Court Opinion

ID: 6215984
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-08 17:03:09.23153+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:57:07.218706
License: Public Domain

FOURTH DIVISION
                              DILLARD, P. J.,
                          MERCIER and PINSON, JJ.

                   NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                   physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                   days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                              https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

                                                                   February 8, 2022

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A21A1355, A21A1396. STATE v. JENNINGS, & vice versa.

      DILLARD, Presiding Judge.

      In Case Number A21A1355, the State appeals from the grant of a motion to

suppress in favor of Sherri Lynn Jennings, arguing the trial court erred by concluding

that (1) an officer made an unlawful intrusion onto her property, (2) an officer

unlawfully parked close to her vehicle, and (3) the seizure of her vehicle was

unlawful. In Case Number A21A1396, Jennings cross appeals from the trial court’s

denial of her motion to exclude statements she made to investigators, arguing that

those statements were derivative of an unlawful search, and alternatively, that the

statements should have been excluded because they were made while she was in

custody without having been read her Miranda rights. For the reasons set forth infra,
in Case Number A21A1355, we vacate in part, affirm in part, and remand the case

with direction; and in Case No. A21A1396, we affirm.

      Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the trial court’s judgment,1 the

record shows that on the evening of October 9, 2017, law enforcement was notified

of a hit-and-run on Dawson Forest Road in Dawson County, in which a pedestrian

was struck and killed. The only evidence left at the scene was a passenger-side mirror

lying on the pavement beside the victim, which came from a black 2009/2010 Ford

Escape, Mercury Mariner, or Mazda Tribute. An investigator then searched computer-

aided dispatch reports for any prior contacts with law enforcement by vehicles

matching that description. Ultimately, a list of 17 vehicles was compiled and law

enforcement visited almost all of them to view their exteriors for a missing mirror.

This list included a 2009 Ford Escape the investigator believed was located at 6345

Elmo Road in Cumming. The investigator traveled to that address, which is located

in a heavily wooded rural area off of a gravel driveway shared by and split up among

several residences. The investigator testified that the driveway is “kind of a good

      1
        See, e.g., Hughes v. State, 296 Ga. 744, 746 (1) (770 SE2d 636) (2015) (“[A]n
appellate court must construe the evidentiary record in the light most favorable to the
factual findings and judgment of the trial court.”).

                                          2
distance off the road,” is not visible from the road, and the house itself is not visible

as you begin the approach up the driveway. According to the investigator, his

intention—upon arriving at the Elmo Road address—was to knock on the door and

speak with the residents.

      As the investigator drove up a slight hill to the house, he spotted the back end

of a black Ford Escape parked ahead and “sticking out” in an area on the left side of

the house.2 And upon closer approach to this area, by parking his car beyond the front

of the house and behind the Ford Escape (so that it would be unable to leave), he

noticed the passenger-side mirror was missing. The investigator later referred to the

vehicle’s location on the driveway as a “parking area” just past the front of the house,

“after you pass the front door.”

      Having made this observation, the investigator immediately radioed dispatch

for assistance. And around this same time, Jennings’s husband came out of the house

and approached him. The husband immediately asked what the investigator was doing

there, to which he responded, “[Y]ou know what I’m doing here,” and then inquired

as to how the vehicle was damaged. The husband said his wife hit a deer with her

      2
        The investigator testified that he was able to spot the vehicle when lined up
with the area of the front door to the home.

                                           3
vehicle, and the investigator then requested that he call his wife and ask her to come

home to be questioned.

      In the interim, Jennings’s husband walked over to the vehicle and showed the

investigator his attempt to repair the headlight. The husband also told the investigator

that he washed the car and tried to push out a dent in the front of the vehicle. The

husband then took the investigator to an area on the right side of the home after the

investigator asked where the missing pieces for the headlight assembly were located.

In this same area, the investigator saw at least one open book regarding courtroom

procedure.

      At some point, the Jenningses’ son came home, and he too claimed that his

mother struck a deer while driving the vehicle. And when Jennings finally arrived

home, the investigator asked if she wanted to tell him anything, and she said that she

“thought she hit a deer” on Dawson Forest Road. Around this same time, seven other

officers arrived on the scene to secure the vehicle; and shortly thereafter, Jennings

was placed under arrest and the vehicle seized.

