Court Opinion

ID: 4302954
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-08-10 22:00:29.026255+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:31:01.313503
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                         August 10, 2018
                         _________________________________
                                                                         Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                             Clerk of Court
DIGITAL SATELLITE CONNECTIONS,
LLC; KATHY KING,

      Plaintiffs - Appellants,

v.                                                         No. 15-1373
                                               (D.C. No. 1:13-CV-02934-REB-CBS)
DISH NETWORK CORPORATION;                                   (D. Colo.)
DISH NETWORK, LLC; DISHNET
SATELLITE BROADBAND, LLC,

      Defendants - Appellees.

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

DIGITAL SATELLITE CONNECTIONS,
LLC; KATHY KING,

      Plaintiffs - Appellants,

v.
                                                           No. 17-1110
DISH NETWORK CORPORATION;                      (D.C. No. 1:13-CV-02934-REB-CBS)
DISH NETWORK, LLC; DISHNET                                  (D. Colo.)
SATELLITE BROADBAND, LLC,

      Defendants - Appellees.
                      _________________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                         _________________________________

Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, BACHARACH and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
                 _________________________________

      *
        This order and judgment isn’t binding precedent, except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. But it may be cited for its
persuasive value. See Fed. R. App. P. 32.1; 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
      Digital Satellite Connections, LLC (DSC) and Kathy King (collectively, the

plaintiffs) appeal the district court’s orders granting summary judgment to defendants

Dish Network Corporation, Dish Network, LLC, and Dishnet Satellite Broadband,

LLC (collectively, Dish) on, inter alia, Dish’s breach-of-contract counterclaim. The

plaintiffs also challenge the district court’s order requiring specific performance from

DSC as a remedy for that breach. In doing so, the plaintiffs primarily attempt to

demonstrate the unreliability of certain summary-judgment evidence. But as the

plaintiffs repeatedly conceded below, the district court didn’t actually rely on this

evidence to begin with. And to the extent the plaintiffs instead address the summary-

judgment evidence the district court did rely on, their arguments fail. So too do the

plaintiffs’ arguments that the district court erred in requiring specific performance

from DSC. Accordingly, we affirm.

                                     Background1

      Doing business under the name “Digital Satellite Connections,” Donald King

began providing internet services and selling and installing satellite dishes in the

1990s.2 App. vol. 2, 25. According to Donald’s sister, plaintiff Kathy King,3 Donald

thought it would be a good idea to combine the words “DISH” (“a generic, shorthand

      1
         Because this is an appeal from an order granting summary judgment to Dish,
“we view all evidence and draw reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most
favorable to” the plaintiffs. Proctor v. UPS, 502 F.3d 1200, 1205 (10th Cir. 2007).
       2
         Digital Satellite Connections—the sole proprietorship that Donald King
created and operated—isn’t the same entity as DSC. DSC is a plaintiff in this action;
Digital Satellite Connections is not.
       3
         To avoid ambiguity, we refer to Kathy King by her last name and to Donald
King by his first name.
                                            2
term for a satellite dish”) and “NET” (“a shorthand term for the [i]nternet”) into a

single name for his business: “DISHNET.” Id. Donald conducted business under that

name and “operated a website at dishnet.com.” Id. At some point, Donald became a

retailer for Dish’s predecessor, EchoStar Satellite LLC (EchoStar).

      Donald died in October 2000. At that point, King took over his business and

continued to use the DISHNET name. Four years later, an EchoStar representative

contacted King and asked whether she “would be willing to sign the dishnet.com

domain over to Echo[S]tar.” Id. at 29. King declined to sign over the domain name,

and instead “continued to increase [her] promotion of the DISHNET mark.” Id.

