Court Opinion

ID: 4560807
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-08-27 17:01:52.437694+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:46:11.408120
License: Public Domain

This opinion is subject to administrative correction before final disposition.

                                Before
                          THE COURT EN BANC

                        _________________________

                     In Re Decker B. JORDAN
                             Petitioner

                          UNITED STATES
                             Respondent

                             No. 201100621

                         Decided: 27 August 2020

            Review of Pro Se Petition for Extraordinary Relief
                in the Nature of a Writ of Habeas Corpus

                              Military Judge:
                               Michael Mori

 Sentence adjudged 4 August 2011 by a general court-martial convened
 at Navy Region Hawaii, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, consisting of officer
 and enlisted members. Sentence approved by the convening authority:
 reduction to E-1, confinement for 29 years and 6 months, total forfei-
 ture of pay and allowances, and a dishonorable discharge.

 Judge LAWRENCE delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Chief
 Judge MONAHAN, Chief Judge Emeritus CRISFIELD, Senior Judges
 KING, GASTON, and STEPHENS, and Judges STEWART and
 HOUTZ concur.

                        _________________________

               PUBLISHED OPINION OF THE COURT

                        _________________________
                               In Re Jordan, No. 201100621
                                   Opinion of the Court

LAWRENCE, Judge:
    Petitioner, a former Service Member confined at Federal Correctional In-
stitution [FCI] Petersburg, Virginia, Medium Security, filing pro se, seeks
extraordinary relief in the nature of a writ of habeas corpus under the All
Writs Act. 1 In July 2019, Petitioner filed with the Court of Appeals for the
Armed Forces [CAAF] what it interpreted as a petition for extraordinary
relief, which the CAAF dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. 2 In July 2020,
Petitioner filed another petition for extraordinary relief, which the CAAF
again dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. 3
    Petitioner claims he is innocent of all charged offenses due to what he as-
serts was perjured trial testimony of his then-minor daughter, “Tina,” 4 the
victim of his sexual offenses. To that end, he prays for a Dubay 5 hearing and
vacation of his convictions.
    We find that because Petitioner’s case is final and he remains in confine-
ment, we are without jurisdiction to consider his petition as submitted. Our
holding today overturns the prior precedent of this Court insofar as it states
that Article 76, Uniform Code of Military Justice (2018) 6 [UCMJ 7], does not
limit our jurisdiction. We further conclude that even if construed as a petition
for a writ of error coram nobis, Petitioner’s claim does not merit relief.

    1   28 U.S.C. § 1651(a) (2018).
    2   See Jordan v. United States, 79 M.J. 215 (C.A.A.F. 2019) (mem.).
    3See In Re Jordan, __ M.J. __, No. 20-0321/NA, 2020 CAAF LEXIS 422 (C.A.A.F.
July 29, 2020) (mem.).
    4   This is a pseudonym.
    5   United States v. Dubay, 37 C.M.R. 411 (C.M.A. 1967).
    6 Article 76 has never been amended since the Uniform Code of Military Justice
was first enacted in 1956. Thus, the version in effect at the time of Petitioner’s direct
appeal, found in the 2012 edition of the U.S. Code, is identical to both the current
version and 2000 version in effect when this Court issued the opinion we now over-
rule, Fisher v. Commander, 56 M.J. 691 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 2001).
    7 All references to the UCMJ in this opinion are to the current (2018) version un-
less otherwise noted. In many instances, the references are to prior litigation or other
cases in which the UCMJ reference is to an earlier edition of the U.S. Code. However,
unless the earlier edition contained a version of the UCMJ different from the 2018
version, we do not specifically note the earlier edition.

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                          In Re Jordan, No. 201100621
                              Opinion of the Court

                                I. BACKGROUND

   Petitioner was charged with, inter alia, rape and sexual abuse of his
daughter, Tina, when she was between 6 and 10 years old. As this Court
noted in its earlier opinion, Petitioner sexually abused Tina in two different
homes that included “rubbing his penis on Tina’s vagina while lying behind
her, touching Tina’s genitalia and buttocks with his hand, and having Tina
touch his penis with her hand.” 8 The abuse was reported when Tina let her
mother know through a note that she and her father had engaged in sex.
    A panel of officer and enlisted members convicted Petitioner, contrary to
his pleas, of two specifications of rape of a child under the age of 12, one
specification of aggravated sexual contact of a child under the age of 12, and
three specifications of aggravated sexual abuse of a child under the age of 12,
all in violation of Article 120, UCMJ (2000 & Supp. V 2006); 9 and three
specifications of indecent acts with a child in violation of Article 134, UCMJ
(2000). 10
   On direct appeal, this Court considered the assignments of error raised by
Petitioner and conducted our own review under Articles 59 and 66, UCMJ
(2012). We set aside and dismissed as multiplicious one specification and
otherwise affirmed the findings and sentence. 11 The Naval Clemency and
Parole Board conducted initial mandatory clemency review and denied relief
on 25 July 2012. Petitioner sought review by the CAAF, but was denied, as
was his subsequent petition for reconsideration. By General Court-Martial

