Court Opinion

ID: 4593133
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-20 19:10:08.180834+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:50:59.957719
License: Public Domain

E. K. WOOD LUMBER COMPANY, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.E. K. Wood Lumber Co. v. CommissionerDocket Nos. 23605, 24156.United States Board of Tax Appeals25 B.T.A. 1013; 1932 BTA LEXIS 1438; March 28, 1932, Promulgated 1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1438  1.  Where oral negotiations for sale of timber land were commenced in 1917, followed by correspondence indicating further negotiations, the petitioner's board of directors authorized execution of deed on December 31, 1917, and deed was acknowledged and delivered and entire purchase price paid on January 2, 1918, as previously agreed, held, for income-tax purposes, the sale was completed in 1918.  2.  Current profits, or profits earned during the taxable year, are not includable in invested capital for such year.  3.  Held that the transfer of property on which petitioner claims a loss was a bona fide sale.  4.  The amounts by which the basis should be reduced on account of depreciation on buildings and personal property determined for purpose of computing loss sustained upon the sale thereof.  5.  Where, under rules of property established by state court decisions, no title, legal or equitable, passed to purchaser under conditional sales contracts, held, there was no sale in 1920, the year such contracts were entered into, from which it can be held that petitioner derived taxable income.  6.  It not appearing that the petitioner had overpaid its taxes for the1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1439  year 1918, the respondent did not err in refusing to increase invested capital for 1920 on account of alleged overpayment of taxes for the year 1918.  Joseph Nievinski, Esq., H. W. B. Taylor, Esq., and C. S. Cowan, C.P.A., for the petitioner.  J. E. Marshall, Esq., for the respondent.  MCMAHON 25 B.T.A. 1013">*1014  These are proceedings, duly consolidated for hearing and decision, for the redetermination of deficiencies in income and profits taxes - in Docket No. 24156, for the year 1918 in the amount of $13,610.77, and in Docket No. 23605, for the year 1920 in the amount of $32,299.45.  In Docket No. 24156 the petitioner alleges that the respondent erred: (1) In including in income for the year 1918 the amount of $43,222.50 profit on the sale of certain timber to Wilson Brothers & Company; and in failing to include the profit on this sale in invested capital for the year 1918; (2) In failing to allow a deduction of $25,778.29 due to loss by fire, sale and abandonment of certain retail lumber yards; (3) In failing to allow petitioner to have its tax computed under sections 327 and 328 of the Revenue Act of 1918; (4) In including in taxable income1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1440  for 1918 exempt dividends in the amount of $2,183 and exempt interest on obligations of the United States in the amount of $5,432.40.  In Docket No. 23605 the petitioner alleges that the respondent erred: (1) In determining the amount of profit realized upon the sale of timber to the Schafer Brothers Logging Company and including in income for the year 1920 an anticipated profit thereon in the 25 B.T.A. 1013">*1015  amount of $69,564.47, and also in determining the amount of profit realized upon the sale of timber to the Wynooche Timber Company and including in income an anticipated profit thereon in the amount of $57,300.50; (2) In disallowing a loss of $52,745.59 on the sale of the Burrows Bay Mill site; (3) In refusing to allow a certain deduction under section 23 of the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 in the amount of $71,228.02; (4) In failing to allow proper deduction with respect to the sale of certain vessel shares; (5) In failing to include in invested capital taxes overpaid for the year 1918; (6) In including in income for the year 1920 exempt dividends in the amount of $1,847 and exempt interest on obligations of the United States in the amount of $267.33; (7) In failing1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1441  to include in invested capital for 1920 appreciation over the March 1, 1913, value realized by the sale of timber in 1920 in the amounts of $35,209.15 and $46,659.28; (8) In capitalizing certain expenses of operating the schooner Vigilant in the amount of $5,148.66; (9) In failing to allow a deduction of $10,223.01 for loss sustained in the wreck of the steamer Tamalpais.FINDINGS OF FACT.  The petitioner, the E. K. Wood Lumber Company, was organized under the laws of the State of California on February 5, 1895.  It was engaged in buying and selling timber and lumber.  It operated logging mills at Bellingham and Hoquiam, Washington, and planing mills at Oakland, San Pedro and Los Angeles, California.  During the years in question the petitioner kept its books and accounts upon the accrual basis.  During 1918, 1919 and 1920 Fred J. Wood was the president of the petitioner.  His duties consisted also of managing the mill at Bellingham and looking after other interests of the petitioner.  In 1911 Fred J. Wood purchased property in Skagit County, Fidalgo Island, in the State of Washington.  He continued to purchase other property adjacent to this property until he1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1442  had a considerable tract of land, known as the Burrows Bay Mill site, containing approximately 600 acres.  This mill site was on a strait which connected with the Sound.  There were no steamships or railroad lines in this locality and logs were rafted and floated on the water.  There were a number of other lumber plants in the vicinity, but no mills of any kind upon the same side of the island as this site.  The nearest tract of land owned by the petitioner in 1919 was about 50 25 B.T.A. 1013">*1016  miles away.  From 1911 to January 22, 1919, Wood expended on this site $48,895.95.  This included the purchase price of the land, cost of clearing the land, equipment, livestock and other expenses.  He cultivated a part of the property, but this venture did not prove profitable.  On January 22, 1919, the lumber business was in a good condition and Wood offered to sell the property to the petitioner at what it had cost him.  