Court Opinion

ID: 4639108
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-03 01:00:16.129707+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:53.653747
License: Public Domain

Case: 19-30631    Document: 00515658628      Page: 1    Date Filed: 12/02/2020

          United States Court of Appeals
               for the Fifth Circuit                       United States Court of Appeals
                                                                    Fifth Circuit

                                                                  FILED
                                                          December 2, 2020
                              No. 19-30631                   Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                  Clerk

   In re: Taxotere (Docetaxel) Products Liability
   Litigation

   ______________________________

   Julie Clark,

                                                       Plaintiff—Appellant,

                                 versus

   Sanofi-Aventis, U.S., L.L.C.; Sanofi U.S. Services,
   Incorporated, formerly known as Sanofi-Aventis U.S.,
   Incorporated

                                                   Defendants—Appellees,
   ______________________________

   Renee Jeffers,

                                                       Plaintiff—Appellant,

                                 versus

   Sanofi-Aventis, U.S., L.L.C.; Sanofi U.S. Services,
   Incorporated, formerly known as Sanofi-Aventis U.S.,
   Incorporated,
                                             Defendants—Appellees,
Case: 19-30631   Document: 00515658628   Page: 2    Date Filed: 12/02/2020

   ______________________________

   Carriene Nevin,

                                                   Plaintiff—Appellant,

                                versus

   Sanofi-Aventis, U.S., L.L.C.; Sanofi U.S. Services,
   Incorporated, formerly known as Sanofi-Aventis U.S.,
   Incorporated; Accord Healthcare, Incorporated;
   Hospira, Incorporated; Hospira Worldwide, L.L.C.,
   formerly known as Hospira Worldwide, Incorporated;
   McKesson Corporation, formerly known as McKesson
   Packaging; Sandoz, Incorporated; Sun Pharma Global
   FZE; Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Incorporated,
   formerly known as Caraco Pharmaceutical Laboratories,
   Limited; Pfizer, Incorporated; Actavis Pharma,
   Incorporated; Actavis, L.L.C., formerly known as Actavis,
   Incorporated,

                                               Defendants—Appellees,
   ______________________________

   Deborah Purnell,

                                                   Plaintiff—Appellant,

                                versus

   Sandoz, Incorporated,

                                                   Defendant—Appellee.

                                  2
Case: 19-30631     Document: 00515658628           Page: 3   Date Filed: 12/02/2020

                                    No. 19-30631

                  Appeals from the United States District Court
                      for the Eastern District of Louisiana
                   USDC Nos. 2:16-MD-2740, 2:18-CV-7024

   Before Clement, Ho, and Duncan, Circuit Judges.
   Per Curiam:*
          Julie Clark, Renee Jeffers, Carriene Nevin, and Deborah Purnell
   (collectively, “plaintiffs”) sued defendants alleging they suffered permanent
   hair loss as a result of taking defendants’ prescription chemotherapy drugs.
   The district court dismissed their suits for failure to comply with case
   management orders and denied their motions to reconsider. Clark, Jeffers,
   and Purnell appeal only the denial of their motions, while Nevin appeals both
   the dismissal of her suit and the denial of her motion. We AFFIRM.
                                         I.
          Plaintiffs’ appeal arises out of multidistrict litigation pending in the
   Eastern District of Louisiana. Defendants manufacture, sell, distribute, or
   hold regulatory approval for certain prescription chemotherapy medications
   that are commonly used to treat breast cancer patients, specifically Taxotere,
   the brand-name drug, and/or docetaxel, the generic. Plaintiffs claim that
   defendants knew these drugs cause permanent hair loss and failed to warn
   patients of that side effect. In October 2016, the Judicial Panel on
   Multidistrict Litigation centralized numerous actions involving these claims
   and transferred them to the Eastern District of Louisiana. In re Taxotere

          *
            Pursuant to 5th Circuit Rule 47.5, the court has determined that this
   opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited
   circumstances set forth in 5th Circuit Rule 47.5.4.

