Court Opinion

ID: 4090202
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-10-18 13:09:01.0624+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:08:12.051962
License: Public Domain

IN THE MISSOURI COURT OF APPEALS
                       WESTERN DISTRICT
 PRIMITIVO SOTO,                                          )
                                                          )
                                       Respondent,        )
                                                          )     WD78701
 v.                                                       )
                                                          )     OPINION FILED:
                                                          )     October 18, 2016
 COSTCO WHOLESALE CORP.,                                  )
                                                          )
                                         Appellant.       )

                   Appeal from the Circuit Court of Jackson County, Missouri
                           The Honorable Robert M. Schieber, Judge

                        Before Division IV: Mark D. Pfeiffer, Chief Judge, and
                            James Edward Welsh and Alok Ahuja, Judges

        Costco Wholesale Corporation (“Costco”) appeals from the judgment of the Circuit Court

of Jackson County, Missouri, entered following a jury verdict in favor of Mr. Primitivo Soto

(“Soto”) on his retaliation claim under the Missouri Human Rights Act (“MHRA”). We affirm

the trial court’s judgment as modified. We also grant Soto’s motion for attorney’s fees, which was

taken with the case.

                                 Factual and Procedural Background1

        Soto was hired by Costco on October 22, 1990. In 2006, Soto was promoted to assistant

general manager of Costco’s midtown Kansas City, Missouri, warehouse under warehouse

        1
          “We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, disregarding evidence to the contrary.”
Turner v. Kansas City Pub. Sch., 488 S.W.3d 719, 722 (Mo. App. W.D. 2016).
manager Mr. Brett Mittone (“Mittone”). In 2008, Soto was transferred to Costco’s Independence,

Missouri, warehouse where he worked as assistant general manager, again under Mittone.

Mittone’s performance reviews of Soto while working as an assistant warehouse manager were

favorable. In 2010, Soto noticed that Hispanic supervisors at the Independence warehouse under

Mittone “weren’t really getting support or guidance on how to do their jobs” and that “there was

some definite higher expectations than normal.” Soto saw that the Independence warehouse

organizational chart contained very few Hispanics, and he noticed that Latino workers were “not

supported, they weren’t given the opportunity to get their jobs done, they weren’t given the tools

necessary for them to be successful.”

       On June 13, 2011, Soto was transferred to Costco’s midtown Kansas City, Missouri,

warehouse. In late July or early August 2011, Soto had a conversation with Mr. Clin Warren

(“Warren”), the midtown warehouse general manager, about Soto’s concerns that Latino

employees at the Independence warehouse were treated unfairly, were passed over for promotions,

and were discriminated against.     Warren suggested that Soto contact Mr. Dan McMurray

(“McMurray”), the regional operations manager in Chicago. Warren told Soto he would also

contact McMurray because Soto’s allegations were “pretty heavy,” and Warren would have to

“take them up the chain.”

       After Soto’s conversation with Warren about what Soto perceived as discrimination by

Mittone, there was a noticeable change in Soto’s relationship with Warren. According to Soto, “I

couldn’t do anything right. And [Warren] was nitpicking pretty much everything I did . . . .”

       By September 2011, Soto had not been contacted about his report to Warren, so he sent an

email to Mr. John Gaherty, a Costco regional manager in Chicago, asking to talk about his

concerns. Soto received a call from McMurray, who agreed to meet with Soto the next time he

                                                2
was in Kansas City. A couple of weeks later, Soto met with McMurray and requested that he

investigate discrimination against Latinos at the Independence warehouse, specifically mentioning

instances that he was personally aware of in which he believed Hispanic managers were being

unfairly forced out of the company. McMurray “investigated” Soto’s allegations by conversing

with Mittone and, shortly thereafter, advised Soto that he had found no evidence of wrongdoing.

       On Saturday, November 12, 2011, the midtown Costco warehouse had a “rapid receive”

delivery from the Costco depot. Products in “rapid receive” or “blind receive” deliveries are

unloaded and stocked, and receipt is not verified when the product comes off the truck. If receiving

errors are discovered, adjustments are made by the store auditor and approved by the warehouse

manager. On Monday, November 14, 2011, when the items received on November 12 were

matched with the product tags, it was discovered that a seafood pallet was missing from the

November 12 delivery. The receiving manager emailed the Costco depot and the other managers

regarding the discrepancy.

       On Monday, November 21, 2011, Mr. Larry Thompson (“Thompson”), the midtown

Costco meat department manager, was inventorying the meat department. He asked Soto in

passing, “Hey, what are we going to do with that fish? You know, are you going to count the stuff

for now, wait and see if we can find it, what are we going to do?” Soto told him to tentatively

count the pallet ($3,000 in seafood inventory) for right now. Thompson obtained a list of the

missing seafood items and provisionally entered them into the inventory so they could easily be

removed later if necessary.

       That same day, Soto made contact with both Warren and the regional meat manager,

Mr. Steve Tarantino (“Tarantino”), about the missing seafood pallet from the November 12th

“rapid receive” delivery and sought their advice. In other words, Soto did not hide the inventory

                                                 3
matter from his superiors; instead, he sought them out for advice on how to handle the situation.

Both instructed Soto that the missing inventory should not be added to the store’s inventory.

Thereafter, and within one day of Soto’s initial instruction to Thompson to tentatively include the

missing seafood pallet in inventory, it was removed from the inventory. However, prior to this

inventory adjustment, Thompson emailed Tarantino to notify him that the missing seafood pallet

had been added to the meat department inventory at Soto’s direction (prior to Soto inquiring with

his superiors about how they wished for him to handle the missing inventory situation), even

though it had not been received.

