Court Opinion

ID: 9349985
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-12-23 06:04:35.739643+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:46:38.464323
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                             COURT OF APPEALS

J.A. BLOCH AND COMPANY and SUN ACQ,                                UNPUBLISHED
LLC,                                                               December 22, 2022

              Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v                                                                  No. 359265
                                                                   Washtenaw Circuit Court
ANN ARBOR TOWNSHIP,                                                LC No. 21-000173-CZ

              Defendant-Appellee,

and

VILLAGE OF BARTON HILLS and BARTON
HILLS MAINTENANCE CORPORATION,

              Intervenors.

Before: SHAPIRO, P.J., and BORRELLO and YATES, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

         The present case arises from a dispute over a proposed manufactured-home development
in Ann Arbor Township and, more specifically, the continued validity of a 1975 court order
authorizing a development on the site in question. Plaintiffs appeal as of right an order denying
plaintiffs’ motion for summary disposition and instead entering judgment in favor of defendant,
Ann Arbor Township, under MCR 2.116(I)(2). For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm
in part, reverse in part, and remand for further.

                     I. BASIC FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        As previously stated, this dispute relates to a proposed mobile-home or manufactured-
home development in Ann Arbor Township. The property at issue consists of three parcels,
totaling approximately 139 acres. In the 1970s, plaintiffs’ predecessors—Herman Doletsky, Mary
Doletsky, Mort Levin, Harry Nayer, Robert Warren, and Penz Development Company
(collectively, the Doletsky plaintiffs)—filed suit against the township, seeking an injunction

                                               -1-
directing the township to allow use of the property as a mobile-home park under the R-5
classification, which governed mobile-home-park districts in the township at that time. At the
time, the township had no areas in the township zoned as R-5. Following a bench trial, the trial
court entered an opinion, a supplemental opinion, and ultimately a judgment in favor of the
Doletsky plaintiffs. Specifically, the final judgment of the trial court entered on April 25, 1975.
In relevant part, the final judgment stated:

               IT IS ORDERED and adjudged that the present zoning of the [Doletsky]
       plaintiffs’ 139 acres of real estate in Ann Arbor Township [as described with a
       metes and bounds description and references to deeds recorded with the Register of
       Deeds for Washtenaw County]

                                              * * *

       is invalid because it bears no substantial relationship to the public health, safety and
       welfare; and that [the Doletsky] Plaintiffs are entitled to a permit for the
       development of such property as a mobile home park in accordance with the terms
       and conditions of the R-5 zoning classification contained in Ann Arbor Township’s
       Zoning Ordinance and in compliance with public health regulations.

               IT SHALL BE AND HEREBY IS ORDERED that the above described
       property shall for all purposes be deemed to be zoned in the said R-5 zoning
       classification.

               It is adjudged that Plaintiffs or any of them or their successors, if any, are
       entitled to develop the above described real property as a mobile home park in
       accordance with the terms and conditions of the R-5 zoning classification contained
       in Ann Arbor Township’s Zoning Ordinance and in compliance with public health
       and regulations.

              It is further ordered that [the township] shall issue such permits as may be
       necessary under its ordinances for development of the above-described real
       property as a mobile home park in accordance with the terms of this judgment.

      The township appealed to this Court, and a panel of this Court affirmed the trial court’s
judgment, reasoning, in part:

              The township has provided a mobile home zoning district, but has failed to
       so zone any property in the township. [The township’s] argument that there has
       been no previous request for rezoning to R-5 is inapposite. Mobile home parks
       have been totally excluded from the township. The ordinance is invalid as applied
       to the [Doletsky] plaintiff’s use of their land. [Doletsky v Ann Arbor Twp,
       unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued May 20, 1976
       (Docket No. 24056), p 3.]

The township then sought delayed leave to appeal in the Michigan Supreme Court, which the
Supreme Court denied. Doletsky v Ann Arbor Twp, 399 Mich 834 (1977).

                                                 -2-
       Following the original lawsuit, the property was transferred in its entirety to J.A. Bloch,
which was formerly known as Penz Development. In the late 1980s, J.A. Bloch made some efforts
toward development of a mobile-home park, including submitting a site plan to the township and
requesting the rezoning of one parcel, totaling 80 acres, to R-6, which was and is the current
township zoning ordinance for mobile-home parks. Although the 80-acre parcel was rezoned to
R-6, the other two parcels remained zoned as A-1 for general agriculture. The development was
ultimately not completed in the 1980s.

       In 2008, and again in 2015, the township adopted new Master Plans, which referred to the
previous litigation from the 1970s. Both Master Plans stated:

               In Area C, in 1977, Ann Arbor Township accepted a court ordered mobile
       home park zoning on the north side of Warren Road, east of US-23. The Township
       will permit the mobile home park to develop as directed by the court’s decision.
       Other areas of the Master Plan have been structured with this planning decision in
       place.

         Nevertheless, in 2020, Sun ACQ, LLC, submitted a preliminary site plan to the township,
seeking approvals for a 499-unit, mobile-home park, which would be served by an on-site
“community well and private wastewater treatment plan.” The township rejected the preliminary
site plan for a development—known as Arbor Oaks Manufactured Home Park—on the property
in question. In rejecting the site plan, and indeed refusing to consider the site plan, the township
noted that one parcel was zoned R-6, but the other two parcels were zoned A-1, and the township
asserted that plaintiffs needed to seek rezoning before a site plan would be considered. Notably,
for the first time, the township also disavowed the continued validity of the 1975 Judgment, stating
that it was now the township’s position that “the 1975 Judgment is not valid and is unenforceable.”
In 2020, the township also amended its zoning ordinances with regard to mobile-home parks and
the site-plan approvals required for mobile-home parks.

         In February 2021, plaintiffs filed suit against the township, seeking declaratory and
injunctive relief. Specifically, their complaint alleged three counts: (1) a request for declaratory
relief to the effect that the 1975 Judgment remained valid and that the township should be estopped
from claiming the judgment was not enforceable; (2) a due-process claim involving the assertion
that the 2020 revisions to the township’s ordinance violated the procedures for approval of mobile-
home parks as set forth in The Mobile Home Commission Act (MHCA), MCL 125.2301 et seq.,
and constituted part of a “long-term pattern and practice” by the township in discriminating against
mobile-home parks; and (3) a claim that the township’s refusal to comply with the 1975 Judgment
amounted to contempt of court.

        Over plaintiffs’ objections, the trial court allowed intervenors—the Village of Barton Hills
and the Barton Hills Maintenance Corporation—to intervene in the case. Intervenors maintained
that they had a right to intervene because they owned and operated a nearby municipal water supply
system, which drew water from an aquifer under plaintiffs’ property, and the township would not
adequately protect their interests. Alternatively, intervenors asserted that their interest in their
water supply provided a basis for permissive intervention, which they asserted would not unduly
delay proceedings or prejudice the rights of the original parties. In allowing intervention, the trial

                                                 -3-
court concluded that intervenors had an interest that may not be adequately protected by the
township.

