Court Opinion

ID: 4550094
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-07-22 15:00:16.934417+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:03:13.043582
License: Public Domain

18-3391-cv
Schwebel v. Crandall, et al

                              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                    August Term 2019

                   (Argued: December 9, 2019       Decided: July 22, 2020)

                                   Docket No. 18-3391-cv

                                    RONNIT SCHWEBEL,

                                                  Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                             v.

 KRISTINE R. CRANDALL, Acting Director, Nebraska Service Center, United States
 Citizenship and Immigration Services, CHAD F. WOLF, Acting Secretary, United
                   States Department of Homeland Security,

                                                  Defendants-Appellants.

                    ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                        FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

Before:           SACK, CHIN, AND BIANCO, Circuit Judges.

                  Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the

Southern District of New York (McMahon, C.J.), concluding that defendants-

appellants' denial of plaintiff-appellee's application pursuant to the Child Status
Protection Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1153(h), for adjustment of status to lawful permanent

resident was arbitrary and capricious under the Administrative Procedure Act, 5

U.S.C. § 701 et seq. The district court set aside defendants-appellants' October 17,

2017 decision denying plaintiff-appellee's adjustment of status application and

directed defendants-appellants to reopen and readjudicate the application.

             AFFIRMED.

                          JEFFREY A. FEINBLOOM, Feinbloom Bertisch LLP, Rye,
                                New York, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

                          BRANDON M. WATERMAN, Assistant United States
                               Attorney (Christopher Connolly, Assistant United
                               States Attorney, on the brief), for Audrey Strauss,
                               United States Attorney for the Southern District
                               of New York, New York, New York, for
                               Defendants-Appellants.

CHIN, Circuit Judge:

             In 2007, when she was seventeen years old, plaintiff-appellee Ronnit

Schwebel applied for adjustment of her immigration status to lawful permanent

resident under the Child Status Protection Act (the "CSPA"), 8 U.S.C. § 1153(h),

as a "derivative beneficiary" of her mother. On June 12, 2007, the U.S.

Department of State announced that employment visas were available and that

                                         2
applications could be submitted from July 1, 2007 to August 17, 2007. The

Schwebel family's immigration attorney recommended that Schwebel file her

application immediately. She agreed, and her lawyer submitted her application

a few days before the application period opened to account for processing

delays. The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services ("USCIS")

received the application four days early, but, in violation of its internal

procedures, it failed to advise Schwebel of any issue with or defect in her

application. Instead, despite inquiries from Schwebel's lawyer, USCIS did not

respond for several years, at which point it advised Schwebel that she was

required to submit a new application. By then, circumstances had changed such

that Schwebel was no longer statutorily eligible to adjust status under the CSPA

and USCIS denied her application.

             On November 3, 2017, Schwebel commenced this action pursuant to

the Administrative Procedure Act (the "APA"), 5 U.S.C. § 701 et seq., against

defendants-appellants Kristine R. Crandall, Acting Director, Nebraska Service

Center, USCIS, and Chad F. Wolf, Acting Secretary, United States Department of

Homeland Security (together, the "government"), alleging that she qualified as a

"child" under the CSPA, 8 U.S.C. § 1153(h), and that the decision to deny her

                                          3
application for adjustment of status to lawful permanent resident was arbitrary,

capricious, or otherwise contrary to law. The parties cross-moved for summary

judgment.

             On September 7, 2018, the district court issued a Decision and Order

granting Schwebel's motion for summary judgment and denying the

government's cross-motion, concluding that Schwebel was a "child" within the

meaning of the CSPA. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm, although we

do so on the grounds of equitable estoppel. Because we affirm on this alternative

basis, we decline to address the statutory question and we express no view on

the district court's interpretation of 8 U.S.C. § 1153(h). We hold that the

government is equitably estopped from initiating rescission proceedings to

reopen Schwebel's adjustment of status application or placing her in removal

proceedings. Accordingly, the district court's judgment in favor of Schwebel is

AFFIRMED.

                                          4
                                    BACKGROUND

A.     The Statutory Scheme

              The Immigration and Nationality Act allows for immigrants to

receive permanent residency through employer sponsorship. For an employer-

sponsored immigrant who is already in the United States, there is a three-part

process for obtaining permanent residency. See generally Mantena v. Johnson, 809
F.3d 721, 724 (2d Cir. 2015). First, the Department of Labor must issue an alien

labor certification to the immigrant's employer. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(5)(A)(i).

