Court Opinion

ID: 3190390
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-03-31 16:00:56.023547+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:08:33.946051
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                         United States Court of Appeals
                                                                 Tenth Circuit

                                                               March 31, 2016
                                                            Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                   PUBLISH                      Clerk of Court

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                TENTH CIRCUIT

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

       Plaintiff - Appellant,
 v.                                                   No. 15-2100
 ADAN HUMBERTO DOMINGUEZ-
 RODRIGUEZ,

        Defendant - Appellee.

        APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
               FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW MEXICO
                  (D.C. No. 2:15-CR-00886-JTM-1)

James R. W. Braun, Assistant United States Attorney (Damon P. Martinez, United
States Attorney, with him on the briefs), Albuquerque, New Mexico, for Plaintiff-
Appellant.

Caleb Kruckenberg, Assistant Federal Public Defender, Las Cruces, New Mexico,
for Defendant-Appellee.

Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, BRISCOE and MATHESON, Circuit
Judges.

BRISCOE, Circuit Judge.
      Defendant Adan Humberto Dominguez-Rodriguez pleaded guilty to one

count of illegally reentering the United States after having previously been

deported, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) and (b). Prior to sentencing, the

probation office recommended that the district court impose a sixteen-level

enhancement to Dominguez-Rodriguez’s base offense level because Dominguez-

Rodriguez was previously deported after having been convicted in federal court of

possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §

841(a)(1). Dominguez-Rodriguez objected to the proposed sixteen-level

enhancement. At sentencing, the district court sustained Dominguez-Rodriguez’s

objection, imposed an eight-level enhancement, and sentenced Dominguez-

Rodriguez to six months’ imprisonment. The government now appeals that

sentence, arguing that the district court erred in failing to impose the sixteen-level

enhancement. Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we agree

with the government and consequently remand with instructions to vacate

Dominguez-Rodriguez’s sentence and resentence.

                                          I

                                Factual background

      The underlying facts of this case are undisputed. On January 19, 2015,

United States Border Patrol agents encountered Dominguez-Rodriguez in Hidalgo

County, New Mexico. Dominguez-Rodriguez admitted that he was a citizen of

Mexico and did not have legal authorization to enter or remain in the United

                                          2
States. As part of their investigation, the Border Patrol agents determined that

Dominguez-Rodriguez had been previously deported on December 21, 2013, after

having been convicted in federal district court of possession with intent to

distribute fifty grams and more of methamphetamine and having served a twenty-

four-month sentence for that conviction.

                              Procedural background

      On January 20, 2015, a criminal complaint was filed against Dominguez-

Rodriguez charging him with illegally reentering the United States after having

previously been deported, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) and (b). That same

day, Dominguez-Rodriguez entered into a written “Fast Track Plea Agreement,”

pursuant to which he agreed to plead guilty to the charge alleged in the indictment

and to waive his right to appeal or collaterally challenge his conviction and

sentence. App. Vol. 1 at 7.

      Under the terms of the plea agreement, the parties agreed that, for purposes

of sentencing, Dominguez-Rodriguez’s “Base Offense Level . . . w[ould] be the

sum of Offense Level [eight] plus the sentencing guideline adjustment for [his]

most serious prior criminal conviction as determined by the sentencing court.”

Id. at 9. The parties in turn agreed that Dominguez-Rodriguez’s “Final Adjusted

Offense Level” would “be the Base Offense Level minus a downward adjustment

for acceptance of responsibility, and minus a four-level downward departure

pursuant to USSG § 5K3.1” (for a total downward adjustment of six or seven

                                           3
levels, depending upon the Base Offense Level). Id. Finally, the parties agreed

“to a sentence within the resulting guideline range after the application of the[se]

. . . stipulations.” Id.

       The probation office prepared a presentence investigation report (PSR).

Consistent with the terms of the plea agreement, the PSR applied a base offense

level of eight. The PSR then applied a sixteen-level increase pursuant to U.S.S.G.

