Court Opinion

ID: 2799920
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-05-11 21:04:31.7774+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:29:34.050085
License: Public Domain

Filed 5/11/15 Inhale, Inc. v. Worldwide Smoke, Inc. CA4/3

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION THREE

INHALE, INC.,

     Plaintiff and Appellant,                                          G049418

         v.                                                            (Super. Ct. No. 30-2011-00501167)

WORLDWIDE SMOKE, INC., et al.,                                         OPINION

     Defendants and Respondents.

                   Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, Robert
D. Monarch, Judge. (Retired Judge of the Orange Super. Ct. assigned by the Chief
Justice pursuant to art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Reversed and remanded with
directions.
                   SLC Law Group and Louis F. Teran for Plaintiff and Appellant.
                   Allione & Associates, Paul R. Allione and Bryan K. Theis for Defendant
and Respondent Worldwide Smoke, Inc.
              Law Firm of Michael Hammad and Michael Hammad for Defendant and
Respondent Hussam Bard.
                                    *         *          *

              Appellant Inhale, Inc. (Inhale), sued respondents Worldwide Smoke, Inc.
(Worldwide), and Worldwide’s owner Hussam Bard for, among other things, breach of
contract and fraud. Worldwide had contracted with Inhale for Inhale to manufacture
hookahs under the brand name Ed Hardy. After Inhale had manufactured approximately
5,000 units, Worldwide terminated the contract. Inhale later discovered Worldwide did
not have a license to sell hookahs under the Ed Hardy brand and had received a cease and
desist letter from the trademark owner.
              The court granted Worldwide’s and Bard’s motions to compel arbitration of
all claims against them. Inhale filed a separate demand for arbitration with the American
Arbitration Association, but included only its breach of contract claim, and only against
Worldwide. Inhale obtained an arbitration award of $175,000 against Worldwide, which
was confirmed by the trial court.
              Inhale then came back to the trial court and set the fraud claim for trial.
Worldwide and Bard demurred, arguing the fraud claim was ordered to arbitration and
was now barred by res judicata. The trial court found Worldwide was judicially estopped
from making that claim, however, and thus overruled the demurrers. The fraud claim
was tried to a jury, which found in favor of Inhale, but awarded only $75,000. The issue
of whether Bard was the alter ego of Worlwide was tried to the court, which found Bard
was not the alter ego of Worldwide. The trial court apparently believed the jury award
was in conflict with the arbitrator’s award and modified the order confirming the
arbitration award by reducing the arbitration award to the same amount awarded by the

                                              2
jury. The court also ordered Inhale to turn over the hookahs it manufactured to
Worldwide.
              Inhale appealed, arguing the trial court had no jurisdiction to modify the
arbitration award, but instead should have added the fraud judgment to the arbitration
award. Inhale also contends the court erred in finding Bard was not Worldwide’s alter
ego, and also erred in ordering Inhale to turn over the hookahs to Worldwide. Worldwide
contends the judgment should be affirmed in all respects.
              We invited the parties to brief the following issue: Did the order
compelling arbitration and the subsequent order confirming the arbitration award
preclude Inhale from proceeding on its fraud claim in the trial court? We received
supplemental briefs from both sides, and we now conclude the court erred by permitting
any claims to proceed against either Worldwide or Bard after the arbitration. The court’s
judicial estoppel finding against Worldwide was error. All claims against Worldwide and
Bard were ordered to arbitration, that order was never modified or vacated, and the
arbitration award was confirmed. Inhale’s fraud claim was merged into the arbitration
and was thereafter res judicata. Thus the court erred by permitting further claims to
proceed against Worldwide and Bard.

