Court Opinion

ID: 9412605
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-31 21:00:47.808+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:11.459231
License: Public Domain

In the

    United States Court of Appeals
                 For the Seventh Circuit
                     ____________________
No. 22-1501
JOHN DOE and A. B.,
                                                Plaintiffs-Appellants,
                                 v.

ADAM GRAY, et al.,
                                               Defendants-Appellees.
                     ____________________

         Appeal from the United States District Court for the
         Northern District of Indiana, South Bend Division.
         No. 3:20-cv-00129-DRL — Damon R. Leichty, Judge.
                     ____________________

     ARGUED JANUARY 5, 2023 — DECIDED JULY 28, 2023
                ____________________

   Before FLAUM, ROVNER, and BRENNAN, Circuit Judges.
    BRENNAN, Circuit Judge. John Doe and A.B. were investi-
gated and arrested for neglecting a dependent and failing to
support a dependent child under Indiana law. After the
charges were resolved with deferred prosecution agreements,
together they sued a detective, the Starke County Sheriﬀ’s De-
partment, and a case manager with the Indiana Department
of Child Services. They brought claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983
alleging violations of Doe’s right to privacy in sexual
2                                                             No. 22-1501

preference 1 under the Fourteenth Amendment and that they
were arrested without probable cause contrary to the Fourth
Amendment. They also brought a state law claim of inten-
tional inﬂiction of emotional distress.
    After the defendants moved for summary judgment on the
claims, the plaintiﬀs sought to amend their complaint to clar-
ify that Doe’s Fourteenth Amendment claim pertained to the
disclosure of gender identity as opposed to sexual preference.
The district court denied the motion to amend and granted
summary judgment to the defendants. We aﬃrm.
                             I. Background
    A. Factual 2
   John Doe is a transgender male who was born female. He
had breast-removal surgery but no other gender-altering pro-
cedure. Doe’s signiﬁcant other is A.B., 3 the mother of R.M.,
J.M., K.B., and two other children.
   Adam Gray, a detective with the Starke County Sheriﬀ’s
Department, and Katherine Purtee, a family case manager
with the Indiana Department of Child Services, met with
seventeen-year-old R.M. to investigate allegations that Doe
and A.B. had abandoned him. In that February 1, 2018
meeting, R.M. told Gray and Purtee that he had lived with his

    1 The plaintiffs in their complaint and pleadings employed the term

”sexual preference” rather than the more widely used term ”sexual orien-
tation.” We use the term as it was pleaded.
    2 The facts are relayed in the light most favorable to the non-movants,

Doe and A.B. See Fin. Fiduciaries, LLC v. Gannett Co., 46 F.4th 654, 668 (7th
Cir. 2022).
    3 The record is unclear as to whether Doe and A.B. are legally married.
No. 22-1501                                                  3

mother, A.B., and stepfather, Doe, since November 2017. A.B.
and Doe found out that R.M. knew his sister J.M. had snuck
out of the house one evening. As a result, around January 27,
2018, A.B. and Doe reportedly told R.M. to leave the home and
not return. R.M. had been staying with his friend M.B. at
Suzanne Brewer’s home before then and remained with the
Brewers after.
   In the meeting with Gray and Purtee, R.M. told them
about text messages he exchanged with A.B. In those mes-
sages A.B. told R.M. he could return home but was grounded.
R.M. responded that he did not want to be grounded. He also
said he had told his school he could not return home to avoid
being charged as a runaway.
    A week after the meeting, R.M. was brought to the Starke
County Sheriﬀ’s Department for a recorded interview with
Gray and Purtee. In that interview, R.M. reiterated that Doe
had told him not to return home and to stay at M.B.’s house.
R.M. also said neither A.B. nor Doe had given him money
since he was kicked out and that A.B. had provided food on
only one occasion. In addition, R.M. recalled that this was not
the ﬁrst time that he had been kicked out of the home. R.M.’s
statements to Gray and Purtee also raised concern that Doe
was sexually assaulting R.M.’s sisters.
   Gray obtained a letter from Suzanne Brewer in which she
conﬁrmed that R.M. had stayed in her home. She stated A.B.
had not called her about R.M. or stopped by to check on him,
nor had A.B. provided money to support him. Brewer
acknowledged that A.B. brought R.M. food on one occasion.
Brewer also revealed that she had driven R.M. to his home on
January 29, 2018 to pick up some of his belongings and that a
bag of R.M.’s clothes was on the porch when they arrived.
4                                                        No. 22-1501

