Court Opinion

ID: 9908882
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-12 00:00:48.219702+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:49:34.801780
License: Public Domain

Appellate Case: 22-1389     Document: 010110966193   Date Filed: 12/11/2023   Page: 1
                                                                             FILED
                                                                 United States Court of Appeals
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                    Tenth Circuit

                              FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                   December 11, 2023
                          _________________________________
                                                                     Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                         Clerk of Court
  ESTATE OF NATHAN TIMOTHY
  SIMON, by and through its personal
  representative Timothy Scott Simon;
  TIMOTHY SCOTT SIMON, individually;
  BERNADETTE MARY SIMON,
  individually,

        Plaintiffs - Appellees,

  v.                                                       No. 22-1389
                                               (D.C. No. 1:21-CV-01923-CNS-GPG)
  SHERIFF JAMES VAN BEEK, in his                            (D. Colo.)
  official and individual capacities;
  CAPTAIN GREGORY VAN WYK, in his
  official and individual capacities;
  UNDERSHERIFF MIKE MCWILLIAMS,
  in his official and individual capacities;
  DEPUTY SCOTT PETERSON; DEPUTY
  DUSTIN OAKLEY,

        Defendants - Appellants,

  and

  EMT BERGON SHARP; EAGLE
  COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICE; EAGLE
  COUNTY DETENTION FACILITY;
  EAGLE COUNTY BOARD OF
  COMMISSIONERS; CORRECTIONAL
  HEALTHCARE COMPANIES, LLC,
  d/b/a Correct Care Solutions, LLC, d/b/a
  Wellpath, LLC,

        Defendants.
                          _________________________________
Appellate Case: 22-1389    Document: 010110966193        Date Filed: 12/11/2023    Page: 2

                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
                          _________________________________

 Before TYMKOVICH, MATHESON, and CARSON, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

       Nathan Simon took his life after he was arrested and detained at the Eagle

 County Detention Facility (“ECDF”) in Colorado. His estate brought individual

 capacity claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against the officers who arrested him—Eagle

 County Sheriff’s Deputies Scott Peterson and Dustin Oakley—and three jail

 supervisors—Sheriff James Van Beek, Captain Gregory Van Wyk, and Undersheriff

 Mike McWilliams (collectively, “Defendants”).

       The Defendants moved to dismiss the claims based on qualified immunity.

 The district court denied the motion, holding the amended complaint sufficiently

 alleged that the Defendants violated Mr. Simon’s clearly established due process

 rights under the Fourteenth Amendment through their deliberate indifference to the

 substantial risk he would commit suicide.

       Exercising jurisdiction over this interlocutory appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291,

 we reverse and remand to the district court.

       *
          This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines
 of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for
 its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.

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                                 I. BACKGROUND

                                A. Factual Allegations

       On August 3, 2019, Mr. Simon was arrested for an alleged bond violation.

 Two days later, he hanged himself from the inside window bars of his cell using a

 bedsheet. The following presents the facts as alleged in the amended complaint.

    Early Contacts with the ECSO and ECDF

       In April 2019, Karlie Cummins, Mr. Simon’s girlfriend, made an emergency

 call to report her concern that Mr. Simon would commit suicide. Eagle County

 Sheriff’s Office (“ECSO”) employees responded, but Mr. Simon convinced them he

 was not suicidal. In June, Ms. Cummins emailed ECSO Deputy Ivette Rosales,

 explaining that Mr. Simon “was demonstrating suicidal behavior,” including

 “extreme depression” and speaking “of suicide and giving up.” App., Vol. II at 268.

 She also wrote that Mr. Simon “will lie to cover things up.” Id.

       Later that month, Mr. Simon’s mother called the ECSO to report he was

 “threatening suicide” and had done so before. Id. at 269. Two ECSO deputies

 responded. Mr. Simon’s parents told them Mr. Simon was suicidal. Mr. Simon

 denied he was suicidal but explained he was “in a bad way” and “[his] whole life

 [was] falling apart.” Id. The deputies recommended that the Simons contact the

 Hope Center and watch Mr. Simon through the night. One of the deputies told the

 Hope Center that Mr. Simon’s “parents [were] currently worried that he [was]

 suicidal.” Id.

