Court Opinion

ID: 4119581
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-01-27 22:41:04.757489+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:19:59.658590
License: Public Domain

Guidance on Application of Federal Vacancies Reform Act of
                             1998
T h is m em o ran d u m provides guidance on the application o f the Federal V acancies R eform Act o f 1998
     to vacan cies in S enate-confirm ed offices w ithin the E xecutive Branch.

                                                                                                      March 22, 1999

                   M e m o r a n d u m O p in i o n f o r A g e n c y G e n e r a l C o u n s e l s

  On October 21, 1998, the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998 (“ Vacancies
Reform A ct” or “ Act” ) was signed into law.1 The Vacancies Reform Act
replaces the old Vacancies Act and alters the way in which vacancies in presi-
dentially appointed, Senate-confirmed offices within the Executive Branch may
be filled on a temporary basis. The following Q&As are intended to provide gen­
eral guidance on the Vacancies Reform Act.

         Table of Subject Areas Covered by these Questions and Answers:
What is the effective date of the Act?                                        Q1
How does the Act treat vacancies that arose before                            Q2
  the effective date?
What constitutes a vacancy?                                                   Q3
Which offices are covered by the Act?                                         Q4—Q9
W ho can serve as an acting officer?                                          Q10-Q21
W hat are the time limits on an acting officer’s                              Q22-Q38
  service?
W hat enforcement provisions apply under the Act?                             Q39-Q49
W hat are the reporting requirements under the Act?                           Q50-Q53

   Question 1. When did the Vacancies Reform Act become effective?
   Answer. The Vacancies Reform Act took effect on November 20, 1998.
   Question 2. Does the Vacancies Reform Act affect offices that became vacant
before November 20, 1998?
   Answer. For offices that became vacant before November 20, 1998, the only
provision of the Vacancies Reform Act that applies is the limitation on how long
someone may serve in an acting capacity for that office. Further, that time limit
is the only part of the Act that applies even if no one is designated to perform
the duties of the office on a temporary basis until after November 20, 1998, as
long as the office was vacant before that date. (For a more complete discussion
o f the Vacancies Reform Act’s application to offices that became vacant before

   1 See Pub. L No. 105-277, Div. C, tit 1, § 151, 112 Stat 2681, 2681-611 to -616 (codified at 5 U.S.C §§3345-
3349d (Supp IV 1998)) For ease of reference, further citation to the Vacancies Reform Act will refer only to
the section at which the provision is to be codified.

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               Guidance on Application o f Federal Vacancies Reform Act o f 1998

November 20, 1998, including the calculation of the time limits that apply to
acting officers filling those offices, see Memorandum for Agency General Coun­
sels, from Beth Nolan, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal
Counsel, Re: Initial Guidance on the Federal Vacancies Reform Act o f 1998 (Nov.
 13, 1998).)
   In contrast, the full scope of the Vacancies Reform Act applies to an office
that becomes vacant on or after November 20, 1998, including the Act’s restric­
tions on who may serve in an acting capacity and on which duties of the office
may be performed by someone other than an acting officer serving in conformity
with the Act.
   Question 3. When does an office become “ vacant” for purposes of the Vacan­
cies Reform Act?
   Answer. Under the Vacancies Reform Act, a vacancy arises when a relevant
officer “ dies, resigns, or is otherwise unable to perform the functions and duties
of the office.” The full range of what would constitute being “ otherwise unable
to perform the functions and duties of the office” is unspecified in the Act, except
that the Act provides that “ the expiration of a term o f office is an inability to
perform the functions and duties of such office.” 5 U.S.C. § 3345(c)(2). In floor
debate, Senators said, by way of example, that an officer would be “ otherwise
unable to perform the functions and duties of the office’ ’ if he or she were fired,
imprisoned, or sick. See 144 Cong. Rec. S12.823 (daily ed. Oct. 21, 1998) (state­
ment of Sen. Thompson); id. at S 12,824 (statement of Sen. Byrd). The Office
of Legal Counsel (“ OLC” ) can assist you with any questions about whether an
office is vacant for purposes of the Act.
   Question 4. Which offices are covered by the Vacancies Reform Act?
   Answer. Generally, the Vacancies Reform Act applies to any office within an
Executive agency to which appointment is required to be made by the President,
by and with the advice and consent of the Senate (a “ PAS position” ). The Act,
however, excludes from its coverage a few specified offices. The Act also recog­
nizes that a number of PAS positions are covered by other statutes that specifically
address how the office is to be filled on a temporary basis. See Q6-Q8 for a
discussion of the PAS positions expressly excluded from coverage by the Act
and of the statutes that continue to apply to filling certain vacant PAS positions
on a temporary basis.
   Question 5. What is an “ Executive agency” within the meaning of the Vacan­
cies Reform Act?
   Answer. In short, “ Executive agency” as used in the Vacancies Reform Act
includes almost the entire Executive Branch. Under the Vacancies Reform Act,
Executive agency has the same meaning given to that term in 5 U.S.C. § 105
(1994), except that the Act also expressly includes within the definition of Execu­
tive agency the Executive Office of the President and expressly excludes from
that definition the General Accounting Office. Section 105 of title 5 defines
“ Executive agency” to mean “ an Executive department, a Government corpora­

