Court Opinion

ID: 4655122
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-01-27 21:14:49.987824+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:59:09.305047
License: Public Domain

01/27/2021
                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT JACKSON
                               November 17, 2020 Session

                    TINA VAUGHN v. DMC-MEMPHIS, LLC

                   Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County
                     No. CT-004360-17 Valerie L Smith, Judge
                      ___________________________________

                            No. W2019-00886-COA-R3-CV
                        ___________________________________

Plaintiff filed a claim in general sessions court for injuries she allegedly received when she
fell in standing water on the defendant’s premises. Judgment was rendered in favor of the
defendant, and the plaintiff appealed to circuit court. The defendant then filed a motion for
summary judgment arguing that it owed no duty to the plaintiff and that she was at least
50% at fault for her injuries. In support, the defendant relied on plaintiff’s testimony from
the trial in general sessions court. The circuit court granted the motion for summary
judgment, and plaintiff again appealed. We vacate the judgment of the trial court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Vacated and
                                   Remanded

J. STEVEN STAFFORD, P.J., W.S., delivered the opinion of the court, in which FRANK G.
CLEMENT, JR., P.J., M.S., and CARMA DENNIS MCGEE, J., joined.

Tina Vaughn, Memphis Tennessee, Pro se.

Julia M. Kavanagh and Kyler S. Garmen, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellee, DMC-
Memphis, LLC.

                                         OPINION

                          FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       Plaintiff/Appellant Tina Vaughn filed this action in Shelby County General Sessions
Court (“the general session court”) alleging that Defendant/Appellee DMC-Memphis, LLC
(“DMC”) “failed to warn and timely clean a wet and slippery floor in the lobby and
restroom” of DMC’s building housing the Delta Medical Center. A trial was held on
October 4, 2017. Ms. Vaughn was represented by counsel and was the only witness. Ms.
Vaughn testified that she was injured when she attempted to use a restroom of the medical
center. Following redirect, the general sessions court judge questioned Ms. Vaughn about
the sequence of events leading to the fall, without objection. Judgment was thereafter
rendered for DMC. Ms. Vaughn timely appealed to Shelby County Circuit Court (“the trial
court”).

       On December 12, 2018, DMC filed a motion for summary judgment and
memorandum, arguing that Ms. Vaughn could not establish the element of duty because
Ms. Vaughn had actual notice of the wet floor before she attempted to traverse it or, in the
alternative, that Ms. Vaughn’s fault was equal to or greater than any fault on the part of
DMC. In support of the motion, DMC filed a statement of undisputed material facts that
relied heavily on Ms. Vaughn’s testimony in the general sessions trial. In particular, DMC
submitted the following facts as undisputed:

       4. At trial, Ms. Vaughn testified that she was at Delta Medical Center on
       December 21, 2015, to attend two medical appointments.
       5. Upon arriving at Delta Medical Center, Ms. Vaughn first visited a restroom
       on the first floor.
       6. Ms. Vaughn testified that, when she opened the door and entered the
       restroom, she immediately saw that “[t]here was a lot of water” and that the
       restroom “was pretty much almost flooded.”
       7. Ms. Vaughn repeatedly confirmed that she saw the water as soon as she
       entered the restroom.
       8. After seeing the water, Ms. Vaughn proceeded to walk into the restroom
       where she then “slipped and fell.”
       9. After falling, Ms. Vaughn got up and walked into the restroom again and
       walked further into a restroom stall.
       10. Ms. Vaughn was familiar with Delta Medical Center and was aware that
       another restroom was located down the hallway on the same floor that she
       could have used instead.

(Record citations omitted). Each fact was supported with a citation to Ms. Vaughn’s own
trial testimony from general sessions court, which was attached as an exhibit to the
statement.

       On January 2, 2019, Ms. Vaughn, now acting pro se, responded in opposition to
DMC’s motion. Therein, Ms. Vaughn asserted that additional discovery was necessary
before she could respond to the motion for summary judgment. In particular, Ms. Vaughn
asserted that she needed time to subpoena various records and staff from DMC that would
show the length of time that the allegedly dangerous condition had existed, as well as
doctors and therapists who had been involved in her treatment. Ms. Vaughn therefore asked
for a continuance of the summary judgment hearing. Ms. Vaughn’s response did not
                                           -2-
address the substantive merits of DMC’s motion.

       DMC responded in opposition to Ms. Vaughn’s request for a continuance on March
5, 2019. Therein, DMC argued that the discovery requested by Ms. Vaughn was irrelevant
to its argument that Ms. Vaughn had actual notice of the wet floor, Ms. Vaughn had
previously agreed that she would seek no further continuances beyond one that had been
agreed to, and Ms. Vaughn was given ample time to respond to the motion for summary
judgment.

        On March 8, 2019, Ms. Vaughn filed a response and a memorandum of law in
opposition to DMC’s motion. Therein, Ms. Vaughn argued that there were genuine disputes
of material fact that made summary judgment inappropriate. Specifically, Ms. Vaughn
cited to photographs attached to her memorandum that she asserted showed that wet floor
signs were not being properly used to notify Ms. Vaughn of the dangerous condition, while
such signs were being used to warn of a dangerous condition in another location of the
building used only by maintenance workers. According to Ms. Vaughn, “[s]urely,
something so small and so very easily placed, such as A WARNING/CAUTION/WET
FLOOR SIGN, most certainly could have and would have saved Plaintiff from years of
pain, suffering, expense and emotional anguish.” Ms. Vaughn further alleged that she could
not wait to find another restroom and that she was not responsible for her injuries.
Moreover, Ms. Vaughn argued that DMC improperly destroyed evidence concerning
maintenance on the building related to her fall.

        Ms. Vaughn did not assert in this response that a continuance was necessary in order
to obtain additional discovery. Ms. Vaughn did, however, file a response to DMC’s
statement of undisputed material facts, in which she disputed facts six through ten, with
citations to her trial testimony. Ms. Vaughn did not provide any detail as to specifically
what she disputed as to each fact, but simply noted that the facts were disputed. Ms. Vaughn
attached to her filing photographs of the area, her prehospital care report, a report from an
outpatient radiology clinic, records from an orthopedic doctor, a patient questionnaire from
an imaging center, a physical therapy report, and correspondence with DMC’s attorneys.1

       On March 20, 2019, the trial court entered an order setting the motion for summary
judgment for hearing on April 5, 2019. The order noted that no further continuances would
be granted.

       On March 29, 2019, Ms. Vaughn filed a motion “to supplement [the] summary
judgment record.” Therein, Ms. Vaughn asserted that supplementation should be allowed
for “newly discovered evidence or information” or materials that “were not known to

        1
          One such letter concerned an included subpoena related to maintenance records of the building.
DMC’s attorneys stated in the letter than their client performed a search of its records but that the search
revealed that “such records are no longer available with respect to the time period you specified.”
                                                   -3-
exist.” Ms. Vaughn therefore asked “to admit” four additional photographs, as well as a
cell phone to indicate the date and time the photos were taken. Ms. Vaughn further asserted
that she was awaiting additional records that would provide evidence of her fall, contrary
to DMC’s line of questioning in the general sessions trial that she did not report the fall to
the proper medical providers. Finally, Ms. Vaughn produced records which she asserted
demonstrated that she was treated for the injuries she claimed to have suffered in this
lawsuit. Ms. Vaughn attached several documents to this filing, some of which had
previously been submitted.

       On April 3, 2019, DMC filed a reply to Ms. Vaughn’s response in opposition to
summary judgment. Therein, DMC again asserted that the multitude of documents and
photographs presented by Ms. Vaughn were both irrelevant and insufficient to defeat their
motion for summary judgment. Rather, DMC argued that Ms. Vaughn’s trial testimony
demonstrated that she “had clearly seen the standing water on the restroom floor and
appreciated the condition before deciding to proceed into the restroom[.]” According to
DMC, Ms. Vaughn failed in any way to negate this proof. DMC therefore argued that this
evidence meant that Ms. Vaughn could not establish the essential element of duty and that
her claim should be dismissed.

