Court Opinion

ID: 6348936
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-10 20:24:54.987351+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:11:51.502811
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE                                                 06/10/2022

                               AT JACKSON
                                  November 3, 2021 Session1

                  TOMMIE PHILLIPS v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

               Appeal by Permission from the Court of Criminal Appeals
                          Criminal Court for Shelby County
                      No. 09-05231      W. Mark Ward, Judge

                          ___________________________________

                               No. W2019-01927-SC-R11-PC
                          ___________________________________

In this post-conviction matter, we clarify the appropriate burden of proof and legal standard
to be applied when a criminal defendant claims ineffective assistance of counsel based on
trial counsel’s failure to move to suppress evidence on Fourth Amendment grounds. The
Petitioner, Tommie Phillips (“Petitioner”) was convicted of several offenses, including
felony murder, attempted first-degree murder, aggravated rape, especially aggravated
kidnapping, and especially aggravated burglary. The Court of Criminal Appeals modified
the especially aggravated burglary conviction to aggravated burglary. The Petitioner filed
a petition for post-conviction relief, asserting, among other things, that his trial counsel
was constitutionally ineffective by failing to seek suppression of various statements he
made to police on Fourth Amendment grounds. The post-conviction court denied the
petition, and the Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed the decision of the post-conviction
court. We granted the Petitioner’s application for permission to appeal and directed the
parties to discuss the applicable standard of review in this case. Specifically, the Court
sought to clarify the petitioner’s burden to establish prejudice when he or she alleges
counsel was constitutionally ineffective for failing to file a motion to suppress on Fourth
Amendment grounds. Upon our review of the record and applicable law, we conclude that
to establish prejudice with this type of claim, the petitioner must prove that “his Fourth
Amendment claim is meritorious and that there is a reasonable probability that the verdict
would have been different absent the excludable evidence.” Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477
U.S. 365, 375 (1986). In applying this standard to the case before us, we conclude that the
Court of Criminal Appeals properly affirmed the post-conviction court’s denial of relief.
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeals.

   Tenn. R. App. P. 11 Appeal by Permission; Judgment of the Court of Criminal
                                Appeals Affirmed

       1
         We heard oral argument through videoconference under this Court’s emergency orders restricting
court proceedings because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
JEFFREY S. BIVINS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ROGER A. PAGE, C.J.,
and SHARON G. LEE and HOLLY KIRBY, JJ., joined.

Josie S. Holland and Valerie T. Corder, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Tommie
Phillips.

Herbert H. Slatery, III, Attorney General and Reporter; Andrée Sophia Blumstein, Solicitor
General; Jonathan H. Wardle, Assistant Attorney General; Amy P. Weirich, District
Attorney General; and Leslie Byrd, Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee,
State of Tennessee.

Jonathan Harwell, Joshua Stanton, Susan L. Kay, Jackson M. Hill, and Anya Van
Soestenbergen, Nashville, Tennessee, for the Amici Curiae, Penny J. White, Steven L.
Mulroy, Terry A. Maroney, and the Tennessee Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers.

                                                  OPINION

                            I.       FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        This post-conviction appeal arises out of the Petitioner’s brutal attack on a family
in their home in Memphis.2 On December 9, 2008, the Petitioner entered the home of
M.L.,3 where she lived with her eighty-five-year-old mother, F.G, her son, C.L, and her
daughter, M.J.L. State v. Phillips, No. W2012-01126-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 6529308, at
*1 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 13, 2013), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. Mar. 25, 2014). The attack
resulted in the death of F.G. and severe stab wounds to M.L. and C.L. Id. at *5–6. When
the responding police officers arrived at the scene, M.J.L. told them the perpetrator was a
friend of C.L.’s, but she did not know his name. Id. at *7. A crowd had gathered by that
time, and “[s]ome of the people in the crowd told [one of the responding officers] that the
[Petitioner] was responsible.” Id. M.L. and C.L. were transported to the hospital as a result
of the injuries they sustained. Id. at *5–6. While in the hospital, C.L. and M.L. were each
shown a photographic array from which they identified the Petitioner as the perpetrator of
the attack. Id. C.L. also identified the Petitioner by first and last name. Around that same
time, M.J.L. also was shown a photographic array, and she identified the Petitioner as the
perpetrator.4

        2
         The Court of Criminal Appeals’ opinion in the Petitioner’s direct appeal contains a full recitation
of the underlying facts of the attack. See State v. Phillips, No. W2012-01126-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL
6529308, at *1–17 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 13, 2013), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. Mar. 25, 2014).
        3
            Due to the nature of the offenses, we identify each of the victims by their initials.
        4
          Although this is not in the record before us, it was part of the record in the Petitioner’s direct
appeal in this case. As such, we take judicial notice of this fact. See Delbridge v. State, 742 S.W.2d 266,
267 (Tenn. 1987) (per curiam) (“The courts may take judicial notice of the court records in an earlier
                                                       -2-
       On December 10, 2008, after being identified as a suspect, the Petitioner
surrendered himself to police. Id. at *7. The Petitioner and his mother were then
transported to the police station. Id. While en route to the police station, the transporting
officer overheard the Petitioner tell his mother “his side of the story,” which included a
statement that he stabbed C.L. in self-defense. Id. Later that day, Sergeant Anthony
Mullins and Lieutenant Colonel Caroline Mason of the Memphis Police Department asked
the Petitioner if he would like to talk to them, and the Petitioner said that he did. Id. at *7–
8. The officers advised the Petitioner of his Miranda rights. According to a police report
submitted into evidence, the Petitioner’s leg was shackled to a bench.

       During the course of the interview, the Petitioner explained that he and C.L. had
been friends for several years and were involved in drug dealing together. Id. at *7. The
Petitioner stated that he had fronted C.L. drugs four or five days before the incident, and a
disagreement developed concerning the money involved. Id. According to the Petitioner,
on December 9, 2008, C.L. let the Petitioner into his home and offered him a shotgun as
compensation for the money owed, but the Petitioner declined. Id. The Petitioner stated
that he and C.L. began fighting before C.L. pointed a shotgun at him, at which point the
Petitioner grabbed a knife and defended himself. Id. M.L. then got involved in the
altercation with a hammer. Id. The Petitioner told the officers that he then heard F.G.
complaining about her heart, so he put a pillow under her head. Id. The Petitioner then
told the officers that he did not have anything else to say to them without his attorney. Id.
Upon this request, the officers stopped the interview. Id. Believing they had probable
cause, the officers booked the Petitioner into jail and sought a forty-eight-hour hold. Id.

