Court Opinion

ID: 9363149
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-13 18:57:23.834407+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:29.408083
License: Public Domain

FOR PUBLICATION                         FILED
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                     NOV 3 2022
                                                                  MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                   U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                          FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

LEOBARDO MORENO GALVEZ; JOSE                 No.    20-36052
LUIS VICENTE RAMOS; ANGEL DE
JESUS MUNOZ OLIVERA, on behalf of            D.C. No. 2:19-cv-00321-RSL
themselves as individuals and others
similarly situated,
                                             OPINION
                  Plaintiffs-Appellees,

 v.

UR M. JADDOU*, Director, United States
Citizenship and Immigration Services;
ALEJANDRO N. MAYORKAS, Secretary,
United States Department of Homeland
Security; ROBERT COWAN, Director,
National Benefits Center; U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND
SECURITY; UNITED STATES
CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION
SERVICES,

                  Defendants-Appellants.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Western District of Washington
                   Robert S. Lasnik, District Judge, Presiding

                      Argued and Submitted March 9, 2022
                               Portland, Oregon

   *
       Defendants requested that Ur M. Jaddou, the current Director of the United
States Citizenship and Immigration Services, replace Tracy Renaud as a Defendant-
Appellee.
Before: Susan P. Graber and Carlos T. Bea, Circuit Judges, and Christina Reiss,**
District Judge.

                               Opinion by Judge Bea;
                          Partial Dissent by Judge Graber

                                  SUMMARY ***

                                   Immigration

   In a case in which Plaintiffs challenged delays by United States Citizenship and
Immigration Services (“USCIS”) in adjudicating petitions for Special Immigrant
Juveniles (“SIJ”) status, the panel affirmed the district court’s issuance of a
permanent injunction, vacated a provision of the injunction that permits SIJ
petitioners (but not USCIS) to “toll” the deadline for adjudicating SIJ petitions, and
remanded.

   The SIJ program provides certain immigrant juveniles a pathway to lawful
permanent residence status. Under 8 U.S.C. § 1232(d)(2), applications for SIJ status
“shall be adjudicated” not later than 180 days after they are filed. Plaintiffs—three
SIJ petitioners representing a certified class of some current and future SIJ
petitioners from Washington State—filed suit in the district court against USCIS and
other federal government defendants (the “Government”). The district court held
that USCIS’s delays were unlawful, and the Government did not challenge that
holding on appeal. At issue on appeal was only whether the district court erred, after
granting summary judgment to Plaintiffs, by issuing a permanent injunction and in
crafting its terms and scope.

   The panel first addressed whether the district court exceeded its jurisdiction in
enjoining the Government to comply with 8 U.S.C. § 1232(d)(2) in light of Garland
v. Aleman Gonzalez, 142 S. Ct. 2057 (2022). In Aleman Gonzalez, the Supreme
Court held that the jurisdictional bar of 8 U.S.C. § 1252(f)(1) generally prohibits

   **
      The Honorable Christina Reiss, United States District Judge for the District
of Vermont, sitting by designation.
   ***
      This summary constitutes no part of the opinion of the court. It has been
prepared by court staff for the convenience of the reader.
lower courts from entering injunctions that order federal officials to take or to refrain
from taking actions to enforce, implement, or otherwise carry out the statutory
provisions specified in that law. However, the panel explained that there is
inconsistency between the reach of the jurisdictional bar as it appears in the provision
that enacted it, as opposed to how it appears as codified in the United States
Code. The panel further explained that the text of the United States Code cannot
prevail over the Statutes at Large when the two are inconsistent. Thus, the panel
held—as the parties had agreed—that the jurisdictional bar of § 242(f)(1) of the
Immigration and Nationality Act, codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1252(f)(1), does not apply
to an order that enjoins or restrains the operation of the law at issue here, § 235(d)(2)
of the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act,
codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1232(d)(2). The panel therefore held that the district court
had jurisdiction to enter the injunction.

   Next, the panel concluded that the district court did not abuse its discretion in
entering the permanent injunction. The panel rejected the Government’s claims that
the district court failed to consider the operational hardship on the Government in
balancing hardships, and that the district court relied upon stale evidence to
determine that Plaintiffs were likely to suffer irreparable harm.

    As to the scope of the injunction, the Government first argued that the district
court abused its discretion in strictly imposing the 180-day timeline without tolling
for requests for evidence and notices of intent to deny or other unique circumstances
because the injunction prejudices agency activities of higher or competing priority
as well as SIJ petitioners from the other 49 states. The panel found no abuse of
discretion in this respect but explained that its holding was limited to the record
before it, stressing that it did not hold that the district court’s order should stand no
matter the circumstances.

    Next, the Government challenged the provision of the permanent injunction that
allows SIJ petitioners—but not USCIS—to toll the statutory deadline. The panel
held that the district court abused its discretion because the record did not support
the reasonableness of an order that broadly permits each and every SIJ petitioner to
“toll” indefinitely Congress’s timeline for adjudicating SIJ petitions, without
apparent consideration of existing regulations, without an affirmative showing of
good cause specific to each class member’s claim for tolling, when the district court
held USCIS strictly accountable to the statutory deadline, and where 8 U.S.C. §
1232(d)(2) plainly provides no mechanism for “tolling.” On remand, the panel
instructed that the district court may consider amending its injunction to allow tolling
on a case-by-case basis, upon an affirmative showing of good cause, subject to a
definite limitation on the tolling duration.

    Dissenting in part, Judge Graber wrote she concurred in the majority’s opinion
with one exception: she emphatically disagreed with the majority’s conclusion that
it was unreasonable to allow for the extension of the 180-day deadline if the
beneficiary of the deadline—the child—asked for more time. Judge Graber wrote
that the injunction violated no law, disagreeing with the majority’s conclusion that,
if USICIS must comply with the applicable deadline, so too must the
applicants. Observing that the majority recognized that any SIJ applicant is entitled
to toll the deadline for good cause, Judge Graber wrote that the majority failed to
explain why, considering the whole context of this case—in which Plaintiffs sought
judicial relief because of the agency’s own undue delay—the inclusion of a provision
that any applicant is entitled to toll the 180 days simply upon request constituted an
abuse of discretion.

                                     COUNSEL

Matt Adams (argued), Aaron Korthuis, Leila Kang, and Margot M. Adams,
Northwest Immigrant Rights Project, Seattle, Washingon; Tim Warden-Hertz,
Meghan E. Casey, and Olivia Saldaña-Schulman, Northwest Immigrant Rights
Project, Tacoma, Washington; for Plaintiffs-Appellees.

Katelyn Massetta-Alvarez (argued) and Elizabeth R. Veit, Trial Attorneys; William
C. Silvis, Assistant Director; William C. Peachey, Office of Immigration Litigation
Director, District Court Section; Brian M. Boynton, Principal Deputy Assistant
Attorney General, Civil Division; Office of Immigration Litigation, U.S.
Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.; Matt Waldrop, Assistant U.S. Attorney,
Office of the United States Attorney, Seattle, Washington; for Defendants-
Appellants.

Catherin Weiss, Tracy Buffer, Amanda K. Cipriano, and Maxine Peskens,
Lowenstein Sandler LLP, Roseland, New Jersey, for Amici Curiae Catholic Legal
Immigration Network Inc. (Clinic), Diocesan Migrant & Refugee Services Inc., The
Door, Florence Immigrant & Refugee Rights Project, Immigrant Justice Corps, Kids
in Need of Defense (KIND), Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights of the San
Francisco Bay Area, The Legal Aid Society, New Jersey Consortium for Immigrant
Children, Political Asylum/Immigration Representation Project (PAIR), Public
Counsel, Safe Passage Project, and Young Center for Immigrant Children’s Rights.
BEA, Circuit Judge:

      United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”) administers

the Special Immigrant Juveniles (“SIJ”) program, which provides certain immigrant

juveniles a pathway to lawful permanent residence status. Federal law requires the

“[e]xpeditious adjudication” of SIJ petitions: “[a]ll applications for special

immigrant status . . . shall be adjudicated by the Secretary of Homeland Security not

later than 180 days after the date on which the application is filed.” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1232(d)(2). But the Secretary has not always met this deadline. In fact, as of

September 24, 2018, USCIS had a backlog of 32,518 SIJ petitions, 23,589 of which

had been pending for more than 180 days.