       The trial court heard DMC’s motion as scheduled on April 5, 2019. The trial court
later entered a written order on April 23, 2019. Therein, the trial court ruled that Ms.
Vaughn could not show the essential element of duty and, in the alternative, that she was
as least 50% at fault for her injuries. Ms. Vaughn thereafter appealed. Disputes continued
in the trial court over the preparation of the record, with the trial court granting DMC’s
objection to Ms. Vaughn’s statement of the evidence. This order designated certain
documents that would be included in the appellate record.

                                     ISSUES PRESENTED

      The issues designated by Ms. Vaughn are somewhat difficult to discern. DMC
frames Ms. Vaughn’s issues in the following manner, which we reorder:

   1. Whether the trial court erred in utilizing the proposed findings of fact and
      conclusions of law prepared by DMC’s counsel at the trial court’s request.
   2. Whether the record on appeal was properly prepared/contains sufficient documents.
   3. Whether the trial court erred in granting DMC’s motion for summary judgment.

                                    STANDARD OF REVIEW

       This case was dismissed at the summary judgment stage. “Summary judgment is
appropriate only when the moving party establishes that there are no genuine issues of
material fact and that it is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04.”
                                               -4-
Woodruff v. Walker, 542 S.W.3d 486, 493–94 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2017). In other words, “[a]
grant of summary judgment is appropriate only when the facts and the reasonable
inferences from those facts would permit a reasonable person to reach only one
conclusion.” Dick Broad. Co. of Tennessee v. Oak Ridge FM, Inc., 395 S.W.3d 653, 671
(Tenn. 2013) (quotation marks and citations omitted). As the Tennessee Supreme Court
explained,

       When the moving party does not bear the burden of proof at trial, the moving
       party may satisfy its burden of production either (1) by affirmatively negating
       an essential element of the nonmoving party's claim or (2) by demonstrating
       that the nonmoving party's evidence at the summary judgment stage is
       insufficient to establish the nonmoving party’s claim or defense.

Rye v. Women’s Care Ctr. of Memphis, MPLLC, 477 S.W.3d 235, 264 (Tenn. 2015).

       A trial court’s “grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment is a matter of law;
therefore, our standard of review is de novo with no presumption of correctness.” Bowers
v. Estate of Mounger, 542 S.W.3d 470, 477 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2017) (citations omitted).
Consequently, we “must make a fresh determination of whether the requirements of Rule
56 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure have been satisfied.” Id. (quoting Rye, 477
S.W.3d at 250). In reviewing a summary judgment motion on appeal, “we are required to
review the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and to draw all
reasonable inferences favoring the nonmoving party.” Shaw v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville
& Davidson Cty., 596 S.W.3d 726, 733 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2019) (citations and quotations
omitted).

                                          ANALYSIS

      As an initial matter, we note that Ms. Vaughn is proceeding pro se in this appeal, as
she was in the trial court. The law is well-settled in Tennessee, however, that pro se litigants
must comply with the same standards to which lawyers must adhere. Watson v. City of
Jackson, 448 S.W.3d 919, 926 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2014). As explained by this Court:

       Parties who decide to represent themselves are entitled to fair and equal
       treatment by the courts. The courts should take into account that many pro se
       litigants have no legal training and little familiarity with the judicial system.
       However, the courts must also be mindful of the boundary between fairness
       to a pro se litigant and unfairness to the pro se litigant’s adversary. Thus, the
       courts must not excuse pro se litigants from complying with the same
       substantive and procedural rules that represented parties are expected to
       observe.

Jackson v. Lanphere, No. M2010-01401-COA-R3-CV, 2011 WL 3566978, at *3 (Tenn.
                                     -5-
Ct. App. Aug. 12, 2011) (quoting Hessmer v. Hessmer, 138 S.W.3d 901, 903 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2003) (internal citations omitted)). We keep these principles in mind in adjudicating
this appeal.

                                  I.      The Record

       We begin with Ms. Vaughn’s contention that the record is incomplete. Ms. Vaughn
objects to the fact that no transcript is included on appeal from the summary judgment
motion hearing. Ms. Vaughn further asserts that the trial court refused to consider
documents offered to the trial court, both at the summary judgment hearing, and in her
request to supplement the record. Ms. Vaughn finally contends that the record on appeal
does not contain three documents that she submitted to the circuit court clerk’s office.

        Ms. Vaughn’s assertion that the grant of summary judgment must be vacated in the
absence of this transcript is without merit. In the case cited by Ms. Vaughn, Svacha v.
Waldens Creek Saddle Club, 60 S.W.3d 851 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001), we vacated the grant
of summary judgment because the transcript of the testimony that the trial court relied upon
in granting the motion was not included in the record. Id. at 856. Later, in Jennings v.
Sewell-Allen Piggly Wiggly, 173 S.W.3d 710 (Tenn. 2005), our high court vacated the
grant of summary judgment when the moving party did not submit an adequate record upon
which to determine either the basis of the motion or the trial court’s judgment. Id. at 713.
In that case, the appellate record lacked not only a transcript of the summary judgment
hearing, but also the memoranda filed in support of and in opposition to summary
judgment. Id. at 712. Moreover, the trial court’s order granting the motion was bare and
conclusory. Id. at 711.

        These cases do not compel the same result here. The Tennessee Supreme Court has
held that a transcript from the summary judgment motion hearing is “normally not
necessary” but may become necessary when the record lacks other documents that show
the basis for the decision. Jennings, 173 S.W.3d at 712. In this case, the record on appeal
contains both parties’ memoranda filed in support of and in opposition to the motion for
summary judgment. The trial court’s order granting summary judgment also states what
facts were relied upon in reaching the decision.2 Moreover, the material relied upon by the
trial court in granting the motion for summary judgment, i.e., the transcript from the general
sessions court trial, is included in the record on appeal. Under these circumstances, a
transcript of the summary judgment hearing is simply not necessary to determine the basis
for the trial court’s grant of summary judgment. Ms. Vaughn is therefore not entitled to
relief based on its omission from the record.

      Ms. Vaughn’s remaining arguments concerning the record on appeal are somewhat
more difficult to discern. To be sure, the record on appeal contains Ms. Vaughn’s request

       2
           But Ms. Vaughn takes issue with the trial court’s order. This issue is addressed, infra.
                                                    -6-
to supplement the record, including many photographs purportedly of the area where she
fell. It is therefore difficult to discern how Ms. Vaughn suffered any prejudice as to these
specific documents. See generally Tenn. R. App. P. 36 (“A final judgment from which
relief is available and otherwise appropriate shall not be set aside unless, considering the
whole record, error involving a substantial right more probably than not affected the
judgment or would result in prejudice to the judicial process.”). Moreover, Ms. Vaughn
does not cite to any specific places in the record to support her assertions that the trial court
refused certain documents. While it may have been DMC’s burden to provide a transcript
if necessary to support a grant of summary judgment in its favor, see Jennings, 173 S.W.3d
at 711, Ms. Vaughn has the “duty to prepare a record for our review that includes
everything contained in the trial court record that is necessary for our examination of the
issues [she] presented on appeal.” McAllister v. Rash, No. E2014-01283-COA-R3-CV,
2015 WL 3533679, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 5, 2015) (citing Tenn. R. App. P. 24). We
therefore cannot conclude that this contention entitled Ms. Vaughn to relief on appeal with
regard to the trial court’s purported refusal to consider these documents.3

         Ms. Vaughn finally argues that she filed three documents with the trial court clerk
that are not included in the record on appeal. Following the notice of appeal in this case, it
does appear that Ms. Vaughn filed a statement of the evidence, to which DMC objected
Ultimately, however, the trial court entered an order granting DMC’s objection and
specifying certain additional items to be included in the record.4 According to Appellant,
she thereafter attempted on three separate occasions to submit additional documents for
consideration. In this case, the notice of appeal was filed on May 20, 2019. Ms. Vaughn’s
first attempt to submit additional documents occurred on December 2, 2019.

