Court Opinion

ID: 4193133
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-08-03 21:06:42.010543+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:40:30.735853
License: Public Domain

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                                                             Electronically Filed
                                                             Supreme Court
                                                             SCWC-14-0000426
                                                             03-AUG-2017
                                                             07:58 AM

          IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF HAWAI#I

                               ---o0o---

    THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON FKA THE BANK OF NEW YORK,
  NOT IN ITS INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY BUT SOLELY AS TRUSTEE FOR
 THE BENEFIT OF THE CERTIFICATE HOLDERS OF THE CWMBS 2006-10
  TRUST, MORTGAGE PASS THROUGH CERTIFICATES, SERIES 2006-10,
                Respondent/Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                   vs.

              R. ONAGA, INC., a Hawai#i corporation,
                 Respondent/Defendant-Appellant,

                                   and

   ROBERT NISPEROS MARQUEZ; MARLYN MIRANDA MARQUEZ; MORTGAGE
 ELECTRONIC REGISTRATIONS SYSTEMS, INC., solely as nominee for
CASTLE & COOKE MORTGAGE, LLC, a Hawai#i corporation; DEPARTMENT
    OF TAXATION, STATE OF HAWAI#I; UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
     DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY, INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE,
                Respondents/Defendants-Appellees,

                                   and

         LYLE ANTHONY FERRARA and LINDA SUSAN FERRARA,
                    Petitioners/Intervenors.
                      (CIVIL NO. 11-1-2095)
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               R. ONAGA, INC., a Hawai#i corporation,
                  Respondent/Defendant-Appellant,

                                    vs.

    ROBERT NISPEROS MARQUEZ; MARLYN MIRANDA MARQUEZ; BANK OF
   NEW YORK MELLON, TRUSTEE; MORTGAGE ELECTRONIC REGISTRATIONS
    SYSTEMS, INC.; DEPARTMENT OF TAXATION, STATE OF HAWAI#I;
  INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY, U.S.A.,
                Respondents/Defendants-Appellees.,

                                    and

          LYLE ANTHONY FERRARA and LINDA SUSAN FERRARA,
                     Petitioners/Intervenors.
                       (CIVIL NO. 12-1-1758)

                            SCWC-14-0000426

         CERTIORARI TO THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS
                        (CAAP-14-0000426)

                             AUGUST 3, 2017

   RECKTENWALD, C.J., NAKAYAMA, POLLACK, AND WILSON, JJ., AND
       CIRCUIT JUDGE KIM, IN PLACE OF McKENNA, J., RECUSED

             OPINION OF THE COURT BY RECKTENWALD, C.J.

          This case requires us to determine whether an appeal of

an order confirming sale is moot when the appellant does not post

a supersedeas bond to obtain a stay of the proceedings prior to

the sale of the property to a bona fide purchaser.           We answer

this question in the affirmative.         In doing so, we adopt the

general rule stated by the Intermediate Court of Appeals (ICA) in

City Bank v. Saje Ventures II that “the right of a good faith

purchaser to receive property acquired at a judicial sale cannot

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be affected by the reversal of an order ratifying the sale where

a supersedeas bond has not been filed.”         7 Haw. App. 130, 133,

748 P.2d 812, 814 (1988) (internal brackets, quotation marks, and

citation omitted).

          This case arises from the foreclosure sale of a house

(the Property) once owned by Robert Nisperos Marquez and Marlyn

Miranda Marquez (the Marquezes).         R. Onaga, Inc. (Onaga) and The

Bank of New York Mellon FKA the Bank of New York (BONY) each

initiated foreclosure proceedings against the Marquezes.            Both

claimed to have a first priority lien and requested foreclosure

and sale of the Property.      The Circuit Court of the First Circuit

(circuit court) granted summary judgment in favor of BONY,

finding that BONY had a first priority lien.1          Onaga then filed a

motion to stay BONY’s foreclosure proceeding, and the circuit

court ordered Onaga to post a supersedeas bond in order to stay

the proceedings.    Onaga did not post a bond.        Meanwhile,

petitioners Lyle Anthony Ferrara and Linda Susan Ferrara (the

Ferraras) were the highest bidder at the foreclosure sale, and

the court issued judgment confirming the sale.

          Onaga initiated two separate appeals to the ICA:             the

first challenged the court’s grant of summary judgment in favor

of BONY; the second, this appeal, challenged the order confirming

     1
          The Honorable Edwin C. Nacino presided.

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the foreclosure sale.     The ICA filed a summary disposition order

in the first appeal, vacating the circuit court’s grant of

summary judgment.

            The Ferraras intervened in this appeal and moved to

dismiss.    They argued that this appeal was moot because the sale

of the Property cannot be undone, even if the ICA were to vacate

the order confirming foreclosure.        The ICA denied the Ferraras’

motion, noting that Hawai#i Revised Statutes (HRS) § 501-118

(Supp. 1998) provides, “In case of foreclosure by action, a

certified copy of the final judgment of the court confirming the

sale may be filed or recorded . . . after the time for appealing

therefrom has expired and the purchaser shall thereupon be

entitled to the entry of a new certificate.”          (Emphasis added.)

Thus, the ICA reasoned that Onaga’s appeal was not moot because

it was pending at the time the certificate of title was issued to

the Ferraras.    Accordingly, the ICA vacated the circuit court’s

judgment confirming the sale.

            The Ferraras’ application presents the following

question:    “Whether the ICA gravely erred when it denied the

Petitioners’ motions to dismiss the appeal on mootness grounds.”

            The application of HRS § 501-118 in judicial

foreclosures is a question of first impression before this court.

