Court Opinion

ID: 6498742
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-08 16:00:23.713287+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:50:55.981931
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 19-1943
                        ___________________________

                              Zachariah Marcyniuk

                                      Plaintiff - Appellant

                                        v.

           Dexter Payne, Director, Arkansas Department of Correction 1

                                     Defendant - Appellee
                                  ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                 for the Eastern District of Arkansas - Pine Bluff
                                  ____________

                         Submitted: December 15, 2021
                              Filed: July 8, 2022
                                ____________

Before LOKEN, SHEPHERD, and STRAS, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

SHEPHERD, Circuit Judge.

      1
        We note that Payne’s official title is Director of the Arkansas Division of
Correction. The Director of the Arkansas Division of Correction works under the
direction of the Arkansas Board of Corrections and the Arkansas Department of
Corrections Secretary. For the sake of continuity, however, we adopt the phrasing
of the district court: Director, Arkansas Department of Correction.
       After an Arkansas jury convicted him of capital murder and sentenced him to
death, Zachariah Marcyniuk petitioned the district court 2 for a writ of habeas corpus
in part on the basis that an off-the-record jury selection procedure violated his
constitutional rights. Without holding an evidentiary hearing, the district court
dismissed Marcyniuk’s petition with prejudice. We granted a certificate of
appealability as to whether the district court prematurely dismissed Marcyniuk’s
claims that the pretrial jury selection procedure violated his right to be present, right
to a public trial, and right to an appeal and that his trial counsel was ineffective for
participating in the procedure. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and
2253(a), we affirm.

                                           I.

       Marcyniuk began a romantic relationship with Katherine Wood in 2006, when
they were both students at the University of Arkansas. After Wood ended the
relationship in February 2008, Marcyniuk exhibited obsessive and harassing
behavior towards Wood. In the early morning hours of March 9, 2008, Marcyniuk
went to Wood’s apartment in Fayetteville, Arkansas. After noticing that Wood was
not home, Marcyniuk entered her apartment through a bedroom window. Though
Marcyniuk testified that his intent was to return a cell phone that he had stolen from
Wood, he did not have the cell phone with him when he entered Wood’s apartment.
Marcyniuk went through Wood’s belongings and accessed her laptop four times
looking for evidence that she had a new boyfriend before eventually falling asleep
in a chair. When Wood returned home hours later, Marcyniuk met her at the front
door, dragged her into her apartment, and stabbed her to death with a knife. At trial,
Marcyniuk testified that “[w]e were just kind of wrestling and there was a knife” and
that he remembered “getting up and there was blood everywhere.” See Marcyniuk
v. State (Marcyniuk II), 436 S.W.3d 122, 125 (Ark. 2014). After leaving Wood’s
apartment, Marcyniuk returned to his home, where he placed his bloody clothes and

      2
       The Honorable James M. Moody, Jr., United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Arkansas.
                                  -2-
the knife in a bag and picked up his dog before driving to his mother’s house.
Marcyniuk’s parents thereafter contacted law enforcement “because they were
concerned for [Wood] after [Marcyniuk] showed up . . . in a disheveled, frantic state
asking [his mother] to take care of his dog and stating that he thought he had hurt
[Wood].” Marcyniuk v. State (Marcyniuk I), 373 S.W.3d 243, 247 (Ark. 2010).
Marcyniuk then drove west into Oklahoma, disposing of the knife somewhere along
the way before being stopped and arrested by Oklahoma Highway Patrol.

       Marcyniuk was charged in the Washington County Circuit Court with capital
murder and residential burglary in connection with Wood’s murder. Prior to
Marcyniuk’s trial, his trial counsel requested that the trial court use juror
questionnaires. See Ark. R. Crim. P. 32.1. Thereafter, 100 potential jurors were
sent a 29-page questionnaire consisting of 88 questions, including questions about
the potential juror’s education, experience with the judicial process and crime,
exposure to pretrial publicity, beliefs about the death penalty, and views of the
criminal justice system. A cover letter mailed out with each questionnaire informed
potential jurors that the completed questionnaires would be destroyed after final
resolution of the case. At least 90 potential jurors completed and returned the
questionnaires. Forty-seven potential jurors reported in person for jury duty, and
after voir dire was conducted in open court, a jury of 11 women and 1 man was
seated. After a four-day trial, the jury convicted Marcyniuk of both charges and
sentenced him to death on the capital murder charge. On direct appeal, after
considering each of Marcyniuk’s arguments and reviewing “the entire
record . . . pursuant to Rule 4-3(i) of the Rules of the Arkansas Supreme Court,
Ark.[ ]Code Ann. § 16-91-113(a), and Rule 10 of the Rules of Appellate
Procedure—Criminal,” the Arkansas Supreme Court found no reversible error and
affirmed Marcyniuk’s capital murder conviction 3 and death sentence. Marcyniuk I,
373 S.W.3d at 256. Marcyniuk then sought state post-conviction relief pursuant to
Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 37, which allows a person in custody to file a

