Court Opinion

ID: 9363065
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-13 17:07:44.468078+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:28.305736
License: Public Domain

J-A16008-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                   :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                   :        PENNSYLVANIA
                           Appellant               :
                                                   :
                                                   :
                v.                                 :
                                                   :
                                                   :
    ROBERT REDANAUER                               :   No. 1631 EDA 2021

                  Appeal from the Order Entered July 15, 2021
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                       No(s): MC-51-CR-0007444-2021,
                            MC-51-CR-0007445-2021

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                   :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                   :        PENNSYLVANIA
                           Appellant               :
                                                   :
                                                   :
                v.                                 :
                                                   :
                                                   :
    ROBERT REDANAUER                               :   No. 1632 EDA 2021

                  Appeal from the Order Entered July 15, 2021
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                       No(s): MC-51-CR-0007444-2021,
                            MC-51-CR-0007445-2021

BEFORE:      McLAUGHLIN, J., McCAFFERY, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY McLAUGHLIN, J.:                                 FILED JANUARY 13, 2023

        The Commonwealth appeals the order of the court dismissing two cases

arising    from      the    same       incident   involving    Robert   Redanauer.   The

____________________________________________

*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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Commonwealth argues that the court erroneously determined that a trial

occurred instead of a preliminary hearing. We affirm.

        On April 20, 2021, the Commonwealth filed a criminal complaint against

Redanauer. The complaint alleged that on or about December 27, 2020,

Redanauer “attempted to put Daniel Taylor and [A.] in fear of imminent bodily

injury by pointing a firearm in their faces and saying, ‘I’m going to shoot you

fucker’ as he walked towards them.” See Criminal Complaint, DC # 20-08-

039365. The Commonwealth charged Redanauer with misdemeanor crimes of

simple assault, recklessly endangering another person (REAP), possessing

instruments of crime (PIC), and terroristic threats.1 See id. Because the

Commonwealth alleged that there were two victims, “the First Judicial District

assigned the matter two Municipal Court docket numbers at the preliminary

arraignment stage[.]” Commonwealth’s Br. at 7.           The minor victim was

docketed at 7444-2021 and Daniel Taylor was docketed at 7445-2021. See

PARS Report, Docket 7444-2021 (“Juvenile Complainant”); PARS Report,

Docket 7445-2021 (“Daniel Taylor”).

        On   June   9,   2021,    the   Commonwealth   filed   a   Certification   of

Commonwealth’s Exercise of Right to a Jury Trial. In the certification, the

Commonwealth noted that the case was listed for trial in Municipal Court but

requested that it be relisted for a preliminary hearing pursuant to the

Commonwealth’s right to proceed by way of a jury trial in the Court of

____________________________________________

1   18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2701(a)(3), 2705, 907, and 2706, respectively.

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Common Pleas under Rule 1001(D) of the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal

Procedure. See Certification, filed 6/9/21; Pa.R.Crim.P. 1001(D). The filing

listed one docket, 7444-2021. The Commonwealth did not file a certification

for the remaining docket, 7445-2021. The court entered an order stating that

“[t]his matter, currently listed for a trial on July 15, 2021, . . . shall be

scheduled for a preliminary hearing       . . . on July 15, 2021.” Order, filed

6/14/21. This order listed one docket, 7444-2021.

      On July 15, 2021, both cases were listed before Judge James Lynn, a

Court of Common Pleas judge in Philadelphia. The Commonwealth’s only

witness was Daniel Taylor. Taylor testified that on December 27, 2020, he

lived with his mother, his little brother, A., and his sister. See N.T., Preliminary

Hearing, 7/15/21, at 6. On the evening of the 27th, he was in the living room

eating soup when he heard A. knocking on his mother’s bedroom door. Id. at

7. He heard a male voice say, “Why don’t you come in here, you little fucker.”

Id. A. continued to knock on the door; Daniel stopped eating, went upstairs

to his mother’s bedroom door and saw that the light was on. Id. at 7,9. He

testified that Redanauer, his mother, and A. stood at the door frame. Id. He

then saw “[Redanauer] in the process of grabbing a semiautomatic pistol off

the dresser.” Id. at 7. When Taylor saw this, he put his hands up and said,

“Please don’t shoot me.” Id. at 8. He testified that the male said, “Why don’t

you come here so I can fucking shoot you.” Id. Taylor testified that he backed

out of the room, ran downstairs, and called 911. Id.

