Court Opinion

ID: 2673038
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-05-08 23:17:25.659639+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:06:32.791437
License: Public Domain

Filed 5/8/14 P. v. Reyes CA2/5
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION FIVE

THE PEOPLE,                                                          B248663

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. MA037295)
         v.

CESAR OCTAVIO REYES,

         Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Lisa M.
Chung, Judge. Affirmed.
         Charlotte E. Costan, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Paul M. Roadarmel, Jr. and
Connie H. Kan, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
       Appellant, Cesar Reyes, was convicted, following a jury trial, of the kidnapping
and second degree murder of Nick Ramirez in violation of Penal Code1 sections 207 and
187. The jury found true the allegation that a principal was armed in the commission of
the offenses within the meaning of section 12022, subdivision (a)(1). The jury also found
true the allegation that appellant was suffered a prior serious felony conviction within the
meaning of section 667, subdivision (a)(1) and sections 667, subdivisions (b)through (i)
and 1170.12 (the “three strikes” law). The trial court sentenced appellant to 15 years to
life in state prison for the murder conviction, doubled to 30 years to life pursuant to the
three strikes law, plus a one-year term pursuant to section 12022 and a five-year term
pursuant to section 667, subdivision (a). The trial court sentenced appellant to a total
term of 22 years in state prison for the kidnapping conviction, stayed pursuant to section
654.
       Appellant appeals from the judgment of conviction, contending the trial court
erred in (1) admitting evidence that he possessed a razor blade in violation of jail
regulations and instructing the jury on attempts to suppress evidence; (2) ordering him to
wear two sets of restraints and failing to instruct the jury to disregard the restraints; (3)
admitting evidence of his criminal history; (4) refusing to dismiss a juror who was a co-
worker of the victim’s brother; (5) failing to instruct the jury that co-perpetrator
Bernardino was an accomplice as a matter of law; and (6) denying his motion to dismiss
his prior strike conviction. Appellant also contends there is insufficient evidence to
support his murder conviction. He further contends the abstract of judgment does not
reflect the custody credit awarded by the trial court at sentencing. We affirm the
judgment of conviction.

                                             Facts
       On September 18, 2006, the body of Nicholas Ramirez (“Nick”) was found in the
trunk of his Honda, which was parked in the bushes about 80 feet from Avenue Q in

1
       All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.

                                               2
Littlerock. Nick was lying on his right side with his wrists tied behind his back. A cloth
and some tape was tied around his mouth. Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Deputy Leo
Lane observed nine bullet holes in the trunk of the Honda. An autopsy later showed that
Nick had died on September 16, 2006.
       When the investigating officer, Detective Eddie Brown, notified Nick’s family of
his death, the detective learned that Nick had been at a party on the night of September 15
and was not seen by his family after the morning of September 16. The party was held to
celebrate the 21st birthday of Jesse Ramirez (“Jesse”), Nick’s brother. It took place in
the garage of Jesse’s friend Jaime Garcia. Also present at party were Javier Esparza,
Martin Guzman, Claudio Bernardino, Nick’s friend, Tasha Wilmes.
       Jesse stated that he got into a fight with Esparza at the party. Garcia pulled Jesse
away and calmed him down, but the atmosphere remained “tense.” Nick and Wilmes left
the party to give Bernardino a ride home, but Nick returned to the party, finally leaving
for good at about 4:00 a.m. Wilmes did not observe Nick having any “problems” with
Garcia, Esparza, Bernardino, or “Sniper” during the party.
       Jesse and Guzman left the house at about 6:00 a.m. Guzman had been staying
with Garcia and Esparza, but Guzman “had Jesse’s back” at the party. Jesse did not think
it was safe for Guzman to stay at Garcia’s house, so Guzman decided to stay with a friend
in Los Angeles. Guzman slashed the tires of Garcia’s car so that Garcia and Esparza
could not follow them. Jesse and Guzman took a train to Los Angeles.
       A few weeks after the murder, Detective Brown discovered that the gun used in
Nick’s murder had been stolen by Garcia in a 2005 burglary.2

2
        Specifically, the detective received information that the gun used in the murder
had been stolen in a burglary in Littlerock in 2005. Detective Brown investigated and
discovered that James Wilson had reported that a .40 caliber Smith & Wesson pistol had
been stolen from his residence in 2005, along with some other firearms and a laptop. The
burglary occurred shortly after Wilson had shown the guns to Guzman. Wilson still had a
bag of shell casings which had been fired from the .40 caliber pistol. It was later
determined that Wilson’s casings and casings found at the scene of Nick’s murder were
fired from the same gun. Samples of a blood stain left in Wilson’s house during the

                                             3
         DNA samples were obtained from various areas of Nick’s Honda. The DNA in
samples from the interior and exterior handle of the passenger’s side door was consistent
with a reference sample of Esparza’s DNA.
         DNA samples were also obtained from the cloth gagging Nick. The DNA profile
was entered into the CODIS database and was matched with appellant, who was not at
the party.
         The Sheriff’s Department obtained search warrants for a number of locations,
including the home of Garcia’s girlfriend, Laura Acosta. Detective Brown found nothing
related to the case at Acosta’s house, but Acosta gave the detective the name of Matthew
Foust.
         Detective Brown contacted Foust. Foust eventually told Detective Brown about
Nick’s murder, after receiving assurances that his sister would be kept safe. Foust
implicated Garcia and Esparza, and told the detective that a short stocky guy was also
involved in the crimes. He identified appellant from a photographic line-up as that guy.
Foust took Detective Brown to a residence where Nick had been beaten before being put
in the trunk of the car. Bernardino was living in that residence in September 2006.
         Detective Brown obtained a search warrant for the residence. Swabs were taken
from bloodstains on the living room carpet and the garage floor. The DNA from the
bloodstains was consistent with Nick’s DNA. He was the major contributor of the blood
on the garage floor.
         Garcia, Esparza and Bernardino were arrested in early 2007, tried and convicted of
the kidnapping and murder of Nick. Foust testified for the prosecution at that trial.
Appellant was extradited from Mexico in 2011 and tried separately in this case.
Bernardino, who did not testify at his own trial, testified for the prosecution in this trial.
Foust again testified for the prosecution in this trial.
         Foust gave the following account of events. He drove from Arizona in his
burgundy Buick to Garcia’s house to buy tires, rims and a car stereo from his friend

burglary were analyzed by the Sheriff’s Department. The DNA profile of the blood
matched Garcia.

