Court Opinion

ID: 9893305
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-26 16:11:54.576284+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:01:57.075506
License: Public Domain

[Cite as In re M.W., 2023-Ohio-3889.]

                              COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                             EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

IN RE M.W., ET AL.                            :
                                              :           No. 112718
Minor Children                                :
                                              :
[Appeal by Mother, F.W.]                      :

                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
                RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: October 26, 2023

            Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                   Juvenile Division
                      Case Nos. AD23900573 and AD23900574

                                        Appearances:

                Rachel A. Kopec, for appellant.

                Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
                Attorney, and Joseph C. Young, Assistant Prosecuting
                Attorney, for appellee.

MARY J. BOYLE, J.:

                  Appellant-mother (“Mother”) appeals from the juvenile court order

awarding permanent custody of her children, M.W. (d.o.b. 06/01/18) and E.W.

(d.o.b. 08/11/22), to the Cuyahoga County Division of Children and Family Services

(“CCDCFS”), raising the following assignments of error for review:
      Assignment of Error One: Permanent custody of the children was
      against the manifest weight of the evidence.

      Assignment of Error Two: The GAL report fell short.

              After a review of the record and relevant case law, we affirm.

I. Facts and Procedural History

              This matter began in 2019 when M.W. and another sibling (d.o.b.

06/05/17) were removed from Mother’s care and placed with foster care while in the

temporary custody of CCDCFS. At that time, CCDCFS planned for permanent

custody, but changed its disposition for legal custody to a paternal aunt, who

received custody of M.W. and his sibling around November 2021. The children were

with paternal aunt until May 2022, when CCDCFS received a referral because

M.W.’s sibling died in paternal aunt’s home. Paternal aunt was unable to provide

an adequate explanation as to how the sibling’s injuries occurred. Subsequently,

paternal aunt and her paramour were criminally charged with the murder of the

child, child endangering, and felonious assault and were incarcerated, and M.W. was

placed back with his initial foster caregiver. CCDCFS’s investigation revealed that

M.W. was severely dehydrated, hungry, and thin and had numerous marks and

bruises all over his body in various stages of healing while under paternal aunt’s

care. Mother was pregnant with E.W. at the time and tested positive for marijuana

at E.W.’s birth in August 2022. As a result, CCDCFS placed E.W. in temporary

custody at that time.

              Because the complaints regarding M.W. and E.W. could not be

resolved within the statutory time frame, the complaints were refiled two other
times before the January 2023 complaint was filed in the appeal before us.1 In this

complaint, CCDCFS requested permanent custody, and alleged that M.W. was

previously committed to predispositional custody in May 2022, E.W. was previously

committed to predispositional custody in August 2022, and the two children have

remained in the uninterrupted custody of CCDCFS since those times.

              In addition to the circumstances surrounding M.W.’s and E.W.’s

placement in 2022, the complaint also alleged that Mother has mental health and

substance abuse issues that interfere with her ability to provide appropriate

supervision and care for the children, lacks appropriate judgment and parenting

skills to provide safe and adequate care for the children, and does not have stable

housing for the children. Furthermore, in April 2022, Mother pled guilty to theft,

aggravated theft, and misuse of credit cards and was on probation. Father of M.W.

was incarcerated at the time for felonious assault, aggravated robbery, child

endangering, and domestic violence, and his expected release date from prison is in

2025. The alleged father of E.W. had not established paternity and failed to support,

visit, or communicate with the child since birth.

              CCDCFS also filed a motion for predispositional temporary custody

the same day, which the court granted. CCDCFS filed a case plan on February 3,

2023. On March 20, 2023, Mother’s counsel filed a motion for legal custody, asking

      1 In re M.W. is designated Cuyahoga J.C. No. AD23900573 and In re E.W. is

designated Cuyahoga J.C. No. AD23900574. The relevant filings are virtually identical.
For ease of discussion, any reference to the docket will be made from In re M.W.,
Cuyahoga J.C. No. AD23900573, unless otherwise specified.
that maternal grandfather be considered for legal custody. The motion, however,

did not contain a statement of understanding as required by R.C. 2151.353(A)(3).2

