Court Opinion

ID: 4185249
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-07-11 20:03:26.469132+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:23.683351
License: Public Domain

Slip Op. 17-83

                 UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

 CANNAKORP, INC.,

        Plaintiff,
                                                Before: Mark A. Barnett, Judge
            v.
                                                Court No. 17-00092
 UNITED STATES,

        Defendant.

                              MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

[Defendant’s motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction is granted.
Plaintiff’s motions for a show cause order and for leave to file a reply in support of its
motion for a show cause order are denied as moot.]

                                                                 Dated: July 11, 2017

Kristin H. Mowry, Mowry & Grimson, PLLC, of Washington, D.C., for plaintiff. With her
on the brief were Jeffrey S. Grimson and Jill A. Cramer of Mowry & Grimson, PLLC, of
Washington, D.C., and William M. Jay and Andrew Kim, Goodwin Proctor LLP, of
Washington, D.C.

Guy Eddon, Trial Attorney, Civil Division, Commercial Litigation Branch, U.S.
Department of Justice, of New York, NY, for defendant. With him on the brief were
Chad A. Readler, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Patricia M. McCarthy, Assistant
Director, and Aimee Lee, Senior Trial Counsel. Of Counsel on the brief was Alexandra
Khrebtukova, Office of Chief Counsel, International Trade Litigation, U.S. Customs and
Border Protection.

       Barnett, Judge: CannaKorp, Inc. (“CannaKorp” or “Plaintiff”) brings this action

against the United States (“Defendant”) to challenge a pre-importation ruling issued by

U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“Customs” or “CBP”). See Compl., ECF No. 2.

Defendant moves to dismiss the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and

failure to state a claim pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) of the Rules of the
Court No. 17-00092                                                                    Page 2

United States Court of International Trade (“USCIT”). See Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss and

Def.’s Mem. in Supp. of its Mot. to Dismiss (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 17. Plaintiff

opposes this motion. See Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (“Pl.’s Resp.”), ECF No.

18. For the reasons discussed below, the court grants Defendant’s motion to dismiss

for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and dismisses this case.1

                                        BACKGROUND
       In April 2016, CannaKorp requested a pre-importation ruling from CBP regarding

its “single-use, pod-based cannabis vaporizer system known as the CannaCloud.”

Compl. ¶¶ 1, 24-25. In its ruling request, CannaKorp sought to “establish that

importation of the CannaCloud is lawful under the Controlled Substances Act [(“CSA”)],”

21 U.S.C. §§ 801 et seq., because it fell within the ambit of the CSA’s exemption

provision, 21 U.S.C. § 863(f)(1). 2 Compl., Ex. 3 at 1, ECF No. 2-1; see also Compl.

¶¶ 26-30. On March 24, 2017, CBP issued a ruling that the “[CannaCloud] is not

exempted from the prohibition on the importation of drug paraphernalia set forth in 21

U.S.C. § 863(a) and may not be legally imported into the United States because the

1 Plaintiff has moved for an order to show cause why an expedited litigation schedule
should not be entered, Pl.’s Mot. for an Order Directing Def. to Show Cause Why an
Expedited Litigation Schedule Should Not Be Entered in this Action (“Pl.’s Sched.
Mot.”), ECF No. 5, which the court construes as a motion for an expedited briefing
schedule, and for leave to file a reply in support of that motion, Mot. for Leave to File
Reply in Supp. of Pl.’s Mot. for an Order Directing Def. to Show Cause Why an
Expedited Litigation Schedule Should Not Be Entered in this Action, ECF No. 15.
Because the court finds that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction over this action, Plaintiff’s
motions are denied as moot.
2 Subsection 863(f)(1) provides that “any person authorized by local, State, or Federal

law to manufacture, possess, or distribute such items” is not subject to the prohibitions
stated in section 863. 21 U.S.C. § 863(f)(1)(2012).
Court No. 17-00092                                                                   Page 3

exemption set forth in 21 U.S.C. § 863(f)(1) does not apply.” Compl., Ex. 1 at 5, ECF

No. 2-1. On April 27, 2017 CannaKorp filed a complaint seeking judicial review of this

Customs ruling. See Compl. Plaintiff invokes jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§ 1581(h), 3 alleging that without pre-importation review, CannaKorp “would experience

irreparable harm . . . through disruption of supplier relationships, lost business

opportunities, and reputational harm [that] threatens the complete failure of

CannaKorp’s business.” Compl., ¶¶ 7, 3-11. Plaintiff further alleges that CBP’s ruling

was “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion and otherwise not in accordance with

law,” Compl. ¶ 53, 57, 60, and asks the court to (i) order expedited consideration and

briefing; (ii) declare CBP’s ruling unlawful; (iii) “declare that the CannaCloud is not

restricted merchandise” because it is exempted from the CSA pursuant to 21 U.S.C.