Under Hawai#i Rules of Civil Procedure (HRCP) Rule 62(d), an

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appellant may obtain a stay by posting a supersedeas bond, and

Hawai#i case law establishes that a certificate of title has

conclusive effect on the question of title to land.             Because

Onaga failed to post a supersedeas bond as required by the

circuit court, its appeal of the foreclosure proceeding is moot

in light of the Ferraras’ certificate of title.            In reaching that

conclusion, we reject the ICA’s interpretation of HRS § 501-118

as providing that a bona fide purchaser must wait until an appeal

is resolved before it can obtain a certificate of title.

            We therefore reverse the ICA’s July 20, 2016 judgment

on appeal, and affirm the circuit court’s February 21, 2014

judgment confirming the sale of the Property to the Ferraras.

                               I.   Background

A.    Circuit Court Proceedings

            BONY filed a complaint for mortgage foreclosure in

circuit court on September 13, 2011, naming, among others, the

Marquezes and Onaga as defendants.          BONY attached (1) a

promissory note in the amount of $720,400 and (2) a mortgage on

the Property recorded in Land Court on February 21, 2006; both

documents were executed by the Marquezes.           BONY asserted that it

was assigned the mortgage and note pursuant to an assignment of

mortgage recorded in Office of the Assistant Registrar of the

Land Court (Land Court) on March 31, 2011.           BONY stated that it

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was entitled to foreclose because the Marquezes had failed to

make their scheduled payments.

           In May 2012, Onaga filed a “Motion to Dismiss and/or

Motion for Summary Judgment” against BONY.         Onaga alleged that

the note attached to BONY’s complaint showed that the last entity

to hold the note was Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., and nothing

indicated that Countrywide had transferred its interest in the

note to BONY.   Thus, Onaga argued that BONY had not demonstrated

that it was the current note holder and therefore could not

enforce the Marquezes’ note through a mortgage foreclosure.

           BONY opposed Onaga’s motion, arguing that “the Note was

made payable to a bearer and [BONY] is in possession of the

Note.”   BONY asserted that its possession of the note and the

assignment of mortgage was sufficient to establish that it is

entitled to foreclose on the mortgage, citing Ocwen Federal Bank,

FSB v. Russell, 99 Hawai#i 173, 184, 53 P.3d 312, 323 (2002).

           Onaga subsequently filed a complaint for mortgage

foreclosure in circuit court (Civil No. 12-1758-12).            Onaga

alleged that the Marquezes “purchased the assets” of Onaga, and

executed and delivered a $75,000 promissory note to Onaga on

December 1, 2003.    Onaga also stated, “On November 26, 2003, [the

Marquezes and Onaga] executed a Real Estate Mortgage and

Financing Statement which was secured on a condominium, then

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owned by [the Marquezes] as additional protection for payment of

the asset purchase agreement and promissory note.”

          According to the complaint, Onaga agreed to release the

mortgage on the condominium so that the Marquezes could sell the

condominium and use the sale proceeds to purchase the Property.

In exchange, the Marquezes agreed to “substitute the mortgage

from the condominium to the Property,” but later “reneged on

their promise.”    The complaint explained that Onaga sued the

Marquezes for specific performance, and the circuit court entered

final judgment in favor of Onaga in December 2007.           The complaint

then stated that Onaga and the Marquezes executed a mortgage “to

secure the asset purchase agreement and promissory note entered

earlier in 2003.”    Onaga stated that both the final judgment and

the mortgage were recorded in the Land Court in March 2008.

Onaga alleged that the Marquezes failed to make the payments

required under the asset purchase agreement and therefore Onaga

was entitled to foreclose on the Property.

          The BONY and Onaga foreclosure actions were

consolidated in November 2012.

          BONY filed a “Motion for Summary Judgment for

Foreclosure Against All Defendants and for Interlocutory Decree

of Foreclosure.”    BONY noted that it was required to prove the

following facts to be entitled to summary judgement:            (1) the

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existence of an agreement between the parties; (2) the terms of

the agreement; (3) default under the agreement; and (4) notice.

See Bank of Honolulu v. Anderson, 3 Haw. App. 545, 551, 654 P.2d
1371, 1375 (1982)    BONY attached (1) a “Declaration of

Indebtedness” by BONY’s servicing agent for the loan, (2) the

February 15, 2006 note and mortgage, (3) the March 31, 2011

assignment of mortgage, (4) documents related to the Marquezes’

loan default, and (5) a declaration by BONY’s counsel.            BONY

argued that these exhibits satisfied the Bank of Honolulu

requirements.

          Onaga filed a cross motion for summary judgment and for

decree of foreclosure.     Onaga argued that it had a first priority

lien on the Property and that BONY had no interest in the note.

The circuit court denied Onaga’s cross motion.

          On July 5, 2013, the circuit court filed its findings

of fact (FOFs), conclusions of law (COLs), and order granting

BONY’s motion for summary judgment for foreclosure against all

defendants and for an interlocutory decree of foreclosure.             The

court determined that BONY was the owner of the note and mortgage

based on the March 31, 2011 assignment of mortgage.           Thus,

because the Marquezes defaulted on their loan, the court

determined that BONY was entitled to foreclose on the Property.

With respect to Onaga, the court found that it “may claim an

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interest in the Property,” but that “[i]ts interest in the

Property, if any, is junior to [BONY’s] lien.”           The court

concluded that there was no genuine issue of material fact and

granted summary judgment in favor of BONY and an interlocutory

decree of foreclosure.      The court filed its judgment on July 5,

2013.

            On July 24, 2013, Onaga filed its first notice of

appeal (CAAP-13-2287), challenging the circuit court’s order

granting BONY’s motion for summary judgment and denying Onaga’s

motion for summary judgment.