                                             FACTS

              At the outset we note that appellant’s anemic statement of facts and
inadequate record has in many cases left us with more questions than answers. The
record lacks such basic items as the operative pleadings, the order compelling arbitration,
and the order confirming the arbitration award. With that caveat, the relevant facts
                                         1
revealed in the record are as follows.
1
              In aid with our review, on our own motion, and having given notice to the
parties, we augment the record to include the following documents: 1. Defendant

                                               3
              Inhale manufactures hookahs. A hookah is a device used to smoke flavored
tobacco. Worldwide, at the time of the dispute, distributed products related to smoking,
including hookahs and tobacco. Worldwide claimed to have a license to distribute
hookahs decorated with the artwork and trademark of a well known designer of tattoos,
Ed Hardy. The parties signed an agreement pursuant to which Inhale would manufacture
Ed Hardy hookahs.
              Inhale filed suit against, among others, Worldwide and Bard, asserting
causes of action for breach of contract, fraud, and unfair competition. Inhale alleged that
defendants never had a license to distribute Ed Hardy hookahs, but fraudulently
represented to Inhale that they did, and that Inhale relied on that representation in signing
the agreement. The gist of the complaint for breach of contract is that defendants induced
Inhale to disclose confidential information regarding how it manufactures hookahs,
which defendants then shared with a Chinese manufacturer in breach of the agreement.
Inhale sought injunctive and equitable relief. The fraud and unfair competition claims
likewise centered on the disclosure of confidential information to a Chinese
manufacturer, and sought “damages that include at least $75,000 in lost sales, tarnished
reputation, loss of competitive advantage, and other damages according to proof at the
time of trial.” The prayer for relief sought an injunction, disgorgement of profits, and
punitive damages.

Worldwide Smoke, Inc’s motion to compel arbitration filed on September 26, 2011; 2.
Defendant Hussam Bard’s motion to compel arbitration filed on September 26, 2011;
3. Plaintiff’s fourth amended complaint filed on January 28, 2013; 4. Plaintiff’s motion to
confirm arbitration award filed on February 11, 2013; 5. The court’s minute order dated
March 14, 2013 confirming the arbitration award; 6. Defendant Hussam Bard’s demurrer
to the fourth amended complaint filed on April 16, 2013; 7. Defendant Worldwide
Smoke, Inc’s demurrer to the fourth amended complaint filed on April 16, 2013; 8. The
court’s minute order dated May 30, 2013 overruling the demurrers; and 9. The jury’s
verdict form filed on November 8, 2013.

                                              4
              Worldwide and Bard moved to compel arbitration of all claims against
them. The court granted the motion as to all claims.
              For reasons not made clear in the record, Inhale filed a separate demand for
arbitration with the arbitrator rather than relying on its complaint. It’s demand for
arbitration, however, asserted only one claim, breach of contract, against only one party,
Worldwide. During the arbitration, shortly before the evidentiary hearing, Worldwide
filed a motion in limine for an order “specifying the causes of action which [Inhale] was
required to arbitrate . . . .” The arbitrator denied the motion and thus never issued a
clarifying order. But the motion prompted the arbitrator to inquire about the scope of the
arbitration. As the arbitrator explained, Worldwide stated “that the court granted a
motion to compel filed by [Worldwide] to require arbitration of all causes of action
asserted in the court action by Inhale against Worldwide, not only the single cause of
action for breach of contract asserted by [Inhale] herein. [Worldwide] did [not] make any
motion in this arbitration respecting the scope of the arbitration until the motion it filed
when only motions in limine were to be filed due to the proximity of the evidentiary
hearing. [¶] Shortly before and again at the time of the evidentiary hearing, [Worldwide]
stated that it did not want to move to expand the scope of the arbitration because such
expansion would be prejudicial to [Worldwide] given the lack of time to prepare to
defend the additional claims. Accordingly, only the [breach] of [contract] claim asserted
by [Inhale] was tried” to the arbitrator.
              Inhale’s claim at the arbitration was somewhat different from that which
was pleaded in its complaint. After the parties had signed the agreement, Inhale fulfilled
a first order of 2,500 hookahs that was apparently completed without incident.
Worldwide then ordered a second batch of 2,500 hookahs. With regard to the second
order, Worldwide complained about delays in the delivery of the product and the quality
of the product. “The parties agreed to resolve their issues by a purchase by [Inhale] of
the product from [Worldwide]. Of this second order, Inhale ended up with 1,206

