Court Opinion

ID: 2815243
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-07-08 15:03:12.573761+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:45:58.442088
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
            For the Eighth Circuit
        ___________________________

                No. 13-3486
        ___________________________

              Clifton A. Gabaree, Jr.

       lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner - Appellee

                          v.

               Troy Steele, Warden

     lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent - Appellant
        ___________________________

                No. 13-3568
        ___________________________

              Clifton A. Gabaree, Jr.

      lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner - Appellant

                          v.

               Troy Steele, Warden

      lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent - Appellee
                      ____________

    Appeals from United States District Court
for the Western District of Missouri - Kansas City
                 ____________

         Submitted: November 13, 2014
              Filed: July 8, 2015
                ____________
Before BYE, SHEPHERD, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

KELLY, Circuit Judge.

        Clifton Gabaree, a Missouri inmate, petitioned the district court1 for a writ of
habeas corpus, 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The court concluded that Gabaree’s trial counsel
had rendered ineffective assistance and granted Gabaree’s petition in part and denied
it in part. The State appeals the partial grant of relief, and Gabaree appeals the partial
denial. We agree with the district court’s conclusions and affirm the judgment.2

                                    I. Background

      In 1992, Gabaree began living with a woman who had two daughters, B.S. and
A.S. Gabaree and the woman later had two children together, M.G. and B.G. In
December 1996, B.S., A.S., and M.G. told an employee of the Missouri Department
of Social Services that Gabaree was physically abusing them and B.G. The children
“had marks, burns, and bruises consistent with the physical abuse they described; they
were dirty and covered with untreated scratches and scrapes.” Gabaree v. State, 290
S.W.3d 175, 177 (Mo. Ct. App. 2009). Dr. James Kelly, a pediatric physician,
examined the children and determined that the marks had been inflicted intentionally.

      Six-year-old B.S. also told a social worker that Gabaree had “put his ‘thingy’
and finger inside of her bottom ‘a long time ago,’ when she was three years old.”
Gabaree, 290 S.W.3d at 177. B.S. said she saw Gabaree doing the same thing to

      1
       The Honorable Ortrie D. Smith, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.
      2
      We have jurisdiction to review this final decision of the district court under
28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253(a).

                                           -2-
A.S.; but A.S., who then was five years old, told the social worker that Gabaree had
not “given her or her sister a bad touch.” Id. Yet A.S. had told her mother that
Gabaree had “played with her privates with Q-tips when she and the other children
were playing hide-and-go-seek with him.” Id. The daughters later gave videotaped
interviews at the Child Protection Center in Missouri. B.S. again told the interviewer
that Gabaree had “put his ‘private’ in A.S.’s ‘back private’” and had “put his finger
in her front private and made her ‘suck his private.’” Id. A.S. this time said Gabaree
had “touched her ‘butt’ and ‘pee pee’ with a belt and his hand.” Id. Both girls were
examined for physical evidence of sexual abuse, but no evidence was found.

      Gabaree was arrested and charged with three counts of statutory sodomy, three
counts of first-degree child molestation, and six counts of child abuse. A jury found
him guilty of all 12 counts, and the Missouri Court of Appeals upheld his convictions.
On post-conviction review, however, the trial court granted Gabaree relief on his
claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. The post-conviction court concluded
that Gabaree’s trial attorney had failed to impeach the girls by introducing statements
they had made recanting their allegations of sexual abuse. The court concluded that
counsel’s performance prejudiced Gabaree and ordered the State to retry him.

        Gabaree’s second trial took place in 2003. At the trial, B.S. testified that
Gabaree had sex with her when she was between three- and seven years old and that
it “‘felt like being in hell.’” Gabaree, 290 S.W.3d at 179. B.S. also said she saw
Gabaree having sex with her sister, A.S., who testified that Gabaree had “touched her
‘private part’ with his hands.” Id. Gabaree testified in his defense that he did
physically discipline the children but explained that he did not do so in an abusive
manner. He denied any sexual abuse but testified that he, his ex-wife (the mother of
all the children), and the girls had bathed naked together and that during those baths,
he may have had an erection that touched the girls. He suggested that the contact
made during the baths may have led the girls to believe that they had been molested.
The attorney for the State asked Gabaree on cross-examination if he had “leaned back

                                         -3-
and smiled . . . kind of reliving this experience” when describing the possible sexual
contact; counsel did not object to that suggestion. Also presented into evidence was
the statement of an unavailable witness who had testified at the first trial that B.S. and
A.S. had recanted their allegations of sexual abuse.

