Court Opinion

ID: 4123750
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-02-07 15:08:42.829079+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:21:03.490429
License: Public Domain

IN THE NEBRASKA COURT OF APPEALS

                MEMORANDUM OPINION AND JUDGMENT ON APPEAL
                         (Memorandum Web Opinion)

                                          STATE V. JOHNSON

  NOTICE: THIS OPINION IS NOT DESIGNATED FOR PERMANENT PUBLICATION
 AND MAY NOT BE CITED EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY NEB. CT. R. APP. P. § 2-102(E).

                                  STATE OF NEBRASKA, APPELLEE,
                                                  V.

                                  JEREMY L. JOHNSON, APPELLANT.

                              Filed February 7, 2017.     No. A-15-994.

       Appeal from the District Court for Douglas County: MARLON A. POLK, Judge. Affirmed.
       F. Matthew Aerni, of Berry Law Firm, for appellant.
       Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Nathan A. Liss for appellee.

       RIEDMANN and BISHOP, Judges, and MCCORMACK, Retired Justice.
       BISHOP, Judge.
                                         INTRODUCTION
       In 1997, Jeremy L. Johnson was convicted of multiple felonies stemming from two 1996
shootings in Omaha, Nebraska. Johnson’s direct appeal and previous two motions for
postconviction relief were denied. Johnson filed in the Douglas County District Court this third
motion for postconviction relief, or, in the alternative, a petition for writ of error coram nobis; both
based on alleged newly discovered evidence. Johnson appeals from the district court’s denial of
his motion and petition. We affirm.
                                    FACTUAL BACKGROUND
        At approximately midnight on May 9, 1996, a white Chevy Cavalier drove by the police
station on 40th Street in Omaha, Nebraska. A passenger in the Cavalier fired several gun shots at
the police station. Officers pursued the Cavalier, eventually finding it at the Pleasantview Projects.
The first officer to arrive saw an African-American male approximately 25 to 30 feet from the

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Cavalier in the Pleasantview Projects parking lot who walked from the parking lot to an apartment.
After receiving permission to search the premises, police found a group of people within the
apartment, including Jerome Davis. Police also found the Cavalier keys in the bathroom trash can
and a semi-automatic pistol magazine in the toilet water tank. Police eventually learned that the
white Cavalier belonged to Davis’ girlfriend, and that he had borrowed the car earlier in the day.
Police arrested Davis and impounded the Cavalier.
         At the time he was arrested, Davis was 19 years old and a member of the Crips gang. Davis
testified that he was spending time with two friends, Cornell Scott and Levar Smith, on the night
of the shooting. Before the shooting, Davis testified that several members of the Bloods gang shot
at the car he, Scott, and Smith were driving. Davis said that Scott and Smith shot back at the rival
gang members as he drove away.
         After the encounter with the Bloods, Davis drove back to the Pleasantview Projects. Later,
Davis agreed to give Scott and fellow Crips member Johnson a ride home. Davis claimed that
Johnson asked him to drive by the police station and that Johnson fired at the station with two
pistols. When they returned to the Pleasantview Projects, Davis claimed Johnson warned him to
keep quiet about what happened and that Johnson went to a friend’s house.
         At trial, Christopher Wright, a friend of Johnson, testified that Johnson spoke out against
doing any drive-by shootings on May 9, 1996. Wright said he was spending time at his sister’s
apartment and that several Crips gang members were present, discussing plans for a retaliation
shooting against rival gang members. Wright testified that after Johnson spoke out against the
shootings, Scott and Davis left the apartment and got into a car while Johnson did not. Later that
night, Davis and Scott returned to Pleasantview in the same car they left in earlier. Wright said
that he saw only Davis and Scott get out of the car. Wright also said that Scott drove a gray Caprice
Classic in 1996.
         Maurice Holbert, another Crips gang member, was jailed with Davis in 1996. Holbert
testified that Davis talked to him about the police station shooting. According to Holbert, Davis
said he and Scott did the shooting, but planned to blame the police station shooting on Johnson to
avoid prison.
         Late at night on May 27, 1996, or early in the morning on May 28, approximately three
weeks after the police station shooting, someone fired several gunshots into an apartment on North
40th Street in Omaha. Jerome Davis’ mother lived in the victimized apartment with her boyfriend,
who said that he saw an African-American man wearing a hat and a black jacket run down the
alley with a sawed-off shotgun immediately after he heard the shots. Police investigating the scene
found five spent shotgun shells on the ground outside the building.
         A minister at a nearby church on 41st and Charles Streets was working late on May 27,
1996, when he heard what sounded like gunshots and proceeded to look outside. Then, he heard a
car door slam, tires squeal, and saw a Caprice Classic with no headlights speed around the corner.
The minister said that the car had an African-American driver and no passengers when it sped
away.
         While police were investigating the shooting at the apartment on 40th Street, there was
another shooting at an apartment complex on Yates Street. Police at the Yates Street scene found
two spent shotgun shells and spoke with Jeanine Davis, a resident of the apartment not related to