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                                        No. 19-30631

   (Docetaxel) Prods. Liab. Litig., 220 F. Supp. 3d 1360, 1361 (J.P.M.L. 2016).
   More than 12,000 actions were pending in this MDL as of October 2020.1
           After transfer to the Eastern District, the district court issued a series
   of pretrial orders to manage filing of claims and discovery. As relevant here,
   Amended Pretrial Order (“PTO”) No. 22 directed each plaintiff to complete
   and serve upon defendants a Plaintiff Fact Sheet (“PFS”) and medical
   release authorizations within seventy-five days of the date her case was
   docketed in the MDL. Among other things, the PFS asked each plaintiff to
   identify which drug she had been prescribed, provide records demonstrating
   her use of the drug, and provide proof of her alleged hair loss in the form of
   medical records or dated photographs. Each plaintiff was also required to sign
   a declaration attesting that the information provided in the PFS was true and
   correct. Amended PTO 22 provided that the PFS responses would be treated
   as answers to interrogatories and production requests under the Federal
   Rules of Civil Procedure.
           If a plaintiff failed to timely submit a complete and verified PFS,
   signed and dated authorizations, and/or all responsive documents requested
   in the PFS, defendants were directed to file a notice of deficiency on MDL
   Centrality, an electronic database. The notice triggered a thirty-day period to
   cure the deficiency. A plaintiff’s failure to cure within the thirty-day period
   permitted defendants to serve a notice of non-compliance on plaintiffs’
   liaison counsel.2 If a plaintiff remained in non-compliance after this additional

           1
             Pending MDLs By Actions Pending as of October 15, 2020,
   https://www.jpml.uscourts.gov/sites/jpml/files/Pending_MDL_Dockets_By_Actions_
   Pending-October-15-2020.pdf.
           2
             The district court appointed liaison counsel for plaintiffs and defendants and
   charged them with receiving orders and notices from the Court and transmitting them to
   counsel for individual parties.

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                                        No. 19-30631

   thirty-day period, defendants could add the plaintiff’s name and case number
   to the “call docket” no later than fourteen days before the next status
   conference and show cause hearing. The district court warned that any
   plaintiff who failed to appear at the call docket and establish good cause for
   any remaining deficiencies could have her case dismissed with prejudice or
   be subject to other appropriate relief.
                                             A.
          Julie Clark filed her individual short form complaint on July 26, 2018.
   Thus, her PFS, authorizations, and other responsive documents were due by
   October 9, 2018. On November 20, 2018, defendants listed her case in a
   notice of non-compliance, specifically identifying her failure to provide a
   PFS.3 When Clark failed to provide a PFS within thirty days, defendants
   provided Clark with notice that her case was subject to dismissal at the next
   show cause hearing.
          Clark did not file a PFS prior to the January 18, 2019, show cause
   hearing, but she retained new counsel who was present at the hearing. Clark’s
   previous counsel informed the court at the hearing that he had agreed to a
   substitution and that new counsel had yet to file a motion to substitute
   counsel, but he also stated that new counsel was “aware of the pending
   status,” and he “believed they were handling it.” Although new counsel did
   not identify himself, the court granted a fifteen-day extension to file the PFS.
   New counsel then filed a motion for substitution of counsel on January 21,
   2019, which the court granted a day later.

          3
             Defendants refer to two groups, the “Sanofi Defendants” and the “505(b)(2)
   Defendants,” but because the distinction does not affect our analysis here, we refer to
   actions taken by either group as conduct by “defendants.”

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                                     No. 19-30631

