Court Opinion

ID: 4169725
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-05-18 20:10:50.726316+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:20:45.873469
License: Public Domain

Digitally signed by
                                                                              Reporter of Decisions
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                                                                              document
                                    Appellate Court                           Date: 2017.05.15
                                                                              08:59:48 -05'00'

           Murphy v. Advocate Health & Hospitals Corp., 2017 IL App (4th) 160513

Appellate Court         PATRICK B. MURPHY, M.D., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. ADVOCATE
Caption                 HEALTH AND HOSPITALS CORPORATION, d/b/a Advocate
                        BroMenn Medical Center, Defendant-Appellee.

District & No.          Fourth District
                        Docket No. 4-16-0513

Filed                   March 7, 2017

Decision Under          Appeal from the Circuit Court of McLean County, No. 16-CH-122;
Review                  the Hon. Mark A. Fellheimer, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                Reversed; cause remanded.

Counsel on              Jenna E. Milaeger (argued), Michael K. Goldberg (argued), and
Appeal                  Robert A. Bauerschmidt, of Goldberg Law Group, LLC, of Chicago,
                        and Terence B. Kelly, of Thompson & Weintraub, of Bloomington,
                        for appellant.

                        Daniel J. Fumagalli, David J. Tecson (argued), and Ryan A. Haas, of
                        Chuhak & Tecson, P.C., of Chicago, and Richard E. Stites and Kirk A.
                        Holman, of Livingston, Barger, Brandt & Schroeder, of Bloomington,
                        for appellee.
     Panel                   JUSTICE STEIGMANN delivered the judgment of the court, with
                             opinion.
                             Justice Appleton concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                             Justice Harris dissented, with opinion.

                                              OPINION

¶1         In May 2016, the vice president for medical management of defendant, Advocate Health
       and Hospitals Corporation, d/b/a Advocate BroMenn Medical Center (BroMenn), told
       plaintiff, Patrick B. Murphy, M.D., that his clinical privileges had been summarily suspended,
       which effectively ended Murphy’s authorization to practice medicine at BroMenn. Shortly
       thereafter, BroMenn reinstated Murphy’s privileges based on a mutual agreement that Murphy
       would refrain from using those credentials during BroMenn’s further inquiry into the matter.
¶2         In June 2016—after Murphy alleged that BroMenn failed to comply with various medical
       staff bylaws when summarily suspending his privileges—BroMenn’s medical staff executive
       committee voted to reinstate Murphy’s summary suspension. Later that month, in response to
       Murphy’s request, an “intraprofessional conference” comprised of a hearing officer and a
       panel of five medical professionals considered whether Murphy’s summary suspension was
       warranted. The conference panel later recommended that BroMenn’s governing council
       maintain the summary suspension of Murphy’s privileges, which the council accepted.
¶3         Thereafter, Murphy filed a motion requesting an emergency temporary restraining order
       and preliminary injunction against BroMenn. In his prayer for relief, Murphy sought (1) a
       declaratory finding that the May 2016 summary suspension of his privileges “violated state
       law and is null and void” and (2) a temporary, preliminary, and permanent injunction
       prohibiting BroMenn from enforcing or reporting the summary suspension of his privileges.
       Following a July 2016 hearing, the trial court denied Murphy’s motion for declaratory and
       injunctive relief.
¶4         Murphy appeals, arguing that the trial court erred by denying his motion for declaratory
       and injunctive relief. Pertinent to this appeal is Murphy’s contention that BroMenn failed to
       follow the proper procedure provided by its medical staff bylaws when summarily suspending
       his privileges. For the reasons that follow, we reverse.

¶5                                            I. BACKGROUND
¶6                 A. The Pertinent Provisions of BroMenn’s Medical Staff Bylaws
¶7         As noted, the pertinent issue on appeal concerns the proper procedure for summarily
       suspending a physician’s privileges, which Murphy alleges BroMenn violated by not
       following its medical staff bylaws. Thus, in addition to tailoring our ensuing discussion
       regarding the pertinent circumstances of Murphy’s claim, we quote the following pertinent
       provisions of BroMenn’s medical staff bylaws to provide context.
¶8         Article VIII, section II, titled “Summary Suspension,” provides, in part, as follows:
                   “Any two or more of the following individuals, acting together, shall be deemed to
               be a duly recognized Emergency Action Sub-Committee of the Executive Committee
               or the Governing Council: the Medical Staff President, the Chair of a clinical

                                                  -2-
               Department, [or] the President of [BroMenn’s] Medical Center. The Emergency Action
               Sub-committee has the authority to summarily suspend, based on documentation or
               other reliable information, the Medical Staff membership status or all or any portion of
               the clinical privileges of a member or privileges holder whose conduct or continuation
               of Practice presents an immediate danger to the public ***. The summary suspension is
               effective immediately upon imposition.
                   A. REVIEW OF SUMMARY SUSPENSION. As soon as reasonably possible, the
               Executive Committee shall meet to review the documentation upon which the
               summary suspension is based, and recommend whether it should be affirmed, lifted,
               expunged, or modified. If the Executive Committee recommends that the summary
               suspension be lifted, expunged[,] or modified, that recommendation must be reviewed
               by the Governing Council, or a committee of the governing Council, on an expedited
               basis.
                   After summary suspension is imposed, the affected practitioner summarily
               suspended shall be entitled to written notification thereof which shall be deposited in
               the U.S. mail addressed to his or her last known address. The affected practitioner shall
               be entitled to request an Intraprofessional Conference under Article IX to contest the
               suspension. *** The Intraprofessional Conference, if requested, will be conducted
               within *** (15) days from the effective date of the summary suspension unless
               otherwise determined by mutual agreement of the parties.”
¶9         Article IX, section I, titled “Right of Intraprofessional Conference,” provides, as follows:
                   “A. The Hospital President shall give an effected [sic] member or, in circumstances
               that could result in a National Practitioner Data Bank report, an applicant, written
               notice of any adverse action, defined in Section II of this Article. The notice shall also
               state the reasons for the adverse action, including any and all economic factors
               therefore, the right of the affected individual to request an Intraprofessional Conference
               as described in these Bylaws, the [30-] day deadline within which the Intraprofessional
               Conference must be requested, and the rights available in the Intraprofessional
               Conference.”
       Article IX, section II(A), classifies the reduction, suspension, or revocation of clinical
       privileges as an adverse action.
¶ 10       Article IX, section IV, titled “Initiation of Conference Process,” provides, in pertinent part,
       as follows:
                   “A. As soon as is reasonably practicable after receipt of such request, the Hospital
               President shall schedule the Conference and shall notify the affected individual in
               writing, return receipt requested, of the date and time the Conference is to take place, as
               well as its location along with a list of witnesses expected to testify. In no event other
               than summary suspension[ ] [s]hould the date for the Conference be set less than ***
               (30) days nor more than *** (50) days from receipt of request for such Conference
               unless otherwise agreed to by the parties.
                   B. The affected individual is entitled, upon timely and advanced written request, to
               inspect all pertinent and non-privileged information in the Hospital’s possession prior
               to the Intraprofessional Conference.
                   ***

                                                    -3-
                   D. The affected individual shall be entitled to representation by legal counsel or by
               any individual of the subject’s choice in any phase of the hearing and shall receive
               notice of the right to obtain such representation. The medical executive committee shall
               appoint a representative to present its action or recommendation, the materials in
               support thereof, examine witnesses, and respond to appropriate questions, and may be
               represented by legal counsel in place of or in addition to such representation.”
¶ 11       Article IX, section VI(C), which appears under the title “Rules of Procedure,” provides that
       “[t]he Committee and the affected individuals both have the right to call and cross-examine
       witnesses during the Conference.”

¶ 12                       B. BroMenn’s Initial Notice to Murphy Regarding the
                                  Summary Suspension of His Privileges
¶ 13       On the evening of Friday, May 20, 2016, Dr. James Nevin, Jr., BroMenn’s vice president
       for medical management, verbally informed Murphy, a board-certified physician in cardiology
       and interventional cardiology, that his privileges—through which Murphy had practiced
       medicine at BroMenn since 1994—had been summarily suspended. Nevin’s decision
       originated from a meeting conducted earlier that day, during which he and three other
       physicians discussed the medical care Murphy provided to E.W. from May 11, 2016, to May
       14, 2016, when E.W. died of cardiogenic shock. In a May 23, 2016, letter, the president of
       BroMenn’s medical staff, Dr. Mark J. Hanson, provided Murphy the following notice: “This
       letter is to notify you that, upon review of a quality concern, it has been determined that a
       summary suspension be imposed effective May 20, 2016. If you have any questions, please
       contact me.”

