Court Opinion

ID: 9394667
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-16 12:04:51.497309+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:01.553405
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                   No. COA22-751

                                  Filed 16 May 2023

Swain County, No. 22CVD1120

IN THE MATTER OF: D.C. AND J.C.

      Appeal by respondent-father and respondent-mother from an order entered 22

June 2022 by Judge Kristina Earwood in Swain County District Court. Heard in the

Court of Appeals 26 April 2023.

      Edward Eldred for respondent-appellant father.

      J. Lee Gilliam Assistant Parent Defender, and Wendy C. Sotolongo, Parent
      Defender, for respondent-appellant mother.

      Justin B. Greene for petitioner-appellee Swain County Department of Social
      Services.

      Womble Bond Dickinson LLP, by Theresa M. Sprain, for appellee guardian ad
      litem.

      FLOOD, Judge.

       Respondent-Mother     and Respondent-Father (collectively, “Respondent-

Appellants”) appeal from an order terminating their parental rights of their two

minor children. We conclude the trial court obeyed the mandate of our Supreme

Court on remand and affirm the trial court’s order terminating parental rights.

                     I. Facts and Procedural Background

      In early 2016, Respondent-Appellants were caring for their three biological
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                                        Opinion of the Court

children, Diana, Julia, and Dylan, and three unrelated children, Ryan, Charlotte, and

Ava.1 In re D.C., 262 N.C. App. 372, 2018 WL 5796710, at *1 (N.C. App. and Date).

On 4 April 2016, Ryan was admitted to the emergency room with “life-threatening,

non-accidental injuries.” Id. The attending doctor noted Ryan to be “dirty, covered

with scabs and bruises, and severely malnourished[,]” and concluded that Ryan was

“minutes to an hour away from death at the time he arrived[.]” Id. On 5 April 2016,

the Swain County Department of Social Services (“DSS”) filed petitions alleging Ryan

was abused, and the five other children were neglected by Respondent-Appellants.

All six children were taken into custody by DSS that same month.                       Id. at *3.

Respondent-Appellants were subsequently indicted for, inter alia, felony child abuse

against Ryan, and they were both arrested in June 2016. Respondent-Appellants

were released on bond soon after.

      On 20 July 2017, the trial court entered an order adjudicating Respondent-

Appellants’ biological children (the “children”) neglected.                Six months later, in

January 2018, the trial court entered a disposition order that eliminated reunification

with Respondent-Appellants as part of the children’s permanent plans. Respondent-

Appellants appealed both the adjudication and disposition orders. Id. at *3.

      On 6 November 2018, this Court entered an opinion where we: (1) affirmed the

adjudication order; (2) vacated the disposition order because the trial court erred by

      1   Pseudonyms have been used to protect the identities of the minor children.

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not making the “necessary specific finding . . . that a court of competent jurisdiction

has determined that aggravating circumstances exist based on the enumerated list

to cease reunification efforts”; and (3) remanded for further proceedings. Id. at *8–9.

On 16 July 2019, the trial court entered a disposition order pursuant to this Court’s

remand, and again ordered elimination of reunification efforts from the children’s

permanent plan. On 18 July 2019, the trial court entered a permanency planning

order, and in January 2020, the trial court entered a permanency planning review

order whereby the children’s permanent plan was set to adoption.

       On 10 June 2020, DSS filed a petition to terminate Respondent-Appellants’

parental rights in Dylan and Julia,2 and the trial court heard the petition on 7

December 2020 and 2 February 2021. On 29 March 2021, the trial court entered a

termination of parental rights order, with its findings of fact made by a

preponderance of the evidence. Respondent-Appellants appealed the trial court’s

order to our Supreme Court, arguing the trial court used the wrong standard of proof.

In re J.C., 380 N.C. 738, 2022-NCSC-37, ¶ 1.

       On 28 September 2021, DSS filed a motion to remand to the trial court for a

“correction” of the court’s statement regarding the standard of proof used to make its

findings of fact, and our Supreme Court denied the motion. Id. ¶ 5 n. 6. On 18 March

2022, our Supreme Court reversed and remanded the trial court’s order “for its

       2 Pre-hearing, DSS dismissed the petition as to Diana because she “was expected to reach the
age of majority prior to the final resolution of this matter.”