                                               4
Garcia. He arrived at about 2:00 a.m. or 2:30 a.m. A party was going on. Foust and
Garcia ate and went to sleep on the living room floor. They woke up about 7:00 a.m. and
Foust drove Garcia to Laura Acosta’s house, got the tires and rims and returned to
Garcia’s house.
       Once Garcia got back to his house, he realized that his tires had been slashed and
his stereo stolen. He became very angry. Foust recalled that Garcia had said something
about Esparza beating up some guys at the house. Garcia and Esparza both said that it
could have been “those guys from last night.”
       Garcia went into the house and came back out with a gun. He told Foust to drive
Garcia and Esparza to “find those guys” from last night. Foust complied. He was “pretty
scared” because Garcia was holding a gun and he did not know what Garcia was capable
of doing at that time. Foust stopped to pick up appellant, who was waiting outside his
house. Then Foust drove to the Ramirez house.
       At the same time that Foust and the others reached the Ramirez house, Nick’s
sister Yvonne Ramirez (“Yvonne”) saw Nick drive out onto the street in his red Honda
and come to a stop because another red car was coming from the opposite direction. This
was the car driven by Foust. Both cars stopped and Nick stared at the other car for one
minute and then just kept driving. The other car drove in the opposite direction. Yvonne
recalled seeing two people in the front of that other car, but did not see that car follow
Nick’s car.
       Foust did follow Nick, who went to a gas station. Foust pulled up right behind
him. Garcia and appellant approached Nick as he was heading into the gas station.
Garcia and appellant pulled Nick back into his car and talked to him from the driver’s
side window as Nick sat in the driver’s seat. Garcia got into the passenger seat of Nick’s
car. Appellant got back into Foust’s car and told Foust to follow Nick’s car.
       Nick eventually pulled into the driveway of Bernardino’s house. Foust parked in
the front of the house. Garcia and Nick walked to the front door, and Garcia asked
Bernardino if they could come into the house “real quick.” Garcia said he wanted to talk
to Nick about something in Bernardino’s presence, so Bernardino let them in. Bernardino

                                              5
gave Garcia and Nick a chance to talk. He recalled Garcia saying something to Nick
about a stolen stereo.
       After they finished talking, Garcia walked out of the house and motioned for
Esparza, Foust, and appellant to come inside. Everyone but Foust walked to the front
door. Foust stayed in the car because he did not want to go inside the house. Garcia came
back out and told Foust to “get in the house.” Foust was scared because the tone of
Garcia’s voice was “kind of threatening.” Foust did not see the gun at that point.
       Foust and Bernardino’s accounts of events inside the house differed somewhat.
Both agreed that once inside the house, Garcia asked Nick where his stereo was, and also
where Jesse was. Appellant then punched Nick in the face without warning. Nick fell
down in the hallway area and started bleeding from his mouth onto the carpet.
Bernardino said, “Take him into the garage. You are getting blood everywhere.”
Bernardino wiped up all the blood in the living room.
       Garcia took Nick into the garage. According to Bernardino, appellant said, “Tell
us where the stereo is at. Tell us where your brother is at.” Nick replied that he did not
know. They made him sit down. Appellant and Garcia started getting upset because
Nick was not giving them answers. At some point, both Bernardino and Foust saw
appellant take a metal pipe and hit Nick in the head with it. The pipe was about 18 inches
long, and had a diameter of one and one-half inches. It was a “pretty hard blow,” and
some of Nick’s blood spattered on them and the wall. According to Foust, Garcia kept
asking where his stuff was, and where Jesse was. Nick replied, “I’m not going to tell
you.” He did not struggle or fight back. He bled from his face onto his clothes.
       At some point, Garcia said he was going to “blast” Nick and asked Esparza to get
his gun, which Esparza did. Foust observed that the gun was a black and silver semi-
automatic pistol which appeared to be .40 or .45-caliber. According to Foust, Bernardino
said, “Take him out to the desert” and “blast him.” Esparza kicked Nick and Garcia hit
him. Esparza had the gun on his lap, and at some point, Garcia came over, picked it up,
and pointed it at Nick. Garcia said, “Tell me where my system’s at. Tell me where your
brother is at. I know you know. I am going to blast you, smoke you.” Nick did not

                                             6
respond. Bernardino did not think that Nick was “fully aware” of what was going on
because he had just gotten hit very hard with a pipe. He was bleeding onto the floor so
someone handed him a rag.
       Appellant hit Nick a few more times in the back with the metal pipe. According to
Foust, appellant beat Nick more than any of the others did. Appellant hit Nick with the
pipe as though he were swinging a baseball bat. Appellant hit Nick hard in the face once
or twice with the pipe. At some point, Bernardino heard appellant tell Garcia that “they
w[ould] have to go through with it because he didn’t want Nick telling the police about
what happened in the garage.” Appellant also said, “We got to smoke him.” According
to Foust, appellant told Nick that “he was going to blast him if he didn’t give up the
information regarding the stereo equipment.” Nick said, “Kill me, but leave my family
alone.”
       Garcia took Nick’s car keys, threw them to Bernardino, and told him to drive the
Honda into the garage. Either Garcia or appellant found Nick’s backpack inside the car
and searched it. Appellant found a scale and kept it for himself. Bernardino then saw
both appellant and Garcia ask Nick to get into the trunk. As Nick walked towards the
car, appellant hit him on the back again with the pipe. Nick fell to his knees so
Bernardino grabbed him by his arm and walked him to the car. Appellant cut the elastic
ropes on Nick’s backpack with a kitchen knife from Nick’s pockets, and appellant and
Garcia both tied Nick’s hands behind his back with the elastic rope. They also used tape.
According to Bernardino, appellant removed his tank top and wrapped it around Nick’s
head and mouth. He tied a knot and put his foot on the knot to tie it even tighter.
Appellant said it was not the first time he had done that. Garcia wrapped tape around the
gag after appellant had tied it. Foust testified that appellant had given his shirt to Garcia,
and Garcia was the one who wrapped it around Nick’s head and mouth. Garcia and
appellant then told Nick to step into the trunk. Garcia was wearing gloves as he pushed
Nick into the trunk.

                                              7
       Bernardino then opened his garage door and let everyone out. Garcia told
Bernardino to “clean this shit up and don’t fuck up,” referring to Nick’s spilled blood.
Bernardino believed that Garcia took a pair of black work gloves from the garage.
       Garcia drove Nick’s car and Foust followed behind with appellant and Esparza.
At some point, appellant told Foust, “Stop, let me out.” Foust stopped and appellant got
out and “kind of ran” down the street. When appellant told Foust to stop the car, Esparza
did not say anything in response. Foust continued to follow Garcia.
       Garcia eventually parked the car in a desert area near a “bunch of shrubs and
bushes.” Esparza told Foust to stop the car as well. Esparza got out of Foust’s car and
walked up to the Honda. Shortly after, Foust heard gunshots. He looked back and saw
Garcia over the trunk of the Honda. After hearing a “couple more” gunshots, Foust saw
Garcia and Esparza run towards his car. They got in and said, “Go, go, go, go, go.” As
they were driving away, Garcia said, “Go back, I left the shells,” but Esparza said, “No,
no.” Foust was scared.
       Garcia told Foust to drive to appellant’s house. There, Esparza and Garcia
changed their clothes. When they got back into Foust’s car after changing their clothes,
neither Garcia nor Esparza said anything about appellant. Garcia told Foust, “You are
going to take me and my brother . . . back to Phoenix with you.” Foust drove Garcia and
Esparza back to Arizona and the two of them stayed at his house for one or two days.
Garcia then took a bus back to California and Esparza took a bus to El Paso.
       Appellant testified in his defense at trial. On September 16, 2006, appellant lived
on Avenue S6 in Littlerock, his home since 2001. He did not attend the Ramirez birthday
party, but he did party with friends at his own house. Garcia woke him up around 8:30
a.m., claiming an emergency. Appellant got into a red Buick and its occupants explained
to appellant that they wanted to retrieve property from Nicholas Ramirez who lived on
Avenue S4. Appellant did not know that Garcia had a gun until they got to the gas
station.
       At the gas station, Garcia got into Nick’s Honda, leaving appellant, Esparza, and
Foust in the Buick. Foust followed the Honda to Bernardino’s house in the Qs. By the

