Court Opinion

ID: 9385901
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-10 17:05:36.818433+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:56.184169
License: Public Domain

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 1         IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2   Opinion Number:

 3   Filing Date: April 10, 2023

 4   NO. S-1-SC-39546

 5   INDIGENOUS LIFEWAYS,
 6   NEW MEXICO SOCIAL JUSTICE
 7   EQUITY INSTITUTE, and
 8   THREE SISTERS COLLECTIVE,

 9          Petitioners,

10   v.

11   NEW MEXICO COMPILATION COMMISSION
12   ADVISORY COMMITTEE,

13          Respondent,

14   and

15   MICHELLE LUJAN GRISHAM,
16   in her official capacity as Governor
17   of the State of New Mexico,

18          Intervenor-Real Party in Interest.

19   ORIGINAL PROCEEDING

20   Butt Thornton & Baehr, P.C.
21   Sarah L. Shore
22   Albuquerque, NM

23   for Petitioners
 1   Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
 2   Mark W. Allen, Assistant Attorney General
 3   Scott C. Cameron, Assistant Attorney General
 4   Santa Fe, NM

 5   for Respondent

 6   Holly Agajanian, Chief General Counsel
 7   Kyle P. Duffy, Deputy General Counsel
 8   Santa Fe, NM

 9   for Intervenor Governor Michelle Lujan Grisham

10   Fuqua Law & Policy, PC
11   Scott Fuqua
12   Santa Fe, NM

13   for Amici Curiae Retake Our Democracy and Indivisible Albuquerque
 1                                       OPINION

 2   VIGIL, Justice.

 3   I.    INTRODUCTION

 4   {1}   The New Mexico Constitution prohibits logrolling1 by directing: “If two or

 5   more [constitutional] amendments are initiated by the legislature, they shall be so

 6   submitted as to enable the electors to vote on each of them separately.” N.M. Const.

 7   art. XIX, § 1. A constitutional amendment proposed by the Legislature and approved

 8   by the electorate in the 2020 general election made a number of changes governing

 9   the New Mexico Public Regulation Commission (Commission or PRC). N.M.

10   Const. art. XI, §§ 1-2. Those changes included alterations to the selection,

11   qualifications, and terms of Commission members, id. § 1, and revision to the PRC’s

12   constitutionally assigned responsibilities, id. § 2. The issue we address here is

13   whether the amendment is void because it violates the constitutional prohibition

14   against logrolling.

           1
            “The legislative practice of including several propositions in one . . .
     proposed constitutional amendment so that the legislature or voters will pass all of
     them, even though these propositions might not have passed if they had been
     submitted separately. Many state constitutions have single-subject clauses that
     prohibit this practice.” Logrolling, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019).
 1   {2}   Petitioners are three nonprofit organizations who represent the rights of

 2   Native Americans. Petitioners ask this Court to declare the ratification of the

 3   constitutional amendment a nullity and to issue a writ of mandamus directing

 4   Respondent Advisory Committee of the New Mexico Compilation Commission

 5   (Advisory Committee) to remove the amendment from the Constitution. The

 6   Advisory Committee responds that Petitioners’ challenge is untimely and

 7   improperly raised against the committee through a petition for writ of mandamus,

 8   but takes no position on the merits. Governor Michelle Lujan Grisham, who was

 9   granted leave to intervene in these proceedings, joins the Advisory Committee’s

10   timeliness arguments and additionally argues that the amendment is constitutional.

11   {3}   After hearing oral arguments, we denied the petition for writ of mandamus,

12   holding that the petition was timely, but that the amendment did not violate Article

13   XIX, Section 1.

14   II.   BACKGROUND

15   {4}   During the 2019 legislative session, the Legislature passed a senate joint

16   resolution proposing to make several changes to the sections of our Constitution that

17   create and govern the PRC. See 2019 N.M. Laws, Constitutional Amendment 1

18   (Amendment 1). Amendment 1 would change the method of selecting Commission

19   members. Id. § 1(A)-(B). Previously, Article XI, Section 1 provided that the PRC

                                              2
 1   was to consist of “five members elected from districts provided by law for staggered

 2   four-year terms beginning on January 1 of the year following their election.” N.M.

 3   Const. art. XI, § 1 (1996, amended 2020). The Legislature proposed to amend the

 4   section to provide that, beginning on January 1, 2023, the PRC would consist of

 5   three members appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Senate.

 6   Amendment 1, § 1(A)-(B). Commission members would be selected from a list of

 7   nominees submitted to the Governor by a nominating committee, and would serve

 8   six-year, staggered terms. Id. § 1(B)-(C). Additionally, the Legislature proposed to

 9   amend provisions addressing the removal, qualifications, and continuing education

10   requirements of Commission members. Id. § 1(D)-(E).