§ 2L1.2(b)(1)(A) because Dominguez-Rodriguez “was [previously] convicted of a

felony drug trafficking offense and subsequently deported from the United

States.” Id. Vol. 2 at 54. In support of this calculation, the PSR noted that on

March 23, 2012, Dominguez-Rodriguez was convicted in federal district court in

New Mexico of one count of possession with intent to distribute fifty grams and

more of methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). The PSR

described the underlying conduct:

       According to offense reports, the defendant agreed to sell four
       ounces of methamphetamine to a confidential informant. The
       defendant subsequently met with the CI and was found in possession
       of 7.11 net grams of methamphetamine, 65.38 grams of
       methamphetamine (actual), and 8.22 net grams of cocaine. Although
       the defendant indicated he was delivering the drugs on behalf of an
       individual known as Gallo, agents were unable to confirm that
       information. Further, it is noted the defendant was the sole point of
       contact for the drug negotiations and he negotiated [the] sale,
       including the quantity and price of the methamphetamine.
       Additionally, at the time of his arrest, he was in possession of a large
       quantity of drugs as well as drug trafficking paraphernalia (digital
       scale), which suggests he was also responsible for packaging the
       drugs. Other than his bare assertion, there is no indication the
       defendant was working under the direction of another. Similarly,

                                           4
      there is no indication he was directing others in the drug trafficking
      offense.

Id. at 55. Lastly, the PSR noted that Dominguez-Rodriguez was sentenced to a

term of imprisonment of twenty-four months for the conviction and was deported

to Mexico on December 21, 2013.

      After applying the downward adjustments outlined in the plea agreement,

the PSR arrived at a total offense level of seventeen. That total offense level,

combined with Dominguez-Rodriguez’s criminal history category of II, resulted

in an advisory Guidelines imprisonment range of twenty-seven to thirty-three

months.

      Dominguez-Rodriguez objected to the PSR’s application of the 16-level

increase to his base offense level. In support of his objection, Dominguez-

Rodriguez argued that “[h]is prior conviction [wa]s not a match with the generic

definition of a drug trafficking offense, and should therefore qualify only as an

aggravated felony, warranting an eight-level increase.” Id. Vol. 1 at 15. More

specifically, Dominguez-Rodriguez argued that “[t]he term ‘drug trafficking,’” as

used in U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(i) (referring to “a drug trafficking offense”),

“necessarily implies . . . commercial dealing.” Id. at 17. But, Dominguez-

Rodriguez argued, the offense “of possessing a controlled substance with intent to

distribute it, under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), . . . does not require an intent to engage

in a commercial transaction.” Id. And Dominguez-Rodriguez argued that the

                                           5
Supreme Court’s decision in Moncrieffe v. Holder, 133 S. Ct. 1678 (2013) was

supportive of his position.

      The district court addressed Dominguez-Rodriguez’s objection at the

sentencing hearing. At the outset, the district court stated: “Interesting issue and

I’m amazed there’s not a definitive Tenth Circuit case that just flat out says here’s

what the deal is at this point.” Id. Vol. 3 at 67. After hearing arguments from

counsel, the district court ruled as follows:

          Well, you know, I guess this is one of those things where at first
      blush, you know, possession with the intent to distribute would
      appear to be trafficking but, again, you get down into the weeds a
      little bit and take a look at the analysis that I believe the Tenth
      Circuit has even suggested needs to be used in these kinds of cases.
      It’s not enough just to look at the words but to look to some extent at
      the facts behind the words and this is the quandary to me in this case.

         Mr. Dominguez has waived his right to appeal. If I find in the
      Government’s favor here, that means Mr. Dominguez doesn’t get to
      take the issue up and we are stuck here. If, on the other hand, I find
      in Mr. Dominguez’s favor on this issue, the Government can take the
      issue up and we may be able to get this question resolved about
      whether possession with the intent to distribute where there’s no
      commerce really involved, no money, no consideration but rather just
      the offense in and of itself by its very nature constitutes a drug-
      trafficking crime within the meaning of the sentencing guidelines.

         And it’s not that I necessarily think that either side has the better
      side of this case but I think the issue does need to be decided and as
      a result of that, I am going to adopt the position that’s been asserted
      by Mr. Dominguez in this case and I encourage strongly the
      Government to appeal so that we can get this resolved and [defense
      counsel’s] not going to have to write these kinds of briefs anymore
      and the Government’s not going to have to write these kinds of briefs
      because all we’ll have to do is cite to a Tenth Circuit case that will
      have taken up the issue.

                                           6
         So I am going to sustain the objection on the grounds basically
      stated by [defense counsel] in his brief. And so that being the case,
      we are dealing with an offense level of [nine], I believe, and a
      Criminal History Category of II.