      This case does not require us to decide whether USCIS violated § 1232(d)(2)

by delaying the adjudication of SIJ petitions. The district court held that USCIS’s

delays were unlawful, and the Government does not challenge that holding on

appeal. At issue is only whether the district court erred, after granting summary

judgment to the plaintiffs, by issuing a permanent injunction and in crafting its terms

and scope. The injunction holds USCIS strictly to the 180-day deadline but permits

SIJ petitioners in certain circumstances to “toll” the deadline to respond to a request

for evidence or a notice of intention to deny sent by USCIS. We affirm the district

court’s issuance of the permanent injunction and, in part, affirm the injunction’s

scope and terms. But because the injunction’s tolling provision is not narrowly

                                          1
tailored to remedying irreparable harm, does not contemplate USCIS’s relevant

regulations, and reflects a failure to measure the parties’ proposed tolling provisions

each by the same standard, we vacate the tolling provision and remand to the district

court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                          I.

      Plaintiffs—three SIJ petitioners who now represent a certified class of some

current and future SIJ petitioners from Washington State—filed suit in the district

court against the Director of USCIS, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the

director of the USCIS National Benefits Center (“NBS”), the Department of

Homeland Security (“DHS”), and USCIS (collectively, “Defendants” or the

“Government”), seeking declaratory and injunctive relief. The complaint alleged

that Defendants “have an unlawful practice of delaying the adjudication of [SIJ]

petitions filed by proposed class members beyond the 180-day statutory deadline”

in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1232(d)(2), 5 U.S.C. § 555(b), and 5 U.S.C. § 706(1). The

complaint also alleged that USCIS violated the Immigration and Nationality Act

(“INA”) and the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”) by adopting legal guidance

in 2018 (“2018 Legal Guidance”) that caused many juveniles who were at least

eighteen but younger than twenty-one to become ineligible for SIJ status. Because

Plaintiffs’ claim about the 2018 Legal Guidance is no longer at issue in this case, we

                                          2
do not describe it in detail.1

       On July 17, 2019, the district court granted Plaintiffs’ motion for class

certification2 and Plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction. As relevant now,

the preliminary injunction ordered USCIS to:

              adjudicate all outstanding [SIJ] petitions based on a
              Washington state court order within thirty days of the date
              of this Order if more than 150 days have already passed
              since the petition was filed . . . [or otherwise] within the
              180-day period set forth in the statute in the absence of an
              affirmative showing that the petition raises novel or
              complex issues which cannot be resolved within the
              allotted time.

       1
         The 2018 Legal Guidance provided that “in order for a court order [finding
that the juvenile’s ‘reunification with 1 or both of the immigrant’s parents is not
viable due to abuse, neglect, abandonment, or a similar basis under state law,’ which
is a requirement for eligibility for SIJ status under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(27)(J)(ii)] . . . ,
the court must have competent jurisdiction to determine both whether a parent could
regain custody and to order reunification, if warranted.” As the Government
acknowledged in April 2018, because most state courts lose jurisdiction to order that
a juvenile be reunified with a parent once the juvenile turns 18 (even though various
state programs and proceedings grant some of those state courts authority to commit
18- to 20-year-olds to, or place them under the custody of, certain non-parent legal
guardians), the 2018 Legal Guidance meant that 18- to 20-year-olds in most States
could no longer gain SIJ status.
       2
        The district court certified the following class: “All individuals who have
been issued predicate Special Immigrant Juvenile Status (“SIJS”) orders by
Washington state courts after turning eighteen years old but prior to turning twenty-
one years old and have submitted or will submit SIJS petitions to [USCIS] prior to
turning twenty-one years old.” By “predicate . . . orders,” the district court referred
to Washington state court orders concerning juveniles that would satisfy the
requirements of 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(27)(J)(i)–(ii) for a juvenile’s eligibility for SIJ
status.
                                             3
The district court denied Defendants’ motion for reconsideration of the preliminary

injunction.

      While subject to the preliminary injunction, USCIS adjudicated or re-

adjudicated the SIJ petitions of the three named Plaintiffs and “made efforts to

identify absent class members” and adjudicate their SIJ petitions. The SIJ petitions

of the three named Plaintiffs were all approved. As of October 5, 2020, the parties

stated that they were not aware of any more outstanding petitions from any class

member.

      In October 2019, USCIS effectively rescinded its 2018 Legal Guidance.3

Separately, USCIS re-opened the public comment period for a proposed rule that

was initially published in September 2011, setting forth the agency’s interpretation

of and intent regarding the expeditious adjudication provision of 8 U.S.C.

§ 1232(d)(2):

              USCIS intends to adhere to the 180-day benchmark, taking
              into account general USCIS regulations pertaining to
              receipting of petitions, evidence and processing, and
              assuming the completeness of the petition and supporting
              evidence. Proposed 8 CFR 204.11(h); 8 CFR 103.2. The
              180-day timeframe begins when the SIJ petition is
              receipted, as reflected in the receipt notice sent to the SIJ
              petitioner. 8 CFR 103.2(a)(7). If USCIS sends a request
              for initial evidence, the 180-day timeframe will start over

      3
         The agency issued and adopted an Administrative Appeals Office decision
clarifying that USCIS does not require that the juvenile court had jurisdiction to
place the juvenile in the custody of the unfit parents in order to make a qualifying
determination regarding the viability of parental reunification.
                                           4
             from the date of receipt of the required initial evidence. 8
             CFR 103.2(b)(10)(i). If USCIS sends a request for
             additional evidence, the 180-day timeframe will stop as of
             the date USCIS sends the request, and will resume once
             USCIS receives a response from the SIJ petitioner. 8 CFR
             103.2(b)(10)(i). USCIS will not count delay attributable
             to the petitioner or his or her representative within the 180-
             day timeframe.

76 Fed. Reg. at 54983 (hereinafter “Proposed Rule”).4

      On October 5, 2020, the district court granted Plaintiffs’ motion for summary

judgment on all counts, denied Defendants’ motion for summary judgment, and

entered a permanent injunction against Defendants.

      In granting summary judgment to Plaintiffs, the district court held that

“USCIS’s delayed consideration of SIJ petitions for periods well past the 180 days

specified in the governing statute is . . . unlawful.” The district court rejected

Defendants’ argument “that USCIS is authorized to extend the deadline at any point

by asking the petitioner for additional information” on the theory that, “by tying the

running of the 180-day period to the date an SIJ application is filed, Congress has

provided USCIS with discretion to toll that 180-day deadline in situations where the

agency seeks new or additional evidence or information from the SIJ petitioner.”

The district court reasoned that “Congress unambiguously intended the adjudication

to be expeditious, providing a clear and mandatory deadline” and, while “[u]nder

      4
        The agency’s final rule became effective on April 7, 2022. 8 C.F.R.
§ 204.11(g)(1).
                                           5
governing case law, that deadline is not absolute, . . . it [nevertheless] provides the

frame of reference for determining what is reasonable.” Noting that all the named

Plaintiffs in this case “waited far more than 180 days for a determination of their

petitions with no indication that their cases raised novel or complex issues” and that

“[t]wo of the named plaintiffs waited three or four times the number of days

Congress allowed before receiving an agency determination,” the district court held

that Defendants’ “adjudications were not expeditious and the delays were not

reasonable in light of the time frame chosen by Congress.”5

      The district court then balanced the traditional equitable factors of irreparable

injury, inadequate remedies at law, and the balance of hardships between the parties

and the public interest, and determined that it should issue a permanent injunction.