¶ 14                  C. The Special Meeting of BroMenn’s Executive Committee
                           and the Governing Council’s Subsequent Approval
¶ 15       (The following synopsis was gleaned from minutes documenting a special meeting of
       BroMenn’s executive committee.)
¶ 16       The same day that Hanson sent his letter to Murphy, Hanson chaired a special meeting of
       BroMenn’s executive committee to determine whether to “affirm, lift, expunge, or modify” the
       summary suspension of Murphy’s privileges. The chair of medicine for BroMenn’s medical
       staff, Dr. Chae Chu—who was present at the May 20, 2016, meeting—provided the executive
       committee a technical summary of the medical care Murphy administered to E.W. from May
       11, 2016, to May 14, 2016. Following that summation, Chu noted the following deficiencies:
       (1) the absence of any documentation concerning the May 12, 2016, cardiac catheterization
       procedure Murphy performed on E.W.; (2) a delay in the bedside evaluation of E.W.’s status;
       (3) an inappropriate response to clinical findings; and (4) Murphy’s refusal to consult with an
       intensive care unit (ICU) physician who had requested to confer with Murphy about the
       management of E.W.’s care.
¶ 17       Under the “Discussion” heading that documented the executive committee meeting was
       the following notation:
               “Of note, there were two quality cases reviewed in 2015, one determined to be [an
               opportunity for improvement]. There are two other cases currently in the peer review
               process and another case (aside from this one) which will be submitted for review.

                                                   -4-
               Summaries of [eight] Incident reports from [December 10, 2015, to] Friday’s event
               were included in the information provided to the [executive] committee.”
       (The term “Friday’s event,” may refer to Friday, May 13, 2016, the last day Murphy provided
       E.W. medical care, or Friday, May 20, 2016, the day Nevin told Murphy that his privileges had
       been summarily suspended.)
¶ 18        The executive committee also discussed the possibility that “the recent number of quality
       events, after 20 years of practice, could be indicative of an issue in *** Murphy’s personal
       life.” An executive committee member added that because the lack of medical documentation
       was a historical critique of BroMenn’s cardiology department, the executive committee should
       not affirm Murphy’s summary suspension on that basis. Thereafter, the executive committee
       decided to (1) “lift the suspension imposed on Friday, May 20[, 2016],” and (2) refer the matter
       to the “productive interaction process.” In so doing, the executive committee planned to seek
       Murphy’s voluntary commitment to refrain from using his privileges until completion of the
       productive interaction. (As described in Article III, section V(B), of BroMenn’s medical staff
       bylaws, a “productive interaction” may be utilized as a means of resolving behavioral, clinical,
       or administrative issues, which does not involve an investigation or hearing that implicates
       procedural rights.)
¶ 19        On May 24, 2016, BroMenn’s governing council reviewed and approved the executive
       committee’s determination to reinstate Murphy’s privileges, which remained contingent on
       Murphy’s commitment to refrain from using those credentials until completion of the
       productive interaction.

¶ 20                                    D. BroMenn’s Notification
¶ 21       On May 25, 2016, Murphy met with Chu and agreed verbally that he would not use his
       privileges during the pendency of the productive interaction. That same day, Hanson sent
       Murphy a letter, stating as follows:
                   “As *** previously notified verbally on *** May 20, 2016[,] and followed by my
               letter dated May 23, 2016, your *** privileges were summarily suspended at ***
               BroMenn ***. Pursuant to the Medical Staff Bylaws, this action was reviewed by the
               *** Executive Committee *** and the Governing Counsel of BroMenn.
                   The [Executive Committee] recommended and the Governing Council concurred
               that the summary suspension should be lifted. Therefore, your *** privileges are no
               longer suspended. However, the Governing Counsel requested, and you have agreed,
               that you will voluntarily not exercise your *** privileges pending a peer review
               investigation by BroMenn related to clinical concerns that have been raised. In
               addition, the Productive Interaction Process will be initiated.
                   At this time[,] no events have occurred that entitle you to a fair hearing pursuant to
               the Medical Staff Bylaw. I understand a copy of the Bylaws was provided to you via
               email this morning.”

                                                   -5-
¶ 22                       E. The Executive Committee’s Subsequent Summary
                                   Suspension of Murphy’s Privileges
¶ 23                     1. Murphy’s Expressed Intent to Exercise His Privileges
¶ 24       Shortly thereafter, Murphy retained counsel. (Unless otherwise noted, all further
       references to Murphy should be considered actions taken on his behalf by his retained
       counsel.) On May 31, 2016, Murphy sent Hanson a letter, stating that he would not voluntarily
       relinquish his privileges. Murphy based his decision on BroMenn’s alleged failure to establish
       that an immediate danger existed as required by section 10.4 of the Hospital Licensing Act,
       which provides that “[a] summary suspension may not be implemented unless there is actual
       documentation or other reliable information that an immediate danger exists.” 210 ILCS
       85/10.4(b)(2)(C)(i) (West 2014).
¶ 25       In a separate correspondence, which was also dated May 31, 2016, Murphy demanded that
       BroMenn immediately expunge any reference to the summary suspension from his medical
       staff record, emphasizing the following alleged deficiencies:
                   “To date, BroMenn has provided no written notice *** of an actual documented
               immediate danger necessitating the summary suspension, any written notice of the
               alleged reason(s) for the summary suspension, or [Murphy’s] right to request a
               hearing on the summary suspension in violation of the Bylaws and [Act].” (Emphasis
               in original.)
       Murphy added that BroMenn’s documentation concerns could not substantiate an immediate
       danger.

¶ 26                       2. The Executive Committee’s Response to Murphy’s
                                Expressed Intent to Exercise His Privileges
¶ 27       On June 1, 2016, Hanson informed Murphy by letter that the executive committee had
       convened earlier that day and voted to summarily suspend Murphy’s privileges effective
       immediately. The executive committee found that the care Murphy provided to E.W. during
       May 13-14, 2016, “raises such significant concerns regarding your medical judgment and
       ability to practice medicine, that it has been determined that continued medical practice by you
       at [BroMenn] poses an immediate danger to its patients.” In support of its decision, the
       executive committee listed the following deficiencies: (1) the absence of documentation of
       cardiac catheterization images or reports of cardiac catheterization intervention; (2)
       inappropriate treatment for cardiogenic shock; (3) delay in bedside evaluation of a critically ill
       patient; (4) inappropriate response (E.W. was hypotensive for over 17 hours without effective
       treatment) and an inadequate conclusion of the cause of E.W.’s cardiac arrhythmias (Murphy
       allegedly told an attending nurse that E.W.’s death was caused by the administration of
       Benadryl and Xanax); (5) refusal to consult with an ICU physician about E.W.’s medical
       management and, instead, instructing the nurse to call Murphy only for orders regarding
       E.W.’s care; (6) lack of medical knowledge and decision; (7) poor judgment and management
       of critical labs and medical condition; and (8) improper administration of a specific
       medication. The executive committee noted that “in addition[,] in the past 18 months, ***
       Murphy has had [four] peer review cases and [10] other reports for inadequate documentation
       and/or management.”

                                                   -6-
¶ 28                 F. The Request and Response for an Intraprofessional Conference
¶ 29                     1. Murphy’s Request for an Intraprofessional Conference
                                           and Relevant Information
¶ 30       On June 2, 2016, Murphy sent a letter addressed to Hanson in which he requested an
       intraprofessional conference on BroMenn’s decision to summarily suspend his privileges. In
       making that request, Murphy stated the following:
               “Please be advised that this request for [intraprofessional] [c]onference assumes that all
               documentation on which the summary suspension is based has been provided to ***
               Murphy *** expeditiously. *** The [c]onference will be rendered useless if ***
               Murphy is not provided with all the documentation on which the summary suspension
               was based and given an opportunity to review said documentation in advance of the
               [c]onference. A written request for said documentation has been submitted to
               [BroMenn’s] Associate General Counsel *** today.”
¶ 31       On June 6, 2016, Murphy sent a written request addressed to BroMenn’s retained counsel
       and BroMenn’s associate general counsel requesting the following documentation:
                    “1. All minutes of all medical staff and/or hospital meetings at which *** Murphy
               and/or his medical staff membership and/or [his] clinical privileges have been
               discussed since he joined the medical staff at *** BroMenn ***;
                    2. *** Murphy’s credential/personnel file at *** BroMenn ***;
                    3. All internal or external reviews of any of *** Murphy’s medical charts or patient
               care rendered by *** Murphy;
                    4. All internal and external medical staff or hospital communications about ***
               Murphy;
                    5. All witness statements gathered during any investigation of *** Murphy;
                    6. A copy of any report(s) of any autopsies performed on *** E.W. and if none
               exists, a description of the cause of death *** and/or the *** [e]xecutive committee’s
               conclusion as to the suspected cause of death of *** E.W.;
                    7. The names of the members of the ‘Emergency Action Sub-Committee’ that
               initiated the summary suspension under Article VIII, Section II of the [m]edical [s]taff
               [b]ylaws and any reports, communications, memorandums[,] or other documents
               prepared by said committee to the summary suspension; and
                    8. A list of any and all witnesses that the *** [e]xecutive [c]ommittee intends to
               present and all documents that will be introduced at the [i]ntraprofessional
               [c]onference.”

