Court Opinion

ID: 4093724
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-10-28 22:06:09.108149+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:36:49.419070
License: Public Domain

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                         Illinois Official Reports                      Reporter of Decisions
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                                 Appellate Court                        Date: 2016.10.26
                                                                        14:32:48 -05'00'

                  Yoon Ja Kim v. Song, 2016 IL App (1st) 150614-B

Appellate Court     YOON JA KIM, KWANG LIM RAH, JOHN KIM, KEVIN CHO,
Caption             YOUNG PARK, and HYON AI KIM, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v.
                    JAMES JH SONG and WAN HWI LEE, Defendants-Appellees.

District & No.      First District, First Division
                    Docket No. 1-15-0614

Filed               August 8, 2016

Decision Under      Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 13-L-009444; the
Review              Hon. Margaret Ann Brennan, Judge, presiding.

Judgment            Affirmed.

Counsel on          Soon Mo Ahn, of Glenview, for appellants.
Appeal
                    Collins Bargione & Vuckovich, of Chicago (George B. Collins and
                    Kathryne R. Hayes, of counsel), for appellees.

Panel               JUSTICE HARRIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                    Justices Cunningham and Connors concurred in the judgment and
                    opinion.
                                                OPINION

¶1        Plaintiffs brought suit against defendants seeking to recover damages and to rescind
     certain stock purchase transactions, alleging that defendants made false oral representations
     about the stock and the corporation. The circuit court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss
     the complaint pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS
     5/2-615 (West 2012)) and allowed plaintiffs to amend their complaint. Plaintiffs
     subsequently filed a first amended verified complaint alleging, inter alia, that defendants
     committed common-law fraud (count I), violations of the Illinois Securities Law of 1953
     (815 ILCS 5/1 et seq. (West 2012)) (count III), and violations of Regulation D (see 17 C.F.R
     § 230.500 et seq. (2012)) (count IV). Defendants filed a section 2-615 motion to dismiss all
     of the counts in the amended complaint, which the court granted. Plaintiffs were given leave
     again to amend the complaint but declined to do so. Only the claims set forth under counts I,
     III, and IV of the first amended verified complaint are at issue in this appeal.
¶2        On April 25, 2016, this court filed an opinion affirming the trial court’s judgment in part
     but reversing the dismissal of count I of plaintiffs’ complaint alleging common-law fraud.
     Defendants filed a petition for rehearing, arguing that plaintiffs’ claim for common-law fraud
     cannot stand in light of the nonreliance clause in the agreement. This court granted the
     petition and requested supplemental briefing by the parties. In their supplemental answer,
     plaintiffs for the first time alleged that defendants were not in an employment or agency
     relationship with American Metro Bancorp, Inc. (AMB).1 A party cannot raise new issues in
     a petition for rehearing. People v. McNeal, 405 Ill. App. 3d 647, 682 (2010) (citing Ill. S. Ct.
     R. 341(h)(7) (eff. July 1, 2008)). Therefore, we do not consider plaintiffs’ new argument or
     any material not contained in the record below upon rehearing. For the following reasons, we
     now affirm the trial court’s dismissal of counts I, III, and IV.

¶3                                          BACKGROUND
¶4                                     A. The Original Complaint
¶5       On August 22, 2013, the two original plaintiffs in this action, Yoon Ja Kim (Yoon) and
     Kwang Lim Rah (Rah), filed a verified seven-count complaint against defendants, James Jh
     Song (Song) and Wan Hwi Lee (Lee). The various common-law and statutory claims
     asserted in the complaint purported to stem from a stock offering and plaintiffs’ purchases of
     shares in the stock. Plaintiffs alleged that defendants solicited them to purchase shares of
     stock in AMB, an Illinois corporation doing business as American Metro Bank in Chicago,
     for the purpose of acquiring a controlling interest in AMB to set up a new Korean bank.
     Plaintiffs further averred that they tendered separate payments to defendants for shares of the
     AMB stock and their proportionate share of attorney fees that defendants claimed would be
     necessary to the Korean bank project. According to the allegations in the complaint,
     defendants made oral representations to plaintiffs that defendants knew to be false and
     omitted or concealed information that should have been disclosed to plaintiffs. In response,
     defendants filed a section 2-615 motion to dismiss the complaint. The circuit court granted

         1
          Defendants filed a motion to strike the exhibits plaintiffs attached to support their new argument,
     as these exhibits were not part of the record below, and to strike any reference to the exhibits or new
     argument in plaintiffs’ answer. Defendant’s motion is taken with the case.

                                                    -2-
       this motion but allowed Yoon and Rah to replead the complaint and to include additional
       plaintiffs.

¶6                                B. First Amended Verified Complaint
¶7         On March 27, 2014, Yoon and Rah filed a first amended verified complaint and added
       the following as plaintiffs in the suit: John Kim (Kim), Kevin Cho (Cho), Young Park (Park),
       and Hyon Ai Kim (Hyon). According to the first amended verified complaint,2 defendants
       “Song and Lee are widely known in the Korean community as successful businessmen and
       owners of the City Sport stores” throughout the Chicago area. Around January 2010,
       defendants began soliciting Korean investors, including plaintiffs, to purchase shares of
       AMB stock.3 Most of the plaintiffs were initially contacted by defendants, who explained
       that if the investors purchased enough shares to acquire a controlling majority interest in
       AMB, they could create a Korean bank. Many of the plaintiffs were already acquainted with
       one or both of the defendants prior to this initial contact, either as members of the same
       runners club or through other acquaintances in their local Korean communities.

¶8                             1. Defendants’ Representations to Plaintiffs
¶9         According to the general allegations and “Statement[s] of Fact” specific to each of the
       plaintiffs, Lee and/or Song made the following representations to them during either an initial
       phone conversation or in-person meeting: the subscribers would be “investing in a Chinese
       bank, AMB” by acquiring a majority interest in AMB stock, so as to “overtake the operation
       of [the bank] and thereby open a Korean bank”; this new bank would be “like Foster Bank”
       (which, purportedly, was “the only other Korean-operated bank in Illinois with branches
       throughout the Chicago and Chicago suburban areas”); and the project involved “purchasing
       a building which used to be a bank building.” Song also represented that he had “successful
       business and investment experience” and that this project would allow investors to “all
       comfortably retire and enjoy retirement life.” Lee told some of the plaintiffs “there was no
       chance of a failure because they had carefully evaluated the plan.”
¶ 10       In March 2010, shortly after the initial solicitation contact with defendants, all of the
       plaintiffs (with the exception of Yoon and Rah) were invited to attend an “investors meeting”
       at a City Sports store located in Chicago.4 Approximately 30 to 40 Korean individuals
       attended this meeting, at which both defendants were present along with some of their
       business associates. Song started the meeting by giving a “speech” to the attendees about the
       project and explained “ ‘they’ were investing in a Chinese bank, AMB, which ‘they’ could
       take over at a ‘cheap price.’ ” Song stated that “by acquiring 51 shares of AMB stock, they
       could do anything they wanted with AMB” and open “a Korean bank *** ‘like Foster

           2
              In addition to the general allegations that are common to all of the plaintiffs’ claims in this suit, the
       first amended verified complaint also sets forth six individual “Statement[s] of Fact” for each of the
       plaintiffs regarding allegations specific to his or her stock purchase.
            3
              Yoon and Rah, the original plaintiffs in this action, were not contacted by defendants about the
       stock offering until some time around April through June 2011.
            4
              As previously explained, Yoon and Rah were not initially solicited until a year later, around April
       to June of 2011. Therefore, neither of them were invited to, nor did they attend, the March 2010
       meeting.

