Court Opinion

ID: 4684378
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-05-06 06:18:49.072881+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:14:06.469490
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS
                                      EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                           EL PASO, TEXAS

    ALFREDO CARRASCO,                                      §
                                                                              No. 08-20-000062-CV
                                     Appellant,            §
                                                                                 Appeal from the
    v.                                                     §
                                                                          County Court At Law No. 3
    CITY OF EL PASO AND                                    §
    EL PASO WATER UTILITIES,                                                Of El Paso County, Texas
                                                           §
                                     Appellee.                               (TC# 2016-DCV-3774)
                                                            §

                                                  OPINION

         Appellant, Alfredo Carrasco, appeals the trial court’s granting of Appellees’ plea to the

jurisdiction, which dismissed Appellant’s claims with prejudice. In four issues, Appellant asserts

waiver of governmental immunity contending his claims of inverse condemnation, nuisance, and

negligence and/or intentional failure and refusal to take corrective action under the Takings Clause

of the Texas Constitution and the Texas Tort Claims Act should not have been dismissed with

prejudice. 1 We affirm.

                                               BACKGROUND

                                             Factual Background

1
  Dismissal with prejudice is proper here. The Texas Supreme Court has held such a dismissal is with prejudice
because it fully and finally adjudicates whether the asserted claims fall within the Texas Tort Claims Act’s waiver of
governmental immunity. See Harris County v. Sykes, 136 S.W.3d 635, 637 (Tex. 2004).
       Appellant purchased a lot and completed construction of the subject residential premises

in 2012. When Appellant attempted to connect the sewer line from the home to the city’s sewer

main in 2013, Appellant’s grinder pump burned out within 72 hours, causing backup sewage. The

issue is the decline of the sewage system. Appellant’s home is situated at the end of a sloping cul-

de-sac and the sewage system downwardly slopes, requiring Appellant’s sewage to gravitationally

evacuate upward into the sewer main. Due to the decline of the sewage system design, Appellant’s

grinding pump is gravitationally unable to disperse the sewage originating from his premises to

the sewer main. Moreover, Appellant’s connection to the sewer main results in accumulation of

sewage from the entire subdivision onto Appellant’s property. Appellant has installed four

grinding pumps to discharge his own sewage, but all have failed to pump upstream and have

routinely burned out. As a result, Appellant has been forced to cap the sewage line to prevent the

accumulation of public sewage on his property and thus, does not have access to the sewage

system. Appellant has been unable to obtain a certificate of occupancy and his home is

uninhabitable.

       Appellant learned of the defective sewage system design in early 2013 when he was ready

to obtain a certificate of occupancy and first connected to the sewer system. Appellant immediately

contacted Appellees, the El Paso Water Utilities (“EPWU”), to report the problem. The sewage

problems persisted, and in mid-2013, Appellant re-connected to the sewer system and his grinder

pump again burned out. Appellant reported the problem to EPWU for a second time. Appellant

was told the burn out of his grinder pump was his responsibility. In late 2015, Appellant again

reported the problem to EPWU and was told there was nothing that could be done as it was his

responsibility. In April 2016, Appellant met with EPWU employees and alleges EPWU stated they

                                                 2
were aware of his sewer problem, confirmed ownership of the main sewer line, admitted the sewer

line was poorly designed, and stated a study by an engineering firm would be conducted to remedy

the problem. Alleging he was never re-contacted by EPWU, Appellant met with an El Paso City

Councilmember, but was told nothing could be done.

       On July 6, 2016, Appellant served on EPWU and the City of El Paso (“the City”),

collectively (“Appellees”), a demand letter providing Appellees notice of property damage to his

premises and notice of intent to file civil action for damages and costs.

                                     Procedural Background

       In October 2016, Appellant filed his original petition, request for injunctive relief, and

request for disclosure against Appellees. Appellees filed its original answer—a general denial,

affirmative defenses, and jury demand. Appellees then challenged the trial court’s subject matter

jurisdiction by filing a plea to the jurisdiction. Appellant responded to the plea to the jurisdiction

and filed an amended petition to the plea.

       A hearing on Appellees’ plea to the jurisdiction was held. The trial court granted Appellees’

plea to the jurisdiction and dismissed Appellant’s claims with prejudice. This appeal followed.