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      The Commonwealth asked Taylor what he was wearing at the time and

the court interrupted, saying “Who cares.” Id. at 9. The Commonwealth stated

that it would move on to the next question to which the court responded, “We

are at a preliminary hearing.” Id. The court also added, “It is completely

irrelevant with what we are doing here today.” Id. at 10. The Commonwealth

completed its questioning of Taylor by asking about the firearm and how he

knew it was a firearm. Taylor testified that he knew because, “I shot guns my

whole life.” Id. at 12. Following cross-examination and re-direct, the

Commonwealth rested its case. See id. at 23. The court then heard argument

from both parties.

      Defense counsel stated, “I like to start every argument at a preliminary

hearing just by pointing out that I understand what the standard is, I

understand that it is different than a trial[.]” Id. at 23. He argued that the

court “should discharge each of these matters for lack of evidence.” Id. at 26.

Counsel also argued that since the Commonwealth only certified docket 7444-

2021 for a preliminary hearing, the court should find Redanauer not guilty on

the remaining docket. Id. He argued that since the Commonwealth did not

file a certification of a jury trial for docket 7445, it remained a trial and

therefore the Commonwealth did not meet its burden of proving guilt beyond

a reasonable doubt. Id. at 27. He then argued that if the court found

Redanauer not guilty at docket 7445, then “jeopardy is attached and

prosecution is barred on [7]444.” Id.

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      The Commonwealth argued that joinder was automatic and therefore

when it filed a certification at docket 7444 it included 7445. Id. at 29. It also

argued that a trial never commenced because “the defense did not waive

arraignment and enter a plea of not guilty[.]” Id.

      The trial court stated that at docket 7444, “a prima facie case was never

established” and that the evidence was insufficient. Id. at 31. As to docket

7445, the court concluded that a trial had occurred. It found Redanauer not

guilty and that Redanauer was not guilty as to docket 7444, “because double

jeopardy, which attached when the trial was held 7445-2021.” Id. at 32.

Though the court did not enter an order, the docket for 7444 reads “Jury

Demand – TRIAL – due to the trial on other matter ending in 7445-2021 –

double jeopardy NOT GUILTY on all charges.” Docket 7444-2021, entry 13.

Docket 7445 reads “Jury Demand – ready TRIAL – NOT GUILTY on all

charges.” Docket 7445-2021, entry 12.

      The Commonwealth filed a notice of appeal with this Court. In its notice,

the Commonwealth stated that the order of the court “is presently

unavailable.” Notice of Appeal, filed 8/10/21. As of this memorandum, there

is no order from the court. Nevertheless, we do not find a remand necessary

or feasible since Judge Lynn has since retired from the bench.

      The Commonwealth raises the following issue:

         Did the lower court err in purporting to enter final and case-
         dispositive judgments (not guilty in No. MC-51-CR-
         0007445-2021 and insufficient evidence and “[a]dditionally
         . . . not guilty” in No. MC-51-CR-0007444-2021), following

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         a proceeding that was listed and acknowledged by the
         parties and the court to have been a preliminary hearing?

Commonwealth’s Br. at 4.

      The Commonwealth maintains that the hearing on July 15 was a

preliminary hearing and not a trial for both cases. It argues that despite the

court’s characterization of the hearing as a trial, a trial did not occur. The

Commonwealth maintains that a trial could not have happened because

“[Redanauer] had not (with respect either to the 7444 or 7445 docket) waived

his right to a preliminary hearing, been arraigned, or entered any plea, let

alone the plea of not guilty that serves as the final formal demand for a trial.”

Commonwealth’s Br. at 15. It further notes that “the lower court curtailed the

direct examination of the complaining witness on the 7445 docket, the very

docket for which the lower court later concluded that the preliminary hearing

had really been a trial.” Id. at 16 (citing N.T., 7/15/21, at 9). The

Commonwealth maintains that the court did not have the legal authority to

convert the preliminary hearing into a trial.

