Court Opinion

ID: 4448003
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-10-18 15:00:14.285385+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:03:52.389529
License: Public Domain

16-1124
Attestor Value v. Republic of Argentina

                               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                          FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                             _______________

                                            August Term, 2016

           (Submitted: November 21, 2016                       Decided: October 18, 2019)

                                            Docket No. 16‐1124

                                             _______________

  ATTESTOR VALUE MASTER FUND, BYBROOK CAPITAL MASTER FUND LP, BYBROOK
   CAPITAL HAZLETON MASTER FUND LP, TRINITY INVESTMENTS LIMITED, WHITE
                           HAWTHORNE, LLC,

                                            Plaintiffs‐Appellants,

  ARAG‐A LIMITED, ARAG‐O LIMITED, ARAG‐T LIMITED, ARAG‐V LIMITED, MCHA
   HOLDINGS, LLC, HONERO FUND I, LLC, RED PINES LLC, SPINNAKER GLOBAL
  EMERGING MARKETS FUND LTD, SPINNAKER GLOBAL SPECIAL SITUATIONS FUND
      LP, YELLOW CRANE HOLDINGS, L.L.C., WHITE HAWTHORNE II, LLC,

                                                 Plaintiffs,

                                                   —v.—

                                          REPUBLIC OF ARGENTINA,

                                            Defendant‐Appellee.
                                            _______________
B e f o r e:

      KATZMANN, Chief Judge, WINTER, Circuit Judge, and STEIN, District Judge. 1

                                  _______________

       Appeal from a final judgment, entered on April 13, 2016, in the United
States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Griesa, J.), granting
defendant Republic of Argentina’s motion to dismiss with prejudice pursuant to
Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) and denying as moot plaintiffs’ motion for injunctive
relief and expedited discovery. The district court dismissed plaintiffs’ Amended
Complaint because plaintiffs failed to allege that they had entered into valid,
countersigned contracts with defendant. The language of the purported contracts
expressly required the defendant’s countersignature for the contracts to be
binding, but defendants never signed the contracts. We hold under this Court’s
precedents and New York state law that, when an agreement expressly requires
a party’s countersignature to be binding and the factors set out in Winston v.
Mediafare Entertainment Corp., 777 F.2d 78, 80 (2d Cir. 1985) otherwise indicate
that the parties did not intend to be bound, no valid contract exists in the absence
of a party’s countersignature.

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

Judge Winter dissents in a separate opinion.

                                  _______________

    Peter Sabin Willet (Kenneth I. Schacter, on the brief), Morgan, Lewis & Bockius
            LLP, Boston, MA and New York, NY, for Plaintiffs‐Appellants.

Carmine D. Boccuzzi, Jr., Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP, New York, NY
        (Michael A. Paskin, Daniel Slifkin, and Damaris Hernández, Cravath,
      Swaine & Moore LLP, New York, NY, on the brief), for Defendant‐Appellee.
                                 _______________

1Judge Sidney H. Stein of the United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York, sitting by designation.
                                          2
PER CURIAM:

      After more than a decade of litigation, defendant‐appellee the Republic of

Argentina (the “Republic”) sought to settle with certain holders of its defaulted

bonds. Plaintiffs‐appellants hold defaulted bonds and claim that they entered

into binding settlement agreements with the Republic. The Republic responds

that it was not bound by the purported agreements because it did not

countersign them. There is no dispute that the Republic never signed the

agreements. The question before us is whether the unexecuted agreements were

nonetheless binding.

      Our precedents and those of the New York Court of Appeals supply a

clear answer: “[I]f the parties to an agreement do not intend it to be binding upon

them until it is reduced to writing and signed by both of them, they are not

bound and may not be held liable until it has been written out and signed.”

Scheck v. Francis, 260 N.E.2d 493, 494 (N.Y. 1970). We generally look to the four

factors set out in Winston v. Mediafare Entertainment Corp., 777 F.2d 78, 80 (2d Cir.

1985), to determine whether parties intended not to be bound until the

formalities of execution were satisfied. In the present case, the first factor is most

prominent. The purported agreements between plaintiffs and the Republic

                                          3
expressly require the Republic’s countersignature before binding the parties. The

other Winston factors also indicate that the parties did not intend to be bound in

the absence of a countersigned agreement. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment

of the district court (Griesa, J.).

                                       BACKGROUND

       A. The Republic’s Settlement Proposal

       In 2001, the Republic defaulted on bonds issued pursuant to a 1994 Fiscal

Agency Agreement. The Republic’s default spawned extensive litigation. See, e.g.,

NML Capital, Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, 727 F.3d 230 (2d Cir. 2013); NML

Capital, Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, 699 F.3d 246 (2d Cir. 2012). As part of this

litigation, the district court entered pari passu injunctions barring the Republic

from making payments on certain other bonds unless it also made payments on

its defaulted bonds.

       On February 5, 2016, the Republic published a settlement proposal (the

“Proposal”) to holders of its defaulted debt. The Proposal presented two offers to

holders of defaulted bonds. Bondholders without pari passu injunctions could

receive the amount of their original principal plus 50% of that principal.

Bondholders with pari passu injunctions could receive payment of any money

                                           4
judgment or accrued claim against the Republic, less a discount of 30%; if

bondholders with pari passu injunctions settled by February 19, 2016, this

discount would be reduced to 27.5%. The Proposal states that it is “subject . . . to

the judicial decision ordering the lifting of the Pari Passu Injunctions.” Joint App.

218 (boldface omitted).

      On February 17, 2016, the Republic supplemented the initial Proposal with

three documents: a set of Instructions for Bondholders to Accept its Settlement

Proposal (the “Instructions”), a Master Settlement Agreement, and an Agreement

Schedule. The basic plan, as set forth in the Instructions, was for bondholders to

complete an Agreement Schedule specific to their holdings, including

information about their bonds and the particular amount of money to be paid.

Once executed and exchanged, this bespoke Agreement Schedule would become

part of a Master Settlement Agreement, which contained standard terms for all

bondholders. Specifically, the Instructions state as follows:

      Holders may become a party to a Settlement Agreement by executing
      and exchanging with the Republic a completed Agreement Schedule
      . . . . The holder must complete, sign and send the Agreement
      Schedule to the Republic . . . . That Agreement Schedule, when
      countersigned by the Republic, shall constitute a binding agreement
      between the parties to settle all claims in respect of the bonds on the
      terms contained in the Master Settlement Agreement.

Joint App. 90–91.

                                          5
      The language of the Master Settlement Agreement and Agreement

Schedule confirms the plan set out in the Instructions. The Master Settlement

Agreement contains standard provisions applicable to all settling bondholders,

including a provision that New York state law governs the agreement. The

Master Settlement Agreement also states:

      This Master Settlement Agreement . . . is made, in accordance with
      the terms of the Proposal . . . , between [the Republic] and the Holder
      identified in item (i) of the Agreement Schedule signed by the parties
      in connection with this Agreement (such Agreement Schedule, when
      executed and exchanged by the Republic and the Holder, being an
      integral part of this Settlement Agreement).

Joint App. 92. The Agreement Schedule contains blanks for bondholders to

provide personal information and various details about their bonds. It also

contains a blank for the monetary settlement amount above a statement that

“[t]his Settlement Amount has been reconciled between the Republic and the

Holder.” Joint App. 97–98. The signature page of the Agreement Schedule states

in its entirety: “By executing counterparts of this Agreement Schedule in the

space provided below and exchanging those counterparts, the parties agree to be

bound by the terms of the Settlement Agreement, as completed by the

information contained in this Agreement Schedule.” Joint App. 99. Below this

text, there are two open lines marked with “/s/” symbols. Id.

