Court Opinion

ID: 3037047
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:55:33.530501+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:34:18.589205
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                         FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                 No. 03-2954/3098
                                  ___________

Kimberly R. Crump, Susan W.          *
McKinley, Taryen R. Crump,           *
Michelle L. Govro, and Melissa       *
Crump Morris,                        *
                                     *
      Appellants/Cross-Appellees,    *
                                     *
                                     * Appeal from the United States
      v.                             * District Court for the
                                     * Eastern District of Missouri
Versa Products, Inc.                 *
and Sam's East, Inc.,                *
doing business as Sam's Club,        *
                                     *
      Appellees/Cross-Appellants.    *
                                ___________

                           Submitted: December 13, 2004
                              Filed: March 18, 2005 (corrected 3/23/05)
                               ___________

Before MELLOY, BRIGHT, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                            ___________

BENTON, Circuit Judge.

      On July 29, 1997, Forrest E. Crump died after falling from a ladder
manufactured by Versa Products, Inc. and sold by Sam's East, Inc. Crump's family
(the "Crumps") sued Versa and Sam's in state court, who removed the case to the
district court1 due to diversity. After a two-week jury trial, the Crumps submitted on
strict liability design defect, and negligent failure to warn. The jury found for the
defendants.

      Jurisdiction being proper under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, this court affirms.

                                           I.
       The Crumps' first two points address jury instruction No. 16, asserting that
defense counsel changed the wording of the instruction so it misstated Missouri law,
without notifying the court or Crumps' counsel. Accordingly, the Crumps request a
new trial for either the erroneous instruction or the alleged misconduct. The third
point challenges the trial court's exclusion of other "substantially similar" accidents.
Finally, the Crumps claim the district court improperly admitted testimony of two
defense experts.

       The "Versaladder" uses a patented hinge – the "Automatically Interlockable
Hinge Fitting." The Versaladder includes several such hinges, allowing for various
configurations. The Crumps allege the hinges unlock unexpectedly, and a user cannot
visually check if the hinges are locked.

        Neither party objects on appeal to the application of Missouri law to the
products liability issues in this case. In Keener v. Dayton Electric Manufacturing
Company, 445 S.W.2d 362, 364 (Mo. 1969), Missouri "adopted the rule of strict
liability in defective product claims as defined in Restatement (Second) of Torts §
402A." Gramex Corp. v. Green Supply, Inc., 89 S.W.3d 432, 438-39 (Mo. banc
2002), citing Lippard v. Houdaille Indus., Inc., 715 S.W.2d 491, 492 (Mo. banc
1986), and Blevins v. Cushman, 551 S.W.2d 602, 606 (Mo. banc 1977). This rule

      1
       The Honorable Henry E. Autrey, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.

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      causes a person who sells a product "in a defective condition
      [un]reasonably dangerous to the user or consumer" to be liable to the
      ultimate user or consumer for any harm caused by use of the product if
      "(a) the seller is engaged in the business of selling such a product, and
      (b) it is expected to and does reach the user or consumer without
      substantial change in the condition in which it is sold."

Gramex, 89 S.W.3d at 439, quoting Keener, 445 S.W.2d at 364.

      The district court gave instruction 16:

      The defendants in this case are not guarantors against or liable for any
      and all accidents and injuries that arise or occur by reason of the use of
      the ladder. Nor is there a duty upon the Defendants to sell a ladder
      which is "accident proof" or "fool proof." What the defendants are
      required to do is sell a product free from defective and unreasonably
      dangerous condition.

In submitting instruction 16, Versa and Sam's cited "82.08 Devitt, Blackmar &
Wolff" and cases, including Laubach v. Otis Elevator Co., 37 F.3d 427, 429 (8th Cir.
1994).

       The Crumps claim instruction 16 misstates Missouri law. The parties dispute
whether the Crumps preserved this error for appeal, and whether Versa and Sam's
attorneys committed misconduct. In view of the disposition below, this court
assumes preservation and addresses the merits of the instruction. See Commercial
Prop. Inv., Inc. v. Quality Inns Int'l, Inc., 61 F.3d 639, 643 (8th Cir. 1995).
Reviewing for abuse of discretion, this court determines "whether the instructions
fairly and adequately submitted the issues to the jury." Bennett v. Hidden Valley
Golf and Ski, Inc., 318 F.3d 868, 873 (8th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted). "In this
diversity case, Missouri law applies to the substance of the instructions, while federal

                                          -3-
law 'governs our review of the discretion exercised in refusing or admitting such
instructions.'" Id. (citation omitted).