11   {5}   The Legislature also proposed to amend the PRC’s constitutionally defined

12   responsibilities. Id. § 2. When originally created, the PRC was tasked with regulating

13   a variety of public service companies, including public utilities, transportation

14   companies, telecommunications companies, business corporations, and insurance

15   companies. N.M. Const. art. XI, § 2 (1996, amended 2020). In 2012, voters approved

16   an amendment to remove business corporations and insurance companies from

17   within the PRC’s purview. See 2012 N.M. Laws, Constitutional Amendment 3, § 1;

18   N.M. Const. art. XI, § 2 (1996, amended 2012). Amendment 1 would further refine

19   the PRC’s responsibilities to include the regulation of public utilities and “other

                                               3
 1   public service companies in such manner as the legislature shall provide.”

 2   Amendment 1, § 2; N.M. Const. art. XI, § 2.

 3   {6}     The proposed changes to Article XI, Sections 1 and 2 were submitted to the

 4   electorate in a single-ballot question. See N.M. Sec’y of State, 2020 General Election

 5   Voter      Guide    at    6,    (Nov.     3,    2020)     (2020     Voter     Guide),

 6   https://www.sos.state.nm.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/2020-Voter-Guide-

 7   English-FINAL.pdf (last visited March 22, 2023). The question was identified as

 8   Constitutional Amendment 1, with the following title:

 9           Proposing To Amend The Constitution Of New Mexico To Provide
10           That The Public Regulation Commission Consist Of Three Members
11           Appointed By The Governor From A List Of Professionally Qualified
12           Nominees Submitted To The Governor By A Nominating Committee
13           As Provided By Law And That The Commission Is Required To
14           Regulate Public Utilities And May Be Required To Regulate Other
15           Public Service Companies.

16   Id. In accordance with NMSA 1978, Section 1-16-7(B) (2019) and The Form of

17   Ballot Question, 1.10.16.8(H) NMAC, this language tracked verbatim the title of the

18   senate joint resolution proposing Amendment 1. Compare 2020 Voter Guide, with

19   Amendment 1.

20   {7}     Amendment 1 was subject to widespread scrutiny and debate before the

21   election. The Secretary of State also prepared and published the 2020 Voter Guide,

22   which recited Amendment 1’s ballot title, described the amendment’s purpose,

                                               4
 1   summarized some of the arguments for and against the amendment, and reproduced

 2   a redline version of Article XI, Sections 1 and 2 showing the proposed changes. 2020

 3   Voter Guide at 6-16.

 4   {8}     During the 2020 legislative session, the Legislature passed a comprehensive

 5   set of implementing laws in anticipation of Amendment 1’s approval. See 2020 N.M.

 6   Laws, 2d Sess., ch. 9, §§ 15-23. Amendment 1 was ratified at the November 2020

 7   general election, with a sound majority voting in favor of the amendment. See N.M.

 8   Sec’y       of     State,    2020       General      Election     Official     Results,

 9   https://electionresults.sos.state.nm.us/Default.aspx?eid=2782 (last visited March 22,

10   2023) (follow the “Statewide Offices & Questions” hyperlink). Following

11   Amendment 1’s approval, the amendment was compiled into the New Mexico

12   Constitution. See N.M. Const. art. XI, §§ 1-2.

13   III.    DISCUSSION

14   {9}     Petitioners filed the petition at issue after the 2020 general election, shortly

15   before the changes in the PRC were to take effect on January 1, 2023. Petitioners

16   seek a writ of mandamus against the Advisory Committee directing the committee

17   to advise and approve the removal of Amendment 1 from the Constitution. As

18   grounds for this requested relief, Petitioners argue that Amendment 1 is null and

19   void and that its purported ratification is a nullity because the amendment was

                                                 5
 1   submitted to voters in violation of the constitutional prohibition against logrolling in

 2   Article XIX, Section 1. Petitioners advance two theories for this claimed

 3   constitutional violation.

 4   {10}   First, Petitioners argue that Amendment 1 logrolled multiple independent

 5   measures into a single-ballot question, accusing the Legislature of “piggybacking

 6   the repeal of fundamental democratic rights on unrelated measures likely to be

 7   popular with voters.” Petitioners thus claim that the amendment violates the single-

 8   measure rule explicit in Article XIX, Section 1. Second, Petitioners assert that the

 9   ballot title identifying Amendment 1 was misleading. Petitioners argue that this

10   allegedly misleading title violates a requirement of ballot clarity or accuracy that

11   they ask this Court to recognize as implicit within Article XIX, Section 1.

12   {11}   Before reaching the merits of Petitioners’ challenge, we address a question

13   raised by the Advisory Committee about the propriety of mandamus relief. We also

14   address the Advisory Committee’s and the Governor’s arguments about the

15   timeliness of the petition.2 Concluding that there is no procedural bar to our

16   consideration of the petition, we then address the petition on its merits.

            2
             We do not reach an additional argument raised by amici regarding the
     potential for appointments to the nominating committee to be made in violation of
     the emoluments clause, N.M. Const. art. IV, § 28. This argument is not relevant to
     the issues raised in the parties’ briefs. See Rule 12-320(A) NMRA.

