Court Opinion

ID: 9449215
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-04 05:07:13.341251+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:31:47.204819
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                     UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     August 3, 2023
               Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant,

v                                                                    No. 352302
                                                                     Macomb Circuit Court
DOMINICK DONOVAN WILLIAMS,                                           LC No. 2018-003529-FC

               Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee.

Before: GADOLA, P.J., and JANSEN and O’BRIEN, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

                                          ON REMAND

        Defendant, who was 18 years old at the time of the offense, was convicted by jury trial of
first-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520b(1)(a) (victim under 13). Defendant was
sentenced to 15 to 40 years’ imprisonment. Defendant filed an appeal of right, arguing that his
trial counsel was ineffective in multiple respects, and the prosecutor filed a cross-appeal, arguing
that the trial court had erred by failing to sentence defendant to the statutorily mandated minimum
term of 25 years. This Court rejected defendant’s appellate arguments but agreed with the
prosecutor’s argument on cross-appeal, thus affirming defendant’s conviction and remanding for
resentencing. People v Williams, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued
July 29, 2021 (Docket No. 352302) (Williams I), vacated in part & remanded, lv den in part 510
Mich 1094 (2022). Defendant applied for leave to appeal in our Supreme Court. The Court
vacated the part of our opinion that reversed defendant’s sentence, and remanded the case to this
Court for reconsideration of that issue in light of People v Parks, 510 Mich 225; 987 NW2d 161
(2022), and People v Stovall, 510 Mich 301; 987 NW2d 85 (2022). People v Williams, 510 Mich
1094 (2022) (Williams II). The Court denied leave to appeal in all other respects. Id. We again
reverse defendant’s sentence and remand for resentencing in conformity with MCL
750.520b(2)(b).

                 I. BACKGROUND FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       The underlying facts were provided in our previous opinion as follows:

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               Defendant, at age 18, was close friends for many years with complainant’s
       older brothers, and had become close with the entire family. On an occasion when
       defendant spent the night at the family’s home, complainant, age 12 at the time,
       found herself alone on the couch with defendant, watching a movie while everyone
       else had fallen asleep. Complainant testified that defendant held her hand under
       the blankets, and, less than 10 minutes later, defendant put his hand into her shirt
       and under her bra to feel her breast while she felt frozen in fear. Complainant
       reported that, five or 10 minutes later, defendant opened his pants, placed her hand
       on his penis, and moved it up and down. Defendant then put his hand into her
       underwear, and moved two fingers in and out of her vagina for about five to 10
       minutes. According to complainant, defendant asked if he might insert his penis
       into her vagina, and she said “no” before leaving the couch. The following day,
       complainant disclosed the incident to her friends, who informed her family.
       Complainant’s brothers separately confronted defendant, who confirmed that he
       had sexually assaulted complainant. Complainant’s mother contacted the police.
       [Williams I, unpub op at 1.]

Defendant was convicted and sentenced as described, id., and on appeal, this Court rejected his
arguments that his trial counsel was ineffective. Id. at 1-5.

         On cross-appeal, the prosecutor argued that the trial court erred by failing to sentence
defendant to the statutorily mandated minimum term of 25 years, and we agreed. Id. at 1. We
noted that “[a] conviction of first-degree criminal sexual conduct is normally punishable by
imprisonment for life or any term of years.” Id. at 5, citing MCL 750.520b(2)(a). But when the
defendant is 17 years of age or older “and the victim is under the age of 13, as in this case, the
sentence is ‘imprisonment for life or any term of years, but not less than 25 years.’ ” Williams I,
unpub op at 5, quoting MCL 750.520b(2)(b). The prosecutor argued that the trial court erred by
imposing a minimum sentence that fell below the statutory requirement. Williams I, unpub op at 5.
Defendant asserted, both below and “on appeal, that application of the mandatory minimum in his
case would be disproportionate, and in violation of the prohibition of ‘cruel and unusual’
punishment in the Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution.” Id. We noted that “[t]he
Michigan Constitution similarly prohibits ‘cruel or unusual’ punishment.” Id., citing Const 1963,
art 1, § 16.

