Court Opinion

ID: 9390607
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-27 21:03:40.342976+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:35.704368
License: Public Domain

NOTICE                    2023 IL App (4th) 220370-U
This Order was filed under
                                                                                         FILED
Supreme Court Rule 23 and is                                                            April 27, 2023
                                             NO. 4-22-0370
not precedent except in the                                                             Carla Bender
limited circumstances allowed                                                       4th District Appellate
under Rule 23(e)(1).
                                     IN THE APPELLATE COURT                               Court, IL

                                              OF ILLINOIS

                                          FOURTH DISTRICT

   KENNETH W. HARTORY,                            )     Appeal from the
               Plaintiff,                         )     Circuit Court of
               v.                                 )     Knox County
   GLEN A. MENCHHOFER and CRUM TRUCKING,          )     No. 18L18
   INC.,                                          )
               Defendants/Third Party Plaintiffs- )
               Appellants,                        )
               v.                                 )
   STEVEN BROWN, d/b/a STEVE’S SMITH AND          )     Honorable
   ALLEN GARAGE,                                  )     James G. Baber,
               Third Party Defendant-Appellee.    )     Judge Presiding.
   ______________________________________________________________________________

                    JUSTICE HARRIS delivered the judgment of the court.
                    Presiding Justice DeArmond and Justice Knecht concurred in the judgment.

                                                 ORDER

   ¶1       Held: The trial court did not err by granting third-party defendant’s motion to dismiss the
                  third-party plaintiffs’ claim for contribution on the basis that their complaint was
                  untimely filed.

   ¶2               Plaintiff, Kenneth W. Hartory, brought an action against defendants—Glenn A.

   Menchhofer and Crum Trucking, Inc. (collectively defendants)—for negligence arising out of a

   motor vehicle accident and seeking damages for injuries he sustained in that accident. Later,

   defendants filed a third-party complaint for contribution against third-party defendant Steven

   Brown, d/b/a Steve’s Smith and Allen Garage (Smith and Allen Garage), alleging Smith and Allen

   Garage negligently repaired plaintiff’s vehicle prior to the accident and that those negligent repairs

   contributed to plaintiff’s alleged damages. Smith and Allen Garage moved to dismiss the third-
party complaint on the basis that it was filed outside the applicable two-year statute of limitations.

The trial court granted the motion and dismissed the third-party complaint with prejudice.

Defendants appeal, arguing the court erred in determining when the two-year limitations period

began to run and finding their contribution claim was time-barred. Alternatively, they contend the

court erred in failing to equitably toll the two-year limitations period due to extraordinary

circumstances that prevented defendants from learning the identity of the proper third-party

defendant. We affirm.

¶3                                      I. BACKGROUND

¶4             On October 28, 2017, plaintiff and defendant Menchhofer were involved in a motor

vehicle collision on Interstate 74 in Peoria County, Illinois. At the time of the collision, plaintiff

was driving his personal vehicle, a 2000 Buick Park Avenue, and defendant Menchhofer was

driving a semi-tractor trailer owned by defendant Crum Trucking.

¶5             On December 7, 2017, engineering consultants retained by the parties—Semke

Forensic and Unified Engineering, Inc.—inspected plaintiff’s vehicle. Counsel for both plaintiff

and defendants also attended the inspection. On January 5, 2018, Semke Forensic prepared a

“Vehicle Accident Evaluation” report, which set forth the following findings of the inspection:

(1) the damage to plaintiff’s vehicle was “consistent with a rear collision by the tractor-trailer,”

(2) the driver’s seat of plaintiff’s vehicle “was displaced rearward” during the collision, (3) there

were “welded connections” on the driver’s seat and a “lower right weld failure” had occurred,

(4) “the fractured lower right seat connection was caused by the rear-end collision,” and (5) “the

rear-end impact to the Park Avenue by the tractor-trailer caused the Park Avenue’s driver’s seat

failure.”

¶6             On May 1, 2018, plaintiff filed his complaint against defendants, alleging

                                                -2-
Menchhofer negligently operated Crum Trucking’s semi-tractor trailer, resulting in a rear-end

collision with plaintiff’s vehicle. Plaintiff asserted that as a result of the collision, he suffered

“severe and permanent injury and damage—including *** paralysis.” On August 22, 2018,

counsel for defendants entered his appearance in the case, and, on August 24, 2018, he accepted

service on their behalf. In October 2018, defendants filed their answer. They denied plaintiff’s

negligence allegations and also asserted affirmative defenses, including the following: “Plaintiff’s

claimed injuries and damages were proximately caused, in whole or in part, by [p]laintiff’s own

negligence or other intervening causes, including but not limited to the driver’s seat failing.”