§ 863; (iv) order any other relief deemed just and proper; and (v) award CannaKorp and

attorney’s fees and costs pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d), id. ¶ 61. Defendant has

moved to dismiss the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and failure to state

a claim upon which relief can be granted. See Def.’s Mot. Plaintiff opposes this motion.

See Pl.’s Resp.

                              SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION

       To adjudicate a case, a court must have subject-matter jurisdiction over the

claims presented. See Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 94-95

(1998). “[W]hen a federal court concludes that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, the

3In its complaint Plaintiff also asserted jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(i), but
has since withdrawn this invocation. See Compl. ¶ 9; Pl.’s Resp. at 2 n. 1.
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court must dismiss the complaint in its entirety.” Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546 U.S. 500,

514 (2006).

       A plaintiff bears the burden of establishing subject-matter jurisdiction. See Norsk

Hydro Can., Inc. v. United States, 472 F.3d 1347, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2006). When

reviewing a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, the court proceeds

according to whether the motion “challenges the sufficiency of the pleadings or

controverts the factual allegations made in the pleadings.” H & H Wholesale Servs.,

Inc. v. United States, 30 CIT 689, 691, 437 F. Supp. 2d 1335, 1339 (2006). When the

motion challenges the sufficiency of the pleadings, the court assumes that the

allegations within the complaint are true. Id. When, as here, “the motion controverts

factual allegations supporting the [c]omplaint, ‘the allegations in the complaint are not

controlling,’ and ‘are subject to fact-finding by the [trial] court.’” Id. at 692, 437 F. Supp.

2d at 1339 (quoting Cedars–Sinai Medical Ctr. v. Watkins, 11 F.3d 1573, 1583–84 (Fed.

Cir. 1993)) (alterations added). Cf. Power-One Inc. v. United States, 23 CIT 959, 962,

83 F. Supp. 2d 1300, 1303 n.9 (1999) (when a party “challenges the actual existence of

subject matter jurisdiction,” the “allegations in Plaintiffs' Complaint are not controlling,

and only uncontroverted factual allegations are accepted as true”).

       Pursuant to subsection 1581(h),

       The Court of International Trade shall have exclusive jurisdiction of any
       civil action commenced to review, prior to the importation of the goods
       involved, a ruling issued by the Secretary of the Treasury, . . . relating to . .
       . restricted merchandise, . . . or similar matters, but only if the party
       commencing the civil action demonstrates to the court that he would be
Court No. 17-00092                                                                   Page 5

       irreparably harmed unless given an opportunity to obtain judicial review
       prior to such importation.

28 U.S.C. § 1581(h).

       A plaintiff must show that it has met four requirements to establish jurisdiction

under subsection (h): “1) review must be sought prior to importation; 2) review sought

must be for a ruling; 3) the ruling must relate to certain subject matter; and 4) the

importer must show that irreparable harm will result unless judicial review prior to

importation is obtained.” Am. Frozen Food Inst., Inc. v. United States, 18 CIT 565, 569,

855 F. Supp. 388, 393 (1994) (supplying the requirements); 28 U.S.C. § 2639(b)

(supplying the burden of proof); see also Heartland By-Prods, Inc. v. United States, 31

CIT 1711, 1719, 521 F. Supp. 2d 1386, 1393 (2007), rev’d on other grounds, 568 F. 3d

1360 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (“The heightened burden of having to demonstrate irreparable

harm under § 1581(h) provides grounds for jurisdiction over disputes that might

otherwise be considered speculative or not ripe for review. It is precisely this distinction

that makes jurisdiction under § 1581(h) extraordinary.”) (citations omitted). Only the

fourth prong of the jurisdictional criteria, irreparable harm, is at issue here. See Def.’s

Mot. at 4, 5; Pl.’s Resp. at 5.

                        LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR IRREPARABLE HARM

       The “standard for proving irreparable harm [in a § 1581(h) case] is essentially

identical to that used to determine irreparable injury in cases where injunctive relief is

sought.” Connor v. United States, 24 CIT 195, 199 (2000) (citation omitted). Plaintiff

must demonstrate, with clear and convincing evidence, that “the harm is highly
Court No. 17-00092                                                                   Page 6

probable.” Id. at 196–97 (citing Waits v. Frito-Lay, Inc., 978 F.2d 1093, 1105 (9th Cir.