          Two months passed without Clark filing a PFS. Accordingly, the court
   dismissed Clark’s case with prejudice on April 23, 2019, based on her failure
   to submit a PFS within the extended deadline. On May 3, 2019, Clark
   submitted a PFS through MDL Centrality.
          Clark then filed a motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e)
   or, in the alternative, Rule 60(b). Clark claimed in her motion that her new
   law firm had not received proper notification of a deficiency and that it would
   otherwise have timely filed Clark’s PFS, which it said it had in its possession
   prior to the January 18, 2019, hearing. The district court denied Clark’s
   motion, finding that “counsel had ample time before the April 23, 2019 order
   dismissing Clark’s case to apprise themselves of the status of her case and to
   file her PFS.” Clark appealed.
                                         B.
          Renee Jeffers filed suit on December 4, 2017, so her PFS,
   authorizations, and other responsive documents were due by February 17,
   2018. Jeffers filed a PFS in early February 2018 and a subsequent amended
   PFS. Jeffers did not file a declaration with either submission. Defendants
   issued a deficiency notice on August 8, 2018, that identified more than 160
   deficiencies in Jeffers’s amended PFS, including her failure to submit a
   declaration. Defendants then listed Jeffers on a November 20, 2018, notice
   of non-compliance, specifically identifying the absence of her declaration.
          When Jeffers failed to cure the declaration deficiency, defendants
   provided notice that her case would be called at the January 18, 2019, show
   cause hearing. Jeffers’s counsel told the district court at the hearing that her
   declaration had been submitted the previous day, and the district court
   granted her a fifteen-day extension to confirm her compliance. Jeffers now
   concedes her counsel’s statement was incorrect.

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                                    No. 19-30631

          Upon defendants’ notification that Jeffers had not complied two
   months later, the district court dismissed her suit on April 23, 2019, for
   failure to timely comply with her obligations. Seven days later, Jeffers
   submitted a signed declaration to MDL Centrality. She then filed a motion to
   reconsider dismissal under Rule 59(e) or Rule 60(b). In her motion, she
   attributed the failure to upload a declaration previously to “Centrality . . .
   having issues with uploading documents.” The district court denied her
   motion, finding that Jeffers had failed to identify any changes in the law, new
   evidence, or manifest errors warranting reversal of her dismissal. Jeffers
   appealed the district court’s order.
                                          C.
          Carriene Nevin filed her short form complaint on February 15, 2018,
   so her PFS and other documents were due by May 1, 2018. Between October
   11 and 31, 2018, Nevin submitted a PFS and certain documents, including
   three pages copied from a handwritten calendar that stated “Taxotere” on
   certain days and that were offered as evidence of her use of Taxotere.
   Defendants issued an initial deficiency notice to Nevin on December 4, 2018,
   followed by a February 1, 2019, notice of non-compliance; both identified her
   failure to submit sufficient proof-of-use evidence or injury photographs
   showing her hair before chemotherapy. When Nevin failed to cure these
   deficiencies, defendants filed a notice of non-compliance on March 20, 2019,
   requesting dismissal of her case at the April 4, 2019, show cause hearing.
          At the show cause hearing, Nevin argued that whether the calendar
   pages were sufficient proof-of-use documents was a “question of fact,” and
   Nevin’s counsel stated that it had been necessary to reorder Nevin’s medical
   records on March 14, 2019, apparently because the first facility she identified
   was incorrect. The Court rejected the “question of fact” argument but
   granted Nevin an additional thirty days to locate proof-of-use medical

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                                     No. 19-30631

   records. Although Nevin appears to have provided a pre-chemotherapy
   photo a few days before the show cause hearing, she did not upload any proof-
   of-use medical records. As a result, defendants requested dismissal of her
   case on May 9, 2019. The same day, Nevin submitted a “plan of care” to
   MDL Centrality. Nevertheless, the district court dismissed her case with
   prejudice.
          Nevin then filed a motion for reconsideration under Rule 59(e) or
   alternatively 60(b), attaching the “plan of care” and arguing her delay was
   excusable since the proof-of-use information was “not controlled by [her] or
   her counsel.” The district court denied her motion, reasoning that the facts
   supported dismissal and that plaintiff failed to point to any change in the law,
   new evidence, or manifest errors justifying reversal of her case’s dismissal.
   Nevin initially appealed only the denial of her motion to reopen, but the
   district court granted her subsequent motion to file an amended notice of
   appeal, which she argued was necessary to correct her counsel’s mistaken
   failure to appeal the dismissal order.
                                            D.
          Deborah Purnell filed her short form complaint on February 9, 2018,
   so her PFS and other responsive documents were due by April 25, 2018.
   When she failed to meet this deadline, defendants issued a notice of non-
   compliance on August 27, 2018, identifying her case. Upon her continued
   non-compliance, defendants asked for her case to be dismissed at the
   November 15, 2018, show cause hearing.
          At the show cause hearing, Purnell’s counsel asked the court for an
   extension to decide whether to file a PFS because Purnell had died. The court
   granted a thirty-day extension, but Purnell’s counsel did not submit a PFS
   within that time. The day after the show cause hearing, Purnell’s counsel
   submitted a declaration to MDL Centrality but no other documents.

