Court Opinion

ID: 8815488
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-26 15:17:19.478111+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:04:27.194836
License: Public Domain

PRITCHARD, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above). It is insisted by plaintiff that an accident, strike, or suspension clause in a contract, under circumstances analogous to the case at bar, does not justify the abrogation of such contract, but does have the effect of suspending performance only, except in cases where such accident or strike renders it impossible of ever being performed. In addition to this, however, it should be borne in mind that the defendant wrote the plaintiff a letter on August 1, 1916, in which it was stated:
“For the present we will book your orders to begin shipment on January 1,„ 1917, recognizing, of course, your right to call at any time before then for your share of our products.”
This and the other letters passing between the parties, as well as the part performance of the contract by defendant, we think clearly establish a contract for shipments during the year 1917. Even if the provisions of the contract had been such that, under the circumstances of this case, it would have expired on January 1, 1917, by limitation, the same was extended by the agreement of defendant, as evidenced by it's letter of August 1, 1916.
[1] Therefore we have only to consider the remaining questions, the first of which is as to whether, under the circumstances, the plaintiff’s cause of action accrued when defendant declared on the 4th day of April, 1917, that it would not comply with its contract. In this instance the repudiation was complete and unconditional, and the contractual relations were renounced on the ground that the tim.e had expired in which plaintiff could demand further shipments of the product. While it is true that the defendant stated in its letter of that date that it had done everything in its power to supply its customers with ore, and that every ton shipped had been at a great loss to it, in the next sentence it said:
“And as by the terms of our contract with you of October 21, 1915, your right to demand pyrites expired January 1, 1917, we very reluctantly advise you that no further shipments will be made under it”
Thus it will be seen that it based its right to repudiate the contract squarely on the ground that same had terminated on the 1st day of January, 1917. In other words, it denied the right of plaintiff to require performance. Under this contract, which is mutual and therefore binding upon the parties alike, the plaintiff had the right to in*31sist upon the maintenance of the contractual relations between the parties until under the contract the time for performance arrived. The rule is well stated in Corpus Juris, vol. 13, page 653, as follows:
“Where there lias been a renunciation of an executory contract by one party, the other party has a. right to elect between the following remedies: (1) To rescind the contract and pursue the remedies based on such a rescission. (2) To treat the contract as still binding and wait until tbe lime arrived for its performance, and at such time to bring an action on the contract for breach. (3) To treat the renunciation as an immediate breach and sue at once for any damages which he may have sustained.”
Also in the case of Roehm v. Horst, 178 U. S. 1, 20 Sup. Ct. 780, 44 L. Ed. 953, the court, among other things, said:
“The parties to a contract which is wholly executory have a right to the maintenance of the contractual relations up to the time for performance, as well as to a performance of the contract when due. * * * The promisee has the right to insist on the contract as subsisting and effective before the arrival of the time for its performance, and its unimpaired and unimpeached efficacy may be essential to his interests, dealing as he may with rights acquired under it in various ways for his benefit and advantage. And of all such advantage, the repudiation of the contract by the other parly, and ihe announcement that it never will be fulfilled, must, of course, deprive him.”
Central Trust Co. v. Chicago Auditorium, 240 U. S. 581, 589, 36 Sup. Ct. 412, 414 (60 L. Ed 811, L. R. A. 1917B, 580), is very much in point. There the court, in discussing this phase of the question, among other things, said:
“It Is no longer open to question in this court that, as a rule, where a party bound by an executory contract repudiates his obligations or disables himself from performing them before the time for performance, the promisee has the option to treat the contract as ended, so far as further performance is concerned, and maintain an action at once for the damages occasioned by such anticipatory breach. * 5 * There is no doubt that the same rule must bo applied where a similar repudiation or disablement occurs during performance.”
As we have stated, this contract was renounced and repudiated in no uncertain terms long before the time for its performance expired. The plaintiff accepted the renunciation of the contract, and immediately thereafter instituted this action.
The contract was terminated, owing to the action of the defendant, and no longer existed, except for the purpose of being used as evidence as to the amount of damage that may be due plaintiff on account of the defendant’s breach of the contract. Under these circumstances, we are of the opinion that plaintiff undoubtedly had the right to institute this action, and we will now consider the question as to the measure of damages.
