Court Opinion

ID: 8375155
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-21 14:03:53.258917+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:46:29.354843
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: OCTOBER 14, 2022; 10:00 A.M.
                       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                         Court of Appeals

                            NO. 2021-CA-0930-WC

REDWOOD HOLDINGS, LLC, D/B/A
FRANKFORT CARE AND REHABILITATION                                APPELLANT

                 PETITION FOR REVIEW OF A DECISION
v.             OF THE WORKERS’ COMPENSATION BOARD
                       ACTION NO. WC-18-64086

NICOLE MANGO; HONORABLE JOHN
H. MCCRACKEN, ADMINISTRATIVE
LAW JUDGE; AND WORKERS’ COMPENSATION
BOARD                                                             APPELLEES

                                  OPINION
                                 AFFIRMING

                                 ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: ACREE, JONES, AND MAZE, JUDGES.

MAZE, JUDGE: Redwood Holdings, LLC d/b/a Frankfort Care and

Rehabilitation (Redwood) petitions for review from an opinion of the Workers

Compensation Board upholding the Administrative Law Judge’s (ALJ) award of
benefits to Nicole Mango (Mango). Redwood argues that there was no evidence to

support the ALJ’s finding that Mango is totally and permanently disabled, the ALJ

improperly relied on Mango’s lay testimony about her mental impairment, and the

ALJ failed to properly address the substantial evidence supporting its position that

Mango retains the ability to work in a sedentary position. We agree with the Board

that the ALJ’s findings were sufficient and that the ALJ did not clearly err in

finding Mango to be totally disabled. Hence, we affirm.

               Throughout her career, Mango has worked in multiple nursing

positions, as well as jobs as a cashier, waitress, and pharmacy technician. She

reported prior, temporary injuries to her right foot and right arm, but these

conditions had completely resolved prior to her employment with Redwood. Most

recently, Mango was employed as a Certified Nurse Assistant (CNA) at

Redwood’s facility in Frankfort. Her job duties required physical activity,

including bathing, dressing, and feeding residents, as well as dispensing

medications.

               On May 29, 2018, Mango was nearly finished with passing out

medication when the accident occurred. While she was kneeling to get medication

out of the bottom drawer of her medicine cart, a resident tried to get past her in a

wheelchair. The resident ran into the back of Mango’s knee and leg. Her right

knee bent to the side, and she fell into the medicine cart, striking her right shoulder

                                          -2-
and chest. Despite the incident, Mango completed dispensing the medication,

returned the cart, and then notified her supervisor. Ice and Kinesio tape were

applied. Mango did not complete her shift and sought medical treatment that day.

She was released to return to light-duty work the following day.

             Mango suffered two additional work-related injuries. On July 18,

2018, Mango accompanied a patient to a VA emergency room. The patient

grabbed her and rocked her back and forth, worsening her right knee pain. She

continued to experience swelling and pain in her right foot. On August 7, 2018,

Mango slipped and fell in patient vomit. She slid under a bed, striking her right leg

directly below the knee. Mango continued to work until September 14, 2018,

when her available light-duty work with Redwood expired. She has not worked

since that time.

             Mango was initially treated by Dr. Andrew Duffee, an orthopedic

surgeon. Dr. Duffee stated that she originally sustained a nerve shock in her knee.

She went for a second opinion to Dr. Dana Soucy, who recommended surgery.

Thereafter, she treated with Dr. Greg Grau. On November 2, 2018, Dr. Grau

performed arthroscopic surgery on Mango’s knee. Subsequent physical therapy

provided some relief, and she underwent a second surgery to her right knee on

February 26, 2019. Dr. Grau eventually diagnosed Mango with Complex Regional

Pain Syndrome (CRPS).

                                         -3-
              Mango next treated with Dr. Austin Stone at University of Kentucky

(UK) Sports Medicine. Dr. Stone indicated Mango may need additional surgery,

but he did not recommend any procedure due to her CRPS. Dr. Stone referred her

to Dr. Justin Craig at UK Interventional Pain. She underwent two nerve blocks

that provided no benefit. She also underwent unsuccessful trials of a dorsal root

ganglion machine and a spinal cord stimulator. In addition, Mango treated with the

Cleveland Clinic, where a ketamine infusion was recommended, but she was

unable to obtain approval for the procedure. Mango also testified that she has

difficulty focusing, and experiences what she characterized as “brain fog” from her

medication.