                                                6
 1   A.     Procedural Issues

 2   1.     Jurisdiction in mandamus

 3   {12}   Our Constitution grants this Court original jurisdiction in “mandamus against

 4   all state officers, boards and commissions” and the power to issue extraordinary

 5   writs in the exercise of its jurisdiction. N.M. Const. art. VI, § 3. “This Court on

 6   several occasions has recognized that mandamus is an appropriate means to prohibit

 7   unlawful or unconstitutional official action.” State ex rel. Clark v. Johnson, 1995-

 8   NMSC-048, ¶ 19, 120 N.M. 562, 904 P.2d 11. We may exercise our jurisdiction in

 9   mandamus when a petition

10          presents a purely legal issue concerning the non-discretionary duty of a
11          government official that (1) implicates fundamental constitutional
12          questions of great public importance, (2) can be answered on the basis
13          of virtually undisputed facts, and (3) calls for an expeditious resolution
14          that cannot be obtained through other channels such as a direct appeal.

15   State ex rel. Sandel v. N.M. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 1999-NMSC-019, ¶ 11, 127 N.M.

16   272, 980 P.2d 55. “Although relief by mandamus is most often applied to compel

17   the performance of an affirmative act by another where the duty to perform the act

18   is clearly enjoined by law, the writ may also be used in appropriate circumstances in

19   a prohibitory manner to prohibit unconstitutional action.” State ex rel. Sugg v.

20   Toulouse Oliver, 2020-NMSC-002, ¶ 7, 456 P.3d 1065 (internal quotation marks

21   and citations omitted).

                                                7
 1   {13}   Petitioners’ objective is to excise Amendment 1 from the Constitution; to that

 2   end, they seek a declaration that the amendment is null and void and its ratification

 3   is a nullity for failure to comply with Article XIX, Section 1. The petition thus

 4   satisfies all three prerequisites for the exercise of our mandamus jurisdiction: (1) it

 5   presents a fundamental constitutional question of great public importance, (2) that

 6   may be answered on the basis of virtually undisputed facts, and (3) which, given the

 7   timing of the petition, demands a swift resolution. See Sandel, 1999-NMSC-019, ¶

 8   11.

 9   {14}   The Advisory Committee, however, questions whether an exercise of our

10   mandamus jurisdiction is appropriate, arguing that Petitioners have not shown that

11   the committee possesses a clear, existing, and nondiscretionary duty to advise and

12   approve removal of Amendment 1 if the amendment was indeed improperly ratified.

13   We also question whether the Advisory Committee would be able to afford

14   Petitioners meaningful relief. Petitioners’ sole citation for the existence of such a

15   duty is State ex rel. League of Women Voters v. Advisory Comm. to the N.M.

16   Compilation Comm’n, 2017-NMSC-025, ¶¶ 17-18, 401 P.3d 734 (LOWV). But

17   LOWV does not support the duty Petitioners urge in this case. In LOWV, we

18   recognized the Advisory Committee’s nondiscretionary duty to advise and approve

19   the compilation of duly ratified constitutional amendments. Id. ¶ 18. However, this

                                               8
 1   duty is clearly distinguishable from a duty to advise and approve the removal of a

 2   constitutional amendment that is compiled but later determined to have been unduly

 3   ratified. See id. ¶.

 4   {15}   Nevertheless, we need not resolve this question. We do not doubt this Court’s

 5   power to order that an improperly ratified amendment is a nullity. See State ex rel.

 6   Clark v. State Canvassing Bd., 1995-NMSC-001, ¶¶ 1, 28, 119 N.M. 12, 888 P.2d

 7   458 (issuing a writ of mandamus to the State Canvassing Board, directing the board

 8   to “treat the purported ratification” of an amendment found in violation of Article

 9   XIX, Section 1 “as a nullity”). Further, although Petitioners may have failed to

10   identify the governmental entity with the duty to implement our ruling, this Court is

11   not precluded from granting necessary relief. Our rules recognize that “[i]f the

12   petitioner is entitled to a writ or relief other than that requested in the petition, the

13   petition shall not be denied, and the Court shall grant the writ or relief to which the

14   petitioner is entitled.” Rule 12-504(C)(4) NMRA. Thus, this Court has, in the past,

15   added a party to a mandamus proceeding “for the purpose of implementing our

16   ruling.” State ex rel. Cisneros v. Martinez, 2015-NMSC-001, ¶ 6 & n.1, 340 P.3d

17   597 (joining the Secretary of the Department of Finance and Administration as a

18   party to implement the Court’s order).

                                                9
 1   {16}   We note that the Governor has already intervened and zealously participated

 2   in these proceedings. Amendment 1 tasks the Governor with appointing the three

 3   new members of the PRC. If this Court deemed it necessary, the Court could issue a

 4   writ to the Governor prohibiting those appointments. Sugg, 2020-NMSC-002, ¶ 7.

 5   In light of the Governor’s active defense of Amendment 1, we see no reason to delay

 6   consideration of the petition.