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or familiar with Jerome Davis. She said that her cousin had been arguing with people earlier in the
evening because he wore a red Kansas City sweatshirt (red is the color of the Bloods gang). Davis
said that the people her cousin argued with alleged that her cousin was “disrespecting” them. She
described the group arguing with her cousin as “just a whole bunch of little boys from the
neighborhood.” However, on re-direct examination, Davis testified as follows:
                Q. Ms. Davis, how old is your cousin?
                A. He just turned 19.
                Q. Now, do you know if the people he was arguing with, were they younger than
        him?
                A. I don’t have no idea how old they are.

Jeanine also testified that after the conversation, the group that approached her cousin said there
were not any problems and that they just did not want her cousin to wear the outfit around the
apartment anymore.
        Soon after these two shootings, police saw a greyish-blue 4-door sedan driving slowly
south on 33rd Street, without its headlights on. When the officers tried to stop the car, it fled and
crashed into another car. Police arrested the sedan’s driver, Johnson, and searched the car. Officers
found a Mossberg pistol grip shotgun under the driver’s seat. The shotgun found in Johnson’s car
was a forensic match to the two shootings that occurred earlier in the evening on 40th Street and
Yates Street. After the accident, officers brought the minister to the scene, where he identified
Johnson’s car as the late model Caprice Classic he saw leaving the area of 41st and Hamilton
Streets earlier that night.
                                 PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
         Johnson was charged with crimes related to all three shootings. A jury found Johnson guilty
of several crimes related to the shootings at the apartments on 40th Street and Yates Street, but
none related to the police station shooting. A jury convicted Johnson of: being a felon in possession
of a deadly weapon, operating a motor vehicle to avoid arrest, two counts of unlawful discharge
of a firearm at an occupied building or dwelling, and two counts of use of a firearm to commit a
felony. Johnson was sentenced to an aggregate period of 60 to 100 years’ imprisonment.
        Johnson filed a direct appeal after his jury trial. He alleged that the trial court had erred by
denying his motion for separate trials and by imposing an excessive sentence. This court rejected
both assignments of error and the Nebraska Supreme Court denied Johnson’s petition for further
review.
        In 2003, Johnson filed a motion for postconviction relief. The district court denied his
petition, and Johnson appealed. On appeal, Johnson argued that the district court erred by failing
to recuse itself from his case and in denying his motion for postconviction relief without an
evidentiary hearing. The State filed a motion for summary affirmance and argued that Johnson’s
recusal argument was procedurally barred and that the district court properly denied the
postconviction claims without an evidentiary hearing. This court granted the State’s motion for
summary affirmance.

