Court Opinion

ID: 4681387
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-27 19:03:05.999973+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:04:01.265742
License: Public Domain

Filed 4/27/21 P. v. Markbreiter CA4/1
                 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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                COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION ONE

                                         STATE OF CALIFORNIA

 THE PEOPLE,                                                          D076914

           Plaintiff and Respondent,

           v.                                                         (Super. Ct. No. SCN386613)

 ROSS FENTON MARKBREITER,

           Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County,
Burt Pines, Judge (Retired judge of the San Diego Co. Sup. Ct. assigned by
the Chief Justice pursuant to art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.). Affirmed.

         Walk Free Law and Alana Yakovlev, for Defendant and Appellant.
         Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Eric A.
Swenson and Michael D. Butera, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
                                               INTRODUCTION
         Defendant Ross Fenton Markbreiter used a gun to threaten a
repossession agent (victim) who had come to repossess a car after defendant
made no payments on his loan for more than a year. At gunpoint, defendant
forced the victim to release the car, took the victim’s phone while he was
calling the police, and drove the car away. Defendant appeals his conviction
on several grounds, including instructional error, sufficiency of the evidence,
alleged ineffective assistance of counsel, and abuse of discretion in
sentencing. We affirm.
                               BACKGROUND
      Procedure

      A jury convicted defendant of carjacking (Pen. Code,1 § 215, subd. (a),
count 1), robbery (§ 211, count 2), assault with a semiautomatic firearm
(§ 245, subd. (b), count 3), and attempting to dissuade a witness from
reporting a crime (§ 136.1, subd. (b)(1), count 4). The jury also found true
allegations that defendant personally and intentionally used a firearm in the
commission of the carjacking and robbery (§ 12022.53, subd. (b)), and
personally used a firearm in connection with the assault and attempt to
dissuade a witness (§ 12022.5, subd. (a)). The court denied probation and
sentenced defendant to the low term of three years on count 1 (carjacking)
with a concurrent middle term of three years on count 2 (robbery). It
imposed and stayed sentences on counts 3 (assault with a semiautomatic
firearm), and 4 (attempting to dissuade a witness). The court struck the
firearm enhancements.
      Defendant timely appealed.
      Facts
      Defendant purchased a car and financed it with a loan secured by the
car. It was registered in his name, and he made the required payments for a

1     Further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise
specified.
                                       2
year to a year and a half, until the middle of 2016. He made no more
payments on the loan after that, although he knew he was contractually
obligated to do so. Defendant did not return the car. Rather, he continued to
drive it.
      On May 16, 2018, the victim, who was a licensed repossession agent,
received an electronic repossession order for the car. The victim had a tow
truck that was marked on both sides with the repossessor’s license number.
He drove the tow truck to defendant’s address in Carlsbad, carrying with him
his repossession license and the electronic order. The victim located the car,
verified the license plate and VIN number, then attached the car to his tow
truck and hoisted the rear of the car up off the ground.
      Defendant came up to the victim and asked what he was doing. The
victim said he was a repossession agent with an order to repossess the car
due to lack of payments. Defendant said, “[Y]ou’re not taking my car.” He
did not ask to see the victim’s license or the repossession order.
      Defendant went into his apartment and returned with a 9-millimeter
semiautomatic firearm. He pointed the gun at the victim from about four feet
away and told the victim to release the car from the tow truck. The victim
agreed to do so. Defendant lowered the gun and held it at his side, a few feet
from the victim, while the victim removed the car from the tow truck.
      When he was on the other side of his truck from defendant the victim
called 911. He was nervous, scared, and terrified. He was afraid he would
lose his life. The victim told the dispatch operator that someone pulled a gun
on him during a repossession. The victim had his phone up to his ear, talking
to the dispatcher. Defendant saw him and said, “Are you asking to get shot?”
Defendant walked up to the victim, held the gun up and aimed at the victim’s

                                        3
chest from a foot away. He demanded the phone. The victim told him, “Don’t
take my phone.” The call ended abruptly.
      The victim finished releasing the car from the tow truck and drove his
truck forward a bit from the car. He asked defendant if defendant would give
him his phone back. Defendant said he would leave it on the sidewalk, but
he was trying to crush the phone as he held it. Defendant drove off in the
car, taking the phone with him.
      Police arrived within about 10 minutes. They tracked the victim’s
phone and found the car. Defendant was sitting in the driver’s seat. The
police took defendant into custody. The victim’s phone was on the passenger
seat of the car. It was broken and not usable. The police also found a
semiautomatic handgun in the center console. The gun was loaded and
cocked with one round in the chamber and five more in the magazine.
      Defendant testified. He denied threatening the victim with the gun.
Defendant said that he was never contacted by the lender after he stopped
making payments on the car. He claimed that he checked his credit report
and it showed that the loan had been charged off. Defendant said he
understood that to mean that the creditor had stopped collection efforts.
      Defendant further testified that he saw someone at his car and asked
that person what he was doing. The victim said he had a repossession order.
Defendant testified that he asked to see the victim’s identification and the
repossession order, but that the victim refused to show him the documents.
Defendant said he thought the victim was a thief who was taking his car, and
for that reason went into his apartment to get his gun and returned with his
gun holstered. He asked for his car back. He stated he did not point the gun
at the victim when he asked for his car back.