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    Events Immediately Preceding Mr. Simon’s Suicide

       On August 2, Defendant Deputy Peterson, Deputy Andrew Teichman, and an

 ECSO detective arrested Mr. Simon and took him into custody at the ECDF. Deputy

 Teichman reported that Mr. Simon was “shaking and unusually nervous.” Id.

       Mr. Simon bonded out of the ECDF the next morning and returned to his

 parents’ residence. He told them “he [was] going to kill himself.” Id. His mother

 called 911, which connected her to the ECSO dispatch. She reported that her “son

 [wa]s threatening suicide” and “ha[d] a history of mental illness.” Id. She told the

 dispatcher she was concerned he might “jump in the river.” Id. Mr. Simon “abruptly

 fled [his parents’] residence.” Id. Dispatch broadcast an alert for a “[s]uicidal

 [p]arty.” Id.

       Deputy Peterson and another deputy responded to the Simons’ residence.

 “Both parents directly told the deputies that [Mr. Simon] was suicidal and

 specifically not to believe him if he denied it.” Id. at 270. Later that day, Deputy

 Peterson and Defendant Deputy Oakley apprehended, detained, and interrogated

 Mr. Simon. They then placed him under arrest for an alleged bond violation. At an

 unspecified point, Mr. Simon’s parents also “expressly told [Deputy Oakley] that

 [Mr. Simon] would deny [being suicidal] and not to believe him.” Id.

       Deputy Oakley transported Mr. Simon to the ECDF and spoke with him “about

 his suicidal actions.” Id. Deputy Oakley asked what Mr. Simon had done “to make

 [his] parents think [he was] gonna go commit suicide.” Id. Mr. Simon “responded

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 that he was having a hard time with a lot of personal issues . . . and that he did not

 feel like going through the details” and began crying. Id.

        Meanwhile, Deputy Peterson returned to the Simons’ residence and told

 Mr. Simon’s parents “he did not consider [Mr. Simon] to be suicidal.” Id.

 Mr. Simon’s parents again told Deputy Peterson that Mr. Simon “was in fact suicidal

 and not to believe [him] if he said he was not suicidal.” Id.

    Intake and State District Court Referral

        Mr. Simon was booked into the ECDF as a pretrial detainee and underwent a

 mental health screening. The intake form used for the screening asked whether the

 “[a]rresting or transporting officer believe[d] subject may be a suicide risk,” and the

 intake employee checked “NO.” Id. at 271. “[N]one of the information regarding

 [Mr.] Simon’s suicidal behavior on August 3 . . . [was] communicated to the ECDF

 intake personnel by [Deputies Peterson and Oakley].” Id. Mr. Simon was then

 “placed . . . in the general population in a single cell . . . with no suicide-prevention

 precautions.” Id. at 272. The cell had “high bars on the inside of a high window,”

 and surveillance cameras could not monitor activity in the cell. Id. He was provided

 with bedsheets and a towel.

        On August 5, Mr. Simon attended a court advisement hearing in state district

 court. During the hearing, the judge said, “The police were called as a result of . . .

 people’s concern over [Mr. Simon’s] safety.” Id. at 273. She referred Mr. Simon to

 the Bridges Program for a mental health assessment. The referral was emailed to the

 ECSO and ECDF.

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    Suicide and Sheriff’s Statement

       Later, after the August 5 hearing, Mr. Simon hanged himself in his cell with a

 bedsheet. A month after his death, Sheriff Van Beek published a statement that read,

 “There has been a rise in suicides across Eagle County, and we were shocked when

 two occurred in our jail this month.” Id.

