Court Opinion

ID: 9946979
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-01 20:07:43.962645+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:25:44.742522
License: Public Domain

Corey Hannah v. State of Maryland, No. 1500, Sept. Term 2022. Opinion filed on March
1, 2024, by Wells, C.J.

ANIMALS – INJURING OR KILLING ANIMALS IN GENERAL – CRIMINAL
RESPONSIBILITY

Under Maryland Code, Criminal Law § 10-606(b)(1)(ii), the intentional torture of an
animal constitutes the felony of aggravated animal abuse. Because the statute does not
define the word “torture,” the legislature intended that “torture” bear its natural and
ordinary meaning. An act, omission, or neglect that causes or permits unnecessary or
unjustifiable physical pain or suffering to an animal constitutes conduct satisfies the
natural and ordinary definition of “torture” for the purpose of the aggravated animal
abuse statute.

ANIMALS – INJURING OR KILLING ANIMALS IN GENERAL – CRIMINAL
RESPONSIBILITY

Evidence that defendant failed to provide sufficient food, water, shelter, and veterinary
care for dogs in his care was sufficient to establish criminal liability under aggravated
animal abuse statute. Md. Code Ann., Criminal Law, § 10–606(b)(1) (West).

ANIMALS – INJURING OR KILLING ANIMALS IN GENERAL – CRIMINAL
RESPONSIBILITY

Aggravated animal cruelty was not a specific intent offense, pursuant to section of statute
prohibiting the intentional torture of an animal, and the State was therefore not required
to prove that the defendant possessed the specific intent to cause animals unnecessary or
unjustifiable physical pain or suffering. Md. Code Ann., Criminal Law, § 10–606(b)(1)
(West).

STATUTES – CONSTRUCTION – OTHER LAW, CONSTRUCTION WITH
REFERENCE TO – OTHER STATUTES – CONSTRUING TOGETHER;
HARMONY

Harmonious reading of two criminal statutes did not require that a defendant could be
convicted of only one offense, where the legislature did not express an intent that
conviction of both offenses would frustrate the purpose of either statute or the overall
statutory scheme.
Circuit Court for Baltimore County
Case No. C-03-CR-20-002081
                                                                   REPORTED

                                                          IN THE APPELLATE COURT

                                                                OF MARYLAND

                                                                     No. 1500

                                                              September Term, 2022

                                                    ______________________________________

                                                                COREY HANNAH

                                                                        v.

                                                            STATE OF MARYLAND
                                                    ______________________________________

                                                         Wells, C.J.,
                                                         Ripken,
                                                         Eyler, James R.,
                                                           (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),

                                                                      JJ.
                                                    ______________________________________

                                                              Opinion by Wells, C.J.
                                                    ______________________________________

                                                         Filed: March 1, 2024

Pursuant to the Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal
Materials Act (§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State
Government Article) this document is authentic.

                                2024.03.01
                                14:55:53
                                -05'00'

Gregory Hilton, Clerk
       A jury sitting in the Circuit Court for Baltimore County convicted appellant Corey

Hannah of four felony counts of aggravated cruelty to animals, under Maryland Code,

Criminal Law (“CR”) § 10-606, for the torture of four dogs. He was also convicted of

thirteen counts of abuse or neglect of animals, pursuant to CR § 10-604. Hannah appeals

only his four felony convictions, and presents the following question for our review:

       Whether the court erred in finding that evidence of misdemeanor “abuse or
       neglect of an animal,” is, without more, sufficient to prove the “torture”
       theory of felony “aggravated cruelty to animals[.]” 1

Hannah argues that the legislature intended that the type of neglectful conduct that

constitutes a violation of CR § 10-604 is not the type of conduct that supports a conviction

for intentional animal torture under CR § 10-606. Because the State only presented

evidence that any pain and suffering his dogs experienced was caused by his omission or

neglect and not his intentional acts, Hannah contends, the State’s evidence was insufficient

to convict him of aggravated animal cruelty.

       For the reasons discussed below, we affirm the circuit court’s judgments. The

legislature left the term “torture” undefined in CR § 10-606, and, looking to the natural and

ordinary meaning of the word, a jury could find Hannah’s conduct constituted torture.

                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       On May 27, 2020, Baltimore County police officers conducted a search of Hannah’s

property located at 4406 Worthington Avenue in Reisterstown, Maryland. Law

       1
           The State phrased the question presented differently:

       Was the evidence sufficient to support Hannah’s convictions for aggravated
       animal cruelty?
enforcement officers were accompanied by staff associated with the Baltimore County

Animal Services Department (“Animal Services”), who seized twenty-six dogs.

       On August 10, 2020, a Baltimore County grand jury issued an indictment charging

Hannah with four counts of Aggravated Cruelty to Animal, CR § 10-606, in its torture

modality, against four pit bull terriers, “Good Girl,” “Jonny,” “Old Man,” and “Charly.”

Hannah was also charged with four counts of Abuse or Neglect of Animal, CR § 10-604—

for failure to provide nutritious food in sufficient quantity, necessary veterinary care,

proper drink, and proper space for each of the four dogs—a total of sixteen counts. Hannah

was charged with an additional count of CR § 10-604 for failure to provide nutritious food

in sufficient quantity to a fifth dog, “Windy,” as well as three counts of possession of an

implement of dog fighting pursuant to CR § 10-607.1(b).

