Court Opinion

ID: 3217273
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-06-27 18:06:52.007563+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:36:26.553795
License: Public Domain

Filed 6/27/16 P. v. Bautista CA4/3

                        NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION THREE

THE PEOPLE,

     Plaintiff and Respondent,                                         G050352

                   v.                                                  (Super. Ct. No. 11NF2283)

RICARDO C. BAUTISTA,                                                   OPINION

     Defendant and Appellant.

                   Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, William
R. Froeberg, Judge. Affirmed as modified.
                   Peter Gold, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
                   Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Eric A. Swenson and
Junichi P. Semitsu, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

                                             *               *               *
              The trial court sentenced defendant Ricardo C. Bautista to prison for life
without the possibility of parole after a jury found him guilty of first degree murder with
a special circumstance finding that he committed the murder to further the activities of a
criminal street gang. In addition, the court imposed an additional prison term based on
the jury’s true findings on criminal street gang and firearm discharge enhancement
allegations. The court also ordered defendant to pay restitution and parole revocation
fines.
              On appeal, defendant asserts the trial court committed procedural and
evidentiary errors during trial that justify reversing his conviction. Procedurally, he
contends the court erred in rejecting his motion alleging the prosecutor improperly used
peremptory challenges against Hispanic prospective jurors. The evidentiary claims
include: (1) Allowing a proposed defense witness exercise her privilege against self-
incrimination and then declining to grant the witness immunity; (2) excluding
defendant’s statement to the police expressing remorse for the victim’s death; and (3)
allowing the prosecution to impeach defendant with a prior conviction for felony drunk
driving that resulted in another person’s death. We conclude defendant has failed to
establish any prejudicial error and affirm his conviction.
              Alternatively, defendant claims the trial court erroneously imposed the
parole revocation fine. The Attorney General concedes this was error. Based on the
concession, the matter shall be remanded to the trial court with directions to eliminate the
parole revocation fine. In all other respects, the judgment is affirmed.

                                          FACTS

              Late in the afternoon of October 17, 2004, defendant shot and killed Alex
Rodarte in an alley behind an apartment complex. The prosecution presented evidence
that defendant and Rodarte belonged to rival criminal street gangs; defendant a member

                                              2
of Boys From The Hood while Rodarte belonged to West Side Anaheim. The shooting
occurred in an area claimed by a street gang aligned with Rodarte’s gang.
              Initially, however, the police were unable to identify the shooter. In several
interviews conducted over the succeeding years Melissa Pinto-Solis (Solis), a tenant in an
apartment building adjacent to the alley at the time of the shooting, gave the police
inconsistent statements about what she saw and heard that day. At trial, Solis testified
that, while throwing out some trash, she saw a green-colored Honda Civic occupied by
two females and two males parked in front of her building. A man stepped out of the
front passenger door and passed by her as she returned to her apartment. Shortly
thereafter, Solis heard a gunshot. Leaving her apartment, Solis saw the same man
walking away from the alley. He was holding a gun and had a blue or dark-colored
bandanna covering his face. The man reentered the green car, which then left the area.
              Police officers showed Solis some photographs. But she was unable to
positively identify anyone as the shooter.
              In 2006, the police received information that the occupants of the green-
colored Honda Civic on the day of the shooting included defendant and a woman named
Jolean Disbrow. However, the person providing this information denied he was an
eyewitness and gave inconsistent accounts of what he had been told.
              In early 2011, a police investigator talked to Disbrow while she was in
custody on an unrelated charge. A few months later, two police officers questioned
defendant. A redacted version of his interrogation was played at trial.
              During the interrogation, defendant initially denied knowing anything about
the shooting. After further questioning, defendant admitted he shot the victim, claiming
“it was a mistake” and that he “overreact[ed].” Defendant claimed that he had been
constantly ingesting methamphetamine and had not slept for three days before the
shooting. He went to the alley looking for a woman named Rosie, with whom he had
used drugs in an adjoining garage the night before.

                                             3
               Defendant denied that he carried a gun on a regular basis and said he was
unarmed while in the alley the previous night. But on the day of the shooting defendant
claimed he grabbed a “neighborhood” gun “for protection.”
               According to defendant, a woman he had just met drove him to the area.
As defendant walked into the alley, three men “hit him up,” i.e., asked where he was
from. Defendant replied, “Boys.” He then thought the group said “Small Town,” a rival
gang. Defendant shot a person “arguing with” him. Defendant estimated the men were
15 feet away at the time he fired and acknowledged they did not display any weapons.
After the shooting, defendant left the alley. He claimed the shooting was the only time he
used a gun and that he sold the weapon a week later in order to buy more drugs.
Defendant said he learned “through the girls” the victim had died, but he denied bragging
about the shooting.
               Defendant testified in his defense at trial. Initially he claimed to have
experienced a difficult childhood, marred by an abusive, alcoholic father and being
molested by a family relative.
               At a very young age defendant joined Boys from the Hood and began
drinking and using drugs. He acknowledged having a tattoo that depicted a gang member
with a bandanna containing the gang’s initials. Defendant also testified that he had been
shot at least twice after hit-ups.
               In his early twenties, defendant began using methamphetamine. At the
time of the shooting, he claimed to be “constantly using meth” and not sleeping.
Defendant repeated his claim that the day before the shooting he was in a garage
bordering the alley with Rosie and several other people using drugs. On direct
examination, he denied knowing the alley was claimed by a rival gang. During cross-
examination, the prosecution confronted defendant with a photograph depicting a rival
gang’s graffiti on the garage wall. Defendant denied seeing the graffiti.

