Court Opinion

ID: 3194053
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-04-14 14:06:22.715252+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:36:17.839960
License: Public Domain

State of New York
                  Supreme Court, Appellate Division
                     Third Judicial Department
Decided and Entered: April 14, 2016                   521281
________________________________

In the Matter of AG PROPERTIES
   OF KINGSTON, LLC,
                    Appellant,
      v

TOWN OF ULSTER ASSESSOR et al.,
                    Respondents.

(And Another Related Proceeding.)

(Proceeding No. 1.)
_________________________________

In the Matter of ULSTER
   BUSINESS COMPLEX, LLC,
                    Appellant,
      v
                                           MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
TOWN OF ULSTER ASSESSOR et al.,
                    Respondents.

(And Another Related Proceeding.)

(Proceeding No. 2.)
_________________________________

In the Matter of TECHCITY 52,
   LLC,
                    Appellant,
      v

TOWN OF ULSTER ASSESSOR et al.,
                    Respondents.

(And Another Related Proceeding.)

(Proceeding No. 3.)
                                 -2-                 521281

_________________________________

In the Matter of TECHCITY 22,
   23 & 24, LLC,
                    Appellant,
      v

TOWN OF ULSTER ASSESSOR et al.,
                    Respondents.

(And Another Related Proceeding.)

(Proceeding No. 4.)
_________________________________

In the Matter of AG PROPERTY
   OF KINGSTON LLC et al.,
                    Appellants,
      v

BOARD OF ASSESSMENT REVIEW OF
   THE TOWN OF ULSTER et al.,
                    Respondents.

(Proceeding No. 5.)
_________________________________

Calendar Date:   January 7, 2016

Before:   Peters, P.J., Garry, Rose and Lynch, JJ.

                            __________

      Goldman Attorneys PLLC, Albany (Paul J. Goldman of
counsel), and Jacobowitz & Gubits, LLP, Walden (John Thomas of
counsel), for appellants.

      Tabner, Ryan and Keniry, LLP, Albany (Brian M. Quinn of
counsel), for Town of Ulster Assessor and others, respondents.
                              -3-                521281

      Shaw, Perelson, May & Lambert, LLP, Valhalla (Marc Sharff
of counsel), for Kingston City School District, respondent.

                           __________

Lynch, J.

      Appeal from an order of the Supreme Court (Melkonian, J.),
entered September 3, 2014 in Ulster County, which dismissed
petitioners' applications, in nine proceedings pursuant to RPTL
article 7, to reduce the 2010, 2011 and 2012 tax assessments on
certain real property.

      Petitioners commenced these proceedings pursuant to RPTL
article 7 challenging the 2010, 2011 and 2012 tax assessments
imposed upon property called Techcity East, which is the eastern
portion of an office and industrial complex formerly occupied by
IBM corporation, located in the Town of Ulster, Ulster County.
In 1998, petitioners purchased the property, which consists of 24
parcels including 21 buildings.1 Following a bench trial,
Supreme Court determined that petitioners' appraisal was
deficient as a matter of law and dismissed the petitions.
Petitioners appeal.

      Petitioners maintain that Supreme Court erred in finding
that they failed to satisfy their threshold burden of
establishing a prima facie dispute as to valuation through a
competent appraisal. We agree. In a prior proceeding involving
the parties and a challenge to the 1998 assessment that included
this property, we reviewed the governing standard as follows: "It
is well settled that a property valuation by the tax assessor is
presumptively valid. If, however, the petitioning taxpayer comes
forward with substantial evidence to the contrary, the
presumption of validity disappears. . . . [T]he substantial
evidence standard requires the petitioner to demonstrate nothing

    1
        The tax parcels – which include real property and
building(s) thereon – will be identified by reference to the
building numbers.
                               -4-                  521281

more than the existence of a valid and credible dispute as to the
underlying valuation. Thus, in resolving this threshold inquiry,
a court's function is not to assess the merits of the
petitioner's arguments or to weigh the evidentiary value of the
parties' respective submissions but, rather, to simply determine
whether the documentary and testimonial evidence proffered by
[the] petitioner is based on sound theory and objective data
. . . rather than on mere wishful thinking. Such objective data
may include . . . a detailed, competent appraisal based on
standard, accepted appraisal techniques and prepared by a
qualified appraiser" (Matter of Ulster Bus. Complex v Town of
Ulster, 293 AD2d 936, 938 [2002] [internal quotation marks and
citations omitted]; see Matter of FMC Corp. [Peroxygen Chems.
Div.] v Unmack, 92 NY2d 179, 188 [1998]). Applying these
principles, we conclude that the proof offered by petitioners,
including the testimony and 13-volume report of their appraiser,
John Coyle, constituted substantial evidence of a viable
valuation dispute between the parties.