I.     Hannah’s Trial

       Hannah was tried by jury in the Circuit Court for Baltimore County in a two-day

trial commencing on July 26, 2022. On the first day of the trial, the State entered Counts

5, 10, 15, and 20, failure to provide proper space, and Counts 22 through 24, possession of

implements of dog fighting, nolle prosequi. Hannah entered a plea of not guilty as to the

remaining counts.

       The State presented four witnesses: Kayla Franczkowski, an Animal Services

supervisor; Detective Steven Dix of the Baltimore County Police Department; and Doctors

Julianne Simpson, DVM, and Jocelyn Spiga, DVM, Baltimore County Animal Services

veterinarians. Hannah presented no witnesses.

                                            2
   A. Testimony Regarding the Search of Hannah’s Property.

       Franczkowski testified that, between 6:30 and 7:00 a.m. on May 27, 2020, she and

three Animal Services staff members accompanied police officers to execute a search

warrant at Hannah’s residence. Franczkowski testified that other Animal Services staff

previously performed inspections since at least 2017 but that she was unaware of the

substance of those interactions.

       On the property, there was a fenced enclosure containing approximately twenty-six

dogs. There was either no water available to the dogs or the water present was not potable,

containing debris or algae. Franczkowski testified that there were three dogs chained with

heavy chains connected to tire axles, and a mother with puppies in a kennel area. Because

of the limited reach of the chains, the dogs that were chained were standing in mixed mud

and feces. Franczkowski opined that these conditions could promote fungus, algae, and

disease. However, Franczkowski testified that, in general, the dogs were excited and not

lethargic.

       She observed that Windy, the dog located in the kennel, recently had a litter of

puppies, and appeared “a little bit underweight” and friendly. She stated that the vertebrae

of Windy’s back, her hip bones, and several ribs were showing. She observed a tan pit bull

terrier with an abscess on its neck and opined that the dog was in pain because it was

jumping and yelping, apparently because of the pressure of its collar on the abscess. She

stated that she observed a puncture wound near the abscess and did not know when or how

the wound occurred. However, she saw no indication that a veterinarian had treated the

abscess.

                                             3
       Franczkowski also observed a dog in Hannah’s house with gray fur and scarring on

its face and a split lip. Franczkowski stated that she was not sure whether the injuries were

recent, and that the lip wound was healed. She observed that Good Girl appeared slower

and less “spry” than the other dogs, but noted no apparent wounds, gashes, or injuries. She

also said that there was medication from an animal hospital located in a toolbox.

       Detective Dix testified that he arrived at Hannah’s residence at approximately 10:30

a.m. Dix stated that he observed a fenced enclosure containing multiple pit bull terriers and

“makeshift” housing for the dogs. The dogs were collared with “bark collars,” (Dix stated

that several of the collars were “shocking bark collars.”) chained to the ground, and spread

apart so that they could not come into contact with each other. Dix testified that there were

bowls placed near the dogs, but that he did not see food in any bowl, and that the water

available to the dogs was dirty or contaminated. Dix read Hannah his Miranda rights, and

Hannah voluntarily spoke with Dix, stating that the dogs belonged to him. Dix stated that

he located animal medications and growth supplements, specifically, Clovite 2 and

Ivermectin, 3 magazines and books on dog breeding, a hanging scale, and syringes.

       2
          Presumably CLOVITE Conditioner, “[a] vitamin supplement containing Vitamin
A, Vitamin D and Vitamin B12” marketed for use with horses. CLOVITE Conditioner,
Zoetis United States, https://www.zoetisus.com/products/equine/clovite-conditioner
[https://perma.cc/LF7W-T5B5].
        3
          Ivermectin is an antiparasitic drug. See Roz Laing, Victoria Gillan, & Eileen
Devaney, Ivermectin – Old Drug, New Tricks?, 33 TRENDS IN PARASITOLOGY (6) 463–72
(2017), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5446326/ [https://perma.cc/
V4LN-TRFD]. Dix testified that it is “typically used in horses, but not always.”
                                             4
       He testified that some of the dogs appeared to have open wounds and scarring. On

cross examination, Dix stated that he did not know when the scarring occurred. He stated

that one dog—which he identified as Old Man—had a split lip and appeared unhealthy.

       Franczkowski testified that “a decision was made” to seize all the animals on the

property, on the basis of food and water not being available, and the dogs being chained

without proper shelter.

   B. Veterinary Expert Testimony.

       Dr. Simpson testified that she and Dr. Spiga treated the twenty-six dogs seized at

Hannah’s property upon their intake at the County animal shelter. The court qualified Dr.

Simpson as an expert in the field of veterinary medicine. Dr. Simpson stated that the

majority of the dogs had scars, cuts, abrasions, and rub marks on their necks.

       Dr. Simpson opined, within a reasonable degree of certainty in veterinary medicine,

that five dogs in particular were neglected: Good Girl, Jonny, Old Man, Charly, and

Windy. 4 She based that opinion on their “generalized condition.” She made particular

reference to several “chronic conditions”: Charly’s ear infection, which “did not happen

overnight”; Good Girl’s, Old Man’s, and Windy’s broken and missing teeth; Good Girl’s

eye infection; and Old Man’s untreated split lip. Dr. Simpson stated that she saw evidence

of pain in the dogs, and that these five dogs did not receive adequate veterinary care. She

also opined that Windy’s body condition suggested a lack of nutritious food. However, on

       4
        As discussed above, the State brought felony charges of aggravated animal abuse
with respect to four of the five neglected dogs—Good Girl, Jonny, Old Man, and Charly.
                                             5
cross examination, Dr. Simpson testified that none of the dogs were dehydrated upon intake

at the shelter.

