Court Opinion

ID: 4457014
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-11-19 19:10:46.127827+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:51:16.942593
License: Public Domain

J-A18043-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

 THE SENATE ENGINEERING CO.,             :    IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                         :          PENNSYLVANIA
                    Appellant            :
                                         :
                                         :
              v.                         :
                                         :
                                         :
 KU RESOURCES, INC.                      :         No. 267 WDA 2019

                Appeal from the Order Entered January 17, 2019
              in the Court of Common Pleas of Armstrong County
                      Civil Division at No(s): 2017-1319

BEFORE: BOWES, J., NICHOLS, J., and MUSMANNO, J.

MEMORANDUM BY MUSMANNO, J.:                    FILED NOVEMBER 19, 2019

      The Senate Engineering Co. (“Senate”), appeals from the Order

dismissing its Complaint (the “2018 Complaint”), and granting the Preliminary

Objections filed by KU Resources, Inc. (“KU”). We affirm.

      Senate provides engineering design, project management, and related

engineering services to clients. KU is a geotechnical engineering firm. In July

2012, Senate entered into a contract with the Armstrong County Industrial

Development Authority (“ACIDA”).      Senate agreed to provide engineering

services and designs for the construction of four new “pad sites” (hereinafter,

“the Project”), in an industrial park in Armstrong County, owned by ACIDA.

      Prior to entering into this contract, Senate retained KU to provide

geotechnical investigation and consultation services concerning the Project
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(hereinafter referred to as the “Senate/KU Contract”).1 After KU submitted a

geotechnical report (“the KU Report”) to Senate in September 2012, Senate

provided ACIDA with plans and designs for the Project.2 ACIDA then publicly

sought bids from construction companies that could complete the Project. The

chosen bidder was Hoffman Construction Services, LLC (“Hoffman”).

        Hoffman began work on the Project in 2013, which included earthwork,

grading, and grass seeding. Hoffman completed construction in September

2014. However, it eventually became apparent that the seed was not growing

well, which caused damage to the slopes.          Senate alleged in its 2018

Complaint that if these problems do exist, they were attributable to the

Project’s slopes being constructed too steep, per KU’s recommendation.

        Importantly to this appeal, Senate’s instant action was preceded by an

action that Hoffman brought against Senate and ACIDA concerning the Project

(hereinafter, the “2014 action”).3 In sum, Hoffman pled that it had suffered

damages due to negligent engineering designs concerning the overly-steep

grade of the Project’s slopes.

____________________________________________

1 Specifically, Senate asked KU to investigate any limitations to the Project
site development due to any subsurface issues that may be present, and
provide a geotechnical report of the site conditions to allow for proper project
design by Senate.

2Senate averred that these plans/designs were based, in part, upon the KU
Report.

3   Hoffman did not name KU as a defendant in the 2014 action.
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      In response to the 2014 action, in August 2015, ACIDA filed an Answer,

New Matter, and a Cross-Claim against Senate. In the Cross-Claim, ACIDA

asserted professional negligence, breach of contract, and indemnification from

Hoffman’s claims.

      Notably to this appeal, in November 2016, Senate filed a “Complaint to

Join Additional Defendant, KU []” (the “Complaint to Join”), in the 2014 action.

Therein, Senate asserted against KU claims of (1) negligence; and (2)

indemnification, and asked the court to join KU with respect to the 2014

action. Concerning the indemnification cause of action, Senate averred that,

in the Senate/KU Contract, KU expressly agreed to indemnify Senate

concerning any losses/liabilities that Senate might incur, which arose out of

any negligence or misconduct on the part of KU in performing its contracted

services. In response, KU filed an Answer and New Matter in February 2017.

      On March 14, 2018, Senate filed the 2018 Complaint against KU.

Therein, Senate alleged the following causes of action: (1) professional

negligence; (2) breach of contract; (3) common law indemnification; (4)

contractual indemnification; and (5) contribution.

      On October 22, 2018, KU filed Preliminary Objections to the 2018

Complaint. KU asserted, inter alia, that Senate’s claims in the 2018 Complaint

were duplicative of the claims that Senate had previously alleged against KU

in the Complaint to Join, and must therefore be dismissed.          Concerning

Senate’s claims in the 2018 Complaint for indemnification and contribution

from KU, KU pointed out that the 2014 action is still pending, and no judgment

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has been entered against Senate or any party.4 Therefore, KU asserted, any

claim for indemnification or contribution is premature.

