Court Opinion

ID: 3038299
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:58:15.930549+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:49:50.624144
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                              FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
             ___________

             No. 04-2097
             ___________

Plaintiffs' Baycol Steering             *
Committee,                              *
                                        *
             Plaintiff,                 *
                                        *
Kenneth B. Moll; Kenneth B.             *
Moll & Associates, Ltd.,                *
                                         *
             Appellants,                *
                                        *
      v.                                *
                                        *
Bayer Corporation; Bayer AG;            *
GlaxoSmithKline,                        *
                                        *
             Defendants - Appellees.    *

             ___________
                                             Appeals from the United States
             No. 04-2187                     District Court for the
             ___________                     District of Minnesota.

Plaintiffs' Baycol Steering             *
Committee,                              *
                                        *
             Plaintiff,                 *
                                        *
K. Amy Lemon,                           *
                                        *
             Appellant,                 *
                                        *
      v.                            *
                                    *
Bayer Corporation; Bayer AG;        *
GlaxoSmithKline,                    *
                                    *
           Defendants - Appellees.  *
                               ___________

                             Submitted: February 17, 2005
                                Filed: August 19, 2005
                                 ___________

Before BYE, HEANEY, and MELLOY, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

BYE, Circuit Judge.

       Kenneth B. Moll, and his firm Kenneth B. Moll & Associates Ltd. (KBM), and
K. Amy Lemon, appeal the district court's order imposing sanctions against them for
their conduct in the Baycol Multi-District Litigation (MDL). Pursuant to its inherent
power, the district court removed Moll and KBM from the plaintiffs' steering
committee (PSC) and imposed a $50,000 sanction against Moll after finding Moll
committed perjury, violated two pretrial orders, and violated multiple provisions of
the Minnesota Rules of Professional Conduct. Additionally, the district court sua
sponte barred Lemon from the practice of law in the United States District Court for
the District of Minnesota after finding she committed perjury and violated provisions
of the Minnesota Rules of Professional Conduct. We affirm the removal of Moll and
KBM from the PSC, but vacate the $50,000 sanction imposed against Moll and
remand for further proceedings. We reverse the district court's imposition of
sanctions against Lemon.

                                         -2-
                                  I. Background

       The Baycol product liability litigation concerns a medication known as Baycol,
which was used to lower cholesterol before it was withdrawn from the market in
August 2001. On December 18, 2001, the judicial panel on multidistrict litigation
established the Baycol MDL, in which Bayer Corporation, Bayer A.G., and
GlaxoSmithKline are defendants. All federal district court Baycol cases were
transferred to the District of Minnesota. The PSC is a select group of lawyers
charged with coordinating and directing pretrial proceedings on behalf of plaintiffs
in the Baycol MDL. The district court appointed Moll and KBM to serve as one of
the eighteen members of the PSC and one of the seven attorneys on the PSC's
executive committee.

       Pre-Trial Order (PTO) 18 directs all filings in the Baycol MDL "shall be filed
and served through Verilaw Technologies," a provider of electronic document storage
and management services. The order states documents filed through Verilaw "shall
not be filed by traditional paper means" and "will not contain visual representations
of the filing attorneys' signatures." Instead, PTO 18 provides:

      On word processing files that they submit, attorneys shall, in place of a
      signature and where the signature would normally appear, place
      "Original Signature on File with Filing Attorney." A Filing Attorney
      shall make an original signature available to any registered user upon
      request. The filer of any document requiring multiple signatures . . .
      must list thereon all the names of other signatories by means of an
      "/s/_____" block for each. By submitting such a document, the filer
      certifies that each of the other signatories has expressly agreed to the
      form and substance of the document and the filer has their actual
      authority to submit the document electronically. The filer must maintain
      any records evidencing this concurrence for subsequent production to
      the Court if so ordered or for inspection upon request by a party.

                                         -3-
        PTO 24 provides confidential documents produced in the Baycol MDL "shall
not be disclosed to anyone other than" the court, the parties to the litigation, the
parties' counsel, and certain outside experts and consultants. PTO 24 further states
"[a]ll parties and their respective counsel . . . shall take all steps reasonably necessary
to prevent the disclosure of confidential discovery material other than in accordance
with the terms of this Order." The order also states unauthorized disclosure "may
subject the disclosing person to such sanctions and remedies as the Court may deem
appropriate."

       In August 2002, at the PSC's request, Moll, who speaks Italian, scheduled a
meeting with Raffaelle Guariniello, an Italian prosecutor, to discuss the criminal
investigation of Bayer A.G. managers in Europe and to review related documents.
In October 2002, Moll met with Guariniello in Torino, Italy. According to Moll, at
this meeting he provided Guariniello with non-privileged documents and he promised
to file a motion to intervene, which would allow Guariniello access to privileged
documents.