                                             8
time Foust arrived, Garcia and Ramirez were already at the open front door. Foust,
Esparza and appellant followed the others.
       Inside, a lot of arguing ensued. Nick denied having anything to do with the stolen
property or knowing where his brother was. Appellant socked Ramirez in the mouth.
Bernardino was angry about blood dripping on the floor. As appellant cleaned the blood
on the linoleum with his T-shirt, Bernardino told the others, “Take it to the garage.”
       The others went to the garage. Appellant followed after he finished cleaning up
the blood. Nick was sitting on a chair. Garcia, Esparza, and Bernardino were punching
Nick. Appellant did not strike Nick with a rod, and no one else did either. While in the
garage, appellant never hit Nick with a fist or anything else.
       Bernardino grabbed appellant’s T-shirt and threw it to Garcia, who in turn gave it
to Nick. Nick used the t-shirt to dab the blood on his face. Garcia then tied the shirt
around Nick’s face, saying, “I’m going to smoke you if you don’t give me my things.”
Appellant did not make such a comment and did not threaten to blast Nick.
       Garcia and Nick left the garage. The others remained behind. Appellant did not
see Nick ordered into the trunk. Appellant believed that the others just intended to scare
Nick so that he would give back their belongings. He had no idea Garcia intended to kill
Nick. Appellant saw the situation escalating, but he was afraid to intervene because
Garcia had the gun.
       Garcia drove off in the Honda. The others followed in Foust’s Buick. Appellant
was concerned because he could not see a passenger in the Honda. Not wanting any part
of this, appellant asked Foust to stop the car and let him out. Foust did, and appellant
took off running down 100th Street. Two blocks later, appellant heard gunshots. He
went home.
       The others did not come to his house to change clothes. Appellant did not call
police because he feared for the safety of his many family members who lived in the area.
When cross-examined by the prosecution, appellant admitted to a felony conviction for
assault. Appellant had been thinking of going to Mexico since back in April. On January
17, 2007, appellant left for Mexico.

                                             9
       At the time of his arrest, appellant he told detectives that at the time of the assault
he had been “tweaking” on methamphetamine and had not slept in three days. He told
detectives the assault was just supposed to be an “ass beating.” It was not his beef even
though he was the first to use force against Nick. Appellant told the detectives that he
saw Garcia and Esparza going at Nick, “Boom, boom, boom.” He also told the detectives
that he saw Garcia and Nick walk to the trunk, Garcia pop open the trunk, Nick get in the
trunk, and Garcia close it. Appellant figured that is what must have happened because
Garcia was with Nick. Appellant did not actually see Nick get into the trunk.

                                         Discussion
       1. Razor evidence
       While in the courthouse lock-up, appellant was found in possession of a razor
shaver head (“razor”) concealed between two pieces of bread. Appellant contends the
trial court erred in overruling his relevance and Evidence Code section 352 objections to
the introduction of this evidence. He further contends the introduction of this evidence
deprived him of his federal constitutional rights to a fair trial and due process. Appellant
further contends his counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the razor evidence
under Evidence Code section 1101. Appellant additionally contends the prosecutor
committed misconduct in discussing the incident. We see no abuse of discretion, no
ineffective assistance, no prosecutorial misconduct and no violation of appellant’s federal
constitutional rights.

       a. Evidence Code section 352
       Evidence Code section 352 provides: “The court in its discretion may exclude
evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability that its
admission will (a) necessitate undue consumption of time or (b) create substantial danger
of undue prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury.”
       A trial court has broad discretion to weigh the probative value of evidence against
its potential prejudicial impact. A court’s decision that the probative value of the

                                              10
evidence outweighs its prejudicial impact will not be disturbed on appeal unless the court
exercised its discretion in “‘an arbitrary, capricious or patently absurd manner that
resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice.’ [Citations.]” (People v. Rodrigues (1994)
8 Cal. 4th 1060, 1124.) A trial court “need not expressly weigh prejudice against
probative value or even expressly state that it has done so, if the record as a whole shows
the court was aware of and performed its balancing functions under Evidence Code
section 352.” (People v. Taylor (2001) 26 Cal. 4th 1155, 1169.)
       Here, on October 30, the prosecutor informed the court that Bernardino had
encountered appellant while being transported to or from the courthouse, and appellant
had said to him, “Do what you are going to have to do,” or “Do whatever it is you are
going to do.”3 That same day, the court and the parties discussed whether Bernardino
would be permitted to testify that appellant was an enforcer. The court stated: “Well, if
[Bernardino] testifies, I am sure we’ll have a talk with him prior to that. [¶] Is he being
ordered out tomorrow or --” The prosecutor replied: “He is being ordered out tomorrow.
I still have not made a final decision. I think I am going to order him out every day until
I make a decision or we’re done with our testimony.”
       On October 31, the razor was found in appellant’s sandwich. It was initially
described as a “loose razor blade” but it was later clarified that in fact it was a plastic
shaver head with a razor blade imbedded in it. The shaver head itself could not be used
as a weapon, but if the blade were removed from the plastic encasing, the blade could be
used as a weapon.
       Appellant denied any intent to use the razor as a weapon. He explained that he
wanted the razor to shave, because he had been unable to shave or shower for two days in
jail. The court described appellant’s appearance that day as follows: “I am looking at
him. It is not like he has a full beard. I can barely see any facial hair other than the

3
      Bernardino described this encounter to Detective Brown, who was in court and
confirmed the prosecutor’s account.

                                              11
mustache that appears visible. It doesn’t appear to be unkempt or unruly, or growth or
any appearance of overgrowth such that they would be prejudiced against him.”4
       The court initially ruled evidence of the razor blade incident would be excluded
under Evidence Code section 352 unless “anything additional comes out independently
through Mr. Bernardino.” Bernardino did testify that he was concerned about testifying
because inmates who testify run the risk being assaulted or even killed. He explained that
there were “different degrees of being a snitch,” with identifying someone being the least
risky and actually testifying against someone in court being the riskiest. Outside the
presence of the jury, the prosecutor represented to the court that Bernardino had learned
of the razor incident on his own.5
       After Bernardino testified, the court ruled that if appellant testified, appellant
could be questioned about the razor incident. The court indicated that it would then
instruct the jury with CALCRIM No. 371 concerning attempts to suppress evidence.
       The above facts support a reasonable inference that appellant acquired the razor to
use as a weapon against Bernardino to deter him from testifying. Appellant acquired the
razor in the morning of the first day that Bernardino was scheduled to be brought to
court. Appellant’s appearance was not unkempt and a jury could reasonably believe that
appellant would not have taken the risk of obtaining a contraband razor simply to remove
some barely noticeable face hair. Since, an attempt to suppress evidence can show
consciousness of guilt, the razor evidence was relevant. We see no abuse of discretion in

4
        Appellant points out that a defendant has a constitutional right to appear before the
jury in civilian clothing, citing People v. Taylor (1982) 31 Cal. 3d 488, 499 and United
States v. Casey (5th Cir. 1976) 540 F.2d 811, 816.) He argues that by parity of reasoning,
a defendant has the right to appear before a jury showered and shaved. Assuming
appellant had such a right, we would see no violation of that right here. As the above
remark shows, the court expressly found that appellant’s appearance was not unkempt
and would not prejudice the jury. (See People v. Kozel (1982) 133 Cal. App. 3d 507, 537.)
5
       Earlier, the parties had learned that Bernardino’s attorney had not conveyed the
razor blade incident to Bernardino. The prosecutor and Detective Brown were concerned
for Bernardino’s safety, and Detective Brown told Bernardino. Bernardino stated that he
had already heard about the incident.

