Court Opinion

ID: 4514599
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-03-11 00:01:48.555737+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:45:10.214048
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                             JUN 5 2019
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                       SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                                          OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

             UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
                       OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re:                                               BAP No.       CC-18-1221-FLS

CARLA LEE JOHNSTON-MUELLER,                          Bk. No.       8:16-bk-12957-ES

                    Debtor.                          Adv. Pro. 8:16-ap-01228-ES

CARLA L. JOHNSTON-MUELLER,

                    Appellant,

v.                                                   MEMORANDUM*

CYNTHIA A. NOE,

                    Appellee.

                 Submitted without Argument on May 23, 2019

                                 Filed – June 5, 2019

                Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                     for the Central District of California

             Honorable Erithe A. Smith, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding

         *
        This disposition is not appropriate for publication. Although it may be cited for
whatever persuasive value it may have, see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1, it has no precedential
value, see 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
Appearances:        Appellant Carla Johnston-Mueller, pro se, on the brief;
                    Michael B. Kushner, Michael C. Lubin, and Namson N.
                    Pham of Kushner Calson, PC on the brief for appellee
                    Cynthia Noe.

Before: FARIS, LAFFERTY, and SPRAKER, Bankruptcy Judges.

                                 INTRODUCTION

      Chapter 71 debtor Carla Johnston2 borrowed over $250,000 from

appellee Cynthia Noe to produce and distribute a movie. When

Ms. Johnston failed to repay the loan, Ms. Noe successfully sued her in

state court. The bankruptcy court determined that her debt to Ms. Noe was

nondischargeable under § 523(a)(2)(A) because she failed to tell Ms. Noe

that she planned to repay her only after she had repaid other creditors.

Ms. Johnston appeals, arguing that she did not intend to defraud Ms. Noe

and that the bankruptcy court misinterpreted the parties’ contract.

      We discern no error and AFFIRM.

      1
       Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section references are to the
Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, all “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules
of Bankruptcy Procedure, and all “Civil Rule” references are the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure.
      2
         In the record, the appellant’s name is listed as Carla Johnston-Mueller. We will
refer to her as Carla Johnston because that is the name she uses in her briefs.

                                            2
                            FACTUAL BACKGROUND3

A.     Prepetition events

       1.     The loan to finance Ms. Johnston’s movie

       Ms. Johnston and Ms. Noe became friends sometime in 2010. Later,

Ms. Johnston sought money from Ms. Noe to assist in various business

ventures, including the production of a faith-based movie titled “The

Truth: The Journey Within” and a planned taco restaurant.

       In October 2010, Ms. Johnston and Ms. Noe executed a “secured

promissory note,” whereby Ms. Noe agreed to loan Ms. Johnston $254,502

for the production of “The Truth.” The loan was secured by a partial

interest in the planned taco restaurant. The note’s repayment terms were

less than precise; it provided:

       I.      Promise to Pay

       Borrower agrees to pay Lender the total amount of $254,502.00
       (Two-Hundred Fifty-Four Thousand Five Hundred Two
       Dollars and no/100), together with interest payable on the
       unpaid principal at the rate of 7% per annum. Interest will
       accrue, unless notification otherwise [sic].

       Lender will pay [sic] 1 point of net profit proceeds of THE
       TRUTH MOVIE, LLC, to a maximum point participation 5 time
       investment has been returned [sic].

       3
         We borrow from the bankruptcy court’s oral ruling. We also exercise our
discretion to review the bankruptcy court’s docket, as appropriate. See Woods &
Erickson, LLP v. Leonard (In re AVI, Inc.), 389 B.R. 721, 725 n.2 (9th Cir. BAP 2008).

                                              3
      ....

      II.    Repayment

      The amount owed under this Promissory Note will be repaid in
      full as the proceeds from THE TRUTH movie begin after
      release date of 1/1/11 or sooner and shall continue until
      proceeds with interest have been paid in full. In addition, profit
      participation of net proceeds generated by THE TRUTH
      MOVIE, LLC, film titled, The Truth and will be paid at the rate
      of 1 point, without cap, in perpetuity [sic].