Id. at 72-74.

      Applying a total offense level of nine and a criminal history category of II,

the district court arrived at an advisory Guidelines sentencing range of six to

twelve months. The district court ultimately chose to sentence Dominguez-

Rodriguez to a term of imprisonment of six months, and it imposed no term of

supervised release.

      After judgment was entered in the case, the government filed a timely

notice of appeal.

                                          II

      The government argues on appeal that the district court erred in refusing to

apply the sixteen-level enhancement under § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(1). Aplt. Br. at 5.

In support, the government argues that “[t]he federal offense of possession of a

controlled substance with intent to distribute is a ‘drug trafficking offense’ as

defined in the relevant application note to § 2L1.2.” Aplt. Br. at 5. “Whether a

conviction qualifies as a [drug trafficking offense] under § 2L1.2 is a matter of

statutory interpretation that we . . . review de novo.” United States v. Juarez-

Galvan, 572 F.3d 1156, 1158 (10th Cir. 2009).

      “Section 2L1.2 governs sentencing for crimes involving unlawful entry into

                                          7
the United States.” United States v. Castillo, 811 F.3d 342, 345 (10th Cir. 2015).

As an initial matter, it directs district courts to impose a base offense level of

eight. U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(a). In turn, § 2L1.2 directs district courts to determine

“[i]f the defendant was deported, or unlawfully remained in the United States,

after” certain specified convictions, and, if so, to “[a]pply the [g]reatest”

applicable enhancement to the defendant’s base offense level. Id. § 2L1.2(b)(1).

Two of those potential enhancements are relevant here:

      (A)    a conviction for a felony that is (i) a drug trafficking offense
             for which the sentence imposed exceeded 13 months . . . ,
             increase by 16 levels;
      ***
      (C) a conviction for an aggravated felony, increase by 8 levels[.]

Id. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A), (C) (emphasis in original).

      Application Note 1 to § 2L1.2 defines the phrase “drug trafficking offense”

in the following manner:

      “Drug trafficking offense” means an offense under federal, state, or
      local law that prohibits the manufacture, import, export, distribution,
      or dispensing of, or offer to sell a controlled substance (or a
      counterfeit substance) or the possession of a controlled substance (or
      a counterfeit substance) with intent to manufacture, import, export,
      distribute, or dispense.

Id. § 2L1.2 cmt. n.1(B)(iv). Application Note 3 in turn states that “[f]or purposes

of subsection (b)(1)(C), ‘aggravated felony’ has the meaning given that term in 8

U.S.C. [§] 1101(a)(43), without regard to the date of conviction for the

aggravated felony.” Id. § 2L1.2 cmt. n.3(A). “The term ‘aggravated felony,’” is

                                           8
defined in 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(B) to include “illicit trafficking in a controlled

substance (as defined in section 802 of Title 21), including a drug trafficking

crime (as defined in section 924(c) of Title 18).”

      We have held that, “[t]o determine whether a prior conviction qualifies as a

drug trafficking offense under § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(i), a district court must generally

follow the categorical approach adopted” by the Supreme Court in Taylor v.

United States, 495 U.S. 575, 600–02 (1990). United States v. Castellanos-Barba,

648 F.3d 1130, 1132 (10th Cir. 2011). “Under th[is] categorical approach, a

court” does not look to the facts of the particular case, but rather “to the statute

under which the defendant was convicted.” Id. “If the statute encompasses a

broad array of conduct, some of which would trigger the enhancement and some

of which would not, the court must apply the ‘modified categorical approach,’

looking to ‘reliable judicial records’ to determine whether a predicate conviction

was based on conduct triggering the enhancement.” Id. (quoting United States v.

Torres-Romero, 537 F.3d 1155, 1158 (10th Cir. 2008)).