      In 2010, King signed an agreement with Dish (the Retailer Agreement) that

authorized King to market Dish’s programming services. Under the terms of the

Retailer Agreement, which covered the period between December 31, 2010, and

December 31, 2012, Dish agreed that any notices it gave King pursuant to the

agreement would be made in writing and mailed to King at the physical address listed

on the Retailer Agreement’s first page. The Retailer Agreement also incorporated by

reference a separate agreement (the Trademark License Agreement) that governed

King’s use of Dish’s trademarks. Under the Trademark License Agreement, Digital

Satellite Connections agreed (1) not to hold itself out as Dish or to obtain, register,

use, acquire, or submit an application for any name, trademark, or service mark that

Dish deemed to be confusingly similar to any of its marks; and (2) to immediately

transfer to Dish, upon Dish’s request, any such mark. Finally, the Trademark License

Agreement contained a clause (the Survival Clause) stating that these obligations

                                            3
would survive indefinitely—even after the expiration or termination of the Retailer

Agreement.

      In 2012, Dish launched an internet service called dishNET. According to a

declaration from Dish employee Bruce Werner (the Werner Declaration), Dish

employees telephoned King in 2012 in conjunction with the launch of dishNET and

demanded—in what we refer to as the 2012 Demand—that King transfer the

dishnet.com domain name to Dish.4

      But King didn’t transfer the DISHNET mark or the dishnet.com domain name

to Dish. Instead, on the day the Retailer Agreement expired, she filed incorporation

papers for DSC and then assigned to DSC all of Digital Satellite Connections’

trademarks, service marks, trade names, and domain names. The plaintiffs then

brought the underlying suit against Dish, seeking to enjoin it from using the

DISHNET mark and alleging various claims, including trademark infringement and

breach of contract.

      Two days later, on January 31, 2013, Dish sent an email to King’s attorney

and—in what we refer to as the 2013 Demand—stated that King must immediately

transfer to Dish “any and all [t]rademarks and/or [i]dentifying [c]ommunications

[i]nformation, owned[,] reserved, filed, registered, etc.” by King, Digital Satellite

Connections, or any of Digital Satellite Connections’ affiliates. App. vol. 2, 113.

      4
        The plaintiffs deny that this phone call took place. For purposes of this
appeal, we assume that it didn’t. See Proctor, 502 F.3d at 1205.
                                            4
Unlike the existence of the 2012 Demand (which King disputed below and continues

to dispute on appeal), King has never disputed the existence of the 2013 Demand.

      In addition to making the 2013 Demand, Dish also asserted several

counterclaims against the plaintiffs, including counterclaims for breach of contract

and trademark infringement. Both sides then moved for summary judgment. In

response, the district court granted summary judgment to Dish on all of the plaintiffs’

claims. It also granted summary judgment to Dish “on the first three elements of”

Dish’s counterclaim for breach of contract (Counterclaim 1) and “the first two

elements of [Dish’s] trademark claims” (Counterclaims 2 and 3). App. vol. 1, 207.

The district court denied the plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment in its entirety

and also denied the balance of Dish’s motion for summary judgment.

      In ruling on the parties’ motions for summary judgment, the district court first

noted that “[n]early all of the claims and counterclaims hinge[d] on a determination

of which party ha[d] the legal right to own and use the trademark DISHNET and the

domain name dishnet.com.” Id. at 201. And in concluding that Dish owned those

rights, the district court (1) ruled that the Trademark License Agreement required

King to transfer to Dish the DISHNET trademark and dishnet.com domain name

upon Dish’s request; (2) cited the Werner Declaration, which described the alleged

2012 Demand; (3) acknowledged that the plaintiffs challenged the evidentiary value

of the Werner Declaration;5 and then (4) noted that the plaintiffs did not deny the

      5
       For instance, the plaintiffs argued that the Werner Declaration wasn’t based
on Werner’s personal knowledge and that it contained inadmissible hearsay.
                                           5
existence of the 2013 Demand. Finally, after citing the Survival Clause, the district

court ruled that the Trademark License Agreement’s requirements remained in effect

at the time of the 2013 Demand. Thus, the district court concluded, Dish was entitled

to summary judgment on the first three elements of Counterclaim 1: “(1) the

existence of a contract; (2) performance by the party claiming breach; [and]

(3) failure to perform by the other party.” App. vol. 1, 203. But the district court

ruled that “the undisputed facts in the record” didn’t establish the fourth element of

Counterclaim 1: “what damages, if any, Dish suffered as a result of the breach.” Id.