                                        6
      B. The District Court’s Vacatur Order

      Soon after the Republic posted the Proposal, it reached settlement

agreements with several bondholders. Thereafter, on February 11, 2016, the

Republic moved to vacate the pari passu injunctions. The district court lacked

jurisdiction to lift some of the injunctions due to a pending appeal, but, on

February 19, 2016, it issued an Indicative Ruling explaining that the district court

would vacate these injunctions if two conditions were met: (1) the repeal of

legislative obstacles to the Republic’s settlement with its bondholders and, (2)

“full payment [by the Republic] in accordance with the specific terms of each . . .

agreement” to “all plaintiffs that enter[ed] into agreements in principle with the

Republic on or before February 29, 2016.” See Indicative Ruling at 23, NML

Capital, Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, No. 14‐cv‐8601‐TPG, ECF No. 59 (S.D.N.Y.

Feb. 19, 2016).

      Upon remand after the Republic voluntarily dismissed two pending

appeals, the Republic moved the district court to enter the Indicative Ruling as

an order and to lift all of the injunctions. In making this request, the Republic

represented to the district court that it had already settled claims worth $6.2

billion and that “[n]egotiations with other plaintiffs are ongoing.” Joint App. 120.

                                          7
The Republic also submitted seven settlement agreements in principle to

demonstrate its progress. Six of these agreements in principle were

countersigned by the Republic, but one, with Red Pines LLC, was not.

      On March 2, 2016, the district court entered an order (the “Vacatur Order”)

implementing its earlier Indicative Ruling and vacating all of the injunctions

upon the occurrence of the two conditions set out in the Indicative Ruling,

including that the Republic make full payments to all bondholders that entered

into agreements in principle before February 29, 2016. See Vacatur Order at 5,

NML Capital, Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, No. 14‐cv‐8601‐TPG, ECF No. 76

(S.D.N.Y. March 2, 2016).

      C. The Present Action

      Plaintiffs‐appellants in the present case are five holders of defaulted

bonds. On or before February 29, 2016, per the Instructions, each plaintiff sent the

Republic an Agreement Schedule via email. The Republic acknowledged receipt

of each plaintiff’s submission on February 29, 2016 or March 1, 2016. The

Republic did not countersign plaintiffs’ Agreement Schedules, and no executed

Agreement Schedules were exchanged. On March 11, 2016, the Republic

informed plaintiffs that it would not agree to their Agreement Schedules.

                                         8
      On March 25, 2016, plaintiffs filed a Complaint seeking a declaratory

judgment that they had entered into binding agreements in principle with the

Republic by February 29, 2016, such that the Republic had to pay them to lift the

pari passu injunctions under the terms of the Vacatur Order. Plaintiffs also sought

injunctive relief barring the Republic from notifying the district court that all

settling bondholders had received full payment, in satisfaction of the Vacatur

Order’s second condition precedent, without first paying plaintiffs. On April 6,

2016, the Republic moved to dismiss plaintiffs’ Complaint, and the following day

plaintiffs filed an Amended Complaint with the same claims for declaratory and

injunctive relief. The district court expedited briefing on the Republic’s motion to

dismiss and, in an Opinion dated April 12, 2016, dismissed plaintiffs’ Amended

Complaint in its entirety. The district court denied plaintiffs leave to amend their

pleadings a second time. Plaintiffs timely appealed.

                                       DISCUSSION

      “We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a complaint pursuant to

Rule 12(b)(6), construing the complaint liberally, accepting all factual allegations

in the complaint as true, and drawing all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff[s’]

favor.” Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 152 (2d Cir. 2002). “We review

                                          9
the district court’s denial of leave to amend the complaint for abuse of

discretion.” Loreley Fin. (Jersey) No. 3 Ltd. v. Wells Fargo Secs., LLC, 797 F.3d 160,

169 (2d Cir. 2015).

                                           A.

      Under New York law, “[i]t is well settled that, if the parties to an

agreement do not intend it to be binding upon them until it is reduced to writing

and signed by both of them, they are not bound and may not be held liable until it

has been written out and signed.” Scheck v. Francis, 260 N.E.2d 493, 494 (N.Y.

1970) (emphasis added); see Jim Bouton Corp. v. Wm. Wrigley Jr. Co., 902 F.2d 1074,

1081 (2d Cir. 1990) (“New York follows the generally accepted rule that when

parties negotiating a proposed contract express an intent not to be bound until

their negotiations have culminated in the execution of a formal contract, they

cannot be held bound until that event has occurred.”) (collecting cases, including

Scheck). “The point of these rules is to give parties the power to contract as they

please, so that they may, if they like, bind themselves orally or by informal

letters, or that they may maintain ‘complete immunity from all obligation’ until a

written agreement is executed.” R.G. Grp., Inc v. Horn & Hardart Co., 751 F.2d 69,

74 (2d Cir. 1984) (quoting 1 A. Corbin, Corbin on Contracts § 30, at 98 (1963)).

                                           10
      This Court has set out four factors

      that help determine whether the parties intended to be bound in the
      absence of a document executed by both sides. The court is to consider
      (1) whether there has been an express reservation of the right not to
      be bound in the absence of a writing; (2) whether there has been
      partial performance of the contract; (3) whether all of the terms of the
      alleged contract have been agreed upon; and (4) whether the
      agreement at issue is the type of contract that is usually committed to
      writing.

Winston v. Mediafare Entm’t Corp., 777 F.2d 78, 80 (2d Cir. 1985). In the present

case, each of these factors weighs in the Republic’s favor.

      First, “indications in the proposed settlement agreement that the parties

did not intend to bind themselves until the settlement had been signed” must be

given “considerable weight.” Ciaramella v. Reader’s Digest Ass’n, 131 F.3d 320, 324

(2d Cir. 1997). The text of the Instructions, Master Settlement Agreement, and

Agreement Schedule unambiguously require the Republic’s countersignature

and exchange of executed copies of an Agreement Schedule before either party is

bound.2 The Instructions state that “[h]olders may become a party to a Settlement

2For this reason, we disagree with the dissent’s contention that these various
writings collectively constituted an offer to enter into a unilateral contract. “A
manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain is not an offer if the person to
whom it is addressed knows or has reason to know that the person making it
does not intend to conclude a bargain until he has made a further manifestation
of assent.” Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 26 (Am. Law Inst. 1981); see also

                                         11
Agreement by executing and exchanging with the Republic a completed

Agreement Schedule. . . . [An] Agreement Schedule, when countersigned by the

Republic, shall constitute a binding agreement between the parties . . . .” Joint

App. 90–91. The Agreement Schedule states that “[b]y executing counterparts of

this Agreement Schedule in the space provided below and exchanging those

counterparts, the parties agree to be bound by the terms of the Settlement

Agreement . . . .” Joint App. 99. An Agreement Schedule must be signed by the

Republic to identify the parties to any Master Settlement Agreement, which is

“made . . . between [the Republic] and the Holder identified in item (i) of the

Agreement Schedule signed by the parties in connection with this Agreement

(such Agreement Schedule, when executed and exchanged by the Republic and

the Holder, being an integral part of this Settlement Agreement).” Joint App. 92.

By their own express terms, the unexecuted agreements between the Republic

Leonard v. Pepsico, Inc., 88 F. Supp. 2d 116, 123 (S.D.N.Y. 1999), aff’d, 210 F.3d 88
(2d Cir. 2000) (per curiam). If the surrounding circumstances indicate otherwise,
even “the word ‘offer’ does not necessarily mean that an offer is intended.”
Restatement, supra, § 26 cmt. c. Here, the express requirement that the Republic
countersign the Agreement Schedule before either party would be bound gave
plaintiffs “reason to know” that the writings did not constitute an offer.

                                         12
and plaintiffs were not binding contracts.3

      The second Winston factor concerns “whether there has been partial

performance of the contract.” Winston, 777 F.2d at 80. Plaintiffs argue that they

partially performed the contract by representing to the district court that they

had reached agreements in principle with the Republic and that the Republic

partially performed the contract by representing to the district court that it had

settled with other parties and seeking vacatur of the pari passu injunctions. These

actions do not amount to partial performance of the settlement agreements.