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         Johnson filed a second motion for postconviction relief in 2008. With that motion, Johnson
included affidavits from Danny Robinson and Myron Pierce. Both Robinson and Pierce testified
that they were part of the group of teenagers that argued with Jeanine’s cousin at the Yates Street
shooting location. They said that a man named Albert Rucker (also known as “Twig”) brought out
a Mossberg pistol grip shotgun from behind a dumpster. After Rucker retrieved the shotgun,
Robinson said that he knocked on the door of the apartment while Rucker fired twice into the
apartment window. Robinson and Pierce said that after the shooting, Rucker gave the shotgun to
Scott and then all parties went their separate ways.
         The district court denied Johnson’s second petition for postconviction relief after
concluding that all claims of trial error were procedurally barred and the claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel were invalid because there is no constitutional right to effective assistance of
postconviction counsel. Johnson did not appeal this denial.
         Johnson filed this third motion for postconviction relief and request for evidentiary hearing
or, in the alternative, a petition writ of error coram nobis on February 19, 2015, claiming to have
“newly discovered evidence” proving his innocence. He alleged that in February 2014, Susan
Heurta, with whom Johnson is now in a romantic relationship, reached out to him before they ever
met and said she witnessed the shooting on Yates Street and heard the verbal altercation leading
up to the shooting. Huerta knew that Johnson was not the shooter, but kept quiet because she feared
retaliation for what she believed to be a gang-related matter. The district court for Douglas County
denied both the motion and petition on September 23, 2015. The district court reviewed all the
evidence and found that Johnson did not meet the “extraordinarily high” threshold for a strong
demonstration of actual innocence. The district court also concluded that Huerta’s testimony would
not have prevented Johnson’s conviction because the jury would have weighed her credibility and
the value of her testimony against all other evidence in the case. The district court noted that the
mere possibility of a different result at trial is not sufficient to grant a writ of error coram nobis.
                                    ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
       Restated, Johnson assigns that the district court erred by not finding that newly discovered
evidence warranted relief either through his postconviction claim or his petition for writ of error
coram nobis.
                                     STANDARD OF REVIEW
        In appeals from postconviction proceedings, we review de novo a determination that the
defendant failed to allege sufficient facts to demonstrate a violation of his or her constitutional
rights or that the record and files affirmatively show that the defendant is entitled to no relief. State
v. Edwards, 284 Neb. 382, 821 N.W.2d 680 (2012).
        A court must grant an evidentiary hearing to resolve the claims in a postconviction motion
when the motion contains factual allegations which, if proved, constitute an infringement of the
defendant’s rights under the Nebraska or federal Constitution. State v. Edwards, supra. But if a
postconviction motion alleges only conclusions of fact or law, or if the records and files in the case
affirmatively show that the defendant is entitled to no relief, the court is not required to grant an
evidentiary hearing. Id.

                                                  -4-
         The common-law writ of error coram nobis exists in this state under Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 49-101 (Reissue 2010), which adopts English common law to the extent that it is not inconsistent
with the Constitution of the United States, the organic law of this state, or any law passed by our
Legislature. State v. Hessler, 288 Neb. 670, 850 N.W.2d 777 (2014). The burden of proof in a
proceeding to obtain a writ of error coram nobis is upon the applicant claiming the error, and the
alleged error of fact must be such as would have prevented a conviction. It is not enough to show
that it might have caused a different result. Id.
                                           ANALYSIS
Johnson’s New Evidence.
         Johnson’s newly discovered evidence is an affidavit from Huerta and an affidavit from her
father, Ben Koenig. Huerta wrote Johnson a letter in February 2014, informing him that she
witnessed the Yates Street shooting in 1996 and knew Johnson was not the shooter. Huerta then
provided her testimony via affidavit on January 26, 2015.
         Huerta described visiting a man named Cookie at an apartment on Yates Street on May 27,
1996. Late that night, sometime after 10:30 p.m., the occupants of the apartment next door and
some “teenagers” outside the complex started arguing. She recalled that the dispute arose because
one occupant of the apartment next door was wearing red, a color worn by members of the Bloods
gang, while the surrounding area was controlled by the Crips gang, who wear blue.
         Huerta saw four teenagers outside the building, all of whom appeared skinny and no more
than 14 or 15 years old, and one of them was wearing a hoodie. After the argument started, Huerta
went back inside. The arguing stopped for about 15 to 20 minutes but then started again, after
which time she went back outside. She saw a man wearing red in the window of the apartment
next door. According to Huerta, the man in red said “We ain’t got no beef with you, Twig. We
ain’t got no beef with you, Twig.” Then, the teenager wearing the hoodie displayed a gun that
looked like a pistol and fired at least two shots at the apartment in which the man wearing red
stood. After the shots, Huerta went back inside, picked up her daughter, and left the apartment.
She drove to her father’s house and told him what she witnessed.
         Koenig also provided his testimony via affidavit on January 26, 2015. He said Huerta
arrived at his home, unannounced, late at night on May 27, 1996, or early in the morning of May
28, and was distraught. He said she described a shooting in Omaha that she had observed and she
was “terrified.” Koenig told Huerta to remain quiet about the shooting because it seemed gang
related.
         In her affidavit, Huerta said she followed her father’s advice even though she saw a
television news story about Johnson’s arrest for the shooting she witnessed and “knew immediately
that the Defendant [Johnson] was not the shooter. The Defendant was much older than any of the
boys present that evening, and much heavier than any of them.” Huerta says that her silence has
bothered her for the last 18 years. Eventually, she found Johnson’s location and wrote him a letter
about what she knew. Before writing the letter, she had never met Johnson, spoken with him, or
had any other knowledge of him besides his arrest and conviction for the shooting. However, at
the time of this appeal, Huerta and Johnson acknowledged that they are now in a romantic
relationship.

