Court Opinion

ID: 4639256
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-03 18:02:26.256679+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:54.753437
License: Public Domain

Filed 12/3/20 Limon v. Dept. of Corrections and Rehabilitation CA4/1
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                COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION ONE

                                         STATE OF CALIFORNIA

ALBERTO LIMON,                                                       D076479

         Plaintiff and Appellant,

         v.                                                          (Super. Ct. No. 37-2018-
                                                                     00029993-CU-OE-CTL)
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS
AND REHABILITATION,

         Defendant and Respondent.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County,
John S. Meyer, Judge. Reversed.
         Laurence F. Haines for Plaintiff and Appellant.
         Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Chris A. Knudsen, Assistant
Attorney General, Celine M. Cooper, and Elizabeth Vann, Deputy Attorneys
General, for Defendant and Respondent.
         Alberto Limon, a former correctional officer employed by the California
Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR), photographed fellow
officers, including some supervisors, sleeping on duty—some even with
pillows. After Limon reported these officers to his supervisor, Captain Jose
Badilla, a rat trap was placed on Limon’s seat; his name was scratched off his
CDCR mailbox; and supervisors forced Limon to work several days in
uniform, but without a gun and a baton to protect himself from prison
inmates.
      Displeased with CDCR’s handling of the matter, Limon appeared on a
television news program with 10 photographs of sleeping prison guards. The
associate warden called the broadcast “an embarrassment” to the CDCR and
to the unit Badilla supervises.
      CDCR reprimanded the sleeping officers with a temporary pay cut—but
terminated Limon. CDCR fired Limon for “dishonestly” stating during an
internal investigation that he reported all of the officers whose photographs
were displayed on television, whereas Badilla told investigators that Limon
had only reported three of them. In effect, Limon lost his 15-year law
enforcement career because Badilla stated that he reported too few sleeping
prison guards.
      Invoking the California Whistleblower Protection Act (the Act),

Government Code1 section 8547 et seq., Limon sued CDCR for wrongful
termination. The trial court granted CDCR’s motion for summary judgment
after determining there was “no evidence” that CDCR’s stated reason for
terminating Limon—officer dishonesty—was a pretext.
      We reverse because there is substantial evidence from which a jury
could reasonably conclude that CDCR terminated Limon to retaliate for his
reporting fellow officers sleeping on duty.

1     Undesignated statutory references are to the Government Code.

                                       2
             FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND2
      A. Limon’s Employment History
      CDCR hired Limon as a correctional officer in 2000. From
approximately 2009 to 2014, Limon worked at the Richard J. Donovan
Correctional Facility (Donovan).
      In 2010, Limon reported that some Donovan officers were stealing
inmates’ cash cards. In retaliation, Limon’s fellow officers shunned him and
he was “ ‘fearful of being killed at any moment.’ ”
      In August 2014, Limon transferred from Donovan to the State
Transportation Unit (STU). Limon’s duties included driving inmates in
CDCR buses and vans.
      B. Limon Photographs and Reports Fellow Officers Sleeping on Duty
      There are ordinarily three officers on an STU bus: the driver, an officer
in the front seat, and one in the back. On several occasions while driving,
Limon saw the officer in the front seat asleep. Limon explained:
         “I would turn around and there would be this supervisor or
         the sergeant asleep, out cold, out cold, and this is while
         we’re transporting dangerous inmates.”

      Limon reported the sleeping sergeants to Badilla, who told him to

photograph the sleeping officers.3 Between May and August 2015, Limon
used his smartphone to photograph several STU officers asleep on duty in an

2    The historical facts are stated in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party—here, Limon. (Mackey v. Trustees of California State
University (2019) 31 Cal.App.5th 640, 647, fn. 3.)

3     Badilla contends he told Limon to “refrain from taking photographs or
using an electronic device while driving.” However, on summary judgment,
the facts are stated in the light most favorable to the appellant. See
footnote 2, ante.