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                                           No. 19-30631

           Upon notice of Purnell’s continued deficiency, the district court
   dismissed her suit on December 27, 2018. On May 9, 2019, Purnell submitted
   a PFS. A month later, she filed a motion to reopen her case under Rule 60(b),
   explaining that her attorney incorrectly stated she was dead and asserting that
   she mailed her PFS to her counsel prior to the hearing. The district court
   denied her motion, finding that she had “ample time to file her PFS and failed
   to do so until after her case was dismissed—more than ten months after she
   filed her suit.” Purnell’s counsel’s mistakes did not “justify relief under Rule
   60(b),” the district court found. Purnell appealed the court’s denial.
                                                II.
           We first consider Nevin’s challenge to the dismissal order. “We
   review matters concerning docket management for an abuse of discretion,”
   including dismissal with prejudice as a sanction for failure to comply with
   court orders.4 In re Deepwater Horizon, 907 F.3d 232, 234–235 (5th Cir. 2018)

           4
              Defendants argue plaintiffs have forfeited any challenges to the procedures
   employed by the district court for dismissing cases with prejudice for failure to comply with
   the court’s orders. As a result, they contend, we should affirm the district court’s order
   dismissing Nevin and its denial of plaintiffs’ motions to reopen without considering the
   merits, or alternatively, we should review the district court’s management process for plain
   error.
            Defendants in an appeal from the same MDL advanced similar arguments, which
   we rejected. In re Taxotere (Docetaxel) Products Liab. Lit. (Kuykendall), 966 F.3d 351, 356 n.4
   (5th Cir. 2020). First, we noted the plaintiff, Kuykendall, “preserved her objection to the
   dismissal of her case when she appeared at the district court’s show-cause hearing and filed
   a letter challenging the defendants’ request for dismissal.” Id. Similarly, here, Nevin
   appeared at the show cause hearing and asked for an extension of time to comply, thus
   preserving her objection. Cf. Law Funder, L.L.C. v. Munoz, 924 F.3d 753, 758–59 (5th Cir.
   2019) (finding argument forfeited where the dismissed party “fail[ed] to oppose
   [plaintiff’s] motion to sanction”). Kuykendall also argued, like plaintiffs here, that the
   court applied the wrong test; we reasoned that although Kuykendall “did not make this
   argument to the district court, it is unclear when she could have done so,” given the district
   court’s ability to issue sanctions without articulating a specific legal test. Kuykendall, 966
   F.3d at 356 n.4. And we stated that we had reviewed “the entirety of a plaintiff’s challenge

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                                          No. 19-30631

   (per curiam); see also In re Taxotere (Docetaxel) Products Liab. Lit.
   (Kuykendall), 966 F.3d 351, 356 (5th Cir. 2020). In general, “[a] trial court
   abuses its discretion when its ruling is based on an erroneous view of the law
   or a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence.” Deepwater Horizon, 907
   F.3d at 234 (quoting Elementis Chromium L.P. v. Coastal States Petroleum Co.,
   450 F.3d 607, 610 (5th Cir. 2006)). However, because of the severity of
   dismissal with prejudice as a sanction, we have “limited the district court’s
   discretion” in that context. Kuykendall, 966 F.3d at 357 (quoting Berry v.
   CIGNA/RSI-CIGNA, 975 F.2d 1188, 1191 (5th Cir. 1992)).
           Nevin’s challenge to the dismissal of her suit presents two issues:
   (1) which of two legal standards applies to dismissal as a sanction in the MDL
   context, and (2) whether the district court correctly applied the relevant
   standard in her case.5 Our recent opinion in a separate appeal from the
   Taxotere MDL controls the first issue and provides substantial guidance on
   the second. See Kuykendall, 966 F.3d at 358–59.
                                               A.
           Plaintiffs’ first and principal argument on appeal is that the district
   court should have made specific findings under the fact-intensive, six-factor
   test for dismissal with prejudice articulated in Law Funder, L.L.C. v. Munoz,
   924 F.3d 753, 758–59 (5th Cir. 2019). Defendants, by contrast, assert that the
   two-factor test employed in Deepwater Horizon is appropriate in the special

