Court Opinion

ID: 9900543
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-19 17:10:31.849888+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:09.333173
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GUAM

                    IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE OF
                     JOAQUIN CRUZ LEON GUERRERO,
                                       Deceased.

                           Supreme Court Case No. CVA22-012
                           Superior Court Case No. PR0149-19

                                      OPINION

                               Cite as: 2023 Guam 10

                        Appeal from the Superior Court of Guam
                       Argued and submitted on February 24, 2023
                                    Hagåtña, Guam

Appearing for Appellant Elizabeth Raposa      Appearing for Appellee Franklin Leon Guerrero:
Leon Guerrero:                                Joshua D. Walsh, Esq.
Jon A. Visosky, Esq.                          Razzano Walsh & Torres, P.C.
Roberts Fowler & Visosky LLP                  139 Murray Blvd., Ste. 100
865 S. Marine Corps Dr., Ste. 201             Hagåtña, GU 96910
Tamuning, GU 96913
                                              Appearing for Appellee Patrick Leon Guerrero:
                                              Patrick D. Leon Guerrero, pro se
                                              P.O. Box 5223 CHRB
                                              Saipan, MP 96950
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                    Page 2 of 28

BEFORE: F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO, Presiding Justice; KATHERINE A. MARAMAN,
Associate Justice; and JOHN A. MANGLONA, Justice Pro Tempore.

MARAMAN, J.:

[1]     Appellant Elizabeth Raposa Leon Guerrero (“Elizabeth”) seeks review of the Superior

Court’s order refusing to recognize her as the legal spouse of Joaquin C. Leon Guerrero (“Joaquin”

or the “Decedent”). The probate court concluded that under the laws of Guam, Elizabeth is not

recognized as Joaquin’s legal spouse, and as such she has no right to appoint an administrator over

Joaquin’s estate. This conclusion was in error because it misapplied the plain language of Guam’s

statutes. Guam law requires courts to look to the substantive law of the foreign jurisdiction where

a marriage occurred. As applied in this case, the marriage was validly contracted under the law of

the Philippines. We reverse and remand for further proceedings.

                      I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. Joaquin’s Divorce and Marriage

[2]     On August 16, 2005, Joaquin petitioned for the dissolution of his marriage to Nancy Toves

(“Nancy”). On February 7, 2008, the Superior Court of Guam granted an interlocutory divorce

decree. The decree stated, “[T]he marriage of Plaintiff and Defendant is dissolved nunc pro tunc

as of January 16, 2008, pending the entry of the final judgment.” Record on Appeal (“RA”), tab

91 at 3 (Dec. & Order, Aug. 1, 2022) (quoting DM0473-05 (Interloc. Decree Divorce, Feb. 7,

2008)). That decree also noted the need to address issues surrounding community property and

community debts before the issuance of a final judgment of divorce.

[3]     On March 25, 2008, Joaquin signed an affidavit at the U.S. Embassy in the Philippines

declaring that his two previous marriages had been legally terminated. On April 10, 2008, Joaquin

and Elizabeth obtained a Certificate of Marriage from the Republic of the Philippines. Apparently,
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                      Page 3 of 28

the marriage was solemnized by a ceremony, which was attended by certain members of Joaquin’s

family. Elizabeth is a national of the Republic of the Philippines who resided in Metro Manila.

[4]     On July 2, 2009, the Superior Court issued Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law which

resolved the community property issues between Joaquin and Nancy; it then issued a final

judgment of divorce on January 5, 2010. The final judgment of divorce states:

        IT IS ADJUDGED that the parties are granted a Final Judgment of Divorce from
        each other on the grounds of mutually irreconcilable differences, and the parties
        hereto are restored to the status of single persons and either of them is permitted to
        marry after the entry of this Final Judgment of Divorce.

RA, tab 77 at Ex. 5 (Mot. Partial Summ. J., Mar. 3, 2022). The final judgment also states that “the

provisions of the Interlocutory Judgment of Divorce are reaffirmed and incorporated in and made

a part of this decree.” Id.

[5]     After his marriage to Elizabeth, Joaquin obtained permanent resident status in the

Philippines. Joaquin passed away in the Philippines on November 25, 2011.

B. Probating the Estate

[6]     This probate matter began on September 3, 2019, when Joaquin’s son, Appellee Franklin

P. Leon Guerrero (“Franklin”), submitted a petition to the Superior Court to Admit Will and for

Letters of Administration with Will Annexed. He provided a will that Joaquin purportedly

executed in September 2003 (the “2003 Will”). The 2003 Will states that Joaquin is married to

Nancy Toves Leon Guerrero; it devises different assets among Nancy, Joaquin’s eight living

children, other persons, and the Joaquin C. Leon Guerrero Memorial Trust; and it appoints Franklin

and Joaquin’s daughter, Carlotta, as joint co-executors. While the 2003 Will is notarized, it has
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                                    Page 4 of 28

only one witness’s attestation, which the probate court noted calls into question this will’s

validity.1

[7]      The first hearing on Franklin’s petition was held on October 10, 2019, where the court

stated it would grant the petition contingent on his filing of certain declarations of service. The

next hearing was held on January 9, 2020, where Elizabeth appeared claiming to be Joaquin’s

spouse and said she would contest the 2003 Will.

[8]      Elizabeth nominated Albert I. Tudela as the administrator of Joaquin’s estate because she

resides in the Philippines. On January 28, 2021, Tudela petitioned the court to admit a will

purportedly executed by Joaquin on January 25, 2008 (the “2008 Will”). The 2008 Will says

Joaquin is divorced, appoints Franklin as the sole executor, and devises assets among Joaquin’s

children without mentioning the other beneficiaries listed in the 2003 Will (such as the trust). The

2008 Will has three attesting witnesses. The petition sought to disqualify Franklin from serving

as executor because Franklin did not inform the court of the newer will and Joaquin’s new spouse

(along with “other reasons of improvidence and want of understanding or integrity”). RA, tab 91

at 2 (Dec. & Order).

[9]      The probate court set the competing petitions for trial and issued a scheduling order which

allowed for discovery and dispositive motions. Appellee Patrick D. Leon Guerrero (“Patrick”),

another of Joaquin’s sons, and Elizabeth both filed separate motions for summary judgment on the

validity of Joaquin and Elizabeth’s marriage. On August 1, 2022, the probate court issued a

Decision and Order granting the motion of Patrick and denying that of Elizabeth. The court

determined:

         Joaquin’s divorce from Nancy Toves was not final when he married Elizabeth. The
         Court further determines that Guam law does not recognize Elizabeth as Joaquin’s

         1
         At oral argument, it was conceded that the parties would no longer be attempting to probate the estate using
the 2003 Will. Oral Arg. at 10:54:15-10:54:51 (Feb. 24, 2023).
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                     Page 5 of 28

        legal spouse. Therefore, Elizabeth lacks the priority to nominate an administrator
        for Joaquin’s estate and this matter shall proceed to trial on the petition filed by
        Joaquin’s son and appointed executor, Franklin P. Leon Guerrero.

Id. at 1.

[10]    The court rejected Elizabeth’s argument that Patrick lacked standing to challenge the

validity of the marriage because the case was “not an action to invalidate a marriage but rather a

probate matter to determine the decedent’s rightful heirs,” and that it was not “‘prohibiting’

Joaquin and Elizabeth’s marriage; instead, it [was] analyz[ing] whether Joaquin’s non-final

divorce deprives Elizabeth of inheritance rights or priority under probate law.” Id. at 4, 10-11.