                                              12
the trial court’s implied ruling that the probative value outweighed the potential
prejudicial impact.

       b. Evidence Code section 1101
       Appellant argues that the jury could not help but see the razor evidence as bad
character evidence, and so his counsel was ineffective in failing to object to the evidence
on Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (a) grounds.
       Appellant has the burden of proving ineffective assistance of counsel. (People v.
Pope (1979) 23 Cal. 3d 412, 425.) In order to establish such a claim, appellant must show
that his counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and
that, but for counsel’s error, a different result would have been reasonably probable.
(Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 687-688, 694; People v. Ledesma (1987)
43 Cal. 3d 171, 216-218.) “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome.” (Strickland v. Washington, supra, 466 U.S. at
p. 694.) “Because of the difficulties inherent in making the evaluation, a court must
indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of
reasonable professional assistance; that is, the defendant must overcome the presumption
that, under the circumstances, the challenged action ‘might be considered sound trial
strategy.’ [Citations.]” (People v. Thomas (1992) 2 Cal. 4th 489, 530-531.)
       Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (a) provides that “evidence of a person’s
character or a trait of his or her character (whether in the form of an opinion, evidence of
reputation, or evidence of specific instances of his or her conduct) is inadmissible when
offered to prove his or her conduct on a specified occasion.” Such evidence is admissible
to prove facts other than a person’s disposition, and to support or attack the credibility of
a witness. (Evid. Code § 1101, subds. (b) & (c).)
       Appellant’s trial counsel objected strenuously and repeatedly to the introduction of
the razor evidence on the grounds that it was speculative and not relevant. Counsel could
reasonably have believed that these were the strongest grounds for exclusion and made a
tactical decision to focus on those grounds and not raise more marginal ones such as

                                             13
Evidence Code section 1101. We accord great deference to trial counsel’s tactical
decisions. (People v. Thomas, supra, 2 Cal.4th at pp. 530-531.) Appellant has not shown
ineffective assistance of counsel.

       c. Prosecutorial misconduct
       Appellant contends the prosecutor misled the court and the jury by referring to the
razor as a “razor blade” rather than a razor shaver head. We do not agree.
       A prosecutor commits misconduct when he or she misstates or mischaracterizes
the evidence. (People v. Hill (1998) 17 Cal. 4th 800, 823.)
       We see no intent to mislead in the prosecutor’s use of the shorthand term “razor
blade.” There was a razor blade in the razor shaver head. Further, the court itself used
the shorthand term, and the court’s comments show it was well aware of the exact nature
of the object. As the court said in ruling that appellant could be questioned about the
incident, “I will note that the way it was found is the razor was still incased in its plastic
head.” The court was clearly not misled.
       In questioning appellant, the prosecutor did use the term “razor blade,” and
appellant explained that the object was actually a razor head. Questions of counsel are
not evidence, and the jury was so instructed. Appellant’s description of the object was
evidence, and was undisputed. In discussing the incident during closing argument, the
prosecutor used the term “razor head.” Thus, there is no reasonable probability that the
jury was misled by the prosecutor’s use of the term razor blade during questioning.
       Appellant also contends the prosecutor misled the court and the jury about the
timing of appellant’s acquisition of the razor. We again do not agree.
       When the razor was first discovered, the prosecutor stated that the previous day he
“had indicted at that time [he] had not made a final decision about whether Mr.
Bernardino would be testifying” and had stated he “would like Mr. Bernardino to be
brought out to court every day until I have either made a decision or the case was over.”
At the end of that discussion, the court stated it would discuss the admissibility of the
razor evidence “in more detail if and when Mr. Bernardino testifies.”

                                              14
           In questioning appellant, the prosecutor did ask if appellant heard on October 30
that the decision had been made to call Bernardino, but appellant replied in the negative.
The prosecutor then refocused his question on appellant’s knowledge that Bernardino
would be in the courthouse the next day. In discussing the incident during closing
argument, the prosecutor stated appellant brought the razor head “into the courthouse on
the very next morning when he found out that Claudio Bernardino was coming for sure.”
This is an accurate time reference. We see no reasonable probability the jury was misled
by the prosecutor’s questions.

           2. Jury instruction on suppression of evidence
           Appellant contends the trial court erred in instructing the jury with CALCRIM No.
371 concerning attempts to suppress evidence. He contends there was no evidence to
support the instruction and so the instruction violated his federal constitutional rights
under the Fifth, Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments.
           Claims of instructional error are reviewed de novo. (People v. Waidla
(2000) 22 Cal. 4th 690, 733.) “It is error to give an instruction which . . . has no
application to the facts of the case.” (People v. Guiton (1993) 4 Cal. 4th 1116, 1129.)
           CALCRIM No. 371 stated: “If the defendant tried to hide evidence or discourage
someone from testifying against him, that conduct may show that he was aware of his
guilt. If you conclude that the defendant made such an attempt, it is up to you to decide
its meaning and importance. However, evidence of such an attempt cannot prove guilt by
itself.”
           As we discuss, above, there is sufficient evidence to support a reasonable
inference that appellant brought the razor to the courthouse intending to use it to deter
Bernardino from testifying. Thus, there is sufficient evidence to support CALCRIM No.
371. There was no violation of appellant’s federal constitutional rights.

                                                15
       3. Restraints
       After the razor was discovered, the trial court ordered appellant to wear a stealth
belt and leg shackles. The court stated that the belt would be visible, but the shackles
concealed from the jury’s view. Appellant contends that since he had leg shackles, the
visible waist restraint was unnecessary and prejudicial.
       A defendant may be physically restrained at trial only if there is a “manifest need”
for such restraints. (People v. Seaton (2001) 26 Cal. 4th 598, 651.) Manifest need may be
shown by nonconforming behavior. (People v. Cox (1991) 53 Cal. 3d 618, 651.) “‘The
imposition of physical restraints in the absence of a record showing of violence or a
threat of violence or other nonconforming conduct will be deemed an abuse of
discretion.’ [Citation.]” (Ibid.) “[E]ven when special court security measures are
warranted, a court should impose the least restrictive measure that will satisfy the court’s
legitimate security concerns.” (People v. Mar (2002) 28 Cal. 4th 1201, 1206.)
       As we discuss, supra, the facts surrounding appellant’s acquisition of a razor
supported an inference that he intended to try to dissuade Bernardino from testifying. As
the trial court stated, the razor blade “is part of the reason of why [appellant] is sitting
here both with a stealth belt and . . . leg shackles.” Thus, there was a showing of a threat
of violence, and some physical restraints were warranted.
       Appellant did not object to the restraints, and so has forfeited his claim that the
belt was unnecessary. (See People v. Majors (1998) 18 Cal. 4th 385, 406.) Appellant
contends any objection would have been futile, and counsel need not make futile
objections. (See People v. Hill, supra, 17 Cal.4th at p. 820.) We do not agree that an
objection would have been futile. The trial court had the defense table modified so that
the leg shackles were not visible to the jury, and so was clearly concerned with
minimizing the visibility of the restraints. This does not suggest that a court would have
automatically and categorically rejected all objections to the belt.
       We note that while leg shackles would have prevented appellant from moving
away from the defense table, it would not have prevented from standing up. The stealth
belt would have kept appellant from standing up, a move which could seem intimidating

                                              16
to a witness. Further, the more detailed record which would have resulted from an
objection would have been particularly useful in this case. Stealth belts, as the name
suggests, are designed to be unobtrusive.6 The court may have misspoken when it said
the stealth belt would be visible. The courtroom may have had a peculiar layout which
rendered the normally unobtrusive belt visible to the jury, and which could have been
blocked on request.