¶7             In January 2019, defendants served interrogatories on plaintiff. Relevant to this

appeal, they asked plaintiff (1) what date he purchased his vehicle; (2) whether he was provided

with any repair history for the vehicle; (3) for a list of the names and addresses of each service

garage that he had service his vehicle; and (4) for a list of all repairs made to his vehicle that he

was aware of, along with the date the repairs were made and by whom the repairs were made. In

February 2019, plaintiff responded. He asserted he did not recall the date he purchased his vehicle

but asserted it was “probably about 2005.” Plaintiff responded that he was not given a repair history

for the vehicle and listed three garages, including Smith and Allen Garage, as having previously

serviced his vehicle. Additionally, he maintained that he had not retained records of the repairs to

his vehicle, and he did not recall the dates on which any repairs were made.

¶8             In November 2019, defendants served subpoenas on the service garages that

plaintiff disclosed in his answers to their interrogatories. From Smith and Allen Garage, they

specifically sought all documents and photographs related to any type of work performed on

plaintiff’s vehicle, “including, but not limited to, insurance claims, maintenance, repairs, welding,

interior repairs[,] and body work.” In February 2020, defendants filed a notice of service of

                                                -3-
subpoena responses, stating they had received auto repair records from Smith and Allen Garage.

Among the records they received was an invoice, dated April 20, 2015, that showed a “seat track”

repair to plaintiff’s vehicle.

¶9              The record shows that following the motor vehicle accident, plaintiff spent time in

a rehabilitation center and was admitted to a long-term care facility. Correspondence between the

parties’ attorneys indicated defendants expressed a desire to depose plaintiff early in the case. In

particular, on May 2, 2018, one day after plaintiff’s complaint was filed, plaintiff’s counsel wrote

to defendants’ counsel and stated as follows:

                “Please advise if you will voluntarily enter an appearance on behalf of the

                defendants. We have not had summons issued—in large part because of your

                indications that you want to proceed to depose [plaintiff] at an early stage to make

                some inquiries about a repair to his car seat which broke in the accident.”

¶ 10            Over a year later, on August 15, 2019, plaintiff’s counsel wrote a letter informing

defendants that neuropsychological testing for plaintiff, which was recommended by plaintiff’s

doctor, was being arranged. Counsel further stated as follows: “Let us know if you want to depose

[plaintiff]. My suggestion would be to wait until the neuropsychological exam is completed, but

we leave that to your discretion.” In a letter dated August 26, 2019, plaintiff’s counsel informed

defendants that plaintiff’s neuropsychological evaluation was scheduled for January 9, 2020. On

February 11, 2020, the trial court entered a case management conference order, requiring plaintiff

to produce a neuropsychological evaluation report by April 30, 2020, and that plaintiff’s deposition

be completed by May 31, 2020.

¶ 11            On April 29, 2020, plaintiff’s counsel wrote a letter, informing defendants of

COVID-19 restrictions at plaintiff’s nursing home, stating: “Because [plaintiff’s] nursing home is

                                                -4-
locked down due to COVID-19 restrictions, I don’t think we’ll be able to do his deposition in May.

We will try and arrange it at the earliest possible date.” On June 17, 2020, plaintiff’s counsel again

wrote to defendants, stating as follows:

                       “Last week you indicated that you prefer an in-person discovery deposition

               of [plaintiff]. As I advised, I checked with the nursing home and they are unwilling

               to allow [plaintiff] to be released from the facility for any purpose other than to

               attend medical appointments. They did indicate that I may be present at the nursing

               home if we set up a video deposition—but that is subject to further review.

                       My suggestion is we wait until July 15th. If state regulations haven’t relaxed

               by that time, I can file a motion with the court requesting that it direct a video

               deposition of [plaintiff] and try and make those arrangements.”

¶ 12           Ultimately, on September 10, 2020, plaintiff’s deposition was taken via Zoom.

