Court Opinion

ID: 2674606
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-05-16 07:02:27.745556+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:06:09.977577
License: Public Domain

Illinois Official Reports

                                          Appellate Court

                         People v. Won Kyu Lee, 2014 IL App (1st) 130507

Appellate Court              THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v.
Caption                      WON KYU LEE, Defendant-Appellee.

District & No.               First District, Fifth Division
                             Docket No. 1-13-0507

Filed                        March 14, 2014

Held                         A trial court properly granted defendant’s motion to suppress the
(Note: This syllabus         evidence obtained by way of a warrantless audit of his offices
constitutes no part of the   conducted as part of an investigation of his Medicare billing
opinion of the court but     procedures by a company hired by a government agency to investigate
has been prepared by the     allegations of fraud, waste, and abuse in Medicare programs, since the
Reporter of Decisions        trial court’s finding that the audit was a pretext for obtaining
for the convenience of       documents to further the criminal investigation of defendant’s
the reader.)                 business and that a search warrant should have been obtained was not
                             against the manifest weight of the evidence, especially when the
                             record did not support the State’s claim that defendant consented to
                             the audit, and the Medicare statute providing for payment audits under
                             the Medicare Integrity Program did not authorize a blanket consent for
                             a search into criminal wrongdoing.

Decision Under               Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 11-CR-14147; the
Review                       Hon. Charles P. Burns, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                     Affirmed.
     Counsel on               Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, of Chicago (Michael A. Scodro,
     Appeal                   Solicitor General, and Michael M. Glick and Stephen M. Soltanzadeh,
                              Assistant Attorneys General, of counsel), for the People.

                              Jeffery P. Gray, of Warrenville, and Johanna J. Raimond, of Law
                              Offices of Johanna J. Raimond Ltd., of Chicago, for appellee.

     Panel                    JUSTICE McBRIDE delivered the judgment of the court, with
                              opinion.
                              Justices Palmer and Taylor concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                               OPINION

¶1         Following a hearing, the trial court granted defendant Won Kyu Lee’s motion to suppress
       evidence obtained pursuant to a warrantless search. The State appeals, arguing that the trial
       court erred in suppressing evidence from the administrative search of defendant’s offices
       because defendant (1) expressly consented to the search and (2) consented to the search by
       entering into a contract with Medicare. The State also asserted in its opening brief that the
       search was valid under the administrative search exception to the fourth amendment set forth
       in New York v. Burger, 482 U.S. 691, 703 (1987). However, in its reply brief, the State
       indicated in a footnote that “the People no longer contend that it applies on this record.”
       Accordingly, we will not consider that issue in this appeal.
¶2         In August 2011, defendant was charged by indictment with theft by deception, aggravated
       insurance fraud, computer fraud, and wire fraud. The charges stemmed from an investigation
       into defendant’s Medicare billing at his business, Hankook Pain and Rehabilitation Clinic
       (Hankook).
¶3         In June 2012, defendant filed a motion to suppress evidence obtained in a May 2007 audit
       of Hankook’s two locations, Chicago and Mount Prospect. Defendant argued that the audit
       violated the fourth amendment because it was conducted without a warrant and with the
       purpose of aiding an ongoing criminal investigation. The trial court conducted a hearing on
       defendant’s motion in November 2012. The following evidence was presented at the hearing.
¶4         In August 2006, the Office of the Inspector General (OIG) of the Department of Health and
       Human Services (DHHS) referred a complaint about defendant to TrustSolutions “as a law
       enforcement request, for investigation and development.” The referral stated that the OIG
       expected the matter to proceed “as a Law Enforcement referral and request for action.”
¶5         Daniel Poirier testified that he worked as an investigator with TrustSolutions. He explained
       that TrustSolutions was contracted by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
       to investigate allegations of fraud, waste, and abuse in Medicare programs. Poirier was
       assigned to investigate Hankook.