The minutes of the meeting of the board of directors of the petitioner of January 22, 1919, contain the following: RESOLVED, That we purchase from F. J. Wood the property both real and personal together with all rights and leases, known as the Anacortes or Burrows Bay Mill1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1443  Site comprising approximately five hundred acres for sixty thousand (60,000) dollars, payment to be made iv liberty bonds.  The directors transferred to Fred J. Wood Liberty bonds of the par value of $60,000.  This was to reimburse him for the amounts expended on the property and interest thereon.  Thirty thousand dollars par value of these bonds were of the third issue and $30,000 par value were of the fourth issue.  The quotations on these bonds on January 22, 1919, and January 24, 1919, were as follows: HighLowLast saleJanuary 22, 1919Third 4 1/4s, 192895 30/3295 24/3295 26/32Fourth 4 1/4s, 1933-193894 30/3294 26/3294 28/32January 24, 1919Third 4 1/4s, 192894 19/3295 11/3295 16/32Fourth 4 1/4s, 1933-193894 19/3294 7/3294 16/32Interest accrued on these bonds up to the date of their transfer to Wood amounted to $775.60, which amount Wood credited to the account of the petitioner on his books.  Wood and his wife, Anna B. Wood, executed a deed covering this property and delivered it to the petitioner in January, 1919.  The deed was held in San Francisco and was never recorded.  In the latter part of 1920, 1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1444  the condition of the lumber market was bad.  At a meeting held by the directors of the petitioner in San Francisco in December, 1920, the directors voted to sell the same property back to Wood for $5,000.  The minutes of the directors' meeting for December 27, 1920, contain the following: WHEREAS we have given up the idea of erecting a sawmill as we do not consider conditions warrant the expenditure of a sum required for such purpose, and that we have no further use for the property in our business.  Now be it RESOLVED, That this Corporation does hereby authorize the sale of the above land known as the Anacortes, or Burrows Bay Mill Site, both real and personal 25 B.T.A. 1013">*1017  property together with all rights and leases, to F. J. Wood for the sum of $5,000.00, and INASMUCH as the deed from F. J. WOOD to the E. K. WOOD LUMBER COMPANY was never recorded, same is hereby returned, making it unnecessary to prepare new deed.  Fred J. Wood paid $5,000 to petitioner for the property.  The deed which Wood had executed and delivered to the petitioner in 1919 was returned to him.  The minutes of the meeting of the board of directors of petitioner of January 15, 1923, contain the following: 1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1445  RESOLVED, That this corporation purchase from F. J. Wood the mill site property Anacortes, Washington, for the sum of Nine Thousand ($9,000.00) dollars.  Further resolved, That F. J. Wood, President of this Company be, and he hereby is, authorized to cause a saw-mill to be built on said mill site at Anacortes, for this Company, upon the plans therefor out-lined by him.  As a matter of fact the petitioner paid the amount of $9,100.36, which was arrived at by adding to the $5,000 paid by Wood for the property in 1920, the amount of $4,100.36 which had been expended by Wood on the property between 1920 and 1923.  A check for $9,000 dated January 20, 1923, from the E. K. Wood Lumber Company to Fred J. Wood was given and the remainder of the purchase price, $100.36, was paid by check on April 11, 1923.  In connection with this transaction, in about the forepart of February, 1923, Wood took the deed which he had originally executed in 1919 to the office of his attorneys at Bellingham, Washington, and instructed them to prepare a new deed following the description of the property in the old deed.  A quitclaim deed was prepared, executed by Wood and his wife and delivered to the petitioner. 1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1446  This deed covered only the real estate itself.  Although a search was made prior to the hearing, the former deed of 1919 was not found in Wood's personal files or in the files of his attorneys.  Immediately after the transfer in 1923 petitioner began the construction of a mill upon this site, at an approximate cost of $1,000,000.  At the time of the transfer of the mill site to the petitioner in the early part of 1919, the following building were located upon the property: One small frame building, practically a wreck, which was an old building in 1906 and was worth not more than $25 at the time of the sale.  One old railroad station that had been built about 1890 and abandoned soon thereafter.  It had no useful value.  One old hotel building that had been built in the early 90's having a value of $200.  A barn and 2 silos built and completed on June 25, 1918, at a cost of $4,000 and having a useful life of 20 years.  25 B.T.A. 1013">*1018  There was some equipment, consisting of a lot of harness, wagons and farm implements; and other personal property, consisting of a donkey engine, one Buick automobile, one Ford truck, and one Ford tractor.  The value of all this property was1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1447  $1,500 in January, 1919.  It had been purchased during the year 1911 and following years at a cost of $3,251.  The principal value of the mill site attached to the land and the mile of water front.  Prior to the execution of the first deed in 1919, the petitioner had the title examined, but it was not examined thereafter, either for Wood or for the petitioner.  The books of account of the petitioner show that taxes for the year 1919 on the Burrows Bay Mill site in the amount of $731.34 were paid on March 12, 1920, by the petitioner, The taxes for the year 1920 in the amount of $796.12 were paid by the petitioner on March 15, 1921, but Wood credited petitioner's account in his books of account with the amount on March 22, 1921, and taxes for the year 1921 in the amount of $729.81 were paid by Wood on March 8, 1922.  The petitioner claimed as a deduction a loss on the sale in 1920, measured by the difference between its cost to the petitioner in January, 1919, less depreciation of the physical properties and the selling price in December, 1920.  The respondent disallowed the claimed deduction in the deficiency letter, with the following statement: The loss claimed by reason1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1448  of the sale of the Burrows Bay site to F. J. Wood is disallowed as the transaction is deemed not to be a bona fide sale.  