¶ 32                       2. BroMenn’s Response to Murphy’s Request for an
                                      Intraprofessional Conference
¶ 33       On June 7, 2016, BroMenn’s medical center president, Colleen Kannaday, informed
       Murphy by letter that BroMenn had scheduled a June 10, 2016, intraprofessional conference to
       either confirm or overturn the executive committee’s summary suspension of Murphy’s
       privileges. In her letter, Kannaday identified, by name, (1) the intraprofessional conference
       panel members and (2) seven witnesses BroMenn expected to solicit testimony from at the
       conference. Although Kannaday’s correspondence mentioned that Murphy had the right to

                                                   -7-
       “[i]nspect all pertinent and non-privileged information in [BroMenn’s] possession *** with
       respect to the decision which is the subject of the [conference],” Kannaday’s letter did not
       otherwise acknowledge Murphy’s June 6, 2016, letter requesting the aforementioned
       documentation.

¶ 34                                    3. BroMenn’s Disclosures
¶ 35       On June 9, 2016, BroMenn identified 13 exhibits it intended to introduce at the
       intraprofessional conference. Exhibits 1 to 9 concerned primarily the aforementioned
       correspondences exchanged between Murphy and BroMenn between May 23, 2016, and June
       7, 2016. The minutes of the May 23, 2016, special meeting of BroMenn’s executive committee
       were also included in the nine exhibits. The remainder of BroMenn’s exhibits were as follows:
       (1) exhibit 10 contained E.W.’s medical records; (2) exhibit 11 showed “peer review
       worksheet[s]” for two unidentified patients, which summarized the care provided to each
       patient in December 2014 and April 2015, respectively; (3) exhibit 12 disclosed eight “Midas”
       reports (the Midas reports appear to be brief excerpts extracted from medical charts,
       summarizing the care provided to unidentified patients from December 2015 to May 2016);
       and (4) exhibit 13 included medical records of a patient identified as M.A. In a June 2016
       affidavit, Mary S. Matthews, BroMenn’s associate general counsel, averred that BroMenn
       provided Murphy (1) E.W.’s medical records on June 2, 2016, (2) exhibits 12 and 13 on June 7,
       2013, and (3) exhibit 11 on June 9, 2016. (We note that two of the four peer review cases and 2
       of the 10 Midas reports that BroMenn relied upon in summarily suspending Murphy’s
       privileges were not provided to Murphy and not included in the record on appeal.)

¶ 36                                a. The Peer Review Worksheets
¶ 37       We note that the peer review reports at issue do not provide the identities of the respective
       personnel involved. However, as disclosed by BroMenn in its brief to this court, exhibit 13,
       which contained the medical file of a patient identified as M.A., is the 92-year-old patient
       reflected in the December 2014 peer review case we now summarize.

¶ 38                      i. The Peer Review of the December 2014 Medical Case
¶ 39       On July 7, 2015, BroMenn sent Murphy an unsigned letter stating that in an effort to
       comply with its commitment to provide “safe, high quality patient care,” BroMenn had
       approved “14 quality indicators that determine which cases were peer reviewed.” (BroMenn’s
       correspondence did not further specify the 14 factors.) BroMenn informed Murphy that the
       attached December 2014 medical case “met the medical staff criteria for peer review.” The
       description section of the peer review worksheet listed the following: “Possible no follow up of
       diagnostic result.” BroMenn informed Murphy that “the Medical Care Evaluation Committee”
       (MCE) would convene in August 2015 to discuss the case and urged Murphy to provide any
       additional information or comments that would be “helpful to assess this case.”
¶ 40       The attached peer review worksheet provided information regarding the December 6,
       2014, hospital admission of a 92-year-old patient who had fractured her hip, noting that the
       patient had a “significant medical history.” The following day, cardiology cleared the patient
       for surgery. On December 8, 2015, the patient presented with symptoms that prompted calls to
       a hospitalist, orthopedic surgeon, and cardiologist. The resulting cardiology note described the
       medical issue, as follows:

                                                   -8-
               “ ‘Troponins were mildly elevated earlier, but no evidence of any significant
               [electrocardiogram] changes or chest pain. We will continue to follow [patient]
               clinically at this point in time. I think with transient anemia after operation, there may
               have been very minimal cardiac embarrassment, but no significant [sic] at this point in
               time. We will continue to follow along.’ ”
¶ 41       A nursing note documented that on the evening of December 10, 2014, the cardiologist was
       notified that the patient was “in and out of junctional rhythm with a rate of 50s-60’s and
       dropped to 38 [beats per minute] at one time,” the orders received were to “continue to monitor
       and update physician through the night.” The following day, a nursing note documented a
       phone call between the hospitalist and cardiologist in which the hospitalist acknowledged that
       the patient had elevated test results that cardiology would “monitor closely.” Later that
       evening, the hospitalist ordered the cessation of cardiac and electrocardiogram monitoring. On
       the morning of December 12, 2014, the patient was intubated after becoming unresponsive and
       pale. Family members requested the cessation of resuscitative efforts, and the patient died later
       that morning.
¶ 42       On August 24, 2015, BroMenn sent the following letter to Murphy, stating, in pertinent
       part, the following regarding the December 2014 medical case:
               “This case was initially reviewed by a peer, sent to you for your response, and was
               subsequently submitted to the MCE. The MCE decision is the final determination.
                    An Opportunity for Improvement (OFI) was identified by the [MCE]. This
               information is placed in your quality file in the Department of Medical Affairs to
               document the outcome of the review. These files are protected under the Illinois
               Compiled Statutes and therefore cannot be accessed by anyone outside of [BroMenn].
                    This correspondence is intended for your information only.” (Emphasis in
               original.)
       The OFIs listed concerned the (1) “[o]pportunity to improve legibility of documentation and
       (2) opportunity for better communication with patient/family or members of the medical
       team.” The peer review evaluation also noted that “no significant care variation” was shown as
       the “[patient was] high risk to begin with.”

¶ 43                   ii. BroMenn’s Peer Review of the April 2015 Medical Case
¶ 44       On September 4, 2015, BroMenn sent Murphy a letter which was substantially similar to
       the July 7, 2015, letter BroMenn had sent to Murphy, alerting him to the peer review of an
       April 2015 medical case. The “Description” section of the peer review worksheet listed the
       following: “Death, Possible PE following procedure.” BroMenn informed Murphy that the
       MCE would convene in September 2015 to discuss the case and urged Murphy to provide any
       additional information or comments.
¶ 45       The attached peer review worksheet provided information on the April 16, 2015, arrival of
       a 58-year-old man complaining of chest pain that had been ongoing for two hours. At a
       subsequent procedure performed that day, angioplasty and stents “were deployed” to the
       patient’s right coronary and distal circumflex artery, with no relief to the patient’s pain. A
       second procedure deployed a stent to the left anterior descending artery and resolved the
       patient’s pain. No complications were observed and the patient was admitted to BroMenn later
       that afternoon. Sometime thereafter, the patient’s friend alerted medical staff that the patient

                                                   -9-
       could not breathe. Patient had a purple face and no pulse. Resuscitation efforts were not
       successful.
¶ 46      On October 21, 2015, BroMenn informed Murphy by letter that a peer review of the April
       2015 case did not identify any OFIs.