   After R.M.’s recorded interview, and based on his investi-
gation, Gray contacted a prosecutor about possible charges
against Doe and A.B. The prosecutor advised that probable
cause of a crime existed. On February 7, 2018, Doe and A.B.
were arrested for two Indiana oﬀenses: neglect of a dependent
under Indiana Code § 35-46-1-4(a)(3) and nonsupport of a de-
pendent child under Indiana Code § 35-46-1-5(a).
    The next day, Gray interviewed A.B. During that inter-
view, the detective explained that allegations of sexual mis-
conduct had been made against Doe. Gray told A.B. that
K.B.’s birth certiﬁcate had been falsiﬁed to name Doe as the
child’s father. Gray also stated that Doe was born female, had
previously been named Barbara B., and had female genitalia.
A.B. claims not to have known that Doe has female genitalia
until Gray revealed this fact in the interview.
    After the arrests, Purtee took custody of the minor chil-
dren for placement in foster or kinship care. Purtee spoke
with April Hopkins, A.B.’s sister, about placing the children
with her. During that phone conversation, Hopkins says Pur-
tee disclosed that Doe was born female. While at the Brewers’
home, Purtee also revealed that Doe was born female to Su-
zanne Brewer, M.B., J.M., and R.M. 4
    B. Procedural
    Doe and A.B. sued Gray and Purtee in their individual and
oﬃcial capacities, the Starke County Sheriﬀ’s Department,
and the Indiana Department of Child Services under 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983. In a Fourteenth Amendment claim against Gray and

    4 Doe alleged that Purtee made the same disclosure to foster parent

Tracy Patrick. This claim appears to have been abandoned at summary
judgment, and even if it was not, our decision is unaffected.
No. 22-1501                                                            5

Purtee, Doe alleged they violated his right to privacy by dis-
closing his “sexual preference.” Doe and A.B. raised a Fourth
Amendment violation against Gray, contending he lacked
probable cause to arrest them. Doe also brought a state law
claim of intentional inﬂiction of emotional distress against
Gray and Purtee. The Starke County Sheriﬀ’s Department and
the Indiana Department of Child Services were named as de-
fendants under a respondeat superior theory.5
    The defendants moved for summary judgment on the re-
maining claims. Over one month later, the plaintiﬀs moved to
amend their complaint. They sought to revise their Four-
teenth Amendment claim by asserting a right to privacy in
gender identity as opposed to sexual preference. After consid-
ering the claims with respect to both Doe’s sexual preference
and gender identity, the district court denied the plaintiﬀs’
motion to amend and granted summary judgment to the de-
fendants. The court concluded that Gray was entitled to qual-
iﬁed immunity on Doe’s Fourteenth Amendment claim, and
that Gray had probable cause for the arrests, precluding the
Fourth Amendment claim. On the state law claim, Doe con-
ceded in his response brief that Gray was entitled to immun-
ity under the Indiana Tort Claims Act (ITCA) in his personal
capacity. The district court also ruled that Gray was entitled
to immunity under that statute in his oﬃcial capacity. Gray’s
immunity under the ITCA relieved the Starke County Sher-
iﬀ’s Department of liability.

    5 Through a joint motion, all claims against the Indiana Department

of Child Services and Purtee in her official capacity were dismissed with
prejudice. The intentional infliction of emotional distress claim against
Purtee in her individual capacity was also later dismissed.
6                                                            No. 22-1501

                            II. Discussion
    Doe and A.B. raise three challenges on appeal:
    •   The defendants are not entitled to qualiﬁed im-
        munity on Doe’s Fourteenth Amendment claim be-
        cause there was a clearly established right to pri-
        vacy in one’s sexual preference or gender identity
        at the time that information was disclosed;
    •   The text messages between A.B. and R.M. establish
        a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether
        Gray had probable cause to arrest Doe and A.B.,
        precluding summary judgment on their Fourth
        Amendment claim; and
    •   Gray, in his oﬃcial capacity, is not entitled to im-
        munity under the ITCA because he was not adopt-
        ing or enforcing state law in disclosing Doe’s sexual
        preference or gender identity. 6
    Summary judgment will be granted “if the movant shows
that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV.
P. 56(a). This court reviews a district court’s grant of summary
judgment de novo, reading the facts and drawing all reason-
able inferences in favor of the non-movant. Pierner-Lytge v.
Hobbs, 60 F.4th 1039, 1043 (7th Cir. 2023).