        Rule 24(c) provides that appellants may provide notice that additional documents
should be included in the appellate record within fifteen days of the notice of appeal.
Moreover, Rule 24(g) provides that “[n]othing in this rule shall be construed as
empowering the parties or any court to add to or subtract from the record except insofar as
may be necessary to convey a fair, accurate and complete account of what transpired in the
trial court with respect to those issues that are the bases of appeal.” Tenn. R. App. P. 24(g).

        3
           We further note that this allegedly rejected evidence involved destroyed records regarding the
maintenance on the premises, photographs of Ms. Vaughn’s backpack, additional photographs of the
premises, and a demonstration of how Ms. Vaughn fell. As discussed in detail infra, summary judgment in
this case was based on DMC’s contention that Ms. Vaughn was aware of the dangerous condition prior to
her injury. While questions about the credibility of Ms. Vaughn’s complaints as to the injury were raised
in the general sessions court trial, these issues were not raised in DMC’s motion for summary judgment.
Indeed, DMC did not appear to dispute, for purposes of summary judgment, that Ms. Vaughn fell as a result
of water on their premises, that the water was a dangerous condition of which DMC had sufficient notice,
or that Ms. Vaughn suffered injuries as a result of the fall. As such, we fail to discern how this evidence,
even if considered, alters the summary judgment analysis.
         4
           Although the order does not specifically state that these documents are in addition to other
documents previously designated, the record reflects as much, as additional documents are included in the
appellate record.
                                                   -7-
Finally, while the trial court has authority to correct or modify the record, “[a]bsent
extraordinary circumstances, the determination of the trial court is conclusive.” Tenn. R.
App. P. 24(e).

       By Ms. Vaughn’s own admission, these documents were not before the trial court
when it considered DMC’s motion for summary judgment. And Ms. Vaughn waited until
well after the fifteen-day time period allotted in Rule 24(c) to seek correction of the record.
Under these circumstances, we cannot conclude that she has shown extraordinary
circumstances that would allow us to overturn the trial court’s determination of the record.
On the whole, we therefore conclude that the record is correct and adequate for appellate
review.

                             I.      The Trial Court’s Written Order

        As best we can tell, Ms. Vaughn takes issue with the trial court’s written order, as
it was prepared by DMC’s counsel, citing this Court’s opinion in Smith v. UHS of
Lakeside, Inc., No. W2011-02405-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL 210250, at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Jan. 18, 2013), aff’d, 439 S.W.3d 303 (Tenn. 2014). In particular, Ms. Vaughn argues that
the trial court failed to state the grounds for its decision orally before inviting DMC’s
counsel to prepare the written order and that because she was not provided a transcript of
the summary judgment hearing there is no way to determine whether the trial court’s oral
ruling is reflected in the written order.5 Although DMC argues that this issue was waived
for failure to raise it in the trial court, we note that we have often considered this issue in
the absence of the argument being raised in the trial court. See, e.g., Regions Commercial
Equip. Fin., LLC v. Richards Aviation Inc., No. W2018-00033-COA-R3-CV, 2019 WL
1949633, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 30, 2019) (holding that the order was deficient despite
no objection being made in the trial court); Bertuccelli v. Haehner, No. E2017-02068-
COA-R3-CV, 2018 WL 6199229, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 28, 2018) (vacating the
summary judgment order as in violation of Smith but noting no objection in the trial court
as to the deficiencies); Koczera v. Steele, No. E2015-02508-COA-R3-CV, 2017 WL
1534962, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 28, 2017) (holding that the order was deficient despite
no objection being made in the trial court). We will therefore address Ms. Vaughn’s
argument in this appeal.

        The Tennessee Supreme Court’s opinion in Lakeside is the seminal case on this
issue. In that case, our high court did not categorically prohibit party-prepared orders. 439
S.W.3d at 315. Rather, party-prepared orders are allowed so long as two conditions are
satisfied: “First, the findings and conclusions must accurately reflect the decision of the
trial court. Second, the record must not create doubt that the decision represents the trial
court’s own deliberations and decision.” Id. at 315–16.

       5
           Ms. Vaughn does not appear to take issue with the amount of legal reasoning contained in the
trial court’s order. We discuss this issue briefly, infra.
                                                 -8-
        It is true that the record on appeal does not contain a transcript from the summary
judgment hearing that would enable us to compare the oral ruling to the written order.
However, Ms. Vaughn’s duty to prepare an adequate record extends to any argument that
the trial court failed to comply with the requirements of Lakeside:

        In this case, Mr. McAllister declined to file either a transcript or Statement
        of Evidence to this Court in order for this Court to determine whether the
        order entered accurately reflects the independent deliberations of the trial
        court. . . . To the extent that the absence of a full record precludes this Court
        from reviewing the appellant’s issues, the trial court’s ruling is presumed to
        be correct. See Outdoor Management, LLC v. Thomas, 249 S.W.3d 368,
        379 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007). Because Mr. McAllister failed to provide this
        Court with any evidence that the trial court’s order denying the motion to set
        aside the final judgment of dismissal was anything other than the product of
        the trial court’s independent deliberations, we must conclude that the trial
        court did not err in entering an order drafted by counsel for Mr. Rash.

McAllister v. Rash, 2015 WL 3533679, at *8.

       The same is true in this case. Although Ms. Vaughn attempted to file a statement of
the evidence, it was rejected by the trial court, and Ms. Vaughn does not specifically take
issue with this ruling on appeal. Regardless, the trial court’s rulings with regard to the
completion of the record are conclusive absent extraordinary cause. See Tenn. R. App. P.
24(c) (“Absent extraordinary circumstances, the determination of the trial court is
conclusive.”). As such, we consider this issue solely with regard to the record presented in
this appeal.

       Neither Ms. Vaughn’s brief nor the materials that are included in the record create
doubt that the written order is both an accurate reflection of the trial court’s order and a
product of its independent judgment. Importantly, while the record on appeal does not
contain DMC’s proposed order,6 Ms. Vaughn concedes in her brief that the written order
ultimately entered by the trial court contains two paragraphs that were not included in the
proposed order. Although Ms. Vaughn appears to take issue with the limited alterations
made by the trial court, these alterations confirm that the order entered was not a verbatim

        6
          Ms. Vaughn does include the proposed order as an attachment to her brief. We cannot consider
documents attached to briefs that are not included in the appellate record. See, e.g., Carney v. State, No.
M2006-01740-CCA-R3-CO, 2007 WL 3038011, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. Oct. 17, 2007) (stating that
“documents attached to an appellate brief but not included in the record on appeal cannot be considered by
this court as part of the record on appeal”) (internal citation omitted). Ms. Vaughn did designate the
proposed order to be included in the record on appeal. The trial court, however, did not include this
document in the record on appeal. Ms. Vaughn does not raise the exclusion of this particular document as
an error on appeal.
                                                  -9-
copy of what was submitted by DMC, but was the trial court’s own independent judgment.
Consequently, Ms. Vaughn has not shown any error in the order entered by the trial court.

                                 II.    Premises Liability

        Finally, we proceed to consider the substantive merits of Ms. Vaughn’s claim, which
was dismissed at the summary judgment stage. Thus, while DMC prevailed in the trial
court, the burden remains on DMC to show that it was entitled to summary judgment. See
Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 250 (holding that we review a trial court’s grant of summary judgment
motion de novo and that in undertaking this analysis we make a “fresh determination” of
whether summary judgment is appropriate).