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consideration of the record before it in order to determine whether DSS demonstrated

by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence that one or more statutory grounds exist to

permit termination of parental rights.” Id. ¶ 16. Our Supreme Court also provided:

             Without commenting on the amount, strength, or
             persuasiveness of the evidence contained in the record, we
             merely conclude that we cannot say that remand of this
             case for the trial court’s consideration of the evidence in the
             record utilizing the proper “clear, cogent, convincing”
             standard of proof would be “futile,” so as to compel us to
             conclude that the record of this case is insufficient to
             support findings which are necessary to establish any of
             the statutory grounds for termination.

Id. ¶ 16 (emphasis in original) (internal citation omitted).

      The hearing on remand was held on 20 April 2022. Following statements by

counsel, the trial court provided:

             It was fully the [c]ourt’s intention to find by clear, cogent
             and [convincing evidence] standard. And I’m going to do
             that. I have reviewed the file. I have reviewed the
             evidence. I’ve also reviewed the Supreme Court’s judgment
             and opinion.

             And so that was the [c]ourt’s intent. It was a clerical error,
             so if you will correct that and submit the appropriate order.

On 22 June 2022, the trial court again entered a written order terminating

Respondent-Appellants’ parental rights and concluded there were two sufficient

grounds for termination:

             [(1)] that [Respondent-Appellants] have willfully and not
             due solely to poverty, left the juvenile(s) in a placement[]
             outside of the home for a period of greater than twelve
             months, and [(2)] that [Respondent-Appellants] have

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              neglected the minor child(ren) within the meaning of N.C.
              [Gen. Stat. §] 7B-101 and N.C. [Gen. Stat. §] 7B-1111, and
              said neglect has continued through the date of the filing of
              the petition(s) for termination of parental rights and that
              there is a likelihood of continuing neglect of the minor
              child(ren).

The trial court also noted in its order that it made its findings of fact—which were

largely the same as those in the 29 March order—“using the clear, cogent and

convincing evidence standard, following the remand of this matter from the

Honorable Supreme Court of North Carolina.” The trial court’s adjudicatory findings

of fact include, inter alia:

              21. That [Respondent-Appellants’] case plan(s) include the
              following provisions, to wit:

              i) Complete a mental health and substance abuse
              assessment and follow the recommendations of the
              assessment

              ii) Complete parenting classes

              iii) Obtain stable housing and employment

              iv) Address the juveniles’ educational needs

              v) Participate in random drug screens

              vi) Participate in individual counseling

              22. That [Respondent-Appellants] completed mental
              health and substance abuse assessments in April of 2016.
              There were no recommendations associated with the
              assessments at that time.

              23. That [DSS] requested that [Respondent-Appellants]
              complete an in-person parenting class of at least [twelve]

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hours. [Respondent-Appellants] together completed an
online parenting class totaling four hours, which [DSS]
(and the [c]ourt) have found to be unsatisfactory.
[Respondent-Appellants] have never enrolled in or
completed an in-person parenting class.

24. That [Respondent-Appellants] were notified on
numerous occasions that their completion of an online
parenting class was not satisfactory toward the completion
of their case plan and the [c]ourt’s Order on Disposition
(Finding #44) reflects that the parents had prior notice of
this as early in this case as November of 2017.

25. That [DSS] felt that the parenting classes would be
necessary in this case based upon the history of abuse and
neglect that occurred in [Respondent-Appellants’] home
and as set forth in the [c]ourt’s Order of Adjudication.

26. That [Respondent-Appellants] were enrolled in
individual counseling in April of 2016 through November
of 2016. [DSS] received an update in November 2016 that
stated that [Respondent-Appellants] were engaging and
participating in individual therapy.

27. That [DSS] received no further updates regarding
[Respondent-Father’s] engagement with therapy past
November of 2016.

