Court Opinion

ID: 9555702
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-14 20:06:36.705065+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:42:00.697710
License: Public Domain

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except
            in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).

                                        2023 IL App (3d) 220126-U

                                Order filed August 14, 2023
     _____________________________________________________________________________

                                                  IN THE

                                   APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                            THIRD DISTRICT

                                                    2023

      In re MARRIAGE OF KEITH               )    Appeal from the Circuit Court
      YEARMAN,                              )    of the 18th Judicial Circuit,
                                            )    Du Page County, Illinois.
            Petitioner-Appellant,           )
                                            )    Appeal No. 3-22-0126
            and                             )    Circuit No. 17-D-2165
                                            )
      NADIA YEARMAN,                        )    The Honorable
                                            )    Susan L. Alvarado,
            Respondent-Appellee.            )    Judge, Presiding.
     _____________________________________________________________________________

           JUSTICE PETERSON delivered the judgment of the court.
           Justices McDade and Brennan concurred in the judgment.
     _____________________________________________________________________________

                                                 ORDER

¶1          Held: In an appeal in a dissolution of marriage case, the appellate court found that the
                  trial court did not err in: (1) requiring the petitioner to proceed to a bench trial
                  without first forcing respondent to comply with petitioner’s discovery requests
                  and the trial court’s discovery orders; (2) awarding temporary maintenance and
                  maintenance to respondent; (3) determining respondent’s dissipation of marital
                  assets; and (4) certain other aspects of its ruling. The appellate court, therefore,
                  affirmed the trial court’s judgment.

¶2          Petitioner, Keith Yearman, filed a petition for dissolution of his marriage to respondent,

     Nadia Yearman. After a bench trial, the trial court entered a judgment dissolving the parties’
     marriage and dividing the parties’ property. Keith appeals, arguing that the trial court erred in

     (1) requiring him to proceed to a bench trial without first forcing Nadia to comply with his

     discovery requests and the trial court’s discovery orders; (2) awarding temporary maintenance

     and maintenance to Nadia; (3) determining Nadia’s dissipation of marital assets; and (4) certain

     other aspects of its ruling. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶3                                           I. BACKGROUND

¶4          Keith and Nadia were married in September 2002. One child, A.Y., was born during the

     marriage in January 2011. In October 2017, Keith, who was represented by an attorney at the

     time, filed a petition for dissolution of marriage. A few days later, Keith filed an emergency

     petition for temporary sole parenting time and decision-making responsibility as to A.Y.,

     claiming that Nadia had engaged in detrimental behavior. Among other things, Keith alleged in

     the emergency petition that the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) had

     raided the apartment where Nadia and A.Y. had been staying with a male subject and had found

     a large amount of illegal drugs in the apartment.

¶5          In November 2017, at the first court appearance date on the petitions, the trial court

     appointed a guardian ad litem (GAL) to represent A.Y.’s interests in the proceedings. The trial

     court subsequently ordered that the parties would split the GAL fees and that Keith would pay

     80% of those fees.

¶6          Later that same month, Nadia, who was also represented by an attorney at the time, filed

     a counterpetition to Keith’s emergency petition, along with some other documents. In the

     counterpetition, Nadia alleged that A.Y. had been conceived while Keith was out of the country

     for an extended period and that A.Y. was not Keith’s child. Nadia sought to have the trial court

                                                       2
     order the parties to submit to DNA testing and to declare the nonexistence of a parent-child

     relationship between Keith and A.Y.

¶7          In January 2018, Keith filed a motion for involuntary dismissal of Nadia’s

     counterpetition, claiming that Nadia had failed to raise her challenge to Keith’s paternity within

     the time period allowed by statute (see 735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(5) (West 2018) (providing for

     involuntary dismissal of an action that is barred by the applicable statute of limitations); 750

     ILCS 46/205(b) (West 2018) (requiring that an action to declare the nonexistence of a parent-

     child relationship be brought within two years after the filing party knew or should have known

     of the relevant facts)). The trial court subsequently granted Keith’s motion to dismiss.

¶8          In March 2018, Nadia filed a petition for temporary maintenance, child support, and

     interim and prospective attorney fees (collectively referred to, at times, as the temporary

     maintenance petition). In the temporary maintenance petition, Nadia alleged, among other things,

     that she and Keith had been married for over 15 years; that one child, A.Y., was born during the

     marriage; that Keith earned a substantial income as a professor at a local community college; that

     Nadia earned a small amount working as a school bus monitor; that Nadia was the primary

     caretaker of the minor child throughout the marriage; that Keith’s income and assets had

     provided for the financial support of Nadia during the marriage; that Nadia was dependent upon

     Keith for her financial support; and that Nadia lacked sufficient assets and income to support

     herself or the minor child consistent with the standard of living that the parties had established

     during the marriage. In support of her request, Nadia attached to the temporary maintenance

     petition her affidavit, which was not verified or notarized, and the affidavit of her attorney.

     According to Keith, however, no financial documentation was tendered or submitted to support

     Nadia’s request for temporary relief.

                                                       3
¶9             In April 2018, Nadia filed a petition for rule to show cause seeking to have Keith held in

       contempt for failing to tender his financial affidavit and supporting documents as required by

       local rules and as ordered by the trial court. Nadia noted in the motion that she had produced her

       financial affidavit in December 2017 within the time frame allowed under the local rules. Keith

       sought an extension of time to tender his financial information (before the petition for rule was

       filed), but the trial court essentially denied his request. Keith tendered his financial affidavit and

       supporting documents shortly thereafter.

¶ 10           Later that same month (April 2018), a hearing was held on Nadia’s temporary

       maintenance petition. After briefing and, presumably, oral argument on the matter, the trial court

       granted Nadia’s request and set the amounts to be paid by Keith as approximately $2482 per

       month for temporary maintenance and approximately $711 per month for temporary child

       support. 1 A withholding order was entered to that effect. The trial court also ordered Keith to pay

       $3400 to the law firm representing Nadia for interim and prospective attorney fees.

¶ 11           In June 2018, Keith’s attorney withdrew from the case, and Keith began representing

       himself in the proceedings. Over the next three years, the case moved slowly through the trial

       court with Keith filing numerous self-represented petitions and motions, Nadia not responding to

       those documents, and the trial court often not specifically ruling on those documents. In June

       2018 (and again in August 2018), Keith filed a motion to terminate temporary maintenance and

       for reimbursement of the temporary maintenance that had already been paid, claiming that Nadia

       had been engaged in a resident, continuing, and conjugal relationship with another individual,

       Efren Rodriguez-Diaz, during her marriage to Keith. According to Keith, Nadia had been

               1
                 The transcript from the April 2018 proceeding has not been made part of the record on appeal in
       this case, and there is no indication in the record presented whether the trial court made its ruling on
       Nadia’s temporary maintenance petition summarily or after an evidentiary hearing was held.

                                                           4
       involved in a dating relationship with Rodriguez-Diaz since at least 2015 and had resided

       permanently with Rodriguez-Diaz from approximately July 2017 to October 2017. Keith

       indicated in the motion that Nadia and Rodriguez-Diaz’s shared apartment had been raided by

       the DEA in October 2017 and that drugs and approximately $188,000 had been seized from the

       apartment.

¶ 12          In August 2018, Keith filed three motions to compel. In the first motion, Keith sought to

       have Nadia sign a release for discovery purposes so that Keith could obtain a copy of the DEA

       reports from the October 2017 raid. With the second motion, Keith sought to have Nadia pay any

       tax liability that Keith incurred as a result of having to file his income taxes using the

       disadvantageous married-filing-separately status due to Nadia’s illicit activities. In the third

       motion to compel, Keith sought to have the trial court order Nadia to obtain substantial, gainful,

       and legal full-time employment.Two months later, in October 2018, Keith filed motions to strike

       Nadia’s December 2017 and October 2018 financial affidavits, claiming that the affidavits failed

       to include several of Nadia’s assets. Keith later withdrew his motions to strike and his first two

       motions to compel.

¶ 13          Also in October 2018, a hearing was held on a request that Nadia had made for the

       payment of additional interim and prospective attorney fees. During the hearing, Nadia was

       questioned under oath about some of her assets. The trial court allowed Nadia to assert her fifth

       amendment right not to answer questions pertaining to the DEA’s seizure of the money. Later in

       the questioning, when the trial court asked Nadia who owned the real property in Mexico, she

       stated, “My mother. And La Quinta is under my name.” On redirect examination, however, Keith

       did not ask any additional questions about the real property in Mexico, even when the trial court

                                                         5
       specifically asked Keith whether he had any further questions in relation to the trial court’s

       inquiry of Nadia about La Quinta.

¶ 14          In closing arguments, when Keith referred to the DEA’s seizure of the money, Nadia’s

       attorney objected, claiming that Keith’s argument in that regard was not connected to the

       evidence that had been presented. The trial court implicitly sustained the objection and indicated

       to Keith that he could only argue the evidence that had been admitted. The trial court pointed out

       that no testimony had been presented as to the money that had been seized and that it was

       improper, therefore, for Keith to make arguments about the money. Keith asserted later in his

       closing argument that Nadia had a college degree and could be making a higher income but was

       not applying herself. When the trial court asked Keith about the statutory language that required

       the trial court to equalize the amount that the parties had spent on attorney fees, Keith

       commented:

                              “When they [respondent and her attorneys] aren’t presenting the full

                      picture or even close to the full picture, how can I defend myself against this

                      motion when they don’t give me the interrogatories, when they don’t give me a

                      complete list of assets, when she’s holding assets in Mexico and you can’t get a

                      fair market value. There’s nothing I can do.”

¶ 15          At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court granted Nadia’s request and ordered Keith

       to pay $15,000 of additional interim and prospective attorney fees to Nadia’s attorneys on

       Nadia’s behalf. In announcing its decision, the trial court noted that a significant factor that it had

       considered was that Keith’s manner of representing himself (filing 34 subpoenas and 11 motions

       since the last interim fee award had been made) was making the litigation more costly and more

       difficult for Nadia to participate in. As for the property in Mexico, the trial court commented:

                                                         6
                               “There was some testimony about this property in Mexico. The Court does

                       not have sufficient information one way or the other. I don’t know the value of

                       this. I don’t know its fair market value. I don’t know how much income to impute

                       to Mrs. Yearman for that, if any. I just know little about that. So it’s difficult for

                       me to impute income to Mrs. Yearman as it relates to this property without more

                       information.”

