Court Opinion

ID: 6800748
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-22 15:00:38.678384+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:03:13.060391
License: Public Domain

21-1468
Black v. Buffalo Meat Service, et al.

                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                         SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUM-
MARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FED-
ERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN
CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

       At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the
22nd day of July, two thousand twenty-two.

Present:
            DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,
                   Chief Judge,
            JOSÉ A. CABRANES,
            MICHAEL H. PARK,
                   Circuit Judges.
_____________________________________

DARCY M. BLACK,

                           Plaintiff-Appellant,

                  v.                                                   21-1468

BUFFALO MEAT SERVICE, INC., DBA Boulevard
Black Angus, AKA Black Angus Meats, AKA Black
Angus Meats & Seafood, ROBERT SEIBERT, DIANE
SEIBERT, KEEGAN ROBERTS,

                  Defendants-Appellees.
_____________________________________

For Plaintiff-Appellant:                          JOSEPHINE A. GRECO, Greco Trapp, PLLC, Buffalo,
                                                  NY.

For Defendants-Appellees:                         ARIANNA E. KWIATKOWSKI (Randolph C. Oppenheimer
                                                  and Megan E. Bahas, on the brief), Barclay Damon
                                                  LLP, Buffalo, NY.

                                                       1
        Appeal from an order and judgment of the United States District Court for the Western

District of New York (Skretny, J.).

        UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the order and judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

        Plaintiff-Appellant Darcy M. Black (“Black”) appeals from a district court order granting

summary judgment to Defendants-Appellees (“Defendants”).             See Black v. Buffalo Meat Serv.,

No. 15-cv-49s, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 96748 (W.D.N.Y. May 21, 2021) (Skretny, J.).               Black is

a white woman with two biracial children.      She worked at Buffalo Meat Service, Inc.—a butcher

shop (the “Butcher Shop”) owned by Defendants Robert and Diane Seibert (together, the

“Seiberts”)—from 2005 until 2010. Black asserts claims for hostile work environment and con-

structive discharge based on race and sex and wage discrimination based on sex under Title VII,

42 U.S.C. § 1981, the Equal Pay Act (“EPA”), and the New York State Human Rights Law

(“NYSHRL”).       We assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and procedural history of this

case and the issues on appeal, which we discuss only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.

                                               *       *       *

        “Summary judgment is proper ‘if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to

any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’”      Zaretsky v. William

Goldberg Diamond Corp., 820 F.3d 513, 519 (2d Cir. 2016) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)). 1          We

review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, “construing the evidence in the light

        1
          Unless otherwise noted, we omit all internal citations, quotation marks, alterations, emphases,
and footnotes from citations.

                                                   2
most favorable to the non-moving party and drawing all reasonable inferences in its favor.” Ne.

Rsch., LLC v. One Shipwrecked Vessel, 729 F.3d 197, 207 (2d Cir. 2013). We evaluate employ-

ment discrimination claims pursuant to Title VII, the NYSHRL, and 42 U.S.C. § 1981 under ma-

terially the same substantive standards. See Vivenzio v. City of Syracuse, 611 F.3d 98, 106 (2d

Cir. 2010); Patterson v. County of Oneida, 375 F.3d 206, 225 (2d Cir. 2004).              Similarly, “[a]

claim of unequal pay for equal work under Title VII and the [NYS]HRL is generally analyzed

under the same standards used in an EPA claim.” Tomka v. Seiler Corp., 66 F.3d 1295, 1312 (2d

Cir. 1995). 2

  I.    Hostile Work Environment Claims

        At the start, we conclude that because Black failed to schedule her hostile work environ-

ment claims in her bankruptcy proceeding, she lacks standing to assert those claims here.                A

bankruptcy estate includes “all legal or equitable interests of the debtor in property as of the com-

mencement of the case,” 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(1), including “causes of action owned by the debtor,”

Chartschlaa v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 538 F.3d 116, 122 (2d Cir. 2008) (per curiam).            “After

appointment of a trustee, a debtor no longer has standing to pursue a cause of action that existed

at the time the order for relief was entered.” Cadle Co. v. Mangan (In re Flanagan), 503 F.3d

171, 179 (2d Cir. 2007).    Instead, “[o]nly the trustee has th[is] authority.”    Id.   While “property

acquired by the debtor after the filing of a bankruptcy petition generally does not become part of

the estate,” even “[p]ost-petition property will become property of the estate . . . if it is ‘sufficiently

rooted in the pre-bankruptcy past.’” Chartschlaa, 538 F.3d at 122 (quoting Segal v. Rochelle,

382 U.S. 375, 380 (1966)).

        2
          “[U]nlike an EPA plaintiff,” however, “a Title VII plaintiff must also produce evidence of dis-
criminatory animus.” Id. at 1313.

