Court Opinion

ID: 4582995
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-02 21:19:23.094494+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:47:24.024303
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

ANGELA M. BARD and WILLIAM                    )           No. 79475-2-I
BARD, individually and as legal               )
guardians of minor J.D.B.; JESSICA            )           DIVISION ONE
L. BARD; JOHN M. BEUTLER;                     )
STACY R. MULLENDELAND and                     )           UNPUBLISHED OPINION
ERIC DELAND, individually and as              )
legal guardians of minors A.S.M.D.            )
and C.R.M.D.; DONYA C. GRANT                  )
and WELDON J. GRANT,                          )
individually and as legal guardians of        )
minors H.B.G, K.M.G, M.A.G and                )
R.K.G.; CEANNA N. HEIT;                       )
MELANIE K. LONG, individually and             )
as legal guardian of minors A.D.L.,           )
A.R.L. and I.R.L; ILYANA A. LONG;             )
HOLLY A. MILLS; CHERYL T.                     )
PRITCHETT and JOEL                            )
PRITCHETT, individually and as                )
legal guardians of minors I.G.P. and          )
M.E.P.; JILL E. SAVERY and                    )
JAMES SAVERY, individually and                )
as legal guardians of minors M.E.S.           )
and S.L.S.; ARICA L. SMITH-                   )
SIMMER, individually and as legal             )
guardian of minors K.R.M.S. and               )
N.D.S.; ILLYEANNA WOLFSTORM,                  )
individually and as legal guardian of         )
minor I.S.W.; JAMES L.                        )
WOODARD; and DOES 1-250;                      )
                                              )
                       Appellants,            )
                                              )
               v.                             )
                                              )
MONSANTO COMPANY, a                           )
Delaware corporation; SOLUTIA,                )
INC., a Delaware corporation;                 )

Citations and pinpoint citations are based on the Westlaw online version of the cited material.
No. 79475-2-I/2

 PHARMACIA LLC, a Delaware                )
 limited liability corporation, f/k/a     )
 Pharmacia Corporation; STATE OF          )
 WASHINGTON; MONROE                       )
 SCHOOL DISTRICT NO. 103 d/b/a            )
 MONROE PUBLIC SCHOOLS;                   )
 UNION HIGH SCHOOL DISTRICT               )
 NO. 402; SNOHOMISH HEALTH                )
 DISTRICT; and ROES 1-10;                 )
                                          )
                      Respondents.        )
                                          )

       HAZELRIGG, J. — A group of students, parents, teachers, and staff from Sky

Valley Education Center seek reversal of an order granting summary judgment for

Snohomish Health District (SHD). They argue that the court erred in ruling that

their claims against SHD were barred by the public duty doctrine and that RCW

43.20.050 does not create an implied statutory cause of action. Because the

appellants did not show that an exception to the public duty doctrine applied and

the statute does not evidence legislative intent to create a remedy for a protected

class, we affirm.

                                        FACTS

       In 2018, a group of 44 students, parents, teachers, and staff from Sky Valley

Education Center (collectively, “the Bards”) sued Monsanto Company, Solutia,

Inc., and Pharmacia, LLC (collectively, “Monsanto”); Monroe School District No.

103 and Union High School District No. 402 (collectively, “the District”); the State

of Washington; and the Snohomish Health District (SHD). The Bards alleged that

Sky Valley was contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls and related toxic

chemicals (collectively, “PCBs”) in electrical fixtures and construction materials

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No. 79475-2-I/3

installed before PCBs were banned due to toxicity.         They claimed that they

sustained serious injuries due to chronic exposure to PCBs at the school. The

Bards raised product liability claims against Monsanto, alleging that it was the only

manufacturer of PCBs in the United States. They claimed that the State and

District negligently failed to provide, maintain, and supervise a reasonably safe

school building. Finally, the Bards alleged that SHD negligently allowed Sky Valley

to remain in use by failing to inspect school buildings and enforce environmental

regulations.

       The State moved for dismissal, arguing that it had no duty to supervise a

school district’s building maintenance.       The court granted the motion and

dismissed the State from the suit, finding that the Bards’ claims against the State

were barred by the public duty doctrine. SHD then moved for summary judgment,

arguing that, like the claims against the State, the Bards’ claims against SHD were

barred by the public duty doctrine as a matter of law. The court granted summary

judgment for SHD. The Bards appealed the summary judgment order.

                                    ANALYSIS

       This court reviews a trial court’s order granting summary judgment do novo.

