Court Opinion

ID: 4166340
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-05-04 21:17:34.99678+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:21:12.797554
License: Public Domain

05/04/2017

        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                        Assigned on Briefs February 15, 2017

         STATE OF TENNESSEE v. DEQUAN HASANI BERTRAND
                  Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County
                   No. 2013-D-3070      J. Randall Wyatt, Jr., Judge

                             No. M2016-00920-CCA-R3-CD
                        _____________________________

A Davidson County jury convicted the Defendant, Dequan Hasani Bertrand, of
aggravated robbery, aggravated burglary, and employment of a firearm during the
commission of a dangerous felony. The jury acquitted the Defendant of one count of
aggravated rape and was unable to reach a verdict as to two other counts of aggravated
rape. The trial court sentenced the Defendant to a total effective sentence of twenty-four
years. On appeal, the Defendant contends that: (1) the trial court erred when it admitted
the victim’s identification of him; (2) the evidence is insufficient to sustain his
convictions; and (3) the trial court erred when it sentenced him to the maximum
sentences within his range and ordered his sentences to run consecutively. After review,
we affirm the trial court’s judgments.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which THOMAS T.
WOODALL, P.J., and TIMOTHY L. EASTER, J., joined.

Frank T. McLeod (at trial), and Joshua L. Brand (on appeal), Nashville, Tennessee, for
the appellant, Dequan Hasani Bertrand.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Alexander C. Vey, Assistant
Attorney General; Glenn R. Funk, District Attorney General; and Amy M. Hunter,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                       OPINION
                                        I. Facts

      This case arises from a robbery that occurred on October 15, 2013, at the home of

                                            1
the victim, K.T.1 With regard to the events surrounding this incident, a Davidson County
grand jury indicted the Defendant for three counts of aggravated rape, one count of
aggravated robbery, one count of aggravated burglary, one count of employing a firearm
during the commission of a dangerous felony, and one count of attempted aggravated
robbery.

                                           A. Suppression Hearing

        The Defendant filed a motion to suppress the victim’s identification of him. The
Defendant alleged that the day after the offense, October 16, 2013, a law enforcement
officer showed the victim a photographic lineup containing pictures of six men, including
the Defendant, whom all looked similar. The victim was unable to identify any of the
pictures as being of the man who had robbed her. The Defendant further stated that, two
days later, on October 18, 2013, law enforcement officers showed the victim a second
photographic lineup. This second line up, he posited, contained pictures of six men that
did not look similar to each other. From this lineup, the victim immediately and
definitively identified the Defendant’s picture as being of the man who had attacked her.
The Defendant alleged that the second lineup was clearly suggestive and that the victim’s
identification was inadmissible.

       The trial court held a hearing on the motion, during which the parties presented the
following evidence: Michael Bennett, a detective with the Nashville Metropolitan Police
Department, testified that he investigated the events in this case. As part of his
investigation, he developed a photo lineup to show the victim. The detective said that the
Defendant did not have a booking photograph available to use to develop the photo
lineup, so the detective accessed the Defendant’s driver’s license photograph. He then
took the physical description of the Defendant and searched booking photographs for five
other men who looked similar to the Defendant. Detective Bennett said that, therefore,
the lineup that he showed to the victim had one driver’s license picture and five booking
photograph pictures.

       Detective Bennett testified that he showed the lineup to the victim the day after the
incident. He explained the standard instructions to her before showing the victim the
lineup. He stated that the victim looked at the lineup for approximately forty minutes,
but she was unable to identify any of the pictures as being of her assailant. The detective
noted that the Defendant’s picture was in position number three.

      During cross-examination, Detective Bennett testified that he did not use hair style
or complexion to develop his photo array. He said that he simply looked for photographs

1 To protect her privacy, we will refer to the victim by her initials only.
                                                            2
of men that looked similar to the Defendant.

       Detective Andrew Vallee testified that he also compiled a photo lineup to show to
the victim. He was unsure whether he knew, at that time, that Detective Bennett had
previously shown her a photographic lineup, but he believed that the two had not
discussed this matter before Detective Vallee created his lineup. He explained that,
within the department, some cases were investigated by two separate divisions. For
example, in cases involving a rape and a robbery allegation, the Sex Crimes Unit handled
the rape investigation, and the Precinct Investigation Unit handled the robbery portion of
the investigation. There were, therefore, actually two separate investigations being
conducted simultaneously.

       Detective Vallee testified about creating the photo lineup. He said that the
Defendant did not have an available booking photograph, so the detective retrieved the
Defendant’s driver’s license photograph from the Tennessee Criminal Justice portal. The
detective noted that the Defendant had available several photographs, and he did not
remember if he chose the most recent photograph. He found it unsurprising that he and
Detective Bennett had chosen different photographs. The detective testified that, because
he wanted to show the victim a color lineup and because he wanted to have the pictures
appear with similar backgrounds, he then manually chose five other driver’s license
photographs. Detective Vallee said that he attempted to choose men of similar age and
weight. He said he attempted to choose some men with similar hair and that “[he] did the
best [he] could with that.”

     Detective Vallee testified that he showed the photo lineup to the victim, and she
immediately identified the Defendant’s photograph as being of the man who assaulted
her.

        During cross-examination, Detective Vallee testified that he did not recall whether
he interviewed the victim before he compiled the lineup. The detective agreed that, of
the men in the photo lineup, one was bald and two had short hair. The detective agreed
that it was “possibl[e]” that he spoke with Detective Bennett before he compiled his
photo lineup but that he did not remember.

       The victim testified that she worked in the fitness industry and that, as she was
preparing to leave her home to go to work on October 15, 2013, she was sexually
assaulted and robbed. She said that it was around 4:15 p.m., and she had gone to her car
parked in the driveway only to see that she had left her garage door open. She returned to
the house quickly to shut the garage door, leaving the front door of her house open. On
her way back to her front door she saw a man whom she had never seen before on her
front porch. She said that the area was well-illuminated and that she told the man
                                               3
something to the affect of “stay right there.” The man came into the house and walked
behind her.

       The victim described her living room as fifteen feet wide, and she said that she
was looking at the man’s face as he walked towards her across that distance. She
estimated that she viewed him for a total of five to six seconds before he was behind her.
After he was behind her, he told her not to look at him, and she complied. The victim
said that, after the assault, her fiancé called the police who responded to the scene.

       The victim testified that Detective Bennett showed her a photographic lineup on
October 16, the day after the assault. She said she was unable to identify any of the
pictures as belonging to her assailant. She explained that there were two pictures that she
could not decide between, photographs number three and four. The victim said that she
was 95% certain that her assailant was the person in photograph number three, the
Defendant, but that she did not identify him because she was not 100% certain. The
victim explained that, in this photo lineup, the Defendant was smiling in his photograph
which “thr[ew] her off” because in the image she had in her mind the Defendant was not
smiling.

      The victim recalled that Detective Vallee showed her another photo lineup on
October 18, 2013. In this lineup, the Defendant was not smiling in the photograph. She
immediately identified the Defendant’s picture as being of the man who had assaulted
her.

       During cross-examination, the victim testified that she was shown a total of three
photographic lineups. The first, she said, did not contain the Defendant’s picture, and she
did not identify anyone. The second contained the Defendant’s photograph, and she was
95% certain that he was the perpetrator. In the third, she identified a photograph of the
Defendant.

       Based upon this evidence, the trial court issued a written order denying the motion
to suppress. It found:

              In this case, the Court finds that the victim was asked on multiple
       occasions if she could identify any individual in the photographic lineups as
       the man who attacked her. The Court finds that there was no evidence that
       either of the detectives prompted or indicated to the victim who she should
       choose out of the lineups. To the contrary, the Court finds that both
       detectives followed the proper lineup procedure to the letter. The Court
       finds that the detectives never led the victim to choose a particular person
       in the lineup, or even suggested that a suspect was included. The Court
                                            4
acknowledges that the victim vacillated somewhat between some of the
photos on October 16. However, the Court finds that this was due to the
Defendant appearing different in the photo than he did on the day of the
offense. The Court finds that when the victim was presented with a lineup
that included a photo of the Defendant where he looked more similar to the
way he looked on the day of the offense, the victim immediately identified
him. The Court finds that the detectives allowed the victim to reach a
decision on her own. The Court does note that the second lineup on
October 16 apparently included a photo of the Defendant wherein the
background appeared different than the backgrounds in the other photos
because the detective used a driver’s license photo for the Defendant and
“mug shots” for the other men. However, the victim did not identify the
Defendant in this particular lineup, and the Court finds that it had no effect
on the victim’s identification of the Defendant on October 18. In light of
all of the circumstances of the identification, the Court finds no evidence of
coaching or prompting of the victim to make an identification in this case,
and the Court finds that the identification procedure was not unduly
suggestive.