            On August 8, 2013, the court filed amended FOFs, COLs,

and order appointing a commissioner.         The court filed its amended

judgment on September 6, 2013.2

            On October 29, 2013, Onaga filed a “Motion for an Order

to Stay Proceedings Without Conditions or Bond.”            Onaga argued

that its pending appeal “will decide which mortgagee, [BONY] or

R. Onaga has standing and priority in this consolidated judicial

mortgage foreclosure action.”        (Emphases in original.)       Onaga

requested a stay of the proceedings, since “proceeds out of the

foreclosure sale enforcing the court’s judgment are to be paid to

      2
            On October 10, 2013, Onaga filed a “Motion for an Order to Void
Amended Judgment Filed on September 6, 2013 and the Amended Notice of Entry of
Judgment Filed September 26, 2013.” The motion attached a declaration of
Onaga’s counsel that argued that the September 6, 2013 judgment should be
voided because it violated HRCP Rule 59(e) and was entered without notice to
Onaga. The circuit court denied Onaga’s motion.

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mortgage lien creditors according to their priority.”

            The commissioner conducted a public auction on

November 5, 2013, where the Ferraras were the high bidders.               BONY

filed a “Motion for Order Confirming Foreclosure Sale, Approving

Commissioner’s Report, Allowance of Commissioner’s Fees,

Attorney’s Fees, Costs, and Directing Conveyance.”

            On January 17, 2014, the court granted BONY’s motion,

approving sale of the Property to the Ferraras.

            On February 10, 2014, Onaga filed its second notice of

appeal (CAAP-14-426)–-the instant appeal--challenging the circuit

court’s order confirming the foreclosure sale and the order

denying Onaga’s motion to void the amended judgment.

            On February 12, 2014, the court denied Onaga’s

October 29, 2013 motion to stay the proceedings pending appeal,

but stated that “Defendant shall post a supersedeas bond in order

to obtain a Stay on the proceedings.”3          Onaga did not post a

supersedeas bond.      The court filed its final judgment on

February 21, 2014.

B.    ICA Proceedings

            In the instant appeal, Onaga argued that the circuit

court erred in three ways:

      3
            A supersedeas bond is a bond that “suspends a judgment creditor’s
power to levy execution, [usually] pending appeal.” Black’s Law Dictionary
1667 (10th ed. 2014).

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            A. The circuit court erred    in concluding that it has
            subject matter jurisdiction   in the [BONY’s] judicial
            mortgage foreclosure action   based on the Assignment of
            Mortgage registered in Land   Court on March 31, 2011.

            B. The circuit court erred in granting [BONY’s]
            motion for confirming foreclosure sale pursuant to
            finding it has priority among all mortgagees therein.

            C. The circuit court erred in denying R. Onaga’s
            motion for stay of proceedings without conditions or
            bond pending appeal because the consolidated civil
            cases were between two mortgagees and no money
            judgments among them were involved.

            On September 12, 2014, Onaga moved in the ICA for the

order confirming the foreclosure sale to be stayed during the

pendency of this appeal.       Specifically, it asked the ICA to

“enjoin all parties involved in the appeals, including the buyers

and assistant registrars of the Land Court, from engaging in any

action dealing with the subject Property or doing anything with

the subject Property that will alter in any way, the subject

Property title registration pending the resolution of both

appeals.”

            On September 18, 2014, the ICA filed a summary

disposition order in CAAP-13-2287.           The ICA held that BONY’s

“Declaration of Indebtedness” attached to its motion for summary

judgment did not comply with HRCP Rule 56(e).4             Thus, the ICA

     4
            HRCP 56(e) provides, in relevant part:

            (e) Form of Affidavits; Further Testimony; Defense
            Required. Supporting and opposing affidavits shall be
            made on personal knowledge, shall set forth such facts
            as would be admissible in evidence, and shall show
            affirmatively that the affiant is competent to testify
                                                                (continued...)

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vacated the circuit court’s order granting BONY’s motion for

summary judgment, and remanded for further proceedings.

           On September 19, 2014 the ICA granted Onaga’s

September 12, 2014 motion to stay the circuit court’s order

confirming the foreclosure sale and directing conveyance,

“[g]iven the vacation of summary judgment in favor of [Onaga.]”

           On September 28, 2014, the Ferraras filed a motion to

intervene in the instant appeal.           The next day, they filed a

motion to dismiss the appeal.         The Ferraras acknowledged that the

ICA in CAAP-13-2287 vacated the order granting BONY’s motion for

summary judgment.     However, the Ferraras noted that Onaga “failed

to obtain a stay pending appeal and failed to post a supersedeas

bond pending appeal.”

           The ICA granted the Ferraras’ motion to intervene, but

denied the Ferraras’ motion to dismiss.           The ICA permitted the

Ferraras to intervene for the limited purpose of “addressing

whether the appeal is moot.”         With respect to the motion to

dismiss, the ICA cited HRS § 501-825 and stated that “the

     4
      (...continued)
           to the matters stated therein. Sworn or certified
           copies of all papers or parts thereof referred to in
           an affidavit shall be attached thereto or served
           therewith.
     5
           The ICA’s order states:

           [HRS] § 501-82 (2014 Supp.) provides, in pertinent
           part:
                                                                  (continued...)

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Ferraras do not assert that a Certificate of Title has been

issued, and even if a Certificate of Title was issued, the

Ferraras would need to establish that there is no encumbrance

noted on such Certificate of Title related to Appellant Onaga’s

mortgage or his claims on the [P]roperty.”           Thus, the ICA

concluded that the Ferraras did not establish that the appeal was

moot.

             The Ferraras filed a second motion to dismiss on

August 4, 2015, attaching (1) a certificate of title issued on

August 29, 2014, (2) the August 29, 2014 Commissioner’s Deed, and

(3) a mortgage executed by the Ferraras and recorded in Land

Court on August 29, 2014.        The Ferraras argued that those

documents “should resolve all of [t]he issues” raised by the

ICA’s order denying the first motion to dismiss.