                                          DISCUSSION

        In four issues, Appellant challenges the trial court’s granting of Appellees’ plea to the

jurisdiction, which dismissed Appellant’s claims with prejudice. In Issue One, Appellant asserts

waiver of governmental immunity for Appellees’ governmental functions under the Texas Tort

Claim Act. TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. § 101.0215(a), (c). In Issues Two through Four,

Appellant asserts claims of takings, nuisance, and negligence and/or intentional failure and refusal

                                                  3
to take correction action, all under the Takings Clause of the Texas Constitution and the Texas

Tort Claim Act. TEX.CONST. art. I, § 17(a); TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. § 101.0215.

                                                 Standard of Review

         When, as here, a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the existence of jurisdictional facts, we

look beyond the pleadings and consider evidence submitted by the parties—which may implicate

the merits of a plaintiff’s cause of action—when necessary to resolve the jurisdictional issues

raised. Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 227 (Tex. 2004). Evidentiary

review is confined to evidence relevant to the jurisdictional issue, and our task is to determine

whether a fact issue exists. Id.; see Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 555 (Tex.

2000). If the plaintiff’s factual allegations are challenged with supporting evidence, in order to

avoid dismissal, plaintiffs must raise a genuine issue of material fact to overcome the challenge of

the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 221. If the evidence creates a

fact issue as to the jurisdictional issue, the trial court must deny the plea to the jurisdiction and the

fact issue is left for the fact finder to resolve. Id. at 227-28. However, if the relevant evidence fails

to raise a fact issue on the jurisdictional issue, the trial court grants the plea to the jurisdiction and

rules on jurisdiction as a matter of law. Id. at 228 The Texas Supreme Court has acknowledged

this standard mirrors that of a summary judgment under Texas Rules of Civil Procedure 166a(c). 2

Id. We review a trial court’s ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction de novo. Id.

2
  Appellant urges this Court not to construe review of the plea to the jurisdiction and dismissal of his claims as a
motion for summary judgment. However, prior to appeal, Appellant never objected that a plea to the jurisdiction was
improper for determining whether his claims were barred. In Guevara v. WCA Waste Corp., Guevara sued defendant
for negligence and after asserting affirmative defenses under the TWCA, defendant filed a plea to the jurisdiction. No.
01-15-01075-CV, 2017 WL 1483320, at *1-*2 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 25, 2017, pet. dism’d)(mem.
op.). In response to Guevara’s opposition of dismissal of his claims by summary judgment treatment, the court
overruled the issue given Guevara’s lack of trial-level objection, and further noted, “both the parties and the trial court
appear to have treated the plea as if it were such a motion . . . . The parties’ filings were supported by verified affidavits
and other summary-judgment evidence, and the timing of the filings, notices, and hearing conformed to the rules
                                                              4
                                           Governmental Immunity

         In his first issue, Appellant asserts waiver of Appellees’ governmental immunity under the

Texas Tort Claims Act, alleging his injuries and damages arose out of Appellees’ governmental

functions TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. § 101.0215(a), (c).

                                                  Applicable Law

         When analyzing a cause of action brought under the Texas Tort Claims Act against a

municipality, the initial determination to be made is whether the municipality’s action or inaction

involves a proprietary function or a governmental function. Dalon v. City of DeSoto, 852 S.W.2d

530, 535-36 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1992, writ denied)(citing McKinney v. City of Gainesville, 814

S.W.2d 862, 865 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 1991, no writ)). Texas courts have consistently upheld

the proposition that a municipality “does not waive sovereign immunity as to property damage

unless the damage is caused by the negligent act or omission of a state employee and arises from

the operation of motor driven equipment.” Id. at 536 (citing Department of Highways & Pub.

Transp. v. Pruitt, 770 S.W.2d 638, 639 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1989, no writ) [Internal

quotations omitted].

