Court Opinion

ID: 9378242
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-09 20:03:03.925368+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:19.797169
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/9/23 P. v. Wilkerson CA4/2
See concurring and dissenting opinion.

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
 California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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                                     or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                   FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION TWO

 THE PEOPLE,

          Plaintiff and Respondent,                                      E077362

 v.                                                                      (Super.Ct.No. RIF1905231)

 RUSSELL ALVON WILKERSON, JR.,                                           OPINION

          Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Matthew C. Perantoni,

Judge. Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded with directions.

         Cliff Gardner, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Appellant.

         Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney

General, Charles C. Ragland, Assistant Attorney General, Robin Urbanski, Don Ostertag

and Laura Baggett, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

                                                             1
          Russell Alvon Wilkerson, Jr., appeals from a judgment after a jury convicted him

of first degree murder and found true a lying-in-wait special circumstance, a gang-murder

special circumstance, a gang enhancement, and a gang-related firearm enhancement. The

trial court also found that Wilkerson admitted a prior serious felony enhancement, and the

court sentenced Wilkerson to life without the possibility of parole plus five years in state

prison.

          Wilkerson argues that (1) the prosecutor committed prejudicial misconduct by

misstating the law on aiding and abetting in closing argument, (2) the lying-in-wait

special circumstance is unconstitutionally vague, (3) the trial court prejudicially erred by

not forcing the prosecution to stipulate that the relevant gang constituted a criminal street

gang, (4) there was not sufficient evidence of predicate crimes necessary to support the

gang-related enhancements and the gang special circumstance under the law as it existed

when he was tried, and (5) he did not admit that he had a prior serious felony conviction

for purposes of imposing the five-year enhancement. We find no prejudicial error.

          The parties agree, however, that, as a result of the passage of Assembly Bill

No. 333 (2021–2022 Reg. Sess.) (Assembly Bill 333), the true findings on the gang

enhancement and the gang-related firearm enhancement must be vacated. But the People

contend that the true finding on the gang special circumstance should not be vacated,

because Assembly Bill 333 is an unconstitutional legislative amendment of Proposition

21, the voter initiative that added the gang special circumstance to the list of

circumstances punishable by life in prison without the possibility of parole or death in

Penal Code section 190.2. (Unlabeled statutory references are to the Penal Code.) We

                                                2
disagree. We vacate the true findings on the gang-related enhancements and the gang

special circumstance and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion. We

otherwise affirm the judgment.

                                     BACKGROUND

A. August 2019 Incident

        One night in August 2019, law enforcement responded to a report of a possible

battery at a residence on El Sol Way in Riverside, California. William C. was the victim

and spoke to the investigating officer. William reported that he had been parked in front

of a family member’s house and honking his car’s horn, when a man William identified

as Boo (and who was otherwise identified as Anthony Mahan) approached William’s car

and started yelling. Mahan threw a can of beer at William’s car, took William’s cell

phone, and threw it too. William drove to a nearby house on the same street and called

the police.

        The investigating officer knew Mahan and knew that he was a member of the 2800

Blocc Crips street gang. The 2800 Blocc Crips claim El Sol Way as their territory. The

officer feared that the gang would retaliate against William because he had called the

police, so the officer advised William that it would be in his best interest to leave the

area.

B. The Killing

        Two weeks later, on September 1, 2019, William returned to El Sol Way to help

fix someone’s van. William worked on the van in the driveway of Jenny F.’s house near

                                              3
the cul-de-sac at the end of that street. He started working on it in the afternoon and

worked through the night, when it was dark outside.

       That night, neighbors of Jenny’s noticed a van in their driveway with the lights on.

One of them went outside to investigate and called the police. There was broken glass on

the ground, and no one responded when the neighbor called out to the van.

       Law enforcement arrived and found William slumped over in the driver’s seat

with his T-shirt soaked in blood. The windows of the front driver’s and passenger’s

doors were shattered. William was pronounced dead at the scene. He died as a result of

a single gunshot wound to his chest.

C. The Investigation

       Jeffrey Adcox was the lead detective assigned to investigate the incident. Given

that the shooting occurred on El Sol Way, Adcox suspected that it involved the 2800

Blocc Crips. The gang unit had previously attached a GPS tracking device to

Wilkerson’s car. The parties stipulated that the tracking device showed that Wilkerson’s

car arrived at the end of the cul-de-sac of El Sol Way at 9:32 p.m. on the night of the

shooting, which was about 12 minutes before law enforcement was called.

       Officers obtained surveillance footage from two nearby houses. The officers

found a single nine-millimeter shell casing near the mailbox in front of the house across

the street from William’s van. The shell casing was located directly in front of one of the

houses that had cameras that recorded the shooting.

       Just before the shooting, video showed Wilkerson parked at the end of the cul-de-

sac and sitting in the driver’s seat of his car. Reuben Kelly, Eddie Smith, and Jeffrey

                                             4
Taylor were huddled around Wilkerson’s car and speaking to Wilkerson through the

passenger window. The recordings then show a vehicle’s headlights come into view

behind Wilkerson’s car. The vehicle appears to be traveling on El Sol Way toward the

end of the cul-de-sac. Wilkerson got out of the car. Wilkerson, Kelly, and Taylor

“disburse[d]” in the direction of the houses at the end of the cul-de-sac, where they hid.

Smith moved in the opposite direction, toward the mailbox where the shell casing was

found. Smith ducked and crouched behind a car parked in front of the mailbox while

apparently looking down the street at the approaching vehicle. The video then shows the

van driven by William start to turn into a driveway across the street from Smith.

       One of the cameras that recorded the shooting captured both audio and video.

Adcox identified the voices on the recording. He had listened to approximately 3,000 of

Wilkerson’s phone calls as part of a subsequent wiretap investigation, as well as phone

calls that Taylor made from jail.

       About 15 seconds before the shooting, Taylor tells Smith, “Move cuz, move

down.” Smith responds, “I’m fittin’ to do my shit, cuz.” As the van approaches the

driveway and turns into it, Wilkerson says, “Cap him. Cap him cuz. Go on! Cap him

cuz! Got to.” Smith then fires one shot at the van. After the shooting, Taylor tells

Smith, “Hold on, Eddie. Now break him up. Hey.” Adcox explained that “break him

up” means “to finish him off.”

       After the shot, the van moved forward slightly and then came to a full stop with its

lights on. Wilkerson asked Smith if he “got down,” and Smith answered, “Yeah cuz.”

Wilkerson responded, “That’s how we do it.” Taylor directed Smith to “get out of here,”

                                             5
and an unidentified male voice can be heard telling Smith to “[h]it the back fence.” As

directed, Smith jumped the back fence of a neighbor’s house. Taylor and Wilkerson

drove away in their respective cars.