28. That [Respondent-Appellants] completed a child and
family evaluation in April of 2016. The recommendations
of that evaluation were that [Respondent-Appellants]
should complete parenting classes, engage in individual
therapy, and complete a capacity to parent evaluation.
One of the stated goals of [Respondent-Appellants’]
engagement in therapy was to complete individual therapy
to acknowledge why the juveniles[] came into custody of
[DSS].

....

33. That neither of [Respondent-Appellants] have had any

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visitation with the juveniles since June of 2016. Visitation
occurred for approximately two months at the initial stages
of this case. [Respondent-Appellants] were thereafter
arrested for felony and misdemeanor child abuse, and
[Respondent-Appellants’] bond restrictions prevented
them from having any contact with the juveniles. The
juvenile court subsequently ordered that [Respondent-
Appellants] should have no contact with the juveniles
unless recommended by the juveniles’ counselor.

....

36. That [the foster care social worker] has had numerous
meetings and conversations with [Respondent-Appellants]
and has encouraged them to complete their case plans and
to re-enroll in therapy.

37. That [Respondent-Mother] has told the social worker
that she does not trust or need counseling and has chosen
not to participate [in] counseling. [Respondent-Appellants]
have never signed any sort of release to allow [DSS] access
to their counseling records, and [Respondent-Appellants’]
counselor(s) never provided any specific details about
[Respondent-Appellants’] counseling sessions to [DSS].

....

48. That [Dylan] and [Julia] have more needs (physical,
mental and psychological) than other children of their age.
The history of this case indicates that [Respondent-
Appellants] lack the skills necessary to address the
juveniles[’] particular needs and further that [Respondent-
Appellants] have not availed themselves of services such as
parenting classes or therapy which would better equip
them to address the juveniles’ needs.

....

69. That [Dylan] does not often speak about [Respondent-
Appellants] in counseling. On the occasions when he has
brought them up, he has stated that he does not feel safe

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             with them, and they did not keep him safe.

             ....

             71. That [Dylan] continues to be afraid of his parents and
             has expressed those feelings to his counselor.

             72. That [Dylan] will often try to change subjects or avoid
             the topic of [Respondent-Appellants].

             73. That Ms. Farr[, Dylan’s counselor,] has discussed
             future contact and visitation with [Dylan]. [Dylan] has
             repeatedly stated that he does not want to have contact
             with his parents. . . .

             74. That [Dylan’s counselor] believes that [Dylan] having
             contact with [Respondent-Appellants] would lead [Dylan]
             to being hospitalized again. She expressed concern that
             seeing [Respondent-Appellants] would lead to an increase
             in his fear and anxiety that could lead to a psychiatric
             break.

             75. That [Dylan’s counselor’s] professional opinion is . . .
             that contact with [Respondent-Appellants] would cause
             significant harm to [Dylan]. [Dylan’s counselor’s] opinion
             is based on her past observations and therapy of [Dylan]
             and his past responses.

      Additionally, the 22 June order’s dispositional findings section provides, in

relevant part:

             9. That [Dylan] does not have a bond with [Respondent-
             Appellants], however he does have some positive memories
             of [Respondent-Father].

             ....

             11. That [Dylan’s counselor has opined] . . . that having the
             parental rights of [Dylan’s] parents terminated would
             bring [Dylan] a sense of relief. He has said in the past that

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            he was afraid that his biological parents would take him
            away from [his foster family].

            ....

            15. That [Dylan’s counselor] opined . . . that it would not be
            appropriate or in the best interests of [Dylan] to have
            ongoing contact with his parents.

            ....

            41. That the continued parental rights of [Respondent-
            Appellants] are a barrier to the adoption(s) of the juveniles
            and a barrier to the accomplishment of the permanent plan
            for the juvenile(s).

            ....

            52. That the [c]ourt makes the above findings following a
            review of the [R]ecord, the evidence presented and the
            argument(s) of counsel.        The court would find that
            following an application of the clear, cogent, and convincing
            evidence standard, the evidence could show that it is in the
            best interest[s] of the juveniles, [Dylan] and [Julia,] . . . that
            the parental rights of [Respondent-Appellants] be
            terminated.

            ....

            101. That [Respondent-Appellants] have willfully, and not
            due solely to poverty, left the minor children in placement
            outside off the home for more than twelve (12) months.