         The three general areas in which immunity has been waived are: (1) injury caused by an

employee’s use of a motor-driven vehicle; (2) injury caused by a condition or use of tangible

personal property; and (3) injury caused by a condition or use of real property.

governing summary judgments.” Id. at *6 n.5 (citing TEX.R.CIV.P. 166a(c)). Likewise, Appellees’ plea to the
jurisdiction challenged Appellant’s pleadings with affirmative defenses, providing code provisions and case law, to
which Appellant responded by presenting factual and legal arguments on the merits. Construing a plea to the
jurisdiction as a motion for summary judgment is a standard that allows a sovereign to “extricate itself from litigation
if it is truly immune.” Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228 (“Similar to the purpose of a plea to the jurisdiction, which is to
defeat a cause of action for which the state has not waived sovereign immunity . . . the purpose of summary judgments
in Texas is to eliminate patently unmeritorious claims and untenable defenses.”)(quoting City of Houston v. Clear
Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 678 n.5 (Tex. 1979))[Internal quotations omitted]. This sub-issue is overruled.
                                                           5
TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. § 101.021(1), (2); City of Houston v. Rushing, 7 S.W.3d 909,

914 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet. denied)(citing University of Tex. Med. Branch v.

Davidson, 882 S.W.2d 83, 84 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, no writ); see Salcedo v. El

Paso Hosp. Dist., 659 S.W.2d 30, 31 (Tex. 1983)(predecessor of Section 101.021 waives

governmental immunity in three general areas: use of publicly owned vehicles, premise defects,

and injuries arising from condition or use of property)). To hold a municipality liable pursuant to

Section 101.0215, the liability must still arise out of one of the three specific areas of waiver listed

above. City of Houston, 7 S.W.3d at 914 (citing McKinney v. City of Gainesville, 814 S.W.2d 862,

865 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 1991, no writ).

                                               Analysis

        The City of El Paso is a home rule municipality located in El Paso County, Texas. EPWU

is the El Paso County public utility company that operates the water and sewer services of El Paso

by way of the Rules and Regulations passed and approved into law by the EPWU Public Service

Board. See EL PASO CITY CODE § 15.12.010. Appellees—the City and EPWU— are governmental

units. See TEX.GOV’T CODE ANN. § 552.003(1)(A).

        Appellant alleges his injuries arise out of the governmental functions of Appellees.

Specifically, Appellant argues the governmental functions of Appellees is expressly and

unequivocally waived under the Texas Tort Claims Act, Section 101.0215(a)(2)(sanitation

services), (a)(6)(solid waste removal, collection, and disposal), (a)(29)(zoning, planning, and plat

approval),    (a)(30)(engineering     functions),   and    (a)(32)(water    and    sewage     service).

TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. § 101.0215(a)).

                                                    6
       However, Appellant makes no effort to establish waiver of immunity based on a cause of

action that falls within any of the three categories in which the City has waived governmental

immunity. See City of Houston, 7 S.W.3d at 914 (to hold a city liable under Section 101.0215, the

liability must arise out of one of the three specific areas of waiver listed in Section 101.0215).

Appellees argue use and operation of a motor vehicle or motor driven equipment is a condition

required for waiver of governmental immunity pursuant to Section 101.0215; see Dalon, 852

S.W.2d at 536 (“The maintenance of the storm sewer of which appellants complain is a

governmental function. Consequently, appellee will not be liable for alleged negligence because

appellants’ property damage does not arise from the operation or use of a motor-driven vehicle or

motor-driven equipment. Appellee is immune from any negligence related to its maintenance or

operation of the storm sewer behind appellants’ property.”)[Internal citations omitted]. Appellant

does not allege his property damage claim arises from the use and operation of a vehicle or motor-

driven equipment. In fact, during the plea to the jurisdiction hearing, Appellant declared, “[t]his is

not a motor-vehicle problem, motor-driven problem . . . .” Appellant furthered asserted the

defective sewer main system—the crux of this suit—“has no operational movement or mechanics

to it.” However, case law confirms if a city’s action constitutes a governmental function, the city

is liable for property damage only if it “‘arises from the operation or use of a motor-driven vehicle

or motor-driven equipment.’” Dalon, 852 S.W.2d at 535 (citing TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN.

§ 101.021(1)(A)).

       Appellant admit his claims do not establish waiver of immunity based on a cause of action

that falls within any of the three categories in which the City has waived governmental immunity

in addition to avoiding the prerequisites of Section 101.021, but only focuses on Section 101.0215.