   8  United States v. Jordan, 2012 CCA LEXIS 454, *4 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 2012)
(unpub. op.). We note that the LEXIS reporter has mislabeled this Court’s earlier
decision as “United States v. Decker,” mistakenly transposing Petitioner’s first and
last name. We will use the corrected information throughout this opinion.
   9 One specification of rape invoked the 2000 statute as it occurred before 1 Octo-
ber 2007. The remaining specifications all occurred after 1 October 2007 and were
charged under the 2006 statute.
   10  As no terminal element was charged, in accordance with United States v.
Fosler, 70 M.J. 225 (C.A.A.F. 2011), the military judge dismissed this charge and the
underlying specifications after the members announced sentence. To account for this,
he recommended a 6-month reduction in the confinement portion of the members’ 30-
year adjudged sentence. The convening authority noted this recommendation as the
basis for approving a sentence including confinement for 29 years and 6 months.
   11  See United States v. Jordan, 2012 CCA LEXIS 454 (dismissing one specifica-
tion of aggravated sexual abuse of a child that was based upon the same conduct as
one of the rape of a child offenses).

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                           In Re Jordan, No. 201100621
                               Opinion of the Court

Supplemental Order No. LTP13-0295 of 9 October 2013, his dishonorable
discharge was ordered executed. He then petitioned the Judge Advocate
General of the Navy for a new trial pursuant to Article 73, UCMJ (2012).
When that request was denied, his case was finish-filed on 16 September
2014.

                                  II. DISCUSSION

A. Jurisdiction
    As an Article I Court with limited statutory powers as defined by Con-
gress, before entertaining Petitioner’s claim, we must first be satisfied of our
jurisdiction. 12 Pursuant to Article 66(b), UCMJ, by virtue of Petitioner’s
approved sentence including a dishonorable discharge and 29 years, 6
months’ confinement, this Court had jurisdiction when it previously consid-
ered his direct appeal. While not serving as “an independent grant of jurisdic-
tion, nor expand[ing] [our] existing statutory jurisdiction,” 13 the All Writs Act
allows us to grant Petitioner’s prayer for relief only if we determine: “(1) that
the requested writ is in aid of [our] existing jurisdiction; and (2) the requested
writ is necessary or appropriate.” 14

   1. Statutory limits on jurisdiction of military appellate courts
   Certain executive action must occur prior to execution of a sentence of
death, dismissal, or dishonorable or bad-conduct discharge. 15 A death penalty

   12  See Loving v. United States, 62 M.J. 235, 239 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (“we may not act
unless Congress has given us the authority to do so.”); see also United States v.
Arness, 74 M.J. 441, 442 (C.A.A.F. 2015) (“The courts of criminal appeals are courts
of limited jurisdiction, defined entirely by statute.”).
   13 LRM v. Kastenberg, 72 M.J. 364, 367 (C.A.A.F. 2013) (citing Clinton v. Gold-
smith, 526 U.S. 529, 534-5 (1999)).
   14 Id. at 367-68 (quoting Denedo v. United States, 66 M.J. 114, 119 (C.A.A.F.
2008)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
   15  While all actions were taken to finality in both the appellate review and execu-
tion of Petitioner’s dishonorable discharge, this was done pursuant to Article 71,
UCMJ (2012), which has been replaced by Article 57, UCMJ (2018). We note that the
same requirements and nearly identical language is found in this renumbered
section. Compare the 2018 version of Article 57(a)(3), (4), and (5) with the 2012
version of Article 71(a), (b), and (c). We continue to reference the 2012 version of
Article 71 as it applied throughout the stages of Petitioner’s case and in cited opin-
ions, but our holding today applies equally to Article 57 (2018).

