Court Opinion

ID: 4295630
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-07-19 07:21:57.337629+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:40:32.564375
License: Public Domain

Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                           Lansing, Michigan

Syllabus
                                                                Chief Justice:       Justices:
                                                                Stephen J. Markman   Brian K. Zahra
                                                                                     Bridget M. McCormack
                                                                                     David F. Viviano
                                                                                     Richard H. Bernstein
                                                                                     Kurtis T. Wilder
                                                                                     Elizabeth T. Clement
This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been           Reporter of Decisions:
prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.             Kathryn L. Loomis

            SOUTH DEARBORN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION, INC v
                       DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

             Docket Nos. 154524 and 154526. Argued on application for leave to appeal March 6,
       2018. Decided July 17, 2018.

               South Dearborn Environmental Improvement Association, Inc. (South Dearborn) and
       several other environmental groups petitioned the Wayne Circuit Court for judicial review of a
       decision of the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) to issue a permit to install (PTI) for
       an existing source under the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA),
       MCL 324.101 et seq. In 2006, the DEQ issued Severstal Dearborn, LLC (Severstal) a PTI that
       authorized the rebuilding of a blast furnace and the installation of three air pollution control
       devices at Severstal’s steel mill. In the years that followed, the permit was revised twice; each
       successive permit modified and replaced the preceding permit. Emissions testing performed in
       2008 and 2009 revealed that several emission sources at the steel mill exceeded the level
       permitted. The DEQ sent Severstal a notice of violation, and after extended negotiations, they
       entered into an agreement, pursuant to which Severstal submitted an application for PTI 182-
       05C, the PTI at issue in this case. The DEQ issued the permit on May 12, 2014, stating that the
       purpose of PTI 182-05C was to correct inaccurate assumptions about preexisting and projected
       emissions and to reallocate emissions among certain pollution sources covered by the PTI. On
       July 10, 2014, 59 days after PTI 182-05C was issued, South Dearborn and several other
       environmental groups appealed the DEQ’s decision in the circuit court. AK Steel Corporation
       (AK Steel) purchased the steel mill a short time later and moved to dismiss the action, arguing
       that the circuit court lacked jurisdiction over the appeal because South Dearborn’s petition was
       untimely filed. According to AK Steel, South Dearborn’s right to appeal a PTI for an existing
       source was based in MCL 600.631 of the Revised Judicature Act, MCL 600.101 et seq., and
       therefore the period in which to file an appeal was governed by MCR 7.123(B)(1) and MCR
       7.104(A), which require that an appeal be filed within 21 days after the issuance of the permit.
       The court, Daniel A. Hathaway, J., denied AK Steel’s motion to dismiss, holding that South
       Dearborn’s petition for judicial review was timely filed because MCL 324.5506(14) governed
       the PTI appealed in this case and, therefore, South Dearborn had 90 days to file the petition. AK
       Steel appealed in the Court of Appeals, and the Court of Appeals, RIORDAN P.J., and SAAD and
       M. J. KELLY, JJ., affirmed the result but on different grounds, holding that the appeals period
       outlined in MCL 324.5506(14) applies only to operating permits and that MCL 600.631 and
       MCR 7.119 governed this appeal because, in its view, the contested-case provisions of the
       Administrative Procedures Act (APA), MCL 24.201 et seq., applied to the permitting decision
pursuant to MCL 24.291(1). Accordingly, the Court of Appeals held that the petition was timely
because it was filed within the 60-day period provided by MCR 7.119 and MCR 7.104(A). 316
Mich App 265 (2016). AK Steel sought leave to appeal in the Supreme Court, and the DEQ filed
a separate application raising nearly identical arguments. The Supreme Court consolidated the
applications and scheduled oral argument on whether to grant the applications or take other
action. 500 Mich 966 (2017).

     In an opinion by Justice BERNSTEIN, joined by Justices MCCORMACK, VIVIANO, and
CLEMENT, the Supreme Court, in lieu of granting leave to appeal, held:

         The final sentence of MCL 324.5505(8) recognizes the right to judicial review of the
issuance or denial of a permit to install for an existing source in accordance with MCL 600.631
and provides that an appeal of such a permit action is governed by MCL 324.5506(14). MCL
324.5506(14) provides 90 days to seek judicial review of a decision to issue or deny a permit to
install for an existing source. A petition for judicial review of the issuance or denial of any of
the types of permits for an existing source that are governed by MCL 324.5505 and MCL
324.5506 must be filed within 90 days of the DEQ’s final permit action. Accordingly, the trial
court correctly denied AK Steel’s motion to dismiss because the petition for judicial review was
timely filed. Given that decision, Part III(B) of the Court of Appeals opinion was vacated as
moot.

        1. The final sentence of MCL 324.5505(8) provides that appeals of permit actions for
existing sources are subject to MCL 324.5506(14). The plain language of this sentence indicates
that a court must turn to MCL 324.5506(14) for the rules governing appeals of permit actions for
an existing source, including appeals in the circuit court in accordance with MCL 600.631. The
last sentence of MCL 324.5505(8) does not merely notify the reader of the contents of MCL
324.5506(14); reading the last sentence as a mere descriptor of the contents of MCL
324.5506(14) would strip it of any independent meaning or legal purpose. Rather, by saying that
appeals of permit actions for existing sources are “subject to” MCL 324.5506(14), the last
sentence of MCL 324.5505(8) instructs the reader that a right to appeal certain permit actions for
an existing source, including a right to appeal in the circuit court in accordance with MCL
600.631, exists and is subject to MCL 324.5506(14). By using the phrase “subject to” in MCL
324.5505(8), the Legislature indicated its intent that MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14)
be read together, not in isolation. Reading MCL 324.5505(8) as working with MCL
324.5506(14) gives the full text of both statutes independent meaning and avoids reducing the
final sentence of MCL 324.5505(8) to a mere descriptor of the next section. Additionally, the
general reference to “permit actions” in the final sentence of MCL 324.5505(8), rather than a
reference to a specific type of permit, indicates that appeals of all three permit types listed in the
first sentence of MCL 324.5505(8) are contemplated. Accordingly, appeals of permit actions
that are subject to MCL 324.5506(14) include, at a minimum, appeals of the issuance or denial of
a permit to install, a general permit, or a permit to operate for an existing source.

        2. The fourth sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) provides that a petition for judicial review
is the exclusive means of obtaining judicial review of a permit and shall be filed within 90 days
after the final permit action. The term “a permit” does not only refer to the operating permits
described in the immediately preceding sentence of MCL 324.5506(14), which provides, in
pertinent part, that any person may appeal the issuance or denial of an operating permit in
accordance with MCL 600.631. Rather, MCL 324.5506(14) must be read together with MCL
324.5505(8), and the cross-reference in MCL 324.5505(8) to MCL 324.5506(14) demonstrates
that appeals of the issuance or denial of a permit are subject to MCL 324.5506(14) when the
permit is for an existing source. Furthermore, the presence of the indefinite article “a” preceding
the word “permit” in MCL 324.5506(14) suggests that the statute refers to more than one type of
permit. Had the Legislature intended the fourth sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) to refer only to
operating permits, then it would have used that specific term, or another restrictive term, rather
than the general phrase “a permit.” Four permit types are mentioned by name in MCL
324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14), which indicates that the Legislature knew how to be
specific when it so intended. Moreover, when the Legislature wanted to use “permit” to refer to
a particular previously referenced permit, it used more restrictive language; for instance, the first
sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) lists three types of permits that an owner or operator of an
emission source might possess and instructs how “such a permit” and “his or her permit” may be
reviewed when referring back to those specific permits. Because the fourth sentence of MCL
324.5506(14) refers to “a permit,” this nonrestrictive language refers to any of the four types of
permits mentioned in MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14). Accordingly, a petition for
judicial review of the issuance or denial of any of the four types of permits for an existing source
that are governed by MCL 324.5505 and MCL 324.5506—one of which is a permit to install—
must be filed within 90 days of the DEQ’s final permit action. In this case, South Dearborn’s
petition for judicial review was timely filed within the 90-day window because South Dearborn
filed the petition 59 days after the permit was issued.

