Court Opinion

ID: 4690294
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-05-26 16:16:27.992748+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:04:59.268061
License: Public Domain

May 26, 2021

                                                         Supreme Court

                                                        No. 2019-238-Appeal.
                                                        (W 11-56)

               Sharon Brooks                :

                      v.                    :

               Michael Brooks.              :

               NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision
               before publication in the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers
               are requested to notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme
               Court of Rhode Island, 250 Benefit Street, Providence,
               Rhode Island 02903, at Telephone 222-3258 or Email
               opinionanalyst@courts.ri.gov, of any typographical or
               other formal errors in order that corrections may be made
               before the opinion is published.
                                                         Supreme Court

                                                         No. 2019-238-Appeal.
                                                         (W 11-56)

                Sharon Brooks               :

                      v.                    :

               Michael Brooks.              :

         Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Robinson, Lynch Prata, and Long, JJ.

                                    OPINION

         Justice Long, for the Court. The defendant, Michael Brooks (defendant or

Mr. Brooks), appeals pro se from an order of the Family Court denying his motion

seeking visitation with his nine-year-old daughter, whom he shares with the plaintiff,

Sharon Brooks (plaintiff or Ms. Brooks). This case came before the Supreme Court

pursuant to an order directing the parties to appear and show cause why the issues

raised in this appeal should not be summarily decided. After considering the parties’

written and oral submissions and reviewing the record, we conclude that cause has

not been shown and that this appeal may be decided without further briefing or

argument. For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the order of the Family

Court.

                                         -1-
                          Facts and Procedural History

      The plaintiff and Mr. Brooks married in 1999 and have two children—a son,

born on July 30, 2001, and a daughter, born on April 1, 2010. 1 Months after their

daughter’s birth, Mr. Brooks was incarcerated on robbery charges; the last time he

saw his daughter was at the intake center of the Adult Correctional Institutions when

she was about six months old.2

      Upon defendant’s incarceration, Ms. Brooks filed a complaint for divorce.

The Family Court entered a final judgment of divorce on November 16, 2011,

thereby awarding Ms. Brooks sole legal custody and physical placement of the

children and denying visitation rights to Mr. Brooks. In 2014, however, the Family

Court authorized telephone contact between Mr. Brooks and the children several

times per month.

      On April 4, 2019, Mr. Brooks filed a motion seeking twice-monthly visits

with his daughter at the ACI. At the hearing on the motion, Mr. Brooks asserted a

change in circumstances based upon two factors: (1) his daughter was then nine years

old and “probably old enough to form some sort of an opinion” and (2) his transfer

from a maximum to medium security facility, where he had been participating in

parenting programs. Ms. Brooks filed an answer and counterclaim asking that all

1
 The parties’ son is not a subject of this appeal.
2
 At a hearing on June 7, 2019, discussed infra, defendant testified that his release
date would be in about eighteen months, “with good time.”
                                          -2-
communication between Mr. Brooks and the children cease, unless initiated by the

children. 3

       At a hearing held on June 7, 2019, the parties both appeared pro se. Each

testified and submitted documentary evidence. Mr. Brooks asked the court to

conduct an in camera interview with their daughter, who was not present at the

hearing; the trial justice denied the request and heard from no further witnesses.

       In issuing a bench decision following the testimony, the trial justice made

several findings of fact: Mr. Brooks had not seen his daughter since he began his

incarceration in 2010, when she was about six months old; Mr. Brooks exercised his

right to communicate with her by letters and telephone calls, but she refused to speak

with him; Mr. Brooks completed all of the parenting programs available to him in

prison; Mr. Brooks used drugs in the presence of his children prior to his

incarceration and threatened to have his children harmed if Ms. Brooks did not give

him money for drugs, and his denial of those accusations was not credible; his

daughter ran to her room in tears after Ms. Brooks suggested the possibility of her

having to visit her father; and Mr. Brooks’s comment in a recent letter to the child

was inappropriate. The trial justice stated: “It’s very clear that [the child] doesn’t

know Mr. Brooks[.]” She also noted that, although the child appeared from the

3
 At the time of the filing of the motion for visitation in April 2019, the parties’ son
was a few months from turning eighteen years old.
                                         -3-
evidence to have experienced some behavioral issues, they were improving; the trial

justice did not see “how it would help her to begin to visit someone in the prison

who, yes, is her biological father, but who she absolutely does not know.”

