Court Opinion

ID: 2743096
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-10-16 17:01:10.588777+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:37:45.206121
License: Public Domain

Case: 13-14060    Date Filed: 10/16/2014   Page: 1 of 19

                                                                        [PUBLISH]

                  IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                          ________________________

                                No. 13-14060
                          ________________________

                   D.C. Docket No. 3:09-cv-10928-RBD-JBT

THELMA AYCOCK,
as Personal Representative of the Estate of Richard Aycock ,

                                                               Plaintiff - Appellee,

                                      versus

R.J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY,
individually and as successor by merger to the Brown
and Williamson Tobacco Corporation and the American
Tobacco Company,

                                                            Defendant - Appellant,

PHILIP MORRIS USA, INC., et al,                                         Defendants.

                          ________________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Middle District of Florida
                         ________________________

                               (October 16, 2014)
                Case: 13-14060        Date Filed: 10/16/2014        Page: 2 of 19

Before ED CARNES, Chief Judge, TJOFLAT and SILER, ∗ Circuit Judges.

SILER, Circuit Judge:

       Defendant R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (Reynolds) appeals the district

court’s final judgment following a jury verdict awarding compensatory damages in

the amount of $5.9 million to the plaintiff, Thelma Aycock (Thelma), for her “loss

of support and services, loss of companionship and protection, and her mental pain

and suffering, as a result of her husband’s lung cancer and death,” the legal cause

of which was attributed to his addiction to smoking cigarettes manufactured by the

defendant. Reynolds asks this court to reverse the judgment against it and order a

new trial, alleging the district court erred in excluding evidence of the deceased’s

alcohol abuse as it related to his death, and because the denial of a continuance

unfairly infringed on Reynolds’ right to counsel of its choice. For the following

reasons, we REVERSE and REMAND for a new trial.

                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Thelma, a Florida resident, brought this wrongful death action on behalf of

her husband, Richard Aycock (Richard), under the Florida Wrongful Death Act.

She alleged that her husband contracted lung cancer as a result of his addiction to

cigarettes manufactured by Reynolds and others who were later dropped or

       ∗
         Hon. Eugene E. Siler, Jr., United States Circuit Judge for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by
designation.

                                                     2
              Case: 13-14060     Date Filed: 10/16/2014    Page: 3 of 19

dismissed from the suit. Raising various claims under Florida law, she sought

compensatory and punitive damages from the manufacturers of the cigarettes

Richard had smoked for the duration of their marriage.

      The Aycocks were married for over fifty years until Richard’s death in 1996.

Prior to their marriage, Richard began smoking and gradually increased the amount

of cigarettes he smoked daily throughout the rest of his life. From the mid-1980s

until his death, he smoked up to four packs of cigarettes per day. He engaged in

chain-smoking, and woke up in the middle of the night to smoke. At trial, Thelma

used this behavior as proof of Richard’s addiction to nicotine.

      In addition to his smoking, Richard also had a history of alcohol abuse that

allegedly had affected his marriage. At trial, it was established that Richard drank

while married to Thelma, and that she did not approve of his drinking. She claimed

his “[getting] a little tipsy” made her angry. In a pre-trial deposition, she admitted

that she once left him and took their children out of the home because of his

drinking. Their son, Ronald, called his dad an alcoholic, and said that Richard’s

alcoholism affected his work habits. Ronald also detailed an occasion on which

Richard tried to strike him while under the influence of alcohol. The birth of

Richard’s first grandchild prompted him to attend Alcoholics Anonymous

meetings for a time so that he could stop drinking. However, when questioned at

trial, Thelma denied that his alcohol abuse affected their marriage.

                                              3
              Case: 13-14060     Date Filed: 10/16/2014    Page: 4 of 19

       In 1996, Richard was admitted to the hospital complaining of confusion,

disorientation, and impairment of equilibrium. He was then diagnosed with lung

cancer that had metastasized to his brain. Later that year, he died. The cause of

death listed on his death certificate was lung cancer; the metastasis to the brain was

not mentioned. The hospital recommended a pulmonary biopsy to confirm lung

cancer, but it was refused by the family.