                                       4
      Surveillance video shows that defendant held the gun out of its holster
during parts of the encounter. Defendant testified that he put his gun away
when the victim asked him to.
      Defendant said when he saw the victim using his phone, he thought the
victim was a criminal calling for backup. Defendant held his gun in his hand
when he told the victim to hand over his phone. Defendant said he tucked
his gun into his waistband to reach over and grab the phone from the victim.
Defendant denied asking the victim if he wanted to be shot. Defendant said
he intended to leave the victim’s phone for him on the sidewalk, but that he
forgot and drove off with it by mistake.
                                 DISCUSSION
                                        I
                       CARJACKING INSTRUCTIONS
      Defendant raises two issues on carjacking instructions that are both
based on the same underlying theory: that carjacking is a crime against
ownership and therefore defendant would not be guilty if he had a good faith
belief that he had an ownership interest in the vehicle when he took it. First,
defendant contends that the court erred in modifying the then existing
standard CALCRIM instruction to delete its reference to a taking from the
owner of the vehicle. Second, defendant claims the court erred in failing to
give a claim-of-right-defense instruction sua sponte. Both claims fail because
a claim of right is not a defense to the crime of carjacking.
      A. Proceedings Below
      Defendant moved to dismiss the carjacking count at the conclusion of
the prosecution case-in-chief, arguing that the People had failed to prove that
defendant had not taken his own car. The court denied the motion,

                                        5
concluding that carjacking is a crime against possession, not a crime against
ownership.
      When discussing instructions, defendant asked the court to give
CALCRIM No. 1650 as written at that time, which stated in part, “1. The
defendant took a motor vehicle that was not (his/her) own; 2. The vehicle was
taken from the immediate presence of a person who possessed the
vehicle . . . .” (CALCRIM No. 1650, eff. March 2017–March 2019.) The
prosecutor objected and asked the court to modify the form instruction to
delete the element of taking of “a motor vehicle that was not his own.” The
court agreed with the prosecutor and modified the instruction by using a
phrase from the predecessor instruction, CALJIC No. 9.46. The court
instructed the jury:
      “[T]he People must prove that:
             “One, a person had possession of a motor vehicle;
             “Two, the motor vehicle was taken from his or her person or
immediate presence . . . .
             “Three, the vehicle was taken against that person’s will;
             “Four, the defendant used force or fear to take the vehicle or to
prevent that person from resisting; and
             “Five, when the defendant used force or fear to take the vehicle,
he intended to deprive the other person of possession of the vehicle either
temporarily or permanently.”
      The defendant did not specifically ask the court to give a claim-of-right
defense instruction.

                                        6
      B. Applicable Principles
      “A trial court must instruct the jury on general principles of law
necessary for the jury’s understanding of the case.” (People v. Ramirez (2019)
40 Cal.App.5th 305, 307.) As part of the duty to instruct on the applicable
principles of law, the court has a sua sponte duty to instruct on defenses
relied upon by the defendant. (People v. Breverman (1998) 19 Cal.4th 142,
157.) “Defendants have a right to an instruction pinpointing their defense
theory, but the court may refuse incorrect, argumentative, duplicative, or
confusing instructions.” (Ramirez, at p. 307.)
      “ ‘Errors in jury instructions are questions of law, which we review de
novo.’ ” (People v. Fenderson (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 625, 642.)
      C. Claim of Right Defense to Carjacking
      “ ‘Carjacking’ is the felonious taking of a motor vehicle in the
possession of another, from his or her person or immediate presence, or from
the person or immediate presence of a passenger of the motor vehicle, against
his or her will and with the intent to either permanently or temporarily
deprive the person in possession of the motor vehicle of his or her possession,
accomplished by means of force or fear.” (§ 215, subd. (a).)
      Defendant contends that because the carjacking statute states that it is
a “felonious taking,” and a claim of right is a defense to the felonious takings
of robbery and theft, a claim of right is a defense to carjacking. (§ 215, subd.
(a); People v. Tufunga (1999) 21 Cal.4th 935, 945–947 (Tufunga) [claim of
right is a defense to the felonious taking of robbery].)
      At common law, theft and robbery were felonious takings, which
required the taking of property of another with the intent to permanently
deprive the owner of the property. (Tufunga, supra, 21 Cal.4th at pp. 945–
947.) Our Supreme Court in Tufunga held that the Legislature intended to