      Regarding its certification for a jury trial, the Commonwealth argues that

the entire matter was listed for a preliminary hearing, despite the certification

only listing one docket. It alleges that because one person committed multiple

offenses, the court “sitting as the preliminary hearing issuing authority, was

obligated to ‘accept only one complaint’ with the entire ‘matter’ then to

proceed ‘as a single case.’” Id. at 18 (citing Pa.R.Crim.P. 505(B) and

1000(B)). It maintains that it listed all charges in a single complaint and was

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required to try the cases together based on the compulsory joinder rule. See

id. at 19. It further notes that the docket itself reflects that the cases were

consolidated, “with each docket listing the other docket number – on boldfaced

text – as a ‘Consolidated Defendant Case[].’” Id.

      “It is . . . well-settled in our jurisprudence that a preliminary hearing is

not a trial[.]” Commonwealth v. Montgomery, 234 A.3d 523, 533 (Pa.

2020). At a preliminary hearing, the Commonwealth must present “a prima

facie case that a crime has been committed and that the accused is probably

the one who committed it.” Id. (citation omitted). When presiding over a

preliminary hearing, the court has only two options: discharge the case or

hold the defendant over for court. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 543(B). If the court

discharges the case, the Commonwealth may refile the case. See Pa.R.Crim.P.

544(A). The court “is not required, nor is he authorized, to determine the

accused’s guilt or innocence of the charge at the preliminary hearing.”

Commonwealth v. Harvin, 500 A.2d 98, 101 (Pa.Super. 1985). In contrast,

the Commonwealth’s burden for a trial is “to prove beyond a reasonable doubt

all elements of the crime charged.” Commonwealth v. Cottam, 616 A.2d

988, 1000 (Pa.Super. 1992).

      We first address the Commonwealth’s argument we should consider

both dockets as one “matter” because it filed one complaint. The

Commonwealth maintains that Rule 505(B) supports its argument that both

cases, though docketed separately, proceeded as one matter. Rule 505(B)

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provides that “[w]hen more than one offense is alleged to have been

committed by one person arising from the same incident, the issuing authority

shall accept only one complaint, and shall docket the matter as a single case.”

Pa.R.Crim.P. 505(B). While the statute addresses multiple offenses by one

person arising from the same incident, it is silent as to multiple victims. As

such, Rule 505(B) is inapplicable in determining whether these two cases

should have been considered and docketed as a single case.

      Two dockets were created based on the same incident of Redanauer

allegedly threatening to shoot a minor child and his brother, Taylor. Docket

7444-2021 was in relation to the minor child and docket 7445-2021 was in

relation to Taylor. The Commonwealth in its certification for a jury trial listed

only one docket, docket 7444. The court in granting the certification listed

only one docket, 7444. Further, only docket 7444 lists the Commonwealth’s

request for a jury trial. See Docket 7444-2021, Entry 10 (“Request for Trial

by Jury”). Despite the Commonwealth’s suggestion that the cases proceeded

as one matter, the record does not support such a conclusion. We address

each docket separately.

DOCKET 7444-2021 (Minor Victim)

      We conclude that the court erroneously found Redanauer not guilty at

this docket. This court scheduled this docket for a preliminary hearing. The

certification order by the president judge specified that though it originally

was listed for trial, it now would be listed for a preliminary hearing. See

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Certification Order. Furthermore, the court acknowledged that the hearing was

a preliminary hearing, evidenced by limiting the Commonwealth’s questioning

of the witness and reminding the Commonwealth that “[w]e are at a

preliminary hearing.” N.T., 7/15/21, at 9. As such, the sole role of the court

was to determine whether the Commonwealth made out a prima facie case.

See Harvin, 500 A.2d at 101; Pa.R.Crim.P. 542(D) (“At the preliminary

hearing, the issuing authority shall determine from the evidence presented

whether there is a prima facie case that (1) an offense has been committed

and (2) the defendant has committed it”). Here, the court entered a verdict

of not guilty based on its finding of not guilty at docket 7445. This was

erroneous. The court did not have the authority to transform the preliminary

hearing into a trial.

