Court Opinion

ID: 2904779
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-09 22:29:44.605392+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:47:32.607291
License: Public Domain

In The

Court of Appeals

Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont

____________________

NO. 09-04-010 CR

NO. 09-04-011 CR

____________________

MICHAEL RAY COMEAUX, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the Criminal District Court
Jefferson County, Texas

Trial Cause Nos. 87667 and 87725

OPINION
 In separate indictments, appellant, Michael Ray Comeaux, was charged with assault
committed on a member of his family or household.  See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. §
22.01(a)(1), (b)(2) (Vernon 2003). (1)  Cause number 87667 alleged that on or about August
20, 2002, appellant caused bodily injury to the victim, L.W., and that L.W. was a member
of appellant's family or household.  The indictment further alleged that appellant had
previously been convicted of an offense against a member of his family or household on
January 11, 1996, in cause number 174943.  The second indictment, cause number 87725,
contained an identical charge of assault on L.W. and also alleged the previous 1996 assault
conviction.  The second indictment was different in two respects; the offense date alleged
was September 17, 2002, and it further contained an enhancement paragraph alleging a
prior felony conviction for Involuntary Manslaughter in 1988. 
	In cause number 87725, appellant elected to waive a jury and go to trial before the
court.  The trial court found appellant guilty and sentenced him to four years' confinement
in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division.  Based upon these
events, appellant pleaded guilty to the charge in Cause No. 87667 and was assessed a four
year sentence of incarceration, to run concurrently with the sentence in Cause No. 87725. 
The trial court certified appellant's right to appeal in both cases.  Appellant raises one
identical issue for our consideration in both appeals, viz: "Whether the use of the
enhancement conviction is a violation of protection against ex post facto law."  Our
resolution of these appeals will be combined in this single opinion as the applicable
authorities are the same. (2) 
	The following sequence of events are not in dispute.  On October 26, 1993,
appellant committed a family assault on K.D.C., in Jefferson County, Texas, cause
number 174943.  On January 11, 1996, appellant was convicted in a non-jury trial of the
misdemeanor offense of "Assault-Family" in cause number 174943.  The trial judge
assessed punishment at confinement in the Jefferson County Jail for 90 days, and included
a fine of $650.  The trial court suspended immediate imposition of incarceration and placed
appellant on community supervision for one year.  From all appearances, appellant
successfully served his one-year term of community supervision. (3)
	In his brief, appellant asserts that:  
	At the time of this [1996] conviction the law as pertains to enhancement of
future acts of family violence was as follows:

		An offense under Subsection (a)(1) is a Class A
misdemeanor, except that the offense is:
 		A state jail felony if it is shown in the trial of the
offense that the offense was committed against a family
member [and] that the defendant has been previously
convicted of an offense against a family member under
this section two or more times.

However, appellant is mistaken about the law in effect on October 26, 1993, the date of
the prior offense.  At that time, a first-offense family assault was a Class A misdemeanor
unless:
	     (3)  the offense is committed against a family member and the actor has
been previously convicted under this section for an offense against a family
member two or more times, in which event the offense is a felony of the
third degree.

Act of May 17, 1991, 72nd Leg., R.S., ch. 366, § 1, 1991 Tex. Gen. Laws 1415, 1416
(amended 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2003) (current version at Tex. Pen. Code Ann. §
22.01(b)(2) (Vernon Supp. 2004)).  Therefore, the law in effect in October of 1993, when
the prior offense was committed, provided for the identical punishment exposure that
appellant complains of in the instant appeals.  The 1993 law did, however, require two
previous family assault convictions before a defendant faced the felony punishment
exposure.  However, the authorities appellant cites in his brief do not support his argument
that review of an ex post facto violation "should be on the enhancement conviction on (sic)
offense and not on the instant offense."  We find no merit to this argument which focuses
entirely on the mistaken distinction between appellant's "third degree felony" punishment
exposure (actual) and the "state jail felony" punishment exposure (mistaken).  Instead, we
find we must address another issue we discovered on the face of the records before us, also
involving ex post facto law, even though it was not specifically brought to the trial court's
attention nor specifically argued to us on appeal.  As noted in Blue v. State, 41 S.W.3d
129, 131 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000), pursuant to Tex. R. Evid. 103(d), reviewing courts are
authorized to "tak[e] notice of fundamental errors affecting substantial rights although they
were not brought to the attention of the court."  Our explanation and analysis follow.  
	As noted above, the instant offenses were committed on or about August 20, 2002,
and September 17, 2002.  At the time appellant committed his prior family assault, section
22.01of the Texas Penal Code did not include sub-section (f), which was added to section
22.01 in 1999.  See Act of May 26, 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch. 1158, § 1, sec. 22.01,
1999 Tex. Gen. Laws 4063.  Sub-section (f) of section 22.01 took effect on September 1,
1999, and currently reads as it did on the dates of commission of the instant offenses:  
	     (f) For the purposes of this section, a defendant has been previously
convicted of an offense against a member of the defendant's family or a
member of the defendant's household under this section if the defendant was
adjudged guilty of the offense or entered a plea of guilty or nolo contendere
in return for a grant of deferred adjudication, regardless of whether the
sentence for the offense was ever imposed or whether the sentence was
probated and the defendant was subsequently discharged from community
supervision.  