       Dr. Spiga performed follow-up examination and treatment on the dogs; the court

also qualified her as an expert in veterinary medicine. Dr. Spiga also opined that the five

dogs had been neglected, based upon “[t]he untreated medical illnesses that were causing

prolonged pain and suffering and the conditions they were kept in.” She stated that the

shelter was only able to secure veterinary records for Charly but had no knowledge of

whether veterinary records existed for the other animals.

       Both veterinarians also testified as to their opinions regarding specific dogs, which

are recounted as follows.

       1. Good Girl

       In her examination of Good Girl, Dr. Simpson noted ocular and ear discharge, hair

loss on her ventral neck, lichenified skin, and pendulous mammary glands. Dr. Simpson

stated that Good Girl’s hair loss may have been painful and that her eye condition may

have caused generalized discomfort. She was “missing both of her upper canine teeth and

had fractured and worn-down incisors,” which Dr. Simpson opined could be painful.

       Dr. Spiga testified that she noted abdominal swelling several days after Good Girl’s

intake. Dr. Spiga diagnosed Good Girl with endometrial cystic hyperplasia, a chronic

condition, which Dr. Spiga opined probably caused Good Girl discomfort and pain. She

testified that the condition likely persisted for multiple years, but she did not know when

Good Girl came into Hannah’s possession.

                                             6
       2. Jonny

       Dr. Simpson, upon intake, observed swelling on Jonny’s neck, which at the time she

believed resulted from an allergic reaction to a bee sting. She stated that the abscess would

have taken at least two weeks to fester to its size on May 27, and that it was “absolutely” a

painful condition. Dr. Simpson testified that staff at the shelter noticed puncture wounds

once he was sedated.

       Dr. Spiga also testified to several puncture wounds consistent with puncture from a

dog bite on the side of Jonny’s face on May 30. She stated that she was unable to drain the

fluid in Jonny’s abscess because it had “compartmentalized,” which, she stated, “shows

that it was a chronic condition.” She agreed that the condition was “definitely

uncomfortable,” and that it was likely ongoing for several months. She offered her opinion

that Jonny could not possibly have received the puncture wound after he was taken to the

animal shelter.

       Jonny was ultimately euthanized due to having a wound of unknown origin and

exhibiting “bite risk redirecting, freezing hard staring,” which, according to Dr. Simpson,

suggested the possibility that a rabid animal bit him.

       3. Old Man

       Dr. Simpson stated that Old Man exhibited “a lot of scarring,” and that he had a split

lower lip that appeared to be an old injury. She opined that the lip was allowed to heal

without veterinary care and healed unattached, a condition which she stated is painful to a

dog while healing. But Old Man, Dr. Simpson further stated, “wasn’t bothered by it any

longer” at the time she examined him. However, his canine teeth were fractured to the gum

                                             7
line, and he was missing all of his front incisors, which Dr. Simpson opined could be very

painful.

       Dr. Spiga also opined that Old Man’s split lower lip suggested no medical follow-

up care, and that it was an “old injury,” caused at least several months before. She also

noted arthritis and bony swellings around his front carpal joints, which she stated were

typically caused by fractures that have not healed appropriately. She stated that Old Man’s

worn-down teeth could be uncomfortable but stated that she could not tell how much pain

it would cause without radiographs of the jaw. Dr. Spiga opined that Old Man’s split lip

could be uncomfortable.

       Old Man was also euthanized because of his “extremely aggressive” behavior

towards other animals in the facility rendering him unsafe for release to the public.

       4. Charly

       Dr. Simpson noted that Charly had scarring on her face, muzzle, ears, and neck, and

cropped ears. Her left ear was stenotic, “meaning it was completely closed down from ear

infection.” Dr. Simpson testified that she noted inflammation and discharge from the ear,

and that Charly was holding her ear back against her head in a manner suggesting that the

condition was painful. She stated that the condition would have taken somewhere in excess

of two months to develop, but that she was unsure if veterinary care had already been

provided.

       Dr. Spiga testified that Charly’s left ear canal had been “macerated”—lacerated or

destroyed—by some unknown trauma. She opined that it was most likely caused by a bite

from another animal, and that the condition was extremely painful.

                                             8
        5. Windy

        Windy had a “very thin body condition score” of 3 on the “Purina 9-Point Body

Condition System,” which Dr. Simpson testified was an indication that she was

underweight. Windy was still bleeding from having had a litter of puppies, which Dr.

Simpson stated was normal. With her body condition score low, Dr. Simpson suggested

there was a possibility of malnutrition, starvation, or mastitis, but that Windy exhibited no

evidence of these conditions. However, she was missing her front incisors and had a

fractured upper right canine tooth. Dr. Spiga concurred that Windy was slightly

underweight.

        Following the close of the State’s argument, Hannah moved for a motion for

judgment of acquittal on grounds of a lack of evidence of intentional acts constituting

torture, which the court denied.    The jury returned guilty verdicts as to all counts.

Hannah timely appealed.

        We will supply additional facts as necessary to support our analysis.

                                      DISCUSSION

I.      Because CR § 10-606 Does Not Define “Torture,” a Jury Could Have Found
        Hannah’s Conduct, in Willfully Failing to Provide Adequate Food, Water, and
        Veterinary Care for His Dogs, Constituted Torture.

