Court Opinion

ID: 9364567
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-19 17:08:51.020967+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:39.042366
License: Public Domain

J-S42011-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    BRUCE DEWAYNE JONES                        :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 414 WDA 2022

       Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered September 6, 2021
      In the Court of Common Pleas of Fayette County Criminal Division at
                        No(s): CP-26-CR-0000928-2019

BEFORE:      BOWES, J., OLSON, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.:                              FILED: January 19, 2023

        Bruce DeWayne Jones appeals nunc pro tunc from his September 6,

2021 judgment of sentence of eight and one-half to twenty years of

incarceration imposed after a jury found him guilty of attempted homicide,

firearms offenses, criminal mischief, and multiple counts of recklessly

endangering another person (“REAP”) and aggravated assault. We affirm.

        The trial court summarized the factual history of this matter as follows:

        On December 22, 2018, Vanessa Maison, Dustin Johnson, and
        Carter Smith went out to a party at a fire hall and then to Alibis
        Bar in Redstone Township, Fayette County. After they left the bar,
        they went to . . . a Christmas party[.] The three friends were
        traveling that night in Mr. Johnson’s gray 2018 Jeep Renegade,
        which he had just bought earlier that month.

        The three were at [the Christmas party] for about an hour to an
        hour-and-a-half, mingling with other partygoers . . . . All three

____________________________________________

*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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     friends encountered Appellant that evening although none were
     [sic] acquainted with him before the party. All three were able to
     identify Appellant during trial.

     Sometime around midnight, Appellant was in the kitchen, singing
     or rapping over the music that was playing. Mr. Smith laughed or
     smirked at something that Appellant sang/rapped, and Appellant
     asked him what was funny and proceeded to “get smart” with him.
     Mr. Smith told Appellant that his performance was not good, and
     the two began to argue.

     At about the same time, Mr. Johnson was preparing to leave. He
     first saw Ms. Maison and told her he was leaving. He then saw
     Mr. Smith and Appellant in the kitchen and told Mr. Smith that he
     was leaving. Mr. Johnson then headed outside to his car and got
     in the driver’s seat. Ms. Maison followed him and went to the front
     passenger seat. Mr. Smith followed behind her and Appellant was
     behind him, still arguing . . . as they walked out of the house.

     Mr. Smith testified that, once outside, he heard Appellant say
     something like, “You better get out of here,” and call him a racial
     slur. He then saw Appellant pull out a semi-automatic pistol and
     hold it across his own chest. Mr. Smith responded, “You really
     need a fucking gun?” and began walking away.

     As he walked away, he heard a gunshot. He got in the rear
     passenger’s side seat of the car, behind Ms. Maison, and saw
     Appellant shoot [the front passenger] door twice. All three of the
     friends heard more popping sounds, and Mr. Johnson sped off.
     Mr. Smith testified that there were shots fired at the back of the
     vehicle as they drove away. Neither Mr. Johnson nor Ms. Maison
     saw Appellant fire the weapon, but both testified that he was the
     only person that had followed them all outside. Mr. Smith did
     testify that he saw Appellant fire the weapon. Mr. Johnson also
     testified that nobody in their group had a gun with them.

     After they sped off in Mr. Johnson’s vehicle, Mr. Smith exclaimed
     that he had been shot, a wound he sustained to the upper right
     buttock. Mr. Johnson drove to Mr. Smith’s house, and Mr. Smith
     afterward had his father take him to Uniontown Hospital where he
     was treated for his injury. . . .

     Several Pennsylvania State Troopers involved in the investigation
     testified at trial. Corporal Richard Hunter took photographs of the

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     damage to the 2018 Jeep Renegade the following day. He
     described the bullets that were found in the vehicle and testified
     that there was blood on the carpet of the back seat. Mr. Johnson
     later testified that the damage to his vehicle totaled around
     $7,200. Corporal Hunter also testified that he found bullet casings
     outside of the [location of the Christmas party].

     Trooper Adam Janosko also investigated the incident and was
     involved in determining that Appellant was the one who fired the
     gun. He also testified that no weapon was recovered, but the
     evidence suggested that a .380-caliber semi-automatic pistol was
     used. Troop Janosko also testified that Appellant did not have a
     license to carry a concealed weapon, and there was a stipulation
     that Appellant was not permitted to possess a firearm because of
     a prior adjudication.

Trial Court Opinion, 5/27/22, at 3-5 (cleaned up).

     Appellant was arrested and charged with the aforementioned offenses.