                                                    3
        We conclude that there is no genuine dispute that Black’s hostile work environment claims

are sufficiently rooted in the pre-bankruptcy past that they became part of her bankruptcy estate.

In March 2009—almost four years after Black began working at the Butcher Shop—she filed a

Voluntary Petition for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy. See App’x 246–87.              That petition was granted in

June 2009, less than one year before Black resigned.         See id. at 292–95.     Black did not list any

potential claims against Defendants in her bankruptcy petition. See id. at 357.            But in this liti-

gation, Black asserts that “Defendants[’] unlawful conduct spanned Black’s entire employment.”

Id. at 335; see also id. at 85–86 (Defendants collecting Black’s testimony that she regularly expe-

rienced and observed race- and sex-related discriminatory conduct from 2005 to 2008); id. at 335–

37 (Black admitting that the alleged conduct occurred regularly during that period); Black, 2021

U.S. Dist. LEXIS 96748, at *59 (“Black alleges that during much of her tenure, inappropriate

statements were made about African American customers, job applicants, [and] the boyfriend[s]

or husband[s] of Caucasian coworkers.”).        We therefore conclude that Black does not genuinely

dispute that Defendants’ post-petition discriminatory conduct was “sufficiently rooted in the pre-

bankruptcy past and so little entangled with [Black’s] ability to make an unencumbered fresh start”

that the related cause of action belonged to Black’s bankruptcy estate, and that Black lacks stand-

ing to pursue those claims here. Segal, 382 U.S. at 380. 3

        3
          Black moved to reopen her bankruptcy proceeding, and the bankruptcy court granted that motion
on June 16, 2022. We agree with Black that these developments have “no effect on this appeal,” Black
Supp. Letter Br. 1, because they do not alter our conclusion that Black’s hostile work environment claims
are rooted in the pre-bankruptcy past. And although the newly-appointed bankruptcy trustee would have
standing to pursue these claims, Black did not move to substitute her as a party. See Fed. R. App. P. 43(b).
        Given our ultimate decision to affirm, Defendants’ motion to strike documents related to the bank-
ruptcy proceeding that Black submitted after oral argument is DENIED as moot.

                                                     4
 II.     Constructive Discharge Claims

         Next, even assuming Black has standing to pursue her constructive discharge claims, we

conclude that they fail because she has not shown that her working conditions were objectively

intolerable or that Defendants intended to force her to resign by creating an intolerable work envi-

ronment.    “Constructive discharge of an employee occurs when an employer, rather than directly

discharging an individual, intentionally creates an intolerable work atmosphere that forces an em-

ployee to quit involuntarily.” Chertkova v. Conn. Gen. Life Ins. Co., 92 F.3d 81, 89 (2d Cir.

1996).    To prove a constructive discharge claim, a plaintiff must satisfy two requirements.    First,

the plaintiff must “show[] that a reasonable person would have found the work conditions so in-

tolerable that he would have felt compelled to resign.” Shultz v. Congregation Shearith Israel,

867 F.3d 298, 308 (2d Cir. 2017); see also Pa. State Police v. Suders, 542 U.S. 129, 141 (2004)

(holding that this inquiry is “objective”).   Second, the employee must produce “evidence of the

employer’s intent to create an intolerable environment that forces the employee to resign.”

Shultz, 867 F.3d at 308; see also Petrosino v. Bell Atl., 385 F.3d 210, 230 (2d Cir. 2004) (noting

that an employee must “at least demonstrate that the employer’s actions were deliberate and not

merely negligent or ineffective”).    The standard for a constructive discharge claim “is higher than

the standard for establishing a hostile work environment.” Fincher v. Depository Tr. & Clearing

Corp., 604 F.3d 712, 725 (2d Cir. 2010).