       4. Failure to instruct on restraints
       Appellant contends the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury sua sponte
that appellant’s restraints had no bearing on a determination of his guilt. We agree, but
find the error harmless.
       If a defendant’s physical restraints are visible to the jury, the court has a sua
sponte duty to instruct the jury that such restraints should have no bearing on the
determination of the defendant’s guilt. (People v. Lightsey (2012) 54 Cal. 4th 668, 721.)
       Here, the trial court stated that the stealth belt would be visible to the jury. The
trial court may have misspoken since, as the name suggests, stealth belts are designed to
be unobtrusive. Assuming the court was correct about the belt’s visibility, the court had a
sua sponte duty to instruct the jury on this issue.
       The failure of a court to instruct the jury about restraints constitutes reversible
error only if it is “‘reasonably probable that a result more favorable to [defendant] would
have been reached in the absence of such error.’” (People v. Jacobs (1989) 210
Cal. App. 3d 1135, 1142, quoting People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal. 2d 818, 836.)7

6
        The court described that stealth belt as a belt that attaches to a hook on the
defendant’s chair. Appellant sometimes refers to the belt as a stun belt. There is nothing
in the record to suggest that appellant was wearing a stun belt.
7
       Appellant makes a general statement that the claimed instructional errors in this
case violated his Fifth, Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment rights under the U.S.
Constitution. He then contends generally that any instruction which lowers the
prosecution’s burden of proof violates the due process clause. We do not agree that the

                                              17
       The evidence supporting appellant’s convictions was very strong. Appellant’s
DNA was found on the cloth gagging Nick, and when appellant testified he did not
dispute that he was present from the beginning of the kidnapping through the first part of
the drive to the area where Nick was shot. Appellant left shortly before the shooting, but
the other three perpetrators came to him for assistance after the shooting, indicating that
appellant was still an active participant in the crimes. Appellant fled to Mexico after the
murder, indicating consciousness of guilt.
       It is far from clear that the jury even understood what the stealth belt was.
Generally, stealth belts resemble normal belts worn with clothing, but can be attached to
a chair. The belt leaves a defendant’s hands free, and thus, unlike handcuffs, do not
strongly suggest that a defendant presents a threat of violence. Certainly, the belt would
indicate that appellant was in custody. But the trial court instructed the jury with
CALCRIM No. 103 which states, “You must not be biased against the defendant just
because he has been arrested, charged with a crime, or brought to trial. A defendant in a
criminal case is presumed to be innocent.” The court also gave CALCRIM No. 101,
which states, in relevant part, “Your verdict must be based only on the evidence
presented during trial in this court and the law as I provide it to you,” and “Do not let
bias, sympathy, prejudice, or public opinion influence your decision.” It is assumed that
the jury followed the court’s admonitions. (See People v. Frank (1990) 51 Cal. 3d 718,
728.) For these reasons, we see no reasonable probability that a result more favorable to
appellant would have been reached had the trial court instructed the jury to disregard the
stealth belt in the determination of appellant’s guilt. (See People v. Jacobs, supra, 210
Cal.App.3d at p. 1142.)

       5. “Criminal history” evidence
       Appellant contends the trial court erred in admitting evidence that his DNA was in
the CODIS system and permitting the prosecutor to question appellant about his failure to

omission of the restraint instruction lowered the prosecution’s burden of proof and rose to
the category of federal constitutional error.

                                             18
make a court appearance and to report to his probation officer in the months after the
murder. He contends the evidence was highly prejudicial and not probative, and should
have been excluded pursuant to Evidence Code section 352. He further contends
admission of the evidence violated his federal constitutional rights to trial by jury, a fair
trial and due process. We see no abuse of discretion in admitting the evidence and so no
violation of appellant’s federal constitutional rights.
       A trial court has broad discretion under Evidence Code section 352 and its
decision that the probative value of the evidence outweighs its prejudicial impact will not
be disturbed on appeal unless the court exercised its discretion in “‘an arbitrary,
capricious or patently absurd manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice.
[Citations.]’” (People v. Rodrigues, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 1124.)
       “The prejudice which exclusion of evidence under Evidence Code section 352 is
designed to avoid is not the prejudice or damages to a defense that naturally flows from
relevant, highly probative evidence. ‘[A]ll evidence which tends to prove guilt is
prejudicial or damaging to the defendant’s case. . . . The “prejudice’ referred to in
Evidence Code section 352 applies to evidence which uniquely tends to evoke an
emotional bias against the defendant as an individual and which has very little effect on
the issues.” (People v. Karis (1988) 46 Cal. 3d 612, 638.)
       We see no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s decision to admit the CODIS
evidence. The source of the DNA match did have some relevance to show how the
investigation was proceeding, and how the investigative lead to appellant began. It also
had some potential for prejudice, since CODIS is a Federal Bureau of Investigation
database of DNA from criminals. This prejudice was minimized, however, because the
database was not described in any detail. It was referred to only by its acronym of
CODIS, a innocuous acronym which stands for Combined DNA Index System. There
was no suggestion that it was a law enforcement database or that the DNA in the database
was obtained from persons in police custody and convicted felons. The jury would have
been speculating it if believed that appellant’s inclusion in the database showed a “long
criminal history” as appellant now contends on appeal. Thus, it was not arbitrary or

                                              19
capricious for the court to find the probative value of the evidence outweighed its
potential prejudicial impact. Further, once appellant testified, the jury learned that he was
in fact a convicted felon, and so even if the jury somehow guessed CODIS was a law
enforcement database, appellant could have suffered no actual prejudice.
       We also see no abuse of discretion in the court’s decision to permit the prosecutor
to question appellant about his failure to report to his probation officer and to appear in
court following the murder. Both events supported an inference of consciousness of
guilt, albeit a somewhat weak one since they occurred in November, two months after the
murder. There was some prejudicial potential, since the events did show that appellant
had a prior criminal history. The prejudice was minimal, however, since no details were
introduced and probationary status does not suggest a serious crime had occurred. Thus,
it was not arbitrary or capricious for the court to find the probative value of the evidence
outweighed its potential prejudicial impact. Further, once appellant testified, the jury
learned that he was in fact a convicted felon, and so appellant could have suffered no
actual prejudice from disclosure of his probationary status.

       6. Refusal to dismiss a juror.
       Appellant contends the trial court erred in refusing to dismiss a juror who worked
at the same store as the victim’s brother, David Ramirez. David was a witness in the
case. Appellant contends the court’s error violated his Sixth Amendment rights and
section 1089.
       Section 1089 provides for the discharge of a juror “before or after the final
submission of the case to the jury” for “good cause” shown. Once the trial court is placed
on notice that good cause to discharge a juror may exist, “it is the court’s duty ‘to make
whatever inquiry is reasonably necessary’ to determine whether the juror should be
discharged. [Citation.]” (People v. Espinoza (1992) 3 Cal. 4th 806, 821.) A juror’s
inability to perform “‘must appear in the record as a “demonstrable reality” and bias may
not be presumed.’ [Citations.]” (People v. Beeler (1995) 9 Cal. 4th 953, 975.)