Plaintiffs filed proposed terms for the permanent injunction. Defendants proposed

in briefing that the court “‘adopt the tolling approach set out in the agency’s

[Proposed Rule]’ so that the deadline resets or is tolled if the agency requests

additional information.” The district court entered a permanent injunction that,

consistent with Plaintiffs’ proposed terms, requires Defendants to adjudicate SIJ

      5
        The district court also granted summary judgment to Plaintiffs on their
claims that the 2018 Legal Guidance violated the INA and the APA. The district
court rejected Defendants’ argument that Plaintiffs’ claims regarding the
reunification requirement were moot under the voluntary-cessation exception to
mootness. Defendants do not appeal these holdings. Accordingly, our opinion does
not address the district court’s holding that the 2018 Legal Guidance violated the
INA or the APA.
                                          6
applications based on Washington state court orders within Congress’s 180-day-

from-filing deadline, but permits the statutory deadline to be “toll[ed]” if “the SIJ

petitioner requests additional time to respond” to a request for information or a notice

of intent to deny from USCIS.6

      Defendants timely appeal. They challenge only the entry and terms of the

permanent injunction, not the district court’s grant of summary judgment on all

counts to Plaintiffs.

                                            II.

      We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review a district court’s

issuance of a permanent injunction under three standards: “factual findings for clear

      6
          The terms of the injunction are as follows:

               Defendants must adjudicate any SIJ petitions based on a
               Washington state court order within 180 days of the date
               that the application is filed by the petitioner (i.e., in the
               parlance of the proposed rule, the date “the SIJ petition is
               receipted, as reflected in the receipt notice sent to the SIJ
               petitioner”). This timeline is inclusive of any requests for
               additional evidence or notices of intent to deny that USCIS
               may issue to a petitioner, unless the SIJ petitioner requests
               additional time to respond to the request/notice and
               thereby tolls the time in which USCIS must adjudicate the
               petition. USCIS must provide SIJ petitioners with
               sufficient time prior to the expiration of the 180 days to
               respond to the request/notice in an effort to complete final
               adjudication of the SIJ petition in a timely manner. USCIS
               may not use the issuance of a request for information or
               notice of intent to deny for the sole purpose of avoiding
               the statutory deadline for adjudication of an SIJ petition.
                                            7
error, legal conclusions de novo, and the scope of the injunction for abuse of

discretion.” United States v. Washington, 853 F.3d 946, 962 (9th Cir. 2017).

                                            III.

      Before turning to the substantive challenges presented by Defendants, we

begin by considering whether the district court exceeded its jurisdiction in enjoining

the Defendants to comply with 8 U.S.C. § 1232(d)(2) in light of the Supreme Court’s

recent decision in Garland v. Aleman Gonzalez, 142 S. Ct. 2057 (2022). We

conclude that the district court had jurisdiction to enter the injunction.

      In Aleman Gonzalez, the Supreme Court held that 8 U.S.C. § 1252(f)(1)

“generally prohibits lower courts from entering injunctions that order federal

officials to take or to refrain from taking actions to enforce, implement, or otherwise

carry out the . . . statutory provisions [specified in that law].” 142 S. Ct. at 2065.7

The text of 8 U.S.C. § 1252(f)(1) provides that the jurisdictional bar applies, in

certain circumstances, to equitable relief that “enjoin[s] or restrain[s] the operation

      7
          8 U.S.C. § 1252(f)(1) provides:

              Regardless of the nature of the action or claim or of the
              identity of the party or parties bringing the action, no court
              (other than the Supreme Court) shall have jurisdiction or
              authority to enjoin or restrain the operation of the
              provisions of part IV of this subchapter, as amended by the
              Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility
              Act of 1996, other than with respect to the application of
              such provisions to an individual alien against whom
              proceedings under such part have been initiated.
                                             8
of the provisions of part IV of this subchapter, as amended by the Illegal Immigration

Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996.” Because § 1252(f)(1) is located

within Title 8, Chapter 12, Subchapter II of the United States Code, the reference in

§ 1252(f)(1) to “the provisions of part IV of this subchapter” appears to refer to 8

U.S.C. §§ 1221–1232 (cf. Aleman Gonzalez, 142 S. Ct. at 2064 (citing this range)),

a set of sections that includes the codified version of the provision at issue in this

case (8 U.S.C. § 1232(d)(2)).

      However, the provision that has been codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1252(f)(1) was

enacted by § 306(a)(2) of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant

Responsibility Act of 1996 (“IIRIRA”). Section 306(a)(2) of the IIRIRA amended

the INA by, among other things, adding § 242(f)(1), the provision that was encoded

at 8 U.S.C. § 1252(f)(1). Unlike 8 U.S.C. § 1252(f)(1), the text of § 242(f)(1) of the

INA provides that it applies to “the provisions of chapter 4 of title II, as amended by

the [IIRIRA].” Pub. L. No. 104-208, Div. C, § 306(a)(2), 110 Stat. at 3009-611

(1996). Elsewhere, the IIRIRA provides that, “whenever in this division [i.e.,

IIRIRA] an amendment . . . is expressed as the amendment . . . of a section or other

provision, the reference shall be considered to be made to that section or provision

in the Immigration and Nationality Act.” Pub. L. No. 104-208, Div. C, § 1(b)(1),

110 Stat. at 3009-546. This means that the jurisdictional bar of § 242(f)(1) of the

                                          9
INA, as enacted by § 306(a)(2) of the IIRIRA, applies to “the provisions of chapter

4 of title II [of the INA], as amended by [IIRIRA] of 1996.”

      The reference in § 306(a)(2) of the IIRIRA to “the provisions of chapter 4 of

title II” was changed to “the provisions of part IV of this subchapter” in the encoded

version of the law. But the text of the United States Code “cannot prevail over the

Statutes at Large when the two are inconsistent.” Stephan v. United States, 319 U.S.

423, 426 (1943) (per curiam); see also U.S. Nat’l Bank of Oregon v. Indep. Ins.

Agents of Am., Inc., 508 U.S. 439, 448 (1993) (“[T]he Statutes at Large . . . provide[]

the ‘legal evidence of laws.’” (quoting 1 U.S.C. § 112)); Preston v. Heckler, 734

F.2d 1359, 1368 (9th Cir. 1984) (The law “as it appears in the Statutes at Large must

prevail” over an “inconsistent” version in the United States Code).

      Accordingly, the jurisdiction-stripping provision of § 242(f)(1) of the INA

applies to certain injunctions that enforce or restrain certain provisions of the INA

as modified by the IIRIRA. However, 8 U.S.C. § 1232(d)(2) was enacted in 2008

by § 235(d)(2) of the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection

Reauthorization Act (“TVPRA”). TVPRA, Pub. L. No. 110-457, § 235(d)(2), 122

Stat. at 5080 (2008). Although some provisions of the TVPRA directly amend the

INA, including some provisions within § 235 of the TVPRA, § 235(d)(2) does not

amend the INA. Thus, the law that § 235(d)(2) of the TVPRA enacted is not a

provision of the INA even though it has been placed within Title 8, Chapter 12,

                                          10
Subchapter II of the United States Code. And § 235(d)(2) of the TVPRA is certainly

not a provision of the INA “as amended by the [IIRIRA] of 1996,” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1252(f)(1) (emphasis added). The TVPRA was enacted in 2008; it could not have

enacted a law that was amended by the IIRIRA of 1996.

      Accordingly, we hold—as the parties in this case have agreed in supplemental

briefing—that the jurisdictional bar of § 242(f)(1) of the INA, codified at 8 U.S.C.