                                       3
STU vehicle transporting prisoners. Before taking each photograph, Limon
tried to awaken each of the officers but to no avail:
         “[Limon]: . . . I remember one of the other ones I even
         elbowed him, shoved him to wake him up. [¶] . . . [¶] I
         said, ‘Hey, you know, you’re snoring kind of. It’s too—it’s
         too much.’ It kept happening. You know, I’d tell him,
         ‘Wake up,’ and yeah, wake up. Ten minutes later, out
         again, you know.”

      Limon photographed nine officers sleeping on duty while transporting
prisoners. Limon told CDCR internal affairs investigators that he gave all of
these photographs to Badilla either by text, e-mail, or hand delivery.
      C. Retaliation Against Limon
      Limon believed that his reports to Badilla were confidential, and
Badilla acknowledged that Limon confided in him. However, soon after
Limon’s report to Badilla, fellow officers began retaliating:
         “[Limon]: . . . And the things that I would give to [Badilla],
         all of a sudden everybody knew about it, yet he was the
         only one I had given it to. How did they know about it?

         “Q: And what do you mean, an example . . . .

         “[Limon]: There was comments just being made. I was a
         rat. Comments being made about my photos.”

      Limon was shunned by fellow officers. A rat trap was placed on his bus
seat and in his work mailbox. Limon’s name was scratched off his STU
mailbox. An unofficial “ ‘Hurt Feelings Report’ ” referring to Limon as a
“ ‘whimp’ ” was placed in his STU mailbox. The document contained areas to
complete the “ ‘Whiner’s name, Date feelings were hurt and Name of the man
or woman that hurt your sensitive feelings.’ ” When Limon showed that
document to Lieutenant Pittman, the lieutenant laughed.

                                        4
      Limon’s supervisors also retaliated. For two days, Limon was forced to
work in uniform, but without a gun or a baton. Limon complained about the
harassment and retaliation to CDCR but “nothing [came] of his complaints.”
      On July 27, 2015, CDCR transferred Limon back to Donovan. Limon
went on medical leave that day and never returned to work.
      D. Limon’s Television Interview
      In early May 2016, Limon filed a lawsuit against the CDCR, Badilla,
Pittman, and others alleging whistleblower retaliation and related causes of
action in a case entitled Limon v. CDCR et al. (Super. Ct. San Diego County,
2016, No. 37-2016-00015607-CU-OE-CTL, hereafter, Limon I). Limon’s

attorney attached to the complaint several photographs of sleeping officers.4
      On May 17, 2016, a San Diego television station discovered Limon’s
lawsuit, and after contacting his attorney, the station interviewed Limon on
its news program. On television, Limon stated he had been subjected to
retaliation because he “ ‘did the right thing’ ” by reporting misconduct by
fellow officers. The program displayed nine of Limon’s photographs showing

correctional officers asleep on duty.5
      Associate Warden Joseph Williams has supervisory oversight of the
STU unit. He described Limon as “the type of employee who was always

4     According to CDCR’s attorneys, in April 2018 the trial court in Limon I
granted defendants summary judgment, in part because Limon had failed to
exhaust administrative remedies. The correctness of that judgment is not
challenged here. Limon could not have alleged wrongful termination when
he commenced Limon I because CDCR did not terminate his employment
until more than a year later.

