Court Opinion

ID: 4568951
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-09-23 18:10:19.875928+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:27:55.651533
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Bradford, 2020-Ohio-4563.]
                                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                     FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                           ADAMS COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,                                         :

        Plaintiff-Appellee,                            :        Case No. 20CA1109

        vs.                                            :

BRYAN L. BRADFORD,                                     :        DECISION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY

        Defendant-Appellant.                           :

_________________________________________________________________

                                                 APPEARANCES:

Brian T. Goldberg, Cincinnati, Ohio, for appellant.1

David Kelley, Adams County Prosecuting Attorney, and Kris D. Blanton, Adams Assistant
County Prosecuting Attorney, West Union, Ohio, for appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM COMMON PLEAS COURT
DATE JOURNALIZED: 9-14-20
ABELE, J.

       {¶ 1} This is an appeal from an Adams County Common Pleas Court judgment of
conviction and sentence. Bryan L. Bradford, defendant below and appellant herein, assigns the
following errors for review:

                   FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

                   “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF
                   APPELLANT’S SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHTS BY ENTERING
                   JUDGEMENT [SIC] OF CONVICTION AFTER A TRIAL AT
                   WHICH    APPELLANT     RECEIVED     INEFFECTIVE
                   ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL FOR HIS DEFENSE.”

                   SECOND ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

        1
            Different counsel represented appellant during the trial court proceedings.
                                                                                                   2
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                  “THE EVIDENCE WAS INSUFFICIENT AS A MATTER OF
                  LAW AND/OR AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE
                  EVIDENCE TO SUSTAIN MR. BRADFORD’S CONVICTION.”

        {¶ 2} On November 25, 2019, Adams County Sheriff’s Office deputies visited Arlene

Abbott’s home after they received information that John Johnson, an individual with a felony-

arrest warrant, was at the residence. After entering the residence, the officers encountered

appellant. The officers then searched the residence and found, not only Johnson, but also a

weapon inside a closet in one of the rooms. Inside the same room as the weapon, officers found

various items that contained appellant’s name: two prescription pill bottles, legal documents, and

a state identification card.

        {¶ 3} An Adams County Grand Jury returned an indictment that charged appellant with

one count of possessing a weapon while under a disability, in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(2).

The indictment alleged that appellant was under a disability due to a previous felonious assault

conviction. Appellant pleaded not guilty.

        {¶ 4} On February 13 and 14, 2020, the trial court held a jury trial. Before the trial began,

appellant’s counsel stipulated to appellant’s prior conviction and that the court could disclose to

the jury the allegations contained in the indictment. The court noted on the record that appellant

signed a stipulation that he has “a prior conviction in this court for felonious assault.”

Furthermore, appellant stated on the record that he entered into the stipulation “knowingly,

intelligently, and voluntarily.”

        {¶ 5} At trial, Adams County Sheriff’s Detective Sam Purdin testified that on November

25, 2019, he encountered Arlene Abbott and appellant’s sister, Buffy, in a grocery store parking

lot. Purdin explained that he discussed John Johnson’s whereabouts with Abbott and Buffy, and
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that Abbott informed Purdin that Johnson was at Abbott’s house. Purdin stated that Abbott gave

officers permission to enter her house to arrest Johnson.

       {¶ 6} Detective Purdin also related that Buffy advised the officers that appellant was at

Abbott’s house. Buffy cautioned the officers that appellant had been using “meth” and “was very

paranoid.” Purdin also testified that Buffy informed the officers that appellant would think that

the officers were at the house to arrest him. Purdin asked Buffy whether appellant had any

weapons, and she responded that appellant had “several weapons.”

       {¶ 7} Detective Purdin testified that when officers arrived at Abbott’s house, they used a

loudspeaker to announce their presence. When no one responded, Purdin walked toward the

residence. As Purdin did so, appellant yelled from a window and asked why the officers were on

the premises. Purdin informed appellant that Abbott had given the officers permission to enter

the residence and appellant appeared to be “very agitated.”

       {¶ 8} Detective Purdin related that, once the officers entered Abbott’s home, they secured

appellant and began to search the residence for Johnson. During the search, officers discovered

a semi-automatic rifle in a closet in one of the bedrooms. Purdin explained that appellant was in

this particular bedroom when Purdin started to walk toward the front door.

       {¶ 9} Detective Purdin further testified that officers discovered additional items in the

bedroom: (1) two prescription pill bottles that contained appellant’s name; (2) appellant’s South

Carolina identification card; (3) a briefcase with legal documents that contained appellant’s name;

(4) “a lot of men’s clothing”; and (5) a “guitar.”
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       {¶ 10} Adams County Sheriff’s Sergeant Brian Newland testified that he spoke with

Abbott before officers visited her residence to look for Johnson. Newland stated that Abbott

indicated that she had rented a room to appellant “for quite some time.”