Loss disallowed$52,745.59Fred J. Wood and his relatives owned between 85 and 90 per cent of the stock of the petitioner during the years 1919 and 1920.  The directors of the petitioner during the years in question were Fred J. Wood, W. T. Wood, C. A. Thayer, U. G. Richards, R. H. Thayer, and O. M. Kellogg.  C. A. Thayer is an uncle, W. T. Wood is a brother, and R. H. Thayer is a cousin of Fred J. Wood.  U. G. Richards is not a relative of Wood.  Prior to 1917 the petitioner had had a great many transactions with a copartnership known as Wilson Brothers & Company, hereinafter referred to as the partnership.  The partnership was composed of the Charles R. Wilson Estate, Inc., Henry A. Wilson, and A. B. Johnson.  It operated a lumber mill at Aberdeen, Washington.  Both the petitioner and the partnership purchased lumber from each other and chartered space on boats belonging to each other.  A. B. Johnson was general manager of the pertnership in 1917 and with the other partners was in charge of buying lumber and timber lands.  25 B.T.A. 1013">*1019 1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1449  Negotiations for the sale to the partnership of lands and timber in sections 28 and 34 in Lewis County, Washington, owned by petitioner originated between John H. Wilson, of the partnership, and O. M. Kellogg, of petitioner, in the State of Washington.  The partnership had contracts with the Government for timber and needed this property to obtain the necessary timber to carry out these contracts.  The price originally fixed by petitioner was $180,000.  The negotiations were continued at San Francisco, California, between A. B. Johnson of the partnership and C. A. Thayer of the petitioner.  A cruise was made by a timber cruiser, named Noble, prior to July 1, 1917, in order to determine the footage of lumber on the tract.  It was found that the footage of lumber had been overestimated.  On December 4, 1917, A. B. Johnson and C. A. Thayer agreed upon a price of $136,000.  Johnson at the time stated that he would notify his people at Grays Harbor, Washington, that the bargain for the timber had been closed and that they could go ahead and begin a survey for a railroad; that the partnership would pay the purchase price on January 2, 1918, because the funds to be used therefor were on1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1450  savings deposit, and interest at 4 per cent for a period of five months would be lost if withdrawn prior to that date, to which C. A. Thayer acceded.  A letter was written by Johnson and five letters were written by C. A. Thayer upon the subject, petitioner's Exhibits 25 and 28, and respondent's Exhibits A, B, C, D, and E, respectively, and are lengthy and need not be set forth in full.  But one of these, Exhibit 28, passed between the parties to the transaction.  No one of them contains a complete description of the property together with the terms and conditions of the sale.  After the negotiations and some time during December, 1917, the partnership had the title to the property examined.  John C. Hogan, its attorney, made a report by letters dated December 18, 1917, and December 20, 1917, to the effect that the title, except for some minor details, was satisfactory, particularly in view of the fact that the petitioner would execute a warranty deed.  On December 31, 1917, at a meeting of the board of directors of the petitioner, the following resolution was adopted: RESOLVED, That the Vice President and Secretary of this corporation be and are hereby authorized to execute1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1451  a warranty deed to the following described real property, situate, lying and being in County of Lewis, State of Washington, to-wit: [description omitted] for the sum of one hundred and thirty six thousand ($136,000) dollars.  Pursuant to the resolution of the board of directors a deed, dated December 31, 1917, from the petitioner to the partnership was executed, 25 B.T.A. 1013">*1020  and acknowledged before a notary on January 2, 1918.  This deed was delivered to the partnership on January 2, 1918, and at that time the purchase price of $136,000 was paid.  The books of the petitioner show that on January 2, 1918, $136,000 was received and credited to the timber account.  John Wilson, from the Aberdeen office f the partnership, in December, 1917, instructed Dan McGillicuddy, general superintendent of logging of the partnership, that purchase had been made of petitioner's land and timber and to open it up as soon as possible.  Acting on these instructions McGillicuddy employed 40 or 50 additional men.  The partnership in 1917 was conducting logging operations in sections 24, 26 and 27 in Lewis County, Washington.  The end of the partnership's main reilroad was located about the middle, 1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1452  near the north line, of the southwest quarter of section 27, which section is east of section 28 and north of section 34, in which the land of petitioner was located.  Four men under supervision of McGillicuddy began surveying to extend the railroad line.  Final location for a railroad going south through section 27 and through section 34 through and over petitioner's property to the south line of section 34 had been completed and the final location going west through section 27 and through section 28 north of the southeast quarter of section 28, owned by petitioner, to and near the center of the east line of the south half of the northwest quarter of section 28, had been completed about the middle of January, 1918, when McGillicuddy left to enter the United States Army.  The making of a final location consists of surveying the line for the proposed railroad and placing stakes to indicate the line, cuts and fills, so that the construction crew can proceed with the construction of the road bed and the railroad.  The gang of 40 or 50 additional men were employed in constructing the railroad along the two lines surveyed in section 27 to reach petitioner's land in sections 28 and 34.  1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1453  The fair market value on March 1, 1913, of the land and timber owned by petitioner on that date and included in the sale of the partnership was $92,978.  The cost of the land and timber purchased in the year 1917 and included in the sale to the partnership was $2,600.  