Court Opinion

ID: 4550213
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-07-22 17:04:09.015689+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:20:30.321539
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                       No. 20-0654
                                   Filed July 22, 2020

IN THE INTEREST OF A.H., E.S., D.A., B.A., and M.A.,
Minor Children,

A.A., Father of D.A., B.A., and M.A.,
       Appellant,

H.A., Mother of A.H., E.S., B.A., and M.A.,
       Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

       Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Winnebago County, Karen Kaufman

Salic, District Associate Judge.

       A father appeals the termination of his parental rights to three children, and

a mother separately appeals the termination of her parental rights to four children,

all of the same sibling group. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.

       Philip Leo Garland, Garner, for appellant father.

       Theodore J. Hovda, Garner, for appellant mother.

       Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Ellen Ramsey-Kacena, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee State.

       Jane M. Wright, Forest City, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor

children.

       Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., Greer, J., and Blane, S.J.*

       *Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206

(2020).
                                         2

BLANE, Senior Judge.

      There are five children in the sibling group in this appeal.1 H.A. (mother)

and A.A. (father) together are the parents of B.A. and M.A. H.A. is also the mother

of A.H. and E.S.2 And A.A. is also the father of D.A.3 After two child-in-need-of-

assistance (CINA) proceedings spanning six years, the juvenile court terminated

the parents’ rights, pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) and (l) (2020), for

all five children. The parents appeal separately.

    I. FACTS AND BACKGROUND PROCEEDINGS

      The Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS) originally became involved

with this family in 2014, when it removed the children from the parents’ home due

to the parents’ substance abuse, relationship and mental-health issues, and the

unsafe condition of their house. That case was resolved and closed in 2016.

      Then, in December 2018, police executed a search warrant on the family

home and discovered methamphetamine and marijuana. They also found the

house in an unsanitary condition again. DHS initiated a second round of CINA

cases. The children were found to be in need of assistance in January 2019.

Although the children were not immediately removed, issues soon arose—DHS

found out the parents were frequently leaving the children with relatives for

extended periods of time, and the children were missing too many days of school.

The juvenile court ordered the parents to begin substance-abuse and mental-

1 The family consists of the parents, A.H. (fourteen), E.S. (twelve), D.A. (twelve),
B.A. (nine), and M.A. (seven). The mother also has an adult daughter from another
relationship.
2 Their father is not a party in this appeal.
3 His mother is not a party in this appeal.
                                          3

health services, but they made little progress toward the case goals during this

time.

        Then, in February 2019, the court removed the children for the final time

when the parents left them with relatives and disappeared for a week. In DHS

custody, the children moved between three different relative and foster home

placements. In spring 2019, three of the children were placed with one set of foster

parents; the two other children were placed with a different foster family. The

children remained in those placements through the rest of the CINA and

termination-of-parental-rights (TPR) proceedings.

        In the year following the children’s removal, the parents made little progress

in the case goals, continuing long-standing problems with substance abuse,

housing instability, and unemployment.

        As a starting point, the parents have never completed substance-abuse

treatment; they have each participated in multiple evaluations but have not

followed through with treatment recommendations. The father had evaluations in

February and June 2019 and again in January 2020. After the June evaluation,

he started treatment services but was discharged within thirty days for

nonattendance. He tested positive for methamphetamine in February 2020, after

the State filed TPR petitions.

        Similarly, the mother discharged unsuccessfully from two different

treatment programs due to nonattendance. She took twenty drug tests over the

year of the CINA case—half were positive for illegal substances. Most recently,

she tested positive for methamphetamine in January and February 2020. At the

termination hearing, the mother testified that she had been sober since December
                                         4

2019. When confronted with the results of the February test, she stated, “I never

got those results,” and “I have not used, I have not been around anybody that’s

using, and so I don’t have an explanation.”

      Notably, the parents began addressing their substance-abuse issues with

more urgency at the beginning of 2020, when they both began participating in

treatment services with the same counselor. But they attended group sessions

only sporadically. At the termination hearing, they complained they were unable

to follow through with treatment because their counselor went on medical leave

and because of closures caused by the novel coronavirus or COVID-19 pandemic

response.

      But the juvenile court did not accept their explanation; it reasoned they could

have identified another counselor at the same facility and services were being

provided in other ways during the COVID-19 pandemic, which the parents chose

not to pursue. The mother did testify she was able to have a telephone therapy

session with a different counselor on the day before the termination hearing.

      Inadequate housing has also been a significant factor in the family’s life.