      In this case, Dominguez-Rodriguez was previously convicted of possession

with intent to distribute fifty grams and more of methamphetamine, in violation of

21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). That statute makes it “unlawful for any person knowingly

or intentionally . . . to manufacture, distribute, or dispense, or possess with intent

to manufacture, distribute, or dispense, a controlled substance.” 21 U.S.C. §

841(a)(1). It is undisputed that Dominguez-Rodriguez was convicted under the

                                           9
portion of § 841(a)(1) that prohibits “possess[ion] with intent to . . . distribute . . .

a controlled substance.” Although this offense “has the same label—possession

with intent to distribute—as an enumerated offense listed in the Guidelines

definition of ‘drug trafficking offense,’” that “does not automatically warrant

application of the enhancement.” United States v. Martinez-Lugo, 782 F.3d 198,

202 (5th Cir. 2015). “Instead, we assume that an enumerated offense [in the

Guidelines definition of ‘drug trafficking offense’] refers to the generic,

contemporary meaning of that offense.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). Under the

categorical approach, we must “ensure that the elements of that generic

enumerated offense are congruent with the elements of the defendant’s prior

offense.” Id.

      In determining “the generic, contemporary meaning of ‘possession with

intent to distribute,’” we begin by looking to the federal statute under which

Dominguez-Rodriguez was previously convicted, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). See

Martinez-Lugo, 782 F.3d at 203 n.18 (noting that “[t]he federal statute is . . . one

source of the generical contemporary meaning of ‘possession with intent to

distribute.’”). The elements that must be established to support a conviction

under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) for possession with intent to distribute are as

follows: “(1) the defendant knowingly possessed the illegal drug; and (2) the

defendant possessed the drug with the specific intent to distribute it.” United

States v. Carter, 130 F.3d 1432, 1440 (10th Cir. 1997) (quoting United States v.

                                            10
Reece, 86 F.3d 994, 996 (10th Cir. 1996)). Notably, Dominguez-Rodriguez does

not point to any other sources, such as state definitions or the Model Penal Code,

indicating that we should treat the generic, contemporary meaning of “possession

with intent to distribute” differently than the federal offense. See Martinez-Lugo,

782 F.3d at 203 n.18 (reaching similar conclusion with respect to offense as

outlined in Georgia state statute).

      Consequently, we conclude that the elements of Dominguez-Rodriguez’s

prior conviction are congruent with the elements of the generic offense of

possession with intent to distribute enumerated in the definition of “drug

trafficking offense” set forth in the commentary to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2. In other

words, we conclude that Dominguez-Rodriguez’s prior violation of § 841(a)(1)

categorically constitutes a “drug trafficking offense” for purposes of §

2L1.2(b)(1)(A) and, as a result, there is no need to apply the modified categorical

approach. See United States v. Rodriguez-Escareno, 700 F.3d 751, 754 (5th Cir.

2012) (holding that 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) is a federal drug trafficking offense as

defined in Application Note 1 of § 2L1.2); United States v. Manzanares, 435 F.

App’x 366, (5th Cir. 2011) (“a conviction under § 841 is a drug-trafficking

offense for purposes of § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(i)”). And, as a result, we conclude that

Dominguez-Rodriguez was subject to the sixteen-level enhancement set forth in

U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A).

      Dominguez-Rodriguez argues, however, that such analysis deviates “from

                                         11
the ordinary analysis” mandated by both Supreme Court and Tenth Circuit

precedent. Aplee. Br. at 3. More specifically, Dominguez-Rodriguez argues that

“[t]his Court’s precedents allow only a rigorous application of the categorical

approach,” id., and require reference to “generic ‘drug trafficking offenses,’” id.

at 4. Dominguez-Rodriguez in turn argues that the Supreme Court has determined

that “the generic definition . . . of drug ‘trafficking’ implies ‘some sort of

commercial dealing’ and some sort of distribution for ‘remuneration.’” Id. at 9

(quoting Moncrieffe, 133 S. Ct. at 1693). “Thus,” he argues, “an offense cannot

accord with . . . the generic definition of drug ‘trafficking,’ when it involves non-

commercial, non-remunerative, distribution.” Id. at 10. Lastly, Dominguez-

Rodriguez argues that “[c]onvictions under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) depart from

th[is] generic definition[]” because they contain no remuneration requirement. Id.

at 12. As a result, he argues, “[t]he district court . . . correctly determined that 21

U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) does not accord with th[e] generic definition of ‘trafficking’

because it lacks the remuneration requirement.” Id. at 13.

      Because Dominguez-Rodriguez’s argument derives principally from the

Supreme Court’s recent decision in Moncrieffe, it is necessary for us to analyze in

some detail what was at issue in Moncrieffe. The central statute at issue in

Moncrieffe was the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), 66 Stat. 163, 8

U.S.C. § 1101 et seq. Under the INA, “a noncitizen who has been convicted of an

‘aggravated felony’ may be deported from this country” and is prohibited from

                                           12
obtaining “discretionary relief from removal” from the Attorney General. 133 S.