        3. The conclusion that the fourth sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) applies to any of the
four permits for existing sources that are governed by MCL 324.5505 and MCL 324.5506 does
not render other avenues for appeal superfluous. First, no internal conflict was created within
MCL 324.5506(14). The first sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) addresses a discrete group of
persons who might challenge a permit action—a person who owns or operates an existing
source—and also provides them a right to contest various types of permit actions, not merely the
issuance or denial of a permit. The second sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) states that owners or
operators may file a petition for administrative review of the previously listed permit actions
pursuant to the contested-case and judicial-review procedures of the Administrative Procedures
Act. Therefore, the first two sentences of MCL 324.5506(14) exclusively concern the rights of
owners and operators of an existing source to seek administrative review of specific permit
actions, which is a legally distinct avenue of potential relief from judicial review. The third
sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) states that any person may appeal the issuance or denial of an
operating permit in accordance with MCL 600.631, which means that non-owners and non-
operators also have a right to judicial review of the issuance or denial of operating permits, even
if they possess no right to administrative review. Accordingly, the first three sentences of MCL
324.5506(14) each have an independent legal purpose that is unaffected by the conclusion that
the fourth sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) applies to any of the four permits for existing sources
that are governed by MCL 324.5505 and MCL 324.5506. Second, there was no conflict with the
right to appeal the issuance or denial of a permit to install for a new source pursuant to MCL
324.5505(8). The first two sentences of MCL 324.5505(8) govern only the appeal of permit
actions for specific permits—and only when the permit is for a new source. The fourth sentence
of MCL 324.5506(14) applies to judicial review of permits for an existing source, including
issuance or denial of an operating permit, which is not addressed in MCL 324.5505(8). Finally,
the Court of Appeals misconstrued the surplusage canon. The surplusage canon applies only
when a competing interpretation gives effect to every clause and word of a statute. There was no
such competing interpretation offered in this case.

       Affirmed in part for different reasons; Part III(B) of the Court of Appeals opinion
vacated; case remanded to the circuit court.

        Justice WILDER, joined by Chief Justice MARKMAN and Justice ZAHRA, dissenting, would
have affirmed the portion of the Court of Appeals opinion that held that MCL 324.5506(14)
describes only two different appeals and that the term “a permit” does not refer to a third class of
appellant who may appeal any type of permit. Reading MCL 324.5506(14) as a whole, sentence
four’s placement immediately after the sentence recognizing judicial review of an operating
permit provided a highly relevant context for interpreting the statute, and therefore the more
reasonable interpretation of sentence four was that “a permit” refers to the term “operating
permit” used in the immediately preceding sentence, rather than to a PTI, a type of permit that is
not mentioned anywhere in MCL 324.5506. The majority’s interpretation renders nugatory both
MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14); the Legislature differentiated between new and
existing sources and the identity of the challenger, and permitting any party to seek judicial
review of any permit under sentence four of MCL 324.5506(14) renders these distinctions
meaningless. Justice WILDER also would have reversed the holding in Part III(B) of the Court of
Appeals opinion that MCR 7.119 governs, because the APA does not apply under these facts.
MCL 24.291(1) states, in pertinent part, that when licensing is required to be preceded by notice
and an opportunity for hearing, the provisions of the APA governing a contested case apply, and
MCL 24.203(3) defines “contested case,” in pertinent part, as a proceeding, including licensing,
in which a determination of the legal rights, duties, or privileges of a named party is required by
law to be made by an agency after an opportunity for an evidentiary hearing. Therefore, the
correct interpretation of these provisions requires an evidentiary hearing before a contested case
in order for the APA to apply. Because that did not happen in this case, Justice WILDER would
have held that the APA did not apply. Finally, Justice WILDER would have concluded that
because the APA was not applicable, the provisions of the Revised Judicature Act, MCL 600.101
et seq., for judicial review applied. Therefore, MCR 7.123, the catch-all rule for appeals of
agency decisions not governed by another rule, applied in this case, and MCR 7.123 provided 21
days for petitioners to challenge the DEQ’s decision to issue the PTI. Because petitioners’
challenge came 59 days after that decision, Justice WILDER would have held that the challenge
was not timely.

                                    ©2018 State of Michigan
                                                          Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                Lansing, Michigan

OPINION
                                        Chief Justice:         Justices:
                                        Stephen J. Markman     Brian K. Zahra
                                                               Bridget M. McCormack
                                                               David F. Viviano
                                                               Richard H. Bernstein
                                                               Kurtis T. Wilder
                                                               Elizabeth T. Clement

                                                         FILED July 17, 2018

                       STATE OF MICHIGAN

                             SUPREME COURT

SOUTH DEARBORN ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION, INC.,
DETROITERS WORKING FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE, ORIGINAL
UNITED CITIZENS OF SOUTHWEST
DETROIT, and SIERRA CLUB,

         Petitioners-Appellees,

v                                                 No. 154524

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY and DAN WYANT,

         Respondents-Appellants,

and

AK STEEL CORPORATION,

         Appellee.
SOUTH DEARBORN ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION, INC.,
DETROITERS WORKING FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE, ORIGINAL
UNITED CITIZENS OF SOUTHWEST
DETROIT, and SIERRA CLUB,

             Petitioners-Appellees,

v                                                           No. 154526

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY and DAN WYANT,

             Respondents-Appellees,

and

AK STEEL CORPORATION,

             Appellant.

BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH

BERNSTEIN, J.
      In this case, we consider how long an interested party has to file a petition for

judicial review of a Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) decision to

issue a permit for an existing source of air pollution. We hold that MCL 324.5505(8) and

MCL 324.5506(14) provide that such a petition must be filed within 90 days of the

DEQ’s final permit action.     Therefore, the circuit court correctly denied AK Steel

Corporation’s (AK Steel’s) motion to dismiss pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(1) because the

petition for judicial review was timely filed 59 days after the final permit action in this

                                            2
case. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals in part, albeit for

different reasons, and remand this case to the circuit court for further proceedings.1

                       I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       AK Steel operates a steel mill within the Ford Rouge Manufacturing complex in

Dearborn, Michigan. Before being acquired by AK Steel in 2014, the steel mill was

operated by Severstal Dearborn, LLC (Severstal).          The steel mill is subject to air

pollution control and permitting requirements under the federal Clean Air Act,2 42 USC

7401 et seq., and the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA),

MCL 324.101 et seq. In order to comply with the Clean Air Act, Part 55 of the NREPA

requires the DEQ to promulgate rules to establish a permit-to-install program, MCL

324.5505(2), and an operating-permit program, MCL 324.5506(4).

       In 2006, the DEQ issued Severstal a permit to install3 titled “PTI 182-05,” which

authorized the rebuilding of a blast furnace and the installation of three air pollution

1
 Our conclusion that MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14) provide 90 days to file a
petition in this case makes it unnecessary to consider the applicability of the contested-
case provision of the Administrative Procedures Act, MCL 24.201 et seq., an issue
considered by the Court of Appeals. Therefore, we vacate Part III(B) of the Court of
Appeals’ analysis of that issue as moot.
2
 The Clean Air Act requires states to regulate air pollution emissions within their borders
and abide by certain regulatory requirements in doing so. 42 USC 7407. Relevant to this
appeal, states must create programs requiring that certain producers of air pollution
obtain permits authorizing their conduct. 42 USC 7661a.
3
 The NREPA states that “a person shall not install, construct, reconstruct, relocate, alter,
or modify any process or process equipment without first obtaining from the [DEQ] a
permit to install . . . authorizing the conduct or activity.” MCL 324.5505(1). The DEQ
defines a “permit to install” as “a permit issued by the department authorizing the
construction, installation, relocation, or alteration of any process, fuel-burning, refuse-

                                             3
control devices at Severstal’s steel mill. In the years that followed, the permit was

revised twice, first in 2006 (PTI 182-05A) and again in 2007 (PTI 182-05B). Each

successive permit modified and replaced the preceding permit.

       Emissions testing performed in 2008 and 2009 revealed that several emission

sources at the steel mill exceeded the level permitted by PTI 182-05B. The DEQ sent

Severstal a notice of violation, and after extended negotiations, they entered into an

agreement, pursuant to which Severstal submitted an application for PTI 182-05C. The

DEQ issued the permit on May 12, 2014, after a period of public comment and a public

hearing as prescribed by the NREPA, MCL 324.5511(3). The DEQ stated that the

purpose of PTI 182-05C was to correct inaccurate assumptions about pre-existing and

projected emissions and to reallocate emissions among certain pollution sources covered

by the permit to install.

