Court Opinion

ID: 158844
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-08-14 05:29:41+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:14:57.577300
License: Public Domain

F I L E D
                                                                United States Court of Appeals
                                                                        Tenth Circuit
                                    PUBLISH
                                                                       NOV 15 1999
                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                  PATRICK FISHER
                                                                              Clerk
                               TENTH CIRCUIT

 DANIEL T. TOWNSEND,

       Plaintiff - Appellee and Cross-
       Appellant,

 vs.                                             Nos. 98-1313, 98-1337

 DANIEL, MANN, JOHNSON &
 MENDENHALL, a California
 corporation,

       Defendant - Appellant and
       Cross-Appellee.

          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                  FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
                         (D.C. No. 97-Z-604)

Blain D. Myhre (Juli E. Lapin, Theresa L. Corrada, with him on the briefs),
Isaacson, Rosenbaum, Woods & Levy, P.C., Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-
Appellee and Cross-Appellant.

Andrew M. Low (Janet A. Savage, Kenzo S. Kawanabe, with him on the briefs),
Davis, Graham & Stubbs, L.L.P., Denver, Colorado, for Defendant-Appellant and
Cross-Appellee.

Before SEYMOUR, Chief Judge, PORFILIO, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
KELLY, Circuit Judge.

      Defendant-Appellant and Cross-Appellee, Daniel, Mann, Johnson &

Mendenhall (“DMJM”), appeals from a judgment on a jury verdict in favor of

Plaintiff-Appellee and Cross-Appellant, Daniel Townsend (“Townsend”), on a

breach of contract claim. DMJM argues that the district court erred in denying:

(1) DMJM’s motion for judgment as a matter of law based upon insufficient

evidence of contract formation between DMJM and Townsend; and (2) DMJM’s

motion for remittitur. Townsend cross-appeals, contending that the trial court

erred when it (1) denied front pay damages and refused to allow the jury to

consider evidence of such damages; (2) refused to instruct the jury that it could

award emotional distress damages for the breach of contract; (3) denied

Townsend’s motion to amend his complaint to add a claim of misrepresentation;

and (4) awarded sanctions against Townsend for failing to supplement his

responses to discovery questions when further information became available. Our

jurisdiction in this diversity action arises under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and we affirm

on all issues except the imposition of sanctions.

                                    Background

      Daniel Townsend began working for DMJM, an architectural and

                                        -2-
engineering firm, in 1986. He was promoted to vice-president of the firm in

1989, a position he held until his termination in 1996. In 1992, Townsend was

diagnosed with a terminal illness, chronic myeloid leukemia. Initially, Townsend

did not disclose his illness, but later told two co-workers about it. According to

Townsend, as word of his illness spread, he noticed a marked decrease in his

autonomy and responsibilities. He testified that DMJM management began to

pressure him to quit and apply for disability benefits. Dissatisfied with his

options under standard DMJM disability policies, Townsend sought to negotiate

an agreement that would allow him to go on disability, thereby reducing company

overhead, while maintaining his insurance benefits until his death or age 65.

Whether an agreement was reached between the parties, and its terms, is

controverted.

      Mr. Townsend testified that his primary intent in going on disability was to

maintain his benefits until he died or turned 65. To this end, he told DMJM’s

president that he wanted to propose an alternate employment arrangement, and the

president told him to work with William Cavanagh (“Cavanagh”), another vice-

president and the company’s chief financial officer. After discussing his situation

with members of the company’s benefits department, the human resources

department, and other DMJM employees, Townsend came up with a plan.

Townsend testified that his understanding of the plan was that it would enable

                                         -3-
him to: (1) go on short-term disability for 90 days; (2) return to work after that

time and then go on long-term disability during which time he would work eight

hours per week at one-fifth of his previous salary; and (3) remain employed by

DMJM until his death or age 65, whichever came first. This plan would be an

exception to DMJM’s usual policy that an employee generally must work a

minimum of 30 hours per week to retain health and life insurance benefits.