                                                  -2-
¶6         He stated that when the complaint was received, TrustSolutions requested background
       information and conducted a claims analysis of billing information. Based on the information
       received, the next step was an on-site audit of records for medical review. In December 2006,
       Poirier made initial contact with Special Agent Chuck Pawelko of the Federal Bureau of
       Investigation (FBI). In an exhibit outlining his activity in the Hankook investigation, Poirier
       indicated Pawelko “requested copies of all data and research that [he] had previously
       conducted and analyzed.” Pawelko also “requested that no contact be made to this provider (by
       telephone or in person).” Also in December 2006, the FBI, in a letter, asked TrustSolutions to
       delay an on-site audit to allow them “to explore possible covert investigation measures. We
       believe that our investigation will be more fruitful if Hankook is unaware of any type of
       investigation at this time.”
¶7         In the interim, Poirier had frequent conversations with the FBI, including conference calls
       and sharing research. In January 2007, Poirier “conducted further research to find the
       necessary documentation related to each issue [law enforcement] inquired about.” He
       reviewed data requests with Pawelko. In February 2007, a “conference call was held to discuss
       law enforcement’s request for TrustSolutions to ‘hold off’ on this investigation.” In March
       2007, Poirier participated in another conference call to discuss law enforcement’s status. At
       that time, law enforcement requested three more weeks because “they were in the final stages
       of their undercover operations and did not want the investigation jeopardized.”
¶8         In April 2007, Poirier requested permission to conduct an unannounced on-site audit of
       Hankook offices. The request form stated that the objective was “[t]o further substantiate the
       allegations against this provider and to witness firsthand the daily operations in both facilities.
       Ultimately, this investigation will be referred to law enforcement based on all evidence
       gathered on the audit.” Poirier testified that after the audit request was approved, law
       enforcement requested that undercover law enforcement agents accompany TrustSolutions
       during the audit. The request was approved by CMS, but an assistant United States Attorney
       (AUSA) denied the request. The FBI did provide a Korean translator during the audit to help
       conduct interviews and read some documents.
¶9         The on-site audit was conducted from May 7-11, 2007. On May 7, 2007, TrustSolutions
       investigators arrived unannounced at both Hankook locations. Poirier was with the team at the
       Chicago office. The investigators presented Medicare badges and a letter stating the purpose of
       the audit. Defendant was not present at the Chicago office, but was at the Mount Prospect
       location. Poirier spoke with Janice Roe, the office manager, and gave her the letter.
¶ 10       The letter stated that TrustSolutions was “responsible for conducting audits to ensure that
       Medicare claims have been billed and paid in the appropriate manner. Per 42 CFR
       § 424.5(a)(6) a basic condition for Medicare payment, the provider must furnish sufficient
       information to justify payment.” The letter provided that “[t]he audit will include at least but
       not limited to obtaining medical records, interviewing staff, etc.” The letter explained that the
       records to be obtained were a statistically random sample consisting of 273 beneficiary files.
¶ 11       Poirier admitted that the letter did not indicate that a provider could refuse to furnish the
       requested information. When asked if he explained that the employees could refuse access,
       Poirier responded, “No one asked so I didn’t volunteer a question that wasn’t posed.” Poirier
       spoke with defendant over the phone. Poirier testified that defendant “gave authorization to
       conduct the on-site audit and we performed the audit.” Poirier stated that he “notified