               On April 6, 2023, an adjudicatory hearing was held, where the court

heard testimony and accepted evidence. At the conclusion of the hearing, CCDCFS

and the court moved to amend the complaint. The complaint was amended to

include the name of paternal aunt’s paramour and reflect that Mother has not

completed her mental health and substance abuse treatment. The court adjudicated

M.W. as abused and neglected and E.W. as dependent and continued the matter for

a dispositional hearing on April 10, 2023, at which the following evidence was

adduced.3

               CCDCFS first became involved with the family in 2019, at which time

M.W. and another sibling were removed from Mother’s care and ultimately placed

in the legal custody of the paternal aunt in 2021. CCDCFS social service worker

Jennifer Wagner (“Social Service Worker Wagner”) testified that in May 2022,

CCDCFS received a referral in relation to the death of the other sibling in paternal

aunt’s home. She further testified that the paternal aunt and her paramour were

criminally charged with aggravated murder, felonious assault, and child

endangering and were incarcerated pending resolution of those charges. Social

      2 R.C. 2151.353 provides in relevant part, “[a] person identified in a * * * motion

filed by a party to the proceedings as a proposed legal custodian shall be awarded legal
custody of the child only if the person identified signs a statement of understanding[.]”

      3 The trial court granted CCDCFS’s request at the dispositional hearing that the

court incorporate all the evidence admitted during the adjudication hearing.
Service Worker Wagner testified that paternal aunt was unable to provide an

adequate explanation as to how the sibling’s injuries occurred. Her investigation

revealed that M.W. had bruises in different stages of healing and was dehydrated,

thin, and malnourished, and paternal aunt could not give an adequate explanation

for what had happened.

              At that time, CCDCFS had continuing concerns regarding Mother’s

ongoing and unresolved issues with substance abuse, mental health, housing

instability, parenting, and involvement in criminal activity. The case worker had

several conversations with Mother, including a discussion about Mother’s previous

case plan services. Mother admitted to the case worker to smoking marijuana. At

that time, she was approximately 20 weeks pregnant with E.W. Mother tested

positive for marijuana at the time of E.W.’s birth in August 2022. With regard to

housing, Mother advised that she was staying “here and there” with friends, but

asked the case worker to use her father’s address for mailing. (04/06/23, tr. 25.)

The case worker testified that Mother pled guilty to misuse of credit cards and

aggravated theft. M.W. was placed in CCDCFS custody in May 2022, E.W. was

placed in CCDCFS custody in August 2022, and the children remained in CCDCFS

custody through the conclusion of the proceedings in this matter.

              CCDCFS developed a case plan to assist Mother with her mental

health, parenting, substance abuse, and housing issues. CCDCFS case worker Alease

Chisholm (“Case Worker Chisholm”) testified that while Mother began services to

address her substance abuse and mental health issues, she never completed them
and refused to submit to drug screens. Mother was also terminated from parenting

services due to her non-engagement, having attended only “maybe three” of 18

sessions. (04/06/23, tr. 49-50; 04/10/23, tr. 26.) Case Worker Chisholm further

testified that Mother had a referral for housing services and received a housing

voucher from CMHA “but she never followed through with actually obtaining a

house.” (04/06/23, tr. 51.) Case Worker Chisholm testified that at the time of trial,

Mother was living with her father and grandfather.

              The children were placed in foster care, M.W. with the initial foster

caregiver from 2019, who was now serving as a kinship caregiver to the child, and

E.W. with a foster caregiver. M.W. was previously placed with his current caregiver

for 18 months during his prior period in CCDCFS custody and, again, had been in

this placement for nearly a year since May 2022. M.W. is strongly bonded with his

caregiver’s family. He has made great strides since his return to their home and

achieved a sense of permanency and stability. M.W.’s caregiver testified that M.W.

loves the foster family and is very bonded with them. Conversely, there “isn’t a bond

with [M.W.] and [Mother]. It’s more of he’s afraid * * * he’s running around. He’s

hiding. He’s scared. He cries.” (04/10/23, tr. 24.) Unlike his usually “happy-go-

lucky” personality, M.W. became withdrawn prior to and during visits with Mother.