During the deposition, plaintiff testified that the repair work Smith and Allen Garage performed

on his vehicle prior to the accident included welding his broken driver’s seat. On September 15,

2020, defendants filed a motion for leave to file a third-party complaint against Smith and Allen

Garage, which was granted by an agreed order.

¶ 13           On October 1, 2020, defendants filed their third-party complaint for contribution

against Smith and Allen Garage. They alleged that prior to the motor vehicle accident at issue,

Smith and Allen Garage performed repairs on plaintiff’s vehicle that included “welding the

driver’s seat frame *** on both the right and left side near the bottom of the driver’s seat.” They

asserted plaintiff was injured in the motor vehicle accident “because the driver’s seat frame in

[p]laintiff’s vehicle fractured at or near the locations where Smith and Allen Garage had previously

welded the driver’s seat ***.” According to defendants, Smith and Allen Garage carelessly and

                                                -5-
negligently welded plaintiff’s broken driver’s seat, failed to inspect or examine the repairs it

performed, failed to supervise and inspect the work of the person or entity that welded the broken

driver’s seat, failed to inform plaintiff of safety hazards in his vehicle, failed “to follow vehicle

manufacturer’s procedures/OEM repair specifications” when performing its repairs, and “[made]

representations and/or [failed] to warn” plaintiff regarding his vehicle. Defendants asserted that in

the event they were found liable to plaintiff, “any recovery in that regard [would] be the direct and

proximate result of the negligent acts and/or omissions of Smith and Allen Garage ***.”

¶ 14           On November 24, 2020, Smith and Allen Garage filed its answer and affirmative

defenses to the third-party complaint. It admitted that it had “welded the driver’s seat frame in

plaintiff’s vehicle” but denied that it was negligent. It also asserted that defendants’ third-party

complaint should be dismissed with prejudice because it was not timely filed under section

13-204(b) of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/13-204(b) (West 2018)).

¶ 15           On July 2, 2021, Smith and Allen Garage filed a motion to dismiss the third-party

complaint pursuant to section 2-619(a)(5) of the Code (id. § 2-619(a)(5)), on the basis that it was

untimely filed. It asserted that section 13-204(b) of the Code required the third-party complaint to

be filed within two years after defendants (1) were served with process in the underlying action or

(2) knew or should reasonably have known of the act or omission that gave rise to their

contribution claim. Smith and Allen Garage maintained that defendants learned of information

pertaining to the basis of their contribution claim at the time of the December 2017 inspection of

plaintiff’s vehicle, i.e., that plaintiff’s injuries “may have been wrongfully caused by a seat that

collapsed due to a poor previous weld of the seat frame.” It noted the inspection was attended by

counsel for defendants and their retained engineering consultant and that the inspection revealed

that plaintiff’s driver’s seat “frame had been previously welded and had arguably fractured due to

                                                -6-
the force of the impact” from the motor vehicle accident.

¶ 16           According to Smith and Allen Garage, the statutory limitations period for the filing

of defendants’ third-party complaint “expired by August 22, 2020,” two years after defendants’

counsel appeared in the underlying case, and the later-expiring period of the two relevant time

periods set forth in section 13-204(b). It reasoned that because the third-party complaint was not

filed until October 1, 2020, it was untimely and should be dismissed with prejudice. Smith and

Allen Garage attached various documents to their motion to dismiss, including the Vehicle

Accident Evaluation report, correspondence between the parties’ attorneys, and plaintiff’s

responses to defendants’ interrogatories.

¶ 17           On August 24, 2021, after the filing of Smith and Allen Garage’s motion to dismiss,

the discovery deposition of its technician, Clint Smock, was taken. Through Smock’s testimony,

defendants learned that Smith and Allen Garage welded plaintiff’s driver’s seat frame but then, in

April 2015, also replaced the driver’s seat with one from a salvage yard. His testimony indicated

the frame of the replacement seat had also been welded, although not by Smock or Smith and Allen

Garage. According to Smock, the April 20, 2015, invoice it provided to defendants in response to

their subpoena represented the replacement of plaintiff’s driver’s seat.