        Two doctors also testified regarding their meetings with Gabaree and his
step-daughters. Dr. Kelly described the marks on the children’s bodies as “angry”
and suggested they had been caused by belt buckles and cigarettes. He told the jury
that, in his opinion, the wounds had been intentionally inflicted. Dr. Kelly also was
permitted to testify about another doctor’s finding that there was no physical evidence
of sexual abuse, which he said was not surprising based on the passage of time and
the body’s ability to heal.3 Dr. Kelly also testified, without objection, that although
he had not interviewed B.S. and A.S. regarding any allegations of sexual abuse and
was not present when they were interviewed on that subject, he believed that their
disclosure of the details of the sexual abuse was “a very consistent . . . very credible
disclosure from both of them.” On cross-examination, counsel asked few questions
and made no attempt to impeach Dr. Kelly’s assessment of the girls’ credibility.

      Dr. Gregory Sisk, a clinical psychologist, testified that he had interviewed
Gabaree and administered psychological questionnaires designed to uncover abusive
or neglectful attitudes. According to Dr. Sisk, Gabaree’s answers suggested that he
was using his children “to meet his needs, to give him comfort or love,” and also
possibly to meet his sexual needs. Dr. Sisk opined that Gabaree “was holding onto
parenting beliefs that contributed to abuse and neglect.” Gabaree’s trial counsel did
not object to Dr. Sisk’s testimony. During cross-examination, in response to
counsel’s questions, Dr. Sisk further testified that if a person with children received
the same scores on the questionnaires as Gabaree, “they’re probably abusing or
neglecting the children if they’re acting on those beliefs.” When asked if a person

      3
        The doctor who had interviewed the girls regarding the sexual abuse testified
at the first trial in 1998 but was unavailable to testify at the second trial in 2003.

                                           -4-
necessarily acted in accordance with the beliefs documented by the questionnaire,
Dr. Sisk responded, “I don’t know how someone would approach the questionnaire
and start writing down beliefs that were abusive but, yet, in practice, were not doing
those.”

       The State relied on the testimony of the doctors in its closing argument,
reminding the jury that Dr. Kelly believed the girls were “credible, believable, and
consistent” when talking about the sexual abuse and that Dr. Sisk had suggested that
Gabaree had a “propensity toward violence” and “would use children to satisfy his
own needs, including sexual needs.” In her closing argument, Gabaree’s counsel
mentioned neither doctor nor their testimony. Gabaree again was convicted of all
12 counts. He was sentenced to life imprisonment on the sodomy convictions,
7 years’ imprisonment for each of the three child-molestation convictions, and a total
of 38 years’ imprisonment on the six counts of child abuse, with all terms to be served
consecutively. His convictions and sentences again were upheld on direct appeal.

        Gabaree then petitioned the state trial court for post-conviction relief, which
was denied without a hearing. The Missouri Court of Appeals, however, reversed the
trial court’s decision and remanded for an evidentiary hearing. During that hearing,
Gabaree’s trial counsel testified that she had no memory whatsoever of the case
except Gabaree’s “unusual name” and an interview she had conducted with the two
girls. Nor did counsel have any memory of what her trial strategy may have been,
though she insisted that she has “never gone to trial without a theory or defense.”

       Counsel also was questioned about her strategy regarding Drs. Kelly and Sisk.
Although she did not remember any of the testimony, she agreed that a witness, even
an expert witness, is not allowed to comment on the truth or veracity of another’s
statement. She stated that, as a general matter, she tries to object to testimony “that
is really bad,” but she sometimes does not hear it and fails to object. In other
circumstances, she added, she intentionally refrains from objecting because “it’s

                                         -5-
easier just to let it go than to make a big deal and make the jury obvious that this is
a problem.” Counsel reviewed the testimony of the doctors from Gabaree’s second
trial. She characterized Dr. Kelly’s testimony as “non-responsive” and suggested that
she “could also very possibly have just missed it.” Counsel described Dr. Sisk’s
opinion that Gabaree’s tests suggested he was abusing his children merely as
suggesting that Gabaree “needed parenting classes, in a sort of complicated ‘I am a
doctor’ sort of way.” Counsel was less sure that she did not object to avoid drawing
attention to Dr. Sisk’s testimony and suggested that she “could have been [sic] easily
been thinking I could argue this way. Then, of course, the question is, did I argue it
away or did I not get that far?” Counsel acknowledged that, regarding arguing away
Dr. Sisk’s conclusions, “it could very easily not have been in the closing, because I
didn’t say it because I didn’t think to put it in.”