                                                          -3-
       Bank.’ ” At the end of the meeting, the attendees were given an “information sheet” to
       complete, which included providing their names, addresses, and the number of shares of
       AMB stock that they each intended to purchase.

¶ 11                               2. Plaintiffs’ Purchase of AMB Stock
¶ 12       Plaintiffs alleged that each of them ultimately purchased shares of AMB stock at the
       subscription price of $10 per share. In addition, each also contributed an additional sum of
       money for legal fees that defendants represented would be incurred for legal services in
       connection with opening a Korean bank. In the first amended verified complaint, each
       plaintiff also alleged certain facts that were personal and specific to his or her own purchase
       of the AMB stock (along with the payment for attorney fees) and the circumstances of
       defendants’ solicitation and representations in connection with that purchase.
¶ 13       Kim alleged that after the March 2010 investors meeting, Song called his wife to urge her
       and Kim to purchase shares of AMB stock. Kim stated that, “[r]elying on representations of
       Lee and Song, and trust they had *** [he and his wife] decided to make the investment” and
       gave Song a check in the amount of $100,000 on March 18, 2010. After Song called them
       about the attorney fees, Kim gave him a second check for $15,000 for said fees. Kim had no
       contact with defendants or AMB, nor did he receive any documentation from them, after he
       delivered the checks to Song. In August 2011, after many of the investors had complained
       about the lack of contact and information from defendants and AMB, Lee and Song arranged
       for an investors meeting at Kim’s restaurant in Mount Prospect. A few weeks later, Kim
       received a copy of his stock certificate for his AMB shares in the mail.
¶ 14       Cho alleged that he received a call from Song soon after the investors meeting and agreed
       to purchase 5000 shares. On March 17, 2010, while they were at a runners club meeting, Cho
       gave Song a check for $50,000 and a second check for $10,000. He had no contact with
       AMB and received no documentation from anyone following his March 2010 payments to
       Song, until sometime in August 2011, when he received his stock certificate in the mail from
       AMB, shortly after the investors met at Kim’s restaurant.
¶ 15       Park alleged that he and his wife Keeim knew Lee from their runners club. Keeim called
       Lee after learning that he was “gathering investors to build a Korean bank.” While attending
       the March 2010 investors meeting, Park saw other attendees writing checks for their
       subscriptions and “was intrigued by the idea of becoming a partner with Song and Lee in a
       bank business.” He agreed to invest $100,000 “[i]n reliance on [d]efendants’ representations
       and representations of other speaker at the meeting” and gave Song a check for $100,000 on
       April 1, 2010. A month later, Park gave him another $15,000 check for attorney fees. Park
       complained about the lack of any contact or documentation from AMB during a meeting with
       defendants in August 2011. Within a couple of weeks, he received a form letter from AMB
       asking for a $200 payment for his stock certificate. He refused to pay the fee and did not
       receive his certificate.
¶ 16       Hyon alleged that Lee told her about the Korean bank project during a runners club
       meeting on March 15, 2010. Lee represented that AMB shares would jump from $10 per
       share to $20 or $30 per share within a year—like Foster Bank—and that “substantial
       arrangements were already made including scouting of bank staffs from Foster Bank and
       purchase of a building at Waukegan Avenue.” Lee “assured [her] that *** City Sports would
       guarantee the reimbursement if the investment would go bad.” Hyon alleged that, in

                                                  -4-
       “[t]rusting Lee and Lee’s representations, Hyon and her husband agreed to purchase 10,000
       shares.” On March 20, 2010, she gave Lee a cash payment in the amount of $100,000 and
       later gave another cash payment of $15,000 for attorney fees.5 She was neither contacted by
       AMB nor given any documentation about her purchase of AMB stock, until August 2011,
       when she received, by mail, her stock certificate and a blank copy of a document entitled
       “Subscription Materials.”
¶ 17       Rah alleged that in April 2011, Song called him and asked to meet with him. During their
       meeting, Song told him about “a Chinese bank on the market which ‘they’ could purchase at
       a ‘cheap’ price” and that “by acquiring majority shares in the Chinese bank, they could open
       a Korean bank.” Song also told Rah that a $100,000 investment would allow him to “become
       a major shareholder in the bank.” On June 20, 2011, Rah gave Song a check for $50,000 for
       AMB stock and a second check for $10,000 in attorney fees. In August 2012, after he had not
       received any documentation for his stock purchase for over a year, Rah contacted AMB to
       complain. A few weeks later, his stock certificate arrived in the mail. In December 2012, Rah
       was invited to AMB’s company year-end party at the Metro Bank in Chinatown, Chicago.
       While he was at the party, he learned that the price per share of AMB stock had fallen from
       $10 to about 80 cents and that there had been a stock split.
¶ 18       Yoon alleged that Lee, whom she knew from her runners club meetings, visited her in
       person on June 10, 2011, and explained the plan to acquire a controlling interest in AMB for
       purposes of opening a Korean bank. According to Yoon, “Lee further represented that he
       himself invested $400,000 and that their mutual acquaintance, a Mr. Kwon, already invested
       $100,000.” Yoon alleged she “was influenced by this in making her decision regarding her
       investment,” and “[r]elying on Lee’s representations, [she] agreed to invest $20,000.” The
       next day, Lee met with Yoon and took her cash payment of $20,000 for the AMB stock. He
       met with her again the following day to collect a payment of $3000 for attorney fees. Yoon
       did not hear from AMB or Lee for over two years afterwards, and whenever she tried to
       contact Lee, he avoided her calls. In December 2012, Yoon learned that the value of the
       AMB share had dropped from $10 to about 85 cents. Following an in-person confrontation
       Yoon had with Lee in July 2013, Song visited Yoon and gave her “certain documents
       including an AMB stock certificate for 2,000 shares which was issued to ‘James JH Song and
       Jane Nan Song’ on 9-3-10.”6
¶ 19       In addition to the specific allegations above, all of the plaintiffs alleged that (1) they were
       never provided with any information regarding the “status” of the attorney’s services or the
       attorney fees that they paid, (2) they were never furnished with any “written disclosure
       material” pertaining to AMB stock or AMB prior to their respective purchases of the stock
       shares, (3) they were never told (by either defendant) that AMB stock was an unregistered
       stock, and (4) they were never asked about their (or their spouses’) personal “wealth or
       income” or about their financial circumstances.

