Court Opinion

ID: 2664726
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-04 06:19:54.751591+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:04:52.912213
License: Public Domain

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                              UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT                          FILED WITH THE

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                              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

MASHOUR ABDULLAH MUQBEL
ALSABRI et al.,

               Petitioners,                           Civil Action No.:     06-1767 (RMU)

               v.                                     Re Document No.:       1

BARACK OBAMA et al.,

               Respondents.

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

                    DENYING THE PETITION FOR A WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS

                                      I. INTRODUCTION

       This matter comes before the court on the petition for a writ of habeas corpus filed by

Mashour Abdullah Muqbel Alsabri (lSN 324) ("the petitioner"), a Yemeni national detained at

the United States Naval Station in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba ("GTMO"). The government

maintains that the petitioner was part of and provided material support to the Taliban, al-Qaida or

associated enemy forces and is therefore lawfully detained. The petitioner asserts that he was

neither part of nor supported those forces and that the court should therefore direct the

government to release him from custody immediately.

       In November 2010, the court held a merits hearing addressing the legality ofthe

petitioner's detention. During the course of that hearing, which spanned four days, the parties

introduced dozens of exhibits concerning the petitioner's alleged role in the Taliban and al-

Qaida, including interrogation reports reflecting statements made by the petitioner and other

GTMO detainees, declarations of intelligence officials and translations of documents purportedly

seized from al-Qaida and Taliban facilities in Afghanistan.

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       As discussed below, the government has established by a preponderance of the evidence

that the petitioner traveled from Yemen to Afghanistan in 2000 to fight with the Taliban, al-

Qaida or associated forces, stayed in Taliban and al-Qaida guesthouses, sought out and received

military-style training from the Taliban or al-Qaida, traveled to the battle lines in Afghanistan as

part ofthe Taliban or al-Qaida and remained part of those forces at the time of his capture in

early 2002. Thus, based on the totality of the evidence, the court is compelled to conclude that

the petitioner was part of the Taliban, al-Qaida or associated forces and is therefore lawfully

detained. Accordingly, the petition for a writ of habeas corpus must be denied.

                                        II. BACKGROUND
                                       A. Factual Overview

       The petitioner is a thirty-four year old Yemeni national who was born in Mecca, Saudi

Arabia to Yemeni parents. GE 1 at 1~ GE 3 at 1. I He attended school in Saudi Arabia until

approximately the ninth grade, when he dropped out and began working odd jobs, including

driving a taxi. GE 1 at 2; GE 3 at 1; GE 10 at 1. During this period, the petitioner became

acquainted with a Yemeni man named                             GE 10 at   l~   GE 43 at 1, a fonner

mujahaddin in Bosnia, PE 115 at 2, who would later introduce the petitioner to variousjihadists

and members of al-Qaida, see infra Part IV.B.l.a.

       In late 1998, Saudi authorities arrested the petitioner for allegedly harboring an individual

wanted for passport forgery. GE 1 at 2~ GE 3 at     1~   GE 9 at 1. After a month-long stay in a Saudi

jail, the petitioner was deported to Yemen, his country of citizenship. GE 1 at 2~ GE 3 at 2. The

       Citations to "GE _" refer to the exhibits introduced by the government during the merits
       hearing, while citations to "PE __" refer to the exhibits introduced by the petitioner during the
       merits hearing.

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petitioner was barred from returning to Saudi Arabia for a period of five years. GE 1 at 2; GE 2

at 2.

        After arriving in Sana'a, Yemen from Saudi Arabia, the petitioner contacted and met with

_            GE 3 at 2-3; GE 10 at 1; GE 43 at 1. The petitioner spent a few days in Sana'a

before traveling to the city of Ta'iz, GE 3 at 2-3; GE 10 at 1, where he remained for several

weeks, living with extended family and working in the honey trade, GE 1 at 3; GE 3 at 3; GE 10

at 1. While in Ta'iz, the petitioner's uncle taught him how to use an AK-47 and a pistol. GE 3

at 5.

        During this period in Ta'iz, the petitioner became acquainted with a twenty-five year old

Saudi man named                             GE 1 at 3; GE 10 at 2. • had received military

training from the Taliban and had fought with the Taliban in Afghanistan two years earlier. GE

1 at 3; GE 10 at 2. The petitioner and. discussed various topics, including the local honey

trade and the conflict in Afghanistan. GE 1 at 3; GE 10 at 2.

        In the summer of 1999, the petitioner returned to Sana'a, purportedly in the hopes of

obtaining a visa to return to Saudi Arabia. GE 1 at 3; GE 3 at 3. While his visa application was

pending,_ arranged for the petitioner to stay at a boardinghouse operated by.

_         brother-in-law,               ("the_boardinghouse"). GE 3 at 3-4; GE 43 at 1.

The petitioner shared the.oardinghouse with at least eight other men. GE 1 at 3-4; GE 3

at 3-5. At the time, th.boardinghouse served as the hub of a car theft ring whose aim was

to violently free a Yemeni terrorist from a Sana'a prison. GE 1 at 5; GE 2 at 2. Many of the

individuals who lived at or were associated with th.oardinghOUSe were veteranjihadists

and several would later travel to Afghanistan to fight with the Taliban and al-Qaida. See infra

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Part IV.B.1.a. One of these men would later be a suicide bomber during al-Qaida's October

2000 attack on the Us.s. Cole? See id.

       Approximately two weeks after arriving at th.oardinghouse, the petitioner was

arrested by Yemeni authorities, along with other individuals associated with the boardinghouse,

on suspicion of involvement in the car theft conspiracy. GE 1 at 4; GE 3 at 5; GE 9 at 1. The

petitioner was released from prison in December 1999 and, after briefly visiting his uncle in

Ta'iz, returned to the.oardinghouse. GE I at 5-6; GE 9 at 2. The petitioner was re­

incarcerated for a few days by Yemeni authorities for allegedly providing a cell phone to one of

his imprisoned housemates from the.oardinghOuse. GE 1 at 5. During this period, the

petitioner socialized w i t ' - , who had also been recently released from prison, and

became acquainted with individuals whom the petitioner has admitted were members of al-

Qaida. See infra Part IV.B.l.a.

       Around this time, the petitioner decided to leave Yemen and travel to Afghanistan. GE 1

at 6; GE 3 at 5. The petitioner has stated that his decision to go to Afghanistan was influenced

by a fatwa (religious decree) issued by nationally recognized religious scholars encouraging men

to travel to Afghanistan to assist the Taliban. GE 3 at 5. The petitioner also stated that he was

influenced by                           the former Taliban fighter he had met in Ta'iz, who

purportedly told the petitioner that he could find work and a better life in Afghanistan. GE 1 at

6; GE 3 at 5; GE 9 at 3. The petitioner did not tell anyone, including his family, that he was

planning to go to Afghanistan. GE 1 at 6.

       On October 12,2000, al-Qaida operatives in a small boat laden with explosives attacked the
        u.s.s.Cole, a Navy destroyer docked in the port of Aden in Yemen. PE 33 ("9/11 COMM'N
       REpORT") at 190. The blast killed seventeen members of the ship's crew and wounded at least
       forty other crewmembers. [d.

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       In August 2000, following travel instructions provided to him b y . the petitioner flew

from Sana'a, Yemen through Bahrain to Karachi, Pakistan and then on to Quetta, Pakistan, a city

near the Afghan border. GE 1 at 6; GE 3 at 5; GE 6 at 2. In Quetta, the petitioner stayed for

three days at the Daftar al-Taliban, a Taliban-run facility which arranged for him and three other

men to be transported across the border to Kandahar, Afghanistan. GE 1 at 6; GE 3 at 6; GE 4 at

1; GE 6 at 2. The three men who crossed the border with the petitioner admitted that they were

traveling to Afghanistan to become martyrs. GE 10 at 2.

       In Kandahar, the petitioner and his companions were taken to a guesthouse known as the

Haji Habash guesthouse, which was run by an individual n a m e d _ . GE 3 at 6; GE 4

at I; GE 6 at 2; GE 9 at 3. The petitioner stayed at this guesthouse for approximately two weeks.

GE 4 at 1; GE 9 at 3. From there, the petitioner traveled to Kabul, where he stayed for a few

days at a guesthouse operated by an individual named Hamza al-Ghamdi. GE 3 at 6; GE 4 at 2;

GE 9 at 4. The petitioner requested permission from al-Ghamdi to travel to the front lines, but

al-Ghamdi denied the request because the petitioner lacked weapons training. GE 9 at 4.

       The petitioner then traveled on to lalalabad, where he allegedly stayed at the home of

                     , an individual whom. had advised the petitioner to contact once in

Afghanistan. GE 4 at 2; GE 9 at 4; GE 10 at 2. After several months, the petitioner returned to

the al-Ghamdi guesthouse in Kabul. GE 9 at 5-6. With al-Ghamdi's authorization, the petitioner

then traveled to the battle lines manned by Taliban fighters in combat with the Northern

Alliance. GE 4 at 2; GE 6 at 2; GE 9 at 6.

       After leaving the Taliban battle lines, the petitioner allegedly returned t o _

house in Jalalabad. GE 4 at 3; GE 9 at 6. As coalition forces approached the city in late 2001,

the petitioner fled Jalalabad for Pakistan. GE 4 at 2; GE 6 at 3. The petitioner was arrested by

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Pakistani authorities in early 2002 and transferred to the custody of the United States military.

GE 6 at 3. He was subsequently transferred to GTMO, where he is currently detained. Pet. at 1.

                                      B. Procedural History

       The petitioner commenced this action in October 2006 by filing a petition for a writ of

habeas corpus. 3 See generally Pet. In December 2006, the court stayed the case while the

Circuit and the Supreme Court considered whether the federal district courts have jurisdiction

over habeas petitions filed by individuals detained at GTMO. See Mem. Order (Dec. 4, 2006) at

2. The Supreme Court resolved this question in Boumediene v. Bush, 128 S. Ct. 2229 (2008), in

which the Court held that individuals detained at GTMO were "entitled to the privilege of habeas

corpus to challenge the legality of their detention," id at 2262, and that the federal district courts

have jurisdiction over such challenges, id at 2274.

       Although the Supreme Court did not specify what procedures the district courts were to

employ in resolving these habeas petitions, it did emphasize that the "detainees in these cases are

entitled to a prompt habeas corpus hearing." Id at 2275. Toward that end, this court and other

judges in this district agreed to consolidate their cases before Judge Hogan for the purpose of

adopting common procedures for the GTMO detainee litigation. On November 6, 2008, Judge

Hogan issued a Case Management Order ("CMO") to govern these proceedings, which he

amended on December 16,2008. See generally Am. CMO (Dec. 16,2008). This court adopted

the provisions of the amended CMO, subject to modifications set forth in an Omnibus Order

issued on April 23, 2009. See generally Omnibus Order (Apr. 23,2009).

       Meanwhile, having filed its initial Factual Return for the petitioner in April 2007, the

government filed a motion to amend its Factual Return, which Judge Hogan granted in

3
       The petitioner filed his petition together with another Yemeni detained at Guantanamo Bay,
       Mohammad AI-Zamouqi (ISN 691). A merits hearing on AI-Zarnouqi's petition is scheduled to
       begin May 2, 20 II.

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November 2008. See Order (Nov. 7,2008). Following an extensive period of discovery, the

court issued an order in February 2010 establishing dates to bring this litigation to completion.

Order (Feb. 16,2010).

       On April 29, 2010, the government filed a second motion for leave to amend the factual

return, see generally Govt's 2d Mot. for Leave to Amend Factual Return, which the court

ultimately granted,4 see generally Mem. Order (June 9, 2010). The petitioner filed his traverse

on April 30, 2010, see generally Traverse, and on June 4,2010, the government filed its motion

for judgment on the record, see generally Govt's Mot. for J. on R. The petitioner filed his cross-

motion for judgment on the record on June 18,2010. See generally Petr's Cross-Mot. for J. on

R. In late August and early September 2010, the parties filed supplements to their cross-motions

for judgment on the record addressing recent Circuit rulings concerning the scope of the

government's detention authority. See generally Govt's Supplemental Mot. for 1. on R.; Petr's

Supplemental Mot. for 1. on R.

       On September 16,2010, the court denied the parties' cross-motions for judgment on the

record and scheduled a merits hearing to begin November 8, 2010. Order (Sept. 16,2010). On

October 25,2010, two weeks before the merits hearing was scheduled to begin, the government

filed a motion to supplement the record with additional evidence. See generally Govt's Mot. to

Supplement Evidence. Following expedited briefing, the court denied the motion and ordered

the government to limit its presentation to evidence previously disclosed to the petitioner as part

of the factual return. See generally Mem. Op. (Nov. 4, 2010).

4
       In granting the government's second motion for leave to amend the factual return, the court
       offered the parties an opportunity to propose adjustments to the litigation schedule. See Mem.
       Order (June 9, 2010) at 4. The parties elected to retain the deadlines previously imposed by the
       court. Joint Status Report (June 16,2010).

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           The merits hearing began on November 8,2010 and spanned four days. 5 At the outset of

the hearing, the court ruled on the government's motion to admit hearsay evidence with a

presumption of accuracy and authenticity. See generally Govt's Hearsay Mot. The court held

that although the government's evidence would, in appropriate circumstances, be afforded a

presumption of authenticity, it was not entitled to a presumption of accuracy. 6 See infra Part

lILA.

           During the course of the merits hearing, the parties presented the court with extensive

argument and nearly two hundred exhibits. 7 At the conclusion of the hearing, the parties'

submitted proposed findings of fact and conclusions oflaw. With the record now complete, the

court turns to the applicable legal standards and the evidence and argument presented by the

parties.

                                    III. EVIDENTIARY MATTERS

                        A. Admissibility and Reliability of Hearsay Evidence

           As alluded to above, prior to the merits hearing, the government submitted a motion in

which it argued that the court should afford a presumption of accuracy and authenticity to its

hearsay evidence. See generally Govt's Hearsay Mot. That motion was granted in part and

           The merits hearing occurred on November 8, 10, 15 and 16, 2010. Citations to the hearing
           transcript shall be made by designating the date of the proceedings and, when appropriate,
           whether the proceedings occurred in the morning or evening.
6
           At the outset ofthe hearing, the court also ruled that the government would be permitted to rely
           on certain exhibits that had been made part of the record as attachments to the government's
           hearsay motion. Nov. 8 Unclassified Tr. at S.