        Plaintiffs moved the trial court for partial summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(9)
and (C)(10). In particular, plaintiffs contended that they were entitled to summary disposition to
the effect (1) that the 1975 Judgment remained in full force and effect and (2) that the 2020
amendments to the township’s zoning ordinance were unenforceable because the amendment
violated the MHCA. In asserting that the 1975 Judgment remained valid, plaintiffs more
specifically argued (1) that the judgment did not expire, (2) that the township waived any claim
regarding the validity of the judgment, (3) that laches did not bar plaintiffs from seeking to enforce
the judgment because there was no inexcusable delay and no prejudice to the township, (4) that
the judgment was not an impermissible exercise of legislative authority by the judiciary, and (5)
that collateral estoppel and res judicata precluded the township from attacking the validity of the
1975 Judgment.

        In response, the township asserted that plaintiffs’ motion for summary disposition should
be denied and that the trial court should instead enter judgment in favor of the township under
MCR 2.116(I)(2). Most relevant to the issues on appeal, the township asserted that laches applied
to bar enforcement of the 1975 Judgment or that a statute of limitations barred plaintiffs’ attempt
to enforce the judgment. Relating to plaintiffs’ challenges to the 2020 zoning amendments, the
township also asserted that plaintiffs’ claim in Count II related to the MHCA should be dismissed
because plaintiffs lacked standing and they were effectively seeking an advisory opinion to which
they were not entitled. Intervenors filed a brief supporting the township’s position regarding
summary disposition.

        The trial court denied plaintiffs’ motion for summary disposition, and instead granted
summary disposition to the township under MCR 2.116(I)(2). Regarding the 1975 Judgment, the
trial court concluded that laches barred plaintiffs’ attempts to enforce the judgment at this time.
The trial court reasoned:

              The Township’s laches argument and I’ll say further and I don’t agree that
       every declaratory judgment would be subject to laches. If this were a quiet title
       action where you had an adverse possession issue and we were talking about a
       judgment in favor of someone on adverse possession of a piece of property, then I
       would agree that that runs forever or until it’s modified in some other way.

               This is a particular request to—or the earlier case, the 1970 something case,
       sought to build a mobile home park on property that wasn’t zoned for that. The
       argument was that—or one of the arguments was that the Township had effectively
       zoned out mobile home parks and the judge ruled that that was unconstitutional and
       gave permission to the extent that he could or beyond the extent that he could
       evidently, to build a mobile home park on these three parcels of property and
       directed that the property would be zoned or would be considered as zoned R-5 or
       otherwise as would permit a mobile home park.

              And following that in 1975 the developer did not build the mobile home
       park. The Township 10 years later in 1985 rezoned one third of the property or one

                                                 -4-
       of the three parcels to permit a mobile home park and still nothing else happened
       until the past couple of years when the Plaintiff and or Plaintiffs’ would-be
       successor in interest sought to build a mobile home park on all three parcels and
       the Township said no.

               There is zoning in the Township that permits mobile home parks.[1] The
       basis for the earlier decision of the judge—of the earlier judge, 1975, no longer
       exists and that name I don’t even recognize, Vander something, I don’t know.

              But in any event as I said I think that permission such as this doesn’t, last
       forever. I couldn’t say when it expired. I would say it would have been suspect
       within a couple of years after 1985 when the one parcel was rezoned and the two
       others were not.

               And after that the property owner is at his peril to either seek permission to
       build it or follow through with the township to ensure that the entire—or that the
       other two parcels are rezoned to permit a mobile home park. But failing one of
       those two actions, my ruling is that he’s barred—that the property owner is barred
       by laches from now acting in that 1975 judgment.

In comparison, with regard to plaintiffs’ Count II, the trial court also agreed with the township that
plaintiffs were essentially requesting an “advisory opinion” and that the claim was not yet ripe for
judicial review. Plaintiffs now appeal to this Court as of right.

            II. SUMMARY DISPOSITION RELATED TO THE 1975 JUDGMENT

         On appeal, plaintiffs first argue that the trial court erred by granting summary disposition
to the township on the basis that laches barred enforcement of the 1975 Judgment. According to
plaintiffs, summary disposition should have instead been granted to plaintiffs on the basis of
res judicata, collateral estoppel, or waiver. In response, the township asserts that the trial court
correctly applied laches to the facts of this case. As an alternate basis to affirm, the township also
argues that a statute of limitations bars plaintiffs’ enforcement of the 1975 order, and in the context
of its statute-of-limitations argument, the township argues that summary disposition was properly
granted because the 1975 Judgment was an injunction, which is always modifiable.

                                  A. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

        This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s ruling on a motion for summary disposition.
Penrose v McCullough, 308 Mich App 145, 147; 862 NW2d 674 (2014). “A circuit court properly
grants summary disposition to the opposing party under MCR 2.116(I)(2) if the court determines

1
  The zoning that permitted mobile-homes in the township at the time of the trial court’s ruling
was the R-6 zoning on one of plaintiffs’ parcels. Since the trial court’s ruling, the township has
rezoned this parcel to R-2 for single-family suburban residential development.

                                                 -5-
that the opposing party, rather than the moving party, is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Connell v Lima Twp, 336 Mich App 263, 281; 970 NW2d 354 (2021).

        Absent a factual dispute, whether a claim is barred by a statutory limitations period presents
a question of law, which this Court reviews de novo. In re Gerald L Pollack Trust, 309 Mich App
125, 134; 867 NW2d 884 (2015). Likewise, with respect to laches, “this Court reviews a trial
court’s equitable decisions de novo, but the findings of fact supporting an equitable decision are
reviewed for clear error.” Tenneco Inc v Amerisure Mut Ins Co, 281 Mich App 429, 444; 761
NW2d 846 (2008). In the context of summary disposition, laches can be decided as a matter of
law if the facts are undisputed. See Johnson Family Ltd Partnership v White Pine Wireless, LLC,
281 Mich App 364, 394-395; 761 NW2d 353 (2008).

                                            B. LACHES

        Following review of the record evidence in this matter, we conclude that laches does not
apply on the undisputed facts of this case, thus, the trial court erred by granting summary
disposition to the township on the basis of laches. This Court has explained:

                Laches is an affirmative defense based primarily on circumstances that
       render it inequitable to grant relief to a dilatory plaintiff. The doctrine of laches
       arose from the requirement that a complainant in equity must come to the court
       with a clean conscience, in good faith, and after acting with reasonable diligence.
       If a plaintiff has not exercised reasonable diligence in vindicating his or her rights,
       a court sitting in equity may withhold relief on the ground that the plaintiff is
       chargeable with laches. Although timing is important, laches is not triggered by
       the passage of time alone; rather, it is the prejudice occasioned by the delay that
       justifies application of the doctrine to bar a claim. The defendant bears the burden
       of proving that the plaintiff’s lack of diligence prejudiced the defendant sufficiently
       to warrant application of the doctrine of laches. [Bayberry Group, Inc v Crystal
       Beach Condo Ass’n, 334 Mich App 385, 410; 964 NW2d 846 (2020) (quotation
       marks and citations omitted).]

