Court Opinion

ID: 9889850
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-11 17:10:44.629308+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:49:01.897046
License: Public Domain

J-S22013-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT OP 65.37

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                  :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                                :
                v.                              :
                                                :
                                                :
  LAWRENCE VICTOR LARSEN                        :
                                                :
                       Appellant                :   No. 1267 WDA 2022

         Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered July 19, 2022
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Clarion County Criminal Division at
                       No(s): CP-16-CR-0000188-2020

BEFORE: OLSON, J., STABILE, J., and MURRAY, J.

MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.:                             FILED: October 11, 2023

       Appellant, Lawrence Victor Larsen, appeals from the judgment of

sentence entered on July 19, 2022, following his jury trial conviction for

terroristic threats.1 We affirm.

       We briefly summarize the facts and procedural history of this case as

follows. On March 13, 2020, police were called to the Infusion Bar in Clarion

County about a disturbance involving Appellant. During a two-day jury trial

commencing       on    June     9,   2022,     investigating   police   officers,   the

bartender/assistant manager, as well as the security guard for Infusion Bar

testified.   The bartender testified that when a woman fell off a barstool, he

approached a group of people nearby and asked if everything was okay.

Appellant asked the bartender if he had a problem, then stated that he was a

____________________________________________

1 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2706(a)(1).
J-S22013-23

member of the Aryan Brotherhood and threatened to “knife [the bartender] in

the neck.”     The bartender asked Appellant to leave and summoned bar

security to speak with Appellant. Appellant again told the security guard that

he was a member of the Aryan Brotherhood and that he was “going to burn

the bar down” and “gut him like a fish.” Appellant picked up a pool cue stick,

but the security guard warned him not to use it, called the police, and escorted

Appellant outside. Other patrons called the police as well. The police arrived

within five minutes and arrested Appellant. The security guard testified that

he had banished many people from Infusion Bar for drunken conduct, but that

Appellant’s threatening behavior was different, and the guard, as well as

several patrons, were concerned that others inside the establishment might

be harmed. The jury ultimately found Appellant guilty of the aforementioned

crime.2    On July 19, 2022, the trial court sentenced Appellant to 14 to 60

months of incarceration for terroristic threats with a consecutive term of 90

days of incarceration for public drunkenness.

       On July 29, 2022, Appellant filed a timely post-sentence motion

requesting, inter alia, that the trial court modify his sentence for public

drunkenness because it unlawfully omitted a minimum term of incarceration.

In its response to Appellant’s post-sentence motion filed on September 2,

2022, the Commonwealth conceded that the trial court failed to impose both

____________________________________________

2  In a separate bench trial, the trial court also found Appellant guilty of the
summary offense of public drunkenness, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5505. He does not
challenge that determination.

                                           -2-
J-S22013-23

a minimum and maximum sentence for public drunkenness pursuant to 42

Pa.C.S.A. § 9756(b)(1) (“The court shall impose a minimum sentence of

confinement which shall not exceed one-half of the maximum sentence

imposed”).      On September 14, 2022, the trial court held a hearing on

Appellant’s post-sentence motion. Counsel for the parties was present but

Appellant was not present at the proceeding. On September 29, 2022, the

trial court entered an order and opinion modifying Appellant’s sentence to

include a minimum sentence of 45 days for public drunkenness but denied

Appellant’s remaining post-sentence contentions.3

____________________________________________

3   Generally, a “defendant shall be present at every stage of the trial
[including] imposition of sentence.” See Pa.R.Crim.P. 602. Mindful of Rule
602, however, we note that the trial court was permitted to amend its
sentencing order without conducting a new sentencing hearing because the
original sentencing order had an obvious, patent mistake which rendered that
sentence illegal. As we previously determined:

       Generally, a court “may modify or rescind any order within 30
       days after its entry, if no appeal has been taken.”
       Commonwealth v. Klein, 781 A.2d 1133, 1135 (Pa. 2001)
       (citing 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5505). However, the court has “inherent
       powers to amend its records, to correct mistakes of the clerk or
       other officer[s] of the court, inadvertencies of counsel, or supply
       defects or omissions in the record, even after the lapse of the
       [thirty day] term.” Id. (citations omitted). Included among these
       exceptional circumstances to Section 5505's jurisdictional time
       limits [are instances] where the court sua sponte corrects an
       illegal sentence originally imposed, even after the defendant has
       begun serving the original sentence.          Commonwealth v.
       Santone, 757 A.2d 963 (Pa. Super. 2000); Commonwealth v.
       Quinlan, 639 A.2d 1235, 1239 (Pa. Super. 1994) (recognizing
       respective challenges of an illegal, patently contradictory, or
       fraudulently procured sentence as excepted from the jurisdictional
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

                                           -3-
J-S22013-23

       This timely appeal resulted.4           On appeal, Appellant presents the

following issue for our review:
____________________________________________

       time limit imposed by Section 5505). See also In the Interest
       of K.R.B., 851 A.2d 914 (Pa. Super. 2004) (finding an amended
       order subject to Section 5505's time limits because it added a
       penalty that was discretionary, rather than mandatory, under
       statute).