      Two days after the vehicle was towed, law enforcement secured a search

warrant. Jennings was then indicted on charges of first-degree vehicular homicide,

hit and run, failure to report an accident, and failure to maintain lane. She

                                           4
subsequently filed a motion to suppress the vehicle and other evidence found at her

residence, and also moved to exclude statements she made to law enforcement.

      The trial court granted Jennings’s motion to suppress the vehicle and other

evidence, reasoning that because law enforcement did not possess a warrant or obtain

consent to search the property and there were no exigent circumstances, the intrusion

onto the curtilage of her property and subsequent seizure of evidence violated her

rights under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. But on the

question of statements Jennings made to law enforcement during the same visit to her

property, the trial court denied the motion to exclude after concluding that those

statements were made voluntarily and not while in custody. These appeals follow.

                                      A21A1355

      1. The State argues the trial court erred by concluding that the investigator

acted unlawfully by (1) intruding onto the Jenningses’ property, (2) parking his patrol

car too close to Jennings’s vehicle, and (3) seizing Jennings’s vehicle. Instead, the

State maintains (1) the investigator lawfully entered onto the property to conduct a

“knock and talk”; (2) the investigator was authorized to move closer to the vehicle

because he had reasonable, articulable suspicion; and (3) that probable cause

supported a warrantless seizure of the vehicle and other instrumentalities of the crime.

                                           5
For the reasons that follow, we vacate in part, affirm in part, and remand for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

      When the facts material to a motion to suppress are disputed, it “generally is

for the trial judge to resolve those disputes and determine the material facts.”3 As a

result, we must (1) “accept those findings unless they are clearly erroneous”; (2)

“construe the evidentiary record in the light most favorable to the factual findings and

judgment of the trial court”; and (3) “limit [our] consideration of the disputed facts

to those expressly found by the trial court.”4 With these guiding principles in mind,

we will now address each of the State’s contentions.

      a. Initial Entry to Conduct Knock and Talk. For starters, the State argues that

the investigator’s initial entry onto the curtilage5 of Jennings’s property did not

      3
          Hughes, 296 Ga. at 746 (1).
      4
          Id. (punctuation omitted).
      5
          “Curtilage” is defined as “the yards and grounds of a particular address, its
gardens, barns, and buildings.” Landers v. State, 250 Ga. 808, 809 (301 SE2d 633)
(1983) (punctuation omitted); accord Corey v. State, 320 Ga. App. 350, 354 (1) (a)
(739 SE2d 790) (2013); see also Florida v. Jardines, 569 U.S. 1, 7 (II) (A) (133 SCt
1409, 185 LE2d 495) (2013) (“While the boundaries of the curtilage are generally
‘clearly marked,’ the ‘conception defining the curtilage’ is at any rate familiar enough
that it is ‘easily understood from our daily experience.’ . . . . [And] [t]he front porch
is the classic exemplar of an area adjacent to the home and to which the activity of
home life extends.” (citation & punctuation omitted)); Oliver v. United States, 466

                                           6
require exigent circumstances because it was not to do a search of the property, but

was instead done to conduct a “knock and talk.” Warrantless searches of the curtilage

are, of course, “per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment[6]—subject only

to a few specifically established and well-delineated exceptions.”7 And as the State

U.S. 170, 180 (III) (A) (104 SCt 1735, 80 LE2d 214) (1984) (“[C]ourts have extended
Fourth Amendment protection to the curtilage; and they have defined the curtilage,
as did the common law, by reference to the factors that determine whether an
individual reasonably may expect that an area immediately adjacent to the home will
remain private.”); A New Law Dictionary 203 (Giles Jacob ed. 1732) (defining
“curtilage” as “a Court, Yard, Back[s]ide, or Piece of Ground lying near or belonging
to a Dwelling hou[s]e”); 4 W. Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England 225
(1769) (“[T]he capital house protects and privileges all its branches and appurtenants,
if within the curtilage.”).
      6
        See U.S. CONST. amend. IV (“The right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall
not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by
Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the
persons or things to be seized.”); see also GA. CONST. art. 1, § 1, ¶ XIII (“The right
of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against
unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue
except upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation particularly describing
the place or places to be searched and the person or things to be seized.”).
      7
         State. v. Newsome, 352 Ga. App. 546, 549-50 (835 SE2d 329) (2019); accord
Watson v. Pearson, 928 F3d 507, 512 (6th Cir. 2019); see generally Katz v. United
States, 389 U.S. 347, 357 (88 SCt 507, 19 LE2d 576) (1967); see also Collins v.
Virginia, __ U.S. __ (138 SCt 1663, 1676, 201 LE2d 9) (2018) (Thomas, J.
concurring) (“As a general rule, warrantless searches of the curtilage violate [the
Fourth Amendment]. At the founding, the curtilage was considered part of the house
itself.”).