¶ 16            In March 2019, after paying $1500 of the additional $15,000 interim and prospective

       attorney fees awarded, Keith filed for bankruptcy in federal court. He later notified the trial court

       in the instant case of his bankruptcy filing. The following month, Nadia’s attorneys withdrew

       from the case. From that point forward, Nadia represented herself in the proceedings, the same as

       Keith.

¶ 17            In June 2019, Keith filed a petition for leave to continue discovery so that he could try to

       find out more information about whether Nadia had undergone fertilization procedures without

       Keith’s knowledge, consent, or sperm when Nadia had become pregnant with A.Y. A few

       months later, Keith filed a multiple count petition in the trial court, seeking to (1) recalculate

       temporary maintenance and child support; (2) continue discovery as to whether a legal parent-

       child relationship existed between Keith and A.Y.; (3) set a final date for Keith to file a possible

       petition to declare the nonexistence of a parent-child relationship between Keith and A.Y.; and

       (4) compel disclosure of certain documents by Nadia. As to the first part of the petition, Keith

       claimed that his yearly earnings had gone down since the trial court had set temporary

       maintenance and child support and sought to have his payments reduced accordingly. With

       regard to the second part of the petition, Keith sought to continue the discovery process for

       matters relating to whether Nadia had undergone fertilization procedures such that a legal parent-

                                                          7
       child relationship would never have existed between Keith and A.Y. (according to Keith). Keith

       maintained in his petition that Nadia and her attorneys’ failure to disclose that information

       resulted in the appointment of a GAL, the imposition of a child support obligation upon Keith,

       and the unwarranted expenditure of time and money. In the third part of the petition, Keith

       sought to have the trial court set a final date for Keith to challenge his paternity of A.Y. so as to

       resolve any confusion that existed as to the time frame for Keith to do so. With the fourth part of

       the petition, Keith sought to compel disclosure of Nadia’s 2017 and 2018 tax documents and tax

       returns, marital interrogatories, records relating to Nadia’s assets in Mexico, and documents

       relating to the seizure of the money by the DEA.

¶ 18          In November 2019, a status hearing was held in this case. When Keith complained to the

       trial court about Nadia’s failure to tender some of the documents at issue, the trial court ordered

       Nadia to turn over her records on fertilization procedures by a certain specified date and

       instructed Keith to file a motion to compel as to Nadia’s financial documents. Apparently, the

       trial court did not realize at that time that Keith had already filed the equivalent of a motion to

       compel as part of his prior petition (part four). A few months later, after Nadia had failed to

       tender her records on fertilization procedures (Nadia had only tendered some records from 2005

       and had not tendered any records from March or April 2010 when A.Y. was conceived), Keith

       filed a motion to compel the release of the records. Keith also sought in that same motion to

       require Nadia to provide answers and related documents to Keith’s marital interrogatories; to

       turn over Nadia’s 2017, 2018, and 2019 tax returns; to tender any documents relating to the

       DEA’s seizure of the money; and to turn over any records relating to Nadia’s ownership of

       property in Mexico. Keith attached to the motion various supporting documents, including some

       of Nadia’s medical records from March 2010 showing that Nadia had gone to see a doctor for

                                                         8
       infertility issues and to inquire about starting fertilization procedures and a printout of an official

       legal notice posted by the DEA in January 2018 showing the seizure of approximately $188,000

       from Nadia.

¶ 19          In January 2020, the trial court entered an agreed order stating that Keith was not the

       biological father of A.Y., terminating Keith’s parenting time and support obligations, and

       discharging the GAL from the case. Nadia was given sole custody and exclusive allocation of all

       parental responsibilities and permission to amend A.Y.’s birth certificate accordingly.

¶ 20          The following month, Keith filed a petition seeking to have the trial court find that Nadia

       had committed fraud upon the court, to rule that all orders in this case were void ab initio, and to

       have sanctions imposed upon Nadia. Keith also sought to be reinstated as A.Y.’s father and to

       have his name placed back on A.Y.’s birth certificate as such. Keith pointed out in the petition

       that Nadia had obtained temporary maintenance, child support, and contribution toward her

       attorney fees based, according to Keith, upon false information that Nadia had presented about

       her income. In addition, Keith noted, a GAL was appointed in this case due to Nadia’s failure to

       report that she had conceived through fertilization procedures without Keith’s knowledge,

       consent, or sperm, and Keith was ordered to pay 80% of the GAL fees. Keith also filed a request

       seeking to have Nadia produce her tax documents and income tax returns for 2017, 2018, and

       2019; all records pertaining to the DEA’s seizure of the money; all records of bank accounts held

       by Nadia; all records of any asset in the possession of another person or entity in which Nadia

       had an interest; all credit card statements for accounts in Nadia’s name from January 2015 to the

       present date; Nadia’s credit report listing all accounts past and present; all records pertaining to

       real estate in which Nadia had acquired an interest during the marriage; copies of deposits made

                                                          9
       to Nadia’s accounts by other individuals; and records relating to Nadia’s fertilization procedures

       and the conception of A.Y.

¶ 21          At a status hearing in March 2020, the trial court addressed Keith’s request to produce

       and/or motions to compel in depth and had Keith state on the record the specific financial

       documents that he was seeking from Nadia. As Keith did so, the trial court asked Nadia

       questions about each category of assets or information to which Keith’s document request

       pertained. Nadia was not under oath at the time and denied that she had held any savings

       accounts in her name alone or jointly with any another person since 2015. As the trial court’s

       inquiry continued, Keith raised the issue of the money that had been seized by the DEA. Nadia

       protested, claiming that the prior trial court judge had stated that the matter had nothing to do

       with the parties’ divorce case due to the fifth amendment. The current trial court judge agreed

       and allowed Nadia to assert her fifth amendment rights on that issue. During additional

       questioning about other matters, Nadia indicated that she had acted as a cosigner for another

       person who was buying a truck and that the other person had stopped paying on the loan. Nadia

       also denied that she had any interest in any real estate, including any real estate in Mexico. At the

       conclusion of the status hearing, the trial court entered a written order requiring Nadia to produce

       within 10 days her 2017, 2018, and 2019 tax returns; all credit card statements from the date of

       divorce (presumably, the filing of the dissolution petition) to the present date; her current credit

       report; and her answer to all interrogatories.

¶ 22          In July 2020, at the next status hearing, an initial bench trial date was set. In addition,

       both parties were ordered to issue written discovery within 30 days and to respond to discovery

       requests by a certain specified date. The written order provided further that neither party would

                                                        10
       be allowed to present at trial any document that he or she had failed to exchange by the discovery

       cutoff date.

¶ 23          Later that same month, Keith filed a motion to compel disclosure of certain documents;

       to make the marital estate whole; and to vacate the prior awards of temporary maintenance, child

       support, and interim attorney fees (collectively referred to as Keith’s three-part motion). In the

       first part of the motion, Keith sought to have Nadia turn over all statements from her accounts at

       Chase and U.S. Bank and any other accounts in which her name was listed or she had an interest,

       including any accounts to which she had transferred money from her known accounts. As for the

       second part of the motion, Keith sought to have the trial court require Nadia to disclose all of her

       assets and bank accounts, to sanction Nadia for failing to disclose certain assets, and to order

       Nadia to reimburse the marital estate for all assets that she had dissipated. With regard to the

       third part of the motion, Keith sought to have the trial court vacate the April 2018 award of

       temporary maintenance, child support, and interim attorney fees; to order Nadia to reimburse

       Keith for all maintenance and child support that Nadia had received; to require Nadia’s former

       attorneys to reimburse Keith for the interim attorney fees Keith had paid on Nadia’s behalf; and

       to impose sanctions and other penalties against Nadia and her former attorneys, such as the

       payment of Keith’s legal fees.

¶ 24          A short time thereafter, the trial court held a hearing on Keith’s three-part motion. At the

       conclusion of the hearing, the trial court granted Keith’s motion in part and ordered Nadia to

       produce within 30 days all documents referenced in the motion. The trial court denied, however,

       Keith’s request to be reimbursed for the interim attorney fees he had paid on Nadia’s behalf. As

       for the other issues raised in Keith’s motion, the trial court continued those matters until the

       bench trial date.

                                                        11
¶ 25          In August 2020, Keith filed a request to produce, seeking to have Nadia turn over her tax

       documents and tax returns for 2017, 2018, and 2019; all records relating to the DEA’s seizure of

       the money; all documents pertaining to any checking, savings, or other accounts held by Nadia

       alone or with another person from January 2015 to the present date, regardless of whether that

       account had been closed; all records of any asset in which Nadia had an interest; charge and

       credit card statements from January 2017 to the present date; all records pertaining to real estate

       in which Nadia had an interest, including real estate in Mexico; Nadia’s current credit report

       listing all accounts past and present; and certain records relating to the conception of A.Y.

¶ 26          Two months later, in October 2020, Keith filed a motion for summary judgment (labeled

       a petition) and certain other relief due to Nadia’s failure to comply with Keith’s discovery

       requests. Keith indicated in the motion that Nadia had not provided any documents in response to

       Keith’s request to produce, that Nadia’s answer to Keith’s marital interrogatories was incomplete

       and unsworn, and that Nadia had not tendered any of her tax documents or asset information to

       Keith. Among other things, Keith sought to have the trial court enter summary judgment in his

       favor; to order that Nadia be required to pay all of the legal and GAL fees in this case, including

       those incurred by Keith; to require Nadia to reimburse Keith for all of the temporary

       maintenance and child support that Keith had paid; and to impose sanctions upon Nadia.

¶ 27          In November 2020, a status hearing was held on Keith’s motion for summary judgment.

       During the hearing, Keith complained to the trial court that Nadia had failed to tender most or all

       of the discovery items he had requested. Nadia disputed Keith’s claim in that regard and told the

       trial court that she had tendered all of the requested documents to Keith. The case had previously

       been set for a bench trial that was scheduled to begin in a few days. The trial court indicated that

       it was not going to continue the trial and commented to the parties, “[w]e’re going to go to trial.