[2] In view of the circumstances, plaintiff is entitled to recover the difference between the market price at the time and place of delivery. It appears that plaintiff was diligent in his efforts to purchase the article in question elsewhere, so as to mitigate the damages sustained as much as possible. In the case of Roehm v. Horst, supra, the Supreme Court, in referring to this phase.of the question, said:
“On the other hand, the promisee may, if he thinks proper, treat the repudiation of the other party as a wrongful putting an end 'to the contract, and may at once bring his action as on a breach of it; and in such action he will be *32entitled to such damages as would have arisen from the nonperformance of the contract at the appointed time, subject, however, to abatement in respect of any circumstances which may have afforded him the means of mitigating his loss.”
In the case of Avery v. Bowden, 5 E. & B. 714, 85 E. C. L. 714, 119 Reprint, 647, Lord Campbell, in delivering the opinion of the court, among other things, said:
■‘According to our decision in Rochester v. De I/a Tour, 2 E. & B. 678, to which we adhere, if the defendant within the running days and before the declaration of war, had positively informed the captain of the Lebanon that no cargo had been provided, or would be provided, for him at Odessa, and that there was no use in his remaining there any longer, the captain might have treated this as a breach and renunciation of the contract, and thereupon, sailing away from Odessa, he might have loaded a cargo from a friendly port from another person, whereupon the plaintiff would have had a right to maintain an action on the charter party to recover damages equal to the loss he had sustained from the breach of the contract on the part of the defendant.”
There are numerous other cases to the same effect, but, in view of the well-settled rule, we do not deem it necessary to make any further citations of authority as to this point.
[3] It is insisted by counsel for plaintiff that the court below erred in not recognizing the principle that—
“An accident, strike, or suspension clause in a contract has the effect of suspending performance only, and never justifies the abrogation of the contract and the refusal to ever perform it, unless such strike, accident, etc., makes the contract impossible of ever being performed.”
This court, in the case of Jackson Phosphate Co. v. Carleigh Phosphate, etc., Works, 213 Fed. 743, 130 C. C. A. 257, in passing upon this point, said:
“In the case of Cottrell v. Smokeless- Fuel Co., 148 Fed. 594, 78 C. C. A. 366, 9 L. R A. (N.- S.) 1187, this court held that where one charges himself with an obligation possible to be performed he must make it good, and that unforeseen difficulties, however great, will not excuse him. It was also stated by the court that the rule as announced was subject to the qualification that, where a contract contains a limitation upon an otherwise absolute undertaking, one will be relieved from such obligation ‘to the extent that such conditions rendered it unable to perform the contract fully, and to this extent only.’
“The case of Fish v. Hamilton, 112 Fed. 742, 50 C. C. A. 509, was an action for a breach of contraot. The contract contained a strike provision, and it is insisted that a strike terminated the life of the contract. In disposing of the matter the court said: ‘We concur in the opinion of the court below that the provision affects the terms of delivery only, and that the seller was bound to deliver within a reasonable time after the termination of the strike.’ ”
In 35 Cyc. 249, the rule is announced as follows:
“ ‘Where the contract provides that delivery shall be subject to strike, the existence of a strike merely suspends deliveries during the strike, and does not terminate the contract, and the seller is therefore bound to resume deliveries after a reasonable time after the strike has ceased.’ Indeed, the rule is so well established that we do not deem it necessary to cite further authorities.
“A careful consideration of the authorities relied upon by defendant leads us to the conclusion that they do not apply to the case at bar. As we have stated, under this provision of the contract the defendant could have required the plaintiff to make the balance of the shipments within a reasonable time, and, such being the case, we think that such provision likewise inures to the *33benefit of tlie plaintiff, and that therefore the plaintiff was entitled to deliver the rock within a reasonable length of time after cars were to he had, and that the effort of the defendant to cancel the contract and its refusal to accept further deliveries tinder the same entitled the plaintiff to recover the amount sued for in this action.”
This rule, we think, is well established.