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tion, and an independent establishment.” The “ Executive departments” are listed
in 5 U.S.C. § 101 (1994 & Supp. II 1996); “ Government corporation” is defined
in 5 U.S.C. § 103 (1994) as “ a corporation owned or controlled by the Govern­
ment of the United States” ; and “ independent establishment” is defined in 5
U.S.C. § 104 (1994), in relevant part, as “ an establishment in the executive branch
(other than the United States Postal Service or the Postal Rate Commission) which
is not an Executive department, military department, Government corporation, or
part thereof, or part of an independent establishment.” 2
   Question 6. Are there executive-branch PAS positions that are not covered by
the Vacancies Reform Act?
   A nsw er. Yes, the Vacancies Reform Act expressly excludes certain offices from
coverage under the Act. The Act does not apply to any PAS who is (1) a member
o f a “ board, commission, or similar entity that is composed of multiple members
and governs an independent establishment or Government corporation;” (2) a
“ commissioner of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission;” (3) a “ member
o f the Surface Transportation Board;” or (4) a judge on “ a court constituted under
article I o f the United States Constitution.” 5 U.S.C. § 3349c.
   Question 7. If a position meets the definition of a covered office under the
Vacancies Reform Act, is the Act necessarily the exclusive means of temporarily
filling the vacancy?
   A nsw er. The Vacancies Reform Act was intended in most cases to be the exclu­
sive means for filling a vacant executive-branch PAS position (i.e., having a per­
son designated as the “ Acting” officer). The Act also recognizes, however, the
continued applicability of certain other mechanisms for filling PAS positions on
a temporary basis. In particular, the Act expressly recognizes that a PAS position
may be filled temporarily through (a) a recess appointment and (b) a statutory
provision that “ expressly [i] authorizes the President, a court, or the head of an
Executive department, to designate an officer or employee to perform the functions
and duties o f a specified office temporarily in an acting capacity; or [ii] designates
an officer or employee to perform the functions and duties of a specified office
temporarily in an acting capacity.” 5 U.S.C. § 3347(a). In addition, § 3349b of
the Act provides that the Act does not alter the application of a “ statute that
authorizes a person to continue to serve in any office — (1) after the expiration
o f the term for which that person is appointed; and (2) until a successor is
appointed or a specified period o f time has expired.” 5 U.S.C. § 3349b. The Act
makes clear, however, that an agency’s organic statute does not provide authoriza­
tion for filling PAS positions on a temporary basis. See Q9.
   Question 8. Is there a list of the statutes that continue to authorize the temporary
filling of a vacant PAS position?

   2 Although the military departments are defined separately in 5 U.S.C. § 102 (1994), the Committee Report indicates
that they are nonetheless intended to be covered by the Act. See S Rep No 105-250, at 12 (1998) ( “ Because
the Department o f Defense is a department within the meamng o f 5 U.S.C. § 101, the military departments, which
are located in the Department o f Defense, are also covered by this Act ” )

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               Guidance on Application o f Federal Vacancies Reform Act o f 1998

