Court Opinion

ID: 4103329
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-11-30 18:08:39.955169+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:34:24.023903
License: Public Domain

Digitally signed by
                           Illinois Official Reports                         Reporter of Decisions
                                                                             Reason: I attest to the
                                                                             accuracy and integrity
                                                                             of this document
                                   Appellate Court                           Date: 2016.11.28
                                                                             13:44:21 -06'00'

                       People v. Rivera, 2016 IL App (1st) 132573

Appellate Court       THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption               MICHAEL RIVERA, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No.        First District, First Division
                      Docket No. 1-13-2573

Filed                 July 18, 2016
Rehearing denied      September 28, 2016
Modified upon
denial of rehearing   October 3, 2016

Decision Under        Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 98-CR-3865; the
Review                Hon. Thomas Joseph Hennelly, Judge, presiding.

Judgment              Affirmed.

Counsel on            Michael J. Pelletier, Alan D. Goldberg, Patricia Mysza, and Darren E.
Appeal                Miller, all of State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for
                      appellant.

                      Anita M. Alvarez, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg,
                      Mary L. Boland, and Michele Grimaldi Stein, Assistant State’s
                      Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.
     Panel                     JUSTICE HARRIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                               Presiding Justice Cunningham and Justice Connors concurred in the
                               judgment and opinion.

                                                 OPINION

¶1          Defendant Michael Rivera appeals from the circuit court’s granting of the State’s motion to
       dismiss his postconviction petition. Defendant, John Crowe and four others were charged with
       first degree murder in the 1998 shooting death of Marcus Lee. To support a claim of actual
       innocence, defendant attached to his petition Crowe’s affidavit in which he attested that he,
       and not defendant, shot the victim. In this appeal, defendant contends the circuit court erred in
       dismissing his petition at the second stage of postconviction proceedings after reviewing the
       transcript of Crowe’s guilty plea hearing and finding Crowe’s affidavit was not credible. He
       further asserts his postconviction counsel provided unreasonable assistance under Illinois
       Supreme Court Rule 651(c) (eff. Dec. 1, 1984) by failing to object to the circuit court’s
       consideration of that transcript.
¶2          To summarize the facts adduced at defendant’s trial, defendant was a member of the Insane
       Deuces street gang. In the early morning hours of January 10, 1998, defendant was riding in a
       van with other gang members, including Crowe and his brother, Stephen Crowe. Defendant
       saw Lee walking and mistakenly believed him to be a member of a rival gang. Defendant
       pointed a gun at the van driver and told him to stop. Defendant and the Crowe brothers got out
       of the van and returned after shots were fired. Defendant was holding the gun when they
       returned to the van. Defendant later showed the gun to other gang members and said he was a
       “Stone killer.”
¶3          Defendant’s jury trial took place in 2000, and he was found guilty of first degree murder.
       The trial court determined that defendant was eligible for an extended-term sentence as the
       leader of an organized gang (730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.2(b)(8) (West 1998)), and the court sentenced
       defendant to 85 years in prison. On appeal, this court affirmed defendant’s conviction and
       sentence. People v. Rivera, 348 Ill. App. 3d 168, 182 (2004). The Illinois Supreme Court
       remanded defendant’s case for a limited hearing to allow the trial judge to articulate the bases
       for his rulings on the defense’s exercise of peremptory challenges. People v. Rivera, 221 Ill. 2d
       481, 515-16 (2006). Following that remand, the supreme court affirmed defendant’s
       conviction and sentence, finding that any issue regarding a peremptory challenge in
       defendant’s case constituted harmless error, given the strength of the State’s case against
       defendant. People v. Rivera, 227 Ill. 2d 1, 26 (2007); see also Rivera v. Illinois, 556 U.S. 148,
       162 (2009) (affirming the use of a harmless error analysis).
¶4          On January 10, 2008, defendant filed a pro se petition seeking relief under the
       Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2006)), claiming,
       inter alia, that the evidence was insufficient to establish his guilt and his trial counsel provided
       deficient representation for several reasons.
¶5          Defendant also raised a claim of actual innocence, supported by an affidavit of Crowe.
       Defendant stated in the petition that police “arrested and detained close to a dozen Deuces’
       suspects” who provided varying accounts of the shooting. Defendant asserted he had obtained
       an affidavit from Crowe “who has fully confessed to the crime of which the Petitioner was
       wrongly convicted of.”