                                                        12
       And if nobody presents any evidence, I’ll just have to make up a judgment. That’s all I can say.

       All right.” The trial court told the parties further, “[e]verybody bring all of their documents, all

       of their tax returns, bank statements, debts, anything, everybody bring that morning. It will take

       forever, but we’ll get through it.” It does not appear from the record that the trial court took any

       further action on Keith’s motion for summary judgment.

¶ 28           A few days later, at the bench trial date that had been set, the trial court realized that an

       issue still remained as to the paternity of A.Y. and postponed the trial. The trial court questioned

       Nadia, and she denied that A.Y. had been conceived through fertilization procedures, admitted

       that Keith was not A.Y.’s father, and stated that Keith had known from the beginning of the

       divorce case that he was not the biological parent. The trial court ordered the parties to submit to

       DNA testing to determine the paternity of A.Y.

¶ 29           In addition, to help streamline the upcoming trial, the trial court questioned the parties

       about their assets and debts. Keith raised the issue of the DEA’s seizure of the money in Nadia’s

       name and indicated that he believed Nadia should not have received temporary maintenance

       because the seized amount should have been treated as part of Nadia’s income. The trial court

       responded, “[t]hat’s all water under the bridge at this point.” After some additional discussion on

       the matter, the trial court commented, “if I don’t have proof that this was illegal money that was

       hers and I don’t, I can’t consider it.”

¶ 30           When the trial court asked if there were any other financial issues in the case, Keith

       pointed out that he had filed a motion to compel Nadia to find gainful legal employment two

       years ago but was never able to get the motion heard. The trial court told Keith that it could

       require Nadia to perform a job search or that it could impute income to Nadia, which, with

       Nadia’s minimum wage job history, would be about $20,000. Keith responded, “[o]kay.”

                                                         13
¶ 31            Keith also raised the issue of whether Nadia owned property in Mexico. Keith told the

       trial court that although Nadia had not listed property in Mexico in her financial affidavits, she

       had previously admitted in court that her name was on some of her family’s property in Mexico.

       The trial court questioned Nadia about the matter, and she denied that she owned any property in

       Mexico. Keith stated that he would order a transcript from the prior proceeding.

¶ 32            A few months later, in February 2021, Keith filed several motions and petitions in the

       trial court. The first such document that Keith filed was a motion to compel Nadia to turn over

       all records relating to the conception of A.Y. Keith indicated in the motion that based upon the

       information contained in some of Nadia’s medical records that Keith had subpoenaed, the timing

       of the medical procedures that Nadia had undergone to address infertility issues, and the

       approximate date of A.Y.’s conception, it was likely that A.Y. had been conceived through

       fertilization procedures. Keith noted that Nadia had previously been ordered to tender the records

       regarding fertilization procedures but had only turned over records from 2005 (A.Y. was born in

       2011). In addition, according to Keith, Nadia had been inconsistent in her responses in court

       about the matter. Keith asserted further in the motion that by withholding the truth, Nadia’s prior

       attorneys had prolonged the case, obtained interim awards, and generated additional billable

       hours.

¶ 33            The second document that Keith filed in February 2021 was a motion to compel Nadia to

       turn over her bank statements and related information. In the motion, Keith set forth a detailed

       history of Nadia’s failure to disclose her bank accounts and other assets in this case. Keith

       pointed out that Nadia (and her attorneys) had filed her first financial affidavit in December 2017

       and had only disclosed one bank account, a bank account that was held by Keith and Nadia

       jointly at a local credit union. The December 2017 financial affidavit omitted that Nadia also had

                                                        14
       an individual account at Chase Bank (account number 0936), which was the same account from

       which Nadia had paid her attorneys about a month before the December 2017 financial affidavit

       had been filed. Keith obtained information about the Chase Bank account by issuing a subpoena

       to Chase. According to Keith, the deposits to the Chase Bank account did not match the income

       and gifts shown on Nadia’s financial affidavit or the income that Nadia had reported to the

       Internal Revenue Service (IRS). In addition, Keith maintained, Nadia had begun to dissipate the

       funds in the Chase Bank account immediately after she had been served with the divorce papers.

       Nadia (and her attorneys) also withheld from the December 2017 financial affidavit the existence

       of a second Chase Bank account (account number 6575) that Nadia had held jointly with an

       individual named Juan Jose Leon-Gonzalez, who Keith did not know. Nadia was questioned in

       court about the matter in March 2020 (but not under oath) and denied having any other bank

       accounts. Keith had also learned that Nadia had an additional bank account at U.S. Bank, which

       she had failed to disclose. Keith pointed out that he had filed his petition for dissolution of

       marriage in October 2017 and that since that time, Nadia had not turned over a single bank

       statement. The only bank statements that Keith had received were ones that he had subpoenaed

       directly from the banks. Keith stated further that he had filed multiple petitions relating to

       discovery in the trial court and that the trial court had issued multiple orders pertaining to those

       petitions, but Nadia had failed to comply with those orders. The only bank document that Nadia

       had turned over was a letter from U.S. Bank listing the account number, opening date, and

       current balance of her account, which Keith thought was an insufficient response to his discovery

       request.

¶ 34          The third document that Keith filed in the trial court in February 2021 was a petition

       seeking to have the trial court find that Nadia had committed perjury and fraud upon the court

                                                        15
       through the filing of her December 2017 financial affidavit—which failed to list multiple bank

       accounts, a vehicle, real estate, rental income, and cash seized by the DEA—and through her

       filings and representations to the trial court relating to her assets and to the conception of A.Y.

¶ 35          The fourth document that Keith filed in the trial court in February 2021 was a petition to

       vacate temporary maintenance, for full restitution, and for sanctions. Keith indicated in the

       petition that at the November 2020 status hearing, Nadia had tendered several documents in

       response to Keith’s repeated discovery requests. Keith did not believe, however, that those

       documents complied with the legal requirements for temporary maintenance. Keith asked,

       therefore, that temporary maintenance be terminated and that an order for full restitution (as to

       both temporary maintenance and temporary child support) be entered.

¶ 36          The fifth document that Keith filed in February 2021 was a notice of intent to claim

       dissipation. In the notice, Keith sought to set the date of the irretrievable breakdown of the

       marriage for dissipation purposes as March 17, 2010, the date that Nadia had asked her doctor to

       start fertilization procedures without Keith’s knowledge, consent, or sperm. Keith alleged in the

       notice that the following assets had been dissipated by Nadia: (1) approximately $16,000 from

       Chase Bank individual account number 0936; (2) approximately $17,000 from Chase Bank joint

       account number 6575; (3) approximately $188,000 seized by the DEA; (4) the undetermined

       value of a Nissan Titan truck; (5) the undetermined value of real property in Mexico; (6) the

       undetermined proceeds of rental income from the parties’ townhome in Carol Stream, Illinois;

       (7) other possible undeclared assets and income; (8) various sums incurred in relation to A.Y., a

       child who was born out of wedlock (according to Keith), and as a result of Nadia’s paternity

       fraud; (9) approximately $138,000 for real properties in Chicago that the parties owned but that

       Nadia had never helped to maintain; and (10) an additional approximately $15,000 tax burden

                                                        16
       that Keith had incurred as a result of having to file his income tax returns using the

       disadvantageous married-filing-separately status due to Nadia’s illicit activities.

¶ 37           In April 2021, Keith filed a petition for sanctions against Nadia for failing to tender the

       DNA test results. According to Keith, Nadia had received the test results in December 2020 but

       had failed to tender the results to Keith or to file the results with the trial court. Keith had

       subpoenaed the results in March 2021 and had received the results shortly thereafter. The results

       showed that Keith was not the biological father of A.Y. and that another specifically identified

       male subject (not Keith or Rodriquez-Diaz referred to previously) was A.Y.’s biological father.

       Later that same month, an order was entered in the trial court stating that Keith was

       acknowledging that he was A.Y.’s father, even though the documents and the merits indicated

       otherwise. That order, however, was vacated shortly thereafter.

¶ 38           In June 2021, Keith filed a motion for default judgment. In the motion, Keith asked the

       trial court to enter a default judgment against Nadia because of Nadia’s repeated failure to

       respond to the various petitions and motions that Keith had filed, her concealment of assets, the

       true method of conception of A.Y., and her failure to provide all relevant discovery materials or

       to answer marital interrogatories in any logical manner. In the motion, Keith listed

       approximately 18 different petitions or motions that he had filed in this case that were still

       pending and that had not been responded to by Nadia (there was one additional motion or

       petition to which Nadia had not responded that the trial court had struck).

¶ 39           Also in June 2021, a status hearing was held on discovery in this case. When Keith was

       asked about the matter during the hearing, the following conversation ensued:

                               “[KEITH]: Well, Nadia still has not turned over any of the legally required

                       bank statements. She was awarded temporary maintenance back in 2018 and state

                                                          17
                law says with the application for temporary maintenance it shall be accompanied

                by bank statements.

                        I have repeatedly petitioned the Court for assistance; motions to compel,

                petitions for rule.

                        THE COURT: Okay, sir, we’re here for status. So I get it; so she’s not

                complying.

                        [KEITH]: She still hasn’t turned any of that stuff over.

                        THE COURT: Okay. You already have a trial date coming up in August

                so what I would like to do, sir, is I’m going to give you what’s called a trial status

                date.

                        [KEITH]: Okay.

                        THE COURT: And what that means is you’re to come into court one week

                before, which will be on August 19th, and you’re going to bring to court on that

                date every single document that you intend to introduce into evidence at trial,

                okay?

                        [KEITH]: Okay.”

At the conclusion of the status hearing, the trial court entered a written order requiring each party

to comply with all outstanding discovery requests by a certain specified date. In addition, the

trial court’s written order indicated that because Keith had acknowledged that he was not A.Y.’s

father, pursuant to the DNA test results, the related issues of parenting time, child support, and

college expenses would not go to trial. The trial court again discharged the GAL from the case. 2

        2
         It is unclear from the record whether the GAL was reappointed in this case after he was initially
discharged in January 2020 or whether that portion of the January 2020 order was subsequently vacated.