    Answer. The Report of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States
 Senate, on the Vacancies Reform Act lists forty such statutes. See S. Rep. No.
 105-250, at 16-17. This list is not comprehensive, however, and each Executive
 agency will need to determine which statutes apply to its PAS positions. OLC
 can assist you with any questions about the continued applicability of specific
 statutes.
    Question 9. May Executive agencies continue to rely on their organic authorities
 to designate acting officers for positions covered by the Vacancies Reform Act?
    Answer. No. The Vacancies Reform Act provides that “ [a]ny statutory provi­
 sion providing general authority to the head of an Executive agency . . . to dele­
 gate duties statutorily vested in that agency head to, or to reassign duties among,
 officers or employees of such Executive agency, is not” the type of statutory
 provision that remains a separate, viable authority for filling vacant PAS positions
 on a temporary basis. 5 U.S.C. § 3347(b).
    Question 10. Who may serve in an acting capacity for a vacant executive-
 branch PAS position under the Vacancies Reform Act?
    Answer. There are generally three categories of people who may serve in an
 acting capacity for vacant PAS positions under the Vacancies Reform Act: (1)
 first assistants to the respective vacant offices, (2) PAS officers designated by
the President, and (3) certain senior agency employees designated by the President.
5 U.S.C. § 3345(a).
    Question 11. Who is the first assistant to the office?
    Answer. The Vacancies Reform Act does not define the term “ first assistant.”
The Committee Report, however, indicates that establishing first assistants by
statute or by regulation would be sufficient under the Act. See S. Rep. No. 105-
250, at 12. There is also some support for a broader definition of a first assistant.
See 144 Cong. Rec. SI 1,037 (daily ed. Sept. 28, 1998) (statement of Sen.
Lieberman) (identifying first assistant as “ a term of art that generally refers to
the top deputy” to the position). At a minimum, a designation of a first assistant
by statute, or by regulation where no statutory first assistant exists, should be
adequate to establish a first assistant for purposes of the Vacancies Reform Act.
Others not designated by statute or regulation also may qualify as first assistants
under the Act, but there is less explicit support in the legislative history for this
proposition.
    Question 12. How does the first assistant begin to serve as an acting officer
for a vacant position?
    Answer. Under the terms of the Vacancies Reform Act, if there is a first assist­
ant to the vacant office, that first assistant begins to serve as the acting officer
immediately and automatically upon the occurrence of the vacancy. 5 U.S.C.
§ 3345(a)(1).
    Question 13. If someone is designated to be first assistant after the vacancy
occurs, does that person still become the acting officer by virtue of being the
first assistant?

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                           Opinions o f the Office o f Legal Counsel in Volume 23

   Answer. While the Vacancies Reform Act does not expressly address this ques­
tion, we believe that the better understanding is that you must be the first assistant
when the vacancy occurs in order to be the acting officer by virtue of being the
first assistant. While someone who is not the first assistant when the vacancy
occurs would not qualify to be the acting officer by virtue of being the first assist­
ant, the President may still designate that person to serve as the acting officer
if he or she meets the qualifications for serving as an acting officer under a dif­
ferent provision of the Act. See Q17-Q20.*
   Question 14. Are there limitations on the ability of a first assistant to serve
in an acting capacity?
   Answer. In addition to the tim e limit on the length of service of an acting
officer, see Q23, the Vacancies Reform Act also limits a first assistant’s ability
to be the nominee for the office and, at the same time, to continue to serve as
the acting officer for that office. If the President nominates the first assistant for
the vacant office, the first assistant may continue to serve as the acting officer
for that position only if (1) the first assistant served as first assistant for at least
ninety days (they need not be consecutive days) during the 365-day period that
preceded the beginning of the vacancy, or (2) the office of first assistant is itself
a PAS position and the Senate approved the appointment of that first assistant
to the first assistant’s position. 5 U.S.C. § 3345(b).
   Question 15. Does this limitation on the ability to be both the nominee and
the acting officer apply only to first assistants, or does it also apply to persons
who qualify to serve as an acting officer under other provisions of the Vacancies
Reform Act?
   Answer. The limitation on the ability to be the nominee for the vacant position
and to serve as the acting officer applies only to persons who serve as acting
officers by virtue of having been the first assistant to the office. If someone is
serving in an acting capacity on another basis, i.e., as a PAS or a senior agency
employee designated by the President, this particular limitation does not apply.
However, because senior agency employees may not be designated by the Presi­
dent unless they have served in the agency for ninety days within the year pre­
ceding the vacancy, see Q20, a similar time limitation in fact applies to anyone
who is not already in a PAS position.
   Question 16. If the first assistant also qualifies to serve in an acting capacity
under another provision of the Vacancies Reform Act, does the limitation on the
ability to be both the nominee and the acting officer apply?
   Answer. If the first assistant also qualifies to serve in an acting capacity under
another category, he or she m ay be designated under that category. Accordingly,
if the first assistant meets the requirements to be an acting officer based on his
or her status as a senior agency employee, the first assistant could be nominated

