Court Opinion

ID: 6226313
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-16 17:03:58.072661+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:57:38.764206
License: Public Domain

2022 IL App (1st) 210181
                                            No. 1-21-0181
                                       Filed February 16, 2022
                                                                                          Third Division
 ______________________________________________________________________________

                                               IN THE
                                  APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                         FIRST DISTRICT
 ______________________________________________________________________________
 CHERYL JAROSZ,                                                  )   Appeal from the
                                                                 )   Circuit Court of
           Plaintiff-Appellant,                                  )   Cook County
                                                                 )
     v.                                                          )
                                                                 )
 THE BUONA COMPANIES, LLC; FRANKFORT                             )   No. 17 L 12382
 VENTURES, LLC; MOBILE LOCK AND SAFE, INC.;                      )
 and BUONA BEEF, LLC,                                            )
                                                                 )
           Defendants,                                           )   Honorable
                                                                 )   Israel A. Desierto
 (Mobile Lock and Safe, Inc., Defendant-Appellee).               )   Judge presiding.

           JUSTICE BURKE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
           Presiding Justice Gordon and Justice McBride concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                            OPINION

¶1        Plaintiff Cheryl Jarosz tripped and fell outside a Buona Beef restaurant located in

Frankfort, Illinois. The force of the fall rendered her temporarily unconscious, so she did not know

exactly what caused her to fall. But a doorstop that had been installed for the Buona Beef restaurant

by Mobile Lock and Safe, Inc. (Mobile Lock) was located where she fell. During the course of

litigation, Mobile Lock moved for summary judgment arguing that, as merely the installer of the
No. 1-21-0181

doorstop for the property owner, it did not owe plaintiff a duty of care. The circuit court initially

denied Mobile Lock’s motion, but after reconsideration, it granted Mobile Lock summary

judgment based on the company not owing plaintiff a duty of care.

¶2     Plaintiff now appeals the circuit court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Mobile

Lock and contends that the court erred in granting summary judgment where Mobile Lock owed

her a duty of care despite merely being the installer of the doorstop on behalf of the property owner.

We agree with plaintiff that Mobile Lock owed her a duty of care, and for the reasons that follow,

we reverse the circuit court’s grant of summary judgment in Mobile Lock’s favor and remand the

matter for further proceedings.

¶3                                      I. BACKGROUND

¶4     Frankfort Ventures, LLC (Frankfort Ventures), owned a property located in Frankfort out

of which Buona Beef, LLC, as the tenant, operated a Buona Beef restaurant. Both Frankfort

Ventures and Buona Beef, LLC, were related companies. So, too, was The Buona Companies,

LLC, (the Buona Companies), apparently the management company for the Buona Beef enterprise

(collectively, the Buona entities). All three companies were managed by Carlo Buonavolanto. In

July 2017, the Buona entities hired Mobile Lock to install a doorstop on the sidewalk of the Buona

Beef in Frankfort near the front entrance. Mobile Lock installed the doorstop, which protruded

approximately three inches high off the ground.

¶5     On September 27, 2017, plaintiff arrived at the Buona Beef in Frankfort to meet her sister

and another friend for lunch. As she walked from the parking lot to the entrance of the restaurant,

she tripped and fell to the ground. The impact of the fall left her temporarily unconscious. After

her fall, Fernando Del Carmen, the manager of the restaurant, completed a “customer

accident/incident report” in which he described the incident. Del Carmen noted that a “guest

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No. 1-21-0181

tripped with door floor stopper and fell by front door entrance.” Believing that she tripped on the

doorstop, plaintiff sued the Buona Companies for premises liability negligence. In her amended

complaint, plaintiff added Frankfort Ventures and Mobile Lock as defendants. In April 2019,

plaintiff filed her second amended complaint, the operative complaint for purposes of this appeal,

and added Buona Beef, LLC, as the fourth defendant.

¶6     In count III of plaintiff’s second amended complaint—the only count directed at Mobile

Lock—she alleged that the Buona entities retained Mobile Lock to design, select, and install a

doorstop at the north entrance of the Buona Beef location in Frankfort. According to plaintiff, prior

to her arrival at the restaurant, an employee of Buona Beef placed an A-frame sign outside of the

north entrance that advertised food sold inside. Plaintiff claimed that Mobile Lock had a duty to

design, select, and install the doorstop in a reasonably safe location. Despite this duty, plaintiff

asserted that Mobile Lock breached its duty by (1) selecting a doorstop that, based on its height

and location, was a tripping hazard, (2) failing to warn of the doorstop’s hazardous condition, and

(3) failing to put the doorstop in a location that was reasonably safe for invitees such as herself.

Plaintiff alleged that, as a proximate result of Mobile Lock’s breach of duty, she tripped over the

doorstop and sustained various injuries.

¶7     In response, Mobile Lock filed an answer and affirmative defenses. In its answer, Mobile

Lock admitted that the Buona entities retained it to install a doorstop at the Buona Beef location

in Frankfort. Mobile Lock further admitted that it had installed the doorstop at the north entrance

of the restaurant. However, Mobile Lock either had insufficient knowledge or denied the remaining

allegations in count III. In Mobile Lock’s affirmative defenses, it alleged that plaintiff was

negligent and careless in multiple manners and that her negligence and carelessness proximately

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No. 1-21-0181

caused her own injuries. Plaintiff denied that she was negligent and that her alleged negligent acts

or omissions were the proximate cause of her injuries.