Hence, this Court has stated there are two basic requirements to the application of the doctrine of
laches. There must be both a lack of diligence by the plaintiff and resulting prejudice to the
defendant. See id.; Knight v Northpointe Bank, 300 Mich App 109, 114-115; 832 NW2d 439
(2013).

        Here, with regard to plaintiffs’ diligence, the trial court concluded that plaintiffs delayed
in bringing the action, reasoning that the 1975 Judgment should have been considered “suspect”
in the 1980s after the township’s rezoning of one parcel, representing approximately 80 acres,
without rezoning all three parcels, totaling 139 acres. However, the trial court’s conclusion that
this rezoning in the 1980s should have prompted a lawsuit or other action by plaintiffs is not
supported by the record. First, the record is devoid of any evidence as to why, or under what
circumstances, the township rezoned only one parcel in the 1980s. No evidence exists in the record
to demonstrate or even infer that plaintiffs sought to use the entire 139 acres in the 1980s and that
their request was rejected or that the township otherwise informed plaintiffs’ predecessor that it

                                                 -6-
would not honor the 1975 Judgment in its entirety.2 Absent more information about the rezoning
events in the 1980s, there is no reason to suppose that plaintiffs’ rights under the judgment were
abridged by the township in 1987, and there is no basis to conclude that plaintiffs slept on their
rights. See Sylvan Twp v City Of Chelsea, 313 Mich App 305, 327-328; 882 NW2d 545 (2015)
(concluding that laches did not apply when it could not be determined from the available record
when it was practicable for the plaintiff to assert the right at issue).

        Moreover, the trial court’s suggestion that suit should have been instituted within a couple
years of the 1987 zoning decision is resoundingly undermined by the 2008 and 2015 Master Plans.
The township’s Master Plans for both 2008 and 2015, acknowledged the prior judgment and
expressly stated that the township would abide by that judgment. The 2008 Master Plan stated:

               In Area C, in 1977, Ann Arbor Township accepted a court ordered mobile
       home park zoning on the north side of Warren Road, east of US-23. The Township
       will permit the mobile home park to develop as directed by the court’s decision.
       Other areas of the Master Plan have been structured with this planning decision in
       place.

The township’s most recent Master Plan, from 2015, contains identical language regarding the
mobile-home lawsuit from the 1970s. The township’s express recognition of the judgment—and
the unequivocal statement of its intent to “permit the mobile home park to develop as directed by
the court’s decision”—clearly supports that plaintiffs had no reason to doubt the township’s
continued willingness to comply with the 1975 Judgment.3 From this record there was no basis

2
  Although not evidence, statements by the township’s attorney at the summary disposition hearing
on November 18, 2021, support the opposite—that the township fully honored the 1975 Judgment
in the 1980s by granting J.A. Bloch’s request in its entirety, which at that time only implicated 80
acres of the property. Specifically, the township’s attorney explained his understanding of the
1987 zoning decision as follows: “It was in 1987 is my understanding which is when Mr. Bloch
had asked at that time to put 500 mobile homes east of US-23 on the 80 acres. He started that
process, the Township started working with him. He abandoned the project.” The site plan review
report related to the plans in the 1980s supports counsel’s assertion that J.A. Bloch only planned
to put mobile home on 80 acres (the parcel on the north side of Warren Road, east of US-23), and
the report acknowledged that the site was zoned for mobile-home park use as a “result of a court
order.” Further, the meeting minutes for the zoning approval from November 1987 simply speak
of approving a zoning request; there is no indication that a request to rezone the remaining two
parcels was denied. If, as counsel’s comments and the evidence suggest, the plan in 1987 was
only to use 80 acres for mobile homes and the township fully honored this request consistent with
the requirements of the 1975 Judgment, plaintiffs had no cause to complain and no reason to file
suit at that time.
3
  The township argues on appeal that it only intended to honor the mobile-home zoning north of
Warren Road, east of US-23, meaning that it was not agreeing to honor the entire judgment, which
allowed for development of 139 acres. However, that is not what the Master Plans stated. The

                                                -7-
for the trial court to conclude that plaintiffs’ sat on their rights as the township’s continued
recognition of plaintiffs’ rights under the 1975 Judgment provided sound reason for any delay by
plaintiffs in bringing suit. See Angeloff v Smith, 254 Mich 99, 101; 235 NW 823 (1931) (“[The
defendant’s] recognition of [the plaintiff’s] title obviated the necessity of her asserting it against
him by action.”); Backus v Backus, 207 Mich 690, 695; 175 NW 400 (1919) (concluding that
laches did not apply because, among other reasons, the defendant had “faithfully promised [the
plaintiff] to transfer the Dime Bank stock to him from time to time”).4

        Indeed, it was not until the township refused to consider plaintiffs’ site plan in
November 2020 and for the first time disavowed the validity of the 1975 Judgment that would
have triggered a suit by plaintiffs. See generally Dorko v Dorko, 504 Mich 68, 77; 934 NW2d 644
(2019) (“When a party breaches a substantive obligation arising out of a legal judgment, that
breach gives rise to an independent cause of action. The harmed party then acquires the right to
bring an action to enforce the judgment.”). Hence, defendants made plaintiffs aware of their intent
not to honor the 1975 judgment in November of 2020 and approximately three months later,
plaintiffs filed this lawsuit. Three months to file suit does not constitute an unreasonable delay.
See Penrose v McCullough, 308 Mich App 145, 154; 862 NW2d 674 (2014). Accordingly, the
trial court clearly erred by finding unreasonable delay by plaintiffs in bringing suit.

        Additionally, even if plaintiffs unreasonably delayed, the township must also make a
showing of prejudice. See Sylvan Twp, 313 Mich App at 327 (“[T]he primary inquiry when
applying the doctrine of laches is whether the plaintiff’s failure to earlier assert his or her claim
prejudiced the defendant.”). Here, considering the trial court’s laches ruling, it is not clear to us
that the trial court addressed prejudice, and by applying laches without a showing of prejudice, the
trial court clearly erred. See Bayberry Group, Inc, 334 Mich App at 411-412. We also note that,
typically, laches requires fact-finding. See id. In this case, however, the township sought to apply
laches at the summary disposition stage, asserting that the facts relevant to laches were undisputed.
In these circumstances, on the undisputed facts, this Court can address laches as a matter of law.
See Johnson Family Ltd Partnership, LLC, 281 Mich App at 395. Specifically, on appeal, in
arguing for affirmance of the trial court’s laches decision, the township offers two bases on appeal
on which prejudice should be found in this case: loss of evidence from the 1970s and changed
circumstances. These arguments lack merit.

