Court Opinion

ID: 5135977
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-17 17:14:01.65427+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:16:59.576549
License: Public Domain

J-A18007-21

                               2021 PA Super 252

 DAVID KLAR                              :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                         :        PENNSYLVANIA
                   Appellant             :
                                         :
                                         :
              v.                         :
                                         :
                                         :
 DAIRY FARMERS OF AMERICA, INC.,         :   No. 1280 WDA 2020
 A CORPORATION, AND ROGER J.             :
 WILLIAMS, AN INDIVIDUAL                 :

              Appeal from the Order Entered October 4, 2017
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Lawrence County Civil Division at
                           No(s): 2015-10863

BEFORE: OLSON, J., NICHOLS, J., and MUSMANNO, J.

OPINION BY OLSON, J.:                     FILED: DECEMBER 17, 2021

      Appellant, David Klar, appeals from the order entered on October 4,

2017, which granted the motion for judgment on the pleadings filed by Dairy

Farmers of America, Inc. (“DFA”) and dismissed Appellant’s claims against

DFA. We affirm.

      Appellant filed a complaint against DFA and Roger J. Williams

(“Williams”), wherein he alleged and averred the following. On August 17,

2014, DFA organized and sponsored a golf outing for its employees at

Tanglewood Golf Course in Mercer County, Pennsylvania.             Appellant’s

Complaint, 9/1/15, at ¶ 7. At the time, Williams was an employee of DFA and

DFA “encouraged its employees, including Williams, to sign up for and

participate in” the golf outing. Id. at ¶ 8. “As a prerequisite and condition

for participation in the [golf outing, DFA] required [its] employees to make a
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monetary contribution to offset costs and expenses related to or associated

with the [outing,] including . . . those for greens fees, food and alcohol.”1 Id.

at ¶ 9. Williams signed up for the golf outing and paid DFA the monetary

contribution that was required to participate in the outing. Id. at ¶ 10. DFA

then purchased the greens fees, food, and alcohol for the outing. Id. at ¶ 11.

       While participating in the golf outing, “Williams consumed alcohol

furnished by [DFA] sufficient to render him visibly intoxicated.” Id. at ¶ 12.

“Despite his visible intoxication, [DFA] served Williams alcohol and continued

to permit Williams to consume more alcohol[,] causing his blood alcohol level

to . . . [reach] 0.23, almost three times the legal limit” in Pennsylvania. Id.

at ¶¶ 13 and 18. “Furthermore, prior to serving Williams with alcohol and

encouraging and permitting Williams to consume alcohol, [DFA] knew or

should have known that Williams was an alcoholic and habitual drunkard who

had at least twice before been arrested or convicted of alcohol-related crimes

and offenses, including [] criminal offenses involving the unsafe operation of

a motor vehicle.” Id. at ¶ 14.

       Williams left the golf outing at approximately 5:45 p.m. and drove his

car north along Pennsylvania State Route 18. Id. at ¶ 23. “At or about the

same time, [Appellant] was operating [his motorcycle] . . . in the southbound

lane of” Route 18. Id. at ¶ 24. As the vehicles approached one another,

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1 On appeal, Appellant avers that DFA provided beer to Williams.            See
Appellant’s Brief at 22 (“DFA sold, provided and gave Williams beer”).

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Williams “suddenly and without warning[] failed to control his motor vehicle

and caused [his] vehicle to swerve left of the center line into the southbound

lane of [Route] 18 into the path of [Appellant’s motorcycle,] causing a collision

between the” two vehicles and causing Appellant to sustain multiple serious

and permanent injuries. Id. at ¶¶ 25-31.

        Appellant claimed that DFA and Williams were jointly and severally liable

for his injuries. Further, as to DFA, Appellant claimed that DFA was liable

because it “furnish[ed], serv[ed,] and provid[ed] Williams alcohol when [DFA]

knew or should have known Williams was visibly intoxicated and/or a habitual

drunkard.” Id. at ¶ 33.

        DFA answered the complaint and denied that it was liable for Appellant’s

injuries. See DFA’s Amended Answer, New Matter, and Crossclaims, 5/5/16,

at 1-18.

        On June 16, 2017, DFA filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings.

Within its motion, DFA argued that, as a matter of law, it could not be liable

to Appellant because:           1) it does not qualify as a “licensee” under

Pennsylvania’s Liquor Code;2 2) it “did not obtain ‘licensee status’ and cannot

be treated as a licensee under the Liquor Code for purposes of Dram Shop

liability;” and 3) it was a social host and “there can be no liability on the part

of a social host who serves alcoholic beverages to [their] adult guest.” DFA’s

____________________________________________

2   47 P.S. §§ 1-101 – 10-1001.

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Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings, 6/16/17, at ¶¶ 17-22; DFA’s Brief in

Support of Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings, 6/16/17, at 4.

