Court Opinion

ID: 4642991
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-15 16:00:34.200526+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:36.970622
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 19-12181   Date Filed: 12/15/2020   Page: 1 of 11

                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]

              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                      FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                        ________________________

                              No. 19-12181
                          Non-Argument Calendar
                        ________________________

                    D.C. Docket No. 9:05-cr-80011-JAL-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

RONALD LEE RAZZ,
a.k.a. Kilo,

                                                          Defendant-Appellant.

                        ________________________

                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of Florida
                       ________________________

                            (December 15, 2020)

Before BRANCH, GRANT, and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
         USCA11 Case: 19-12181        Date Filed: 12/15/2020   Page: 2 of 11

      Ronald Razz appeals the district court’s denial of his motion for a sentence

reduction under § 404 of the First Step Act. He argues that the district court

(1) erred in determining that it lacked the authority to reduce his sentence of

imprisonment below the applicable Sentencing Guidelines range or to reduce the

term of supervised release imposed as part of his original sentence, and (2) abused

its discretion by not properly considering the 18 USC § 3553(a) sentencing factors,

particularly his postconviction conduct. Finding no reversible error, we affirm.

                                          I.

      In 2006, a jury found Razz guilty of maintaining drug-involved premises, 21

U.S.C. § 856 (Count 1); possession with intent to distribute at least 50 grams of

crack cocaine, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A) (Count 2), and possession with

intent to distribute at least 5 grams of crack cocaine, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1),

(b)(1)(B) (Count 3). Count 1 carried a statutory sentence of up to 20 years in

prison followed by up to 3 years of supervised release. 21 U.S.C. § 856(b). Based

in part on his multiple prior felony drug convictions, Razz faced a mandatory

minimum life sentence followed by a minimum of ten years’ supervised release on

Count 2 and ten years to life in prison followed by at least eight years’ supervised

release on Count 3. 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(iii) & (B)(iii) (2000). Because of

the statutory minimum life sentence on Count 2, Razz’s sentencing range under the

Sentencing Guidelines was also life in prison.

                                          2
         USCA11 Case: 19-12181       Date Filed: 12/15/2020    Page: 3 of 11

      The district court imposed a total sentence of life in prison, consisting of 20

years in prison followed by 3 years’ supervised release on Count 1, life in prison

followed by 10 years’ supervised release on Count 2, and 30 years in prison

followed by 8 years’ supervised release on Count 3, all to be served concurrently.

We affirmed Razz’s convictions and sentences on appeal, and the Supreme Court

denied his petition for certiorari. United States v. Razz, 240 F. App’x 844 (11th

Cir.), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 1080 (2007).

      In the years following his convictions, Razz filed a motion to vacate, set

aside, or correct his sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 and two motions to modify

his sentence pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), all of which were denied. He also

filed an application for executive clemency, which President Obama granted in

2016. The clemency order commuted Razz’s total sentence of imprisonment from

life to 360 months, leaving intact “all other components of each respective

sentence,” including the three concurrent terms of supervised release.

      In the meantime, Congress passed the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, which

effectively reduced the statutory penalties for certain drug-trafficking crimes

involving crack cocaine. As relevant here, § 2 of the Fair Sentencing Act

increased the quantity of crack cocaine necessary to trigger the most severe

penalties in 21 U.S.C. § 841(b) from 50 to 280 grams, and increased the quantity of

crack required to trigger the intermediate penalties from 5 to 28 grams. Fair

                                          3
           USCA11 Case: 19-12181       Date Filed: 12/15/2020   Page: 4 of 11

Sentencing Act of 2010, Pub. L. No. 111-220, § 2(a), 124 Stat. 2372, 2372

(codified as amended at 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(iii) & (B)(iii)). Razz could not

benefit from those changes at the time, however, because they were not made

retroactive—until Congress passed the First Step Act in 2018.

        Section 404 of the First Step Act authorizes a district court that imposed a

sentence for a “covered offense” to “impose a reduced sentence as if sections 2 and

3 of the Fair Sentencing Act . . . were in effect at the time the covered offense was

committed.” First Step Act, Pub. L. No. 115-391, § 404(b), 132 Stat. 5194, 5222

(codified at 21 U.S.C. § 841 note). A “covered offense” is defined as “a violation

of a Federal criminal statute, the statutory penalties for which were modified by

section 2 or 3 of the Fair Sentencing Act,” that was committed before the Fair

Sentencing Act became effective on August 3, 2010. Id. at § 404(a), 132 Stat. at

5222.

