Court Opinion

ID: 4290675
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-07-02 16:00:35.477018+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:38:14.399738
License: Public Domain

Case: 17-13198   Date Filed: 07/02/2018   Page: 1 of 5

                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]

             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 17-13198
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                D.C. Docket No. 2:90-cr-00001-RWS-SSC-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                               Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                   versus

LARRY RONALD DUKE,

                                                          Defendant-Appellant.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Northern District of Georgia
                      ________________________

                               (July 2, 2018)

Before ED CARNES, Chief Judge, MARTIN, and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
              Case: 17-13198     Date Filed: 07/02/2018   Page: 2 of 5

      In March 1991 Larry Duke was convicted of drug offenses and sentenced to

life imprisonment, ten years of supervised release, and a $25,000 fine. In March

2015 the district court granted the government’s motion to reduce Duke’s term of

imprisonment to time served and ordered Duke’s immediate release. Four months

later the United States Probation Office petitioned to modify the conditions of his

supervised release to provide that Duke would pay a monthly payment of $50

towards the balance of his $25,000 fine. Duke consented to the modification, and

the district court approved it. Over a year later Duke moved to terminate the

remaining balance of his fine under 18 U.S.C. § 3613(b), and the district court

denied his motion. This is his appeal.

      Duke contends that the district court erred by applying the termination of

liability provision set out in the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act of 1996,

instead of the one set out in the Victim and Witness Protection Act of 1982, and by

concluding that he waived his ability to challenge the collection of the $50

payments. We review de novo questions of law. United States v. Rojas, 718 F.3d
1317, 1319 (11th Cir. 2013). Whether a party’s conduct amounts to waiver is a

legal conclusion that we review de novo. See Ivax Corp. v. B. Braun of Am., Inc.,

286 F.3d 1309, 1316 (11th Cir. 2002); United States v. Bushert, 997 F.2d 1343,

1352 (11th Cir. 1993).

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      The petition to modify the conditions of Duke’s supervised release noted

that Duke had “$19,298.24 remaining on his fine balance.” It added: “[T]he

offender is a disabled veteran and receives social security benefits in the amount of

$1,073 per month. Based upon his income, this officer recommends that the

[c]ourt set his monthly fine payment in the amount of $50 per month.” Duke

signed the third page of the petition, which was titled “Waiver of Hearing to

Modify Conditions of Supervised Release.” The form stated that he “voluntarily

waive[d] [his] statutory right to a hearing and to assistance of counsel” and also

that he agreed to “pay any financial penalty that is imposed by this judgment and

that remains unpaid at the commencement of the term of supervised release, at a

rate of $50 per month.”

      The problem, though, is that there was no fine that Duke was obligated to

pay when his supervised release began. The Victim and Witness Protection Act of

1982 was in effect at the time of Duke’s 1991 conviction, and it stated that

“liability to pay a fine expires (1) twenty years after the entry of the judgment; or

(2) upon the death of the individual fined.” 18 U.S.C. § 3613(b) (1991). Judgment

was entered in Duke’s criminal case on March 22, 1991, meaning that his fine

expired on March 22, 2011. As a result, there was no “financial penalty . . . that

remain[ed] unpaid at the commencement of the term of [his] supervised release” in

2015. See id. The district court applied the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act of

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              Case: 17-13198     Date Filed: 07/02/2018    Page: 4 of 5

1996, but that statute applies only to “sentencing proceedings in cases in which the

defendant is convicted on or after” April 24, 1996. Antiterrorism and Effective

Death Penalty Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-132, § 211, 110 Stat. 1214, 1241

(1996). Because Duke was convicted before April 24, 1996, the district court erred

in applying the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act. See United States v. Fuentes,

107 F.3d 1515, 1527 (11th Cir. 1997) (explaining that the Mandatory Victims

Restitution Act did not apply to a defendant convicted before April 24, 1996).

      The district court also erred in ruling that Duke waived his right to challenge

the collection of his fine. There is nothing in the record indicating that he

“intentionally relinquished” his right to terminate the balance of his fine under

§ 3613(b)’s termination of liability provision. See Witt v. Metro. Life Ins. Co.,

772 F.3d 1269, 1279 (11th Cir. 2014) (stating that “waiver is the voluntary,

intentional relinquishment of a known right” that “requires (1) the existence, at the

time of the waiver, of a right, privilege, advantage, or benefit which may be

waived; (2) the actual or constructive knowledge thereof; and (3) an intention to

relinquish such right, privilege, advantage, or benefit”) (quotation marks and

alterations omitted). The waiver form that Duke signed did not mention that he

was no longer liable to pay the fine. And in any event, his fine had already expired

at the time he purportedly “waived” his right to challenge it. Nor is there anything

in the record that “make[s] out a clear case” that Duke impliedly waived his right

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to challenge the collection of his fine. See id. (“[T]he acts, conduct, or

circumstances relied upon to show [implied] waiver must make out a clear case.”).

      Because Duke did not waive his right to challenge the collection of his fine,

and because his fine expired in March 2011, the district court erred in denying

Duke’s motion to terminate the remaining balance of his fine under 18 U.S.C.

§ 3613(b).

      VACATED AND REMANDED.

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