        On October 4, 2017, the trial court granted DFA’s motion for judgment

on the pleadings and dismissed all claims against DFA with prejudice. Within

the trial court’s opinion, it explained that DFA was entitled to relief because:

          For negligence per se under the Dram Shop Act, [Appellant]
          bears the burden of showing [DFA] is either a licensee, or
          stepped into the shoes of a licensee. [Williams’] payment of
          a fee in this case to [defray] the cost of the golf outing as a
          whole, with alcohol being only an incidental aspect of the fee
          which also provided for food and the golfing itself, without
          profit or other indicia of commercial sale of liquor, does not
          satisfy the burden of [Appellant] to meet all the elements of
          its cause of action. Particularly, the pleadings of this case fail
          to establish DFA stepped into the shoes of a licensee. For
          these reasons, [Appellant] has failed to state a cause of
          action.

Trial Court Opinion, 10/4/17, at 11.

        Appellant eventually settled his claim against the remaining defendant,

Williams, and, on November 6, 2020, Appellant filed a praecipe to discontinue

his remaining claims against Williams.3 On November 24, 2020, Appellant

____________________________________________

3   We have explained:

        It is well settled that the interlocutory orders dismissing various
        parties piecemeal from a lawsuit may not be appealed until the
        case is concluded as to the final remaining party and the case is
        therefore resolved as to all parties and all claims. [See Pa.R.A.P.
        341(b)(1).] . . . [A] case may be resolved against the final
        defendant by other than an order of court, as happens where the
        case against the sole remaining defendant is discontinued or
        settled, and a docket entry to the effect that the claim was
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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filed a timely notice of appeal challenging the trial court’s October 4, 2017

order, which granted DFA’s motion for judgment on the pleadings. Appellant

raises two claims on appeal:

         [1.] Whether an unlicensed company-employer who provides
         an uncontrolled amount of alcohol to a visibly intoxicated
         employee in exchange for remuneration is liable to a
         third-party who sustains personal injuries as a result of the
         actions of the intoxicated employee?

         [2.] Whether an unlicensed company-employer who provides
         an uncontrolled amount of alcohol to a visibly intoxicated
         employee, in exchange for remuneration, may be considered
         a “social host,” despite the fact that it does not sell alcohol
         as a going concern operating on commercial principles and
         the alcohol was presumably furnished without profit or other
         indicia of commercial sale?

Appellant’s Brief at 4.

       Before considering Appellant’s claims, we must first address DFA’s

contention that we do not have jurisdiction over this appeal, as it is untimely.

See DFA’s Brief at 24. Our analysis of DFA’s jurisdictional claim requires that

we recount certain additional facts of this case.

       As noted above, on October 4, 2017, the trial court granted DFA’s

motion for judgment on the pleadings and dismissed all claims against DFA.

At the time, Appellant’s claims against defendant Williams were still

outstanding; thus, the trial court’s October 4, 2017 order was interlocutory

____________________________________________

       discontinued or settled may serve to render the prior [orders] final
       and appealable.

Burkey v. CCX, Inc., 106 A.3d 736, 738-739 (Pa. Super. 2014).

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and unappealable. See Pa.R.A.P. 341(b)(1) (declaring that, generally, a final

order is one that “disposes of all claims and of all parties”); see also

Brickman Group, Ltd. v. CGU Ins. Co., 829 A.2d 1160 (Pa. Super. 2003)

(a grant of summary judgment to some, but not all, defendants is not a final,

appealable order).

      After the trial court entered its October 4, 2017 order and dismissed

Appellant’s claims against DFA, Appellant filed a motion for reconsideration of

the interlocutory, October 4, 2017 order.      Among other things, Appellant

requested that the trial court amend the October 4, 2017 order “to include the

requisite language contained in 42 [Pa.C.S.A.] § 702(b) to permit an

interlocutory appeal by permission to the Pennsylvania Superior Court.” See

Appellant’s Motion for Reconsideration, 10/31/17, at 21.       Section 702(b),

entitled “interlocutory appeals by permission,” declares:

        Interlocutory appeals by permission.--When a court or
        other government unit, in making an interlocutory order in a
        matter in which its final order would be within the jurisdiction
        of an appellate court, shall be of the opinion that such order
        involves a controlling question of law as to which there
        is substantial ground for difference of opinion and that
        an immediate appeal from the order may materially
        advance the ultimate termination of the matter, it shall
        so state in such order. The appellate court may thereupon, in
        its discretion, permit an appeal to be taken from such
        interlocutory order.

42 Pa.C.S.A. § 702(b) (emphasis added); but see F.D.P. v. Ferrara, 804

A.2d 1221, 1226-1227 (Pa. Super. 2002) (explaining that an interlocutory

appeal by permission was an inappropriate vehicle for immediately appealing

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an order that dismissed some, but not all, parties and claims; in such cases,

the litigant must instead follow Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure

341(c), as Rule 341(c)’s procedure “was designed to allow for an immediate

appeal of a ‘final’ order relating to less than all parties or less than all claims”).