Ms. Noe advanced $254,502 to Ms. Johnston shortly thereafter.

      Ms. Johnston had earlier borrowed approximately $1 million from

her ex-husband and $200,000 from her parents, and she later borrowed an

undisclosed sum from another friend. Ms. Noe said that she was only

aware that the ex-husband, Mark Mueller, had contributed $250,000.

      “The Truth” was never released in theaters. Ms. Johnston claimed

that she finished the movie but could not secure a distributor to release it.

She abandoned efforts to release the movie in the fall of 2013.

      Ms. Noe asked Ms. Johnston several times about repayment of the

loan. She claimed that Ms. Johnston responded with “cryptic and

increasingly bizzarre gibberish” but appeared to reaffirm her intention to

repay the loan.

      Some time thereafter, Ms. Johnston received a $700,000 inheritance

from her parents’ estate. She also settled a lawsuit for approximately

                                       4
$750,000. Ms. Johnston did not repay Ms. Noe or any other creditor; she

instead used the majority of the funds for another start-up business,

OneTeam Humanity Foods, Inc. dba Nutburger (“Nutburger”).

      2.     The state court judgment

      In 2014, Ms. Noe sued Ms. Johnston and Nutburger in state court.

The state court granted Ms. Noe summary adjudication on her breach of

contract claim and entered judgment against Ms. Johnston for $254,502

plus seven percent interest per annum from January 1, 2011.

B.    Ms. Johnston’s chapter 7 bankruptcy case

      On July 13, 2016, Ms. Johnston filed a chapter 7 petition. She

scheduled Ms. Noe’s state court judgment as an unsecured claim totaling

$436,854.28.

C.    Adversary proceeding

      Ms. Noe filed an adversary complaint against Ms. Johnston, asserting

a claim under § 523(a)(2) to determine that the state court judgment was

nondischargeable. She alleged that Ms. Johnston had repeatedly assured

her that she would repay Ms. Noe the money she had borrowed but never

intended to do so.4

      Ms. Johnston contended that she always intended to pay back

Ms. Noe and denied that she intended to defraud Ms. Noe. She said that

      4
        Ms. Noe also asked the bankruptcy court to deny Ms. Johnston’s discharge
under § 727. The bankruptcy court rejected this claim, and Ms. Noe did not appeal.

                                           5
she earnestly attempted to distribute “The Truth,” but distributors were

not interested and she eventually just ran out of money.

     During discovery, Ms. Johnston testified that her ex-husband was in

“first position” and that she intended to repay Ms. Noe only after she

repaid her ex-husband and parents:

              Q.    “First position” meaning you’re going to pay him
     first?

          A.    Mr. Mueller was – is in first position before Cynthia
     Noe for repayment of moneys.

              Q.    What does “first position” mean?

          A.     It means that he loaned the money first before
     Cynthia Noe. So, if I get a $100 and I owe $100-plus to the first
     person, that means they’re going to get paid back first. I owe
     Mr. Mueller over a million dollars.

              ...

          Q.   What is the – in your mind what is the order in
     which you are going to pay these people back?

              A.    I haven’t gone that far in my mind.

              Q.    So, Mr. Mueller would be first, though; right?

              A.    Yes, Mr. Mueller would be first.

              Q.    And then between your parents, Cynthia, Tammy –

                                        6
             A.     Well, my parents loaned me money before Cynthia
       did after I was defrauded. So, whatever their dollar amount
       was before, because they loaned me money after when I ran out
       of money from Ms. Noe and Ms. Ralston, then my parents have
       stepped back in and loaned me more money. So, it would be
       sequentially whoever loaned me money first.

            If I got a hundred bucks and I owe somebody 200, I’m
       going to pay the first guy back before I’m going to pay the
       second guy.