       After Warren was informed that the missing seafood pallet had been counted in his store’s

inventory, Warren contacted McMurray to inform him that Soto had instructed Thompson to count

the missing seafood pallet items in inventory.       McMurray directed Warren to conduct an

investigation. On November 25, 2011, Warren and Mr. Bruce Miles, general manager of Costco’s

Lenexa warehouse, interviewed Soto. On that date, Soto was issued an Employee Counseling

Notice, which stated that Soto was suspended for two weeks, one week without pay, due to his

violation of Costco’s Manager’s Standards of Ethics regarding falsification of company records,

specifically, inventory forms. Thereafter, on December 13, 2011, Soto was demoted to a front-end

manager position, which resulted in a significant decrease in compensation.

       Soto lost approximately $85,000 in income as a result of the demotion. He also received a

lower 401(k) match, and he no longer qualified for stock options or for a bonus based on company

performance. Soto was impacted emotionally by the allegations that he was dishonest and

unethical (especially where he had explained the inventory situation to his superiors and sought

their advice on the same day he was notified of the seafood pallet issue) and by his resulting

suspension and demotion.

                                                4
       In February 2012, Soto was transferred to Costco’s Lenexa, Kansas, warehouse. Also in

2012, Soto filed a charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

and the Missouri Commission on Human Rights. On May 6, 2013, Soto filed a petition for

damages in the Circuit Court of Jackson County, Missouri, alleging that Costco and Warren

violated the MHRA when he was suspended and demoted to a position that paid less compensation

in retaliation for his report of discrimination against Latino employees at Costco’s Independence,

Missouri, warehouse.

       After a six-day trial, on February 4, 2015, the jury found in favor of Soto and against Costco

and awarded Soto $250,000 in damages. On February 23, 2015, Soto’s attorney filed a motion for

attorney’s fees, costs, pre-judgment and post-judgment interest.        The trial court entered its

judgment on March 18, 2015, for Soto on the jury’s verdict and awarded him $234,890 in

attorney’s fees; $10,077.14 in costs; $11,250 in pre-judgment interest; and post-judgment interest

of 5% on the verdict and pre-judgment interest award, and 9% on the attorney’s fees and costs

awarded in the judgment.

       Costco filed a motion for a new trial or, in the alternative, for remittitur, and a motion for

judgment notwithstanding the verdict (“JNOV”) on April 17, 2015. The trial court entered its

order denying Costco’s post-trial motions on May 27, 2015.

       Costco timely appealed.

                                   Deficient Jurisdictional Statement

       Before addressing Costco’s points on appeal, we must address the issue raised by Soto that

Costco’s jurisdictional statement is defective and violates Rule 84.04. Rule 84.04(a) requires that

the appellant’s brief contain a concise statement of the grounds on which jurisdiction of the

appellate court is invoked. Rule 84.04(b) provides:

                                                 5
        Jurisdictional Statement. Bare recitals that jurisdiction is invoked ‘on the ground
        that the construction of the Constitution of the United States or of this state is
        involved’ or similar statements or conclusions are insufficient as jurisdictional
        statements. The jurisdictional statement shall set forth sufficient factual data to
        demonstrate the applicability of the particular provision or provisions of Article V,
        section 3, of the Constitution whereon jurisdiction is sought to be predicated.

Costco’s jurisdictional statement reads:

        Costco Wholesale Group (“Costco”) appeals from the Circuit Court of Jackson
        County, Missouri’s May 27, 2015 Final Judgment and Order on Defendant’s
        Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict and Defendant’s Motion for
        New Trial or, in the Alternative, Remittitur, and the Order on Soto’s Motion for
        Attorney’s Fees. Jurisdiction lies in the Western District under Mo. Rev. Stat.
        § 477.070.

Costco’s jurisdictional statement does not comply with Rule 84.04(b) because: (1) it does not

clearly identify what final, appealable judgment of the Circuit Court of Jackson County, Missouri,

is being appealed; and (2) it is a “bare recital” of our jurisdiction being invoked under

section 477.070; it does not set forth “sufficient factual data” to demonstrate that this case is within

the provision of article V, section 3 of the Missouri Constitution assigning general appellate

jurisdiction to the court of appeals rather than within the provision assigning exclusive jurisdiction

to the supreme court.

        Although Costco’s violation of Rule 84.04 is a sufficient basis upon which to dismiss its

appeal, we choose to exercise our discretion not to do so “because we are able to determine our

jurisdiction from [Costco’s] brief and the record and because it is our preference to dispose of

cases on the merits rather than to dismiss them for deficiencies in the briefs.” Robin Farms, Inc.

v. Bartholome, 989 S.W.2d 238, 245 (Mo. App. W.D. 1999). Accordingly, we will review the

merits of Costco’s appeal, ex gratia. However, we caution Costco’s counsel that henceforth

counsel should make every effort to comply with Rule 84.04. Id. at 245; Buttress v. Taylor, 62
S.W.3d 672, 677 (Mo. App. W.D. 2001).

                                                   6
                                       Standard of Review

       Costco raises seven points on appeal, six of which challenge the trial court’s denial of

Costco’s post-trial motions, and one of which challenges the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees

and costs. The appropriate standard of review will be included under the analysis of each point.

                                             Analysis

                                              Point I

       In Costco’s first point, it asserts that the trial court erred in denying its motion for JNOV

because Soto failed to present sufficient evidence to support his retaliation claim under the MHRA.

       The standard for reviewing the trial court’s denial of a motion for JNOV is essentially the

same as for reviewing the denial of a motion for directed verdict. Peel v. Credit Acceptance Corp.,

408 S.W.3d 191, 204 (Mo. App. W.D. 2013). “A case may not be submitted unless legal and

substantial evidence supports each fact essential to liability.” Id. (internal quotation omitted).

Because a trial court’s grant of a motion for JNOV is a drastic action, it should be done only when

reasonable persons could not differ on the correct disposition of the case. Id. Whether the plaintiff

made a submissible case is a question of law, which we review de novo. Id.