                                                    18
¶ 40           The following month, at the next discovery status hearing, the trial court ordered the

       parties to exchange all exhibits, exhibit lists, and witness lists; to organize all of their trial

       documents into a binder; and to provide a copy of their trial binders to the other party and to the

       trial court.

¶ 41           In October 2021, a day before the scheduled bench trial date, Keith filed a petition for a

       finding of nonpaternity ab initio. The trial court later struck that petition as untimely. The

       following day, the bench trial began. The trial took three days to complete. Both parties were

       present in court for the bench trial and represented themselves in the proceedings. A Spanish

       interpreter was also present to interpret for Nadia. Each of the parties had prepared a new

       financial affidavit and had tendered that document to the trial court at the beginning of the trial.

¶ 42           During the bench trial, testimony was presented from Keith, Nadia, and Keith’s father. In

       addition to the testimony, the parties also presented various exhibits, including their current

       financial affidavits, one of Nadia’s prior financial affidavits, various bank records, vehicle title

       information, the final report from Keith’s 2019 bankruptcy case, Keith’s recent paycheck and

       income tax return, and Keith’s retirement account information.

¶ 43           The evidence presented at the bench trial established the following. Keith was 44 years

       old at the time of the bench trial and was a full-time professor at a local community college.

       Keith had been working in that capacity since 2001, and his income in that position was fairly

       consistent. Along with his job at the community college, Keith also made additional income on

       occasion by teaching part time at other schools and by performing some seasonal tax preparation

       work. For the prior year, Keith’s gross income was approximately $115,600, and he was

       currently paying to Nadia about $2482 a month in temporary maintenance.

                                                          19
¶ 44          Keith had suffered a series of medical problems starting in 2011 and had filed for

       bankruptcy the first time in 2012 due to financial hardship. The bankruptcy filing was in Keith’s

       name alone and did not affect Nadia. With regard to assets, Keith had the following accounts in

       his name alone: a state university employee retirement account or pension that had a fair market

       value of about $945,100, four other retirement accounts that had a combined value of about

       $23,200, four cryptocurrency accounts that had a combined value of about $1350, a brokerage

       account that had a value of about $140, and two credit union accounts that had a combined total

       of about $40. There were also two joint accounts in both parties’ names at that same credit union

       with a combined total of about $240. As for real property, Keith had three vacant lots in Chicago

       that were purchased in 2010 in his name alone. The lots had no value, according to Keith,

       because an extensive amount of back taxes and other penalties was owed to the City of Chicago

       on the lots. Keith had also purchased a townhome in Carol Stream in 2010 in his name alone, but

       that property was later foreclosed upon. With regard to vehicles, Keith held a 2008 Toyota

       RAV4 in his name alone that was worth approximately $7490 (Blue Book value) and was

       currently in Nadia’s possession. An additional vehicle that was purchased in Keith’s name alone,

       a Toyota Prius, was repossessed in 2020.

¶ 45          As for debts, Keith owed approximately $113,300 to the City of Chicago for back taxes

       and other penalties on the three vacant lots, he owed $56,000 to one of the law firms that had

       previously represented him in the divorce case, he had taken a loan of $48,000 from his father

       and his father’s wife to pay some of his attorney fees and the costs of the proceedings, he had a

       mortgage deficiency of $47,000 from the foreclosure of the townhome, he had an outstanding

       balance of approximately $37,800 on his student loans from 2008 and 2009, he owed $13,500 in

       interim and prospective attorney fees that he had been ordered to pay to Nadia’s prior attorneys,

                                                       20
       he had borrowed approximately $7050 from his retirement accounts, he owed approximately

       $10,700 to the IRS for tax obligations from 2017 to 2020, he had borrowed $5000 from a fellow

       professor at the college, and he owed about $380 in medical bills for A.Y. Keith was not certain,

       however, whether he was legally obligated to repay some of the debts (the mortgage deficiency,

       the interim attorney fees, and Keith’s prior attorney fees) because the creditors had not pursued

       those claims in Keith’s 2019 bankruptcy proceeding. Keith was also unsure as to the status of his

       student loan debt because he had challenged that debt under certain federal fraud provisions.

¶ 46          Nadia was 44 years old at the time of the bench trial (Nadia testified that she was 43, but

       her financial affidavit indicated that she was 44) and was currently unemployed. Nadia had

       moved to the United States from Mexico in 2002. She held a college degree from Mexico in

       teaching Spanish that she had earned in 2002 prior to coming to this country but had never

       subsequently worked in that field (other than an internship that she had completed in Mexico)

       because she had difficulty learning the English language. As best as can be determined from the

       record in this case, Nadia’s work history over the years was sporadic. No specific evidence was

       presented of any employment that Nadia had held during the marriage prior to 2008. From 2008

       to 2010, Nadia worked full time for an 18-month period as a store associate at Home Goods and

       was paid approximately $11 or $11.50 an hour. After A.Y. was born in January 2011, Nadia did

       not work outside the home again until 2017. From 2017 to 2020, Nadia worked part time for

       First Student as a school bus monitor. In that position, Nadia was paid approximately $13.50 an

       hour and worked approximately 22.5 hours per week. Her gross income for that position was

       about $10,040 per year. In March 2020, Nadia was put on unemployment through First Student.

       She was supposed to receive about $10,500 in compensation but only collected $500 because she

       lost the card that she needed to access the compensation funds. Nadia was currently supporting

                                                       21
       herself with the temporary maintenance payments that she received from Keith. Nadia had been

       receiving temporary maintenance for the past 29 months and was seeking to have Keith continue

       to pay maintenance. Nadia had also recently filed a request in a separate proceeding to have

       A.Y.’s biological father start paying child support. Nadia hoped to be a preschool teacher at

       some point but was currently studying to obtain a commercial driver’s license so that she could

       drive a school bus and support herself.

¶ 47           With regard to assets, at the time of trial, Nadia had two bank accounts: one at U.S. Bank

       that had approximately $12,900 in it from the temporary maintenance payments that she had

       received and another at Chase Bank that had about $300 in it. Nadia did not own any retirement

       accounts, investment accounts, or real property, although she had listed real property in Mexico

       as one of her assets in her most recent financial affidavit.

¶ 48           As for debts, Nadia had approximately $5000 that she owed on her credit cards ($6100

       was listed on the most recent financial affidavit) and $1600 that she owed in medical bills for

       A.Y. that she had forgotten to put on her most recent financial affidavit. When Nadia was asked

       about the credit card debt by the trial court, she stated that it was her debt and that she felt that

       she should be the one to have to pay it.

¶ 49           Much of the evidence presented at the bench trial pertained to the possible dissipation of

       marital assets by Nadia. As to the date of the irretrievable breakdown of the marriage (for the

       purpose of Keith’s dissipation claim), the evidence presented at the bench trial indicated that the

       parties separated for the first time in approximately November 2010. That initial separation

       lasted anywhere from two to five months. The parties gave different accounts in their testimony

       as to what had occurred during that time period. Keith testified that he moved in with another

       woman during the parties’ separation and that he did know at that time that another man was

                                                         22
       A.Y.’s biological father. Nadia, on the other hand, testified that Keith threw or drove her out of

       the house because he was upset that she was pregnant with another man’s child. Nadia did not

       know where Keith went (whether Keith had moved in with another woman) and did not view

       that time period as a separation. In addition, Nadia felt that having a child by another man did not

       constitute a breakdown of the marriage because Keith knew about the matter and accepted it.

       During that initial separation period, each party sought an order of protection against the other

       but those requests were subsequently withdrawn or dismissed. Eventually, according to Keith’s

       testimony, the parties moved back in together because the woman with whom Keith was living

       had given him an ultimatum that he had to choose between her and A.Y. and because he was

       trying to do the right thing for A.Y. The parties lived together after that initial separation until

       some point in 2017, although Keith maintained in his testimony that the parties stayed in separate

       bedrooms in the residence that they shared, and Nadia stated in her testimony that the parties had

       reconciled. Keith testified further that Nadia moved out of their shared residence in May or June

       2017, and Nadia stated in her testimony that the parties had been separated since 2017 and that

       the marriage had broken down in approximately July 2017. Nadia agreed in her testimony,

       however, that the last 11 years had been miserable for the parties.

¶ 50          As for the assets that were possibly dissipated, when Nadia was called to testify by Keith

       in Keith’s case-in-chief, she acknowledged that Chase Bank account number 0936 was her

       individual bank account and that Keith did not know about that account. Nadia opened the

       account in about 2015 in her name alone so that she would have money when she wanted to buy

       things. She deposited into that account paychecks from her job (starting in 2017) and rental

       checks from the townhome that the parties owned and had rented out. Nadia did not list that

       account on her December 2017 financial affidavit and gave conflicting reasons in her testimony

                                                         23
       for not doing so, stating, at one point, that she did not list the account because it had been closed,

       and, at another point, that she could not remember why she had not listed the account on her

       financial affidavit. Nadia was shown various deposits that were made to the account in 2017 and

       stated that all of those deposits were rental income from the parties’ townhome. According to

       Nadia, she would receive a monthly check from the renters for $1000, would place that check

       into her account, and would give Keith cash in that amount for the rental payment. Nadia also

       stated in her testimony, however, that Keith knew that she picked up the rent payment but never

       asked her what happened to it. When Nadia was asked on the witness stand if the account had

       more than $22,000 in it in October 2017, she stated that she did not remember.

¶ 51          Nadia admitted during her testimony that she had paid her prior attorneys a $3500

       retainer from her individual Chase Bank account. Nadia had also withdrawn approximately

       $12,000 from the account either shortly before or shortly after the divorce was filed to pay off a

       vehicle loan that she had cosigned. The loan was for a 2010 Nissan Titan truck. The primary

       borrower on the loan was Tomas Antonio Flores Alfaro (referred to by Nadia as Tomas Flores),

       whose wife was Nadia’s friend. Nadia cosigned for the loan because Alfaro and his wife had

       supported Nadia and had taken her in after Keith had thrown Nadia out of the house when she

       was pregnant. Nadia later sold the vehicle to Nicolas Delgadillo for $7000 in December 2017

       after her financial affidavit had been filed. She spent the money on food during a time when she

       was no longer with Keith. Nadia did not list the vehicle on her December 2017 financial affidavit

       because the vehicle did not belong to her. Nadia maintained in her testimony, however, that

       Keith knew about the vehicle. When Nadia was asked how she was able to cosign for a vehicle

       loan when she was not working and what she put down as her job and income on the loan

                                                        24
       application, she stated that she did not remember because it was some years ago. Nadia also did

       not remember if the dealership had run her credit report at the time of the vehicle purchase.