  * Editor’s Note: In 2001, the Office o f Legal Counsel reversed its position on this issue and now believes that,
on the better view, someone who becomes the first assistant after a vacancy occurs may serve as the acting officer
by virtue o f being the first assistant

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               Guidance on Application o f Federal Vacancies Reform Act o f 1998

for the position and continue to serve in an acting capacity as long as the President
made the required designation for that senior agency employee to serve as the
acting officer. (As noted above and discussed in more detail in question 20, the
requirements for a senior agency employee to serve as an acting officer include
that the employee have served within the agency for at least ninety days in the
year preceding the vacancy.)
   Question 17. How does a PAS officer come to serve as an acting officer for
a vacant position?
   Answer. A PAS officer may begin serving as an acting officer for a vacant
position only upon direction from the President (and only the President) that that
PAS officer is to perform the functions and duties of the vacant office in an acting
capacity. 5 U.S.C. § 3345(a)(2).
   Question 18. Does the Vacancies Reform Act impose any limitations on which
PAS officers the President may designate to serve in an acting capacity for a
vacant office?
   Answer. The Vacancies Reform Act does not impose any limitations on which
PAS officers the President may designate. There are no length of service require­
ments, and the PAS officer need not be from the same agency as that in which
the vacancy arose.
   Question 19. How does a senior agency employee come to serve as an acting
officer for a vacant position?
   Answer. As with PAS officers, certain senior agency employees (see Q20) may
begin to serve as the acting officer for a vacant position upon a directive from
the President (and only the President) instructing that senior agency employee
to perform the functions and duties of the vacant office in an acting capacity.
5 U.S.C. § 3345(a)(3).
   Question 20. Does the Vacancies Reform Act impose any limitations on which
senior agency employees the President may designate to serve as acting officers?
   Answer. Yes, the Vacancies Reform Act imposes a number of limitations on
which senior agency employees the President may designate. First, the senior
agency employee must be from the same Executive agency as the one in which
the vacancy occurs. 5 U.S.C. § 3345(a)(3)(A). Second, the senior agency employee
must have served in a position within that Executive agency for not less than
ninety days during the 365 days preceding the vacancy. Id. Third, the rate of
pay for the position in which the senior agency employee served must be at least
GS-15, step 1. 5 U.S.C. § 3345(a)(3)(B).
   Question 21. Are there any other categories of persons qualified to serve in
an acting capacity under the Vacancies Reform Act?
   Answer. Yes, with regard to PAS positions that are filled for a term set by
statute and are located in an Executive department (a narrower category than
Executive agencies — see Q5), the Vacancies Reform Act also provides for a
fourth category of persons who may serve in an acting capacity. For such an
office, the President (and only the President) may direct the officer whose term

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is expiring to continue to serve in that office if that officer is nominated for an
additional term to the same office without a break in service. 5 U.S.C.
§ 3345(c)(1).
   Question 22. Does the Vacancies Reform Act impose the same time limits on
officers who continue to serve once their terms have expired as apply under the
Act to the categories of acting officers?
   Answer. No, the Act sets out an additional limitation on how long such an
officer may continue to serve. In addition to being subject to the general time
limits of the Vacancies Reform Act, the Act also provides that the carry-over
officer may no longer continue to serve on a temporary basis once the officer’s
nomination is either confirmed or rejected by the Senate.
   More generally, although the Vacancies Reform Act does not impose such a
limitation on other acting officers who are nominated to fill the vacant position
in which they are serving in an acting capacity, a similar limitation likely will
apply to any such officer as a practical matter. Congress routinely passes an appro­
priations rider prohibiting the use o f appropriated funds to pay someone for filling
a position for which that person was nominated if the Senate has voted to reject
the nomination. See, e.g., Section 610 of the Treasury and General Government
Appropriations Act, 1999, Pub. L. No. 105-277, Div. A, tit. 1, § 101(h), 112 Stat.
2681-480, 2681-515 (1998).
   Question 23. Generally, for how long may a vacant office be filled on an acting
basis under the Vacancies Reform Act?
   Answer. The Vacancies Reform Act does not provide for a static, set number
of days during which an acting officer may serve. Instead, the Vacancies Reform
Act’s limitation on the length of service involves a series of interrelated provisions
tied to the submission of a nomination for the vacant position. These provisions
permit an acting officer to serve for a 210-day period prior to the submission
of a nomination. Once a nomination is submitted, the acting official may continue
to serve until the Senate takes action on the nomination or the nomination is with­
drawn. If the first nomination is rejected or returned by the Senate, or withdrawn
by the President, a new 210-day period of service begins. Once a second nomina­
tion is submitted, an acting officer again may continue to serve as long as the
nomination is pending in the Senate. If the second nomination also is rejected,
returned, or withdrawn, then a final 210-day period begins to run. The submission
of a third nomination does not suspend the running of this final 210-day period;
once those 210 days have run, the functions and duties of the vacant office may
no longer be performed by an acting officer. 5 U.S.C. § 3346. See questions 25-
38 below for a more detailed discussion of how the time limits are calculated
under the Vacancies Reform Act.
   Question 24. Are there vacancies to which these time limits do not apply?
   Answer. Yes, the time limits of the Vacancies Reform Act do not apply to
vacancies caused by sickness. In the case of a PAS who is unable to perform
the functions and duties of the office because he or she is sick, the acting officer

