Court Opinion

ID: 8017082
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 02:05:59.93323+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:36:24.840834
License: Public Domain

BURGESS, J.
This is an action in ejectment for the possession of certain real estate in the city of Poplar Bluff, Butler county, Missouri, in which plaintiff claims to own a leasehold estate by virtue of a written lease dated March 9, 1898, executed by defendant Mollie Knight, nee Kraemer, to one Antonio Saracini, and afterwards transferred to the plaintiff by quitclaim deed executed) on the 12th day of April, 1901, by Mary Saracini, widow of said Saracini.
The answer of defendant, the Wright-Dalton-Bell-Anchor Store Company, to plaintiff’s petition, is, first, a general denial ; second, a special defense to the effect that on the 19th day of July, 1901, it was in possession *423of the property in controversy, and that on that day it made and entered into a written agreement with the plaintiff, wherein it is recited that, “Whereas, the title” to the property in controversy “is in dispute, it being claimed hy George C. Orchard, under an assignment of a certain lease from Mrs. Saracini, wife of Antonio Saracini, and it being also claimed by the Wright-Dalton-Bell-Anchor Store Company, under a lease from Mrs. W. D. Knight, dated June 1, 1901;” that in the said agreement it is stipulated as follows, to-wit: “Now, it is mutually agréed and understood by and between the parties hereto, that pending the final settlement of the right and title to the leasehold in question the said, party of the second part is to be permitted to erect on the property in question a one-story brick building” of the size, dimensions and specifications therein set out. That said agreement further recites: “It is expressly agreed and understood by and between both parties hereto, that in the event the court shall decide that the title to the property is vested in the party of the first part, and all legal questions affecting the title are finally settled, the party of the first part agrees to purchase the building above described at the actual cost of construction; ’ ’ also that “in the event the courts shall decide that the title to the property is vested in the said party of the first part, and all legal questions affecting the title to the said leasehold are finally settled, then, and in that case only, the party of the first part agrees to make and execute to the party of the second part a lease for a term ending on the 12th day of March, 1918, and said party of the second part agrees to pay rent therefor, as provided in the said agreement. ’ ’
The answer of the defendant company further alleges, in substance, that pursuant to said agreement it continued in possession under its lease from Mollie Knight, and erected a building on the premises at a cost of about $3,500; that the title to the leasehold has *424never been determined, and that the plaintiff has no right to the possession thereof as against it, the said defendant.
The separate answer of Mollie Knight admits the execution of the lease to Antonio Saracini, bnt pleads as new matter that in August, 1900, Saracini died a resident of Poplar Bluff, leaving a will by which Ms-widow was appointed executrix of his estate; that at the time of his death he owned said lease; that thereafter, in January, 1902, Mary Saracini, his widow, was removed as executrix, and Charles W. Tetweiler was appointed to administer on the unadministered estate; that among the assets so unadministered at the time was the leasehold in question; that thereafter, under order of the probate court, the leasehold was sold to one Alexander Young for $415, and by him was sold to the defendant, Mollie Knight; that at the time of the institution of this suit the property was in the actual possession of the Wright-Dalton-Bell-Anehor Store Company, which held and claimed possession under a separate lease made by defendant Mollie Knight. The answer of Mrs. Knight prays that the respective estates, title and interest of plaintiff and this defendant in the property may be ascertained, determined and decreed by the court.
To the separate answer of Mrs. Knight the plaintiff filed a reply, which admits that on March 9, 1898, Mollie Knight was the owner of the fee, and that she executed the Saracini lease; that Antonio Saracini died testate in Butler county, in 1900, owning the lease, and that by his will Mary Saracini, Ms widow, was made executrix, and letters testamentary duly issued to her. The reply avers that in June, 1902, Mollie Knight fraudulently conspired with Charles W. Tetweiler, public administrator, and one Alexander Young, an attorney at law, to get possession of said lease, and to “trump up” some sort of claim against the estate of the said Antonio Saracini, deceased, “under and upon *425which they could obtain an order of sale in the probate court of the leasehold of said premises, and, under such sale, a transfer and disposal of the unespired term of said lease.” That on June 13,1902, said public administrator filed a petition for an order to sell the leasehold; that said petition was not accompanied by an account of the administration, a list of debts, or an inventory of the assets, etc.; that the sale was approved on the day the order was made; that there was no appraisement of the property before the sale, and no notice of the sale published. That by Mollie Knight’s lease to Antonio Saracini she is estopped to assert title in herself until that lease has expired. That in 1901, Mollie Knight declared the Saracini lease forfeited, and commenced an action of unlawful de-tainer tó oust the plaintiff herein from the possession of said premises; that upon final decision she lost that ease, and that the decision in said case is res acljudicata as to her claim of- title in the property in controversy.
Plaintiff, in his separate reply to the separate answer of defendant, the Wright-Dalton-Bell-Anchor Store Company, denied that it was true, as alleged by said defendant, “that the title to the said leasehold has never been litigated or decided in favor of either the plaintiff or this defendant,” and says that by the final decision in the said unlawful detainer proceeding instituted by defendant Mollie Knight for possession of the premises, “every legal question affecting the title to the said described property has been, and is now, finally settled', and fully adjudged and determined. ’ ’
The facts, briefly stated, are as follows:
Mollie Knight, as is conceded, is the owner of the fee in the land the leasehold interest in which is in controversy. On March 12,1898, Mollie Kraemer, now .Knight, executed and delivered to Antonio Saracini a twenty-year lease on the property'described in plain*426tiff’s petition, at an annual rental of $120' and Saracini went into possession under the lease.
In August, 1900, Saracini died testate, owning certain real estate, andl some money, goods and chattels, and the unexpired term of the Mollie Kraemer leasehold. By the terms of his will, all of his real estate is devised to his wife, Mary, and two children, in equal parts. All cash on hand, and all of his farming implements, horses, cows, etc., are bequeathed to his wife. All notes and mortgages are bequeathed to his wife in trust for herself and two children, jointly. The will further provides: “I will and bequeath to my sister, Teresa, my store and all goods therein, meaning the store next Pelz’s. My other store with the lease thereon and all goods therein I will and bequeath to my brother, Michael, with the understanding that he is to pay to my said wife the sum of four hundred dollars in monthly payments of forty dollars each, with interest; in case he fails or refuses to pay, the same to belong to my wife. I appoin L my wife executor of this my last will and testament, and without bond being required. ’ ’
Mary Saracini, widow of the testator, duly qualified as executrix by taking the usual oath, and on September 8,1900, she filed her inventory, including among the assets of the estate the lease from Mollie Kraemer.
On November 11, 1901, a claim for the sum of $11, in favor of P. Q. Branch & Son, was allowed by the probate court against the estate.
On November 12,1901, the executrix filed her first annual settlement, showing that she had exhausted the personal assets of the estate, aggregating $841.41. The claim for the sum of $11 in favor of Branch & Son, allowed by the probate court, at that time remained unpaid. On January 9, 1902, she was cited to give bond in the sum of two hundred dollars, as executrix of the estate, the probate court acting of its own motion. Having failed to give the required bond, her *427letters were revoked, and on January 20, 1902, Charles W. Tetweiler, the public administrator, was ordered to take charge of the estate, which he did, and filed an inventory, including among the assets- then remaining nnadministered the said Kraemer-Saracini lease.
On June 13, 1902, the administrator presented to the judge of the probate court, in vacation, a petition for leave to sell the Kraemer leasehold, and on the same day the probate judge made an order directing a sale of the leasehold, but said order did not recite whether said sale was to be at public or private sale. Thereupon, the administrator sold the leasehold at private sale to Alexander Young for the sum of $415 in cash, and reported the sale to the probate judge, in vacation, on June 17, 1902. The report so presented was approved on that day by the probate judge, and by written transfer and assignment, dated June 16, 1902, the administrator, acting as such, conveyed and assigned the said lease and leasehold to said Alexander Young.
It is shown by the record that the said orders made by the probate judge in vacation were entered by him at length in what he called his minute book, but which constituted his vacation record at the time, and that when the probate court convened in July, 1902, it formally approved -and confirmed what had been done by the probate judge in vacation, and the formal entry of such approval was made upon the book containing the record of the proceedings of the court in term, such entry having been made July 5, 1902.
As revealed by the petition, the order of sale, and the record entries, the sale was made “for the purpose of paying debts, and because it was for the best interests of the estate.”
On August 14, 1902, Alexander Young, by his written assignment of that date, duly executed and delivered, assigned and conveyed to the defendant *428Mollie Knight, owner of the fee, the said lease andi the unexpired term of the leasehold.