The court determined:

        The Court’s probate jurisdiction encompasses determining the proof of wills and
        letters testamentary, as well as letters of administration and the administration of
        estates. 15 GCA § 1403. In exercising its jurisdiction, the Court must examine
        questions of competency and inheritance. As an undisputed heir of Joaquin, Patrick
        has the right to ask the Court to determine other persons’ interests in the estate.
        Moreover, the will contest statute gives Patrick the right as a person interested in
        Joaquin’s will to state his position on the validity of proffered wills during a will
        contest. 15 GCA § 1601. For these reasons, the Court has subject matter
        jurisdiction over this will contest and the issues raised herein, and Patrick’s
        participation does not eliminate such jurisdiction.

Id. at 4. The court also rejected the argument that Patrick’s challenge to the marriage was barred

by the doctrine of laches.

[11]    The probate court further rejected Elizabeth’s argument that “the language that the

marriage was dissolved ‘nunc pro tunc’ and ‘pending the entry of the final judgment’ means that

once the final judgment was entered, it became retroactive to the date of the interlocutory decree.”

Id. at 6. The court cited 19 GCA §§ 8321, 8322, and 8201(b) to support its conclusion that “the

issuance of an interlocutory judgment declares one’s entitlement to a divorce. . . . Then, after six

months, a final judgment may be entered . . . . The final judgment is what officially dissolves the

marriage.” Id. The probate court then further stated:
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                        Page 6 of 28

        When the court executed the interlocutory decree, it could not make the final
        judgment retroactive. Indeed, it could not be finalized for six months, at the least.
        Also, based on the above statutory provisions, the final judgment is separate and
        apart from the interlocutory decree and was not to be incorporated into it.

Id. at 6-7.

[12]    The court further concluded that even if a final divorce decree could be made retroactive

to the date of the interlocutory decree, it did not find the final judgment to have this effect:

        [T]his Court does not interpret the final divorce decree to be retroactive to the date
        of the interlocutory decree. When plainly read, the “nunc pro tunc” language,
        which is commonly known to make an order retroactive to a certain date, references
        the date of the hearing on the interlocutory decree rather than making the final
        judgment retroactive. The hearing on the interlocutory decree occurred on January
        16, 2008, and the Interlocutory Decree was filed three weeks later. Because the
        Court ordered the dissolution of the marriage “nunc pro tunc as of January 16,
        2008,” all that was made retroactive was the effective date of the February 7, 2008
        Interlocutory Decree to the date of the hearing. The “nunc pro tunc” language had
        no relevance to the effective date of the final judgment.

Id. at 7. The court thus concluded that “Joaquin's divorce from Nancy was not final when he

married Elizabeth in 2009.” Id.

[13]    The court also rejected Elizabeth’s argument that 19 GCA § 3107 validated her foreign

marriage to Joaquin because it was valid under the law of the Philippines. The court found that

“[s]ection 3107 recognizes Elizabeth and Joaquin’s marriage in Guam,” but “under section 3105,

Joaquin and Elizabeth’s marriage would be illegal, void, and not valid in Guam ‘from the

beginning’ because one year had not elapsed from the date of his interlocutory divorce decree and

because his marriage to Nancy had not yet been dissolved.” Id. at 8 (citing 19 GCA § 3107 (2005)

(“All marriages contracted outside of the Territory of Guam, which would be valid by the laws of

the country in which the same were contracted, are valid in the territory of Guam.”); 19 GCA §

3105(a) (“In no case can a marriage of either of the parties during the life of the other, be valid in

Guam, if contracted within one (1) year after the entry of an interlocutory decree in a proceeding
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                       Page 7 of 28

for divorce.”)). The court construed these statutes to conflict as applied to this case, and resolved

the conflict by stating:

        One way to harmonize the language of both statutes is to recognize that a foreign
        marriage is valid under section 3107 as long as it still falls within the parameters of
        section 3105. In other words, a marriage initiated outside Guam can be recognized
        as valid in Guam if valid in the foreign jurisdiction, and also does not occur within
        the one year of the entry of an interlocutory decree.

Id. In applying this standard, the court reasoned:

        Under Guam law, as of April 2008, Joaquin was still considered married to Nancy
        and was still within the one-year timeframe in which he could not have entered into
        a valid marriage. This Court is bound to enforce Guam law on this issue, meaning
        that Joaquin’s marriage within three months of his interlocutory divorce cannot be
        recognized as valid.

Id. at 9.

[14]    The probate court determined that Elizabeth did not have priority to select an administrator

under the probate law because she was not Joaquin’s surviving spouse. Despite this lack of

priority, the court stated it would still permit Elizabeth to present evidence at a future hearing

regarding which will should be admitted, Franklin’s capacity to serve as administrator, and what

inheritance rights she may have as a putative spouse.

[15]    Elizabeth timely filed this appeal and asks the court to overturn the decision of the probate

court that her marriage is invalid.

                                          II. JURISDICTION

[16]    This court has jurisdiction over orders made appealable under the Probate Code. 7 GCA §

25102(k) (2005); 15 GCA § 3433 (2005). Elizabeth has also alleged that the heirs lack standing

to challenge the validity of her marriage, which implicates the jurisdiction of this court because

“[w]hen a party lacks standing, this court is without subject matter jurisdiction.” Guam Mem’l

Hosp. Auth. v. Superior Court, 2012 Guam 17 ¶ 8 (citing Benavente v. Taitano, 2006 Guam 15 ¶
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                       Page 8 of 28

14). Standing is a threshold jurisdictional issue that can be raised at any stage of the proceedings,

including for the first time on appeal. Id.

                                   III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

[17]    “Questions of statutory interpretation and jurisdiction are reviewed de novo.” DFS Guam

L.P. v. A.B. Won Pat Int’l Airport Auth., 2020 Guam 20 ¶ 37. “We review a trial court’s decision

granting a motion for summary judgment de novo.” Ngirangesil v. Kim, 2021 Guam 28 ¶ 8

(quoting Unpingco v. Derry, 2021 Guam 1 ¶ 9). Where the material facts are undisputed and

application of Guam and Philippine law to the facts presents pure questions of law, this court

reviews the matter de novo. See In re Marriage of Elali & Marchoud, 294 Cal. Rptr. 3d 804, 811

(Ct. App. 2022).

                                             IV. ANALYSIS

A. Jurisdiction and Standing

        1. The heirs have standing to contest wills and raise related issues

[18]    Elizabeth has alleged that the Superior Court, sitting in probate, exceeded its limited

jurisdiction when it invalidated a foreign marriage. Appellant’s Br. at 30 (Nov. 21, 2022) (citing

Zahnen v. Limtiaco, 2008 Guam 5 ¶ 11). As the Guam Legislature enacted a probate code

substantially similar to the California Probate Code in 1953, we look to California case law for

interpretation. Zahnen, 2008 Guam 5 ¶ 17 (citing People v. Angoco, 2007 Guam 1 ¶ 52 n.4). The

probate code states that “any time before the hearing of a petition for probate and for the grant of

. . . letters of administration with the will annexed in the first instance, any person interested may

contest the will by filing written grounds of opposition to the probate thereof.” 15 GCA § 1601

(2005) (emphasis added). The probate jurisdiction of the Superior Court is delineated in 15 GCA

§ 1403: “Wills must be proved, and letters testamentary, letters of administration with the will
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                       Page 9 of 28

annexed, letters of administration or special letters of administration granted, and administration

of estates of decedents had, in the Superior Court of Guam.” California courts have held:

        “The probate court, while sitting in matters of probate, is a court of general
        jurisdiction, and in determining any questions arising in the administration of an
        estate, which it is authorized to decide may bring to its aid ‘the full equitable and
        legal powers with which, as a superior court, it is invested.’”

