Court Opinion

ID: 9951185
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-15 18:10:33.303539+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:35:38.707619
License: Public Domain

J-A26022-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  RAYMOND JANUARY JASZCZAK                     :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 469 EDA 2023

      Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered January 27, 2023
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County Criminal Division
                     at No(s): CP-46-CR-0003094-2021

BEFORE: DUBOW, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and KING, J.

MEMORANDUM BY McLAUGHLIN, J.:                          FILED MARCH 15, 2024

       Raymond January Jaszczak appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered following his convictions for driving under the influence (“DUI”) –

combination of alcohol and a drug, and for other offenses: restriction on

alcoholic beverages, operation of vehicle without official certificate of

inspection, prohibition on expenditures for emission inspection program –

evidence of emission inspection, and violation of use of certificate of

inspection.1 He challenges the denial of his motion to dismiss pursuant to

Pa.R.Crim.P. 600 and the sufficiency of the evidence for his DUI conviction.

We affirm.

       Jaszczak’s convictions stem from a traffic stop on October 9, 2020, after

which Trooper Isaiah Slonaker arrested Jaszczak for DUI and traffic-related
____________________________________________

1 75 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3802(d)(3), 3809(a), 4703(a), 4706(c)(5), and 4730(a)(1),

respectively.
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offenses. The Commonwealth filed a criminal complaint on November 24,

2020, and the court held a preliminary hearing on May 24, 2021, and a pretrial

conference on June 3, 2022. The case was then scheduled for a “call of the

list trial hearing,” for September 30, 2022. Two days before that hearing, on

September 28, 2022, Jaszczak moved to dismiss under Rule 600.

       At a hearing on the motion, the parties agreed that the mechanical run

date was August 31, 2022,2 which was one year after the lifting of the COVID-

19 judicial emergency, because while the emergency orders were in effect,

there had been a “moratorium” on Rule 600. See N.T., 10/31/22, at 4-5. The

Assistant District Attorney (“ADA”) handling the case testified that she was

assigned to it in July 2022, one month before the mechanical run date. Id. at

6. She said that from the lifting of the judicial emergency through the Rule

600 hearing, “[t]here was a large backlog of cases.” Id. at 14. She conceded

she did not ask the court to schedule the trial before the mechanical run date.

Id. at 17. She testified that she did not know whether the Commonwealth had

“specifically requested any kind of hearing during the pendency of this case[,]”

or whether the prior ADA assigned to the case “had made a request or not.”

Id. at 16. She said that from the lifting of the judicial emergency, on August
____________________________________________

2 But see Commonwealth v. Lear, 290 A.3d 709, 720 (Pa.Super.), appeal

granted, 305 A.3d 541 (Pa. 2023) (holding “the plain language of the orders
reflects that Montgomery County did not continue its unqualified suspension
of Rule 600 beyond May 31, 2020” and remanding for a hearing to “afford the
Commonwealth the opportunity to prove its diligence”). We need not remand
here because the parties have agreed on the mechanical run date, and
moreover, the trial court already determined that the Commonwealth acted
with due diligence.

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31, 2021, to the first pretrial conference, on June 3, 2022, the Commonwealth

was ready for trial. Id. at 13.

      The Commonwealth also presented the testimony of the deputy court

administrator responsible for scheduling criminal matters for pretrial and “call

of the trial list” hearings. Id. at 22. She testified that in January 2021, they

began listing pretrial conferences for cases that had already been scheduled

for one before the pandemic. Id. at 24. After May 2021, they started to list

pretrial conferences for all cases, working from oldest to newest, giving

priority to cases where the defendant was incarcerated. Id. at 26-27.

However, she explained that there was a large backlog, at the peak of which,

in November 2021, 9,000 criminal cases were pending, when there were

“usually” 4,000. Id. at 26. In her words, the instant case “was waiting in line

behind thousands of other cases[.]” Id. at 25.

      Nonetheless, she said that she had honored requests to move cases

ahead on the list and schedule them earlier than otherwise would have

occurred. She said she had received such requests “from the District

Attorney’s Office, from the private defense bar, from the Public Defender’s

Office” and even “from pro se defendants asking me to list their cases because

it’s holding up their life.” Id. She said she had expedited cases “over a

hundred, but probably less than 200” times, and if she had gotten a request

to schedule the instant case for a pretrial hearing, she would have listed it.

Id. at 26. At the same time, she said that if she had gotten requests in too

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many cases, the “request system” would have been swamped, and she would

have had to stop taking requests. Id.