           The court greatly appreciates the efforts undertaken by counsel for both the government and the
           petitioner to present information during the merits hearing in a clear, systematic and easily
           digestible manner.

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denied in part at the outset of the merits hearing. Nov. 8 Unclassified Tr. at 3-4. The reasoning

underlying the court's ruling is set forth in greater detail below.

       This court has previously held, in another GTMO habeas case, that although hearsay

evidence is always admissible in these habeas proceedings, the court must make individualized

determinations about the reliability and accuracy of that evidence and the weight it is to be

afforded. Hatim v. Obama, 677 F. Supp. 2d I, 10 (D.D.C. 2009). The court further stated that

based on the principles underlying Federal Rule of Evidence 803(6), which sets forth the hearsay

exception for reports of regularly conducted activity, the government's interrogation reports and

intelligence reports were entitled to a presumption of authenticity. Id The court declined,

however, to presume the accuracy of the government's exhibits, noting that there was ample

reason not to afford such a presumption to those exhibits, many of which contained two or three

levels of hearsay. Id

       This Circuit has since issued a number of decisions consistent with this approach to

hearsay evidence. The Circuit has made clear that although "hearsay evidence is always

admissible in Guantanamo habeas proceedings, such evidence must be accorded weight only in

proportion to its reliability." Barhoumi v. Obama, 609 F.3d 416, 428 (D.C. Cir. 2010); accord

Al Bihani v. Obama, 590 F.3d 866, 879 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (observing that "the question a habeas

court must ask when presented with hearsay is not whether it is admissible - it is always

admissible - but what probative weight to ascribe to whatever indicia of reliability it exhibits").

Nothing in these Circuit decisions suggests that the court should presume the accuracy or

reliability of the government's exhibits; to the contrary, the Circuit has stated that before relying

on any piece of evidence, the district court must make a threshold determination that it is

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sufficiently reliable and probative. 8 Bensayah v. Obama, 610 F.3d 718, 725 (D.C. Cir. 2010)

(citing Parhat v. Gates, 532 F.3d 834,847 (D.C. Cir. 2008»; cf Ai Odah v. Obama, 611 F.3d 8,

14 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (holding that the district court did not err in relying on hearsay evidence

where "[t]he government offered reasons why its hearsay evidence had indicia of reliability, and

the court considered the reliability of the evidence in deciding the weight to give the hearsay

evidence").

       Accordingly, at the outset of the merits hearing in this case, the court ruled that hearsay

evidence would be admissible and that the court would presume the authenticity but not the

accuracy of the government's intelligence reports and interrogation reports. 9 Nov. 8 Unclassified

Tr. at 3-4. The court further ruled that it would make individualized determinations regarding

the reliability of any hearsay evidence presented by the parties. Id.

                                  B. Assessment of the Evidence

       As noted, before the court may consider whether the government has shown by a

preponderance of the evidence that the petitioner is lawfully detained, the court "must evaluate

the raw evidence, finding it to be sufficiently reliable and sufficiently probative to demonstrate

the truth of the asserted proposition with the requisite degree of certainty." Parhat, 532 F.3d at

847 (quoting Concrete Pipe & Prods., Inc. v. Constr. Laborers Pension Trust, 508 U.S. 602, 622

8	
       The approach to hearsay articulated by this court in Hatim is also consistent with positions taken
       by other judges in this district since the Circuit's ruling in Ai Bihani. See. e.g., Aimerfedi v.
       Obama, 2010 WL 691944, at *1 (D.D.C. Mar. 1,2010) (concluding that all of the government's
       hearsay evidence was admissible and that any evidence created and maintained by the
       government in the ordinary course of business was entitled to a rebuttable presumption of
       authenticity but rejecting the government's argument that its evidence should be afforded a
       presumption of accuracy); see aisoA/ Kandari v. Obama, 2010 WL 3927309, at *5-6 (D.D.C.
       Sept. 15,2010) (declining to afford a presumption of authenticity or accuracy to the
       government's evidence).

9	
       During the merits hearing, the petitioner did not challenge the authenticity of any of the
       intelligence reports or interrogation reports relied on by the government.

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(1993». Thus, before relying on any piece of evidence in these GTMO habeas proceedings, the

court must examine that evidence to "determine whether the evidence is in fact sufficiently

reliable to be used as a justification for detention." Khan v. Obama, 646 F. Supp. 2d 6, 12

(D.D.C. 2009); see also Naji al Warafi v. Obama, 704 F. Supp. 2d 32, 38 (D.D.C. 2010)

(observing that "[i]n Guantanamo habeas proceedings, the Court must assess the accuracy,

reliability, and credibility of each piece of evidence presented by the parties in the context of the

evidence as a whole" (internal quotation marks omitted».

       The reliability of hearsay evidence may be established by the intrinsic characteristics of

the evidence, such as the nature and consistency of the details contained in the hearsay,

Barhoumi, 609 F.3d at 428-29, as well as through corroboration by other evidence in the record,

id at 429 (noting that "an intelligence report's reliability can be assessed by comparison to

'exogenous information'''); Bensayah, 610 F.3d at 725-26 (citing Parhat, 532 F.3d at 849). Two

pieces of evidence, "each unreliable when viewed alone," can corroborate each other and

mutually establish their reliability. Bensayah, 610 F.3d at 726 (citing United States v. Laws, 808

F.2d 92,100-03 (D.C. Cir. 1986».

       In this case, the government has based its case principally on interrogation reports

reflecting statements allegedly made by the petitioner. See generally GE 1·6,8·10,24,27,36,

40-41,43. These statements, which the government relies on to establish the petitioner's actions

and intentions before his apprehension, plainly constitute hearsay. See FED. R. EVlD. SOl (c).

The court has carefully reviewed each report to ensure that the statements contained therein are

sufficiently reliable for use in assessing the lawfulness of the petitioner's detention.

       At the outset, the court notes that the petitioner's statements to interrogators are recorded

in standard reporting forms, such as FD-302s, Summary Interrogation Reports ("SIRs") and

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Intelligence Infonnation Reports ("IIRs"). See generally, e.g., GE 1,2,24. These reports are

prepared by intelligence and law enforcement agents in the nonnal course of their duties to

memorialize intelligence gathered from various sources, including interviews of detainees. See

GE 30 (Decl.   0                                                          Decl. 11,,))10 at 6-7. The

fact that these reports were prepared by government agents in the course of their nonnal

intelligence gathering duties provides a degree of support for their reliability.

       Moreover, the court finds ample evidence in the content of these interrogation reports to

support their reliability. With few exceptions (on which the court does not rely), the statements

reflected in these interrogation reports concern infonnation about which the petitioner had

personal knowledge. Furthennore, these statements are replete with specific details, lending

further support to their reliability. The court has been presented with no evidence that any of the

statements were elicited through undue coercion. Moreover, although the details sometimes

differ, the accounts of the petitioner's actions in these different interrogation reports are

remarkably consistent. Indeed, as evidenced in the following sections, many of the statements

that the court relies on in its analysis are repeated by the petitioner in multiple interrogations and

corroborated by the statements of third-party detainees. See infra Part IV.B.l-5.

       Although the petitioner challenges the accuracy of the translation and transcription of

certain statements that the reports attribute to him, nothing about these purported errors calls into

question the inherent reliability of the reports. See Al-Waraji, 704 F. Supp. 2d at 39 ("[T]hat the

[petitioner's] statements were translated does not render them unreliable or incredible.

10

        Id The court considers his declaration, which is based on his personal knowledge and
        experience, to be reliable.

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Petitioner's reservations about the accuracy of the translations of the statements goes to the

weight ... the Court should afford the statements, not their reliability."). Thus, although the

court must, in the course of its analysis, address the parties' disagreements regarding the

probative value of various portions ofthese interrogations reports, the court concludes that the

reports are sufficiently reliable to be considered in its assessment of the lawfulness of the

petitioner's detention.

       The government also relies on other types of evidence, such as interrogation reports

containing statements made by third-party detainees, see, e.g., GE 7, 8, 12, 13, declarations of

intelligence officers and subject-matter experts, see, e.g., GE 14, 19, and intelligence reports

regarding materials captured from al-Qaida and Taliban forces, see, e.g., GE 25, 29. The

reliability of each of these exhibits is assessed individually in the course of the analysis. See

infra Part IV.B.1-5.

                                          IV. ANALYSIS

                    A. The Scope of the Government's Detention Authority

       The government's authority to detain individuals at GTMO derives from the

Authorization for the Use of Military Force ("AUMF"), which provides that

        the President is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against
        those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized,
        committed, or aided the terrorist attack that occurred on September 11,2001, or
        harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of
        international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations,
        or persons.

Pub. L. No. 107-40, 115 Stat. 224 (2001)

       This Circuit has stated that the AUMF authorizes the government to detain two categories

of persons: (1) individuals "part of' forces associated with al-Qaida or the Taliban and (2)

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individuals who purposefully and materially support such forces in hostilities against the United

States. Al Bihani, 590 F.3d at 872. To justify its detention of an individual, the government

must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the individual falls within one ofthese

categories of detainable persons. 11 See Awadv. Ohama, 608 F.3d 1, 10 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (stating

that "a preponderance of the evidence standard satisfies constitutional requirements in

considering a habeas petition from a detainee held pursuant to the AUMF"); accord Al Bihani,

590 F.3d at 878.

       In this case, the government's principal contention is that the petitioner is lawfully

detained because he was "part of' the Taliban, al-Qaida or associated forces. 12 The Circuit has

observed that because al-Qaida's organizational structure is amorphous, "it is impossible to

provide an exhaustive list of criteria for determining whether an individual is 'part of al Qaeda."

Bensayah, 610 F.3d at 725. Accordingly, the district courts must determine whether an

individual is "part of' al-Qaida or associated forces on a "case-by-case basis" employing a

"functional rather than a formal approach and by focusing upon the actions of the individual in

relation to the organization." Id.

II	
       The Circuit has expressly left open the question of whether a lower evidentiary standard would
       be constitutionally permissible. See AI-Adahi v. Obama, 613 F.3d 1102, 1103 (D.C. Cir. 2010).

12	
       Although the government also asserted during the merits hearing that the petitioner "purposefully
       and materially supported" al-Qaida, the Taliban or associated forces, Nov. 8 Unclassified Tr. at 8,
       it offered scant evidence or argument on this issue. At any rate, because the government
       demonstrated that the petitioner was "part of' the Taliban, al-Qaida or associated forces, the
       court need not address whether the government satisfied the second prong of the detention
       standard. See AI-Bihani v. Obama, 590 F.3d 866, 874 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (observing that "both
       prongs (of the detention standard] are valid criteria that are independently sufficient to satisfY the
       standard").

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       "That an individual operates within al Qaeda's fonnal command structure is surely

sufficient but is not necessary to show that he is 'part of the organization.")) Id.; see also Awad,

608 F.3d at 11 ("If the government can establish by a preponderance of the evidence that a

detainee was part of the 'command structure' of al Qaeda, this satisfies the requirement to show

that he was 'part of al Qaeda. But there are ways other than making a 'command structure'

showing to prove that a detainee is 'part of al Qaeda."). On the other hand, "the purely

independent conduct of a freelancer is not enough" to show that an individual is detainable as

"part of' of those enemy forces. Bensayah, 610 F.3d at 725; see also Salahi v. Ohama, 625 F.3d

745, 752 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (noting that "the government's failure to prove that an individual was

acting under orders from al-Qaida may be relevant to the question of whether the individual was

'part of' the organization when captured").

       The government's "authority to detain an enemy combatant is not dependent on whether

an individual would pose a threat to the United States or its allies if released." Awad, 608 F.3d at

11. The government must prove, however, that the petitioner was "part of" the Taliban, al-

Qaida or associated forces at the time of his capture to demonstrate that his detention is lawful

under the first prong of the standard. See Salahi, 625 FJd at 751 (observing that "the relevant

inquiry is whether [the petitioner] was 'part of aI-Qaida when captured"); Gherebi v. Obama,

609 F. Supp. 2d 43, 71 (D.D.C. 2009).

       In assessing whether the government has met its burden, the court may not view each

piece of evidence in isolation, but must consider the totality of the evidence. See Al-Adahi v.

Ohama, 613 F.3d 1102, 1105-06 (D.C. Cir. 2010). Even ifno individual piece of evidence

13
       Prior to these Circuit decisions, many district court judges had held that an individual was a "part
       of' al-Qaida or associated forces only ifhe operated within the organization's fonnal command
       structure. See. e.g., Hatim v. Ohama, 677 F. Supp. 2d 1, 16 (D.D.C. 2010); Gherehi v. Ohama,
       609 F. Supp. 2d 43, 69 (D.D.C. 2009); Ham/i/y v. Ohama, 616 F. Supp. 2d 63, 75 (D.D.C. 2009).

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would, by itself, justify the petitioner's detention, the evidence may, when considered as a whole

and in context, nonetheless demand the conclusion that the petitioner was more likely than not

"part of' the Taliban or al-Qaida or purposefully and materially supported such forces. Id.

(concluding that the district court erred in "requir[ing] each piece of the government's evidence

to bear weight without regard to all (or indeed any) other evidence in the case"); cf Bourjaily v.

United States, 483 U.S. 171, 179-80 (1987) (observing that "individual pieces of evidence,

insufficient in themselves to prove a point, may in cumulation prove it" because the "sum of an

evidentiary presentation may well be greater than its constituent parts").

                             B. The Petitioner Is Lawfully Detained

       During the course of the merits hearing, the parties presented evidence and argument on

the following five disputed material issues: 14

       1.	      The government's allegation that the petitioner went to Afghanistan to
                receive military-style training from and fight for al-Qaida, the Taliban or
                other associated forces.

       2.	      The government's allegation that the petitioner stayed at guesthouses in
                Pakistan and Afghanistan associated with al-Qaida, the Taliban or other
                associated forces.

