Court Opinion

ID: 3005521
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-29 18:02:57.289774+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:46:01.647071
License: Public Domain

EFiled: Sep 28 2015 03:51PM EDT
                                                 Transaction ID 57930855
                                                 Case No. 10244-VCN
   IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

CASPIAN SELECT CREDIT MASTER         :
FUND LTD., a Cayman Islands exempted :
company, CASPIAN CAPITAL             :
PARTNERS LP, a Delaware limited      :
partnership, MARINER, LDC, a Cayman  :
Islands limited duration company, and:
MARINER OPPORTUNITIES FUND LP,       :
a Delaware limited partnership, on behalf of
                                     :
themselves, and derivatively by CASPIAN
                                     :
SELECT CREDIT MASTER FUND LTD.       :
and MARINER, LDC, on behalf of KEY   :
PLASTICS CORPORATION,                :
                                     :
                  Plaintiffs,        :
                                     :
             v.                      :         C.A. No. 10244-VCN
                                     :
TERRENCE GOHL, JONATHAN BALL, :
EUGENE I. DAVIS, DR. REINER          :
BEUTEL, DONALD C. CAMPION,           :
CHRISTOPHER E. KEENAN, WAYZATA :
INVESTMENT PARTNERS LLC,             :
WAYZATA OPPORTUNITIES FUND II, :
L.P., WAYZATA OPPORTUNITIES          :
FUND OFFSHORE II, L.P., and KEY      :
PLASTICS CORPORATION, a Delaware :
corporation,                         :
                                     :
                  Defendants,        :
                                     :
             and                     :
                                     :
KEY PLASTICS CORPORATION,            :
a Delaware corporation,              :
                                     :
                  Nominal Defendant. :
                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

                        Date Submitted: May 4, 2015
                      Date Decided: September 28, 2015

Jon E. Abramczyk, Esquire and Christopher P. Quinn, Esquire of Morris, Nichols,
Arsht & Tunnell LLP, Wilmington, Delaware and Anthony L. Paccione, Esquire
and Bonnie Lynn Chmil, Esquire of Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP, New York,
New York, Attorneys for Plaintiffs.

Richard M. Beck, Esquire and Sean M. Brennecke, Esquire of Klehr Harrison
Harvey Branzburg LLP, Wilmington, Delaware, Attorneys for Defendants
Terrence Gohl, Jonathan Ball, Eugene I. Davis, Dr. Reiner Beutel, Donald C.
Campion, Christopher E. Keenan, and Key Plastics Corporation.

Gregory V. Varallo, Esquire and Christopher H. Lyons, Esquire of Richards,
Layton & Finger, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware, Attorneys for Defendants Wayzata
Investment Partners LLC, Wayzata Opportunities Fund II, L.P., and Wayzata
Opportunities Fund Offshore II, L.P.

NOBLE, Vice Chancellor
      Nominal Defendant Key Plastics Corporation (“Key Plastics” or the

“Company”) emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy with two groups of

stockholders holding one class of stock.        Defendants Wayzata Opportunities

Fund II, L.P. (“Wayzata Opportunities”) and Wayzata Opportunities Fund

Offshore, II, L.P. (“Wayzata Offshore,” and with Wayzata Opportunities, the

“Wayzata Funds”) collectively own approximately 91.5% of the stock. Various

Plaintiffs hold the remainder.1

      As part of its restructuring, Key Plastics entered into a term loan facility (the

“Wayzata Term Loan”) with Wayzata Opportunities.                 The United States

Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware (the “Bankruptcy Court”) approved

the Wayzata Term Loan which was set to expire in January 2011, had a borrowing

cap of $25 million, and bore interest at an annual rate of LIBOR plus 11%. The

loan was subsequently amended on five occasions to more than triple its amount,

to extend its maturity, and to increase its interest rate.      Defendants allegedly

authorized those amendments on unfair terms to benefit the Wayzata entities at

Plaintiffs’ expense.2 Plaintiffs brought this action, advancing claims for breaches

1
  Plaintiffs are Caspian Select Credit Master Fund Ltd.; Caspian Capital Partners
LP; Mariner, LDC; and Mariner Opportunities Fund LP. Not all Plaintiffs
currently hold Key Plastics stock, but all held shares at certain times relevant to the
wrongdoing they allege.
2
  The Wayzata entities include the Wayzata Funds and their investment manager,
Defendant Wayzata Investment Partners LLC (“Wayzata Partners”).
                                          1
of fiduciary duty, aiding and abetting those breaches, breaches of contract, and

unjust enrichment. Defendants have moved to dismiss all claims.

                              I. BACKGROUND

A. The Parties

      Key Plastics is a global supplier of automotive components, headquartered

in Michigan and incorporated in Delaware.3 The Wayzata Funds are allegedly its

controlling stockholders: Wayzata Opportunities and Wayzata Offshore hold

82.06% and 9.45% of the Company’s stock, respectively.            A stockholders

agreement among the Company and its stockholders (the “Stockholders

Agreement”) grants the Wayzata Funds the power to nominate a majority of the

Company’s directors so long as they together own a majority of Key Plastics stock.

      Both Wayzata Funds are managed by Wayzata Partners. Wayzata Partners

“acts as agent of the Wayzata Funds, makes all decisions on behalf of the Wayzata

Funds, receives management fees based on the performance of the Wayzata Funds,

and controls the Wayzata Funds.”4      According to the Consolidated Financial

3
  Unless noted otherwise, the facts are drawn from the Verified Amended
Complaint (the “Complaint” or “Compl.”).
4
  Compl. ¶ 16. The allegation that Wayzata Partners acts as the Wayzata Funds’
agent, yet controls those entities, creates some ambiguity. Taking the allegations
in the Complaint as a whole, it appears that the funds operate under the will of
Wayzata Partners.
                                        2
Statements of Key Plastics L.L.C., for the year ended December 31, 2011,

Wayzata Partners “controls a majority interest in Key Plastics Corporation.”5

      The remaining Defendants are officers and directors of Key Plastics. The

Company’s five-member board (the “Board”) consists of Terrence Gohl (“Gohl”),

Eugene I. Davis (“Davis”), Christopher E. Keenan (“Keenan”), Dr. Reiner Beutel

(“Beutel”), and Donald C. Campion (“Campion”).6 The Board has the authority to

appoint the Company’s officers. Gohl serves as Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”)

and Jonathan Ball (“Ball”) is the Company’s Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”).7

      Plaintiffs have held 8.5% of Key Plastics’s stock since February 2009, when,

as part of its bankruptcy restructuring, the Company converted certain of its debts

into equity.

B. The Wayzata Term Loan

      On February 13, 2009, as part of a pre-packaged bankruptcy plan, Key

Plastics entered into the Wayzata Term Loan with Wayzata Opportunities.

Wayzata Partners, the loan’s administrative agent, perfected a security interest on

February 13, 2009, by filing a UCC financing statement with the Delaware

5
  Id.
6
  The Wayzata Funds nominated Keenan, Campion, and Davis as directors
pursuant to their power under the Stockholders Agreement. Those directors have
served on the Board since the Stockholders Agreement was executed.
7
  Ball is the only non-director individual defendant.
                                         3
Secretary of State.8 As approved by the Bankruptcy Court, the Wayzata Term

Loan provided for delayed-draw borrowings of up to $25 million at an annual

interest rate of LIBOR plus 11%. The loan was initially set to expire in January

2011, but was amended on five separate occasions, supposedly at the direction of,

and on terms dictated by, Wayzata Partners, which drafted each amendment. The

amendments were as follows:

      1.     December 2, 2010: The maturity date was extended one year to
             January 31, 2012.
      2.     March 29, 2011: The loan commitment was increased to
             $35 million and the term was extended to January 31, 2013. An
             option was established for the Company to pay interest in-kind
             (“PIK” interest), which allows the Company to pay Wayzata
             Opportunities in the form of additional debt.
      3.     October 17, 2011: The loan commitment was expanded to
             $55 million and the annual interest rate was increased to a
             minimum of 20% (LIBOR (minimum 4%) plus 16%).
      4.     January 19, 2012: The loan commitment was expanded to
             $75 million and the maturity date was extended to January 31,
             2014.
      5.     September 12, 2013: The loan term was extended to
             January 31, 2016.

      By August 31, 2014, the loan had an outstanding balance of $79,727,454,

including $38,727,454 in accumulated PIK interest.          Plaintiffs allege that the

Wayzata entities have employed the Wayzata Term Loan to extract value from

Key Plastics at Plaintiffs’ expense. The Board supposedly approved the loan

expansions on an uninformed basis and without considering the fairness of the

8
 The loan was collateralized by a first priority security interest in all cash, deposit
accounts, accounts receivable, inventory, equipment, and real property.
                                          4
amendments to the Company.         Although Board minutes reflect the Board’s

conclusions that the amendments were “on terms that [were] fair and reasonable”

to Key Plastics, each amendment was approved without consideration of an

independent fairness opinion or substantive fairness presentation, and options for

cheaper financing were not adequately explored.9

            II. NATURE AND STAGE OF THE PROCEEDINGS

      Plaintiffs filed the Amended Complaint on January 21, 2015, alleging direct

and derivative claims against Defendants.10 Counts I-V purport to state direct

claims for breaches of fiduciary duty, aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary

duty, breaches of the Stockholders Agreement, and unjust enrichment. Counts VI-

IX reassert those claims, other than breach of the Stockholders Agreement,

derivatively.