¶ 52          As Nadia’s testimony continued, Keith showed Nadia the signature card and some of the

       bank statements for Chase Bank checking account number 6575. Nadia admitted that her name

       was listed on the account and that her signature was on the signature card. The other person

       listed on the account was Juan Jose Leon-Gonzalez, who was a friend of Nadia that she had met

       at a massage parlor after A.Y. was born. During her testimony, Nadia denied that she had opened

       the account, that she had access to the account, or that she had made deposits to the account.

       Nadia did not list the account on her December 2017 financial affidavit because it was not her

       account. Nadia did not remember whether the account had over $17,000 in it before 2017 or

       whether she had ever withdrawn money from the account.

¶ 53          In addition to bank accounts, Nadia was asked during her testimony whether she owned

       any real property in Mexico. Nadia denied that she had acquired any such property during the

       marriage and also denied that she had told Keith that she had acquired such property. Nadia

       acknowledged that on her most recent financial affidavit, she had listed real property in Mexico

       as one of her assets but stated that although her mother had given or left the property to her, or

       had wanted to do so, the transfer of the property had not yet happened. Rather, when Nadia’s

       mother passed away in May 2020, all of the property went to Nadia’s father, who was still alive.

       Nadia listed the property on her most recent financial affidavit because her mother had told her

       that the property would eventually be hers. Nadia had no idea what the property was worth and

       had not done any research to present to the trial court an estimate of the value of the property.

¶ 54          During the bench trial, Keith sought to admit into evidence a printout of the official legal

       notice posted by the DEA in January 2018 showing that approximately $188,000 had been seized

                                                        25
       from Nadia in October 2017 under case, proceeding, or reference number 18-DEA-635977.

       Keith claimed that the notice was evidence of illicit income that Nadia had not reported on her

       financial affidavit and that the failure to report that information had led to Nadia receiving

       temporary maintenance. The trial court found that the notice was hearsay and was not

       admissible. Keith also sought to question Nadia about the method of conception as to A.Y., and

       the trial court denied that request. In addition, when Keith sought to admit some of the medical

       progress notes from Nadia’s doctor visit in March 2010 where starting fertilization procedures

       was discussed, the trial court found that the notes were private and confidential to Nadia and

       denied Keith’s request.

¶ 55          After the bench trial had concluded, the trial court took the case under advisement.

       Approximately two months later, in December 2021, the trial court issued a written order

       dissolving the parties’ marriage and dividing the parties’ property. In its written ruling, the trial

       court, for the most part, divided the parties’ marital assets and debts equally between the parties.

       Three areas of the trial court’s ruling, however—maintenance, dissipation, and the division of

       fees—are of particular relevance in this appeal and require more specific comment.

¶ 56          As to maintenance, the trial court found that an award for Nadia was appropriate based

       primarily upon the discrepancy in the parties’ incomes and work histories. In setting the amount

       and duration of maintenance to be awarded, the trial court determined that Keith’s gross income

       was approximately $115,600 (the amount listed in Keith’s most recent financial affidavit) and

       imputed an annual income to Nadia of approximately $25,000 (full-time employment at a

       minimum wage of $12 per hour) because Nadia had voluntarily remained underemployed during

       the marriage and the dissolution proceedings for the purpose of evading a support obligation.

       The trial court noted that Keith had filed a motion to compel Nadia to obtain full-time

                                                         26
       employment, but Nadia had failed to do so. The trial court ultimately ruled that Keith was

       required to pay Nadia fixed-term maintenance of $1500 per month for 115 consecutive months,

       after which time, Nadia’s right to receive spousal support would be terminated permanently. In

       setting the amount to be paid, the trial court indicated that it was applying a downward deviation

       from the guideline maintenance amount because the guideline maintenance amount would

       exceed the 40% threshold set forth in the statute. See 750 ILCS 5/504(b-1)(1)(A) (West 2018)

       (providing that the amount calculated as maintenance, when added to the gross income of the

       payee, may not result in the payee receiving an amount that is in excess of 40% of the combined

       gross income of the parties). The trial court also set a schedule of various deductions that would

       be applied temporarily to Keith’s maintenance payments to offset amounts that Nadia had

       dissipated from the marital estate.

¶ 57          With regard to dissipation, based upon the evidence presented at the bench trial, the trial

       court found that the parties had initially separated several years ago when Keith left the marital

       residence (presumably, in 2010) but had later reconciled and had lived together for several years

       thereafter. The trial court, thus, ruled that the date of the irretrievable breakdown of the marriage

       was January 1, 2017, for dissipation purposes. As for Nadia’s Chase Bank account number 0936,

       the trial court found that the money in the account was marital property and that Nadia had

       dissipated approximately $15,200 from that account when she withdrew approximately $11,700

       to pay off the car loan on the Nissan Titan truck and when she transferred $3500 to her attorneys

       to pay their fees. The trial court made a similar finding of dissipation with regard to the money

       kept in Chase Bank account number 6575 (approximately $17,400) that Nadia held with another

       person, noting that Nadia could not explain the reasons for maintaining the account nor her

       connection to the co-owner and that Nadia’s testimony on the matter was evasive, confusing, and

                                                        27
       not credible. The trial court also found that Nadia had dissipated the funds she received ($7000)

       for the Nissan Titan truck, which had to have been purchased during the marriage and was

       presumed to be marital property. The trial court subsequently ordered Nadia to reimburse Keith

       50% of the three sums that had been dissipated (approximately $7600 for Chase Bank account

       number 0936, approximately $8700 for Chase Bank account number 6575, and $3500 for the

       Nissan Titan Truck).

¶ 58           The trial court, however, rejected Keith’s claims of dissipation for the property allegedly

       held by Nadia in Mexico, for the rental income from the parties’ townhome, for the amount that

       Keith had spent for A.Y. over the years, for Nadia’s failure to maintain the Chicago properties,

       and for Keith’s increased tax burden due to Nadia’s illicit activities. 3 As to the Mexico property,

       the trial court found that Nadia’s current interest in the property was merely an expectancy since

       the property had not yet been transferred to Nadia, according to Nadia’s testimony. In reaching

       that conclusion, the trial court commented that Keith had not produced any documentary

       evidence to rebut Nadia’s testimony on the matter and that Keith had failed, therefore, to show

       that an ownership interest actually existed and that it qualified as marital property. The trial court

       made similar comments about the rental income from the parties’ townhome, noting that Keith

       had failed to rebut Nadia’s testimony that she had given the rental income to Keith. With regard

       to Keith’s expenses for A.Y., the trial court found that the legal authority that Keith had cited in

       support of his claim for dissipation in that regard did not support Keith’s position and that the

       trial court would not reach beyond the date of the irretrievable breakdown of the marriage for the

       purpose of refunding to Keith his contributions to A.Y.’s support during a time that, according to

               3
                 During the bench trial, Keith was granted leave to strike his claim of dissipation as to the money
       that had been seized from Nadia by the DEA. Keith still maintained, however, that the seized money
       should have been considered as part of Nadia’s income in determining whether Nadia should have been
       awarded temporary maintenance, maintenance, and interim attorney fees.

                                                           28
       Keith’s own testimony, he believed he was fulfilling his obligation to his daughter. As for the

       Chicago properties, the trial court ruled against Keith’s claim of dissipation and commented that

       no evidence was presented to show that the tax bills, penalties, and/or administrative fees for the

       properties amounted in any way to a dissipation of marital assets by Nadia. The trial court

       ordered that the Chicago properties be sold and that the net proceeds be divided between the

       parties. Finally, with regard to Keith’s increased tax burden, the trial court ruled against Keith on

       that dissipation claim as well, noting that although Keith’s financial affidavit showed an IRS

       debt of over $10,000, Keith had failed to present any documentary evidence to support or prove

       illicit activity by Nadia.

¶ 59           As for the division of fees, the trial court granted Keith’s request to reallocate the

       percentage of the GAL fees that each party was required to pay, which had previously been set at

       80% to be paid by Keith and 20% to be paid by Nadia. After considering the extent of Nadia’s

       dissipation of marital assets and certain other matters, the trial court ordered that each of the

       parties was required to pay 50% of the GAL fees. With regard to the $13,500 debt owed to

       Nadia’s prior attorneys for interim attorney fees, the trial court ruled that Nadia was responsible

       for that debt.

¶ 60           Within 30 days after the judgment of dissolution of marriage was entered, Keith filed a

       motion to vacate the judgment, which the trial court treated as a motion to reconsider and

       subsequently denied. Keith appealed.

¶ 61                                              II. ANALYSIS

¶ 62           On appeal, Keith argues that the trial court erred in: (1) requiring him to proceed to a

       bench trial in this case without first forcing Nadia to comply with his discovery requests and the

       trial court’s discovery orders; (2) awarding temporary maintenance and maintenance to Nadia;

                                                         29
       (3) determining Nadia’s dissipation of marital assets; and (4) certain other aspects of its ruling.

       We will address each of those arguments in turn. Although Nadia has not filed an appellee’s

       brief in this case, we will, nevertheless, address the merits of this appeal, pursuant to the

       principles set forth in First Capitol Mortgage Corp. v. Talandis Construction Corp., 63 Ill. 2d

       128, 133 (1976) (indicating that in the absence of an appellee’s brief, a reviewing court should

       decide an appeal on the merits if the record is simple and the claimed errors are such that the

       court may easily decide the issues raised by the appellant without the aid of an appellee’s brief).