[4] It is also insisted by plaintiff that the court below erred in holding that the defendant could avail itself of the defense of pro rata deliveries, when in fact pro rata deliveries were not made, and the essential facts upon which such doctrine is based did not exist. It appears that, under the instructions given by the court below, it limited the recovery of the plaintiff to pro rata share of the ore mined, by the defendant, and permitted the jury, in arriving at its conclusion, to proportion the available amount of ore to the number of contracts and delinquencies of the defendant.
The defendant is entitled to the defense of pro rata deliveries where it finds it impossible, from causes over which it has no control, to fulfill the contract. In such cases defendant is required to do the next best thing, to wit, to apportion the amount available among all its customers, giving to each one his ratable share. This is an exception to the genera] rule, and is only applied for the relief of an unfortunate defendant who has, by his conduct, shown that he has in good faith made an honest effo'rt to carry out the provisions of his contract. In order to enable a defendant to avail itself of this defense, it must appear that it has treated all customers with absolute fairness, and it must further appear that in the circumstances it had done all that could he expected from one whose purpose is but fair dealing, giving each of its customers the ratable share to which he is entitled under the contract.
Such is not the case in this instance. By making additional contracts for the sale of its product at an increased price, defendant placed itself where .it is not entitled to the defense of which it seeks to avail itself. The evidence as to deliveries, is very significant, as will appear from the statement as shown by the books. There the amount of shipments as made up shows the amount of the contract on one page and the amount of delivery on another. However, counsel for 'plaintiff, for convenience in comparison, combines the two in one statement, eliminating the fractions of tons, as follows:
No. of Tons Called for Name of Customer. by Contract, Including 1910 Arrears. No. of Tons Delivered in Tear 1917.
Acme Manufacturing Company. 6,000 tons 796 tons
Barker Chemical Company. 1,896 “ None
Caraleigli Phosphate Company. 9,209 “ 3,471 “
Grasselli Chemical Company. 1,268 “ 2,688 “
Harrison Bros. & Co.16,403 “ Ü0 “
Bead Phosphate Company. 8.631 “ 1,320 “
Kichmond Guano Company.13,414 ‘‘ 4,951 “
Tennessee Chemical Company. 1,637 “ 483 “
West Virginia Pulp & Paper Company.30,098 “ 29 “
88,616 “ 13,848 “ Total ...
*34From the above statement it clearly appears that in making deliveries-the right of each customer to his pro rata share of the available amount for delivery, was not observed. A striking illustration of this may be found in the Grasselli Chemical Company. While it appears that the proportionate amount due this company was about 1,268 tons, there was actually delivered 2,688 tons, more than double the amount this contract called for. It appears that the Barker Chemical Company did not receive a single ton, as compared with the deliveries made to the Grasselli Company. Also the West Virginia Pulp & Paper Company was given 29 tons, whereas under tire contract it was due 30,-098 tons. Harrison Bros. & Co. were due under the contract 16,414 tons and only received 110 tons. The plaintiff was due 6,000 tons and only received 796 tons.
It further appears from this statement that, out of tire 13,848 tons delivered, 11,110 tons were delivered to Caraleigh Phosphate Company, Grasselli Chemical Company, and the Richmond Guano Company, the three favored customers, and in this connection it is significant that these three customers were the only ones with whom defendant had made new contracts. In view of this evidence, we are of the opinion that the defendant cannot escape liability on the principle of pro rata deliveries as it insists, because there is a total absence of facts upon which to base such contention. In other words, we think the defendant, by its conduct, has forfeited the right to set up the defense of pro rata deliveries. Therefore it becomes immaterial as to whether the plaintiff did or did not get his per cent, of his deliveries.
The case of Garfield, etc., Co. v. Penn., etc., Co., 199 Mass. 22, 42, 84 N. E. 1020, 1024, relied upon by defendant, is easily distinguished from the case at bar. There the contract had not been repudiated, as in this instance. However, in that case the rule which we think should apply in the instant case is well stated in the following language :
“And. tlie auditor * * * ruled also that the conduct of the defendant in delivering coal on its own contracts made after and when in default on the plaintiff’s contract deprived it of the defense which otherwise might have been opon to it, that it was prevented from making shipments by causes beyond its own control. In spite of the very' able argument of the defendant’s counsel, we find no error in this.”