(04/10/23, tr. 45, 49.)    Mother was often late for visits with M.W. and was

inconsistent in attending the visits, missing approximately half of the scheduled

visits. Case Worker Chisholm testified Mother had not attended a visit with M.W.

since December 2022.
               With regard to E.W., Case Worker Chisholm testified that Mother was

more consistent in attending those visits, but after December 2022, Mother “may

have seen [E.W.] three times.” (04/10/23, tr. 41.) When Mother did attend visits

with the children, M.W. would not interact with Mother, while E.W. “mainly cried

the entire visit and [Mother] would become very frustrated and overwhelmed with

the crying and unable to settle him down.” (04/06/23; tr. 50.) Case Worker

Chisholm testified that E.W. has “a good healthy bond” with his caregiver, who has

“him in a lot of different activities that he enjoys.” (04/10/23, tr. 24.) She described

him as “a good, happy baby.” (04/10/23, tr. 24.) Conversely, with Mother, E.W. is

“always fussy. He’s crying. He’s resistant. He looks to [Case Worker Chisholm] to

get him during the visits. He’s just overwhelmed.” (04/10/23, tr. 25.)

               With regard to M.W.’s father, the testimony at trial revealed that he

was incarcerated for violent crimes with an anticipated release date from prison in

2025. E.W.’s alleged father never made himself available to CCDCFS in relation to

E.W. and had not had any contact with the child for at least 90 days prior to trial.

               Case Worker Chisholm testified that CCDCFS did investigate the

maternal grandfather but could not approve him as a caregiver based on the

following: (1) Mother had been removed as a child and “aged out” of CCDCFS

custody having never been returned to her father due to his failure to successfully

complete case plan services; (2) grandfather’s criminal history; (3) and the fact that

he brought marijuana into the agency during the finger-printing background check
process. On cross-examination, Case Worker Chisholm testified that grandfather

has a medical marijuana card but he did not present it at the time.

               Mother presented testimony from the maternal grandfather. He

testified that he works at Home Depot and Blue Chip, has a business called I.W.

Consulting Agency, and speaks for 360 Juvenile Advocates, which advocates for

juvenile offenders. He testified that the reason Mother was removed from him was

because she was pregnant and CCDCFS wanted custody of the baby. Mother was

placed on a planned permanent living arrangement. He further testified that his

criminal history was from 23 years ago. He tried calling CCDCFS about legal custody

when the children were first placed with CCDCFS and continued to reach out up

until the death of his grandchild. Maternal grandfather further testified that he is

capable of caring for the children. He believed Mother should have custody of the

children and that, if he were granted custody, he would allow her unrestricted access

to the children.

               The GAL recommended “that permanent custody is in the children’s

best interest,” noting that she “was involved when the children were in custody

previously” and that Mother “sporadically engaged in case plan services.”

(04/10/23, tr. 79-80.) The GAL stated that Mother “had two years in the prior case,

it’s been * * * almost a year since [M.W.] was removed again, there’s no change. So

I can’t in good conscience recommend anything other than permanent custody for

these children.” (04/10/23, tr. 82-83.) The GAL further noted the strong bond

M.W. had with his caregivers, with whom he had been placed during his prior
removal. She stated that M.W. “is in a place that he identifies and clearly treats as a

safe place.” (04/10/23, tr. 89.) The GAL further related that E.W. “is very bonded

with his current caregiver. This is the person he sees every day, that meets his needs

every day, ensures he has food, he’s changed. There is definitely a bond there given

that this is his daily caregiver and he’s very comfortable in all.” (04/10/23, tr. 90.)

               The GAL acknowledged that she did not visit maternal grandfather’s

home, which he bought two weeks prior to trial and was in the process of renovating,

because he had not provided her with an address. The GAL noted, however, that

grandfather had a criminal history dating back to 2015, including offenses of driving

without a license and while intoxicated, which raised concerns about substance

abuse, as well as Mother’s removal as a child and the failure to reunify with

grandfather. The GAL stated grandfather’s “history in iCase is a full page. * * * So

without some further evaluation by [CCDCFS], * * * I can’t in good conscience

recommend custody to him since [Mother] wasn’t even reunified with him.”

(04/10/23, tr. 85.)