                                                    -3-
       [defendant] of what the on-site audit would entail, provided that [Poirier] had indicated the
       letter to Janice Roe and [defendant] said okay.”
¶ 12        During the five-day audit, Poirier updated law enforcement each day. Poirier stated that to
       the best of his knowledge the conversations were “just information, updates, how the audit is
       going.” He said law enforcement “never” requested the auditors to look for anything. The
       teams obtained 273 medical records, appointment books, payroll records, employment and
       personnel records. Poirier admitted that the auditors were given access to any records they
       requested. At the conclusion of the audit, Poirier said that TrustSolutions turned over the
       documents obtained to law enforcement and he discussed his findings with Pawelko. Pawelko
       requested certain documents for the assigned AUSA “prior to issuing a search warrant.”
¶ 13       Richard Ganslein testified that he was the TrustSolutions investigator that led the team at
       the Mount Prospect office. Defendant was present at that location. Ganslein stated that the
       team introduced themselves, presented their badges, and provided defendant with the letter
       explaining what TrustSolutions was and its responsibilities. They answered general questions
       about TrustSolutions. Ganslein did not ask defendant to sign a consent form to enter the
       premises and conduct the audit. When asked if defendant consented, Ganslein answered, “He
       never voiced any objection. He facilitated the audit, yes.” Ganslein said defendant facilitated
       by providing a workspace for himself and for the employees available for interviews.
¶ 14       The trial court heard arguments and allowed the parties to file briefs after the hearing. In
       January 2013, the trial court granted the motion to suppress in a written order. The court found
       that “any consent authorized is unclear.”
                “Moreover, in any event, if consent was authorized merely based on the Medicare
                statute asserted, it was clear from the evidence presented that the search far exceeded
                the general audit search for purposes of determining pre-pay review.”
¶ 15       Further, the trial court found “defendant’s argument that the administrative audit was a
       pretext to gather evidence for a criminal investigation meritorious.” “The totality of the
       circumstances indicates that TrustSolutions acted in concert and at the behest of the FBI and
       OIG and were acting as agents and at direction of law enforcement. To say otherwise would be
       disingenuous.” The court detailed several facts that supported the presence of a criminal
       pretext, including law enforcement was in the process of an investigation when TrustSolutions
       was contacted, there were numerous conference calls and memos between TrustSolutions and
       the FBI, OIG, and CMS, TrustSolutions complied with law enforcement’s requests to delay the
       on-site audit, and TrustSolutions briefed law enforcement daily with its audit findings and
       progress.
                “All evidence points to a tightly interwoven relationship between the FBI, OIG and
                TrustSolutions. Law enforcement clearly called the shots in this matter and
                TrustSolutions abided by each and every request made by law enforcement, including
                when to put defendant on pre-pay status, which allegedly was TrustSolutions[’] main
                purpose of the audit.”
¶ 16        While not binding, the trial court also noted that the United States Attorney’s office
       declined prosecution, “as the AUSA handling the matter apparently recognized the intertwined
       relationship between law enforcement and TrustSolutions prior to and during the audit.” The
       court granted defendant’s motion to suppress and “[a]ll evidence obtained during the search