¶ 63                                  A. Requiring Keith to Proceed to Trial

¶ 64          As noted above, as his first point of contention on appeal, Keith argues that the trial court

       erred in requiring him to proceed to a bench trial in this case without first forcing Nadia to

       comply with his discovery requests and the trial court’s discovery orders. Specifically, Keith

       maintains, Nadia failed to tender her bank statements, her documents pertaining to the property

       or properties in Mexico, and her records regarding the fertilization procedures that she underwent

       prior to the conception of A.Y., despite Keith’s repeated requests for those discovery materials

       and the trial court’s repeated orders requiring Nadia to tender those materials. According to

       Keith, the trial court was unwilling to take any substantive action against Nadia to force Nadia to

       comply with discovery requests and orders, and the trial court’s failure to do so blocked any

       meaningful pretrial discovery in this case. Based upon that alleged error, Keith asks this court to

       set aside the trial court’s judgment and to grant Keith’s motion for a default judgment against

       Nadia or to remand this case for a new bench trial with instructions to the trial court to compel

       Nadia to comply with Keith’s discovery requests and the trial court’s discovery orders.

¶ 65          The purpose of the discovery rules is to obtain a prompt, efficient, and final

       determination of disputes in accordance with the substantive rights of the parties. See Kaull v.

                                                         30
       Kaull, 2014 IL App (2d) 130175, ¶ 29. In keeping with that purpose, the discovery rules for civil

       cases require full disclosure of information that is not privileged and that is relevant to the issues

       in the lawsuit. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 201(b) (eff. Jul. 1, 2014); Kaull, 2014 IL App (2d) 130175, ¶ 44.

       To enforce the discovery rules, Illinois Supreme Court Rule 219(c) (eff. July 1, 2002) authorizes

       a trial court to impose sanctions upon any party who unreasonably fails to comply with the

       discovery rules or with any order entered pursuant to those rules. Shimanovsky v. General

       Motors Corp., 181 Ill. 2d 112, 120 (1998). As a discovery sanction under Rule 219(c), a trial

       court may, among other things, prohibit an offending party from maintaining any particular

       claim, counterclaim, third-party complaint, or defense to which the discovery issue pertains or

       require the offending party to pay the opposing party’s costs and attorney fees. See Ill. S. Ct. R.

       219(c)(iii) (eff. July 1, 2002); In re Marriage of Bradley, 2011 IL App (4th) 110392, ¶ 19.

¶ 66           When imposing sanctions under Rule 219(c), the trial court’s purpose is to coerce

       compliance with discovery rules and orders and not to punish the offending party. Bradley, 2011

       IL App (4th) 110392, ¶ 20. To the extent possible, therefore, the sanctions imposed by the trial

       court should insure both discovery and a trial on the merits. See Shimanovsky, 181 Ill. 2d at 123.

       Sanctions that essentially end the litigation, such as the grant of a dismissal with prejudice or the

       entry of a default judgment, are drastic sanctions that should be invoked only as a last resort after

       all of the court’s other enforcement powers have failed to advance the litigation and only when

       the offending party’s actions show a deliberate, contumacious, or unwarranted disregard of the

       trial court’s authority. Id.

¶ 67           In deciding whether to impose a sanction on a party under Rule 219(c) and the

       appropriate sanction to be imposed, the trial court should consider the following factors: (1) the

       surprise to the adverse party (the party moving for sanctions); (2) the prejudicial effect of the

                                                         31
       proffered testimony or evidence; (3) the nature of the testimony or evidence; (4) the diligence of

       the adverse party in seeking discovery; (5) the timeliness of the adverse party’s objection to the

       testimony or evidence; and (6) the good faith of the party offering the testimony or evidence. Id.

       at 124. No single factor, however, is determinative in the analysis. Id.

¶ 68          A trial court’s decision on a request for Rule 219(c) sanctions will not be reversed on

       appeal absent an abuse of discretion. See id. at 120. The threshold for finding an abuse of

       discretion is high one and will not be overcome unless it can be said that the trial court’s ruling

       was arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable, or that no reasonable person would have taken the view

       adopted by the trial court. See Blum v. Koster, 235 Ill. 2d 21, 36 (2009); In re Leona W., 228 Ill.

       2d 439, 460 (2008).

¶ 69          In the present case, after reviewing the record, we find that the trial court did not err in

       the manner in which it addressed Nadia’s compliance with Keith’s discovery requests and the

       trial court’s discovery orders. We reach that conclusion for three main reasons. First, contrary to

       Keith’s assertion on appeal, the trial court did not ignore Keith’s requests for relief with regard to

       Nadia’s failure, at times, to tender discovery. Rather, our review of the record indicates that the

       trial court frequently addressed Keith’s requests for relief by attending to the pending discovery

       issues at the pretrial status hearings and by making rulings on those issues. Instead of imposing

       sanctions upon Nadia to force compliance, which would have resulted in further delays in the

       proceedings, the trial court sought to resolve the pending discovery issues in a more permanent

       and efficient manner by questioning the parties directly about the underlying areas to which the

       discovery issues pertained—such as whether Nadia had additional bank accounts, whether she

       owned real property in Mexico, and whether A.Y had been conceived through fertilization

       procedures—and by ordering Nadia to produce certain documents or to comply with Keith’s

                                                        32
       discovery requests. While it does appear, in hindsight, that the trial court may have received

       untruthful responses at times to its inquiries, we cannot conclude that the trial court’s procedure

       with regard to discovery issues was flawed. To the contrary, we believe that the trial court took a

       fair and reasonable approach to resolving the discovery issues in this case, a case in which both

       parties were self-represented and did not know how to proceed, one of the parties had some level

       of difficulty understanding the English language, and all of the communications and court

       directives to that party had to be communicated through an interpreter.

¶ 70          Second, much of the uncertainty in the discovery process in this case was caused or

       contributed to by Keith and his lack of knowledge on how to proceed or the manner by which he

       chose to proceed. The trial court record in this case is cluttered with Keith’s repeated filings,

       some of which were later withdrawn, and others of which were never specifically ruled upon. It

       appears from the record before us that, rather than follow a systematic procedure to try to have

       the discovery issues resolved in this case, Keith would often simply file the same or similar

       motions, requests, or petitions (collectively referred to in the remainder of this paragraph as

       motions) over and over again, such that there was no progression in his attempts to obtain

       Nadia’s compliance with discovery and it would have been difficult for the trial court to readily

       determine which motions were actually still pending and which had been abandoned. Indeed, as

       Keith’s own argument indicates, he had approximately 18 motions pending at one time. Rather

       than repeatedly filing the same motions over and over again, Keith would have been better

       served to file a motion for specific reasonable sanctions or a petition for rule to show cause to

       either compel Nadia to comply with discovery or to impose consequences upon Nadia for her

       failure to do so and to keep the case moving forward. Instead, when Keith did seek to obtain

       sanctions against Nadia for her failure to comply, he sought the most drastic sanctions

                                                        33
       available—to have a summary or default judgment entered against Nadia—which the trial court

       was not likely to grant under the circumstances of the present case. See Shimanovsky, 181 Ill. 2d

       at 123.

¶ 71             Third, other than the delay in the proceedings in this case, we find that Keith was

       generally not prejudiced by the trial court’s decision not to impose Rule 219(c) sanctions against

       Nadia for her failure to comply with discovery. Most of the documents about which Keith

       complains related to the issue of dissipation, and it appears from the record that Keith eventually

       obtained or received sufficient documentation to prevail upon many of his claims on that issue.

¶ 72                     B. Awarding Temporary Maintenance and Maintenance to Nadia

¶ 73             As his second point of contention on appeal, Keith argues that the trial court erred in

       awarding temporary maintenance and maintenance to Nadia. In support of that argument, Keith

       makes two primary assertions. First, Keith asserts that temporary maintenance and maintenance

       should not have been awarded (and that temporary maintenance should have been terminated

       after it was erroneously awarded) because Nadia failed to support her request for temporary

       maintenance and maintenance with any financial documentation, despite the statutory

       requirement for Nadia to do so. In making that assertion, Keith notes that he repeatedly pointed

       out to the trial court that Nadia had failed to comply with discovery and had failed to turn over

       her bank statements, but the trial court was unwilling to take substantive action against Nadia

       and ignored Keith’s multiple petitions to terminate temporary maintenance. Second, Keith

       asserts, although somewhat implicitly, that temporary maintenance and maintenance should not

       have been awarded because the money that the DEA seized from Nadia should have been

       included in Nadia’s gross income and considered by the trial court in deciding whether to award

       temporary maintenance and maintenance. According to Keith, the federal tax law on this subject

                                                          34
       is clear that money from illegal activities is taxable income to a taxpayer. Thus, for both of the

       reasons stated, Keith asks that that we vacate the trial court’s award of temporary maintenance

       (and, presumably, maintenance), that we order Nadia to refund all of the temporary maintenance

       (and, presumably, maintenance) that Keith has paid, and that we bar Nadia from receiving

       maintenance from Keith. In the alternative, Keith asks that we remand this matter to the trial

       court to recalculate the temporary maintenance and maintenance awards with instructions to the

       trial court to consider the money seized by the DEA as part of Nadia’s income in performing that

       recalculation.

¶ 74          The Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (Act) provides for awards of both

       temporary maintenance and maintenance. See 750 ILCS 5/501(a)(1) (West 2018) (providing for

       an award of temporary maintenance); 750 ILCS 5/504(a) (West 2018) (providing for an award of

       maintenance). A trial court has broad discretion in ruling upon a request for such an award, and

       its decision in that regard will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of that discretion. See

       In re Marriage of Burdess, 2020 IL App (3d) 190342, ¶ 31 (stating the standard of review for a

       temporary maintenance award); In re Marriage of Donovan, 361 Ill. App. 3d 1059, 1062 (2005)

       (stating the standard of review for a maintenance award). As noted above, the threshold for

       finding an abuse of discretion is a high one and will not be overcome unless it can be said that

       the trial court’s ruling was arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable, or that no reasonable person

       would have taken the view adopted by the trial court. See Blum, 235 Ill. 2d at 36; Leona W., 228

       Ill. 2d at 460. However, when a party challenges a trial court’s factual findings that underlie a

       maintenance award, those findings will not be disturbed on appeal unless they are against the

       manifest weight of the evidence. In re Marriage of Stine, 2023 IL App (4th) 220519, ¶ 16. A

       finding is against the manifest weight of the evidence only if it is clearly apparent from the

                                                        35
       record that the trial court should have reached the opposite conclusion or if the finding itself is

       unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based upon the evidence presented. See Best v. Best, 223 Ill. 2d

       342, 350 (2006).