   to a dismissal for an abuse of discretion, including the determination of the appropriate
   legal standard,” in similar cases. Id. The same reasoning supports the application of an
   abuse of discretion standard here. Finally, we noted that Kuykendall’s challenge to her
   dismissal “fail[ed] under any standard of review,” id., and the same is true of Nevin’s.
           5
             Although plaintiffs could be mistaken for challenging the merits of the district
   court’s dismissal of Clark, Jeffers, and Purnell, as well as of Nevin, plaintiffs admit that
   only Nevin appealed the merits of the district court’s dismissal order.

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                                     No. 19-30631

   context of multidistrict litigation. Thus, they contend dismissal with
   prejudice is proper where there is “a clear record of delay or contumacious
   conduct by the plaintiff” and “where lesser sanctions would not serve the
   best interests of justice.” Deepwater Horizon, 907 F.3d at 235 (quoting Sealed
   Appellant v. Sealed Appellee, 452 F.3d 415, 417 (5th Cir. 2006)).
          Our opinion in Kuykendall forecloses plaintiffs’ argument. Noting that
   “the complexity of managing an MDL necessitates a standard that gives
   district courts greater flexibility to dismiss a plaintiff for a discovery
   violation,” we held that the two-factor Deepwater Horizon test “applies to a
   district court’s dismissal with prejudice in the unique context of an MDL.”
   Kuykendall, 966 F.3d at 358. And we applied that test to the Eastern District
   of Louisiana’s dismissal with prejudice of Dorothy Kuykendall’s suit for
   failure to timely submit a PFS, despite multiple extensions of the deadline.
   Id. at 359–60. Accordingly, the two-factor test applies in Nevin’s case.
                                          B.
          Under this standard, the district court did not abuse its discretion in
   dismissing Nevin’s suit. To the extent plaintiffs argue otherwise, “[t]he
   district court was not required to make specific factual findings on each of the
   Deepwater Horizon prongs before dismissing [Nevin’s] case.” Kuykendall,
   966 F.3d at 359. Our independent review of the record confirms that both
   prongs of the test are satisfied, and thus the district court’s dismissal was not
   an abuse of discretion. See id.
                                          i.
          As to the first prong, Nevin’s conduct displays “a clear record of delay
   or contumacious conduct.” Deepwater Horizon, 907 F.3d at 235 (citation
   omitted). Nevin’s PFS was due on May 1, 2018, but she filed it almost six
   months later in October 2018. At that time, the proof-of-use evidence she
   offered was three handwritten calendar pages with “Taxotere” written on

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                                    No. 19-30631