Second, USCIS must approve the employer's immigrant visa Form I-140 petition.

See 8 U.S.C. § 1154(a)(1)(F); 8 C.F.R. § 204.5(a). Third, when a visa is available,

the alien applies to USCIS for lawful permanent resident status with a Form I-485

application, and the alien's status is adjusted upon approval. See 8 U.S.C.

§ 1255(a); 8 C.F.R. §§ 204.5(n)(1), 245.2(a)(2), (5). 1

1      The U.S. Department of State publishes a monthly Visa Bulletin that lists
"current" priority dates based on category and country of origin. A visa is immediately
available to a non-citizen if her priority date is on or before the corresponding date in
the bulletin. See 8 C.F.R. §§ 245.1(g)(1), 1245.1(g)(1). "Because there are limits on the
number of such [employment-based] visas in each category and from each country,
immigrants must often wait many years for a permanent residency visa." Mantena, 809
F.3d at 725.
                                             5
             The alien's child may also apply for adjustment of status as a

"derivative beneficiary." 8 U.S.C. § 1154(a)(1)(D)(ii). A "child" is "an unmarried

person under twenty-one years of age," who meets certain other requirements as

well. 8 U.S.C § 1101(b)(1). Whether a person qualifies as a "child" is determined

according to the CSPA, rather than solely by biological age. See 8 U.S.C. §

1153(d), (h)(1); 8 U.S.C. § 1101(b)(1). The CSPA provides a method for

calculating a person's age to see if she qualifies as a "child" for immigration

purposes. See 8 U.S.C. § 1153(h)(1). "The principal purpose of the CSPA was to

provide relief to children of United States citizens who were seeking adjustment

of their resident status or were seeking to obtain visas, but were denied relief

because administrative delays in processing their applications caused them to

'age out' (reach the age of twenty-one), before action was taken on their

applications." Henriquez v. Ashcroft, No. 02-civ-7355 (BSJ), 2004 WL 3030116, at *5

(S.D.N.Y. Nov. 23, 2004), report and recommendation adopted, No. 02-civ-7355, Dkt.

No. 8 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 27, 2004); see Padash v. INS, 358 F.3d 1161, 1172 (9th Cir.

2004) ("The legislative objective reflects Congress's intent that the [CSPA] be

construed so as to provide expansive relief to children of United States citizens

and permanent residents."); see also 148 Cong. Rec. H4989 (daily ed. July 22, 2002)

                                          6
(statement of Rep. Sensenbrenner), 2002 WL 1610632, at *H4991 (noting that the

CSPA is a "family-friendly legislation" that "facilitates and hastens the reuniting

of legal immigrants' families," as consistent with "a prime goal of our

immigration system" of "[b]ringing families together").

B.    The Administrative Process

      1.     The 2007 Application

             Schwebel, a German citizen, was born on April 26, 1990 and has

resided in the United States since she was eight years old. 2 On January 12, 2007,

Schwebel's mother's employer filed a visa petition (Form I-140) with USCIS.

Schwebel was sixteen years old at the time. While the petition was pending, the

U.S. Department of State released Visa Bulletin No. 107 on June 12, 2007,

announcing that applications for employment visas -- including Schwebel's

mother's visa category -- would be available from July 1, 2007 to August 17, 2007.

Because Schwebel was under twenty-one years of age at the time, she was

eligible to file an application for adjustment of status to lawful permanent

resident as a dependent of her mother.

2      The factual background presented here is derived from undisputed facts in the
record unless otherwise noted.
                                          7
            The Schwebel family's attorney advised Schwebel to file such an

application. The attorney recommended submitting the application before July

1, 2007 to account for potential processing delays by USCIS. The attorney mailed

USCIS a completed Form I-485 application on behalf of Schwebel (the "2007

application") on June 25, 2007. USCIS received the 2007 application on June 27,

2007, as noted by a delivery confirmation.