Pertinent to our disposition, we note that neither the attempted homicide

charge nor any of the aggravated assault charges related to Mr. Johnson and

Ms. Maison, but were brought only as to Mr. Smith.        Appellant was also

charged with possession of firearm prohibited.

     Following a jury trial held on August 6 and 7, 2019, Appellant was found

guilty of all charges. On September 6, 2019, the trial court sentenced him to

an aggregate term of eight and one-half to twenty years of imprisonment. No

post-sentence motions were filed.    Appellant filed an initial, timely direct

appeal and submitted a concise statement of errors pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.

1925(b) while represented by counsel. Following the completion of a Grazier

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hearing, Appellant elected to proceed pro se on appeal.1 See N.T. Grazier

Hearing, 4/17/20, at 2-18.           Ultimately, the appeal was dismissed after

Appellant failed to file an appellate brief. See Order, 6/9/21, at 1.

       Thereafter, Appellant filed a timely, pro se petition for relief pursuant to

the Post-Conviction Relief Act (“PCRA”).         Counsel was appointed and an

amended petition was submitted, which alleged prior counsel had been

ineffective by failing to raise several issues in Appellant’s counseled Rule

1925(b) statement. The Commonwealth did not oppose the relief sought. On

March 17, 2022, the PCRA court granted Appellant’s petition and reinstated

his direct appellate rights. Thereafter, he filed a timely notice of appeal nunc

pro tunc and submitted a supplemental Rule 1925(b) statement. The trial

court filed a revised Rule 1925(a) opinion addressing these new issues.

       Appellant has raised the following issues for our consideration:

       1.   Was the evidence presented at trial by the Commonwealth
            sufficient to establish the elements of attempted homicide;
            specifically that [Appellant] acted with a specific intent to kill?

       2.   Was the evidence presented at trial by the Commonwealth
            sufficient to establish the elements of aggravated assault;
            specifically was sufficient evidence presented that [Appellant]
            fired a handgun or other firearm in the direction of the alleged
            victim or that the alleged victim sustained any wound which
            would constitute “serious bodily injury”?

____________________________________________

1  See Commonwealth v. Grazier, 713 A.2d 81, 82 (Pa. 1998) (“When a
waiver of the right to counsel is sought at the post-conviction and appellate
stages, an on-the-record determination should be made that the waiver is a
knowing, intelligent, and voluntary one.”)

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       3. Did the trial court err as a matter of law by allowing unqualified
          testimony of medical opinion?

       4. Did the trial court err as a matter of law by allowing unqualified
          expert opinion testimony in the field of forensic investigation?

Appellant’s brief at 1-2 (unpaginated; cleaned up).2

       Appellant’s first two appellate issues concern the sufficiency of the

Commonwealth’s evidence.             We will bear in mind the following well-

established legal principles in considering these arguments:

       Our standard of review in assessing whether sufficient evidence
       was presented to sustain an appellant's conviction is well-settled.
       The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence
       is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light
       most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence
       to enable the fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond
       a reasonable doubt. In applying [this] test, we may not weigh the
       evidence and substitute our judgment for the fact-finder. In
       addition, we note that the facts and circumstances established by
       the Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of
____________________________________________

2  Despite spanning nearly three hundred pages, Appellant’s combined brief
and reproduced record are not properly paginated pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 2173.
This omission largely renders the tables of contents and authorities pursuant
to Pa.R.A.P. 2174 irrelevant. Moreover, given the length of this submission,
Appellant has also violated Pa.R.A.P. 2171(b), which requires that the brief
and reproduced record be bound separately if the filings exceed 100 pages in
combined length. Relatedly, Appellant has not included a certificate of
compliance attesting that his thirty-six-page brief complies with the length
requirements set forth by our Rules of Appellate Procedure. See Pa.R.A.P.
2135(a)(1). Finally, Appellant’s brief was filed more than one week late.

We admonish counsel and remind him that briefs and reproduced records must
“conform in all material respects with the requirements” of the Pennsylvania
Rules of Appellate Procedure “as nearly as the circumstances of the particular
case will admit, otherwise they may be suppressed, and, if the defects are in
the brief or reproduced record of the appellant and are substantial, the appeal
or other matter may be quashed or dismissed.” Pa.R.A.P. 2101. Nonetheless,
we decline to dismiss this appeal.

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       innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant's guilt may be
       resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak and
       inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may be
       drawn from the combined circumstances. The Commonwealth
       may sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime
       beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial
       evidence. Moreover, in applying the above test, the entire record
       must be evaluated and all evidence actually received must be
       considered. Finally, the trier of fact while passing upon the
       credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced,
       is free to believe all, part or none of the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Boyer, 282 A.3d 1161, 1171 (Pa.Super. 2022) (cleaned

up).