§ 1252(f)(1), does not apply to an order that “enjoin[s] or restrain[s] the operation

of” § 235(d)(2) of the TVPRA, codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1232(d)(2).

                                          IV.

      We now turn to Defendants’ challenges to the district court’s entry of the

permanent injunction.      Defendants contend that the district court abused its

discretion by: (1) entering a permanent injunction; and (2) crafting the scope of the

injunction. We address each argument in turn.

                                          A.

      To determine whether the district court abused its discretion in entering the

injunction, “we first look to whether the trial court identified and applied the correct

legal rule to the relief requested.” United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1263

(9th Cir. 2009) (en banc). We then assess whether the district court’s decision

“resulted from a factual finding that was illogical, implausible, or without support in

inferences that may be drawn from the facts in the record.” Id.

                                          11
      “[A] plaintiff seeking a permanent injunction . . . must demonstrate: (1) that

it has suffered an irreparable injury; (2) that remedies available at law, such as

monetary damages, are inadequate to compensate for that injury; (3) that,

considering the balance of hardships between the plaintiff and defendant, a remedy

in equity is warranted; and (4) that the public interest would not be disserved by a

permanent injunction.” eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C., 547 U.S. 388, 391

(2006). The third and fourth factors merge when the Government is the party

opposing the injunction. See Nken v. Holder, 556 U.S. 418, 435 (2009).

      Defendants claim that the district court abused its discretion in entering a

permanent injunction because: (1) it failed to consider the operational hardship on

the Government in balancing hardships; and (2) it relied upon stale evidence to

determine that Plaintiffs were likely to suffer irreparable harm. We disagree.

                                          1.

      The district court determined that equitable relief was warranted after

considering the balance of hardships between the parties and the public interest.

Defendants now argue that the district court abused its discretion on the ground that

it “fail[ed] to consider USCIS’s evidence of operational hardship and competing

priorities.” In particular, Defendants rely on a single sentence in their Cross Motion

for Summary Judgment: “[C]ontinuing to impose a judicially-mandated deadline for

adjudicating SIJ petitions at this juncture will cause substantial hardship to USCIS,

                                         12
which is tasked with overseeing the review and approval of countless immigration

benefit programs.” Defendants’ Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment cited a

declaration, in which the Deputy Associate Director of the Field Operations

Directorate of USCIS (Valverde) testified that, because the National Benefits Center

had only 59 Immigration Service Officers (“ISOs”) assigned to adjudicate SIJ

petitions, requiring USCIS to adjudicate Washington SIJ petitions by the 180-day

deadline “would entail creating a permanent system whereby [Washington] SIJ

petitions are . . . prioritize[d] . . . over other states’ SIJ petitions,” which “would be

prejudicial to SIJ petitioners from the other 49 states.”

      The district court did not abuse its discretion in determining that the balance

of hardships tipped in favor of Plaintiffs. The district court considered and rejected

Defendants’ argument that “the balance of hardships tips in their favor.” The district

court also rejected Defendants’ argument that USCIS “must be provided . . . latitude

to address SIJ petitions that may take longer than 180 days to adjudicate.” The

district court noted, among other things, that Defendants “offer[ed] no evidence

suggesting that SIJ petitions are factually or legally complex or otherwise require

more than 180 days to review, investigate, and adjudicate.” Indeed, Defendants had

previously presented evidence that it takes an average of only “four hours for an SIJ

ISO to adjudicate an SIJ petition . . . from receipt to case completion.”

                                           13
      Although the district court did not spell out the particulars of the claim that,

given the Government’s limited resources, the injunction would cause Washington

SIJ applications to be prioritized over applications from other States, neither did the

Government’s summary judgment briefing. And while the district court properly

confined the scope of its injunction to the Washington-specific facts before it, the

district court effectively answered Defendants’ claim about prioritizing SIJ petitions

from some States over others by implying that USCIS should find a way to

adjudicate SIJ petitions from all States by Congress’s deadline: “USCIS’ practice of

delaying adjudication of SIJ petitions (and its intent to continue doing so) are

unlawful, and it is clear that neither equity nor the public’s interest are furthered by

allowing violations of federal law to continue.”

                                           2.

      The district court found that class members would suffer irreparable injury in

the absence of continued equitable relief because it found a likelihood that (1) the

agency would continue to delay adjudication of future SIJ petitions from the State

of Washington beyond Congress’s 180-day deadline without continued equitable

relief, and (2) delay in the adjudication of SIJ petitions causes SIJ petitioners

irreparable harms.

      Defendants argue that the district court abused its discretion in finding that

class members would suffer an irreparable injury in the absence of continued

                                          14
equitable relief on the grounds that it “relied upon stale evidence” that was

insufficient to show “ongoing or future irreparable injury.” We disagree.

      First, Defendants argue that the district court “did not address the evidence

USCIS submitted demonstrating that it had consistently adjudicated SIJ petitions of

Washington state petitioners within 180 days absent novel or complex issues

requiring additional adjudication time.” But the district court did acknowledge that

neither party was aware of any “outstanding class member petitions” when it issued

its order. And, even if Defendants had adjudicated all class members’ petitions in a

timely manner by the time the district court issued the permanent injunction, the fact

that Defendants timely adjudicated petitions while subject to a preliminary

injunction ordering them to do so does not tend to prove that Defendants would have

continued to adjudicate class members’ petitions on time had Defendants been

relieved of the district court’s injunctive orders. We note that the class was not

limited to individuals who already had filed SIJ petitions when the district court

certified the class on July 17, 2019: it included individuals who “have been issued”

predicate SIJ findings from Washington state courts after turning eighteen years old

and “will submit” SIJ petitions before turning twenty-one. So, the district court

correctly considered whether class members who filed “future SIJ petition[s] in the

State of Washington” would face harm.

                                         15
      Second, Defendants challenge the district court’s finding that prolonged

adjudication delays were a regular practice of USCIS and not caused by the 2018

Legal Guidance. We agree that USCIS’s decision in the summer of 2017 to begin

“holding SIJ applications for individuals between the ages of 18 and 21” while it

“was awaiting” the 2018 Legal Guidance resulted in some delay in adjudicating SIJ

petitions.   But we do not find clear error in the district court’s finding that,

nevertheless, “delays are a function of USCIS policy that is entirely separate from,

and not contingent upon, the reunification requirement [of the 2018 Legal

Guidance].”    Defendants appear to have accelerated the adjudication of class

members’ applications while subject to the district court’s orders granting continuing

injunctive relief. Further, Defendants do not deny the district court’s finding that

USCIS “does not believe it is obliged to make a determination within 180 days of

the date on which the petitioner files his or her petition.” Nor could they: the agency

adopted a final rule during this appeal that provides that USCIS will—only, “[i]n

general”—adjudicate SIJ petitions within the statutory deadline, and that rule

permits USCIS to “reset or suspend[]” the statutory timeline whenever the agency

finds (respectively) that the petition “is missing required initial evidence” or that

USCIS “requests that the applicant or petitioner submit additional evidence or

respond to other than a request for initial evidence.” 8 C.F.R. §§ 204.11(g)(1),

103.2(b)(10)(i). Finally, Defendants made clear that they would prefer to abandon,

                                          16
rather than make permanent, the staffing arrangements they adopted to comply with

the preliminary injunction, which they claim would be necessary “to indefinitely

comply with a 180 day adjudication mandate” for petitions from Washington State

(which, again, Congress requires for SIJ petitions arising from all States).