                                               -5-
Constitutional Claim for Postconviction Relief.
         The Nebraska Postconviction Act (Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-3001 et seq. (Reissue 2016))
provides that postconviction relief is available to a prisoner in custody under sentence who seeks
to be released on the ground that there was a denial or infringement of his constitutional rights
such that the judgement was void or voidable. State v. Phelps, 286 Neb. 89, 834 N.W.2d 786
(2013). In a motion for postconviction relief, the defendant must allege facts which, if proved,
constitute a denial or violation of his or her rights under the U.S. or Nebraska Constitution, causing
the judgment against the defendant to be void or voidable. Id.
         A court must grant an evidentiary hearing to resolve the claims in a postconviction motion
when the motion contains factual allegations which, if proved, constitute an infringement of the
defendant’s rights under the Nebraska or federal Constitution. Id. If a postconviction motion
alleges only conclusions of fact or law, or if the records and files in the case affirmatively show
that the defendant is entitled to no relief, the court is not required to grant an evidentiary hearing.
Id.
         A postconviction motion asserting a persuasive claim of actual innocence might constitute
a constitutional violation, in that such a claim could arguably amount to a violation of a movant’s
procedural or substantive due process rights. Id. However, in order to even trigger a court’s
consideration of whether continued incarceration could give rise to a constitutional claim that can
be raised in a postconviction motion, there must be a strong demonstration of actual innocence
because after a fair trial and conviction, a defendant’s presumption of innocence disappears. Id.
         In State v. DeJong, 292 Neb. 305, 872 N.W.2d 275 (2015), DeJong filed a motion for
postconviction relief arguing that she was actually innocent. She contended that there were no
direct witnesses to the murder for which she was convicted and that there was insufficient DNA
or other physical evidence to link her to the murder. Our Supreme Court wrote that “when viewed
in the light of the extensive evidence adduced at trial . . . [DeJong’s] allegations fall well short of
the ‘extraordinarily high’ threshold showing of actual innocence which she would be required to
make before a court could consider whether her continued incarceration would give rise to a
constitutional claim.” Id. at 332, 872 N.W.2d at 292.
         In State v. Lotter, 278 Neb. 466, 771 N.W.2d 551 (2009), Lotter presented what he
described as new evidence that demonstrated his innocence. This new evidence was an affidavit
from a trial witness signed 14 years after the crime. The witness said that his testimony at trial had
been false and that he, not the defendant, had shot three individuals. The witness did not recant
any other portion of his trial testimony. The Nebraska Supreme Court concluded that this evidence
of perjury by a key witness was not, in and of itself, a constitutional violation and thus did not
qualify as a showing of actual innocence and did not require an evidentiary hearing.
         In State v. Phelps, supra, Phelps filed a motion for postconviction relief, alleging that a
diary qualified as newly discovered evidence and demonstrated his actual innocence. The
Nebraska Supreme Court rejected Phelps’ claim, writing that he “[did] not come before the court
in this postconviction case ‘as one who is “innocent,” but, on the contrary, as one who has been
convicted by due process of law.’” Id. at 95, 834 N.W.2d at 792 (internal citations omitted). The
Court noted that Phelps did not allege any personal knowledge of the diary’s actual content or