                                              5
hookahs stored in a warehouse in the United States with the remainder of the order in the
form of unassembled parts stored in a warehouse in China.” Once Inhale discovered that
Worldwide never had a license, Inhale claimed its inventory of repurchased hookahs
became worthless because Inhale could not sell them without incurring liability to the
trademark holder. The arbitrator found in favor of Inhale: “Inhale’s evidence established
that Inhale sustained damages of $175,000 as a result of Worldwide’s breach of their
contract. That is the amount of the loss Inhale sustained by its inability to sell the Ed
Hardy hookahs it bought back [from] Worldwide from the second order.”
              The arbitration award was confirmed by the trial court without objection.
              Thereafter, Inhale apparently intended to proceed with a jury trial on the
fraud claim, so both Worldwide and Bard demurred, contending the action was barred by
res judicata. The court overruled the demurrers as to all causes of action except breach of
contract. The court recounted that “the arbitration motion was resisted by plaintiff and it
sought to cull out the fraud claim. This was rejected by this court when it granted the
motions to compel arbitration. Thus all claims were intended by this court to fall within
the arbitration.” However, the court held defendants were judicially estopped from
asserting that the fraud claim needed to be brought in the arbitration because, “in
reviewing the arbitrator’s award it is obvious that defendants resisted any effort by
[Inhale] and the arbitrator to include the fraud claims.”
              The matter proceeded to a jury trial on the fraud cause of action, and a
bench trial on Inhale’s claim that Bard is the alter ego of Worldwide. The jury returned a
verdict for Inhale on the fraud claim, awarding $75,000. The court rejected the alter ego
claim against Bard.
              In the judgment, the court addressed the breach of contract cause of action
as follows: “The interim ruling confirming the arbitrator’s award is hereby adjusted to
comport with the jury’s finding and to avoid conflict. Judgment for Plaintiff Inhale, Inc.
is awarded against Defendant Worldwide Smoke, Inc. for compensatory damages in the

                                              6
sum of $75,000.00, as adjusted compensatory damages and $1,300.00 in costs awarded
by the arbitrator.” The court entered judgment on the verdict on the fraud cause of
action, and entered a defense judgment for Bard. In addition, the court ordered Inhale to
turn over the 1,206 hookahs it had repurchased from Worldwide. Inhale appealed from
the judgment.

                                        DISCUSSION

                The parties devote most of their briefs arguing about how the fraud
judgment should be reconciled with the arbitration award. We asked the parties to brief a
logically prior issue: Did the orders compelling arbitration and confirming the award
preclude the fraud cause of action from proceeding? Not surprisingly, Inhale said “no,”
Worldwide said “yes,” but added that it would be unfair to reinstate the larger arbitration
award after it was required to go to trial on the fraud claim. We conclude the court had
no authority to proceed with the fraud claim.

Worldwide Was Not Judicially Estopped from Asserting the Fraud Claim Was Barred by
the Doctrine of Res Judicata
                We begin by addressing the court’s ruling that Worldwide was judicially
estopped from contending that the arbitration award barred the fraud claim. “The
elements of judicial estoppel are ‘(1) the same party has taken two positions; (2) the
positions were taken in judicial or quasi-judicial administrative proceedings; (3) the party
was successful in asserting the first position (i.e., the tribunal adopted the position or
accepted it as true); (4) the two positions are totally inconsistent; and (5) the first position
was not taken as a result of ignorance, fraud, or mistake.’” (Owens v. County of Los
Angeles (2013) 220 Cal. App. 4th 107, 121.) “The determination of whether judicial