      In response, Defendants filed a joint Motion to Dismiss the Amended

Complaint (the “Motion”) under Court of Chancery Rules 12(b)(6), 23.1, and, with

respect to Wayzata Offshore, 12(b)(2). The Court must now resolve (i) whether

Plaintiffs’ purportedly direct claims are actually direct or derivative, (ii) whether

Plaintiffs have adequately alleged demand futility in relation to their derivative

claims, (iii) whether Plaintiffs otherwise state claims upon which relief can be

9
 See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 51, 57.
10
  Plaintiffs filed their first Verified Complaint on October 15, 2014. After
Defendants moved to dismiss and filed an opening brief, Plaintiffs amended their
complaint.
                                         5
granted, and (iv) whether Wayzata Offshore is subject to personal jurisdiction in

Delaware.

                                 III. ANALYSIS

A. Plaintiffs’ Purportedly Direct Fiduciary Duty Claims Must Be
   Dismissed Because They Are Exclusively Derivative in Nature

      Plaintiffs frame their first three counts, for breaches of fiduciary duty and for

aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duty, as direct claims. They argue that

the expansion of the Wayzata Term Loan was the “functional equivalent of a

wrongful transfer of equity to Wayzata.”11 They read “Delaware authority . . . [to]

hold[] that equity dilution claims are direct claims where, as here, the controlling

stockholder is uniquely benefitted and the minority stockholder is uniquely

harmed.”12

      To determine whether Plaintiffs’ claims are derivative or direct, the Court

must answer two related questions: “Who suffered the alleged harm—the

corporation or the suing stockholder individually—and who would receive the

benefit of the recovery or other remedy?”13 In limited circumstances, identical

11
   Pls.’ Answering Br. in Opp’n to Mot. to Dismiss Verified Amended Compl.
(“Pls.’ Answering Br.”) 15. Plaintiffs often refer to all Wayzata entities as
“Wayzata.”
12
   Id. at 13.
13
   Tooley v. Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, Inc., 845 A.2d 1031, 1035 (Del. 2004).
                                          6
facts may support both a direct and a derivative claim.14 However, to maintain a

direct cause of action, a “stockholder’s claimed direct injury must be independent

of any alleged injury to the corporation. The stockholder must demonstrate that

the duty breached was owed to the stockholder and that he or she can prevail

without showing an injury to the corporation.”15

      Generally, claims for wrongful equity dilution are derivative in nature.16

“Such claims are not normally regarded as direct, because any dilution in value of

the corporation’s stock is merely the unavoidable result (from an accounting

standpoint) of the reduction in the value of the entire corporate entity, of which

each share of equity represents an equal fraction.”17

             There is, however, at least one transactional paradigm—a
      species of corporate overpayment claim—that Delaware case law
      recognizes as being both derivative and direct in character. A breach
      of fiduciary duty claim having this dual character arises where: (1) a
      stockholder having majority or effective control causes the
      corporation to issue “excessive” shares of its stock in exchange for
      assets of the controlling stockholder that have a lesser value; and
      (2) the exchange causes an increase in the percentage of the
      outstanding shares owned by the controlling stockholder, and a
      corresponding decrease in the share percentage owned by the public
      (minority) shareholders. Because the means used to achieve that
      result is an overpayment (or “over-issuance”) of shares to the
      controlling stockholder, the corporation is harmed and has a claim to

14
   Sagarra Inversiones, S.L. v. Cementos Portland Valderrivas, S.A., 2011
WL 3371493, at *5 n.31 (Del. Ch. Aug. 5, 2011).
15
   Tooley, 845 A.2d at 1039.
16
   Feldman v. Cutaia, 951 A.2d 727, 732 (Del. 2008).
17
   Gentile v. Rossette, 906 A.2d 91, 99 (Del. 2006).
                                          7
       compel the restoration of the value of the overpayment. That claim,
       by definition, is derivative.
             But, the public (or minority) stockholders also have a separate,
       and direct, claim arising out of that same transaction. Because the
       shares representing the “overpayment” embody both economic value
       and voting power, the end result of this type of transaction is an
       improper transfer—or expropriation—of economic value and voting
       power from the public shareholders to the majority or controlling
       stockholder.      For that reason, the harm resulting from the
       overpayment is not confined to an equal dilution of the economic
       value and voting power of each of the corporation’s outstanding
       shares. A separate harm also results: an extraction from the public
       shareholders, and a redistribution to the controlling shareholder, of a
       portion of the economic value and voting power embodied in the
       minority interest. As a consequence, the public shareholders are
       harmed, uniquely and individually, to the same extent that the
       controlling shareholder is (correspondingly) benefited. In such
       circumstances, the public shareholders are entitled to recover the
       value represented by that overpayment—an entitlement that may be
       claimed by the public shareholders directly and without regard to any
       claim the corporation may have.18

       In Gentile, our Supreme Court purposefully labeled this “species of

corporate overpayment claim” as equity “extraction or expropriation,” rather than

mere dilution.19      The Court adopted what it considered “a more blunt

characterization” to capture “more accurately the real-world impact of the

transaction upon the shareholder value and voting power embedded in the (pre-

transaction) minority interest, and the uniqueness of the resulting harm to the

minority shareholders individually . . . .”20

18
   Id. at 99-100.
19
   Id. at 102 n.26.
20
   Id.
                                           8
      Plaintiffs’ claims do not fit neatly within the Gentile paradigm, where a

controlling stockholder causes the corporation to issue “excessive” shares of its

stock.21    Technically, Plaintiffs do not challenge any stock issuance by Key

Plastics.    They argue instead that by expanding the Wayzata Term Loan,

Defendants expropriated equity from the Company: “the exorbitant PIK interest on

the Wayzata Term Loan accrued to the exclusive benefit of Wayzata, it effectively

21
   See, e.g., Gatz v. Ponsoldt, 925 A.2d 1265, 1274 (Del. 2007) (observing that
Gentile recognized a direct claim “where a significant or controlling stockholder
causes the corporation to engage in a transaction wherein shares having more value
than what the corporation received in exchange are issued to the controller, thereby
increasing the controller’s percentage of stock ownership at the public
shareholders’ expense . . . .”); In re Tri-Star Pictures, Inc., Litig., 634 A.2d 319,
330 (Del. 1993) (“The injury sustained, the plaintiffs allege, is a loss manifested by
both cash-value and voting power dilution.”); Carsanaro v. Bloodhound Techs.,
Inc., 65 A.3d 618, 658 (Del. Ch. 2013) (“In my view, the Delaware Supreme
Court’s decisions preserve stockholder standing to pursue individual challenges to
self-interested stock issuances when the facts alleged support an actionable claim
for breach of the duty of loyalty.”); Zimmerman v. Crothall, 2012 WL 707238, at
*14 (Del. Ch. Mar. 5, 2012) (“The essential teaching of Gentile is that in situations
where a corporation issues excessive shares to a controlling shareholder in
exchange for an asset of lesser value, minority shareholders can bring both direct
and derivative claims.”); Feldman v. Cutaia, 956 A.2d 644, 657 (Del. Ch. 2007),
aff’d, 951 A.2d 727 (Del. 2008) (“[T]he harm Gentile . . . seek[s] to remedy can
only arise when a controlling stockholder, with sufficient power to manipulate the
corporate processes, engineers a dilutive transaction whereby that stockholder
receives an exclusive benefit of increased equity ownership and voting power for
inadequate consideration.”); Rhodes v. Silkroad Equity, LLC, 2007 WL 2058736,
at *5 (Del. Ch. July 11, 2007) (“More particularly, Filipowski and Roszak caused a
direct harm to the Plaintiffs by the ‘extraction’ of economic value and residual
voting power and a ‘redistribution’ of the economic value and voting power to
themselves as controlling shareholders.”).
                                          9
provided the controller with a unilateral option to increase its stake in the Company

and to dilute [Plaintiffs], the only minority stockholder[s].”22

      Plaintiffs’ attempt to bring their claims within the Gentile framework fails

because at its core, their grievance is that the Company overpaid on the Wayzata

Term Loan, thus diluting the value of its stock. “A claim of mismanagement

resulting in corporate waste, if proven, represents a direct wrong to the corporation

that is indirectly experienced by all shareholders.”23 Under Tooley, Key Plastics

suffered the alleged harm and would receive the benefit of any recovery. Plaintiffs

try to avoid that result by characterizing the Wayzata Term Loan as an equity

transaction because for Gentile to apply, the alleged overpayment must take the

form of corporate stock.24 They suggest treating the loan as having no fixed

maturity date because it has been extended on multiple occasions, and as having no

real repayment schedule because the Company may pay interest with additional

debt.25 However, those allegations are insufficient to transform the Wayzata Term

Loan, facially a debt instrument, into equity for determining the nature of

Plaintiffs’ claims.26   Gentile considered the transfer of voting power as an

22
   Pls.’ Answering Br. 14. However, the PIK interest option allows the Company
to pay in the form of additional debt, not equity.
23
   Kramer v. W. Pac. Indus., Inc., 546 A.2d 348, 353 (Del. 1988).
24
   Gentile, 906 A.2d at 100.
25
   Compl. ¶ 80.
26
   The Court need not accept conclusory allegations in the Complaint.
                                          10
important factor in finding a direct claim.27 Here, extending and expanding the

loan did not affect Plaintiffs’ voting power; Defendants’ alleged wrongs had no

impact on the relative equity holdings (and any associated rights) of Key Plastics’s

stockholders.

