Court Opinion

ID: 3154417
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-11-12 23:07:23.409658+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:58:54.968917
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                          Assigned on Briefs August 4, 2015

         ANTONIOUS JAMAL BROWN v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

                    Appeal from the Circuit Court for Gibson County
                      No. 8946    Clayburn L. Peeples, Judge

             No. W2014-01820-CCA-R3-PC - Filed November 12, 2015

The petitioner, Antonious Jamal Brown, appeals the denial of his petition for post-
conviction relief from his first degree murder and aggravated assault convictions, arguing
that he received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial and on appeal. Following our
review, we affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court denying the petition.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

ALAN E. GLENN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ROGER A. PAGE and
ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., JJ., joined.

Tom W. Crider, District Public Defender; and J. Daniel Rogers, Assistant Public
Defender, for the appellant, Antonious Jamal Brown.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Sophia S. Lee, Senior Counsel;
Garry G. Brown, District Attorney General; and Jason Scott and Hillary Lawler Parham,
Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                       OPINION

                                        FACTS

        In February 2012, the petitioner was convicted by a Gibson County Circuit Court
jury of the first degree premeditated murder and aggravated assault of Vincent Brown,
who was shot to death and struck by the petitioner’s car on a Humboldt street on
November 5, 2009. The petitioner was sentenced to consecutive terms of life
imprisonment and six years, respectively. His convictions were affirmed by this court on
direct appeal, and our supreme court denied his application for permission to appeal. See
State v. Antonious Jamal Brown, 2013 WL 1908171, No. W2012-01362-CCA-R3-CD, at
*1 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 6, 2013), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Oct. 17, 2013).
       The State’s theory at trial was that the petitioner, who had been robbed by the
victim and had hard feelings toward him, procured a gun, shot the victim, ran into him
with his vehicle, removed money and/or other valuables from the victim’s body, planted
the gun on the victim, and fled the scene. The defense attempted to show that the victim
was the one with the gun and that he accidentally shot himself after he pulled his gun on
the petitioner and the petitioner ran into him with his vehicle. There were several eye and
ear witnesses to some or all of the events that led to the victim’s death. The direct appeal
opinion provides the following summary of the evidence presented at trial:

               This case arises from the November 5, 2009 shooting death of
       Vincent Brown (“the victim”). As a result of that investigation, the
       [petitioner] was indicted for first degree premeditated murder and
       aggravated assault on March 1, 2010. His trial was held on February 15,
       2012, and the following evidence was presented.

              Kanesha Graves testified that between 3:00 p.m. and 3:30 p.m. on
       November 5, 2009, she saw the [petitioner] and the victim on Craddock
       Street, the intersection where the crime occurred; the [petitioner] was
       driving a white car. Ms. Graves was talking to both men, and when they
       finished their conversation, the [petitioner] walked towards his car, and the
       victim walked the opposite way. The [petitioner] then turned away from
       his car, “pulled his pants up and went the other way toward [the victim].”
       Then, as if he had changed his mind, he went back to his car and sped off
       before Ms. Graves could start her car. Ms. Graves testified that neither of
       the men seemed angry.

              Sharlice Bradford testified that she was inside her mother’s home at
       1007 North Fifth Avenue when she heard a noise outside; it sounded like a
       firecracker. She testified,

              So I walked toward her front door. And when I walked to her
              front door it was a car coming up in the yard and it was going
              out of the yard.

              It got to the stop sign on the corner of Fifth and Maclin Street.
              It went up the corner [on Maclin]. It came back, pulled back
              in front of the yard where the young man was laying.

              Then, the driver, later identified as the [petitioner], got out of the car,
       turned the victim over, got something out of his pocket, and turned the
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victim back over. He had something black in his hand and laid it beside the
victim. The [petitioner] got into his car and went up the street on Fifth and
Craddock.

       Ms. Bradford testified that she did not notice the victim lying there
until the car returned. Ms. Bradford further testified that the car was a
white Dodge Neon and identified the car in the photograph presented to her
by the State as the car that drove into her mother’s yard. She stated that she
could not identify the [petitioner] because he never looked up or made eye
contact with any of the onlookers, even after her mother told him not to
touch the body, which was lying in the lot on the side of the house. Ms.
Bradford went inside and called 911.

