Court Opinion

ID: 9353859
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-12 22:06:53.13167+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:12:08.957085
License: Public Domain

[Cite as In re R.H., 2023-Ohio-78.]

                               COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                              EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                 COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

IN RE R.H., ET AL.                          :
                                            :
Minor Children                              :
                                            :             No. 111748
[Appeal by T.J., Mother]                    :

                                JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                 JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
                 RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: January 12, 2023

            Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                   Juvenile Division
                       Case Nos. AD21901166 and AD21901167

                                      Appearances:

                 Brian A. Smith Law Firm, LLC, and Brian A. Smith, for
                 appellant.

                 Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
                 Attorney, and Joseph C. Young, Assistant Prosecuting
                 Attorney, for appellee.

EMANUELLA D. GROVES, J.:

                 Appellant-mother (“Mother”) appeals from the judgment of the

Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court, Juvenile Division, granting permanent

custody of her minor children, R.H. and S.H., to appellee, the Cuyahoga County
Division of Children and Family Services (“CCDCFS” or the “Agency”).1              For the

reasons that follow, we affirm the juvenile court’s judgment.

                         Procedural and Factual History

              On February 8, 2021, CCDCFS filed a complaint alleging that R.H.,

born June 17, 2019, and S.H., born January 21, 2021, were abused (S.H.) and

neglected children as defined by R.C. 2151.03(A)(2) and                 2151.031(D), and

requesting temporary custody to the Agency. The complaint averred, in part, the

following particulars:

       1. Mother and S.H. tested positive for cannabis, methamphetamine,
       and amphetamine at the time of the child’s birth. S.H. is mother’s
       second child exposed to drugs.

       2. Mother has a substance use problem, specifically, amphetamines
       and cannabis. Mother has engaged in treatment but has failed to
       maintain sobriety.

       3. Mother is diagnosed with Depression and Bipolar Disorder and is
       not currently engaged in mental health services.

       4. Alleged father, [J.H.],2 abuses cannabis. Father resides with mother,
       leaving the children without a sober caregiver.

       5. Alleged father, John Doe, has failed to establish paternity and has
       failed to support, visit, or communicate with the child[ren] since birth.

       1 The juvenile court issued two judgment entries: one for each child. Additionally,
because the documents contained in the two trial records are virtually identical, we will
refer to the record pertaining to R.H. to represent both children, unless specifically noted
otherwise.

       2Alleged father is not a party to this appeal but will be referenced throughout to
provide context.
             Following a hearing held on April 12, 2021, the juvenile court placed

the children in the predispositional temporary custody of CCDCFS.       The Agency

developed a case plan to assist Mother in remedying the issues that led to the

children’s removal. Specifically, the case plan was geared towards addressing

Mother’s challenges with substance abuse, mental health, parenting, suitable

housing, and with providing for the children’s basic needs.

             The Agency also developed a case plan that required that the alleged

father establish paternity for the children, complete mental health and substance

abuse assessments, and comply with any resulting recommendations. Additionally,

the case plan required that the alleged father submit to random drug testing and that

he obtain and maintain stable housing.

             On May 19, 2021, following a hearing held on May 3, 2021, the juvenile

court adjudicated S.H. abused and adjudicated both children neglected, then placed

them in the Agency’s temporary custody. In it journal entry, the juvenile court

noted:

       Mother needs to completed substance abuse treatment, mental health
      treatment and establishing housing. Mother has been referred for
      services on multiple occasions. Mother has not submitted to drug
      testing as requested. Mother does not visit with the child on a
      consistent basis. [CCDCFS] has offered the mother bus tickets to
      attend visits. Mother has not utilized the bus tickets. [J.H.] needs to
      establish paternity. [R.H.] receives occupational therapy, physical
      therapy, and speech therapy. He is being assessed for autism.

             The journal entry also noted that the parties agreed to proceed

immediately to disposition. The journal entry further noted that the juvenile court
granted the Agency’s oral motion to incorporate the testimony from the adjudicatory

hearing into the dispositional hearing.

             On November 8, 2021, CCDCFS filed a motion to modify temporary

custody to permanent custody. In support of that motion, CCDCFS asserted that the

conditions listed in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) existed and that one or more of the factors

listed in R.C. 2151.414(E) applied to the parents at issue.    Additionally, CCDCFS

asserted that after considering all relevant factors, including those listed at

R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a)-(e), the evidence to be presented would establish clearly and

convincingly that an award of permanent custody was in the children’s best interest.