1992)). Cf. Thyssen Steel Co. v. United States, 13 CIT 323, 326, 712 F. Supp. 202, 204

(1989) (court denied claim of irreparable harm where plaintiff relied solely on an

affidavit); Holford USA Ltd. v. United States, 19 CIT 1486, 1491-92, 912 F. Supp. 555,

559-60 (1995) (affidavits and letters proffering relevant facts and contract terms

constituted sufficient evidence supporting claim of irreparable harm).

       “Irreparable harm is that which ‘cannot receive reasonable redress in a court of

law.’” Connor, 24 CIT at 197 (quoting Manufacture de Machines du Haut-Rhin v. Von

Rabb, 6 CIT 60, 64, 569 F. Supp. 877, 881-82 (1983)). “In evaluating that harm, the

court must consider ‘the magnitude of the injury, the immediacy of the injury, and the

inadequacy of future corrective relief.’” Shree Rama Enter. v. United States, 21 CIT

1165, 1167, 983 F. Supp. 192, 194, (1997) (quoting Queen's Flowers de Colombia v.

United States, 20 CIT 1122, 1125, 947 F. Supp. 503, 506 (1996). Of these three

factors, “immediacy [of the injury] and the inadequacy of future corrective relief” may be

weighed more heavily than magnitude of harm. Nat’l Juice Prods. Ass’n v. United

States, 10 CIT 48, 53, 628 F. Supp. 978, 984 (1986) (citations omitted).

       Critically, irreparable harm may not be speculative, see Am. Inst. for Imported

Steel, Inc. v. United States, 8 CIT 314, 318, 600 F. Supp. 204, 209 (1984), or

determined by surmise, Elkem Metals Co. v. United States, 25 CIT 186, 192, 135 F.

Supp. 2d 1324, 1331 (2001) (citation omitted). “It is not enough to establish ‘a mere

possibility of injury, even where prospective injury is great. A presently existing, actual
Court No. 17-00092                                                                   Page 7

threat must be shown.’” Shree Rama, 21 CIT at 1167, 983 F. Supp. at 194–95 (quoting

Zenith Radio Corp. v. United States, 710 F.2d 806, 809 (2009)).

       Economic harm, or injury to the business, may constitute irreparable harm when

“the loss threatens the very existence of the movant’s business,” Wisc. Gas Co. v. Fed.

Energy Regulatory Comm’n, 758 F.2d 669, 674 (DC. Cir. 1985) (citing Wash. Metro.

Area Transit Comm'n v. Holiday Tours, Inc., 559 F.2d 841, 843 n. 2 (D.C. Cir. 1977)),

and is otherwise noncompensable, Kwo Lee, Inc. v. United States, 38 CIT ___,___, 24

F. Supp. 3d 1322, 1327 (2014) (“Financial loss alone—compensable with monetary

damages—is not irreparable”) (citing Sampson v. Murray, 415 U.S. 61, 90 (1974)).

Economic harm may include financial loss, reputational injuries, and severe business

disruption. Kwo Lee, 24 F. Supp. 3d at 1327 (“Irreparable harm may take the form of

‘[p]rice erosion, loss of goodwill, damage to reputation, and loss of business

opportunities.’”) (quoting Celsis In Vitro, Inc. v. CellzDirect, Inc., 664 F.3d 922, 930

(Fed. Cir. 2012); Sanofi–Synthelabo v. Apotex, Inc., 470 F.3d 1368, 1381–83 (Fed. Cir.

2006)). Generally, however, “[a]llegations of harm to potential future business relations

are too speculative to constitute irreparable harm.” Techsnabexport, Ltd. v. United

States, 16 CIT 420, 428, 795 F. Supp. 428, 437 (1997).

       Defendant asserts that the court’s jurisdiction rests on Plaintiff’s ability to show

irreparable harm absent pre-importation judicial review and that it has not done so.