       Law enforcement later conducted a wiretap investigation of active members of the

2800 Blocc Crips and were able to find Smith in another state, where they arrested him.

Adcox interviewed Smith and played the recording of the shooting for him. Smith

admitted that he was a member of the 2800 Blocc Crips and that he was the shooter. He

admitted that he had been “part of the plan before the shooting.” He was the shooter

because he was the youngest member of the gang there.

       On the basis of one of the wiretapped conversation between Wilkerson and

another member of the 2800 Blocc Crips, Adcox believed that Wilkerson was present on

El Sol Way in August 2019, when William called the police.

D. Gang Evidence

       A detective in the gang intelligence unit of the local police department testified in

detail about the 2800 Blocc Crips. He described the 2800 Blocc Crips as a violent

criminal street gang whose primary activities as of September 2019 were drug sales,

weapons possession, robberies, violent assaults, and shootings. The detective confirmed

that the 2800 Blocc Crips claim El Sol Way as their territory. He testified about three

predicate offenses committed by various members of the 2800 Blocc Crips in 2015 and

2017. (We describe the testimony about the predicate crimes in more detail below.)

       The detective testified that Wilkerson is a member of the 2800 Blocc Crips and is

considered an “OG” or “original gangster”, which the detective explained means

                                             6
“someone who has authority to make decisions and speak on behalf of the gang.”

Wilkerson’s father is considered “a longstanding OG” of the 2800 Blocc Crips, and

several of Wilkerson’s siblings are also members. In addition, the detective confirmed

that Kelly and Taylor are also members of the 2800 Blocc Crips. On the night of the

shooting, Wilkerson was the oldest and longest-standing member of the 2800 Blocc Crips

present. Smith was the youngest and had been a member of the gang for the shortest

time.

        Asked whether in his opinion the shooting of William was in furtherance of the

2800 Blocc Crips’ activities based on a hypothetical mirroring the facts of the case, the

detective said that he believed it was. It would benefit the gang to “address a primary

threat to the gang,” which the detective described as “being someone who would

cooperate against them and identify them in crimes.” The detective opined that the older

gang members’ “encouraging, coaching, [and] subsequently congratulating” furthered the

gang’s activities also. The older gang members’ mere presence would encourage a

shooting “if someone ha[d] previously been identified as a threat to the gang.” And the

verbalized “orders to shoot” “could not have easily been ignored or rejected.” The

detective testified that a young member of the 2800 Blocc Crips “trying [to] put in work

around older members” would shoot if told to. If the young gang member refused to

shoot, then that member would have “no utility . . . in the gang,” and the gang “would

need to get rid of” that person.

                                             7
                                       DISCUSSION

A. Alleged Prosecutorial Misconduct

       Wilkerson argues that during closing argument the prosecutor prejudicially

misstated the law on aiding and abetting and that defense counsel rendered ineffective

assistance by failing to object. We reject the argument because the prosecutor did not

misstate the law.

       1. Relevant Proceedings

       The prosecution’s sole theory of the case was that Wilkerson committed first

degree murder by aiding and abetting Smith in shooting and killing William. The jury

was instructed that in order to convict Wilkerson under that theory the prosecution had to

prove that (1) “[t]he perpetrator committed the crime,” (2) Wilkerson “knew that the

perpetrator intended to commit the crime,” (3) either “[b]efore or during the commission

of the crime, [Wilkerson] intended to aid and abet the perpetrator in committing the

crime,” and (4) Wilkerson’s “words or conduct did in fact aid and abet the perpetrator’s

commission of the crime.” (CALCRIM No. 401.) The jury was further instructed:

“Someone aids and abets a crime if he or she knows of the perpetrator’s unlawful purpose

and he or she specifically intends to, and does in fact, aid, facilitate, promote, encourage,

or instigate the perpetrator’s commission of that crime.” (CALCRIM No. 401.)

       During closing argument, the prosecutor argued that Wilkerson did “in fact, aid,

facilitate, promote, encourage or instigate” Smith’s killing of William as follows: “Take

your pick which one you want to use. [¶] We know that [Wilkerson] aided [Smith]

because [Wilkerson] told [Smith] when to shoot. We know [Wilkerson] facilitated it

                                              8
because they were all by his vehicle . . . before the murder occurred. . . . [¶] We know

that [Wilkerson] promoted and encouraged because [Wilkerson] was telling [Smith] to

shoot before he shot. And we know [Wilkerson] instigated it. Take your pick.”

       Defense counsel responded that assuming that it was Wilkerson who said, “Cap

him cuz” (which counsel otherwise contested), there was no evidence that Wilkerson did

“in fact” aid and abet Smith because there was no evidence that Smith heard what was

said (regardless of who said it).

       In rebuttal, the prosecutor stated that whether Smith actually heard Wilkerson was

a “moot point.” The prosecutor explained: Defense counsel wants “you to believe that

somehow you have to focus on [Smith] when he pulled the trigger. That is not true. [¶]

The law requires that [Wilkerson] aided, facilitated, promoted, encouraged or instigated

[Smith] in the commission of this crime. That is what the law requires. Now, as added

evidence, it is plain as day that [Smith] not only heard what they were saying, but was

definitely encouraged by it.” The prosecutor played a video of the shooting. He pointed

out that Kelley, Taylor, and Smith were huddled around Wilkerson’s car before the

shooting and then intentionally moved in certain directions when William approached in

the van because “that was the plan, and they knew exactly what was going to happen.”

Defense counsel did not object to the prosecutor’s description of the evidence or the law

of aiding and abetting during rebuttal.

                                             9
       2. Analysis

       Wilkerson argues that the prosecutor committed prejudicial conduct by misstating

the law on aiding and abetting when he told the jury that it was a “moot point” whether

Smith heard Wilkerson say, “Cap him cuz.” We do not agree.

       “In California, the law regarding prosecutorial misconduct is settled: ‘When a

prosecutor’s intemperate behavior is sufficiently egregious that it infects the trial with

such a degree of unfairness as to render the subsequent conviction a denial of due

process, the federal Constitution is violated. Prosecutorial misconduct that falls short of

rendering the trial fundamentally unfair may still constitute misconduct under state law if

it involves the use of deceptive or reprehensible methods to persuade the trial court or the

jury.’” (People v. Masters (2016) 62 Cal.4th 1019, 1052.) “It is prosecutorial

misconduct to misstate the law.” (People v. Fayed (2020) 9 Cal.5th 147, 204.)