                                                    -2-
¶6          Crowe and his brother were tried jointly in 1998 for Lee’s death, and Crowe was convicted
       of first degree murder on an accountability theory and sentenced to 50 years in prison.1 On
       appeal, this court reversed Crowe’s conviction and remanded for a new trial because Crowe
       was deprived of his right to be represented by the counsel of his choice. People v. Crowe, 327
       Ill. App. 3d 930, 938 (2002). On remand, Crowe entered a guilty plea.
¶7          In Crowe’s affidavit, which was dated April 9, 2004, he attested that he and his brother
       were in the van with other individuals on the night in question. Crowe did not mention
       defendant was present. Crowe attested he and his brother got out of the van after someone
       pointed out a rival gang member. Crowe stated that he fired five shots and one shot struck Lee
       in the neck. Crowe concluded by stating he was “giving this affidavit because my conscience
       has made it very difficult to live with myself these last 7 years with Micheal Rivera [sic]
       having [been] *** convicted for a murder he did not commit.”
¶8          Postconviction counsel was appointed for defendant. In December 2011, counsel filed a
       Rule 651(c) certificate stating that he had consulted with defendant by phone and had obtained
       and examined the report of proceedings of defendant’s trial. Counsel stated that defendant’s
       pro se petition adequately presented his postconviction claims.
¶9          On September 28, 2012, the State filed a motion to dismiss defendant’s postconviction
       petition, asserting Crowe’s affidavit did not meet the test for evidence of actual innocence
       because it was not newly discovered and was “clearly lacking in reliability.” The State
       acknowledged that at that stage of postconviction review, well-pleaded facts in the petition and
       accompanying affidavits were to be taken as true. The State argued Crowe’s affidavit
       represented an inherently unreliable recantation and his attestations that he fired the fatal shots
       and that defendant was not present at the time of the shooting were “positively rebutted by the
       record.”
¶ 10        On January 25, 2013, the circuit court heard arguments on the State’s motion to dismiss. As
       to Crowe’s affidavit, the State asserted that his attestation that he was the gunman was rebutted
       by Crowe’s January 2004 guilty plea proceedings. The State further argued Crowe’s affidavit
       was rebutted by the testimony at defendant’s trial that defendant was the shooter.
       Postconviction counsel offered no argument, stating he would “stand on the pro se petition” of
       defendant. The circuit court stated it would “review the record and the pleadings and the
       arguments” of the State.
¶ 11        At a later court date, the circuit court indicated it had reviewed the record and Crowe’s
       affidavit. The court noted that Crowe’s conviction had been reversed and he had entered a
       guilty plea. The court asked the State for a transcript of the court proceedings on Crowe’s plea.
¶ 12        The following colloquy then took place:
                    “THE COURT: I don’t imagine it is a very long transcript, but from what I can see
                from the record, his case was reversed, I don’t know why, and after the reversal there
                was probably some agreement he reached with the State for something lesser would be
                my guess.
                    MR. PAPA [Assistant State’s Attorney]: 20 years.
                    MR. LANDRUM [Postconviction counsel]: It is probably important to see what the
                factual basis was.