Respondent-Father and Respondent-Mother each timely filed notice of appeal.

                                   II. Jurisdiction

      Respondent-Appellants’ appeals are properly before this court pursuant to

N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 7A-27(b)(2), 7B-1001(a)(7), and 7B-1002(4). See N.C. Gen. Stat.

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§§ 7A-27(b)(2), 7B-1001(a)(7), 7B-1002(4) (2021).

                                     III. Analysis

      Respondent-Appellants each argue the trial court did not obey the Supreme

Court’s Mandate. Respondent-Mother further argues the trial court’s findings and

conclusions regarding grounds for terminating her parental rights in Dylan do not

meet a clear, cogent, and convincing standard, and the trial court abused its

discretion when it made findings contrary to the evidence and relied on those findings

in making its decision.

                           A. Supreme Court’s Mandate

      Respondent-Father and Respondent-Mother each argue the trial court did not

strictly follow the Supreme Court’s Mandate by failing to reconsider whether DSS

met its evidentiary burden under the clear, cogent, and convincing standard.

Respondent-Father specifically contends the trial court disobeyed the Supreme

Court’s Mandate by failing to “reconsider” the evidence, and by failing to make a new

best interests determination. Respondent-Mother specifically contends the Supreme

Court’s Mandate required the trial court to do more than correct a clerical error in its

29 March order, and the trial court’s attempt to correct a clerical error was

insufficient to comply with the Mandate. We address both Respondent-Father’s and

Respondent-Mother’s contentions.

      This Court’s interpretation of an appellate court’s mandate on remand to the

trial court is an issue of law reviewable de novo. See State v. Hardy, 250 N.C. App.

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225, 232, 792 S.E.2d 564, 568 (2016); see also State v. Watkins, 246 N.C. App. 725,

730, 783 S.E.2d 279, 282 (2016). An appellate court’s mandate “is binding upon the

trial court and must be strictly followed without variation or departure.” McKinney

v. McKinney, 228 N.C. App. 300, 302, 745 S.E.2d 356, 358 (2013). “[I]t is well-

established that in discerning a mandate’s intent, the plain language of the mandate

controls.” In re Parkdale Mills, 240 N.C. App. 130, 135, 770 S.E.2d 152, 156 (2015).

Trial court judgments that are “inconsistent and at variance with, contrary to, and

modified, corrected, altered or reversed prior mandates of the Supreme Court . . . [are]

unauthorized and void.” Lea Co. v. N.C. Bd. of Transp., 323 N.C. 697, 699, 374 S.E.2d

866, 868 (1989).

      In Parkdale, this Court heard an appeal from a lower tribunal’s decision on

remand, where we had instructed the lower tribunal “to conduct further hearings as

necessary.” Parkdale, 240 N.C. App. at 135, 770 S.E.2d at 156 (emphasis in original).

We held, “[w]here a directive of this Court instructs a lower tribunal that the lower

tribunal shall conduct hearings as necessary, the plain language of such a directive

indicates that the lower tribunal may, but is not required to, conduct additional

hearings.” Id. at 131, 770 S.E.2d at 154 (emphasis in original) (internal quotation

marks omitted).

      Here, our Supreme Court’s Mandate provided that the trial court was to

“review and reconsider the record before it by applying the clear, cogent, and

convincing standard to make findings of fact[,]” and that “remand of this case to the

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trial court for such an exercise is appropriate, unless the record of this case is

insufficient to support findings which are necessary to establish any of the statutory

grounds for termination.” In re J.C., ¶ 15 (emphasis in original) (internal quotation

marks omitted). Upon remand, the trial court provided in its written order that it

made its findings of fact “[f]ollowing a review of the record, the evidence presented

and the argument(s) of counsel[,]” and “using the clear, cogent and convincing

evidence standard, following the remand of this matter from the Honorable Supreme

Court of North Carolina.”

      Respondent-Father contends that “[b]y instructing the trial court to make a

new adjudicatory ruling, the Supreme Court necessarily instructed the trial court to

conduct a new disposition hearing.” As set forth in Parkdale, however, the mandate

of an appellate court is to be interpreted by its plain language, and even where the

mandate requires a trial court to “conduct further hearings as necessary,” the trial

court “may, but is not required to, conduct additional hearings.” Parkdale, 240 N.C.