Ms. Johnston confirmed that Mr. Mueller was “first in line,” her parents

were “second in line,” followed by Ms. Noe.

D.     Trial

       The bankruptcy court held a trial on Ms. Noe’s claims.5 Ms. Noe

testified that she believed that she would receive repayment of the loan by

“the payment date” in January 2011. She testified that she did not know

that Ms. Johnston intended to repay her ex-husband and parents first.

       She argued that the state court judgment should be excepted from

discharge under § 523 because Ms. Johnston did not intend to repay her

pursuant to the terms of the promissory note. Rather, she (1) intended to

repay Ms. Noe only after she had repaid other individuals over $1.2

million; (2) did not intend to repay her until she had enough money to

       5
        The bankruptcy court took judicial notice of the state court judgment, which
“says on its face in terms of the finding in favor of Ms. Noe on the breach of contract
claim indicating an amount of $254,502 with interest at the rate of seven percent per
annum accruing since January 1, 2011.”

                                             7
repay all of her debts in a lump sum; and (3) only intended to repay her if

“The Truth” was released and made sufficient profits.

      Ms. Johnston testified that, when she and Ms. Noe signed the

promissory note, “it was [her] intent to repay that money to Ms. Noe.” She

claimed that Ms. Noe knew that Mr. Mueller, her parents, and a friend had

loaned over $1.2 million for production of “The Truth.” When it became

obvious that “The Truth” would not be released, she said that she intended

to repay Ms. Noe from her Nutburger profits.

      She denied that the promissory note included a definite repayment

date: “the document as it reads required that proceeds from The Truth

Movie would begin after the release date of 1/11. The release date never

occurred on 1/11.” She also testified that she would feel obligated to repay

earlier investors before Ms. Noe: “in my mind I would owe the – the first

person kind of like a succession, the first person who loaned me the money

first. . . . Mark would be the first person in line to have that repaid, and

then subsequently based on the order in which I owe money.”

E.    Judgment

      The bankruptcy court held that Ms. Noe had established the elements

of her § 523(a)(2)(A) claim, such that the state court judgment was excepted

from discharge. It found that Ms. Johnston’s testimony that she intended to

repay Ms. Noe from the proceeds of “The Truth” “may have some

credibility.” Nevertheless, it found that Ms. Johnston made material

                                        8
omissions with respect to repaying Ms. Noe:

            More troubling, however, is Defendant’s testimony that
      in her mind she believed that those who loaned her money first,
      her ex-husband and her parents, for example, totaling
      approximately $1.25 million, should be paid ahead of, and not
      along with or pari passu with Plaintiff.

             Though Defendant has attempted to downplay this
      testimony, it is a critical point and goes directly to Defendant’s
      state of mind at the time the note was signed. Defendant clearly
      had the . . . intent to pay the earlier loans before paying any
      amount to . . . the Plaintiff.

The bankruptcy court further found that the omissions were fraudulent

and that Ms. Noe’s reliance was justifiable:

             The failure to disclose an intent to prioritize the
      repayment of the loans is an omission that this Court considers
      to be fraudulent. The Court finds that Plaintiff’s reliance on the
      terms of the note, which did not disclose that [sic] any
      contingency regarding the order of payment, other than it
      would commence January 1, 2011, presumably from proceeds,
      was in fact justifiable.

      The court entered judgment in favor of Ms. Noe on her § 523(a)(2)(A)

claim. Ms. Johnston timely appealed.

                              JURISDICTION

      The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334

and 157(b)(2)(I). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158.

                                       9
                                      ISSUE

      Whether the bankruptcy court erred in ruling that the state court

judgment was nondischargeable under § 523(a)(2)(A).

