Court Opinion

ID: 9963613
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-25 21:01:30.706922+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:53.796218
License: Public Domain

This opinion is subject to administrative correction before final disposition.

                                   Before
                        HOLIFIELD, GROSS, and DALY
                          Appellate Military Judges

                           _________________________

                             UNITED STATES
                                 Appellee

                                         v.

                         Mohammad A. WADAA
                      Sergeant (E-5), U.S. Marine Corps
                                  Appellant

                               No. 2023000273

                           _________________________

                              Decided: 25 April 2024

      Appeal from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Trial Judiciary

                                Military Judges:
                               Matthew M. Harris

Sentence adjudged 27 July 2023 by a special court-martial convened at Marine
Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California, consisting of a military judge sitting
alone. Sentence in the Entry of Judgment: confinement for 11 months,
reduction to paygrade E-1, and a bad-conduct discharge. 1

                             For Appellant:
           Lieutenant Commander Matthew A. Kozyra, JAGC, USN

1 Appellant was credited with having served 72 days of pretrial confinement.
                   United States v. Wadaa, NMCCA No. 2023000273
                                 Opinion of the Court

   Judge GROSS delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Chief Judge
   HOLIFIELD and Judge DALY joined.

                               _________________________

                        PUBLISHED OPINION OF THE COURT

                               _________________________

GROSS, Judge:
    A special court-martial consisting of military judge alone convicted Appellant,
consistent with his pleas, of two specifications of violating a lawful general order, in
violation of Article 92, Uniform Code of Military Justice [UCMJ]. 2
   Although Appellant submitted his case on the merits without assignment of error,
we note that the Entry of Judgment [EOJ] in this case does not comply with Rule for
Courts-Martial [R.C.M.] 1111(b)(1)(A) because it does not adequately summarize each
specification of the charge. Although we find no prejudicial error, we take this
opportunity to define what is required in an EOJ to provide guidance to the trial
judiciary on an issue that all too frequently requires correction on appeal. We
therefore take action in our decretal paragraph. In accordance with R.C.M. 1111(c)(2),
we modify the EOJ and direct that it be included in the record.

                                   I. BACKGROUND

    Appellant was charged with two specifications of violating a lawful general order.
The first specification alleged that Appellant violated chapter 1, paragraph 4 of
Marine Corps Order 5354.1F dated 20 April 2021 by knowingly and wrongfully
advocating supremacist, extremist, ideology or causes. The second specification
alleged that Appellant violated paragraph 4(a) of Marine Corps Bulletin 1020 dated
29 October 2021, by wrongfully having extremist tattoos. Appellant entered into a
plea agreement with the convening authority [CA] and in exchange for the CA
referring the charge and its specifications to a special court-martial, Appellant
pleaded guilty as charged.
    On 3 October 2023, the military judge signed the EOJ, and reflected the findings
as follows:
   Charge: Violation of the UCMJ, Article 92.
   Plea: Guilty         Finding: Guilty

   2 10 U.S.C. § 892.

                                             2
                   United States v. Wadaa, NMCCA No. 2023000273
                                 Opinion of the Court

   Specification 1: Violation of a lawful general order – standards of conduct
   Plea: Guilty        Finding: Guilty
   Specification 2: Violation of a lawful general order – physical appearance
   Plea: Guilty        Finding: Guilty
   The Entry of Judgment then listed the sentence, including the segmented
sentence, the limitations on sentence in the plea agreement, the action by the CA
purporting to “approve[] [the sentence] as adjudged” 3 and the pretrial confinement
credit ordered.

                                      II. DISCUSSION

    An appellant is entitled to have a record of trial that is accurate and complete. 4
Whether a record of trial is accurate and complete is a question we review de novo. 5
In promulgating R.C.M. 1111(b), the President set forth the baseline for what an EOJ
must include, which includes “a summary of each charge and specification.” While
R.C.M. 1111(b)(3) gives authority to the Secretary concerned to require additional
information in the entry of judgment, the Secretary of the Navy has only stated in
relevant part that EOJ “must include all items listed in R.C.M. 1111(b).” 6
    We must therefore determine whether the EOJ in this case, specifically the listing
of the charge and specifications by the military judge complies with Article 60c, UCMJ
and R.C.M. 1111. We start with the plain reading of the statute, noting that statutory
interpretation starts, and often ends with the plain language of the statute or
regulation in question. Here, Article 60c is silent as to the requirements of the exact
contents of an EOJ, and instead leaves that determination for the President. The
President did so in enacting R.C.M. 1111 and required a “summary of each charge and
specification.” It is the term “summary of each charge and specification” that and has
caused the issue here. Nowhere in the UCMJ or Manual for Courts-Martial is the term
“summary of each charge and specification” defined. Because the term “summary of