      On October 31, 2017, the trial court acceded to Appellant’s request and

amended its October 4, 2017 order to include the Section 702(b) language.

The trial court’s October 31, 2017 order reads:

         it is hereby ordered that [the trial court] amends its order
         dated and entered October 4, 2017, to include the following
         statement prescribed by 42 [Pa.C.S.A.] § 702(b):

         “It is the opinion of this court that the within order involves
         a controlling question of law as to which there is a substantial
         ground for difference of opinion and that an immediate
         appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate
         termination of this matter.”

Trial Court Order, 10/31/17, at 1 (some capitalization omitted). On November

29, 2017, Appellant filed, in this Court, a petition for permission to appeal the

amended, October 2017 order.

      DFA answered Appellant’s petition and observed that the trial court’s

addition of Section 702(b)’s language was insufficient to certify the

interlocutory, October 2017 order as a final order.          See DFA’s Answer to

Petition for Permission to Appeal, 12/14/17, at 4-5.           DFA noted that the

interlocutory, October 2017 order could have only been certified as a final

order if the trial court included the language mandated by Pennsylvania Rule

of Appellate Procedure 341(c). See id. Rule 341(c) declares:

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          Determination of finality.--When more than one claim for
          relief is presented in an action, whether as a claim,
          counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim, or when
          multiple parties are involved, the trial court or other
          government unit may enter a final order as to one or more
          but fewer than all of the claims and parties only upon an
          express determination that an immediate appeal
          would facilitate resolution of the entire case. Such an
          order becomes appealable when entered. In the absence of
          such a determination and entry of a final order, any order or
          other form of decision that adjudicates fewer than all the
          claims and parties shall not constitute a final order.

Pa.R.A.P. 341(c) (emphasis added). As DFA observed, Appellant “did not seek

certification of the [October 2017] order pursuant to Rule 341(c) and . . . the

October 2017 order was not properly certified pursuant to [Rule] 341(c).”

DFA’s Answer to Petition for Permission to Appeal, 12/14/17, at 8.

      DFA further noted that the trial court’s inclusion of Section 702(b)’s

language was simply the first step in obtaining an interlocutory appeal by

permission – and, at any rate, an interlocutory appeal by permission was

improper in this case. See id.; see also F.D.P., 804 A.2d at 1226-1227.

      On December 4, 2017, this Court denied Appellant’s petition for

permission to appeal the interlocutory, October 2017 order.        See Order,

12/14/17, at 1.

      Currently before this Court, DFA argues that we lack jurisdiction to

consider the instant appeal because Appellant filed an untimely notice of

appeal.    Specifically, DFA argues that the trial court’s October 31, 2017

amendment – which included Section 702(b)’s language and presumptively

allowed for an interlocutory appeal by permission – “create[d] a final order,

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[which was] immediately appealable under Pa.R.A.P. 341(c).” DFA’s Brief at

25. According to DFA, since Appellant did not file his notice of appeal within

30 days of October 31, 2017, the current appeal is untimely and we lack

jurisdiction to consider the merits of this appeal. See id.

      DFA’s current argument stands in direct conflict with its earlier,

successfully maintained position that the trial court’s October 31, 2017

amendment did not create a final order, as the trial court failed to include Rule

341(c)’s mandatory language. See DFA’s Answer to Petition for Permission

to Appeal, 12/14/17, at 8-10. Moreover, under the plain statutory language,

DFA’s current argument is simply incorrect. The trial court’s October 31, 2017

amendment did not transform the interlocutory, October 2017 order into a

final order, as the trial court did not include the language required by Rule

341(c). Indeed, by including the language of Section 702(b), the trial court

maintained the interlocutory nature of the October 2017 order. This is made

clear, first, by the fact that Section 702(b) is entitled “interlocutory appeals

by permission” and, second, by the fact that Section 702(b) expressly states

that the inclusion of Section 702(b)’s language maintains the interlocutory

nature of the order. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 702(b) (declaring that, if the trial

court properly includes the language in Section 702(b) and certifies an

interlocutory order as appealable by permission, “[t]he appellate court may

thereupon, in its discretion, permit an appeal to be taken from such

interlocutory order”) (emphasis added).           Thus, when the trial court

amended its October 2017 order to include the language from Section 702(b),

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the trial court did not create a final order and DFA’s claim that we lack

jurisdiction over this appeal is meritless. We therefore shall proceed to the

merits of Appellant’s contentions.

      Appellant claims that the trial court erred when it granted DFA’s motion

for judgment on the pleadings.       “Our standard of review over a decision

sustaining a judgment on the pleadings requires us to determine whether, on

the facts averred, the law makes recovery impossible.”               Cagey v.

