Court Opinion

ID: 9759479
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-29 00:18:00.82287+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:06:18.900974
License: Public Domain

The opinion of the court was delivered by
Sullivan, J.
Defendant was convicted of entry without breaking with intent to rob, assault with intent to kill and armed robbery. He was sentenced, in the aggregate, to a minimum term of thirty and one-half years and a maximum of thirty-seven years, to be served in State Prison. On appeal, the Appellate Division, in an unpublished opinion, reversed his conviction on the ground that certain discovery granted the State pursuant to R. 3 :13-3(b) (4) was contrary to our recent holding in State v. Mingo, 77 N. J. 576 (1978). The discovery related to information received and photographs used in an interview which defense counsel and his investigator had with the victim during which she identified a photograph oif defendant.
The Appellate Division ruled that the discovery rule did not extend to such material in defense counsel’s file which the defense did not intend to use at trial. Otherwise, the Appellate Division said, it would intrude upon the defendant’s right to have the effective assistance of counsel. Certification was granted, 79 N. J. 485 (1979), to review this question. We affirm.
*476The criminal episode involved the March 22, 1976 armed robbery of an Army-Navy store in Elizabeth. The victim was alone in the store when a young man entered, displayed a knife and, after robbing the victim, stabbed her several times as she knelt on the floor praying. Defendant was arrested about two months later and charged with the crime.
Defense counsel and his investigator, in their preparation of the case, interviewed the victim on two occasions and showed her several photographs. On May 25, 1976, the first occasion, when shown a photograph of someone other than defendant, she said that he had “the features of the man who could have done it” but did not identify him as her attacker. However, on June 17, 1976, when defense counsel showed her three other photographs, she selected defendant’s as that of her assailant.
Prior to trial the State moved for reciprocal discovery of the photographs shown the victim and the memoranda made of such interviews. Defense counsel objected on the ground that he did not intend to use this material at trial. However, the trial court granted the motion. A defense motion for leave to appeal was denied.
After receiving the material, the State served notice on defense counsel and his investigator that they were being subpoenaed to testify as State’s witnesses at defendant’s trial. On a motion to quash the subpoenaes, the trial court ruled that under the circumstances the issue did not involve the attorney-client privilege and that if the facts could not otherwise be adequately conveyed to the jury, he would allow defense counsel and the investigator to be called as State’s witnesses. His objection having been noted, defense counsel, in order to avoid having to testify, then entered into a stipulation as to the facts of his June 17 interview with the victim and the photographs shown to her.
At trial, the State, in addition to having the victim identify defendant in court, also brought out her identification of a photograph of defendant shown her by defense counsel at *477the June 17, 1976 interview he had with her.1 The State also entered on the record defense counsel’s stipulation as to the June 17 interview and placed into evidence the photographs displayed at that time. The prosecutor, in summation, repeatedly emphasized not only this out-of-court identification but also the fact that it was obtained by defendant’s own attorney, saying:
Mrs. Santullo was shown photographs many times and was unable to make an identification. When she did finally identify the defendant — and she did identify the defendant — but it wasn’t the police that showed her the picture. Mr, Waldman, the defense attorney, showed her the picture which she identified on June 17 as the defendant Samuel Williams. You think Mr. Waldman wanted her to identify that picture?
* * * * * * *
That wasn’t police work, that was Mr. Waldman’s work when she identified the picture of Samuel Williams.
After the jury had retired to deliberate, it submitted a question to the court, answered by stipulation of the parties, regarding which photographs the defense had shown the victim and the dates they were shown. A verdict of guilty was returned thereafter.
We conclude that the trial court, in extending the criminal reciprocal discovery provisions of B. 3 :13-3 to inculpatory material which defense counsel had in his file, trespassed on defendant’s right to effective assistance of counsel. The material was obtained during defense counsel’s preparation for trial and, since it was inculpatory, counsel obviously did not intend to use it at trial.
*478The reciprocal discovery provision in B. 3:13 — 3 is sound. Its thrust is that the State is entitled to know in advance what evidence a defendant intends to use at trial so that it may have a fair opportunity to investigate the veracity of such proof. To that end, as set forth in paragraph (b) of the rule, the State is entitled to discovery of the following which are within the possession, custody or control of defense counsel:
(1) results or reports of physical or mental examinations and of scientific tests or experiments made in connection with the matter or copies thereof, * * *;
(2) any relevant books, papers, documents or tangible objects, * * * ;
(3) the names and addresses of those persons known to defendant whom he may call as witnesses at trial and their written statements, if any, including memoranda reporting or summarizing their oral statements;
(4) written statements, if any, including any memoranda reporting or summarizing the oral statements, made by any witnesses whom the State may call as a witness at trial.
[R. 3 :13-3(b) ]
It is this last category which the State contends entitles it to the material here at issue. We conclude that the State reads this sub-paragraph too literally. The purpose of sub-paragraph (4) is to avoid having the State confronted at trial for the first time with written statements or summaries of oral statements of its own witnesses which may be used to attack the veracity of the witnesses* courtroom testimony. Discovery of such statements, or summaries, which defendant intends to use at trial, is entirely proper.
 However, this sub-paragraph does not give the State access to statements or summaries of statements made by its witnesses to defense counsel during defense preparation for trial if defense counsel does not intend to use them at trial. To hold otherwise would infringe on a defendant’s constitutional right to the effective assistance of counsel because of the chilling effect it would have on defense investigation. Defense counsel would be hesitant to make an in-depth in*479vestigation of the ease for fear that inculpatory material would be disclosed which might have to be turned over to the State. Once counsel has determined not to use such statements of a State’s witness at trial, the material is entitled to the protection -of paragraph (c) of B. 3:13-8. That paragraph specifically protects certain items from discovery:
(c) Documents Not Subject to. Discovery. This rule does not require discovery of a party’s work product consisting of internal reports, memoranda or documents made by that party or Ms attorney or agents, in connection with the investigation, prosecution or defense of the matter nor does it require discovery by the State of records or statements, signed or unsigned, of defendant made to defendant’s attorney or agents.
The investigative course selected by an attorney in order to prepare a proper defense for his client frequently entails a high order of discretion. This often calls for more than simple fact gathering. Evidential materials obtained in the exercise of this professional responsibility are so interwoven with the professional judgments relating to a client’s case, strategy and tactics that they may be said to share the characteristics of an attorney’s “work product.” Blanket discovery of the fruits of this kind of legal creativity and preparation may impact directly upon the freedom and initiative which a lawyer must have in order to fully represent his client. State v. Mingo, supra. Curtailment or inhibition of this attorney function by discovery, not otherwise justified to avoid trial surprise, would permit the State to undermine the effectiveness of an attorney in serving his client.
 It is abhorrent to our concept of criminal justice to compel a defendant, under the guise of reciprocal discovery, to disclose to the State inculpatory evidence uncovered by defense counsel during his preparation for trial and then allow the State to use that evidence as part of its ease in chief. That is exactly what happened in this case. Identification of defendant by the victim was critical to the State’s case. The victim had not made any photographic or *480other out-of-court identification of defendant to the police. Her sole identification was in court some ten and one-half months after the crime had been committed. The State, in order to bolster the witness’s identification, had her testify that she had selected a picture of defendant out of several photographs shown her by defense counsel. While this testimony by the victim was proper, the State then put on the record the stipulation by defense counsel as to the facts of his interview with the victim. The State also had marked into evidence the photographs in question used by defense counsel at the time.
The importance of this identification is obvious. The prosecutor, in summation, emphasized that it had been made to defense counsel and not to the police. The one question which the jury asked after it retired to deliberate concerned the photographs shown the victim by defense counsel. Under the circumstances, the compelled discovery and the use to which it was put cannot be said to have been harmless error.
Our recent decision in State v. Mingo, supra, supports the conclusion we reach herein. Mingo involved an inculpatory report by a handwriting expert retained by the defense. Although defendant obviously did not intend to use the expert at trial, the State compelled disclosure of the report under B. 3:13-3 (b)(1) and then called the expert as a State’s witness.
In Mingo we ruled that B. 3:13-3,(b) (1) did not require discovery of an expert’s report which the- defense did not intend to use at trial and that to hold otherwise would subvert a defendant’s constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel. In so ruling we referred to a defense attorney’s right to seek out expert evidence in aid of the defense without risking its disclosure to the State if for any reason the expert’s opinion turns out to be unfavorable.
Our holding in Mingo, however, was limited “to reports of opinions of expert witnesses” 77 N. J. at 585. As to discovery of defense material “of any other nature” we referred to United States v. Nobles, 422 U. S. 225, 95 *481S. Ct. 2160, 45 L. Ed. 2d 141 (1975) and State v. Montague, 55 N. J. 387 (1970). 77 N. J. at 585. The rationale of both of those eases fully supports our decision extending the holding in Mingo to the facts of this case.
In State v. Montague, supra, this Court stated that our discovery rules must be interpreted to permit the State “to inspect the prior statement of a witness who has testified for the defense!’ 55 N. J. at 400-401 (emphasis added). We also recognized that the trend toward “broader mutual discovery” is restricted by constitutional limits. Id. at 401. We believe, as indicated above, that those limits were exceeded by the discovery permitted in this case.
United States v. Nobles, supra, is also persuasive authority for our holding.2 In that case, defense counsel intended to call his investigator as a witness for the purpose of impeaching several prosecution witnesses, yet resisted discovery of the investigator’s memoranda of interviews with those witnesses. 422 U. S. at 231-232, 95 S. Ct. at 2166-2167, 45 L. Ed. 2d at 150. The court held that the defense had no right to withhold relevant portions of the investigator’s reports since, by calling him as a witness, defense counsel had waived any privilege not to disclose the material which might otherwise have been available. Id. at 236-240 & n.15, 95 S. Ct. at 2169-2171 & n. 15, 45 L. Ed. 2d at 152-154. It was implicit in the court’s analysis that the material would not have been discoverable had defense counsel elected not to call the investigator as a witness or utilize his reports in any way at trial. See id. This is precisely the position which we endorse today.
Prosecuting attorneys should not fear that our decision today may prompt defense attorneys to delay decisions as to whether or not to utilize statements of a State’s witness until the trial has commenced, thus giving the defendant *482an unfair advantage. Such “mid-stream” decisions can be met by reference to B. 3:13-3(f) which gives the trial court ample authority to remedy situations in which there has been a failure to disclose material which is, or which becomes, discoverable. Such remedies include prohibiting the use of the material at trial.
In summary, we hold that B. 3:13-3 (b) ,(4) applies to written statements or memoranda reporting or summarizing the oral statements made by any witness whom the State may call as a witness at trial only in a situation where the defense intends to use the statement or memoranda at trial.
Affirmed.

The State also introduced into evidence a written statement signed by defendant admitting.to the crime. Defendant disputed the voluntariness of the statement on the ground he had been promised a dose of methadone if he confessed to the robbery and stabbing. Following a voir dire hearing the trial court ruled the statement to he admissible.

As no constitutional principle on the issue presented herein was enunciated in the case it is not controlling.