Court Opinion

ID: 3166039
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-12-29 17:05:03.287134+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:57:04.707389
License: Public Domain

Illinois Official Reports

                                    Appellate Court

             Midwest REM Enterprises, Inc. v. Noonan, 2015 IL App (1st) 132488

Appellate Court         MIDWEST REM ENTERPRISES, INC., ALBERTO RAMIREZ, and
Caption                 WALTER MURPHY, Plaintiffs-Appellants and Cross-Appellees, v.
                        MICHAEL NOONAN and RUTH NOONAN, Defendants-Appellees
                        and Cross-Appellants.

District & No.          First District, Second Division
                        Docket No. 1-13-2488

Filed                   September 30, 2015
Rehearing denied        November 4, 2015
Modified upon
denial of rehearing     November 10, 2015

Decision Under          Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 10-L-14563; the
Review                  Hon. Brigid McGrath, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.

Counsel on              Law Office of Joseph Gentleman, of Chicago (Donald L. Johnson and
Appeal                  Julie A. Boynton, of counsel), for appellants.

                        Lewis Brisbois Bisgaard & Smith LLP, of Chicago (Danny L. Worker
                        and Siobhán M. Murphy, of counsel), for appellees.

Panel                   JUSTICE NEVILLE delivered the judgment of the court, with
                        opinion.
                        Presiding Justice Pierce and Justice Hyman concurred in the judgment
                        and opinion.
                                             OPINION

¶1       At least four lawsuits arose from a dispute over an agreement between Michael Noonan
     (Michael) and Midwest REM Enterprises, Inc. (REM) for REM to dump material on land
     Michael owned. In the lawsuit now on appeal, REM and two of its principals sued Michael and
     his wife, Ruth Noonan, for malicious prosecution, fraud, tortious interference with business
     relationships, and conspiracy. Plaintiffs claim primarily that Michael lied to investigators
     when he said he had not agreed to let REM dump on his property the kind of materials it
     dumped there. The Noonans moved to dismiss the lawsuit under the Citizen Participation Act
     (Act) (735 ILCS 110/1 et seq. (West 2010)).
¶2       The trial court’s hearing on the motion to dismiss amounted to a trial on the merits of the
     complaint. When the trial court denied the motion to dismiss, the Noonans asked the court to
     give them seven days to file a motion for summary judgment. Plaintiffs filed a motion for
     voluntary dismissal before the Noonans filed their motion for summary judgment. The trial
     court initially granted the motion for voluntary dismissal, but the court reconsidered its
     decision, denied the motion for voluntary dismissal, and awarded Michael summary judgment
     on the complaint. The court also reconsidered its decision to deny Ruth’s motion under the Act,
     and on reconsideration, it granted her motion to dismiss. The court awarded Ruth some
     attorney fees.
¶3       Plaintiffs appealed and the Noonans cross-appealed. We hold that the trial court did not
     abuse its discretion when it denied the motion for voluntary dismissal. The evidence supported
     the decision to deny Michael’s motion to dismiss under the Act, but the evidence also
     supported the decision to enter summary judgment in Michael’s favor. We find that the trial
     court applied the wrong standards when awarding Ruth attorney fees. Accordingly, we reverse
     the award of fees and remand for redetermination of the fee award. In all other respects, we
     affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶4                                        BACKGROUND
¶5       On December 2, 2002, a fire destroyed a building on Monitor Street in Chicago. Michael,
     the building’s owner, hired REM to haul debris from the site. On November 10, 2003,
     inspectors from the city of Chicago determined that Michael had satisfactorily removed the
     debris and leveled the ground at the site. Walter Murphy, general manager of REM, told
     Michael that Michael needed to have an environmental expert inspect the property. Murphy
     recommended Timothy Lagousakos, who had a standing work relationship with REM.
     Michael hired Lagousakos.
¶6       Lagousakos found that petroleum had contaminated some of the soil on Michael’s lot.
     Lagousakos thought that the contamination, especially with its location near a boiler room,
     indicated that a storage tank might lie underground on the property. He recommended
     excavating to look for a tank. In early 2004, Michael again hired REM, asking it this time to
     remove all the petroleum contaminated soil and to look for a tank. REM dug out more than 100
     truckloads of muck, plus a number of truckloads of contaminated soil, but found no tank. At
     Lagousakos’s suggestion, Michael instructed REM to dump the contaminated soil on asphalt
     on Michael’s lot.

                                                -2-
¶7         In 2004, Michael and Murphy agreed that REM would deliver some truckloads of
       appropriate material to Michael’s lot. At that time, REM was also working on a project with
       Brandenburg Industrial Service Company. Northwestern University had hired Brandenburg to
       demolish a building, and Brandenburg had hired REM to haul away the debris along with
       many truckloads of sand from under the demolished building. REM asked for permission to
       use some of the material as fill for Michael’s lot. REM showed Lagousakos a chemical
       analysis of some borings taken from Northwestern’s land. Lagousakos read the report and,
       based solely on the report, gave his approval for using the material as fill on Michael’s lot. In
       May and June of 2004, while Michael was in Ireland, REM dumped on Michael’s lot 330
       truckloads of material taken from Northwestern’s site. REM spread the material across the lot
       and leveled it.
¶8         Ruth called Michael and told him that REM had dumped construction debris on his lot.
       Michael flew back to Chicago and inspected the site. Michael contacted REM and asked it to
       remove the debris. REM did not do so.

¶9                                              Noonan v. REM
¶ 10       On July 19, 2004, Michael sued REM and Brandenburg, asking the court to order REM and
       Brandenburg to remove the debris from Michael’s lot. Michael alleged in his complaint:
                    “9. In early May of 2004, [REM] requested permission from [Michael] to deliver
                approximately thirty truckloads of clean, compactable clay to the Subject Property. ***
                    10. [Michael] agreed to accept the approximately thirty truckloads of clean,
                compactable clay from the Northwestern project in order to level-off or grade the rear
                of the Subject Property.
                                                     ***
                    12. During his trip to Ireland, [Michael] and his agents contacted [REM] on several
                occasions to confirm that only clean, compactable clay would be delivered to the
                Subject Property.”
       REM, in its answer to the complaint, admitted paragraphs 9 and 10. In response to paragraph
       12, REM answered that it “believes that it received several phone calls concerning the clean,
       compatible [sic] clay.”
¶ 11       Michael asked Lagousakos to inspect the site again. Lagousakos visually inspected and
       photographed the site on July 24, 2004. He tested some samples of the material he found. He
       reported that “demolition building debris,” “unsuitable as fill material,” covered the site “to a
       depth of approximately 1-2 feet throughout the subject property.” He specifically noted that he
       found “bricks, concrete, wood, metal, asphalt, etc.” at the site. He also photographed a
       “[d]iscarded 55-gallon drum” in a debris pile on Michael’s land.
¶ 12       Proceedings on Michael’s complaint did not advance much by 2006. The alderman for the
       ward contacted the City of Chicago’s (City) Department of the Environment to complain about
       the lot. The department’s supervisor, Lafayette Robertson, went to the lot on August 30, 2006.
       He found waste construction debris covering the lot. The debris looked like the debris pictured
       in Lagousakos’s report from 2004. Robertson found wood, tile, brick, metal and rebar in the
       debris. The material did not form an appropriate base for later construction. On September 12,
       2006, the City issued a ticket to Michael, charging that he “caused and allowed the dumping of

                                                   -3-
       waste construction,” and holding him “responsible for the removal of dumped waste.”