        Ms. Vaughn’s claim involves premises liability. A premises liability claim
incorporates the elements of an ordinary negligence claim, along with specific elements
related to notice:

      To establish a prima facie case for premises liability based upon negligence,
      the plaintiff must prove (1) a duty of care owed by the defendant to the
      plaintiff; (2) conduct by the defendant that was below the standard of care,
      amounting to a breach of a duty; (3) an injury or loss; (4) causation in fact;
      and (5) proximate causation. For the premises owner to be liable for a
      dangerous and defective condition on his property, the plaintiff must prove
      each of the elements of negligence and either (1) that the condition was
      caused or created by the premises owner or his agent, or (2) if the condition
      was created by someone other than the owner or his agent, that the premises
      owner had actual or constructive notice of the dangerous or defective
      condition prior to the accident.

Williams v. Linkscorp Tennessee Six, L.L.C., 212 S.W.3d 293, 296 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006)
(internal citation omitted).

        In the typical premises liability summary judgment case, our review often concerns
whether the dangerous condition was created by the premises owner or whether the
premises owner had actual or constructive notice of the dangerous condition. See generally,
e.g., Blair v. West Town Mall, 130 S.W.3d 761 (Tenn. 2004); Fowler v. City of Memphis,
514 S.W.3d 732 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2016); Williams v. Linkscorp Tennessee Six, L.L.C., 212
S.W.3d 293 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006); Martin v. Washmaster Auto Ctr., U.S.A., 946 S.W.2d
314 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996); Ogle v. Winn-Dixie Greenville, Inc., 919 S.W.2d 45 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1995). That is not the relevant inquiry in this case, as DMC does not argue for
purposes of summary judgment that it did not have notice of the dangerous condition
alleged by Ms. Vaughn. Instead, DMC argues that because of the obvious nature of the
condition, MS. Vaughn cannot prevail on the necessary element of duty. In the alternative,
DMC argues that Ms. Vaughn’s choice to confront the dangerous condition demonstrates
                                          - 10 -
that she is at least 50% at fault for her injury and therefore barred from recovery through
the doctrine of comparative fault. While these issues in this case appear facially simple,
they are deceptively complex. We therefore begin our review with the necessary element
of duty.

       Tennessee courts have generally held that premises owners have a duty to use
reasonable care to protect their customers from unreasonable risks of harm because of their
superior knowledge of the premises. Psillas, 66 S.W.3d at 864 (citing Rice v. Sabir, 979
S.W.2d 305, 308 (Tenn.1998)). “This duty includes maintaining the premises in a
reasonably safe condition either by removing or repairing potentially dangerous conditions
or by helping customers and guests avoid injury by warning them of the existence of
dangerous conditions that cannot, as a practical matter, be removed or repaired.” Id. (citing
Blair v. Campbell, 924 S.W.2d 75, 76 (Tenn. 1996); Eaton v. McLain, 891 S.W.2d 587,
593–94 (Tenn. 1994)). However, “[o]wners or occupiers of business premises are not
insurers of their customers’ safety.” Psillas v. Home Depot, U.S.A., Inc., 66 S.W.3d 860,
864 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001) (citing McClung v. Delta Square Ltd. P’ship, 937 S.W.2d 891,
902 (Tenn. 1996)). As such, the owner’s duty “coexists with the duty of a plaintiff not to
proceed into a known danger.” Easley v. Baker, No. M2003-02752-COA-R3-CV, 2005
WL 697525, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 24, 2005) (citing Eaton v. McLain, 891 S.W.2d
587, 594 (Tenn. 1994)). “In other words, a plaintiff in a premises liability case has a duty
to see what is in plain sight.” Green v. Roberts, 398 S.W.3d 172, 181 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2012).

        Prior to Tennessee’s adoption of comparative fault, a premises owner could “not be
liable for an injury which occurs due to a condition which was ‘obvious, reasonably
apparent, or as well known to the invitee [or licensee] as to the owner.’” Powell v. Gurkin,
No. W1999-00827-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 987301, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 10, 2000)
(citing Kendall Oil Co. v. Payne, 293 S.W.2d 40, 42 (Tenn. 1955)). In 1998, however, the
Tennessee Supreme Court abrogated the open and obvious doctrine, holding that “the
traditional open and obvious rule eliminating a landowner’s duty to one injured as a result
of an open and obvious danger” was no longer viable following the adoption of
comparative fault. Coln v. City of Savannah, 966 S.W.2d 34, 36–37 (Tenn. 1998),
overruled on other grounds by Cross v. City of Memphis, 20 S.W.3d 642 (Tenn. 2000).

        Under the current law, “an open and obvious danger does not automatically result
in a finding of no duty and therefore no landowner liability.” Id. at 37. As such, a finding
that a danger is open and obvious “does not, ipso facto, relieve a defendant of a duty of
care.” Id. at 43. Rather, in Coln, the Tennessee Supreme Court held that “the duty issue
must be analyzed with regard to foreseeability and gravity of harm, and the feasibility and
availability of alternative conduct that would have prevented the harm.” Id. “Applying this
analysis, if the foreseeability and gravity of harm posed by the defendant’s conduct, even
if ‘open and obvious,’ outweigh the burden upon the defendant to engage in alternative
conduct, the defendant has a duty to act with reasonable care and the comparative fault
                                            - 11 -
principles apply[.]” Id. at 37. Factors that courts may also consider in determining whether
a duty was owed in the context of an open and obvious danger include: “[w]hether the
danger was known and appreciated by the plaintiff, whether the risk was obvious to a
person exercising reasonable perception, intelligence, and judgment, and whether there was
some other reason for the defendant to foresee the harm.” Id. at 42.

       Thus, Tennessee courts now apply the general duty analysis to even those cases that
involve an allegedly open and obvious danger. See Rice v. Sabir, 979 S.W.2d 305, 309
(Tenn. 1998) (applying the duty balancing test despite the allegation that the danger was
open and obvious); Freemon v. Logan’s Roadhouse, Inc., No. M2007-01796-COA-R3-
CV, 2009 WL 499471, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 25, 2009) (applying Satterfield even
where the dispute involved an allegedly open and obvious danger). As such, foreseeability
serves as the “central component” of the duty analysis. Satterfield v. Breeding Insulation
Co., 266 S.W.3d 347, 366 (Tenn. 2008). As the court explained,

       For the purpose of determining whether a duty exists, the courts’
       consideration of foreseeability is limited to assessing whether there is some
       probability or likelihood of harm that is serious enough to induce a
       reasonable person to take precautions to avoid it. In this context, the courts
       are not concerned with the ultimate reasonableness, or lack of
       reasonableness, of the defendant’s conduct. Rather, the courts are simply
       ascertaining whether the defendant was obligated to be vigilant of a certain
       sort of harm to the plaintiff.

Id. at 367 (internal quotation marks, alterations, and footnotes omitted) (quoting John C.P.
Goldberg & Benjamin C. Zipursky, The Restatement (Third) and the Place of Duty in
Negligence Law, 54 Vand. L.Rev. 657, 728–29 (2001)). This analysis requires the court to
weigh a multitude of factors:

              When the existence of a particular duty is not a given or when the
       rules of the established precedents are not readily applicable, courts will turn
       to public policy for guidance. Doing so necessarily favors imposing a duty
       of reasonable care where a defendant’s conduct poses an unreasonable and
       foreseeable risk of harm to persons or property. When conducting this
       analysis, the courts have considered, among other factors: (1) the foreseeable
       probability of the harm or injury occurring; (2) the possible magnitude of the
       potential harm or injury; (3) the importance or social value of the activity
       engaged in by the defendant; (4) the usefulness of the conduct to the
       defendant; (5) the feasibility of alternative conduct that is safer; (6) the
       relative costs and burdens associated with that safer conduct; (7) the relative
       usefulness of the safer conduct; and (8) the relative safety of alternative
       conduct.
              With these factors firmly in mind, Tennessee’s courts use a balancing
                                            - 12 -
       approach to determine whether the particular risk should give rise to a duty
       of reasonable care. A duty arises when the degree of foreseeability of the
       risk and the gravity of the harm outweigh the burden that would be imposed
       if the defendant were required to engage in an alternative course of conduct
       that would have prevented the harm. The foreseeability and gravity of the
       harm are linked insofar as the degree of foreseeability needed to establish a
       duty is inversely proportional to the magnitude of the foreseeable harm. The
       greater the risk of harm, the less degree of foreseeability is required. During
       the balancing process, it is permissible for the courts to consider the
       contemporary values of Tennessee’s citizens.