      Further, Gentile cannot stand for the proposition that Plaintiffs suggest, i.e.,

that a direct claim arises whenever a controlling stockholder extracts and

expropriates economic value from a company to its benefit and the minority

stockholders’ detriment.28 Such an exception would largely swallow the rule that

claims of corporate overpayment are derivative—stockholders could maintain a

suit directly whenever the corporation transacts with a controller on allegedly

unfair terms.29 Accordingly, Counts I-III of the Amended Complaint must be

dismissed because they fail to state direct claims.

27
   Gentile, 906 A.2d at 100 (“Because the shares representing the ‘overpayment’
embody both economic value and voting power, the end result of this type of
transaction is an improper transfer—or expropriation—of economic value and
voting power from the public shareholders to the majority or controlling
stockholder.”).
28
   See supra text accompanying note 12.
29
   Cf. Teamsters Union 25 Health Servs. & Ins. Plan v. Baiera, 119 A.3d 44, 55-56
(Del. Ch. 2015) (concluding the challenges to an allegedly unfair services
agreement that a company entered into with affiliates of its controlling stockholder
constituted derivative claims).
                                          11
B. Plaintiffs Have Sufficiently Demonstrated That Presuit Demand
   on the Board Would Have Been Futile

      Court of Chancery Rule 23.1, which governs derivative pleadings, requires

that “[t]he complaint . . . allege with particularity the efforts, if any, made by the

plaintiff to obtain the action the plaintiff desires from the directors . . . and the

reasons for the plaintiff’s failure to obtain the action or for not making the effort.”

When a stockholder seeks to challenge a decision of the board on which demand

could have been, but was not, made, it must plead particularized facts from which

the Court may infer reason to doubt (i) the disinterestedness or independence of the

directors or (ii) that the challenged transaction resulted from a valid exercise of

business judgment.30 Rule 23.1’s pleading standard is more stringent than notice

pleading, but does not require a plaintiff to plead evidence.31            As with a

30
   Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A.2d 805, 814 (Del. 1984). When a plaintiff does not
challenge a decision of the board in place when the complaint is filed, the test set
forth in Rales v. Blasband, 634 A.2d 927 (Del. 1993), applies. The Rales test
controls where a plaintiff alleges that the board wrongfully took no action. That
standard requires the Court to “determine whether or not the particularized factual
allegations of a derivative stockholder complaint create a reasonable doubt that, as
of the time the complaint is filed, the board of directors could have properly
exercised its independent and disinterested business judgment in responding to a
demand.” Id. at 934. Defendants have suggested that Rales provides the proper
standard in relation to some of Plaintiffs’ allegations. As will be seen, the result
would be the same under Rales.
31
   Brehm v. Eisner, 746 A.2d 244, 254 (Del. 2000).
                                          12
Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the Court accepts all well-pled allegations as true and draws

every reasonable inference in the plaintiff’s favor.32

      Plaintiffs did not make a demand on the Board before commencing this

action.   When determining whether demand was excused, the Court initially

presumes that directors are independent, i.e., that they considered “the corporate

merits of the subject matter before the board rather than extraneous considerations

or influences.”33 Plaintiffs must rebut that presumption because generally, “a

claim of the corporation should be evaluated by the board of directors to determine

if pursuit of the claim is in the corporation’s best interests.”34 Plaintiffs’ burden

may be met by “pleading facts that support a reasonable inference that the director

is beholden to a controlling person or so under their influence that their discretion

would be sterilized.”35 Here, Plaintiffs have alleged facts that create reasons to

doubt the independence of three Board members: Keenan, Davis, and Campion.

Those directors constitute a majority of the Board on which demand would be

made and as will be seen, they allegedly approved unfair transactions with the

32
   In re China Auto. Sys. Inc. Deriv. Litig., 2013 WL 4672059, at *5 (Del. Ch.
Aug. 30, 2013).
33
   Aronson, 473 A.2d at 816.
34
   Brehm, 746 A.2d at 257.
35
   In re Trados Inc. S’holder Litig., 2009 WL 2225958, at *6 (Del. Ch. July 24,
2009) (internal quotation marks omitted).
                                          13
Company’s controlling stockholders.        Plaintiffs have successfully established

demand futility under Aronson’s first prong.36

      1. There Is Reason to Doubt Keenan’s Independence

      The Wayzata Funds nominated Keenan to the Board in February 2009. He

is a principal of Wayzata Partners, Wayzata Opportunities’s investment manager.

Wayzata Opportunities owns a controlling interest in the Company and is the

counterparty to the Wayzata Term Loan. Plaintiffs allege that Keenan’s position at

Wayzata Partners places him on both sides of the Wayzata Term Loan and that he

stands to benefit from that self-dealing transaction.

      Defendants argue that Keenan is not a principal of Wayzata Opportunities,

the controlling stockholder with whom the Company transacted, but of Wayzata

Partners, a separate, but related, entity.     They attack as mere speculation the

allegation in the Amended Complaint that Keenan “stands to reap additional

financial rewards and other benefits from this self-dealing transaction . . . .”37 Of

course, Plaintiffs cannot meet the Rule 23.1 pleading standard with simple

conjecture. However, they have alleged particularized facts from which the Court

can infer Keenan’s interest or lack of independence.

36
   Whether demand would be excused under Aronson’s second prong (a doubtful
proposition) need not be determined. Further, it is unnecessary to determine the
independence of the other two directors for demand futility purposes because
Plaintiffs have adequately pleaded that a Board majority is not independent.
37
   See Compl. ¶ 103.
                                          14
      Wayzata Opportunities is the lender under the Wayzata Loan and stands, as

a controlling stockholder, on both sides of that transaction. Wayzata Partners

allegedly controls Wayzata Opportunities and receives management fees based on

its performance.38   If Wayzata Opportunities benefits from the terms of the

Wayzata Term Loan, then so does Wayzata Partners. If Wayzata Partners benefits,

then so does Keenan. Or so Plaintiffs’ theory, which is based on reasonable

inferences from their allegations, goes. Plaintiffs have adequately alleged reason

to doubt Keenan’s independence for demand futility purposes.39

      2. There Is Reason to Doubt the Independence of Davis and Campion

      Davis and Campion were also appointed to the Board by the Wayzata Funds

in February 2009. They, like Wayzata Partners, are in the business of restructuring

distressed companies.     Both directors have enjoyed advantageous business

affiliations with Wayzata Partners and one can reasonably infer that they expect

those favorable relations to continue. Davis is the CEO of a consulting firm that

specializes, like Wayzata Partners, in restructuring distressed companies.

Allegedly, Wayzata Partners generates a substantial amount of business for that

firm. Furthermore, the Wayzata entities have appointed Davis to the boards of

companies in which various Wayzata funds are majority or significant

38
 Compl. ¶ 16.
39
 As will be seen, Plaintiffs have also adequately alleged (at this early stage) that
Wayzata Partners itself breached fiduciary duties to the Company.
                                        15
stockholders. Those companies include McLeodUSA, Anchor Glass Container

Corporation, Merisant Company, RathGibson, and Atlantic Express Transportation

Corporation.   Davis has served on certain boards alongside Wayzata Partners

personnel, such as that of Grede Holdings, LLC, where Keenan was a director.

Wayzata Partners also appointed Davis as trustee in charge of liquidating assets of

Fabric Estates Inc.40

      As with Davis, Wayzata Partners has appointed Campion, a restructuring

professional, to many boards of directors. Those include Grede Holdings, Special

Devices, Inc., and Mississippi River Pulp LLC.          Campion also served on

McLeodUSA’s board alongside a partner of Wayzata Partners. Plaintiffs contend

that both Campion and Davis lack independence because of their “past business

dealings with Wayzata Partners and [their] expectation[s] of future business

dealings with Wayzata Partners, given that [they] and Wayzata Partners are in the

same business—restructuring distressed companies.”41

      Defendants correctly observe that “[a]llegations of . . . a mere outside

business relationship, standing alone, are insufficient to raise a reasonable doubt

40
   Fabrics Estates Inc.’s Chapter 11 liquidation plan was approved following the
sale of substantially all of its assets to affiliates of debtor-in-possession lender
Wayzata Partners. Compl. ¶ 107.
41
   Compl. ¶¶ 108, 110.
                                        16
about a director’s independence.”42 In some circumstances, however, a director’s

“previous affiliations with [a controlling stockholder] or companies which [the

controller] controlled” may raise questions regarding the director’s ability to

function independently.43   Here, the Amended Complaint creates a reasonable

doubt as to Campion’s and Davis’s independence.

      As explained, Campion and Davis operate in the same line of business as

Wayzata Partners, which has nominated them to numerous boards of directors.