      On August 8, 1994, Townsend had a conference call with Cavanagh, Dolly

Kelly (the Denver office manager), Linda Neilson (manager of human resources),

and Gil Butler (another DMJM vice-president). The content of the call is

disputed, with Townsend testifying that an agreement was reached with respect to

all aspects of his plan, including duration of employment, and others testifying

that duration was not specifically discussed.

      The next day, Townsend sent a memo to Cavanagh confirming his

understanding of the agreement. The memo included the all-important proviso

that the arrangement “would be in effect until my death or retirement whichever

occurs first.” Cavanagh responded by memo that he was in “conceptual

agreement as to a likely course of events,” but stated that he “would delete [the

section on employment until death or retirement] in its entirety because . . . it

implies a guarantee of future employment and benefits, something DMJM is not

authorized to do under any circumstances for any employee.”

                                         -4-
      Townsend testified that he viewed the statement concerning duration as

contrary to the purpose of the negotiated agreement–duration was integral. He

regarded the statement as Cavanagh’s opinion, rather than company policy, so he

called Gerald Seelman (“Seelman”) to discuss it. Seelman was the corporate

vice-president (the second highest position in the company), and a personal

friend. According to Townsend, he told Seelman of his concerns about

Cavanagh’s statement–without the duration term there was no agreement and he

would not go on disability. According to Townsend, Seelman told Townsend to

go on disability and not worry about the memo because “we have the agreement

we talked about” and added “If you can’t trust your friends, who can you trust?”

      Based on these assurances, Townsend voluntarily relinquished his full-time

position and shortly thereafter went on short-term disability. After 90 days of

short-term disability, he returned to work for one day and went on long-term

disability as scheduled. As part of his agreement, Townsend was to work eight

hours per week at home while on long-term disability. At first, Townsend

reviewed company documents, but the flow of work slowed and eventually

stopped. Townsend testified that he continued to ask for work. Regardless, it is

not disputed that DMJM stopped sending work, though Townsend continued to

bill his time and DMJM continued to pay him.

      In August 1996, Seelman told Townsend he did not know whether

                                        -5-
Townsend could be kept on the payroll much longer. Townsend then reminded

Seelman of the prior agreement, and Seelman said he would look into it. On

September 28, 1996, Townsend received Seelman’s letter terminating Townsend

retroactively to August 30, 1996. Townsend tried to contact Seelman, but

Seelman would not return his calls. Townsend brought this action against DMJM

based upon breach of contract, promissory estoppel and the ADA. The jury

awarded him damages of $303,787.00 on the breach of contract claim, while

finding for DMJM on the other claims.

                                     Discussion

A. Contract Formation

      DMJM first argues that it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law

because the evidence will not support contract formation. Appellate review is de

novo. See Greene v. Safeway Stores Inc., 98 F.3d 554, 557 (10th Cir. 1996).

Judgment as a matter of law is appropriate “only if the evidence points but one

way and is susceptible to no reasonable inferences supporting the party opposing

the motion.” Vining v. Enterprise Fin. Group, Inc., 148 F.3d 1206, 1213 (10th

Cir. 1998) (citation omitted). In reviewing, “we may not weigh the evidence, pass

on the credibility of witnesses, or substitute our judgment for that of the jury.”

Wolfgang v. Mid-America Motorsports, Inc., 111 F.3d 1515, 1522 (10th Cir.

                                         -6-
1997). Additionally, the evidence and its inferences are construed in favor of the

non-movant. See Kinser v. Gehl Co., 184 F.3d 1259, 1267 (10th Cir. 1999).

Given these standards, the district court properly denied DMJM’s motion for

judgment as a matter of law.

      DMJM makes four arguments on this issue. First, no offer and acceptance

occurred because Townsend’s first offer was rejected, and it was not renewed

when Townsend spoke to Seelman. Second, even if the offer was renewed,

Seelman’s response was too vague to constitute an acceptance. Third, even if

Seelman did accept the offer, Seelman was without authority to bind the company.