       The October 2002 meeting included a teleconference with members of the PSC
who were in the United States. During the teleconference, the PSC members in the
United States were told to "gather as many documents as [they could] or any
documents [they] felt were not privileged" for Guariniello to review. Following the
teleconference, Ron Goldser sent an email to Guariniello's account and attached two
documents: a PowerPoint presentation entitled "Baycol Hot Documents Seminar,"
and a document entitled "Baycol-MDL 1431 Liability Summary." These documents
were created by the PSC and contained portions of Bayer's confidential documents.
Moll was copied in the email. In the email, Goldser instructed Guariniello to let Moll
review the attached documents for confidentiality before viewing them. Guariniello
did not read Goldser's message before opening the attachments, and Moll did not read
the email until after Guariniello viewed the documents. Moll viewed the PowerPoint

                                           -4-
attachment with Guariniello. Every page of both documents contained the following:
"CONFIDENTIAL - SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER."

      On October 21, 2002, after returning from Italy, Moll received an email from
Guariniello's assistant, Patrizia Solia, asking Moll if he had any news regarding
Guariniello's access to privileged documents. In December 2002, Moll and KBM
associate Hal Kleinman exchanged emails with Solia regarding information KBM
needed to prepare a motion to intervene. On January 20, 2003, Kleinman sent an
email to Solia and Guariniello in which he stated he was working on a final draft of
the motion to intervene and requested additional information. Solia responded to
Kleinman the same day and thanked Kleinman for "helping us to receive Baycol
documents." In January and February 2003, Kleinman and Solia exchanged more
emails regarding the motion. In a February 27, 2003, email, Solia asked Kleinman:
"How is going your Motion for Permission to provide us copies of Bayer
documentation?" After March 5, 2003, however, there is no evidence of
communication between Guariniello's office and KBM until June 2003.

       Lemon graduated from law school in 2002 and was admitted to the Illinois and
Indiana state bars. After working for a medical malpractice firm for less than a year,
she joined KBM in Chicago. Lemon started with KBM the last week of May 2003.
The first assignment Lemon received from Moll was to prepare the memorandum of
law in support of the motion to intervene. Lemon was also asked to prepare the
motion for filing including obtaining a declaration from Guariniello in support of the
motion. The declarations of Guariniello and Moll had already been prepared by
Kleinman who no longer worked at KBM. Lemon was instructed to get the motion
and supporting papers to the PSC "law committee" by June 6.

       On June 5, at Moll's request, Lemon emailed Guariniello's declaration to Solia.
In her email, Lemon asked Guariniello to sign the declaration, fax it to KBM, and
send the original by mail. On June 10, Lemon had not heard back from Guariniello's

                                         -5-
office so she tried calling Guariniello's office directly, but was unable to speak with
anyone. The same day, Lemon emailed a draft of the motion papers to various
members of the PSC. She also faxed a copy of the motion papers to Moll, who was
out of town. Lemon only received one comment from the PSC "law committee" in
response to her draft. On June 11, Mike Nast emailed Lemon and told her the motion
looked fine and directed Lemon to work with another member of the PSC, Robert
Shelquist of Lockridge Grindal Nauen PLLP (LGN), to coordinate the filing of the
motion. As a courtesy, LGN filed on Verilaw documents prepared by other firms in
the Baycol MDL.

       On the morning of June 12, Lemon, Moll, and Sonia Kinra, another associate
of KBM, met to discuss the motion. The discussion focused on the absence of
Guariniello's signature. Moll attempted to call Guariniello's office but was unable to
speak to anyone. Then Moll directed Lemon to call Shelquist and tell him they were
still missing Guariniello's signature. Apparently, June 12 was the filing deadline for
consideration of matters at the district court's July 2003 status conference.

       The district court found at this point KBM's and LGN's versions of the facts
diverge. In her deposition, Lemon testified at Moll's urging she called Shelquist at
LGN the morning of June 12 to tell him the Guariniello declaration was not signed
and to seek his advice. According to Lemon, sometime after meeting with Moll and
before emailing the motion to Shelquist's office at 3:56 p.m., she spoke with Shelquist
over the telephone about filing the motion. Lemon testified during the conversation
she specifically told Shelquist KBM did not have the signature from Guariniello and
she did not know when they would have it. Lemon testified Shelquist told her to
insert the "signature on file" notation and send the file anyway. Lemon stated she
then inserted the "/s/ signature on file" notations and at 3:56 p.m. emailed the motion
papers to Shelquist's assistant for filing. When asked how long the conversation with
Shelquist lasted, Lemon stated: "A few minutes. I couldn't tell you. Maybe 10. I
don't know."

                                         -6-
        In Shelquist's deposition, he disputed Lemon's account of the conversation. He
testified he did not speak with Lemon until after 4:00 p.m. on June 12, after Lemon
emailed him the final draft of the motion. Shelquist testified that based on this
conversation with Lemon he believed KBM had Guariniello's signed declaration in
hand. Shelquist insisted he did not order Lemon to file the unsigned declaration. He
testified he did not learn Guariniello's declaration was unsigned until July.

      Additionally, in his deposition, Shelquist testified it was his "preference to
have the signature on file," but, "in a couple of instances, when we were pushing up
against a 5:00 p.m. deadline, we emailed the affidavit to Verilaw and then faxed the
signature page when it came in." When asked to explain his word choice of
"preference," Shelquist stated:

      With regard to MDL filings on both sides, there had been instances
      where documents have been filed, affidavits, that say "signature on file."
      I believe there has [sic] been discovery responses served by Defendants
      that have "signature on file." I don't know if, technically, that's what is
      supposed to have been done, but nobody has complained or tried to kick
      out those filings on either side until this motion.