' The final and only settlement presented by Tet-weiler, the administrator, shows that the only items of cash which he is charged with are $10.50' for house rent collected, and the $415 which he received from Alexander Young as the purchase price of the leasehold. The settlement shows that the administrator used the money so received for the purposes of administration, which included the payment of the allowed claim of $11 in favor of Branch & Son, and another claim for $23 in favor of Mollie Knight, for rent due her under the Saracini lease, she being the owner of the fee, and $20' for taxes against the property; also a fee of $75 to E. R. Lentz, attorney for the public administrator who had brought a suit against Mrs. Knight, which was dismissed. Under order of the probate court, after the costs of administration had been paid, the remainder of the money in the hands of the administrator, being a balance of $235.07, was distributed by him, part being paid to the curator of the minor distributees, and part to the widow, Mrs. Saracini.
The recordl shows that on April 12, 1901, Mary Saracini, the Avidow, then in charge of the estate, made a. quitclaim deed to the plaintiff, George C. Orchard, conveying to him, for a consideration of one dollar, “all her right, title and interest, and which she now holds as the widow of Antonio Saracini, now deceased, and by virtue of a will made by the said Antonio Sara-cini, andi probated on the 29th day of August, 1900, . . . and which she now holds for the residue of a term of seventeen years under an indenture of lease dated the 12th day of March, 1898, made between Mollie Kraemer, as lessor of the one part, and the said vendor as lessee of the other part, in and to the following described part of lot No. 52,” etc., describing the leased premises by the lot numbers. The instru*429ment was signed by “Mrs. Mary Saracini,” and acknowledged by ber in ber individual capacity.
On June 1, 1901, Mollie Knight, tbe owner of tbe fee, leased tbe same premises to tbe defendant, tbe Wright-Dalton-Bell-Anchor Store Company, for the unexpired term of sixteen years, nine months and eight days, at a monthly rental of $49. Said defendant company went into possession, and immediately commenced tbe erection of a new brick building on tbe lot, when tbe plaintiff, Orchard, set up a claim to tbe property under his quitclaim deed from Mrs. Saracini. These adverse claims resulted in a written agreement, dated July 19‘, 1901, between tbe adverse claimants, tbe more mrportant provisions of which are set forth in the defendant company’s answer to tbe petition. In brief, tbe agreement recites that tbe title is in dispute between tbe parties, and it seeks to provide a means of adjustment of tbe interests of tbe parties upon tbe happening of certain contingencies. Tbe contingency upon which tbe settlement was to be made was that, if tbe courts should decide that the title was vested in tbe party of tbe first part (Orchard), and finally settle all questions affecting the title, then Orchard should pay to tbe party of tbe second part (tbe ■defendant company) tbe amount expended by it in tbe erection of tbe building, and execute to it a lease on tbe premises.
After Orchard acquired tbe quitclaim deed from Mrs. Saracini, two tenants occupying a building on tbe premises attorned to him and agreed to pay rent to him as his tenants. Thereupon-Mrs. Knigbt, owner of tbe fee, filed suit in tbe nature of an unlawful detainer proceeding against Orchard et al., before a justice of tbe peace, for tbe possession of tbe premises, etc., said suit being filed May 8, 1901. Judgment was in favor of Mrs. Knight, and tbe defendants in said suit appealed to tbe circuit court of Butler county, which rendered judgment in their favor. From this judgment Mrs. *430Knight appealed to the St. Louis Court of Appeals, which affirmed the judgment of the circuit court. Said unlawful detainer suit was still pending at the time of the written agreement between Orchard and the Wright-Dalton-Bell-Anchor Store Company.
The trial court, after hearing all the evidence, rendered judgment in favor of the defendants, whereupon plaintiff, after unavailing motions for new trial and in arrest of judgment, appealed to this court.
I. Respondent contends that there is no bill of exceptions before this court, “because the abstract of record does not show a valid extension of time for filing the bill of exceptions, in June, 1906.”
The abstract shows that the appeal was taken on “Wednesday, January 17th, 1906', fourteenth day of January term,” and that on that day plaintiff was granted “ninety days from this date in which to perfect and file his bill of exceptions.” The next order, set out in full, is dated “Wednesday, April 11th, 1906, ninth day of April term,” and recites, after naming the parties plaintiff and defendant: “Now at this time, for good cause shown to the court, the plaintiff is granted an extension of sixty days from this date in which to perfect and file his bill of exceptions in this cause, and with the same effect as if same had been filed within the time heretofore allowed by this court.” Then follows immediately this:
“Miscellaneous Record, Circuit court, Butler county, Mo.
“George C. Orchard, Plaintiff, vs. Wright-Dalton-Bell-Anchor Store Co., Defendants.
“Now on this 1st day of June, 190fi, in vacation, comes the plaintiff in the above cause and presents an order made by the Hon. J. C. Sheppard, judge of the circuit court of this county, in vacation, extending the time for filing bill of exceptions in the above case for ninetv days from and! after the expiration of the time *431last allowed for preparing and filing his bill of exceptions, which said order is now filed and made a part of the record in said canse.”
Section 728, Revised Statutes 1899', says that “such exceptions may be written and filed at the time or during the term of court at which it is taken, or within such time thereafter as the court may by an order entered of record! allow, which may he extended by the court or judge in vacation for good cause shown, ’ ’ etc.
Respondent contends that “the order itself does not appear of record,” and that when the extension is made by the judge in vacation, the order of extension made by the judge should itself he entered of record;’’ 200 Mo. 23, and State v. Eaton, 191 Mo. 151. To this contention we cannot agree, and we do not think that State v. Wilson, supra, supports that view. In that case the extended time expired on August 15th, and on August 10th in vacation the circuit judge made an order extending the time for filing the hill to the 2nd day of October, and that order was mailed to the clerk, hut he made no entry in his records showing its filing, nor was the order itself incorporated in the record or in the abstract; but the appellant undertook to show by the affidavit of the judge and of his own counsel that it was made in time, and this court held that we could not supply the omitted record on an affidavit, but that the record of the circuit court must be amended or supplied by that court alone, if at all. In that case, at page 27 of the Report, it is said: “Inasmuch as the law provides for the making and filing of such order in vacation, and requires the clerk to treat the same as a part of the record in certifying the transcript to this court, we think a liberal construction of section 728, Revised Statutes 1899, would require that from the time of the filing of such order in vacation, it becomes a part of the record,” In this case there is no pretense *432that the order signed by the circuit judge was not filed on June 1, 1906, which was within the time previously granted. The record entry made on that day specifically says “said order is now filed and made a part of the records in said cause.” We are of opinion that such an order, made in writing in vacation, should he spread at length upon the record of the trial court. Such a practice is simple, and would obviate all question as to' its sufficiency. But we do not understand the statute to mean that the order is void unless spread at length upon the record. That is not the only method by which the meaning of the words “by an order entered of record” may be met. If the substantive facta and vital elements of the order are entered of record, that is sufficient for purposes of appeal. Nor do we understand the words, “as the law . . . requires the clerk to treat such order as a part of the record in certifying the transcript to this court,” used in the quotation above from State v. Wilson, to mean that the abstract shall contain the order in exact words.
It has often been held by this court that record orders may be set out in the abstract in narrative form, and that their substance is usually sufficient for purposes of appeal. [Elliott v. Delaney, 217 Mo. 26; State ex rel. v. Broaddus, 216 Mo. 336, and cases cited, at page 341.] The record entry of June 1,1906, clearly recites that the extension order was filed on that day, and we are bound by that recital, since it is in no wise assailed by a counter abstract; and that being the case, it would be sacrificing justice to hold that no part of the bill of exceptions can be considered on appeal simply because the circuit clerk did not spread the judge’s order in full upon the record, but in lieu thereof made a formal record of all its vital and substantive elements.
II. Appellant contends that a leasehold for twenty years or more is real estate, and that as Saracini by *433will devised “all my real estate to my wife and the children above named in equal parts,” he gave this lease to his wife and children, and that the widow’s interest therein conld not he sold unless it was needed to pay the testator’s debts. On the other hand, respondents claim that a leasehold is personal property, which, on Saracini’s death, passed to his executrix, and could he sold only by her as such, or, on her removal, by the public administrator who took charge of the estate under an order of the probate court.
If a leasehold for twenty years is real estate, it passes primarily, upon the death of the owner, to the heirs or devisees. [Aubuchon v. Lory, 23 Mo. 99; Chambers v. Wright, 40 Mo. 482; Gamble v. Gibson, 59 Mo. 585; In re Huckstep, 5 Mo. App. 582; Landree v. Warren, 53 Mo. App. 442.] If, however, a leasehold is personal property, it passes primarily, on the death of the owner, to the executor or administrator, and until the heirs or legatees receive it through the process of administration, the legal title thereto is in such legal representative. [Smarr v. McMaster, 35 Mo. 349; Leakey v. Maupin, 10 Mo. 368; Gillet v. Camp, 19. Mo. 404; Rouggley v. Teichmann, 10 Mo. App. 257; Richardson v. Cole, 160 Mo. 372.]