¶ 18           In October 2021, defendants filed a “resistance” to Smith and Allen Garage’s

motion to dismiss. They argued that the issue of “discovery of an injury” under section 13-204(b)

of the Code was a question of fact that should be decided by a jury rather than in a motion to

dismiss. Further, they suggested that the two-year limitations period did not begin to run until the

date of plaintiff’s deposition in September 2020. Defendants argued as follows:

               “The mere fact that Defendants were aware [p]laintiff’s driver’s seat frame likely

               fractured during the underlying collision due to poor welding does not reveal the

                                               -7-
               identity of any individual or company that may have performed maintenance or

               repair work on [p]laintiff’s driver’s seat. Defendants had reason to believe that the

               broken driver’s seat may have contributed to [p]laintiff’s alleged injuries on

               December 7, 2017, but had no way of knowing Smith and Allen Garage’s

               involvement with Plaintiff’s alleged injuries on that date.”

Defendants maintained that despite exercising due diligence, they “were unable to obtain any

documents in discovery indicating Smith and Allen Garage performed welds on [p]laintiff’s

driver’s seat or was otherwise involved in [p]laintiff’s alleged injuries.” They noted that neither

plaintiff’s answers to their interrogatories nor Smith and Allen Garage’s response to their subpoena

disclosed the performance of any welding work. According to defendants, “it wasn’t until

[p]laintiff’s deposition on September 10, 2020[,] that [d]efendants could begin to identify a cause

of action against Smith and Allen Garage.”

¶ 19           Defendants also claimed that factors “beyond [their] control resulted in Plaintiff’s

deposition” not being taken until September 2020. In particular, they noted that at the suggestion

of plaintiff’s counsel, they agreed to wait until his neuropsychological exam was completed before

deposing him. Defendants further argued that plaintiff’s deposition was postponed due to the

pandemic and COVID-19 lockdown restrictions. They maintained that “[i]f the COVID-19

pandemic had not occurred, [p]laintiff’s deposition would have been completed prior to May 31,

2020, as the [trial court] originally ordered.” Defendants asserted that Smith and Allen Garage’s

“poor record keeping” and the “global pandemic” delayed them from discovering Smith and Allen

Garage’s involvement with plaintiff’s alleged injuries.

¶ 20           Defendants also pointed to Smock’s deposition testimony, which they argued

showed their contribution claim was not based on the quality of the welds Smith and Allen Garage

                                               -8-
performed on plaintiff’s driver’s seat frame, but on Smith and Allen Garage’s failure to properly

inspect the replacement seat before installing it in plaintiff’s vehicle. Defendants asserted they “did

not and could not discover Smith and Allen Garage’s actual involvement with Plaintiff’s alleged

injuries until taking *** Smock’s deposition.” Defendants attached various documents to their

“resistance,” including plaintiff’s interrogatory answers, the depositions of both plaintiff and

Smock, correspondence between the parties, and the April 2015 invoice from Smith and Allen

Garage.

¶ 21           Following a hearing a hearing in November 2021, the trial court entered a written

order, granting Smith and Allen’s motion to dismiss with prejudice. It found the relevant facts

were not in dispute, and only one conclusion could be drawn from those undisputed facts, i.e.,

“that the statute of limitations for [defendants’] third[-]party claim expired on August 22, 2020,

which [was] [two] years after [defendants] entered [their] appearance” in the case. In particular,

the court found that the December 2017 inspection, in which defendants participated, revealed that

plaintiff’s driver’s seat frame had been welded and that the weld failed during the accident. It

rejected any argument that defendants had to know the identity of the person or entity “who

committed a wrongful act concerning the failed weld” before the limitations period could begin

running. The court further stated as follows:

                       “[Defendants’] argument that the statute of limitations didn’t start running

               because the invoices from Smith and Allen Garage were unclear *** and that

               [plaintiff] was unable to provide information about the work done misses the point.

               The question is whether the statute of limitations started to run when the failed weld

               was discovered. If the statute began to run when the failed weld was discovered,

               there does not appear to be an exception to the limitation period for reasonable

                                                 -9-
                attempts to find out who was potentially the negligent party as the discovery rule

                has to do with discovering the potential cause of action, not who the cause of action

                is against. *** [Defendants] either knew or should have known on or shortly after

                December 7, 2017, that [plaintiff] was injured and that the weld on the seat had

                broken.”

In its order, the court also found there was no just reason for delaying either enforcement or appeal

of its order.