       If no statutory authorization exists for a particular sentence, that
       sentence is illegal and subject to correction. Commonwealth v.
       Randal, 837 A.2d 1211 (Pa. Super. 2003).

Commonwealth v. Baio, 898 A.2d 1095, 1099 (Pa. Super. 2006). “[A] claim
that a flat sentence should have instead had minimum and maximum terms
goes to the legality of the sentence, and such issues are non-waivable.”
Commonwealth v. Postie, 110 A.3d 1034, 1043 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citation
omitted). Finally, we note that this Court has also determined that “[i]n cases
where the sentencing court clearly intended to impose the maximum
sentence, we may amend the sentence by including a minimum term equal to
one-half the maximum.” Commonwealth v. Cain, 637 A.2d 656, 659 (Pa.
Super. 1994). For all of the foregoing reasons, we conclude that it was proper
for the trial court to amend its sentencing order outside the Appellant’s
presence.

4  Appellant filed a counseled, timely notice of appeal on October 25, 2022.
While Appellant purports to appeal from the subsequently amended
sentencing order, Appellant’s appeal actually lies from the original judgment
of sentence entered on September 29, 2022. See Commonwealth v.
Wentzel, 248 A.3d 540 (Pa. Super. 2021) (appeal is from the original
sentencing order “as amended” by subsequent orders); see also
Commonwealth v. Santiago, 2020 WL 2537229 (Pa. Super. 2020) (appeal
is from judgment of sentence rather than order granting in part and denying
in part Santiago’s post-sentence motion). Hence, we have changed the
caption accordingly. See Commonwealth v. Shamberger, 788 A.2d 408,
410 n.2 (Pa. Super. 2001) (en banc) (correcting caption to reflect that the
appeal properly lies from judgment of sentence). On October 27, 2022, the
trial court entered an order directing Appellant to file a concise statement of
errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) and Appellant
complied timely. The trial court issued an opinion pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
1925(a) on November 30, 2022, relying largely upon its earlier opinion
denying Appellant’s post-sentence motion entered on September 29, 2022.

                                           -4-
J-S22013-23

      1. Whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying
         [Appellant’s] motion for mistrial when a Commonwealth
         witness testified in front of the jury about [Appellant’s]
         association with police and probation in contravention of a
         [pre-trial motion in limine granted by the trial court]?

Appellant’s Brief at 5 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).

      On this issue, Appellant avers, in sum:

      [A]ppellant filed a pre-trial motion in limine seeking to, “to
      preclude any evidence or testimony that shows or tends to show
      that [Appellant] was on state parole, or any other evidence that
      would indicate that he had recently been incarcerated as the result
      of prior cases.”        This [m]otion was agreed to by the
      Commonwealth, and [the trial court] issued a pre-trial [o]rder
      precluding any such testimony at [] trial. On direct examination,
      one of the main Commonwealth witnesses testified as follows:
      “[Appellant] came in, introduced himself, asked me if I was the
      bouncer. I explained to him that I was. We were talking a little
      bit. He asked me if the police or probation comes in here a lot,
      and I said no, not really.” [Defense c]ounsel immediately objected
      and after a conversation at sidebar moved for a mistrial. The [trial
      c]ourt denied [defense] counsel’s motion, and instead ordered
      that the jury disregard the prejudicial remarks, and allowed the
      witness to testify.

Id. at 9 (record citations omitted). Appellant contends this Court’s decision

in Commonwealth v. Padilla, 923 A.2d 1189 (Pa. Super. 2007) controls.

Id. at 10-11. Appellant maintains that in Padilla, a Commonwealth witness

testified that “[a]pparently [Padilla] had just got out of jail” and this Court

“held that the witness’ statement imputed clear prejudice due to [the]

implication of Padilla’s recent incarceration, and that the [trial court’s]

instruction to the jury was insufficient to undo the prejudice.”     Id. at 10.

Accordingly, Appellant argues that he is entitled to a new trial. Id. at 12.

                                     -5-
J-S22013-23

      Our standard of review for the denial of a motion for mistrial is as

follows:

      The denial of a motion for a mistrial is assessed on appellate
      review according to an abuse of discretion standard. The central
      tasks confronting the trial court upon the making of the motion
      were to determine whether misconduct or prejudicial error
      actually occurred, and if so, to assess the degree of any resulting
      prejudice.

      Additionally, when dealing with a motion for mistrial due to a
      reference to past criminal behavior, the nature of the reference
      and whether the remark was intentionally elicited by the
      Commonwealth are considerations relevant to the determination
      of whether a mistrial is required.

Commonwealth v. Kerrigan, 920 A.2d 190, 199 (Pa. Super. 2007) (internal

citations, quotations, and brackets omitted).