        The motion was filed on Verilaw by LGN at 4:15 p.m. on June 12. Moll's
declaration included a notation of "/s/ Signature on File." Moll's declaration stated
he was "counsel for the purpose" of the motion to intervene. Guariniello's declaration
included a notation that the declaration was executed on June 12, 2003, and a notation
of "/s/ Signature on File." Neither Moll nor Guariniello had signed their declarations.

      Half an hour after the motion was filed, Verilaw sent an email to Moll
confirming the motion had been filed. Moll forwarded the email to Lemon with the
message: "that was fast." According to Lemon, Moll directed Lemon to send another

                                         -7-
email to Guariniello requesting his signature. Lemon drafted an email to
Guariniello's office requesting a signature at approximately 6:19 p.m. on June 12.

      Moll testified that he did not learn the motion to intervene was filed until he
received the notification from Verilaw, that he was surprised Shelquist had given
Lemon permission to file the motion without proper signatures, and that he told
Lemon it was wrong to file the motion without having a signed signature page.

        However, after learning the motion had been filed, rather than attempting to
have the motion withdrawn, Moll and Lemon continued to request Guariniello's
signature. On June 16, Solia sent Lemon an email stating Guariniello would not sign
his declaration because he had decided to pursue the privileged documents through
a rogatory rather than a motion to intervene. On June 20, Lemon sent Guariniello an
email stating: "Please know that we have already prepared the motion on your behalf
. . . and feel the court will rule in our favor." Lemon discussed the contents of the
email with Moll before it was sent. On the same day, Moll also sent Guariniello an
email stating: "You may sign your affidavit . . . so that we may attach it to the
motion." In the email, Moll informed Guariniello he could pursue the documents
both by using a rogatory and by filing the motion to intervene. Guariniello responded
that he did not feel comfortable pursuing both options.

       In a June 23 letter to Moll and Shelquist's partner, Richard Lockridge, who was
also co-lead counsel in the MDL, Susan Weber, counsel for Bayer, requested a signed
copy of Guariniello's declaration. In response, Moll called Weber and admitted the
PSC did not have a signed copy of Guariniello's declaration, stated Guariniello had
decided to pursue discovery through other channels, and stated the motion to
intervene would be withdrawn. On June 23, Moll instructed Lemon to email
Shelquist to notify him the motion should be withdrawn and to obtain Shelquist's
verification that Shelquist had instructed Lemon to file Guariniello's declaration with
an electronic signature knowing there was no original signature on file. Lemon sent

                                         -8-
Shelquist an email stating the motion should be withdrawn because Guariniello had
decided to pursue the privileged documents through a rogatory. Lemon did not ask
Shelquist for verification he had instructed Lemon to file the motion without an
original signature on file. In her deposition, Lemon stated she did not want to seem
rude or difficult in her email to Shelquist. The PSC formally withdrew the motion on
June 26.

       Bayer conducted discovery into the filing and withdrawal of the motion to
intervene. Moll was deposed on September 4, 2003, and was represented by Warren
Lupel. Lemon was deposed on September 5. As an employee of KBM, Lemon was
also represented at the deposition by Lupel. Lemon did not retain Lupel or pay his
fees. On September 6, the day after she was deposed, Lemon quit her job at KBM.
Shelquist was deposed on September 29.

      Because of the conflict between Lemon's testimony and Shelquist's testimony,
Bayer obtained copies of telephone records from both LGN and KBM for June 12,
2003. The telephone records document the following calls were placed between
KBM and LGN on June 12:

      (1) 1.0 minute call from KBM to LGN at 10:37 a.m.
      (2) 2.6 minute call from Shelquist to KBM at 10:48 a.m.
      (3) 4.0 minute call from KBM to LGN at 10:57 a.m.
      (4) 0.9 minute call from Shelquist's assistant to KBM at 2:30 p.m.
      (5) 4.0 minute call from Shelquist's assistant to KBM at 3:10 p.m.
      (6) 2.7 minute call from Shelquist's assistant to KBM at 3:18 p.m.
      (7) 2.0 minute call from KBM to LGN at 4:50 p.m.
      (8) 3.6 minute call from Shelquist to KBM at 4:56 p.m.

      On January 14, 2004, Bayer filed a motion for sanctions against Moll and
KBM. Bayer did not seek sanctions against Lemon, and Lemon was not served with
notice of the motion. The district court sua sponte ordered briefing from LGN.

                                        -9-
Shelquist, Lockridge, and Shelquist's assistant Barbara Gilles provided supplemental
affidavits explaining the phone calls reflected in the June 12 telephone records. Oral
argument on the motion for sanctions was held on February 24, 2004, and the district
court heard argument from counsel for LGN, Bayer, and KBM. Lemon did not
receive notice of the hearing, was not present at the hearing, and was not represented
at the hearing.

       On April 12, 2004, the district court issued its order on the motion for
sanctions. The court found Moll committed perjury, violated two pretrial orders, and
violated multiple provisions of the Minnesota Rules of Professional Conduct.
Pursuant to its inherent power, the district court removed Moll and KBM from the
PSC and imposed a $50,000 monetary sanction against Moll.