Regardless of their representations to the district court, plaintiffs did not

withdraw their claims against the Republic. The Republic did not make any

payments to plaintiffs, and neither its settlements with other bondholders nor its

efforts to vacate the pari passi injunctions bear on its intentions with respect to

plaintiffs. The second Winston factor thus weighs against plaintiffs.4

3 The Republic’s submission to the district court of its agreement with Red Pines
LLC as an example of an agreement in principle, even though it had not
countersigned the agreement, does not bear on the Republic’s intentions vis‐à‐vis
the present plaintiffs‐appellants. In addition, the submission of an agreement
lacking a countersignature does not affect the unambiguous language of the
agreements.
4 Our dissenting colleague concludes otherwise based on Teachers Insurance &

Annuity Ass’n of America v. Tribune Co., 670 F. Supp. 491, 502 (S.D.N.Y. 1987), in
which the district court held that allocation of funds for a loan agreement

                                          13
      We have framed the third Winston factor as “whether there was ‘literally

nothing left to negotiate.’” Winston, 777 F.2d at 82 (quoting R.G. Grp., 751 F.2d at

76). Plaintiffs argue that there was nothing left to negotiate because the terms of

the settlement were already set in the Proposal and were never open to

negotiation. However, before plaintiffs emailed their Agreement Schedules, the

Republic was not aware of how much money plaintiffs believed they should be

paid or which bonds would be covered by any agreement. Once the Republic did

see plaintiffs’ submissions, it disagreed with them about these essential terms.

Accordingly, there was still much left to negotiate.

      The fourth Winston factor asks “whether the agreement at issue here was

the type of contract that was usually put in writing.” Winston, 777 F.2d at 83.

Plaintiffs concede that settlement agreements are the type of contract that is

usually put into writing. See, e.g., Ciaramella, 131 F.3d at 326 (“Settlements of any

claim are generally required to be in writing or, at a minimum, made on the

constituted partial performance. But that case involved a single contract between
two parties, rather than—as here—a multitude of similar contracts between the
Republic and various bondholders. It is one thing to say that allocating funds to
be loaned to a particular party constitutes partial performance of an agreement
with that party. It does not follow, however, that by paying other bondholders
with whom the Republic had executed binding contracts, the Republic partially
performed its obligations towards plaintiffs.
                                          14
record in open court.”). However, plaintiffs insist that the alleged settlement

agreements here were put into writing. Plaintiffs ignore the fact that the written

agreements were not signed by the Republic. Because the agreements required

countersignatures to be effective, there were no complete written agreements. As

we have observed, “[w]ith [millions of dollars] at stake, a requirement that [an]

agreement be in writing and signed simply cannot be a surprise to anyone.” R.G.

Grp., 751 F.2d at 77.

      In sum, the parties intended not to bind themselves to any settlement

agreement until the relevant documents were executed by both parties and

exchanged. Because the Republic did not countersign the agreements, there were

no binding settlement agreements between plaintiffs and the Republic.5 The

district court was correct to dismiss plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint on these

grounds.

5Because no binding settlement agreements existed between plaintiffs and the
Republic, we need not reach plaintiffs’ further arguments that depend on the
existence of such agreements.
                                        15
                                          B.

      Plaintiffs also argue that the Republic made an irrevocable offer, or

“option contract,” through its Proposal. New York General Obligations Law

§ 5‐1109 controls irrevocable offers made without consideration:

      when an offer to enter into a contract is made in a writing signed by
      the offeror, or by his agent, which states that the offer is irrevocable
      during a period set forth or until a time fixed, the offer shall not be
      revocable during such period or until such time because of the
      absence of consideration for the assurance of irrevocability. When
      such a writing states that the offer is irrevocable but does not state any
      period or time of irrevocability, it shall be construed to state that the
      offer is irrevocable for a reasonable time.

Plaintiffs acknowledge that this provision governs the creation of any alleged

agreements between plaintiffs and the Republic. However, the purported

irrevocable offers were not signed by the offeror, the Republic. In addition, the

Proposal, Instructions, Master Settlement Agreement and Agreement Schedule

do not state that they are irrevocable.

      Nonetheless, plaintiffs argue that the Republic rendered its offers

irrevocable by asking the district court to vacate the pari passu injunctions subject

to the condition that the Republic make payment to all plaintiffs that settled by

February 29, 2016. Even assuming that the Vacatur Order, or any briefing that

discussed it, could alter the terms of the Republic’s offers, the Vacatur Order

                                          16
merely requires the Republic to make payments to all plaintiffs that entered into

agreements in principle on or before February 29, 2016. See Vacatur Order at 5,

NML Capital, Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, No. 14‐cv‐8601‐TPG, ECF No. 76

(S.D.N.Y. March 2, 2016). It does not require that the Republic accept all

Agreement Schedules emailed to it by that date without negotiation. Id. The

Republic never made irrevocable offers to plaintiffs.

                                         C.

      Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(2) states that “court[s] should freely

give leave [to amend] when justice so requires.” We have upheld Rule 15(a)(2)’s

“liberal standard” as “consistent with our strong preference for resolving

disputes on the merits.” Loreley Fin., 797 F.3d at 190 (quoting Williams v. Citigroup

Inc., 659 F.3d 208, 212–13 (2d Cir. 2011) (per curiam)). We have been particularly

skeptical of denials of requests to amend when a plaintiff did not previously

have a district court’s ruling on a relevant issue, reasoning that “[w]ithout the

benefit of a ruling, many a plaintiff will not see the necessity of amendment or be

in a position to weigh the practicality and possible means of curing specific

deficiencies.” Id. However, denial of leave to amend is proper if amendment

would be futile. Id. In particular, “[a] plaintiff need not be given leave to amend

                                         17
if it fails to specify either to the district court or to the court of appeals how

amendment would cure the pleading deficiencies in its complaint.” TechnoMarine

SA v. Giftports, Inc., 758 F.3d 493, 505 (2d Cir. 2014).

      The district court did not abuse its discretion when it denied plaintiffs

leave to amend. Although plaintiffs did not have an opportunity to amend after

receiving the district court’s ruling granting the Republic’s motion to dismiss,

plaintiffs have not offered specific changes they could make to their Amended

Complaint to cure its deficiencies. In particular, plaintiffs do not represent that

they could add an allegation that countersigned settlement agreements existed

between plaintiffs and the Republic. As such, amendment would be futile. Id.

                                        CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

                                           18
 1   Attestor Value Fund v. Argentina, #16-1124

 2   WINTER, RALPH K., Circuit Judge, dissenting:

 3         I would remand for a determination by the district court regarding

 4   whether the bonds owned by appellants are eligible to accept the Republic of

 5   Argentina’s offer of settlement of litigation. My colleagues avoid this issue,

 6   which is minor in the overall context of this protracted litigation but at the heart

 7   of the present appeal, by broadly and adventurously holding that the detailed

 8   “offer,” as labeled by the Republic itself, was not an “offer” but rather merely an

 9   invitation to bondholders to each make their own offer, each of which the

10   Republic was free to accept or refuse.

11   a) Summary

12         The contract before us is not uncommon in contract law. It is known in

13   academic writings as a unilateral contract. See ARTHUR L. CORBIN, CORBIN ON

14   CONTRACTS § 1.23 (Joseph E. Murray, Jr. ed., 2018) (“A unilateral contract consists

15   of a promise or group of promises made by one of the contracting parties only,

16   usually assented to by the other.”). As relevant here, such a contract involves an

17   offer by a promisor to confer a benefit on a promisee who accepts by a specified

18   performance. See Wachovia Bank of Georgia, N.A. v. Apex Tech of Georgia, Inc., 144

                                               1
 1 B.R. 649, 654 (S.D.N.Y. 1992). Such an offer is binding and enforceable, I. & I.