                                             20
       Both the scope of the court’s inquiry and the ultimate decision whether to retain or
discharge a juror are committed to the sound discretion of the trial court. (People v.
Bonilla (2007) 41 Cal. 4th 313, 350.) If any substantial evidence exists to support the trial
court’s exercise of its discretion under section 1089, the court’s action will be upheld on
appeal. (People v. Bradford (1997) 15 Cal. 4th 1229, 1351.) It will be upheld unless it
“‘falls outside the bounds of reason.’” (People v. Kipp (1998) 18 Cal. 4th 349, 371.)
       Here, the prosecutor informed the trial court on October 22 that David had told
Detective Brown that he worked with Juror No. 8. David did not know the juror’s full
name. The court held a sidebar with both attorneys and Juror No. 8. When the court
asked Juror No. 8 if he knew David from work, Juror No. 8 replied, “Yeah, I think I do.”
When asked how he knew David, he replied, “I think he works in, like, the meat area
where I work at.” Juror No. 8 explained that he had “very little contact with barely
anybody there except for [his] management team.” When it was suggested that he must
have some memory of David working in the meat department, Juror No. 8 said, “I mean,
there is 500 associates in my area. There is probably, like, 40 or 50 different Davids.”
When asked when he last interacted with David, Juror No. 8 said, “Because usually on
my side of the store, you run into everybody. Maybe Saturday.” Other than saying “hi,”
Juror No. 8 could not recall any conversations that he had engaged in with David, and he
said that he did not socialize with him in any way.
       Juror No. 8 stated that recognizing David from work would not affect his
judgment as a juror, and seeing David at work would not make him feel uncomfortable.
Juror No. 8 he understood he could not contact David at work or talk to him about the
case. Juror No. 8 added, “I’m not totally a hundred percent sure if it is him or not.”
       Defense counsel expressed concern that Juror No. 8 had “some sort of knowledge”
of David, but the trial court responded, “I don’t think, counsel, it rises to the level of
excusing him for cause. It appears this relationship appears to be very minimal. At this
point, I don’t see any reason he can’t continue.”
       We see no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s ruling that the relationship was
“minimal” and did not provide cause for excusing Juror No.8, and that Juror No. 8 could

                                              21
remain on the jury. As the above quoted questions and answers show, Juror No. 8’s place
of employment was large, and he did not work directly with David, had never socialized
with him, and was not even sure that David was his coworker. It was more than
reasonable for the court to conclude that any slight acquaintance between the two would
not produce undue bias. (See People v. Ray (1996) 13 Cal. 4th 313, 344 [no evidence of
bias where evidence showed only that juror taught at same school that victim’s daughter
attended]; People v. McPeters (1992) 2 Cal. 4th 1148, 1172 [court did not abuse
discretion in retaining juror who had met husband of victim in husband’s capacity as real
estate agent for seller of house juror was buying; husband was a witness at trial].) We see
nothing to support an inference of bias, and bias may not be presumed. (See People v.
Beeler, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 975; People v. McPeters, supra, 2 Cal.4th at p. 1175.)

       7. Accomplice instructions
       Appellant contends the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury that
Bernardino was an accomplice as a matter of law. The trial court did instruct the jury that
it had to decide whether Bernardino (and Foust) were accomplices. He contends the trial
court’s error violated his federal constitutional rights under the U.S. Constitution.
       Generally, “[w]hen a jury receives substantial evidence that a witness who has
implicated the defendant was an accomplice, a trial court on its own motion must instruct
it on the principles regarding accomplice testimony. [Citations.] This includes
instructing the jury that an accomplice’s testimony implicating the defendant must be
viewed with caution and corroborated by other evidence. [Citations.]” (People v.
Houston (2012) 54 Cal. 4th 1186, 1223.)
       An accomplice is “one who is liable to prosecution for the identical offense
charged against the defendant on trial in the cause in which the testimony of the
accomplice is given.” (§ 1111.) Whether a witness is an accomplice is a factual question
for the jury unless the facts are undisputed and support only one inference. (People v.
Brown (2003) 31 Cal. 4th 518, 556-557.) If the facts and the inferences to be drawn from
the facts are clear and undisputed, at trial court may take the issue away from the jury and

                                              22
instruct the jury that a witness is an accomplice as a matter of law. (People v. Williams
(2008) 43 Cal. 4th 584, 636.)
       Appellant contends nothing could be more “clear and undisputed” than a
codefendant already convicted of the crimes for which the defendant is on trial.
Appellant has not cited, and we are not aware of, any case holding that a witness who has
been convicted separately from a co-perpetrator must be treated as an accomplice as a
matter of law when testifying as a witness in the co-perpetrator’s trial.
       Even if appellant’s proposed rule would be appropriate in some cases, the rule is
not appropriate in cases like this one, where the witness did not testify at his own earlier
trial. Here, even though Bernardino was convicted in the earlier trial, the jury did not
make any determination of his credibility in reaching its verdict. In this trial, Bernardino
did give his account of the crime, and the jury in this trial was in the best position to
determine his credibility. Bernardino claimed that he expected only a fistfight to occur,
did not expect the matter to escalate, and did not attempt to save the victim because he
was afraid for his own life. Given these facts, which were not before the jury at the first
trial, the jury in this matter could have found that Bernardino was not an accomplice.
(See People v. Anderson (1987) 43 Cal. 3d 1104, 1138 [a person is not an accomplice as a
matter of law if there is evidence that he acted out of fear of the defendant rather than the
necessary criminal intent].)
       Appellant’s proposed rule also appears incompatible with the reasoning of the
California Supreme Court when evaluating acquitted defendants who testify at the trial of
another. The California Supreme Court has explained that “‘The test is not whether . . .
[the alleged accomplice] was subject to trial and conviction at the time she testified, but
whether, at the time the acts were committed, and as a result of those acts, she became
“liable to prosecution for the identical offense charged against the defendant.”” (Italics in
original.) Therefore, [the alleged accomplice’s] previous acquittal did not prevent the
jury [in the present case] from finding her to be an accomplice for the purpose of
evaluating her testimony under section 1111.” (People v. Gordon (1973) 10 Cal. 3d 460,
469, overruled on another ground by People v. Ward (2005) 36 Cal. 4th 186, 212.)

                                              23
       Thus, the trial court did not err in failing to instruct the jury that Bernardino was
an accomplice as a matter of law. The court correctly instructed the jury to decide
whether Bernardino was an accomplice, and that accomplice testimony must be viewed
with caution and corroborated by other evidence.

