Court Opinion

ID: 9958295
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-08 19:09:34.876414+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:18:09.051833
License: Public Domain

04/08/2024
                  IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE
                             AT NASHVILLE
                                 October 4, 2023 Session

                MELISSA BINNS v. TRADER JOE’S EAST, INC.

                   Appeal by Permission from the Court of Appeals
                         Circuit Court for Davidson County
                    No. 19C938 Amanda Jane McClendon, Judge
                      ___________________________________

                             No. M2022-01033-SC-R11-CV
                        ___________________________________

This interlocutory appeal involves an alleged slip and fall incident that occurred at the
defendant’s grocery store. The plaintiff’s amended complaint included allegations of
vicarious liability, premises liability, negligent training, and negligent supervision against
the defendant. In an attempt to dismiss the plaintiff’s negligent training and supervision
claims, the defendant filed a motion for partial judgment on the pleadings and asserted two
alternative arguments, both of which the trial court rejected. First, the trial court rejected
the defendant’s argument that courts must dismiss “negligent activity” claims, such as
claims for negligent training and supervision, when asserted concurrently with a premises
liability theory of recovery. Second, the trial court rejected the defendant’s argument that
the plaintiff’s direct negligence claims were no longer legally viable due to the defendant
admitting it was vicariously liable for the conduct of its employee, commonly referred to
as the “preemption rule.” After denying the defendant’s motion, the trial court granted
permission to file an interlocutory appeal pursuant to Rule 9 of the Tennessee Rules of
Appellate Procedure. The Court of Appeals denied the defendant’s application. The
defendant then appealed to this Court, and we granted review. We hold that the preemption
rule is incompatible with Tennessee’s system of comparative fault and decline to adopt it.
In addition, we decline to adopt the rule proposed by the defendant pertaining to “negligent
activity” claims asserted alongside premises liability claims. As a result, we affirm the
trial court’s order denying the defendant’s motion for partial judgment on the pleadings
and remand to the trial court for further proceedings.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 11 Appeal by Permission; Judgment of the Trial Court Affirmed;
                          Remanded to the Trial Court

ROGER A. PAGE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which HOLLY KIRBY, C.J., and
JEFFREY S. BIVINS, SARAH K. CAMPBELL, and DWIGHT E. TARWATER, JJ., joined.
Sean W. Martin and Michael J. Petherick, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellant,
Trader Joe’s East, Inc.

Donald Capparella, Tyler Chance Yarbro, and Jacob A. Vanzin, Nashville, Tennessee, and
Jonathan L. Griffith and Jonathan D. Lawrence, Franklin, Tennessee, for the appellee,
Melissa Binns.

W. Bryan Smith, Memphis, Tennessee, and Brian G. Brooks, Greenbrier, Arkansas, for the
amicus curiae, Tennessee Trial Lawyers Association.

Janet Strevel Hayes and David A. Chapman, Knoxville, Tennessee, and Mary Beth White,
Nashville, Tennessee, for the amici curiae, American Trucking Associations, Inc. and
Tennessee Trucking Association, Inc.

                                               OPINION

                         I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       This case involves an alleged slip and fall incident that occurred at a Trader Joe’s
grocery store in Nashville, Tennessee. Melissa Binns (“Plaintiff”) slipped and fell at a
store owned and operated by Trader Joe’s East, Inc. (“Defendant”) on December 17, 2018.1
Defendant’s employee, Natalie Thompson, was stocking shelves in the “fresh aisle” of the
store during the day of the accident. As alleged by Plaintiff in her amended complaint, Ms.
Thompson “negligently and carelessly loaded a stocking cart in a messy and disorganized
manner to stock the shelves of the fresh aisle.” Among the products being loaded and
stocked were boxes containing packages of tofu. The packages contained a clear liquid
substance in which the tofu rested. Because Ms. Thompson allegedly loaded the cart and
stocked the tofu in a “messy and careless manner,” a package of tofu fell onto the floor of
the store causing liquid to spill near the stocking cart. Ms. Thompson picked up the
package of tofu but did not remove the liquid from the floor, leaving the spill unattended
while she went to retrieve a caution sign. While shopping during this time, Plaintiff walked

        1
          This appeal arises from the trial court’s denial of Defendant’s motion for partial judgment on the
pleadings. Defendant’s motion was filed following Plaintiff’s filing of an amended complaint and
Defendant’s answer to the amended complaint. When this Court reviews a motion for judgment on the
pleadings under Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 12.03, we use “the same standard that governs our
review of a dismissal under Rule 12.02(6) for failure to state a claim.” Franks v. Sykes, 600 S.W.3d 908,
911 (Tenn. 2020) (citing Young v. Barrow, 130 S.W.3d 59, 63 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003)). Therefore, we recite
the facts as recorded in Plaintiff’s amended complaint filed on February 2, 2022, “presuming them to be
true and giving the plaintiff the benefit of all reasonable inferences.” Lemon v. Williamson Cnty. Schs., 618
S.W.3d 1, 8 (Tenn. 2021) (citing Webb v. Nashville Area Habitat for Human., Inc., 346 S.W.3d 422, 426
(Tenn. 2011)).
                                                       -2-
down the fresh aisle and past the stocking cart that had been used by Ms. Thompson. With
the spill unattended and a caution sign not yet in place, Plaintiff stepped in the clear liquid
and fell to the floor, suffering injuries.