¶ 47                                       b. The Midas Reports
¶ 48       As previously noted, the eight “Midas” reports contained brief summaries detailing
       medical care for unidentified patients from December 2015 to May 2016. (We note that any
       reference to “Braastad” in the following Midas reports is to Dr. Robert Braastad, a cardiologist
       with 21 years experience, who is chair of BroMenn’s department of cardiology and director of
       BroMenn’s cardiac catheterization laboratory.)
¶ 49       A sampling of those reports contains the following information:
                   “1/20/2016 2:43 AM by NOT AUTHENTICATED
              [Patient] was to have a [catheterization] on 1/13. There is a nursing communication,
              that on day of [catheterization], to hold ACE inhibitors and ARBs if creatinine is >1.5
              or GFR <60. [Patient] did receive dose that morning when [creatinine] was 1.5 and
              GRF was 33. Unsure whether this influenced AKI.
              Refer to Chair CHU &? Braastad for Peer Review[.]
                   12/10/2015 7:55 PM by NOT AUTHENTICATED
              Patient admitted to floor past scheduled cardiac [catheterization] with no home
              medications addressed by physician. Home medication list was entered by RN in
              [catheterization] lab.
              Refer to Chair—CHU[.]
                   12/10/2015 7:51 PM by NOT AUTHENTICATED
              Patient came back from [catheterization] lab with no post [catheterization] orders.
                   12/10/2015 7:49 PM by NOT AUTHENICATED
              After receiving report it was ordered that patient was scheduled for a cardiac
              [catheterization] at 0800 and that patient had an allergy to contrast with no orders on
              the chart for allergy. Night shift was aware of [catheterization] time and no
              [intravenous (IV)] fluids had been started because there were no orders for those either.
              This [registered nurse (RN)] did an override for IV fluids, looked up contrast allergy
              protocols, did an override on those, and paged the physician. *** Murphy promptly
              called back. I told him all the medications I pulled and asked if he was ok with them. As
              IV fluids were started[,] it was noted that the patient[’]s IV was infiltrating. IV fluids
              were stopped and a new IV was attempted by this RN x 2. [Three] other RNs attempted
              to start an IV. Patient ended up being stuck [eight] times before we were successful. All
              these setbacks delayed the patient[’]s care. The allergy protocol and new IV and fluids
              could have been started long before day shift.
              Refer to Chair CHU &? Braastad
                   4/15/2016 12:58 PM by NOT AUTHENTICATED
              Patient admitted *** for Chest Pain 4/13/2016 ay 20:09. As of 1200 today (4/15) this
              patient has not yet been seen by admitting physician, *** Murphy. Verbal discussion
              from the staff is that *** Murphy wants to do a cardiac [catheterization]. Unable to do

                                                  - 10 -
              it on 4/14 due to his schedule. No orders for the [catheterization] but it was
              communicate[d] by the office to the [catheterization] lab that the [catheterization] is to
              be done at 1430 on 4/15. There is no evidence *** that indicated this patient has seen
              [sic]. Text message regarding situation sent to *** Murphy by *** Nevin.”

¶ 50                               G. The Intraprofessional Conference
¶ 51       At the June 10, 2016, intraprofessional conference, Murphy was represented by retained
       counsel Gerald G. Goldberg, Michael K. Goldberg, and Jenna Milaeger. BroMenn was
       represented by retained counsel David J. Tecson. Also present on BroMenn’s behalf was Mary
       S. Matthews, BroMenn’s associate general counsel. Retired Judge Donald Bernardi presided
       over the conference as the hearing officer. During the intraprofessional conference, the
       five-member medical panel was tasked with either affirming, lifting, expunging, or modifying
       the executive committee’s June 1, 2016, summary suspension of Murphy’s privileges. Prior to
       the start of the conference, Bernardi noted that each of the five panel members had received a
       binder containing the 13 aforementioned exhibits. The committee members considered the
       following testimony.

¶ 52                                      1. BroMenn’s Evidence
¶ 53       Chu, a pulmonary and critical care specialist, testified generally about his participation at
       the May 20, 2016, emergency meeting held with three other physicians and his aforementioned
       concerns regarding Murphy’s treatment of E.W. Chu opined that (1) E.W. exhibited symptoms
       indicative of cardiogenic shock and (2) Murphy’s failure to correctly identify and
       appropriately treat E.W.’s condition breached the expected medical standard of care. Chu
       acknowledged that he had also participated in the May 23, 2016, special meeting of the
       executive committee that lifted the summary suspension imposed three days earlier, which was
       contingent on Murphy’s agreement that he would not perform consults, admit patients, or
       perform any surgical procedures at BroMenn during the productive interaction. Chu estimated
       that the productive interaction would have taken about two weeks to complete.
¶ 54       The following exchange then occurred during Chu’s testimony:
                   “[TECSON]: *** I’d like to redirect your attention back to the meeting of May 20,
               [2016].
                   Aside from [E.W.’s] case, were there any other cases or issues discussed related to
               *** Murphy?
                   GERALD GOLDBERG: Objection ***. Those are not the subject matter of the
               summary suspension. There’s one case we are here for, a death case. That’s it. No other
               cases.
                   TECSON: Judge, I disagree. *** This all started with the May 20[, 2016,] meeting.
               So it’s a valid question, which is: Were there any other issues discussed?
                   *** [T]he [June 1, 2016,] summary suspension letter[,] *** point 9 says: ‘In
               addition, in the past 18 months, *** Murphy has had [4] peer review cases and [10]
               other reports for inadequate documentation and/or management.’
                   I believe *** Chu is about to testify that, as of May 20 [, 2016,] other cases were
               discussed.

                                                  - 11 -
    BERNARDI: *** Is it your position that that formed part of the basis for the
summary suspension?
    TECSON: Yes.
    BERNARDI: And it’s your position that that’s kind of outside the scope of what
should be considered?
    GERALD GOLDBERG: Absolutely. It’s outside of the scope and doesn’t follow
the bylaws.
    BERNARDI: How is it not following the bylaws?
    GERALD GOLDBERG: Well, you have to express the cases. You have to give the
names of the cases. You have to state what the emergency situation is for the summary
suspension, and you have to give a description of the incident itself. Otherwise, there is
no notice whatsoever, especially when it’s summary suspension, your Honor.
    If you look at the summary suspension section *** you have to give this notice.
You must give this notice.
    ***
    BERNARDI: *** What notice do you mean?
    GERALD GOLDBERG: Notice of Summary Suspension, June 1[, 2016]. It has to
*** identify patients. It has to give dates ***, times [and] what was wrong.
    BERNARDI: Your saying [BroMenn] needed to be more specific?
    GERALD GOLDBERG: It needed to be specific. And, your honor, I might add, so
that we don’t waste a lot of time, the cases that were given to us in the packet *** are all
reviewed cases going back to mid[-]2015. They’re completed cases. They’ve all been
reviewed with no action taken.
    So that’s the basis for my saying this is kind of an add-on not-lawful pile-on. ***
    Anybody that’s had any incident at this hospital, you have a case, and it goes
through the process. The case is closed, referred for counseling, whatever. These are
closed cases. We can[not] stop and take a look at them ***. They’re closed cases.
    BERNARDI: Okay. The question is whether they would reasonably be relied upon
by the Committee—should they be reasonably relied upon.
    MICHAEL GOLDBERG: I just want to add [that] the *** Act which covers this
says: ‘A summary suspension may not be implemented unless there’s actual
documentation or other reliable information that an immediate danger exists.[’]
    ***
    ‘This documentation or information must be available at the time the summary
suspension decision is made and when the decision is reviewed.’
    ***
    BERNARDI: *** What you just said sounded to me like, as long as they reviewed
the cases at the time they made the decision, it’s within the bylaws.
    And I think you’re arguing today that they aren’t going to present that? Is that what
you’re saying?
    MICHAEL GOLDBERG: [BroMenn has not] given it to us. We have no charts.