                                              4
              According to defendant, later that night he went to a hotel room and
continued partying with several other persons, including Disbrow, a female gang
member. The next day defendant, Disbrow, another gang member who used the moniker
Travieso, left the motel in a car driven by a woman named “Lisa.” The four spent the day
driving around looking for more drugs to ingest.
              Defendant acknowledged he was carrying the gun, but now claimed he had
acquired it several days earlier. On direct examination, defendant said the gun belonged
to a fellow gang member who had been arrested. Defendant testified, “I . . . thought it
was my responsibility to take” possession of the weapon while his confederate was in
custody. When confronted with his prior statement to the investigators describing the
weapon as “a neighborhood gun,” defendant said he had lied to them.
              Defendant admitted giving “Lisa” directions to the apartment complex
adjacent to the alley, claiming he hoped to find Rosie and buy drugs. He acknowledged
carrying a bandanna, but insisted he only used it to wipe off sweat.
              As he entered the alley several individuals standing about 30 feet away hit
him up. Defendant became “scared” when the group “rush[ed] towards” him after he
responded, “Boys.” He then “panicked,” pulled out the gun, and fired in the direction of
the group. Defendant then left the alley and returned to the car, telling Lisa “Let’s go.”
He denied encountering Solis either on the way to the alley or upon returning to the car.
Defendant said he sold the gun one or two days later so that he could buy more drugs. He
claimed the shooting “bother[ed]” him, he “never planned on doing” it, and felt
“ashamed” about it. One of the investigators who interrogated him offered defendant the
chance to write a letter to Rodarte’s mother, and he accepted it.
              The defense also called a neuropsychologist who evaluated defendant. The
neuropsychologist expressed the opinion that defendant was suffering from post-
traumatic stress disorder (P.T.S.D.) when he shot and killed Rodarte.

                                             5
                                      DISCUSSION

1. Jury Selection
              1.1 Introduction
              During jury voir dire, defense counsel made a motion, challenging the
prosecutor’s use of peremptory challenges. In support of the motion, defense counsel
cited the prosecutor’s use of five peremptory challenges to strike young female Hispanic
prospective jurors. The trial court noted one of the prospective jurors cited by defense
counsel was actually a Filipino-American. But, finding “there appears to be trends on
both sides” concerning the use of peremptory challenges, the court asked the prosecutor
to explain his reasons for striking the five prospective jurors. After the prosecutor
complied, the trial court found the reasons given were race neutral and overruled defense
counsel’s motion.
              On appeal, defendant limits his attack of the trial court’s ruling to two
prospective jurors, which he claims were excluded because they were Hispanic. Contrary
to the Attorney General’s argument, Hispanics constitute a cognizable group for purposes
of the prohibition against using peremptory challenges to exclude members because of
group bias. (People v. Trevino (1985) 39 Cal. 3d 667, 683-686, disapproved on another
ground in People v. Johnson (1989) 47 Cal. 3d 1194, 1219-1221.) Nonetheless,
defendant’s argument fails on the merits.

              1.2 Background
              Since defendant challenges the striking of only two Hispanic prospective
jurors, we limit our summary of the evidence to them.
              K.C. worked at a hospital registering patients. She had attended college
and her “former spouse was in the military.” When defense counsel asked the panel if
anyone “had . . . close friends or relatives that have had drug or alcohol problems,” K.C.

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mentioned she has “friends that have had drug issues in the past. Not as much now.”
Asked if “it affect[s] your ability to trust them,” K.C. said “Um, not really. I mean,
maybe because I wasn’t that close to them. It wouldn’t affect me.”
              After K.C. acknowledged her former husband saw combat while in the
military, the following colloquy with defense counsel occurred: “Were you with
him after he came back from combat? [¶] A No. Our divorce was pending . . . . [¶]
Q . . . Other than having to see him through the divorce, did you still have any other form
of relationship with him, talk to him regularly, see what he was like as a result of that
activity involving combat . . . ? [¶] A It did affect him. We . . . think he might have
some P.T.S.D. a little bit. I still have contact with him ‘cause we have a daughter. He’s
pretty normal, but we think he still has a little bit. [¶] Q Some issues? [¶] A Yeah.”
              L.M. stated she worked as a cashier at a fast food restaurant and resided in
the City of Placentia. She was not married and did not have any children. When asked
about her neighborhood, L.M. described it as being claimed by a “gang called Los Cerros
Plas,” and noted “they’re always around there.” Asked if the presence of the gang would
affect her ability to sit on the case, L.M. said, “No, I hardly ever go. They’re in a car.
They’re not walking around.”
              When defense counsel asked the jury pool if “anyone . . . had a particularly
tough upbringing,” L.M. said her “dad was an alcoholic.” L.M. also admitted she got
into a fight while in middle school “over a guy.” She described the altercation as “sad”
and “really dumb.”
              When the defense challenged the prosecutor’s use of peremptory
challenges, the latter gave the following explanation for striking K.C. and L.M. The
prosecutor said K.C. “mentioned that she had some personal belief that her ex-husband
may have been suffering from P.T.S.D,” “[a]nd also had friends with drug issues. And
for those particular reasons[,] I was not excited about having her on the jury.” He struck
L.M. because, “she lived . . . in the Placentia gang area[,] . . . which I’m very familiar

                                              7
with from my prior days in law enforcement with the City of Placentia. She said that she
had been involved in a fight previously and her dad was an alcoholic. And, in addition to
that, although I don’t judge people strictly by their looks, the way that she looked
concerned me just a bit with the way . . . many pictures I’ve seen of Hispanic females
who are connected with criminal street gangs. Not that I’m saying that she was . . . .”
              Defense counsel submitted the motion without further argument. The trial
court stated, “I can’t say from the reasons given by the prosecutor that the peremptories
have been race based. They appear to be race neutral challenges. So at this point, I will
deny the . . . motion.” The defense did not renew the motion.