    6 Doe and A.B. also argue that the district court erred in denying leave

to amend their complaint. Because we affirm the grant of summary judg-
ment to the defendants, even in light of the proposed amendment, we
need not address this argument.
No. 22-1501                                                     7

   A. Fourteenth Amendment Claim
    Doe argues he had a clearly established right to privacy in
his sexual preference or gender identity, relying primarily on
Wolfe v. Schaefer, 619 F.3d 782 (7th Cir. 2010), Denius v. Dunlap,
209 F.3d 944 (7th Cir. 2000), and Schaill ex rel. Kross v. Tippe-
canoe County School Corp., 864 F.2d 1309 (7th Cir. 1989),
amended, Feb. 14, 1989. At oral argument, however, Doe’s
counsel admitted that at the time of the challenged conduct,
no authority clearly established a right to withhold gender
identity from a partner. Oral Arg. at 9:23–9:43, 10:28–10:30,
11:06–11:22. Even so, to Doe, there is a clear trend in the case
law such that recognition of a right to privacy in one’s sexual
preference or gender identity was merely a matter of time.
    The defendants respond that Doe has waived the issue by
failing to engage with the district court’s reasoning in his
brieﬁng. Even assuming the issue has not been waived, we
hold that the defendants are entitled to qualiﬁed immunity.
There was no clearly established right to privacy in one’s sex-
ual preference or gender identity during a criminal or child
welfare investigation at the time of the underlying conduct,
nor is there now.
    “The doctrine of qualiﬁed immunity protects government
oﬃcials from liability for civil damages insofar as their con-
duct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitu-
tional rights of which a reasonable person would have
known.” Kemp v. Liebel, 877 F.3d 346, 350 (7th Cir. 2017)
(cleaned up) (quoting Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231
(2009)). We assess claims of qualiﬁed immunity under a two-
part test. See id. The plaintiﬀ bears the burden of showing that
(1) a statutory or constitutional right was violated and (2) that
right was clearly established at the time of the relevant
8                                                    No. 22-1501

conduct. See id. This court may address whether a right was
clearly established before addressing whether the right was
violated. Id. at 351.
    “To be clearly established at the time of the challenged
conduct, the right’s contours must be suﬃciently clear that
every reasonable oﬃcial would have understood that what he
is doing violates that right … .” Id. (quoting Gustafson v.
Adkins, 803 F.3d 883, 891 (7th Cir. 2015)). A plaintiﬀ is not re-
quired to present an identical case concluding that the chal-
lenged conduct was unlawful, “but existing precedent must
have placed the statutory or constitutional question beyond
debate.” Id. (quoting Mullenix v. Luna, 577 U.S. 7, 12 (2015)
(per curiam)). We ﬁrst assess “controlling Supreme Court
precedent and our own circuit decisions on the issue.” Id.
(quoting Jacobs v. City of Chicago, 215 F.3d 758, 767 (7th Cir.
2000)). If there is no controlling Supreme Court precedent,
“we broaden our survey to include all relevant caselaw in or-
der to determine whether there was such a clear trend in the
caselaw that we can say with fair assurance that the recogni-
tion of the right by a controlling precedent was merely a ques-
tion of time.” Id. (cleaned up) (quoting Jacobs, 215 F.3d at 767).
Allegedly violated rights must be deﬁned at the appropriate
level of speciﬁcity. Id. “[T]he dispositive question is whether
the violative nature of the particular conduct is clearly estab-
lished.” Id. (cleaned up) (quoting Mullenix, 577 U.S. at 12).
    A general recognition of a privacy right in certain medical
or sexual information is not enough to show a more speciﬁc
privacy right in one’s sexual preference or gender identity
during a criminal or child welfare investigation, especially
one involving allegations of child sexual abuse. Cf. Anderson
v. Romero, 72 F.3d 518, 523 (7th Cir. 1995) (observing that
No. 22-1501                                                   9