       After a hearing, the trial court granted KU’s Preliminary Objections and

dismissed the 2018 Complaint, by a Memorandum and Order entered on

January 17, 2019.        Therein, the trial court held that Senate’s claims for

indemnification and contribution from KU, in the 2018 Complaint, were

premature and duplicative of the claims raised in the Complaint to Join. See

Memorandum and Order, 1/17/19, at 3-4 (unnumbered). Additionally, the

court held that Senate’s claims of breach of contract and professional

negligence constituted “nothing more than [] claim[s] for indemnity or

contribution.” Id. at 3 (unnumbered).

       Senate filed a Notice of Appeal, which was entered on the docket on

February 19, 2019.5 Senate thereafter timely filed a court-ordered Pa.R.A.P.

1925(b) Concise Statement of errors complained of on appeal.

       Senate presents the following issues for our review:

       1. Whether the trial court erred in failing to apply/strictly apply
          the pendency of the action test to Senate’s claims for
          contractual indemnification, common law indemnification, and

____________________________________________

4The trial court later confirmed this fact in its Memorandum and Order ruling
upon the Preliminary Objections.

5 We note that the thirtieth day upon which Senate had to file its appeal, i.e.,
February 17, 2019, fell on a Sunday. See 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1908 (extending the
thirty-day deadline to first non-holiday weekday if the final date falls on a
weekend or holiday); see also Pa.R.A.P. 903. Moreover, Monday, February
18, 2019, was a state and federal holiday. Therefore, Senate’s Notice of
Appeal, filed on February 19, 2019, is timely. See 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1908.
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         professional negligence[,] or in otherwise determining [that]
         said claims are improper?

      2. Whether Senate properly asserted a claim for contribution that
         is neither premature nor duplicative?

      3. Whether Senate’s causes of action for breach of contract and
         professional negligence are duplicative of indemnity and
         contribution claims?

Brief for Appellant at 4 (capitalization omitted).

              We review a trial court’s decision sustaining or overruling
      preliminary objections for an error of law. In so doing, we employ
      the same standard as the trial court, to wit, all material facts set
      forth in the [] Complaint and inferences reasonably drawn
      therefrom are admitted as true. Preliminary objections which seek
      the dismissal of a cause of action should be sustained only in cases
      in which it is clear and free from doubt that the pleader will be
      unable to prove facts legally sufficient to establish the right to
      relief.

Knight v. Springfield Hyundai, 81 A.3d 940, 947 (Pa. Super. 2013)

(citations and quotation marks omitted).

      As Senate’s issues are related, we will address them together. Senate

argues that the trial court erred in sustaining KU’s Preliminary Objection to

the 2018 Complaint, pertaining to the pendency of a prior action. See Brief

for Appellant at 22-28.

      Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 1028 provides that preliminary

objections may be filed and sustained for, inter alia, the “pendency of a prior

action ….” Pa.R.C.P. 1028(a)(6). In order to successfully plead the defense

of lis pendens, i.e., the pendency of a prior action, it must be shown that (1)

the prior case is the same; (2) the parties are the same; and (3) the relief

requested is the same (hereinafter referred to as the “pendency of action

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test”). Richner v. McCance, 13 A.3 950, 957-58 (Pa. Super. 2011). The

purpose of the lis pendens defense is to protect a defendant from harassment

by having to defend several suits on the same cause of action at the same

time. Crutchfield v. Eaton Corp., 806 A.2d 1259, 1262 (Pa. Super. 2002).

       Here, Senate contends that the causes of action it pled in the Complaint

to Join are not identical to those it raised in the 2018 Complaint, and the relief

requested in both actions is different.6         Brief for Appellant at 24-25.

Concerning the relatedness of the causes of action, Senate contends that

       in the [] Complaint to Join, Senate has asserted only claims
       against KU for negligence and indemnification based on the
       [Senate/KU]contract.    In the 2018 Complaint, Senate has
       asserted claims for breach of contract, professional negligence,
       contractual indemnification, common law indemnification, and
       contribution.

Id. at 24-25 (some capitalization omitted). Concerning the relief requested

in the respective actions, Senate contends that

       in the [] Complaint to Join, Senate identified as damages the
       damages set forth in [Hoffman’s] Complaint [in the 2014 action].
       In the 2018 Complaint, however, Senate also set forth damages
       claimed by ACIDA in its three[-]count Cross-Claim against Senate,
       including costs related to repairing the Project and potential fines
       and penalties associated with defects in the Project[], as well as
       “damages claimed against ACIDA by other parties to this lawsuit
       ….” Senate has not claimed these damages in its Complaint to
       Join ….