      Dish then filed a second motion for summary judgment on Counterclaim 1. In

that motion, Dish relinquished any request for actual damages. Instead, it asked the

district court to award Dish specific performance from the plaintiffs by ordering them

to cease their “use of the DISHNET trademark and transfer[] dishnet.com,

dishnetworks.com, and any other ‘dish’ domain names to [Dish].” Id. at 222.

      The district court granted Dish summary judgment on Counterclaim 1. And it

ordered specific performance from King. But the district court refused to order

specific performance from DSC. Dish then moved to reconsider, asking the district

court to expand its award of specific performance to apply to DSC.

      The district court granted Dish’s motion to reconsider. In doing so, it

recognized that DSC wasn’t a party to the Retailer Agreement or the Trademark

License Agreement. But, the district court explained, it could nevertheless grant an

award of specific performance against DSC because DSC wasn’t a “bona fide

                                            6
purchaser for value” of the DISHNET trademark and the dishnet.com domain name.

App. vol. 2, 103.

      The district court then entered judgment on March 24, 2017, and later certified

its judgment as final. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b) (authorizing district court to “direct

entry of a final judgment as to one or more, but fewer than all, claims . . . if the court

expressly determines that there is no just reason for delay”). The plaintiffs appeal.6

                                        Analysis

I.    The Orders Granting Summary Judgment

      In general, we review de novo the district court’s orders granting summary

judgment to Dish. See Eisenhour v. Weber Cty., 744 F.3d 1220, 1226 (10th Cir.

2014). But to the extent the plaintiffs challenge the district court’s underlying

evidentiary rulings, we review only for abuse of discretion. See Jones v. Barnhart,

349 F.3d 1260, 1270 (10th Cir. 2003).

      6
         Despite the fact that several of Dish’s counterclaims remained unresolved at
the time, the plaintiffs filed an initial notice of appeal on September 30, 2015. That
notice of appeal designated, among other things, the district court’s orders granting
summary judgment to Dish and awarding it specific performance from King. We
docketed that appeal as Appeal No. 15-1373 but abated it until August 18, 2016,
pending resolution of Dish’s motion to reconsider. We subsequently docketed the
plaintiffs’ appeal from the district court’s March 24, 2017 order as Appeal No. 17-
1110. The plaintiffs’ notice of appeal in Appeal No. 17-1110 also lists the orders
appealed from in Appeal No. 15-1373. In light of the district court’s Rule 54(b)
certification, we now have jurisdiction to review all of the challenged orders. See
Mock v. T.G. & Y. Stores Co., 971 F.2d 522, 527 (10th Cir. 1992) (“The general rule
is that interlocutory rulings merge into the final judgment of the court and become
appealable only once a final judgment has been entered.”).
                                            7
      A.     The 2012 Demand

      The plaintiffs’ primary argument on appeal is that the district court abused its

discretion in relying on evidence of the alleged 2012 Demand. In particular, the

plaintiffs argue that (1) “[n]othing in the Werner Declaration” demonstrates that

Werner based his statements about the alleged 2012 Demand on his own personal

knowledge, Aplt. Br. 17-1110, 42; (2) the Werner Declaration contains inadmissible

hearsay; (3) the Werner Declaration is contradicted by representations that Dish made

in other filings; (4) the plaintiffs controverted the Werner Declaration with evidence

of their own; and (5) the Werner Declaration doesn’t allege that the 2012 Demand

was made in writing and sent to the address listed on the first page of the Retailer

Agreement. Based on these assertions, the plaintiffs argue that the Werner

Declaration wasn’t “proper summary judgment evidence.” Aplt. Br. 17-1110, 33.

      But even if we assume the truth of the five assertions listed above, this

assumption merely demonstrates that if the district court relied on evidence of the

2012 Demand, then the district court abused its discretion. To prevail on appeal, the

plaintiffs must also show that the district court did, in fact, rely on evidence of the

2012 Demand. And they can’t make this showing. Instead, as Dish points out, the

district court relied on evidence of the 2013 Demand—not the 2012 Demand—in

granting its motions for summary judgment.

