Court Opinion

ID: 4120128
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-01-27 22:45:26.799072+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:22:12.845368
License: Public Domain

Status of the United States Postal Service as an “Executive
         Agency” Under Executive Order No. 12,250

In light of the statutory independence given the United States Postal Service (Service)
  and its officers, Executive Order No. 12,250 should not be construed to include the
  Service as an “Executive agency” subject to the Attorney General’s nondiscrimination
  coordination authority.

                                                                       July 29, 1981
  MEMORANDUM OPINION FOR THE ACTING ASSISTANT
    ATTORNEY GENERAL, CIVIL RIGHTS DIVISION

   You have requested the views of this Office with respect to the
question whether the United States Postal Service (Service) is an “Ex­
ecutive agency” within the meaning of Executive Order No. 12,250, 45
Fed. Reg. 72,995 (1980). For the reasons that follow, we believe that
the order should not be construed to include the Postal Service as such
an agency, notwithstanding the considerable authority of the President
and the Attorney General over the litigating activities of the Service.
   Under 42 U.S.C. § 2000d-l and 20 U.S.C. § 1682, the President has
been granted broad powers to approve the rules, regulations, and
orders of general applicability relating to racial, sex, and other forms of
discrimination. Executive Order No. 12,250 delegates these powers to
the Attorney General. At the same time, the order grants the Attorney
General authority to “coordinate the implementation and enforcement
by Executive agencies of various nondiscrimination provisions o f” a
variety of laws banning discrimination on grounds of race, color, na­
tional origin, handicap, religion, or sex. The Attorney General is re­
quired, for example, to develop standards and procedures for taking
enforcement actions and conducting investigations; to promulgate
guidelines for establishing time limits on enforcement activities; to im­
plement a schedule for review of the agencies’ regulations; to establish
guidelines for development of consistent recordkeeping and reporting
requirements and for sharing of information; and to initiate cooperative
programs between and among agencies in order to improve the coordi­
nation of the covered laws. Under the order, each executive agency is
required to cooperate with the Attorney General in performing its
functions by furnishing requested information and submitting plans for

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the implementation of its responsibilities under the order. The order
offers no definition of the “ Executive agencies” that it covers.
   This Office has recently discussed the “uneasy and unresolved ten­
sion between the dependent and independent aspects of the new
[Postal] Service,” Leonard v. United States Postal Service, 489 F.2d 814,
815 (1st Cir. 1974). See Memorandum of June 15, 1979, for the Assistant
Attorney General, Civil Division, from Leon Ulman, Deputy Assistant
Attorney General, Office o f Legal Counsel.1 We summarize that discus­
sion here. After passage of the Postal Reorganization Act of 1970
(Act), 39 U.S.C. § 101 et seq., the Postal Service was categorized as “an
independent establishment of the executive branch of the Govern­
ment. . . .” 39 U.S.C. § 201. The Act provides for a bipartisan Board
of Governors who are removable by the President only for cause.
§ 202(c). Moreover, the Postmaster General and the Deputy Postmaster
General are appointed and removable, not by the President, but by the
Board of Governors. § 202(c), (d).
   An agency directed by a board of governors and by chief executive
officers who are not freely removable by the President is not “within”
the Executive Branch of the government as that term is ordinarily
understood. After Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52 (1926), it is plain
that purely executive officers must be appointed by the President, and
removable at his will. Under the Act, by contrast, Congress did not
intend Postal Service officials to have that status. The relevant commit­
tee report states that the Service was to be removed from the Presi­
dent’s Cabinet and from the ordinary political process, see H.R. Rep.
No. 1104, 91st Cong., 2d Sess. 6, 12-13 (1970), and that the Board was
to act as a buffer between management of the Service and the possible
influence of partisan politics. In this way, the statute was designed to
remove “the day-to-day management of the Postal Service from both
Presidential and Congressional areas of concern while still leaving the
Postal Service subject to [their] broad policy guidance.” Id. at 13.
   For purposes of the present inquiry, we need not say whether the
President possesses the constitutional or statutory authority to subject
to the control of the Attorney General the activities of the Postal
Service in the nondiscrimination area. There is a substantial argument
that such control would constitute “broad policy guidance” of the sort
permitted by the Act. The question here, however, is not one of
presidential authority, but o f the intent underlying the order.2
   In light of the peculiar status of the Postal Service, we do not believe
that the Service should be understood to be included as an “Executive
agency” within the meaning of the order. The Service is not defined as
such an agency under the Administrative Procedure Act, see 5 U.S.C.

   1In that memorandum, we concluded that, as a general matter, the Attorney General has the power
to control litigation involving the Service
   2 N or need we say which of the statutes covered by the order is applicable to the Postal Service.

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§§ 103-105. Moreover, both the Act and its history reveal that Con­
gress intended to grant the Service at least some measure of insulation
from control by the President and to place the Service in a separate
category from the conventional executive departments. See Leonard v.
United States Postal Service, 489 F.2d 814. In light of that unequivocal
intent, we believe that, if the President intended to include the Postal
Service under an executive order granting both substantive and proce­
dural authority to the Attorney General, an explicit statement to that
effect would ordinarily be expected.3 Since Executive Order No. 12,250
contains no such explicit statement, but instead refers to “Executive
agencies” generally, we interpret the order as not subjecting the Serv­
ice to the Attorney General’s coordination authority.
                                                            L a r r y L . S im m s
                                                 Deputy Assistant Attorney General
                                                     Office o f Legal Counsel

   3 We note in addition that in a memorandum on Executive Order No. 12,250 prepared before the
order was signed or drafted in finaJ form, this Office referred to the difficult legal problems that
would arise if the order were applied to the so-called “independent” agencies. We have understood
the failure to respond to this concern as an indication that the independent agencies were not intended
to be included.

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