        First, regarding the loss of evidence, prejudice to support a laches defense can arise from a
loss of evidence, such as when important witnesses have died or material evidence has otherwise
become unavailable. See Knight, 300 Mich App at 119-120. See, e.g., Henderson v Connolly’s
Estate, 294 Mich 1, 18; 292 NW 543 (1940). Here, plaintiffs’ claim is quite narrow and rests on
rights set forth in a court order. “[A] court speaks through its written orders and judgment.” In re

Master Plans unequivocally stated that the township would permit development “as directed by
the court’s decision,” which unambiguously applied to all 139 acres.
4
   See also 30A CJS, Equity, § 168 (“The continued recognition or acknowledgment by the
defendant of plaintiff’s right is generally sufficient to account for delay in instituting suit to enforce
it; thus, where the opposing party has continued to recognize the adverse right sought to be
enforced, the period of prescription begins to run from the last recognition.”).

                                                   -8-
Contempt of Henry, 282 Mich App 656, 678; 765 NW2d 44 (2009). And the interpretation of a
trial court’s order is a question of law, Silberstein v Pro-Golf of America, Inc, 278 Mich App 446,
460; 750 NW2d 615 (2008), which involves enforcing unambiguous judgments as written. See
AFT v State, 334 Mich App 215, 236; 964 NW2d 113 (2020) (holding that judgments should be
interpreted using basic contract-interpretation principles). The 1975 Judgment—which represents
the trial court’s ruling and which represents the entire basis for plaintiffs’ rights—still exists, and
there is no ambiguity, nor has the township attempted to identify an ambiguity, that would require
extrinsic evidence to resolve.

        In their attempt to demonstrate prejudice from lost evidence, the township claims that the
1975 Judgment on its own is not enough because evidence relating to the original site plan no
longer exists.5 However, the 1975 Judgment did not incorporate the original site plan or otherwise
order the implementation of a specific development plan. Instead, the 1975 Judgment
unequivocally stated, in relevant part, that the zoning for the property—all 139 acres—was
“invalid” and that plaintiffs, “or their successors,” were “entitled to develop” the property “as a
mobile home park in accordance with the terms and conditions of the . . . [mobile-home] zoning
classification contained in Ann Arbor Township’s Zoning Ordinance and in compliance with
public health and regulations.” Given that the 1975 Judgment did not order implementation of a
specific mobile-home-park plan, and given that the township has not otherwise identified any lost
evidence material to the issues in this case, the township’s lost-evidence argument lacks merit, and
does not support the township’s assertion of prejudice. See In re Runco, 463 Mich 517, 523; 620
NW2d 844 (2001) (rejecting laches defense when “the materials that had become unavailable over
time did not include any that were necessary for resolution of the central issues”).

        The township’s change-of-circumstance argument is equally unsupported. In this regard,
laches will apply when there is an unexcused delay in commencing the action and “a corresponding
change of material condition that results in prejudice to a party.” Wayne Co v Wayne Co
Retirement Comm, 267 Mich App 230, 252; 704 NW2d 117 (2005) (quotation marks and citation
omitted). In contrast, when “the situation of neither party has changed materially, and the delay
of one has not put the other in a worse condition, the defense of laches cannot . . . be recognized.”
Id. In this case, the township claims that there has been a change in circumstances because the
township is now committed to “farmland preservation.” This argument lacks merit for two
reasons.

       First, the record does not support the township’s assertion of a newfound commitment to
farmland preservation.6 The township’s Master Plan from 1971—as detailed in the township’s

5
  Although trial court materials resulting in the 1975 Judgment have reportedly been lost, we note
that the parties presented the trial court in this case with the Michigan Supreme Court’s lengthy
record from the 1970s, which provides ample context for the trial court’s ruling. And the
1975 Judgment is of course in addition to two written opinions by the trial court, both of which
still exist.
6
  This claim that a newfound commitment to farmland preservation supports disavowing the
1975 Judgment is also questionable sincerity given that, within months of the grant of summary

                                                 -9-
brief on appeal to the Michigan Supreme Court in the previous lawsuit—included in its goals and
objectives recognizing

       that good agricultural land is a vital natural resource and should be protected
       insofar as possible, recommending that the use of the most productive soils in the
       Township for other than agricultural purposes should be discouraged except when
       planned and orderly neighborhood concentrations are needed to meet the pressures
       of urban growth. [Emphasis added.]

       In short, farmland preservation does not appear to be a novel goal for the township, and it
does not constitute a change in circumstances supporting the invocation of laches to prevent the
enforcement of the 1975 Judgment.

        Second, the 2008 and 2015 Master Plans wholly undermine the township’s claims of
prejudice stemming from a change in circumstances. Again, both plans expressly state: “The
Township will permit the mobile home park to develop as directed by the court’s decision. Other
areas of the Master Plan have been structured with this planning decision in place.” (Emphasis
added.) Hence, the 1975 Judgment is not some long-forgotten judgment that had been overlooked
by the township. Instead, as most recently stated in 2015, the township planned and structured its
zoning decisions on the basis that a mobile-home park would be developed as directed in the 1975
Judgment.7 Clearly, this is not a case in which the township made decisions or incurred expenses
to its detriment on the basis that plaintiffs would not be enforcing their rights under the 1975
Judgment. See Lyon Charter Twp v Petty, 317 Mich App 482, 491; 896 NW2d 477 (2016)
(compiling examples in which in the party asserting laches demonstrated a substantial change in
position or extensive obligations incurred as a result of the other party’s inaction). The township
did not want a mobile-home park in 1975, and it may not want a mobile-home park now, but it has
been expressly planning for one on plaintiffs’ property for 45 years. The parties’ situation has not

disposition to the township in this case, the township undertook to rezone two of plaintiffs’
parcels—including a parcel zoned A-1 for agriculture—to R-2, for single-family suburban
residential. These rezoning efforts after the grant of summary disposition are part of the record
before us because we granted plaintiffs’ motion to expand the record. J.A. Bloch and Co v Ann
Arbor Township, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered October 10, 2022 (Docket
No. 359265). Nevertheless, these materials are not necessary to our conclusion that the trial court
erred by granting summary disposition to the township, and we instead limit our review to the
evidence presented to the trial court at the time the motion was decided. See Pena v Ingham Co
Rd Comm, 255 Mich App 299, 310, 313 n 4; 660 NW2d 351 (2003); see also MCR 2.116(G)(5).
7
  Indeed, as supported by evidence submitted by plaintiffs in the trial court, the township has in
fact denied other rezoning requests for mobile-home parks, including within the reasons for the
denial the fact that another area of the township, i.e., plaintiffs’ property, was zoned for a mobile-
home park as a result of the prior judgment. In its summary disposition response brief in the trial
court, and on appeal, the township claimed that it would have made different planning decisions if
it had not been honoring the 1975 Judgment.