      Although Bayer did not move for sanctions against Lemon, the district court
sua sponte imposed sanctions against Lemon. The district court adopted Shelquist's
and Gilles's version of the facts, as presented in their affidavits and argued by LGN's
attorney at oral argument, and concluded Lemon's deposition testimony was in
conflict with the telephone records. The court found Lemon committed perjury when
she testified in her deposition that Shelquist instructed her to file the motion to
intervene without a signature on file. The court also found Lemon, together with
Moll, covered up the fact the motion to intervene was filed without the possession of
a signed original of the Guariniello declaration. The court ordered that Lemon be
prohibited from the practice of law in the District of Minnesota. Lemon learned of
the sanction imposed against her after Lupel mailed a copy of the order to her.

      Finally, the district court directed the clerk of the court to send copies of the
order to the Illinois Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission and the
United States Attorney for the District of Minnesota.

                                         -10-
                                  II. Inherent Power

       "It has long been understood that '[c]ertain implied powers must necessarily
result to our Courts of justice from the nature of their institution,' powers 'which
cannot be dispensed with in a Court, because they are necessary to the exercise of all
others.'" Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 43 (1991) (quoting United States
v. Hudson, 11 U.S. (7 Cranch) 32, 34 (1812)). "These powers are 'governed not by
rule or statute but by the control necessarily vested in courts to manage their own
affairs so as to achieve the orderly and expeditious disposition of cases.'" Id. (quoting
Link v. Wabash R., 370 U.S. 626, 630-31 (1962)). The inherent power of the federal
courts includes the power to "control admission to its bar and to discipline attorneys
who appear before it," but the Supreme Court cautioned "this power 'ought to be
exercised with great caution.'" Id. (quoting Ex parte Burr, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 529,
531 (1824)). Because of the potency of inherent powers, "[a] court must exercise its
inherent powers with restraint and discretion, and a primary aspect of that discretion
is the ability to fashion an appropriate sanction." Harlan v. Lewis, 982 F.2d 1255,
1262 (8th Cir. 1993) (citing Chambers, 501 U.S. at 44-45). Furthermore, in invoking
its inherent power, a court "must comply with the mandates of due process."
Chambers, 501 U.S. at 50. Thus, before a district court may impose sanctions, the
individual must receive notice that sanctions against her are being considered and an
opportunity to be heard. In re Clark, 223 F.3d 859, 864 (8th Cir. 2000) (citing
Chambers, 501 U.S. at 56-57; Jensen v. Fed. Land Bank of Omaha, 882 F.2d 340, 341
(8th Cir. 1989)).

       We review a district court's imposition of sanctions against an attorney under
its inherent power for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez, 403
F.3d 558, 564 (8th Cir. 2005) (citing Chambers, 501 U.S. at 55; Bass v. General
Motors Corp., 150 F.3d 842, 851 (8th Cir. 1998)). "A district court would necessarily
abuse its discretion if it based its ruling on an erroneous view of the law or on a
clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence." Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496

                                          -11-
U.S. 384, 405 (1990); accord Gordon v. Unifund CCR Partners, 345 F.3d 1028, 1030
(8th Cir. 2003).

                                   III. Moll & KBM

       Moll contends the district court abused its discretion in imposing sanctions
against him arguing the district court erred in finding Moll's conduct in connection
with the filing of the motion to intervene constituted perjury, violated PTO 18 and the
rules of professional conduct, and demonstrated bad faith. Moll also argues the
district court erred in finding his actions in connection with Guariniello viewing
confidential documents violated PTO 24 and Rule 3.4(c) and demonstrated bad faith.
Even if the district court's findings are upheld, Moll argues the sanctions imposed by
the district court are excessive.

       In addressing Moll's arguments, we first consider whether the district court
clearly erred in finding Moll committed perjury, violated pretrial orders and the rules
of professional conduct, and acted in bad faith. We then examine whether it was an
abuse of discretion for the district court to invoke its inherent powers to impose
sanctions against Moll and whether the sanctions are appropriate.

                                A. Motion to Intervene

        In connection with the filing of the motion to intervene, the district court found
Moll committed perjury, violated PTO 18, violated various provisions of the rules of
professional conduct, and acted in bad faith. We hold the district court did not clearly
err in finding Moll violated PTO 18 and Rules 3.4(c), 8.4(c), and 8.4(d), and acted in
bad faith. However, we find the district court clearly erred in holding Moll
committed perjury and violated Rule 8.4(b) and Rule 3.3(a)(1).

                                          -12-
                       1. Perjury, Rule 8.4(b), Rule 3.3(a)(1)

       The district court concluded Moll committed perjury by filing a declaration
purportedly on behalf of Guariniello with a signature on file notation and by filing his
own declaration with a signature on file notation although Moll knew neither
declaration was in fact signed. The district court also found Moll committed perjury
by stating in his declaration he was "counsel for the purpose of" Guariniello's motion
to intervene, stating the "clear import of the statement was that Moll was Guariniello's
attorney." Based on its determination Moll committed perjury, the district court
found Moll violated Minnesota Rule of Professional Conduct 8.4(b), which provides:
"It is professional misconduct for a lawyer to: . . . (b) commit a criminal act that
reflects adversely on the lawyer's honesty, trustworthiness or fitness as a lawyer in
other respects." Minn. R. Prof. Conduct 8.4(b). Additionally, the district court found
Moll violated Minnesota Rule 3.3(a)(1), which states: "A lawyer shall not
knowingly: . . . make a false statement of fact to a tribunal." Minn. R. Prof. Conduct
3.3(a)(1). According to the district court, "filing a declaration with an electronic
signature constituted a false statement" made to the court.