When the children were removed in February 2019, the family home was in a state

of extreme disrepair. The house had no utilities and was running on only well water

and a generator. The parents stayed in that home until February 2020, when they

moved into a house vacated by the mother’s parents. The grandparents moved

into a new house but continued paying rent for the parents to stay in their vacated

house. The grandparents also paid all utilities on the house because the mother

and father are unable to get utilities in their own name due to past unpaid bills.

The parents are supposed to pay rent and utilities to the grandparents but have
                                           5

not yet done so. In a verbal confrontation shortly before the termination hearing,

the grandparents suggested they were considering evicting the father because he

was not working to contribute to the household or paying rent.

       The family’s housing instability is also connected to the parents’

unemployment. Throughout most of the CINA case, they were unemployed. The

father testified to working off and on, but he was fired from his job in early 2019

and relatedly charged with third-degree theft.        Shortly before the termination

hearing, both parents got new jobs—the mother began working at a fast food

restaurant. The father testified he began a construction job. But at the time of the

termination hearing, both workplaces had suspended operations due to the

COVID-19 pandemic. It was unclear when their employment would resume.

       The mother testified the rent and utilities on their home are $800 each

month and, when working, she is paid between $800 and $1000 per month. It is

unclear how much the father is paid. It is also unclear how the parents will stretch

their limited resources to cover rent, utilities, and all other expenses to care for five

children without continued financial support from the grandparents.

       The court held the hearing on the termination of parental rights on April 3.

Previously, it ordered that hearing be conducted entirely by telephone, pursuant to

supervisory orders from the supreme court on the provision of court services during

the COVID-19 pandemic. The parents moved to continue until all parties and

counsel could be personally present for a hearing. The court denied the motion.

Following a fully telephonic hearing, the court terminated the parents’ rights,
                                         6

pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1), paragraphs (f)4 and (l).5 The court cited

the parents’ ongoing substance-abuse issues—as demonstrated by recent drug

tests positive for methamphetamine—as well as their employment and housing

instability. The parents appeal separately.

    II. SCOPE OF REVIEW

      We review child-welfare proceedings de novo. In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212,

219 (Iowa 2016). The juvenile court’s fact findings do not bind us, but we give

them weight, particularly with regard to credibility. Id. Our primary concern is the

best interests of the children. In re L.T., 924 N.W.2d 521, 529 (Iowa 2019).

      Review of the parents’ constitutional claim is also de novo. In re C.M., 652
N.W.2d 204, 209 (Iowa Ct. App. 2002). And we review the juvenile court’s denial

of a motion to continue for an abuse of discretion. In re M.D., 921 N.W.2d 229,

4 Termination under paragraph (f) requires the following findings:
             (1) The child is four years of age or older.
             (2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of
      assistance pursuant to section 232.96.
             (3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of
      the child’s parents for at least twelve of the last eighteen months, or
      for the last twelve consecutive months and any trial period at home
      has been less than thirty days.
             (4) There is clear and convincing evidence that at the present
      time the child cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents
      as provided in section 232.102.
5 Termination under paragraph (l) requires the following findings:

             (1) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of
      assistance pursuant to section 232.96 and custody has been
      transferred from the child’s parents for placement pursuant to section
      232.102.
             (2) The parent has a severe substance-related disorder and
      presents a danger to self or others as evidenced by prior acts.
             (3) There is clear and convincing evidence that the parent’s
      prognosis indicates that the child will not be able to be returned to
      the custody of the parent within a reasonable period of time
      considering the child’s age and need for a permanent home.
                                            7

232 (Iowa 2018). “A court abuses its discretion when ‘the decision is grounded on

reasons that are clearly untenable or unreasonable,’ such as ‘when it is based on

an erroneous application of the law.’” Id. (quoting In re A.M., 856 N.W.2d 365, 370

(Iowa 2014)).

   III. ANALYSIS

          Neither parent challenges the statutory grounds for termination of their

rights.     Instead, they jointly raise the following issues: first, they contend

termination of their parental rights was not in the children’s best interests; and

second, they contend the juvenile court erred in denying their joint motion to

continue because the resulting termination hearing via teleconferencing violated

their due process rights.        The mother separately contends termination is

detrimental to the children due to her close parent-child relationship. We start with

the constitutional claim.

   A. Due Process Challenge

          The parents challenge the termination hearing on due process grounds.