       {¶ 11} Sergeant Newland also related that Abbott gave the officers permission to enter the

home to arrest Johnson, so long as the officers did not damage the home. Newland stated that

Abbott also advised the officers to knock first to see if Johnson would answer the door. According

to Newland, Abbott stated that if Johnson did not answer the door, then officers could enter and

arrest Johnson. Newland testified that after officers entered Abbott’s residence and searched for

Johnson, Newland did not believe that appellant had personal belongings in any room except the

room where the officers discovered the weapon.

       {¶ 12} Sergeant Newland also explained that the day after the officers searched Abbott’s

residence, he attempted to obtain a statement from Abbott but she refused to provide a recorded

statement. Newland testified that Abbott did, however, inform him that the room that contained

the weapon belonged to appellant. Abbott further claimed, however, that she owned the weapon.

Newland later learned that Abbott had also purchased the weapon.

       {¶ 13} Appellant called Abbott in his defense and Abbott denied that she gave the officers

permission to search her residence. Although Abbott agreed that appellant had been staying at

her house, she did not agree that appellant had been staying in the room where the officers located

the weapon. Instead, Abbott explained that the room with the weapon is her office. Abbott also

testified that she owned the weapon, that she placed the weapon in the closet, that no one else

touched the weapon, and no one else had permission to touch the weapon.
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       {¶ 14} After hearing the evidence, the jury found appellant guilty as charged. The trial

court sentenced appellant to serve thirty months in prison. This appeal followed.

                                                  I

       {¶ 15} In his first assignment of error, appellant asserts that trial counsel did not provide

effective assistance of counsel. In particular, appellant contends that trial counsel performed

ineffectively (1) by failing to file a motion to suppress, and (2) by failing to object to statements

that appellant had a prior felonious assault conviction.

                                                 A

       {¶ 16} The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 10

of the Ohio Constitution provide that defendants in all criminal proceedings shall have the

assistance of counsel for their defense.      The United States Supreme Court has generally

interpreted this provision to mean a criminal defendant is entitled to the “reasonably effective

assistance” of counsel. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674

(1984); accord Hinton v. Alabama, 571 U.S. 263, 272, 134 S. Ct. 1081, 188 L. Ed. 2d 1 (2014)

(explaining that the Sixth Amendment right to counsel means “that defendants are entitled to be

represented by an attorney who meets at least a minimal standard of competence”).

       {¶ 17} To establish constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must

show (1) that his counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) that the deficient performance

prejudiced the defense and deprived the defendant of a fair trial. E.g., Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687;

State v. Myers, 154 Ohio St. 3d 405, 2018-Ohio-1903, 114 N.E.3d 1138, ¶ 183; State v. Powell,

132 Ohio St. 3d 233, 2012-Ohio-2577, 971 N.E.2d 865, ¶ 85. “Failure to establish either element

is fatal to the claim.” State v. Jones, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 06CA3116, 2008-Ohio-968, ¶ 14.
                                                                                                 6
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Therefore, if one element is dispositive, a court need not analyze both. State v. Madrigal, 87 Ohio

St.3d 378, 389, 721 N.E.2d 52 (2000) (stating that a defendant’s failure to satisfy one of the

ineffective-assistance-of-counsel elements “negates a court’s need to consider the other”).

                                                1

       {¶ 18} The deficient performance part of an ineffectiveness claim “is necessarily linked to

the practice and expectations of the legal community: ‘The proper measure of attorney

performance remains simply reasonableness under prevailing professional norms.’” Padilla v.

Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 366, 130 S. Ct. 1473, 176 L. Ed. 2d 284 (2010), quoting Strickland, 466
U.S. at 688; accord Hinton, 571 U.S. at 273. Prevailing professional norms dictate that “a lawyer

must have ‘full authority to manage the conduct of the trial.’” State v. Pasqualone, 121 Ohio

St.3d 186, 2009-Ohio-315, 903 N.E.2d 270, ¶ 24, quoting Taylor v. Illinois, 484 U.S. 400, 418,

108 S. Ct. 646, 98 L. Ed. 2d 798 (1988).

       {¶ 19} Furthermore, “‘[i]n any case presenting an ineffectiveness claim, “the performance

inquiry must be whether counsel’s assistance was reasonable considering all the circumstances.’”

Hinton, 571 U.S. at 273, quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688. Accordingly, “[i]n order to show

deficient performance, the defendant must prove that counsel’s performance fell below an

objective level of reasonable representation.”        State v. Conway, 109 Ohio St. 3d 412,

2006-Ohio-2815, 848 N.E.2d 810, ¶ 95 (citations omitted).

       {¶ 20} Moreover, when considering whether trial counsel’s representation amounts to

deficient performance, “a court must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls

within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. Thus,

“the defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged
                                                                                                   7
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action might be considered sound trial strategy.” Id. Additionally, “[a] properly licensed attorney

is presumed to execute his duties in an ethical and competent manner.” State v. Taylor, 4th Dist.