        Plaintiff’s amended complaint alleged premises liability, negligent training, and
negligent supervision against Defendant.2 The amended complaint also alleged that
Defendant is vicariously liable for the negligent conduct of its employee, Ms. Thompson,
“and all other employees of Defendant whose negligent acts and/or omissions directly and
proximately caused” Plaintiff’s injuries. In its answer to Plaintiff’s amended complaint,
Defendant denied liability for the incident. Relevant to this appeal, however, Defendant
also admitted that it “is vicariously liable for the conduct of Natalie Thompson and any
other employees under the doctrine of respondeat superior to the extent that their conduct
falls within the course and scope of their employment with Defendant.” Among other
defenses asserted by Defendant in its answer, Defendant pleaded that “Plaintiff’s claims
for negligent training and supervision cannot be asserted concurrently with her premises
liability claims” and that “Plaintiff is precluded from asserting claims for negligent training
and supervision against Defendant because the parties admit that Defendant’s employees
acted in the course and scope of their employment with Defendant at the time of the
December 17, 2018 slip and fall incident.”

       Following its answer, Defendant filed a motion for partial judgment on the
pleadings, attempting to dismiss Plaintiff’s negligent training and supervision claims.
Again, Defendant argued that the direct negligence claims should be dismissed because
they are “legally deficient” as a matter of law for two dispositive reasons. Similar to its
answer to Plaintiff’s amended complaint, Defendant’s motion argued that the negligent
training and supervision “claims are precluded because Defendant concedes that its
employees acted in the course and scope of their employment at the time of Plaintiff’s
alleged slip and fall incident,” a theory known as the “preemption rule.”3 Defendant

        2
            Specifically, Plaintiff alleged Defendant was negligent in that it:

        a) Failed to properly train and supervise its employees to safely load its stocking carts; b)
        Failed to properly train and supervise its employees to safely stock its shelves; c) Failed to
        properly train and supervise its employees to not create dangerous conditions in its store;
        d) Failed to properly train its employees to warn of dangerous conditions in its store floor;
        [e]) Created a dangerous condition; [f]) Failed to correct or remedy the dangerous
        condition; [g]) Failed to warn of the dangerous condition; and [h]) Failed to remove the
        dangerous condition.
        3
          Courts throughout the country have referred to the rule by various names. See Quynn v. Hulsey,
850 S.E.2d 725, 727 (Ga. 2020) (labeling the rule as the “Respondeat Superior Rule”); Bogdanski v. Budzik,
408 P.3d 1156, 1160-61 n.4 (Wyo. 2018) (labeling the rule as the “McHaffie rule” after the Missouri
Supreme Court case, McHaffie v. Bunch, 891 S.W.2d 822 (Mo. 1995) (en banc)); MV Transp., Inc. v.
Allgeier, 433 S.W.3d 324, 334 (Ky. 2014) (labeling the rule as the “preemption rule”). Because the parties
                                                    -3-
advocated for the trial court to apply the preemption rule even though the Tennessee
Supreme Court had not yet adopted it. Alternatively, Defendant argued that “[c]laims
based on negligent activity (e.g., negligent training or supervision) and premises liability
claims are logically inconsistent and cannot be asserted concurrently in a lawsuit by a
single plaintiff.” Defendant highlighted that this proposed rule had not yet been addressed
by Tennessee courts.

        The trial court denied Defendant’s motion for partial judgment on the pleadings.4
Despite denying Defendant’s motion, the trial court granted Defendant’s request for
permission to file an interlocutory appeal to “prevent needless, expensive, and protracted
litigation” and to “develop a uniform body of law.” Tenn. R. App. P. 9(a). Thereafter,
Defendant applied for permission to appeal in the Court of Appeals under Tennessee Rule
of Appellate Procedure 9(c) to raise its arguments related to Plaintiff’s direct negligence
claims. The Court of Appeals denied Defendant’s application, stating that it could not
“conclude that an interlocutory appeal is necessary to prevent irreparable injury, to develop
a uniform body of law, or to prevent needless, expensive and protracted litigation.”
Following the Court of Appeals’ denial, we granted review to consider the viability of the
preemption rule under Tennessee law and to consider whether to adopt Defendant’s
proposed rule pertaining to “negligent activity” claims asserted alongside premises liability
claims.

                              II. SCOPE AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

        This is an interlocutory appeal. Therefore, the Court’s review is “limited to those
questions clearly within the scope of the issues certified for interlocutory appeal.” Metro.
Gov’t of Nashville & Davidson Cnty. v. Tenn. Dep’t of Educ., 645 S.W.3d 141, 147 (Tenn.
2022) (citing Funk v. Scripps Media, Inc., 570 S.W.3d 205, 210 (Tenn. 2019)). Plaintiff
argues that the trial court did not certify the premises liability issue, thereby eliminating
the need and ability of this Court to address it. We disagree. As noted above, the trial
court granted Defendant’s motion for permission to file an interlocutory appeal pursuant
to Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 9. In its order stating “the specific . . . issues
the court is certifying for appeal and the reasons for its opinion,” Tenn. R. App. P. 9(b),
the trial court found the following:

               In regard to Tenn. R. App. P. 9(a)(2), the Court finds that permitting
        an interlocutory appeal is appropriate because it will prevent needless,

have labeled this rule, both in their briefs and at oral argument, as the “preemption rule,” we will remain
consistent and do the same.
        4
          In its denial order, the trial court mistakenly referred to Defendant’s motion as one for partial
summary judgment. In a subsequent order, the trial court appears to have recognized this mistake by
correctly referring to Defendant’s motion as one for partial judgment on the pleadings.
                                                     -4-
       expensive, and protracted litigation. . . . A significant amount of discovery
       conducted in this case has pertained to Plaintiff’s direct negligence claims,
       including a corporate representative deposition Plaintiff seeks to conduct. If
       the April 14, 2022 Order is reversed on appeal after the parties complete
       discovery and trial, the parties will have wasted time and resources litigating
       Plaintiff’s direct negligence claims.

               In regard to Tenn. R. App. P. 9(a)(3), the Court finds that permitting
       an interlocutory appeal is appropriate because there is a need to develop a
       uniform body of law. The Court finds that there is great inconsistency among
       the orders entered by Tennessee federal and state trial courts on the issue of
       whether a plaintiff can assert direct negligence claims against an employer if
       the employer admits that it will be vicariously liable for the negligent conduct
       attributed to its employees under the doctrine of respondeat superior. . . .
       Finally, the issue of whether direct negligence claims can be asserted against
       a premises owner concurrently with a premises liability theory of recovery is
       an issue of first impression under Tennessee law.

        The trial court’s order explicitly references both the preemption rule issue and the
premises liability issue when describing its reasoning for granting Defendant’s motion. We
reject Plaintiff’s argument that only the preemption rule issue was certified by the trial
court; thus, both issues are properly before this Court.

        When this Court reviews a motion for judgment on the pleadings under Tennessee
Rule of Appellate Procedure 12.03, we use “the same standard that governs our review of
a dismissal under Rule 12.02(6) for failure to state a claim.” Franks v. Sykes, 600 S.W.3d
908, 911 (Tenn. 2020) (citing Young v. Barrow, 130 S.W.3d 59, 63 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003)).
Therefore, “[w]e review de novo a motion for judgment on the pleadings.” Lawson v.
Hawkins Cnty., 661 S.W.3d 54, 58 (Tenn. 2023) (citing Mortg. Elec. Registration Sys., Inc.
v. Ditto, 488 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2015)); see also Tenn. R. Civ. P. 12.03. “We accept
all the non-moving party’s factual allegations as true and draw all reasonable inferences in
that party’s favor.” Lawson, 661 S.W.3d at 58 (citing King v. Betts, 354 S.W.3d 691, 709
(Tenn. 2011)). Here, Defendant’s motion for partial judgment on the pleadings requires
this Court to consider the legal viability of Plaintiff’s negligent training and negligent
supervision claims, which is also a question of law we review de novo. See Mortg. Elec.
Registration Sys., Inc., 488 S.W.3d at 275.

                                       III. ANALYSIS

       We first consider the parties’ arguments relating to the preemption rule and whether
this Court should adopt the rule in Tennessee. We then consider Defendant’s proposed

                                             -5-
rule pertaining to “negligent activity” claims asserted concurrently with a premises liability
theory of recovery.

                                     A. Preemption Rule

        Under the common law doctrine of respondeat superior, “an employer may be held
liable for the torts committed by his or her employees while performing duties within the
scope of employment.” Hughes v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville & Davidson Cnty., 340
S.W.3d 352, 363 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting White v. Revco Disc. Drug Ctrs., Inc., 33 S.W.3d
713, 718 (Tenn. 2000)). In other words, an employer may become vicariously liable for
the negligent conduct of its employee. In jurisdictions that apply the preemption rule, if an
employer admits it will be vicariously liable for the actions of its employee, the plaintiff is
no longer permitted to pursue direct negligence claims such as negligent entrustment,
supervision, or training. See, e.g., McHaffie v. Bunch, 891 S.W.2d 822, 826 (Mo. 1995)
(en banc) (“[O]nce an employer has admitted respondeat superior liability for a driver’s
negligence, it is improper to allow a plaintiff to proceed against the employer on any other
theory of imputed liability.”). In jurisdictions that do not apply the preemption rule, “[t]he
employer’s admission to the existence of an agency relationship from which vicarious
liability may arise does not supplant the claim that the employer’s own negligence,
independent of the negligence of the employee, may have caused or contributed to the
injury.” MV Transp., Inc. v. Allgeier, 433 S.W.3d 324, 337 (Ky. 2014). In such cases, “an
employer may be liable for injuries caused both by its own independent negligence in
hiring, training, retaining, or supervising an employee and, at the same time, under the
doctrine of respondeat superior for the injuries caused by its employees’ negligent
behavior.” Id. at 335.

