Court Opinion

ID: 4590336
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-20 19:03:26.358611+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:50:27.647765
License: Public Domain

Ralph L. Patsch, et al., 1 Petitioners, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, RespondentPatsch v. CommissionerDocket Nos. 27437, 27438, 27439, 29606, 29609, 29610, 29607, 29608, 29611United States Tax Court19 T.C. 189; 1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52; November 10, 1952, Promulgated 1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*52 Decisions will be entered under Rule 50.  Deductions on Accrual Method of Accounting -- Strip-Mining of Coal -- Estimates of Costs of Backfilling. -- A partnership engaged in strip-mining of coal was required by provisions of leases and state law to backfill mined areas.  In the years in which mining occurred it set up reserves for estimated costs of backfilling based on tonnages of coal mined. The partnership engaged contractors to do the mining and on some of the tracts the contractors backfilled the mined areas.  Backfilling had not been completed on some tracts several years after mining was completed.  The respondent disallowed deductions for the amounts of the reserves which were claimed as accrued deductions, and allowed deductions for amounts expended for backfilling. Held, the respondent's action was proper.  In the taxable years in which the reserves were created, not all events had occurred which fixed the cost to the partnership of backfilling and determined its liability to pay.  The facts do not warrant the claimed deductions under cases which allow deductions for accruals where approximate costs were reasonably predictable and payment was made soon after the1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*53  year of accrual. Harrold v. Commissioner, 192 F.2d 1002, distinguished on the facts.  Charles L. Albright, Jr., Esq., for the petitioners.Albert J. O'Connor, Esq., for 1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*54  the respondent.  Arundell, Judge.  ARUNDELL19 T.C. 189">*189  The respondent determined deficiencies in income taxes as follows:DocketNo.PetitionerYearAmount27437Ralph L. Patsch1946$ 3,499.4727438C. W. Patsch19463,958.4027439J. Glenn Patsch19463,923.3829606C. W. Patsch19472,809.5729609Ralph L. Patsch19472,679.8029610J. Glenn Patsch19472,985.6129607J. Glenn Patsch and Wilma Patsch19482,476.9229608C. W. Patsch and Eva Patsch19482,594.5829611Ralph L. Patsch and Eulala Patsch19482,140.4819 T.C. 189">*190  The petitions filed assigned a number of errors in the respondent's determinations.  By stipulation the parties have settled all issues raised by the pleadings except one.  That issue is whether a partnership, of which the three Patsch brothers were members, was entitled to accrue and deduct estimated costs of backfilling tracts of land on which it strip-mined coal in the taxable years.  If accrual was proper, there is a further question as to whether the partnership is entitled to a greater deduction than it accrued and claimed for the year 1946.Part of the facts were stipulated, and as stipulated are included herein by reference. 1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*55  FINDINGS OF FACT.Ralph L. Patsch, J. Glenn Patsch, and C. W. Patsch are individuals residing in Houston, Pennsylvania.  Eulala Patsch, Wilma Patsch, and Eva Patsch are, respectively, the wives of the petitioners named in the preceding sentence.  For the years 1946 and 1947 the husbands filed individual income tax returns.  For the year 1948 the husbands and wives filed joint income tax returns.  The returns were all filed with the collector of internal revenue at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  All of the petitioners, either individually or as husband and wife, kept their books and filed their returns on a calendar year basis and on the cash receipts and disbursements method of accounting.On January 10, 1946, the three individuals first above named formed a partnership, in which each had a one-third interest, under the name of Patsch Brothers Coal Company (hereinafter referred to as the mining partnership).  The mining partnership was formed for the purpose of mining coal by the open pit or strip-mining method.  During the calendar years 1946, 1947, and 1948 the mining partnership was actually engaged in such mining.The mining partnership kept its books on the accrual method of accounting. 1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*56  It filed a partnership return of income on Form 1065 for each of the calendar years 1946, 1947, and 1948 with the collector of internal revenue at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Open pit or strip-mining is a process of mining whereby the strata or material which overlies or is above the coal deposit or seam in its natural condition is removed so that the coal can be mined with shovels.In the years 1946 to 1948, inclusive, the mining partnership strip-mined from the several tracts on which it operated the following tonnages of coal from the number of acres indicated: 19 T.C. 189">*191 Tonnage pertractTotalYearTract or lease(fractionstonnageAcresomitted)1946Allison Farms162,065162,06520.6651947Allison Farms62,9418Allison Farms9,8461.5McWilliams25,0004McNary35,7956Feist28,6794.75Thompson6,1402 168,4011.11948Feist26,7034.5Thompson19,9183.25McNary2,775.5Houston11,2431.75Gresko27,3354.5Willison1,424.25Hitchman Berry8,3311.3Boon Terrace3,885.7Montour Land Co10,1652 111,7791.75Grand total442,2451952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*57  As to some of the above tracts, the mining partnership owned the surface of the land and as to others it did not.  