¶ 13                                      Chicago v. Brandenburg
¶ 14        The City also issued tickets to Brandenburg and REM for their roles in dumping the waste
       on Michael’s lot. Michael Lyne, a police officer working for the Department of Natural
       Resources, began an investigation concerning Michael’s lot in April 2007. He found concrete
       with rebar, concrete with metal, brick, and tile spread across the lot.
¶ 15        On June 28, 2007, the City filed a complaint charging Brandenburg with hiring REM to
       illegally dump construction debris on Michael’s lot. Lagousakos completed his testing of
       samples in July 2007. In his report, Lagousakos reiterated that in 2004 he found “pulverized
       building construction/demolition debris” spread across the lot. That material remained on the
       lot in 2007.
¶ 16        The City settled its case against Brandenburg in March 2008. Brandenburg agreed to
       remove and properly dispose of the construction debris dumped on Michael’s lot. The
       settlement agreement called for the removal of 350 truckloads of construction and demolition
       debris. Brandenburg also agreed to pay a fine of $4,000. The City agreed to dismiss its
       complaint against Brandenburg. REM, working at no charge to Brandenburg, removed 350
       truckloads of debris, in accord with Brandenburg’s settlement with the City. In light of the
       settlement, Michael voluntarily dismissed his complaint against both Brandenburg and REM.

¶ 17                                            People v. REM
¶ 18        The State filed a complaint against REM for illegal dumping, and the case proceeded to
       trial. The State chose not to call Michael as a witness. Instead, the State relied on the testimony
       of Lagousakos, Lyne, Robertson and Ruth. Murphy and Alberto Ramirez, president of REM,
       testified for the defense. In a written order dated April 16, 2010, the court entered a judgment
       against the State and in favor of REM. The court said:
                “Whether defendants are guilty of ‘dumping’ or ‘abandoning’ waste or construction
                debris at Monitor depends upon the court’s acceptance of [Michael’s] in absentia
                contention that he asked only for 30 loads of compactable clay and that defendants
                instead deposited 300 loads of construction debris on his property without his consent.
                ***
                    But wholly apart from the lack of testimony from [Michael] at trial, which, in itself,
                is a virtually insurmountable hurdle for the State to overcome, the State has never
                attempted to articulate any motivation for [REM] to do what it is accused of doing. ***
                    *** In short, the record fails to support the State’s contention that [REM] had
                anything to gain by ‘dumping’ or ‘abandoning’ 300 loads of the material at Monitor.
                    ***
                    The record reflects that the material delivered by [REM] to Monitor was suitable
                for use as pre-construction fill. *** It is also apparent that the material contained such
                small amounts of concrete, rebar, wood, and pieces of 50-gallon drums, that it was
                unnecessary to strain it prior to shipping to a clean landfill. The court rejects, as not
                substantiated by the evidence, the State’s contention that the material delivered to
                Monitor became ‘waste’ that was ‘dumped’ or ‘abandoned’ there because [REM] acted

                                                    -4-
              without the landowner’s permission.”

¶ 19                                             REM v. Noonan
¶ 20        In December 2010, REM, Ramirez and Murphy filed a complaint against the Noonans to
       initiate the litigation presently before this court. REM alleged that in its complaint (in Noonan
       v. REM), Michael had falsely alleged:
                     “a. [Michael] had only requested 30 loads of fill to be dumped on his property;
                     b. That [REM] was to dump clay;
                     c. That [REM] had dumped demolition debris that included broken concrete,
                 mortar, steel rebar, electrical conduit, telephone cables, stone flooring, ceramic blocks
                 and steel on [Michael’s] property;
                     d. That there was a gate securing the property that had been severely damaged by
                 [REM]; and
                     e. That [REM] had dumped a 55-gallon drum on the property.”
¶ 21        REM further alleged that Michael made false statements to Lyne, including the statements
       listed above, and he added “(a) [REM] was not authorized to dump anything on [Michael’s]
       property; (b) [REM] had dumped ‘waste’ on [Michael’s] property; and (c) [REM] had dumped
       fill that was not clean on [Michael’s] property.” REM claimed “[t]he material delivered by
       [REM] to [Michael’s] property was suitable for use as pre-construction fill as requested by
       [Michael].” REM charged Michael with fraud and intentional interference with prospective
       economic advantage, and it charged Michael and Ruth with malicious prosecution and
       conspiring to defraud REM and interfere with REM’s business.
¶ 22        In its only allegations involving Ruth, REM said:
                 “Ruth Noonan acted in furtherance of the conspiracy by testifying at the trial in [People
                 v. REM] and falsely stating facts during that trial and otherwise acting in concert with
                 her husband.
                                                      ***
                     *** Ruth Noonan worked in concert with Michael Noonan based upon the fact she
                 testified in [People v. REM] and stated that she had previously spoken to investigators.”

¶ 23                                Motion to Dismiss REM v. Noonan
¶ 24       On April 1, 2011, the Noonans moved to dismiss plaintiffs’ complaint based on the Act
       (735 ILCS 110/1 et seq. (West 2010)). Michael contended that REM filed the lawsuit to punish
       Michael for having won a settlement in accord with which REM cleaned the debris it dumped
       off of Michael’s lot, and to punish Ruth for testifying for the State in People v. REM.
       Proceedings on the motion, including extensive discovery, lasted 2½ years.
¶ 25       The trial court held that, to decide the motion to dismiss, it needed to hear evidence on the
       allegations in the complaint. REM argued that the court’s findings in People v. REM
       collaterally estopped Michael from presenting evidence or arguing that REM dumped on his
       property construction waste, not usable as fill for new construction. The trial court held that res
       judicata and collateral estoppel did not apply. The court accepted into evidence the transcript
       from the trial in People v. REM.

                                                    -5-
¶ 26       The transcript of that trial shows that Ruth testified that she visited Michael’s lot in June
       2004, and she saw construction debris, including bricks, wood and other building material.
       Lagousakos corroborated Ruth’s testimony that, by July 2004, construction debris covered
       Michael’s lot after REM finished dumping material there. The debris included concrete,
       broken bricks, tile and gravel.
¶ 27       Lyne testified that when he inspected the site in 2007, he found metal, tile, wood, brick,
       wire, pipes, and rebar. Lyne interviewed Ramirez, who admitted that no one had inspected the
       material shipped from Northwestern’s site. Ramirez thought the fill could include concrete, tile
       and wood. Ramirez told Lyne that the fill counted as clean, and met Michael’s request, as long
       as it included no hazardous waste. Lyne said that the material he found at the site, material
       Ramirez admitted that REM dumped, did not meet the State’s definition of acceptable
       preconstruction fill.
¶ 28       Robertson testified that when he first visited Michael’s lot in 2006, he found the lot
       unsecured. Neighbors complained about trucks dumping loads of debris on the lot in 2006.
       Robertson saw evidence of new dumping outside Michael’s fence, but not on the leveled areas
       of the lot. Robertson watched when REM cleared the debris off the lot in 2008. REM screened
       the material before sending part of it to Earth, Inc.
¶ 29       Ramirez testified that he saw no wood, tile or rebar in the material REM shipped to
       Michael’s lot. Ramirez said REM used the screener on the material for only one day. Earth,
       Inc., told him the material was so clean he did not need to bother screening it.
¶ 30       Although the trial court accepted the transcript from People v. REM into evidence, many of
       the same witnesses testified at the evidentiary hearing on the Noonans’ motion to dismiss
       plaintiffs’ complaint. The trial court commenced the hearing on June 1, 2011. The parties
       completed presentation of the evidence on August 31, 2011, at the end of the fifth day of
       evidentiary hearings. Lagousakos, Lyne, Ruth, Robertson, Ramirez, Murphy, and Anthony
       Guarnero, of Brandenburg, all testified again, mostly repeating the testimony they gave in
       People v. REM.
¶ 31       In addition to the witnesses who testified in both cases, Michael also testified. Michael said
       that fences surrounded his lot, but if Michael’s neighbor left the gate in his fence open,
       dumpers could access Michael’s lot. Robertson testified that he never found the gate in the
       neighbor’s fence locked, so he considered Michael’s lot unsecured. Robertson again
       emphasized that the fill he found at the site did not form an appropriate base for construction.
       In the context of questions about the construction debris Robertson found on Michael’s lot,
       Michael’s attorney asked, “Did [Michael] indicate to you that he had not, in fact, consented to
       the dumping of material on his site?” Robertson answered, “Yes.”
¶ 32       Lyne testified that he found some separate piles of debris that someone probably dumped
       without Michael’s permission. However, most of the construction debris appeared uniformly
       throughout the leveled areas of the lot, indicating that the construction debris likely came from
       a single source. Lyne showed Ramirez and Murphy photographs of the leveled lot, including
       construction debris. Ramirez and Murphy both admitted that the photographs showed the
       material REM shipped from Northwestern.
¶ 33       Ramirez testified that Michael asked for clean clay, and REM never brought clean clay to
       the lot. Ramirez admitted that once Michael saw the lot after the dumping, Michael
       immediately complained that he had not agreed to allow the dumping of construction debris on
       his lot. Ramirez also admitted that the loads REM dumped could have included bricks, cement,