Commonwealth, 179 A.3d 458, 463 (Pa. 2018). The Pennsylvania Supreme

Court has explained:

        the same principles apply to a judgment on the pleadings as
        apply to a preliminary objection in the nature of a demurrer:

        All material facts set forth in the complaint as well as all
        inferences reasonably deducible therefrom are admitted as
        true for the purpose of this review. The question presented
        by the demurrer is whether on the facts averred the law says
        with certainty that no recovery is possible. Where a doubt
        exists as to whether a demurrer should be sustained, this
        doubt should be resolved in favor of overruling it.

Id. at 463 n.2 (quotation marks and citations omitted).

      Within Appellant’s complaint, Appellant alleges that DFA is liable for the

harm done to him, as DFA furnished alcohol to Williams for consideration,

while Williams was visibly intoxicated. Appellant concedes that DFA was not

licensed under the Liquor Code and that DFA could not have obtained a license,

under the Liquor Code, for the golf outing. See Appellant’s Brief at 21 (“[i]t

is conceded that DFA is not an ‘eligible entity’ that could have obtained a

license for the [golf outing] and that DFA was not otherwise licensed”).

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Nevertheless, Appellant claims that DFA is still liable for his injuries because:

1) DFA is negligent per se, as it violated the standard set forth in 47 P.S.

§ 4-493(1) by furnishing alcohol to Williams while he was visibly intoxicated;

2) DFA illegally sold alcohol to Williams and thus has “licensee status,” where

it “assumes the same liability exposure as those who are licensed and furnish

alcohol to those it should not;” and, 3) DFA otherwise breached its common

law duty when it provided alcohol to Williams when he was already intoxicated.

We will address Appellant’s claims in the order listed above.

      First, we address Appellant’s claim that the trial court erred when it

granted DFA’s motion for judgment on the pleadings because DFA violated the

standard set forth in 47 P.S. § 4-493(1) and is negligent per se.

      Section 4-493 is entitled “Unlawful acts relative to liquor, malt and

brewed beverages and licensees.” At all relevant times, Section 4-493(1) has

declared:

        § 4-493. Unlawful acts relative to liquor, malt and
        brewed beverages and licensees

        The term “licensee,” when used in this section, shall mean
        those persons licensed under the provisions of Article IV,
        unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

        It shall be unlawful--

        (1) Furnishing liquor or malt or brewed beverages to
        certain persons. For any licensee or the board, or any
        employe, servant or agent of such licensee or of the board,
        or any other person, to sell, furnish or give any liquor or malt
        or brewed beverages, or to permit any liquor or malt or
        brewed beverages to be sold, furnished or given, to any
        person visibly intoxicated, or to any minor: Provided further,

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         That notwithstanding any other provision of law, no cause of
         action will exist against a licensee or the board or any
         employe, servant or agent of such licensee or the board for
         selling, furnishing or giving any liquor or malt or brewed
         beverages or permitting any liquor or malt or brewed
         beverages to be sold, furnished or given to any insane
         person, any habitual drunkard or person of known
         intemperate habits unless the person sold, furnished or given
         alcohol is visibly intoxicated or is a minor.

47 P.S. § 4-493(1).

      Appellant claims that, although Section 4-493(1) is a penal statute, it

establishes a standard of conduct for entities such as DFA, as DFA falls within

Section 4-493(1)’s stated category of “any other person.”          According to

Appellant, since DFA is bound by Section 4-493(1)’s standard, DFA was

negligent per se and violated the standard set forth by the statute when it

“sold, furnished or g[ave]” beer to Williams while he was visibly intoxicated.

This claim fails.

      As we have explained:

         Generally, to prevail in a negligence case, a plaintiff must
         demonstrate the following elements: (1) the defendant owed
         a duty to the plaintiff; (2) the defendant breached that duty;
         (3) a causal relationship between the breach and the
         resulting injury suffered by the plaintiff; and (4) actual loss
         suffered by the plaintiff.

         The concept of negligence per se establishes the elements of
         duty and breach of duty where an individual violates an
         applicable statute, ordinance, or regulation designed to
         prevent a public harm. . . .

         In order to prove a claim based on negligence per se, the
         following four requirements must be met:

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           (1) The purpose of the statute must be, at least in part,
           to protect the interest of a group of individuals, as
           opposed to the public generally;

           (2) The statute or regulation must clearly apply to the
           conduct of the defendant;

           (3) The defendant must violate the statute or regulation;

           (4) The violation of the statute or regulation must be the
           proximate cause of the plaintiff's injuries.

Schemberg v. Smicherko, 85 A.3d 1071, 1073-1074 (Pa. Super. 2014)

(quotation marks and citations omitted).

     In relevant part, Section 4-493(1) makes it unlawful:

        For any licensee or the board, or any employe, servant or
        agent of such licensee or of the board, or any other person,
        to sell, furnish or give any liquor or malt or brewed
        beverages, or to permit any liquor or malt or brewed
        beverages to be sold, furnished or given, to any person
        visibly intoxicated, or to any minor.

