Court Opinion

ID: 4698277
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-24 16:02:33.554652+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:51.961637
License: Public Domain

Filed 6/24/21 P. v. Cuevas CA5

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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             IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                     FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 THE PEOPLE,
                                                                                             F076129
             Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                           (Kern Super. Ct. No. BF077878B)
                    v.

 ENRIQUE N. CUEVAS,                                                                       OPINION
             Defendant and Appellant.

                                                   THE COURT*
         APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Kern County. Susan M. Gill,
Judge.
         Jennifer M. Sheetz, for Defendant and Appellant.
         Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Matthew Rodriquez, Acting Attorney General,
Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant
Attorney General, Kathleen A. McKenna and Kimberley A. Donohue, Deputy Attorneys
General, for Defendant and Respondent.
                                                        -ooOoo-

         *   Before Franson, Acting P.J., Meehan, J. and De Santos, J.
                                       INTRODUCTION
        “Defendants who lack United States citizenship sometimes face not only penal
sanctions but also harsh immigration consequences if convicted. Because of this, pleas
accepted in the shadow of deficient advice about the risks of deportation can have ‘dire’
repercussions. [Citation.]” (People v. Vivar (2021) 11 Cal.5th 510, 533 (Vivar).)
        “[W]hen long-standing noncitizen residents of this country are accused of
committing a crime, the most devastating consequence may not be a prison sentence, but
their removal and exclusion from the United States. [Citation.] Because the prospect of
deportation ‘is an integral part,’ and often even ‘the most important part,’ of a noncitizen
defendant’s calculus in responding to certain criminal charges [citation], both the
Legislature and the courts have sought to ensure these defendants receive clear and
accurate advice about the impact of criminal convictions on their immigration status,
along with effective remedies when such advice is deficient. [Citations.]” (Vivar, supra,
11 Cal.5th at p. 516, italics added.)1
        Penal Code section 1473.7 is one of the remedies enacted by the Legislature.2
(Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 517, 523.) “[L]awmakers considered the problem faced
by [noncitizens] who were unaware of the immigration consequences posed by a plea
entered many years earlier. [Citation.] They did so by enacting section 1473.7, which
‘create[d] an explicit right for a person no longer imprisoned or restrained[]’ ” to file a
motion to vacate the conviction that triggered their removal. (Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at
pp. 523, 525–526.) As applicable to this case, the moving party may move to vacate his
prior conviction under section 1473.7 if he proves by a preponderance of the evidence

        1Amendments to the Immigration and Naturalization Act (INA) have
“ ‘eliminated the distinction between deportation and exclusion proceedings, replacing
them with a new, consolidated category – “removal.” ’ [Citation.]” (Ledezma-Galicia v.
Holder (9th Cir. 2010) 636 F.3d 1059, 1062–1063, fn. 2.)
        2   All further references to “section 1473.7” are to the statute contained in the Penal
Code.

                                                2.
that his conviction is legally invalid because of a prejudicial error damaging his ability to
meaningfully understand, defend against, or knowingly accept the actual or potential
adverse immigration consequences of a plea of guilty or nolo contendere. In other words,
the moving party must prove his “own error” that was prejudicial about the nature of the
plea agreement and the removal consequences. (People v. Camacho (2019) 32
Cal.App.5th 998, 1009 (Camacho); People v. Mejia (2019) 36 Cal.App.5th 859, 872
(Mejia).)
Appellant’s motion to vacate
        In May 1996, appellant Enrique N. Cuevas, a noncitizen who entered the United
States in 1989 when he was 18 years old, pleaded no contest to a charged felony offense
of violating Health and Safety Code section 11370.9, subdivision (a), money laundering
in an amount more than $25,000.3
        At the time of his plea, appellant signed a form that contained the advisement
required by Penal Code section 1016.5,4 that he “may” be subject to deportation as a
result of his plea. Appellant was placed on probation, successfully completed his
probationary period, and there is no evidence that he was convicted of any other criminal
offense.
        In 2015, appellant was deported because of his 1996 conviction. By that time, he
had lived and worked in California for 26 years, he was married to a citizen of the United
States, had six children born in this country, and was the primary breadwinner for his
family.
        In 2017, appellant filed a motion to vacate his 1996 conviction based on the newly
enacted provisions of section 1473.7. At that time, section 1473.7 was interpreted to

        All further citations to “section 11370.9, subdivision (a)” are to the statute
        3
contained in the Health and Safety Code.
        4   All further citations to “section 1016.5” are to the statute contained in the Penal
Code.

                                                 3.
require the moving party to prove prejudicial ineffective assistance of counsel to obtain
relief. (Camacho, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at p. 1005.) Appellant argued his trial attorney
was ineffective at the time of his plea, and the error was prejudicial because he would not
have agreed to plead no contest if he had known his plea was going to result in his
mandatory deportation and exclusion from the United States. The superior court denied
the motion, rejected the credibility of appellant’s supporting declaration, and held there
was no prejudice because he was advised of possible immigration consequences since he
received the section 1016.5 warning when he entered his plea.
       Appellant has filed this appeal from the superior court’s denial of his motion to
vacate. While this appeal was pending, section 1473.7 was amended in 2018, effective in
2019, to “expand[] the category of defendants who could obtain relief by eliminating any
requirement that the defendant establish ineffective assistance of counsel[]” (Vivar,
supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 525; Mejia, supra, 36 Cal.App.5th at p. 869) and these
amendments apply to appellant’s case (Mejia, supra, 36 Cal.App.5th at p. 865; Camacho,
supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1006–1008).
       We reverse the superior court’s ruling and find that based on the currently
applicable provisions of section 1473.7, and the California Supreme Court’s recent
interpretation of the statute in Vivar, appellant met his burden to establish prejudicial
error under the statute, he is entitled to relief, and his motion to vacate his conviction
must be granted.
                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       Appellant was born in Mexico in 1971 and entered the United States when he was
18 years old in 1989.
       On February 19, 1996, appellant was arrested for engaging in a money laundering
transaction. He was held in custody until his plea.
       On or about March 16, 1996, an information was filed that charged appellant and a
codefendant with a felony violation of section 11370.9, subdivision (a), in the language

                                              4.
of the statute, which states: “It is unlawful for any person knowingly to receive or
acquire proceeds, or engage in a transaction involving proceeds, known to be derived
from any violation of [the Controlled Substances Act] with the intent to conceal or
disguise or aid in concealing or disguising the nature, location, ownership, control, or
source of the proceeds or to avoid a transaction reporting requirement under state or
federal law,” of an amount exceeding $25,000. (§ 11370.9, subds. (a), (d); People v.
Bush (2017) 7 Cal.App.5th 457, 482, 485.)5
                                  PLEA PROCEEDINGS
       At some point after the preliminary hearing, appellant discharged his deputy
public defender and retained attorney David Torres to represent him and pleaded no
contest to the charged offense.
The change-of-plea form
       On May 6, 1996, appellant signed a change-of-plea, advisement, and waiver form
as part of his plea.6 In addition to stating his constitutional rights, the printed form
included the following advisement.