                                                   -6-
       tile and wood. In accord with the statement he made to Lyne, Ramirez admitted at trial that
       photographs of the site, showing tile, wood and pipe, showed materials REM dumped.
       Ramirez testified that Brandenburg, once one of REM’s most regular customers, effectively
       stopped working with REM after Michael and the City sued REM and Brandenburg.
¶ 34        Murphy testified that he believed acceptable preconstruction fill for Michael’s lot could
       include up to 15% garbage, which could consist of concrete, wood, glass, metal, plastic and
       tile.
¶ 35        The parties presented to the court numerous exhibits, including dated photographs of
       Michael’s lot; photographs of Northwestern’s site before REM cleared it, showing tile similar
       to the tile on Michael’s lot; Brandenburg’s contract with Northwestern, in which Brandenburg
       promised to remove materials used in the foundation of Northwestern’s building; REM’s
       contract with Brandenburg; Lagousakos’s reports; the state inspector’s report; and
       conservation department reports from 2007 concerning the lot. Michael presented an affidavit
       from a witness who saw REM trucks dump construction debris on Michael’s lot in 2004. The
       witness specified that the debris included concrete, rebar, wires, tile, steel and wood. The trial
       court also accepted into evidence a transcript of Lyne’s interview with Ramirez in 2007, when
       Ramirez admitted that REM did not inspect the fill before shipping it from Northwestern to
       Michael’s lot, and that in his opinion, clean fill could include concrete, tile and wood, as long
       as it had no hazardous materials.
¶ 36        In December 2011, the parties submitted briefs on the motion to dismiss under the Act. At
       a hearing on April 11, 2012, the court said:
                “I have the benefit of a full evidentiary hearing. And based on that, I conclude that
                plaintiffs’ suit genuinely seeks relief for damages for alleged intentional tortious acts
                for purposes of the [Act]. *** It is clear from the record before the Court that plaintiffs’
                intent in bringing this suit is to recover damages for loss in business and costs of
                defense it perceives as being the result of the plaintiffs[’] trespass suit [Noonan v.
                REM] and the subsequent State and local investigation and lawsuit, not to silence or
                chill the defendant’s speech or protest activity. In its complaint against the defendants,
                the plaintiff alleges that in filing what we have been referring to as the trespass suit, the
                defendants made numerous allegations they knew to be false ***.
                    *** [I]t became clear that the [A]ct didn’t apply to the plaintiffs’ cause of action
                because it was a genuine suit for damages for perceived wrongdoing. As plaintiffs note,
                the plaintiffs’ suit wasn’t filed at any time around the time the defendants were seeking
                to assert their rights. *** But furthermore, the evidence discloses [an] instanc[e] where
                the defendants allegedly made misstatements to the investigating authorities; namely,
                that the plaintiffs had no permission to dump any material on the property at issue. ***
                And a lot of the arguments made by the defendants in favor of dismissing the suit under
                [the Act] were more akin to arguments in favor of summary judgment. So I am denying
                the motion to dismiss under the [Act], but the arguments regarding summary judgment
                are well taken. ***
                    *** [I]n litigating the motion to dismiss under the [Act], the parties basically tried
                the case and presented to the Court live testimony, testimony from the previous
                proceedings, along with a wealth of other evidence. ***
                    ***

                                                     -7-
                   *** What the disagreement centers on is the content of the materials; i.e., what
               clean, compact[a]ble clay was to consist of. I think that the evidence is conclusive that
               the material dumped at the site contained rebar, concrete and cables. ***
                   ***
                   *** [I]t is unsuitable as fill material that could be built on and would have to be
               removed prior to any construction activities. *** The evidence reflects that none of the
               allegations in this suit [Michael] filed are absolutely false. *** The fact that Mr.
               Noonan expected material that didn’t contain debris and that plaintiffs may have
               assumed clean, compact[a]ble clay could contain a percentage of debris doesn’t
               amount to a fraudulent intent or wrongdoing in filing the trespass complaint. ***
               [E]ven if clean fill could contain a percentage of building debris, Mr. Noonan’s
               allegations that the fill on his property wasn’t the fill he agreed to can form the basis of
               a trespass claim. *** The fly dumping was easily distinguishable ***. *** [T]here was
               no way *** that the materials that were spread here and are here could have been
               brought by anyone but [REM] because it was only six days between the time the
               materials were last dumped *** and Mr. Noonan returned to the property.”
¶ 37       The court and the parties then discussed further proceedings:
                   “[Plaintiffs’ attorney]: I am going to file an amended complaint ***.
                   THE COURT: *** I think the next step, based on all of the evidence we adduced
               and all of the time the parties spent, the next step then I would ask the defendants if they
               are going to be filing a motion for a summary judgment ***?
                   [The Noonans’ primary attorney]: Yes, we will, Your Honor. The one thing we
               want to think about and talk to our client about is requesting an immediate appeal,
               which is not something I think we are ready to do.
                   [The Noonans’ second attorney]: Though, I think that if the Court is going to
               entertain a summary judgment motion, we’d file that, brief it, and then depending on
               the Court’s ruling, you know, maybe take an appeal of the whole thing.
                   THE COURT: That might be helpful, and it’s going to be based upon the complaint
               that we have pending at this time.
                                                      ***
                   *** This is all the evidence. We’ve had a trial in this case.
                   [Plaintiffs’ attorney]: I will file a motion for leave to file an amended complaint.
               ***
                   [The Noonans’ primary attorney]: Why don’t we get our motion for summary
               judgment on file, seven days? Set a briefing schedule today.”
¶ 38       Instead, the court set a status date for April 18, 2012, seven days after the hearing. The
       court denied the Noonans’ motion to dismiss based on the Act.
¶ 39       The next day, April 12, 2012, the plaintiffs filed a motion for voluntary dismissal of their
       complaint. The Noonans filed their motion for summary judgment on April 17, 2012. At the
       status hearing on April 18, 2012, the trial court granted the motion for voluntary dismissal and
       dismissed the motion for summary judgment as moot.
¶ 40       The Noonans moved for reconsideration of the order of April 18, 2012. In an order dated
       September 21, 2012, the trial court vacated the April 18 order and permitted the parties to file