     Later that day, at 7:13 p.m., a judicial commissioner entered an order granting the
Memphis Police officers’ request for a forty-eight-hour hold. In the order, the judicial
commissioner stated:

               The reason(s) for requesting this detention is/are as follows: On
        Tuesday, December 9, 2008, at 3:10 p.m., Memphis Police officers
        responded to a wounding call at [a home in Memphis]. On arrival they found
        two persons had been stabbed and one victim was found dead on the scene.
        The surviving victims identified [the Petitioner] as the person responsible for
        stabbing them inside their home. On Wednesday, December 10, 2008, [the
        Petitioner] turned himself in and told investigators he stabbed the two
        surviving victims. Additional time is needed to verify the statement made
        by [the Petitioner] and to conduct additional information from the surviving
        victims at the hospital.

proceeding of the same case and the actions of the courts thereon.” (citing State ex rel. Wilkerson v. Bomar,
376 S.W.2d 451 (Tenn. 1964))).
                                                   -3-
             The Court has reviewed the above listed facts for the detention of said
       defendant and has determined that there is probable cause to believe that the
       crime(s) alleged, to wit: First Degree Murder TCA 39-13-202, was/were
       committed, and that the [Petitioner] committed said crime(s).

       On December 11, the Petitioner gave another statement after advising the jailer that
he wished to speak with the detectives. Id. at *8. The Petitioner was again advised of his
Miranda rights and agreed to speak to the officers without an attorney. Id. In his statement,
the Petitioner admitted responsibility for F.G.’s death and the injuries to C.L. and M.L. Id.

        The Petitioner subsequently was charged with four counts of first-degree felony
murder, one count of first-degree premeditated murder, two counts of attempted first-
degree murder, two counts of aggravated rape, six counts of especially aggravated
kidnapping, and three counts of especially aggravated burglary. Id. at *1. The State later
filed notice that it intended to seek the death penalty, as well as, in the alternative, a
sentence of life without the possibility of parole. Before trial, however, the State withdrew
its notice of intention to seek the death penalty. The case proceeded to trial, and a jury
convicted the Petitioner of multiple offenses. After the trial court appropriately merged
several convictions, the Petitioner effectively was convicted of one count of felony murder,
two counts of attempted first-degree murder, one count of aggravated rape, one count of
especially aggravated burglary, and three counts of especially aggravated kidnapping. Id.
at *9. The jury did not choose to sentence the Petitioner to life without parole. As a result,
the trial court sentenced the Petitioner to a life sentence plus sixty years.

       On direct appeal, the Court of Criminal Appeals modified the especially aggravated
burglary conviction to an aggravated burglary conviction, but it affirmed the judgments in
all other respects. Id. at *26. The Petitioner subsequently filed a Rule 11 application for
permission to appeal, which this Court denied in March 2014. In December 2014, the
Petitioner timely filed a petition for post-conviction relief.

       In his petition, the Petitioner argued, inter alia, that trial counsel failed to provide
effective assistance of counsel based on counsel’s alleged failure to challenge the
admissibility of his statement to police on Fourth Amendment grounds. See Phillips v.
State, No. W2019-01927-CCA-R3-PC, slip op. at 4 (Tenn. Crim. App. Feb. 26, 2021),
perm. app. granted, (Tenn. June 17, 2021). An evidentiary hearing was held in four parts
on May 11 and August 20, 2018, and May 14 and September 20, 2019.

        During the May 11, 2018 hearing, Attorney G., an assistant district public defender,
testified regarding his representation of the Petitioner at trial. Attorney G. recalled that he
and Attorney S. tried the Petitioner’s case as part of the capital defense team and that
Attorney S. was lead counsel. By the time he represented the Petitioner, he had been an
attorney for fifteen years, all of which he spent with the Public Defender’s Office. He
estimated that he had handled approximately two-dozen criminal cases that went to trial,

                                             -4-
six or eight of which were first-degree murder cases. He had tried at least one other capital
case to verdict prior to the Petitioner’s trial.

        Attorney G. ultimately was pleased with the outcome of the case, stating that the
defense team was successful in getting the Petitioner a life sentence rather than a sentence
of life without the possibility of parole. When asked if anything could have gone better in
the case, Attorney G. could not remember, but he noted that the facts of the case were
“problematic.” He stated that “[i]dentity was not an issue” in the case, as there were
individuals involved in the case who knew the Petitioner that could identify him.
Additionally, Attorney G. noted that the Petitioner had made a statement implicating
himself.

       During the August 20, 2018 hearing, Attorney N. testified that he was appointed to
represent the Petitioner shortly after the Petitioner’s arrest. Attorney N. had been an
attorney since 1976 and began working for the Public Defender’s Office in approximately
1999. He served on the capital case team for the entirety of his time at the Public
Defender’s Office. Prior to his representation of the Petitioner, he had handled
approximately twelve or thirteen homicide trials.

       Attorney N. recalled that the defense team raised several pretrial issues in the
Petitioner’s case, including a “lengthy hearing on a motion to suppress and motion in limine
on the photographic identification.” He was familiar with the Memphis Police
Department’s forty-eight-hour hold policy and acknowledged that a magistrate had granted
a forty-eight-hour hold in the Petitioner’s case. Attorney N. stated that the defense team
had considered challenging the forty-eight-hour hold in the Petitioner’s case but ultimately
did not do so. He did not recall specifically why the defense team chose not to raise the
issue. Attorney N. testified he had challenged the policy’s constitutionality in a different
case and did not believe it had ever been successfully challenged. Attorney N. represented
the Petitioner until his retirement from the Public Defender’s Office. Upon his retirement,
other members of the capital defense team took over the Petitioner’s case.

       At the May 14, 2019 hearing, Lieutenant Colonel Caroline Mason of the Memphis
Police Department testified that she assisted in the investigation of the Petitioner’s case.
On December 9, 2008, Lieutenant Colonel Mason proceeded to the scene of the homicide
at the victims’ home and canvassed the area. At that same time, two other officers
investigating the case went to the hospital to meet with the victims, where C.L. identified
the Petitioner as the perpetrator by first and last name.