       “I HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF PENAL CODE SECTION 1016.5: ‘If you
       are not a citizen, you are hereby advised that conviction of the offense for
       which you have been charged may have the consequences of deportation,
       exclusion from admission to the United States, or denial of naturalization
       pursuant to the laws of the United States.’ ”7 (Italics added.)

       5 Appellant and the codefendant were charged by a complaint with the same
offense and held to answer at a preliminary hearing. The transcript from the preliminary
hearing has been destroyed in the regular course of business. The record is silent about
underlying facts of the case, and the disposition of the charge against the codefendant.
       6 Appellant submitted the change-of-plea, advisement, and waiver form as an
exhibit in support of his 2015 motion to vacate that was filed under section 1016.5, and it
was included as part of the record for his section 1473.7 motion to vacate.
       7 Section 1016.5 “requires that before accepting a plea of guilty or nolo contendere
to any criminal offense, the trial court must advise the defendant that if he or she is not a
United States citizen, conviction of the offense may result in deportation, exclusion from
admission to the United States, or denial of naturalization pursuant to the laws of the

                                              5.
       Appellant marked the box next to this paragraph and initialed the adjacent line that
stated: “I UNDERSTAND THIS ADVICE.” The plea form was signed and dated by
appellant, Mr. Torres, and a Spanish interpreter.
Plea hearing
       On May 7, 1996, appellant appeared in court with Mr. Torres and pleaded no
contest to the charged offense. The plea was entered pursuant to People v. West (1970) 3
Cal.3d 595, and appellant did not admit a factual basis for the plea.8 Appellant was
placed on probation for three years subject to certain terms and conditions, and he was
released from custody at that time.
       According to the minute order, appellant was advised “through his attorney” of his
constitutional rights and the nature and extent of the charges and punishment that could
result if he entered a plea, and his “signed waiver of rights [was] filed and incorporated
by reference.”
Expungement of conviction
       On August 31, 1999, appellant, again represented by Mr. Torres, filed a motion
pursuant to Penal Code section 1203.4 to withdraw his plea, and dismiss and expunge his
1996 conviction because he had successfully completed probation. The district attorney
did not file opposition.

United States. [Citation.]” (People v. Martinez (2013) 57 Cal.4th 555, 558, fn. omitted.)
“[A] validly executed waiver form is a proper substitute for verbal admonishment by the
trial court. [Citation.]” (People v. Ramirez (1999) 71 Cal.App.4th 519, 521.)
       The California Supreme Court recently held that in determining the merits of a
section 1473.7 motion to vacate, a section 1016.5 advisement on a plea form that is
signed at the time of the plea may be insufficient to mitigate the prejudice from the
defendant’s erroneous beliefs about the impact of his plea on immigration consequences,
since the advisement states that deportation is a possibility, when deportation in certain
circumstances is mandatory. (Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 533.)
       8   The reporter’s transcript of the plea hearing no longer exists.

                                               6.
       On September 14, 1999, the court held a hearing on the motion; the reporter’s
transcript no longer exists. According to the minute order, the court granted appellant’s
motion to withdraw his plea, and appellant entered a not guilty plea to the original charge
of violating section 11370.9, subdivision (a). The court granted appellant’s motion to
dismiss the charge pursuant to Penal Code section 1203.4, without objection from the
district attorney.9
       There is no evidence that appellant was convicted of any criminal offense after his
conviction in 1996, and the dismissal and expungement of that conviction in 1999.
              APPELLANT’S SECTION 1473.7 MOTION TO VACATE
       According to the appellate record, appellant was deported from the United States
to Mexico in 2015 as a result of his 1996 conviction.10 The People have not disputed this
assertion.
       On March 13, 2017, appellant’s attorney filed a motion to vacate his conviction
based on section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(1), which was enacted in 2016 and became
effective on January 1, 2017. (Stats. 2016, c. 739 (A.B. 813), § 1.) As noted above, the
statute was interpreted at that time to require the moving party to prove prejudicial
ineffective assistance of counsel to obtain relief. (Mejia, supra, 36 Cal.App.5th at p. 861;
Camacho, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at p. 1005.)

       9 A dismissal and expungement for rehabilitation purposes under Penal Code
section 1203.4 has no effect on the federal immigration consequences of a conviction that
subjects a person to mandatory removal. (Ocon-Perez v. Immigration & Naturalization
Service (9th Cir. 1977) 550 F.2d 1153, 1154; Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 522.) In
contrast, a conviction vacated because of procedural or substantive infirmities does not
remain valid for immigration purposes. (Camacho, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1004–
1005.)
       10 In May 2015, appellant filed a motion to vacate his conviction based on section
1016.5. He acknowledged the section 1016.5 advisement was on the printed plea form
but argued that language was insufficient to advise about the potential immigration
consequences of his plea. The court denied the motion because he signed the change-of-
plea form with the section 1016.5 immigration advisement.

                                             7.
       Appellant’s motion asserted his 1996 plea was legally invalid under
section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(1) because his trial attorney failed to advise him about the
harsh immigration consequences that would result from his plea or negotiate an alternate
plea to an offense that would not have resulted in his deportation, and the error was
prejudicial because he would not have entered the plea if he had known that the
conviction was going to result in his mandatory deportation and permanent exclusion
from the United States.
       Appellant’s motion was supported by declarations and documentary exhibits.
Appellant’s declaration
       In appellant’s sworn declaration, signed in January 2017 under penalty of perjury,
he declared he was born in 1971, entered the United States when he was 18 years old in
1989, lived in California for the next 26 years, and worked in construction and landscape.
He was married to a citizen, his six children (ranging from ages one to 21 years) were
born here, most of his extended family legally lived in the United States, and he was “the
primary breadwinner” for the family.
       Appellant stated the circumstances of his deportation:

       “Because Department of Homeland Security considers my 1996 conviction
       under Health and Safety Code section 11370(a) [sic] a deportable offense as
       an aggravated felony, I face permanent exclusion from the United States.[11]
       [¶] … [¶]

               “Despite my long-term continuous residence and connections to the
       U.S., and the fact that I long ago completed my sentence and expunged this
       case, I now face permanent banishment based upon this conviction.”