             Onaga filed a memorandum in opposition, arguing that

the certificate of title attached to the Ferraras’ motion was

      5
        (...continued)

                   (a) Every applicant receiving a certificate of
                   title in pursuance of a decree of registration,
                   and every subsequent purchaser of registered
                   land who takes a certificate of title for value
                   and in good faith, hold the same free from all
                   encumbrances except those noted on the
                   certificate in the order of priority of
                   recordation, and any of the following
                   encumbrances which may be subsisting[.]

(Emphasis in ICA order.)

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void.    Onaga alleged that, under HRS § 501-118,6 a certificate of

title cannot be filed while the final judgment confirming the

sale is pending on appeal.       Onaga argued that the Ferraras “are

obligated to follow the clear language and procedure outlined in

law to obtain a new certificate of title of land registered in

Land Court after a judicial mortgage foreclosure action has run

its course in the appeal process.”         Onaga also argued that the

Land Court lacked jurisdiction to issue the August 29, 2014

certificate of title because the notice of appeal was filed on

February 10, 2014.

            In a memorandum opinion, the ICA held that Onaga’s

appeal is not moot.      Bank of New York Mellon v. R. Onaga, Inc.,

CAAP-14-0000426 (App. June 6, 2016) (mem.).           The ICA took

judicial notice of the documents attached to the Ferraras’

     6
            HRS § 501-118 (Foreclosure) (2006) provides, in relevant part:

            In case of foreclosure by action, a certified copy of
            the final judgment of the court confirming the sale
            may be filed or recorded with the assistant registrar
            or the deputy after the time for appealing therefrom
            has expired and the purchaser shall thereupon be
            entitled to the entry of a new certificate.

            . . . . Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to
            prevent the mortgagor or other person in interest from
            directly impeaching by action or otherwise, any
            foreclosure proceedings affecting registered land,
            prior to the entry of a new certificate of title.

            After a new certificate of title has been entered, no
            judgment recovered on the mortgage note for any
            balance due thereon shall operate to open the
            foreclosure or affect the title to registered land.

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motion.    Id. at 9.    It then distinguished this case from City

Bank because City Bank “did not involve property registered in

Land Court.”    Id. at 11.     The ICA cited HRS § 501-887 and stated

that “we must consider that a certificate of title is given

conclusive effect to all matters stated in the certificate,

except as otherwise provided in HRS Chapter 501.”            Id. (emphasis

in original).

            The ICA noted that HRS § 501-118 expressly provides,

“[i]n case of foreclosure by action, a certified copy of the

final judgment of the court confirming the sale may be filed or

recorded . . . after the time for appealing therefrom has expired

and the purchase shall thereupon be entitled to the entry of a

new certificate.”      Id.   Thus, the ICA determined that “it is

questionable whether the certificate of title submitted by the

Ferraras is conclusive in passing title to the Ferraras,” since

Onaga “is permitted the opportunity to appeal the foreclosure by

action.”    Id. at 11-12.     The ICA further noted that the Ferraras

contended that they obtained a certificate of title pursuant to

HRS § 501-106(a)(1), but that “it is questionable whether

     7
            HRS § 501-88 (Certificate as evidence) (2006) provides:

            The original certificate in the registration book, and
            any copy thereof duly certified under the signature of
            the registrar or assistant registrar, and the seal of
            the court, shall be received as evidence in all the
            courts of the State and shall be conclusive as to all
            matters contained therein, except as otherwise
            provided in this chapter.

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subsection (1) governs in the case of a judicial foreclosure in

which case title does not pass by voluntary means.”8             Id. at 12.

Thus, the ICA concluded that the Ferraras “have not carried their

burden” to establish that the appeal is moot.            Id.

            Regarding the merits of the appeal, the ICA held that,

because the foreclosure judgment was vacated in CAAP-13-2297, the

judgment confirming sale must also be vacated.            Id. at 12-13.

The ICA also held that the circuit court did not err in denying

Onaga’s motion for stay of proceedings because Onaga was required

to a post a supersedeas bond pursuant to HRCP Rule 62(d)9 to

obtain the stay, and it did not do so.           Id. at 12-14.

C.    Application for Writ of Certiorari

            In the application for writ of certiorari, the Ferraras

argue that “[t]he general rule is that the right of a good faith

purchaser ‘to receive property acquired at a judicial sale cannot

be affected by the reversal of an order ratifying the sale where

a [supersedeas] bond has not been filed.’”           Further, they assert

      8
            The Ferraras did not mention HRS § 501-106 in their second motion
to dismiss, so it is unclear what the ICA was referring to.
      9
            HRCP Rule 62(d) provides:

            (d) Stay Upon Appeal. When an appeal is taken the
            appellant by giving a supersedeas bond may obtain a
            stay subject to the exceptions contained in
            subdivision (a) of this rule. The bond may be given
            at or after the time of filing the notice of appeal or
            of procuring the order allowing the appeal, as the
            case may be. The stay is effective when the
            supersedeas bond is approved by the court.

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that “[t]he sale of a subject property to a good faith purchaser

during the pendency of an appeal renders a challenge to the

confirmation of a foreclosure sale moot as it prevents the

appellate court from granting any effective relief.”            (Citing

Lathrop v. Sakatani, 111 Hawai#i 307, 314-15, 141 P.3d 480, 487-

88 (2006)).   The Ferraras argue that title of the Property passed

to them through the filing of the August 29, 2014 Commissioner’s

Deed.

           The Ferraras also note that they attached a certificate

of title to their second motion to dismiss in direct response to

the reasoning in the ICA’s order denying their first motion to

dismiss.   The Ferraras assert that the ICA nonetheless denied

their second motion to dismiss and disregarded Onaga’s failure to

post a supersedeas bond.