¶ 75          An award of temporary maintenance in a dissolution of marriage proceeding is governed

       by section 501 of the Act (750 ILCS 5/501 (West 2018)). Under section 501, either party in a

       marriage dissolution proceeding may petition the trial court for temporary relief, including an

       award of temporary maintenance. See 750 ILCS 5/501(a) (West 2018). One of the main purposes

       of temporary maintenance is to balance the equities between the parties as fairly as possible

       while the dissolution case is pending. See In re Marriage of Hochstatter, 2020 IL App (3d)

       190132, ¶ 16. A petition for temporary maintenance must be accompanied by a statewide

       standard-form financial affidavit that demonstrates the factual basis for the relief requested and

       that is supported by income tax returns, pay stubs, bank statements, and other documentary

       evidence. See 750 ILCS 5/501(a)(1) (West 2018); 16A Tracy Bateman et al., Illinois Law and

       Practice, Divorce; Dissolution of Marriage § 104 (Jan. 2023 update); 12 Jody Meyer Yazici et

       al., Illinois Practice, Family Law § 501 (2023 ed.) (author’s note 9). Pursuant to section 501,

       issues concerning temporary maintenance are generally to be resolved by the trial court in a

       summary manner based upon the allocated parenting time, financial affidavits, tax returns, pay

       stubs, bank statements, and other relevant documentation of the parties. 750 ILCS 5/501(a)

       (West 2018). An evidentiary hearing, however, may be held upon a showing of good cause, and

       the trial court is required to impose significant penalties and sanctions upon a party that

       intentionally or recklessly files an inaccurate or misleading financial affidavit in connection with

       a request for temporary maintenance or other temporary relief. See id.; Yazici, supra (author’s

       notes 4, 9). In determining whether to award temporary maintenance, the trial court must

                                                        36
       consider the entire financial situation of both of the parties (the parties’ income and assets and

       what is required to support the party seeking maintenance). Burdess, 2020 IL App (3d) 190342,

       ¶ 31. An award of temporary maintenance does not prejudice the rights of the parties, which are

       to be adjudicated at subsequent hearings in the proceeding, and terminates when the final

       judgment is entered or when the petition for dissolution is dismissed. 750 ILCS 5/501(d) (West

       2018); Hochstatter, 2020 IL App (3d) 190132, ¶¶ 16-17.

¶ 76          An award of maintenance, on the other hand, is governed by section 504 of the Act (750

       ILCS 5/504 (West 2020)). Under section 504, a “court may grant a maintenance award for either

       spouse [in a dissolution of marriage proceeding] in amounts and for periods of time as the court

       deems just, without regard to marital misconduct, and the maintenance may be paid from the

       income or property of the other spouse.” 750 ILCS 5/504(a) (West 2018). When ruling upon a

       request for spousal maintenance, the trial court must first determine whether an award of

       maintenance is appropriate. See id. In making that determination, the trial court shall consider all

       relevant factors, including the following: (1) the income and property of each party, including

       marital property apportioned and non-marital property assigned to the party seeking maintenance

       as well as all financial obligations imposed on the parties as a result of the dissolution of

       marriage; (2) the needs of each party; (3) the realistic present and future earning capacity of each

       party; (4) any impairment of the present and future earning capacity of the party seeking

       maintenance due to that party devoting time to domestic duties or having forgone or delayed

       education, training, employment, or career opportunities due to the marriage; (5) any impairment

       of the realistic present or future earning capacity of the party against whom maintenance is

       sought; (6) the time necessary to enable the party seeking maintenance to acquire appropriate

       education, training, and employment, and whether that party is able to support himself or herself

                                                        37
       through appropriate employment or any parental responsibility arrangements and its effect on the

       party seeking employment; (7) the standard of living established during the marriage; (8) the

       duration of the marriage; (9) the age, health, station, occupation, amount and sources of income,

       vocational skills, employability, estate, liabilities, and the needs of each of the parties; (10) all

       sources of public and private income including, without limitation, disability and retirement

       income; (11) the tax consequences of the property division upon the respective economic

       circumstances of the parties; (12) contributions and services by the party seeking maintenance to

       the education, training, career or career potential, or license of the other spouse; (13) any valid

       agreement of the parties; and (14) any other factor that the court expressly finds to be just and

       equitable. Id. No one factor, however, is dispositive in determining whether maintenance should

       be awarded. See In re Marriage of Harlow, 251 Ill. App. 3d 152, 157 (1993) (discussing a

       previous version of the Act). In addition, the trial court does not have to give equal weight to

       each of the factors, as long the balance struck by the trial court is reasonable under the

       circumstances. In re Marriage of Dunlap, 294 Ill. App. 3d 768, 772 (1998). When determining

       whether a maintenance award is appropriate, the trial court shall state its reasoning and make

       specific findings of fact referencing each of the relevant factors listed above. 750 ILCS 5/504(b-

       2)(1) (West 2018). If the trial court finds that an award of maintenance is appropriate, it shall

       then determine the amount and duration of maintenance in accordance with the provisions of

       section 504(b-1) of the Act. Id. § 504(b-1).

¶ 77           In the present case, after reviewing the record and considering Keith’s specific claims, we

       find that the trial court did not err in determining that both a temporary maintenance award and a

       maintenance award were appropriate for Nadia and in setting the amount and duration of those

                                                          38
awards. 4 As for temporary maintenance, we are not persuaded by Keith’s claim that Nadia’s

request should have been denied from the outset due to Nadia’s failure to tender any bank

statements or other financial documents in support of her financial affidavit. By our view,

Nadia’s failure to tender or submit her supporting financial documents would not automatically

defeat her request for temporary maintenance but, rather, would require the trial court to make a

credibility determination as to any income or expenses set forth by Nadia. See In re Marriage of

Greenberg, 102 Ill. App. 3d 938, 942 (1981) (indicating that the fact that the respondent’s

affidavit provided estimated expenses, rather than actual expenses, was adequately brought to the

trial court’s attention, along with the respondent’s assertion that the estimated expenses would

soon become actual expenses, such that the matter was a question of credibility for the trial court

to determine). In reaching that conclusion, we note that it was initially Keith who had failed to

provide his financial information and that Nadia had to file a rule to show cause to compel Keith

to do so. We also point out that we have not been provided with a transcript of the April 2018

proceeding when the trial court made its decision on temporary maintenance. We, thus, have no

way of knowing the reasoning behind the trial court’s decision and must presume that the trial

court’s ruling was correct and in conformance with the law. See Foutch v. O’Bryant, 99 Ill. 2d

389, 391-92 (1984) (recognizing that an appellant has the burden to present a sufficiently

complete record of the proceedings in the trial court to support a claim of error and that, in the

absence of such a record on appeal, the appellate court will presume that the order entered by the

        4
          We recognize that there is some uncertainty among the courts as to whether, and to what extent,
an award of temporary maintenance may be challenged on appeal. See, e.g., In re Marriage of Dunseth,
260 Ill. App. 3d 816, 827-28 (1994) (indicating that after a final order has been entered, an award of
temporary maintenance may be challenged on appeal only to the extent that the temporary award is
continued in effect by the final order). We take no position on that issue here, however, because the
appellee has not filed a brief in this case and that particular issue, therefore, has not been raised.

                                                   39
       trial court was in conformity with law and had a sufficient factual basis). We, therefore, affirm

       the trial court’s award of temporary maintenance.

¶ 78          Turning to maintenance, it is clear from the record before us and the trial court’s written

       ruling that the trial court considered the applicable factors listed above in determining whether an

       award of maintenance was appropriate. The trial court ultimately concluded that such an award

       was appropriate for Nadia and stated the specific reason for that conclusion in its written

       ruling—that its decision was based primarily upon the discrepancy in the parties’ incomes and

       work histories. The factual findings underlying the trial court’s determination in that regard (the

       parties’ incomes and work histories) were generally not in dispute at the bench trial, other than

       the potential impact of the money that had allegedly been seized from Nadia, and were well

       supported by the testimony and documentary evidence presented.

¶ 79          Although Keith sought to admit a printout of the DEA seizure notice to try to establish

       that the seized money should be considered as part of Nadia’s gross income for the purpose of

       maintenance, the trial court was well within its discretion to deny that request. See Leona W.,

       228 Ill. 2d at 460 (noting that a trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence will not be

       reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion). It does not appear from the record that Keith

       presented a certified copy of the DEA posting and there is no indication that Keith asked the trial

       court to take judicial notice of the posting or of anything related to the seizure/forfeiture. In

       addition, the posting did not indicate the end result of the DEA’s seizure or forfeiture proceeding

       against Nadia, and Keith was unable to elicit any information about the seizure/forfeiture from

       Nadia during her testimony because Nadia had asserted her fifth amendment right not to answer

       questions about the matter. Keith has not challenged that particular aspect of the trial court’s

                                                         40
       ruling (whether the trial court should have allowed Nadia to assert her fifth amendment rights to

       Keith’s questioning) in this appeal.

¶ 80          In addition, while Keith claims that the trial court should have compelled Nadia to find

       gainful employment and that the trial court doing so could have had a significant impact on the

       maintenance determination, we are not persuaded by Keith’s claim in that regard. Contrary to

       Keith’s assertion on appeal, the trial court did not ignore Keith’s motion to compel employment.

       Rather, the record in this case shows that shortly before the bench trial, the trial court addressed

       Keith’s concern and explained to Keith that it could either require Nadia to perform a job search

       or impute approximately $20,000 of income to Nadia. Keith responded to that explanation by

       saying, “[o]kay.” Keith presented no evidence at the bench trial to suggest that Nadia could

       currently obtain employment at a higher hourly wage level (the annual income that the trial court

       imputed to Nadia was already based upon Nadia working full time), and the trial court had

       already determined in imputing income to Nadia that Nadia had voluntarily remained

       underemployed for the purpose of evading a support obligation.