                                                -10-
materially changed, and any delay by plaintiffs has not put the township is a worse condition.8 See
Wayne Co, 267 Mich App at 252. Accordingly, the township has not been harmed by plaintiffs’
failure to file suit earlier, and there is no prejudice to the township in the enforcement of the 1975
Judgment. Absent prejudice to the township, laches does not apply. In sum, laches does not apply
on the undisputed facts of this case, and the trial court erred by granting summary disposition to
the township on the basis of laches.9

                               C. STATUTES OF LIMITATIONS

         As an alternate basis to affirm the trial court’s grant of summary disposition to the
township, the township asserts that plaintiffs request to enforce the judgment is barred by a statute
of limitations. “[T]he running of the statute of limitations is an affirmative defense.” Stanke v
State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 200 Mich App 307, 312; 503 NW2d 758 (1993). The burden is on
the defendant to raise the statute of limitations, see id., and to ultimately “prove facts that bring
the case within the statute,” Kincaid v Cardwell, 300 Mich App 513, 522; 834 NW2d 122 (2013).
In this case, the township has not shown that plaintiffs’ claim is barred by a statute of limitations.

                                 1. STATUTORY PROVISIONS

        As an initial matter, the township appears somewhat uncertain about what specific statute
of limitations, if any, should apply. The township begins with a broad argument that the “policies”
underlying statutes of limitations should bar plaintiffs’ claims. The township then mentions
MCL 600.5809, but recognizes that there is caselaw stating that this provision only applies to the
enforcement of a money judgment. If MCL 600.5809 does not apply, the township suggests that
MCL 600.5801(4) should bar plaintiffs’ claim. Neither statute identified by the township bars
plaintiffs’ claims in this case.

        First, MCL 600.5809 expressly applies to “an action to enforce a noncontractual money
obligation,” which can include a money judgment. See MCL 600.5809(1), (3). A party seeking
to enforce a money judgment or decree is subject to a 10-year period of limitations under
MCL 600.5809(3). However, when, as in this case, there is “no money judgment” at issue,
MCL 600.5809(3) is inapplicable. Ins Comm’r v Aageson Thibo Agency, 226 Mich App 336, 346;

8
  If anything, the passage of time has likely benefited the township insofar as there has been an
increase in environmental regulations and other health and safety matters over the last 45 years
that will govern plaintiffs’ development today. Cf. Great Lakes Gas Transmission Co v
MacDonald, 193 Mich App 571, 578; 485 NW2d 129 (1992) (“If anything, defendants may have
benefited from the increased level of environmental regulation that has developed since the
easement agreement was recorded in 1967.”).
9
  With regard to laches, we note that plaintiffs appear to argue that laches could never bar
enforcement of a nonmoney judgment related to land use. Plaintiffs’ cursory treatment of this issue
constitutes abandonment. See State Treasurer v Sprague, 284 Mich App 235, 243; 772 NW2d
452 (2009) (“Failure to brief a question on appeal is tantamount to abandoning it.”). Moreover, it
is unnecessary to address this issue because it is readily apparent that laches does not apply to the
facts of this case.

                                                -11-
573 NW2d 637 (1997). See also Stabile v Gen Enterprises, 70 Mich App 711, 716; 246 NW2d
375 (1976) (concluding that 10-year statute of limitations in MCL 600.5809 applied only to the
enforcement of money judgments and decrees). For these reasons, MCL 600.5809 does not apply.

        Second, MCL 600.5801 governs actions “for the recovery or possession of any lands or to
make any entry upon any lands.” In arguing that MCL 600.5801 bars plaintiffs’ claim relating to
the 1975 Judgment, the township relies on Stabile, 70 Mich App at 711. In that case, the plaintiffs
filed suit in 1957, seeking to enjoin the defendants from obstructing and diverting the normal flow
of the Clinton River. Id. at 713. The lawsuit resulted in a consent decree, entered in 1959. Id.
Among other provisions, the consent judgment provided that, within six months, the defendants
had to erect a barrier to redirect 2/3 of the water back to the original bed of the Clinton River, and
the parties—for themselves, their heirs, assigns, etc.—agreed to maintain the resulting division of
water. Id. at 714. If the defendants failed to fulfill this requirement, the consent judgment provided
that the plaintiffs could petition the court for an injunction. Id. at 715. The consent judgment also
specified that it could be registered with the Office of the Register of Deeds in Macomb County.
Id.

        The defendants did not restore the water flow, and when the plaintiffs sought enforcement
of the order, the trial court concluded that the plaintiffs’ claim was barred by the 10-year period of
limitations in MCL 600.5809. Id. at 715-716. On appeal, this Court found MCL 600.5809
inapplicable, concluding, that it only applied to “the enforcement of money judgments and
decrees.” Id. at 716. Instead, this Court concluded that the 15-year period of limitations in MCL
600.5801(4) applied. Id. This Court explained:

              We find the 15-year statute of limitations embodied in MCL 600.5801(4);
       applicable in the instant case. The decree of September 10, 1959, settled rights in
       land. The parties by their express words intended it to operate as a grant of rights.
       Paragraph 6 of the judgment specifically provides that the decree instrument is
       recordable in the Macomb County Register of Deeds office. The property rights
       created by the decree, filed with the Register of Deeds, are what is sought to be
       enforced, not the underlying decree.

              Were we to hold that the 10-year statute of limitations of MCL 600.5809,
       applied, we would face the anomaly of the defendants gaining prescriptive rights
       in 10 years. We find no legislative intention that this occur. [Id. at 716-717
       (emphasis added).]

        In this case, the township’s reliance on MCL 600.5801 and Stabile is misplaced. Unlike
the present case, Stabile involved an underlying property right—specifically flowage rights—that
can be lost through prescription. See Terlecki v Stewart, 278 Mich App 644, 662; 754 NW2d 899
(2008) (applying MCL 600.5801(4) in the context for flowage easement dispute and explaining
prescriptive easements and adverse possession in this context). The issue in Stabile was that, by
their conduct, the defendants were engaging in acts that could result in them prescriptively
obtaining property rights and at the same time extinguishing the plaintiffs’ property right in that
regard. In these circumstances, the plaintiffs in Stabile had 15 years to file suit or they faced the
loss of property rights. In this case, however, the township fails to explain what underlying
property rights are at issue. Further, the township has not explained what “open, notorious,

                                                -12-
continuous, and adverse use” it made of plaintiffs’ property that would extinguish any of plaintiffs’
property rights after 15 years. See id. To the contrary, as discussed, as recently as 2015, the
township has recognized the continued validity of the 1975 Judgment, stating that it would allow
a mobile-home development as required by the court’s order. Accordingly, the township has failed
to show that MCL 600.5801 applies as a time bar to plaintiffs’ claim.

        The township appears to recognize that it has not presented evidence to support that MCL
600.5809 or MCL 600.5801(4) bar the current action. Instead, the township provides a lengthy
discussion of the policy rationales for statutes of limitations, and the township generally argues
that some statute of limitations must bar plaintiffs’ claim because 45 years is simply too long.
However, the Legislature, not this Court, creates statutes of limitations, Mair v Consumers Power
Co, 419 Mich 74, 85; 348 NW2d 256 (1984), and it is not the judiciary’s role to create a new rule
for the township simply because the township thinks it would be good policy. Moreover, it is
ultimately the township’s burden—as the party seeking to invoke a statute of limitations—to
identify an applicable statute and to prove facts bringing this case within that statute. See Kincaid,
300 Mich App at 522. Having failed to establish that a statute of limitations barred plaintiffs’
claim, the township was not entitled to summary disposition on this basis.