                                                    -8-
       further briefs. On November 14, 2012, the trial court granted Ruth’s motion to dismiss the
       lawsuit under the Act, but denied Michael’s motion to dismiss. The court set Michael’s motion
       for summary judgment for argument. Ruth filed a fee petition supported by her attorney’s
       affidavit and exhibits showing the hours each attorney spent on Ruth’s motion. Ruth sought
       more than $100,000 in fees and costs.
¶ 41       Plaintiffs moved for summary judgment against Michael and for reconsideration of the
       order granting a judgment in favor of Ruth. The court heard argument on those motions along
       with Michael’s motion for summary judgment. The trial court granted Michael’s motion for
       summary judgment and denied plaintiffs’ motions in an order dated July 2, 2013. Plaintiffs
       filed a timely notice of appeal.
¶ 42       The trial court considered Ruth’s fee petition at a hearing on September 20, 2013. The
       court said that if it awarded fees for work done for Michael, “we would run afoul of the rule
       that duplicative and excessive times not reasonably billed to one’s own client cannot be billed
       to an adversary through a fee shifting statute.” The court added:
                “[T]he main issue that this Court must contend with is that the main defendant, Mrs.
                Noonan’s husband, did not prevail on his SLAPP motion and is not entitled to fees. ***
                I can award only those fees that were attributable to Mrs. Noonan’s defense and that
                were not also attributed to Mr. Noonan. That is those fees that she alone had incurred.
                                                     ***
                    For instance, in the general legal research, most of it would have been incurred, in
                any event, gathering and assimilating facts. Again, the very reports and documents ***
                and transcripts that concern Mrs. Noonan’s protected interest also dealt with her
                husband’s non-protected activities. None of the witnesses dealt solely with Mrs.
                Noonan, and she would have had to have testified, in any event, even had she not been
                named as a party.
                    Now, I located only three entries that dealt with only Mrs. Noonan ***. These
                related to a post-hearing brief filed on behalf of her. ***
                    *** [A]fter reviewing the records I’m awarding a total of $8,765 in fees and costs
                for time billed to Mrs. Noonan. I’ve determined that these were the fees incurred solely
                with regards to Mrs. Noonan’s defense.”
¶ 43       The court entered an order dated September 20, 2013, recording the award. Plaintiffs
       amended their notice of appeal to add the order of September 20, 2013, as an order challenged
       on appeal. On October 21, 2013, the Noonans filed a notice of cross-appeal, challenging the
       denial of Michael’s motion to dismiss under the Act, and the decision to award Ruth only
       $8,765 in fees and costs.

¶ 44                                            ANALYSIS
¶ 45                                        Voluntary Dismissal
¶ 46        Plaintiffs argue that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied the motion for
       voluntary dismissal of the complaint. See Quigg v. Walgreen Co., 388 Ill. App. 3d 696, 699
       (2009). Both parties recognize Fumarolo v. Chicago Board of Education, 142 Ill. 2d 54 (1990),
       as the controlling authority on the issue.
¶ 47        In Fumarolo, on May 30, 1989, the trial court entered an order allowing the defendants to
       file a motion for summary judgment by June 28, 1989. On June 26, 1989, the plaintiffs filed a

                                                   -9-
       motion for voluntary dismissal of the complaint. The defendants filed their motion for
       summary judgment, as scheduled, on June 28, 1989. The trial court denied the motion for
       voluntary dismissal and entered a summary judgment in favor of the defendants.
¶ 48        The plaintiffs appealed, claiming that the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) protected their
       right to voluntary dismissal. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 110, ¶ 2-1009. The Fumarolo court noted
       that the decision in Gibellina v. Handley, 127 Ill. 2d 122 (1989), had affected the interpretation
       of section 2-1009. The legislature later amended section 2-1009 to reflect the Gibellina
       holding. Section 2-1009 now provides:
               “(a) The plaintiff may, at any time before trial or hearing begins, upon notice to each
               party who has appeared or each such party’s attorney, and upon payment of costs,
               dismiss his or her action or any part thereof as to any defendant, without prejudice, by
               order filed in the cause.
                    (b) The court may hear and decide a motion that has been filed prior to a motion
               filed under subsection (a) of this Section when that prior filed motion, if favorably
               ruled on by the court, could result in a final disposition of the cause.
                    (c) After trial or hearing begins, the plaintiff may dismiss, only on terms fixed by
               the court ***.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1009 (West 2012).
¶ 49        The Fumarolo plaintiffs argued that “the actual filing of a potentially dispositive motion
       marks the point at which the right to voluntary dismissal is no longer absolute.” Fumarolo, 142
Ill. 2d at 67. Because the Fumarolo defendants actually filed their motion for summary
       judgment two days after the plaintiffs filed their motion for voluntary dismissal, the Fumarolo
       plaintiffs contended, as the plaintiffs contend here, that the Code protected their right to
       voluntary dismissal.
¶ 50        The Fumarolo court said:
               “The decisive factor in Gibellina was not that the defendant had actually filed a
               potentially dispositive motion, but was instead that the defendant had put a potentially
               dispositive motion before the court prior to the filing of the section 2-1009 motion. As
               this court said in Gibellina, ‘the trial court may hear and decide a motion which has
               been filed prior to a section 2-1009 motion when that motion, if favorably ruled on by
               the court, could result in a final disposition of the case.’ (Emphasis in original.)
               [Citation.] In Gibellina, the court’s expressed concern was to prevent the undue delay
               and abuse of judicial resources that occur when a plaintiff dismisses a case ‘in the face
               of’ a potentially dispositive motion which would dispose of the action. [Citation.] As
               this court put it, ‘[i]t has become clear that the allowance of an unrestricted right to
               dismiss and refile an action in the face of a potentially dispositive motion is not only
               increasing the burden on the already crowded dockets of our courts, but is also
               infringing on the authority of the judiciary to discharge its duties fairly and
               expeditiously.’ [Citation.] ***
                    Although the defendants had not yet actually filed their summary judgment motion,
               it is clear that a potentially dispositive motion was, as the trial court said, for all intents
               and purposes, before the court. The motion to voluntarily dismiss was plainly made ‘in
               the face of’ a potentially dispositive motion and was used to ‘avoid a potential decision
               on the merits.’ The purpose of the defendants’ appearance on May 30 was to advise the
               court and the plaintiffs that they were seeking a prompt resolution of the issue by

                                                     - 10 -
                summary judgment. It is clear from the record that the judge and the parties understood
                that there was to be a motion for summary judgment and that the motion and brief
                would be filed on June 28. In various proceedings after May 30, the trial court and the
                parties made references to the summary judgment motion. If the trial court had allowed
                the motion to dismiss, it certainly would have seriously jeopardized, if not prevented, a
                prompt resolution of the case on the merits. There was a prompt resolution of the case
                by the trial court on August 29.
                    The trial court did not err in holding that a potentially dispositive motion was
                before the court prior to the filing of the plaintiffs’ motion for a voluntary dismissal and
                under Gibellina v. Handley the court clearly had discretion to deny the plaintiffs’
                motion for a voluntary dismissal.” Fumarolo, 142 Ill. 2d at 68-69 (quoting Gibellina,
127 Ill. 2d at 137-38).
¶ 51        We agree with the trial court that at the hearing on April 11, 2012, the Noonans sufficiently
       indicated their intention to file a motion for summary judgment, as the Noonans’ attorney said,
       in court, they would file the motion for summary judgment by April 18, 2012. Thus, that
       dispositive motion was already before the court when plaintiffs filed their motion for voluntary
       dismissal, and therefore the trial court had discretion to decide the dispositive motion before
       considering the motion for voluntary dismissal.
¶ 52        We note that the Noonans had filed a dispositive motion to dismiss the complaint under the
       Act long before plaintiffs filed their motion for voluntary dismissal. Although the court denied
       the motion to dismiss, the time had not elapsed for filing a motion to reconsider the denial of
       the motion to dismiss. The Noonans later filed a motion to reconsider the denial of the motion
       to dismiss. Thus, the trial court had not completed proceedings on the initial dispositive motion
       at the time that plaintiffs filed their motion for voluntary dismissal.
¶ 53        We also note that the evidentiary hearing in the case had commenced long before plaintiffs
       brought their motion for voluntary dismissal. The parties do not discuss section 2-1009(c), but
       we do not see why that section would not apply. If it does apply, then plaintiffs had already lost
       the right to voluntarily dismiss the complaint under section 2-1009(a), and they could
       voluntarily dismiss the case only with the court’s approval and under terms the court imposed.
¶ 54        Judicial economy especially warrants denial of the motion for voluntary dismissal here. As
       the trial court said, by April 11, 2012, the trial court had already heard a complete trial on the
       merits of plaintiffs’ complaint. The trial court indicated its inclination to dispose of the case on
       the basis of the evidence presented. Here, as in Fumarolo, “[t]he motion to voluntarily dismiss
       was plainly made ‘in the face of’ a potentially dispositive motion and was used to ‘avoid a
       potential decision on the merits.’ ” Fumarolo, 142 Ill. 2d at 69 (quoting Gibellina, 127 Ill. 2d at
       137). The trial court correctly exercised its discretion to deny the motion for voluntary
       dismissal and to consider the cross-motions for summary judgment.