           5
             According to plaintiffs’ allegations in the complaint, Hyon’s cash payment of $100,000 for the
       stock shares was later substituted with a check payable to AMB in the same amount.
           6
             This certificate indicated that Song had assigned and transferred it to Yoon on August 22, 2011.
       Another certificate bearing the same certificate number was issued on July 30, 2013, from AMB to
       Yoon.

                                                     -5-
¶ 20                             3. Claims Asserted in Counts I, III, and IV
¶ 21       Count I purported to allege an action based on common-law fraud and set forth 16
       specific oral representations that defendants purportedly made to one or more of the plaintiffs
       prior to their purchases of the AMB stock. After identifying each representation, plaintiffs
       alleged that it “was false.” A few examples follow:
                    [118] Defendants’ representation to the Plaintiffs that they were soliciting Korean
               investors for investments in order to acquire majority shares for AMB was false.
                    [119] Defendants’ representation to the Plaintiffs that they were planning to
               acquire majority shares of AMB in order to set up a Korean bank was false.
                    [122] Lee’s representation to Hyon that substantial arrangements were made to
               open a Korean bank, such as purchasing of a building at Waukegan and scouting of
               bank staffs was false.
                    [124] Song’s representation at the “investment explanation meeting” that we
               would all comfortably retire from the Korean bank project was false.
                    [128] Lee’s representation to Hyon that the stock price would jump to $20 or $30
               dollars [within] a year, like what happened to Foster Bank was false.
¶ 22       Plaintiffs next alleged that these representations “were false and they were known by the
       defendants, and each of them, to be false at the time they were made.” They then stated that
       “[s]aid false representations were made with the intent to deceive and defraud plaintiffs.”
       Plaintiffs alleged that the representations about purchasing a building, securing staff to work
       at the bank, and hiring attorneys “were made with the intent to make [defendants’] false
       representations about building another Korean bank *** sound believable.” The “real
       purpose” of defendants’ representations, according to plaintiffs, was not to build another
       Korean bank; they were, instead, “a part of their scheme to sell AMB stock to [p]laintiffs.”
¶ 23       Plaintiffs further alleged in count I that they reasonably relied on defendants’
       representations, based on their relationships through the runners club activities, defendants’
       widely publicized reputation as skilled businessmen, and the success story of the Foster
       Bank. Additionally, plaintiffs asserted that defendants’ false statements were “material”
       because “if not for the false representations, plaintiffs would not have purchased AMB stock
       and consequently, would not have paid the questionable attorney’s fee.” In their demand for
       relief, plaintiffs requested $488,000 in compensatory and consequential damages; interest,
       attorney fees, and court costs; and a reservation of the right to amend their prayer to request
       punitive damages.
¶ 24       Count III purported to allege a claim under the Illinois Securities Law of 1953 (Securities
       Law) (815 ILCS 5/1 et seq. (West 2012)). Plaintiffs alleged that defendants’ sale of the AMB
       stock constituted a “sale of ‘securities’ for purposes of Section 2.1” under the Securities Law
       (815 ILCS 5/2.1 (West 2012)) and that defendants violated multiple sections of the state
       statute by “conceal[ing] material facts regarding AMB and AMB stock” with the “intent that
       [p]laintiffs rely thereon in determining whether to make the investment.” Specifically,
       plaintiffs claimed, defendants violated sections 4(H), 12(F), 12(G), 12(I), and 14(B-10) of the
       Securities Law (815 ILCS 5/4(H), 12(F), (G), (I), 14(B-10) (West 2012)). As relief, plaintiff
       requested rescission of the stock purchase transactions and all damages, plus expenses and
       costs of suit, allowed under section 13 of the Securities Law. See 815 ILCS 5/13 (West
       2012).

                                                  -6-
¶ 25        Count IV purported to allege a claim for violation of multiple rules under federal
       Regulation D (see 17 C.F.R § 230.501 et seq. (2012)). Plaintiffs alleged that defendants did
       not provide them with “any written disclosure material regarding AMB and AMB stock prior
       to [the sale] transactions” and that defendants sold them the “AMB stock without signed
       subscription agreements, and irrespective of the specific term of the minimum subscription
       amount of 10,000 shares.” Plaintiffs alleged that defendants violated the requirements
       established under sections 230.502(b) and 230.502(c) and rules under Regulation D “by
       failing to provide disclosure documents prior to sale; by selling AMB stock to purchasers
       who were not accredited investors; and by selling the stock through general solicitation.” See
       17 C.F.R. §§ 230.502(b), (c) (2012). Plaintiff prayed for the same relief as that asked in count
       III.

¶ 26                                  4. The Subscription Agreement
¶ 27       Attached to plaintiffs’ first amended verified complaint, among other exhibits, is a copy
       of a document entitled “Subscription Materials for American Metro Bancorp, Inc. the
       Holding Company for America Metro Bank” (“Subscription Materials”). The exhibit,
       Subscription Materials, is composed of two parts: a subscription agreement and a
       confidential investor questionnaire. The last page of the subscription agreement contains a
       block signature section for the subscriber to execute and includes blank spaces where the
       subscriber, whether an individual or an entity, must provide an address, telephone number,
       and social security number or tax identification number.
¶ 28       Despite their allegation in count IV that defendants sold them AMB stock without
       obtaining signed subscription agreements, plaintiffs nonetheless acknowledged in their
       complaint that the agreement expressly stated that the AMB stock was being offered without
       registration with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Specifically, the pertinent
       language is set forth in section 2(a) of the subscription agreement, titled “Representations and
       Warranties of Subscriber,” and states the following:
                   “(a) Subscriber understands and acknowledges that the Shares will be sold by the
               Company without registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the
               ‘Securities Act’), in reliance on the exception from federal and state registration set
               forth in, respectively, Rule 506 of Regulation D promulgated under Section 5 of the
               Securities Act (“Regulation D”) by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the
               SEC) and Section 18 of the Securities Act and similar exemptions under applicable
               state law.”
¶ 29       We note, for purposes of our analysis later, the language contained in one other provision
       of the subscription agreement. Section 2(g) of the subscription agreement states the
       following:
                   “(g) The Subscriber acknowledges that the Company has given the Subscriber the
               opportunity to ask questions of, and receive answers from, the Company’s officers,
               employees and representatives concerning the terms and conditions of the offering of
               the Shares, and to obtain additional information reasonably available to the Company
               and any persons acting on the Company’s behalf necessary to verify the accuracy of
               the information contained in the Memorandum, and the Subscriber has received all of
               the information he or she has requested to the extent such information is reasonably
               available to the Company. The Subscriber requires no additional information to fully

                                                  -7-
               evaluate the merits and risks of a prospective investment in the Company, and
               acknowledges that he or she has not relied upon, in entering into this Subscription
               Agreement, any representation, warranty, promise or condition not specifically set
               forth in this Subscription Agreement.”