              Both Mango and Redwood filed numerous treatment records. Mango

also filed a report from Dr. James C. Owen. Dr. Owen diagnosed Mango with

CRPS and indicated she may benefit from a dorsal stimulator. He assessed a 35%

impairment rating pursuant to the 5th Edition of the American Medical Association

Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides). He limited her

to sedentary activity.

              Dr. Owen performed a supplemental evaluation on March 11, 2020, in

response to the opinions expressed by Dr. Gregory Snider, who evaluated Mango

at Redwood’s request. Dr. Owen amended the impairment rating to 36% pursuant

to the AMA Guides. Dr. Owen again stated Mango developed CRPS due to her

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work injury. He stated she reached maximum medical improvement (MMI) on

January 31, 2020. Dr. Owen also opined Mango is unable to return to any

productive work, and specifically, cannot return to the type of work performed at

the time of the injury. He additionally stated she had no functional impairment

prior to her injury date.

             The treatment records from Dr. Grau reiterated his prior diagnosis of

CRPS. Dr. Grau noted Mango needed ongoing medical treatment, and he indicated

that there is a direct relationship between her knee pain and the May 29, 2018,

work injury. On June 3, 2019, Dr. Grau noted that Mango had reached MMI, but

recommended that Mango continue with pain management treatment.

             Dr. Duffee reported that he treated Mango on June 11, 2018, and

August 9, 2018. He stated that she had effusion of the right knee joint and a right

knee sprain. A right knee MRI revealed chondromalacia but no ligament injury.

On August 9, 2018, he noted Mango had some relief from the July 20, 2018,

steroid injection, but she had sustained an additional knee injury resulting in

marked knee pain and swelling.

             Mango underwent a functional capacity evaluation (FCE) at Drayer

Physical Therapy on July 29, 2019. Jim Couch, P.T., prepared the report, and

noted Mango complained of right knee pain which she rated as seven on a ten-

point scale. He stated she could perform sedentary work.

                                         -5-
             Dr. Stone initially diagnosed Mango with CRPS and arthrofibrosis of

the right knee. He subsequently noted Mango’s continued complaints of left knee

pain. On November 22, 2019, Dr. Stone noted continued problems with right knee

pain and CRPS, but he recommended no additional knee surgery. Similarly, Dr.

Craig’s records diagnosed CRPS related to the May 29, 2018, work injury.

             Dr. Mark Etscheidt, Ph.D, performed a behavioral examination at Dr.

Craig’s request on August 15, 2019. Dr. Etscheidt diagnosed Mango with pain

disorder associated with psychological factors of a medical condition. He also

diagnosed depression and sleep disturbance associated with her work injury. He

additionally noted she is a cigarette smoker.

             Dr. Richard Rosenquist with the Cleveland Clinic saw Mango on

December 20, 2019, and again on February 24, 2020. He diagnosed CRPS of the

right lower extremity, neuritis, and nicotine dependence, and he recommended a

ketamine infusion.

             Dr. Snider evaluated Mango twice at Redwood’s request. He first

examined her on January 21, 2020. He stated she had mixed evidence of CRPS,

but if she has that condition, it was probably caused by her work injury. He

diagnosed Mango with a right knee contusion, possible CRPS, chronic pain, and

joint stiffness. He stated the surgeries Dr. Grau performed were reasonable and

necessary. He determined Mango reached MMI on June 3, 2019. Dr. Snider

                                         -6-
assessed Mango with a 30% impairment pursuant to the AMA Guides. He further

opined that Mango can perform sedentary activities but is unable to return to her

previous work.

             In his deposition on July 23, 2022, Dr. Snider stated that Mango’s

treatment regime has been reasonable and necessary, but he did not believe she

would benefit from additional surgery. He disagreed with the 36% impairment

rating assessed by Dr. Owen, but stated that Mango has a poor prognosis, and she

needs additional medical management because her CRPS is “not going away.”

However, he repeated his prior conclusion that Mango can perform sedentary work

with limited standing and lifting less than ten pounds.