Due process protections “include procedural safeguards for people who face state

action that threatens a protected liberty or property interest.” Id.. “Once the law

finds a protected interest to exist, the question turns to what process or procedure

the law must provide the person.” Id.   The questions here are whether the

telephonic hearing satisfied the parents’ due process rights under these

circumstances and whether the district court abused its discretion in denying the

parents’ motion to continue.

          The State filed a petition for termination of parental rights on January 30,

2020. The juvenile court originally set the hearing for February 21. Shortly
                                          8

beforehand, the State moved to continue because it had not been able to serve

A.H. and E.S.’s father. The State applied to give notice by publication. The court

granted the continuance and publication request, resetting the termination hearing

for March 6. On March 6, the court continued the hearing again because it

determined the time initially allotted for the hearing was insufficient. The court

reset the hearing for April 3.

       On March 14, the chief justice of the Iowa Supreme Court issued a

supplemental supervisory order “in response to the spread of the novel

coronavirus/COVID-19 . . . to keep the courts open to the fullest possible extent

while protecting public safety.”6 Iowa Supreme Ct. Supervisory Order, In the

Matter of Ongoing Preparation for Coronavirus/COVID-19 Impact on Court

Services (Mar. 14, 2020). The order continued most criminal and civil jury trials

and proceedings but noted “motions to continue shall be freely granted where they

would not result in unfair prejudice to a party.” Id. at ¶13. With respect to juvenile

cases, the order specifically instructed, “Non-delinquency juvenile matters may go

forward as scheduled. With the approval of the court, hearings may be conducted

with the parties and/or participants appearing remotely using video or phone

conferencing.”7 Id. at ¶14.

6 The novel coronavirus/COVID-19 is an ongoing international pandemic. To stem
the spread, governments, including the state of Iowa, implemented emergency
safeguards recommended by such agencies as the Center for Disease Control,
which included social distancing and wearing of face masks. In Iowa, many
businesses were ordered closed, people were encouraged to maintain six-foot
distances between one another, and gatherings of ten or more people were
discouraged.
7 The supreme court clarified delinquency proceedings would be subject to the

criminal proceeding directives “that by the[ir] nature would apply to juvenile
delinquency cases.” Iowa Supreme Ct. Supervisory Order, In the Matter of
                                         9

       In an updated supervisory order dated March 17, the supreme court

directed, “Non-delinquency juvenile matters set to commence before May 4 shall

be either continued to a date no earlier than May 4 or conducted with the parties

and/or participants appearing remotely using video or phone conferencing, at the

discretion of the court.” Iowa Supreme Ct. Supervisory Order, In the Matter of

Ongoing Provisions for Coronavirus/COVID-19 Impact on Court Services ¶17

(Mar. 17, 2020). On March 23, and pursuant to the supervisory orders, the juvenile

court ordered that the upcoming termination hearing would be conducted by

teleconference at the same date and time previously ordered.8

       On April 2, the day before the termination hearing, the supreme court issued

another supervisory order superseding all prior supervisory orders. For juvenile

cases, it instructed, “Non-delinquency juvenile matters set to commence before

June 15 shall be either continued to a date no earlier than June 15 or conducted

with the parties and/or participants appearing remotely using video or phone

conferencing at the discretion of the court.” Iowa Supreme Ct. Supervisory Order,

In the Matter of Ongoing Provisions for Coronavirus/COVID-19 Impact on Court

Services ¶29 (Apr. 2, 2020).

       The same day, counsel for both parents filed a joint motion to continue

stating, “Both counsel are concerned about due process and the right of

confrontation.” Both attorneys’ offices were closed to clients, “[c]omplicating their

Ongoing Preparation for Coronavirus/COVID-19 Impact on Court Services ¶15
(Mar. 14, 2020).
8 The court gave detailed instructions on how each participant was to dial into the

teleconference and how to proceed if a party did not have access to a telephone.
It also encouraged counsel and clients to communicate before the hearing.
                                           10

ability to ask questions when witnesses are testifying and adequately representing

their clients.”   They asked the juvenile court to continue the hearing until

“restrictions on live hearings are lifted.” The court denied the motion based on the

following considerations: “It does not appear that the Supreme Court restrictions

will be lessened any time soon and continued delay of this matter is not in the best

interest[s] of the children.”

       At the commencement of the teleconference termination hearing, counsel

renewed their motion saying,

       [W]e object to the fashion for this type of case. . . . [The supreme
       court has] also said that there will be no jury trials until this matter
       [coronavirus] gets done, and we feel that this is equally as important
       to a jury trial and that the confrontation is important in this type of
       case.