                          STANDARDS OF REVIEW

      When reviewing a bankruptcy court’s determination of an exception

to discharge claim under § 523, we review its findings of fact for clear error

and its conclusions of law de novo. See Oney v. Weinberg (In re Weinberg),

410 B.R. 19, 28 (9th Cir. BAP 2009). “Whether a requisite element of a

§ 523(a)(2)(A) claim is present is a factual determination reviewed for clear

error.” Tallant v. Kaufman (In re Tallant), 218 B.R. 58, 63 (9th Cir. BAP 1998)

(citing Anastas v. Am. Sav. Bank (In re Anastas), 94 F.3d 1280, 1283 (9th Cir.

1996)).

      “De novo review requires that we consider a matter anew, as if no

decision had been made previously.” Francis v. Wallace (In re Francis), 505

B.R. 914, 917 (9th Cir. BAP 2014) (citations omitted).

      Factual findings are clearly erroneous if they are illogical,

implausible, or without support in the record. Retz v. Samson (In re Retz),

606 F.3d 1189, 1196 (9th Cir. 2010). “To be clearly erroneous, a decision

must strike us as more than just maybe or probably wrong; it must . . .

strike us as wrong with the force of a five-week-old, unrefrigerated dead

fish.” Papio Keno Club, Inc. v. City of Papillion (In re Papio Keno Club, Inc.), 262

F.3d 725, 729 (8th Cir. 2001) (citation omitted). If two views of the evidence

                                         10
are possible, the court’s choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous.

Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 573-75 (1985).

      “We may affirm on any basis supported by the record.” Caviata

Attached Homes, LLC v. U.S. Bank, Nat’l Ass’n (In re Caviata Attached Homes,

LLC), 481 B.R. 34, 44 (9th Cir. BAP 2012) (citation omitted).

                                   DISCUSSION

      Ms. Johnston argues that the court erred in finding that she did not

intend to repay Ms. Noe. She also argues that the bankruptcy court misread

the promissory note and contends that no payment is currently due to

Ms. Noe; as such, it is irrelevant that she did not disclose the priority

position of other creditors. Her arguments are unavailing.6

A.    The bankruptcy court did not err in holding that the state court
      judgment was nondischargeable.

      Section 523(a)(2)(A) excepts from discharge certain debts relating to

“false pretenses, a false representation, or actual fraud . . . .” § 523(a)(2)(A).

To prevail under § 523(a)(2)(A), a creditor must prove five elements:

(1) misrepresentation, fraudulent omission, or deceptive conduct by the

debtor; (2) knowledge of the falsity or deceptiveness of his statement or

      6
        Ms. Noe argues that Ms. Johnston waived all of her arguments on appeal
because she failed to file a motion for involuntary dismissal under Rule 7041 (applying
Civil Rule 41). This argument is nonsensical. There is no requirement that an appellant
must first challenge the court’s ruling after trial by filing a motion to dismiss, and
Ms. Noe cites no such rule applicable to this situation.

                                           11
conduct; (3) an intent to deceive; (4) justifiable reliance by the creditor on

the debtor’s statement or conduct; and (5) damage to the creditor

proximately caused by its reliance on the debtor’s statement or conduct.

Deitz v. Ford (In re Deitz), 760 F.3d 1038, 1050 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing In re

Weinberg, 410 B.R. at 35).

      Exceptions to discharge are construed strictly against the creditor and

liberally in favor of the debtor. Snoke v. Riso (In re Riso), 978 F.2d 1151, 1154

(9th Cir. 1992). To prevail on her claim, the creditor must meet her burden

by a preponderance of the evidence. Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 286

(1991).

      1.    Fraudulent omission

      The bankruptcy court found that Ms. Johnston failed to tell Ms. Noe

that she intended to repay Ms. Noe only after she had repaid earlier

creditors. The Ninth Circuit has recognized that, “[u]nder common law, a

false representation can be established by an omission when there is a duty

to disclose.” Citibank (S.D.), N.A. v. Eashai (In re Eashai), 87 F.3d 1082, 1089

(9th Cir. 1996). It additionally noted that “bankruptcy courts have

conceded that a debtor’s silence or omission regarding a material fact can

constitute a false representation which is actionable under § 523(a)(2)(A).”

