Court Opinion

ID: 4385754
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-04-10 17:00:17.574094+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:22:57.600716
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                               ________________

                                      No. 18-1115
                                   ________________

                       LIDIA ANTONIETA SACAIXOT-SACOR,

                                                                Petitioner
                                             v.

         ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                Respondent

                                   ________________

                          On Petition for Review of Order From
                        The Department of Homeland Security and
                      The Executive Office for Immigration Review
                              Agency No. A205-840-564
                       Immigration Judge: Kuyomars Q. Golparvar
                                   ________________

                       Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                  on October 5, 2018

               Before: SHWARTZ, SCIRICA and ROTH, Circuit Judges

                              (Opinion filed: April 10, 2019)

                                       OPINION ∗
                                   ________________

∗
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
ROTH, Circuit Judge:

       After Lidia Sacaixot-Sacor entered the United States for the second time without

being inspected, she was placed in removal proceedings. She then sought relief on the

grounds that she had a fear of persecution or torture if she returned to Guatamala, her

home country. After an asylum officer and an Immigration Judge (IJ) found that she had

no reasonable fear of persecution or torture, she petitioned for review and claims that the

IJ violated her due process rights and abused his discretion. For the following reasons,

we will deny the petition for review.

       Aliens who have previously been removed from the United States and unlawfully

reenter the country are subject to expedited removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(5).

Pursuant to this statute, the alien’s “prior order of removal is reinstated” and “the alien is

not eligible and may not apply for any relief under this chapter.” 1 Even though these

provisions state that aliens may not apply for any relief from reinstatement, Congress has

made exceptions to ensure compliance with the Convention Against Torture (CAT). 2

1
  8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(5). In order to reinstate a removal order, an immigration officer
must make three findings: “(1) the alien was subject to a prior order of removal; (2) the
alien is the same person as the one named in the prior order (i.e., confirmation of identity)
and; (3) the alien unlawfully reentered the country.” Ponta-Garcia v. Att’y Gen., 557
F.3d 158, 161 (3d Cir. 2009) (citing 8 C.F.R. § 241.8(a)(1)-(3)).
2
  See 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3); 8 C.F.R. §§ 1241.8(e), 1208.31(a); see also Bartolome v.
Sessions, 904 F.3d 803, 808 (9th Cir. 2018).
                                              2
Under the CAT, aliens who express a fear of persecution or torture in their country of

origin may seek relief from removal. 3 If the alien indicates such fear, she is given a

reasonable fear interview before an asylum officer. 4

       If the asylum officer finds that the alien has not established a reasonable fear of

persecution or torture, the alien can elect to have an IJ conduct a reasonable fear review

hearing at which the IJ reviews the asylum officer’s decision. 5 An Immigration Court

Practice Manual issued by the Office of the Chief Immigration Judge (OCIJ) provides

that “[e]vidence may be introduced at the discretion of the [IJ]” and notes that this

hearing “is not as comprehensive or in-depth as a withholding of removal hearing in

removal proceedings.” 6 If the IJ finds the asylum officer’s decision erroneous, the alien

may apply for relief. 7 If the IJ agrees with the decision, the case is referred to the

Department of Homeland Security (DHS) for removal. 8

3
  8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A) (“[T]he Attorney General may not remove an alien to a
country if the Attorney General decides that the alien’s life or freedom would be
threatened in that country because of the alien’s race, religion, nationality, membership in
a particular social group, or political opinion.”).
4
  8 C.F.R. § 1208.31(c).
5
  8 C.F.R. § 1208.31(f), (g).
6
  Immigration Court Practice Manual (ICPM) ch. 7.4(e)(iv)(E).
7
  8 C.F.R. § 1208.31(g)(2). The alien has no right to appeal to the Board of Immigration
Appeals, but rather, appeals directly to this Court. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.31(g)(1); 8 U.S.C. §
1252(a)(1).
8
  8 C.F.R. § 1208.31(g)(1).
                                               3
       Petitioner, Sacaixot-Sacor, is a citizen of Guatemala. She first entered the United

States without being inspected in early 2013. DHS placed her in removal proceedings,

and she was ordered removed on February 11, 2013. In June 2014, she reentered the

country without being inspected, and DHS promptly served her with a Notice of

Intent/Decision to Reinstate her prior removal order. Sacaixot-Sacor expressed fear of

persecution or torture if required to return to Guatemala, and she was placed in

reasonable fear proceedings.

       During Sacaixot-Sacor’s interview with the asylum officer, she testified that she

feared returning to Guatemala because she had been repeatedly threatened over the phone

by an anonymous man. She claimed he threatened to harm her and her children if she did

not give him money. These threats began in 2004, but stopped after she returned to

Guatemala in 2013. She reached out to the Guatemalan police for help, but they were

unable to assist. The asylum officer concluded that Sacaixot-Sacor failed to show a

reasonable possibility that she would be persecuted or tortured if she were to return to

Guatemala. Sacaixot-Sacor requested that an IJ review the officer’s negative

determination.