¶8     During the course of litigation, various individuals were deposed, including plaintiff. In

her deposition, she testified that she arrived to the Buona Beef in Frankfort around noon on

September 27, 2017, and parked in the parking lot on the northeast side of the restaurant. Plaintiff,

who was wearing “slip-on boat shoes” that did not have any laces and were made with rubber

soles, noted that it was sunny outside, the concrete was dry, and she had no visibility issues.

Plaintiff was carrying a purse but had nothing else in her hands. From the parking spot, plaintiff

walked directly toward the entrance, which was located on the northeastern corner of the building.

Between the parking lot and the entrance to the restaurant, there was what plaintiff estimated as

five feet of flat sidewalk. Although plaintiff would not say there was “an obstruction” in her path,

she did observe an A-frame sign that advertised food sold inside the restaurant. The sign was about

three to four feet away from the building on the sidewalk in a northeast direction from the

building’s entrance.

¶9     As plaintiff continued walking toward the entrance, she safely walked up over the curb

separating the parking lot and sidewalk, and then she walked to the left of the A-frame sign.

Plaintiff kept her head up looking straight toward the entrance and noticed there was something

written on the door of the restaurant. Plaintiff stated that nothing obstructed her view of the ground

and nothing prevented her from looking down at the ground, but she could not remember if she

looked down. When asked by Frankfort Ventures’ attorney if she would have seen what was on

the sidewalk had she looked down, such as the doorstop, plaintiff responded that “[i]t kind of

blended in with the sidewalk, so I don’t know.” After Frankfort Ventures’ attorney read plaintiff a

statement she made to an insurance representative on October 3, 2017, plaintiff agreed that she did

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No. 1-21-0181

not know what exactly caused her to fall and that she briefly lost consciousness after falling.

However, plaintiff also told the insurance representative that, as she was going to open the door,

there was a doorstop sticking up on the sidewalk that she must have tripped over. Plaintiff testified

that she believed she fell because she tripped over the doorstop, although she acknowledged that

she only remembered reaching for the door and regaining consciousness on the ground. Plaintiff

added that, as she was reaching for the door, she was essentially where the doorstop was located.

¶ 10   Plaintiff stated that, after regaining consciousness following her fall, her feet were

essentially in the location of the doorstop. Soon after, the manager of the Buona Beef restaurant

came out and asked if she needed an ambulance, but she or her sister denied the assistance.

Eventually, plaintiff’s sister drove her to the hospital. As a result of the fall, plaintiff suffered a

laceration to her head, a concussion, a radial head fracture, and tears of her right wrist tendons.

These injuries resulted in plaintiff losing the full use of her right arm and hand, continuous pain,

and two surgeries.

¶ 11   Plaintiff retained an expert witness, Albert Kerelis Jr., who was a licensed architect and

property manager. After reviewing the materials of the case, he authored a written report in which

he noted that the Village of Frankfort had adopted the 2006 International Property Maintenance

Code (Code) (2006 International Property Maintenance Code, Int’l Code Council, Inc. (Oct. 2007),

https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/IPMC2006 [https://perma.cc/55GA-JX56]), and one section of

that Code stated that “ ‘[a]ll sidewalks, walkways *** shall be kept in a proper state of repair, and

maintained free from hazardous conditions.’ ” See 2006 International Property Maintenance Code

§ 302.3 (Oct. 2007). Kerelis concluded that the doorstop “was a tripping hazard in a foreseeable

pedestrian walkway that violated the nationally recognized and applicable standards of care for

safe walkways and was dangerous in a manner that caused [plaintiff’s] fall and injury.” Kerelis

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No. 1-21-0181

further found that the doorstop “was dangerous because it was a low obstruction in the walkway

that was not readily identifiable” and “[t]hose responsible should have known that a low

impediment in the foreseeable walkway was dangerous and either eliminated the door stop or

provided warnings to its presence.” Additionally, Kerelis concluded that “the failure of those

responsible to either eliminate the door stop or provide adequate and effective warnings to its

presence violated the applicable standards of care for safe walkways and created a dangerous

condition that caused [plaintiff] to trip, fall and be injured.” As part of his report, Kerelis reviewed

a deposition given by Carlo Buonavolanto, the manager of the Buona entities. In that deposition,

according to Kerelis, Carlo Buonavolanto testified that he was “certain that someone in the Buona

Companies would make a decision” as to where the doorstop should be located near the entrance

of the Frankfort Buona Beef. 1

¶ 12    After Kerelis authored his report, he was also deposed. He testified that, in part to prepare

his report, he reviewed the applicable property maintenance code in the village of Frankfort.