evidence showing that the defendants “would have known
that disclosing some medical records in some circumstances”
was insuﬃcient to show the asserted right was clearly estab-
lished). The right to privacy in the disclosure of personal mat-
ters has its origins in Whalen v. Roe, 429 U.S. 589 (1977). The
Supreme Court in Whalen addressed whether New York
could, consistent with the Fourteenth Amendment, record the
names and addresses of individuals who obtained certain
drugs for which there was both a legal and illegal market. Id.
at 591. In holding that the scheme did not “constitute an inva-
sion of any right or liberty protected by the Fourteenth
Amendment,” the Court referred to an “individual interest in
avoiding disclosure of personal matters.” Id. at 599, 603–04.
    This court has interpreted Whalen “to recognize a consti-
tutional right to the privacy of medical, sexual, ﬁnancial, and
perhaps other categories of highly personal information … .”
Wolfe, 619 F.3d at 785. In Wolfe, a former electoral candidate
sued his opponent alleging he violated the Fourteenth
Amendment by publicly disclosing that the candidate was
under investigation for possible violations of Illinois law. Id.
at 783. This court aﬃrmed dismissal of the case, id. at 786, ex-
plaining that the Supreme Court’s rejection of a liberty or
property right in one’s reputation cast doubt on the existence
of a right to informational privacy premised on the protection
of this information under state law. See id. at 785. Though this
court in Wolfe acknowledged that it had interpreted Whalen to
announce a right of informational privacy, Wolfe did not
clearly establish a right to privacy in one’s sexual preference
or gender identity in the context presented here.
    Nor did Denius or Schaill address the disclosure of similar
information during a criminal or child welfare investigation.
10                                                   No. 22-1501

In Denius, an employer conditioned renewal of an employer
contract on consent to release certain conﬁdential infor-
mation. 209 F.3d at 948–49. An employee who refused to sign
the authorization and whose employment contract was there-
fore not renewed asserted a violation of the Fourteenth
Amendment. Id. at 949. This court held that “to the extent that
the Authorization provided for the release of medical records
or communications, [the employer] was on notice that this
type of information has constitutional protection[,]” defeating
qualiﬁed immunity. Id. at 956–57 (footnote omitted). But a rea-
sonable oﬃcial would not have understood, based on Denius,
that the disclosure of one’s sexual preference or gender iden-
tity during a criminal or child welfare investigation was un-
lawful. Similarly, Schaill recognized that the disclosure of a
student-athlete’s medical information in the event of a posi-
tive urine test may violate the right to privacy depending on
the scope of the dissemination. 864 F.2d at 1322 n.19. Neither
of these decisions implicated the disclosure of medical or oth-
erwise conﬁdential information during a criminal or child
welfare investigation.
   We also cannot say that controlling precedent makes evi-
dent that such a right is simply a question of time. Kemp, 877
F.3d at 351. The plaintiﬀs cite Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644
(2015), United States v. Windsor, 570 U.S. 744 (2013), and Law-
rence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003), but those decisions do not
address any right to protect one’s sexual preference or gender
identity from disclosure during a criminal or child welfare in-
vestigation. We therefore agree with the district court’s cogent
reasoning on Doe’s Fourteenth Amendment claim and its
grant of summary judgment on this claim to the defendants.
No. 22-1501                                                    11