Defendant is correct.
Court No. 17-00092                                                                       Page 8

                                          DISCUSSION

       Defendant contends that Plaintiff has failed to show by clear and convincing

evidence that it will suffer irreparable harm absent pre-importation judicial review. Def.’s

Mot. at 3-16. Defendant argues that the harms that would allegedly befall CannaKorp, if

it were to await an attempted importation to bring its challenge, are speculative, self-

inflicted, not of the type considered irreparable, and lacking evidentiary support. See

Def.’s Mot. at 8-16; Def.’s Reply Brief in Further Supp. of its Mot. to Dismiss (“Def.’s

Reply”) at 2-14, ECF No. 19. Plaintiff responds that “economic injury that threatens the

viability of a business, and for which no monetary remedy is available, is irreparable,”

and that its proffered evidence is sufficient to carry its burden. Pl.’s Resp. at 6; see also

id.at 6-17. Plaintiff denies that its injury is self-inflicted. See id. at 17-21. Plaintiff

particularly points to financial loss, disruption of business operations (including loss of

key employees, supplier relationships, and manufacturing facilities), and reputational

harm (including loss of market strategy, first-mover status, and consumer goodwill), as

constituting irreparable harm. See id. at 11-14. Plaintiff also argues that this harm is

severe enough to threaten the existence of its business, and that it may not be able to

seek compensation even if it prevails because of the government’s sovereign immunity.

See id. at 6-10.

       Plaintiff’s support for its position is limited to two declarations by James Winokur,

the CEO and co-founder of CannaKorp. Compl., Ex. 2 (“Winokur Decl.”), ECF No. 2-1;

Pl.’s Resp., Ex. 1 (“Suppl. Winokur Decl.”, ECF No. 18-1). Plaintiff provides no financial

records or other documents in support of Mr. Winokur’s declarations. This is significant
Court No. 17-00092                                                                    Page 9

because the declarations contain numerous vague, speculative, or conclusory

statements, and internal inconsistencies, and are otherwise impossible to corroborate.

During the court’s teleconference of May 3, 2017, CannaKorp declined the court’s offer

of an evidentiary hearing at which it could offer testimony and further evidence in

support of its motion to expedite. 4 As discussed more fully below, the declarations are

insufficient to meet Plaintiff’s burden of proof. Cf. Nat’l Min. Ass'n v. Jackson, 768 F.

Supp. 2d 34, 52 (D.D.C. 2011) (CEO’s conclusory projections regarding harm to the

business are insufficient to establish harm under the standard).

       The court recognizes that, as a start-up business, CannaKorp may believe that it

is in a “Catch-22” situation – that it is unable to establish the existence of the economic

harm caused by CBP’s ruling because the ruling prevents it from getting off the ground

and establishing evidence of its viability. Even if there is some basis for that belief, it

does not absolve CannaKorp of the responsibility of supporting its allegations of

irreparable harm with clear and convincing evidence appropriate to its situation. As

discussed below, CannaKorp failed to provide any documentation, records, or third-

party testimony in support of the harms Mr. Winokur asserts are likely and it is on this

basis that CannaKorp’s claims fail.

4 In CannaKorp’s motion to expedite the briefing in this case, Plaintiff asserted that there
was good cause to expedite the briefing schedule because otherwise it would suffer
irreparable harm. See Pl.’s Sched. Mot.
Court No. 17-00092                                                                  Page 10

       A.     CannaKorp Fails to Establish Actual, Imminent Harm

       CannaKorp argues that CBP’s ruling has “placed [it] at imminent risk of failure”

because of the “significant, if not total, disruption of its business operations in the form

of hampered supplier relationships, lost business opportunities, and reputational harm”

resulting from the ruling. Pl.’s Resp. at 2, 11. Defendant contends that Plaintiff’s claim

and Mr. Winokur’s declarations in support of its arguments regarding imminent harm are

speculative, and, thus, fail to demonstrate the irreparable harm required for § 1581(h)

jurisdiction. Def.’s Mot. at 8-12; see also Def.’s Reply at 7-14.

              (i) Business Disruption

       Business disruption may constitute economic harm when the likelihood and

nature of the disruption is adequately documented. See, e.g., CPC Int’l, Inc. v. United

States, 19 CIT 978, 979, 980-83, 896 F. Supp. 1240, 1243, 1244-45 (1995) (importer

demonstrated harm in the form of costs, expenditures, business disruption, and other

financial losses through affidavits that detailed these costs and disruption with

specificity); Holford, 19 CIT at 1492, 912 F. Supp. at 560 (affidavit attesting to harm in

the form of increased costs, lost profits and loss to business reputation was supported

by letters, relevant contract terms, and details regarding relevant quotas that imposed

costs on the importer); Nat’l Juice Prods., 5 10 CIT at 54, 628 F. Supp. at 984-85

5 Nat’l Juice Products has since been superseded by statute, but the change does not
relate to the propositions for which it is being cited herein. See Precision Specialty
Metals, Inc. v. United States, 24 CIT 1016, 1041, 116 F. Supp. 2d 1350, 1375 (2000)
(discussing change to statutory provisions detailing the process by which Customs
makes changes to its practice or position).
Court No. 17-00092                                                                 Page 11

(plaintiff provided third party affidavits attesting that compliance with a new Customs

ruling would take up to two and a half years and prevent satisfaction of customer

orders). In contrast, the Winokur declarations contain several vague and internally

inconsistent statements on the extent and nature of the alleged disruption.

