Court Opinion

ID: 9945615
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-27 23:05:15.89969+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:25:34.381653
License: Public Domain

02/27/2024

                                           DA 22-0731
                                                                                          Case Number: DA 22-0731

              IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
                                           2024 MT 38

TCF ENTERPRISES, INC., d/b/a MALMQUIST
CONSTRUCTION and CINCINNATI
INSURANCE COMPANY,

               Plaintiffs and Appellees,

         v.

RAMES, INC., formerly d/b/a CENTRAL
INSURANCE AGENCY,

               Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM:           District Court of the Eleventh Judicial District,
                       In and For the County of Flathead, Cause No. DV-2020-521
                       Honorable Robert B. Allison, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

                For Appellant:

                       Brooke B. Murphy, MurphyMyers PLLC, Billings, Montana

                       Jesse Beaudette, Boyher, Erickson, Beaudette & Tranel, P.C., Missoula,
                       Montana

                For Appellees:

                       Todd A. Hammer, Marcel A. Quinn, Hammer, Quinn & Shaw PLLC,
                       Kalispell, Montana

                                                    Submitted on Briefs: October 18, 2023
                                                               Decided: February 27, 2024

Filed:

                                 qi5--6 A-- #f
                       __________________________________________
                                         Clerk
Justice Ingrid Gustafson delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1     Defendant and Appellant Rames, Inc. formerly d/b/a Central Insurance Agency

(Rames), appeals from the February 28, 2022 Orders Re[:] Summary Judgment and the

November 22, 2022 Final Judgment issued by the Eleventh Judicial District Court,

Flathead County.     The District Court’s summary judgment order granted summary

judgment to Plaintiffs and Appellees TCF Enterprises, Inc. d/b/a Malmquist Construction

(Malmquist) and Cincinnati Insurance Company on the issue of liability and denied

Rames’s competing summary judgment motion regarding the duty of care and a

professional services exclusion. Following a September 6-8, 2022 trial, a jury awarded

damages to Malmquist in the amount of $1,022,257.85.

¶2     We address the following restated issues on appeal:

       1. Whether the District Court erred by granting Malmquist’s motion for summary
       judgment regarding liability.

       2. Whether the District Court erred by denying Rames’s motion for summary
       judgment and determining the policy’s professional services exclusion would not
       have barred coverage for defense and indemnity.

       3. Whether the District Court abused its discretion by precluding certain evidence
       at trial.

       4. Whether the District Court abused its discretion in instructing the jury.

¶3     We affirm.

                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶4     Malmquist is a general contractor located in Whitefish. In 2017, Malmquist was the

general contractor on the construction of a condominium building located at 139 East

Second Street in Whitefish (the 139 Project), as well as a residential project known as the

                                             2
Solem Project. As part of both projects, Malmquist contacted C&H Engineering and

Surveying, Inc. (C&H). Malmquist requested prices from C&H for surveying costs, and,

for the 139 Project, the separate cost for a “geo-tech report[.]”

¶5     As a general contractor, Malmquist typically uses several subcontractors on each

project. The first time a subcontractor contracts to work on a project for Malmquist,

Malmquist sends them a new vendor packet.            Malmquist’s new vendor packet lists

requirements a subcontractor must complete prior to beginning work, including reviewing

invoicing/payment guidelines, filling out and returning a subcontractor profile and W-9

form, and providing workers compensation and general liability insurance certificates.

Malmquist’s new vendor packet notes that “[a]ll information and insurance must be in our

office before work can begin.” As relevant here, the packet includes a sample certificate

of liability insurance which contains the following required language:

       TCF Enterprises Inc. DBA Malmquist Construction is named as an
       Additional Insured with respect to General Liability, including Primary/Non-
       Contributory and Completed Operations coverage, per forms CG2010 0413
       and GC2037 0413 or equivalent. Waiver of Subrogation in favor of TCF
       Enterprises Inc. DBA Malmquist Construction on General Liability.

¶6     C&H received the new vendor packet from Malmquist on June 6, 2017. After

receiving the new vendor packet, Sue Hjalmarsson (Hjalmarsson), C&H’s office manager,

emailed Traci Waddell (Waddell), the office manager of Rames (then known as Central

Insurance Agency) that day:

       C&H Engineering certificate of insurance
       Hi Traci,

       Can you please send work comp and liability certificates to Malmquist
       Construction?

                                              3
       I attached their sample which shows what they need and also has their
       address. Please email to admin@malmquist.com

       Thank you,

       Sue Hjalmarsson
       Office Manager

Malmquist’s sample certificate of liability insurance from the new vendor packet was

attached to Hjalmarsson’s email to Waddell.        After receiving Hjalmarsson’s email,

Waddell sent an email to Malmquist, with Hjalmarsson cc’d,

       C & H Engineering

       See attached GL cert. WC to follow.

       Thanks Traci

Waddell’s email had a certificate of liability insurance attached, with Malmquist listed as

the certificate holder, which contained the following language:

       The certificate holder is listed as an additional insured on a primary and
       noncontributory basis for General Liability per policy for GCD037 04/05, for
       ongoing and completed operations. Waiver of subrogation for General
       Liability applies to certificate holder.

In contrast to what was represented on the certificate provided by Waddell, Rames did not

actually procure additional insured coverage for Malmquist and did not list Malmquist as

an additional insured on C&H’s policy through a scheduled endorsement.