       Under the MHRA, it is an unlawful discriminatory practice to retaliate “in any manner”

against an employee who “has opposed any practice prohibited by this chapter” or “has filed a

complaint . . . pursuant to this chapter.” § 213.070(2). To make a submissible case on Soto’s

retaliation claim under the MHRA, he was required to establish that: (1) he complained of

discrimination; (2) Costco took adverse action against him; and (3) a causal relationship existed

between the complaint and the adverse action. Minze v. Mo. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 437 S.W.3d
271, 275 (Mo. App. W.D. 2014). Soto must satisfy the causation standard by demonstrating that

his complaint of discrimination was a “contributing factor” to Costco’s adverse employment

                                                 7
action. Templemire v. W & M Welding, Inc., 433 S.W.3d 371, 383 (Mo. banc 2014). “A

contributing factor is a condition that contributes a share in anything or has a part in producing the

effect.” Turner v. Kansas City Pub. Sch., 488 S.W.3d 719, 723 (Mo. App. W.D. 2016) (internal

quotation omitted). If Soto’s protected activity was even one contributing factor in Costco’s

decision to act in reprisal against him, then there was an unlawful retaliation. See Walsh v. City of

Kansas City, 481 S.W.3d 97, 106 (Mo. App. W.D. 2016).

       “A retaliation claim is not conditioned on the success of the underlying discrimination or

harassment claim.” Minze, 437 S.W.3d at 275-76. “Thus, it is irrelevant to a claim of retaliation

that the act complained of was not legally actionable. The only issue is whether the person making

the complaint had a reasonable good faith belief that there were grounds for the claim of

discrimination or harassment.” Id. at 276.

       “Cases involving claims of retaliatory motive are inherently fact-based and often depend

on inferences rather than on direct evidence.” Turner, 488 S.W.3d at 723 (internal quotation

omitted). Thus, Soto can rely on circumstantial evidence that tends to support an inference of

retaliatory motive. Id. To withstand a motion for JNOV, Soto was required to “make a submissible

case by offering substantial evidence to support every fact essential to a finding of liability.”

Turner, 488 S.W.3d at 722 (internal quotation omitted). “We view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the verdict, disregarding evidence to the contrary.” Id. “We will reverse the jury’s

verdict only where we find a complete absence of probative facts to support the jury’s conclusion.”

Id. (internal quotation omitted).

       Soto offered substantial evidence to make a submissible case on his retaliation claim under

the MHRA. He established that:

                                                  8
   He twice reported his belief that Latino workers at Costco’s Independence warehouse were

    being discriminated against. Soto testified that he was transferred to Costco’s midtown

    Kansas City, Missouri, warehouse on June 13, 2011, and in late July or early August 2011,

    he had a conversation with Warren about his concerns that Latino employees at the

    Independence warehouse were treated unfairly, were passed over for promotions, and were

    discriminated against. Subsequently, in September or October of 2011, Soto met with

    McMurray and advised him of discrimination at the Independence warehouse. Warren and

    McMurray both admitted that Soto talked to them about his concerns regarding

    discrimination at the Independence warehouse.

   Costco took adverse action against Soto. On November 25, 2011, Costco advised Soto that

    he was suspended for two weeks—one of those weeks was without pay. Thereafter, on

    December 13, 2011, Soto was demoted to a front-end manager, a position with a significant

    reduction in compensation.

   A causal relationship existed between Soto’s complaint of discrimination and his demotion.

    “Direct evidence shows a specific link between the alleged discriminatory animus and the

    challenged decision, sufficient to support a finding that an illegitimate criterion actually

    motivated the employment decision.” Williams v. Trans States Airlines, Inc., 281 S.W.3d
854, 867 (Mo. App. E.D. 2009) (internal quotation omitted). At trial, Warren testified:

    Q:     Mr. Warren, did Primo Soto come to your store in June of 2011?

    A:     Yes, sir.

    Q:     Shortly after that did Mr. Soto talk to you about concerns he had regarding
           discrimination in the Independence store?

    A:     He spoke to me about what he believed to be some concerns at his previous
           location, yes.

                                             9
       Q:      Was that in June?

       A:      I believe it was July, August.

       Q:      July, August?

       A:      Yes, sir.

       ....

       Q:      Did you suspend Mr. Soto after he spoke to you regarding discrimination?

       A:      . . . Yes. I suspended him for a violation. It was in November.

       Q:      Did Costco demote him after he spoke to you about discrimination that he
               felt was going on at the Independence store?

       A:      Yes.

       Q:      Did that demotion cause him to lose pay?

       A:      Yes.

In addition to this evidence, Soto offered circumstantial evidence that supported an inference that

his report of possible discrimination was a factor directly contributing to his suspension and

demotion. Circumstantial evidence probative of retaliatory motive includes:

      Evidence of a good work record prior to making complaint: Where an employee has a

       good work record prior to making a complaint, including positive feedback from

       management, and the majority of the alleged performance issues occurred after the

       complaint, this evidence can provide a sufficient basis from which a jury could find that

       the performance issues raised by the employer were pretextual. Id. at 867-68. Soto testified

       that from 2001 to his demotion, he was consistently promoted: from foods manager, to

       receiving manager, to assistant general manager, to assistant warehouse manager. Warren

       testified that Soto was, in fact, a good employee. However, Warren—the first person to

       whom Soto reported the discrimination—recorded five pages of primarily minor

                                                10
    performance issues involving Soto that occurred during Soto’s tenure at the midtown

    Costco location. Warren did not write up Soto for any of the incidents described in the

    “shadow file.” In October 2011, however, Warren shared the file on Soto with McMurray,

    the second person to whom Soto reported the discrimination. This evidence lends support

    to Soto’s assertion that his alleged performance deficiency was pretexual.