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                            In Re Jordan, No. 201100621
                                Opinion of the Court

sentence must be acted upon by the President. 16 A dismissal or other punitive
discharge is reserved for Secretarial action. 17 Absent waiver or withdrawal of
appeal, this portion of the sentence may not be executed prior to “a final
judgment as to the legality of the proceedings,” 18 meaning completion of
direct legal review by the respective court of criminal appeals under Article
66, UCMJ, and any subsequent review that may be undertaken by the CAAF
pursuant to Article 67, UCMJ, and the Supreme Court by writ of certiorari.
    Congress designed the statute to ensure that appellate review of courts-
martial as affirmed, and dismissals and discharges as executed, are “final
and conclusive[,] . . . subject only to” three limited exceptions: (1) a petition
for a new trial under Article 73, UCMJ; (2) Service Secretary action to remit
or suspend a sentence under Article 74, UCMJ; and (3) Presidential action. 19
   In this context, the Supreme Court implores us to grant extraordinary
writ relief in only “extreme cases,” as “judgment finality is not to be lightly
cast aside.” 20 We will deny a petition unless a petitioner establishes his “clear
and indisputable right to the requested relief.” 21

   2. Application of Article 76, UCMJ, finality to extraordinary writ petitions
   In our 2019 published opinion, In Re Best, 22 this Court questioned the
continued validity of our decision in Fisher v. Commander, 23 where we held
that, despite completion of appellate review and execution of a petitioner’s
dishonorable discharge, Article 76, UCMJ, “is not a bar to our consideration

   16   See UCMJ art. 71(a) (2012).
   17   See UCMJ art. 71(b) (2012).
   18   UCMJ art. 71(c)(1) (2012).
   19   See UCMJ art. 76.
   20   Denedo, 556 U.S. at 916.
   21 Denedo, 66 M.J. at 126 (citing Cheney v. United States Dist. Court, 542 U.S.
367, 381 (2004)).
   22   79 M.J. 594 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 2019).
   23  Fisher v. Commander, 56 M.J. 691 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 2001). Fisher sought
extraordinary relief, contesting his return to military control to serve the remainder
of his sentence to include seven years’ confinement for desertion, rape, and assault
consummated by a battery. This followed satisfaction of his state sentence of nearly 8
of 16 years for a separate armed robbery he committed after absenting himself, post-
arraignment, from his court-martial.

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                             In Re Jordan, No. 201100621
                                 Opinion of the Court

of his [writ of habeas corpus] petition.” 24 Ultimately, in Best, we distin-
guished Fisher since Best’s punitive discharge had not yet been executed, and
thus his case was not final under Article 76. 25 Here, by contrast, Petitioner’s
dishonorable discharge has been executed and the appellate courts have
rendered a final judgment as to the legality of the proceedings, satisfying
Article 71(b) and (c)(1), UCMJ, and rendering his case final under Article 76,
UCMJ. Hence, absent any distinguishing facts in the present petition, we
must directly address Fisher.
    We start by considering those cases which have observed the central role
that finality of a court-martial under Article 76, UCMJ, plays in the ability of
military appellate courts to entertain prayers for relief pursuant to the All
Writs Act. In the wake of the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v.
Denedo, and the CAAF’s decision in United States v. Loving, we are the only
service appellate court whose precedent still maintains a claim of jurisdiction
to entertain a writ of habeas corpus after Article 76, UCMJ, has been satis-
fied. 26
   Our superior court in Loving was presented with a petition for extraordi-
nary relief in a capital case. There, final judgment concerning the legality of
the proceedings had been rendered by the appellate courts, so the sentence
was “ripe for approval” by the executive. 27 But there was no finality on the
matter as a whole because the President had not acted on the death sen-
tence. 28

   24   Id. at 693.
   25   See In re Best, 79 M.J. at 598.
   26 See Chapman v. United States, 75 M.J. 598 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2016) and
Gray v. Belcher, 70 M.J. 646, 647 (A. Ct. Crim. App. 2012). While the Coast Guard
Court of Criminal Appeals has yet to specifically address this issue in light of Denedo
in both the CAAF and Supreme Court and our sister service courts of criminal
appeal, it previously held that “Since the findings of guilty have become final by
operation of law after being affirmed by this Court and the U.S. Court of Military
Appeals [and the appellant’s discharge had been executed], consideration [of his
claims] is outside the purview of this Court.” United States v. Claxton, 34 M.J. 1112,
1113 (C.G.C.M.R. 1992).
   27   Loving, 62 M.J. at 243.
   28   Ultimately, over 20 years passed since satisfaction of Article 71(c)(1), UCMJ,
before, on 17 January 2017, President Obama acted under Article II, Section 2,
Clause I of the Constitution and Article 71(a), UCMJ, commuting Loving’s sentence
to life without the possibility of parole. His commutation was made expressly on the

