Court Opinion

ID: 3486456
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-05 21:13:16.955853+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:53:51.764611
License: Public Domain

This appeal is from a decree of Circuit Court No. 2 of Baltimore City requiring the appellant to convey to the appellee certain leasehold property in accordance with a contract executed by her.
The bill alleges that the defendant (appellant), acting through her duly authorized agent, entered into an agreement with the plaintiff on the 13th of February, 1919, whereby she sold to the plaintiff the leasehold property known as No. 224 North Carey street, in Baltimore City, subject to an annual ground rent of $120, at and for the sum of $1,450.00, $20 of which was paid by the plaintiff "in cash" on the same day; that it was further agreed and understood that the balance of the purchase-money would be paid by the plaintiff within a reasonable time upon the execution by the defendant of a good and sufficient deed for the property, and that on said date the defendant, through her said agent, executed and delivered to the plaintiff a paper writing or memorandum of said agreement setting forth the terms and conditions thereof; that the plaintiff was and had always been ready, willing, anxious and able to perform his part of the agreement, and had so notified the defendant and demanded of her the execution of a deed for said property, but that the defendant had notified the plaintiff that she did not intend to perform her part of said contract. The bill prayed for a decree for specific performance of the contract. The "paper writing" or memorandum referred to and filed with the bill as exhibit B. is as follows:
                             "Baltimore, Feb. 13, 1919.
    "Received of Wm. J. Calder Twenty 00/100 Dollars Deposit acct. purchase house 224 N. Carey St.
    "Price, $1,450.00
                                     "Ida L. Hensel, "$20.00/00                         per P.L. Hensel."
The defendant in her answer admits that her brother, P.L. Hensel, was authorized by her to enter into an agreement *Page 489 
with the plaintiff for the sale of the property referred to at the price stated in the bill, and that $20 was paid "in cash" by the plaintiff to her brother, who gave the plaintiff the receipt therefor, but she denies that any contract of sale "binding upon both" the plaintiff and defendant was executed by the parties named, and alleges that the "paper writing" referred to, exhibit B., does not contain any promise by the plaintiff to purchase said property and to pay the balance of the purchase price "as is required to make a valid contract of the kind by the Statute of Frauds." The answer denies that the plaintiff had always been ready and willing to perform his part of the agreement, and alleges that after the date of the receipt the plaintiff notified her, through her sister, that if he did not succeed in securing a mortgage for the necessary money to purchase the property the deal would be off, and also alleges that the paper writing "containing the alleged contract" is "not mutual, but is unilateral and not binding in any way upon" the plaintiff, and that he is not entitled to a decree for the specific performance thereof.
The evidence shows that the plaintiff, at the request of the defendant, went to see her brother about purchasing the property, and that he and defendant's brother, who acted as her agent, entered into an agreement by which defendant agreed to sell the property mentioned to the plaintiff and the plaintiff agreed to purchase it at the price of $1,450.00; that he paid defendant's brother $20.00 on account of the purchase price and agreed to pay the balance as soon as the attorney for the building association, which was to furnish the money, could examine the title and prepare the deed; that the defendant's brother gave the plaintiff the receipt or memorandum referred to; that the attorney for the building association obtained from the defendant the ticket for her deed, which was "in the Court House," on the 18th of February, and that he then completed the examination of the title, prepared the deed and notified the defendant that he was ready for the transfer of the property. *Page 490 
The execution of the agreement or memorandum thereof by the defendant is admitted in her answer, but she denies the plaintiff's right to relief on the ground that as he did not sign it it cannot be enforced against her. While admitting that the Statute of Frauds does not require a contract for the sale of an interest in land to be signed by both parties, but only by the party sought to be charged, the learned counsel for the defendant insists that where the statute is relied on in the answer, a court of equity will not at the instance of the party who did not sign such a contract decree specific performance against the party who did sign, and who could not enforce it against the party who did not sign, because of the lack of mutuality in the contract. In support of this contention he cites and relies upon the case of Dixon v. Dixon, 92 Md. 432. A careful examination of that case will show, however, that it does not go to the extent claimed. There the bill was filed by the vendors against the vendees, and CHIEF JUDGE McSHERRY was considering the demurrer to the bill, which assailed the sufficiency, certainty and mutuality of the agreement relied on. That contract, according to the averments of the bill, consisted entirely of the written acceptance, signed by the vendees, of an offer to sell, and he said: "As the bill does not disclose what the offer