      Third, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs “no longer face the same harms that

they faced at the onset of the case, which were caused by the now-defunct 2018

Legal Guidance.” But Plaintiffs’ suit challenged two of USCIS’s practices: the 2018

Legal Guidance and USCIS’s practice of delaying adjudication of SIJ petitions

beyond 180 days. As discussed above, class members may have filed new SIJ

petitions after the district court’s order or may still do so. The fact that Defendants

rescinded the 2018 Legal Guidance does not shield class members—juveniles who

reside outside the country of their birth and live not under the custody of their

parents—from the harms that the district court adequately catalogued as caused by

USCIS’s delay in determining whether the juveniles can attain SIJ status within the

deadline Congress set. 8

      8
         We also reject Defendants’ argument that class members do not face
irreparable harm from Defendants’ delay beyond Congress’s deadline for
adjudicating SIJ petitions simply because SIJ petitioners who happen to come from
four countries would not lose their priority dates for applying for lawful permanent
residency status. There is no reason to conclude that all class members were born in
or originated from the four countries of Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, or
Mexico. And the district court identified harms arising from the delay in
adjudicating SIJ petitions other than the delay in applying for lawful permanent
residency status.
                                          17
                                          B.

      Defendants next challenge the scope of the injunction. Although the “district

court has considerable discretion in fashioning suitable relief and defining the terms

of an injunction,” the injunction “must be tailored to remedy the specific harm

alleged.” Lamb-Weston, Inc. v. McCain Foods, Ltd., 941 F.2d 970, 974 (9th Cir.

1991). “An overbroad injunction is an abuse of discretion.” Stormans, Inc. v.

Selecky, 586 F.3d 1109, 1140 (9th Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). We have suggested

that specific tailoring is particularly important “[w]here relief can be structured on

an individual basis,” Bresgal v. Brock, 843 F.2d 1163, 1170 (9th Cir. 1987), and

where “[i]njunctive relief [is granted] against a state agency or official.” Gary H. v.

Hegstrom, 831 F.2d 1430, 1432 (9th Cir. 1987). Finally, the district court “must act

within the bounds of . . . statute and without intruding upon the administrative

province but it may adjust its relief to the exigencies of the case in accordance with

the equitable principles governing judicial action.” Nat’l Wildlife Fed’n v. Nat’l

Marine Fisheries Serv., 886 F.3d 803, 824 (9th Cir. 2018) (cleaned up). With these

standards in mind, we agree in part with Defendants.

                                          1.

      Defendants first argue that the district court abused its discretion in “strictly

imposing [Congress’s] 180-day timeline without tolling for [requests for evidence]

and [notices of intent to deny] or other unique circumstances,” because the

                                          18
injunction “prejudices agency activities of higher or competing priority as well as

SIJ petitioners from the other 49 states.”

      We are not persuaded that, on the record before us, the district court abused

its discretion. To begin, Defendants did not present the district court with proposed

language for a permanent injunction that would meaningfully prevent Defendants

from reverting to the practice of delaying the adjudication of class members’ SIJ

petitions that the district court held was unlawful—a holding that Defendants do not

challenge now. 9

      Moreover, the reasonableness of the district court’s order that Defendants

adjudicate Washington State SIJ petitions by the 180-day deadline is adequately

supported by the record. Congress specifically mandated “expeditious adjudication”

for SIJ petitions, 8 U.S.C. § 1232(d)(2), unlike nearly all other petitions or

applications for immigration benefits. The district court found that Defendants

      9
          Defendants contend that the district court erred in rejecting “USCIS’s
proposal to toll the 180-day deadline” on the grounds that the district court
erroneously held “that any adjudicative delay beyond 180 days is unreasonable.”
Not so. The district court had other reasons for rejecting USCIS’s proposal. And
the district court did not hold that any adjudicative delay beyond 180 days is
unreasonable. Rather, the district court held that (1) the 180-day “deadline is not
absolute, but it provides the frame of reference for determining what is reasonable,”
(2) Defendants’ interpretation of 8 U.S.C. § 1232(d)(2) as permitting Defendants “to
toll” or even “reset” the 180-day deadline “in situations where the agency seeks new
or additional evidence or information from the SIJ petitioner” is incorrect, and (3)
Defendants’ previous delays in adjudicating SIJ petitions were unlawful. We do not
directly review these holdings because Defendants have not challenged the district
court’s grant of summary judgment to Plaintiffs.
                                             19
“offer[ed] no evidence suggesting that SIJ petitions are factually or legally complex

or otherwise require more than 180 days to review, investigate, and adjudicate.”

Previously, Defendants admitted that “it takes an average of four hours for an SIJ

ISO to adjudicate an SIJ petition” and that after only “one week” of training a USCIS

employee can “begin[] to adjudicate [SIJ] cases” under supervision (even if it may

take much longer for the officer to become “fully proficient” in SIJ petitions).

Defendants also asserted that SIJ petitions made up less than one percent of all

applications and petitions received by USCIS’s National Benefits Center in 2018,

which suggests that USCIS could allocate more ISOs to carry out Congress’s

direction that the agency “expeditious[ly]” adjudicate SIJ petitions.

      Finally, if circumstances have changed such that the district court’s injunction

is no longer needed, or that its scope or terms are no longer correct, Defendants

remain free to move the district court to modify its equitable relief. Fed. R. Civ. P.

60(b); see also Bellevue Manor Assocs. v. United States, 165 F.3d 1249, 1256 (9th

Cir. 1999) (“[A] party may be relieved from a final judgment or decree where it is

no longer equitable that the judgment have prospective application.” (quoting Rufo

v. Inmates of Suffolk Cnty. Jail, 502 U.S. 367, 380 (1992))).

      Our holding is limited to the record before us. We stress that we do not hold

that the district court’s order requiring Defendants to adjudicate each SIJ petition

strictly within 180 days should stand no matter the circumstances. See Nat’l Wildlife

                                         20
Fed’n, 886 F.3d at 823 (“It is not an abuse of discretion for a court to issue an

injunction that does not completely prevent the irreparable harm that it identifies.”).

Our assessment of the reasonableness of the terms of the district court’s injunction

might be different if, for example, an outbreak of COVID-19 prevented most of

USCIS’s approximately 59 ISOs who are assigned to adjudicate SIJ petitions from

working for an extended period of time and prevented USCIS from reassigning other

employees to that task.

                                           2.

      Defendants also challenge the provision of the permanent injunction that

allows SIJ petitioners, if requested additional evidence or issued a notice of intent to

deny by USCIS, to toll the statutory deadline. The injunction requires Defendants

to adjudicate class members’ petitions within the statutory deadline of 180 days. The

tolling provision provides that “[t]his timeline is inclusive of any requests for

additional evidence or notices of intent to deny that USCIS may issue to a petitioner,

unless the SIJ petitioner requests additional time to respond to the request/notice and

thereby tolls the time in which USCIS must adjudicate the petition.”

      Defendants argue that the tolling provision “contravenes” USCIS’s

regulations. Defendants further argue that “the district court’s reasoning for strictly

imposing the 180-day deadline—while simultaneously permitting SIJ petitioners to

request additional time to respond to [requests for evidence] and [notices of intent

                                          21
to deny]—contravenes the standard for issuing injunctive relief and lacks support in

the record.” We agree that this tolling provision reflects an abuse of discretion for

three reasons.

                                           a.

      First, the permanent injunction’s broad tolling provision, available to

petitioners, but not to the government, is not “narrowly tailored to avoid the

irreparable harm that the district court identified.” Nat’l Wildlife Fed’n., 886 F.3d at

823. Separate from granting petitioners the ability to “toll” the statutory timeline,

the permanent injunction already addresses Plaintiffs’ concern that petitioners may

not have enough time to respond to requests for evidence: It orders USCIS to

“provide SIJ petitioners with sufficient time prior to the expiration of the 180 days

to respond” to such requests.

      Moreover, unlike the district court’s preliminary injunction, the permanent

injunction does not require an affirmative showing of good cause before it permitted

a petitioner to “toll” Congress’s timeline for adjudicating SIJ petitions.         It is

unreasonable to assume, without an explicit finding of facts, that any time USCIS

asks a SIJ petitioner for further information, no matter the nature of the request or

the circumstances of the SIJ petitioner, there is justification to grant a petitioner’s

request for the suspension of Congress’s timeline for an unlimited amount of time.