 2   Holding Corp. v. Gainsburg, 276 N.Y. 427, 434 (N.Y. 1938), even though there is no

 3   meeting of the minds as in a bilateral contract, although the promisor can

 4   challenge the adequacy of the requisite performance. An offer of a specified

 5   reward for finding a fugitive is enforceable, even though the promisor can claim

 6   that the wrong person was discovered and refuse the benefit, subject to a judicial

 7   adjudication. See, e.g., Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co., 1 Q.B. 256 (Court of

 8   Appeal, 1892); Shuey v. United States, 92 U.S. 73 (1875).

 9         My colleagues hold that the Republic’s “offer” was not binding because it

10   did not meet the Winston v. Medialive Entertainment Corp., 777 F.2d 78 (2d Cir.

11   1985), test showing a meeting of the minds. But Winston does not apply to the

12   enforceability of unilateral contracts, which does not require a meeting of the

13   minds.

14         Here, a promisor, the Republic of Argentina, made a detailed “offer” -- its

15   chosen word -- to certain known and unknown holders of Argentine bonds on

16   which the Republic had defaulted. The offer contained mathematical formulae

17   for determining the settlement amount and details regarding payment. The offer

18   stated that its effectiveness was conditioned only upon the passage of

                                                 2
 1   Argentinean legislation allowing the payments and the lifting by the federal

 2   courts of pari passu1 injunctions that had the effect of denying the Republic of

 3   Argentina access to international financial markets.

 4          Each bondholder could accept the offer by establishing its eligibility as a

 5   designated promisee. To that end, bondholders had to fill out an application

 6   expressly limited by the offer to information concerning: (i) each applicant’s

 7   ownership of certain Argentina-issued bonds, (ii) the identified bond’s eligibility

 8   status under the Republic’s offer of settlement, and (iii) the calculation of the cash

 9   due under the offer on the eligible bonds. The promisor could dispute the

10   eligibility of a party to accept the offer but, if eligibility was shown, the offer

11   would be binding.

12          The offer stated that a bondholder’s signed showing of eligibility to

13   participate in the settlement had to be countersigned by the Republic. My

14   colleagues hold that this countersignature requirement authorized the Republic

15   to repudiate its offer in its entirety by withholding the countersignature and

            1
              In 2012, the District Court entered the first of several injunctions, ordering that, pursuant
     to contractual provisions analogous to most “most favored nation” clauses, Argentina make
     ratable payments to other debt holders whenever it paid on so-called “Exchange Bonds.”
     Additional injunctions issued in 2015. These injunctions made it impossible for Argentina to
     access the international capital markets. See, e.g., Complaint at ¶¶ 39, 48, NML Capital Ltd. v.
     The Republic of Argentina, 14-8601 Dkt. No. 1 (March 25, 2016).

                                                       3
 1   leaving eligible bondholders free only to make their own offer to settle. As

 2   demonstrated infra, this ruling is contrary to the plain language of the offer. It

 3   also renders written page after page and written provision after provision of the

 4   Republic’s offer irrelevant nullities, disregarding the fundamental principle of

 5   contact interpretation that every provision be given meaning. Muzak Corp. v.

 6   Hotel Taft Corp., 1 N.Y.2d 42, 46 (N.Y. 1956). Moreover, the nullification ignores

 7   the facts that these writings were the product of a federal court’s mandating of

 8   negotiations and that the creation of the writings was supervised by a federal

 9   judicial officer, a Special Master. It also ignores the fact that the Special Master,2

10   the Republic,3 and the district court4 all described the writings as constituting a

11   binding “offer” that bondholders could “accept.” The district court even set a

12   terminal date for “acceptance.”

            2
              See Daniel A. Pollack, Statement of Daniel A. Pollack, Special Master in Argentina Debt
     Litigation, PR NEWSWIRE, (Feb. 5, 2016, 10:40 PM), https://www.prnewswire.com/news-
     releases/statement-of-daniel-a-pollack-special-master-in-argentina-debt-litigation-feb-5-2016-
     300216208.html (last accessed: July 23, 2018) (“Argentina today has released a proposal to settle
     with and pay the many defaulted Bondholders with cases in the Federal Court of New York
     pending before Hon. Thomas P. Griesa.”).
            3
             See, e.g., translated Proposal (February 5, 2016) and Settlement Offer Instructions
     (February 17, 2016).
            4
             See Indicative Ruling at 22, NML Capital, Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, 14-08601, Dkt.
     No. 59 (February 19, 2016) (“Until February 29, 2016, all FAA bondholders have the right to
     accept the terms of the Republic’s Proposal, and they are certainly free to make counteroffers.”).

                                                     4
 1         The writings contained now-nullified provisions in which the Republic

 2   promised to pay a specific percentage of either the monetary judgment amount

 3   or accrued claim value of designated bonds on which it had defaulted. The

 4   writings also specifically stated that disputes over the settlement agreement were

 5   to be resolved by the district court. These provisions make no sense whatsoever

 6   if no binding offer exists.

 7         Moreover, the enforceability of these writings was the explicit basis for the

 8   district court’s lifting of the injunction, see Rule 62.1 Indicative Ruling at 13, NML

 9   Capital Ltd. v. The Republic of Argentina, 14-8601 Dkt. No. 59 (Feb. 19, 2016),

10   and for this court’s affirming of that lifting, see Mandate of the U.S. Court of

11   Appeals for the Second Circuit, 14-8601 Dkt. No. 61 (Feb. 24, 2016). No issue as

12   to the enforceability of these provisions was raised until after the injunction was

13   lifted. No mention of the countersignature requirement was even made before

14   the injunction was lifted except for one occasion when it was explained as a

15   requirement to reflect the Republic’s agreement as to the eligibility of an

16   application. The issue in this case, as originally posed by appellees, was quite

17   narrow: Are the bonds in question eligible under the settlement offer given the

                                               5
 1   fact that the bonds by their own terms were time-barred from enforceability?

 2         Indeed, the Republic’s performance under the agreement reflects its intent

 3   to bind itself. The requisite legislation was passed, and the Republic paid $6.2

 4   billion to bondholders who demonstrated eligibility. On the present record it

 5   appears that every bondholder that owned indisputably eligible bonds and

 6   accurately applied the offer’s mathematical formulae was paid by the Republic.

 7   To hold that payment of $6.2 billion and the lifting of an injunction barring a

 8   large nation from international capital markets is, as a matter of law, not even

 9   part performance indicating the enforceability of written terms lacks logic but

10   surely qualifies as a Guinness record.

11         To hold that the countersignature requirement repudiates the offer of a

12   binding settlement suggests a massive fraud intended by the Republic, and on, or

13   perhaps even by, the district court. And, because the descriptions of the “offer”

14   above were the basis aggressively argued by the Republic in successfully seeking

15   judicial relief, my colleagues’ holding unmistakably violates the doctrines of stare

16   decisis and judicial estoppel.

17

                                              6
 1   b) Background

 2          The underlying litigation began in December 2001 with Argentina’s default

 3   on over $80 billion in external debt. Appellants are holders of bonds issued by

 4   Argentina between 1994 and 2001. In 2012, due to continuing violations of the

 5   equal treatment provision of the Fiscal Agency Agreement,5 the district court

 6   began entering injunctions ordering that Argentina make ratable payments to

 7   other debtholders when it paid on so-called “Exchange Bonds.” Because no bank

 8   could process payments without risking contempt proceedings, by late 2015, the

 9   injunctions made it extremely difficult, actually impossible, for Argentina to

10   access fully international capital markets. The district court ordered negotiations

11   between the parties that were supervised and facilitated by a Special Master

12   appointed by the court.