¶ 30                                       C. Motion to Dismiss
¶ 31       In May 2014, defendants filed a motion to dismiss the first amended verified complaint
       pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2012)).7 Defendants argued
       that plaintiffs’ purported fraud claim under count I should be dismissed even where the
       factual allegations are construed as true under a liberal construction most favorable to
       plaintiffs because the allegation lacked the pleading specificity required for a claim of
       common-law fraud. Defendants also argued that the Securities Law claim under count III and
       the federal Regulation D claim under count IV both warranted dismissal as a matter of law
       because, under Greer v. Advanced Equities, Inc., 2012 IL App (1st) 112458, and Tirapelli v.
       Advanced Equities, Inc., 351 Ill. App. 3d 450 (2004), plaintiffs cannot allege justifiable
       reliance on defendants’ oral representations where they signed an agreement, i.e., the
       subscription agreement, which contains a nonreliance disclaimer. Attached to their motion to
       dismiss are copies of plaintiffs’ executed subscription agreements. Here, defendants
       maintain, plaintiffs have expressly acknowledged, under section 2(g) of the subscription
       agreement, that they did not rely on “any representation, warranty, promise or condition not
       specifically set forth” in the document when they agreed to the stock purchase transaction by
       signing the subscription agreement.
¶ 32       In response, plaintiffs argued that they stated a claim for common-law fraud with
       sufficient specificity in count I. With respect to defendants’ argument that counts I, III, and
       IV are barred by the nonreliance clause contained in the subscription agreement, plaintiffs
       argued first that defendants “never delivered any disclosure material,” including the
       subscription agreement, to plaintiffs prior to their purchase of the stock. Notwithstanding this
       defect, plaintiffs also argued that the subscription agreement lacks “a signature page for
       AMB” and, therefore, plaintiffs’ execution and delivery of “[the] signed subscription
       agreement was an offer, subject to acceptance by AMB.” (Emphasis added.) According to
       plaintiffs, AMB has not technically “accepted” plaintiffs’ offer to purchase the shares under
       section 1(d) of the subscription agreement because “[a]cceptance of the subscription occurs
       when a letter indicating such acceptance and signed by an officer of the Company has been
       deposited in the U.S. mail.” As a result, plaintiffs maintained, the stock purchase transactions
       “never closed,” “[a]cceptance never occurred, and therefore, there was no disclaimer [by
       plaintiffs].”
¶ 33       In their reply, defendants point out that almost all of the plaintiffs, except for Kim, did
       receive stock certificates signed by the president of AMB and that such documentation
       suffices as evidence of AMB’s acceptance of plaintiffs’ “offer” under the subscription
       agreements.
¶ 34       On September 26, 2014, the circuit court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss all five
       counts of the first amended verified complaint. The court held that “despite the extensive

           7
            The first amended verified complaint contained five counts, all of which were dismissed pursuant
       to section 2-615. Only three counts, counts I, III, and IV, are at issue on appeal.

                                                     -8-
       ‘allegations of fact’ ” that plaintiffs set forth in their complaint, count I still failed to properly
       allege a fraud claim. With respect to the securities claims under counts III and IV, the court
       “agree[d] with [d]efendants’ reading of Greer, that the non-reliance provisions of the
       [Subscription] Agreements bar their claims.” Plaintiffs then filed a motion to reconsider,
       arguing that the court erred in dismissing counts III and IV because “Greer did not hold that
       any action alleging securities law violation is barred by [a] nonreliance agreement.”
       (Emphasis in original.) On January 16, 2015, the court denied plaintiffs’ motion to
       reconsider, finding that “Illinois law is clear that a nonreliance clause of an agreement will
       bar Securities Law claims” (citing Tirapelli, 351 Ill. App. 3d 450). The court also granted
       plaintiffs leave to file a second amended complaint.
¶ 35       Plaintiffs declined to file a second amended complaint and, instead, acknowledged their
       waiver of the right to amend and filed a “Motion For Final Order,” requesting that the court
       enter a finding “that the Order of January 16, 2015 is appealable as is” or, alternatively,
       amend the order to include Rule 304 language. Ill. S. Ct. R. 304 (eff. Feb. 26, 2010). On
       February 9, 2015, the court amended its January 16 order by dismissing counts III and IV
       with prejudice and allowing plaintiffs 30 days from the date of the order to appeal. Plaintiff
       again moved to amend the court’s February 9 order, asking the court to recognize their “right
       to appeal on all [five] counts of the complaint” that were dismissed pursuant to the
       September 26 order. On February 23, 2015, the court entered an order stating, “On plaintiff’s
       motion, it is hereby ordered to amend the order of Feb 9, 2015 as follows: 1. All matters are
       dismissed with prejudice effective Feb 9, 2015.”

¶ 36                                          JURISDICTION
¶ 37       Plaintiffs filed their notice of appeal on March 3, 2015. Initially, defendants contend that
       this court lacks jurisdiction to hear plaintiffs’ appeal because the notice of appeal includes a
       substantive defect, i.e., references to the February 9, 2015, order when, in fact, the final
       judgment was entered in the order dated February 23, 2015. A notice of appeal “shall specify
       the judgment or part thereof or other orders appealed from and the relief sought from the
       reviewing court.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 303(b)(2) (eff. May 30, 2008). “Mere technical defects in
       form, as opposed to substance” will not be considered fatal. Waste Management, Inc. v.
       International Surplus Lines Insurance Co., 144 Ill. 2d 178, 189 (1991); Jackson v. Retirement
       Board of the Policemen’s Annuity & Benefit Fund, 293 Ill. App. 3d 694, 698 (1997). A notice
       will be considered sufficient for jurisdictional purposes as long as it “fairly and adequately
       sets out the judgment complained of and the relief sought, advising the successful litigant of
       the nature of the appeal.” Fitch v. McDermott, Will & Emery, LLP, 401 Ill. App. 3d 1006,
       1014 (2010).
¶ 38       In the notice, plaintiffs stated that they appealed from the court’s “Feb. 9, 2015” order
       and were seeking to “Reverse judgment on Count I (Fraud); Count III (Violation of Illinois
       Securities Law); and Count IV (Violations of Regulation D).” The February 23 order
       unequivocally indicates that the February 9 order was being amended so as to reflect the
       court’s dismissal of “all” matters with prejudice “effective Feb. 9, 2015.” The notice of
       appeal fairly and accurately apprises defendants of plaintiffs’ intent to appeal the dismissal of
       counts I, III, and IV of their first amended complaint. Defendants are not prejudiced by the
       technical mistake in the notice. Accordingly, we have jurisdiction to consider the merits of

                                                     -9-
       plaintiffs’ appeal.