App. at 131, 770 S.E.2d at 154 (emphasis in original). The plain language of our

Supreme Court’s Mandate, here, contains no such stipulation as to the trial court

conducting a further disposition hearing. Rather, the Mandate directed the trial

court to “review and reconsider the record before it by applying the clear, cogent, and

convincing standard to make findings of fact.” In re J.C., ¶ 15 (emphasis added).

Further, our Supreme Court concluded that it “cannot say that remand of this case

for the trial court’s consideration of the evidence in the record utilizing the proper

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‘clear, cogent, convincing’ standard of proof would be ‘futile,’” and that the record is

not necessarily “insufficient to support findings which are necessary to establish any

of the statutory grounds for termination.”           Id. ¶ 16 (emphasis in original).

Accordingly, it was not incumbent upon the trial court to hear additional evidence or

conduct further hearings, and the court properly reviewed and reconsidered “the

record before it.” See id. ¶ 15; see Parkdale, 340 N.C. App. at 131, 770 S.E.2d at 154.

      We note that the trial court stated during the 20 April hearing that “[i]t was

fully the [c]ourt’s intention to find [facts] by [the] clear, cogent and [convincing

evidence] standard[,]” and its use of the incorrect standard “was a clerical error.”

Respondent-Mother contends “[t]his was not consistent with the Supreme Court’s

[M]andate, which called for the trial court to ‘reconsider’ the evidence.” The Record

demonstrates, however, that the court obeyed the plain language of the Supreme

Court’s Mandate by reviewing and reconsidering the record before it under the clear,

cogent, and convincing evidence standard. See In re J.C., ¶ 15. Whether the court’s

use of the incorrect standard in the 29 March order was a “clerical error” has no

bearing on our analysis, and the trial court did not err.

                  B. Clear, Cogent, and Convincing Evidence

      Respondent-Mother argues in her brief that neither ground found by the trial

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court for parental rights termination in Dylan met the “clear and convincing”3

evidence threshold. Specifically, Respondent-Mother contends she made reasonable

progress under the circumstances to correct the conditions that led to the removal of

Dylan, and there was no clear, cogent, and convincing evidence that supported the

trial court’s finding of continuing neglect. We disagree.

       “The issue of whether a trial court’s adjudicatory findings of fact support its

conclusions of law that grounds existed to terminate parental rights pursuant to N.C.

[Gen. Stat.] § 7B-1111(a) is reviewed de novo by the appellate court.” In re M.R.F.,

378 N.C. 638, 2021-NCSC-111, ¶ 7 (internal quotation marks omitted) (cleaned up).

“A trial court’s finding of fact that is supported by clear, cogent, and convincing

evidence is deemed conclusive even if the record contains evidence that would support

a contrary finding.” In re A.L., 378 N.C. 396, 2021-NCSC-92, ¶ 16. “[A]n adjudication

of any single ground for terminating a parent’s rights under N.C. [Gen. Stat.] § 7B-

1111(a) will suffice to support a termination order.” In re M.S., 378 N.C. 30, 2021-

NCSC-75, ¶ 21 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

       Under statute, a court may terminate parental rights upon a finding that:

               The parent has willfully left the juvenile in foster care or
               placement outside the home for more than [twelve] months
               without showing to the satisfaction of the court that
               reasonable progress under the circumstances has been
               made in correcting those conditions which led to the

       3 Although Mother argues the trial court did not meet the “clear and convincing” standard of
evidence, the Supreme Court’s Mandate set forth that the trial court’s findings must meet the “clear,
cogent, and convincing” standard, and our analysis therefore turns on the latter. See In re J.C., ¶ 15.

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             removal of the juvenile. No parental rights, however, shall
             be terminated for the sole reason that the parents are
             unable to care for the juvenile on account of their poverty.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(2) (2021); see In re J.S., 374 N.C. 811, 815, 845 S.E.2d

66, 71 (2020). “Willfulness is established when the respondent had the ability to show

reasonable progress, but was unwilling to make the effort.” In re McMillon, 143 N.C.