       The next day, at approximately 12:40 p.m., the Petitioner turned himself in to the
police. He stated that he wanted to go to the Homicide Office to clear his name. While at
the police station, Lieutenant Colonel Mason and Sergeant Mullins interrogated the
Petitioner after reading him his Miranda warnings. Lieutenant Colonel Mason testified
that, during their interrogation, the Petitioner admitted to stabbing one or more of the
victims but claimed he did so in self-defense. He then asked for an attorney, and the
                                            -5-
officers ceased their questioning. Lieutenant Colonel Mason testified that, at that point,
they had probable cause to charge the Petitioner but were still trying to determine what the
appropriate charges were. She confirmed that a forty-eight-hour hold was put on the
Petitioner that day at 7:13 p.m. so that they could investigate what he had told her and
compare it to the information provided by the victims. Lieutenant Colonel Mason
explained the Memphis Police Department’s forty-eight-hour hold policy, which was in
place at the time of the offenses but is no longer utilized:

              48-hour holds give[] us the opportunity if we do have the possible
       suspect or the person of interest in the – in our interview rooms. We’re
       talking to them, getting information from them. We follow all the steps with
       the Miranda Warning. They waive that right and agree to speak with us.
       We’ll gather information from them, and if we don’t have enough at that time
       to charge but that person of interest has provided some information, we want
       to go back and verify that information before we place – formally charge
       them to it.

              Sometimes it exonerates them. If they’re not guilty, then we release
       the hold. But we usually use that as an opportunity to verify some more
       information or get some more witnesses in if we get the person of interest in
       before.

Lieutenant Colonel Mason and Sergeant Vivian Murray interviewed the Petitioner again
on December 11, 2008 after the Petitioner asked to speak with them. According to
Lieutenant Colonel Mason, the Petitioner’s second statement was more inculpatory than
his first statement. The Petitioner was charged the following day at 4:51 p.m. Lieutenant
Colonel Mason did not believe the forty-eight-hour hold had expired by that time, as she
believed the hold began on December 10 at approximately 7 p.m.

       Attorney S. also testified at the May 14, 2019 hearing. Attorney S. had been an
attorney for approximately twenty years by the time of the Petitioner’s trial with the vast
majority of his practice being in criminal law. He estimated that he had worked on
thousands of criminal cases during his career. He had handled more than 100 jury trials,
approximately eighty percent of which were first-degree murder cases. Attorney S. was
the lead attorney for the Shelby County Public Defender’s Office capital defense team.

       Attorney S. remembered the Petitioner and his case. He did not recall exactly how
many times he went to the jail to speak with the Petitioner, but he explained that the capital
defense team never went more than two weeks without seeing a client. When asked if he
was satisfied with the outcome of the Petitioner’s case, Attorney S. stated that he “never
liked losing” but that the defense team did “everything [they] could do and put on the best
defense [they] knew how to put on.” He described the Petitioner’s case as a “hard case.”

                                            -6-
       The Petitioner was the final person to testify at the May 14, 2019 hearing. He was
not happy with the outcome of his trial, as he felt his constitutional rights were violated.
He stated that he was initially picked up by police officers on December 10, 2008. Because
his mother was in the car with the police officers when they arrived, he surrendered himself
at that time. He then was escorted to the police station where he was questioned by
Sergeant Mullins and Lieutenant Colonel Mason. While being questioned, the Petitioner’s
leg was shackled to the bench. The Petitioner admitted to Sergeant Mullins and Lieutenant
Colonel Mason that he stabbed C.L., but he claimed that it was in self-defense. At some
point during the interview, the Petitioner invoked his right to counsel.

       At the September 20, 2019 hearing, the parties summarized their arguments to the
post-conviction court. The Petitioner’s primary argument was that trial counsel was
ineffective in handling his motion to suppress, asserting that counsel should have sought
suppression of his statement on Fourth Amendment grounds. The Petitioner claimed that,
if counsel had done so, the statement would have been suppressed and it would have been
“a structural constitutional issue that would have required reversal on appeal.” The
Petitioner specified that “the unreasonable and undue delay that occurred in [his] case
before he was properly charged” constituted a Fourth Amendment violation. The Petitioner
also contested the factual assertion that he voluntarily surrendered himself to police on
December 10, 2008.

        The State argued that “this was an incredibly difficult case with incredibly difficult
facts . . . where the proof was fairly compelling against the [Petitioner].” As such, trial
counsel focused on mitigation and was successful in doing so. In addition, the State
asserted that, in seeking suppression of the Petitioner’s statement, trial counsel made the
decision to focus on the Petitioner’s “request for a lawyer in the second statement that was
made by the [Petitioner] after that request” rather than focus on the forty-eight-hour hold.
The State remarked that, by the time the Petitioner provided his initial statement, he had
incriminated himself and been identified by one or more of the victims in the case. Lastly,
the State noted that the trial court had not found the Petitioner’s testimony regarding “issues
of coercion and the pressures that he had felt in order to give the second statement”
credible, and the Court of Criminal Appeals agreed with that assessment. The State
claimed that, given that finding, it did not know whether the Petitioner would have been
able to successfully raise an issue with regard to the forty-eight-hour hold, as “much of that
would have again depended on [the Petitioner’s] testimony.”

        The post-conviction court then took the case under advisement. On September 25,
2019, the post-conviction court entered an order denying post-conviction relief based on
the Petitioner’s failure to prove his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. In its order,
the court ruled, inter alia, that the Petitioner had not carried his burden of proof in alleging
that trial counsel was ineffective “in failing to file a motion to suppress his statements given

                                             -7-
to the police as being in violation of the Petitioner’s Fourth [A]mendment rights.”5
Specifically, the post-conviction court stated:

        At least one of the victim’s [sic] identified the Petitioner as the culprit. As
        such, it is clear that the police had probable cause to arrest the Petitioner,
        even if he had not voluntarily turned himself in to the police. More
        specifically, it appears as though the Petitioner is making a claim that his 4th
        Amendment rights were violated because he was not given a Gerstein
        probable cause determination as required by law. See Gerstein v. Pugh, 420
        U.S. 103[,] 95 S.Ct. 854, 43 L.Ed. 2d 54 (1975). It appears that the police
        responded to the scene of the crime around 3:00 p.m. on December 9, 2008.
        The Petitioner turned himself into the police at around 12:40 p.m. on
        December 10, 2008. Probable cause was determined by a judicial
        commissioner on December 10, 2008 (document is stamp filed at 7:13 p.m.).
        According to the finding of probable cause[,] the [Petitioner] had already
        turned himself in and confessed at the time the probable cause determination
        was made. As such, a Gerstein determination was, in fact, made within seven
        (7) hours of [the Petitioner] coming into custody. Accordingly, there was no
        Gerstein violation. See State v. Gonzales, 2018 WL 5098204 [(]Tenn. Crim.
        App. Oct. 18, 2018) (neither defendant’s presence nor an adversary hearing
        is required to satisfy Gerstein; the only question is whether there is probable
        cause justifying detention). Accordingly[, the] Petitioner has failed to
        demonstrate either “deficient performance” or “prejudice.”