       In general, a criminal “‘“defendant may not complain on appeal of prosecutorial

misconduct unless in a timely fashion, and on the same ground, the defendant objected to

the action and also requested that the jury be admonished to disregard the perceived

impropriety.”’” (People v. Centeno (2014) 60 Cal.4th 659, 674 (Centeno).) “The

defendant’s failure to object will be excused if an objection would have been futile or if

an admonition would not have cured the harm caused by the misconduct.” (Ibid.)

       The People contend that Wilkerson forfeited the claim of error by failing to object

to the prosecutor’s alleged misstatement, and we agree. “A prosecutor’s misstatements of

law are generally curable by an admonition from the court.” (Centeno, supra, 60 Cal.4th

at p. 674.) “Nothing in this record indicates that an objection would have been futile.

                                             10
Nor was the prosecutor’s argument so extreme or pervasive that a prompt objection and

admonition would not have cured the harm.” (Ibid.) We nevertheless address the merits

of the claim because Wilkerson argues that the failure amounted to ineffective assistance

of his trial counsel.

       As the jury was properly instructed, proof of aider and abettor liability requires

proof of “the aider and abettor’s actus reus—conduct by the aider and abettor that in fact

assists the achievement of the crime.” (People v. Perez (2005) 35 Cal.4th 1219, 1225.)

Wilkerson argues that the prosecutor’s misstatement of the law relieved the prosecution

of the obligation to prove Wilkerson’s actus reus as an aider and abettor. Wilkerson

claims: “If Smith did not hear [Wilkerson’s] words of encouragement, then those words

played no part in the actual commission of [the] crime. That is, [Wilkerson’s] statement

did not in fact assist Smith in committing [the] crime. Yet, the prosecutor told jurors that

they could nevertheless find [Wilkerson] guilty of murder even if Smith did not hear him.

[Citation.] This was a misstatement of law which gave jurors an improper theory on

which to convict.”

       Wilkerson’s argument takes out of context the prosecutor’s statement that it was

“moot” whether Smith heard Wilkerson say, “Cap him cuz.” After the prosecutor made

that statement, the prosecutor went on to explain that the reason it was moot was that

there was so much other evidence that Wilkerson “aided, facilitated, promoted,

encouraged or instigated” Smith in killing William. For example, Kelly, Taylor, and

Smith were huddled around Wilkerson’s car before the shooting and disbursed when the

van approached, which the prosecution argued demonstrated that the killing was planned.

                                             11
Thus, the prosecution’s argument was that regardless of whether the jury believed that

Smith heard Wilkerson say “Cap him cuz,” the prosecution still proved beyond a

reasonable doubt that Wilkerson in fact aided and abetted Smith in killing William

because other evidence overwhelmingly demonstrated that Wilkerson in fact assisted

Smith in the killing. The prosecutor did not improperly tell the jury that it could convict

Wilkerson on an aiding and abetting theory without finding he committed the actus reus.

Rather, the prosecutor permissibly emphasized that Wilkerson’s statement to Smith was

far from the only evidence of that actus reus. The prosecution consequently did not

relieve the jury of its obligation to find Wilkerson’s actus reus as an aider and abettor.

       For all of the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the prosecutor did not misstate

the law on aiding and abetting.

B. The Gang-Related Enhancements and the Gang Special Circumstance

       Wilkerson argues that under the law as it existed when he was tried there was

insufficient evidence to support the jury’s true findings on the gang-related enhancements

(former § 186.22, subd. (b)(1); § 12022.53, subds. (d), (e)) and the gang special

circumstance (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(22)) because the proof was insufficient to establish that

two or more predicate offenses were committed.1 In the alternative, he argues that

1     The People do “not address [Wilkerson’s] claim that there was insufficient
evidence of the predicate offenses under the law that governed at the time of trial”
because of their concession that “remand is appropriate in this case under” Assembly Bill
333, which they claim will require them “to retry [Wilkerson] as to the gang allegations.”
The People’s assessment is mistaken. Under principles of double jeopardy, Wilkerson
“may not be retried if the judgment is reversed because, as a matter of law, the evidence
was insufficient to support a conviction.” (People v. Eroshevich (2014) 60 Cal.4th 583,

                                             12
remand of the gang-related enhancements and the gang special circumstance is required

because of Assembly Bill 333’s amendments to section 186.22, which he claims apply

retroactively. The People concede, and we agree, that Assembly Bill 333 applies to this

case and that the gang-related enhancements should be vacated. But the People argue that

we should not vacate the true finding on the gang special circumstance because Assembly

Bill 333 unconstitutionally amended Proposition 21. We reject the People’s challenge to

the constitutionality of Assembly Bill 333, and we therefore vacate the true finding on the

gang special circumstance as well. We also reject Wilkerson’s challenge to the

sufficiency of the evidence of the predicate crimes under the law as it existed when he

was tried, so we remand for further proceedings.

       1. Predicate Crimes

       The gang expert testified that three predicate offenses established the pattern of

criminal gang activity necessary to demonstrate that the 2800 Blocc Crips was a criminal

street gang: (1) On March 10, 2015, two members of the 2800 Blocc Crips committed

“some robberies”; (2) on May 6, 2015, two different members of the 2800 Blocc Crips

committed a robbery; and (3) on August 23, 2017, law enforcement officers stopped a car

with two 2800 Blocc Crips gang members in response to a call reporting a “problem with

591; Tibbs v. Florida (1982) 457 U.S. 31, 42.) Thus, if we conclude that the evidence
was insufficient to support the gang-related enhancements and the gang special
circumstance, then we need not consider the effect of Assembly Bill 333 on those
findings. (See People v. Renteria (2022) 13 Cal.5th 951, 961, fn. 6, 973 (Renteria)
[concluding the evidence was insufficient to support a gang enhancement based on the
law as it existed at the time of trial, before Assembly Bill 333, and thus not addressing
the amendments to the law].)

                                             13
the area” or requesting “help.” One of the responding officers and the gang expert

testified about the 2017 incident. Officers found “a handgun and large amount of

marijuana and large quantity of cash” in the car. Law enforcement stopped a second car

involved in the incident. Two other 2800 Blocc Crips gang members were in the second

car. Officers found “Xanax and a loaded handgun” in that car.

       The People introduced felony complaints filed in relation to each of the three

predicate offenses. For the May 2015 predicate offense, the defendants were charged

with robbery, a substantive gang offense (former § 186.22, subd. (a)), and a gang

enhancement (former § 186.22 subd. (b)(1)), among other things. The 2800 Blocc Crips

were identified as the relevant gang. For the March 2015 robberies, none of the

defendants was charged with a substantive gang offense or any gang-related

enhancements. For the 2017 offenses, three defendants were charged with several

offenses related to drug possession and firearm possession. One defendant was charged

with one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of section 29800,

subdivision (a)(1), and another defendant was charged with unlawfully possessing a

loaded firearm in violation of section 25850, subdivision (c)(6). No defendant was

charged with murder or robbery in relation to the 2017 incident.