       Although this Court has not yet addressed this issue, other courts in Tennessee and
throughout the country have. See, e.g., Ramon v. Nebo Sch. Dist., 493 P.3d 613, 619 (Utah
2021) (citing cases); McHaffie, 891 S.W.2d 822; Allgeier, 433 S.W.3d 324; Quynn v.
Hulsey, 850 S.E.2d 725 (Ga. 2020); Jones v. Windham, No. W2015-00973-COA-R10-CV,
2016 WL 943722 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 11, 2016), vacated, Jones v. Windham, No. W2015-
00973-SC-R11-CV, 2016 Tenn. LEXIS 538, at *1 (Tenn. Aug. 19, 2016); Ryans v. Koch
Foods, LLC, No. 1:13-cv-234-SKL, 2015 WL 12942221 (E.D. Tenn. July 8, 2015). In
Tennessee, the Court of Appeals issued an opinion rejecting the preemption rule in Jones
v. Windham, 2016 WL 943722, at *5. However, that decision was later vacated by this
Court after concluding the appeal was improvidently granted by the Court of Appeals.
Jones, 2016 Tenn. LEXIS 538, at *1. In Defendant’s memorandum in support of its motion
for permission to file an interlocutory appeal in the instant case, Defendant attached four
orders entered by Tennessee state trial courts. Two of these courts applied the preemption
rule and two rejected it. In addition, the United States District Courts for the Eastern,
Middle, and Western Districts of Tennessee each applied the preemption rule, predicting

                                             -6-
that if this Court addressed the issue, it would adopt the rule in Tennessee.5 See, e.g.,
Ryans, 2015 WL 12942221, at *9; Freeman v. Paddack Heavy Transp., Inc., No. 3:20-cv-
00505, 2020 WL 7399026, at *3 (M.D. Tenn. Dec. 16, 2020); Jackson v. Trendafilov, No.
19-cv-02886-SHM-cgc, 2022 WL 1721210, at *3 (W.D. Tenn. May 27, 2022) (“United
States district courts sitting in each of the districts in Tennessee have concluded that the
Tennessee Supreme Court would adopt the preemption rule.”).

       Due to the absence of controlling authority in Tennessee, Plaintiff and Defendant
both attempt to argue that their respective position is the “majority rule” or the “clear trend”
throughout the remainder of the country. Defendant highlights that the preemption rule is
regarded as the “majority rule” by some courts. See, e.g., Ryans, 2015 WL 12942221, at
*8 (“The majority of courts that have considered the question hold that where an employer
has admitted liability for the acts of its employee under another theory of recovery, it is
improper to allow the plaintiff to proceed under direct negligence theories, as those claims
merge with the vicarious liability claim.”). In contrast, Plaintiff argues that a fairly even
split exists between adopting and rejecting the preemption rule, with rejecting the rule
being the “clear trend in state supreme court decisions since 2018.” However, as stated by
the Kentucky Supreme Court, little weight should generally be given to “the absolute
number of jurisdictions which have adopted a particular rule,” Allgeier, 433 S.W.3d at 334
n.8, especially when the split is relatively even. Id. (“We avoid the use of the terms
‘majority rule’ and ‘minority rule’ because there appears to be a fairly even split among
jurisdictions in adopting the [preemption rule and non-preemption rule] . . . .”). Rather
than counting the number of jurisdictions that have ruled each way, we approach this
question by examining the compatibility of the preemption rule with Tennessee law and by
considering the merits of the arguments presented by the parties and amici curiae, the
Tennessee Trial Lawyers Association, American Trucking Associations, and Tennessee
Trucking Association.

        The parties provide several arguments for why this Court should or should not adopt
the preemption rule. The first argument we address, and the most important, is whether
the preemption rule is compatible with Tennessee’s system of modified comparative fault.
See generally Lorio v. Cartwright, 768 F. Supp. 658, 660 (N.D. Ill. 1991) (explaining how
the rationale of the preemption rule is “very powerful in a contributory negligence
jurisdiction” but “loses much of its force” in a comparative fault system). In 1992, this

        5
          Although federal district courts in Tennessee predicted that this Court would adopt the preemption
rule, those decisions do not bind us. See State v. Frazier, 558 S.W.3d 145, 156 (Tenn. 2018). Furthermore,
we agree with Plaintiff’s argument that the rationale of some of the federal decisions has been subsequently
weakened due to their citation to now-overruled case law. See Ryans v. Koch Foods, LLC, No. 1:13-cv-
234-SKL, 2015 WL 12942221, at *8-9 (E.D. Tenn. July 8, 2015). For example, the Ryans court cited to a
Tennessee federal district court case applying Georgia law in a diversity case, Scroggins v. Yellow Freight
System, Inc., 98 F. Supp. 2d 928 (E.D. Tenn. 2000). However, Georgia recently rejected the preemption
rule in Quynn v. Hulsey, 850 S.E.2d 725 (Ga. 2020).
                                                     -7-
Court abandoned the common law rule of contributory negligence, instead judicially
adopting a system of modified comparative fault. McIntyre v. Balentine, 833 S.W.2d 52,
57 (Tenn. 1992). Thus, in Tennessee, a plaintiff may “recover so long as plaintiff’s fault
is less than the combined fault of all tortfeasors.” Id. at 58. Subsequent cases clarified that
Tennessee’s system of comparative fault “broadly permit[s] allocation of fault to all
persons involved in an injury-causing event,” Carroll v. Whitney, 29 S.W.3d 14, 21 (Tenn.
2000), such as parties immune from suit or parties that have already settled with the
plaintiff. Id. at 21-22; McNabb v. Highways, Inc., 98 S.W.3d 649, 654-55 (Tenn. 2003).