       The trial court declined to impose the statutorily mandated minimum sentence

       by noting how much longer that 25-year minimum was than the guidelines
       recommendation of 27 to 45 months, that defendant had just turned 18 years old at
       the time of the crime, had no history of sex crimes or other criminality, and that his
       crime did not involve a weapon or coercion. The trial court opined that the factors
       of youth described in Miller v Alabama, 567 US 460, 470-473; 132 S Ct 2455; 183
       L Ed 2d 407 (2012), “would necessarily apply to the defendant in this case,” and
       stated that defendant had lived an unremarkable life, graduated high school, and
       had aspirations. [Williams I, unpub op at 5.]

The trial court concluded that

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       [n]one of . . . these circumstances are taken into account in the guidelines nor can
       they be with the statutorily required minimum sentence of 25 years. The court
       believes its mandatory sentence in this case unnecessarily limits judicial discretion,
       prohibits the court for [sic: from] fashioning a sentence to fit the offender and the
       circumstances of the case. For all these reasons, the court finds the 25-year
       mandatory sentence to be disproportionate.

               While there is no precise mathematical calculation that can be utilized, the
       sentence to be imposed . . . this court believes . . . takes into account the age of the
       victim, the seriousness of the offense, and will assure protection of society and act
       as a deterrent to further behavior of this type by the defendant. [Id. at 5-6 (quotation
       marks omitted).]

       We explained the flaws in the trial court’s reasoning as follows:

               However, proportionality in the context of a legislatively mandated
       sentence “concerns whether the punishment concededly chosen or authorized by
       the Legislature is so grossly disproportionate as to be unconstitutionally ‘cruel or
       unusual,’ ” and the discussion of general principles of proportionality in People v
       Milbourn, 435 Mich 630, 650; 461 NW2d 1 (1990), overruled by statute as
       recognized in People v Armisted, 295 Mich App 32, 51; 811 NW2d (2011), adopted
       in People v Steanhouse, 500 Mich 453, 471-472; 902 NW2d 327 (2017), “has no
       applicability to a legislatively mandated sentence because the trial court, in that
       case, lacks any discretion to abuse.” People v Bullock, 440 Mich 15, 34 n 17; 485
       NW2d 866 (1992). “Because the Legislature subscribed to the principle of
       proportionality in developing the sentencing scheme,” a legislatively mandated
       sentence is presumed to be proportionate and valid. People v Williams, 189 Mich
       App 400, 404; 473 NW2d 727 (1991). Accordingly, the trial court erred to the
       extent that it based its sentence, and its rejection of the legislatively mandated 25-
       year minimum sentence, on general principles of proportionality. Additionally, the
       trial court erred to the extent that it believed that Miller applied to this case, because
       Miller concerned the sentencing of a juvenile, rather than an adult, as is the case
       here. See Miller, 567 US at 470-474. [Id. at 6 (footnote omitted).]

       We took note of defendant’s acknowledgment that “this Court has considered and rejected
his constitutional argument relating to cruel and unusual punishment.” Id., citing People v Benton,
294 Mich App 191, 203-207; 817 NW2d 599 (2011). We explained:

       The defendant in Benton emphasized that the offenses at issue “did not involve any
       force, violence, coercion, or trickery, and that the victim did not sustain physical or
       psychological injury,” and that the defendant had “no prior criminal record of any
       kind . . . and she had otherwise led an exemplary life.” Benton, 294 Mich App at
       205 (quotation marks omitted). The defendant argued, therefore, that “her
       sentences are unduly harsh in view of the particular offense, which she
       characterizes as a comparatively benign type of child assault.” Id. This Court
       evaluated the pertinent factors and stated, “we reject defendant’s argument that her

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       mandatory 25-year minimum sentences are unconstitutionally cruel or unusual.”
       Id. at 207. [Williams I, unpub op at 6.]

