Court Opinion

ID: 9383785
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-31 06:06:08.102931+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:47.899735
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                  revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

MASS2MEDIA, LLC, also known as PX2                                    UNPUBLISHED
HOLDINGS, doing business as PRECISION                                 March 30, 2023
EXTRACTIONS SOLUTION,

               Plaintiff/Counterdefendant-Appellee,

v                                                                     No. 357973
                                                                      Oakland Circuit Court
DION CIMINI,                                                          LC No. 2019-178564-CB

               Defendant/Counterplaintiff-Appellant.

MASS2MEDIA, LLC, also known as PX2
HOLDINGS, doing business as PRECISION
EXTRACTIONS SOLUTION,

               Plaintiff/Counterdefendant-Appellant,

v                                                                     No. 360357
                                                                      Oakland Circuit Court
DION CIMINI,                                                          LC No. 2019-178564-CB

               Defendant/Counterplaintiff-Appellee.

Before: CAVANAGH, P.J., and MARKEY and BORRELLO, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In Docket No. 357973, defendant appeals by right the trial court’s June 10, 2021 judgment
after a bench trial (1) entering a declaratory judgment in favor of plaintiff that plaintiff correctly
calculated the amount of compensation owed to defendant after his employment was terminated
to be $61,569.74, (2) dismissing all of plaintiff’s counterclaims, (3) finding by clear and
convincing evidence that all of defendant’s defenses and counterclaims were “frivolous” because
they were based on “lies” and defendant’s trial testimony was not credible, and (4) concluding that

                                                 -1-
defendant was liable for sanctions pursuant to MCR 1.109 and MCL 600.2591 in an amount to be
determined. In Docket No. 360357, plaintiff appeals by right the trial court’s July 28, 2021 opinion
and order denying plaintiff an award of reasonable attorney fees on the basis that plaintiff failed
to meet its burden of proof. For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm in part and vacate
in part.

                                        I. BACKGROUND

        This case involves a dispute over the amount of compensation owed to defendant in
commissions following the termination of his employment as a sales representative with plaintiff.
The parties do not contest the trial court’s findings that defendant began his employment with
plaintiff in 2017 as a salaried employee and that he moved to a sales representative role in
approximately January 2019, where he earned commission. There was some dispute at trial
whether defendant, in his sales role, earned a salary in addition to his sales commission or whether
he was compensated entirely through commissions. However, the trial court found that
defendant’s compensation was solely based on commissions and that defendant sometimes
received “draws” or “advances made during the course of the year in connection with future sales
commissions.” The trial court also found that there was an agreement reached at the beginning of
defendant’s tenure as a sales representative regarding splitting certain commissions with
defendant’s cousin and fellow sales representative, Steve Cimini. The relevant split involved new
sales in defendant’s and Steve’s joint sales territory of California and was 70%-30% in favor of
the more experienced sales representative, Steve.

        Defendant was terminated from his employment in November 2019. When defendant’s
employment was terminated, plaintiff determined that it owed defendant $61,569.74 in
compensation. Defendant claimed that he was owed more than that amount. Plaintiff instituted
this declaratory action seeking a ruling resolving this dispute. Defendant filed counterclaims for
breach of contract and violation of MCL 600.2961, which provides for actions for unpaid sales
commissions.

        The matter proceeded to a bench trial. Following the trial, the trial court issued a written
opinion setting forth its findings of fact, conclusions of law, and judgment. The court determined
that plaintiff was entitled to declaratory judgment in its favor that it had correctly calculated
defendant’s outstanding compensation to be $61,569.74. Specifically, the trial court determined
that the relevant controlling contract at the time of defendant’s termination was the most recent
employment agreement executed between the parties in July 2019. The trial court further
determined that defendant was contractually entitled to solely commission-based compensation
with his “draws” being treated as advances against future commissions and that defendant was
entitled to 30% of commissions from new sales in California.