       11 Appellant’s declaration misstated his conviction for violating Health and Safety
Code section 11370.9, subdivision (a), as a violation of section “11370(a),” a statute that
prohibits a grant of probation for a person convicted of specific narcotics offenses when
that person has a prior narcotics conviction.

                                             8.
       Appellant declared he met with his trial attorney, Mr. Torres, one time while he
was in jail and before he entered his plea. “He never interviewed me to ask about my
immigration status before advising me to accept the plea bargain offered by the DA.”

              “When I discussed a potential plea with my attorney, David Torres,
       he explained that the plea bargain was the best deal for me because I faced
       prison if I went to trial, and the plea agreement limited my exposure to a
       brief period in jail. By pleading guilty, I was assured a short jail term. I do
       not remember signing anything at the time of my plea.”12
       Appellant further declared:

               “I do not remember receiving any court admonishment regarding
       potential immigration consequences, nor do I remember any discussion
       regarding immigration consequences or any other potential non-deportable
       pleas with my attorney prior to changing my plea. Had I been warned of
       the immigration consequences of my plea, I would not have entered such a
       plea. I would have asked my lawyer to negotiate for a different deal to
       mitigate the immigration consequences, or I would have insisted on going
       to trial—I would have done whatever was necessary to avoid the
       immigration consequences of permanent exclusion.” (Italics added.)
       Appellant declared his life was in the United States, he wanted to become a citizen
and continue to support his family, and he did not want to live in Mexico.
       Appellant’s declaration concluded:

               “My current lawyer has told me that if my conviction is vacated, the
       district attorney might charge me again for the same crime. I understand
       that. However, my current lawyer has also advised me that I could have
       plead [sic] to a similar, non-deportable offense, carrying the same criminal
       consequences. Had I known the case would constitute a deportable

       12  While appellant declared he did not remember signing the change-of-plea form,
he submitted that document as an exhibit in support of his section 1016.5 motion to
vacate in 2015, and it is part of the instant appellate record. In his supporting declaration,
appellant never claimed he did not sign the form and he did not challenge the validity of
his initials or signature. Instead, he stated he had no memory of signing anything or
receiving advisements at the time of his plea. In appellant’s opening brief filed in this
appeal, he argued that he has “always acknowledged the signed … waiver form (bearing
his signature) in the record,” and submitted the form in his section 1016.5 motion to
vacate.

                                              9.
       conviction under immigration law, I would have definitely insisted that my
       attorney negotiated an alternate plea that would mitigate the immigration
       consequences.”13
       The Kern County District Attorney’s office filed opposition to appellant’s motion
to vacate and argued he was not entitled to relief based on an ineffective assistance claim
because there was no evidence of prejudice, he was fully advised of the immigration
consequences based on the section 1016.5 advisement in the change-of-plea form, and he
still freely and voluntarily entered his plea.
                            THE EVIDENTIARY HEARING
       On May 9, 2017, the superior court conducted an evidentiary hearing on
appellant’s section 1473.7 motion to vacate. Appellant’s attorney advised the court that
he was deported in 2015 and, if the court granted his motion, he would be returned to this
country. The district attorney’s office appeared in opposition.
       David Torres, appellant’s attorney at the 1996 plea hearing, was called by the
district attorney and was the only witness who testified at the evidentiary hearing.14
Mr. Torres was primarily questioned about the issues then relevant to appellant’s claim of
ineffective assistance.
       Mr. Torres did not have an independent recollection of appellant or his case.
Starting in 1992, his office used a questionnaire for new clients that included “something
that would indicate … whether or not a person is a citizen, a legal resident or they’re
undocumented.” Based on his practices at the time, Mr. Torres would have considered a
client’s immigration status and attempted to negotiate a plea agreement that would be

       13  Appellant’s motion was also supported by declarations from two immigration
lawyers about the harsh immigration consequences resulting from his plea and
conviction, and asserting his attorney was prejudicially ineffective for failing to negotiate
an alternate plea to a different criminal offense that did not carry the same consequences.
        14 At the hearing, appellant’s attorney stated the motion was based on the
declarations filed in support of the section 1473.7 motion to vacate, as summarized
above, and asked the court to review the declarations. The district attorney did not object
to the court’s consideration of the contents of these declarations.

                                                 10.
favorable to the client’s immigration status, but “what your good intentions are may not
be agreed upon by the prosecution,” and “that’s where sometimes one may run into a
wall.”
         Mr. Torres testified that at the time of appellant’s plea, he would have advised a
client about the immigration consequences of the plea. If the client did not understand,
he would have requested a continuance, “[b]ut yes, when the rights are read to the client,
I always tell them that … they will be deported just to let them know that that’s a strong
possibility.” Mr. Torres reviewed appellant’s change-of-plea form and testified he never
would have signed such a document without advising his client of the immigration
consequences of his plea since it was one of the mandatory advisement items.
         Upon reviewing the surviving court records from this case, Mr. Torres recognized
the name of the deputy district attorney who was involved in this case, and testified he
would not have been able to negotiate an alternate plea to a different offense that did not
carry the same harsh immigration consequences because she “was a very tough
prosecutor and basically she stood by her guns,” and there was “little room to negotiate”
such cases at that time.
   THE COURT’S DENIAL OF THE SECTION 1473.7 MOTION TO VACATE
         On June 15, 2017, the superior court denied appellant’s motion to vacate and
issued a lengthy opinion that summarized the 2017 version of section 1473.7, ineffective
assistance, and Mr. Torres’s testimony at the evidentiary hearing.
         As we will discuss, post, we address these findings because appellant’s declaration
is relevant to establish that he met his burden to obtain relief under the current version of
section 1473.7. The California Supreme Court has now clarified that upon review of the
denial of a motion to vacate under section 1473.7, appellate courts must use the
independent standard of review and “should … give particular deference to factual
findings based on the trial court’s personal observations of witnesses. [Citation.] Where
… the facts derive entirely from written declarations and other documents, however,

                                              11.
there is no reason to conclude the trial court has the same special purchase on the
question at issue ….” (Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 527–528, italics added.)
       In denying the motion under the 2017 version, the court stated the only disputed
question was “whether the defendant has established that at the time of the plea he was
not sufficiently advised of the immigration consequences of his plea. Or, as the
California Supreme Court has held in the context of a motion to withdraw a plea due to
failure to comply with section 1016.5, the defendant must show ‘ “that a reasonable
probability exists that, but for counsel’s incompetence, he would not have pled guilty and
would have insisted, instead, on proceeding to trial.” ’ [Citations.]”
       The court rejected the credibility of the entirety of appellant’s declaration
submitted in support of his motion, and found Mr. Torres’s hearing testimony more
credible even though he lacked a direct memory of appellant’s case:

                “[Appellant’s] assertions that he remembers neither signing any
       documents nor being admonished about potential immigration
       consequences is at odds with the other evidence before the court.
       [Appellant] did sign a waiver of rights form, which is in the file. Moreover,
       that waiver of rights form contained the … section 1016.5 admonishment
       that if [appellant] is not a citizen, entering a plea may have immigration
       consequences, and the defendant initialed that admonishment. Although
       this non-specific admonishment is not sufficient in and of itself to establish
       [appellant’s] knowledge of the immigration consequences facing him
       [citation], it is significant, as it casts doubt on either [appellant’s] memory
       or his truthfulness.[15]

               “Second, [appellant] says he does not remember his attorney
       discussing immigration consequences with him. However, Mr. Torres
       testified that every defendant he represented since 1992 completed an
       intake sheet that asked about immigration status, and that it was his custom

       15 As we will discuss, post, the California Supreme Court held that in determining
the merits of a section 1473.7 motion to vacate, a section 1016.5 advisement on a plea
form may be insufficient to mitigate the prejudice from the defendant’s erroneous beliefs
about the impact of his plea on immigration consequences, since the advisement states
that deportation is a possibility, when deportation in certain circumstances is mandatory.
(Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 533.)

                                             12.
       and practice to include discussions about immigration consequences, about
       which he was well versed, in his discussions with his clients about a
       potential plea. Mr. Torres’s credibility has not been assailed. Thus,
       [appellant’s] statement indicates either a faulty memory or lack of
       truthfulness.

               “[Appellant] has argued that there were other plea agreements that
       could have been negotiated that would have prevented the dire immigration
       consequences the defendant has faced as a result of his conviction in this
       case, but which would have had more severe criminal consequences, such
       as a charge of transportation of a controlled substance or possession of a
       controlled substance for sale. Mr. Torres asserted that because the
       prosecutor in this case was tough on crime, it is doubtful she would have
       agreed to anything other than the charge to which the defendant pled.
       However, [appellant] makes a compelling argument that it is unlikely that a
       prosecutor would have rejected a proposed plea to a more serious crime
       resulting in more time in custody. Although [appellant] has declared that
       he ‘would not have entered the plea if [he] had been warned of the
       immigration consequences,’ he has been shown to be less than credible
       with respect to his other statements. Moreover, it is also reasonable that in
       the immigration context of 1996, when [appellant] entered this plea,
       [appellant] would have chosen a plea resulting in a shorter period of
       incarceration even notwithstanding the potential for future deportation,
       over a longer period in custody with less certain immigration risks.
       [¶] … [¶] “The burden is on [appellant] to establish he did not know of the
       immigration consequences at the time of his plea. Although he has made
       that statement in his declaration, the evidence weighs against the
       truthfulness of that statement. As a result, the Court cannot find by a
       preponderance of the evidence that [appellant] did not meaningfully
       understand, defend against, or knowingly accept the actual or potential
       adverse immigration consequences of his plea.” (Third and fourth italics
       added.)
                                      DISCUSSION
I.     Section 1473.7
       We review the merits of appellant’s motion under the 2019 version of section
1473.7, because the amendments represented “a clarification of existing law and
therefore appl[y] to nonfinal judgments, including this appeal,” and the parties have not
disputed this point. (Mejia, supra, 36 Cal.App.5th at p. 865; Camacho, supra, 32
Cal.App.5th at pp. 1006–1008.)

                                            13.
       Section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(1) states the basis to bring a motion to vacate as
applicable to this case:

       “The conviction or sentence is legally invalid due to prejudicial error
       damaging the moving party’s ability to meaningfully understand, defend
       against, or knowingly accept the actual or potential adverse immigration
       consequences of a plea of guilty or nolo contendere. A finding of legal
       invalidity may, but need not, include a finding of ineffective assistance of
       counsel.” (§ 1473.7, subds. (a)(1), (e)(4).)16
       A.     Vivar
       In People v. Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th 510, the California Supreme Court addressed
the current version of section 1473.7. The court explained that the Legislature originally
enacted the statute so that defendants “who were unaware of the immigration
consequences posed by a plea entered many years earlier[]” could move to vacate their
convictions and obtain relief from imminent immigration orders. (Vivar, supra, 11
Cal.5th at p. 523.)

       “Section 1473.7 offers a remedy in the form of permission to withdraw a
       plea. But it’s a remedy available only to some: those who have completed
       their sentences and who suffered a prejudicial error that damaged their
       ability to meaningfully understand, defend against, or knowingly accept the
       plea’s actual or potential immigration consequences. [Citations.] A
       moving party demonstrates prejudice by showing that in the absence of the
       error regarding immigration consequences, it’s reasonably probable the
       moving party would not have entered the plea. Courts should subject the
       trial court’s prejudice finding under this statute to independent review, a
       standard that heavily weighs trial court factual findings based on the court’s
       own observations, but not trial court findings arising only from a cold
       record.” (Id. at pp. 533–534.)

       16 As noted above, the initial version of section 1473.7, that was effective in 2017
and the basis for appellant’s motion to vacate, required the moving party to establish
prejudicial error based on the ineffective assistance of his attorney at the time of the plea
or conviction. (Camacho, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at p. 1005.) While this appeal was
pending, section 1473.7 was amended in 2018, effective in 2019, to “expand[] the
category of defendants who could obtain relief by eliminating any requirement that the
defendant establish ineffective assistance of counsel.” (Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at
p. 525; Mejia, supra, 36 Cal.App.5th at p. 869.)

                                             14.
       The moving party has the burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence.
(Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 517.) Vivar affirmed that after the 2019 amendments, “[a]
finding of prejudicial error under this provision may, but need not, be based on
ineffective assistance of counsel. [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 523, italics added.)

       “What someone seeking to withdraw a plea under section 1473.7 must
       show is more than merely an error ‘damaging the moving party’s ability to
       meaningfully understand, defend against, or knowingly accept the actual or
       potential adverse immigration consequences’ of the plea. [Citation.] The
       error must also be ‘prejudicial.’ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 528.)