        Moreover, “ ‘[i]n deciding if punishment is cruel or unusual, this Court looks to the gravity
of the offense and the harshness of the penalty, comparing the punishment to the penalty imposed
for other crimes in this state, as well as the penalty imposed for the same crime in other states.’ ”
Id., quoting People v Brown, 294 Mich App 377, 390; 811 NW2d 531 (2011). We continued:

       In Benton, 294 Mich App at 205-205 [sic], this Court determined that the severity
       of the 25-year mandatory minimum sentence imposed was not disproportionate to
       the gravity of an adult committing a sexual crime against a child less than 13 years
       old, even considering the defense argument that the behavior underlying the
       conviction was not particularly egregious in the context of sexual abuse. This Court
       reasoned that the Legislature was furthering Michigan’s public policy of protecting
       children from sexual exploitation, and stated that “the Legislature did not intend to
       withdraw the law’s protection of the victim in order to protect the offender.” Id. at
       205 (quotation marks and citation omitted). This Court also concluded that the
       mandatory sentence was not disproportionately harsh compared to sentences for
       other violent offenses in Michigan. Id. at 206. The Court reasoned that “sexual
       activity by an adult with a preteen victim is an offense that violates deeply ingrained
       social values of protecting children from sexual exploitation,” and that “sexual
       abuse of children causes substantial long-term psychological effects, with
       implications of far-reaching social consequences.” Id. This Court concluded that
       “[t]he unique ramifications of sexual offenses against a child preclude a purely
       qualitative comparison of sentences for other offenses to assess whether the
       mandatory 25-year minimum sentence is unduly harsh.” Id. Also, this Court noted
       that at least 18 other states imposed the same sentence for the same crime. Id. at
       206-207 & n 1. [Williams I, unpub op at 6-7.]

       We rejected defendant’s attempt to distinguish Benton from the present case:

               Defendant argues that Benton is distinguishable from the instant
       circumstances because Benton involved an older defendant who had a trusting
       relationship with the victim. However, defendant was in fact legally an adult at the
       relevant time, even if a young one, and he also had a trusting relationship with
       complainant as a close family friend. This Court has examined the constitutionality
       of the challenged mandatory minimum sentence in broad terms as discussed above,
       and determined that it is not unconstitutionally cruel and unusual punishment. This
       Court is bound to follow this Court’s decision in Benton, as was the trial court. [Id.
       at 7.]

We thus affirmed defendant’s conviction but remanded for resentencing. Id. at 7.

       Defendant filed an application for leave to appeal in our Supreme Court. While defendant’s
application was pending, our Supreme Court issued its opinions in Parks and Stovall. In Parks,
510 Mich at 265-266, the Court held “that Michigan’s sentencing scheme mandating that 18-year-
old defendants convicted of first-degree murder receive a sentence of life imprisonment without

                                                -4-
the possibility of parole is cruel or unusual punishment under Const 1963, art 1, § 16.” In Stovall,
510 Mich at 307-308, the Court held that “the defendant’s life sentence with the possibility of
parole for second-degree murder, imposed for a crime committed when he was a juvenile,”1
violated “the prohibition against cruel or unusual punishment in Const 1963, art 1, § 16 . . . .”
Following the issuance of Parks and Stovall, our Supreme Court vacated the part of this Court’s
opinion that reversed defendant’s sentence, and remanded the case to this Court for reconsideration
of that issue in light of Parks and Stovall. Williams II, 510 Mich at 1094. The Court denied leave
to appeal in all other respects, and did not retain jurisdiction. Id.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

         The mandatory minimum sentence of 25 years for first-degree criminal sexual conduct
prescribed by MCL 750.520b(2)(b) is not cruel or unusual punishment in violation of Const 1963,
art 1, § 16. Our analysis in Williams I remains sound following the issuance of Parks and Stovall.

        In Williams I, we recognized that this Court is bound by the opinion in Benton, 294 Mich
App at 203-207, which rejected the same constitutional argument relating to cruel or unusual
punishment. Williams I, unpub op at 6-7. Whereas Benton addressed the precise issue before this
Court in this case, neither Parks nor Stovall addressed the constitutionality of the 25-year
mandatory minimum sentence for first-degree criminal sexual conduct set forth in MCL
750.520b(2)(b). In Parks, 510 Mich at 265-266, our Supreme Court held “that Michigan’s
sentencing scheme mandating that 18-year-old defendants convicted of first-degree murder receive
a sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole is cruel or unusual punishment
under Const 1963, art 1, § 16.” The Court “conclude[d] that the Michigan Constitution requires
that 18-year-olds convicted of first-degree murder receive the same individualized sentencing
procedure under MCL 769.25 as juveniles who have committed first-degree murder” rather than
receiving a mandatory life-without-parole sentence. Id. at 244. And in Stovall, 510 Mich at 307-
308, our Supreme Court held that “the defendant’s life sentence with the possibility of parole for
second-degree murder, imposed for a crime committed when he was a juvenile,” violated “the
prohibition against cruel or unusual punishment in Const 1963, art 1, § 16 . . . .”