In re Auslender’s Estate, 349 P.2d 537, 542 (Cal. 1960) (in bank) (quoting In re Cornaz’ Estate,

65 P.2d 784, 790 (Cal. 1937)).

[19]    As the Superior Court was sitting in a matter of probate it could decide—proving a will

and granting letters of administration with the will annexed—it was a court of general jurisdiction

which could bring to its aid the full equitable and legal powers with which it is invested and could

determine questions arising in the administration of the estate. Id. Because the question of

Joaquin’s marriage to Elizabeth arose in the administration of the estate, the Superior Court sitting

in probate had jurisdiction to adjudicate the marriage’s validity.

[20]    Elizabeth quotes at length from our prior decisions discussing the doctrine of standing to

support her contention that “[n]either Patrick nor any other heir has [Article III] standing to

challenge Joaquin’s and Elizabeth’s 2008 marriage.” Appellant’s Br. at 10-11 (quoting Barrett-

Anderson v. Camacho, 2015 Guam 20; Benavente, 2006 Guam 15; People v. Tennessen, 2011

Guam 2). But this is not how Article III standing works. “The purpose of the standing requirement

is to ensure that the plaintiff has a concrete dispute with the defendant.” Guam Tai-Pan Dev. &

Constr., Inc. v. Yigo Alta Ests., Inc., 2002 Guam 20 ¶ 17 (quoting Hall v. Norton, 266 F.3d 969,

976-77 (9th Cir. 2001)). Elizabeth’s standing argument is fundamentally flawed because it

confuses a party’s power to bring their own claim with the power to defend against someone else’s.

See id. Elizabeth’s argument conflates the ability to bring a claim with the ability to defend against
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                        Page 10 of 28

one. Elizabeth does not, and cannot, argue that Franklin and Patrick lack standing as parties to the

probating of their father’s estate.

[21]    Legitimate children who are named beneficiaries in a decedent’s will have standing to

probate that will and contest other wills. See 15 GCA § 1601. It is undisputed that Franklin had

standing to petition to admit the 2003 Will. And Elizabeth can hardly disclaim the existence of a

“concrete dispute” with the heirs when she brought her own petition. See Guam Tai-Pan, 2002

Guam 20 ¶ 17. Nor does she dispute that both Franklin and Patrick generally had standing to

contest the 2008 Will. She merely claims that although the heirs have standing to participate in

the will contest, they lack standing to raise a certain defense to her petition. This is simply not the

law; even if the heirs were precluded from suing to annul their father’s marriage, they can still

defend against Elizabeth’s claim of priority on the merits. See id. (quoting Parker v. McQuade

Plumbing & Heating, Inc., 335 N.W.2d 7, 8 (Mich. Ct. App. 1983) (per curiam)). Franklin and

Patrick have standing to participate in the will contest, and it was proper for the Superior Court to

reach the merits of Patrick’s summary judgment motion.

        2. Since the marriage may be collaterally attacked under Philippine law, the heirs
           have standing to make such a claim in Guam courts

[22]    “When a requirement goes to subject matter jurisdiction, courts are obligated to consider

sua sponte issues that the parties . . . have not presented.” Teleguam Holdings LLC v. Guam, 2018

Guam 5 ¶ 19 (alteration in original) (quoting Gonzalez v. Thaler, 565 U.S. 134, 141 (2012)). Even

in jurisdictions that have adopted the Uniform Probate Code and its general grant of standing to

interested parties, standing to collaterally attack a marriage after the death of a party to the marriage

is narrower and governed by family law principles. See, e.g., In re Marriage of Adams, 604 P.2d

332, 334 (Mont. 1979) (stating that under Title 40 of the Montana Code, which governs Family

Law, a challenge to a prohibited marriage must be brought before death), abrogated on other
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                      Page 11 of 28

grounds by Dagel v. City of Great Falls, 819 P.2d 186 (Mont. 1991); see also In re A.B. Won Pat

Int’l Airport Auth., 2019 Guam 6 ¶ 20 (observing that meeting statutory requirements does not

“automatically satisf[y]” standing requirements). Thus, we must determine if Patrick and Franklin

fall into the limited class of people that have standing to challenge Joaquin’s marriage after his

death under Guam family law principles.

[23]    At common law, whether a third party had standing to challenge a marriage after death

turned on if the marriage was classified as void or voidable. See, e.g., In re Romano’s Estate, 246

P.2d 501, 505 (Wash. 1952). Traditionally, a voidable marriage could be annulled only during the

life of the parties to the marriage, while a void marriage could be so declared in any collateral

proceeding. See, e.g., In re Estate of Laubenheimer, 2013 WI 76, ¶ 84, 350 Wis. 2d 182, 833

N.W.2d 735. Under the void/voidable dichotomy:

                When a marriage is wholly void, no civil rights are secured, thereby, it is
        subject to both direct and collateral attack, by anyone, at any time in any court or
        any proceeding in which the fact of the marriage is material. A void marriage may
        be attacked after the death of either or both of the parties, and its invalidity need
        not be established by a judicial decree.

55 C.J.S. Marriage § 51 (August 2023 Update) (internal footnotes omitted). California courts, in

interpreting the Civil Code on which Guam’s marriage laws were initially modeled, stated:

                In view of the language of this enactment, declaring certain marriages to be
        ‘illegal and void from the beginning,’ it cannot be doubted that a marriage
        prohibited by the terms of the section is a nullity, open to attack collaterally by any
        one interested, and not merely voidable . . . .

In re Elliott’s Estate, 132 P. 439, 440-41 (Cal. 1913), overruled on other grounds by Spellens v.

Spellens, 317 P.2d 613 (Cal. 1957) (in bank).

[24]    Courts have long recognized the harshness of the traditional rule. See, e.g., Tegenborg v.

Tegenborg, 98 A.2d 105, 106 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1953). Cognizant of the modern trend to
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                                       Page 12 of 28

disallow, or severely limit, collateral attacks on marriages after death,2 we limit our determination

of Franklin and Patrick’s standing to collaterally attack their father’s foreign marriage over a

decade after his death to the unique facts of this case. Cf. Ueda v. Bank of Guam, 2005 Guam 23

¶ 23 n.13 (limiting the holding to the specific facts before the court). Absent strong public policy

concerns to the contrary, we will look to the law of the foreign jurisdiction where the marriage was

contracted to determine if it is susceptible to collateral attack after death.