In the case of one tract, it owned both the coal in place and the surface of the land.Each of the lease agreements under which the mining partnership operated on the above tracts contained a provision whereby the mining partnership agreed with the lessor to obey and conform to the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and of the United States concerning strip-mining operations.  Leases on the Feist, McNary, Boon Terrace, and Gresko tracts contained specific provisions which required the operator, after removal of the coal, to backfill the mined land to as near the former contour of the ground as possible.At the end of each of the years 1946, 1947, and 1948, the mining partnership made an estimate of the cost of backfilling the acreage from which coal had been mined by the strip-mining process during the year.  The amounts of such estimates were entered as credit entries in two ledger accounts maintained by the partnership entitled "Back Fill Reserve," one of which accounts was a control account and the other a detail account.  The amounts so credited at the close1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*58  of the several years involved were:1946$ 16,206.55194715,735.40194811,175.32The amounts so credited by the partnership to the Black Fill Reserve were computed as follows:1946Allison Farms tract, 162,065.45 tons at 10 cents$ 16,206.551947Allison Farms tract, 62,941.60 tons at 25 cents3 15,735.401948Other tracts, 111,753.20 tons at 10 cents11,175.3219 T.C. 189">*192  Expenditures thereafter made by the partnership for backfilling were entered as debit entries in the reserve accounts.During the year 1946, the partnership did no backfilling or other restoration work, and it did not enter into any contracts for such work except as provided for in the lease agreements under which it operated.  In the years 1947 and 1948, the partnership performed backfilling and other restoration work on the tracts and at costs as follows:YearTractCost1947Allison Farms$ 6,932.481948Allison Farms2,737.481948McNary640.001948Gresko1,000.001952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*59  The costs of such backfilling and restoration work were allowed by the respondent as deductions in computing net distributable partnership income.  In the years 1947 and 1948, the mining partnership did no other backfilling or restoration work, and entered into no contracts for such work, other than the lease agreements under which it operated.In the years 1949, 1950, and in 1951 up to October 1 of 1951, the partnership did backfilling on tracts, and at costs, as follows:YearTractCost1949Montour Land Co$ 2,930.83McNary412.50Allison Farms11,427.841950Feist and Thompson2,359.721951Allison Farms4,332.09In 1949 the mining partnership paid $ 1,250 to the owner of the McNary tract in full settlement of all of his backfilling claims.Strip-mining operations were conducted on the Allison Farms tract in 1946 and 1947 and were completed on that tract in 1947.  They were completed on the other tracts above mentioned on various dates in 1947 and 1948 except on the Feist, Boon Terrace, and Montour tracts. They were completed on the Feist and Boon Terrace tracts in 1949, and on the Montour tract in 1950.The coal on the Feist, McNary, and Gresko leases was 1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*60  stripped by independent contractors who agreed as part of the contract price to do some of the backfilling. The contract stripper did no backfilling on the Allison Farms tract.The cost of backfilling and restoring strip-mined areas varies from tract to tract, dependent on the existence of a number of factors.  Among such factors are the depth of the overburden that must be moved, the distance that the overburden must be moved, drainage conditions, the shape of the cut and the thickness of the coal seam.  The Allison Farms tract had a greater depth of overburden than the 19 T.C. 189">*193  other tracts mined by the partnership. Its coal seam averaged a foot less in thickness, drainage problems were encountered which were not met on the other tracts, and the curved shape of the cut required moving the overburden and backfill a greater distance than on the other tracts where the cuts were straight.In mining coal by the strip-mining method, it is not feasible or economically practical to backfill as mining progresses.  It is the general practice in strip-mining operations to backfill only after all of the coal has been removed from the particular tract. In the taxable years, mining machinery1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*61  and equipment were scarce.  What was available was used to mine coal.On April 23, 1948, the mining partnership filed a registration certificate, operation report, and surety bond with the Department of Mines of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, covering strip-mining operations on owned and leased premises on and after January 10, 1946.  