        Because neither Parks nor Stovall addressed the precise issue that is before this Court, we
remain bound by Benton to reject defendant’s constitutional challenge. In addition to the fact that
neither Parks nor Stovall addressed the constitutionality of the statutorily-required 25-year
minimum sentence for first-degree criminal sexual conduct, it is notable that the holding in Stovall
pertained to juveniles, whereas defendant was 18 years old when he committed the offense. And
although the holding in Parks applied to 18-year-old offenders, that was in the specific context of
a mandatory life-without-parole sentence, the most severe punishment available under Michigan
law, whereas the present case concerns a mandatory minimum for a term-of-years sentence.

       Our Supreme Court in Parks emphasized that the defendant’s “current fate [was] to die in
prison” and that life-without-parole sentences were similar to death sentences because
“imprisonment without hope of release for the whole of a person’s natural life is a forfeiture that

1
  The defendant in Stovall “murdered two people one month before he turned 18 years old.”
Stovall, 510 Mich at 332 (ZAHRA, J., dissenting).

                                                -5-
is irrevocable.” Parks, 510 Mich 256-257 (quotation marks and citation omitted). The Court noted
that young offenders receiving a life-without-parole sentence “will inevitably serve more time and
spend a greater percentage of their lives behind prison walls than similarly situated older adult
offenders.” Id. at 257. See also id. at 261 (“It is cruel that our current sentencing scheme requires
18-year-old defendants to, on average, serve far more severe penalties than equally or more
culpable older adult defendants.”). None of this is true for a term-of-years sentence with a
mandatory minimum of 25 years. A defendant who begins serving his 25-year minimum sentence
at the age of 18, for example, will potentially be eligible for parole at the age of 43. An older adult
offender who begins serving his 25-year minimum sentence at the age of 30 will potentially be
eligible for parole at the age of 55. The disparity discussed in Parks is not present here. Therefore,
much of the analysis in Parks is inapt in the context of a 25-year mandatory minimum sentence.

         Our Supreme Court in Parks further noted that it was “examin[ing] today an irrevocable
sentence, offering no hope of release,” and that “the goal of rehabilitation is not accomplished by
mandatorily sentencing an individual to life behind prison walls without any hope of release.” Id.
at 264-265. The Court stated that, “[w]ithout hope of release, 18-year-old defendants, who are
otherwise at a stage of their cognitive development where rehabilitative potential is quite probable,
are denied the opportunity to reform while imprisoned.” Id. at 265. Such a system “forswears
altogether the rehabilitative ideal.” Id. (quotation marks and citations omitted). Again, none of
that is true here. A term-of-years sentence with a mandatory 25-year minimum leaves open the
opportunity to reform and obtain release, and it does not forswear altogether the rehabilitative
ideal. See generally, Graham v Florida, 560 US 48, 75; 130 S Ct 2011; 176 L Ed 2d 825 (2010)
(“A State is not required to guarantee eventual freedom to a juvenile offender convicted of a
nonhomicide crime. What the State must do, however, is give defendants like Graham some
meaningful opportunity to obtain release based on demonstrated maturity and rehabilitation.”).

        The analysis in Stovall is likewise inapposite. Again, the holding in Stovall pertained to
juveniles, whereas defendant was 18 years old when he committed the offense. Also, our Supreme
Court in Stovall noted that “a parolable life sentence is the most severe penalty that can be imposed
for second-degree murder.” Stovall, 510 Mich at 314. By contrast, the mandatory minimum
sentence of 25 years is not the most severe penalty that can be imposed for the offense of which
defendant was convicted. First-degree criminal sexual conduct is punishable by imprisonment for
life or any term of years, subject to the 25-year mandatory minimum when applicable. MCL
750.520b(2)(b). Therefore, imposition of the 25-year mandatory minimum sentence will not
subject defendant to the most severe penalty available for the offense of which he was convicted.