                                                  -4-
       will thus be excluded as violative of the 4th Amendment to the United States Constitution and
       article 1 § 6 of the Illinois Constitution.”
¶ 17        This appeal followed.
¶ 18        The State argues that the trial court erred in granting defendant’s motion to suppress
       because the audit did not have a criminal pretext and defendant consented to the audit.
¶ 19        In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, this court applies a de novo
       standard of review. People v. Sorenson, 196 Ill. 2d 425, 431 (2001); see also Ornelas v. United
       States, 517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996). However, findings of historical fact will be reviewed only for
       clear error and the reviewing court must give due weight to inferences drawn from those facts
       by the fact finder. Ornelas, 517 U.S. at 699. Accordingly, we will accord great deference to the
       trial court’s factual findings, and we will reverse those findings only if they are against the
       manifest weight of the evidence; however, we will review de novo the ultimate question of the
       defendant’s legal challenge to the denial of his motion to suppress. Sorenson, 196 Ill. 2d at 431.
¶ 20        The fourth amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the “right of the people
       to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and
       seizures.” U.S. Const., amend. IV. The Supreme Court has held that “[s]earches for
       administrative purposes, like searches for evidence of crime, are encompassed by the Fourth
       Amendment.” Michigan v. Tyler, 436 U.S. 499, 506 (1978). Further, the Supreme Court has
       ruled that warrantless searches of commercial premises are generally unreasonable. Marshall
       v. Barlow’s, Inc., 436 U.S. 307, 312 (1978); see also Michigan v. Clifford, 464 U.S. 287, 291
       (1984); Tyler, 436 U.S. at 504-08. “This expectation [of privacy in commercial property] exists
       not only with respect to traditional police searches conducted for the gathering of criminal
       evidence but also with respect to administrative inspections designed to enforce regulatory
       statutes.” New York v. Burger, 482 U.S. 691, 699-700 (1987).
                “[T]he Fourth Amendment prohibition against unreasonable searches protects against
                warrantless intrusions during civil as well as criminal investigations. [Citation.] The
                reason is found in the ‘basic purpose of this Amendment ... [which] is to safeguard the
                privacy and security of individuals against arbitrary invasions by governmental
                officials.’ [Citation.] If the government intrudes on a person’s property, the privacy
                interest suffers whether the government’s motivation is to investigate violations of
                criminal laws or breaches of other statutory or regulatory standards.” Marshall, 436
U.S. at 312-13 (quoting Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 U.S. 523, 528 (1967)).
¶ 21        “Except in certain carefully defined classes of cases, the nonconsensual entry and search of
       property are governed by the warrant requirement of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments.”
       Clifford, 464 U.S. at 291-92. “In the law of administrative searches, one principle emerges
       with unusual clarity and unanimous acceptance: the government may not use an administrative
       inspection scheme to search for criminal violations.” Burger, 482 U.S. at 724 (citing Clifford,
464 U.S. at 292, Tyler, 436 U.S. at 508, Donovan v. Dewey, 452 U.S. 594 (1981),
       Almeida-Sanchez v. United States, 413 U.S. 266 (1973), Camara, 387 U.S. at 539, and Abel v.
       United States, 362 U.S. 217 (1960)). “If the primary object of the search is to gather evidence
       of criminal activity, a criminal search warrant may be obtained only on a showing of probable
       cause to believe that relevant evidence will be found in the place to be searched. If evidence of
       criminal activity is discovered during the course of a valid administrative search, it may be
