Court Opinion

ID: 4373684
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-03-05 15:01:59.176725+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:36:59.322370
License: Public Domain

NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
 UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
                 AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.

                                    IN THE
             ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
                                DIVISION ONE

                       STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee,

                                        v.

                   CARLOS ISRAEL MENDEZ, Appellant.

                             No. 1 CA-CR 18-0099
                               FILED 3-5-2019

          Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
                       No. CR2016-121555-001
         The Honorable Annielaurie Van Wie, Judge Pro Tempore

                                  AFFIRMED

                                   COUNSEL

Arizona Attorney General's Office, Phoenix
By Linley Wilson
Counsel for Appellee

Maricopa County Public Defender's Office, Phoenix
By Mikel Steinfeld
Counsel for Appellant
                           STATE v. MENDEZ
                           Decision of the Court

                      MEMORANDUM DECISION

Presiding Judge Diane M. Johnsen delivered the decision of the Court, in
which Judge Michael J. Brown and Judge Jennifer M. Perkins joined.

J O H N S E N, Judge:

¶1           Carlos Israel Mendez appeals his convictions of two charges
of aggravated driving while under the influence ("DUI") while having a
suspended or revoked driver license. Mendez argues the superior court
erred by permitting the State to impeach his witness using the witness's
attempted forgery conviction and by failing to declare a mistrial after the
State published an exhibit listing Mendez's prior DUI conviction. For the
following reasons, we affirm.

             FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶2             Police arrested Mendez after he fled from a car crash.
Evidence showed Mendez had a blood alcohol concentration ("BAC") of at
least .17 while driving, which is above the legal limit, see Ariz. Rev. Stat.
("A.R.S.") § 28-1381(A)(2) (2019) (DUI violation if BAC of .08 or more), and
that his driver license was revoked.1 The State charged Mendez with two
counts of aggravated DUI while having a suspended or revoked license,
each a Class 4 felony. A.R.S. § 28-1383(A)(1), (O)(1) (2019).2 The superior
court held a seven-day trial and heard testimony from four police officers,
a forensic scientist, a custodian of records from the Motor Vehicle Division,
Mendez and Mendez's co-worker, D.C.

¶3             The central issue at trial was whether Mendez was the driver.
A police officer testified he saw a speeding car go by him. According to the
officer, the car carried no passengers, only the driver. The officer began
following the car and caught up to it only after it crashed. The officer saw

1      Absent material revision after the date of an alleged offense, we cite
the current version of a statute or rule.

2      The State alleged Mendez committed § 28-1383(A)(1)'s predicate
DUI offense in two ways: First, his BAC was above .08, and second, he
drove while "impaired to the slighted degree" due to intoxicating liquor.
See A.R.S. § 28-1381(A)(1) & (2).

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                            STATE v. MENDEZ
                            Decision of the Court

one man run away and no one else nearby. Police eventually arrested the
fleeing man, Mendez.

¶4            Mendez and D.C., however, testified D.C. had offered to drive
Mendez home after the two ran into each other at a bar. They said that
while D.C. was driving, the car's tire blew out and caused the crash. By
their accounts, both of them then fled: Mendez jumped a wall and then lay
down on some grass, where police eventually found him; D.C. went in the
opposite direction and, "in less than 10 minutes," left the area using a ride-
sharing service.

¶5             The jury found Mendez guilty on both counts, and the
superior court sentenced him to concurrent terms of nine years in prison.
Mendez timely appealed. We have jurisdiction pursuant to Article 6,
Section 9, of the Arizona Constitution, and A.R.S. §§ 12-120.21(A)(1) (2019),
13-4031 (2019) and -4033(A)(1) (2019).

                               DISCUSSION

A.     Impeachment of D.C. Using His Attempted Forgery Conviction.

¶6            Mendez first argues the superior court erred when it
permitted the State, under Arizona Rule of Evidence 609(a)(2), to impeach
D.C. with an attempted forgery conviction. During the trial, the State gave
notice of its intent to impeach D.C. with evidence he was convicted in
Nevada of attempted forgery. Over Mendez's objection, the court found
the conviction established D.C. had committed a dishonest act or a false
statement. The State then used the conviction during its cross examination
of D.C., and D.C. admitted he had been convicted of "[a]ttempted forgery."

¶7            Rule 609(a)(2) states:

       [F]or any crime regardless of the punishment, [a witness's
       prior conviction] must be admitted if the court can readily
       determine that establishing the elements of the crime required
       proving – or the witness's admitting – a dishonest act or false
       statement.

Under the rule, "whether a prior conviction is admissible for impeachment
purposes . . . depends on the statutory language of the underlying offense
and whether the conviction required proof of a dishonest act or false
statement." State v. Winegardner, 243 Ariz. 482, 486, ¶ 13 (2018). The phrase
"'dishonest act or false statement' should be construed narrowly to include
only those crimes that involve deceit, untruthfulness, or falsification." Id. at

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                            STATE v. MENDEZ
                            Decision of the Court

486, ¶ 12. The party seeking admission of the prior conviction bears the
burden of showing the conviction is admissible. See id. at 487, ¶ 20. We
review the superior court's admission of evidence for abuse of discretion,
but review the interpretation of court rules de novo and apply principles of
statutory construction when doing so. Id. at 484, ¶ 5.