¶ 39                                            ANALYSIS
¶ 40       Plaintiffs contend that the circuit court erred in dismissing count I because they
       sufficiently stated a cause for common-law fraud and are not barred by any nonreliance
       clause in the subscription agreement pursuant to the Greer decision. They further contend
       that the court improperly applied Greer in dismissing counts III and IV because Greer does
       not apply to the statutory securities claims asserted in this case.
¶ 41       A section 2-615 motion to dismiss challenges the legal sufficiency of the complaint.
       Sandholm v. Kuecker, 2012 IL 111443, ¶ 54; Marshall v. Burger King Corp., 222 Ill. 2d 422,
       429 (2006). Such a motion does not raise affirmative factual defenses but alleges only defects
       on the face of the complaint. Bryson v. News America Publications, Inc., 174 Ill. 2d 77, 86
       (1996). In ruling on a section 2-615 motion, the court must accept as true all well-pleaded
       facts in the complaint and all reasonable inferences which can be drawn therefrom. Id. The
       question is whether the allegations of the complaint, when viewed in the light most favorable
       to the plaintiff, are sufficient to state a cause of action upon which relief can be granted.
       DiBenedetto v. Flora Township, 153 Ill. 2d 66, 69-70 (1992). “A pleading must show only
       the possibility of recovery, not an absolute certainty, and it should not be dismissed unless it
       appears that the pleader in no event would be permitted to recover.” Zimmerman v. Northfield
       Real Estate, Inc., 156 Ill. App. 3d 154, 160-61 (1986). A court ruling on a section 2-615
       motion “may consider only the allegations of the complaint [citation] and may not consider
       other supporting material.” (Emphasis omitted.) Bryson, 174 Ill. 2d at 91. We review de novo
       the circuit court’s ruling on a section 2-615 motion. Performance Electric, Inc. v. CIB Bank,
       371 Ill. App. 3d 1037, 1039 (2007).

¶ 42                      A. Count III: Violation of the Illinois Securities Law
¶ 43       We first address the trial court’s dismissal of counts III and IV of plaintiffs’ complaint.
       Plaintiffs contend that the circuit court erred in dismissing their claims against defendants
       under count III for alleged violations of sections 4(H), 12(F), 12(G), 12(I), and 14(B-10) of
       the Securities Law (815 ILCS 5/4(H), 12(F), (G), (I), 14(B-10) (West 2012)).

¶ 44                               1. Greer and the Nonreliance Clause
¶ 45        In dismissing the claims under count III, the trial court concluded that under Greer v.
       Advanced Equities, Inc., 2012 IL App (1st) 112458, plaintiffs were barred as a matter of law
       from asserting a violation under the statute because of the nonreliance clause contained in the
       subscription agreement. Plaintiffs argue that the circuit court erred in dismissing count III
       based on Greer because (1) Greer was a decision limited to a particular certified question
       applying only to common-law fraud claims; (2) plaintiffs signed the nonreliance clause
       agreement with AMB, not defendants, and therefore the reasoning in Greer does not apply;
       and (3) “Greer did not address violation claims under [the] non fraud-based sections of the
       Illinois Securities Law.”
¶ 46        In Greer, plaintiffs purchased shares of stock in a company after receiving a private
       placement memorandum from the defendants that provided details about the company and
       the proposed investment. Id. In conjunction with the stock purchase, the plaintiffs signed a

                                                  - 10 -
       subscription agreement containing a nonreliance clause, stating that plaintiffs had relied
       solely on the private placement memorandum in making their decision to purchase the
       shares, and acknowledging that “ ‘no representations or agreements (oral or written), other
       than those set forth in the [private placement memorandum], have been made to the
       undersigned with respect thereto.’ ” Id. ¶ 2. Shortly thereafter, the plaintiffs learned that
       “certain material statements that [the] defendants had made orally and in writing” regarding
       the company issuing the stock were “untrue.” Id. ¶ 3. They sued the defendants, alleging
       common-law fraud based on the defendants’ oral misrepresentations. Id. The trial court
       certified the following question for review, which this court considered and answered in the
       affirmative:
                   “ ‘Where a purchaser of securities contractually agrees through a non-reliance
               clause that it is not relying on any oral representation made in connection with its
               purchase of the securities, is the purchaser barred as a matter of law from thereafter
               pleading in an action alleging common law fraud that it relied on oral statements
               when purchasing the securities?’ ” Id. ¶ 1.
¶ 47       Our analysis of the certified question in Greer led us to examine three prior decisions, all
       involving an agreement containing a nonreliance clause, in which Illinois courts had
       previously considered a similar issue: Adler v. William Blair & Co., 271 Ill. App. 3d 117
       (1995), Tirapelli v. Advanced Equities, Inc., 351 Ill. App. 3d 450 (2004), and Benson v.
       Stafford, 407 Ill. App. 3d 902 (2010). We recognized that Adler first established the rule “as a
       matter of law that the plaintiffs could not have justifiably relied on any of the alleged oral
       misrepresentations because of the nonreliance clause in the subscription agreement.
       [Citation.]” Greer, 2012 IL App (1st) 112458, ¶ 6. Next, we noted that in Tirapelli, the court
       held that the “ ‘[p]laintiffs’ reliance was unreasonable as a matter of law’ because the
       nonreliance clause disclaimed any reliance on the defendants’ representations.” Id. ¶ 7
       (quoting Tirapelli, 351 Ill. App. 3d at 458). Finally, we observed that in Benson, the Adler
       rule “was an ‘automatic rule precluding damages for fraud based on oral representations in
       the presence of a nonreliance clause.’ ” Id. ¶ 8 (quoting Benson, 407 Ill. App. 3d at 924).
¶ 48       We ultimately concluded in Greer that “if a purchaser signs an agreement containing a
       nonreliance clause that disclaims reliance on any oral representations by the seller, then the
       purchaser cannot thereafter maintain a cause of action for common-law fraudulent oral
       misrepresentation. This is a logical rule, given that it is hardly justifiable for someone to rely
       on something that they have agreed not to rely on, and without justifiable reliance there can
       be no fraud.” Id. ¶ 9.
¶ 49       Here, plaintiffs alleged that defendants induced them to invest in AMB by making false
       representations, among others, that they intended to create a Korean bank by buying enough
       stock in AMB to gain control. Following Greer, we find that plaintiffs cannot now assert that
       they justifiably relied on defendants’ alleged oral representations when they have expressly
       acknowledged, under section 2(g) of the subscription agreements,8 that they did not rely