       After the hearing, the trial court again denied Gabaree’s petition. Though it
noted that the questionable excerpts of both doctors’ testimony were inadmissible, the
court of appeals affirmed the trial court’s decision, concluding that counsel’s stated
possible reasons for not objecting to the doctors’ testimony were not necessarily
unreasonable. The Supreme Court of Missouri denied Gabaree’s petition to transfer.

      Gabaree then petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254.
He maintained that his trial attorney had been ineffective for failing to object and
request a mistrial in response to Dr. Kelly’s and Dr. Sisk’s testimony.4

      The district court granted Gabaree’s petition in part and denied it in part. The
court first determined that the state court of appeals’ conclusion that Gabaree’s
counsel had adequately performed was both an unreasonable application of Strickland

      4
        Gabaree also argued, as he had in the state courts, that counsel was ineffective
for failing to impeach the testimony of one of his step-daughters. But the district
court did not certify that issue for appeal, and Gabaree has not moved to expand the
certificate of appealability to include that issue, so it is not before us.

                                          -6-
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), and an unreasonable determination of the facts.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), (2). The court first noted that, though counsel had no
memory of the case, the strategy that during the evidentiary hearing she suggested she
had followed was “invalid.” Although in some instances, the court acknowledged,
it would be reasonable not to call attention to harmful testimony or improper
evidence, in this case there was little other evidence to support the convictions.
Given the context, the court rejected any notion that counsel’s purported strategy not
to object to Dr. Kelly’s testimony was reasonable or valid. The court next determined
that permitting Dr. Sisk’s inadmissible testimony evinced deficient performance.
Moreover, the court continued, counsel had not employed her purported strategy of
“arguing away” Dr. Sisk’s conclusions: She did not mention Dr. Sisk or his testimony
during her closing argument. Allowing in the doctors’ testimony out of fear of
highlighting it, the court concluded, “was a patently unreasonable trial strategy.”

       The court also concluded that Gabaree was prejudiced by counsel’s failures.
Because the state court had not addressed this question at all, the court first
determined, there was no decision to which deference had to be given, and review
was de novo. The court pointed to the weaknesses in the State’s case, described the
doctors’ testimony as improperly “shor[ing] up those weaknesses,” and noted that the
State relied on that evidence in its closing argument. Thus, the court concluded, there
is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the outcome of the trial
would have been different with respect to the sodomy and child-molestation counts.
Because physical- and medical evidence supported the child-abuse convictions,
however, the court concluded that Gabaree was not prejudiced with respect to those
convictions.

                                   II. Discussion

     On appeal from a district court’s grant of relief under § 2254, we review
de novo the district court’s conclusions of law, including its application of the

                                         -7-
standards of review under § 2254; factual findings are reviewed for clear error.
Escobedo v. Lund, 760 F.3d 863, 868 (8th Cir. 2014). Under § 2254, we must give
deference to the state court’s decision unless it is “contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law” or rests on “an
unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State
court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). We presume the factual findings of the state
court are correct unless rebutted by “clear and convincing evidence.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(e)(1).

       We review Gabaree’s claims of ineffective assistance under the two-part test
from Strickland, which requires him to show that counsel’s performance fell below
professional norms and that, as a result of that deficient performance, he was
prejudiced. Forrest v. Steele, 764 F.3d 848, 853 (8th Cir. 2014). To grant relief
under § 2254, therefore, we must conclude that the state court unreasonably applied
the Strickland test or that, in reaching its conclusion regarding the performance of
Gabaree’s attorney, it made unreasonable factual conclusions. See Escobedo, 760
F.3d at 869–70 (quoting Harrington v. Richter, 131 S. Ct. 770, 785 (2011)).