        Defendant argues that the preemption rule is compatible with Tennessee’s modified
comparative fault system by citing to Ali v. Fisher, 145 S.W.3d 557 (Tenn. 2004), for the
proposition that vicarious liability is an exception to the general rule that the fault of all
persons or entities involved must be compared under Tennessee’s system of comparative
fault. In Ali, the plaintiff, Ms. Ali, sustained injuries when her car was struck by another
vehicle driven by Mr. Fisher. Id. at 559. Prior to the accident, Mr. Fisher borrowed the
vehicle from his co-worker, Mr. Scheve. Id. at 560. When officers attempted to make a
traffic stop, Mr. Fisher “accelerated to a speed in excess of 100 miles per hour,” ran through
a red light, and struck Ms. Ali’s car. Id. at 559. After the accident, Mr. Fisher’s blood-
alcohol content registered 0.21%, well over the legal limit. Id. The case was submitted to
the jury to determine the allocation of fault based on comparative fault principles. Id. at
560. The jury determined that Mr. Fisher was 80% at fault as the driver-entrustee and that
Mr. Scheve was 20% at fault as the owner-entrustor. Id. The trial court apportioned the
damages based on the jury’s allocation, but later granted Ms. Ali’s motion to amend the
judgment so that Mr. Scheve would become vicariously liable for the fault of Mr. Fisher.
Id. at 561. This Court granted review to determine whether an owner who negligently
entrusts a vehicle to another may be held vicariously liable for the driver’s negligence in
operating the car and held that “negligent entrustment does not create vicarious liability.”
Id. at 561, 564.

       Despite Defendant’s argument to the contrary, we do not find Ali to support the
notion that the “preemption rule is entirely consistent with Tennessee’s system of modified
comparative fault.” Defendant’s primary reliance on the case stems from the following
statements in Ali:

       [W]e have only rarely departed from the allocation of fault required under
       the system of comparative fault we adopted in McIntyre. One exception is
       that negligent tortfeasors cannot seek to have their fault compared to that of
       intentional tortfeasors “where the intentional conduct is the foreseeable risk
       created by the negligent tortfeasor.” A second exception is where vicarious
       liability is based on an agency relationship between a principal and the
       principal’s negligent agent, such as . . . respondeat superior.

                                             -8-
Id. at 564 (citations omitted); see also Ryans, 2015 WL 12942221, at *9 (also highlighting
the listed exceptions to comparative fault allocation in Ali as support for its prediction that
this Court would adopt the preemption rule).

        Plaintiff argues that these statements constitute dicta, while Defendant argues it is
not dicta because “it was part of the Court’s rationale for its ruling.” However, regardless
of whether the statements in Ali were necessary to the Court’s holding, we do not interpret
them as support for adopting the preemption rule. Rather, we agree with the Court’s
comments in Ali in the sense that the jury does not compare the fault between an employer
and employee if an employer is only vicariously liable to a plaintiff under the doctrine of
respondeat superior. This is because vicarious liability is simply a “legal rationale for
holding a master responsible for a tort committed by his servant.” Patterson v. Blair, 172
S.W.3d 361, 363 (Ky. 2005). In other words, an employer becomes “financially
responsible for the tortious actions of another, even [if] the vicariously liable party was not
negligent.” Browder v. Morris, 975 S.W.2d 308, 311 (Tenn. 1998) (citing Prosser and
Keeton on Torts, § 69 (5th ed. 1984)). Thus, when an employer is only vicariously liable
to a plaintiff under the doctrine of respondeat superior, Ali is correct in noting that vicarious
liability is an “exception” to the general rule of comparing the fault of all persons or entities
involved, i.e., a jury would not compare the fault of the employer and employee in such a
scenario.

         However, in many cases, such as the case before us today, a plaintiff alleges both
direct negligence and vicarious liability. As previously mentioned, the Court in Ali held
that “negligent entrustment does not create vicarious liability and that the jury must allocate
the fault between the defendants as provided in McIntyre.” Ali, 145 S.W.3d at 564. The
Court reasoned that “the allocation of fault by the jury between the entrustor and the
entrustee is entirely consistent with the principal goal of comparative fault under McIntyre,
i.e., to link one’s liability to one’s degree of fault in causing harm.” Id. at 563-64 (citing
McIntyre, 833 S.W.2d at 58). As a result, the Court affirmed the Court of Appeals’ decision
to reinstate the original judgment in which the jury allocated fault separately between the
entrustor and the entrustee. Id. at 564. Although Ali involved an allegation of negligent
entrustment, its rationale applies equally to the direct negligence claims involved here,
negligent training and negligent supervision.

        While direct negligence claims such as negligent training and supervision may be
classified as derivative in the sense that both typically require the plaintiff to prove that an
employee’s underlying conduct was negligent,6 the liability stemming from negligent

        6
         Compare Diaz v. Carcamo, 253 P.3d 535, 543 (Cal. 2011) (“No matter how negligent an employer
was in entrusting a vehicle to an employee, however, it is only if the employee then drove negligently that
the employer can be liable for negligent entrustment, hiring, or retention.”), with McQueen v. Green, 202
N.E.3d 268, 280-81 (Ill. 2022) (holding that an employer who admitted liability under respondeat superior
                                                  -9-
training and supervision is not vicarious. Brown v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 976 F. Supp.
729, 735 (W.D. Tenn. 1997) (Liability for negligent training “is not liability based on
respondeat superior; the employer still may be held liable for the negligent acts of his or
her servant.”); see Ali, 145 S.W.3d at 564 (“The act of negligent entrustment and the act of
negligent operation of a vehicle are separate and distinct.”); Quynn, 850 S.E.2d at 730
(providing that while a plaintiff’s direct negligence claims against an employer “may have
required [the employee] to have been negligent, and so are derivative of its employee’s
negligence to that extent,” a jury is still able to assign fault separately between the employer
and employee).