Id.; see Harmon v. Kobrin (In re Harmon), 250 F.3d 1240, 1246 n.4 (9th Cir.

2001) (“A debtor’s failure to disclose material facts constitutes a fraudulent

omission under § 523(a)(2)(A) if the debtor was under a duty to disclose

                                        12
and the debtor’s omission was motivated by an intent to deceive.”); Loomas

v. Evans (In re Evans), 181 B.R. 508, 514-15 (Bankr. S.D. Cal. 1995) (“[T]o

prevail in a fraud action, the plaintiff must establish that the debtor

concealed facts and that the facts concealed were material. Concealed facts

are material if ‘a reasonable man would attach importance to the alleged

omissions in determining his course of action.’” (quoting Titan Grp., Inc. v.

Faggen, 513 F.2d 234, 239 (2d Cir. 1975))).

      In Eashai, the Ninth Circuit relied on the Restatement (Second) of

Torts § 551 (1976), which provides that an omission is fraudulent if there

was (1) an omission that induced the other to act and (2) a duty to disclose.7

      7
          The Restatement (Second) of Torts § 551 states, in relevant part:

      (1) One who fails to disclose to another a fact that he knows may
      justifiably induce the other to act or refrain from acting in a business
      transaction is subject to the same liability to the other as though he had
      represented the nonexistence of the matter that he has failed to disclose, if,
      but only if, he is under a duty to the other to exercise reasonable care to
      disclose the matter in question.

      (2) One party to a business transaction is under a duty to exercise
      reasonable care to disclose to the other before the transaction is
      consummated, . . .

               (b) matters known to him that he knows to be necessary to prevent
               his partial or ambiguous statement of the facts from being
               misleading; and

               ...

                                                                              (continued...)

                                             13
      The bankruptcy court found that Ms. Johnston “did not disclose the

priority of repayment. The fact that Defendant knew she would pay $1.2

million ahead of Plaintiff, and did not disclose it is, in the Court’s view,

deceptive.” We agree. The evidence shows that Ms. Johnston secretly

intended to repay her ex-husband and parents before Ms. Noe and that she

did not disclose this repayment priority to Ms. Noe. We find no clear error

in the bankruptcy court’s finding that Ms. Johnston concealed these facts

from Ms. Noe.8

      We must next determine whether she had a duty to disclose the true

facts. The Restatement (Second) of Torts provides that a person has a duty

to disclose “matters known to him that he knows to be necessary to prevent

his partial or ambiguous statement of the facts from being misleading” or

“facts basic to the transaction, if he knows that the other is about to enter

      7
          (...continued)
                 (e) facts basic to the transaction, if he knows that the other is about
                 to enter into it under a mistake as to them, and that the other,
                 because of the relationship between them, the customs of the trade
                 or other objective circumstances, would reasonably expect a
                 disclosure of those facts.

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 551.
      8
        The bankruptcy court found that Ms. Johnston harbored this intention at the
time she borrowed the money from Ms. Noe. Ms. Johnston does not argue otherwise,
and drawing this inference from the evidence was not clearly erroneous. The outcome
would likely be different if Ms. Johnston did not form her priority-of-repayment
intention until after she borrowed the money.

                                                14
into it under a mistake as to them, and that the other . . . would reasonably

expect a disclosure of those facts.” Restatement (Second) of Torts

§ 551(2)(b), (e). The fact that Ms. Johnston did not intend to repay Ms. Noe

until Ms. Johnston had first repaid over $1.2 million in other debt is a “fact

basic to the transaction” that the court found was unknown to Ms. Noe.

Any lender would expect a disclosure of such facts. As such, Ms. Johnston

had a duty to disclose these facts, and her failure to do so rendered her

omission fraudulent.

      2.    Knowledge of falsity

      There is no dispute that Ms. Johnston knew that she did not inform

Ms. Noe of her intended order of repayment. Ms. Johnston argues that

Ms. Noe knew that Mr. Mueller had earlier invested in “The Truth,” so

there could be no omission or false statement. But this fact is irrelevant.