               Following closing arguments, the trial court indicated that it would

take the matter under advisement. The next day, the court issued a judgment entry

in which it terminated Mother’s and each respective Father’s parental rights and

found by clear and convincing evidence that it is in the best interests of the children

to be placed in the permanent custody of CCDCFS. The court found that reasonable

efforts were made for reunification, such as referring Mother to substance abuse,

mental health, parenting, and basic needs/housing services. The paternal aunt was
not referred for services because she was incarcerated. The court further found that

the children have been in agency custody for 12 or more months of a consecutive 22-

month period; the children need secure permanent placement, which cannot be

achieved without a grant of permanent custody; the parents demonstrated a lack of

commitment toward the children; and legal custody to grandfather is not in the

children’s best interest. The court adopted the permanency plan, which consists of

adoption. Mother now appeals the court’s judgment.

II. Law and Analysis

      A. Permanent Custody

               In the first assignment of error, Mother argues the court abused its

discretion by granting permanent custody because CCDCFS failed to prove by clear

and convincing evidence that permanent custody would be in the children’s best

interest.

               When reviewing a juvenile court’s judgment in child custody cases,

the Ohio Supreme Court has stated that the “court’s decision in a custody proceeding

is subject to reversal only upon a showing of abuse of discretion.” In re A.J., 148

Ohio St.3d 218, 2016-Ohio-8196, 69 N.E.3d 733, ¶ 27, citing Davis v. Flickinger, 77

Ohio St.3d 415, 417, 674 N.E.2d 1159 (1997).

               We recognize that the “[t]ermination of parental rights is an

alternative of last resort but is sanctioned when necessary for the welfare of a child.”

In re M.S., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 101693 and 101694, 2015-Ohio-1028, ¶ 7, citing

In re Wise, 96 Ohio App.3d 619, 624, 645 N.E.2d 812 (9th Dist.1994). “‘An appellate
court will not reverse a juvenile court’s termination of parental rights and award of

permanent custody to an agency if the judgment is supported by clear and

convincing evidence.’” In re J.M-R., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98902, 2013-Ohio-

1560, ¶ 28, quoting In re Jacobs, 11th Dist. Geauga No. 99-G-2231, 2000 Ohio App.

LEXIS 3859, 11 (Aug. 25, 2000), citing In re Taylor, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 97-A-

0046, 1999 Ohio App. LEXIS 2620 (June 11, 1999). See In re AR.S., 2021-Ohio-

1958, 174 N.E.3d 28 (8th Dist.)

               “‘Clear and convincing evidence’ is evidence that ‘will produce in the

mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the allegations sought to be

established.’” In re C.B., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92775, 2011-Ohio-5491, ¶ 28,

quoting Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 477, 120 N.E.2d 118 (1954). “Where clear

and convincing proof is required at trial, a reviewing court will examine the record

to determine whether the trier of fact had sufficient evidence before it to satisfy the

requisite degree of proof.” In re T.S., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92816, 2009-Ohio-

5496, ¶ 24, citing State v. Schiebel, 55 Ohio St.3d 71, 74, 564 N.E.2d 54 (1990).

               Here, CCDCFS requested permanent custody as part of its abuse,

neglect, and dependency complaint as set forth in R.C. 2151.353(A)(4). This court

has previously explained:

      When proceeding on a complaint with an original dispositional request
      for permanent custody, the trial court must satisfy two statutory
      requirements before ordering a child to be placed in the permanent
      custody of a children’s services agency. Specifically, the trial court must
      find, “in accordance with division (E) of section 2151.414 of the Revised
      Code that the child cannot be placed with one of the child’s parents
      within a reasonable time or should not be placed with either parent,”
      and further must determine “in accordance with division (D)(1) of
      section 2151.414 of the Revised Code that the permanent commitment
      is in the best interest of the child.” R.C. 2151.353(A)(4).

In re A.R., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109482, 2020-Ohio-5005, ¶ 31.

               Under the first requirement of R.C. 2151.353(A)(4), the court must

find that the child cannot be or should not be placed with either parent within a

reasonable period of time under R.C. 2151.414(E).        We note that “[o]nly one

condition needs to be found to require the court to enter a finding that the children

cannot or should not be placed with either parent and no factor is weighted greater

than the others.” In re F.M., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110350, 2021-Ohio-3039, at

¶ 23, citing In re S.C., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102350, 2015-Ohio-2410, ¶ 30.