47 P.S. § 4-493(1).

     Appellant concedes that DFA is not a “licensee or the board, or any

employe, servant or agent of such licensee or of the board.” See Appellant’s

Brief at 20.   Nevertheless, Appellant claims that DFA falls within Section

4-493(1)’s category of “any other person” – and that DFA is negligent per se,

as it “sold, furnished or g[ave]” beer to Williams when he was visibly

intoxicated. Respectfully, we disagree and, for the reasons that follow, we

conclude that Section 4-493(1) does not apply to DFA, as DFA is a

non-licensee under the Liquor Code. Thus, Appellant’s claim fails.

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     Appellant cites this Court’s 1957 opinion in Commonwealth v.

Randall, 133 A.2d 276 (Pa. Super. 1957), as holding that a non-licensee

(such as DFA) falls within Section 4-493(1)’s category of “any other person.”

See Appellant’s Brief at 17.    We agree with Appellant’s interpretation of

Randall; however, we observe that, in the civil context, our Supreme Court

did not follow Randall in its subsequent opinion in Manning v. Andy, 310

A.2d 75 (Pa. 1973) – and, in Manning, our Supreme Court held that the

statutory phrase “any other person” did not encompass non-licensees.

     In Randall, “a party was held in defendant Randall's home, in the

course of which some of the six minor children, whose ages ranged from 12

to 17 years, were served beer, whiskey and vodka.” Randall, 133 A.2d at

279. The defendant was charged with and convicted of violating the criminal

statute of 47 P.S. § 4-493(1). At the time, the statute declared:

        It shall be unlawful (1) For any licensee or the board, or any
        employe, servant or agent of such licensee or of the board,
        or any other person, to sell, furnish or give any liquor or malt
        or brewed beverages, or to permit any liquor or malt or
        brewed beverages to be sold, furnished or given, to any
        person visibly intoxicated, or to any insane person, or to any
        minor, or to habitual drunkards, or persons of known
        intemperate habits.

Id. at 277, quoting 47 P.S. § 4-493(1) (1951).

     On appeal, the defendant argued “that under the ejusdem generis rule,

the words ‘any other person’ refer to persons in the same class as those

enumerated, i.e., licensees or board or any employe, servant or agent of

licensee or the board.” Randall, 133 A.2d at 281. According to the defendant

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in Randall, since he was a non-licensee and did not fall within any of the

specified classes, he could not be convicted of violating Section 4-493(1). Id.

We rejected this claim and held:

            We think that the legislature in using the words ‘or any other
            person’ deliberately selected these words in order to prohibit
            minors, visibly intoxicated persons, insane persons, habitual
            drunkards, and persons of known intemperate habits, from
            obtaining liquor, malt or brewed beverages, whether by
            purchase or gift, from licensees or any other persons. The
            intention of the legislature to protect the classes of persons
            named is the underlying consideration. If we were to restrict
            this section of the Act to ‘licensees' or their ‘servants, agents
            or employes,’ we would nullify the very purpose of the Act.

Id. at 282 (some quotation marks omitted).

       In contrast to Randall, Manning was a civil case. In Manning, the

plaintiff    filed   a   complaint,    sounding     in   negligence,    against   his

defendant-employers.         He alleged that he and a fellow-employee, named

Walters, had been at a company party, where the defendant-employers “did

furnish or supply intoxicating liquors or beverages which were consumed by

[Walters] . . . and did continue to furnish intoxicating liquors or beverages to

[Walters] when he was in a state of visible intoxication.” Manning, 310 A.2d

at 75.      The plaintiff claimed that, after he and Walters left the party, he

sustained injuries “in an automobile accident caused by [Walters], who was

under the influence of liquor.” Id.

       The defendant-employers filed a preliminary objection in the nature of

a demurrer and argued that the complaint did not state a viable cause of

action. See Manning v. Andy, 51 Pa. D. & C.2d 324 (Ct. Com. Pl. 1970). In

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response, the plaintiff filed a petition to amend his complaint to allege that

the defendant-employers were negligent per se for violating 47 P.S.

§ 4-493(1). At the time, the statute provided:

        it shall be unlawful for any licensee or the board, or any
        employe, servant or agent of such licensee or of the board,
        or any other person to sell, furnish or give any liquor or malt
        or brewed beverages, or to permit any liquor or malt or
        brewed beverages to be sold, furnished or given to any
        person visibly intoxicated, or to any insane person, or to any
        minor or to habitual drunkards or persons of known
        intemperate habits.

Id. at 325, quoting 47 P.S. § 4-493(1) (1951).

      The trial court explained the legal theory which motivated the plaintiff

to amend his complaint:

        While defendants were not licensees, plaintiff seeks to
        establish by his proposed amendment that they fall within the
        clause “or any other person” and thus that [defendants]
        violated a law of the Commonwealth when they gave liquor
        to a visibly intoxicated person. This would be sufficient to
        impute negligent conduct to defendants and thus, according
        to plaintiff's argument, his complaint would state a cause of
        action.

Manning, 51 Pa. D. & C.2d at 325-326.