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                    Guidance on Application o f Federal Vacancies Reform Act o f 1998

 may continue to serve until the sick PAS officer recovers, at which point the
 PAS officer again resumes performing the functions and duties of the office. 5
 U.S.C. § 3346(a).3
    Question 25. If the President does not submit a nomination for the vacant posi­
 tion, how long may an acting officer perform the functions and duties of the
 office?
    Answer. If the President does not submit a nomination, an acting officer may
 serve in an acting capacity during an initial 210-day period. 5 U.S.C. § 3346(a)(1).
 Under various provisions of the Act, the length of this initial period may be
 adjusted in a number of ways. See Q27 and Q36-Q38 (discussing possible adjust­
 ments to this period).
    Question 26. From what date do you begin calculating the initial 210-day
period?
    Answer. The Vacancies Reform Act clarifies prior law, making it clear that
the time limit begins to run on the date the vacancy occurs, rather than on the
date the acting officer begins performing the functions and duties of the office.
5 U.S.C. § 3346(a)(1).
    Question 27. Are there situations in which the time limit will be calculated
beginning on a date other than the date the vacancy occurred?
    Answer. Yes, the Vacancies Reform Act provides that “ [i]f a vacancy occurs
during an adjournment of the Congress sine die, the 210-day [initial limit] shall
begin on the date that the Senate first reconvenes.” 5 U.S.C. § 3346(c). So for
example, the Congress adjourned sine die on October 21, 1998. See 144 Cong.
Rec. HI 1,704, S12.810, S12,979 (daily ed. Oct. 21, 1998). The Senate did not
reconvene until January 6, 1999. As a result, for a vacancy that occurred prior
to January 6, 1999, the initial 210-day period during which an acting officer may
serve in the absence of a nomination began to run on January 6, 1999, and will
continue for a 210-day period ending at the end of the day on August 3, 1999.4
   The Vacancies Reform Act also includes a special provision that adjusts the
beginning dates for vacancies at the start of a new President’s first administration
to account for the increased difficulty and time required to nominate PAS officers
at the beginning of a new administration. See Q38 for a detailed discussion of
that provision.
   Question 28. How is the time limit affected when the President submits a
nomination to fill the vacant office?
   Answer. Once the President submits a nomination to fill the vacant office, an
acting officer may continue to serve in an acting capacity while the nomination
is pending before the Senate. 5 U.S.C. § 3346(b). A nomination remains pending

  3 See questions 6 and 7, as well, regarding vacancies that are not governed exclusively by the Vacancies Reform
Act
  4 If August 3, 1999 is a day on which the Senate is not in session, the penod of service may be extended. See
Q36-Q37.