          1
              Stephen Crowe was acquitted. People v. Crowe, 327 Ill. App. 3d 930, 934 (2002).

                                                      -3-
                    THE COURT: Exactly. You are reading my mind, Mr. Landrum. We are thinking
                alike here.”
¶ 13        The circuit court told the attorneys that it would obtain the transcript. At the next court
       date, the court told the attorneys it had obtained “a copy of the plea” taken by Crowe.
¶ 14        In support of the motion to dismiss defendant’s petition, the State argued it was “pretty
       obvious that the plea that Mr. Crowe was sworn to refutes the affidavit that he has signed
       several years, I believe, after the plea.” The State asserted that the record “absolutely rebuts
       any of the allegations in the affidavit as well as the rest of the record.” Postconviction counsel
       for defendant offered no argument.
¶ 15        In granting the State’s motion to dismiss, the circuit court stated:
                    “Much of the petition as pointed out in the State’s motion is *** res judicata ***
                has already been ruled on.
                    I do not believe the ineffective assistance issue passes the Strickland muster at all.
                    The only thing that really concerns me was this new affidavit by the co-defendant
                Mr. Crowe which was dated on April 9th of 2004 and as the State points out, these
                things are usually viewed with suspicion particularly when they are executed by a
                co-defendant, a fellow gang member as well.
                    Case law is replete with examples of that. This is not something to be based—the
                credibility is always—credibility is always suspect in something like this.
                    And as a result I ordered the transcript as Mr. Papa points out of the plea that Mr.
                Crowe took before Judge Wadas on the 7th of January, 2004.
                    And he was placed under oath in that he was represented by counsel.
                    And in that plea he completely contradicts everything that’s contained in the
                affidavit and it’s kind of confirms [sic] my suspicions.
                    So not only is Mr. Crowe involved in this murder committed by Mr. Rivera but he
                is an unmitigated perjurer and not to be believed in any way shape or form.
                    There is absolutely no truthful basis for anything that he says in this affidavit.
                    And because of that there is nothing in this Mr. Rivera’s petition that would cause
                me to grant him a postconviction [sic].
                    The motion to dismiss is considered and is granted.”
¶ 16        Defendant now appeals that ruling.
¶ 17        The Act provides a method by which offenders serving their sentence can assert that their
       convictions were the result of a substantial denial of their rights under the United States or
       Illinois Constitutions or both. People v. Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶ 8. A postconviction action is
       not an appeal from the judgment of conviction but is instead a collateral attack on the trial court
       proceedings. Id.
¶ 18        In a noncapital case, a postconviction proceeding involves three stages. At the first stage,
       the circuit court must review the petition within 90 days of its filing and dismiss the petition
       upon finding it is frivolous or patently without merit. 725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(a) (West 2006);
       People v. Swamynathan, 236 Ill. 2d 103, 113 (2010). Where, as here, that review does not take
       place within 90 days, the petition advances to the second-stage, where the circuit court must
       docket the petition for further consideration. 725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(b) (West 2006).

                                                    -4-
¶ 19        At the second stage of postconviction proceedings, counsel is appointed for the defendant
       if the defendant is indigent, and the State may answer or move to dismiss the petition. 725
       ILCS 5/122-5 (West 2006). By moving to dismiss the petition, the State challenges the
       sufficiency of the pleadings as a matter of law. People v. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d 366, 390 (1998).
       “Since there are no factual issues at the dismissal stage of the proceedings, the question is
       essentially a legal one, which requires the reviewing court to make its own independent
       assessment of the allegations of the petition and supporting documentation.” People v.
       Sanders, 2016 IL 118123, ¶ 31 (citing Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d at 388-89). All well-pleaded facts
       that are not positively rebutted by the trial record are to be taken as true at a dismissal hearing.
       Coleman, 133 Ill. 2d at 380. The circuit court’s dismissal of a postconviction petition at the
       second stage is reviewed de novo. Sanders, 2016 IL 118123, ¶ 31.
¶ 20        If the petition is not dismissed at this stage, the proceeding then advances to the third stage,
       where a hearing is held at which the defendant may present evidence in support of the petition.
       725 ILCS 5/122-6 (West 2006); People v. Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d 458, 473 (2006). At a
       third-stage evidentiary hearing, the trial court acts as the finder of fact, determining the
       credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given particular testimony and resolving any
       conflicts in the evidence. People v. Domagala, 2013 IL 113688, ¶ 93. Throughout the second
       and third stages of a postconviction proceeding, the defendant bears the burden of making a
       substantial showing of a constitutional violation. Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d at 473.
¶ 21        In this appeal, defendant contends the circuit court erred in obtaining and considering
       evidence outside the record and assessing the credibility of Crowe’s affidavit at the second
       stage of postconviction review. He also argues his postconviction counsel failed to provide
       reasonable assistance by effectively agreeing that the court should consider the transcript of
       Crowe’s guilty plea proceedings. Defendant asserts this case should be remanded for further
       second-stage proceedings in front of a different judge and with representation by different
       appointed counsel.
¶ 22        The State responds that the circuit court could compare the factual allegations in the
       affidavit to the stipulated facts from Crowe’s plea proceeding. The State argues that the court’s
       consideration of Crowe’s plea was proper under Rule 201(b)(2) of the Illinois Rules of
       Evidence (Ill. R. Evid. 201(b)(2) (eff. Jan. 1, 2011)), which permits judicial notice of
       adjudicative facts that are “capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources
       whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.”
¶ 23        While we do not dispute that the Illinois Rules of Evidence apply to this case, we find more
       pertinent section 122-2.1(c) of the Act, which specifically governs postconviction petitions
       and which provides:
                     “In considering a petition pursuant to this Section, the court may examine the court
                 file of the proceeding in which the petitioner was convicted, any action taken by an
                 appellate court in such proceeding and any transcripts of such proceeding.” 725 ILCS
                 5/122-2.1(c) (West 2006).
¶ 24        That section of the Act limits the review related to a postconviction petition to the record of
       that particular proceeding. Section 122-2.1(c) of the Act was recently addressed by our
       supreme court in Sanders, 2016 IL 118123, ¶ 43, where the court stated: “The Act itself
       contemplates that the trial court will look only to the record of the subject petitioner’s case.”
       (Emphasis added.)