                                        7
maintain the common-law claim-of-right defense to robbery by incorporating
the language “felonious taking” into the statutory crime of robbery. (Id. at
p. 950.)
      Defendant argues that the Legislature similarly intended to include a
claim of right as a defense to carjacking by using the same words, “felonious
taking,” in the carjacking statute. We rejected defendant’s argument and
held that the claim of right is not a defense to carjacking in People v. Cabrera
(2007) 152 Cal.App.4th 695, 702–703 (Cabrera), following Justice Werdegar’s
reasoning in a concurring opinion in People v. Montoya (2004) 33 Cal.4th

1031, 1036–1038 (conc. opn. of Werdegar, J.2) (Montoya). Justice Werdegar
rejected the argument that the words “felonious taking” in the carjacking
statute incorporated a claim-of-right defense. (Ibid. (conc. opn.).) The justice
stated, “[t]he plain language of [the carjacking] statute, wherein the word
‘possession’ is thrice repeated, makes that [legislative] intent evident.
Carjacking is defined as the taking of a vehicle from ‘the possession of
another’ with the intent to deprive the person ‘in possession’ of his or her
‘possession’ (Pen. Code, § 215, subd. (a)). To require for a carjacking
conviction, as defendant would have it, that the defendant have intended to
deprive the vehicle owner of the vehicle or its value, based on the statute’s
introductory ‘felonious taking’ phraseology, would contravene the
Legislature’s evident intent to create . . . ‘a crime against the possessor or
passengers in a vehicle,’ not a crime against ownership.” (Montoya, at
p. 1038 (conc. opn.).) Justice Werdegar concluded that “[t]he Legislature did
not intend simply to incorporate the narrow common law understanding of

2     The majority opinion is not contrary to Justice Werdegar’s concurring
opinion. The majority opinion resolved the matter on other grounds and did
not consider the claim of right defense. (Montoya, at p. 1035, fn. 3.)
                                        8
‘felonious taking’ ” into the crime of carjacking. (Ibid.) We quoted and relied
on Justice Werdegar’s reasoning when holding, in Cabrera, that a claim of
right is not a defense to carjacking. (Cabrera, at p. 702.)
      Defendant distinguishes Cabrera and Montoya because the facts were
different in those cases. The majority opinion in Montoya considered whether
taking a vehicle was a lesser included offense of carjacking and held it was
not. (Montoya, supra, 33 Cal.4th at pp. 1034–1036.) Justice Werdegar,
however, was concerned that the defendant’s argument that carjacking was a
crime against ownership was potentially dispositive, and wrote a concurrence
distinguishing the applicability of Tufunga, supra, 21 Cal.4th at pp. 945–947,
from the crime of carjacking. (Montoya, at pp. 1036–1038.) The justice did
not address the claim-of-right defense to carjacking directly but explained
that carjacking was a crime against possession, not against ownership. (Id.
at p. 1038.) We relied on the justice’s reasoning in Cabrera, where we
squarely addressed the applicability of a claim of right as a defense to
carjacking. (See Cabrera, supra, 152 Cal.App.4th at p. 701.) The factual
differences in those cases are immaterial because we are conducting a legal
analysis of the claim-of-right defense in carjacking cases based on the legal
reasoning of Cabrera and the concurrence in Montoya.
      Defendant urges that we follow the courts in People v. Magallanes
(2009) 173 Cal.App.4th 529, 534, and People v. Vargas (2002) 96 Cal.App.4th
456, 462, which both stated that carjacking required the taking of a vehicle
that was not his or hers. The court in Vargas concluded that the elements of
carjacking were the same as for robbery and theft, except that the defendant
need not have the intent to permanently deprive the owner of the property,
and carjacking was limited to the taking of motor vehicles. (Vargas, at