       On July 10, 2014, 59 days after PTI 182-05C was issued, appellee South Dearborn

Environmental Improvement Association, Inc. (South Dearborn)4 and a number of other

environmental groups appealed the DEQ’s decision by filing a petition for judicial review

in the Wayne Circuit Court.5

burning, or control equipment in accordance with approved plans and specifications.”
Mich Admin Code, R 336.1116(f).
4
 South Dearborn is the only named appellee that has participated in the appeal in this
Court, and therefore, this opinion only addresses appellees’ arguments as presented by
South Dearborn.
5
  We note that South Dearborn substantively challenged the issuance of the permit to
install on the grounds that the DEQ does not have statutory authority to reallocate
emission limitations and levels among various sources by issuing a revised permit to

                                           4
       AK Steel purchased the steel mill a short time later and filed a motion to dismiss

pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(1), arguing that South Dearborn’s petition was untimely filed

and thus the circuit court lacked jurisdiction over the case.6 According to AK Steel,

while MCL 324.5505(8)7 and MCL 324.5506(14)8 provide a right to appeal the issuance

or denial of an operating permit9 and a permit to install for a new source, and state when

install. We need not reach the merits of this argument because the sole matter before this
Court is whether the petition for judicial review was timely filed.
6
  We note that AK Steel’s motion was filed pursuant to the wrong court rule. Subchapter
7.100 of the court rules governs circuit court appeals from an agency’s decisions. MCR
7.110 states that “[m]otion practice in a circuit court appeal is governed by MCR 2.119”
and may include “special motions identified in MCR 7.211(C).” Neither Subchapter
7.100 nor MCR 2.119 provides a party with the authority to file a motion pursuant to
MCR 2.116 in a circuit court appeal. Rather, because MCR 7.104(A) states that “[t]he
time limit for an appeal of right is jurisdictional,” AK Steel’s motion to dismiss should
have instead been filed pursuant to MCR 7.211(C)(2)(a), which states: “An appellee may
file a motion to dismiss an appeal . . . on the ground that the appeal is not within the
[circuit court’s appellate] jurisdiction[.]”
7
  “Any person may appeal the issuance or denial by the department of a permit to
install . . . for a new source in accordance with . . . [MCL 600.631]. Petitions for review
shall be the exclusive means to obtain judicial review of such a permit and shall be filed
within 90 days after the final permit action . . . . Appeals of permit actions for existing
sources are subject to section 5506(14).” MCL 324.5505(8).
8
  “A person who owns or operates an existing source that is required to obtain an
operating permit under this section . . . may file a petition with the department for review
of [specifically listed permit actions]. This review shall be conducted pursuant to the
contested case and judicial review procedures of . . . [MCL] 24.201 to [MCL]
24.328 . . . . Any person may appeal the issuance or denial of an operating permit in
accordance with . . . [MCL 600.631]. A petition for judicial review is the exclusive
means of obtaining judicial review of a permit and shall be filed within 90 days after the
final permit action.” MCL 324.5506(14).
9
  While an operating permit is not expressly defined, it generally allows the DEQ to
engage in ongoing monitoring of emissions from a source of air pollution. If an operating

                                             5
such appeals must be filed, neither statute applies to a permit to install for an existing

source.10 Instead, AK Steel argued that South Dearborn’s right to appeal a permit to

install for an existing source is based in MCL 600.631 of the Revised Judicature Act,

MCL 600.101 et seq., and that the period in which to file an appeal is thus governed by

MCR 7.123(B)(1) and MCR 7.104(A). AK Steel claimed that South Dearborn’s appeal

was untimely because it was not filed within 21 days, as required by those court rules.

       The circuit court disagreed. The court noted that MCL 324.5506(14) states, “A

petition for judicial review is the exclusive means of obtaining judicial review of a permit

and shall be filed within 90 days after the final permit action.” Relying heavily on the

Legislature’s use of an indefinite article, the circuit court found that the phrase “a permit”

in MCL 324.5506(14) included the permit to install appealed in this case. Therefore,

South Dearborn had 90 days from the date that the fourth successive permit was issued to

file a petition for judicial review.     Accordingly, the circuit court held that South

Dearborn’s petition was timely filed and denied AK Steel’s motion to dismiss.

       AK Steel appealed in the Court of Appeals, which affirmed the result, but on

different grounds. In the Court of Appeals’ view, “[t]he circuit court erred by ignoring

the plain context of [MCL 324.5506(14)] and placing far too much importance on the

permit is required for a source of emissions by the Clean Air Act, then a person may not
operate that source without applying for and complying with an operating permit issued
by the DEQ. See MCL 324.5506(1).
10
  The parties do not dispute that the contested permit was issued for an existing source as
the term is used in the NREPA. Therefore, it is unnecessary to address any distinctions
between a new and existing source.

                                              6
Legislature’s use of the indefinite article ‘a.’ ”         South Dearborn Environmental

Improvement Ass’n, Inc v Dep’t of Environmental Quality, 316 Mich App 265, 273; 891

NW2d 233 (2016) (SDEIA). Rejecting the circuit court’s reasoning, the Court of Appeals

held that the appeals period outlined in MCL 324.5506(14) applies only to operating

permits. Id. at 274. The Court of Appeals determined that MCL 600.631 and MCR

7.119 governed this appeal because, in its view, the contested-case provisions of the

Administrative Procedures Act, MCL 24.201 et seq., applied to the permitting decision

pursuant to MCL 24.291(1). Id. at 277. On this basis, the Court of Appeals held that the

petition was timely because it was filed within the 60-day period provided by MCR 7.119

and MCR 7.104(A). Id. at 277-278.

       AK Steel sought leave to appeal in this Court. The DEQ, participating for the first

time in these legal proceedings, filed a separate application raising nearly identical

arguments. This Court consolidated their applications for the purpose of appellate review

and scheduled oral argument on the applications.           South Dearborn Environmental

Improvement Ass’n, Inc v Dep’t of Environmental Quality, 500 Mich 966 (2017). Our

order instructed the parties to address, in substantive part:

       (1) whether MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14) prescribe the
       applicable time period for filing a petition for judicial review of the
       Department of Environmental Quality’s issuance of the permit that the
       petitioners are seeking to challenge, and (2) if not, whether the issuance of
       that permit was a decision of that agency subject to the contested case
       provisions of the Administrative Procedures Act, such that the time period
       for filing a petition for judicial review set forth in MCR 7.119(B)(1)
       applies, rather than the time period established by MCR 7.123(B)(1) and
       MCR 7.104(A). [Id.]

                                              7
                              II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       This Court reviews de novo the grant or denial of a motion to dismiss an appeal

for a lack of jurisdiction.11 Whether the circuit court has jurisdiction over this appeal is a

question of statutory interpretation that we also review de novo. People v Mazur, 497

Mich 302, 308; 872 NW2d 201 (2015).

       The principal goal of statutory interpretation is to give effect to the Legislature’s

intent, and the most reliable evidence of that intent is the plain language of the statute.

Id. When interpreting a statute, “ ‘we must give effect to every word, phrase, and clause

and avoid an interpretation that would render any part of the statute surplusage or

nugatory.’ ” People v Rea, 500 Mich 422, 428; 902 NW2d 362 (2017), quoting People v

Miller, 498 Mich 13, 25; 869 NW2d 204 (2015). Moreover, “[n]ontechnical words and

phrases” should be construed according to their plain meaning, taking into account the

context in which the words are used. Rea, 500 Mich at 428. “When a word or phrase is

not defined by the statute in question, it is appropriate to consult dictionary definitions to

determine [its] plain and ordinary meaning . . . .” Id.

11
   We review a trial court’s decision to grant or deny a motion for summary disposition
de novo. See Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 118; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). We also
review questions of law de novo. As we noted earlier, AK Steel should have filed its
motion pursuant to MCR 7.211(C)(2)(a). Such a motion is a motion to dismiss an
appeal, rather than a motion for summary disposition. However, “[m]otions to dismiss or
affirm or for peremptory reversal essentially are the appellate versions of a motion for
summary disposition. Motions to dismiss basically present jurisdictional arguments why
the court should not consider the appeal.” 6 Longhofer, Michigan Court Rules Practice,
Text (6th ed), § 7110.1, p 37. It follows that a motion to dismiss an appeal based on a
jurisdictional argument, which presents a purely legal issue, is analogous to a motion for
summary disposition and should also be reviewed de novo.

                                              8
         III. INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF MCL 324.5505(8)
                          AND MCL 324.5506(14)

      The focus of this appeal is on the interplay of MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL

324.5506(14). These subsections govern appeals of various DEQ permitting decisions

made pursuant to Part 55 of the NREPA. The critical dispute in this case is whether the

fourth sentence of MCL 324.5506(14)—“A petition for judicial review is the exclusive

means of obtaining judicial review of a permit and shall be filed within 90 days after the

final permit action”—applies to the issuance of a permit to install for an existing source.

The Court of Appeals held that this sentence applies only to operating permits. SDEIA,

316 Mich App at 272-273. We disagree and conclude that the Court of Appeals failed to

read MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14) together so as to “harmonize the[ir]

meaning, giving effect to the act as a whole.” G C Timmis & Co v Guardian Alarm Co,

468 Mich 416, 421; 662 NW2d 710 (2003) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

                                  A. MCL 324.5505(8)

      We begin our analysis with MCL 324.5505(8), which states:

              Any person may appeal the issuance or denial by the [DEQ] of a
      permit to install, a general permit, or a permit to operate authorized in rules
      promulgated under [MCL 324.5505(6)], for a new source in accordance
      with . . . MCL 600.631. . . . Petitions for review shall be the exclusive
      means to obtain judicial review of such a permit and shall be filed within 90
      days after the final permit action, except that a petition may be filed after
      that deadline only if the petition is based solely on grounds arising after the
      deadline for judicial review. Such a petition shall be filed no later than 90
      days after the new grounds for review arise. Appeals of permit actions for
      existing sources are subject to section 5506(14). [Emphasis added.]

                                            9
The first two sentences of MCL 324.5505(8) provide that “any person” may seek judicial

review in accordance with MCL 600.63112 to challenge the issuance or denial of certain

permits relating to new sources “within 90 days after the final permit action . . . .”