        The Petitioner appealed the decision of the post-conviction court to the Court of
Criminal Appeals. In his appeal, he “reassert[ed] his claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel, arguing that his counsel performed deficiently by failing to challenge the
admission of his statement on Fourth Amendment grounds because ‘there was an
unreasonable delay in obtaining a probable cause hearing.’” Id. at 9. The Court of Criminal
Appeals affirmed the judgment of the post-conviction court. Id. at 11. The court concluded
that the Petitioner “failed to present any evidence at the evidentiary hearing that suggests
that a Fourth Amendment challenge to his statement would have been sustained by the trial
court.” Id. at 10. Highlighting the fact that three witnesses identified the Petitioner as the
perpetrator, the Court of Criminal Appeals determined that, even if the Petitioner had
proved a Fourth Amendment challenge would have been successful, “he still [could not]
show that the result of his trial would have been different given the overwhelming proof of
his guilt.” Id.6
        5
           The post-conviction court denied all other grounds for relief the Petitioner presented in his
petition, none of which are at issue in this appeal.
        6
         The Petitioner asserts that the post-conviction court and Court of Criminal Appeals incorrectly
applied a harmless error analysis to the prejudice prong of Strickland v. Washington rather than the
reasonable probability standard. See 466 U.S. 668, 694 (1984) (“The defendant must show that there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have
                                                   -8-
      The Petitioner appealed the decision of the Court of Criminal Appeals, and this
Court granted review on June 17, 2021.

                                           II.      ANALYSIS

       The Petitioner raises several issues in support of his claim that counsel was
ineffective for failing to file a motion to suppress statements he gave to police in violation
of his Fourth Amendment rights. In sum, Petitioner urges this Court to adopt the test in
Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365 (1986), which sets forth the analysis for ineffective
assistance of counsel claims premised on counsel’s failure to file a motion to suppress
evidence on Fourth Amendment grounds. As part of this argument, Petitioner asks this
Court to end reliance on Cecil v. State, No. M2009-00671-CCA-R3-PC, 2011 WL 4012436
(Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 12, 2011), for such claims7 because Tennessee courts are bound
by relevant United States Supreme Court precedent and because Cecil imposes an improper
burden on petitioners.8

       In response, the State agrees that Kimmelman sets the proper standard for this type
of post-conviction claim and should be adopted by this Court. However, the State contends
that the post-conviction court properly denied the Petitioner’s claim and that counsel was

been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome.”). After reviewing the record, we note that the Court of Criminal Appeals referenced the
Petitioner’s direct appeal in which the court concluded that “even if the court erred in not suppressing the
[petitioner’s] statement, such error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” See Phillips v. State, No.
W2019-01927-CCA-R3-PC, slip op. at 10 (Tenn. Crim. App. Feb. 26, 2021) (alteration in original) (quoting
Phillips, 2013 WL 6529309, at *20), perm. app. granted, (Tenn. June 17, 2021). This reference to the direct
appeal language supports the court’s ultimate conclusion that “even if the petitioner had presented facts to
support a conclusion that a Fourth Amendment challenge would have been successful, he still cannot show
that the result of his trial would have been different given the overwhelming proof of his guilt.” Id. It is
clear that the Court of Criminal Appeals applied the reasonable probability standard even though it
referenced the direct appeal language to support its conclusion. Therefore, the Petitioner’s argument on
this issue has no merit.
        7
         There is nothing in the record to indicate the post-conviction court or the Court of Criminal
Appeals applied Cecil in this case. In fact, the Court of Criminal Appeals applied and cited to Kimmelman.
Therefore, Cecil’s holding has no effect on the case before us today. Nonetheless, a discussion of Cecil is
necessary to provide clarity for the lower courts regarding this type of post-conviction claim.
        8
           The Petitioner also argues that the alleged Fourth Amendment violation in this case was structural
constitutional error and requires automatic reversal, or, in the alternative, that it was non-structural
constitutional error and that the State has failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not
affect the verdict. See State v. Rodriguez, 254 S.W.3d 361, 371–72 (Tenn. 2008). The Petitioner’s
argument, however, disregards the unique procedural posture of his post-conviction claim and the fact that
the alleged Fourth Amendment violation is raised as part of his Sixth Amendment claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel. See Kimmelman, 477 U.S. at 375 (“[W]hile respondent’s defaulted Fourth
Amendment claim is one element of proof of his Sixth Amendment claim, the two claims have separate
identities and reflect different constitutional values.”).
                                                   -9-
not ineffective for declining to seek suppression of the Petitioner’s statements based on the
alleged Fourth Amendment violation.

                                A.     Standard of Review

       Appellate review of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim is a mixed question
of law and fact that this Court reviews de novo. Dellinger v. State, 279 S.W.3d 282, 294
(Tenn. 2009). Witness credibility, the weight and value of witness testimony, and the
resolution of other factual issues brought about by the evidence are entitled to a
presumption of correctness, which is overcome only when the preponderance of the
evidence is otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 456 (Tenn.
2001); see also Mobley v. State, 397 S.W.3d 70, 80 (Tenn. 2013). On the other hand, we
accord no presumption of correctness to the post-conviction court’s conclusions of law,
which are subject to purely de novo review. Fields, 40 S.W.3d at 458; Mobley 397 S.W.3d
at 80.

  B.     Tennessee’s Post-conviction Law Related to Claims of Ineffective Assistance of
                                          Counsel

       Tennessee’s Post-Conviction Procedure Act provides a criminal defendant relief
from a conviction or sentence that is “void or voidable because of the abridgment of any
right guaranteed by the Constitution of Tennessee or the Constitution of the United States.”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-103 (2018 & Supp. 2020). Because the United States
Constitution and Tennessee Constitution guarantee assistance of counsel to all criminal
defendants during critical stages of the adversarial process, U.S. Const. amend. VI; Tenn.
Const. art. I, § 9, the denial of effective assistance of counsel is a cognizable claim under
the Act. Mobley, 397 S.W.3d at 79–80. “Counsel’s representation becomes ineffective
when it ‘so undermine[s] the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial
cannot be relied on as having produced a just result.’” Id. at 80 (alteration in original)
(quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686 (1984)).