                                          7
rightly notes, one such exception is a “knock and talk” procedure, in which law

enforcement approaches a home or residence to investigate a crime or make inquiries

of the occupants.8 But the trial court found the investigator proceeded beyond the area

necessary to conduct a knock and talk by driving further up the driveway and parking

directly behind the vehicle.9 As a result, the court concluded the officer began a

search of the property without a warrant, consent, or exigent circumstances.

       Further, the trial court concluded that even if the investigator had been in a

lawful position from which to view the vehicle after passing the front of the house

      8
         Newsome, 352 Ga. App. at 550; see Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452, 466-467
(III) (B) (131 SCt 1849, 179 LE2d 865) (2011) (Alito, J.) (“[T]he police may wish to
speak with the occupants of a dwelling before deciding whether it is worthwhile to
seek authorization for a search. They may think that a short and simple conversation
may obviate the need to apply for and execute a warrant.”).
      9
         See Newsome, 352 Ga. App. at 552 (holding that “the trial court was
authorized to conclude that the officer was not entitled to enter the curtilage in the
manner in which he did, and that he was not in a place that he was authorized to be
when he viewed the stolen tools,” when evidence showed that officer spotted stolen
tools near backdoor to home, which he approached only after receiving no answer for
“knock and talk” at home’s front door); see also Jardines, 569 U.S. at 8 (II) (B (“This
implicit license typically permits the visitor to approach the home by the front path,
knock promptly, wait briefly to be received, and then (absent invitation to linger
longer) leave. Complying with the terms of that traditional invitation does not require
fine-grained legal knowledge; it is generally managed without incident by the
Nation’s Girl Scouts and trick-or-treaters. Thus, a police officer not armed with a
warrant may approach a home and knock, precisely because that is no more than any
private citizen might do.” (footnote & punctuation omitted)).

                                          8
(and thus the front door), there were no exigent circumstances or consent by which

the officer could search the remainder of the curtilage or seize the vehicle without

first obtaining a warrant. Indeed, not only must an officer be “lawfully located in a

place from which the object can be plainly seen,”10 he or she must also have “a lawful

right of access to the object itself.”11 This is true even when items of contraband are

visible within an officer’s plain view.12 And an officer gains lawful access to an item

      10
         Gates v. State, 229 Ga. App. 766, 768 (a) (495 SE2d 113) (1997)
(punctuation omitted); accord Horton v. California, 496 U.S. 128, 136-37 (II) (110
SCt 2301, 110 LE2d 112) (1990); George v. State, __ Ga. __ (865 SE2d 127, 130)
(2021); see supra note 6.
      11
         Gates, 229 Ga. App. at 768 (a) (emphasis supplied); see Lewis v. State, 358
Ga. App. 482, 485 (1) (b) (855 SE2d 708) (2021) (“[P]olice officers are prohibited
from entering a person’s home or its curtilage without a warrant absent consent or a
showing of exigent circumstances. This is true even when items of contraband are
visible within an officer’s plain view.”); Carranza v. State, 266 Ga. 263, 266 (1) (467
SE2d 315) (1996) (“It is elementary that probable cause, however well founded, can
provide no justification for a warrantless intrusion of a person’s home absent a
showing that the exigencies of the situation made that course imperative.”
(punctuation omitted)).
      12
         See Smith v. State, 324 Ga. App. 542, 546-47 (2) (751 SE2d 164) (2013)
(“An officer gains lawful access to an item in plain view by obtaining a search
warrant, obtaining consent to search, or the existence of exigent circumstances.”
(punctuation omitted)); see also Carranza, 266 Ga. at 268 (1) (“[When] an individual
commits an offense in his or her home and that offense is committed in the presence
or within the immediate knowledge of a law enforcement officer, the officer is
authorized to arrest the individual in the home without a warrant only [when] the
officer’s entry into the home is by consent or where there are exigent circumstances.”