However, the permit at issue in this case was issued for an existing source, which is

addressed in the last sentence of MCL 324.5505(8)—“Appeals of permit actions for

existing sources are subject to section 5506(14).” (Emphasis added.) The plain language

of this sentence indicates that we turn to MCL 324.5506(14) for the rules governing

appeals of permit actions for an existing source, including appeals in the circuit court in

accordance with MCL 600.631.

         AK Steel and the DEQ argue that the last sentence of MCL 324.5505(8) does not

provide a right to judicial review of permit actions for an existing source pursuant to

MCL 600.631; rather, it merely notifies the reader of the contents of MCL 324.5506(14).

We reject that interpretation. Reading the last sentence as a mere descriptor of the

contents of MCL 324.5506(14) would strip it of any independent meaning or legal

purpose. Such a reading is contrary to the interpretive principle that a statute should be

12
     MCL 600.631 provides:

                An appeal shall lie from any order, decision, or opinion of any state
         board, commission, or agency, authorized under the laws of this state to
         promulgate rules from which an appeal or other judicial review has not
         otherwise been provided for by law, to the circuit court of the county of
         which the appellant is a resident or to the circuit court of Ingham county,
         which court shall have and exercise jurisdiction with respect thereto as in
         nonjury cases. Such appeals shall be made in accordance with the rules of
         the supreme court.

                                             10
construed so as to avoid rendering its language surplusage. Rea, 500 Mich at 428.

Rather, by saying that appeals of permit actions for existing sources are “subject to”

MCL 324.5506(14), the last sentence of MCL 324.5505(8) instructs the reader that a right

to appeal certain permit actions for an existing source, including a right to appeal in the

circuit court in accordance with MCL 600.631, exists and is subject to MCL

324.5506(14). Stated differently, such appeals are governed by MCL 324.5506(14).

         This reading is consistent with our interpretation of similar statutory language in

Mayor of Lansing v Pub Serv Comm, 470 Mich 154; 680 NW2d 840 (2004). That case

involved a utility company that wanted to build a pipeline. Two statutory provisions,

MCL 247.183(1) and MCL 247.183(2), outlined the approval process for a pipeline.13

The utility company argued that because the plain language of MCL 247.183(1) stated

that it was “subject to” MCL 247.183(2), the company had to comply only with MCL

247.183(2) and not MCL 247.183(1) as well. We rejected that argument. Id. at 159-160.

In doing so, we examined the phrase “subject to” and noted that it is defined as

“dependent upon.”       Id. at 160, citing Random House Webster’s College Dictionary

(2001). From there, we reasoned:

         When used as it is here and in other places in the Legislature’s work, it is
         clear that the subsections work together . . . . That is, both subsections are
         applicable because the relevant words in subsection 1, the “subject to”
         words, do not mean that the requirements of subsection 1 do not apply to
         those utilities that are covered also by subsection 2. [Mayor of Lansing, 470
         Mich at 160.]

13
     The Legislature subsequently amended MCL 247.183 by enacting 2005 PA 103.

                                              11
       We further note that Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed) provides

that to be “subject” to something includes, among other things, being “contingent on or

under the influence of some later action .” This

signals that when an item or event is subject to another item or event, the former and the

latter must be considered together. Therefore, by using the phrase “subject to” in MCL

324.5505(8), the Legislature indicated its intent that MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL

324.5506(14) be read together, not in isolation. This reading also makes sense in light of

the same language used elsewhere in Part 55 of the NREPA to indicate that the

application of one provision is affected by another.14 Reading MCL 324.5505(8) as

working with MCL 324.5506(14) gives the full text of both statutes independent meaning

and avoids reducing the final sentence of MCL 324.5505(8) to a mere descriptor of the

next section.

       AK Steel also urges us to disregard the final sentence of MCL 324.5505(8)

because it does not explicitly refer to a permit to install. However, when we consider the

effect of the words “permit actions” in that sentence, it is clear that identifying a specific

permit type in the statutory language was unnecessary. The first sentence of MCL

324.5505(8) states, “Any person may appeal the issuance or denial . . . of a permit to

14
  See, e.g., MCL 324.5512(1) (“Subject to section 5514, the department shall promulgate
rules for purposes of doing all of the following . . . .”) (emphasis added). According to
MCL 324.5514, the DEQ is prohibited from promulgating rules limiting emissions from
wood heaters or enforcing federal regulations imposing such limitations. Thus, when the
DEQ promulgates rules pursuant to MCL 324.5512(1), it must look to MCL 324.5514 for
further restrictions on the potential subject matter of those rules.

                                             12
install, a general permit, or a permit to operate . . . for a new source in accordance

with . . . MCL 600.631.” (Emphasis added.) An issuance and a denial are two types of

actions that the DEQ can take in response to a permit application. The last sentence of

MCL 324.5505(8) then states, “Appeals of permit actions for existing sources are subject

to section 5506(14).” (Emphasis added.) Read in context, “permit actions” refers, at

minimum, back to the two types of departmental actions mentioned in the first sentence:

an issuance or a denial. It is also clear that a permit action requires a permit to act upon.

In addition to a permit to install, two other types of permits are listed in the first sentence

of the statute, both of which could be issued for an existing source. The general reference

to “permit actions” in the final sentence of MCL 324.5505(8), rather than a reference to a

specific type of permit, indicates that appeals of all three permit types are contemplated.

Thus, appeals of permit actions that are subject to MCL 324.5506(14) include, at a

minimum, appeals of the issuance or denial of a permit to install, a general permit, or a

permit to operate for an existing source.15

       In summary, the first part of MCL 324.5505(8) recognizes the right to judicial

review of the issuance or denial of a permit to install for a new source in accordance with

MCL 600.631 and provides “90 days after the final permit action” to file such an appeal.

The final sentence of MCL 324.5505(8) recognizes the right to judicial review of the

15
  We note that it might be argued that permit actions could be read to include actions
other than the issuance or denial of a permit, such as modification or revocation. As this
appeal arises from the DEQ’s decision to issue a permit to install, we need not decide
whether other possible types of permit actions are also included.

                                              13
issuance or denial of a permit to install for an existing source in accordance with MCL

600.631 and provides that an appeal of such a permit action is governed by MCL

324.5506(14). Since this case deals with an existing source, the next step in our analysis

is to examine the language of MCL 324.5506(14) to determine the time period for filing

appeals related to existing sources.

                                  B. MCL 324.5506(14)

       MCL 324.5506(14) provides:

              A person who owns or operates an existing source that is required to
       obtain an operating permit under this section, a general permit, or a permit
       to operate authorized under rules promulgated under section 5505(6) may
       file a petition with the [DEQ] for review of the denial of his or her
       application for such a permit, the revision of any emissions limitation,
       standard, or condition, or a proposed revocation of his or her permit. This
       review shall be conducted pursuant to the contested case and judicial
       review procedures of the administrative procedures act . . . , being [MCL
       24.201 to MCL 24.328]. Any person may appeal the issuance or denial of
       an operating permit in accordance with [MCL 600.631]. A petition for
       judicial review is the exclusive means of obtaining judicial review of a
       permit and shall be filed within 90 days after the final permit action. Such
       a petition may be filed after that deadline only if it is based solely on
       grounds arising after the deadline for judicial review and if the appeal does
       not involve applicable standards and requirements of the acid rain program
       under title IV. Such a petition shall be filed within 90 days after the new
       grounds for review arise. [Emphasis added.]

       The Court of Appeals held that the 90-day period in which to file a petition for

judicial review of “a permit” in MCL 324.5506(14) applies only to appeals of operating

permits. SDEIA, 316 Mich App at 274. We disagree and hold that MCL 324.5506(14)

also provides 90 days to seek judicial review of a decision to issue or deny a permit to

install for an existing source.

                                            14
       The fourth sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) has been the focus of the disagreement

in this case. It states that “[a] petition for judicial review is the exclusive means of

obtaining judicial review of a permit and shall be filed within 90 days after the final

permit action.” MCL 324.5506(14) (emphasis added). Appellants and the dissent argue

that “a permit” should be read as referring to only the operating permits described in the

previous sentence—“[a]ny person may appeal the issuance or denial of an operating

permit in accordance with [MCL 600.631].” If we read MCL 324.5506(14) alone and

without consideration of MCL 324.5505(8), we might be inclined to agree.16 However,

we do not read statutory language in isolation and must construe its meaning in light of

the context of its use. See Rea, 500 Mich at 430; Guardian Alarm Co, 468 Mich at 421.