       Richard was originally a member of a class represented in Engle v. Liggett

Group, Inc., a smokers’ class action lawsuit. The Florida Supreme Court

decertified the class in Engle, citing the infeasibility of continued class action

treatment because “individual issues such as legal causation, comparative fault,

and damages predominate.” Engle v. Liggett Group, Inc., 945 So. 2d 1246, 1268

(Fla. 2006) (per curiam). But the court authorized subsequent individual actions in

which the Engle jury’s determinations on causation, negligence, breach of

warranty, concealment, and conspiracy findings would have “res judicata effect.”

Id. at 1269. In the wake of the decertification, Thelma filed this wrongful death

suit. Since this case was an Engle-progeny case, the Engle jury’s findings had res

judicata effect in this case.

       The trial was originally scheduled to begin on April 30, 2012. However, five

days before trial, the hospital where Richard was treated prior to his death

discovered 94 pages of previously undisclosed medical records pertaining to his

                                               4
              Case: 13-14060    Date Filed: 10/16/2014    Page: 5 of 19

case. Thus, the parties to the trial sought—and were granted—a continuance of the

trial. The trial was rescheduled for March 18, 2013. However, five days before

trial, one of Thelma’s expert witnesses suffered an injury that would have

prevented him from testifying. Thelma sought another continuance, which the

court granted.

      The trial was rescheduled for April 8, 2013. However, the trial’s new date

created scheduling conflicts for Reynolds’ lead counsel, Jeffrey L. Furr, who had

trials scheduled from mid-April until July 2013. These conflicts included a tobacco

class action trial in West Virginia state court and four other Engle progeny cases.

In order to preserve its right to the lead counsel of its choice, Reynolds moved for a

further continuance until August 2013, so that Furr could participate as Reynolds’

chief counsel. However, the court denied this motion, and the trial proceeded as

scheduled.

      Before the trial began, the court granted Thelma’s motion in limine seeking

to exclude evidence of Richard’s alcohol consumption. Specifically, Thelma took

issue with parts of the testimony of two expert witnesses for Reynolds. First, she

noted that Dr. Brian Peterson’s report specifically claimed that (1) additional

clinical and diagnostic data was needed to determine whether Richard had cancer;

(2) additional data was needed to determine the cause of Richard’s death; and (3)

due to multiple risk factors, the etiology of Richard’s cancer cannot be determined.

                                             5
              Case: 13-14060     Date Filed: 10/16/2014    Page: 6 of 19

Since Dr. Peterson did not mention any relationship to alcohol consumption,

Thelma argued that Richard’s alcohol use was irrelevant to determining what

caused his death. She also noted that Reynold’s addiction expert, Dr. Daphne

Dorce, noted that there was no link between Richard’s ability to stop drinking and

his ability to stop smoking. Thelma alleged that, because Richard’s history of

alcohol use was irrelevant to the issues present and because its admission would be

highly and unfairly prejudicial, it should be excluded from trial.

      The court also enforced the motion in limine consistently. No discussion of

Richard’s alcohol use in the context of causation was allowed. However, it did

allow evidence of Richard’s alcohol abuse to be used for the discussion of the

Aycocks’ relationship with regard to compensatory damages. But even in this

context, the testimony was limited to discussing the effects of Richard’s alcohol

use on their marriage in the most general terms.

      The diagnosis and cause of death were contentious issues at trial. Thelma

produced an expert who interpreted and confirmed the hospital’s diagnosis of lung

cancer that had metastasized to Richard’s brain. However, Reynolds cited

additional documents from Richard’s final hospitalization indicating that his illness

could have been the result of multiple causes, including lung cancer, melanoma, or

“severe pneumonia.” Reynolds used the lack of the pulmonary biopsy, resulting

from the family’s refusal of further treatment, to attack the certainty of the

                                              6
              Case: 13-14060    Date Filed: 10/16/2014    Page: 7 of 19

hospital’s diagnosis. The defense also produced Dr. Peterson, who, as stated above,

was willing to testify that more data was needed to know if Richard had cancer,

whether that cancer was the cause of his death, and that the origin of the cancer

could not be determined due to multiple risk factors.

      The jury returned a verdict for Thelma. It found that lung cancer caused by

cigarette smoking was a legal cause of Richard’s death, and that his addiction to

smoking cigarettes containing nicotine and manufactured by Reynolds was also a

legal cause of his death. It awarded $5.9 million in compensatory damages, and

allocated 72.5% of the fault to Reynolds, and 27.5% to Richard. In accordance

with the verdict, the court granted a judgment for the plaintiff in the amount of

$4,277,500 against Reynolds.