Also in the case of Metropolitan Coal Co. v. Billings, 202 Mass. 457, 89 N. E. 115, relied upon by defendant,' the court, among other things, stated what we conceive to be the true rule in this instance:
“The judfee also instructed the jury that as against the defendant the plaintiff would have no right to sell to new customers, and that any inability to fulfill its contract resulting from a desire to sell to others at higher prices or to relieve the necessities of others would not excuse the plaintiff from the obligation imposed on it by the contract. These instructions and the admission of the evidence which was objected to were well warranted.”
The doctrine is well stated in the case of Jessup, etc., Co. v. Piper (C. C.) 133 Fed. 108-110. In charging the jury as respects this point Judge McPherson said:
“It is at that point that we approach the question of fact that is to be submitted for your determination, that is, the allegation upon the part of the *35defendants that they did not have snilieient cars to enable them to fulfill their contraéis, and therefore that they did tile next best thing; that is to say, they apportioned their oars among ail their customers, giving to each one his due and ratable share. It the facts were as averred by the defendants, I think that would be a fair, a reasonable, and proper thing to do. I do not think the defendants could be called upon to carry out oue contract in full at the expense of all the other contracts for which they were equally bound, but that if There was a genuine scarcity of cars, so that it was impossible for them, for example, to carry oat more than 25 per cent, of their contracts, if they carried out 25 per cent, of each contract: I think that would be perfectly fair and proper and lawful to do, under such a contract as lies before us. * *
“If it be true that, after it became manifest to the defendants that they could not got cars enough to curry out the contracts which they then had in existence, if they ¡lion continued to make additional contracts, thereby certainly decreasing- their ability to carry out the contracts they had already made, and if they attempted (o ¡supply these subsequent contracts as well as those preceding, then that certainly was not a hindrance beyond their control, but was a hindrance of their own making.”
It nmy be insisted that some of the parties to whom lie sold at a higher price were customers with whom he had had contracts for sale at the same prices that he had agreed to sell plaintiff, and that they should be treated in the same manner in prorating as they would have been treated, had they continued under their former contract. If the defendant had, in good faith, continued to perform his part of the contract between such customers and the plaintiff, and had justly prorated between ihe parties, there would be much force in this contention. But this he did not do. From an examination of the testimony it appears that in some instances, under defendant’s system of prorating, some of the customers received more than double the share to which they would be entitled under a fair prorating, as we have stated; and in addition thereto it appears that he sold to outsiders at an advanced rate, more than double the price at which he had agreed to sell to the plaintiff. It would be manifestly unjust to permit the defendant to bring about a situation that would inure to his advantage, that must necessarily result in injury to the plaintiff.
Among other things, the court below refused to give the following instruction offered by the plaintiff:
"The court instructs the jury that the plaintiff had a right to maintenance of contraciual relations with the defendant until the time for performance of the contract had expired, and no strike, accident, or railway company’s delay which slopped short of making it impossible for the defendant ever to fulfill its contract, would justify the defendant in a Hat and positive renunciation of its contract more than six months prior to the expira Lion of the time for delivery, and If the jury believe from the evidence that the defendant renounced its contract and notified plaintiff that it would not make further deliveries thereunder, in April, 1017, long before the time for deliveries under the said contract had expired, they should find for the plaintiff, even though they may believe that the defendant had cave-ins and other difficulties at its mines, unless such difficulties at the mines of defendant rendered it absolutely Impossible for the defendant over to perform Its contract.”
We think the court below erred in not submitting this instruction to the jury. From what we have said, it follows that the plaintiff is entitled to recover the damages occasioned by the defendant in re*36fusing to ship the balance of the pyrites, according- to his contract, damages to be estimated, as we have stated.
'For the reasons herein stated, the judgment of the lower court is reversed, and the cause will be remanded, with instructions to set aside the verdict and grant a new trial, in accordance with the views herein expressed.
Reversed.

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