¶ 55                                    Michael’s Cross-Appeal
¶ 56       Plaintiffs also contend that the trial court should not have granted Michael summary
       judgment on the complaint. Michael, in his cross-appeal, argues that the court should have
       granted his motion to dismiss the complaint under the Act. Because Michael’s cross-appeal, if
       successful, would obviate the need to discuss the summary judgment the court entered in his
       favor on the merits, we will address the cross-appeal before reaching the issue of whether the
       evidence warranted the entry of summary judgment in favor of Michael.

                                                    - 11 -
¶ 57      The Act provides:
                  “Civil actions for money damages have been filed against citizens and
             organizations of this State as a result of their valid exercise of their constitutional rights
             to petition, speak freely, associate freely, and otherwise participate in and communicate
             with government. There has been a disturbing increase in lawsuits termed ‘Strategic
             Lawsuits Against Public Participation’ in government or ‘SLAPPs’ as they are
             popularly called.
                  The threat of SLAPPs significantly chills and diminishes citizen participation in
             government, voluntary public service, and the exercise of these important
             constitutional rights. This abuse of the judicial process can and has been used as a
             means of intimidating, harassing, or punishing citizens and organizations for involving
             themselves in public affairs.
                  It is in the public interest and it is the purpose of this Act to strike a balance between
             the rights of persons to file lawsuits for injury and the constitutional rights of persons to
             petition, speak freely, associate freely, and otherwise participate in government; to
             protect and encourage public participation in government to the maximum extent
             permitted by law; to establish an efficient process for identification and adjudication of
             SLAPPs; and to provide for attorney’s fees and costs to prevailing movants.” 735 ILCS
             110/5 (West 2010).
                  “§ 15. Applicability. This Act applies to any motion to dispose of a claim in a
             judicial proceeding on the grounds that the claim is based on, relates to, or is in
             response to any act or acts of the moving party in furtherance of the moving party’s
             rights of petition, speech, association, or to otherwise participate in government.
                  Acts in furtherance of the constitutional rights to petition, speech, association, and
             participation in government are immune from liability, regardless of intent or purpose,
             except when not genuinely aimed at procuring favorable government action, result, or
             outcome.” 735 ILCS 110/15 (West 2010).
                  “§ 20. Motion procedure and standards.
                                                       ***
                  (c) The court shall grant the motion and dismiss the judicial claim unless the court
             finds that the responding party has produced clear and convincing evidence that the
             acts of the moving party are not immunized from, or are not in furtherance of acts
             immunized from, liability by this Act.” 735 ILCS 110/20(c) (West 2010).
                  “§ 25. Attorney’s fees and costs. The court shall award a moving party who
             prevails in a motion under this Act reasonable attorney’s fees and costs incurred in
             connection with the motion.” 735 ILCS 110/25 (West 2010).
¶ 58      Our supreme court interpreted the Act in Sandholm v. Kuecker, 2012 IL 111443. The
       Sandholm court said:
             “ ‘SLAPPs, or “Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation,” are lawsuits aimed at
             preventing citizens from exercising their political rights or punishing those who have
             done so.’ Wright Development Group, LLC v. Walsh, 238 Ill. 2d 620, 630 (2010)
             (citing generally Penelope Canan & George W. Pring, Strategic Lawsuits Against
             Public Participation, 35 Soc. Probs. 506 (1988)). ‘SLAPPs use the threat of money
             damages or the prospect of the cost of defending against the suits to silence citizen

                                                    - 12 -
participation.’ Walsh, 238 Ill. 2d at 630 (citing 735 ILCS 110/5 (West 2008)). *** A
SLAPP is ‘based upon nothing more than defendants’ exercise of their right, under the
first amendment, to petition the government for a redress of grievances.’ [Westfield
Partners, Ltd. v. Hogan, 740 F. Supp. 523, 525 (N.D. Ill. 1990).]
     SLAPPs are, by definition, meritless. John C. Barker, Common-Law and Statutory
Solutions to the Problem of SLAPPs, 26 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 395, 396 (1993). Plaintiffs
in SLAPP suits do not intend to win but rather to chill a defendant’s speech or protest
activity and discourage opposition by others through delay, expense, and distraction.
*** While the case is being litigated in the courts, however, defendants are forced to
expend funds on litigation costs and attorney fees and may be discouraged from
continuing their protest activities. [Citation.]
     *** SLAPPs ‘masquerade as ordinary lawsuits’ and may include myriad causes of
action, including defamation, interference with contractual rights or prospective
economic advantage, and malicious prosecution. Kathryn W. Tate, California’s
Anti-SLAPP Legislation: A Summary of and Commentary on Its Operation and Scope,
33 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 801, 804-05 (2000). Because winning is not a SLAPP plaintiff’s
primary motivation, the existing safeguards to prevent meritless claims from prevailing
were seen as inadequate, prompting many states to enact anti-SLAPP legislation. Id. at
805. These statutory schemes commonly provide for expedited judicial review,
summary dismissal, and recovery of attorney fees for the party who has been
‘SLAPPed.’ Id.
                                      ***
     In deciding whether a lawsuit should be dismissed pursuant to the Act, a court must
first determine whether the suit is the type of suit the Act was intended to address. ***
     ***
     In light of the clear legislative intent expressed in the statute to subject only
meritless, retaliatory SLAPP suits to dismissal, we construe the phrase ‘based on,
relates to, or is in response to’ in section 15 to mean solely based on, relating to, or in
response to ‘any act or acts of the moving party in furtherance of the moving party’s
rights of petition, speech, association, or to otherwise participate in government.’ 735
ILCS 110/15 (West 2008). Stated another way, where a plaintiff files suit genuinely
seeking relief for damages for the alleged defamation or intentionally tortious acts of
defendants, the lawsuit is not solely based on defendants’s rights of petition, speech,
association, or participation in government. In that case, the suit would not be subject to
dismissal under the Act. It is clear from the express language of the Act that it was not
intended to protect those who commit tortious acts and then seek refuge in the
immunity conferred by the statute.
                                      ***
     The procedure set forth in the Act provides the proper framework for our analysis.
Section 15 requires the moving party to demonstrate that the plaintiff’s complaint is
‘based on, relates to, or is in response to any act or acts of the moving party in
furtherance of the moving party’s rights of petition, speech, association, or to otherwise
participate in government.’ 735 ILCS 110/15 (West 2008); [citation]. If the moving
party has met his or her burden of proof, the burden then shifts to the responding party