   certain days, and she failed to include photos of her hair prior to
   chemotherapy. Although Nevin was notified of her non-compliance on
   December 4, 2018, she failed to cure her deficiencies by February 1, 2019,
   when defendants issued another notice of non-compliance. She still had not
   cured more than a month later when she received notice that her case would
   be called at the April 4, 2019, show cause hearing. Although Nevin uploaded
   a before-chemotherapy photo a few days before the hearing, she failed to
   submit the requisite proof-of-use evidence in the fifteen days prior to the
   hearing. Even when the district court granted her a thirty-day extension at
   Nevin’s request, Nevin failed to comply in time. She finally submitted
   purported proof-of-use evidence one week after the thirty-day extension had
   expired. Even assuming the new evidence fulfilled her discovery obligations,
   Nevin failed to comply with the court’s orders for more than a year.
          Nevin’s repeated delays without explanation bear significant
   resemblance to the conduct of Kuykendall, who we found “exhibited a clear
   record of delay sufficient to meet the first prong.” Kuykendall, 966 F.3d at
   360. Like Kuykendall, Nevin received “ample notice of the potential
   consequences of her failure to comply,” including the warning in PTO 22A
   that failure to comply could lead to “possible dismissal with prejudice or
   other appropriate relief.” Id. And like Kuykendall, she “did not seek
   additional extensions or provide an explanation” for her extreme delay in
   submitting her PFS and complete proof-of-injury evidence, id., and her
   counsel’s seeming justification that she initially identified the wrong
   treatment facility does not explain her one-year delay in uploading adequate
   proof-of-use evidence. Indeed, Kuykendall submitted her PFS five months
   late, as compared to Nevin’s six-month delay. Id. As we noted in
   Kuykendall’s case, “hundreds of other plaintiffs complied with the court’s
   orders, ‘demonstrating it was not logistically impossible’ to do so within the

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   timeline set forth in the court’s pretrial orders.” Id. (quoting Deepwater
   Horizon, 907 F.3d at 235).
          Nevin argues that her case does not present the kind of “extreme”
   conduct that justifies dismissal. She contends that her submission of the
   calendar pages demonstrates her efforts to comply with the court’s order,
   and she says she submitted proof-of-use information on April 22, 2019, and
   again on May 9, 2019, only five days after the May 4, 2019, deadline. But the
   PFS’s requirements, the defendants’ notices of non-compliance, and the
   district court made pellucid the calendar pages’ inadequacy as proof-of-use
   documents (even if they had not been uploaded more than five months late).
   Moreover, the record on MDL Centrality that Nevin cites does not show that
   she uploaded proof-of-use documents on April 22, and, when she finally
   submitted the plan of care, she did so after the deadline, despite multiple
   notices of non-compliance and a generous extension. As in Kuykendall,
   “[b]ecause this case involves an MDL, . . . the district court was empowered
   to ‘establish [a] schedule[ ] with [a] firm cutoff date[ ].’” 966 F.3d at 360
   (alterations in original) (quoting In re Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) Prods. Liab.
   Litig., 460 F.3d 1217, 1232 (9th Cir. 2006)). Accordingly, Nevin’s conduct
   satisfies the first prong of the Deepwater Horizon test.
                                          ii.
          As to the second prong, the record also reveals that “lesser sanctions
   would not [have] serve[d] the best interests of justice.” Deepwater Horizon,
   907 F.3d at 235 (citation omitted). We have said we will not affirm a dismissal
   unless “the district court expressly considered alternative sanctions and
   determined that they would not be sufficient to prompt diligent prosecution
   or the record reveals that the district court employed lesser sanctions prior
   to dismissal (assuming that plaintiff was capable of performing them) that in
   fact proved to be futile.” Callip v. Harris Cnty. Child Welfare Dep’t, 757 F.2d

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   1513, 1521 (5th Cir. 1985) (per curiam). Lesser sanctions may include
   “[a]ssessments of fines, costs, or damages against the plaintiff or his counsel,
   attorney disciplinary measures, conditional dismissal, dismissal without
   prejudice, and explicit warnings.” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Rogers
   v. Kroger Co., 669 F.2d 317, 321 (5th Cir. 1982)). Additionally, “[p]roviding
   [a] plaintiff with a second or third chance following a procedural default is a
   ‘lenient sanction,’” which may justify dismissal if “met with further
   default.” Id. (quoting Porter v. Beaumont Enter. & J., 743 F.2d 269, 272 (5th
   Cir. 1984)).
          Although Nevin eventually corrected one of the deficiencies identified
   by defendants (albeit almost eleven months late), she “consistently failed to
   comply with the court’s initial order—to provide a complete PFS [with all
   requisite responsive documents] by the required deadline.” Kuykendall, 966
   F.3d at 360. And on top of the two notices of non-compliance she received
   from defendants months before her suit was dismissed, the court granted her
   an additional thirty-day extension, which, contrary to plaintiffs’ argument
   otherwise, qualifies as a “lenient sanction.” Callip, 757 F.2d at 1521. On this
   record, “it is ‘unclear what lesser sanctions could have been appropriate
   following the district court’s warnings and second chances,’” Kuykendall,
   966 F.3d at 360 (quoting Deepwater Horizon, 907 F.3d at 236), and plaintiffs
   do not suggest any. Moreover, “[a]ny sanction other than dismissal would
   not achieve the desired effect of [Amended] PTO [22], and would further
   delay the district court’s efforts to adjudicate the MDL expeditiously.”
   Deepwater Horizon, 907 F.3d at 236. Thus, Nevin’s conduct also satisfies the
   second prong of the Deepwater Horizon test.
          Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion in
   dismissing Nevin’s suit.