   B. Fourth Amendment Claim
    The district court also granted summary judgment to Gray
on the plaintiﬀs’ Fourth Amendment claim, relying in part on
the fact that Doe and A.B. never provided ﬁnancial support to
R.M. or Brewer. In the text messages between R.M. and A.B.
the plaintiﬀs see a dispute of material fact about what Gray
knew at the time of the arrest to establish probable cause.
They also aver that given such material factual disputes, a
qualiﬁed immunity determination is a jury issue.
    The defendants respond that the plaintiﬀs have waived
these arguments. On the merits, the defendants argue that
even if Gray knew about some of the text messages, the total-
ity of the circumstances still supported probable cause. Gray
is otherwise entitled to qualiﬁed immunity, the defendants
contend, because he relied on the advice of counsel in deter-
mining whether he had probable cause for the arrests.
    Assuming Doe and A.B. have not waived their challenges,
we ﬁrst discuss probable cause, and then consider whether it
exists under the factual circumstances here.
    Probable Cause. Probable cause for an arrest serves as “an
absolute defense to any § 1983 claim against a police oﬃcer
for false arrest.” Braun v. Village of Palatine, 56 F.4th 542, 548
(7th Cir. 2022) (quoting Jump v. Village of Shorewood, 42 F.4th
782, 788 (7th Cir. 2022)). “Probable cause to arrest exists ‘when
the facts and circumstances that are known to [the oﬃcer] rea-
sonably support a belief that the individual has committed, is
committing, or is about to commit a crime.” Id. (quoting
Holmes v. Village of Hoﬀman Estates, 511 F.3d 673, 679 (7th Cir.
2007)). It “deals with probabilities and depends on the totality
of the circumstances.” District of Columbia v. Wesby, 138 S. Ct.
12                                                             No. 22-1501

577, 586 (2018) (quoting Maryland v. Pringle, 540 U.S. 366, 371
(2003)). It “is not a high bar,” id. (quoting Kaley v. United States,
571 U.S. 320, 338 (2014)), and “requires only a probability or
substantial chance of criminal activity, not an actual showing
of such activity[,]” id. (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213,
243 n.13 (1983)).
    “The existence of probable cause … depends, in the ﬁrst
instance, on the elements of the predicate criminal oﬀense(s)
as deﬁned by state law.” Abbott, 705 F.3d at 715. By deﬁnition,
an aﬃrmative defense is not an element of the oﬀense. See Dol-
lard v. Whisenand, 946 F.3d 342, 355 (7th Cir. 2019). Although
oﬃcers “may not ignore conclusively established evidence of
the existence of an aﬃrmative defense,” the Fourth Amend-
ment does not require them to investigate the validity of these
defenses. Id. (cleaned up) (quoting McBride v. Grice, 576 F.3d
703, 707 (7th Cir. 2009)).
    Neglect of a Dependent. Under Indiana law, “[a] person hav-
ing the care of a dependent, whether assumed voluntarily or
because of a legal obligation,” commits neglect of a dependent
where he or she knowingly or intentionally “deprives the de-
pendent of necessary support.” IND. CODE § 35-46-1-4(a)(3). 7
“Support” under the statute is deﬁned as “food, clothing,
shelter, or medical care.” IND. CODE § 35-46-1-1. The term
“necessary support” as used in the provision means “essen-
tial, indispensable or absolutely required food, clothing, shel-
ter and medical care; i.e., food, clothing, shelter, and medical
care without which the dependent’s life or health is at risk or
endangered.” Ricketts v. State, 598 N.E.2d 597, 600 (Ind. Ct.

     7 All citations to statutes are to those versions in effect at the time of

the conduct leading to the arrests.
No. 22-1501                                                    13

App. 1992). To deprive a dependent of support, a defendant
“must have actively denied” the support and have “been
aware of a high probability” that he or she was doing so. Mal-
lory v. State, 563 N.E.2d 640, 643 (Ind. Ct. App. 1990). “A parent
is charged with an aﬃrmative duty to care for [a] child[,]” and
“[t]he standard of care is what a reasonable parent would do
or not do under the circumstances.” Id. at 644.
    The Indiana Court of Appeals has suggested that evidence
supporting a neglect conviction may include that a child’s diet
subjected his or her health or life to a risk or danger that was
actual or appreciable. In Ricketts, the Indiana Court of Appeals
held that neglect convictions could not be sustained under the
provision exclusively based on evidence that the defendant’s
children suﬀered from malnutrition. Id. at 601. That court ob-
served that “there is a critical diﬀerence between malnutrition
in the sense of poor nutrition and malnutrition which endan-
gers or places at risk a dependent’s health or life.” Id. Since
only the former was shown, the conviction was vacated. See
id. at 601–02. But had the state “introduced evidence that the
children’s diet subjected their health or their lives to a risk or
danger that was actual and appreciable,” the outcome may
have been diﬀerent. Id. at 601 n.6.
    Under the totality of the circumstances, Gray had probable
cause to arrest Doe and A.B. for neglect of a dependent,
despite the text messages. We focus our attention on the dep-
rivation of necessary food as opposed to any alleged depriva-
tion of necessary shelter. Gray knew from R.M.’s interview
that Doe had allegedly told R.M. to stay at M.B.’s home. Like-
wise, Gray knew that A.B. had dropped oﬀ food for R.M. at
the Brewer home. Doe and A.B. were therefore aware that
R.M. was living with the Brewers. There is at least a genuine
14                                                 No. 22-1501