5      The television station “pixelated” the photographs to conceal the
officers’ identity.

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early . . . polite, and willing to assist.” Williams said the news program “was
an embarrassment” to the Department and in particular to the STU.
      E. Internal Investigation of Limon
      Three days after Limon’s television appearance, Badilla authored a
memorandum stating that Limon had only brought three of the nine
photographs to his and another supervisor’s attention. As a result of
Badilla’s memorandum, in June 2016 an assistant deputy director asked
CDCR’s office of internal investigation to determine “whether [Limon] had
failed to report the officers whose pictures were displayed during” the
May 17, 2016 television interview.
      Limon told the internal affairs investigator that he provided all of the
photographs to Badilla, some even by hand delivery “to keep things
confidential and safe.”
      Badilla contradicted Limon’s account, stating that Limon had only
given one of the photographs shown on television to him, plus two others not
shown on television.
      F. CDCR Terminates Limon for Dishonesty
      In March 2017, internal affairs submitted its report to Warden Daniel
Paramo. Paramo knew nothing of the investigation until the completed
report was referred to him for disposition.
      Paramo believed Badilla’s statements that Limon had reported fewer
than all of the officers whose photographs were shown on television.
Accordingly, Paramo concluded that Limon provided “dishonest, evasive,
and/or misleading information and responses to questions posed to him in
that he claimed that prior to the termination of his assignment with the STU
in 2015, [Limon] reported to Captain Badilla that he had observed [eight]
Correctional Officers . . . sleeping on duty and had also provided Captain

                                       6
Badilla with a copy of the photographs of these officers that were displayed
during the broadcast of [Limon’s] television interview.”
      Using an “Employee Disciplinary Matrix” contained in CDCR’s
operations manual, Paramo determined that the appropriate penalty for
intentionally providing dishonest answers to an internal investigation is
termination.
      In August 2017, CDCR terminated Limon’s employment on the grounds
of (1) inexcusable neglect of duty; (2) dishonesty; (3) “[d]iscourteous
treatment” of other employees; (4) willful disobedience; and (5) “[o]ther
failure of good behavior” that “causes discredit to the appointing
authority . . . .” In its “Notice of Adverse Action” (Notice), CDCR stated that
Limon had knowingly violated CDCR policies and procedures by:
   • Initiating news media contact without prior approval;
   • Photographing officers without their prior consent;
   • Using his cellphone to “surreptitiously take photographs” of sleeping
      officers;
   • Failing to report to supervisors that STU staff were sleeping on duty;
   • Dishonestly claiming to have reported to Badilla that nine officers were
      sleeping; and
   • Inexcusably neglecting his duties by using a cellphone to photograph
      fellow STU workers sleeping on duty.
      G. Limon II and Motion for Summary Judgment
      In June 2018, Limon filed this action against CDCR alleging that his
termination “was in direct retaliation for his reporting of health and safety
violations . . . as well as his filing of a lawsuit against CDCR.”
      CDCR moved for summary judgment on the grounds that it terminated
Limon’s employment for “legitimate, non-retaliatory reasons”—specifically,

                                        7
that Limon “gave false statements to the CDCR’s Office of Internal Affairs
during an investigatory interview.” Limon’s “false statements” occurred
when he told investigators that he provided photographs to Badilla of the
nine sleeping officers shown in the television news interview.
      Opposing the motion, Limon conceded that dishonesty may warrant
termination; however, he asserted that he was truthful and CDCR’s
conclusion that he lied is “drenched in retaliatory bias.” Limon also asserted
that even if Paramo held no personal retaliatory animus, there was
“institutional animus against any correctional officer who had the audacity to
‘rock the boat’ by reporting rule violation[s] and then making them public
through lawsuits or the media.” As evidence of such motive, Limon pointed
to the charge that he had photographed officers without their prior consent,
which Limon characterized as “laughable.” Limon’s attorney asserted:
         “Presumably, [Limon] would have had to wake up each
         sleeping guard and get the guard’s permission (in writing of
         course) to photograph him and then take the photograph
         after he went back to sleep to avoid this reason for his
         termination.”

      Limon also asserted there was a triable issue that CDCR’s stated
reasons for terminating his employment were pretextual, designed to cover
up Badilla’s own mismanagement:
         “Captain Badilla’s [STU] was under immediate fire because
         he had allowed a lax operation wherein highly compensated
         state employees tasked with transporting dangerous
         criminals, routinely brought their pillows to work so they
         could sleep on the job.