      3
      Marcyniuk did not challenge his residential burglary conviction before the
Arkansas Supreme Court.
                                     -3-
petition in the circuit court that imposed his or her sentence requesting that the
sentence be vacated or corrected. See Ark. R. Crim. P. 37.1(a). Following a two-day
hearing (the Rule 37 hearing), the Washington County Circuit Court denied
Marcyniuk’s petition, and the Arkansas Supreme Court affirmed. Marcyniuk II, 436
S.W.3d at 125.

       While preparing to file a petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 2254 on Marcyniuk’s behalf, Marcyniuk’s federal habeas counsel
discovered through an investigator that, prior to trial—and without Marcyniuk’s
knowledge—Marcyniuk’s trial counsel agreed to and participated in a pretrial jury
selection procedure whereby both sides reviewed the potential juror questionnaires
and each submitted a list of 15 potential jurors to strike from the venire. These 30
potential jurors were not called to appear in person for jury duty, and the strikes
eliminating these potential jurors did not count as peremptory strikes for either side.
The lists were kept in a 16-page juror information file (the juror information file)
that was maintained separate from the trial record. Based upon this discovery,
Marcyniuk’s federal habeas petition alleged, inter alia, that the pretrial jury selection
procedure resulted in violations of his right to be present, right to a public trial, and
right to appellate review and that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance
when he agreed to and failed to object to the pretrial jury selection procedure
(collectively, the jury selection claims).

        The district court denied Marcyniuk’s request in his first motion for discovery
to depose the prosecuting attorney, trial judge, and circuit clerk that handled
Marcyniuk’s trial, finding that granting Marcyniuk’s request “would not resolve any
factual disputes or assist the Court in deciding Marcyniuk’s claims, or any issues
related to procedural default.” R. Doc. 24, at 3. However, the district court granted
the portion of Marcyniuk’s motion requesting that the district court expand the
record to include the juror information file and declarations from Jamie Reynolds
and Pam Penn, who were both employed by the Washington County Circuit Court
Clerk’s Office at the time of Marcyniuk’s trial. Penn’s declaration provided that the
trial judge handled death penalty cases differently from his other cases and allowed
                                          -4-
the prosecution and defense to strike a number of potential jurors prior to voir dire
in those cases. In that same declaration, Penn further stated that “[t]he potential juror
information maintained by the deputy clerk assigned to each judge is entirely
different from the information filed in the circuit court’s case file” and that the
deputy clerks “each maintain [their] own records regarding the potential juror panel
information used for a trial.” R. Doc. 42-28, at 1.

       The district court subsequently dismissed Marcyniuk’s petition in its entirety
and denied his “embedded request for a hearing,” finding that he had procedurally
defaulted his jury selection claims by failing to raise them on direct appeal to the
Arkansas Supreme Court or during his state Rule 37 proceedings and had failed to
demonstrate cause and prejudice as required to excuse his procedural default of these
claims. Marcyniuk sought a certificate of appealability from the district court on the
issues of, inter alia, whether the district court was required to hold an evidentiary
hearing on his jury selection ineffective assistance of counsel claim and whether his
constitutional rights were violated by the pretrial jury selection procedure. The
district court denied Marcyniuk’s motion, and he filed a motion for a certificate of
appealability with this Court. We granted Marcyniuk a certificate of appealability
“as to claims [1].A., [1].B., 1.C., and [1].D[.], as stated on pages 7-8 of Zachariah
Marcyniuk’s Application filed August 8, 2019.” Marcyniuk’s application states:

      A certificate of appealability should issue as to:

          1. Whether the following off-the-record jury selection claims were
             prematurely dismissed:

                 A. Off-the-record jury selection violated Marcyniuk’s right to
                    be present.

                 B. Off-the-record jury selection violated Marcyniuk’s right to
                    a public trial.

                 C. Off-the-record jury selection violated Marcyniuk’s right to
                    an appeal.

                                          -5-
                D. Counsel was ineffective for participating in off-the-record
                   jury selection.