           8
            According to the first amended verified complaint, Kim did not sign the subscription agreement.
       For purposes of this appeal, however, we do not distinguish Kim from the other plaintiffs and consider
       him to be a “subscriber” under the subscription agreement—to the extent other plaintiffs are, by virtue
       of his purchase of stock shares issued at the subscription price and the stock certificate reflecting his
       ownership of 10,000 shares of stock (which was attached to the complaint).

                                                      - 11 -
       upon, “in entering into this Subscription Agreement, any representation, warranty, promise or
       condition not specifically set forth in this Subscription Agreement.” Similar to the
       nonreliance clauses at issue in Greer and the previous case authorities that we discussed
       above, the provision in section 2(g) of the subscription agreement bars plaintiffs from
       asserting a claim now that they justifiably relied on any of defendants’ alleged oral
       misrepresentations prior to their purchase of the shares of AMB stock. Again, we
       acknowledge that plaintiffs did not attach signed copies of the subscription agreements to the
       first amended verified complaint. We further note, however, that plaintiffs did incorporate
       and attach as an exhibit to their complaint an unsigned copy of the subscription agreement
       and none of them except Kim deny signing it after receiving a copy of the same as part of the
       subscription materials sometime around August of 2011. They simply argue that they did not
       sign it prior to purchasing the stock and that they dispute the legal effect of the executed
       subscription agreement, contending that it was never “accepted” by AMB and therefore is not
       legally in effect, despite their ownership of the shares through the subscription.

¶ 50                       2. Applicability of Greer to Illinois Securities Claims
¶ 51       Plaintiffs argue that Greer does not apply to bar their claims under count III because that
       case did not involve any claims brought under the Securities Law. We disagree that the
       rationale of Greer does not apply and find support for our application of the nonreliance
       clause bar on claims involving reliance in Tirapelli. Contrary to plaintiffs’ argument, the
       rationale explained by the Greer court is also applicable to bar securities claims brought
       pursuant to certain sections of the Securities Law, specifically sections 12(F), 12(G), and
       12(I). See Tirapelli, 351 Ill. App. 3d at 458. As the Tirapelli court explained, “sections 12(F),
       12(G), and 12(I) of the Illinois Securities Law are modeled after sections 17(a)(1) through
       (a)(3) of the federal Securities Act,” and we may use federal securities fraud case law as an
       aid to interpret those sections of our state securities statute. Id. at 455. The court further
       recognized that reasonable reliance is not only an element of common-law fraud but also of
       sections 12(F), 12(G), and 12(I) of the Securities Law, section 10(b) of the Securities
       Exchange Act, and section 10b-5 of Regulation D. Id. (citing 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b) (2000), and
       17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5 (2000)).
¶ 52       In Tirapelli, the plaintiffs purchased shares of stock and signed a subscription agreement
       containing a nonreliance clause. Id. at 452-53. After losing their investment, the plaintiffs
       sued defendants for rescission and damages based on alleged violations of sections 12(F),
       12(G), and 12(I) of the Securities Law and a common-law fraud claim, alleging they relied
       on misrepresentations of the defendants. Id. at 454. The trial court awarded summary
       judgment in favor of the defendants, concluding that the nonreliance clause in the signed
       subscription agreement “made [the] plaintiffs’ reliance on the oral representations
       unreasonable as a matter of law.” Id. The Tirapelli court then observed that “[t]here are
       sound policy reasons for precluding fraud claims based on oral statements outside the written
       agreement where the agreement includes a nonreliance clause” and that “the same reasoning
       applies to the Illinois Securities Law.” Id. at 457. The court then held that the plaintiffs could
       not establish the reliance required to sustain a claim under the Securities Law because such
       reliance on the alleged oral misrepresentations was unreasonable as a matter of law where the
       plaintiff had acknowledged the nonreliance clause. Id. at 458.

                                                   - 12 -
¶ 53       Based on Tirapelli, we agree with the circuit court’s conclusion that plaintiffs cannot
       allege reasonable reliance and therefore have failed to state a violation of sections 12(F),
       12(G), and 12(I) of the Securities Law. See Alpha School Bus Co. v. Wagner, 391 Ill. App. 3d
       722, 734-35 (2009) (a reviewing court may affirm the circuit court’s judgment on any basis
       supported by the record). We rely on the same reasoning with respect to plaintiffs’ claim
       under section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act and section 10b-5 of Regulation D.
       Similarly, to prevail in a section 10b-5 claim, a plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant
       (1) made a misstatement or omission (2) of material fact (3) with scienter (4) in connection
       with the purchase or sale of securities, (5) upon which the plaintiff relied and (6) that reliance
       proximately caused the plaintiff’s injuries. In re Healthcare Compare Corp. Securities
       Litigation, 75 F.3d 276, 280 (7th Cir. 1996). See Tirapelli, 351 Ill. App. 3d at 457 (barring
       claim where the plaintiff sued the defendant pursuant to section 10(b) of the Securities
       Exchange Act and section 10b-5 of Regulation D but nonreliance clause barred him from
       asserting alleged reliance on the defendant’s statement (citing Rissman v. Rissman, 213 F.3d
       381, 382-83 (7th Cir. 2000))).
¶ 54       In addition, plaintiffs have similarly failed to state a claim pursuant to section 14(B-10)
       of the Securities Law (815 ILCS 5/14(B-10) (West 2012)). Section 14(B-10) classifies the
       offense committed by a person who violates sections 12(F), 12(G), or 12(I) of the Securities
       Law where the offender, in the course of doing so, “induces a person 60 years of age or older
       to purchase or sell securities” (id.); under section 14(B-10), that offender “is guilty of a Class
       2 felony.” Id. However, as we found above, plaintiffs failed to state a claim that defendants
       violated sections 12(F), 12(G), or 12(I) based on the holding in Tirapelli. If plaintiffs failed
       to state a claim based on sections 12(F), 12(G), or 12(I), it naturally follows then that
       plaintiffs cannot state a claim pursuant to section 14(B-10), which is based on the underlying
       violation(s) of those enumerated section 12 provisions in the Securities Law. 815 ILCS 5/12
       (West 2012).
¶ 55       Finally, plaintiffs point out that in count III of the complaint, they alleged a violation of
       section 4(H) of the Securities Law, a statutory provision that does not require them to allege
       reasonable reliance as an element of the violation (815 ILCS 5/4(H) (West 2012)). Section 4
       of the Securities Law governs “Exempt transactions” and provides that the “provisions of
       Sections 2a, 5, 6 and 7 of this Act shall not apply to any of the following transactions.” 815
       ILCS 5/4 (West 2012). Subsection (H) details one such exempt transaction, specifically,
       “[a]ny offer, sale or issuance of a security to an accredited investor [is an exempt transaction]
       provided that such security is not offered or sold by means of any general advertising or
       general solicitation [in this State].” Pub. Act 99-182, § 5 (eff. Jan. 1, 2016) (amending 815
       ILCS 5/4(H)). An “accredited investor” under the Securities Law is defined in section
       230.501 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Pub. Act 99-182, § 5 (eff. Jan. 1, 2016) (adding
       815 ILCS 5/2.34); see also 17 C.F.R. § 230.501(a)(5), (a)(6) (2012).
¶ 56       We agree with plaintiffs that section 4(H) does not require reasonable reliance as an
       element and that, therefore, neither Greer nor Tirapelli apply to bar plaintiffs’ claims under
       that specific provision of the Securities Law. However, we review the judgment, not the
       reasoning, of the circuit court. City of Chicago v. Holland, 206 Ill. 2d 480, 491 (2003);
       Coghlan v. Beck, 2013 IL App (1st) 120891, ¶ 24. The determination of the circuit court was
       that plaintiffs failed to properly state Securities Law violations in count III, and plaintiffs
       have failed on appeal to argue that they properly stated a claim that defendants violated