                                          9
in plain view by “obtaining a search warrant, obtaining consent to search, or the

existence of exigent circumstances.”13 This, the officers did not do.

(punctuation omitted)).
      13
          Galindo-Eriza v. State, 306 Ga. App. 19, 21 (1) (701 SE2d 516) (2010); see
Arp v. State, 327 Ga. App. 340, 342 (1) (759 SE2d 57) (2014) (“[E]ven if officers
have probable cause, absent exigent circumstances or proper consent, warrantless
searches and seizures within a home by officers in pursuit of their traditional law
enforcement duties are presumptively unreasonable.”); Corey v. State, 320 Ga. App.
350, 353 (1) (739 SE2d 790) (2013) (“[E]ven if officers have probable cause to
investigate a crime, without a warrant, exigent circumstances, or proper consent, they
may not enter a home or its curtilage.”). Because the State does not challenge the trial
court’s conclusions regarding the absence of consent or exigent circumstances, we
deem any such arguments abandoned. See Reece v. State, 210 Ga. 578, 578 (4) (82
SE2d 10) (1954) (holding that grounds for appeal that were not raised in the briefs
nor otherwise argued during appeal proceedings were abandoned); Davenport v.
State, 328 Ga. App. 850, 851 (763 SE2d 130) (2014) (“[Appellant] does not present
any argument in support of this enumeration and does not challenge the trial court’s
finding that the evidence [appellant] presented to support a finding of materiality was
‘speculative.’ Thus, we deem this enumeration to be abandoned, and that portion of
the trial court’s order stands affirmed.”); Jones v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. Sys. of Ga.,
262 Ga. App. 75, 79 (3) (585 SE2d 138) (2003) (“As [appellant] does not argue these
claims in his appellate brief, they are deemed abandoned.”); see also Blalock v.
Cartwright, 300 Ga. 884, 889 (III) n.4 (799 SE2d 225) (2017) (“Because [appellant]
has not challenged the trial court’s dismissal order as it specifically relates to his
attorney fee claims, we do not address these claims on appeal.”).

                                           10
      Having considered all of the foregoing, we agree with the trial court that the

investigator exceeded the scope of a permissible knock and talk after his initial entry

onto the property in violation of the Fourth Amendment.14

       b. Reasonable, Articulable Suspicion. Next, the State contends the investigator

had reasonable, articulable suspicion that the vehicle on Jennings’s property was the

one being sought by law enforcement, and therefore he was authorized to move closer

to the car after the initial approach to conduct a knock and talk. But the State did not

make this argument to the trial court below. And as this Court is one for the

correction of legal errors, we have no jurisdiction to address issues raised for the first

time on appeal.15

      Furthermore, even if the State had made this argument below, it abandoned this

contention on appeal by failing to support it with legal argument and citation to

      14
           See supra notes 9-13.
      15
         See, e.g., Fides v. State, 237 Ga. App. 607, 607 (516 SE2d 101) (1999)
(“This Court is a court for the correction of legal errors and has no jurisdiction to
address issues that are raised for the first time on appeal. Also, [appellant] may not
abandon an issue in the trial court and on appeal raise questions on which the trial
court has not ruled.” (punctuation & citation omitted)).

                                           11
relevant binding authority.16 We remind the State that “the requirements as to the

form of appellate briefs were created, not to provide an obstacle, but to aid parties in

presenting their arguments in a manner most likely to be fully and efficiently

comprehended by this Court.”17 And as a result, we will not address this argument.

      c. Probable Cause. Finally, the State argues the officers had probable cause to

believe the vehicle and other evidence were instrumentalities of a crime following

Jennings’s statements to police and her subsequent arrest. More specifically, the State

asserts that after Jennings was arrested, officers could seize any instrumentalities of

the crime.