              1.3 Analysis
              Under Batson v. Kentucky (1986) 476 U.S. 79, 89 [106 S. Ct. 1712, 90
L. Ed. 2d 69], a party is forbidden from “‘striking even a single prospective juror for a
discriminatory purpose.’” (Snyder v. Louisiana (2008) 552 U.S. 472, 478 [128 S. Ct.
1203, 170 L. Ed. 2d 175]; People v. Lenix (2008) 44 Cal. 4th 602, 612 [“Doing so violates
both the equal protection clause of the United States Constitution and the right to trial by
a jury drawn from a representative cross-section of the community under article I, section
16 of the California Constitution”].)
              When a criminal defendant asserts that a prosecutor is using peremptory
challenges to exclude members of a cognizable group, the trial court employs a three-step
process to resolve the claim. “First, the defendant must make out a prima facie case ‘by
showing that the totality of the relevant facts gives rise to an inference of discriminatory
purpose.’ [Citations.] Second, once the defendant has made out a prima facie case, the
‘burden shifts to the State to explain adequately the racial exclusion’ by offering
permissible race-neutral justifications for the strikes. [Citations.] Third, ‘[i]f a race-
neutral explanation is tendered, the trial court must then decide . . . whether the opponent
of the strike has proved purposeful racial discrimination.’” (Johnson v. California (2005)

                                               8
545 U.S. 162, 168 [125 S. Ct. 2410, 162 L. Ed. 2d 129]; People v. O’Malley (2016) 62
Cal. 4th 944, 974 (O’Malley).)
              The trial court did not expressly rule the defense had made a prima facie
showing the prosecutor struck prospective jurors for impermissible reasons. But it
commented “there appears to be trends on both sides” concerning the use of peremptory
challenges, and turned to the prosecutor for an explanation of his reasons for striking the
prospective jurors identified by the defense. In this context, “we may infer an implied
prima facie finding” (People v. Arias (1996) 13 Cal. 4th 92, 135), “and proceed directly to
review of the ultimate question of purposeful discrimination.” (People v. Scott (2015) 61
Cal. 4th 363, 387, fn. 1; O’Malley, supra, 62 Cal.4th at pp. 974-975.) “Thus, the sole
question before us is whether the trial court correctly ruled that the defense did not satisfy
its burden of demonstrating discriminatory motivation at the third stage of the Batson
inquiry.” (O’Malley, supra, 62 Cal.4th at p. 975.)
              The reasons expressed by the prosecutor for his decision to challenge K.C.
and L.M. were race-neutral. As to K.C., the prosecutor cited two reasons; the possibility
her ex-husband may be suffering from “a little bit” of P.T.S.D., and that she had friends
who had drug problems in the past. These factors were clearly relevant to the facts in this
case. The same is true for the prosecutor’s decision regarding L.M. She lived in an area
claimed by a street gang, had gotten into a fight when she was younger, and the
prosecutor felt she had an appearance similar to what he associated with female gang
members.
              Defendant questions the merits of the prosecutor’s explanations for striking
these prospective jurors. As for K.C., defendant asserts “[i]t is hard to imagine that
whatever minor amount of P.T.S.D. [her] ex-husband may have had, it affected [K.C.] in
this case such that it justified a strike against her.” He also claims the prosecutor’s
concern about K.C. having friends who used drugs lacked merit because the “drug
issues” were “in the past,” and K.C. “was not particularly close to those people.”

                                              9
Concerning L.M., defendant argues “the prosecutor failed to explain the significance of
th[e] fact” she lived in an area claimed by a criminal street gang. He also disputes the
prosecutor’s mention that L.M. looked like a female gang member, noting “nothing in the
record indicated” L.M. “had any connection with a gang.” Finally, he notes L.M.’s fight
occurred when she was an adolescent. We are not persuaded.
              First, defendant’s argument strongly suggests the reasons expressed would
not support a challenge for cause as to either K.C. or L.M. But that is not the correct test.
“‘The proper focus of a Batson . . . inquiry . . . is on the subjective genuineness of the
race-neutral reasons given for the peremptory challenge, not on the objective
reasonableness of those reasons. . . . All that matters is that the prosecutor’s reason for
exercising the peremptory challenge is sincere and legitimate, legitimate in the sense of
being nondiscriminatory.’” (O’Malley, supra, 62 Cal.4th at p. 975.) Thus, a
“prosecutor’s ‘“justification need not support a challenge for cause, and even a ‘trivial’
reason, if genuine and neutral, will suffice.”’” (Ibid.)
              Second, defendant’s argument ignores the applicable standard of review.
“On appeal, a trial court’s ruling on the issue of discriminatory intent must be sustained
unless it is clearly erroneous. [Citations.] The trial court has a pivotal role in evaluating
Batson claims. Step three of the Batson inquiry involves an evaluation of the
prosecutor’s credibility, [citation], and ‘the best evidence [of discriminatory intent] often
will be the demeanor of the attorney who exercises the challenge,’ [citation]. In addition,
race-neutral reasons for peremptory challenges often invoke a juror’s demeanor (e.g.,
nervousness, inattention), making the trial court’s firsthand observations of even greater
importance. In this situation, the trial court must evaluate not only whether the
prosecutor’s demeanor belies a discriminatory intent, but also whether the juror’s
demeanor can credibly be said to have exhibited the basis for the strike attributed to the
juror by the prosecutor. We have recognized that these determinations of credibility and
demeanor lie ‘“peculiarly within a trial judge’s province,”’ [citation], and we have stated