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before the Senate until the nomination is confirmed, the nomination is withdrawn
by the President, or the nomination is rejected or returned by the Senate.
   Question 29. What is meant by the Senate’s “ rejection” of the nomination?
   Answer. The Senate “ rejects” a nomination only when the full Senate votes
on and disapproves a nomination. A determination by a committee that it will
not report the nomination out for a vote of the full Senate or a determination
of the Senate otherwise not to vote on the nomination does not constitute a rejec­
tion o f the nomination. See Intrasession Recess Appointments, 13 Op. O.L.C. 271,
274-75 (1989).
   Question 30. What is meant by the Senate’s “ return” of the nomination?
   Answer. “ Return” takes its meaning from Senate Rule XXXI, which provides
in relevant part that “ if the Senate shall adjourn or take a recess for more than
thirty days, all nominations pending and not finally acted upon at the time of
taking such adjournment or recess shall be returned by the Secretary to the Presi­
dent, and shall not again be considered unless they shall again be made to the
Senate by the President.” Senate Rule XXXI(6); see also S. Rep. No. 105-250,
at 15. Nominations left pending at the time o f a recess in excess of thirty days
and at the end of the first session of a Congress frequently are not returned, but
are instead held over pursuant to unanimous consent of the Senate. All nomina­
tions left pending at the end of a Congress, however, are returned pursuant to
Senate Rule XXXI.
   Question 31. How is the time limit affected if a nomination is submitted after
the 210-day period has expired?
   Answer. The Vacancies Reform Act incorporates a spring-back provision,
which permits an acting officer to begin performing the functions and duties of
the vacant office again upon the submission o f a nomination, even if the 210-
day period expired before that nomination was submitted. If the 210-day limitation
period expires before the President has submitted a nomination, the restrictions
in § 3348 of the Act, which bar anyone from serving in an acting capacity, become
operative. See Q39-Q 49 (discussing these restrictions). If thereafter the President
submits a nomination, an acting officer is again able to perform the functions
and duties of the office as of the date the nomination is submitted. 5 U.S.C.
§ 3346(a)(2).
   Question 32. What happens if the first nomination is rejected or returned by
the Senate or is withdrawn by the President?
   Answer. If the first nomination is rejected, returned, or withdrawn, a new 210-
day period during which an acting official may serve begins to run on the date
that the nomination is rejected, returned, or withdrawn. This is a new, full 210
days, and the period is not affected by the length of time an acting official served
before the first nomination was submitted or by the length of time the first
nomination was pending before the Senate. 5 U.S.C. § 3346(b)(1).
   Question 33. How is the tim e limit affected by the submission of a second
nomination to fill the vacant position?

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               Guidance on Application o f Federal Vacancies Reform Act o f 1998

    Answer. The effect of the submission of a second nomination is the same as
 that of the first nomination. Once the President submits a second nomination, an
 acting officer may continue to serve in an acting capacity while the second
 nomination is pending before the Senate. Further, the spring-back provision dis­
 cussed in question 31 also applies to the submission of a second nomination. 5
 U.S.C. § 3346(a)(2), (b)(2).
    Question 34. What happens if the second nomination is rejected or returned
 by the Senate or is withdrawn by the President?
    Answer. If the second nomination is rejected, returned, or withdrawn, a new
 (and final) 210-day period begins to run on the date that that nomination is with­
 drawn, rejected, or returned. This is again a new, full 210 days, and the period
 is not affected by the length of time an acting official served before the second
 nomination was submitted or the length of time the second nomination was
 pending before the Senate. 5 U.S.C. § 3346(b)(2)(B).
    Question 35. What effect does the submission of a third nomination have on
 the time limit?
    Answer. The submission of a third nomination will not suspend or otherwise
 affect the running of the 210-day limit. The 210-day period that begins upon the
 rejection, return, or withdrawal of a second nomination is final; once that 210-
 day period ends, the bar in § 3348 of the Act on serving in an acting capacity
 takes effect.
   Question 36. What happens if a 210-day period ends on a date when the Senate
is not in session?
   Answer. The Vacancies Reform Act provides for the time period to be extended
 when the last day of any 210-day period is “ a day on which the Senate is not
in session.” In this circumstance, the last day of the period is deemed to be the
second day the Senate is next in session and receiving nominations. 5 U.S.C.
§ 3348(c).
   Question 37. Is there any other provision that would activate the spring-back
provision while the Senate is recessed or adjourned?
   Answer. The Vacancies Reform Act also includes a provision that would allow
the President, in circumstances in which the Senate is recessed or adjourned for
more than fifteen days, to provide the Senate with written notice of an intent
to nominate and, by providing that notice, to trigger the spring-back provision.
5 U.S.C. § 3349d.
   Question 38. Does the Vacancies Reform Act include any provision to account
for the increased difficulty and time that may be involved in nominating PAS
officers at the beginning of a new administration?
   Answer. The Vacancies Reform Act includes a specific provision that adjusts
the calculation of the time limits to provide extra time for a new administration
to submit nominations for PAS positions. Specifically, the Act provides that for
any vacancy existing at any point during a sixty-day period beginning on the date
the oath of office is taken by a new President (i.e., a President who was not