   Temporal proximity: Where an employer asserts that adverse action was taken against the

    employee due to violation of company policies and poor job performance, if there is

    evidence that the alleged performance issue occurred after the complaint, this evidence is

    certainly relevant to a jury’s determination that the performance issues raised by the

    employer were pretextual. Id. at 868. Soto had a conversation with Warren about his

    concerns of discrimination at the Independence warehouse in late July or early August

    2011. In September or October of 2011, Soto met with McMurray and advised him of the

    possible discrimination. Shortly thereafter, even though Soto had asked for advice from

    his superiors about the inventory issue immediately after discovering it, Costco alleged that

    Soto violated the company’s Manager’s Standard of Ethics by falsifying company records

    during the November 21, 2011 inventory by tentatively instructing the meat manager to

    count a pallet of seafood that was not present before he had discussed the issue with his

    superiors.

   Atypical employment action: “While the requisite causal connection may be proved

    circumstantially by showing the [adverse employment action] followed the protected

    activity so closely in time as to justify an inference of retaliatory motive, generally more

    than a temporal connection between protected activity and an adverse employment action

    is required to show a genuine factual issue on retaliation exists.” Id. at 868-69. Soto

                                             11
    presented evidence that managers in situations similar to or worse than Soto’s received no

    discipline. Soto presented evidence of five incidents of similar inventory discrepancies

    where other Costco managers received no punishment. Soto’s wife, an auditor with

    Costco, testified concerning inventories in which she observed managers counting items

    that were not physically in the warehouse with no discipline of any kind being issued,

    including an occasion when she witnessed Warren count items in an inventory that were

    not physically in the warehouse. These facts provide further support for Soto’s contention

    that sufficient evidence was presented to make a submissible case for retaliation, and that

    sufficient facts existed to support the jury’s verdict.

   Credence of proffered explanation: “Another form of circumstantial evidence that is

    probative of retaliatory motive is [p]roof that the defendant’s [proffered] explanation is

    unworthy of credence.” Turner, 488 S.W.3d at 724 (internal quotation omitted). Costco

    claimed that Soto was suspended and demoted because of his falsification of company

    records when he instructed the meat manager to count in inventory merchandise that was

    not present in the warehouse, and for violating the manager’s ethics policy by not being

    honest and forthright about the incident. However, Soto had, in fact, been forthright with

    his superiors about the inventory issue immediately after discovering it, and the missing

    pallet of seafood was in the midtown warehouse’s inventory for only one day before the

    error was corrected.     Soto’s wife, a Costco auditor, testified that inventory errors,

    particularly receiving errors, occur frequently and that one of the warehouse auditor’s

    responsibilities is to make adjustments, with the warehouse manager’s approval, to

    inventory errors. Another Costco employee also agreed that inventory mistakes are

    corrected without demoting or firing employees. From this evidence, the jury could have

                                              12
         rejected Costco’s proffered reasons for suspending and demoting Soto and inferred from

         that disbelief that Costco had a retaliatory motive in using the inventory error as its

         rationale for demotion where it had not done so with other employees in the past.

         Upon reviewing the record in the light most favorable to Soto, we find there was sufficient

competent evidence to support the jury’s determination that Soto’s charge of discrimination

against Costco was a contributing factor in Costco’s decision to suspend and demote Soto.

Accordingly, the trial court properly denied the motion for JNOV.

         Point I is denied.

                                                       Point II

         Costco asserts in its second point that the trial court committed “instructional error in that

the verdict director (Instruction Nos. 6 and 7) submitted two disjunctive bases for liability

(suspension or demotion) and there was insufficient evidence to support a finding for [Soto] under

both submissions.”2 Specifically, Costco claims that there was no substantial evidence in the

record that its suspension of Soto was in retaliation for his complaint of discrimination. Instead,

Costco submits that it suspended Soto solely based on his conduct in connection with the inventory

incident involving the missing seafood pallet. Costco characterizes the evidence as “undisputed”

that Soto was “automatically” “suspended immediately” after instructing Thompson to count the

seafood pallet during the November 2011 inventory.

         Contrary to Costco’s characterization, the evidence showed that inventory errors,

particularly receiving errors, occurred frequently and that one of the warehouse auditor’s

responsibilities was to make adjustments, with the warehouse manager’s approval, to inventory

         2
            See Mitchell v. Residential Funding Corp., 334 S.W.3d 477, 513 (Mo. App. W.D. 2010) (“Where the jury
is instructed in the alternative or the disjunctive on two grounds of liability, there must be a submissible case for both
submissions.”).

                                                           13
errors. The evidence also showed that inventory mistakes were routinely corrected without

employee discipline being imposed. In evidence were examples of other Costco managers who

had counted items that were not physically in their warehouses with no discipline imposed.

       Soto’s conversation with Warren about Soto’s concerns about discrimination at the

Independence warehouse took place in late July or early August 2011. Thereafter, Soto’s

relationship with Warren noticeably changed. During Soto’s tenure at the midtown Costco

location, Warren recorded five pages of primarily minor performance issues involving Soto

(though none were apparently of sufficient concern to discuss them with Soto) and Warren brought

those performance issues to the attention of supervisory authorities immediately after the inventory

glitch became an issue for Soto. Warren was one of the Costco managers who investigated Soto

and issued Soto an Employee Counseling Notice on November 25, 2011, suspending Soto for

allegedly falsifying company records regarding the missing pallet of seafood, despite the fact that

the missing pallet of seafood was in the midtown warehouse’s inventory for only one day before

the error was corrected, and Soto had brought the inventory dilemma to the attention of two

supervisors on the day he became aware of the issue.