Because the installation of the doorstop occurred after the building had been built and the owners

of the building had been granted a certificate of occupancy, Kerelis did not review the applicable

building code in Frankfort in forming his opinions. However, Kerelis acknowledged that, to his

knowledge, the condition of the sidewalk and property at the Buona Beef in Frankfort did not

violate any provision of the applicable building code in Frankfort. Although Kerelis asserted that

        1
         Although Carlo Buonavolanto gave a deposition in this case and that deposition was referenced in
Kerelis’ report, the transcript of Carlo Buonavolanto’s actual deposition is not included in the record on
appeal. When Mobile Lock pointed out this fact in its brief, plaintiff responded that such an assertion was
a “misrepresentation” and was “a matter for this court’s keen attention.” However, when plaintiff attempted
to highlight that Carlo Buonavolanto’s deposition was, indeed, included in the record on appeal, she cited
to Joseph Buonavolanto’s deposition, not Carlo Buonavolanto’s. Moreover, in the “Index to the Record on
Appeal” in plaintiff’s appendix of her brief, the deposition of Carlo Buonavolanto does not appear; only
Joseph Buonavolanto’s deposition appears.

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No. 1-21-0181

the location of the doorstop violated the 2006 International Property Maintenance Code, he

conceded that the Code did not specifically reference “door stops” and only referenced “hazardous

conditions.” 2006 International Property Maintenance Code § 302.3 (Oct. 2007).

¶ 13   Kerelis testified that the doorstop at issue was made of cast brass and aluminum with a

black rubber stopper. Because the aluminum was on top of the cast brass, the color of the doorstop

was silver. Kerelis noted that the aluminum of the doorstop would reflect the concrete around it,

so it would not be “as conspicuous an item or readily discernible item as, say, something that’s

yellow or red,” something “of that nature that we use to warn or mark people.” As Kerelis

discussed his review of plaintiff’s deposition, he acknowledged that she did not look down as she

was walking, but he observed that is not how people generally walk. He added that, based on his

review of the scene, “[t]he door stop was not readily discernible.” Kerelis also agreed that adhering

to the property maintenance code is the responsibility of the building owner.

¶ 14   Further deposed in the case were employees of the Buona entities. Joseph Buonavolanto, a

project manager for the Buona Companies, testified that his role within the company was to

manage the build out and transformation of a building into a Buona Beef restaurant. In particular,

he was the project manager for the Buona Beef location in Frankfort. The restaurant began being

built in September 2016 and was completed in July 2017. At some point, Joseph noted there was

an ongoing issue with the entrance doors blowing open and being damaged, so he hired Mobile

Lock to reinforce the doors. As far as Joseph could recall, he called Mobile Lock and explained

the issue but did not tell them how to fix the issue. And to Joseph’s knowledge, neither he nor any

other employee of the Buona entities played any role in determining where the doorstop would be

located. Joseph did not believe that any Mobile Lock employees would rely on a store manager

from a Buona Beef restaurant for input on how or where to install the doorstop. However, Joseph

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No. 1-21-0181

acknowledged he was not present when the doorstop was installed, so he had no personal

knowledge on any conversations between Mobile Lock and Buona Beef employees regarding the

doorstop. Likewise, Joseph did not specifically recall any conversations he had with Mobile Lock

employees as it related to the doorstop at the Frankfort Buona Beef, but he was confident he did

not instruct them on how to install the doorstop at the restaurant. Following the opening of the

Frankfort Buona Beef, the company opened additional Buona Beef locations. In these locations,

the company utilized different mechanisms to solve the blowing-doors issue, such as “hold-stop

arm with a spring cushion” and different door hinges. In fact, at the new locations, the hold-stop

arm doorstop was “spec’d from the jump.”

¶ 15   Jorge Valdez, the district manager for all new Buona Beef restaurants, testified that his role

with the Buona entities was to stay at a new location for up to three months and, once the restaurant

was running smoothly, leave to help open another location. Valdez did not believe he was at the

Frankfort Buona Beef when plaintiff tripped and fell, but he was present on the day the doorstop

was installed at that location in mid-July 2017. Valdez recalled that, at some point either shortly

before or shortly after the Frankfort Buona Beef opened, there was a problem with the doors. When

there was wind, the doors would get blown open, which would risk the doors being damaged.

Because of this, Valdez called Joseph and alerted him to the problem. On the day Mobile Lock’s

employees came, Valdez did not give the employees any instruction on where to put the doorstop

except to say which door needed a doorstop. Rather, Valdez relied on Mobile Lock’s employees

to install the doorstop in a correct and safe location. After the employees of Mobile Lock installed

the doorstop, Valdez signed the work order invoice. Although he observed they had installed the

doorstop, he did not have an opinion on if they had installed the doorstop in a safe location.

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No. 1-21-0181

¶ 16    At some point during the circuit court proceedings, plaintiff reached a settlement with the

Buona entities. As such, on July 17, 2020, the Buona entities filed a joint motion requesting the

circuit court find their settlement was negotiated in good faith and dismiss them as defendants with

prejudice. That same day, the circuit court entered an agreed order finding the settlement was

negotiated in good faith and dismissing the Buona entities with prejudice. As such, plaintiff’s

litigation remained pending against only Mobile Lock.