     A. Parties’ Contentions

        Hannah argues that the legislature enacting the statutory text now codified at CR

§ 10-606, in 2001, intended that “torture” includes conduct distinct from that which is

criminalized by CR § 10-604. The legislature’s intent in so doing, Hannah contends, was

                                             9
to punish only intentional acts of animal cruelty, which would not include the type of

“abuse or neglect” penalized by CR § 10-604.

       The State responds that we should give “torture” its “ordinary” and “common-

sense . . . meaning” because there is no “standalone definition” of the term in the statutory

text. According to the State, the proper definition is “to cruelly subject an animal to severe

pain or suffering.”

   B. Standard of Review

       Where we must resolve a question of statutory interpretation, our review is de novo.

Moore v. State, 388 Md. 446, 453 (2005) (“Interpretation of a statute is a question of law,

and, therefore, we review de novo the decision of the Circuit Court.”).

   C. Analysis

       Hannah argues that omissions or neglect in caring for an animal cannot constitute

torture, at least where the term is used as a form of the felony of aggravated cruelty to

animals pursuant to CR § 10-606(b)(1)(ii). Rather, Hannah argues, the legislature intended

that such conduct should only be penalized as abuse or neglect of animals pursuant to CR

§ 10-604.

       1. Consistent reading of CR §§ 10-604 and 10-606 permits conviction under both
          statutes for the same conduct.

       Hannah argues that the legislature intended, by enumerating several types of neglect

under CR § 10-604(a)(5)—for which he was, in fact, also convicted—that this conduct

could only be punished by conviction under that statute. We disagree. It is entirely possible

that certain conduct could, theoretically, violate both CR § 10-604 and CR § 10-606 at the

                                             10
same time, and the mere fact that CR § 10-604 is more specific does not preclude a

conviction under CR § 10-606. There are scenarios in which the same conduct by the same

defendant can sustain convictions under different criminal offenses, even where the

statutory language of the two provisions is similar. 5 This may have consequences for

whether the charges merge for sentencing, but that does not mean that the defendant cannot

be convicted of both. There is nothing in the plain text of either statute to suggest that the

legislature intended for the two statutes to be mutually exclusive.

       Hannah cites a Texas case, State v. Kingsbury, 129 S.W.3d 202 (Tex. App. 2004),

as support that Maryland’s legislature intended the felony of aggravated animal cruelty and

misdemeanor of animal neglect or abuse to cover entirely distinct conduct. In Kingsbury,

the Court of Appeals of Texas rested its decision upon a technical point of statutory

construction, finding it significant that the Texas statute read, “A person commits animal

cruelty by intentionally or knowingly torturing an animal ‘or’ by intentionally or

knowingly failing unreasonably to provide necessary food, care, or shelter.” Id. at 206.

Because the word “or” suggested that “a person can commit one criminal act ‘or’ the other,”

the Kingsbury court concluded that it would be “incongruous” to convict a person for the

felony offense of torture. Id.

       5
         A defendant’s conduct in a sexual assault case could lead a jury to convict under
several different criminal statutes. For example, where a man attempts penile penetration
of a female, that act could lead a jury to find the defendant guilty of attempted second-
degree rape, third-degree sexual offense, fourth-degree sexual offense, or second-degree
assault. See CR §§ 3-304, 3-307, 3-308, 3-203. The offenses would undoubtedly merge at
sentencing into the main offense of attempted rape.
                                             11
       Kingsbury is not instructive. That case interpreted a different statute from that which

we consider in this case, enacted by the legislature of another state to serve a purpose which

we cannot assume to be precisely the same as our legislature’s when it enacted CR

§ 10-606. 6 Unlike in Kingsbury, there is nothing in the plain text of either CR §§ 10-604

or 10-606 to suggest that the legislature intended for their mutual exclusivity. The

legislature did not place them in an enumerated list with the word “or” suggesting that

misdemeanor neglect or felony torture constituted two distinct forms of conduct. In fact,

these two offenses were found in a single statute, structured somewhat like the Texas

statute in Kingsbury, prior to a 2002 recodification. CR § 10-606 derives from Article 27

§ 59, repealed and reenacted in 2001 to establish aggravated cruelty to animals as a separate

offense from the pre-existing misdemeanor offense now codified at CR§ 10-604. In 2002,

during the recodification of Article 27 to the current Criminal Law Article, Article 27 §

59(b) became CR § 10-604 and Article 27 § 59(c) became CR § 10-606. The

accompanying Revisor’s Notes state that no substantive change was intended. However,

the legislature breaking the misdemeanor and felony offenses in two separate statutes

suggests, if anything, that the two offenses were intended to be distinct. We therefore find

nothing in the statutory scheme that might evince legislative intent for mutual exclusivity

of CR §§ 10-604 and 10-606.

       6
        For the same reason, we did not consider animal abuse statutes from other states
as persuasive authority in our interpretation of CR § 10-606, as Hannah calls upon us to
do.
                                             12
       We further disagree with Hannah that reading the two statutes in pari materia

suggests that the same conduct cannot support each. The canon of in pari materia maintains

that statutes must be read harmoniously so that no portion of either is rendered nugatory.

See Washington Suburban Sanitary Comm’n v. Phillips, 413 Md. 606, 623 (2010)

(“statutory provisions that are in pari materia (in other words, that deal with the same

subject matter) [are interpreted] consistently with each other”) (cleaned up); Whack v.

