Court Opinion

ID: 9556703
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-18 06:00:21.37895+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:01:48.917713
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                       MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD
                                      2023 MSPB 23
                            Docket No. PH-1221-18-0073-W-1

                                Nikesha Yvette Williams,
                                        Appellant,
                                             v.
                                 Department of Defense,
                                          Agency.
                                      August 17, 2023

           Nikesha Yvette Williams, Yorktown, Virginia, pro se.

           Kimberly J. Lenoci, Hanscom Air Force Base, Massachusetts, for the
             agency.

                                         BEFORE

                              Cathy A. Harris, Vice Chairman
                               Raymond A. Limon, Member

                                 OPINION AND ORDER

¶1        The appellant has filed a petition for review of the initial decision, which
     dismissed her individual right of action (IRA) appeal for lack of jurisdiction. For
     the reasons discussed below, we GRANT the petition, REVERSE the initial
     decision, and REMAND for adjudication on the merits.

                                      BACKGROUND
¶2        On November 30, 2015, the appellant received an excepted -service
     appointment to a Quality Assurance Specialist (QAS) (Electronics) position with
     the Defense Contract Management Agency. Initial Appeal File (IAF), Tab 10
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     at 6.    Her official duty station was at the Raytheon facility in Andover,
     Massachusetts. Id. As a QAS, her duties included “risk based surveillance” of
     supplier quality systems and notifying contracting offices of deficient contract
     and technical requirements. IAF, Tab 5 at 37-38.
¶3           Effective October 28, 2016, the agency terminated the appellant’s
     employment during her probationary period based on alleged performance and
     conduct issues.    Id. at 55.   The appellant subsequently filed a whistleblower
     reprisal complaint with the Office of Special Counsel (OS C).         IAF, Tab 1
     at 18-44. In her complaint, she alleged that, in her role as QAS, she disclosed to
     management various instances of nonconformance during inspections at
     Raytheon, and that the agency terminated her employment in retaliation for those
     disclosures. Id. On November 3, 2017, OSC informed the appellant that it was
     closing its investigation into her complaint and advised her of her Board appeal
     rights, noting that her disclosures were subject to a higher evidentiary burden and
     citing 5 U.S.C. § 2302(f)(2). Id. at 138.
¶4           The appellant filed a timely IRA appeal and requested a hearing.      IAF,
     Tab 1 at 1-5. The administrative judge informed the appellant of her burden of
     proof on jurisdiction and directed her to submit evidence and argument on the
     issue. IAF, Tab 4. Both parties responded to the order. IAF, Tabs 11 -20.
¶5           In an initial decision dated February 2, 2018, the administrative judge
     dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction without conducting the appellant’s
     requested hearing. IAF, Tab 21, Initial Decision (ID). The administrative judge
     found that the appellant had exhausted her administrative remedies with OSC
     concerning six alleged protected disclosures. ID at 4. He furth er found that the
     appellant nonfrivolously alleged that she reasonably believed two of those
     disclosures evidenced a violation of law, rule, or regulation, specifically, the
     Federal Acquisition Regulations. ID at 4-9; see 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8)(A)(i). In
     addition, he found that the appellant made a nonfrivolous allegation that those
                                                                                            3

     two disclosures were a contributing factor in her probationary termination. ID
     at 9-10.
¶6         However, the administrative judge further found that the appellant’s
     disclosures, which were made in the normal course of her duties, fell within the
     scope of 5 U.S.C. § 2302(f)(2), and would be excluded from protection under
     section 2302(b)(8) absent a showing that the agency took, failed to take, or
     threatened to take or fail to take a personnel action “in reprisal” for those
     disclosures. 1 ID at 11. The administrative judge further reasoned that, in order to
     establish jurisdiction under these circumstances, the appellant was required to
     make a nonfrivolous allegation that the agency terminated her with an improper
     retaliatory motive. ID at 11-12. He concluded that the appellant failed to make
     such a nonfrivolous allegation, and thus failed to establish jurisdiction over her
     appeal. ID at 12-13.
¶7         The appellant filed a timely petition for review, in which she argues that the
     administrative judge erred in finding that she failed to nonfrivolously allege an
     improper retaliatory motive. Petition for Review (PFR) File, Tab 1. The agency
     has filed a response. PFR File, Tab 3.