Undoubtedly at common law a leasehold, whatever its duration in years, was personal property.
In 1 Woerner’s American Law of Administration, p. 590, it is said: “There is no occasion to repeat citation of authorities on the proposition that, at common law and in all the states, all mere personal property, including chattels real, goes to the executor of a testator, and to the administrator of an intestate.” At page 593 it is said: “Chattels real, which, as already remarked, go to the executor or administrator, include all leases of lands or tenements for a definite space of time, measured by years, months or days, or until a day named; also estates at will, by sufferance, *434and, generally, any estate in lands not amounting to. a freehold.” On page 231 it is said: “Leasehold estates and estates for years are treated at common law as personal property, and the widow of a lessee dying is not entitled to dower therein, although it he for a period of a thousand years, or renewable forever, or although the lease contain a covenant to convey the estate in fee on the demand of the lessee. In some of the states, however, dower is given by statute in leasehold estates of a given duration.” But it is also said at page 379: “All the authorities, both in England and America, so far as they go, recognize the principle in its fullest import, that real estate, or immovable property, is exclusively subject to the laws of the country within whose territory it is situate. The reason of the rule includes leasehold and chattel interests in land, servitudes and easements, and other charges on lands, as mortgages and rents, and trust estates; all of these are deemed to be, in the sense of .the law, immovable, and governed by the lex rei sitae.”
In 18 Cyc. Law and P'roc., p. 186, sec. 7, it is said: “A lease for years, since this is no freehold interest, but a chattel real, vests in the executor or administrator of the lessee, and the same is true of rights incidental to or given by the lease, such as a privilege of renewal or an unexercised option to purchase the demised premises, these also being mere chattel interests.”
In Cunningham v. Baxley, 96 Ind. 367, Sarah Ap-plegate had a life estate in land, “and made a parol contract with William Applegate that if he would build a house and barn and plant an orchard on the land, and give to said Sarah one-third of the corn and wheat raised and a load of hay yearly, in consideration thereof he might occupy, use and have the possession of said land during Sarah’s lifetime.” William had died, and Sarah was still living, and Baxley had got into possession, and William’s widow and heirs sued, *435alleging that they were “the joint owners of said land for and during the life of said Sarah,” and were “entitled to the immediate possession thereof. ’ ’ The court said: “The complaint does not aver a purchase of Sarah Applegate’s interest; it shows that "William Applegate was only a sub-tenant under a parol lease; it shows that Sarah Applegate, owning the life estate, agreed that William Applegate ‘might occupy’ the land until her death, in consideration of his building a house and barn and planting an orchard and paying her a fixed yearly rent; it shows that he took possession, and during his life performed the conditions and paid the rent, and died during the lifetime of Sarah Applegate. He had a lease of the land which was not to terminate until her death, provided the rent should be duly paid. Such a lease is not real estate; it is a chattel interest; it does not descend to heirs, but goes to the executor > or administrator, and he is the party to maintain a suit for possession against one who has wrongfully' taken possession of the leased premises. . . . There was no cause of action in favor of the plaintiffs.”
In McCormick v..Stephany, 57 N. J. Eq. l. c. 264, it is said that the unexpired term of a lease “is an asset in the hands of the executor or administrator. . . . By the express terms of the will all the real and personal estate are given to the complainant,” the lessee’s widow. “But however absolute may be the gift to her, if the thing given be an asset to bo administered, the executor primarily takes it, and all rights touching it must, during the period of administration, be asserted by the executor as such, or it must appear that the executor asents to the possession of the legatee. ’ ’
In Thornton v. Mehring, 117 Ill. 55, the court held in judgment a lease for eighty-nine years to a lessee who had died intestate, and his administratrix, after final settlement, had sold it. The court said: ‘ ‘ There *436would seem to be no doubt that tbe lease in tbis case was personalty, and tbe legal title and power of disposal passed to tbe administratrix on tbe grant of letters of administration. "
In Faler v. McRae, 56 Miss. 227, it was beld that a lease of land for ninety-nine years is a chattel real, and upon tbe death of tbe lessee, descends to tbe administrator of bis estate; and that, so long as there is a valid debt against tbe estate, tbe heirs and dis-tributees cannot acquire any title as against tbe creditor, and any conveyance thereof by them is ineffectual as against such creditor. To the same effect are Webster v. Parker, 42 Miss. 465; Becker v. Walworth, 45 Ohio St. 169; Rickard v. Dana, 74 Vt. 74, and many other cases.
In Gfutzweiler’s Admr. v. Lackmann, 39 Mo. l. c. 97, tbis court said: “‘Being a lease for ten years, we think it should be treated as a mere chattel interest, which of course goes to the administrator upon the death of his intestate, and not to the heirs, and therefore the suit was properly revived in the name of the persona] representative.” That seems to be the only case in this State where the point was considered, and in that, in disposing of the point of proper parties plaintiff in an ejectment for the leasehold, it was decided that a leasehold for ten years was personal property, and that the administrator of the lessee was the proper plaintiff. That decision cites no authorities, and does not consider the statutes.
We have found no case that holds a leasehold to be real estate, and it seems to be clear that at common law it was personal property, whatever might be its duration in years, whether for one, or. twenty, or ninety-nine years. [Dillingham v. Jenkins, 15 Miss. 479.]
But appellant contends that even though a leasehold Avere personal property at common law, it is no longer such under the statutes, and he cites, as chang*437ing the rule, sections 936-, 2933, 3172-, 4373 and 4160', Revised Statutes 1899.
Section 936 is found in the chapter concerning “Conveyances of Real Estate,” and reads: “The term 'real estate,’ as used herein, shall he construed as coextensive in meaning with lands, tenements and here-ditaments, and as embracing all chattels real.”
“Chattels real include estates for years, at will, by sufferance, and various interests of uncertain duration.” [Rapalje & Lawr. Law Dict., p. 200, tit. “Chattel.”] They are to be distinguished, on the one hand, from things which have no concern with the land, such as mere movables and rights connected with them, which are chattels personal, and, on the other hand, from a freehold, which is realty.
The section of the statute quoted clearly says that for purposes of conveyance, a leasehold is to be considered as real estate. But does it mean more than that? Does it not mean that a leasehold is to be assigned or conveyed- by a quitclaim or a warranty deed or mortgage, just as any other interest in land is to be conveyed? ¥e think it means only that. It does not attempt to convert what was personal property at common law into real estate. And that view brings section 936 into harmony with section 3415 of the Statute of Frauds, which reads: “No leases, estates, interests, either of freehold or term of years, . . . shall at any time hereafter be assigned, granted or surrendered, unless it be by deed or note in writing.”
Sections 8172 and .3173 are found in the chapter on Executions, and section 3172 says: “Every lease upon lands for any unexpired term of three years or more shall be subject to execution and sale as real property.” Section 3173 reads: “The term ‘real estate,’ as used in this chapter, shall be construed to include all estate and interest in lands, tenements and hereditaments.” If the words used in this last section are admitted to embrace leaseholds, they fall far *438short of converting them into real property. They mean that the officer shall, in levying an execution upon a leasehold and selling it at a judicial sale, proceed as if he were selling land; they mean that, and nothing more. The leasehold is to he considered real estate only for the purposes of “this chapter;” that is, for the purposes of levy and sale under executions. [Gunn v. Sinclair, 52 Mo. 327; Northern Bank of Kentucky v. Roosa, 13 Ohio, 334.]
Section 4373 is found in the chapter on “Partition,” and provides that “in all cases where lands, tenements or hereditaments are held in joint tenancy, tenancy in common, or coparcenary, including estates in fee, for life, or for years, tenancy by the curtesy and in dower, it shall he lawful for any one or more of the parties interested therein, whether adults or minors, to file a petition in the circuit court of the proper county, asking for the admeasurement and setting off of any dower interest therein, if any, and for the partition of the remainder,” etc.
This section provides for the partition of a leasehold, it is true, hut in so far as it relates to the widow’s dower therein it must he read in connection with section 2933. This section would prohahly give to heirs or devisees of a leasehold, which was not needed to pay debts of the decedent and which had not been used and would not he for that purpose, the right to maintain partition to have it sold and the proceeds divided among themselves. But this is not a partition suit, and we- are not called upon to decide that point. All we do hold is that this section does not convert personal property into real estate. It at most provides a method by which the proceeds of a leasehold, not sold in the process of administration, may be distributed, or the leasehold itself divided, among the heirs or devisees.