       3.	     The government's allegation that the petitioner attended a training camp
               or training camps operated by or associated with al-Qaeda, the Taliban or
               other associated forces.

       4.	      The government's allegation that the petitioner traveled to the battle lines
                in Afghanistan as part of al-Qaida, the Taliban or other associated forces.

       5.	     The government's allegation that the petitioner was part of al-Qaida, the
               Taliban or other associated forces at the time of his capture.

14
       Over the government's objection, the petitioner requested that the court address a sixth contested
       issue during the merits hearing: the government's assertion that its evidence is generally reliable.
       Petr's Supplement to List of Contested Issues. Although the court granted the petitioner's
       request, during the merits hearing, the petitioner incorporated the elements of his presentation on
       this issue into his presentations on the five jointly identified issues and elected not to give a
       separate presentation on his proposed sixth issue.

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Joint List of Contested Issues (Oct. 15,2010). The court considers these disputed issues in turn.

             1.	 The Petitioner Traveled to Afghanistan to Fight for the Taliban,
                            al-Qaida or Associated Enemy Forces

       During the merits hearing, the parties devoted substantial time and effort addressing the

first material disputed issue: whether the petitioner traveled to Afghanistan to fight for the

Taliban, al-Qaida or associated enemy forces. Nov. 8 Tr. at 32 - 154; Nov. 10 (a.m.) Tr. at 4­

100. Their attentiveness to this issue was well warranted. The Circuit has observed that

although an "intention to fight is inadequate by itself to make someone 'part of al Qaeda ... it is

nonetheless compelling evidence when ... it accompanies additional evidence of conduct

consistent with the effectuation of that intent." Awad, 608 F.3d at 9.

       The government bases its contention that the petitioner traveled to Afghanistan to fight

boardinghouse; (2) the influence and assistance   0_
with the Taliban, al-Qaida or associated forces on: (1) the petitioner's association with t h e .

                                                                              (including the

implausibility of the petitioner's account of how. convinced him to go to Afghanistan); (3) the

influence of the religious fatwa that the petitioner encountered in Yemen; and (4) the petitioner's

travel route and travel companions. The court considers these matters below.

               a. The Petitioner's Association With th.oardinghOuSe

       The government contends that the petitioner's association with individuals at t h e .

boardinghouse supports the inference that he went to Afghanistan to engage in jihad and, in fact,

shows that he was a "part of' al-Qaida, the Taliban or associated forces even before he left

Yemen for Afghanistan in the summer of 2000. Nov. 8 Tr. at 61-143. The petitioner responds

that his fleeting association with these individuals establishes nothing and does not support the

government's contention that he traveled to Afghanistan to fight for the Taliban, al-Qaida or

associated forces. Nov. 10 (a.m.) Tr. at 41-54.

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       As noted in the factual overview, in the summer of 1999, the petitioner traveled from

Ta'iz to Sana'a and stayed at the _boardinghOuSe while purportedly attempting to obtain a

visa to return to Yemen. GE 1 at 3; GE 3 at 3. Approximately two weeks after his arrival,

Yemeni authorities arrested the petitioner and several other individuals associated with the

boardinghouse on suspicion of belonging to a car theft ring. GE I at 5; GE 2 at 2. According to

the petitioner, the car theft conspiracy centered on a plot to steal cars in order to purchase arms,

which they would then use to violently free an individual named                              who was held

in a Sana'a prison. GE I at 5; GE 9 at 3. ~ad been convicted of kidnapping and

murdering four western tourists as part of a plot to free an imprisoned sheikh associated with a

South Yemen Islarnist group. GE 1 at 5; GE 9 at 3. According to the petitioner, the conspirators

also considered using the stolen vehicles to kidnap tourists, whom they would use to negotiate

thereleaseo~ GE 1 at 5.

       Many of the individuals associated with th.oardinghouse during this period were

experienced jihadists. According to Abdu Ali al Hajj Sharqawi, a veteran jihadist whom the

petitioner asserts is a reliable source,I5 see Petr's Proposed Findings of Fact ~ 16, _

_        the individual who introduced the petitioner to th.oardinghOuse, "was a

mujahaddin in Bosnia and ... was a well-known person." PE 115 at 1. Likewise, Sharqawi

states that Issam al-Maklahfi, the leader of the car theft ring, and Ahmed al Khadr al-Bidani,

another member of the conspiracy, were also veterans of Bosnian jihad. Id. at 2. Sharqawi also

IS

                                                                              PE 8 at 8; PE 11 at 2.
       Furthennore, Sharqawi's statements about the            boardinghouse are based on his personal
       knowledge. PE 115 at 1. There is no evidence at Sharqawi's statements were the result of
       torture and, in fact, the petitioner himself relies on Sharqawi's interrogation report in support of
       his case. Petr's Proposed Findings ofFact~~ 13-22. Accordingly, Sharqawi's interrogation
       report is sufficiently reliable for the court's consideration.

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states that Fawaz al-Rabia'i lived at the .0ardinghouSe and was an al-Qaida operative at

the time he was imprisoned by Yemeni authorities. PE 115 at 3; see also GE 8 at 1 (GTMO

intelligence report indicating that al-Rabia'i was a known al-Qaida associate).

       The petitioner himself admits that housemates                          and

had received jihadist training in Afghanistan. GE 3 at 5. Another housemate

_       had, according to the petitioner, trained at the Khalden camp near Jalalabad, Afghanistan,

GE 3 at 4, ajihadist training camp affiliated with al-Qaida and the Taliban, GE 19 (Decl. of

                                   6   at 7-8. Likewise, the petitioner admits that

an individual who resided at the boardinghouse during the petitioner's stay, had fought and

trained with the Taliban in Afghanistan. GE 1 at 4; GE 3 at 4; GE 43 at 2. _              would

later be one of the suicide bombers in the October 2000 attack on the Us.s. Cole. GE 2 at 3; GE

4 at 3; GE 5 at 2; GE 6 a 3; GE 9 at 5; GE 43 at 2.

       During the period that the petitioner lived there, th.oardinghOUSe served as a hub

for the individuals involved in a car theft ring whose aim was to free~om prison.

GE 1 at 4-5; GE 9 at 3; see also PE 115 at 1 (interrogation report in which Sharqawi stated to

interrogators that residents of the boardinghouse were involved in a plot to steal cars and that this

group "wanted to get rid of the Yemeni Government because the Yemeni Government killed

Abu Hassain al Miktar, a famous mujahaddin"). The petitioner has acknowledged that.

_         the leader of the plot, a n d _ visited th-"oardinghouse while the

16     1, 3

       1, 3 ,                            •                    ••                          •   ...
       his personal knowledge and analysis, to be credible.

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 petitioner was there. I? GE 1 at 4-5; GE 3 at 5; GE 9 at 2. The petitioner also admitted that

                    his roommate and closest friend at the boardinghouse, GE 3 at 4, served as a

 driver in the car theft plot, GE 1 at 4-5; GE 9 at 1, and that bin Attash, his housemate and a

 veteranjihadist, was arrested with the petitioner and formally charged in the conspiracy, GE 8 at

 2. In total, the petitioner identified more than half a dozen individuals who resided at or visited

 the_boardinghouse while he first lived there who were involved in the car theft plot

 designed to f r e e _

        The petitioner claims that he had no real association with these individuals, noting that he

 stayed at th.boardinghouse for less than two weeks before he was arrested. Nov. 10

 (a.m.) Tr. at 41. As described above, however, the petitioner revealed to interrogators detailed

 knowledge about the biographies of these men, suggesting that his relationships with these

 individuals were more than fleeting. See AI-Adahi, 613 F.3d at 1109 (observing that the

 petitioner's detailed knowledge of personal information about a group of al-Qaida operatives,

 including where they had fought and what languages they could speak, tended to show that the

 petitioner had close relationships with these individuals and strengthened the probability that that

 he was part of al-Qaida).

        Moreover, it is the timing, rather than the duration, of the petitioner's initial stay at the

.oardinghouse that is particularly telling. The fact that a group of veteran jihadists

 permitted the petitioner to live at th.boardinghouse while the location was used as a hub

 for an active terrorist conspiracy suggests that they considered the petitioner an individual they

 could trust. It is highly unlikely that these men would allow an individual into their living and

 meeting space, even if only for two weeks, during such a sensitive period without some

 17
        The petitioner states that he believes t h a _ had been surveilled to t h t l
        boardinghouse, which led to the arrest of the boardinghouse residents. GE 1 at; 9 at 1-2.

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assurance that the individual shared some allegiance with them and would not undermine their

p10t. 18 Although this evidence hardly establishes that the petitioner was "part of' al-Qaida at this

time, it does support the government's contention that the petitioner had associations with known

terrorists and had gained their confidence prior to his departure for Afghanistan.

       The petitioner has also stated that when he first went to live at the.oardinghouse,

he had no idea that anyone associated with the boardinghouse was involved in any criminal

activity. GE I at 5; GE 2 at 2; GE 9 at 2. According to the petitioner, he first learned about the

details of the plot during his period of incarceration when _ , the head of the

conspiracy, was released from solitary confinement. 19 GE 9 at 2.

       Even if the court were to credit the petitioner's version of events, it would not

dramatically alter the court's assessment of his associations with members of t h e .

boardinghouse conspiracy. It seems unlikely that a veteran jihadist like _                  would have

revealed the details of the plot to the petitioner, while they were still in custody and the

information could plainly be used against them, unless he had reason to believe that the

petitioner would not reveal this information to Yemeni authorities. Moreover, rather than

distancing himself from the conspirators following his arrest, the petitioner continued to

associate with members of the terrorist conspiracy during his months of incarceration and

18
       The petitio_that at his invitation, an acquaintance from Saudi Arabia,
       stayed at th            oardinghouse the night before Yemeni authorities raided the boardinghouse.
       GE 3 at 4. Because the government has not supplied any evidence t h a t _ had any
       terrorist or criminal involvement, the petitioner argues, the fact that he was permitted to stay at
       th~oardinghouse undermines the government's theory that only trusted individuals were
       pe~ to stay at the boardinghouse. It is, however, far from clear that~
       terrorist affiliations; as discussed below, _          attended the wedding~. a
       veteran Afghan mujahaddin, to the da~ family with known terrorist connections. GE 9
       at 2-3. Furthermore, it is unclear that~ was "permitted" to stay at the boardinghouse, as
       he stayed there only one night and there is no evidence that leaders of the car theft conspiracy
       were aware of his presence.
19	
       The petitioner stated that~as held in solitary confinement for approximately twenty
       days after their arrest. GE 9 at 2.

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became lasting friends with several members of the group. GE 1 at 5-6; GE 3 at 3-5; GE 9 at 1­

2. Thus, the evidence indicates that even if the petitioner was not considered an ally at the time

he first went to t h e . boardinghouse, he became one during his months in prison.2°

       Indeed, even after he was released from prison in late 1999, the petitioner maintained his

associations with members ofth_boardinghouse. According to the petitioner, Yemeni

authorities released him from prison at the same time as two of his former housemates, _

_        and                        GE 9 at 2. The petitioner has admitted that upon his release,

he chose to return to the _boardinghouse with these men, both of whom were veteran

jihadists. 21 GE 1 at 5-6; GE 9 at 2. Shortly after their return to the.oardinghOUSe, the

petitioner a n d _ attended al-Ansari's wedding to a daughter of an individual named

                  GE 9 at 2. Another o ~ sons-in-law was 9/11 hijacker Khalid al-

Mihdhar. ld at 3.

20	
       The petitioner points out that Sharqawi stated to interrogators that th~boardinghouse "was
       a place only for sleeping" and that the petitioner was not associated with the individuals who
       resided there. PE 1:'5 Sharqawi did, however, acknowledge in the same interrogation that
                               t 1-2.
       the individuals at th         oardinghouse were involved in a car theft ring, that residents of the
       house desired to overt row the Yemeni government because it had killed a famous Yemeni
       mujahaddin and that numerous individuals who resided at or were associated with the
       boardinghouse were veteran mujahaddin. rd. at 1-3. Moreover, Sharqawi's assertion that the
       petitioner had no associations with these individuals is belied by the petitioner's own admissions
       that he maintained his associations with individuals he had met in prison and through t h .
       boardinghouse after he was released and even into Afghanistan.
21	
       The petitioner contends that his decision to return to th~boardinghouse following his
       release from prison does not indicate any continuing rel~ip with members of the
       boardinghouse, as the other members of the car theft ring were still imprisoned. This contention,
       however, is undennined by the petitioner's own admissions that he returned to the boardinghouse
       with other individuals who had been imprisoned based on their relationship with the
       boardinghouse, GE 9 at 2, and that he maintained a close relationship with
       whom the petitioner has acknowledged was a member of the car theft plot, GE 1 at 4-5; GE 9 at
       1.

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       Although the petitioner states in one interrogation that he only stayed at t h e .

boardinghouse for a week after his return from prison, GE 1 at 5_6,22 the fact that the petitioner

chose to return to the boardinghouse at all following his release from prison, at which point he

clearly knew about the car theft conspiracy, supports the notion that the petitioner's associations

with the individuals at the_boardinghouse were meaningful. The petitioner'S attendance at

_            wedding further indicates that the petitioner had become accepted in the jihadist

circle that he encountered at the~oardinghouse.

       Following his release from prison, the petitioner also maintained a relationship with

                   one of the drivers in the car theft plot. GE I at 4-5; GE 9 at 1. The petitioner

attended _           court appearances and smuggled a cell phone t ~ in prison, an act

which resulted in the petitioner's brief re-imprisonment. GE 1 at 5. The fact that the petitioner

would take such a risk f o r _ undermines the petitioner's contention that his associations

with all the members of the car theft ring were fleeting and insignificant.

       In fact, the petitioner's associations with individuals at th.oardinghouse survived

his journey to Afghanistan. For instance, one of the individuals the petitioner met at t h e "

boardinghouse was                                          also known as                      GE 5 at 1.