                             B. District Court Proceedings

       Mr. Simon’s estate sued the arresting officers and supervisors in their

 individual capacities under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, 1 alleging a violation of the Fourteenth

 Amendment through deliberate indifference to Mr. Simon’s substantial risk of

       1
          The caption of the amended complaint lists as defendants: “SHERIFF
 JAMES VAN BEEK, in his official and individual capacities; CAPTAIN GREGORY
 VAN WYK, in his official and individual capacities; UNDERSHERIFF MIKE
 MCWILLIAMS, in his official and individual capacity, DEPUTY SCOTT
 PETERSON, [and] DEPUTY DUSTIN OAKLEY.” App., Vol. II at 260. But the
 counts alleging § 1983 claims against the Defendants—Counts I, III, V, VII, and
 VIII—list each as sued only “in his Official Capacity.” Id. at 274, 279, 282, 285,
 288.
         On its face, the pleading suggests that none of the Defendants were sued in
 their individual capacities. And the district court described the § 1983 claims as
 claiming a “violation of the Fourteenth Amendment through 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against
 Defendants Van Beek, McWilliams, Van Wyk, Peterson [and] Oakley . . . in their
 official capacities.” Id. at 432.
         Nonetheless, the district court addressed qualified immunity for individual
 capacity claims against Deputies Peterson and Oakley and individual supervisory
 liability claims against Sheriff Van Beek, Captain Van Wyk, and Undersheriff
 McWilliams. Id. at 433-40. This approach was consistent with the parties’ briefing
 on the motion to dismiss. Id. at 309-16. The Defendants have not argued in district
 court or here that they were sued only in their official capacities.

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 suicide. 2 The Defendants moved to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

 12(b)(6), asserting qualified immunity. The district court denied the motion.

       The court denied qualified immunity to arresting officers Peterson and Oakley,

 concluding the Estate adequately alleged the officers had violated Mr. Simon’s

 clearly established constitutional right. It held that the amended complaint “alleged

 sufficient facts to show that the [arresting officers] were aware of the risk that [Mr.

 Simon] would commit suicide” and “acted with deliberate indifference to [Mr.

 Simon]’s serious medical needs.” Id. at 437-38. And the court held the officers

 violated clearly established law under Cox v. Glanz, 800 F.3d 1231 (10th Cir. 2015).

       The district court also denied the supervisors’ assertion of qualified immunity,

 holding the Estate sufficiently alleged an “affirmative link between the supervisor[s]

 and the constitutional violation.” App., Vol. II at 438-39. It did not address whether

 the supervisors violated clearly established law.

       The Defendants brought a timely interlocutory appeal to challenge the denial

 of qualified immunity.

       2
         The Estate and Mr. Simon’s parents alleged additional claims that are not
 relevant to this appeal.

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                                     II. DISCUSSION

                                   A. Legal Background

    Standard of Review

        We apply de novo review to a district court’s denial of a motion to dismiss

 based on qualified immunity. Brown v. Montoya, 662 F.3d 1152, 1162 (10th Cir.

 2011); see Thompson v. Ragland, 23 F.4th 1252, 1255 (10th Cir. 2022). “To survive

 a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as

 true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556

 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quotations omitted).

        “We accept all well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint as true, and

 we view them in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Sinclair Wyo.

 Refin. Co. v. A & B Builders, Ltd., 989 F.3d 747, 765 (10th Cir. 2021) (alterations

 and quotations omitted). “In the context of a § 1983 action against multiple

 individual governmental actors, it is particularly important that the complaint make

 clear exactly who is alleged to have done what to whom, to provide each individual

 with fair notice as to the basis of the claims against him or her.” Truman v. Orem

 City, 1 F.4th 1227, 1235 (10th Cir. 2021) (alterations and quotations omitted).

    Section 1983 and Qualified Immunity

        Section 1983 provides that a person acting under color of state law who

 “subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States . . . to the

 deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and

 laws, shall be liable to the party injured.” 42 U.S.C. § 1983.

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        “Persons sued under § 1983 in their individual capacity may invoke the

 defense of qualified immunity.” Duda v. Elder, 7 F.4th 899, 909 (10th Cir. 2021).

 “[Q]ualified immunity protects government officials from liability for civil damages

 insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional

 rights . . . .” Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009) (quotations omitted).

