Court Opinion

ID: 2989044
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-23 02:39:04.263091+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:01:12.276988
License: Public Domain

Affirmed and Opinion filed August 16, 2012.

                                        In The

                     Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                                 NO. 14-11-00379-CR

                             MARIO GOMEZ, Appellant

                                          V.

                         THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                      On Appeal from the 232nd District Court
                               Harris County, Texas
                          Trial Court Cause No. 1235081

                                   OPINION

      A jury convicted appellant Mario Gomez of murder and assessed punishment at
forty years’ imprisonment.    Appellant argues the trial court erred by (1) denying
appellant’s requested instruction on the affirmative defense of duress during the guilt-
innocence phase of the trial, (2) excluding evidence regarding appellant and Alanis’s
previous relationship, and (3) denying appellant’s requested self-defense instruction
during the punishment phase of trial. We affirm.

                                    BACKGROUND

      In 2009, Mario Alanis and his family controlled the drug trade in a neighborhood
of southwest Houston where appellant and his cousin Joseph Rodriguez sold drugs.
Appellant and Rodriguez paid the Alanis family “rent” in the amount of $2,500 per week
to be entitled to sell drugs in the neighborhood, until the Alanis family increased the rent
to $4,000 per week. When the increased rent prompted appellant and Rodriguez to stop
dealing drugs there, the Alanis family became upset. Appellant alleged that Alanis
attempted to kidnap appellant’s cousin, Rodriguez’s sister, over the dispute. Appellant’s
uncle, Rodriguez’s father, became angry and promised to retaliate when he learned about
the attempted kidnapping.

       Alanis and his associate were leaving an apartment complex in the neighborhood
on September 20, 2009, when a silver Impala drove by and one or more of its occupants
opened fire on Alanis. Alanis and his associate were shot multiple times. The gunfire
also injured several occupants of a vehicle caught between the Impala and Alanis.
Witnesses identified appellant and Rodriguez as two occupants of the Impala, although
no witness could affirmatively state whether either individual held or fired a weapon.
Alanis died from his injuries, but his associate survived. The medical examiner could not
determine what caliber of bullet caused any of Alanis’s wounds.

       Police recovered multiple .357 SIG cartridge casings and 7.62 x 39 millimeter1
cartridge casings from the crime scene. Police located the Impala and discovered a .40
caliber bullet lodged in the headliner above the rear passenger’s side window that
appeared to have been fired from the driver’s side backseat.

       Appellant gave police a video-recorded statement in which he initially admitted
being present in the passenger’s side of the Impala next to the driver, the girlfriend of
Rodriguez’s father, but denied any knowledge that a shooting was about to take place.
There were two other passengers in the backseat: Rodriguez and his father.2 Appellant
told police that Rodriguez’s father brought an AK-47 and a .357 caliber Glock pistol into
       1
         The 7.62 x 39 millimeter cartridge casings were of a type that could be fired from an AK-47 or
an SKS rifle.
       2
         Appellant told police Rodriguez’s father came to Houston from Waco after he found out the
Alanis family attempted to kidnap Rodriguez’s sister.

                                                  2
the Impala.       Appellant claimed they were “just riding and smoking”3 when they
coincidentally came upon Alanis and his associate. Appellant claimed that Rodriguez’s
father suddenly hopped out of the car, began firing the AK-47, emptied the clip, and then
fired the Glock out of the rear passenger’s side window. Appellant denied that he fired
and claimed that he ducked when Rodriguez’s father started firing. He claimed to have
had “nothing to do with [the shooting].”

       When police told appellant that witnesses stated all three passengers had fired
from the Impala, appellant said it must have been the driver because it “seemed like she
had a gun too.” Finally, police revealed that Rodriguez told them appellant fired a Glock.
Appellant admitted, “It’s true,” but claimed he was shooting out the window and “not
aiming” because he thought Alanis and his associate were shooting at the Impala.
Appellant said he threw the Glock into the Brazos River.