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                             In Re Jordan, No. 201100621
                                 Opinion of the Court

    The court looked to the plain meaning of “final” in Article 76, UCMJ, by
examining the President’s role in approving the death sentence under Article
71(a), UCMJ (2000). The court found it “clear from the plain words of Articles
71(a) and 76 that the President must ‘approve’ a sentence of death before a
capital case is final within the meaning of Article 76. Furthermore, this
reading of the plain text is supported by the legislative history of Article
76.” 29 Thus, the CAAF determined that in this intermediary stage where one
required step—executive action—was incomplete, “jurisdiction [of the mili-
tary courts of appeal] continues until a case is final.” 30
    The Army Court of Criminal Appeals [ACCA] also addressed a death pen-
alty habeas petition in Gray v. Belcher, but distinguished it from Loving
because the President had already approved the petitioner’s sentence. Com-
bined with an affirmed conviction and sentence, all proceedings were thus
complete and the case was final under Article 76, UCMJ. As such, the ACCA
concluded it was “without jurisdiction to entertain collateral review under a
writ of habeas corpus.” 31 While finality barred the ACCA’s consideration of a
habeas corpus claim, Gray was not without recourse. His continuing confine-
ment afforded him the grounds to pursue the same writ through the Article
III courts.
    In Chapman v. United States, after final judgment, the petitioner filed a
petition for a writ of habeas corpus with the Air Force Court of Criminal
Appeals [AFCCA] concerning the legality of the proceedings and execution of

condition that Loving “shall never have any rights, privileges, claims, or benefits
arising under the parole and suspension or remission of sentence laws of the United
States and the regulations promulgated thereunder governing Federal prisoners
confined in any penal institution (including, but not limited to, 10 U.S.C. 871, 874,
952), or any acts amendatory or supplementary thereof.”
    29 Loving, 62 M.J. at 241 (“At the time of enactment of the UCMJ, both Armed
Services Committees said of Article 76: ‘This article is derived from AW [Article of
War] 50(h) and is modified to conform to terminology used in this code. Subject only
to a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in Federal court, it provides for the finality of
court-martial proceedings and judgments.’ ”) (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 81-491, at 35
(1949); S. Rep. No. 81-486, at 32 (1949) reprinted in 1980 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2222, 2258)
(alteration in original) (emphasis added).
    30   Loving, 62 M.J. at 240 (emphasis added).
    31 Gray, 70 M.J. at 647 (internal citation omitted) (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 81-491,
at 35 (1949) “Subject only to a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in Federal court,
[Article 76, UCMJ] provides for the finality of court-martial proceedings and judg-
ments.”).

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                             In Re Jordan, No. 201100621
                                 Opinion of the Court

his dishonorable discharge. Our sister court held that—due to the satisfaction
of Articles 71(b) (2012), 71(c)(1) (2012), and 76, UCMJ—it was without
jurisdiction to consider the writ. In doing so, the court noted that its holding
was aligned with the view that military courts’ jurisdiction was limited by
Article 76, UCMJ, a view shared by the Supreme Court in Denedo, the ACCA
in Gray, and by implication, the CAAF in Loving. 32 Further, the AFCCA
seized upon Supreme Court precedent distinguishing between a prayer for
coram nobis relief as a “belated extension of the original proceeding” 33 and a
habeas corpus petition that is distinct from the court-martial. 34 When a case
is final under Article 76, UCMJ, the former can be considered by military
courts of criminal appeals, but the latter is only appropriate for consideration
by Article III courts. 35
    We also note the CAAF recently summarily disposed of a prayer for relief
by a former Service Member prisoner at the United States Disciplinary
Barracks whose direct appellate review was complete upon the denial of
certiorari, whose dismissal had been executed, and whose case was thus final
under Article 76, UCMJ. The CAAF considered and denied the petition for a
writ of error coram nobis, but dismissed the petition for a writ of habeas
corpus for lack of jurisdiction. 36