      16
         See CT. APP. R. 25 (c) (2) (“Any enumeration of error that is not supported
in the brief by citation of authority or argument may be deemed abandoned.”). See
generally Flowers v. State, 269 Ga. App. 443, 445 (1) (604 SE2d 285) (2004) (“As
we have explained, legal analysis is, at a minimum, a discussion of the appropriate
law as applied to the relevant facts.” (punctuation omitted)). Suffice it to say, the
State’s inclusion of a citation to a case regarding the traffic stop of a vehicle within
a parking lot is wholly inapposite to the facts of this case.
      17
         Daker v. State, 300 Ga. 74, 76 (2) (792 SE2d 382) (2016) (punctuation
omitted); accord Daniel v. Allstate Ins. Co., 290 Ga. App. 898, 900-01 (1) (660 SE2d
765) (2008) (punctuation omitted); see also Stephen Louis A. Dillard, Open
Chambers Revisited: Demystifying the Inner Workings and Culture of the Georgia
Court of Appeals, 68 Mercer L. Rev. 1, 7 (II) (2016) (“The quickest way to sabotage
your appeal is to fail to substantiate legal arguments or key factual or procedural
assertions.”).

                                          12
      The State appears to have raised some semblance of this contention for the first

time in its post-hearing brief before the trial court, but the court never ruled on this

particular argument. Instead, the trial court based its grant of Jennings’s motion to

suppress solely on its finding that there was no consent to search the property and no

exigent circumstances.

      We are, of course, “a court of review, not of first view.”18 As a result, we may

remand a case for further factual findings when the trial court’s order lacks sufficient

detail to enable meaningful appellate review.19 This is such a case. Thus, because the

trial court did not explicitly make findings of fact or rule upon this alternative

argument by the State, we vacate the court’s order to the extent it implicitly ruled on

      18
         Flanders v. State, 360 Ga. App. 855, 855 (862 SE2d 152) (2021)
(punctuation omitted); accord Cutter v. Wilkinson, 544 U.S. 709, 718 n.7 (125 SCt
2113, 161 LE2d 1020) (2005).
      19
          Flanders, 360 Ga. at 855; see Williams v. State, 301 Ga. 60, 62 (799 SE2d
779) (2017) (“Given the uncertainty in the trial court’s order regarding the basis for
its ruling, this Court must vacate the opinion of the Court of Appeals and remand for
the Court of Appeals to remand this case to the trial court for further clarification on
the specific findings that form the basis for its legal conclusions with regard to [the]
motion to suppress.”); Weintraub v. State, 352 Ga. App. 880, 889 (836 SE2d 162)
(2019) (“Our Supreme Court has instructed that we may remand for further factual
findings where the trial court’s order lacks sufficient detail to enable meaningful
appellate review.”).

                                          13
this issue and remand for it to address and rule upon this argument in the first

instance.20

                                         A21A1396

          2. In her cross-appeal, Jennings argues that her statements to investigators

should be excluded because they (1) were derivative of an unlawful search and (2) in

the alternative, were made while in custody without having been read her Miranda21

rights.

          20
         See Flanders, 360 Ga. at 855 (“Given the trial court’s failure to address [the]
claim, we must vacate the trial court’s order to the extent it at least implicitly denied
that claim and remand for the trial court to address the claim in the first instance.”
(footnote omitted)); see also OCGA § 17-5-1 (a) (4) (“When a lawful arrest is
effected a peace officer may reasonably search the person arrested and the area within
the person’s immediate presence for the purpose of . . . [d]iscovering or seizing any
instruments, articles, or things which are being used or which may have been used in
the commission of the crime for which the person has been arrested.”); Abrams v.
State, 223 Ga. 216, 220 (2) (154 SE2d 443) (1967) (“It is well established by . . .
United States Supreme Court cases that instrumentalities used in the commission of
a crime may be seized at the time of the arrest without a search warrant. The doctrine
that a search without warrant may be lawfully conducted if incident to a lawful arrest
has long been recognized as consistent with the Fourth Amendment’s protection
against unreasonable searches and seizures[.]” (punctuation omitted)). Again, because
the State did not challenge the trial court’s ruling on the questions of consent and
exigent circumstances, and thus abandoned any such arguments on appeal, we do not
vacate the trial court’s opinion as to those rulings, which stand affirmed. See supra
note 13.
          21
               See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (86 SCt 1602, 16 LE2d 694) (1966).