State, 338 Md. 665, 673 (1995) (“When we are called upon to interpret two statutes that

involve the same subject matter, have a common purpose, and form part of the same

system, we read them in pari materia and construe them harmoniously.”) (cleaned up);

Jung v. Southland Corp., 351 Md. 165, 177 (1998) (“Nor should [a] statute be read so as

to render another statute in that statutory scheme, or any portion of it, meaningless,

surplusage, superfluous, or nugatory.”) (cleaned up).

       Convicting a person of both CR §§ 10-604 and 10-606 renders nothing about either

nugatory: the defendant is simply convicted of two offenses. The legislature’s intent in

penalizing the act of animal torture is in no way impeded if a defendant is also convicted

of animal abuse or neglect, and we see nothing unharmonious about such an outcome.

Again, we note that there may be consequences for sentence merger in such cases; because

Hannah did not raise the issue, we will not consider it.

       For the same reason, we do not credit Hannah’s argument, citing Thomas v. Reeves,

961 F.3d 800, 815–16 (5th Cir. 2020), that to convict him for the same conduct under both

CR §§ 10-604 and 10-606 would “duplicate [a] provision” or render one of “no

                                             13
consequence.” Again, there is nothing inherently duplicative in convicting a defendant of

two offenses.

       We now consider whether the plain text of CR § 10-606 evinces, as Hannah

suggests, the legislature’s intent that “torture” under that provision does not include the

omissions criminalized by CR § 10-604.

       2. “Torture” is undefined in CR § 10-606, and from the ordinary meaning of the
          term, a jury could find it includes an intentional omission or neglect.

       We begin our interpretation of CR § 10-606 with its plain text. 7 “The ultimate goal

in construing and applying a statute is to ‘discern the actual intent of the [L]egislature in

enacting it.’ When the Court can ascertain the Legislature’s intent from the plain meaning

of the verbiage, the Court need not delve deeper.” Ali v. CIT Tech. Fin. Servs., Inc., 416

Md. 249, 260 (2010). In reading the plain text, we may “neither add nor delete language so

as to reflect an intent not evidenced in the plain and unambiguous language of the statute[.]”

Washington v. State, 450 Md. 319, 330 (2016).

       The current text of CR § 10-606, in relevant part, reads as follows:

       (b) A person may not:
         (1) intentionally:
           (i) mutilate an animal;
           (ii) torture an animal;
           (iii) cruelly beat an animal;
           (iv) cruelly kill an animal; or
           (v) engage in sexual contact with an animal;

       7
         Hannah suggests that this Court would violate separation of powers principles by
construing the meaning of “torture” as it is used in the statute. However, we need not usurp
the legislature’s role here; we only interpret the statute by determining whether the
definition of the term includes the conduct for which Hannah was convicted, an exercise
which is squarely within the judicial power.
                                             14
           (2) cause, procure, or authorize an act prohibited under item (1) of this
           subsection; or
           (3) except in the case of self-defense, intentionally inflict bodily harm,
           permanent disability, or death on an animal owned or used by a law
           enforcement unit.

Md. Code Ann., CR § 10-606(b) (West 2023) (emphasis added).

       “Torture” is undefined by the text of CR § 10-606. That section is set within Title

10, Subtitle 6 of the Criminal Law Article of the Maryland Code, Crimes Relating to

Animals, and some terms maintain a consistent definition throughout the subtitle.

CR § 10-601, Definitions, hints at the legislature’s intended definition of “torture” as used

in CR § 10-606. CR § 10-601 offers the following definition for the term “cruelty”:

       (c)(1) “Cruelty” means the unnecessary or unjustifiable physical pain or
       suffering caused or allowed by an act, omission, or neglect.
         (2) “Cruelty” includes torture and torment.

Md. Code Ann., CR § 10-601(c) (West 2023).

       CR § 10-601 thus does not define “torture” either. However, here, the parties agree

that “torture” in CR § 10-606 is at least akin to “cruelty” as defined by CR § 10-601.

Hannah cites In re William G., 52 Md. App. 131, 132 (1982), arguing that while torture has

been defined to include “act, omission, or neglect whereby unnecessary or unjustifiable

physical pain or suffering is caused or permitted” (essentially, cruelty under CR § 10-601),

it does not include any “omission” or “neglect” for the purposes of CR § 10-606. The

definition in William G. derives from Maryland Code, Article 27 § 62, the predecessor of

CR § 10-601 repealed in 2002, which did provide an explicit definition of “torture.” 8

       We do not assign any particular weight to the definition found in In re William G.,
       8

52 Md. App. at 132, in our consideration of the legislature’s intended definition. The
                                             15
       The State proposes that “torture’s” definition in this context should be “to cruelly

subject an animal to severe pain or suffering.” The parties thus generally agree that

“torture” could reasonably be defined to mean conduct causing unnecessary or unjustifiable

physical pain or suffering, and the crux of their disagreement is what type of conduct

qualifies—act, omission, or neglect. We proceed to consider whether either of their

definitions is supportable.

       When we must construe the meaning of a word for which the legislature has not

explicitly provided a definition, “we determine the intended scope of the term by applying

the language’s natural and ordinary meaning, by considering the express and implied

purpose of the statute, and by employing basic principles of common sense, the meaning

these words intend to convey.” Goff v. State, 387 Md. 327, 344 (2005) (citing Schmerling

v. Injured Workers’ Insurance Fund, 368 Md. 434, 444 (2002)).