Washington No. 07CA11, 2008-Ohio-482, ¶ 10, citing State v. Smith, 17 Ohio St. 3d 98, 100, 477
N.E.2d 1128 (1985).      Therefore, a defendant bears the burden to show ineffectiveness by

demonstrating that counsel’s errors were “so serious” that counsel failed to function “as the

‘counsel’ guaranteed * * * by the Sixth Amendment.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; e.g., State v.

Gondor, 112 Ohio St. 3d 377, 2006-Ohio-6679, 860 N.E.2d 77, ¶ 62; State v. Hamblin, 37 Ohio

St.3d 153, 156, 524 N.E.2d 476 (1988).

                                                 2

       {¶ 21} To establish prejudice, a defendant must demonstrate that a reasonable probability

exists that “‘but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A

reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine the outcome.’” Hinton, 571 U.S.

at 275, quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694; e.g., State v. Short, 129 Ohio St. 3d 360,

2011-Ohio-3641, 952 N.E.2d 1121, ¶ 113; State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St. 3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373

(1989), paragraph three of the syllabus; accord State v. Spaulding, 151 Ohio St. 3d 378,

2016-Ohio-8126, 89 N.E.3d 554, ¶ 91 (indicating that prejudice component requires a “but for”

analysis). “‘[T]he question is whether there is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the

factfinder would have had a reasonable doubt respecting guilt.’” Hinton, 571 U.S. at 275, quoting

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695. Furthermore, courts ordinarily may not simply presume the existence

of prejudice but, instead, must require the defendant to affirmatively establish prejudice. State v.

Clark, 4th Dist. Pike No. 02CA684, 2003-Ohio-1707, ¶ 22; State v. Tucker, 4th Dist. Ross No.

01CA2592 (Apr. 2, 2002); see generally Roe v. Flores-Ortega, 528 U.S. 470, 483, 120 S. Ct. 1029,
                                                                                                  8
ADAMS, 20CA1109

145 L. Ed. 2d 985 (2008) (observing that prejudice may be presumed in limited contexts, none of

which are relevant here).       As we have repeatedly recognized, speculation is insufficient to

establish the prejudice component of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. E.g., State v.

Tabor, 4th Dist. Jackson No. 16CA9, 2017-Ohio-8656, 2017 WL 5641282, ¶ 34; State v. Jenkins,

4th Dist. Ross No. 13CA3413, 2014-Ohio-3123, ¶ 22; State v. Simmons, 4th Dist. Highland No.

13CA4, 2013-Ohio-2890, ¶ 25; State v. Halley, 4th Dist. Gallia No. 10CA13, 2012-Ohio-1625,

¶ 25; State v. Leonard, 4th Dist. Athens No. 08CA24, 2009-Ohio-6191, ¶ 68; accord State v.

Powell, 132 Ohio St. 3d 233, 2012-Ohio-2577, 971 N.E.2d 865, ¶ 86 (stating that an argument that

is purely speculative cannot serve as the basis for an ineffectiveness claim).

       {¶ 22} In the case at bar, we do not believe that appellant satisfied his burden to show that

trial counsel performed ineffectively by failing to file a motion to suppress the evidence uncovered

after the search of Abbott’s home, or by failing to object to statements that appellant has a prior

felonious assault conviction.

                                                 B

       {¶ 23} Appellant first contends that trial counsel’s failure to file a motion to suppress the

evidence uncovered at Abbott’s residence constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel. Appellant

argues that officers lacked a constitutionally justified reason to enter the residence without a

warrant. Appellant further asserts that whether Abbott gave officers permission to enter her house

to search for Johnson is disputed, and if counsel had filed a motion to suppress, the trial court

would have held a hearing to resolve disputed factual issues and “could have found that Mr.

Johnson did not reside at the subject residence,” or that “Ms. Abbot did not consent to the entry

into her residence.”
                                                                                                    9
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       {¶ 24} Initially, we point out that trial counsel’s “‘failure to file a suppression motion does

not constitute per se ineffective assistance of counsel.’” State v. Madrigal, 87 Ohio St. 3d 378, 389,

721 N.E.2d 52 (2000), quoting Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 384, 106 S. Ct. 2574, 91
L. Ed. 2d 305 (1986); accord State v. Neyland, 139 Ohio St. 3d 353, 2014–Ohio–1914, 12 N.E.3d
1112, ¶ 126. “To establish ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to file a motion to suppress,

a defendant must prove that there was a basis to suppress the evidence in question.” State v.

Brown, 115 Ohio St. 3d 55, 2007–Ohio–4837, 873 N.E.2d 858, ¶ 65, citing State v. Adams, 103
Ohio St. 3d 508, 2004–Ohio–5845, 817 N.E.2d 29, ¶ 35. “‘Where the record contains no evidence

which would justify the filing of a motion to suppress, the appellant has not met his burden of

proving that his attorney violated an essential duty by failing to file the motion.’” State v.