      After the jury returned its verdict, Reynolds moved for a new trial and

remittitur of the compensatory damages, again alleging that the exclusion of

evidence regarding Richard’s alcohol use was improper. The court denied both

motions, holding that it previously had “correctly determined that the proffered

evidence was inadmissible because the prejudice substantially outweighed the

probative value . . . .” Subsequently, Reynolds appealed and asks this court to

reverse the judgment and order a new trial.

                                              7
              Case: 13-14060      Date Filed: 10/16/2014    Page: 8 of 19

                             STANDARD OF REVIEW

      The evidentiary rulings of the district court are reviewed for a clear abuse of

discretion. See, e.g., United States v. Tinoco, 304 F.3d 1088, 1119 (11th Cir.

2002). A district court abuses its discretion “if it applies an incorrect legal

standard, applies the law in an unreasonable or incorrect manner, follows improper

procedures in making a determination, or makes findings of fact that are clearly

erroneous.” Brown v. Ala. Dept. of Transp., 597 F.3d 1160, 1173 (11th Cir. 2010)

(quoting Citizens for Police Accountability Political Comm. v. Browning, 572 F.3d

1213, 1216-17 (11th Cir. 2009)). A court applies the wrong legal standard when it

analyzes evidence under the wrong test or applies a test to evidence that the test

should not apply to. See, e.g., Busby v. JRHBW Realty, Inc., 513 F.3d 1314, 1324

(11th Cir. 2008); Himmermann v. First Union Mortg. Corp., 305 F.3d 1257, 1264

(11th Cir. 2002). Even though the district court’s evidentiary rulings are reviewed

for a clear abuse of discretion, the appellate court is freer to perform a Rule 403

balancing test ab initio when, as here, the issue arises in limine. United States v.

King, 713 F.2d 627, 631 (11th Cir. 1983).

                                    DISCUSSION

1. The Court’s Exclusion of Evidence Relating to Alcohol Abuse

      Evidence is relevant if it has any tendency to make a fact more or less

probable than it would be without the evidence, and the fact is of consequence in

                                               8
              Case: 13-14060    Date Filed: 10/16/2014   Page: 9 of 19

determining the action. FED. R. EVID. 401. Even if the evidence is relevant, the

court may exclude it if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger

of “unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay,

wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” FED. R. EVID. 403. In

excluding evidence for unfair prejudice, the evidence must have “an undue

tendency to suggest decision on an improper basis, commonly, though not

necessarily, an emotional one.” Id., Advisory Comm. Note (1972). Thus, in order

for evidence to be excluded as unduly prejudicial under Rule 403, the undue

prejudice it causes must substantially outweigh its probative value.

      Because it allows a trial court to exclude evidence that is probative, Rule

403 is “an extraordinary remedy which should be used sparingly.” King, 713 F.2d

at 631. Accordingly, the balance should be struck in favor of admissibility. United

States v. Lopez, 649 F.3d 1222, 1247 (11th Cir. 2011). Rule 403 should be used

“only when unfair prejudice substantially outweighs probative value that the rule

permits exclusion.” King, 713 F.2d at 631 (emphasis in original). In applying Rule

403, courts must “look at the evidence in a light most favorable to admission,

maximizing its probative value and minimizing its undue prejudicial impact.”

United States v. Alfaro-Moncada, 607 F.3d 720, 734 (11th Cir. 2010). Because of

this, a district court’s “discretion to exclude evidence under Rule 403 is narrowly

circumscribed.” United States v. Smith, 459 F.3d 1276, 1295 (11th Cir. 2006)

                                             9
             Case: 13-14060     Date Filed: 10/16/2014    Page: 10 of 19

(quoting United States v. Norton, 867 F.2d 1354, 1361 (11th Cir. 1989) (quotation

marks omitted)).

      As evidence becomes more essential, its probative value becomes greater.