      The combined assessed value of the property totaled
approximately $32 million, or the equivalent of $43.9 million in
fair market value. In his appraisal, Coyle valued the complex
two ways: as a single entity with a market value of $14,850,000,
and as 21 separately assessed parcels, each essentially including
one building, with a total market value of $21,853,000. In our
previous ruling, we concluded that the more persuasive method was
to value the complex as separate parcels (Matter of Ulster Bus.
Complex v Town of Ulster, 293 AD2d at 939-940). While the
present dispute is confined to 21 parcels situate in the eastern
portion of the former IBM complex, the parcels remain separately
assessed, and we agree with Supreme Court that valuing the
property as a single entity is misguided (compare Matter of
General Elec. Co. v Town of Salina, 69 NY2d 730, 731-732 [1986]).
This is particularly so, as Supreme Court noted, since
petitioners have removed the central heating plant and have
demolished certain buildings to enhance the independent use of
the remaining buildings.2 For his part, Coyle explained that he
performed both valuations to determine whether the property would

    2
        Buildings 5S and 31 have been demolished.
                              -5-                521281

be worth more as a whole or as independent parcels. As
petitioners' counsel confirmed during oral argument, they are
asserting that the separate parcel valuation governs.

      We part ways with Supreme Court, however, with respect to
the court's rejection of Coyle's separate property valuations.
Coyle separated the parcels into three distinct groups: those in
the rear of the campus (i.e., 29, 52, 64, 42, 43, 33 and 51),
which are in good condition and occupied; those with potential
office use (i.e., 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25); and those located in
what Coyle refers to as the "central core" and formerly used for
manufacturing (i.e., 5S, 5N, 2, 3, 4, 1, 34, 35, 31 and 32).
With respect to this third category, Coyle determined that to
maximize value, it was necessary to demolish several of the
interconnected buildings (buildings 2, 4, 34 and 35) to create
independent structures that would be more marketable. After
valuing the parcels in the second and third categories, Coyle
utilized a downward adjustment factoring in the cost to
rehabilitate each structure. Where the net value of a
rehabilitated building was projected to be less than the cost of
renovation, Coyle assigned a value to the underlying land only.

      The taxable status of real property is determined according
to its condition as of July 1 preceding the tax year in question
(see RPTL §§ 301, 302 [1]). Given the nature of this complex,
petitioners' thesis is that the "as is" condition of the property
must be measured by its fair market value, less the costs
necessary to restore each building for suitable occupancy (see
Matter of Commerce Holding Corp. v Board of Assessors of Town of
Babylon, 88 NY2d 724, 730-732 [1996]). Under this "cost to cure"
analysis, it is necessary to both identify the scope of work
needed and the corresponding cost. To that end, Coyle utilized a
cost estimate prepared by David Trommelen. After approving
Trommelen as an expert witness in the field of cost estimation,
Supreme Court ultimately rejected his testimony as unreliable,
finding that he admitted preparing the scope of work at Coyle's
directive and that Coyle "had no expertise in building." The
court further concluded that neither Trommelen nor Coyle were
qualified to estimate the cost of electrical work, and that
Trommelen failed to verify local costs in utilizing cost data
from RSMeans, a national construction trades publication.
                              -6-                521281

      In our view, Supreme Court's critiques are not borne out by
the record. Trommelen conceded on cross-examination that Coyle
directed him as to the scope of the work, but he did so based
upon their inspections and meetings to identify the work
necessary to prepare the facilities for occupancy. As explained
by Coyle, Trommelen was tasked to inventory the buildings and
identify the scope and cost of the work. For his part, Trommelen
testified that he had 30 years of experience and was the owner of
a "construction management firm specializing in cost estimation."
Trommelen explained that RSMeans has a local multiplier that he
utilized for this Ulster County area. Trommelen further
testified that he verified the local costs for demolition,
roofing and electrical work through his work on the Global
Foundries project in Saratoga County. He prepared both a "scope
of work" report for each building and a separate report
estimating the specific costs of renovation or demolition for
each structure. Insofar as he prepared electrical cost
estimates, each estimate includes a specific reference to the
RSMeans data. In our view, petitioners provided viable expert
proof as to the scope of work required for each building, and a
cost estimate for that work.