Fourth, even assuming contract formation, it would be void for lack of

consideration. For the reasons discussed below, each argument is rejected.

1. Offer and acceptance

      Under Colorado law, “when the existence of a contract is in issue, and the

evidence is conflicting or admits of more than one inference, it is for the jury to

decide whether a contract in fact exists.” I.M.A., Inc. v. Rocky Mountain

Airways, Inc., 713 P.2d 882, 887 (Colo. 1986). This is just such a case.

DMJM’s sufficiency of the evidence argument discounts testimony by Townsend

and other witnesses, that if believed, could establish the basis for a contract.

      DMJM contends that Townsend’s initial offer, contained in the memo sent

                                         -7-
to Cavanagh on August 9, 1994, was rejected by Cavanagh’s memo the following

day. According to DMJM, Cavanagh’s reply, rejecting one part (the duration) of

the offer, constitutes a rejection of the whole offer. Generally, under the common

law, rejection of one term of an offer constitutes a rejection of the entire offer.

See Nucla Sanitation Dist. v. Rippy, 344 P.2d 976, 979 (Colo. 1959). However,

this principle does not end the inquiry in this case.

      The jury could have believed that the agreement was reached during the

conference call on August 8, 1994. Townsend’s testimony of an agreement

reached on that day was corroborated by Dolly Kelly, DMJM’s Denver office

manager. She testified that Townsend’s August 9, 1994 memo to Cavanagh,

which she typed, “comported with her understanding of the agreement that had

been reached.” She further testified that the portion of Cavanagh’s memo taking

issue with the duration of the agreement was different from what she understood

the agreement to be. When she voiced her concerns to Gil Butler, another vice

president who had been involved in the conference call, he reportedly told her

that “there is no reason to be concerned; it’s a done deal. They’ll take care of

him. Everything is fine.” If the jury believed the agreement was reached during

the conference call, Cavanagh’s August 10 memo could not have rejected an offer

previously accepted, and DMJM’s arguments concerning Seelman’s lack of

acceptance and inability to bind the company are not pertinent.

                                          -8-
      Had no agreement been reached during the conference call, DMJM argues

that Seelman could not have accepted Townsend’s August 9 offer (that had been

rejected by Cavanagh), without Seelman’s acceptance of each term. Stated

another way, a contract could not be formed merely because Seelman agreed to

Townsend’s offer concerning duration, while Cavanagh had agreed to the other

terms. Once the offer was rejected, it must be renewed again in its entirety before

it can be accepted. See Baldwin v. Peters, Writer & Christensen, 349 P.2d 146,

147 (Colo. 1960).

      Likwise, in order to establish the existence of a contract, the evidence must

show that the parties agreed upon all essential terms. Federal Lumber Co. v.

Wheeler, 643 P.2d 31, 36 (Colo. 1981). However, this evidence need not be as

distinct as DMJM suggests. Rather, “evidence of the parties’ conduct, their oral

statements and their writings, and other evidence illuminating the circumstances

surrounding the making of an agreement are admissible to clarify the intent and

purpose of the parties.” I.M.A., 713 P.2d at 888.

      Townsend’s testimony, by itself, was enough to allow the jury to find that a

contract had been formed even assuming no prior agreement. The fact that some

of his testimony was contradicted by other witnesses is irrelevant. Townsend

testified that Seelman approved of the “till death or 65" duration of the

arrangement, and told him not to be concerned with Cavanagh’s memo. Townsend

                                         -9-
testified that Seelman said “[D]on’t worry about that…You know Bill Cavanagh,

he’s always got to protect the company and he’s putting things in there and he

thinks he’s doing that now…Don’t worry about it…It’s fine…We have the

agreement we talked about. That’s the way it is.” Aplt. App. at 409 (emphasis

added). DMJM contends that no testimony shows that Seelman had a copy of

Townsend’s memo to Cavanagh nor that he had been participating in the

negotiations previously, so there was no way for Seelman to know what the terms

of the agreement were. But again, Townsend testified that he “reminded

[Seelman] of what [the agreement] was.” Aplt. App. at 408. Townsend also

testified as to his sense of the conversation: “we had the agreement that we had

previously agreed to, and he was assuring me that we still had it and that I could

trust him and I could trust the agreement that we had.” Aplt. App. at 410. When

viewed against the close temporal proximity of the events in question and in

context, the evidence, at the very least, presents a jury question.