         Black has not adduced evidence that meets “the high standard to establish that she was

constructively discharged.” Shultz, 867 F.3d at 308.       Her central argument is that her work con-

ditions became objectively intolerable when Jamie LaPress, a co-worker, used a racial slur in re-

ferring to her children.   In general, “[f]or racist comments, slurs, and jokes to constitute a hostile

work environment, there must be more than a few isolated incidents of racial enmity, meaning that

                                                   5
instead of sporadic racial slurs, there must be a steady barrage of opprobrious racial comments.

Schwapp v. Town of Avon, 118 F.3d 106, 110 (2d Cir. 1997).         We have never held that the one-

time use of a racial slur by a supervisor to a subordinate “by itself, support[s] a claim for a hostile

work environment.” Daniel v. T & M Prot. Res., LLC, 689 F. App’x 1, 2 (2d Cir. 2017) (summary

order) (“declin[ing] to confront th[is] issue”); see also Albert-Roberts v. GGG Constr., LLC, 542

F. App’x 62, 64 (2d Cir. 2013) (summary order); Miller v. N.Y. State Police, No. 20-3976, 2022

U.S. App. LEXIS 10354, at *4–6 (2d Cir. Apr. 18, 2022) (summary order).              In any event, we

need not reach that question because LaPress was Black’s coworker, not her supervisor.             See

Rivera v. Rochester Genesee Reg’l Transp. Auth., 743 F.3d 11, 24 (2d Cir. 2014) (stating that

“perhaps no single act can more quickly alter the conditions of employment . . . than the use of an

unambiguously racial epithet . . . by a supervisor in the presence of his subordinates”); see also

Negron v. Rexam Inc., 104 F. App’x 768, 770 (2d Cir. 2004) (summary order) (affirming summary

judgment for defendants where plaintiff presented evidence that “on a handful of occasions his

coworker addressed him using a racial epithet, including once over the loudspeaker”).            Thus,

consistent with the general rule in Schwapp, no reasonable jury could find that this “isolated inci-

dent[] of racial enmity” created a hostile work environment.      188 F.3d at 110. And given that

the standard for a constructive discharge claim “is higher than the standard for establishing a hos-

tile work environment,” Fincher, 604 F.3d at 725, Black’s attestation that LaPress slurred her

children is insufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact on her constructive discharge

claim.

         Nor has Black shown that Defendants’ actions in response to LaPress’s alleged conduct

were more than “merely negligent or ineffective.”      Petrosino, 385 F.3d at 230.    Black contends

that “Defendants[] fail[ed] to take appropriate remedial action” when she complained to them

                                                  6
about LaPress’s slur. Appellant’s Br. 43.        But Black’s arguments show, at most, that Defend-

ants’ response was ineffectual.   Black points to no evidence from which a reasonable factfinder

could infer that Defendants’ response—even if inadequate—was intended to “force[] [her] to re-

sign.” Shultz, 867 F.3d at 308.     For those reasons, we affirm the district court’s grant of sum-

mary judgment on Black’s constructive discharge claims.

III.   Wage Discrimination Claims

       We next conclude that Defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Black’s wage dis-

crimination claims because Black has not adduced evidence that she and her alleged male com-

parators had substantially similar job duties.   To prove a prima facie case of wage discrimination

under the EPA, Title VII, and the NYSHRL, a plaintiff must show: “i) the employer pays different

wages to employees of the opposite sex; ii) the employees perform equal work on jobs requiring

equal skill, effort, and responsibility; and iii) the jobs are performed under similar working condi-

tions.” Belfi v. Prendergast, 191 F.3d 129, 135 (2d Cir. 1999).         “To satisfy this standard, a

plaintiff must establish that the jobs compared entail common duties or content, and do not simply

overlap in titles or classifications.” EEOC v. Port Auth. of N.Y. & N.J., 768 F.3d 247, 255 (2d

Cir. 2014).