      Coyle valued each separate parcel utilizing either the
comparable sales and/or the capitalization of income method.
Coyle explained that he was unable to identify comparable sales
to perform a market valuation for parcels 2, 4, 5S, 22, 23, 24,
34, 35 and 5N given the integrated nature of the complex. He
did, however, perform an income valuation for these parcels,
assuming completion of the renovation work needed to make each
parcel suitable for occupancy. For this analysis, he utilized a
market study, as well as comparable office and industrial leases,
to project potential income, while reducing the value by the cost
to cure. For several parcels situate within the "central core"
(2, 4, 5S, 5N, 34 and 35), Coyle concluded that each parcel would
have a negative value if the buildings thereon are renovated.
Consequently, he assigned a value to the land for each parcel.

      A further key identifying feature of this complex is that
IBM remains bound under a consent order with the state to
continue efforts to remediate environmental contamination at the
site. With a property, as here, involving a large integrated
                              -7-                521281

multibuilding former industrial complex, coupled with ongoing
environmental remediation efforts, a "flexible approach" is
warranted in developing the method to value the property (Matter
of Commerce Holding Corp. v Board of Assessors of Town of
Babylon, 88 NY2d at 731). Although IBM remains bound to pay for
the actual remediation costs, considerable remediation has been
completed over the years and several buildings are occupied, the
remediation is ongoing and will continue for the foreseeable
future. Contrary to the finding of Supreme Court, we conclude
that a reasoned basis exists for Coyle to have factored in the
environmental status of the property in determing market value
(id. at 732). In doing so, he coupled the environmental status
of the property with the results of the market study to project a
vacancy rate of 15%, which was utilized in measuring the market
value of each parcel, with some exceptions. By comparison,
respondents' appraiser, Jeffrey Robinson, explained in his
general introductory report that he assigned a 20% vacancy rate
for the office buildings, and a 5% to 10% vacancy rate for the
industrial buildings. Robinson concluded that there was no
measurable environmental stigma.

      Given the nature of this complex, we conclude that Coyle's
methodology was within reason (see Matter of Commerce Holding
Corp. v Board of Assessors of Town of Babylon, 88 NY2d at 731-
733). The asserted deficiencies in the appraisal and the
methodology utilized go to the weight of this evidence, but do
not render the proof deficient as a matter of law. As such,
Supreme Court erred in finding that petitioners failed to
overcome the presumption of validity. Having so determined, we
are required to "weigh the entire record, including evidence of
claimed deficiencies in the assessment, to determine whether
petitioner[s] [have] established by a preponderance of the
evidence that [the] property has been overvalued" (Matter of FMC
Corp. [Peroxygen Chems. Div.] v Unmack, 92 NY2d at 188; see
Matter of Kohl's Ill. Inc. #691 v Board of Assessors of the Town
of Clifton Park, 123 AD3d 1315, 1316 [2014]).

      As for the extent of the record, we are not persuaded by
petitioners' assertion that Supreme Court abused its discretion
in allowing respondents to serve a supplemental report for the
years 2010 and 2011 for parcels 22, 23, 24 and 52. The record
                               -8-                 521281

indicates that the parties exchanged appraisals pursuant to 22
NYCRR 202.59 (g) on September 11, 2013. By letter application
dated October 11, 2013, respondents requested permission to serve
the supplemental report, explaining that the petitions for those
years and parcels had not been provided to the appraiser. Copies
of the supplemental report were provided to petitioners at the
time of the request. With a trial date scheduled to commence on
October 23, 2013, the court was authorized to allow the
supplemental report for good cause shown (see 22 NYCRR 202.59
[h]). The scope of work for the supplemental report was the same
as the original report, with a higher valuation determined for
2009 to reflect stronger market conditions. Notably, as
discussed next, the report actually confirmed that each of these
parcels was overvalued. Given the voluminous documentation
involved in this complex dispute, as evidenced by the appellate
record, we perceive no abuse of discretion in the court's
decision to accept the report.