      It’s true that the district court didn’t expressly disavow any reliance upon the

2012 Demand. Nor did it expressly specify it was instead relying on the 2013

demand. But that is clearly the impetus of its order. The district court referenced both

                                            8
(1) Dish’s evidence of the 2012 Demand and (2) the plaintiffs’ objections to that

evidence. And significantly, rather than address those objections, the district court

simply pointed out that King didn’t deny the existence of the 2013 Demand. Then,

after citing the Survival Clause, the district court ruled that the Trademark License

Agreement’s requirements remained in effect at the time of the 2013 Demand.

       If the district court were relying on evidence of the 2012 Demand—a demand

that allegedly occurred before the Retailer Agreement expired—the court would have

had no reason to point out that the Trademark License Agreement’s requirements

survived the expiration of that agreement and therefore remained in effect at the time

of the 2013 Demand. Thus, we conclude that in granting summary judgment to Dish,

the district court opted to bypass the plaintiffs’ numerous objections to Dish’s

reliance on the 2012 Demand and instead rely solely upon evidence of the 2013

Demand, which the district court found sufficient to establish Dish’s “legal right to

own and use the trademark DISHNET and the domain name dishnet.com.”7 App.

vol. 1, 201.

       7
         The plaintiffs characterize the district court’s ruling that Dish owns a
protectable trademark in DISHNET as “improper.” Aplt. Br. 17-1110, 57. In support,
they allege that Dish never asked the district court to make such a finding. Instead,
according to the plaintiffs, Dish “only alleged ownership of DISH and/or DISH
NETWORK.” Id. But the plaintiffs’ discussion of this point comprises a mere three
sentences; they fail to cite any legal authority that might support it; and indeed, they
concede that “the law is unclear in this area.” Id. at 56. Accordingly, we treat this
argument as waived and decline to consider it. See Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8)(A)
(requiring argument section of appellant’s brief to contain “appellant’s contentions
and the reasons for them, with citations to the authorities and parts of the record on
which the appellant relies”); Bronson v. Swensen, 500 F.3d 1099, 1105 (10th Cir.
2007) (“But these cursory statements, without supporting analysis and case law, fail
                                           9
      Despite these clear indications of the district court’s rationale, the plaintiffs

maintain that “the district court erroneously relied upon” the 2012 Demand, Aplt.

Br. 17-1110, 39; that “[t]he importance of the district court’s consideration of” the

2012 Demand “cannot be overstated,” id. at 38; that the district court’s ruling below

“turned on” the 2012 Demand, id. at 16; and that “[t]he outcome of this appeal”

likewise “turns on whether” evidence of the 2012 Demand “was proper summary

judgment evidence,” id. at 32.

      These assertions on appeal are surprising, if not disingenuous. Although Dish

fails to point out as much, our review of the record reveals that the plaintiffs

expressly and repeatedly staked out the opposite position below. For instance, in

asking the district court to reconsider its first summary-judgment order, the plaintiffs

asserted, “In finding that [King] breached, the [district court] appears to have relied

exclusively on [the 2013 Demand].” App. vol. 1, 213 n.5. Likewise, in their reply to

Dish’s response to their motion to reconsider, the plaintiffs again insisted that the

district court “appears to have relied only on [the 2013 Demand].” App. vol. 2, 38

(emphasis in original).

      In light of these repeated concessions and our own reading of the district

court’s analysis, we conclude that the district court didn’t rely on evidence of the

2012 Demand in granting Dish’s motions for summary judgment. Thus, we need not

address the plaintiffs’ arguments about the 2012 Demand. Cf. Nixon v. City & Cty. of

to constitute the kind of briefing that is necessary to avoid application of the [waiver]
doctrine.”).
                                           10
Denver, 784 F.3d 1364, 1366 (10th Cir. 2015) (explaining that appellant’s “first task”

is “to explain what was wrong with the reasoning that the district court relied on in

reaching its decision,” rather than “argu[ing] against positions not adopted by the

district court”); id. at 1369 (declining to address arguments about legal authority that

district court “in no way relied on” below).