                                    - 13 -
                to produce ‘clear and convincing evidence that the acts of the moving party are not
                immunized from, or are not in furtherance of acts immunized from, liability’ under the
                Act. 735 ILCS 110/20(c) (West 2008); [citation]. Thus, defendants had the initial
                burden of proving that plaintiff’s lawsuit was solely ‘based on, relate[d] to, or in
                response to’ their acts in furtherance of their rights of petition, speech or association, or
                to participate in government. Only if defendants have met their burden does the
                plaintiff have to provide clear and convincing evidence that defendants’ acts are not
                immunized from liability under the Act.” (Emphasis in original.) Sandholm, 2012 IL
111443, ¶¶ 33-56.
¶ 59        Thus, the Sandholm court held that when a defendant seeks dismissal of a lawsuit under the
       Act, the defendant bears the burden of proving that the plaintiff has filed a meritless suit solely
       based on, related to, or in response to the defendant’s participation in government. Sandholm,
       2012 IL 111443, ¶¶ 48-56; see Chicago Regional Council of Carpenters v. Jursich, 2013 IL
       App (1st) 113279, ¶ 20.
¶ 60        In Garrido v. Arena, 2013 IL App (1st) 120466, the court explained the effect of Sandholm.
       When a defendant makes a motion to dismiss a complaint under the Act, the defendant usually
       concedes that the complaint adequately states a cause of action. Garrido, 2013 IL App (1st)
120466, ¶ 21; see Sandholm, 2012 IL 111443, ¶ 54. To show the complaint lacks merit, the
       defendant must “disprov[e] some essential element of plaintiff’s prima facie case.” Garrido,
       2013 IL App (1st) 120466, ¶ 28.
¶ 61        Commentators on similar legislation from other states have argued that once a defendant
       has shown that a lawsuit attacks his participation in government, the plaintiff should bear the
       burden of presenting sufficient evidence to show that the lawsuit has merit. Tate, supra, at
       838-41; Katelyn E. Saner, Getting SLAPP-ed in Federal Court: Applying State Anti-SLAPP
       Special Motions to Dismiss in Federal Court After Shady Grove, 63 Duke L.J. 781, 792 (2013)
       (if the defendant shows that a lawsuit arises from the defendant’s participation in government,
       “the burden then shifts to the plaintiff to show that the plaintiff’s claim is legally sufficient and
       that each element of the plaintiff’s claim is supported by admissible evidence”). As Pring and
       Canan said, legislation to counter SLAPPs “must set out an effective early review for filed
       SLAPPs, shifting the burden of proof to the filer and, in so doing, serving a clear warning
       against the future filing of such suits.” George W. Pring & Penelope Canan, SLAPPs: Getting
       Sued for Speaking Out 203 (1996). Barker, in a comment cited in Sandholm, observed that
       “[q]uick and early resolution of litigation is the single most important component of any court
       or statutory scheme to prevent SLAPPs. Expediting the SLAPP process will not only alleviate
       its chilling effect on defendants, but it will also create disincentives for plaintiffs seeking
       primarily to delay and distract their opponents. The earlier that threshold judicial review
       occurs, the less effective the SLAPP will be.” Barker, supra, at 408. Tate, another
       commentator our supreme court cited, echoed the observation: “To be of benefit to SLAPPees,
       the procedure for deciding the motion is supposed to be fast and inexpensive.” Tate, supra, at
       840. One commentator argued that by reading the word “solely” into the Act and shifting the
       burden of proof to the defendant to show that the plaintiff filed a meritless lawsuit, the
       Sandholm court “effectively nullified the Illinois Citizen Participation Act.” Emily L.
       Jenkinson, Sandholm v. Kuecker: The Illinois Supreme Court “SLAPPS” Away a Protection of
       Illinois Citizens’ First Amendment Rights, 63 DePaul L. Rev. 1093, 1093 (2014).

                                                    - 14 -
¶ 62       Under Sandholm, to show that the Act applied, Michael bore the burden of proving that the
       plaintiffs’ complaint had no merit. The trial court found that it needed to hear the evidence–to
       hold a full trial on the merits of the complaint–before it could determine whether the complaint
       (which, like most SLAPPs, adequately stated a cause of action) had any merit. The court also
       needed to determine whether the complaint served any purpose other than punishing Michael
       for suing REM and Ruth for talking to City inspectors about the materials REM dumped on
       Michael’s lot. Proceedings on the motion to dismiss under the Act included extensive
       discovery and years of legal maneuvering.
¶ 63       The trial court found facts and drew conclusions of law in support of its decision not to
       grant Michael’s motion under the Act for dismissal of the complaint. We review the factual
       findings under the manifest weight of the evidence standard. Eychaner v. Gross, 202 Ill. 2d
228, 251 (2002). We review the conclusions of law de novo. Hammons v. Society of Permanent
       Cosmetic Professionals, 2012 IL App (1st) 102644, ¶ 13.
¶ 64       The trial court found that “plaintiffs’ intent in bringing this suit is to recover damages for
       loss in business and costs of defense it perceives as being the result of the plaintiffs[’] trespass
       suit and the subsequent State and local investigation and lawsuit.” The court also found
       arguable merit to the plaintiffs’ claim, as the court said, “the evidence discloses [an] instanc[e]
       where the defendants allegedly made misstatements to the investigating authorities; namely,
       that the plaintiffs had no permission to dump any material on the property at issue.” Ramirez
       testified that REM lost business as a result of the lawsuit Michael filed. Thus, the trial court’s
       finding, that the desire to recover for lost business formed at least a part of the motive for suing
       Michael, is not contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence. The Sandholm standards
       required the trial court to deny Michael’s motion to dismiss the plaintiffs’ complaint under the
       Act. On Michael’s cross-appeal, we affirm the trial court’s denial of Michael’s motion to
       dismiss the complaint under the Act.

¶ 65                                         Summary Judgment
¶ 66       Next, plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred when it granted summary judgment in favor
       of Michael. We review the order granting summary judgment de novo. Espinoza v. Elgin,
       Joliet & Eastern Ry. Co., 165 Ill. 2d 107, 113 (1995). Plaintiffs attempted to state four causes
       of action against Michael: (1) fraud; (2) tortious interference with a prospective business
       relationship; (3) malicious prosecution; and (4) conspiracy. We note that plaintiffs do not set
       forth in their brief the elements of any of the causes of action, and they make no effort to show
       that they have presented at trial sufficient evidence to make out a prima facie case for relief
       under any of their stated causes of action.

¶ 67                                                 Fraud
¶ 68       To prove fraud, a plaintiff must show “that a false statement of material fact was made, that
       the party making the statement knew or believed it to be untrue, that the party to whom the
       statement was made had a right to rely on it and did so, that the statement was made for the
       purpose of inducing the other party to act, and that reliance by the person to whom the
       statement was made led to his injury.” Redarowicz v. Ohlendorf, 92 Ill. 2d 171, 185-86 (1982).
       Plaintiffs allege only that Michael made false statements to Robertson and Lyne, and again in
       the complaint. Plaintiffs presented no evidence that they relied on any of Michael’s allegedly
       false statements, and, therefore, the trial court properly granted a judgment in favor of Michael

                                                    - 15 -
       on the fraud count. See Soules v. General Motors Corp., 79 Ill. 2d 282, 286 (1980); Small v.
       Sussman, 306 Ill. App. 3d 639, 646 (1999).