¶ 81          As for the amount and duration of the trial court’s maintenance award, it is clear from the

       record before us and the trial court’s written ruling that the trial court followed the statutory

       guidelines in making its decision. As indicated above, in determining the amount of maintenance

       to be awarded, the trial court imputed a certain level of income to Nadia based upon a finding

       that Nadia had been underemployed for the purpose of evading a support obligation. Imputing

       income in that manner was consistent with the representations that the trial court had made to the

       parties at the prior status hearing. In addition, the trial court found that a downward deviation

       from the guideline maintenance amount was required because the guideline maintenance amount

       would have exceeded the 40% threshold set forth in the statute. See 750 ILCS 5/504(b-1)(1)(A)

                                                         41
       (West 2018) (providing that the amount calculated as maintenance, when added to the gross

       income of the payee, may not result in the payee receiving an amount that is in excess of 40% of

       the combined gross income of the parties). In determining the duration of maintenance to be

       awarded, the trial court applied the formula that was set forth in the statute, which was based

       upon the length of the parties’ marriage. See id. § 504(b-1)(1)(B) (establishing that the duration

       of a guideline maintenance award is to be determined by multiplying the length of a marriage by

       a certain factor). Keith does not challenge the factual findings underlying the trial court’s

       determination or the trial court’s mathematical calculations, and we cannot conclude that the trial

       court’s ultimate determination of maintenance was arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable, or that no

       reasonable person would have taken the view adopted by the trial court. See Blum, 235 Ill. 2d at

       36; Leona W., 228 Ill. 2d at 460. We, therefore, uphold the trial court’s maintenance award.

¶ 82                              C. Determining Dissipation of Marital Assets

¶ 83          As his third point of contention on appeal, Keith argues that the trial court erred in

       determining Nadia’s dissipation of marital assets in the present case. In support of that argument,

       Keith asserts that the trial court made two mistakes in its dissipation ruling: (1) the trial court

       incorrectly found that the date of the irretrievable breakdown of the marriage was January 1,

       2017, even though the evidence presented at the bench trial showed that the parties had separated

       in 2010 and had never reconciled after that point; and (2) the trial court incorrectly found that

       Keith could not claim dissipation as to his expenses over the years for A.Y., even though A.Y.

       was born outside the marriage (according to Keith).

¶ 84          In a dissolution of marriage proceeding, if a claim for dissipation has been properly

       raised and presented, the trial court must consider that claim in dividing the marital property. See

       750 ILCS 5/503(d)(2) (West 2016); In re Marriage of Brown, 2015 IL App (5th) 140062, ¶ 71.

                                                         42
       Dissipation occurs when one spouse uses a marital asset for his or her sole benefit and for a

       purpose unrelated to the marriage at a time when the marriage is undergoing an irreconcilable

       breakdown. In re Marriage of Tietz, 238 Ill. App. 3d 965, 983 (1992). If the claiming party

       makes a prima facie showing that dissipation has occurred, the burden shifts to the party charged

       with dissipation to prove by clear and specific evidence (clear and convincing evidence) how the

       funds were used. See Brown, 2015 IL App (5th) 140062, ¶ 66. If the funds were spent for

       legitimate family expenses and necessary and appropriate purposes, no dissipation will be found.

       Tietz, 238 Ill. App. 3d at 983. General and vague statements that the funds were spent on marital

       expenses or used to pay bills, however, are insufficient to avoid a finding of dissipation. Id. at

       984. In addition, if the expenditures are not adequately documented by the party charged with

       dissipation, a trial court’s finding of dissipation will be upheld. Id.

¶ 85           The decision of whether dissipation has occurred is a fact intensive inquiry that depends

       upon the unique facts of each individual case and often calls upon the trial court to make a

       credibility determination as to the explanation given by the party charged with dissipation on

       how the marital funds were used. See Brown, 2015 IL App (5th) 140062, ¶ 59; Tietz, 238 Ill.

       App. 3d at 983-84. A trial court’s ruling on dissipation, therefore, will not be reversed on appeal

       unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Vancura, 356 Ill. App. 3d at 204-05. As

       noted above, a finding is against the manifest weight of the evidence only if it is clearly apparent

       from the record that the trial court should have reached the opposite conclusion or if the finding

       itself is unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based upon the evidence presented. See Best, 223 Ill. 2d at

       350.

¶ 86           In the present case, after reviewing the record, we find that the trial court did not err in its

       ruling on dissipation. Regarding the irretrievable breakdown of the marriage, contrary to Keith’s

                                                         43
       assertion on appeal, conflicting evidence was presented at the bench trial as to when the

       irretrievable breakdown occurred. Keith’s testimony indicated that the irretrievable breakdown

       took place in 2010 when the parties separated and Keith moved in with another woman. Keith

       acknowledged, however, that the parties resumed living together after that time period but denied

       that the parties had reconciled or had shared a bedroom and stated that the parties were merely

       living together so that Keith could spend time with A.Y. Nadia, on the other hand, testified that

       she did not view the parties’ 2010 difficulties as a separation and stated that the parties had

       reconciled after that time period. Nadia testified further that the parties had been separated since

       2017 and estimated that the irretrievable breakdown of the marriage occurred in July 2017. In

       light of the conflicting testimony presented at the bench trial, the trial court’s ruling—that the

       irretrievable breakdown of the marriage took place in January 2017—was not against the

       manifest weight of the evidence and must be upheld. See Vancura, 356 Ill. App. 3d at 204-05;

       Best, 223 Ill. 2d at 350. In reaching that conclusion, we note that Keith has not presented any

       specific argument in this appeal as to how he was prejudiced by the trial court’s determination of

       the date of the irretrievable breakdown of the marriage. See Detention of Traynoff, 358 Ill. App.

       3d 430, 441 (2005) (recognizing that trial court error is reversible on appeal only if the appellant

       has shown that the error was substantially prejudicial to the appellant). We, therefore, reject

       Keith’s first claim of error on this issue.

¶ 87           As for Keith’s expenses relating to A.Y., we agree with the trial court that those expenses

       did not constitute dissipation of the marital assets. As the trial court correctly noted, the expenses

       were incurred at a time when Keith was enjoying a parent-child relationship with A.Y. and was

       fulfilling what he believed to be his parental obligations toward the child. Indeed, the record in

       this case shows that at one point, Keith even fought off an attempt by Nadia to disestablish the

                                                        44
       parent-child relationship between Keith and A.Y. The fact that Keith eventually changed his

       stance on the matter and ultimately decided not to maintain his legal relationship with regard to

       A.Y. does not in any way undermine the trial court’s conclusion on this issue. Nor do we believe

       that the legal authority cited by Keith, In re Marriage of Charles, 284 Ill. App. 3d 339, 343-44

       (1996), supports his position on this issue. The facts of Charles—where the trial court failed to

       consider the issue of dissipation in a case in which a husband had used marital funds to pay his

       mistress’s expenses and child support for his and his mistress’s child—are readily

       distinguishable from the facts of the present case. See id. We, therefore, also reject Keith’s

       second claim of error on this issue.

¶ 88                           D. Certain Other Aspects of the Trial Court’s Ruling

¶ 89           As his fourth and final point of contention on appeal, Keith argues that the trial court

       erred in certain other aspects of its ruling. Specifically, Keith asserts that the trial court

       erroneously: (1) ignored Keith’s motion to compel employment; (2) failed to divide the debts on

       the Chicago properties between the parties; and (3) required Keith to pay interim attorney and

       GAL fees, even though Nadia and her attorneys had failed to disclose Nadia’s assets and

       accounts, including the seized money. Based upon those errors and the other errors asserted in

       this case, Keith asks that we vacate the trial court’s dissolution judgment and remand this case

       for a new bench trial on the matter.

¶ 90           Most of Keith’s allegations of error under this issue have been addressed previously in

       this order and need only be commented upon briefly here. As for the motion to compel

       employment, the record does not support Keith’s claim that the trial court ignored that motion.

       Rather, the record shows that the trial court explained to Keith that it could either require Nadia

       to perform a job search or impute a certain amount of income to Nadia. Keith responded,

                                                          45
“[o]kay,” to that explanation, and the trial court eventually imputed income to Nadia in its final

judgment in determining whether an award of maintenance was appropriate for Nadia and in

setting the amount of that award. With regard to the debts for the Chicago properties, again, the

record before us does not support Keith’s claim of error in that regard. The trial court ordered

that the properties be sold, that all debts and expenses of the sale be paid, and that any remaining

funds from the sale be divided equally between the parties. There is no indication in the record

before us that the debts on the properties would exceed the sale value. Keith is free, however, to

raise the issue by motion (or petition) and supporting documents in the trial court if such is the

case and to have the debts allocated between the parties. Finally, as for the interim attorney and

GAL fees, we do not believe that Keith’s assertion of error is supported by the record or that the

trial court abused its discretion in making its ruling. See In re Estate of K.E.S., 347 Ill. App. 3d

452, 468 (2004) (applying an abuse of discretion standard of review on appeal to a trial court’s

determination of who must pay GAL fees); In re Marriage of Patel, 2013 IL App (1st) 122882,

¶ 37 (applying an abuse of discretion standard of review on appeal to a trial court’s award of

interim attorney fees). In the final judgment, the trial court assigned to Nadia the attorney fee

balance that was left over from the prior interim attorney fee award in her favor. Thus, Keith has

been relieved, for the most part, of that obligation. The trial court also in its final judgment

reallocated the percentage of the GAL fees that each party was to pay and reduced Keith’s

percentage from 80% to 50%. At the time of its ruling in that regard, the trial court was well

aware of the marital assets that had been in Nadia’s possession, her failure to disclose those

assets to Keith, and her ultimate dissipation of those assets. Although Keith claims that the trial

court should have considered the seized money in making its determination, we have already

                                                  46
       rejected that claim previously in this order. We, therefore, deny all of Keith’s claims of error

       under this particular issue.

¶ 91                                           III. CONCLUSION

¶ 92          For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Du Page

       County.

¶ 93          Affirmed.

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