¶ 22            In February 2022, defendants filed a motion to reconsider the trial court’s dismissal

of their third-party complaint. Again, defendants argued that the two-year limitations period did

not begin until the date of plaintiff’s deposition. They asserted it was not until that September 2020

deposition that they had reasonable knowledge that an injury was “wrongfully caused.” Further,

they asserted that “the identity of a defendant is a key in establishing reasonable knowledge of [a]

wrongful cause.” Relevant to this appeal, defendants also argued that plaintiff’s poor health and

the pandemic “substantially delayed” their ability to take his deposition and learn of Smith and

Allen Garage’s “potential involvement and culpability.”

¶ 23            Following a hearing on defendants’ motion to reconsider in March 2022, the trial

court entered a written order, denying the motion.

¶ 24            This appeal followed.

¶ 25                                       II. ANALYSIS

¶ 26            On appeal, defendants challenge the trial court’s grant of Smith and Allen Garage’s

motion to dismiss. They contend the court erred by finding the two-year limitations period in

section 13-204(b) of the Code began to run in August 2018 and, as a result, their third-party

complaint, filed in October 2020, was untimely. Defendants initially argue the motion to dismiss

                                                - 10 -
presented a question of fact as to when they knew or reasonably should have known that an injury

was wrongfully caused and, as a result, the question could not be resolved as a matter of law in a

motion to dismiss. Alternatively, defendants contend the record shows the relevant limitations

period did not begin to run until the date of plaintiff’s deposition in September 2020, when they

first learned that Smith and Allen Garage welded plaintiff’s broken driver’s seat frame while

plaintiff owned the vehicle. Finally, defendants also argue that, assuming the two-year limitations

period expired in August 2020, as the court found, the period should have been equitably tolled

due to extraordinary circumstances that prevented them from learning the identity of the proper

third-party defendant.

¶ 27                        A. Section 2-619(a)(5) Motion to Dismiss

¶ 28           When considering a section 2-619 motion to dismiss, “a court accepts all

well-pleaded facts in the complaint as true and will grant the motion when it appears that no set of

facts can be proved that would allow the plaintiff to recover.” Lawler v. University of Chicago

Medical Center, 2017 IL 120745, ¶ 11, 104 N.E.3d 1090. Under section 2-619(a)(5) of the Code,

an action is subject to involuntary dismissal if it “was not commenced within the time limited by

law.” 735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(5) (West 2018). The trial court’s grant of such a motion is subject to

de novo review. Lawler, 2017 IL 120745, ¶ 11.

¶ 29                      B. Section 14-204(b) and the Discovery Rule

¶ 30           Section 14-204(b) of the Code (735 ILCS 5/13-204(b) (West 2018)) sets forth the

relevant limitations period for contribution claims, providing as follows:

               “In instances where an underlying action has been filed by a claimant, no action for

               contribution or indemnity may be commenced more than [two] years after the party

               seeking contribution or indemnity has been served with process in the underlying

                                               - 11 -
               action or more than [two] years from the time the party, or his or her privy, knew

               or should reasonably have known of an act or omission giving rise to the action for

               contribution or indemnity, whichever period expires later.” Id.

Through its plain language, section 14-204(b) incorporates the discovery rule under which “the

statute of limitations begins to run once a party has sufficient knowledge to put a reasonable party

on inquiry to determine whether a cause of action exists.” Brdar v. Cottrell, Inc., 372 Ill. App. 3d

690, 705, 867 N.E.2d 1085, 1099-1100 (2007).

¶ 31           “The effect of the discovery rule is to postpone the starting of the period of

limitations until the injured party knows or should have known of his injury.” Knox College v.

Celotex Corp., 88 Ill. 2d 407, 414, 430 N.E.2d 976, 979 (1981). “[T]he statute starts to run when

a person knows or reasonably should know of his injury and also knows or reasonably should

know that it was wrongfully caused.” Id. at 415.

