Court Opinion

ID: 9882009
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-04 20:01:05.251179+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:25:34.973425
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 22-13733    Document: 19-1      Date Filed: 10/04/2023    Page: 1 of 11

                                                    [DO NOT PUBLISH]
                                    In the
                 United States Court of Appeals
                         For the Eleventh Circuit

                           ____________________

                                 No. 22-13733
                           Non-Argument Calendar
                           ____________________

        RUBEN ADOLFO CERON-CASCO,
                                                                Petitioner,
        versus
        U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                               Respondent.

                           ____________________

                    Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals
                           Agency No. A073-969-493
                           ____________________
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        2                      Opinion of the Court                 22-13733

        Before ROSENBAUM, LAGOA, and BRASHER, Circuit Judges.
        PER CURIAM:
               Ruben Ceron-Casco petitions us for review of two issues
        from his immigration court proceedings. First, he argues that his
        2006 conviction for assault with a deadly weapon is no longer a
        crime of moral turpitude because of a change in California law. Sec-
        ond, he argues that the immigration judge and Board of Immigra-
        tion Appeals improperly pretermitted his applications for cancella-
        tion of removal and failed to give reasoned consideration to his le-
        gal arguments. For the reasons stated below, we deny his petition.
                                       I.

                Ruben Ceron-Casco is a native and citizen of El Salvador
        who entered the United States in 1988. His status was adjusted to
        lawful permanent resident in 2004 under section 203 of the Nicara-
        guan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act. He was con-
        victed of assault with a deadly weapon in California in 2006, and
        possession of a controlled substance in Georgia in 2015. While Ce-
        ron-Casco has an extensive history with the immigration courts
        and federal courts, only some of that history is relevant for this pe-
        tition.
              In 2017, an immigration judge ordered Ceron-Casco remov-
        able because his 2006 conviction was a crime of moral turpitude
        under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(i), and separately because his 2015
        conviction was a controlled substance offense under 8 U.S.C. §
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        22-13733               Opinion of the Court                          3

        1227(a)(2)(B)(i). The immigration judge also held that he was stat-
        utorily ineligible for cancellation of removal under Section 240A(a)
        of the Immigration and Nationality Act, and that he was statutorily
        barred from special rule cancellation of removal under Section 203
        of NACARA.
               Ceron-Casco appealed that order to the BIA. The BIA con-
        cluded that his 2006 conviction was a crime of moral turpitude, he
        was not eligible for Section 240A(a) cancellation, and that he was
        statutorily precluded from NACARA special rule cancellation. He
        now petitions us for review of the BIA’s ruling.
                                       II.

               We lack jurisdiction to review a final removal order against
        an alien who is removable because he committed a crime involving
        moral turpitude or a controlled substance offense. See 8 U.S.C. §
        1252(a)(2)(C). We also lack jurisdiction to review the BIA’s discre-
        tionary denial of cancellation of removal. 8 U.S.C. §
        1252(a)(2)(B)(i). And we “lack jurisdiction to review facts found as
        part of discretionary-relief proceedings” including cancellation of
        removal. Patel v. Garland, 142 S. Ct. 1614, 1627 (2022). But we have
        jurisdiction to review constitutional claims or questions of law
        raised in a petition for review. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D). We review
        the BIA’s decision as the final decision below but will review the
        immigration judge’s decision to the extent the BIA expressly adopts
        or agrees with it. Gonzalez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 820 F.3d 399, 403 (11th
        Cir. 2016).
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        4                      Opinion of the Court                22-13733

                                       III.

               Ceron-Casco’s petition argues that the BIA erred in classify-
        ing his 2006 conviction as a crime of moral turpitude and that the
        BIA and immigration judge erred by “pretermitting” his two appli-
        cations for cancellation of removal and not giving “reasoned con-
        sideration” to his arguments of law relating to his two applications.
        We lack jurisdiction to review the denial of his Section 240A(a) ap-
        plication for cancellation of removal, but we have jurisdiction to
        review the classification of his 2006 conviction and his NACARA
        application for cancellation of removal. Because we find that the
        BIA and immigration judge were correct in classifying his 2006 con-
        viction and rejecting his NACARA application, we deny his petition
        for review.
               We note at the start that Ceron-Casco did not challenge his
        2015 controlled substance conviction before the immigration judge
        or BIA and does not challenge it before us. Thus, he failed to ex-
        haust any challenge to that conviction below and has otherwise
        abandoned any challenge to it. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1); Amaya-
        Artunduaga v. U.S. Atty. Gen., 463 F.3d 1247, 1250 (11th Cir. 2006)
        (exhaustion); Ruiz v. Att’y Gen., 440 F.3d 1247, 1256 n.6 (11th Cir.
        2006) (abandonment). But even though he is removable based on
        his 2015 conviction alone, he still asks us to reach his other argu-
        ments. See Donawa v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 735 F.3d 1275, 1279 n.1 (11th
        Cir. 2013) (citing Carachuri-Rosendo v. Holder, 560 U.S. 563, 567
        (2010)). We agree that we are still required to consider whether the
        immigration judge and BIA properly rejected his NACARA
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        22-13733              Opinion of the Court                        5

        application for cancellation of removal, and whether his 2006 con-
        viction that underlies his NACARA application was a crime of
        moral turpitude.
                                      A.

