Court Opinion

ID: 3082767
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 02:12:08.218335+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:42:14.903763
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued February 17, 2015

                                    In The

                             Court of Appeals
                                   For The

                         First District of Texas
                           ————————————
                            NO. 01-13-00466-CV
                          ———————————
                     KARL WAWAROSKY, Appellant
                                      V.
                 FAST GROUP HOUSTON INC., Appellee

                  On Appeal from the 157th District Court
                           Harris County, Texas
                     Trial Court Case No. 2011-62792

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Karl Wawarosky appeals the trial court’s rendition of a summary judgment

in favor of Appellee FAST Group Houston Inc. Wawarosky sued FAST for

unlawful termination, alleging that FAST knowingly discriminated against him on

the basis of age and race, in violation of the Texas Commission on Human Rights
Act (“TCHRA”).        FAST moved for summary judgment on no-evidence and

traditional grounds, and the trial court granted the motion. We affirm.

                                     Background

      Wawarosky, a Caucasian male, worked for FAST and its predecessor, EGC

Corporation, for a combined 14 years, during which time he was eventually

promoted to Tape Department Supervisor and received nearly a dozen raises,

including two in 2010.

      It is undisputed that on the morning of April 28, 2011, Wawarosky was at

work and talking with two co-workers, James Wicmandy and Jose DeLeon, when

he took a bullet out of his pocket and showed it to them. Wawarosky said that the

bullet was real and told Wicmandy, “This one’s got your name on it.” DeLeon

added, “it takes a silver bullet.”

      The bullet came up again that afternoon, but the evidence about what was

said during the second incident is disputed. In support of its motion for summary

judgment, FAST offered transcripts from the hearing held by the Texas Workforce

Commission (“TWC”) on Wawarosky’s unemployment claim. According to the

TWC hearing testimony of DeLeon and his supervisor, James Barnett, Wawarosky

produced the bullet from his pocket and said that the bullet had DeLeon’s name on

it. Both Barnett and DeLeon testified at the TWC hearing that DeLeon told

Barnett that this made DeLeon feel threatened.

                                         2
      In his own affidavit filed in support of his response to FAST’s summary-

judgment motion, Wawarosky averred that DeLeon asked him, “Do you still have

the bullet with James’ name on it?” and Wawarosky merely responded yes, and

never took the bullet out of his pocket.

      The summary-judgment evidence demonstrates that Barnett reported the

incidents to Joy Cook, FAST’s Director of Human Resources. Cook testified at the

TWC hearing that she determined that Wawarosky violated FAST’s policy

prohibiting (1) “possession of firearms, weapons, explosives, or incendiary or other

destructive devices on company property” and (2) “intimidating, coercive, violent,

abusive, or hostile behavior”—which justified immediate termination—and that

Wawarosky would be terminated. Wawarosky’s Termination Form, also included

in FAST’s summary-judgment evidence, showed that Wawarosky was terminated

because he “made threats towards other employees.”

       Wawarosky filed an application for unemployment benefits, which was

denied by the TWC because he was fired for violating company rules and policies.

Wawarosky also filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission (“EEOC”), claiming that FAST discriminated against him because of

his race. He did not allege age discrimination. The EEOC found no statutory

violations and issued a right to sue letter.

                                               3
      Wawarosky sued FAST, claiming that he was unlawfully terminated on the

basis of his age and race. Eight months later, FAST filed a combined no-evidence

and traditional motion for summary judgment.        The trial court continued the

summary judgment hearing until September 14, 2012 to allow Wawarosky to

conduct additional discovery. Wawarosky moved to compel responses to two

interrogatories, but the trial court denied the motion to compel on September 7,

2012, a week before he overruled Wawarosky’s objections to FAST’s summary-

judgment evidence and granted the summary-judgment motion.

                                    Discussion

      Wawarosky challenges the summary judgment on five grounds: (1) the trial

erroneously denied Wawarosky’s motion to compel, (2) Wawarosky did not have

adequate time for discovery before the trial court granted the motion, (3) the trial

court erroneously overruled Wawarosky’s objections to FAST’s summary-

judgment evidence, (4) Wawarosky exhausted his administrative remedies, and

(5) FAST’s reliance on company policy violations as a justification for his

termination is pretextual. We address each contention in turn.