[25]     Here, the Republic of the Philippines has the most significant relationship to the marriage

between Joaquin and Elizabeth. Under the law of the Philippines, “[t]he validity of a void marriage

may be collaterally attacked.” De Castro v. Assidao-De Castro, 568 Phil. 724, 731 (2008),

         The Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act (“UMDA”), which has been adopted in a minority of states,
         2

recommends that collateral attacks on marriage be prohibited after death. Unif. Marriage & Divorce Act § 208
(amended 1973). According to the drafters:
         The underlying policy reasons for this principle are clear: the traditional “void marriage” doctrine
         often imposed unwise and unfair penalties on innocent “spouses” in stable family situations long
         after the questioned marriage had occurred. The penalties serve no effective deterrent purpose, but
         cause severe economic dislocations; a spouse may be denied workmen’s compensation and social
         security benefits, or even a share in a spouse’s estate, after the marriage has been terminated by the
         death of the other spouse, despite the fact that the surviving spouse had no reason to suspect the
         invalidity of the marriage.
Id. cmt. Indeed, historic applications of the traditional rule have sometimes gone beyond “unwise and unfair” penalties
to the unjust. See, e.g., In re Monks’ Estate, 120 P.2d 167, 171-73, 177 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1941) (allowing spouse
of deceased’s “boyhood friend” to collaterally attack in probate a marriage as void under Arizona anti-miscegenation
laws based on testimony that wife “was at least one-eighth Negroid”); In re Shun T. Takahashi’s Estate, 129 P.2d 217,
222 (Mont. 1942) (allowing collateral attack in probate by public administrator on marriage of 26 years between
Japanese man and white woman because it was utterly null and void under Montana anti-miscegenation laws). More
recent applications of the traditional rule have also led to courts permitting collateral attacks that could alternatively
be described as unwise, unfair, or unjust. See, e.g., In re Estate of Araguz, 443 S.W.3d 233, 237 (Tex. App. 2014)
(allowing mother and ex-wife of volunteer firefighter who died in line of duty to launch collateral attacks on a marriage
because surviving spouse had undergone a “sex change”); Lockyer v. City & Cnty. of San Francisco, 95 P.3d 459, 510
(Cal. 2004) (allowing collateral attacks on same-sex marriages to have binding effect on nonparties to the action).
Even in jurisdictions that have not adopted the UMDA, such as California, the traditional rule has been circumscribed
to more accurately reflect reality, which leads to more just and predictable results. See In re Marriage of Seaton, 133
Cal. Rptr. 3d 50, 57 (Ct. App. 2011) (“[T]he idea that a void marriage never existed is a legal fiction that should be
used only where it promotes substantial justice between the parties to the void marriage, and not where the rights of
third parties are involved.”).
          To resolve the merits of this appeal, it is not necessary to determine whether Guam applies the harsh
traditional rule or if the statutory scheme supports adoption of the minority rule that a “bigamous” marriage is not
subject to collateral attack after the impediment to a valid marriage is removed. See Smith v. Smith, 190 N.W.2d 174,
176-78 (Wis. 1971). This is a question we reserve for a future case.
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                   Page 13 of 28

https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/1/44838 (citation omitted).     The heirs

have standing because they allege the marriage is void for bigamy, and an allegedly void marriage

may be attacked under the law of the Philippines.

[26]    We reject the other jurisdictional arguments raised by the parties because we are satisfied

that the probate court’s order determined Elizabeth’s heirship. An order determining priority of

persons entitled to letters of administration is an order determining heirship. See In re Edgett’s

Estate, 10 Cal. Rptr. 552, 553 (Dist. Ct. App. 1961); In re Hirschberg’s Estate, 36 Cal. Rptr. 661,

668 (Dist. Ct. App. 1964). An order that determines a decedent’s surviving spouse adjudicates a

person’s heirship claim. See In re Estate of Loveless, 64 S.W.3d 564, 570 (Tex. App. 2001). As

the order determined Elizabeth’s priority and determined she was not a surviving spouse, the order

was one determining heirship and is appealable under the Probate Code. See 7 GCA § 25102(k);

15 GCA § 3433.

B. Conflict of Laws

        1. The plain language of 19 GCA § 3107, The Restatement (Second) of Conflict of
           Laws, and persuasive California authority all indicate the substantive law of the
           Philippines should be applied

[27]    “In cases involving statutory construction, the plain language of a statute must be the

starting point.” People v. Rachulap, 2022 Guam 9 ¶ 18 (quoting Pangelinan v. Gutierrez, 2000

Guam 11 ¶ 23). The plain language of Guam’s foreign marriage statute states that a court should

apply the law of the jurisdiction where the marriage was contracted: “All marriages contracted

outside of the territory of Guam, which would be valid by the laws of the country in which the

same were contracted, are valid in the territory of Guam.” 19 GCA § 3107. This section was

adopted nearly verbatim from the Civil Code of California, and California courts have reliably

applied the law of the jurisdiction where the marriage occurred to determine its validity. E.g.,
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                     Page 14 of 28

Pearson v. Pearson, 51 Cal. 120, 124-25 (1875); In re Gosnell’s Estate, 146 P.2d 42, 43 (Cal. Dist.

Ct. App. 1944); In re J.S., 132 Cal. Rptr. 3d 244, 247-48 (Ct. App. 2011).

[28]    Under the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws approach, “[t]he validity of a marriage

will be determined by the local law of the state which, with respect to the particular issue, has the

most significant relationship to the spouses and the marriage.” Restatement (Second) of Conflict

of Laws § 283(1) (Am. L. Inst. 1971); see also Stahl v. Stahl, 2013 Guam 26 ¶ 21 (citing with

approval the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws). The jurisdiction with the most significant

relationship to the parties at the time of marriage was the Philippines because the marriage was

contracted in the Philippines under Philippine law, Elizabeth is a Philippine citizen, and the couple

cohabited in the Philippines until Joaquin’s death. Cf. Islam v. Islam, 2009 MP 17 ¶ 25 (finding

Philippine law controlling in a marriage with similar facts). Thus, the probate court erred when it

did not engage with the law of the Philippines.

        2. As the Philippines does not allow divorce, its courts would look to the law of Guam
           to determine whether the marriage was void

[29]    The Philippine law governing marriages is in Title I of the Family Code of the Philippines.

Office of the President, The Family Code of the Philippines, Exec. Order No. 209, s. 1987, as

amended (July 6, 1987), https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/07/06/executive-order-no-209-

s-1987; see also Islam, 2009 MP 17 ¶ 13 n.5. Philippine law does not provide for absolute divorce,

and its courts cannot grant it, but a divorce obtained abroad may be recognized in the Philippines

if the decree conforms to the foreign law allowing it. Garcia v. Recio, 418 Phil. 723 (2001),

https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/1/52783.      The Supreme Court of the

Philippines has held that where a party presents a foreign interlocutory divorce decree as evidence

that the capacity to remarry has been restored, the legal effects of the interlocutory decree under

the foreign law must be shown. Id. A subsequent remarriage will be valid only if the interlocutory
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                      Page 15 of 28

decree has the legal effect of an absolute divorce that terminates the marriage. Id. If it “did not

absolutely establish his legal capacity to remarry according to his national law,” the subsequent

marriage is void. Id. Under the substantive law of the Philippines, Joaquin must have had the

legal capacity to remarry according to his national law, which can be shown by the legal effect of

the interlocutory divorce decree under the laws of Guam.

C. Legal Effect of a Guam Interlocutory Divorce Decree

        1. In Guam, there is no six-month waiting period between an interlocutory decree
           and entry of final judgment

[30]    The probate court erred in interpreting 19 GCA § 8322 to require a six-month waiting

period between entry of an interlocutory and final decree of divorce. Title 19 GCA § 8322 requires

a six-month waiting period only between the filing for divorce and entry of final judgment.