Section 4160 is found in the chapter on “Laws,” in the article concerning the “Construction of Stat*439utes,” and so far as applicable, it reads: “Tbe construction of all statutes of tbis State shall be by tbe following' additional rules, unless such construction be plainly repugnant to tbe intent of tbe Legislature, or of tbe context of tbe same statute: First, words and phrases shall be taken in their plain or ordinary and usual sense, but technical words and phrases having a peculiar and appropriate meaning in law shall be understood according to their technical import; . . . ninth, the terms ‘real property’ or ‘premises,’ or ‘real estate’ or ‘lands,’ shall be deemed to be coextensive with lands, tenements and hereditaments; tenth, the words ‘personal property’ shall include money, goods, chattels, things in action and evidences of debt; eleventh, the word ‘property’ shall include real and personal property.”
It will be observed that chattels real are not said to be real estate, and that “chattels” are defined as personal property, and that word, standing alone, means chattels real as well as chattels personal. We will assume, though it is a liberal assumption, that this section is meant to be a definition of the words “real estate” wherever used in any of the statutes, and that it is not confined in its application to the chapter in which used, as in section 936. If it means to say that a leasehold or a chattel real is to be held to be real estate, that meaning is to be found in the words “lands, tenements and hereditaments.” The word “land” is well understood; it comprehends ground, soil or earth, pastures, woods, springs, wells, lakes, ponds, and all things that have become a fixed part of the soil. The word “tenement” in “its plain and ordinary meaning, ’ ’ means a house, but in a larger sense it signifies a thing which is the subject of tenure, and includes not only corporeal hereditaments which are or may be held, but also all inheritances issuing out of any of those inheritances, or concerning or annexed to, or exercisable within the same, though they lie *440not in tenure. Rapalje and Lawrence’s Law Dictionary says that the term “hereditaments includes a few rights unconnected with land, hut it is generally used as the widest expression for real property of all kinds, and is therefore employed in conveyances after the words ‘lands’ and ‘tenements’ to include everything of the nature of realty which they do not cover. . . . Real hereditaments are lands and tenements. A personal hereditament is one which concerns neither lands nor tenements.” In 3 Kent’s Commentaries, page 401, it is said: “Things real consist of lands, tenements and hereditaments. The last word is almost as comprehensive as property, for it means anything capable of being inherited, be it corporeal, incorporeal, real, personal or mixed. The term real estate means an estate in fee or for life in land, and does not comprehend terms for years or any interest short of a freehold. A tenement comprises everything which may be holden, so as to create a tenancy, in the feudal sense of the word, and no doubt it includes things incorporate, though they do not lie.in tenure.”
For practical purposes, the word hereditament means an appurtenance. [Inhabitants of East-Haven v. Hemingway, 7 Conn. 186, 200; Bemis v. Bank, 63 Ark. 625.] Blackstone, 2 Bl. Com. 16, says: “Tenement is a word of still greater extent” than lands, “and though, in its vulgar acceptation, it is only applied to houses and other buildings, yet, in its original, proper, and legal sense, it signifies everything that may be holden, provided it be of a permanent nature; whether it be of a substantial and sensible, or of an unsubstantial, ideal .kind.” See, also, 28 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law, p. 42.
In Barr v. Doe, 6 Blackf. (Ind.) 335, “the plaintiff brought an action of ejectment to recover the possession of five acres of land, to which his lessor claimed title by virtue of a purchase at a constable’s sale. The facts were, that the defendant was the owner of a lease *441of said premises for the term of three years, created by parol; that a judgment had been rendered against biro by a justice of the peace; that an execution had been issued on the judgment, by virtue of which the term had been levied on and sold, and that Binford, the plaintiff’s lessor, became the purchaser.” The court said: “It is contended that a term of years cannot he sold on an execution issued from a justice’s court. The 46th section of the Justice’s Act, R. S. 1838, p. 373, provides that executions issued by a justice of the peace shall operate as a lien upon the personal property of the judgment debtor, etc.; and the 51st section of the same act further provides that, in all cases where execution shall issue, and goods and chattels cannot he found to discharge the same, in case it shall he made known to the justice who issued, it that the debtor has lands or tenements, the justice shall, on application, etc., forward a transcript of his proceedings to the clerk of the circuit court, who shall file the same and issue a scire facias thereon, etc. Every species of property comprehended under the general name of chattels is, hv the statute, made liable to execution on a judgment rendered by a justice. A term of years is a chattel interest. Upon the death of the tenant, it does not descend to his heir, hut goes to his executor. In the division of property into real and personal, it is classed among the latter. And in England, upon a fieri facias against the goods and chattels of the debtor, it is liable to be seized and sold. It is contended that the 51st section of the act, by the use of the word ‘ tenements, ’ explains the meaning of the Legislature, and shows that the movable chattels only of the debtor were intended tó be made liable. We cannot adopt this construction. Tenement is a word of extensive signification, and in the connection in which it is found in the statute, refers to such interests in real estate as are connected with the freehold, and not included in the term chattels.”
*442In Gibson v. Brockway, 8 N. H. 471, it is said: “With, ns the word tenement is applied exclusively to land, or wbat is usually denominated real property.” In that case a deed conveyed “a certain tenement, to-wit: one-half of a corn-mill, situated in Washington, . . . with all the privileges thereto belonging, the same as I now possess, with the full privilege to pass and repass to and from the mill to the road, for himself and his customers, to have and to hold the same, with all the privileges and appurtenances,” etc., and it was held that the deed conveyed not only the mill, but the land on which it was situated, together with such portion of the water privilege as was essential to the use of the mill, and that when the mill washed away, the grantee was entitled to restore it, or to own and use the land.
In Mitchell v. Warner, 5 Conn. 518, it is said, quoting Blackstone, that “tenement signifies anything that may be holden, provided it be of a permanent nature, whether it be of a substantial and sensible, or of an unsubstantial, ideal kind;” and then, by way of explaining that definition, it was held that the word tenement did not include water in a brook passing through the land, and which was diverted by a mill-owner before it reached the land granted, because running water is not of a permanent nature.
In People ex rel. v. Kelsey, 14 Abb. (N. Y.) Pr. l. c. 376, it is said: “The word tenement signifies everything which may be holden, if it be of a permanent nature, and a wharf or pier is so permanent that it becomes a part of the soil and freehold itself.”
In People v. Westervelt, 17 Wend. (N. Y.) 676, it-was said: “No doubt the notion that tenements comprehended chattels real was taken, in Vredenbergh v. Morris, 1 Johns. Cas. (N. Y.) 223, from the very general words of Blackstone (2 Black. Com. 16, 17), who says that ‘it includes everything that may be holden, *443provided it be of a permanent nature.’ But none of bis illustrations given at tbe same page go so far; and tbe generality of bis pbrase is still more plainly restricted by Co. Litt. 6a,.to which be refers. Coke’s words are: ‘Tenementum, tenement, is a large word to pass not only lands and other inheritances which are holden, but also offices, rents, commons, profits a prendre out of lands, and the like, wherein a man hath any franktenement, and whereof he is seized wt de libero et tenemenlo.’ The illustrations of the same writer (Co. Litt. 19 and 20a) shew also that the term in its technical sense is confined to freeholds. Perkins, sec. 114, is to the same effect. Preston on Elstates, 8, 9, is very full in his examples, all of which are confined to freeholds; indeed, terms for years are expressly excluded. Wood’s Inst. 114, also contain a very full enumeration to the same effect. Blackstone himself excludes terms for years by so many words at another place. [2 Black. Com. 386; Co. Litt. 118b, S. P.] Speaking of leaseholds for years, he says: ‘ They are called real chattels as being interests issuing out of or annexed to real estates, of which they have one quality, viz. immobility, which denominates them real, but want the other, viz. a sufficient, legal, indeterminate duration; and this want it is which constitutes them chattels. A freehold, which alone is real estate, is conveyed by corporeal investiture and livery of seizin.’ ”
In that case the sheriff had sold, under execution, a leasehold for a term of twenty-one years, and the real question in the case was whether or not it was real estate, and the circuit court held that it was not. When the case went to the Court of Errors, 20 Wend. 416, it was said by the Chancellor: “The term real estate, when applied to an interest in lands or other real property, includes all estates or interests in such real property, which are held for life or some greater estate, but does not embrace terms for years or other chattel *444interests in lands, which, as between the heirs at law and the personal representatives, belong to the latter, npon the death of the owner thereof. Hence it was settled that the Act of 3813, which declared that judgments recovered in courts of record, to be a lien upon all the lands, tenements and real estate of the judgment debtor must be docketed, did not make the judgment a lien upon terms for years or other chattels real. [Putnam v. Westcott, 19 Johns. 73; Merry v. Hallet, 2 Cow. 497.] ”
In Moor v. Denn, 2 Bos. & Pul. 247, it is said with respect to the word hereditament: ‘ ‘ The settled sense of that word is to denote such things as may be the subject-matter of inheritance, but not the inheritance itself;” that is, in this case, the lot, which is the “subject-matter of inheritance,” and not the leasehold, which is “the inheritance itself.”