       Moll argues a finding of perjury requires criminal mens rea and the evidence
does not demonstrate Moll made misstatements motivated by criminal intent to
deceive. According to Moll, the record shows a communication breakdown resulted
in the Guariniello declaration being filed without a signature on file. He states he
believed Guariniello agreed with the declaration and Lemon believed the signature
was en route. Additionally, Moll argues there is no evidence he approved the
electronic filing of the motion and declarations with a signature on file notation,
noting the version of Guariniello's declaration Lemon faxed to him did not have a
signature on file notation. He asserts he only learned the motion had been filed
without receipt of Guariniello's signature page after receiving notice the motion had
been filed. He also contends he did not commit perjury by representing in his
declaration he was counsel for the purpose of the motion to intervene. Moll argues

                                         -13-
the record establishes he had a good faith belief to believe Guariniello wanted Moll
to file the motion to intervene on his behalf to access confidential documents. For
these same reasons, Moll contends he did not violate Rules 8.4(b) and 3.3(a)(1).

       The district court rejected Moll's argument that his prior relationship with
Guariniello led him to reasonably believe Guariniello wanted him to act as his
attorney and file the motion. The court noted any prior conduct was not important in
light of the fact Guariniello did not sign his declaration and did not respond to emails
when asked to sign the declaration. The court noted Moll knew Guariniello had not
signed his declaration at the time the motion was filed and stated allowing an
unsigned declaration to be filed while representing it is signed is willful misconduct.
The district court found: "In short, Moll allowed the PSC to file a motion he knew
to be improper," noting it is undisputed Moll knew Guariniello had not signed his
declaration at the time it was filed. The court stated that "[a]s a member of the
Executive Committee, Moll had an obligation to prevent improper filings."
Additionally, the court stated it was "unimpressed" with Moll's claim he was
surprised the motion was filed without Guariniello's signature. The court stated if
Moll believed such a filing was wrong he had an obligation to inform the court
immediately, but instead Moll "did nothing but try to obtain Guariniello's after-the-
fact signature, and after-the-fact confirmation of Shelquist's approval." The court
noted that "[i]nstead of immediately withdrawing the improper filing, or at least
questioning Shelquist about the propriety of the filing, Moll let it sit for days, and
then attempted only to obtain documentation that would place any potential blame on
LGN."

       We hold the record fails to support the district court's finding of perjury. "A
witness testifying under oath or affirmation violates [the federal perjury statute] if she
gives false testimony concerning a material matter with the willful intent to provide
false testimony, rather than as a result of confusion, mistake, or faulty memory."
United States v. Dunnigan, 507 U.S. 87, 94 (1993) (citing 18 U.S.C. § 1621(1);

                                          -14-
United States v. Debrow, 346 U.S. 374, 376 (1953); United States v. Norris, 300 U.S.
564, 574, 576 (1937)). The evidence in the record demonstrates Lemon, whether at
the direction of Shelquist or on her own initiative or as a result of miscommunication,
entered the signature on file notations in the declarations and sent the motion to
intervene to LGN for filing on Verilaw. There is no evidence in the record
demonstrating Moll instructed or gave Lemon approval to file the motion to intervene
with false signature on file notations. The district court's finding of perjury is based
on the court's finding that even if Moll did not explicitly instruct Lemon to file the
motion, Moll essentially "allowed" the improper filing to occur. However, Moll's
failure to prevent the filing of the declarations with false signature on file lines is
insufficient to establish Moll committed perjury. Additionally, Moll's failure to take
immediate corrective steps after learning of the improper filing does not establish
perjury, although it supports the district court's findings Moll violated PTO 18 and
Rules 3.4(c) and 8.4(c) and (d), as discussed below.

       We also do not believe the record supports the finding Moll committed perjury
by stating in his declaration he was counsel for the purposes of filing the motion to
intervene. The district court found "[t]he clear import of the statement was that Moll
was Guariniello's attorney," and "there can be no other reasonable interpretation of
this statement." We hold this finding is clearly erroneous. There is no evidence in
the record demonstrating this statement was made with a willful intent to provide
false testimony. At the time the declaration was drafted, we believe the record shows
Moll was counsel for the purposes of filing the motion to intervene. Although this
assertion finds less support at the time the motion to intervene was filed, as discussed
above, the record does not show Moll instructed Lemon to file the motion to
intervene without obtaining Guariniello's signature.

       For the same reasons as stated above, we conclude the record does not support
the finding Moll violated Rule 3.3(a)(1) or Rule 8.4(b).