       While the Court finds that the identification was not unduly
suggestive, the Court also finds that the identification passes the ‘totality of
the circumstances’ test established in Biggers [409 U.S. 188, 199-200
(1972)]. The factors to be considered under Biggers are “the opportunity of
the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime, the witness’
degree of attention, the accuracy of the witness’ prior description of the
criminal, the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at the
confrontation, and the length of time between the crime and the
confrontation.” Biggers, 409 U.S. at 199-200, 93 S. Ct. at 382.

       The Court finds that the victim in this case had a short time to view
the Defendant’s face at the time of the crime. However, the Court finds in
the seconds she was able to view his face, her full attention was focused on
him. The Court also notes that the lighting in the room where the crime
occurred, as well as the fact that the Defendant had to walk straight toward
the victim for a distance of about 15 feet, allowed the victim to get a very
good look at the Defendant’s face. The victim was unable to give a detailed
physical description of the Defendant, but there is no evidence that the
description she was able to give was inaccurate in any way. The Court also
finds that when she was able to identify the Defendant, the victim was
absolutely certain that he was the man who attacked her. The Court credits
her testimony and finds that when she was uncertain, she declined to
                                       5
       identify the Defendant or anyone else. Finally, the Court notes that the
       crime is alleged to have occurred on October 15, 2013. The victim first
       viewed a lineup the next day, and positively identified the Defendant three
       days later on October 18. Under all of these circumstances, the Court finds
       that the victim’s identification of the Defendant was reliable.

                                         B. Trial

       At trial, the parties presented the following evidence: The victim testified that, at
the time of these events, she lived in Davidson County and worked as a personal trainer.
This assault occurred as she was leaving her house on October 15, 2013, to go to a gym
in Hendersonville for a personal training appointment. The victim said that she left her
house and got into her car. She remembered that she had left the door between the garage
and her house open, so she went back into her house to close that door. When she went
in the front door, she did not close it because she was going into the house briefly. The
victim said that, after she closed the garage door, she noticed out of the “corner of [her]
eye” that there was a man, whom she identified as the Defendant, on her front porch. She
said he was wearing a loose knit hat and dark clothing

       The victim testified that she said to the Defendant, “Can I help you?” and then told
him to “wait right there.” She said that she began crossing the living room toward the
front door, and the Defendant opened the screen door at which point the victim noticed
that he had a gun. The Defendant walked towards her, came around behind her, and took
her phone out of her hands. She saw that the Defendant had “longer” hair that he wore in
braids pulled back from his face. He then put his hands over her mouth and began asking
her questions. He asked her if there was anyone else in the house, and the victim
responded that there was not. The Defendant was “[v]ery serious” and told her that if
there was anyone else in the house he would kill them and then kill her, threats that she
believed.

        The victim said that the Defendant then told her to get down on the floor of the
living room, and she got down onto her knees and elbows. The Defendant told her to get
all the way down, and she lay down on her belly on the floor with her face towards the
floor. The Defendant told her not to move or he would kill her, and he suggested that
there was someone outside. The Defendant told her, “You stay here, if you go outside
he’ll kill you, if I don’t get to you first.” The Defendant went to the front door and called
out to someone, saying “Rue.” The victim said that she never heard another man’s voice,
and she never saw a second person.

      The victim said that the Defendant went upstairs and was gone for three or four
minutes. She heard him walking back and forth, but she was still scared to move, fearing
                                             6
that there was someone outside who might kill her. The Defendant came back downstairs
and asked if she had a boyfriend, so she told him that she had a fiancé. The Defendant
then pulled down her shorts, and the victim informed him that she was menstruating. The
Defendant said, “That is okay. I will find other things to do.”

        The victim testified that, at that point, the Defendant brought her to her knees, and
he put his penis in her mouth. He told her to put it all the way in her mouth and not to
bite. She said that he kept pushing her head down farther and farther onto his erect penis.
The victim said that she did not think the Defendant ejaculated. She said that,
immediately after the incident, she told medical providers and police more details but
that, after so much time, it was hard for her to remember some of those details.

       The victim said that the Defendant went to the kitchen sink and then returned to
her. He again forced his penis into her mouth, and he had one of his hands on the back of
her head. She noticed at that point that he had a black glove on his other hand and that
there was a skeleton design on the glove. She identified a photograph of this glove for
the jury. The victim said that the Defendant forced her to crawl into a nearby half bath
and told her to stay there for twenty minutes or until her fiancé returned. She said that
she stayed in the bathroom until her fiancé returned to her home, which was about five
minutes after the Defendant left.

       The victim testified that, when her fiancé arrived, he called 911. She got a glass
and started spitting into it in hopes of preserving evidence. Later, she noted that there
were several items missing: a guitar; two laptops; her purse; an orange Columbia
backpack; and a pair of earrings. Her car was also missing from her driveway.

       The victim said that the police responded quickly to the 911 call, and they
transported her to the hospital for a medical exam. She gave the medical personnel
truthful answers and endured the physical examination. The victim said that she returned
home only briefly and then went to a friend’s house to stay for a while.

       The victim recalled that, the following day, her throat and her anus were both sore.
Also that day, Detective Wiser showed her a photographic lineup. The Defendant’s
photograph was not among the pictures, and she did not identify anyone. Detective
Bennett then showed her a second photographic lineup. In this lineup, there were
photographs of two men who seemed familiar to her, one of which was of the Defendant.
She said that the Defendant was smiling in his photograph so that, while he looked “very
familiar,” the smile made her unable to positively identify him as her assailant, even after
viewing the lineup for more than twenty minutes.

       The victim said that, on October 18, 2013, Detective Vallee showed her a third
                                             7
photographic lineup. She immediately identified the Defendant’s photograph as being of
her assailant. She stated that she was 100% certain that it was him, and she noted that he
was not smiling in this photograph.

       During cross-examination, the victim testified that when she described her attacker
to the police, she said he was dark-skinned. She said that his hair was shoulder length
and pulled back. She also said that he had an “awful smell” and a “foreign accent,”
possibly an African accent. She said that the attacker’s voice was “normal” at first and
then changed into a voice with an accent. The victim said she told police that her attacker
was younger than she was, maybe in his later twenties, taller than she was, and “skinny.”
The victim agreed that she told police that she was terrible at physically describing
someone. She also agreed that she only saw her attacker for four or five seconds and that
she could not identify him in the photographic lineup shown to her by Detective Bennett.

       The victim agreed that she told the police that her assailant was circumcised. The
victim said that she attended counseling to help her process this assault. The victim said
that she had initially told the police that she had been penetrated anally but that she no
longer was sure that this had occurred.

       During redirect examination, the victim testified that she believed that the person
who appeared in her doorway was the same man who forced her to perform oral sex upon
him. She said, however, she did not look at his face again. She further said that there
were times that her assailant held the gun to her rib cage, but she did not recall when
during the “ordeal” this occurred.

       Pamela Crues, a family nurse practitioner, testified that she worked in the
emergency room of General Hospital conducting sexual assault examinations. She
examined the victim on October 15, 2013, at around 8:18 p.m., and the examination took
until 10:30 p.m. Ms. Crues testified that the victim gave her an account of what had
occurred, and it comported largely with the victim’s trial testimony. Ms. Crues said that
the victim detailed how her assailant put his penis in her mouth and “toyed with the idea
of putting it in her bottom.” She said that he may have put the tip in her “bottom” but
then he again placed his penis in her mouth. When Ms. Crues asked the victim
specifically about penetration, the victim said that her assailant had penetrated her mouth
and anus. The victim told Ms. Crues that the man had not ejaculated. During cross-
examination, Ms. Crues testified that the victim did not have any signs of physical
trauma. She agreed that the victim refused the HIV medication and declined counseling
services offered to her. During redirect examination, Ms. Crues said that the lack of
trauma to the victim’s anus was not unexpected given the victim’s account of the assault.