Appl. for Certificate of Appealability, at 10-11 (Aug. 12, 2019). The body of
Marcyniuk’s application clarifies that these are Claims 3.3.1., 3.3.2., 3.3.5., and
3.10.7., respectively, as asserted in his Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus. 4

                                          II.

       Marcyniuk argues that the district court lacked an adequate basis for its
conclusion that he failed to show cause and prejudice to excuse the procedural
default of his jury selection claims, and he asks this Court to vacate this conclusion
and reverse the district court’s denial of his requests for discovery and an evidentiary
hearing. “When reviewing the denial of a § 2254 habeas petition, ‘we review the
district court’s findings of fact for clear error and its conclusions of law de novo.’
We review a district court’s finding of procedural default de novo.” Harris v.
Wallace, 984 F.3d 641, 647 (8th Cir. 2021) (citation omitted). We review the district
court’s decision to deny Marcyniuk’s requests for discovery and an evidentiary
hearing for an abuse of discretion. See Toney v. Gammon, 79 F.3d 693, 700 (8th
Cir. 1996); Osborne v. Purkett, 411 F.3d 911, 915 (8th Cir. 2005).

       A federal court may entertain a petitioning state prisoner’s application for a
writ of habeas corpus if it concludes “that he is in custody in violation of the
Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a). “If a
petitioner has not presented his habeas corpus claim to the state court, the claim is
generally defaulted.” Anderson v. Kelley, 938 F.3d 949, 954 (8th Cir. 2019). “Out
of respect for finality, comity, and the orderly administration of justice, a federal

      4
        We note that Marcyniuk couches his jury selection ineffective assistance of
counsel claim (Claim 3.10.7.) in terms of his trial counsel’s “participation” in the
pretrial jury selection process, but before the district court, he couched this claim in
terms of his trial counsel’s “agreement to and failure to object to” the pretrial jury
selection process.
                                          -6-
court will not entertain a procedurally defaulted constitutional claim in a petition for
habeas corpus absent a showing of cause and prejudice to excuse the default.” Cagle
v. Norris, 474 F.3d 1090, 1099 (8th Cir. 2007) (quoting Dretke v. Haley, 541 U.S.
386, 388 (2004)); see also Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991) (holding
in relevant part that federal habeas review of a procedurally defaulted claim is barred
“unless the prisoner can demonstrate cause for the default and actual prejudice as a
result of the alleged violation of federal law”). “If a prisoner fails to demonstrate
cause, the court need not address prejudice.” Cagle, 474 F.3d at 1099.

       “‘[C]ause’ under the cause and prejudice test must be something external to
the petitioner, something that cannot fairly be attributed to him . . . .” Coleman, 501
U.S. at 753. As noted by the Supreme Court,

      “the existence of cause for a procedural default must ordinarily turn on
      whether the prisoner can show that some objective factor external to the
      defense impeded counsel’s efforts to comply with the State’s
      procedural rule.” For example, “a showing that the factual or legal
      basis for a claim was not reasonably available to counsel, . . . or that
      ‘some interference by officials’ . . . made compliance impracticable,
      would constitute cause under this standard.”

Id. (alterations in original) (citations omitted). In Coleman, the Supreme Court
clearly stated that “[a]ttorney ignorance or inadvertence is not ‘cause’ because the
attorney is the petitioner’s agent when acting, or failing to act, in furtherance of the
litigation, and the petitioner must ‘bear the risk of attorney error.’” Id. (citation
omitted). In Martinez v. Ryan, however, the Supreme Court created a narrow
exception to this rule, providing that “a procedural default will not bar a federal
habeas court from hearing a substantial claim of ineffective assistance at trial if, in
the initial-review collateral proceeding, there was no counsel or counsel in that
proceeding was ineffective.” 566 U.S. 1, 17 (2012). Subsequently, in Trevino v.
Thaler, the Supreme Court expanded this exception, holding that Martinez applies
“where . . . state procedural framework, by reason of its design and
operation, makes it highly unlikely in a typical case that a defendant will have a

                                          -7-
meaningful opportunity to raise a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel on
direct appeal.” 569 U.S. 413, 429 (2013).

