to possess. Id. at p. 3. Both parties filed objections to the magistrate’s

decision.

consolidated Michael’s separate appeals from two judgments). The third appeal, which
includes the decision being quoted in the main text, contains 117 docket entries on the
summary. As a result, when we quote from a particular document, we will refer to the
docket number used for the particular appeal, i.e., First Appeal, Third Appeal, etc. The
two dockets for the consolidated appeals will be referred to collectively as “Second
Appeal.”
                                                                                        -6-

      {¶ 11} As noted, the trial court had previously filed a judgment on May 22, 2017,

agreeing with the magistrate that Rhonda was in contempt for failing to cooperate with

the division of the parties’ personal property. On September 7, 2018, the magistrate held

a hearing on Michael’s July 28, 2017 motion to impose sentence. An agreed order was

then filed on September 8, 2017, acknowledging that Rhonda had paid the amounts

imposed for contempt. The order further stated that Rhonda “acknowledges that the full

purge conditions as set forth in paragraph 4 of the May 22, 2017 decision and judgment

have not been met.” Third Appeal, Doc. #103, p. 1. The order also stated that the

matter would be heard before the trial judge (not the magistrate) on December 11, 2017,

for consideration of imposition of sentence.

      {¶ 12} As pertinent here, the part of the contempt order that was not fully purged

was that “Rhonda may purge her contempt by cooperating with a property division

procedure as previously ordered by this court to be scheduled through both counsel on a

date within 14 days of this Decision and Judgment.”        Third Appeal, Doc. #77, p. 7

(paragraph 4).

      {¶ 13} On November 16, 2017, the trial court issued a judgment finding that

Rhonda’s objections to the July 2017 magistrate’s decision were well-taken. The court

found Rhonda credible concerning the fact that she had paid the full amount of the

property division award (around $59,000, plus more), to the bankruptcy trustee for

Michael’s bankruptcy. The court, therefore, concluded that Rhonda was not in contempt

for failing to pay the total amount of the property division to Michael.3 In addition, the

3 Michael “had significant debts due to past convictions for tax evasion and welfare fraud”
(matters in which Rhonda had no participation or liability). Bass I, 2d Dist. Montgomery
No. 25922, 2014-Ohio-2667, at ¶ 25; First Appeal, Doc. #133, August 2, 2013 Decision,
                                                                                        -7-

court overruled Michael’s objections. The comments the court made about the testimony

indicate that that it found Rhonda more credible about the time-share and cuff links.

Third Appeal, Doc. #110, pp. 5-6.

      {¶ 14} The record does not indicate that anything occurred on December 11, 2017,

i.e., either a hearing on imposition of sentence or an entry resulting from such a hearing.

This may have been because Michael filed a notice of appeal challenging the November

16, 2017 judgment, which failed to find Rhonda in contempt in connection with her

payment of the marital property division, the time share, and the diamond cuff links. See

Bass v. Bass, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27832, 2018-Ohio-2043 (Bass III), ¶ 1-2.

      {¶ 15} The trial court did file an entry on December 19, 2017, setting the sentence

imposition matter for an in-chambers pre-trial on December 26, 2017. After that pretrial

hearing, the court filed another order on December 26, 2017, stating that the property to

be returned to Michael should be appraised and the value should be determined before

a pretrial set for February 7, 2018. On February 13, 2018, the court then filed an entry

setting a third pre-trial for March 2, 2018. The record does not indicate whether that

pretrial occurred, as there is no subsequent entry in the record. In addition, nothing

further occurred in the case until after we issued our opinion on May 25, 2018, affirming

the trial court’s judgment declining to find Rhonda in contempt. Bass III at ¶ 11-13.

      {¶ 16} On May 29, 2018, the court set another pre-trial for June 4, 2018.

However, the court again did not file an entry after the pretrial occurred. Subsequently,

Michael filed a motion in July 2018, asking the court to issue a final appealable order on

pp. 8-9. Michael filed bankruptcy in November 2010 (several months after the divorce
was filed), and his bankruptcy was later reopened for purposes of collecting money
(around $59,000) that Michael had been awarded in the divorce decree. Bass I at ¶ 11.
                                                                                      -8-

imposition of sentence regarding “the hearing held on December 11, 2017.” Fourth

Appeal, Doc. #12, p. 1. As noted, the record does not indicate that anything occurred on

December 11, 2017.       In any event, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing on

September 24, 2018, after we returned the original papers for Bass III.