      A.     Sex-abuse Convictions

       First, the State argues that the district court improperly granted Gabaree relief
on his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel with respect to his sex-abuse
convictions. The State asserts that the state court reasonably concluded that counsel’s
purported reasons not to object to the testimony of Drs. Kelly and Sisk were part of
a reasonable trial strategy. Thus, the State concludes, the district court improperly
rejected the state court’s conclusions and failed to defer to the state court’s decision
under § 2254. We separately will discuss each Strickland factor.

                                          -8-
             i.     Counsel’s performance

       Under the first part of the Strickland test, we review whether the performance
of Gabaree’s attorney “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness,” keeping
in mind that “counsel’s function . . . is to make the adversarial testing process work.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 690. Our review is “highly deferential” to counsel’s
performance, and we determine whether counsel’s conduct was reasonable based on
“the facts of the particular case, viewed as of the time of counsel’s conduct.” Id. at
689–90. We are in an awkward posture in this case because counsel was unable to
remember her trial strategy or her rationale for any decision made during the trial.
Thus, as we have done in this situation in the past, “we will examine counsel’s trial
tactics and strategy as revealed by the state court record because that record best
reflects ‘counsel’s perspective at the time.’” Fretwell v. Norris, 133 F.3d 621, 624
(8th Cir. 1998) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689); see Paul v. United States, 534
F.3d 832, 837 (8th Cir. 2008). Though counsel in this case repeated that she had no
memory of the case, she gave possible reasons for her decisions regarding the
testimony of the two doctors. Thus, as the district court did, we will consider her
proposed tactics and strategy, in conjunction with the state court record, so that we
may best perceive “counsel’s perspective at the time.” Fretwell, 133 F.3d at 624
(quotation omitted).5

     The state court first concluded that counsel gave sufficient possible reasons
why she might not have objected to the testimony of Dr. Kelly, crediting her belief

      5
        We acknowledge the dissent’s concern about basing habeas relief “on little
more than trial counsel’s inability to recall why certain instantaneous decisions were
made.” (Dissenting Opinion, infra, slip op. at 17.) But it is not counsel’s inability to
recall the reasons for her decisions that warrants relief in this case—nor could it be,
for that would violate the presumption that the attorney has performed reasonably.
See Fretwell, 133 F.3d at 624. Rather, it is what we can discern from the state record
reasonably could have been counsel’s strategy, and the unreasonable nature of that
strategy, that convinces us that relief is appropriate. See id.

                                          -9-
that she did not want to call attention to the testimony. The court also recognized, as
counsel had testified in the post-conviction hearing, that she simply may have missed
the objectionable testimony. Nonetheless, the state court ruled that, because counsel
“identified reasons why she might have chosen not to object as a matter of trial
strategy[,] and the record does not conclusively establish that such a strategic decision
would have been unreasonable” (emphasis added), Gabaree could not overcome the
presumption that counsel’s purported strategic reasons for not objecting were
reasonable. The district court rejected the state court’s rationale and concluded that
“in this context,” in which the only inculpating evidence was the inconsistent
testimony of the girls, counsel’s putative strategy not to draw attention to Dr. Kelly’s
corroboration of the girls was unreasonable.

       We agree with the district court that, in the context of this case, the state court’s
application of Strickland is unreasonable. The main evidence against Gabaree on
these counts was the testimony of the girls; there was no medical evidence nor
eyewitness accounts to support their testimony. And the girls’ testimony was
inconsistent: The second trial was ordered because, the state post-conviction court
decided, the State’s case was weak and based predominately on the believability of
the two young girls, who had recanted their allegations. Faced with this situation, we
do not think it reasonable not to object when an expert witness tells the jury he
believed the girls were truthful when speaking with a different doctor. Dr. Kelly’s
testimony, in fact, was inadmissible bolstering of other witnesses (the girls) and, as
the state court recognized, should have been excluded after a proper objection.
See Olesen v. Class, 164 F.3d 1096, 1102 (8th Cir. 1999) (concluding that counsel
rendered deficient performance by failing to object to psychologist’s opinion that
child–victim would not have fabricated sexual-assault allegations); State v. Churchill,
98 S.W.3d 536, 539 (Mo. banc 2003) (noting that trial courts must reject expert
testimony “concerning a specific victim’s credibility as to whether they have been
abused . . . because it usurps the decision-making function of the jury”). Yet counsel
did not object to this statement “very possibly” because she “just missed it.” Given

                                           -10-
the weak nature of the case, and Dr. Kelly’s improper opinion on the contested issue
of the girls’ credibility, not objecting to avoid highlighting this inadmissible
testimony, if counsel heard the testimony at all, would not be objectively reasonable
trial strategy.