        Dorothy Smith, Ms. Bradford’s mother, testified that she was
cooking when her daughter told her to come to the door to see a car that
was going across her yard. When she came to the door, she saw the
[petitioner] returning to the scene, and he went toward the victim who was
lying in the yard. This was the first time she noticed the victim. Ms. Smith
testified that the [petitioner] approached the victim, and she told him not to
move the victim. The [petitioner] did not respond; he just got back in the
car and drove off.

       Jonathan Wilson, an officer with the Humboldt Police Department
(HPD), testified that he was the first officer to respond to the scene, that he
arrived at approximately 3:45 p.m., and that the ambulance had not yet
arrived. He stated that the victim was lying in the yard, a few feet from the
road, and that there was a gun laying on the victim’s stomach. Officer
Wilson determined that the gun had been fired. He then sent the suspect’s
description and vehicle information out over the police radio: white Dodge
Neon, black male driver.

       Joshua Carter, an investigator with the HPD, testified that he was on
patrol when he received the initial call about the incident. Shortly
thereafter, information on the suspect’s car was dispatched on the police
radio. Approximately ten to fifteen minutes later, Inv. Carter saw a white
Neon with a busted windshield. He proceeded to stop the car because it fit
the description from dispatch, but the car sped up. Inv. Carter turned on his
blue lights and pursued the car. He was a few blocks away when the black
male exited the car and “took off running.” Inv. Carter identified the
suspect as the [petitioner]. After backup arrived, the [petitioner] was

                                      3
located in a garbage can with some cell phones, approximately 100 yards
from the Neon.

        Raynard Buchanan, an investigator with the HPD, testified that he
took photos of the crime scene and helped collect the gun shot residue
(GSR) kits from the [petitioner] and the victim. Inv. Buchanan testified
that he went through both the [petitioner’s] and the victim’ phones and that
there were seven short phone calls between them within an hour prior to the
incident. Inv. Buchanan said that the victim was not dead when officers
first responded to the scene, but the victim died a day or two later. He took
DNA swabs from the victim two days after the incident.

       Deandre Perry testified that he was in the car with the victim thirty
minutes before the shooting. Mr. Perry stated that there had been a white
car following him when he dropped the victim off on Fifth Street. He had
previously identified the white Dodge Neon as the car that had been
following them but did not know who was driving the car.

       Prentiss Johnson testified that he was with the victim the night
before the incident. The victim said that there was trouble between him and
the [petitioner] and that he did not feel comfortable walking or being by
himself. Mr. Johnson stated that he would give the victim rides and that the
victim was on the way to Mr. Johnson’s house when the incident occurred.

        Karen Chancellor, the chief medical examiner for Shelby County,
testified as an expert in forensic pathology. She stated that the victim had
an entrance and exit wound to the head caused by a gun shot and that this
was the cause of his death. The gun shot was close range, fired
approximately two to ten inches away from the victim’s head. The victim
had various other injuries consistent with being a day old or less. On cross-
examination, Ms. Chancellor testified that it was possible that the victim
could have shot himself but that she did not have any evidence to support
that theory.

        Sherida Dowell testified that she saw the victim go into Jerry
Fitzgerald’s house and that she saw Aaron Brown get out of a white vehicle
and go into Mr. Fitzgerald’s house behind the victim. Approximately ten
minutes later, she heard a gun shot and went to the door. Ms. Dowell
testified that the car that was in front of Mr. Fitzgerald’s house was now on
Fifth Street, and the [petitioner] was in the car. She then saw the
[petitioner] go over to the body, and he appeared to be feeling on the
                                     4
victim, but she could not tell exactly what he was doing because she was a
distance away. Ms. Dowell stated that Michael Gooch, her child’s father,
was not present when the incident occurred.

       Tory Phillips testified that he was walking down Craddock Street
when he heard a gun shot. He then heard a “big thud sound” and saw the
end of a white car turn the corner. Mr. Phillips testified that the [petitioner]
had approached him a few days earlier and asked if he knew anybody that
would sell him a gun.