       Appellant and Rodriguez both were indicted and tried together for murder. Over
appellant’s objection, the trial court admitted appellant’s video-recorded statement into
evidence. The jury was instructed that they could find appellant and Rodriguez guilty
based on a theory of party liability, and the jury convicted both appellant and Rodriguez
of murder.4

       During the punishment phase of the trial, the State introduced evidence that
appellant and Rodriguez had shot and killed two individuals two days before Alanis’s
murder. Police recovered multiple .40 caliber and .357 cartridge casings from that crime
scene. The State introduced an additional video-recorded statement given to police by
appellant in which he admitted to his participation in the earlier shooting. He stated he
thought one of the victims was reaching for a weapon, which prompted appellant and
Rodriguez to open fire. Appellant and Rodriguez had been charged with capital murder
for the earlier killings, but these charges were dismissed. The trial court denied appellant

       3
           He explained that he meant they were driving around smoking marijuana.
       We recently affirmed Rodriguez’s conviction. See Rodriguez v. State, 368 S.W.3d 821 (Tex.
       4

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.).

                                                   3
and Rodriguez’s requested instructions on duress and self-defense, and the jury assessed
a punishment of 40 years’ imprisonment each for appellant and Rodriguez.

                                        ANALYSIS

I.     Instruction on Duress

       In his first issue, appellant argues the trial court should have granted appellant’s
request for a jury instruction on duress because evidence was presented that
“[Rodriguez’s father] had told both [appellant and Rodriguez] to come with him,” he was
violent, and his family members were afraid of him.

       A person commits murder by (1) intentionally or knowingly causing someone’s
death; (2) intending to cause serious bodily injury and committing an act clearly
dangerous to human life that causes someone’s death; or (3) committing or attempting to
commit a felony, other than manslaughter, and in the course of and in furtherance of the
commission or attempt, or in immediate flight from the commission or attempt,
committing or attempting to commit an act clearly dangerous to human life that causes
someone’s death. Tex. Penal Code § 19.02(b). Under the law of parties, a “person is
criminally responsible as a party to an offense if the offense is committed by his own
conduct, by the conduct of another for which he is criminally responsible, or by both.”
Id. § 7.01. A person is “criminally responsible” for an offense committed by the conduct
of another if, acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense, he
solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid the other person to commit the
offense. Id. § 7.02(a)(2).

       “It is an affirmative defense to prosecution that the actor engaged in the proscribed
conduct because he was compelled to do so by threat of imminent . . . serious bodily
injury to himself or another.” Id. § 8.05(a). Duress is, on its face, a confession-and-
avoidance or “justification” type of affirmative defense. Rodriguez v. State, 368 S.W.3d
821, 824 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.). This is so because “this
justification, by definition, does not negate any element of the offense, including culpable

                                             4
intent; it only excuses what would otherwise constitute criminal conduct.” Id. (citing
Juarez v. State, 308 S.W.3d 398, 401–03 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (defining defense of
necessity as confession-and-avoidance or “justification” defense) and Shaw v. State, 243
S.W.3d 647, 659 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (defining Good Samaritan defense as
confession-and-avoidance or “justification” defense)).

        The confession-and-avoidance doctrine required appellant first to admit he
“engaged in the proscribed conduct” by admitting to all elements of the underlying
offense and then to claim that his commission of the offense was justified because of
other facts. Id. One may not establish that an act is justified without first identifying, or
admitting to the commission of, the predicate act. Id. A defendant’s failure to testify,
stipulate, or otherwise proffer evidence admitting that he “engaged in the proscribed
conduct” prevents the defendant from benefitting from the defense of duress. Id. (citing
Shaw, 243 S.W.3d at 659 (defendant is entitled to jury instruction on such a defense only
“when the defendant’s defensive evidence essentially admits to every element of the
offense, including the culpable mental state, but interposes the justification to excuse the
otherwise criminal conduct” (emphasis omitted)).

        Appellant did not testify, stipulate, or otherwise proffer evidence that he “engaged
in the proscribed conduct.”5 The State introduced appellant’s video-recorded statement
over appellant’s objection and after the trial court overruled appellant’s motion to
suppress,6 which contains conflicting accounts of the incident.7 The State’s tender of this

        5
          Appellant presented evidence that he was in the Impala with the others at the time of the
shooting, Rodriguez’s father had been armed and had instructed him to go, and he was afraid to go, but
this evidence alone does not show that he engaged in any proscribed conduct. See Valdez v. State, 623
S.W.2d 317, 321 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981) (op. on rehearing) (noting mere presence of accused at scene of
offense is not alone sufficient to establish guilt as party, although it is a circumstance tending to prove
guilt when combined with other facts).
        6
          The transcript of the hearing on appellant’s motion to suppress was not included in the record,
but appellant’s counsel objected to the State’s tender of appellant’s statement as follows: “Judge I would
just renew my previously stated objections that we had during our pre-trial hearing.” The trial court
overruled the objection.
        7
         Appellant first claimed he had “nothing to do” with the shooting, but later admitted firing out
the window of the Impala while “not aiming” because he thought he was being fired upon.