       When alleging ineffective assistance of counsel, section 40-30-110(f) states that the
petitioner “shall have the burden of proving the allegations of fact [in his or her petition]
by clear and convincing evidence.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-110(f) (2018 & Supp. 2020).
The post-conviction court, under the guidance of Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
687 (1984), then analyzes the facts to determine whether counsel’s performance was
deficient and whether that deficiency prejudiced the petitioner. Nesbit v. State, 452 S.W.3d
779, 786–87 (Tenn. 2014). Counsel’s representation is deficient if “counsel’s
representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at
688. Deficiency alone, however, does not warrant automatic relief. See id. at 692. A
petitioner must also show that “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable
probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. at 694.
The petitioner must prove sufficient facts to support both the deficiency and prejudice
                                             - 10 -
prongs of the Strickland inquiry—or, stated another way, the post-conviction court need
only determine the petitioner’s proof is insufficient to support one of the two prongs to
deny the claim. Mobley, 397 S.W.3d at 80.

       In practice, the overlap between a petitioner’s statutory burden of proof under
section 40-30-110(f) and a court’s application of the Strickland inquiry means:

        the petitioner is required to prove the fact of counsel’s alleged error by clear
        and convincing evidence. If that burden of proof is met, the court then must
        assess under Strickland whether that error “fell below an objective standard
        of reasonableness,” and whether the error raised “a reasonable probability . .
        . that the result of the proceedings would have been different.”

Dellinger, 279 S.W.3d at 294 (emphasis in original) (citations omitted) (quoting Strickland,
466 U.S. at 687–88, 694); see also Fields, 40 S.W.3d at 458 (reiterating that the petitioner
is not required to prove the deficiency or prejudice prong of Strickland by clear and
convincing evidence; rather, “the petitioner has ‘the burden of proving the allegations of
fact by clear and convincing evidence’” (emphasis in original) (quoting Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 40-30-210(f) (1997) (current version at Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-110(f)))).

       In certain scenarios, the two-pronged Strickland inquiry may be modified. See
Howard v. State, 604 S.W.3d 53, 58 (Tenn. 2020). For example, prejudice is presumed,
and proof of actual prejudice is not required, in circumstances that “are so likely to
prejudice the accused that the cost of litigating their effect in a particular case is
unjustified.” Id. (quoting United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 658 (1984)). These
circumstances include cases in which (1) a petitioner experiences a “complete denial of
counsel;” (2) “counsel entirely fails to subject the prosecution’s case to meaningful
adversarial testing;” and (3) “counsel is available to assist the accused during trial, [but]
the likelihood that any lawyer, even a fully competent one, could provide effective
assistance is so small that a presumption of prejudice is appropriate without inquiry into
the actual conduct of the trial.” Cronic, 466 U.S. at 659–60.9

        On the other hand, the two-pronged Strickland inquiry is supplemented and requires
the petitioner to present additional proof when the petitioner alleges that counsel was
ineffective for failing to file a motion to suppress evidence on Fourth Amendment grounds,
as is the case here. See Kimmelman, 477 U.S. at 382; Davis v. State, No. W2019-01886-
CCA-R3-PC, 2020 WL 5033438, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 25, 2020), perm. app.
denied, (Tenn. Dec. 4, 2020); Cecil, 2011 WL 4012436, at *8. Both parties agree that the

        9
         See also Roe v. Flores-Ortega, 528 U.S. 470, 483 (2000) (complete denial of counsel); Davis v.
Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 318 (1974) (failure to subject the State’s case to adversarial testing); Powell v.
Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 53 (1932) (presumption of prejudice without inquiry into the actual conduct at trial).

                                                  - 11 -
United States Supreme Court’s opinion in Kimmelman sets forth the correct legal standard
and burden of proof to assess prejudice under Strickland in this specific context:

        Where defense counsel’s failure to litigate a Fourth Amendment claim
        competently is the principal allegation of ineffectiveness, the defendant must
        also prove that his Fourth Amendment claim is meritorious and that there is
        a reasonable probability that the verdict would have been different absent the
        excludable evidence in order to demonstrate actual prejudice.

Kimmelman, 477 U.S. at 375. Although this Court has recognized Kimmelman,10 we have
yet to apply it in this context. As a result, only some of Tennessee’s intermediate appellate
courts have applied Kimmelman, while others have applied a nearly identical analysis
articulated by the Court of Criminal Appeals in Cecil.11 The standard from Cecil is:

        In order to show prejudice, Petitioner must show by clear and convincing
        evidence that (1) a motion to suppress would have been granted and (2) there
        was a reasonable probability that the proceedings would have concluded
        differently if counsel had performed as suggested. In essence, the petitioner
        should incorporate a motion to suppress within the proof presented at the
        post-conviction hearing.

2011 WL 4012436, at *8 (citations omitted).

       We agree with the parties that Kimmelman defines the appropriate standard for
prejudice under the circumstances and should be utilized by Tennessee courts moving
forward. However, we do not believe, as the Petitioner suggests, that Cecil is necessarily
“bad law.” Whether under Kimmelman or Cecil, to demonstrate prejudice, a petitioner is

        10
           See Nesbit, 452 S.W.3d at 796 (regarding counsel’s general duty to investigate and prepare a
case); Carpenter v. State, 126 S.W.3d 879, 887 (Tenn. 2004) (regarding counsel’s alleged failure to
challenge the jury instructions); State v. Ritchie, 20 S.W.3d 624, 628 n.8 (Tenn. 2000) (regarding the
authority of federal courts to issue writs of habeas corpus); Caldwell v. State, 917 S.W.2d 662, 668 (Tenn.
1996) (regarding the types of claims that Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465 (1976), does not govern); see also
Cauthern v. State, 145 S.W.3d 571, 606 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2004) (regarding the requirement that the post-
conviction court consider the totality of the evidence at trial); Moffitt v. State, 29 S.W.3d 51, 56 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1999) (that the right to the effective assistance counsel is not conditioned on actual innocence).
        11
          Compare Davis v. State, No. W2019-01886-CCA-R3-PC, 2020 WL 5033438, at *5 (Tenn. Crim.
App. Aug. 25, 2020), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. Dec. 4, 2020), Johnson v. State, No. W2019-00741-CCA-
R3-PC, 2020 WL 1277658, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 16, 2020), White v. State, No. W2008-01661-
CCA-R3-PC, 2010 WL 2219608, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 20, 2010), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. Sept.
23, 2010), and O’Quendo v. State, No. 89-150-III, 1990 WL 165807, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 1,
1990), with Smith v. State, No. W2019-00994-CCA-R3-PC, 2020 WL 1972587, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App.
Apr. 24, 2020), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. Sept. 21, 2020), and Santarone v. State, No. E2018-01312-CCA-
R3-PC, 2019 WL 6487419, at *10 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 2, 2019), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. Apr. 16,
2020).
                                                   - 12 -
required to prove that he has a meritorious Fourth Amendment claim and that there is a
reasonable probability the outcome of the proceedings would have been different had the
evidence complained of been excluded. Kimmelman, 477 U.S. at 375; Cecil, 2011 WL
4012436, at *8. The Petitioner takes issue with the fact that Cecil includes the legal
standard “clear and convincing” within its statement of the standard. See 2011 WL
4012436, at *8 (“In order to show prejudice, Petitioner must show by clear and convincing
evidence that . . . .” (emphasis added)). The Petitioner argues that this imposes an improper
burden on petitioners to prove prejudice by clear and convincing evidence rather than prove
the factual allegations in support of such claim by clear and convincing evidence, as is
required by the statute.