                                           ANALYSIS
     Section 2302(f)(2) does not limit the Board’s IRA jurisdiction.
¶8         It is well settled that the Board has jurisdiction over an IRA appeal if the
     appellant has exhausted her administrative remedies before OSC and makes
     nonfrivolous allegations 2 that (1) she made a protected disclosure described under

     1
       Lacking the benefit of the Board’s subsequent decision in Salazar v. Department of
     Veterans Affairs, 2022 MSPB 42, the administrative judge did not address whether the
     appellant’s principal job function was to investigate and report wrongdoing.
     2
       The Board’s regulation at 5 C.F.R. § 1201.4(s) defines a “nonfrivolous allegation” as
     “an assertion that, if proven, could establish the matter at issue” and specifies that an
     allegation generally will be considered nonfrivolous when, under oath or penalty of
     perjury, an individual makes an allegation that: (1) is more than conclusory; (2) is
                                                                                              4

      5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8) or engaged in protected activity described under 5 U.S.C.
      § 2302(b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D); and (2) the disclosure or protected activity
      was a contributing factor in the agency’s decision to take or fail to take a
      personnel action as defined under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(a). Smolinski v. Merit Systems
      Protection Board, 23 F.4th 1345, 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2022); Salerno v. Department of
      the Interior, 123 M.S.P.R. 230, ¶ 5 (2016).            Once an appellant establishes
      jurisdiction over her IRA appeal, she is entitled to a hearing on the merits of her
      claim, which she must prove by preponderant evidence. Salerno, 123 M.S.P.R.
      230, ¶ 5.
¶9          In dismissing this appeal for lack of jurisdiction, the administrative judge
      assumed that in order for the appellant to nonfrivolously allege that her
      disclosures were protected under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8), she also had to make a
      nonfrivolous allegation that her disclosures were not excluded from protection by
      operation of 5 U.S.C. § 2302(f)(2). For the reasons discussed below, we find that
      5 U.S.C. § 2302(f)(2) does not impose an additional jurisdictional requirement,
      but rather should be considered during the merits phase of adjudication .
¶10         The current version of 5 U.S.C. § 2302(f)(2), which specifically addresses
      disclosures made in an employee’s normal course of duties, provides:
            If a disclosure is made during the normal course of duties of an
            employee, the principal job function of whom is to regularly
            investigate and disclose wrongdoing (referred to in this paragraph as
            the “disclosing employee”), the disclosure shall not be excluded
            from subsection (b)(8) if the disclosing employee demonstrates that
            an employee who has the authority to take, direct other individuals to
            take, recommend, or approve any personnel action with resp ect to the
            disclosing employee took, failed to take, or threatened to take or fail

      plausible on its face; and (3) is material to the legal issues in the appeal. For purposes
      of determining IRA jurisdiction, “the question of whether the appellant has
      non-frivolously alleged protected disclosures that contributed to a personnel action
      must be determined based on whether the employee alleged sufficient factual matter,
      accepted as true, to state a claim that is plausible on its face.” Hessami v. Merit
      Systems Protection Board, 979 F.3d 1362, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2020).
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            to take a personnel action with respect to the disclosing employee in
            reprisal for the disclosure made by the disclosing employee. 3
      The Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act of 2012 (WPEA) first introduced
      the statutory language in 5 U.S.C. § 2302(f)(2) that a disclosure made in the
      normal course of duties is protected if the agency “took, failed to take, or
      threatened to take or fail to take a personnel action with respect to ” an employee
      “in reprisal for the disclosure.” Pub. L. No. 112-199, § 101(b)(2)(C), 126 Stat.
      1465, 1466 (2012). The legislative history of the WPEA makes clear that this
      language was intended as an “extra proof requirement,” such that an employee
      must “show not only that the agency took the personnel action ‘because of’ the
      disclosure, but also that the agency took the action with an improper, retaliat ory
      motive.” S. Rep. No. 112-155, at 5-6 (2012), as reprinted in 2012 U.S.C.C.A.N.
      589, 593-94; see also S. Rep. No. 115-74, at 8 (2017) (explaining that the 2018
      NDAA      amendment      clarifies    that   a   disclosure   within   the   scope   of
      section 2302(f)(2) will not be excluded from whistleblower protection laws “if
      the employee can demonstrate that a personnel action taken against him or her
      was in reprisal for a disclosure”).
¶11         However, we find nothing in the language of 5 U.S.C. § 2302(f)(2) or its
      legislative history to suggest that Congress intended for the extra proof
      requirement to limit the scope of the Board’s IRA jurisdiction , which only
      requires a nonfrivolous allegation that a disclosure or activity is protected and
      was a contributing factor in a personnel action.         Rather, the use of the term
      “demonstrates” in the statute indicates that this is a merits consideration.
      “Demonstrate” is defined as “to show clearly,” and “to prove or make clear by