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explain in any detail how its contents would necessarily exonerate him of the crime, and said his
allegations were speculative and conclusory and that, when viewed in light of the trial evidence,
Phelps’ allegations fell far short of the “extraordinarily high” threshold showing of actual
innocence required before a court could even consider whether his continued incarceration would
give rise to a constitutional claim. Id.
         Johnson claims that when “analyzing whether newly discovered evidence is sufficient to
provide a ‘strong demonstration of actual innocence’, [sic] the question is whether the evidence is
‘of such a nature that had it been offered and admitted at the former trial, it probably would have
produced a substantially different result.’ State v. Harris, 2 Neb. Ct. App. 692, 513 N.W.2d 46
(1994).” Brief for appellant at 13. However, in Harris, this court did not define the phrase “strong
demonstration of actual innocence” as Johnson suggests, nor did Harris involve a postconviction
motion. The defendant in Harris filed a motion for new trial pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 29-2101(5) (Reissue 1989) and the above language pertained to newly discovered evidence in
the context of § 29-2101(5), and is not persuasive here.
         Johnson argues that Huerta’s testimony corroborates other witness testimony, particularly
that of Jeanine Davis. He also believes that Huerta is a “completely uninterested witness” who saw
the shooter at the time of the 1996 incident on Yates Street. He contends that, at a minimum,
Huerta’s testimony would have “probably” caused a different result at trial.
         Huerta’s affidavit does not corroborate Jeanine’s testimony. While Jeanine did testify that
her cousin argued with “a bunch of little boys from the neighborhood,” when asked if these “little
boys” were older or younger than her 19-year-old cousin, she said she had “no idea” how old they
actually were. While Huerta says that the group of adolescents she saw “appeared to be no more
than 14 or 15 years old,” this statement does not confirm Jeanine’s more general comment. Jeanine
might have used “little boys” in a pejorative manner or she might have called all men younger than
her “little boys.” Because we do not have more detail, we cannot say that Huerta’s testimony
corroborates Jeanine’s testimony, as Johnson suggests.
         Johnson also argues that Huerta’s testimony is “that of a completely uninterested witness.”
At the time of the shooting 18 years ago, Huerta was not personally acquainted with Johnson.
However, now, both she and Johnson acknowledge that they are in a romantic relationship. This
status is almost certainly relevant to Huerta’s testimony because in an evidentiary hearing for
postconviction relief, the postconviction trial judge, as the trier of fact, resolves conflicts in
evidence and questions of fact, including witness credibility and the weight to be given a witness’
testimony. State v. Benzel, 269 Neb. 1, 689 N.W.2d 852 (2004).
         Had the sort of testimony found in the Huerta and Koenig affidavits been offered at trial,
it could have been weighed and considered by the jury and compared to the other evidence,
requiring the jury to decide issues of credibility. See Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390, 113 S. Ct.
853, 122 L. Ed. 2d 203 (1993). Huerta and Koenig’s affidavits are two pieces of a much larger
puzzle. Witnesses described one African-American male flee the scene in a car just like the one
Johnson drove. Police discovered the shotgun used in both the 40th Street and Yates Street
shootings in Johnson’s car, shortly after the Yates Street shooting. The shotgun was a ballistic
match to the shells found at both shootings. The current relationship between Huerta and Johnson,
combined with the 18-year delay before coming forward, impacts the credibility of the affidavit