      Paul Nies, an officer with the Metropolitan Nashville Police Department, testified
                                            8
that he responded to the call in this case between 4:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. on October 15,
2013. He said that, before responding, he had also received a call about a suspicious
person. He recalled that an anonymous citizen called 911 to report that there were some
individuals parked in front of their apartment. The citizen reported seeing the individuals
going in and out of the side yard, which the citizen found unusual. Officer Nies said that,
when he arrived, Officer Kelly was already interviewing an individual that was standing
outside of a tan Buick Century. The individual and others with him did not want to
provide their names. One of the individuals eventually gave Officer Kelly his driver’s
license, telling him that he had run out of gas, which was why he was parked in that area.
The other man did not provide his correct identity. The two men said that they were
going to go to a bus stop and catch a bus.

        Officer Nies said that he was disturbed by the interaction with these two men. He
said that when individuals were not forthcoming with their identities, officers suspected
that there was something more amiss. Officer Nies recalled that, within thirty minutes of
this interaction, he responded to a call about a home invasion. He spoke to the victim,
who relayed to him what had happened, including that she had been raped and
sodomized. The officer said that, after speaking with the victim, he looked around
outside her home. Outside the house near a crawl space he found a silver handgun. He
informed other officers investigating the case about the location of the weapon.

       During cross-examination, Officer Neis testified that the Defendant was not one of
the two men present when he responded to the Buick.

       Officer James Kelly, with the Metropolitan Nashville Police Department, testified
that before he responded to the victim’s rape call, he had responded to a call that there
was a gold sedan with “numerous male black subjects inside or just outside of it walking
around.” The caller said that it appeared that the men were “casing” the neighborhood.
When Officer Kelly arrived at the sedan’s location, he saw a gold four-door Buick
Century sedan. There was one black man in the back seat, who appeared “very nervous,”
because he was looking around and appeared to be looking for someone. The man exited
the vehicle immediately upon the officer’s arrival, appeared very nervous and very
defensive. The man told the officer that the officer could not stop him. The officer told
the man that he was simply checking on his welfare. He recalled that there was a gas
station approximately 100 feet from where the sedan was parked.

        Officer Kelly said that he spoke with the man for a few minutes, and the man
identified himself as “Brian Willis” but refused to provide any other information about
himself. The officer said that, at that point, another man named Ivy Dobson came around
from behind the apartment complex in front of which the sedan was parked. Mr. Dobson
said that he was with the man who identified himself as Mr. Willis. Mr. Dobson
                                            9
provided the officer with his identification, which the officer verified.

       Officer Kelly said that the two men began talking and appeared “extremely
nervous.” The men kept repeating, “[W]here’s Quan?” When Officer Kelly asked who
Quan was, they replied that he was their friend who had picked them up earlier in the
sedan. Officer Kelly recalled that the sedan had Ohio license tags and that the
registration was current but that the registration did not match the car. The men informed
him that the car was out of gas, so they left the vehicle and went toward a bus stop.

       Officer Kelly testified that he went to an area to fill out a report about the
interaction and that, within fifteen minutes, he received the call about the victim’s home
invasion.

        During cross-examination, Officer Kelly said that he told both men that they were
free to leave.

       Ivy Larue Dobson II testified that he was twenty-one years old at the time of trial
and that he had attended Middle College High School. He said that he had known the
Defendant since their freshman year of high school, even though they went to different
high schools, because they both played on the same team for summer league basketball.
Mr. Dobson said he got to know the Defendant “a good amount,” and the two frequently
spent time together.

       Mr. Dobson testified that he and the Defendant had both been charged with
aggravated robbery and aggravated burglary with regard to the home invasion of the
victim’s home. Mr. Dobson said that he was not, however, charged with the rape
offenses. He agreed that, because he was a co-defendant, his testimony may be
questioned, but he stated that he desired only to tell the truth, not having been offered
anything in exchange for his testimony.

       Mr. Dobson recalled the events that occurred on October 15, 2013. He stated that,
at the time, he worked concessions at Bridgestone Arena and lived at home with his
parents. He said that he had taken a break from school at Tennessee State University
(“TSU”) but that he returned to school the following semester. Early in the day on
October 15, Mr. Dobson spent time with his girlfriend, Ashton Williams, at TSU. In the
afternoon, the Defendant and Brian Frelix, whom Mr. Dobson knew from college, picked
him up from TSU in a gold Buick. Mr. Dobson recalled that Mr. Frelix was driving and
that the Defendant was sitting in the front passenger seat. When Mr. Dobson got into the
car, he sat in the backseat.

       Mr. Dobson said that he thought the plan was for them to go to a music studio
                                             10
where he had been previously with Mr. Frelix to record music. Mr. Frelix was pursuing a
career in the music industry while at TSU. Mr. Dobson said that, after the two men
picked him up, they traveled to Mt. Juliet. He said that this was not the location of the
music studio, so Mr. Dobson asked what they were doing and if the men could take him
back to TSU. He described Mr. Frelix and the Defendant as “being real quiet and real
sketchy.” Mr. Dobson said that the men then went to Opry Mills and, after that, they
drove to Spence Lane.

        Mr. Dobson said that the car ran out of gas on Spence Lane, and the men were
frustrated with Mr. Dobson for “not cooperating.” Attempting to determine what to do
next, the men discussed obtaining money through criminal means, which Mr. Dobson
found absurd because the men had jobs with “great” income and great families. He found
this discussion “really . . . random.” Mr. Dobson noted that, during this car ride, both Mr.
Frelix and the Defendant were consuming a purple liquid drug out of baby bottles that
they were calling “Pluto.” They offered the drug to Mr. Dobson, but he declined. Mr.
Dobson found the men’s behavior out of character and “very very weird.” He noted that
the Defendant was the prom king at his high school and attended Hampton University.
He said that Mr. Frelix was a “church going guy who did very well in music.”

        Mr. Dobson said that, after the men parked the car when it ran out of gas, he saw
that Mr. Frelix and the Defendant each had a gun. The Defendant handed Mr. Dobson a
silver gun and encouraged him to commit various crimes. Mr. Dobson said that he
declined for several reasons, one of which was that he had a date at 6:00 p.m. Mr.
Dobson recalled that, after handing him the gun, the Defendant got a “small revolver”
from Mr. Frelix. Mr. Frelix and the Defendant became frustrated with Mr. Dobson for
not being willing to participate in criminal activity. The Defendant then got out of the car
“really fast” and said he was going to get the gas money. Mr. Dobson said that he then
exited the vehicle, looked for the Defendant, and saw him on the steps of “some
apartment.” Mr. Dobson said that, at that point, he saw the policeman by the car. Mr.
Dobson said he “got real scared and nervous,” so he put his gun under the hole on the
side of the apartment and headed toward the officers to speak with them. Mr. Dobson
identified photographs of the gun that the Defendant handed to him. He said that, at the
time, the gun had no bullets or a clip inside the weapon.

       Mr. Dobson said that, when he spoke with the officers, he told them the direction
that the Defendant had headed and that he did not see the Defendant again at that point.
The Defendant did not return during the time that Mr. Dobson spoke with police. Mr.
Dobson noted that he only briefly saw the Defendant on the steps of the apartment
because, as soon as he saw the Defendant on the steps, he saw police speaking with Mr.
Frelix. Mr. Dobson said that he knew that Mr. Frelix was going to give the police
officers “a little bit of trouble” because of Mr. Frelix’s history and past, so he returned to
                                             11
the vehicle as fast as possible. Mr. Dobson said that Mr. Frelix was not forthcoming with
the police officers about his true identity. The officers asked Mr. Dobson to get Mr.
Frelix to cooperate.

       Mr. Dobson said that the officers asked them how many people were with them,
and Mr. Dobson told them three, the third being their friend “Quan.” The officers then
asked where the third man was, and Mr. Dobson told them that the Defendant had gone to
look for gas and would return shortly. Mr. Dobson said that he fully cooperated with the
police officers, even though he did not tell them at which apartment he had last seen the
Defendant standing on the steps. He explained that he did not know the Defendant’s
plan, so they just told the officers the direction in which the Defendant had gone.

        Mr. Dobson described the manner in which the Defendant was dressed on the day
of the incident, saying that he had on khaki pants and a black hoodie. He wore a “Rasta”
style hat from which fake dreadlocks were protruding. At the time, the Defendant’s hair
was actually short, but it appeared as if he had braids when he wore the hat.

       Mr. Dobson said that, after speaking with police, he and Mr. Frelix walked to a
bus stop and the officers appeared to be preparing to leave the Buick. Mr. Dobson said
they took a bus to downtown Nashville. He explained that he and Mr. Frelix had no
money, so the bus driver said she would take them only as far as downtown. The two
then walked from downtown back to TSU, which took an extended period of time. He
estimated that they returned to TSU around 6:00 p.m. Mr. Dobson said that he went on
his date with his girlfriend to the movies, accompanied by his mother.