contained it does not in fact disclose what the contract of sale was; and in legal effect the plaintiffs asked not for the specific enforcement of a disclosed contract, but for the enforcement of the acceptance of an undisclosed offer. It may be when the offer and acceptance are brought together that a definite and certain agreement will be evidenced, but that is not the situation confronting us, because it is but part of the agreement relied on in the bill. That which is declared by the third paragraph of the bill and by the exhibit to be the agreement between the parties is manifestly vague and uncertain, and it is that agreement, and not some undivulged one, which the bill seeks to enforce." Turning to the question of mutuality of the contract, and having before the Court only the acceptance, *Page 491 
vague and uncertain in its terms, and not the offer, he said further; "Where there is an inequality of obligation it is proper to refuse a specific performance and the plaintiff should be left to seek compensation at law. * * * Remembering that we are dealing only with the agreement embodied in the acceptance because that is the only agreement relied on in the bill; and bearing in mind that we are still considering the demurrer, what possible right would the appellants, the purchasers, have, under that acceptance, to compel the appellees, the vendors, to convey the property? Where in that acceptance is there any obligation or stipulation upon the part of the vendors binding them to convey the property or indicating what title or estate they should convey? Could the purchasers without having recourse to the offer, and without setting forth the offer as part of the agreement, but relying solely on the acceptance, compel the vendors to make a conveyance? There can be but one answer to this question, and that answer must be in the negative. If then, this be so, how can the party not bound procure from a Court of Equity a decree requiring the other party to perform? The want of mutuality in the contract, as that contract is relied on, presents an insuperable bar to its being specifically enforced." It is perfectly apparent from the above that JUDGE McSHERRY was not dealing with the fact that the vendors had not signed the agreement relied on, or any question of the lack of mutuality by reason of that fact, for in the next sentence he says: "This defect of the want of mutuality may, however, be remedied by appropriate amendment if the offer to sell and the acceptance when taken together make a definite and mutually binding agreement," and the decree of the lower Court was accordingly reversed and the case remanded. The lack of mutuality of the kind referred to in that case is illustrated by the cases of Tyson
v. Watts, 1 Md. Ch. 17, and King v. Warfield, 67 Md. 249, to which JUDGE McSHERRY referred, where the contracts, though signed by both parties, conferred only a privilege upon one of the parties, *Page 492 
which he was not bound to exercise, or the obligation of one of the parties was conditional upon the happening of an event. It is true, the opinion does contain the following quotation fromDuvall v. Myers, 2 Md. Ch. 401, "A party not bound by the agreement itself, has no right to call upon the judicial authority to enforce performance against the other contracting party by expressing his willingness to perform his part of the agreement. His right to the aid of the Court does not depend upon his subsequent offer to perform the contract on his part when events may have rendered it advantageous to do so, but upon its original obligatory character." But that he did not mean that that quotation was applicable to a case like the case at bar is shown by what we have already said, and his further statement: "Wherever, as a general proposition, the contract is from any cause incapable of being enforced against one party, that party will not be permitted to enforce it against the other. Both parties must have a right to compel specific performance at thedate of the decree, or neither will have it." The alleged contract sought to be enforced in Duvall v. Myers, supra, was a peculiar one. The name of the purchaser of the wood or timber nowhere appeared in the instrument, and the Chancellor said: "The paper says, `I have sold.' Who has sold? Who is the party who has contracted with the defendant? The paper does not inform us, and it may as well be any one else as Duvall. Where then, in the agreement, which he seeks to have specifically executed against the defendant, is the reciprocal obligation on his part?" The Chancellor relied upon the cases of Geiger v. Green, 4 Gill, 472, and the statement of LORD REDESDALE in 1 Sch.  Lef. 18. When we turn to Geiger v. Green, we find it is a case likeTyson v. Watts, supra, where the contract was signed by both parties but conferred only a privilege upon one of the parties without any obligation on his part, and when we examine the English cases we find that the later decisions refuse to follow the suggestions of Lord Redesdale "that a court of equity, at least, ought not to enforce *Page 493 
a contract in relation to real property at the instance of the party who did not sign, against the party who did." CHANCELLOR KENT, in Clason v. Bailey, 14 Johns 484, after reviewing the English cases, said: "There is nothing to disturb this strong and united current of authority, but the observations of LORD CH. REDESDALE in Lawrenson v. Butler, 1 Sch.  Lef. 13, who thought that the contract ought to be mutual, to be binding, and that if one party could not enforce it, the other ought not. * * * I have thought, and have often intimated, that the weight of argument was in favor of the construction that the agreement concerning lands, to be enforced in equity, should be mutually binding, and that the one party ought not to be at liberty to enforce, at his pleasure, an agreement which the other was not entitled to claim. It appears to be settled (Hawkins v.Holmes, 1 P. Wms. 770), that though the plaintiff has signed the agreement, he never can enforce it against the party who has not signed it. The remedy, therefore, in such case, is not mutual. But, notwithstanding this objection, it appears from the review of the cases, that the point is too well settled to be now questioned." See also note in 28 L.R.A. (N.S.) 680, where the cases are collected.