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                                        No. 19-30631

                                             III.
           Next, we turn to the plaintiffs’ appeal of the district court’s order
   denying their motions under Rules 59(e) and 60(b). We review denials of
   motions under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 59(e) and 60(b) for an abuse
   of discretion. Kuykendall, 966 F.3d at 360–61; Warfield v. Byron, 436 F.3d 551,
   555 (5th Cir. 2006). Under Rule 59(e), a party may move to “alter or amend
   a judgment” no later than twenty-eight days after the entry of judgment.
   Amending a judgment is “appropriate (1) where there has been an
   intervening change in the controlling law; (2) where the movant presents
   newly discovered evidence that was previously unavailable; or (3) to correct
   a manifest error of law or fact.” Demahy v. Schwarz Pharma, Inc., 702 F.3d
   177, 182 (5th Cir. 2012). A district court’s decision will survive a Rule 59(e)
   motion if it is “reasonable.” Midland West Corp. v. FDIC, 911 F.2d 1141, 1145
   (5th Cir. 1990). Similarly, Rule 60(b) provides that the court may “relieve a
   party . . . from a final judgment [or] order” for certain specified reasons,
   including (1) “mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect,” and
   (6) “any other reason that justifies relief.” We first consider the district
   court’s denial of the Rule 59(e) motions and then consider its denial of
   Purnell’s Rule 60(b) motion.
                                             A.
           The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Clark’s,
   Nevin’s, and Jeffers’s Rule 59(e) motions. None of these plaintiffs satisfied
   the standard for altering a judgment, failing to cite a change in the controlling
   law, present newly discovered evidence, or point to a manifest error of law or
   fact.6 See Kuykendall, 966 F.3d at 361.

           6
             Although these plaintiffs moved in the alternative under Rule 60(b), Rule 59(e)
   “is not controlled by the same exacting substantive requirements” as a motion under Rule

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                                          No. 19-30631

           Clark argued in her motion to reconsider that her counsel’s conduct,
   not her own, had caused the delay in filing her PFS that led to her dismissal.
   She also asserted that defendants would not be prejudiced by reversing the
   dismissal because she had uploaded the critical evidence “within two weeks
   of the dismissal.” Neither of these reasons provides a basis for altering the
   judgment under Rule 59(e). Clark’s case presents even more egregious facts
   than those in Kuykendall, where we found the district court did not abuse its
   discretion by denying Kuykendall’s Rule 59(e) motion. 966 F.3d at 361.
   Kuykendall uploaded a new PFS “in between the end of the deadline and the
   date of the dismissal order,” but we found “her late partial compliance with
   the court’s orders failed to change the fact that she had persistently ignored
   the previous deadlines.” Id. By contrast, Clark finally filed her PFS ten days
   after her case was dismissed, more than three months after the show cause
   hearing. Like Kuykendall, Clark was “on notice that dismissal with prejudice
   was a potential consequence of her inaction,” and the district court did not
   abuse its discretion by “refusing to reconsider its decision to issue a
   litigation-ending sanction.” Id.
           Similarly, the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying
   Jeffers’s Rule 59(e) motion. After Jeffers received an August 8, 2018,
   deficiency notice, a November 20, 2018, notice of non-compliance, a notice
   preceding the January 18, 2019, show cause hearing, and a fifteen-day
   extension granted by the court at the show cause hearing, the district court
   dismissed her suit on April 23, 2019, for failing to submit her declaration.
   Seven days later, Jeffers uploaded a signed declaration to MDL Centrality. In
   her subsequent motion to reconsider, she blamed her failure to comply on