A written contract dated July 12, 1920, for the purchase of land and timber by the Wynooche Timber Company from petitioner, and a written contract dated April 21, 1920, for the purchase of timber by Schafer Bros. Logging Company from petitioner (petitioner's Exhibits 22 and 21, respectively), were duly entered into by the respective parties.  They are lengthy and need not be set forth in full.  25 B.T.A. 1013">*1021  Notes provided for in the Wynooche Timber Company contract were paid on the following dates and in the following amounts: Note No.AmountDate paid1$10,500Sept. 22, 1920210,500Oct. 27, 1920310,500Apr. 13, 1921410,500June 24, 1921510,500July 27, 19216$10,500July 27, 1921710,500Oct. 3, 1921810,500Oct. 3, 1921910,500Feb. 17, 19221010,500Mar. 21, 1922The fair market value on March 1, 1913, of the land and timber sold to the Wynooche1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1454  Timber Company was $82,699.50.  Notes provided for in the Schafer Bros. Logging Company contract were paid as follows: No. 1, October 20, 1920; No. 2, April 21, 1921; No. 3, October 21, 1921; No. 4, April 21, 1922; and No. 5, September 30, 1922.  The fair market value on March 1, 1913, of the land and timber sold to the Schafter Bros. Logging Company was $110,435.53.  In 1918 the petitioner received dividends amounting to $2,183 and interest from United States obligations amounting to $20,560.17.  Interest exempt from all taxes amounted to $5,432.40, leaving $15,127.77 subject to excess-profits taxes.  The respondent in his computation included the dividends of $2,183 and the exempt interest in the amount of $5,432.40 in taxable income.  In the year 1920 the petitioner received dividends amounting to $1,847 and interest from United States obligations amounting to $13,460.13.  Interest exempt from all taxes amounted to $267.33, leaving $13,192.80 subject to excess-profits taxes.  The respondent in his computation of petitioner's tax liability included the amount of the dividends of $1,847 and the exempt taxes of $267.33 in taxable income.  For the year 1918 the petitioner1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1455  paid excess-profits taxes, war-profits taxes and income taxes in the amounts and on the dates as follows: March 15, 1919$50,097.09Jan. 20, 1921136,051.33Jan. 16, 192170,400.00For the year 1920 the petitioner paid excess-profits taxes, war-profits taxes and income taxes in the amounts and on the dates as follows: March 16, 1921$150,582.39January 16, 192214,400.0025 B.T.A. 1013">*1022  OPINION.  MCMAHON: The petitioner has waived assignments of error numbered 2 and 3 under Docket No. 24156.  The determination of the respondent on those points will therefore not be disturbed.  With regard to assignment of error numbered 4 under Docket No. 24156, the parties have stipulated that the respondent erroneously included in the petitioner's income for 1918 the amount of $2,183, representing dividends, and the amount of $5,432.40, representing interest from United States obligations.  In accordance with the stipulation, adjustment will be made under Rule 50.  The petitioner also waived assignments of error numbered 3, 4, 7 and 8 under Docket No. 23605.  The respondent's determination on those points is therefore approved.  With regard to assignment1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1456  of error numbered 6 under Docket No. 23605, it was stipulated between the parties that the respondent erroneously included in the petitioner's income for 1920 the amount of $1,847 representing dividends, and the amount of $267.37 represeting interest from United States obligations.  Adjustment will be made accordingly under Rule 50.  With regard to assignment of error numbered 9 under Docket No. 23605, it was stipulated between the parties that the petitioner is entitled to a deduction in the amount of $3,392.32 representing petitioner's pro rata part of expenditures incurred in repairing the steamer Tamalpais. Adjustment will be made accordingly under Rule 50.  This leaves in controversy in Docket No. 24156 only assignment of error No. 1, which involves the Wilson Brothers & Company contract.  There also remain for consideration under Docket No. 23605 assignment of error No. 1, involving the sale of timber to the Wynooche Timber Company and the sale to the Schafter Brothers Logging Company, assignment of error No. 2, involving the alleged sale of the Burrows Bay Mill site, and assignment of error No. 5, involving the inclusion in invested capital of 1920 of taxes overpaid1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1457  for 1918.  The first question we will consider is whether the profit from the sale of the land and timber by petitioner to Wilson Bros. & Company (referred to as the partnership) is taxable in the year 1917 or 1918.  The petitioner and the partnership negotiated over a period of time for the sale to the partnership of land and timber owned by the petitioner.  Finally on December 4, 1917, A. B. Johnson of the partnership and C. A. Thayer of the petitioner agreed orally upon the price and time of payment and transfer of property, and Thayer also agreed to permit the partnership to go upon the property for the purpose of beginning a survey for a railroad.  It appears that a 25 B.T.A. 1013">*1023  line was surveyed to and over the property in section 34 and another line surveyed to, but not upon, the property in section 28.  Although additional men were employed to construct the railroad, there is no testimony from which we can determine to what distance or extent the railroad along the two lines was under construction or had been completed.  The deed was acknowledged and delivered and the purchase price paid on January 2, 1918.  The petitioner contends that the sale was complete on December 4, 1917, and1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1458  that the parties intended that from that date the property should be the property of the partnership, whereas the respondent contends that the sale was completed in 1918.  The question to be decided, therefore, is when the sale was consummated, in 1917 or 1918.  The statutes of the State of Washington require that all conveyances of real estate or of any interest therein, and all contracts creating or evidencing any encumbrances upon real estate shall be by deed and that all deeds and voluntary transfers of real estate or any interest therein shall be in writing, signed by the party bound thereby and acknowledged by the party making it before some person authorized by its laws to take acknowledgements of deeds.  