                                                  7
TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. §§ 101.021, 101.0215. In his reply brief, Appellant firmly

asserts the reason for neglecting Section 101.021 from his analysis is because Section 101.0215

provides an independent waiver of immunity. We do not agree.

       Appellant relies on Bellnoa v. City of Austin in support of Section 101.0215 purportedly

providing an independent waiver of immunity. 894 S.W.2d 821, 826 (Tex.App.—Austin 1995, no

writ). Appellant states, “It should be noted though, that even in the Bellona [sic] case, the Court

recognized that ‘....the “words under this chapter” do not unequivocally provide that section

101.0215 is subject to section 101.021. . . .’” However, the precise, relevant excerpt from Bellnoa

establishes Section 101.0215 does not provide an independent waiver of immunity.

       Although the words ‘under this chapter’ do not unequivocally provide that section
       101.0215 is subject to section 101.021, neither do the words of section 101.0215
       clearly and unambiguously waive sovereign immunity. Compare the language of
       section 101.0215 (‘municipality is liable under this chapter’ for the listed activities)
       with the language of section 101.021 (‘governmental unit in the state is liable’ for
       the following acts). . . . Because the statutory language does not clearly and
       unambiguously waive sovereign immunity, and in view of the stated legislative
       intent, we hold that section 101.0215 is not an independent waiver of immunity.

Bellnoa, 894 S.W.2d at 826 [Emphasis added]. Accordingly, Appellant’s argument fails.

       Furthermore, Appellees argue the City’s decision not to remedy Appellant’s sewer problem

is a discretionary act exempt from the Tort Claims Act’s limited waiver of governmental immunity.

We agree. Section 101.056 states:

        This chapter does not apply to a claim based on:

       (1) the failure of a governmental unit to perform an act that the unit is not required
       by law to perform; or

       (2) a governmental unit’s decision not to perform an act or on its failure to make a
       decision on the performance or nonperformance of an act if the law leaves the
       performance or nonperformance of the act to the discretion of the governmental
       unit.

                                                  8
TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. § 101.056. Moreover, this provision “generally preserves

immunity not only for the state’s public policy decisions, but also for the state’s failure to act,

when no particular action is required by law.” Stephen F. Austin State Univ. v. Flynn, 228 S.W.3d

653, 657 (Tex. 2007)[Emphasis added].

       Appellees rely on a Texas Supreme Court decision that discusses what is known as the

discretionary function exception, which emphasizes design issues are protected discretionary

functions for which governmental immunity applies pursuant to Section 101.056. Tarrant Reg’l

Water Dist. v. Johnson, 572 S.W.3d 658, 665-68 (Tex. 2019). Appellant asserts the factual issue

in this case is the slope of the sewage system and the repeated failure of his grinder pump because

it is forced to push upstream against sewage traveling downstream. “It’s just the way it’s

designed[,]” argues Appellant. Vital to this contention, however, is the fact Appellees did not

design the sewage system; the system was designed and installed by an independent engineering

company the prior developer contracted with. In any case, Appellant’s design argument cannot

stand. The Texas Supreme Court has explicitly held design of any public work is a discretionary

function protected by Section 101.056. State v. Rodriguez, 985 S.W.2d 83, 85 (Tex. 1999)(per

curiam), overruled on other grounds by, Denton Cty. v. Beynon, 283 S.W.3d 329 (Tex. 2009)

(“Design of any public work, such as a roadway, is a discretionary function involving many policy

decisions, and the governmental entity responsible may not be sued for such decisions.”).

       Additionally, Appellees’ immunity barring Appellant’s claims is further bolstered by the

City’s alleged failure to perform what constitutes a discretionary act pursuant to Section 101.056

of the Tort Claims Act. See TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. § 101.056 (stating this chapter

excludes a claim based on the failure of a governmental unit to perform an act that the unity is not

                                                 9
required by law to perform; or a governmental unit’s decision not to perform an act or on its failure

to make a decision on the performance or nonperformance of an act if the law leaves the

performance or nonperformance of the act to the discretion of the government unit).

       There is no waiver of Appellees’ governmental immunity under the Texas Tort Claims Act,

therefore, Appellees retain governmental immunity. Issue One is overruled.