       Tony Williams, an investigator with the HPD, was the lead
investigator in this case. He testified that he interviewed the [petitioner] on
three different occasions to get the [petitioner’s] version of the events
involving the November 5, 2009 incident. The [petitioner] did admit that
he was the driver of the white Neon and that the phones found with him in
the garbage can were his. In the first interview, the [petitioner] said that he
was driving down the street when he was flagged down and that two
unknown men jumped in the car. He was robbed of $100 at gunpoint. He
then blacked out and the car rolled forward, possibly hitting one of the men.
The [petitioner] said that he got out of the car and rolled the victim over to
look for his money and that was when he saw the gun fall out of the
victim’s pocket.

       The next day, Inv. Williams sought to get a second statement after
he had talked to witnesses and discovered that the [petitioner] laid
something near the body, but the only thing found next to the body was the
gun. Inv. Williams also asked the [petitioner] about whether his DNA or
fingerprints would be found on the gun, and the [petitioner] told him that he
brushed the gun with the back of his hand when he flipped the victim over
to retrieve his money. The [petitioner] also told Inv. Williams in the
second interview that the victim turned around and “probably was getting
ready to shoot at [him]” and that was when he hit the victim, his window
busted out, and the victim shot the gun. However, the [petitioner] stated
that he was going about five miles per hour and that he only bumped the
victim. The [petitioner] stated that he did not recall whether the victim
“went . . . flying through the air.”

       The third statement was taken at the Gibson County Correctional
Facility on November 9, 2009. According to the [petitioner], he was
standing in the street talking to the victim and another man when the victim
robbed him. The victim flagged down someone in a gray Lumina and gave
                                       5
them some money, and they drove off. He asked for his money back, and
the victim told him to “charge it to the game.” The [petitioner] then stated,
“[a]fter I came back I grabbed the bag to see what it was. It was a plastic
bag with three small plastic bags in it. I went to my grandmother’s house.
I’ve been robbed and told several people and gave the plastic bag to [a male
there]. This took place after I hit the body.” The third statement was not
recorded, at the [petitioner’s] request. However, Inv. Williams hand wrote
the statement, read it to the [petitioner] to ensure that it was exactly what he
had said, and had him sign it.

        Inv. Williams stated that during his investigation, Mr. Phillips came
to talk to him about the [petitioner’s] approaching him about purchasing a
gun and that Mr. Phillips’s testimony was consistent with what he had told
him previously. Inv. Williams testified that he also spoke with Ms. Dowell,
that she told him several times that Mr. Gooch was not present when the
incident occurred, and that her testimony was also consistent with the
statement she gave him during her initial interview.

        Charles Hardy, an agent in the DNA unit with the Tennessee Bureau
of Investigation (TBI), testified as an expert in DNA analysis. Agent Hardy
analyzed the DNA in this case and offered the following findings: the
victim’s DNA was found on the windshield of the [petitioner’s] car; a beer
bottle found in the car contained the [petitioner’s] DNA; and the DNA
found on the steering wheel of the car did not match the victim or the
[petitioner]. Agent Hardy also analyzed the gun and found DNA profiles
suggesting two contributors: the victim, a minor contributor, and an
unidentified person. The [petitioner] was excluded as a contributor.

        James Russell Davis, II, a special agent and forensic scientist for the
TBI crime laboratory in Nashville, testified as an expert in GSR analysis.
He explained that GSR analysis involves the testing of three elements “that
are not natural of the human body”: antimony, barium, and lead. Agent
Davis analyzed the [petitioner’s] GSR test, and while all three elements
were found on the [petitioner’s] hands, he tested inconclusive for GSR. The
[petitioner’s] antimony level tested at the threshold level, but the
[petitioner’s] lead and barium levels were low. However, Agent Davis
explained that changing clothes, wringing your hands, or physical activity--
such a[s] running from the police and hiding in a garbage can--could reduce
the quantity of the elements. Agent Davis testified that both the victim’s
hands and the car tested negative for GSR.