       8. Sufficiency of the evidence for the murder conviction
       Appellant contends he at most aided and abetted the kidnapping, or conspired to
commit it, and could have been guilty of murder only under a natural and probable
consequences theory of liability. He further contends he withdrew as an aider and abettor
and co-conspirator before the murder took place, and so there is insufficient evidence to
support his conviction for murder. He also contends such a conviction violates his
federal constitutional right to due process.

       a. Aiding and abetting
       “‘All persons concerned in the commission of a crime, . . . whether they directly
commit the act constituting the offense, or aid and abet in its commission, . . . are
principals in any crime so committed.’ [Citations.] Thus, a person who aids and abets a
crime is guilty of that crime even if someone else committed some or all of the criminal
acts. [Citation.].” (People v. McCoy (2001) 25 Cal. 4th 1111, 1116-1117, italics in
original.)
       A person aids and abets the commission of a crime when he, acting (1) with
knowledge of the perpetrator’s unlawful purpose, and (2) with intent or purpose of
committing, encouraging, or facilitating the commission of the offense, (3) by act or
advice aids, promotes, encourages, or instigates the commission of the crime. (People v.
Croy (1985) 41 Cal. 3d 1, 11-12; People v. Beeman (1984) 35 Cal. 3d 547, 561.) A person
must share the specific intent of the direct perpetrator to be guilty of a crime as an aider
and abettor. (People v. Lee (2003) 31 Cal. 4th 613, 624.)
       To withdraw as an aider and abettor, a defendant must notify the other principals
of his intention to withdraw from the commission of the intended crime or crimes, and do

                                               24
everything in his power to prevent the crime or crimes from being committed. (People v.
Shelmire (2005) 130 Cal. App. 4th 1044, 1055.) “The withdrawal test is objective. Its
first prong is the actual communication of one’s intent to withdraw.” (Id. at pp. 1055-
1056.)
         There is substantial evidence showing that appellant intended to aid and abet the
murder. Appellant acknowledges there is sufficient evidence to support his kidnapping
conviction. Before appellant and the others caught up to Nick at the gas station, appellant
knew Garcia had a gun. Appellant continued to assist with Nick’s kidnapping. During
Nick’s captivity at Bernardino’s house, appellant participated in beating Nick. Appellant
acknowledged that he saw Esparza bring the gun from the car into Bernardino’s garage at
Garcia’s request. Appellant said he heard Bernardino make a statement about “taking
Nick out to the desert and blasting him” and heard Garcia tell Nick that he would
“smoke” him if he did not return the stolen items. Appellant also saw Garcia point his
gun at Nick and say, “I’m going to blast you, smoke you.” According to Foust, appellant
made a similar remark to Nick, stating that “he was going to blast him if he didn’t give up
the information regarding the stereo equipment.” After hearing Garcia’s threats to kill
Nick, appellant still told Nick to climb into the trunk of the car, cut the straps on Nick’s
backpack, used the straps to tie Nick hands and used his own t-shirt to gag Nick.
According to Bernardino, appellant told Garcia that they would have to go through with
“smoking” Nick because they did not want him to tell the police about the beating in the
garage.8

8
        Appellant contends Bernardino’s testimony lacks all credibility because it is
inconsistent with Foust’s testimony in Bernardino’s trial that Bernardino made the
statement about killing Nick so that Nick could not go to the police. Bernardino did not
testify in his own trial and it was for the jury to decide which witness to believe.
Appellant also contends Bernardino lacks credibility because he had “every expectation
of leniency” if he inculpated appellant. At most, Bernardino sought to have a family
contact visit while in Los Angeles to testify. The jury was aware of this, and was in the
best position to assess Bernardino’s credibility. Certainly we cannot find Bernardino
incredible as a matter of law. Appellant points to this inconsistency, and to an
inconsistency between Foust’s and Bernardino’s account of the gagging of Nick, to argue

                                              25
       Appellant claims he withdrew from aiding and abetting when he told Foust to stop
the car, then got out and ran away. According to Foust, appellant simply said, “Stop the
car.” Appellant then got out of the car and ran away. Also according to Foust, after the
murder, Garcia told him to drive to appellant’s house, where Garcia and Esparza changed
clothes before fleeing to Arizona.
       The jury could have reasonably found that appellant’s statement and acts did not
effectively communicate his withdrawal from the conspiracy, particularly given Foust’s
testimony that Garcia and Esparza went to appellant’s house after the murder. (See
People v. Shelmire, supra, 130 Cal.App.4th at p. 1055 [defendant who hung back while
codefendants went into the apartment and committed the crime, then waited until they
reemerged and fled with them was not entitled to instruction on withdrawal defense
because there was no objective evidence that the codefendants understood the conduct as
withdrawal]; see also People v. Jones (1934) 136 Cal. App. 722, 723-724 [rejecting
defendant’s claim of withdrawal where defendant committed one robbery with co-
conspirators and then drove one co-conspirator to speakeasy which was site of second
robbery and murder; after co-conspirator went into speakeasy, defendant left his car and
ran away].)9

that the People improperly pursued factually inconsistent theories in the two trials. (See
In re Sakarias (2005) 35 Cal. 4th 140, 159-160.) We see nothing in the record before us
to indicate the prosecutor deliberately omitted evidence from the second trial that was
presented in the first trial, as occurred case in Sakarias. As we have just discussed,
Bernardino did not testify in the first trial. When he testified in this trial, he offered a
slightly different account of events than Foust did. It was for the jury to decide which
account to believe.
9
       We note there is no evidence of the second prong of the withdrawal test. There is
no evidence that appellant made no attempt to stop the murder from being committed.
Appellant contends that it would have been impossible to stop the murder, and so he was
excused from this requirement. A defendant who waits until shortly before the
commission of the crime to attempt a withdrawal takes a risk that he will not be able to
effectively withdraw and will be held responsible for the acts of his co-perpetrators. (See
People v. Jones, supra, 136 Cal.App. at p. 728 [defendant who waited to run away until

                                             26
       Further, appellant waited until very shortly before the murder to leave the car. A
defendant who waits until shortly before the commission of the crime to attempt a
withdrawal takes a risk that he will not be able to effectively withdraw and will be held
responsible for the acts of his co-defendants. (See People v. Jones, supra, 136 Cal.App.
at p. 728 [defendant who waited to run away until co-defendants entered site of second
robbery “had gone too far in aiding and abetting the common undertaking” to benefit
from withdrawal defense].)
       Since there was evidence that appellant did not effectively withdraw from being an
aider and abettor, there is sufficient evidence to support his conviction for murder on an
aiding and abetting theory.

       b. Conspiracy
       A conspiracy is an agreement by two or more people to commit a crime. (§ 182,
subd. (a); People v. Jurado (2006) 38 Cal. 4th 72, 130.) A conspiracy conviction requires
proof of an agreement between two or more people who have the specific intent to agree
or conspire to commit an offense, and the specific intent to commit that offense. Further,
one or more of the parties to the agreement must commit an overt act for the purpose of
carrying out the object of the conspiracy. (People v. Morante (1999) 20 Cal. 4th 403,
416.) Accordingly, a conviction for conspiracy to commit murder requires a finding of
intent to kill. (People v. Swain (1996) 12 Cal. 4th 593, 607.)
       A criminal conspiracy may be shown by direct or circumstantial evidence that the
parties came to a mutual understanding to accomplish the act. (People v. Vu (2006) 143
Cal. App. 4th 1009, 1025.) Thus, “a conspiracy may be inferred from the conduct,
relationship, interests, and activities of the alleged conspirators before and during the
alleged conspiracy.” (People v. Rodrigues, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 1135.) A person may
join a previously formed conspiracy by actively participating in it with the same intent as
the original conspirators. (People v. Aday (1964) 226 Cal. App. 2d 520, 534.)

co-defendants entered site of second robbery “had gone too far in aiding and abetting the
common undertaking” to benefit from withdrawal defense]. )