           The Ferraras argue that the ICA misinterpreted HRS

§ 501-118 and that a recording of a judgment is not required

under HRS § 501-15510 to transfer title.        Rather “the filing of

     10
           HRS § 501-155 (Judgment directing conveyance) (2006) provides:

           Any judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction,
           whether a federal court or a court of the State of
           Hawaii, affecting title or rights in registered land,
           may be recorded, whether the claim adjudicated was
           legal or equitable in nature. Every instrument
           necessary to give effect to the judgment and directed
           by the court to be executed, whether executed by a
           party or by some other person appointed by the court,
           shall be recorded and shall have full force and effect
           to bind the land to be affected thereby. A judgment
           entered in lieu of directing a conveyance, and having
                                                               (continued...)

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the Commissioner’s Deed gives effect to the judgment and when

recorded, as it had been, shall have the full force and effect to

bind the land to be affected thereby.”

          Lastly, the Ferraras argue that the ICA’s opinion is

inconsistent with its decisions in City Bank, Cent. Pacific Bank

v. Aikona Maui Props., CAAP-12-0001032, 2015 WL 6231719 (App.

Nov. 29, 2013) (order), and DB Private Wealth Mortg., Ltd. v.

Bouley, CAAP-14-0000585, 2016 WL 3548347 (App. June 28, 2016)

(SDO).

          In response, Onaga argues that the certificate of title

is void because “Petitioners’ filing of the commissioner’s deed

and obtaining a new certificate for the Property did not comply

with HRS § 501-118.”     It contends that the ICA’s interpretation

of HRS § 501-118 was consistent with Aames Funding Corp. v.

Mores, 107 Hawai#i 95, 101, 110 P.3d 1042, 1048 (2005), because

“[t]he Supreme Court in Aames and the ICA in this appeal are

ascertaining and giving effect to the intention of the

legislature of giving mortgagors, owners of Land Court property,

the right to appeal in HRS § 501-118.”

     10
      (...continued)
           the effect of a conveyance, shall be recorded with
           like force and effect.

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                         II.   Standards of Review

A.    Mootness

            “Appellate courts review issues of mootness de novo.”

State v. Tui, 138 Hawai#i 462, 466, 382 P.3d 274, 278 (2016).

B.    Statutory Interpretation

            Statutory interpretation is reviewed de novo by [the
            appellate] court. When construing a statute, our
            foremost obligation is to ascertain and give effect to
            the intention of the legislature, which is to be
            obtained primarily from the language contained in the
            statute itself. Moreover, it is a cardinal rule of
            statutory interpretation that, where the terms of a
            statute are plain, unambiguous and explicit, we are
            not at liberty to look beyond that language for a
            different meaning. Instead, our sole duty is to give
            effect to the statute's plain and obvious meaning.

Bhakta v. Cnty. of Maui, 109 Hawai#i 198, 208, 124 P.3d 943, 953

(2005) (internal quotation marks, citations, and brackets in

original omitted).

                               III.   Discussion

            The only issue presented in the Ferraras’ application

is whether the ICA erred in determining that the appeal was not

moot.    Specifically, we must determine whether, in judicial

foreclosures involving Land Court property, an appeal of an order

confirming sale is moot when the appellant does not obtain a stay

of the proceedings prior to the sale of the property to a bona

fide purchaser and the issuance of a new certificate of title.

            With regard to mootness, this court has stated:
            [A] case is moot where the question to be determined
            is abstract and does not rest on existing facts or

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           rights. Thus, the mootness doctrine is properly
           invoked where events have so affected the relations
           between the parties that the two conditions of
           justiciability relevant on appeal––adverse interest
           and effective remedy––have been compromised.

Okada Trucking Co. v. Bd. of Water Supply, 99 Hawai#i 191, 195-

96, 53 P.3d 799, 803-04 (2002) (internal brackets, quotation

marks, ellipses, and citation omitted).         In other words, “[a]

case is moot if the reviewing court can no longer grant effective

relief.”   Kaho#ohanohano v. State, 114 Hawai#i 302, 332, 162 P.3d
696, 726 (2007) (quoting City Bank, 7 Haw. App. at 134, 748 P.2d

at 815).

           HRCP Rule 62, titled “Stay of Proceedings to Enforce a

Judgment,” states in relevant part:
           (d) Stay Upon Appeal. When an appeal is taken the
           appellant by giving a supersedeas bond may obtain a
           stay subject to the exceptions contained in
           subdivision (a) of this rule. The bond may be given
           at or after the time of filing the notice of appeal or
           of procuring the order allowing the appeal, as the
           case may be. The stay is effective when the
           supersedeas bond is approved by the court.

           Here, Onaga appealed the circuit court’s grant of

summary judgment in favor of BONY, and later filed a “Motion for

an Order to Stay Proceedings Without Conditions or Bond.”

Consistent with HRCP Rule 62(d), the circuit court denied Onaga’s

motion, stating, “[Onaga] shall post a supersedeas bond in order

to obtain a Stay on the proceedings.”        The ICA agreed, concluding

that the circuit court did not err in denying Onaga’s motion for

stay of proceedings because Onaga failed to comply with HRCP Rule

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62(d).    Thus, the foreclosure proceedings continued:            the

Ferraras purchased the Property at the foreclosure sale, the

Commissioner’s Deed was recorded, and a new certificate of title

was issued for the Property.

A.    Onaga was Required to Post a Supersedeas Bond in Order to
      Obtain a Stay

            HRCP Rule 62(d) provides that an appellant may obtain a

stay of proceedings “by giving a supersedeas bond.”11             Onaga

never posted a bond.       Accordingly, the circuit court did not err

in allowing the foreclosure sale to proceed or issuing its order

confirming the sale and directing conveyance of the Property to

the Ferraras.