Sections 10550 and 10551, Remington's Complied Statutes.  These statutes are a part of the statute of frauds of Washington.  Pacheco v. Mello, 247 Pac.(Wash.) 927; McKay v. Calderwood,37 Wash. 194; 79 P. 629. In the case of Hendry v. Bird,132 Wash. 174; 1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1459 237 P. 317; 240 P. 565, the court stated: Our statute does not go to the question of the enforcement of a contract, but it affects the contract itself.  * * * It is stated in Brown v. Kausche,98 Wash. 470; 167 P. 1075, that: * * * An oral agreement to convey real property under the statute of frauds is void.  Somers Co. v. Pix,75 Wash. 233, 134 P. 932. Previous to 1918 sufficient events had not occurred to satisfy the requirements of these statutes of Washington as construed by these decisions from that state.  As appears from our findings, negotiations for the sale of the timber lands in question were commenced by Wilson of the partnership and Kellogg of the petitioner and were continued by Johnson of the partnership and Thayer of the petitioner.  On December 4, 1917, the latter orally agreed upon the purchase price of $136,000, which had been originally fixed at $180,000 by the petitioner.  They then agreed, at the request of Johnson, that the partnership could enter upon the land for the purpose of making a survey for a railroad.  This was followed by a discussion of the time of payment1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1460  and it was agreed that it would be paid January 2, 1918.  25 B.T.A. 1013">*1024  At the request of Johnson, Thayer referred the matter by letter to Kellogg, who was to take up the matter further with Wilson of the partnership, who was to have the title examined and approve the form of deed.  It appears from the correspondence in evidence that the partnership expected to receive a warranty deed, whereas Thayer did not know what action the petitioner would take in this regard.  (Petitioner's Exhibits 25 and 28 and respondent's Exhibits A, B, C, D and E.) This correspondence left the negotiations open.  The petitioner did not definitely decide to execute a warranty deed until December 31, 1917, at which date the proper officers were authorized by the board of directors of petitioner to execute a warranty deed.  This deed, though dated December 31, 1917, was acknowledged January 2, 1918.  It was delivered January 2, 1918, to the partnership upon the payment of the full purchase price of $136,000 to the petitioner by the partnership; and the payment was credited on that date on the timber account in the books of account of petitioner, which were kept on an accrual basis.  1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1461  In American Land & Inv. Co. v. Commissioner, 40 Fed.(2d) 336, the court stated: * * * The courts have shown a strong tendency to take the view that "the sale" for revenue purposes takes place when the deed is executed and a substantial part of the purchase price is paid.  This was the view taken by this court in Stieff v. Tait (D.C.) 26 F.(2d) 489, affirmed 31 F.(2d) 1920. Likewise, the United States Supreme Court has taken the same view upon a case involving somewhat similar facts.  See Lucas v. North Texas Lumber Co.50 S. Ct. 184, 74 L. Ed. 668, filed Feb. 23, 1930.  * * * No part of the purchase price had been paid until January 2, 1918, upon delivery of the deed to the partnership.  It seems to us that the conclusion is unescapable that at most a mere executory contract existed, under which the parties agreed to close the transaction on January 2, 1918; that the petitioner did not relinquish its possession, but merely permitted the partnership after December 4, 1917, to enter upon the property for the purpose of beginning a survey for a proposed railroad and no more.  Although extra men were employed1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1462  to construct a railroad, there is no evidence that the construction of the railroad was commenced on the land in question prior to January 2, 1918.  In any event, in our opinion, for the purpose of income and profits taxes, the sale of the land and timber by petitioner to Wilson Bros. & Company was not complete and consummated until January 2, 1918, and the determination of the respondent in this regard is approved.  Since the respondent included the profit realized on this sale in income for 1918 instead of 1917, he refused to allow the inclusion 25 B.T.A. 1013">*1025  of such profit in invested capital for 1918.  As we approve the determination of the respondent in including such profit in income for 1918 instead of 1917, we also approve the disallowance of such profit in invested capital for 1918.  Current profits, or profits earned during taxable year, are not includable in invested capital for such year.  Section 326(a)(3), Revenue Act of 1918.  We will next consider the second assignment of error under Docket No. 23605, involving the sale of the Burrows Bay Mill site.  A claimed loss upon the sale of this site was disallowed by the respondent as a deduction from petitioner's gross1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1463  income for 1920, on the ground that the transaction was "deemed not to be a bona fide sale." The facts in this transaction, in brief, are that Fred J. Wood in January, 1919, sold to the petitioner the so-called Burrows Bay Mill site for what it cost him and received Liberty bonds of the par value of $60,000 in payment therefor.  A deed was executed by Wood and his wife and delivered to the petitioner.  Wood testified that he thought this deed was a warranty deed, although he was not positive about that.  This deed was held in the San Francisco office of the petitioner and was not recorded.  The lumber business was in good condition at that time, but this condition thereafter changed for the worse.  Therefore, the petitioner decided not to build a mill on the site and desired to sell the same.  The directors of petitioner, at a directors' meeting held on December 27, 1920, voted to sell the site to Wood for $5,000, the resolution authorizing the sale stating that, inasmuch as the deed from Wood to the petitioner was never recorded, it be returned to Wood, it being unnecessary to prepare a new deed.  