      B.     The 2013 Demand

      As discussed above, the plaintiffs’ primary argument on appeal is that the

district court erred in relying on the 2012 Demand. But scattered throughout their

opening brief are a few cursory suggestions that, to the extent the district court

instead relied on the 2013 Demand, it erred in doing so.8 In particular, the plaintiffs

assert that (1) by the time Dish made the 2013 Demand, the Retailer Agreement had

expired; (2) Dish didn’t mail the 2013 Demand to King at the address listed on the

first page of the Retailer Agreement; and (3) it’s unclear whether the 2013 Demand

“was for ‘transfer of the [DISHNET] trademark and domain name’” specifically.

Aplt. Br. 17-1110, 40 (quoting App. vol. 1, 199).

      Yet to the extent the plaintiffs argue that the Retailer Agreement expired

before Dish made the 2013 Demand, they fail to acknowledge—let alone challenge—

the district court’s reason for rejecting this argument below: the district court ruled

that Dish’s right to enforce the Trademark License Agreement survived the 2012

      8
        The plaintiffs advance additional challenges to the district court’s reliance on
the 2013 Demand in their reply brief. But arguments raised for the first time in a
reply brief are waived. See M.D. Mark, Inc. v. Kerr-McGee Corp., 565 F.3d 753, 768
n.7 (10th Cir. 2009). Thus, we decline to address these arguments.
                                           11
expiration of the Retailer Agreement under the Survival Clause.9 Thus, because the

plaintiffs’ “opening brief contains nary a word to challenge” the basis for the district

court’s ruling, they have waived any challenge to that ruling. Nixon, 784 F.3d at 1369

(summarily affirming order dismissing appellant’s claim because appellant failed to

challenge district court’s basis for that ruling).

       In any event, we agree with the district court that the plaintiffs’ obligations

under the Trademark License Agreement survived the 2012 expiration of the Retailer

Agreement. The plain language of the Survival Clause unambiguously states as

much. And we must therefore enforce that plain language. See USI Props. E., Inc. v.

Simpson, 938 P.2d 168, 173 (Colo. 1997) (“[W]ritten contracts that are complete and

free from ambiguity will be found to express the intention of the parties and will be

enforced according to their plain language.”).10 Thus, even if we reached the

plaintiffs’ argument on this point, we would reject it.

       The same analysis applies to the plaintiffs’ assertion that the district court

erred in relying on the 2013 Demand because Dish failed to mail that demand to the

address listed on the first page of the Retailer Agreement. That is, the plaintiffs again

fail to acknowledge or challenge the grounds the district court provided for rejecting

this argument below; i.e., that the Retailer Agreement’s address requirement didn’t

apply to requests that—like the 2013 Demand—were made pursuant to the

       9
          The plaintiffs briefly challenge the district court’s reliance on the Survival
Clause in their reply brief. But the scant two sentences they dedicate to this point are
too little, too late. See M.D. Mark, Inc., 565 F.3d at 768 n.7.
        10
           The district court concluded that Colorado law controls, and the plaintiffs
don’t suggest otherwise on appeal.
                                            12
Trademark License Agreement. So the plaintiffs have again waived any argument on

this point. See Nixon, 784 F.3d at 1369. And once again, even if we overlooked the

plaintiffs’ deficient briefing, their argument fails on the merits. Assuming the district

court erred in concluding Dish wasn’t required to send the 2013 Demand to the

physical address listed in the Retailer Agreement, the fact remains that the plaintiffs

don’t dispute King actually received the email that contained the 2013 Demand.

Thus, this “alternative delivery method” satisfied “the parties’ intent” and therefore

complied with the Retailer Agreement’s terms. Suss Pontiac-GMC, Inc. v. Boddicker,

208 P.3d 269, 270 (Colo. App. 2008); cf. id. at 271–72 (explaining that when parties

“agree to send a notice by certified or registered mail,” they typically “intend nothing

more than to forestall disputes about timeliness and actual delivery”; holding that

alternative delivery method satisfied this intent, “and thus complied with the

contract,” because defendant actually received timely written notice).