        Razz filed a counseled motion for a sentence reduction under the First Step

Act. He pointed out that the Fair Sentencing Act effectively reduced the statutory

penalties for his offense in Count 2 from a mandatory minimum of life in prison

and a minimum of ten years’ supervised release to ten years to life in prison and a

minimum of eight years’ supervised release. The Act also reduced the penalties

for his offense in Count 3 from 10 years to life in prison and at least 8 years’

supervised release to no more than 30 years in prison and at least 6 years’

                                           4
          USCA11 Case: 19-12181       Date Filed: 12/15/2020    Page: 5 of 11

supervised release. The fact that the penalties for Count 2 no longer included a

mandatory life sentence resulted in a lowered Guidelines range of 360 months to

life in prison.

       Razz attached documents to his motion showing that he had taken multiple

classes, earned his GED and a commercial driver license, and received good work

evaluations while in prison. He informed the court that he planned to work as a

fitness instructor and to start a lawn business after his release, and he asked the

court to exercise its discretion to reduce his sentence. In response, the government

pointed out that Razz had been disciplined three times in prison for possessing or

drinking alcohol, and it argued that his long criminal history and revised

Guidelines range of 360 months to life, both relevant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)

sentencing considerations, weighed against reducing Razz’s sentence.

       The district court found that Razz’s offenses in Counts 2 and 3 were covered

offenses within the meaning of the First Step Act. It also found, however, that

Razz was nonetheless ineligible for a reduction in his sentence of imprisonment

under the First Step Act because his commuted sentence of 360 months was at the

bottom of his new Guidelines range. The district court also determined that 18

U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(B), which permits district courts to “modify an imposed term

of imprisonment to the extent otherwise expressly permitted by statute,” did not

authorize a reduction in Razz’s term of supervised release under the First Step Act.

                                           5
         USCA11 Case: 19-12181        Date Filed: 12/15/2020    Page: 6 of 11

      In the alternative, the district court decided that even if it were authorized to

reduce both components of Razz’s sentence, it would not exercise its discretion to

do so. The court explained that it would not reduce Razz’s sentence of

imprisonment below 360 months “based on the offense conduct, Defendant’s

extensive criminal history as reflected in Paragraphs 33–62 of the PSR, the fact

that he committed the instant offenses while on conditional release, and his

disciplinary history while incarcerated.” The court further explained that it found

Razz’s current ten-year term of supervised release to be appropriate “based on the

offense conduct, Defendant’s extensive criminal history, and the fact that he

committed the instant offenses while on conditional release.” Razz now appeals.

                                          II.

      We review the question of whether the district court had the authority to

reduce a prisoner’s sentence under the First Step Act de novo. United States v.

Jones, 962 F.3d 1290, 1296 (11th Cir. 2020). We review the district court’s denial

of an eligible prisoner’s motion for First Step Act relief for an abuse of discretion.

Id.

                                          III.

      It is undisputed that Razz was sentenced for a “covered offense” and is

eligible for a sentence reduction under the First Step Act. First Step Act § 404(a);

see Jones, 962 F.3d at 1301. The parties also agree, as do we, that the district

                                           6
           USCA11 Case: 19-12181     Date Filed: 12/15/2020    Page: 7 of 11

court’s authority to reduce a sentence that was imposed for a covered offense

(1) extends to any term of supervised release that was imposed as part of the

sentence, and (2) is not limited by the movant’s revised Guidelines range. See

Mont v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 1826, 1834 (2019) (“Supervised release is a form

of punishment that Congress prescribes along with a term of imprisonment as part

of the same sentence.”); Jones, 962 F.3d at 1305 (remanding because the district

court might have incorrectly concluded that it lacked the authority to reduce an

eligible prisoner’s sentence below his revised Guidelines range). The district court

therefore erred in determining that its authority under the First Step Act was so

limited.

      But that is not the end of our analysis. “[W]e may affirm for any reason

supported by the record.” United States v. Bane, 948 F.3d 1290, 1294 (11th Cir.

2020) (alteration in the original) (citation omitted). Although the district court was

authorized to reduce Razz’s sentences on Counts 2 and 3, it was not required to do

so. Section 404 of the First Step Act specifically provides that “[n]othing in this

section shall be construed to require a court to reduce any sentence pursuant to this

section.” First Step Act § 404(c). Here, the district court determined that even if it

was authorized to reduce Razz’s sentence, it would exercise its discretion to deny

his motion. The court explained that its alternative ruling was based on Razz’s

offense conduct; his long criminal history, including multiple prior felony

                                          7
           USCA11 Case: 19-12181          Date Filed: 12/15/2020       Page: 8 of 11

convictions for other drug-trafficking crimes; the fact that he committed the instant

offenses while on conditional release; and (with regard to his term of

imprisonment) his three disciplinary citations for drinking alcohol while

incarcerated.

       Razz argues that in making its alternative ruling, the district court failed to

properly consider the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) sentencing factors, particularly his

“history and characteristics,” § 3553(a)(1). 1 He argues that by focusing on his

criminal history and offense conduct, the district court effectively ignored his

(mostly) good postsentencing conduct and efforts to better himself in prison.