       First, Mr. Winokur declares that “[t]he CannaCloud is now ready for commercial

manufacture and launch.” Winokur Decl. ¶ 11. He then, however, avers that

“preparation for launch requires many months of lead time,” Winokur Decl. ¶ 16,

“[s]tarting manufacture would require additional capital,” Suppl. Winokur Decl. ¶ 7, and

“the financial forecast requires [CannaKorp] to raise an additional $10 million by the first

quarter of 2018 . . . [to] be used for inventory, shipping, and distribution,” Winokur Decl.

¶ 20. It is unclear from these statements whether the product is actually ready for

launch or whether CannaKorp will first need to raise $10 million, followed by the

necessary “lead time” before the product can be launched.

       Second, Mr. Winokur’s declarations contain inconsistent assertions regarding the

imminent closure of the business. In the first declaration, prepared in late April 2017,

Mr. Winokur estimates the business will close in August 2017. Winokur Decl. ¶ 18

(“[t]he threat of further delay seriously threatens the company’s viability [and that]

without additional revenue or funding, CannaKorp projects that it will run through its

current capital by August 2017”). However, in his second declaration, filed in early June

2017, Mr. Winokur informs the court that the business now has “enough cash to operate

until October” because it has conducted “additional capital fundraising.” Suppl. Winokur

Decl. ¶ 8.
Court No. 17-00092                                                                   Page 12

       Third, Mr. Winokur uses vague and conditional language to describe the nature

and likelihood of harm to its supplier and manufacturer relationships. 6 Mr. Winokur

avers “it is very likely” that “current circumstances” will result in “substantial breach of

our partnership agreements,” whereby CannaKorp’s “partners would dismantle the

customized CannaCloud assembly lines,” Suppl. Winokur Decl. ¶ 10 (emphasis added),

and that “in the event of substantial delay, the Chinese company is likely to terminate its

relationship with CannaCloud,” Winokur Decl. ¶ 33 (emphasis added), resulting in “a

potential claim for damages” and a “likely los[s of] its supplier relationship, Winokur

Decl. ¶ 34 (emphasis added); see also id. ¶ 37 (similar issues with German

manufacturer of the cPod whereby “delay . . . could constitute a substantial breach of

contract” leading the “German manufacturer [to] likely sever its relationship with

CannaKorp” if the CannaCloud launch is “substantially or indefinitely delayed.”)

6 In contrast to the ambiguous language used in Mr. Winokur’s declarations, this court
has found affidavits to be persuasive when they represent the harm with more certainty
and specificity. See CPC Int’l, 19 CIT at 985–86, 896 F. Supp. at 1247–48 (reviewing
cases). For example, in American Frozen Food Institute, plaintiffs proffered affidavit
evidence that “they will lose substantial sums of money from the destruction of
stockpiled non-complying labelling”; “that its costs to destroy labels and its printing costs
to change labels would be in excess of $900,000”; that “labelling redesign [is] projected
at over $9 million”; and that “it would be necessary to re-engineer its inventory
management process to . . . to ensure that the various labels will correctly reflect the
countries of origin for [its product].” Am. Frozen Food Inst. 18 CIT at 570, 855 F. Supp.
at 393-94 (emphasis added). In Nat’l Juice Products, plaintiffs offered several affidavits
by representatives of third party supply and processing companies detailing challenges
to complying with Customs’ ruling, such as their inability to timely “provide the
necessary labels and cans,” preventing the fulfillment of customer orders, and the
“substantial” costs to be incurred in preparing new labels and packaging. Nat’l Juice
Prods., 10 CIT at 54, 628 F. Supp. at 985. Plaintiffs also provided evidence
demonstrating their need to warehouse or destroy its current inventory of labels. Id. at
54, 628 F. Supp. at 985.
Court No. 17-00092                                                                 Page 13

(emphasis added). Plaintiff’s statements are unsupported by documentary proof, such

as copies of contracts showing breach and damages clauses. Additionally, the

uncertainty of Mr. Winokur’s assertions of harm are underlined by his assertion that “[i]n

light of the fact that CBP’s decision has delayed launch of the CannaCloud indefinitely,

CannaKorp faces a potential claim for damages . . . and will likely lose its supplier

relationship.” Id. ¶ 34 (emphasis added).