       “[S]howing prejudicial error under section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(1) means
       demonstrating a reasonable probability that the defendant would have
       rejected the plea if the defendant had correctly understood its actual or
       potential immigration consequences. When courts assess whether a
       petitioner has shown that reasonable probability, they consider the totality
       of the circumstances. [Citation.] Factors particularly relevant to this
       inquiry include the defendant’s ties to the United States, the importance the
       defendant placed on avoiding deportation, the defendant’s priorities in
       seeking a plea bargain, and whether the defendant had reason to believe an
       immigration-neutral negotiated disposition was possible. [Citations.]”
       (Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 529–530, italics added.)
       Vivar held that on appeal, the independent standard of review applies and “ ‘an
appellate court exercises its independent judgment to determine whether the facts satisfy
the rule of law.’ [Citation.] When courts engage in independent review, they should be
mindful that ‘ “[i]ndependent review is not the equivalent of de novo review ....” ’
[Citation.]” (Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 527, italics added in original.) Vivar drew a
distinction about how certain factual findings are reviewed under this standard:

       “In section 1473.7 proceedings, appellate courts should … give particular
       deference to factual findings based on the trial court’s personal
       observations of witnesses. [Citation.] Where … the facts derive entirely
       from written declarations and other documents, however, there is no reason
       to conclude the trial court has the same special purchase on the question at
       issue; as a practical matter, ‘[t]he trial court and this court are in the same
       position in interpreting written declarations’ when reviewing a cold record
       in a section 1473.7 proceeding. [Citation.] Ultimately it is for the appellate

                                             15.
       court to decide, based on its independent judgment, whether the facts
       establish prejudice under section 1473.7.” (Id., at pp. 527–528, italics
       added, fn. omitted.)
       Vivar applied these standards to review the moving party’s motion in that case,
and his declaration that he would not have entered his plea if he understood that it would
require his deportation. Vivar held the 2019 version of the statute still required the
defendant “corroborate such assertions with ‘ “objective evidence.” ’ [Citation.] That’s
what [the defendant] has done here.” (Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 530.)

       “Time and again, the record readily conveys how [the defendant] would
       have considered his immigration status ‘the most important part’ of his
       decision to plead. [Citation.] [The defendant] was brought to this country
       at age six as a lawful resident, and he attended schools, formed a family,
       and remained here for 40 years. At the time of his plea, he had two
       children, two grandchildren, and a wife, all of whom are citizens and all of
       whom resided in California. By the time he was deported, his wife was
       undergoing radiation treatment for a thyroid condition. By contrast, [the
       defendant] had virtually no ties to Mexico, spoke Spanish ‘like an
       American,’ and found it ‘difficult to function in Mexican society because
       people treat [him] like an outsider.’ Trial counsel’s recollection and
       contemporaneous notes reflect that [the defendant] was indeed concerned
       about the ‘consequences’ of his plea. All of these constitute
       contemporaneous objective facts that corroborate [defendant’s] concern
       about the immigration consequences of his plea options. [Citation.]
       [¶] … [¶] … In our view, these objective and contemporaneous facts
       corroborate, in a most convincing way, the statement in [defendant’s]
       declaration that he ‘would never have plead[ed g]uilty’ if his attorney had
       informed him of the plea’s consequences. [Citations.]” (Id., at pp. 530–
       531.)
       Vivar acknowledged the trial court rejected the credibility of the defendant’s
declaration, but held the appellate court should not have deferred to the trial court’s
factual findings because those findings were “based entirely on a cold record,” and again
emphasized that “[a]n appellate court should instead review such findings independently
where, as here, the factual record consists entirely of written documents.” (Vivar, supra,
11 Cal.5th at p. 533.)

                                             16.
       Finally, Vivar held the section 1016.5 advisements in the defendant’s plea form,
while consistent with the statutory requirements, “did not mitigate the prejudice from
counsel’s deficient immigration advice. What the plea form stated was that deportation
was a possibility. [Citation.] The problem for [the defendant], though, was that
deportation in these circumstances was mandatory – and when he accepted the plea deal,
he remained unaware of that crucial fact. [Citation.] In light of [the defendant’s]
extensive ties to the United States, the generic advisements in the plea form do not
undermine our conclusion that he was prejudiced by counsel’s failure to inform him that
his plea would result in his deportation. [Citations.]” (Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 533,
italics added.)
       B.     Camacho
       Vivar favorably cited Camacho and Mejia, two cases that are very similar to this
case, where the defendants filed motions to vacate based on ineffective assistance under
the original version of section 1473.7, the trial courts denied relief, the statute was
amended while the cases were pending on appeal, and the appellate courts held the
defendants were entitled to relief under the 2019 version of section 1473.7. (Vivar,
supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 529, 530–531.)
       In Camacho, the defendant pleaded no contest in 2009 to possession of marijuana
for sale, defendant successfully completed probation, and the court granted his motion
under section Penal Code section 1203.4 to vacate his conviction and dismissed the case.
(Camacho, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1000–1001.)
       In 2017, the defendant filed a motion to vacate his conviction under the newly
enacted version of section 1473.7 and argued he did not understand that he faced
potential immigration consequences when he entered his plea based on counsel’s
ineffective assistance. (Camacho, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1001, 1003 & fn. 3.) In
his supporting declaration, the defendant stated he was brought to the United States when
he was two years old, he was married to a citizen, they had two young children, and he

                                             17.
was employed. When he was arrested, he retained an attorney who never discussed
immigration issues. When he entered his plea, the defendant heard the judge say that he
could be deported, but his attorney said everything would be fine and never told him
about the immigration consequences or that he could take the case to trial. The defendant
declared he would not have taken the plea if he had known it would have prevented him
from obtaining legal status. (Id. at p. 1001.)
       At the hearing on the motion, the defendant testified he told his attorney that he
was not born in the United States and was undocumented. When they discussed his
immigration issue, it was mostly about avoiding jail time. The defendant thought that if
he received jail time, he would be deported and been fired from his job. His attorney did
not tell him the charge would subject him to mandatory deportation or other immigration
consequences. (Camacho, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at p. 1002.) The defendant’s attorney
testified at the hearing that he could not remember discussing immigration consequences
with the defendant. At the time, his practice was to tell clients that any felony or serious
misdemeanor could get them deported, and that they should get the advice of an
immigration attorney. He thought it would help with the defendant’s immigration
consequences if the charge could be reduced to a misdemeanor, but the prosecutor would
not agree because of the quantity of marijuana. He told the defendant that a motion to
expunge might help him because of possible immigration problems, but he did not
investigate the effect of expungement in immigration cases. (Id. at pp. 1002–1003.)
       The trial court denied the defendant’s motion and found the defendant failed to
prove ineffective assistance under the 2017 version of section 1473.7. (Camacho, supra,
32 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1003–1004.)
       Camacho held the defendant’s motion should be reviewed under the 2019 version
of section 1473.7, and the defendant’s declaration and hearing testimony demonstrated by
a preponderance of the evidence his “own error in believing that a negotiated plea calling
for no time in custody would avoid making him deportable, and in not knowing that his

