Court Opinion

ID: 9381934
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-24 09:09:03.912991+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:35.874837
License: Public Domain

IN THE
                          TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

                                 No. 10-22-00043-CV

                    IN THE INTEREST OF I.K.G., A CHILD

                          From the County Court at Law
                             Navarro County, Texas
                          Trial Court No. C21-29703-CV

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      We previously issued our memorandum opinion and judgment on February 15,

2023. See, e.g., In re I.K.G., No. 10-22-00043-CV, 2023 Tex. App. LEXIS 975 (Tex. App.—

Waco Feb. 15, 2023, no pet. h.) (mem. op.). Upon further review, we withdraw our

memorandum opinion and judgment issued on February 15, 2023, and substitute this

memorandum opinion and judgment in its place. See TEX. R. APP. P. 19.1.

      In four issues, appellants, J.G. and T.B., challenge the trial court’s order appointing

a non-parent, C.S., sole managing conservator and appointing J.G. and T.B. possessory

conservators with supervised visitation of their child, I.K.G. We affirm.
                                        Background

         When I.K.G. was born in late 2019, the Texas Department of Family and Protective

Services (the “Department”) filed suit to terminate J.G. and T.B.’s parental rights to I.K.G.

and another child. J.G. and T.B. placed I.K.G. in C.S.’s care shortly after birth, and the

Department non-suited its termination petition.

         On May 12, 2021, after I.K.G. had been in C.S.’s custody for more than a year, C.S.

filed her original petition in suit affecting the parent-child relationship seeking, among

other things, sole managing conservatorship of I.K.G., no access for J.G. and T.B. or, in

the alternative, supervised visitation, and child support. Both J.G. and T.B. were served

with C.S.’s petition, but neither filed answers in the trial court. Nevertheless, both J.G.

and T.B. participated in the hearing conducted on C.S.’s petition.

         As they have throughout this case, J.G. and T.B. represented themselves. C.S. and

J.G. testified at the hearing. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court signed an

order appointing C.S. as sole managing conservator of I.K.G., appointing J.G. and T.B. as

possessory conservators, ordering that J.G. and T.B.’s visitation with I.K.G. be supervised,

and ordering J.G. and T.B. to each pay $200 per month in child support, among other

things. Thereafter, J.G. and T.B. filed a joint pro se notice of appeal.

In the Interest of I.K.G., a child                                                     Page 2
                                            Analysis

CONSERVATORSHIP

         In their first issue, J.G. and T.B. argue that the trial court abused its discretion by

naming C.S. as the sole managing conservator of I.K.G. because the evidence is

insufficient to overcome the parental presumption that the appointment of J.G. and T.B.

as sole or joint managing conservators would not significantly impair I.K.G.’s physical

health and emotional development. We disagree.

         Standard of Review

         “Trial courts have wide discretion with respect to conservatorship, control,

possession, and visitation matters involving the child.” Compton v. Pfannenstiel, 428

S.W.3d 881, 886 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.) (citing In re J.A.J., 243

S.W.3d 611, 616 (Tex. 2007); Gillespie v. Gillespie, 644 S.W.2d 449, 451 (Tex. 1982)). We

review a trial court’s determination of conservatorship for an abuse of discretion, and we

reverse the trial court’s order only if we determine, from reviewing the entire record, that

the trial court’s decision was arbitrary and unreasonable. Id. A trial court abuses its

discretion if it acts without reference to any guiding rules or principles. Downer v.

Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985).

         “In family law cases[,] the abuse-of-discretion standard of review overlaps with

the traditional sufficiency-of-the-evidence standards of review.” Roberts v. Roberts, 531

S.W.3d 224, 231 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2017, pet. denied); see Bradshaw v. Bradshaw, 555

In the Interest of I.K.G., a child                                                        Page 3
S.W.3d 539, 549 (Tex. 2018) (Devine, J., concurring). Therefore, in our review of the trial

court’s appointment of C.S. as sole managing conservator and J.G. and T.B. as possessory

conservators, we consider whether: (1) the trial court had sufficient evidence upon which

to exercise its discretion; and (2) the trial court erred in its application of that discretion.