       In his first claim for relief, Appellant has challenged his conviction for

attempted homicide on the grounds that the Commonwealth did not adduce

sufficient evidence of his specific intent to kill Mr. Smith. See Appellant’s brief

at 9-10 (arguing that the Commonwealth’s evidence “only established that

Appellant fired a firearm at the 2018 Jeep Renegade which Mr. Smith was

inside”); see also 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 901(a), 2502. In order for a defendant to

be found guilty of attempted homicide, the Commonwealth must “establish

the mens rea required for first-degree murder, specific intent to kill[.]”3

Commonwealth v. Fortson, 165 A.3d 10, 15 (Pa.Super. 2017) (cleaned up).

This burden may be satisfied by circumstantial evidence.         Id.   Where the

defendant does not “verbalize the reasons for his actions, we are forced to

____________________________________________

3 Accordingly, “the crimes of attempted murder in the second degree and
attempted murder in the third degree do not exist.” Commonwealth v.
Predmore, 199 A.3d 925, 929 n.1 (Pa.Super. 2018) (en banc).

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look to the act itself to glean the intentions of the actor.” Commonwealth

v. Hall, 830 A.2d 537, 542 (Pa. 2003) (citation omitted). To the extent “the

intention of the actor is obvious from the act itself, the finder of fact is justified

in assigning the intention that is suggested by the conduct.” Id. Thus, we

may “infer that one intends the natural and probable consequences of his

acts[.]” Commonwealth v. Gease, 696 A.2d 130, 133 (Pa. 1997).

      Viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the evidence

at trial demonstrated that an argument erupted between Appellant and Mr.

Smith, which escalated as Mr. Smith and his friends left the party See N.T.

Trial, 8/6/19, at 80-82.      As Mr. Smith and his friends reached the Jeep,

Appellant referred to Mr. Smith using a racial epithet while holding a “semi-

automatic pistol” against his chest.      Id. at 82.    Then, Appellant aimed his

firearm at the general area of the vehicle in which Mr. Smith was seated and

discharged it several times. Id. at 39-40, 47, 100. One of the bullets struck

and injured Mr. Smith. Id. at 85, 109-10. Appellant stipulated that he was

prohibited from possessing firearms. See N.T. Trial, 8/7/19, at 165-66.

      This evidence was sufficient to establish Appellant’s specific intent to kill

Mr. Smith. As a logical starting point, it bears noting that “[a] gun is a lethal

weapon; pointing it towards a person, and then discharging it, speaks volumes

as to one’s intention.”    Commonwealth v. Hall, 830 A.2d 537, 543 (Pa.

2003). Indeed, the simple fact that Appellant was “illegally armed” with a

firearm on the night in question is indicative of his specific intent to kill as a

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matter of law. See Commonwealth v. Fortson, 165 A.3d 10, 16 (Pa.Super.

2017) (citing 18 Pa.C.S. § 6104).             We also derive guidance from

Commonwealth v. Cross, 331 A.2d 813 (Pa.Super. 1974), wherein this

Court upheld a defendant’s attempted homicide conviction under similar

circumstances. Following a personal, long-standing “feud,” Cross attempted

to shoot the victim, who was seated in the passenger seat of an automobile.

The bullet struck the vehicle at “a height near the stomach” of the victim, but

“narrowly missed.” Id. at 813-14. Based upon these facts, this Court held it

was “entirely proper” to conclude that Cross “did intend to kill as required

under the statute, for his deliberately fired shot narrowly missed striking a

vital part of his target.” Id. at 815

      Here, as in Cross, Appellant’s shooting of Mr. Smith was the product of

a personal dispute. Specifically, Appellant’s actions were the culmination of a

heated argument with Mr. Smith that included menacing language and

gestures that generally evinced violent intent on Appellant’s part. While this

dispute was not a protracted, familial matter as in Cross, it is well-established

that the requisite intent to kill another “may be formed in an instant.”

Commonwealth v. Mollett, 5 A.3d 291, 313 (Pa.Super. 2010). Also as in

Cross, Appellant deliberately attempted to shoot Mr. Smith, as confirmed by

the bullet hole that is lined up with Mr. Smith’s seat in the vehicle. Moreover,

unlike in Cross, Mr. Smith was actually struck by one of Appellant’s bullets

and sustained an injury. While this injury did not threaten Mr. Smith’s life,

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“[t]he Pennsylvania courts have held that the necessary intent for attempted

murder may be inferred from a defendant’s conduct of taking aim and firing a

shot that narrowly misses the vital organs of another human being.” 4

Commonwealth v. Jones, 629 A.2d 133, 135 n.2 (Pa.Super. 1993).