Even if Ms. Noe knew that Mr. Mueller was also a creditor, she had no way

of knowing that Ms. Johnston had a secret order of repayment in which

Ms. Noe would get paid after Ms. Johnston’s ex-husband and parents.

Ms. Johnston even admits that “[t]here was no testimony stating that

Appellant ever informed Appellee that Appellant would repay others

before Appellee.” Her knowledge of Mr. Mueller’s involvement does not

detract from the court’s findings.

      3.    Intent to deceive

      The bankruptcy court found that Ms. Johnston intended to pay

                                      15
Ms. Noe from the proceeds of “The Truth.” However, it found that her

state of mind at the time she executed the promissory note indicated a

hidden intent to pay earlier loans before paying any amount to Ms. Noe.

      Ms. Johnston argues that she only testified that she thought her order

of repayment was fair and “moral.” But the bankruptcy court found that

Ms. Johnston actually intended to defer payment to Ms. Noe. The evidence

supports this finding. Ms. Johnston testified that, “in her mind,” she would

repay the creditors in the order of their loan, and Mr. Mueller was in “first

position” and “would be the first person in line to have that repaid, and

then subsequently, based on the order in which I owed money.” The

testimony was sufficient to allow the bankruptcy court to infer

Ms. Johnston’s intent to repay Ms. Noe only after she repaid other debts.

This finding reasonably supports an inference that Ms. Johnston’s

nondisclosure was based on an intent to deceive. See Gertsch v. Johnson &

Johnson, Fin. Corp. (In re Gertsch), 237 B.R. 160, 167 (9th Cir. BAP 1999)

(“intent to deceive can be inferred from the totality of circumstances”);

Alexander & Alexander of Wash., Inc. v. Hultquist (In re Hultquist), 101 B.R.

180, 183 (9th Cir. BAP 1989) (“the element of intent to deceive under

§ 523(a)(2)(A), can be inferred and established from the surrounding

circumstances”).

      4.    Materiality

      When dealing with a fraudulent omission (as opposed to an

                                       16
affirmative misrepresentation), bankruptcy courts consider materiality,

rather than justifiable reliance. We recently stated:

      [I]n such situations[,] there is no representation upon which
      one could justifiably rely. Titan Grp., Inc. v. Faggen, 513 F.2d 234,
      239 (2d Cir. 1975), cited with approval in Apte v. Romesh Japra,
      M.D., F.A.C.C., Inc. (In re Apte), 96 F.3d 1319, 1323 (9th Cir.
      1996). For this reason, “All that is necessary is that the facts
      withheld be material in the sense that a reasonable investor
      might have considered them important in the making of this
      decision. This obligation to disclose and this withholding of a
      material fact establish the requisite element of causation in
      fact.” In re Apte, 96 F.3d at 1323 (quoting Affiliated Ute Citizens of
      Utah v. United States, 406 U.S. 128, 153-54 (1972)).

Wickam v. Ivar (In re Werner), BAP Nos. CC-17-1266-STaF, CC-17-1269-STaF,

2019 WL 641411, at *6 (9th Cir. BAP Feb. 13, 2019). “An omission is material

if a reasonable investor would have wanted to know the information before

investing. Thus, the materiality issue focuses on what a reasonable investor

would want to know. In essence, the plaintiffs are presumed to have relied

on the omission if it was material.” Id. at *10 (citing In re Apte, 96 F.3d at

1323).

      The bankruptcy court focused on whether Ms. Noe’s reliance on the

terms of the promissory note was justifiable. It found that, because the

promissory note did not disclose a contingency regarding the order of

repayment, Ms. Noe’s reliance on the terms of the note was justifiable.