Roberts, 555 S.W.3d at 549 (citing Monroe v. Monroe, 358 S.W.3d 711, 719 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2011, pet. denied)).

         In determining whether there is legally sufficient evidence to support the trial

court’s exercise of discretion, a reviewing court considers evidence and inferences

favorable to the finding if a reasonable factfinder could, and disregards evidence contrary

to the finding unless a reasonable factfinder could not. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d

802, 827 (Tex. 2005). The factfinder is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and

the weight to be given to their testimony. See id. at 819. The factfinder is free to believe

one witness and disbelieve another, and reviewing courts may not impose their own

opinions to the contrary. Id. As such, reviewing courts must assume that the factfinder

decided all credibility questions in favor of the findings and chose what testimony to

disregard in a way that was in favor of the findings, if a reasonable person could do so.

Id. at 819-20.

         Moreover, it is within the factfinder's province to resolve conflicts in the evidence.

Id. at 820. Consequently, we must assume that, where reasonable, the factfinder resolved

all conflicts in the evidence in a manner consistent with the findings.            Id. Where

In the Interest of I.K.G., a child                                                        Page 4
conflicting inferences can be drawn from the evidence, it is within the province of the

factfinder to choose which inference to draw, so long as more than one inference can

reasonably be drawn. Id. at 821. Thus, we must assume that the factfinder made all

inferences in favor of the findings if a reasonable person could do so. Id. The final test

for legal sufficiency must always be “whether the evidence at trial would entitle

reasonable and fair-minded people to reach the verdict under review.” Id. at 827.

Anything more than a scintilla of evidence is legally sufficient to support the finding. See

Cont'l Coffee Prods. Co. v. Cazarez, 937 S.W.2d 444, 450 (Tex. 1996).

         In analyzing a factual-sufficiency challenge, we examine the entire record to

determine if the trial court’s finding is so against the great weight and preponderance of

the evidence as to be manifestly unjust. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex. 2002). We may

not pass upon the witnesses' credibility or substitute our judgment for that of the

factfinder, even if the evidence would support a different result. 2900 Smith, Ltd. v.

Constellation New Energy, Inc., 301 S.W.3d 741, 746 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009,

no pet.).

         Applicable Law

         “The best interest of the child shall always be the primary consideration of the

court in determining the issues of conservatorship and possession of and access to the

child.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 153.002. There is a rebuttable presumption that it is in the

best interest of the child for at least one parent to be appointed as managing conservator

In the Interest of I.K.G., a child                                                    Page 5
of the child. Id. § 153.131(b). However, “if the court finds that appointment” of a parent

as managing conservator “would not be in the best interest of the child because the

appointment would significantly impair the child’s physical health or emotional

development,” the presumption no longer applies. Id. § 153.131(a); see In re F.E.N., 579

S.W.3d 74, 76-77 (Tex. 2019) (per curiam). A finding that the appointment of a parent as

managing conservator would significantly impair a child’s physical health or emotional

development need only be supported by a preponderance of the evidence.              In re

D.L.W.W., 617 S.W.3d 64, 94 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2020, no pet.).

         The Texas Supreme Court has stated that the underlying concern behind section

153.131(a) is the child’s well-being. In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d at 616. “Thus, in order to

deprive a parent of custody, the evidence must support a logical inference that some

specific, identifiable behavior or conduct of the parent will probably cause significant

physical or emotional harm to the child.” May v. May, 829 S.W.2d 373, 377 (Tex. App.—

Corpus Christi 1992, writ denied); see Lewelling v. Lewelling, 796 S.W.2d 164, 167 (Tex.

1990). “Acts or omissions that constitute significant impairment include, but are not

limited to, physical abuse, severe neglect, abandonment, drug or alcohol abuse, or

immoral behavior by the parent.” In re S.T., 508 S.W.3d 482, 492 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2015, no pet.). “Likewise, the parent’s treatment of other children may be relevant.” Id.