A.    Wawarosky’s motion to compel

      1.    Standard of Review and Applicable Law

      We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to compel discovery for an

abuse of discretion. Austin v. Countrywide Homes Loans, 261 S.W.3d 68, 75 (Tex.

                                         4
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied). Generally, the scope of discovery is

within the trial court’s discretion; however, the trial court must impose reasonable

discovery limits.   In re CSX Corp., 124 S.W.3d 149, 152 (Tex. 2003) (orig.

proceeding) (per curiam). A party may obtain discovery “regarding any matter that

is not privileged and is relevant to the subject matter of the pending action.” TEX.

R. CIV. P. 192.3(a). Discovery requests must show a reasonable expectation of

obtaining information that will aid the dispute’s resolution and, therefore, must be

reasonably tailored to include only relevant matters. In re CSX Corp., 124 S.W.3d

at 152. A trial court must sustain a party’s objection to discovery requests that are

not reasonably tailored to include only relevant matters. See id.

      2.     Analysis

      Wawarosky contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to

compel responses to two interrogatories:

      Interrogatory 1:

      Identify any and all employees . . . who have been reported or
      disciplined in the last four years for safety violations.

      Interrogatory 3:

      Identify any and all employees . . . who were terminated for violating
      a company policy during the last four years.

FAST objected to both on the basis that the requests sought irrelevant information

and were overly burdensome and overbroad.

                                           5
      “Overbroad requests encompass time periods or activities beyond those at

issue in the case—in other words, matters of questionable relevance.”         In re

Jacobs, 300 S.W.3d 35, 44 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, orig.

proceeding [mand. dism’d]). Here, Wawarosky was terminated for threats towards

employees—violating FAST policies prohibiting intimidating behavior and

possession of firearms, weapons, or similar devices at FAST—which, according to

FAST, justified immediate termination.       But Wawarosky did not tailor his

interrogatories to violations of the same polices or types of policies, or even to

violations of policies that justify immediate termination. Rather, interrogatories 1

and 3 sought information about reports, discipline, and terminations involving

employees who committed any safety violations and violated any company policy

in the last four years. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse

its discretion in denying the motion to compel on the basis that the discovery

sought was overbroad. See K Mart Corp. v. Sanderson, 937 S.W.2d 429, 431

(Tex. 1996) (in case involving abduction from parking lot, request for description

of all criminal conduct at same location during preceding seven years held

overbroad); Texaco, Inc. v. Sanderson, 898 S.W.2d 813, 814–15 (Tex. 1995) (in

case involving exposure to toxic chemicals that allegedly caused asbestos-related

disease, request for “all documents written by [defendant’s safety director] that

                                         6
concern[ed] safety, toxicology, and industrial hygiene, epidemiology, fire

protection and training” was overbroad).

B.    Adequate time for discovery

      “A party may move for a no-evidence summary judgment only ‘[a]fter

adequate time for discovery.’” Specialty Retailers, Inc. v. Fuqua, 29 S.W.3d 140,

145 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. denied) (citing TEX. R. CIV. P.

166a(i)). “An adequate time for discovery is determined by the nature of the cause

of action, the nature of the evidence necessary to controvert the no-evidence

motion, and the length of time the case had been active in the trial court.” Id. In

determining whether adequate time for discovery passed, we examine: (1) the

nature of the case; (2) the nature of evidence necessary to controvert the no-

evidence motion; (3) the length of time the case was active; (4) the amount of time

the no-evidence motion was on file; (5) whether the movant requested stricter

deadlines for discovery; (6) the amount of discovery that has already taken place;

and (7) whether the discovery deadlines in place were specific or vague. Brewer &

Pritchard, P.C. v. Johnson, 167 S.W.3d 460, 467 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 2005, pet. denied).   We review the trial court’s determination that an

adequate time for discovery passed in granting a no-evidence summary-judgment

motion for an abuse of discretion. Specialty Retailers, 29 S.W.3d at 145.