Drummond, 111 Ohio St. 3d 14, 2006–Ohio–5084, 854 N.E.2d 1038, ¶ 208, quoting State v.

Gibson, 69 Ohio App. 2d 91, 95, 430 N.E.2d 954 (8th Dist.1980); accord Neyland at ¶ 126.

“‘Even if some evidence in the record supports a motion to suppress, counsel is still considered

effective if counsel could reasonably have decided that filing a motion to suppress would have

been a futile act.’” State v. Moon, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101972, 2015–Ohio–1550, ¶ 28,

quoting State v. Suarez, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2014–02–035, 2015–Ohio–64, ¶ 13; see State

v. Waters, 4th Dist. Vinton No. 13CA693, 2014–Ohio–3109, ¶ 12, quoting State v. Witherspoon,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94475, 2011–Ohio–704, ¶ 33 (stating that “‘[t]he failure to do a futile act

cannot be the basis for claims of ineffective assistance of counsel and is not prejudicial’”).

       {¶ 25} In the case sub judice, after our review we do not believe that appellant has met his

burden to show that trial counsel’s failure to file a motion to suppress evidence constitutes

ineffective assistance of counsel. Appellant does not point to any specific rationale to show that
                                                                                                 10
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a reasonable likelihood exists that the trial court would have suppressed the evidence discovered

during the search of Abbott’s residence if trial counsel had filed a motion to suppress the evidence.

Instead, appellant speculates that (1) Abbott would have testified at a suppression hearing that she

did not give officers permission to enter her house, and (2) the trial court might have found

Abbott’s testimony more credible than the testimony from multiple officers that Abbott did indeed

give them permission to enter her house. Appellant’s speculation regarding what the trial court

might have decided is simply insufficient to establish an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim.

       {¶ 26} Therefore, we reject appellant’s argument that trial counsel performed ineffectively

by failing to file a motion to suppress the evidence discovered during the search of Abbott’s

residence.

                                                 C

       {¶ 27} Appellant next asserts that trial counsel performed ineffectively by failing to object

to statements that he has a prior felonious assault conviction. Appellant recognizes that counsel

stipulated that appellant has a prior felonious assault conviction, but contends that counsel should

have stipulated only that appellant was under a disability, or that appellant has a prior felony-

offense-of-violence conviction. Appellant further asserts that (1) counsel should have objected

when the prosecutor mentioned, during opening statement and closing argument, that appellant

has a prior felonious assault conviction, (2) counsel should have objected when the trial court

instructed the jury that one of the elements of an R.C. 2923.13(A)(2) weapons-under-disability

offense requires the defendant to have a prior felony-offense-of-violence conviction, then named

the specific offense as felonious assault. Appellant argues that naming the specific offense–

felonious assault–prejudiced his defense because it could give the jury the impression that
                                                                                                 11
ADAMS, 20CA1109

appellant has a propensity to commit crime. Appellant reasons that if counsel had not agreed to

allow the jury to hear evidence of a prior felonious assault conviction, the jury may not have found

him guilty of possessing a weapon while under a disability. Appellant further claims that because

the evidence regarding his possession of the weapon is not overwhelming, evidence of his prior

felonious assault conviction may have persuaded the jury on an improper basis.

       {¶ 28} We first point out that appellant’s argument fails under the invited-error doctrine.

The invited-error doctrine precludes a litigant from “‘tak[ing] advantage of an error which [the

litigant] invited or induced.’” State v. Ford, 158 Ohio St. 3d 139, 2019-Ohio-4539, 140 N.E.3d
616, ¶ 279, quoting Hal Artz Lincoln-Mercury, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., Lincoln-Mercury Div., 28
Ohio St. 3d 20, 502 N.E.2d 590 (1986), paragraph one of the syllabus. The doctrine generally

applies “‘when a party has asked the court to take some action later claimed to be erroneous, or

affirmatively consented to a procedure the trial judge proposed.’” Id., quoting State v. Campbell,

90 Ohio St. 3d 320, 324, 738 N.E.2d 1178 (2000). In the criminal context, the doctrine prevents

a defendant from making “‘an affirmative, apparently strategic decision at trial and then

complain[ing] on appeal that the result of that decision constitutes reversible error.’” State v.

Doss, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 84433, 2005-Ohio-775, 2005 WL 433531, ¶ 7, quoting United States

v. Jernigan, 341 F.3d 1273, 1290 (11th Cir.2003); accord State v. Brunner, 4th Dist. Scioto No.

18CA3848, 2019-Ohio-3410, 2019 WL 4010289, ¶ 15.