In New York it has been held that a term for years in lands is not in law a tenement or a hereditament. In Mayor of New York v. Mabie, 13 N. Y. (3 Kern.) 151, the court said: “Section 10' of title 5, defines certain terms there used, thus: ‘The terms “real estate” and “lands,” as used in this chapter, shall be construed as coextensive in meaning with lands, tenements and hereditaments.’ In a subsequent chapter of the revised statutes — that which relates to the proof and recording of conveyances — there is another definition of one of these.terms, as follows: ‘ The term ‘ ‘ real estate,” as used in this chapter, shall be construed as coextensive in meaning with lands, tenements and. hereditaments, and as embracing all chattels real, except leases for a term not exceeding three years.’ [R. S. 762, sec. 36.] There is much significance in the language added to the first definition when the same terms came again to be defined for another purpose. It is a virtual declaration that the words employed to define real estate, in the first definition, would not embrace chattels real. We must intend that in those *445definitions language was nsed witli great care and discrimination. The object being to remedy, by precise definitions, the inconvenience arising from the nse of words to which different meanings might otherwise be attached, we cannot suppose that any vagueness of expression would be indulged. In comparing these two definitions with each other, we arrive at a pretty satisfactory conclusion that the Legislature understood the words ‘lands, tenements, and hereditaments’ as excluding terms for years in land. And in this I think they were clearly right. The Legislature was dealing with terms of art, and is presumed to have used them in their technical sense. We might lay out of view in this case the word ‘lands,’ for that word always refers to something corporeal; but the other two words may be correctly applied to an estate in incorporeal hereditaments. Now, a term for years in lands (and a fortiori in incorporeal rights) is not in law a tenement or a hereditament. . . . The first of these definitions requires that the estate or interest, to amount to a tenement, should be a freehold at least; and to be termed a hereditament, according to the second, it must be descendible by inheritance. Terms for years fall within the definition of things personal. They go to the executors, like other chattels; and although they are denominated chattels real to distinguish them from mere movables, they are not, when speaking with legal accuracy, considered real estate. [2 Black. Com., 386.] In People v. Westervelt, 17 Wend. 674, the meaning of the terms ‘real estate’ and ‘tenements’ at common law was shown to exclude terms for years and other chattel interests; and it was furthermore shown that these words were used in that sense in that part of the revised statutes which relates to the redemption of lands. ’ ’
This Mabie ease was decided in 1855, and has often been cited in the New York decisions, and as far as we can discover, has never been overruled, or its sound*446ness questioned. It construes statutes very similar in their wording to our own. When this decision was rendered, sections 936, 3172 and 3415, Revised Statutes 1899, were in all respects the same as they are now. [R. S. 1845, p. 227, sec. 49; p. 488, sec. 66; p. 529; sec. 2.] So much of section 4160; Revised Statutes 1899, as we have quoted above has been the law of this State since 1865. [G-. S. 1865, p. 83, sec. 6.] At the October term, 1866, this court decided the case of Outzweiler’s Admr. v. Lackmann, 39 Mo. 91, in which it was held that a lease for ten years should be treated as a mere chattel interest, which of course goes to the administrator upon the death of his intestate, and not to the heirs, and therefore the suit in ejectment for the leasehold “was properly revived in the name of the personal representativeand while the point is not discussed or reasoned in the opinion in that case, and no reference is made to these statutes, and no case is cited in support of the holding, yet, in the face of it, and in the face of a uniform ruling by the highest courts of many states holding that a leasehold for a term of years is personal property, the Legislature for more than forty years has permitted these statutes to remain unchanged, and while section 4160' has been amended in many other respects, in this it has remained fmchanged since 1865. We are; therefore, of the opinion that a leasehold for a term of years, whether for 20, or 99; or 999 years, both at common law and under the statutes, is personal property. The common law, when “not repugnant to or inconsistent with the Constitution ... or the statute laws in force for the time being, shall be the rule of action and decision in this State.” [R. S. 1899, 'sec. 4151.]
But there is another section. It is found in the Dower Act, and is section 2933 of the Revised Statutes of 1899, and reads as follows: “Every widow shall be endowed of the third part of all the lands whereof *447her husband, or any other person to his use, was seized of an estate of inheritance, at any time during the marriage, to which she shall not have relinquished her right of dower, in the manner prescribed by law, to hold and enjoy during her natural life. Dower in leasehold estate for a term of twenty years or more shall be granted and assigned as in real estate; for a less term than twenty years, shall be granted and assigned as in personal property. ’ ’
In Woerner’s Am. Law Admr., p. 231, sec. 110, it is said: ‘‘Leasehold estates and estates for years are treated at common law as personal property, and the widow of a lessee dying is not entitled to dower therein, although it be for a period of a thousand years, or renewable forever, or although the lease contain a covenant to convey the estate in fee on the demand of the lessee. In some of the states, however, dower is given by statute in leasehold estates of a given duration. ’ ’
In Whitmire v. Wright, 22 S. C. 446, John W. Summer, by way of lease for a term of 999 years, from March 14, 1797, conveyed a lot to a partnership of which Henry Whitmire was a member, and on February 17, 1853, the other members of said partnership conveyed in the same way their interest in the lot to Henry Whitmire and Thomas Whitmire. On February 5, 1863, Henry and Thomas Whitmire conveyed said lot in fee simple to Smith, and his subsequent grantees conveyed the lot to Wright and Cop-pock, with full warranty, “except the unrenounced claim of dower of the wife of Henry Whitmire.” Henry Whitmire died in July, 1882, and his widow, in December, brought her suit for dower in the leasehold. The court said: “It is conceded that the right of dower does not attach to a leasehold estate, and, therefore, if Henry Whitmire had died before conveying the premises in question, there can be no doubt that his widow would not have been entitled to dower therein, *448inasmuch as the conveyance under which he held did not purport to convey anything more than a leasehold estate.” The court then proceeds to hold that a widow is not entitled to dower in lands held by her husband under a lease, there being no statute investing her with dower therein.
In Goodwin v. Goodwin, 33 Conn. l. c. 317, the court says: “Horace Goodwin, late of Hartford, deceased, after devising and bequeathing certain property to his wife, declared his purpose to be that the devise and bequest should not bar her right of dower in this estate. A part of the property that he died possessed of consisted of an estate for the term of nine hundred and ninety-nine years, with an annual rent of forty-six dollars; and the first question submitted for our consideration is, whether the wife is entitled to dower in this part of his estate. If an estate for so long a term of years can be regarded as real estate, then dower should be allowed, otherwise not. [Revision of 1866, p. 421.] The general principle is, that an estate for years is less than a freehold, and is nothing more than a chattel real, and is classed as personal property. [1 Swift Dig. 87,167.] Does a long term of years stand upon different ground in this respect from a short one ? Of course the value of the reversionary interest depends upon the length of time the estate for years is to continue, and such value in the present ease is exceedingly small — too small for any substantial benefit; but does the difference in the value of reversionary interests make any difference in principle? If this estate had been created nine hundred and ninety years ago, it would be conceded that Horace Goodwin would have had only a chattel interest. If then at the commencement it is to be regarded as a fee simple, at what time will it change to a chattel real? The claim of the plaintiff involves the necessity of fixing a time, and the absurdity of holding that immediately before the time shall *449arrive the estate will be a fee simple, and immediately after a chattel interest merely. We are nnable to discover any difference in principle in this class of estates, whether they are to endnre for a short or a long period of time, and we are satisfied that no distinction can be fonnd in the common law. It is true that in the case of Brainard v. The Town of Colchester, 31 Conn. 407, Judge DuttoN in giving the opinion of the court, says in regard to an estate like the one under consideration, with the exception that in that case a gross sum was paid as the consideration for the term: ‘For all practical purposes it is a fee simple. The reversion becomes a mere imaginary estate.’ The learned judge used this language in reference to the extent of the estate, and the fact that substantially it contained all the property, which is obviously true. It is equally obvious that there is some value to the reversionary interest, for it will constantly increase, and at the end of nine hundred and ninety-nine years will be equal in value to the entire property. The learned judge did not mean to declare that, in the administration of justice between party and party, the law regards such an estate as a fee simple, and that it should be treated as such, which is the question now before us. Judge Swift, in his Digest, vol. 1, page 87, says: ‘A lease for a thousand years is considered only as an estate for years, and the lessee has only a chattel interest, which by the common law goes into the hands of his executor or administrator at his decease.’ Washburn in his first volume on Real Property (6 Ed.), page 168, says: ‘If therefore the estate of the husband be a term of years, his wife cannot claim dower out of it at common law, no matter how long it is to continue, nor though it be renewable forever.’ The cases of Ware v. Washington, 6 Smedes & Marsh. 737, and Spangler v. Stanler, 1 Maryland Ch. Dec. 36, are to the same effect. See also 4 Kent *450Com. 35, 40, and Cruise’s Digest, title Dower. We are referred to no case wliere the contrary doctrine has expressly been held, hut a case in the second of Root’s Reports, page 15, has been cited, where the levy of an execution upon an estate for the term of nine hundred and ninety-nine years as real estate, was held good. But this decision was made on the ground that the case came within the spirit of the statute in regard to the levy of executions on real estate, and that without such construction the property would be exempt from execution. On the whole, we are' satisfied that the common law deprives the plaintiff of the right of dower in the Market street property, and so we advise the Superior Court.”