       {¶ 17} At the September 24, 2018 hearing, the trial court heard testimony from

both parties. The court then filed a judgment on October 31, 2018, concluding that

Rhonda had purged the contempt order. The court, therefore, declined to impose

sentence. Michael appeals from that judgment, resulting in what is now the fourth appeal

in this case.

                                II. Alleged Abuse of Discretion

       {¶ 18} Michael’s sole assignment of error states that:

                The Trial Court Erred in Failing to Enforce the May 22, 2017

       Contempt Order and September 2018 Agreed Order at Issue in this Case.

       {¶ 19} Under this assignment of error, Michael contends that the trial court’s

findings were factually inaccurate, were against the manifest weight of the evidence, and

did not accord with established law.

       {¶ 20} As a preliminary matter, we note that the only issue before us is Rhonda’s

alleged failure to purge the contempt, not the contempt order itself. The Supreme Court

of Ohio has held that “a court order finding a party in contempt and imposing a sentence

conditioned on the failure to purge is a final, appealable order on the issue whether the

party is in contempt of court.” Docks Venture, L.L.C. v. Dashing Pacific Group, Ltd., 141
Ohio St. 3d 107, 2014-Ohio-4254, 22 N.E.3d 1035, ¶ 23. As noted, Rhonda did not
                                                                                        -9-

appeal from the trial court’s May 22, 2017 judgment finding her in contempt and imposing

purge conditions.

        {¶ 21} An additional appeal is allowed “on the question whether the purge

conditions have been met following execution of sentence on the failure to purge.” Id. at

¶ 23.    “[A]t the time of the hearing on compliance with purge conditions the court

[considers] whether the contemnor met the conditions or was prevented from doing so.”

Id. at ¶ 21. A party sentenced to purge conditions has the burden of showing that she

complied with the conditions. Kolano v. Vega, 2016-Ohio-356, 58 N.E.3d 546, ¶ 20 (5th

Dist.). In addition to impossibility, a party may also assert substantial compliance with

purge conditions. Manley v. Manley, 2018-Ohio-255, 104 N.E.3d 183, ¶ 16 (7th Dist.),

citing State ex rel. Celebrezze v. Gibbs, 60 Ohio St. 3d 69, 75, 573 N.E.2d 62 (1991) and

State ex rel. Curry v. Grand Valley Local Schools Bd. of Edn., 61 Ohio St. 2d 314, 315,

401 N.E.2d 925 (1980).

        {¶ 22} After hearing the evidence, the trial court held that while Rhonda "may not

have technically complied with the purge opportunity, * * * she substantially complied and

made a good faith effort to do so." Fourth Appeal, Doc. #19, p. 3.

        {¶ 23} We review the trial court’s judgment for abuse of discretion. Manley at

¶ 17; Ohio Child Support Enforcement Agency ex rel. Sutich v. Segedi, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 94309, 2010-Ohio-5360, ¶ 7.

        {¶ 24} An abuse of discretion “ ‘implies that the court's attitude is unreasonable,

arbitrary or unconscionable.’ ” Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St. 3d 217, 219, 450
N.E.2d 1140 (1983), quoting State v. Adams, 62 Ohio St. 2d 151, 157, 404 N.E.2d 144

(1980). “It is to be expected that most instances of abuse of discretion will result in
                                                                                     -10-

decisions that are simply unreasonable, rather than decisions that are unconscionable or

arbitrary.” AAAA Ents., Inc. v. River Place Community Urban Redevelopment Corp., 50
Ohio St. 3d 157, 161, 553 N.E.2d 597 (1990). Decisions are unreasonable if no sound

reasoning supports the decision. Id.

      {¶ 25} As to the facts, when the trial court discussed the parties’ testimony, it

observed that:

             Rhonda testified that she has had an appraisal done and offered to

      pay Michael one-half of the share of the appraised value of the personal

      property. Rhonda testified that Exhibit 1 contains a complete list of all of

      the parties’ marital property.    Rhonda further testified that she has

      attempted to exchange personal property in the past, but Michael has not

      cooperated with her.    Rhonda testified that she has tried to work with

      Michael to resolve this issue, but that he has been impossible to work with,

      and in fact, she feels that he has intentionally acted in a fashion that is

      impossible for her to comply with the court order regarding personal

      property division.

Fourth Appeal, Doc. #19 at p. 3.

      {¶ 26} Michael objects to the comments about the fact that he has been impossible

to work with and that Rhonda feels he has acted intentionally. According to Michael,

Rhonda did not make these statements at the hearing.