issue of material fact as to whether a reasonable oﬃcer could
have believed they knowingly deprived R.M. of shelter with-
out which his life or health was at risk or endangered.
    But there was a substantial probability that Doe and A.B.
knowingly or intentionally deprived R.M. of necessary food.
Deprivation turns on whether a reasonable oﬃcer could have
concluded that R.M. was not allowed to return home. A vic-
tim’s report need not be “unfailingly consistent to provide
probable cause.” Spiegel v. Cortese, 196 F.3d 717, 725 (7th Cir.
1999). Although an oﬃcer should conduct further investiga-
tion if “information from or about a [putative] victim of crime
would lead a reasonable oﬃcer to be suspicious,” an oﬃcer
“need not exclude every suggestion that a victim is not telling
the truth.” Id. at 724 (quoting Hebron v. Touhy, 18 F.3d 421,
422–23 (7th Cir. 1994)). Potential inconsistencies between
R.M.’s testimony and the text messages did not require addi-
tional investigation or undermine probable cause. Gray knew
that R.M. previously had been told not to return home, as well
as that Brewer took R.M. to pick up a bag of his clothing left
for him outside the home. A reasonable oﬃcer could have
concluded from these facts that R.M. was not allowed to re-
turn home, despite text messages suggesting he voluntarily
chose not to return.
    A reasonable oﬃcer also could have concluded that R.M.’s
health was endangered by being unable to obtain food from
Doe and A.B.’s home. Doe and A.B. do not direct this court to
any evidence Gray knew that R.M. was eating at the Brewer
house. Nor is there evidence in the record that Doe ever asked
R.M. if he had anything to eat, and A.B. only asked R.M. once
whether he wanted food, to which he responded aﬃrma-
tively. A.B. provided R.M. with food once over the course of
No. 22-1501                                                  15

approximately eleven days. From these facts, Gray had prob-
able cause believe that Doe and A.B. knew that they had
deprived R.M. of necessary food, supporting their arrests for
neglect of a dependent.
   Nonsupport of a Dependent Child. An individual who
“knowingly or intentionally fails to provide support to the
person’s dependent child” commits nonsupport of a depend-
ent child under Indiana law. IND. CODE § 35-46-1-5(a). “Sup-
port” carries the same deﬁnition of “food, clothing, shelter, or
medical care,” as used in the provision for neglect of a de-
pendent. See IND. CODE § 35-46-1-1. The provision for nonsup-
port of a dependent child also provides:
       It is a defense that the child had abandoned the
       home of the child’s family without the consent
       of the child’s parent or on the order of a court,
       but it is not a defense that the child had aban-
       doned the home of the child’s family if the cause
       of the child’s leaving was the fault of the child’s
       parent.
§ 35-46-1-5(b). Although Indiana courts have not decided this
issue, Indiana Pattern Jury Instruction No. 7.0740 speciﬁes
that the defendant bears the burden of proof on this defense
and that it does not negate any element of the crime. There-
fore, unless the evidence conclusively established the defense,
Gray need not have considered it when assessing probable
cause. See Dollard, 946 F.3d at 355.
   The totality of the circumstances also supports probable
cause for the arrests for nonsupport of a dependent child. Doe
and A.B. failed to provide R.M. with food while he was out of
their home, except on one occasion. Moreover, the evidence
16                                                            No. 22-1501