[31]    Although this statute was originally based on California Civil Code section 132, it has since

been amended several times. Compare Cal. Civ. Code § 132 (1949) (“When one year has expired

after the entry of such interlocutory judgment, the court . . . may enter the final judgment . . . .”),

and Guam Civ. Code § 132 (1976) (“When six (6) months have expired after the entry of such

interlocutory judgment, the court . . . may enter the final judgment . . . .”), with Guam Civ. Code

§ 132 (1984) (“When six (6) months have expired after filing of the initial petition or complaint

for divorce, and following entry of an interlocutory decree of divorce, the court . . . may enter the

final judgment . . . .” (emphasis added)). Guam has followed California in amending the law to

eliminate the waiting period between interlocutory and final decrees. In re Marriage of Frapwell,

125 Cal. Rptr. 878, 880-81 (Ct. App. 1975) (“[I]n 1965, the one-year waiting period was made to

run from the date of service of the summons and complaint, so that . . . often a final decree of

dissolution can be entered concurrently with the entry of the interlocutory decree.” (internal

citation omitted)).
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                                    Page 16 of 28

[32]     Although marriages contracted between entry of an interlocutory decree and expiration of

the interlocutory period are generally void, see 27A C.J.S. Divorce § 352 (Aug. 2023 Update),

Guam no longer has such a period.3 Franklin’s reliance on Sullivan v. Sullivan, 28 P.2d 914 (Cal.

1934) (in bank), is misplaced because that “body of law,” Appellee’s Br. at 6, interpreted language

that was removed from Guam’s statute nearly 40 years ago. Any argument that Joaquin and

Elizabeth’s marriage was void because Joaquin’s prior marriage to Nancy could not have been

dissolved for another six months is wrong as a matter of law. The amended petition for divorce

was filed on August 16, 2005, and the interlocutory decree of divorce that ended Joaquin’s

marriage to Nancy was entered on February 7, 2008. The final judgment could have been entered

immediately.

         2. In Guam, the entry of a final judgment of divorce is a ministerial formality

[33]     In Guam, a final decree of dissolution can often be entered concurrently with the entry of

the interlocutory decree. See In re Marriage of Frapwell, 125 Cal. Rptr. at 880-81. This court has

yet to consider the legal status of parties in the rare case where an interlocutory decree purports to

dissolve their marriage relationship, but issuance of a final judgment is postponed until other issues

are resolved.

[34]     In 1995, the Appellate Division of the District Court of Guam considered a related issue in

McGann v. McGann, No. CV94-00071A, 1995 WL 604415 (D. Guam App. Div. Sept. 13, 1995).

         3
          Prior practice further supports this conclusion. In the past two decades, this court has decided over a dozen
divorce cases where interlocutory and final decrees were entered simultaneously, as a single document, or in quick
succession: Kim v. Min Sun Cha, 2020 Guam 22 ¶ 5; Hemlani v. Hemlani, 2015 Guam 34 ¶ 3; Ptack v. Ptack, 2015
Guam 5 ¶ 21; Paguio v. Paguio, 2014 Guam 36 ¶ 9; Marriott v. Marriott, 2014 Guam 28 ¶ 4; Kloppenburg v.
Kloppenburg, 2014 Guam 5 ¶ 14; Davis v. Davis, 2014 Guam 4 ¶ 10; Scroggs v. Scroggs, 2014 Guam 2 ¶ 6; Lujan v.
Lujan, 2012 Guam 7 ¶ 11; Babauta v. Babauta, 2011 Guam 15 ¶ 15; Blas v. Cruz, 2009 Guam 12 ¶ 8; Hart v. Hart,
2008 Guam 11 ¶ 2; Rojas v. Rojas, 2007 Guam 13 ¶ 4; Pineda v. Pineda, 2005 Guam 10 ¶ 2; Leon Guerrero v. Moylan,
2002 Guam 18 ¶ 23; Navarro v. Navarro, 2000 Guam 31 ¶ 3, abrogated on other grounds by Sinlao v. Sinlao, 2005
Guam 24; Gray v. Superior Court, 1999 Guam 26 ¶ 3. No error has been ascribed to this practice, nor do we do so
now.
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                         Page 17 of 28

The court determined that where a party seeks to appeal the Superior Court’s grant of divorce, “[i]t

is the interlocutory decree from which an appeal must be sought. It is at that stage that the parties’

rights and liabilities are fully established and from which appeal must be taken.” Id. at *2

(emphasis added). In dismissing the appeal in that case as untimely, the court stated, “The entering

of the final decree of divorce is merely a ministerial formality performed by the court . . . . [I]t is

the interlocutory decree that determines the rights and liabilities of the parties . . . .” Id.

[35]    “Generally, when a legislature adopts a statute that is identical or similar to one in effect in

another jurisdiction, it is presumed that the adopting jurisdiction applies the construction placed

on the statute by the originating jurisdiction.” Sumitomo Constr. Co. v. Zhong Ye, Inc., 1997 Guam

8 ¶ 7. When no legislative history can be found on the policy considerations underlying the

adopting jurisdiction’s enactment of a borrowed statute, it is appropriate to look to the legislative

policy of the originating jurisdiction. Terex Corp. v. S. Track & Pump, Inc., 117 A.3d 537, 544

n.24 (Del. 2015); see also Clayworth v. Pfizer, Inc., 233 P.3d 1066, 1080 (Cal. 2010) (“[Courts]

may presume that when the Legislature borrows a federal statute and enacts it into state law, it has

considered and is aware of the legislative history behind that enactment.”); Com. Bank v.

McGowen, 956 N.W.2d 128, 133 (Iowa 2021) (“When an Iowa statute is borrowed from similar

federal legislation, we ‘presume our legislature intended what Congress intended.’” (quoting City

of Davenport v. Pub. Emp. Rels. Bd., 264 N.W.2d 307, 313 (Iowa 1978) (en banc))); Davis Mem’l

Hosp. v. W. Va. State Tax Comm’r, 671 S.E.2d 682, 693 (W. Va. 2008) (“[W]here material and

substantive changes are made by the Legislature in adopting a federal statute the presumption that

the Legislature intended to accomplish the same purposes and objectives as the Congress is no

longer valid.” (quoting State v. Wells, 276 N.W.2d 679, 691 (N.D. 1979))).
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                                     Page 18 of 28

[36]     The legislative policy of California in amending the waiting period to six months after

service of process was “permitting the prompt severance of a marriage relationship which had

proved unworkable.” In re Marriage of Fink, 126 Cal. Rptr. 626, 630 (Ct. App. 1976). This was

also the legislative policy of Guam when it amended the waiting period to begin with the filing of

the complaint. For nearly 40 years, it has been I Liheslaturan Guåhan’s strong legislative policy

preference to facilitate prompt severance of unworkable marriages: in the same bill that amended

the waiting period, it also allowed for the dissolution of any marriage where one party was

physically present in Guam.4 Guam Pub. L. 17-081:26-29 (1984). That the current six-month

waiting period may be shortened by the trial court upon the motion of either party and a showing

of cause further strengthens our conclusion. See 19 GCA § 8322.