                                           7
      Wawarosky filed his petition on October 18, 2011. The claims asserted in

the petition—that FAST violated the TCHRA by knowingly and willingly

discriminating against Wawarosky on the basis of age and race—are not complex.

      The docket control order required the parties to set summary-judgment

motions for hearing or submission by September 28, 2012, and set the close of the

discovery period on September 28, 2012.         There is no indication that FAST

requested stricter deadlines for discovery.

      The record reveals that Wawarosky conducted some discovery. First, his

response to FAST’s motion for summary judgment included portions of the

personnel file of another FAST employee, Marco Chavez, indicating Wawarosky

obtained FAST documents.        Wawarosky also served interrogatories to which

FAST responded on February 21, 2012, four months before it moved for summary

judgment. 1

      FAST filed its motion for summary judgment on June 19, 2012, by which

time Wawarosky had over eight months to conduct discovery, and less than four

months remained before discovery closed. The motion was on file for nearly three

months before the trial court granted it, because the trial court granted

Wawarosky’s July motion to continue the summary judgment hearing for the

1
      The record reflects that Wawarosky first complained about FAST’s responses in
      his motion to compel dated July 30, 2012, which he filed over a month after FAST
      moved for summary judgment.

                                          8
express purpose of allowing Wawarosky more time to conduct discovery. Thus,

by the time the trial court ruled on the motion, Wawarosky had nearly 11 months

to conduct discovery, and only two weeks remained before the close of discovery.

      Considering all of these factors, we conclude that Wawarosky failed to

demonstrate that the trial court abused its discretion by granting FAST’s motion

for summary judgment without allowing adequate time for discovery.             See

Madison v. Williamson, 241 S.W.3d 145, 155–56 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2007, pet. denied) (holding trial court did not abuse discretion in granting no-

evidence motion for summary judgment because lawsuit had been pending for over

a year at time trial court granted summary judgment, trial court extended discovery

once, appellant made no effort to specify additional evidence needed to respond, or

the reason she could not obtain it during discovery period).

C.    Wawarosky’s objections to FAST’s summary-judgment evidence

      Wawarosky contends that the trial court erred in overruling his objections to

FAST’s summary-judgment evidence, which he argues was not properly

authenticated and constituted inadmissible hearsay.

      1.     Standard of Review and Applicable Law

      Documents submitted as summary judgment proof must be sworn to or

certified. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(f). “Unauthenticated or unsworn documents, or

documents not supported by any affidavit, are not entitled to consideration as

                                         9
summary judgment evidence.” Mackey v. Great Lakes Investments, Inc., 255
S.W.3d 243, 252 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2008, pet. denied) (quoting Llopa, Inc.

v. Nagel, 956 S.W.2d 82, 87 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1997, writ denied)).

      We review a trial court’s ruling overruling objections to summary-judgment

evidence for an abuse of discretion. Finger v. Ray, 326 S.W.3d 285, 290 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.). The appellant bears the burden of

bringing forth a record sufficient to show that the trial court abused its discretion

when it overruled the objections. Cantu v. Horany, 195 S.W.3d 867, 871 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.). To reverse a judgment based on a claimed error in

admitting or excluding evidence, a party must show that the error probably resulted

in an improper judgment. TEX. R. APP. P. 41.1; Interstate Northborough P’ship v.

State, 66 S.W.3d 213, 220 (Tex. 2001). “Typically, a successful challenge to a

trial court’s evidentiary rulings requires the complaining party to demonstrate that

the judgment turns on the particular evidence excluded or admitted.” Interstate

Northborough P’ship, 66 S.W.3d at 220.

                                         10
      2.    Analysis

            (a) Authentication

      Wawarosky objected that FAST’s Employee Handbook had not been

properly authenticated. In her affidavit, which FAST offered in support of its

motion, Patti Saurage, 2 a human resources manager, averred:

      I am an authorized custodian of records for FAST. I have personal
      knowledge of the fact that the [Employee Handbook] attached to
      FAST’s Motion for Summary Judgment [is] from records kept by
      FAST in the regular course of business, and it was the regular course
      of business of FAST for an employee or representative of FAST, with
      knowledge of the act, event, condition, opinion, or diagnosis recorded
      to make the records or to transmit information thereof to be included
      in such records; and the records were made at or near the time or
      reasonably soon thereafter. The records attached to FAST’s Motion
      for Summary Judgment as Exhibits B [Employee Handbook] and K-1
      are true and correct copies of the originals.