¶ 69                                         Tortious Interference
¶ 70       “[T]o prevail on a claim for tortious interference with a prospective economic advantage, a
       plaintiff must prove: (1) his reasonable expectation of entering into a valid business
       relationship; (2) the defendant’s knowledge of the plaintiff’s expectancy; (3) purposeful
       interference by the defendant that prevents the plaintiff’s legitimate expectancy from ripening
       into a valid business relationship; and (4) damages to the plaintiff resulting from such
       interference.” Fellhauer v. City of Geneva, 142 Ill. 2d 495, 511 (1991). The “purposeful
       interference” element requires the plaintiff to show “that the defendant has committed some
       impropriety” that interfered with the expectancy. Dowd & Dowd, Ltd. v. Gleason, 181 Ill. 2d
460, 485 (1998). Plaintiffs here alleged two improprieties: Michael filed a frivolous lawsuit
       against REM and Brandenburg, and Michael made false statements to Lyne and Robertson.
¶ 71       REM admitted that Michael asked REM to deliver clean clay as preconstruction fill, and
       that it did not deliver clean clay. The admissions show that Michael filed a meritorious suit
       against REM. Because REM arguably acted as Brandenburg’s agent for disposing of the
       construction debris, Michael did not act frivolously when he named Brandenburg as a
       defendant. See Dial v. City of O’Fallon, 81 Ill. 2d 548, 556 (1980) (a defendant commits a
       trespass by “causing a thing or a third person to enter the land of another”). REM did not
       present evidence that could support a finding that Michael acted frivolously or improperly
       when he sued REM and Brandenburg for dumping construction debris on his lot without his
       permission.
¶ 72       REM claims that Michael lied to Lyne and Robertson. REM relies primarily on the
       findings of the criminal court in People v. REM. REM argues that the decision collaterally
       estops Michael from presenting evidence that he told the truth to Lyne and Robertson.
¶ 73       Michael did not take part in People v. REM. For collateral estoppel to apply, Michael, the
       party against whom plaintiffs assert the estoppel, must be in privity with the State, the party to
       the prior adjudication. Nowak v. St. Rita High School, 197 Ill. 2d 381, 390 (2001). Many courts
       have relied on the following definition for privity:
                    “ ‘Privity is a word which expresses the idea that as to certain matters and in certain
                circumstances persons who are not parties to an action but who are connected with it in
                their interests are affected by the judgment with reference to interests involved in the
                action, as if they were parties.’ ” People ex rel. Burris v. Progressive Land Developers,
                Inc., 151 Ill. 2d 285, 296 (1992) (quoting Restatement of Judgments § 83, cmt. a, at 389
                (1942)).
¶ 74       The appellate court expanded on the meaning of privity in State Farm Fire & Casualty Co.
       v. John J. Rickhoff Sheet Metal Co., 394 Ill. App. 3d 548 (2009):
                    “The Restatement (Second) of Judgments explains that ‘ “privity” refers to a cluster
                of relationships, [citation], under which the preclusive effects of a judgment extend
                beyond a party to the original action and apply to persons having specified
                relationships to that party.’ Restatement (Second) of Judgments, Introduction, at 1
                (1982). The Restatement (Second) further explains that there are three general
                categories of relationships that may establish privity. Restatement (Second) of

                                                    - 16 -
               Judgments §75, Comment a, at 210 (1982); see also Diversified Financial Systems, Inc.
               v. Boyd, 286 Ill. App. 3d 911, 916 (1997) (also discussing the Restatement (Second) of
               Judgments). The first category includes relationships that are ‘explicitly
               representative,’ which includes: (1) the trustee of an estate or interest of which the
               nonparty is a beneficiary; (2) a person invested by the nonparty with the authority to
               represent the nonparty in the action; (3) the executor, administrator, guardian,
               conservator, or similar fiduciary manager of an interest in which the nonparty is a
               beneficiary; (4) an official or agency invested by law with the authority to represent the
               nonparty; or (5) the representative of a class of persons similarly situated, designated as
               the class representative by the court, of which the nonparty is a member. Restatement
               (Second) of Judgments §§41, 75(1) & Comment a (1982). The second category of
               relationships includes ‘an array of substantive legal relationships,’ referred to in
               sections 45 through 61 of the Restatement (Second) of Judgments, in which one of the
               parties to the relationship is ‘treated as having the capacity to bind the other to a
               judgment in an action to which the latter is not a party.’ Restatement (Second) of
               Judgments §75(2), Comment a, at 210 (1982). These relationships include, inter alia,
               co-obligors, parties who are vicariously liable for one another, bailees and bailors,
               co-owners of property, assignees and assignors, the promisee and intended beneficiary
               of a contract, corporations and their officers, directors, and shareholders, and members
               of partnerships. See Restatement (Second) of Judgments §§45 through 61 (1982). The
               third category of relationships includes successors in interest to property. Restatement
               (Second) of Judgments §75(3) & Comment a (1982).” State Farm, 394 Ill. App. 3d at
               559-60.
¶ 75        The State did not explicitly represent Michael’s interests. It represented only the State’s
       interest in maintaining a reasonably clean environment. The State has no vicarious liability for
       Michael’s acts; Michael did not act as a co-owner with the State; Michael did not create a
       bailment; and Michael did not succeed to the State’s interest in the property. The ticket the
       State issued to Michael, charging him with responsibility for cleaning the debris off his lot
       regardless of how the debris came to the lot, establishes that the State had interests adverse to
       Michael’s interests and that the State did not represent Michael. Because of the lack of privity
       between Michael and the State, the trial court properly held that the decision in People v. REM
       had no estoppel effect in REM v. Noonan. The trial court correctly considered the evidence
       presented in People v. REM as evidence in REM v. Noonan, and the trial court correctly found
       that the criminal court’s conclusions had no binding effect for the proceedings on REM’s
       complaint.
¶ 76        The evidence at the trial on the motion to dismiss showed that Michael truthfully told Lyne
       and Robertson that REM dumped hundreds of truckloads of material from Northwestern on his
       lot. Ramirez told Lyne, as recorded in the transcript of their interview, that REM dumped on
       Michael’s lot uninspected fill from Northwestern’s site, and the fill could include concrete, tile
       and wood. Photographs taken in 2004, and a report from Lagousakos, in 2004, show that the
       fill dumped on Michael’s lot included construction debris, with rebar, cables, and electric wire.
       Both Ramirez and Murphy admitted that the photographs accurately depicted materials REM
       dumped. The evidence showed that Michael requested compactable clay from REM and he
       told investigators and the court that he requested compactable clay; that REM instead dumped
       construction debris that included concrete, rebar, electrical conduit, cables and ceramic tile;

                                                   - 17 -
       and that Lagousakos found a 55-gallon drum on the lot. REM presented no evidence at all to
       support its allegations that Michael falsely told investigators the debris included mortar. REM
       presented no evidence to show that Michael falsely alleged that REM damaged a gate
       protecting his property.
¶ 77        In effect, plaintiffs sought to prove two inconsistent accounts of the dumping. On the one
       hand, plaintiffs emphasized that fly dumpers had access to the property through a gate that
       Robertson always found unlocked when he visited from 2006 to 2008. Plaintiffs claimed that
       the fly dumpers could have left the tile (which looked strikingly similar to the tile used in
       Northwestern’s demolished hospital), cables, rebar, concrete and wood found at the site. The
       problem with this account is that Lagousakos, Lyne and Robertson testified, without
       contradiction, that the construction debris did not appear only in the separate piles of debris
       that apparently resulted from fly dumping. Construction debris covered the leveled portions of
       the lot.
¶ 78        On the other hand, plaintiffs argue that the fill they removed from the lot, in accord with the
       settlement between Brandenburg and the City, had virtually no construction debris, and they
       needed no screening to clean it before shipment to Earth, Inc., which accepted only clean fill.
       In light of the photographs, and reports by Lagousakos, Lyne and Robertson, plaintiffs
       apparently ask the court to believe that they dumped clean preconstruction fill, with no
       significant rebar, cables, wood or tile, and they spread that fill evenly over the lot. Someone
       else then entered through the unlocked gate, dumped construction debris, spread the debris
       evenly over the lot and leveled the lot for the photo opportunities and City inspection. Then,
       after the inspection and photographs, someone cleared the construction debris off the lot and
       left behind only clean preconstruction fill, which REM found on the lot before it started
       shipping the 350 truckloads off the lot in accord with the settlement in Chicago v.
       Brandenburg. The account makes no sense. On the evidence presented at trial, no reasonable
       trier of fact could find that Michael lied to investigators or the court about the dumping of
       construction debris on his lot, and what he found on the lot after REM finished their dumping.
       Accordingly, we hold that the trial court correctly granted Michael’s motion for summary
       judgment on the tortious interference claim.

¶ 79                                      Malicious Prosecution
¶ 80       For the malicious prosecution claim, plaintiffs needed to show “(1) the commencement or
       continuance of an original criminal or civil judicial proceeding by the defendant; (2) the
       termination of the proceeding in favor of the plaintiff; (3) the absence of probable cause for
       such proceeding; (4) the presence of malice; and (5) damages resulting to the plaintiff.”
       Ritchey v. Maksin, 71 Ill. 2d 470, 475 (1978). Michael sued REM for trespass, and the State
       prosecuted REM for illegal dumping. The evidence shows ample probable cause for both
       lawsuits, and no evidence could support a finding that Michael and the State lacked probable
       cause to sue REM for dumping construction debris on Michael’s lot. Accordingly, we hold that
       the trial court correctly entered summary judgment for Michael on the claim for malicious
       prosecution.