             In the affidavit filed in support of CCDCFS’s motion, caseworker

Tammi Billingsley (“Billingsley”) averred in pertinent part, as follows:

      2. I was assigned the case in April 202[1].

      3. The children were committed to the predispositional custody of
      CCDCFS on April 12, 2021.

       4. The children were adjudicated abused and neglected and were
      committed to the temporary custody of CCDCFS pursuant to orders
      journalized on May 20, 2021.

      5. A case plan was filed with Juvenile Court and approved which
      required that mother obtain and maintain safe and stable housing,
      complete substance abuse treatment, maintain sobriety, complete a
      mental health evaluation, and comply with any resulting
      recommendations.

      6. Mother participated in intensive outpatient substance abuse
      treatment but has failed to complete recommended after-care services
      and she continues to test positive for illegal substances.

      7. Mother failed until August 2021 to complete a mental health
      evaluation. Mother has not yet completed the recommended mental
      health treatment.
      8. Mother lacks safe housing in which to care for the child[ren]. Mother
      resides with alleged biological father, [J.H.], who has not addressed his
      substance abuse issues as required by his case plan.

      9. Mother has failed to visit with the children on a consistent basis.

      10. A case plan was filed with Juvenile Court and approved which
      required that alleged biological father, [J.H.], obtain and maintain
      stable housing, establish paternity for the children, complete mental
      health and substance abuse assessments, comply with any resulting
      recommendations, and to submit to random drug testing.

      11. [J.H.] has not established paternity and has not participated in any
      required case plan services. [J.H.] resides with mother who has not
      adequately addressed her substance abuse and mental health issues.

      12. [J.H.] has failed to visit with the children on a consistent basis.

      13. Presumed father, [D.H.] has failed to support, visit, or communicate
      with the child since birth.

      14. Alleged father, John Doe, has failed to establish paternity and has
      failed to support, visit, or communicate with the child since birth.

              On May 2, 2022, the juvenile court held a dispositional hearing.

                              Dispositional Hearing

              At the outset of the hearing, counsel for the alleged father orally

motioned the court for a continuance, so that the alleged father could take steps to

establish paternity. Counsel indicated that the alleged father had suffered the loss

of his father in November 2021, had trouble contacting the case worker, and had

found the cost of the test prohibitive.

              Counsel for the Agency opposed the motion, noting that she had

communicated with the case worker, who indicated that she had received no

communication from the alleged father. Counsel also noted that the alleged father
had been apprised of a paternity test that would be free of charge. Thereafter, the

juvenile court denied the motion.

                CCDCFS presented the testimony of Billingsley, whose testimony

conformed to her averments in the affidavits filed in support of the Agency’s motion

for permanent custody. Billingsley testified about the case plan developed to assist

Mother and alleged father to remedy the issues that prompted the Agency’s

involvement. Pertinent to the case plan’s mental health component, Billingsley

testified that Mother was referred to three separate mental health providers.

However, it was not until August 2021 that Mother completed the mental health

evaluation with Ohio Guidestone, the third provider.

                At that time, Mother, who has diagnoses of depression and bipolar

disorder, was recommended for mental health services. Billingsley testified that

Mother completed seven sessions, but stopped participating in November 2021, and

was ultimately discharged for lack of participation. Billingsley noted that although

all three mental health service providers accommodated Mother’s transportation

needs and one provider would even travel to the home, Mother failed to engage in

the services.

                Relevant to the substance abuse component, Billingsley testified that

because both of Mother’s children were born exposed to drugs, she was required to

undergo substance abuse treatment. Billingsley noted that Mother completed an

assessment, entered a 30-day residential treatment program, but failed to complete

the aftercare program. Billingsley further noted that Mother failed to demonstrate
sobriety, failed to comply with weekly random drug screens, and, during the

pendency of this matter, had only provided five drug screens. Billingsley testified

that all five drug screens were positive for THC, methamphetamines, and

amphetamines.

              Billingsley offered testimony about the housing component of the case

plan and noted that the Agency referred Mother to the Community Collaborative for

assistance, but Mother failed to take advantage of any services. Billingsley also

noted that Mother had been living with the alleged father for a substantial period of

time during the pendency of this matter but, when requested, Mother refused to

allow her to inspect the entire premises.