                                             18.
plea would subject him to mandatory deportation and permanent exclusion from the
United States.” The defendant’s testimony was supported by his former attorney’s
testimony “that he told [the] defendant only that the charge could subject him to
deportation and that ‘we’re going to get it down to a misdemeanor and expunged early
and maybe that will help’; that he misunderstood the potential immigration consequences
and the effect of expungement or reductions of felonies in immigration cases; and that he
did not explore possible alternatives to pleading to an aggravated felony.” (Camacho,
supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at p. 1009.) In addition, the defendant provided evidence of his
misunderstanding at the time of his plea because he only learned about the immigration
consequences when he subsequently consulted an attorney to apply for a permanent
resident visa on the basis of his marriage to a citizen. (Ibid.)
       Camacho further held that based on defendant’s strong ties to the country from his
childhood, family, and employment, he demonstrated prejudice by a preponderance of the
evidence that “he would never have entered the plea if he had known that it would render
him deportable,” and the errors “damaged his ability to meaningfully understand, defend
against, or knowingly accept the adverse immigration consequences of the plea,” and the
trial court should have granted the motion to vacate. (Camacho, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at
pp. 1011–1012.)
       C.     Mejia
       In Mejia, the defendant pleaded to transportation and possession for sale of
cocaine and cocaine base in 1994, signed the section 1016.5 advisement on the plea form,
and was placed on probation. (Mejia, supra, 36 Cal.App.5th at pp. 862–863.) In 2017,
he filed a motion to vacate his convictions under section 1473.7. In his supporting
declaration, the defendant stated he came to the United States when he was 14 years old,
he was married with a child, and had a steady job. After his preliminary hearing, he hired
an attorney who hardly spoke to him or asked any questions about his immigration status
even though they had to talk through a Spanish interpreter. When he entered his plea, his

                                             19.
attorney said he had no choice but to take the deal or he would otherwise get a long
prison term, and that he had to sign the form. The defendant declared that if he had
known the charges would result in his imminent deportation, he would have fought the
case or tried to negotiate a result that would not destroy his chance to stay in the country.
(Mejia, at pp. 863–864.)
       At the hearing on his motion to vacate, the defendant testified his attorney (who
had died) never discussed the possible immigration consequences of his plea, or that a
conviction for selling drugs was an aggravated felony under the INA that required his
deportation. (Mejia, supra, 36 Cal.App.5th at pp. 864–865.) The defendant testified he
would not have accepted the plea deal if he had known about the immigration
consequences and would have accepted a longer custodial sentence for another criminal
offense to avoid deportation. (Id. at p. 865.) The trial court denied the defendant’s
motion based on ineffective assistance of counsel, and concluded he failed to show he
would have declined the plea and risked going to trial if he had been fully advised of the
immigration consequences. (Id. at pp. 864, 865.)
       Mejia agreed with Camacho that the 2019 version of section 1473.7 applied to the
defendant’s motion to vacate because it was pending on appeal and not yet final. (Mejia,
supra, 36 Cal.App.5th at pp. 865–866, 871.) Mejia held the defendant’s undisputed
hearing testimony established his “own ‘error’ ” within the meaning of section 1473.7
because “he did not ‘meaningfully understand’ or ‘knowingly accept’ the mandatory
deportation consequences when he pleaded guilty in 1994. [Citation.] [The defendant]
said that he would have never pleaded guilty had he known and understood ‘that this
would harm me in the future.’ ” (Mejia, at p. 872.)
       As for prejudice, Mejia found “contemporaneous evidence in the record to
substantiate [his] claim that he would not have pleaded guilty had he known about the
mandatory and dire immigration ramifications,” because he had lived in the country for a
substantial period of time with his family, and there were also “lingering questions” about

                                             20.
the strength of the evidence to support the charged offenses. (Mejia, supra, 36
Cal.App.5th at p. 872.) Mejia also found another “contemporaneous substantiation of
prejudice” because the defendant entered “a ‘straight up’ plea directly to the court rather
than a negotiated disposition,” and he was placed on probation. It was not likely that he
would have been sentenced to the maximum prison term if he had been convicted after a
trial because he had no criminal record and it was an unsophisticated crime. (Id. at
pp. 872–873.)
II.    Appellant is Entitled to Relief
       We find that as in Vivar, Camacho, and Mejia, appellant met his burden of
proving by a preponderance of the evidence his own subjective error that damaged his
ability to meaningfully understand, defend against, or knowingly accept the actual
adverse immigration consequences of his plea that resulted in his mandatory deportation,
and that error was prejudicial. (Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 529–530; Camacho,
supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1008–1010; Mejia, supra, 36 Cal.App.5th at p. 871.)
       A.     Appellant’s Subjective Error
       The first question under section 1473.7 is whether appellant made his own
subjective error about the actual or potential adverse immigration consequences of his
conviction at the time of his plea. The focus of this inquiry is “the mindset of the
defendant and what he … understood – or didn’t understand – at the time the plea was
taken ….” (Mejia, supra, 36 Cal.App.5th at p. 866.)
       As a preliminary matter, the People argue that appellant is not entitled to relief
even though he was deported as a result of his conviction, because his violation of section
11370.9, subdivision (a) was not defined by the INA as an offense requiring his
mandatory removal at the time of his plea.17 Appellant disputes this assertion and argues

       17 While the district attorney opposed appellant’s motion to vacate below, it did
not challenge his motion’s assertion that he pleaded to an offense that mandated his
deportation at the time of his plea.