                                        9
p. 462.) The ruling in Vargas was that carjacking required asportation
because the phrase “felonious taking” incorporated the common law
requirement for asportation. (Id. at pp. 462–463.) The court in Magallanes
considered the sufficiency of evidence of force or fear for carjacking by
comparing the requirements of force or fear for robbery. (Magallanes, at
p. 534). In passing, the court said that “[a] conviction for carjacking requires
proof that (1) the defendant took a vehicle that was not his or hers. . . .”
(Ibid.) Neither Magallanes nor Vargas discussed the defense of a claim of
right or the distinction between ownership and possession as an element of
carjacking. “ ‘ “ ‘[L]anguage in a judicial opinion is to be understood in
accordance with the facts and issues before the court. An opinion is not
authority for propositions not considered.’ ” ’ ” (Areso v. CarMax, Inc. (2011)
195 Cal.App.4th 996, 1005–1006.)
      CALCRIM No. 1650 was amended in March 2019 to remove the
reference to ownership. The applicable language now states, “The vehicle
was taken from the immediate presence of a person who possessed the
vehicle . . . .” (CALCRIM No. 1650, eff. March 2019.) Defendant argues that
the current CALCRIM is not retroactive and the court was bound by the
CALCRIM in effect at the time of his trial. Defendant erroneously conflates
jury instructions with statutes. Crimes are defined by the Legislature when
it enacts laws, not by the Judicial Council when it provides pattern jury
instructions for crimes. The instruction given by the court correctly stated
the elements identified in the statute proscribing carjacking.
      In sum, the court did not err in modifying the then existing CALCRIM
No. 1650 to delete the element of taking a car that was not his or her own.
Nor did it err in failing to sua sponte give an instruction on a claim-of-right
defense. A claim of right is not a defense to carjacking.

                                        10
                                        II
           INSTRUCTION ON LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSES
      Defendant claims that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the
jury on lesser included offenses of robbery and assault with a semiautomatic
firearm. Neither party requested instructions on lesser included offenses.
The court discussed its sua sponte duty to instruct on lesser included offenses
even if not requested, but found no evidence of any such lesser offenses.
Defendant now contends the court should have instructed the jury on
misdemeanor assault and brandishing as lesser included offenses of assault
with a semiautomatic firearm, and theft as a lesser included offense of
robbery.
      A. Applicable Principles
      The duty to instruct on the general principles of law applicable to the
case “ ‘extends to necessarily included offenses when the evidence raises a
question as to whether all the elements of the charged offense are
present . . . .’ ” (People v. Williams (2015) 61 Cal.4th 1244, 1263 (Williams.)
An offense is a lesser included offense if the statutory elements of the greater
offense include all the elements of the lesser offense, “such that the greater
cannot be committed without also committing the lesser.” (People v. Birks
(1998) 19 Cal.4th 108, 117 (Birks).) Instructions on lesser included offenses
are required “ ‘only where there is “substantial evidence” from which a
rational jury could conclude that the defendant committed the lesser offense,
and that he is not guilty of the greater offense.’ [Citation.] ‘Substantial
evidence,’ in this context, ‘is evidence sufficient to “deserve consideration by
the jury,” that is, evidence that a reasonable jury could find persuasive.’ ”
(Williams, at p. 1263.)

                                       11
      B. Robbery
      “Robbery is the felonious taking of personal property in the possession
of another, from his person or immediate presence, and against his will,
accomplished by means of force or fear.” (§ 211.) Theft, or larceny, is “the
taking of another’s property, with the intent to steal and carry it away.”
(People v. Gomez (2008) 43 Cal.4th 249, 254–255; see § 484.) The intent to
steal is “the intent to permanently deprive the owner of its possession.”
(People v. Page (2017) 3 Cal.5th 1175, 1182 (Page).) Robbery is larceny with
the additional elements that “the taking must be accomplished by force or
fear and the property must be taken from the victim or in his presence.”
(Gomez, at p. 254.) Theft is a lesser included offense of robbery. (Ibid.;
People v. Williams (2013) 57 Cal.4th 776, 787.)
      Defendant first states that the jury should have been instructed on
theft because there was evidence that he did not intend to permanently
deprive the victim of his phone. Intent to permanently deprive is an element
of both theft and robbery, and if there was no intent to permanently deprive
the victim of his phone there was neither theft nor robbery. (People v.
Chubbock (2019) 43 Cal.App.5th 1, 10 (Chubbock) [intent to permanently
deprive is element of theft]; Page, supra, 3 Cal.5th at p. 1182.) There was no
evidence that the taking of the phone could be theft but not robbery based on
defendant’s specific intent to deprive the victim permanently of his phone.
(Williams, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 1263.)
      Defendant also claims there was substantial evidence that his crime
was a theft and not a robbery because he did not use force. One of the
additional elements of robbery not included in theft is that the taking must
be accomplished “by force or fear.” (Gomez, supra, 43 Cal.4th at p. 254,
emphasis added; § 211.) Even if the jury believed defendant’s description of