       Under these circumstances, we have little trouble concluding that an

individual who deliberately aims and fires a pistol multiple times at the

occupant of a car and succeeds in wounding him has manifested a specific

intent to kill. See Cross, supra; Jones, supra. No relief is due.

       Appellant’s second sufficiency claim concerns his aggravated assault

convictions, which he challenges upon the same grounds as his attempted

homicide conviction.        See Appellant’s brief at 11 (unpaginated) (“[T]he

Commonwealth’s mens rea evidence relevant to aggravated assault is

insufficient for the same reasons as it was insufficient relevant to the offense

of [a]ttempted [h]omicide.”). Instantly, Appellant was charged and convicted

of aggravated assault at 18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(a)(1) (“A person is guilty of

aggravated assault if he attempts to cause serious bodily injury to another, or

causes such injury intentionally[.]”) and 18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(a)(4) (“A person

____________________________________________

4  It is practically axiomatic that “the use of a deadly weapon directed at a
vital organ of another human being justifies a factual presumption that the
actor intended death[.]” Commonwealth v. Predmore, 199 A.3d 925, 931
(Pa.Super. 2018) (en banc). However, “the absence of the use of a deadly
weapon against a vital part of a victim’s body does not preclude a finding of
intent to kill, it only precludes the use of the presumption.” Id. at 932. Thus,
while we are not prepared to characterize Mr. Smith’s injuries in this matter
as implicating a “vital organ,” such a conclusion is not dispositive.

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is guilty of aggravated assault if he attempts to cause or intentionally or

knowingly causes bodily injury to another with a deadly weapon[.]”).

      The same conduct discussed above that established Appellant’s specific

intent to kill Mr. Smith is also sufficient to establish that Appellant possessed

the intent to cause “serious bodily injury” and “bodily injury” to Mr. Smith.

See 18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(a)(1), (4). Accordingly, the Commonwealth’s offer of

proof with respect to Appellant’s mens rea regarding attempted homicide was

also legally sufficient as a matter of law to support Appellant’s convictions for

aggravated assault. Id. Thus, Appellant’s second claim merits no relief.

      Appellant’s third issue concerns testimony offered by Trooper Janosko,

who opined as follows with respect to Mr. Smith’s injury: “[H]e had a wound

to his right buttock that appeared to be what we call a through and through

wound. Which means the bullet entered and it passed right through his body

and went whenever it would of went.” N.T. Trial, 8/6/19, at 110. Appellant

characterizes this as “unqualified medical testimony” and argues that Trooper

Janosko exceeded the scope of speculation permitted by lay witnesses

pursuant to Pa.R.E. 701 and 702. See Appellant’s brief at 26-30.

      It is axiomatic that “[i]n order to preserve an issue for review, a party

must make a timely and specific objection at trial.”       Commonwealth v.

Konias, 136 A.3d 1014, 1022 (Pa.Super. 2016). Accordingly, “[t]he absence

of a contemporaneous objection below constitutes a waiver of the claim on

appeal.” Commonwealth v. Rodriguez, 174 A.3d 1130, 1145 (Pa.Super.

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2017) (cleaned up); see also Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (“Issues not raised in the lower

court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.”).

      Instantly, our review of the transcripts reveals that no objection was

entered at trial with respect to Trooper Janosko’s complained-of testimony

describing Mr. Smith’s wound. Accordingly, this claim is waived. Id.

      Finally, Appellant challenges various aspects of the testimony of Trooper

Janosko and Corporal Hunter concerning the forensic evidence in the case.

See Appellant’s brief at 30 (“[T]he [t]rial [c]ourt erred as a matter of law . . .

by allowing the introduction at trial of unqualified opinion testimony proffered

by [Trooper Janosko] and [Corporal Hunter] in the field of forensic

investigations and/or analysis.”). Our review of the certified transcripts,

however, confirms that no contemporaneous objections were entered with

respect to the various aspects of testimony that Appellant references in this

argument. Compare Appellant’s brief at 30-36 with N.T. Trial, 8/6/19, at

34-47, 106-32. Thus, these allegations are waived for failure to raise them in

the trial court. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a); Rodriguez, supra at 1145.

      As Appellant has advanced no preserved claim that merits relief in this

appeal, we affirm his judgment of sentence.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 1/19/2023

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