Court Opinion

ID: 4653121
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-01-21 18:04:09.335642+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:51.942849
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                   No. 19-1102
                             Filed January 21, 2021

WENDELL HARRINGTON,
    Applicant-Appellant,

vs.

STATE OF IOWA,
     Respondent-Appellee.
________________________________________________________________

      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Joseph Seidlin, Judge.

      Wendell Harrington appeals the summary disposition of this postconviction-

relief action. AFFIRMED.

      Erin M. Carr of Carr Law Firm, P.L.C., Des Moines, for appellant.

      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Bridget A. Chambers, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee State.

      Considered by May, P.J., Schumacher, J., and Mahan, S.J.*

      *Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206

(2021).
                                        2

MAY, Presiding Judge.

      Wendell Harrington appeals the summary disposition of this postconviction-

relief (PCR) action. We affirm because (1) this action is barred by the three-year

statutory limitation period under Iowa Code section 822.3 (2018) and

(2) Harrington failed to show a genuine issue of material fact as to his claim of

actual innocence.

I. Background

      In February 2003, Harrington was charged with five felony offenses arising

from burglaries and vehicle thefts. State v. Harrington, No. 03-0915, 2005 WL

723891, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 31, 2005). In May 2003, a jury found Harrington

guilty as charged. Id. at *3. The district court sentenced him to prison. Id. But

this court reversed and remanded for new trial. Id. at *12.

      Following remand, Harrington and the State reached a plea deal.           On

September 2, 2005, Harrington pled guilty to one count of second-degree theft and

one count of third-degree burglary. During the plea colloquy, Harrington admitted

he had committed both offenses.1 The same day, the district court sentenced

Harrington to prison but suspended the sentence and ordered probation.

Harrington took no appeal.

      After his probation was revoked, Harrington filed his first PCR application in

June 2006. In June 2008, the district court denied relief. Harrington’s appeal was

not successful. It appears procedendo issued in August 2009.

1 Harrington admitted to burglarizing a house, taking car keys from the house, and
then stealing a car. These admissions appear at pages eight through eleven of
the transcript.
                                         3

       In 2012, Harrington filed his second PCR application. In 2014, the district

court denied relief. Harrington appealed. On October 12, 2016, this court affirmed.

Harrington v. State, No. 14-2101, 2016 WL 5930003, at *6 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 12,

2016). Procedendo issued in December 2016.

       On August 2, 2018, Harrington filed this PCR action.2            Harrington’s

application asserted (1) he is actually innocent and (2) his prior PCR counsel had

been ineffective. The State moved for summary disposition on two grounds:

(1) the three-year statute of limitations bars Harrington’s action; and (2) in any

event, Harrington could show no genuine issue of material fact as to his claim of

actual innocence.

       The district court granted the State’s motion. The court agreed with the

State that Harrington’s action is time-barred. The court also agreed that, because

Harrington offered only “a bare allegation that he is innocent,” Harrington failed to

show “a genuine issue for trial.” The court observed: “Harrington’s bare allegation

of innocence does not overcome the presumption that the record, including the

admissions he made during his plea colloquy, reflects the true state of facts.”

       Harrington now appeals.

II. Standard of review

       PCR actions are normally reviewed for errors at law. Castro v. State, 795

N.W.2d 789, 792 (Iowa 2011). But our review of constitutional issues is de novo.

Id.

2 The parties disagree to whether this case is Harrington’s third PCR action or his
fourth. Rather than explaining the details of the dispute, though, we simply note
that the record does not make it clear which view is correct. We operate under the
assumption this is Harrington’s third rather than his fourth.
                                              4

III. Analysis

       PCR actions are governed by Iowa Code chapter 822. We find the Code’s

meaning in its words. See Doe v. State, 943 N.W.2d 608, 610 (Iowa 2020) (noting

“in questions of statutory interpretation, ‘[w]e do not inquire what the legislature

meant; we ask only what the statute means’” and “[t]his is necessarily a textual

inquiry as only the text of a piece of legislation is enacted into law” (first alteration

in original) (citation omitted)); State v. Childs, 898 N.W.2d 177, 184 (Iowa 2017)

(“Our court ‘may not . . . enlarge or otherwise change the terms of a statute as the

legislature adopted it.’ ‘When a proposed interpretation of a statute would require

the court to “read something into the law that is not apparent from the words

chosen by the legislature,” the court will reject it.’” (citations omitted)); Hansen v.

Haugh, 149 N.W.2d 169, 172 (Iowa 1967) (“It is not the function of courts to

legislate and they are constitutionally prohibited from doing so.” (citing Iowa Const.

art. III, § 1)); Holland v. State, 115 N.W.2d 161, 164 (Iowa 1962) (“Ours not to

reason why, ours but to read, and apply. It is our duty to accept the law as the

legislative body enacts it.”); Moss v. Williams, 133 N.W. 120, 121 (Iowa 1911) (“We

must look to the statute as it is written . . . .”).