       For example, in a case involving an allegation of negligent supervision, the Court
of Appeals explained the fundamental differences between a direct negligence claim and
vicarious liability:

              Negligent supervision and respondeat superior are distinct legal
       claims that, if proven, impose liability on an employer in different ways.
       Under the doctrine of respondeat superior, an employer is vicariously liable
       for the actions of its employees while acting within the course and scope of
       their employment.

              In contrast, under a claim of negligent supervision, an employer is
       directly liable for breaching its own independent duty to hire competent
       employees and supervise them appropriately. Consequently, claims based on
       negligent supervision are independent of claims based on respondeat
       superior, and the existence of one claim does not render the other claim
       superfluous or unnecessary.

Gordon v. Tractor Supply Co., No. M2015-01049-COA-R3-CV, 2016 WL 3349024, at
*11-12 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 8, 2016) (emphasis added) (citations omitted). Thus,
notwithstanding the typical need to prove an employee’s underlying negligent conduct, the
fault and liability stemming from direct negligence claims involve an employer’s own
negligence, not only the underlying negligence of its employee. Indeed, an employer may
be both directly liable for its own negligent conduct, as well as vicariously liable for the
negligent conduct of its employee under the doctrine of respondeat superior. Restatement
(Second) of Agency § 213 cmt. h (Am. Law Inst. 1958) (“In a given case the employer
may be liable both on the ground that he was personally negligent and on the ground that
the conduct was within the scope of employment.”). As a result, adopting the preemption
rule would permit an employer to eliminate evidence of a breach of duty separate from the
negligence of its employee, a clear inconsistency with Tennessee’s system of comparative

may be independently liable “for its own misconduct even if the jury finds that its employee was not
negligent”).
                                              - 10 -
fault that seeks to achieve “a tighter fit between liability and fault.” Carroll, 29 S.W.3d at
16.

       The practical effects of the preemption rule further suggest that it is at odds with
Tennessee’s system of comparative fault. At oral argument, Plaintiff’s counsel raised a
hypothetical in which a plaintiff was 40% at fault, an employee was 15% at fault (with the
employer being vicariously liable for this portion), an employer was 30% at fault for its
direct negligence, and a separate defendant was 15% at fault. Using Plaintiff’s
hypothetical, the practical effect of the preemption rule forces the jury to redistribute the
employer’s 30% share among the remaining at-fault parties without having been presented
with evidence of the employer’s direct negligence. In our modified comparative fault
system, it is entirely conceivable that a jury’s allocation of fault in such a scenario could
push a plaintiff’s share above the 50% threshold. See also J.J. Burns, Note, Respondeat
Superior as an Affirmative Defense: How Employers Immunize Themselves from Direct
Negligence Claims, 109 Mich. L. Rev. 657, 671 (2011) (“[I]f a party’s negligence is taken
out of the equation, the other parties necessarily have to fill in the vacuum that is left by
the absent party.”). Such an outcome clearly does not “closely link[] liability and fault.”
McIntyre, 833 S.W.2d at 58. For this reason, we disagree with Defendant’s contention that
after “employers admit vicarious liability for the allegedly negligent conduct of their
employees, evidence of direct negligence on the part of the employers serves no purpose
other than to prejudice defendants, inflame the passions of jurors, and unreasonably expand
the scope of discovery.” Rather, as illustrated by Plaintiff’s hypothetical, evidence of an
employer’s direct negligence enables the fact finder to allocate “fault to all persons
involved in an injury-causing event.” Carroll, 29 S.W.3d at 21. Conversely, permitting
an employer to eliminate a plaintiff’s direct negligence claims at the pleading stage simply
by admitting to vicarious liability results in a potentially distorted allocation of fault,
thereby “forc[ing] a jury to allocate fault between parties who were not wholly
responsible.” Id. at 19.

        Distorting the allocation of fault analysis also undercuts a common justification for
adopting the preemption rule. Some courts reason that permitting direct negligence claims
under these circumstances is “improper” because the “liability of the employer is fixed by
the amount of liability of the employee . . . regardless of the ‘percentage of fault’ as between
the party whose negligence directly caused the injury and the one whose liability for
negligence is derivative.” McHaffie, 891 S.W.2d at 826 (citation omitted). However, even
assuming this assertion to be true,7 the preemption rule certainly may affect how much a
“plaintiff’s damages are . . . reduced in proportion to the percentage of the total negligence
attributable to the plaintiff,” McIntyre, 833 S.W.2d at 57, or more harshly, the ability of a

        7
         But see McQueen, 202 N.E.3d at 275, 280-81 (holding that a plaintiff may proceed with a direct
negligence claim despite the employer admitting to vicarious liability and despite the jury finding that the
employee was not at fault).
                                                 - 11 -
plaintiff to recover at all. See id. (“We therefore hold that so long as a plaintiff’s negligence
remains less than the defendant’s negligence the plaintiff may recover . . . .”). As
previously explained, it is more than conceivable that eliminating the employer’s alleged
direct negligence from the jury’s consideration may result in a plaintiff or additional
defendant being allocated a greater percentage of fault. For these reasons, we consider the
preemption rule to be in conflict with the basic principles of Tennessee’s system of
modified comparative fault.