                                             14
      (a) Derivative Statements. The trial court made no explicit ruling on whether

Jennings’s statements to law enforcement were also subject to exclusion on the basis

that they were derivative of what it determined was an unlawful search of the

property, as discussed in Division 1 supra. Indeed, in a second order, the court denied

Jennings’s separate motion to exclude her statements to law enforcement because she

was not in custody at the time those statements were made.

      Notably, the record does not show that Jennings specifically moved to suppress

her statements on the basis that they were derivative of the unlawful search, and we

do not reverse trial court judgments as being “wrong for any reason.”22 Indeed, as

previously noted, we are a court for the correction of errors.23 That said, it is possible

      22
         See Moore v. State, 290 Ga. 805, 808 (2) n.3 (725 SE2d 290) (2012) (“There
is no ‘wrong for any reason’ doctrine, and this Court will not reverse a judgment on
an issue never raised or ruled on in the trial court[.]”), superseded by statute on other
grounds as stated in Brewner v. State, 302 Ga. 6, 14 (III) (804 SE2d 94) (2017); State
v. Hudson, 303 Ga. 348, 355 (812 SE2d 270) (2018) (Hunstein, J., concurring
specially) (“As this Court has previously emphasized, there is no ‘wrong for any
reason’ doctrine.”); Lowe v. State, 352 Ga. App. 458, 463 (835 SE2d 301) (2019)
(“[W]hile we have under certain circumstances applied the ‘right for any reason’ rule
to reach issues unaddressed by either party in order to affirm a judgment as right for
any reason, it does not follow that we apply the ‘wrong for any reason’ rule to reverse
incorrect rulings on issues not raised or ruled upon in the trial court.” (punctuation
omitted)).
      23
         See Mordica v. State, 319 Ga. App. 149, 154-55 (2) (736 SE2d 153) (2012)
(“It is well settled that this Court may not address issues on appeal which were not

                                           15
the trial court at least implicitly ruled on this question when it suppressed evidence

“derivative” of the search discussed supra.24 So, in light of our directive in Division

1 (c), the trial court should explicitly rule upon this question on remand when it

addresses the vacated portion of the order at issue in Case Number A21A1355.25

addressed by the trial court, because this Court is a court for the correction of errors
and it does not consider matters which were not raised and ruled on by the trial court.
Without a ruling by the trial court on this particular issue, there is nothing for this
Court to review upon appeal.” (punctuation & footnote omitted)); Freeland v. State,
223 Ga. App. 326, 326 (2) (477 SE2d 633) (1996) (“Issues presented for the first time
on appeal furnish nothing for us to review, for this is a court for correction of errors
of law committed by the trial court where proper exception is taken, because one may
not abandon an issue in the trial court and on appeal raise questions or issues neither
raised nor ruled on by the trial court.” (punctuation omitted)).
      24
         See Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 485 (83 SCt 407, 9 LE2d 441
(1963) (“[V]erbal evidence which derives so immediately from an unlawful entry and
an unauthorized arrest as the officers’ action in the present case is no less the ‘fruit’
of official illegality than the more common tangible fruits of the unwarranted
intrusion.”).
      25
          See Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 601-02 (III) (95 SCt 2254, 45 LE2d 416)
(1975) (“[E]ven if the statements in this case were found to be voluntary under the
Fifth Amendment, the Fourth Amendment issue remains. In order for the causal
chain, between the illegal arrest and the statements made subsequent thereto, to be
broken, Wong Sun requires not merely that the statement meet the Fifth Amendment
standard of voluntariness but that it be sufficiently an act of free will to purge the
primary taint.’ Wong Sun thus mandates consideration of a statement’s admissibility
in light of the distinct policies and interests of the Fourth Amendment.” (punctuation
& citation omitted)); id. at 603-04 (III) (“The Miranda warnings are an important
factor, to be sure, in determining whether the confession is obtained by exploitation
of an illegal arrest. But they are not the only factor to be considered. The temporal

                                           16
      (b) In-Custody Statements. Next, Jennings argues the trial court erred by failing

to exclude her statements on the basis that they were made while she was in custody

without having been read her Miranda rights. We disagree.