                                     - 12 -
                   BERNARDI: So I think we have to hear the answer. I think we will let [Chu
               testify].”
¶ 55       Thereafter, Chu testified that at the May 20, 2016, emergency meeting, the members
       discussed (1) “cases that had been reviewed by the peer review process” during the past 18
       months and (2) two other cases that had yet to be peer reviewed but had been raised within the
       past two months because of patient safety concerns. When Chu attempted to testify to the
       specific circumstances of one of those cases, the following exchange occurred:
                   “GERALD GOLDBERG: Objection ***. We don’t have those records. Those
               records were not given to us. How can we defend that? We can’t defend that.
                   BERNARDI: I’m not sure you are obligated to at this hearing. It strikes me that the
               decision that was made is what is at issue. [BroMenn is] providing *** the basis for it,
               and it either is or is not going to be adequate in the future.
                   But I think your record is made that you object to this type of description of the peer
               review cases that they relied upon for the suspension.
                   GERALD GOLDBERG: Judge, how can I cross-examine *** Chu as to his
               assertions? His assertions are going to be heard, and I can’t cross-examine them. The
               bylaws give us the right to cross-examine ***. I can’t cross-examine [Chu’s]
               statements without those records.
                   BERNARDI: That’s essentially hearsay. That’s a legal issue. I think that the Panel
               has to decide on the basis of this testimony and whoever else is presented whether or
               not the suspension was appropriate based on the information they had.
                   We don’t have a year or two for discovery. We can’t provide all of those documents
               and then take [depositions] and everything else, as you know. This is just not that kind
               of proceeding.
                   I think you’ve adequately made a record on it. [Chu is] now going to describe these
               priors. You’re going to be at a disadvantage in asking questions about them, but that
               will be reflected in the record; and the Committee members will hear your questions
               about it.
                   GERALD GOLDBERG: Why should [Murphy] be at a disadvantage?
                   BERNARDI: Because this isn’t a case where we have discovery.
                   GERALD GOLDBERG: Judge, if under the law *** you must give specific
               information for summary suspension—[Chu] is being allowed to opine, to give
               medical reasons[ ] why these cases were reviewed, but [Murphy does not] have those
               cases.
                   So the record will show that *** Chu made a negative statement about ***
               Murphy’s treatment. There’s nothing [Murphy] can do about that. [Murphy] can’t tell
               [the panel members to] [d]isregard your colleague’s testimony. Your colleague made a
               mistake. Your colleague didn’t tell you the name, the date, [or] the event.
                   That is why it’s prejudicial and irrelevant ***. It’s like saying[,] You did this or
               that, and it’s wrong. His care was poor. He had these events. And in a summary
               suspension hearing, which is a deprivation prior to a hearing, these assertions are out
               there. [Murphy] can’t respond.
                   If *** Chu says, ‘On such and such a case, [Murphy] was dead wrong, and he did
               this and did that,’ [Murphy] can’t tell you if it’s just [Chu’s] misperception, if [Chu]

                                                   - 13 -
                remembers incorrectly, and you can’t review the record to see if [Chu’s] telling the
                truth.”
       Bernardi overruled Murphy’s objection, stating, “[Chu is] going to be able to testify, and you
       can ask whatever question you ask on cross.”
¶ 56       Chu then testified about a case in which Murphy performed a cardiac catheterization on a
       patient. Chu explained that a cardiac catheterization involves inserting a wire through the groin
       to either investigate the anatomy of the coronary arteries or to perform a procedure to open up
       any blockages. “[A] couple of months” after Murphy performed the catheterization, the patient
       developed a pseudoaneurysm. See Psueduoaneurysm: What Causes It?, Mayo Clinic,
       http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cardiac-catheterization/expert-answers/pseudoan
       eurysm/faq-20058420 (last visited Feb. 20, 2017) (explaining that a pseudoaneurysm, referred
       to as a false aneurysm, occurs when the blood from an injured blood vessel wall is contained by
       the surrounding tissue, which can occur after a cardiac catheterization procedure). Murphy
       planned to perform surgery in a “nonemergent fashion” to correct that medical concern. After
       the patient was admitted for observation, the pseudoaneurysm grew by two centimeters,
       necessitating “emergent intervention.” After consultation with a cardiovascular surgeon,
       Murphy opted to immediately perform the procedure. Chu opined that BroMenn “felt that
       there was an error in judgment initially as to the importance of immediate intervention for
       something that could potentially be life threatening.” Chu also described a second case in
       which Murphy performed a surgical procedure and that, in Chu’s opinion, Murphy failed to
       provide appropriate postoperative care.
¶ 57       Chu confirmed that the following events occurred during the May 23, 2016, executive
       committee meeting: (1) Chu detailed E.W.’s case, (2) the executive committee members had
       electronic access to E.W.’s medical charts, (3) extensive discussion occurred among the
       executive committee members regarding E.W.’s case, and (4) summary sheets of the two other
       cases referred to at the May 20, 2016, emergency meeting were provided to executive
       committee members, which they then discussed.
¶ 58       Braastad testified that he was present at the May 20, 2016, emergency meeting and recalled
       that the subject concerned allegations regarding Murphy’s delay and questionable responses
       with regard to E.W.’s treatment. Braastad explained that on May 11, 2016, Murphy performed
       an initial diagnostic cardiac catheterization, which contained all the appropriate images
       expected. The next day, Murphy performed an “interventional” procedure in which “there
       were several of the diagnostic images present but really no documentation of the interventional
       procedure itself.” Braastad explained that documentation is important for reference and
       evaluation purposes.
¶ 59       Braastad then provided the following evaluation of the interventional procedure Murphy
       performed:
                “The initial procedure involved stent implementation, eventually to the left main. If
                you looked at the films, [in] my opinion ***, the whole left main extending all the way
                down into what we call the circumflex artery [is] heavily calcified [and] very
                angulated. The artery beyond the area of the lesion [is] a very small, diffusely diseased
                vessel.
                                                    ***

                                                   - 14 -
                  The stent *** was positioned into the left main. It didn’t really extend into the
              circumflex that I can tell. *** [C]ertainly [it was] not long enough to cover the extent of
              lesion that was there.
                  So *** the stent was positioned[,] but there was still, by my determination, a
              significant amount of disease beyond the stent that wasn’t approached. *** [I]n my
              own estimation ***, I would not have done it.”
¶ 60       Braastad opined that Murphy breached the standard of care because of his (1) lack of
       documentation, (2) “incomplete approach” to E.W.’s care, and (3) lack of postoperative care.
       Braastad noted that the ICU physician, who was located in Oakbrook, Illinois, requested to
       speak with Murphy about the management of E.W.’s care. Braastad’s understanding was that
       the ICU physician recommended a treatment based on E.W.’s test results and wanted to confer
       with Murphy about certain laboratory tests and E.W.’s basic condition. Braastad
       acknowledged that (1) the treatment recommended by the ICU physician was administered to
       E.W. and (2) medical documentation did not exist to show that BroMenn updated Murphy on
       E.W.’s condition after midnight, approximately 4½ hours before E.W. died on May 14, 2016.
       Braastad acknowledged further that during the May 20, 2016, emergency meeting, discussions
       concerning a pseudoaneurysm case involving another patient were “briefly brought up.”
¶ 61       Nevin’s testimony concerned the eight aforementioned reasons why the executive
       committee voted on June 1, 2016, to summarily suspend Murphy’s privileges. In addition,
       Nevin commented that at the May 20, 2016, emergency meeting, other cases besides E.W.’s
       case were discussed for the following reasons:
                  “Well, they mattered because at this point[,] we said: Has this risen to the level of a
              summary suspension, where we think there is a clear and present danger to patient
              safety[?]
                  The unanimous feeling was, yes, there is [a] major concern that the treatment has
              been inadequate.
                  At that point, in accordance with bylaws *** Hanson was contacted by phone[,]
              and *** the president of [BroMenn] was brought into the room. They were made aware
              of the three physicians feeling that there was a clear and present danger to patients
              because of a history of other reports that showed this as not just one aberrant
              happening.
                  In 18 months, there [were] four peer review cases. There were ten other reports of
              inadequate documentation. And based on this, the feeling was: Time out.
                  And so, in accordance with the bylaws, where the President of the Medical Staff or
              the President of the Hospital or the Chair of the Department—two of those three can
              decide that a summary suspension should occur. It was made at that point based on the
              feeling that this was not a single aberrant event.”