       Mr. Dobson testified that he did not hear from the Defendant that evening or the
following day. On October 17, 2013, his family saw a news story about the incident, and
the story identified him as a suspect. He contacted the police and surrendered himself for
questioning. Mr. Dobson testified that he spoke with multiple law enforcement officers
and that he told them the same version of events to which he had testified. He said that
he worked with officers in an attempt to speak with the Defendant over the phone to find
out what had happened. They could never contact the Defendant.

       Mr. Dobson said that, at some point after his first interview with law enforcement
officers, the Defendant called Mr. Dobson’s girlfriend. Mr. Dobson spoke briefly with
the Defendant during this call and asked him why this incident had become such a big
deal. The Defendant informed him that he had received oral sex from the woman and
that he had to use some type of car to get away.

     Mr. Dobson testified that law enforcement officers interviewed him again on
November 15, 2013. At that interview, Mr. Dobson willingly provided them with a DNA
                                           12
sample. Mr. Dobson said he was formally charged as a co-defendant to the aggravated
robbery and burglary. He gave another statement to police, providing them the
information from his phone call with the Defendant and also giving them an address
where they may find the stolen property. He described this place as an apartment near
TSU that was leased by “Charlie Brown” and where he and his friends would “hang out”
during that summer before the incident. Also living with Mr. Brown where two
roommates, and Mr. Dobson believed their names were Devon and Jordan Williams. Mr.
Dobson described the Defendant and Mr. Frelix as friends with Mr. Brown. Mr. Dobson
said that he had seen the Defendant at this location before October 15, but not after that
date because Mr. Dobson had not returned to the apartment since the incident.

        Mr. Dobson said that he had never seen the victim or been into her home. He said
he never took her property or her car. He then said that the Defendant referred to him by
the nickname, “Rue.” During cross-examination, Mr. Dobson testified that, at the time of
this offense, he wore his hair in long “dreads.” During redirect examination, Mr. Dobson
testified that, at the time that police officers were talking with Mr. Frelix, he could have
gone the opposite direction and not approached them. The officers had not seen him at
this point, but he still chose to return to speak with them.

       Charles Brown testified that, around the time of these events, he lived, went to
school, and worked in Nashville. He lived near TSU with two roommates, “Anthony”
and Jordan Williams in the Village on the Green apartments. At the time of trial, he
maintained the same employment and was still attending school in hopes of obtaining his
degree in business administration with a minor in architectural engineering. Mr. Brown
said that he knew the Defendant, “Quan,” as an acquaintance, in part because people
frequently spent time at his apartment. The Defendant, he said, was better friends with
Mr. Williams. Mr. Brown said that he also knew Mr. Dobson, whom he called “Rue,”
and Mr. Frelix from TSU.

        Mr. Brown recalled the Defendant coming to his home in October 2013. He said
that the Defendant, who was alone, brought in some laptops and a guitar. Mr. Brown said
that he told the Defendant that he knew that the Defendant had not paid for the laptops
and that they were not his. He told the Defendant that the laptops could be tracked and to
take them away from his apartment. The Defendant left the guitar in the hall closet and
then left with the laptops. Mr. Brown said that he never saw the Defendant or the laptops
again.

       Mr. Brown said that, a month later, the police came to his apartment and asked to
search it. He consented, and they found the guitar. Mr. Brown said that he explained to
police what had happened and that the Defendant had brought the guitar to his apartment.

                                            13
        During cross-examination, Mr. Brown agreed that he may have written down on a
statement that the Defendant brought the guitar in “September” but it was actually
October. He said that, when the Defendant came to his home, it was around 11:30 p.m.,
and Mr. Brown had just arrived home from work. Mr. Brown said that there was no one
else at home.

       Detective Jeff Wiser, with the Sex Crimes Unit of the Metropolitan Nashville
Police Department, testified that he assisted Detective Mike Bennett in this investigation.
He said that he showed the victim two photographic lineups the day after the incident,
October 16, 2013. The first lineup contained six photographs, one of a man they
suspected as being involved. The victim did not identify anyone’s picture as being of the
man who had assaulted her. Detective Wiser interviewed the victim and reviewed the
police report about the welfare check on the men in the Buick that had run out of gas. He
then showed the victim a second lineup that contained a photograph of Mr. Dobson and
five men that looked similar to him. The victim did not identify any of the pictures as
being of her assailant. On the same day that Detective Wiser got word that the victim’s
car had been located in an apartment complex, Village on the Green, on Ed Temple
Boulevard. Officers retrieved the victim’s vehicle for processing.

        Detective Wiser said that he interviewed Mr. Dobson on November 15, 2013. Mr.
Dobson was “very cooperative” and told the detective a recount of the events similar to
his trial testimony, including the telephone call from the Defendant detailing part of the
assault. Mr. Dobson took them to Mr. Brown’s address, which the detective noted was in
the same apartment complex where the victim’s vehicle had been located. The detective
confirmed Mr. Brown’s testimony, saying that Mr. Brown told him about the Defendant
bringing computers to his home and leaving a guitar in his hall closet.

       Detective Wiser testified that there was no sperm detected as a result of the
victim’s medical exam. There was also no DNA detected in the glass collected from the
victim’s home or on her shorts.

        Detective Andrew Vallee, a Special Agent with the TBI, testified that, at the time
of this incident, he worked as a detective for the Metropolitan Nashville Police
Department. As a detective, he investigated the victim’s report of a robbery and assault.
He said that Detectives Wiser and Bennett focused on the sexual assault investigation and
he focused on the robbery aspect of the incident. On the day of the offense, he responded
to the scene and spoke with the victim briefly.

       The detective also spoke with Mr. Dobson, who gave him a statement similar to
Mr. Dobson’s trial testimony. On this basis, he compiled a photographic lineup that
included the Defendant’s photograph. At the time, he was unaware that Detective
                                            14
Bennett had compiled and shown the victim a separate photographic lineup that included
the Defendant’s photograph. Detective Vallee said that he showed the victim the lineup,
which was in color, on October 18, 2013. She immediately pointed to the photograph of
the Defendant as being a photograph of her assailant.

       Detective Vallee testified that he also inputted the serial number of the gun found
in the crawl space into his computer database. The gun, a Lorcin .380, was registered to
the Defendant’s father, Felix Bertrand. The gun records showed that it was purchased
from a pawn shop.

       The detective said he also investigated the license tag displayed on the Buick. He
said that the license tag number did not belong to that vehicle. It was an expired tag that
was registered to Felix Bertrand, the Defendant’s father. The Ohio license tag that
officers found in the backseat of the Buick, belonged to a “Justin Howell.” This tag also
did not belong to the Buick.

       Detective Vallee confirmed that Mr. Dobson informed him in a later interview that
stolen property may be at Mr. Brown’s apartment. The detective followed up, and found
the guitar at the apartment.

       During cross-examination, the detective testified that he was unsure whether he
consulted with Detective Bennett before he created his own photographic lineup. He said
he did not believe that he viewed the lineup Detective Bennett created before he created
his own. He agreed that he included some men who had short hair despite the victim’s
description, explaining that people’s appearances change. He noted that there were other
photographs with men who had longer hair also in the lineup. Detective Vallee agreed
that Detective Bennett’s lineup contained photographs of men who all had longer hair. It
was also black and white rather than in color.

        Several crime scene investigators with the Metropolitan Nashville Police
Department testified. Lisa Whitaker testified that she processed the victim’s vehicle on
October 16, 2013. In the vehicle she found a black glove upon which there was white
plastic. She also collected from the vehicle: a phone charger; a Comcast receipt; an
Emerson brand of headphones; and DNA swabs of multiple areas. Felicia Evans testified
that she processed the interior of the residence by photographing it and collecting
evidence. She photographed the gun in the crawlspace of the apartment, collected it, and
confirmed that it contained no ammunition. Ms. Evans testified that she photographed
and collected a glass that the victim had spit into after the incident. She photographed the
Buick, including its license plate, which was still parked near the crime scene. Due to an
impending storm, Ms. Evans processed the exterior for latent fingerprints and
successfully obtained some. Ms. Sharon Tilley and Ms. Rhonda Evans processed the
                                            15
Buick on October 18, 2013, pursuant to a search warrant that officers had obtained for the
vehicle. Of note inside the vehicle she found: a white latex glove; an Ohio license plate
lying on the backseat; a backpack containing more latex gloves; other backpacks; and
electronic devices. Ms. Tilley and Ms. Evans said that, inside backpacks that were in the
vehicle, they found a paycheck from Fed-ex bearing the Defendant’s name and a yellow
and black shirt that had a tag with the Defendant’s name on it. Ms. Tilley also
photographed two baby bottles that were in the vehicle. The two investigators processed
the interior of the vehicle for latent fingerprints.