               We will begin with the BIA’s denial of Ceron-Casco’s appli-
        cation for cancellation of removal under Section 240A(a) of the
        INA. In his appeal to the BIA, Ceron-Casco argued that the immi-
        gration judge should have cancelled his removal under Section
        240A(a) because he might have been granted Temporary Protected
        Status when his father was granted TPS in 1991. He said that if the
        immigration courts found that he was granted TPS in 1991, he
        would have been considered “inspected and admitted” when he
        traveled abroad and returned to the United States in 1996. Thus, he
        would have been able to demonstrate the seven years of continu-
        ous residence required for Section 240A(a) cancellation of removal
        despite his 2006 conviction. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(a). The BIA re-
        jected that argument because he did not raise it before the immi-
        gration judge and because his argument could not satisfy his bur-
        den of proving he was eligible for TPS and Section 240A(a) cancel-
        lation of removal.
                Because his argument and the BIA’s rejection of that argu-
        ment were discretionary and based on factual findings, we lack ju-
        risdiction to review it. See Patel, 142 S. Ct. at 1627; 8 U.S.C. §
        1252(a)(2)(B)(i). So we dismiss his petition for review so far as he
        seeks review of his Section 240A(a) application for cancellation of
        removal.
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        6                      Opinion of the Court                  22-13733

                                       B.

                We next turn to the BIA’s classification of Ceron-Casco’s
        2006 conviction as a crime of moral turpitude under 8 U.S.C. §
        1227(a)(2)(A)(i). Ordinarily we would not review the classification
        of his 2006 conviction because his 2015 conviction is an independ-
        ent basis for his removal. But the BIA concluded that because Ce-
        ron-Casco was convicted of a crime of moral turpitude in 2006, he
        had to satisfy a heightened NACARA standard. 8 C.F.R. §
        1240.66(c)(1). That heightened standard required him to show that
        he was “a person of good moral character” for ten years following
        his 2006 conviction. Id. 1240.66(c)(3). The immigration judge con-
        cluded that because he was confined to a penal institution for 180
        days or more following his 2015 controlled substance conviction,
        he was statutorily precluded from demonstrating “good moral
        character.” See id.; 8 U.S.C. § 1101(f)(6). It follows then that if Ce-
        ron-Casco’s 2006 conviction was not a crime of moral turpitude, he
        would not have been subjected to the heightened standard and
        would have been required to satisfy only the normal NACARA can-
        cellation of removal requirements. The immigration judge and BIA
        did not consider his application under the normal requirements, so
        we must determine whether the classification of his 2006 convic-
        tion was proper.
               “We review de novo the legal question of whether a convic-
        tion qualifies as a [crime of moral turpitude].” Lauture v. U.S. Att’y
        Gen., 28 F.4th 1169, 1172 (11th Cir. 2022) (cleaned up) (citing Gelin
        v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 837 F.3d 1236, 1240 (11th Cir. 2016). An alien is
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        22-13733                Opinion of the Court                          7

        deportable for committing a crime of moral turpitude if he (1) com-
        mits a “crime involving moral turpitude” within five years after his
        date of admission and (2) is “convicted of a crime for which a sen-
        tence of one year or longer may be imposed.” 8 U.S.C. §
        1227(a)(2)(A)(i). In his petition for review, Ceron-Casco only chal-
        lenges the second element—that his 2006 conviction is not one for
        which a sentence of one year or longer may be imposed.
                 Ceron-Casco was convicted of committing “an assault upon
        the person of another with a deadly weapon or instrument other
        than a firearm.” Cal. Penal Code § 245(a)(1). Section 245(a)(1) is
        classified as a “wobbler” offense for sentencing purposes. See Ceron
        v. Holder, 747 F.3d 773, 777 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc). That is, a state
        court has discretion to treat it as a felony or a misdemeanor. At the
        time of Ceron-Casco’s conviction, the maximum sentence for a
        Section 245(a)(1) conviction was four years if the state court treated
        it as a felony, and the maximum sentence was one year if the court
        treated it as a misdemeanor. Id. Ceron-Casco concedes that at the
        time of his conviction a sentence of one year or longer could be
        imposed regardless of whether the state court treated his convic-
        tion as a felony or a misdemeanor. But he argues that a 2014 Cali-
        fornia law that reduced the maximum possible sentence for misde-
        meanor assault with a deadly weapon to 364 days means that his
        conviction is no longer a crime of moral turpitude. See Cal. Penal
        Code § 18.5(a). He argues that under this law, the immigration
        judge and BIA should have reclassified his conviction because the
        law was given explicit retroactive effect. We disagree.
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        8                      Opinion of the Court                 22-13733