Ct. at 1682. “The INA defines ‘aggravated felony’ to include a host of offenses,”

including “illicit trafficking in a controlled substance.” Id. at 1683 (quoting 8

U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)). The INA does not define the term “illicit trafficking in a

controlled substance,” but does “state[] that it ‘includ[es] a drug trafficking crime

(as defined in section 924(c) of title 18).’” Id. (quoting 8 U.S.C. §

1101(a))(43)(B)). “In turn, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(2) defines ‘drug trafficking

crime,’” in pertinent part, “to mean ‘any felony punishable under the Controlled

Substances Act.’” Id. “The upshot is that a noncitizen’s conviction of an offense

that the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) makes punishable by more than one

year’s imprisonment will be counted as an ‘aggravated felony’ for immigration

purposes.” Id.

      The petitioner in Moncrieffe was “a Jamaican citizen who came to the

United States legally . . . when he was three” and who, at age twenty-six,

“pleaded guilty [in Georgia state court] to possession of marijuana with intent to

distribute” after “police found 1.3 grams of marijuana in his car” during a traffic

stop. Id. “[T]he Federal Government sought to deport” petitioner, “reason[ing]

that possession of marijuana with intent to distribute [wa]s an offense under the

CSA, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a), . . . and thus an aggravated felony.” Id. “An

Immigration Judge agreed and ordered [petitioner] removed.” Id. The petitioner

appealed, relying on 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(4), “a provision that, in effect, makes

                                          13
marijuana distribution punishable only as a misdemeanor if the offense involves a

small amount of marijuana for no remuneration.” Id. After the Fifth Circuit

denied the petitioner’s appeal, the Supreme Court

      granted certiorari . . . to resolve a conflict among the Courts of
      Appeals with respect to whether a conviction under a statute that
      criminalizes conduct described by both § 841’s felony provision and
      its misdemeanor provision, such as a statute that punishes all
      marijuana distribution without regard to the amount of remuneration,
      is a conviction for an offense that proscribes conduct punishable as a
      felony under the CSA.”

Id. at 1684 (internal quotation marks omitted).

      The Supreme Court began by noting that it “generally employ[s] a

‘categorical approach’ to determine whether [a] state offense is comparable to an

offense listed in the INA.” Id. “Under this approach,” the Court explained, it

“look[s] not to the facts of the particular case, but instead to whether the state

statute defining the crime of conviction categorically fits within the ‘generic’

federal definition of a corresponding aggravated felony.” Id. (internal quotation

marks omitted). “By ‘generic,” the Court further explained, it “mean[s] the

offenses must be viewed in the abstract, to see whether the state statute shares the

nature of the federal offense that serves as a point of comparison.” Id.

“Accordingly,” the Court stated, “a state offense is a categorical match with a

generic federal offense only if a conviction of the state offense necessarily

involved . . . facts equating to [the] generic [federal offense].” Id. (quotation

marks omitted) (alterations in original). The Court also explained that in

                                          14
conducting this analysis, it “must presume that the conviction rested upon

[nothing] more than the least of th[e] acts criminalized, and then determine

whether even those acts are encompassed by the generic federal offense.” Id.

(quotation marks omitted) (alterations in original).

      Lastly, the Court outlined two “qualification[s]” to this general rule.

“First,” the Court noted, if the “state statute[]” at issue “contain[s] several

different crimes, each described separately, . . . a court may determine which

particular offense the noncitizen was convicted of by examining the” relevant

court records. Id. “Second,” the Court stated, the “focus on the minimum

conduct criminalized by the state statute is not an invitation to apply legal

imagination to the state offense.” Id. at 1684–85 (quotation marks omitted).

Instead, the Court stated, “there must be a realistic probability, not a theoretical

possibility, that the State would apply its statute to conduct that falls outside the

generic definition of a crime.” Id. at 1685 (quotation marks omitted).

      Applying these principles to the facts before it, the Court began by

concluding that “the categorical approach applie[d]” because the aggravated

felony of “illicit trafficking in a controlled substance,” as employed in the INA,

“is a generic crim[e].” Id. at 1685 (quotation marks omitted) (alteration in

original). The Court in turn noted that the petitioner was convicted under a

Georgia statute that made it a crime to possess with intent to distribute marijuana.