       {¶ 29} In the case at bar, before the trial began appellant affirmatively stated on the record

that he knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily agreed that he had a prior felonious assault

conviction. Indeed, appellant explicitly agreed that the court could read the language contained

in the indictment that referred to his prior felonious assault conviction.             Under these
                                                                                                 12
ADAMS, 20CA1109

circumstances, appellant invited any error and cannot take advantage of the error on appeal by

claiming ineffective assistance of counsel.

       {¶ 30} Assuming, arguendo, that appellant did not invite any error, we do not believe that

appellant has shown that trial counsel performed ineffectively by failing to object to evidence

regarding appellant’s prior felonious assault conviction. We fully recognize that “[t]he existence

of a prior offense is such an inflammatory fact that ordinarily it should not be revealed to the jury

unless specifically permitted under statute or rule.” State v. Allen, 29 Ohio St. 3d 53, 55, 506
N.E.2d 199 (1987). Nevertheless, “[w]hen a prior conviction is an element of the charged offense,

it may be admitted into evidence for the purpose of proving that element.” State v. Halsell, 9th

Dist. Summit No. 24464, 2009-Ohio-4166, 2009 WL 2517137, ¶ 13.

       {¶ 31} R.C. 2923.13(A)(2), as charged in the case sub judice, required the state to prove

that appellant previously had been convicted of a “felony offense of violence.” State v. Creech,

150 Ohio St. 3d 540, 2016-Ohio-8440, 84 N.E.3d 981, 2016 WL 7645112, ¶ 35. A stipulation to

this element under R.C. 2923.13(A)(2) “would necessarily include the fact that the defendant * * *

had previously been convicted of a [felony offense of violence].” Id.

       {¶ 32} A stipulation that a defendant has a prior felony-offense-of-violence conviction

“relieve[s] the state of its burden of proving the prior conviction element of the weapons-under-

disability charge.” State v. McLaughlin, 12th Dist. Clinton No. CA2019-02-002, 2020-Ohio-969,

2020 WL 1244797, ¶ 56. It does not, however, mean “that the jury must remain ignorant of that

prior conviction.” State v. Varner, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2019-P-0089, 2020-Ohio-1329, 2020
WL 1685338, ¶ 44, citing State v. Nadock, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2009-L-042, 2010-Ohio-1161,

2010 WL 1058356, ¶30. The effect of a prior-conviction stipulation is not to remove the prior
                                                                                                 13
ADAMS, 20CA1109

conviction from the jury’s knowledge, but instead to prevent the jury from hearing the specific

facts underlying the prior conviction, not the bare fact of the prior conviction. See Varner at ¶ 44

(explaining that a prior-conviction “stipulation ensures that the jury would know only the fact of a

prior felony conviction, which is admissible under Evid.R. 403, not the facts underlying that

conviction, which are inadmissible under the rule”); see generally Creech at ¶ 36 and ¶ 41

(concluding that allowing jury to hear that defendant’s felonious assault with a deadly weapon

conviction involved the defendant shooting the victim is not proper, but allowing the jury to hear

that the defendant had a prior felony-offense-of-violence conviction is proper); State v. Spaulding,

151 Ohio St. 3d 378, 2016-Ohio-8126, 89 N.E.3d 554, 2016 WL 7386160, ¶ 153 (explaining that

even when defendant stipulates to prior felony-drug offenses in an R.C. 2923.13(A)(3) weapons-

under-disability case, “the jury still would have learned that [the defendant] had at least prior

felony drug convictions”); State v. Robinson-Bey, 127 N.E.3d 417, 2018-Ohio-5224 (9th Dist.),

¶ 34 (noting that R.C. 2929.13(A)(2) offense requires jury “to be told that [the defendant] had at

least one prior conviction for a felony offense of violence”).

       {¶ 33} In the case sub judice, even if we assume for purposes of argument that trial

counsel’s failure to object to statements that appellant had a prior felonious assault conviction was

arguably professionally unreasonable, appellant cannot show a reasonable likelihood exists that

the result of his trial would have been different had counsel lodged an objection. If trial counsel

had successfully objected or prevented any mention of appellant’s prior felonious assault

conviction, R.C. 2923.13(A)(2) still required the jury to find that appellant had a prior felony-

offense-of-violence conviction. Thus, the trial court would have nevertheless instructed the jury

that it must find that appellant had a prior felony-offense-of-violence conviction. We do not
                                                                                                    14
ADAMS, 20CA1109

believe that the difference between “felonious assault” and “felony-offense-of-violence” is vast

enough to suggest that the jury in the case at bar found appellant guilty upon an improper basis.

We do not believe that the jury likely would have acquitted appellant if it had heard only that

appellant had a prior felony-offense-of-violence conviction, and not heard that he had a prior

felonious assault conviction. For these reasons, we reject appellant’s argument that trial counsel

was ineffective for failing to limit the stipulation to state that appellant had a prior felony-offense-

of-violence conviction.