¶ 17    In late July 2020, Mobile Lock filed a motion for summary judgment and contended that it

did not owe plaintiff a duty because compliance with the applicable property maintenance code

was the responsibility of the property owner, not itself as the installer of the doorstop. Additionally,

Mobile Lock argued that its conduct was not the proximate cause of plaintiff’s injuries. Two

months later, the circuit court denied Mobile Lock’s motion. In ruling as such, the court found that

Mobile Lock owed plaintiff a duty and that there were genuine issues of material fact on the issue

of proximate causation.

¶ 18    Thereafter, Mobile Lock moved the circuit court to reconsider its ruling and argued that,

under Hunt v. Blasius, 74 Ill. 2d 203 (1978), the completed and accepted work doctrine applied to

the facts of the case. As such, because Mobile Lock completed the work of installing the doorstop

and the owner of the property accepted that work, it had no duty to third parties for injuries suffered

as a result of that work. In December 2020, following briefing, the circuit court agreed that it erred

in its previous application of the existing law as to whether Mobile Lock owed plaintiff a duty.

The court noted that it, in part, should have given more consideration to Hunt, and, thus, it should

have granted summary judgment to Mobile Lock. Consequently, the court granted Mobile Lock’s

motion to reconsider, vacated its order denying Mobile Lock’s motion for summary judgment and

entered summary judgment in favor of Mobile Lock and against plaintiff.

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No. 1-21-0181

¶ 19   Plaintiff then filed her own motion to reconsider, which the circuit court denied. Plaintiff

subsequently appealed.

¶ 20                                       II. ANALYSIS

¶ 21   Plaintiff contends that the circuit court improperly granted Mobile Lock summary

judgment. First, she argues that Mobile Lock’s completed and accepted work doctrine defense was

not valid. Second, plaintiff argues that Mobile Lock owed her a duty of care as a matter of law.

Lastly, she posits that there were genuine issues of material fact on the issues of breach of duty

and proximate causation.

¶ 22   Summary judgment is appropriate where the pleadings, depositions, affidavits, and

admissions on file establish that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2016); Carney v. Union

Pacific R.R. Co., 2016 IL 118984, ¶ 25. In determining whether a genuine issue of material fact

exists, the court strictly construes the pleadings, depositions, and affidavits against the moving

party and liberally in favor of the nonmoving party. Carney, 2016 IL 118984, ¶ 25. A genuine

issue of material fact exists “where the material facts are disputed or, if the material facts are

undisputed, reasonable persons might draw different inferences from the undisputed facts.”

Mashal v. City of Chicago, 2012 IL 112341, ¶ 49. We review summary judgment rulings de novo.

Carney, 2016 IL 118984, ¶ 25.

¶ 23                           A. Completed and Accepted Work Doctrine

¶ 24   In Mobile Lock’s motion to reconsider, it relied on Hunt, 74 Ill. 2d 203, and argued that

the completed and accepted work doctrine applied to the facts of the case. In granting Mobile

Lock’s motion to reconsider, vacating the order denying Mobile Lock’s motion for summary

judgment and entering summary judgment in favor of Mobile Lock and against plaintiff, the circuit

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No. 1-21-0181

court did not explicitly state that it had granted summary judgment based on the completed and

accepted work doctrine. However, the court did agree that it failed to give sufficient consideration

to Hunt, a case from our supreme court that discussed the completed and accepted work doctrine.

¶ 25   Long ago, the general rule in Illinois law was that

       “where an independent contractor is employed to construct and install any given work or

       instrumentality and has done the same and it has been accepted by the employer and the

       contractor discharged, he is no longer liable to third persons for injuries received as a result

       of defective construction or installation.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Colbert v.

       Holland Furnace Co., 333 Ill. 78, 81 (1928).

The rule was premised upon the doctrine of privity of contract such that without privity, an injured

third party could not hold the contractor liable for his or her injuries. Suvada v. White Motor Co.,

32 Ill. 2d 612, 616-17 (1965), overruled on other grounds by Frazer v. A.F. Munsterman, Inc., 123

Ill. 2d 245 (1988). Over the years, several exceptions to the general rule developed, resulting in

independent contractors being potentially liable to third parties for their injuries. See Paul Harris

Furniture Co. v. Morse, 10 Ill. 2d 28, 40 (1956) (noting the various exceptions).

¶ 26   Eventually, the exceptions to the general rule swallowed the rule itself, and the general rule

of nonliability ceased to exist. Suvada, 32 Ill. 2d at 616-17. As such, the new general rule became

“that a manufacturer may be liable for injuries to a person not in privity with him and that such

liability is governed by the same principles governing any action for negligence.” Id. at 617.

Though the Suvada case involved a manufacturer, our supreme court applied the principle to

product sellers, suppliers, assemblers, and contractors, and it rejected the notion that lack of privity

of contract was a blanket defense. Id. The new general rule comported with the underlying purpose

of tort law, which “is to provide for public safety through deterrence of negligent designers and

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No. 1-21-0181

builders.” Johnson v. Equipment Specialists, Inc., 58 Ill. App. 3d 133, 141 (1978). And this

purpose could not be accomplished if such people were “insulated from liability simply by the act

of delivery to the contractee.” Id.