            The ICA’s opinion in City Bank is instructive on this

point.    In City Bank, the bank filed a complaint to foreclose on

the defendant’s mortgage, and the circuit court granted summary

judgment in favor of the bank and a junior mortgagee.              7 Haw.

App. at 132, 748 P.2d at 814.         The property was sold to the

highest bidder, and the circuit court entered an order confirming

the sale and directing distribution of the proceeds.              Id.   The

defendants timely appealed the order confirming sale.              Id. at

      11
            HRCP Rule 62 also gives courts broad discretion to stay execution
of a judgment pending a motion for a new trial or for alteration of a
judgment. See HRCP Rule 62(b). Additionally, HRCP Rule 62(c) provides that,
in an appeal taken from a judgment relating to an injunction, “the court in
its discretion may suspend, modify, restore, or grant an injunction during the
pendency of the appeal upon such terms as to bond or otherwise as it considers
proper for the security of the rights of the adverse party.”

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133, 748 P.2d at 814.

            The ICA stated, “[t]he general rule is that the right

of a good faith purchaser ‘to receive property acquired at a

judicial sale cannot be affected by the reversal of an order

ratifying the sale where a [supersedeas] bond has not been

filed.”    Id. (quoting Leisure Campground & Country Club Ltd.

P’ship v. Leisure Estates, 372 A.2d 595, 598 (Md. 1977)).              The

ICA explained that the purpose of the rule is to advance “the

stability and productiveness of judicial sales.”            Id. (quoting 47

Am. Jur. 2d Judicial Sales § 55 (1969)12).         It noted that the

exceptions to this rule are when the reversal is based on

jurisdictional grounds or when the purchaser is the mortgagee,

explaining that the mortgagee in that case “does not free himself

from the underlying dispute to which he is a party.”             See id.

(quoting Leisure Campground, 372 A.2d at 598) (brackets omitted).

            The ICA then noted that the purchaser of the property

      12
            The current version of this section is 46 Am. Jur. 2d. Judicial
Sales § 20 (2016), which states:

            The reversal of a decree directing a judicial sale, on
            account of an error or irregularities not going to the
            jurisdiction, does not vitiate the title of one who,
            as a stranger to the proceeding, has in good faith
            purchased property at the sale, either before an
            appeal or writ of error or pending the same without
            supersedeas. This principle advances the stability
            and productiveness of judicial sales and the value of
            titles derived under them and operates as well in the
            interests of the owners of the property sold as for
            the protection of purchasers. . . .

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was a third party, good faith purchaser,13 and that “[t]here was

no stay of the execution of the confirmation order and the sale

of the Property has been closed.”         See id. at 133, 748 P.2d at

814-15.   Thus, the ICA concluded that “the appeal is moot and

subject to dismissal.”      Id. at 134, 748 P.2d at 815.

            City Bank comports with this court’s analysis in

Lathrop v. Sakatani, which addressed the issue of whether the

circuit court erred in expunging a lis pendens (i.e., a notice of

an action pending against real property).          We held that the

appeal was moot because the property had been sold.            111 Hawai#i

at 313-15, 141 P.3d at 486-88.        We stated that “it is appellant’s

burden to seek a stay if post-appeal transactions could render

the appeal moot.”     Id. at 313, 141 P.3d at 486 (quoting In re

Gotcha Int’l L.P., 311 B.R. 250, 255 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2004)).                We

then dismissed the appeal, reasoning that “the plaintiffs failed

to seek a stay on the execution of the circuit court’s order

expunging the lis pendens pending the disposition of the appeal”

and that “[s]uch failure permitted the defendants to proceed with

      13
             An “innocent” or good faith purchaser is “one who, by an honest
contract or agreement, purchases property or acquires an interest therein,
without knowledge, or means of knowledge sufficient to charge him in law with
knowledge, of any infirmity in the title of the seller.”• Ka#u Agribusiness
Co. v. Heirs or Assigns of Ahulau, 105 Hawai#i 182, 193, 95 P.3d 613, 624
(2004) (citation omitted). When the Ferraras purchased the Property, the
circuit court had already determined in the consolidated proceedings that BONY
had a first priority lien on the Property. Thus, at the time of the purchase,
there would not have been an “infirmity in the title” based on Onaga’s
mortgage.

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the sale transaction.”      Id. at 314, 141 P.3d at 487.

            Moreover, the City Bank rule makes practical sense in

the foreclosure context and is consistent with the principles

underlying the Land Court system mentioned above.            “The policy

underlying this rule is to encourage nonparty individuals to bid

at [foreclosure] sales.”       Leisure Campground, 372 A.2d at 223.

The appeals process can last several years--for example, this

appeal was filed in February 2014.         If a party challenging a

foreclosure is not required to post a bond to stay the

proceedings pending the outcome of the appeal (or excused by the

court from doing so), third parties would be dissuaded from

purchasing a foreclosed property given the long-term uncertainty

on the investment.

            This court has never explicitly adopted the rule

described in City Bank.       In accordance with Hawai#i precedent and

the policy considerations underlying the Land Court system, we

hereby adopt City Bank’s rule for application to Land Court

properties as well as properties administered pursuant to HRS

Chapter 502 (Regular System).14       Thus, we hold that an appellant

      14
            In this case, the ICA distinguished City Bank by stating that
“City Bank did not involve property registered in Land Court.” Bank of New
York, mem. op. at 11. However, it is unclear whether the property in City
Bank was registered in Land Court, and later unpublished ICA decisions have
applied City Bank to Land Court properties. See Cent. Pacific Bank,
CAAP-12-0001032 at *1; Bouley, CAAP-14-0000575 at *2; In re Marn Family
Litigation, CAAP-12-0000574 at *2.