¶ 62                                      2. Murphy’s Evidence
¶ 63       Murphy testified that E.W. had been his patient for about nine years. On May 11, 2016,
       E.W., who was then 82 years old, complained to Murphy that he had been experiencing a
       shortness of breath. Murphy recalled that E.W. had the same complaint in January 2016, which
       resulted in a “cardiac intervention involving [a] vein graft.” Murphy stated, “[b]ecause [E.W.]
       complained of the same symptoms that he had in January, it was my supposition that

                                                   - 15 -
       potentially there had been recurrence of the disease in the vein graft ***, and [E.W.] was going
       to have a [catheterization] to evaluate whether or not that was the case.” After performing that
       initial procedure on May 11, 2016, Murphy confirmed his suspicions and scheduled a cardiac
       catheterization, which he performed the following day.
¶ 64        In response to Braastad’s critique of the May 12, 2016, cardiac catheterization procedure,
       Murphy agreed with Braastad’s description about the extent of the diseased tissue, but he
       stated that he did not “attack or address it” because he “thought that that was much more an
       extensive intervention that I wanted to partake on [E.W.]” Murphy acknowledged the lack of a
       sufficient recording of the cardiac catheterization procedure, explaining that he forgot that he
       had to ask the technician to “hit the button each and every time” to trigger the recording
       process.
¶ 65        On May, 13, 2016, Murphy met with E.W. at approximately 2 p.m. and again that evening.
       During each encounter, Murphy confirmed that E.W.’s heart rate and rhythm were “regular.”
       Although Murphy acknowledged that E.W.’s blood pressure was low, Murphy observed that
       E.W. sat up and interacted normally, was not dizzy or light-headed, and was lucid when
       responding to Murphy’s inquiries. Murphy then detailed the calls he received from BroMenn’s
       nursing staff and the orders he provided based on the nature of the issue presented. Sometime
       before midnight on May 13, 2016, Murphy received a call from the nursing staff regarding a
       concern expressed by an ICU physician that E.W. might be suffering from a “third degree heart
       block.” Murphy ordered the nurse to apply an external pacemaker, which Murphy stated would
       ameliorate that condition. In response to the ICU physician’s request to speak with Murphy,
       Murphy stated that he told the nurse that “if that’s [the ICU physician’s] concern, then that’s
       my recommendation. *** If he has more concerns, then he can certainly call me back.”
       Thereafter, Murphy did not receive any more calls regarding E.W.’s condition.

¶ 66                                 3. Written Closing Statements
¶ 67      At the close of evidence, the parties complied with the panel members’ request to submit
       timely written closing statements.

¶ 68                                     a. Murphy’s Statement
¶ 69       In his closing statement, Murphy briefly renewed his objection to the two peer review cases
       and numerous Midas reports introduced by BroMenn, which he maintained (1) were
       improperly admitted in violation of the medical staff bylaws and (2) “did not show a violation
       of any standard of care or otherwise indicate that *** Murphy is an immediate danger to the
       public or patients.” Thereafter, Murphy summarized the evidence presented at the
       intraprofessional conference in support of his position that the medical care he provided to
       E.W. did not support the premise that Murphy presented an immediate danger to the public
       sufficient to substantiate the summary suspension of his privileges.

¶ 70                                   b. BroMenn’s Statement
¶ 71       BroMenn’s closing statement focused primarily on the underlying rationale, as testified to
       by Chu, Braastad, and Nevin, substantiating the summary suspension of Murphy’s privileges.
       In this regard, BroMenn’s closing statement summarized that “[t]he summary suspension of
       *** Murphy’s privileges at *** BroMenn *** arose out of multiple concerns associated with

                                                  - 16 -
       quality of care.” BroMenn added that “[p]hysicians on the BroMenn medical staff met
       pursuant to the [b]ylaws on May 20, 2016, reviewed [E.W.’s] case and other quality concerns,
       and decided that *** Murphy presented an immediate danger to BroMenn patients.” In
       substantiating that concern, BroMenn noted Nevin’s testimony that the June 1, 2016, summary
       suspension of Murphy’s privileges was “based on a review of the medical records associated
       with [E.W.], as well as the other peer review cases, and 10 other reports associated with
       inadequate documentation and/or management.” After summarizing further the testimony
       provided at the June 10, 2016, intraprofessional conference, BroMenn urged the panel
       members to exercise their independent duty and affirm the summary suspension of Murphy’s
       privileges.

¶ 72               4. The Intraprofessional Conference Committee’s Determination
¶ 73       On June 16, 2016, the intraprofessional committee issued its written decision,
       recommending that BroMenn’s governing council maintain the summary suspension of
       Murphy’s privileges. On June 24, 2016, the governing council accepted the intraprofessional
       conference committee’s recommendation.

¶ 74                            H. Murphy’s Request for Injunctive Relief
¶ 75       Thereafter, Murphy filed an amended complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief,
       raising numerous claims that challenged the fairness of the intraprofessional conference. In his
       prayer for relief, Murphy sought (1) a declaratory finding that the May 20, 2016, summary
       suspension of his privileges “violated state law and is null and void”; and (2) a temporary,
       preliminary, and permanent injunction prohibiting BroMenn from enforcing or reporting the
       summary suspension of Murphy’s privileges.
¶ 76       Following a July 2016, hearing, the trial court denied Murphy’s amended complaint for
       declaratory and injunctive relief. In so doing, the court found, in pertinent part, as follows:
               “With respect to the additional cases[, Murphy was] at least notified that [there were]
               additional issues. [The court] understand[s] *** Goldberg saying *** it should have
               been on [E.W.’s case] and no others. [The court] suspect[s] then if [BroMenn did not]
               tell [Murphy] that there’s other things and [Murphy] show[s] up, why didn’t
               [BroMenn] then let [Murphy] know in advance? So to [the court] it sounds like the
               E.W. case would provide an independent basis regardless of those other four cases
               being noticed up in the June 1st—it wasn’t as if [BroMenn] showed up to the hearing
               and then threw in additional four cases when everyone is put on notice that there’s
               additional issues that may come into play or that there was cross-examination
               regarding those issues and [witnesses] couldn’t remember, they didn’t know, and then
               the request is *** we need to continue this thing until we figure out what cases they are
               talking about in the first place.”
       Despite denying Murphy’s amended complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief, the court
       granted Murphy’s oral motion for a stay, enjoining BroMenn from satisfying any reporting
       requirements for seven days to permit Murphy time to request a stay from this court.
¶ 77       Later that month, Murphy filed with this court an emergency motion for an immediate stay
       of enforcement pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 305 (eff. July 1, 2004). Consistent
       with his representations to the trial court, Murphy requested that this court stay any mandatory

                                                  - 17 -
       reporting requirements regarding the suspension of his clinical privileges during the pendency
       of this appeal. We later granted Murphy’s emergency motion for an immediate stay, enjoining
       BroMenn from reporting the summary suspension of Murphy’s privileges until further order of
       this court.
¶ 78       This appeal followed.

¶ 79                                        II. ANALYSIS
¶ 80       Murphy argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion for declaratory and
       injunctive relief. Essentially, Murphy contends that he was denied a fair hearing because
       BroMenn failed to follow the proper procedure provided by its medical staff bylaws when
       summarily suspending his privileges. We agree.

¶ 81                                A. The Pertinent Provisions of the Act
¶ 82       Section 10.4(b) of the Act provides, as follows:
               “All hospitals licensed under this Act *** shall comply with, and the medical staff
               bylaws of these hospitals shall include rules consistent with, the provisions of this
               Section in granting, limiting, renewing, or denying medical staff membership and
               clinical staff privileges.” 210 ILCS 85/10.4(b) (West 2014).
¶ 83       Section 10.4(b)(2) of the Act states that the following “[m]inimum procedures” with
       respect to clinical privilege decisions of current members of the medical staff shall include (1)
       written notice of the adverse determination, (2) an explanation of the rationale underlying the
       adverse action including all considerations based on the quality of care, and (3) a statement of
       the medical staff member’s right to request a fair hearing on the adverse action. 210 ILCS
       85/10.4(b)(2)(A), (B), (C) (West 2014). “The opportunity for a fair hearing is required for any
       administrative summary suspension.” 210 ILCS 85/10.4(b)(2)(C)(ii) (West 2014).

¶ 84                           B. The Limited Scope of This Court’s Review
¶ 85       In Lo v. Provena Covenant Medical Center, 342 Ill. App. 3d 975, 982, 796 N.E.2d 607,
       612-13 (2003), this court reiterated the following limits regarding an appellate court’s review
       of a hospital decision to suspend a physician’s clinical privileges:
                   “Courts are ill-qualified to run a hospital, but they can read and interpret bylaws.
               Therefore, when a physician sues over the suspension of a clinical privilege, the court
               will ask only one question: did the suspension violate any bylaw? Adkins v. Sarah Bush
               Lincoln Health Center, 129 Ill. 2d 497, 506-07, 544 N.E.2d 733, 738 (1989). If the
               suspension violated no bylaw, the court will defer to the superior qualifications of the
               hospital officials who made the decision. Adkins, 129 Ill. 2d at 507, 544 N.E.2d at 738.”