According to the petitioner, after                 was released from prison, he went to the front

lines in Afghanistan to fight with the Taliban against the Northern Alliance. Id While staying at

an al-Qaida guesthouse in Kabul, see infra Part IV.B.2.c, the petitioner inquired as to the

whereabouts                    and was told that                  was at the frontlines and would

22

       several.' week after his arrest," GE 3 at 5, indicating a longer affiliation with
       and the       oardinghouse following the petitioner's release from prison.
                                                                                         a"
       According to another interrogation report, the petitioner stated that he "socialized

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come to visit him at a later time.2 3 GE 6 at 2-3. The incident demonstrates not only that the

petitioner had a continuing association with                  in Afghanistan, but also that the

petitioner was sufficiently integrated into the al-QaidaITaliban structure such that he was able to

send and receive messages through its military apparatus. 24

       While in Afghanistan, the petitioner also maintained his relationship with

                                                              The petitioner had m e t _

after his release from prison while socializing a t _ home in Sana'a. GE 3 at 5. The

petitioner has acknowledged that _             was a member of al-Qaida, who trained at the al-

Farouq training camp and possibly the Abu Obeida training camp, both of which are al-Qaida

training camps in Afghanistan. GE 36 at 3; GE 41 at 2. The petitioner states t h a _

visited him while he was in Jalalabad and t h a t _ and                          were the only people

in Afghanistan who knew him by his real name rather than his kunya. GE 9 at 4-5. In fact, once

in Afghanistan, the petitioner l i s t e d _ as his reference on an application to attend a

terrorist training camp. GE 25 at 4; infra Part IV.B.3.b.

23
       The purpose of this discussion is not to condemn the petitioner on the basis of his

associations. Indeed, the petitioner's relationships with individuals associated with

       According to Salim Hamdan, a former driver for Usama bin Ladin, _
                                                                                          th.
                                                                                         later acted as a
       bodyguard for bin Ladin. PE 27 at 7. 14.
24
       The court does not, however, credit the government's contention t h a t _ an individual
       who accompanied the petitioner o n . ' ey from Yemen to Afghanistan, see infra Part
                                                     m
       IV.B.l.d, was an associate from the            oardinghouse. The government bases this contention
       on the f a c t _ name is included in one interrogation report in which the petitioner lists the
       individuals associated with the~oardinghouse. GE 3 at 4. That report, however, includes
       no information abou_other than his name, whereas it contains detailed information
       regarding other individuals associated with the boardinghouse. See id. Furthermore_ _ _
       not mentioned in any of the other interrogation reports in which the petitioner discusses t l i e "
       boardinghouse. GE 1 at 3-5; GE 5 at 1-2; GE 9 at 2-3. In fact, another interrogation report
       indicates that the petitioner stated that he "had no previous contact with .prior to meeting him
       one week before they left for Afghanistan and the only thing he knew about him was that he was
       from Ta~en." GE 9 at 3. Accordingly, the court concludes that_was not associated
       with the _boardinghouse.

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boardinghouse, standing alone, likely would not demonstrate that the petitioner was "part of' al-

Qaida during his time in Yemen. The evidence does establish, however, that by the time the

petitioner chose to travel to Afghanistan, he had developed significant and lasting relationships

with veteranjihadists, who accepted him into their midst while they were involved in an active

terrorist conspiracy. Many of the individuals associated with the boardinghouse would go on to

become active al-Qaida associates and fight on the front lines in Afghanistan, and the petitioner

maintained his relationships with these individuals as well. The fact that the petitioner had

enduring relationships with knownjihadists prior to his decision to go to Afghanistan supports

the contention that he traveled to Afghanistan to train and fight with al-Qaida, the Taliban or

associated forces.

                       b.                            Influence and Assistance

       The petitioner has stated that one of the principal influences on his decision to go to

Afghanistan was an individual he met in Ta'iz named                                GE9at3. The

government contends that. was a Taliban facilitator and that his influence on the petitioner's

decision to travel to Afghanistan supports its allegation that the petitioner went there to receive

training and fight for the Taliban and al-Qaida. Nov. 8 Tr. at 142, 150; Nov. 10 (a.m.) Tr. at 17­

20. The petitioner contends that there is no evidence that. was a Taliban facilitator and that

•   merely encouraged the petitioner to travel to Afghanistan to seek out a better life. Nov. 10

(a.m.) Tr. at 57-62.

       There is no dispute that. had a significant influence on the petitioner's decision to

travel to Afghanistan. The petitioner has stated that. "was the person who had the most

influence on [him] going to Afghanistan, although he admitted that he was also influenced by a

fatwa issued by the sheikhs in Yemen." GE 9 at 3. Nor is there any dispute that two years

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before they met,. had received military training in Afghanistan and had fought for the

Taliban. GE 1 at 3; GE 10 at 2.

       There is, however, no evidence that at the time. encouraged the petitioner to go to

Afghanistan, he was acting as a Taliban recruiter or facilitator, at least in any formal capacity.

The govenunent has provided no evidence that. influenced any other individuals to travel to

Afghanistan or that he had any formal relationship with the Taliban or al-Qaida. See Bensayah,

610 FJd at 726 (concluding that the govenunent failed to establish that the petitioner was an a1­

Qaida facilitator in the absence of reliable evidence that the petitioner had links to al-Qaida or

facilitated the travel of al-Qaida members). Indeed, the petitioner has stated that when they first

met,. encouraged him to enter into the honey trading business in Ta'iz, GE 1 at 3; GE 3 at 3,

and the government has offered nothing to discredit that account. Furthermore, the petitioner

paid his own way to Afghanistan, GE 3 at 6, a fact inconsistent with Taliban recruitment.

Accordingly, the government has not established that. was a Taliban facilitator.

       Nonetheless, the evidence does not support the petitioner's contention that" influence

was entirely benign. The petitioner has admitted that he   and.    discussed" military training

in Afghanistan and his experience fighting for the Taliban:

        AI-Sabri met a Yemeni named                                  age 25 in Taiz. •
        had previously traveled to Afghanistan for military training and to fight for the
        Taliban. AI-Sabri became interested in this discussion and inquired about
        receiving military training.

GE 1 at 3. Whether, as the government suggests, the petitioner was expressing an interest in

obtaining military training or, as the petitioner has argued, expressing an interest in hearing about

the military training that. had received in Afghanistan, it is clear that. and the petitioner

discussed the military training available in Afghanistan and fighting with the Taliban. See id

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Indeed, the petitioner states that it was during this period in Ta'iz, when he met. that the

petitioner first began thinking about going to Afghanistan. 25 GE 9 at 3.

       Moreover, the travel route that the petitioner took into Afghanistan, which was furnished

b y . GE 3 at 5-6; GE 9 at 3; GE 10 at 2, suggests that. was assisting the petitioner join with

Taliban and al-Qaida fighting forces in Afghanistan. As discussed below, the route that.

instructed the petitioner to take from Sana'a through Bahrain and eventually to Quetta, Pakistan,

is the same path used by foreign mujahaddin traveling to Afghanistan to engage in jihad. See

infra Part IV .B.l.d. Indeed,. specifically instructed the petitioner to visit the TaIiban offices

in Quetta, Pakistan, GE 3 at 6, which, as discussed below, facilitated the travel of fighters to al-

Qaida and Taliban guesthouses and camps in Afghanistan, see infra Part IV.B.2.a; see also GE 3

at 5 ('_told [the petitioner] that the Taliban would assist him in getting from Pakistan into

Afghanistan because he was Arabic.").

       Finally, the petitioner's account of how. lured him to Afghanistan is not plausible.

According to the petitioner,. told him "that there was security and peace in Afghanistan," GE

9 at 3, and that "he should move to Afghanistan as work was easier to find there," GE 3 at 5.

The petitioner stated that. "convinced him to travel to Afghanistan for a better life and find a

wife." GE I at 6.

       Vet before the petitioner left for Afghanistan, he had spent months with veteranjihadists

associated with the.oardinghouse, some of whom had trained and fought in Afghanistan.

See supra Part IV.B.I.a. The petitioner had also had conversations with. about his own

experiences fighting in Afghanistan just two years earlier. GE I at 3. Furthermore, as discussed

25
       The petitioner's admission that he began thinking of going to Afghanistan soon after his
       deportation to Yemen, see GE 6 at 1, casts doubt on his assertion that he went to Afghanistan
       only as a last resort, after his efforts to obtain entry to other Arab countries failed, see Nov. 10
       (a.m.) Tr. at 58-59.

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below, the petitioner admits that he encountered at least one fatwa that encouraged men to go to

Afghanistan to assist the Taliban. See infra Part IV.B.l.c. As the petitioner must have been

aware that there was ongoing conflict in Afghanistan, it is difficult to believe that he truly would

have believed that Afghanistan offered security and peace.

       The petitioner's conduct once in Afghanistan also undermines his account of how.

convinced him to travel there. Although the petitioner contends that. lured him to

Afghanistan with promises of work opportunities, there is no evidence that the petitioner made

any effort to secure employment once he was in Afghanistan.26 See Sulayman v. Obama, 2010

WL 3069568, at *13-14 (D.D.C. July 20,2010) (declining to credit the petitioner's claim that he

traveled to Afghanistan to find a job, a wife and a home because he admitted to interrogators that

he "never really looked" for ajob or a wife and that "he wasn't really that interested in trying to

find a job"). Indeed, as the petitioner must have known, any efforts to secure employment would

have been complicated by the fact that he spoke only Arabic.2 7 GE 3 at 1.

       Although the petitioner told interrogators that he had marriage prospects while in

Afghanistan, these accounts are contradictory and not credible. For instance, the petitioner stated

in one interrogation that the sister-in-law of                     an individual he met in Jalalabad,

had introduced him to a young Moroccan woman for the purposes of marriage but that the plans

26	
       To bolster his claim that he went to Afghanistan for benign purposes, the petitioner offers a
       declaration from Professor Sheila Carapico, who states that the poverty and lack of opportunities
       in Yemen in the late 1990s and early 2000s led many young Yemeni men to travel to Pakistan
       and Afghanistan for economic reasons. See generally PE 30 (Decl. of Dr. Sheila Carapico,
       ("Carapico Decl."»; see a/so Nov. 10 (a.m.) Tr. at 59-60. There is, however, no evidence that
       this petitioner made any efforts whatsoever to obtain employment while he was in Afghanistan,
       suggesting that economic factors were not a major consideration underlying his decision to go to
       Afghanistan.
27	
       Although the petitioner has offered evidence that Yemeni Arabic speakers might be able to find
       work in Afghanistan teaching Quran, as the Yemeni dialect is closest to the classical language of
       the Quran, Carapico Dec!. ~ 16(t), there is no evidence that the petitioner, who had limited formal
       education, had any training in the Quran or was motivated by such opportunities.

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                                         SI3CRI3r£

had fallen through due to the chaos following September 11. GE 3 at 6. In another interview,

the petitioner stated that                        the man with whom he lived in Jalalabad, had

arranged for the petitioner to marry his wife's sister who lived in Morocco. GE 9 at 4. In yet a

third interrogation, the petitioner stated that he was arranged to m a r r y _ sister. GE 6 at

3. The inconsistencies of these accounts cast doubt on the petitioner's claim that finding a wife

was one ofthe principal reasons he went to Afghanistan.

       Finally, if the petitioner went to Afghanistan merely for the benign purposes that. had

purportedly discussed with him, it is difficult to understand why the petitioner chose not to

infonn anyone, including his family in Saudi Arabia or Yemen, of his decision to relocate. GE 1

at 6. The fact that the petitioner hid his plans from his family further undermines the contention

that. persuaded him to go to Afghanistan with promises of work, a wife and a better, more

secure life. The petitioner also admitted to interrogators that he assumed a kunya while he was in

Afghanistan, GE 10 at 2; see infra Part IV.B.3, and that only two or three individuals (all with

ties to al-Qaida or the Taliban) knew his real name, GE 9 at 4. That the petitioner concealed his

true identity in Afghanistan is also not consistent with his stated intention of traveling to

Afghanistan for benign reasons.

       In sum, although the government has not established that. had any formal relationship

with the Taliban, the evidence, viewed as a whole, indicates that. discussed with the petitioner

his experiences training and fighting with the Taliban in Afghanistan and provided the petitioner

a route to Afghanistan designed to funnel him into Taliban and al-Qaida fighting forces. Thus,

the evidence concerning. bolsters the contention that the petitioner traveled to Afghanistan to

train and fight with the Taliban, al-Qaida or associated enemy forces.

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                     c. Influence of the Fatwa Issued by Religious Clerics

       In addition to his discussions with. the petitioner has stated that he was influenced to

go to Afghanistan by a fatwa issued by two Saudi religious scholars, Hammoud al-Aqla and

Abdulla al-Jibreen. GE 3 at 2, 5; GE 9 at 3. According to the petitioner, the fatwa "was

encouraging men to go to Afghanistan to assist the Taliban." GE 3 at 5. The government

contends that the influence of the fatwa indicates that the petitioner went to Afghanistan to

engage in jihad. Nov. 8 Tr. at 148-52. The petitioner responds that there is no evidence that the

fatwa advocated taking up arms on behalf of the Taliban. Nov. 10 (a.m.) Tr. at 62-65.

       Although the exact fatwa that influenced the petitioner is unknown, another fatwa

authored by al-Aqla in 2000 included the following language:

       At this time, the Taliban Regime remains in a state of warfare against its
       opposition, the Northern Alliance, so Jihad with it is ordained by the Shariah
       because Jihad with the Taliban is against the Northern Alliance which is being
       funded by the forces of Disbelief like America, Britain, and Russia and others
       who are calling for a broad-based government in Afghanistan established upon a
       Western legislative system. Since the situation is like this, then indeed it is
       obligatory to assist the Taliban Regime and to make Jihad with it in order to
       bring victory to Islam.

Govt's Mot. for 1. on the R. at 12-13; see also Nov. 8 Tr. at 152-53.