King, 713 F.2d at 631. Rule 403’s major function is “limited to excluding matter of

scant or cumulative probative force, dragged in by the heels for the sake of its

prejudicial effect.” United States v. Meester, 762 F.2d 867, 875 (11th Cir. 1985)

(quoting United States v. McRae, 593 F.2d 700, 707 (5th Cir. 1979)). Testimony

merely intended to bolster a party’s case is more easily excluded under Rule 403

than testimony that forms a critical part of that case. See United States v. Mills,

704 F.2d 1553, 1560 (11th Cir. 1983) (holding that evidence necessary to the

government’s rebuttal of a defendant’s case could not be excluded under Rule 403,

but could have been if it was introduced only to “bolster the prosecution’s case.”).

      A. Burden Shifting

      In ordinary cases under Florida law, a plaintiff bears the burden of proof on

all four elements of negligence—duty of care, breach of that duty, causation, and

damages. Clampitt v. D.J. Spencer Sales, 786 So. 2d 570, 573 (Fla. 2001). In

negligence actions, the courts follow the more likely than not standard of

causation, Gooding v. Univ. Hosp. Bldg., Inc., 445 So. 2d 1015, 1018 (Fla. 1984),

meaning that the defendant’s negligence “probably caused” the plaintiff’s injury,

Cox v. St. Joseph’s Hosp., 71 So. 3d 795 (Fla. 2011).

                                             10
             Case: 13-14060      Date Filed: 10/16/2014    Page: 11 of 19

      However, courts treat evidence produced by plaintiffs to prove causation

differently than they treat evidence produced by defendants to rebut causation. See,

e.g., Haas v. Zaccaria, 659 So. 2d 1130, 1133 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1995) (reversing

a court decision to exclude defendant-doctor’s alternative causation evidence).

While the plaintiff bears the burden of proving that the defendant’s negligence

more likely than not caused the injury, that burden does not “logically compel[] the

conclusion that the defendant [ ] is precluded from offering evidence of possible

explanations other than his own . . . negligence.” Id. (emphasis in original). As the

court notes in Haas: “Probabilities are provoked by possibilities . . . . In a logical

sense, the probabilities may be deduced only from an analysis of all the

possibilities.” Id. (emphasis added). The defendant’s ability to present alternate

causes is of paramount importance in allowing for an adequate defense. See, e.g.,

Guinn v. AstraZeneca Pharm. LP, 602 F.3d 1245, 1253 (11th Cir. 2010) (holding

that a plaintiff’s expert’s differential diagnosis “must at least consider other factors

that could have been the sole cause of the plaintiff’s injury”).

      These principles are in keeping with both Florida law and decisions from

other circuits. See, e.g., In re Paioli R.R. Yard PCB Litigation, 35 F.3d 717 (3d Cir.

1994) (holding an expert’s testimony unreliable because he did not consider

alternative causes). In Wilder v. Eberhart, the First Circuit found that the defendant

“need not prove another cause” but “only has to convince the trier of fact that the

                                              11
             Case: 13-14060      Date Filed: 10/16/2014    Page: 12 of 19

alleged negligence was not the legal cause of the injury.” 977 F.2d 673, 676 (1st

Cir. 1992) (holding that the district court’s decision to grant plaintiff’s motion in

limine to exclude the defendant’s evidence because it was stated in terms of “mere

possibility” instead of “probability” shifted the burden of proof to the defendant).

The defendant’s alternative cause theories “need not be proved with certainty or

more probably than not.” Id. And to require them to be proved “would unduly tie a

defendant’s hands in rebutting a plaintiff’s case where . . . plaintiff’s expert

testifies that no other cause could have caused plaintiff’s injury.” Id.

      The decision in R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. v. Mack, 92 So. 3d 244 (Fla.

Dist. Ct. App. 2012), is instructive. There, the plaintiff, whose father had died of

laryngeal cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, was granted a motion

in limine to exclude evidence that the deceased had been exposed to carcinogens

while working as a mechanic and that the deceased had a family history of cancer.

Id. at 246. The appeals court reversed, finding that “[b]y excluding Appellant’s

alternative causation evidence on the basis that its experts could not testify to a

reasonable degree of medical probability, the trial court improperly shifted the

burden of proof as to causation to Appellant.” Id. at 247.