                                               7
estoppel can apply to the facts is a question of law reviewed de novo, i.e.,
independently.” (Blix Street Records, Inc. v. Cassidy (2010) 191 Cal. App. 4th 39, 46.)
              The court erred. We need not analyze each factor as it is clear from the
arbitration award, which is the only evidence the court relied upon, that Worldwide did
not take inconsistent positions. Inhale, as the plaintiff and master of its own case, filed a
separate claim for arbitration that did not include the fraud claim. Worldwide, as the
defendant, had no interest in expanding the claims against it. The arbitrator stated that
Worldwide made no assertions regarding the scope of the arbitration until motions in
limine were filed shortly before the evidentiary hearing. And the position Worldwide
ultimately took was that adding the fraud claim shortly before the hearing “would be
prejudicial to [Worldwide] given the lack of time to prepare to defend the additional
claims.” But there is no evidence in the record that Worldwide ever argued in the
arbitration that Inhale was precluded at the outset from pursuing its fraud claim in
arbitration. The position Worldwide took in the trial court was that the fraud claim
should have been brought during the arbitration and was barred under the doctrine of res
judicata. These positions are entirely consistent. Inhale has only itself to blame for not
asserting its fraud cause of action at the beginning of the arbitration, and only itself to
blame for waiting until the eleventh hour to try to add it. Worldwide’s position
throughout was that the order compelling arbitration included the fraud claim but that the
fraud claim could not be added on the eve of the arbitral trial because sandbagging
Worldwide in that manner would be prejudicial. There was nothing inconsistent about
that position. It was entirely reasonable. Thus application of judicial estoppel was error.

The Arbitration Award Barred Further Litigation of the Fraud Claim
              We now turn to whether the arbitration award barred Inhale from
proceeding on its fraud claim. We find Thibodeau v. Crum (1992) 4 Cal. App. 4th 749
(Thibodeau) instructive. There, the plaintiffs arbitrated numerous deficiencies in their

                                               8
single-family home against the general contractor. The arbitrator issued an award, but as
a result of a bankruptcy filing, the award was never confirmed. (Id. at p. 753.) Inter alia,
the arbitrator had awarded the plaintiffs, by way of setoff to the general contractors claim
for unpaid fees, a relatively minor amount for the repair of chunks of concrete that had
broken off the driveway. (Ibid.) Subsequently, the plaintiffs brought the suit at issue
against the subcontractor that constructed the driveway, alleging that “radiating cracks”
in the driveway had grown worse. (Id. at p. 756.) The subcontractor moved for judgment
on the pleadings on the basis that the case was barred by the prior arbitration against the
general contractor. (Id. at p. 754.) The court denied the motion, proceeded to trial, and
the plaintiffs obtained a judgment. The subcontractor appealed. (Id. at p. 754.)
               The Thibodeau court reversed. It began with the premise, “The doctrine of
res judicata applies not only to judicial proceedings but also to arbitration proceedings.”
(Thibodeau, supra, 4 Cal.App.4th at p. 755.) In discussing the scope of res judicata, the
court cited the familiar rule that “[i]f the matter was within the scope of the action,
related to the subject-matter and relevant to the issues, so that it could have been raised,
the judgment is conclusive on it despite the fact that it was not in fact expressly pleaded
or otherwise urged. The reason for this is manifest. A party cannot by negligence or
design withhold issues and litigate them in consecutive actions. Hence the rule is that the
prior judgment is res judicata on matters which were raised or could have been raised, on
matters litigated or litigable.” (Ibid.) This rule applies equally to arbitration: “[C]ase
law also indicates that arbitrating parties are obliged . . . to place before their arbitrator all
matters within the scope of the arbitration, related to the subject matter, and relevant to
the issues.” (Id. at p. 755.) The court ultimately concluded that if the radiating cracks in
the driveway were not raised in the prior arbitration, “they most certainly should have
been.” (Id. at p. 756.) And the plaintiffs’ failure to bring the claim did not “exempt them
from application of the doctrine of res judicata.” (Ibid.)