       Other considerations also cut in favor of rejecting the preemption rule. Defendant
expresses concern that after respondeat superior liability is admitted, “evidence of direct
negligence only serves to prejudice defendants[] [and] inflame the passions of jurors.”
While we agree that inflammatory evidence often exists in lawsuits, the Tennessee Rules
of Evidence exist, in part, to guard against the admission of overly prejudicial evidence.
See Tenn. R. Evid. 403 (“Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative
value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice . . . .”). As the South
Carolina Supreme Court astutely explained:

       [W]e think the argument that an independent cause of action against an
       employer must be precluded to protect the jury from considering prejudicial
       evidence presumes too much. Our court system relies on the trial court to
       determine when relevant evidence is inadmissible because its probative value
       is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of
       the issues, or misleading the jury. . . . In our view, the argument that the
       court must entirely preclude a cause of action to protect the jury from
       considering prejudicial evidence gives impermissibly short-shrift to the trial
       court’s ability to judge the admission of evidence and to protect the integrity
       of trial, and to the jury’s ability to follow the trial court’s instructions.

James v. Kelly Trucking Co., 661 S.E.2d 329, 632-33 (S.C. 2008) (citation omitted).
Indeed, “[w]e do not think we can accurately predict that the evidence needed to prove a
[direct negligence] claim will always flunk” Rule 403 of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence.
Ramon, 493 P.3d at 620. We prefer to entrust the trial court judges of Tennessee to make
the determination of whether a particular piece of evidence involving a direct negligence
claim fails the balancing test under Rule 403.

       The preemption rule also conflicts with the basic principle in Tennessee
jurisprudence that “[p]laintiffs are the masters of their complaint.” Mullins v. State, 294
S.W.3d 529, 540 (Tenn. 2009). To that end, Rule 8.01 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil
Procedure provides that plaintiffs may plead “[r]elief in the alternative or of several
different types.” In a similar vein, Rule 8.05(2) permits parties to “state as many separate
claims or defenses as he or she has, regardless of consistency.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 8.05(2).
These principles further cut in favor of rejecting the preemption rule; preventing a plaintiff
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from proceeding against an employer under two alternative theories of recovery conflicts
with “the notion that plaintiffs are free to pursue several alternative theories of recovery
and to structure their claims in the manner that is most beneficial to them.” Concrete
Spaces, Inc. v. Sender, 2 S.W.3d 901, 909 (Tenn. 1999). Particularly in light of our
conclusion that the preemption rule conflicts with Tennessee’s system of comparative fault,
we see little reason to make an exception to the basic concept in Tennessee that “the
plaintiff is in control of her own case and can proceed as she sees fit.” Smith v. Methodist
Hosps. of Memphis, 995 S.W.2d 584, 591 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999).

       This Court is also concerned that the preemption rule is not entirely consistent with
the principle of deterrence, which we have long considered an “operative polic[y] of tort
law.” Smith v. Gore, 728 S.W.2d 738, 748 (Tenn. 1987). As previously explained, the
fault and liability stemming from direct negligence claims involve an employer’s own
negligence. A rule that allows a defendant to eliminate evidence of its own direct
negligence by admitting to vicarious liability eliminates some of the deterrence that direct
negligence causes of action provide. Defendant argues that “tort law’s deterrence goal is
already served when the preemption rule is applied because vicarious liability is admitted.”
In Defendant’s view, “[i]f employers admit vicarious liability, they are completely
responsible for the negligent conduct of their employees by operation of Tennessee law.”
We agree that under the preemption rule, a rational employer would certainly wish to avoid
being vicariously liable for any negligent conduct of their employees. However, even
though employers are still incentivized to provide adequate training and supervision under
the preemption rule, the rule still carries a risk of the fact finder apportioning a greater
percentage of fault to the plaintiff or a second defendant, as explained above. Furthermore,
the preemption rule would allow especially-blameworthy employers to prevent egregious
evidence of negligent training and supervision from being considered by the fact finder.
Permitting employers to prevent the admission of this type of evidence does not serve the
goal of deterrence in tort law.

        In summary, the preemption rule conflicts with Tennessee’s system of modified
comparative fault and certain well-established principles of Tennessee jurisprudence. As
a result, we decline to adopt the preemption rule in Tennessee and hold that a plaintiff may
proceed with a direct negligence claim against an employer even after the employer admits
to being vicariously liable for the actions of its employee.

                                   B. Premises Liability

       In Defendant’s motion for partial judgment on the pleadings, Defendant also argued
that Plaintiff’s direct negligence claims are “legally deficient” because they were asserted
concurrently with a premises liability theory of recovery. Before this Court, Defendant
argues that “[c]laims based on negligent activity (e.g., negligent training or supervision
claims) and premises liability claims are logically inconsistent and plaintiffs should not be
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able to assert those claims concurrently.” As the trial court noted, this is an “issue of first
impression under Tennessee law.”