                        2. MODIFIABILITY OF INJUNCTIVE ORDERS

        In the context of its statute-of-limitations argument, the township also contends that statutes
of limitations should bar plaintiffs’ claim because orders granting injunctive relief are always
modifiable. However, we conclude that as a basis for dismissing a claim on statute-of-limitations
grounds, the township’s argument in this regard is without merit.

         Arguably, the 1975 Judgment could be construed to grant injunctive relief to plaintiffs’
predecessors. The 1975 Judgment declared the township’s zoning of the property unconstitutional,
and the trial court in 1975 concluded that the Doletsky plaintiffs should be allowed to use the
property for a mobile-home park, and the township was effectively enjoined from interfering with
that use. See Schwartz v Flint, 426 Mich 295, 329; 395 NW2d 678 (1986) (“After a zoning
ordinance has been declared unconstitutional, in addition to that declaration, a judge may provide
relief in the form of a declaration that the plaintiff’s proposed use is reasonable, assuming the
plaintiff’s burden has been met, and an injunction preventing the defendant from interfering with
that use.”). And, as emphasized by the township, “ ‘[a] continuing decree of injunction directed
to events to come is subject always to adaptation as events may shape the need.’ ” First Protestant
Reformed Church of Grand Rapids v De Wolf, 358 Mich 489, 495; 100 NW2d 254 (1960), quoting
United States v Swift & Co, 286 US 106, 114; 52 S Ct 460; 76 L Ed 999 (1932). See also MCR
2.612(C)(1)(e) (allowing a court to grant relief from judgment when it is no longer equitable for
the judgment to have prospective application).

        Even assuming arguendo that the 1975 Judgment constitutes an injunction subject to
modification, it does not necessarily follow that a statute of limitations bars plaintiffs’ claim. The
township’s argument in this regard is confusing and devoid of legal analysis. If anything, the
township’s assertion that the 1975 order is always modifiable is a tacit acknowledgment that the
judgment is still valid and enforceable, otherwise there would be no need for modification.
Additionally, even if the order is theoretically modifiable, the township would not have authority
to unilaterally abrogate the 1975 Judgment. See Troy v Holcomb, 362 Mich 163, 169; 106 NW2d

                                                 -13-
762 (1961). Instead, the proper procedure would be for the township to apply to the court for
modification of the decree, which the township has not done. See id.; see also MCR 2.613(B) (“A
judgment or order may be set aside or vacated, and a proceeding under a judgment or order may
be stayed, only by the judge who entered the judgment or order, unless that judge is absent or
unable to act.”). It would also be the township’s burden to show a change of circumstances
warranting modification. See Swift & Co, 286 US at 119. Thus, contrary to the township’s
arguments, modification of injunctions has nothing to do with the statute of limitations. For all
these reasons, the township’s modification argument, as a basis for summary disposition, lacks
merit. The trial court erred by granting summary disposition to the township on the basis of laches,
and the township has not shown that plaintiffs’ claim related to the 1975 Judgment is barred by a
statute of limitations. Accordingly, we reverse the grant of summary disposition to the township,
and we remand for further proceedings.

               D. RES JUDICATA, COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL, AND WAIVER

        As noted, in addition to arguing that the trial court erred by granting summary disposition
to the township, plaintiffs also argue that the trial court erred by denying plaintiffs’ motion for
summary disposition on the basis of res judicata, collateral estoppel, and waiver. However,
plaintiffs have failed to include these issues in their statement of the questions presented on appeal
as required by MCR 7.212(C)(5). These issues have not been properly presented for appellate
review, and we decline to consider these issues at this time. See Bouverette v Westinghouse
Electric Corp, 245 Mich App 391, 404; 628 NW2d 86 (2001). We note that the trial court did not
rule on these issues, and plaintiffs should be allowed to raise these issues again on remand.

           III. SUMMARY DISPOSITION RELATED TO PLAINTIFFS’ COUNT II

        Plaintiffs also argue that the trial court erred by dismissing their facial challenge to the
2020 zoning amendments on the basis that the claim was not ripe for judicial review. We concur
that the trial court erred and we also reject the township’s assertion that plaintiffs lacked standing
to pursue this claim. However, we decline to address the merits of plaintiffs’ claim at this time,
and instead leave it to the trial court to address this issue on remand.

                                  A. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

        Whether a plaintiff must exhaust administrative remedies before seeking judicial review
implicates questions of subject-matter jurisdiction. See Bruley v Birmingham, 259 Mich App 619,
623; 675 NW2d 910 (2003). Whether a trial court has subject-matter jurisdiction presents a
question of law that this Court reviews de novo. Id. More generally, questions involving ripeness
are reviewed de novo. Van Buren Charter Twp v Visteon Corp, 319 Mich App 538, 542; 904
NW2d 192 (2017). Whether a party has standing presents a question of law, which this Court
reviews de novo. Manuel v Gill, 481 Mich 637, 642; 753 NW2d 48 (2008).

                                           B. ANALYSIS

        Generally, a litigant has standing “if the litigant has a special injury or right, or substantial
interest, that will be detrimentally affected in a manner different from the citizenry at large or if
the statutory scheme implies that the Legislature intended to confer standing on the litigant.”
Lansing Sch Ed Ass’n v Lansing Bd of Ed, 487 Mich 349, 372; 792 NW2d 686 (2010). In the

                                                  -14-
zoning context, a property owner, whose property is adversely affected by a zoning ordinance can
be seen to have a special right or interest that will confer standing to challenge the facial validity
of the ordinance. See Randall v Twp Bd of Meridian Twp, Ingham Co, 342 Mich 605, 607-608;
70 NW2d 728 (1955). See also 101A CJS, Zoning and Land Planning, § 26 (“[T]hose whose
rights are or may be injuriously affected by the application or enforcement of a zoning regulation
may attack its validity. Thus, the validity of an ordinance may be attacked by the owner of property
affected . . . .”). However, property ownership is not necessarily required to confer standing to
challenge a zoning ordinance. See generally Sun Oil Co v Ferndale, 6 Mich App 470, 472-473;
149 NW2d 485 (1967). For example, depending on the facts, a party who has contracted to
purchase property may also have standing to challenge the constitutionality of a zoning ordinance.
See id. (rejecting standing challenge when the plaintiff had a contractual relationship with the
owner of the property and submitted a permit application for a gas station).

        “The doctrine of ripeness is closely related to the standing doctrine in that it focuses on
the timing of the action.” Van Buren Charter Twp v Visteon Corp, 319 Mich App 538, 553; 904
NW2d 192 (2017) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “The ripeness doctrine requires that a
party has sustained an actual injury to bring a claim. A party may not premise an action on a
hypothetical controversy.” Id. (citations omitted).