      Here, just as in Wilder and Mack, the district court improperly shifted the

burden of proof, forcing Reynolds to prove that Richard’s death was caused by

something other than smoking. Under Florida law, the burden of proof was on

                                              12
             Case: 13-14060      Date Filed: 10/16/2014    Page: 13 of 19

Thelma to show that Richard’s addiction to cigarettes more likely than not caused

his death. Not only did the district court apply the wrong legal standard in

requiring that the testimony offered by Reynolds regarding alternative causes be to

a reasonable medical certainty, rather than the correct “more likely than not”

standard, it also placed the burden of proof as to causation on the wrong party.

      B. Exclusion of Alcohol Evidence and Impact on Defendant’s Case

      In excluding all evidence of Richard’s alcohol use except in considering

damages, the district court greatly hindered Reynolds’ defense. As stated above, as

evidence becomes more essential, its probative value becomes greater. Here,

Richard’s alcohol use was an essential part of the defense’s attempt to show that

something other than his smoking could have caused his death. Thus, its probative

value was high. Where, as here, the plaintiff bears the burden of proving causation

and the defendant is unable to challenge fully the plaintiff’s causative theory

because of a court’s evidentiary ruling, the decision to exclude that evidence

should not stand.

      Richard’s alcohol abuse was especially relevant to several elements of the

trial. First, his history of alcoholism was relevant to the cause of his death.

Thelma’s contention that Richard died of lung cancer was based primarily on the

hospital’s admission report and its interpretation by her expert, Dr. Burns.

However, the lack of confirmation via biopsy left the cause of death open to some

                                              13
             Case: 13-14060     Date Filed: 10/16/2014   Page: 14 of 19

debate. Reynolds had several experts who were prepared to testify that even though

the precise cause of death could not be determined, alcohol could have contributed

to whatever disease caused his death. The relevance of Richard’s drinking to the

cause of his death was even admitted by the plaintiff’s expert, Dr. Burns. Since

Thelma bore the burden of proving that cigarette smoking more likely than not

caused Richard’s death, and his alcohol use increased the likelihood that his death

was caused by another disease, the evidence regarding his alcohol use was highly

relevant and could have been used to rebut the plaintiff’s case.

      The evidence of Richard’s alcohol use was also relevant to the determination

of comparative fault. In assigning the percentage of fault to be allocated to each

party, the jury heard evidence from each side; however, Reynolds’ ability to

present its evidence came with limitations. Whereas Thelma was unrestricted in

her ability to direct the jury to evidence of Reynolds’ alleged wrongdoing,

Reynolds was handicapped in its response, having been denied the right to argue

that Richard’s excessive drinking also played a substantial role in his death. By

excluding evidence of the alcohol use, Richard’s heavy consumption of alcohol

was in effect removed as a substantial contributing cause of his purported lung

cancer. Moreover, the alcohol use was relevant because it contributed to the

smoking itself. As Dr. Burns testified in Duke v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., No.

09-cv-10104 (M.D. Fla.), and as recognized by the Surgeon General, “alcohol

                                             14
             Case: 13-14060     Date Filed: 10/16/2014    Page: 15 of 19

consumption has a negative effect on smoking cessation.” When the jury is

determining the comparative fault between the two parties to a tenth of a

percentage, there is little doubt that allowing relevant evidence—namely, alcohol’s

impact on the development of lung cancer and its impact on smoking habits and

duration—could alter that determination.

      Finally, the evidence of Richard’s alcohol use was relevant to damages.

Because Thelma made no showing of economic damages, her argument for an

award of damages rested squarely on the quality of the relationship between the

Aycocks, and the suffering she endured from his loss. There is no doubt Richard’s

alcohol abuse affected his relationship with his wife and children. His drinking

habits affected his ability to work and provide for his family. During trial, the court

allowed Reynolds to ask generally about the effects of Richard’s alcohol use on his

family. But it prevented Reynolds from asking about specific instances or ways in

which it affected them. Thus, when Thelma denied that his alcohol abuse had

affected their marriage, Reynolds was unable to rebut her testimony with her

earlier deposition testimony to the contrary. The defense’s inability to mention

evidence of Richard’s alcohol abuse wounded its ability to present an accurate

picture of the Aycocks’ family life, which was a critical consideration in

determining the damages awarded.