13

            5
              In issuing bonds under the October 19, 1994 Fiscal Agency Agreement (“FAA”),
     Argentina pledged that it would protect holders of NY-law FAA bonds from subordination and
     guaranteed equal treatment with respect to payment thereof. The FAA had a provision which
     stated that “[t]he[se] Securities will constitute . . . direct, unconditional, unsecured and
     unsubordinated obligations of the Republic and shall at all times rank pari passu and without any
     preference among themselves. The payment obligations of the Republic under the Securities
     shall at all times rank at least equally with all its other present and future unsecured and
     unsubordinated External Indebtedness . . . .” See Complaint at ¶ 32, NML Capital Ltd. v. The
     Republic of Argentina, 14-8601 Dkt. No. 1 (March 25, 2016).

                                                     7
 1         In late 2015, Mauricio Macri was elected President of the Republic of

 2   Argentina and resolved to end the debt crisis. In order to accomplish this, he

 3   needed an infusion of international capital from new bond financing, but could

 4   not obtain it without relief from the pari passu injunctions. Complaint at ¶ 48,

 5   NML Capital Ltd. v. The Republic of Argentina, 14-8601 Dkt. No. 1 (March 25,

 6   2016). Therefore, on February 5, 2016, Argentina issued a Spanish press release

 7   (“Propuesta” or “Proposal”) laying out a proposed framework for settling the

 8   claims of holders of defaulted bonds. This framework was the product of the

 9   negotiations ordered by the district court and facilitated by the Special Master.

10   On February 17, the Republic supplemented the Proposal by publishing three

11   documents on its website: (a) a “Master Settlement Agreement”; (b) the

12   “Instructions for Bondholders to Accept its Settlement Proposal”; and ( c) an

13   “Agreement Schedule.” Some bondholders were expected to use this procedure

14   to settle their dispute with the Republic, while others were expected to seek more

15   favorable terms by making counterproposals. Complaint at ¶ 57. Because it was

16   unknown whether the acceptance of the offer would be sufficiently widespread

17   to justify vacatur of the injunction, the Republic stated its willingness to consider

18   counteroffers if necessary.

                                               8
 1   c) The Writings

 2         The plain language -- and the very titles -- of the multiple writings

 3   constituting the settlement agreement indicate beyond any doubt the specificity

 4   of the terms of the settlement offer and its intended enforceability.

 5         The purpose of the “Proposal,” as stated by the Republic, was to

 6   “propose[] a settlement to all holders of the Republic’s default bonds.” The

 7   designated bonds were described as the “defaulted bonds in which a ‘pari passu’

 8   injunction” was issued by the district court and which had the effect of denying

 9   access to international capital markets by the Republic. The Proposal stated that

10   holders of such bonds could settle by agreeing

11                                   to receive (i) in the case of such bonds for which a
12                                   monetary judgment less a discount of 30%, and
13                                   (ii) in the case of such bonds for which no
14                                   monetary judgment has been rendered prior to
15                                   February 1, 2016, the current accrued value of the
16                                   claims less a discount of 30%. The discounts
17                                   referred to in (i) and (ii) will be reduced to 27.5%
18                                   on settlement agreements in principle executed
19                                   through February 19, 2016.
20
21   The “Proposal” was subject to only two conditions. It stated:

22                                   This proposal is subject to the approval of the
23                                   Argentine Congress as well as a decision of the
24                                   U.S. District Court of the Southern District of

                                                               9
 1                                   New York to lift the pari passu injunction
 2                                   following such approval by the Argentine
 3                                   Congress.
 4
 5   The countersignature requirement was not mentioned in the Proposal.

 6         On February 16, 2016, the Republic issued a long document entitled

 7   “Republic of Argentina Master Settlement Agreement.” Like the Proposal, it

 8   stated terms of the proposed settlement. Section 2 stated “Subject to satisfaction

 9   of the conditions set out in Section 6 below, on the Closing Date the Republic

10   shall pay to the Holder, in full settlement of the Holder’s claims under the Bonds,

11   the Settlement Amount.” Section 6 is entitled “Conditions.” It read:

12                                   The settlement and release contemplated by
13                                   Sections 2 and 3 above are subject to:
14
15                                         (i)     The repeal or abridgement of Law
16                                                 26,017 (the “Lock Law”) and the
17                                                 approval of the terms and conditions
18                                                 of this Agreement by the Argentine
19                                                 Congress.
20                                         (ii)    The U.S. District Court of the
21                                                 Southern District of New York
22                                                 having permanently lifted all pari
23                                                 passu injunctions granted to certain
24                                                 holders of defaulted Argentine
25                                                 bonds.
26                                         (iii)   No action shall have been taken and
27                                                 no statute, rule, regulation or judicial
28                                                 order shall have been enacted,

                                                               10
 1                                                adopted or issued by any
 2                                                government or regulatory authority
 3                                                that would, as of the Closing Date,
 4                                                prevent any of the actions set forth in
 5                                                this Settlement Agreement from
 6                                                taking place.
 7
 8                                          In the event that the above conditions are
 9                                   not satisfied during the Closing Period, a closing
10                                   shall not occur, this Settlement Agreement shall
11                                   terminate, and the parties shall have no further
12                                   obligations to each other under this Settlement
13                                   Agreement.
14
15         Section 6 made no mention of the Republic’s retention of any discretion to

16   reject an acceptance of the settlement proposal by holders of eligible bonds so

17   long as the specified conditions are met. The Republic’s countersignature was

18   not such a condition.

19         A third document, entitled “Instructions for Bond Holders to Accept its

20   Settlement Proposal,” was issued by the Republic of Argentina’s Ministry of

21   Finance and Public Credit. This related to a document attached to the Master

22   Settlement Agreement entitled “Agreement Schedule” to be “signed by the

23   parties in connection with this Agreement.” A form, Agreement Schedule, was

24   attached to the Master Settlement Agreement. It required that owners of bonds

25   identify themselves, provide specifics as to the bonds held, and calculate the

                                             11
 1   “Settlement Amount.” In that regard, the Instructions stated:

 2                                  The holder must provide the Republic with (i) the
 3                                  information about its bonds called for by the
 4                                  attachment to the forms of Agreement Schedule
 5                                  contained in the Master Settlement Agreement
 6                                  and (ii) the holder’s calculation of the Settlement
 7                                  Amount for its bonds as called for by item 5
 8                                  below.
 9
10         Section 5 states:
11
12                                  Injunction Bond Holders that execute and deliver
13                                  to the email address included hereby an
14                                  Agreement Schedule prior to 5:00 pm New York
15                                  time on February 19, 2016 will have the
16                                  Settlement Amount under options (ii) and (iii) of
17                                  Section 4 above calculated using a discount of
18                                  27.5%. Those Injunction Bond Holders that
19                                  execute and deliver to the email address below an
20                                  Agreement Schedule after 5:00 pm New York
21                                  time on February 19, 2016 will have the
22                                  Settlement Amount under options (ii) and (iii) of
23                                  Section 4 above calculated using a discount of
24                                  30%.
25
26                                  The holder must “complete, sign, and send the
27                                  Agreement Schedule to the Republic including
28                                  the information set forth for in item 3 above. That
29                                  Agreement Schedule, when countersigned by the
30                                  Republic, shall constitute a binding agreement
31                                  between the parties to settle all claims in respect
32                                  of the bonds on the terms contained in the Master
33                                  Settlement Agreement.
34

                                                            12
 1         Section 4 of the Instructions states:
 2
 3                                    If the holder is an Injunction Bond Holder, it should
 4                                    also indicate how it wishes the Settlement
 5                                    Amount for its Injunction Offer Bonds to be
 6                                    calculated. As described in the February 5, 2016
 7                                    Proposal, the options of such a holder are:
 8
 9                                          (i)     the Standard Offer (150% of the
10                                                  original principal amount of its
11                                                  bonds but not exceeding the value of
12                                                  any monetary judgment rendered by
13                                                  a court in respect of those bonds,
14                                                  determined as of January 31, 2016),
15
16                                          (ii)    if a monetary judgment has been
17                                                  entered in respect of its bonds, the
18                                                  original amount of that monetary
19                                                  judgment updated by any applicable
20                                                  post-judgment interest rate accrued
21                                                  through January 31, 2016, less a
22                                                  discount of 30%, and
23
24                                          (iii)   if a monetary judgment has not been
25                                                  entered in respect of the bonds, the
26                                                  current accrued value of the claims
27                                                  (calculated through January 31, 2016)
28                                                  less a discount of 30%.
29
30         The plain language, therefore, of the relevant documents stated very