       The Crumps argue that the first and second sentences of instruction 16 conflict
with Nesselrode v. Executive Beechcraft, Inc., 707 S.W.2d 371 (Mo. banc 1986).
Strict products liability extends to "reasonablely anticipated use . . . includ[ing]
misuse and abnormal use, which is objectively foreseeable." Id. at 381. A product
"is actionable if dangerous to an extent beyond that which would be contemplated by
the ordinary consumer, who either purchases it or uses it, with the ordinary
knowledge common to the community as to its characteristics." Id. at 376. "[T]he
jury gives this concept content by applying their collective intelligence and
experience to the broad evidentiary spectrum of facts and circumstances presented by
the parties." Id. at 378. Still, "strict tort liability is not, nor was it ever intended to
be, an enveloping net of absolute liability." See id. at 375.

       The Crumps assert that instruction 16 omits the concepts that "reasonably
anticipated use" can include "misuse," and that sellers must protect against accidental
and foolish uses that are objectively foreseeable. See Nesselrode, 707 S.W.2d at 381.
This court agrees that the first and second sentences of instruction 16, in isolation, do
not capture that Missouri leaves the definition of "unreasonably dangerous" to the
jury, and allows recovery for misuse that is foreseeable or reasonably anticipated.

       Nevertheless, jury instructions must be read together and viewed in their
entirety. Chohlis v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 760 F.2d 901, 904 (8th Cir. 1985);
Laubach, 37 F.3d at 429. "The test is not whether the charge was faultless in every
particular but whether the jury was misled in any way and whether it had
understanding of the issues and its duty to determine those issues." Westborough
Mall, Inc.,v. City of Cape Girardeau, Mo., 794 F.2d 330, 335 (8th Cir. 1986).

                                           -4-
       The Crumps acknowledge that the third sentence of instruction 16, "What
defendants are required to do is sell a product free from defective and unreasonably
dangerous conditions," correctly states Missouri law. The Crumps also concede that
instructions 17 and 18 state the standard for imposing strict liability under Missouri
law, following Missouri Approved Instructions 25.04 and 19.01. Instruction 17
reads:

      Your verdict must be for the plaintiffs on their claim for products
      liability against defendant Versa products [sic], Inc. if you believe:

      First, defendant Versa Products, Inc. sold the Versaladder in the course
      of defendant's business, and

      Second, the Versaladder was then in a defective condition unreasonably
      dangerous when put to a reasonably anticipated use, and

      Third, the Versaladder was used in a manner reasonably anticipated, and

      Fourth, such defective condition that existed when the Versaladder was
      sold directly caused or directly contributed to cause damage to
      plaintiffs.2

       Under instructions 17 and 18, the jury determines whether the product was
unreasonably dangerous when used in a manner reasonably anticipated. Instruction
16 – read together with 17 and 18 – permits the jury to find for the Crumps even if it
believes the Versaladder was used accidently or foolishly. In context, instruction 16
reflects Missouri's doctrine that strict liability is not absolute liability. See
Nesselrode, 707 S.W.2d at 375.

      2
       Instruction 18 is identical to 17, except for the defendant's name.

                                         -5-
       In Laubach – a res ipsa loquitor case – this court held that an instruction similar
to instruction 16, "[w]hen placed in context . . . can fairly be read as cautioning the
jury that it was allowed to return a verdict in favor of Laubach only if he proved that
Otis was negligent, and not merely because an accident occurred."3 Laubach, 37
F.3d at 430 (emphasis added). In both Laubach and this case, the challenged
instruction, in context, requires more than an injured party in order to impose liability.
The instructions in Laubach required that the jury find negligence, while here, the
instructions require the jury find the ladder "unreasonably dangerous."4

       The Crumps also object that instruction 16 misstates the law as to their failure-
to-warn claim submitted in instruction 19, because instruction 16 misleads the jury
as to the scope of the risks about which defendants must warn. To the contrary,
instruction 19 – the verdict director for failure-to-warn, based on Missouri Approved
Instructions 25.09 and 19.01 – specifies the precise risks about which Versa allegedly
must warn. The terms "defective" and "unreasonably dangerous" do not appear in
instruction 19.

      Accordingly, this court finds the instructions, in total, fairly and adequately
submitted the issues of strict product liability and failure-to-warn. See Bennett, 318
F.3d at 873. In context, there is no error.

      3
        The Laubach instruction read: "The defendant in this case is not a guarantor
or liable against [sic] any and all accidents and injuries that arise or occur by reason
of the use of the elevator maintained by it. Nor is there any duty upon the defendant
to maintain the elevator in an 'accident proof' or 'fool proof' or 'accident free
condition.'" Laubach, 37 F.3d at 429.

      4
       The plaintiff in Laubach actually complained that the instruction "was
tantamount to directing a verdict in favor of the defendant" because such language
was intended for use in product liability cases. Id.