 7   2.     Timeliness of the petition

 8   {17}   The Advisory Committee and the Governor argue that the petition is untimely,

 9   because it is barred by the thirty-day limitations period of the Election Code, NMSA

10   1978, § 1-14-3 (1971), or by the equitable doctrine of laches. We hold that the

11   petition is timely.

12   a.     The Election Code

13   {18}   According to NMSA 1978, Sections 1-16-1 and -2(A)(1) (2019), the election

14   of any ballot question involving a legislatively-proposed constitutional amendment

15   “shall be called, conducted and canvassed in accordance with the Election Code.”

16   Section 1-14-3 provides that “[a]ny action to contest an election . . . shall be filed no

17   later than thirty days from issuance of the certificate of nomination or issuance of

18   the certificate of election to the successful candidate.” We have explained that

19   challenges to “the whole process or any part” of an election, or claims which “seek

                                                10
 1   to alter the certified result of the election,” are to be construed as election contests

 2   subject to the procedures of the Election Code. Dinwiddie v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs,

 3   1985-NMSC-099, ¶ 7, 103 N.M. 442, 708 P.2d 1043. This procedural exclusivity

 4   “accords with the need for speedy resolution of election contests; contestants are not

 5   permitted to proceed under the rules of civil procedure because the procedure set

 6   forth in those rules takes too much time.” Gunaji v. Macias, 2001-NMSC-028, ¶ 26,

 7   130 N.M. 734, 31 P.3d 1008.

 8   {19}   The Advisory Committee argues that Petitioners challenge only the

 9   procedures used in presenting Amendment 1 to the electorate and reasons that the

10   petition therefore presents an untimely election contest barred by the limitations of

11   the Election Code. We disagree with this characterization of this petition. “A legal

12   challenge to governmental action is not converted into an election contest simply

13   because the action at issue followed an election.” Glaser v. LeBus, 2012-NMSC-

14   012, ¶ 11, 276 P.3d 959. Petitioners do not challenge the processes used in calling,

15   conducting, or canvassing the 2020 general election or seek to alter the certified

16   result. Rather, Petitioners challenge only whether Amendment 1 satisfies the

17   requirements for voter ratification of a constitutional amendment under Article XIX,

18   Section 1. We cannot fairly characterize Petitioners’ challenge to Amendment 1 as

19   an election contest. See LOWV, 2017-NMSC-025, ¶ 14 (explaining that a petition

                                               11
 1   for a writ of mandamus which does not seek to alter the certified results of any

 2   election, but “clarity about the meaning and effect of the uncontested certified results

 3   of the elections” does not present an election contest under Section 1-14-3).

 4   {20}   In addition, Section 1-14-3 may not apply to a writ of mandamus proceeding

 5   brought to this Court in its original jurisdiction under Article VI, Section 3 of the

 6   New Mexico Constitution. Pursuant to our jurisdiction and power of superintending

 7   control, “this Court possesses unquestioned power to make rules touching pleading,

 8   practice and procedure.” State v. Arnold, 1947-NMSC-043, ¶ 7, 51 N.M. 311, 183

 9   P.2d 845; see also id. ¶ 11 (concluding that rules affecting the time and manner of

10   taking an appeal “are procedural and within this [C]ourt’s rule making power”).

11   “Since the Constitution provides for separate and equal branches of government in

12   New Mexico, any legislative measure which affects pleading, practice or procedure

13   in relation to a power expressly vested by the Constitution in the judiciary, such as

14   quo warranto [or mandamus], cannot be deemed binding.” State ex rel. Anaya v.

15   McBride, 1975-NMSC-032, ¶ 16, 88 N.M. 244, 539 P.2d 1006. Our original

16   jurisdiction and power in mandamus is not subject to a thirty-day limit. See Rule 12-

17   504 (governing petitions for extraordinary writs).

18   {21}   We will not construe this petition for writ of mandamus challenging the

19   ratification of a constitutional amendment as an election contest subject to the thirty-

                                               12
 1   day limitations of the Election Code. Thus, we reaffirm that “the issue of whether

 2   logrolling or joinder of multiple amendments indeed has taken place is . . . a

 3   justiciable constitutional question, notwithstanding the absence of any challenge to

 4   the constitutionality until after the voters have approved the amendment.” State ex

 5   rel. Chavez v. Vigil-Giron, 1988-NMSC-103, ¶ 7, 108 N.M. 45, 766 P.2d 305.

 6   b.     Laches

 7   {22}   The Governor additionally argues that the petition is barred by laches. Laches

 8   is an equitable defense that prevents “litigation of a stale claim where the claim

 9   should have been brought at an earlier time and the delay has worked to the prejudice

10   of the party resisting the claim.” Garcia v. Garcia, 1991-NMSC-023, ¶ 30, 111 N.M.

11   581, 808 P.2d 31. We agree that the doctrine of laches may, in appropriate

12   circumstances, bar a challenge made under Article XIX, Section 1. See, e.g., Miller

13   v. Burk, 188 P.3d 1112, 1125 (Nev. 2008) (applying laches to a challenge to the

14   clarity of an amendment’s ballot brought twelve years after an election).