       seized under the ‘plain view’ doctrine.” Clifford, 464 U.S. at 294. “Whether an administrative

                                                   -5-
       search is a pretext for a criminal investigation is a factual question.” United States v. Johnson,
       994 F.2d 740, 743 (10th Cir. 1993) (citing Abel, 362 U.S. at 225-30).
¶ 22       It is undisputed in this case that the on-site audit of defendant’s businesses by
       TrustSolutions was conducted without a warrant. Moreover, the State has conceded in its reply
       brief that the administrative search exception for warrantless searches when a statute’s
       inspection program provides sufficient substitute for a warrant does not apply in this case.
¶ 23       The evidence in the record clearly established that the TrustSolutions auditors were aware
       of law enforcement’s intention to pursue criminal charges against defendant. The initial
       referral to TrustSolutions indicated that it was forwarded from the OIG “as a law enforcement
       request, for investigation and development.” Poirier testified that he was aware that the FBI
       and OIG were in the process of a criminal investigation of defendant and his offices. He
       participated in numerous conversations with the FBI about the case. TrustSolutions also
       yielded to the FBI’s requests to delay conducting an on-site audit while it was investigating
       defendant. TrustSolutions and CMS approved the FBI’s request to have its agents present at
       the audit, but the request was later denied by the AUSA. During the course of the audit, Poirier
       briefed law enforcement every day regarding his findings and progress. TrustSolutions gave
       law enforcement all requested documents obtained in the audit.
¶ 24       As the trial court found, “[a]ll evidence points to a tightly interwoven relationship between
       the FBI, OIG and TrustSolutions.” From the very inception of TrustSolutions’ involvement,
       the presence and influence of law enforcement controlled the investigation. Significantly,
       Poirier’s request for an on-site audit stated that the objective was “[t]o further substantiate the
       allegations against this provider and to witness firsthand the daily operations in both facilities.
       Ultimately, this investigation will be referred to law enforcement based on all evidence
       gathered on the audit.” This objective illustrates the clear purpose of the audit was to aid law
       enforcement.
¶ 25       Further, the letter provided to Hankook offices explaining the audit indicated that
       TrustSolutions was investigating whether “Medicare claims have been billed and paid in the
       appropriate manner” and that the audit would include, but was not limited to, obtaining a
       random sample of medical records and interviewing staff. However, Poirier testified that in
       addition to the medical records, auditors obtained copies of personnel files, payroll records,
       and appointment books. These documents have little connection to the stated purpose of
       investigating Medicare billing practices. The record supports the trial court’s conclusion that
       the audit served as a pretext for a criminal search.
¶ 26       The State asserts that “mere communication between investigators conducting an
       administrative search and law enforcement agents does not render an administrative search
       pretextual.” However, as detailed above, the record contains far more than “mere
       communication” between TrustSolutions and the FBI and the OIG. The State also argues that
       an administrative search is not invalid “so long as its primary purpose is to enforce the
       regulatory scheme” and “nothing in the record supports a finding that the primary purpose of
       the investigation was to assist those agencies’ criminal investigations or otherwise uncover
       evidence of criminal activity.” (Emphases in original.) The State fails to cite any authority in
       which an administrative search was found to be valid because the involvement of law
       enforcement was not the primary purpose of the investigation. The cases cited, Burger and
       People v. Krull, 126 Ill. 2d 235 (1989), involved administrative searches of junkyards under