App. 402, 410, 546 S.E.2d 169, 175 (2001); see also In re J.S., 374 N.C. at 815, 845

S.E.2d at 71 (“A respondent’s prolonged inability to improve her situation, despite

some efforts in that direction, will support a finding of willfulness regardless of her

good intentions, and will support a finding of lack of progress sufficient to warrant

the termination of parental rights under [N.C. Gen. Stat. §] 7B-1111(a)(2).”) (internal

quotation marks omitted) (cleaned up). For a respondent-parent’s noncompliance

with her case plan to support the termination of her parental rights, however, “there

must be a nexus between the components of the court-approved case plan with which

the respondent failed to comply and the conditions which led to the child’s removal

from the parental home.” In re J.S., 374 N.C. at 816, 845 S.E.2d at 71 (quoting In re

B.O.A., 372 N.C. 372, 384, 831 S.E.2d 305, 314 (2019)); see also In re Y.Y.E.T., 205

N.C. App. 120, 131, 695 S.E.2d 517, 524 (“[T]he case plan is not just a check list. The

parents must demonstrate acknowledgement and understanding of why the juvenile

entered DSS custody as well as changed behaviors.”).

      Here, the children came into the custody of DSS in April 2016, and Respondent-

Appellants were arrested in June 2016. Respondent-Appellants have been out on

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bond since that time, and their bond prohibited them from having contact with their

children. Dylan, therefore, has been placed outside the home for more than twelve

months pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(2). See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-

1111(a)(2) (2021).

      Respondent-Appellants’ case plan set forth requirements that they participate

in parenting classes totaling twelve hours, and in individual counseling sessions.

DSS presented evidence that Respondent-Appellants willfully failed to fulfill either

of these two requirements, despite many opportunities to do so.           Respondent-

Appellants elected to participate in an online parenting class totaling four hours, and

were repeatedly instructed by DSS that this was insufficient to fulfill the parenting

class requirement of the case plan. After November 2016, DSS received no further

update regarding Respondent-Appellants attending individual counseling or therapy,

despite DSS’s continued encouragement of Respondent-Appellants to do so. Further,

Respondent-Mother communicated to the social worker that she does not trust or

need counseling and has chosen not to participate in counseling. The completion of

both individual counseling and parenting classes was important under the

circumstances, as one of the stated goals for Respondent-Appellants in completing

these two, specific, case plan requirements was to “acknowledge why the juveniles[]

came into custody of [DSS].” See In re J.S., 374 N.C. at 816, 845 S.E.2d at 71; see also

In re Y.Y.E.T., 205 N.C. App. at 131, 695 S.E.2d at 524.

      The foregoing evidence demonstrates an ability on the part of Respondent-

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Mother to show reasonable progress in her case plan and, not on account of poverty,

an unwillingness to make the effort. See McMillon, 143 N.C. App. at 410, 546 S.E.2d

at 175. As the aim of these two case plan requirements was to “acknowledge why the

juveniles[] came into custody of [DSS][,]” there is a nexus between these components

of the case plan and the conditions leading to Dylan’s removal from Respondent-

Appellants’ home. See In re J.S., 374 N.C. at 816, 845 S.E.2d at 71; see also In re

Y.Y.E.T., 205 N.C. App. at 131, 695 S.E.2d at 524. Accordingly, the trial court’s

adjudicatory finding that Respondent-Mother willfully left the juvenile in foster care

or placement outside the home for more than twelve months was supported by clear,

cogent, and convincing evidence, and the trial court had sufficient grounds to

terminate Respondent-Mother’s parental rights in Dylan. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-

1111(a)(2) (2021). The trial court’s adjudicatory finding pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat.

§ 7B-1111(a)(2) is, on its own, sufficient to support termination of Respondent-

Mother’s parental rights, and we need not assess Respondent-Mother’s neglect

argument. See In re M.S., ¶ 21.

                           C. Best Interests of the Child

      Respondent-Mother argues the trial court abused its discretion when it made

erroneous findings concerning Dylan’s likelihood of adoption, which “possibly

influence[d] the court’s ultimate best interests determination.”