       Mr. Winokur is similarly unclear about the nature of the potential harm to

CannaKorp’s manufacturing relationships, speculating that “[t]he tools and other assets

. . . likely cannot be transferred to a new manufacturer.” Id. ¶ at 35; see also id. ¶ 37

(speculating that “the tools and other assets that the German company developed for

the cPod’s production likely cannot be transferred to a new manufacturer”) (emphasis

added). Mr. Winokur further speculates that “it is very likely that [CannaKorp’s

manufacturing] partners will claim that we are in substantial breach of our partnership

agreements because production orders fell far short of expectations,” and that “they

may take [legal action] for such a breach” and “dismantle [] customized CannaCloud

assembly lines and retrain their personnel.” Suppl. Winokur Decl. ¶ 10. Again, Mr.

Winokur’s declarations are speculative and conditional, lacking specific details of key

contract terms and the ownership of intellectual property and engineering design(s)

presumably developed in conjunction with manufacturing partners and with

CannaKorp’s financial input. See, e.g., Winokur Decl. ¶ 8 (noting sums spent by

CannaKorp in “design, development and production”).
Court No. 17-00092                                                                 Page 14

       Finally, Plaintiff makes vague and unsupported claims regarding potential loss of

employees. See id. ¶ 38 (“Without the revenue and additional capital that will result

from taking the CannaCloud to market, CannaKorp will not be in a financial position to

continue retaining the services of these expert employees.”); Suppl. Winokur Decl. ¶ 8

(“CannaKorp has enough cash to operate until October and would be forced to

downsize its operations and terminate key employees to remain afloat until then.”).

Although Mr. Winokur expresses concern that CannaKorp’s key employees “are in such

demand that they are likely to be hired immediately by another company,” Winokur

Decl. ¶ 38, his statements do not shed light on whether CannaKorp has entered into

non-compete agreements with its key staff, or why the possibility that they may leave

the company to work for another company, even a competitor, is something other than

the normal course of business in which highly skilled employees may seek more

lucrative or rewarding employment.

       Taken together, Mr. Winokur’s conclusory, at times vague, and unsupported

statements do not provide sufficient proof of business disruption to satisfy Plaintiff’s

burden by clear and convincing evidence.

              (ii) Financial Loss

       This court has found irrecoverable financial losses to constitute harm when

allegations of such losses are supported by clear and convincing evidence. See Nat’l

Juice Prods., 10 CIT at 54-57, 628 F. Supp. at 984-87 (Plaintiff provided affidavits from

“a sampling of processors” estimating the substantial cost of new labels and packaging).
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Here, Plaintiff’s allegations of imminent financial loss are vague, at times contradictory,

and unsupported.

       Mr. Winokur estimates that CannaKorp faces financial losses of approximately

$14.8 million based on the, now delayed, July 2017 launch date and its expectation that

49,700 units would be sold within a year of launch. Winokur Decl. ¶ 20. In contrast, in

the supplemental declaration he claims that “by the end of 2017, CannaKorp had

expected to distribute nearly 4,000 CannaClouds in the United States.” Suppl. Winokur

Decl. ¶ 9. Plaintiff provides no documentation to support its estimated sales and

revenue, and, crucially, does not explain how (or why) it expected to sell only 4,000

CannaClouds in the six month period following its July 2017 launch, but in the six to

twelve month period thereafter it expected to sell more than twelve times that number.

Plaintiff characterizes Defendant’s argument that “objective” evidence is needed to

support Mr. Winokur’s assertions as an argument requiring “independent, third-party”

evidence. Pl.’s Resp. at 3; see also, e.g., Def.’s Resp. at 16. To the contrary,

CannaKorp’s own market research and business plans showing some rational basis for

its sales and revenue projections would go a long way to support Plaintiff’s allegations

of financial harm. As it is, the court cannot evaluate the reasonableness of Plaintiff’s

assertions or expectations based solely on the statements in Mr. Winokur’s

declarations.