                                                   - 13 -
       section 4(H). Their only argument with respect to section 4(H) is that “Greer’s holding does
       not apply to the present claim which alleges, among others, that Defendants violated
       regulatory requirement section, 4(H), a non fraud-based section of the Illinois Act.” We will
       not attempt to discern the grounds for this conclusion where plaintiffs fail to provide any. See
       Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. July 1, 2008) (the party’s argument “shall contain the contentions
       of the [party] *** with citation of the authorities and pages of the record relied on”); In re
       Marriage of Johnson, 2011 IL App (1st) 102826, ¶ 25 (observing that “bare contentions that
       fail to cite any authority do not merit consideration on appeal”).
¶ 57        Based on the foregoing, we find that the circuit court properly dismissed count III
       pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code.

¶ 58                             B. Count IV: Violation of Regulation D
¶ 59       Plaintiffs also contend that the circuit court erred in dismissing count IV of their
       complaint because “there is no authority holding that [a] nonreliance clause bars Regulation
       D violation claims.” Because Regulation D is a federal regulation, we consider federal
       authority for guidance.
¶ 60       Pursuant to the federal Securities Act of 1933:
               “[A]ny offer to sell securities must either be registered with the SEC or meet an
               exemption. Regulation D (or Reg D) contains three rules providing exemptions from
               the registration requirements, allowing some companies to offer and sell their
               securities without having to register the securities with the SEC.” Sec. & Exch.
               Comm’n, Regulation D Offerings, http://www.sec.gov/answers/regd.htm (last visited
               Jan. 21, 2016).
       See also 17 C.F.R. § 500 et seq. (2012). Specifically, it is section 5 of the Securities Act that
       prohibits the sale of unregistered securities. 15 U.S.C. § 77e (2012). This general prohibition
       is subject to exemptions set out in section 4(2) of the Securities Act. 15 U.S.C. § 77d (2010).
       Moreover, “[c]ourts have repeatedly recognized that § 4(2) of the Securities Act, as further
       elaborated upon in Regulation D, is an affirmative defense to violations of § 5.” Gandhi v.
       Sitara Capital Management, LLC, 689 F. Supp. 2d 1004, 1009 (N.D. Ill. 2010).
¶ 61       In their complaint, plaintiffs specifically allege defendants’ conduct violated various
       subsections of sections 502 and 506(b) of Regulation D (17 C.F.R. §§ 230.502, 230.506(b)
       (2012)).9 Section 502 provides that if “the issuer” of Regulation D stock sells securities “to
       any purchaser that is not an accredited investor,” the issuer shall furnish to the purchaser
       information as dictated by subsection (b)(2); the information shall be provided a “reasonable
       time prior to” the sale and shall include specified financial statement and nonfinancial
       statement information. 17 C.F.R. § 230.502(b)(1), (b)(2)(i) (2012). In addition, “[a]t a
       reasonable time prior to the sale of securities to any purchaser that is not an accredited
       investor, *** the issuer shall advise the purchaser of the limitations on resale in the manner
       contained in paragraph (d)(2) of this section.” 17 C.F.R. § 230.502(b)(2)(vii) (2012). Finally,
       subsection (d) of section 502 provides that “securities acquired in a transaction under
       Regulation D *** cannot be resold without registration under the Act or an exemption
       therefrom.” 17 C.F.R. § 230.502(d) (2012). Section 506(b) states that to “qualify for an
           9
            Plaintiffs actually mislabeled the subsections of section 502 that they relied on, but because they
       directly quoted the subsections, we were able to determine which subsections they intended to cite.