[37]     We find the reasoning of McGann to be highly persuasive, and given Guam’s policy

favoring prompt severance of a marriage relationship which has proven unworkable, we hold that

the legal effect of a Guam interlocutory divorce decree dissolving a marriage is to establish the

parties’ rights as single persons. Despite section 8322’s statement that “final judgment shall

restore the parties to status as single persons,” the entry of a final judgment is a ministerial

formality; in the circumstances such as this case where the interlocutory and final decrees are not

filed simultaneously, Guam does not consider the parties to be married in the interim.5

         4
           Although the Superior Court later held this residency provision to be inorganic, see 19 GCA § 8318 cmt.,
subsection (b) retains the provision adopted in Guam Public Law 17-081 that one party need only reside in Guam for
a week if both parties consent in writing to the dissolution. When P.L. 17-081 is read as a whole, it shows a clear
legislative policy shift towards prompt dissolution of unworkable marriages. See Gov’t of Guam v. 162.40 Square
Meters of Land, 2011 Guam 17 ¶ 27 (per curiam) (“[I]n determining legislative intent, a statute must be read as a
whole, as well as to its objects and policy.” (citing Sumitomo Constr., Co. v. Gov’t of Guam, 2001 Guam 23 ¶ 17)).
This policy trend is further highlighted by passage of 19 GCA § 8219 in 1998, which recognized irreconcilable
differences as a ground for divorce. See Guam Pub. L. 24-134:4 (Feb. 16, 1998).
         5
           The fact that the final judgment of divorce in this case recited this statutory language does not change our
analysis. See RA, tab 77 at Ex. 5 (Mot. Partial Summ. J., Mar. 3, 2022).
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                                   Page 19 of 28

        3. Nunc pro tunc language granting divorce retroactive to the date of an
           interlocutory divorce decree is permissible

[38]    As a final judgment of divorce is a ministerial act, it can be entered nunc pro tunc.6 In re

Avery, 445 N.Y.S.2d 672, 676-77 (N.Y. Surr. Ct. 1981). This court has stated, “‘Nunc pro tunc’

is a Latin expression meaning ‘now for then.’ A court ruling ‘nunc pro tunc’ applies retroactively

to correct an earlier ruling.” People v. Tennessen, 2010 Guam 12 ¶ 5 n.4 (per curiam).

[39]    Under section 133 of the California Civil Code, courts were explicitly allowed to enter

final judgments of divorce nunc pro tunc, with courts holding that the purpose of the statute was

“obviously to ‘validate otherwise void marriages and thus relieve the parties to such marriages

from the stigma and other consequences of bigamous relationships into which they might

innocently fall by reason of oversight or neglect to have a final decree entered.’” In re Estate of

Casimir, 97 Cal. Rptr. 623, 628 (Ct. App. 1971) (citation omitted). But before the waiting period

was amended in 1965, California courts were barred from entering final judgments nunc pro nunc

that would retroactively shorten the statutory waiting period between interlocutory and final

divorce decrees. See Ringel v. Superior Ct. of Alameda Cnty., 128 P.2d 558, 560 (Cal. Dist. Ct.

App. 1942) (holding plaintiff had right to final decree of divorce nunc pro tunc only after

expiration of one-year interlocutory waiting period). As explained in a leading source:

        In some jurisdictions divorce decrees are interlocutory when they are entered and
        do not become final until after the expiration of a stated period of time. . . .

               During the period after an interlocutory decree is entered and before a final
        decree is entered, the parties are still considered to be married. The trial court

        6
           Prior practice also supports nunc pro tunc entry of a divorce judgment. See Navarro, 2000 Guam 31 ¶ 3
(“On June 14, 1999, the trial court filed both an Interlocutory Judgment of Divorce and a Final Judgment of Divorce
nunc pro tunc to June 1, 1999.”), abrogated on other grounds by Sinlao, 2005 Guam 24; Cruz v. Cruz, 2005 Guam 3
¶ 3 (“Michael and Susan were divorced in the Superior Court of Guam on May 23, 2003 nunc pro tunc to March 18,
2003.”); cf. Ambas v. Vinluan, No. 810005A, 1982 WL 30774, at *2 (D. Guam App. Div. Sept. 29, 1982) (“[T]he
judgment of the Superior Court is reversed, with directions to enter judgment annulling the marriage nunc pro tunc as
of the date of said Superior Court hearing.”).
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                     Page 20 of 28

        cannot employ a nunc pro tunc order to avoid this rule by shortening the waiting
        period retroactively.

24 Am. Jur. 2d Divorce and Separation § 374 (emphasis added) (internal footnotes omitted); see

also Estate of Ladd v. Estate of Ladd, 640 A.2d 29, 31 (Vt. 1994) (“Although a nunc pro tunc order

may be used to change the date of the decree nisi from the date it was entered to the date it was

announced or issued by the court, it may not be used to shorten the statutory waiting period

retroactively.”).

[40]    Many jurisdictions have held that courts have the inherent power, in a proper case, to enter

a judgment of divorce nunc pro tunc. C.P. Jhong, Annotation, Entering judgment or decree of

divorce nunc pro tunc, 19 A.L.R.3d 648 § 4A (1968) (citing decisions from Arizona, California,

Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Tennessee,

Texas, and Washington). Although the Guam Legislature did not adopt section 133 of the

California Civil Code, it has authorized the entry of final divorce decrees nunc pro tunc in the case

of death. 19 GCA § 8322 (“If either party dies after entry of an interlocutory divorce, but before

entry of the final decree of divorce, the Court shall enter a final decree of divorce, effective nunc

pro tunc to the date of entry of the interlocutory decree of divorce.”). We find this is an expansion

of the court’s inherent powers because allowing a retroactive decree after death is in derogation of

the common law. See, e.g., Sahler v. Sahler, 17 So. 2d 105, 107 (Fla. 1944) (“[T]he weight of

authority in this country relative to the authority of Courts to enter ‘Nunc pro Tunc’ decrees in

divorce suits is to the effect that a ‘Nunc pro Tunc’ decree cannot be entered where one of the

parties to a divorce dies before the rendition of a Decree.”); see also 19 A.L.R.3d 648 § 7;

Pangelinan v. Camacho, 2008 Guam 4 ¶ 5 n.9 (“The general rule is that statutes do not supplant

the common law unless it appears that the Legislature intended to cover the entire subject . . . .”

(quoting I.E. Assocs. v. Safeco Title Ins. Co., 702 P.2d 596, 598 (Cal. 1985))).
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                      Page 21 of 28

[41]    A final judgment of divorce can be made retroactive to the date the party legally had the

right to have it entered. In re Marriage of Mallory, 64 Cal. Rptr. 2d 667, 676 (Ct. App. 1997).

Absent a statutory waiting period, that date can be the same day as the interlocutory decree of

divorce if—as in this case—more than six months have passed since the petition had been filed.

        4. The final judgment had retroactive effect

[42]    The interlocutory divorce decree states: “NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY

ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED: That the marriage of Plaintiff and Defendant is

dissolved nunc pro tunc as of January 16, 2008, pending the entry of the final judgment.” RA, tab

16 (Obj. to Pet., Mar. 17, 2021) at Ex. A (Interloc. Decree Divorce, Feb. 7, 2008). The final

judgment of divorce states: “IT IS FURTHER ADJUDGED AND ORDERED that the provisions

of the Interlocutory Judgment of Divorce are reaffirmed and incorporated in and made a part of

this decree.” Id. at Ex. B (Final J. Divorce, Jan. 5, 2010).