The surety bond was in the amount of $ 3,000 and was conditioned on the performance of the requirements of the Bituminous Coal Open Pit Mining Conservation Act.At the time of the hearing of these proceedings, backfilling and restoration operations had been completed on all of the tracts above mentioned except on the Allison Farms, Hitchman Berry, and Montour Land Co. tracts. On the Allison Farms tract, backfilling had been completed on 10 acres out of a total of 28.6 acres that were strip-mined.OPINION.The primary question for decision in these proceedings is whether Patsch Brothers Coal Company is entitled to deduct as an accrued expense for the years 1946, 1947, and 1948 the estimated cost of backfilling lands from which it stripped coal in those years.  If it is entitled to the deduction, there is a further question of whether it may deduct1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*62  an additional amount for the year 1946 by reason of having underestimated for that year the cost of backfilling the Allison Farms tract. Other issues raised by the pleadings have been settled by stipulation.Patsch Brothers Coal Company was a partnership which was engaged in the business of mining coal in Pennsylvania by the open pit or strip-mining method.  Its books were kept and returns filed on the accrual method of accounting. It accrued on its books reserves, computed on the basis of tonnages of coal mined, which were intended to cover the cost of backfilling the areas from which coal was mined in each year.  The amounts of such reserves were claimed as deductions from gross income in the partnership returns of income.  The respondent disallowed such deductions, but he allowed deductions for 19 T.C. 189">*194  the amounts actually expended for backfilling in the years 1947 and 1948.The partnership conducted mining operations under leases which required it to conform to the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania concerning strip-mining operations.  Under four of the leases the partnership was further required to backfill so as to restore the original contour of the mined areas as1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*63  nearly as possible.Both parties assume that the partnership in its operations was subject to the provisions of the Bituminous Coal Open Pit Mining Conservation Act 4 of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.  That statute requires the operator of a strip-mine to file with the Department of Mines a certificate giving certain information as to its operations and also to file a bond conditioned on performance of all of the requirements of the act.  (Sec. 1396.4.) 5 Operation and completion reports are required to be filed, and if operations are not completed within a year after registration, annual reports must be filed.  (Secs. 1396.5, 1396.6, 1396.7.) Section 1396.10 provides that within one year after completion of an operation "the operator shall place sufficient overburden or earth not containing reject coal or combustible material in the open cut to cover the exposed face of the unmined coal" and specifies how the covering shall be done.  That section also requires that the peaks and ridges of spoilbanks be leveled and rounded off to an extent to permit the planting of trees, grasses, or shrubs, except where it is proposed to conduct drift mining operations.  Other sections provide1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*64  for the planting of trees, shrubs, or grasses under supervision of the Secretary of Forests and Waters, release of performance bond, and forfeiture of the bond or deposit in the event of default in compliance with the statute.  Mining without registration is a misdemeanor and punishable by a fine.  (Secs. 1396.11-16.)The petitioners contend that the removal of the coal by the partnership was an event which created a liability to backfill under the provisions of the leases under which it operated, its performance bond, and the laws of1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*65 Pennsylvania.  They argue that as soon as any overburden was removed there was a definite, fixed, and existent obligation to backfill, though as a practical mining procedure backfilling is not done until the particular tract involved is completely mined.For statutory support for their position the petitioners cite Internal Revenue Code sections 41 and 43 which provide that "The net income shall be computed * * * in accordance with the method of accounting 19 T.C. 189">*195  regularly employed in keeping the books * * *" and that "* * * deductions and credits * * * shall be taken for the taxable year in which 'paid or accrued' or 'paid or incurred', dependent upon the method of accounting upon the basis of which the net income is computed, unless in order to clearly reflect the income the deductions or credits should be taken as of a different period." Their view is that under these provisions of the Code, and sound accounting practice, accrual of estimated costs of backfilling was proper for the years in which coal was removed.The respondent's position is that neither the fact nor the amount of liability had been fixed by events that occurred during the taxable years.  He argues that the1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*66  requirements of the existence of a liability and its amount will be met in these cases only when the backfilling work has actually been performed.It is our conclusion that the respondent properly disallowed the claimed deductions for the reserves for backfilling. The mining of the coal by the partnership was not an event which fixed within the year the partnership's liability to pay.  