      3
        This version of 5 U.S.C. § 2302(f)(2) was enacted in December 2017 as part of the
      National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 (2018 NDAA), prior to the
      relevant events in this matter. Pub. L. No. 115-91, § 1097(c)(1)(B)(ii), 131 Stat. 1283,
      1618 (2017). However, the Board has held that this version of 5 U.S.C. § 2302(f)(2)
      applies retroactively because the changes made to the statute by the 2018 NDAA merely
      clarified the existing law. Salazar, 2022 MSPB 42, ¶¶ 13-21.
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      reasoning or evidence.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary 307 (10th ed.
      2002).   Furthermore, the word “demonstrates” in 5 U.S.C. § 2302(f)(2) is the
      same term used in 5 U.S.C. § 1221(e)(1), which describes the employee’s burden
      of proof on the merits of a claim under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8) or (b)(9). See
      5 U.S.C. § 1221(e)(1) (providing that the Board shall order corrective action if
      the appellant “has demonstrated” that a protected disclosure or activity was a
      contributing factor in the contested personnel action); Watson v. Department of
      Justice, 64 F.3d 1524, 1527-28 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (equating “demonstrates” in
      section 1221(e)(1) with “proves”). Generally, “[a] word or phrase is presumed to
      bear the same meaning throughout a text.”          Intel Corporation v. Qualcomm
      Incorporated, 21 F.4th 784, 793 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (quoting Antonin Scalia &
      Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law, 170 (2012)); see also Gustafson v. Alloyd
      Company, 513 U.S. 561, 568 (1995) (“In seeking to interpret the term
      ‘prospectus,’ we adopt the premise that the term should be construed, if possible,
      to give it a consistent meaning throughout the Act. That principle follows from
      our duty to construe statutes, not isolated provisions.”). We therefore conclude
      that for purposes of 5 U.S.C. § 2302(f)(2), to “demonstrate” means to prove by a
      preponderance of the evidence. 4     See Langer v. Department of the Treasury,
      265 F.3d 1259, 1264-65 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (explaining that an appellant in an IRA
      appeal must prove his prima facie case by preponderant evidence ).
¶12        Under the whistleblower protection statutes, “whether [an] allegation can be
      proven is a question on the merits that does not properly form a part of the

      4
         The courts have similarly found that the term “demonstrate,” as used in other
      whistleblower protection statutes, entails proof by a preponderance of the evidence.
      See Allen v. Administrative Review Board, 514 F.3d 468, 476 n.1 (5th Cir. 2008)
      (interpreting “demonstrates” in the whistleblower protection provision of the
      Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1514A, as requiring proof by preponderant evidence);
      Dysert v. U.S. Secretary of Labor, 105 F.3d 607, 609-10 (11th Cir. 1997) (interpreting
      “demonstrate” in a whistleblower protection provision of the Energy Reorganization
      Act, 42 U.S.C. § 5851, as requiring proof by preponderant evidence).
                                                                                         7

      jurisdictional inquiry.” Johnston v. Merit Systems Protection Board, 518 F.3d
      905, 911 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (emphasis added) (quoting Reid v. Merit Systems
      Protection Board, 508 F.3d 674, 678 (Fed. Cir. 2007)). The requirement of proof
      by preponderant evidence implies a weighing of all relevant and competent
      evidence, which can be accomplished only after development of the record,
      including a hearing if one has been requested.      5 C.F.R. § 1201.4(q) (defining
      “preponderance of the evidence” as the degree of relevant evidence that a
      reasonable person, considering the record as a whole, would accept as sufficient
      to find that a contested fact is more likely to be true than untrue); see Chiles v.
      Bowen, 695 F. Supp. 357, 360 (S.D. Ohio 1988) (“[T]he preponderance of the
      evidence standard necessarily involves the consideration of the evidence both in
      support of and contrary to a proposition and the weighing of each to determine
      which represents the preponderance; this standard requires that all the evidence
      be examined in relation to the other to determine the balance.”) (emphasis in
      original). Accordingly, we conclude that the potential applicability of 5 U.S.C.
      § 2302(f)(2) is not part of the jurisdictional analysis in an IRA appeal.