                                       12
the taking of the phone, the taking could not be interpreted as lacking the
use of force or fear. Defendant testified that he was not pointing his gun at
the victim when he took the phone, but acknowledged that he had been
holding his gun so that the victim could see it. Display of a firearm creates
sufficient fear for a taking to be a robbery. (See People v. Lucas (1997) 55
Cal.App.4th 721, 745 (Lucas); see also People v. Montalvo (2019) 36
Cal.App.5th 597, 617 [insufficient evidence of fear for robbery when, among
other things, no firearms displayed].) Taking a phone from a person while
displaying a handgun cannot be simple theft because it would necessarily
engender fear.
      Further, the amount of force necessary for a taking to be a robbery is
not great. “ ‘ “All the force that is required to make the offense a robbery is
such force as is actually sufficient to overcome the victim’s resistance. . . .” ’ ”
(People v. Hudson (2017) 11 Cal.App.5th 831, 835–836, quoting People v.
Anderson (2011) 51 Cal.4th 989, 995.) Defendant said he “grabbed” the
phone from the victim while the victim held it up to his ear. The victim
resisted, saying, “Don’t take my phone.” Grabbing a phone from a person
making a phone call, against the person’s will, is force sufficient for a
robbery. There is no evidence of a taking without force or fear. The court
was not obliged to instruct on theft. (Williams, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 1263.)
      C. Assault with a Semiautomatic Firearm
      Defendant was charged and convicted of “an assault upon the person of
another with a semiautomatic firearm . . . .” (§ 245, subd. (b).) “An assault is
an unlawful attempt, coupled with a present ability, to commit a violent
injury upon the person of another.” (§ 240.) There was no dispute that the
gun defendant used was a semiautomatic firearm. There was no evidence of
an assault other than by use of the firearm.

                                         13
                1. Brandishing
      To brandish is to draw or exhibit a firearm in a rude, angry or
threatening manner, in the presence of another person, not in self-defense.
(§ 417, subds. (a) & (b).) Defendant asserts that brandishing is a lesser
included offense of assault with a firearm in reliance on People v. Wilson
(1967) 66 Cal.2d 749, 759 (Wilson), in which the California Supreme Court
reversed a conviction for assault for failing to instruct on brandishing a
firearm as a lesser offense. As the Court of Appeal explained in People v.
Steele (2000) 83 Cal.App.4th 212, 217–218 (Steele), however, the Supreme
Court’s ruling in Wilson “implied—but did not directly hold—that
brandishing was a lesser included offense to assault with a firearm. That
holding has no prior case support, and only scant subsequent support.”
(Steele, at p. 219.) At the time Wilson was decided, courts tended to require
instruction on lesser related offenses, as well as on lesser included offenses.
(See People v. Geiger (1984) 35 Cal.3d 510, 526 [requiring instruction on
lesser related offenses], overruled in Birks, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 136,
fn. 19.) The Wilson court did not identify brandishing as a lesser included
offense, but said that under the evidence there presented, the crime of
brandishing was “closely and openly connected with the facts before the
court.” (Wilson, at p. 759.) The Wilson court appeared to require the
brandishing instruction as a lesser related offense under the facts of that
case. (Ibid.) The California Supreme Court subsequently overruled Geiger,
and held that a trial court is not required to instruct on lesser related
offenses, but only on lesser included offenses. (Birks, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p.
136, fn. 19.)
      We agree with the court in Steele that brandishing is not a lesser
included offense of assault with a firearm under the traditional test for lesser

                                       14
included offenses because it contains an additional element, i.e. the “rude,
angry or threatening manner” of exhibition. (Steele, supra, 83 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 217–218; see Birks, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 117.) The court had no sua
sponte duty to instruct the jury on brandishing a firearm.
            2. Simple Assault
      Defendant contends the instruction on simple assault should have been
given because he testified that he kept his gun inside its holster at all times,
held the holster down at his side, made no threats with the gun, and did not
attempt to or actually injure the victim. If the jury believed defendant, it
would have found him not guilty of any assault. If it found that an assault
occurred under the circumstances described by defendant, the only present
ability to violently injure the victim was due to the firearm that defendant
held at his side. There was no attempt and ability to cause injury other than
by the implicit danger of the gun, and thus no simple assault. Defendant
either assaulted the victim with a semiautomatic firearm, or he did not
assault the victim. The court was not obliged to instruct on simple assault.
(Williams, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 1263.)
                                       III
                       SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE
      Defendant contends there is insufficient evidence of each of the four
offenses.
      A. Standard of Review
      On review for sufficient evidence we apply a well-settled standard. “We
review the entire record in the light most favorable to the judgment below to
determine whether it discloses sufficient evidence—that is, evidence that is
reasonable, credible, and of solid value—supporting the decision, and not
whether the evidence proves guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. [Citation.] We