Id. at 365–66 (internal citations, quotation marks, and footnotes omitted).

       Of course, this focus on policy does not remove foreseeability as the central focus
of the analysis:

       While every balancing factor is significant, the foreseeability factor has taken
       on paramount importance in Tennessee. This factor is so important that if an
       injury could not have been reasonably foreseen, a duty does not arise even if
       causation-in-fact has been established. Conversely, foreseeability alone is
       insufficient to create a duty. Thus, to prevail on a negligence claim, a
       plaintiff must show that the risk was foreseeable, but that showing is not, in
       and of itself, sufficient to create a duty. Instead, if a risk is foreseeable, courts
       then undertake the balancing analysis.

Id. at 366 (internal citations and footnotes omitted).

       Although the duty analysis therefore involves the weighing of many factors, it
remains an issue of law that the court must decide. Satterfield, 266 S.W.3d at 355
(“Although not originally required under the English common law, duty has become an
essential element of all negligence claims, as well as a question of law to be determined by
courts.”). In the absence of duty, any negligence claim must fail. Id.

       We will therefore begin by considering the undisputed facts to determine whether
the water on the floor was in plain sight, before moving on to discuss the other duty factors.
Generally, DMC alleges that it is undisputed that Ms. Vaughn noticed the water on the
floor “as soon as she entered the restroom,” but that she nevertheless chose to walk on the
wet floor and then slipped and fell. In other words, DMC argues that the undisputed facts
indicate that Ms. Vaughn had actual notice of the condition that she alleges caused her
injury prior to her fall and that she voluntarily chose to traverse the dangerous condition.
DMC cited to various parts of Ms. Vaughn’s trial testimony in support of its position. The
relevant sections of Ms. Vaughn’s testimony include the following questioning from both
Ms. Vaughn’s counsel and counsel for DMC.
                                              - 13 -
      Q.       Did you go to the restroom at Delta Medical Center?
      A.       Yes, I did.
      Q.       Okay. And could you tell the Court what happened when you went to
      the restroom?
      A.       Okay. When I went to the restroom, I had just gotten there. I catch
      public transportation, so I had on my coat and I had a backpack on my right
      shoulder. So I went into the restroom, and there was water there. As I was
      taking my -- a lot of – it was pretty much almost flooded. There was a lot of
      water there. So when I went to take my backpack and coat off, I slipped and
      fell. I lost my footing and fell there on the floor.

                                        * * *

      Q.      Okay. And so you walked in and went to the restroom. And you said,
      I think, that you used the restroom and were washing your hands and saw
      water everywhere; is that correct?
      A.      Yes.
      Q.      Okay. And you said -- I believe you testified at that time you saw a
      lot of water it almost looked like it was flooded?
      A.      Yes.
      Q.      So you were aware there was water all over the restroom at that time,
      right?
      A.      Well, when I went into the restroom.
      Q.      Right. When you went into the restroom, you saw the water?
      A.      Yes, I did.
      Q.      Okay. You were aware the water was there in the restroom, correct?
      A.      Yes.
                                           * * *

      Q.     So where is it that you fell exactly? Was it in the hallway or in
      restroom?
      A.     It was inside the restroom.
      Q.     Okay. Okay.
             So you saw the water in the restroom; is that correct?
      A.     That’s correct.

       DMC also relied on certain portions of the general sessions court judge’s
questioning:

      Q.     I just want to clarify one area of questions that we pursued here this
      morning. Just kind of take me real briefly back through this, the whole steps
      of your entering the bathroom. So when you entered the bathroom, did you
      see -- you know, you opened the door, you go to the restroom. Did you see
                                           - 14 -
      water?
      A.      I saw some water but not as much as it was when I actually -- you
      know, it’s around that corner. I have other pictures what I could, you know,
      kind of point it out to you and show you. When I went around the corner of
      the stalls, that’s when I saw most of the water. There was some water there.

                                          * * *

      Q.     Okay. So you walked through the door, you’re taking your first few
      steps and did you attempt to go to the stall?
      A.     I did. There was a scale -- when you first walk in to the door, there’s
      a scale, standup scale like might be in a doctor’s office or something, there
      was a scale right there. So I was going to take my backpack off and my coat
      and all that and, you know, just to get it off. And almost as soon as you make
      the corner, that’s where the stalls are. You know, about three or four steps.
      Q.     So did you take your backpack off?
      A.     That’s when I fell because I was trying to get those things. I lost my
      footing right there.
      Q.     Okay. All right. Now, where you were standing, in the whole area
      where you were standing, where you were taking your backpack off,
      before you did all this, did you see water?
      A.     I saw water.

                                          * * *

      Q.     . . . . Which leads me to my next question. Was there another
      [restroom] on that floor?
      A.     Yeah, there is another one around by the pharmacy. It’s several -- a
      long – it’s quite a quite a ways down the hallway. And like I said, I was on
      the bus. So I had to, you know -- you know, just I wasn’t able to use the
      restroom anywhere because I got off the bus, then I had to walk into the
      building. And then I had to walk to the bathroom. So all that walking and I
      thought I just -- yeah, I should make it at least to the bathroom if I’m careful.
      Okay? So I had no idea it was that bad.

                                          * * *

      Q.     So you fell and then you went into the stall?
      A.     Yes, I had to. I mean, I didn’t just run out without using it.

(Emphasis added). Ms. Vaughn disputed DMC’s characterization of her testimony,
pointing to much of the same testimony noted above, but also the following additional
testimony:
                                           - 15 -
       Q.    All right. And you also said when you began testifying that when you
       walked up you saw the water in the hallway, correct?
       A.    No, I didn’t see any in the hallway. No.

                                             * * *

       Q.     So when you walk in, do you see the sink first or do you see the stalls
       first?
       A.     I was looking toward the stalls. I didn’t even look over that way.

                                             * * *

       A.     . . . . I paid closer attention after I had fallen[.]

                                             * * *

       Q.      So you went into the stall [after your fall]?
       A.      I did. I had to. After I got up -- I picked myself up and went into the -
       - into the stall. I had to use the restroom. I was already wet from having fallen.

        Based on these facts, the trial court concluded that the undisputed facts
demonstrated that Ms. Vaughn “saw and appreciated the water on the floor of the restroom,
which she contends was a dangerous condition, prior to her fall and further that she
voluntarily proceeded into the restroom despite this knowledge and subsequently fell.”
Based on the above testimony, we agree. Here, Ms. Vaughn was specifically questioned if
she saw water before she attempted to take her backpack off. She answered in the
affirmative. Although Ms. Vaughn points to her testimony that she did not see the water
in the hallway, she also admits that: (1) she noticed “some water” immediately upon
opening the restroom door; (2) that the restroom was “pretty much almost flooded”; (3)
that she immediately looked toward the stalls, which area is where she eventually fell; and
(4) she saw the water before she was even “standing” in the area where she ultimately
attempted to remove her coat and backpack. This testimony clearly shows that she noticed
the water on the floor when she entered the restroom, but that, despite that knowledge, she
nevertheless voluntarily chose to traverse the wet floor and attempted to remove her coat
and backpack while standing in the water. The trial court therefore did not err in concluding
that the undisputed facts indicate that the dangerous condition alleged was “in plain sight.”
Green, 398 S.W.3d at 181.