2. Vague Language of Acceptance

      DMJM next argues that, even if the offer was renewed by Townsend in his

discussion with Seelman on August 12, 1994, Seelman’s language was too vague

to constitute an acceptance. The jury is entitled to consider the context in which

Seelman’s statements were made in determining whether he assented to

                                         - 10 -
Townsend’s proposal. Directly after Townsend told Seelman that he would not go

on disability unless the duration of the agreement was until death or age 65,

Townsend testified that Seelman told him “Don’t worry about it...[w]e have the

agreement we talked about...[g]o ahead and go on disability and be happy.” Aplt.

App. at 409. Under these circumstances, Seelman’s words were entirely

sufficient to indicate an intent to be bound. Cf. Embry v. Hargadine, McKittrick

Dry Goods Co., 105 S.W. 777, 779-80 (Mo. Ct. App. 1907) (when an employee

threatened to quit if he did not receive a contract extension, employer’s statement:

“Go ahead, you’re all right” constituted assent as a matter of law because it was

so unambiguous that a reasonable person would understand it to be an assent).

3. Seelman’s Authority to Bind DMJM

      DMJM next argues that, even if Townsend’s offer was renewed and

accepted by Seelman, Seelman did not have authority to bind DMJM. The

existence of an agency relationship is generally a question of fact. See Stortroen

v. Beneficial Fin. Co., 736 P.2d 391, 395 (Colo. 1987). An agent may have actual

or apparent authority.

      Seelman was the corporate vice-president at DMJM and, as such, was

second in command only to the president. The jury could have found that, by

virtue of his position and his involvement in the matter, Seelman had implied

                                        - 11 -
negotiating authority. Merely because Cavanagh had express actual authority to

negotiate with Townsend at one level does not necessarily imply that Steelman

lacked any implied authority at another level. The jury certainly could have found

that when Townsend was met by Cavanagh’s rejection, Townsend simply went

over Cavanagh’s head to the second-in-command at the company and got the

desired result.

      The jury also could have found that Seelman possessed apparent authority

based upon the company’s entrusting him with second-in-command

responsibilities and his superior position vis-a-vis Cavanagh and Townsend.

Apparent authority is “that authority which the agent appears to third parties to

have.” Life Investors Ins. Co. of America v. Smith, 833 P.2d 864, 868 (Colo. Ct.

App. 1992). Under the concept of apparent authority, “a principal who by his

words or conduct has caused another reasonably to believe that the principal has

authorized his agent to take some action, is liable as if that action were

authorized.” Nation v. City & County of Denver, 685 P.2d 227, 229 (Colo. Ct.

App. 1984). DMJM argues against apparent authority because the principal did

not engage in any conduct that could cause Townsend to believe Seelman was

authorized. However, “apparent authority can be created by appointing a person

to a position, such as that of manager…,which carries with it generally recognized

duties.” Restatement (Second) of Agency § 27 cmt. a (1958). “[T]o those who

                                         - 12 -
know of the appointment there is apparent authority to do the things ordinarily

entrusted to one occupying such a position, regardless of unknown limitations

which are imposed upon the particular agent.” Id. In fact, Seelman admitted at

trial that it would be reasonable for Townsend to rely on him when he told him

something in a work-related context. Aplt. App. at 1166.