                                       15
neither reweigh the evidence nor reevaluate the credibility of witnesses. We
presume in support of the judgment the existence of every fact the jury
reasonably could deduce from the evidence. [Citation.] If the circumstances
reasonably justify the findings made by the trier of fact, reversal of the
judgment is not warranted simply because the circumstances might also
reasonably be reconciled with a contrary finding.” (People v. Jennings (2010)
50 Cal.4th 616, 638–639; Jackson v. Virginia (1979) 443 U.S. 307, 318–319.)
      “ ‘[A] reversal for insufficient evidence “is unwarranted unless it
appears ‘that upon no hypothesis whatever is there sufficient evidence to
support’ ” the jury's verdict.’ [Citation.] . . . ‘ “Moreover, unless the testimony
is physically impossible or inherently improbable, testimony of a single
witness is sufficient to support a conviction.” ’ ” (People v. Prunty (2015) 62
Cal.4th 59, 89.)
      B. Carjacking
      Defendant challenges the carjacking conviction on the ground there
was insufficient evidence that the victim was in possession of the car when
defendant took it. He also contends he had an actual but mistaken belief that
the victim was stealing the car.
      Carjacking does not require that “ ‘ “the victim be inside or touching the
vehicle at the time of the taking.” ’ ” (People v. Coryell (2003) 110
Cal.App.4th 1299, 1303.) A victim possesses property if he or she “has some
loose custody over the property, [or] is currently exercising dominion over
it . . . .” (People v. Hamilton (1995) 40 Cal.App.4th 1137, 1143.) Possession
includes direct physical control of an object. (People v. Scott (2009) 45 Cal.4th
743, 749; People v. Hutchinson (2018) 20 Cal.App.5th 539, 547.) The victim
had direct physical control of the vehicle when it was attached to his tow
truck and hoisted into the air, and for the 10 minutes that it took the victim

                                        16
to unhook the car and release it from his tow truck. It is true, as defendant
contends, that the victim said he would release the car if defendant had
called the police, and that the car was not so completely attached to the
victim’s tow truck that the victim could have driven away with it. Possession
need not be either fully complete or of any specific duration. (See
Hutchinson, at p. 547; Coryell, at p. 1303.) Substantial evidence supports the
jury’s verdict.
      The jury was instructed on the mistake-of-fact defense. Substantial
evidence supports the jury finding that defendant was not mistaken.
Defendant never called the police for assistance, either when he first saw the
victim taking the car, when he went to safety inside his apartment, when he
emerged with a gun, when he stood outside watching the victim unhook the
car, or when he had driven the car away to safety. It was reasonable for the
jury to infer that a person thinking his car was being stolen would have
called the police.
      C. Robbery
      Defendant contends there was insufficient evidence of force or fear to
support the robbery verdict. Holding his gun in a way that made it visible to
the victim was sufficient to support the force or fear requirement. (Lucas,
supra, 55 Cal.App.4th at p. 745.) The victim testified that defendant aimed
the gun at his chest when taking his phone, that he was terrified, and that he
feared for his life. This evidence supported the jury’s finding that defendant
took the phone by force or fear.
      Defendant also contends there was insufficient evidence to support an
intent to permanently deprive the victim of his phone, because both the
victim and the defendant testified that the defendant said he would return
the phone. Instead, defendant took the phone with him as he drove away.

                                      17
      There is rarely direct proof of an intent to permanently deprive, so it is
usually shown by circumstantial evidence. (People v. Bloom (1989) 48 Cal.3d
1194, 1208; see Chubbock, supra, 43 Cal.App.5th at p. 11.) The verdict shows
that the jury did not believe defendant’s statements. The jury could
reasonably infer that defendant never intended to return the phone because
he did not want the victim to call the police. We accept the jury’s
determination of credibility. (Jennings, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 638.) In
addition, defendant tried to destroy the phone, and succeeded in damaging it
to the point that it was unusable. An intent to deprive the victim
permanently can be inferred from an intent to destroy the property. (People
v. Shannon (1998) 66 Cal.App.4th 649, 656.) Ample evidence supports the
jury’s verdict.
      D. Assault with a Semiautomatic Firearm
      Defendant contends there was insufficient evidence that his actions
with his gun would “directly and probably result in the application of force to
a person” to support the finding of assault with a semiautomatic firearm.
      “To point a loaded gun in a threatening manner at another (especially if
accompanied by threats to shoot . . .) constitutes an assault, because one who
does so has the present ability to inflict a violent injury on the other and the
act by its nature will probably and directly result in such injury.” (People v.
Miceli (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 256, 269.) The victim testified that defendant
pointed a gun at him in a threatening manner and threatened to shoot him.
The gun, indisputably a semiautomatic firearm, was loaded with six bullets,
one in the chamber. Defendant acknowledged that his gun was loaded and
its hammer was cocked back when he confronted the victim about the car.
Sufficient evidence supported the jury’s finding of an assault with a
semiautomatic firearm.