       Linda Wilson, an employee at the Metropolitan Nashville Police Department
Crime Laboratory, testified that she analyzed the latent fingerprint evidence in this case.
Ms. Wilson found that Mr. Frelix, Mr. Dobson, and the Defendant all left latent prints on
the Buick. On cross-examination, Ms. Wilson agreed that she could not determine when
the prints were left.

       For the Defendant, Angela Bertrand, his mother, testified that the Defendant was
uncircumcised. She further testified that her husband had reported stolen the gun that law
enforcement officers found in the crawl space, which was registered to her husband.

       The Defendant testified that on October 15, 2013, sometime before noon, he, Mr.
Dobson, and Mr. Frelix met some friends outside of Mr. Brown’s apartment. The men
were talking about who would take what car that day. The Defendant said that he owned
a two-seater car and his friend, Justin Howell, owned a four-door Buick. They decided to
switch cars since Mr. Howell was going to school by himself. The Defendant said that
he, Mr. Dobson, and Mr. Frelix got into Mr. Howell’s car and decided to go to the
Defendant’s house. The Defendant explained that he had not been home the night before,
so he needed to shower and change for the new day.

       The Defendant recalled that, after showering and changing, the men went to a strip
mall in Hermitage, looking for items for the Defendant’s room. They then went to Opry
Mills Mall. The Defendant said that they left the mall and headed to Southern Thrift
Store in Hermitage to look for room decorations. The Defendant said that Mr. Frelix and
Mr. Dobson dropped him off near the store, and he walked the rest of the distance to the
store. The Defendant said that there had been a “mix up” among the men. He explained
that they had borrowed Mr. Howell’s car with the agreement that they would fill up his
gas tank when done using the car. The Defendant said that, while he had money with
him, he said he was not going to fill up the tank, explaining that he was unhappy that this
responsibility frequently fell to him. The Defendant said he went into Southern Thrift
and purchased a framed picture of the Eiffel Tower.

       The Defendant said that he and the other men usually smoked marijuana. He
                                            16
explained the drug “Pluto,” saying that a rapper had given that name to children’s cough
syrup. He explained that adults could ingest an entire bottle of the syrup and “slowly but
surely reach a high.” The Defendant said he learned about this drug from Mr. Dobson,
who had taken the drug and encouraged the Defendant to do so also.

       The Defendant testified that, at around 3:00 p.m. that day, he left Southern Thrift
and walked home. The Defendant agreed that he left his backpack in the Buick,
explaining that he did not need anything from it. The Defendant denied giving Mr.
Dobson a gun. The Defendant denied ever entering the victim’s apartment. He said he
did not rape her, sodomize her, force her to perform oral sex upon him, or threaten her
with a weapon. The Defendant said he was uncircumcised. He said that Mr. Dobson lied
while testifying and that he had never taken a guitar to Mr. Brown’s house. The
Defendant said that he had short hair on the day the offenses occurred.

       During cross-examination, the Defendant agreed that, at the time of these events,
he was friends with Mr. Dobson, and he knew Mr. Frelix and Mr. Brown. He agreed,
that day, he was driving around with Mr. Dobson and Mr. Frelix. He said that he sat in
the backseat and that Mr. Dobson and Mr. Frelix were in the front seats. The Defendant
said that Mr. Frelix did not have a gun with him on the day of this incident and that no
one had consumed any “Pluto” on that day. The Defendant said that he carried the Eiffel
Tower framed picture over four miles to his house. He agreed that he did not contact
Southern Thrift to obtain a video of him there that day and that he had not located his
receipt.

        The Defendant said that he did not make the report that his father’s gun, which he
had with him that day, was stolen. He explained that, after this incident and after he was
arrested, his father noticed that the gun was missing. The Defendant told his father that
Mr. Dobson had been in the house and had access to the gun. The Defendant’s father
filed a report indicating that the gun had been stolen by Mr. Dobson.

      In rebuttal, the victim testified that she had never before seen Mr. Dobson and that
he was not the person who raped her. Detective Jeff Wiser testified that before trial that
day he showed the victim a photographic lineup that included a picture of Mr. Frelix.
The victim did not identify Mr. Frelix’s picture as being of her assailant.

       Based upon this evidence, the jury convicted the Defendant of aggravated robbery,
aggravated burglary, and employment of a firearm during the commission of a dangerous
felony. The jury acquitted the Defendant of one count of aggravated rape and was unable
to reach a verdict as to two other counts of aggravated rape.

                                C. Sentencing Hearing
                                           17
       At the Defendant’s sentencing hearing, the victim testified that this event had
made her scared because she thought that the Defendant was going to kill her. She also
worried about her husband coming home and finding her in the condition she was in and
how hard that was going to be for him too. The victim said that, even two years later, she
found it hard to be home alone. She said that this incident would affect her and her
relationships with others for the rest of her life. She asked for the maximum sentence.

        Melba Marcrum testified that she lived in Mt. Juliet and worked as the executive
director of a non-profit organization. Ms. Marcrum testified that on October 15, 2013,
she went to a board meeting for her organization and then went to Opry Mills Mall to
shop at Sun and Ski. As she was leaving the mall, she stopped and opened her car door
to pour out some water. The Defendant walked toward her and then pulled her car door
open. Ms. Marcrum said, “no, no, no,” because she realized that he had a gun in his hand
with his sleeve pulled over it. Ms. Marcrum said that she was scared and did not want the
Defendant to take her purse because she had documentation in it that she needed for a trip
with her daughter. The Defendant reached over her, and she took her thumb and pushed
it into his eye in an effort to get him to go away. The Defendant then stuck a gun into the
side of her neck. Ms. Marcrum said that she assumed that she was going to die.

        Ms. Marcrum said that, as it was the middle of the afternoon there were other cars
present. The Defendant looked over his shoulder at one of the cars, and Ms. Marcrum
turned and kicked the Defendant multiple times. She also screamed until he backed away
from her and started walking away. Ms. Marcrum said that the Defendant looked over
his shoulder to see if anyone was coming toward them, and Ms. Marcrum closed the door
and locked it. She said she saw him walk away in her rearview mirror. She then saw him
start to come back toward her, so she put the car into gear and started to drive. When she
saw an Opry Mills security car, she started honking the horn until they came. At that
point she realized that the Defendant’s watch had broken during their struggle and was in
her car. She also noticed that her shoe had come off during the struggle and was on the
ground near where the struggle had occurred.

       Ms. Marcrum testified that the security officer called the police. Police officers
showed her a photographic lineup, and, from it, she identified the Defendant’s picture as
being of the man who assaulted her.

      Ms. Marcrum testified that this incident scared her and also caused her to worry
about how it would affect her daughters. She had sought counseling for her fear of
people approaching her from behind. She said that her fear had affected her daily life.

      Based upon this evidence, the trial court sentenced the Defendant to twelve years
                                            18
for the aggravated robbery conviction, six years for the aggravated burglary conviction,
and six years for the employment of a firearm during a dangerous felony conviction. It
ordered that all the sentences run consecutively for a total effective sentence of twenty-
four years as a Range I offender. He noted that the service of the firearm sentence was
mandatory as described by statute.

             I remember this trial very well and I think it lasted three or four days
      here and I remember the testimony of all of the witnesses beginning with
      [the victim] and all of these witnesses. I got 10 or 15 pages of notes that I
      took and I am not going to go over all of those different notes of the whole
      matter that we had that time, but basically this [D]efendant I think along
      with two other defendants had already been kind of reported to the police as
      a suspicious vehicle in the area where this incident ended up happening
      with [the victim] and they were there with a car and they had some excuse
      about it running out of gas or whatever else it was and some way he eased
      through that initial inquiry or investigation or whatever it was.

             I remember the testimony of [the victim] who testified here about
      what happened. She was getting ready to go to work and apparently, if I
      remember right, had to go back in the house to get something in connection
      with leaving before she wanted to take with her and then she was
      confronted by this defendant and she testified about the whole day and what
      all happened and this defendant ended up being convicted of aggravated
      robbery, aggravated burglary and employing a firearm during a dangerous
      felony.
              He had two other cases I think that there was a mistrial on having to
      do with aggravated rape, so I am just going to consider today for the
      purpose of this hearing the aggravated robbery, the aggravated burglary and
      the firearm and then consider the appropriate sentence in that.