                                                    -6-
       statutory authority and did not consider whether the primary purpose of the searches involved
       law enforcement. See Burger, 482 U.S. at 716; Krull, 126 Ill. 2d at 247.
¶ 27       Additionally, the reviewing court in People v. Prolerized Chicago Corp., 225 Ill. App. 3d
307 (1992), previously considered and rejected this argument. In that case, the defendants were
       indicted for failure to maintain proper records for a scrap processor licensed under the Illinois
       Vehicle Code (Code) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 95½, ¶ 5-404). The trial court granted the
       defendants’ motion to suppress evidence, finding that the law enforcement officials should
       have obtained a search warrant. Prolerized, 225 Ill. App. 3d at 308-09.
¶ 28       “The record indicates that on March 30, 1988, several Chicago police officers, along with
       inspectors employed by the Illinois Secretary of State, entered the premises of Prolerized, a
       scrap processor, and conducted an inspection of the corporation’s books and records.” Id. at
       309. At the hearing on the defendants’ motion, a police officer testified that “his purpose in
       going to Prolerized was to conduct an inspection of the records which Prolerized was required
       to keep pursuant to section 5-403 of the Code. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 95½, par. 5-403.)” Id. at
       310. The officer stated that he was unaware of any criminal investigation. Id. Another officer
       testified that beginning in January 1988, he had begun stopping tow truck drivers in the
       vicinity of Prolerized’s location. Id. at 311. After the hearing, the trial court granted the motion
       to suppress, finding “that the police department had initiated a criminal investigation of the
       business practices of Prolerized prior to the inspection on March 30, 1988.” Id. at 312.
¶ 29       On appeal, the reviewing court concluded that the case was controlled by People v.
       Madison, 121 Ill. 2d 195 (1988), overruled on other grounds by Horton v. California, 496 U.S.
128 (1990), in which the supreme court held the statute at issue “was enacted to protect against
       the possible abuses of administrative searches by requiring that the neutral judgment of a
       magistrate or judge be obtained before allowing State officials to seize evidence of criminal
       activity discovered during inspections.” Prolerized, 225 Ill. App. 3d at 314 (citing Madison,
121 Ill. 2d at 205).
¶ 30       The State, as it does in the instant case, attempted to distinguish Madison, “focus[ing] upon
       the language in Madison where the court held that administrative inspections may not be used
       as a pretext to search for evidence of criminal violations and that if the primary object of the
       search is to gather evidence of criminal activity a search warrant based upon probable cause
       must be obtained.” Id. at 315 (citing Madison, 121 Ill. 2d at 209-10). The reviewing court
       disagreed, finding:
                    “The evidence in the record established that the law enforcement officials who
                participated in the administrative inspection knew or suspected that Prolerized was in
                the practice of purchasing vehicles without accepting titles or other ownership
                documents for the vehicles. This evidence indicates that the purpose of the inspection
                of Prolerized was not merely to review the corporation’s business records. The trial
                court specifically found that a criminal investigation of Prolerized had begun prior to
                the inspection on March 30, 1988. Based upon this record, the trial court could properly
                conclude that the administrative inspection was merely a subterfuge allowing the
                police to enter the defendants’ premises with the expectation that they would find
                evidence of illegal activities.” Id.
¶ 31       Similarly, the reviewing court in People v. Nash, 278 Ill. App. 3d 157, 162 (1996),
       concluded that “[t]he routine administrative search evolves into an unreasonable usurpation of
       the [defendant’s] privacy interests when it is used as a tool to further a criminal investigation
                                                      -7-
       where evidence of criminal activity is already present.” In that case, the defendant was a
       licensed timber buyer and was charged with forgery, committing a fraudulent act in the cutting
       and purchase of timber, obstruction of justice, and willfully failing to pay for timber as agreed.
       The defendant filed a motion to suppress evidence and quash arrest.
¶ 32       At the suppression hearing, a conservation police officer testified that an individual
       reported that some of his trees had been cut down without his permission. The officer
       determined that a company for which the defendant was a licensed buyer had cut the trees. The
       officer waited until after the defendant was required to pay a timber harvest tax to continue the
       investigation. The officer admitted that prior to the administrative search, she had enough
       evidence that the defendant had committed a felony. Nash, 278 Ill. App. 3d at 158-59.
¶ 33       The officer did not have a warrant for the search. The officer, accompanied by a second
       officer, seized all of the defendant’s timber buying records for 1992 and 1993. The second
       officer “informed [the defendant] that she was to provide certain information in accordance
       with State law and that, if she did not provide that information, she might be guilty of
       obstruction of justice.” Nash, 278 Ill. App. 3d at 159. The defendant testified that she did not
       believe she had a choice in the search. Nash, 278 Ill. App. 3d at 160. The trial court granted the
       motion, finding that “the officers conducted the warrantless search as part of an ongoing
       criminal investigation.” Nash, 278 Ill. App. 3d at 160.
¶ 34       On appeal, the State argued that a search warrant was not required because section 9 of the
       Timber Buyers Licensing Act (225 ILCS 735/9 (West 1994)) allowed for warrantless searches
       and “the purpose of the search in this case was to ascertain if defendant had in fact violated the
       Act.” Nash, 278 Ill. App. 3d at 160. The reviewing court relied on the decision in Prolerized,
       though it noted that the relevant statute in that case had a warrant requirement that was not
       required in the statute at issue. Nash, 278 Ill. App. 3d at 161. “Section 9 of the Timber Buyers
       Licensing Act authorizes the Department of Conservation to conduct administrative searches
       of timber buyers’ records, and no warrant requirement is specifically set forth in the statute.
       This does not mean, however, that timber buyers do not come under the protections of the
       fourth amendment.” Nash, 278 Ill. App. 3d at 161.
               “Our concern is not the unannounced search authorized by section 9, a routine
               administrative inspection to monitor the accuracy of timber-buyer records. In this case
               we are not called upon to question the legislative authorization of warrantless searches
               in a routine inspection. Our concern is a search conducted under the auspices of section
               9 to further an admittedly ongoing criminal investigation.
                   The State perceives no difference between the two searches. It argues that because
               the statute allows searches for the purpose of investigating whether criminal conduct is
               occurring, the officer’s knowledge that criminal conduct has already occurred does not
               negate the authority the officer otherwise clearly had. We do not agree.
                   The privacy interests of timber buyers may be limited by the statutorily authorized
               search of records to routinely ascertain whether violations of the Act have been
               committed. The routine administrative search evolves into an unreasonable usurpation
               of the timber buyer’s privacy interests when it is used as a tool to further a criminal
               investigation where evidence of criminal activity is already present.” Nash, 278 Ill.
               App. 3d at 162.