The deed was returned to Wood, who kept it in his possession until about the forepart1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1464  of February, 1923.  Wood paid the taxes for 1920 and 1921.  He treated the property as his own.  In 1923 business conditions improved and the petitioner repurchased the site from Fred J. Wood for $5,000 plus $4,100.36 which was expended by Wood on the property between 1920 and 1923.  Wood turned over the unrecorded deed to his attorneys for the purpose of preparing a quitclaim deed to reconvey the site to the petitioner.  Neither Wood nor his attorneys know what became of the deed of 1919, and although search was made it was not found.  Immediately after the transfer the petitioner began the construction of a mill on the site at a cost of approximately $1,000,000.  Fred J. Wood and his relatives owned between 85 and 90 per cent of the stock of the petitioner during the years 1919 and 1920.  There is no evidence whatever in this proceeding that the sale was made to take a loss for income-tax purposes.  In Budd v. Commissioner, 43 Fed.(2d) 509, the Board specifically found that the transfer 25 B.T.A. 1013">*1026  of stock resulting in a loss of $90,000 was made with the purpose on the part of Budd of realizing a loss for the purpose of income taxes.  Nevertheless, the1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1465  court stated: * * * There must be something more than mere suspicion that a perfectly legitimate transaction by men of high and unquestionable integrity was made for the sole purpose of committing a fraud by reducing taxes on account of a loss suffered in the depreciation of stock.  "If the device is carried out by means of legal forms it is subject to no legal censure." United States v. Isham,84 U.S. (17 Wall.) 496, 21 L. Ed. 728. U. G. Richards, who was not related to F. J. Wood by blood or marriage and who is not now connected with the petitioner, but who was in the employ of the petitioner from 1909 until 1922 and served as manager, director and vice president, testified, in answer to the question whether anything was said with reference to creating a loss by the sale of the site to Wood for $5,000 so as to reduce the amount of taxes, that there was no discussion of that kind; that everything was done unanimously, without pressure; and that his vote and representations, and that of the minority stockholders were just as good as those of another, and that he never saw them deviate from that policy.  F. J. Wood testified that there was no discussion of1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1466  the sale being made in order to take a loss for income-tax purposes and that there was no agreement, express or implied, that he would hold the property for the petitioner or that he was under any obligation to resell it to the petitioner.  From the evidence it seems to us that the purchase was actuated by an intention to build a mill on the site.  When this became impracticable because of business conditions, the property was sold back to Wood.  When conditions changed for the better the property was repurchased and the construction of a mill was immediately commenced.  The respondent contends that transactions between a corporation and its stockholders are subject to special scrutiny, citing Frank E. Taplin et al.,12 B.T.A. 1264">12 B.T.A. 1264, in which case a corporation sold to its majority stockholders certain stock at less than one-fourth of its market value, and the Board held that the transaction was not bona fide.  The Circuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit reversed the Board in that proceeding, and in its opinion, 1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1467 Taplin v. Commissioner, 41 Fed.(2d) 454, stated: * * * The transfers to petitioners were in accordance with the arrangement between themselves.  The transaction was never authorized or approved by any corporate action.  The adverse corporate interest was not represented.  Such a deal is subject to severe scrutiny.  [Citing cases.] But it was valid until avoided, * * * 25 B.T.A. 1013">*1027  In this proceeding, the transfer of the property to Wood was authorized by corporate action.  We do not believe that a difference in cost and sale price resulting in a substantial loss standing alone, without other clear and convincing evidence, determines ipso facto a lack of bona fides. See Budd v. Commissioner, supra;Taplin v. Commissioner, supra;David Stewart,17 B.T.A. 604">17 B.T.A. 604; P. P. Griffin,7 B.T.A. 1094">7 B.T.A. 1094. All the witnesses for the petitioner testified frankly and to their best recollection with reference to this transaction.  The respondent introduced no evidence.  Subjecting all the evidence to special and severe scrutiny, we are of the opinion that the sale by the petitioner of this site1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1468  to Wood was bona fide and that, therefore, the petitioner is entitled to deduct in 1920 any loss sustained upon this transaction.  Although the statute of frauds of the State of Washington, heretofore referred to, does not merely affect the remedy, but affects the obligation of the contract within such statute, yet, in our opinion, this transaction is taken out of such statute, since everything was done by the parties to the transaction to transfer possession, title and control except the execution and delivery of a new deed, the petitioner retaining at most the mere naked legal title.  The statute operates on the agreement only while it is executory.  27 C.J. 312-313.  See McKay v. Meyer,103 Wash. 270; 174 P. 13; Hughes v. Eastern R., etc., Co.,93 Wash. 558; 161 P. 343; Gaisell v.Johnston,68 Wash. 470; 123 P. 783; Horr v. Hollis,20 Wash. 424; 55 P. 565. This transaction is clearly distinguishable from the Wilson Brothers & Company transaction in that this transaction constituted an executed contract, while the transaction with Wilson1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1469  Brothers & Company at most constituted merely an executory contract.  In this transaction the parties by performance had put it without their power to avoid the contract or evade its obligations, while, in the former, nothing was done except in a preliminary way to arrange for the closing and consummation of the transaction.  