            According to the government, in 2007, USCIS "should have

'manually' rejected all improperly submitted employment-based adjustment of

status applications," which would have included Schwebel's 2007 application

because it was submitted prematurely. J. App'x at 370. The government

represents that a manual rejection would have resulted in the return of the

completed application to the applicant with a cover letter explaining the reasons

for rejection, but that no electronic records would have been generated due to

agency procedure at the time. Any manual rejections would have been recorded

in a "handwritten, temporary log of cases," which was "destroyed after

approximately 4 months." J. App'x at 371. Because she did not receive a receipt

or a rejection notice, Schwebel was unaware of any processing issues with the

2007 application.

                                        8
               On August 9, 2007, Schwebel's attorney supplemented the 2007

application with a medical report, which was received by USCIS on August 13,

2007. USCIS generated an "[i]nterfiling" memo in connection with the medical

report, but did not notify Schwebel (or her attorney) of any defect with the 2007

application. J. App'x at 378. Consequently, Schwebel's attorney did not alert the

family to any irregularities in the process or any issues with respect to the 2007

application.

               On August 17, 2007, the filing deadline closed for employment visa

applications under Visa Bulletin No. 107. Following this deadline, an immigrant

visa did not become available again until after Schwebel turned twenty-one years

old. Schwebel alleges that USCIS lost or misplaced the 2007 application, which

the government denies.

               Over the next three years, Schwebel's attorney submitted multiple

status inquiries to USCIS in connection with the 2007 application. See J. App'x at

125 (status inquiry submitted January 29, 2008); 126 (May 5, 2008); 127 (January

28, 2010); 129 (February 24, 2010); 130 (March 1, 2010); 132 (March 16, 2010). The

government concedes that USCIS did not respond to Schwebel's inquiries until

February 2010, at which time it admitted that it had no record of the 2007

                                          9
application. On March 8, 2010, USCIS suggested Schwebel file a new Form I-485

application with the appropriate fees. Following the 2007 deadline, no visas

were available to Schwebel until September 2012, at which point, Schwebel had

already turned twenty-one years old.

      2.     The 2015 Application

             In 2010, Schwebel's mother's employer went out of business. On

March 1, 2012, Schwebel's mother became the beneficiary of a visa petition filed

by her new employer. Pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 204.5(e)(1), Schwebel's mother was

able to transfer the 2007 petition's priority date to the new petition, enabling her

to adjust her status without further delay in September 2012 when immigration

visas were again available. Schwebel's mother and father adjusted to lawful

permanent resident status in January 2013.

              After securing lawful permanent resident status for her parents,

Schwebel's attorney initiated a congressional inquiry with USCIS on Schwebel's

behalf. On April 2013, USCIS responded to the congressional inquiry, reiterating

that it had no record of the 2007 application and that "[w]ithout definitive

evidence of the filing of [Schwebel and her family's] I-485 applications . . . [it]

would have no means to consider [Schwebel] under the [CSPA]," because "she

                                          10
had already turned 21 and no longer qualified as a derivative child under the

CSPA." J. App'x at 135.

             Schwebel subsequently consulted with three more attorneys. In July

2015, an attorney advised her that she could seek to adjust her status under the

CSPA based on her 2007 application and the extraordinary circumstances of her

case. On September 22, 2015, Schwebel filed a new adjustment of status

application (the "2015 application"). She attached with her submission a

memorandum of law contending that she was eligible due to her affirmative

steps in filing the 2007 application and the extraordinary circumstances of the

case. On October 17, 2017, USCIS characterized her situation as "unfortunate,"

but denied her application on the basis that she was statutorily ineligible to

adjust status pursuant to the CSPA's definition of "child," and that 8 U.S.C. §

1153(h) is limited to the petition that is the basis for the parent's adjustment. J.

App'x at 67-69. USCIS did not otherwise address the circumstances that

surrounded the 2007 application because it "did not find the evidence relating to

the 2007 petition relevant under CSPA because [Schwebel's] mother did not

adjust status through this offer of employment." J. App'x at 384.

                                          11
C.    Proceedings Below

             Schwebel filed her complaint with the district court on November 3,

2017, seeking review of USCIS's denial of the 2015 application for adjustment of

status as arbitrary, capricious, or otherwise contrary to law, for that denial to be

set aside, and to be considered a "child" under a new determination for her

adjustment of status. Both parties moved for summary judgment, and, on

September 7, 2018, the district court granted Schwebel's motion and denied the

government's cross-motion.