                                           -6-
      The Crumps next challenge the district court's excluding 44 other incidents of
alleged hinge failure of the Versaladder. Admissibility of evidence is reviewed for
abuse of discretion. Drabik v. Stanley-Bostitch, Inc., 997 F.2d 496, 508 (8th Cir.
1993).

      Although evidence of substantially similar incidents may be admitted in a
products liability case, "evidence of other injuries may also raise extraneous
controversial points, lead to a confusion of issues, and present undue prejudice
disproportionate to its usefulness." Id. (citation omitted).

       Mr. Crump's incident occurred on July 28, 1997, with the ladder in a straight
configuration. The district court allowed evidence of incidents before July 28, 1997,
with the ladder in a straight position. The district court excluded 44 other incidents,
which occurred either after that date or with the ladder in other than a straight
position. Although these 44 incidents also involved alleged hinge failure, the district
court did not abuse its discretion in excluding evidence of them.

       Additionally, the Crumps contend defense counsel improperly inferred in
closing argument that only 22 allegations of hinge failure had ever been reported.
Because the Crumps failed to object then, this court reviews for plain error. See
Pavlik v. Cargill, Inc., 9 F.3d 710, 715 (8th Cir. 1993). Based upon the evidence of
the 22 substantially similar incidents, this court does not find the claimed errors
affected the substantial rights of the parties, created undue prejudice or irreparably
tainted the proceeding. See Hoffer v. Mack Trucks, Inc., 981 F.2d 377, 384-85 (8th
Cir. 1992), citing Matthews v. CTI Container Transp. Int'l, Inc., 871 F.2d 270, 278
(2nd Cir. 1989).

       Finally, the Crumps challenge the admission of the video testimony and testing
of John E. Johnson and John D. Hatfield, claiming defense counsel failed to disclose
the witnesses in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a)(2)(b). Again,

                                         -7-
this court does not disturb an evidentiary ruling absent a clear and prejudicial abuse
of the trial court's discretion. Dillon v. Nissan Motor Co., Ltd., 986 F.2d 263, 270
(8th Cir. 1993).

       Rule 26(a) requires disclosure of each individual likely to have discoverable
information, providing a copy of all relevant documents in the party's possession or
control, and identifying any person who may be used to present expert testimony.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a). Disclosure of any retained witness, or person "specially
employed to provide expert testimony in the case whose duties as an employee of the
party regularly involve giving expert testimony," must "be accompanied by a written
report prepared and signed by the witnesses." Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B). Failure
to disclose an expert witness required by rule 26(a)(2)(B) can justify exclusion of
testimony at trial. Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1).

       Johnson and Hatfield testified for Versa in prior lawsuits, but were not retained
by Versa for analysis of the Crump case. Versa sought to introduce their testimony
only after the Crumps' expert, Joseph G. Leane, identified Johnson as a "peer" who
supported Leane's theories. Versa claims that Johnson and Hatfield were non-
retained experts, and thus rule 26(a)(2)(B) disclosures were not required. See Brandt
Distrib. Co., Inc. v. Fed. Ins. Co., 247 F.3d 822, 825 (8th Cir. 2001).

      Even if the experts were retained by Versa, the Crumps show no prejudice from
inadequate disclosure. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1) (use of non-disclosed information
may still be admitted if "failure [to disclose] is harmless"). During discovery, Versa
provided the Crumps with each expert's resume, Hatfield's report, and made each
available for deposition. The Crumps' expert revealed in deposition his familiarity
with Johnson and Hatfield's testing and theories. Leane clearly had reviewed and
possessed before trial Hatfield and Johnson's testing results and reports, videos and

                                          -8-
depositions. The district court, therefore, did not abuse its discretion in admitting the
testimony of Hatfield and Johnson.

                                           II.
       Versa cross-appeals, inter alia, the district court's denial of discovery sanctions
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37. This court reviews for an abuse of
discretion. See Chrysler Corp. v. Carey, 186 F.3d 1016, 1019 (8th Cir. 1999). Versa
argues that the Crumps sought irrelevant and inadmissible evidence, outside the
bounds of permissible discovery, by pursing information about all previous lawsuits
against Versa Products, Inc. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26. During discovery, the district
court defined the "substantially similar" incidents that would be admissible. While
the parties differed in identifying "substantially similar" incidents, Versa could not
unilaterally define "substantially similar" to limit the Crumps' discovery. The Crumps
rightfully pursued information, not privileged, “reasonably calculated to lead to the
discovery of admissible evidence.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). Thus, the district court
did not abuse its discretion by denying discovery sanctions.

       The judgment of the district court is affirmed, and all remaining points raised
in the cross-appeal are dismissed as moot.
                        _____________________________

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