         Regarding the call of the trial list hearings, she testified that these were

hearings where the Commonwealth and defense inform the court whether a

case will proceed to trial. Id. at 27. As with pretrial hearings, she said she

prioritizes scheduling cases in which the defendant is incarcerated, and then

works from “oldest to newest,” putting as many as “can fit” on the assigned

judge’s schedule for each hearing. Id. at 28-29. She believed the judge

assigned in this case was at the time scheduling 80 cases at each call of the

trial list hearing. Id. at 29. She said the instant case was listed for a call of

trial list hearing in September 2022, and was not scheduled in July or August

2022 because she was “certain that there [were] older docket numbers filling

up the earlier list.” Id.

         The court denied the motion and determined that the Commonwealth

had exercised due diligence, considering the backlog of cases. Jaszczak

proceeded by way of a stipulated bench trial on January 27, 2023. See N.T.,

Stipulated Bench Trial, 1/27/23, at 7-9. The parties stipulated to the following

facts:

            On October 9th, 2020, at 11:12 a.m., Trooper Isaiah
            Slonaker . . . engaged in a traffic stop of a vehicle for
            fraudulent inspection stickers. This traffic stop occurred
            after Trooper Slonaker observed the vehicle traveling
            northbound on Main Street in Pennsburg Borough,
            Montgomery County, which is a public roadway.

            Upon approaching the vehicle, Trooper Slonaker observed .
            . . Jaszczak[] sitting in the driver’s seat of the vehicle.

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         Trooper Slonaker observed a strong odor of alcohol
         emanating from the vehicle. He confirmed the inspection
         stickers were, in fact, fraudulent and not valid.

         He observed [Jaszczak’s] eyes to be bloodshot and glassy
         and the trooper noted that [Jaszczak] was very talkative.
         [Jaszczak] admitted to the trooper that he had consumed
         two beers and a shot of alcohol earlier in the morning.

         [Jaszczak] performed field sobriety tests. The trooper
         observed that [Jaszczak] could not adequately complete the
         Romberg balance test. The trooper further explained
         additional field sobriety tests, but [Jaszczak] was unable to
         perform those tests as he was having difficulties standing in
         general and standing still. The trooper performed a portable
         breath test with the results positive for the presence of
         alcohol.

         At that point, based on his knowledge, training and
         experience, the trooper formed the opinion that [Jaszczak]
         was under the influence of drugs and alcohol to a point that
         he could not safely operate a motor vehicle. Prior to towing
         [Jaszczak’s] vehicle from the scene, consent to search the
         vehicle was granted and an open container of alcohol was
         found in the middle console of the vehicle.

         [Jaszczak] did consent to submit to a blood – chemical blood
         test and Skippack EMS performed a blood draw at 12:31
         p.m. which is within two hours of when the trooper observed
         [Jaszczak] driving in his vehicle.

         The blood test results from NMS indicated that at the time
         of the blood draw that [Jaszczak] had in his system nineteen
         nanograms per milliliter of amphetamine, that’s plus or
         minus a standard deviation of four; he had seven-and-one-
         half grams per milliliter of methamphetamine in his blood
         with plus or minus a standard deviation of nineteen; and
         eleven-and-a-half grams per milliliter of Oxycodone in his
         blood and that’s plus or minus a standard deviation of two.
         He also had a blood alcohol concentration of .054 percent.

Id.   The court found Jaszczak guilty of the above-referenced offenses and

sentenced him to six months of restrictive DUI probation. This timely appeal

followed.

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      Jaszczak raises two issues before this Court:

         I. Did the court err in dismissing [Jaszczak’s] motion to
         dismiss because the Commonwealth did not exercise due
         diligence by failing to ask the court administrator to list the
         case for trial prior to the running of Pa.R.Crim.P. 600 period?

         II. Did the court err in finding [Jaszczak] guilty of driving
         under the influence at a stipulated bench trial because the
         evidence failed to show that [Jaszczak] was driving
         unsafely?

Jaszczak’s Br. at 3.

      In his first issue, Jaszczak claims that the Commonwealth did not

exercise due diligence in bringing his case to trial. He maintains that because

he did not request any continuances between the lifting of the judicial

emergency and the mechanical run date, the adjusted run date was the same

as the mechanical run date, August 31, 2022. He argues that the

Commonwealth did not act with due diligence because it failed to request a

trial date before the adjusted run date. See id. at 9 (citing Commonwealth

v. Hawk, 597 A.2d 1141, 1145 (Pa. 1991)).

      The Commonwealth counters that it acted with due diligence. It points

out that the court was scheduling cases pursuant to court policies that gave

priority to older cases and cases in which the defendant was incarcerated. It

emphasizes the testimony of the court administrator that there were more

than 9,000 cases in the backlog and if the Commonwealth had asked the court

to schedule all such cases, the court could not have accommodated all such

requests:

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      Although the Commonwealth did not specifically request that this
      case be rescheduled for an earlier date, where there were over
      9000 cases similarly situated it was impossible for the Court
      Administrator to accommodate such requests in every case,
      including in this case. Such requests would have been pointless
      and futile, especially in this case which involved a defendant who
      was not incarcerated at the time making this case a lesser priority
      for scheduling purposes under the Court Administrator’s
      scheduling policies which were beyond the control of the District
      Attorney’s Office.