             The district court ruled that Schwebel was entitled to summary

judgment on two grounds. First, the district court interpreted the plain language

of the CSPA and concluded that Schwebel qualified as a child in light of the

government's own prior interpretations of the statute and the purpose of the

statute. In reaching this conclusion, the district court determined that the 2007

application date was the relevant "date" when a visa became available under the

CSPA and calculated Schwebel's "age" for immigration purposes as "seventeen

years, two months, and one day." S. App'x at 13. The district court used

Schwebel's age on July 1, 2007, the day a visa was available (seventeen years, two

months, and five days), and reduced it by the number of days the 2015

                                         12
application was pending (four days). As a result, the district court concluded

that Schwebel was a "child" for immigration status purposes under the CSPA. S.

App'x at 15.

               Second, the district court concluded that USCIS's decision to reject

Schwebel's 2015 application was arbitrary and capricious because it

misinterpreted the law and failed to consider the relevant circumstances of the

2007 application in its decision. Pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), the district

court set aside USCIS's October 17, 2017 decision denying Schwebel's 2015

application, and directed USCIS to reopen and readjudicate it. 3 The district court

did not address Schwebel's argument for equitable relief under the equitable

estoppel doctrine. Judgment entered September 10, 2018. This appeal followed.

3       Consistent with the district court's order, on October 25, 2018, USCIS
readjudicated the 2015 application and granted Schwebel lawful permanent resident
status. At oral argument, the government represented that, should this Court reverse
the district court's judgment, it could initiate rescission proceedings to reopen
Schwebel's adjustment of status and potentially begin removal proceedings. Rescission
is "a procedure whereby the Attorney General restores an alien to the status held before
adjustment to that of a lawful permanent resident. Rescission thus falls short of
removal, although an alien may become removable as a result of rescission if his
restored status does not permit him lawfully to remain in the United States." Adams v.
Holder, 692 F.3d 91, 96 (2d Cir. 2012).
                                           13
                                   DISCUSSION

              We review the district court's ruling on cross-motions for summary

judgment de novo, in each case construing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the non-moving party. See Fund for Animals v. Kempthorne, 538 F.3d
124, 131 (2d Cir. 2008). We may affirm a grant of summary judgment "on any

basis [with] sufficient support in the record, including grounds not relied on by

the district court." Bruh v. Bessemer Venture Partners III L.P., 464 F.3d 202, 205 (2d

Cir. 2006).

              On appeal, the government contends that the district court erred in

holding that Schwebel qualified as a "child" pursuant to the CSPA. It principally

contends that the district court incorrectly interpreted the statute by treating the

2007 application as the "applicable petition" for purposes of the CSPA age

calculation. We do not reach these issues, however, because we affirm on the

alternative ground of equitable estoppel.

                                          14
      1.     Applicable Law

             The elements of estoppel are a material representation, reasonable

reliance, and provable damages. See Lee v. Burkhart, 991 F.2d 1004, 1009 (2d Cir.

1993); see also Kosakow v. New Rochelle Radiology Assocs., P.C., 274 F.3d 706, 725 (2d

Cir. 2001) ("[E]quitable estoppel is properly invoked where the enforcement of

the rights of one party would work an injustice upon the other party due to the

latter's justifiable reliance upon the former's words or conduct."). Equitable

estoppel is available against the government in "the most serious of

circumstances," and requires "a showing of affirmative misconduct by the

government." Rojas-Reyes v. INS, 235 F.3d 115, 126 (2d Cir. 2000) (internal

quotation marks omitted); see Corniel-Rodriguez v. INS, 532 F.2d 301, 306-07 (2d

Cir. 1976) (holding that government official's "noncompliance with an

affirmatively required procedure" constituted "severe" misconduct, and

reversing Board of Immigration Appeal's ("BIA") order of deportation without

remanding to agency for fact-finding or further proceedings). The justification

for estoppel need not be proven by documentation, see Mikinberg v. Baltic S.S. Co.,

988 F.2d 327, 331 (2d Cir. 1993), but the party asserting applicability of the

doctrine "must do more than show that some metaphysical doubt exists

                                          15
regarding the material facts," Aslanidis v. U.S. Lines, Inc., 7 F.3d 1067, 1075 (2d Cir.

1993).

             This Court has applied equitable estoppel in the immigration

context to remedy "unintentional injustices" imposed "upon the naive albeit

honest alien who is understandably unfamiliar with the labyrinthine intricacies

of our immigration laws." See Corniel-Rodriguez, 532 F.2d at 304; see also Podea v.