       Indeed, one detainee described al-Aqla as "a well known religious leader [who] claimed

to have sent 11,000 Saudis to various training camps in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Chechnya and the

Philippines." GE 12 at 1. The detainee stated that in his fatwas, al-Aqla "preach[ed] ... that it

was the duty of all Muslim men to prepare themselves for jihad." Id Another detainee has

stated that al-Aqla "encouraged young men to travel to [Afghanistan] and fight against Massoud,

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who was killing a lot of Muslims. Al Aqla, who issued the fatwa, told his audience that if they

did not follow this fatwa they would go to hell." GE 13 at 1. 28

       Likewise, at least one GTMO detainee has admitted that his decision to go to Afghanistan

and fight for the Taliban was influenced by a fatwa issued by al-Jibreen, the other author of the

fatwa that influenced the petitioner in this case. See GE 11 at 2. The detainee stated that

       he listened to 2 Fatwas that were issued, one by Sheikh Mohammed al Imam and
       another by Sheikh Bin Gibrin. The Fatwas were read at the Jamal Al Din
       Mosque and were about going to Afghanistan to assist the Taliban against the
       Northern Alliance. The Fatwas had vers[es] from the Koran and talked about the
       Taliban and its victories. One of the Fatwas further explained how to travel to
       Quetta and get to a large Taliban center where the Taliban would take people to
       Afghanistan. [The detainee] decided, on his own, to go to Afghanistan and assist
       the Taliban based on the Fatwas.

Id (emphasis added).29

       In light ofal-Aqla's and al-Jibreen's documented history of issuing fatwas encouraging

men to travel to Afghanistan to fight with the Taliban, it is more likely than not that the fatwa

28	
       Government's Exhibit 12 is an interrogation report reflecting statements made by GTMO
       detainee Mukhtar Yahya Naji al-Warafi, while Government's Exhibit 13 is an interrogation
       report reflecting statements made by GTMO detainee Hamud Dakhil al-Jadani. See generally
       GE 12; GE 13. Their descriptions of the fatwas issued by al-Aqla are based on their personal
       knowledge, highly detailed and corroborated by one another. Furthermore, there is no evidence
       that these statements were elicited through undue coercion. Although the petitioner has pointed
       out that al-Jadani was offered inducements to cooperate with interrogators and that his statements
       regarding the U.S.S. Cole bombing are not credible, Nov. 10 (a.m.) Tr. at 67-91 (indeed, the court
       declines to rely on those statements), the court shall assess the reliability ofeach piece of
       information provided by al-Jadani rather than making generalized conclusions about his
       credibility, see Almerfedi v. Obama, 725 F. Supp. 2d 18, 23 (D.D.C. 2010) ("Rather than draw a
       general conclusion as to the credibility of [al-Jadani], the Court has examined in detail each of
       the six reports relied upon by the government to determine whether the particular information in
       each should be credited."). In this case, the court concludes that his statements regarding the
       fatwas issued by al-Aqla, like the statements ofal-Warafi, are sufficiently reliable for the court's
       consideration.
29	
       Government's Exhibit 11 is an interrogation report reflecting statements made by detainee al­
       Warafi. See generally GE 11. There is no evidence that his statements were elicited through
       inducements or undue coercion. Moreover, the petitioner provides a detailed account of both the
       circumstances under which he heard the fatwas as well as the actual content of the fatwas. See
       GE 11 at 2. Accordingly, these statements are sufficiently reliable for the court's consideration.

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that influenced the petitioner to go to Afghanistan called for Muslim men to "assist the Taliban"

by taking up arms against the Northern Alliance. 3o Furthermore, given the petitioner's

documented awareness of the conflict in Afghanistan, it is not plausible that the petitioner could

have understood the fatwa's call to "assist the Taliban" as anything other than a call to take up

arms. This evidence therefore provides additional support for the government's contention that

the petitioner traveled to Afghanistan to engage in jihad.

                  d. The Petitioner's Travel Route and Travel Companions

       The government asserts that the route the petitioner followed to Afghanistan is the same

route used by other foreign mujahaddin entering Afghanistan to fight with the Taliban. Nov. 10

(a.m.) Tr. at 12-29. The government also notes that the petitioner has admitted that his traveling

companions professed to him that they were going to Afghanistan to become martyrs. Id at 19.

These facts, the government argues, strongly indicate that the petitioner too traveled to

Afghanistan to engage in jihad. Id at 12-29. According to the petitioner, there is no evidence

that the route he followed is different from the route any Arab man of limited means would have

taken into Afghanistan. Id. at 65. Furthermore, the petitioner argues, the fact that he traveled to

Afghanistan with self-professedjihadists does not mean that he was ajihadist. Id. at 64-65.

       The petitioner left Yemen for Afghanistan in the late summer or early fall of2000. GE 1

at 6. During the initial leg of his journey, he was joined by an individual named

whom he had met approximately one week before. GE 9 at 3. The petitioner and_flew

from Sana'a through the United Arab Emirates and on to Karachi, Pakistan before eventually

30
       The petitioner contends that the fatwas cited by the government are distinguishable because they
       were issued at different times or in a different form than the fatwa that influenced the petitioner.
       Nov. 10 (a.m.) Tr. at 63-64. These differences, however, do not significantly undermine the
       probative value of the fatwas cited by the government, which were written by the same clerics
       about the same conflict during roughly the same time period. Furthermore, the petitioner has not
       presented the court with evidence of any other fatwa issued around this period that called for
       Muslim men to go to Afghanistan but did not advocate taking up arms.

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arriving in Quetta, Pakistan, a city near the Afghanistan border. GE 1 at 6; GE 3 at 6. Once in

Quetta, the two took a taxi to the Daftar al-Taliban, a Taliban-run office and guesthouse, as

instructed by. GE 1 at 6; GE 6 at 2. After spending two or three days at the Daftar al­

as_and_
Taliban, the petitioner left for the border along with_and two other men, whom he knew

                               GE 1 a6;GE3at5-6;GE 10at2. _ t o l d the petitioner that

he was going to Afghanistan for jihad, and                                 all told the petitioner

that they wanted to be martyrs. GE 9 at 3; GE 10 at 2.

       The four men were driven by taxi from the Daftar al-Taliban to the border town of Spin

Boldak. GE 1 at 6; GE 3 at 5-6; GE 4 at 1. When they reached the border, the men exited the

taxi and crossed the border on motorcycles. GE 3 at 6; GE 4 at 1. According to the petitioner,

motorcycles were not required to stop at the border. GE 4 at 1. After crossing the border, the

men were picked up by the same taxi and carried on to Kandahar, GE 3 at 6; GE 4 at 1, where, as

discussed below, they were taken to an a1-Qaida guesthouse, see infra Part IV.B.2.b.

       The petitioner's travel route - flying from a Persian Gulf state through the United Arab

Emirates to Karachi and then to the Taliban offices in Quetta, Pakistan - was common among

jihadists traveling to Afghanistan to train and fight with the Taliban or al-Qaida. See, e.g., Ai

Odah v. United States, 648 F. Supp. 2d 1, 8-9 (D.D.C. 2009) (concluding that the petitioner's

travel route from Dubai to Karachi and then Quetta before crossing the border into Afghanistan

supported the inference that he traveled to Afghanistan to engage in jihad), aff'd, 611 FJd 8

(D.C. Cir. 2010). The petitioner contends that the government has not demonstrated that this

route differed from the route taken by any other individuals with limited means traveling to

Afghanistan. Nov. 10 (a.m.) Tr. at 64-65. Indeed, viewed in isolation, evidence that the

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petitioner utilized a travel route frequented by foreignjihadists may not be particularly probative

of the petitioner's intentions.

       In this case, however, there are additional facts that color the court's assessment of the

significance of the petitioner's travel route. First of all, the elaborate arrangements made by the

Taliban office in Quetta to ferry the petitioner across the border without detection by border

patrol calls into question the legitimacy of the petitioner's motives. 31 The fact that the petitioner

traveled along this route with individuals whom he knew to be jihadists also casts doubt on his

motivations for going to Afghanistan. Finally, there is the fact, discussed below, that the end

point of the petitioner's travel route was an al-Qaida guesthouse in Kandahar, Afghanistan. See

infra Part IV.B.2.b.

       Thus, the evidence that the petitioner followed travel routes frequented by the foreign

jihadists entering Afghanistan and traveled with individuals who admitted to the petitioner that

they intended to become martyrs provides additional support for the government's allegation that

the petitioner traveled to Afghanistan to fight with the Taliban or al-Qaida.

                                           e. Conclusion

       In summary, the evidence indicates that before the petitioner left for Afghanistan, he

developed significant and meaningful relationships with both veteran and future jihadists in

Yemen. The evidence also indicates that the petitioner was influenced to travel to Afghanistan

b y . a veteran Taliban fighter who told the petitioner about training and fighting with the

31
       The petitioner has suggested that these border-crossing measures may have been motivated by
       concerns about efficiency. Nov. 10 (p.m.) Tr. at 71-72; see also Petr's Proposed Findings of Fact
       ~ 131. Yet the petitioner stated that after he and his fellow companions were taken across the
       border on motorcycles, they rejoined the taxi that had brought them to the border. GE 3 at 6; GE
       4 at 1. Given that the taxi too crossed the border, it is unclear why logic or efficiency would
       dictate leaving the taxi for the border crossing and then rejoining it after the crossing was
       completed. Instead, the more reasonable inference is that the petitioner and his companions
       exited the taxi at the border to escape detection by border patrol guards, who, according to the
       petitioner, did not stop motorcycles crossing the border. GE 4 at 1.

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Taliban and who provided the petitioner a route to Afghanistan that funneled him into the al­

Qaida/Taliban military apparatus. Furthennore, the petitioner admits that he was influenced to

go to Afghanistan by a religious fatwa that likely called for him to go to Afghanistan to fight

with the Taliban. Finally, the petitioner traveled to Afghanistan along a route used by jihadists

and traveled with individuals who admitted that they were going to engage in jihad and become

martyrs. Based on this evidence, the court concludes that it is more likely than not that the

petitioner traveled to Afghanistan in order to fight with the Taliban, al-Qaida or associated

enemy forces.

                2. The Petitioner Stayed at aJ-Qaida and Taliban Guesthouses

       The government contends that the petitioner stayed at numerous al-Qaida and Taliban

guesthouses during his time in Afghanistan. Nov. 10 (p.m.) Tr. at 2-68. The government asserts

that this fact strongly supports its contention that the petitioner was "part of' Taliban or al-Qaida

forces. Id; Nov. 15 (a.m.) Tr. at 30-62. Although the petitioner does not dispute that he stayed

at guesthouses in Afghanistan, he denies that these guesthouses were necessarily affiliated with

al-Qaida or the Taliban and contends that the fact that he stayed at these guesthouses provides no

support for the government's allegation that he was part of al-Qaida or the Taliban. Nov. 10

(p.m.) Tr. at 69-74; Nov. 15 (a.m.) Tr. at 3-27

       This Circuit has stated that evidence supporting a reasonable belief that an individual

attended al-Qaida training camps or stayed at al-Qaida guesthouses in Afghanistan is powerful

evidence that the detainee was "part of' the Taliban, al-Qaida or associated forces. Al-Bihani,

590 F.3d at 873 n.2 (observing that "evidence supporting the military's reasonable belief of

either of those two facts with respect to a non-citizen seized abroad during the ongoing war on

terror would seem to overwhelmingly, if not definitively, justify the government's detention of

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such a non-citizen"); see also AI-Adahi, 613 F.3d at 1108 (observing that the petitioner's

"voluntary decision to move to an al-Qaida guesthouse ... makes it more likely - indeed, very

likely - that [the petitioner] was himself a recruit."); Sulayman, 2010 WL 3069568, at *14-15

(observing that the petitioner's presence at Taliban-affiliated guesthouses supported the legality

of his detention).

       The government contends that the petitioner stayed at the following al-Qaida or Taliban­

affiliated guesthouses prior to his capture: (1) the Daftar al-Taliban in Quetta in Quetta, Pakistan;

(2) the Haji Habash guesthouse in Kandahar, Afghanistan; (3) the al-Ghamdi guesthouse in

Kabul, Afghanistan; (4) the home 0                           in lalalabad, Afghanistan; and (5)

guesthouses near the Taliban battle lines. The court considers the evidence supporting these

contentions below.

                            a. Daftar al-Taliban in Quetta, Pakistan

       As previously noted, the launching point for the petitioner's journey into Afghanistan

was the Daftar al-Taliban in Quetta, Pakistan, which arranged for his entry into Afghanistan and

where the petitioner stayed for two to three days before his border crossing. See supra Part

IV.B.l.d. The petitioner acknowledged to interrogators that he understood that the Daftar al-

Taliban operated as a Taliban-run guesthouse, GE 1 at 6; GE 3 at 5-6, a characterization

consistent with the account of at least one other GTMO detainee, see, e.g., GE 13 at 2

(interrogation report in which the detainee describes a fatwa that "explained how to travel to

Quetta and get to a large Taliban center where the Taliban would take people to Afghanistan,,).32

Indeed, according to the petitioner, the three other individuals whose journey into Afghanistan

32
        As previously noted, Government's Exhibit 13 is an interrogation report reflecting statements
        made by GTMO detainee al-Jadani. See generally GE 13. AI-Jadani's description of the Taliban
        office in Quetta, Pakistan corresponds closely with the petitioner's account, and this
        corroboration supports the reliability of both accounts.

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was also facilitated by the Daftar al-Taliban admitted that they intended to become martyrs. GE

10 at 2.

           The petitioner has suggested that the Daftar al-Taliban simply acted as a travel agency for

individuals seeking to enter Afghanistan. Nov. 10 (p.m.) Tr. at 70-71; Nov. 15 (a.m.) Tr. at 12­

13. His only support for this assertion, however, is the fact that most taxi drivers in Quetta knew

the location of the facility and that the Daftar al-Taliban sometimes charged a fee. Nov. 10

(p.m.) Tr. at 70-71; Nov. 15 (a.m.) Tr. at 13; see also GE 15 at 1. This evidence, however, is not

necessarily inconsistent with, and hardly overcomes the weight of, the evidence that the Daftar

al-Taliban served as a Taliban-run waystation for foreign fighters seeking entry to Afghanistan.