      Apparent authority does not exist unless the third party actually believes the

agent is authorized. DMJM claims that Townsend admitted that he did not

believe Seelman to be DMJM’s authorized agent in the negotiations. In his

deposition, Townsend testified that he did not think that Seelman would have

authority to approve the disability arrangement, but at trial Townsend said that he

“felt like either [the president of the company or Seelman] as officers of the

company” could approve the arrangement. Aplt. App. at 506. Apparently, the

jury chose to accord more weight to Townsend’s trial testimony than to his

deposition testimony.

      Finally, DMJM argues that, as a matter of law, no apparent authority could

exist because Townsend, as a vice president of DMJM with access to company

policies, could not be a third-party entitled to rely upon the doctrine of apparent

authority. No cases are cited for this proposition; regardless, it lacks factual

support. Townsend was a subordinate of Seelman. As the corporate vice

president and a member of the management committee of DMJM’s parent

                                         - 13 -
company, Seelman was in a position to have superior information to Townsend

about the authorized duties of officers, especially once Townsend was no longer

invited to high-level meetings (as he testified happened shortly before he began

his negotiations).

4. Lack of Consideration

      DMJM argues that any contract formed is not supported by consideration

because Townsend admitted he was totally disabled. According to DMJM,

Townsend repeatedly certified that he was totally disabled and unable to perform

any work in applying for disability benefits and cannot have it both ways –

claiming to be totally disabled for insurance purposes and claiming to be able to

work part time as well. DMJM correctly states that Townsend’s condition at the

time of trial is not the deciding factor, but rather his circumstances when the

contract was formed. However, whether Townsend was totally and permanently

disabled at the time of contract formation is a question for the trier of fact. See

Wilcott v. Matlack, Inc., 64 F.3d 1458, 1460-61 (10th Cir. 1995); Kirwan v.

Marriott Corp., 10 F.3d 784, 790 (11th Cir. 1994); Delaney v. Union Carbide

Corp., 749 F.2d 17, 19 (8th Cir. 1984).

      To find for Townsend on his breach of contract claim, the jury had to find

that, until he was discharged, Townsend performed his part of the contract.

                                          - 14 -
Townsend’s agreement called for him to go on short-term disability for three

months, during which time he would do no work, followed by a return to work at

eight hours per week and one-fifth of his previous salary. This is precisely what

happened. Because the three-month short-term disability was part of the plan

agreed to by DMJM, the fact that Townsend was certified as totally disabled

during that period does not establish a lack of consideration, as he returned to

work part time as agreed on the scheduled date. Townsend testified that, from the

time he returned, he was available to work eight hours per week, just as provided

for in the agreement.

      DMJM relies heavily on Wilcott v. Matlack, Inc., 64 F.3d 1458 (10th Cir.

1995). In Wilcott, we affirmed the dismissal of a state law oral employment

contract claim on the pleadings. See id. at 1465. This court indicated that statute

of frauds problems existed, as well as a failure of consideration and damages

because the plaintiff was totally and permanently disabled at the time of a single

oral statement alleged to constitute the employment contract. See id. Despite

DMJM’s claims that the present case is “functionally identical” to Wilcott, it is

plainly distinguishable. Wilcott involved judgment on the pleadings; here we

have an entire trial with far more evidence about an actual agreement that

contemplated part-time employment and quantifiable compensation. Moreover,

the holding in Wilcott was based on the district court’s underlying finding of fact

                                        - 15 -
that Wilcott was totally and permanently disabled. Here, the jury’s apparent

finding was just the opposite: Townsend was found to be able to perform his part

of the contract. Unlike the situation in Wilcott, both Townsend and his physician

testified that, although he was disabled for purposes of long term disability, he

was physically capable of performing the eight hours per week of sedentary work

as called for by his contract.