The court admitted these are “not ideal circumstances” but the supreme court had

extended the suspension of criminal and civil proceedings in the previous day’s

order, which also “confirm[ed] that the court does have discretion to determine

whether or not a hearing is appropriate to be held by teleconference.”

       The court further expressed its impression that the supreme court

supervisory orders “expect us to conduct as much of the court system as possible

in taking into account the specific issues that relate to termination and CINA

proceedings, that there is an urgency to those, and, . . . a component . . . about

what’s in the best interests of the children.”The court also noted its intention to

break after each witness’s examination and allow attorneys and clients to

disconnect and discuss privately before resuming the hearing.                The court

concluded, “[W]hile . . . it’s certainly not ideal, the best interests of the children in
                                         11

determining what the long-term outcome is going to be for them requires that we

proceed today through the teleconference.”

       On appeal, the parents contend the court’s denial of their motions violated

their due process rights, including the right to be present and the right to confront

witnesses.9

       “When assessing a procedural due process claim, we must first determine

if there is a protected liberty or property interest at stake.” In re T.S., 868 N.W.2d
425, 432 (Iowa Ct. App. 2015). “[T]ermination-of-parental-rights proceeding[s]

clearly involve[] a parent’s fundamental interest in the care, custody, and control

of his or her child[ren].” Id. (citing C.M., 652 N.W.2d at 211). We determine what

procedure is constitutionally required by balancing three competing interests: “(1)

the private interest affected by the proceeding; (2) the risk of error created by the

procedures used, and the ability to avoid such error through additional or different

procedural safeguards; and (3) the countervailing governmental interests

supporting use of the challenged procedures.”10 Id.

9 The parents do not cite the Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause as the basis
of this “right to confront,” but we note nonetheless that there is no Sixth
Amendment right to confront witnesses outside the context of a criminal
proceeding. See In re D.J.R., 454 N.W.2d 838, 846 (Iowa 1990). Rather, we read
the parents’ argument as a fundamental fairness claim that they should be
permitted to hear the State’s evidence and cross-examine witnesses.
10 In their motions before the district court, the mother and father mention due

process but cite no case authority, nor do their arguments specifically address the
standards of proof for a due process violation. Normally, issues must be both
raised and decided by the district court before we will address them on appeal.
See Meier v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002). But the juvenile court,
in its on-the-record ruling, addressed the three “competing interests” of the due
process test. See T.S., 868 N.W.2d at 432. Therefore, we conclude error was
minimally preserved on the due process argument.
                                        12

      1. Risk of error

      We begin with the risk of error attaching to the telephonic hearing. The

parents assert they were denied the opportunity to be physically present during the

taking of testimony and they “question[] the complete ability to be represented by

counsel via phone.”

      Indeed, Iowa’s TPR statute requires that the necessary parties in a TPR

proceeding “receive notice and an opportunity to be heard.”            Iowa Code

§ 232.112(1); see also Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753–54 (1982) (“When

the State moves to destroy weakened familial bonds, it must provide the parents

with fundamentally fair procedures.” (footnote omitted)). Our supreme court has

noted “that meaningful participation in a parental termination case requires actual

knowledge of the testimony and documentary evidence offered in support of the

petition.” M.D., 921 N.W.2d at 235. “Parents often have exclusive and particular

knowledge of the evidence offered by the state to support the termination petition

and need to hear it to understand the evidence needed to make an effective

response.” Id.

      The mother also cites a “fundamental right” “to be present at a hearing.”

She relies on Harter v. State, 149 N.W.2d 827, 833 (Iowa 1967). In that TPR case,

the supreme court certainly indicated the requirement of due process “ordinarily

includes,” among other rights, the right “to appear or be represented by counsel”

at the TPR hearing. Harter, 149 N.W.2d at 833 (emphasis added). But the mother

in that case actually was “present at the hearing,” where her “counsel cross-

examined the witnesses presented and introduced evidence on her behalf” and

made arguments. Id. Our supreme court found her complaint “narrow[ed] down
                                          13

to the claim she was denied a fair hearing because the decision was based on

exhibits and testimony which would have been excluded under ordinary rules of

evidence.” Id. at 834. Thus, Harter is inapposite.