Both have engaged in various business dealings with Wayzata Partners, and expect

future business relations. Wayzata Partners manages investment funds that acquire

controlling interests in distressed companies.     One can reasonably infer that

Campion and Davis expect to be considered for directorships in companies the

Wayzata funds acquire in the future.         Even if “the actual extent of [their]

relationships [with Wayzata Partners] is not altogether clear at this point in the

litigation, the existence of these interests and relationships is enough to defeat a

motion to dismiss.”44

42
   Beam ex rel. Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, Inc. v. Stewart, 845 A.2d 1040,
1050 (Del. 2004).
43
   Kahn v. Tremont Corp., 694 A.2d 422, 429 (Del. 1997).
44
   In re New Valley Corp., 2001 WL 50212, at *8 (Del. Ch. Jan. 11, 2001). As
noted, Wayzata Partners is a separate entity from the funds that it manages.
Nonetheless, Plaintiffs’ allegations concerning Wayzata Partners’s alleged control
over the execution of the Wayzata Term Loan allow the Court to infer, for
purposes of a Rule 23.1 motion to dismiss, that Campion’s and Davis’s
connections with Wayzata Partners rendered them non-independent.
                                        17
      Because there is a reasonable doubt regarding the independence of three

Board members who approved the allegedly wrongful loan amendments, demand

is excused, and dismissal under Rule 23.1 is not warranted.45

C. Breach of Fiduciary Duty Claims

      Having determined that demand on the Board was not required, the Court

must now consider whether Plaintiffs’ breach of fiduciary duty claims should be

dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.

“[A] complaint that survives a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 23.1 will also

survive a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, assuming that it otherwise contains sufficient

facts to state a cognizable claim.”46         Plaintiffs must meet the “reasonable

conceivability” standard where the Court “(1) accept[s] all well pleaded factual

allegations as true, (2) accept[s] even vague allegations as ‘well pleaded’ if they

45
   “Directors must not only be independent, but must act independently.” Telxon
Corp. v. Meyerson, 802 A.2d 257, 264 (Del. 2002). “It is the care, attention and
sense of individual responsibility to the performance of one’s duties . . . that
generally touches on independence.” Aronson, 473 A.2d at 816. Plaintiffs allege
that each amendment of the Wayzata Term Loan “was approved . . . without any
independent fairness opinion or action by a majority of independent directors and
without any consideration of alternative financing scenarios.” Compl. ¶ 57. These
allegations may raise questions regarding whether the Board operated
independently, but are not necessary for the Court to determine that demand was
excused.
   To the extent that the Rales test governs allegations that the Board failed to take
action (i.e., not paying down Key Plastics’s debt), the outcome is the same. There
is a reasonable doubt that, when the Complaint was filed, a majority of the board
could have properly exercised its independent judgment in responding to a
demand.
46
   McPadden v. Sidhu, 964 A.2d 1262, 1270 (Del. Ch. 2008).
                                         18
give the opposing party notice of the claim, [and] (3) draw[s] all reasonable

inferences in favor of the non-moving party.”47 A claim will be dismissed only if

Plaintiffs “would not be entitled to recover under any reasonably conceivable set of

circumstances.”48

      Count VI asserts breaches of fiduciary duties against all Defendants

derivatively on behalf of Key Plastics. It alleges that

             Defendants failed to act in the best interests of the Company
      and breached their fiduciary duties by, among other things, voting to
      approve or permitting, without fairly evaluating, the subject
      transactions, voting to approve or permitting transactions that were
      not entirely fair, expanding the Wayzata Term Loan at an exorbitant
      interest rate far exceeding comparable market rates to the detriment of
      the Company, purposefully ignoring, disregarding, or failing to
      pursue, refinancing alternatives, and refusing to significantly pay
      down this onerous debt with the Company’s substantial cash.49

      Allegedly, Defendants “also breached their fiduciary duties by elevating and

favoring the interests of Wayzata over the interests of the Company, and by

making incomplete disclosure in dealings with Plaintiffs to enable Plaintiffs to

protect the Company’s interests and legal rights.”50

47
   Cent. Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mort. Capital Hldgs. LLC, 27 A.3d 531,
535 (Del. 2011).
48
   Id.
49
   Compl. ¶ 151.
50
   Compl. ¶ 153.
                                          19
      Count VII also alleges fiduciary breaches, specifically against the Wayzata-

affiliated Defendants: the Wayzata entities and Keenan.             Those Defendants

allegedly

      breached their fiduciary duties by, among other things, participating
      in . . . self-dealing and unfair transactions that favored their interests
      over the interests of the Company, exercising their control over Key
      Plastics and the other Defendants to cause the Company to approve
      the expansions of the Wayzata Term Loan on unfair terms, prohibiting
      the Company from pursuing refinancing alternatives and significantly
      paying down this onerous debt with the Company’s substantial cash,
      and using corporate assets and opportunities and otherwise wasting
      corporate assets for their own personal gain.51

      Counts VII and VI are duplicative as against the Wayzata-affiliated

Defendants; Count VI will therefore be dismissed with respect to them.

      1. Count VII Survives

      Plaintiffs have sufficiently pleaded that as a holder of 82.06% of Key

Plastics’s stock, Wayzata Opportunities is a controlling stockholder with a duty to

place “the best interest of the corporation and its shareholders . . . over any interest

[it] possesse[s] . . . and not shared by the stockholders generally.”52 That duty of

loyalty is implicated here, where Wayzata Opportunities “appear[ed] on both sides

of a transaction [and allegedly] receive[d] a personal benefit not shared by all

51
  Compl. ¶ 157.
52
  Benihana of Tokyo, Inc. v. Benihana, Inc., 891 A.2d 150, 191 (Del. Ch. 2005),
aff’d, 906 A.2d 114 (Del. 2006) (quoting Cede & Co. v. Technicolor, Inc., 634
A.2d 345, 361 (Del. 1993)).
                                          20
shareholders.”53 There is doubt regarding the independence of a majority of the

Board that approved the allegedly self-dealing transactions. Entire fairness, with

Defendants bearing the burden of proof, is the operative standard of review.54 To

survive the Motion, Plaintiffs allegations must indicate that the amendments to the

Wayzata Term Loan were not entirely fair.55 “The concept of fairness has two

basic aspects: fair dealing and fair price.”56 At this stage, Plaintiffs have satisfied

their burden, and the breach of fiduciary duty claim against Wayzata Opportunities

will survive.57

      Plaintiffs allege that by 2011, “the interest rate on the Wayzata Term Loan

was exorbitantly above-market.”58        Supposedly, financing was available at

significantly lower rates, and in April 2012, the Company obtained separate third-

party financing at an interest rate less than half of the Wayzata Term Loan.

Around the time the loan was amended for the fourth time, “at least two similarly

situated auto suppliers, American Axle and Visteon, obtained unsecured debt

financing of much longer duration at the substantially lower prevailing interest

53
   Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
54
   Orman v. Cullman, 794 A.2d 5, 22 (Del. Ch. 2002).
55
   Weinberger v. UOP, Inc., 457 A.2d 701, 711 (Del. 1983).
56
   Id.
57
   As will been seen next, the claim also survives against the other Wayzata
entities.
58
   Compl. ¶ 61.
                                          21
rates of 6.75% and 7.75%, respectively.”59 By spring 2013, the rates on secured

and unsecured debt for comparable companies were approximately 50% to 80% of

the Wayzata Term Loan’s rate. The rates on secured debt were at least 75% to

90% below the loan’s rate.60 Apparently, seven financial institutions pursued the

Company to refinance its debt at a fraction of its “very high rate.”61 One major

bank proposed a $40 million revolving credit facility and a $13 million term loan

facility on favorable terms at interest rates as low as 2.25% and 2.75%,

respectively.62   These allegations raise questions regarding the fairness of the

interest rate on the Wayzata Term Loan.63

      The process undertaken to approve the amendments was also allegedly

unfair:

             Each amendment was approved by Key Plastics’ Board of
      Directors without any independent fairness opinion or action by a
      majority of independent directors and without any consideration of
      alternative financing scenarios. Further, the Board approved each
      amendment without exploring, or while purposefully ignoring,
      alternative financing opportunities. Indeed, beginning with the second
      amendment in March 2011, the Board purported to document, in
      conclusory fashion, the fairness and reasonableness of the transaction
      and, with subsequent amendments, purported to ratify and approve all
      prior and subsequent actions related to the transaction.64

59
   Compl. ¶ 65.
60
   Compl. ¶ 67.
61
   Compl. ¶ 70.
62
   Id.
63
   See Compl. ¶¶ 61-71. Plaintiffs wisely do not contend that the initial interest
rate was unfair at the time it was approved by the Bankruptcy Court.
64
   Compl. ¶ 57.
                                        22
      The allegations in the Complaint present a timing issue. The first reference

to cheaper available financing is the loan the Company entered into with a third

party on April 4, 2012. That date was after all amendments, other than the fifth;

the third amendment, which had increased the Wayzata Term Loan’s interest rate,

had occurred six months prior. Although Plaintiffs allege that the Company was

aware as early as late 2011 that lower rates were available, they provide little

factual support for that assertion.

      If the business judgment standard applied, then Plaintiffs would likely have

failed to state a claim. However, the amendments are subject to an entire fairness

review, with the burden of proving fairness on Defendants. That standard makes it

difficult to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims at this stage. Plaintiffs allege that Wayzata

Partners dictated the terms of each amendment. The Board minutes suggest that

the amendments were approved without considering the fairness of the

amendments or available alternative financing. The minutes reflect no deliberation

or discussion concerning the amendments, and no independent fairness opinions

were sought.

      The process-related allegations are enough here, where the Company

transacted with a controller and on the controller’s terms. That cheaper financing

was soon available buttresses Plaintiffs’ claims. Count VII therefore survives as

                                         23
against Wayzata Opportunities; the next questions are whether it continues against

Wayzata Partners and Wayzata Offshore.