        “A motion to dismiss based on qualified immunity imposes the burden on the

 plaintiff to show both [1] that a constitutional violation occurred and [2] that the

 constitutional right was clearly established at the time of the alleged violation.” Doe

 v. Woodard, 912 F.3d. 1278, 1289 (10th Cir. 2019) (quotations omitted). We may

 decide “which of the two prongs of the qualified immunity analysis should be

 addressed first in light of the circumstances in the particular case at hand.” Pearson,

 555 U.S. at 236; see Cox, 800 F.3d at 1246.

        “A clearly established right is one that is sufficiently clear that every

 reasonable official would have understood that what he is doing violates that right.”

 Mullenix v. Luna, 577 U.S. 7, 11 (2015) (per curiam) (quotations omitted). “A

 Supreme Court or Tenth Circuit decision on point or the weight of authority from

 other courts can clearly establish a right . . . .” A.N. ex rel. Ponder v. Syling,

 928 F.3d 1191, 1197 (10th Cir. 2019) (quotations omitted). “[A] case directly on

 point” is not necessary if “existing precedent . . . ha[s] placed the statutory or

 constitutional question beyond debate.” White v. Pauly, 580 U.S. 73, 79 (2017) (per

 curiam) (quotations omitted).

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     Deliberate Indifference

        “A prison official’s deliberate indifference to an inmate’s serious medical

  needs violates the Eighth Amendment.” Sealock v. Colorado, 218 F.3d 1205, 1209

  (10th Cir. 2000); see also Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 828 (1994). The

  deliberate indifference standard applies to pretrial detainees like Mr. Simon through

  the Fourteenth Amendment. Burke v. Regalado, 935 F.3d 960, 991 (10th Cir. 2019).

  We assess claims involving jail suicide for deliberate indifference to serious medical

  needs. Est. of Burgaz ex rel. Zommer v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs for Jefferson Cnty., 30

  F.4th 1181, 1186 (10th Cir. 2022).

        “Deliberate indifference involves both an objective and a subjective

  component.” Sealock, 218 F.3d at 1209 (quotations omitted). “The objective

  component is met if the deprivation is ‘sufficiently serious.’” Id. (quoting Farmer,

  511 U.S. at 834). “Death by suicide satisfies that requirement.” Est. of Burgaz, 30

  F.4th at 1186; see Cox, 800 F.3d at 1240 n.3.

        “The subjective component is satisfied if a prison official knows of and

  disregards an excessive risk to inmate health or safety . . . .” Mata v. Saiz, 427 F.3d

  745, 751 (10th Cir. 2005) (emphasis added) (quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837). As

  to knowledge, “[t]he official must be aware of the facts from which the inference of a

  substantial risk of serious harm could be drawn and also draw that inference.” Lucas

  v. Turn Key Health Clinics, LLC, 58 F.4th 1127, 1137 (10th Cir. 2023). Thus, the

  official must have “actual knowledge . . . of an individual inmate’s substantial risk of

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  suicide.” Cox, 800 F.3d at 1249. A factfinder may infer knowledge if “the risk was

  obvious.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842.

                                        B. Analysis

         We address in two parts whether the district court erred in denying qualified

  immunity to the Defendants.

         First, we hold the district court should have dismissed the § 1983 claims

  against the arresting officers on prong two of qualified immunity. Even assuming

  Deputies Peterson and Oakley were deliberately indifferent in violation of the

  Fourteenth Amendment, the Estate has not shown the law was clearly established.

         Second, we hold the district court should have dismissed the § 1983 claims

  against the supervisors on prong one of qualified immunity. The amended complaint

  does not plausibly allege the supervisors had actual knowledge of Mr. Simon’s

  substantial risk of suicide.

     Arresting Officers

         Even if the Estate sufficiently alleged the arresting officers were deliberately

  indifferent to Mr. Simon’s substantial risk of suicide, it has not shown that the law

  was clearly established at the time of the alleged constitutional violation.