                                             21.
that he pleaded to an offense that subjected him to mandatory removal because the INA
defined his conviction as an “offense relating to a controlled substance.”
       We find that appellant was convicted of an offense that mandated his deportation
at the time of his plea. Appellant pleaded to the charged violation of section 11370.9,
subdivision (a), money laundering of an amount over $25,000, known to be derived from
“any violation” of the controlled substances act. (§ 11370.9, subds. (a), (f); People v.
Bush, supra, 7 Cal.App.5th at pp. 482, 485.) Such a conviction was within the INA’s
classification of an “offense relating to a controlled substance” and subjected him to
mandatory deportation based on the definition and interpretation of that phrase at the time
of his plea in 1996, as a matter of law. (See Johnson v. I.N.S. (9th Cir. 1992) 971 F.2d
340, 342, & fn. 2; Forstner v. Immigration & Naturalization Service (9th Cir. 1978) 579
F.2d 506, 507; Urena-Ramirez v. Ashcroft (1st Cir. 2003) 341 F.3d 51, 56–57; Luu-Le v.
I.N.S. (9th Cir. 2000) 224 F.3d 911, 915–916; Mielewczyk v. Holder (2009) 575 F.3d 992,
995; cf. Mellouli v. Lynch (2015) __ U.S. __ [135 S.Ct. 1980, 1989–1990; Madrigal-
Barcenas v. Lynch (9th Cir. 2015) 797 F.3d 643, 644–645.)
       The People’s contrary argument is based on an alternate classification in the INA,
that a conviction for an offense defined as an “aggravated felony” will similarly result in
that person’s mandatory removal. (See, e.g., Sessions v. Dimaya (2018) __ U.S. __ [138
S.Ct. 1204, 1210–1211].) The People assert that when appellant entered his plea, his
money laundering conviction was not an aggravated felony because the INA’s definition
required the amount involved exceed $100,000, and his conviction was only for $25,000.
The People further argue that when the INA was subsequently amended after appellant’s
plea, money laundering was redefined as an aggravated felony if the amount involved
exceeded $10,000, the amendments were held to be retroactive, and appellant’s
conviction was reclassified as an aggravated felony as a result of those amendments.
(See I.N.S. v. St. Cyr (2001) 533 U.S. 289, 292; Aragon-Ayon v. I.N.S. (9th Cir. 2000)

                                            22.
206 F.3d 847, 853; Al-Sharif v. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration (3d Cir. 2013) 734 F.3d
207, 213; People v. Borja (2002) 95 Cal.App.4th 481, 486.)
       The People assert the subsequent reclassification of appellant’s conviction likely
resulted in his deportation, and he is not entitled to relief because he received the section
1016.5 advisement at the time of his plea – that he “may” be subject to deportation – and
that was sufficient to address any future harsh immigration consequences that he did not
subjectively know about at the time of his plea, even though his conviction actually
resulted in his mandatory deportation.
       The People’s argument is meritless since appellant pleaded to an “offense relating
to a controlled substance” that subjected him to mandatory deportation at the time of his
plea. Assuming, without accepting the People’s argument, however, we still reject the
premise that appellant was not entitled to relief. The generic section 1016.5 language
simply stated that “deportation was a possibility. [Citation.] The problem for [the
defendant], though, was that deportation in these circumstances was mandatory – and
when he accepted the plea deal, he remained unaware of that crucial fact. [Citation.]”
(Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 533.) The record establishes appellant’s subjective error
that he did not know his conviction “ ‘would harm [him] in the future’ ” (Mejia, supra,
36 Cal.App.5th at p. 872), or that he would face mandatory deportation because of
unforeseen future events including the subsequent amendment of federal immigration
law.
       The record further supports appellant’s showing of subjective error when he
entered his plea to an offense that mandated his deportation. In his supporting
declaration, appellant stated that he did not know he was pleading to an offense that was
going to result in such harsh immigration consequences. Mr. Torres testified he had no
independent memory of appellant’s case or their discussions, and only testified about his
usual practice of asking clients about their immigration status at that time. Mr. Torres’s
only recollection of appellant’s case resulted from reviewing the surviving court

                                             23.
documents, recognizing the name of the deputy district attorney, and recalling that she
was a tough negotiator and would not have agreed to an alternate disposition. Mr. Torres
did not acknowledge at the evidentiary hearing that appellant pleaded to an offense that
would mandate his deportation, even though he had already been deported at the time of
that hearing.
       In contrast, appellant declared that prior to his plea, he met with Mr. Torres one
time while he was in jail, and Mr. Torres “never interviewed me to asked about my
immigration status before advising me to accept the plea bargain offered by the DA.”
Mr. Torres told him “the plea bargain was the best deal for me because I faced prison if I
went to trial, and the plea agreement limited my exposure to a brief period in jail.” While
appellant never denied he signed the plea form with the section 1016.5 advisement, he
declared that he did not recall signing it and, more importantly, he did not remember “any
discussion regarding immigration consequences or any other potential non-deportable
pleas with my attorney prior to changing my plea.”
       B.       Prejudice
       Also, as in Vivar, Camacho, and Mejia, appellant met his burden to show his
subjective error was prejudicial, corroborated with objective evidence that there was a
reasonable probability he would have rejected the plea “if [he] had correctly understood
its actual or potential immigration consequences,” based on the relevant factors of his
“ties to the United States, the importance [he] placed on avoiding deportation, [and his]
priorities in seeking a plea bargain ….” (Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 529.)
       Appellant declared he entered the United States when he was 18 years old, he had
lived and worked in California for 26 years, he had continually lived in the United States,
he was married to a citizen, his six children were born here, and most of his extended
family legally lived in the United States. He had been employed and was the family’s
primary source of income. Appellant declared his life was in the United States, he
wanted to become a citizen and continue to support his family, and he did not want to live

                                            24.
in Mexico. He successfully completed probation, and there is no evidence he was
arrested, charged, or convicted of any other offense after his conviction and dismissal of
the money laundering conviction. Appellant further declared: “Had I been warned of the
immigration consequences of my plea, I would not have entered such a plea. I would
have asked my lawyer to negotiate for a different deal to mitigate the immigration
consequences, or I would have insisted on going to trial – I would have done whatever
was necessary to avoid the immigration consequences of permanent exclusion. [¶] … [¶]
Had I known the case would constitute a deportable conviction under immigration law, I
would have definitely insisted that my attorney negotiate an alternate plea that would
mitigate the immigration consequences.”
       A “ ‘prejudicial error’ occurs under [the 2019 version] of section 1473.7 when
there is a reasonable probability that the person would not have pleaded guilty – and
would have risked going to trial (even if only to figuratively through a ‘ “Hail Mary” ’) –
had the person known that the guilty plea would result in mandatory and dire immigration
consequences. [Citation.]” (Mejia, supra, 36 Cal.App.5th at p. 871, quoting Lee v.
United States (2017) ___ U.S.___ [137 S.Ct. 1958, 1967]; Camacho, supra, 32
Cal.App.5th at p. 1010.) Appellant’s declaration established the reasonable possibility
that he would not have pleaded to the charged offense and risked going to trial if he had
known he was going to be deported as a result of his plea.
       C.     The Superior Court’s Factual Findings
       The superior court denied appellant’s motion to vacate based on ineffective
assistance under the 2017 version of section 1473.7. In doing so, the court found the
entirety of appellant’s supporting declaration was not credible. The court focused on
appellant’s declaration that he was not advised about immigration consequences at the
time of his plea, and found this statement was refuted by the existence of the section
1016.5 advisement in the change-of-plea form that appellant signed and initialed in 1996.