As explained earlier, the cross-reference in MCL 324.5505(8) to MCL 324.5506(14)

demonstrates that appeals of the issuance or denial of a permit are subject to MCL

324.5506(14) when the permit is for an existing source. With this in mind, we conclude

that a petition for judicial review of the issuance or denial of any of the types of permits

16
   We agree with the dissent that the placement of the fourth sentence in MCL
324.5506(14) within that provision is a relevant consideration; however, it is not
dispositive. As our opinion explains, when MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14)
are read together, the plain language of the statutes demonstrates that “a permit” should
not be read as referring to only “an operating permit” as described in the preceding
sentence. Our interpretation is consistent with the whole-text canon, “which calls on the
judicial interpreter to consider the entire text, in view of its structure and of the physical
and logical relation of its many parts.” Scalia & Garner, Reading Law: The
Interpretation of Legal Texts (St. Paul: Thomson/West, 2012), p 167. Reviewing the
entire text requires consideration of the relationship of text within a single statutory
provision as well as its relationship to the text of other provisions within the same act.
See G C Timmis & Co v Guardian Alarm Co, 468 Mich 416, 421; 662 NW2d 710 (2003).

                                             15
for an existing source that are governed by MCL 324.5505 and MCL 324.5506 must be

filed within 90 days of the DEQ’s final permit action.

       Several considerations lead us to this conclusion. The first is the presence of an

indefinite article preceding the word “permit” in MCL 324.5506(14), which the Court of

Appeals did not give due consideration. Rather than stating that a petition for review of

the permit must be filed within 90 days, the statute states that a petition for review of “a

permit” must be filed within 90 days. MCL 324.5506(14) (emphasis added). This

suggests that the statute refers to more than one type of permit. “A” is an indefinite

article, which is often used to mean “any.”17 Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary

(11th ed). Whether “a” should be read as referring to a discrete item or as referring to

one of many potential items depends on the context in which it is used.18 But, while the

article may be susceptible to multiple meanings when read in isolation, we must select

the meaning that makes the most sense when the statute is read as a whole. See Rea, 500

Mich at 431; Miller, 498 Mich at 24.19

17
 “Any” means “one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity[.]” Merriam-
Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed).
18
   See Allstate Ins Co v Freeman, 432 Mich 656, 743-744; 443 NW2d 734 (1989)
(CAVANAGH, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (opining that whether the
article “a” should be read as referring to one or many is dependent on the context of its
usage). We have also repeatedly recognized the significance of using a definite article to
indicate the inverse—that a word should be read restrictively. See, e.g., Massey v
Mandell, 462 Mich 375, 382 n 5; 614 NW2d 70 (2000) (noting that when the Legislature
has qualified the same word with the definite article “the” and the indefinite article “a” in
the same part of a statute, the Court should not read “the” as if it were “a”).
19
   The dissent does not disagree with our conclusion that the meaning of the indefinite
article “a” must be determined from its context, but the dissent instead suggests that “a

                                             16
       It is also a fundamental principle of statutory construction that “[w]hen the

Legislature uses different words, the words are generally intended to connote different

meanings.”     US Fidelity & Guaranty Co v Mich Catastrophic Claims Ass’n (On

Rehearing), 484 Mich 1, 14; 795 NW2d 101 (2009). Applying that principle here, had

the Legislature intended the fourth sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) to refer only to

operating permits, then it would have used that specific term, or another restrictive term,

rather than the general phrase “a permit.” Four permit types20 are mentioned by name in

MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14), which indicates that the Legislature knew

how to be specific when it so intended. It is notable that the Legislature refers to the

generic “a permit” in the sentence stating the time line for filing for judicial review but

specifically refers to operating permits in the immediately preceding sentence; had the

Legislature intended the 90-day time line to apply only to operating permits, it could have

easily done so, but it did not. Because the statute refers instead to “a permit,” this

permit” should be read as recognizing that there may be multiple “permits of the singular
species identified in the preceding sentence . . . .” It is true that “a” can refer to a plural
or singular antecedent depending on the context of its use, but that does not affect our
analysis. The fact that a single facility may have more than one operating permit or that
one might seek judicial review of more than one permit simultaneously does not answer
the question of whether the sentence describing the timing for judicial review of “a
permit” refers to permits other than an operating permit. Rather, when viewing the term
in context, “a permit” is more reasonably read as referring to operating permits as well as
those other permits for an existing source that are referred over to MCL 324.5506(14) by
the last sentence of MCL 324.5505(8).
20
   The named permits are operating permits, permits to install, general permits, and
permits to operate authorized under rules promulgated pursuant to MCL 324.5505(6).
Currently, no administrative rules exist that govern a permit-to-operate program, but such
permits remain legally distinct from operating permits.

                                              17
language thus refers to any of the four types of permits mentioned in MCL 324.5505(8)

and MCL 324.5506(14). This reading is bolstered by other provisions in Part 55 of the

NREPA, in which the Legislature used the phrase “a permit” to refer to all permits

governed by Part 5521 and named specific permits when a provision’s applicability is

limited to a single type of permit.22

       We also find significant the Legislature’s use of restrictive language in other parts

of the very statutes being analyzed. As South Dearborn notes, when the Legislature

wanted to use “permit” to refer to a particular previously referenced permit, it used more

restrictive language. In MCL 324.5506(14), the first sentence lists three types of permits

that an owner or operator of an emission source might possess and instructs how “such a

permit” and “his or her permit” may be reviewed when referring back to those specific

permits.   (Emphasis added.)      This signals a limitation to the previously mentioned

permits.   The final three sentences of MCL 324.5506(14) also distinguish between

restrictive and nonrestrictive language. They state:

              A petition for judicial review is the exclusive means of obtaining
       judicial review of a permit and shall be filed within 90 days after the final
       permit action. Such a petition may be filed after that deadline only if it is

21
   See, e.g., MCL 324.5515(1) (“If the department believes that a person is violating . . . a
permit issued under this part, . . . the department shall make a prompt investigation.”);
MCL 324.5510 (“In accordance with this part and rules promulgated under this part, the
department may, after notice and opportunity for public hearing, deny or revoke a permit
issued under this part if any of the following circumstances exist[.]”).
22
   See MCL 324.5502(1) (“Except as provided in subsection (2), the department shall not
issue a permit to install or an operating permit to a municipal solid waste incinerator
unless . . . .”).

                                             18
       based solely on grounds arising after the deadline for judicial review and if
       [it does not involve Title IV’s acid rain program]. Such a petition shall be
       filed within 90 days after the new grounds for review arise. [MCL
       324.5506(14) (emphasis added).]

The final two sentences in the quoted passage refer back to the subject of the preceding

sentence by starting with the words “such a petition.” By doing so, these sentences

impose additional limitations on the petition for judicial review described in the first

sentence. The use of “such a petition” also makes clear that these limitations apply only

to a petition for judicial review, as opposed to a petition for administrative review

mentioned earlier in the statute. Similarly, although MCL 324.5505(8) uses the phrase

“such a permit,” MCL 324.5506(14) does not use that same phrase to limit the types of

permit to which the 90-day time line applies.

       On the basis of this analysis, we conclude that the Legislature intended “a permit”

in MCL 324.5506(14) to mean “any permit” in order to describe the requirements for

judicial review of the issuance or denial of the four types of permits for existing sources

that are governed by MCL 324.5505 and MCL 324.5506, one of which is a permit to

install. Accordingly, a petition for judicial review of a permit to install for an existing

source must be filed within 90 days of the permit being issued.             Such a reading

harmonizes the meaning of these two statutes.

       The dissent argues that MCL 324.5506(14) is silent as to petitions for judicial

review of permits to install for existing sources and that this silence indicates that the 90-

day period contained in MCL 324.5506(14) does not apply to such petitions. However,

as already discussed, MCL 324.5505(8) clearly states that “[a]ppeals of permit actions for

existing sources are subject to section 5506(14).” (Emphasis added.) This effectively

                                             19
refers judicial review of permit actions for existing sources to MCL 324.5506(14); it

would be unnecessary to state again in MCL 324.5506(14) that a right to judicial review

exists with regard to permits to install for existing sources. Accordingly, the silence in

MCL 324.5506(14) as to the availability of judicial review for permits to install for

existing sources is immaterial because this right is recognized in MCL 324.5505(8),

which explicitly states that such appeals are “subject to” MCL 324.5506(14).

       The Court of Appeals and the dissent suggest that the interpretation we adopt

today would render “other avenues for appeal” superfluous because the fourth sentence of

MCL 324.5506(14) “would apply to the appeal of any and all permits.” SDEIA, 316

Mich App at 273. However, this concern is unfounded. First, no internal conflict is

created within MCL 324.5506(14). The first sentence addresses a discrete group of

persons who might challenge a permit action—“[a] person who owns or operates an

existing source”—and also provides them a right to contest various types of permit

actions—not merely the issuance or denial of a permit. MCL 324.5506(14). The second

sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) states that owners or operators may file a petition for

administrative review of the previously listed permit actions pursuant to the contested-

case and judicial-review procedures of the Administrative Procedures Act. The first two

sentences of MCL 324.5506(14) thus exclusively concern the rights of owners and

operators of an existing source to seek administrative review of specific permit actions.

Administrative review is a legally distinct avenue of potential relief from judicial review.