15   {23}   “However, laches is not favored and should be applied only where a party has

16   been guilty of inexcusable neglect in enforcing [the party’s] rights.” State ex rel.

17   Dep’t of Hum. Servs. v. Davis, 1982-NMSC-139, ¶ 4, 99 N.M. 138, 654 P.2d 1038.

18   Moreover, we hesitate to apply laches to bar a challenge to the ratification of a

19   constitutional amendment. “Caution in the application of laches to bar a

                                              13
 1   constitutional claim is invoked . . . because it would be the epitome of inequity to

 2   allow an unconstitutional law to remain in effect merely because someone slumbered

 3   on his or her rights.” 27A Am. Jur. 2d Equity § 119 (2019).

 4   {24}   We also see no reason to apply laches to the current petition. When Petitioners

 5   filed the petition, the PRC’s nominating committee was preparing a list of nominees

 6   for submission to the Governor, but the major changes worked by Amendment 1

 7   were yet to take effect. Although Petitioners have not articulated a reason for the

 8   nearly two-year delay in bringing this petition, the Governor also has not identified

 9   any real prejudice caused by the delay. “[T]he party asserting the defense [of laches]

10   must demonstrate prejudice, and for such purposes, prejudice cannot be inferred

11   merely from the passage of time.” Brown v. Taylor, 1995-NMSC-050, ¶ 12, 120

12   N.M. 302, 901 P.2d 720 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

13   Accordingly, we reject the Governor’s laches defense and proceed to consider the

14   merits of the petition.

15   B.     The Single-Measure Rule or Logrolling

16   {25}   The substantive issue at the heart of this case is whether the Legislature

17   violated the single-measure rule contained in Article XIX, Section 1. Petitioners

18   claim that Amendment 1 included at least seven independent measures. Petitioners

19   particularly question the rationality of joining a measure that changed Commission

                                              14
 1   members from elected to appointed officials with the other measures that, for

 2   example, reduced the number of Commission members or narrowed the PRC’s area

 3   of constitutional responsibility.

 4   {26}   Article XIX, Section 1 is designed “to prevent ‘logrolling,’ a legislative

 5   practice of joining together two or more independent measures so those who support

 6   any one measure will feel obliged to vote for the others in order to secure passage of

 7   the measure they favor.” Chavez, 1988-NMSC-103, ¶ 6. “[T]he particular vice in

 8   logrolling . . . lies in the fact that such is inducive of fraud, and that it becomes

 9   uncertain whether either two or more propositions could have been carried by vote

10   had they been submitted singly.” City of Raton v. Sproule, 1967-NMSC-141, ¶ 17,

11   78 N.M. 138, 429 P.2d 336 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The

12   single-measure rule of Article XIX, Section 1 thus guards against the evils of

13   logrolling, “ensur[ing] that the voters are provided with the means to fully and

14   accurately express their will on each and every issue that is presented to them as

15   guaranteed by the New Mexico Constitution.” State Canvassing Bd., 1995-NMSC-

16   001, ¶ 27.

17   {27}   Our Court has articulated a rational basis standard for assessing whether an

18   amendment is single or multiple, as “[t]he separation of powers doctrine . . . dictates

19   that strong deference should be shown to the legislature.” Chavez, 1988-NMSC-103,

                                               15
 1   ¶¶ 7, 12. Under this standard, “a constitutional amendment, which embraces several

 2   subjects or items of change, will be upheld as valid, and may be submitted to the

 3   electorate as one general proposition, if all the subjects or items of change contained

 4   in the amendment are germane to one general object or purpose.” Sproule, 1967-

 5   NMSC-141, ¶ 19.

 6   {28}   In Sproule, we warned of the “tendency to rephrase, or to enlarge upon the

 7   language of the rule, in order to demonstrate that the result reached under the

 8   particular facts of the case is consistent with a logical and correct application of the

 9   rule to those facts.” Id. ¶ 20. The effects of this tendency are evident in the parties’

10   arguments, as each of the parties emphasizes a different rephrasing of our standard

11   to support their respective positions. Petitioners, for example, emphasize language

12   in State Canvassing Board suggesting that the various changes in a measure must

13   share a “rational linchpin of interdependence” or be part of “an interlocking package

14   necessary to effectuate” the desired reform. 1995-NMSC-001, ¶ 16. The Governor,

15   on the other hand, emphasizes language in Chavez suggesting that the various

16   changes need only be “germane to an overarching theme” and joined by a “rational

17   linchpin.” 1988-NMSC-103, ¶ 14. While we find such rephrasing illustrative of our

18   standard, we nevertheless reaffirm that the standard remains one of a rational basis,

                                               16
 1   requiring only that “the subjects or items of change contained in the amendment [be]

 2   germane to one general object or purpose.” Sproule, 1967-NMSC-141, ¶ 19.