31   specific terms for settlement. The term “Settlement Amount” in the agreement

32   settlement documents did not, as my colleagues assert, allow an applicant to offer

                                               13
 1   any amount that it desired. Rather, the “Instructions,” stated that that amount is

 2   “the holder’s calculation of the settlement amount . . . as called for by item 5” in

 3   the “instructions.” Section 5 contained the formula for the settlement and is

 4   quoted above. The “Settlement Amount,” therefore, was limited to a

 5   mathematical calculation based on the offer. Indeed, the first paragraph of

 6   Section 5 sets dates for acceptance of the offer by submitting an Agreement

 7   Schedule based on the mathematical formulae set out in the offer.

 8         The Agreement Schedule contained spaces for the bondholder’s signature

 9   and the Republic’s countersignature just below a statement that the signatures

10   bind the signatories to the Settlement Agreement “as completed by the

11   information [regarding ownership, eligibility of the bonds, and mathematical

12   calculation of the settlement] contained in this Agreement Schedule.”

13         The countersignature requirement is, therefore, found only in a document

14   issued by the Republic entitled “Instructions for Bondholders to Accept its

15   Settlement Proposal.” The Agreement Schedule was necessary to identify

16   relevant bondholders, to verify the eligibility of their bonds, and to accurately

17   apply the settlement formulae to those bonds. The Schedule explicitly states that

18   the countersignature requirement is intended to bind the Republic to the

                                               14
 1   “Settlement Agreement, as completed by the information contained in this

 2   Agreement Schedule.” The countersignature requirement was, therefore,

 3   intended only to reflect the Republic’s agreement with “the information

 4   contained” in the relevant document, not the intention of the Republic to be

 5   bound by the offer. The Republic had the right to dispute the eligibility of the

 6   bonds described in a Schedule, to dispute the claims of ownership, and to

 7   challenge the application’s math with regard to the mathematical formulae. The

 8   writings explicitly provided that such disputes were to be resolved by the district

 9   court. Until the pari passu injunction was lifted, no one on the planet, so far as I

10   can tell, stated the settlement offer to be anything but enforceable. Indeed, the

11   countersignature requirement was of such a limited nature that, in seeking to lift

12   the pari passu injunction, the Republic’s motion was supported by an exhibit

13   reflecting a purportedly successful settlement with an Agreement Schedule that

14   had not been countersigned.

15         Clearly, the requirement of a countersignature by the Republic of

16   Argentina did not reflect its discretionary power to accept a holder’s offer of

17   what the holder believed to be a fair settlement. Rather, the countersignature

18   simply reflected the Republic’s agreement with regard to the “information”

                                              15
 1   provided as to the ownership of the bonds specified in the agreement schedule,

 2   their eligibility under -- inclusion within -- the settlement offer, and the accuracy

 3   of the mathematical calculation of the amount according to the formulae quoted

 4   above in the instructions.

 5         There is also a record as to the meaning of the countersignature

 6   requirement. On February 29, 2018, the Republic of Argentina submitted a

 7   supplemental memorandum in support of its motion, by order to show cause, to

 8   vacate the pari passu injunctions. NML Capital v. The Republic of Argentina, 14-

 9   8601, Dkt. No. 71 (Feb. 29, 2016). Along with this memorandum, the Republic

10   submitted a Second Supplemental Declaration of Argentina’s Undersecretary of

11   Finance, Santiago Bausili, dated February 29, 2016. NML Capital v. The Republic

12   of Argentina, 14-8601, Dkt. No. 71(2) (Feb. 29, 2016).

13         The declaration stated: “As a result of the negotiation process overseen by

14   the Special Master, the Republic has entered into agreements in principle to settle

15   claims made by numerous bondholders.” Id. at ¶ 6. He then went on to append

16   several such “agreements in principle” as exhibits. Specifically, he stated,

17   “Attached as exhibit 9 is a true and correct copy of the Agreement in Principle

18   between Red Pines LLC and the Republic of Argentina, executed as of February

                                               16
 1   28, 2016.” Id. at ¶ 13. This document bore the signature of Red Pines, dated

 2   February 28, 2016, but lacked a countersignature. NML Capital v. The Republic

 3   of Argentina, 14-8601, Dkt. No. 71(11) (Feb. 29, 2016). The Republic explained:

 4                                   On February 29, 2016, the Republic mistakenly
 5                                   included in the list of settlements provided to the
 6                                   district court that it had reached an agreement in
 7                                   principle with Red Pines LLC. In fact, while Red
 8                                   Pines signed a form of agreement, which it
 9                                   submitted to the Republic on February 28, 2016
10                                   (see A-2017-25), the Republic subsequently
11                                   determined that the submitted agreement
12                                   provided for payment with respect to claims that
13                                   are timebarred. The Republic therefore did not
14                                   countersign the agreement.
15
16   The sole ground asserted at that time -- the indicative ruling promising the lifting

17   of the injunction had not occurred -- concerned only the eligibility of the bonds in

18   question.

19   d) Contract Law

20         The plain language of the writings themselves is sufficient to establish the

21   enforceability of the settlement offer. They were also accompanied by many

                                              17
 1   statements of the Republic,6 of the Special Master7, and of the district court8

 2   indicating that the writings constituted a binding offer to settle. The very titles --

 3   “Proposal,” “Instructions for Bondholders to Accept the Offer of Settlement” --

 4   establish the nature of the documents. Given my colleagues’ ruling, the titles

 5   should be changed to “Irrelevant Nullity” and “Invitation to Bondholders to

 6   Make an Offer of Settlement.”

 7          Pursuant to the court-supervised settlement, on February 11, 2016, the

 8   Republic filed its translated Proposal with the district court. See Paskin Decl.,

 9   NML Capital Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, 14-8601 Dkt. No. 47(1) Ex. J. Both

10   Special Master Daniel A. Pollack and Judge Thomas Griesa treated the Proposal

11   as the end-result of extensive court-supervised settlement negotiations. See

12   Statement of Daniel A. Pollack, Special Master in Argentina Debt Litigation, PR

            6
             See, e.g., translated Proposal (February 5, 2016) and Settlement Offer Instructions
     (February 17, 2016).
            7
              See Daniel A. Pollack, Statement of Daniel A. Pollack, Special Master in Argentina Debt
     Litigation, PR NEWSWIRE, (Feb. 5, 2016, 10:40 PM), https://www.prnewswire.com/news-
     releases/statement-of-daniel-a-pollack-special-master-in-argentina-debt-litigation-feb-5-2016-
     300216208.html (last accessed: July 23, 2018) (“Argentina today has released a proposal to settle
     with and pay the many defaulted Bondholders with cases in the Federal Court of New York
     pending before Hon. Thomas P. Griesa.”).
            8
             See Indicative Ruling at 22, NML Capital, Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, 14-08601, Dkt.
     No. 59 (February 19, 2016) (“Until February 29, 2016, all FAA bondholders have the right to
     accept the terms of the Republic’s Proposal, and they are certainly free to make counteroffers.”).

                                                     18
 1   NEWSWIRE (Feb. 5, 2016, 10:40 PM), available at

 2   https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/statement-of-Daniel-a-pollack-

 3   special-master-in-Argentina-debt-litigation-Feb-5–2016-300216208.html (last

 4   accessed July 11, 2018) (calling the Republic’s proposal a “historic breakthrough”)

 5   and Rule 62.1 Indicative Ruling at 13, NML Capital Ltd. v. The Republic of

 6   Argentina, 14-8601 (Feb. 19, 2016) (recognizing the proposal as a “[s]ignificantly

 7   changed circumstance[]” that warranted removal of the pari passu injunctions.)