                                              10
that ‘in the absence of exceptional circumstances, we would defer to [the trial court],’
[citation].” (Snyder v. Louisiana, supra, 552 U.S. at p. 477; O’Malley, supra, 62
Cal.4th at p. 975 [appellate court reviews “‘“trial court’s determination regarding the
sufficiency of a prosecutor’s justifications for exercising peremptory challenges ‘“with
great restraint,”’”’” with a presumption “‘“a prosecutor uses peremptory challenges in a
constitutional manner”’”].)
              Defendant questions the genuineness of the prosecutor’s mention of K.C.’s
ex-husband’s P.T.S.D. and L.M.’s appearance because he did not ask question on these
topics. But the trial judge and defense counsel covered the subject of P.T.S.D. Given the
scope of their inquiries on this subject, there was no need for the prosecutor to go over
the same territory when it came time for him to individually question prospective jurors.
              As for L.M.’s appearance, it is difficult to think of how a party might
address the subject of a prospective juror’s appearance without embarrassing him or her
or possibly offending the entire jury pool. What’s more, a prospective juror’s appearance
is an acceptable basis for a peremptory challenge even where it has not been the subject
of jury voir dire. (People v. Elliott (2012) 53 Cal. 4th 535, 566-569 [prospective juror
described as looking “‘bizarre,’” and having “‘an odd appearance’”]; see Snyder v.
Louisiana, supra, 552 U.S. at p. 477 [“race-neutral reasons for peremptory challenges
often invoke a juror’s demeanor”]; O’Malley, supra, 62 Cal.4th at p. 975 [“‘[a]
prospective juror may be excused based upon facial expressions, gestures, hunches, and
even for arbitrary or idiosyncratic reasons’”].)
              Third, the prosecutor’s concern about where L.M. lived was not only
relevant to the facts of this case, it constituted a permissible reason to peremptorily
challenge her. (People v. Watson (2008) 43 Cal. 4th 652, 674 [prospective juror’s
“substantial exposure to gangs” constituted “a relevant, race-neutral reason for the
prosecutor to exercise a peremptory challenge against her”]; People v. Cox (2010) 187
Cal. App. 4th 337, 348, 356 [“contacts with members of street gangs where [a] . . . juror

                                             11
lived,” and “familiarity with the gangs in [the] area” justify use of a peremptory
challenge].)
               Alternatively, defendant argues a comparative juror analysis reflects the
prosecutor’s reliance on gangs, drug use, and fighting were pretextual. “[I]n considering
a Batson objection, or in reviewing a ruling claimed to be Batson error, all of the
circumstances that bear upon the issue of racial animosity must be consulted.” (Snyder v.
Louisiana, supra, 552 U.S. at p. 478.) “If a prosecutor’s proffered reason for striking a
. . . panelist [belonging to a cognizable group] applies just as well to an otherwise-similar
[person] who is permitted to serve, that is evidence tending to prove purposeful
discrimination to be considered at Batson’s third step.” (Miller-El v. Dretke (2005) 545
U.S. 231, 241 [125 S. Ct. 2317, 162 L. Ed. 2d 196].) Thus, “comparative juror analysis
is . . . one form of circumstantial evidence that is relevant,” and while “not necessarily
dispositive, on the issue of intentional discrimination,” it “must be considered in the trial
court and even for the first time on appeal if relied upon by the defendant and the record
is adequate to permit the urged comparisons.” (People v. Lenix, supra, 44 Cal.4th at p.
622.)
               Here, the appellate record contains a transcript of the entire jury selection
process. But at trial, defendant did not request the trial court to conduct a comparative
juror analysis to determine whether the prosecutor’s reasons for striking K.C. and L.M.
were pretextual. The United States Supreme Court has “recognize[d] that a retrospective
comparison of jurors based on a cold appellate record may be very misleading when
alleged similarities were not raised at trial.” (Snyder v. Louisiana, supra, 552 U.S. at p.
483.) The California Supreme Court has echoed this concern. “Where, as here, the
comparative analysis was not made at trial, ‘the prosecutor generally has not provided,
and was not asked to provide, an explanation for nonchallenges.’ [Citation.] Therefore,
‘an appellate court must be mindful that an exploration of the alleged similarities at the
time of trial might have shown that the jurors in question were not really comparable.’

                                              12
[Citation.]” (O’Malley, supra, 62 Cal.4th at p. 976, quoting People v. Jones (2011) 51
Cal. 4th 346, 365 and Snyder v. Louisiana, supra, 552 U.S. at p. 483.)
              As a consequence, “[w]hen a defendant asks for comparative juror analysis
for the first time on appeal, we have held that ‘such evidence will be considered in view
of the deference accorded the trial court’s ultimate finding of no discriminatory intent.’”
(O’Malley, supra, 62 Cal.4th at p. 976.) “The reviewing court need not consider
responses by stricken panelists or seated jurors other than those identified by the
defendant in the claim of disparate treatment. Further, the trial court’s finding is
reviewed on the record as it stands at the time the . . . ruling is made. If the defendant
believes that subsequent events should be considered by the trial court, a renewed
objection is required to permit appellate consideration of these subsequent
developments.” (People v. Lenix, supra, 44 Cal.4th at p. 624.)
              Here, two of the three prospective jurors defendant identifies as also
admitting to having a relative or friend who used drugs, and one of the two prospective
jurors he notes admitted being involved in fights, were seated and questioned subsequent
to the Batson motion. Since defendant did not renew his motion after these prospective
jurors were passed over by the prosecution, defendant’s reliance on these individuals
must be rejected.
              Thus, we focus on the two prospective jurors identified by the defense who
were members of the jury panel when defendant challenged the prosecutor’s use of his
peremptory challenges; Juror Nos. 4 and 10. Juror No. 4 was a retiree, married, with two
adult children. His niece worked for the Federal Bureau of Investigation and “one of
[his] best friends” was a police officer. A friend of his wife had been murdered a few
years earlier. He admitted suffering a drunk driving conviction 10 years ago, but felt that
he was “treated fairly.” Juror No. 4 acknowledged getting into “a fistfight” as “a
teenager.” He had previously served as a juror in civil trial and the jury was able to reach
a verdict.