      Defendants argue that Wayzata Partners owes no fiduciary duties to the

Company’s minority stockholders because it is not a Key Plastics stockholder, and

clearly is not a Company director. Thus, the only alleged bases for imposing

fiduciary duties on it do not exist.65 Plaintiffs counter that Wayzata Partners

controls the Wayzata Funds, which together hold 91.5% of the Company’s stock.

By virtue of its control over those stockholders, Wayzata Partners allegedly

controls Key Plastics, and owes fiduciary obligations to the Company.           The

analysis espoused by this Court in In re Primedia Inc. Derivative Litigation,66

suggests that in this Rule 12(b)(6) context, Plaintiffs have adequately pleaded that

Wayzata Partners owes fiduciary duties to Key Plastics.

       In Primedia, the Court reasonably inferred that defendant Kohlberg Kravis

Roberts & Co. L.P. (“KKR”) controlled, through two of its affiliates, nominal

defendant, Primedia, Inc. (“Primedia”).67      KKR’s affiliates acted as general

partners of various investment partnerships, which collectively held approximately

65
   See Compl. ¶ 156 (“The Wayzata-affiliated Defendants, Wayzata Partners, the
Wayzata Funds and Mr. Keenan, as controlling stockholders and/or directors of
Key Plastics, are fiduciaries of the Company.”).
66
   910 A.2d 248 (Del. Ch. 2006).
67
   Id. at 257.
                                        24
60% of Primedia’s stock.68 The affiliates possessed sole voting and investment

power with respect to those shares.

            Importantly, every general partner of KKR Associates and
      every member of KKR 1996 GP is a member of the limited liability
      company that serves as the general partner of KKR. Because of this
      managerial overlap, KKR allegedly controls KKR Associates and
      KKR 1996 GP and dictates Primedia’s most fundamental business
      decisions. Indeed, Primedia’s SEC filings state that “Kohlberg Kravis
      Roberts & Co. L.P., or KKR, has control of our common stock and
      has the power to elect all the members of our board of directors and
      to approve any action requiring stockholder approval.69

      Although neither KKR nor its affiliates directly held any Primedia stock,

“[g]iven the threshold standard at [the Rule 12(b)(6)] stage of the litigation, the

facts clearly support[ed] a reasonable inference that KKR exerted actual control

over Primedia during the course of the” challenged transaction.70 Allegations of

control over the corporate action challenged in the complaint were sufficient to

survive the motion to dismiss.71

      The allegations that Wayzata Partners exercised control over the Company

likewise suffice to withstand Defendants’ Motion. Plaintiffs have alleged that as

investment manager for the Wayzata Funds, Wayzata Partners “makes all decisions

on behalf of the Wayzata Funds, receives management fees based on the

68
   Id. at 251.
69
   Id. KKR Associates and KKR 1996 GP were the two KKR affiliates.
70
   Id. at 257-58.
71
   Id. at 257.
                                        25
performance of the Wayzata Funds, and controls the Wayzata Funds.”72 Wayzata

Partners has allegedly “dominated and controlled the Board of Directors and the

operations of the Company” and “has the authority to appoint the officers of the

Company . . . [and has] hand-picked each officer of the Company, including

Messrs. Gohl, Ball and Davis.”73       Wayzata Partners supposedly directed the

expansion of the Wayzata Term Loan, and drafted each amendment. 74               Key

Plastics L.L.C.’s consolidated financial statements for the year ending

December 31, 2011, indicated that “as the manager of certain funds, [Wayzata

Partners] controls a majority interest in Key Plastics Corporation.”75 As noted,

supra Section III.B, Plaintiffs have sufficiently alleged that a majority of the Board

that approved the loan amendments lacked independence from Wayzata Partners,

allowing the Court to infer Wayzata Partners’s control over the amendments to the

Wayzata Term Loan.76 Based on the facts alleged in the Amended Complaint, the

Court can reasonably infer that Wayzata Partners exercised control over Key

72
   Compl. ¶ 16.
73
   Compl. ¶¶ 32-33.
74
   Compl. ¶ 43.
75
   Compl. ¶ 16. “Whether or not such statement[] ultimately [is] attributable to
[Wayzata Partners, its] mere presence in the context of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion
implicates [Wayzata Partners] as a controlling stockholder . . . .” Primedia, 910
A.2d at 258.
76
   See Primedia, 910 A.2d at 258-59 (“The particular course of dealing alleged in
the complaint supports an inference that KKR exerted its power over Primedia’s
directors in connection with the challenged transactions.”).
                                         26
Plastics and used that control to its benefit, and to Plaintiffs’ detriment. Count VII

therefore survives against Wayzata Partners.

      Count VII also survives against Wayzata Offshore.77 Defendants argue that

as an only 9.45% stockholder, Wayzata Offshore owes no fiduciary duties to the

Company.     However, at this procedural stage, the Court cannot sufficiently

disentangle the Wayzata Funds to conclude conclusively that Wayzata Offshore

owes no fiduciary duties to Key Plastics. Plaintiffs have alleged that “Wayzata

Opportunities and Wayzata Offshore are investment funds and the controlling

stockholders of Key Plastics, together holding approximately 91.5% of the

Company’s issued and outstanding common stock.”78            Of course, “formalism

matters in the area of entity law,”79 the Wayzata Funds are separate entities, and

Wayzata Offshore itself only owns 9.45% of the Company’s stock. However, the

Stockholders Agreement gives both funds the right to nominate a majority of the

Board so long as they collectively own at least fifty percent of Key Plastics’s

outstanding stock. Given its apparent ability, along with Wayzata Opportunities,

77
   The Court concludes that Wayzata Offshore is subject to personal jurisdiction in
Delaware. See infra, Section III.H. That determination is a condition precedent to
addressing whether Plaintiffs have stated a claim. Branson v. Exide Elecs. Corp.,
625 A.2d 267, 269 (Del. 1993).
78
   Compl. ¶ 15.
79
   Paige Capital Mgmt., LLC v. Lerner Master Fund, LLC, 2011 WL 3505355, at
*30 (Del. Ch. Aug. 8, 2011).
                                         27
to appoint three members to the Company’s Board, the fiduciary duty claim against

Wayzata Offshore survives.

        Count VII also survives against Defendant Keenan for the reasons discussed

next.

        2. Count VI Survives in Part

        Count VI can be read as asserting claims against the individual Defendants

for both duty of care and duty of loyalty violations.        A Section 102(b)(7)

exculpatory provision in Key Plastics’s certificate of incorporation protects its

directors against claims that exclusively assert a breach of the duty of care.80

However, Plaintiffs’ allegations that Defendants “breached their fiduciary duties

by elevating and favoring the interests of Wayzata over the interests of the

Company” sound in the duty of loyalty. Because there is reason to doubt that

Keenan, Davis, and Campion exercised independent judgment when approving the

supposedly unfair loan amendments, breach of loyalty claims survive against

them.81 The claim also survives against Gohl, Key Plastics’s CEO. Gohl was

appointed to his executive position by the Wayzata entities and is allegedly

“beholden to Wayzata, who controls the Company and the Board, for his position

as CEO, with its attendant compensation and benefits, on which he depends for his

80
   See Alidina v. Internet.com Corp., 2002 WL 31584292, at *8 (Del. Ch. Nov. 6,
2002).
81
   Again, because Count VI is duplicative of Count VII with regard to Keenan,
Count VI is dismissed as against him.
                                        28
livelihood.”82 Those allegations allow the Court reasonably to infer that Gohl

approved the challenged transactions for improper reasons, thus breaching his duty

of loyalty.83

       However, the breach of fiduciary duty count must be dismissed as against

the remaining director, Beutel, who was not nominated to the Board by the

Wayzata entities. In the Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs suggested that he “likely

is beholden to Wayzata” because the Wayzata entities appointed the majority of

the Board members who nominated him. Plaintiffs also alleged that he voted in

lock-step with the other directors with respect to the Wayzata Term Loan

amendments.84 The Court cannot reasonably infer from those bare allegations that

Beutel, a “seemingly independent director[,] approved a conflicted transaction for

improper reasons . . . .”85 Because Plaintiffs have pleaded no facts to support an

inference that Beutel breached his duty of loyalty, and Beutel is protected from

82
   Compl. ¶ 104.
83
   Cf. In re The Student Loan Corp. Deriv. Litig., 2002 WL 75479, at *3 (Del. Ch.
Jan. 8, 2002) (holding that demand was excused on company’s CEO because “to
accept such a demand would require him to decide to have [the company] sue [its
controlling stockholder], an act that would displease a majority stockholder in a
position to displace him from his lucrative CEO position”). That Plaintiffs have
not alleged the magnitude of Gohl’s compensation is not fatal because they have
alleged that he is a full-time executive employee who depends on his position for
his livelihood. Id.
84
   Compl. ¶ 111.
85
   In re Cornerstone Therapeutics Inc. S’holder Litig., 115 A.3d 1173, 1186-87
(Del. 2015).
                                       29
duty of care claims by the Company’s Section 102(b)(7) provision, the claims

against Beutel will be dismissed.86

      The remaining individual Defendant is Ball, Key Plastics’s CFO. As a

Company officer, but not a director, Ball “owes to the corporation identical

fiduciary duties of care and loyalty as owed by directors, [but] . . . does not benefit

from the protections of [the] Section 102(b)(7) exculpatory provision . . . .”87

Therefore, the claims against him will survive if Plaintiffs have adequately alleged

a violation of care or loyalty.88 Plaintiffs claim to have done so, arguing that

      Ball knew the Company was paying Wayzata an exorbitant above-
      market rate and that refinancing was in the best interest of the
      Company, yet Ball bent to the will of Wayzata, ceasing refinancing
      efforts and taking no steps to protect the Company or [Plaintiffs] in
      blatant disregard of his fiduciary obligations to both.89