                                       6
       Rachel Autry, a paramedic for Gibson County, testified that she
transported the victim to the hospital and that no one washed or otherwise
cleaned the victim’s hands while he was in her care.

       Michael Gooch testified for the defense. Mr. Gooch testified that he
witnessed the November 5, 2009 shooting between 2:00 p.m. and 3:00 p.m.
while standing on Ms. Dowell’s porch on Craddock Street. He stated that
Ms. Dowell was his child’s mother and that she had just returned from
picking their child up from Head Start. Mr. Gooch testified that he saw “[a]
white car come down the street and make a right and the [victim] pulled out
a gun and he swerved and then [the victim] went flying in the air and the
gun went off.” Mr. Gooch said that he was not certain why Ms. Dowell
told officers that he was not at her home on that day but stated that it could
have been because, at that time, he was on the run from police for
aggravated assault and reckless endangerment charges, to which he later
pled guilty. On cross-examination, Mr. Gooch admitted that he only
recently came forward with this information because, initially, he did not
want to get involved.

        The [petitioner] testified in his own defense. According to the
[petitioner], the victim called him on November 5, 2009, asking whether he
was picking up Aaron Walker. The [petitioner] stated that he did not know
the victim. Later, he was driving down Maclin Street to pick up Aaron
Walker, and the victim was standing in the street and flagged him down.
He gave the victim a ride to Jerry Fitzgerald’s house. “When [he] stopped
that’s when [the victim] robbed [him] with the black gun [the victim] had.”
The victim then called someone, who the [petitioner] believes was Kanesha
Graves because she and her husband pulled up in a gray Lumina. The
[petitioner] said that he asked the victim, “can I get that?” and the victim
gestured towards his concealed weapon. The [petitioner] stepped back, and
the victim “walked backwards.” The [petitioner] then walked to his car;
Kanesha Graves left before he did. He left the scene but returned after
saying a prayer about getting his money back, driving approximately five
miles per hour. As the [petitioner] was about to approach the victim, the
victim aimed the gun at him. The [petitioner] stated, “I seen my life flash
in front of my eyes. Not only my life but the innocent bystanders of people
that I went to church with back in the day in that area life flashed, too.” He
took his hands off the steering wheel, and the car went toward the victim
and into the grass. The [petitioner] explained that he mistakenly told
officers that he “blacked out” but that he meant to say that he freaked out,
further explaining that he “was in Special Ed all [his] life” and that he
                                      7
       thought the two phrases meant the same thing. After hitting the victim, the
       [petitioner] went to the corner store to see if he had been shot; he was
       uncertain because the muffler on the car had a hole in it. That was when he
       saw “Brittany” run to the body. The [petitioner] said,

              . . . the kindness of my heart, I wanted to go back and help the
              man that just robbed me and tried to kill me, so immediately I
              turned the car around right there in the middle of the road and
              drove to the body. He was turned already over and I reached
              down. The woman said, “I already called the police and the
              ambulance.” I was like, “Yes, ma’am.”

               The [petitioner] grabbed the victim’s coat, and it looked like a gun
       fell out of the victim’s pocket; he let the coat go. The [petitioner] said that
       he wanted to reach for the gun for his safety because he thought the victim
       was playing. The gun had a “warm sensation on it,” and he freaked out;
       “[a]ll the witnesses [were] looking at [him, and e]verybody out there
       looking at me.” The [petitioner] explained that he already had a black bag
       in his hand, so he kept it because he did not want anyone to think he was
       planting anything on the victim. The victim also had a black bag on him
       containing a white powder, and the [petitioner] apparently took this bag as
       well. The [petitioner] said that he took the bag to his grandmother’s house
       because he did not want the police to find him with drugs on him. The
       [petitioner] said that his cousin called and told him that “they’re saying [he]
       so called supposed to have ran over a Gangster Disciple,” and the
       [petitioner] was afraid of what the Gangster Disciples might do to him. He
       also did not want to go to jail, so he ran.