        {¶ 34} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule appellant’s first

assignment of error.

                                                   II

        {¶ 35} In his second assignment of error, appellant asserts that the state did not present

sufficient evidence to support his conviction and that his conviction is against the manifest weight

of the evidence. Appellant contends that the evidence fails to show that he possessed the weapon

that the officers discovered in the closet. Although appellant recognizes that officers discovered

the weapon in the closet of a room that contained appellant’s personal items and that the officers

observed appellant standing inside this same room, appellant nevertheless claims that the state

failed to produce any evidence to show that appellant touched the weapon, or that he knew of the

weapon located inside the closet. Thus, appellant contends that the state did not present sufficient

evidence that he possessed the weapon and his conviction is against the manifest weight of the

evidence.

       {¶ 36} We initially observe that “sufficiency” and “manifest weight” present two distinct

legal concepts. Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St. 3d 328, 2012–Ohio–2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶ 23
                                                                                                 15
ADAMS, 20CA1109

(stating that “sufficiency of the evidence is quantitatively and qualitatively different from the

weight of the evidence”); State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St. 3d 380, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), syllabus.

A claim of insufficient evidence invokes a due process concern and raises the question whether

the evidence is legally sufficient to support the verdict as a matter of law. Thompkins, 78 Ohio

St.3d at 386. When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, our inquiry focuses primarily upon

the adequacy of the evidence; that is, whether the evidence, if believed, reasonably could support

a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at syllabus. The standard of review is whether,

after viewing the probative evidence and inferences reasonably drawn therefrom in the light most

favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found all the essential elements

of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. E.g., Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct.
2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St. 3d 259, 273, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991).

Furthermore, a reviewing court is not to assess “whether the state’s evidence is to be believed, but

whether, if believed, the evidence against a defendant would support a conviction.” Thompkins,
78 Ohio St. 3d at 390 (Cook, J., concurring).

       {¶ 37} Thus, when reviewing a sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim, an appellate court must

construe the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution. E.g., State v. Hill, 75 Ohio

St.3d 195, 205, 661 N.E.2d 1068 (1996); State v. Grant, 67 Ohio St. 3d 465, 477, 620 N.E.2d 50

(1993). A reviewing court will not overturn a conviction on a sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim

unless reasonable minds could not reach the conclusion that the trier of fact did. State v. Tibbetts,

92 Ohio St. 3d 146, 162, 749 N.E.2d 226 (2001); State v. Treesh, 90 Ohio St. 3d 460, 484, 739
N.E.2d 749 (2001).
                                                                                               16
ADAMS, 20CA1109

       {¶ 38} “Although a court of appeals may determine that a judgment of a trial court is

sustained by sufficient evidence, that court may nevertheless conclude that the judgment is against

the weight of the evidence.” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St. 3d at 387. “The question to be answered

when a manifest-weight issue is raised is whether ‘there is substantial evidence upon which a jury

could reasonably conclude that all the elements have been proved beyond a reasonable doubt.’”

State v. Leonard, 104 Ohio St. 3d 54, 2004-Ohio-6235, 818 N.E.2d 229, ¶ 81, quoting State v.

Getsy, 84 Ohio St. 3d 180, 193–194, 702 N.E.2d 866 (1998), citing State v. Eley, 56 Ohio St. 2d
169, 383 N.E.2d 132 (1978), syllabus. A court that is considering a manifest-weight challenge

must “‘review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, and consider

the credibility of witnesses.’” State v. Beasley, 153 Ohio St. 3d 497, 2018-Ohio-493, 108 N.E.3d
1028, ¶ 208, quoting State v. McKelton, 148 Ohio St. 3d 261, 2016-Ohio-5735, 70 N.E.3d 508,

¶ 328. The reviewing court must bear in mind, however, that credibility generally is an issue for

the trier of fact to resolve. State v. Issa, 93 Ohio St. 3d 49, 67, 752 N.E.2d 904 (2001); State v.

Murphy, 4th Dist. Ross No. 07CA2953, 2008-Ohio-1744, ¶ 31. “‘Because the trier of fact sees

and hears the witnesses and is particularly competent to decide “whether, and to what extent, to

credit the testimony of particular witnesses,” we must afford substantial deference to its

determinations of credibility.’” Barberton v. Jenney, 126 Ohio St. 3d 5, 2010-Ohio-2420, 929
N.E.2d 1047, ¶ 20, quoting State v. Konya, 2nd Dist. Montgomery No. 21434, 2006-Ohio-6312,

¶ 6, quoting State v. Lawson, 2nd Dist. Montgomery No. 16288 (Aug. 22, 1997). As the Eastley

court explained:

              “‘[I]n determining whether the judgment below is manifestly against the
       weight of the evidence, every reasonable intendment must be made in favor of the
       judgment and the finding of facts. * * *
                                                                                                17
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               If the evidence is susceptible of more than one construction, the reviewing
       court is bound to give it that interpretation which is consistent with the verdict and
       judgment, most favorable to sustaining the verdict and judgment.’”
Id. at ¶ 21, quoting Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St. 3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273

(1984), fn.3, quoting 5 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Appellate Review, Section 60, at 191–192 (1978).