        Additionally, the trial court also dismissed defendant’s counterclaims and determined that
all of defendant’s defenses and counterclaims were frivolous because “they were based on lies.”
Accordingly, the trial court imposed sanctions against defendant in an amount to be determined.
Following an evidentiary hearing, the trial court declined to award attorney fees to plaintiff because
the court found that plaintiff had failed to prove that the attorney fees it sought were reasonable.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

                                                 -2-
        On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred by deciding the case in plaintiff’s
favor with respect to the amount of compensation owed to defendant and, further, that the trial
court clearly erred by determining that defendant’s defenses and counterclaims were frivolous such
that defendant was liable for sanctions.

        “We review a trial court’s findings of fact in a bench trial for clear error and its conclusions
of law de novo.” Chelsea Investment Group LLC v City of Chelsea, 288 Mich App 239, 250; 792
NW2d 781 (2010). “A decision is clearly erroneous when, although there may be evidence to
support it, we are left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Pioneer
State Mut Ins Co v Michalek, 330 Mich App 138, 145-146; 946 NW2d 812 (2019) (quotation
marks and citation omitted). “The trial court’s findings are given great deference because it is in
a better position to examine the facts.” Chelsea Investment Group, 288 Mich App at 251. We
review issues of contract interpretation, including whether contract language is ambiguous, de
novo as questions of law. Klapp v United Ins Group Agency, Inc, 468 Mich 459, 463; 663 NW2d
447 (2003).

        The court has a duty to interpret a contract where it may be “construed by its terms alone,”
but the trier of fact determines the meaning of a contract “where its meaning is obscure and its
construction depends upon other and extrinsic facts in connection with what is written.” Id. at 469
(quotation marks and citation omitted). The meaning of an ambiguous contract presents a question
of fact regarding the parties’ intent that is to be determined by the trier of fact. Id. Accordingly,
under such circumstances, “the fact finder must interpret the contract’s terms, in light of the
apparent purpose of the contract as a whole, the rules of contract construction, and extrinsic
evidence of intent and meaning.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted).

        Here, defendant concedes on appeal that the trial court properly found that the July 2019
employment contract was the governing agreement in effect when defendant’s employment was
terminated. Defendant contends that this contract, along with the expressly incorporated July 2019
sales policy, was unambiguous and the trial court was thus precluded from considering extrinsic
evidence to conclude that there existed an agreement to split certain commissions 70/30 between
Steve and defendant. Defendant asserts that the July 2019 contract superseded any prior agreement
regarding a 70/30 commission split with Steve.

        The issue presented is one of contract interpretation. “The primary goal in the construction
or interpretation of any contract is to honor the intent of the parties.” UAW-GM Human Resources
Ctr v KSL Recreation Corp, 228 Mich App 486, 491; 579 NW2d 411 (1998) (quotation marks and
citation omitted). “If the language of the contract is unambiguous, we construe and enforce the
contract as written.” Quality Prod & Concepts Co v Nagel Precision, Inc, 469 Mich 362, 375; 666
NW2d 251 (2003). “[P]arol evidence of contract negotiations, or of prior or contemporaneous
agreements that contradict or vary the written contract, is not admissible to vary the terms of a
contract which is clear and unambiguous.” UAW-GM, 228 Mich App at 492 (quotation marks and
citation omitted).

        There are some exceptions to the general prohibition on parol evidence, such as “the rare
situation when the written document is obviously incomplete ‘on its face’ and, therefore, parol
evidence is necessary ‘for the filling of gaps.’ ” Id. at 495 (citation omitted). Accordingly,
“[e]xtrinsic evidence may be used to supplement, but not contradict, the terms of the written

                                                  -3-
agreement.” Kelly-Stehney & Assoc, Inc v MacDonald’s Indus Prod, Inc (On Remand), 265 Mich
App 105, 114; 693 NW2d 394 (2005) (quotation marks and citation omitted). See also Union Oil
Co of California v Newton, 397 Mich 486, 488; 245 NW2d 11 (1976) (“If there is no inconsistency,
the parol evidence is admissible.”). It is also well settled that if the contract language is ambiguous,
then the trier of fact may consider relevant extrinsic evidence without violating the parol evidence
rule. Klapp, 468 Mich at 469-470. As our Supreme Court has explained regarding these
principles:

               The parol evidence rule does not preclude the admission of parol or extrinsic
       evidence for the purpose of aiding in the interpretation or construction of a written
       instrument, where the language of the instrument itself taken alone is such that it
       does not clearly express the intention of the parties or the subject of the agreement.
       Such evidence is admitted not to add to or detract from the writing, but merely to
       ascertain what the meaning of the parties is. Thus a written instrument is open to
       explanation by parol or extrinsic evidence when it is expressed in short and
       incomplete terms, or is fairly susceptible of two constructions, or where the
       language employed is vague, uncertain, obscure, or ambiguous, and where the
       words of the contract must be applied to facts ascertainable only by extrinsic
       evidence, a resort to such evidence is necessarily permitted. [Id. at 470 (quotation
       marks and citation omitted; emphasis added).]

        Here, Section 3.1(d) of the July 2019 employment contract expressly provided that on “a
case-by-case basis, certain sales commissions may be shared with other Company sales
representatives for sales facilitated and/or managed in concert with other sales representatives.”
Hence, the trial court was permitted to consider extrinsic evidence about the existence of split
agreements pertaining to defendant’s commissions because extrinsic evidence was necessary to
supplement the facially incomplete terms of the contract and was not offered to contradict the
terms of the contract. Id.; Union Oil Co, 397 Mich at 488; Kelly-Stehney & Assoc, 265 Mich App
at 114; UAW-GM, 228 Mich App at 495. Defendant has failed to demonstrate that the trial court
made an error of law by considering extrinsic evidence.

         To the extent that defendant argues that the trial court should have given more or less
weight to certain evidence or otherwise reached different conclusions from the evidence, these
arguments bear on the trial court’s fact-finding function in resolving alleged conflicts in the trial
evidence. The trial court found that plaintiff had accurately determined the amount of commission
owed to defendant. The trial court specifically found the testimony of the witnesses associated
with plaintiff to be credible and defendant’s testimony not credible. This Court defers to the trial
court’s ability to gauge credibility. Andrusz v Andrusz, 320 Mich App 445, 455; 904 NW2d 636
(2017) (“To the extent a factual determination turns on the credibility of a witness, this Court
generally defers to the trial court.”) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Defendant has not
directed our attention to any evidence that would establish that the trial court’s findings of facts
were clearly erroneous by leading us to hold a definite and firm conviction that a mistake was
made. Pioneer State Mut Ins, 330 Mich App at 145-146. Instead, defendant has merely attempted
to relitigate the meaning and importance of various pieces of factual evidence in this Court,
contrary to the proper scope of our appellate review. Chelsea Investment Group, 288 Mich App
at 250-251.

                                                  -4-
        Thus, having failed to establish either an error of law subject to our de novo review or a
clearly erroneous error of material fact, defendant has failed to show that that the trial court’s
conclusion entering a declaratory judgment in favor of plaintiff constituted error requiring reversal.

       Next, defendant argues that the trial court erred by finding that his defenses and
counterclaims were frivolous such that he was liable for sanctions under MCR 1.109 and MCL
600.2591. This Court reviews for clear error a trial court’s determination that a party’s claim or
defense was frivolous. Pioneer State Mut Ins, 330 Mich App at 145.

       MCL 600.2591 provides:

                (1) Upon motion of any party, if a court finds that a civil action or defense
       to a civil action was frivolous, the court that conducts the civil action shall award
       to the prevailing party the costs and fees incurred by that party in connection with
       the civil action by assessing the costs and fees against the nonprevailing party and
       their attorney.

               (2) The amount of costs and fees awarded under this section shall include
       all reasonable costs actually incurred by the prevailing party and any costs allowed
       by law or by court rule, including court costs and reasonable attorney fees.

               (3) As used in this section:

               (a) “Frivolous” means that at least 1 of the following conditions is met:

              (i) The party’s primary purpose in initiating the action or asserting the
       defense was to harass, embarrass, or injure the prevailing party.