       The Stovall Court reasoned that sentencing a juvenile to life with parole for second-degree
murder was disproportionate. Stovall, 510 Mich at 318. The Court explained that a juvenile
convicted of first-degree murder who received a term-of-years sentence would receive a 60-year
maximum and thus must be released upon serving the 60-year maximum, whereas a juvenile
convicted of second-degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment with the possibility of
parole would not be guaranteed release upon serving 60 years. Id. at 317-318. This reasoning,
which compared the statutory maximum for a term-of-years sentence for first-degree murder to a
parolable life sentence for second-degree murder, is inapt in the context of the mandatory
minimum sentence for first-degree criminal sexual conduct prescribed by MCL 750.520b(2)(b).

                                                 -6-
       It is true that the mandatory minimum sentence of 25 years set by MCL 750.520b(2)(b) is
the same length as a minimum sentence allowed for first-degree murder committed by a juvenile.
See Stovall, 510 Mich at 316 (noting that “the minimum sentences now given to most juveniles
who commit first-degree murder” is “25 to 40 years”). But this fact alone does not render the 25-
year mandatory minimum sentence of MCL 750.520b(2)(b) so grossly disproportionate as to be
unconstitutionally cruel or unusual. The following reasoning in Benton remains sound:

               Defendant also argues that the mandatory 25-year minimum sentence is
       unduly harsh compared to penalties for other offenses under Michigan law,
       including many violent offenses. We are not persuaded that these comparisons
       render the 25-year minimum sentence disproportionate to the offense. The
       perpetration of sexual activity by an adult with a preteen victim is an offense that
       violates deeply ingrained social values of protecting children from sexual
       exploitation. Even when there is no palpable physical injury or overtly coercive
       act, sexual abuse of children causes substantial long-term psychological effects,
       with implications of far-reaching social consequences. The unique ramifications
       of sexual offenses against a child preclude a purely qualitative comparison of
       sentences for other offenses to assess whether the mandatory 25-year minimum
       sentence is unduly harsh. [Benton, 294 Mich App at 206.]

This Court in Benton also concluded that “a comparison of Michigan’s penalty and penalties
imposed for the same offense in other states fails to support defendant’s attack on the
constitutionality of Michigan’s sentencing statute.” Id. at 206-207.

        In the end, this Court remains bound by Benton, which was not overruled or modified by
Parks or Stovall. See MCR 7.215(C)(2) (“A published opinion of the Court of Appeals has
precedential effect under the rule of stare decisis.”); MCR 7.215(J)(1) (this Court must follow its
published decisions issued on or after November 1, 1990, except decisions that have been reversed
or otherwise modified by the Supreme Court or a special panel of this Court).” Neither Parks nor
Stovall addressed the constitutionality of the 25-year mandatory minimum sentence prescribed by
MCL 750.520b(2)(b) for first-degree criminal sexual conduct. Defendant’s facial challenge to that
mandatory minimum must therefore be rejected.

        Defendant asserts that he is also making an as-applied constitutional challenge. “An as-
applied constitutional challenge is based upon the particular facts surrounding defendant’s
conviction and sentence.” People v Adamowicz (On Second Remand), ___ Mich App ___, ___ n
10; ___ NW2d ___ (2023) (Docket No. 330612); slip op at 9 n 10. Our Supreme Court’s analyses
and holdings in Parks and Stovall pertained to the general age groups at issue rather than facts
specific to the defendants in those cases. This Court in Williams I already addressed facts specific
to defendant. Defendant attempted to distinguish Benton on the ground that “Benton involved an
older defendant who had a trusting relationship with the victim.” Williams I, unpub op at 7. We
rejected defendant’s argument and noted that he “was in fact legally an adult at the relevant time,
even if a young one, and he also had a trusting relationship with complainant as a close family
friend.” Id. Defendant’s supplemental brief on remand has not identified facts surrounding his
conviction and sentence that were not already considered at the time of the issuance of Williams I.

                                                -7-
        Accordingly, defendant’s constitutional challenge to the 25-year mandatory minimum
sentence prescribed by MCL 750.520b(2)(b) is unavailing. For the reasons previously explained
in Williams I, the trial court erred by failing to impose the 25-year mandatory minimum sentence.
Defendant’s sentence is reversed and this matter is remanded for resentencing in conformity with
MCL 750.520b(2)(b). We do not retain jurisdiction.

                                                           /s/ Michael F. Gadola
                                                           /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                           /s/ Colleen A. O’Brien

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