                                                    5
conflicting evidence does not show that appellant admitted to its veracity. See id. at *4.

        Because appellant failed to testify, stipulate, or otherwise proffer defensive
evidence admitting his commission of the underlying offense, we conclude that he was
not entitled to a jury instruction on the affirmative defense of duress. We overrule
appellant’s first issue.

II.     Evidence of Appellant and Alanis’s Previous Relationship

        In his second issue, appellant asserts the trial court abused its discretion by
excluding evidence regarding appellant and Alanis’s previous relationship. We assume
without deciding that appellant preserved error on this issue and conclude that the trial
court erred, but the error was not harmful.

        We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence under an abuse-of-
discretion standard. McDonald v. State, 179 S.W.3d 571, 576 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is so clearly wrong as to lie outside
the zone within which reasonable persons might disagree. Id. Article 38.36(a) of the
Code of Criminal Procedure provides:

        In all prosecutions for murder, the state or the defendant shall be permitted
        to offer testimony as to all relevant facts and circumstances surrounding the
        killing and the previous relationship existing between the accused and the
        deceased, together with all relevant facts and circumstances going to show
        the condition of the mind of the accused at the time of the offense.
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.36(a). Under this article, prior acts of violence between the
victim and the accused may be offered to illustrate the nature of their relationship as long
as they also meet the requirements of Rule of Evidence 404(b).8 Garcia v. State, 201
S.W.3d 695, 702 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).

        Appellant complains that the trial court abused its discretion in sustaining the

        8
           Rule 404(b) deals with admissibility of evidence regarding acts of violence, which are not
admissible to prove a person’s character. Tex. R. Evid. 404(b); Garcia v. State, 201 S.W.3d 695, 702
(Tex. Crim. App. 2006). This evidence may be admissible, however, as “proof of motive, opportunity,
intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.” Tex. R. Evid. 404(b).

                                                   6
State’s relevance objections to testimony from appellant’s mother regarding three
incidents:

        (1) In June 2009, Alanis and his brother held appellant at gunpoint.
            Appellant’s mother called the police. When the police responded, she
            received a phone call from an anonymous caller saying that if she
            wanted to see her son again, she would tell the police to leave. She did
            so, and appellant was released.
        (2) After Alanis “raised the rent,” appellant’s mother saw Alanis gesturing
            and heard him screaming at appellant, “Where is my money?”
        (3) The day before Alanis was killed, appellant’s mother, her boyfriend,
            and her youngest son were leaving her apartment, and their car was
            followed by Alanis’s associates onto the freeway. Alanis’s associates
            pointed guns at appellant’s mother and the other occupants of the
            vehicle while they were on the freeway. 9
        Although appellant made an offer of proof and obtained a ruling on the State’s
relevance objections, to preserve error on this issue, he also was required to “do
everything necessary to bring to the judge’s attention the rule or statute in question and
its precise and proper application to the evidence in question.” Reyna v. State, 168
S.W.3d 173, 179 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Appellant argued this testimony was relevant
to explain “the rent money [situation]” and “why [the shooting] happened” but did not
specifically bring article 38.36(a) to the trial court’s attention.10 We assume without
deciding that appellant properly preserved error on this issue because “the key word in
[article 38.36(a)] is ‘relevant.’” Vega v. State, 898 S.W.2d 359, 363 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 1995, writ ref’d) (citing Tex. Penal Code § 19.06(a) (now codified at Tex. Code

        9
           The State also objected to testimony regarding the first and second incidents as being based on
hearsay. If the trial court’s evidentiary ruling was correct on any theory of law applicable to that ruling,
we must affirm the ruling. De La Paz v. State, 279 S.W.3d 336, 344 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). We hold
that the testimony regarding the phone call from an anonymous caller was inadmissible hearsay properly
excluded on that basis, but the record does not show that the testimony regarding Alanis holding appellant
at gunpoint was based on hearsay. See Tex. R. Evid. 801.
        10
           Appellant made these arguments only as to the testimony recounting Alanis kidnapping
appellant and Alanis yelling at appellant about money. Appellant did not repeat these arguments when he
made the offer of proof, which included a recap of the additional testimony that Alanis’s associates
pointed a gun at appellant’s family members.