           Contrary to the mother’s view, our supreme court has not found a due

process right to be physically present for a termination hearing. See M.D., 921
N.W.2d at 234 (noting the appellant-mother did not ask the court to find such a due

process right but listing cases from several jurisdictions rejecting that claim). In

M.D., the supreme court found a mother, who was incarcerated in a different state,

was denied due process when the juvenile court only allowed her to participate in

the termination hearing by telephone to give her testimony. Id. at 231. Although

she had counsel, the court found she should have been afforded an opportunity to

participate from the prison in the entire termination hearing “by telephone or other

similar means of communication that enables the parent to hear the testimony and

arguments at the hearing.” Id. at 236. “The risk of error is too great if a parent

does not have the opportunity to hear the evidence and to formulate a response to

it.” Id.

           We proceed next to the additional safeguards suggested by prior cases and

under the facts of this case.

           2. Ability to avoid error through additional safeguards

           In M.D., the court found additional safeguards could have been ordered to

abate due process violations caused by an incarcerated parent’s inability to be

physically present at a termination hearing.       See id. at 236–37.     The court

emphasized, “[T]he process due in each case is flexible depending on the

particular circumstances.” Id. at 235.
                                         14

       The court first embraced the requirement that the juvenile court must allow

parents to participate in the entire termination hearing, not just in giving their own

testimony. Id. at 236. It imposed an obligation on the juvenile court to secure the

participation of the parent by communication with the jail or prison facility holding

the parent. Id. Second, the juvenile court must consider “alternative means of

participation.” Id.   “In the event prison officials from other states, or other

circumstances, do not permit the standard to be met, the juvenile court” should

provide the absent parent an expedited transcript of the proceeding. Id. After

reviewing the transcript, the parent should be permitted to testify by phone or

teleconference, recall witnesses for additional cross-examination, and present any

other testimony or documentary evidence. Id.

       Thus, our case law directs that presence by telephone does not violate the

right to due process when the parent is unable to be physically present due to

incarceration. See, e.g., In re A.R., No. 19-1151, 2020 WL 825957, at *4 (Iowa Ct.

App. Feb. 19, 2020) (finding incarcerated mother was not denied due process

when she was present by telephone during the entire hearing, testified, and had

counsel physically present at the hearing).      In such cases, even providing a

transcript of the proceedings the parent missed has been found sufficient to meet

the requirement of due process, so long as the represented parent is informed of

the evidence presented and given the opportunity to respond.

       In the present case, alternative means were not necessary; the parents

were able to participate in the entire termination hearing by telephone, the same

as every other party and witness. The court also offered the parents additional

safeguards in the form of frequent breaks to consult privately by telephone with
                                         15

counsel.   After each witness testified, the court questioned the parties as to

whether they wanted to disconnect from the teleconference and confer privately

with their separate counsel before proceeding. Both the mother and father availed

themselves of this opportunity, and on several occasions counsel and clients

agreed there was no need to confer, and the hearing proceeded without a break.

       In addition, neither parent has identified any error or risk of error that

occurred during the hearing as a result of the telephonic procedures other than

generally “question[ing]” the ability of counsel to represent them. Both parents

testified at the hearing, along with two witnesses for the State. The parents have

not identified any cross-examination they were unable to perform; any testimony

they were unable to give; any witness they were unable to call; any documents or

physical evidence they were unable to view or offer; any discussion they were

unable to hold with counsel; any difficulty with the technologies used; any inability

to access a phone line or call into the teleconference; or any other deficiency

affecting their rights. Nor do they identify any additional safeguards the court

should have employed to avoid the risk of error other than granting the

continuance. Finally, the parents do not raise or challenge the best-interests

rationale for the court to order the telephonic proceeding rather than an in-person

termination hearing.

       We next examine the countervailing governmental interest supporting the

teleconferencing procedures.
                                       16

      3. The countervailing governmental interests supporting use of the
         challenged procedures

      The parents contend delaying the termination hearing would not have

resulted in any negative consequences to the children. We too recognize they

were in safe placements. With the benefit of hindsight, we can perhaps say that

in-person hearings would resume within a few months11 and perhaps that delay

would not have caused significant detriment to the children.

      But that was not the position of the juvenile court on April 3. Instead, the

court had before it a motion to continue to an undeterminable date a termination

hearing that had already been continued twice for five children who were the

subject of two sets of CINA proceedings over six years and who had been out of

parental care beyond the statutory limitations period for termination of parental

rights. See Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(f)(4) (“The child has been removed from the

physical custody of the child’s parents for at least twelve of the last eighteen

months, or for the last twelve consecutive months.”).