                                         -15-
                         2. PTO 18, Rules 3.4(c), 8.4(c), (d)

        The district court found Moll violated PTO 18 when he filed the motion to
intervene although he knew Guariniello's signature was not on file. PTO 18 states an
attorney who files a document with an electronic signature "shall make an original
signature available to any registered [Verilaw] user upon request." PTO 18 further
states "[b]y submitting such a document, the filer certifies that each of the other
signatories has expressly agreed to the form and substance of the document and that
the filer has their actual authority to submit the document electronically." In violating
PTO 18, the district court found Moll also violated Minnesota Rule 3.4(c), which
provides a lawyer shall not "knowingly disobey an obligation under the rules of a
tribunal except for an open refusal based on an assertion that no valid obligation
exists." Minn. R. Prof. Conduct 3.4(c).

       Moll argues he did not intentionally violate PTO 18 and Rule 3.4(c) because
he believed he had Guariniello's authority to file the motion to intervene and believed
Guariniello approved the form and substance of the motion to intervene having
received no objection to the draft he sent to his office. Moll notes LGN was
technically the "filer" of the motion. He also asserts there is no evidence he knew the
declaration would be filed without Guariniello's signature.

       We hold the district court did not clearly err in finding Moll knowingly
disobeyed his obligation under PTO 18 in violation of Rule 3.4(c). We conclude it
is clear Moll did not have Guariniello's express agreement to the form and substance
of the motion and Guariniello's actual authority to file the motion, as required by PTO
18. We believe the evidence on the record supports the district court's rejection of
Moll's claim his prior relationship with Guariniello led him to believe he had
Guariniello's permission to file the motion to intervene. The record shows Moll had
not heard from Guariniello in the three months prior to filing the motion, and when
Moll's office sent the declaration to Guariniello for his approval, Guariniello

                                          -16-
"'disappeared' and did not respond to emails when asked to sign the declaration."
Moreover, Moll testified that on June 12 he instructed Lemon to tell Shelquist
Guariniello had not signed the declaration and to seek his advice. Moll also testified
that on June 12, after he learned the motion to intervene had been filed, he told
Lemon it was wrong to file the declaration without a signature on file. These facts
contradict Moll's claim he believed he had Guariniello's permission to file the motion
to intervene and that Guariniello approved the form and substance of the motion. We
also believe the district court did not clearly err in finding Moll was the "filer" of the
motion. Although LGN filed the motion on Verilaw, the district court found LGN
performed this function merely as a professional courtesy and Shelquist and
Lockridge did not have any control over the documents before filing them. We
believe this finding is not clearly erroneous. Additionally, Moll's argument he did not
know the motion would be filed without Guariniello's signature does not excuse his
failure to withdraw the motion as soon as he learned the motion was filed without
Guariniello's signature on file.

      Next, the district court held Moll violated paragraphs (c) and (d) of Minnesota
Rule 8.4 after finding Moll attempted to cover up the fact the motion to intervene was
filed without Guariniello's signature. Paragraphs (c) and (d) provide: "It is
professional misconduct for a lawyer to: . . . (c) engage in conduct involving
dishonesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresentation; [or] (d) engage in conduct that is
prejudicial to the administration of justice." Minn. R. Prof. Conduct 8.4(c), (d).

        Moll admits he tried to obtain an executed signature page from Guariniello
after the motion was filed, but argues this demonstrates he understood the importance
of possessing a signed original declaration and for a short time labored under the
impression Guariniello's signature was en route or that he might still sign the
document. When it became clear Guariniello no longer consented to the motion, it
was withdrawn shortly thereafter. He argues the record does not show he
intentionally misled Bayer or the court, but readily admitted to Bayer's counsel upon

                                          -17-
receiving a formal letter requesting a copy of the signature page that KBM did not
possess it.

       We hold the district court did not clearly err in finding Moll violated Rule
8.4(c) and 8.4(d). The record supports the district court's finding that Moll engaged
in dishonest conduct by attempting to cover up and his actions. The evidence shows
Moll knew on June 12 they had not obtained Guariniello's signature. By June 16,
Moll learned Guariniello did not plan to sign the declaration. Rather than informing
the court and opposing counsel, Moll continued to attempt to change Guariniello's
mind. The record shows Moll did not tell Guariniello the motion to intervene had
already been filed. Moll did not take any action to withdraw the motion until June
23, which was the same day counsel for Bayer formally requested a copy of the
original signature. These facts also support the district court's finding Moll's actions
prejudiced the administration of justice in the Baycol MDL "by calling into question
the veracity of electronic signatures and the integrity of Moll and Lemon, and by
forcing the Court and the parties to focus on this issue, rather than the main issues of
th[e] MDL." These facts also support the district court's finding of bad faith.

                             B. Confidential Documents

       In addition to Moll's conduct relating to the motion to intervene, the district
court based its imposition of sanctions against Moll on its finding that Moll violated
PTO 24 when he "allowed Guariniello to see the documents containing Bayer's
confidential information." The district court held Moll, in violating PTO 24, also
violated Rule 3.4(c), which states a lawyer shall not "knowingly disobey an
obligation under the rules of a tribunal except for an open refusal based on an
assertion that no valid obligation exists." Additionally, the court found Moll's
conduct demonstrated bad faith, stating "preventing the dissemination of confidential
information . . . by failing to take appropriate precautions to prevent improper release,
is sanctionable conduct."