In Lenow v. Fones, 48 Ark. 557, it was held that a lease of whatever duration is but a chattel interest, and upon the death of the lessee intestate, his widow will take dower in it absolutely, as in personal property, and not for life, as in real estate. So much of the opinion as bears on the point reads: “The partnership of Fones Brothers was composed of three brothers doing a commercial business in the city of Little Rock. The younger brother died, leaving a widow and one child; a posthumous child was born after his death, and the first child died in infancy. The posthumous child still survives, and the widow has married J. H. Lenow. The surviving partners brought this suit for partition of the lands belonging to the firm, and for an accounting of rents. The lands include a valuable storehouse and warehouse.in the city, used by the firm in carrying on their business as dealers in hardware; and also a leasehold interest for a term of twenty years in a lot and building adjoining the storehouse. These pieces of property were bought with partnership funds and for partnership purposes. Mrs. Lenow, the widow of the deceased partner, filed her cross-bill, claiming that the storehouse, warehouse and leasehold interest were all partnership property, to be treated *451as personalty, and that she was entitled, as widow of her deceased husband, to one-third of his interest absolutely, as in personal property, for her dower, and to one-half the remainder as heir of her deceased child; leaving to her surviving child the one-third of the whole. The surviving infant, by guardian, answered the cross-bill, denying the claim of his mother, and asserting that the property could be treated as personalty only for payment of the debts of the partnership; that the debts were all paid, and the property was then held by the partners as tenants in common, and was descendible as real and not as personal estate. The chancellor sustained the contention of the heir, and Mrs. Lenow appealed. ... 2. The remaining question concerns the leasehold interest in block 77, which was also a part of the firm’s assets. The guardian of the minor contends that under the statutes of Arkansas this leasehold interest must be taken and considered as real estate, and that as such it has, by the death of the father, A. T. Fones, descended and vested absolutely in the child, subject alone to Mrs. Lenow’s dower. The chancellor adopted this view, and decreed that dower should be assigned in this interest as in land. Mrs. Lenow contends that the interest is personal property, and that she is entitled to two-thirds of her deceased husband’s share of it absolutely' — a third as dower in personalty, and one-half of the residue as next of kin of her deceased child. [Loftis v. Glass, 15 Ark. 680.] ‘No proposition has been better settled from the earliest days of the common law than that a lease, of whatever duration, is but a chattel.’ [Murdock v. Ratcliff, 7 Ohio 119; 1 Taylor Land. & Ten., sec. 14a; 2 Black. Com. 312; 2 Kent, Com., 342.] It was at common law regarded within the definition of personal things, and although it was denominated a chattel real to distinguish it from mere movables, it was not, when speaking with legal accuracy, considered as real estate. *452It was not an estate of inheritance, but, like other chattels, went to the executor or administrator, and not to the heir. It was not, therefore, the subject of dower. ‘So strict was the law in this respect that an estate for two thousand years, no matter in what form or by what instrument created, would not confer dower upon the widow of the lessee.’ [P Scribner on Dower (2 Ed.), 364; Park, Dower, 47-8.] Our statute, however, confers the right of dower in personal property (Mansf. Dig’., sec. 2951), and it is conceded here that if the estate for years is not realty by virtue of the statute, Mrs. Lenow should take the full two-thirds interest, as claimed, absolutely. Section 2540, Mansfield’s Digest, in the chapter regulating ‘Descents and Distributions,’ declares ‘that the term “real estate,” as used in this act, shall be construed to include every estate, interest and right, legal and equitable, in lands, tenements and hereditaments, except such as are determined or extinguished by the death of the intestate seized or possessed thereof in any manner other than by lease for years and estate for the life of another person.’ From this definition of real estate, a ‘lease for years’ is expressly excepted. The exception is awkwardly framed, and why the clause ‘except such as are determined or extinguished by the death of the intestate seized or possessed thereof in any manner’ should have been required at all, is difficult to perceive. The estate of the heir is but a continuation of that of the ancestor, and if the estate is determined with the life of the ancestor, there can be nothing for the heir to take. If these words are placed in parenthesis the relation of the clause ‘other than by lease for years’ to the general definition given, is more apparent, though by no reading can it be taken in any light other than an exception. We are referred by the counsel for the appellees to other provisions of the statute, where a chattel real comes within the definition of real estate as there used. [Mansf. Dig., secs. *453645, 3002, 3956, 660.] But these provisions merely direct the manner in which leasehold property shall he conveyed and the conveyance admitted to record; o,r regulate judgment liens thereon, and prescribe how it shall he subjected to levy and sale under execution. They do not undertake to fix and declare the nature of the estate for the purpose of descent or distribution. Section 2540, quoted above, does that, and leaves it as it was before the statute — personal property. In the case of Kinney v. Watts, 14 Wendell 38, the court applied the definition of real estate, as found in the statute governing the recording of conveyances, in a case where the nature of the estate was involved; but, on a subsequent examination of the question, the Court of Appeals said the construction in Kinney v. Watts had been reached through inadvertence, and ruled that the statute did not affect the nature of the estate. [The Mayor of N. Y. v. Miabie, 13 N. Y. 151, 159-60. See, too, Tone v. Brace, 11 Paige 566.] The Ohio cases cited in 1 Scribner on Dower, pp. 365-7, are in point, and sustain the position that the provisions relied on by the appellees were not intended to change the nature of the estate, and do not control the question now presented. The leasehold interests retain then the character or incidents of personal property, as at common law, and the statutes which govern the right to distribution of and dower in other personal property are applicable to them. The chancellor erred in treating them as real estate for the purposes of this controversy. Otherwise the decree is right, and is affirmed. As to the leasehold interests, it is reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.”
None of these cases involve the construction of a statute like section 2933, and they are of value only as showing that at common law a leasehold is personal property, and the widow’s dower therein is subject to the debts of her deceased husband’s estate.
*454But there is one decision by this court that undertakes to construe this statute. That statute has been the law of this State since 1835 (R. S. 1835, p. 228, sec. 1), and is tbe first section of the Dower Act, approved March 20, 1835. The case to which we refer is Blair v. Oliphant, 9 Mo. 239, and so much of the opinion by NaptoN, J., as is applicable to this point, reads:
“Oliphant and wife filed their petition in the circuit court of St. Louis county, praying for an assignment of dower in certain leasehold estate in the city of St. Louis. The petition set forth, that the said leasehold was for the term of fifty years from the 31st of January, 1834; that it formerly was the property of one Spencer, the former husband of the petitioner, Mrs. Oliphant; that said Spencer died in 1837; that the petitioner had never released her dower in said property, and that Rankin, Blair and Gantt, were in possession of the premises.
• “The defendants pleaded, admitting the truth of the facts alleged in the petition, but averred that at the December term, 1841, of the probate court of St. Louis county, the administrator of said Spencer’s estate, by order of said court, sold said Spencer’s interest in said leasehold property, to Rankin, for $5,000. ...
“Judgment was given that the widow be endowed with the improved value of the property, and for damages from the death of her husband. . . .
“The principal question arising from the record is, whether the widow is entitled to one-third of the improved value, or only one-third of the unimproved value of the leasehold estate.
“As the common law did not give any dower in an estate less than a freehold of an inheritance, the rights of the petitioner depend solely on the provisions of our statute, the first section of which declares that ‘dower in leasehold estate for a term of twenty *455years, or more, shall be granted and assigned as in real estate.’ ....
“The Legislature have declared that leasehold interests of a specified character shall be dowable, and. have also provided for the sale of such interests, as well as every other real estate of a deceased person, for the payment of his debts, subject to the widow’s dower. Further than this the statute is silent. . . .