                                                     7
Crim. Proc. art. 38.36(a)).11

          We conclude the testimony that Alanis held appellant at gunpoint and Alanis
screamed at appellant regarding money was relevant to show appellant’s previous
relationship with Alanis and appellant’s state of mind at the time of the offense. See
Garcia, 201 S.W.3d at 703-04 (holding incident involving defendant pushing
complainant, his wife, out of car was relevant to circumstances surrounding their
previous relationship such as their separation, attempt to reconcile, and divorce); Vega,
898 S.W.2d at 362-63 (holding trial court abused its discretion in excluding evidence that
complainant’s gang attacked defendant and one gang member pointed gun at him when
evidence was offered to show previous relationship between defendant and complainant
and defendant’s state of mind at time of offense). We thus find the trial court abused its
discretion in excluding the evidence of these two incidents on the basis of relevance.12

          However, we further conclude that the trial court’s error was harmless.                          To
determine whether the trial court’s error in excluding evidence was harmless and
therefore not reversible, we assess whether it affected appellant’s substantial rights. Fox
v. State, 115 S.W.3d 550, 563 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d) (citing
Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b) and Johnson v. State, 43 S.W.3d 1, 3–4 (Tex. Crim. App.
2001)).13 Error affects a substantial right when it has a substantial and injurious effect or
influence in determining the jury’s verdict. Id. In assessing the likelihood that the error
adversely affected the jury’s decision, we consider everything in the record, including all
testimony and evidence admitted for the jury’s consideration, the nature of the evidence

          “[A]ll relevant facts and circumstances surrounding the killing and the previous relationship
          11

between [appellant and Alanis, including appellant’s] condition of . . . mind . . . at the time of the offense”
were admissible. See Vega, 898 S.W.2d at 363 (emphasis added); see also Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art.
38.36(a).
          12
           We decline to find the trial court abused its discretion in excluding the evidence regarding
Alanis’s associate pointing a gun at appellant’s family members because no evidence was offered that
either appellant or Alanis was directly involved with that incident. But cf. Vega, 898 S.W.2d at 363
(regarding incident involving defendant and complainant’s gang but not complainant).
          13
               We analyze harm under Rule 44.2(b) because the error is not constitutional. Fox, 115 S.W.3d
at 563.

                                                      8
supporting the verdict, the character of the alleged error, and how the error might have
been considered in connection with other evidence in the case. Id.

        The record in this case was replete with testimony concerning the ill will between
appellant and Alanis. The jury heard ample testimony about the “rent” issue: that Alanis
was angry about appellant no longer paying him rent and had retaliated by attempting to
kidnap appellant’s cousin. Appellant’s cousin testified that she was in an apartment with
her friend, a member of Alanis’s gang, two days before Alanis was killed. The friend
pulled out a nine-millimeter gun and was twirling it. Alanis then knocked on the door
and walked into the apartment. Appellant’s cousin testified, “[H]e looked right at me and
like I got scared. . . . I had a feeling so I ran.” She ran outside and downstairs. Alanis
chased her and shot at her, but she got away. She did not report the incident to the police
because she knew what the gang members were “capable of doing.”

        We conclude this evidence presented the jury with a full picture of appellant’s
relationship with Alanis and appellant’s state of mind at the time of the offense. Thus,
the trial court’s error in excluding the evidence enumerated above did not affect
appellant’s substantial rights. We overrule appellant’s second issue.

III.    Self Defense Instruction at Punishment

        Appellant argues in his third issue that the trial court erred in refusing to instruct
the jury on self defense during the punishment phase of trial regarding two extraneous
killings that occurred two days before Alanis’s murder.14 We conclude that appellant was
not entitled to a self defense instruction pertaining to evidence of the two extraneous
killings that the State introduced during the punishment phase of trial.15