       We turn to dictionary definitions of the word “torture” to guide our interpretation of

the statutory text. See State v. Wilson, 471 Md. 136, 160 (2020) (“[W]here a term is not

defined by statute, we may refer to the dictionary and give the words their ordinary

meaning.”) (cleaned up). In this case, the available definitions vary widely. Black’s Law

Dictionary defines “torture” as “[t]he infliction of intense pain to the body or mind to

punish, to extract a confession or information, or to obtain sadistic pleasure.” TORTURE,

statutory definition was repealed in 2001 and there is no indication in CR §§ 10-601 or
10-606 that the legislature intended that the term retain its pre-2001 definition. We
reference it, as Hannah does, as background for his argument about what the definition of
torture should not include.
                                             16
Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). 9 This definition largely does not pertain to an

animal abuse context—a dog cannot, of course, be tortured to extract a confession—but

the sense of “torture” in which pain is caused to “obtain sadistic pleasure” is relevant.

       Other definitions are more expansive. Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary provides three

definitions of the verb “torture:” “to cause intense suffering to;” “to punish or coerce by

inflicting excruciating pain;” and “to twist or wrench out of shape.” Merriam-Webster,

Torture, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/torture [https://perma.cc/MFB9-

P8XX].

       Hannah argues that “torture” is necessarily an intentional act; that is, that an

omission or neglect categorically cannot be the type of conduct that would constitute

“torture” for the purpose of CL § 10-606. His theory of the case at trial was that the State

presented no evidence that he had committed any intentional act which caused harm to the

dogs, an argument he reasserts on appeal.

       However, dictionary definitions of “torture” are agnostic about the type of conduct

that might constitute torture. In these definitions, we do not find that only an “act,” as

opposed to an “omission” or “neglect,” would constitute torture in its common usage.

Taking Merriam-Webster’s definition, it is conceivable that a person could “cause intense

suffering” by omission or neglect, in addition to an intentional act. The Cambridge

Dictionary defines “torture” in its verb form to mean “to cause great physical or mental

pain to someone intentionally” or “to cause mental pain.” CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY,

       9
        This definition was identical at the time that CR § 10-606 was enacted. TORTURE,
Black’s Law Dictionary (7th ed. 1999).
                                             17
Torture,     https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/torture   [https://perma.cc/

9SES-VUCU]. We also find no indication that the common definition of “torture” has

changed substantially since CL § 10-606 was first enacted. See WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW

INT’L DICTIONARY 2414 (Philip Babcock Grove ed., 3d ed. 1976) (defining torture as “to

put to torture; punish or coerce by inflicting excruciating pain;” “to extract or obtain by

torture;” “to cause intense suffering to; inflict anguish on; subject to severe pain;” or “to

twist or wrench out of shape”).

        In short, so long as the actor’s conduct is intentional, 10 and results in pain and

suffering to the animal, the definition applies. 11 We can easily conceive of an intentional

omission that would qualify, especially in the context of keeping a domestic pet. A dog’s

owner may completely control its access to food, water, and medical care; in such

circumstances, a person could conceivably make intentional decisions which deprive the

animal of necessities and cause it pain and suffering. We thus cannot say that a jury’s

common-sensical understanding of the word “torture” would not include causing a dog

suffering by intentionally omitting to provide proper food, water, shelter, and veterinary

care.

        10
          As we discuss at length below, for the purpose of CR § 10-606, only a showing
of general intent is required.
       11
          The State suggests that the definition of torture should include that “severe” pain
and suffering must be caused to the tortured party. While we think that evidence of the
severity of pain can be probative of torture, we find nothing to suggest that a showing of
severe pain is necessary to meet the common definition of the term.
                                             18
II.     The State Presented Sufficient Evidence From Which a Jury Could Conclude
        That Hannah Committed Conduct Which Constituted Torture.

        With this understanding of CR § 10-606 in mind, we turn to consider whether the

State presented sufficient evidence to convict Hannah of aggravated animal abuse.

        It is a cornerstone of criminal law that “[e]very crime must be considered in two

parts—the physical act (actus reus) and the mental intent to do the crime (mens rea).” Hall

v. State, 448 Md. 318, 330 (2016) (citing Garnett v. State, 332 Md. 571, 577–78 (1993)

(“In this regard, it is well understood that generally there are two components of every

crime, the actus reus or guilty act and the mens rea or the guilty mind or mental state

accompanying a forbidden act.”)). CR § 10-606 is very clear about the mental state

required for criminal liability to lie: it is concerned with intentional torture.

        We consider these two elements, actus reus and mens rea, in turn.

      A. Standard of Review

        “The standard for appellate review of evidentiary sufficiency is whether, after

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of

fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” State

v. Smith, 374 Md. 527, 533 (2003) (cleaned up). We make our determination without re-

weighing the evidence or unduly intruding upon the factfinder’s “findings of facts, its

resolution of conflicting evidence, and, significantly, its opportunity to observe and assess

the credibility of witnesses.” McDonald v. State, 347 Md. 452, 474 (1997) (citing State v.

Albrecht, 336 Md. 475, 478 (1994)).

                                               19
   B. The State Presented Sufficient Evidence That Hannah Tortured Four Dogs.

       1. Parties’ Contentions

       Hannah argues that no evidence of intentional abuse was presented to the factfinder.