        In support of its argument, Defendant cites to several Texas cases for the principle
that a “plaintiff cannot pursue both a negligent activity and a premises defect theory of
recovery based on the same injury.” Allen v. Wal-Mart Stores Texas, LLC, No. H-14-3628,
2015 WL 1955060, at *5 (S.D. Tex. Apr. 29, 2015); see also Keetch v. Kroger Co., 845
S.W.2d 262, 264 (Tex. 1992) (holding that “[t]he trial court properly did not submit a
negligent activity theory of liability” but did properly submit the case on only a premises
condition theory because “[t]here was no ongoing activity when [the plaintiff] was
injured”). In Texas, to recover under a “negligent activity” theory as opposed to a
“premises condition” theory, a plaintiff must be “injured by or as a contemporaneous result
of the activity itself rather than by a condition created by the activity.” Keetch, 845 S.W.2d
at 264. In contrast, “a premises defect claim is based on the property itself being unsafe.”
Texas v. Shumake, 199 S.W.3d 279, 284 (Tex. 2006). Although certain Texas cases
provide that “[a] plaintiff cannot pursue both a negligent activity and a premises defect
theory of recovery based on the same injury,” Allen, 2015 WL 1955060, at *5, it appears
the Texas Supreme Court has expressly held open the question of “whether a single injury
could give rise to both a premises-liability claim and a negligent-activity claim if both the
condition of the premises and the contemporary activities of the premises owner
proximately cause the injury,” Austin v. Kroger Texas, L.P., 465 S.W.3d 193, 216 n.22
(Tex. 2015).

       Regardless of the intricacies of Texas law on this issue, Defendant does not cite to
any Tennessee authority, and we have found none, that provides a persuasive argument for
the adoption of its proposed rule regarding premises liability and “negligent activity
claims.” Here, Plaintiff alleges Defendant is liable under both a premises liability theory
of recovery, as well as for negligent training and supervision. In Tennessee, “to maintain
a claim for premises liability, a plaintiff must present prima facie evidence of the customary
elements of negligence.” Est. of Smith v. Highland Cove Apartments, LLC, 670 S.W.3d
305, 313 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2023) (citing Jones v. Exxon Corp., 940 S.W.2d 69, 71 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1996)). Regarding the duty element, “[a]n owner or occupier of land has the duty
to exercise reasonable care with regard to invitees on the premises.” Id. This duty
“imposes upon a property owner the responsibility of either removing, or warning against,
any dangerous condition on the premises of which the property owner is actually aware or
should be aware through the exercise of reasonable diligence.” Parker v. Holiday Hosp.
Franchising, Inc., 446 S.W.3d 341, 350 (Tenn. 2014) (citing Eaton v. McLain, 891 S.W.2d
587, 594 (Tenn. 1994)).

        Turning to Plaintiff’s direct negligence claims, Tennessee law “recognizes a claim
for the negligent . . . training of employees,” Heflin v. Iberiabank Corp., 571 S.W.3d 727,
737 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2018), and also recognizes claims for “negligent hiring, supervision
                                             - 14 -
or retention of an employee if [a plaintiff] establishes, in addition to the elements of a
negligence claim, that the employer had knowledge of the employee’s unfitness for the
job.” Doe v. Cath. Bishop for Diocese of Memphis, 306 S.W.3d 712, 717 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2008) (citing Phipps v. Walker, No. 03A01-9508-CV-00294, 1996 WL 155258, at *3
(Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 4, 1996)); see also Restatement (Second) of Agency § 213 (An
employer “is subject to liability for harm resulting from his conduct if he is negligent or
reckless: (a) in giving improper or ambiguous orders of in failing to make proper
regulations; or . . . (c) in the supervision of the activity . . . .”).

       Defendant’s primary argument for this Court to adopt the proposed rule stemming
from Texas is that the claims “are logically inconsistent.” We disagree that such claims,
which will turn on the particular facts of a given case, are necessarily inconsistent.
Regardless, even if such claims were logically inconsistent in a given case, we would find
no reason to adopt Defendant’s proposed rule based on that reason alone. As we previously
discussed regarding the preemption rule, “[p]laintiffs are the masters of their complaint.”
Mullins, 294 S.W.3d at 540. Rule 8.05(2) of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure
permits parties to “state as many separate claims or defenses as he or she has, regardless of
consistency.” Thus, we fail to find a compelling reason to forbid a plaintiff from pursuing
claims based both on a defendant’s responsibilities as the premises owner, as well as any
negligent conduct by the defendant contributing to the injury. We therefore decline to
adopt Defendant’s proposed rule regarding premises liability and negligent activity claims.

                                     IV. CONCLUSION

       In summary, we decline to adopt both the preemption rule and the proposed rule
involving premises liability claims asserted concurrently with negligent activity claims.
Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s order denying Defendant’s motion for partial
judgment on the pleadings and remand to the trial court for further proceedings. The costs
on appeal are taxed to Defendant, Trader Joe’s East, Inc., for which execution may issue if
necessary.

                                                     _________________________________
                                                     ROGER A. PAGE, JUSTICE

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