             The remaining medical evidence most agreed on Mango’s physical

condition but disagreed as to the decree of her impairment. Redwood introduced

the April 12, 2018, record from Bernice Sornson, APRN, with Lexington Clinic

Beaumont. Mango was seen for problems with recurrent manic episodes from

bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and insomnia. She was diagnosed

with chronic sinusitis, cough, and tobacco use. Dr. Soucy saw Mango for

treatment on September 12, 2018, and again on September 28, 2018. Mango

reported experiencing problems with her right knee burning, popping, grinding,

swelling, and tingling in addition to her pain. Dr. Soucy diagnosed right knee

                                         -7-
osteoarthritis and a right knee sprain. On September 28, 2018, Dr. Soucy noted

Mango had experienced subsequent injuries and her condition had worsened.

             Dr. Soucy stated that Mango could perform sedentary work, with

lifting of no more than ten pounds. Redwood also introduced a vocational report

from Ron May dated March 15, 2020. Based on Mango’s age, education, work

experience, and skills, May stated she qualifies to work in numerous jobs in the

$20,000 to $65,000 range.

             A benefit review conference was held on December 7, 2020. The

parties stipulated Mango sustained a work-related injury on May 29, 2018. The

issues preserved included permanent income benefits, temporary total disability

(TTD) benefits, ability to return to the type of work she performed at the time of

injury, vocational rehabilitation, unpaid or contested medical benefits, MMI,

proper use of the AMA Guides, unreimbursed travel and medical expenses, failure

to follow reasonable medical advice, timeliness of bills from providers, and

timeliness of mileage reimbursement forms.

             Following the conference, the ALJ entered his opinion, award, and

order on February 5, 2020. The ALJ found Mango sustained a compensable work-

related knee injury that developed into CRPS. Based upon Dr. Grau’s testimony,

the ALJ found that Mango reached MMI for her right knee on June 3, 2019, but

did not reach MMI for her CRPS until February 21, 2020, based on Dr. Craig’s

                                         -8-
records. The ALJ noted the 30% impairment rating assessed by Dr. Snider, but he

believed the 36% impairment rating assessed by Dr. Owen was most credible. But

later in his opinion, the ALJ erroneously referenced the 35% rating initially

assessed by Dr. Owen. The ALJ further concluded that Mango is permanently

totally disabled and awarded benefits based on that finding.

             Redwood filed a petition for reconsideration, arguing that the ALJ

erred in calculating the correct benefit rate and in relying on Dr. Owen’s

impairment rating. Redwood also asserted that the ALJ erred in finding Mango to

be totally disabled. The ALJ entered an order on March 11, 2021. The ALJ agreed

that he had applied the incorrect benefit rate for Mango’s PPD benefits. The ALJ

also noted that his prior reference to the 35% impairment rating was a

typographical error. However, the ALJ reiterated his prior conclusion that Mango

is permanently and totally disabled. The ALJ stated that he did not find that

Mango has a mental disability, but merely found that she has difficulty

concentrating due to the effects of her injury, which affects her ability to work.

The ALJ also determined that, despite the offer by the insurer to modify Mango’s

vehicle, she testified Dr. Craig indicated she could not drive, and Mango felt her

medications made driving unsafe. Finally, the ALJ re-affirmed his prior

conclusions about the compensability of Mango’s treatment with UK Healthcare

and the Cleveland Clinic.

                                         -9-
             On appeal to the Board, Redwood argued that the evidence did not

support Mango’s reported “brain fog” or difficulty with memory on concentration.

Consequently, Redwood argued that the ALJ erred in taking any mental limitations

into consideration in determining she is permanently totally disabled. Redwood

also pointed to the reports of Dr. Snider, Dr. Soucy, and the vocational expert that

Mango remains able to perform sedentary work.

             After summarizing the evidence, the Board found that the ALJ

appropriately reviewed the evidence and performed the proper analysis in

determining that Mango is permanently totally disabled. The Board noted that,

while Dr. Snider assessed a 30% impairment rating, he stated that the AMA Guides

would permit an impairment range between 20%-40%. The ratings assessed by

both Dr. Snider and Dr. Owen fall within this range. The Board further found that

the ALJ applied the proper analysis required by City of Ashland v. Stumbo, 461

S.W.3d 392 (Ky. 2015), and Ira A. Watson Department Store v. Hamilton, 34

S.W.3d 48 (Ky. 2000), in determining that Mango is permanently totally disabled.