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                    Opinions o f the Office o f Legal Counsel in Volume 23

the President immediately before taking the oath of office) the vacancy shall be
deemed, for purposes o f calculating the time limit, to have arisen either (i) ninety
days after the date the oath of office was taken or (ii) ninety days after the date
the vacancy occurred, whichever is later. Thus, even if an office became vacant
well before the new President takes office, the time limit begins anew, and an
extra ninety days is added on to what is deemed to be the first 210-day period.
5 U.S.C. § 3349a.
   Question 39. What are the effects under the Vacancies Reform Act of the time
limit expiring or there otherwise being no one qualified to serve in an acting
capacity?
   Answer. Unless there is a person qualified to serve in an acting capacity under
the Vacancies Reform Act, i.e., there is a person who meets the requirements
of an acting officer under § 3345, and the time limit for serving has not expired,
(i) no one may serve as the “ acting officer” and (ii) no one other than the head
of the Executive agency may perform any “ function or duty” of the vacant office.
5 U.S.C. § 3348(b). See Q43 (discussing what is a “ function or duty” of the
office under this section).
   Question 40. If the position o f head of the Executive agency is vacant, may
the acting head perform a function or duty of a vacant office for which there
is no qualified acting officer?
   Answer. A properly serving acting head of an agency may perform a function
or duty of a vacant office.
   Question 41. What is the effect of someone other than a qualified acting officer
or the head of the Executive agency performing a function or duty of the office?
   Answer. Under the enforcement provisions set out in § 3348 of the Vacancies
Reform Act, an “ action” taken in the performance of a “ function or duty” of
a vacant office to which the Act applies shall have no force or effect unless it
was performed either by someone qualified to serve as an acting officer or by
the head of the Executive agency. 5 U.S.C. § 3348(d)(1). Further, the Act
expressly provides that an action that has no force or effect under this provision
cannot later be ratified. 5 U.S.C. § 3348(d)(2). While the effect of the enforcement
provisions is severe, the breadth of conduct to which the provisions apply is
expressly limited by the definition of “ function or duty.”
   Question 42. How is an “ action” defined under the Vacancies Reform Act?
   Answer. “ [A]ction” is defined under the Vacancies Reform Act by reference
to the definition of “ agency action” in 5 U.S.C. §551(13) (1994). Agency action
is defined in §551(13) as “ includ[ing] the whole or a part of an agency rule,
order, license, sanction, relief, or the equivalent or denial thereof, or failure to
act.” 5 U.S.C. § 3348(a)(1).
   Question 43. How is a “ function or duty” of the office defined under the
Vacancies Reform Act?
   Answer. For purposes of §3348, a “ function or duty” is defined as any func­
tion or duty of the PAS office that is required by statute or regulation to be per­

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 formed exclusively by the holder of that office. 5 U.S.C. § 3348(a)(2). See Q48
 (discussing the practical scope of the definition of “ function or duty” ).
   Question 44. May an agency revise its regulations to make what had been an
exclusive function or duty under its regulations non-exclusive?
   Answer. Yes, the Vacancies Reform Act anticipates that Executive agencies
may revise some of their regulations to eliminate a requirement under the regula­
tion that a function be performed exclusively by the PAS officer. The Act, how­
ever, also includes a look-back provision that delays the effectiveness of such
a revision for purposes of the Vacancies Reform Act. Under the definition, a func­
tion or duty will be treated as exclusive if, at any time during the 180 days pre­
ceding the date on which the vacancy occurred, the regulation provided that the
duty or function was to be performed exclusively by the applicable officer. 5
U.S.C. § 3348(a)(2)(B)(ii).
   Question 45. Does such a look-back provision also apply to the revision of
statutes imposing exclusive duties on officers?
   Answer. No, there is no similar look-back provision for statutes. If a statute
is amended to eliminate an exclusive performance requirement, either by elimi­
nating a restriction on the ability to delegate the function or by reassigning the
function to another officer, that change will eliminate the exclusivity requirement
under the Vacancies Reform Act without any delay. Similarly, if a regulation is
revised because of a change in the underlying statutory authority, there is no delay
imposed by the Act on the elimination of a requirement that the function be per­
formed exclusively by the PAS officer.
   Question 46. What if Congress imposes an exclusivity requirement on an office
after a vacancy arises?
   Answer. Such a statutory imposition of an exclusive function or duty on an
office is effective as soon as the new statutory provision itself becomes effective,
even if the statute is not enacted until after the vacancy.
   Question 47. What oversight mechanisms exist to ensure agency compliance
with the Act and application of the enforcement provisions?
   Answer. The Act has a number of mechanisms to ensure agency compliance
with the law. Executive agencies, of course, are expected to ensure that they are
in compliance with the Act. The Act also establishes a reporting procedure under
which events that trigger application of the Act and its enforcement provisions
are reported to the General Accounting Office (“ GAO” ) and to each House of
Congress to assist their oversight of compliance. See Q50-Q53. Congress also
expected that private parties would, through litigation challenging agency actions,
provide an additional mechanism to ensure compliance. See S. Rep. No. 105-
250, at 19-20 ( “ The Committee expects that litigants with standing to challenge
purported agency actions taken in violation of these provisions will raise non-
compliance with this legislation in a judicial proceeding challenging the lawfulness
of the agency action.” ).