      To establish that a corporate fiduciary acted in a manner that breached the

duty of care, a plaintiff must show that the fiduciary acted with (i) gross

negligence, i.e., “reckless indifference to or a deliberate disregard of the whole

body of stockholders or actions which are without the bounds of reason.”90 A

fiduciary might also be liable for inaction, but only if the plaintiff can satisfy the

86
   Id. at 1187. Notably, Plaintiffs did not contest Beutel’s independence in their
answering brief.
87
   McPadden, 964 A.2d at 1275.
88
   Id. at 1275-76.
89
   Pls.’ Answering Br. 36-37.
90
   In re Walt Disney Co. Deriv. Litig., 907 A.2d 693, 750 (Del. Ch. 2005), aff’d,
906 A.2d 27 (Del. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted).
                                          30
“extremely high standard” of “show[ing] a lack of good faith as evidenced by

sustained or systematic failure . . . to exercise reasonable oversight.”91 Here,

Plaintiffs’ allegations are insufficient to support an inference that Ball breached his

duty of care. Ball allegedly breached his fiduciary duties by

      (i) permitting the subject transactions which took place under his
      watch to be approved without being fairly evaluated; (ii) permitting
      transactions that were not entirely fair; (iii) permitting the expansion
      of the Wayzata Term Loan at an exorbitant interest rate far exceeding
      comparable market rates to the detriment of the Company;
      (iv) purposefully ignoring, disregarding, or failing to pursue,
      refinancing alternatives; (v) refusing to pay down, with any material
      significance, this onerous debt with the Company’s substantial cash;
      (vi) enabling Wayzata to extract considerable value and additional
      equity by accruing tens of millions of dollars of PIK interest to
      Wayzata’s sole and exclusive benefit; and (vii) making incomplete
      disclosures in dealings with Plaintiffs.92

      Plaintiffs also point out that during Ball’s tenure as CFO, the Company

never engaged a broker or other third party to help it secure additional financing,

and never defined a population of possible lenders or prepared a request for a

proposal.93 Ball supposedly bent to the will of the Wayzata entities and “refused to

authorize the Company to significantly pay down any of” its expensive debt.94

      As an initial matter, it is doubtful that Ball could have prevented the alleged

wrongs from occurring. As CFO, Ball could not have controlled the Board’s

91
   Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
92
   Compl. ¶ 29.
93
   Compl. ¶ 66.
94
   Pls.’ Answering Br. 37-38.
                                             31
decision making, and the Board manages the Company’s business and affairs. The

Board authorized the amendments to the Wayzata Term Loan, and Ball operated at

the direction of the Board. Regardless of whether Ball could have done more to

protect Plaintiffs, the Court cannot reasonably infer from the Amended Complaint

that he acted with gross negligence or with conscious disregard for his duties.

Plaintiffs have alleged that during relevant periods of time, Ball communicated

with banks and other financial institutions regarding financing at rates lower than

that of the Wayzata Term Loan.95 In 2012, the Company even entered into a loan

with a third party at a lower rate than the Wayzata Term Loan. Whether Ball could

have done more, or negotiated harder, is irrelevant where the allegations cannot

support an inference that he acted with the required gross misconduct. The breach

of fiduciary duty claim against Ball must therefore be dismissed.96

      Breach of fiduciary duty claims thus survive against all Defendants except

for Ball and Beutel. Count VII governs the claims against the Wayzata entities and

Keenan; Count VI controls against the other Defendants.

95
  Compl. ¶ 59.
96
  Unlike Gohl, Ball (a non-director) did not approve the challenged transactions,
and the Court cannot reasonably infer a loyalty breach from the allegations in the
Complaint.
                                         32
D. Claims for Aiding and Abetting Fiduciary Breaches

      Count VIII asserts claims for aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duty

against Wayzata Partners and Ball. An aiding and abetting claim requires “(1) the

existence of a fiduciary relationship, (2) [that] the fiduciary breached its duty,

(3) [that] a defendant, who is not a fiduciary, knowingly participated in a breach,

and (4) [that] damages to the plaintiff resulted from the concerted action of the

fiduciary and the non-fiduciary.”97

      Ball cannot be held liable for aiding and abetting a fiduciary breach because

“as an executive officer, i.e., the CFO of [Key Plastics], [Ball] himself owes

fiduciary duties to the corporation, and therefore any conduct of his rising to the

level of aiding and abetting would be a breach of his own fiduciary duties.”98

Accordingly, the aiding and abetting count against him will be dismissed.

      As established above, it is reasonably conceivable that Wayzata Partners

owes fiduciary duties to Key Plastics. If it does, then it cannot be liable under an

aiding and abetting theory. However, it may be determined, on a more developed

record, that Wayzata Partners cannot be considered a controller with concomitant

fiduciary duties. If that is ultimately the case, then Plaintiffs may still have an

97
  Gotham P’rs, L.P. v. Hallwood Realty P’rs, L.P., 817 A.2d 160, 172 (Del. 2002).
98
   Higher Educ. Mgmt. Gp., Inc. v. Mathews, 2014 WL 5573325, at *13 (Del. Ch.
Nov. 3, 2014). Plaintiffs appear to have conceded this point by failing to address it
in their reply brief. See Emerald P’rs v. Berlin, 2003 WL 21003437, at *43 (Del.
Ch. Apr. 28, 2003), aff’d, 840 A.2d 641 (Del. 2003) (“It is settled Delaware law
that a party waives an argument by not including it in its brief.”).
                                         33
aiding and abetting claim against it, supposing they otherwise state a claim. At this

procedural stage, Plaintiffs have sufficiently pleaded an aiding and abetting claim

against Wayzata Partners. Plaintiffs have asserted the existence of controlling

stockholders (i.e., the Wayzata Funds) that breached their fiduciary duties to the

Company, that Wayzata Partners participated in the breach, and that Plaintiffs

suffered resulting damages. Wayzata Partners allegedly prepared each amendment

to the Wayzata Term Loan and dictated the terms.99           The loan amendments

allegedly depressed the value of Plaintiffs’ equity in Key Plastics. Assuming that

Wayzata Partners does not directly owe fiduciary duties to the Company, it may be

liable for aiding and abetting the alleged fiduciary breaches. Count VIII therefore

survives solely against Wayzata Partners.

E. Defendants’ Laches Defense

      Defendants contend that the doctrine of laches bars Plaintiffs from

challenging the first two amendments to the Wayzata Term Loan.100 “Unless

timely filing is excused by a recognized tolling doctrine, a plaintiff must file a

claim for breach of fiduciary duty within three years of the conduct that gives rise

to the claim.”101 The first two amendments to the Wayzata Term Loan occurred on

December 2, 2010, and on March 29, 2011.           Defendants argue that because

99
   See, e.g., Compl. ¶ 56.
100
    Plaintiffs are not challenging the entry into the loan.
101
    In re Sirius XM S’holder Litig., 2013 WL 5411268, at *4 (Del. Ch. Sept. 27,
2013).
                                         34
Plaintiffs’ initial complaint was not filed until October 16, 2014, challenges to

those amendments are time-barred.

      “[A]ffirmative defenses, such as laches, are not ordinarily well-suited for

treatment on” a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss.102 “Unless it is clear from the

face of the complaint that an affirmative defense exists and that the plaintiff can

prove no set of facts to avoid it, dismissal of the complaint based upon an

affirmative defense is inappropriate.”103 Although Plaintiffs bear the burden of

pleading specific facts to avoid the time bar, the Court must view the well-pleaded

facts in their favor.104 Plaintiffs argue that several tolling doctrines extend the

presumptive limitations period for their breach of fiduciary duty claims.

      They assert that the three-year limitations period was tolled during the

pendency of a Section 220 action they brought against the Company. Because they

served their Section 220 demand on April 26, 2013,105 Plaintiffs contend that

causes of action accruing on or after April 26, 2010, are timely.106 Defendants

point out that Plaintiffs received Key Plastics’s 2011 financial statements, which

disclosed amendments to the Wayzata Term Loan, on August 20, 2012.

102
    Reid v. Spazio, 970 A.2d 176, 183 (Del. 2009).
103
    Id. at 183-84.
104
    Pomeranz v. Museum P’rs, L.P., 2005 WL 217039, at *2 (Del. Ch. Jan. 24,
2005).
105
    Compl. ¶ 89.
106
    See, e.g., Sutherland v. Sutherland, 2009 WL 857468, at *5 (Del. Ch. Mar. 23,
2009) (“The applicable three-year statute of limitations was tolled, however,
during the pendency of the plaintiff’s Section 220 action.”).
                                         35
Supposedly, that put Plaintiffs on notice of the alleged wrongs before initiating

their Section 220 suit, and the Section 220 tolling doctrine is inapplicable.