      In addressing the specific   appraisals, we begin by noting
that Robinson assigned values to   parcels 4, 5S, 22, 23, 24, 25,
33, 42, 43, 51 and 52 lower than   those fixed by respondent Town
of Ulster Assessor for each year   at issue.3 Accordingly,

     3
        To summarize, the following parcels were overvalued by
the amounts indicated.

(a) 2010 Assessment

 Parcel          Equalized Full    Appraised       Overvalued
 (By Building    Value             Value
  number)        (Assessed
                 Value ÷ State
                 Equalization
                 Rate)
         4       $1,342,300        $   750,000     $   592,300
    5S            1,879,000            330,000      1,549,000
                                  -9-                  521281

    22            2,013,400             1,800,000         213,400
    23            2,147,600             1,525,000         622,600
    24            2,013,500             1,525,000         488,500
    25            7,382,600             6,400,000         982,600
    33                 838,900              740,000        98,900
    42            3,221,500             2,825,000         396,500
    43            2,684,600             2,325,000         359,600
    51                 671,000              600,000        71,000
    52            5,704,698             4,850,000         854,698

(b) 2011 Assessment

   Parcel        Equalized Full     Appraised          Overvalued
  (By Building   Value              Value
    Number)
     4            $1,235,500            $    710,000    $525,500
    5S                  617,700              310,000     307,700
    22                2,047,600          1,700,000       347,600
    23                1,919,600          1,450,000       469,600
    24                1,919,600          1,450,000      469,600
    25                6,795,200          6,100,000      695,200
    33                  772,200              700,000     72,200
    42                2,965,200          2,675,000      290,200
    43                2,471,000          2,225,000      246,000
    51                  618,000              570,000     48,000
                                  -10-               521281

subject to further adjustments made herein, we reduce certain
assessments at a minimum to reflect Robinson's appraisal value
(see Matter of Ulster Bus. Complex v Town of Ulster, 293 AD2d at
722-723). Notably, from this group, buildings 33, 42, 43 and 52
are situate in the rear of the campus, along with building 64.
With the exception of building 33, these buildings do not require
extensive renovation, and Coyle actually appraised the value of
buildings 42, 43 and 52 higher than Robinson. As such, no
further adjustments will be made for buildings 42, 43 and 52.

     Building 33 is identified as a light industrial structure,

    52                5,439,000          4,600,000    839,000

(c) 2012 Assessment

   Parcel        Equalized Full     Appraised         Overvalued
 (By Building    Value              Value
   Number)
     4            $1,297,800         $     710,000   $587,800
    5S                  639,000            310,000    329,000
    22                2,047,600          1,700,000    347,600
    23                1,919,600          1,450,000    469,600
    24                1,919,600          1,450,000    469,600
    25                7,038,600          6,100,000    938,600
    33                  799,800            700,000     99,800
    42                3,071,400          2,675,000    396,400
    43                2,559,500          2,225,000    334,500
    51                  640,000            570,000     70,000
    52                5,439,000      4,600,000        839,000
                              -11-               521281

built in 1954. While Robinson acknowledged that the roof needed
to be replaced, he made no adjustment to replace the roof.
Valuing the building at $20 per square foot, Robinson included a
deduction of $1.50 per square foot to install a heating,
ventilation and air conditioning (hereinafter HVAC) system.
Based on comparable sales and an income analysis, Robinson opined
that the final value for 2010 was $740,000, and for 2011 and 2012
it was $700,000. Coyle also valued the property at $20 per
square foot. He then utilized Trommelen's cost estimates to
determine a value of $550,000, factoring in a roof replacement
cost estimated at $243,000. We conclude that the Coyle valuation
is more reasonable and, accordingly, further reduce the
assessment of building 33 to $550,000 for 2010, 2011 and 2012.
As for building 64, Coyle valued this building higher than the
Assessor. Coyle valued building 29, which was partially occupied
and located in the rear campus area, only slightly below the
effective assessed value of $302,000 that was in line with
Robinson's appraisal. Thus, no changes will be made to the
assessments for buildings 64 and 29.