DOCKET 7445-2021 (Daniel Taylor)

      The trial court treated this docket as a trial. “A trial commences when

the trial judge determines that the parties are present and directs them to

proceed to voir dire or to opening argument, or to the hearing of any motions

that had been reserved for the time of trial, or to the taking of testimony, or

to some other such first step in the trial.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 600, comment –

Commencement of Trial; Time for Trial. Additionally, a “trial shall be deemed

to commence on the date the Municipal Court judge calls the case to trial, or

the defendant tenders a plea of guilty or nolo contendere.” Pa.R.Crim.P.

1013(B). Furthermore, before a trial may ensue, the defendant should be

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arraigned. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 1004. The purpose of an arraignment is “to

ensure that the defendant is advised of the charges[,] to have counsel enter

an appearance, . . . and to commence the period of time within which to

initiate pretrial discovery and to file other motions.” See Pa.R.Crim.P. 571,

comment.

      Following the introduction of both counsel for the record, the court asked

the Commonwealth to call its first witness. N.T., 7/15/21, at 5. As to either

docket, the court did not arraign Redanauer. Redanauer also never entered a

plea of not guilty. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 590(A)(1) (“Pleas shall be taken in open

court”), (A)(2) (“[a] defendant may plead not guilty, guilty, or with the

consent of the judge, nolo contendere”). Additionally, the hearing transcript

lists both dockets and describes the hearing as “Preliminary Hearing.” N.T.,

7/15/21, at 1.

      Nevertheless, we agree that a trial took place under this docket. Unlike

docket 7444, the Commonwealth did not certify this case for a jury trial. Thus,

the case remained listed for trial. See Docket 7445-2021, Entry 9 (“Trial

Scheduled” and continued to 7/15/21). Therefore, the court’s verdict of not

guilty must stand. As such, we now must address whether double jeopardy

prevents the remand of docket 7444.

DOUBLE JEOPARDY

      The court determined that because of its verdict of not guilty at docket

7445, double jeopardy attached to docket 7444. A claim of double jeopardy is

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a question of constitutional law of which our scope of review is plenary. See

Commonwealth v. Townley, 722 A.2d 1098, 1098 (Pa.Super. 1998). The

Pennsylvania and United States Constitutions protect individuals from being

“twice put in jeopardy of life or limb;” for the same offense. Pa. Const. Art. 1,

§ 10; U.S.C.A. Const. Amend. V. A subsequent prosecution is barred for the

same offenses arising from the same facts as a former prosecution if the

former prosecution resulted in an acquittal. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 109(1). “There

is an acquittal if the prosecution resulted in a finding of not guilty by the trier

of fact[.]” Id. The protection from double jeopardy does not apply until it has

attached. “In a bench trial, . . ., jeopardy attaches when the trial court begins

to hear the evidence.” Commonwealth v. Vargas, 947 A.2d 777, 780

(Pa.Super. 2008).

      Here, the court found Redanauer not guilty at docket 7445. The facts at

this docket are the same as docket 7444, arise from the same incident, and

involve the same offenses. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 109(1). Additionally, the court

heard evidence from the Commonwealth’s witness Taylor. Therefore, we must

conclude that further prosecution under docket 7444 is barred by double

jeopardy. Thus, although the trial court erroneously treated docket 7444 as a

trial instead of a preliminary hearing, the court acquitted Redanauer at the

remaining docket.

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       Additionally, we are guided by Section 110 of the Crimes Code2 and the

Supreme Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Campana, 304 A.2d 432

(Pa. 1973) (first Campana decision) and its addendum opinion, 314 A.2d 854

(Pa. 1974) (addendum Campana decision).