¶ 81                                          Conspiracy
¶ 82       Our supreme court defined “civil conspiracy” as “a combination of two or more persons for
       the purpose of accomplishing by concerted action either an unlawful purpose or a lawful

                                                    - 18 -
       purpose by unlawful means.” Buckner v. Atlantic Plant Maintenance, Inc., 182 Ill. 2d 12, 23
       (1998). “In order to state a claim for civil conspiracy, a plaintiff must allege an agreement and
       a tortious act committed in furtherance of that agreement.” McClure v. Owens Corning
       Fiberglas Corp., 188 Ill. 2d 102, 133 (1999). Plaintiffs alleged that Michael conspired with
       another to commit the torts of fraud, tortious interference with a prospective business
       advantage, and malicious prosecution. Because the evidence supported the decision to award
       summary judgment in Michael’s favor on the three charged torts, the conspiracy claim also
       must fail. The trial court correctly granted Michael’s motion for summary judgment on the
       complaint.

¶ 83                                         Ruth’s Cross-Appeal
¶ 84       Plaintiffs argue that we should not address Ruth’s cross-appeal because she did not include
       her notice of appeal in her brief, she did not attach a copy of the order appealed, and she did not
       identify the standard of review. Plaintiffs cite no authority for this argument. They apparently
       rely on Supreme Court Rules 341(h)(4) and (h)(9). Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(4), (h)(9) (eff. Feb. 6,
       2013). However, Rule 341(i) expressly provides, “The brief for the appellee and other parties
       shall conform to the foregoing requirements [of Rule 341], except that items (2), (3), (4), (5),
       (6) and (9) of paragraph (h) of this rule need not be included except to the extent that the
       presentation by the appellant is deemed unsatisfactory.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(i) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013).
       Plaintiffs do not explain why this court should deem unsatisfactory their presentation of the
       notice of appeal and copy of the order appealed. Accordingly, we find no basis in the rules for
       rejecting Ruth’s cross-appeal from the award of fees.
¶ 85       The trial court awarded Ruth $8,765 in costs and fees for her attorneys’ work on the motion
       to dismiss under the Act. The abuse of discretion standard applies to our review of the award of
       statutory attorney fees. Westchester Fire Insurance Co. v. G. Heileman Brewing Co., 321 Ill.
       App. 3d 622, 636 (2000). The Act provides that “[t]he court shall award a moving party who
       prevails in a motion under this Act reasonable attorney’s fees and costs incurred in connection
       with the motion.” 735 ILCS 110/25 (West 2010). The trial court expressly decided not to
       award Ruth all fees incurred in connection with the motion to dismiss. Instead, the court
       awarded her only “those fees that were attributable to Mrs. Noonan’s defense and that were not
       also attributed to Mr. Noonan.”
¶ 86       Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred when it awarded fees and costs to Ruth because the
       court should not have dismissed the claims against Ruth. Regarding Ruth, plaintiffs alleged in
       their complaint only that she spoke to investigators and testified falsely at the trial in People v.
       REM. The complaint against Ruth, like many SLAPPs, attacked her for “testifying in judicial
       proceedings” and “reporting violations of law to government authorities.” George W. Pring,
       SLAPPs: Strategic Lawsuits against Public Participation, 7 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 3, 13 (1989),
       available at http://digitalcommons .pace.edu/pelr/vol7/iss1/2. Plaintiffs explicitly based their
       claims against Ruth on her acts in furtherance of her right to participate in government. See
       735 ILCS 110/15 (West 2010). The complete absence of evidence that Ruth said anything
       untrue to investigators or the court shows both that plaintiffs filed a meritless claim against
       Ruth and that they named her as a defendant solely to punish her for her participation in
       government.
¶ 87       Thus, the Act required the court to award Ruth “reasonable attorney’s fees and costs
       incurred in connection with the motion.” 735 ILCS 110/25 (West 2010). Plaintiffs argue that

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       Ruth incurred no fees because Michael’s insurer paid her attorneys, and the insurer did not plan
       to seek reimbursement from Ruth. But even if another party paid the fees on Ruth’s behalf,
       Ruth incurred the fees. See In re Marriage of Brockett, 130 Ill. App. 3d 499, 501 (1984).
¶ 88       In Brockett, the Legal Assistance Foundation paid the petitioner’s attorney fees, and the
       foundation did not plan to recover the fees from the petitioner. Brockett, 130 Ill. App. 3d at
       501. The trial court denied the petitioner’s request for attorney fees on grounds that she did not
       incur the fees. The Brockett court reversed, holding that “although petitioner may have no
       obligation to pay her attorney,” she had incurred the fees. Brockett, 130 Ill. App. 3d at 501. We
       find Ruth’s petition for fees indistinguishable from the petition in Brockett. Ruth incurred fees
       for defending against plaintiffs’ lawsuit, and the Act mandated an award of appropriate fees.
       735 ILCS 110/25 (West 2010).
¶ 89       For determination of appropriate fees, we look to precedent involving other statutes that
       permit the award of fees to a successful party. Under the Civil Rights Act (42 U.S.C. § 1988
       (2012)), federal courts have held that “legal services fairly devoted to successful claims are
       compensable even though those very same legal services also supported the prosecution of the
       unsuccessful claims.” Hughes v. Repko, 578 F.2d 483, 487 (3d Cir. 1978). In Hughes, the
       plaintiffs sued two defendants and won a judgment against only one. The Hughes court held
       that compensation for the plaintiffs should include fees for all services needed for prosecution
       of the successful claim, even though the same services also supported the unsuccessful claim.
       Hughes, 578 F.2d at 487.
¶ 90       Adopting the Hughes standard, we find that the trial court should have awarded Ruth all
       fees reasonably necessary for presentation of her motion to dismiss, even though many of the
       legal services used in preparing that motion also assisted in the presentation of Michael’s
       unsuccessful motion to dismiss. The trial court reasoned that it should attribute most fees
       solely to Michael, and not to Ruth, even though the services helped Ruth win her motion,
       because Michael “was clearly the main defendant.” As the court observed, “None of the
       witnesses dealt solely with [Ruth],” whose “role in the underlying facts was relatively minor.
       She reported to an investigating officer what she witnessed, and she testified at trial pursuant to
       a subpoena.” But these same observations formed the basis for the ruling in favor of Ruth.
       Against Michael, plaintiffs could present at least an arguably meritorious claim, but against
       Ruth they presented no evidence to defeat her motion to dismiss. To show that the claims
       against her lacked arguable merit, Ruth had to endure a lengthy evidentiary hearing–a hearing
       where, as the trial court said, “the parties basically tried the case.” At the conclusion of its
       ruling on the motion to dismiss under the Act, the trial court repeated the observation: “We’ve
       had a trial in this case.”
¶ 91       We reverse the award of fees and order the trial court on remand to reconsider that award in
       light of the Hughes standard, which we find applicable to awards under the Act.

¶ 92                                           CONCLUSION
¶ 93       In light of the trial court’s scheduling of a date for filing the Noonans’ motion for summary
       judgment before plaintiffs filed the motion for voluntary dismissal, we find that the trial court
       did not abuse its discretion when it denied plaintiffs’ motion for voluntary dismissal. The
       evidence sufficiently supports the trial court’s finding that plaintiffs did not sue Michael solely
       to harass him for suing them, so we affirm the trial court’s denial of Michael’s motion to
       dismiss the complaint under the Act. The evidence also supports the decision granting Ruth’s

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       motion to dismiss under the Act and Michael’s motion for summary judgment on the
       complaint. We reverse only the award of fees to Ruth, finding that the trial court applied
       incorrect standards when it awarded fees to Ruth.

¶ 94      Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.

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