“Supposing the estate of Mrs. Oliphant to be an estate of inheritance, what was its condition on the death of her husband? By the common law it descended to the heir; and in the case of Madkay’s Admr. v. Burdine, notwithstanding an ingenious argument was drawn from our administration act, to show that the common law had, in this respect, been altered, and that lands in this State vested in the administrator or executor, this court held that the descent was still under our statute cast upon the heir. True, it descends, subject to the payment of debts, and subject to the widow’s dower. When the dower is ascertained and set off, the widow is in from the death of her husband; and so the purchaser of real estate, sold by the administrator to pay the intestate’s debts, takes the title as it stood at the death of the intestate. Either event defeats the title and estate of the heir, but until either event takes place, the heir has the title. . . .
“The character of Mrs. Oliphant’s estate, as we have observed, will not affect the merits of the title. Her husband’s term was but a chattel interest, and did not descend to the heir, but passed to the administrator. But so far as the power of the administrator is concerned, there is no distinction in our law between estates of inheritance and chattels real. They are both liable for the debts of the ancestor, and both can be sold on the application of the personal representative, for the payment of debts. The statute which makes terms for years dowable, must be understood as placing them in all respects upon a footing with descendi-*456ble freeholds. It is impossible to make one rule for them, and another for the estates of inheritance, in relation to the rights and remedies for the dowress. ‘Dower in leasehold estate,’ says the act, ‘for a term of twenty years o,r more, shall be granted and assigned as in real estate.’ Whatever rnle, therefore, shall be applied to the assignment of dower in real estates (or rather estates of inheritance), shall be applied to leasehold interests. They are pro hac vice declared estates of freehold.”
We do not understand this case to hold that the leasehold is by section 2933 changed from personal property to real estate, but only to hold that the assignment of dower in leasehold estates for twenty years or more is governed by the same rules which govern the assignment of dower in real estate, and that the widow’s dower therein cannot be sold to pay decedent’s debts.
In Phillips v. Hardenburg, 181 Mo. l. c. 477, it is said: “Moreover, our statute does not restrict a widow to dower merely in an estate of inheritance. Section 2933, Eevised Statutes 1899, gives her dower in a leasehold estate for a term of twenty years or more, as in real estate, and for a less term than twenty years it is granted as in personal property.”
Our first impression of this statute was that it did not give the widow the right to have dower assigned to her in a leasehold unless the unexpired term of the lease is more than twenty years at the time of her husband’s death. But upon reflection we have concluded that is not the correct view. The applicability of the statute to leaseholds is to be determined by the term named in the lease. Whether dower therein is to be assigned as in real estate or as in personal property, ought not to be dependent upon the number of years the lessee lives, but he, and all his grantees thereof, should know from the time the lease is. executed how it is to be assigned.
*457This statute says that “dower in leasehold estate fox a term of twenty years, or more shall be granted and assigned as in real estate; for a less term than twenty years, shall be granted and assigned as in personal property.” It is easy to understand what is meant by the word “assigned.” The statutes prescribe how dower may be assigned or admeasured. But what does the word “granted” in this connection mean? How can dower be granted except by a decree of court? Dower is cast upon the widow by operation of law. It is an interest which the law gives her. It is a part of her marital rights, given her by law, and is not given by her husband or any other person. The word “granted” does not seem to mean anything more in this connection than the word “assigned;” if it does, it means that the courts shall not take from the widow dower in a leasehold of twenty years or more. Both words taken together seem to mean “shall have;” and we understand the clause to mean that the widow shall have the same dower in a leasehold estate of twenty years or more that the preceding words give her in real estate, and that, if the lease is for less than twenty years, she has dower in it as she has in other personal property. That disposes of the large question in this ease, namely, even though the widow has dower in a leasehold estate of twenty years or more, can it be disposed of for her husband’s debts, or does she take it, as she does dower in real estate, free from the burden of his debts, upon his death intestate? We think her dower interest in the leasehold estate, if for a term of twenty years or more, cannot be sold for the debts of her deceased husband’s estate. This clause is used in the same section that gives to the widow a dower of one-third for life in all lands her husband owned at any time during the marriage, to which she had not relinquished her right, and it has been a part of that section for more than seventy years, and whatever is the widow’s right to *458dower in Ms real estate we think the Legislature meant to give her in a leasehold of twenty years or more. It has always been held by this court that the widow’s one-third interest in her husband’s real estate, given to her by this section, where there is no will giving her other property in lieu of dower, and where she makes no election of other property as the statutes provide, cannot be sold for the debts of her deceased husband’s estate. [Duke v. Brandt, 51 Mo. 221, l. c. 226; sec. 2908, R. S. 1899; sec. 2946., R. S. 1899; Davis v. Evans, 102 Mo. 164; Williams v. Courtney, 77 Mo. 588; Grady v. McCorkle, 57 Mo. 172.] Her dower interest in the leasehold was a property right which she could sel] and transfer to plaintiff. [R. S. 1899, sec. 2934; Rohrer v. Oder, 124 Mo. 24.]
Before leaving this branch of the case, it is proper to remark that we do not hold that the leasehold estate was converted into real estate by section 2933, or any other statute. What we do hold is, that by section 2933 the widow is given dower in a leasehold for twenty years or more, which must be assigned to her as in real estate, and that such dower interest cannot be sold to pay her deceased husband’s debts. We are of the opinion that the leasehold, in spite of these statutes, is personal property, and that so much of it as is not given to the widow by section 2933 passes to the administrator, upon the death of the lessee intestate, and is to be administered, except as to the manner of sale by the administrator, as other personal' property'.
We, therefore, hold that Saracini did not give to his widow and the two children- named any interest in this leasehold by the words of his will, “All my real estate is bequeathed to my wife and the children above named in equal parts.”
III. Assuming that the leasehold was personal property, the sale by the public administrator to re*459spondent, Mollie Knight, was void, and she is not entitled to possession of the property or the rents.
Section 117, Revised Statutes 1899', reads: “If any executor or administrator apply to the court, or to the judge thereof in vácation, for permission to sell the personal estate of the deceased, or any part thereof, at private sale, for reinvestment or other purposes, and the court, or the judge thereof in vacation, he satisfied that such sale would not be prejudicial to the persons interested in the estate, the court, or the judge thereof in vacation, may order such sale and prescribe the terms thereof.”
The order of sale in this case, omitting the caption, is as follows:
“Now at this time, June 13th, 1902, comes C. W. Tetweiler, public administrator in charge estate A. Saracini, deceased, and presents to the judge of this' court, in vacation, his petition praying for an order directing him to sell of the personal property, belonging to the said estate, the Mollie Kramer leasehold running twenty years from March 9th, 1898, for the purpose of paying the debts and taxes due and owing against said estate, and because he believes it to he to the interest of the said estate that the said leasehold property he so sold, and the same being by me, a judge of the said court, duly heard and considered, and being now fully advised in the premises, do find that there are claims allowed against the said estate, and that the said administrator has not sufficient money in his hands with which to pay the said claims, and I further find that it will be to the interest of the said estate to sell the said leasehold property:
“It is therefore ordered and directed by the judge of the said probate court, in vacation, that the said Charles W. Tetweiler, as administrator of Antonio Saracini, deceased, sell the said leasehold property belonging to the said estate in which said leasehold was described as being a part of lot 52 in the original *460town, now city of Poplar Bluff, Mo., described as follows, to-wit: Commencing at a point on the west line of Main street, 82 feet north from the southeast corner of said lot 52, running thence north along the said Main street 23 feet, thence west 104 feet; thence south 23 feet; thence east 104 feet to the place of beginning, all of which done in vacation is now approved and confirmed. ’ ’
The public administrator’s report of the sale recites that he sold the lease at private sale to Alexander Young for $415, and the record shows an order of the probate court approving and confirming said report and sale. But there is no statute directing that an administrator make a report to the court of a sale of personal property at private sale, and none empowering the probate court to approve or confirm such a sale, and hence the court’s approval and confirmation of this sale added nothing to its validity, and did not cure any inefficiency in the order authorizing it.