      That leaves only the plaintiffs’ assertion that the 2013 Demand was

insufficiently specific to trigger their obligations under the Trademark License

Agreement. As the plaintiffs point out, the email containing the 2013 Demand

doesn’t specifically refer to DISHNET or to the dishnet.com domain name. Thus,

they contend, the email didn’t trigger their obligation to transfer.

      We decline to reach this argument. Notably, the plaintiffs fail to provide a

citation to the record demonstrating that the district court ruled on this argument

below. Indeed, the plaintiffs fail to demonstrate that they ever advanced the argument

to begin with. See 10th Cir. R. 28.2(C)(2) (“For each issue raised on appeal, all briefs

                                           13
must cite the precise reference in the record where the issue was raised and ruled

on.”); Singleton v. Wulff, 428 U.S. 106, 120 (1976) (“It is the general rule, of course,

that a federal appellate court does not consider an issue not passed upon below.”).

Moreover, the plaintiffs also fail to argue for plain error on appeal. Thus, they have

waived this argument. See Harolds Stores, Inc. v. Dillard Dep’t Stores, Inc., 82 F.3d
1533, 1540 n.3 (10th Cir. 1996) (assuming, in absence of record citation, that

appellant failed to raise argument below); Richison v. Ernest Grp., Inc., 634 F.3d
1123, 1131 (10th Cir. 2011) (“[T]he failure to argue for plain error and its application

on appeal . . . marks the end of the road for an argument for reversal not first

presented to the district court.”).

       Moreover, even if we agreed to reach this argument, we would reject it. That’s

because the plaintiffs implicitly conceded below that the 2013 Demand triggered

their obligation to transfer the dishnet.com domain name. Specifically, in responding

to Dish’s motion for summary judgment, the plaintiffs (1) cited Dish’s allegation that

the 2012 Demand was for “transfer [of] the dishnet.com domain name”; (2) argued

that evidence of the 2012 Demand was unreliable; and then (3) stated, “To be clear,

[the plaintiffs do] not deny that after this suit was filed in 2013, DISH made a written

demand.” App. vol. 1, 139. Implicit in the plaintiffs’ juxtaposition of evidence of the

2012 Demand for the domain name (which the plaintiffs objected to) and evidence of

the 2013 Demand (to which they had no objection) is an acknowledgment that the

2013 Demand was—like the 2012 Demand—also for the domain name. Thus, in light

                                           14
of this implicit concession, the district court didn’t err in concluding that the 2013

Demand was sufficiently specific to trigger the plaintiffs’ transfer obligations.

      C.     Conclusion

      The plaintiffs fail to establish that the district court relied on evidence of the

2012 Demand in resolving the parties’ summary-judgment motions. What’s more,

they repeatedly conceded below that it didn’t. Thus, their challenges to that evidence

are incapable of demonstrating reversible error. For that reason, we need not and do

not address them. Likewise, in light of the plaintiffs’ numerous briefing deficiencies,

we treat as waived and decline to address the plaintiffs’ challenges to the district

court’ reliance on the 2013 Demand. Finally, we note that even if we agreed to reach

these arguments, they would fail on the merits. Accordingly, we affirm the district

court’s orders granting summary judgment to Dish.11

II.   The Order Requiring Specific Performance from DSC

      Even assuming that Dish is entitled to summary judgment on Counterclaim 1,

the plaintiffs argue that the district court erred in ordering specific performance from

DSC as a remedy for King’s breach of contract. We review the district court’s award

      11
         The plaintiffs assert that we should not only reverse the district court’s
orders granting summary judgment to Dish, but that we should remand with
directions to enter summary judgment for plaintiffs on their trademark-infringement
claim. But this assertion turns on the plaintiffs’ argument that “there is no evidence
that [Dish] demanded the mark.” Aplt. Br. 17-1110, 52. For the reasons discussed
above, we cannot agree. Accordingly, we decline to grant the plaintiffs summary
judgment on their trademark-infringement claim.
                                           15
of specific performance for abuse of discretion.12 See Koch v. Koch, 903 F.2d 1333,

1335 (10th Cir. 1990). Under that deferential standard, we won’t “disturb” the district

court’s ruling unless “it was based on a clearly erroneous finding of fact or an

erroneous conclusion of law or manifests a clear error of judgment.” Cartier v.