In the case of Thomas v. The G.-B.-S. Brewing Co.,102 Md. 417, where the suit was for the specific enforcement of an option that, at the time of the bringing of the suit, had been closed, and where it was contended that the agreement could not be enforced because of the want of mutuality in the agreement at the time it was executed, CHIEF JUDGE McSHERRY repeats the statement he made in Dixon v. Dixon, supra, that both parties must have the right to compel specific performance at the date of thedecree, and referring to the case of Duvall v. Myers, supra,
which he said was clearly distinguishable from the case then under consideration, he quotes the statement of the Chancellor which we have quoted in reference to the fact that the name of the plaintiff nowhere appeared in the contract sought to be enforced. *Page 494 
The question raised by the contention of the appellant in this case was considered and disposed of in the case of Engler v.Garrett, 100 Md. 387, where the suit was by the vendee for the specific performance of a contract like the one here in question, which was signed by the vendor, but not by the plaintiff, and where the Court said: "Was the contract mutual? This is not disputed in the pleading or the evidence. It is said that it is not signed by the plaintiff but this is not necessary even under the Statute of Frauds, which only requires the signature of the party to be charged. `There may be a mutual contract to which both parties have given their assent though the evidence of such assent may exist in different form as to the two parties. As to one it may be verbal, while the other is expressed by his signature in writing.' Waterman on Specific Perf., Sec. 201. The testimony as to the plaintiff's acceptance of the contract is ample, and besides this if there had been doubt on this question it disappeared when he filed his bill to enforce it." That case is cited by CHIEF JUDGE BOYD in Brewer v. Sowers,118 Md. 681, in support of the right of a party to enforce an option which had been exercised by the plaintiff, and the Court was considering the question whether the contract was wanting in mutuality, and was also approved and relied on in the case ofJaeger v. Shea, 130 Md. 1, where the contract was not signed by the vendee, and where JUDGE URNER, after quoting the above statement of JUDGE FOWLER, said: "There can be no question in this case as to the vendee's acceptance and part performance of the contract of sale, and the objection that it is not mutual must therefore be overruled."
It is said by counsel for the appellant that in Engler v.Garrett and Jaeger v. Shea the Statute of Frauds was not relied on in the answer of the defendant, but there is no force in this suggestion. The general rule as stated in Miller's Eq.Proc., Secs. 700, 701, 702, is that if the parol agreement is fully set out in the bill, and is confessed in the answer, a court of equity will enforce it, notwithstanding it is within *Page 495 
the Statute of Frauds and is not in writing, provided the statute is not relied upon as a defense, but if the statute is relied on in the answer the Court will not decree specific performance. In the case at bar, however, the defense is not that the defendant did not sign the memorandum of the contract, and that she is therefore protected by the statute, but that the plaintiff did not sign, and that by reason of that fact the agreement is lacking in the requisite mutuality. As the cases we have referred to hold that agreements of the kind sued on are not open to that defense, it is immaterial whether the statute is relied on or not.
The record in this case leaves no doubt about the plaintiff's acceptance of the contract, and as it is fair, reasonable, definite, mutual and founded on a valuable consideration, we see no reason why the defendant should not be required to perform it, and we will therefore affirm the decree of the Court below.
Decree affirmed, with costs. *Page 496