5. Lack of Special Consideration

      On appeal, DMJM argues that the contract must fail because Townsend

failed to present evidence of “special consideration” for his promise of lifetime

employment. DMJM argues that it was unable to mention this point in its oral

pre-verdict motion for judgment as a matter of law at the close of the evidence

because the trial judge cut counsel short, indicating that “you’ve said enough for

the court of appeals.” Aplt. App. at 1182. Of course, counsel has a responsibility

to make a record containing essential points, albeit respectfully, even given

resistance by the trial judge. In the event the trial judge will not allow counsel to

make a record, counsel should lodge an appropriate objection. The necessity of

adequately developed argument is particularly true regarding a pre-verdict motion

for judgment as a matter of law because one of the purposes of such a motion is

to allow the non-movant an opportunity to consider, and perhaps correct,

                                         - 16 -
deficiencies in its proof. See Morrison Knudsen Corp. v. Fireman’s Fund Ins.

Co., 175 F.3d 1221, 1259-60 (10th Cir. 1999).

       Having reviewed the colloquy in question, which contains argument on the

breach of contract claim, we are satisfied that the issue was not preserved. Most

telling, DMJM never raised the issue of special consideration in its post-trial

motion for judgment as a matter of law. Throughout the proceedings, from

summary judgment to post-judgment, DMJM never argued the issue of special

consideration. Its arguments on the issue of consideration were based solely on a

claimed lack of consideration due to Townsend’s disability. Thus, the suggestion

that counsel was going to raise the special consideration issue pre-verdict is

doubtful at best. Moreover, Townsend’s addressing of special consideration in

his response to DMJM’s motion for summary judgment falls far short of DMJM

informing the district court that DMJM claimed it was entitled to judgment on

that basis.

B. Damage Award of Insurance Proceeds

       DMJM appeals the denial of its motion for remittitur. “The trial court's

denial of a motion for remittitur is entitled to considerable deference on appeal.

We will not disturb this determination absent a gross abuse of discretion.” Sheets

v. Salt Lake County, 45 F.3d 1383, 1390 (10th Cir. 1995). “We will find such

                                        - 17 -
abuse only if ‘the jury award is so excessive ... as to shock the conscience and to

raise an irresistible inference that passion, prejudice, corruption or another

improper cause invaded the trial.” Roberts v. Progressive Independence, Inc., 183
F.3d 1215, 1224 (10th Cir. 1999) (quoting Sheets, 45 F.3d at 1390).

      DMJM argues that Townsend failed to present evidence that he was likely

to die before reaching age 65, thus, the award is speculative, and that the proper

measure of damages is limited solely to what the employer would have paid in

premiums on behalf of the employee. See Fariss v. Lynchburg Foundry, 769 F.2d
958, 964-66 (4th Cir. 1985). On the latter point, DMJM urges us to follow the

rule that a claimant is limited to recovery of expenses incurred by “either

replacement of the lost insurance or occurrence of the insured risk.”

Brunnemann v. Terra Int’l, Inc., 975 F.2d 175, 180 (5th Cir. 1992).

       The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying DMJM’s motion

for remittitur. We cannot say that the award is speculative given the medical

testimony in the record. Townsend’s oncologist and primary care physician

testified that Townsend was diagnosed with chronic myleoid leukemia in 1992,

and became acutely ill in 1995, resulting in Townsend being “without adequate

kidney function to sustain life” requiring chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

See Aplt. App. at 739. In 1997, Townsend suffered a heart attack and also

pneumonia, though not permanently damaging his health. See id. at 741. While it

                                         - 18 -
is true that the physician testified that he could not predict how much longer

Townsend would survive, or any other patient for that matter, he also indicated

that the median survival is five years from diagnosis. See id. at 741-42. Even

assuming (while in no way deciding) that Townsend was required to prove the

likelihood of his death prior to 65, he did so. *

      Insofar as the proper measure of damages, DMJM asserts that our review is

de novo, because whether the face amount of the policy can be awarded is a

matter of law. DMJM failed to preserve this issue. DMJM made a motion in

limine to exclude all evidence concerning the life insurance policy. The court

denied this motion, and DMJM did not appeal from this denial. DMJM also

requested the court to instruct the jury to separate out any damages it awarded on

the breach of contract claim, which the court also denied. DMJM never asked for

a jury instruction relating its position on the proper measure of damages. Finally,

in its post-trial motions, DMJM only raised this issue in its motion for remittitur;

it did not claim legal error in either the evidentiary ruling or jury instructions.