For instance, if USCIS were to enquire of a petitioner as to the correct spelling of

                                          22
his name, there would be no basis for the petitioner to toll the time for adjudication.

Cf. Bresgal, 843 F.2d at 1170 (“Where relief can be structured on an individual basis,

it must be narrowly tailored to remedy the specific harm shown.”). Because the

district court’s preliminary injunction contemplated tolling only for petitions that

raised “novel or complex issues which [could not] be resolved within the allotted

time,” a provision which would more narrowly tailor the tolling language to the

identified harm, see California v. Azar, 911 F.3d 558, 584 (9th Cir. 2018) (“The

scope of the remedy must be no broader and no narrower than necessary to redress

the injury shown by the plaintiff[s].”), yet is absent from the permanent injunction,

the tolling language is too broad.

                                           b.

      Second, the tolling language conflicts with two existing regulations, neither

of which were challenged by Plaintiffs nor addressed by the language of the

injunction.

      The first regulation, 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(8)(iv), requires USCIS to set a

deadline for a petitioner or an applicant seeking an immigration benefit to respond

to a request/notice:

              [A] request for evidence or notice of intent to deny will
              indicate the deadline for response, but in no case shall the
              maximum response period provided in a request for
              evidence exceed twelve weeks, nor shall the maximum
              response time provided in a notice of intent to deny exceed

                                          23
             thirty days. Additional time to respond to a request for
             evidence or notice of intent to deny may not be granted.

      The second regulation, 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(13)(i), provides that if a petitioner

seeking an immigration benefit “fails to respond to a request for evidence or a notice

of intent to deny by the required date,” i.e. the deadline for the petitioner’s response

that USCIS was required to include with the request/notice, the USCIS may

“summarily den[y]” the petition.10

      The broad tolling language is inconsistent with these regulations. By allowing

petitioners to “request[] additional time to respond to the request/notice,” the

injunction squarely contradicts § 103.2(b)(8)(iv), which states that “[a]dditional time

to respond to [a request/notice] may not be granted.” Moreover, the injunction does

not explain how much “additional time” the petitioner may obtain to respond to the

request/notice, which leads us to conclude that the petitioner may toll both the

statutory and regulatory deadlines for an indefinite period, which conflicts with

USCIS’s ability summarily to deny a petition in which the petitioner failed to

respond to a request/notice in a timely fashion. 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(13)(i); see Nat’l

      10
         While Plaintiffs argue that certain provisions of 8 C.F.R. § 103.2 should not
be applied to the adjudication of SIJ petitions because Plaintiffs argue those
provisions fail to “tak[e] into account the statutorily-mandated timeline specific to
SIJ petitions,” Plaintiffs have not challenged specifically §§ 103.2(b)(8)(iv) nor
(13)(i).

                                          24
Wildlife Fed’n, 886 F.3d at 824 (discouraging district courts from “intruding upon

the administrative province” when issuing injunctions).

                                           c.

      Finally, the record before us does not establish that the district court measured

the parties’ proposed tolling provisions against the same standard. The district court

adopted Plaintiffs’ proposed language for the injunction instead of Defendants’

tolling proposal in part because it found that Defendants’ tolling proposal was

inconsistent with the district court’s interpretation of 8 U.S.C. § 1232(d)(2) and the

APA. But the district court did not explain why Plaintiffs’ proposal, that SIJ

petitioners—but not USCIS—be permitted to “toll” indefinitely Congress’s deadline

for determination of the application, was consistent with 8 U.S.C. § 1232(d)(2). See

Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a)(1) (“[T]he court must find the facts specially and state its

conclusions of law separately. . . on the record.”).

      Both proposed tolling provisions could result in delaying the adjudication of

SIJ petitions well beyond the timeframe chosen by Congress. And, plainly, 8 U.S.C.

§ 1232(d)(2) provides no mechanism for tolling: it states merely that “[a]ll

applications for special immigrant status . . . shall be adjudicated by the Secretary of

                                          25
Homeland Security not later than 180 days after the date on which the application is

filed.” 8 U.S.C. § 1232(d)(2).11

      11
          We agree with the dissent that the statutory deadline was likely enacted for
the benefit of SIJ petitioners, not the Government. Dissent at 3–7. But we primarily
interpret a statute by its text; we do not augment or make exceptions to the law as
we think would better achieve the results some may reasonably interpret the law to
be aimed to achieve. See Laidlaw’s Harley Davidson Sales, Inc. v. Comm’r of
Internal Revenue, 29 F.4th 1066, 1070–71 (9th Cir. 2022); see also Connecticut Nat.
Bank v. Germain, 503 U.S. 249, 253–54 (1992) (“We have stated time and again that
courts must presume that a legislature says in a statute what it means and means in
a statute what it says there. When the words of a statute are unambiguous, then, this
first canon is also the last: ‘judicial inquiry is complete.’”). We do not go searching
for statutory “purpose” when the text of the statute is clear, and, indeed, the dissent
fails to identify any such textual ambiguity justifying the tolling provision here.
        Moreover, “no legislation pursues its purposes at all costs.” Rodriguez v.
United States, 480 U.S. 522, 525–26 (1987). As the dissent observes, the purpose of
section 1232 may be to protect vulnerable unaccompanied immigrant children,
Dissent at 5, but we cannot “assume that whatever furthers [that] primary objective
must be the law,” Rodriguez, 480 U.S. at 526, especially when such a construction
is contrary to the express statutory language mandating a decision within 180 days
after application. Congress’s intent in imposing that deadline may have been to
benefit SIJ petitioners, but Congress’s decision to choose specifically 180 days, use
mandatory language, and omit tolling language may reflect competing values that
have already been considered by Congress in determining how best to effectuate
section 1232’s overarching goal of protecting vulnerable immigrant children.
Creating a carveout where the text provides none may actually “frustrate[] rather
than effectuate[] legislative intent.” Id.
        Finally, the dissent argues that the 180-day deadline is waivable by the
Petitioners because it was enacted for their benefit. Dissent at 6–7 (citing Shutte v.
Thompson, 82 U.S. (15 Wall.) 151, 159 (1872); Comm’r v. Hind, 52 F.2d 1075, 1076
(9th Cir. 1931)). That is an interesting theory. But neither case cited by the dissent
interpreted the deadline at issue here, and the Plaintiffs do not argue before us that
the deadline is entirely waivable by them. Really, the dissent creates this waiver
argument on its own, which of course we should not do. See Greenlaw v. United
States, 554 U.S. 237, 243 (2008) (explaining the “principle of party presentation,”
under which “we rely on the parties to frame the issues for decision and assign to

                                          26
      Overall, we are puzzled that the district court enjoined Defendants strictly to

comply with Congress’s 180-day deadline on the one hand, while also providing

that, if a “SIJ petitioner requests additional time to respond to [a] request/notice

[from USCIS for additional evidence in support of a petition],” the petitioner can

“thereby toll[] the time in which USCIS must adjudicate the petition,” seemingly

without a limit to the time tolled by the Petitioner, on the other hand. The record

before us does not support the reasonableness of the district court’s decision broadly

to permit Plaintiffs, and each class member they represent, to toll the timeline set by

courts the role of neutral arbiter of matters the parties present”). Perhaps Plaintiffs’
attorneys omitted this argument simply because they did not think of it. More likely,
Plaintiffs’ attorneys—who “know a great deal more about [this] case[] than we do,”
id. (quoting United States v. Samuels, 808 F.2d 1298, 1301 (8th Cir. 1987) (R.
Arnold, J., concurring in denial of reh’g en banc))—probably declined to assert this
argument out of concern for its natural consequences. It is well-established that a
time limitation may be waived “either expressly or by conduct inconsistent with an
intention to rely upon it,” Oelbermann v. Toyo Kisen Kabushiki Kaisha, 3 F.2d 5, 5
(9th Cir. 1925), as with the statute-of-limitations example posited by the dissent.
Dissent at 7. Indeed, Shutte explains that a beneficiary of statutory provisions “will
be held to have waived them if he refrained . . . from making objections that
provisions intended for his benefit were not complied with.” 82 U.S. at 152–53. In
the very sentence after the one quoted by the dissent, the Court held that the
petitioner unintentionally “waive[d] his rights under the Act of Congress” because
he “refrained from making objections known to him.” Id. at 159.
       Plaintiffs’ attorneys may have refrained from making the dissent’s waiver
argument for a good reason. They may have balked at exposing their clients to the
possibility of waiving their right to hold USCIS strictly to the 180-day deadline by
failing to object in a timely manner. Consistent with the party presentation principle,
we should not take the liberty of sua sponte creating this pitfall.
                                          27
Congress, indefinitely, without an affirmative showing of good cause specific to

each petitioner’s circumstances.