This was sufficient to authenticate the handbook. See TEX. R. EVID. 902(10)

(business records are self-authenticated if accompanied by the custodian of

record’s affidavit meeting Rule 902(10)(b)’s requirements—that person is

custodian of record, record kept in regular course of business, record made at time,

and record is original or exact duplicate); H20 Solutions, Ltd. v. PM Realty Grp,

LP, 438 S.W.3d 606, 622–23 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.).

2
      Joy Cook, the Human Resources Manager of FAST at the time Wawarosky was
      terminated, resigned from FAST before FAST moved for summary judgment.
      Patti Saurage was the Human Resources Manager at the time FAST moved for
      summary judgment.

                                        11
      Wawarosky also objected that two transcripts of TWC hearings were not

properly authenticated. But the copies of the transcripts are authenticated and

certified by the reporter who transcribed the hearing. See TEX. R. EVID. 902(4) (a

copy of a public record is self-authenticating when “certified as correct by the

custodian or other person authorized to make the certification”).

      Wawarosky next objected that TWC’s “Appeal Tribunal Decision” was not

properly authenticated. Rule of Evidence 902 provides for self-authentication of

domestic public documents under seal.          TEX. R. EVID. 902(1) (“A document

bearing a seal purporting to be that of . . . any State, . . . or of a . . . department,

officer, or agency thereof, and a signature purporting to be an attestation or

execution” is self-authenticating). The Decision was self-authenticated because it

bore the TWC seal and the hearing officer’s signature. See id.

      Wawarosky next contends that the TWC documents denying Wawarosky’s

claim and appeal, the EEOC charge, and the EEOC’s Dismissal and Notice of

Rights were not properly authenticated. Even if Wawarosky is correct, we will not

reverse for an erroneous evidentiary ruling unless the error probably caused the

rendition of an improper judgment.          See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1; Interstate

Northborough P’ship, 66 S.W.3d at 220. An error in the admission of evidence

does not meet this standard where other uncontroverted evidence proves the same

facts sought to be proved by the unauthenticated evidence.              See Interstate

                                          12
Northborough P’ship, 66 S.W.3d at 220 (error in admitting evidence is generally

harmless if contested evidence is merely cumulative of properly admitted

evidence); Fairmont Supply Co. v. Hooks Indus., Inc., 177 S.W.3d 529, 532 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied) (same).

      Here, Wawarosky’s deposition testimony reflects that Wawarosky

acknowledged that the four documents were what they purported to be.

Specifically, Wawarosky acknowledged during his deposition that (1) the TWC

documents reflected that the TWC denied his unemployment benefits claim and

appeal, (2) the EEOC charge reflected that he filed the charge based solely on race,

and (3) the EEOC’s Dismissal and Notice of Rights document reflected that the

EEOC issued a Dismissal and Notice of Rights stating that the EEOC was unable

to conclude that the information contained in his charge established any violations.

We thus conclude that these four challenged documents were cumulative of

Wawarosky’s deposition testimony. Accordingly, any error in admitting them was

harmless. See Miller v. Raytheon Aircraft Co., 229 S.W.3d 358, 366 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.) (admitting appellee’s affidavit was harmless

because other summary-judgment evidence included same information); Fairmont

Supply Co., 177 S.W.3d at 532 (any error in admitting evidence was harmless

because it was cumulative).

                                        13
            (b) Hearsay

      Wawarosky also objected that the two TWC hearing transcripts, the “Appeal

Tribunal Decision,” denying his claim and appeal, and the EEOC charge and

Dismissal and Notice of Rights constitute inadmissible hearsay.

      The public records exception to the hearsay rule provides, in relevant part,

that “[r]ecords, reports, statements or data compilations, in any form, of public

offices or agencies setting forth the activities of the office or agency” are not

excluded by the hearsay rule “unless the sources of information or other

circumstances indicate lack of trustworthiness.” TEX. R. EVID. 803(8).