¶ 32           “Knowledge that an injury has been ‘wrongfully caused’ does not mean knowledge

of a specific defendant’s negligent conduct.” Wells v. Travis, 284 Ill. App. 3d 282, 287, 672 N.E.2d

789, 793 (1996). Also, use of the term “wrongfully caused” does not mean that a party must have

knowledge of negligent conduct or the existence of a cause of action before the limitations period

begins to run. Knox College, 88 Ill. 2d at 416 (stating “wrongfully caused” was a general or generic

term, not a term of art, and its use “does not connote knowledge of negligent conduct or knowledge

of the existence of a cause of action”); see also Parks v. Kownacki, 193 Ill. 2d 164, 176, 737 N.E.2d

287, 294 (2000) (“The limitations period begins running even if the plaintiff does not know that

the misconduct was actionable.”). Instead, the limitations period starts under the discovery rule

when “the injured person becomes possessed of sufficient information concerning his injury and

its cause to put a reasonable person on inquiry to determine whether actionable conduct is

                                               - 12 -
involved.” Knox College, 88 Ill. 2d at 416.

¶ 33            As defendants point out, the point at which a party knows or reasonably should

know of both an injury and that it was wrongfully caused is generally a question of fact. Id. at 416-

17. However, “[w]here it is apparent from the undisputed facts *** that only one conclusion can

be drawn, the question becomes one for the court.” Witherell v. Weimer, 85 Ill. 2d 146, 156, 421

N.E.2d 869, 874 (1981); see also Brdar, 372 Ill. App. 3d at 706 (“A contribution claim can only

be dismissed by a court before trial if it is apparent from undisputed facts that the third-party

plaintiff reasonably should have known that it had a contribution claim more than two years before

filing its third-party complaint.”).

¶ 34            Here, the facts are undisputed and lead to only a single conclusion—that in

December 2017, defendants had knowledge of both an injury and that it was wrongfully caused.

The record shows that the motor vehicle accident at issue occurred in October 2017, resulting in

injury to plaintiff of which defendants were aware. In December 2017, plaintiff’s vehicle was

inspected in the presence of defendants’ counsel and their engineering consultant. The inspection

revealed a defect in the driver’s seat of plaintiff’s vehicle—a “weld failure”—that occurred during

the rear-end collision. In their brief on appeal, defendants acknowledge that they “knew that a weld

on the lower right seat connection of the driver’s seat frame likely fractured during the accident

*** by virtue of their counsel’s presence at the December 7, 2017[,] vehicle inspection.” It is at

that point, under the discovery rule, that defendants had sufficient information as to both the

“injury and its cause to put a reasonable person on inquiry to determine whether actionable conduct

[was] involved.” Knox College, 88 Ill. 2d at 416.

¶ 35            Notably, defendants’ discovery of the act or omission giving rise to their

contribution claim occurred before both the filing of plaintiff’s underlying cause of action in May

                                               - 13 -
2018 and their appearance and acceptance of service in the case in August 2018. Because section

13-204(b) provides that an action for contribution must be filed within two years of when either

the party seeking contribution has been served with process or the discovery date, “whichever

period expires later,” the trial court was correct in finding the limitations period commenced to run

in August 2018 and that it expired in August 2020. Accordingly, defendants’ third-party complaint,

which was not filed until October 2020, was untimely.

¶ 36           Defendants argue that although in December 2017, they knew that a weld on the

driver’s seat “likely fractured during the accident,” they lacked any knowledge at that time of the

“nature of the weld,” specifically “that the fractured weld was performed during a repair of the

driver’s seat frame while [p]laintiff owned the vehicle.” They contend that the December 2017

“vehicle inspection revealed two *** potential sources,” aside from the collision itself, that

contributed to plaintiff’s injuries: (1) an original weld on the driver’s seat that had not been

repaired, which they argue was not actionable or (2) a weld performed during a repair of the

driver’s seat. Defendants maintain that, as a result of those competing possibilities, they lacked

knowledge of “an actionable wrongful cause.”

¶ 37           Defendants assert the actual discovery date for their contribution claim must be

viewed as the date of plaintiff’s September 2020 deposition, when they first learned that Smith

and Allen Garage welded plaintiff’s broken driver’s seat frame while plaintiff owned the vehicle.

According to defendant, “[l]earning that a repair shop welded the driver’s seat was the triggering

event for the statute of limitations because that is when [they] learned [p]laintiff’s injuries may

have been caused by a secondary cause for which there [was] a viable cause of action.” (Emphasis

added.)