       Section 110(1) provides, in relevant part:

       Although a prosecution is for a violation of a different provision of
       the statutes than a former prosecution or is based on different
       facts, it is barred by such former prosecution under the following
       circumstances:

          (1) The former prosecution resulted in an acquittal or in a
          conviction as defined in section 109 of this title (relating to
          when prosecution barred by former prosecution for the
          same offense) and the subsequent prosecution is for:

                                       *       *    *

              (ii) any offense based on the same conduct or arising
              from the same criminal episode, if such offense
              was known to the appropriate prosecuting
              officer at the time of the commencement of the first
              trial and occurred within the same judicial district as
              the former prosecution unless the court ordered a
              separate trial of the charge of such offense or the
              offense of which the defendant was formerly convicted
              or acquitted was a summary offense or a summary
              traffic offense. . . .

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 110(1)(ii) (emphasis added).

       This Court summarized the Campana decisions as follows:

             In [first Campana decision], the [Supreme C]ourt stated
       that the double jeopardy clause of the United States Constitution
       was violated when an attempt was made to prosecute a
____________________________________________

2 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 110 (when prosecution is barred by former prosecution for
different offense).

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      defendant a second time on charges arising from the same
      incident for which he had previously been tried on different
      charges. The United States Supreme Court, however, vacated
      this judgment, Pennsylvania v. Campana, 414 U.S. 808 (1973),
      and on remand the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania held in [the
      addendum Campana decision], that the decision was not based
      on federal constitutional law but on its supervisory powers. It was
      further stated that the Court’s views on the issue of
      compulsory consolidation of all charges arising from a
      single criminal episode were entirely in harmony with
      Section 110 of the new Crimes Code.

Commonwealth v. Green, 335 A.2d 493, 495 (Pa. Super. 1975) (emphases

added & footnote omitted).

      In Campana, the Supreme Court noted that “‘[e]pisode’ is defined as

‘an occurrence or connected series of occurrences and developments which

may be viewed as distinctive and apart although part of a larger or more

comprehensive series.’”    Campana, 304 A.2d at 439 (citation & internal

quotation marks omitted). Quoting State v. Brown, 497 P. 2d 1191, 1198

(Ore. S.Ct. 1972), the Campana Court supported the notion that “a second

prosecution is for the same offense and is prohibited if (1) the charges arise

out of the same act or transaction [and] that the prosecution must as a general

rule join in the same indictment charges that are founded on the same facts,

or form or are part of a series of offenses of the same or similar character. . .

.” Campana, 304 A.2d at 439 (italics in original & quotation marks omitted).

The Court emphasized the interests on both sides that benefit from the “same

transaction” test: (1) “[b]y requiring compulsory joinder of all charges arising

from a single ‘transaction,’ a defendant need only once ‘run the gauntlet’ and

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confront the ‘awesome resources of the state’”; and (2) “[c]ompulsory joinder

of all offenses arising from a single ‘transaction’ avoids piecemeal litigation

and thus conserves precious judicial and professional manpower as well as the

time of jurors, witnesses, and the use of public resources.” Id. at 440-41.

The Court then held that “the Double Jeopardy Clause requires a prosecutor

to bring, in a single proceeding, all known charges against a defendant arising

from a ‘single criminal episode.’” Id. at 441.

        The Campana Court then turned to the appeal before it. Policer officers

received a report of a disturbance and when they arrived, they observed the

defendant in a physical altercation with his friends. Campana, 304 A.2d at

442. When the officers asked for identification, the defendant then assaulted

them.     Id.   The defendant was charged with disorderly conduct, resisting

arrest, and assault of a police offer. Id. at 433. A justice of the peace found

him not guilty of disorderly conduct. Id. The other charges were dismissed

for lack of sufficient evidence.     Id.      The Commonwealth subsequently

instituted the charges of resisting arrest and assault before another justice

who bound the defendant over to a grand jury. Id. He was later tried by a

jury and convicted. Id. The Supreme Court noted that “all parties concede[d]

that the events were part of a single transaction[, and therefore, the

defendant], who was initially acquitted of disorderly conduct, should not have

had to ‘run the gantlet’ for a second time on charges arising from the same

criminal episode.” Id. at 442.