¶8           D.C. was convicted under Nevada Revised Statutes § 205.090
(2019), which states:

       A person who falsely makes, alters, forges or counterfeits [any
       of several listed records] or counterfeits or forges the seal or
       handwriting of another with the intent to damage or defraud
       [any entity] or utters, publishes, passes or attempts to pass
       . . . any of the above-named false, altered, forged or
       counterfeited [records] . . . knowing it to be false, altered,
       forged or counterfeited with the intent to prejudice, damage
       or defraud [any entity] is guilty of forgery.

¶9            Mendez argues the conviction did not fall within Rule
609(a)(2) because the referenced Nevada statute does not require proof the
defendant acted with "deceit, untruthfulness, or falsification," but allows a
conviction based on a defendant's mere "broader intent of damag[e] or
prejudic[e]." This argument, however, disregards that the statute requires
proof the defendant "falsely ma[de], alter[ed], forge[d] or counterfeit[ed]" a
record, or knowingly "utter[ed], publish[ed], [or] pass[ed]" such a record.
Nev. Rev. Stat. § 205.090. These acts are acts of falsification, i.e., a "false
statement" within the meaning of Rule 609(a)(2), which Mendez does not
dispute.

¶10          Rule 609(a)(2) requires admission of a conviction whose
elements require proof of a "false statement." Because the Nevada statute
requires such proof, the superior court did not err by allowing the State to
impeach D.C. with the conviction.

B.     Publication of Mendez's Driving Record Showing His Prior DUI.

¶11           On the first day of testimony, the jury submitted two
questions regarding the basis for Mendez's license revocation. The court
did not ask the questions of the witness, but instead, told the jury that it
needed to determine only whether Mendez's license was suspended or
revoked, and that the jury "cannot consider [the basis for the suspension or
revocation] in any way because it simply isn't relevant." Later, the State
published on a courtroom screen a version of Mendez's driving record that

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                           STATE v. MENDEZ
                           Decision of the Court

showed he had a prior DUI conviction. The jury was able to see the record
for roughly 90 seconds before the State took it off the screen.

¶12           Mendez moved for a mistrial, but the superior court denied
his motion. The court reasoned that it already had admonished the jury not
to concern itself with why Mendez's license had been revoked, and it
warned the jury again that it "may not consider [the basis of the suspension
or revocation] for any purpose whatsoever," and confirmed that the jury
understood the command. The court also ordered the parties to replace the
exhibit with a redacted version, and included the following limiting
instruction in its final instructions to the jury:

       Any evidence of conviction for driving on a suspended
       license is relevant and may only be considered for the specific
       purpose of determining what the defendant knew or should
       have known of a license suspension or revocation. It is
       irrelevant and must not be considered with regard to any
       other element.

¶13            Mendez argues the superior court erred when it denied his
motion for mistrial. A declaration of mistrial is "the most dramatic remedy
for trial error," State v. Lamar, 205 Ariz. 431, 439, ¶ 40 (2003) (quotation
omitted), and the superior court should grant a mistrial only when a trial
error denies the defendant a fair trial, State v. Hallman, 137 Ariz. 31, 37
(1983). In determining whether to grant a mistrial, the court must consider:
"(1) whether the [error] called to the jurors' attention matters that they
would not be justified in considering in reaching their verdict and (2) the
probability under the circumstances of the case that the [error] influenced
the jurors." Lamar, 205 Ariz. at 439, ¶ 40; see also Hallman, 137 Ariz. at 37.
We review a court's decision to deny a motion for mistrial for an abuse of
discretion. See Hallman, 137 Ariz. at 37.

¶14           The superior court did not abuse its discretion in denying
Mendez's motion. First, despite Mendez's argument to the contrary, the
applicable test is the same regardless whether the improper evidence is
brought up by the prosecutor or by a witness. Compare Lamar, 205 Ariz. at
438-39, ¶¶ 38, 40, with Hallman, 137 Ariz. at 36-37 (both cases apply the same
test, even though the error in Lamar involved a witness's statement and
Hallman involved a prosecutor's comment).

¶15           Applying that test, the record supports the superior court's
decision to deny the motion. Although there is no dispute on appeal that
publication of Mendez's driving record "called to the jurors' attention [a]

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                            STATE v. MENDEZ
                            Decision of the Court

matter[] that they would not be justified in considering in reaching their
verdict," see Lamar, 205 Ariz. at 439, ¶ 40, the court did not abuse its
discretion in concluding the error did not influence the jury. The jury was
allowed to view the record only for a brief time. Moreover, the court twice
during trial told the jury not to consider the basis for the revocation of
Mendez's license, and then included in its final instructions a limiting
instruction to the same effect. Id. at 439, ¶ 43 (use of limiting instruction to
minimize resulting prejudice).

¶16            Mendez argues the court's instructions were ineffective
because, three days after the driving record was shown on the screen, the
jury submitted a third question regarding whether Mendez was "ever tried
for DWI before." But this question did not show Mendez was prejudiced
by the State's publication of the improper record. In fact, while the question
showed that a juror remained interested in the issue, it arguably showed
that the jury did not notice Mendez's prior DUI conviction on the offending
exhibit.

                                CONCLUSION

¶17          For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Mendez's convictions
and sentences.

                          AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
                          FILED: AA

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