                                                   -8-
¶ 35        Here, defendant’s privacy interests were violated where the audit was used as a tool to
       further a criminal investigation. TrustSolutions was aware that a criminal investigation was
       ongoing and was in communication with law enforcement before, during, and after the audit.
       Documents taken during TrustSolutions warrantless search were turned over to law
       enforcement. Additionally, the scope of documents taken exceeded the stated purpose of
       investigating Medicare billing practices. The stated objective of the audit was to substantiate
       the allegations with the intention to turn over evidence to law enforcement. When all the
       evidence is considered, the record supports a conclusion that the audit served as a pretext for
       law enforcement to obtain documents to further its criminal investigation. Accordingly, the
       trial court’s finding that the audit was a pretext and that a search warrant should have been
       obtained was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.
¶ 36        However, even if the audit was not a pretext for the criminal investigation, the record does
       not support the State’s assertion that defendant consented to the audit.
¶ 37        “[A] search conducted with a defendant’s voluntary consent but without a warrant does not
       violate the fourth amendment.” People v. Anthony, 198 Ill. 2d 194, 202 (2001) (citing
       Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 222 (1973)). “The validity of a consent search
       depends on the voluntariness of the consent.” Id. “Consent is not valid unless it is voluntary,
       and, to be voluntary, consent must be given freely without duress or coercion (either express or
       implied).” People v. Green, 358 Ill. App. 3d 456, 462-63 (2005). “Consent must be received,
       not extracted ‘by explicit or implicit means, by implied threat or covert force.’ ” Anthony, 198
Ill. 2d at 202 (quoting Schneckloth, 412 U.S. at 228). “The voluntariness of the consent is a
       question of fact determined from the totality of the circumstances, and the State bears the
       burden of proving the consent was truly voluntary.” Id. The Illinois Supreme Court has
       “acknowledged that ‘there is little authority as to what constitutes consent in the absence of an
       express verbal statement.’ ” Id. (quoting People v. Henderson, 142 Ill. 2d 258, 298 (1990)).
       “The defendant may convey consent to search by nonverbal conduct [citations], but ‘mere
       acquiescence to apparent authority is not necessarily consent’ (People v. Kelly, 76 Ill. App. 3d
80, 87 (1979)).” Id. “In the case of nonverbal conduct, where dueling inferences so easily arise
       from a single ambiguous gesture, the defendant’s intention to surrender this valuable
       constitutional right should be unmistakably clear.” Id. at 203.
¶ 38        Here, the State has failed to satisfy its burden that defendant consented to the search. The
       only evidence of verbal consent in the record comes from Poirier’s testimony. Poirier stated
       that he spoke with defendant over the phone and defendant “gave authorization” for the audit.
       The only details as to this verbal consent from defendant was described as follows: Poirier
       “notified [defendant] of what the on-site audit would entail, provided that [Poirier] had
       indicated the letter to Janice Roe and [defendant] said okay.” Defendant’s response of “okay”
       is ambiguous and does not demonstrate consent. Poirier never testified that he asked defendant
       for consent. In fact, when asked if he told the employees that they could refuse access, Poirier
       responded that “[n]o one asked so I didn’t volunteer a question that wasn’t posed.” Poirier’s
       testimony failed to describe any request for consent to perform the audit. The burden is on the
       State to establish consent to a warrantless search.
¶ 39        The State also asserts that defendant consented because he allowed the auditors into his
       offices, provided them work space, and gave them whatever records they requested. This
       conduct does not demonstrate consent, but acquiescence to the requests from an authority
       figure. See Anthony, 198 Ill. 2d at 203 (There, the supreme court concluded that the State failed
                                                   -9-
       to establish that the defendant voluntarily consented to a search of his person. The officers
       called to the defendant from 50 feet away in an alley; the defendant waited for the officers.
       During the conversation, the defendant appeared nervous and put his hands in his pockets,
       which the officers then asked him to refrain from doing. When asked if the defendant would
       allow the officers to search him, “[t]he defendant then ‘assumed the position’ of an arrestee: he
       ‘spread his legs apart and put his hands on top of his head.’ ”). Moreover, even if defendant
       initially consented to the audit of his Medicare payment records, which we do not find, the
       audit exceeded the initial request when the auditors obtained personnel and payroll records and