 3   {29}   We will not invalidate an amendment under the single-measure rule simply

 4   because of “[t]he fact that two points of change are involved, the fact that either

 5   might have been presented to the electorate separately, [or] the fact that there may

 6   be reasons why an elector might have desired one change, and not the other.” Id. ¶

 7   21. “Rather, the question to be answered is whether the legislature reasonably could

 8   have determined that a proposed amendment embraces but one object.” Chavez,

 9   1988-NMSC-103, ¶ 9. This is because, “as the branch of government empowered to

10   initiate constitutional amendments, the legislature should be afforded substantial

11   deference to determine both the overall object of a proposed amendment and the

                                             17
 1   changes incidental to and necessarily connected with the object intended.”3 Id. ¶ 6

 2   (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

 3   {30}   Our analysis of whether an amendment embraces multiple measures is highly

 4   fact-dependent. State Canvassing Bd., 1995-NMSC-001, ¶ 12. For example, in

 5   Sproule, this Court held that changes made by an amendment “in regard to special

 6   elections and the provisions enlarging the number of voters at both regular and

 7   special elections” were properly submitted in a single ballot because the changes

 8   were germane to “elections for the purpose of incurring municipal indebtedness.”

 9   1967-NMSC-141, ¶ 22 (emphasis omitted). Similarly, in Chavez, we held that an

10   amendment making sweeping changes to “the qualifications and merit selection of

11   judges, their numbers, their districting, and the selection of their chief administrative

            3
             Petitioners urge this Court to apply a “heightened scrutiny” to Amendment 1
     because the amendment removed the right of voters to elect Commission members.
     Petitioners do not supply authority for that heightened scrutiny, however, and we
     similarly have found no support for applying a more restrictive standard. Application
     of such heightened scrutiny also would be contrary to the rational basis review
     applied by this Court in Sproule and Chavez, as both of these opinions involved
     amendments affecting the rights of voters. See Chavez, 1988-NMSC-103, ¶ 5
     (explaining that the amendment established “a method other than by partisan
     election to select and retain” judicial officers); Sproule, 1967-NMSC-141 ¶¶ 15, 22
     (describing the amendment’s effects on the right to vote in elections to incur
     municipal indebtedness).

                                                18
 1   officers” was a single measure because those various changes were all germane to

 2   the object or purpose of judicial reform. 1988-NMSC-103, ¶ 14.

 3   {31}   In contrast, we held an amendment void for violating the single-measure rule

 4   in State Canvassing Board, 1995-NMSC-001, ¶¶ 24, 28. The amendment in State

 5   Canvassing Board joined a popular measure reaffirming an existing public right to

 6   conduct a state lottery with a controversial measure creating a private right to wager

 7   on slot machines and other video games of chance. Id. ¶¶ 17-23. Even though both

 8   measures were relevant to the overarching theme of gambling, the distinctions

 9   between “the rights created, the means of implementation, and the subject matter”

10   of a public lottery and private gambling revealed that the two measures were not

11   rationally joined. Id. ¶ 24. Additionally, the State Canvassing Board Court noted

12   that the ballot measure submitting the amendment was misleading, as the language

13   “serve[d] to highlight the state lottery aspect of the amendment while downplaying

14   the fact that the amendment create[d] a private right to wager on video games of

15   chance.” Id. ¶ 26. Thus, Justice Ransom emphasized in his specially concurring

16   opinion that in the discharge of the Court’s constitutional duties “we must believe

17   that neither the legislature nor the people in fact thought a mere advisory vote in

18   support of a state-operated lottery should be dependent upon the grant of a private

19   constitutional right to video gaming.” Id. ¶ 30 (Ransom, J., specially concurring).

                                              19
 1   Under the circumstances, we held that the two changes were not germane to a single

 2   object or purpose and should have been submitted to the electorate in separate ballot

 3   questions. Id. ¶ 24.

 4   {32}   In the present case, we determine that the several changes made by

 5   Amendment 1 are all germane to one general object or purpose. We are struck by

 6   the many similarities between the amendment at issue in Chavez and the amendment

 7   at issue here. Amendment 1 and the Chavez amendment both made multiple changes

 8   to the selection, retention, and qualifications of public officials and both

 9   amendments limited the rights of voters to select the officials in question. See

10   Chavez, 1988-NMSC-103, ¶ 5 (listing the changes made by the Chavez amendment

11   as including “a method other than by partisan election to select and retain” judges,

12   additional professional requirements for members of the judiciary, and an increase

13   in the number of judges and judicial districts). While Amendment 1 also narrows the

14   PRC’s area of constitutional responsibility, we view this additional change as still

15   germane to the Legislature’s object or purpose of reforming the PRC.

16   {33}   Of course, we acknowledge that each of the several changes proposed by

17   Amendment 1 could have been submitted separately to the voters. We also

18   acknowledge that some voters may have preferred one change and opposed another.

19   We express no opinion on the merits or wisdom of the changes made by Amendment

                                              20
 1   1. See State Canvassing Bd., 1995-NMSC-001, ¶ 27 (suggesting that, in considering

 2   whether an amendment violates Article XIX, Section 1, a court should not reach

 3   “any decision regarding the legality or desirability of” an amendment). We conclude

 4   only that the Legislature’s choice to join the various changes together in a single-

 5   ballot measure was not irrational. “[I]t comports better with the doctrine of

 6   separation of powers to decide what rationally may be joined rather than what

 7   rationally may be separated.” Chavez, 1988-NMSC-103, ¶ 11.