See GE 1 at 6; GE 3 at 5-6; GE 13 at 2. Thus, the court concludes that the Daftar al-Taliban

functioned as a Taliban guesthouse and facilitation hub and that the petitioner knew that these

were the functions of the Daftar al-Taliban at the time he stayed there.

                       b. Haji Habash Guesthouse in Kandahar, Afghanistan

guesthouse. GE 3 at 6; GE 6 at 2. As described in the declaration     0_
           After arriving in Kandahar, the petitioner stayed for two weeks at the Haji Habash

           the Arab House, also known as the Haji Habash House, functioned as a Taliban­
           sponsored guesthouse for Arab mujahedeen in Kandahar. . .. [T]he Arab House
           was used as a transition point and in-processing location for individuals going to
           train at various training camps, including al-Farouq. Additionally, all personnel
           staying at the Arab House were required to turn over their luggage, passports,
           and any money they possessed.

_Decl.at3.

           Although the petitioner likens the Haji Habash guesthouse to a youth hostel, Nov. 10

(p.m.) Tr. at 72-74, the petitioner's own statements belie this characterization. The petitioner

acknowledged to interrogators that the Haji Habash guesthouse was a Taliban guesthouse, GE 6

at 2, operated by an individual n a m e d _ id.; GE 2 at 3; GE 3 at 6. The petitioner also

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acknowledged that he k n e w _ was a member of al-Qaida. GE 2 at 3 ("When he was

asked about al-Qaida members he knows, al Sabri said that he only knew one al-Qa'ida member,

a man n a m e d _ .... He said he met him in Kandahar, at the al-Ansar guesthouse.").

Indeed,                    well-documented affiliation with al-Qaida has been noted by other

members of this court. See, e.g., Abdah v. Obama, 2010 WL 3270761, at *3 (D.D.C. Aug. 16,

2010) (describing                      ole as an al-Qaida facilitator); Abdah v. Obama, 709 F. Supp.

2d 25, 35-36 (D.D.C. 2010) (noting t h a t _ was a member of al-Qaida and that the Haji

Habash guesthouse he ran was affiliated with al-Qaida).

          The petitioner also stated to interrogators that "[t]here were many people from different

nations at the [Haji Habash] guesthouse, and they were there waiting to go on training missions

at either Al Farouq or Abu Baida.',33 GE 6 at 2. The petitioner stated that when he arrived at the

Haji Habash guesthouse, he turned over his passport to Abu Khloud. GE 6 at 2; see als~

Decl. at 3 (noting that collecting passports gave training camp and guesthouse administrators

greater control over trainees and prevented them from easily leaving without approval). Another

detainee                                has stated that the Haj i Habash guesthouse was surrounded by

walls that were approximately four meters high and that the front entrance was guarded by a

Taliban guard armed with a Kalashnikov rifle who searched persons entering the house. 34 GE 13

at 2. These descriptions of the facility simply do not correspond with the type of guesthouses

33	
          Indeed, the petitioner acknowledged that during the two weeks he stayed at the Haji Habash
          guesthouse, he was approached by an individual who tried to convince him to train at the al­
          Farouq camp. GE 9 at 3.
34	
          The level of detail contained in al-Jadani's description of the Haji Habash guesthouse (he
          describes the guesthouse's precise location, the surrounding buildings and the layout of the
          facility, and gives a detailed physical description of the guard who provided security to the
          guesthouse), see GE 13 at 2, coupled with the absence of any evidence of undue coercion,
          persuades the court to rely on the detainee's account.

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that the petitioner's expert has stated are "most closely comparable to the old-fashioned Western

concept ofa non-profit youth hostel or YMCA." Carapico Decl.          ~   18(c).

       The petitioner maintains that even if the Haji Habash guesthouse was affiliated with the

Taliban or aI-Qaida, not everyone who stayed there was necessarily affiliated with those forces.

Nov. 10 (p.m.) Tr. at 72-74; see also PE 32 ~ 6.0; PE 35 at 1; PE 115 at 2. The evidence,

however, does not support the notion that the petitioner was one of these unaffiliated wayward

travelers. For instance, the petitioner stated to interrogators that during the two weeks he stayed

at the Haji Habash guesthouse, he visited the Islamic Institute across the street daily. GE 3 at 6;

GE 4 at 1. According to other GTMO detainees, this Institute was headed by Abu Hafs al-

Mauritania, a senior al-Qaida leader who associated with high-ranking Taliban and al-Qaida

leaders. GE 7 at 1; GE 48 at 1_2.35 One detainee reported that "the mission of the Institute was

to issue religious fatwa[s], teach the Koran and the Hadith, and to indoctrinate the young

students about going to paradise if they give their lives for the Muslim cause." GE 48 at 1-2.

This account has been found credible by another judge in this district, who has remarked that

"the Institute was sponsored and led by key Al Qaeda figures" and that "students there were

taught Islamic doctrine in a manner twisted to serve the purposes of Al Qaeda" and that

"attendance at the Institute is certainly consistent with becoming a part of Al Qaeda." Abdah,

709 F. Supp. 2d at 44.

       Government's Exhibit 7 is an interrogation report containing statements made by GTMO
       detainee Ahmed Abdel Aziz. See generally GE 7. Aziz admitted to working for Abu Hafs al­
       Mauritania at the Islamic Institute in Kandahar, id. at 1, and provided detailed information about
       numerous suspected j ihadists, id. at 1-4. His account of ai-Mauritania's affiliation with the
       Islamic Institute is corroborated by al-Jadani, who provides detailed information about Abu Hafs,
       his family and the physical layout of the institute. GE 48 at 1-2. The court has been presented
       with no evidence that these descriptions were elicited through undue coercion. The court
       therefore considers both accounts sufficiently reliable for this analysis.

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       At any rate, the government need not establish that every person who stayed at the Haji

Habash guesthouse (or any other guesthouse) was a member of al-Qaida. Rather, the

government's burden is to prove that it is more likely than not that the petitioner was "part of' al-

Qaida, and evidence that the petitioner knowingly stayed at a guesthouse affiliated with al-Qaida

or the Taliban, even if not dispositive, is undoubtedly probative in this regard. See Al-Bihani,

590 F.3d at 873 n.2; AI-Adahi, 613 F.3d at 1108.

       Based on the overwhelming weight of the evidence, the court concludes that the Haji

Habash guesthouse was a Taliban or al-Qaida affiliated guesthouse. The court further concludes

that the petitioner knew the guesthouse was affiliated with the Taliban and al-Qaida at the time

he stayed there. This evidence strongly supports the government's assertion that the petitioner

was "part of' al-Qaida at the time.

                  c. Hamza aJ-Ghamdi's Guesthouse in KabuJ, Afghanistan

       After spending two weeks at the Haji Habash guesthouse, the petitioner received

permission from _              to journey to lalalabad. GE 3 at 6. The petitioner traveled with

another guesthouse resident, a Moroccan n a m e d _ GE 3 at 6; GE 4 at 2; GE 9 at 4. En

route to lalalabad, the petitioner spent two nights at a guesthouse in Kabul operated by an

individual named Hamza al-Ghamdi. GE 3 at 6; GE 4 at 2; GE 9 at 4.

       Other detainees have acknowledged that al-Ghamdi was a member of al-Qaida. One

detainee described al-Ghamdi as "one ofUsama bin Laden's main [lieutenants]." GE 20 at 2.

The detainee stated that al-Ghamdi "[was] one of the planners for al-Qaida special operations in

Afghanistan and maybe for other countries." Id. Another detainee stated that "AI-Ghamdi

decided what training a person received and where they went for training" and that "if anyone

wanted to go somewhere such as Kandahar ... or the front line, al-Ghamdi would arrange to get

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them there." GE 22 at 1. 36 Indeed, when asked by interrogators, the petitioner did not deny that

al-Ghamdi was a member ofal-Qaida. GE 24 at 1.

       The petitioner told interrogators that during this stay at the al-Ghamdi guesthouse, he

asked al-Ghamdi for permission to go to the front lines. GE 9 at 4. According to the petitioner,

al-Ghamdi denied the request "since. he did not have any weapons training." Jd. This account is

consistent with that of another detainee, who stated that he too requested pennission from al-

Ghamdi to travel to the front, but that this request was denied because "AI-Ghamdi told him that

he needed refresher training." GE 22 at 2.

       The petitioner spent two days at the al-Ghamdi guesthouse before traveling on to

Jalalabad. GE 4 at 2; GE 9 at 4. After several months, the petitioner "decided to return to Al

Ghamdi's Arab house in Kabul to try and get to the fighting at the front line." GE 9 at 5. During

this second stay, which lasted approximately one week, GE 24 at I, AI-Ghamdi granted the

petitioner's request and "finally authorized [the petitioner] to go to the 2nd line of defense near

Bagram," GE 9 at 6. The petitioner told interrogators that he "receive[ed] instructions from [al-

Ghamdi] on training sites and front lines." GE 24 at 1.

       Before the petitioner departed the al-Ghamdi guesthouse for the front, he observed an

individual named                        visit the guesthouse. GE 9 at 5. _              was a

coordinator for the September 11 terrorist attacks. 9111 COMMISSION REpORT at 434. According

36
       Government's Exhibit 20 is an interrogation report containing statements made by GTMO
       detainee Ghaleb Nassar al-Bihani, who provides detailed information regarding al-Ghamdi's
       history of affiliation with al-Qaida, as well as his role within the organization. GE 20 at 1-2.
       There is no evidence that these statements were elicited through undue coercion. Moreover, al·
       Bihani's account is consistent with the account provided by al-Jadani, who described al­
       Ghamdi's role in facilitating the movement of fighters to and from the front lines. GE 22 at 1.
       AI-Jadani's description of al-Ghamdi's responsibilities is corroborated by the petitioner, who also
       acknowledges al-Ghamdi's authorization was necessary to get to the front lines. GE 9 at 6; GE
       24 at 1.

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to the petitioner, _       would come to the house and greet people before going upstairs to the

private offices. GE 9 at 5-6.

        In light of the above, there is overwhelming evidence that the al-Ghamdi guesthouse was

a Taliban or al-Qaida affiliated guesthouse. Furthermore, the petitioner plainly knew that the

guesthouse had these affiliations, as he understood that al-Ghamdi was a member of al-Qaida,

knew that al-Ghamdi associated with senior members of al-Qaida, asked al-Ghamdi twice for

permission to travel to the front and returned to the al-Ghamdi guesthouse for the express

purpose of reaching the front.

                       d. _             House in Jalalabad, Afghanistan

        The petitioner stated to interrogators that after spending two days at the al-Ghamdi

guesthouse, he traveled to lalalabad w i t h _ , who had accompanied him on his journey

from the Haji Habash guesthouse to the al-Ghamdi guesthouse in Kabul. GE 4 at 2; GE 10 at 2.

In lalalabad, the petitioner contacted~ friend,                            GE 4 at 2; GE 10 at 2.

According to the petitioner,. a n d _ had fought together with the Taliban and remained

very close. GE 9 at 4; GE 10 at 2. The petitioner stated to interrogators that he lived withlll

_      for several months before returning to the al-Ghamdi guesthouse in an effort to get to the

front. GE 4 at 2; GE 9 at 4.; GE 10 at 2.

        Although the government contends t h a _ house was "just another al-Qaeda and

Taliban guesthouse," Nov. 10 (p.m.) Tr. at 43-50, they have offered little to support that

assertion. The government has provided no evidence that other Taliban or al-Qaida fighters

stayed a t _ house during the time that the petitioner was there. See~ecl. at 1

(noting that most guesthouses "functioned as bed-down locations" for jihadist fighters). Nor is

there any evidence t h a t _ house served as a training camp facilitation hub, meeting

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place for al-Qaida leaders or waystation for fighters on their way to the frontlines. See id

(describing other functions served by al-Qaida guesthouses). Accordingly, the government has

not established t h a t _ house was a Taliban or al-Qaida guesthouse.

       The significance of this finding, however, is tempered by two additional findings. First,

as discussed below, the evidence indicates that during at least part of the period that the

petitioner claims to have been living w i t h _ the petitioner was, in fact, receiving military

training at an al-Qaida training camp. See infra Part IV.B.3. Indeed, despite his demonstrated

ability to recall minute details about other aspects of his time in Yemen and Afghanistan,37 the

petitioner appears to have provided little information about the many months he allegedly spent

w i t h _ . See, e.g., GE 4 at 2 (the petitioner stated that he "did not work or receive any

training while living w i t h _

       Furthermore, for whatever time he did spend at _                 house, the petitioner remained

intimately associated with jihadist forces. ~as himself a former Taliban fighter, GE

10 at 2, whose principal activity was, according to the petitioner, disbursing funds that he

received from Saudi Arabia, GE 9 at 5; GE 41 at 2. Although the petitioner stated that these

funds were distributed to orphanages and the parents of children studying Quran, GE 6 at 2; GE

41 at 2, he stated that those funds may have gone to other sources as well, GE 41 at 2. Indeed,

while describing~istributionof funds during one interrogation, the petitioner

acknowledged, "I do not know i~is a member ofal Qa'ida." GE 41 at 2.

37
       See, e.g., GE I at 2-3 (petitioner recalled the name of the two individuals who flew with him
       from Saudi Arabia to Sana'a, the name of the hotel where he stayed in Sana'a and the amount of
       money he paid the taxi to drive him to Ta'iz); GE 3 at 4-5 (petitioner recalled detailed
       biographical information about numerous members of the Jamil boardinghouse); GE 9 at 4-5
       (petitioner provided a detailed description ofthe physical layout of the al-Ghamdi guesthouse and
       surrounding grounds, including its location, the placement of vehicles and guards, despite the fact
       that he stayed there less than two weeks).

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       Regardless of whether_ was a member of the Taliban or al-Qaida, there is

evidence t h a _ had ongoing relationships with jihadists. The petitioner recalled that on

one occasion while he was living there, ~as visited by four Tunisians who "were in

Jalalabad for Jihad." GE 6 at 2. One of these Tunisians was a small anns dealer named _

_          Id; GE 4 at 2. According to the petitioner, he purchased a pistol from al-Tunisi and

he,~d_'would travel to an area called Negim ai-Jihad located between eight

(8) and ten (10) kilometers from Jalalabad" where there was a public shooting range. GE 4 at 2­

3.

       During this period, the petitioner was also visited by an associate from Sana'a,.