               Here, the court’s judgment entry reflects findings under six sections

of R.C. 2151.414 — (E)(1), (4), (10), (12) (M.W. only), (14), and (16). These sections

state, in relevant part:

      (1) Following the placement of the child outside the child’s home and
      notwithstanding reasonable case planning and diligent efforts by the
      agency to assist the parents to remedy the problems that initially
      caused the child to be placed outside the home, the parent has failed
      continuously and repeatedly to substantially remedy the conditions
      causing the child to be placed outside the child's home. In determining
      whether the parents have substantially remedied those conditions, the
      court shall consider parental utilization of medical, psychiatric,
      psychological, and other social and rehabilitative services and material
      resources that were made available to the parents for the purpose of
      changing parental conduct to allow them to resume and maintain
      parental duties.

      ***

      (4) The parent has demonstrated a lack of commitment toward the
      child by failing to regularly support, visit, or communicate with the
      child when able to do so, or by other actions showing an unwillingness
      to provide an adequate permanent home for the child[.]

      ***

      (10) The parent has abandoned the child.

      ***

      (12) The parent is incarcerated at the time of the filing of the motion for
      permanent custody or the dispositional hearing of the child and will not
      be available to care for the child for at least eighteen months after the
      filing of the motion for permanent custody or the dispositional hearing.

      ***

      (14) The parent for any reason is unwilling to provide food, clothing,
      shelter, and other basic necessities for the child or to prevent the child
      from suffering physical, emotional, or sexual abuse or physical,
      emotional, or mental neglect.

      ***

      (16) Any other factor the court considers relevant.

R.C. 2151.414(E).

              The trial court found that Mother and E.W.’s alleged Father have

failed to substantially remedy the conditions causing the children’s removal under

R.C. 2151.414(E)(1); Mother and E.W.’s alleged Father have demonstrated a lack of

commitment to the children under R.C. 2151.414(E)(4); Mother has not visited with

M.W. since December 2022, and M.W.’s Father is incarcerated, and E.W.’s alleged

Father has abandoned E.W. under R.C. 2151.414(E)(10); M.W.’s Father is

incarcerated and will not be available under R.C. 2151.414(E)(12); Mother and

E.W.’s alleged Father are unwilling to provide for the children’s basic needs under
R.C. 2151.414(E)(14); and M.W. and another sibling were previously removed from

Mother’s care and placed in legal custody under R.C. 2151.414(E)(16).

              A review of the evidence in the record clearly and convincingly

supports these findings. Since M.W. was placed in agency custody in 2019, Mother’s

progress on her case plan has been inconsistent and sporadic. Mother never

completed her substance abuse and mental health portion of the case plan and

refused to submit to drug screens. Mother was also terminated from parenting

services due to her non-engagement, and Mother had a referral for housing services

and received a housing voucher from CMHA, but she never followed through with

obtaining a house. The record further demonstrates that Mother was inconsistent

in attending the visits with M.W., missed approximately half of the scheduled visits,

and had not attended any visits with M.W. since December 2022. Regarding E.W.,

the case worker testified that Mother was more consistent in attending those visits,

but after December 2022, Mother may have seen E.W. three times. Moreover,

M.W.’s Father is incarcerated and will not be released from prison until 2025 and

E.W.’s alleged Father has abandoned E.W. Lastly, the record demonstrates that

M.W. and another sibling were previously removed from Mother’s care and placed

in legal custody in 2019 and the other sibling died while under the care of paternal

aunt.

              We note that Mother has not specifically challenged any of these

findings. Rather, she contends that she was traumatized by the death of her child

and CCDCFS did not allow her in-person visits with her children. Mother’s claims,
however, fail to acknowledge that the visitation for M.W. was virtual because of his

trauma and needs and that the visits with E.W. were in person but E.W. “mainly

cried the entire visit” and Mother was “unable to settle him down.” (04/06/23,

tr. 50.) Because Mother fails to challenge any of the findings and the record clearly

and convincingly supports multiple findings under R.C. 2151.1414(E), we find that

the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the children cannot be or

should not be placed with either parent within a reasonable period.