Scrivener v. Clark Coll., 181 Wash. 2d 439, 444, 334 P.3d 541 (2014). “Summary

judgment is appropriate only when there is no genuine issue as to any material

fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id. (citing CR

56(c)). When making this determination, courts view all facts and reasonable

inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id. When a party

has moved for summary judgment, “an adverse party may not rest upon the mere

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allegations or denials of a pleading, but a response, by affidavits or as otherwise

provided in this rule, must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine

issue for trial.” CR 56(e).

I.     Public Duty Doctrine

       In Washington, all local governmental entities are liable for damages arising

from their tortious conduct to the same extent as if they were private persons or

corporations. RCW 4.96.010(1). A fundamental element of any negligence action,

including an action against a government entity, is the duty owed by the defendant

to the plaintiff. Meaney v. Dodd, 111 Wash. 2d 174, 178, 759 P.2d 455 (1988). “When

the defendant in a negligence action is a governmental entity, the public duty

doctrine provides that a plaintiff must show the duty breached was owed to him or

her in particular, and was not the breach of an obligation owed to the public in

general, i.e., a duty owed to all is a duty owed to none.”           Munich v. Skagit

Emergency Commc’n Ctr., 175 Wash. 2d 871, 878, 288 P.3d 328 (2012).

       The public duty doctrine has four recognized exceptions: (1) legislative

intent, (2) failure to enforce, (3) the rescue doctrine, and (4) a special relationship.
Id. at 879. “If any one of the exceptions applies, the government is held as a matter

of law to owe a duty to the plaintiff.” Id.

       A. Failure to Enforce

       The Bards first argue that the trial court erred in ruling that the failure to

enforce exception to the public duty doctrine did not apply. The failure to enforce

exception applies “where governmental agents responsible for enforcing statutory

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No. 79475-2-I/5

requirements possess actual knowledge of a statutory violation, fail to take

corrective action despite a statutory duty to do so, and the plaintiff is within the

class the statute intended to protect.” Bailey v. Town of Forks, 108 Wash. 2d 262,

268, 737 P.2d 1257 (1987). The plaintiff bears the burden to establish each of

these elements. Ehrhart v. King County, 195 Wash. 2d 388, 402, 460 P.3d 612

(2020). The duty to act must be “a mandatory duty to take a specific action to

correct a known statutory violation. . . . ‘Such a duty does not exist if the

government agent has broad discretion about whether and how to act.’” Donohoe

v. State, 135 Wash. App. 824, 849, 142 P.3d 654 (2006) (quoting Halleran v. Nu

West Inc., 123 Wash. App. 701, 714, 98 P.3d 52 (2004)).

       The Bards contend that SHD’s statutory duty to take corrective action stems

from RCW 43.20.050. This statute provides that “[a]ll local boards of health . . .

shall enforce all rules adopted by the state board of health.” RCW 43.20.050(5).

Chapter 43.20 RCW incorporates RCW 43.70.190 and RCW 43.70.200, which

detail enforcement options available to a local health district. These statutes

provide that a local health board “may bring an action to enjoin a violation or the

threatened violation of any of the provisions of the public health laws of this state

or any rules or regulation made by the state board of health or the department of

health pursuant to said laws,” “may institute any civil legal proceeding authorized

by the [law],” or may request that the secretary of health take legal action to enforce

public health laws, rules, and regulations. RCW 43.70.190; RCW 43.70.200.

       SHD argues that the enforcement options detailed in RCW 43.70.190 and

RCW 43.70.200 do not create a mandatory duty to act because they list only

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No. 79475-2-I/6

discretionary actions that the health board “may” take. In McKasson v. State, we

found no mandatory duty to take specific action when the relevant statutes and

regulations were “replete with ‘mays,’ and throughout the statutes, broad discretion

is vested in the director.” 55 Wash. App. 18, 24–25, 776 P.2d 971 (1989). In Forest

v. State, Division Two of this court found no mandatory duty to take specific action

in a statute indicating that “parole officers ‘may’ arrest for parole violations.” 62
Wash. App. 363, 369–70, 814 P.2d 1181 (1991). Likewise, the statutes at issue here

specify actions that a board of health “may” take, indicating that the actions are

discretionary.