      The appeal is remanded for adjudication on the merits.
¶13          As noted above, the administrative judge found that the appellant proved
      by preponderant evidence that she exhausted her remedies with OSC, and made
      nonfrivolous allegations that two of her disclosures were protected under
      section 2302(b)(8) and were a contributing factor in her probationary termination.
      We discern no error in those findings, and the parties do not contest them on
      review.   Accordingly, we conclude that the Board has jurisdiction over this
      appeal, and that the appellant is entitled to a hearing on the merits of her claim.
      Salerno, 123 M.S.P.R. 230, ¶ 5.
¶14         On remand, the appellant must demonstrate by a preponderance of the
      evidence that her disclosures were protected under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8) and that
      they were a contributing factor in the contested personnel action.          5 U.S.C.
      § 1221(e)(1). If the appellant’s principal job function was to regularly investigate
                                                                                        8

      and disclose wrongdoing and she made her disclosures in the normal course of her
      duties, to establish that her disclosures were protected, the appellant must also
      prove that the agency had an improper, retaliatory motive for terminating her.
      5 U.S.C. § 2302(f)(2); S. Rep. No. 112-155, at 5-6.
¶15        In conducting that analysis, the administrative judge should first determine
      whether: (1) the appellant’s primary job function at the time of the disclosure
      was to investigate and disclose wrongdoing; and (2) the disclosure was made in
      the normal course of the appellant’s duties.       The administrative judge may
      consider these questions in whichever order is more efficient, and the parties
      should be provided an opportunity to submit relevant evidence and argument. If
      either condition is unsatisfied, then section 2302(f)(2) does not apply, and the
      appellant’s disclosures would fall under the generally applicable 5 U.S.C.
      § 2302(b)(8). Salazar v. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2022 MSPB 42, ¶ 22.
¶16        If conditions (1) and (2) are both satisfied, the administrative judge should
      next determine whether the appellant can meet her additional burden under
      section 2302(f)(2) by demonstrating that the agency took the contested personnel
      action “in reprisal” for her disclosures.   In doing so, the administrative judge
      should consider the totality of the evidence. 5 C.F.R. § 1201.4(q) (stating that the
      record as a whole should be considered when determining whether a party has
      met the preponderance of the evidence standard); see Whitmore v. Department of
      Labor, 680 F.3d 1353, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (“It is error for the MSPB to not
      evaluate all the pertinent evidence in determining whether an element of a claim
      or defense has been proven adequately.”). In addition to any direct evidence of
      retaliatory animus, the administrative judge should consider circumstantial
      evidence, including the following factors:      (1) whether the agency officials
      responsible for taking the personnel action knew of the disclosures and the
      personnel action occurred within a period of time such that a reasonable person
      could conclude that the disclosures were in reprisal for the personnel action;
      (2) the strength or weakness of the agency’s reasons for taking the personnel
                                                                                        9

      action; (3) whether the disclosures were personally directed at the agency
      officials responsible for taking the action; (4) whether the acting officials had a
      desire or motive to retaliate against the appellant; and (5) whether the agency
      took similar personnel actions against similarly situated employees who had not
      made disclosures. See 5 U.S.C. § 1221(e)(1) (explaining that an individual can
      prove that her disclosure was a contributing factor in a personnel action through
      circumstantial evidence, including the knowledge/timing test); Carr v. Social
      Security Administration, 185 F.3d 1318, 1323 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (setting forth the
      factors for determining whether an agency has met its clear and convincing
      burden); Rumsey v. Department of Justice, 120 M.S.P.R. 259, ¶ 26 (2013) (listing
      factors to be considered in determining whether an appellant has demonstrated
      contributing factor where the knowledge/timing test has not been satisfied ).

                                           ORDER
¶17        We remand this appeal to the regional office for further adjudication
      consistent with this Opinion and Order.

      FOR THE BOARD:

      /s/
      Jennifer Everling
      Acting Clerk of the Board
      Washington, D.C.