      We conclude the TWC hearing transcripts, TWC “Appeal Tribunal

Decision,” TWC document denying Wawarosky’s claim and appeal, EEOC

charge, and the EEOC’s Dismissal and Notice of Rights are admissible because

they fit within this exception. Each of the seven documents is a record “setting

forth the activities of the office or agency”—in this case, the TWC and EEOC.

And nothing about them indicates a lack of trustworthiness. See 1001 McKinney

Ltd. v. Credit Suisse First Boston Mortg. Capital, 192 S.W.3d 20, 28 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. denied) (“Rule 803(8) creates a presumption of

admissibility, with the burden being placed on the party opposing the admission of

the report to show its untrustworthiness.”). Accordingly, these seven documents

are admissible under the public records exception to the hearsay rule. See TEX. R.

                                        14
EVID. 803(8); 1001 McKinney Ltd., 192 S.W.3d at 27–28 (holding certified letter

from Department of Housing and Urban Development admissible as public record

exception under Rule 803(8) because it was a report “setting forth the activities of

the office or agency” and did not indicate lack of trustworthiness).

      We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in overruling

Wawarosky’s objections to FAST’s summary-judgment evidence.

D.    Summary Judgment

      “We review a trial court’s summary judgment de novo.” Travelers Ins. Co.

v. Joachim, 315 S.W.3d 860, 862 (Tex. 2010). “We review the evidence presented

in the motion and response in the light most favorable to the party against whom

the summary judgment was rendered, crediting evidence favorable to that party if

reasonable jurors could, and disregarding contrary evidence unless reasonable

jurors could not.” Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289
S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex. 2009). When a party has filed both a traditional and a

proper no-evidence summary-judgment motion, we typically first review the trial

court’s summary judgment under the no-evidence standard of Texas Rule of Civil

Procedure 166a(i). Essex Crane Rental Corp. v. Carter, 371 S.W.3d 366, 375

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, pet. denied) (citing Ford Motor Co. v.

Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 600 (Tex. 2004)).

                                         15
      “To prevail on a no-evidence motion for summary judgment, the movant

must establish that there is no evidence to support an essential element of the non-

movant’s claim on which the nonmovant would have the burden of proof at trial.”

Id. (citing TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i); Hahn v. Love, 321 S.W.3d 517, 523–24 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied)). “The burden then shifts to the

nonmovant to present evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact as to each

of the elements specified in the motion.” Id.; see also Hahn, 321 S.W.3d at 526.

“‘The trial court must grant the motion unless the nonmovant produces more than a

scintilla of evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact on the challenged

elements.’” Essex Crane Rental, 371 S.W.3d at 376 (quoting Flameout Design &

Fabrication, Inc. v. Pennzoil Caspian Corp., 994 S.W.2d 830, 834 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.)).

      1.     Age discrimination

      In its summary-judgment motion, and on appeal, FAST argues that

Wawarosky failed to exhaust his administrative remedies with regard to his age

discrimination claim because he did not file a complaint of age discrimination with

the EEOC. Wawarosky contends that summary judgment was not proper on his

age discrimination claim because it grew out of his claim of race discrimination.

                                         16
            (a) Applicable Law

      “To bring a suit for unlawful employment practices, a plaintiff must first

have filed an administrative complaint with the EEOC or the TCHR ‘not later than

the 180th day after the date the alleged unlawful employment practice occurred.’”

Univ. of Texas v. Poindexter, 306 S.W.3d 798, 807 (Tex. App.—Austin 2009, no

pet.) (citing TEX. LAB. CODE ANN. § 21.202(a) (West 2008)). When filing suit, a

plaintiff “may raise only the specific issue made in the employee’s administrative

complaint and ‘any kind of discrimination like or related to the charge’s

allegations.’” Elgaghil v. Tarrant Cnty. Junior Coll., 45 S.W.3d 133, 141 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied) (quoting Fine v. GAF Chem. Corp., 995 F.2d
576, 578 (5th Cir. 1993)).