Thus, an appellate court will leave the issues of weight and credibility of the evidence to the fact

finder, as long as a rational basis exists in the record for its decision. State v. Picklesimer, 4th

Dist. Pickaway No. 11CA9, 2012-Ohio-1282, ¶ 24; accord State v. Howard, 4th Dist. Ross No.

07CA2948, 2007-Ohio-6331, ¶ 6 (“We will not intercede as long as the trier of fact has some

factual and rational basis for its determination of credibility and weight.”).

       {¶ 39} Accordingly, if the prosecution presented substantial credible evidence upon which

the trier of fact reasonably could conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the essential elements

of the offense had been established, the judgment of conviction is not against the manifest weight

of the evidence. E.g., Eley. Accord Eastley at ¶ 12, quoting Thompkins, 78 Ohio St. 3d at 387, 678
N.E.2d 541, quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1594 (6th ed.1990) (explaining that a judgment is

not against the manifest weight of the evidence when “‘“the greater amount of credible evidence”’”

supports it). A court may reverse a judgment of conviction only if it appears that the fact-finder,

when it resolved the conflicts in evidence, “‘clearly lost its way and created such a manifest

miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’” Thompkins,
78 Ohio St. 3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App. 3d 172, 175, 485
N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983); accord McKelton at ¶ 328.            A reviewing court should find a

conviction against the manifest weight of the evidence only in the “‘exceptional case in which the

evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St. 3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d
18
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541, quoting Martin, 20 Ohio App. 3d at 175, 485 N.E.2d 717; accord State v. Clinton, 153 Ohio

St.3d 422, 2017-Ohio-9423, 108 N.E.3d 1, ¶ 166; State v. Lindsey, 87 Ohio St. 3d 479, 483, 721
N.E.2d 995 (2000).

       {¶ 40} We also observe that when an appellate court concludes that the weight of the

evidence supports a defendant’s conviction, this conclusion necessarily includes a finding that

sufficient evidence supports the conviction.       E.g., State v. Waller, 4th Dist. Adams No.

17CA1044, 2018-Ohio-2014, 2018 WL 2376483, ¶ 30. Thus, a determination that the weight of

the evidence supports a conviction is also dispositive of the issue of sufficiency. Id.

       {¶ 41} After, our review in the case sub judice, we believe that the prosecution presented

substantial credible evidence upon which the trier of fact reasonably could conclude, beyond a

reasonable doubt, that the essential elements of the weapons-under-disability offense had been

established.

       {¶ 42} R.C. 2923.13(A)(2) contains the essential elements of weapons-under-disability as

charged in the case sub judice:

              (A) Unless relieved from disability under operation of law or legal process,
       no person shall knowingly acquire, have, carry, or use any firearm or dangerous
       ordnance, if any of the following apply:
              ****
              (2) The person is under indictment for or has been convicted of any felony
       offense of violence or has been adjudicated a delinquent child for the commission
       of an offense that, if committed by an adult, would have been a felony offense of
       violence.

Here, appellant contends that the evidence fails to support a finding that he “had” a firearm. We

do not agree. “In order to ‘have’ a firearm within the meaning of R.C. 2923.13(A), a person must

have actual or constructive possession of it.” State v. Pitts, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 99 CA 2675,

2000-Ohio-1986, 2000 WL 1678020, *9, citing State v. Hardy, 60 Ohio App. 2d 325, 327, 397
                                                                                               19
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N.E.2d 773 (8th Dist. 1978); accord State v. Struckman, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-180287,

2020-Ohio-1232, 2020 WL 1531779, ¶ 12, citing State v. Williams, 197 Ohio App. 3d 505,

2011-Ohio-6267, 968 N.E.2d 27, ¶ 14 (1st Dist.); State v. Najeway, 9th Dist. Summit No. 21264,

2003-Ohio-3154, ¶ 10, citing State v. Martinsons, 9th Dist. Medina Nos. 2708-M & 2713-M (June

17, 1998), *6. “‘Actual possession exists when the circumstances indicate that an individual has

or had an item within his immediate physical possession.’” State v. Kingsland, 177 Ohio App. 3d
655, 2008–Ohio–4148, 895 N.E.2d 633, ¶ 13 (4th Dist.), quoting State v. Fry, 4th Dist. Jackson

No. 03CA26, 2004–Ohio–5747, 2004 WL 2428439, ¶ 39. “Constructive possession exists when

an individual knowingly exercises dominion and control over an object, even though that object

may not be within his immediate physical possession.” State v. Hankerson, 70 Ohio St. 2d 87,