¶ 27   Under this backdrop of case law, our supreme court issued its decision in Hunt, 74 Ill. 2d

203. In that case, the State of Illinois hired Fosco Fabricators (Fosco) to construct and install a

highway exit sign in strict conformity with standards set by the State of Illinois. Id. at 206. Fosco

followed those specifications, and the State of Illinois approved and accepted the work performed

by Fosco. Id. More than three years later, a vehicle veered off the highway and collided with the

post of the highway exit sign, resulting in the death of two of the vehicle’s occupants and injuries

to three others. Id. A lawsuit was filed on behalf of all five occupants against multiple parties,

including Fosco, who was sued for negligence and strict liability. Id. Eventually, Fosco became

the only defendant left in the litigation, and it moved for summary judgment. Id. In support of its

motion, Fosco submitted an uncontroverted affidavit establishing that it designed, constructed, and

installed the sign and post in strict conformity with the specifications required by the State of

Illinois. Id. at 206-07. The trial court granted Fosco’s motion, finding that, because Fosco was an

independent contractor, it was relieved from liability to any third parties once the State of Illinois

approved and accepted the work it performed. Id. at 207. The appellate court affirmed, and the

case then reached our supreme court. Id.

¶ 28   Our supreme court reviewed the history of independent contractor liability to third parties

for work completed and accepted by the contracting party before ultimately observing that the old

“general rule of nonliability ha[d] been discarded.” Id. at 209. As such, our supreme court asserted

that it had to examine the plaintiffs’ negligence claim under the traditional rules of liability for

such actions, namely analyzing whether there was a duty, a breach of that duty, and proximate

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No. 1-21-0181

causation of injury from the breach. Id. In conducting its analysis, the court observed that “[a]n

independent contractor owes no duty to third persons to judge the plans, specifications or

instructions which he has merely contracted to follow.” Id. As such, if the contractor performs the

specifications provided to it “carefully,” it “is justified in relying upon the adequacy of the

specifications unless they are so obviously dangerous that no competent contractor would follow

them.” Id. Turning to the plaintiffs’ complaint, the court highlighted that they failed to allege the

specifications supplied to Fosco by the State of Illinois were so flawed that Fosco should have had

notice that its product would be so dangerous that it would likely cause injury. Id. at 210. The court

further observed that the plaintiffs failed to set forth any facts from which the court could infer

that the State of Illinois’s specifications “were so glaringly dangerous that Fosco should have

refrained from complying with the specifications.” Id. Because the plaintiffs failed to make such

allegations, the court had no basis to find that Fosco could be held liable for negligence. Id. The

court went on to find further flaws with the plaintiffs’ strict liability claim and ultimately affirmed

the trial court’s grant of summary judgment. Id. at 212.

¶ 29      Turning back to the present case, it is unclear on exactly what basis the circuit court relied

on Hunt, as the court did not explicitly state the basis in its remarks. Regardless, because we review

the court’s summary judgment ruling de novo (Carney, 2016 IL 118984, ¶ 25), we review only the

court’s ultimate judgment, not its reasoning in support of that judgment. See Makowski v. City of

Naperville, 249 Ill. App. 3d 110, 115 (1993). Moreover, we may affirm the circuit court’s grant of

summary judgment based on any basis supported by the record. Id. That is to say, the court’s

precise reasoning in granting summary judgment to Mobile Lock is immaterial for purposes of our

review.

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¶ 30    Nevertheless, we find it is important to highlight that, in Illinois, the completed and

accepted work doctrine no longer is determinative of the question of liability. See McMahon v.

Richard Gorazd, Inc., 135 Ill. App. 3d 211, 222 (1985) (asserting that “the accepted work doctrine

is no longer determinative of the question of liability in Illinois”). To be sure,

        “[a] contractor ‘who on behalf of the possessor of land erects a structure or creates any

        other condition’ on the possessor’s land is subject to liability to invitees

                ‘for physical harm caused to them by the dangerous character of the structure or

                condition after [the contractor’s] work has been accepted by the possessor, under

                the same rules as those determining the liability of one who as manufacturer or

                independent contractor makes a chattel for the use of others.’ ” Zahumensky v.

                Chicago White Sox, Ltd., 2019 IL App (1st) 172878, ¶ 50 (quoting Restatement

                (Second) of Torts § 385 (1965)).

To this end, to determine the question of liability of a contractor to a third party, the traditional

principles of negligence govern. See Hunt, 74 Ill. 2d at 209; McMahon, 135 Ill. App. 3d at 222.

¶ 31                           B. Traditional Principles of Negligence

¶ 32    Turning to the traditional principles of negligence, in order to prove that Mobile Lock was

negligent, plaintiff had to prove that Mobile Lock owed her a duty of care and breached that duty

and that the breach proximately caused her injuries. Monson v. City of Danville, 2018 IL 122486,

¶ 23.

¶ 33                                           1. Duty

¶ 34    In this case, the most contested element was whether Mobile Lock owed plaintiff a duty,

which is a question of law for the court to determine. Bruns v. City of Centralia, 2014 IL 116998,

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¶ 13. If the defendant does not owe the plaintiff a duty, she cannot recover in her negligence claim.