             The Court finds in this case without belaboring this any longer than
      necessary that there are three enhancement factors that relate to the
      sentence that is appropriate in this case. Number 1, the Court is going to
      find that the [D]efendant was a leader in the commission of these offenses
      involving two or more people. There were two more people with him I
      think outside in a car, one of them was coming around some crawl space or
      something another. I remember so many details of it, but I do think this
      man who had a nickname that was called out that had a bearing on the
      whole case and its investigation, so I think he was more or less the leader
      between these three other guys, two other guys.

                                            19
        The case not only involved an aggravated robbery and aggravated
burglary and a weapon, but I think if I am remembering this right that the
car of [the victim] was taken in connection with this incident and found at
like Village by the Green or someplace near, forget the exact street. In other
words, her car was recovered in connection to the defendant. There was a
guitar that was taken from [the victim’s] residence that I think was
recovered, some property was taken to a man’s place and I forget his name
right now but I have got it all down here, who took it and somehow kept it
there and when the police came and did a search warrant found the guitar
that was identified as her guitar and so there is all kinds of evidence against
this man right here. There is no question about it, but the Court finds that
as to all of the counts that the enhancement factors as I started to say here
was that this was the leader, this offense, under number 7, 40-35-114
involved a victim, . . . clearly a victim, a person who was in their own
home, had no connection with this man, nothing at all that led her to be
knowing him other than him come barging in her house when she is trying
to leave to go to work, so I think she was the victim and this offense, all of
it, had to do with gratifying this [D]efendant’s desire for pleasure or
excitement; and number 10 the Court finds that the defendant had no
hesitation about committing a crime when the risk to human life was high.
He is putting a gun right in this woman’s face, fortunately she wasn’t shot
or killed, but that is part of it as well.

        As far as the 40-35-115 based on all of the circumstances of this
case, I know this man is a young man, and I appreciate what you had to say,
[defense counsel], I think you handled this in a way just to bring some
points out about your experiences or whatever, but I do think that this
young man here is a dangerous offender by all the activity that took place
on that day and whatever else, but I am not getting into whatever else, but
the defendant I find is a dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little
or no regard for human life and no hesitation about committing a crime in
which the risk to human life is high, that fits this case, so the Court without
belaboring this any further and going into all of the details of all of these
notes that I have got here, when I have got plenty of them that will be made
part of the record is going to put the sentence into effect now. . . .
[Defendant] the jury finds you guilty in aggravated robbery charge in count
four, it is a class B felony and the maximum sentence for that is 12 years
and that is the sentence that you are going to get in this case.

       Count five aggravated burglary, that carries a sentence of between 3
                                      20
       and 6 years and the sentence in your case under the aggravating
       circumstances of this whole day, this whole afternoon, this nightmare in
       this woman’s life [the victim] is going to be six years. The firearm case
       with a dangerous felony, a class C felony has a mandatory six year sentence
       and that is the sentence in this case and the Court under section 40-35-115
       believes that every one of these convictions that happened on that day, [the
       victim] being the victim are cases that should be run consecutively, so the
       sentence is going to be a sentence all together of 18, 24 years, a range 1
       offender, but one of them is a mandatory sentence to serve, but I think this
       is a case that deserves the maximum sentence for what this woman was put
       through . . . .

The Defendant appeals the judgments of the trial court.

                                        II. Analysis

      On appeal, the Defendant contends that: (1) the trial court erred when it admitted
the victim’s identification of him; (2) the evidence is insufficient to sustain his
convictions; and (3) the trial court erred when it sentenced him to the maximum
sentences within his range and ordered his sentences to run consecutively.

                          A. Motion to Suppress Photo Lineup

        The Defendant asserts that the trial court erred when it denied his motion to
suppress the victim’s identification during the second photographic lineup. The
Defendant contends that the victim’s identification of him from the photographic lineup
was tainted because law enforcement officers used unduly suggestive procedures during
the lineup. The Defendant notes that the victim viewed multiple lineups and that he was
the only individual whose photograph was shown to her repeatedly. He further asserts
that the totality of the circumstances weighs against the reliability of the identification in
this case. The State counters that the trial court properly admitted the victim’s
identification of the Defendant because the lineup was not unnecessarily suggestive and
that, even if suggestive, the identification was still reliable considering the totality of the
circumstances.

       Our standard of review for a trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law
on a motion to suppress evidence is set forth in State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18 (Tenn.
1996). Under this standard, “a trial court’s findings of fact in a suppression hearing will
be upheld unless the evidence preponderates otherwise.” Id. at 23. As is customary, “the
prevailing party in the trial court is afforded ‘the strongest legitimate view of the
evidence and all reasonable and legitimate inferences that may be drawn from that
                                              21
evidence.’” State v. Carter, 16 S.W.3d 762, 765 (Tenn. 2000) (quoting State v. Keith,
978 S.W.2d 861, 864 (Tenn. 1998)). Nevertheless, this Court reviews de novo the trial
court’s application of the law to the facts, without according any presumption of
correctness to those conclusions. See State v. Walton, 41 S.W.3d 75, 81 (Tenn. 2001);
State v. Crutcher, 989 S.W.2d 295, 299 (Tenn. 1999). The trial court, as the trier of fact,
is able to assess the credibility of the witnesses, determine the weight and value to be
afforded the evidence, and resolve any conflicts in the evidence. Odom, 928 S.W.2d at
23. In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, an appellate court may
consider the evidence presented both at the suppression hearing and at the subsequent
trial. State v. Henning, 975 S.W.2d 290, 299 (Tenn. 1998).

        The Supreme Court has recognized that although perils exist in identifying
suspects through use of photograph lineups, identification from photographs can be an
effective method “from the standpoint both of apprehending offenders and of sparing
innocent suspects the ignominy of arrest by allowing eyewitnesses to exonerate them
through scrutiny of photographs.” Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 384 (1968).
As the Simmons Court recognized, potential for misidentification increases when a
photograph is “in some way emphasized” or “if the police indicate to the witness that
they have other evidence that one of the persons pictured committed the crime.” Id. at
383. The Simmons Court held that “convictions based on eyewitness identification at
trial following a pretrial identification by photograph will be set aside on that ground only
if the photographic identification procedure was so impermissibly suggestive as to give
rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification.” Id. at 384; see
Sloan v. State, 584 S.W.2d 461, 466 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1978). “[A] photographic
identification is admissible unless, based upon the totality of the circumstances, ‘the
confrontation conducted . . . was so unnecessarily suggestive and conducive to
irreparable mistaken identification that [the accused] was denied due process of law.’”
State v. Hall, 976 S.W.2d 121, 153 (Tenn. 1998) (quoting Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293,
301-02 (1967)).

        The relevant guidelines for assessing whether evidence of an identification from a
photograph lineup is admissible were announced in Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188 (1972).
The Biggers two-part analysis requires, first, that the trial court determine whether the
identification procedure was unduly suggestive. Id. at 198. “To be admissible as
evidence, an identification must not have been conducted in such an impermissibly
suggestive manner as to create a substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification.”
State v. Cribbs, 967 S.W.2d 773, 794 (Tenn. 1998); see Simmons, 390 U.S. at 383. If the
identification procedure was unduly suggestive, the second question is whether the
identification was reliable despite the undue suggestion. Biggers, 409 U.S. at 198-99.
The Biggers majority identified five factors to be considered in making that
determination:
                                             22
       the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime,
       the witness’ degree of attention, the accuracy of the witness’ prior
       description of the criminal, the level of certainty demonstrated by the
       witness at the confrontation, and the length of time between the crime and
       the confrontation.

Id. at 199-200. If, upon consideration of the Biggers factors, the court determines that the
identification procedure was so unduly suggestive that it violated the defendant’s due
process rights, evidence of the identification must be excluded. State v. Shanklin, 608
S.W.2d 596, 598 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1980).

        The Defendant argues that the lineup was unduly suggestive because the victim
viewed multiple lineups, and he was the only person depicted in both lineups. The
Defendant notes that the victim could not successfully identify his photograph in the first
lineup that officers showed to her that contained his photograph. Then, when shown a
second lineup containing his photograph, she immediately identified him. He attributes
her immediate identification of him to the fact that he was the only person to appear in
both lineups. He goes on to state that the totality of the circumstances weighs against her
identification because she only viewed him for a few seconds, she was focused on his
weapon, and her description was too general to support her identification.