       The parties do not dispute that because Marcyniuk failed to raise his jury
selection claims on direct appeal or during his Rule 37 hearing, these claims are
procedurally defaulted. See Anderson, 938 F.3d at 954; see also Ruiz v. Norris, 71
F.3d 1404, 1409 (8th Cir. 1995) (finding claim that defendant failed to raise on direct
appeal to the Arkansas Supreme Court or during state post-conviction proceedings
was procedurally defaulted). The parties diverge as to whether the district court
correctly determined that Marcyniuk failed to demonstrate cause to excuse the
procedural default of these claims. Marcyniuk argues that he demonstrated cause to
excuse the procedural default of each of his jury selection claims by showing that
state officials interfered with his ability to comply with the procedural rule and the
factual basis of his claims was not reasonably available to his state post-conviction
counsel and, additionally, that he demonstrated cause to excuse the procedural
default of his ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim under Martinez.
Marcyniuk further contends that, without a hearing, the district court lacked an
adequate basis for its ruling that cause had not been shown. He asserts that the
district court should have ordered discovery and a hearing on cause because the
extent of state officials’ interference and state post-conviction counsel’s efforts to
investigate the pretrial jury selection procedure is not known. We disagree. For the
reasons that follow, we hold that the district court correctly determined that
Marcyniuk did not demonstrate cause to excuse the procedural default of his claims,
and it did not abuse its discretion in denying his request for discovery and an
evidentiary hearing on cause and prejudice.

                                          A.

      We first address Marcyniuk’s argument that he demonstrated cause to excuse
the procedural default of his jury selection ineffective assistance of counsel claim
under Martinez. A petitioner claiming, as Marcyniuk does here, ineffective

                                         -8-
assistance of state post-conviction counsel as cause must demonstrate the following
in order to excuse procedural default:

      (1) the claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel was a
      “substantial” claim; (2) the “cause” consisted of there being “no
      counsel” or only “ineffective” counsel during the state collateral review
      proceeding; and (3) the state collateral review proceeding was the
      “initial” review proceeding with respect to the “ineffective-assistance-
      of-trial-counsel claim.”

Harris, 984 F.3d at 648 (citation omitted).

        Beginning with the first requirement, this Court recently explained that “[a]
‘substantial claim’ is one with ‘some merit,’” and “Martinez’s some-merit
requirement ‘means that whether [the claimant’s] trial counsel was
ineffective . . . must at least be debatable among jurists of reason.’” Dorsey
v. Vandergriff, 30 F.4th 752, 756 (8th Cir. 2022) (second and third alterations in
original) (citations omitted). Thus, to demonstrate that his ineffective assistance of
trial counsel claim is “substantial,” Marcyniuk must show that it is at least debatable
among jurists of reason whether his trial counsel’s performance was deficient and
whether this deficient performance prejudiced him. See id. at 757; Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). “[A] court need not determine whether
counsel’s performance was deficient before examining the prejudice suffered by the
defendant as a result of the alleged deficiencies.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697.
Because Marcyniuk fails to show that his trial counsel’s alleged deficient
performance prejudiced him, we need not address whether his trial counsel’s
performance was, in fact, deficient. See id.

        Marcyniuk argues that to demonstrate prejudice, he need only show that his
trial counsel’s participation in the pretrial jury selection procedure rendered his trial
“fundamentally unfair.”         Marcyniuk bases his argument on Weaver v.
Massachusetts, where the Supreme Court considered the necessary showing to
demonstrate prejudice when a defendant alleges a violation of the right to a public

                                          -9-
trial in the context of an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim. 137 S. Ct. 1899,
1910 (2017). There, the Supreme Court assumed without deciding that, “even if
there is no showing of a reasonable probability of a different outcome,” as is
typically required to demonstrate Strickland prejudice, “relief must still be granted
if the convicted person shows that attorney errors rendered the trial fundamentally
unfair.” Id. at 1911. We make the same assumption but nonetheless determine that
Marcyniuk has not shown that “fundamental unfairness” resulted from his trial
counsel’s participation in the pretrial jury selection procedure.

       Marcyniuk alleges that his trial was fundamentally unfair because he was
unaware of the pretrial jury selection procedure and any discriminatory strikes made
during this procedure. However, Marcyniuk’s trial counsel agreed to and
participated in the procedure, which effectively gave both parties an additional 15
peremptory strikes; a record was, in fact, made of these strikes, and maintained by
and available for review at the Washington County Circuit Court Clerk’s Office; the
written submission of strikes that occurred as part of the pretrial jury selection
procedure was only a portion of voir dire 5; and the remainder of voir dire, along with
the evidentiary and sentencing phases of the trial, remained open to the public.
Further, Marcyniuk has not shown that any potential harm flowing from the closure
came to pass; his suggestion that the prosecution and defense engaged in
gender-based, discriminatory strikes is speculative, and he makes no argument that
he was prejudiced by his own trial counsel’s alleged gender-based strikes. Cf.
United States v. Lee, 715 F.3d 215, 222 (8th Cir. 2013) (explaining that ineffective
assistance of counsel claim based on trial counsel’s racially motivated jury selection
strategy could not succeed absent showing of prejudice).