       The state court also concluded that Dr. Sisk’s testimony was inadmissable
propensity evidence but ruled that counsel’s purported strategy not to highlight the
damning testimony was not unreasonable. The state court also found reasonable
counsel’s other possible strategy of “arguing away” Dr. Sisk’s testimony by
characterizing his opinion as only a suggestion, in a “complicated, ‘I am a doctor’ sort
of way,” that Gabaree needed parenting classes and counsel’s worry that objecting to
or impeaching Dr. Sisk’s testimony would reveal that there had been an earlier trial.
The district court again concluded that counsel’s trial strategy was unreasonable. The
court noted counsel’s failure to recognize, at the evidentiary hearing, that Dr. Sisk’s
testimony was inadmissible and her failure to interpret the testimony as harmful.
Moreover, the court pointed out, counsel did not employ her supposed strategy of
arguing away Dr. Sisk’s opinion. Last, the court found no reason why objecting
would have revealed to the jury that there had been an earlier trial.

      We again agree with the district court. Dr. Sisk testified that Gabaree, if he
was following the beliefs he expressed to Dr. Sisk, was “probably abusing or
neglecting the children,” including by using them to meet his sexual needs. Like
Dr. Kelly’s testimony, Dr. Sisk’s opinion improperly concluded for the jury that
Gabaree had acted on his expressed beliefs and sexually abused his children. His
testimony, with proper objection, would have been excluded. See United States v.
Johnson, 439 F.3d 884, 887 (8th Cir. 2006) (concluding that sexually explicit stories
written by defendant should have been excluded from trial for possession of child
pornography because stories improperly suggested his propensity to possess child
pornography); Gabaree, 290 S.W.3d at 181 (“Because Dr. Sisk’s testimony about
Mr. Gabaree’s beliefs constituted propensity evidence, it was not admissible.”)

                                         -11-
       Moreover, the state court’s conclusions regarding Dr. Sisk have no support in
the record. First, counsel said she did not want to highlight Dr. Sisk’s testimony. Yet
the record from the state court reveals that she did just that: On cross-examination she
elicited additional statements from Dr. Sisk that bolstered his testimony, including
that he did not believe someone would answer his questionnaire as Gabaree had and
yet not abuse his children. This is not in line with a strategy to ignore the
testimony—even if that strategy might be reasonable under some circumstances—and
by itself could establish deficient performance. See United States v. Villalpando, 259
F.3d 934, 939 (8th Cir. 2001) (affirming district court’s conclusion that counsel
rendered deficient performance by eliciting from government witness harmful
testimony that defendant was “threatening and murderous”). Nor did counsel follow
her other purported strategy of recharacterizing Dr. Sisk’s testimony as mere doctor’s
advice. Counsel mentioned neither doctor nor their testimony during her closing
argument and said nothing to suggest that Dr. Sisk’s testimony related only to
Gabaree’s need for parenting classes. We cannot impute to counsel a trial strategy
that the record reveals she did not follow. See Alcala v. Woodford, 334 F.3d 862,
871 (9th Cir. 2003); Griffin v. Warden, 970 F.2d 1355, 1358–59 (4th Cir. 1992).
Last, counsel’s ancillary worry about revealing the earlier trial also is unreasonable.
Nothing in the record suggests she could not have objected to Dr. Sisk’s testimony
without mentioning the first trial. The state court’s determination of counsel’s
strategic decisions thus “resembles more a post hoc rationalization of counsel’s
conduct than an accurate description of [her] deliberations.” Wiggins v. Smith, 539
U.S. 510, 526–27 (2003). Because the state court’s conclusions rely on this
unreasonable determination of the facts, § 2254(d) does not require that we adhere
to that court’s decision on this issue, and our review is de novo. See Rice v. White,
660 F.3d 242, 257 (6th Cir. 2011); Jones v. Walker, 540 F.3d 1277, 1288 & n.5 (11th
Cir. 2008); Taylor v. Maddox, 366 F.3d 992, 1008 (9th Cir. 2004). We conclude that,
unlike in Fretwell, and based on the state-court record in this case, there was no
reasonable strategic reason for counsel not to object to the testimony of Dr. Sisk.