Citing a Fourth Circuit case, Razz contends that the district court was required to

provide a “more robust” and detailed explanation of why his “mountain of new

mitigating evidence” and “exemplary” rehabilitative efforts did not warrant a

sentence reduction. Appellant’s Brief at 40 (quoting United States v. Martin, 916

F.3d 389, 396 (4th Cir. 2019)). We do not agree.

       As an initial matter, this Court has not yet decided in a published opinion

whether district courts are required to consider all of the § 3553(a) sentencing

1
  The 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) sentencing factors include: the nature and circumstances of the offense
and the history and characteristics of the defendant; the need for the sentence imposed to reflect
the seriousness of the offense, promote respect for the law, provide just punishment, afford
adequate deterrence, protect the public, and provide needed correctional treatment; the kinds of
sentences available; the Sentencing Guidelines range and pertinent policy statements of the
Sentencing Commission; the need to avoid unwanted sentencing disparities; and the need to
provide restitution to victims.

                                                8
          USCA11 Case: 19-12181       Date Filed: 12/15/2020    Page: 9 of 11

factors when deciding whether and to what extent to grant a sentence reduction

under the First Step Act. Cf. Jones, 962 F.3d at 1304 (In ruling on a First Step Act

motion, district courts “may consider all the relevant factors, including the

statutory sentencing factors, 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” (emphasis added)). And we

need not answer that question today, because Razz did not argue any such

requirement in the district court. Instead, he argued only that the court was

permitted to consider his postsentencing conduct in deciding whether to grant his

motion and reduce his sentence. We have “repeatedly held that an issue not raised

in the district court and raised for the first time in an appeal will not be considered

by this court.” United States v. James, 430 F.3d 1150, 1153 n.1 (11th Cir. 2005)

(citation omitted), overruled on other grounds by Johnson v. United States, 576

U.S. 591 (2015).

      In any event, even if we assume for the sake of argument that the district

court was required to consider the § 3553(a) sentencing factors, it was not required

to discuss its application of the factors on the record in the kind of detail that Razz

advocates. In the context of a motion for sentence reduction under 18 U.S.C.

§ 3582(c)(2)—which explicitly directs courts to consider the § 3553(a) factors—

we have held that a district court “commits no reversible error by failing to

articulate specifically the applicability—if any—of each of the section 3553(a)

factors, as long as the record demonstrates that the pertinent factors were taken into

                                           9
         USCA11 Case: 19-12181        Date Filed: 12/15/2020    Page: 10 of 11

account by the district court.” United States v. Eggersdorf, 126 F.3d 1318, 1322

(11th Cir. 1997). And where, as here, the parties discuss the applicable § 3553(a)

factors in their briefing, the district court’s statement that it has considered those

submissions is sufficient to demonstrate that it took the statutory factors into

account in making its decision. See id.; United States v. Smith, 568 F.3d 923, 927–

28 (11th Cir. 2009).

      Razz discussed his postsentencing conduct in his motion for a sentence

reduction, claiming that he had been a “model prisoner” and urging the court to

consider his rehabilitation efforts in the context of the § 3553(a) factors. The

government also referenced the § 3553(a) factors in its response, arguing that

Razz’s revised Guidelines range (360 months to life) and disciplinary history while

in prison weighed against any further reduction in his sentence. The district court

explicitly stated in its order that it had considered the parties’ submissions, and it

described Razz’s arguments regarding his efforts to better himself in prison.

Ultimately, however, the court found that Razz’s history as a lifelong criminal, his

evident disregard for a supervising court’s authority by committing the offenses at

issue while on conditional release, and the fact that his prison disciplinary record

was not spotless weighed against reducing either his term of imprisonment or his

term of supervised release. This explanation of the court’s decision was sufficient

                                           10
           USCA11 Case: 19-12181      Date Filed: 12/15/2020     Page: 11 of 11

under our precedents. See Smith, 568 F.3d at 927–28; Eggersdorf, 126 F.3d at

1322.

          “District courts have wide latitude to determine whether and how to

exercise their discretion” in the context of a First Step Act motion. Jones, 962

F.3d at 1304. Razz’s argument boils down to a contention that the district court

should have weighed his generally good behavior in prison more heavily than his

almost uniformly bad conduct as a free man, when deciding whether to release him

early. But such weighing decisions are at the heart of the broad discretion afforded

to district courts in making sentencing determinations. See, e.g., United States v.

Rosales-Bruno, 789 F.3d 1249, 1263 (11th Cir. 2015) (“Placing substantial weight

on a defendant’s criminal record is entirely consistent with § 3553(a) because five

of the factors it requires a court to consider are related to criminal history.”).

Under the circumstances here, we cannot say that the district court’s decision to

deny Razz’s motion for a reduction in his sentence constituted an abuse of the

broad discretion granted to the court under the First Step Act. Accordingly, we

affirm.

        AFFIRMED.

                                           11