      As we previously explained:

      The “controlling question” in cases raising this issue “is whether
      or not a juror could reasonably infer from the facts presented that
      the accused had engaged in prior criminal activity.”
      Commonwealth v. Allen, 292 A.2d 373, 375 (Pa. 1972).                If
      such an inference is created, then a mistrial must be granted.
      However, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court stated in
      Commonwealth v. Nichols, 400 A.2d 1281, 1282 (Pa. 1979)
      that “(not) all references which may indicate prior criminal activity
      warrant reversal.”     Mere “passing references” to prior criminal
      activity do not warrant reversal unless the record illustrates that
      prejudice resulted from the reference. Ibid. As [] stated in
      Commonwealth v. Colon, 399 A.2d 1068, 1071 (Pa. Super.
      1979), there is “no per se rule requiring a new trial for every
      reference (to prior criminal conduct). The decision whether to
      declare a mistrial when faced with these situations is addressed
      to the sound discretion of the trial judge.”

Commonwealth v. Bowermaster, 444 A.2d 115, 118 (Pa. Super. 1982).

“Prejudice results where the testimony conveys to the jury, either expressly

                                      -6-
J-S22013-23

or by reasonable implication, the fact of another criminal offense.” Padilla,

923 A.2d at 1195.

      Finally, our Supreme Court has “never ascribed to the view that all

improper references to prior criminal activities necessarily require the award

of a new trial as the only effective remedy.” Commonwealth v. Richardson,

437 A.2d 1162, 1165 (Pa. 1981) (citation omitted). Instead, our Supreme

Court has stated that “there are situations where the taint, resulting from an

improper reference to an unrelated criminal act, may be expunged without

resort to the extreme remedy of aborting an otherwise fair trial.” Id. (citation

omitted). “In a criminal case, the possible prejudicial effect of a witness's

reference to prior criminal conduct of the defendant may, under certain

circumstances, be removed by an immediate cautionary instruction to the

jury.” Id. (citation omitted). “It is well-settled that the jury is presumed to

follow the trial court's instructions[.]” Commonwealth v. Cash, 137 A.3d

1262, 1280 (Pa. 2016) (citation omitted).

      Here, the trial court denied Appellant’s request for a mistrial because

the aforementioned statement was “not so prejudicial as to require a new trial

because it was a passing remark, and it was not intentionally elicited by the

Commonwealth.” Trial Court Opinion, 9/28/2022, at 7. The trial court further

determined that “any prejudice that may have resulted from [the] utterance

was ameliorated by the court’s curative instruction to completely disregard

the improper evidence.” Id.      Finally, the trial court noted that “there was

overwhelming evidence of [Appellant’s] guilt which rendered harmless any

                                     -7-
J-S22013-23

potential prejudice from [the] passing remark.” Id. at 7-8. Accordingly, the

trial court determined that Appellant was not entitled to relief.

      Upon review of the certified record and applicable law, we agree with

the trial court’s decision to deny Appellant’s motion for mistrial. At trial, the

Commonwealth asked the witness at issue to describe the incident at Infusion

Bar as it unfolded. N.T., 6/9/2022, at 41-42. Thereafter, the Commonwealth

asked the witness, “[H]ad you seen [Appellant] earlier in the bar?” Id. at 42.

The witness replied, “I did. He came in, introduced himself, asked me if I was

a bouncer. I explained to him that I was. We were talking a little bit. He

asked if the police or probation comes in here a lot, and I said no, not really.”

Id. Here, the Commonwealth never questioned the witness about state parole

or otherwise attempted to illicit a response that Appellant was recently

incarcerated. The Commonwealth merely asked the witness if he had seen

Appellant earlier.   The witness spontaneously volunteered that Appellant

asked if law enforcement regularly visited the establishment. Examining the

nature of the reference, we recognize that the statement did not expressly

implicate Appellant in prior criminal activity.        Accordingly, we reject

Appellant’s reliance on Padilla because the witness in that case made “a direct

reference to [Padilla’s] recent incarceration.”   Padilla, 923 A.2d at 1196.

Finally, we note that the remark in this case did not communicate to the jury

Appellant’s involvement in another criminal offense by reasonable implication.

The witness’ passing reference suggested that Appellant was concerned with

whether there was a police presence at the location, but did not reveal that

                                      -8-
J-S22013-23

Appellant was on probation, parole, or otherwise had a criminal past.

Accordingly, we conclude that the Commonwealth did not engage in

misconduct. Moreover, following the defense’s objection to the statement and

a sidebar discussion, the trial court instructed the jury as follows:

      Members of the jury, I am instructing you to completely disregard
      the last statement that the witness gave. That’s not part of the
      evidence in this case and not for your consideration so you are to
      disregard the last testimony by this witness. It’s not part of the
      evidence and not for you to consider.

N.T., 6/9/2022, at 44-45. We presume that the jury followed the trial court’s

instructions.   Based upon all of the foregoing, we discern no abuse of

discretion in denying Appellant’s motion for a mistrial based upon alleged

prosecutorial misconduct.    Accordingly, Appellant’s sole appellate issue lacks

merit.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

         10/11/2023

                                      -9-