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challenging a foreclosure must post a supersedeas bond or

otherwise obtain a stay pursuant to HRCP Rule 62 or Hawai#i Rules

of Appellate Procedure (HRAP) Rule 8.15          We further hold that the

appellant here, who has failed to obtain a stay by posting a

bond, may not attack a good-faith purchaser’s title to property

purchased at a judicial sale and confirmed by court order.16

             Thus, it was Onaga’s burden to post a bond and thereby

obtain a stay if Onaga believed that it, and not BONY, was

entitled to foreclose on the Property.           It failed to do so.      The

circuit court properly allowed the foreclosure proceedings to

continue, a sale was held, and the Ferraras purchased the

Property in good faith.

B.    Onaga’s Appeal is Moot, as the Certificate of Title
      Conclusively Establishes the Ferraras’ Title to the Property

             In Aames, this court held that “conclusive effect is to

be given the certificate of title on the question of title to

land.”     107 Hawai#i at 101, 110 P.3d at 1048.        Notably, Aames

      15
            Our holding does not affect a court’s discretion to grant a stay
without requiring a bond. See, e.g., Fed. Prescription Serv., Inc. v. Am.
Pharm. Ass’n, 636 F.2d 755, 757–58 (D.C. Cir. 1980); 2A Barbara J. Van Arsdale
et. al., Federal Procedure, Lawyers Edition § 3:653 (June 2017 Update)
(discussing cases).
      16
            Following City Bank, our holding does not extends to cases in
which the underlying order ratifying the sale has been reversed on
jurisdictional grounds, or when the purchaser of the property is the
mortgagee. See City Bank, 7 Haw. App. at 133, 748 P.2d at 814. Nor does it
apply to cases in which a court has granted a party’s motion for relief from
judgment or order pursuant to HRCP Rule 60(b).

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addressed the provision of HRS § 501-118 dealing with foreclosure

by power of sale, not foreclosure by action; thus it could be

argued that the Aames holding only applies to nonjudicial

foreclosure proceedings.      See id. at 101, 110 P.3d at 1048.

However, Aames discussed the legislative history of HRS Chapter

501 and the Land Court system generally, stating:
          HRS chapter 501 pertains to “registration of title
          [with the Land Court] to land and easements or rights
          in land held and possessed in fee simple within the
          state of Hawai#i.” HRS § 501–1 (1993). The 1903
          legislative history of HRS chapter 501 is sparse.
          However, the legislature indicated that Act 56, which
          established the statute, incorporated what is commonly
          known as the “Torrens Land Act.” S. Com. Rep., in
          1903 Senate Journal, at 337.

          According to the legislative history, . . . [i]t
          provides an economical and convenient manner of
          recording land titles, which, when the plan is fully
          adopted by the people, will do away with the present
          cumbersome plan of records and largely reduce the
          expense of land transfers. . . .

          The system of land title registration adopted by the
          Torrens Land Act and codified in HRS chapter 501 is a
          system for registration of land under which, upon the
          landowner’s application, the court may, after
          appropriate proceedings, direct the issuance of a
          certificate of title. The purpose of this
          registration system is to conclusively establish title
          to land through the issuance of a certificate of
          title.

Id. (internal quotation marks, ellipses, and citations omitted;

emphasis added).

          In order words, by relying on certificates of title,

the Torrens system is intended to promote “certainty, economy,

simplicity, and facility.”      11 Thompson on Real Property,

§ 92.10(a) (David A. Thomas ed., 3rd ed. 2015).          Giving

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certificates of title conclusive effect in the judicial

foreclosure context, as well as in the non-judicial foreclosure

context, furthers these purposes.

          Furthermore, it is unclear what relief Onaga can obtain

in this appeal, which challenges the order confirming sale.             In

its opening brief, Onaga requested that the ICA (1) “reverse the

order granting summary judgment and decree of foreclosure and

final judgment to [BONY] and remand for entry of dismissal of its

action” and (2) “reverse the order denying R. Onaga’s cross-

motion for summary judgment and remand ordering the circuit court

to enter an order granting summary judgment and decree of

foreclosure in favor of R. Onaga and to proceed with the

foreclosure sale.”    Alternatively, Onaga requested that the ICA

“enter summary judgment and interlocutory decree of foreclosure

in favor of R. Onaga before sending the matter back to circuit

court for it to proceed with the foreclosure sale.”           Thus, Onaga

appears to request a decision on the merits of the foreclosure

decree, as well as new foreclosure proceedings.

          However, this court has explained that “a judgment of

foreclosure finally determines the merits of the controversy,”

and “[s]ubsequent proceedings are simply incidents to its

enforcement.”   Mortg. Electr. Registration Sys., Inc. v. Wise,

130 Hawai#i 11, 16, 304 P.3d 1192, 1197 (2013) (internal

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quotation marks and citations omitted).           An appellant cannot

challenge the merits of a foreclosure decree in an appeal of an

order confirming sale.       See id. (“[O]rders confirming sale are

separately appealable from the decree of foreclosure[.]”)

            Moreover, title to the Property has already passed to

the Ferraras.     See HRS § 501-118 (“After a new certificate of

title has been entered, no judgment recovered on the mortgage

note for any balance due thereon shall operate to open the

foreclosure or affect the title to registered land.”).              Allowing

Onaga to undo or otherwise hinder the sale of the Property to the

Ferraras would be inconsistent with the purposes underlying our

Land Court system.      See HRS § 501-88 (“The original certificate

in the registration book, and any copy thereof duly certified[,]

. . . shall be conclusive as to all matters contained therein,

except as otherwise provided in this chapter).

            Thus, because Onaga did not post a bond to stay the

proceedings pending appeal, the instant appeal is moot under HRCP

Rule 62(d) and Aames.