       From the foregoing evidence, the jury could have rejected Costco’s proffered reasons for

suspending Soto and inferred that Costco had a retaliatory motive in doing so. Viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, Basta v. Kansas City Power & Light Co., 456

S.W.3d. 447, 455 (Mo. App. W.D. 2014), there is substantial circumstantial evidence that Soto’s

report of discrimination was a “contributing factor” to his suspension. “Thus, the challenged

theory of liability submitted to the jury was supported by substantial evidence to make a

submissible case.” Id.

       Point II is denied.

                                                14
                                              Point III

       In Costco’s third point, Costco asserts instructional error. Specifically, Costco claims that

Instruction No. 8 improperly allowed and directed the jury to award “future damages.” However,

Costo does not argue that the damages instruction misdirected, misled, or confused the jury nor

that it was prejudiced because of instructional error. Sorrell v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 249 S.W.3d
207, 209 (Mo. banc 2008) (“To reverse on grounds of instructional error, the party claiming

instructional error must establish that the instruction at issue misdirected, mislead, or confused the

jury. Additionally, prejudice must have resulted from the instructional error.”). Instead, Costco

argues that the evidence was insufficient for the jury to award future damages and that any award

could only be based on speculation and conjecture. This new claim of error is not preserved for

our review because it is not within the scope of Costco’s point relied on. See Host v. BNSF Ry.

Co., 460 S.W.3d 87, 109 n.12 (Mo. App. W.D. 2015) (citing Rule 84.04(e)).

       Point III is denied.

                                              Point IV

       In Costco’s fourth point, Costco again asserts instructional error. Costco avers that the trial

court erred in submitting the verdict form to the jury because the verdict form did not provide

separate lines for lost wages and other compensatory damages. Costco contends that as a result of

this error, the jury was allowed to award future lost wages that it was not authorized to award.

        “We review the propriety of a verdict form de novo.” Advantage Bldgs. & Exteriors, Inc.

v. Mid-Continent Cas. Co., 449 S.W.3d 16, 28 (Mo. App. W.D. 2014) (citing Edgerton v.

Morrison, 280 S.W.3d 62, 65-66 (Mo. banc 2009)). “A ‘verdict form, like an instruction, should

not misdirect, mislead, or confuse the jury.’” Id. (quoting Edgerton, 280 S.W.3d at 67).

       Rule 71.01 defines the two types of verdicts a jury may render:

                                                 15
         The verdict of a jury is either general or special. A general verdict is one by which
         the jury pronounces generally upon all or any of the issues, either in favor of the
         plaintiff or defendant, and includes a verdict wherein the jury returns a finding of
         the plaintiff’s total damages and assesses percentages of fault. A special verdict is
         one by which the jury finds the facts only, leaving the judgment to the court.

As indicated by the verdict directing instructions, Soto sought only the recovery of money damages

at trial. Because this was a case for money damages only, Rule 71.023 requires a general verdict:

“In every issue for the recovery of money only . . . the jury shall render a general verdict.” See

also Mathes v. Sher Express, L.L.C., 200 S.W.3d 97, 106 (Mo. App. W.D. 2006).

         “The law is well-settled that where an MAI instruction applies to the case, the use of such

instruction is mandatory.” Thomas v. McKeever’s Enters. Inc., 388 S.W.3d 206, 215 (Mo. App.

W.D. 2012) (internal quotation omitted). “Whenever Missouri Approved Instructions contains an

instruction applicable in a particular case that the appropriate party requests or the court decides

to submit, such instruction shall be given to the exclusion of any other instructions on the same

subject.” Rule 70.02(b). Verdict A submitted to the jury was patterned after MAI 36.11 [1980

Revision], as modified by MAI Illus. 35.19, No. 14, and provided in relevant part:

                We, the undersigned jurors, assess the compensatory damages of plaintiff
         Primo Soto as follows:

                  For actual damages $____________________ (stating the amount).

This general verdict form was an approved MAI instruction and its use was mandatory.

Accordingly, the trial court did not err in submitting the verdict form to the jury.

         Point IV is denied.

         3
           Rule 71.02 is identical to section 510.230. Committee Comment–1959 to Rule 71.02 explains why a
paragraph in the original proposed rule that provided for a discretionary special verdict in the form of special findings
on each issue of fact was omitted: “(1) it is a radical change in the existing practice; (2) experience with similar
provisions has not been uniformly satisfactory; (3) the Bar overwhelmingly opposed the discretionary special verdict
system in all cases.”

                                                          16
                                                       Point V

         In Costco’s fifth point, Costco asserts yet another claim of instructional error. However,

Costco does not argue that the instruction itself was improper. Instead, Costco contends, without

authority, that the verdict form violated federal tax law by obscuring the amounts of the verdict

that would and would not be subject to federal tax withholding and matching contributions for

Social Security and Medicare.

         As a threshold matter, we must determine if this issue is moot. Brown v. Hein (In re Estate

of Pethan), 475 S.W.3d 722, 726 (Mo. App. W.D. 2015). “An appellate court is obligated to

examine an appeal for mootness either upon motion of a party or acting sua sponte.” Id. (internal

quotation omitted). Mootness is a threshold issue to appellate review and implicates the

justiciability of a controversy. Id. “To exercise appellate jurisdiction, there must be an actual

controversy that is susceptible of some relief.” Id. (internal quotation omitted). If a court’s

decision is unnecessary or if granting effectual relief is impossible, the case is moot and should be

dismissed.4 Id.

         The Internal Revenue Code defines gross income as all income from whatever source

derived, including (but not limited to) “compensation for services, including fees, commissions,

fringe benefits, and similar items.” 26 U.S.C. § 61(a)(1). Generally, discrimination suits, such as

Soto’s, generate compensatory, contractual, and/or punitive damages awards. Damages received

to compensate an individual for economic loss, for example, lost wages, are not excludable from

gross income unless a personal physical injury caused such loss. 26 U.S.C. § 104(a)(2). Emotional

distress is specifically excluded from the definition of physical injury or physical sickness, and

         4
          Although there are recognized exceptions to the mootness doctrine—where a case becomes moot after it is
argued and submitted or where a case presents an unsettled issue of public interest that is likely to recur and to evade
review—neither exception applies here. Brown v. Hein (In re Estate of Pethan), 475 S.W.3d 722, 728 n.4 (Mo. App.
W.D. 2015).