      We turn next to the second distinct group of parcels, those
with potential office use (21, 22, 23, 24 and 25). Coyle
employed an income approach to value buildings 22, 23 and 24,
assigning a rental value of $8 per square foot and a 25% vacancy
rate, while offsetting the renovation costs outlined in
Trommelen's reports. In capitalizing income for each building,
Coyle defined a rate of 9.75%, without adding a tax load factor –
on the assumption that future leases would be on a net basis with
the lessee obligated to pay the real estate taxes. By
comparison, Robinson generally used a capitalization rate of
9.5%, adding in a tax rate of 3.8% for an overall capitalization
rate of 13.3%. Coyle valued building 22 at $1,250,000, building
23 at $1,070,000, and building 24 at $795,000. Utilizing both
the comparable sales and income approaches, Robinson set a value
of $39 per square foot with respect to comparable sales and a
rental value of $13 per square foot, with a 20% vacancy rate, for
income purposes to reach a cumulative value of $1,700,000 for
building 22, $1,450,000 for building 23, and $1,450,000 for
building 24. Apart from the variations in rental value, vacancy
rate and capitalization rates, Robinson did not offset renovation
costs for building 22, but did so for buildings 23 and 24 –
                              -12-               521281

ostensibly offsetting $1.50 per square foot for the replacement
of the HVAC system.4 By comparison, Coyle offset $265,000 to
retrofit building 22, $227,700 for building 23 and $604,800 for
building 24. For each of these buildings, Trommelen included the
replacement of the HVAC systems at $1.59 per square foot,
together with extensive interior and electrical work.
Recognizing that the structures have to be restored for purposes
of occupancy, we find Coyle's renovation offsets were warranted.
That said, we agree with respondents that Coyle's expense reserve
for both future tenant renovations and major replacements of
$0.25 per square foot was excessive. Considering the various
factors, we conclude that a reasoned value for building 22 is
$1,450,000, for building 23 is $1,200,000 and for building 24 is
$1,100,000.

      As for building 21, both appraisers valued the property in
excess of the equalized full value determined by the Assessor and
thus no change in the assessment is warranted. By comparison,
the appraisers significantly differed as to the value of
buildings 25 and 5N, both of which lack operable HVAC systems.
Building 25 is a stand-alone three-story office building
constructed in 1984, with 270,000 square feet of space. Robinson
applied the $1.50 per square foot offset for the HVAC system, and
also negatively adjusted the comparable sales by 20% to 30% in
recognition of the need to re-fit the premises to current office
standards. In doing so, he assigned a value of $29 per square
foot to the building. For his income analysis, he set market
rent at $12 per square foot with a 20% vacancy allowance.
Reconciling both the comparable sales and income approach, he
valued the building at $6,400,000 for 2009 with a 5% downward

    4
        While Robinson's appraisal expressly calls for the HVAC
deduction of $1.50 per square foot (equal to $62,646 for each
building), it is difficult to discern how that deduction was
actually included in either the comparable sale or income
calculations of value. Specifically, Robinson did not deduct the
"[c]ost to cure" from the "[m]arket value conclusion" to derive
the "as is" value in his comparable sales analysis. By
comparison, the deduction was made for other buildings, including
1, 3, 5N and 25.
                              -13-               521281

adjustment to $6,100,000 for 2010 and 2011. Coyle, in turn,
valued the building at $695,000, using both the comparable sales
and income approach. Similar to Robinson, he assigned a value of
$31 per square foot to the building based on the comparable sales
and used a market rent of $8 per square foot for income purposes.
While observing that the building is equipped with energy
efficient thermoplane windows and a modern exterior facade, Coyle
concluded that the building would require renovations estimated
to cost more than $7,600,000. With this offset, he assigned a
value of $695,000.

      In our view, Coyle's renovation proposal includes certain
major renovations necessary to ready building 25 for suitable
occupancy, but goes beyond the basic amenities as to interior
costs. We do not take issue with the need to install the HVAC
system, which includes a cooling chiller with vertical cooling
towers, but the estimate at $6.79 per square foot totaling
$1,800,000 is not conservative. Similarly, the proposal also
includes a significant quote for electrical lighting at a cost of
$2,800,000 and the removal and installation of carpeting at
$1,800,000. We do not see carpeting as a necessary offset for
purposes of determining a reasonable assessment value for this
building. On balance, considering Coyle's pre-offset valuation
of the building at $8,370,000, less a reasoned restoration cost,
we conclude that building 25 should be valued at $4,250,000.