                                       18
      E. Attempting to Dissuade a Witness
      Defendant contends there was insufficient evidence that he had the
specific intent to dissuade a witness from reporting a crime. As with the
specific intent for robbery, we look at circumstantial evidence to support this
finding and view the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s finding.
      The jury could reasonably infer that when defendant, in the midst of
committing a crime, took the victim’s phone at gunpoint, while the victim was
talking on the phone, the defendant had the specific intent to dissuade the
victim from reporting a crime. The jury reasonably rejected defendant’s
claim that he thought the victim was calling for criminal backup. Sufficient
evidence supports the jury’s finding.
                                        IV
  INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL FOR FAILING TO APPLY
               FOR MENTAL HEALTH DIVERSION

      Defendant contends that his counsel’s performance was ineffective
because counsel did not apply for pretrial mental health diversion for
defendant.
      A. Applicable Principles
             1. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
      The federal and state Constitutions guarantee criminal defendants the
right to adequate representation by counsel. (U.S. Const., 6th Amend.; Cal.
Const., art. I, § 15; People v. Lucero (2017) 18 Cal.App.5th 532, 537.) To
prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show
both “that counsel’s performance was deficient,” such that “counsel was not
functioning as the ‘counsel’ [constitutionally] guaranteed,” and “that the
deficient performance prejudiced the defense.” (Strickland v. Washington
(1984) 466 U.S. 668, 687 (Strickland); People v. Centeno (2014) 60 Cal.4th
659, 674 (Centeno).) The defendant must demonstrate “resulting prejudice,
                                        19
i.e., a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s deficient performance, the
outcome of the proceeding would have been different.” (People v. Mai (2013)
57 Cal.4th 986, 1009 (Mai).) “A reasonable probability is a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” (Strickland, at p. 694.)
“A defendant must prove prejudice that is a ‘ “demonstrable reality,” not
simply speculation.’ ” (People v. Fairbank (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1223, 1241
(Fairbank).) “If it is easier to dispose of an ineffectiveness claim on the
ground of lack of sufficient prejudice, . . . that course should be followed.”
(Strickland, at p. 697; People v. Bonilla (2018) 29 Cal.App.5th 649, 654.).)
            2. Mental Health Diversion
      The Legislature created a program of pretrial mental health diversion
to ameliorate possible punishment for individuals with qualifying mental
health disorders by diverting them from the criminal justice system into
mental health treatment, while protecting public safety. (§ 1001.35.) A trial
court may grant pretrial diversion under specified circumstances. (§
1001.36.) Among these, the defendant must provide “a recent diagnosis by a
qualified mental health expert” of one of the disorders identified in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health. (Id. at subd. (b)(1)(A).)
The trial court must also be “satisfied that the defendant’s mental disorder
was a significant factor in the commission of the charged offense,” meaning
that it “substantially contributed” to defendant’s commission of the offense.
(Id. at subd. (b)(1)(B).) To determine if it was a significant factor, the court
may review, inter alia, “evidence that the defendant displayed symptoms
consistent with the relevant mental disorder at or near the time of the
offense,” and “records or reports by qualified medical experts.” (Ibid.)

                                        20
      B. Analysis
      Defendant had a qualifying diagnosed disorder, i.e. bipolar disorder.
He also had substance abuse disorder. The psychologist also said that
defendant had an alcohol abuse disorder, but defendant said that he had not
used alcohol in four years. On the morning of the crime he over-used
Oxycontin that had been prescribed for pain.
      The record does not show, however, that either his bipolar disorder or
his opioid abuse played a significant role in defendant’s commission of the
charged offenses. Defendant’s actions were deliberate and goal-oriented. The
victim said the defendant spoke in a calm voice throughout the incident.
Neither the victim nor the defendant described any behavior that was out of
the ordinary, except for committing a crime. A psychologist tested and
interviewed defendant, and reviewed the police report and other information.
The psychologist concluded that “no nexus was established between
[defendant’s bipolar disorder and depression] and the events of the instant
matter.” Defendant told the psychologist that at the time of the offense he
was stressed but not “in the midst of either a severe depressive or manic
episode.” The psychologist also stated that defendant’s judgment might have
been clouded by his use of Oxycontin at the time of the offense. There is no
evidence that the use of Oxycontin played a significant, or any, role in
defendant’s commission of the crime, however. Defendant never stated that
his judgment was clouded at the time of the crime. The police officers did not
mention that defendant appeared to be under the influence of a drug and did
not conduct any tests for drug use.
      People v. Frahs (2020) 9 Cal.5th 618, which granted a conditional
reversal and remand for a mental health diversion hearing, does not compel a
different result. (See id. at p. 640.) In Frahs, our Supreme Court addressed