                                                          17
therefore not excludable from gross income, except where damages are paid for medical care

attributable to such distress. Id. To illustrate, Revenue Ruling 96-65, 1996-2 C.B. 6 applies to

employment related discrimination suits and holds:

       Current section 104(a)(2) - (after August 20, 1996). Back pay received in
       satisfaction of a claim for denial of a promotion due to disparate treatment
       employment discrimination under Title VII is not excludable from gross income
       under section 104(a)(2) because it is completely independent of, and thus is not
       damages received on account of, personal physical injuries or physical sickness
       under that section. Similarly, amounts received for emotional distress in
       satisfaction of such a claim are not excludable from gross income under
       section 104(a)(2), except to the extent they are damages paid for medical care (as
       described in section 213(d)(1)(A) or (B)) attributable to emotional distress.

       Here, Soto presented evidence of approximately $85,000 in lost income as a result of the

demotion, a lower 401(k) match, and disqualification relating to stock options and company

bonuses. Soto also presented evidence that he was impacted emotionally by the allegations that

he was allegedly dishonest and unethical and by his suspension and demotion.

       Because the Internal Revenue Code effectively eliminates the exclusion from gross income

of damages received to compensate for economic loss and emotional distress arising out of claims

for discrimination, any decision resolving Costco’s complaint in this point would have no practical

effect. Accordingly, this point on appeal is rendered moot.

       Point V is dismissed.

                                              Point VI

       In Costco’s sixth point, it asserts that the trial court erred in failing to order remittitur of

the jury’s damages award. It argues that remittitur was appropriate because the award of $250,000

was excessive in light of the evidence.

       Section 537.068 permits a court to reduce the damages awarded to the plaintiff if, “after

reviewing the evidence in support of the jury’s verdict, the court finds that the jury’s verdict is

                                                 18
excessive because the amount of the verdict exceeds fair and reasonable compensation for

plaintiff’s injuries and damages.”     The statutory remittitur procedure is further refined by

Rule 78.10(b), which provides that, “[i]f the court sustains the motion [for remittitur] in whole or

in part, the court’s order shall afford each party opposing such relief the option to file an election

of a new trial.” The purpose of the statutory remittitur procedure “is not to correct juror bias and

prejudice, but to correct a jury’s honest mistake in fixing damages.” Stewart v. Partamian, 465
S.W.3d 51, 59 (Mo. banc 2015) (internal quotation omitted). When a trial court overrules a motion

for remittitur, the proper appellate standard dictates that the evidence will be considered in the

light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling. Badahman v. Catering St. Louis, 395 S.W.3d 29,

39-40 (Mo. banc 2013).

       “The mere size of the verdict does not in and of itself establish that it was the result of bias

or passion and prejudice without showing some other error was committed during the trial.”

Mackey v. Smith, 438 S.W.3d 465, 480 (Mo. App. W.D. 2014) (internal quotation omitted).

“Moreover, to warrant remittitur or new trial due to excess, the size of the verdict must be so

grossly excessive as to shock the conscience because it is glaringly unwarranted.” Id. (internal

quotation omitted). In our review of verdicts to determine if they are excessive, we overturn only

those verdicts that are obviously out of line and grossly improper. Id.

       Soto tallied approximately $85,000 in lost income as a result of the demotion. He also

received a lower 401(k) match and no longer qualified for stock options or for a bonus based on

company performance. The actual damages recoverable under the MHRA may include awards for

emotional distress and humiliation. State ex rel. Sir v. Gateway Taxi Mgmt. Co., 400 S.W.3d 478,

491 (Mo. App. E.D. 2013). Damages for emotional distress and humiliation may be “established

by testimony or inferred from the circumstances.” Id. “Intangible damages, such as pain,

                                                 19
suffering, embarrassment, emotional distress, and humiliation do not lend themselves to precise

calculation.” Id. (internal quotation omitted). “Each case requires individualized contemplation

and consideration by the trier of fact.” Id. at 491-92. Soto testified that he was impacted

emotionally by the allegations that he was dishonest and unethical and by his suspension and

demotion. His wife testified that Soto was humiliated and devastated by his suspension and then

demotion. She observed his loss of self-esteem and self-worth. He became withdrawn, quiet, and

sad. Soto’s friend, Mr. Robert Thomas, testified that he observed Soto was very sad or depressed

over his demotion.

       When the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s order, we cannot

say that the jury’s verdict was excessive. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

denying Costco’s motion for remittitur.

       Point VI is denied.

                                            Point VII

       In Costco’s seventh point, it asserts that the trial court erred in granting Soto’s motion for

attorney’s fees and costs. Costco contends that the trial court’s award was excessive because

Soto’s counsel’s hourly rate and the number of hours billed were unreasonable, certain costs were

not recoverable and were excessive, and the claimed pre-judgment and post-judgment interest was

excessive.

       The trial court’s award of reasonable attorney’s fees is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.

Walsh v. City of Kansas [City], 481 S.W.3d 97, 113 (Mo. App. W.D. 2016). The trial court is

considered an expert on fees, given its familiarity with all of the issues in the case and with the

character of the legal services rendered. Id. “The trial court may determine attorney fees without

the aid of evidence.” Id. We presume an award of attorney’s fees is correct, and it is the

                                                20
complaining party’s burden to prove otherwise. Id. We will reverse only if it is shown that the

award of attorney’s fees was against the logic of the circumstances and was so arbitrary and

unreasonable as to shock our sense of justice. Id. The factors trial courts consider when making

a determination as to reasonable attorney’s fees include: (1) the rates customarily charged by the

attorneys involved in the case and by other attorneys in the community for similar services; (2) the

number of hours reasonably spent on the litigation; (3) the nature and character of the services

provided; (4) the degree of professional expertise required; (5) the nature and importance of the

subject matter; (6) the amount involved or the result obtained; and (7) the vigor of the opposition.