                                             13
              Juror No. 10 stated she had an Associate’s degree in business, worked as a
marketing consultant, was engaged to be married, had a friend who is an attorney
specializing in worker’s compensation law, and her future sister-in-law was employed as
a paralegal. Her “soon to be nephew-in-law” was awaiting trial on criminal charges,
including drunk driving and striking a police officer. She also acknowledged her own
nephew “is involved with some pretty heavy drugs.”
              In comparing these jurors to K.C. and L.M., “‘a reviewing court need not,
indeed, must not turn a blind eye to reasons the record discloses for not challenging other
jurors even if those other jurors are similar in some respects to excused jurors.’
[Citation.] In conducting this inquiry, we bear in mind that comparative juror analysis is
not simply an exercise in identifying any conceivable distinctions among prospective
jurors. . . . Rather, because the ultimate question before us concerns the prosecutor’s
motivations in exercising the challenge in question, we must ask whether there were any
material differences among the jurors—that is, differences, other than race, that we can
reasonably infer motivated the prosecutor’s pattern of challenges.” (O’Malley, supra, 62
Cal.4th at p. 977.)
              Defendant argues K.C. and Juror No. 10 were comparable because both
acknowledged having family or friends with drug issues. But one material difference
between them was their responses to the question of whether they would feel comfortable
sharing opinions with the other jurors during deliberations. K.C., although having a job
requiring frequent contact with the public, described herself as “shy,” and said she would
feel “[a] little bit uncomfortable” in an “environment” where she would have to “sit
together and discuss” the case “with 11 virtual strangers.” On the other hand Juror No.
10, a marketing consultant, responded “[y]es,” when asked if she “[w]ould . . . feel
comfortable [freely] sharing [her] opinions . . . with a bunch of strangers.” A prosecutor
would likely be more willing to accept a juror who readily expresses a willingness to
engage in deliberations than one who indicates she might feel uncomfortable in that

                                             14
situation. (People v. Watson, supra, 43 Cal.4th at p. 681 [prospective juror who
“appeared to be too stubborn and opinionated to appropriately participate in jury
deliberations” properly struck for a “relevant, race-neutral concern[]”].)
              Concerning L.M., defendant argues Juror No. 4 was comparable because
both acknowledged getting into a fight. But one material difference suggested by the
record is the difference in their ages and life experiences. Youth and limited life
experiences constitute valid, nonpretextual reasons for peremptorily challenging a
prospective juror. (People v. DeHoyos (2013) 57 Cal. 4th 79, 108; People v. Gonzales
(2008) 165 Cal. App. 4th 620, 631.) In making his Batson motion, defense counsel
described all of the challenged jurors as being “young,” and when questioning L.M. he
mentioned she appeared “pretty young.” In contrast, Juror No. 4 was retired, with two
adult children and the fistfights he mentioned had occurred when he was a teenager.
Juror No. 4 also had ties to law enforcement. (O’Malley, supra, 62 Cal.4th at p. 979
[“nature and extent of [comparative prospective juror’s] ties to law enforcement and
criminal justice administration . . . would have differentiated [him] from [the challenged
juror] from the prosecutor’s perspective”].) Thus, Juror No. 4’s drunk driving conviction
notwithstanding, his age, more extensive life experience, and association with law
enforcement may have made him a more acceptable choice as a juror for the prosecution.
              Given the record in this case, not only were the prosecutor’s reasons for
striking K.C. and L.M. facially race-neutral, but defendant failed to carry his burden of
establishing any of those reasons were merely pretextual. Consequently, the trial court
properly overruled his Batson motion.

2. The Proffered Testimony of Jolean Disbrow
              2.1 Background
              Before trial, defense counsel stated his intention to call Disbrow as a
witness to support the credibility of defendant’s statements to the police about the

                                             15
shooting. Concerned this testimony might tend to incriminate Disbrow, the trial court
appointed an attorney to represent her. The defense also filed a motion asking the court
to grant Disbrow judicial immunity if it determined the testimony would tend to
incriminate her.
              Defense counsel made an offer of proof concerning Disbrow’s expected
testimony. He expected Disbrow to corroborate defendant’s account of his whereabouts
and activity the night before and during the day of the shooting, including; the lack of any
mention of a gun, entering an area claimed by a rival gang, or shooting a rival gang
member. He said Disbrow would testify that after defendant left the car at the apartment
complex, she saw several men in the alley, heard the shot, saw the victim fall down, and
defendant then return to the car. Defense counsel said Disbrow would also corroborate
the fact there was no discussion of the shooting upon leaving the apartment complex area.
Finally, defense counsel believed Disbrow’s testimony would tend to contradict Solis’s
testimony on certain key issues, although he acknowledged Disbrow would “probably
. . . say that [defendant] had a bandanna on his face” when he returned to the car.
              Defense counsel argued the evidence was not sufficient to support
Disbrow’s invocation of her privilege, claiming there is no evidence of collusion between
her and defendant and, although the prosecution took a statement from her in 2011, they
never charged her with any involvement in Rodarte’s murder. The prosecutor disputed
defense counsel’s analysis, citing evidence of Disbrow’s affiliation with Boys in the
Hood and claiming her involvement in the case was more than as a mere observer.
              The attorney appointed to represent Disbrow informed the court she
intended to advise Disbrow to invoke her Fifth Amendment privilege against self-
incrimination.
              The trial court held an in camera discussion of the matter with Disbrow’s
attorney. The attorney corroborated the prosecution’s assertions about Disbrow’s gang

                                            16
affiliations and the existence of other evidence suggesting Disbrow had greater
involvement in the shooting than represented in the courtroom.
              The trial court found Disbrow’s testimony could expose her to criminal
liability. When asked, Disbrow stated she intended to invoke her right not to answer
questions. The court also denied defendant’s alternative request that it grant Disbrow
judicial immunity, finding there was “a strong governmental interest in prosecuting
people responsible for murders,” Disbrow’s “proffered testimony [was] not clearly
exculpatory,” nor was it “essential” to the defense.