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     In Green, this Court applied the Campana decision to the following

scenario.   There, the defendant was involved in a verbal altercation that

turned physical with three other men.       Green, 335 A.2d at 494.       The

defendant drew a knife and stabbed two of the men as well as a female

bystander that was trying to help. Id. Following the incident,

     [t]hree sets of charges were brought against the appellee as a
     result, each consisting of aggravated assault, possession of an
     instrument of crime and possession of a prohibited offensive
     weapon. One set was brought in the name of each of the three
     victims. At the close of the testimony elicited at the first
     preliminary hearing, held before a municipal court judge, the
     assistant district attorney requested that the count of aggravated
     assault pertaining to the female victim, who had been injured
     while attempting to restrain the [defendant], be reduced to a
     charge of simple assault. The hearing judge, believing that the
     newly added misdemeanor necessitated a separation of the trials,
     ordered that the simple assault charge be tried in the municipal
     court and set a date and a room for that trial. The [defendant]
     was then bound over to the grand jury on the remaining charges
     heard that day. The [defendant]’s counsel . . . did not object to
     this division of the charges but on the contrary indicated his
     agreement and understanding of the proposed procedure after it
     had been thoroughly discussed. The only effort made by the
     [defendant]’s counsel to consolidate the charges was a request
     that the charges involving the two male victims be brought
     together.

            Indictments on the aggravated assault and weapons
     charges considered at the first preliminary hearing were returned
     on February 5, 1974. The municipal court trial was then held on
     the simple assault charges, following the return of the first
     indictments. At the municipal court trial the [defendant] was
     convicted of the assault on the female victim and sentenced to a
     year probation. In due course the second preliminary hearing was
     held on the remaining charges involving the second male victim
     and indictments were subsequently returned. The [defendant]
     filed applications in the court of common pleas to have both sets
     of indictments quashed. The motions to quash were granted and
     this appeal [followed.]

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Id. at 494-95.

      Like Campana, the Green Court observed that incident arose out of the

same transaction, stating:

      The fact that the struggle moved the participants from the porch
      to the driveway, that there were several victims, or that the first
      victim was already wounded when the second, then third, victims
      became involved does not change the nature of the encounter to
      a segregated series of incidents. It remains a single distinctive
      occurrence, a comprehensive series of acts so as to qualify
      as a single criminal episode. . . . In addition, the Model Penal
      Code, upon which Section 110 of the Crimes Code is based,
      indicates in its commentary to the sections dealing with
      compulsory joinder of charges that situations involving
      multiple victims were contemplated as being included in
      the concept of a single criminal episode when the sections
      were drafted. Consequently, we find that the present case
      involves a single incident or transaction and the prosecution of the
      charges arising therefrom is governed by Section 110 of the
      Crimes Code.

Green, 335 A.2d at 496 (emphases added & footnote omitted). The Court

then indicated the defendant “waived his right to claim harassment by multiple

prosecutions” where the Commonwealth had attempted to bring the multiple

charges in one proceeding, but the preliminary hearing judge separated one

of the charges and sent it to the municipal court to be tried independently and

the defendant’s counsel did not object to separation order, file a motion to

quash the indictments, or consolidate the trials prior to the first proceeding.

Id. at 498. The Court concluded: “There can be no unjust contravention of

the statute intended to protect the accused when a defendant is denied its use

as a shield against a prosecution which he himself invited by his own designs.

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We hold that the protection of the statute does not extend to the appellee who

waived his rights under it by consenting to the additional prosecution.” Id.

      Turning to the present matter, the charges related to the minor victim

and Taylor both arose from the same criminal episode as pursuant to Section

110(1)(ii) ─ Redanauer pointed the gun at both individuals during one

incident. See Campana, supra; Green, supra. We note it was a mistake

on the Commonwealth’s part not to file a certification of a preliminary hearing

at docket 7445 in addition to docket 7444. Moreover, as noted above, since

the charges stemmed from the same episode, double jeopardy also attached

under Section 110(1)(ii) and the Commonwealth cannot now complain that

further prosecution is proper or permissible. We therefore are constrained to

affirm in both cases.

      Orders affirmed.

Judge McCaffery joins the memorandum.

Judge Pellegrini files a dissenting memorandum.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 1/13/2023

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