      Because a plaintiff claiming employment discrimination is not required to

“check a certain box or recite a specific incantation to exhaust his or her

administrative remedies before the proper agency,” “the plaintiff’s administrative

charge will be read somewhat broadly, in a fact-specific inquiry into what EEOC

investigations it can reasonably be expected to trigger.” Pacheco v. Mineta, 448
F.3d 783, 792 (5th Cir. 2006). Therefore, claims are limited to those claims that

“could reasonably be expected to grow out of the initial charges of discrimination.”

See Estate of Martineau v. ARCO Chemical Co., 203 F.3d 904, 913 (5th Cir.

2000).

                                        17
             (b) Analysis

      Wawarosky’s EEOC charge mentions only race and does not include any

claim of age discrimination. As summary-judgment evidence, FAST offered a

transcript of Wawarosky’s deposition in which he admitted that nothing in the

EEOC charge indicated that he claimed discrimination based on age. Although a

plaintiff is entitled to bring claims that could reasonably be expected to grow out of

his underlying charge of discrimination, the claim is barred if it was a specific form

of discrimination that was not alleged in the underlying charge of discrimination

with the EEOC. See Kretchmer v. Eveden, Inc., 374 Fed. App’x 493, 495 (5th Cir.

2010) (unpublished) (per curiam) (holding appellant had not exhausted his sex

discrimination claim and trial court did not err in dismissing it because appellant’s

EEOC charge contained only factual allegations of claims of religious and age

discrimination). Accordingly, Wawarosky’s age discrimination claim is barred and

the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment on this claim. See id.; ATI

Enters., Inc. v. Din, 413 S.W.3d 247, 253–54 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.)

(appellant failed to exhaust administrative remedies with respect to retaliation

claim where charge contained only allegation of discrimination based on national

origin, despite evidence that appellant orally told EEOC representative about

retaliation claim); Dworschak v. Transocean Offshore Deepwater Drilling, Inc.,

352 S.W.3d 191, 200 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, no pet.) (affirming

                                         18
summary judgment on age-discrimination claim where appellant attached no

evidence in his response to summary-judgment motions to raise fact issue on

question of exhaustion of remedies).

      2.       Race discrimination

               (a) Applicable Law

      The TCHRA prohibits an employer from discharging an individual on the

basis of race. TEX. LAB. CODE ANN. § 21.051 (West 2008). Because one of the

purposes of the TCHRA is to execute the policies of Title VII, in appropriate cases,

Texas courts are guided by analogous federal statutes and cases interpreting them

in applying the TCHRA. See Prairie View A & M Univ. v. Chatha, 381 S.W.3d
500, 507 (Tex. 2012); Quantum Chem. Corp. v. Toennies, 47 S.W.3d 473, 476

(Tex. 2001).

      In analyzing cases brought under the TCHRA without direct evidence of

discriminatory intent, we follow the burden shifting analysis set forth in

McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802, 93 S. Ct. 1817, 1824

(1973); Mission Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Garcia, 372 S.W.3d 629, 634 (Tex.

2012); Russo v. Smith Int’l, 93 S.W.3d 428, 434 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2002, pet. denied). The plaintiff is first required to present a prima facie case of

discrimination. Garcia, 372 S.W.3d at 634; Russo, 93 S.W.3d at 434; Gold v.

Exxon Corp., 960 S.W.2d 378, 381 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, no

                                        19
pet.).    If the plaintiff does so, the burden shifts to the defendant to produce

evidence showing a “‘legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason’ for the adverse

employment actions.” Gold, 960 S.W.2d at 381 (quoting St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v.

Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 507, 113 S. Ct. 2742, 2747 (1993)).         If the defendant

succeeds in carrying its burden, the plaintiff must then prove, by a preponderance

of the evidence, that the defendant’s reasons are merely a pretext for

discrimination. Russo, 93 S.W.3d at 434 (citing Tex. Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v.

Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 252–53, 101 S. Ct. 1089, 1093 (1981)).

              (b) Analysis

         We assume, without deciding, that Wawarosky made a prima facie case of

race discrimination and shifted to FAST the burden of offering a legitimate, non-

discriminatory reason for terminating Wawarosky. FAST adduced the following

summary-judgment evidence to meet this burden:

   (1) FAST’s handbook providing for immediate termination if an employee
       violated policies prohibiting (1) “possession of firearms, weapons,
       explosives, or incendiary or other destructive devices on company property”
       or (2) “intimidating, coercive, violent, abusive, or hostile behavior.”