Further, the amount of the partnership's liability, if any, has not been established with sufficient certainty to support an accrual.The factual situations under which deductions are permissible in advance of payment for items allowable by statute, such as taxes, expenses, losses, and interest, have often been stated.  Such deductions are allowable to a taxpayer who accounts on the accrual method where, within the taxable year, all events have occurred which (a) establish the existence of a definite liability of the taxpayer to pay and (b) fix the amount of such liability.  6 On the other hand, no deduction is allowable in a year where not all events have occurred which establish a liability to pay, or where the amount of the liability is uncertain because of an existent contingency. 1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*67 7Among the cases in the latter category, and closely in point factually with those before us, is Spencer, White & Prentis v. Commissioner, 144 F.2d 45,1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*68  affirming a Memorandum Opinion of this Court in which we disallowed a deduction for a reserve for the estimated cost of restoration of property in connection with the construction of a subway.  The restoration work was not performed in the year of the creation of the reserve and the claim for deduction, but was 19 T.C. 189">*196  performed in the following year at a cost within four per cent of the amount of the estimate. In holding that the claimed deduction was not allowable, the Circuit Court said:The liability for the estimated deduction clearly had not accrued during the year in which deduction was sought.  The only thing which had accrued was the obligation to do the work which might result in the estimated indebtedness after the work was performed.It is well settled that deductions may only be taken for the year in which the taxpayer's liability to pay becomes definite and certain, even though the transactions (such as the contract in the present case) which occasioned the liability, may have taken place in an earlier year.  * * * Here liability for the work done after July 1, 1938 had not been incurred for the work had not been performed.  [Emphasis added.]Similarly, 1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*69  in Amalgamated Housing Corporation, 37 B. T. A. 817, affd. per curiam, 108 F.2d 1010, it was held that deductions for reserves for the anticipated cost of renovating apartments were not allowable. In that case the operations of the taxpayers were supervised by a state agency, and it was required to renovate its apartments periodically, and to set aside a reserve for that purpose out of rents received.  It knew what its costs would be, as it had a contract for the repainting of the rooms at a fixed amount.  We said in part:Although the petitioners were obligated to renovate, they had no liability to pay anyone anything until someone had performed some services.  The accrual is for services in renovating, not of the duty to renovate. The accrual method does not permit the anticipation of future expenses prior to the rendition of the services for which the payment is due.In Atlas Mixed Mortar Co., 23 B. T. A. 245, the taxpayer was required by city ordinance to refill a pit from which it excavated sand and gravel, and it was required to file a performance bond. In the years that were before1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*70  us, the taxpayer did not do any refilling.  It set up reserves for the estimated cost of refilling and claimed deductions therefor.  In holding that the claimed deductions were not allowable we quoted from an earlier case ( William J. Ostheimer, 1 B. T. A. 18) that the liability for restoration of property "at some indefinite or indeterminate time in the future is not a present actual liability, and is not the actual incurring of an expense or liability."In this group of cases, something further remained to be done before any liability to pay any amount had been incurred by the taxpayer.  8 Consequently in those cases, as here, the liability in the taxable year was contingent and not accruable as a deduction.  291 U.S. 193">Brown v. Helvering, supra.To support the deductions here claimed the petitioners rely heavily on the case of Harrold v. Commissioner, 192 F.2d 1002,1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*71  which reversed 19 T.C. 189">*197  the decision of this Court in the case of Paul Harrold, 16 T.C. 134. That case, in its general aspects, resembles those before us.  There the taxpayers were members of a partnership that was engaged in strip-mining operations under leases on lands in West Virginia.  Under state law and the leases the partnership was required to backfill mined areas, and it posted a performance bond to insure compliance with its statutory obligations.  By the end of 1945 operations had been completed on a tract of 31.09 acres. One of the partners had been engaged in strip-mining and backfilling for 16 years.  Based on his experience, the partnership estimated the cost of backfilling at $ 1,000 per acre. It accrued $ 31,090 on its books as a reserve for backfilling and deducted that amount on its 1945 return.  In 1945 the partnership was using its equipment in stripping operations and it postponed backfilling until 1946.  