      {¶ 27} At the hearing on September 24, 2018, Rhonda described attempts she had

made to divide the property after the September 8, 2017 agreed order (where she

admitted to not having fully purged her contempt). Rhonda noted one instance where
                                                                                        -11-

Michael came to take pictures and write things down; another instance when an appraisal

was done and she attempted to divide the property; and a time after that when Michael

arrived with a truck and some people, but Peggy McCormick was not present.

(McCormick was a person the parties had agreed to have present when the property was

divided.) During the last instance, Rhonda told Michael that McCormick could come, but

he refused and said he was just going to take Rhonda back to court. September 24,

2018 Hearing Transcript (“Tr.”), pp. 13-14. In addition, Rhonda testified that she had

tried to set up dates for Michael to get his marital property, and had even tried to divide

the property by paying him for his share. Id. at p. 19.

       {¶ 28} Rhonda did not specifically state that Michael was “impossible,” or that he

had acted intentionally. However, the clear inferences in Rhonda’s testimony were that

she made attempts to divide the property, that Michael was very difficult to deal with, and

that Michael chose to take her back to court rather than cooperate. The latter point

implied that Michael acted intentionally.

       {¶ 29} The trial court’s judgment was filed about a month after the hearing, and the

transcript was not prepared and filed until January 4, 2019, which was after Michael had

appealed.    The court was obviously relying on its recollection of the testimony.

Furthermore, given the circumstances, which include the court’s repeated dealings with

these parties over the course of more than eight years (at the time), the court had ample

background for its conclusions.

       {¶ 30} In this regard, the judge had previously found on more than one occasion

that Michael lacked credibility and that Rhonda was more credible. See First Appeal,

Doc. #133, August 2, 2013 Decision at p. 10 (Michael’s testimony about an alleged loan
                                                                                         -12-

from his son was “less than credible”), and p. 13 (Rhonda was “more credible” on the

subject of Michael’s income); Third Appeal, Doc. #110, Nov, 16, 2017 Decision and

Judgment at p. 7 (finding “Rhonda’s testimony credible that she paid the full amount [of

the martial equity] to the bankruptcy trustee, as she was directed”). Consistent with

these decisions, the court found also Rhonda’s testimony credible with respect to the

matters at issue in this appeal. See Fourth Appeal, Doc. #19 at p. 3.

       {¶ 31} Under settled law, reviewing courts defer to a trial court’s findings about

credibility. DiPasquale v. Costas, 186 Ohio App. 3d 121, 2010-Ohio-832, 926 N.E.2d
682, ¶ 103 (2d Dist.). The credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their

testimony are matters for the trier of fact to resolve. Jenkins v. Jenkins, 2012-Ohio-4182,

975 N.E.2d 1060, ¶ 19 (2d Dist.), citing State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St. 2d 230, 231, 227
N.E.2d 212 (1967). “The underlying rationale of giving deference to the findings of the

trial court rests with the knowledge that the trial judge is best able to view the witnesses

and observe their demeanor, gestures and voice inflections, and use these observations

in weighing the credibility of the proffered testimony.”    Seasons Coal Co. v. City of

Cleveland, 10 Ohio St. 3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984).

       {¶ 32} Furthermore, “[a] court may choose * * * to believe the testimony of one

witness over another. That [is] the court's prerogative, and trial courts are in the best

position to assess credibility.” Baker v. Blevins, 162 Ohio App. 3d 258, 2005-Ohio-3664,

833 N.E.2d 327, ¶ 13 (2d Dist.). Thus, the court was not required to believe Michael.

       {¶ 33} Michael also contends that the trial court erred when it found that Rhonda

had provided him with a list of personal property.     However, the personal property at

issue has been known for years. See Bass II, 2016-Ohio-596, 47 N.E.3d 224, at ¶ 27
                                                                                         -13-

(noting that “[i]t seems that the parties have been squabbling over substantially the same

set of items for years”).

       {¶ 34} According to the property appraisal, the value of the property in question

was $6,150. See Plaintiff’s Ex. 1. Rhonda testified that she had offered to purchase

Michael’s one-half interest in the property. Tr. at p. 15. Michael did not contradict this;

instead, he testified that he had “no idea” if Rhonda had offered to pay him one-half of

the appraised value of the items the last time they were at court.             Id. at p. 11.

Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s factual findings.