              As to the second requirement, R.C. 2151.353(A)(4) requires the trial

court find that permanent custody was in the best interest of the child in accordance

with the factors listed in R.C. 2151.414(D)(1), which provides in relevant part:

      In determining the best interest of a child at a hearing held pursuant to
      division (A) of this section or for the purposes of division (A)(4) * * * of
      section 2151.353 * * *, the court shall consider all relevant factors,
      including, but not limited to, the following:

      (a) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with the child’s
      parents, siblings, relatives, foster caregivers and out-of-home
      providers, and any other person who may significantly affect the child;

      (b) The wishes of the child, as expressed directly by the child or through
      the child’s guardian ad litem, with due regard for the maturity of the
      child;

      (c) The custodial history of the child, including whether the child has
      been in the temporary custody of one or more public children services
      agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of
      a consecutive twenty-two-month period * * *;

      (d) The child’s need for a legally secure permanent placement and
      whether that type of placement can be achieved without a grant of
      permanent custody to the agency;

      (e) Whether any of the factors in divisions (E)(7) to (11) of this section
      apply in relation to the parents and child.
              Although a trial court is required to consider each relevant factor

under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) in deciding to award permanent custody, “[t]here is not

one element that is given greater weight than the others pursuant to the statute.” In

re Schaefer, 111 Ohio St.3d 498, 2006-Ohio-5513, 857 N.E.2d 532, ¶ 56. This court

has stated that only one of these enumerated factors needs to be resolved in favor of

the award of permanent custody. In re L.W., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107708, 2019-

Ohio-1343, ¶ 39, citing In re Moore, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 76942, 2000 Ohio App.

LEXIS 3958 (Aug. 31, 2000).

              With regard to R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a), the court noted that both M.W.

and E.W. are bonded with their caregivers. M.W. has lived with his caregiver for

approximately two and a half years, and E.W. has been with his caregiver since birth.

M.W. does not have visitation with his father, and maternal grandfather would

communicate with M.W. during virtual visits with Mother. With regard to E.W., the

court noted that he does not have a relationship with his alleged father or maternal

grandfather. The court further noted that E.W. does not have a bond with Mother

and is fussy and cries during visits. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in

making these determinations.

              The record reveals that M.W. is strongly bonded with his caregiver

and her family, where he has made great strides since his return to their home and

has achieved a sense of permanency and stability. Case Worker Chisholm testified

that “[M.W.] loves them. He calls it his home.” (04/10/23, tr. 24.) Conversely, there

really “isn’t a bond with [M.W.] and [Mother]. It’s more of he’s afraid * * * he’s
running around. He’s hiding. He’s scared. He cries.” (04/10/23, tr. 24.) Mother

was often late for visits with M.W. and was inconsistent in attending the visits,

missing approximately half of the scheduled visits.          (04/10/23, tr. 39-40.)

Furthermore, Mother had not attended a visit with M.W. since December 2022.

(04/10/23, tr. 24.) Mother was more consistent in attending her visits with E.W.,

but after December 2022, Mother “may have seen [E.W.] three times” from January

to March 2023. (04/10/23, tr. 40-41.) When Mother did attend visits with E.W., he

“mainly cried the entire visit and [Mother] would become very frustrated and

overwhelmed with the crying and unable to settle him down.” (04/06/23, tr. 50.)

E.W. has “a good healthy bond” with his caregiver, with whom he is happy.

(04/10/23, tr. 24.) Conversely, with Mother, E.W. is “always fussy. He’s crying.

He’s resistant. He looks to [the case worker] to get him during the visits. He’s just

overwhelmed.” (04/10/23, tr. 25.) In addition, M.W.’s father was incarcerated for

conviction of violent crimes with an anticipated release date in 2025 and E.W.’s

alleged father never made himself available to CCDCFS in relation to E.W.

Moreover, the GAL noted the strong bond M.W. and E.W. had with their caregivers.

The GAL did not believe it would be in either child’s best interest to be removed from

their respective current caregivers.

              R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b) requires the court to consider the child’s

wishes as expressed directly or through the child’s GAL. Here, M.W. was four years

old at the time of trial, while E.W. was just eight months old. The trial court noted

that the children are too young to express their wishes and the GAL recommended
permanent custody for both M.W. and E.W., stating that permanent custody was in

the children’s best interest. The court did not abuse its discretion in making this

finding.