       As stated above, the Biggers two-part analysis requires, first, that the trial court
determine whether the identification procedure was unduly suggestive, meaning that it
was conducted in such an impermissibly suggestive manner as to create a substantial
likelihood of irreparable misidentification. See Biggers, 409 U.S. at 198; Cribbs, 967
S.W.2d at 794. We conclude that the photographic lineup was not unduly suggestive.
This case was assigned to two different detectives: Detective Vallee investigated the
property portion of the case and Detective Bennett investigated the sex offense
allegations. The day after the offense, Detective Bennett showed the victim a
photographic lineup that included the Defendant’s photograph. To ensure that the
photographs in the lineup appeared similar, he included photographs of men who looked
similar to the Defendant and he showed it to her in black and white only. The Defendant
appeared smiling in this photograph and, while the victim was 95% certain it was him,
she did not identify anyone as her assailant. Detective Vallee, unaware that the victim
had already seen a photographic lineup, created his own photographic lineup. He chose a
picture of the Defendant in which the Defendant appeared unsmiling. To ensure that the
photographs in the lineup appeared similar, he included photographs of men who looked
similar to the Defendant and used other driver’s license photographs so that the
backgrounds matched. The victim immediately identified the Defendant’s picture. We
conclude that these lineups were not conducted in such an impermissibly suggestive
                                            23
manner as to create a substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification.

        Moreover, the totality of the circumstances reflects that the victim’s identification
was reliable. See Biggers, 409 U.S. at 199. First, it was light outside when she saw the
Defendant, and she looked at him while he walked toward her across her living room,
which she estimated took five seconds. While her description of this was general, it was
accurate. She was 100% certain of her identification of the Defendant when she saw his
unsmiling picture three days after the robbery. We conclude that the trial court did not
err when it denied the Defendant’s motion to suppress, and the Defendant is not entitled
to relief on this issue.

                               B. Sufficiency of Evidence

       The Defendant next contends that the evidence is insufficient to sustain his
conviction for aggravated robbery, aggravated burglary, and employment of a firearm
during the commission of a dangerous felony. He states that the identification of him was
“uncertain and skeptical” and that there was no proof that he intended to commit a theft
or assault when he entered the victim’s home. He further denies that he took any items
using his weapon as a threat. The State counters that the jury based its verdicts on
sufficient evidence. We agree with the State.

       When an accused challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court’s standard
of review is whether, after considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the
State, “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see Tenn. R.
App. P. 13(e); State v. Goodwin, 143 S.W.3d 771, 775 (Tenn. 2004) (citing State v. Reid,
91 S.W.3d 247, 276 (Tenn. 2002)). This standard applies to findings of guilt based upon
direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of both direct and
circumstantial evidence. State v. Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d 389, 392-93 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1999) (citing State v. Dykes, 803 S.W.2d 250, 253 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990)). In the
absence of direct evidence, a criminal offense may be established exclusively by
circumstantial evidence. Duchac v. State, 505 S.W.2d 237, 241 (Tenn. 1973). “The jury
decides the weight to be given to circumstantial evidence, and ‘[t]he inferences to be
drawn from such evidence, and the extent to which the circumstances are consistent with
guilt and inconsistent with innocence, are questions primarily for the jury.’” State v.
Rice, 184 S.W.3d 646, 662 (Tenn. 2006) (quoting Marable v. State, 313 S.W.2d 451, 457
(Tenn. 1958)). “The standard of review [for sufficiency of the evidence] ‘is the same
whether the conviction is based upon direct or circumstantial evidence.’” State v.
Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265,
275 (Tenn. 2009)).

                                             24
       In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court should not re-weigh or
reevaluate the evidence. State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1990). Nor may this Court substitute its inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact
from the evidence. State v. Buggs, 995 S.W.2d 102, 105 (Tenn. 1999) (citing Liakas v.
State, 286 S.W.2d 856, 859 (Tenn. 1956)). “Questions concerning the credibility of
witnesses, the weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all factual issues
raised by the evidence are resolved by the trier of fact.” State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651,
659 (Tenn. 1997). “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial judge, accredits the
testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the theory of
the State.” State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973). The Tennessee Supreme
Court stated the rationale for this rule:

       This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge and the
       jury see the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and observe their
       demeanor on the stand. Thus the trial judge and jury are the primary
       instrumentality of justice to determine the weight and credibility to be
       given to the testimony of witnesses. In the trial forum alone is there human
       atmosphere and the totality of the evidence cannot be reproduced with a
       written record in this Court.

Bolin v. State, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tenn. 1966) (citing Carroll v. State, 370 S.W.2d
523, 527 (Tenn. 1963)). This Court must afford the State of Tennessee the “‘strongest
legitimate view of the evidence’” contained in the record, as well as “‘all reasonable and
legitimate inferences’” that may be drawn from the evidence. Goodwin, 143 S.W.3d at
775 (quoting State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 279 (Tenn. 2000)). Because a verdict of
guilt against a defendant removes the presumption of innocence and raises a presumption
of guilt, the convicted criminal defendant bears the burden of showing that the evidence
was legally insufficient to sustain a guilty verdict. State v. Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d 516,
557-58 (Tenn. 2000) (citations omitted).

       Aggravated robbery is robbery accomplished with a deadly weapon. T.C.A. § 39-
13-402(a)(1) (2014). Robbery is defined as “the intentional or knowing theft of property
from the person of another by violence or putting the person in fear.” T.C.A. § 39-13-
401(a) (2014). A theft of property occurs when someone, with the intent to deprive the
owner of property, knowingly obtains or exercises control over the property without the
owner’s effective consent. T.C.A. § 39-14-103(a) (2014). Violence is defined as
“physical force unlawfully exercised so as to damage, injure or abuse.” State v. Fitz, 19
S.W.3d 213, 217 (Tenn. 2000). Pointing a weapon satisfies the element of violence.
State v. Allen, 69 S.W.3d 181, 186 (Tenn. 2002). Fear is “fear of present personal peril
from violence offered or impending.” State v. Bowles, 52 S.W.3d 69, 80 (Tenn. 2001).
                                             25
       The victim, who had left her home to go to work, returned to her home after
forgetting to close the door between her home and her garage. She left the front door
open, and when she turned around, the Defendant was on her front door step. He entered
her home brandishing a weapon. He placed his hand over her mouth and asked her if
anyone was home, saying he would kill anyone else there. The Defendant pointed the
gun at her and told her that he would kill her if she moved. He then told her to remain
where she was or he would kill her. He told her that if she left the home his friend,
“Rue,” was waiting outside to kill her. The Defendant then, without the victim’s consent,
took laptop computers and a guitar from her home, forced her into a bathroom, and left
the victim’s home in her car. This is sufficient evidence to support the Defendant’s
aggravated robbery conviction.

       Aggravated burglary occurs when a person, without the effective consent of the
property owner, enters a habitation with the intent to commit a felony, theft, or assault or
enters a building and commits or attempts to commit a theft. T.C.A. §§ 39-14-403(a);
39-14-402(a)(1) (2014). The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the State,
showed that the Defendant was with two of his friends, Mr. Dobson, nicknamed “Rue,”
and Mr. Frelix. The men’s vehicle ran out of gas a short distance from the victim’s
home. Mr. Dobson confirmed that he saw the Defendant, who was armed, go toward the
victim’s home shortly before this offense with the intent to get gas money. The victim
recalled that the Defendant referred to a man outside by the nickname “Rue.” The
Defendant entered the victim’s home, threatened her with a weapon and stole items from
her, leaving in her car. This evidence sufficiently supports the Defendant’s aggravated
burglary conviction.

       As to the Defendant’s conviction for employing a firearm during the commission
of a dangerous felony,

              (a) It is an offense to possess a firearm with the intent to go armed
       during the commission of or attempt to commit a dangerous felony.

              (b) It is an offense to employ a firearm during the:

              (1) Commission of a dangerous felony;

              (2) Attempt to commit a dangerous felony;

              ....

              (c) A person may not be charged with a violation of subsection (a) or
                                             26
      (b) if possessing or employing a firearm is an essential element of the
      underlying dangerous felony as charged. In cases where possession or
      employing a firearm are elements of the charged offense, the state may
      elect to prosecute under a lesser offense wherein possession or employing a
      firearm is not an element of the offense.

Aggravated burglary is a dangerous felony pursuant to the statute. T.C.A. § 39-17-
1324(i)(1)(H) (2014).