         This is not the first time that this Court has addressed this type of alleged error
regarding a lower court’s recitation of the standard in post-conviction cases. See Fields,
40 S.W.3d at 458; Dellinger, 279 S.W.3d at 294. In the past, this Court looked to the lower
court’s analysis of the underlying claim to determine if the lower court actually applied the
correct legal standard even if the language of the opinion appeared imprecise. See Fields,
40 S.W.3d at 458 & n.6. (“[T]his error . . . appears to be only one of imprecision in the use
of its language, as it is clear from its opinion that the court applied the correct legal standard
and properly concluded that the appellant’s claim was without merit.”); Dellinger, 279
S.W.3d at 294 (“Although this statement is imprecise, we agree with the State that the post-
conviction trial court did not misapply the law.”).

       We acknowledge that the Cecil panel could have been more precise when reciting
the petitioner’s burden of proof. However, it is clear from the court’s reference to
Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-30-110(f) and its analysis of the petitioner’s proof
provided at the post-conviction hearing that the court applied the correct legal standard and
considered whether the petitioner presented clear and convincing evidence to support the
factual allegation of prejudice. Cecil, 2011 WL 4012436, at *8 (“Even though we could
easily conclude that there is nothing in the record to show that trial counsel rendered
deficient performance, we conclude that Petitioner failed to put on any proof of Strickland
prejudice even assuming, arguendo, that trial counsel had been deficient by not filing any
motion to suppress evidence.”). Thus, we do not agree with the Petitioner that Cecil is
“bad law,” and we conclude that Cecil’s test is for all intents and purposes is the same test
from Kimmelman. Regardless, moving forward, Tennessee courts should utilize the test
directly from Kimmelman to assess whether a petitioner has carried his or her burden to
prove prejudice in this context.

       We also find it helpful to provide further guidance to our lower courts to
successfully implement Kimmelman alongside Strickland when this type of claim arises.
In our research, we have found that other state courts use a variety of methods to integrate
the Kimmelman standard into the Strickland analysis. For example, some courts simply
cite and discuss Kimmelman as the definition for prejudice under Strickland in this specific

                                              - 13 -
context.12 Others articulate a wholistic test with steps or guiding questions to aide in
integrating the Strickland and Kimmelman standards into one test.13 Ultimately, we
believe a clearly articulated three-pronged inquiry reflects the interconnected nature of
Kimmelman and Strickland and supports the idea that this type of ineffective assistance of
counsel claim creates an additional step in the traditional Strickland analysis. Therefore,
to establish a successful claim of ineffective assistance of counsel based on counsel’s
failure to file a motion to suppress evidence on Fourth Amendment grounds, the Petitioner
must prove: “(1) a suppression motion would have been meritorious; (2) counsel’s failure
to file such motion was objectively unreasonable; and (3) but for counsel’s objectively
unreasonable omission, there is a reasonable probability that the verdict would have been
different absent the excludable evidence.” Khalil-Alsalaami v. State, 486 P.3d 1216, 1239
(Kan. 2021) (citing United States v. Ratliff, 719 F.3d 422, 423 (5th Cir. 2013); Zakrzewski
v. McDonough, 455 F.3d 1254, 1260 (11th Cir. 2006)); see W. Mark Ward, Tennessee
Criminal Trial Practice § 32:18, Westlaw (database updated October 2021).

        As the United States Supreme Court contemplated in Kimmelman:

        Although a meritorious Fourth Amendment issue is necessary to the success
        of a Sixth Amendment claim like respondent’s, a good Fourth Amendment
        claim alone will not earn a prisoner . . . relief. Only those . . . petitioners who
        can prove under Strickland that they have been denied a fair trial by the gross
        incompetence of their attorneys . . . will be entitled to retrial without the
        challenged evidence.

477 U.S. at 382. It remains the petitioner’s burden to prove the factual allegations
supporting all claims in the petition by clear and convincing evidence. See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-30-110(f).14

        12
          See e.g., People v. Wharton, 809 P.2d 290, 323 (Cal. 1991) (en banc) (defining prejudice under
Strickland in this context as the two factors from Kimmelman—a meritorious Fourth Amendment claim
and a reasonable probability that the verdict would have been different absent the excludable evidence);
Porter v. United States, 37 A.3d 251, 256 (D.C. 2012) (same); Leili v. State, 834 S.E.2d 847, 855 (Ga.
2019) (same).
        13
           See e.g., State v. Lee, 181 So. 3d 631, 637 (La. 2015) (“Thus, if a reasonably competent attorney
could have suppressed the evidence and as a result, the State would have dismissed the charges, the
petitioner may show a basis for relief.” (citing Northrop v. Trippett, 265 F.3d 372, 383–84 (6th Cir. 2001)
(en banc); State v. Reichenbach, 101 P.3d 80, 87 (Wash. 2004)); Commonwealth v. Collins, 888 A.2d 564,
571 n.7 (Pa. 2005) (“In Pennsylvania, we have adapted the Strickland test as set forth in Commonwealth v.
Pierce, 527 A.2d 973 (Pa. 1987) and require a defendant to prove three prongs—that the claim has arguable
merit, that counsel had no reasonable basis for his action or omission, and that the defendant was prejudiced
by counsel’s conduct.”).
        14
           Amici curiae ask this Court to adopt a preponderance of the evidence standard regarding a
petitioner’s burden to prove a meritorious Fourth Amendment claim and to prove deficiency under
Strickland. As far as the factual allegations supporting such claims, the petitioner’s burden is clear and
                                                   - 14 -
                        C.       Application of Strickland and Kimmelman

       We now turn to the application of Strickland and Kimmelman in the present case.
Because the Petitioner bases his ineffective assistance of counsel claim on trial counsel’s
alleged failure to litigate a Fourth Amendment claim competently, the Petitioner must
prove that his Fourth Amendment claim is meritorious and that there is a reasonable
probability the verdict would have been different absent the excludable evidence.
Kimmelman, 477 U.S. at 375. Under the facts of this case, to establish a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel based on counsel’s failure to file a motion to suppress
evidence on Fourth Amendment grounds, the Petitioner must prove that (1) a suppression
motion premised on the alleged unconstitutional forty-eight-hour hold would have been
meritorious; (2) counsel’s failure to file such a motion on such grounds was objectively
unreasonable; and (3) but for counsel’s objectively unreasonable failure to raise this
particular issue in a suppression motion, there is a reasonable probability that the verdict
would have been different absent the excludable evidence. The Petitioner must prove all
three of these prongs in order for his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel to succeed.15

                     i. Would a suppression motion have been meritorious?