                                                     -5-
¶ 25       We find Sanders to govern our analysis in the instant case. In Sanders, the defendant filed
       a successive postconviction petition alleging newly discovered evidence of actual innocence.
       Attached to that petition was a transcript of testimony that a codefendant, Gary Bingham, gave
       at an evidentiary hearing on a postconviction petition filed by another codefendant, Aaron
       May. Id. ¶ 14. In that testimony, Bingham recanted his identification of the defendant and May
       as participants in the crime. Id. ¶ 16. In granting the State’s motion to dismiss the defendant’s
       petition, the circuit court held that it had heard Bingham testify at two prior evidentiary
       hearings and found Bingham “to be a complete liar. Totally incredible and not worthy of
       belief.” Id. ¶ 19. The court indicated that it considered Bingham’s testimony from the prior
       evidentiary hearings as part of the record in the instant case. Id.
¶ 26       The appellate court affirmed the circuit court’s grant of the motion to dismiss the petition,
       noting the circuit court had “heard Bingham’s full testimony at a postconviction evidentiary
       hearing and found it unreliable and untrustworthy.” People v. Sanders, 2014 IL App (1st)
       111783, ¶ 22. The appellate court rejected the defendant’s argument that the circuit court made
       an improper credibility determination as to Bingham’s testimony. Id.
¶ 27       The supreme court held that the circuit court erred in finding Bingham not credible based
       on its consideration of his testimony at the previous hearing, noting that credibility
       determinations could only be made at a third-stage evidentiary hearing. Sanders, 2016 IL
       118123, ¶ 42. The supreme court further held that when the circuit court dismissed the
       defendant’s petition, the court should not have considered the record of May’s postconviction
       evidentiary hearing, which the supreme court deemed “outside the record of petitioner’s case.”
       Sanders, 2016 IL 118123, ¶¶ 42-44.
¶ 28       Interpreting section 122-2.1(c) of the Act, the supreme court noted that although that
       section “governs trial court actions on an initial petition, there is no indication in the Act that
       the trial court has authority to look beyond the record at later stages in the proceedings.” Id.
       ¶ 44. The supreme court rejected the contention that the trial court could consider “the record
       of proceedings not involving the petitioner whose case is before the court.” Id. Noting,
       however, that it could affirm the appellate court’s judgment on any basis supported by the
       record, the supreme court affirmed the dismissal of the defendant’s petition at the second stage
       of review. Sanders, 2016 IL 118123, ¶ 55. Although the supreme court found in Sanders that
       the circuit court improperly considered evidence outside of the record in that defendant’s case,
       the supreme court went on to affirm the dismissal of the defendant’s petition, finding that
       Bingham’s recantation “merely adds conflicting evidence to the evidence adduced at the trial.”
       Id. ¶ 52. The supreme court held that even if the recantation was taken as true, it was not of
       such conclusive character as to probably change the result on retrial. Id.
¶ 29       In the case at bar, the State relies in part on the appellate court decision in Sanders to argue
       that the circuit court in this case could consider the record of Crowe’s plea proceedings. In
       defendant’s reply brief, which was filed several days after the supreme court’s opinion in
       Sanders was issued, he asserts that “the State does not cite a case wherein a court of review
       found that a circuit court committed such an error [of making a credibility determination] and
       proceeded to affirm despite that error.” We find Sanders to be such a case.
¶ 30       Again, we review de novo the dismissal of a postconviction petition at the second stage of
       proceedings. Id. ¶ 55. Where a defendant raises a claim of actual innocence, the relevant
       inquiry at the second stage of postconviction review is whether the defendant has made a
       substantial showing of actual innocence so as to warrant an evidentiary hearing. Id. ¶ 37.