               The BIA has already considered this issue and held that Sec-
        tion 18.5 does not retroactively apply to prior convictions for fed-
        eral immigration purposes. See Matter of Eduardo Velasquez-Rios, 27
        I. & N. Dec. 470, 472 (BIA 2018). The BIA reasoned that even
        though the law applied retroactively for purposes of state law, it
        cannot control the immigration consequences of convictions for
        purposes of federal law. Id. In other words, because the federal im-
        migration statute “calls for a backward-looking inquiry into the
        maximum possible sentence the alien could have received for his of-
        fense at the time of his conviction.” Id. So the only relevant inquiry
        for our purposes is whether the conviction is one “for which a sen-
        tence of one year or longer may” have been imposed at the time of
        conviction. Id. The BIA reasoned that a change in state law, even if
        retroactive, does not alter the inquiry that Congress imposed under
        Section 237(a)(2)(A)(i) for crimes involving moral turpitude. Id. at
        473.
               Our precedent and Supreme Court precedent in other im-
        migration contexts support the BIA’s conclusion. For instance, we
        have explained that “[i]n assessing whether a noncitizen’s convic-
        tion qualifies as an aggravated felony, we compare his offense of
        conviction to the CSA schedules in effect when he was convicted.”
        Gordon v. United States Attorney Gen., 962 F.3d 1344, 1351 n.4 (11th
        Cir. 2020). In support of that proposition, we relied on Mellouli v.
        Lynch, which, we noted “compar[ed] the state controlled substance
        schedules with the federal schedules in place ‘[a]t the time of
        Mellouli’s conviction.’” 575 U.S. 798, 808 (2015). As the Tenth Cir-
        cuit has explained, “[w]here a non-citizen is removable
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        22-13733                Opinion of the Court                            9

        immediately upon being convicted of an offense involving a con-
        trolled substance, it makes sense to determine whether the convic-
        tion is a removable offense at the time of that controlled-substance con-
        viction.” United States v. Williams, 48 F.4th 1125, 1143 (10th Cir.
        2022); see also United States v. Jackson, 55 F.4th 846, 862 n.1 (11th Cir.
        2022) (Rosenbaum, J., concurring). So we agree with the BIA that
        Ceron-Casco’s conviction for assault with a deadly weapon in 2006
        is a crime of moral turpitude because the maximum possible sen-
        tence he could have received for that conviction was either four
        years if classified as a felony or one year if classified as a misde-
        meanor. Section 18.5 cannot operate to retroactively change that
        federal law classification.
                                         C.

               Finally, we consider Ceron-Casco’s argument that the BIA
        and immigration judge erred in “pretermitting” his NACARA ap-
        plication for cancellation of removal and failed to give “reasoned
        consideration” to his arguments below. As explained above, Ceron-
        Casco was subjected to heightened NACARA cancellation of re-
        moval requirements because he was convicted of a crime of moral
        turpitude within seven years of gaining lawful permanent resident
        status. The heightened standard required him to show that he was
        a person of “good moral character” for ten years after his 2006 con-
        viction. But because his 2015 controlled substance conviction
        caused him to be confined to a penal institution for 180 days or
        more, he was statutorily precluded from demonstrating “good
        moral character.” See 8 C.F.R. § 1240.66(c)(1); 8 U.S.C. § 1101(f)(6).
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        10                     Opinion of the Court                 22-13733

        Because Ceron-Casco was statutorily precluded from being
        granted NACARA cancellation of removal, the immigration judge
        and BIA correctly denied that application.
               Ceron-Casco makes much of the use of the term “pretermit”
        in the immigration judge and BIA’s opinions. But we agree with
        the government that his argument rests on a distinction without a
        difference. Both the immigration judge and BIA used the terms
        “deny” and “pretermit” interchangeably, and both correctly deter-
        mined that NACARA special rule cancellation was not statutorily
        available to Ceron-Casco.
               To the extent Ceron-Casco raises a due process argument
        because the immigration judge and BIA did not give his arguments
        “reasoned consideration,” that argument must fail because he can-
        not demonstrate that “in the absence of the alleged violations, the
        outcome of the proceeding would have been different.” Lapaix v.
        U.S. Att’y Gen., 605 F.3d 1138, 1143 (11th Cir. 2010). Indeed, “courts
        and agencies are not required to make findings on issues the deci-
        sion of which is unnecessary to the results they reach.” INS v. Baga-
        masbad, 429 U.S. 24, 25 (1976). There was no argument Ceron-
        Casco could have made to the immigration judge or BIA to over-
        come his statutory bar to his application for cancellation of re-
        moval, so neither the immigration judge nor BIA were required to
        hear those arguments. Thus, we hold that the BIA and immigration
        judge correctly rejected Ceron-Casco’s application for cancellation
        of removal under NACARA.
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        22-13733           Opinion of the Court                    11

                                  IV.

            For the reasons stated above, we DISMISS IN PART AND
        DENY IN PART Ceron-Casco’s petition for review.