                                         -12-
       Though we apply a strong presumption that counsel acted reasonably, the state
court record belies that presumption and reveals no reasonable strategic reason not
to object to either doctor’s testimony. Nor do we believe that counsel’s possible “trial
tactics and strategy,” even if in line with what counsel proposed they might have
been, were reasonable. We thus conclude that the state court’s determination that
counsel’s performance met professional norms involves an unreasonable application
of Strickland and is based on an unreasonable determination of the facts. Counsel’s
performance, we conclude, was objectively unreasonable.

             ii.    Prejudice

       Under the second factor of Strickland, we review whether counsel’s deficient
performance prejudiced Gabaree; that is, we must determine whether Gabaree has
shown “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.
The state court, however, did not conduct this analysis and instead determined only
that counsel had not performed deficiently. Thus, our review is not constrained by
§ 2254(d), and we review the question of prejudice de novo. Rompilla v. Beard, 545
U.S. 374, 390 (2005); Worthington v. Roper, 631 F.3d 487, 495 (8th Cir. 2011).

      Based on our review of the doctors’ testimony, we agree with the district court
that Gabaree suffered prejudice. The doctors’ inadmissible testimony strengthened
an otherwise very weak case. Dr. Kelly told the jury that he believed the girls were
credible despite never having discussed with them their allegations of sexual abuse.
That statement improperly bolstered the credibility of the girls, which was a central
issue in the trial. Dr. Sisk testified that, because Gabaree had answered
questionnaires in a certain way, he likely acted in accordance with those answers and
sexually abused his children, a conclusion that counsel helped bolster with her
cross-examination. This testimony improperly drew a conclusion about Gabaree’s
actions that was the jury’s to make. Because counsel did not object to these

                                         -13-
inadmissible statements, the jury entered deliberations with the impression that the
doctors’ testimony was credible, correct, and incontestable.

       Absent the doctors’ testimony, there was little evidence against Gabaree with
respect to the sex-abuse charges. The State presented no medical evidence and no
independent eyewitness accounts of sexual abuse. The testimony of the young girls
was conflicting and inconsistent. As the district court noted, the doctors’ testimony
improperly “shored up” the weaknesses in the State’s case. By not challenging that
testimony, counsel failed “to make the adversarial testing process work.” Strickland,
466 U.S. at 690. Had counsel performed effectively, we believe, there is a reasonable
chance that the outcome of the trial would have been different. We thus conclude that
trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance regarding the charges of sodomy and
child molestation.

      B.     Child-abuse Convictions

      In the second issue on appeal, Gabaree argues that the district court should
have concluded that he also was prejudiced by counsel’s performance with regard to
his convictions for child abuse. He asserts that the testimony of Drs. Kelly and Sisk
improperly bolstered the girls’ testimony about physical abuse and insists that, but for
counsel’s performance, he would have been acquitted of these charges.

       The district court concluded that Gabaree was not prejudiced by counsel’s
performance with respect to the child-abuse charges. The court noted that other
evidence at trial corroborated the testimony of the girls and the doctors that he had
physically abused them: Bruises and marks suggesting physical abuse were found on
the girls; expert testimony confirmed that the marks were consistent with the items
that the girls testified had been used on them (belts, belt buckles, cigarettes, and
cigarette lighters) and were not caused by accident; pictures of the girls’ injuries were
displayed to the jury; Gabaree’s mother testified that she thought her son’s acts of

                                          -14-
purported discipline were too severe; and Gabaree admitted whipping the girls,
though he insisted that it was to discipline them and was not inappropriate. Nor did
the girls’ testimony suffer from the same inconsistencies as their testimony regarding
the alleged sexual abuse.

       We agree with the district court. The State’s case in support of these charges
was significantly stronger than its evidence of sexual abuse. Even without Dr. Sisk’s
improper testimony that Gabaree likely was acting in accordance with his
questionnaire answers, the wealth of other admissible evidence—including
Dr. Kelly’s testimony that the marks he observed on the girls were consistent with
intentional abuse—makes it unlikely that counsel’s performance affected the verdict
on these counts.