       The jury was instructed that, in determining whether the 2800 Blocc Crips had

engaged in a pattern of criminal gang activity, the jury could consider “[a]ny combination

of two or more of the following crimes, or two or more occurrences of one or more of the

following crimes: murder and/or robbery.” As to whether the jury could consider the

charged murder, the jury was instructed that if it found Wilkerson “guilty of a crime in

                                            14
this case, you may consider that crime in deciding whether one of the group’s primary

activities was commission of that crime and whether a pattern of criminal gang activity

has been proved.”2

       2. New Law

       Assembly Bill 333 became effective on January 1, 2022, and made numerous

changes to section 186.22. (People v. E.H. (2022) 75 Cal.App.5th 467, 477 (E.H.).) The

law previously “defined a ‘criminal street gang,’ as ‘any ongoing organization,

association, or group of three or more persons . . . whose members individually or

collectively engage in, or have engaged in, a pattern of criminal gang activity.’ (Former

§ 186.22, subd. (f), italics added.) Assembly Bill 333 narrowed the definition to ‘an

ongoing, organized association or group of three or more persons . . . whose members

collectively engage in, or have engaged in, a pattern of criminal gang activity.’ (Assem.

Bill 333, § 3, revised § 186.22, subd. (f), italics added.)” (Ibid.)

       Assembly Bill 333 also altered the definition of “‘pattern of criminal gang

activity’” in the statute. (E.H., supra, 75 Cal.App.5th at p. 477; § 186.22, subd. (e)(1)

& (2).) The statute previously defined a “‘pattern of criminal gang activity’” as “the

commission of, attempted commission of, conspiracy to commit, or solicitation of,

2      Wilkerson contends that the “jurors were explicitly instructed that they ‘must
consider [the charged murder] in deciding whether . . . a pattern of criminal gang activity
has been proved.’” That is the oral instruction reflected in the reporter’s transcript. In
the written instruction, however, the jury was told that it “may consider” the underlying
offense if it found Wilkerson guilty. When there is a discrepancy between the orally
given and written instructions, “the written instructions provided to the jury will control.”
(People v. Mills (2010) 48 Cal.4th 158, 201.) We accordingly consider only the written
instruction and disregard Wilkerson’s argument concerning the oral instruction.

                                              15
sustained juvenile petition for, or conviction of two or more of [certain specified

offenses], provided at least one of the offenses occurred after the effective date of this

chapter and the last of the offenses occurred within three years after a prior offense, and

the offenses were committed on separate occasions, or by two or more persons . . . .”

(Former § 186.22, subd. (e); E.H., at p. 477.) Assembly Bill 333 made the following

changes to that definition: (1) “the predicate offenses now must have been committed by

two or more ‘members’ of the gang (as opposed to any persons)” (E.H., at p. 477;

§ 186.22, subd. (e)(1)); (2) “the predicate offenses must be proven to have ‘commonly

benefited a criminal street gang’” (E.H., at p. 477; § 186.22, subd. (e)(1)), and the

common benefit must be “more than reputational” (§ 186.22, subd. (e)(1)); (3) “the last

predicate offense must have occurred within three years of the date of the currently

charged offense” (E.H., at p. 477; § 186.22, subd. (e)(1)); (4) “the list of qualifying

predicate offenses has been reduced” (E.H., at pp. 477-478; § 186.22, subd. (e)(1)); and

(5) “the currently charged offense no longer counts as a predicate offense” (E.H., at

p. 478; § 186.22, subd. (e)(2)).

          Assembly Bill 333 further amended the statute so that it now defines “to benefit,

promote, further, or assist” as meaning “to provide a common benefit to members of a

gang where the common benefit is more than reputational.” (§ 186.22, subd. (g).) The

statute identifies some permissible examples of common benefits including but “not

limited to, financial gain or motivation, retaliation, targeting a perceived or actual gang

rival, or intimidation or silencing of a potential current or previous witness or informant.”

(Ibid.)

                                               16
          Under subdivision (e)(1) of 12022.53, enhancements that ordinarily apply only to

defendants who personally use firearms in the commission of enumerated felonies are

made applicable to any principal in the felony who also violated the gang enhancement

statute. (People v. Lopez (2021) 73 Cal.App.5th 327, 347.) Because the gang-related

firearm enhancement in subdivision (e) of section 12022.53 applies when a principal

violates the gang enhancement statute (id., subd. (e)(1)(A)), the amendments to the gang

enhancement statute affected the gang-related firearm enhancement too. (Lopez, supra,

at pp. 347-348.)

          In addition to the substantive changes to section 186.22, Assembly Bill 333 added

section 1109, under which a defendant charged with a gang enhancement under section

186.22, subdivision (b), “may request a bifurcated trial, in which the defendant is first

tried for the underlying offense, and only upon conviction is tried for any gang

enhancements. (§ 1109, subd. (a).)” (People v. Sek (2022) 74 Cal.App.5th 657, 665

(Sek).)

          We agree with the parties that under In re Estrada (1965) 63 Cal.2d 740, 744,

Assembly Bill 333 applies retroactively to defendants, like Wilkerson, whose judgments

of conviction were not final when Assembly Bill 333 became effective. (E.H., supra, 75

Cal.App.5th at p. 478.)

          3. Gang-Related Enhancements

          The People concede that reversal of the gang enhancement and the gang-related

firearm enhancement is required because the jury instructions allowed the jury to make

                                              17
findings on grounds that are no longer permissible and the error was prejudicial. We

agree.

         To determine whether reversal is required in this case, we apply the harmlessness

standard articulated in Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24 (Chapman). (E.H.,

supra, 75 Cal.App.5th at p. 479; Sek, supra, 74 Cal.App.5th at p. 668.) Under that

standard, reversal is required unless it appears beyond a reasonable doubt that the failure

to require proof of the new elements for the enhancements at Wilkerson’s trial did not

contribute to the true findings on the gang enhancements. (E.H., at p. 479.)