      Under these circumstances, we conclude that the alleged public-trial, right to
be present, and right to appellate review violations resulting from Marcyniuk’s trial
counsel’s participation in the pretrial jury selection procedure did not render his trial

      5
       The Arkansas Supreme Court “has observed that the concept of an expanded
questionnaire is merely a written form of voir dire examination.” Miller v. State,
362 S.W.3d 264, 274 (Ark. 2010).
                                       -10-
fundamentally unfair. See, e.g., Weaver, 127 S. Ct. at 1913 (finding exclusion of
petitioner’s mother and her minister from courtroom during jury selection did not
“pervade the whole trial or lead to basic unfairness” where petitioner’s trial was not
conducted in secret, closure was limited to voir dire, courtroom remained open
during evidentiary phase of trial, and record of the proceedings “[did] not indicate
any basis for concern, other than the closure itself”); Williams v. Burt, 949 F.3d 966,
978 (6th Cir. 2020) (determining petitioner could not demonstrate fundamental
unfairness where “[t]he vast majority of his trial took place in an open setting,
transcripts were made available from the limited sessions that took place behind
closed doors, and the closure had no discernable effect on the judge, counsel, or
jury”); United States v. Aguiar, 894 F.3d 351, 356-57 (D.C. Cir. 2018) (concluding
exclusion of petitioner’s family members from voir dire was not fundamentally
unfair where “[t]he closed proceedings were held on the record, in the presence of
all parties and their counsel”; “[t]he evidentiary and sentencing phases of the trial
were held in open court, as were peremptory strikes and the district court’s final
rulings on pretrial motions”; and district court used breaks during voir dire “to
reference issues for final resolution later in open court”).

       Having determined that Marcyniuk’s trial counsel’s participation in the
pretrial jury selection procedure did not render his trial fundamentally unfair, we
turn to Marcyniuk’s alternative argument that he nonetheless meets Strickland’s
prejudice requirement because he was prejudiced by his trial counsel’s participation
in and failure to preserve a record of the pretrial jury selection procedure. Marcyniuk
asserts that, absent his trial counsel’s alleged errors, his case would have been
reversed on appeal or he would have been granted post-conviction relief because the
Arkansas Supreme Court has long recognized the right to open, public trials,
including voir dire, and treats violations of the right to a public trial as fundamental
errors that require no showing of prejudice. Marcyniuk did not raise this argument
to the district court as part of the ineffective assistance claim on which this Court

                                         -11-
granted him a certificate of appealability. 6 Rather, before the district court,
Marcyniuk focused on the outcome of his trial, arguing that his trial counsel’s
agreement to and failure to object to, i.e., participation in, the pretrial jury selection
procedure prejudiced him “because his jury, because of its composition and the
method of selection[,] was predisposed to find him guilty and sentence him to
death,” see R. Doc. 1, at 70, an argument he does not reassert before this Court.
Therefore, we decline to consider this new argument for the first time on appeal or
disturb the district court’s conclusion that Marcyniuk was not prejudiced by his trial
counsel’s alleged errors. See Mellott v. Purkett, 63 F.3d 781, 784 (8th Cir. 1995);
Etheridge v. United States, 241 F.3d 619, 622 (8th Cir. 2001).

       Ultimately, we agree with the district court that Marcyniuk has failed to show
that his trial counsel’s agreement to and failure to object to the pretrial jury selection
procedure prejudiced him or rendered his trial fundamentally unfair, and we
conclude that the matter is not “debatable among jurists of reason.” See Dorsey, 30
F.4th at 756 (citation omitted). Therefore, because Marcyniuk has not demonstrated
that his ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim is substantial, we affirm the
district court’s finding that his procedural default of this claim is not excused under
Martinez.

       We further affirm the district court’s denial of Marcyniuk’s requests for
discovery and “embedded request for a hearing” to prove that cause and prejudice
exist to excuse the procedural default of his ineffective assistance of trial counsel
claim. In a case decided during the pendency of this matter before this Court, the
Supreme Court held “that, under [28 U.S.C.] § 2254(e)(2), a federal habeas court
may not conduct an evidentiary hearing or otherwise consider evidence beyond the
state-court record based on ineffective assistance of state postconviction counsel.”

      6
        Marcyniuk did make this argument to the district court in relation to Claim
3.10.6., see R. Doc. 1, at 69, but Marcyniuk applied for, and this Court granted, a
certificate of appealability as to Claim 3.10.7., specifically, not Claim 3.10.6., see
Appl. for Certificate of Appealability, at 10-11, 14, 28-32.

