Court Opinion

ID: 3020791
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:23:31.327222+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:47:25.152112
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 97-2901
                                   ___________

Clovis Jones,                             *
                                          *
             Appellee,                    *
                                          *
      v.                                  *
                                          *
Conway County, Arkansas, and              *
Morrilton Housing Authority,              *
                                          *
             Defendants, and              *
                                          *
Conway County Election Commission;        *   Appeal from the United States
Jean Hervey, In Her Official Capacity     *   District Court for the Eastern
as a Conway County Election               *   District of Arkansas.
Commissioner; Randall Wolfe, In His       *
Official Capacity as a Conway County      *
Election Commissioner; and Robert         *
Carruthers, In His Official Capacity as   *
a Conway County Election                  *
Commissioner,                             *
                                          *
             Appellants, and              *
                                          *
City of Morrilton, Arkansas,              *
                                          *
             Defendant.                   *
                                      ___________

                               Submitted: March 12, 1998

                                     Filed: May 1, 1998
                                      ___________

Before MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD and FLOYD R. GIBSON,1 Circuit Judges,
      and NANGLE,2 District Judge.
                                ___________

MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

       During the November, 1994, general election in Morrilton, Conway County,
Arkansas, Clovis Jones, who is confined to a wheelchair, fell as he attempted to
negotiate an improvised ramp that was set up to help handicapped voters enter a polling
place. As a result of the fall, Mr. Jones sustained certain injuries that, he testified,
required him to undergo extensive medical testing and treatment.

       Mr. Jones brought suit in federal district court against the Conway County
Election Commission, among others, asserting a number of federal civil rights
violations and various pendent state tort law claims. Prior to trial (although after
extensive pretrial activity), the district court3 dismissed the federal civil rights claims

       1
       In conference, Judge Floyd R. Gibson expressed his desire to reverse the
judgment of the district court in this case, but his temporary disability due to illness has
prevented his further participation.
       2
        The Honorable John F. Nangle, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri, sitting by designation.
       3
       The Honorable Elsijane Trimble Roy, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Arkansas.

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but retained jurisdiction over the state claims. A jury returned verdicts against the
commission and another defendant, the Morrilton Housing Authority. The judgment

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against the housing authority in the amount of $18,000 has been paid in full; only the
$42,000 judgment against the election commission remains unsatisfied. On appeal, the
election commission makes three arguments. Finding none of them persuasive, we
affirm.

                                             I.
        The election commission maintains first that, as a political subdivision of the
state, it is immune from tort liability under Ark. Code Ann. § 21-9-301. That statute
extends political immunity to "all counties, municipal corporations, school districts,
special improvement districts, and all other political subdivisions of the state." The
election commission argues that it is a political subdivision, a term left undefined by the
statute, because it was created by the state and carries out a public, state function. But
this definition of political subdivision seems to us overbroad and does not distinguish,
for example, a state agency or an "arm" of a county from a political subdivision of the
state.

        County election commissions are created by statute in Arkansas. Each county
election commission is composed of the chairpersons of the county committee of the
majority and minority parties and one additional member appointed by the State Board
of Election Commissioners. See Ark. Code Ann. § 7-4-102(a)(1). The county election
commissioners' duties include determining and providing the appropriate number of
ballot boxes for voting precincts under their jurisdiction, appointing the requisite
number of election officials for each precinct, and certifying to the county court the per
diem of the election officials. See Ark. Code Ann. § 7-4-107(a), § 7-4-107(c). The
election commissioners receive a stipend of no more than fifty dollars per public
meeting when official business is conducted, see Ark. Code Ann. § 7-4-111(b), but it
is not clear where this money comes from. Furthermore, although the county election
commissioners may call upon the prosecuting attorney (a state employee) for advice or
assistance in civil actions, and the prosecuting attorney is obliged to defend any civil
lawsuits brought against the commission or its members, see Ark. Code Ann. § 7-4-

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106, nowhere do the Arkansas statutes designate county election commissions as
political subdivisions, and nowhere do they specify whether election commissioners are
employees of the state or of the county.

        While the statutes leave the term "political subdivision" undefined, and the
statutes relevant to election commissions leave their character ambiguous, the statutes
and the case law do provide clues to the term's definition and to the commissions'
character, and they enable us to conclude that the Conway County Election
Commission is not a political subdivision of the state of Arkansas. First of all, the
commission is not in any way similar to the enumerated examples contained in the
immunity statute, all of which are physical (geographic) divisions of the state. An
election commission is an administrative body, affiliated with a political subdivision,
perhaps (the relevant county), but it is not itself a physical division of the state.
Furthermore, even if the election commission were an "arm" of the county (itself one
of the bodies enumerated in the immunity statute), a matter which is by no means clear,
the statute does not extend immunity to it. See Masterson v. Stambuck, 321 Ark. 391,
396, 902 S.W.2d 803, 807 (1995) ("[o]bviously, we find no language in this statute
which provides that a municipal corporation [or any other enumerated entity] may
extend its tort immunity to its so-called 'arm' "). Thus we conclude that the election
commission is not entitled to political subdivision immunity.

                                            II.
       The election commission also argues that the trial court erred by allowing
Mr. Jones to introduce his medical bills without first laying the proper foundation. We
reject this contention.

      Assuming, without deciding, that, as the election commission maintains,
Arkansas law controls the admissibility of medical bills into evidence, Ark. Code Ann.
§ 16-46-107 contains the relevant legal principles. The commission's reliance on the
Arkansas Supreme Court's decision in Bell v. Stafford, 284 Ark. 196, 680 S.W.2d 700

                                          -5-
(1984), is misplaced because the statute was enacted in 1993, nine years after that case
was decided, and thus it supersedes the Arkansas Supreme Court's holding. The statute
provides that, in a civil trial, "the patient ... shall be a competent witness to identify
doctor bills ... upon a showing by the witness that ... such expenses were incurred in
connection with the treatment of the injury ... involved in the subject of litigation at
trial." See Ark. Code Ann. § 16-46-107(a). The statute goes on to note that "it shall
not be necessary for an expert witness to testify that the charges were reasonable and
necessary." See Ark. Code Ann. § 16-46-107(b).

        In laying the foundation for the admission of these medical bills into evidence,
Mr. Jones testified at trial that, when he visited the various doctors and hospitals for
treatment, he did so exclusively for the injuries "involved in the subject of litigation at
trial." He testified that his chief complaint was the fall from the wheelchair, and that
no procedures were performed on him that were not directly related to the injuries he
sustained as the result of his fall. Furthermore, Mr. Jones read from medical records
that indicated that he complained of and was being treated for injuries relating to a
recent fall from a wheelchair.

       The trial court was careful not to admit the medical bills into evidence until
Mr. Jones laid the requisite foundation with his testimony. It was then within the jury's
province to consider the question of how many, if any, of the proffered bills represented
treatment for the alleged injuries. An element of Mr. Jones's case was, of course,
proximate cause, and the trial court instructed the jury on that issue, as the trial court
further instructed the jury to consider the reasonableness and necessity of any medical
expenses incurred. Once Mr. Jones testified that the bills were in fact incurred, and
that he believed that they were incurred as the result of his fall, the bills were properly
before the jury for its consideration.

                                           -6-
                                         III.
       The election commission argues finally that the trial court erred in denying its
motion for a directed verdict. The commission asserts that the evidence was
insufficient to support the jury's conclusion that the alleged fall actually occurred.
Having carefully reviewed the record, however, we find that there was sufficient
evidence before the jury to support a finding that Mr. Jones did indeed fall from the
ramp.

                                         IV.
      For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.

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