~ who was accompanied by an individual name                          GE 3 at 7; GE 9 at 5. •

_       whom the petitioner had met once in Sana'a through_ collected funds for the

jihad in Chechnya. GE 3 at 7; GE 9 at 5. As previously noted, the petitioner has acknowledged

t h a t _ was a member of al-Qaida. GE 36 at 3; GE 41 at 2. _                    informed the

petitioner that his fonner housemate, al-Khamri, had been one of the suicide bombers during the

Cole attack. GE 4 at 3; GE 9 at 5.

       Lastly, the court notes that after allegedly spending several months w i t h _ the

petitioner returned to al-Ghamdi's guesthouse in Kabul, at which time he received authorization

to travel to the front. GE 9 at 5-6. Had the petitioner truly dissociated himself from the Taliban

and al-Qaida during the months when he was allegedly living w i t h _ and failed to

address the lack of training that had previously prevented him from going to the front, it seems

unlikely that al-Ghamdi would have immediately welcomed him back to the guesthouse and

authorized him to go to the Taliban battle lines.

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        Accordingly, even i~ house was not a formal al-Qaida or Taliban guesthouse,

the time the petitioner spent there does not constitute time when he was dissociated from al-

Qaida or the Taliban. To the contrary, it appears that during this time, he remained very much a

part of the al-Qaida and Taliban apparatus, continuing his interactions with establishedjihadists

before eventually returning to the al-Ghamdi guesthouse in an effort to get to the front.

                            e. ~uesthouse Near the Frontlines

        As noted, the petitioner has stated that after spending several months in Jalalabad, he

returned to the al-Ghamdi guesthouse, at which time he received authorization to the Taliban

battle lines. GE 9 at 2. The details of the petitioner's accounts of his time at the front are not

entirely consistent. See GE 4 at 2; GE 6 at 2; GE 9 at 6. These accounts do, however, suggest

that after he returned to the al-Ghamdi guesthouse, he stayed in at least one other Taliban and al-

Qaida guesthouse near the front. See GE 6 at 2 ("[The petitioner] traveled to Kabul via taxi and

stayed at a guesthouse for seven (7) days. Afterwards, [the petitioner] ventured to another

guesthouse located near the thirdlines for ten (10) days."); GE 4 at 2 (interrogation report in

which the petitioner states that on his way to the front, he stayed at a guesthouse operated by an

individual n a m e d _ a Taliban fighter who had been in charge ofa defense fighting line

outside Bagram). Accordingly, the evidence indicates that even after his extended stay in

Jalalabad, the petitioner stayed at additional Taliban and al-Qaida affiliated guesthouses in his

effort to get to the frontline.

                                           f. Conclusion

        In sum, the evidence indicates that throughout his time in Afghanistan, the petitioner

stayed at multiple guesthouses that he knew were affiliated with al-Qaida and the Taliban. The

fact that one of the houses he stayed at may not have been a formal al-Qaida guesthouse hardly

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indicates that he had dissociated himself from the Taliban or al-Qaida. This evidence strongly

indicates that the petitioner was "part of' al-Qaida during this period.

     3. The Petitioner Sought Out and Received Military-Style Training in Afghanistan

       The government contends that the petitioner applied for and received military-style

training from the Taliban or al-Qaida during his time in Afghanistan. Nov. 15 (a.m.) Tr. at 63­

79; Nov. 15 (p.m.) Tr. at 3-20, 36-51. This evidence, the government contends, provides further

support for the government's allegation that the petitioner was "part of' the Taliban, al-Qaida or

associated enemy forces. Nov. 15 (a.m.) Tr. at 63-79; Nov. 15 (p.m.) Tr. at 3-20,36-51. The

petitioner responds that the government has not proven that he received any military training.

Nov. 15 (p.m.) Tr. at 20-35. The petitioner further contends that even ifhe did receive such

training, that fact would not establish that he was part of the Taliban or al-Qaida. Id

                                   a. The Petitioner's Kunyas

       The government has offered evidence that terrorists and insurgents commonly use

kunyas, which are assumed names or pseudonyms used to conceal the individual's true identity.

GE 1                              ecl. I") at 2. 38 In Muslim culture, the kunya is traditionally an

honorific indicating that the person is either a mother or father and is constructed using the name

of the first-born son or eldest daughter ifthe person has no sons. Id. The kunya for a man is

"Abu," meaning "father of," plus the name of the first born. Id Terrorists, on the other hand,

use kunyas without regard to children's names or whether the individual has children. Id

Kunyas are often used by terrorists "as a security, denial and deception measure." Id

38

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       In this case, the petitioner, who has no children, GE 27 at 1, has acknowledged that while

in Afghanistan, he used the kunya "Abu Abdullah." GE 9 at 4; see also GE 27 at 1 (noting that

the petitioner admitted using the kunya "Abu Abdullah" even before leaving for Afghanistan).

Furthermore, it is undisputed that the petitioner also used the kunya

during the time he was in Afghanistan. Nov. 15 (p.m.) Tr. 21-22, 34, 37.

           b. The Petitioner's Application to Attend an al-Qaida Training Camp

       In support of its contention that the petitioner received military training, the government

has submitted an FBI memorandum, dated March 27, 2002, which states that in December 2001,

coalition forces "recovered numerous documents from an 'Arab' office in Kandahar,

Afghanistan." GE 25 at 1. According to the memorandum, the documents recovered included

"applications for training at Al Qaeda camps." [d. The FBI memorandum then provides an

English-language translation of these applications. See generally id.

       The FBI memorandum indicates that one of the individuals who applied to attend an aI-

Qaida training camp was                                            GE 25 at 4. The applicant

indicates that he was born in 1977, hails from Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and has a ninth grade

education. [d. The applicant also indicates that he was referred to the camp by two individuals,

_            a n d _ . [d. As previously n o t e d _ is an individual whom the

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petitioner met in Sana'a through~dwhom the petitioner has acknowledged was a

member of al-Qaida. GE 3 at 5; GE 36 at 3; GE 41 at 2. The applicant also lists the names and

telephone numbers of two brothers,_ and_ GE 25 at 4. This information too is

consistent with biographical information provided by the petitioner. GE 1 at 1-3; GE 3 at 3. The

application concludes by asking for "Plans after training," to which this applicant responded,

"Jihad." GE 25 at 4.

       It is clear that the                                           who submitted this training

camp application is the petitioner. Each piece of biographical information contained in the

application, including the names of his brothers, his city of origin and his level of education,

corresponds with information that the petitioner has provided to interrogators. Indeed, the

petitioner does not dispute that he is the individual referred to in the application. Nov. 15 (p.m.)

Tr. at 21-22,34. Accordingly, the government has established that the petitioner submitted an

application to attend an al-Qaida training camp. 39

       The petitioner offers two arguments to diminish the significance of this evidence. First,

he contends that even though the application states that the petitioner's intention was to engage

in "jihad" after the completion of his training, "jihad" does not necessarily mean armed conflict.

See Nov. 15 (p.m.) Tr. at 22-23; see also PE 95    ~   18; PE 138 at 1. Although the court does not

doubt that the term "jihad" can encompass different meanings in different contexts, insofar as

this particular training camp application is concerned, the petitioner's argument is implausible.

As the FBI memorandum clearly indicates, each training camp application asked the applicant

39
       The FBI memorandum specifies when and where the training camp applications were recovered
       and who recovered the materials. GE 25 at I. Furthermore, the petitioner does not dispute that
       the application 0                                          described in the FBI memorandum
       reflects accurate, detailed biographical information regarding the petitioner. Id. at 4. Moreover,
       the information contained in other applications translated in the FBI memorandum corresponds
       with information recorded in other al-Qaida training documents. See infra Part IV.BJ.c.
       Accordingly, the FBI memorandum is sufficiently reliable for the court's consideration.

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not only to provide background infonnation, but also specifically directed each applicant to

describe his "Previous military service." GE 25 at 1-4. Moreover, it is well established that al-

Qaida training camps were designed "to train and indoctrinate fighters and terrorists." 9/11

COMMISSION REpORT      at 66. Accordingly, the court concludes that by indicating on his training

camp application that he intended to engage in 'Jihad" following his training, the petitioner was

expressing a desire to take up anns with al-Qaida or the Taliban.

        The petitioner also contends that even ifhe filled out an application to attend an al-Qaida

training camp, it does not necessarily follow that he actually attended the camp. Nov. 15 (p.m.)

Tr. at 21-22. Noting that the date of the application corresponds with the time that he was at the

Haji Habash guesthouse, the petitioner claims that the application must have been completed

when he was approached at that guesthouse by a training camp recruiter. [d. Because the

petitioner ultimately declined the offer to attend the training camp, he argues, the application

submitted as part of this unsuccessful recruitment effort does not show that he attended an al-

Qaida training camp. [d.

       The petitioner, however, has offered no evidence to substantiate his theory that the

training camp application was submitted as part of this recruitment effort. Furthennore, even if

the petitioner's training camp application does not conclusively prove that he received training

from al-Qaida, it certainly offers significant support for that allegation, particularly in light of the

detailed personal infonnation contained therein. Indeed, ifthe petitioner had no intention of

attending an al-Qaida training camp, it is not clear why he would provide such detailed

biographical infonnation about himself, including,the names and telephone numbers of his

brothers in Saudi Arabia and the name of his associate from     th~oardinghouse,_
See GE 25 at 4. Accordingly, the fact that the petitioner filled out an application to attend an al­

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Qaida training camp strongly supports the government's allegation that he sought out military-

style training in Afghanistan.

                             c. Records of the Petitioner's Training

       The government contends that the petitioner's receipt of military-style training is also

documented in a ninety-two page collection of documents, which, the government asserts, are

English-language translations of internal Taliban or al-Qaida records ("the AFGP Documents").

See generally GE 29. A corresponding DIA record, which the government submitted as a

supplemental exhibit,40 indicates that the AFGP Documents consist of English-language

translations of Arabic-language documents captured by coalition forces during Operation

Enduring Freedom. 41 GE 70 at 1. The record seems to reflect that these documents were

recovered from the "Director of AI-Qa'ida Security Training Office" and that they are similar to

other materials recovered from enemy forces. Id. at 2. The DIA, which prepared the translation,

notes that the AFGP Documents "contain[] [t]he names of the students admitted to the training in

the tactics of [a]rtillery, communication, infantry and their distribution. The training starting

times, programs, instructions about the subject matters are discussed too." Id. at 2.

       The AFGP Documents contain multiple records concerning the petitioner. For example,

the exhibit contains several rosters of "arriving brothers," organized by their date of arrival. GE

29 at 48-53. One of these arriving brothers is

40
       In its post-merits hearing submission, the petitioner complains that GE 70 was not admitted into
       the record. The hearing transcript, however, plainly documents that the court pennitted the
       introduction of this exhibit as rebuttal evidence over the objection of the petitioner's counsel.
       Nov. 15 (p.m.) Tr. at 39-41.
4\	
       Operation Enduring Freedom is the military operation commenced b the United States and
       coalition forces a ainst Taliban and al-Qaida forces in
                                                                   of the operation is set forth in the
       declaration of Lieutenant Colonel Jerry Brooks, a veteran Anny historian with twenty-three years
       of active and reserve Anny service. See generally id.

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 who, according to the roster, has a high school education, no profession and was referred by an

 individual named                    Id at 52. The infonnation contained in this entry is consistent

 with the infonnation recorded in the petitioner's training camp application, GE 25 at 4, and with

 infonnation provided by the petitioner to interrogators, GE I at I; GE 3 at I. That the petitioner

 is listed as an "arriving brother" on an al-Qaida roster captured with dozens of other documents

 concerning al-Qaida trainees suggests that the petitioner sought out and received training from

 al-Qaida or the Taliban.

        The AFGP Documents also contain records reflecting the petitioner's attendance and

 completion of various training courses. See generally GE 29. One such record is a training

 roster issued by the "Office of Mujahadeen Affairs." Id at 34. The roster indicates t h a _

~ a s scheduled to attend "Communication Class #2" beginning in February 2001. ld

 The AFGP Documents also include a memorandum issued by the "Ansar Allah Base" on August

 24,200 I, listing a group of individuals, including                        who had "graduated from

 Anti Air Missiles" and who would therefore "have priorit[y] in joining the Artillery Sessions"

 which was to start shortly. ld. at 84. These internal al-Qaida records indicate that after applying

 to attend an al-Qaida training camp, the petitioner did, in fact, receive such training.

        The petitioner contends that the goyernment has not established the reliability of the

 AFGP Documents. Nov. 15 (p.m.) Tr. at 23-24. The court disagrees. As previously noted, the

 government has submitted an internal DIA record indicating that the exhibit represents a DIA

 translation of training records captured during Operation Enduring freedom. GE 70 at 1-2.

 Although the petitioner points out that the DIA record indicates that the ninety-two page exhibit

 represents intelligence that has not been evaluated, the Circuit has made clear that "raw"

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intelligence is not inherently unreliable. Barhoumi, 609 F.3d at 429 (citing Parhat, 532 F.3d at

836).

        The petitioner also notes that the DIA record does not specify when and where the AFGP

Documents were recovered. See GE 70 at 1. Yet the absence of this information, while

significant, does not necessarily undermine the reliability of the AFGP Documents, particularly

in light of the fact that the information contained in the document is corroborated by other

materials in the record. See Barhoumi, 609 F.3d at 429 (observing that "an intelligence report's

reliability can be assessed by comparison to 'exogenous information'" (quoting Parhat, 532 F.3d

at 848)). As previously noted, the petitioner's biographical information recorded in the AFGP

Documents' roster of "arriving brothers," GE 29 at 52, is consistent with that provided in the

petitioner's training camp application, GE 25 at 4. Likewise, the other rosters of "arriving

brothers" in the AFGP Documents contain information about trainees that also matches up with

information recorded in the training camp applications translated in the FBI memorandum.

Compare GE 29 at 48,52

                         The overlap in the information set forth in the AFGP Documents and

the FBI memorandum provides substantial evidence of their authenticity and reliability.