                                          -12-
Shinn v. Ramirez, No. 20-1009, slip op. at 13, 2022 WL 1611786 (U.S. May 23,
2022). Instead, “a federal court may order an evidentiary hearing or otherwise
expand the state-court record only if the prisoner can satisfy § 2254(e)(2)’s stringent
requirements.”7 Id., slip op. at 15. Shinn explicitly rejects the idea that “because
§ 2254(e)(2) bars only ‘an evidentiary hearing on the claim,’ a federal court may
hold an evidentiary hearing to determine whether there is cause and prejudice,”
finding that because “holding a Martinez hearing when the prisoner cannot ‘satisfy
[the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act’s] demanding standards’ in
§ 2254(e)(2) would ‘prolong federal habeas proceedings with no purpose[,] . . . a
Martinez hearing is improper if the newly developed evidence never would ‘entitle
[the prisoner] to federal habeas relief.’” Id., slip op. at 19-21 (third alteration in
original) (citations omitted).

       Marcyniuk makes no argument that he can satisfy the narrow requirements of
§ 2254(e)(2), instead arguing that the provision does not apply to him because state
officials concealed the factual basis of his claims from his state appellate and
post-conviction attorneys and the trial record contained no indication that the pretrial
jury selection procedure took place. Marcyniuk relies on Williams v. Taylor, which
provides that the question posed by the opening clause of § 2254(e)(2) “is not
whether the facts could have been discovered but instead whether the prisoner was
diligent in his efforts.” 529 U.S. 420, 435 (2000). Diligence in this context “depends

      7
          Section 2254(e)(2) provides:

      If the applicant has failed to develop the factual basis of a claim in State
      court proceedings, the court shall not hold an evidentiary hearing on the
      claim unless the applicant shows that—(A) the claim relies on—(i) a
      new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral
      review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable; or (ii) a
      factual predicate that could not have been previously discovered
      through the exercise of due diligence; and (B) the facts underlying the
      claim would be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence
      that but for constitutional error, no reasonable factfinder would have
      found the applicant guilty of the underlying offense.

                                         -13-
upon whether the prisoner made a reasonable attempt, in light of the information
available at the time, to investigate and pursue the claims in state court; it does not
depend . . . upon whether those efforts could have been successful.” Id. In Williams,
the Supreme Court held that the prisoner and his state habeas counsel had not
exercised the required diligence to preserve his Brady 8 claim where the undisclosed
psychiatric report in question was discovered in the prisoner’s state court file and
there were repeated references to such report in the transcript of the prisoner’s
sentencing proceeding, which put his “state habeas counsel on notice of the report’s
existence and possible materiality.” Id. at 437-40. However, the Supreme Court
also found that the prisoner and his state habeas counsel were diligent in their efforts
to develop facts supporting his juror bias and prosecutorial misconduct claims where
the trial record contained no evidence that one of the jurors deliberately omitted the
fact of her previous marriage to one of the prosecution’s witnesses during voir dire
and “[s]tate habeas counsel did attempt to investigate petitioner’s jury.” Id. at
440-43.

        We find that this case is more akin to the former factual scenario and,
therefore, Marcyniuk and his state post-conviction counsel did not exercise the
diligence required to preserve his ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim. First,
for the reasons discussed infra Section II.B., we disagree with Marcyniuk that state
officials concealed the factual basis of his claims from his state appellate and
post-conviction attorneys. Second, to the extent Marcyniuk argues that no amount
of diligence would have led to the discovery of the juror information file, we
disagree. Not only was the juror information file stored at the Washington County
Circuit Court Clerk’s Office in accordance with typical practice and available for
review by attorneys, see R. Doc. 42-28, the practice of excusing potential jurors prior
to trial based upon their answers to an expanded juror questionnaire was considered
by the Arkansas Supreme Court in a death penalty case decided in January 2010, the
same year that Marcyniuk filed his petition for state post-conviction relief, see

      8
          Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963).