       appointment books without consent.
¶ 40        Additionally, the State contends in its opening brief that defendant consented to the search
       when he entered into a contract with Medicare. However, in its reply brief, the State does not
       offer any additional argument on this issue or even mention this as a basis for reversal. It is
       unclear if the State continues to advance this claim. Regardless, we find this argument lacks
       merit.
¶ 41        The Medicare contract at issue does not contain any provisions that indicate consent to a
       search as broad as the one at issue. Rather, the contract simply provides that defendant
       “agree[d] to abide by the Medicare laws, regulations and program instructions that apply” to
       him and that payment of a claim by Medicare was conditioned on its compliance with “such
       laws, regulations, and program instructions.” While Medicare Integrity Program does allow for
       payment audits (42 U.S.C. § 1395ddd(f)(7) (2006)), the State has conceded that this statute
       does not serve as a substitute for a warrant under the administrative search exception. The
       statute does not provide any details about how an audit would be conducted.
¶ 42        The State relies on two cases to support this argument, Marcowitz v. Department of Public
       Health, 106 Ill. App. 3d 422 (1982), and United States v. Brown, 763 F.2d 984 (8th Cir. 1985).
       We note that both of these cases were decided prior to the Supreme Court’s decision in Burger,
       which set forth the criteria for a warrantless inspection. The Burger test provides: (1) there
       must be a substantial government interest that informs the regulatory scheme pursuant to
       which the inspection is made; (2) the warrantless inspections must be necessary to further the
       regulatory scheme; and (3) the statute’s inspection program, in terms of the certainty and
       regularity of its application, must provide a constitutionally adequate substitute for a warrant,
       such that it provides that the search is being performed under the law, it has a properly defined
       scope, and it limits the discretion of the inspecting officers. Burger, 482 U.S. 702-03.
¶ 43        In Marcowitz, the plaintiff objected to the inspection of his medical facility and as a result,
       his license as an ambulatory surgical treatment center was suspended for 30 days. One of the
       issues raised on appeal was that the attempted inspection was an unreasonable invasion of his
       privacy rights. Marcowitz, 106 Ill. App. 3d at 426. The reviewing court found that the
       attempted inspections were reasonable because the plaintiff accepted the rules and regulations
       attached to the license, which included that every licensed facility “ ‘be open at all reasonable
       times to an inspection’ ” and prior notice of an inspection was not required. Id. at 428 (quoting
       Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 111½, ¶ 157-8.9). The court concluded that “the attempted inspections
       of plaintiffs’ surgical facility were reasonable and constitutionally permissible, based on
       plaintiffs’ statutory consent to such inspections and the State’s police power to protect the
       well-being of its citizens.” Id.
¶ 44        In Brown, the defendants appealed their convictions for filing false claims for payment to
       the Medicaid program. There, the defendants challenged the warrantless search of a pharmacy.
                                                    - 10 -
       However, the Arkansas Medicaid statute required providers to give written consent to
       warrantless administrative searches of “all records for the purpose of investigating whether
       any person may have committed the crime of Medicaid fraud, or for use or for potential use in
       any legal, administrative or judicial proceeding.” Brown, 763 F.2d at 988. The reviewing court
       found that the defendants had constructive, if not actual, knowledge of the statute and the
       policies when they entered into a contract to be a Medicaid provider and, thus, they expressly
       consented to the search. Id. at 988-89.
¶ 45       In contrast, defendant was not required to give written authorization of a search of his
       records for a criminal proceeding. Rather, he agreed to abide by the Medicare laws, regulations
       and policies, which included payment audits under the Medicare Integrity Program. However,
       the statute setting forth the payment audit did not authorize a blanket consent for a search to
       determine criminal wrongdoing and as previously noted, the State concedes that administrative
       search exception under Burger does not apply on this record. Accordingly, defendant did not
       consent to the TrustSolutions audit when he entered into the provider contract with Medicare.
¶ 46       Accordingly, we find that the State failed to satisfy its burden that defendant consented to
       the warrantless search of his office records.
¶ 47       Based on the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the circuit court of Cook County.

¶ 48      Affirmed.

                                                  - 11 -