         “Captain Badilla individually was exposed for having
         received numerous photographs and verbal reports of
         sleeping employees and then failed to follow up, a violation
         of CDCR policy. The truth is that if the [internal affairs]
         investigation tasked with investigating [Limon] had

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         concluded that [Limon] was telling the truth and Captain
         Badilla was lying, then Captain Badilla might very well be
         the one without the job. Captain Badilla had every
         incentive in the world to lie, whereas [Limon] did not.”

      H. The Court Grants Summary Judgment
      The court granted CDCR summary judgment, determining that CDCR
“had legitimate non-retaliatory reasons for [Limon’s] termination.” The court
ruled there was “no evidence” that CDCR terminated Limon “in retaliation
for any whistleblowing acts” and no evidence “showing that the stated reason
was untrue or pretextual.”
                                 DISCUSSION
    THE COURT ERRONEOUSLY GRANTED SUMMARY JUDGMENT
      BECAUSE THERE IS A TRIABLE ISSUE OF RETALIATION

      A. The Act
      The Act prohibits retaliation against state employees who “report
waste, fraud, abuse of authority, violation of law, or threat to public health.”
(§ 8547.1.) A protected disclosure under the Act is “ ‘a good faith
communication, including a communication based on, or when carrying out,
job duties, that discloses or demonstrates an intention to disclose information
that may evidence (1) an improper governmental activity, or (2) a condition
that may significantly threaten the health or safety of employees or the
public if the disclosure or intention to disclose was made for the purpose of
remedying that condition.’ ” (Levi v. Regents of University of California
(2017) 15 Cal.App.5th 892, 902.)
      B. Summary Judgment Shifting Burdens in a Retaliation Case
      When an employer seeks summary judgment on a retaliation claim, the
employer “ ‘has the initial burden to present admissible evidence showing
either that one or more elements of plaintiff’s prima facie case is lacking or

                                        9
that the adverse employment action was based upon legitimate,
[nonretaliatory] factors.’ ” (Serri v. Santa Clara University (2014)
226 Cal.App.4th 830, 861.)
      “ ‘If the employer meets its initial burden, the burden shifts to the
employee to “demonstrate a triable issue by producing substantial evidence
that the employer’s stated reasons were untrue or pretextual, or that the
employer acted with a [retaliatory] animus . . . .” ’ ” (Ortiz v. Dameron
Hospital Assn. (2019) 37 Cal.App.5th 568, 577-578.)
      The central issue is whether the evidence as a whole supports a
reasoned inference that the challenged action was the product of retaliatory
animus. (Light v. Department of Parks & Recreation (2017) 14 Cal.App.5th
75, 94 (Light).) “ ‘[T]he inference must be a reasonable conclusion from the
evidence and cannot be based upon suspicion, imagination, speculation,
surmise, conjecture or guesswork.’ ” (McRae v. Department of Corrections &
Rehabilitation (2006) 142 Cal.App.4th 377, 389.)
      C. The Standard of Review
      Our review is de novo. (Hedayatzadeh v. City of Del Mar (2020)
44 Cal.App.5th 555, 561.) We view the evidence in the light most favorable to
Limon as the losing party, and resolve any ambiguities in his favor. (Wiener
v. Southcoast Childcare Centers, Inc. (2004) 32 Cal.4th 1138, 1142.)
      D. There is a Triable Issue of Retaliation
      Limon does not dispute that dishonesty by a police officer is a “facially
valid” reason for termination. Accordingly, the correctness of the judgment
turns on whether there is substantial evidence from which a jury could find
either that the stated reason was pretextual or the circumstances “ ‘ “as a
whole support[] a reasoned inference that the challenged action was the
product of . . . retaliatory animus.” ’ ” (Light, supra, 14 Cal.App.5th at p. 94.)