While we discern no error in these factual findings, the relevant question is

                                        17
whether the omission was material. The record amply supports a finding of

materiality. Under Ms. Johnston’s repayment schedule, Ms. Noe would

only begin receiving repayment of her loan after Ms. Johnston had repaid

over $1.2 million (plus interest) to earlier investors. The existence of other

loans with repayment priority is a material fact that any reasonable lender

would want to know before loaning money.

      5.    Damages and proximate cause

      The bankruptcy court found that “the damage to [Ms. Noe], that is,

the non-payment of the loan that she entered into, not aware of the omitted

intent of the Debtor, was proximately caused by her reliance on the

Debtor’s omission.”

      Ms. Johnston has not specifically and distinctly challenged this

finding on appeal. See Hayes v. Idaho Corr. Ctr., 849 F.3d 1204, 1213 (9th Cir.

2017) (stating that an appellate court “will not ordinarily consider matters

on appeal that are not specifically and distinctly raised and argued in

appellant’s opening brief”); Smith v. Marsh, 194 F.3d 1045, 1052 (9th Cir.

1999) (“[O]n appeal, arguments not raised by a party in its opening brief

are deemed waived.”). In any event, we agree with the bankruptcy court

that Ms. Johnston’s fraudulent omission was a “substantial factor” leading

to the loss of the money that Ms. Noe loaned to Ms. Johnston and that

Ms. Noe’s loss reasonably could be expected to result from the omission.

See In re Werner, 2019 WL 641411, at *11.

                                       18
      Therefore, the bankruptcy court did not err in finding that Ms. Noe

established each element of § 523(a)(2)(A).

B.    Ms. Johnston’s arguments are unavailing.

      Ms. Johnston argues that there was no debt due and owing and that

she always intended to repay Ms. Noe. We reject each of these arguments.

      1.    The payment date in the promissory note is irrelevant.

      Ms. Johnston argues that the promissory note controlled the timing of

repayment and nothing was due to Ms. Noe because repayment was

contingent on the success of “The Truth.” She contends that “[w]hether or

not Appellant informed Appellee of other loans and repayment of those

loans is irrelevant” because “the condition precedent in the Note did not

occur[.]”

      But the state court had already entered judgment on Ms. Johnston’s

debt to Ms. Noe. Therefore, the debt was due and owing.

      2.    The bankruptcy court properly considered the circumstantial
            evidence of Ms. Johnston’s intent.

      Ms. Johnston contends that she did not intend to defraud Ms. Noe

because she always intended to repay her, whether from the proceeds of

“The Truth” or, later, from the profits of Nutburger. However, her ultimate

intent to repay is not at issue; the bankruptcy court properly found that

Ms. Johnston fraudulently concealed her “intent to pay the earlier loans

before paying any amount to” Ms. Noe.

                                     19
      Ms. Johnston argues that the bankruptcy court improperly

considered her inheritance and litigation settlement that she invested in

Nutburger (rather than repaying her creditors). But the bankruptcy court

agreed with Ms. Johnston on this point and explicitly stated that it did not

consider such evidence as probative of her intent: “[T]he fact that the

Debtor later received the settlement and inheritance money and did not use

the money to pay Plaintiff . . . has no bearing on Debtor’s state of mind at

the time the note was executed.”

      Ms. Johnston also contends that the provision in the promissory note

granting Ms. Noe one percent of the profits of “The Truth” shows that she

intended to pay Ms. Noe irrespective of payments to earlier creditors. But

the payment of one percent of profits was in addition to the repayment of

the $254,502 loan. The promissory note provided that “the amount owed

under this Promissory Note will be repaid in full . . . . In addition, profit

participation of net proceeds . . . will be paid at the rate of 1 point, without

cap, in perpetuity.” (Emphasis added.) In any event, her promise to give

Ms. Noe a share of the profits of “The Truth” has nothing to do with her

intent to pay Ms. Noe only after other creditors.

                                CONCLUSION

      The bankruptcy court did not err in holding that the state court

judgment was nondischargeable. Accordingly, we AFFIRM.

                                       20