11 The April 6 supervisory order on juvenile justice ordered hearings to be
continued at the court’s discretion until after June 15. Iowa Supreme Ct.
Supervisory Order, In the Matter of Ongoing Provisions for Coronavirus/COVID-19
Impact on Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice Youth and Families ¶7 (Apr. 6, 2020).
The May 22 supervisory order continues the April 6 order but extends the
postponement of in-person child-welfare hearings to July 13. Iowa Supreme Ct.
Supervisory Order, In the Matter of Ongoing Provisions for Coronavirus/COVID-19
Impact on Court Services ¶41 (May 22, 2020). Thus, the earliest the court would
have been able to set the hearing was fourteen weeks after the April 3 hearing
date. The supreme court has since issued further guidance on resuming in-person
hearings. See Iowa Supreme Ct. Supervisory Order, In the Matter of Case
Prioritization of Cases and Duties (July 9, 2020); Iowa Supreme Ct. Supervisory
Order, In the Matter of Resuming In Person Court Services During COVID-19 (July
9, 2020); and Iowa Supreme Ct. Supervisory Order, In the Matter of Resuming
Family Law Trials Postponed by COVID-19 (July 9, 2020). But the earliest possible
date a hearing could have been scheduled remains July 13.
                                           17

       Indeed, as our courts have emphasized for twenty years, “Once the

limitation period lapses, termination proceedings must be viewed with a sense of

urgency.” In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 495 (Iowa 2000). “Continuances may be

detrimental to the best interests of children.” M.D., 921 N.W.2d at 233. “The focus

of child welfare . . . is now on permanency, and continuances of court hearings to

accommodate parents might offend this goal.” Id.

       Our rationale for adhering to the statutory timelines is well-known.           In

seeking the best interests of abused and neglected children, the “defining

elements” are “safety and [their] need for a permanent home.” In re J.E., 723
N.W.2d 793, 802 (Iowa 2006) (Cady, J., concurring specially). “It is unnecessary

to take from the children’s future any more than is demanded by statute.” In re

L.L., 459 N.W.2d 489, 495 (Iowa 1990) (quoting In re A.C., 415 N.W.2d 609, 614

(Iowa 1987)). “Stated otherwise, plans which extend the twelve-month period

during which parents attempt to become adequate in parenting skills should be

viewed with a sense of urgency.” Id. (quoting A.C., 415 N.W.2d at 614).

       At the same time, we recognize “it is also in the best interests of children

that their parents have a full and fair opportunity to resist the termination of parental

rights.” M.D., 921 N.W.2d at 236.

       4. Striking a balance

       Thus, the countervailing governmental interest of securing a permanent

home for these children in adherence to the statutory timeframes is at odds with

the parents’ insistence that their interest in their relationships with their children

could only be safeguarded by a fully in-person hearing. In these circumstances,

as with an incarcerated parent, the balance tips in favor of the telephonic hearing.
                                         18

The right to parent one’s children is certainly among the most fundamental. And

the risk of being unable to confer with TPR counsel moment to moment during the

TPR hearing is significant. But the additional procedures the district court provided

sufficiently mitigated those risks, considering that the offered breaks were private,

frequent, and often declined. Tipping the scale further is the governmental interest

in securing permanent homes for children in a timely fashion consistent with their

best interests.   We are persuaded that the telephonic hearing satisfied the

requirements of due process in these circumstances.

       We are further persuaded that the juvenile court correctly interpreted the

supervisory orders as recognizing and embracing the urgency inherent in child-

welfare proceedings. The supreme court put orders regarding juvenile matters,

and specifically child-welfare matters, in a completely different division in its

supervisory orders from criminal and general civil matters.        While it broadly

suspended all or most criminal and civil matters to later dates and encouraged the

“liberal[]” granting of continuances for general civil matters, it left scheduling of

child-welfare matters “at the discretion of the court.” We view this as a recognition

of the expediencies involved in child-welfare proceedings and the need for timely

action in securing children permanent homes when the period for attempting family

reunification has ended. Within the category of “juvenile matters,” the supreme

court also directed most delinquency matters to be subject to the applicable

directives under the criminal proceedings division, furthering our belief that child-

welfare matters occupy a unique position within our branch’s mandate to provide

court services, however ordinary or extraordinary the times. See, e.g., Iowa R.

App. P. 6.902(1)(d) (providing TPR cases are among those cases that “shall be
                                         19

expedited on appeal”). The juvenile court correctly determined that interest was

compelling and overcame the disadvantages of the telephonic hearing.