Com.’s Br. at 9.

      We review the denial of a Rule 600 motion for an abuse of discretion.

See Commonwealth v. Harth, 252 A.3d 600, 614 n.13 (Pa. 2021). We limit

our scope of review to the evidence from the Rule 600 motion hearing and the

trial court’s findings of fact. See Commonwealth v. Watson, 140 A.3d 696,

698 (Pa.Super. 2016) (citation omitted). We “view the facts in the light most

favorable to the prevailing party.” Id. (citation omitted).

      Rule 600 provides that a trial must “commence within 365 days from

the date on which the complaint is filed.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(A)(2)(a). To

determine whether a Rule 600 violation has occurred, a “court must first

calculate the ‘mechanical run date,’ which is 365 days after the complaint was

filed,” and then must “account for any ‘excludable time’ and ‘excusable

delay.’” Commonwealth v. Johnson, 289 A.3d 959, 981 (Pa. 2023) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Goldman, 70 A.3d 874, 879 (Pa.Super. 2013)). The

court then calculates the adjusted run date by adding any excludable time to

the mechanical run date. “For purposes of [Rule 600(A)], periods of delay at

any stage of the proceedings caused by the Commonwealth when the

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Commonwealth has failed to exercise due diligence shall be included in the

computation of the time within which trial must commence. Any other periods

of delay shall be excluded from the computation.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(C)(1).

       “Due diligence is fact specific, to be determined case-by-case; it does

not require perfect vigilance and punctilious care, but merely a showing the

Commonwealth has put forth a reasonable effort.” Commonwealth v.

Selenski, 994 A.2d 1083, 1089 (Pa. 2010). Delay caused by the court is

excludable only if the Commonwealth shows it exercised due diligence at all

relevant times throughout the proceedings. Johnson, 289 A.3d at 982 (citing

Harth, 252 A.3d at 603).3

       Here, the parties agreed that the mechanical run date was August 31,

2022. The trial court explained its conclusion that the Commonwealth acted

with due diligence as follows:

          The testimony shows [defense counsel] entered his
          appearance on 10/26/21. Discovery was ready before the
          first pre-trial conference which was June 3rd, ’22. At that
          time, it was moved to the call of the trial list according to
          the court administrator assistant or deputy court
          administrator. It went on the 9/30/22 call of the trial list.
          Due to the backlog of cases, the priority to scheduling
          incarcerated defendants first and due to the sheer number
          of cases pending in the system post COVID, the [c]ourt is
          still dealing with a tremendous backlog and far greater than
          pre COVID.

____________________________________________

3 “[A] trial court may invoke ‘judicial delay’ in order to deny a defendant’s Rule

600 motion to dismiss only after the Commonwealth has demonstrated that it
complied with the due diligence requirements of Rule 600 at all relevant
periods throughout the life of the case.” Harth, 252 A.3d at 603.

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        I find that the prosecution was diligent in this case in trying
        to get it prepared or trying to get it to trial and could not do
        so, despite their due diligence due to the overwhelming
        number of cases pending.

        And the DA is not responsible for scheduling. The court
        administrator was trying to schedule the cases in some sort
        of logical sequence, trying to work through the backlog.
        Cases . . . with defendants not incarcerated, were scheduled
        oldest to newest. This case fell in line, as we heard from the
        testimony, behind numerous other cases.

        The defense argument that the Commonwealth should be
        requesting a special listing I don’t think is workable.
        Requesting special listings for every case with a post COVID
        backlog and circumstances is simply unworkable and not a
        solution.

        So I’m not going to dismiss this case. I find the
        Commonwealth did act with due diligence and, despite due
        diligence, couldn’t get this case to trial due to circumstances
        beyond the control of the ADA’s office, and the motion is
        denied.

N.T., 10/31/22, at 36-37.

     The court explained further in its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion:

     The delay in bringing this matter to trial prior to the mechanical
     run date of August 31, 2022, was the result of circumstances
     beyond the Commonwealth’s control. Due to the judicial
     emergency, the Montgomery County Court of Common Pleas was
     left with a significant backlog of cases which continues to severely
     impair its ability to schedule cases prior to any imminent Rule 600
     deadlines. The backlog impaired the court’s ability to schedule this
     matter for trial prior to August 31, 2022. The record does not show
     any lack of diligence by the Commonwealth or that it was not
     prepared to go to trial during the periods of judicial delay [due to
     the judicial emergency orders]. The Commonwealth filed timely
     bills of information and turned over full discovery in an expeditious
     manner. The Commonwealth also did not request any
     continuances and no action on the part of the Commonwealth
     resulted in this matter being tried past the mechanical run date of
     August 31, 2022.