                                           Takings Claim

       In Issue Two, Appellant argues he has a particularized injury for a takings claim under

Takings Clause of Article I, section 17 of the Texas Constitution and the Texas Tort Claims Act.

We disagree.

                                           Applicable Law

       The Texas Constitution provides: “No person’s property shall be taken, damaged, or

destroyed for or applied to public use without adequate compensation being made, unless by the

consent of such person . . . .” TEX.CONST. art. I, § 17(a). Governmental immunity generally protects

entities like the City and EPWU from suits for damages and liability. City of Socorro v. Campos,

510 S.W.3d 121, 126 (Tex.App.—El Paso 2016, pet. denied); see Harris Cty. v. Sykes, 136 S.W.3d

635, 638 (Tex. 2004)(Governmental immunity operates like sovereign immunity and affords a

similar protection to subdivisions of the State, including counties, cities, and school districts).

       To plead a viable takings claim under Article I, section 14 of the Texas Constitution,

Appellant must allege (1) an intentional act by the governmental entity under its lawful authority,

(2) resulting in a taking or damaging of property, (3) for public use. Harris Cty. Flood Control

Dist. v. Kerr, 499 S.W.3d 793, 799 (Tex. 2016). Requisite intent is sufficient “when a

governmental entity knows that a specific act is causing identifiable harm or knows that the harm

                                                  10
is substantially certain to result.” Id. An intentional act is not enough; the governmental entity must

know to a substantial certainty that the harm complained of would occur. Campos, 510 S.W.3d at

126. Accordingly, the Texas Supreme Court has ruled a takings claim cannot rest on mere

negligent conduct. Id. Furthermore, a takings claim must be based on some affirmative conduct by

the government; the law does not recognize takings liability for failure to act. Kerr, 499 S.W.3d at

800; see AN Collision Ctr. of Addison, Inc. v. Town of Addison, 310 S.W.3d 191, 196 (Tex.App.—

Dallas 2010, no pet.)(“A failure to act, including a failure to take corrective measures, is not

enough to rise to the level of taking; it is merely an allegation of negligent conduct.”). Last, an

actionable taking must also be for a public purpose. Campos, 510 S.W.3d at 127.

       A plaintiff must plead facts establishing a valid takings claims to invoke waiver of

governmental immunity. Id. “Absent a pleading making out a prima facie case, the entity’s

immunity from suit has not been waived. A governmental entity may challenge the existence of

that prima facia case through a plea to the jurisdiction.” Id. [Internal citation omitted].

                                              Analysis

       Appellant asserts the trial court had jurisdiction under Article I, section 17 of the Texas

Constitution due to the City’s actions and inactions alleged in his Original Petition (“Petition”)

and his First Amended Petition (“FAP”). Appellant claims the “identifiable harm” and the

“specific property damage” in this case is his “totally uninhabitable” property, which remains

uninhabitable. Appellant asserts his uninhabitable property is the result of the City knowing the

public sewage system was “(a) accumulating the neighborhood’s sewage waste onto [his] Premises

because of EPWU’s downhill sloping public sewage waste line, and (b) thereby preventing any

sewage waste originating from [his] Premises from being evacuated and disbursed uphill into the

                                                  11
EPWU’s public sewage system.” Additionally, Appellant points to EPWU’s pipeline extension

and installation of a new manhole in 2018, its decision to terminate the public sewage system just

150 feet from his premises, and its decision not to replace or repair the original pipeline to prove

Appellees’ actual knowledge and continued failure to resolve the issue. In sum, according to

Appellant, it is the poorly designed public sewage system, which remains unimproved, that

constitutes an identifiable, specific harm of property damage that Appellees knew or should have

known was substantially certain to result from Appellees’ inaction.

       Appellees argue the Jennings requirements of “specific act” and “intent” in causing an

identifiable harm have not been satisfied by Appellant, claiming Appellant’s allegation of failure

to act does not give rise to a takings claim as a matter of law. See City of Dallas v. Jennings, 142

S.W.3d 310 (Tex. 2004). We agree.