                                                     - 14 -
       exemption under this section, offers and sales must satisfy all the terms and conditions of”
       section 502. 17 C.F.R. § 230.506(b)(1) (2012).
¶ 62       Initially, we acknowledge that a claim based on a violation of the above Regulation D
       provisions does not appear to require reasonable reliance as an element and, therefore,
       neither Greer nor Tirapelli apply to bar these claims. However, we again note that we review
       the judgment of the circuit court, not the reasoning. Holland, 206 Ill. 2d at 491; Coghlan,
       2013 IL App (1st) 120891, ¶ 24. As to count IV, the circuit court’s ultimate judgment was
       that plaintiffs failed to properly state a claim based on Regulation D violations. Once again,
       plaintiffs have failed to argue on appeal that they properly stated a claim that defendants
       violated provisions of Regulation D. They instead argue only that because “Regulation D is
       not a ‘federal securities fraud count,’ ” (emphases in original), that Greer and Tirapelli do
       not act as a bar to their Regulation D claims. Because plaintiffs failed to argue that they
       properly stated a claim based on violations of Regulation D, we need not consider this issue
       on appeal. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. July 1, 2008) (the party’s argument “shall contain
       the contentions of the [party] *** with citation of the authorities and pages of the record
       relied on”); Marriage of Johnson, 2011 IL App (1st) 102826, ¶ 25 (observing that “bare
       contentions that fail to cite any authority do not merit consideration on appeal”).
¶ 63       Nonetheless, count IV fails to state a claim based on a violation of Regulation D, because
       Regulation D is not a basis for a claim. Regulation D outlines the requirements for an
       exemption from the registration requirements in section 5 of the Securities Act. See 17
       C.F.R. §§ 230.500-230.506 (2012). That a party was exempt from the registration
       requirements is generally used as an affirmative defense to claims based on alleged section 5
       violations. Gandhi, 689 F. Supp. 2d at 1009; see also Swenson v. Engelstad, 626 F.2d 421,
       425 (5th Cir. 1980) (noting that the “private offering exemption” in section 4(2) of the
       Securities Act “is an affirmative defense which must be raised and proved by the
       defendant”); Securities & Exchange Comm’n v. Bronson, 14 F. Supp. 3d 402, 412 (S.D.N.Y.
       2014) (finding defendants failed to show as an affirmative defense that the securities at issue
       were exempt from the section 5 registration requirements pursuant to a Regulation D
       provision); ABN AMRO, Inc. v. Capital International Ltd., 595 F. Supp. 2d 805, 833 (N.D. Ill.
       2008) (stating that “the burden of proof is on the party claiming the benefit of the exemption”
       or that “[i]n other words, exemption is an affirmative defense”); Anastasi v. American
       Petroleum, Inc., 579 F. Supp. 273, 274 (D. Colo. 1984) (noting that an exemption pursuant to
       section 4(2) of the Securities Act is an affirmative defense to a violation of section 5).
       Moreover, by its own terms, “Regulation D is available only to the issuer of the securities
       ***. Regulation D provides an exemption only for the transactions in which the securities are
       offered or sold by the issuer, not for the securities themselves.” 17 C.F.R. § 230.500(d)
       (2012). This shows that Regulation D is not intended to be used as the basis for a claim;
       rather, it is intended to provide a defense against a claim that an issuer of securities violated
       section 5 of the Securities Act. Not only do plaintiffs not refer to section 5 of the Securities
       Act in their complaint, but plaintiffs actually titled count IV “violation of Regulation D.”
       Plaintiffs have cited no authority, and our research has revealed no case law, to suggest that a
       claim can be brought pursuant solely to Regulation D. Furthermore, if plaintiffs were
       attempting to present a claim based on section 5 violations, they have failed to adequately
       articulate that in count IV and have failed to provide guidance to us on appeal to understand
       their complaint. We cannot presume to guess what plaintiffs intended. Accordingly, we find

                                                  - 15 -
       that dismissal of count IV was warranted.

¶ 64                                  C. Count I—Common-Law Fraud
¶ 65        Plaintiffs’ final contention is that they have sufficiently alleged facts in count I to support
       their common-law fraud claim. To allege a claim for common-law fraud, a plaintiff must
       assert sufficient facts to show that (1) the defendant made a false statement, (2) the defendant
       knew his statement to be false, (3) the defendant intended for his statement to induce the
       plaintiff to act, (4) the plaintiff acted in reliance upon the statement being true, and (5) the
       plaintiff suffered damages due to his reliance on the statement. Time Savers, Inc. v. LaSalle
       Bank, N.A., 371 Ill. App. 3d 759, 771 (2007) (citing Connick v. Suzuki Motor Co., 174 Ill. 2d
       482, 496 (1996)). Moreover, a claim of fraud “ ‘must allege, with specificity and
       particularity, facts from which fraud is the necessary or probable inference, including what
       misrepresentations were made, when they were made, who made the misrepresentations and
       to whom they were made.’ ” Id. (quoting Connick, 174 Ill. 2d at 496-97).
¶ 66        In count I, plaintiffs specified 16 oral representations made by defendants, either jointly
       or individually, to either one or more plaintiffs, regarding the stock offering and the plan to
       acquire a majority interest and to create a Korean bank. They alleged that Song and Lee
       purposely misrepresented to plaintiffs that by purchasing a controlling interest in AMB, they
       would be able to set up a Korean bank similar to Foster Bank, a Korean-operated bank in
       Illinois well known in the community. Defendants told plaintiffs that their investment would
       enable them to retire comfortably. Plaintiffs relied on defendants’ misrepresentations because
       Song touted his business and investment experience and Lee assured plaintiffs that there was
       no chance of failure because defendants had carefully evaluated their plan. Song and Lee also
       informed plaintiffs that they had also purchased shares themselves. Furthermore, plaintiffs
       alleged that they knew defendants either through a running club or through acquaintances in
       the local Korean community, which also caused them to rely on defendants’
       misrepresentations.
¶ 67        As we discussed above, however, the subscription agreement here contains a nonreliance
       clause. Pursuant to Greer, if the purchaser’s subscription agreement contains a clause
       disclaiming reliance on oral representations and plaintiffs’ common-law fraud claim is
       premised on oral misrepresentations, there is no justifiable reliance on plaintiffs’ part. Greer,
       2012 IL App (1st) 112458, ¶ 12. Therefore, the trial court properly dismissed count I of
       plaintiffs’ complaint.10
¶ 68        Lastly, plaintiffs also argue that because the subscription agreement was an agreement
       with AMB and not defendants as the signatory party, the nonreliance clause cannot bar their
       claims against defendants. Plaintiffs have not cited, nor are we aware of, any case law to the
       contrary. As such, we decline to consider this argument further. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7)
       (eff. July 1, 2008). We further note that Greer does not limit its holding to defendants who
       have signed the subscription agreement or who are in a contractual relationship with

           10
              Plaintiffs also alleged in count I that defendants committed fraud based on defendants’ statements
       that they were “getting legal services” in connection with acquiring the controlling interest in AMB and
       creating the Korean bank. Although the trial court did not explicitly rule on the attorney fees issue, the
       trial court’s dismissal of count I in its entirely necessarily includes the attorney fees claim since it was
       alleged as part of count I and included in plaintiffs’ prayer for relief as to count I.

                                                       - 16 -
       plaintiffs. Greer plainly holds that if an agreement contains a nonreliance clause as we have
       here, “the purchaser cannot thereafter maintain a cause of action for common-law fraudulent
       oral misrepresentation.” Greer, 2012 IL App (1st) 112458, ¶ 9. The focus is on the
       knowledge of the plaintiffs at the time they purchased their shares that they, as explicitly
       spelled out in the agreement here, did “not rel[y] upon, in entering into this Subscription
       Agreement, any representation, warranty, promise or condition not specifically set forth in
       this Subscription Agreement.”

¶ 69                                       CONCLUSION
¶ 70      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

¶ 71      Affirmed.

                                                - 17 -