   (2) Wicmandy’s and DeLeon’s TWC hearing testimony that Wawarosky took
       the bullet out of his pocket in front of them and said that the bullet had
       Wicmandy’s name on it.

   (3) Barnett’s TWC hearing testimony that Wawarosky took the bullet out of his
       pocket and said the bullet had DeLeon’s name on it.

                                        20
   (4) Barnett’s and Cook’s TWC hearing testimony to the effect that Barnett
       reported the incident to Cook.

   (5) Cook’s TWC hearing testimony that she decided to and did terminate
       Wawarosky for violating FAST’s policies prohibiting possession of
       firearms, weapons, explosives, incendiary, or other destructive devices at
       FAST and prohibiting intimidating behavior.

   (6) Wawarosky’s Termination Form stating that Wawarosky was terminated
       because he “made threats towards employees.”

      Thus, FAST adduced summary-judgment evidence of a legitimate non-

discriminatory reason for terminating Wawarosky: Barnett told Cook that

Wawarosky displayed a bullet and said that it had DeLeon’s name on it, and Cook

determined that this violated FAST’s policies and called for immediate

termination.

      In response, Wawarosky offered his own affidavit in which he disputed

some details of Barnett’s account of the incident.      For example, Wawarosky

averred that when the bullet came up in the afternoon—for the second time that

day—he did not take the bullet out of his pocket in front of Barnett and he did not

say it had DeLeon’s name on it. But Wawarosky conceded that he took the bullet

out of his pocket while talking with Wicmandy and DeLeon and that he told

Wicmandy, albeit jokingly, that the bullet had Wicmandy’s name on it.

Wawarosky also attempts to raise a fact issue by averring that Wicmandy did not

actually feel threatened, and by pointing out that FAST “failed to produce any

                                        21
evidence that a ‘bullet’ by itself constitutes a firearm, weapon, explosive,

incendiary or other destructive device.”

      But, “[i]n cases in which an employer discharges an employee based on the

complaint of another employee, the issue is not the truth or falsity of the allegation,

but ‘whether the employer reasonably believed the employee’s allegation and acted

on it in good faith.’” Jackson v. Cal-Western Packaging Corp., 602 F.3d 374, 379

(5th Cir. 2010) (quoting Waggoner v. City of Garland, 987 F.2d 1160, 1165 (5th

Cir. 1993)). Here, the evidence showed that Cook had a reasonable belief, based

on Barnett’s report, that Wawarosky violated FAST’s policies. Wawarosky has

presented no evidence to raise a fact issue as to Cook’s good faith belief or her

reliance on it in deciding to terminate Wawarosky. See id. (no fact issue where

appellant presented no evidence “as to why the company’s reliance on the evidence

against him was in bad faith”). Wawarosky’s proof that he did not also take the

bullet out of his pocket in front of Barnett in the afternoon, did not also tell

DeLeon that it had his name on it, and that Wicmandy did not feel threatened fails

to raise a fact issue as to Cook’s good faith belief in and reliance on Barnett’s

report. See id. (appellant’s “assertion of innocence alone does not create a factual

issue as to the falsity of [the employer’s] proffered reason for terminating him”).

Similarly, Wawarosky’s assertion that FAST’s policy prohibiting possession of

“firearms, weapons, explosives, or incendiary or other destructive devices” did not

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prohibit possession of bullets fails to raise a fact issue regarding Cook’s belief that

Wawarosky violated the policy. Accordingly, we conclude that Wawarosky failed

to raise a fact issue as to whether FAST met its burden to demonstrate that it had a

legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for terminating him.

      Wawarosky also argues that even if FAST met its burden, summary

judgment was improper because Wawarosky met his burden to adduce evidence

that FAST’s articulated reasons for termination were pretextual.            To avoid

summary judgment, Wawarosky had to provide more than a scintilla of evidence

that the true reason FAST fired him was racial discrimination. See Chandler v.