        14
           Co-defendant Rodriguez argued that the trial court erred by excluding evidence of self defense
as to these killings during the punishment phase, but did not argue on appeal that the trial court erred in
refusing the self defense instruction. Rodriguez, 368 S.W.3d at 825.
        15
           The parties have not cited and we have not found any other cases that directly address this
issue. We previously held in an unpublished case that an instruction on self defense with regard to the
tried offense is not necessary at the punishment phase of trial because it is not relevant to the jury’s
assessment of punishment. See Moses v. State, No. 14-93-00994-CR, 1997 WL 111068, at *15 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Mar. 13, 1997, writ ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (citing
                                                    9
        In a statement introduced during the punishment phase, appellant claimed that he
and Rodriguez approached the two victims as they were sitting outside the apartment
complex near where Alanis was shot two days later. Appellant claimed one of the
victims “sold dope” for the Alanis family. Appellant asked the victims why the Alanis
family had involved appellant’s family in the rent dispute. Per appellant, one of the
victims replied, “[****] you” while reaching for his pocket. Appellant said he thought
the victim was reaching for a gun and, in response, appellant and Rodriguez opened fire.
A witness to the shooting also testified that one of the victims “looked like he reached in
his pocket and grabbed a gun.” Appellant requested an instruction on self defense but did
not want a corresponding instruction on murder.16 The trial court denied the request but
instructed the jury as follows:

        If there is any evidence before you in this case regarding the defendant
        having committed acts of misconduct other than the offense for which you
        have found him guilty, you cannot consider any such evidence for any
        purpose unless you believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant
        committed such other acts of misconduct.
        If you do not believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant
        committed any such acts of misconduct or if you have a reasonable doubt
        thereof, you must disregard all such evidence about which you have a

Nixon v. State, 572 S.W.2d 699, 701 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1978) (other citations omitted). But
evidence of extraneous offenses or bad acts is admissible during the punishment phase of trial as relevant
to the jury’s assessment of punishment. See Tex. Code of Crim. Proc. art. 37.07 § 3(a)(1).
        16
             The colloquy between the trial court and appellant’s counsel follows:
                THE COURT: So, would you also be asking that I include in the punishment
        charge the definition of capital murder and all the definitions that would go with that and
        say do you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that they committed capital
        murder?
        ....
                 MR. LOPER: . . . . I don’t think that, no, ma’am, I don’t. I don’t think that one
        leads to the other, no.
        ....
               THE COURT: So, you wouldn’t have me define the offense of capital murder.
        You’d just have me put self-defense in.
                  MR. LOPER: That’s what we’re requesting, yes.
                  THE COURT: Okay. Overruled.

                                                      10
        reasonable doubt and not consider it for any purpose whatsoever.
Appellant acknowledges that the trial court was not required to instruct the jury on all the
elements of an extraneous offense, see Haley v. State, 173 S.W.3d 510, 515 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2005), but argues that an instruction on self defense was necessary because a
justifiable homicide committed in self defense is not an act of misconduct.17

        Regarding extraneous offense or bad act evidence admitted during the punishment
phase of trial, the Court of Criminal Appeals has held,

        [T]he question at punishment is not whether the defendant has committed a
        crime, but instead what sentence should be assessed. Whereas the guilt-
        innocence stage requires the jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a
        reasonable doubt of each element of the offense, the punishment phase
        requires the jury only find that these prior acts are attributable to the
        defendant beyond a reasonable doubt.
Id. at 515. Thus, to prove an extraneous offense at punishment, the State is only required
to prove beyond a reasonable doubt a defendant’s involvement in the bad act: a finding of
guilt for a crime is not required. Id.

        Applying this principle, we hold that the trial court did not err in refusing
appellant’s requested instruction regarding self defense. Whether the extraneous killings
were acts of misconduct was squarely presented to the jury for consideration. The jury
was charged properly only to consider the extraneous killings if the jurors believed
beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant “committed acts of misconduct other than the
offense for which [the jury] found him guilty,” but the jury was not required to find
appellant guilty of murder. See id. In deciding whether the extraneous killings were acts
of misconduct, the jury was entitled to consider the evidence that they were committed in

        17
           In Haley v. State, the court of appeals determined that the trial court erred by failing to define
the law of parties in the extraneous offense section of the punishment charge. 113 S.W.3d 801, 810–14
(Tex. App.—Austin 2003), aff’d, 173 S.W.3d 510 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). The Court of Criminal
Appeals did not consider whether the court of appeals erred by holding that the trial court should have
included an instruction or definition regarding the law of parties. Haley, 173 S.W.3d at 514–15.
However, the court did determine that an extraneous bad act, proved beyond a reasonable doubt to be
attributable to the defendant, is admissible, regardless of whether the act amounts to an offense under the
Penal Code. Id.

                                                     11
self defense. Thus, a self defense instruction regarding the killings was not required.

         We overrule appellant’s third issue.

         Having overruled appellant’s three issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial
court.

                                            /s/      Martha Hill Jamison
                                                     Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Hedges and Justices Jamison and McCally.
Publish — TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

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