Since the property sold cost the petitioner $60,000 par value of Liberty bonds, $30,000 of the third issue and $30,000 of the fourth issue, which issues had a fair market value at the time of the transfer of $95 21/32 and $94 41/64, respectively, and was sold to Wood for $5,000, the loss upon the transaction is the difference between these amounts reduced by the amount of depreciation sustained during the time the property was owned by the petitioner.  While the second deed executed by Wood and his wife to the petitioner in 1923 did not contain the description of the personal property 25 B.T.A. 1013">*1028  on the premises and although the evidence is not absolutely clear as to whether or not the unrecorded deed contained a description thereof, it is apparent from all the evidence that the personal property and real estate were purchased and sold together and that the1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1470  consideration covered both.  Such personal property, having cost F. J. Wood $3,251 and having a value in January, 1919, of $1,500, is listed in our findings of fact.  From the evidence we can not determine the depreciation sustained upon this personal property during the time it was owned by the petitioner.  We must, therefore, hold that in computing the loss upon the transaction the basis must be reduced by the full value of the personal property, or $1,500.  The basis must be further reduced by the depreciation sustained upon the barn and two silos located thereon, which cost $4,000 in June, 1918, and had a useful life of 20 years.  We have no evidence as to the depreciation sustained upon the small frame building and the old hotel building.  We must, therefore, hold that the full value of these two buildings, $25 and $200, respectively, should be deducted from the basis in determining the loss sustained.  Assignment of error No. 1 under Docket No. 23605 involves the sale of land and timber to the Wynooche Timber Company and the sale of timber to the Schafer Bros. Logging Company.  The petitioner contends that since, under the law of Washington as interpreted by its courts, upon1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1471  a conditional sale in which there is a forfeiture provision the vendor retains the absolute legal title and no right, title or interest passes to the vendee, no taxable profit arose until the petitioner had recovered its capital investment in the property.  Although the Schafer Bros. Logging Company contract is for the sale of standing timber, and not land and timber as is the Wynooche Timber Company contract, this is immaterial, in the consideration of these two contracts together, as a sale of standing timber under the law of the State of Washington is a sale of an interest in land and "partakes of the realty." Beckman v. Brickely, 258 Pac.(Wash.) 488; France v. Deep River Logging Co.,79 Wash. 336; 140 P. 361. These contracts, being for the sale of realty or an interest in realty situated in the State of Washington, are to be construed and interpreted according to the laws of that state.  It is well recognized that rules governing descent, transfer, sale of property, and the rules which in any other way affect the title and the possession thereof are binding upon Federal courts.  1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1472 Kuhn v. Fairmont Coal Co.,215 U.S. 349">215 U.S. 349; Burgess v. Seligman,107 U.S. 20">107 U.S. 20; 25 C.J. 839-84 and cases cited; Ferguson v. Commissioner, 45 Fed.(2d) 573; Poe v. Seaborn,282 U.S. 101">282 U.S. 101. 25 B.T.A. 1013">*1029  The decisions of the courts of the State of Washington with respect to contracts such as are involved in this proceeding, i.e., executory contracts for the sale of land or interest in land containing a forfeiture clause, or its equivalent, are clearly stated and unambiguous.  A leading case is that of Schaefer v. Gregory Co.,112 Wash. 408; 192 P. 968. The court in its opinion states: We come to the conclusion, therefore, that under the well-settled law of this state, the vendee in a forfeitable, executory contract of sale, has no legal or equitable interest in the property, the subject matter of the contract, and, although the contract may be of record, he is not one of the parties necessary to the condemnation proceedings.  Another leading case, which follows the Schaefer case, supra, is 1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1473 Ashford v. Reese,132 Wash. 649; 233 P. 29. The Washington Supreme Court states as follows: * * * In such jurisdictions it had been held that the executory contract of sale created some title or interest in the vendee, either legal or equitable, and that the loss must follow the title or interest; whereas we have consistently held in numerous cases that an executory contract of sale in this state conveys no title or interest, either legal or equitable, to the vendee, and the loss following the title, it must be borne by the vendor.  * * * See Peck v. Farmers, National Bank,137 Wash. 627; 243 P. 861; Surry v. Baker,132 Wash. 188; 231 P. 791; Bank of California v. Clear Lake Lumber Co.,146 Wash. 543; 264 P. 705; and Florence A. Foster,18 B.T.A. 819">18 B.T.A. 819. As in 18 B.T.A. 819">Florence A. Foster, supra, so in this proceeding, under the laws of the state in which the property is situated and the intention of the parties as expressed in the contracts themselves, such contracts are executory contracts for sale and not present1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1474  sales or closed transactions.  In brief, then, under these contracts the petitioner retainec control of the property, the vendees having a mere license thereunder to enter thereon to cut the timber.  Bank of California v. Clear Lake Lumber Co., supra. The petitioner retained equitable title as well as legal title.  If the timber were destroyed without fault of either party, the loss would fall upon the petitioner and the vendees could recover the purchase money paid on the ground of failure of consideration.  All the burdens of ownership were retained by the vendor.  Ashford v. Reese, supra.By the express terms of the contracts and/or the interpretation of and construction placed upon such contracts by the courts of the State of Washington, no title passed to the vendees and would not pass until the purchase price in full had been paid as provided in the contracts.  No deed or other conveyance was executed and by the terms of the contract the vendor was not required to execute and 25 B.T.A. 1013">*1030  deliver a deed or other conveyance until the purchase price had been paid in full in accordance with the terms of the contract.  