    32 See Chapman, 75 M.J. at 600-601 (citing United States v. Denedo, 556 U.S. at
920 n.1 in which Chief Roberts in his dissent noted that while Article 76, UCMJ,
limits jurisdiction of military courts, that same statute “does not expressly effect any
change in the subject-matter jurisdiction of Art. III courts.” Schlesinger v. Council-
man, 420 U.S. 738, 749 (1975)). See also id. at 600 (“Implicit in this conclusion [of the
CAAF in Loving to emphasize its ability to consider the writ of habeas corpus
because the case was not yet final] was that if the proceedings were final under
Article 76, UCMJ, the military courts would not have jurisdiction.”).
    33   Denedo, 556 U.S. at 913.
    34See Chapman, 75 M.J. at 601 (citing United States v. Morgan, 346 U.S. 502,
505, n.4. (1954)).
    35See id. (quoting Burns v. Wilson, 346 U.S. 137, 139 (1953), “The federal civil
courts have jurisdiction over [habeas corpus petitions from those confined by court-
martial sentence] . . . . By statute, Congress has charged them with the exercise of
that power.”).
    36See Richards v. Barrett, No. 20-0212, 2020 CAAF LEXIS 262 (C.A.A.F. May 6,
2020) (mem.).

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                               In Re Jordan, No. 201100621
                                   Opinion of the Court

    3. As Fisher v. Commander is built upon “repudiated” and overruled deci-
sions, and fails to note the significance of Article 71 (now Article 57), UCMJ,
as affecting Article 76, UCMJ, finality, it is overruled
   In Fisher, this Court made an overly broad and sweeping pronouncement
as a result of failing to apply case finality under Article 76, UCMJ, to both
writs of error coram nobis and writs of habeas corpus. While we did not
specify the date when Fisher’s dishonorable discharge was executed, there is
no disagreement that it was done prior to the filing of his habeas petition. 37
This execution of his discharge followed completion of appellate review when
our superior court denied his petition for review of this Court’s decision. 38
Thus, when this Court received his petition, his case was already final under
Article 76, UCMJ.
    In concluding that we nevertheless had jurisdiction to consider Fisher’s
petition, we noted that “[a]s explained in Ponder, 39 we reject as overbroad the
Government’s interpretation of Clinton v. Goldsmith 40 . . . as a severe limita-
tion on our consideration of writ petitions.” But Ponder sought a writ of
mandamus and a stay of proceedings concerning his violation of a lawful
order. No conviction, much less completion of appellate review and execution
of a discharge, was before this Court. While we found the writ was “in aid of”
our potential jurisdiction (to satisfy the All Writs Act and reach the merits of
Ponder’s petition), the posture of that case was vastly different from that of
Fisher or the present matter.
    In Fisher, we held that a “final and conclusive” court-marital under Arti-
cle 76, UCMJ, was “not a bar to our consideration of [such a petition] and
that [a petition for either] a writ of habeas corpus or error coram nobis may
be filed with a military appellate court to collaterally attack a completed

   37  Fisher’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus (unsuccessfully) claimed he was
unlawfully confined by military authorities after serving his court-martial sentence
concurrently with his civilian prison sentence. Most relevant here, he averred
jurisdiction by the military was terminated when he received his dishonorable dis-
charge by means of his DD Form 214 while serving his sentence in a California
prison. See Fisher, 56 M.J. at 693.
   38 United States v. Fisher, No. 920034 (N.M.C.M.R. 30 Nov 1992) (unpub. op.);
United States v. Fisher, 37 M.J. 239 (C.M.A. 1993).
   39   Ponder v. Stone, 54 M.J. 613 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 2000).
   40   526 U.S. 529 (1999).

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                            In Re Jordan, No. 201100621
                                Opinion of the Court

court-martial proceeding.” 41 In so holding, we relied heavily upon the ACCA’s
holding in Dew v. United States, 42 whose “expansive approach” in considering
remedial jurisdiction has since been cast aside—expressly “repudiated”—by
the CAAF in Arness. 43
    More recently, in Best, we refrained from revisiting Fisher where it was
“unnecessary to the resolution of [that] case.” 44 Unlike in Best, however,
Petitioner has had his court-martial conviction and sentence reviewed and
affirmed in “a final judgment as to the legality of the proceedings,” 45 and his
dishonorable discharge has been executed. His case is thus “final and conclu-
sive” with respect to “the proceedings, findings, and sentence[ ] of [a] court[ ]-
martial as approved, reviewed, or affirmed as required by [the UCMJ], and
all dismissals and discharges [have been] carried into execution . . . .” 46 Thus,
because this case is final and we are considering a petition for a writ of
habeas corpus, we must address Fisher head-on. We do not take lightly the
disruption of established precedent. Nonetheless, given the clear wording of
the statute and considering Denedo, Loving, and Arness, as well as the
holdings of our sister courts in Gray and Chapman, we must act to correct
our earlier precedent.
    Accordingly, we overrule this Court’s determination in Fisher, holding
that we are without jurisdiction to consider a petition for a writ of habeas
corpus after a case has become final pursuant to Article 76, UCMJ.