      We therefore hold that the district court abused its discretion because the

record does not support the reasonableness of the district court’s order that broadly

permits each and every SIJ petitioner to “toll” indefinitely Congress’s timeline for

adjudicating SIJ petitions, without apparent consideration of existing regulations,

without an affirmative showing of good cause specific to each class member’s claim

for tolling, when the district court held USCIS strictly accountable to the statutory

deadline, and where 8 U.S.C. § 1232(d)(2) plainly provides no mechanism for

“tolling.” On remand, the district court may consider amending its injunction to

allow tolling on a case-by-case basis, upon an affirmative showing of good cause,

subject to a definite limitation on the tolling duration. See Env’t Def. Ctr. v. Bureau

of Ocean Energy Mgmt., 36 F.4th 850, 882 (9th Cir. 2022) (remanding to the district

court with instructions to amend an injunction). We leave it to the district court’s

discretion as to whether it desires to take on the administrative burdens associated

with such an injunction.

                                          V.

      For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the district court’s issuance of

injunctive relief; we VACATE only the provision of the district court’s permanent

injunction that permits SIJ petitioners (but not the Government) to “toll” Congress’s

                                          28
deadline for adjudicating SIJ petitions; and we REMAND to the district court to

make any further, proper modifications to its order consistent with this disposition.

We encourage the parties on remand to present the district court with more practical

terms for an injunction that considers Congress’s plain directive and the parties’

respective interests.

                                         29
                                                                        FILED
Moreno Galvez v. Jaddou, No.: 20-36052                                      NOV 3 2022
                                                                     MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                      U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
      GRABER, Circuit Judge, dissenting in part:

      With one exception, I concur in the majority’s opinion. In my view, the

district court did not abuse its discretion in any way. Accordingly, I would simply

affirm.

      Congress enacted the “Special Immigrant Juveniles” (“SIJ”) program to assist

a limited group of abused, neglected, or abandoned non-citizen children. 8 U.S.C. §

1101(a)(27)(J). For these children, the stakes are high. If admitted to the program,

a child may be sheltered from removal, obtain a federally-funded education, and

qualify for preferential status in receiving employment-based green cards. Id.

§§1153(b), 1232(d)(4)(A), 1522(d). But a child whose application remains pending

receives none of those benefits. Instead, the child faces detention and removal.

Thus, for these children, waiting for action on the application can be excruciating;

among other harms, the children suffer from stress, fear, and depression.

      The law forbids the federal government from taking too long to adjudicate

these applications. Specifically, the relevant statute provides that each application

“shall be adjudicated by the Secretary of Homeland Security not later than 180 days

after the date on which the application is filed.” 8 U.S.C. § 1232(d)(2).

      But the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”)

repeatedly has failed to meet the deadline. When Plaintiffs filed this action, USCIS
had a backlog of 32,518 SIJ applications, with about two-thirds of them (23,589 to

be precise) pending for longer than the permitted 180 days. Plaintiff Moreno

Galvez’s application, for example, had been pending for almost two years—nearly

four times the number of days allowed. In short, as a matter of practice, USCIS

failed to comply with the 180-day statutory deadline.

      USCIS insisted that this delay was permissible. USCIS argued to the district

court that it had the authority to label an application “incomplete” and to seek

additional information from the applicant—even if the application was, in fact,

complete. As a practical matter, this reasoning may have led to the backlog: it

enabled USCIS to evade triggering the 180-day clock by not classifying applications

as “filed.”

      Not surprisingly, the district court rejected USCIS’s argument: “[t]he agency

interprets the statute in such a way that the 180-day period is nothing more than a

target adjudication date that can be delayed, repeatedly and for extended periods of

time, at the whim of the agency.”       The district court concluded that USCIS

“unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed” adjudication of the children’s

applications in violation of the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”) and entered

summary judgment in favor of Plaintiffs. USCIS does not challenge that conclusion.

      Plaintiffs sought permanent injunctive relief. More specifically, Plaintiffs

sought an order requiring USCIS “to comply with the statutory deadline for the

                                         2
adjudication of SIJ applications.” After applying the appropriate factors, the district

court agreed with Plaintiffs and issued a permanent injunction. In particular, the

district court: (1) required USCIS to adjudicate SIJ petitions within 180 days of each

petition’s filing; (2) explicitly forbade the claims-processing gimmicks that USCIS

had argued it could use to dodge the 180-day deadline; and (3) allowed for the

extension of the 180-day deadline in only one circumstance: if the beneficiary of

the deadline—the child—asks for more time.

       On appeal, USCIS raises several arguments that challenge the injunction. The

majority opinion correctly rejects most of those arguments, Maj. Op. at 1–21, and I

join that analysis in full.

       But the majority opinion agrees with USCIS on one point: that the third

provision described above is unreasonable. Maj. Op. at 21–29. I emphatically

disagree. In my view, the district court did not abuse its discretion when it allowed

the beneficiary of a deadline the opportunity to request additional time.

Accordingly, I respectfully dissent from section IV.B.2.

       We have repeatedly held that the scope of an injunction is reviewed for abuse

of discretion. United States v. Washington, 853 F.3d 946, 962 (9th Cir. 2017).

“Abuse-of-discretion review is highly deferential to the district court.” Microsoft

Corp. v. Motorola, Inc., 696 F.3d 872, 881 (9th Cir. 2012). Under that standard, we

cannot reverse the district court unless we have a definite and firm conviction that

                                          3
the district court committed a clear error of judgment in the conclusion that it reached

after weighing the relevant factors. See Harman v. Apfel, 211 F.3d 1172, 1175 (9th

Cir. 2000) (noting that reversal under abuse of discretion standard is possible “only

when the appellate court is convinced firmly that the reviewed decision lies beyond

the pale of reasonable justification under the circumstances”). If the district court’s

determination “falls within a broad range of permissible conclusions,” we must

affirm. Kode v. Carlson, 596 F.3d 608, 612 (9th Cir. 2010) (per curiam).

      The majority opinion suggests that the injunction is contrary to law. Maj. Op.

at 25–26. To be sure, an error of law constitutes an abuse of discretion. Applied

Med. Distrib. Corp. v. Surgical Co. BV, 587 F.3d 909, 913 (9th Cir. 2009). But the

injunction violates no law. The majority opinion grounds its suggestion in the

statute’s mandatory text—“shall be adjudicated . . . not later than 180 days” after the

filing of an SIJ application. This text, according to the majority opinion, leaves no

room for an exception. If USCIS must comply with the applicable deadline, so too

must the applicants. I disagree.