               The [petitioner] said that he did not want to talk when they
       interviewed him the first time and that the officers threatened him with life
       imprisonment. He was given a second interview because officers said they
       lost the first interview, and the [petitioner] said that he decided to tell them
       everything he did not tell them in the first statement. The [petitioner] said
       that officers “popped up” at the jail for the third interview and that they
       were going around the jail asking people about him.

Id. at *1-6 (footnotes omitted).

        On November 22, 2013, the petitioner filed a pro se petition for post-conviction
relief in which he raised an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Following the
appointment of post-conviction counsel, he filed an amended petition on May 27, 2014,
                                              8
in which he alleged that trial counsel was ineffective for, among other things, failing to
interview or present witnesses at trial, including Brittany Short; failing to request that the
victim’s clothing be tested for gunshot residue; and failing to impeach the testimony of
Sherida Dowell with her prior inconsistent statements. The petitioner additionally
alleged that counsel was ineffective on appeal for not challenging the sufficiency of the
evidence in support of his aggravated assault conviction.

       At the evidentiary hearing, Brittany Short testified that she witnessed the events
that gave rise to the victim’s death and gave a statement to police but was never contacted
by defense counsel or asked to testify at trial. Had she testified at trial, she would have
related how she was on her way to the grocery store when she saw the petitioner hit the
victim with his car, drive off, return to the scene, exit the vehicle, and remove something
from the victim’s jacket. She said she did not see the petitioner with a gun and in fact
never saw a gun at all. On cross-examination, she acknowledged that in her November
11, 2009 statement, she said she neither saw nor heard a gunshot that evening, either
when the petitioner first struck the victim or when he returned to the victim’s body. She
further acknowledged that Tanika Cook was with her in her vehicle and that Ms. Cook
was the one who got out of her vehicle to check on the victim.

        Trial counsel, who represented the petitioner at trial and on direct appeal, testified
that the defense theory was that the victim shot himself upon impact of the car. He could
not recall whether the victim’s clothing was tested for gunshot residue. He thought,
however, that the firearms expert concluded that there was no gunshot residue on the
victim. He said he saw no need to request an independent expert evaluation of the
gunshot residue.

       Trial counsel testified he made a judgment call not to interview or call Brittany
Short as a witness because he thought her account would have added nothing to the case
and she appeared “squirrely” and unreliable:

              She didn’t see anything. She saw a car come and strike the victim
       and saw [the petitioner] come back. We had two witnesses on the porch
       that saw [the petitioner] come back and no shot was fired. Ms. Short
       concluded no shot was fired, so it was a judgment call on my part. She was
       squirrely, quite frankly, Ms. Short was. She’d tell Queenie something.
       That’s [the petitioner’s] sister, and Queenie would tell me and I’d say,
       “Well, why would she say that?” I -- so I decided not to use her.

      Trial counsel testified that he did not think it was necessary to impeach
Sherida Dowell’s testimony with her preliminary hearing testimony that she did
not know the petitioner because he did not think “she had anything relevant to [the
                                              9
petitioner’s] case at all. It didn’t hurt him whatsoever if she testified or if she
didn’t testify.”

        Finally, trial counsel testified that he did not raise the sufficiency of the
evidence for the aggravated assault conviction as an issue on appeal because he
did not think it was a valid issue. On cross-examination, he explained that his
theory of the case, given that the petitioner admitted having struck the victim with
his car, was that the petitioner essentially committed an aggravated assault but had
not killed the victim.

       The petitioner testified that trial counsel met with him four to five times
before trial, with none of the meetings lasting more than ten minutes. He said they
“never really went over the case together,” but they did discuss potential
witnesses. He said he told counsel that he saw Ms. Short out on the street at the
time of the incident and asked him to get in touch with her. Counsel told him,
however, that he had spoken with Ms. Short and that she would testify that she
saw the petitioner shoot the victim.

       On August 11, 2014, the post-conviction court entered an order denying the
petition, finding that the petitioner failed to meet his burden of showing that
counsel’s performance was deficient or that counsel’s allegedly deficient
performance prejudiced his case. Among other things, the court found that
counsel met with the petitioner and his family on multiple occasions, received and
reviewed discovery from the State, and made competent, strategic decisions not to
use the testimony of Brittany Short, not to seek independent gunshot residue
evidence, and not to raise as an issue on appeal the sufficiency of the evidence in
support of the aggravated assault conviction. Thereafter, the petitioner filed a
timely appeal to this court.