                                          -18-
      Moll argues any improper disclosure of confidential information was
inadvertent. He notes he asked the attorney sending the documents to send only
non-privileged information and that he did not send the email to Guariniello. He
further points out the email containing confidential information was sent directly to
Guariniello's email account, and Guariniello opened the attachment before Moll could
review it.

       Although Moll may not have been the only attorney responsible for the release
of confidential documents to Guariniello, or even the attorney mostly at fault, this
does not mean Moll did not engage in sanctionable conduct. The district court's
findings are supported by the fact that after Moll knew or should have known the
documents sent to Guariniello contained confidential information he did not take any
steps to protect them. As the district court found, "[w]hile it may be true that
Guariniello opened the attachments before Moll could read the explanatory e-mail,
once Moll saw the documents, he should have been alerted to their potential
confidential nature." The documents were clearly marked "CONFIDENTIAL -
SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER." Rather than attempting to take any action
to stop Guariniello from viewing the confidential information by asking Guariniello
to stop reviewing the documents or by notifying the court, the record indicates Moll
merely sat by Guariniello's side while Guariniello viewed the documents. Moll's
inaction is inconsistent with his obligation under PTO 24 to "take all steps reasonably
necessary to prevent the disclosure of confidential discovery material." Accordingly,
we do not believe the district court clearly erred in finding Moll knowingly violated
PTO 24 and Rule 3.4(c).

                          C. Appropriateness of Sanctions

     Moll argues, even if the district court's findings are upheld, the sanctions
imposed by the district court are excessive.

                                         -19-
      In its motion before the district court, Bayer suggested three sanctions: 1)
removing Moll from the PSC; 2) disqualifying KBM from further participation in the
MDL as counsel for individual plaintiffs and voiding any retention or fee agreements
with KBM's individual plaintiffs; and 3) fining KBM $50,000. The district court
reviewed Bayer's submissions and concluded the appropriate sanction was 1) to
remove Moll and KBM from the PSC, and 2) to impose a monetary sanction against
Moll personally in the amount of $50,000. Additionally, the court directed the clerk
of the court to send copies of the order to the Illinois Attorney Registration and
Disciplinary Commission and the United States Attorney for the District of
Minnesota.

      We hold the district court acted well within its discretion in ordering Moll's and
KBM's removal from the PSC. The district court's explanation for the sanction is
reasonable and supported by the facts:

             By allowing a motion to be filed without signatures and by failing
      to correct the problem in a timely manner, Moll exhibited poor judgment
      and a profound lack of the appropriate forthrightness and candor
      necessary from a member of the PSC. Moll deliberately tried to
      cover-up his actions and mislead the Court and the parties as to the true
      status of the motion. In addition, Moll failed to exercise due care
      regarding the handling of confidential documents. This improper
      handling, and failure to even attempt to correct the problem, demonstrate
      that Moll is not qualified to perform the duties of a PSC member with
      the zeal and integrity this Court requires.

       Additionally, we do not believe it was an abuse of discretion for the district
court to invoke its inherent power to impose a monetary sanction against Moll based
on the record in this case. See Harlan, 982 F.2d at 1259. Thus, the only issue is
whether the amount of the sanction, $50,000, is appropriate. Moll contends a
$50,000 sanction is excessive compared to the $5,000 sanction imposed in Harlan,
982 F.2d at 1257, and the $10,795.85 award of attorney's fees in Greiner v. City of

                                         -20-
Champlin, 152 F.3d 787 (8th Cir. 1998).1 Bayer argues the $50,000 sanction is not
excessive, citing In re Kujawa, a case in which our court affirmed a reduced award
of attorney's fees for $66,656.33 assessed by the bankruptcy court, but reversed as
excessive the imposition of an additional punitive monetary sanction of $100,000.
270 F.3d 578, 583-84 (8th Cir. 2001).

         In Kujawa, the $66,000 award of attorney's fees was remedial—it was paid to
the opposing party as compensation for the attorney's fees incurred as a direct result
of the unethical behavior. See id. at 582-83. We held the imposition of an additional
$100,000 punitive sanction was an abuse of discretion because the amount was "not
related concretely to redressing the harm" of the attorney's misconduct and was "not
supported by the facts as being necessary to deter" the attorney in the future. Id. at
584. We noted "[t]he cornerstone of imposing a monetary sanction . . . should be the
selection of an amount no greater than sufficient to deter future misconduct by the
party." Id. at 583. In this case, the $50,000 sanction does not compensate Bayer for
fees incurred as a direct result of Moll's conduct because the district court's order
directs Moll to pay $50,000 to the clerk of the court. Additionally, the record does
not show the $50,000 sanction relates concretely to costs the court directly incurred
because of Moll's actions. See, e.g., Lasar v. Ford Motor Co., 399 F.3d 1101, 1111-
12 (9th Cir. 2005) (affirming monetary sanction payable to the court for violation of
pretrial orders which was "carefully limited" "to an amount 'necessary to reimburse
. . . the Court' for the costs related to empaneling the jury"); United States v. Dowell,
257 F.3d 694, 699-700 (7th Cir. 2001) (affirming contempt fine where district court
tailored sanction to compensate the court for the actual costs resulting from attorney's
refusal to appear at trial). It is also not apparent from the record a $50,000 fine is
necessary to deter Moll from repeating the sanctioned conduct. See., e.g., MHC Inv.