Acheson, 179 F.2d 306, 309 (2d Cir. 1950) (rejecting a "technical" application of the

Nationality Act requiring expatriation after finding that plaintiff's actions were

induced by "erroneous advice" from the U.S. Department of State). 4

             In Corniel-Rodriguez, the petitioner was a Dominican Republic native

and an unmarried daughter of a U.S. permanent resident. See 532 F.2d at 302.

She applied for, and was issued, an immigrant visa as the unmarried minor child

of a U.S. special immigrant. See id. at 302-03. She was never given warning,

4      Our sister circuits have similarly applied estoppel in the immigration context
where the government engaged in affirmative misconduct. See, e.g., Salgado-Diaz v.
Gonzales, 395 F.3d 1158, 1166 (9th Cir. 2005) ("We conclude that the doctrine of equitable
estoppel precludes the INS from relying on the consequences of its own alleged
affirmative misconduct to insulate that misconduct from review."); cf. Fano v. O'Neill,
806 F.2d 1262, 1265-66 (5th Cir. 1987) (holding that petitioner adequately stated a claim
against the government for affirmative misconduct where he alleged the INS "willfully,
wantonly, recklessly, and negligently delayed in processing his application" (internal
quotation marks omitted)).
                                            16
written or oral, by the consular officer (advice that the consular officer was

mandated by regulation to give) that she needed to remain unmarried to satisfy

the requirements of her visa. See id. at 306-07. Shortly before the petitioner

sought to enter the United States, she married. See id. at 302.

             On appeal from an order of deportation, we held that the consular

official's conduct was misleading, prejudicial, and manifestly unjust. See id. at

306-07. According to the petitioner, if she had been informed of the effect of the

marriage on her admissibility, she would have postponed her wedding for three

days and entered the United States in compliance with the terms of the visa. See

id. at 304. The government conceded that the postponement would have been

lawful and would not have rendered her deportable. See id. Because we

considered this an "unintentional injustice[ ] . . . visited upon [a] naive albeit

honest alien," we reversed the deportation order under the doctrine of estoppel,

without remanding to the BIA for further proceedings. Id. at 304, 307. We

reasoned that the consular officer's "noncompliance with an affirmatively

required procedure" constituted a "severe . . . act of affirmative misconduct." Id.

at 306-07. Thus, we concluded that "[t]o permit [the petitioner] to be deported,

                                          17
under these circumstances, would be to sanction a manifest injustice occasioned

by the [g]overnment's own failures." Id. at 307.

              Although Corniel-Rodriguez limited its holding to the "extraordinary

circumstances" before it, see id. n.18; accord Goldberg v. Weinberger, 546 F.2d 477,

481 n.5 (2d Cir. 1976), the case is materially indistinguishable from the instant

case, and we conclude, as discussed below, that Schwebel's exceptional case falls

within the "extraordinary circumstances" where equitable estoppel may apply. 5

5       While we recognize that the doctrine of equitable estoppel against the
government has narrowed since Corniel-Rodriguez, those cases are not controlling here.
See, e.g., INS v. Miranda, 459 U.S. 14, 18 (1982) (holding that negligent conduct is an
insufficient basis for an estoppel claim against the government); Drozd v. INS, 155 F.3d
81, 90 (2d Cir. 1998) ("The doctrine of equitable estoppel is not available against the
government except in the most serious of circumstances . . . and is applied with the
utmost caution and restraint." (internal citation and quotation marks omitted)); Ahmed
v. Holder, 624 F.3d 150, 155-56 (2d Cir. 2010) (affirming denial of equitable estoppel
claim after petitioner failed to provide "credible" evidence satisfying the elements of
equitable estoppel).
       In Drozd, the petitioner's estoppel claim was "belied by the record" and there was
"no evidence that any United States official committed any wrongdoing." Drozd, 155
F.3d at 90. In Ahmed, the petitioner "introduced no evidence" to support his estoppel
claim other than his own inconsistent testimony. Ahmed, 624 F.3d at 155. Here, in
contrast, Schwebel presented credible and substantiated evidence showing her
affirmative steps to apply for adjustment of status and USCIS's inaction, in violation of
its mandatory regulation. See S. App'x at 12; J. App'x at 380; 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(a)(7).
        Finally, in Goldberg, this Court clarified that Corniel-Rodriguez was limited to its
facts, "particularly the fact that the government employee had failed to provide
petitioner with a warning mandated by federal regulations." Goldberg, 546 F.2d at 481
n.5. Here, we conclude that the government committed affirmative misconduct in
failing to provide Schwebel with a notification "mandated by federal regulation[]." Id.
                                              18
      2.     Application