       {¶ 35} Michael’s next argument is that the court’s judgment was against the

manifest weight of the evidence.        In a manifest weight analysis, the court, after

“ ‘reviewing the entire record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences,

considers the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts in the

evidence, the [fact-finder] clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of

justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. The discretionary

power to grant a new trial should be exercised only in the exceptional case in which the

evidence weighs heavily against the [judgment].’ ” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St. 3d
380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App. 3d 172, 175, 485
N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist. 1983). See also Bass II at ¶ 25.

       {¶ 36} “In weighing the evidence, the court of appeals must always be mindful of

the presumption in favor of the finder of fact.” Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St. 3d 328,

2012-Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶ 21. “Although Thompkins permits a reviewing court

to consider the credibility of witnesses when addressing a weight of the evidence

challenge, we nevertheless accord substantial deference to a fact finder's decision as to
                                                                                          -14-

which testimony to credit, and to what extent to do so.” Amerifirst Savings Bank of Xenia

v. Krug, 136 Ohio App. 3d 468, 486-87, 737 N.E.2d 68 (2d Dist.1999), citing State v.

Lawson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16288, 1997 WL 476684 (Aug. 22, 1997).

       {¶ 37} According to Michael, Rhonda has exhibited a pattern of vague and

uncertain testimony throughout the case, and her testimony was contradicted by

Michael’s explicit testimony that he had never seen the appraisal she offered during the

hearing. Michael also testified that Rhonda did not attempt to divide property between

May 22, 2017 (the date of the contempt finding) and September 24, 2018 (the date of the

purge hearing). The trial court apparently did not believe Michael, as it found Rhonda

credible. As noted, the trial court did not have to believe Michael. Baker, 162 Ohio

App.3d 258, 2005-Ohio-3664, 833 N.E.2d 327, at ¶ 13.

       {¶ 38} In view of our prior comments about the trial court’s credibility findings, this

case does not present the exceptional situation in which the judgment is against the

manifest weight of the evidence. Neither party has been blameless over the nine-year

history of this case. As is evident from footnote 2 above, the trial court dockets contain

around 321 entries; this does not even account for the many documents filed in the course

of the four appeals.

       {¶ 39} Michael’s final contention is that the trial court’s judgment failed to accord

with established law. His argument in this respect is perfunctory, but he essentially

states that he established a prima facie case of contempt, that Rhonda had to show her

inability to comply, and that intent to violate the court’s orders need not be established.

       {¶ 40} Errors of law are reviewed de novo. Estate of Atkinson v. Ohio Dept. of

Job & Family Servs., 144 Ohio St. 3d 70, 2015-Ohio-3397, 40 N.E.3d 1121, ¶ 18. These
                                                                                         -15-

kinds of errors do not involve abuse of discretion, because courts are required to

“ ‘correctly apply the law.’ ” Arnott v. Arnott, 132 Ohio St. 3d 401, 2012-Ohio-3208, 972
N.E.2d 586, ¶ 5, quoting In re Arnott, 190 Ohio App. 3d 493, 2010-Ohio-5392, 942 N.E.2d
1124, ¶ 42 (4th Dist.).

       {¶ 41} As we said, the validity of the order finding Rhonda in contempt for failing

to divide property is not at issue, due to Rhonda’s failure to appeal. Consequently, the

general case law Michael cites about establishing a prima facie case of contempt is

irrelevant.

       {¶ 42} In our prior remarks, we noted that in situations involving purge of contempt,

courts may consider whether a party has substantially complied with a purge opportunity.

Manley, 2018-Ohio-255, 104 N.E.3d 183, at ¶ 16. See also Lorain Cty. Bar Assn. v.

Paterson, 112 Ohio St. 3d 1214, 2007-Ohio-254, 860 N.E.2d 759, ¶ 2-3 (respondent had

“substantially complied” with a purge order and was reinstated to the practice of law).

The trial court found that Rhonda had substantially complied and made a good faith effort.

Fourth Appeal, Doc. #19 at p. 3. This is consistent with the law. Accordingly, the trial

court did not incorrectly apply the law.

       {¶ 43} Based on the preceding discussion, Michael’s sole assignment of error is

overruled.

                                           III. Conclusion

       {¶ 44} Michael’s assignment of error having been overruled, the judgment of the

trial court is affirmed.
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                                    .............

DONOVAN, J. and HALL, J., concur.

Copies sent to:

David M. McNamee
Jay B. Carter
Hon. Timothy D. Wood