       On January 16, 2018, Sacaixot-Sacor appeared with counsel before an IJ. Counsel

submitted additional documents, and the IJ said he would review the documents. The IJ

asked Sacaixot-Sacor questions regarding her claim, and she confirmed that she feared

returning to Guatemala based on threats from an anonymous man. Then, the IJ asked Ms.

Sacaixot-Sacor’s attorney if there were any additional inquiries he would like the court to

                                             4
pursue. Counsel did not provide any specific questions that he wanted the IJ to ask and

proceeded to make a closing argument.

       The IJ affirmed the asylum officer’s determination on two grounds. First, he

found that the threatening calls did not rise to the level of persecution and second, that

Sacaixot-Sacor did not establish that the alleged persecution was connected to a particular

social group (PSG). The IJ stated that he reviewed the additional documents counsel

submitted.
                                              9

       Aliens are entitled to due process of law under the Fifth Amendment. 10 To show a

procedural due process violation, a petitioner must show “(1) that he was prevented from

reasonably presenting his case and (2) that substantial prejudice resulted.” 11

       Petitioner does not contest the reinstatement of her removal order. She also does

not argue that the statutes and regulations governing reinstatement or reasonable fear

proceedings are facially unconstitutional 12 or that the IJ failed to comply with these

statutes and regulations. Rather, she argues the process she received during her

9
  We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a). “[W]e exercise plenary review over
legal determinations, including whether a petitioner’s due process rights have been
violated.” Serrano-Alberto v. Att’y Gen., 859 F.3d 208, 213 (3d Cir. 2017). We have not
determined the standard of review for negative reasonable fear review determinations.
See Section IV.
10
   See Serrano-Alberto, 859 F.3d at 213.
11
   Fadiga v. Att’y Gen., 488 F.3d 142, 155 (3d Cir. 2007).
12
   We have already found that the reinstatement regulation comports with the
requirements of due process. See Ponta-Garcia, 557 F.3d at 162-63.
                                              5
reasonable fear review hearing violated her due process rights in three ways. First, she

claims that the IJ failed to review the additional documents submitted by counsel. This

argument fails. It is Petitioner’s burden to show that the IJ did not review the record, as

“[a]gency action is entitled to a presumption of regularity.” 13 The IJ stated on the record

that he did review the documents, and Petitioner has not met her burden to rebut the

presumption. Moreover, all of the additional documents are duplicative of the evidence

already before the IJ and thus could not have affected the outcome of the proceedings.

          Second, Petitioner argues that the IJ violated her due process rights because he did

not consider both of her proposed PSGs—members of the Sacaixot-Sacor family and

female heads of household who lack protective male figures. However, the IJ explicitly

stated that Petitioner’s fear of persecution was not based on any of the five protected

grounds and that the social group that had been articulated did not fall within the

definition of Matter of M-E-V-G, 14 or meet the three prongs required to qualify as a PSG,

or that her family relationship was the main cause of the persecution. Moreover, the IJ’s

decision did not hinge on the absence of a PSG, as he also found that her claim failed

because the harm alleged did not meet the standard for persecution.

          Third, Petitioner contends her due process rights were violated because the IJ did

not ask questions on directly related and pertinent topics raised by counsel. However,

13
     Kamara v. Att’y Gen., 420 F.3d 202, 212 (3d Cir. 2005).
14
     26 I&N Dec. 227 (BIA 2014).
                                                6
neither the regulations nor any agency guidance require the IJ to pursue all lines of

inquiry requested by counsel. Indeed, the IJ solicited a significant amount of testimony

from Petitioner and allowed counsel to make a closing argument, which is more than

required in this expedited hearing. 15 Moreover, the additional “lines of inquiry” counsel

requested were related to her proposed PSGs, and, as noted above, the IJ’s decision did

not depend on such a determination.

       We conclude that, having received an interview before the asylum officer, a

review by an IJ, and opportunities to offer testimony and evidence, Petitioner’s due

process rights were not violated.

       Petitioner also argues that the IJ abused his discretion. This claim seems to be a

thinly-veiled refashioning of her due process arguments because she does not challenge

the substance of the IJ’s findings but rather the way in which the IJ conducted the

hearing. As such, this claim fails for the same reasons as her due process claim.

       This Court has not determined the applicable standard of review of an IJ’s

reasonable fear determinations. Petitioner argues that an abuse of discretion standard

should apply, and the United States contends that a facially legitimate and bona fide

15
  OCIJ, Exec. Office for Immigration Review, Operating Policies and Procedures Mem.
(OCIJ Memo) No. 97-3 at 10 n.10 (explaining that counsel is not entitled to make a
closing argument or call, question, or cross examine witnesses).
                                             7
reason standard applies. We need not make a determination regarding the proper

standard today because Petitioner’s claim fails under the more rigorous standard.

       Petitioner contends that the IJ made an arbitrary, irrational, or capricious decision

because he failed to consider an additional PSG, additional oral testimony, and additional

evidence. But these arguments are not supported by the record. There is no indication

that the IJ abused his discretion.

       For the reasons stated herein, we will deny the petition for review.

                                              8