                                      21
the narrow question of “whether [section 1001.36] applies retroactively to
cases in which the judgment is not yet final,” and held that it did. (Id. at
p. 624.) The trial here started more than a year after section 1001.36 went
into effect on June 27, 2018. (Stats. 2018, ch. 34 (A.B. 1810) § 24, eff. June
18, 2018.) Retroactivity is not at issue here. Most importantly, the standard
of review here is more stringent than the standard of review in Frahs:
defendant had to show a demonstrable reality that he would have received a
more favorable result if defense counsel had requested a hearing on mental
health diversion. (Mai, supra, 57 Cal.4th at p. 1009; Fairbank, supra, 16
Cal.4th at p. 1241.)
      In light of the psychologist’s opinion there was no nexus between
defendant’s bipolar disorder and the crime, defendant’s statement that he
was not manic or depressive at the time, and the description of the crime
adduced at trial, the record contains insufficient evidence to show, to a
demonstrable reality, that the result of the outcome would have been more
favorable to defendant if his counsel had requested mental diversion before
trial. (Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 694; Mai, supra, 57 Cal.4th at
p. 1009; Fairbank, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 1241.)
      C. Failure to Present Evidence of Mental Disorder at Trial
      Defendant also contends that his counsel was ineffective in failing to
present evidence of his mental disorder at trial. Defendant has not explained
how an expert on mental disorders would have assisted him at trial. (People
v. Carrasco (2014) 59 Cal.4th 924, 984 [defendant must explain how alternate
tactic would have assisted him].) We cannot reverse on direct appeal for
ineffective assistance of counsel when there might have been tactical reasons
for counsel’s choice not to present psychological evidence. (People v.
Arredondo (2019) 8 Cal.5th 694, 711.)

                                        22
                                       V
                        SENTENCING DISCRETION
      Defendant was presumptively ineligible for a grant of probation
because the jury found he personally used a firearm in connection with
carjacking and robbery. (§ 1203, subd. (e)(2).) He contends the trial court
erred in finding that this was not an “unusual case” in which a grant of
probation would have served the interests of justice despite his presumptive
ineligibility for probation. He asserts that he had no prior criminal history,
the circumstances were unusual because he carjacked a car that was
registered to him, and both the probation officer and the victim recommended
probation with custody of 365 days.
      A. Applicable Principles
      A court has broad discretion to declare a case “unusual,” such that a
criminal defendant who is presumptively ineligible for a grant of probation
may nonetheless be granted probation. (§ 1203, subd. (e); People v. Nuno
(2018) 26 Cal.App.5th 43, 49; People v. Superior Court (Du) (1992) 5
Cal.App.4th 822, 831.) The court “need not provide reasons for declining to
find a case ‘unusual’ so as to rebut any presumptive ineligibility for
probation.” (Nuno, at p. 49.) A court may, but is not required to, consider
criteria set forth in the California Rules of Court for finding an unusual case.
(Cal. Rules of Court, rule 4.413; People v. Stuart (2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 165,
178.) The defendant bears the burden on appeal of showing that the denial of
probation was arbitrary, capricious, or exceeding the bounds of reason. (Du,
at p. 831.)

                                       23
      B. Analysis
      The court considered the issue carefully. It recognized that defendant
had no criminal history and had been law-abiding for 60 years. The court
reviewed the probation officer’s report, the sentencing memoranda from both
sides, argument by both counsel, and defendant’s statements at sentencing.
The court found this was not an unusual case that merited probation. The
court stated that the sentence was based on the crimes committed, all the
circumstances, and defendant’s background. In mitigation, the court stated
that defendant was 60 years old, had no prior criminal record, and all the
crimes occurred in a single, short period of time. This was not a typical
carjacking case because defendant took a car that he thought belonged to him
and was on his property. The court described the aggravating factors.
Carjacking and armed robbery are serious, violent felonies. Defendant armed
himself with a loaded firearm and threatened to shoot the victim. The court
concluded probation was not warranted for these and other circumstances.
Defendant’s carjacking and robbery were more serious than other instances
of those crimes because defendant pointed a loaded firearm at the victim and
threatened to shoot him. (See Cal. Rules of Ct., rule 4.413 (c)(1)(A) [factor to
consider in overcoming the presumption of eligibility].)
      The court gave consideration to defendant’s lack of criminal history. It
sentenced defendant to the lowest term available for carjacking, imposed the
sentence for robbery to run concurrently, and struck the 10-year firearm
enhancements in connection with both the carjacking and robbery.
      Defendant has not borne his burden of showing that the trial court’s
decision not to overcome the presumption of ineligibility was arbitrary,
capricious, or outside the bounds of reason.

                                       24
                            DISPOSITION
    The judgment is affirmed.

                                          BENKE, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:

HUFFMAN, J.

GUERRERO, J.

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