       Section 822.3 contains a time limit.3 It states in relevant part:

       All [PCR4] applications must be filed within three years from the date
       the conviction or decision is final or, in the event of an appeal, from

3 The limitation contained in section 822.3 was enacted in 1984. See Sahinovic v.
State, 940 N.W.2d 357, 359 (Iowa 2020) (citing 1984 Iowa Acts ch. 1193, § 1 (then
codified at Iowa Code § 663A.3 (1985))); Brewer v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 395 N.W.2d
841, 842 (Iowa 1986). Before then, there was “no deadline for” PCR claims. See
Sahinovic, 940 N.W.2d at 359.
4 There is a special exception for applicants “seeking relief under section 822.2,

subsection 1, paragraph ‘f.’” Iowa Code § 822.3. Because Harrington does not
seek relief under section 822.2(1)(f), this exception is not relevant here.
                                          5

        the date the writ of procedendo is issued. However, this limitation
        does not apply to a ground of fact or law that could not have been
        raised within the applicable time period.

Iowa Code § 822.3.

        Through this text, the legislature required most PCR claims to “be filed

within three years from the date the conviction or decision is final or, in the event

of an appeal, from the date the writ of procedendo is issued.” Id. But the legislature

created an exception for claims based on “ground[s] of fact or law that could not

have been raised within the” three-year period. Id. The three-year “limitation does

not apply” to those claims. See id. But see Penticoff v. State, No. 19-0975, 2020

WL 5229186, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 2, 2020) (citing cases that recognize an

implied limitation period that runs from the appearance of a new ground of fact or

law).

        For Harrington, the three-year period began on September 2, 2005, when

he was sentenced following his guilty pleas. But this action was not filed until 2018.

So it appears this action is barred by section 822.3.

        Harrington responds that this PCR action “relates back” to the timely filing

of his first PCR action in 2006. As authority, Harrington relies on Allison v. State.

914 N.W.2d 866, 891 (Iowa 2018).5 There our supreme court held:

        that where a PCR petition alleging ineffective assistance of trial
        counsel has been timely filed per section 822.3 and there is a
        successive PCR petition alleging postconviction counsel was
        ineffective in presenting the ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel
        claim, the timing of the filing of the second PCR petition relates
        back to the timing of the filing of the original PCR petition for

5 Harrington’s brief argues that Allison should apply retroactively. We need not
address that issue, though, because we conclude Allison does not apply for an
independent reason, namely, this is Harrington’s third (or fourth) PCR action.
                                           6

       purposes of Iowa Code section 822.3 if the successive PCR petition
       is filed promptly after the conclusion of the first PCR action.

Id. (emphasis added).

       As the district court observed, though, Allison only applies to a “second PCR

petition.” See id.; see also Goode v. State, 920 N.W.2d 520, 525 (Iowa 2018) (“In

Allison, we adopted a relation-back doctrine to the statutory period of limitation

under section 822.3 when an applicant alleges in a second PCR proceeding

brought outside the three-year time frame that the attorney in the first PCR

proceeding was ineffective in presenting the same claim as raised in the second

proceeding.”).   We have repeatedly held Allison does not apply to third or

subsequent PCR actions, like this one. Smitherman v. State, No. 19-0331, 2020

WL 3571814, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. July 1, 2020); Long v. State, No. 19-0726, 2020

WL 2061934, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 29, 2020); Cook v. State, No. 17-1245,

2019 WL 719163, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 20, 2019); Kelly v. State, No. 17-0382,

2018 WL 3650287, at *3–4 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 1, 2018). Although our prior

opinions on this issue were unpublished, we believe they reflect a correct

understanding of Allison. We decline to abandon them. Compare Iowa R. App.

P. 6.904 (stating unpublished opinions “shall not constitute controlling legal

authority”   (emphasis   added)),   with       State   v.   Shackford,   No.   18-1215,

____N.W.2d.____, ____, 2020 WL 7410377, at *8 (Iowa 2020) (McDonald, J.,

dissenting) (emphasizing the authoritative value of unpublished opinions and

noting the “basic principle of the rule of law” that “courts ‘treat like cases

alike’”(citations omitted)). So we conclude Allison does not apply here.
                                          7

       Harrington also argues that his actual-innocence claim “survives the three-

year statute of limitations period” because it is based on a “new ground of . . . law,”

namely, Schmidt v. State, 909 N.W.2d 778, 797 (Iowa 2018). See Iowa Code

§ 822.3 (excepting claims based on “ground[s] of fact or law that could not have

been raised within the” three-year period); see also Penticoff, 2020 WL 5229186,

at *2 (noting “Schmidt is a new ground of law”). But the district court found

Harrington’s actual-innocence claim failed for an independent reason—the

absence of a genuine issue of material fact that Harrington was actually innocent.

Following our review, we agree. Schmidt required Harrington to “show by clear

and convincing evidence that, despite the evidence of guilt supporting the

conviction, no reasonable fact finder could convict [Harrington] of the crimes” for

which he was sentenced. See 909 N.W.2d at 797. Harrington does not cite, and

we have not found, record evidence that could approach this high standard.

IV. Conclusion

       The district court was right to grant summary disposition.

       AFFIRMED.