             Here, Schwebel provided credible and substantial evidence that:

(1) USCIS committed affirmative misconduct by failing to follow its own

regulations, (2) she reasonably relied on the absence of a rejection or other

communication from USCIS, and (3) she was gravely prejudiced as a result. We

address each element in turn.

             As a threshold issue, at oral argument, the government contended

that the failure to issue a notice here was, at most, negligent conduct. We

disagree. While it is true that "negligent" conduct is an insufficient basis for an

estoppel claim against the government, Miranda, 459 U.S. at 18, the government's

conduct here exceeds mere negligence. The government concedes that in 2007, a

controlling policy required the agency to issue "manual rejections" in response to

prematurely filed applications, like Schwebel's 2007 application. J. App'x at 371.

Accordingly, in these circumstances, the government's failure to adhere to the

2007 policy exceeded mere negligence. See Corniel-Rodriguez, 532 F.2d at 306-07

("noncompliance with an affirmatively required procedure" constituted an "act of

affirmative misconduct"). To be sure, our conclusion is reinforced by the

government's repeated inaction in failing to respond to at least six status

                                         19
inquiries until February 2010 and failure to notify Schwebel of any defect in the

filing (despite accepting her medical examination records).

              Proceeding to the elements of Schwebel's estoppel claim, first, the

largely undisputed facts of this case, in combination with the district court's

finding that the agency failed to comply with its controlling regulation, support

the conclusion that USCIS committed "affirmative misconduct." Rojas-Reyes, 235

F.3d at 126. Schwebel alleges that USCIS engaged in two forms of affirmative

misconduct: (1) failing to provide a formal acceptance or rejection of her

application, as required under 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(a)(7), and (2) failing to respond to

her repeated status inquiries until 2010. We agree that the first element of

Schwebel's estoppel claim is satisfied because USCIS's "noncompliance with an

affirmatively required procedure" was a "severe . . . act of affirmative

misconduct." Corniel-Rodriguez, 532 F.2d at 306-07.

              Here, the district court found that the government failed to "issue a

receipt acknowledging" that Schwebel's application was processed, despite its

obligation to do so under 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(a)(7). S. App'x at 5. 6 As relevant here,

6       See App. Ct. Dkt. No. 70, Letter from Defendants-Appellants (Dec. 10, 2019)
(conceding that 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(a)(7) was in effect in June 2007, but contending that
neither the 2007 regulation nor the current regulation requires that USCIS issue a
rejection notice).
                                            20
in 2007, 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(a)(7) required the government to "reject[] [an application]

as improperly filed" if it was defective. See 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(a)(7) (2007). The

government explains that USCIS manually rejected "improperly submitted"

applications by returning the application "to either the attorney of record or pro

se applicant, with a cover letter explaining the reasons for the rejection (e.g.,

improper fee amount, lack of signatures, no visa number available)." J. App'x at

371. If Schwebel's 2007 application was in fact premature, then it surely was an

improperly submitted application that "should have been manually rejected" by

USCIS. J. App'x at 373; see also J. App'x at 377 ("USCIS states that under the

[2007] policy . . . it should have manually rejected [Schwebel's] case.").

             Moreover, the government admits that USCIS received and

"generated an '[i]nterfiling' memo" in connection with Schwebel's subsequent

medical examination filing, but "did not notify [Schwebel] regarding any defect

with the [2007] filing." J. App'x at 378. The government also concedes that

USCIS failed to respond to any of Schwebel's repeated status inquiries prior to

February 2010.

             We conclude that under former 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(a)(7) (2007), inherent

in USCIS's obligation to "reject" applications as "improperly filed" is a

                                          21
corresponding obligation to provide the petitioner reasonably prompt notice of

any such rejection. Although the 2007 regulation was silent on its face regarding

the timing of the rejection notice, we conclude that the agency was required to

provide reasonably prompt notice of rejection, so that an applicant could reapply

for adjustment of status. For these reasons, and in light of the district court's

finding that USCIS failed to comply with the 2007 regulation, we conclude that

USCIS committed affirmative misconduct.