      “With regard to the trial court’s assessment of a juvenile’s best interests at the

dispositional stage, . . . we review that decision solely for abuse of discretion.” In re

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R.D., 376 N.C. 244, 248, 852 S.E.2d 117, 122 (2020) (citation and internal quotation

marks omitted). “[A]buse of discretion results where the court’s ruling is manifestly

unsupported by reason or is so arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a

seasoned decision.” Id. at 248, 852 S.E.2d at 122.

      In making a determination on the best interests of a juvenile:

             After an adjudication that one or more grounds for
             terminating a parent’s rights exist, the [trial] court shall
             determine whether terminating the parent’s rights is in the
             juvenile’s best interest. The court may consider any
             evidence, including hearsay evidence as defined in [N.C.
             Gen. Stat. §] 8C-1, Rule 801, that the court finds to be
             relevant, reliable, and necessary to determine the best
             interests of the juvenile. In each case, the court shall
             consider the following criteria and make written findings
             regarding the following that are relevant:

             (1) The age of the juvenile.

             (2) The likelihood of adoption of the juvenile.

             (3) Whether the termination of parental rights will aid in
             the accomplishment of the permanent plan for the juvenile.

             (4) The bond between the juvenile and the parent.

             (5) The quality of the relationship between the juvenile and
             the proposed adoptive parent, guardian, custodian, or other
             permanent placement.

             (6) Any relevant consideration.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1110(a) (2021). Our Supreme Court has provided the likelihood

of adoption criterion is not dispositive as to a best interests determinations, and “the

trial court need not find a likelihood of adoption in order to terminate parental

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                                   IN RE: D.C. & J.C.

                                    Opinion of the Court

rights.”   In re H.A.J., 377 N.C. 43, 2021-NCSC-26, ¶ 28 (internal quotation marks

omitted); see also In re A.R.A., 373 N.C. 190, 200, 835 S.E.2d 417, 424 (2019) (“[T]he

absence of an adoptive placement for a juvenile at the time of the termination hearing

is not a bar to terminating parental rights.”) (alteration in original) (citation omitted).

       As explained above, the Supreme Court’s Mandate did not require the trial

court to conduct additional hearings or receive new evidence on remand. See In re

J.C., ¶ 15. Accordingly, it was proper for the court to consider the evidence “in the

record before it” to make a best interests determination under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-

1110(a). Id. ¶ 15.

       The trial court, in its written order, made relevant findings based on clear,

cogent, and convincing evidence concerning Dylan and regarding subsections (3) and

(4) of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1110(a).       The current permanent plan for Dylan is

“adoption with a concurrent plan of guardianship.” The trial court made adjudicatory

findings of fact 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, and 75, and dispositional findings of fact 9, 11, 15,

and 41, all of which were based on the evidence of Dylan’s counseling sessions and

are relevant to either the accomplishment of Dylan’s permanent plan or the bond

between Dylan and Respondent-Appellants. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1110(a)(3)–(4)

(2021).

       Even if there is a lack of current, relevant evidence supporting a likelihood of

Dylan’s adoption, the trial court’s conclusion that it would be in Dylan’s best interests

to terminate Respondent-Appellants’ parental rights was supported by findings made

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                                  IN RE: D.C. & J.C.

                                  Opinion of the Court

by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence. It cannot be said that the trial court’s

decision was “manifestly unsupported by reason or . . . so arbitrary that it could not

have been the result of a seasoned decision.” In re R.D., 376 N.C. at 248, 852 S.E.2d

at 122.   We hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding the

termination of Respondent-Mother’s parental rights was in Dylan’s best interests.

                                   IV. Conclusion

      After careful review, we conclude the trial court: obeyed the Supreme Court’s

mandate to review and reconsider the record before it under the clear, cogent, and

convincing standard; found sufficient grounds to terminate Respondent-Appellants’

parental rights in Dylan; and did not abuse its discretion in making its best interests

determination.    For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s order

terminating the parental rights of Respondent-Appellants.

      AFFIRMED.

      Judges DILLON and WOOD concur.

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