       At oral argument, the Bards contended that, although the board is not

restricted to one specific action, the statute providing that the local board of health

“shall enforce” the rules mandates that the board take one of the three enumerated

discretionary enforcement actions. SHD argues that the “shall enforce” language

does not create a duty to take corrective action because it “does not specify what

must be done to enforce a particular violation or mandate a specific corrective

action.” It argues that “many statutory/regulatory schemes in Washington provide

that a particular government officer or agency ‘shall enforce’ laws and regulations[]

without prescribing a specific enforcement action” but “no Washington court has

ever held that the general phrase ‘shall enforce’ is sufficient to satisfy the [failure

to enforce] exception.” One such statute cited by SHD is RCW 19.27.050, which

provides that “[t]he state building code required by this chapter shall be enforced

by the counties and cities.” Washington courts have found that cities did not owe

a duty to individuals under the building code. Rosen v. City of Tacoma, 24 Wash.
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No. 79475-2-I/7

App. 735, 740–41, 603 P.2d 846 (1979); Weston v. New Bethel Missionary Baptist

Church, 23 Wash. App. 747, 753, 598 P.2d 411 (1978).

       In support of their argument, the Bards point to two Washington Supreme

Court cases in which the court found that the failure to enforce exception to the

public duty doctrine applied. In Bailey v. Town of Forks, a police officer allowed a

driver “obviously impaired by intoxication” to drive away in his truck. 108 Wash. 2d at

264–65. The driver then collided with a motorcycle, seriously injuring a motorcycle

passenger. Id. at 263. The court concluded that the officer had a duty to enforce

state statutes prohibiting and establishing criminal sanctions for driving while under

the influence of alcohol and pointed to a specific statute requiring that a publicly

intoxicated individual “shall be taken into protective custody by the police.” Id. at

269, 269 n.1.

       In Campbell v. City of Bellevue, a city electrical inspector knew of the danger

created by a nonconforming underwater lighting system but “failed to comply with

the City’s ordinances (Bellevue Municipal Code ss 16.32.090 and .110) directing

that he sever or disconnect the lighting system until it was brought into compliance

with electrical code requirements.”       85 Wash. 2d 1, 13, 530 P.2d 234 (1975).

Accordingly, the court found that the public duty doctrine did not protect the City

from liability when the plaintiff’s wife was electrocuted. Id. at 2, 13.

       In both of these cases, a statute or regulation detailed a very specific

corrective action that the government agent was obligated to perform. Here,

however, the statute does not specify any particular action to be taken by the local

health boards to enforce the state board of health’s rules. Like McKassen and

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No. 79475-2-I/8

Forest, the enforcement actions listed in RCW 43.70.190 and RCW 43.70.200 are

discretionary, and there is nothing in the statute to indicate that the local health

boards are obligated to choose among them as alternatives. Because the Bards

have not shown that SHD had a mandatory duty to take a specific corrective action,

the failure to enforce exception does not apply.

       B. Legislative Intent

       The Bards also argue that the trial court erred in finding that the legislative

intent exception to the public duty doctrine did not apply. The legislative intent

exception applies “when the terms of a legislative enactment evidence an intent to

identify and protect a particular and circumscribed class of persons.” Bailey, 108
Wash. 2d at 268. This intent will not be implied and must be clearly expressed in the

provision. Ravenscroft v. Wash. Water Power Co., 136 Wash. 2d 911, 930, 969 P.2d
75 (1998). The requirement that the class be particular and circumscribed does

not necessarily mean that the class must be small or narrow. Yonker ex rel.

Snudden v. Dep’t of Soc. & Health Servs., 85 Wash. App. 71, 79, 930 P.2d 958

(1997). “‘Particular’ means ‘involving, affecting, or belonging to a part rather than

the whole of something: . . . not universal,’” while “‘[c]ircumscribe’ means ‘to set

limits or bounds to: . . . to define, mark off or demarcate carefully.’” Id. (quoting

Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 410 (3d ed.1976)).

       RCW 43.20.050 authorizes the state board of health to “[a]dopt rules

controlling public health related to environmental conditions including but not

limited to heating, lighting, ventilation, sanitary facilities, and cleanliness in public

facilities including but not limited to food service establishments, schools,

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No. 79475-2-I/9

recreational facilities, and transient accommodations.” RCW 43.20.050(2)(d). The

statute states that these rules should be adopted “[i]n order to protect public

health.” RCW 43.20.050(2). By its terms, RCW 43.20.050 is intended to protect

the health of users of public facilities, a category so broad as to be essentially

universal.     It does not evidence a legislative intent to identify and protect a

particular and circumscribed class.

       The Bards argue that this case is analogous to Halvorson v. Dahl, in which

the Washington Supreme Court determined that, unlike most codes, the housing

code was not merely enacted for purposes of public safety or for the general

welfare. 89 Wash. 2d 673, 677, 574 P.2d 1190 (1978). Because the housing code

identified “‘conditions and circumstances . . . dangerous and a menace to the

health, safety, morals or welfare of the occupants of such buildings and of the

public’” and stated that its purpose was to provide for effective enforcement of

minimum standards, the court determined that the code was “enacted for the

benefit of a specifically identified group of persons as well as, and in addition to,

the general public.” Id.