He states that there was “no evidence, nor suggestion, that the dogs were intentionally

mistreated . . . . that Mr. Hannah beat, maimed, or sought to hurt the dogs . . . . nor

allegation of any sadistic or nefarious motivation.” The State responds that the jury could

have found from the testimony presented at trial that Hannah’s failures to secure care for

the dogs caused them pain and suffering.

       2. Analysis

       As we have discussed at length, under a definition of torture permissible under CR

§ 10-606, the State was required to demonstrate that Hannah caused pain and suffering to

each of the four dogs. Here, the State adduced ample evidence that the dogs suffered. Drs.

Simpson and Spiga testified that Good Girl and Charly suffered from painful and untreated

broken teeth, that Good Girl from eye and ear conditions and chronic endometrial cystic

hyperplasia; that Jonny had a painful abscess that had gone untreated for at least several

weeks or months; that Old Man’s lip condition and improperly healed fractures suggested

a lack of veterinary attention; that Jonny, Old Man, and Charly exhibited significant

scarring; and that Charly’s left ear was macerated, inflamed, and painful, and that she

experienced stenosis which had gone untreated for months.

       In its closing arguments, the State suggested that the manner in which Hannah kept

Old Man, taken as a whole, constituted torture:

                                            20
       And then on top of his face being like torn open and then healing or whatever
       it is, he’s got no teeth. His teeth are destroyed and his teeth are ground down
       and he’s got an ankle that’s miserable that he’s arthritic and he has a hard
       time walking. And remember, he’s left out in the wood at night with no light,
       no air conditioning, no sofa, no bed, no toys. Man, he’s a prisoner. He is a
       prisoner who’s being tortured, I would argue to you.

       I mean, if that was a person, what would you say about this? And should he
       be treated like this is your ultimately [sic] decision.

The State also argued that Charly’s conditions met the definition of torture, with particular

reference to her untreated ear condition:

       And if you have half your ear torn off and you had no ear canal and you had
       big pus inside of it and I let you sit out in the woods with no air conditioning,
       heat, any comfort, sounds like torture to me. Sounds like cruelty. It sounds
       like being very cruel.

       The State placed further emphasis on the evidence of insufficient veterinary care

and its connection to torture:

       Now let’s get to torture. And I want you to think about this torture is defined
       as an act or practice inflicting severe pain and suffering on an animal to be
       cruel. We know about the pain and suffering. We know that. You’ve heard
       evidence of that. You’ve seen it. You’re going to look at the pictures again.
       It’s going to be disgusting. You heard from veterinarians, experts who have
       been qualified to come in here and tell you their expertise based on years of
       experience seeing many, many dogs and treating them and alleviating pain
       and suffering. They would know the best.

We conclude there is no question that the dogs suffered the type of pain and suffering that

would support a finding of torture. Consequently, we need only consider if that suffering

was properly attributable to Hannah’s conduct.

       Here, it is undisputed that Hannah acknowledged ownership of the animals. From

that, the jury could have rationally inferred that he was responsible for the dogs’ care and

the manner in which they were kept. It could also have found from Franczkowski’s and

                                              21
Dix’s testimony that Hannah chained at least three dogs. And, having accepted that, the

jury could have rationally found that Hannah’s failure to feed, water, shelter, or seek

veterinary care for the dogs—or conscious decisions to not provide these for the dogs—

caused their pain and suffering.

       Both at trial and in this appeal, the State focused upon evidence of the lack of

veterinary care as most compelling in establishing that Hannah’s conduct caused the dogs

to be tortured. We agree, and find that, drawing all permissible inferences in the light most

favorable to the State, a rational factfinder could have concluded beyond a reasonable

doubt that the dogs’ pain and suffering causally flowed from Hannah’s conduct. The jury

could have credited Dix’s testimony that animal medications were discovered in Hannah’s

residence, and, from that, inferred that Hannah was aware that his dogs required veterinary

treatment. And, given the extensive evidence of the dogs’ various untreated medical

conditions, the jury could have permissibly inferred that Hannah deliberately chose not to

seek veterinary treatment for his dogs. We thus hold that the State’s evidence was sufficient

to meet the actus reus element of criminal liability under CR § 10-606.

   C. The State Presented Sufficient Evidence of Hannah’s State of Mind.

       1. Parties’ Contentions

       Hannah argues that CR § 10-606 requires a showing of specific intent for criminal

liability to lie, and offers that, since there was no evidence of his sadistic intent, the

evidence was insufficient to support his conviction. The State argues that the jury could

have properly inferred from circumstantial evidence that Hannah’s conduct of failing to

provide the dogs proper care was intentional.

                                             22
       2. Analysis

       General intent is the intent “to do the [specified] immediate act with no particular,

clear or undifferentiated end in mind,” whereas specific intent requires a showing of “the

additional deliberate and conscious purpose or design of accomplishing a very specific and

more remote result.” Chen v. State, 370 Md. 99, 110 n.5 (2002).

       “To determine if a criminal statute requires specific intent, we look first to the

language of the statute. If the language alone does not provide sufficient information as to

the Legislature’s intent, we look to other sources to discern the Legislature’s purpose.”

Harris v. State, 353 Md. 596, 606 (1999) (cleaned up). We look for words such as “with

intent to” as indication of the legislature’s intention to impose a specific intent requirement,

and we presume that “when the Legislature desires to create a specific intent crime, it

knows how to do so.” Id. at 606 n.3 (footnote and accompanying text). Here, there is

nothing in the statute to suggest that the legislature intended for aggravated animal cruelty

to be a specific intent offense. The statute simply criminalizes “intentional” torture without

elaboration.