Bell v. Hutsell, 2011 IL 110724, ¶ 11. In Illinois,

        “ ‘every person owes a duty of ordinary care to all others to guard against injuries which

        naturally flow as a reasonably probable and foreseeable consequence of an act, and such a

        duty does not depend upon contract, privity of interest or the proximity of relationship, but

        extends to remote and unknown persons.’ ” Simpkins v. CSX Transportation, Inc., 2012 IL

        110662, ¶ 19 (quoting Widlowski v. Durkee Foods, 138 Ill. 2d 369, 373 (1990)).

To this end, if an individual’s conduct “creates a foreseeable risk of injury, the individual has a

duty to protect others from such injury.” Bogenberger v. Pi Kappa Alpha Corp., 2018 IL 120951,

¶ 22. To determine whether a duty exists, the critical question is whether the defendant and the

plaintiff “stood in such a relationship to one another that the law imposed upon the defendant an

obligation of reasonable conduct for the benefit of the plaintiff.” Id. To answer this question, we

utilize four factors: “(1) the reasonable foreseeability of the injury, (2) the likelihood of the injury,

(3) the magnitude of the burden of guarding against the injury, and (4) the consequences of placing

that burden on the defendant.” Bruns, 2014 IL 116998, ¶ 14.

¶ 35    Before addressing the four duty factors, we reiterate that, in Hunt, 74 Ill. 2d at 209, our

supreme court stated that “[a]n independent contractor owes no duty to third persons to judge the

plans, specifications or instructions which he has merely contracted to follow.” Id. And thus, “[i]f

the contractor carefully carries out the specifications provided him, he is justified in relying upon

the adequacy of the specifications unless they are so obviously dangerous that no competent

contractor would follow them.” Id. In Hunt, the defendant provided an uncontroverted affidavit

establishing that the highway exit “sign and supporting posts were designed, constructed and

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No. 1-21-0181

installed by [the defendant] in strict conformity to specifications mandated by the State of Illinois.”

Id. at 206.

¶ 36    In this case, however, there is not uncontroverted evidence that Mobile Lock selected and

installed the doorstop in strict conformity to specifications mandated by the Buona entities.

Notably, in the deposition of Jorge Valdez, the district manager for all Buona Beef restaurants who

signed the work order invoice after Mobile Lock completed the installation of the doorstop, he

testified that he did not give the Mobile Lock employees any instructions on where to put the

doorstop except to say which door needed a doorstop. Rather, according to Valdez, he relied on

Mobile Lock’s employees to install the doorstop in a proper and safe location. Similarly, in the

deposition of Joseph Buonavolanto, a project manager with the Buona entities, he testified that he

called Mobile Lock, informed the company of the door issue, but did not tell them how to fix the

issue. Although Joseph was not present when Mobile Lock installed the doorstop, to his

knowledge, neither he nor any other employee with the Buona entities played any role in

determining where the doorstop would be located. The testimony of Valdez and Joseph is

contradictory to the purported deposition testimony of Carlo Buonavolanto, the manager of the

Buona entities, as discussed in Kerelis’s report. In that report, Kerelis observed that Carlo was

“certain that someone in the Buona Companies would make a decision” as to the location of the

doorstop. Because there is no uncontroverted evidence that Mobile Lock selected and installed the

doorstop in strict conformity to specifications mandated by the Buona entities, Mobile Lack cannot

rely on the defense discussed in Hunt for contractors who merely follow plans, specifications, or

instructions for which they were contracted. As such, we must utilize the four duty factors to

determine whether Mobile Lock owed plaintiff a duty. See Bruns, 2014 IL 116998, ¶ 14.

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No. 1-21-0181

¶ 37   First, with regard to the reasonable foreseeability of injury, the concept of foreseeability is

limited, and to be foreseeable, something must be reasonable to expect objectively. Id. ¶ 33. The

fact “[t]hat something ‘might conceivably occur,’ does not make it foreseeable.” Id. (quoting Hills

v. Bridgeview Little League Ass’n, 195 Ill. 2d 210, 238 (2000)). We do not consider the

foreseeability of an accident in hindsight but rather “what was apparent to the defendant at the

time of his now complained of conduct.” Cunis v. Brennan, 56 Ill. 2d 372, 376 (1974). Here, the

approximately three-inch-high doorstop protruded out from a concrete walkway near the entrance

to the Buona Beef restaurant. Given the location and type of establishment, one would expect

heavy foot traffic in the area where Mobile Lock installed the doorstop. Common experience

shows that tripping over objects and even oneself is extraordinarily common in everyday life and,

given the heavy foot traffic in the area where Mobile Lock installed the doorstop, tripping and

falling is reasonably foreseeable.

¶ 38   The fact there was a property maintenance code mandating the condition of the walkway

on the Buona Beef premises only buttresses this conclusion. As Kerelis observed in his deposition

as well as in his expert report, on the date of plaintiff’s fall, the Village of Frankfort had adopted

the 2006 International Property Maintenance Code. See Building Code History, Vill. Of Frankfort,

https://www.frankfortil.org/government/departments/permits___inspections/building_code_histo

ry.php (last visited Feb. 9, 2022) [https://perma.cc/T7BU-KS6V] (stating that, from June 2009

until May 2018, the village had adopted the 2006 International Property Maintenance Code).