   41 Fisher, 56 M.J. at 693 (emphasis added). As discussed infra, the CAAF and the
Supreme Court in Denedo both make clear that, as a writ of error coram nobis is a
continuation of the existing proceeding, if we once had jurisdiction to properly hear
the matter, we maintain jurisdiction to reach the merits, even after the case is final
under Article 76, UCMJ. The writ of habeas corpus, being a new proceeding, is
altogether different. While we no longer have jurisdiction to consider a petition for a
writ of habeas corpus after satisfaction of Article 76, UCMJ, such a petition may be
made to the appropriate Article III court.
   42   48 M.J. 639 (A. Ct. Crim. App. 1998).
   43   Arness, 74 M.J. at 443. Arness also overruled the CAAF’s opinions that Dew
itself relied upon as “the expansive concepts of remedial jurisdiction which underlay
McPhail [v. United States, 1 M.J. 457, 462-63 (C.M.A. 1976)] and, in particular,
Unger [v. Ziemniak 27 M.J. 349, 351-55 (C.M.A. 1989)] were later seriously under-
mined by the Supreme Court’s decision in Clinton v. Goldsmith.” Id.
   44   Best, 79 M.J. at 598 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
   45   UCMJ art. 71(c)(1) (2012).
   46   UCMJ art. 76.

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                             In Re Jordan, No. 201100621
                                 Opinion of the Court

B. Writ of Error Coram Nobis
    While Petitioner did not specifically raise the writ of coram nobis in his
pro se petition, we heed the call “[t]o make . . . protection[s] effective for
unlettered prisoners without friends or funds . . . [by] disregard[ing] legalistic
requirements” in order to “do[ ] justice.” 47 Taken on Petitioner’s claims
alone—alleging perjured trial testimony by his minor victim, the lone direct
witness to his crimes—this petition seems suited to a coram nobis [“before
us”] claim as it fundamentally goes to the core of the trial process. We consid-
er such a petition according to our continuing jurisdiction that is not extin-
guished by Article 76, UCMJ. However, despite finding jurisdiction, Petition-
er is not entitled to relief as he has not met the writ’s threshold require-
ments.
    A writ of coram nobis addresses legal or factual errors “of the most fun-
damental character, that is, such as rendered the proceeding itself irregular
and invalid.” 48 This extraordinary relief is granted only under exceptional
circumstances, where error that may change the result derives from facts not
apparent to the court during the original consideration of the case. 49
   We use a two-tiered approach to evaluate claims raised by a petition for a
writ of coram nobis. 50 Ensuring the writ is only granted in extraordinary
cases and does not trivialize case finality, 51 a petitioner must first satisfy
each of the following six stringent threshold requirements:
    (1) the alleged error is of the most fundamental character, such that use
of the writ is necessary to achieve justice;
   (2) no remedy other than coram nobis is available to rectify the conse-
quences of the error;

    47 United States v. Morgan, 346 U.S. 502, 505 (1954). See also Loving, 62 M.J. at
252 (“incorrectly describing the writ is not fatal to a petition, because courts look at
the substance of the writ rather than the form.”) (citing Pyles v. Boles, 250 F. Supp.
285, 288 (N.D.W.V. 1966)); see also Chapman, 75 M.J. at 601 (“The label placed on a
petition for extraordinary relief is of little significance.”) (internal quotation marks
and citation omitted).
    48 Morgan, 346 U.S. at 509 n.15 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted);
see also Denedo, 556 U.S. at 913.
    49   See United States v. Frischholz, 36 C.M.R. 306, 309 (C.M.A. 1966).
    50   See Denedo, 66 M.J. at 126.
    51   See Denedo, 556 U.S. at 911.