         In determining the best interest of the child, courts may consider the familiar

Holley factors:

In the Interest of I.K.G., a child                                                  Page 6
         (1) the desires of the child;

         (2) the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the future;

         (3) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future;

         (4) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody;

         (5) the programs available to assist these individuals to promote the best interest
             of the child;

         (6) the plans for the child by the parents;

         (7) the stability of the home or proposed placement;

         (8) the acts or omissions of the parent which may indicate the existing parent-child
             relationship was not a proper one; and

         (9) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent.

Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976). There is no requirement that the trial

court hear evidence concerning each of the Holley factors, and the trial court is permitted

to consider additional factors in determining a child’s best interest. See In re D.M., 58

S.W.3d 601, 814 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, no pet.) (citing Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371-

72).

         Discussion

         The record reflects that when I.K.G. was born in late 2019, the Department filed

suit to terminate J.G. and T.B.’s parental rights to I.K.G. and another child. J.G. and T.B.

placed I.K.G. in C.S.’s care shortly after birth, and the Department non-suited its

termination petition. C.S. testified that I.K.G. had been in her care and custody for almost

In the Interest of I.K.G., a child                                                     Page 7
two years as of the time of the hearing and that the Department had approved her home

for placement. C.S. further testified that there is a history or pattern of neglect committed

by J.G. and T.B.; that she has been responsible for I.K.G.’s safety and stability; that she

has treated I.K.G. as her own child; and that appointing her sole managing conservator

is in I.K.G.’s best interest. On cross-examination, C.S. acknowledged that J.G. had not

ever put I.K.G. “in any kind of danger.” C.S. did not know whether T.B. had placed I.K.G.

“in any immediate danger.”

         In his testimony, J.G. emphasized that T.B. and he had a written agreement with

C.S. to place I.K.G. with C.S. after he was born “because we were not allowed to have any

children under the age of 18 in our care” and that “our agreement was for her to

temporarily have him so we could get our other case dismissed or as soon as it’s done in

court and all.”1 J.G. admitted that he has not seen I.K.G., but he has purportedly tried to

provide for I.K.G. According to J.G., C.S. declined to take money from J.G. and T.B.,

stating that “she has everything under control.”

         J.G. later clarified that he has seen I.K.G. once a month since he was born. Both

J.G. and T.B. asserted that they want joint custody with C.S. and that they are “not trying

to take him from [C.S.] because he has been there his whole life. I just want to be able to

have him too, you know, and that’s it.”

         1   The purported written agreement was not made a part of this record.

In the Interest of I.K.G., a child                                                     Page 8
         The first Holley factor contemplates the desires of the child. See Holley, 544 S.W.2d

at 372. At the time of the hearing, I.K.G. was not yet three years old. “When children are

too young to express their desires, the factfinder may consider whether the children have

bonded with the [placement], are well-cared for by them, and have spent minimal time

with a parent. In re S.R., 452 S.W.3d 351, 369 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet.

denied). Here, C.S. testified that she is responsible for the safety and stability of I.K.G.

and that she treats him as if he is one of her own children. There is no evidence that I.K.G.

has been mistreated while in C.S.’s care and custody. However, there is conflicting

evidence regarding how frequently J.G. and T.B. have seen I.K.G. Indeed, J.G. testified

that he had not seen I.K.G. since birth, but he later clarified that he sees I.K.G. once a

month.

         With regard to the second, third, and seventh factors, we note that “[t]he need for

permanence is a paramount consideration for a child’s present and future physical and

emotional needs.” In re J.G.S., 550 S.W.3d 698, 705 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2018, no pet.). As

stated earlier, the trial court heard testimony that C.S. has cared for I.K.G. since birth and

that J.G. and T.B.’s presence in I.K.G.’s life is not consistent. See TEX. FAM CODE ANN. §

153.373 (providing that the presumption that a parent should be appointed or retained as

managing conservator of the child is rebutted if the court finds that “the parent has

voluntarily relinquished actual care, control, and possession of the child to a

nonparent . . . for a period of one year or more, a portion of which was within 90 days

In the Interest of I.K.G., a child                                                      Page 9
preceding the date of intervention in or filing of the suit” and appointment of the

nonparent is in the best interest of the child).