                                                    -6-
       Evidence in support of an actual innocence claim “must be newly discovered; material and not
       merely cumulative; and ‘of such conclusive character that it would probably change the result
       on retrial.’ ” People v. Ortiz, 235 Ill. 2d 319, 333 (2009) (quoting People v. Morgan, 212 Ill. 2d
       148, 154 (2004)). The “conclusiveness of the new evidence is the most important element of an
       actual innocence claim.” Sanders, 2016 IL 118123, ¶ 47.
¶ 31       As in Sanders, Crowe’s affidavit is not of such conclusive character that it would probably
       change the result on retrial. We note that the supreme court described the evidence of
       defendant’s guilt in this case as “overwhelming.” Rivera, 227 Ill. 2d at 26. The State presented
       testimony from witnesses who were with defendant before, during and after the shooting.
       Susan Shelton testified she was with defendant and several members of the Insane Deuces at a
       party on January 9, 1998, and was in the van with defendant, the Crowe brothers, and others.
       Shelton testified that John Crowe and defendant got out of the van and disappeared from her
       sight. Shelton heard gunshots, and defendant returned to the van holding the gun. In addition,
       Michael Rodriguez, a member of the Insane Deuces, testified he saw defendant with two
       weapons that evening and defendant told him later that night that he was a “Stone killer.”
¶ 32       At the second stage of postconviction review, all well-pleaded facts not positively rebutted
       by the trial record are to be taken as true. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d at 380. Accepting as true
       Crowe’s representation in his affidavit that he, and not defendant, shot the victim, that scenario
       does not necessarily exonerate defendant. See People v. Collier, 387 Ill. App. 3d 630, 636
       (2008) (the hallmark of actual innocence is total vindication or exoneration, not whether a
       defendant has been proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt). Although Crowe’s affidavit
       does not say that defendant was present in the van, he does not say defendant was not present.
       Moreover, the testimony of Shelton and Rodriguez places defendant squarely in the middle of
       these events. Shelton testified that defendant and Crowe got out of the van together and
       returned after shots were fired. Even presuming arguendo that Crowe was the gunman,
       defendant would still be criminally accountable for Crowe’s actions.
¶ 33       As in Sanders, the circuit court in this case erred in making a credibility determination as to
       Crowe’s affidavit at the second stage of postconviction review and based on its consideration
       of materials outside the record in defendant’s case. However, our de novo review reveals that
       because Crowe’s affidavit would not change the result on retrial, we conclude that defendant
       has not made a substantial showing of actual innocence, and his postconviction petition was
       properly dismissed at the second stage.
¶ 34       As a final matter, we address defendant’s contention that his postconviction counsel did
       not provide reasonable assistance. We conclude that postconviction counsel’s representation
       of defendant did not fall below the standard required by Rule 651(c).
¶ 35       Under the Act, postconviction counsel is required to provide a defendant who has filed a
       petition with a reasonable level of assistance. People v. Morgan, 2015 IL App (1st) 131938,
       ¶ 92. Those duties include consultation with the defendant to ascertain his contentions of a
       deprivation of constitutional rights, examination of the record of proceedings and trial, and the
       amendment of the defendant’s petition if such amendment is necessary to adequately present
       those contentions. Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(c) (eff. Dec. 1, 1984). If counsel believes that the claims
       made in his client’s petition are frivolous or without merit, counsel’s ethical obligation at the
       second stage of postconviction proceedings is to seek to withdraw. People v. Greer, 212 Ill. 2d
       192, 209 (2004).