C.    HRS § 501-118 Does Not Prevent the Ferraras from Taking
      Title to the Property

            In denying the Ferraras’ second motion to dismiss, the

ICA determined that “it is questionable whether the certificate

of title submitted by the Ferraras is conclusive in passing title

to the Ferraras,” because under HRS § 501-118, Onaga “is

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permitted the opportunity to appeal the foreclosure by action.”

Bank of New York, mem. op. at 11-12.        The ICA also held that the

Ferraras did not comply with HRS § 501-118 because they “do not

contend that they filed a certified copy of the Judgment

Confirming Sale, instead claiming that title was vested in them

upon the recording of the Commissioner’s Deed.”          Id. at 12.

Thus, the ICA held that a certificate of title must also comply

with HRS § 501-118, thereby placing two requirements for good-

faith purchasers such as the Ferraras to prove mootness:            (1) any

appeal regarding a foreclosure by action must be complete, and

(2) the purchaser must file a certified copy of the judgment

confirming sale.    See id. at 11-12.

           This court has not previously interpreted the provision

of HRS 501-118 at issue here.       The first paragraph of HRS §

501-118 provides:
           In case of foreclosure by action, a certified copy of
           the final judgment of the court confirming the sale
           may be filed or recorded with the assistant registrar
           or the deputy after the time for appealing therefrom
           has expired and the purchaser shall thereupon be
           entitled to the entry of a new certificate.

           The ICA appears to have interpreted “after the time for

appealing therefrom has expired” as meaning the completion of the

appeal.   However, by its plain language “the time for appealing

therefrom” clearly refers to the window within which a party may

file a notice of appeal after the entry of a judgment, i.e.,

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thirty days (subject to extension).         See HRAP Rule 4(a)(1), (4).

          Moreover, the ICA’s interpretation appears inconsistent

with HRCP Rule 62(d), discussed above, which provides that a

party may obtain a stay as of right by posting a supersedeas

bond–-if an appeal of a foreclosure automatically prevents the

purchaser from taking title, a bond would never be necessary.

Furthermore, this interpretation places an undue burden on third

parties such as the Ferraras, as they must monitor an appeal to

which they are not parties and/or intervene in the appeal, wait

until the appeal has been completely disposed of, and then

finally obtain a certified copy of the final judgment.

          The ICA’s interpretation of HRS § 501-118 also appears

inconsistent with HRS § 501-155.         The ICA stated that the

Ferraras’ certificate of title was “contrary to the express

provisions of HRS § 501-118” because “[t]he Ferraras do not

contend that they filed a certified copy of the Judgment

Confirming Sale, instead claiming that title was vested in them

upon recording of the Commissioners’ Deed.”          Bank of New York,

mem. op. at 12.    However, HRS § 501-155 provides that a judgment

directing conveyance “may be recorded” in Land Court, but that

“[e]very instrument necessary to give effect to the judgment and

directed by the court to be executed . . . shall be recorded and

shall have full force and effect to bind the land to be affected

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thereby.”    (Emphases added.)      The Ferraras recorded the

Commissioner’s Deed conveying the Property in Land Court, as

directed by the circuit court’s order confirming sale, and then

obtained a certificate of title.          This was sufficient to

demonstrate that title of the Property conclusively transferred

to the Ferraras.17     See Aames, 107 Hawai#i at 101, 110 P.3d at

1048 (“[C]onclusive effect is to be given the certificate of

title on the question of title to land.”).

            In sum, we interpret HRS § 501-118 as providing a

nonexclusive means for a purchaser of a property at a foreclosure

sale to obtain a certificate of title, i.e., by filing a

certified copy of the final judgment after the thirty day period

allowed to file a notice of appeal has elapsed.           HRS § 501-118

does not preclude good faith purchasers at a foreclosure sale

from obtaining a certificate of title by other statutory

procedures, such as those provided in HRS § 501-155.

Accordingly, HRS § 501-118 does not prevent the Ferraras from

taking title to the Property.

      17
            The ICA also noted that the Ferraras may not have been entitled to
a certificate of title under HRS § 501-106(a)(1) because “it is questionable
whether subsection (1) governs in the case of a judicial foreclosure in which
case title does not pass by voluntary means.” Bank of New York, mem. op. at
12 (citing HRS § 501-106(a)(1), which provides that “[n]o new certificate of
title shall be entered . . . except . . . [i]n pursuance of any deed or other
voluntary instrument”). The ICA’s interpretation is incorrect, as it would
mean that no purchaser of a foreclosed property would be entitled to a
certificate of title, regardless of whether the foreclosure was judicial or
non-judicial, because foreclosures are never “voluntary” under the ICA’s
meaning of the word.

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                            IV.   Conclusion

          A party who wishes to stay an order confirming a

foreclosure sale pending appeal must post a supersedeas bond or

otherwise obtain a stay pursuant to HRCP Rule 62 or HRAP Rule 8.

If a stay is not obtained and the property is sold to a bona fide

purchaser, the appeal should be dismissed as moot because no

effective relief can be granted.         In the instant case, Onaga

failed to post a supersedeas bond or otherwise obtain a stay, and

the Ferraras lawfully purchased the Property in good faith.

Accordingly, ICA erred in concluding that Onaga’s appeal was not

moot.

          The ICA’s July 20, 2016 judgment on appeal is reversed,

and the circuit court’s February 21, 2014 judgment confirming the

sale of the Property to the Ferraras is affirmed.

Richard Naiwieha Wurdeman                 /s/ Mark E. Recktenwald
for petitioners
                                          /s/ Paula A. Nakayama
Lloyd Y. Asato for
respondent R. Onaga, Inc.                 /s/ Richard W. Pollack

                                          /s/ Michael D. Wilson

                                          /s/ Glenn J. Kim

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