In the event the1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1475  contract should be rescinded by the vendor upon default in payment of any of the deferred payments, it is obvious that the vendor could not recover the balance due on the notes and it is so stated in the Wynooche contract.  The payment of a part of the purchase price does not take such contract out of the category of executory contracts.  See R. J. Darnell, Inc.,18 B.T.A. 125">18 B.T.A. 125; Biscayne Bay Island Co.,23 B.T.A. 731">23 B.T.A. 731. At the hearing counsel for petitioner stated that he was unable to procure the original notes, and the originals of the notes as executed and delivered were not offered in evidence.  In the photostatic copy of the minutes of the meeting of the petitioner's board of directors of July 12, 1920, there is a copy of a form of promissory note, marked "sample note," which contains the following: This note is given as an evidence of indebtedness for the unpaid balance due on a land purchase contract dated between the E. K. Wood Lumber Company and the Wynooche Timber Company and is subject to all the terms and conditions as regards payment expressed within said contract.  Upon objection being made by counsel for the respondent to the admissibility1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1476  of this form of "sample note," counsel for the petitioner and the respondent stipulated that, for the purposes of this case only, the notes may be considered as not having this condition upon them.  It is elementary that when separate writings are executed between the same parties at the same time, in the course and as parts of the same transaction, they are to be construed as one and the same instrument, and a note and contract, being contemporaneous instruments relating to the same subject matter, should be construed together to determine the liability of the maker of the note.  Davis v. Brown,94 U.S. 423">94 U.S. 423; 24 L. Ed. 204; Nichols v. Lane,192 N.Y.S. 362">192 N.Y.S. 362; People's Bank of Ara v. Rankin, 282 S.W.(Mo.) 91; Farmers Equity Coop. Ass'n of Dresden v. Tice,122 Kan. 127">122 Kan. 127; 251 Pac.421; Williams v. Kessler, 295 S.W.(Mo.App.) 482; Seaman v. McNaman,180 Wis. 609">180 Wis. 609; 193 N.W. 377">193 N.W. 377. Both contracts provide that the notes are to be given merely in evidence of the deferred payments.  The Wynooche contract provides that the notes are to be payable to1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1477  the order of the petitioner at its office in Hoquiam, Washington, while the Schafer contract provides that the notes are to be payable to the petitioner.  If the latter notes were drafted in accordance with the terms of the contract, and there is no evidence that they were not, they would have been nonnegotiable notes because not payable "to the order of" 25 B.T.A. 1013">*1031  or to "bearer." Two of the ten Wynooche Timber Company notes and one of the five notes of the Schafer Bros. Logging Company were paid in 1920 and all the remaining notes were paid in 1921 and 1922, as shown in our findings of fact.  There is no evidence that the notes or any of them under either contract were ever negotiated.  Since the contracts are executory contracts merely and the transactions were not present completed sales, it is obvious that it is immaterial whether the notes were negotiable or not.  It is not necessary, therefore, for us to determine the realizable market value of those notes in 1920.  Were the transactions under these contracts completed sales or closed transactions, it would be necessary so to do, but not in view of our holding.  In 1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1478 Bedell v. Commissioner, 30 Fed.(2d) 622, the court stated: * * * Of course, it is true that an obligation, even a conditional obligation, is in some sense property, and, like anything else that can be transferred, may be said to have a value, but nevertheless payment is made in exchange for title, and will never be made if it is not conveyed.  To apeak of the profit as resulting because its amount can be presently ascertained, though performance remains uncertain, seems to us a perversion of language.  Under the laws of the State of Washington the vendor may not realize the profits anticipated under such a contract.  Although the petitioner received payments on the contracts it does not necessarily follow that such receipts are income or profit for income-tax purposes.  See Burnet v. Logan,283 U.S. 404">283 U.S. 404. We therefore hold that the respondent erred in holding that petitioner derived in 1920 any taxable income from either the Wynooche Timber Company contract or the Schafer Bros. Logging Company contract.  With respect to error No. 5 under Docket No. 23605, since recomputation of the 1918 tax will result in a deficiency, though less in1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1479  amount than heretofore determined by the respondent, and as the petitioner has only paid the tax as originally assessed for that year, we approve the action of the respondent assigned therein as error.  Reviewed by the Board.  Judgment will be entered under Rule 50.SMITH concurs in the result.  STERNHAGEN dissents.  TRAMMELL TRAMMELL, dissenting: I am unable to agree with the reasoning which sustains the loss on the Burrows Bay Mill site.  While a corporation may legitimately distribute or sell any asset to its stockholders, I do not believe that it can take a loss on account of selling an asset to a stockholder in control of the corporation, unless it 25 B.T.A. 1013">*1032  sells it at a fair market value.  Otherwise, a corporation might sell an asset to its stockholders for $10,000 which cost it $100,000, although it has a market value even in excess of cost, and take a loss.  The record in my opinion is not sufficient to show that the market value was considered in the sale to Woods.  It this principle is not followed there is nothing to prevent a corporation whose stock is closely held from taking mere arbitrary losses at will.  The real question is where the burden1932 BTA LEXIS 1438">*1480  of proof lies.  My view is that the burden is on the taxpayer to show that it is entitled to the deduction and that this burden did not shift to the respondent when evidence of the sale was introduced.  The testimony in the record is not sufficient.