               In land use challenges, the doctrine of ripeness is intended to avoid
       premature adjudication or review of administrative action. It rests upon the idea
       that courts should not decide the impact of regulation until the full extent of the
       regulation has been finally fixed and the harm caused by it is measurable. [Bruley,
       259 Mich App at 623 (quotation marks and citation omitted).]

       Whether framed as a deprivation of due process or equal protection, or as takings claim, an
“as applied” challenge to a zoning ordinance requires finality and an exhaustion of administrative
remedies. Paragon Props Co v Novi, 452 Mich 568, 576; 550 NW2d 772 (1996); Bruley, 259
Mich App at 626-628.

       [T]he finality requirement is concerned with whether the initial decisionmaker has
       arrived at a definitive position on the issue that inflicts an actual, concrete injury;
       the exhaustion requirement generally refers to administrative and judicial
       procedures by which an injured party may seek review of an adverse decision and
       obtain a remedy if the decision is found to be unlawful or otherwise inappropriate.
       [Bruley, 259 Mich App at 628 (quotation marks and citation omitted).]

        Although an as-applied challenge requires finality and exhaustion of administrative
remedies, a facial challenge may be brought in circuit court without first exhausting administrative
remedies. Id. at 626-628. “Finality is not required for facial challenges because such challenges
attack the very existence or enactment of an ordinance.” Paragon Props Co, 452 Mich at 577.
Further, when the issue involved is a constitutional challenge to the validity of the ordinance,
exhaustion of the various administrative remedies can be considered “futile because [t]here is no
sense in forcing a plaintiff to plod through the lengthy administrative process when only the courts
have the authority to resolve the controlling constitutional issue.” Bruley, 259 Mich App at 627
(quotation marks and citation omitted; alteration in Bruley). The difference between as-applied
and facial challenges has been explained by our Supreme Court as follows:

                                                -15-
       A facial challenge alleges that the mere existence and threatened enforcement of
       the ordinance materially and adversely affects values and curtails opportunities of
       all property regulated in the market. An “as applied” challenge alleges a present
       infringement or denial of a specific right or of a particular injury in process of actual
       execution. [Paragon Props Co, 452 Mich at 576 (citations omitted).]

         Turning to the relevant claim in this case, in Count II of their complaint, plaintiffs alleged
a facial challenge to the validity of the 2020 ordinance amendment. Briefly summarized, plaintiffs
contend that the 2020 ordinance amendment—requiring final site-plan approval from the
township—unconstitutionally conflicts with the requirements and procedures for approval of a
mobile-home development as set forth in the MHCA. Relevant to plaintiffs’ claim, “local
governments may control and regulate matters of local concern when such power is conferred by
the state.” DeRuiter v Byron Twp, 505 Mich 130, 140; 949 NW2d 91 (2020). “State law, however,
may preempt a local regulation either expressly or by implication. Implied preemption can occur
when the state has occupied the entire field of regulation in a certain area (field preemption) or
when a local regulation directly conflicts with state law (conflict preemption).” Id. (citations
omitted). It would be unconstitutional for a township to attempt to regulate an issue preempted by
state law. See Walsh v River Rouge, 385 Mich 623, 639; 189 NW2d 318 (1971).

        Here, plaintiffs’ claim that the township’s ordinance is invalid because it conflicts with the
MHCA is a constitutional attack to the facial validity of the township’s ordinances. See, e.g., Jott,
Inc v Clinton Charter Twp, 224 Mich App 513, 544; 569 NW2d 841 (1997) (rejecting ripeness
objections and considering constitutional challenges to disputed ordinance, including preemption).
Plaintiffs—as the owner (J.A. Bloch) and proposed developer and purchaser of the property (Sun
ACQ)10—have standing to litigate this question impacting the property and, more specifically, the
proposed development. Moreover, because the claim involves a facial challenge, plaintiffs’ failure
to pursue additional administrative remedies does not prevent plaintiffs from seeking judicial
review of the constitutional, facial challenge. See Bruley, 259 Mich App at 626-628. The trial
court erred by concluding that the claim was not ripe. See id.

        On appeal, as in the trial court, the township contends that plaintiffs are impermissibly
seeking an “advisory opinion.” Relying on caselaw involving the Michigan Supreme Court’s
authority to issue advisory opinions under Const 1963, art 3, § 8, the township contends that an
advisory opinion is not warranted on the facts of this case because neither the Legislature nor the
governor have requested such an opinion. The township’s reliance on this body of law is wholly
misplaced. Const 1963, art 3, § 8, states: “Either house of the legislature or the governor may

10
   J.A. Bloch presented evidence to support that it owns the property. Plaintiffs also alleged in
their complaint that, in July 2018, J.A. Bloch entered into an agreement to sell the property to Sun
ACQ, an affiliate of Sun Communities, which operates numerous mobile-home parks in Michigan.
There is also evidence that Sun ACQ submitted a preliminary site plan to the township related to
the property. However, the purchase contract between J.A. Bloch and Sun ACQ does not appear
in the lower court record, and accordingly the township questions Sun ACQ’s involvement in this
case. However, even if the failure to present the sale contract supported that Sun ACQ lacked
standing, J.A. Bloch—as the property owner—would still have standing in this case.

                                                 -16-
request the opinion of the supreme court on important questions of law upon solemn occasions as
to the constitutionality of legislation after it has been enacted into law but before its effective date.”
(Emphasis added). And Justice MARKMAN’s opinion on which the township relies—from
Woodman ex rel Woodman v Kera LLC, 486 Mich 228; 785 NW2d 1 (2010)—involved the
Supreme Court’s authority to issue an advisory opinion. These principles regarding advisory
opinions by the Supreme Court simply have no applicability in this case. At best, in relying on
Woodman and Const 1963, art 3, § 8, the township seems to be suggesting that there is no actual
controversy and that the trial court should not address a hypothetical issue. However, for the
reasons already discussed, there is an actual controversy regarding the validity of the 2020
ordinance that is ripe for judicial review, and plaintiffs have standing to litigate that question.
Accordingly, the township’s “advisory opinion” argument lacks merit.

        Relatedly, as part of its assertion that there is no controversy for a court to decide, the
township asserts that the MHCA does not actually apply to plaintiffs’ property because there is a
difference between “manufactured housing” and a “mobile home,” and according to the township,
plaintiffs plan to build a manufactured-housing development rather than a mobile-home park. This
assertion lacks merit. Relevant to the township’s argument, under the MHCA:

                “Mobile home” means a structure that is transportable in 1 or more sections,
        built on a chassis, and designed to be used as a dwelling, with or without a
        permanent foundation, when connected to the required utilities, and includes the
        plumbing, heating, air-conditioning, and electrical systems contained in the
        structure. [MCL 125.2302(h).]