        Of course, the fact that the dangerous condition was open and obvious is not
sufficient to end our inquiry. Rather, we must next consider whether an analysis of the
foreseeability and gravity of the harm, as well as other factors, indicate that a duty was
owed. Coln, 966 S.W.2d at 43; see also Satterfield, 266 S.W.3d at 365–67. Unfortunately,
the trial court’s order does not appear to engage in the second part of the analysis. Rather,
                                            - 16 -
after discussing Ms. Vaughn’s deficient efforts to present proof in response to DMC’s
motion, the trial court offers the following analysis:

       Because Ms. Vaughn had actual notice of the wet floor and its condition and,
       by her own testimony, the standing water was easily visible, Ms. Vaughn
       cannot establish that Defendant owed any duty to Plaintiff regarding the
       restroom floor, and Ms. Vaughn is at least 50% at fault, as a matter of law.

        Respectfully, the trial court’s ruling is deficient. In addition to the duties described
supra, the trial court also has a duty to ensure that its rulings are adequately explained. See
Smith v. UHS of Lakeside, 439 S.W.3d at 314 (noting that in addition to being a product
of the trial court’s independent judgment, the trial court’s decision must be “adequately
explained”). This has been described as requiring an explanation as to “why a particular
result is correct based on the applicable legal principles[.]” Id. at 313 (citing Chad M.
Oldfather, Writing, Cognition, and the Nature of the Judicial Function, 96 Geo. L.J. 1283,
1334 (2008)). The trial court’s order contains many factual “findings,” a detailed
discussion of the general law surrounding premises liability, a thorough discussion of the
proof presented, but very little discussion of the trial court’s actual legal reasoning
regarding its ultimate conclusion. Importantly, although foreseeability is the touchstone of
the duty analysis, see Satterfield, 266 S.W.3d at 366, this factor is simply not mentioned
in any way by the trial court. The trial court’s order leads this court to believe that once the
trial court concluded that the danger allegedly posed by the water in this case was open and
obvious, this fact negated the essential element of duty. Clearly, however, a determination
that a danger is open and obvious is only the tip of the iceberg in determining the legal
issue of duty. See id. (setting forth a detailed and multi-factored test for determining duty);
Coln, 966 S.W.2d at 36–37 (stating that duty should at least consider foreseeability, gravity
of harm, and the burden to engage in alternative conduct).

        DMC’s efforts to support summary judgment on the issue of duty are similarly
deficient. Puzzlingly, DMC supports its duty argument largely based on caselaw that was
resolved not on the element of duty, but on the question of comparative fault. See Sanders
v. CB Richard Ellis, Inc., No. W2007-02805-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 4366124 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Sept. 22, 2008) (affirming the trial court’s finding that the plaintiff was more than
50% at fault for his injuries); Easley v. Baker, No. M2003-02752-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL
697525 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 24, 2005) (assuming that a duty was owed but holding that
the plaintiff was at least 50% at fault for his injuries). Questions of duty and comparative
fault, however, are distinct, as the question of comparative fault only becomes relevant
once a duty is found. See Green, 398 S.W.3d at 177 (quoting Coln, 966 S.W.2d at 42)
(“[T[he initial focus is on whether a duty exists—‘only after a duty is established does
comparative fault come into play.’”). Cases in which a duty was assumed so that the
comparative fault issue could be addressed therefore appear to provide little support for
DMC’s argument regarding its lack or satisfaction of a duty here.

                                             - 17 -
        DMC’s primary argument in this case is that “[a]ny duty [DMC] allegedly owed
[Ms. Vaughn] is satisfied because she had actual knowledge of the allegedly dangerous
condition of the restroom floor.” In other words, DMC is arguing that it satisfied its duty
because so much water had accumulated that the danger to Ms. Vaughn should have been
obvious to her. To begin, this statement makes it difficult to discern whether DMC is
arguing that it owed no duty to Ms. Vaughn or that it did not breach its duty to her.
Following our review of the entire record, however, we are convinced that DMC is arguing
that it owed no duty to Ms. Vaughn to prevent her injury due to the obvious nature of the
alleged dangerous condition.7 The trial court, as discussed above, also characterized its
ruling in this manner.

       Despite acknowledging the proper standard for determining whether a duty is owed,
DMC’s brief provides meager argument concerning the application of the standard. Indeed,
the only discussion of foreseeability by DMC is that “[i]t was not foreseeable that Ms.
Vaughn would continue to walk into the restroom given the [obvious danger].” We
respectfully disagree. The problem with this argument is that it does little more than attempt
to resurrect the open and obvious doctrine. Indeed, at least one Tennessee legal scholar has
cautioned against allowing this exact type of analysis: “[The] court might be tempted to
conclude that a defendant could not have foreseen a plaintiff’s injury because the
obviousness of the danger alone rendered the plaintiff’s behavior unreasonable. If such
reasoning is accepted, the obvious danger doctrine will survive in the duty portion of the
analysis despite the Coln majority’s claims that the doctrine has been abrogated.” Brian P.
Dunigan & Jerry J. Phillips, Comparative Fault in Tennessee: Where Are We Going, and
Why Are We in This Handbasket?, 67 Tenn. L. Rev. 765, 817 (2000) [hereinafter Dunigan
& Phillips] (arguing that “it will rarely be appropriate to conclude as a matter of law that
the defendant could not foresee the plaintiff’s injury because of the obviousness of a
danger” because such “a conclusion effectively would resurrect the ‘open and obvious
danger’ doctrine rejected by Coln”). Tennessee courts have likewise rejected similar
attempts to argue a “somewhat veiled version” of the “open and obvious” doctrine. Powell,
2000 WL 987301, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 10, 2000) (rejecting the defendant’s argument
that no duty of care was owed to the plaintiff because he acted unreasonably). Indeed, the
Tennessee Supreme Court has held that a defendant’s assertion that a plaintiff confronted
a known and obvious danger is properly analyzed under the principles of comparative fault,
rather than duty. See Perez v. McConkey, 872 S.W.2d 897, 900 & 906 (Tenn. 1994)
(“Secondary implied assumption of risk applies when the plaintiff, either reasonably or
unreasonably, decides to encounter a known risk. . . . . [W]e do not consider it necessary
or desirable to retain the doctrine of secondary implied assumption of risk as a separate
defense. Rather, the reasonableness of a party’s conduct in confronting a risk should be
determined under the principles of comparative fault.”) (footnote omitted).

        7
           For example, DMC characterizes its argument in the trial court as that Ms. Vaughn “could not
establish the essential element of duty owed to prevail on her claim[.]” In its brief, DMC also discussed the
proper standard for determining whether a duty is owed under Coln and its progeny.
                                                   - 18 -
        Moreover, an individual slipping on a wet floor is a foreseeable danger associated
with wet floors in an area open to guests.8 Indeed, DMC cites at least one case involving
this exact scenario. See Easley, 2005 WL 697525, at *2 (involving a restaurant guest
slipping on a puddle in a restroom). And multitudes of other cases considered by Tennessee
courts have involved substantially similar situations. See, e.g., Chambliss v. Shoney’s Inc.,
742 S.W.2d 271 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987) (involving a restaurant patron that slipped in a
restroom); Ogle v. Winn-Dixie Greenville, Inc., 919 S.W.2d 45 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995)
(involving a grocery store guest who slipped in a bathroom); McIntyre v. CBL & Assocs.
Mgmt., Inc., No. 03A01-9905-CV-00189, 2000 WL 123979 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 26, 2000)
(involving a worker who slipped in an office restroom); Cannon v. Loudon Cty., 199
S.W.3d 239 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (involving an inmate who slipped and fell on his way
to a restroom); Heggs v. Wilson Inn Nashville-Elm Hill, Inc., No. M2003-00919-COA-
R3-CV, 2005 WL 2051287 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 25, 2005) (involving a slip and fall on
water in a hotel); Masters v. Wal-Mart Stores E., L.P., No. M2008-02752-COA-R3-CV,
2009 WL 2868750 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 1, 2009) (involving a slip and fall on water in a
store); Osborne v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville & Davidson Cty., No. M2017-01090-COA-
R3-CV, 2018 WL 1040124 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 22, 2018) (concerning a patron who
slipped and fell at a convenience store). Although the plaintiffs did not prevail in every one
of the above cases, none were resolved upon the court’s determination that the injury was
not foreseeable in the context of duty. Faced with such a mountain of authority to indicate
that a fall is a foreseeable likelihood of the presence of accumulated water in an area open
to guests,9 DMC failed to put forth much more than conclusory assertions regarding the
lack of foreseeability in this case. In light of that failure, we cannot conclude that DMC
met its burden to establish that it was not “obligated to be vigilant of [the type] or harm”
that befell Ms. Vaughn. Satterfield, 266 S.W.3d at 367.