              2.2 Analysis
              Claiming Disbrow “was merely a passenger in the vehicle,” defendant
argues she “had no ‘reasonable cause to apprehend danger from a direct answer,’” and
“her answers would not have ‘furnish[ed] a link in the chain of evidence needed to
prosecute’ her for a criminal offense.” Thus, he contends the trial court’s rulings
allowing Disbrow to invoke her privilege against self-incrimination, and denying his
motion to grant Disbrow judicial immunity, violated his constitutional rights to
compulsory process and due process.
              Both contentions lack merit. People v. Williams (2008) 43 Cal. 4th 584
summarized the principles relevant to Disbrow’s invocation of the privilege against self-
incrimination. “It is a fundamental principle of our law that witnesses may not be
compelled to incriminate themselves, and the scope of a witness’s privilege is liberally
construed. . . . [¶] ‘A witness may assert the privilege who has “reasonable cause to
apprehend danger from a direct answer.”’ [Citation.] Moreover, ‘“[t]o sustain the
privilege, it need only be evident from the implications of the question, in the setting in
which it is asked, that a responsive answer to the question or an explanation of why it
cannot be answered might be dangerous because injurious disclosure could result.”
[Citation.] To deny an assertion of the privilege, “the judge must be ‘“perfectly clear,

                                             17
from a careful consideration of all the circumstances in the case, that the witness is
mistaken, and that the answer[s] cannot possibly have such tendency” to incriminate.’”’
[Citations.] Given the broad protective scope of the privilege, waiver of a nonparty
witness’s privilege ‘is not to be lightly inferred.’” (Id. at pp. 613-614.)
              As defendant notes, an appellate court independently reviews the trial
court’s ruling on a witness’s assertion of his or her privilege against self-incrimination.
(People v. Seijas (2005) 36 Cal. 4th 291, 304.) Further, at defendant’s request we have
reviewed the sealed transcript of the trial court’s in camera discussion with Disbrow’s
attorney.
              Nonetheless, the trial court properly found that Disbrow was entitled to
invoke the privilege in this case. While the prosecution had not yet charged Disbrow in
this case, the crime of murder does not have a statute of limitations. The prosecution’s
gang expert testified some Hispanic gangs, including Boys in the Hood, had female gang
members. And the prosecutor emphasized the fact there was evidence Disbrow was an
active member of the gang, asserting her home was used as a crash pad for gang
members. The prosecutor also claimed the transcript of Disbrow’s statement to the police
differed from defense counsel’s offer of proof concerning her expected testimony. In
addition, the evidence indicated a third gang member was also in the car. This evidence,
along with expert testimony concerning the fact gang members know the claimed
territories of rival gangs, apprise other gang members when armed, and usually take
back-up when they commit a crime, justified the trial court’s conclusion Disbrow’s
testimony “‘“would furnish a link in the chain of evidence needed to prosecute” [her] for
a criminal offense.’” (People v. Williams, supra, 43 Cal.4th at p. 614; Hoffman v. United
States (1951) 341 U.S. 479, 486 [71 S. Ct. 814, 95 L. Ed. 1118].)
              Defendant’s alternative claim that the trial court erred in refusing to grant
Disbrow judicial immunity fares even less well. The California Supreme Court has
recognized that generally “the power to confer immunity is granted by statute to the

                                              18
executive, that is, to the prosecution.” (People v. Stewart (2004) 33 Cal. 4th 425, 468; see
Pen. Code, § 1324.) While several earlier decisions “‘characterized as “doubtful” the
“proposition that the trial court has inherent authority to grant immunity”’” (People v.
Masters (2016) 62 Cal. 4th 1019, 1050-1051), in Masters the Supreme Court finally
rejected that proposition altogether. Masters held, “California courts have no authority to
confer use immunity on witnesses.” (Id. at p. 1051.)
              Even if the law were otherwise, we agree with the trial court that the
requisite elements for granting immunity in this case are nonexistent. Defendant argues
that Disbrow’s testimony was exculpatory and essential to his defense because she could
corroborate his statements to the police. But she was not in the alley when the shooting
occurred. At best, Disbrow saw defendant enter the alley, heard the shot, and saw one of
the men in the alley fall to the ground. But the question in this case is why did defendant
shoot Rodarte. He also claims Disbrow could corroborate the fact nothing was said in the
car after the shooting. But since the foursome were purportedly driving around looking
for drugs, one could view the asserted postshooting silence as a deafening indictment of
defendant’s guilt. If the purpose of the trip was to obtain drugs, one would expect the
vehicle’s occupants to be curious about where defendant obtained the weapon and why
he shot a man in the alley. This conclusion is particularly true if, as defense counsel
acknowledged, Disbrow would testify defendant was wearing the bandanna over his face
upon returning to the car.
              The trial court properly ruled on Disbrow’s invocation of her Fifth
Amendment privilege against self-incrimination and defendant’s request that she be
granted judicial immunity.