Id.

       “Awarding costs and expenses is within the sound discretion of the trial court and should

not be reversed absent a showing that the trial court abused its discretion.” Riggs v. State Dep’t of

Soc. Servs., 473 S.W.3d 177, 182 (Mo. App. W.D. 2015) (internal quotation omitted). “A trial

court abuses its discretion if an award of costs in a judgment was against the logic of the

circumstances and so arbitrary and unreasonable as to shock one’s sense of justice.” Id. (internal

quotation omitted).

       The MHRA authorizes a court to award “court costs and reasonable attorney fees to the

prevailing party, other than a state agency.” § 213.111.2. “Section 213.111.2 is structured to

recognize attorneys’ fees as a matter of course to prevailing claimants.” Walsh, 481 S.W.3d at 114

(internal quotation omitted). “In human rights cases, the amount of the verdict or judgment may

have little bearing on the amount of attorneys’ fees.” Id. (internal quotation omitted). “While a

court might consider the extent to which a plaintiff prevailed on some claims and not on others,

[t]he efforts of the prevailing attorneys . . . should not be discounted where the effort and proof

                                                 21
were the same for the claims on which [the plaintiff] prevailed and those on which [the plaintiff]

did not.” Id. (internal quotation omitted).

       Soto requested an award of attorney’s fees in the amount of $234,890 and an award of costs

in the amount of $10,077.14. Soto’s motion was supported by billing records and by affidavits of

attorneys representing plaintiffs in employment discrimination cases stating that the hourly rates

requested by Soto’s attorneys were reasonable and well within the prevailing rate charged by

employment law attorneys in the area. Costco filed its response in opposition to Soto’s motion for

attorney’s fees and costs at trial, arguing that the hours and rates claimed by Soto’s counsel and

the total costs claimed by Soto were excessive. Thereafter, the trial court entered judgment,

awarding Soto the full amount of attorney’s fees and costs requested.

       Costco’s arguments on appeal against the attorney’s fees and costs awarded by the trial

court parrot the same arguments presented to the trial court. “We find that the trial court was

simply in the better position to apply the arguments and the law to the case at hand[,] and we

presume it did just that. The trial court heard these arguments before ever making its ruling on

attorney fees and we find no abuse of discretion in the court’s ultimate conclusion.” Id.

       Soto also requested an award of pre-judgment interest at 3% in the amount of $11,250,

post-judgment interest at 5% on the $250,000 judgment, and 9% on the award of attorney’s fees

and costs. Soto’s motion was supported by a copy of his pre-judgment interest demand letter,

accompanied by Soto’s affidavit, sent by certified mail, return receipt requested to Costco pursuant

to section 408.040. Soto demanded $119,000 to settle his claims, and left the offer open for ninety

days. Costco responded that Soto’s pre-judgment interest claim was excessive and should not be

granted on any amounts awarded for his “unliquidated damages” claims of “garden-variety

emotional distress and future damages.” Costco argued that the trial court should not award

                                                22
pre-judgment interest on any portion of Soto’s jury award beyond the amount attributable to actual

lost wages. The trial court found that Soto’s pre-trial demand complied with section 408.040.3

and awarded him 3% interest on the verdict in the amount of $11,250.

        Section 408.040.3 provides that “in tort actions, if a claimant has made a demand for

payment of a claim or an offer of settlement of a claim, to the party . . . and the amount of the

judgment or order exceeds the demand for payment or offer of settlement, then prejudgment

interest shall be awarded[.]” The statutory language is unambiguous: if a pre-trial demand for

pre-judgment interest in a tort action complies with section 408.040.3, the trial court is required to

award pre-judgment interest. “Section 408.040 pertains to pre-judgment interest in ‘tort’ claims,

while [s]ection 408.0205 pertains to ‘written contracts’; accordingly, the statutory requirements are

different depending on the statute implicated.” Bailey v. Hawthorn Bank, 382 S.W.3d 84, 106

n.16 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012). Here, the underlying claim was a section 408.040 tort claim.

Accordingly, Costco’s argument is without merit.

        Finally, Costco asserts that the trial court erred in awarding post-judgment interest on its

award of attorney’s fees at the rate of 9% allowed for non-tort actions in section 408.040.2 and

should have been limited to the post-judgment interest rate allowed for tort actions in

section 408.040.3. “We review the trial court’s award of reasonable attorney’s fees for an abuse

of discretion.” Hill v. City of St. Louis, 371 S.W.3d 66, 81 (Mo. App. E.D. 2012). Attorney’s fees

may be recovered by a party when allowed by statute. Id. Section 213.111.2 of the MHRA

authorizes a trial court to “award court costs and reasonable attorney fees to the prevailing party.”

See also Gilliland v. Mo. Athletic Club, 273 S.W.3d 516, 523 (Mo. banc 2009).

        5
           A “liquidated claim” is necessary for an award of pre-judgment interest under section 408.020. McKinney
v. State Farm Mut. Ins., 123 S.W.3d 242, 250 (Mo. App. W.D. 2003).

                                                       23
         Costco contends that because an MHRA case is a tort action, the award of post-judgment

interest on the award of attorney’s fees is governed by section 408.040.3:

         [I]n tort actions, interest shall be allowed on all money due upon any judgment or
         order of any court from the date judgment is entered by the trial court until full
         satisfaction. All such judgments and orders for money shall bear a per annum
         interest rate equal to the intended Federal Funds Rate, as established by the Federal
         Reserve Board, plus five percent, until full satisfaction is made.