    3 The CA’s action purported to approve the sentence as adjudged. We remind staff judge

advocates of the major changes to the UCMJ on the authority of convening authorities to act
on the findings and sentences in courts-martial. We note that in cases like this one, where the
convening authority does not take any action authorized to reduce a sentence or set aside
findings, the appropriate language is for the convening authority to take “no action” on the
findings or sentence. See R.C.M. 1110.
   4 United States v. Crumpley, 49 M.J. 538 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 1998).

   5 Id.

   6 Manual of the Judge Advocate General, Judge Advocate General Instruction 5700.7G

(JAGMAN) §0156 (1 December 2023).

                                                3
                    United States v. Wadaa, NMCCA No. 2023000273
                                  Opinion of the Court

each charge and specification” remains to some extent vague, we may next look to the
legislative history to see if we can divine the legislative (or in this case regulatory)
intent behind the enactment of Article 60c and implementation in R.C.M. 1111.
    Article 60c is a relatively new provision in the UCMJ and arises from the seismic
shift in military justice practice that was borne out of the Military Justice Act in
National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) of 2016 (MJA 16). Most of the
amendments to the UCMJ contained within MJA 16 originated with the Military
Justice Review Group. 7 Based on this Court’s experience with numerous EOJs since
the enactment of MJA 16, we note that there has been inconsistent documentation in
Block 11 of the standardized EOJ Form. 8 Accordingly, we take the opportunity to set
forth the sufficiently required standard within the Department of the Navy of what
constitutes a “summary of each charge and specification” in an EOJ.
    The concern of the MJRG in amending former Article 60 was to clarify and
streamline the statutes governing post-trial processing of courts-martial. 9 The
purpose of the entry of judgment is to terminate the court-martial at the trial level. 10
However, even though the MJRG recommended mandating an EOJ for every case, it
too lacks sufficient clarity of what must be included in the EOJ other than stating
that it should include “the findings and sentence, and would incorporate any relevant
terms of a plea agreement.” 11 However, the MJRG report explains the origin of the
concept of the EOJ, that the “ requirement for an entry of judgment is modeled after
Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(k).” 12
    Unfortunately, Rule 32(k) only states, “[i]n the judgment of conviction, the court
must set forth the plea, the jury verdict or the court’s findings, the adjudication, and
the sentence. If the defendant is found not guilty or is otherwise entitled to be
discharged, the court must so order. The judge must sign the judgment, and the clerk
must enter it.” While Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(k) lacks specific direction for what must be
included in an EOJ, reference to how Federal district courts have implemented this
rule finally brings some clarity to the matter.

   7 United States v. Hirst, No. 202300208, __ M.J. ___, 2024 CCA LEXIS 134, at *2-3 (N-M

Ct. Crim. App. Apr. 9, 2024) (Order).
   8  Block 11 of the standardized EOJ Form is entitled: “Findings of each charge and
specification referred to trial.”
   9 Dep't of Defense, Report of the Military Justice Review Group 560 (2015) (hereinafter

MJRG Report).
   10 MJRG Report at 563.

   11 Id.

   12 Id. at 575.

                                             4
                  United States v. Wadaa, NMCCA No. 2023000273
                                Opinion of the Court

     The United States Federal Court system publishes model forms for pleadings,
filings, and judgments on its website for use by the judiciary and practitioners. In U.S.
Courts form AO 245B (Rev. 09/19) Judgment in a Criminal Case, the model EOJ
requires the following to be listed: Title & Section; Nature of Offense; Offense Ended;
and Count. 13 Drawing inspiration from this, we set forth the following requirements
for EOJs in a criminal case in order to properly set forth a summary of the charges
and specifications: 1) as already required, the Article of the UCMJ for each charge; 2)
for each specification any subsection if applicable (so for example, as here, violation of
a lawful general order); 3) the nature of the offense in the specification (in a case such
as this, that will include the identification of the lawful general order including the
paragraph of the order violated); and 4) the date of the offense.
    Each of these requirements fulfills the requirement of a “summary” without a
verbatim recitation of each specification. These requirements meet the minimum
requirements and identify with specificity the disposition of each of the charges and
specifications referred to trial. Specifying the lawful order and paragraph violated
ensures that an EOJ is not insufficiently vague, just as specifying the subsection of
the charged article identifies the gravamen of the offense. Here, the military judge’s
recitation of “standards of conduct” and “physical appearance” is so vague as to be
misleading as to the findings of the court and does not sufficiently capture the
gravamen of the Appellant’s actions. 14
   Similarly, requiring the date of the offense in the EOJ will serve numerous
benefits including signaling potential issues of statute of limitations, double jeopardy,
and jurisdiction for reviewing authorities without in-depth resort to the record.
Uniformity of practice will also ensure that each convicted service member has records
that do not vary depending solely on the individual practices of trial judges.