       Black has failed to adduce evidence establishing a prima facie case of wage discrimination

because she has not shown that the male comparators she identifies “perform[ed] equal work on

jobs requiring equal skill, effort, and responsibility.” Belfi, 191 F.3d at 135.    Defendants sub-

mitted employment records to the EEOC showing that Black was not paid less than similarly sit-

uated male employees.      See App’x 959–65.       Indeed, the EEOC’s “review of hourly rates as-

signed of both male and female employees revealed that [Black] and other females were paid at a

higher salary than a number of male employees.”          Id. at 136.   And although these records

                                                   7
showed that Black was paid less than certain male employees, the EEOC found that the wages of

Butcher Shop employees depended on “seniority, previous experience, additional duties assigned,

and other factors unrelated to gender.”      Id.; see also id. at 89–90 (collecting record citations to

deposition testimony showing that Black and her alleged male comparators performed different

job duties).   The EEOC thus concluded that “[n]one of the information” it “obtained during [its]

investigation substantiated” Black’s charge “that females were paid at a lower hourly rate than

males,” and that “the evidence obtained during the investigation [did] not establish a violation of

Title VII and the EPA with respect to wages disparity.” Id. at 136.

        Black disagrees, pointing to Diane Seibert’s testimony that Butcher Shop employees would

do “whatever needed to be done” id. at 567, and that the Butcher Shop “hire[s] employees to do

work, to do labor” and is “not specific when they are hired,” id. at 191.       Based on that testimony,

Black contends that Diane Seibert “admitted that all of Defendants’ employees are comparable

because they are all expected to do any work as needed.” Appellant’s Br. 19.

        We are not persuaded.       Diane Seibert also testified that the Butcher Shop management

monitored “where [employees] worked the most,” App’x 565, such as if they “worked on the

counter, . . . in the pack room, [or] if they did cleanup,” id. at 564.   Indeed, she testified that Black

“was hired to work on the counter.” Id. at 565.         And contrary to Black’s suggestion that there

were no relevant differences between employees, when Diane Seibert was asked whether the em-

ployees the Butcher Shop hired were “interchangeable,” she answered, “[f]or some things.” Id.

at 566. Diane Seibert’s testimony thus establishes that while the Butcher Shop did not give em-

ployees formal job titles and expected employees to help where needed, it did differentiate em-

ployees based on the type of work they primarily performed—and paid its workers commensurate

with their job duties.   Specifically, it is undisputed that while Black in addition to packing meat

                                                    8
worked primarily at the front counter, her designated comparator LaPress unloaded products, made

sausage, operated machinery, cut meat, and operated the smoker, her designated comparator Leible

made sausage and cut meat, and also had longer tenure, and her designated comparator Round

made deliveries.      Black does not dispute that she lacked meat-cutting training and did not perform

these other duties.    Black has thus failed to adduce evidence from which a reasonable jury could

conclude that she “perform[ed] equal work on jobs requiring equal skill, effort, and responsibility,”

Belfi, 191 F.3d at 135, relative to the male comparators she identifies. 4

IV.    Supplemental Jurisdiction

       Because we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on Black’s federal-law

claims, we also conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion by declining supple-

mental jurisdiction over her state-law claims. See Valencia v. Sung M. Lee, 316 F.3d 299, 305

(2d Cir. 2003) (“[I]n the usual case in which all federal-law claims are eliminated before trial, the

balance of factors to be considered under the pendent jurisdiction doctrine—judicial economy,

convenience, fairness, and comity—will point toward declining to exercise jurisdiction over the

remaining state-law claims.” (quoting Carnegie-Mellon Univ. v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 350 n.7

(1988)).   As the district court held, the dismissal of Black’s NYSHRL claims is therefore “with-

out prejudice” to refiling in state court. Black, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 96748, at *84; see, e.g.,

Volmar v. N. Shore Hosp., 216 F. App’x 136, 138 (2d Cir. 2007) (summary order) (“[O]nce [a

plaintiff]’s federal claims were dismissed on motion, any alleged state-law claims should have

       4
           We do not address the additional arguments Black raises in her reply brief because “arguments
not made in an appellant’s opening brief are waived even if the appellant pursued those arguments in the
district court or raised them in a reply brief.” JP Morgan Chase Bank v. Altos Hornos de Mex., S.A. de
C.V., 412 F.3d 418, 428 (2d Cir. 2005).

                                                   9
been dismissed without prejudice on the ground that the district court declined to exercise supple-

mental jurisdiction over them.”).

                                         *      *       *

       We have considered Black’s remaining arguments and conclude that they lack merit.       We

therefore AFFIRM the order and judgment of the district court.

                                                     FOR THE COURT:
                                                     Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court

                                                10