         The fourth factor concerns the parenting abilities of the parents. See Holley, 544

S.W.2d at 372. The record reflects that the Department had filed petitions to terminate

the parental rights of both J.G. and T.B. as to I.K.G. and another child. The Department

nonsuited its termination petition as to I.K.G. only after J.G. and T.B. relinquished

custody of I.K.G. to C.S. Moreover, C.S. testified that both J.G. and T.B. have a history or

pattern of neglect, which necessitated intervention by the Department.

         With regard to the sixth factor, neither J.G. nor T.B. provided detailed plans for

taking custody of I.K.G. See id. Rather, they merely asserted that they would agree to

joint custody with C.S., as has been the case for the approximately three years preceding

the hearing in this matter.

         The eighth and ninth factors pertain to any acts or omissions on the part of the

parent that may indicate the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one, and

whether there are any excuses for those acts or omissions. Id. J.G. and T.B. relinquished

custody of I.K.G. to C.S. because of pending petitions to terminate their parental rights

filed by the Department. C.S. explained that J.G. and T.B. engaged in a pattern of neglect

that necessitated Department intervention. Neither J.G. nor T.B. provided any excuse or

explanation for the neglect allegations.

In the Interest of I.K.G., a child                                                   Page 10
         Because no Holley factor weighs in J.G. or T.B.’s favor, we cannot conclude that the

trial court abused its discretion by refusing to appoint C.S. as sole managing conservator

and J.G. and T.B. as possessory conservators of I.K.G. See Compton, 428 S.W.3d at 886; see

also TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 153.373. As such, we overrule J.G. and T.B.’s first issue.

                     Visitation and the Trial Court’s Permanent Injunction

         In their second issue, J.G. and T.B. contend that the trial court abused its discretion

by naming them possessory conservators and limiting access to I.K.G. through

supervised visitation without any evidence of impairment or danger to I.K.G.’s physical

health or emotional development.

         We have already concluded that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by

naming J.G. and T.B. possessory, rather than managing, conservators. Thus, in this issue,

we need only address J.G. and T.B.’s complaints about the portion of the trial court’s

order pertaining to supervised visitation.

         The public policy of Texas is to ensure that children enjoy “frequent and

continuing contact with parents who have shown the ability to act” in their child’s best

interest. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 153.001(a). There is a rebuttable presumption that the

standard possession order “(1) provides reasonable minimum possession of a child for a

parent named as a possessory conservator or joint managing conservator; and (2) is in the

best interest of the child.” Id. § 153.252. However, a trial court is permitted to place

conditions on a parent’s access, such as supervised visitation, if necessary for the child’s

In the Interest of I.K.G., a child                                                       Page 11
best interest. See id. §§ 153.193, 153.256; see also In re R.D.Y., 51 S.W.3d 314, 324 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. denied) (noting that trial courts are permitted to

place conditions on a parent’s visitation if necessary for the child’s best interest). There

is also “a rebuttable presumption that it is not in the best interest of a child for a parent

to have unsupervised visitation with the child if credible evidence is presented of a

history or pattern of past or present child neglect or physical or sexual abuse by that

parent directed against the other parent, a spouse, or a child.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §

153.004(a). The terms of an order restricting a parent’s right of possession of or access to

a child may not exceed those that are required to protect the best interest of the child. See

id. § 153.193.

         On appeal, J.G. and T.B. complain that,

         [f]our hours a month supervised is not ample time to maintain any type of
         relationship. Also with the visits being supervised at appellee[‘]s home by
         Appellee[,] it does not allow I.K.G. to ever interact with or know any of his
         immediate or extended family or his siblings. It eliminates him spending
         any holidays with anyone in his family.

         Texas courts have repeatedly held that limited visitation does not amount to

deprived visitation. See Niskar v. Niskar, 136 S.W.3d 749, 756 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, no

pet.) (“When a trial court denies a parent overnight visitations with the child, it has not

denied the parent’s visitation rights.”); Beaupre v. Beaupre, 700 S.W.2d 353, 354-55 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 1985, writ dism’d) (holding that a visitation provision that temporarily

limited appellant’s access did not constitute denial of access); see also Malekzadeh v.