3. Exclusion of Defendant’s Statements of Remorse
              As noted, a redacted version of defendant’s statements to the police was
played for the jury during trial. The deleted portions of the interrogation included

                                             19
comments by defendant in which he expressed remorse for shooting Rodarte. During a
pretrial hearing, defense counsel argued defendant’s statements of regret for the shooting
should remain, claiming they “go[] to [defendant’s] credibility in [his] confession” and
would allow the jury to “get an idea of whether or not this is something that was in his
character at the time.” But the court disagreed stating, “I don’t think the defendant’s state
of mind in 2011 is relevant on his state of mind at the time of the events in 2004.”
              On appeal, defendant claims the trial court’s exclusion of his statements
expressing remorse for killing Rodarte violated his constitutional rights to due process
and to present a defense. This argument lacks merit.
              First, the trial court correctly ruled defendant’s expressions of remorse
during an interrogation that occurred nearly seven years after the shooting were not
relevant to the issues in this case. To be admissible, proffered evidence must be relevant.
(Evid. Code, § 350.) The Evidence Code defines relevant evidence as “evidence,
including evidence relevant to the credibility of a witness or hearsay declarant, having
any tendency in reason to prove or disprove any disputed fact that is of consequence to
the determination of the action.” (Evid. Code, § 210.) “A trial court has ‘considerable
discretion’ in determining the relevance of evidence,” and “[a]n appellate court reviews a
court’s rulings regarding relevancy . . . for abuse of discretion.” (People v. Merriman
(2014) 60 Cal. 4th 1, 74.) Thus, “[w]e will not reverse a court’s ruling on such matters
unless it is shown ‘“the trial court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary, capricious, or
patently absurd manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice.”’” (Ibid.)
              Defendant relies on case law admitting evidence of “extrajudicial
statements . . . to show evidence of [a] declarant’s mental state of mind.” While hearsay
evidence of defendant’s state of mind at the time he shot and killed Rodarte would be
admissible, the issue here concerns defendant’s assertions of how he felt about the
shooting six and one-half years after the shooting. “A prerequisite to th[e state of mind]
exception to the hearsay rule is that the declarant’s mental state or conduct be factually

                                              20
relevant.” (People v. Hernandez (2003) 30 Cal. 4th 835, 872, overruled on another
ground in People v. Riccardi (2012) 54 Cal. 4th 758, 824, fn. 32.) Defendant’s statements
did not refer to how he felt about the shooting in 2004, but rather his feelings in 2011.
              Second, even assuming the expressions of remorse could be found to have
some relevance on this issue, the trial court’s pretrial ruling did not have the effect of
barring all evidence of defendant’s rueful feelings about the shooting. The redacted
interrogation played for the jury contained periods of silence when the officers began to
question defendant about the shooting, his assertion the shooting “was a mistake” that
“should’ve never happened,” that it “bother[ed] [him] a lot,” and had been “bugging
[him] for a while.” Later, when asked why he did not tell his fellow gang members about
the shooting, defendant stated, “I wish it would never [have] happened.” Also, when
questioned about the times he was injured during hit-ups, defendant responded,
“Sometimes I just ask myself . . . [w]hy I didn’t die all those times that I . . . was shot or
stabbed? And now go on and do something stupid like that.”
              Additionally, when testifying at trial, defendant stated it was difficult to
discuss the shooting with the police, but he decided to admit shooting Rodarte because “it
had really been bothering me,” and that he felt “ashamed” for “what I put his Mom
through.” He was also allowed to testify he decided to accept one officer’s offer to write
a letter to Rodarte’s mother.
              Defendant’s reliance on People v. Dykes (2009) 46 Cal. 4th 731 is
inapposite. There, during unrecorded questioning by the police, the defendant denied his
participation in a shooting. In a later recorded session that was played at trial, when
confronted with eyewitness accounts of his involvement, the defendant “became
emotional, eventually admitting most of his role in the crimes during two statements
interrupted by audible sobbing.” (Id. at p. 767.)
              The Supreme Court rejected the defendant’s appellate claim that the
prosecutor committed misconduct by asking the officer about the defendant’s initial lack

                                              21
of remorse during the portion of the interrogation where he denied responsibility for the
shooting. It acknowledged the general rule that, “‘[U]nless a defendant opens the door to
the matter in his or her case-in-chief [citation], his or her remorse is irrelevant at the guilt
phase.’” (People v. Dykes, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 768.) But the court concluded the
defendant’s “sobbing during his tape-recorded statements to the police and to the deputy
district attorney, . . . supported the inference that he experienced remorse” (ibid.), and
thus “the issue of [a] defendant’s demeanor and state of mind during his various
statements to the police was relevant to the credibility of those statements.” (Ibid.)
              As discussed above, the tape recording of defendant’s interrogation
included defendant’s statements the shooting was a mistake and that he had been
bothered about it for some time. The defense was also allowed to question one of the
investigating officers about defendant’s demeanor and emotional responses during the
interrogation. The officer acknowledged defendant was “shy,” “nervous,” “soft-spoken,”
and was reluctant to look directly at the officers.
              Consequently, the trial court did not err in deleting certain portions of
defendant’s interrogation that contained his expressions of remorse for shooting Rodarte.

4. Impeachment
              During a pretrial hearing, the prosecutor stated that, in the event defendant
took the stand in his own defense, he wanted to impeach defendant with three prior
felony convictions; two for commercial burglaries and a conviction for driving while
under the influence of alcohol in which a passenger in the car died. Defense counsel
objected to the use of the felony drunk driving conviction, arguing that offense did not
involve moral turpitude. The trial court overruled the objection, citing People v. Forster
(1994) 29 Cal. App. 4th 1746.
              On appeal, defendant contends the trial court’s decision to allow the use of
his felony drunk driving conviction for impeachment violated his constitutional right to