                                   III. CONCLUSION

    After careful consideration of the record, and Appellant not having challenged the
factual sufficiency of the evidence, we have determined that the findings are correct
in law, the sentence is correct in law and fact, and that no error materially prejudicial
to Appellant’s substantial rights occurred. 15

   13Available      at     https://www.uscourts.gov/forms/criminal-judgment-forms/judgment-
criminal-case last visited 22 April 2024.
   14 We note that the Judge Advocate General in Dep’t of the Navy, Judge Advocate General

Inst. 5814.1D, Post-Trial Processing, [JAGINST 5814.1D], uses the word “gravamen” as the
minimum requirement within an EOJ for purposes of explaining and defining the findings for
each charge and specification. See Enclosure 6 to JAGINST 5814.1D.
   15 Articles 59 & 66, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859, 866.

                                               5
                  United States v. Wadaa, NMCCA No. 2023000273
                                Opinion of the Court

   The EOJ does not accurately reflect the disposition of the charges, in accordance
with R.C.M. 1111(c)(2), as it fails to reflect the gravamen of the listed offenses.
Therefore, we modify the Entry of Judgment and direct that it be included in the
record. 16 Although we find no prejudice from this error, Appellant is entitled to courts-
martial records that correctly reflect the content of his proceedings. 17
   The findings and sentence are AFFIRMED.

                                 FOR THE COURT:

                                 MARK K. JAMISON
                                 Clerk of Court

   16 Id.

   17 Crumpley, 49 M.J. at 539; United States v. Sutton, 81 M.J. 677 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App.

2021).

                                              6
                 United States v. Wadaa, NMCCA No. 2023000273
                           Modified Entry of Judgment

UNITED STATES                                      NMCCA NO. 20230273

       v.                                                ENTRY
                                                          OF
Mohammad A. WADAA                                      JUDGMENT
Sergeant (E-5)
U.S. Marine Corps                                  As Modified on Appeal
                     Accused
                                                        25 April 2024

   On 27 July 2023, the Accused was tried at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton,
California, by a special court-martial, consisting of a military judge sitting alone.
Military Judge Matthew M. Harris.

                                   FINDINGS

   The following are the Accused’s pleas and the Court’s findings to all offenses the
convening authority referred to trial:

Charge:       Violation of Article 92, Uniform Code of Military Justice,
              10 U.S.C. § 892.
               Plea: Guilty.
               Finding: Guilty.

   Specification 1: Violation of a lawful general order, Marine Corps
                    Order 5354.1F Chapter 1, Paragraph 4, knowingly
                    advocating supremacist, extremist, ideology or causes
                    from 5 October 2021 to 2 July 2022.
                       Plea: Guilty.
                       Finding: Guilty.

   Specification 2: Violation of a lawful general order, Marine Corps
                    Bulletin 1020 of 29 October 2021 Paragraph 4(a),
                    having extremist tattoos on 1 September 2022.
                       Plea: Guilty.
             United States v. Wadaa, NMCCA No. 2023000273
                       Modified Entry of Judgment

                  Finding: Guilty.

                              SENTENCE

On 27 July 2023, a military judge sentenced the Accused to the following:
  Reduction to pay grade E-1.
  Confinement
      For Specification 1 of the Charge:
         confinement for 11 months.
      For Specification 2 of the Charge:
         confinement for 4 months.
      The terms of confinement will run concurrently.
  Confinement for a total of 11 months.
  A bad-conduct discharge.
The Accused shall be credited with 72 days of pretrial confinement credit.

                           FOR THE COURT:

                           MARK K. JAMISON
                           Clerk of Court

                                       2