         We cannot conclude that allowing the jury to make findings on grounds that are no

longer permissible was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. First, as already explained,

the jury was instructed that if it found Wilkerson guilty of the charged murder, it could

rely on that offense to establish the pattern of criminal gang activity necessary to find that

the 2800 Blocc Crips constituted a criminal street gang. The statute no longer allows the

charged offenses to be used for that purpose. (§ 186.22, subd. (e)(2).) Second, the jury

also was instructed that the predicate offenses did not need to be gang-related, whereas

now the jury must find that they “‘commonly benefited a criminal street gang.’” (E.H.,

supra, 74 Cal.App.5th at p. 477; § 186.22, subd. (e)(1).) The only evidence that the

March 2015 robberies were gang-related is that the defendants charged with robbery were

members of the 2800 Blocc Crips. The defendants were not charged with any gang-

related offenses or enhancements in relation to that incident, and there was no evidence

that the robberies were committed to commonly benefit the gang.

                                             18
       Given that the jury was allowed to make findings on grounds that are no longer

permissible, we vacate the true findings on the enhancements under section 186.22,

subdivision (b)(1) and section 12022.53, subdivisions (d) and (e)(1). (See E.H., supra, 75

Cal.App.5th at p. 480.)

       4. Gang Special Circumstance

       Proposition 21 was passed by voters in 2000 and added the gang special

circumstance to section 190.2. The gang special circumstance applies if the jury finds

that “[t]he defendant intentionally killed the victim while the defendant was an active

participant in a criminal street gang, as defined in subdivision (f) of Section 186.22, and

the murder was carried out to further the activities of the criminal street gang.” (§ 190.2,

subd. (a)(22).)

       The People argue that Assembly Bill 333 is an unconstitutional legislative

amendment of Proposition 21, so we therefore should not vacate the true finding on the

gang special circumstance. We disagree.

       Section 190.2 sets forth a list of special circumstances for which the punishment is

either death or life without the possibility of parole. (Id., subd. (a).) In 2000,

“Proposition 21 was enacted to combat gang crime.” (Robert L. v. Superior Court (2003)

30 Cal.4th 894, 905.) In an uncodified section of the initiative, voters found and declared

that: “Gang-related felonies should result in severe penalties. Life without the possibility

of parole or death should be available for murderers who kill as part of any gang-related

activity.” (Voter Information Guide, Primary Elec. (Mar. 7, 2000) text of Prop. 21, § 2

subd. (h), p. 119 (hereinafter referred to as Prop. 21 Guide).) To achieve that end,

                                              19
Proposition 21 added the gang special circumstance to the list of special circumstances

punishable by death or life without the possibility of parole. (Prop. 21 Guide, § 11,

pp. 121-122; § 190.2, subd. (a)(22).) As already described, that special circumstance

requires the prosecution to prove that “[t]he defendant intentionally killed the victim

while the defendant was an active participant in a criminal street gang, as defined in

subdivision (f) of section 186.22.” (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(22).) As also already explained,

Assembly Bill 333 amended the definition of criminal street gang in section 186.22,

subdivision (f). (E.H., supra, 75 Cal.App.5th at p. 477.)

       Pursuant to the California Constitution, a statute adopted by voter initiative may

be amended “by another statute that becomes effective only when approved by the

electors unless the initiative statute permits amendment or repeal without the electors’

approval.” (Cal. Const., art. II, § 10, subd. (c); People v. Kelly (2010) 47 Cal.4th 1008,

1024.) Proposition 21 provides that its provisions can be amended only by voter

approval or by a two-thirds vote in both houses of the Legislature. (Prop. 21 Guide, § 39,

p. 131.) Legislation amends a voter initiative if the “‘legislative act [is] designed to

change an existing initiative statute by adding or taking from it some particular

provision.’” (People v. Superior Court (Pearson) (2010) 48 Cal.4th 564, 571.)

       It is undisputed that Assembly Bill 333 “was enacted without voter approval, and

without the requisite two-thirds votes in both houses of the Legislature.” (People v. Lee

(2022) 81 Cal.App.5th 232, 240 (Lee), review granted Oct. 19, 2022, S275449.) The

People contend that Assembly Bill 333’s changes to section 186.22, subdivision (f), are

therefore unconstitutional. The People argue that the voters who enacted Proposition 21

                                             20
intended to freeze the statutory definition of a criminal street gang in section 186.22,

subdivision (f), as it then existed. The Courts of Appeal are divided on whether

Assembly Bill 333 impermissibly amended Proposition 21. (Compare People v. Rojas

(2022) 80 Cal.App.5th 542, 557-558 (Rojas), review granted Oct. 29, 2022, S275835

[Assembly Bill 333 unconstitutionally amended Prop. 21] with Lee, supra, at p. 245

[Assembly Bill 333 did not unconstitutionally amend Prop. 21].) The Supreme Court has

granted review to resolve the conflict.

       Rojas reasoned that Assembly Bill 333 amended Proposition 21 because it

narrowed the scope of conduct made punishable by the gang special circumstance.

(Rojas, supra, 80 Cal.App.5th at p. 555.) Because the Legislature amended Proposition

21 without complying with the two-thirds amendment requirement for Proposition 21,

Rojas concluded that Assembly Bill 333 “is unconstitutional to the extent it would amend

that initiative.” (Rojas, at p. 557.) Rather than “void Assembly Bill 333 in its entirety”

(ibid.), Rojas disallowed application of Assembly Bill 333’s amendments to the gang

special circumstance so that it did “not alter the scope or effect of section 190.2,

subdivision (a)(22)” (Rojas, at p. 558). Thus, according to Rojas, the definition of

criminal street gang in the gang special circumstance statute remains the same as it was

when Proposition 21 was enacted.

       In Lee, another appellate court reached a contrary conclusion. (Lee, supra, 81

Cal.App.5th at p. 245.) Lee rejected the argument that Assembly Bill 333 impermissibly

narrowed the scope of the gang special circumstance by amending the definition of a

“criminal street gang” in section 186.22. (Lee, at p. 241.) Applying ordinary principles

                                             21
of statutory interpretation, Lee analyzed the voter’s intent as expressed in Proposition

21’s language and found no basis to conclude that the voters intended to prohibit future

amendments to the criminal street gang definition for purposes of the gang special

circumstance. (Id. at p. 242.)