DMJM argues that technical precision in describing an argument is not required,

and that the district court cut off its argument in the pre-verdict motion for

judgment as a matter of law. As mentioned previously, these arguments are

simply unavailing.

      *
          Townsend did, in fact, die before he reached his 65th birthday.

                                          - 19 -
        Moreover, DMJM is hardly in a position to argue that the DMJM’s group

premiums on behalf of Townsend are the proper measure of damages. First, the

record citations relied upon by DMJM for that amount pertain to Townsend’s

premiums had he been able to convert to an individual policy, not what the

company would have paid. While we recognize that the additional amount

payable by an employee in procuring substitute coverage may in some cases be a

proper measure of damages, that is not the argument made here and DMJM takes

the position on appeal that as a factual matter, perhaps because of actions by

DMJM, Townsend’s policy was not convertible to an individual policy. Aplt. Br.

at 43 n.4. Regardless, merely awarding Townsend the premiums DMJM would

have paid for this policy would not make him whole because he was unable to

obtain replacement coverage.

C. Townsend’s Cross Appeal

1. Front Pay Damages

        Townsend argues that the district court erred in refusing to either award

front pay damages or in not allowing the jury to hear evidence on the issue. At a

bench conference during the testimony of Townsend’s damages expert, the court

said:

        Even on a contract claim, though, the question of front pay or
        reinstatement is for the Court, not for the jury. So I think we’re

                                          - 20 -
      really going to have to do it up to the day of trial as to back pay and
      then leave it to my decision to decide on whether he’s to be
      reinstated, which I certainly could order, if defendant – if plaintiff is
      successful, or if there is going to be front pay.

Aplt. App. at 784. Thereafter, the court said “I think we can probably tell the jury

what we’re doing. As a matter of law, I’ve asked the attorneys to have the

witness figure damages up to the day of trial because front pay, if any, is for the

Court, not for the jury, to decide.” Aplt. App. at 786.

      Despite these comments, the court correctly instructed that “To the extent

that actual damages have been proved by the evidence, you shall award as his

actual damages the amount of earnings and benefits Townsend would have

received under the terms of the contract during the full term of the contract . . . .”

Aplt. App. at 1261. It allowed the jury to award damages to Townsend for any

losses he would have suffered as a result of the breach, including those from the

date of the trial until his 65th birthday. The jury had sufficient information to

make these calculations, because Townsend’s damages expert testified as to the

value of one month’s lost wages, and he gave the jury the date on which

Townsend would turn 65.

      Townsend argues that the jury would have felt constrained from awarding

these damages given the court’s earlier remarks and the evidentiary presentation

resulting from those remarks. The court’s explanation to the jury following the

bench conference never defined “front pay” and never specifically stated that the

                                         - 21 -
explanation referred to contract damages. Indeed, the statement was correct as it

related to Townsend’s ADA claim, where front pay was an issue for the court to

decide. The court’s jury instruction on contract damages was the final word the

jury heard, and it provided the opportunity for the jury to award damages on the

full contract. The jury is presumed to follow the court’s instructions. See Mason

v. Oklahoma Turnpike Auth., 115 F.3d 1442, 1456 (10th Cir. 1997); United States

v. Coleman, 7 F.3d 1500, 1506 (10th Cir. 1993). The jury also heard sufficient

evidence to do the calculations. Thus, the court’s statement about the calculation

of contract damages during the bench conference, while incorrect as a matter of

law, was harmless.

2. Emotional Distress

      Townsend argues that the district court erred when it refused to instruct the

jury that it could find damages for emotional distress on the breach of contract

claim. The court’s refusal to give a particular jury instruction is reviewed for an

abuse of discretion. See United States v. Lee, 54 F.3d 1534, 1536 (10th Cir.