See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 22.01(f) (Vernon Supp. 2004).
	In Scott v. State, 55 S.W.3d 593 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001), the Court of Criminal
Appeals framed the issue before it in the following manner: "Can a successfully completed
deferred adjudication be used to enhance punishment for a later offense when the provision
permitting such enhancement did not exist at the time adjudication was deferred?"  Id. at
594.  The issue we must decide can be framed as follows: "Can a successfully completed
and subsequently discharged "regular" (4) community supervision be used to enhance
punishments for later offenses when the provision permitting such enhancement did not
exist at the time the "regular" community supervision was imposed in lieu of
incarceration?"  The Court in Scott answered its question "no," and reversed the
defendant's conviction.  Id. at 594-95.  As we will explain, we feel constrained to answer
our question "yes," and affirm the convictions.
	The enhancement provision in Scott contains language that is substantively identical
to the language contained in section 22.01(f).  See Scott, 55 S.W.3d at 596.  Scott
complained on direct appeal and on petition for discretionary review that this sentencing
scheme violated the United States Constitution's prohibition against ex post facto laws.  Id. 
In addition to the questioned enhancement provision, the Scott Court noted a second key
statute which played prominently in resolving the issue:
	When appellant pled guilty in 1991 to indecency with a child, the deferred
adjudication statute provided that a discharged deferred adjudication would
not be considered a conviction except in certain enumerated circumstances:
 
		A dismissal and discharge under this section may not be
deemed a conviction for the purposes of disqualifications or
disabilities imposed by law for conviction of an offense except
that . . . .  

Id. at 595 (footnote omitted).  See also Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.12, sec. 5(c)
(Vernon Supp. 2004). (5)  The Court construed the enhancement scheme in question and
concluded that the legislature intended for it to apply to past deferred adjudications, "i.e.
those that were assessed before the change in the law."  Id. at 596.  The Court also
construed the "disqualifications or disabilities" language in art. 42.12, sec. 5(c) to include
enhancement of punishment.  Id. at 596-97.  The Court concluded by noting its traditional
position on ex post facto punishment-law issues, and then contrasted the facts and the law
as applied to Scott's situation:
		Among other things, the ex post facto clause prohibits "[e]very law
that changes the punishment, and inflicts a greater punishment, than the law
annexed to the crime, when committed."  Both the United States Supreme
Court and this Court have addressed the issue of prior crimes used to
enhance punishment and have declined to find an ex post facto violation.  In
arriving at its holding the Supreme Court found that enhancement statutes
penalize the new criminal offense being enhanced rather than the prior
offense used for enhancement:  "The punishment is for the new crime only,
but is the heavier if he is an habitual criminal. . . .  The statute, imposing a
punishment on none but future crimes, is not ex post facto."[ (6)]  

		The distinguishing factor in this case is the existence in the prior
statute of an explicit limitation on the collateral consequences of deferred
adjudication.  The resolution of criminal charges will always carry the
possibility of collateral consequences, and as long as those consequences are
not statutorily restricted, disabilities and disqualifications which the
defendant might not have anticipated may proceed from the prior cause.  But
when a statute explicitly restricts the collateral consequences of an offense,
the defendant is entitled to rely on that restriction.  Punishment for the
offense is increased by the removal of the statutory restriction, and such an
increase in punishment constitutes an ex post facto law.  

Scott, 55 S.W.3d at 597-98 (selected footnotes omitted)(emphasis added).
	Unlike Scott, appellant was found guilty by the trial court in 1996, and assessed a
fine and incarceration in the county jail.  However, the trial court also placed appellant on
community supervision in lieu of incarceration, which appellant successfully completed.
At the time of appellant's 1996 community supervision, the statutory provision explaining
the significance of successful completion of community supervision was Tex. Code Crim.
Proc. Ann. art. 42.12, sec. 20(a) (Vernon Supp. 2004) which read in pertinent part as
follows:
		Upon the satisfactory fulfillment of the conditions of community
supervision, and the expiration of the period of community supervision, the
judge, by order duly entered, shall amend or modify the original sentence
imposed, if necessary, to conform to the community supervision period and
shall discharge the defendant.  If the judge discharges the defendant under
this section, the judge may set aside the verdict or permit the defendant to
withdraw his plea, and shall dismiss the accusation, complaint, information
or indictment against the defendant, who shall thereafter be released from all
penalties and disabilities resulting from the offense or crime of which he has
been convicted or to which he has pleaded guilty, . . .  