      The trial court permitted the amendment, but still sustained the

defendant-employers’ preliminary objection in the nature of a demurrer. See

id. at 327; see also Manning, 310 A.2d at 76 n.1.

      In analyzing the defendant-employers’ preliminary objection, the trial

court observed that the question before it was whether “the Liquor Code, when

it prohibits [‘any person’] from giving liquor to a visibly intoxicated person,

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refer[s] to the host at a Christmas party or does it refer only to people engaged

in the liquor business?” Manning, 51 Pa. D. & C.2d at 327-328. The trial

court recognized that Randall answered the question in the criminal context,

as Randall “defined ‘any other person’ to encompass private citizens for

purposes of criminal enforcement.” Id. at 330. Nevertheless, the trial court

professed “great difficulty in extending the act to impose civil liability on

private citizens who serve liquor to their guests.” Id. Further, the trial court

concluded that the legislature did not intend for such a broad, civil application

of Section 4-493(1). The trial court thus sustained the defendant-employers’

preliminary objection and dismissed the plaintiff’s complaint. Id. at 331.

      The plaintiff appealed to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. The Supreme

Court affirmed the trial court and held:

        In dismissing the complaint, the trial court held that no cause
        of action was stated under any theory and specifically held
        that [Section] 493(1) of the Liquor Code, . . . which defines
        certain unlawful conduct, does not impose civil liability upon
        [the defendant-employers].

        We find no error in the trial court's dismissal of [plaintiff’s]
        complaint. Only licensed persons engaged in the Sale of
        intoxicants have been held to be civilly liable to injured
        parties. Jardine v. Upper Darby Lodge No. 1973, 198
        A.2d 550 (Pa. 1964). [Plaintiff] asks us to impose civil
        liability   on     nonlicensed       persons     like     [the
        defendant-employers], who furnish intoxicants for no
        remuneration. We decline to do so. While [plaintiff’s]
        proposal may have merit, we feel that a decision of this
        monumental nature is best left to the legislature.

Manning, 310 A.2d at 76.

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      Manning offers compelling support for the conclusion that DFA, as a

non-licensee, is not subject to the standard applicable to licensees under

Section 4-493(1).   Like today, the version of Section 4-493(1) at issue in

Manning made it unlawful for “any licensee or the board, or any employe,

servant or agent of such licensee or of the board, or any other person” to

“sell, furnish or give” “any liquor or malt or brewed beverages” “to any

person visibly intoxicated.” Compare 47 P.S. § 4-493(1) (1951) with 47

P.S. § 4-493(1) (2017).     It is also important to note that the plaintiff’s

complaint in Manning specifically alleged that the defendant-employers “did

continue to furnish intoxicating liquors or beverages to [Walters] when he was

in a state of visible intoxication.” Manning, 310 A.2d at 75. Finally, although

the Manning Court observed that the liquor was provided for “no

remuneration,” the presence or absence of remuneration is neither relevant

nor dispositive under the plain terms of Section 4-493(1): the statute clearly

prohibits the selling, furnishing, or giving of liquor or beer “to any person

visibly intoxicated.” See 47 P.S. § 4-493(1).

      Simply stated, by holding that the defendant-employers in Manning

could not, as a matter of law, be civilly liable for violating the standard set

forth in Section 4-493(1), the Manning Court, in fact, held that the statutory

phrase “any other person” did not encompass non-licensees. Manning,

310 A.2d at 76 (“[o]nly licensed persons engaged in the Sale of intoxicants

have been held to be civilly liable to injured parties”) (emphasis added).

Certainly, if “any other person” included non-licensees, the Supreme Court

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would have been compelled to reverse the trial court’s grant of a demurrer,

as the plaintiff alleged that the defendant-employers “furnish[ed] intoxicating

liquors or beverages to [Walters] when he was in a state of visible intoxication”

– and Section 4-493(1) clearly prohibits “any other person” from “furnish[ing]

or giv[ing]” liquor or beer “to any person visibly intoxicated.” See 47 P.S.

§ 4-493(1) (1951). Thus, in accordance with Manning, Section 4-493(1)’s

statutory phrase “any other person” excludes non-licensees.4 Manning, 310

A.2d at 76 (“[o]nly licensed persons engaged in the Sale of intoxicants

have been held to be civilly liable to injured parties”) (emphasis added); see

also Congini by Congini v. Portersville Valve Co., 470 A.2d 515, 518 n.3
____________________________________________

4 To be sure, the dissent in Manning chastised the majority for distorting the
plain meaning of the phrase “any other person” and argued that, in Randall,
the Superior Court had correctly interpreted the phrase to include
non-licensees. See Manning, 310 A.2d at 80 (Manderino, J., dissenting)
(declaring: “[t]he reasoning of Randall, as to the meaning of Any other
person is indisputable. . . . Only by a gross [distortion] of the meaning of
language can we interpret Any other person to mean Some but not All
persons”). We further note that, in Bradshaw v. Rawlings, 612 F.2d 135
(3rd Cir. 1979), the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
specifically declared:

       We     read the earlier       [S]uperior   [C]ourt decision of
       [Commonwealth] v. Randall, . . . to be inconsistent with the
       [S]upreme [C]ourt's subsequent decision in Manning v. Andy. .
       . . The [S]uperior [C]ourt had interpreted “or other person” in the
       [Liquor Code] to mean persons other than licensees, their
       servants or employees. Using this interpretation, a private host
       could be held liable under the statute for serving minors. The
       [S]upreme [C]ourt's pronouncement in Manning, however, is
       diametrically opposed to that of the [S]uperior [C]ourt.