Section 302.3 of the 2006 International Property Maintenance Code stated that “[a]ll sidewalks

[and] walkways *** shall be kept in a proper state of repair, and maintained free from hazardous

conditions.” 2006 International Property Maintenance Code § 302.3 (Oct. 2007).. The existence

of such a property maintenance code demonstrates a recognition that injuries from people tripping

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No. 1-21-0181

and falling on objects on a walkway is reasonably foreseeable. See Bogenberger, 2018 IL 120951,

¶ 46 (observing that “[t]he existence of hazing statutes across the country *** indicates that injury

due to hazing is reasonably foreseeable”). In other words, tripping and falling is not some bizarre,

freakish, or fantastic event. See Doe-3 v. McLean County Unit District No. 5 Board of Directors,

2012 IL 112479, ¶ 31 (“In deciding reasonable foreseeability, we note that an injury is not

reasonably foreseeable where it results from freakish, bizarre, or fantastic circumstances.”).

Rather, tripping and falling is common, and to prevent such accidents, areas where people

frequently walk should be free from hazardous conditions. And for the same reasons, the likelihood

of an injury was high. See Jones v. Chicago HMO Ltd. of Illinois, 191 Ill. 2d 278, 304 (2000)

(noting that “the same reason” in determining whether an injury was reasonably foreseeable

applied to the determination of the likelihood of an injury); Grabinski v. Forest Preserve District

of Cook County, 2020 IL App (1st) 191267, ¶ 21 (noting that “the same reasons” in determining

whether an injury was reasonably foreseeable applied to the determination of the likelihood of an

injury).

¶ 39       Turning to the third factor—the magnitude of the burden of guarding against the injury—

Mobile Lock is correct that manufacturers and installers have no duty to design or install products

that are immune from all possible accidents. See Pommier v. Jungheinrich Lift Truck Corp., 2018

IL App (3d) 170116, ¶ 34. However, that does not mean that no duty should ever be placed upon

such contractors, including Mobile Lock in this case. During the deposition of Joseph

Buonavolanto, a project manager with the Buona entities, he testified that they solved the issue of

the blowing doors at other Buona Beef locations by utilizing different mechanisms, such as a

“hold-stop arm with a spring cushion” and different door hinges. Clearly, there were and are

options other than using doorstops at ground level. Requiring a door contractor to select an

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No. 1-21-0181

apparatus to prevent a door from blowing open and causing damage to that door, which takes into

consideration the circumstances of where that door is located, such as the prevalence of foot traffic

in the area, does not impose an undue burden on the part of the contractor, as assuredly such

considerations are already a part of determining the proper apparatus. As such, the magnitude of

the burden of guarding against the injury is not great.

¶ 40   Lastly, the consequences of placing that burden on the defendant are not great because, as

noted with the third factor, a door contractor should already be considering a multitude of safety

factors when determining how to solve an issue with respect to a door. Mobile Lock, however,

asserts that, at the time of installation, it could not have known that the Buona Beef restaurant

would write on its door and place exterior signage near the doorstop. These facts do not obviate

Mobile Lock from having a duty of care but rather touch upon the proximate cause element. See

Atchley v. University of Chicago Medical Center, 2016 IL App (1st) 152481, ¶ 45 (“Proximate

cause is defined as a cause that, in the ordinary course of events produced the plaintiff’s injury,

but a cause need not be the only or last cause; rather, the combination of multiple causes may result

in the injury.”). Furthermore, Mobile Lock posits that requiring an installer to complete its

installation in such a way that prevents all possible accidents is inherently unreasonable. That

argument misses the point in a duty analysis, which only concerns whether Mobile Lock owed

plaintiff a duty of care. Mobile Lock’s argument about an accident-free installation is more

appropriately directed at the breach-of-duty and proximate cause elements. See id.

¶ 41   In sum, the four factors that guide the duty analysis demonstrate that Mobile Lock stood in

such a relationship to plaintiff that the law imposed upon it an obligation of reasonable conduct

for the benefit of a business invitee, such as plaintiff. Bogenberger, 2018 IL 120951, ¶ 22.

Consequently, Mobile Lock owed plaintiff a duty of care.

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No. 1-21-0181

¶ 42                           2. Breach of Duty and Proximate Causation

¶ 43   Although we have found that Mobile Lock owed plaintiff a duty of care, this is only one

of the three elements in a negligence cause of action. See Monson, 2018 IL 122486, ¶ 23. Indeed,

plaintiff will still have to prove that Mobile Lock breached its duty of care and that Mobile Lock’s

breach was a proximate cause of her injuries. Id. Concerning the breach element, it is generally a

question of fact for the trier of fact. Thompson v. Gordon, 241 Ill. 2d 428, 439 (2011). And to this

end, Mobile Lock does not contest that summary judgment was proper based on the breach-of-

duty element, a tacit concession that, if a duty of care existed, the question of whether that duty

was breached was for the trier of fact to resolve.

¶ 44   Concerning proximate causation, it has two components: cause in fact and legal cause.