       Plaintiff also makes contradictory assertions regarding the degree to which

Customs’ ruling impacts its ability to obtain additional funding. See Winokur Decl. ¶ 20

(Customs’ ruling “seriously threatens CannaKorp’s ability to obtain additional funding . .
Court No. 17-00092                                                                    Page 16

. [and] additional investment will be difficult, if not impossible, to obtain in light of CBP’s

decision”) (emphasis added); Suppl. Winokur Decl. ¶ 6 (Customs’ ruling “has

significantly stymied CannaKorp’s ability to attract additional investors,” and “those

investors see CBP’s decision . . . as the primary roadblock to investment”) (emphasis

added). Mr. Winokur’s failure to identify the other potential roadblocks prevents the

court from evaluating the veracity of CannaKorp’s claim. Moreover, CannaKorp’s

assertions of difficulty in obtaining new investment are contradicted by Mr. Winokur’s

admission that the company successfully raised $500,000 in additional capital in the six

weeks following Mr. Winokur’s initial declaration, see Suppl. Winokur Decl. ¶ 8, that

additional fundraising would be “difficult, if not impossible,” Winokur Decl. ¶ 20.

       In sum, like Plaintiff’s statements on business disruption, Plaintiff’s allegations of

financial harm are unsupported and, at times, contradictory. Plaintiff’s proofs are

insufficient and unpersuasive in light of the clear and convincing burden of proof

standard it faces.

              (iii) Reputational Harm

       The court considers the loss of customers when reviewing claims of harm when

such loss is sufficiently nonspeculative. Compare, e.g., Lois Jeans & Jackets, U.S.A.,

Inc. v. United States, 5 CIT 238, 242, 566 F. Supp. 1523, 1527 (1983) (established

importer and distributor of wearing apparel presented sufficient evidence in the form of

an affidavit and oral testimony during a hearing showing injury to reputation as a reliable

supplier), with, e.g., Techsnabexport, 16 CIT at 428, 795 F. Supp. at 437 (affidavits

averring challenges to the establishment of long term business relationships were “too
Court No. 17-00092                                                               Page 17

speculative to constitute irreparable harm”). It also remains incumbent upon the movant

to sufficiently document the alleged harm. See Arbor Foods, Inc. v. United States, 8

CIT 355, 359, 600 F. Supp. 217, 220 (1984) (declining to find harm when nature and

scale of lost profits was “unknown,” and loss of benefits from past marketing and

damage to reputation was speculative) (citations omitted). To the extent that

reputational harm may be considered economic harm, this court has customarily found

such non-measurable harms to rise to this level only when the moving party is able to

show a clear detriment; for example, an existing customer base (and its impending

loss). See Heartland, 23 CIT at 758-59 & n. 8, 74 F. Supp. 2d at 1331 & n. 8 (finding

irreparable harm when party stood to lose its three main customers and had

documented this through an affidavit and “letters from the customers indicating their

plans to take their business elsewhere”).

      Here, Mr. Winokur’s affidavits fail to rise above speculation. Mr. Winokur avers

that Customs’ ruling prevents CannaKorp from establishing consumer goodwill as a

result of “first-mover advantage,” Winokur Decl. ¶ 29, which it bases on its having

generated “over 20 million views and 50,000 comments, the vast majority of which were

positive and supportive” in response to a Facebook video, id. ¶ 30. Mr. Winokur also

makes repeated reference to potential competitors in the market and the consequent

loss of “market potential” and “first-mover advantage” that allegedly results from CBP’s

ruling. Id. ¶¶ 22-30. Mr. Winokur estimates the monetary value of “first-mover

advantage” in 2017 at $2 million. Id. ¶ 29. The court simply notes that Facebook views

and comments are an insufficient measure of consumer goodwill and Plaintiff has
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submitted no evidence showing it has an established customer base or distribution

arrangements. As such, the harms alleged remain unknown and speculative.

       Similarly, CannaKorp provides no documentation or studies explaining or

supporting its monetary estimate of its so-called first-mover advantage, particularly in

light of Mr. Winokur’s assertion that the company had expected to distribute 4,000

CannaClouds by the end of 2017 (suggesting that he valued the first-mover advantage

at $500 per unit). Suppl. Winokur Decl. ¶ 9. Mr. Winokur’s statements, taken together,

fail to provide clear and convincing evidence of the alleged reputational harm that

CannaKorp would suffer if it cannot challenge Customs’ pre-importation ruling.

CannaKorp provides no documents or reasoning to support its claims of estimated

monetary losses. Although economic loss need not be precisely measured, the court

must have some ability to evaluate the magnitude and imminence of the loss in order to

consider the likelihood of harm. CannaKorp has failed to provide the court with

evidence that would enable such an assessment. As a result, CannaKorp has failed to

meet its burden to provide clear and convincing evidence of harm.