                                         -14-
Miller, 362 S.W.3d at 273-74 (concluding that no requirement “that all jurors be
brought in for voir dire and not be excluded based on . . . their beliefs about the death
penalty . . . . exists under either state or federal law”). Thus, even if, as Marcyniuk
alleges, there was no mention of the pretrial jury selection procedure in the record,
we conclude that the multiple references in the record to the expanded questionnaire
used in this case, combined with the Arkansas Supreme Court’s discussion of a
similar procedure in Miller, were sufficient to lead Marcyniuk’s post-conviction
counsel to conduct at least a cursory review of the juror information file, especially
considering that Marcyniuk brought claims related to the questionnaires and voir
dire in his Rule 37 petition. Therefore, because Marcyniuk fails to demonstrate
either that the requirements of § 2254(e)(2) do not apply to him or that he can satisfy
those requirements, we conclude that he is not entitled to discovery and an
evidentiary hearing on his ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim and affirm the
district court’s denial of the same. See Adam and Eve Jonesboro, LLC v. Perrin,
933 F.3d 951, 958 (8th Cir. 2019) (“[W]e may affirm a judgment on any ground
supported by the record.”); Cross-Bey v. Gammon, 322 F.3d 1012, 1014 (8th Cir.
2003) (“[W]hen the [Supreme] Court interprets a federal statute and applies that rule
of federal law to the parties before it, that interpretation ‘must be given full
retroactive effect[.]’” (quoting Harper v. Va. Dep’t of Tax’n, 509 U.S. 86, 97
(1993)).

                                            B.

       Marcyniuk further argues that he demonstrated cause to excuse the procedural
default of his right to be present, right to a public trial, right to appellate review, and
ineffective assistance of trial counsel claims because state officials interfered with
his ability to comply with the procedural rule and the factual basis of his claims was
not reasonably available to his state post-conviction counsel.

       Beginning with Marcyniuk’s state interference argument, he contends that the
court reporter and circuit clerk hindered his compliance with the procedural rule by
omitting the juror information file from the record transmitted to the Arkansas
                                           -15-
Supreme Court, which the court reporter certified as “true and correct” and the
deputy circuit clerk certified as “true and complete.”9 Rule 10(a) of the Arkansas
Rules of Appellate Procedure–Criminal provided at the time:

      Upon imposing a sentence of death, the circuit court shall order the
      circuit clerk to file a notice of appeal on behalf of the defendant within
      thirty (30) days after entry of judgment. . . . The court reporter shall
      transcribe all portions of the criminal proceedings consistent with
      Article III of the Rules of the Supreme Court and shall file the transcript
      with the circuit clerk within ninety (90) days after entry of the
      judgment. Within thirty (30) days after receipt of the transcript, the
      circuit clerk shall compile the record consistent with Article III and
      shall file the record with the clerk of the Arkansas Supreme Court for
      mandatory review consistent with this rule and for review of any
      additional issues the appellant may enumerate.

Ark. R. App. P.–Crim. 10(a) (2009). We conclude that the court reporter’s
certification, which merely provided that “the foregoing pages numbered 236
through 1462 constitute a true and correct transcript of the proceedings,” was not a
warranty as to the completeness of the entire record. We have reviewed the state
court record, and these pages contain only the transcripts and exhibits from the
pretrial motion hearings and the trial transcript and exhibits. Thus, we conclude that
the court reporter’s certification was not a false statement and the court reporter did
not hinder his compliance with the procedural rule.

      9
        Marcyniuk also alleges in a mere two sentences that the state court judge,
who “initiated” the pretrial jury selection procedure, and another deputy circuit
clerk, who “sequestered” the juror information file from the record, interfered with
his compliance with the procedural rule. However, Marcyniuk does not provide any
further explanation or citation to relevant authority that would demonstrate how
these officials interfered with his compliance with the procedural rule, and therefore,
we need not address this argument. See Cox v. Mortg. Elec. Registration Sys., 685
F.3d 663, 674 (8th Cir. 2012) (finding that appellants “waived [an] issue by failing
to provide a meaningful explanation of the argument and citation to relevant
authority in their opening brief”).

                                         -16-
       Further, we conclude that the deputy circuit clerk did not make a false
statement when she certified the record as “true and complete.” At that time,
Arkansas Supreme Court Rule 3-4(b) provided that “[t]he record shall not include
the impaneling or swearing of the jury, the names of the jurors, or any motion,
affidavit, order, or ruling in reference thereto unless expressly called for by a party’s
designation of the record.” Ark. Sup. Ct. R. 3-4(b) (2009); see also Jefferson v. State,
276 S.W.3d 214, 231 (Ark. 2008) (same). Marcyniuk’s notice of appeal, which was
prepared by the circuit clerk in accordance with Rule 10(a), designated “the entire
record” but did not expressly call for the jury-selection records to be included, nor
did Marcyniuk make any other request for these records to be included in the record.
See McKee v. State, 608 S.W.3d 584, 596 (Ark. 2020) (finding designation of “the
entire record” in notice of appeal did not extend to transcription of jury-selection
proceedings). Because it was not required that the juror information file be included
in the record transmitted to the Arkansas Supreme Court, the deputy circuit clerk did
not interfere by stating that the record was “true and complete.” Therefore, we agree
with the district court that there was no interference by state officials that prevented
Marcyniuk’s state appellate and post-conviction lawyers from raising his claims.