                                   III. Conclusion

       For the above reasons, we affirm the district court’s judgment granting
Gabaree’s petition with respect to his convictions for sodomy and child molestation
and denying his petition with respect to his convictions for child abuse. The order to
retry Gabaree on the sodomy and child-molestation charges also is affirmed.

SHEPHERD, Circuit Judge, dissenting from Part II.A.

       I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion in this case because it “all but
ignore[s] ‘the only question that matters under § 2254(d)(1)’” which is “whether it is
possible fairminded jurists could disagree that . . . arguments or theories [that support
or could have supported the state court’s decision] are inconsistent with the holding
in a prior decision of [the Supreme] Court.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 102
(2011) (quoting Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 71 (2003)); see also Woods v.
Donald, 135 S. Ct. 1372, 1377 (2015) (per curiam) (noting that because no Supreme
Court case had “confront[ed] ‘the specific question presented by this case,’ the state

                                          -15-
court’s decision could not be ‘contrary to’ any holding from this Court.” (quoting
Lopez v. Smith, 135 S. Ct. 1, 4 (2014)). This case raises the question of “whether the
state court’s application of the Strickland standard was unreasonable.” See
Harrington, 562 U.S. at 101. “This is different from asking whether defense
counsel’s performance fell below Strickland’s standard.” Id. Instead, the habeas
court should determine “whether there is any reasonable argument that counsel
satisfied Strickland’s deferential standard.” Id. at 105.

       The Supreme Court has provided guidance federal habeas courts must
remember when considering § 2254(d) matters. First, “an unreasonable application
of federal law is different from an incorrect application of federal law.” Id. at 101
(quoting Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 410 (2000)) (emphasis in original).
Second, “even a strong case for relief does not mean the state court’s contrary
conclusion was unreasonable.” Id. at 102. Third, the purpose of § 2254(d) is to
“‘guard against extreme malfunction in the state criminal justice systems,’ not a
substitute for ordinary error correction through appeal.” Id. at 102-03 (quoting
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 332, n.5 (1979) (Stevens, J., concurring in
judgment)). And, finally, the burden is on the petitioner to “show that the state
court’s ruling on the claim being presented in federal court was so lacking in
justification that there was an error well understood and comprehended in existing
law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.” Id. at 103.

       The district court’s and the majority’s decisions center on the inability of
Gabaree’s counsel to recall, several years and numerous trials later, the exact reasons
for her failure to object. As recently noted by the Supreme Court, “the absence of
evidence cannot overcome the ‘strong presumption that counsel’s conduct [fell]
within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.’” Burt v. Titlow, 134 S.
Ct. 10, 17 (2013) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689) (correction in Burt). Habeas
petitioners are not entitled to relief based on little more than trial counsel’s inability
to recall why certain instantaneous decisions were made. Instead, the Missouri Court

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of Appeals reviewed the decision of the trial-level court that conducted an evidentiary
hearing that included testimony from Gabaree’s trial counsel. That court then
explained Gabaree had failed to overcome the presumption that his attorney was
effective because his attorney offered possible strategic reasons for not objecting to
the testimony of Drs. Kelly and Sisk and those justifications were not unreasonable
strategic decisions under Strickland. Thus, the Missouri Court of Appeals found
Gabaree had failed to meet his burden of demonstrating that trial counsel was
ineffective.

       The district court, and the majority here, “appears to have treated the
unreasonableness question as a test of its confidence in the result it would have
reached under de novo review.” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 102. Absent from those
decisions is any reference to what Supreme Court decision was violated. Further, the
decisions fail to provide the appropriate deference owed the Missouri courts. While
I might not have reached the same result as the Missouri courts had I been asked to
consider the petition as a member of one of those courts, that does not mean there is
no possibility that fairminded jurists could determine the Missouri courts’ decisions
were a reasonable application of Strickland. See Blackmon v. White, 825 F.2d 1263,
1265 (8th Cir. 1987) (“[T]he courts must resist the temptation to second-guess a
lawyer’s trial strategy; the lawyer makes choices based on the law as it appears at the
time, the facts as disclosed in the proceedings to that point, and his best judgment as
to the attitudes and sympathies of judge and jury. The fact that the choice made later
proves to have been unsound does not require a finding of ineffectiveness.”).
Accordingly, I would reverse the district court’s grant of habeas corpus relief to
Gabaree and remand for entry of an order denying such relief.
                         ______________________________

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