       We recognize that M.D. dealt specifically with an incarcerated parent and

the additional procedures directed under that decision may apply only in cases

sharing those facts. See 921 N.W.2d at 236. We also understand that the process

due to a parent depends upon the circumstances, and the parents here are in a

somewhat different position: arguably, incarcerated parents bear some

responsibility for their incarceration and inability to be present for a hearing. As

we have said, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic was beyond the parents’ or

the court’s ability to control. Yet M.D. both approves telephonic hearings and

directs courts to implement alternative procedures even in circumstances where

the parent’s absence is beyond their control, such as when “prison officials from

other states, or other circumstances, do not permit” their attendance. Id.

(emphasis added); see also In re W.E., No. 19-2109, 2020 WL 1550699, at *3

(Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 1, 2020) (reversing termination of a father’s parental rights

where he was taken into custody before the first day of the termination hearing on

a mental-health commitment order and was unable to be present for the State’s

evidence and finding, under M.D., either the court should have continued the

hearing or provided a transcript to the father). Again, that level of process was not

required here, but M.D. suggests it would have met the requirements of due

process anyway. The closest published case law we have analogous to the

present situation surrounds incarcerated parents, so we extend the rationale in the

absence of clear directives in another direction.
                                        20

       Generally, the fundamental requirement of due process is an
       opportunity to be heard. This may include a right to notice of the
       hearing, to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses, to be
       represented by counsel, to an impartial decision maker, and to a
       decision based solely on legal rules and the evidence presented at
       the hearing.

In re A.M.H., 516 N.W.2d 867, 870 (Iowa 1994) (citation omitted). The parents

have not shown they were denied due process.

       5. April 6 supervisory order

       The parents point out that a few days after the hearing, on April 6, the

supreme court issued a new supervisory order specifically addressing the impact

of COVID-19 restrictions “on child welfare and juvenile justice youth and families.”

Iowa Supreme Ct. Supervisory Order, In the Matter of Ongoing Provisions for

Coronavirus/COVID-19 Impact on Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice Youth and

Families (Apr. 6, 2020). Most of the new directives concerned families still in the

reunification stage of child-welfare proceedings and emphasized expeditious

reunification. With regard to CINA proceedings, the court updated its guidance,

stating,

       Uncontested hearings should use remote technology. Contested
       hearings, such as a contested adjudication or termination hearing,
       may be conducted via remote technology if all parties agree, and
       thereafter file a written waiver of personal appearance or waive such
       appearance on the record. If one party objects to proceeding by
       phone, and the juvenile court believes the matter should nonetheless
       go forward and not be postponed, then the court can order telephonic
       testimony.
Id. at ¶7. We do consider that this change in the directive may be relevant to the

question whether the court’s decision met the requirement of due process. But the

supervisory order itself is not applicable since it came several days after the

hearing.
                                         21

       Yet the updated supervisory order reaffirmed the juvenile courts retain the

discretion to set a remote hearing—if the court believes the matter should not be

continued, it can order a telephonic hearing over the objections of the parties. That

is the situation the parents were in, and we conclude that they were afforded due

process through full participation in the telephonic hearing.

       6. Abuse of discretion

       Having determined the procedure used met the requirements of due

process, the final question on this issue is whether the juvenile court abused its

discretion in denying the motion to continue. We find no abuse. The court cited

the uncertainty of when an in-person hearing could be set and weighed it against

the best interests of the children in securing a permanent home consistent with

statutory guidelines. No one could predict at that time how long the pandemic

would last. The postponement of in-person hearings through supervisory orders

had been extended twice. And even before that, the termination hearing had been

continued twice beyond its original date. This was the second set of CINA cases

for the children over a period of six years. They had been out of parental care for

over a year and were making remarkable progress in their foster homes. The

telephonic hearing offered sufficient safeguards for the parents’ interests as

supported by the supervisory orders and recent case law. We cannot say the court

acted on reasons that are “clearly untenable or unreasonable.” A.M., 856 N.W.2d

at 370.

       Because we conclude the court afforded the parents adequate due process

protections, we proceed to the merits of the appeals.
                                         22

   B. Best Interests of the Children

       The parents contend the juvenile court erred in finding it was in the

children’s best interests to terminate their parental rights. They argue they were

prepared to resume custody of the children in a safe environment because they

have secured housing and employment and are working on their substance-abuse

issues.   They believe the juvenile court unfairly penalized them for their

employment and substance-abuse treatment ending due to the COVID-19

pandemic, a factor outside of their control.

       In making the best-interests determination, we give primary consideration

to the children’s safety, the best placement for furthering their long-term nurturing

and growth, as well as their physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs.