	In Cuellar v. State, 70 S.W.3d 815, 818 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002), a plurality of the
Court construed the portion of article 42.12, sec. 20(a), set out above, as containing "two
entirely different types of 'discharge' from felony community supervision[.]"  Under the
first type of "discharge," the defendant "has paid his debt to society and, in effect,
'graduates' from community supervision."  Id.  Nevertheless, this type of discharge does
not erase the defendant's conviction, but a successfully completed regular community
supervision is not normally considered a "final conviction" for enhancement purposes.  Id. 
See also Ex parte Langley, 833 S.W.2d 141, 143 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); Ex parte
Murchison, 560 S.W.2d 654, 656 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978).  
	The second type of "discharge" noted in Cuellar is less common and is not a right,
but a matter of "judicial clemency" within the trial court's sole discretion.  Cuellar, 70
S.W.3d at 819.  This occurs when the judge exercises his discretion and sets aside the
verdict or permits a defendant to withdraw his plea, which triggers the judge's dismissing
the charging instrument, which results in the defendant's being "released from all penalties
and disabilities resulting from the offense or crime of which he has been convicted or to
which he has pleaded guilty."  Id.  Because the defendant in Cuellar had secured a written
order from the judge in his prior community supervision setting aside the "judgment of
conviction" and dismissing the indictment following his successful completion of
community supervision, he could not subsequently be charged as a "felon" in possession
of a firearm.  Id. at 816, 820.  As the plurality concluded, "[o]nce the trial court judge
signs the Article 42.12, § 20, order, the felony conviction disappears, except as
specifically noted in subsections (1) and (2)."  Id. at 820.  
	We note that Cuellar was not a case involving the application of ex post facto law. 
We also note that, on its face, section 20(a) does not contain an "explicit limitation on the
collateral consequences" of a successfully completed term of regular community
supervision when compared with the language in section 5(c) regarding a successfully
completed deferred adjudication community supervision.  While the record before us
indicates that appellant did successfully complete his term of regular community
supervision, it does not contain an order from the trial judge, as in Cuellar, setting aside
appellant's conviction and dismissing the 1993 family assault information.  Unlike the
language of article 42.12, sec. 5(c) before the Court in Scott, we do not see the provisions
of article 42.12, sec. 20(a) as "explicitly" restricting the collateral consequences of a
successfully completed regular community supervision.  At most, any restriction on the
collateral consequences of a successfully completed term of regular community supervision
on the face of section 20(a) seems limited to a defendant who obtains a written court order
formally setting aside his prior judgment of conviction and dismissing the instrument used
to charge him with the crime.  As the instant appellant had no such court order, we cannot
say he was entitled to rely on section 20(a) to shield him from the collateral consequences
of his 1996 conviction.  As such, we conclude that the punishment for the two instant
offenses was not increased by the legislature's passage of sub-section (f) of section 22.01
in 1999.  Therefore, the use of the 1996 conviction in each indictment was not a use of
prohibited ex post facto legislation.  As the constitutional prohibitions against passage of
any ex post facto law are systemic requirements and, therefore, un-waivable, we were
required to address the issue although not framed before the trial court or this Court in the
manner addressed.  See Mendez v. State, 138 S.W.3d 334, 340-41 (Tex. Crim. App.
2004).  We overrule this unassigned issue and affirm both judgments of the trial court.  
	JUDGMENTS IN BOTH CAUSES AFFIRMED.

							_______________________________
								STEVE MCKEITHEN
								         Chief Justice

Submitted on September 2, 2004
Opinion Delivered November 17, 2004
Publish

Before McKeithen, C.J., Burgess and Gaultney, JJ.

CONCURRING OPINION

	I concur, but join only in the majority's treatment of the issue raised by appellant
and in the affirmance of the judgments.  The majority writes persuasively on an issue not
raised by appellant.  If fundamental error exists it should be corrected, and the issue raised
by the majority is related to appellant's issue.  But I do not believe a court should raise an
issue on its own and then overrule the unassigned issue as without merit.  The
opportunities to do that are endless.   

								______________________________
									DAVID GAULTNEY
								                   Justice

Concurrence Delivered
November 17, 2004
Publish
1.  We cite here to the Penal Code provision in effect at the time appellant committed
the instant offenses.  Although not germane to the issue before us, we note the 78th
Legislature amended section 22.01 in 2003.  See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 22.01 (Vernon
Supp. 2004).  
2.  In each case, appellant filed a pretrial motion entitled, "Motion To Set Aside
Enhancement Due To Being Ex Post Facto Law."  The trial court denied the motion in
each case.  
3.  The record does not indicate appellant's community supervision was revoked. 
Indeed, the pre-sentence investigation report filed prior to sentencing in the instant case
indicates that the 1996 community supervision was "[c]ompleted [s]uccessfully." 
4.  We use the term "regular" in describing this type of community supervision to
distinguish it from deferred adjudication community supervision.  Regular community
supervision involves a finding of guilt and formal assessment of punishment, while
deferred adjudication community supervision does not.  See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann.
art. 42.12, sec. 2 (2) (Vernon Supp. 2004).  
5.  The current version of section 5(c) contains language identical to that portion
quoted by the Court in Scott as set out above.  
6.  Citing to McDonald v. Massachusetts, 180 U.S. 311, 313-14, 21 S. Ct. 389, 45
L. Ed. 542 (1901).