                                                9
              The plaintiffs argued “that res judicata does not apply because the
arbitration award has not been confirmed and is subject to a pending petition to correct.”
(Thibodeau, supra, 4 Cal.App.4th at p. 758.) After analyzing the case law, the court
concluded, based largely on “the very limited judicial review afforded arbitration awards”
(Id. at p. 759), that the doctrine of res judicata applies to unconfirmed arbitration awards.
              Unlike Thibodeau, where the court faced the difficult question of whether a
nonparty to the arbitration may argue res judicata based on an unconfirmed award, we
face the much easier issue of whether res judicata applies as between parties to the
arbitration based on a confirmed arbitration award. Also, the Thibodeau court faced the
sometimes difficult question of whether the arbitration encompassed a claim not actually
raised by the plaintiffs, whereas here the fraud claim was expressly ordered to arbitration.
Based on the principles set forth in Thibodeau, we conclude the arbitration rendered
Inhale’s fraud claim res judicata.
              The only wrinkle in the application of res judicata here is that the court did
not enter judgment on the confirmed award prior to proceeding with the fraud claim. We
conclude that fact makes no difference because the court had no choice but to enter
judgment on that award: “If an award is confirmed, judgment shall be entered in
conformity therewith.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 1287.4, italics added; see also Rubin v.
Western Mutual Ins. Co. (1999) 71 Cal. App. 4th 1539, 1545 [“An order confirming an
award is to be reduced to a judgment”]; Trollope v. Jeffries (1976) 55 Cal. App. 3d 816,
823 [“As respects confirmation, its purpose is to raise the award to the status of a
judgment having the same force as judgment in a civil action so as to render it
enforceable like any other judgment of the court in which it is entered”].) Accordingly,
by failing to enter judgment on the confirmed award, and by proceeding with the fraud
cause of action, the court erred. The court should have entered judgment on the
confirmed arbitration award, which included $175,000 in compensatory damages and

                                             10
$1,300 in costs. Also, the court should not have ordered Inhale to turn over its inventory
of Ed Hardy hookahs, as that is a remedy Worldwide should have sought in arbitration.
               Next we address Inhale’s claim against Bard. Although Inhale’s claims
against Bard were apparently ordered to arbitration, Inhale did not name Bard as a party
in the arbitration. Inhale’s subsequent unopposed motion to confirm the arbitration
award was against Worldwide, and not Bard. Although the motion itself was clear, the
title of the motion was ambiguously styled as “PLAINTIFF’S [MOTION] TO
CONFIRM ARBITRATION AWARD AND VACATE STAY AS TO WORLDWIDE
SMOKE, INC. AND HUSSAM BARD.” What has apparently gone unnoticed by Bard
(and perhaps all parties), is that the award was confirmed against both Worldwide and
Bard. This appears to be a simple clerical error. On remand, we will instruct the court to
correct the order confirming the award by excluding Bard.
               Inhale’s contention on appeal is that the court erred in finding Bard was not
the alter ego of Worldwide. There is authority for the proposition that Inhale may raise
its alter ego claim notwithstanding that it was ordered to arbitrate all of its claims against
Bard. (See Greenspan v. LADT LLC (2010) 191 Cal. App. 4th 486, 507.) Assuming,
without deciding, that Inhale was within its rights in doing so, we conclude Inhale has
waived its argument that the court erred in finding no alter ego liability.
               Inhale’s claim, though not styled as such, challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence supporting the court’s finding. Where a party contends “‘some particular issue
of fact is not sustained, they are required to set forth in their brief all the material
evidence on the point and not merely their own evidence. Unless this is done the error
assigned is deemed to be waived.’” (Foreman & Clark Corp. v. Fallon (1971) 3 Cal. 3d
875, 881; see also Gombiner v. Swartz (2008) 167 Cal. App. 4th 1365, 1374 [“When a
party challenges on appeal the sufficiency of evidence, the party must discuss all the
evidence supporting the court’s ruling or the party waives the point”].) Inhale utterly
failed to satisfy this requirement. Its statement of facts, which we characterized as

                                               11
anemic above, makes almost no mention of any facts pertaining to the alter ego issue.
Instead, Inhale leaps directly into argument on the issue, setting forth only the facts it
claims supports its conclusion. By failing to comply with its duty on appeal, Inhale
waived its argument that the court erred in finding Bard was not the alter ego of
Worldwide.

                                       DISPOSITION

              The judgment is reversed. On remand, the court is directed to correct the
order, dated March 14, 2013, confirming the arbitration award by omitting Bard. The
court is directed to vacate the judgment and enter a new judgment in favor of Inhale and
against Worldwide in the amount of $176,300.00, the full amount awarded by the
arbitrator. The court is directed to enter judgment in favor of Bard and against Inhale.
Bard shall recover his costs incurred on appeal. Worldwide and Inhale shall bear their
own costs on appeal.

                                                   IKOLA, J.

WE CONCUR:

O’LEARY, P. J.

THOMPSON, J.

                                              12