      Building 5N is a three-story, former computer manufacturing
facility containing 321,000 square feet of space. The first two
floors are described by Robinson as open space, with the third
floor consisting of cubicle space. Robinson utilized the same
calculations applied to building 25 to arrive at a value of
$7,600,000 for 2010, reduced to $7,200,000 for 2011 and 2012.
Coyle, in turn, utilized an income analysis with a market rent
value of $3.50 per square foot to value the building at
$4,250,000, subject to a $7,000,000 offset. The Trommelen report
calls for the removal and replacement of the ceiling tiles at a
total cost of approximately $932,000, a new HVAC system akin to
building 25 at an estimated cost of $2,180,000 and an electrical
system priced at $3,450,000. While we do not dispute the
necessity of these items to render the premises suitable for
occupancy, a reasoned reduction is in order for purposes of
                              -14-               521281

computing the assessment value. On balance, we conclude that
building 5N should be valued at $4,000,000.

      We turn next to the remaining parcels in the "central core"
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5S, 31/32, 34 and 35). As indicated, building 5S
has been demolished and we have already determined that the
parcel was overvalued. Also, as indicated, Coyle assigned only a
land value to parcels 2, 4, 34 and 35, concluding that each
building on these parcels should be demolished given the need for
extensive renovations and the corresponding benefit of opening
space around the adjacent structures. Robinson valued building 2
at $690,000 for 2010, reduced to $660,000 for 2011 and 2012,
providing only a cost to cure offset to install a new HVAC system
at $1.50 per square foot. By comparison, Coyle determined a
market value of $555,900, but concluded that the building was
functionally obsolete due to the need for extensive renovations.
Of particular import is the need for a new roof estimated to cost
$280,700. Interior renovations are estimated at over $500,000
and a new electrical system is listed at $263,800. Given the
condition of the structure, we agree with Coyle's determination
to assign a land value of $208,000 to building 2. We reach the
same conclusion with respect to buildings 4, 34 and 35 and accept
Coyle's respective valuations at $170,000, $76,000 and $84,000.

      Buildings 1 and 3 were built in 1956 and fall within the
light industrial category. Neither building has an HVAC system,
and, as with the other properties, Robinson deducted the cost for
a new system at $1.50 per square foot in determining market
value. Reconciling his comparable sales and income analysis,
Robinson valued each building at $3,400,000 for 2010, reduced by
5% to $3,250,000 for 2011 and 2012. There were slight variations
between Robinson's and Coyle's valuation factors for the
building, with Coyle actually assigning a value of $19 per square
foot, compared to Robinson's $16 per square foot. The vacancy
rates were similar, with Coyle using a 15% rate compared to
Robinson's 10% rate. Based on both a comparable sales and income
analysis, without offsets for restoration, Coyle actually valued
each building higher than Robinson – assigning a value of
approximately $4,800,000 to each structure. As with several of
the other buildings at issue, the major difference between the
two appraisals is in the "cost to cure" component. The Trommelen
                              -15-                 521281

report estimated significant costs for the replacement of the
roof, extensive interior and exterior renovations and new
electrical systems for each building. As indicated above, these
are the types of improvements that are required for suitable
occupancy. That said, a reasoned reduction in the estimated
costs appears warranted. We conclude that a reasoned value for
each building is $2,200,000.

      Located on the same tax parcel, buildings 31 and 32 were
appraised together, with Robinson arriving at a value of $670,000
and Coyle assigning a land-only value of $205,000. As previously
indicated, building 31, the former power house, has been
demolished. The discrepancy in Coyle's appraisal is that he has
factored in a scope of work to renovate the structures for just
under $800,000, while Trommelen's report speaks only to
demolition costs. As such, we decline to disturb the assessments
for this parcel.

      Accordingly, the petitions should be granted to the extent
set forth herein.

     Peters, P.J., Garry and Rose, JJ., concur.

      ORDERED that the order is modified, on the law, without
costs, by reducing the assessments as more fully set forth in
this Court's decision and petitions granted to said extent, and,
as so modified, affirmed.

                             ENTER:

                             Robert D. Mayberger
                             Clerk of the Court