¶ 86                         C. The June 2016 Intraprofessional Conference
¶ 87                                     1. The Stakes at Issue
¶ 88       We acknowledge the important competing rights that must be balanced between (1)
       BroMenn’s right to summarily suspend a physician, whose continued practice—in its expert
       medical opinion—presents a danger to the public with (2) the inevitable harm to the
       physician’s reputation and livelihood that necessarily results from the suspension of clinical
       privileges. See id. at 983, 796 N.E.2d at 614 (“Section 10.4(b)(2)(C)(i) [of the Act] plainly

                                                  - 18 -
       presupposes that the hospital has an inherent right to summarily suspend the clinical privileges
       of a physician whose continued practice poses an immediate danger to patients.”); see also
       Larsen v. Provena Hospitals, 2015 IL App (4th) 140255, ¶ 29, 27 N.E.3d 1033 (the decision
       not to renew a physician’s privileges negatively impacts the physician’s professional
       reputation and future income).
¶ 89       As the supreme court noted in Adkins, 129 Ill. 2d at 509, 544 N.E.2d at 739, “a private
       hospital’s actions do not constitute State action and therefore are not subject to scrutiny for
       compliance with due process protections.” The supreme court, however, continued, as follows:
                   “Though a physician practicing in a private hospital may not have a right to the
               procedural protections assured by the due process clause, there are certain basic
               protections which must be accorded a doctor subject to a disciplinary action which
               could seriously affect his or her ability or right to practice medicine. [Citations.] Such
               basic protections include notice and a fair hearing. [Citation.]” Id. at 509-10, 544
               N.E.2d at 739.
¶ 90       The supreme court’s guidance in Adkins, coupled with the aforementioned limited standard
       of review, guides our consideration. We earlier provided in this opinion extensive detail on the
       evidence presented in support of BroMenn’s decision to summarily suspend Murphy’s
       privileges to provide context. In resolving this appeal, we express no opinion regarding (1)
       whether the care Murphy provided E.W. fell below the medical standard of care for a
       cardiologist; or (2) the expert medical decision ultimately made by the intraprofessional
       panel—that is, the affirmation of Murphy’s summary suspension. Our review concerns only
       the process employed in reaching that determination. Specifically, our review concerns
       whether Murphy was afforded a fair hearing. For the reasons that follow, we conclude that
       Murphy was not afforded a fair hearing.

¶ 91                                   2. Murphy’s Fairness Claim
¶ 92       As outlined by BroMenn’s medical staff bylaws, after the executive committee notified
       Murphy on June 1, 2016, of the summary suspension of his privileges, Murphy was entitled to
       challenge that determination by submitting a written request for an intraprofesssional
       conference, which Murphy accomplished the following day. In pursuit of his right to a fair
       hearing, Murphy sent BroMenn two separate written requests to inspect all the pertinent
       documentation BroMenn considered in determining that Murphy presented an immediate
       danger to the public, which predicated the summary suspension of his privileges. Murphy
       identifies BroMenn’s subsequent response to his request for the pertinent documentation as the
       origin of his claim that he was denied his right to a fair hearing.
¶ 93       The crux of Murphy’s claim concerns the absence of some pertinent documentation and the
       lack of specificity in other documents BroMenn did produce in response to his written
       requests. Specifically, Murphy directs our attention to (1) the four peer review medical records
       and two Midas reports underlying the executive committee’s summary suspension
       determination that BroMenn failed to produce and (2) the lack of any identifying information
       or specificity in the two peer review summaries and eight Midas reports that BroMenn did
       tender. Murphy asserts that because of these deficiencies, he was prejudiced during the
       intraprofessional conference because he was unable to cross-examine statements made by Chu,
       Braastad, or Nevin that questioned the method and manner in which he provided care to his
       patients during the 18-month period BroMenn identified. Murphy also asserts that the

                                                   - 19 -
       aforementioned deficiencies prevented him from presenting relevant evidence at the
       intraprofessional conference to refute the basis underlying the summary suspension of his
       privileges.
¶ 94       Despite’s Murphy fairness claim, the obvious initial question is, “To what extent did
       BroMenn’s executive committee rely on the peer reviews and Midas reports in reaching its
       conclusion to summarily suspend Murphy’s privileges?” If, for example, the record showed
       that the executive committee did not place any substantial significance on the four peer review
       cases and 10 Midas reports when making its determination to suspend Murphy’s privileges,
       any error in not producing those documents might be considered harmless. We need not,
       however, speculate as to the answer to that question because Nevin testified at the
       intraprofessional conference that the executive committee’s consideration of those additional
       cases “mattered” because during a period spanning “18 months, there were four peer review
       cases [and] ten other reports of inadequate documentation[ ] and based on this, the feeling was:
       time out.” Thus as framed by Nevin, BroMenn’s vice president for medical management,
       Murphy’s care of E.W. was the latest case in a series of cases spanning 18 months that revealed
       a pattern warranting the summary suspension of his privileges. Indeed, at the intraprofessional
       hearing, Tecson confirmed to Bernardi that the four peer review cases and 10 Midas reports at
       issue in this case formed part of the basis for the summary suspension of Murphy’s privileges.
¶ 95       In response to Murphy’s claims regarding the lack of documentation and specificity of the
       four peer review reports at issue, BroMenn asserts that in addition to providing E.W.’s
       complete medical record—which Murphy does not dispute—BroMenn also provided Murphy
       the complete medical record of M.A., who was the 92-year-old patient described in the
       December 2014 peer review worksheet. However, in his reply brief to this court, Murphy
       disputes receiving M.A.’s medical record, noting that BroMenn failed to provide that record at
       the June 2016 intraprofessional conference or list it as an exhibit. Nonetheless, we need not
       resolve that dispute because BroMenn fails to explain why, in providing Murphy M.A.’s
       complete medical record, it did not also provide Murphy the complete medical record of the
       58-year-old patient who was the subject of the accompanying April 2015 peer review
       worksheet.
¶ 96       With regard to the remaining two peer review cases that BroMenn failed to provide to
       Murphy at all, BroMenn explains that because those two cases were recent, “the outside [peer]
       review [process] had not yet been completed, so there were no reports for those patients to
       produce to *** Murphy.” We note, however, that although Chu’s testimony at the
       intraprofessional conference confirmed that the two recent cases had yet to be peer reviewed,
       he testified further that the executive committee nonetheless discussed those cases because of
       patient safety concerns. Thus, at a minimum, BroMenn should have (1) disclosed the identity
       of the patients involved in those two cases and (2) provided a brief synopsis of the specific
       safety concerns raised by the executive committee. BroMenn failed to do so.
¶ 97       BroMenn also disputes Murphy’s claim that the Midas reports at issue lacked specificity.
       On this subject, BroMenn posits that the eight disclosed Midas reports “provide[d] a detailed
       description of the complaints associated with the care provided by *** Murphy, and his failure
       to complete documentation and medical records.” We disagree.
¶ 98       As best we can tell, the 10 Midas reports at issue represent synopses of medical care
       provided to unidentified patients during a brief, specific moment in time over the span of an
       18-month period from the first-person perspective of an unidentified member of BroMenn’s

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        medical staff. We agree with Murphy that without identifying, at the very least, the authors of
        the 10 Midas reports, it would be nearly impossible to glean any meaningful information
        sufficient to mount a defense against a claim that the 10 Midas reports collectively support a
        finding sufficient to warrant summary suspension of privileges.
¶ 99        In this case, the record shows that after considering E.W.’s case, four separate peer review
        cases, and 10 Midas reports, BroMenn’s executive staff detected a pattern of inadequate
        medical care sufficient to warrant the summary suspension of Murphy’s privilege to practice
        medicine at BroMenn. After Murphy exercised his right to a fair hearing afforded by filing a
        request for an intraprofessional conference, Murphy requested further all pertinent information
        that BroMenn’s executive committee considered in substantiating its summary suspension
        determination as permitted by BroMenn’s medical staff bylaws. We conclude that BroMenn
        failed to comply with it disclosure obligations to Murphy, which, as a result, denied Murphy a
        fair hearing. In so concluding, we reverse the trial court’s finding that BroMenn’s mere
        identification of the four peer review cases and 10 Midas reports, without providing Murphy
        the substance of those reports, was sufficient to comply with the disclosure requirements of its
        medical staff bylaws. Accordingly, we reverse and remand with directions for a fair
        intraprofessional conference to be conducted.