               (ii) The party had no reasonable basis to believe that the facts underlying
       that party’s legal position were in fact true.

               (iii) The party’s legal position was devoid of arguable legal merit.

               (b) “Prevailing party” means a party who wins on the entire record.

       MCR 1.109(E) provides in pertinent part:

             (5) Effect of Signature. The signature of a person filing a document,
       whether or not represented by an attorney, constitutes a certification by the signer
       that:

               (a) he or she has read the document;

               (b) to the best of his or her knowledge, information, and belief formed after
       reasonable inquiry, the document is well grounded in fact and is warranted by
       existing law or a good-faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal
       of existing law; and

                                                 -5-
                  (c) the document is not interposed for any improper purpose, such as to
          harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation.

                 (6) Sanctions for Violation. If a document is signed in violation of this rule,
          the court, on the motion of a party or on its own initiative, shall impose upon the
          person who signed it, a represented party, or both, an appropriate sanction, which
          may include an order to pay to the other party or parties the amount of the
          reasonable expenses incurred because of the filing of the document, including
          reasonable attorney fees. The court may not assess punitive damages.

                 (7) Sanctions for Frivolous Claims and Defenses. In addition to sanctions
          under this rule, a party pleading a frivolous claim or defense is subject to costs as
          provided in MCR 2.625(A)(2). The court may not assess punitive damages.

        Here, although the trial court’s conclusory decision on sanctions is unclear, it appears the
trial court sanctioned defendant under the above provision because it believed he had no basis to
believe that his claims were well grounded in fact and law. The fundamental premise of
defendant’s claims was that he was entitled to further commissions pursuant to the plain language
of the contract. Considering that contracts are generally enforced by resorting only to the contract
language and without relying on extrinsic evidence, we fail to see how under the circumstances of
this case, defendant’s disagreement about the interpretation of the contract language rises to the
level of being considered frivolous simply because the trial court ultimately disagreed and found
defendant not credible. A party’s claim is not rendered frivolous merely because a court rejects a
party’s asserted legal position or the party did not ultimately prevail in the action. Kitchen v
Kitchen, 465 Mich 654, 662, 663; 641 NW2d 245 (2002). “Not every error in legal analysis
constitutes a frivolous position.” Id. at 663.

        We understand that the trial court believed defendant was lying. The trial court’s opinion
was written with an obvious focus on making it clear that the trial court viewed plaintiff and those
associated with plaintiff as the “do-gooders” and that it viewed defendant as the “punisher.”1 The
trial court labeled the section finding plaintiff was entitled to declaratory judgment in its favor with
the heading “The Do-Gooders Prevail.” The section imposing sanctions on defendant was labeled
“The Punisher is Sanctioned.” Attempts to neatly categorize people into the proverbial “good
guys” and “bad guys” do not substitute for legal analysis, and as such, we conclude the trial court’s
legal analysis was sorely lacking. Rather than an analytical analysis of facts and law providing a
basis for its conclusion of granting sanctions, the trial court’s approach reads more like sanctions
were imposed as a form of punitive damages, contrary to MCR 1.109(E)(7). Consequently, we
conclude that the trial court clearly erred by imposing sanctions. Having so found, plaintiff’s
cross-appeal regarding the trial court’s decision not to award it any attorney fees as sanctions is

1
    These are the trial court’s terms, not our terms.

                                                   -6-
moot2 because plaintiff is not entitled to any sanctions. We thus vacate the trial court’s order
imposing sanctions, as well as the trial court’s order awarding plaintiff costs as sanctions.

        Affirmed in part and vacated in part. We do not retain jurisdiction. Neither party having
prevailed in full, no costs are awarded. MCR 7.219(A).

                                                           /s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
                                                           /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                           /s/ Stephen L. Borrello

2
  “A case is moot when it presents only abstract questions of law that do not rest upon existing
facts or rights. An issue is deemed moot when an event occurs that renders it impossible for a
reviewing court to grant relief.” B P 7 v Bureau of State Lottery, 231 Mich App 356, 359; 586
NW2d 117 (1998).

                                               -7-