¶ 38           Ultimately, defendants’ argument amounts to a claim that knowledge of a

                                               - 14 -
“wrongful cause” requires knowledge of either negligent conduct or the existence of a cause of

action. However, as set forth above, this interpretation of the discovery rule goes too far and has

been rejected. See Knox College, 88 Ill. 2d at 416 (“The term ‘wrongfully caused,’ *** must be

viewed as a general or generic term, and not a term of art” and its use “does not connote knowledge

of negligent conduct or knowledge of the existence of a cause of action”); Witherell, 85 Ill. 2d at

156 (“The statute starts to run when a person knows or reasonably should know of his injury and

also knows or reasonably should know that it was wrongfully caused. At that point the burden is

upon the injured person to inquire further as to the existence of a cause of action.”); Nolan v.

Johns-Manville Asbestos, 85 Ill. 2d 161, 171, 421 N.E.2d 864, 868 (1981) (“[W]hen a party knows

or reasonably should know both that an injury has occurred and that it was wrongfully caused, the

statute begins to run and the party is under an obligation to inquire further to determine whether

an actionable wrong was committed.”). As supreme court authority makes clear, a party does not

have to have knowledge of a viable cause of action before the limitations period commences to

run under the discovery rule. Rather, the critical inquiry for purposes of the discovery rule is when

“the injured person becomes possessed of sufficient information concerning his injury and its cause

to put a reasonable person on inquiry to determine whether actionable conduct is involved.”

(Emphasis added.) Knox College, 88 Ill. 2d at 416.

¶ 39           The record in this case shows defendants had knowledge in December 2017 of both

the injury to plaintiff and the defect in his driver’s seat. Notice of those facts was sufficient to

require a reasonable person to investigate further and inquire whether a viable cause of action

existed. Here, defendants began making such inquiries, seeking to determine what repairs had been

made to the vehicle and the source of the weld. In fact, the record shows that at least as early as

April 2018, the subject of repairs to the car’s seat was being discussed by the parties. In

                                               - 15 -
correspondence dated April 19, 2018, plaintiff’s counsel wrote to counsel for defendants: “Since

you are requesting an immediate deposition and follow-up regarding the repair of the car seat, it

would appear that putting the matter in suit can just as well be done now as later.” (Emphasis

added.) Under the circumstances presented, defendants’ claim that the limitations period did not

begin until September 10, 2020, lacks merit.

¶ 40                                    C. Equitable Tolling

¶ 41           As stated, defendants also argue that even if the trial court was correct in finding

that the two-year limitations period began to run in August 2018 and expired in August 2020, it

should be equitably tolled to the date they filed their third-party complaint. Specifically, they

contend that despite exercising due diligence, extraordinary circumstances prevented them from

learning the identity of the proper third-party defendant. In particular, defendants point to “an

irredeemable lack of information in responses to their interrogatories and subpoenas, coupled with

the COVID-19 pandemic which delayed [p]laintiff’s deposition until September 10, 2020.”

¶ 42           “Generally, the doctrine of equitable tolling permits a court to excuse a plaintiff’s

failure to comply with a statute of limitations where because of disability, irremediable lack of

information, or other circumstances beyond his control, the plaintiff cannot reasonably be expected

to file suit on time.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Williams v. Board of Review, 241 Ill. 2d

352, 360, 948 N.E.2d 561, 567 (2011). “Equitable tolling *** may be appropriate if the defendant

has actively misled the plaintiff, *** if the plaintiff has been prevented from asserting his or her

rights in some extraordinary way, or if the plaintiff has mistakenly asserted his or her rights in the

wrong forum.” Clay v. Kuhl, 189 Ill. 2d 603, 614, 727 N.E.2d 217, 223 (2000). The doctrine may

be applied to postpone the deadline for filing an action “if a plaintiff cannot discover his injurer’s

identity within the statutory period despite the exercise of reasonable diligence.” Griffin v.

                                                - 16 -
Willoughby, 369 Ill. App. 3d 405, 416, 867 N.E.2d 1007, 1016 (2006).

¶ 43            Smith and Allen Garage argues that defendants have forfeited their equitable tolling

argument by not raising it below. Arguments that a party fails to raise in the trial court are forfeited

and may not be raised on appeal. Ittersagen v. Advocate Health & Hospitals Corp., 2021 IL

126507, ¶ 76, 186 N.E.3d 378. The purpose of the forfeiture doctrine “is to encourage parties to

raise issues in the trial court, thus ensuring both that the trial court is given an opportunity to correct

any errors prior to appeal and that a party does not obtain a reversal through his or her own

inaction.” 1010 Lake Shore Ass’n v. Deutsche Bank National Trust Co., 2015 IL 118372, ¶ 14, 43

N.E.3d 1005.