 8         My colleagues rely heavily upon Winston v. Medialive Entertainment Corp.,

 9   777 F.2d 78 (2d Cir. 1985). Even though it is plain that the Winston factors

10   support the enforceability of the Republic’s “offer” (its chosen word), Winston’s

11   teachings are expressly limited to determining a meeting of the minds in a

12   bilateral contract setting. See id. at 83 (“[W]e hold that the parties never entered

13   into a binding settlement agreement. Our conclusion is supported by the

14   writings and acts of the parties, by the language of the drafts of the agreement,

15   and by the nature of the agreement itself.”). Winston is most useful in

16   determining whether two parties have reached an unwritten agreement; it

17   simply has no relevance to the unilateral offer of settlement made after court-

                                               19
 1   mandated negotiations supervised by a special master. Powell v. Omnicom, 497

 2 F.3d 124, 129 (2d Cir. 2007) (holding a settlement agreement entered into on the

 3   record in open court is enforceable, even if never reduced to writing).

 4         But even when the Winston factors are considered, all four favor the

 5   appellants’ position and demonstrate that an enforceable offer of settlement

 6   existed.

 7         (i) Express Reservation

 8         Winston holds that “if either party communicates an intent not to be bound

 9   until he achieves a fully executed document” then a contract will not have been

10   formed until the written agreement is executed. 777 F.2d at 80. True enough, but

11   that general proposition hardly settles the issue before us. The Republic clearly

12   intended to be bound by the explicit terms of the proposed settlement, if the

13   conditions of Argentinean legislation and judicial lifting of the pari passu

14   injunction were fulfilled. The documents clearly establish that. Indeed, the

15   writings make no sense except as a binding offer. Conspicuous by its absence in

16   my colleagues’ opinion is an explanation of the meaning or impact of the

17   mathematical formulae and varying dates for acceptance, if the Republic was not

18   bound to accept such offers from eligible bondholders. Muzak Corp. v. Hotel Taft

                                              20
 1   Corp., 1 N.Y.2d 42, 46 (N.Y. 1956) (“The rules of construction of contracts require

 2   us to adopt an interpretation which gives meaning to every provision of a

 3   contract or, in the negative, no provision of a contract should be left without force

 4   and effect.”).

 5         Of course, the fact that the offer is binding does not mean that anyone can

 6   walk in off the street and get money from the Argentine treasury. Eligibility to

 7   accept the offer must be shown, and the showing’s sufficiency can be challenged,

 8   but the offer is still binding. There is no indication in any of these materials that

 9   the Republic had discretion not to countersign an Agreement Schedule accurately

10   establishing ownership of bonds, the bonds’ eligibility to be part of the

11   settlement, and accurately applying the mathematical formulae to those bonds.

12   What is at issue is the familiar circumstance of a binding unilateral offer to

13   multiple offerees who must individually accept.

14         (ii) Partial Performance

15         The second Winston factor is whether one party has begun to perform

16   under the agreement. 777 F.2d at 82. This is critical because “partial

17   performance is an unmistakable signal that one party believes there is a contract;

18   and the party who accepts performance signals, by that act, that it also

                                               21
 1   understands a contract to be in effect.” R.G. Group, Inc. v. Horn & Hardat Co., 751

 2 F.2d 69, 75-76 (2d Cir. 1984).

 3          In Teachers Ins. & Annuity Ass’n of America v. Tribune Co., 670 F. Supp. 491,

 4   502 (S.D.N.Y., 1987), the mere act of informally allocating funds for use in a loan

 5   agreement constituted partial performance under this prong of the Winston test,

 6   resulting in enforcement of a loan agreement against a lender. The performance

 7   here was not only far beyond that in Tribune but also constituted virtually full

 8   performance. Vacating the pari passu injunctions was one condition to the

 9   enforceability of the offer. With the support of many bondholders, Argentina

10   moved the district court to vacate those injunctions on the basis of the agreement.

11   Memorandum of Law in Support of Order to Show Cause, NML Capital, Ltd. v.

12   Republic of Argentina, 14-8601 Dkt. No. 46 Feb 11, 2016). The district court issued

13   an indicative ruling that the injunctions would be lifted on payments by the

14   Republic pursuant to the offer.9 As of March 2, 2016, the Republic had reached

15   settlements based on the agreement documents with bondholders resolving over

16   85% of the claims held by parties with injunctions. Op. & Order at 4, NML

            9
            Rule 62.1 Indicative Ruling at 13, NML Capital Ltd. v. The Republic of Argentina, 14-
     8601 Dkt. No. 59 (Feb. 19, 2016).
                                                 22
 1   Capital, Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, 14-8601, Dkt. No. 76 (Mar. 2, 2016). The

 2   Republic paid $6.2 billion pursuant to those settlements. On the present record,

 3   the Republic paid the full amount required under the writings to every applicant

 4   who showed unchallenged ownership of eligible bonds and an accurate

 5   application of the mathematical formula to those bonds. The second factor thus

 6   weighs decisively in favor of appellants.

 7         (iii) Agreement to All Material Terms

 8         “[I]f the parties to an agreement do not intend it to be binding upon them

 9   until it is reduced to writing and signed by both of them, they are not bound”

10   until it has been written out and signed. Scheck v. Francis, 260 N.E.2d 493, 494

11   (N.Y. 1970). “This rule yields, however, when the parties have agreed on all

12   contractual terms and have only to commit them to writing.” Municipal

13   Consultants & Publishers, Inc. v. Town of Ramapo, 390 N.E.2d 1143, 1144 (N.Y. 1979)

14   (holding town supervisor had no discretion not to sign an agreement, where a

15   provision of the town laws provided that contracts “[s]hall be executed by the

16   supervisor in the name of the town after approval by the town board.” Id. at 1145

17   (emphasis added)). Where “[a]ll the terms of the contract had been negotiated

18   and agreed upon” and all that remains is the “ministerial” act of counter-signing

                                              23
 1   a contract, a contract is enforceable even though it was not fully executed. Id.

 2         Here, all the terms of the Republic’s “offer” had already been negotiated

 3   and finalized during the Special Master negotiations. The procedure for

 4   accepting the Republic’s proposal provided all terms, including the settlement

 5   amount, were established. Of course, it was expected that some bondholders

 6   would find the settlement offer inadequate and that further negotiations with

 7   them might be needed to achieve the vacatur of the injunctions. That expectation

 8   did not alter the offer. While my colleagues suggest that further negotiations

 9   might be needed, such negotiations were contemplated only in the case of

10   bondholders that refused the offer.

11         As discussed extensively above, the countersignature requirement does not

12   alter this conclusion. By its very terms, it goes only to the information

13   establishing eligibility, as discussed above. Indeed, any such requirement relates

14   only to the contents of the document involved.

15         (iv) The Customary Form for Such Transactions

16         The fourth factor mentioned by Winston is “whether the agreement at issue

17   is the type of contract that is usually committed to writing.” 777 F.2d at 80.

18   Unlike in Winston, the contract here was in writing. Here, the unilateral offer was

                                              24
 1   filed with the district court. This fourth factor also weighs in favor of

 2   enforceability.

 3   e) Judical Estoppel and Stare Decisis

 4         My colleagues’ opinion ignores the fact that the enforceability of the

 5   Republic’s offer has been before the district court and our court before and the

 6   subject of rulings in each case. The enforceability of that offer was the basis of

 7   the vacatur of the pari passu injunctions at the request of the Republic.