   60(b). Lavaspere v. Niagara Mach. & Tool Works, Inc., 910 F.2d 167, 173–74 (5th Cir. 1990),
   abrogated on other grounds by Little v. Liquid Air Corp., 37 F.3d 1069 (5th Cir. 1994). Thus,
   we only consider their motions, like the district court, under Rule 59(e).

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   technical difficulties and defendants’ alleged failure to communicate
   Jeffers’s continued deficiency. Considering Jeffers’s repeated delays, despite
   multiple deficiency notices, and her knowledge of the consequences of failing
   to comply, the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding Jeffers not
   entitled to Rule 59(e) relief. See Kuykendall, 966 F.3d at 361.
          Likewise, the district court did not abuse its discretion by rejecting
   Nevin’s argument that the difficulty of obtaining her proof-of-use documents
   justified amending the judgment. Rather, as discussed supra pp. 11–14,
   Nevin’s severe delay and contumacious conduct provided ample reason for
   the court to dismiss her suit, and Nevin’s Rule 59(e) motion did not present
   a legitimate basis for reversing that decision. See Kuykendall, 966 F.3d at 361.
                                          B.
          Nor did the district court abuse its discretion by denying Purnell’s
   Rule 60(b) motion. Purnell moved for relief under Rule 60(b)(1) and (b)(6).
   “[G]ross carelessness, ignorance of the rules, or ignorance of the law are
   insufficient bases for 60(b)(1) relief.” Trevino v. City of Fort Worth, 944 F.3d
   567, 571 (5th Cir. 2019) (per curiam) (citation omitted). A party has a “duty
   of diligence to inquire about the status of [her] case.” Id. (citation omitted).
   Similarly, the bar for relief under Rule 60(b)(6) is high. Relief under this
   section is “appropriate only in an ‘extraordinary situation’ or ‘if
   extraordinary circumstances are present.’” U.S. ex rel. Garibaldi v. Orleans
   Par. Sch. Bd., 397 F.3d 334, 337 (5th Cir. 2005) (citations omitted).
          The district court dismissed Purnell’s suit on December 27, 2018, due
   to Purnell’s failure to file a PFS. Prior to the dismissal, Purnell received an
   August 27, 2018, notice of non-compliance, a notice her case would be placed
   on the call docket, and a thirty-day extension following the November 15,
   2018, show cause hearing. Yet, Purnell did not upload a PFS until May 2019,
   more than five months after her case was dismissed. The only excuse she

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                                     No. 19-30631

   offered for delay was her counsel’s mistaken belief that she was deceased, an
   oversight caused by “what appear[ed] to be a cut and paste error.”
          On this record, it would have been an abuse of discretion for the
   district court to reopen Purnell’s case under Rule 60(b)(1) “when the reason
   asserted as justifying relief is one attributable solely to counsel’s
   carelessness.” Trevino, 944 F.3d at 571 (citation omitted); cf. In re Deepwater
   Horizon (Lake Eugenie Land & Dev., Inc.), 814 F.3d 748, 752 (5th Cir. 2016)
   (per curiam) (finding claimants had not demonstrated “excusable neglect”
   under Rule 60(b)(1) where the “onus [was] on the claimant to obtain and
   provide . . . documentation,” claimants had notice of the initial eligibility
   determination, and they failed to meet the deadline). Likewise, Purnell’s
   counsel’s “cut and paste” mistake does not rise to the “extraordinary” level
   necessary to grant Rule 60(b)(6) relief. Accordingly, the district court did not
   abuse its discretion by denying her motion.
                                         IV.
          For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s orders dismissing
   Nevin’s suit and denying plaintiffs’ Rule 59(e) and 60(b) motions are
   AFFIRMED.

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