       B.     Whether CannaKorp’s Alleged Harms are Irreparable

       CannaKorp argues that its alleged harms are irreparable because the

government’s sovereign immunity “makes potential monetary damages irrecoverable.”

Pl.’s Resp. at 7. Defendant contends that CannaKorp has failed to carry its burden in

proving the economic harms it alleges, Def.’s Reply at 3-4, and that its only other harms
Court No. 17-00092                                                                    Page 19

amount to “litigating costs and litigation delay” generally associated with challenges to

pre-importation rulings, id. at 4-5.

       “[T]he fact that economic losses may be unrecoverable does not absolve the

movant from its considerable burden’ of proving that those losses are ‘certain, great and

actual.” Nat’l Min. Ass'n, 768 F. Supp. 2d at 52 (internal quotation marks, citation, and

emphasis omitted). Plaintiff has to establish the harm before the court can address the

question of recoverability. As discussed above, Plaintiff has failed to establish by clear

and convincing evidence that its business would suffer harm. As such, the court need

not address whether any of that harm would be recoverable. 7

       To the extent that Plaintiff includes the time and financial costs of litigation in its

list of harms, these costs are part and parcel of doing business and do not constitute

irreparable harm sufficient to justify jurisdiction pursuant to subsection 1581(h).

Renegotiation Bd. v. Bannercraft Clothing Co., Inc., 415 U.S. 1, 24 (1974) (“Mere

litigation expense, even substantial and unrecoupable cost, does not constitute

irreparable injury.”); Fed. Trade Comm’n v. Standard Oil Co. of California, 449 U.S. 232,

244 (1980) (where plaintiff had argued “that the expense and disruption of defending

itself in protracted adjudicatory proceedings constitute[d] irreparable harm,” the Court

7 In addition to the arguments addressed above, Defendant also argued that Plaintiff’s
alleged harms were self-inflicted because of the time-lag between when it filed its patent
application (2014) and when it requested the pre-importation ruling from Customs
(2016), and because Plaintiff did not “account for the possibility of litigation delay when
developing its business model and negotiating its contracts.” Def.’s Reply at 6-7; Def.’s
Mot. at 13-16; see also Pl.’s Resp. at 17-21. Because the court finds that Plaintiff has
failed to establish irreparable harm in the first instance, the court need not reach this
additional argument.
Court No. 17-00092                                                                  Page 20

ruled that, even though “the burden of defending this proceeding will be substantial . . .

[,] ‘the expense and annoyance of litigation is ‘part of the social burden of living under

government’’”) (quoting Petroleum Exploration, Inc. v. Public Service Comm'n, 304 U.S.

209, 222 (1938)).

                                  CONCLUSION AND ORDER

       The court finds that Plaintiff has failed to establish that it would be irreparably

harmed if it cannot obtain pre-importation judicial review as required by subsection

1581(h). Although Plaintiff presents the court with claims of business disruption,

financial loss, and reputational harm, the evidence it presents in support of its claims

ranges from vague, to inconsistent, to contradictory. Thus, Plaintiff has failed to carry

its burden to show by clear and convincing evidence that it faces the harms it alleges.

Because Plaintiff fails to establish the harms, the court need not address its arguments

regarding the irreparability of those harms. Similarly, the court does not reach

Defendant’s arguments regarding Plaintiff’s failure to state a claim for which the court

may grant relief. See Def.’s Mot. at 22-24; Def.’s Reply at 14-16; Pl.’s Resp. at 23-25.

       Therefore, upon consideration of Defendant’s motion to dismiss pursuant to

USCIT Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6), the response and reply thereto, the complaint and

its exhibits, and upon due deliberation, it is hereby

       ORDERED that Defendant’s motion to dismiss (ECF No. 17) pursuant to USCIT

Rule 12(b)(1) is GRANTED; it is further

       ORDERED that Defendant’s motion to dismiss pursuant to USCIT Rule 12(b)(6)

is DENIED AS MOOT; it is further
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      ORDERED that Plaintiff’s motion for an expedited briefing schedule (ECF No. 5)

is DENIED AS MOOT; it is further

      ORDERED that Plaintiff’s motion for leave to file a reply in support of its motion

for an expedited briefing schedule (ECF No. 15) is DENIED AS MOOT; and it is further

      ORDERED that this action is dismissed. Judgment will be entered accordingly.

                                                /s/   Mark A. Barnett
                                                Mark A. Barnett, Judge

Dated: July 11, 2017
      New York, New York