      When an accused is neither in custody nor so restrained as to “equate to a

formal arrest, any statements made to an investigating officer are made under

noncustodial circumstances and Miranda warnings are not required.”26 Indeed,

Miranda protections adhere when an individual is “(1) formally arrested or (2)

restrained to the degree associated with a formal arrest.”27 The second prong must be

evaluated objectively—i.e., “an individual is in custody if a reasonable person in the

place of the defendant would feel so restrained as to equate to a formal arrest.”28

proximity of the arrest and the confession, the presence of intervening circumstances,
and, particularly, the purpose and flagrancy of the official misconduct are all relevant.
The voluntariness of the statement is a threshold requirement. And the burden of
showing admissibility rests, of course, on the prosecution.” (citations & footnotes
omitted)); see also State v. Poppell, 277 Ga. 595, 597 (592 SE2d 838) (2004)
(reciting and relying upon the factors from Brown v. Illinois); Lawson v. State, 299
Ga. App. 865, 868 (1) (684 SE2d 1) (2009) (same).
      26
        Durham v. State, 281 Ga. 208, 209 (2) (636 SE2d 513) (2006) (punctuation
omitted).
      27
           Id.
      28
           Id. 209-10 (2).

                                           17
       Here, our review of the evidence establishes that the trial court did not clearly

err by finding Jennings was not in custody at the time she made her statements to law

enforcement, and thus it did not err in denying her motion to exclude those

statements. The court concluded that Jennings made her statements while outside on

her own property, without threats by law enforcement, while she was not handcuffed,

and while she was not otherwise restrained. And because the record—which includes

a DVD recording29—supports these findings, we affirm the trial court’s ruling in this

regard.30

      29
         The DVD shows Jennings immediately approaching the investigator upon
her arrival home and offering information and answering his questions without
hesitation. Jennings is visibly upset during the exchange (by virtue of the allegation
that she hit a person with her vehicle rather than a deer), but she was not handcuffed
or otherwise restrained.
      30
          See State v. Walden, 311 Ga. 389, 395 (858 SE2d 42) (2021) (“[Appellant]
was not handcuffed or otherwise restrained, and she waited less than an hour to speak
to the investigator. [Appellant] claims that [a deputy] impeded her exit because he
was in uniform, armed, and seated next to the door, and the exit was not obviously
accessible. But the door to the interview room clearly remained open while they
waited, and [the deputy] did not sit in front of the doorway. And although [Appellant]
emphasizes that she was interviewed in an interrogation room, by an investigator,
without any family members present, these factors by themselves would not support
a finding that she was in custody.”); DeVaughn v. State, 296 Ga. 475, 479 (4) (769
SE2d 70) (2015) (“The record in this case supports the trial court’s findings that
Appellant drove himself to the police station after being asked to speak to the
investigators; while the police temporarily took his car keys so that they could inspect
the car in his presence, he was not restrained in any way, was never told he was under

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      Accordingly, as to Case Number A21A1355, we affirm the judgment in part,

vacate the judgment in part, and remand the case for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion; and as to Case Number A21A1396, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment.31

      Judgment in Case No. A21A1396 affirmed. Judgment in Case No. A21A1355

affirmed in part, vacated in part, and case remanded with direction. Mercier and

Pinson, JJ., concur.

arrest, and was allowed to speak to his mother on the phone during the interview; and,
when he asked to leave, he was allowed to do so.”).
      31
         As a reminder, in Case No. A21A1355, we considered the trial court’s grant
of Jennings’s motion to suppress evidence and affirmed the trial court’s ruling on the
questions of consent and exigent circumstances, but we vacated the court’s judgment
to the extent it implicitly ruled on the State’s argument regarding seizure of evidence
subsequent to Jennings’s statements and arrest. In Case No. A21A1396, we
considered the trial court’s separate order denying Jennings’s motion to suppress her
statements on the basis that they were involuntarily made and affirmed the trial
court’s ruling; however, we directed the trial court to explicitly rule upon the
admissibility of Jennings’s statements as they relate to the Fourth Amendment issues
discussed in Case No. A21A1355 that are to be further explored on remand of that
case.

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