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      The only time potentially attributable to the normal progression of
      this case, and therefore not excludable, extends from August 31,
      2021 to the Commonwealth’s transmittal of the discovery
      materials on May 18, 2022, a period of 260 days. Consequently,
      of the 794 days between the filing of the criminal complaint and
      [Jaszczak’s] trial, 534 are due to judicial delay beyond the
      Commonwealth’s control and are excludable.

Trial Court Opinion, 3/17/23, at 9-10 (footnote and citation omitted).

      This was not an abuse of discretion. The record supports the court’s

conclusion    that     the   Commonwealth         acted   reasonably   under     the

circumstances. To the extent that Jaszczak claims that Hawk required the

Commonwealth to ask for a trial date before the expiration of the mechanical

run   date,   we     disagree.   The   Court     in   Hawk   determined   that   the

Commonwealth “failed to take any affirmative action to get the case moving

by listing it for trial when the trial judge was ill and then on vacation[.]” Hawk,

597 A.2d at 1145. The Court also rejected the Commonwealth’s argument that

there was a backlog of cases, finding that “cases that were assigned pursuant

to the Individual Judge Calendar system were in fact being sent to other

judges.” Id. at 1146. Here, unlike Hawk, the delay in listing the case for trial

was not due to a particular judge’s calendar and illness but rather the

extensive backlog of cases due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

      In his remaining issue, Jaszczak maintains the evidence was insufficient

to support his DUI conviction because there was allegedly no evidence that he

drove in an unsafe manner. He notes that Trooper Slonaker did not testify

that he saw Jaszczak commit any moving vehicle violation. He also argues

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that though there may be circumstantial evidence of his intoxication, this is

negated by the direct evidence of his safe driving.

      Our standard of review is well settled:

         The standard we apply . . . is whether viewing all the
         evidence admitted at trial in the light most favorable to the
         verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence to enable the
         fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond a
         reasonable doubt. In applying the above test, we may not
         weigh the evidence and substitute our judgment for the
         fact-finder. In addition, we note that the facts and
         circumstances established by the Commonwealth need not
         preclude every possibility of innocence. Any doubts
         regarding a defendant’s guilt may be resolved by the fact-
         finder unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that
         as a matter of law no probability of fact may be drawn from
         the combined circumstances. The Commonwealth may
         sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime
         beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly
         circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying the above
         test, the entire record must be evaluated, and all evidence
         actually received must be considered. Finally, the trier of
         fact while passing upon the credibility of witnesses and the
         weight of the evidence produced, is free to believe all, part
         or none of the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Edwards, 229 A.3d 298, 305–306 (Pa.Super. 2020)

(brackets and citations omitted).

      The crime of driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs is defined

as follows:

         (d) Controlled substances. — An individual may not
         drive, operate, or be in actual physical control of the
         movement of a vehicle under any of the following
         circumstances:

                                    ***

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          (3) The individual is under the combined influence of alcohol
          and a drug or combination of drugs to a degree which
          impairs the individual’s ability to safely drive, operate, or be
          in actual physical control of the movement of the vehicle.

75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3802(d)(3) (emphasis added). To sustain a conviction under

Section 3802(d)(3), the Commonwealth must show that: 1) the defendant’s

ability to safely drive, operate or be in physical control of a vehicle was

impaired and 2) that the impairment was due to being under the influence of

alcohol and a drug or combination of drugs. See Commonwealth v. Griffith,

32 A.3d 1231, 1237 (Pa. 2011).

        Here, it is true that Trooper Slonaker did not observe Jaszczak commit

any motor vehicle violation and did not observe Jaszczak driving in an unsafe

manner. However, evidence of Jaszczak’s unsafe driving was not required to

sustain the conviction under Section 3802(d)(3). Rather, the Commonwealth

was required to show that Jaszczak was under the influence of alcohol and

drugs and that this impairment affected his ability to safely drive, operate, or

be in physical control of his vehicle. The evidence supports such a finding. The

blood     test   results    showed     that    Jaszczak     had     amphetamine,

methamphetamine, and oxycodone in his system. Jaszczak also had a BAC

level of .054 percent. Trooper Slonaker observed that Jaszczak’s eyes were

bloodshot and glassy. Additionally, Jaszczak could not adequately complete or

perform the varying field sobriety tests due to his “difficulties standing in

general and standing still.” N.T., Stipulated Bench Trial, at 8. The evidence

was sufficient to sustain the conviction under Section 3802(d)(3).

        Judgment of sentence affirmed.

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Date: 3/15/2024

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