Mudel v Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co, 462 Mich 691, 698; 614 NW2d 607 (2000)

(describing the distinctions between judicial and administrative review).        The third

sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) states that “[a]ny person may appeal the issuance or

                                            20
denial of an operating permit in accordance with” MCL 600.631. This clearly means that

non-owners and non-operators also have a right to judicial review of the issuance or

denial of operating permits, even if they possess no right to administrative review. Thus,

the first three sentences of MCL 324.5506(14) each have an independent legal purpose

that is unaffected by our construction of the fourth sentence.

       Second, there is no conflict with the right to appeal the issuance or denial of a

permit to install for a new source pursuant to MCL 324.5505(8). As we have explained,

the first two sentences of MCL 324.5505(8) govern only the appeal of permit actions for

specific permits—and only when the permit is for a new source. The fourth sentence of

MCL 324.5506(14) applies to judicial review of permits for an existing source, including

issuance or denial of an operating permit, which is not addressed in MCL 324.5505(8).23

       Third, the Court of Appeals also misconstrued the surplusage canon. That canon

applies only when a “competing interpretation gives effect to every clause and word of a

statute.” Microsoft Corp v i4i Ltd Partnership, 564 US 91, 106; 131 S Ct 2238; 180 L Ed

2d 131 (2011) (quotation marks and citation omitted). There is no such competing

interpretation offered here. In this case, it is the Court of Appeals’ interpretation of MCL

324.5506(14) that would render the last sentence in MCL 324.5505(8) needless

surplusage. As we explained, its interpretation would relegate the last sentence of MCL

23
  Even assuming that a conflict existed between the first part of MCL 324.5505(8) and
the fourth sentence of MCL 324.5506(14), the more specific language concerning new
sources in the former would control over the more general language in the latter. See
People v Calloway, 500 Mich 180, 185-186; 895 NW2d 165 (2017).

                                             21
324.5505(8) to a mere descriptor without any independent legal meaning. Therefore, the

surplusage canon compels us to reject that interpretation. See Rea, 500 Mich at 433.

       For the aforementioned reasons, MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14)

provide 90 days after the final permit action to file a petition for judicial review. South

Dearborn’s petition for judicial review was timely filed within the 90-day period.

                                   IV. CONCLUSION

       We hold that, pursuant to MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14), South

Dearborn had 90 days from the date the DEQ issued PTI 182-05C to file a petition for

judicial review of that decision in the circuit court. Because South Dearborn’s petition

for judicial review was timely filed 59 days after the permit was issued, the circuit court

properly denied AK Steel’s motion to dismiss. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of

the Court of Appeals in part for different reasons, vacate Part III(B) of the Court of

Appeals’ opinion, and remand this case to the circuit court for further proceedings.

                                                        Richard H. Bernstein
                                                        Bridget M. McCormack
                                                        David F. Viviano
                                                        Elizabeth T. Clement

                                            22
                       STATE OF MICHIGAN

                             SUPREME COURT

SOUTH DEARBORN ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION, INC.,
DETROITERS WORKING FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE, ORIGINAL
UNITED CITIZENS OF SOUTHWEST
DETROIT, and SIERRA CLUB,

         Petitioners-Appellees,

v                                            No. 154524

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY and DAN WYANT,
         Respondents-Appellants,
and
AK STEEL CORPORATION,

         Appellee.

SOUTH DEARBORN ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION, INC.,
DETROITERS WORKING FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE, ORIGINAL
UNITED CITIZENS OF SOUTHWEST
DETROIT, and SIERRA CLUB,

         Petitioners-Appellees,

v                                            No. 154526

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY and DAN WYANT,

         Respondents-Appellees,

and
AK STEEL CORPORATION,

              Appellant.

WILDER, J. (dissenting).
       I respectfully dissent because I would affirm the portion of the Court of Appeals

opinion that holds that MCL 324.5506(14) describes only two different appeals and that

the term “a permit” does not refer to a third class of appellant who may appeal any type

of permit. Additionally, I would reverse the Court of Appeals insofar as it held that MCR

7.119 governs and hold that the Administrative Procedures Act (APA), MCL 24.201 et

seq., does not apply under these facts.

                                      I. ANALYSIS

       At issue in this case is whether petitioners timely filed their claim in circuit court

seeking judicial review of a permitting decision by the Michigan Department of

Environmental Quality (MDEQ) regarding a permit to install for an existing source of air

pollution. In short, this Court held oral argument on the questions (1) whether MCL

324.5506(14) gave petitioners a 90-day period to bring their claim and (2) if not, whether

MCR 7.119 gave petitioners a 60-day period to bring their claim. South Dearborn

Environmental Improvement Ass’n, Inc v Dep’t of Environmental Quality, 500 Mich 966

(2017). If neither provision applies, petitioners’ claim is time-barred because it was not

brought within the 21 days provided by the catch-all provision of MCL 600.631.

                           A. INTERPRETATION OF PART 55

       The dispositive issue is whether the MDEQ’s issuance of an existing permit to

install is governed by Part 55 of the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act

                                             2
(NREPA), MCL 324.101 et seq. MCL 324.5506(14) must be interpreted harmoniously

with MCL 324.5505(8), and both these provisions must be interpreted while keeping in

mind their place in the overall licensing scheme, which comprises state and federal laws

and regulations. “A court does not construe the meaning of statutory terms in a vacuum.

Rather, we interpret the words in their context and with a view to their place in the

overall statutory scheme.” Manuel v Gill, 481 Mich 637, 650; 753 NW2d 48 (2008)

(quotation marks and citations omitted). When interpreting words and phrases used in a

statute, those “ ‘words and phrases used . . . must be assigned such meanings as are in

harmony with the whole of the statute, construed in the light of history and common

sense.’ ” Sweatt v Dep’t of Corrections, 468 Mich 172, 179; 661 NW2d 201 (2003)

(opinion by MARKMAN, J.), quoting Arrowhead Dev Co v Livingston Co Rd Comm, 413

Mich 505, 516; 322 NW2d 702 (1982).            Statutory language should be construed

reasonably, keeping in mind the purpose of the act. McCahan v Brennan, 492 Mich 730,

739; 822 NW2d 747 (2012).

      Air pollution regulation is governed by interrelated federal and state legislative

schemes that are implemented by executive agencies. Federal air pollution regulation is

rooted in the Clean Air Act (CAA), 42 USC 7401 et seq., the central goal of which is to

ensure clean air by establishing national air quality standards and requiring states to

develop state plans to ensure that those standards are met. The Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) is the federal agency responsible for implementing the CAA by setting air

quality standards and approving state plans. Id. However, the CAA establishes only the

minimum air quality levels, and states are free to adopt more stringent environmental

                                           3
standards. 42 USC 7416; Her Majesty the Queen in right of the Province of Ontario v

Detroit, 874 F2d 332, 336 (CA 6, 1989).

      Michigan’s air pollution control program is rooted in Part 55 of the NREPA, and

is implemented by the MDEQ, the permitting authority responsible for developing and

implementing air quality requirements and enforcing compliance with both state and

federal air quality requirements. There are two types of air permits in Michigan:1 a

permit to install (PTI) provided under Michigan law pursuant to § 5505 of Part 55 and a

renewable operating permit (ROP) required under federal law by Title V of the CAA,

which was incorporated into §§ 5506 and 5507 of Part 55.

      PTIs are required for any new process or process equipment for a new source of

pollution and for modifications to any existing source that might result in a change of

emissions. MCL 324.5505. Not all sources of air contaminants require a PTI, and

certain insignificant sources are exempt from the PTI requirement altogether. Mich

Admin Code, R 336.1201. A PTI is a requirement solely based in Michigan law; there is

no federal requirement that a source obtain a PTI. The ROP program, on the other hand,

1
  Mich Admin Code, R 336.1201 and R 336.1210. Part 55 also permits the MDEQ to
create a nonrenewable permit to operate “for sources, processes, or process equipment
that are not subject to the requirement to obtain a renewable operating permit,” but the
MDEQ does not currently issue any such nonrenewable operating permits. MCL
324.5505(6). In the past, the issuance of a permit to install was followed by the
application for and issuance of a permit to operate. The need for a permit to operate for
sources has been eliminated. Mich Admin Code, R 336.1116 (g) (“The requirement to
obtain a permit to operate was removed from these rules effective July 26, 1995. Permits
to operate issued before that date remain in effect and legally enforceable unless they are
voided pursuant to R 336.1201(6).”).             Additionally, MCL 324.5542(1) permits
municipalities to establish their own air quality standards and regulations so long as they
are at least as stringent as state regulations and federal standards.

                                            4
is part of a national permitting system administered by the state, which requires

permitting for “major” sources of air pollution as described in Title V of the CAA. MCL

324.5506; 42 USC 7661.