Id. As a result, the Court noted, its task was to “determine whether possession of

                                           15
marijuana with intent to distribute is ‘necessarily’ conduct punishable as a felony

under the CSA.” Id. The Court in turn noted that “the fact of a conviction for

possession with intent to distribute marijuana, standing alone, does not reveal

whether either remuneration or more was involved” because “Georgia prosecutes

this offense when a defendant possesses only a small amount of marijuana, and . .

. ‘distribution’ does not require remuneration.” Id. at 1686 (citations omitted).

As a result, the Court concluded, the petitioner’s “conviction could correspond to

either the CSA felony [which required remuneration] or the CSA misdemeanor

[which did not require remuneration].” Id. at 1687. And, the Court concluded,

“[a]mbiguity on this point means that the conviction did not ‘necessarily’ involve

facts that correspond to an offense punishable as a felony under the CSA.” Id. In

conclusion, the Court determined that “[u]nder the categorical approach, . . . [the

petitioner] was not convicted of an aggravated felony.” Id.

         Dominguez-Rodriguez argues that, in determining whether his prior

conviction constituted a “drug trafficking offense” for purposes of U.S.S.G. §

2L1.2, we are bound to apply “the generic definition of drug ‘trafficking,’”

outlined in Moncrieffe. Aplee. Br. at 10. And, he argues, that “generic definition

. . . of drug ‘trafficking’ implies ‘some sort of commercial dealing’ and some sort

of distribution for ‘remuneration.’” Id. at 9 (quoting Moncrieffe, 133 S. Ct. at

1693).

         Dominguez-Rodriguez’s argument, however, ignores the fact that his case

                                         16
differs fundamentally from Moncrieffe. In Moncrieffe, the Supreme Court’s task

was to determine whether the petitioner’s crime qualified as an “aggravated

felony” for purposes of the INA. In this case, in contrast, our task is to determine

whether Dominguez-Rodriguez’s prior conviction qualified as a “drug trafficking

offense” under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A). Notably, § 2L1.2 includes its own

definition of “drug trafficking offense,” and that definition differs from the

definition of “aggravated felony” that was at issue in Moncrieffe. See Martinez-

Lugo, 782 F.3d at 204 (reaching same conclusion). In other words, the

Sentencing Commission has supplied a definition of “drug trafficking offense”

that district courts and we must follow. As a result, that obviates the need for us

to determine the meaning of the phrase “drug trafficking offense” and, in doing

so, to look to Moncrieffe. Indeed, the problem with Dominguez-Rodriguez’s

approach is that it ignores, and would render a nullity, the specific definition of

“drug trafficking offense” that was adopted by the Sentencing Commission for

purposes of § 2L1.2. 1

      1
         We note that Application Note 3 to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2 defines the term
“aggravated felony” in precisely the same manner that the term is defined under
the INA. See U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2 cmt. n.3(A) (“For purposes of subsection
(b)(1)(C), ‘aggravated felony’ has the meaning given that term in 8 U.S.C.
1101(a)(43), without regard to the date of conviction for the aggravated felony.”).
Thus, the analysis in Moncrieffe would presumably apply to the determination of
whether a defendant’s prior conviction constituted an “aggravated felony” for
purposes of § 2L1.2(b)(1)(C). And, as the Fifth Circuit noted in Martinez-Lugo,
it is conceivable that a prior state conviction could qualify as a “drug trafficking
                                                                        (continued...)

                                          17
                                       III

      We REMAND to the district court with instructions to VACATE

Dominguez-Rodriguez’s sentence and to resentence in a manner consistent with

this opinion.

      1
       (...continued)
offense” and a resulting sixteen-level enhancement under § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A), but
not qualify as an “aggravated felony” and a resulting eight-level enhancement
under § 2L1.2(b)(1)(C). 782 F.3d at 204. But that potential anomaly is not
before us in this appeal. As we have explained, Dominguez-Rodriguez’s prior
conviction qualifies him for the sixteen-level enhancement outlined in §
2L1.2(b)(1)(A). Because that is the “[g]reatest” possible enhancement under §
2L1.2(b)(1), the district court was required to impose it.

                                       18