                                             15
             Case: 13-14060     Date Filed: 10/16/2014   Page: 16 of 19

      As Thelma notes in her brief, Reynolds was permitted to offer expert

testimony on the possibility that Richard did not die as a result of a disease caused

by smoking. Reynolds did in fact introduce evidence about other types of cancer,

infection, and inflammation as possible causes of death. However, contrary to

Thelma’s assertion, the exclusion of the alcohol evidence was not harmless. The

alcohol evidence made these other possible causes more likely, and in turn

provided crucial support for the opinions of Reynolds’ experts. Simply put,

Reynolds was denied the opportunity to present to the jury crucial facts bearing on

the likelihood of whether Richard died from lung cancer.

      Here, the evidence relating to alcohol abuse formed an essential part of the

defendant’s case. Because probative value is greater as evidence becomes more

essential, the evidence of Richard’s alcohol abuse had high probative value.

      C. Prejudicial Effect of Including Alcohol Evidence

      In order to satisfy Rule 403’s balancing test, the evidence’s prejudicial effect

must be high enough to outweigh its probative value. Here, the potential is low that

admitting evidence of Richard’s alcohol abuse would be unfairly prejudicial. First,

the consequences of alcohol abuse were directly relevant to several facets of this

case, and so introducing them is not unfairly prejudicial. His drinking could have

caused or made him more susceptible to the illness causing his death, could have

influenced a jury’s finding of comparative fault, and could have affected the

                                             16
             Case: 13-14060     Date Filed: 10/16/2014    Page: 17 of 19

amount of damages they felt his widow was owed. Because his drinking problems

were proven, and because the consequences of his drinking relate directly to the

case, even if the evidence was prejudicial, it was not unfairly prejudicial.

      However, even if true, the inclusion of evidence linking Richard’s

alcoholism to the medical problems that caused his death adds precisely no

prejudice to the case at hand because the jury was already aware of his alcoholism.

See, e.g., United States v. Jones, 266 F. App’x 886, 891-92 (11th Cir. 2011) (“At

that point, there was no additional prejudice that could have resulted because the

jury already knew what crimes Jones had been convicted of. Therefore, the

probative value of the evidence was not ‘substantially outweighed by the danger of

unfair prejudice.’” (quoting FED. R. EVID. 403)). Richard’s alcohol abuse had

already been exposed in the defense’s cross-examination of his wife. As such, the

members of the jury knew that Richard drank, Thelma did not approve, and that

she would get angry when he would get “tipsy.” They also knew, courtesy of

Richard’s medical report, that he had cirrhosis of the liver, a disease commonly

caused by extended alcohol abuse. The court even admitted that the jury must have

known of Richard’s alcohol abuse. Given the pronounced references to Richard’s

alcohol use at trial, we think it difficult to conclude that any appreciable prejudice

would have materialized from evidence linking Richard’s alcohol use, of which the

jury was already aware, to his death.

                                              17
             Case: 13-14060       Date Filed: 10/16/2014   Page: 18 of 19

      In sum, the district court erred in granting plaintiff’s motion in limine to

exclude evidence under Rule 403. The evidence excluded was of high probative

value and did not cause a high amount of unfair prejudice. As such, under Rule

403’s narrowly prescribed balancing test, the evidence should not have been

excluded. On this basis, we remand to the district court for a new trial.

2. Defendant’s Motion for Continuance to Allow for its Choice of Counsel

      We need not resolve this issue, as we have decided this case in Reynolds’

favor on the first issue above.

3. Defendant’s Due Process Challenge

      Reynolds submits that it is a violation of federal due process to allow an

Engle-progeny plaintiff to use the Engle findings to establish the conduct elements

of his or her individual claims. Recently, in Walker v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.,

734 F.3d 1278, 1287 (11th Cir. 2013), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 2727 (Jun. 9, 2014)

(No. 13-1193), this court engaged in a comprehensive analysis of the same issue,

holding that the “decision of the Supreme Court of Florida to give preclusive effect

to the approved findings from Phase I [of Engle] did not arbitrarily deprive R.J.

Reynolds of property without due process of law.” Walker is, as Reynolds readily

concedes, controlling authority which this court is bound to follow.

                                              18
           Case: 13-14060   Date Filed: 10/16/2014   Page: 19 of 19

                              CONCLUSION

     For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s decision is REVERSED and

the case is REMANDED for a new trial.

                                         19