       PTI terms and conditions may be incorporated into an ROP, but if a source does

not need an ROP, then a PTI is the primary permit. Mich Admin Code, R 336.1201(6)(b)

and R 336.1214. Additionally, PTIs may incorporate legally enforceable provisions

restricting potential emissions, which allows a source to avoid classification as “major”;

as a result, a company can “opt out” of the ROP requirement. Mich Admin Code, R

336.1205. Because many facilities have hundreds or thousands of processes or devices,

and many of those may be subject to multiple regulatory programs including the PTI and

ROP programs, it is not uncommon for an owner to apply for and receive multiple PTIs

and/or ROPs for a single facility.2

       Additionally, these air pollution permitting schemes treat new sources of air

pollution differently from existing sources.         For example, the CAA requires new

stationary sources “to be built with [the] best technology, and allows less stringent

standards for existing sources.”3 The rationale is founded in simple economics: “[t]he

cost of retrofitting existing . . . factories to emit less pollution is generally higher than the

2
 See MDEQ, Permit to Install Workbook: A Practical Guide to Completing an Air
Permit Application (revised January 2016), pp 3-2, 4-1, 4-7, available at
.
3
  EPA, The Clean Air Act in a Nutshell: How It Works (March 22, 2013), p 1, available at
; see also 42 USC 7411 (establishing pollution control
standards applicable to new stationary and mobile sources).

                                               5
marginal cost of building new sources with cleaner characteristics.”4 Additionally, there

are sound public policy reasons for this disparate treatment, namely, “fairness to owners

of existing sources in the face of changing social norms, scientific understanding of

pollution, and government standards.”5

         Having examined the statutory licensing scheme, two conclusions seem apparent:

(1) not all permits are created equally, and (2) not all sources of air pollution are treated

equally. Nothing in the statutory licensing scheme indicates that all permits and all

sources of air pollution should share parity when it comes to judicial review of permitting

decisions.

         Rather, judicial review for Title V ROP permitting decisions is mandated under

federal law, which allows any person who participated in the public comment period to

sue the local permitting agency (here, the MDEQ) in state court no later than 90 days

after the final action on the permit. See 40 CFR 70.4(b)(3) (2017). By contrast, federal

law does not require the issuance of a PTI and consequently does not mandate judicial

review of the issuance of such a permit. Rather than shortening the period for any person

to bring the challenge to ROP permitting decisions mandated under federal law, the

4
  Levinson, Grandfather Regulations, New Source Bias, and State Air Toxics
Regulations, 28 Ecological Econ 299, 300 (1999) (citation omitted); see also HR Rep No
95-294, at 185 (1977), as reprinted in 1977 USCCAN 1077, 1264 (indicating that
pollution control equipment was not required of older sources because of the expense of
retrofitting existing sources and the perceived economic unfairness resulting from a
retrofit requirement).
5
    Grandfather Regulations, 28 Ecological Econ at 300.

                                             6
Legislature chose to maintain the full 90-day ceiling imposed by Title V.            MCL

324.5506(14) (stating, in pertinent part, that “[a] petition for judicial review is the

exclusive means of obtaining judicial review of a permit and shall be filed within 90 days

after the final permit action”). There is no dispute that this 90-day provision includes

ROPs. The question is whether it only includes ROPs, for which judicial review is

mandated by federal law, or whether it also applies to PTIs, which are solely a creation of

Michigan law. The majority concludes that “a permit” is expansive enough to include

PTIs. However, in light of the statutory scheme, the textual clues point in the opposite

direction.

       It is undisputed that § 5505(8) applies only to new sources and that according to

the final sentence of § 5505(8), existing sources are governed by § 5506(14). Subsection

(14) recognizes two categories of challenges to permitting decisions. The first category is

the “owner or operator” challenges that take place according to the contested case and

judicial review procedures of the APA, which are limited to “an operating permit under

this section [an ROP], a general permit, or a permit to operate [a nonrenewable operating

permit].” MCL 324.5506(14). Accordingly, owners and operators cannot challenge a

PTI decision under this provision. The second category of challenges are those brought

by “[a]ny person” to challenge the issuance of an operating permit (an ROP); in

accordance with Title V, a petition must be filed no more than 90 days after the final

                                            7
action on the permit.6 The fourth, fifth, and sixth sentences of § 5506(14) describe the

timing and conditions for bringing a petition described in the third sentence.

       Nothing in § 5506(14) refers to the authority of “any person” to challenge an

existing-source PTI decision under MCL 600.631.            Rather, the fourth sentence of

§ 5506(14) states that “[a] petition for judicial review is the exclusive means of obtaining

judicial review of a permit and shall be filed within 90 days after the final permit action.”

(Emphasis added.) The term “a permit” either means “any permit listed under § 5505(8)”

as the majority holds, or it refers to the “operating permit” mentioned in the immediately

preceding sentence.     Reading § 5506(14) as a whole, sentence four’s placement

immediately after the sentence recognizing judicial review of an operating permit is a

highly relevant context for interpreting the statute. “Statutory interpretation requires

courts to consider the placement of the critical language in the statutory scheme.”

Johnson v Recca, 492 Mich 169, 177; 821 NW2d 520 (2012). I believe the more

reasonable interpretation of sentence four under § 5506(14) is that “a permit” refers to the

6
  At oral argument, the MDEQ’s counsel acknowledged that petitioners have alleged that
their members, who live near the steel mill at issue, have suffered particularized injuries
as a result of the MDEQ’s decision to issue the PTI. See Mich Citizens for Water
Conservation v Nestlé Waters North America Inc, 479 Mich 280, 296; 737 NW2d 447
(2007) (“A nonprofit organization has standing to bring suit in the interest of its members
if its members would have standing as individual plaintiffs.”), overruled on other grounds
by Lansing Sch Ed Ass’n, MEA/NEA v Lansing Bd of Ed, 487 Mich 349 (2010).
Specifically, the MDEQ agrees that petitioners have alleged that their members have
been injured by an increase in air pollutants that resulted from the MDEQ’s decision to
issue the permit. Accordingly, because petitioners have made general factual allegations
that injury will result from the MDEQ’s conduct, and because this case is still in the
pleading phase, this allegation is sufficient to demonstrate standing.

                                             8
term “operating permit” used in the immediately preceding sentence, rather than to a PTI,

a type of permit that is not mentioned anywhere in § 5506.

       The majority emphasizes the Legislature’s use of an indefinite article as textual

support for its interpretation. It is true that “a” may sometimes substitute for the term

“any.” See Allstate Ins Co v Freeman, 432 Mich 656, 699; 443 NW2d 734 (1989)

(opinion by RILEY, C.J.) (finding that “an insured” unambiguously means “any insured”).

However, this Court has also recognized that the use of an indefinite article does not

always require a binary reading in which “a” refers to “any and all” and “the” refers to

“one and only one specific antecedent noun.” Rather than being purely a measure of

particularity, indefinite nouns may indicate singularity and plurality.          Robinson v

Lansing, 486 Mich 1, 26-27; 782 NW2d 171 (2010) (YOUNG, J., concurring) (noting that

a definite article may refer to an earlier noun modified by an indefinite article). See also

Michigan v McQueen, 493 Mich 135, 154-156; 828 NW2d 644 (2013) (concluding that

the definite article “the” in “the qualifying patient” used later in the statute at issue must

refer back to the antecedent indefinite article “a” in “a qualifying patient” used in the

introductory part of that statute). This case presents an instance in which “a permit” does

not refer to “any and all permits.” Instead, it recognizes that there may be plural permits

of the singular species identified in the preceding sentence (operating permit).

       The majority reasons that the meaning of “a permit” must lie in § 5505(8) because

the cross-reference to § 5506(14) would otherwise be rendered meaningless—or at least

would have little meaning—contrary to the canon against surplusage. However, appeals

for existing sources are still subject to § 5506(14), and the cross-reference forecloses any

argument that an appeal related to a PTI for an existing source might be made under

                                              9
§ 5505(8) because the modifier of “new source” would only apply to the immediately

preceding noun “permit to operate” (nonrenewable permit). Moreover, as the majority

also notes, that canon applies only when a “competing interpretation gives effect to every

clause and word of a statute,” Microsoft Corp v i4i Ltd Partnership, 564 US 91, 106; 131

S Ct 2238; 180 L Ed 2d 131 (2011), and the maxims of interpretation are merely guides

to discovering the Legislature’s bona fide intent, not hard and fast rules. (Citation and

quotation marks omitted; emphasis added.)          The majority’s interpretation renders

nugatory both §§ 5505(8) and 5506(14). The Legislature differentiated between new and

existing sources and the identity of the challenger. Permitting any party to seek judicial

review of any permit under sentence four of § 5506(14) renders these distinctions

meaningless. Thus, it seems more reasonable to read the cross-reference as clarification

that § 5505(8) is focused upon new sources, while § 5506(14) is focused upon existing

sources.