      1
      Our opinion in Greiner does not indicate the amount of the attorney's fees
award. Moll obtained the amount from the district court's docket sheet for Greiner,
which discloses the amount of the award.

                                          -21-
Co. v. Racom Corp., 323 F.3d 620, 628 & n.13 (8th Cir. 2003) (noting district court's
explanation that, given the large amounts of money involved, $25,000 was minimum
amount it could assess to deter law firms from sanctioned conduct). Furthermore, a
$50,000 sanction, which is payable to the clerk of the court and not concretely
tailored to compensate the court for actual costs resulting from the misconduct has
characteristics of a criminal penalty which other courts have held to require the
procedural protections of a criminal trial. See, e.g., Bradley v. Am. Household, Inc.,
378 F.3d 373, 378-79 (4th Cir. 2004) (holding $200,000 sanction and $100,000
sanction imposed pursuant to district court's inherent power and Rule 37 were
criminal in nature and thus required full protections of criminal contempt
proceedings); F.J. Hanshaw Enters. v. Emerald River Dev., Inc., 244 F.3d 1128,
1137-39 (9th Cir. 2001) (holding "when a court uses its inherent powers to impose
sanctions that are criminal in nature, it must provide the same due process protections
that would be available in a criminal contempt proceeding" and finding $500,000
sanction was criminal in nature where it was payable to the United States and could
not be avoided through future compliance); Mackler Prods., Inc. v. Cohen, 146 F.3d
126, 130 (2d Cir. 1998) (holding $10,000 punitive sanction imposed against an
individual under the court's inherent power required full protections of criminal
proceeding); Crowe v. Smith, 151 F.3d 217, 227-29 (5th Cir. 1998) (holding $75,000
sanction imposed against individual under court's inherent power was criminal fine
requiring standard criminal protections).

      In any event, the district court's failure to explain the basis for the amount of
the sanction makes it difficult for our court to evaluate whether the sanction is
appropriate. We believe the district court in imposing a monetary sanction as large
as $50,000 was required to explain the basis for the amount of the sanction. See
Vollmer v. Publishers Clearing House, 248 F.3d 698, 711 (7th Cir. 2001) (vacating
$50,000 Rule 11 sanction imposed sua sponte against law firm and remanding for
more detailed explanation for the district court's imposition of such a significant
monetary sanction). Furthermore, we are unable to determine from the record the

                                         -22-
extent to which the $50,000 amount was based on the district court's finding of
perjury, which we hold is clearly erroneous. Accordingly, we vacate the $50,000
sanction imposed against Moll and remand for proceedings consistent with this
opinion.

                                     IV. Lemon

      The district court sua sponte imposed sanctions against Lemon by barring her
from the practice of law in the District of Minnesota after determining she committed
perjury and violated several rules of professional conduct.

       Lemon raises numerous arguments challenging the district court's order barring
her from practicing law in the District of Minnesota. We need only address one. We
hold the district court abused its discretion by imposing sanctions against Lemon
without first providing Lemon with notice the court was considering sanctions against
her in violation of Lemon's right to procedural due process . Accordingly, we reverse
the district court's imposition of sanctions against Lemon.

       The record reflects the first time Lemon was provided with notice that the
district court was considering imposing sanctions against her was after Moll's
attorney mailed Lemon a copy of the district court's order for sanctions. Lemon
resigned from KBM well before Bayer moved for sanctions against Moll and KBM
and well before Shelquist's deposition was taken. There is no indication in the record
Lemon was contacted and informed of Bayer's motion for sanctions against Moll and
KBM or that there was a dispute between her testimony and Shelquist's testimony.
Even if Lemon learned of the motion for sanctions, Bayer moved to impose sanctions
against Moll and his firm, not Lemon. See Clark, 223 F.3d at 864-65 (stating
knowledge that violations of bankruptcy rules are at issue is insufficient notice,
"rather, notice must be given that the court is considering imposing sanctions").

                                        -23-
        Not only did the district court fail to provide Lemon with notice, which
violated Lemon's right to due process, the district court deprived Lemon of an
opportunity to respond and then cited the lack of response from Lemon as evidence
to support the court's finding Lemon committed perjury. In finding Lemon lied, the
district court relied largely on the fact that Lemon did not submit a brief to dispute
certain facts or to explain how the telephone records supported her deposition
testimony. Of course, without notice that the district court was considering imposing
sanctions against her, Lemon did not have any reason to submit such a brief.
Additionally, the district court found Lemon testified she obtained Shelquist's
permission to file the motion during a ten minute phone conversation with him and
found the telephone records did not reflect a ten minute phone call. An examination
of the transcript of Lemon's deposition shows, when asked how long the conversation
with Shelquist lasted, Lemon testified: "A few minutes. I couldn't tell you. Maybe
10. I don't know." This is a point Lemon could have brought to the district court's
attention if she had been provided with proper notice.

                                   V. Conclusion

      The district court's order removing Moll and KBM from the PSC is affirmed.
The $50,000 sanction imposed against Moll is vacated and remanded for proceedings
consistent with this opinion. The district court's imposition of sanctions against
Lemon is reversed.
                       ______________________________

                                        -24-