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                                Opinion of the Court

   (3) valid reasons exist for not seeking relief earlier;
   (4) the new information presented in the petition could not have been dis-
covered through the exercise of reasonable diligence prior to the original
judgment;
    (5) the writ does not seek to reevaluate previously considered evidence or
legal issues; and
   (6) the sentence has been served, but the consequences of the erroneous
conviction persist. 52
If any requirement is not met, the petition will be denied, and we will not
proceed to the second tier where we would analyze the petitioner’s assertions
according to the relevant standard of review. 53
    Here, we find Petitioner has failed to meet multiple threshold require-
ments. With an approved sentence in 2011 including confinement for 29
years and 6 months, Petitioner cannot meet the sixth threshold factor as he
remains confined at FCI Petersburg Medium with a normal release date of 10
March 2035. 54 While we have held we are without jurisdiction to entertain
his petition for habeas corpus, given his ongoing confinement, Petitioner may
seek this alternative remedy from the Article III courts. Thus, he fails to
satisfy the second threshold factor. 55
   Additionally, Petitioner fails to satisfy the fifth threshold factor. Central
to his petition is the assertion that the minor victim, his daughter Tina,
committed perjury at his trial. Both at trial and on appeal, the credibility of
her allegation was repeatedly attacked as unreliable and fabricated, to no
avail, resulting in both his conviction and the affirming of the same under
Articles 59 and 66, UCMJ (2012).
    Petitioner’s current claims bear striking resemblance to those made to our
superior court in his initial petition for review in 2013. 56 Petitioner repeated-
ly protested his innocence, contested rulings of the military judge that failed

   52   Id.
   53   Id.
   54   See https://www.bop.gov/ (last accessed 27 August 2020).
   55  Id. (stating that such an extraordinary remedy as a writ of coram nobis may
not issue when alternative remedies, such as habeas corpus, are available).
   56 Filed through counsel pursuant to United States v. Grostefon, 12 M.J. 431
(C.M.A. 1982).

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                            In Re Jordan, No. 201100621
                                Opinion of the Court

to exclude Tina’s testimony, claimed the evidence was insufficient because it
came from a child, and asserted that Tina “committed perjury by post-trial
admission.” 57 In his current petition, he again asserts that Tina lied in court
and states that she will not now come forward due to her concern about
prosecution for perjury. 58 While he includes unsworn declarations making
generalized claims from Tina’s siblings and a visitor to the Jordans’ home,
and a sworn affidavit from Tina’s mother that purports to attack Tina’s trial
testimony, there is no documentation from Tina herself to support Petition-
er’s claim seeking an extraordinary disruption of his long-final court-martial.
    These are not new claims. Petitioner raised the substance of these same
matters at trial, and they were considered in full by this Court in affirming
his conviction 59 and by our superior court in denying review. Thus, assuming
arguendo that Petitioner was not in continued confinement and without
alternative avenues of relief outside this extraordinary writ of coram nobis,
he would not satisfy the threshold requirements that prohibit petitioners
from merely seeking to re-litigate previously considered evidence or legal
issues.
   Hence, even considering Petitioner’s prayer for relief as a petition for a
writ of error coram nobis, we find his petition fails to satisfy the Denedo
requirements for coram nobis review.

                                  III. CONCLUSION

   The Petition for Extraordinary Relief in the Nature of a Writ of Habeas
Corpus and of a Writ of Error Coram Nobis is DENIED.

   57 Petition for Reconsideration, USCA Dkt. No. 13-0265/NA of 19 Aug 2013, Ap-
pendix 1 at 8.
   58   Decker B. Jordan, Petition to Vacate Conviction, (undated) at 6.
   59 See Jordan, 2012 CCA LEXIS 454, at *12-13 (“It is clear from the review of the
record of trial that evidence exists which proves every element of the charges for
which the appellant was convicted. After carefully reviewing the record and consider-
ing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, we are persuaded that
a reasonable fact-finder, in this case the members, could indeed have found all the
essential elements of the offenses beyond a reasonable doubt. . . . Furthermore, after
weighing all the evidence in the record of trial and having made allowances for not
having personally observed the witnesses, we are convinced beyond a reasonable
doubt of Appellant’s guilt as to those charges.”) (internal citations omitted).

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                   In Re Jordan, No. 201100621
                       Opinion of the Court

   Chief Judge MONAHAN, Chief Judge Emeritus CRISFIELD, Senior
Judges KING, GASTON, and STEPHENS, and Judges STEWART and
HOUTZ concur.

                         FOR THE COURT:

                         RODGER A. DREW, JR.
                         Clerk of Court

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