Id. at 25 (citations to record and some capitalization omitted).

____________________________________________

6 There is no dispute concerning the second prong of the pendency of action
test, i.e., the parties in the respective actions are the same.
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      Senate argues, in the alternative, that even if all of the prongs of the

pendency of action test have been met, the trial court should have

consolidated the respective cases, instead of dismissing the 2018 Complaint.

Id. at 25-26 (citing, inter alia, Va. Mansions Condo. Assoc. v. Lampl, 552
A.2d 275, 277 (Pa. Super. 1988) (stating that “[t]he party raising the defense

of lis pendens can ask that … the actions be consolidated.”)).

      Senate additionally contends that the trial court erred in determining

that Senate’s claim for contribution is premature and/or duplicative, since

“Pennsylvania law recognizes that a party does not have to pay a judgment

or obligation before seeking contribution.” Brief for Appellant at 27 (citing,

inter alia, Swartz v. Sutherland, 169 A.2d 289, 291 (Pa. 1961)).

      Finally, Senate argues that the trial court erred in determining that the

causes of action Senate pled in the 2018 Complaint, i.e., breach of contract

and negligence, were duplicative and “nothing more than claims for indemnity

and contribution.” Brief for Appellant at 29.

      We conclude that none of Senate’s claims entitle it to relief. First, the

record supports the trial court’s determination that the claims Senate pled in

the 2018 Complaint are sufficiently similar to those it had previously raised in

the Complaint to Join, and the first prong of the pendency of action test is

thus satisfied. Though Senate raised more causes of action against KU in the

2018 Complaint (as opposed to the two causes of action in the Complaint to

Join), this fact does not alter the result. The claims Senate asserted in the

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2018 Complaint were duplicative of the claims of negligence and indemnity

that it had previously had pled against KU in the Complaint to Join.

       Additionally, this Court has held that a claim for contribution or

indemnity does not arise until the party seeking contribution/indemnity has

been caused to pay a judgment or settlement. See MIIX Ins. Co. v. Epstein,

937 A.2d 469, 473 (Pa. Super. 2007) (stating that “[t]he right of contribution

and indemnity may be asserted during the original proceeding via joinder of

the additional defendants, or it may be pursued in a separate action by an

original defendant who has previously been held liable to the original plaintiff.”

(emphasis added; internal citation, brackets, ellipses and quotation marks

omitted)). Here, we conclude that the trial court properly determined that (1)

the breach of contract claim Senate raised in the 2018 Complaint is, in effect,

a claim for indemnity or contribution; and (2) such claim is premature because

there has not been any judgment entered against Senate, concerning either

Hoffman’s 2014 action or ACIDA’s Cross-Claim against Senate in that action.

See Memorandum and Order, 1/17/19, at 3 (unnumbered); see also 2018

Complaint, at ¶¶ 51-52 (in connection with the breach of contract claim,

stating that, in the event that Senate is found liable on ACIDA’s Cross-Claim

in the 2014 action, certain specified breaches of contract were committed by

KU).

       Moreover, concerning the “damages” that Senate pled, in the two

respective Complaints, we are unpersuaded by Senate’s claim that the

damages claimed are different, particularly where (1) there has been no

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judgment entered against Senate; and (2) the damages that Hoffman sought

from Senate in the 2014 action were identified in Hoffman’s Complaint in that

action. We additionally agree with the following rationale, advanced by KU,

concerning the matter of damages: “Even if Senate could establish a need to

assert additional damages[, i.e., which it alleged after the filing of the

Complaint to Join in 2016,] the proper method was through an amended

cross-claim in the 2014 [action], and not through the filing of a completely

separate … Complaint against KU.” Brief for Appellee at 4.

      Finally, although Senate is correct that it did not expressly plead a count

of contribution in the Complaint to Join, whereas it did in the 2018 Complaint,

this fact is irrelevant, where Senate sought indemnification from KU in the

Complaint to Join. The trial court correctly found that a cause of action for

contribution is “procedurally similar” to a claim for indemnification, and since

no judgment has been entered against Senate, any claim for contribution or

indemnification by KU is premature. See Memorandum and Order, 1/17/19,

at 4 (unnumbered) (citing Mattia v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 531 A.2d 789,

792 (Pa. Super. 1987)); see also Epstein, supra.

      Accordingly, as we discern no error of law by the trial court and conclude

that none of Senate’s issues entitle it to relief, we affirm the trial court’s Order

dismissing Senate’s 2018 Complaint.

      Order affirmed.

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 11/19/2019

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