       SHD contends that Taylor v. Stevens County is a closer fit. 111 Wash. 2d 159,

759 P.2d 447 (1988). In Taylor, the plaintiffs contended that the State Building

Code Act1 indicated an intent to protect them individually, rather than the public as

a whole. Id. at 164. The Act stated that its purpose was to provide building codes

throughout the state and that it was designed “[t]o promote the health, safety and

welfare of the occupants or users of buildings and structures and the general

       1   Chap. 19.27 RCW.

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No. 79475-2-I/10

public.” Id. The court acknowledged that the building code promoted the welfare

of occupants but distinguished it from the housing code at issue in Halvorson,

saying that the building code’s “primary purpose is to require that minimum

performance standards and requirements for building and construction materials

be applied consistently throughout the state.” Id. at 165. By contrast, the court

stated that the housing code’s purpose section “focuses on substandard housing

that is unfit for human habitation,” and the purpose of the housing code “is

necessarily more focused on the public health and safety of occupants of

substandard buildings.” Id.

       The Bards dismiss Taylor as “an economic damages-only case that

involved building permitting under the building code, unrelated to protecting the

health and safety of building occupants.” Despite these factual differences, the

provision at issue here is more analogous to the building code in Taylor than to the

housing code in Halvorson. The express purpose of RCW 43.20.050 is to promote

public health by requiring the state board of health to adopt health and safety

regulations for public facilities. RCW 43.20.050(2)(d). Like the code at issue in

Taylor, these health and safety regulations are designed to create minimum

standards to be applied consistently for the health of the public, rather than to

remedy a specific danger to the public like the hazardous living conditions

referenced in Halvorson. The legislative intent exception to the public duty doctrine

does not apply.

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II.    Implied Cause of Action

       The Bards also contend that RCW 43.20.050 gives rise to an implied cause

of action. “Where appropriate, a cause of action may be implied from a statutory

provision when the legislature creates a right or obligation without a corresponding

remedy.” Ducote v. Dep't of Soc. & Health Servs., 167 Wash. 2d 697, 703, 222 P.3d
785 (2009). The Washington Supreme Court recently reaffirmed that Washington

courts use the three-factor analysis adopted in Bennett v. Hardy, 113 Wash. 2d 912,

920–21, 784 P.2d 1258 (1990), to determine whether a statute creates an implied

cause of action: “[t]he factors are (1) whether the plaintiff is within the class for

whose ‘“especial”’ benefit the statute was enacted, (2) whether legislative intent

supports creating or denying a remedy, and (3) whether implying a remedy is

consistent with the underlying purpose of the legislation.” Rocha v. King County,

195 Wash. 2d 412, 424–25, 460 P.3d 624 (2020) (quoting Bennett, 113 Wash. 2d at

920). The implied cause of action analysis is similar to that of the public duty

doctrine in that it “focuses on determining whether a statute or regulations creates

a duty that can be enforced by a lawsuit in tort.” Ehrhart, 195 Wash. 2d at 400 n.6.

       A. Protected Class

       Courts look to the language of the statute to ascertain whether the plaintiff

is a member of the protected class. Swank v. Valley Christian Sch., 188 Wash. 2d
663, 576, 398 P.3d 1108 (2017). The Bards argue that “students, teachers, staff,

and adults who volunteer in schools[] fall within the class of persons RCW

43.20.050 intends to protect.” To support this argument, they point to the WAC

provisions meant “to maintain minimum environmental health and safety standards

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No. 79475-2-I/12

for school facilities” and specifying that “[t]he existence of unsafe conditions which

present a potential hazard to occupants of the school are in violation of these

regulations.”   WAC 246-366-005; WAC 246-366-140(1).                 However, RCW

43.20.050 itself does not specifically protect occupants of school buildings. As

discussed above, the express purpose of the statute is “to protect public health.”

RCW 43.20.050(2). This factor does not support an implied cause of action under

RCW 43.20.050.

       B. Legislative Intent

       When assessing whether the legislature intended to grant a right of recovery

for statutory violations, courts “‘“can assume that the legislature is aware of the

doctrine of implied statutory causes of action,”’ even where the statute is silent as

to civil remedies.” Beggs v. Dep’t of Soc. & Health Servs., 171 Wash. 2d 69, 78, 247
P.3d 421 (2011) (quoting Bennett, 113 Wash. 2d at 919). This factor requires courts

“to determine whether legislative intent supports implying the requested remedy,

rather than any remedy.” Rocha, 195 Wash. 2d at 428.