              R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(c) requires the court to consider the child’s

custodial history, including whether the child has been in placement for 12 or more

months of a consecutive 22-month period. With regard to M.W., the court noted

that this was his second time in CCDCFS custody. M.W. was first in CCDCFS

custody from 2019 to November 2021 and then again in May 2022. E.W. was placed

in agency custody at the time of his birth in August 2022, and has remained in

continuous agency custody since that time. Based on the foregoing, we cannot find

that the trial court abused its discretion in making this determination.

              R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(d) requires the court to consider the child’s need

for a legally secure placement and whether such can be achieved without a grant of

permanent custody. With regard to each child, the trial court found that “[t]he child

deserves a safe and stable environment where all of his needs can be met and he can

thrive.” (Judgment Entry, 04/11/23.) With regard to M.W., the court found that

“[t]his cannot be achieved without permanent custody as father is incarcerated until

2025 and Mother has failed to engage in and complete case plan services so that she

can provide a safe and stable environment for the child.”         (Judgment Entry,

04/11/23.) With regard to E.W., the court found that “[t]his cannot be achieved

without permanent custody as alleged father does not have a relationship with the

child and has not had any contact with CCDCFS and Mother had failed to engage in
and complete case plan services so that she can provide a safe and stable

environment for the child and remedy the cause for removal. No other relatives

were identified as appropriate to care for the child.” (Judgment Entry, 04/11/23,

Case No. AD23900574.) As previously discussed, Mother has continuously failed to

follow her case plan and has not demonstrated stable housing. Accordingly, the trial

court did not abuse its discretion.

               We note that Mother’s argument at trial was not that the children

should be returned to her, but that the children be ordered to remain in agency

custody and the order of temporary custody be extended. The trial court correctly

noted, however, that it could not “give an extension because they [the children]

haven’t been placed in the temporary custody of [CCDCFS].” Mother argues on

appeal that she could have engaged with treatment. However, the GAL noted that

Mother “had two years in the prior case, it’s been a year since — almost a year since

[M.W.] was removed again, there’s no change.” (04/10/23, tr. 82-83.)

               R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(e) requires the trial court to consider whether any

of the factors in sections (E)(7) to (11) apply.       Here, the trial court made

abandonment findings under R.C. 2151.414(E)(10), which are supported by the

record.

               As with the first requirement, we note that Mother does not challenge

any of the R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) factors. Instead, Mother argues that trial court

abused its discretion by denying the motion for legal custody to the maternal

grandfather, citing to In re Ar.S., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 111028, 2021-Ohio-1200,
comparing the facts of that case to the instant case. Initially, we must recognize that

the cited opinion by Mother has been vacated by this court and replaced with a

subsequent opinion on reconsideration, In re Ar.S., 2021-Ohio-1958, 174 N.E.3d 28

(8th Dist.).

               Regarding the facts of the case, we find In re Ar.S. distinguishable and

unpersuasive. In re Ar.S., this court, in a split decision, reversed an award of

permanent custody when the children, who were older, expressed a desire to live

with their aunt who had been a part of their lives since they were born. Id. at ¶ 51-

65. The In re Ar.S Court noted that the children’s aunt wanted custody; raised three

successful children; believed the children should remain with family; had a suitable

home for the children, which was approved by CCDCFS; was willing to facilitate the

children’s contact with their mother; and had a fiancé who was employed and ready

to assist with the children. Id. at ¶ 46. Whereas in the instant case, the children

were too young to express their wishes; they had no bond with maternal

grandfather; and there were other concerns about grandfather’s ability to be the

children’s legal custodian. The trial court found that “[b]ased on the evidence and

testimony provided, and the court weighing the credibility of the witnesses, the

Court does not find that legal custody to [maternal grandfather] is in the child[ren]’s

best interest.” (Judgment Entry, 04/11/23.)

               Additionally, as noted above, the trial court lacked authority to order

legal custody to maternal grandfather given the lack of a signed statement of

understanding, which is a condition precedent to a trial court’s authority to award
legal custody to a proposed custodian. In re C.D.Y., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108355,

2019-Ohio-4987 ¶15 (“The court cannot award legal custody of a child to a

nonparent unless he or she ‘signs a statement of understanding for legal custody that

contains’ various provisions listed in the statutes. R.C. 2151.353(A)(3)(a)-(d).”) The

trial court was well within its discretion in determining that the children’s best

interest would be better served by permitting them to remain in their current

placements, where they were bonded, rather than committing them to the legal

custody of their maternal grandfather, who had little to no bond with the children,

Mother was removed as a child, and grandfather had a concerning criminal history.