       Texas law does not recognize takings liability for failure to act. See Harris Cty. Flood

Control Dist, 499 S.W.3d at 799. In his reply brief, Appellant states he sufficiently alleged the

construction of the sewer system itself, which is owned by the City, is what caused his specific act

of identifiable harm. However, relevant to the analysis here is Appellees did not design or install

the sewer system at issue and did not take responsibility from the private lot owners to operate and

maintain their onsite sewer system. Rather, by conveyance in 2007, the City agreed to operate and

maintain the already existing sewer mains installed within the streets—not the individual private

lots—along with the discharge pipeline from the sewer mains to the isolation valve next to each

lot. The conveyance agreement states in relevant part:

       The proposed low pressure sanitary sewer collection system shall consist of
       privately owned grinder pump wastewater systems that shall be located within the
       limits of each lot. The discharge pipeline from the grinder pump to the isolation
       valve shall also be privately owned. EPWU will operate and maintain the

                                                12
        wastewater force main within the street right-of-way. EPWU will also maintain the
        1 1/4-inch diameter discharge pipeline that extends from the force main within the
        street right-of-way to the isolation valve located behind the curb at each lot.

        Ownership of the proposed low pressure sanitary sewer system by EPWU shall
        commence at the location of the isolation valve and shall include the portion of the
        1 1/4-inch diameter discharge pipeline that extends from the isolation valve to the
        force mains as well as the force main within the street-right-of-way.

        Thus, Appellees argue Appellant cannot sue for a taking based on property damages for

which he assumed responsibility. We agree. Further, liability for a taking cannot be based on the

“the mere intentional operation of a sewer system.” City of Arlington v. State Farm Lloyds, 145

S.W.3d 165, 168 (Tex. 2004).

        Appellees further contest liability by arguing it was Appellant’s responsibility to remedy

any damage caused by the sewage system. Appellees rely on Section VII of the Rules and

Regulations No. 1 of the El Paso Water Utilities Public Service Board, which provides:

        The customer shall agree to accept the elevation and location of all sewers as laid
        by the Utility and will, where necessary, install and operate on his own premises
        and at his own expense, all necessary sewage lifting equipment or backup
        protective devices. Customers having drain or fixture outlets into the house
        connections which are at an elevation that is lower than the top of the nearest
        downstream sanitary sewer manhole shall protect their premises from possible
        backup of sewage by the installation of backflow or other devices to prevent sewage
        backing up and flowing out of such outlets. Such customers agree to accept
        responsibility for any damages caused by a sewage backup where the customer has
        failed to install devices to prevent such sewage backing up and agrees to hold the
        City of El Paso, the Utility and/or its Public Service Board harmless for any
        damage caused by such a sewage backup.

El Paso, Tex., El Paso Water Utilities Public Service Board, Rules and Regulations No. 1, § VII(E)

(1999)[Emphasis added]. 3 However, as pointed out in his reply brief, Appellant has installed

3
  Appellant objects to the consideration of Exhibits A and B, which are attached to Appellees’ brief and not included
in the record. Exhibit A is the Rules and Regulations No. 1 of the EPWU Public Service Board. El Paso, Tex., El Paso
Water Utilities Public Service Board, Rules and Regulations No. 1, § VII(E) (1999),
https://www.epwater.org/UserFiles/Servers/Server_6843404/File/AboutUs/Rules%20and%20Regulations/Rules-
                                                        13
devices to prevent sewage backup. Appellant has installed four grinding pumps to attempt to

upwardly discharge his sewage.

         Appellees nonetheless rely on City of Arlington, 145 S.W.3d at 168. The Texas Supreme

Court has recognized that takings liability may arise when the governmental entity (1) knows a

specific act is causing identifiable harm; or (2) knows that the specific property damage is

substantially certain to result from an authorized government action. Id. (citing Jennings, 142

S.W.3d at 314). However, the Court held that although the “heightened intent standard is indeed

necessary to support a takings claim . . . the mere intentional operation of a sewer system is

insufficient to support liability [for a takings claim].” Id. Thus, pursuant to the conveyance

agreement, the fact Appellees only agreed to operate and maintain the sewer mains installed within

the public streets estops Appellant from establishing a taking.