We agree. Bowolak v. Mercy East Communities, 452 S.W.3d 688, 695 (Mo. App. E.D. 2014), is

a disability discrimination case under the MHRA, in which the court of appeals affirmed the trial

court’s judgment that included post-judgment interest at the rate of 5% on the jury’s verdict, and

post-judgment interest at the rate of 9% on the judgment for attorney’s fees. The court held that

the prevailing employee was entitled to post-judgment interest on the award of damages in an

MHRA case under the rate for tort judgments. Id. at 704. The issue of first impression before the

court was the proper post-judgment interest rate for an MHRA claim. Id. The court reasoned that

because the Missouri Supreme Court has treated discrimination actions as analogous to tort claims,

the trial court did not err in awarding post-judgment interest at a 5% rate. Id.

         Soto argues that the Bowolak court’s affirmance justifies the application of

section 408.040.2 to attorney’s fee awards in MHRA cases.6 However, the parties in Bowolak did

not challenge, and the court did not address, the trial court’s award of post-judgment interest on

the attorney’s fee award at the rate of 9%. Therefore, the ruling in Bowolak is not precedent on

that issue.7

         6
             Section 408.040.2 states, in pertinent part:

         In all nontort actions, interest shall be allowed on all money due upon any judgment or order of any
         court from the date judgment is entered by the trial court until satisfaction be made by payment,
         accord or sale of property; all such judgments . . . shall bear nine percent per annum until satisfaction
         made as aforesaid.
         7
           Soto also relies on Pollock v. Wetterau Food Distribution Group, 11 S.W.3d 754, 772 (Mo. App. E.D.
1999), in which the court addressed the issue of a disbarred attorney’s entitlement to recover fees for work performed

                                                            24
         In general, Missouri follows the American Rule, which requires that litigants bear their

own attorney’s fees unless otherwise authorized by statute. Holmes v. Kansas City Mo. Bd. of

Police Comm’rs ex rel. Its Members, 364 S.W.3d 615, 630 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012). In this case,

section 213.070 provides that retaliation “in any manner” is a prohibited unlawful discriminatory

practice. Section 213.111 creates a civil right of action for an employee against an employer for

unlawful discrimination, allowing an aggrieved employee to recover actual and punitive damages,

court costs, and reasonable attorney fees. See Hervey v. Mo. Dep’t of Corr., 379 S.W.3d 156, 160

(Mo. banc 2012). The statute “creates, defines, and regulates rights” and “affects a plaintiff’s

substantive right to recover interest on a judgment.” McGuire v. Kenoma, LLC, 447 S.W.3d 659,

664 n.4 (Mo. banc 2014). It is unreasonable to apply a non-tort rate of interest on an award of

attorney’s fees and costs authorized by a statute for an action clearly sounding in tort.

         Thus, we conclude that the trial court erred in awarding post-judgment interest on its award

of attorney’s fees at the rate of 9%. Accordingly, we modify the trial court’s judgment of

post-judgment interest on the award of attorney’s fees and costs to a per annum interest rate equal

to the intended Federal Funds Rate plus 5%, until full satisfaction is made. See Miller-Stauch

Constr. Co. v. Williams-Bungart Elec., Inc., 959 S.W.2d 490, 497 (Mo. App. W.D. 1998) (“In the

interest of laying litigation to rest, Rule 84.14 permits the appellate court to give such judgment as

the trial court ought to have given, if the record permits it.”).

         Point VII is granted in part and denied in part.

prior to his disbarment in an action brought under MHRA. Soto claims that the Pollock court’s discussion of fees
derived by the disbarred attorney and his client is contractual in nature. We disagree that Pollock stands for the
proposition that the award of attorney’s fees in an MHRA case is derived from the attorney’s contract with his client;
instead, the Pollock court clearly recognized that the award of such fees in an MHRA case are authorized by the
MHRA statute (an action sounding in tort), not a contract between the discriminated-against employee and the
employee’s attorney. Id.

                                                         25
                                   Attorney’s Fees on Appeal

       Soto filed a motion for attorney’s fees on appeal, which we took with the case.

Section 213.111.2 authorizes a court to award “reasonable attorney fees to the prevailing party.”

“A prevailing party is one that succeeds on any significant issue in the litigation which achieved

some of the benefit the parties sought in bringing suit.” Hurst v. Kansas City, Mo. Sch. Dist., 437
S.W.3d 327, 344 (Mo. App. W.D. 2014) (internal quotation omitted). “Where a plaintiff has

prevailed in an action under the MHRA, the court should award attorneys’ fees unless special

circumstances would render such an award unjust.” Id. (internal quotation omitted). This includes

fees incurred on appeal from the trial court’s judgment. Turner v. Kansas City Pub. Sch., 488
S.W.3d 719, 726 (Mo. App. W.D. 2016). Here, because we are affirming the judgment as modified

in favor of Soto, Soto is the prevailing party. Therefore, his motion for costs and attorney’s fees

on appeal is granted. “Although appellate courts have authority to allow and fix the amount of

attorney’s fees on appeal, we exercise this power with caution, believing in most cases that the

trial court is better equipped to hear evidence and argument on this issue and determine the

reasonableness of the fee requested.” Id. (internal quotation omitted). Accordingly, we remand

the cause to the trial court for the purpose of conducting a hearing to determine the reasonableness

of the costs and fees requested, and to enter an appropriate award.

                                           Conclusion

       The judgment of the trial court is affirmed as modified, and the cause is remanded to the

trial court to enter the judgment dictated by our ruling today, including its determination of the

appropriate amount of appellate attorney fees to be awarded to Soto’s attorneys.

                                              Mark D. Pfeiffer, Chief Judge

James Edward Welsh and Alok Ahuja, Judges, concur.

                                                26