                                        10
      “In responding to an employer’s showing of a legitimate reason for the
complained-of action, a plaintiff cannot show merely that the employer’s
decision was wrong, mistaken, or unwise. [Citation.] Rather, the employee
must demonstrate such weaknesses, implausibilities, inconsistencies,
incoherencies, or contradictions in the employer’s proffered legitimate
reasons for its action that a reasonable fact finder could rationally find them
unworthy of credence, and hence infer that the employer did not act for a
nondiscriminatory reason.” (Hawkins v. City of Los Angeles (2019)
40 Cal.App.5th 384, 395.)
      There is sufficient evidence to create a triable issue that CDCR’s
proffered reason for firing Limon was pretextual. The important backdrop of
the case, which would be relevant to the jury’s evaluation of the proffered
reason for dismissal, is what CDCR’s Operations Manual calls the “code of
silence”—an unwritten rule that an officer does not report wrongdoing by

fellow officers, and an officer who does will be subjected to retaliation.6
      Limon claimed he had already experienced such retaliation at
Donovan. After reporting that fellow officers were stealing cash cards from
inmates, he was shunned by other officers and “ ‘fearful of being killed at any
moment.’ ” And again, soon after reporting that officers were sleeping on
duty, Limon’s fellow CDCR officers—including supervisors—retaliated by
placing a rat trap on Limon’s seat, crossing out his name on his work
mailbox, drafting a “ ‘Hurt Feelings Report’ ” naming him as complainant
(about which a lieutenant laughed in Limon’s presence), and most
significantly—forcing Limon to work for two days in uniform, but without a

6      See Parrish v. Solis (N.D. Cal. 2014) 2014 U.S. Dist. Lexis 158914 at
*29 [noting that the “CDCR’s own documents described the ‘Code of Silence’
as a ‘conspiracy among staff to . . . retaliate against those employees who
report wrongdoing’ ”].)

                                       11
gun or baton to defend himself. Based on this evidence, Limon could
reasonably argue that the message sent is that officers who report
misconduct will be ostracized and made to fear for their own safety.
      Despite this evidence, the superior court determined there was “no
evidence of any ‘institutional animus’ ” toward Limon. However, the evidence
of retaliation summarized above supports a finding that CDCR officers and
supervisors had a practice of retaliating against a whistleblower. The same
evidence would also be sufficient to show that CDCR had failed to adequately
train its officers not to retaliate against whistleblowers and/or that CDCR
had failed to discipline those officers who retaliated against whistleblowers.
      Moreover, in determining there was “no evidence of any ‘animus,’ ” the
superior court also overlooked that Badilla was already a named defendant in
Limon I when Badilla drafted his memorandum that ultimately led to the
internal investigation. That would give Badilla a motive to retaliate against
Limon and exonerate himself from any responsibility for the officers’ sleeping
on duty. By claiming that Limon never gave him the photographs shown on
television, Badilla could accomplish both of these objectives.
      Further, Badilla “had the managerial responsibilities” for overseeing
the STU. Limon publicly embarrassed Badilla on television and brought
Badilla’s own management failure into sharp focus by showing that sleeping
in Badilla’s unit was so accepted and institutionalized, some officers even
brought pillows to work.
      Further, the evidence is reasonably susceptible of an inference that
within 72 hours of that public embarrassment, Badilla retaliated against
Limon by writing a memorandum that accused Limon of lying—setting up
Limon for being terminated for dishonesty. Badilla was not only a moving
force for the internal investigation that lead to Limon’s termination, but also