In the Interest of I.K.G., a child                                                       Page 12
Malekzadeh, No. 14-05-00113-CV, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 5178, at *44 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] July 3, 2007, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (“[W]e note that by restricting appellant’s

visitation with and possession of the child, the trial court has not denied appellant his

rights as parent.” (citation & internal quotation marks omitted)).

         Given the evidence outlined in the preceding Holley analysis, which supports the

trial court’s finding that “credible evidence has been presented that there is a history or

pattern of neglect committed by [T.B.] and [J.G.],” we cannot conclude that the trial court

abused its discretion by placing conditions on J.G. and T.B.’s access to I.K.G. by virtue of

supervised visitation. See In re P.A.C., 498 S.W.3d 210, 219 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 2016, pet. denied) (stating that a trial court does not abuse its discretion in

restricting a parent’s possession and access to a child when the record contains evidence

to support a finding that such restrictions are in the best interest of the child).

Accordingly, we overrule J.G. and T.B.’s second issue.2

                                     J.G. and T.B.’s Remaining Issues

         In their third and fourth issues in their opening brief, J.G. and T.B. complain about

the trial court’s child-support order and that the trial court erred by holding a final prove-

         2J.G. and T.B. also complain in this issue about lack of notice of the hearing that resulted in the
complained-of order. First, we note that this complaint is multifarious and may be disregarded. See In re
S.K.A., 236 S.W.3d 875, 894 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2007, pet. denied) (observing that a multifarious issue
or point of error is one that raises more than one specific ground of error); see also Rich v. Olah, 274 S.W.3d
878, 885 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.) (stating that courts may disregard any assignment of error that
is multifarious). Second, by appearing at the hearing without objection, any complaint regarding notice
was waived. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 245; see also Keith v. Keith, 221 S.W.3d 156, 163 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2006, no pet.). As such, we conclude that these complaints lack merit.

In the Interest of I.K.G., a child                                                                    Page 13
up hearing without the parties stating they were in agreement and without holding

another hearing. Although these issues are listed in the issues presented section of their

brief, J.G. and T.B. did not provide any argument or authority in support of these issues.

J.G. and T.B.’s failure to cite legal authority or provide substantive analysis of the legal

issues in this direct appeal results in the waiver of the complaints. See TEX. R. APP. P.

38.1(i); see also Fredonia State Bank v. Gen. Am. Life Ins. Co., 881 S.W.2d 279, 284 (Tex. 1994)

(observing that error may be waived by inadequate briefing).

         We recognize that J.G. and T.B. briefly mentioned the child-support order in their

reply brief. However, an issue raised for the first time in a reply brief is ordinarily waived

and need not be considered. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.3; see also In re Roy, 249 S.W.3d 592, 595

(Tex. App.—Waco 2008, pet. denied) (citing Zamarron v. Shinko Wire Co., 125 S.W.3d 132,

139 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. denied)). Moreover, J.G. and T.B. failed to

cite any legal authority in support of the complaint pertaining to the child-support order.

See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i); see also Fredonia State Bank, 881 S.W.2d at 284; Tello v. Bank One,

N.A., 218 S.W.3d 109, 116 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.) (noting that “we

know of no authority obligating us to become advocates for a particular litigant through

performing their research and developing their argument for them” (internal quotation

omitted)). Thus, we conclude that J.G. and T.B. waived their third and fourth issues.

Accordingly, we overrule J.G. and T.B.’s third and fourth issues.

In the Interest of I.K.G., a child                                                      Page 14
                                       Conclusion

         Having overruled all of J.G. and T.B.’s issues on appeal, we affirm the judgment

of the trial court.

                                                 STEVE SMITH
                                                 Justice

 Before Chief Justice Gray,
       Justice Johnson, and
       Justice Smith
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed March 22, 2023
[CV06]

In the Interest of I.K.G., a child                                                Page 15