       On the contrary, Lee explained that other provisions of Proposition 21

demonstrated that “the electorate clearly knew how to express the intent to freeze a

statutory definition” when it enacted the initiative: “In sections dedicated to amending

portions of the ‘Three Strikes’ law, Proposition 21 changed the ‘“lock-in” date for

determining the existence of qualifying offenses (such as violent or serious felonies)’

under the Three Strikes law. [Citation.] In two of those sections, Proposition 21

provided that ‘for all offenses committed on or after the effective date of this act, all

references to existing statutes in [§§ 667, subds. (c)-(g), 1170.125] are to those statutes as

they existed on the effective date of this act, including amendments made to those statutes

by this act.’ (Voter Information Guide, Primary Elec., supra, text of Prop. 21, §§ 14, 16,

pp. 123–124, some italics omitted; see former §§ 667.1, 1170.125.)” (Lee, supra, 81

Cal.App.5th at p. 243.) In light of the express time-specific references in those other

provisions of Proposition 21 and the absence of any such reference in the provision

adding the gang special circumstance (Lee, at p. 243), Lee found “nothing to suggest that

the electorate intended to impose a time-specific incorporation of the term ‘criminal street

gang’ in the gang-murder special circumstance statute” (id. at p. 245). Lee concluded

“that the term ‘criminal street gang’ as incorporated in the gang-murder special

                                              22
circumstance statute was ‘intended to conform at all times’ and ‘remain permanently

parallel’ to section 186.22.” (Ibid.)

       We agree with and adopt that reasoning and analysis. We accordingly conclude

that Assembly Bill 333 did not unconstitutionally amend Proposition 21 by altering the

definition of criminal street gang in the gang enhancement statute. We consequently

vacate the true finding on the gang special circumstance under section 190.2, subdivision

(a)(22).

       5. Sufficiency of Predicate Offenses Under Prior Law

       As already explained, the true findings on the gang enhancement allegation

(§186.22, subd. (b)(1)), the gang special-circumstance allegation (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(22)),

and the gang-related firearm enhancement (§ 12022.53, subds. (d), (e)(1)) all required a

finding that the 2800 Blocc Crips constituted a criminal street gang.

       Wilkerson argues that under the law as it existed when he was tried the evidence

was insufficient to support the necessary finding that “[t]he most recent crime occurred

within three years of one of the earlier crimes,” because none of the predicate offenses

occurred within three years of the September 2019 murder, the most recent possible

predicate crime. He argues that the jury was instructed that it could consider only

robbery and murder as predicate offenses and the 2017 incident did not involve either.

He contends that the 2017 incident did not qualify as a predicate crime in any event

because it involved “two drug-related offenses, neither of which qualified as predicate

offenses under” former section 186.22, subdivision (e).” We disagree with the

characterization of the 2017 incident as not including a qualifying predicate offense. We

                                            23
consequently conclude that there was legally sufficient evidence of predicate offenses

under then-existing law.

       When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support an enhancement, we

review the entire record in the light most favorable to the judgment “to determine

whether it discloses reasonable and credible evidence to allow a rational trier of fact to

determine guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” (People v. Cardenas (2020) 53 Cal.App.5th

102, 119, fn. 11; People v. Wilson (2008) 44 Cal.4th 758, 806.) In reviewing the

sufficiency of the evidence for purposes of deciding whether retrial is permissible for

purposes of double jeopardy, we “must consider all of the evidence presented at

trial . . . .” (People v. Story (2009) 45 Cal.4th 1282, 1296.) To determine whether there

was sufficient evidence of predicate crimes under former section 186.22, subdivision (e),

for purposes of double jeopardy, we accordingly consider all of the evidence of predicate

offenses and not just the evidence the jury was instructed that it could consider.

       There was substantial evidence under the law as it existed that two or more

predicate offenses had been committed to establish the necessary pattern of criminal gang

activity. The gang expert testified that the 2017 incident was one of the predicate crimes.

Wilkerson is correct that the drug-related offenses related to the 2017 incident (Health &

Saf. Code, §§ 11350, 11359, subd. (b), 11370.1, 11375, subd. (b)(1)) were not included in

the list of offenses in subdivision (e) of former section 186.22 that can be considered as

predicate offenses. (Former § 186.22, subd. (e)(4).) However, those were not the only

charged offenses related to that incident. The defendants were also charged with one

count of being a felon in possession of a firearm (§ 29800, subd. (a)(1)) and one count of

                                             24
unlawful possession of a loaded firearm (§ 25805, subd. (c)(6)). Those offenses were

among the offenses listed in former section 186.22, subdivision (e), that could be used to

establish a “‘pattern of criminal gang activity.’” (Former § 186.22, subd. (e)(31), (33).)

The offenses were committed within three years of the charged murder, and the gang

expert testified that the offenses were committed by two or more members of the 2800

Blocc Crips. The 2017 firearm offenses therefore qualify as predicate offenses under the

law as it existed when Wilkerson was tried. Regardless of the instruction given to the

jury (which erroneously stated that only robbery and murder could be considered as

predicate offenses), there was legally sufficient evidence that a predicate offense was

committed within three years of the charged murder.

       Because there was sufficient evidence to support the criminal street gang finding

necessary for the gang-related enhancements and the gang special circumstance under the

law as it existed when Wilkerson was tried, we remand the matter for further proceedings

on those allegations.

C. Criminal Street Gang Stipulation

       Wilkerson contends that the trial court prejudicially erred by not compelling the

prosecution to accept a stipulation that the 2800 Blocc Crips was a criminal street gang.

Assuming for the sake of argument that the court erred, we conclude that the error was

not prejudicial.

       1. Relevant Proceedings

       The prosecution filed numerous motions in limine before trial. In its second

motion, the prosecution moved to introduce evidence of Wilkerson’s “gang affiliation,

                                            25
including gang expert testimony, and predicate offenses.” At a pretrial hearing, the court

indicated that it was inclined to grant the motion. The court then discussed the

prosecution’s next motion, which identified the specific predicate crimes that the

prosecution sought to prove in order to show that the 2800 Blocc Crips is a criminal street

gang. The court asked defense counsel: “But going back to Number Three which I think

I skipped over, the evidence of predicate crimes, Number Three, would you like to

respond at all . . . ?” Defense counsel responded, “No, other than as to offer to stipulate

that the relevant gang, relevant gang is truly a gang. I don’t think anybody is going to

dispute whether or not it is a gang as defined by the Penal Code. So if we were to

stipulate that it is a gang, then that would render an unnecessary showing of the predicate

crimes, and therefore it would remove at least some of the prejudice. It would eliminate

some of the detriment that is present when you are showing all of these crimes to the jury.

These crimes are obviously not related to this crime, but they certainly have a prejudicial

effect to the jury. So I would offer to stipulate that it is a gang.” (Italics added.) The

prosecution refused to stipulate and instead introduced evidence of several predicate

offenses, as previously described.