         Appellant has failed to establish a specific, intentional act to plead a viable takings claim

that would constitute waiver of Appellees’ governmental immunity. Issue Two is overruled.

                                   Nuisance & Negligence Claims

    A. Nuisance

         In Issue Three, Appellant asserts he has a viable nuisance claim under the Texas

Constitution and the Texas Tort Claims Act. We disagree.

                                                  Applicable Law

Regs%201.pdf (last visited 4/26/2021). Exhibit B is Chapter 3.28 of the El Paso Municipaliy Code. El Paso, Tex.
Municipal               Code,               ch.              3,             §              3.28.010.             (1993),
https://library.municode.com/tx/el_paso/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT3REFI_CH3.28CLAGCI.
We do not rely on the sources as attached to Appellees’ brief. Both sources are readily available and verifiable online.
Thus, we take judicial notice as our reliance is on the original sources. Appellant’s objection is overruled as moot. See
TEX.R.EVID. 201(b)(2)(The Texas Rules of Evidence permits courts to “judicially notice a fact that is not subject to
reasonable dispute because it . . . can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot
reasonably be questioned.”).
                                                          14
       A nuisance is a condition that substantially interferes with the use and enjoyment of land

by causing unreasonable discomfort or annoyance to persons of ordinary sensibilities. Schneider

Nat’l Carriers, Inc. v. Bates, 147 S.W.3d 264, 269 (Tex. 2004). It is well settled the maintenance

and operation of a sanitary sewer system by a city is a governmental function. Callaway v. City of

Odessa, 602 S.W.2d 330, 333 (Tex.App.—El Paso 1980, writ ref’d n.r.e.)(citing City of Texarkana

v. Taylor, 490 S.W.2d 191, 192 (Tex.Civ.App.—Texarkana 1972, no writ). Further, although

otherwise immune from liability for the maintenance and operation of a sewer system, a

governmental unit may lose that immunity if the danger which caused the harm becomes a

nuisance. Callaway, 602 S.W.2d at 333 (citing City of Houston v. George, 479 S.W.2d 257 (Tex.

1972)). Nuisance liability can only arise when governmental immunity is “clearly and

unambiguously waived. . . . In some cases, a city may be held liable for a nuisance that rises to the

level of a constitutional taking.” Jennings, 142 S.W.3d at 316 [Internal citations omitted].

                                             Analysis

       Appellant argues the intentional and unlawful taking of his premises without adequate

compensation creates a nuisance under the Texas Constitution and established case law.

Specifically, Appellant claims that by knowingly and intentionally failing to remedy or repair the

public sewage system, Appellees’ inactions constitute the unlawful taking of his premises, and

thus, the creation of an ongoing nuisance. Appellant bolsters his argument by citing to case law

discussing governmental immunity in which an independent waiver of governmental immunity

has not been invoked by the plaintiffs. This is not the case here; Appellant has expressly invoked

waiver of governmental immunity.

                                                 15
       In his original petition, Appellant asserted Appellees have created a nuisance that rises to

the level of a constitutional taking by:

       a. Knowingly and intentionally failing and refusing to remedy or repair the
       public sewage system,

       b. Causing the public’s sewer to accumulate onto Plaintiff’s Premises,

       c. Rendering Plaintiff’s Premises as a public sewage waste dumping ground
       and facility, for Defendants’ public use,

       d. Rendering Plaintiff’s Premises unfit for habitation,

       e. Thereby substantially interfering with Plaintiff’s use and enjoyment of his
       land; and,

       f. Thereby constituting an unlawful invasion of Plaintiff’s rights, and the
       intentional and unlawful taking of Plaintiff’s Premises, by Defendants, in
       violation of Article I, Section 17 of the Texas Constitution.

       The entirety of Appellant’s nuisance claim mirrors the allegations of his takings claims.

Because we find Appellant has no viable takings claim to overcome Appellees’ governmental

immunity, it follows there also is no viable nuisance claim.

       In addition to the characterization of his premises being used as a “dumping ground[,]” and

as a result of the premises being uninhabitable, Appellant also complains of high school students

who “hang out inside the house, drink, and do whatever else they do” to support his nuisance claim.