         The Estate primarily relies on Cox for its prong-two clearly established law

  argument, but this reliance is misplaced. In Cox, also a jail-suicide case, the

  decedent’s mother sued Sheriff Stanley Glanz in his individual and official capacities

  under § 1983. 800 F.3d at 1236. She “alleg[ed] that his failure to provide adequate

  and timely mental-health screening and care” at the intake and placement stage of

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  detention “constituted deliberate indifference to [the decedent]’s serious medical

  needs.” Id. at 1239. We reversed the district court’s summary judgment decision

  denying qualified immunity on the individual capacity claim because the law would

  not have put Sheriff Glanz on notice that he could be held liable for the decedent’s

  suicide. Id. at 1236. Cox does not provide clearly established law here for two

  reasons.

         First, because we decided Cox on the second prong of qualified immunity,

  holding the law was not clearly established without deciding the underlying

  constitutional issue, it provides no precedent for clearly established law. See George

  ex rel. Bradshaw v. Beaver County ex rel. Beaver Cnty. Bd. of Comm’rs, 32 F.4th

  1259 (10th Cir. 2022). We recently made this point in George, another pretrial

  detainee suicide case. Id. at 1246. The § 1983 claim in George alleged a defendant

  jail official “violated [the decedent]’s constitutional rights by placing [him] in a

  regular cell and failing to inform other officers of his suicide risk.” Id. at 1258. We

  held that no “Tenth Circuit or Supreme Court decision put [the official] on notice that

  his conduct violated [the decedent]’s constitutional rights.” Id. at 1259.

         We explained that Cox “assumed the existence of a constitutional violation and

  held that the right at issue—‘an inmate’s right to proper prison suicide screening

  procedures during booking’—wasn’t clearly established.” Id. (quoting Perry v.

  Durborow, 892 F.3d 1116, 1124 (10th Cir. 2018) (quoting Cox, 800 F.3d at 1247)).

  Because Cox did not decide whether there was a prong-one constitutional violation, it

  did not clearly establish jail officials’ liability in those circumstances.

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         Second, the circumstances in Cox differed significantly from those in this case.

  Unlike Deputies Peterson and Oakley, Sheriff Glanz was sued in his individual

  supervisory capacity. See Cox, 800 F.3d at 1236. “We specifically base[d] our

  decision . . . on our determination . . . that the then-extant clearly established law

  would not have put a jail administrator similarly situated to Sheriff Glanz on notice

  that he could be held liable under § 1983 for an Eighth Amendment violation based

  on a prisoner’s suicide . . . .” Id. Deputies Peterson and Oakley are not supervisors

  or jail administrators.

         And in Cox, the alleged deliberate indifference occurred when the decedent

  was booked into the jail, screened for placement in the general population, and

  received no response to a request for medical assistance. Id. at 1237-39. The Estate

  has not cited any cases in which arresting officers have been held liable under § 1983

  for a jail suicide that occurred after they transported the arrestee to the jail and turned

  over custody to jail staff for screening and placement.

         In addition to Cox, the district court cited George and Crane v. Utah

  Department of Corrections, 15 F.4th 1296 (10th Cir. 2021), as clearly establishing

  the law in this case. Even if George or Crane were factually analogous to this case,

  both were decided after Mr. Simon’s suicide occurred in 2019. For qualified

  immunity, the right must be “clearly established at the time of the defendant’s alleged

  misconduct.” Pearson, 555 U.S. at 232 (quotations omitted). While “a case decided

  after the [underlying] incident . . . can state clearly established law when [it] ruled

  that the relevant law was clearly established as of an earlier date preceding the

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  [underlying] events,” Wilkins v. City of Tulsa, 33 F.4th 1265, 1276 n.8 (10th Cir.

  2022) (quotations omitted), neither George nor Crane did so.

        In sum, even assuming the amended complaint adequately alleged that

  Deputies Peterson and Oakley violated Mr. Simon’s constitutional right, the Estate

  has not shown that the right was clearly established at the time of the violation. We

  therefore reverse the denial of qualified immunity to Deputies Peterson and Oakley.