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                   Opinions o f the Office o f Legal Counsel in Volume 23

   Question 48. Do the enforcement provisions of the Vacancies Reform Act mean
that unless there is a properly serving acting officer nothing the PAS officer did
may be performed by anyone other than the head of the Executive agency?
   Answer. No, Congress understood that there would be occasions when the time
limits would expire or when there would, for a period, be no one qualified to
serve in an acting capacity. Congress also understood that if everything the PAS
officer may have done in the performance of his or her duties had to be performed
by the head of the Executive agency, the business of the government could be
seriously impaired. See S. Rep. No. 105-250, at 30-31 (Additional Views). As
a result, Congress delimited which functions could be performed only by a quali­
fied acting officer or the head of the Executive agency, defining them as only
those functions or duties assigned exclusively to the PAS officer by statute or
regulation. Most, and in many cases all, the responsibilities performed by a PAS
officer will not be exclusive, and the Act permits non-exclusive responsibilities
to be delegated to other appropriate officers and employees in the agency.
   Question 49. Are there PAS offices that are covered by the Vacancies Reform
Act, but to which the enforcement provisions do not apply?
   Answer. Yes, the Vacancies Reform Act sets out a list of offices to which
the enforcement provisions of § 3348 do not apply. These offices are: (1) the Gen­
eral Counsel of the National Labor Relations Board, (2) the General Counsel of
the Federal Labor Relations Authority, (3) any Inspector General appointed by
the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, (4) any Chief
Financial Officer appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent
of the Senate, and (5) any office of an Executive agency for which there is a
statutory provision that expressly prohibits the head of the Executive agency from
performing the functions and duties of the office. 5 U.S.C. § 3348(e).
   Question 50. What reporting requirements does the Vacancies Reform Act
impose on agencies?
   Answer. The Vacancies Reform Act requires the head of each Executive agency
to provide notification of (i) a vacancy covered by the Act, (ii) the date on which
the vacancy occurred, (iji) the name of any person serving in an acting capacity
in connection with such a vacancy, (iv) the date that person began serving in
an acting capacity, (v) the name of any person nominated to fill the vacancy,
(vi) the date on which the nomination is submitted, and (vii) the date of any
rejection, withdrawal, or return o f the nomination. 5 U.S.C. § 3349(a).
   Question 51. When must the report of each of these occurrences be provided?
   Answer. The report is to be provided “ immediately upon the occurrence” of
each of these events.
   Question 52. To whom should the reporting information described above be
provided?
   Answer. Each Executive agency is to provide the required information to the
Office o f Presidential Personnel. The Office of Presidential Personnel, in turn,
will provide the information to the Office of Management and Budget, which

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will be responsible for providing the report to GAO and to each House of Con­
gress.*
  Q uestion 53. Why is this information being reported to GAO?
  Answer. The information is provided to GAO to permit GAO to supervise
compliance with the Act. If GAO determines that an acting officer is serving
beyond the time limit allowed under the Vacancies Reform Act, it is to report
that determination to relevant congressional committees, the President, and the
Office of Personnel Management. 5 U.S.C. § 3349(b).

                                                                             BETH NOLAN
                                                                Deputy Assistant Attorney General
                                                                    Office o f Legal Counsel

   * Editor’s Note: This procedure is subject to change, and has been changed, by the current administration, which
has directed the agencies to report directly to GAO and Congress See Memorandum for the Heads o f Federal Execu­
tive Departments and Agencies and Units o f the Executive Office o f the President, from Alberto R. Gonzales, Counsel
to the President, Re. Agency Reporting Requirements Under the Vacancies Reform Act at 3 (Mar 21, 2001)

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