              Billingsley testified that Mother consistently failed to visit with the

children and noted that the Agency had scheduled weekly in-person visits, but

Mother missed almost 80 percent of these visits. The Agency then scheduled virtual

visits every other week. Mother did attend some virtual visits but was not consistent.

Billingsley noted that Mother failed to provide any form of financial support while

the children were in the Agency’s custody.

              Billingsley testified that although the Agency made referrals for the

alleged father to receive services under the developed case plan, he was

unresponsive to the Agency’s efforts. Ultimately, the alleged father never engaged

in any of the case plan services. Billingsley testified that, when contacted, the

presumed father, D.H., categorically denied being the children’s father and

indicated he did not want anything to do with the children.
             Billingsley discussed the Agency’s attempts to identify relatives of

either the Mother or the alleged father, who might be able to appropriately care for

the children. The Agency explored the children’s maternal grandmother as a

possible placement candidate, but she indicated that she had exhausted all efforts to

assist the Mother and that she wanted no involvement.

             Billingsley noted that the Agency also explored relatives of the alleged

father, but those efforts were unsuccessful. Billingsley noted that since the alleged

father had not established paternity, the Agency’s efforts were more challenging. At

one point, the Agency was in contact with an aunt and uncle who expressed an

interest, but they resided in Massachusetts and had never had any relationship or

bond with the children. Additionally, Mother expressed that the alleged father was

not pleased with the Agency’s attempts to get his relatives involved with the matter.

              Billingsley testified that the children had been together with the same

foster parents since February 2021. Billingsley noted she had the opportunity to

visit with the children in the foster home and found them to be well-cared for, to be

well-bonded with the foster family, and to be progressing well.

             Based on the foregoing, Billingsley recommended that the juvenile

court grant the Agency’s respective motions for permanent custody.

              The children’s guardian ad litem, Becky Blair (the “GAL”), who

previously filed written reports likewise recommending that permanent custody be

granted to the agency, verbally indicated that the children needed the safety and

security of a permanent placement.
              On May 18 and 19, 2022, the parties filed their respective proposed

findings of fact and conclusions of law, as the juvenile court had requested. On June

13 and 14, 2022, the juvenile court journalized entries terminating all parental rights

and ordered the children placed in the permanent custody of CCDCFS.

              Mother now appeals and raises the following assignments of error for

our review:

                           Assignment of Error No.1

      The trial court’s ruling, granting Appellee’s motion to modify
      temporary custody to permanent custody, was against the manifest
      weight of the evidence.

                           Assignment of Error No. 2

      The trial court’s ruling, granting Appellee’s motion to modify
      temporary custody to permanent custody, was in error, because
      Appellee did not show that it had made “reasonable efforts” to reunite
      the family pursuant to R.C. 2151.419.

                           Assignment of Error No. 3

      The trial court abused its discretion in admitting a copy of Appellant’s
      drug test results from the SCT Advantage Medical Clinic, without the
      testimony of a records custodian or other qualifying witness, which
      were hearsay, as defined in Evid.R. 801 et seq.

                                Law and Analysis

              In the first assignment of error, Mother argues the juvenile court

erred in granting permanent custody to the agency because the decision is against

the manifest weight of the evidence.
              At the outset, we note, ‘“[i]t is well established that a parent has a

fundamental right to raise and care for his or her child.”’ In re L.M., 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 106072, 2018-Ohio-963, ¶ 16, quoting In re V.C., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

Nos. 102903, 103061 and 103367, 2015-Ohio-4991, ¶ 35, citing In re C.F., 113 Ohio

St.3d 73, 2007-Ohio-1104, 862 N.E.2d 816, ¶ 28; In re K.H., 119 Ohio St.3d 538,

2008-Ohio-4825, 895 N.E.2d 809, ¶ 40. “We recognize * * * that termination of

parental rights is ‘“the family law equivalent of the death penalty in a criminal

case.””’ In re V.C., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 102903, 103061, and 103367, 2015-

Ohio-4991, ¶ 35, quoting In re J.B., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98546, 2013-Ohio-1704,

¶ 66, quoting In re Hoffman, 97 Ohio St.3d 92, 2002-Ohio-5368, 776 N.E.2d 485, ¶

14.