Bradshaw, 612 F.2d at 141 n.29.

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(Pa. 1983) (the Pennsylvania Supreme Court declared:                “[i]n Manning v.

Andy, . . . we held that a violation of the Liquor Code could not form

the basis for a cause of action against a non-licensee”) (emphasis

added).

         In the case at bar, Appellant concedes that “DFA is not an ‘eligible entity’

that could have obtained a license for the [golf outing] and that DFA was not

otherwise licensed” under the Liquor Code. Appellant’s Brief at 21. Therefore,

in accordance with Manning, DFA cannot be civilly liable for violating the

standard set forth in Section 4-493(1). Appellant’s first claim on appeal thus

fails.

         Next, Appellant claims, DFA must be viewed as attaining “licensee

status” under Section 4-493(1), as DFA “sold, provided and gave Williams

beer without first obtaining a license.” Appellant’s Brief at 22. According to

Appellant, “[s]ince DFA engaged in the very same conduct permitted by a

licensee, when it was not licensed and violated the law, it should be attributed

with licensee status and assume the same responsibility and liability of a

licensee.” Id.

         Appellant’s   argument     is   based    entirely   upon    Hinebaugh    v.

Pennsylvania Snowseekers Snowmobile Club, 63 Pa. D. & C.4th 140 (Ct.

Com. Pl. 2003), a court of common pleas opinion. In Hinebaugh, the plaintiff

was a member of the defendant snowmobile club. While in the defendant’s

clubhouse, the plaintiff purchased alcohol by using a “punch-out card.” “The

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amount equal to the cost of the drink was punched out when a beverage was

obtained from the bar.” Id. at 143.

      After drinking alcohol in the clubhouse, the plaintiff went for a

snowmobile ride, crashed into a tree, and suffered serious injuries. He sued

the club and claimed that it was negligent per se, as it sold him alcohol while

he was visibly intoxicated in violation of Section 4-493(1). Id. at 143-144.

      The defendant club filed a motion for summary judgment and claimed

that, since it was not a licensed entity under the Liquor Code, it could not be

liable for violating the standard set forth in Section 4-493(1). Id. at 141. The

trial court denied the defendant club’s motion for summary judgment and held

that the club had acquired “licensee status” because “[t]he prepaid punch-card

system created by the defendant club constitute[d] a sale requiring the

defendant club to have procured a license from the Liquor Control Board to so

operate its bar.” Id. at 147. Further, the court held that sufficient evidence

existed that the plaintiff was sold, furnished, or given alcohol while he was

“visibly intoxicated” to survive summary judgment. Id. at 148.

      On appeal, Appellant claims that we should look to Hinebaugh and hold

that DFA “step[ped] into the shoes of a licensee and assume[d] the duty to

protect third parties like [Appellant] and is subject to liability for its breach.”

Appellant’s Brief at 21. We decline to apply Hinebaugh to the case at bar.

At the outset, we are “not bound by decisions of the Court of Common Pleas,

even if directly on point.” Commonwealth v. Peak, 230 A.3d 1220, 1227

n.6 (Pa. Super. 2020) (quotation marks and citations omitted).            Further,

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Hinebaugh relied upon the Randall Court’s expansive definition of “any other

person” in Section 4-493(1) to deny the defendant club’s motion for summary

judgment. See Hinebaugh, 63 Pa. D. & C.4th at 146. As we explained above,

however, in at least the civil context, the Randall Court’s expansive definition

of “any other person” cannot survive after our Supreme Court’s opinion in

Manning. Finally, our Supreme Court in Manning specifically declared that

“[o]nly licensed persons engaged in the Sale of intoxicants have been held to

be civilly liable to injured parties” and cautioned that expanding civil liability

beyond this point is “a decision of [] monumental nature [that] is best left to

the legislature.”   Manning, 310 A.2d at 76.       We thus decline Appellant’s

invitation to expand Section 4-493(1)’s civil reach beyond the perimeters

established by Manning.

      Finally, Appellant claims that DFA otherwise breached its common law

duty by providing alcohol to Williams when he was already intoxicated. See

Appellant’s Brief at 22-24.