                                                    -7-
¶ 36       The filing of a certificate under Rule 651(c) by postconviction counsel signifies those
       duties have been fulfilled and creates a rebuttable presumption that postconviction counsel has
       provided the reasonable assistance contemplated by the Act. Morgan, 2015 IL App (1st)
       131938 (citing People v. Perkins, 229 Ill. 2d 34, 50-51 (2007)). A defendant has the burden of
       overcoming that presumption by demonstrating that counsel failed to substantially comply
       with the duties set out in Rule 651(c). People v. Profit, 2012 IL App (1st) 101307, ¶ 19. The
       presumption that the defendant received the required representation may be rebutted by the
       record. People v. Hayes, 2016 IL App (3d) 130769, ¶ 12.
¶ 37       Defendant does not assert that his postconviction counsel failed to fulfill the particular
       duties enumerated in Rule 651(c). Rather, defendant contends that counsel’s obligations
       extend beyond the strictures of the Rule. He cites cases in which postconviction counsel’s
       performance has been deemed unreasonable where, for example, counsel did not respond to
       the State’s motion to dismiss the petition. See People v. Powers, 376 Ill. App. 3d 63, 65 (2007).
       Here, defendant claims his postconviction counsel provided unreasonable assistance by not
       challenging the circuit court’s decision to consider the transcript of Crowe’s guilty plea
       proceeding to assess his credibility and, in fact, expressly agreeing with the court’s decision to
       do so.
¶ 38       Defendant relies on People v. Shortridge, 2012 IL App (4th) 100663, which we do not find
       analogous to the facts at bar. In Shortridge, the defendant’s postconviction petition was
       dismissed at the second stage of review after postconviction counsel “confess[ed]” or agreed to
       the State’s dismissal motion. Id. ¶ 6. Shortly thereafter, the defendant filed a pro se response to
       the motion to dismiss, which the circuit court refused to consider, stating that postconviction
       counsel continued to represent the defendant. Id. ¶¶ 7-8. On appeal, this court found the
       defendant was denied the right to a reasonable level of postconviction assistance under the Act.
       Id.¶ 16. Noting that postconviction counsel told the circuit court that the allegations raised by
       the defendant were “nonmeritorious,” this court held that counsel should have then moved to
       withdraw. Id. ¶ 14. This court held the circuit court’s dismissal order should be reversed and
       held that new counsel should be appointed to represent the defendant. Id. ¶ 15.
¶ 39       Here, although counsel commented on the court’s decision to review the proceedings on
       Crowe’s guilty plea, at no point did counsel express the view that defendant’s postconviction
       claims were without merit, as occurred in Shortridge. Instead, counsel told the court he would
       “stand on the pro se petition” of defendant. Postconviction counsel is not required to amend a
       petition if it would only further a frivolous or patently nonmeritorious claim. Greer, 212 Ill. 2d
       at 205 (reasoning that such an amendment is not “necessary” within the meaning of Rule
       651(c)). After counsel elected to stand on the petition, the circuit court decided that it would
       consider the proceedings on Crowe’s guilty plea in assessing defendant’s pro se
       postconviction claims. Unlike in Shortridge, postconviction counsel’s remark in this case that
       the factual basis for Crowe’s plea was “probably important” did not represent a concession of
       the petition’s merits. For that reason, the acts of postconviction counsel in this case did not
       constitute unreasonable representation.
¶ 40       In summary, under the supreme court’s recent decision in Sanders, the circuit court in this
       case erred in weighing an affiant’s credibility at the second stage of proceedings and in
       considering materials that were outside the record of defendant’s case. However, Crowe’s
       affidavit was not of such conclusive character that it would probably change the result on

                                                    -8-
       retrial. Moreover, defendant’s postconviction counsel provided the reasonable assistance
       contemplated under Rule 651(c).
¶ 41       Accordingly, for all of the reasons stated above, the circuit court’s dismissal of defendant’s
       postconviction petition at the second stage of review is affirmed.

¶ 42      Affirmed.

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