             An appellate court will not reverse a juvenile court’s decision awarding

permanent custody to an agency if the judgment is supported by clear and

convincing evidence. In re J.M-R., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98902, 2013-Ohio-1560,

¶ 28. “Clear and convincing evidence” is that measure or degree of proof that is more

than a “preponderance of the evidence” but does not rise to the level of certainty

required by the “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard in criminal cases. In re K.S.,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109928, 2021-Ohio-694, ¶ 15, citing In re M.S., 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga Nos. 101693 and 101694, 2015-Ohio-1028, ¶ 8, citing In re Awkal, 95

Ohio App.3d 309, 642 N.E.2d 424 (8th Dist.1994), citing Lansdowne v. Beacon

Journal Publishing Co., 32 Ohio St.3d 176, 512 N.E.2d 979 (1987). “It produces in
the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be

established.” In re K.S. at ¶ 15, citing In re M.S. at ¶ 18.

               The termination of parental rights is governed by R.C. 2151.414. In re

M.H., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 80620, 2002-Ohio-2968, ¶ 22. R.C. 2151.414 sets

forth a two-part test courts must apply when deciding whether to award permanent

custody to a public services agency.

                     First Prong: R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a)-(e)

               Under the first prong, the juvenile court must find by clear and

convincing evidence one of the following five factors:

       (a) The child is not abandoned or orphaned, has not been in the
       temporary custody of one or more public children services agencies or
       private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a
       consecutive twenty-two-month period, or has not been in the
       temporary custody of one or more public children services agencies or
       private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a
       consecutive twenty-two-month period if, as described in division (D)(1)
       of section 2151.413 of the Revised Code, the child was previously in the
       temporary custody of an equivalent agency in another state, and the
       child cannot be placed with either of the child’s parents within a
       reasonable time or should not be placed with the child’s parents.

       (b) The child is abandoned.

       (c) The child is orphaned, and there are no relatives of the child who
       are able to take permanent custody.

       (d) The child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public
       children services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve
       or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period, or the child
       has been in the temporary custody of one or more public children
       services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more
       months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period and, as described in
       division (D)(1) of section 2151.413 of the Revised Code, the child was
       previously in the temporary custody of an equivalent agency in another
       state.
         (e) The child or another child in the custody of the parent or parents
         from whose custody the child has been removed has been adjudicated
         an abused, neglected, or dependent child on three separate occasions
         by any court in this state or another state.

R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a)-(e).

                 “Only one of the factors must be present for the first prong of the

permanent custody analysis to be satisfied.” In re S.S., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

109356, 2020-Ohio-3039, ¶ 28, citing In re L.W., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104881,

2017-Ohio-657, ¶ 28.

                 In this matter, the juvenile court found, pursuant to R.C.

2151.414(B)(1)(a), that the children could not be placed with either parent within a

reasonable time or should not be placed with either parent.3

                 In assessing whether a child cannot be placed with either of the child’s

parents within a reasonable time or should not be placed with the child’s parents

under R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a), a juvenile court must consider the factors outlined in

R.C. 2151.414(E). In re A.V., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101391, 2014-Ohio-5348, ¶ 58;

In re R.M., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 98065 and 98066, 2012-Ohio-4290, ¶ 14; In re

B.P., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 107732 and 107735, 2019-Ohio-2919, ¶ 13.

                 A juvenile court is only required to find that one of these factors is met

in order to properly find that a child cannot or should not be placed with a parent.

In re Ca.T., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108969, 2020-Ohio-579, ¶ 27, citing In re V.C.,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 102903, 103061, and 103367, 2015-Ohio-4991, ¶ 42.

         3 The findings as set forth in this decision refers to both children, unless specifically

noted.
             Pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(1), the juvenile court found that

      the objectives of the case plan required Mother to complete a substance
      abuse assessment and treatment, a mental health assessment and
      treatment, maintain stable and appropriate housing, submit to random
      drug testing. However, Mother has failed to substantially comply with
      the case plan services.

                 Indeed, the testimony presented supports the juvenile court’s findings

under R.C. 2151.414(E)(1). Specifically, that despite reasonable case planning and

diligent efforts by the Agency to assist Mother to remedy the problems that initially

caused the children to be placed outside the home, Mother never fully engaged with

her case plan.

                 Although, as previously stated, the alleged father is not a party to the

appeal, it is worth noting that he never engaged in any case plan services. The

juvenile court found that

      [t]he objectives of the case plan required alleged father, [J.H.] to
      establish paternity, obtain and maintain stable housing, complete
      mental health and substance abuse assessment, and submit to random
      drug testing. [J.H.] has not established paternity and has not
      completed any of the required case plan services. [J.H.] resides with
      mother who has not adequately addressed her substance abuse and
      mental health issues.

             Pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(2), relating to chronic mental illness and

chemical dependency, the juvenile court found that

      [m]other has a substance abuse disorder related to amphetamines and
      cannabis.       Mother and S.H. tested positive for cannabis,
      methamphetamines, and amphetamines at the time of the child’s birth.
      S.H. is mother’s second child exposed to drugs. * * * Mother
      participated in intensive outpatient substance abuse treatment but
      failed to complete recommended after-care services and continues to
      test positive for illegal substances.
              In fact, the testimony presented supports the juvenile court’s finding

under R.C. 2151.414(E)(2). In addition to Mother not fully engaging with any of the

three separate mental health service providers the Agency referred for treatment,

Mother submitted a sparse five drug screens, all of which were positive for illegal

substances.

              Pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(4), the juvenile court found that Mother

had demonstrated a lack of commitment toward the children by failing to support,

visit, or communicate with the children consistently. In this respect, the testimony

established that Mother was initially scheduled to visit weekly with the children but

missed 80 percent of these in-person visits. Throughout the pendency of this

matter, Mother provided no financial support for the children. Mother’s failure to

engage in the objectives of the case plan is demonstrative of her lack of commitment

to being reunited with the children.

              Pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(16), regarding any other factor the court

finds relevant, the juvenile court found that

      [t]he chronic mental illness, chronic emotional illness, mental
      retardation, physical disability, or chemical dependency of the parent
      is so severe that it makes the parent unable to provide an adequate
      permanent home for the child[ren] at the present time and, as
      anticipated, within one year from the time the Court holds the hearing.

              Indeed, the juvenile court’s finding above is supported by clear and

convincing evidence. Billingsley provided exhaustive testimony that the agency

developed a case plan designed to remedy the issues that led to the children’s

removal. Yet, the overwhelming evidence established that Mother failed to commit
to the case plan’s objectives geared, in particularly, to addressing mental health and

substance abuse concerns.     Without question, Mother did not engage in, and

therefore could not benefit from, the very services designed to achieve reunification

of Mother and children.

              Additionally, although Mother completed a 30-day residential drug

treatment program, she did not follow through with aftercare. Mother compounded

the situation by failing to consistently submit to the Agency’s random drug screens,

submitting only five, all of which were positive for illegal substances. Further,

Mother failed to fully embrace the importance of addressing her mental health.

Again, although Mother completed the mental health assessment, she never

followed through with the recommended services, abandoning the program after

only seven sessions.

              The above sampling clearly demonstrates that the children could not

be placed with Mother within a reasonable time or should not be placed with

Mother. As such, there is no dispute that the juvenile court’s finding pursuant to

R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a), is supported by the record.

              Our review of the record reveals that the juvenile court’s findings

under the first prong are supported by competent and credible evidence. Finding

no error with the juvenile court’s findings under the first prong, we consider the

court’s finding under the second prong.
                        Second Prong: R.C. 2151.414(D)

              The second prong also requires the juvenile court to find by clear and

convincing evidence that granting permanent custody to the agency is in the best

interest of the child. We review a trial court’s best-interest determination under R.C.

2151.414(D) for an abuse of discretion. In re D.A., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95188,

2010-Ohio-5618, ¶ 47. In this regard, ‘“[a] trial court’s failure to base its decision

on a consideration of the best interests of the child constitutes an abuse of

discretion.”’ In re N.B., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101390, 2015-Ohio-314, ¶ 60, citing

In re T.W., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 85845, 2005-Ohio-5446, ¶ 27, citing In re

Adoption of Ridenour, 61 Ohio St.3d 319, 574 N.E.2d 1055 (1991).

              R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) sets forth best-interest factors that the court must

consider when making the best-interest determination under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1),

including

      (a) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with the child’s
      parents, siblings, relatives, foster caregivers and out-of-home
      providers, and any other person who may significantly affect the child;

      (b) The wishes of the child * * *;

      (c) The custodial history of the child, including whether the child has
      been in the temporary custody of one or more public children services
      agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of
      a consecutive twenty-two-month period * * *;

      (d) The child’s need for a legally secure permanent placement and
      whether that type of placement can be achieved without a grant of
      permanent custody to the agency;

      (e) Whether any of the factors in divisions (E)(7) to (11) of this section
      apply in relation to the parents and child.
                The juvenile court has considerable discretion in weighing these

factors. In re D.A. at ¶ 47. Although a trial court is required to consider each relevant

factor under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) in making a determination regarding permanent

custody, “there is not one element that is given greater weight than the others

pursuant to the statute.” In re Schaefer, 111 Ohio St.3d 498, 2006-Ohio-5513, 857

N.E.2d 532, ¶ 56. Moreover, “[R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)] requires a weighing of all the

relevant factors * * * [and] requires the court to find the best option for the child

* * *.” Id. at ¶ 64.