Jackson, 59 F.3d 1046, 1048 (10th Cir. 1995).

       In granting Dish’s request to extend its award of specific performance, the

district court first acknowledged that DSC wasn’t “a party to” the Retailer

Agreement. App. vol. 2, 102. And as the plaintiffs point out, the general rule is that

“specific performance will not be allowed when it depends for its performance on the

act or assent of a person who is not a party to the agreement” at issue. Chandler

Trailer Convoy, Inc. v. Rocky Mountain Mobile Home Towing Servs., Inc., 552 P.2d
522, 523 (Colo. App. 1976). But the district court then cited an exception to this

general rule: “[S]pecific performance may be granted against a subsequent purchaser

who is not a bona fide purchaser for value, even though the subsequent purchaser is

not a party to the contract at issue.” App. vol. 2, 102; accord Chandler, 552 P.2d
12
          The plaintiffs characterize the district court’s award as a preliminary
injunction. But as Dish points out, “there was nothing ‘preliminary’ about” it: the
district court ruled that Dish was entitled to summary judgment on Counterclaim 1
and then ordered specific performance from DSC as a remedy. Aplee. Br. 17-1110, 3;
cf. Schrier v. Univ. of Colo., 427 F.3d 1253, 1258 (10th Cir. 2005) (explaining
narrow purpose of preliminary injunction). In asserting otherwise, the plaintiffs insist
that “the district court’s orders fall within the definition of a ‘preliminary injunction’
because they enjoin behavior and command performance, yet no ‘final judgment’ has
been entered.” Rep. Br. 15-1373, 19. This may have been true at one point in the
litigation. But it’s no longer the case; the plaintiffs concede that the district court has
now entered final judgment. Because the plaintiffs fail to demonstrate that the district
court issued a preliminary injunction, we decline to consider their argument that it
erred in doing so.
                                            16
at 524. And the district court ruled that the Chandler exception applies here because

DSC wasn’t “a bona fide purchaser for value” of “the DISHNET trademark, the

dishnet.com domain name, and the related trademarks and domain names.” App.

vol. 2, 103. Thus, the district court ordered specific performance from DSC.

      The plaintiffs assert this was error. First, they argue that the Chandler

exception doesn’t apply here because (1) it only applies “to competing claims to

property involving a subsequent ‘purchaser’” and (2) DSC wasn’t a “‘purchaser’ of

anything.”13 Aplt. Br. 17-1110, 55 (emphases added).

      The plaintiffs are correct that Chandler states, “[S]pecific performance may be

granted against a subsequent purchaser who is not a bona fide purchaser for value.”
552 P.2d at 524 (emphasis added). But whether the subsequent party must be a

“purchaser” at all simply wasn’t at issue in Chandler. Id. Moreover, the plaintiffs

don’t make any argument as to why this distinction makes any difference. And we

      13
          The plaintiffs actually assert that the Chandler exception doesn’t apply
because Dish wasn’t a “‘purchaser’ of anything.” Aplt. Br. 17-1110, 55. We opt to
treat this reference to Dish—rather than DSC—as a typo in order to reconcile the
argument that the plaintiffs present on appeal with the one they advanced below.
There, the plaintiffs argued that because DSC wasn’t “a ‘purchaser’ in the first
place,” the district court’s Chandler “analysis [was] misplaced from the start.” App.
vol. 2, 92. Likewise, they insisted that the Colorado Court of Appeals’ decision in
Chandler was “irrelevant” because there was “no evidence that [DSC] was a
‘purchaser’ of assets . . . in the first place.” Id. at 95 (emphasis added). Accordingly,
we assume this is the argument they intend to advance on appeal and construe it as
such. To the extent that the plaintiffs are instead attempting to argue on appeal that
the Chandler exception somehow doesn’t apply because Dish didn’t purchase
anything, they have waived that argument by failing to raise it below and then failing
to make a plain-error argument on appeal. See Richison, 634 F.3d at 1131 (“[T]he
failure to argue for plain error and its application on appeal . . . marks the end of the
road for an argument for reversal not first presented to the district court.”).
                                           17
can’t see why it would. Regardless of whether the subsequent party at issue is a