                                       12
the chief witness against him. This evidence could support an inference of
pretext or retaliation.
      Additionally, there is substantial evidence that Badilla intentionally
disclosed Limon’s confidential communications to other officers, knowing and
intending retaliation to result. Soon after Limon reported the sleeping
guards to Badilla, STU officers retaliated against Limon, shunning him and
calling him a “rat.” As Limon explained to investigators, only he and Badilla
knew about the photographs. If other officers knew too, it could be only
because Badilla told them. In light of past acts of retaliation against Limon
at Donovan, a jury could reasonably conclude that Badilla intentionally
betrayed Limon’s confidence, knowing and intending that retaliation result.
      Defending the summary judgment, CDCR asserts that Paramo alone
determined to fire Limon, and Paramo based his decision on the internal
investigation report and objective criteria in the disciplinary matrix. CDCR
insists, therefore, that Paramo could not have had any animus against Limon
and decided to terminate Limon “independent of Captain Badilla . . . .”
      However, Paramo had no personal knowledge of any relevant facts—he
based his decision entirely on the contents of the internal affairs report.
Paramo determined that Limon lied to investigators because Badilla “when
interviewed, reported that Mr. Limon had only ever reported three
officers . . . .” Far from being “independent” of Badilla, Paramo’s decision to
terminate Limon was substantially, if not entirely, based on Badilla’s
statements to internal affairs that portrayed Limon as a liar.
      To defeat the summary judgment motion, it was not necessary that
Limon demonstrate that Paramo himself had retaliatory animus. Rather,
showing that Badilla—a significant participant in the termination—exhibited
retaliatory animus is enough to raise an inference that the employment

                                       13
decision itself was in retaliation for Limon’s whistleblowing. The leading
case for this approach is a decision authored by Judge Posner, Shager v.
Upjohn Co. (7th Cir. 1990) 913 F.2d 398. The Shager plaintiff, a fifty-year-
old salesperson, claimed that he was fired because his supervisor was hostile
to older workers. The supervisor did not personally fire the plaintiff; rather,
a committee, unbiased and unaware of the supervisor’s prejudice, fired the
plaintiff on the supervisor’s recommendation. In analyzing whether the
supervisor’s motives could be imputed to the employer, the Court of Appeals
looked to whether “the committee’s decision to fire [the plaintiff] was tainted
by [the supervisor’s] prejudice.” (Id. at p. 405). The record established that
the supervisor “not only set up [the plaintiff] to fail by assigning him an
unpromising [sales] territory but influenced the committee’s deliberations by
portraying [the plaintiff’s] performance to the committee in the worst possible
light.” (Ibid.) Because the committee “acted as the conduit of [the
supervisor’s] prejudice,” his prejudice could be imputed to the employer for
liability purposes. (Ibid.) The Shager court colorfully stated that in
effectuating the supervisor’s wrongful intent, the committee had acted as the
“cat’s paw.” (Ibid.)
      California courts apply this same principle of imputed intent. After
noting that all but one federal circuit had either adopted or approvingly
referred to this doctrine, the appellate court in Reeves v. Safeway Stores, Inc.
(2004) 121 Cal.App.4th 95 (Reeves) stated, “We have no doubt that California
law will follow the overwhelming weight of federal authority and hold
employers responsible where discriminatory or retaliatory actions by
supervisory personnel bring about adverse employment actions through the
instrumentality or conduit of other corporate actors who may be entirely
innocent of discriminatory or retaliatory animus.” (Id. at p. 116; see also

                                       14
DeJung v. Superior Court (2008) 169 Cal.App.4th 533, 551 (DeJung)
[“showing that a significant participant in an employment decision exhibited
discriminatory animus is enough to raise an inference that the employment
decision itself was discriminatory, even absent evidence that others in the

process harbored such animus”].)7
      CDCR does not contend the cat’s paw doctrine is not a part of
California law; rather, CDCR asserts the doctrine “has no applicability to this
case” because “there was no evidence that Captain Badilla was motivated by
retaliatory animus . . . .” However, as discussed ante, the evidence submitted
on summary judgment creates a triable issue that Badilla was so motivated.
      Moreover, the underlying facts in Reeves, supra, 121 Cal.App.4th 95 are
indistinguishable from the operative facts here. Reeves was a grocery store
employee who complained to his store manager that fellow workers were
sexually harassing female employees. (Id. at p. 100.) The store manager
“seemed resentful and sought to ‘trivialize’ the complaints.” (Ibid.) A store
manager sarcastically referred to Reeves as “ ‘Mr. Sexual Harassment.’ ” (Id.
at p. 101.) Reeves was later accused of pushing a female coworker so he could
reenter the store after business hours (his shift had just ended and he told
the employee blocking his admittance that he urgently needed to use the
bathroom). (Id. at pp. 101-102.) The store manager referred the pushing
incident to store security for an investigation, knowing that all his prior
referrals to security had resulted in terminations. (Id. at pp. 117-118.)
Security conducted its investigation and recommended Reeves’s termination
to a district manager who was otherwise uninvolved in the incident or