Backfilling operations were commenced in the spring of 1946 when the weather became favorable, and were completed in that year at a cost of $ 25,210.18.  The partnership then reduced the estimated cost shown on its books, and1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*72  filed an amended return for 1945 in which it reduced the claimed deduction to the amount of the actual cost of backfilling.The Circuit Court held in the Harrold case that a deduction was allowable to the extent of the $ 25,210.18 expended in 1946 in backfilling. It cited and discussed the cases that we have mentioned above, and others, and expressed agreement with the general rule as to the need for the existence of a fixed liability and the certainty of the amount of the liability.  9 The Circuit Court stated its conclusion as follows:We conclude that when all the facts have occurred which determine that the taxpayer has incurred a liability in the tax year, and neither the fact nor the amount of the liability is contested, and the amount, although not definitely ascertained, is susceptible of estimate with reasonable accuracy in the tax year, deduction thereof from income may be taken by a taxpayer on an accrual basis.  This procedure does not violate the principle that income taxes must be calculated on an annual basis, but, on the contrary, allocates to each year the proper income and expense, and prevents distortion of the taxpayer's 19 T.C. 189">*198  financial condition in the1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*73  tax year.  * * * We think the proper approach to the problem before us should be realistic and one that accords with good business practice, rather than an approach based upon subtle technicalities.1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*74  We need not express any view here as to whether or not we agree with the holding of the Circuit Court on the facts before it in the Harrold case.  Whether the decision in that case be regarded as founded on the general rules concerning accruals, or on the exceptions thereto, there are factual reasons which require us to hold that the conclusion reached by the Circuit Court in that case is not decisive of those before us.  As we understand the facts in the Harrold case, the obligation to backfill the mined area was initially and continuously the obligation of the partnership. In these proceedings, the partnership engaged contractors to do the stripping, and such contractors agreed to and did backfilling on at least some of the leased tracts. The evidence is that the stripping contractors backfilled on three of the tracts. There is no evidence at all as to whether the contractors agreed to, or did, any backfilling on the other tracts, except the Allison Farms as to which the evidence is only that the contractor did not backfill. In view of such assumption of liability by contractors, the extent of which is not clearly shown by the record, it cannot be said that in the taxable1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*75  years the partnership had incurred a fixed obligation to pay the cost of backfilling the several tracts that were mined.In the Harrold case, the partnership proceeded with dispatch to fulfill its obligation by starting backfilling in the spring of 1946 and completing the operation in that year.  In these cases, backfilling had not been completed on three of the tracts at the time of the hearing near the end of 1951.  On the Allison Farms tract, the mining was started in 1946 and completed in 1947.  On that tract, only 10 acres had been backfilled out of a total of 28.6 acres that were strip-mined. Apparently, the partnership did not regard the provisions of Pennsylvania law as imposing an obligation dischargeable at any ascertainable time despite the statutory requirements for backfill in the exposed face of the unmined coal within one year after completion of operations and the planting of the mined area within three years after completion. P. S. secs. 1396.10, 1396.11.The reasonableness of estimates may be tested in the light of actual experience.  Henry Hudson, 39 B. T. A. 1075, 1096. 10 Tested by this measuring stick, the evidence does not1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*76  establish that the reserves set up represented a reasonable estimate of the cost of backfilling. On the Allison Farms tract, backfilling had been completed on 10 acres 19 T.C. 189">*199  at the time of the hearing.  The total area stripped comprised 28.6 acres. Assuming a uniform cost per acre, the total cost of backfilling would be some $ 72,600 as compared with the reserves of $ 31,941 and the amount of $ 46,251 now claimed.  On the Houston, Willison, and Boon Terrace tracts, the backfilling had been completed at the time of the hearing.  The record does not show any amounts incurred or expended in backfilling those tracts from which over 16,000 tons of coal were mined. Again, over 81,000 tons were mined from the Feist and Thompson tracts, and according to the stipulated facts only $ 2,359.72 was expended in backfilling which was at the rate of slightly under three cents per ton.  These facts cast grave doubt on the reasonableness of the estimates on which the reserves were based, and on the partnership's ability to estimate in the taxable years with reasonable accuracy the cost of backfilling the mined areas.  