Turcios v. The DeBruler Co., 2015 IL 117962, ¶ 23. Cause in fact examines the reasonable

certainty that the defendant’s conduct caused the injury. Lee v. Chicago Transit Authority, 152 Ill.

2d 432, 455 (1992). There may be more than one proximate cause of an injury (Rivera v. Garcia,

401 Ill. App. 3d 602, 611, (2010)), and that cause “need not be the only, last or nearest cause; it is

sufficient if it occurs with some other cause acting at the same time, which in combination with it,

causes injury.” Leone v. City of Chicago, 235 Ill. App. 3d 595, 603 (1992). On the other hand,

legal cause requires an analysis of foreseeability and “whether the injury is the type of injury that

a reasonable person would see as a ‘likely result’ of his or her conduct, or whether the injury is so

‘highly extraordinary’ that imposing liability is not justified.” Turcios, 2015 IL 117962, ¶ 24

(quoting Lee, 152 Ill. 2d at 456). Stated another way, “legal cause[ ] is established only if the

defendant’s conduct is so closely tied to the plaintiff’s injury that he should be held legally

responsible for it.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) City of Chicago v. Beretta U.S.A. Corp.,

213 Ill. 2d 351, 395 (2004). Generally, the issue of proximate causation is a question of fact for

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No. 1-21-0181

the trier of fact, but it may become “a question of law when the facts alleged indicate that a party

would never be entitled to recover.” Berke v. Manilow, 2016 IL App (1st) 150397, ¶ 32.

¶ 45   Mobile Lock’s chief argument as to why plaintiff could never prove proximate cause is

that she does not know why she fell. As such, according to Mobile Lock, plaintiff cannot show

that its conduct was a cause in fact of her injuries. A plaintiff need not prove a defendant’s

negligence using direct evidence, as she can prove her case using circumstantial evidence. Mort v.

Walter, 98 Ill. 2d 391, 396 (1983). “Circumstantial evidence is the proof of facts and circumstances

from which a fact finder may infer other connected facts that usually and reasonably follow,

according to the common experience of mankind.” Nowak v. Coghill, 296 Ill. App. 3d 886, 896

(1998). “Even where the circumstances support more than one logical conclusion, circumstantial

evidence is sufficient to establish proximate cause to overcome a motion for summary judgment

as long as the inference in question may reasonably be drawn from the evidence.” Id.

¶ 46   While it is true that, in plaintiff’s deposition, she acknowledged not knowing precisely why

she fell, reasonable people can draw different inferences based on the undisputed facts of the case.

In her deposition, plaintiff testified to her actions that led to her fall, beginning with her walking

from the parking lot toward the Buona Beef entrance. As she neared the entrance door, she walked

around an A-frame sign located on the ground and then noticed something written on the door.

Although plaintiff did not look directly down at the ground, she tripped and fell as she reached for

the entrance door and temporarily lost consciousness. When she regained consciousness after her

fall, she was located directly where the doorstop installed by Mobile Lock was located, leading

her to believe that she tripped over the doorstop. No one disputes that plaintiff tripped and fell, and

no one disputes that she fell near the location of the doorstop installed by Mobile Lock. Given the

circumstances and viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, one could

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No. 1-21-0181

reasonably infer that she tripped over the doorstop and fell to the ground. As such, it is reasonable

to infer that the type and location of doorstop installed by Mobile Lock was a proximate cause of

plaintiff’s fall. Moreover, after plaintiff fell, Fernando Del Carmen, the manager of the Frankfort

Buona Beef, completed a “customer accident/incident report” in which he described the incident

as: “[G]uest tripped with door floor stopper and fell by front door entrance.” See Poltrock v.

Chicago & North Western Transportation Co., 151 Ill. App. 3d 250, 254-55 (1986) (holding that

accident reports sought to be admitted against the party who prepared them are admissible evidence

as business records). While Del Carmen did not observe the accident, this evidence also supports

plaintiff’s theory that she tripped on the doorstop. Consequently, plaintiff presented sufficient

circumstantial evidence on the issue of proximate causation to overcome Mobile Lock’s motion

for summary judgment.

¶ 47   Because we have found that Mobile Lock owed plaintiff a duty and that summary judgment

is not appropriate at this stage on the elements of breach of duty and proximate causation, we

reverse the circuit court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Mobile Lock and remand the

matter for further proceedings.

¶ 48                                    III. CONCLUSION

¶ 49   For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court and remand the

matter for further proceedings.

¶ 50   Reversed and remanded.

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No. 1-21-0181

                                 No. 1-21-0181

Cite as:                 Jarosz v. Buona Cos., 2022 IL App (1st) 210181

Decision Under Review:   Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 17-L-
                         12382; the Hon. Israel A. Desierto, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys                Robert J. Napleton and Brion W. Doherty, of Motherway &
for                      Napleton, of Chicago, and Lynn D. Dowd and Jennifer L.
Appellant:               Barron, of Law Offices of Lynn D. Dowd, of Naperville, for
                         appellant.

Attorneys                Ryan Showalter, of Urgo & Nugent, LLC, of Chicago, for
for                      appellee.
Appellee:

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