      In Klein v. Raysinger, 470 A.2d 507 (Pa. 1983), our Supreme Court

held that, at common law, a social host is not liable for serving alcoholic

beverages to a guest:

        in the case of an ordinary able bodied man it is the
        consumption of the alcohol, rather than the furnishing of the
        alcohol, which is the proximate cause of any subsequent
        occurrence. This is in accord with the recognized rule at
        common law. We agree with this common law view, and
        consequently hold that there can be no liability on the part of
        a social host who serves alcoholic beverages to his or her
        adult guests.

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Klein, 470 A.2d at 510-511 (citations omitted).

      According to Appellant, the common law rule expressed in Klein does

not apply to this case, as Appellant averred in his complaint that DFA received

remuneration for the alcohol that it provided to Williams. Appellant observes

that, in Kapres v. Heller, 640 A.2d 888 (Pa. 1994), our Supreme Court

defined the “social host doctrine” as:

        a general phrase used to designate a claim in negligence
        against a person (the host) who provides alcoholic beverages
        to another (the guest), without remuneration, where the
        guest then sustains injuries, or causes injury to a third person
        as a result of his intoxicated condition. The theory is that the
        host should be liable for the injuries as he is the person who
        furnished the intoxicating beverages.

Kapres, 640 A.2d at 889 n.1.

      Appellant claims that, under the above definition, “DFA cannot be

considered a social host when it received remuneration in exchange for the

provision or furnishing of alcohol.” Appellant’s Brief at 26. We disagree.

      Within Appellant’s complaint, Appellant specifically averred that, “[a]s a

prerequisite and condition for participation in the [golf outing, DFA] required

[its] employees to make a monetary contribution to offset costs and

expenses related to or associated with the [outing,] including . . . those

for greens fees, food and alcohol.”       Appellant’s Complaint, 9/1/15, at ¶ 9

(emphasis added).     According to Appellant, after Williams paid DFA the

requisite monetary contribution, DFA purchased the greens fees, food, and

alcohol for the outing. Id. at ¶ 10-11.

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      As the trial court correctly held, the averments in Appellant’s complaint

render this case akin to Brandjord v. Hopper, 688 A.2d 721 (Pa. Super.

1997), which dealt with the collective purchase of alcohol by a group.       In

Brandjord, defendant James Punch and his three friends collectively

purchased and drank beer together.       When Punch was driving his friends

home, Punch struck the plaintiff with his van and caused the plaintiff to suffer

serious injuries. Id. at 722.

      The plaintiff sued Punch’s three friends for negligence. The trial court

granted the three defendants’ motions for summary judgment and the plaintiff

appealed to this Court. Among his claims on appeal, the plaintiff contended

that the three defendants were not social hosts because they “shared with

Punch in the purchase, transportation, and consumption of alcohol.” Id. at

726. We rejected this claim and held:

        the principle enunciated in Klein . . is not limited merely to
        protect hosts of parties. Our [S]upreme [C]ourt stated in
        Klein, “in the case of an ordinary able bodied man it is the
        consumption of the alcohol, rather than the furnishing of the
        alcohol, which is the proximate cause of any subsequent
        occurrence.” Klein, 470 A.2d at 510. Here, Punch chose to
        drink and chose to drive. These actions caused [plaintiff’s]
        injuries.

Id.; see also Commonwealth v. Peters, 2 Pa.Super. 1 (Pa. Super. 1898)

(where three individuals pooled money to purchase a bottle of whiskey, the

actual purchaser of the whiskey could not be convicted of unlawfully “selling”

the whiskey to the other two; the Court noted: “One of the three, to effectuate

the common purpose, acting for himself and the others and at their request,

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makes the purchase, pays the price and brings the article to a place appointed.

The three, thereupon recognizing each other's rights in the thing purchased,

jointly use it as their own. How can any one of the three be deemed the vendor

of the others, or either of them?”).

      Under the concept of a collective purchase, as applied in Brandjord and

Peters, the presence of remuneration will not defeat the rule adopted by our

Supreme Court in Klein, which holds that the conduct of a social host who

furnishes alcohol to an adult is not the proximate cause of a subsequent

occurrence. Here, Appellant specifically averred that Williams paid DFA “to

offset costs and expenses related to or associated with the [outing,] including

. . . those for greens fees, food and alcohol.” Appellant’s Complaint, 9/1/15,

at ¶ 9. DFA then utilized the collected money from all participants to pay for

all participants’ “greens fees, food and alcohol.” Id. at ¶¶ 10-11. As the trial

court ably explained, “[t]his type of collective fee does not qualify as

remuneration and fails to place DFA in the position of being a licensee. Hence,

DFA was a social host [and] . . . cannot be held liable for a claim of common

law negligence as stated in Klein.” Trial Court Opinion, 1/15/21, at 13.

      We agree with the trial court’s able conclusion. Thus, Appellant’s final

claim on appeal fails.

      Order affirmed. Jurisdiction relinquished.

      Judge Musmanno joins.

      Judge Nichols concurs in the result.

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 12/17/2021

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