                                       ANALYSIS

       The post-conviction petitioner bears the burden of proving his allegations by clear
and convincing evidence. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-110(f). When an evidentiary
hearing is held in the post-conviction setting, the findings of fact made by the court are
conclusive on appeal unless the evidence preponderates against them. See Tidwell v.
State, 922 S.W.2d 497, 500 (Tenn. 1996). Where appellate review involves purely
factual issues, the appellate court should not reweigh or reevaluate the evidence. See
Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 578 (Tenn. 1997). However, review of a trial court’s
application of the law to the facts of the case is de novo, with no presumption of
correctness. See Ruff v. State, 978 S.W.2d 95, 96 (Tenn. 1998). The issue of ineffective
assistance of counsel, which presents mixed questions of fact and law, is reviewed de
                                            10
novo, with a presumption of correctness given only to the post-conviction court’s
findings of fact. See Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 458 (Tenn. 2001); Burns v. State, 6
S.W.3d 453, 461 (Tenn. 1999).

       To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the petitioner has the
burden to show both that trial counsel’s performance was deficient and that counsel’s
deficient performance prejudiced the outcome of the proceeding. Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); see State v. Taylor, 968 S.W.2d 900, 905 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1997) (noting that same standard for determining ineffective assistance of
counsel that is applied in federal cases also applies in Tennessee). The Strickland
standard is a two-prong test:

      First, the defendant must show that counsel’s performance was deficient.
      This requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was
      not functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth
      Amendment.         Second, the defendant must show that the deficient
      performance prejudiced the defense. This requires showing that counsel’s
      errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial
      whose result is reliable.
466 U.S. at 687.

        The deficient performance prong of the test is satisfied by showing that “counsel’s
acts or omissions were so serious as to fall below an objective standard of reasonableness
under prevailing professional norms.” Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 369 (Tenn. 1996)
(citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688; Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975)).
The prejudice prong of the test is satisfied by showing a reasonable probability, i.e., a
“probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome,” that “but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.

       Courts need not approach the Strickland test in a specific order or even “address
both components of the inquiry if the defendant makes an insufficient showing on one.”
466 U.S. at 697; see also Goad, 938 S.W.2d at 370 (stating that “failure to prove either
deficiency or prejudice provides a sufficient basis to deny relief on the ineffective
assistance claim”).

       The petitioner argues on appeal that counsel was deficient in his representation,
thereby prejudicing his case, by not interviewing Ms. Short, not impeaching the trial
testimony of Ms. Dowell, not requesting that the victim’s clothing be tested for gunshot
residue, and not raising the issue of the insufficiency of the evidence in support of his
                                            11
aggravated assault conviction as an issue on appeal. The record, however, fully supports
the findings and conclusions of the post-conviction court that the petitioner failed to meet
his burden of demonstrating ineffective assistance of counsel with respect to any of these
allegations. Counsel explained that Ms. Short’s testimony would have been simply
cumulative to the testimony of two other witnesses. Moreover, he found her to be
“squirrely” by the comments she made to the petitioner’s sister. He also offered
reasonable explanations as to why he did not seek to have the victim’s clothing tested for
gunshot residue and why he did not attempt to impeach Ms. Dowell’s testimony with her
testimony at the preliminary hearing that she did not know the petitioner. Finally, he
explained that he saw no point in challenging the sufficiency of the evidence for the
aggravated assault conviction, given the petitioner’s admission that he drove into the
victim and their defense theory of the case that the gun discharged when the victim was
impacted by the vehicle. In sum, we conclude that the record supports the post-
conviction court’s findings and conclusions that the petitioner failed to meet his burden
of showing that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel at trial or on appeal.

                                     CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing authorities and reasoning, we affirm the judgment of the
post-conviction court denying the petition.

                                                 _________________________________
                                                 ALAN E. GLENN, JUDGE

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