Court Opinion

ID: 9964252
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-29 16:00:59.455261+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:25:16.749821
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       APR 29 2024
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

LOUISA GUTIERREZ, an individual;               No. 21-55141
DEBBIE LUNA, an individual, on behalf of
themselves and all persons similarly situated, D.C. No.
                                               3:19-cv-01345-TWR-AGS
               Plaintiffs-Appellants,

 v.                                             MEMORANDUM*

BAUSCH HEALTH US, LLC, a New Jersey
Limited Liability Company, FKA Valeant
Pharmaceuticals North America LLC, a New
Jersey Limited Liability Company; LLT
MANAGEMENT LLC,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Southern District of California
                    Todd W. Robinson, District Judge, Presiding

                        Argued and Submitted April 8, 2024
                               Pasadena, California

Before: BERZON and MENDOZA, Circuit Judges, and BOLTON,** District
Judge.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The Honorable Susan R. Bolton, United States District Judge for the
District of Arizona, sitting by designation.
      Plaintiffs appeal the district court’s dismissal with prejudice of their fifth

amended complaint for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 12(b)(6), and failure to allege fraud with particularity under Rule 9(b).

We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Reviewing de novo, Tingley v.

Ferguson, 47 F.4th 1055, 1066 (9th Cir. 2022); Kearns v. Ford Motor Co., 567 F.3d

1120, 1124 (9th Cir. 2009), we affirm.

      1.     Plaintiffs advance false advertisement claims under three California

consumer protection statutes: the Consumer Legal Remedies Act (“CLRA”), the

False Advertising Law (“FAL”), and the Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”).

Because plaintiffs’ claims are grounded in fraud, they must plead each element with

particularity. Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA, 317 F.3d 1097, 1103–04 (9th Cir.

2003); Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). This means they “must identify ‘the who, what, when,

where, and how of the misconduct charged,’ as well as ‘what is false or misleading

about [the purportedly fraudulent] statement, and why it is false.’” Cafasso, U.S. ex

rel. v. Gen. Dynamics C4 Sys., Inc., 637 F.3d 1047, 1055 (9th Cir. 2011) (alteration

in original) (quoting Ebeid ex rel. U.S. v. Lungwitz, 616 F.3d 993, 998 (9th Cir.

2010)).

      Plaintiffs’ fifth amendment complaint failed to meet this standard. The

operative complaint is littered with descriptions of advertisements found in products

and television, as well as in print magazines. But many of these advertisements are

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unrelated to the Talcum Products at issue, or outside of the class period, or both. In

the rare instance in which the complaint identifies an advertisement promoting the

Talcum Products during the class period, plaintiffs fail to “demonstrate actual

reliance on the allegedly deceptive or misleading statements.” Kwikset Corp. v.

Superior Ct., 246 P.3d 877, 888 (Cal. 2011) (quoting In re Tobacco II Cases, 207

P.3d 20, 26 (Cal. 2009)). Despite this being plaintiffs’ sixth chance to plead the

relevant facts, plaintiffs fail to allege if, when, where, or how they were exposed to

the allegedly misleading advertisements. Therefore, the district court did not err in

finding that plaintiffs failed to allege actual reliance with particularity.

      2.     Plaintiffs’ inability to demonstrate actual reliance is not saved by the In

re Tobacco II Cases exception, which holds that a plaintiff does not have to plead

with an “unrealistic degree of specificity that the plaintiff relied on particular

advertisements or statements,” when they allege “exposure to a long-term

advertising campaign.” 207 P.3d at 40. California law does not “authorize an

award . . . on behalf of a consumer who was never exposed in any way to an

allegedly wrongful business practice.” Cohen v. DIRECTV, Inc., 101 Cal. Rptr. 3d

37, 48 (Ct. App. 2009). Plaintiffs fail to plead facts establishing that they

themselves were exposed to or relied on a long-term advertising campaign that

carried on into the class period. The district court therefore did not err in

dismissing plaintiffs’ claims for failing to satisfy the heightened pleading standard

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of Rule 9(b).

      3.        The district court appropriately dismissed under the reasonable

consumer standard the plaintiffs’ claim predicated upon television advertisements

that allegedly ran during the class period. That standard requires a plaintiff to show

that “members of the public are likely to be deceived” by the allegedly false

advertisement. See Williams v. Gerber Prods. Co., 552 F.3d 934, 938 (9th Cir.

2008) (quoting Freeman v. Time, Inc., 68 F.3d 285, 289 (9th Cir. 1995)). The

plaintiffs have not pleaded sufficient facts to show that a reasonable consumer

would be misled by defendants’ television advertisements, where two of the

advertisements identified do not feature Talcum Products and the third is identified

by only a YouTube video not plausibly attributable to the defendants. See, e.g.,

Moore v. Trader Joe’s Co., 4 F.4th 874, 882–83 (9th Cir. 2021) (dismissing a false

advertising claim based on an unreasonable interpretation of a product label).

      4.        Lastly, although plaintiffs have ostensibly disclaimed reliance on

Proposition 65, they continue to assert that defendants failed to “inform,” “notify,”

and “publicize” certain information about their products to the general public and

the relevant authorities. The complaint also alleges that the mere sale of Talcum

Products in retail stores deceived plaintiffs into thinking the products were “safe for

use.” To the extent those allegations rest on the failure to disclose cancer and

reproductive health-related risks, they are impermissible attempts to plead around

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Proposition 65’s mandatory pre-suit notice requirements. Cal. Health & Safety

Code § 25249.7(d)(1); Ctr. for Self-Improvement & Cmty. Dev. v. Lennar Corp., 94

Cal. Rptr. 3d 74, 79 (Ct. App. 2009) (“Statutory notice is a mandatory condition

precedent to establishing a citizen’s right to commence a Proposition 65

enforcement action in the public interest.”). As the district court has now twice

noted, Proposition 65 forecloses plaintiffs’ arguments. See In re Vaccine Cases, 36

Cal. Rptr. 3d 80 (Ct. App. 2005) (dismissing UCL claims that were predicated on

Proposition 65 warning violations for failure to comply with the pre-suit notice

requirement). To the extent the complaint alleges that the defendants failed to

disclose harms not covered by Proposition 65, the plaintiffs have waived that claim

by failing to argue it “specifically and distinctly” in their briefing. Indep. Towers of

Washington v. Washington, 350 F.3d 925, 929 (9th Cir. 2003) (quoting Greenwood

v. Fed. Aviation Admin., 28 F.3d 971, 977 (9th Cir. 1994)).

      5.     Because the district court has provided plaintiffs with five

opportunities to remedy the defects in their complaint, it did not abuse its discretion

in dismissing the fifth amended complaint with prejudice. See Leadsinger, Inc. v.

BMG Music Publ’g, 512 F.3d 522, 532 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing Foman v. Davis, 371

U.S. 178, 182 (1962)). Because our resolution of the issues above is dispositive of

plaintiffs’ claims, we need not decide any other issues raised on appeal.

      AFFIRMED.

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