             The Board stated that the ALJ properly considered Mango’s testimony

about her “brain fog” and difficulty concentrating, even though it did not amount

to a mental disability. Finally, the Board found that the ALJ appropriately

considered the circumstances and determined that Mango’s treatment, bills, and

                                        -10-
reimbursements for medical expenses and travel were reasonable, necessary, and

compensable.

             In this petition for review, Redwood focuses on the sufficiency of the

evidence supporting the ALJ’s findings that Mango is totally and permanently

disabled. It is well-established that a claimant in a workers’ compensation claim

bears the burden of proving each essential element of his claim. Burton v. Foster

Wheeler Corp., 72 S.W.3d 925, 928 (Ky. 2002). As the fact-finder, the ALJ has

the sole authority to judge the weight, credibility, substance, and inferences to be

drawn from the evidence. Paramount Foods, Inc. v. Burkhardt, 695 S.W.2d 418,

419 (Ky. 1985). Where the evidence is conflicting, the ALJ has the sole authority

to believe or disbelieve various parts of the evidence, regardless of whether it

comes from the same witness or the same party’s total proof. Caudill v. Maloney’s

Discount Stores, 560 S.W.2d 15, 16 (Ky. 1977).

             “If the party with the burden of proof is successful before the ALJ, the

question on appeal is whether the ALJ’s opinion was supported by substantial

evidence.” GSI Commerce v. Thompson, 409 S.W.3d 361, 364 (Ky. App. 2012).

In order to reverse the decision of the ALJ, it must be shown there was no

substantial evidence of probative value to support her decision. Special Fund v.

Francis, 708 S.W.2d 641, 643 (Ky. 1986). The function of this Court’s review is

to correct the Board only where the Court perceives that the Board has overlooked

                                         -11-
or misconstrued controlling statutes or precedent or committed an error in

assessing the evidence so flagrant as to cause gross injustice. W. Baptist Hosp. v.

Kelly, 827 S.W.2d 685, 687-88 (Ky. 1992).

             As an initial matter, we note that the ALJ addressed Redwood’s

argument about the change in Dr. Owen’s impairment rating from 35% to 36%.

The ALJ found the latter rating to be more credible, and further stated that his

citation to the 35% rating had been a typographical error. Given the acceptable

range for Mango’s disability and the ALJ’s broad discretion, we can find no error

in accepting the higher rating, as it was assessed when Mango was closer to MMI.

             Redwood mainly argues that the ALJ erred by considering Mango’s

testimony about her “brain fog” or difficulty concentrating. Redwood correctly

notes that ALJs are not permitted to rely on lay testimony, personal experience,

and inference to make findings that directly conflict with the medical evidence,

except in limited situations, such as matters involving observable causation.

Kingery v. Sumitomo Elec. Wiring, 481 S.W.3d 492, 496 (Ky. 2015) (citing

Mengel v. Hawaiian-Tropic Northwest and Central Distributors, Inc., 618 S.W.2d

184, 187 (Ky. App. 1981)). In the absence of any objective medical evidence

showing a mental disability, Redwood contends that Dr. Owen misapplied the

AMA Guides in determining that Mango is totally and permanently disabled.

Redwood also notes that Mango admitted she could engage in sitting, walking, or

                                        -12-
standing for brief periods of time, thereby allowing her to perform sedentary work.

Consequently, Redwood argues that the ALJ erred in accepting the disability rating

assigned by Dr. Owen over that assessed by Dr. Snider.

             But as the ALJ correctly noted, “permanent total disability” is defined

in Kentucky Revised Statute (KRS) 342.0011(11)(c) as “the condition of an

employee who, due to an injury, has a permanent disability rating and has a

complete and permanent inability to perform any type of work as a result of an

injury[.]” Work is defined as meaning “providing services to another in return for

remuneration on a regular and sustained basis in a competitive economy[.]” KRS

342.0011(34). In City of Ashland v. Stumbo, supra, the Kentucky Supreme Court

laid out a five-step analysis which the ALJ must utilize in determining entitlement

to permanent total disability. Initially, the ALJ must determine if the claimant

suffered a work-related injury. Second, the ALJ must determine what, if any,

impairment rating the claimant has. Third, an ALJ is required to determine that the

claimant is unable to perform any type of work. Fourth, the ALJ must set forth,

with some specificity, what factors he or she considered and how those factors led

to the conclusion that the claimant is totally and permanently disabled. Finally, the

ALJ must determine that the total disability is the result of the work injury.