       The Legislature’s use of the phrase “subject to” in the final sentence of

§ 5505(8)—“[a]ppeals of permit actions for existing sources are subject to section

5506(14)”—does not alter my conclusion. (Emphasis added.) Two statutory sections

that refer to the same issue and are connected by the phrase “subject to” often work

together such that both sections govern that particular issue. See Mayor of Lansing v Pub

Serv Comm, 470 Mich 154, 158-161; 680 NW2d 840 (2004). In this case, however, the

“subject to” language applies only to “[a]ppeals of permit actions for existing sources,”

while the first sentence of § 5505(8) only recognizes judicial review of a permit to install

for new sources. (Emphasis added.) In other words, because nothing in § 5505(8) before

the final sentence refers to existing sources, the “subject to” language does not apply

                                            10
beyond that final sentence and nothing in that sentence indicates which types of permits

for existing sources are “subject to” § 5506(14).

       The majority further reasons that the Legislature’s failure to use the term “such a

permit” in § 5506(14) as it did in § 5505(8) must be given meaning, because surely the

Legislature knows how to properly use a definite article. Yet, this reasoning runs both

ways. The Legislature surely knows how to include the term “permit to install” when it

wants to refer to one’s right to challenge a decision on a PTI under MCL 600.631—

precisely as indicated in § 5505(8) where the Legislature recognized this right regarding

new sources.

       Additionally, the fourth sentence of § 5506(14) does not describe what judicial

review process is applicable. Presumably, this would be the judicial review process

described in the previous sentence (MCL 600.631), but the majority’s interpretation

would sever the fourth sentence from the third—an approach that violates the interpretive

canon that a statutory text must be construed as a whole. Sweatt, 468 Mich at 179

(opinion by MARKMAN, J.); see also Scalia & Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation

of Legal Texts (St. Paul: Thomson/West, 2012), p 167 (“Perhaps no interpretative fault is

more common than the failure to follow the whole-text canon, which calls on the judicial

interpreter to consider the entire text, in view of its structure and of the physical and

logical relation of its many parts.”). Rather than read the sentences of § 5506(14) in

isolation from each other and from the rest of the statutory scheme, I conclude that the

more reasonable interpretation is that “a permit” refers to “an operating permit.”

       Moreover, there is no reason to assume that the Legislature inadvertently left out

judicial review for existing permits to install under the NREPA. “Generally, when

                                            11
language is included in one section of a statute but omitted from another section, it is

presumed that the drafters acted intentionally and purposely in their inclusion or

exclusion.” People v Peltola, 489 Mich 174, 185; 803 NW2d 140 (2011). This Court has

recognized that “courts cannot assume that the Legislature inadvertently omitted from

one statute the language that it placed in another statute, and then, on the basis of that

assumption, apply what is not there.”       Id. (quotation marks, citations, and brackets

omitted). Notably, that is precisely what the majority does: it takes language from

§ 5505(8), a provision that recognized a right for any person to challenge a PTI for a new

source under MCL 600.631, and reads it into § 5506(14), thereby judicially creating what

the Legislature plainly omitted—a 90-day window for any person to challenge a PTI for

an existing source. This results in a forced parity on all permits for all sources of air

pollution—a parity that is not supported by the statutory licensing scheme, which

unquestionably treats different permits and different sources of air pollution differently.

       Because I conclude that the textual clues of the statute point in another direction, I

would affirm the portion of the Court of Appeals opinion that holds that MCL

324.5506(14) describes only two different appeals and that the term “a permit” does not

refer to a third class of appellant who may appeal any type of permit.

                        B. INTERPRETATION OF MCL 24.201

       The majority concludes that the instant petition was timely filed, and accordingly,

it does not reach the issue of whether the Court of Appeals properly considered the

applicability of the contested-case provision of the APA. However, because I conclude

that MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14) do not extend to give petitioners 90 days

                                             12
to bring their petition, my analysis continues. I would reverse the portion of the Court of

Appeals opinion holding that MCR 7.119 governs, because the APA does not apply

under these facts.

       MCR 7.119 applies to appeals governed by the APA. MCR 7.119(B)(1) provides,

in pertinent part, that “[j]udicial review of a final decision or order shall be by filing a

claim of appeal in the circuit court within 60 days after the date of mailing of the notice

of the agency’s final decision or order.” The facts demonstrate that petitioners’ challenge

came 59 days after the MDEQ decision. Thus, if the APA applies, then petitioners’

challenge was timely under MCR 7.119.

       In holding that the APA applies, the panel relied on a relevant provision of

Chapter 5, MCL 24.291(1), which states, in pertinent part, that “[w]hen licensing is

required to be preceded by notice and an opportunity for hearing, the provisions of this

act governing a contested case apply.” (Emphasis added.) Section 91(1) does not

express what type of “hearing” is required. However, Chapter 1 of the APA defines

“contested case,” in pertinent part, as

       a proceeding, including . . . licensing, in which a determination of the legal
       rights, duties, or privileges of a named party is required by law to be made
       by an agency after an opportunity for an evidentiary hearing. [MCL
       24.203(3) (emphasis added).]

       The panel erroneously concluded without explanation that an “opportunity for

hearing” includes a public hearing.7 As previously stated, each word and phrase in a

7
 South Dearborn Environmental Improvement Ass’n v Dep’t of Environmental Quality,
316 Mich App 265, 277 n 3; 891 NW2d 233 (2016) (“[N]otice was provided of the public
comment period, which was held from February 12, 2014, through March 19, 2014, and

                                            13
statute “must be assigned such meanings as are in harmony with the whole of the

statute . . . .” Sweatt, 468 Mich at 179 (opinion by MARKMAN, J.). Thus, the APA’s

Chapter 5 requirement for a “hearing” must be read in harmony with its Chapter 1

requirement that the hearing be “evidentiary.” Therefore, the correct interpretation of

these provisions requires an evidentiary hearing prior to a contested case in order for the

APA to apply. Because that did not happen in this case, the APA does not apply.

       Petitioners argue that the informal proceedings that occurred in this case were

sufficient for the APA to apply. Indeed, MCL 24.292 describes instances in which

informal proceedings may be used when an agency seeks to suspend, revoke, or amend a

license:

       Before beginning proceedings for the suspension, revocation, annulment,
       withdrawal, recall, cancellation or amendment of a license, an agency shall
       give notice, personally or by mail, to the licensee of facts or conduct that
       warrants the intended action. The licensee shall be given an opportunity to
       show compliance with all lawful requirements for retention of the
       license . . . . [MCL 24.292(1).]

However, MCL 24.292 anticipates that a contested case could be brought in the

eventuality that informal proceedings do not yield a desired outcome. Therefore, the

final agency decision as described in MCR 7.119 would not occur absent the contested

case being brought, and although MCR 7.119 is applicable to contested cases, it does not

apply to the informal proceedings at issue here. Because I conclude that MCR 7.119

of the public hearing, which was held on March 19, 2014.”).

                                            14
does not apply here, I would reverse the portion of the Court of Appeals decision that

holds otherwise.

                          C. APPLICATION OF MCL 600.631

       Because the APA is not applicable, this Court must look to the Revised Judicature

Act (RJA), MCL 600.101 et seq., for judicial review.           MCL 600.631 provides, in

pertinent part:

                An appeal shall lie from any order, decision, or opinion of any
       state . . . agency, authorized under the laws of this state to promulgate rules
       from which an appeal or other judicial review has not otherwise been
       provided for by law, to the circuit court of the county of which the
       appellant is a resident or to the circuit court of Ingham county, which court
       shall have and exercise jurisdiction with respect thereto as in nonjury cases.
       Such appeals shall be made in accordance with the rules of the supreme
       court. [Emphasis added.]

The RJA provides for judicial review when a statute authorizing the agency to act fails to

provide for judicial review and the agency decision does not fall within the APA’s

definition of a “contested case.” Because I conclude that the NREPA does not provide

judicial review for petitioners’ challenge to the PTI, and because I conclude that the APA

does not apply in this case, I also conclude that no appellate review has “otherwise been

provided for by law.”

       MCR 7.123 is the catch-all rule for appeals of agency decisions not governed by

another rule. The time requirement under MCR 7.123(B)(1) refers to MCR 7.104(A),

which provides, in pertinent part, that “[a]n appeal of right to the circuit court must be

taken within . . . 21 days . . . .” Petitioners’ challenge came 59 days after the MDEQ

decision. Thus, petitioners’ challenge to the MDEQ issuance of the PTI was not timely.

                                             15
                                   II. CONCLUSION

       I would affirm the portion of the Court of Appeals opinion that holds that MCL

324.5506(14) describes only two different appeals and that the term “a permit” does not

refer to a third class of appellant who may appeal any type of permit. I would reverse the

holding that MCR 7.119 governs, because the APA does not apply under these facts.

Instead, I would conclude that MCR 7.123 provided 21 days for petitioners to challenge

the MDEQ’s decision to issue the PTI and that because petitioners’ challenge came 59

days after that decision, the challenge was not timely.      Accordingly, I respectfully

dissent.

                                                       Kurtis T. Wilder
                                                       Stephen J. Markman
                                                       Brian K. Zahra

                                           16