Court Opinion

ID: 7846050
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-08 17:10:45.583192+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:24:59.895851
License: Public Domain

MCDONALD, J.,
concurring. I agree that the defendant’s conviction should be upheld. I only wish to add that I believe we should apply our state constitution using the almost universally accepted “naturally and necessarily” standard. See, e.g., United States v. Lamp-ton, 158 F.3d 251, 260 (5th Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 1183, 119 S. Ct. 1124, 143 L. Ed. 2d 119 (1999); United States v. Calderon, 127 F.3d 1314, 1338 (11th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1033, 118 S. Ct. 1328, 140 L. Ed. 2d 490 (1998); United States v. Roberts, 119 F.3d 1006, 1015 (1st Cir. 1997); United States v. Catlett, 97 F.3d 565, 573 (D.C. Cir. 1996); United States v. Atcheson, 94 F.3d 1237, 1246 (9th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1156, 117 S. Ct. 1096, 137 L. Ed. 2d 229 (1997); United States v. Cotnam, 88 F.3d 487, 497 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 942, 117 S. Ct. 326, 136 L. Ed. 2d 240 (1996); United States v. Francis, 82 F.3d 77, 78 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1250, 116 S. Ct. 2513, 135 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1996); United States v. Jackson, 64 F.3d 1213, 1218 (8th Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1137, 116 S. Ct. 966, 133 L. Ed. 2d 887 (1996); United States v. Bond, 22 F.3d 662, 669 (6th Cir. 1994); United States v. McIntyre, 997 F.2d 687, 707 (10th Cir. 1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1063, 114 S. Ct. 736, 126 L. Ed. 2d 699 (1994); United States v. Pitre, 960 F.2d 1112, 1124 (2d *667Cir. 1992); Lesko v. Lehman, 925 F.2d 1527, 1544 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 898, 112 S. Ct. 273, 116 L. Ed. 2d 226 (1991); Ex parte McWilliams, 640 So. 2d 1015, 1020 (Ala. 1993); McCracken v. State, 431 P.2d 513, 517 (Alaska 1967); State v. Hughes, 193 Ariz. 72, 87, 969 P.2d 1184 (1998); Cox v. State, 36 Ark. App. 173, 175, 820 S.W.2d 471 (1991); Robertson v. State, 596 A.2d 1345, 1357-58 (Del. 1991); Bowman v. United States, 652 A.2d 64, 72 (D.C. App. 1994); Ranger v. State, 249 Ga. 315, 319, 290 S.E.2d 63 (1982); State v. Melear, 63 Haw. 488, 496, 630 P.2d 619 (1981); People v. Stamos, 214 Ill. App. 3d 895, 902, 574 N.E.2d 184, leave to appeal denied, 141 Ill. 2d 556, 580 N.E.2d 130 (1991); Schertz v. State, 380 N.W.2d 404,410 (Iowa 1985); State v. Ninci, 262 Kan. 21, 48, 936 P.2d 1364 (1997); Bowling v. Commonwealth, 873 S.W.2d 175, 178 (Ky.), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 862, 115 S. Ct. 176, 130 L. Ed. 2d 112 (1994); Commonwealth v. Smallwood, 379 Mass. 878, 892, 401 N.E.2d 802 (1980); People v. Guenther, 188 Mich. App. 174, 179, 469 N.W.2d 59 (1991), leave to appeal denied, 439 Mich. 945, 482 N.W.2d 723 (1992); State v. Lindsey, 578 S.W.2d 903, 904 (Mo. 1979); State v. Wiman, 236 Mont. 180, 185, 769 P.2d 1200 (1989); Barron v. State, 105 Nev. 767, 779, 783 P.2d 444 (1989); State v. Merrill, 125 N.H. 479, 480, 484 A.2d 1065 (1984); State v. Isiah, 109 N.M. 21, 24, 781 P.2d 293 (1989); State v. Skeels, 346 N.C. 147, 153, 484 S.E.2d 390 (1997); State v. Nord-quist, 309 N.W.2d 109, 119 (N.D. 1981); State v. Cooper, 52 Ohio St. 2d 163, 173, 370 N.E.2d 725 (1977), vacated in part on other grounds, 438 U.S. 911, 98 S. Ct. 3137, 57 L. Ed. 2d 1157 (1978); Robedeaux v. State, 866 P.2d 417, 433 (Okla. Crim. App. 1993), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 833, 115 S. Ct. 110, 130 L. Ed. 2d 57 (1994); State v. Conway, 2 Or. App. 49, 51, 465 P.2d 722 (1970); State v. Jefferson, 116 R.I. 124, 137, 353 A.2d 190 (1976); Short v. State, 671 S.W.2d 888, 890 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984); State v. Tucker, 709 P.2d 313, 315 (Utah 1985); State v. *668Zele, 168 Vt. 154, 160, 716 A.2d 833 (1998); Johnson v. Commonwealth, 236 Va. 48, 50, 372 S.E.2d 134 (1988); State v. Fiallo-Lopez, 78 Wash. App. 717, 728, 899 P.2d 1294 (1995); State v. Lindvig, 205 Wis. 2d 100, 107, 555 N.W.2d 197 (App. 1996); Stanton v. State, 692 P.2d 947, 950 (Wyo. 1984).