Iowa Code § 232.116(2); see In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 37 (Iowa 2010). Safety

and the need for a permanent home mark the “defining elements” in a child’s best

interests. J.E., 723 N.W.2d at 802 (Cady, J., concurring specially).

       We acknowledge the parents’ recent efforts to obtain employment and

stable housing and address their substance-abuse issues. We recognize that the

COVID-19 pandemic has put continuing their employment beyond their control.

The lack of income has, in turn, affected their housing, as the grandparents have

discussed evicting them if they are unable to pay the rent.

       But this is the second set of CINA cases involving these children, and they

have been under juvenile court supervision for over a year—all due to the same

basic problems of the initial cases: unresolved substance-abuse and mental-health

issues and inappropriate or inadequate housing exacerbated by the parents’

financial situation. And because the parents’ efforts have come at the eleventh
                                          23

hour, we are not convinced they are permanent changes signaling a safe and

stable future for these children. See In re Dameron, 306 N.W.2d 743, 745 (Iowa

1981) (finding insight into the long-range best interests of the child can be gleaned

from “evidence of the parent’s past performance for that performance may be

indicative of the quality of the future care that parent is capable of providing.”)

       Neither parent has completed substance-abuse treatment or consistently

attended treatment, despite three different opportunities. They both tested positive

for methamphetamine just two months before the termination hearing. The mother

could not explain her positive result in February, claiming she had been sober

since December. She also tested positive in January. The parents tested positive

even while they were in outpatient treatment. We, like the juvenile court, find they

could have continued treatment through the COVID-related closures—as

evidenced by the mother’s telephonic appointment the day before the hearing—

but chose not to pursue it.

       Their housing situation also remains unstable; they were not paying rent or

utilities even when they were working. The grandparents were footing the bill, and

they began considering eviction.

       In assessing the best interests of the children, the juvenile court found the

children have each demonstrated a clear improvement since their removal, noting

“[t]hey are calmer, more well-behaved and are doing markedly better in school” in

their respective placements.         The foster parents also note remarkable

improvement in their well-being—the children are seeing therapists, participate in

other services, and have additional academic support as necessary. The foster

parents support the children’s access to these services and recognize their need
                                          24

for them. Meanwhile, the parents have made little progress to demonstrate their

own stability as parents.       They have never moved beyond fully-supervised

visitation. The FSRP12 provider noted the father’s inability to engage with all the

children during his visitations or control his anger when provoked in front of them.

          Given the shortcomings in the parents’ sobriety and stability and the

recency of their efforts toward positive changes, we believe the children have the

greatest chance of a safe, permanent home life that meets their individual needs

in the short- and long-term through termination of the mother and father’s parental

rights.

      C. Detriment to the Children Due to Parent-Child Relationship

          In her separate petition on appeal, the mother contends termination of her

rights would be contrary to Iowa Code section 232.116(3)(c), which permits the

court to bypass termination if there is “clear and convincing evidence that the

termination would be detrimental to the child[ren] at the time due to the closeness

of the parent-child relationship[s].” The mother bears the burden to prove the

permissive—not mandatory—factor applies to prevent termination. In re A.S., 906
N.W.2d 467, 476–77 (Iowa 2018). She points again to her recent substance-abuse

treatment and new home.

          The juvenile court found no permissive ground under section 232.116(3)

applied to this case.      It noted, “The children will undoubtedly be sad about

termination,” but there were other aspects of the parenting “the children will not

miss.”     In addition, “[a]ny sadness the child[ren] may experience because of

12   FSRP is an acronym for family safety, risk, and permanency.
                                          25

termination does not overcome the likely long-term hardship and neglect” they will

suffer if parental rights are not terminated.

       The record reflects the mother had generally appropriate interactions with

the children during visitation—she was affectionate with the children and attentive

most of the time. But little evidence was presented that she and the children share

a bond13 or that terminating her rights would be detrimental to them.        Their

placement with the foster families has been tremendously beneficial to their

medical condition, mental health, and academic performance.                 Those

considerations significantly outweigh any possible detriment the children would

experience from severing the parent-child bond in this case. We agree the mother

failed to show the permissive ground applies to prevent termination of her rights.

       AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.

13 On a few occasions, M.A. began crying at the end of visitation and said she
wanted to stay. But for many of the visits, the more exciting draw for the children
was the parents’ puppy and interaction with their adult sister, who was also living
in the home. D.A. affirmatively stated on multiple occasions he did not want to
keep going to visitation, although his feelings stemmed more from his fractious
relationship with the father.