 8   {34}   We also do not see any of “the problems inherent in the vice of logrolling” in

 9   Amendment 1 that motivated our Court in State Canvassing Board, 1995-NMSC-

10   001, ¶¶ 24, 26, to invalidate the multiple measures at issue in that case. The State

11   Canvassing Board Court concluded that the amendment there “logrolled . . . two

12   independent objects by piggybacking the passage of one on the popularity of the

13   other.” Id. ¶ 26. In contrast, Amendment 1 does not surreptitiously ride a

14   controversial measure on the back of a popular one. The entirety of Amendment 1

15   was widely debated before the election, and all of the chief effects of the

16   amendment—including and especially the transition to appointed Commission

17   members and the reduction of the PRC’s responsibilities—were well known to the

18   public. See 2020 Voter Guide at 6-16 (explaining the effects of, as well as the

19   arguments for and against, Amendment 1); N.M. Legis. Council Serv., Summary of

                                              21
 1   Arguments for and Against the Constitutional Amendments Proposed by the

 2   Legislature     in     2019      and      2020      at     3-10       (July     2020),

 3   https://www.nmlegis.gov/Publications/New_Mexico_State_Government/Constituti

 4   onal_Amendment/Constitutional_Amendments_2020.pdf            (same)     (last   visited

 5   March 22, 2023). We note that the many changes made to the judiciary in the

 6   amendment challenged in Chavez were subject to similar widespread and open

 7   debate. 1988-NMSC-103, ¶ 3. Further, and as discussed more fully below, we

 8   believe that the title of Amendment 1 sufficiently communicated the purpose of the

 9   amendment and was not misleading, so there is little chance that the voters were

10   “lured . . . into casting their votes” in favor of Amendment 1 based solely on the

11   popularity of a separate measure. State Canvassing Bd., 1995-NMSC-001, ¶ 26.

12   {35}   We therefore hold that Amendment 1 does not violate the single-measure rule

13   in Article XIX, Section 1 of the New Mexico Constitution.

14   C.     The Ballot Title

15   {36}   Petitioners also challenge Amendment 1 based on its ballot title. Arguing that

16   Article XIX, Section 1 embraces an implicit requirement of ballot accuracy,

17   Petitioners assert that Amendment 1’s title misled voters because it did not specify

18   that Commission members would no longer be elected, detail various aspects of the

19   PRC’s membership that were changing, or list the PRC’s previous area of

                                              22
 1   responsibility. The Governor “does not dispute that New Mexico law supports some

 2   sort of implicit accuracy requirement,” but argues that the title does not need to

 3   “educate the voters on every detail and necessary consequence of ratifying the

 4   proposed amendment.”

 5   {37}   New Mexico appellate courts have not recognized a separately enforceable

 6   requirement of ballot title accuracy under Article XIX, Section 1. This Court in State

 7   Canvassing Board agreed “that a ballot title should be intelligible, and impartial . . .

 8   and ‘be free from any misleading tendency whether of amplification, of omission,

 9   or of fallacy.’” 1995-NMSC-001, ¶ 25 (quoting Plugge v. McCuen, 841 S.W.2d 139,

10   140 (Ark. 1992), overruled on other grounds by Bailey v. McCuen, 884 S.W.2d 938,

11   942 (Ark. 1994)). However, the State Canvassing Board Court spoke of this

12   requirement only in the context of its holding on the single-measure rule, explaining

13   that “the title of the amendment, while technically proper, exacerbated the problems

14   inherent in the vice of logrolling.” 1995-NMSC-001, ¶ 26. Petitioners have not given

15   us sufficient reasons for departing from that approach. Thus, we consider only

16   whether Amendment 1’s ballot language was misleading insofar as it is pertinent to

17   our ruling on Petitioners’ logrolling claim.

18   {38}   In submitting an amendment to electors for ratification, voters must be

19   provided with such information about the amendment as to allow the voters “to make

                                               23
 1   an intelligent choice, fully aware of the consequences of their vote.” 16 Am. Jur. 2d

 2   Const. Law § 38 (2009); see also Bailey, 884 S.W.2d at 942 (“[A] ballot title must

 3   be intelligible, honest, and impartial so that it informs the voters with such clarity

 4   that they can cast their ballots with a fair understanding of the issues presented.”);

 5   Kahalekai v. Doi, 590 P.2d 543, 552-53 (Haw. 1979) (requiring a ballot to be in

 6   “such form and language as not to deceive or mislead the public”); Dacus v. Parker,

 7   466 S.W.3d 820, 825-26 (Tex. 2015) (“[T]he ballot must identify the measure by its

 8   chief features, showing its character and purpose.” (emphasis omitted)). A ballot title

 9   submitting a constitutional amendment to the electorate thus “cannot either ‘fly

10   under false colors’ or ‘hide the ball’ as to the amendment’s true effect.” Armstrong

11   v. Harris, 773 So. 2d 7, 16 (Fla. 2000). However, in due deference to the principle

12   of separation of powers, we agree that “the form and manner of submitting the

13   question of a constitutional amendment to the people [is to be] left to the judgment

14   and discretion of the legislature,” which judgment must not be overturned except

15   when the ballot title is “so unreasonable and misleading as to be a palpable evasion

16   of the constitutional requirement to submit the law to a popular vote.” Breza v.