       In addition, the legislative history of the 2001 repeal and reenactment of Article 27

§ 59, the original source of the current text of CR § 10-606 in substantial part, evinces

nothing to suggest that the legislature intended a specific intent requirement. House Bill

649 and Senate Bill 356 from the legislature’s 2001 Regular Session simply provide that

the legislation was “[for] the purpose of establishing as the felony of aggravated cruelty to

animals certain acts relating to the mutilation, torture, killing, or beating of an animal,”

without elaborating on the mental state required. H.B. 649, 2001 Reg. Sess. (Md. 2001);

                                              23
S.B. 356, 2001 Reg. Sess. (Md. 2001). Nothing else in the legislative history of the bills

points to the legislature’s intent to enact anything other than what the plain text of the

statute stated: that a person may not “intentionally” torture an animal. Md. Code Ann., Art.

27, § 59 (2001).

       Following Article 27 § 59(c)’s reenactment as CR § 10-606 in 2002, the only

substantive change to date came in 2017, when the legislature amended the text of

Subsection (b)(1) to its current form. The enacted legislation, House Bill 455 and Senate

Bill 790, stated that the amendment was for the stated purpose of “clarifying that a person

who intentionally mutilates, intentionally tortures, intentionally cruelly beats, or

intentionally cruelly kills an animal is guilty of violating a specified prohibition against

aggravated cruelty to animals.” H.B. 455, 2017 Reg. Sess. (Md. 2017); S.B. 790, 2017 Reg.

Sess. (Md. 2017). And nothing in the legislative history materials available for the 2017

amendment otherwise suggests a legislative intent to impose a specific intent requirement.

       As such, there is nothing in the legislative history of CR § 10-606’s various

amendments from which we might infer that the legislature has ever meant anything other

than what it enacted: that the state of mind required under the statute is intentional conduct.

In interpreting a statute, we “may neither add nor delete language so as to reflect an intent

not evidenced in the plain and unambiguous language of the statute; nor may it construe

the statute with forced or subtle interpretations that limit or extend its application.” Price

v. State, 378 Md. 378, 387 (2003) (citing Cnty. Council of Prince George’s Cnty. v.

Dutcher, 365 Md. 399, 416–17 (2001)). Finding nothing in the text or history of CR

                                              24
§ 10-606 to suggest the legislature’s intent to require a showing of specific intent, we

decline to read such a requirement into the statute.

       We note that Hannah’s only claim of error with respect to the intent element was

that the State failed to present evidence of his specific intent. Having found that no such

showing was required, we do not believe that we need to consider the issue further to

resolve this case. However, to the extent that we must determine the sufficiency of the

State’s evidence as to the element of intent, the State need only have proven that Hannah

engaged in intentional conduct which caused the harm prohibited under the statute. We

therefore need only find that the evidence was sufficient to support a finding that Hannah

acted with the requisite mental state—that is, intentionally—and that his intentional

conduct resulted in the dogs being tortured.

       Intent may generally be proven by circumstantial evidence. See Thornton v. State,

397 Md. 704, 714 (2007) (“[T]he substantive mental element . . . can be proven by direct

or circumstantial evidence[.]” (citing Evans v. State, 28 Md. App. 640, 700–01 (1975))).

Where intent is inferred from circumstantial evidence, it is appropriate for the factfinder to

base their decision on the particular facts of the case. State v. Manion, 442 Md. 419, 434

(2015) (the factfinder is permitted to “consider the facts and circumstances of the particular

case when making an inference as to the defendant’s intent”).

       Here, we cannot say that no rational factfinder could have found—considering the

number of veterinary conditions from which the dogs suffered, the length of time that the

conditions persisted, and the undisputed evidence of Hannah’s ownership of the dogs—

that Hannah intentionally chose to keep the dogs in conditions that prolonged or

                                               25
exacerbated their pain and suffering. Again, here, evidence of Hannah’s failure to secure

veterinary care for the dogs was most compelling, considered in the light most favorable

to the State. The jury could have found, based upon the veterinarians’ evidence, that the

dogs each suffered from longstanding medical conditions. It could have rationally

inferred—from Dix’s and Franczkowski’s testimony that Hannah possessed animal

medications—that he was aware that the dogs required veterinary care. It could have thus

inferred that Hannah intentionally chose not to secure veterinary attention for his dogs, and

thereby found beyond a reasonable doubt that he possessed the requisite intent. As such,

we conclude that there was sufficient evidence of Hannah’s intent to torture his dogs.

                                     CONCLUSION

       Hannah’s treatment of Charly, Jonny, Old Man, and Good Girl was criminally

inadequate and abusive, and Hannah does not, in fact, deny this. His misdemeanor

convictions of animal abuse and neglect rested upon the jury’s findings that his failure to

provide proper care caused unnecessary and unjustified pain, and we have determined that

the ordinary meaning of the word “torture” includes such conduct. We therefore conclude

that the evidence was sufficient for the jury to find Hannah guilty of aggravated animal

cruelty in its torture modality and affirm those convictions.

                                                  THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT
                                                  COURT    FOR     BALTIMORE
                                                  COUNTY     IS     AFFIRMED.
                                                  APPELLANT TO PAY THE COSTS.

                                             26