 8         The Republic, in seeking a vacatur of the pari passu injunctions, relied

 9   heavily upon its intent to be bound by the “offer of settlement” with regard to

10   owners of eligible bonds. The district court, see Rule 62.1 Indicative Ruling at 13,

11   NML Capital Ltd. v. The Republic of Argentina, 14-8601 Dkt. No. 59 (Feb. 19,

12   2016), and our court, see Mandate of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second

13   Circuit, NML Capital Ltd. v. The Republic of Argentina,14-8601 Dkt. No. 61 (Feb.

14   24, 2016), relied upon these arguments in granting the vacatur. As a result, the

15   doctrines of judicial estoppel and stare decisis bar the Republic’s dramatic shift

16   of position and my colleagues’ holding.

17         The application of the doctrine of judicial estoppel is governed by three

18   factors: “(1) that a party’s new position is ‘clearly inconsistent’ with its earlier

                                                25
 1   position, (2) that the party seeking to assert this new position previously

 2   persuaded a court to accept its earlier position, and (3) that the party ‘would

 3   derive an unfair advantage or impose an unfair detriment on the opposing party

 4   if not estopped.’” Intellivision v. Microsoft Corp., 484 Fed. App’s. 616 at **2 (2d Cir.

 5   June 11, 2012) (citing New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 750-751 (2001).

 6   “‘[C]ourts have uniformly recognized’ that the purpose of the doctrine ‘is to

 7   protect the integrity of the judicial process by prohibiting parties from

 8   deliberately changing positions according to the exigencies of the moment,’ and

 9   because judicial estoppel is designed ‘to prevent improper use of judicial

10   machinery,’ it is ‘an equitable doctrine invoked by a court at its discretion.’” Id.

11   (quoting New Hampshire, 532 U.S. at 750).

12         In support of the motion to vacate the pari passu injunctions, Argentina

13   aggressively represented to the district court that the Proposal was an “offer”

14   available to eligible bondholders to “accept.” For example, Argentina’s

15   Undersecretary of Finance, Santiago Bausili, submitted in support of the motion a

16   declaration to the district court stating:

17                                     1. Discussions with the Special Master and the
18                                     Republic’s creditors also have resulted in a
19                                     comprehensive proposal of the Government’s
                                                                 26
 1   intention, upon receiving legislative authority to
 2   settle the claims of all outstanding holders of any
 3   defaulted bonds.
 4
 5   2. The Government believes the proposal is both
 6   fair to the Republic’s creditors and consistent with
 7   the Republic’s capacity to pay.
 8
 9   3. Under the proposal, all holders of defaulted
10   bonds will receive the full principal amount of
11   the debt that they hold, plus certain amounts in
12   respect of accrued interest (the “Standard
13   Proposal”). Additionally, under the proposal,
14   holders of defaulted bonds that are subject to the
15   pari passu injunction issued by the U.S. District
16   Court for the Southern District of New York may
17   elect, in lieu of the Standard Proposal, to receive
18   (I) with respect to any bonds as to which a
19   monetary judgment has been rendered, 100% of
20   the original amount of that monetary judgment
21   less a discount of 27.5% or 30% depending on
22   when they execute the agreements in principle
23   necessary to participate in the proposal, and (ii)
24   with respect to any bonds as to which no
25   monetary judgment has been rendered, the
26   current accrued value of their claims less a
27   discount of 27.5% or 30% also depending on
28   when they execute those agreements in principle.
29
30   4. If all bondholders with pari passu injunctions
31   were to accept the terms of the proposal it would
32   result in a total payment to them of
33   approximately $6.5 billion against claims of
34   approximately $9 billion.
                              27
 1   Declaration of Santiago Bausili at 17, NML Capital Ltd. v. Argentina, 14-8601,

 2   Dkt. No. 48 (Feb. 11, 2016) (emphases added). These statements expressly state

 3   that the proposal was an offer available to “all bondholders” to “accept,” and

 4   moreover, that the payment provided to bondholders would be determined on

 5   when “they” -- the bondholders -- executed the Agreement Schedule. The

 6   countersignature requirement was not even mentioned. The position taken by

 7   the Republic is clearly inconsistent with the position it now takes.

 8         The district court clearly relied upon the enforceability of the Republic’s

 9   order. It issued its indicative ruling on February 19, 2016, endorsing the

10   settlement provisions described above as a “[s]ignificantly changed

11   circumstance[]” warranting removal of the pari passu injunctions. See Rule 62.1

12   Indicative Ruling at 13, NML Capital Ltd. v. The Republic of Argentina, 14-8601,

13   Dkt. No. 59 (Feb. 19, 2016).

14         Later, the district court heard arguments about whether it should enter its

15   indicative ruling as a final ruling. As part of the submissions, the court

16   considered a supplementary declaration by Argentina’s Undersecretary of

17   Finance, Santiago Bausili, dated February 29, 2016, which stated the following:

18                                   Over the past several weeks, I have participated,
19                                   both personally and through counsel, in
                                                              28
 1                                   numerous negotiations with holders of defaulted
 2                                   Argentine debt.
 3                                      ·      I am familiar with the course, status and
 4                                             outcomes, to date, of those negotiations.
 5                                             As a result of the negotiation process
 6                                             overseen by the Special Master, the
 7                                             Republic has entered into agreements in
 8                                             principle to settle claims made by
 9                                             numerous bondholders.
10                                   Attached as Exhibit 9 is a true and correct copy of
11                                   the Agreement in Principle between Red Pines
12                                   LLC and the Republic of Argentina, executed as
13                                   of February 28, 2016.
14                                         In aggregate the agreements in principle
15                                         reached to date represent a commitment by
16                                         the Republic to pay approximately $6.2
17                                         billion to plaintiffs in the cases where this
18                                         Court has issued injunctions.
19                                         Negotiations with other plaintiffs are
20                                         ongoing. I have personally had discussions
21                                         with a number of plaintiffs, including . . .
22                                         Attestor Master Value Fund LP.
23
24   NML Capital v. The Republic of Argentina, 14-8601, ECF 71(2) (Feb. 29, 2016).

25   The declaration appended the Red Pines agreement schedule, which was not

26   countersigned. NML Capital v. The Republic of Argentina, 14-8601, ECF 71(11)

27   (Feb. 29, 2016). On March 2, 2016, the court entered a text order lifting the pari

28   passu injunctions, stating:

29                                   The court appreciates the arguments presented by
30                                   all parties who spoke at yesterday’s hearing. And
                                                              29
 1                                    the court does not take lightly the decision to lift
 2                                    the injunctions. But ultimately, circumstances
 3                                    have changed so significantly as to render the
 4                                    injunctions inequitable and detrimental to the
 5                                    public interest. For the reasons outlined in the
 6                                    indicative Ruling and this order, the court grants
 7                                    the Republic’s motions to vacate the injunctions in
 8                                    all actions upon the occurrence of the two
 9                                    conditions precedent: (1) The Republic repeals all
10                                    legislative obstacles to settlement with the FAA
11                                    bondholders, including the Lock Law and the
12                                    Sovereign Payment Law; (2) For all plaintiffs that
13                                    entered into agreements in principle with the
14                                    Republic on or before February 29, 2016, the
15                                    Republic must make full payment in accordance
16                                    with the specific terms of each such agreement.
17                                    The Republic must also notify the court once
18                                    those plaintiffs have all received full payment.
19

20         This statement emphasizes the fact that the Republic had represented that

21   it intended to be bound by its “offer” and the court’s reliance upon that statement

22   of intent in its vacatur of the pari passu injunction. The injustice of my

23   colleagues’ adopting the Republic’s reversal of its position is clear.

24   e) Conclusion

25         I therefore dissent. I would remand for a determination on the eligibility of

26   appellants’ bonds to accept the Republic’s offer of settlement. This issue cannot

27   be resolved as a matter of law, at least in the Republic’s favor, because it accepted

                                               30
1   some bonds similar to those of appellant as eligible and also is alleged to have

2   stated that appellants’ bonds are eligible.

3

4

5

6

7

                                             31