       2. Analysis

       When a criminal “‘defendant offers to admit the existence of an element of a

charged offense, the prosecutor must accept that offer and refrain from introducing

evidence . . . to prove that element to the jury.’” (People v. Bonin (1989) 47 Cal.3d 808,

849.) When the effect of a stipulation “would be to deprive the state’s case of its

persuasiveness and forcefulness,” however, the prosecution cannot be compelled to

                                              26
accept it. (People v. Streeter (2012) 54 Cal.4th 205, 238; People v. Valdez (2012) 55

Cal.4th 82, 130.) The trial court’s decision not to compel the prosecutor to accept a

stipulation concerns the admissibility of evidence, so we review the decision for abuse of

discretion. (People v. Waidla (2000) 22 Cal.4th 690, 724.)

       Wilkerson argues that the prosecutor’s refusal to stipulate that the 2800 Blocc

Crips was a criminal street gang resulted in the erroneous admission of “a wealth of gang

evidence at trial,” including the gang expert’s testimony about when the gang started,

Wilkerson’s family ties with the gang (including his father’s and siblings’ membership),

the number of members in the gang and its tightknit nature, the gang’s territory, the

gang’s propensity for violence, the predicate offenses, and gang-related incidents

discovered during the wiretap investigation that occurred after the charged incident.

Wilkerson’s argument mischaracterizes the proposed stipulation and the effect that it

would have had.

       Wilkerson’s counsel offered to stipulate that the 2800 Blocc Crips constituted “a

gang as defined by the Penal Code,” to render “unnecessary showing of the predicate

crimes, and therefore it would remove at least some of the prejudice” because the

predicate offenses were “obviously not related to” the killing of William. Thus, the sole

purpose of defense counsel’s proffered stipulation was to avoid admission of the

predicate offense evidence. (Former § 186.22, subds. (e), (f).) Contrary to Wilkerson’s

argument, there is no indication in the record that defense counsel intended the stipulation

to limit admission of any other gang-related evidence.

                                            27
       Assuming for the sake of argument that the trial court erred by not requiring the

prosecutor to accept the stipulation that the 2800 Blocc Crips constituted a criminal street

gang for purposes of not admitting the predicate offenses, we conclude that it was

harmless even if evaluated under Chapman, supra, 386 U.S. at page 24. There was

overwhelming evidence of Wilkerson’s guilt. In addition to video recordings of

Wilkerson at the scene before and during the shooting, an audio recording captured him

repeatedly telling Smith to “Cap him” moments before Smith shot William. Moreover,

gang evidence was otherwise relevant to prove the elements of the gang-related

enhancements and the gang special circumstance, as well as the prosecution’s theory of

the case. The stipulation therefore would have eliminated only a small portion of the

gang-related evidence that was admitted. Under these circumstances, it is clear beyond a

reasonable doubt that the jury would have rendered the same verdict had the evidence of

the predicate offenses been excluded.

D. Prior Serious Felony Enhancement

       Wilkerson argues that the five-year prior serious felony enhancement must be

vacated because he did not admit that the prior strike conviction constituted a “‘serious

prior’” for purposes of the enhancement. The argument lacks merit.

       1. Relevant Background

       The information alleged that on September 30, 2016, Wilkerson was convicted of

the felony of discharging a firearm with gross negligence in violation of section 246.3,

subdivision (a). It alleged that the conviction constituted a serious felony subject to a

five-year enhancement under section 667, subdivision (a), and a strike for purposes of the

                                             28
Three Strikes law under section 667, subdivisions (c) and (e)(1), and section 1170.12,

subdivision (c)(1). As to the prior strike allegation, the information alleged that the

conviction constituted “a serious and violent felony . . . within the meaning of Penal

Code sections 667, subdivisions (c) and (e)(1), and 1170.12, subdivision (c)(1).” (Italics

added.)

       After the jury returned its verdict, Wilkerson admitted the prior strike allegation.

Addressing Wilkerson, the court described that allegation as “the strike allegation under

[section] 667[, subdivision] (c) and (e)(1) and [section] 1170.12[, subdivision] (c)(1)”

that resulted from a conviction on September 30, 2016. The court asked Wilkerson: “So

as to that strike prior in that case, . . . indicating that you were convicted of the crime of

discharging a firearm with gross negligence, . . . it is my understanding that you are

admitting that strike allegation. [¶] Do you admit or deny that allegation, sir?”

Wilkerson responded, “I admit.”

       At sentencing, the trial court stated that for “[t]he five year prior under [section]

667[, subdivision] (a)(1), there was an admission to that, and it is true.” The court

declined to strike the enhancement and imposed a five-year sentence for it. Defense

counsel did not object.

       2. Analysis

       Wilkerson argues that the trial court erred by imposing a five-year serious felony

enhancement under section 667, subdivision (a), because he admitted only that the prior

conviction constituted a strike and not that it was a serious felony. We disagree.

                                               29
       Subdivision (a)(1) of section 667 adds a five-year sentence for each of a

defendant’s prior “serious felony” convictions if the defendant is being sentenced for a

conviction that also constitutes a serious felony. It defines “‘serious felony’” by

reference to subdivision (c) of section 1192.7. (§ 667, subd. (a)(4).) The Three Strikes

law, by contrast, applies to “prior serious or violent felony convictions.” (§ 667,

subd. (c), italics added.) Violent felonies are those offenses “defined in subdivision (c) of

Section 667.5,” and serious felonies are those “defined in subdivision (c) of Section

1192.7.” (§ 667, subd. (d)(1).)

       Grossly negligent discharge of a firearm does not by itself qualify as a violent

offense.3 (§ 667.5, subd. (c)(1)-(23).) Subdivision (c) of section 1192.7 lists 42

categories of felonies that qualify as serious felonies. (§ 1192.7, subd. (c)(1)-(42).).

Subdivision (c)(8) of section 1192.7 applies to “any felony in which the defendant

personally uses a firearm,” and “the grossly negligent discharge of a firearm constitutes a

serious felony under section 1192.7, subdivision (c)(8).” (People v. Leslie (1996) 47

Cal.App.4th 198, 203.)

       “A plea of guilty admits every element of the offense charged [citation], [and] all

allegations, and factors comprising the charge contained in the pleading.” (People v.

Tuggle (1991) 232 Cal.App.3d 147, 154, disapproved on another ground in People v.

3      It appears that a conviction for grossly negligent discharge of a firearm could
qualify as a violent offense only if additional great bodily injury or firearm enhancements
were charged and proved, as specified in subdivision (c)(8) of section 667.5. No such
enhancements were alleged in relation to Wilkerson’s 2016 conviction.

                                             30
Jenkins (1995) 10 Cal.4th 234, 252.) The same holds true for the admission of a sentence

enhancement allegation. (People v. Thomas (1986) 41 Cal.3d 837, 844 (Thomas).)