               Based on the foregoing, we find there is clear and convincing evidence

in the record to support the court’s determination that permanent custody to

CCDCFS is in the children’s best interests. Accordingly, we find that the court’s

decision to grant permanent custody is not against the evidence as Mother contends.

We further find that the court did not abuse its discretion in determining that

permanent custody of the children be awarded to CCDCFS.

               Therefore, the first assignment of error is overruled.

      B. GAL Report

               In the second assignment of error, Mother claims the GAL failed to

perform her duties under Sup.R. 48 because the GAL “did not interview or do a

home visit with the maternal grandfather.”

               Ohio Sup.R. 48.03 sets forth responsibilities for guardians ad litem.

Relevant to this appeal, it states that the GAL represent the best interest of the child;
become informed about the facts of the case and contact all relevant persons; and

visit the child at the residence or proposed residence of the child in accordance with

any standards established by the court.4

              Preliminarily, we recognize that this court has previously stated:

              In support of her claim, Mother cites to Nolan v. Nolan, 4th Dist.

Scioto No. 11CA3444, 2012-Ohio-3736, where the Fourth District Court of Appeals

found that, based on the unique facts of the case, the GAL’s testimony and report

should have been stricken from the record because GAL’s investigation fell below

the minimum standards established in Sup.R. 48. Id. at ¶ 25-27. In Nolan, the GAL

conducted only a limited investigation and failed to visit the homes of the parents or

conduct interviews with several key individuals, including the child, the mother’s

live-in boyfriend, the child’s half-sister, school personnel, and medical providers.

Id. at ¶ 8, 25. The GAL filed a report in which he recommended terminating the

      4 We note that the Rules of Superintendence were amended in 2021 and the

references to Sup.R. 48(D) are now found in Sup.R. 48.03.
shared parenting plan and designating the mother as residential parent and legal

custodian, concluding that this would be in the child’s best interest. Id. at ¶ 9.

               Mother’s reliance on Nolan is misplaced. The Nolan decision was fact

specific. Id. at ¶ 26-27. See In re C.O., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 99334 and 99335,

2013-Ohio-5239, ¶ 19; In re G.W., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107512, 2019-Ohio-1533,

¶ 56; In re L.S., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108666, 2019-Ohio-5347, ¶ 17 (where this

court has repeatedly rejected similar claims by appellants when they cited to Nolan

in support of their argument). In the matter before us, the GAL advised the trial

court that the grandfather failed to remain at court as requested following a previous

hearing so that she could obtain his address to facilitate a visit to his home. The GAL

also advised that the grandfather had just recently told her that “he had purchased

[his home] two weeks ago, that he was in the process of repainting it, redoing the

flooring in the home, and he had moved everything out of the house. So even if [the

GAL] came on Sunday, there wasn’t going to be anything in the house.” (04/10/23,

tr. 87.) The GAL further advised that she had concerns about grandfather’s criminal

history and potential substance abuse issues, as well as his history with the juvenile

court and CCDCFS and failure to achieve reunification with Mother. The GAL could

not, “in good conscience recommend custody to [grandfather] since [Mother] wasn’t

even reunified with him.” (04/10/23, tr. 85.) Despite Mother’s claim to the

contrary, the record demonstrates that the GAL fulfilled her duties as the children’s

guardian ad litem.

               The second assignment of error is overruled.
III. Conclusion

              There is clear and convincing evidence in the record to support the

court’s determination that permanent custody to CCDCFS is in the children’s best

interests. Accordingly, the court’s decision to grant permanent custody is not

against the evidence.   Furthermore, the court did not abuse its discretion in

determining that permanent custody of the children be awarded to CCDCFS. The

record also demonstrates that while the GAL did not visit the maternal grandfather’s

home, the GAL still fulfilled her duties to M.W. and E.W.

              Accordingly, judgment is affirmed.

      It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the

common pleas court, juvenile division, to carry this judgment into execution.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

MARY J. BOYLE, JUDGE

KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, P.J., and
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, J., CONCUR