        The information in the AFGP Documents (and the FBI memorandum) is also

corroborated by the petitioner's own statements. For instance, according to the petitioner, one of

the individuals who traveled with him from the Daftar al-Taliban to the Haji Habash guesthouse

was a twenty-three year old Yemeni man he knew as~E 1 at 6-7. The _

_         listed on the FBI memorandum is described as a twenty-three year old Yemeni man

with an occupation in computers referred bY~ho arrived in Afghanistan in

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    September 2000, the same time as the petitioner. GE 25 at 2.                                          listed

on the AFGP Documents training roster is described as a

corroborating details strongly suggest that        the_                             GE 29 at 48. These

                                                                   who traveled with the petitioner is the

same man listed on the al-Qaida training roster and the training camp applications, and provide

further support for the reliability of the AFGP Documents and the FBI memorandum.

           The petitioner also contends that there is no proof that the                               who was

scheduled to attend a communications class, GE 29 at 34, and the                                       who had

completed a course in anti-aircraft missiles and was scheduled to begin artillery training, id at

84, refer to the petitioner. Nov. 15 (p.m.) Tr. at 24-28. The petitioner points out that the names

                                                                                                  are both

common names that are used in the kunyas of many individuals listed in the AFGP Documents.

           The petitioner, however, has not identified any instance in which an individual listed as

an "arriving brother" or training camp attendee in the AFGP Documents used the kunya _

_               Moreover, the petitioner does not dispute that the entry for

on the al-Qaida training roster found in the AFGP Documents refers to the petitioner. GE 29 at

52. Indeed, given the overlap between the information in that entry, the training camp

application, see GE 25 at 4, and the petitioner's statements to interrogators, see GE 1 at 1-3, the

evidence strongly indicates that the individual listed on the training roster is the petitioner.

Having established that at least one of the references t                               in the AFGP

42
           The closest the petitioner comes to such evidence is an entry on an "arrivin brothers" list in
           which one individual lists as a reference an individual named                             GE 29 at 55.
           While this evidence supports the uncontroversial proposition t at t ere were 0 er mdividuals
           using the kunyas similar to that of the petitioner, it provides little support for the proposition that
           there were other individuals being processed for training at al-Qaida training camps around the
           same period using that kunya.

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Documents refers to the petitioner, the court concludes that it is more likely than not that the

other references to that kunya contained in the same collection of materials also refer to the

petitioner, rather than some unidentified individual also using the same kunya.

                              d. Authorization to Travel to the Front

       Finally, the fact that al-Ghamdi subsequently authorized the petitioner to go to the

Taliban battle lines also supports the government's contention that he received military-style

training from al-Qaida. As previously noted, the petitioner has stated that when he first stayed at

al-Ghamdi's guesthouse in Kabul, he requested permission to go to the front. GE 9 at 4. AI-

Ghamdi denied that request "since he did not have any weapons training." Id. This account is,

as previously noted, consistent with that of another detainee, who stated that al-Ghamdi similarly

denied his request to go to the front because he needed "refresher training." GE 22 at 2.

According to that detainee, al-Ghamdi sent him to the Malik training camp near Kabul. Id.

       In this case, the petitioner stated that several months after al-Ghamdi denied his request,

he returned to the al-Ghamdi guesthouse and again requested permission to go to the front. GE 9

at 4. During this second visit, al-Ghamdi authorized the petitioner to go to the battle lines. Id.

The reasonable inference from the petitioner's own account is that between his first and second

stays at al-Ghamdi's guesthouse, he remedied the deficiency identified by al-Ghamdi by

obtaining weapons training.

       The fact that the petitioner reached the Taliban battle lines also undermines the

petitioner's argument that not everyone who received training from al-Qaida or the Taliban went

on to become a member of those forces. See Nov. 15 (p.m.) Tr. at 31-35. The petitioner has

presented substantial evidence that not every individual who attended an al-Qaida training camp

would go on to become part of those forces. See, e.g., PE 19 at 2, 7; 9/11 COMMISSION REPORT

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at 67. In the petitioner's case, however, the petitioner, after receiving training, did not distance

himselffrom the Taliban or al-Qaida; to the contrary, he "decided to return to Al Ghamdi's Arab

house in Kabul to try and get to the fighting at the front line." GE 9 at 5.

                                           e. Conclusion

       Based on the evidence presented by the parties, it is more likely than not that the

petitioner applied for and received military-style training from the Taliban or al-Qaida during his

time in Afghanistan. This fact strongly indicates that the petitioner was "part of' al-Qaida, the

Taliban or associated enemy forces. See Al-Bihani, 590 F.3d at 873 n.2.

                      4. The Petitioner Traveled to Taliban Battle Lines

       The government contends that the petitioner spent time at Taliban battle lines and that

this fact further demonstrates that he was "part of' al-Qaida, the Taliban or associated enemy

forces. Nov. 15 (p.m.) Tr. at 51-61; 71-74. Although the petitioner does not dispute that he went

to the front, he contends that he traveled there essentially as a tourist and that this evidence does

not demonstrate that he was affiliated with the Taliban or al-Qaida. Id. at 62-71.

       The petitioner repeatedly admitted to interrogators that in or around May 2001, he

traveled to the Taliban battle lines. GE 3 at 6; GE 4 at 3; GE 9 at 5-6. In one interrogation, the

petitioner stated that after returning to al-Ghamdi's guesthouse "to try and get to the fighting at

the front line," GE 9 at 5, he received permission to "to go to the 2nd line of defense near

Bagram. [The petitioner] went there to support the Taliban who were positioned to fight

Masood's Northern Alliance troops," id. at 6. In another interrogation, the petitioner stated that

he "began traveling to Bagram to assist Taliban fighters in their efforts against the Northern

Alliance fighters." GE 4 at 3. The petitioner stated that he spent a week at the fighting line,

although he did not see any exchange of gunfire. [d. In yet another interrogation, the petitioner

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stated that during the time he was in lalalabad, he "traveled to the frontline near Kabul. [The

petitioner] acknowledged that there was fighting going on there." GE 3 at 6.

        The petitioner's admissions establish not only that he went to the front, but that he went

there to support Taliban forces. GE 4 at 3; GE 9 at 5. Furthermore, the evidence that the

petitioner requested authorization to go to the front, GE 9 at 5-6, received instruction from al-

Ghamdi regarding battle lines, GE 24 at 1, followed al-Ghamdi's directives about when he could

and could not go to the front, GE 9 at 4-6, and exchanged communications with his compatriot

Abu Ghanem at the front, GE 6 at 2-3, strongly suggests that the petitioner was not acting as a

"freelancer," but was instead operating within the Taliban or al-Qaida command structure as

"part of" those forces, see Bensayah, 610 F.3d at 725; Awad, 608 F.3d at 11.

       To blunt the significance of this evidence, the petitioner has suggested at various times

that he went to the Taliban battle lines out of curiosity, or to find his former acquaintance, Abu

Ghanem, or as a "Gucci jihadist" tourist. 43 These contentions are not plausible. As one judge in

this district has remarked, "[i]t is inconceivable that the Taliban would allow an outsider to stay

at their front line camp just to see what the fighting was like. An outsider, whose trustworthiness

and loyalty are unknown, poses a threat to a military camp." Al-Waraji, 704 F. Supp. 2d at 42;

see also Sulayman, 2010 WL 3069568, at *18 ("[T]he Court cannot fathom a situation whereby

Taliban fighters would allow an individual to infiltrate their posts near a battle zone unless that

person was understood to be a 'part of the Taliban."). The court concurs with this assessment.

In fact, this petitioner admitted in two separate interrogations that he went to the front to assist

43
        The petitioner has submitted a declaration from an expert in Islamic cultures, who states that in
        the 1980s, foreign volunteers, known as "Guccijihadists," traveled to Afghanistan on "jihad
        tours" to fulfill their religious obligation to engage in jihad. PE 42 at 4. Although the petitioner
        suggests that he may have been such a tourist, there is no evidence that these ''jihad tours"
        continued into the 1990s and 2000s, nor is there any evidence that "Guccijihadists" of the 1980s
        stayed in Taliban guesthouses or received military training like the petitioner.

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Taliban fighters. GE 4 at 3; GE 9 at 5. The court therefore concludes that evidence that the

petitioner spent time at Taliban battle lines strongly indicates that he was "part of' the Taliban,

al-Qaida or associated enemy forces.

          S. The Petitioner Remained "Part of' the Taliban, al-Qaida or Associated
                          Enemy Forces at the Time of His Capture

         The government contends that the petitioner remained "part of' those forces at the time

he was apprehended. Nov. 15 (p.m.) Tr. at 74-86; Nov. 16 Ir. at 10-12. Indeed, the government

asserts that the petitioner was captured after fleeing the battle of Tora Bora, where he had fought

alongside the Taliban and al-Qaida against coalition forces. Id. The petitioner maintains that

there is no evidence that he was "part of' the Taliban, al-Qaida or associated forces at the time

he was captured and that the government's contention that the petitioner fought at Tora Bora is

based on pure speculation. Nov. 16 Tr. at 3-10.

         As noted, it is not enough for the government to show simply that the petitioner was, at

one time, a member of the Taliban, al-Qaida of associated forces; to be lawfully detained, the

petitioner must have been "part of' those forces at the time of his capture. See Salahi, 625 F.3d

at 751; Gherebi, 609 F. Supp. 2d at 71. "A petitioner who may once have been part ofal-Qaida

or the Taliban can show that he was no longer part of such an entity at the time of capture by

showing that he took affinnative actions to abandon his membership." Khalifv. Obama,2010

WL 2382925, at *2 (D. D.C. May 28, 2010) (citing AI Ginco v. Obama, 626 F. Supp. 2d 123,

128-30 (D.D.C. 2009)).

         The petitioner stated to interrogators that after spending time at the front in the summer

of2001, he returned t o _ house in Afghanistan. GE 3 at 6; GE 4 at 3; GE 9 at 6.

of 200   1_
According to the petitioner, around the time that coalition forces approached lalalabad in the fall

                    instructed the petitioner to travel with an Afghan guide to a village near the

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Pakistan border. GE 6 at 3; GE 9 at 6. The petitioner claims that he waited in that village for

almost a month f o r _ to arrive with the petitioner's passport. GE 6 at 3; GE 9 at 6. The

petitioner then traveled into Pakistan, where he was arrested by Pakistani authorities. GE 6 at 3;

GE 9 at 6.

       The petitioner's account is not credible. Although the petitioner claims to have stayed in

the border village for nearly a full month, he asserted to interrogators that he could not recall the
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name of the village. GE 3 at 6.        This assertion is difficult to square with the petitioner's

demonstrated ability to recall specific details about names and locations. See infra Part IV.B.2.d.

Furthermore, it is difficult to believe that the petitioner would have waited a month in a hostile

war zone simply to retrieve his passport, given that he had entered the country surreptitiously in

the first place. See supra Part IV.B.I.d.

       Nonetheless, the government has offered no persuasive evidence that the petitioner was,

in actuality, fleeing after fighting in the battle of Tora Bora. Although the government points out

that the timing of the petitioner's retreat to Pakistan is consistent with having fought in the battle

of Tora Bora, Nov. 15 (p.m.) Tr. at 85-86, it is undisputed that around that time, coalition forces

were advancing on Jalalabad. Accordingly, the timing of the petitioner's decision to flee to

Pakistan is equally consistent with an individual fleeing from oncoming conflict. The

government therefore has not established by a preponderance of the evidence that the petitioner

fought in the battle of Tora Bora.

       It is, however, not necessary for the government to prove that the petitioner fought at

Tora Bora to demonstrate that he was "part of' al-Qaida or the Taliban at the time of his capture.

The government has already offered compelling evidence that the petitioner traveled to

Afghanistan specifically to fight with the Taliban or al-Qaida, pointing out that the petitioner had
44
       This interrogation occurred in May 2002, less than six months after his capture. See GE 3 at 1.

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extensive and lasting associations with al-Qaida associates prior to his departure and traveled

with individuals who acknowledged that they were going to Afghanistan to become martyrs. See

supra Part IV.B.l. The government also demonstrated that the petitioner stayed at multiple

Taliban and al-Qaida guesthouses and received military-style training during his time in

Afghanistan. See supra Part IV.B.2-3. Furthermore, the petitioner repeatedly admitted that just

months before his capture, he had been at the Taliban battle lines where he had gone to assist

Taliban forces fighting against the Northern Alliance. See supra Part IV.B.4. Viewed as a

whole, the evidence plainly establishes that at least by the summer of 2001, the petitioner was

"part of' al-Qaida, the Taliban or associated enemy forces.

       There is no evidence that the petitioner took any steps to dissociate himself from these

forces in the intervening months before his capture. See Ai Ginco, 626 F. Supp. 2d at 128-30.

Even if the petitioner did stay with _        during those months, that fact alone is hardly

inconsistent with remaining "part of' the Taliban or al-Qaida; as previously discussed, after

allegedly living wit~or several months on a prior occasion, the petitioner was

permitted to stay at the al-Ghamdi guesthouse again and received authorization to travel to the

front. See supra Part IV.B.2.d. The petitioner, whose descriptions of his time w i t h _ are

strikingly vague when compared to his accounts of other periods in Yemen and Afghanistan, has

provided no evidence that he established contacts with anyone in Afghanistan outside the

Talibanlal-Qaida network, that he took any steps to obtain employment or that he took any other

affirmative actions inconsistent with being "part of' al-Qaida.

       In sum, the court concludes that the petitioner traveled to Afghanistan to fight with the

Taliban or al-Qaida, stayed at Taliban or al-Qaida guesthouses, received military training at al-

Qaida facility, traveled to the battle lines and was captured during the same armed conflict. Even

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if none of these findings would independently justify his detention, viewed as a whole, they

plainly establish that the petitioner was "part of" the Taliban, al-Qaida or associated enemy

during his time in Afghanistan. Moreover, there is no evidence that the petitioner dissociated

with these enemy forces at any point prior to his capture. The weight of the evidence therefore

supports the conclusion that the petitioner remained "part of' al-Qaida or the Taliban at the time

of his capture and that he is therefore lawfully detained.

                                        V. CONCLUSION

       The government has established by a preponderance of the evidence that the petitioner

was "part of' the Taliban, al·Qaida or associated enemy forces and is therefore lawfully

detained. The court therefore denies the petition for a writ of habeas corpus. An Order

consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is issued separately and contemporaneously this 3rd

day of February, 2011.

                                                              RICARDO M. URBINA
                                                             United States District Judge

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