       Wilkerson admitted as true the strike allegation that he was convicted in 2016 of

discharging a firearm with gross negligence, which was charged as “a serious and violent

felony, in violation of section 246.3, subdivision (a), of the Penal Code, within the

meaning of Penal Code sections 667, subdivisions (c) and (e)(1), and 1170.12,

subdivision (c)(1).” He thus admitted that the alleged prior felony was both serious and

violent. His admission that the prior strike conviction constituted a serious felony within

the meaning of section 667, subdivisions (c) and (e)(1), is sufficient to establish the prior

serious felony enhancement allegation. (Thomas, supra, 41 Cal.3d at pp. 843, 845 [the

defendant’s admission that prior burglary convictions constituted serious felonies “within

the meaning of sections 667 and 1192.7” was sufficient to establish the five-year prior

serious felony allegations].) Moreover, because grossly negligent discharge of a firearm

does not qualify as a violent offense (§ 667.5, subd. (c)), the only way that Wilkerson’s

conviction could have qualified as a prior strike is as a serious felony under section

1192.7, subdivision (c). (§ 667, subd. (c).)

       For all of these reasons, we conclude that Wilkerson’s admission that his prior

conviction for grossly negligent discharge of a firearm constituted a serious felony

“within the meaning of Penal Code sections 667, subdivisions (c) and (e)(1), and

1170.12, subdivision (c)(1)” was sufficient to warrant imposition of the five-year prior

serious felony enhancement.

                                               31
E. Constitutionality of the Lying in Wait Special Circumstance and Instruction

       Wilkerson argues that the lying-in-wait special circumstance (§ 190.2, subd.

(a)(17)) is unconstitutionally vague under the Fifth, Fourteenth, and Eighth Amendments

“because it is functionally no different than the lying in wait theory for first degree

murder.” He also contends that the instruction on the special circumstance is

unconstitutionally overbroad under the Eighth Amendment. As the parties agree, the

California Supreme Court has repeatedly held to the contrary. (See e.g., People v.

Mataele (2022) 13 Cal.5th 372, 422 [rejecting argument that lying-in-wait special

circumstance and associated instruction are unconstitutional]; People v. Parker (2022) 13

Cal.5th 1, 60 [lying-in-wait special circumstance not unconstitutionally vague or

overbroad]; People v. Flinner (2020) 10 Cal.5th 686, 751-752; People v. Johnson (2016)

62 Cal.4th 600, 636-637; People v. Casares (2016) 62 Cal.4th 808, 849, disapproved on

another ground in People v. Dalton (2019) 7 Cal.5th 166, 214.) We are bound by that

precedent. (Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455.) We

accordingly reject Wilkerson’s challenge to the constitutionality of the lying-in-wait

special circumstance and the related instruction.

                                       DISPOSITION

       We vacate the true findings on the gang-related enhancements (§§ 186.22,

subd. (b)(1), 12022.53, subds. (d), (e)) and the gang special circumstance (§ 190.2,

subd. (a)(22)). We remand to the trial court to give the People the opportunity to retry

the enhancements and the special circumstance under the law as amended by Assembly

                                              32
Bill 333 and to conduct further proceedings as appropriate. In all other respects, the

judgment is affirmed.

       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

                                                               MENETREZ
                                                                                         J.

I concur:

MILLER
                Acting P. J.

                                            33
[People v. Wilkerson, E077362]

FIELDS, J., Concurring and Dissenting.

       I fully concur in all aspects of the majority opinion except its determination that

“Wilkerson’s admission that his prior conviction for grossly negligent discharge of a

firearm constituted a serious felony ‘within the meaning of Penal Code1 sections 667,

subdivisions (c) and (e)(1), and1170.12, subdivision (c)(1)’ was sufficient to warrant

imposition of the five-year prior serious felony enhancement.” (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 31.)

       Section 667.5, subdivision (c)(1)-(23) lists violent felonies for purposes of section

667.5. Section 246.3 does not fall within any of these provisions. Similarly,

section 1192.7, subdivision (c), lists serious felonies for purposes of that statute, but a

violation of section 246.3 does not fall within any of its provisions. Thus, by statutory

definition, section 246.3, by itself, cannot constitute a serious or violent felony.

       In California, “[a] plea of guilty is an admission of every element of the offense

charged and is a conclusive admission of guilt. [Citations.] Such a plea is the equivalent

of a verdict of a jury. [Citation.] After a plea of guilty, it is unnecessary to take any

evidence on any of the elements of the crime charged.” (People v. McDaniels (1958)

165 Cal.App.2d 283, 284-285.) Thus, defendant’s admission that he was convicted of

violating section 246.3 admits every element of that offense. However, the admission of

every element of a section 246.3 violation is insufficient to establish that the offense is a

serious felony within the meaning of section 667.5.

       1   Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.

                                               1
       Section 246.3, subdivision (a), provides as follows: “Except as otherwise

authorized by law, any person who willfully discharges a firearm in a grossly negligent

manner which could result in injury or death to a person is guilty of a public offense and

shall be punished by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by

imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170.” Section 246.3 does not

require that the defendant personally use a firearm. Thus, a defendant may be guilty

under this section as an aider and abettor. (People v. Golde (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 101,

112). A section 246.3 violation constitutes a serious felony if the defendant personally

used a firearm in committing the offense. (§ 1192.7, subdivision (c)(8).)

       I am troubled by the fact that defendant did not admit that he personally used a

firearm in violating section 246.3, and there is no evidence in the record that indicates

that he personally used a firearm, yet we are affirming the true finding on the serious

felony allegation. In People v Leslie (1996) 47 Cal.App.4th 198 (Leslie), as in this case,

the defendant did not admit that his prior conviction for violating section 246.3 was a

serious felony when the defendant pled guilty to the offense. (Leslie, at p. 203.) But

Leslie upheld the true finding that the defendant’s prior section 246.3 conviction was a

serious felony because the defendant admitted that he personally used a firearm in

committing the offense when he entered his no contest plea on his current offense.

(Leslie, at pp. 204-205.)

       Here, by virtue of his plea, defendant admitted he aided and abetted the personal

use of a firearm in committing his prior section 246.3 violation, but that is not the same

as personally using a firearm. Defendant’s admission that his prior section 246.3

                                             2
conviction was a violent felony also does not constitute an admission that the conviction

was a serious felony. (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 31; cf. §§ 667.5, subd. (c), 1192,.7, subd. (c)

(8).)

        Thus, I see no substantial evidence to support the true finding on this prior serious

felony conviction allegation and would reverse the true finding based on insufficient

evidence. (People v. Bueno (2006) 143 Cal.App.4th 1503, 1510.)

                                                                 FIELDS
                                                                                            J.

                                              3