7     CDCR complains that Limon failed to raise the cat’s paw theory in the
superior court. However, although Limon did not use the phrase “cat’s paw,”
he adequately raised the issue by arguing that even if Paramo held no
personal retaliatory animus, there was actionable “institutional animus.”

                                       15
investigation. (Id. at p. 104.) The district manager terminated Reeves based
on a conversation with the investigator. (Id. at pp. 104-105.) Reeves sued for
retaliation, alleging he was terminated for complaining about sexual
harassment of his female coworkers. (Id. at p. 105.) The trial court granted
summary judgment for the employer, but the Court of Appeal reversed,
explaining that although the district manager was unbiased, Reeves had
presented sufficient evidence from which a jury could infer the store
manager—who initiated and participated in the investigation—was
motivated by retaliatory animus. (Id. at pp. 108-109.)
      Similarly here, although there is no evidence that Paramo himself had
a retaliatory intent, Limon presented substantial evidence from which a jury
could infer that Badilla, an employee in a supervisory capacity, was the
driving force of the internal investigation, provided the chief evidence against
Limon in that investigation, and did so to retaliate.
      CDCR also contends that the cat’s paw theory should not apply because
Paramo “did not simply accept Captain Badilla’s version of events.” Rather,
Paramo also considered the absence of evidence that could corroborate
Limon’s version of events. However, the issue on appeal from the summary
judgment is not whether Paramo had a reasonable basis for believing Badilla
and disbelieving Limon. Rather, the pertinent question is whether there is
substantial evidence that supervisory personnel steered the investigation to
put Limon in the worst possible light.
      Additionally, an inference that an employer’s stated reason for an
adverse employment decision is merely a pretext may arise where the
employer has given implausible justifications for its action. (Reeves v. MV
Transportation, Inc. (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 666, 677.) Although CDCR
maintains on appeal that it terminated Limon only for his dishonesty, the

                                         16
Notice includes several other grounds including “[d]iscourteous treatment” of
fellow officers and “[i]nexcusable neglect of duty.”
      The charge of “[d]iscourteous treatment” apparently stems from the
fact that Limon photographed sleeping officers without their prior consent.
This justification for terminating Limon borders on the absurd. A CDCR
policy prohibiting photographing employees could not have been intended to
prohibit documenting serious dereliction of duty.
      The Notice also states that Limon “needlessly jeopardized the safety
and security” of his fellow officers, inmate passengers, and public by taking
photographs while operating a state vehicle and “senselessly subjected CDCR
to potential liability for [his] actions.” This purported ground for termination
is also troubling. Limon took several of the photographs from a parked
vehicle. The background in some of the photographs was sharp and clear,
indicating a “still shot.” And even with respect to the few photographs taken
in a moving vehicle, CDCR does not and cannot explain how photographing
prison guards sleeping aboard a bus transporting dangerous felons is a
“senseless[]” act warranting the whistleblower’s termination.
      In sum, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Limon,
there is a triable issue of material fact as to whether CDCR’s stated reason
for Limon’s termination is pretextual or the product of retaliatory animus.

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                              DISPOSITION
     The judgment is reversed. Limon is entitled to costs on appeal.

                                                            GUERRERO, J.

WE CONCUR:

HALLER, Acting P. J.

AARON, J.

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