      First, although the relevant subsection, 8 U.S.C. § 1232(d)(2), is written in the

passive voice, in the context of the whole statute it appears to be an instruction to

USCIS concerning how and when it must perform its duties.                For example,

§ 1232(a)(1) provides:

             In order to enhance the efforts of the United States to prevent
      trafficking in persons, the Secretary of Homeland Security . . . shall

                                           4
      develop policies and procedures to ensure that unaccompanied alien
      children in the United States are safely repatriated . . . .

Similarly, § 1232(a)(2)(A), (a)(5)(B), and (e) require USCIS to perform particular

tasks. See also William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization

Act of 2008, Pub. L. No. 110-457, 122 Stat. 5044 (2008) (listing the provision among

other government responsibilities in a section titled “Subtitle D-Activities of the

United States Government”).

      Second, the purpose of § 1232 generally is to enhance efforts to combat

trafficking of children and to protect abused, neglected, and abandoned children.

See, e.g., Flores v. Sessions, 862 F.3d 863, 880 (9th Cir. 2017) (“The overarching

purpose of the [Homeland Security Act] and [the Trafficking Victims Protection

Reauthorization Act] was quite clearly to give unaccompanied minors more

protection, not less.”); Perez v. Cuccinelli, 949 F.3d 865, 878 (4th Cir. 2020) (en

banc) (“The subsequent amendments to the SIJ provision have included

revisions . . . aimed at enhancing efforts to combat the trafficking of children,

particularly unaccompanied immigrant minors.”); D.B. v. Cardall, 826 F.3d 721, 738

(4th Cir. 2016) (“The intricate web of statutory provisions relating to

[unaccompanied alien children] reflects Congress’s unmistakable desire to protect

that vulnerable group.”); Yeboah v. U.S. Dept. of Just., 345 F.3d 216, 221 (3d Cir.

2003) (recognizing that Congress established SIJ status “to protect abused,

neglected, or abandoned children who, with their families, illegally entered the

                                         5
United States”); H.R. Rep. No. 105-405, Sec. 113 (1997) (Conf. Rep.); 143 Cong.

Rec. H10844 (daily ed. Nov. 13, 1997) (observing that Congress modified the

statutory text “in order to limit the beneficiaries . . . to those juveniles for whom it

was created, namely abandoned, neglected, or abused children”).

      Specifically, Congress enacted the 180-day deadline for the benefit of the

applicant. See, e.g., Garcia v. Holder, 659 F.3d 1261, 1271 (9th Cir. 2011) (“That

Congress has subsequently mandated expeditious adjudication of [SIJ] applications

may be viewed as a clarification by Congress that it does in fact desire extra

protection for [SIJ]-eligible minors.”). Thus, if an applicant agrees to waive the

deadline, nothing in the statute requires a different result. See Shutte v. Thompson,

82 U.S. (15 Wall.) 151, 159 (1872) (“A party may waive any provision, either of a

contract or of a statute, intended for his benefit.”); Comm’r v. Hind, 52 F.2d 1075,

1076 (9th Cir. 1931) (“A party may always waive a right in his favor, created by

statute, the same as any other.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Accordingly,

the majority opinion’s citation of cases pertaining to statutory interpretation, Maj.

Op. at 26 n.11, is beside the point. The text of the statute is clear, but so is the

substantive principle that a party may waive a statutory right that the legislature has

given to that party—here, the SIJ applicant’s right to receive an adjudication within

180 days. This is a straightforward application of the principle of waiver, with which

we are perhaps most familiar in the context of a statute of limitations. For example,

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a defendant can answer a late-filed complaint on the merits, without raising a statute-

of-limitations defense, thus waiving the statutory benefit that the legislature has

bestowed on defendants. This situation does not require a showing of good cause,

as the majority opinion rules. Maj. Op. at 28. 1

      Here, as the majority opinion rules, the district court properly concluded that

USCIS “unreasonably delayed” the adjudication of SIJ applications in violation of

the APA. That delay, the district court also found, caused several irreparable harms

to Plaintiffs. But the district court recognized that those same harms also could result

from overly formalistic adherence to the 180-day rule. Rather than issue a blanket

rule that would continue to cause harm in some limited circumstances, the district

court allowed for some possibility of delay. Cf. Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. v. Hartford-

Empire Co., 322 U.S. 238, 248 (1944) (recognizing the need for “flexibility” in an

“equitable procedure” so that courts may “meet new situations which demand

1
  I am mystified by the majority opinion’s footnote 11. The only issue under
discussion here is whether the district court abused its discretion by allowing SIJ
applicants to waive the agency’s 180-day deadline—an issue that the parties have
framed clearly. Indeed, the majority reaches this issue precisely because the parties
have presented it to us; we differ only on the question whether applicants must show
“good cause” to waive the deadline or may waive the deadline upon request. The
“principle of party presentation” does not limit our thinking on that question.
Footnote 11 suggests that Plaintiffs did not draw an analogy to statute-of-limitation
precedents because they somehow may have waived the right to insist that USCIS
adjudicate their cases within 180 days. But their objection to USCIS’s failure to do
so is the gravamen of this entire action. And, were we to uphold the injunction as
the district court crafted it, which is what I advocate, there would be no “pitfall.”

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equitable intervention, and to accord all the relief necessary to correct the particular

injustices involved in these situations”). This modest flexibility, on its own, does

not constitute an abuse of discretion.

      The majority opinion accurately points out that the district court’s injunction

has the effect of superseding not only the statutory deadline, but also many of the

agency’s regulations pertaining to requests for additional information. The majority

opinion asserts that the injunction “conflicts” with two regulations in particular: 8

C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(8)(iv) and 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(13)(i).          The first regulation

provides that “[a]dditional time to respond to a request for evidence or notice of

intent to deny may not be granted.” 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(8)(iv). And the second

regulation provides that the agency may “summarily den[y]” as “abandoned” any

application that does not comply with the agency’s chosen deadline for responding

to requests for additional information. Id. § 103.2(b)(13)(i).

      The district court’s order enjoins enforcement of those regulations: tolling is

not permitted “unless the SIJ petitioner requests additional time to respond to the

request/notice and thereby tolls the time in which USCIS must adjudicate the

petition.”   Under the district court’s injunction, and contrary to 8 C.F.R.

§ 103.2(b)(8)(iv), SIJ applicants may receive additional time to respond, thereby

tolling the statutory deadline. The fact that the district court’s order “conflicts” with

the regulations is an ordinary consequence of the injunctive relief in this case.

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Indeed, as the majority opinion acknowledges, the district court’s injunction

conflicts with many other regulatory provisions as well, such as the provision that

would allow the agency itself to toll the statutory deadline merely by filing, on its

own prerogative, requests for additional information. 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(10)(i).

      Finally, the majority opinion faults the district court for allowing, in theory,

an SIJ applicant to toll the deadline for an “unlimited amount of time.” Maj. Op. at

22. The government has not made this argument, and for good reason: In the context

of this case, the argument is both peculiar and unpersuasive.              The problem

underlying this action is USCIS’s failure to act quickly enough. Plaintiffs gain

nothing by having an application pending for a long period of time, and the record

contains no evidence that any applicant would benefit from undue delay. To the

contrary, Plaintiffs sought judicial relief because of the agency’s own undue delay.

Nor is USCIS prejudiced by waiting longer (as it does now) to adjudicate a petition.

Whatever theoretical problems might arise in other contexts from allowing an

applicant to toll a deadline indefinitely, there is no realistic possibility of harm here.

The majority opinion recognizes that any SIJ applicant is entitled to toll the 180-day

statute of limitations for good cause. Maj. Op. at 28. But we review the injunction

only for an abuse of discretion. The majority opinion fails to explain why,

considering the whole context of this case, the district court’s inclusion of a

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provision that any applicant is entitled to toll the 180 days simply upon request

constitutes an abuse of discretion.

      In sum, because the district court acted well within its discretion in issuing the

injunction in this case, I respectfully dissent from section IV.B.2.

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