     Supervisors

        The Estate did not sufficiently allege that any of the supervisors had actual

  knowledge of Mr. Simon’s risk of suicide, which is required for supervisory liability

  under a § 1983 jail-suicide claim. We therefore reverse the district court’s denial of

  qualified immunity because the Estate failed to allege a constitutional violation. 3

        a. Additional legal background

        “A § 1983 defendant sued in an individual capacity may be subject to personal

  liability and/or supervisory liability.” Brown, 662 F.3d at 1163. Supervisors are not

  vicariously liable for their employees’ acts under § 1983, but a supervisor may be

  liable for “personally violat[ing] [a plaintiff’s] constitutional rights.” Perry, 892

  F.3d at 1121.

        3
           The Estate also brought a municipal liability claim against the supervisors by
  suing them in their official capacities. See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of the City
  of N.Y., 436 U.S. 658, 690 (1978). The supervisors moved to dismiss this claim, but
  the district court found it was adequately alleged. The Monell claim is not part of
  this appeal.

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        To establish supervisory liability, a plaintiff must “show an affirmative link

  between” a supervisor and the alleged constitutional injury. Id. (quotations omitted).

  The “plaintiff must prove: (1) the defendant promulgated, created, implemented or

  possessed responsibility for the continued operation of a policy that (2) caused the

  complained of constitutional harm, and (3) acted with the state of mind required to

  establish the alleged constitutional deprivation.” George, 32 F.4th at 1255

  (quotations omitted).

        “Precisely what state of mind is required for individual liability depends on the

  type of claim a plaintiff brings.” Schneider v. City of Grand Junction Police Dep’t,

  717 F.3d 760, 769 (10th Cir. 2013). The state of mind to establish “§ 1983 jail-

  suicide supervisory[ ]liability” is knowledge “that the specific inmate at issue

  presented a substantial risk of suicide.” George, 32 F.4th at 1257 (citing Cox, 800

  F.3d at 1250; Crane, 14 F.4th at 1307); see Est. of Hocker ex rel. Hocker v. Walsh,

  22 F.3d 995, 1000 (10th Cir. 1994).

        b. Application

        The Estate does not allege facts showing that any of the supervisors had

  “actual knowledge . . . of an individual inmate’s substantial risk of suicide,” Cox, 800

  F.3d at 1249, or that “the risk was obvious,” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842. It alleges that

  information about Mr. Simon was communicated to ECSO and ECDF employees who

  are not parties to this suit. But it does not allege that this information was shared

  with the supervisors or was generally known. Nor did it allege that the supervisors

  were made aware of Deputy Peterson’s or Deputy Oakley’s interactions with

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  Mr. Simon. See Mata, 427 F.3d at 751 (“[T]he official must both be aware of facts

  from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm

  exists, and she must also draw the inference.” (alterations and quotations omitted)).

         The district court inferred that the supervisors had actual knowledge of

  Mr. Simon’s risk of suicide from the allegation that the judge’s August 5 referral of

  Mr. Simon to the Bridges Program for a mental health assessment was emailed to the

  ECSO and ECDF. But the Estate did not allege that any of the supervisors monitored

  the email address or that they were informed about the email. And the referral does

  not mention suicide, nor does the Estate allege that it does. App., Vol. II at 327-28;

  see Cox, 800 F.3d at 1252-53 (finding a defendant who was informed that a patient

  had paranoid schizophrenia “had no knowledge that [he] presented a substantial risk

  of suicide”).

         The district court also relied on Sheriff Van Beek’s post-incident statement

  that the ECDF had two suicides during the month of Mr. Simon’s death. But a

  statement made one month after Mr. Simon’s suicide does not show any of the

  supervisors’ knowledge before his suicide.

         In sum, the Estate failed to allege a constitutional violation against the

  supervisors. The district court erred in denying qualified immunity. 4 We do not need

  to address whether the law was clearly established. See Pearson, 555 U.S. at 236.

         4
          The district court erred not only in concluding the amended complaint
  alleged a constitutional violation against the supervisors, but it also erred in failing to
  address the clearly established law prong of qualified immunity.

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                                  III. CONCLUSION

        We reverse the district court’s denial of the motion to dismiss based on

  qualified immunity.

                                            Entered for the Court

                                            Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
                                            Circuit Judge

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