111952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*77 1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 52">*78  In summary, the petitioners have not established that under the general rules of accrual accounting there had occurred in the taxable years events which fixed the amount and the fact of the partnership's liability to pay for backfilling the areas that were strip-mined within those years.  Under those rules, the most that can be said in favor of the petitioners is that their partnership had incurred an obligation to do some work which is not sufficient to support a dollar and cents deduction in advance of performance.  The facts do not bring these cases within that exception to the general rules where the cost is so reasonably certain in fact and ascertainable in amount, followed by prompt payment, as to justify deduction before actual realization.We accordingly hold that the respondent did not err in disallowing claims for backfilling in excess of the amounts of actual expenditures therefor in the taxable years.Decisions will be entered under Rule 50.  Footnotes1. Proceedings of the following petitioners are consolidated herewith: C. W. Patsch, J. Glenn Patsch, C. W. Patsch, Ralph L. Patsch, J. Glenn Patsch, J. Glenn Patsch and Wilma Patsch, C. W. Patsch and Eva Patsch, and Ralph L. Patsch and Eulala Patsch.↩2. The detailed tonnages do not add up exactly to the total of the amounts stipulated as the amounts mined annually.  The variations are comparatively minor in quantities and do not affect the result.↩3. No deduction was claimed for 1947 for an additional 9,846 tons mined from the Allison Farms tract or for some 95,000 tons from four other tracts.↩4. 52 P. S. sections 1396.1-1396.20.  The constitutionality of the statute was determined in Dufour v. Maize, 358 Pa. 309">358 Pa. 309, 56 A.2d 675↩ (1948).5. An operator is defined in section 1396.3 as follows: "Operator" shall mean a person, firm, corporation or partnership engaged in open pit mining, as a principal as distinguished from an agent or independent contractor, and, who is or becomes the owner of such coal as a result of such mining.↩6. Among the leading cases on this point are Anderson v. United States, 269 U.S. 422">269 U.S. 422; American National Co. v. United States, 274 U.S. 99">274 U.S. 99; Uncasville Mfg. Co. v. Commissioner, 55 F.2d 893↩.7. The contingency may be in the form of pendency of litigation to establish liability for breach of contract and amount of damages, Lucas v. American Code Co., 280 U.S. 445">280 U.S. 445; litigation concerning liability for state taxes, Dixie Pine Products Co. v. Commissioner, 320 U.S. 516">320 U.S. 516; litigation as to Federal excise taxes, Security Flour Mills Co. v. Commissioner, 321 U.S. 281">321 U.S. 281; prospective cancellation of insurance contracts, Brown v. Helvering, 291 U.S. 193">291 U.S. 193↩.8. In the Atlas Mixed Mortar case, supra↩, the backfilling of the excavation was done by others at no cost to the taxpayer.9. After expressing agreement with the general rule as to accruals, the Circuit Court quoted from the case of 280 U.S. 445">Lucas v. American Code Co., supra, on the point of what the Supreme Court there referred to as an exception to the general rule in the following language: Exception is made, however, in the case of losses which are so reasonably certain in fact and ascertainable in amount as to justify their deduction, in certain circumstances, before they are absolutely realized.In the American Code Co. case, the Supreme Court further said: In the few cases in which the Board of Tax Appeals has allowed a deduction in the year of the breach, the contracts, involving the purchase and sale of goods, were performable in a comparatively short period; the approximate amount of the damages was reasonably predictable; negotiations for settlement had been commenced within the year and were completed soon after its close; and the taxpayers had accrued on their books, at the end of the year, a liability reasonably estimated to equal the amount of the damages.↩10. Quoting Sinclair Refining Co. v. Jenkins Petroleum Process Co., 289 U.S. 689">289 U.S. 689, involving a patent valuation question where the Court said: Here is a book of wisdom that courts may not neglect.  We find no rule of law that sets a clasp upon its pages, and forbids us to look within.↩11.  On the matter of the amount allowable, these cases are distinguishable from the Harrold case on another point.  The evidence in these cases is that where the backfilling was performed by stripping contractors, the cost thereof was added to contractor's cost for stripping. Presumably, such added cost was deducted by the partnership in computing the cost of coal sold and to that extent there would be a double deduction in allowing to the partnership a deduction for the full amount of the cost of backfilling. Double deductions are not allowable, absent statutory provision.  Ilfeld Co. v. Hernandez, 292 U.S. 62">292 U.S. 62.On brief, the suggestion is made by the petitioners that as to the year 1948 -- which does not involve the Allison Farms tract -- the amount of the reserve can be adjusted under our Rule 50 to reflect the work of backfilling performed by stripping contractors. The suggested procedure would have the effect of injecting an issue not raised by the pleadings.  This is not permissible under the cited rule.  Bankers' Pocahontas Coal Co. v. Burnet, 287 U.S. 308">287 U.S. 308↩.