did not conclusively establish the aﬃrmative defense that
R.M. abandoned the home. This is because R.M. alleged that
he had been kicked out of the home previously and on the
occasion, and Brewer stated that she had driven R.M. to pick
up a bag of clothes that had been left for him on the porch.
Gray therefore had probable cause to support arrests for non-
support of a dependent child. 8 Because there was probable
cause for the arrests, we need not address qualiﬁed immun-
ity. 9
     C. State Law Claim
   The district court ruled that Gray was immune from suit
in his oﬃcial capacity under the ITCA on Doe’s intentional
inﬂiction of emotional distress claim. Doe challenges this rul-
ing, contending that Gray was not adopting or enforcing a law
when he disclosed Doe’s sexual preference or gender identity.
Even assuming the argument has not been waived, we aﬃrm
the district court.
   Indiana Code § 34-13-3-3(8)(A) provides that a tort claim
may not be brought against a public employee “acting within
the scope of the employee’s employment” if the loss results
from “[t]he adoption and enforcement of … a law.” Indiana
courts have deﬁned “enforcement” to mean “compelling or

     8 In assessing probable cause for both offenses, the district court need

not have considered whether Doe and A.B. provided financial support to
R.M. or Brewer. Neither offense defines “support” as including money.
See IND. CODE § 35-46-1-1; see also Geans v. State, 623 N.E.2d 435, 437 (Ind.
Ct. App. 1993).
     9 Any argument that may have been available under Heck v. Humph-

rey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994), related to the Fourth Amendment claim has been
waived.
No. 22-1501                                                    17

attempting to compel the obedience of another to laws, rules,
or regulations, and the sanctioning or attempt to sanction a
violation thereof.” Johnson ex rel. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs. v.
Marion Cnty. Coroner’s Oﬃce, 971 N.E.2d 151, 158 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2012) (quoting St. Joseph Cnty. Police Dep’t v. Shumaker,
812 N.E.2d 1143, 1150 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004)). “An employee’s
scope of employment consists of activities involving the pur-
suit of the governmental entity’s purpose.” King v. Ne. Sec.,
Inc., 790 N.E.2d 474, 483 (Ind. 2003). Thus, Indiana courts have
speciﬁed that “a governmental entity will be immune only for
adopting or enforcing … a law, rule, or regulation within the
scope of the entity’s purpose or operational power.” Johnson,
971 N.E.2d at 158 (quoting Shumaker, 812 N.E.2d at 1150).
   We understand Doe’s concession in the district court—
that Gray was entitled to immunity under the ITCA in his in-
dividual capacity—to mean there is no dispute that Gray
acted within the scope of his employment. See IND. CODE § 34-
13-3-5(a). So, we address only whether Gray was enforcing a
law within the scope of the Starke County Sheriﬀ’s Depart-
ment’s purpose or operational power.
    Arrestee interviews are within the scope of the Starke
County’s Sheriﬀ’s Department’s operational power. See IND.
CODE § 36-8-10-9(a)(1), (2) (providing that each member of the
sheriﬀ’s department has “general police powers” and shall
detain oﬀenders “until the cause of the arrest has been inves-
tigated”). The transcript of Gray’s interview with A.B. reveals
that he disclosed information about Doe in the context of in-
forming her that federal oﬃcers would be investigating the
falsiﬁcation of K.B.’s birth certiﬁcate. Even if enforcing federal
law was not within the scope of the Starke County Sheriﬀ’s
Department’s operational power, this information was also
18                                                 No. 22-1501

related to the state investigation of alleged neglect and non-
support as well as possible child sexual abuse of a dependent
child. As part of that investigation, Doe and A.B.’s children
would be placed with other individuals. Gray told A.B. dur-
ing the interview that the children’s placement needed to be
reevaluated, which was why he needed to speak with A.B. For
purposes of child placement, therefore, it was relevant to
identify K.B.’s father. Gray thus provided information about
Doe to A.B. while enforcing state law within the scope of the
Starke County Sheriﬀ’s Department’s operational power.
Gray is entitled to immunity under the ITCA. Accordingly,
the Starke County Sheriﬀ’s Department is also immune from
the plaintiﬀs’ state law claim. See Minks v. Pina, 709 N.E.2d
379, 382 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999).
                       III. Conclusion
    The defendants are entitled to qualified immunity, as
there is no clearly established right to privacy in one’s sexual
preference or gender identity during a criminal or child wel-
fare investigation. The totality of the circumstances provided
probable cause for the arrests of Doe and A.B., and the Indi-
ana Tort Claims Act provides Gray immunity from plaintiffs’
Indiana intentional infliction of emotional distress claim. For
these reasons, we AFFIRM.