purchaser, the recipient of a gratuitous transfer, or a sneak thief, equitable principles

allow a court to order that subsequent party to transfer the property at issue to the

party that originally contracted for it unless the subsequent party is a bona fide

purchaser for value. See Harris Tr. & Sav. Bank v. Salomon Smith Barney, Inc., 530
U.S. 238, 251 (2000) (explaining that common-law equitable principles give courts

power “to reach the property either in the hands of the original wrongdoer, or in the

hands of any subsequent holder, until a purchaser of it in good faith and without

notice acquires a higher right” (emphasis added) (quoting Moore v. Crawford, 130
U.S. 122, 128 (1889))). Thus, the fact that DSC didn’t purchase the property at issue

from King doesn’t mean that the district court erred in applying the Chandler

exception. Indeed, the fact that DSC didn’t purchase the property only serves to

bolster the district court’s ruling. See id. (suggesting that only bona fide purchaser for

value can ever “acquire[] a higher right” to property that is sufficient to preclude “a

court of equity” from “reach[ing] the property” and awarding it to party that

originally contracted for it (quoting Moore, 130 U.S. at 128)).

      Finally, in a related argument, the plaintiffs assert that the district court erred

in applying the Chandler exception because whether DSC had notice of Dish’s claim

to the property at issue “was a disputed fact.” Aplt. Br. 17-1110, 56; see also Himes

v. Schiro, 711 P.2d 1281, 1283 (Colo. App. 1985) (“A bona fide purchaser is one

who takes property upon payment of value, in good faith, and lacking notice of any

defect in the title.”). But even assuming that DSC lacked notice of Dish’s claim, that

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fact wouldn’t necessarily insulate DSC from an order to perform. That’s because the

plaintiffs have repeatedly conceded that DSC wasn’t “a ‘purchaser’ in the first

place.” App. vol. 2, 92. And as we explain above, only a bona fide purchaser for

value would fall outside the district court’s equitable reach. See Harris, 530 U.S.

at 251. Accordingly, even if the district court erred in concluding that DSC had

notice of Dish’s claim, the plaintiffs fail to demonstrate that error requires reversal.

See Shinseki v. Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 410 (2009) (explaining that “party seeking

reversal normally must explain why the erroneous ruling caused harm”).

                                       Conclusion

      The plaintiffs fail to demonstrate that the district court (1) relied on the 2012

Demand; (2) erred in relying on the 2013 Demand; or (3) abused its discretion in

extending its award of specific performance to DSC. Accordingly, we affirm. As a

final matter, we grant the parties’ motions to file their briefs in Appeal No. 15-1373

under seal; the plaintiffs’ motion to file their opening brief in Appeal No. 17-1110

under seal; and Dish’s motion to file Volume 3 of its Supplemental Appendix under

seal. We likewise grant the plaintiffs’ motion to file Appendix Volume 3 under seal.14

To the extent we rely on pages 105–06 and 153 of Appendix Volume 3 to resolve this

appeal, Dish has provided redacted copies of those pages of the record. Those pages

      14
         Dish asks us to exclude certain pages of Appendix Volume 3 from the
record. Because we don’t rely on any of those pages to resolve this appeal and
because those pages will remain under seal, we deny this request as moot.
                                            19
appear in the redacted version of Appendix Volume 3 filed on December 2, 2016, in

Appeal No. 15-1373.

                                         Entered for the Court

                                         Nancy L. Moritz
                                         Circuit Judge

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