       The presence or absence of certain features in a statute informs the

analysis of whether the legislature intended to create a right of recovery. A grant

of immunity from civil liability to certain groups under a statute indicates that the

legislature contemplated the possibility of civil liability and is evidence of the

legislature’s intent to imply a cause of action. Swank, 188 Wash. 2d at 677–78. If a

remedy for a violation of a statute already exists, it is unlikely that the legislative

intent includes implying another cause of action. See Wright v. Lyft, Inc., 189
Wash. 2d 718, 727, 406 P.3d 1149 (2017) (“CEMA’s plain language demonstrates

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the legislature’s intent that the recipient of unsolicited text messages bring a CPA

claim. This legislative intent does not support creating a remedy where one

already exists.”). The absence of an enforcement mechanism in a statute showing

a “clear legislative concern” for a particular group weighs in favor of an implied

cause of action. See Swank, 188 Wash. 2d at 677 (“The legislative concern with

youth athlete concussions is clear in the Lystedt law. . . . Despite this clear concern,

there is no mechanism in the Lystedt law to enforce the requirements intended to

address the risks of youth athlete concussions. Given the clear legislative concern,

it is logical to infer that the legislature intended that there be some sort of

enforcement mechanism.”). The existence of an express enforcement mechanism

for one subset of the protected class does not necessarily preclude an implied

cause of action for another subset of the protected class. See Kim v. Lakeside

Adult Family Home, 185 Wash. 2d 532, 546, 374 P.3d 121 (2016) (finding that the

express cause of action in the Abuse of Vulnerable Adults Act for vulnerable adults

who have suffered abuse or neglect did not preclude also finding an implied cause

of action against mandated reporters for failure to report because “[t]he express

liability provision provides redress for actual abuse; it does not provide redress for

those who breach their mandatory reporting duty”).

       SHD argues that the inclusion of the discretionary enforcement

mechanisms in RCW 43.70.190 and RCW 43.70.200 indicates that the legislature

did not intend to imply a cause of action against a health district for failure to

enforce any regulations adopted under the authorization in RCW 43.20.050(2).

The Bards argue that these statutes do not provide enforcement mechanisms to

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No. 79475-2-I/14

be taken by members of the protected class and therefore do not preclude an

implied cause of action. RCW 43.20.050 provides that “[a]ll local boards of health

. . . shall enforce all rules adopted by the state board of health.”                  RCW

43.20.050(5). It also provides that,

          In the event of failure or refusal on the part of any member of such
          boards or any other official or person mentioned in this section to so
          act, he or she shall be subject to a fine of not less than fifty dollars,
          upon first conviction, and not less than one hundred dollars upon
          second conviction.

RCW 43.20.050(5).

          The discussion of this issue is hobbled by the conclusion above that there

was no specific class protected by the statute. Because there is no specific

protected class, the legislature cannot have intended to imply a cause of action for

its members. However, even if the Bards are members of a protected class under

the statute, they do not point to any clear legislative intent to provide them a

remedy for a local health board’s failure to enforce regulations. The statute also

provides for other enforcement mechanisms and penalties for failure to enforce.

This factor also weighs against implying a cause of action for members of the

public.

          C. Purpose of the Legislation

          The third Bennett factor “looks to the entire statutory scheme to determine

whether the requested remedy is consistent.” Rocha, 195 Wash. 2d at 428. SHD

argues:

          [A]llowing a cause of action against a local health district for its failure
          to enforce a regulation adopted by the Board of Health under RCW
          43.20.050 would not be consistent with the purpose of the statute,

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No. 79475-2-I/15

       which is to promote public health, not to address a specific societal
       concern such as the prevention of concussions in youth sports
       (Swank), child abuse/neglect ([Tyner] v. Dep’t of Soc. & Health Servs.,
       141 Wash. 2d 68, 1 P.3d 1148 (2000) and [Beggs]), or age discrimination
       in employment (Bennett).

SHD is correct that the explicit purpose of the statute’s grant of authority to the

state board of health to adopt rules regarding environmental conditions in public

facilities is “to protect public health.” RCW 43.20.050(2)(5). Allowing a cause of

action for failure to enforce rules promulgated under this authority, while consistent

with this basic purpose, does not appear to be warranted by such a general

statement. This factor weighs against implying a cause of action.

       Because all three factors weigh against it, RCW 43.20.050 does not imply

a cause of action against local health districts for failure to enforce rules and

regulations created under its authority. The trial court did not err in granting

summary judgment for SHD.

       Affirmed.

WE CONCUR:

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