                                            25.
The court relied on this alleged discrepancy to reject the credibility of appellant’s
declaration and deny relief.
       As explained in Vivar, the superior court’s denial of a motion to vacate under
section 1473.7 is subject to independent review and deference must be given to the
court’s personal observations of witnesses, but where the facts derive from written
declarations, “there is no reason to conclude the trial court has the same special purchase
on the question at issue; as a practical matter, ‘[t]he trial court and this court are in the
same position in interpreting written declarations’ when reviewing a cold record in a
section 1473.7 proceeding. [Citation.] Ultimately it is for the appellate court to decide,
based on its independent judgment, whether the facts establish prejudice under section
1473.7.” (Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 528, fn. omitted.)
       In this case, we are compelled to conclude the court’s factual findings are not
supported by substantial evidence and are refuted by the record, particularly given the
different findings required by the 2019 version of section 1473.7, and Vivar’s rejection of
the 1016.5 advisement as sufficient to mitigate prejudice. Mr. Torres was the only
witness at the evidentiary hearing, and he did not have any direct recollection of
appellant’s specific case, his conversations with appellant, or whether he asked appellant
about his immigration status. Instead, as in Camacho, Mr. Torres testified about his usual
practice when he thought a client’s immigration status might be relevant. (Camacho,
supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1002–1003.)
       Appellant submitted his change-of-plea form from the May 1996 plea hearing as
an exhibit to both his motion to vacate filed pursuant to section 1016.5 in 2015, and his
section 1473.7 motion filed in 2017, which is why the document was before the superior
court when it ruled on this motion. In his supporting declaration, appellant never said
that he did not sign the form, and he did not dispute the validity of his initials and
signature on the form. Instead, he declared that he did not “remember receiving any
court admonishment regarding potential immigration consequences, nor do I remember

                                              26.
any discussion regarding immigration consequences or any other potential non-
deportable pleas with my attorney prior to changing my plea.” (Italics added.)
       Appellant’s declaration that he did not remember being verbally advised by the
court is not inconsistent with his signature on the change-of-plea form. While section
1016.5 requires the court advise appellant of potential immigration consequences, “a
validly executed waiver form is a proper substitute for verbal admonishment by the trial
court. [Citation.]” (People v. Ramirez, supra, 71 Cal.App.4th at p. 521.) The transcript
of the plea hearing no longer exists, but the advisement on the change-of-plea form
satisfied the section 1016.5 requirement, even if the court failed to read the advisement to
appellant when he entered his plea. If the reporter’s transcript still existed and showed
the court read the 1016.5 advisement at the plea hearing, appellant declared that he did
not remember receiving the advisement and did not declare that it was never given to
him. As a result, the superior court’s rejection of appellant’s credibility on this point, for
purposes of his motion to vacate, is not supported by substantial evidence and refuted by
the entirety of the record.
       The superior court also found appellant’s credibility was undermined by
Mr. Torres’s trial testimony: “[Appellant] says he does not remember his attorney
discussing immigration consequences with him. However, Mr. Torres testified that every
defendant he represented since 1992 completed an intake sheet that asked about
immigration status, and that it was his custom and practice to include discussions about
immigration consequences, about which he was well versed, in his discussions with his
clients about a potential plea. Mr. Torres’s credibility has not been assailed. Thus,
[appellant’s] statement indicates either a faulty memory or lack of truthfulness.”
       While Mr. Torres testified in person at the evidentiary hearing, the court’s findings
are not supported by substantial evidence. Mr. Torres initially did not recall anything
about appellant’s case. After reviewing the surviving court records, he recognized the
name of the deputy district attorney who filed the charges and appeared at the plea

                                             27.
hearing and recalled the refusal of this particular prosecutor to negotiate plea offers in
similar cases at that time. The rest of Mr. Torres’s testimony was based on his custom
and practice at the time he represented appellant. He did not recall any specific
conversations with appellant about his immigration status. He reviewed appellant’s
change-of-plea form and testified to his practice at the time, that he never would have
signed such a document without advising his client of the immigration consequences of
his plea, but he lacked a direct memory of any such conversation.
       Mr. Torres’s credibility may not have been “assailed” about the issues that he
directly recalled, but he lacked any memory of appellant’s particular case or their
conversations. Even if Mr. Torres followed his customary practice to read the generic
section 1016.5 advisement to appellant prior to the plea, Vivar held that such an
advisement is insufficient to deny a section 1473.7 motion since it only stated that he
“may” be subject to immigration consequences. In this case, the section 1016.5
advisement was insufficient to inform appellant that his conviction made deportation and
exclusion a certainty.
       D.     Conclusion
       In reviewing the denial of a section 1473.7 motion to vacate, “[c]ourts should
subject the trial court’s prejudice finding … to independent review, a standard that
heavily weighs trial court factual findings based on the court’s own observations, but not
trial court findings arising only from a cold record.” (Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 534.)
“[T]here is no reason to conclude the trial court has the same special purchase on the
question at issue; as a practical matter, ‘[t]he trial court and this court are in the same
position in interpreting written declarations’ when reviewing a cold record in a
section 1473.7 proceeding. [Citation.] Ultimately it is for the appellate court to decide,
based on its independent judgment, whether the facts establish prejudice under section
1473.7.” (Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 528, fn. omitted.)

                                              28.
       We reject the superior court’s factual findings that completely discounted the
credibility of appellant’s declaration and instead relied on Mr. Torres’s testimony, even
though he lacked any direct recollection about appellant and the specific facts of his case,
aside from recognizing the name and reputation of the deputy district attorney who
handled appellant’s case. “The bottom line here is that under the new paradigm of
section 1473.7 as amended, [the defendant] plainly established that he did not
‘meaningfully understand’ or ‘knowingly accept’ the immigration consequences of his
guilty pleas, just as the defendant in Camacho did not ‘meaningfully understand’ or
‘knowingly accept’ the immigration consequences of his no contest plea. [Citation.]”
(Mejia, supra, 36 Cal.App.5th at pp. 873–874.)
       We find that based on our independent review, appellant met his burden to show
his own subjective error that was prejudicial and damaged his ability to meaningfully
understand, defend against, or knowingly accept the actual adverse immigration
consequences of his no contest plea in May 1996 to a violation of section 11370.9,
subdivision (a), a conviction that resulted in his mandatory deportation.
                                     DISPOSITION
       The order denying appellant’s motion to vacate his 1996 conviction is reversed,
and the matter is remanded to the superior court with instructions to grant the motion and
vacate the conviction.

                                            29.