                Further, the Ohio Supreme Court, in In re A.M., 166 Ohio St.3d 127,

2020-Ohio-5102, 184 N.E.3d 1, held that R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) does not require a

juvenile court to expressly discuss each of the best-interest factors in

R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a) through (e). Id. at ¶ 31. Consideration is all the statute

requires. Although a reviewing court must be able to discern from the magistrate’s

or juvenile court’s decision, and the court’s judgment entry, that the court satisfied

the statutory requirement that it consider the enumerated factors, we may not graft

onto the statute a requirement that the court include in its decision a written

discussion of or express findings regarding each of the best-interest factors. Id.

                We begin our inquiry into the second prong by noting the juvenile

court articulated that it considered the relevant factors set forth under

R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) when assessing the children’s best interests. The record before

us indicates that the juvenile court satisfied the statutory requirements herein.
              Specifically, under subsection (a), the record reveals that the children

had been residing together with the same foster parents since February 2021.

Billingsley testified that the children were well-bonded with the foster parents, that

they were well-cared for, and that they were progressing well.

              Under subsection (b), the record reveals the children were too young

to express their wishes, but the GAL recommended that the juvenile court grant

permanent custody to the Agency. Under subsection (c), the record reveals the

children had been in the Agency’s uninterrupted temporary custody since May 2021.

              Under subsection(d), the juvenile court found that

      [t]he chronic mental illness, chronic emotional illness, mental
      retardation, physical disability, or chemical dependency of the parent
      is so severe that it makes the parent unable to provide an adequate
      permanent home for the child[ren] at the present time and, as
      anticipated, within one year from the time the Court holds the hearing.

              Clearly, the juvenile court considered the children’s need for a legally

secure placement and considered whether that placement could be achieved without

a grant of permanent custody. Given the findings illuminated above, reunification

could not be achieved.

              Under subsection (e), the record reveals that the presumed father,

D.H., adamantly denied being the father of the children and professed not wanting

any involvement. The juvenile court found that “D.H. has failed to support, visit, or

communicate with the children since birth.” The instant finding supports the

conclusion that the presumed father had abandoned the children.
              In this matter, the trial court’s best-interest determination

encapsulated above, was supported by competent and credible evidence. Our review

reflects that the best-interest factors that the juvenile court must consider under the

second prong was contained in the record. As such, we conclude that the juvenile

court’s termination of parental rights and award of permanent custody was

supported by clear and convincing evidence. Therefore, contrary to Mother’s

assertion, the juvenile court’s decision was not against the manifest weight of the

evidence.

              Moreover, as recognized, “[a]ll children have ‘“the right, if possible, to

parenting from either natural or adoptive parents which provides support, care,

discipline, protection and motivation.”’” In re S.B., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 110016

and 110017, 2021-Ohio-1091, ¶ 35, quoting In re J.B. at ¶ 66, quoting In re

Hitchcock, 120 Ohio App.3d 88, 696 N.E.2d 1090 (8th Dist.1996). “Where parental

rights are terminated, the goal is to create ‘a more stable life’ for dependent children

and to ‘facilitate adoption to foster permanency for children.’” Id., quoting In re

N.B. at ¶ 67, citing In re Howard, 1986 Ohio App. LEXIS 7860 (5th Dist.1986). The

record here demonstrates that the trial court sought to fulfill that goal.

              Accordingly, we overrule the first assignment of error.

              In the second assignment of error, Mother argues that the juvenile

court erred when it granted the motion for permanent custody, because the Agency

did not show, pursuant to R.C. 2151.419, that it made “reasonable efforts” to reunite

the family. Mother’s assertion lacks merit.
              Preliminarily, we note, ‘“the Ohio Revised Code imposes a duty on the

part of children services agencies to make reasonable efforts to reunite parents with

their children where the agency has removed the children from the home.”’ In re

J.D., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 111039, 2022-Ohio-2677, ¶ 66, quoting In re R.D.W.,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110661, 2021-Ohio-4304, ¶ 34, citing R.C. 2151.419. ‘““Case

plans are the tools that child protective service agencies use to facilitate the

reunification of families who * * * have been temporarily separated.””’ Id., quoting

In re R.D.W, quoting In re Evans, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-01-75, 2001-Ohio 2302. ‘“To

that end, case plans establish individualized concerns and goals, along with the steps

that the parties and the agency can take to achieve reunification.”’ Id., quoting id.