       Ms. Vaughn also testified without dispute that she was compelled to use the
restroom by an urgent need. As we stated in a case applying Coln, a premises owner may
have “reason to expect harm to the visitor from known or obvious dangers . . . for example,
where the possessor has reason to expect that the invitee’s attention may be distracted, so
that he will not discover what is obvious, or will forget what he has discovered, or fail to
protect himself against it.” Jackson v. Bradley, 987 S.W.2d 852, 854 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998)

        8
            Ms. Vaughn testified that the staff was aware of the problem with water on the restroom floor as
they told her that “it’s always like that.” Again, whether DMC had actual or constructive notice of the water
is not at issue in this appeal.
         9
            Indeed, these types of injuries are so commonplace that some Tennessee courts refer generally to
these as “slip and fall” actions. See, e.g., Souter v. Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, Inc., 895 S.W.2d
681 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994) (describing the case as a “slip -and-fall action”); Stone v. K-Mart, Inc., No. C.A.
134, 1989 WL 109479, at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 20, 1989) (describing the appeal as involving a “slip
and fall case”); Worsham v. Pilot Oil Corp., 728 S.W.2d 19 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987) (describing the case as
a “slip -and-fall action”). We certainly do not hold that a duty and foreseeability are to be assumed in all
slip and fall cases. Rather, we merely assert that DMC has not met its burden to show a lack of duty in this
particular case.
                                                   - 19 -
(citing Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343(A) (comment f)). In that case, we held that it
was reasonable to expect a person crossing the parking lot where the injury occurred to be
distracted by vehicular traffic. Id. Similarly, it is reasonable to expect that guests may
suffer the same affliction and thereby be distracted upon entering a restroom.

        DMC also presented absolutely no argument and no proof to suggest that the burden
to engage in alternative conduct was heavy in this case. Here, Ms. Vaughn asserts that the
simple placing of a sign, as had been placed in a different area of the premises, would have
better alerted her to the danger. The burden to remove the water or at least place a sign
alerting guests to its presence is therefore much less than some other premises liability
cases in which we have held that no duty was owed. See, e.g., Green, 398 S.W.3d at 174
(involving a steel post that was embedded in a parking lot); cf. Dunigan & Phillips, 67
Tenn. L. Rev. at 817 (“The burden of correcting some dangers, such as natural conditions
of the land (for instance, a steep hill or a lake), may be so great that it equals or outweighs
the danger posed by the natural conditions.”). And again, in the case that DMC asserts is
most highly analogous to this case, a sign was not only placed in the puddle that the plaintiff
slipped in that would have been visible to the plaintiff, but we also assumed in that case
that a duty was owed. Easley, 2005 WL 697525, at *2. Thus, DMC simply failed to present
any proof to indicate that the burden to warn or ameliorate the danger caused by the water
would have been overly burdensome in this case.

        As we previously explained, in reviewing the trial court’s grant of summary
judgment, “this court must make a fresh determination of whether the requirements of
[Rule] 56 [of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure] have been satisfied.” McCullough
v. Vaughn, 538 S.W.3d 501, 505 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2017) (citing Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 250).
Although it is the plaintiff’s burden to prove every element of negligence at trial, including
duty, to obtain summary judgment, DMC had the burden to either affirmatively negate an
essential element of Ms. Vaughn’s claim or demonstrate that Ms. Vaughn’s evidence is
insufficient to establish her claim. Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 264. And while the existence of a
duty may be “a given” in many cases, in order for a trial court to rule that the defendant
met its burden to demonstrate that a duty is not owed, Tennessee law sets forth a complex,
multi-step analysis that must be undertaken. Satterfield, 266 S.W.3d at 365. Here, our
review reveals that the trial court granted summary judgment to DMC on the lack of a duty
without engaging in the full analysis to determine whether a duty was owed. And DMC’s
argument on appeal likewise largely fails to address the second portion of the duty analysis.
Even more importantly, DMC has provided no proof to suggest that the harm in this case
was unforeseeable, or as to either the gravity of harm or its burden to engage in alternative
conduct. See Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 264 (holding that party seeking summary judgment must
do more than rely on “conclusory assertions[s]”). Under these circumstances, we conclude
that the trial court’s ruling that “Ms. Vaughn cannot establish that [DMC] owed any duty
to [her] regarding the restroom floor” must be vacated. We therefore proceed to consider
the alternative ground relied on by the trial court—comparative fault.

                                            - 20 -
        As previously discussed, where the defendant has pleaded the affirmative defense
of the plaintiff’s relative fault, the reasonableness of the plaintiff’s conduct in confronting
a risk should be determined under the principles of comparative fault. See Perez, 872
S.W.2d 905. Under comparative fault principles, “so long as a plaintiff’s negligence
remains less than the defendant’s negligence the plaintiff may recover; in such a case,
plaintiff’s damages are to be reduced in proportion to the percentage of the total negligence
attributable to the plaintiff.” McIntyre v. Balentine, 833 S.W.2d 52, 57 (Tenn. 1992). In
other words, a plaintiff who is at least 50% at fault for his or her injuries cannot recover.
See, e.g., Day v. Beaver Hollow L.P., 612 S.W.3d 32, 40 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2020), perm.
app. denied (Oct. 7, 2020) (quoting Ballard v. Serodino, Inc., No. E2004-02656-COA-
R3-CV, 2005 WL 2860279, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 31, 2005)) (noting that Tennessee
comparative fault law bars recovery where the plaintiff “‘was guilty of at least 50% of
the fault’”).

       Comparative fault “is a question of fact within the jury’s province, which should not
lightly be invaded by the trial court.” LaRue v. 1817 Lake Inc., 966 S.W.2d 423, 427
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). Indeed, we have recently commented on “the infrequency of a trial
court’s determination of comparative fault at the summary judgment stage of the
proceedings.” Lundell v. Hubbs, No. E2019-02168-COA-R3-CV, 2020 WL 6867229, at
*15 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 23, 2020) (citing LaRue v. 1817 Lake Inc., 966 S.W.2d 423,
427 (Tenn. Ct App. 1997) (noting that comparative fault is typically a jury issue); Halmon
v. Lane Coll., No. W2019-01224-COA-R3-CV, 2020 WL 2790455, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Feb. 19, 2013) (same). “The task of comparing and allocating fault may be taken from the
jury only when it can be determined beyond question (or alternatively, when reasonable
minds cannot differ) that the plaintiff’s fault is equal to or greater than the defendant’s.”
Henley v. Amacher, No. M1999-02799-COA-R3-CV, 2002 WL 100402, at *6 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Jan. 28, 2002).

      The Tennessee Supreme Court has offered some guidance in determining
comparative fault in the situation of what was once characterized as an open and obvious
danger. See Perez, 872 S.W.2d at 905. As the court explained,

       Attention should be focused on whether a reasonably prudent person in the
       exercise of due care knew of the risk, or should have known of it, and
       thereafter confronted the risk; and whether such a person would have
       behaved in the manner in which the plaintiff acted in light of all the
       surrounding circumstances, including the confronted risk.