             Second, Schwebel relied on USCIS's conduct because she reasonably

believed that her 2007 application was being processed after USCIS failed to

issue a rejection notification, accepted her medical report without issue, and did

not respond to any status inquiry until February 2010. The government concedes

that USCIS has no record of Schwebel's 2007 application and no record of the

manual rejection it was required to send to Schwebel. USCIS's silence and

inaction for the three years following the submission of Schwebel's 2007

application would reasonably suggest that the application was indeed being

processed. For these reasons, we conclude that Schwebel reasonably relied on

USCIS's inaction in believing that her 2007 application was being processed.

                                          22
             Third, Schwebel was prejudiced as a result of this reliance because

she was unable to adjust her status. Following the August 17, 2017 filing

deadline, an immigrant visa did not become available again until after Schwebel

turned twenty-one, thus rendering her statutorily ineligible under the CSPA. In

light of the "extraordinary circumstances" here, where Schwebel's application

was received by the agency just four days too early, and a visa remained

available for another month and a half, the agency should have provided -- and

indeed was required by its own procedures to provide -- reasonably prompt

notice of the purported defect. If it had done so, Schwebel would likely have

been able to resubmit her application within the application period. Because of

USCIS's failure to provide reasonably prompt notice, Schwebel suffered great

prejudice as she "aged out" of the CSPA by the time another visa period opened.

Her parents are now lawful permanent residents, and if the government's

failures here are not rectified, there is a possibility that Schwebel will be

separated from her family and removed from the country in which she has lived

since she was eight years old.

             Finally, remand is unnecessary in this case because the district

court's findings, in combination with the largely undisputed facts, demonstrate

                                          23
that equitable estoppel applies. This Court has applied equitable estoppel

without remanding for further proceedings after concluding that sufficient

evidence in the record existed to demonstrate the government's misconduct. See

Corniel-Rodriguez, 532 F.2d at 307 n.19 (concluding that it was "unnecessary to

remand for further evidence" based on the petitioner's "uncontradicted

testimony" and "inherently credible" account of the facts); see generally Chase

Manhattan Bank, N.A. v. Am. Nat. Bank & Tr. Co. of Chicago, 93 F.3d 1064, 1072 (2d

Cir. 1996) (noting that "remand is unnecessary" where "the facts in the record

adequately support the proper result" or "the record as a whole presents no

genuine issue as to any material fact"). Here, the undisputed facts are that USCIS

failed to issue a rejection notice, despite its controlling regulation, see 8 C.F.R. §

103.2(a)(7) (2007); as a consequence, Schwebel was not advised of any defect in

her application and she was thus deprived of the opportunity to correct the issue.

             Accordingly, we affirm the district court's judgment. We reiterate

that our holding is limited to the exceptional facts of this case, which fall into the

"extraordinary circumstances" category described by this Court in Corniel-

Rodriguez. 532 F.2d at 305. We further recognize that cases involving similar

bureaucratic errors may not necessarily fall under this doctrine. Nonetheless, in

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light of the unusual facts of this case, the agency's clear obligation under the 2007

regulation to speak, the agency's silence for three years, and the manifest and

gross injustice that would result from the government initiating rescission

proceedings to reopen Schwebel's adjustment application to place her in removal

proceedings, we are persuaded that equitable estoppel is warranted.

             As this Court has observed, a "'fundamental and unquestioned'

principle of our jurisprudence [is] that no one shall be permitted to . . . take

advantage of his own wrong." Corniel-Rodriguez, 532 F.2d at 302 (alteration in

original) (quoting R. H. Stearns Co. v. United States, 291 U.S. 54, 61-62 (1934)

(Cardozo, J.)). Permitting the government to initiate rescission proceedings and

subject Schwebel to removal would "sanction a manifest injustice occasioned by

the [g]overnment's own failures." Id. at 307. For these reasons, "basic notions of

fairness must preclude the [g]overnment from taking advantage of [its error],

and . . . a contrary result would work a serious and manifest injustice." Id. at 302.

                                   CONCLUSION

             For the reasons set forth above, the district court's judgment is

AFFIRMED.

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