For purposes of the MHCA, this Court has recognized that the terms “manufactured house” and
“mobile home” appear to be synonymous. Mortgage Elec Registration Sys, Inc v Pickrell, 271
Mich App 119, 121 n 3; 721 NW2d 276 (2006).11 Moreover, even if there were an argument to
be made that there is—or can be—a difference between manufactured homes and mobile homes,
the township presented insufficient factual support for its contention that plaintiffs’ proposed
development will contain housing that does not satisfy the MHCA’s definition of “mobile homes.”
The township has not shown that the MHCA does not apply to this dispute.

        With regard to plaintiffs’ Count II, we note that, on appeal, plaintiffs ask this Court to go
further than addressing the threshold ripeness and standing issues to actually rule on the
constitutionality of the township’s 2020 amendments. In our view, this issue has not yet been
addressed by the trial court, and although the question is one of law that we could potentially
decide in the first instance, there also exists a “general presumption” that this Court “will not reach

11
   See also Bennett v CMH Homes, Inc, 770 F3d 511, 517-518 (CA 6, 2014) (Stranch, J.,
dissenting) (“Until the late 1970’s, manufactured homes were generally called ‘mobile homes.’ . . .
In response to a negative stigma against ‘mobile homes,’ the industry responded by coining the
term ‘manufactured home’ that—though naming the same product—was intended to impart a
better impression.”); Thiel v Goyings, 504 Mich 484, 503 n 5; 939 NW2d 152 (2019)
(distinguishing “mobile and manufactured home” from “modular homes” for purposes of a
restrictive covenant and explaining that “[m]obile and manufactured homes are built on an
automotive-type frame that incorporates an axle or metal chassis”).

                                                  -17-
constitutional issues that are not necessary to resolve a case.” Booth Newspapers, Inc v Univ of
Mich Bd of Regents, 444 Mich 211, 234; 507 NW2d 422 (1993). At this point, there is still much
to be addressed on remand, particularly with regard to the 1975 Judgment, and the case would not
be resolved by addressing the constitutionality of the 2020 amendments. In these circumstances,
we decline to address this issue at this time. See id. Instead, we leave the issue to be addressed
on remand.

                                      IV. INTERVENTION

        Lastly, plaintiffs argue that the trial court abused its discretion by allowing intervenors to
intervene. We review a trial court’s decision on a motion to intervene for an abuse of discretion.
Auto-Owners Ins Co v Keizer-Morris, Inc, 284 Mich App 610, 612; 773 NW2d 267 (2009). “An
abuse of discretion occurs when the decision results in an outcome falling outside the principled
range of outcomes.” Id. (quotation marks and citations omitted). We conclude that the trial court
did not abuse its discretion by granting intervenors’ motion to intervene in this case.

       “Intervention is an action where a third party becomes a party in a suit that is pending
between others.” Hill v LF Transp, Inc, 277 Mich App 500, 508; 746 NW2d 118 (2008).
Intervenors moved to intervene as of right under MCR 2.209(A)(3) or permissively under
MCR 2.209(B). These provisions state:

              (A) Intervention of Right. On timely application a person has a right to
       intervene in an action:

                                               * * *

               (3) when the applicant claims an interest relating to the property or
       transaction which is the subject of the action and is so situated that the disposition
       of the action may as a practical matter impair or impede the applicant’s ability to
       protect that interest, unless the applicant’s interest is adequately represented by
       existing parties.

               (B) Permissive Intervention. On timely application a person may intervene
       in an action

                                               * * *

              (2) when an applicant’s claim or defense and the main action have a
       question of law or fact in common.

              In exercising its discretion, the court shall consider whether the intervention
       will unduly delay or prejudice the adjudication of the rights of the original parties.
       [MCR 2.209.]

       “The rule for intervention should be liberally construed to allow intervention where the
applicant’s interests may be inadequately represented.” Hill, 277 Mich App at 508 (quotation
marks and citation omitted). Intervention may be denied, however, when “it will have the effect
of delaying the action or producing a multifariousness of parties and causes of action.” Id.

                                                -18-
(quotation marks and citation omitted). Although the court rule requires a proposed intervenor to
claim an interest in the property, it is not necessary that a party seeking intervention prove a
“meritorious claim” at the intervention stage. Id. at 508-509. Further, although intervention
requires a possibility of inadequate representation, “the concern of inadequate representation of
interests need only exist; inadequacy of representation need not be definitely established.”
Vestevich v West Bloomfield Twp, 245 Mich App 759, 762; 630 NW2d 646 (2001).

        Here, whether the trial court granted intervention as of right or permissively is not entirely
clear from the record, but the trial court’s reasoning seems to support that the trial court concluded
that intervenors were entitled to intervene as right under MCR 2.209(A)(3). Specifically,
following a hearing and oral argument from the parties, the trial court granted intervenors’ motion
to intervene, reasoning:

               All right. I am persuaded that the proposed Intervenors do have an interest
       in the outcome of this matter and also that their interest is while it might be aligned
       with that of the Township, it is different from that of the Township and greater or
       more specific or particular to the Village than either the Township’s general interest
       in enforcing its zoning regulations. And I will therefore grant the motion to
       intervene.

               I agree with the Intervenor that the arguments made against intervention
       primarily go to the merits of the case rather than to whether or not the Village of
       Barton Hills has an adequate interest justifying intervention in the case and there
       will be a time and place for those arguments to be heard, but it’s not on the motion
       to intervene.

        The intervenors’ interest related to the property more specifically involved an aquifer under
plaintiffs’ property from which intervenors draw their municipal water supply, an interest which
could be affected by a mobile-home development. Contrary to plaintiffs’ arguments on appeal, the
trial court did not abuse its discretion by concluding that intervenors claimed “an interest relating
to the property” at issue in this case. Cf. Vestevich, 245 Mich App at 762 (concluding that nearby
landowners had an interest sufficient to support intervention in a land-use dispute when they were
concerned that “their interests would be affected by the commercial development of the
residentially zoned parcel, by way of neighborhood character, property values, traffic patterns, and
the like”). Whether intervenors’ claim to an interest related to the property has any merit is not
the issue; it is enough that they are able to claim an interest related to the property. See Hill, 277
Mich App at 508. Further, although the township and proposed intervenors are aligned in
opposition to a mobile-home development, there is a possibility that the township, which is mainly
concerned with its overall zoning plan and which has not expressed any particular concern for the
neighboring community’s water supply, will not adequately represent intervenors’ interests. See
D’Agostini v Roseville, 396 Mich 185, 189; 240 NW2d 252 (1976). Consequently, the trial court
did not abuse its discretion by granting intervenors’ motion to intervene. See MCR 2.209(A)(3).

       In sum, we reverse the grant of summary disposition to the township, affirm the trial court’s
decision to allow intervention, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                                -19-
We do not retain jurisdiction. No costs are awarded. MCL 7.219(A).

                                                        /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro
                                                        /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                        /s/ Christopher P. Yates

                                            -20-