     To answer the question of whether a suppression motion filed on Fourth
Amendment grounds would have been meritorious, we must examine whether a Fourth
Amendment violation occurred.

       The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects against
unreasonable searches and seizures. See U.S. Const. amend. IV; Tenn. Const. art I, § 7. A
warrantless search or seizure is presumptively unreasonable, and any evidence discovered
is subject to suppression. Id. One of the exceptions to the warrant requirement is an arrest
supported by probable cause. State v. Echols, 382 S.W.3d 266, 277 (Tenn. 2012).
“Probable cause . . . exists if, at the time of the arrest, the facts and circumstances within
the knowledge of the officers, and of which they had reasonably trustworthy information,
are ‘sufficient to warrant a prudent [person] in believing that the [defendant] had committed
or was committing an offense.” Id. at 277–78 (alterations in original) (quoting State v.
Bridges, 963 S.W.2d 487, 491 (Tenn. 1997)). Probable cause must be “more than a mere

convincing as governed by Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-30-110(f). We also decline to assign the
preponderance of the evidence standard to the conclusions of law associated with these issues under
Strickland or Kimmelman. The Petitioner did not present this argument in this appeal.
        15
          We note that, if the Petitioner fails to prove even one of the three elements, the inquiry ends. As
explained infra, we conclude that a suppression motion on Fourth Amendment grounds would not have
been successful, so our inquiry could end there. However, we will address the remaining two questions in
this analysis to provide guidance for our lower courts regarding the application of Strickland and
Kimmelman.
                                                   - 15 -
suspicion.” State v. Lawrence, 154 S.W.3d 71, 76 (Tenn. 2005) (citing State v. Melson,
638 S.W.2d 342, 350 (Tenn. 1982)).

        We begin our analysis with the observation that the Petitioner surrendered himself
to police at approximately 12:40 p.m. on December 10, 2008. For purposes of our analysis,
we assume this is the time of his arrest. When an individual is arrested without a warrant,
as the Petitioner was in the present case, that individual is entitled to a “fair and reliable
determination of probable cause as a condition for any significant pretrial restraint of
liberty,” and the determination “must be made by a judicial officer either before or
promptly after arrest.” Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103, 125 (1975). A jurisdiction that
provides a determination of probable cause “within [forty-eight] hours of arrest will, as a
general matter, comply with the promptness requirement of Gerstein.” County of Riverside
v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44, 56 (1991); see State v. Bishop, 431 S.W.3d 22, 42 (Tenn.
2014) (“[A] delay of less than forty-eight hours is presumptively reasonable.”). The
exclusionary rule applies when officers fail “to bring an arrestee before a magistrate within
the [forty-eight hours] allowed by McLaughlin.” Bishop, 431 S.W.3d at 42 (alteration in
original) (quoting State v. Huddleston, 924 S.W.2d 666, 673 (Tenn. 1996)). “[A]ny
evidence obtained as a result of an arrestee’s unlawful detention must be excluded from
evidence unless the arrestee’s statement was ‘sufficiently an act of free will to purge the
primary taint’ of the illegal detention.” State v. Clayton, 535 S.W.3d 829, 849 (Tenn. 2017)
(quoting Bishop, 431 S.W.3d at 42).

        In the present case, the Petitioner surrendered himself to police on December 10,
2008, at approximately 12:40 p.m. A judicial commissioner made a probable cause
determination that same day at 7:13 p.m., less than seven hours later. Thus, the Petitioner’s
detention is presumptively reasonable. See McLaughlin, 500 U.S. at 56; Bishop, 431
S.W.3d at 42. However, a probable cause determination made within forty-eight hours of
arrest may still violate Gerstein if the arrested individual establishes that his probable cause
determination was unreasonably delayed. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. at 56. “Examples of
unreasonable delay are delays for the purpose of gathering additional evidence to justify
the arrest, a delay motivated by ill will against the arrested individual, or delay for delay’s
sake.” Id. In evaluating the reasonableness of a delay, “courts must allow a substantial
degree of flexibility” and “cannot ignore the often unavoidable delays in transporting
arrested persons from one facility to another, handling late-night bookings where no
magistrate is readily available, obtaining the presence of an arresting officer who may be
busy processing other suspects or securing the premises of an arrest, and other practical
realities.” Id. at 56–57. When a probable cause determination is not held within forty-
eight hours, the burden shifts to the State “to demonstrate the existence of a bona fide
emergency or other extraordinary circumstance.” Id. at 57.

       The Petitioner argues that his probable cause determination was unreasonably
delayed due to the Memphis Police Department’s forty-eight-hour hold policy that was in
place at the time of his arrest. This Court previously has criticized the use of the forty-
eight-hour hold policy:
                                          - 16 -
              If the Memphis Police Department is, in fact, arresting suspects
       without probable cause and using this 48-hour hold procedure to gather
       “additional evidence to justify the arrest,” this procedure clearly runs afoul
       of [McLaughlin]. Such a practice would be unconstitutional, even if limited
       to 48 hours or less. Our Court of Criminal Appeals has condemned the
       practice in the past, and we echo that court’s concerns.

Bishop, 431 S.W.3d at 43 n.9 (citations omitted).

       However, despite the Fourth Amendment concerns brought about by the Memphis
Police Department’s use of this policy, the proof in this case does not establish that the
Petitioner’s probable cause determination was unreasonably delayed. No evidence was
presented suggesting that there was “a delay motivated by ill will” against the Petitioner
nor that there was a “delay for delay’s sake.” McLaughlin, 500 U.S. at 56. In addition, the
proof does not establish that there was a delay for the purpose of gathering additional
evidence to justify the arrest, as the evidence available at that time was sufficient to provide
probable cause to arrest the Petitioner. By the time the Petitioner surrendered himself to
police, the police had responded to a crime scene where, at a minimum, two individuals
had been stabbed and one had died of apparent strangulation. The perpetrator had fled the
scene, but the three surviving victims each identified the Petitioner as the perpetrator from
a photographic array. One of the surviving victims also had identified the Petitioner as the
attacker by first and last name. These identifications established probable cause to believe
that multiple felonies had been committed and that the Petitioner was the perpetrator.
Because the Petitioner’s arrest was supported by probable cause and his probable cause
determination was not unreasonably delayed, there was no Gerstein violation. As a result,
we agree with the post-conviction court and the Court of Criminal Appeals that the
Petitioner has not established that his Fourth Amendment claim is meritorious. Therefore,
we conclude that a suppression motion filed on Fourth Amendment grounds would not
have been successful.

ii. Was trial counsel’s failure to file a motion to suppress on Fourth Amendment grounds
                                  objectively unreasonable?