CSC Applied Technologies, LLC, 376 S.W.3d 802, 814 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2012, pet. denied) (“A plaintiff can avoid summary judgment if the

evidence, taken as a whole, creates a fact issue ‘as to whether each of the

employer’s stated reasons was not what actually motivated the employer and

creates a reasonable inference that [race] was a determinative factor in the actions

the plaintiff is now complaining about.’”); Elgaghil, 45 S.W.3d at 140 (to raise fact

issue on pretext element of race-discrimination claim, nonmovant must present

evidence “indicating that the non-discriminatory reason given by the employer is

false or not credible, and that the real reason for the employment action was

unlawful discrimination.”).

                                          23
      In an effort to raise a fact issue on pretext, Wawarosky adduced evidence

demonstrating that a Hispanic coworker, Chavez, violated FAST’s policies, but

was terminated only after receiving numerous write-ups and suspensions and after

a thorough investigation was completed. The evidence showed that Chavez was

terminated for a “safety violation” after running a scissor lift into Wawarosky

while cursing at Wawarosky. By contrast, Wawarosky points out that he was

terminated immediately after only one policy violation, with no investigation, and

despite his glowing employment record.

      We note that Title VII is not intended to protect against “unfair business

decisions,” but against discriminatory decisions. Nieto v. L&H Packing Co., 108
F.3d 621, 624 (5th Cir. 1997) (citation omitted). And, only “ultimate employment

decisions,” such as hiring, granting leave, discharging, promoting, and

compensation, qualify as adverse employment actions for a disparate treatment

action based on race. Washington v. Veneman, 109 Fed. App’x 685, 689 (5th Cir.

2004). Many actions taken by an employer, though unfavorable to an employee,

do not constitute a basis for discrimination because they do not qualify as an

ultimate employment decision. See Messer v. Meno, 130 F.3d 130, 140 (5th Cir.

1997) (close monitoring of employee’s conversations, criticism of an employee’s

work and conduct, downsizing employee’s staff as part of agency-wide reduction,

and refusing to consider employee’s input in business decisions do not constitute

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ultimate employment decisions); King v. Louisiana, 294 Fed. App’x 77, 85–86 (5th

Cir. 2008) (citing Burlington Northern v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 68, 126 S. Ct. 2405,

2415 (2006)), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 2053 (2009) (“Even taken in a light most

favorable to [plaintiff], allegations of unpleasant work meetings, verbal

reprimands, improper work requests, and unfair treatment do not constitute

actionable adverse employment actions as discrimination or retaliation.”).

Similarly, Title VII does not cover “every decision made by employers that

arguably might have some tangential effect upon those ultimate decisions.” Banks

v. E. Baton Rouge Parish Sch. Bd., 320 F.3d 570, 575 (5th Cir. 2003). And

allegations of unfair treatment do not constitute actionable adverse employment

actions. King, 294 Fed. App’x at 85 (citing Breaux v. City of Garland, 205 F.3d
150, 158 (5th Cir. 2000)).

      Because Wawarosky was an at-will employee, FAST was not required to

conduct an investigation regarding his violation of policy before terminating him.

See Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Canchola, 121 S.W.3d 735, 740 (Tex. 2003) (holding

that an at-will employer need not conduct investigation before terminating

employee and employer may terminate for any reason, as long as it was not illegal,

or no reason at all). Although the evidence shows that Chavez’s policy violations

were investigated before termination, while Wawarosky’s were not, unfair

treatment regarding an investigation does not constitute a basis for discrimination

                                        25
because it is not an ultimate employment decision. See King, 294 Fed. App’x at

85. Therefore, Wawarosky failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact by

contending that he, unlike Chavez, did not have the benefit of an investigation. See

Canchola, 121 S.W.3d at 740 (“[I]t is not sufficient for [the employee] to present

evidence that the [employer’s] investigation was imperfect, incomplete, or arrived

at a possibly incorrect conclusion”).

      In sum, we hold that Wawarosky’s evidence fails to raise a fact issue

regarding pretext. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in granting

FAST’s motion for summary judgment.

                                    Conclusion

      We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                          Rebeca Huddle
                                                          Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Massengale and Huddle.

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