434 N.E.2d 1362 (1982), syllabus; State v. Brown, 4th Dist. Athens No. 09CA3, 2009–Ohio–5390,

2009 WL 3236206, ¶ 19. For constructive possession to exist, the state must show that the

defendant was conscious of the object’s presence. Hankerson, 70 Ohio St. 2d at 91; Kingsland at

¶ 13; accord State v. Huckleberry, Scioto App. No. 07CA3142, 2008–Ohio–1007, 2008 WL
623342, ¶ 34; State v. Harrington, Scioto App. No. 05CA3038, 2006–Ohio–4388, 2006 WL
2457218, ¶ 15. Both dominion and control, and whether a person was conscious of the object’s

presence, may be established through circumstantial evidence. E.g., Brown at ¶ 19; see, e.g., State

v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St. 3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph one of the syllabus (stating that

“[c]ircumstantial evidence and direct evidence inherently possess the same probative value”).

“‘[P]ossession of a firearm in violation of R.C. 2923.13 may be inferred when a defendant has

exercised dominion and control over the area where the firearm was found.’” State v. Sebastian,

4th Dist. Highland No. 08CA19, 2009-Ohio-3117, 2009 WL 1819505, ¶ 35, quoting State v. Pitts,
                                                                                                 20
ADAMS, 20CA1109

4th Dist. Scioto No. 99CA2675, 2000 WL 1678020, *9 (Nov. 6, 2000); accord State v. English,

1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-080872, 2010-Ohio-1759, ¶ 33 (determining that the evidence

demonstrated the defendant’s constructive possession of the firearm when the “revolver was

located in a room containing [the defendant’s] personal belongings, including drugs that he had

exercised control over, and the revolver’s location was such that [the defendant] had immediate

access to it”). We further observe that whether a person under disability knowingly had, carried,

or used a firearm is to be determined from “all the attendant facts and circumstances available.”

State v. Bray, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92619, 2009-Ohio-6461, 2009 WL 4695386, ¶ 21.

       {¶ 43} In the case sub judice, we do not believe that the jury created a manifest miscarriage

of justice and clearly lost its way when it determined that appellant had a weapon. Although the

state did not present direct evidence that appellant had the weapon in his actual possession when

the officers discovered the weapon, the state relied upon circumstantial evidence to show that

appellant constructively possessed the weapon by having dominion and control over it. Detective

Purdin testified that he observed appellant in the same bedroom that contained the weapon

immediately before the officers gained entry to the residence. Inside the room with the weapon,

officers discovered several items that contained appellant’s name: (1) two prescription pill bottles;

(2) documents; and (3) a state identification card. Additionally, officers noted that the room

contained men’s clothing. These discoveries led officers to believe that appellant had been

storing his belongings in the bedroom with the weapon. Furthermore, officers testified that

Abbott told them that the bedroom belonged to appellant. Also, appellant’s sister informed the

officers that appellant had “several” weapons. Although we recognize that Abbott testified for

the defense at trial and conflicts in the evidence exist, the jury had the opportunity to hear all of
                                                                                               21
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the testimony and determine the credibility of each witness. It is important to recognize that a

jury may opt to believe all, part or none of the testimony of any witness. Here, the jury obviously

opted to find the testimony of the state’s witnesses credible.

       {¶ 44} Consequently, after we consider all of the circumstances, we cannot conclude that

the jury clearly lost its way. See generally State v. Lam, 2nd Dist. No. 26428, 2015-Ohio-4293,

46 N.E.3d 138, 2015 WL 6110238, (concluding that evidence established possession element

when state presented evidence that bedroom belonged to the defendant).

       {¶ 45} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule appellant’s second

assignment of error and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                                       JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
                                                                                                 22
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                                      JUDGMENT ENTRY

        It is ordered that the judgment be affirmed and that appellee recover of appellant the costs
herein taxed.
        The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
        It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Adams County
Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.
        If a stay of execution of sentence and release upon bail has been previously granted, it is
continued for a period of sixty days upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of said stay is
to allow appellant to file with the Ohio Supreme Court an application for a stay during the
pendency of the proceedings in that court. The stay as herein continued will terminate at the
expiration of the sixty day period.
        The stay will also terminate if appellant fails to file a notice of appeal with the Ohio
Supreme Court in the forty-five day period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of
the Ohio Supreme Court. Additionally, if the Ohio Supreme Court dismisses the appeal prior to
the expiration of said sixty days, the stay will terminate as of the date of such dismissal.
        A certified copy of this entry shall constitute that mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the
Rules of Appellate Procedure.

       Smith, P.J. & Hess, J.: Concur in Judgment & Opinion

                                                     For the Court

                                                     BY:
                                              Peter B. Abele, Judge
                                                                                               23
ADAMS, 20CA1109

                                   NOTICE TO COUNSEL

Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment entry and the time
period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with the clerk.