                                               -7-
evidence. Considering the evidence in the record and the questionable value of the Huerta and
Koenig affidavits, we cannot say that the affidavits qualify as a strong demonstration of actual
innocence. The affidavits are not so convincing that they cast serious doubt on Johnson’s
conviction. The district court did not err when it dismissed the motion for postconviction relief
without an evidentiary hearing.
Petition for Writ of Error Coram Nobis.
         The purpose of a writ of error coram nobis is to bring before the court rendering judgment
matters of fact which, if known at the time the judgment was rendered, would have prevented its
rendition. State v. Harris, 292 Neb. 186, 871 N.W.2d 762 (2015). The writ reaches only matters
of fact unknown to the applicant at the time of judgment, not discoverable through reasonable
diligence, and which are of a nature that, if known by the court, would have prevented entry of
judgment. Id. The writ is not available to correct errors of law. Id. The burden of proof in a
proceeding to obtain a writ of error coram nobis is upon the applicant claiming the error, and the
alleged error of fact must be such as would have prevented a conviction. Id. It is not enough to
show that it might have caused a different result. Id.
         As with his motion for postconviction relief, Johnson presents the Huerta and Koenig
affidavits as the newly discovered evidence in his petition for the writ of error coram nobis.
Johnson received Huerta’s letter no earlier than February 21, 2014. Johnson contends that Huerta’s
testimony “most certainly would have prevented a conviction” had it been available at trial. Brief
for appellant at 17. He contends that Huerta was a completely disinterested witness at the time of
trial, that her testimony contains no hearsay, and that her testimony is not contradicted by any
evidence at trial. He argues that had Huerta testified at trial, “the jury would have had the
opportunity to weigh Huerta’s testimony against the most incriminating evidence of
[Johnson] - including the fact that the gun was found in [Johnson’s] car” one hour after the Yates
Street shooting. Brief for appellant at 17-18.
         Johnson “recognizes that Huerta’s testimony is only her observations of the Yates Street
shooting.” Brief for appellant at 18. He argues, however, that the only evidence directly connecting
Johnson to either shooting was the gun used to fire the shots that was found in his vehicle after he
was involved in a crash and that his vehicle was identified as the vehicle driving away from the
area of the 40th Street shooting. He further argues
         In order to find that Huerta’s evidence would not have prevented a conviction on the 40th
         Street shooting, one would have to conclude that [Johnson] shot into the 40th Street
         residence, gave the gun to someone else (whether Twig, or someone else who gave the gun
         to Twig), then later got the gun back from someone (again, either Twig, or someone to
         whom Twig gave the gun), and then was involved in the crash. There is no evidence that
         [Johnson] interacted with any person in between the 40th Street shooting, and the Yates
         Street shooting. Therefore, there is simply no evidence to support what one would have to
         believe in order to find that Huerta’s evidence would not have prevented a conviction.

Brief for appellant at 19.

                                               -8-
        The State first argues that Huerta’s affidavit is not a “‘matter of fact’ that would have
prevented the rendition of judgment . . . it is just an unsubstantiated assertion from Huerta - who
admits she is romantically involved with Johnson - that Johnson is innocent of the Yates shooting
that occurred back in 1996.” Brief for appellee at 25. However, the affidavit concerns facts
surrounding the shooting, e.g. who was, in fact, responsible for the shooting. The State argues that
the alleged newly discovered evidence is “clearly not a ‘matter of fact’ that would have prevented
the rendition of judgment. It is not even a matter of fact . . . it is just an unsubstantiated assertion
from Huerta . . . that Johnson is innocent of the Yates Streets shooting.” Brief for appellee at 25.
        The State also argues that the Huerta affidavit would not have prevented judgment because
the jury would have considered it along with the other evidence available.
        It would simply come down to the weight and credibility of the evidence at trial, including
        the credibility of Huerta’s testimony. Huerta’s credibility and motive for testifying could
        have been called into question then, just as it has now, so there is simply no basis to
        conclude that Johnson would have been acquitted based on her testimony. Especially when,
        as set forth above, the State presented ample evidence tying Johnson to both shootings and
        the jury found him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt based on the evidence.

Id.
        We agree with the State. The standard for a writ of error coram nobis is extraordinarily
high. The new evidence must be a matter of fact so significant that, had it been available at trial,
Johnson would not have been convicted. It is not enough to show that it might have caused a
different result. State v. Harris, 292 Neb. 186, 871 N.W.2d 762 (2015). Huerta’s affidavit does not
meet this high standard. Had similar testimony been offered at trial, no part of Huerta’s information
would automatically prevent a conviction. The jury would have had to weigh Huerta’s credibility
and her testimony along with the other evidence. The jury would be required to decide whether or
not they believed her testimony over the presence of a weapon in Johnson’s car, the ballistic match
between that weapon and the shells at the scene of the shootings, the other witness testimony tying
Johnson’s car to the shootings, and the timeline of events.
        The district court did not err in dismissing Johnson’s petition for writ of error coram nobis.
                                           CONCLUSION
       For the reasons stated above, we find that the district court did not err in denying Johnson’s
motion for postconviction relief without an evidentiary hearing or his petition for a writ of error
coram nobis.
                                                                                           AFFIRMED.

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