[43]    We find the language of the decrees to be unambiguous. The final judgment incorporated

and reaffirmed the interlocutory decree, which dissolved the marriage nunc pro tunc as of January

16, 2008. Where a subsequent marriage occurs between an interlocutory divorce decree and a

final decree entered nunc pro tunc, we “hold that the nunc pro tunc decree adjudicated that the

parties were restored to their status as single persons upon the nunc pro tunc date of the final decree

and were capable of contracting a valid marriage thereafter.” Cahoon v. Pelton, 342 P.2d 94, 97

(Utah 1959) (citing Shippee v. Shippee, 66 A.2d 77 (N.H. 1949); Bannister v. Bannister, 29 A.2d

287 (Md. 1942); In re Kelley’s Estate, 310 P.2d 328 (Or. 1957)), overruled on other grounds by
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                                    Page 22 of 28

Norton v. Macfarlane, 818 P.2d 8 (Utah 1991). The final judgment had the retroactive effect of

dissolving the marriage and capacitating Joaquin to remarry on January 16, 2008.7

D. The Prohibition on Remarriage in 19 GCA § 3105

[44]     A final barrier to Joaquin and Elizabeth’s marriage is 19 GCA § 3105. Although we have

doubts about whether that section remains in force generally, we find it does not affect the outcome

in this case.

         1. 19 GCA § 3105 may have been repealed by implication

[45]     When interpreting a statute, we begin with its plain language because our “task is to

determine whether or not the statutory language is ‘plain and unambiguous.’” In re Guardianship

of Moylan, 2021 Guam 15 ¶ 36 (citation omitted). As we articulated in In re Guardianship of

Moylan:

         “The plainness or ambiguity of statutory language is determined by reference to the
         language itself, the specific context in which that language is used, and the broader
         context of the statute as a whole.” “[I]n expounding [on] a statute, we must not be
         guided by a single sentence or member of a sentence, but look to the provisions of
         the whole law, and to its object and policy.”

2021 Guam 15 ¶ 36 (alterations in original) (first quoting Aguon v. Gutierrez, 2002 Guam 14 ¶ 6;

and then quoting Sumitomo Constr., Co. v. Gov’t of Guam, 2001 Guam 23 ¶ 17). A statute is

ambiguous if, after this analysis, “its terms remain susceptible to two or more reasonable

interpretations.” Halversen v. Allstate Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 2021 UT App 59, ¶ 9, 493 P.3d 693

(citation omitted); see also Guido v. Mount Lemmon Fire Dist., 859 F.3d 1168, 1173 (9th Cir.

2017) (“A statute must be ‘susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation’ to be

ambiguous.” (citation omitted)), aff’d, 139 S. Ct. 22 (2018). When a statute is ambiguous, courts

         7
           The language in the final judgment of divorce stating that “either of them is permitted to marry after the
entry of this Final Judgment of Divorce,” RA, tab 77 (Mot. Partial Summary J. (Ex. 5)), does not impact the above
analysis on the operation of Guam's divorce laws. At best the statement is dicta and at worst an incorrect analysis of
Guam’s marriage laws. Cf. Lujan v. Quinata, 2014 Guam 20 ¶ 19.
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                     Page 23 of 28

may look to legislative history and other sources. In re Leon Guerrero, 2005 Guam 1 ¶ 31 (citing

People v. Angoco, 1998 Guam 10 ¶ 5). Where—as here—the statute was adopted from another

jurisdiction, these “other sources” include case law from the originating jurisdiction. Id. ¶¶ 31-34

(treating California case law as persuasive because statute in question was adopted from

California).

[46]    Section 3105 states that “[i]n no case can a marriage of either of the parties during the life

of the other, be valid in Guam, if contracted within one (1) year after the entry of an interlocutory

decree in a proceeding for divorce.” 19 GCA § 3105(a). We find this section ambiguous

because—when looking to the provisions of the whole law, and to its object and policy—its terms

are susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation. As the Superior Court articulated, “One

way to harmonize the language of both statutes is to recognize that a foreign marriage is valid

under section 3107 as long as it still falls within the parameters of section 3105.” RA, tab 91 at 8

(Dec. & Order) (emphasis added). However, another reasonable interpretation is that section 3105

affects only subsequent marriages contracted in Guam and does not operate to invalidate marriages

in other jurisdictions. Appellant’s Br. at 19.

[47]    This section was adopted almost verbatim from California Civil Code section 61 (1949).

It has remained on the books unchanged, save for stylistic changes in 2015 that made the language

gender neutral. Guam Pub. L. 33-065:5 (Aug. 24, 2015). When California amended its waiting

period in 1965 so that it began running from the day the complaint was served, it left section 61

untouched. In re Marriage of Frapwell, 125 Cal. Rptr. at 880-81; 1965 Cal. Stat. 2754. This

created a mismatch in California law between the waiting period to enter a final judgment and the

waiting period to remarry, which Guam law now replicates.
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                     Page 24 of 28

[48]    California courts have held that temporal prohibitions on remarriage fall into two

categories:

                 The effect of a statute requiring parties in a divorce proceeding to wait a
        stated period of time after rendition of the divorce decree before entering into
        marriage with another person, depending upon the language used therein, generally
        is either (1) to prohibit the subsequent marriage and invoke a prescribed penalty for
        violation without affecting its validity, or (2) to maintain the former marriage in
        force for the stated period and thus render void any subsequent marriage contracted
        within that time.

Jones v. Jones, 5 Cal. Rptr. 803, 804 (Dist. Ct. App. 1960). Before the amendment in 1965,

California’s waiting periods on remarriage and entry of final judgment mirrored each other, and

the effect was to maintain the former marriage in force for the stated period. See id. at 804-05;

Grannis v. Superior Court, 79 P. 891, 892-93 (Cal. 1905).

[49]    It does not seem that California appellate courts were tasked with interpreting the effect of

section 61 after the waiting periods became mismatched because the California legislature quickly

realized the discontinuity and amended section 61 in 1967. See A.B. 597, 1967 Leg., Reg. Sess.

(Cal. 1967) (“Permits a divorced person to remarry within one year after the service of copy of

summons and complaint upon the defendant spouse rather than one year after the entry of an

interlocutory decree, thereby reflecting change in interlocutory period made in 1965.”). Section

61 was amended in 1967 to bring it into conformity with the new waiting period that began with

the filing of the complaint:

                A subsequent marriage contracted by any person during the life of a former
        husband or wife of such person, with any person other than such former husband
        or wife, is illegal and void from the beginning, unless:

                       1. The former marriage has been annulled or dissolved, and, in the
                case of dissolution by divorce obtained in this state, at least one year has
                elapsed from the date of service of a copy of summons and complaint upon,
                or appearance by, the defendant spouse in the former proceeding for such
                divorce.

1967 Cal. Stat. 2808; see also Cal. Civ. Code § 4401 cmt. (West 1992).
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                                   Page 25 of 28

[50]    Although I Liheslaturan Guåhan followed California’s lead by amending Guam’s waiting

period for entry of final judgment in 1984, P.L. 17-081:29, it has yet to similarly address the

mismatch between sections 8322 and 3105. This raises the possibility of a repeal by implication

because where provisions in two acts are in irreconcilable conflict, an implied repeal of the older8

statute can properly be found. See Sumitomo Constr., 2001 Guam 23 ¶ 16. Repeals by implication

are disfavored, however, and a court should avoid a finding of implied repeal if the two statutes

can be reconciled. Id. Although we have grave doubts about the legal force of section 3105, no

party has asked us to find that it has been repealed by implication. As our decision does not turn

on section 3105’s implied repeal, we reserve resolution of this issue for a future case. Cf. In re

Request of Camacho, 2004 Guam 10 ¶ 41 n.9.