              ““‘Reasonable efforts means that a children’s services agency must act

diligently and provide services appropriate to the family’s need to prevent the child’s

removal or as a predicate to reunification.’”” In re R.D.W. at ¶ 35, quoting In re

H.M.K., 3d Dist. Wyandot Nos. 16-12-15 and 16-12-16, 2013-Ohio-4317, ¶ 95.

Importantly,‘‘‘“[r]easonable efforts” does not mean all available efforts.”’

Id., quoting In re J.B., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109039, 2020-Ohio-3675, ¶ 21,

quoting In re Lewis, 4th Dist. Athens No. 03CA12, 2003-Ohio-5262, ¶ 16.

‘“Otherwise, there would always be an argument that one more additional service,

no matter how remote, may have made reunification possible.’” Id., quoting In re

K.M., 12th Dist. Butler No. CA 2004-02-052, 2004-Ohio-4152, ¶ 23.

              In the first assignment of error, we discussed the case plan the Agency

developed to effect Mother’s reunification with her children. We also discussed the
diligent efforts the Agency expended to get Mother to utilize the recommended

services designed to address the issues that caused the children to be removed from

their home. There, we concluded that the record undeniably established that

Mother failed to engage in the case plan. Because the Agency developed a case plan,

made diligent efforts, but Mother failed to engage with the case plan, we find no

merit to Mother’s assertion.

               Accordingly, we overrule the second assignment of error.

               In the third assignment of error, Mother argues that the trial court

abused its discretion in admitting a copy of drug test results from SCT Advantage.

Mother contends the results do not fall under any recognized hearsay exception and

the Agency should have been required to produce the technician or other

practitioner who conducted the tests. Mother’s assertion is not well-taken.

               Preliminarily, “we note that the admission or exclusion of evidence,

including whether it is inadmissible hearsay, is left to the broad discretion of the trial

court.” Ohio v. Verbanac, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 111427, 2022-Ohio-3743, ¶ 30,

citing State v. Sage, 31 Ohio St.3d 173, 510 N.E.2d 343 (1987), and State v. Smith,

34 Ohio App.3d 180, 517 N.E.2d 933 (5th Dist. 1986). “To the extent this issue exists,

the trial court is competent to make such rulings at trial.” Id.

               Hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of the

matter asserted. Evid.R. 801(C). Pursuant to Evid.R. 802, hearsay is inadmissible

unless it falls within one of the exceptions listed in Evid.R. 803. State v. DeMarco,

31 Ohio St.3d 191, 509 N.E.2d 1256 (1987).
              Under Evid.R. 901(B)(10), medical records may be authenticated by

“[a]ny method of authentication or identification provided by statute enacted by the

General Assembly not in conflict with a rule of the Supreme Court of Ohio or by

other rules prescribed by the Supreme Court.” Id.

              Relevantly, R.C. 2317.422 provides that medical records are self-

authenticating if certain conditions are met. R.C. 2317.422 states, in pertinent part:

      [T]he records, or copies or photographs of the records, of a hospital,
      * * * in lieu of the testimony in open court of their custodian, person
      who made them, or person under whose supervision they were made,
      may be qualified as authentic evidence if any such person endorses
      thereon the person’s verified certification identifying such records,
      giving the mode and time of their preparation, and stating that they
      were prepared in the usual course of the business of the institution.

              In this matter, the document at issue contained a certificate of medical

records signed by an employee of the organization certifying that the attached

records were true and authentic copies of the medical records prepared in the usual

course of business of that institution. This certificate was sufficient under Evid.R.

901(B)(10) and R.C. 2317.422. As such, the juvenile court properly admitted the

records.

              Accordingly, we overrule the third assignment of error.

              Judgment affirmed.

      It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that special mandate issue out of this court directing the

common pleas court, juvenile division, to carry this judgment into execution.
       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule

27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

_________________________
EMANUELLA D. GROVES, JUDGE

MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, P.J., and
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J., CONCUR