Id. We applied this test in Sanders v. CB Richard Ellis, Inc., 2008 WL 4366124, at *4. In
Sanders, the plaintiff sued the owner of a bank when he “traversed [an] icy slope” to get
to the bank and fell. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendant,
holding that the plaintiff was at least 50% at fault for his injuries. Id. at *1.

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        We affirmed the trial court’s decision that the claim was barred by the doctrine of
comparative fault. Id. at *4–5. The Sanders panel framed the relevant inquiry as whether
the test articulated in Perez was met. Id. at *4 (quoting Perez, 872 S.W.2d at 905). The
court then noted the following undisputed facts: (1) that the plaintiff “knew and appreciated
the dangerous condition of the icy parking lot prior to his decision to walk across it”; (2)
that a drive-through window was an alternative to walking across the parking lot, but he
chose not to use it; and (3) that “despite his awareness of the open and obvious dangerous
condition and despite his knowledge that the drive-through was an available alternative to
his crossing the icy lot, [the plaintiff] undertook to walk into the bank.” Id. at *4–5. Under
these circumstances, we held that the trial court correctly granted summary judgment under
the doctrine of comparative fault, i.e., that the undisputed facts demonstrated that the
plaintiff was at least 50% at fault for his injuries. Id.

       DMC asserts that this Court should reach the same conclusion in this case, again
citing Easley v. Baker. In Easley, the plaintiff sued the owners of a restaurant after he
slipped on a puddle of water in the restroom of a “Bar and Grill.” 2005 WL 697525, at *1.
The plaintiff asserted that he did not immediately see the water before he slipped, but
admitted that, had he looked at the floor before he proceeded into the restroom, he would
have seen it. Id. at *3. In any event, a wet floor sign was placed in the puddle alerting
guests to the situation. Id. Moreover, once the plaintiff took his first step toward the urinal
area, he became cognizant of the water; rather than stop, however, the plaintiff continued
several more steps on toward the urinal. Id.

       The Court of Appeals concluded that summary judgment on this claim was proper.
Specifically, we held that

       Accepting the facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, we have a
       plaintiff who is cold sober and unimpaired, and who asserts no difficulty with
       the lighting within the restroom. Between him and the urinal is a five-foot-
       wide, one-half-inch-deep puddle of water on the tile floor. Sitting to his right
       and within the five-foot-wide puddle of water is an 18-inch tall “wet floor”
       sign. He walks into the water and takes “a couple of steps” in the water and
       reaches a point six inches from the urinal. He then slips and injures himself.
       He sees the urinal, but sees neither the five-foot-wide, one-half-inch-deep
       puddle of water nor the 18-inch tall “wet floor” sign that is in the puddle. He
       takes not one, but at least two steps into the one-half-inch-deep puddle of
       water, moving to within six inches of the urinal before he slips.

                                           * * *

       The landlord had a duty to the plaintiff to either remove the water from the
       floor of the restroom or warn of its existence. Unless he is to be made an
       insurer of his premises, he performed his duty in this case. The plaintiff,
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       likewise, had a duty to see what was in plain sight, which includes both the
       accumulated water and the “wet floor” sign. He likewise has a duty to use
       his own senses to realize that he was walking through water as by his own
       testimony, he took at least two full steps into the accumulated water before
       he slipped.

Id. at *7–8. We further distinguished this case from one in which the plaintiff was held
captive by the dangerous condition, noting that due to the fact that no evidence was
presented that other stalls were occupied or that the plaintiff had an immediate need to
urinate that “compelled his action.” Id. at *7 (citing Grizzell v. Foxx, 348 S.W.2d 815
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1961) (involving a claim that a landlord allowed a necessary pathway of
an apartment building to become covered with snow and ice)). We therefore held that the
plaintiff was at least 50% at fault for his injuries and that summary judgment was
appropriate. Id. at *8.

        From Perez, Sanders, and Easley, two important considerations emerge: (1)
whether the plaintiff confronted a risk that would have been obvious to a reasonable person;
and (2) whether a reasonable alternative was presented to confronting the risk under the
circumstances. We cannot disagree with the trial court that the undisputed facts lead only
to the conclusion that the first element is met in this case—that Ms. Vaughn confronted a
risk obvious to a reasonable person. The question then is whether Ms. Vaughn was
presented with a reasonable alternative to avoid the danger posed by the flooded restroom.

       DMC asserts that the undisputed facts indicate that Ms. Vaughn indeed had a
reasonable alternative in this case, as Ms. Vaughn testified that another restroom was
available on the same floor. We note, however, that Ms. Vaughn asserted that this restroom
was “quite a ways down the hallway[.]” DMC offered no proof of the layout of the building
where the fall occurred or the distance between the two restrooms. Additionally, Ms.
Vaughn testified without dispute that due to her time on the bus to reach the building, she
had an urgent need to use the facilities. Indeed, this claim is substantiated by Ms. Vaughn’s
undisputed testimony that even after she fell in the restroom, she still went into the stall to
complete her purpose.

       These facts distinguish the present case from Easley. As previously discussed in
Easley, we concluded that the plaintiff was not a captive to the dangerous situation because
the plaintiff did not testify to an urgent need to urinate and stalls were available for use that
the plaintiff passed on his way to the urinal. 2005 WL 697525, at *7. In contrast, Ms.
Vaughn specifically testified in this case that she was compelled to action by her urgent
need to urinate. And the proposed alternative restroom was not merely steps away, as in
Easley, but some undetermined “ways” down the hallway.

       Here, Ms. Vaughn’s testimony concerning her urgent need to urinate was considered

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by the trial court, but found to be unpersuasive.10 Respectfully, we disagree. Importantly,
“[s]ummary judgment ‘should not replace a trial when disputed factual issues exist,
because its purpose is not to weigh the evidence, to resolve factual disputes, or to draw
inferences from the facts.’” Downs v. Bush, 263 S.W.3d 812, 815 (Tenn. 2008). While
the non-moving party must do more than create some metaphysical doubt as the material
facts in order to avoid summary judgment, Rye v. Women’s Care Ctr. of Memphis,
MPLLC, 477 S.W.3d 235, 265 (Tenn. 2015), this Court is still required to view the
undisputed facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Cotten v. Wilson, 576 S.W.3d
626, 637 (Tenn. 2019) (citing Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 286). It was therefore not the trial court’s
prerogative to deem Ms. Vaughn’s facts either persuasive or unpersuasive, but merely to
determine whether “reasonable minds could differ on the reasonableness of the plaintiff’s
actions in confronting a known risk and the extent of her fault[.]” Staples v. CBL &
Assocs., Inc., 15 S.W.3d 83, 85–86 (Tenn. 2000).

       Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Ms. Vaughn, we must conclude that
reasonable minds could differ as to whether Ms. Vaughn was presented with a reasonable
alternative to using the flooded restroom in this case. Here, Ms. Vaughn was presented
with an urgent need to urinate and another restroom that was some unknown distance away.
Whether this restroom presented a reasonable alternative, or in fact Ms. Vaughn was held
“captive” by the circumstances is for the jury to determine. Easley, 2005 WL 697525, at
*7. In sum, in the absence of a reasonable alternative and given that she was undisputedly
“compelled” in her action, reasonable minds could differ as to whether her decision to
confront the risk was reasonable. Accordingly, the trial court’s decision to grant summary
judgment to DMC on the issue of comparative fault is vacated.

                                             CONCLUSION

       The judgment of the Shelby County Circuit Court is vacated, and this case remanded
to the trial court for all further proceedings consistent with this Opinion. Costs of this
appeal are taxed to Appellee DMC-Memphis, LLC, for which execution may issue if
necessary.

                                                              S/ J. Steven Stafford
                                                              J. STEVEN STAFFORD, JUDGE

        10
          Specifically, the trial court stated that while it was “sympathetic [to Ms. Vaughn’s plight], the
Court finds this argument to be less than persuasive in the face of this Motion for Summary Judgment.”
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