                                               22
due process because that crime, standing alone, does not involve moral turpitude.
Further, because that conviction resulted in the death of a passenger, he claims its
admission constituted prejudicial error.
                While it was error for the trial court to admit defendant’s prior drunk
driving conviction to impeach him, the error was not prejudicial under the circumstances
of this case.
                “Subject to the trial court’s discretion under Evidence Code section 352,
California Constitution, article I, section 28, subdivision (f), ‘authorizes the use of any
felony conviction which necessarily involves moral turpitude, even if the immoral trait is
one other than dishonesty.’” (People v. Gabriel (2012) 206 Cal. App. 4th 450, 456.) But
“a witness’ prior conviction should only be admissible for impeachment if the least
adjudicated elements of the conviction necessarily involve moral turpitude.” (People v.
Castro (1985) 38 Cal. 3d 301, 317.) “Whether a conviction involves such turpitude is a
question of law.” (People v. Collins (1986) 42 Cal. 3d 378, 390; People v. Aguilar (2016)
245 Cal. App. 4th 1010, 1017.)
                The elements of a felony drunk driving conviction “are ‘(1) driving a
vehicle while under the influence of an alcoholic beverage or drug [or while driving with
a blood alcohol level of .08 percent or more]; (2) when so driving, committing some act
which violates the law or is a failure to perform some duty required by law; and (3) as a
proximate result of such violation of law or failure to perform a duty, another person was
injured. . . . To satisfy the second element, the evidence must show an unlawful act or
neglect of duty in addition to driving under the influence.’ [Citation.] The unlawful act
or omission ‘need not relate to any specific section of the Vehicle Code, but instead may
be satisfied by the defendant’s ordinary negligence.” (People v. Weems (1997) 54
Cal. App. 4th 854, 858, fn. omitted; People v. Givan (2015) 233 Cal. App. 4th 335, 349.)
                To date, no case has held that felony drunk driving constitutes a crime
involving moral turpitude. The trial court relied on People v. Forster, supra, 29

                                              23
Cal. App. 4th 1746 to allow the use of defendant’s drunk driving conviction for
impeachment. But that case involve a prior conviction under former Vehicle Code
section 23175, which dealt with a drunk driving conviction occurring “within seven years
of three or more separate [prior drunk driving] violations.” (Repealed by Stats. 1998, ch.
118, § 41; now Veh. Code, § 23550.) In finding this offense involved moral turpitude,
the Court of Appeal emphasized it was “a recidivist type crime involving an extremely
dangerous activity. Having suffered at least three previous convictions for driving under
the influence, a person who has violated section 23175 is presumptively aware of the life-
threatening nature of the activity and the grave risks involved. [Citation.] Continuing
such activity despite the knowledge of such risks is indicative of a ‘conscious
indifference or “I don’t care attitude” concerning the ultimate consequences’ of the
activity [citation] from which one can certainly infer a ‘“depravity in the private and
social duties which a man owes to his fellowmen, or to society in general, contrary to the
accepted and customary rule of right and duty between man and man.”’” (People v.
Forster, supra, 29 Cal.App.4th at p. 1757.)
              Given the clear differences between a person convicted under a statute that
imposes greater punishment for a recidivist drunk driver and another person that suffers a
first-time conviction, we conclude the trial court erred in allowing defendant’s felony
drunk driving conviction to be used for impeachment.
              Nonetheless, under the circumstances of this case, we find the error
harmless. Generally, error in allowing a conviction to be used for impeachment is
reviewed for whether it is reasonably probable the defendant would have obtained a more
favorable result in the absence of the error. (People v. Lang (1989) 49 Cal. 3d 991, 1012-
1013; People v. Castro, supra, 38 Cal.3d at p. 319.) But even under the more stringent
standard that requires a showing the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt
(Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24 [87 S. Ct. 824, 17 L. Ed. 2d 705]),
defendant cannot prevail.

                                              24
              Defendant had also suffered two convictions for burglarizing cars, which he
acknowledges were admissible for impeachment. Nor did the trial court’s ruling dissuade
defendant from taking the stand in his own defense. But more importantly, the jury
would have learned about defendant’s prior drunk driving conviction in any event. The
neuropsychologist called by the defense to testify defendant suffered from P.T.S.D. stated
he took the drunk driving incident into consideration in reaching his diagnosis. Thus, any
error in allowing the prosecution to impeach defendant with his prior felony drunk
driving conviction was harmless.

5. The Parole Revocation Fine
              The trial court sentenced defendant to prison for a term of life without the
possibility of parole for his murder conviction. In addition, the court imposed a
consecutive term of 25 years to life based on the jury’s finding he personally discharged a
firearm causing death (Pen. Code, § 12022.53, subd. (d)) and, based on the jury’s finding
under Penal Code section 186.22, subdivision (b)(5), the court ordered that defendant
serve a minimum of 15 years in prison.
              Although not mentioned by the trial court on the record during the
sentencing hearing, the abstract of judgment imposed a $10,000 parole revocation fine.
Defendant contends it was error to impose that fine in this case. The Attorney General
concedes this aspect of defendant’s sentence should be struck. We agree.
              Penal Code section 1202.45 requires a trial court assess a parole revocation
fine “where a person is convicted of a crime and his or her sentence includes a period of
parole.” (Pen. Code, § 1202.45, subd. (a).) Defendant was sentenced to an indeterminate
term of imprisonment. The case law holds that it is error to impose this fine where a
defendant’s “sentence include[s] no period of parole and he [is] sentenced to no
determinate term.” (People v. Battle (2011) 198 Cal. App. 4th 50, 63; People v.

                                            25
Oganesyan (1999) 70 Cal. App. 4th 1178, 1183.) Thus, we shall order the parole
revocation fine stricken from the abstract of judgment.

                                     DISPOSITION

             The parole revocation fine is stricken and matter is remanded to the
superior court with directions to prepare an amended abstract of judgment deleting this
fine. The superior court shall send a copy of the amended abstract of judgment to the
Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. In all other respects the judgment is
affirmed.

                                                 RYLAARSDAM, J.

WE CONCUR:

O’LEARY, P. J.

THOMPSON, J.

                                            26