It will be observed that the order does not require or direct a private.sale, nor does it “prescribe the terms thereof.” Under sections 112 and 113, the administrator can sell all perishable property and all other personal property of the estate necessary to pay debts or legacies, without an order of court, at public sale, but in no case can he sell any of it at private sale except upon application and an order of court, directing a private sale, and prescribing the terms thereof. [Stagg v. Linnenfelser, 59 Mo. 336; Weil v. Jones, 70 Mo. 560; Marshall v. Meyers, 96 Mo. App. l. c. 648; 2 R. S. Ind., p. 509, secs. 48 and 49, and p. 512, sec. 60; Weyer v. Bank, 57 Ind. 198; Railroad v. Robbins, 128 Ind. 449; Ventress v. Smith, 35 U. S. (10 Pet.) 161; Hopper v. Steele, 18 Ala. 828; Woerner’s Am. Law Adm., p. 696; Joslin v. Caughlin, 26 Miss. 134; Tell City Furniture Co. v. Stiles, 60 Miss. 849.] An order of sale which omits those essential require*461ments is the same as no order at all, is void, and a sale made in pursuance thereof is also void. The direction of the statute is that the order shall “prescribe the terms thereof.” Those words are an essential part of the statute, as important as any other, and the statute has been held to be mandatory. The order does not direct that the leasehold be sold at private sale. It simply directs the administrator to “sell the said leasehold property.” Such an order, without a specific direction to sell at private sale, should be considered an order to sell at public sale; and especially should such an order be so considered in this case, since the lease itself provides that in case of default by the lessee or his legal representatives or assigns in the payment of the rents, the lease may be sold at “public auction,” after “two weeks’ notice” in some newspaper.
The order was void, and being such can be attacked collaterally, and, being void, a sale thereunder conveyed or assigned nothing to Young, or his assignee, Mollie Knight; and as the 'Wright-Dalton-Bell-Anchor Store Company claims under a written lease from her, that defendant is not entitled to possession under that lease. In this connection, it may be added that the lease between these defendants was entered into before any order of sale was applied for, or attempted to be made, and before any sale of the Saraeini lease was made by the public administrator. He applied for. an order to sell on June 13, 1902, and the order was made on that day, and his deed to Young was made on the 16th of June, and acknowledged on the 17th, and recites that he sold the property on the 14th, and Young’s deed to Mollie Knight is dated August 14, 1902; and the lease from Mollie Knight to said Store Company is dated June 1, 1901, and acknowledged by her on June 11th, and by the Company on June 8th, and is for a length of time equal to the unexpired term at that time of the Saraeini lease. So that it is evident *462that this second lease was not made in reliance npon the probate court’s order to sell the Saracini lease.
"What is said above is not to he understood as impairing the agreement between plaintiff and the said Store Company. The judgment does not undertake to adjudicate the rights of the parties to that contract, and we shall not undertake to do so. The judgment simply holds that the sale of the Saracini leasehold by the public administrator to Young was legal and valid, and being such, when it was assigned to Mollie Knight, the lesser estate (the leasehold) merged in the greater estate (the fee), and, therefore, that plaintiff had no interest therein. The rights of plaintiff and said Store Company are matters for subsequent adjudication.
IV. But aside from this, the leasehold in this case, if it was necessary to sell it to pay decedent’s debts or legacies, should have been sold as real estate is sold by the administrator under the order of the probate court. Section 3172, Revised Statutes 1899, says: “Every lease upon lands for any unexpired term of three years or more shall be subject to execution and sale as real property, but shall not be subject to sale upon and by virtue of an execution issued by a justice of the peace.” That section can be harmonized with section 2933 and article 8 of the Administration Act. They are not in conflict; they supplement each other. It is true that section 3172 refers to sales under execution, but it is broad enough to contemplate all judicial sales, and a sale of real estate under a procedure in the probate court is a judicial sale.
While the leasehold is personal property, and passes primarily, upon the lessee’s death, to his administrator, yet if it is to be sold to pay the decedent’s debts, it should be sold, if it is for an unexpired term of three years or more, as real estate is sold, under the provisions of section 146 et seq., and if it had an unexpired term of less than three years, it should be sold *463as personal property is sold. The leasehold in this case, having an unexpired term of more than three years, could he sold only when the administrator’s petition to sell was accompanied by an inventory of the decedent’s real estate and the remaining personal property, and a list of debts remaining unpaid, as provided by section 147, and after notice had been given to those interested in the estate, as provided by section 148, and after the other precedent steps commanded by the statutes had been taken. N'one of these things were done in this case, and the attempted sale was void.
Y. Counsel for both respondents, in separate briefs, assert that this lease was not disposed of by the said will. Counsel for Mrs. Knight say that the testator “bequeathed to his sister ‘my other store with the lease thereon’ .... the lease which was mentioned being on other property.” Counsel are mistaken in that statement. The will does not give “my other store with the lease thereon” to his sister, but it gives “my other store with the lease thereon and all goods therein” to his, the testator’s, brother Michael. There is only one lease mentioned in the will. The executrix filed an inventory of all decedent’s real and personal estate, and she mentions only one lease therein, and that is minutely described as the petition describes the leasehold premises in suit; and after her removal, and the public administrator took charge of the estate, he filed an inventory in which he mentions but one lease, and describes that specifically as does the petition in this case. No other lease was mentioned by the witnesses throughout the trial, and plaintiff himself came nearer than any other witness to identifying the leasehold in suit with that mentioned in the will, his testimony being that just south of the property described in the suit is the store of Michael Sar-acini. Our understanding of the case is that the lease *464in suit is the lease referred to in that part of the will which says: “My other store with the lease thereon and all goods therein I will and bequeath to my brother, Michael, with the understanding that he is to pay to my wife the sum of four hundred dollars in monthly payments of forty dollars each, with interest, in case he fails or refuses to pay, the same to belong to my wife.” But the point is not clear. It cannot be definitely inferred from the record that this lease mentioned in the will is the one in suit, and hence we must consider the case from each standpoint; that is, if the lease is not mentioned in the will, then Saracini died intestate as to it, for there is no residuary clause in the will, and we have already held that a leasehold is personal property, and hence was not devised by the clause which gave all his real estate to his wife and children; and if the lease is mentioned in the will, then it was a special legacy, and there is a statute referring to such legacies.
1st. If Saracini died intestate as to this lease, then it was personal property, and went primarily to his administrator. But as the lease was for twenty years, the widow had dower therein, under section 2933, Revised Statutes 1899. But was Mrs. Saracini entitled to claim dower in the leasehold in this case? We think not. Section 2948 says: “If any testator shall, by will, pass any real estate to his wife, such devise shall be in lieu of dower out of the real estate of her husband whereof he died seized, or in which he had an interest at the time of his death, unless the testator, by his will, otherwise declared.” Section 2949 provides that “in such case the wife shall not be endowed in any of the real estate whereof her husband died seized, or in which he had an interest at the time of his death,” unless she shall in writing within twelve months elect not to accept the provisions of the will. The will in this case devised “all” testator’s “real estate” to his wife and two children *465named, and her inventory shows real estate not devised to his brother or sister, and she made no election. Section 2948 says that a devise of real estate to the wife shall he in lien of dower in any real estate in which the husband had an interest. The leasehold in this case was an interest in real estate; and the statute means that a devise of real estate to the wife shall he in lieu of dower in all real estate in which the husband had an interest, unless he shall specifically declare in the will that the real estate given her is not to he in lieu of dower. The will does not so declare in this case, and hence Mrs. Saracini had no dower in this leasehold, and no interest whatever, unless the lease was disposed of by the will. And if she had no dower, of course plaintiff took nothing by her quitclaim deed to him. And if the lease was not disposed of by the will, it is yet in the hands of the administrator, and subject to sale for the payment of estate debts or special legacies, hut can he sold only as real estate may he sold for such purposes.
2nd. If the will bequeathed the lease to Michael Saracini, upon condition that he pay $400 a year to the widow, or to her in case he made default or failed to pay that sum, then it was a specific legacy; and section 113, Revised Statutes 1899, says: “But specific legacies shall not he sold in any case, unless it become necessary for the payment of debts.” We have held that this leasehold was not sold by the public administrator to Young, and that nothing passed by that attempted sale. Under this statute, this lease, if disposed of by Saracini’s will (and that is a question of doubt), could only be sold to pay his debts, and then only when there was not enough other personal property, not specifically bequeathed, to pay them. If this leasehold property is disposed of by the will, and is not now needed to pay the estate’s debts, it cannot be sold by the public administrator, under an order of court or otherwise. *466It was sold by Saracini’s widow to plaintiff, and if it was bequeathed by the will to Michael Saracini, or to the widow upon his failure to pay $400 a year, her interest in it passed by her deed of assignment (assuming that assignment to be in all things valid) to plaintiff, and that meats that not simply one-third of it passed to her, and from her to plaintiff, but the whole of it; that is, the leasehold passed to Michael Saracini, to be enjoyed and held by him so long as he pays to plaintiff $400 a year, and if he defaults in that payment, the leasehold itself passes to plaintiff. But if this leasehold is not disposed of by the will, the widow had no interest therein, and nothing passed to the plaintiff.
The case was loosely tried, upon no definite theory as to the rights of plaintiff or of the widow; and in view of the evidence as to whether the lease in suit is the one mentioned in the will, the case ought to be retried in accordance with the views herein expressed.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded.
All concur.