¶ 44            The record shows that the primary focus of defendants’ arguments before the trial

court was that the two-year limitations period began to run in September 2020, when plaintiff’s

deposition was conducted, and they then learned that Smith and Allen Garage had performed

repairs on plaintiff’s driver’s seat. Although their arguments included assertions that they had acted

diligently in pursuing their contribution claim and that plaintiff’s deposition had been delayed by

circumstances beyond their control, including plaintiff’s medical condition and the pandemic,

defendants did not plainly assert a claim for equitable tolling of the limitations period. Notably,

when the issue of tolling was brought up by the court during the hearing on the motion to dismiss,

defendants’ counsel argued only that tolling should occur on the basis of “concealment”:

                        “THE COURT: What’s the reason for tolling the Statute of Limitations

                generally?

                        MR. TENNEY [(DEFENDANTS’ ATTORNEY)]: According to their case,

                *** it’s fraud, concealment, or other similar events. And this is concealment.”

¶ 45            Additionally, the only reference to “equitable considerations” by defendants when

                                                  - 17 -
presenting argument to the court was based upon the contention that defendants had been unable

to determine the “actual nature” of their claim until they took Smock’s deposition. Specifically,

defendants’ counsel asserted as follows:

               “Here the limitations period does not impact your Honor’s subject matter

               jurisdiction but rather authority to hear a claim; and, therefore, equitable

               consideration should be brought in, i.e., the documentation that we received that

               even [p]laintiff himself was unable to tell us what work was performed. And then

               we ultimately had to take *** Smock’s deposition to finally figure out this is our

               actual nature of our claim against Smith and Allen Garage.”

¶ 46           In this instance, equitable tolling was not addressed by the trial court, and as a result

of defendants’ specific arguments, it was not an argument the court even understood defendants to

be making. As a result, we agree that the issue has been forfeited.

¶ 47           Moreover, even setting the issue of forfeiture aside, we would find no merit to

defendants’ claim as the record does not reflect the existence of extraordinary circumstances. After

learning of the weld failure and within the two-year limitations period, defendants obtained

information from plaintiff that Smith and Allen Garage performed repairs on plaintiff’s vehicle.

They also received information from Smith and Allen Garage that it made repairs connected with

a seat in plaintiff’s vehicle in April 2015. Such circumstances could arguably create notice of a

need for further inquiry into that specific entity. The disclosure of such information also suggests

defendants did not suffer “an irredeemable lack of information” in response to their diligent

inquiries.

¶ 48           Further, contrary to defendants’ contentions on appeal, the record does not support

their contentions that equitable tolling should be applied because of plaintiff’s “inability to sit for

                                                - 18 -
a deposition before the pandemic” and “restrictions that prevented the deposition during the

COVID-19 pandemic.” First, nothing in the record establishes that plaintiff was unable to be

deposed prior to the pandemic. In August 2019, plaintiff’s counsel suggested that plaintiff’s

deposition not occur until after plaintiff’s neuropsychological exam was completed, but ultimately

left the matter to defendants’ “discretion.” Defendants point to nothing else in the record that

indicates there was anything about plaintiff’s condition or his need for medical care that made

taking his deposition impossible.

¶ 49           Second, the record does not reflect that COVID-19 restrictions prevented plaintiff’s

deposition from occurring until September 2020. Rather, correspondence between the parties

suggests the deposition did not occur sooner than September 2020, and prior to the expiration of

the statute of limitations in August 2020, because defendants “prefer[red] an in-person discovery

deposition” as opposed to a remote one. Nothing in the record supports a finding that the deposition

could not have been taken remotely before the expiration of the limitations period in August 2020,

and the same correspondence even suggested the possibility of “a video deposition.” Significantly,

when plaintiff’s deposition eventually occurred, it was done via Zoom and only a short time after

the limitations period expired.

¶ 50           Here, not only was the trial court not asked to equitably toll the relevant limitations

period, the record does not provide a basis for equitable tolling. Accordingly, we find no error

occurred below as alleged by defendants.

¶ 51                                    III. CONCLUSION

¶ 52           For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶ 53           Affirmed.

                                               - 19 -