Stumbo, 461 S.W.3d at 396-97. In determining whether a worker is totally

disabled, an ALJ must consider several factors, including the worker’s age,

                                         -13-
education level, vocational skills, medical restrictions, and the likelihood that she

can resume some type of “work” under normal employment conditions. Ira A.

Watson Dep’t Store, 34 S.W.3d at 51.

             As previously noted, the ALJ stated that he did not find that Mango

suffered from a mental disability. Rather, he considered her testimony about her

difficulty in concentrating and the effects of her medication as it related to her

ability to return to some type of employment. Mango’s testimony was competent

evidence of her physical condition and of her ability to perform various activities

both before and after being injured. Id. at 52. The ALJ recognized other medical

evidence showing that the effects of Mango’s physical injuries cause her mental

distress. The ALJ also recognized that, while there was some evidence that Mango

could return to some type of work on a limited basis, there was no evidence she

could do so on a sustained basis.

             Redwood further argues that the ALJ failed to weigh and address the

contrary evidence that Mango retained an ability to perform sedentary work on a

sustained basis. However, the ALJ addressed that evidence, noting that Couch

gave his vocational assessment without personally interviewing her for the opinion.

In addition, Couch did not perform any testing to determine if she retained the

ability to concentrate or work relatively free from distraction from the symptoms

of her physical condition. The ALJ concluded,

                                         -14-
            The fact that he did not personally interview Mango is of
            concern to the ALJ as relates to her actual ability to work
            the jobs he states she is physically capable of working.
            Mango testified that she is unable to sit or stand for long
            periods of time, doesn’t drive a car, and has difficulty
            sitting and using a computer. These are all factors that
            mitigate against her ability to work a job, 40 hours a
            week, under normal circumstances. This is whether the
            work is at home, or in a building operated by an
            employer. She is dependent on others to take her to shop
            or to her doctor appointments. She does not sleep with
            anything covering her right leg due to sensitivity issues.

                   The ALJ understands that Dr. Grau and others,
            including Dr. Snider, have relied upon the FCE to opine
            that she is able to physically return to sedentary work.
            However, given the mental and physical limitations
            Mango testified she still retains 1 1/2 years after the FCE,
            the ALJ is not convinced that she is capable of returning
            to any type of work under normal working conditions for
            a sustained period of time in a competitive economy.
            The ALJ relies on Mango and Dr. Owen to find that she
            does not have the ability to work on a sustained basis,
            either standing or sitting, under normal work conditions,
            on a sustained basis.

                   The ALJ finds that her limited experience to jobs
            that primarily required her to stand at work, or to
            physically work with patients, is a significant factor in
            her inability to return to work. Mango testified that even
            as a charge or lead nurse, she may have to deal with
            patients, or assist another nurse with issues at work.

                   The ALJ relies on Mango and Dr. Owen to find
            that she is permanently totally disabled from work
            pursuant to KRS 342.0011(11)(c).

            We agree with the Board that the ALJ adequately set forth the basis

for his determination that Mango is totally disabled. We also agree that the ALJ

                                       -15-
properly considered Mango’s lay testimony regarding her ability to work on a

sustained basis. Indeed, that is the only contested issue remaining for our review.

And even on this matter, the medical evidence is uncontested that Mango has

severe and permanent disabilities which severely limit her ability to work. Even

Dr. Snider conceded that Mango’s CRPS was “not going away” and would require

extensive pain management for the rest of her life. Although there was contrary

evidence which could have supported a finding that Mango retained a limited

ability to work, the ALJ’s conclusion was supported by adequate findings and was

not clearly erroneous.

             Accordingly, we affirm the July 16, 2021, opinion of the Board

affirming the ALJ’s February 5, 2020, opinion and award, as amended by the order

entered on March 11, 2021.

             ALL CONCUR.

BRIEF FOR APPELLANT:                      BRIEF FOR APPELLEE NICOLE
                                          MANGO:
Christopher M. Mayer
Robert F. Ferreri                         Michael F. Eubanks
Louisville, Kentucky                      Richmond, Kentucky

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