       Marcyniuk alternatively argues that the factual basis for his jury selection
claims was not reasonably available to his state post-conviction counsel. We
disagree. The juror information file was available at the Washington County Circuit
Court Clerk’s Office and Marcyniuk’s federal habeas counsel learned of the pretrial
jury selection procedure after an investigator with the Federal Public Defender’s
Office spoke with Penn, who described the procedure and gave the investigator a
copy of the juror information file. We agree with the district court that the factual
basis of Marcyniuk’s claims was “reasonably available” to his state court lawyers.
The juror information file in this case is not akin to the information discovered in
Amadeo v. Zant, 486 U.S. 214, 224 (1988), where “a sweeping investigation of 20
to 30 years’ worth of jury lists” turned up a handwritten memorandum revealing a
scheme to underrepresent black people and women on grand and traverse juries, or
in Ambrose v. Booker, 684 F.3d 638, 645 (6th Cir. 2012), where a “broad statistical
                                          -17-
analysis” uncovered a computer glitch that was “buried in a mountain of computer
code” and caused the systematic underrepresentation of black people in a county’s
jury pools. Here, the juror information file was maintained by the Washington
County Circuit Court Clerk’s Office and available for attorneys to review. The
declaration of Penn, who at the time had been employed by the Washington County
Circuit Court Clerk’s Office for nearly ten years, reveals that deputy circuit clerks
maintain juror information files separate from case files—a practice that seems
consonant with Rule 3-4, which does not require that juror information be included
in the record transmitted to the appellate court unless expressly called for in the
notice of appeal. See Ark. Sup. Ct. R. 3-4(b) (2009). Thus, it appears that the
manner in which the juror information file was stored—that is, separate from the
case file—was not unusual, and therefore, the factual basis for Marcyniuk’s claims
was “reasonably available” to his state court lawyers. Cf. Zeitvogel v. Delo, 84 F.3d
276, 280 (8th Cir. 1996) (“When a petitioner can obtain the information contained
in unproduced documents through a reasonable and diligent investigation, the State’s
failure to produce documents is not cause.”).

       Because Marcyniuk fails to show either that interference by state officials
made compliance with the procedural rule impracticable or that the factual or legal
basis for his claims was not reasonably available to his state appellate and
post-conviction counsel, we conclude that the district court did not err in finding that
he had not demonstrated cause to excuse the procedural default of his claims. We
further affirm the district court’s denial of discovery and an evidentiary hearing on
cause and prejudice. Marcyniuk argues that an evidentiary hearing is necessary
because the extent of state court officials’ interference and his state post-conviction
counsel’s efforts to investigate the pretrial jury selection procedure and collect
records is not known. Marcyniuk’s latter argument is irrelevant to the determination
of whether the factual basis of his claims was reasonably available to his
post-conviction counsel. As to his former argument, we have already determined
that Marcyniuk has failed to show that state officials interfered with his ability to
comply with the procedural rule, and we decline to remand this matter to the district
court on the basis of the vague and unsupported assertion that there may have been
                                         -18-
some further, undiscovered interference by state officials that would excuse the
procedural default of his claims. Cf. Schriro v. Landrigan, 550 U.S. 465, 475 (2007)
(“If district courts were required to allow federal habeas applicants to develop even
the most insubstantial factual allegations in evidentiary hearings, district courts
would be forced to reopen factual disputes that were conclusively resolved in the
state courts.”).10

                                           III.

      Based upon the foregoing, we affirm.
                      ______________________________

      10
        We need not comment on the extent to which Shinn reaches requests for
evidentiary hearings on cause and prejudice where the basis of the petitioner’s cause
argument is not ineffective assistance of post-conviction counsel. Still, we note that,
though our precedent is clear that “the strict rules regarding the availability of federal
evidentiary hearings on the merits of habeas cases do not preclude our court from
ordering evidentiary hearings on the limited issues of cause or prejudice,” Wooten
v. Norris, 578 F.3d 767, 780 (8th Cir. 2009), the Supreme Court, in Shinn, expressed
doubt about, but declined to address, the petitioners’ argument to the same effect.
See Shinn, slip op. at 19-20.
                                          -19-