          The trial justice denied Mr. Brooks’s motion. She also denied Ms. Brooks’s

motion to change the existing court orders “except to the extent that * * * allow[s]

the children * * * to make a decision if they want to accept phone calls.” The trial

justice entered an order on June 7, 2019, reflecting her decision. Mr. Brooks timely

appealed.

          Mr. Brooks challenges the decision of the trial justice for multiple reasons,

including what he asserts was her failure to fully assess the child’s best interests, her

inappropriate consideration of his status as an incarcerated parent, and her failure to

consider a substantial change in circumstances. He also contests what he claims are

erroneous evidentiary rulings, as well as unspecified violations of his constitutional

rights.

          The principal question before this Court is whether the trial justice

erroneously denied Mr. Brooks’s motion to modify visitation by failing to consider

the child’s best interests.

                               Modification of Visitation

          This Court reviews a Family Court’s decision on the issue of whether to

modify visitation using an abuse-of-discretion standard. Pacheco v. Marulanda, 108

                                           -4-
A.3d 1007, 1011 (R.I. 2015). “A trial justice’s findings in this regard will not be

disturbed on appeal unless he or she overlooked or misconceived evidence or was

clearly wrong.” Laurence v. Nelson, 785 A.2d 519, 520 (R.I. 2001).

       This Court has stated that “[v]isitation rights are strongly favored and should

be denied only in situations in which the child’s physical, mental, or moral health

would be endangered by contact with the parent.” Laurence, 785 A.2d at 520. When

deciding a case that impacts a parent’s visitation rights, the trial court’s primary

consideration is the “best interests of the child.” Pacheco, 108 A.3d at 1011 (quoting

Waters v. Magee, 877 A.2d 658, 664 (R.I. 2005)). To that end, the trial justice must

weigh certain identifiable factors when relevant:

             “1. The wishes of the child’s parent or parents regarding
             the child’s custody.

             “2. The reasonable preference of the child, if the court
             deems the child to be of sufficient intelligence,
             understanding, and experience to express a preference.

             “3. The interaction and interrelationship of the child with
             the child’s parent or parents, the child’s siblings, and any
             other person who may significantly affect the child’s best
             interest.

             “4. The child’s adjustment to the child’s home, school, and
             community.

             “5. The mental and physical health of all individuals
             involved.

             “6. The stability of the child’s home environment.

                                         -5-
             “7. The moral fitness of the child’s parents.

             “8. The willingness and ability of each parent to facilitate
             a close and continuous parent-child relationship between
             the child and the other parent.” Pettinato v. Pettinato, 582
             A.2d 909, 913-14 (R.I. 1990) (footnotes omitted).

      However, we do not require that the trial justice specifically address each

factor when issuing a decision concerning visitation. See Andreozzi v. Andreozzi,

813 A.2d 78, 83 (R.I. 2003) (explaining that a trial justice is not required to refer to

Pettinato factors when making a determination regarding custody).

      It is clear from the record in this case that the trial justice considered the

child’s best interests consistent with Pettinato. In her bench decision, the trial justice

made findings of fact reflecting Mr. Brooks’s desire to see the child, the lack of

relationship between Mr. Brooks and the child, the child’s choice not to speak with

her father, the child’s improving behavior at school, and Mr. Brooks’s past neglect

and abuse toward both of his children.

      Despite these clear findings, Mr. Brooks contends that the trial justice relied

solely on his incarceration as a basis for denying his motion to modify visitation,

contrary to our holding in Hervieux v. Hervieux, 603 A.2d 337 (R.I. 1992). In that

case, this Court sustained the appeal by a father who was denied visitation based

solely upon his incarceration. Hervieux, 603 A.2d at 338. However, as we explained

in Hervieux, “[u]ncontroverted testimony by the [father] indicated that his

relationship with his children is warm and loving and, in the circumstances, normal.
                                          -6-
Apart from the [father]’s incarceration at the ACI nothing in the record indicates that

cause existed which justified the trial justice’s refusal to order visitation rights.” Id.

      Hervieux is clearly distinguishable from the instant matter, where the record

reveals not only that Mr. Brooks has not seen the child since she was about six

months old, but also that she began crying and ran to her room when asked about the

prospect of visitation with him now. Moreover, it is clear that the trial justice

weighed these factors in refusing to grant visitation.

