Court Opinion

ID: 9713048
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-26 05:05:47.104102+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:23:16.026358
License: Public Domain

Per Curiam.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of armed robbery, MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797, and felony-firearm, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2). Sentenced to from 20 to 40 years imprisonment on the armed robbery conviction and a mandatory 2-year term on the felony-firearm conviction, he appeals as of right.
On October 2, 1981, three young men, each carrying a gun, burst into Vincent’s Inn. The owner, Vincent Borowski, was pushed into a side room and struck on the head. When he tried to stand up, he was kicked and shot in the hip. He was then shot at again, the bullet grazing his head. One of the men then removed his wallet. Elizabeth Borowski, the owner’s daughter, was also in the bar, along with a regular patron, Joyce Perry. While her father wás lying wounded in the side room, Ms. Borowski was pulled from her hiding place in the kitchen. She testified that as she came out of the kitchen she saw the defendant standing near the cash register. Then she observed *74defendant walk into the back room. Ms. Borowski told the men that the money was in the cash drawer, but that there was very little. One of the men then kicked her in the head. Subsequently, the men emptied the cash register and left. Shortly thereafter, defendant was arrested.
Defendant maintains that the trial court made several errors in its instructions to the jury. He argues that the court improperly instructed the jury on the elements of armed robbery. The elements of an armed robery are: (1) an assault committed by the accused upon the victim; (2) a felonious taking of property from the victim; and (3) presence of a dangerous weapon or an object fashioned to make the victim reasonably believe it to be a dangerous weapon. People v Vannoy, 106 Mich App 404; 308 NW2d 233 (1981). The defendant argues that the trial court incorrectly instructed the jury on the first element inasmuch as it failed to properly define an assault. The trial court defined assault in the following manner:
"An assault is putting another person in fear. I have advised you that pointing a weapon at someone is putting that person in fear, telling that person that something was going to happen to them. That’s an assault.”
An assault is an attempted battery or "an unlawful act which places another in reasonable apprehension of receiving an immediate battery”. People v Sykes, 117 Mich App 117, 120; 323 NW2d 617 (1982). (Emphasis added.) Thus, the trial court’s instruction omitted an essential element of an assault and, hence, a necessary element of armed robbery. This is reversible error.
The defendant also alleges that the trial court erred in failing to instruct on the specific intent *75element of armed robbery. Armed robbery is a specific intent crime. People v Peery, 119 Mich App 207, 214; 326 NW2d 451 (1982). It must be established that the defendant possessed a larcenous intent. People v Fisk, 62 Mich App 638, 643; 233 NW2d 684 (1975). The trial court instructed the jury that, to convict defendant of armed robbery, they must find he "intended to deprive the owner of the use and value of his property”. That is an incomplete statement of the necessary intent. Larcenous intent is the intent "to deprive the owner of his property permanently'. People v Wilbert, 105 Mich App 631, 639; 307 NW2d 388 (1981). (Emphasis added.) This is also reversible error, People v Peery, supra, p 214.
The defendant did not request correct instructions nor object to the instructions given by the court. Although generally appellate review is precluded absent a request for an instruction, "[r]e-view is not precluded when the trial court fails to instruct on an essential element of the crime * * People v Wolak, 110 Mich App 628, 634; 313 NW2d 174 (1981). Therefore, we reverse defendant’s conviction for armed robbery. Because the instructional errors could have influenced the jury’s finding that defendant committed or attempted to commit a felony, see MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2), we reverse defendant’s conviction for felony-firearm as well.
We now address those of defendant’s remaining allegations of error that may arise at the new trial.
Of the alleged instructional errors, only one may come up at the retrial. Defendant contends that the trial court should have sua sponte instructed the jury on the so-called Davenport rule: "the prosecution has the burden of proving 'that there *76is no innocent theory possible which will, without violation of reason, accord with the facts’ People v Davenport, 39 Mich App 252, 256; 197 NW2d 521 (1972). The Davenport rule, however, applies only where the people’s case depends entirely upon circumstantial evidence. Id. In the present case, the people introduced direct evidence. Thus, the Davenport rule does not apply and the jury should not have been instructed as to its terms.
Moving beyond the defendant’s alleged instructional errors, we address first defendant’s contention that his convictions for armed robbery and felony-firearm run afoul of the Double Jeopardy Clause. On the authority of Wayne County Prosecutor v Recorder’s Court Judge, 406 Mich 374; 280 NW2d 793 (1979), we reject that contention.
Defendant has raised a number of other issues that may arise at the new trial. He argues that his confession was coerced because it was made before he was arraigned. He also asserts that the line-up, in which he was identified, was improper and that the witness’s in-court identification of the defendant has no independent basis. The defendant, however, did not raise these issues below. The defendant should have requested a Walker1 hearing to determine the voluntariness of his confession and a Wade2 hearing to determine the propriety of the line-up. In the absence of such evidentiary hearings, we decline to address defendant’s claims of error.
Defendant’s final two allegations of error are: (1) the trial court erred in allowing the testimony of a witness who had violated the court’s sequestration order; and (2) the trial court erred in finding *77that the prosecutor showed due diligence in attempting to produce a res gestae witness. The trial court’s actions were in response to peculiar factual situations and, as such, are unlikely to be repeated at the new trial. Therefore, we decline to address the issues.
Reversed and remanded.

 People v Walker (On Rehearing), 374 Mich 331; 132 NW2d 87 (1965).

 United States v Wade, 388 US 218; 87 S Ct 1926; 18 L Ed 2d 1149 (1967).