       Next, the Petitioner must establish that trial counsel’s failure to file a motion to
suppress on Fourth Amendment grounds was objectively unreasonable. In order to do so,
the Petitioner must prove that counsel’s error was “so serious that counsel was not
functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment,”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Mobley, 397 S.W.3d at 80, and his or her representation fell
“below an objective standard of ‘reasonableness under prevailing professional norms.’”
Mobley, 397 S.W.3d at 80 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 668). If the advice given or
services rendered by counsel are “within the range of competence demanded of attorneys
in criminal cases,” counsel’s performance is not deficient. Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d
930, 936 (Tenn. 1975).
                                          - 17 -
        Reviewing courts must not measure counsel’s performance through “20-20
hindsight.” Felts v. State, 354 S.W.3d 266, 277 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting Hellard v. State,
629 S.W.2d 4, 9 (Tenn. 1982)). “A fair assessment of attorney performance requires that
every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the
circumstances of counsel’s challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel’s
perspective at the time.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. Appellate courts “must be highly
deferential and ‘must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the
wide range of reasonable professional assistance; that is, the [Petitioner] must overcome
the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged action ‘might be considered
sound trial strategy.’” State v. Honeycutt, 54 S.W.3d 762, 767 (Tenn. 2001) (quoting
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689). The United States Supreme Court has emphasized that
“[t]here are countless ways to provide effective assistance in any given case. Even the best
criminal defense attorneys would not defend a particular client in the same way.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689–90 (citing Gary Goodpaster, The Trial for Life: Effective
Assistance of Counsel in Death Penalty Cases, 58 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 299, 343 (1983)). The
fact that a particular strategy or tactical decision employed by trial counsel failed “does
not, in and of itself, establish that the performance was deficient.” Mobley, 397 S.W.3d at
81 (citing Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 369 (Tenn. 1996)).

       In Carpenter v. State, this Court stated that “[i]f a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel is based on the failure to raise a particular issue, as it is in this case, then the
reviewing court must determine the merits of the issue.” 126 S.W.3d 879, 887 (Tenn.
2004) (citing Kimmelman, 477 U.S. at 375). Counsel’s performance is not deficient if the
issue they failed to raise has no merit or is weak. Id. We previously analyzed the merits
of a suppression motion filed on Fourth Amendment grounds in this case, and we
determined that such a motion would not have been successful had one been filed.
Consequently, we need not further analyze trial counsel’s decision not to seek suppression
of the Petitioner’s statements on Fourth Amendment grounds. Given that the issue lacked
merit, trial counsel’s decision to seek suppression on grounds other than Fourth
Amendment grounds cannot be said to have been objectively unreasonable.

iii. Would the verdict have been different but for trial counsel’s failure to file a motion to
                        suppress on Fourth Amendment grounds?

       Lastly, the Petitioner must show that there is a reasonable probability that the verdict
would have been different absent the excludable evidence. Kimmelman, 477 U.S. at 375.
Once again, we reiterate that a motion to suppress filed on Fourth Amendment grounds in
this case would not have been successful. However, even assuming such a motion would
have been granted and the Petitioner’s inculpatory statements to police had been
suppressed, the proof does not demonstrate that the result of the Petitioner’s case would
have been different.

                                            - 18 -
        In his first statement to police, the Petitioner admitted to stabbing both C.L. and
M.L., though he claimed he did so in self-defense. Phillips, 2013 WL 6529308, at *7–8.
In his second statement, the Petitioner again admitted responsibility for the injuries to C.L.
and M.L. but also admitted that he was responsible for the death of F.G. Id. at *8. While
we recognize that these statements were indeed inculpatory, they added little substance to
the other evidence of the Petitioner’s guilt that was presented to the jury.

        The jury heard testimony from all three surviving victims regarding the events of
December 9, 2008. See id. at *1–6. M.L., C.L., and M.J.L. each described the attack and
identified the Petitioner in court as the perpetrator. Id. Detective Tim Reynolds of the
Memphis Police Department, who responded to the crime scene, testified that a crowd
gathered while he at the victims’ home, and some members of the crowd stated that the
Petitioner was the perpetrator. Id. at *7. Detective Reynolds testified that, the next day,
he transported the Petitioner to the police station and overheard the Petitioner tell his side
of the story to his mother. Id. While explaining the story, the Petitioner admitted to
fighting C.L. with a knife. Id.

       In addition, the jury heard testimony from M.L. and C.L. that, following the attack,
they each identified the Petitioner as the perpetrator from a photographic array shown to
them by the police. Id. at *5–6. C.L. even testified that he had known the Petitioner
socially for several years. Id. at *5. The trial court found that these identifications were
reliable, and the Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed that finding in the Petitioner’s direct
appeal, stating:

               The record shows that each victim had ample opportunity to view the
       [Petitioner] at the time of the crime. The victims’ testimony made clear that
       they were attentive for at least portions of the incident, conversing with the
       [Petitioner] and struggling with him face-to-face. The record also shows that
       the victims’ prior descriptions of the assailant were accurate and that one of
       the victims knew the [Petitioner] prior to the incident and another victim had
       previously met the [Petitioner]. The record further shows that the victims
       immediately, and with certainty, identified the [Petitioner] from the array and
       that the length of time between the crime and the confrontation was within
       hours. The record does not preponderate against the trial court’s finding that
       the totality of the circumstances shows that the identifications were reliable.

Id. at *21.

       Given this proof of the Petitioner’s guilt, we conclude that the Petitioner has not
established a reasonable probability that his verdict would have been different had his
statements to police been suppressed.

                                            - 19 -
                                    CONCLUSION

       Because the Petitioner has failed to prove the three prongs necessary to satisfy
Strickland and Kimmelman, we conclude that the Petitioner cannot prevail on his claim for
ineffective assistance of counsel. Consequently, we affirm the judgment of the Court of
Criminal Appeals.

                                       ________________________________________
                                       JEFFREY S. BIVINS, JUSTICE

                                         - 20 -