      Mr. Brooks’s argument that the trial justice overlooked a significant change

in circumstances is similarly unavailing. When a parent seeks to modify visitation,

the parent “must show, by a fair preponderance of the evidence that the conditions

or circumstances existing at the time the original decree was entered have so changed

that the decree should be modified in the interest of the child’s welfare.” Souza v.

Souza, 221 A.3d 371, 374 (R.I. 2019) (quoting Vicente v. Vicente, 950 A.2d 461,

462 (R.I. 2008)). Although Mr. Brooks testified that his circumstances had changed

because he had been transferred to a medium security facility and had participated

in parenting programs while incarcerated, the trial justice was well within her

discretion to find that those changed circumstances were not sufficient to meet

Mr. Brooks’s burden. Ultimately, Mr. Brooks failed to demonstrate how visitation

would serve the child’s best interests, even when considering the proffered change

in circumstances.

                                          -7-
                    The Defendant’s Other Claims on Appeal

      As indicated supra, Mr. Brooks also contests what he claims to be erroneous

evidentiary rulings and unspecified constitutional violations.       Specifically, he

contends that the trial justice wrongfully refused to conduct an in camera interview

with the child, accepted unsupported hearsay testimony from Ms. Brooks,

erroneously misconstrued a letter Mr. Brooks sent to the child, and violated his due

process rights to a fair and impartial hearing.

      This Court has long recognized that “the admissibility of evidence * * * is

confided to the sound discretion of the trial justice; moreover, this Court will not

interfere with the trial justice’s decision unless a clear abuse of that discretion is

apparent.” Souza, 221 A.3d at 377 (quoting Giammarco v. Giammarco, 959 A.2d

531, 533 (R.I. 2008)).

      We also require that litigants properly preserve evidentiary issues for review

on appeal. State v. Romero, 193 A.3d 1167, 1171 (R.I. 2018) (“[I]f an issue was not

preserved by specific objection at trial, then it may not be considered on appeal.”)

(quoting State ex rel. Town of Tiverton v. Pelletier, 174 A.3d 713, 718 (R.I. 2017)).

      Examination of the record in this case reveals that Mr. Brooks’s claims of

erroneous evidentiary rulings are without merit. Mr. Brooks did not file a timely

motion for an in camera interview of the child, he did not clearly object to testimony

that he now challenges as hearsay, and he failed to object to the introduction of the

                                         -8-
letter he sent to the child into evidence. We discern no abuse of discretion on the

part of the trial justice, and we will not interfere with her evidentiary rulings.

      Similarly, with respect to defendant’s claims that the trial justice violated his

due process rights to a fair and impartial hearing, he has failed to articulate to this

Court the basis of those assertions and, as such, we will not address them on appeal.

See Town Houses at Bonnet Shores Condominium Association v. Langlois, 45 A.3d

577, 584 (R.I. 2012) (“The defendant raises additional issues on appeal that we deem

meritless because they were not sufficiently developed in his written submissions to

this Court.”); State v. Chase, 9 A.3d 1248, 1256 (R.I. 2010) (“[S]imply stating an

issue for appellate review, without a meaningful discussion thereof or legal briefing

of the issues, does not assist the Court in focusing on the legal questions raised, and

therefore constitutes a waiver of that issue.”) (quoting Wilkinson v. State Crime

Laboratory Commission, 788 A.2d 1129, 1131 n.1 (R.I. 2002)).

      We conclude that the trial justice did not err in denying the defendant’s motion

to modify visitation.

                                      Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, the appeal is denied, the order appealed from is

affirmed, and the record in this case may be returned to the Family Court.

                                          -9-
                                               STATE OF RHODE ISLAND
                                        SUPREME COURT – CLERK’S OFFICE
                                              Licht Judicial Complex
                                                250 Benefit Street
                                              Providence, RI 02903

                                 OPINION COVER SHEET

Title of Case                        Sharon Brooks v. Michael Brooks.

                                     No. 2019-238-Appeal.
Case Number
                                     (W 11-56)

Date Opinion Filed                   May 26, 2021

                                     Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Robinson, Lynch Prata, and
Justices
                                     Long, JJ.

Written By                           Associate Justice Melissa A. Long

Source of Appeal                     Washington County Family Court

Judicial Officer from Lower Court    Associate Justice Sandra Lanni

                                     For Plaintiff:

                                     Sharon Brooks, Pro Se
Attorney(s) on Appeal
                                     For Defendant:

                                     Michael J. Brooks, Pro Se

SU-CMS-02A (revised June 2020)