        2. Section 3105 has no extraterritorial effect in this case

[51]    Even if we assumed that section 3105 has the force of law, although Joaquin could not have

contracted a valid marriage in Guam within a year of his interlocutory divorce decree being

entered, this statutory prohibition did not have the extraterritorial effect of prohibiting his marriage

in a foreign jurisdiction. The Restatement approach to conflict of laws is persuasive on this issue:

                More frequently, the prohibition against remarriage contained in the statute
        of the divorce state, or in the divorce decree itself, does not affect the finality of the
        divorce decree, but is intended only to prohibit one or both of the parties from
        remarrying for a given period of time. Such a prohibition will not affect the validity
        of a remarriage contracted in another state except when the divorce is rendered in
        the state where the party against whom the prohibition was directed was domiciled
        at the time of and immediately following the remarriage. In such a case, the
        remarriage will be invalid, even though it satisfies the requirements of the state

        8
           Although section 3105 has been updated more recently than section 8322, this update was a minor stylistic
modification that was a small part of a sweeping change to Title 19. See P.L. 33-065:2 (Aug. 24, 2015) (“I
Liheslaturan Guåhan recognizes that on June 5, 2015, the U.S. District Court of Guam ruled that the existing marriage
laws on Guam are unconstitutional as it relates to same sex marriage. Pursuant to this ruling, I Liheslaturan Guåhan
intends to comply with the U.S. District Court of Guam judgement [sic] and amend local statutes to allow for same-
sex marriage on Guam.”). The amendment changed only the phrase “husband or wife” to “spouse,” and made no
other substantive changes to section 3105. Id. § 5. Other courts have found that mere stylistic changes do not affect
their implied-repeal analysis. See Fratzke v. Pung, 378 N.W.2d 112, 114 (Minn. Ct. App. 1985); Hughes Elecs. Corp.
v. Citibank Del., 15 Cal. Rptr. 3d 244, 257 (Ct. App. 2004).
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                                 Page 26 of 28

        where it was contracted, if, but only if, this result is required by the strong policy
        of the state where the divorce was rendered. Except when required to do so by
        statute, the courts of the divorce state would rarely apply a local prohibition of this
        sort to invalidate an out-of-state marriage. If the prohibition was directed against
        one party alone, such as when the guilty party is forbidden to marry his paramour,
        the courts of the divorce state would be motivated in part by the notion that such a
        prohibition should be strictly construed since it is in the nature of a penalty. But
        even when the prohibition cannot properly be considered a penalty, such as when
        it prohibits both parties from remarrying and is intended to protect the institution
        of marriage by deterring quick remarriages, the courts of the divorce state would
        rarely apply their local rule to invalidate an out-of-state remarriage by one of the
        parties that was contracted within the forbidden time. These courts would rarely
        apply their rule, because they usually would find that the policy embodied in the
        rule is not sufficiently strong to outweigh the general policy which favors upholding
        the validity of marriages.

Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 283 cmt. l (Am. L. Inst. 1971).

[52]    Under the Restatement approach, the prohibition on remarriage in section 3105 would not

affect the validity of Joaquin’s marriage to Elizabeth because he was domiciled in the Philippines.

Furthermore, this result is not required by the strong public policy of Guam: rather than being

required by statute to apply this local prohibition to invalidate foreign marriages, courts of Guam

are compelled by statute to recognize otherwise valid foreign marriages.

[53]    The parties disagree about the persuasive value of various California cases interpreting

several iterations of section 61. In construing an early version of section 61 of the California Civil

Code before the adoption of an interlocutory waiting period, California courts held it to have no

extraterritorial operation because it merely imposed a penalty. In re Wood’s Estate, 69 P. 900,

901-02 (Cal. 1902) (in bank); Mohn v. Tingley, 217 P. 733, 736 (Cal. 1923) (in bank).9 Courts

interpreting section 61 after it was amended to reflect the imposition of a mandatory waiting period

between the entry of interlocutory and final judgment found it had extraterritorial effect because

        9
            Although Mohn was decided after Grannis, it dealt with a divorce that occurred in 1900. Mohn, 217 P. at
736.
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                        Page 27 of 28

its purpose was to maintain the former marriage in force for the stated interlocutory period.

Grannis, 79 P. at 894.

[54]    The proper analysis of Guam’s current statute looks to the language of section 3105 to

determine whether it imposes a penalty, as in In re Wood’s Estate, 69 P. 900 (Cal. 1902), and

Mohn v. Tingley, 217 P. 733 (Cal. 1923), or a waiting period, as in Grannis v. Superior Court, 79

P. 891 (Cal. 1905):

                 The effect of a statute requiring parties in a divorce proceeding to wait a
        stated period of time after rendition of the divorce decree before entering into
        marriage with another person, depending upon the language used therein, generally
        is either (1) to prohibit the subsequent marriage and invoke a prescribed penalty for
        violation without affecting its validity, or (2) to maintain the former marriage in
        force for the stated period and thus render void any subsequent marriage contracted
        within that time. The statute of another state which imposes only a prohibition
        upon a subsequent marriage within the designated waiting period constitutes the
        adoption of a policy which will not be enforced extraterritorially in this state. In re
        Wood’s Estate, 69 P. 900, 902 (Cal. 1902); In re Winder’s Estate, 219 P.2d 18, 98
        Cal. App. 2d 78, 87 (Dist. Ct. App. 1950); People v. Woodley, 136 P. 312 (Cal.
        Dist. Ct. App. 1913). On the other hand, where the statute of another state continues
        the marriage of parties to a divorce proceeding in force during the prescribed period
        after rendition of that decree, it determines the status of the parties during that time,
        and controls the decision of the courts of this state when their status is in issue even
        though it also effects a waiting period policy.

Jones, 5 Cal. Rptr. at 804-05.

[55]    Because of our holding that the interlocutory decree establishes the rights of a party, along

with the mismatch between the waiting periods in sections 3105 and 8322, to the extent section

3105 is still in effect, it imposes a mere penalty that is not extraterritorial. Elizabeth’s marriage to

Joaquin was valid under the substantive law of the Philippines because the prohibition on

remarriage in section 3105 had no extraterritorial effect on their marriage celebrated in the

Philippines. The effect of the interlocutory decree (coupled with a retroactive final judgment) was

to capacitate him to marry as of January 16, 2008. Elizabeth’s other arguments regarding laches

and the presumption of marriage are moot because we find that her marriage was valid.
In re Estate of Leon Guerrero, 2023 Guam 10, Opinion                                   Page 28 of 28

                                           V. CONCLUSION

[56]    The Superior Court did not err when it concluded the heirs had standing to challenge the

validity of Elizabeth’s marriage and it had jurisdiction to determine the issue. However, the court

erred in failing to determine what legal framework applied to a remarriage in the Philippines

following a Guam divorce. We hold that the legal effect of Joaquin’s Guam interlocutory divorce

decree was to capacitate him to remarry as of January 16, 2008, and 19 GCA § 3105 had no

extraterritorial effect to bar Joaquin’s marriage to Elizabeth in the Philippines. We REVERSE

the probate court’s order granting Patrick’s motion for summary judgment and denying Elizabeth’s

motion for summary judgment.            This matter is REMANDED for further proceedings not

inconsistent with this opinion.

                  /s/                                                      /s/
       KATHERINE A. MARAMAN                                     JOHN A. MANGLONA
           Associate Justice                                      Justice Pro Tempore

                                                  /s/
                                       F. PHILIP CARBULLIDO
                                            Presiding Justice