However, Appellant is still barred by established Texas policy. An approach utilized by Texas

courts to evaluate the validity of a nuisance claim has been to consider a nuisance claim “as merely

meaning a term characterizing the damages done or the interest invaded, and that negligence is the

real basis for the action and liability.” Callaway, 602 S.W.2d at 333 [Emphasis added]. In the

leading case of City of Texarkana, the court explained,

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       Nuisance is the term for the kind of damage inflicted; negligent causation is the
       gravamen of the actions brought by the appellees and the basis of liability.
       Fundamentally, the suits seek to compel the City to respond in damages for its
       negligence. The conclusion cannot be escaped that negligence, not some other fault,
       is the causative reason alleged and proved for the respective appellees’ damage and
       the suits must be recognized for what they are, negligence actions, and treated as
       such. The City’s governmental immunity to such actions shields it from liability.

490 S.W.2d at 193.

       Issue Three is overruled.

   B. Negligence

       Last, Appellant asserts he has a viable negligence claim under the Texas Constitution and

the Texas Tort Claims Act. We disagree.

                                   Applicable Law & Analysis

       “Texas courts are committed to a legal doctrine that a municipality in Texas is immune

from liability for negligence in the performance of a governmental function and that operation of

a sanitary sewer system is performance of a governmental function.” City of Texarkana, 490

S.W.2d at 193. This Court has also long recognized property owners cannot recover for a

governmental entity’s negligent operation or maintenance of a sewer system or the failure to cure

a sewer defect. Callaway, 602 S.W.2d at 333.

       Because the basis of Appellant’s negligence claim is Appellees’ operation and maintenance

of the sewer system and its failure to cure the sewer defect—a governmental function immune

from liability—Appellant’s negligence claim fails. Like the foregoing nuisance analysis and

pursuant to the conveyance agreement, it follows that Appellant’s negligence claim fails because

Appellees only agreed to operate and maintain the sewer mains installed within the public streets,

which cannot be the basis a viable negligence claim. Issue Four is overruled.

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                           Limitations and Notice Requirement

        As additional affirmative defenses, Appellees assert that the two-year statute of limitation

of Section 16.003 of the Tort Claims Act, and the 90-day (or six months with good cause) notice

requirement of Section 3.28.010 of the El Paso Municipal Code, bar Appellant’s claims.

        Section 16.003 of the Tort Claims Act requires a person bring suit for trespass for taking

not later than two years after the day the cause of action accrues. TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN.

§ 16.003(a). Appellant’s affidavit alleges the sewage backup created a nuisance in early 2013, and

Carrasco filed suit on October 10, 2016—three years later. Regarding nuisance claims, it is true

that “nuisance . . . claims are governed by a two-year statute of limitations.” Yalamanchili v.

Mousa, 316 S.W.3d 33, 37 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. denied); Bates, 147 S.W.3d

at 270 (citing TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. § 16.003)(“The limitations period for a private

nuisance claim is two years.”).

        Section 3.28.010 of the El Paso Municipal Code provides the City shall not be responsible

for property damages unless the claimant, “within ninety days or within six months for good cause

shown from the date the damage occurred[,]” gives written notice of the specifics of the claim.

TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. § 101.101. Appellant claims sewage backup began to

accumulate in 2013, and by letter dated July 6, 2016—three years later—Appellant gave written

notice of his claims pursuant to Section 3.28.010 of the El Paso Municipal Code. Thus, Appellees

assert Appellant’s claims are barred by the two-year statute of limitation under Section 16.003 and

by the notice requirement of Section 3.28.010.

        Generally, compliance with notice provisions of a city’s charter is a statutory prerequisite

to a suit against the city and therefore a prerequisite to a trial court’s jurisdiction over such a suit.

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City of Keller v. Hall, 433 S.W.3d 708, 732 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2014, pet. denied). However,

we need not reach whether Appellant’s claims are barred by the limitation and notice requirements

because as a threshold matter, they are barred by governmental immunity.

                                        CONCLUSION

       For these reasons, we affirm.

April 30, 2021
                                            YVONNE T. RODRIGUEZ, Chief Justice

Before Rodriguez, C.J., Palafox, J., and Ferguson, Judge
Ferguson, Judge (Sitting by Assignment)

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