      Even accepting Defendants’ argument, Plaintiffs have also invoked equitable

tolling whereby “the statute of limitations is tolled for claims of wrongful self-

dealing, even in the absence of actual fraudulent concealment, where a plaintiff

reasonably relies on the competence and good faith of a fiduciary.” 107 Plaintiffs

have alleged that the amendments to the Wayzata Term Loan constituted wrongful

self-dealing and that Defendants owed them fiduciary duties. Defendants failed to

provide information timely to Plaintiffs regarding the loan amendments, and when

financial statements were eventually provided (putting Plaintiffs on inquiry notice),

the alleged wrongdoing had already occurred. Given the factual allegations in the

Complaint, the Court cannot conclude conclusively that any of Plaintiffs’ claims

are time barred.108

F. Breaches of the Stockholders Agreement

      Count IV charges Key Plastics and the Wayzata entities with breaching

Sections 8.11 and 8.12 of the Stockholders Agreement. Section 8.11 provides

107
   Weiss v. Swanson, 948 A.2d 433, 451 (Del. Ch. 2008).
108
   There is debate over what Plaintiffs knew and when they knew it. This
uncertainty highlights why it may be difficult to deal with a laches defense on a
Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. Plaintiffs also argued for tolling under a theory
of fraudulent concealment. Whether they have adequately alleged fraud need not
be addressed because their other tolling theories suffice for now to keep their
claims alive.
                                          36
Plaintiffs with certain preemptive rights in the event “the Company (or any

subsidiary of the Company) wishes to issue and sell any equity interests or shares

of capital stock or any equity security convertible into or exchangeable for equity

interests or capital stock . . . to any Wayzata Party . . . .”109 Plaintiffs allege that

              By causing the Company to issue additional equity concealed as
       exorbitant PIK interest which compounds in a priority position on the
       extended and expanded Wayzata Term Loan, the Company and
       Wayzata breached the Stockholders Agreement by not offering such
       additional equity to Plaintiffs and destroyed the economic and equity
       interest of Plaintiffs (to Wayzata’s sole benefit).110

       Defendants point out that Section 8.11 imposes obligations on Key Plastics,

but not on Wayzata: “the Company shall also offer such New Securities to the DDJ

Parties and any other Holder that is an ‘accredited investor.’” The Amended

Complaint thus fails to state a claim against the Wayzata entities in relation to

Section 8.11.111

       Plaintiffs’ allegations against the Company are also without merit. The

Wayzata Term Loan is not an equity interest, capital stock, or an equity security

convertible into or exchangeable for equity interests or capital stock. It has a

109
    Transmittal Aff. of Christopher H. Lyons in Supp. of Opening Br. in Supp. of
Defs.’ Mots. to Dismiss the Compl. Ex. 5 (Stockholders Agmt.).
110
    Compl. ¶ 137.
111
    Plaintiffs appear to recognize this deficiency: “While these [breach of contract]
allegations may be insufficient to state a breach of contract claim against Wayzata,
they are sufficient to support [Plaintiffs’] claim that Wayzata breached its fiduciary
duties to Key Plastics and [Plaintiffs] by causing the Company not to enforce the
terms of its contract with [Plaintiffs].” Pls.’ Answering Br. 53.
                                            37
maturity date and a schedule of interest payments; technically, it has the hallmarks

of a debt instrument. Plaintiffs do attempt to characterize the loan as equity rather

than debt:

         [T]he Wayzata Term Loan contained all the hallmarks of an equity
         transaction: an insider who controls the Company; no fixed maturity
         since the Wayzata-controlled Company continuously and repeatedly
         extended the repayment date; and no real schedule of interest
         payments since interest PIKs virtually in perpetuity. Indeed, the
         Company recommended to one potential lender that it treat this “debt”
         as “quasi-equity,” and Wayzata itself later characterized its stake in
         the Company as “shareholder junior capital,” not debt, when it
         instructed the Company to omit the Wayzata debt from capitalization
         tables to be included in the Company’s request for proposals for
         refinancing the Wayzata Term Loan.112

         However, even accepting Plaintiffs’ allegations as true, and drawing all

reasonable inferences in their favor, they fail to state a claim for breach of

Section 8.11 of the Stockholders Agreement. The meaning of Section 8.11 is clear

and undisputed. Even assuming that the Wayzata Term Loan possesses some

characteristics associated with equity, the loan falls outside Section 8.11’s scope.

Perhaps Defendants attempted to avoid Section 8.11 inequitably by issuing

themselves debt that would function in some respects like equity; nonetheless,

doing so would not constitute a breach of the unambiguous terms of the

112
      Compl. ¶ 80.
                                          38
Stockholders Agreement.113 Plaintiffs have therefore failed to state a claim related

to Section 8.11.114

      Turning to the second alleged breach of the Stockholders Agreement,

Section 8.12 entitles Plaintiffs to some of the Company’s financial information on

a quarterly and annual basis.      The information must be provided as soon as

available, but, respectively, no later than 45 days after the end of each quarterly

accounting period or no later than 120 days after the conclusion of the fiscal year.

Plaintiffs allege that the Company and the Wayzata entities failed to provide them

with that information, or provided it late, thereby concealing misconduct from

Plaintiffs. Like Section 8.11, Section 8.12 imposes obligations on the Company,

and not the Wayzata entities.115 The claim that the Wayzata entities breached

Section 8.12 must therefore be dismissed.116

      With regard to the Company, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs cannot

establish any harm from its alleged failure to comply with Section 8.12. New York

113
    Plaintiffs appear to recognize that the Wayzata Term Loan cannot be equated to
equity of Key Plastics. See, e.g., Compl. ¶ 78 (“[The PIK interest] accrues solely
to the exclusive benefit of Wayzata, growing the Company’s overall debt balance
at an exponential rate and drastically reducing the value of and diluting [Plaintiffs’]
equity as Wayzata’s claim compounds in a priority position.”) (emphasis added).
114
    See supra Section III.A (observing differences between expanding the Wayzata
Term Loan and issuing additional equity).
115
    Stockholders Agmt. § 8.12(a) (“The Company shall provide to each Holder for
so long as such Holder owns any of the Common Shares, the following
information . . . .”).
116
    See supra note 111 (noting Plaintiffs’ apparent recognition of the inadequacy of
their breach of contract claims against Wayzata).
                                          39
law, which governs the Stockholders Agreement, requires a plaintiff to allege

damages to state a breach of contract claim.117 “There is no requirement that the

measure of damages be stated in the complaint so long as facts are alleged from

which damages may properly be inferred.”118 Here, the Court can reasonably infer

from the Amended Complaint that Plaintiffs suffered damages. Plaintiffs allege

that they were ignorant of the Wayzata Term Loan’s expansion until summer 2012,

when they demanded financials after an unjustified 20-month gap during which the

Company failed to provide information. Not until their belated receipt of the

financials did Plaintiffs learn that Defendants had tripled the loan’s borrowing

limit, increased its interest rate, instituted the PIK option, and extended its term by

years. The lack of transparency allegedly allowed the Wayzata entities to enrich

themselves at Plaintiffs’ expense. Additionally, Plaintiffs have requested specific

performance pursuant to Article VII of the Stockholders Agreement, which

provides that

         [i]n the event of a breach or threatened breach of the terms, covenants
         and/or conditions of this Agreement by any of the parties hereto, the
         other parties shall . . . be entitled . . . to a temporary and/or permanent
         injunction, without showing any actual damage or that monetary
         damages would not provide an adequate remedy, and/or a decree for
         specific performance . . . .

117
      See, e.g., Israel v. Wood Dolson Co., 134 N.E.2d 97, 99 (N.Y. 1956).
118
      A.S. Rampell, Inc. v. Hyster Co., 144 N.E.2d 371, 380 (N.Y. 1957).
                                             40
      At the current procedural stage, Plaintiffs have sufficiently stated a claim

that Key Plastics breached Section 8.12 of the Stockholders Agreement. That is

the sole piece of Count IV to survive Defendants’ Motion.

G. Unjust Enrichment Claims

      The Amended Complaint attempts to state both a direct claim and a

derivative claim against the Wayzata entities for unjust enrichment. Count V,

asserting the direct claim, must be dismissed for the reasons articulated in

Section III.A above. Defendants’ alleged wrongs directly impacted Key Plastics;

any injury that Plaintiffs suffered was the indirect result of their stock

ownership.119 The next question is whether Count IX, the corollary derivative

claim, can survive.120

      “Unjust enrichment is the unjust retention of a benefit to the loss of another,

or the retention of money or property of another against the fundamental principles

of justice or equity and good conscience.”121 For Plaintiffs’ derivative claim to

survive, they must demonstrate “(1) an enrichment, (2) an impoverishment, (3) a

relation between the enrichment and impoverishment, (4) the absence of

119
    See, e.g., Metro. Ins. Co. v. Tremont Gp. Hldgs., Inc., 2012 WL 6632681, at *8-
9 (Del. Ch. Dec. 20. 2012) (holding that both unjust enrichment and fiduciary duty
claims were derivative because plaintiffs’ injury (the dilution of their equity) was a
function of the pro rata investment). As established above, this case is not within
the Gentile exception.
120
    As already established, Plaintiffs have adequately pleaded demand futility.
121
    Base Optics Inc. v. Liu, 2015 WL 3491495, at *22 (Del. Ch. May 29, 2015)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
                                         41
justification, and (5) the absence of a remedy provided by law.” 122         “At the

pleadings stage, an unjust enrichment claim that is entirely duplicative of a breach

of fiduciary duty claim—i.e., where both claims are premised on the same

purported breach of fiduciary duty—is frequently treated in the same manner when

resolving a motion to dismiss.”123

      Count IX is largely duplicative of Count VII “because there is no alleged

unjust enrichment separate or distinct from the alleged breach of fiduciary duty.” 124

