Court Opinion

ID: 8488706
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-22 18:01:38.02609+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:50:14.005885
License: Public Domain

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
                 To be cited only in accordance with FED. R. APP. P. 32.1

                United States Court of Appeals
                                For the Seventh Circuit
                                Chicago, Illinois 60604

                             Submitted November 17, 2022 *
                              Decided November 22, 2022

                                         Before

                            DIANE P. WOOD, Circuit Judge

                            AMY J. ST. EVE, Circuit Judge

                            JOHN Z. LEE, Circuit Judge
No. 20-3377

DAVID W. LINDER,                                Appeal from the United States District
     Plaintiff-Appellant,                       Court for the Southern District of Indiana,
                                                Terre Haute Division.
      v.
                                                No. 2:20-cv-00037-JPH-MJD
ANNE MILGRAM,
Administrator, United States Drug               James Patrick Hanlon,
Enforcement Administration, †                   Judge.
      Defendant-Appellee.
                                       ORDER

      David Linder, a federal prisoner, sued the Drug Enforcement Administration
and sought a declaratory judgment that certain regulations were invalid. The district

      *  The appellee was not served with process and is not participating in this appeal.
We have agreed to decide the case without oral argument because the briefs and record
adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would not
significantly aid the court. FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C).
        † The complaint lists only “DEA Administrator” as the defendant. Anne Milgram

currently serves in that role, and we have updated the caption accordingly.
No. 20-3377                                                                          Page 2

court screened his complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a) and dismissed it for lack
of standing. We affirm.

       In 2005, a jury convicted Linder of, among other things, conspiring to distribute
two hallucinogenic drugs (5-MeO-DIPT and AMT), and Linder received a life sentence.
United States v. Linder, 200 F. App’x 186, 187 (4th Cir. 2006); Linder v. Kreuger, No. 1:15-
CV-01055-SLD, 2017 WL 5011879, at *1 (C.D. Ill. Nov. 2, 2017). Around this time, the
DEA had temporarily placed those drugs on Schedule I, reflecting its judgment that
they were “an imminent hazard to the public safety.” 21 U.S.C. § 811(h)(1);
see Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of AMT and 5-MeO-DIPT Into
Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act, 69 Fed. Reg. 58,050-01, 58,050 (Sept. 29,
2004) (to be codified at 21 C.F.R. § 1308.11). Later, the DEA permanently placed those
substances on Schedule I, where they remain today. See Placement of AMT and 5-MeO-
DIPT Into Schedule I, 69 Fed. Reg. 58,050-01; 21 C.F.R. § 1308.11(d)(16), (20).

        Linder sued the DEA Administrator 15 years later. He argued that § 811(h)
required the DEA to place all temporarily scheduled drugs on Schedule III; thus, he
maintains, the DEA unlawfully placed the drugs on Schedule I. (He cited a Senate
report indicating that temporarily scheduled drugs could be placed on Schedule III.
See S. REP. NO. 98-225, at 264 (1983), reprinted in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3182, 3446.) He
sought a judgment declaring that the DEA cannot temporarily schedule drugs in
Schedule I and a court order requiring the DEA to publish a correction in the Federal
Register.

        The district court screened Linder’s complaint and dismissed it. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 1915A(a). Initially, the court worried that the relief Linder sought would imply that
his sentence was invalid, thereby implicating Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994).
Linder responded that he was not trying to challenge his conviction. Instead, he said he
had a “future interest in not being subjected to the DEA’s misrepresentation” and
wanted to “clear the way” to practice his religion upon release from prison. With that
clarification, the district court dismissed Linder’s complaint for lack of standing. The
court concluded that Linder’s only claim of injury was a speculative future harm that
was insufficient to confer standing.

       On appeal, Linder insists that he has standing. He argues that the DEA’s
previous temporary placement of the substances on Schedule I will—out of his fear of
harsher punishment from the (supposedly wrongful) Schedule I designation—impede
his future activities in two ways. First, he will refrain from the economic activity of
No. 20-3377                                                                                  Page 3

manufacturing and selling the substances. Second, he will abstain from the religious
activity of using them.

        These arguments do not supply Linder with standing to sue. To have standing,
he must allege that he plans to engage in illegal conduct and that wrongful prosecution
of that conduct is imminent. Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus, 573 U.S. 149, 159–60
(2014); File v. Martin, 33 F.4th 385, 389 (7th Cir.), petition for cert. filed sub nom. File v. Bost,
No. 22-95 (U.S. Aug. 1, 2022). Linder challenges the validity of the DEA’s temporary
placement of two substances on Schedule I, but the DEA permanently placed them on
Schedule I almost two decades ago. Moreover, he did not allege in his complaint,
see Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992), or in his brief on appeal, see Echols v.
Craig, 855 F.3d 807, 811 (7th Cir. 2017), that he plans to possess, manufacture, or sell a
drug that is currently subject to temporary scheduling. Finally, because Linder is
serving a life sentence, it is speculative whether the DEA’s scheduling decisions can
ever affect his desired plans for these drugs outside of prison. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560
(injury-in-fact cannot be “conjectural”).

       Alternatively, Linder argues that he has standing because the DEA’s misreading
of 21 U.S.C. § 811(h) has subjected thousands of people to unlawfully long sentences.
But Linder’s interest in the proper application of the law to others does not confer
standing on him. Carney v. Adams, 141 S. Ct. 493, 498 (2020); Payton v. Cnty. of Kane,
308 F.3d 673, 682 (7th Cir. 2002).

                                                                                       AFFIRMED