¶ 100                                     III. CONCLUSION
¶ 101      For the reasons stated, we reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand for further
        proceedings. In so holding, we note that this decision does not bar BroMenn from seeking
        again to suspend Murphy’s clinical privileges.

¶ 102       Reversed; cause remanded.

¶ 103       JUSTICE HARRIS, dissenting.
¶ 104       I respectfully dissent. This appeal relates only to the propriety of the trial court’s denial of
        Murphy’s emergency motion for a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction and
        not the merits of the underlying complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief which remains
        pending in the trial court. I will confine my analysis accordingly.
¶ 105       Our supreme court recognized the “ ‘rule of non-review’ ” in Adkins, 129 Ill. 2d at 506, 544
        N.E.2d at 737-38. Under this rule, internal staffing decisions of private hospitals are not
        subject to judicial review except when the decision results in the impairment or elimination of
        existing staff privileges. Id. “In such cases, the hospital’s action is subject to a limited judicial
        review to determine whether the decision made was in compliance with the hospital’s bylaws.”
        Id. at 506-07, 544 N.E.2d at 738. Adkins further held that a court may reverse the decision of
        the hospital not only where it has not followed its bylaws but also where “actual unfairness” on
        the part of the hospital is demonstrated in the record. Id. at 514, 544 N.E.2d at 741.
¶ 106       To be entitled to a preliminary injunction, the moving party must establish “(1) a clearly
        ascertained right in need of protection, (2) irreparable injury in the absence of an injunction, (3)
        no adequate remedy at law, and (4) a likelihood of success on the merits of the case.” Mohanty
        v. St. John Heart Clinic, S.C., 225 Ill. 2d 52, 62, 866 N.E2d 85, 91 (2006). The moving party
        must raise a “fair question” as to each required element to obtain an injunction. Clinton
        Landfill, Inc. v. Mahomet Valley Water Authority, 406 Ill. App. 3d 374, 378, 943 N.E.2d 725,

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        729 (2010). We review a trial court’s grant or denial of a preliminary injunction for an abuse of
        discretion. Id. An abuse of discretion occurs only where the ruling is arbitrary, fanciful, or
        unreasonable, or where no reasonable person would adopt the court’s view. Id.
¶ 107       Murphy’s appeal centers on the “likelihood of success on the merits” element. He argues
        he presented a fair question that BroMenn violated its bylaws when “he was forced to proceed
        in a hearing where patients were not identified and medical charts were not provided.”
        Specifically, Murphy asserts BroMenn “did not provide [him] with the medical charts
        associated with the ‘four peer review cases’ and ‘ten other reports of inadequate
        documentation and/or management’ alleged in the June [1, 2016,] [n]otice, despite the fact that
        he requested that information in advance of the [intraprofessional conference] on more than
        one occasion.” Murphy also argues he was denied the ability to effectively cross-examine
        BroMenn’s witnesses and call his own witnesses due to its failure to identify the patients in the
        “four peer review cases” and “ten other reports.”
¶ 108       Murphy does not identify any bylaw which required BroMenn sua sponte to produce the
        medical charts or identifying information of the patients in the “four peer review cases” and
        “ten other reports.” The only bylaw which addresses the disclosure of information in the
        context of an intraprofessional conference is article IX, section IV(B), which states: “The
        affected individual is entitled, upon timely and advanced written request, to inspect all
        pertinent and non-privileged information in [BroMenn’s] possession prior to the
        [i]ntraprofessional [c]onference.” This bylaw does not impose a disclosure obligation on
        BroMenn in the absence of a written request by the physician. Thus, we must look at Murphy’s
        written requests and BroMenn’s responses to determine if the bylaw was violated or “actual
        unfairness” occurred.
¶ 109       In its June 1, 2016, notice, BroMenn identified nine separate bases for its summary
        suspension decision. Eight of the nine bases related to Murphy’s care provided to E.W. The
        ninth basis was that “[i]n addition in the past 18 months, Dr. Murphy has had four peer review
        cases and ten other reports for inadequate documentation and/or management.” Murphy
        premises his claim that he requested the medical charts and identifying information for the
        patients referred to in the “four peer review cases” and “ten other reports” on two letters his
        attorneys sent to BroMenn, one dated June 2, 2016, in which he requested an intraprofessional
        conference, and the other dated June 6, 2016, in which he requested copies of certain
        “documents and information.” As demonstrated below, neither letter supports Murphy’s claim.
¶ 110       Regarding the June 2, 2016, letter, Murphy’s attorneys wrote, in part:
                “Please be advised that this request for an [i]ntra-professional [c]onference assumes
                that all documentation on which the summary suspension is based has been provided to
                our office, as counsel for Dr. Murphy, expeditiously. See Article VIII, Section II.A of
                the Medical Staff Bylaws (“[T]he Executive Committee shall meet to review the
                documentation upon which the summary suspension is based, and recommend whether
                it should be affirmed, lifted, expunged or modified[.]”). The [c]onference will be
                rendered useless if Dr. Murphy is not provided with all documentation on which the
                summary suspension was based and given an opportunity to review said documentation
                in advance of the [c]onference. A written request for said documentation has been
                submitted to Associate General Counsel, Mary Matthews today.
        Nothing in Murphy’s June 2 letter indicates he requested the medical charts or identifying
        information of the patients in the “four peer review cases” and “ten other reports.” Nor does

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        Murphy argue that the medical charts and identifying information of these other patients were
        part of the “documentation on which the summary suspension was based,” which was the
        parameter of the request in his June 2 letter.
¶ 111       Murphy’s June 6, 2016, letter to BroMenn is the written request for documents referenced
        in the June 2, 2016, letter. The June 6 letter sets forth eight separate requests for documents. On
        appeal, Murphy does not identify which of the eight requests for documents supports his
        assertion he specifically requested the medical charts and identifying information of the
        patients in the “four peer review cases” and “ten other reports.” The only potentially relevant
        requests are the following:
                    “3. All internal or external reviews of any of *** Murphy’s medical charts or
                patient care rendered by *** Murphy;
                    ***
                    5. All witness statements gathered during any investigation of *** Murphy;
                                                       ***
                    8. A list of any and all witnesses that the *** [e]xecutive [c]ommittee intends to
                present and all documents that will be introduced at the [i]ntraprofessional
                [c]onference.”
        None of the above requests specifically identify the medical charts or identifying information
        of the patients in the “four peer review cases” and “ten other reports.” Further, it does not
        appear that the medical charts or identifying information for these other patients were
        “documents that [were] introduced at the [i]ntraprofessional [c]onference” as requested by
        Murphy in paragraph 8. Based on my review of the transcript of the intraprofessional
        conference, the only documents referred to by witnesses were those which BroMenn had
        previously provided to Murphy. I find no mention made during BroMenn’s presentation at the
        intraprofessional conference of any medical charts or patient identifiers which had not already
        been supplied to Murphy.
¶ 112       Here, it is apparent that Murphy and his attorneys entered the intraprofessional conference
        aware that his summary suspension had been based, in part, on the “four peer review cases”
        and “ten other reports,” and that BroMenn intended to refer to these cases and reports at the
        intraprofessional conference. It is also apparent that Murphy did not request the medical charts
        or identifying information for these patients prior to the hearing. Instead, he waited until the
        intraprofessional conference had convened before he objected. Whether as a matter of strategy
        or simply due to an oversight, Murphy engaged in the review process without first obtaining
        documents he knew might be pertinent to the proceedings and which he did not possess.
        Further, at the point his objections to this evidence were overruled by the hearing officer, he
        failed to request a continuance of the intraprofessional conference. See Rao v. St. Elizabeth’s
        Hospital of the Hospital Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis, 140 Ill. App. 3d 442, 457-58,
        488 N.E.2d 685, 696 (1986) (suspended physician could not claim prejudice where he failed to
        request a continuance of a review hearing notwithstanding his claim he was not given medical
        charts necessary for his cross-examination of witnesses).
¶ 113       In my view, Murphy has not presented a fair question of a violation of a bylaw or of “actual
        unfairness” in regard to BroMenn’s disclosures. He has failed to establish BroMenn had an
        obligation to sua sponte furnish him with medical charts and identifying information for the
        patients involved in the “four peer review cases” and “ten other reports,” or that it failed to

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comply with his requests for documents. The question on appeal is whether the trial court
abused its discretion in finding Murphy failed to establish a likelihood of success on the merits
in his request for a preliminary injunction. I would find it did not abuse its discretion and would
affirm.

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