17   Kiffmeyer, 723 N.W.2d 633, 636 (Minn. 2006) (internal quotation marks and citation

18   omitted).

                                               24
 1   {39}   In view of this deferential standard, we conclude that Amendment 1’s title did

 2   not mislead voters so as to “exacerbate[] the problems inherent in the vice of

 3   logrolling.” State Canvassing Bd., 1995-NMSC-001, ¶ 26. In State Canvassing

 4   Board, we explained that the wording “‘and certain games of chance’” in that

 5   amendment’s title misled voters because the wording “does not alert the voter as to

 6   the nature or scope of the second prong of the amendment regarding video gaming.”

 7   Id. In contrast, the title of Amendment 1 alerts voters as to the nature and scope of

 8   the proposed changes to Article XI, Sections 1 and 2. Amendment 1’s title specifies

 9   that the amendment provides for a PRC that will “consist of three members

10   appointed by the Governor.” 2020 Voter Guide at 6. The title also indicates that the

11   PRC will have responsibility over “public utilities” and other public service

12   companies that it “may be required to regulate.” Id. The title thus informs voters as

13   to the two main changes made by Amendment 1, both of which are germane to the

14   central purpose of reforming the PRC.

15   {40}   As Petitioners note, this language does not explicitly state that Commission

16   members were previously elected. The title also does not identify other implications

17   of the amendment, such as the fact that Commission members may not reside in

18   different state districts. The title also does not list the PRC’s previous areas of

19   constitutionally assigned responsibilities. But the Legislature’s decision to omit

                                              25
 1   these details is not unreasonable and does not render the ballot title misleading.

 2   Rather, the title accurately characterizes the chief purpose and effects of Amendment

 3   1. We deem this sufficient under the circumstances.

 4   {41}   As in Chavez, we emphasize,

 5          It is incumbent upon members of the public to educate and familiarize
 6          themselves with the contents and effect of proposed amendments
 7          before expressing themselves at the polls. This is a non-delegable
 8          responsibility which is magnified, rather than diminished, by the
 9          complexity of amendments presented to them. Where information
10          placed before the electorate is neither deceptive nor misleading, and
11          they are given sufficient time within which to familiarize themselves
12          with the contents and effect of proposed amendments, they will be
13          deemed to have cast informed ballots.

14   1988-NMSC-103, ¶ 10 (text only)4 (quoting Kahalekai, 590 P.2d at 553). The

15   electorate was given ample time to consider the changes proposed by Amendment

16   1. The electorate was also provided with accurate information about Amendment 1’s

17   potential effects in other official supplementary materials, such as the Secretary of

18   State’s 2020 Voter Guide. See 2020 Voter Guide at 6-16; see also N.M. Const. art.

19   XIX, § 1 (requiring the Secretary of State to “provide notice of the content and

20   purpose of legislatively approved constitutional amendments . . . to inform electors

            4
             The “text only” parenthetical as used herein indicates the omission of all of
     the following—internal quotation marks, ellipses, and brackets—that are present in
     the quoted source, leaving the quoted text itself otherwise unchanged.

                                              26
 1   about the amendments in the time and manner provided by law”). Finally, Petitioners

 2   have not presented any evidence suggesting that voters were misled about the nature

 3   or scope of Amendment 1. See Miller, 188 P.3d at 1124-25 (noting that the

 4   challengers to an amendment had not provided any evidence of voter

 5   misunderstanding, “[o]ther than pointing to the ballot question’s language and

 6   posing hypotheticals”). Thus, Petitioners give us no reason to doubt that the

 7   electorate cast informed votes.

 8   {42}   Accordingly, we defer to the Legislature’s judgment and discretion in fixing

 9   the title of Amendment 1. This conclusion supports our holding that the amendment

10   embraced a single measure under Article XIX, Section 1.

11   IV.    CONCLUSION

12   {43}   Petitioners have not shown that the 2020 ballot measure proposing to amend

13   the constitutional provisions governing the PRC violated the logrolling prohibition

14   in Article XIX, Section 1. In accord with our prior order, we therefore deny the

15   petition for writ of mandamus.

16   {44}   IT IS SO ORDERED.

17
18                                                MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Justice

19   WE CONCUR:

                                             27
1
2   C. SHANNON BACON, Chief Justice

3
4   DAVID K. THOMSON, Justice

5
6   JULIE J. VARGAS, Justice

7
8   BRIANA H. ZAMORA, Justice

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