      The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the State, proved that the
Defendant entered the victim’s home brandishing a weapon with the intent to steal items
from her home. As discussed above, he committed aggravated burglary, and he
employed a gun when so doing. This is sufficient to support his conviction for
employing a firearm during the commission of a dangerous felony.

       To the extent the Defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to prove his
identify as the perpetrator of these offenses, we disagree. As previously stated, the
Defendant was driving around with his friends Mr. Dobson and Mr. Frelix. Their car ran
out of gas near the victim’s home. Mr. Dobson said the Defendant left the vehicle
carrying a gun and traveling toward the victim’s home. Mr. Dobson saw the Defendant
on the victim’s front porch step and then turned and saw the police at the car, so he
returned to the vehicle where he interacted with the police and then left the area by bus.
The Defendant entered the victim’s home brandishing a weapon and telling her that his
cohort “Rue” would kill her if she left the house. The Defendant proceeded to take items
from her home and left in her car. Mr. Brown testified that the Defendant came to his
home on the day of this offense and brought multiple items, which matched the
description of the items taken from the victim’s home. He told the Defendant not to
leave these items at his apartment, but the Defendant left a guitar. Law enforcement
officers found the victim’s car in Mr. Brown’s parking lot and the victim’s guitar in Mr.
Brown’s closet. When speaking with Mr. Dobson after the offenses, the Defendant told
Mr. Dobson that this case had received so much media attention because he had asked the
victim to give him oral sex and that he had stolen her car. The victim identified the
Defendant from a photographic lineup and in court. This evidence sufficiently supports
the Defendant’s identity as the perpetrator of these offenses. He is not entitled to relief
on this issue.

                                     C. Sentencing

       The Defendant contends that the trial court erred when it sentenced him. He
asserts that the trial court misapplied the enhancement factor, that he was a leader in the
commission of this offense, and the enhancement factor that these offenses were
                                            27
committed to gratify the Defendant’s desire for pleasure. He further contends that he was
not a “dangerous offender” so as to support consecutive sentencing. The State contends
that the Defendant’s sentence is proper, and we agree.

       The Tennessee Criminal Sentencing Reform Act of 1989 and its amendments
describe the process for determining the appropriate length of a defendant’s sentence and
the manner of service of that sentence. In State v. Bise, the Tennessee Supreme Court
reviewed changes in sentencing law and the impact on appellate review of sentencing
decisions. 380 S.W.3d 682 (Tenn. 2012). The Tennessee Supreme Court announced that
“sentences imposed by the trial court within the appropriate statutory range are to be
reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard with a ‘presumption of reasonableness.’”
Id. at 708. A finding of abuse of discretion “‘reflects that the trial court’s logic and
reasoning was improper when viewed in light of the factual circumstances and relevant
legal principles involved in a particular case.’” State v. Shaffer, 45 S.W.3d 553, 555
(Tenn. 2001) (quoting State v. Moore, 6 S.W.3d 235, 242 (Tenn. 1999)). To find an
abuse of discretion, the record must be void of any substantial evidence that would
support the trial court’s decision. Id.; State v. Grear, 568 S.W.2d 285, 286 (Tenn. 1978);
State v. Delp, 614 S.W.2d 395, 398 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1980).

       Thus, the reviewing court should uphold the sentence “so long as it is within the
appropriate range and the record demonstrates that the sentence is otherwise in
compliance with the purposes and principles listed by statute.” Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 709-
10. So long as the trial court sentences within the appropriate range and properly applies
the purposes and principles of the Sentencing Act, its decision will be granted a
presumption of reasonableness. Id. at 707. We are to also recognize that the defendant
bears “the burden of demonstrating that the sentence is improper.” State v. Ashby, 823
S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991).

        In determining the proper sentence, the trial court must consider: (1) the evidence,
if any, received at the trial and the sentencing hearing; (2) the presentence report; (3) the
principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives; (4) the nature and
characteristics of the criminal conduct involved; (5) evidence and information offered by
the parties on the mitigating and enhancement factors set out in Tennessee Code
Annotated sections 40-35-113 and -114; (6) any statistical information provided by the
administrative office of the courts as to sentencing practices for similar offenses in
Tennessee; and (7) any statement the defendant made in the defendant’s own behalf
about sentencing. See T.C.A. § 40-35-210 (2014); State v. Taylor, 63 S.W.3d 400, 411
(Tenn. Crim. App. 2001).

      In determining a specific sentence within a range of punishment, the trial court
should consider, but is not bound by, the following advisory guidelines:
                                             28
       A. The minimum sentence within the range of punishment is the sentence
       that should be imposed, because the general assembly set the minimum
       length of sentence for each felony class to reflect the relative seriousness of
       each criminal offense in the felony classifications; and

       B. The sentence length within the range should be adjusted, as appropriate,
       by the presence or absence of mitigating and enhancement factors set out in
       §§ 40-35-113 and 40-35-114.

T.C.A. § 40-35-210(c).

        Although the trial court should also consider enhancement and mitigating factors,
the statutory enhancement factors are advisory only. See T.C.A. § 40-35-114 (2014); see
also Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 699 n. 33, 704; Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 343. We note that “a trial
court’s weighing of various mitigating and enhancement factors [is] left to the trial
court’s sound discretion.” Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 345. In other words, “the trial court is
free to select any sentence within the applicable range so long as the length of the
sentence is ‘consistent with the purposes and principles of [the Sentencing Act].’” Id. at
343. A trial court’s “misapplication of an enhancement or mitigating factor does not
invalidate the sentence imposed unless the trial court wholly departed from the 1989 Act,
as amended in 2005.” Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 706. “[Appellate courts are] bound by a trial
court’s decision as to the length of the sentence imposed so long as it is imposed in a
manner consistent with the purposes and principles set out in sections -102 and -103 of
the Sentencing Act.” Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 346.

       After review of the record, we cannot find that the record is void of any substantial
evidence to support the trial court’s decision. Even were we to agree with the
Defendant’s contention that the trial court misapplied any enhancement factors, the
Defendant would still not be entitled to relief. The trial court considered the applicable
enhancement and mitigating factors and it sentenced the Defendant within his applicable
sentencing range that is consistent with the purposes and principles of the Sentencing
Act.

      With regard to his consecutive sentences, we review a trial court’s decision to
impose consecutive sentences for an abuse of discretion with a presumption of
reasonableness. State v. Pollard, 432 S.W.3d 851, 860 (Tenn. 2013). Tennessee Code
Annotated section 40-35-115(b) provides that a trial court may order sentences to run
consecutively if it finds any one of the statutory criteria by a preponderance of the
evidence. One of those criteria is that the defendant is a “dangerous offender whose
behavior indicates little or no regard for human life, and no hesitation about committing a
                                             29
crime in which the risk to human life is high. T.C.A. § 40-35-115. The imposition of
consecutive sentencing, however, is subject to the general sentencing principles that the
overall sentence imposed “should be no greater than that deserved for the offense
committed” and that it “should be the least severe measure necessary to achieve the
purposes for which the sentence is imposed[.]” T.C.A. § 40-35-103(2), (4). Further,
when based on the “dangerous offender” criterion, the court must also determine that the
aggregate sentence is (1) reasonably related to the severity of the offense and (2)
necessary to protect the public from further crimes. See State v. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d
933, 938 (Tenn. 1995).

        We start with the understanding that the sentence for employment of a firearm
during the commission of a dangerous felony is required by statute to run consecutively
to the underlying felony. T.C.A. § 39-17-1324(e)(1). Therefore, the sentence for the
employment of a firearm must run consecutively to the aggravated burglary sentence.
Further, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it determined that the aggravated
robbery sentence should also run consecutively to the other two sentences. At the
Defendant’s sentencing hearing, a victim of a separate offense occurring on the same day
as this incident testified. She said that the Defendant had attempted to rob her at
gunpoint on the same day, before he robbed the victim. He pointed a gun at her in broad
daylight while she was in her vehicle in a parking lot and attempted to steal her purse.
She successfully fended him off. He then used that same weapon to gain access into the
victim’s home and steal items from inside. The presentence report included facts that
recounted the Defendant’s involvement in two other armed robberies that same week, one
of which was the robbery of an elderly woman. We infer from the trial court’s statements
at sentencing that it found that the Wilkerson factors supported consecutive sentencing,
and we agree that the facts of the case support such a sentence. The Defendant is not
entitled to relief on this issue.

                                     III. Conclusion

     In accordance with the foregoing reasoning and authorities, we affirm the
judgments of the trial court.

                                                 _________________________________
                                                 ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JUDGE

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