1995) (citing United States v. Vasquez, 985 F.2d 491, 496 (10th Cir. 1993)).

Colorado courts do allow recovery for mental anguish arising from a breach of

contract where that breach is accompanied by willful or wanton conduct. See

Decker v. Browning-Ferris Indus., 931 P.2d 436, 448 (Colo. 1997); Trimble v.

                                        - 22 -
City & County of Denver, 697 P.2d 716, 731 (Colo. 1985). The court recognized

that this was a potential ground for recovery, but did not abuse its discretion in

refusing to so instruct the jury. Townsend’s requested jury instruction on mental

anguish damages did not indicate that DMJM’s behavior had to be willful and

wanton to justify the award. Aplee. App. at 118. The court properly declined to

give this instruction. Further, the court was justified in finding that Townsend

did not present sufficient evidence of “an intentional breach, involving willful,

wanton, or insulting conduct, and without any legal justification or excuse.”

Smith v. Hoyer, 697 P.2d 761, 764 (Colo. Ct. App. 1984). Given the reasonable

factual and legal dispute of whether a contract existed, the court could have found

that Townsend did not present sufficient evidence for the jury to find that

DMJM’s actions were based on “a wholly unreasonable interpretation” under the

circumstances. Van Steenhouse v. Jacor Broadcasting, 935 P.2d 49, 54 (Colo. Ct.

App. 1996), aff’d in part and rev’d in part on other grounds, 958 P.2d 464 (Colo.

1998).

3. Motion to Amend Complaint

         As acknowledged by Townsend, his claim that the court erred in denying

his motion to amend his complaint to add a claim of misrepresentation need not

be considered because we have rejected all of DMJM’s claims on appeal. See

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Aplee/Cross Aplt. Br. at 61.

4. Award of Sanctions

      As a sanction, the district court ordered Townsend to reimburse DMJM for

half of its attorney’s fees incurred in preparing a motion for sanctions – a total of

$1117.50. The court determined that Townsend failed to supplement his initial

disclosures as required under Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(e) by not disclosing the fact that

he had applied for Social Security Disability benefits in October 1997. Townsend

had been asked in his September 1997 deposition whether he had applied, and

truthfully answered no. In a January 1998 deposition, he indicated that he had

applied. Townsend’s attorneys did not withhold this information from DMJM,

because Townsend had not told them of his application. Nor did Townsend

understand that he needed to supplement his deposition answer, because he did

not believe the application to be relevant to any of his claims or DMJM’s

defenses. DMJM wanted to use his application for SSD benefits as evidence that

he was totally disabled and, thus, could not be a qualified individual for purposes

of his ADA claim. But, because his application was based on a “listed

impairment” (end stage renal disease), no determination about his ability to work

was made by the Social Security Administration before granting him benefits;

thus, his receipt of benefits was not relevant to his claim that he was a qualified

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individual.

      In ruling on the motion for sanctions, the district court relied in part on

Smith v. Blue Cross Blue Shield, 102 F.3d 1075 (10th Cir. 1996). The court

interpreted the case as holding that one receiving SSD benefits was estopped from

making an ADA claim. Though the question of judicial estoppel was not directly

addressed in Smith, it was directly addressed in Rascon v. U.S. West

Communications, Inc., 143 F.3d 1324, 1332 (10th Cir. 1998), a case decided after

the district court ruled on the motion for sanctions. Rascon clarified the Tenth

Circuit’s position that application for Social Security disability benefits would not

result in barring an ADA claim, though the application may be considered

relevant to determining whether the applicant was a “qualified individual.” Id.

Because of this intervening clarification in the law, the general lack of culpability

of Townsend and his attorneys, and the lack of harm to DMJM, the award of

sanctions should be vacated.

      The judgment on the jury’s verdict is AFFIRMED. The case is remanded

for the district court to vacate the sanctions order.

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