                                             27
       The same evidence which is sufficient to show that appellant aided and abetted the
murder is also sufficient to show that he was a co-conspirator in the murder.
       “Withdrawal from a conspiracy requires ‘an affirmative and bona fide rejection or
repudiation of the conspiracy, communicated to the coconspirators. [Citations.]’”
(People v. Sconce (1991) 228 Cal. App. 3d 693, 701, quoting People v. Crosby (1962) 58
Cal. 2d 713, 730-731.) “‘Generally, a defendant’s mere failure to continue previously
active participation in a conspiracy is not enough to constitute withdrawal. . . . Once the
defendant’s participation in the conspiracy is shown, it will be presumed to continue
unless he is able to prove, as a matter of defense, that he effectively withdrew from the
conspiracy.’” (People v. Lowery (1988) 200 Cal. App. 3d 1207, 1220.)
       As we discuss, supra, a jury could reasonably find that appellant’s exit from the
car did not effectively communicate his withdrawal from aiding and abetting. For the
same reasons, a jury could reasonably have found that appellant did not effectively
communicate his intent to withdraw from the conspiracy. Further, appellant
communicated his intent to at most Foust and Esparza. Foust testified there was no
discussion of appellant’s departure after appellant got out of the car. There was nothing
to show that Garcia and Bernardino were even aware that appellant was no longer with
them, let alone of the reason for appellant’s departure. (See Loser v. Superior Court
(1947) 78 Cal. App. 2d 30, 32 [at most evidence showed intent to withdraw was
communicated to only one of several co-conspirators and so evidence did not compel the
conclusion that defendant had effectively withdrawn from the conspiracy prior to the
commission of the substantive offenses].)

       c. Prosecutorial misconduct
       Appellant contends that the prosecutor made misleading arguments regarding
appellant’s withdrawal defense during closing argument. Appellant did not object to the
prosecutor’s statements and so has forfeited this claim on appeal. (People v. Hill, supra,
17 Cal.4th at p. 820.)

                                            28
       d. Federal constitutional claim
       “If we determine that a rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt, the due process clause of the
United States Constitution is satisfied [citation] as is the due process clause of article I,
section 15 of the California Constitution.” (People v. Osband (1996) 13 Cal. 4th 622,
690.) Here, we have found that a rational trier of fact could have found that appellant did
not effectively withdraw from aiding and abetting and the conspiracy. The due process
clauses of the federal and California constitutions are satisfied.

       9. Cumulative error
       Appellant contends that even if the errors in this case considered individually do
not require reversal, the cumulative effect of those errors was prejudicial, denied him due
process, and requires reversal. We do not agree.
       Individual errors which are not prejudicial when considered separately may be
prejudicial if considered cumulatively. (People v. Hill, supra, 17 Cal.4th at p. 844.)
Cumulative error may so “infect[] the trial with unfairness as to make the resulting
conviction a denial of due process.” (Donnelly v. DeChristoforo (1974) 416 U.S. 637,
642-643.)
       We have found only one error in this case, the failure of the trial court to instruct
sua sponte on restraints. There can be no cumulative error in such a circumstance.

       10. Romero10 motion
       Appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to strike his
prior strike conviction for assault with a deadly weapon. We see no abuse of discretion.
       Rulings on motions to strike prior convictions are reviewed under the deferential
abuse of discretion standard. Under that standard an appellant who seeks reversal must
demonstrate that the trial court’s decision was irrational or arbitrary. It is not enough to

10
       People v. Superior Court (Romero) (1996) 13 Cal. 4th 497.

                                              29
show that reasonable people might disagree about whether to strike one or more of his
prior convictions. Where the record demonstrates that the trial court balanced the
relevant facts and reached an impartial decision in conformity with the spirit of the law,
we shall affirm the trial court’s ruling. (People v. Carmony (2004) 33 Cal. 4th 367, 373.)
       In deciding whether to dismiss a prior strike conviction, the trial court must
consider whether the defendant falls outside the spirit of that law, and whether the
dismissal is therefore “in furtherance of justice.” (People v. Williams (1998) 17 Cal. 4th
148, 158-161.) The court must consider “whether, in light of the nature and
circumstances of his present felonies and prior serious and/or violent felony convictions,
and the particulars of his background, character, and prospects, the defendant may be
deemed outside the scheme’s spirit, in whole or in part, and hence should be treated as
though he had not previously been convicted of one or more serious and/or violent
felonies.” (People v. Williams, supra, 17 Cal.4th at p. 161.)
       Appellant contends there were numerous mitigating factors supporting striking his
prior conviction: the victim in that conviction was “not without fault,” his criminal
history was not extensive, his criminal conduct took place in an 18 month period which
was followed by four years without arrests or convictions, most of his “problems with the
law” were related to substance abuse and he was not a “principal actor” in Nick’s murder.
He claims it is unfair to punish him more severely than co-defendant Garcia, who he
views as more culpable.
       The prosecutor disputed appellant’s account of his prior conviction, pointed out
that both appellant’s past and current convictions were violent offenses, and noted
appellant had been recently released from jail and was on probation when he committed
the offenses in this case.
       The court read both parties’ briefs and the probation report. At the hearing on this
matter stated that according to appellant’s probation report, he has started smoking
marijuana at age 11 and using methamphetamine two years later, but it did not appear
that appellant had taken any steps to try to get help for his drug problems. The court

                                             30
found that appellant’s criminal history, violence, poor performance on probation
compelled the court to deny appellant’s motion,
       At most, appellant has shown that reasonable people might disagree about whether
his prior strike conviction should be dismissed. This is not enough. (People v. Myers
(1999) 69 Cal. App. 4th 305, 310.) Appellant has not shown that the trial court’s decision
was “so irrational or arbitrary that no reasonable person could agree with it.” (People v.
Carmony, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 377.)
       The trial court’s comments indicate that it properly considered the nature and
circumstances of appellant’s current and prior convictions and the particulars of his
background, character and prospects, and reached an impartial decision. (People v.
Williams, supra, 17 Cal.4th at pp. 161-164.) Thus, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion and we must “affirm the trial court’s ruling even if we might have ruled
differently in the first instance.” (People v. Myers, supra, 69 Cal.App.4th at p. 310.)

       11. Presentence custody credits
       Appellant contends the trial court awarded him a total of 1508 days of custody
credit, but the abstract of judgment incorrectly reflects only 792 days of presentence
custody credit. We agree in part.
       Appellant was entitled to 792 days of actual custody credit in case MA037295 for
the period from his arrest on February 23, 2011 through his sentencing date on April 24,
2013. Since appellant was convicted of murder, he was not entitled to good time or work
time credit. (§ 2933.2.) To the extent the trial court awarded appellant 396 days of such
credit, the trial court erred.
       Appellant was sentenced to a one-year term in case MA033978 for the offense for
which he was on probation at the time of the murder. The term was ordered to run
consecutively to the sentence in the murder case. The trial court found that appellant had
320 days of credit for that offense. Appellant is entitled to that credit. The abstract of
judgment contained in the record on appeal shows only the sentence for the murder and
kidnapping cases, however.

                                             31
       Appellant suggests that we order the trial court to prepare an abstract of judgment
in case MA033978 reflecting the 320 days of custody credit, or in the alternative order
the court to prepare a joint abstract reflecting both cases numbers and including the 320
days of custody credit. Appellant did not file a notice of appeal in case number
MA033978. Accordingly, appellant should seek any necessary corrections in that case in
the trial court.

                                        Disposition
       The judgment is affirmed.

                     NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

                            MINK, J.*

We concur:

       MOSK, ACTING P. J.

       KRIEGLER, J.

*
      Retired Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

                                            32