As determined, supra Section III.C, Plaintiffs have adequately pleaded that the

Wayzata entities breached their fiduciary duties with respect to expansion of the

Wayzata Term Loan. Wayzata Opportunities is the counterparty to the Wayzata

Term Loan and Wayzata Partners receives management fees based on the

performance of its funds. They allegedly caused the Company to overpay on the

loan to enrich themselves at Key Plastics’s expense.125 The relation between their

122
    Nemec v. Shrader, 991 A.2d 1120, 1130 (Del. 2010).
123
    Calma v. Templeton, 114 A.3d 563, 591 (Del. Ch. 2015). Of course, Plaintiffs
cannot obtain a double recovery. For now, both theories of liability can proceed
despite being based on identical facts. This is different from Counts VI and VII
being duplicative as against the Wayzata-related Defendants. Those counts made
identical fiduciary duty claims, based on identical facts.
124
    Id. at 592.
125
    Each Defendant’s potential liability under this count would be limited to the
amount by which it was directly enriched at Plaintiffs’ expense. For example,
Plaintiffs allege that Wayzata Partners has been enriched by higher management
fees due to the Wayzata Funds’ increased performance. Wayzata Partners would
not be liable to Plaintiffs, under an unjust enrichment theory, for losses above that
amount.
                                         42
alleged enrichment and Plaintiffs’ impoverishment is clear and taking Plaintiffs’

allegations as true, there was no justification. It is thus reasonably conceivable that

Wayzata Partners and Wayzata Opportunities have been unjustly enriched. On the

other hand, Plaintiffs have failed to allege how Wayzata Offshore has been directly

enriched at their expense.126 The unjust enrichment claim will be dismissed as

against it.

H. Personal Jurisdiction over Wayzata Offshore

       Defendants argue that Wayzata Offshore, a Cayman Islands exempted

limited partnership, is not subject to personal jurisdiction in Delaware.127 Plaintiffs

bear the burden of establishing a basis for this Court’s jurisdiction over Wayzata

Offshore.128 The Court must be satisfied that Delaware’s Long Arm Statute129 is

applicable and that subjecting Wayzata Offshore to jurisdiction in Delaware

comports with the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.130 To meet

their burden, Plaintiffs evoke the conspiracy theory of jurisdiction, under which

       a conspirator who is absent from the forum state is subject to the
       jurisdiction of the court, assuming he is properly served under state

126
    Plaintiffs appear to recognize the weakness of the unjust enrichment claim
against Wayzata Offshore: “The extent to which Wayzata Offshore benefited from
such actions is clouded by the lack of discovery from this offshore investment
vehicle.” Pls.’ Answering Br. 59.
127
    Compl. ¶ 14. Its principal place of business is also in the Cayman Islands.
128
    AeroGlobal Capital Mgmt., LLC v. Cirrus Indus., Inc., 871 A.2d 428, 437 (Del.
2005).
129
    10 Del. C. § 3104(c)(1).
130
    AeroGlobal Capital Mgmt., LLC, 871 A.2d at 438.
                                          43
      law, if the plaintiff can make a factual showing that: (1) a conspiracy
      to defraud existed; (2) the defendant was a member of that conspiracy;
      (3) a substantial act or substantial effect in furtherance of the
      conspiracy occurred in the forum state; (4) the defendant knew or had
      reason to know of the act in the forum state or that acts outside the
      forum state would have an effect in the forum state; and (5) the act in,
      or effect on, the forum state was a direct and foreseeable result of the
      conduct in furtherance of the conspiracy.131

      The conspiracy theory “is based on the legal principle that one conspirator’s

acts are attributable to the other conspirators.”132 Thus, “if the purposeful act or

acts of one conspirator are of a nature and quality that would subject the actor to

the jurisdiction of the court, all of the conspirators are subject to the jurisdiction of

the court.”133 Because the five Istituto Bancario elements functionally encompass

both the statutory prong and the constitutional prong of the jurisdictional test, “if a

plaintiff can address satisfactorily all five elements of the conspiracy theory, then

the plaintiff will have met both prongs . . . .”134 The conspiracy theory test is “a

131
    Istituto Bancario Italiano SpA v. Hunter Eng’g Co., Inc., 449 A.2d 210, 225
(Del. 1982).
132
    Matthew v. Fläkt Woods Gp. SA, 56 A.3d 1023, 1027 (Del. 2012).
133
    Istituto Bancario, 449 A.2d at 222. The Long Arm Statue provides jurisdiction
over a defendant who “in person or through an agent . . . [t]ransacts any business or
performs any character of work or service in this State . . . [or c]auses tortious
injury in the State by an act or omission in this State.” 10 Del. C. § 3104(c)(1),
(c)(3).
134
    Vitrus Capital L.P. v. Eastman Chem. Co., 2015 WL 580553, at *13 (Del. Ch.
Feb. 11, 2015).
                                           44
strict test with a narrow scope, and, as a result, factual proof of each enumerated

element is required.”135

      Here, Plaintiffs have satisfied Istituto Bancario’s five factors, rendering

Wayzata Offshore subject to personal jurisdiction in Delaware.            The Court

“analyze[s] the elements of the five-part conspiracy theory test using the

deferential factual standard of a motion to dismiss, as limited by the more exacting

factual requirements of the conspiracy theory.”136 The first two factors require

evidence that Wayzata Offshore was a member of a conspiracy.137 Taking all

inferences from the specifically alleged facts in Plaintiffs’ favor, it is conceivable

that the Wayzata entities operated collectively to profit from Key Plastics at

Plaintiffs’ expense. As established, supra Section III.C, it is conceivable that

Wayzata Offshore breached its fiduciary duty in furtherance of the alleged scheme.

It is also reasonably conceivable that Wayzata Partners’s April 3, 2012, filing of a

UCC financing statement related to the Wayzata Term Loan’s collateral was an act

in furtherance of the supposed conspiracy.138       Knowledge of that act can be

135
    Matthew v. Laudamiel, 2012 WL 605589, at *7 (Del. Ch. Feb. 21, 2012).
136
    Vichi v. Koninklijke Philips Elecs. N.V., 2009 WL 4345724, at *6 (Del. Ch.
Dec. 1, 2009).
137
    A civil conspiracy involves “(1) two or more persons; (2) an object to be
accomplished; (3) a meeting of the minds on the object or course of action; (4) one
or more unlawful overt acts; and (5) damages as a proximate result thereof.” Zirn
v. VLI Corp., 1989 WL 79963, at *9 (Del. Ch. July 17, 1989).
138
    Defendants argue that the filing was made in connection with Wayzata
Opportunities’s agreement to subordinate its security interests so that the Company
                                         45
imputed to Wayzata Offshore because Wayzata Partners allegedly acts as its

agent.139 Wayzata Offshore is thus subject to personal jurisdiction in Delaware for

the claims alleged against it in the Complaint.

                                  IV. CONCLUSION

      Counts I, II, III, and V will be dismissed because although pleaded as direct

claims, they are exclusively derivative in nature. Count IV will be dismissed as

against the Wayzata entities. It survives against the Company in part; Plaintiffs

have stated a claim for breach of Section 8.12 of the Stockholders Agreement, but

not for breach of Section 8.11.

could obtain financing on favorable terms. They argue that “the filing in which
Wayzata, for no consideration, waived $10 million of its rights to allow a third
party to take a debt position, which not only is not alleged to be wrong, but is held
up as a model of what should have happened” cannot be viewed as an act in
furtherance of a conspiracy. Tr. of Oral Argument on Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss and
Mot. to Stay Discovery 84. However, Plaintiffs do allege that consideration was
provided: “In connection with this transaction, the Wayzata Term Loan was
amended a fifth time to secure Wayzata’s consent to the transaction.” Compl. ¶ 64.
If Wayzata subordinated its interests in order to obtain an allegedly wrongful
extension of the Wayzata Term Loan, then the UCC filing can be deemed an act in
furtherance of the alleged conspiracy.
139
    It is reasonably conceivable that Wayzata Partners was acting within the scope
of its agency when it made the UCC filing. Although it is easier to conceive
Wayzata Partners’s actions as within the scope of its agency with respect to
Wayzata Opportunities, the relationships among the entities make it difficult to
draw lines at this procedural stage. Plaintiffs allege facts from which the Court
may infer that Wayzata Partners used both Wayzata Funds to extract value from
the Company.
                                         46
         Count VI survives against Defendants Gohl, Davis, and Campion. It will be

dismissed as against Defendants Ball and Beutel for failing to state a claim against

them, and it will be dismissed with respect to the Wayzata entities and Keenan

because it is duplicative of Count VII, which survives against those Defendants.

         Count VIII survives against Wayzata Partners but will be dismissed as to

Defendant Ball. Finally, Count IX survives against Wayzata Opportunities and

Wayzata Partners; it will be dismissed as against Wayzata Offshore.

         Counsel are requested to confer and to submit an implementing form of

order.

                                         47