¶7     C&H ultimately performed work as a subcontractor to Malmquist on both the 139

Project and the Solem Project. On the 139 Project, C&H was hired to conduct a subsurface

soils investigation for the proposed condo building. As reflected in C&H’s report to

Malmquist, C&H visited the site “to observe the subgrade soils present” and “provide[d]

                                            4
recommendations regarding subgrade improvements for the proposed structure[’]s

foundation.” Though it performed soil testing, the test pits dug by C&H did not go low

enough to reach the native soils at the 139 Project site. C&H provided recommendations

regarding undocumented fill, subgrade preparation, and the placement of structural fill.

C&H’s report noted that if its recommendations were followed, “it is expected that total

and differential settlement will be less than ¾-inch.” The condominium constructed for

the 139 Project ended up settling over four inches.

¶8     The developer of the 139 Project sued Malmquist in March of 2019, alleging

negligence, professional negligence, and breach of contract relating to the construction of

the building. Malmquist tendered the suit to Travelers Insurance, seeking defense and

indemnity as an additional insured under C&H’s commercial general liability (CGL) Policy

No. 680-J940924-18-47 (the Policy). The Policy contained a blanket additional insured

endorsement which would require a written contract between C&H and Malmquist for

additional insured status to apply, as well as a professional services exclusion. Travelers

denied coverage to Malmquist for two reasons: (1) that Malmquist was not covered as an

additional insured under the blanket additional insured endorsement because there was no

written contract reflecting such between C&H and Malmquist, and (2) separately, even if

Malmquist was named as an additional insured, the Policy’s professional services

exclusion would bar coverage. Malmquist eventually paid over $2.2 million to repair the

building and settle the lawsuit against it.

¶9     Malmquist filed the present lawsuit against Rames on June 3, 2020. After Rames

filed its Answer, both parties filed competing motions for summary judgment.

                                              5
Malmquist’s summary judgment motion requested the District Court find in its favor on

the issue of liability because Rames failed to procure the coverage requested,

misrepresented the coverage procured, and breached the standard of care. Rames’s motion

for summary judgment asserted Rames did not owe a duty to Malmquist and it was

unreasonable for Malmquist to rely on the certificate of insurance showing Malmquist was

an additional insured and that, even if Malmquist was an additional insured under C&H’s

CGL policy, the Policy’s professional services exclusion barred coverage. After the parties

fully briefed the competing summary judgment motions, the District Court held a hearing

on February 8, 2022. The District Court thereafter issued its Orders Re[:] Summary

Judgment on February 28, 2022. The court’s order granted Malmquist’s motion for

summary judgment and denied Rames’s motion for summary judgment. The court found

Rames did have a duty to procure the additional insured coverage, negligently failed to do

so, negligently misrepresented that it had, and breached the standard of care. In addition,

the court found the Policy’s professional services exclusion would not have barred

coverage for defense and indemnity.

¶10    With liability established following the District Court’s summary judgment order,

the matter proceeded to a jury trial. At trial, Rames sought to admit a portion of the

deposition of Hayley Scheel (Scheel), Malmquist’s office manager, wherein she was

cross-examined regarding 24 other certificates of insurance from other subcontractors on

Malmquist projects as evidence of Malmquist’s comparative negligence. The District

Court prohibited the introduction of this evidence, finding testimony regarding the other

certificates was not relevant and would unnecessarily confuse the jury. Rames also sought

                                            6
to introduce testimony from Tyler Frank (Frank), the owner of Malmquist, regarding

Malmquist’s contract with the 139 Project owner and that contract’s requirement that the

owner be named as an additional insured on the CGL policies of all subcontractors. The

District Court again prohibited the introduction of this evidence, finding it would

unnecessarily confuse the jury because it was “not the contract that is being litigated in

court” and the owner had been fully compensated.

¶11   Before trial, the parties attempted to stipulate to as many jury instructions as

possible. Relevant to this appeal, both Malmquist and Rames proposed modified versions

of the pattern general pre-jury selection instruction which attempted to set forth the

background of the case.     The relevant portion of Instruction No. 1 as proposed by

Malmquist stated:

      Plaintiffs brings this lawsuit against Central Insurance Agency alleging the
      insurance agency is liable for failing to procure insurance coverage for
      Malmquist. I have made certain pretrial rulings in this case where I have
      determined Central Insurance Agency is liable for failing to procure
      insurance coverage for the benefit of Malmquist. Central Insurance Agency
      was requested to add Malmquist as an additional insured on their general
      liability policy, on a primary and non-contributory basis. Central Insurance
      Agency, through one of its employees, Tracy Waddell, did not obtain that
      insurance coverage. I have found Central Insurance Agency liable for
      negligence due to its failure to procure the coverage requested of it and which
      Central Insurance Agency agreed to provide. I have held that Central
      Insurance Agency is liable for the coverage it did not procure for Malmquist.
      I have also found Central Insurance Agency liable for negligent
      misrepresentation due to Ms. Waddell’s false representation to Malmquist
      that Malmquist was listed as an additional insured on a primary and
      non-contributory basis. I have also determined Malmquist reasonably relied
      on the false representations to its detriment. Central Insurance Agency
      claims Malmquist was comparatively negligent for failing to have a written
      subcontract agreement containing insurance requirements. It will be for you
      to determine if Malmquist was comparatively negligent, and if so, the extent
      to which it may have been negligent.

                                            7
The relevant portion of Instruction No. 1 as proposed by Rames stated:

       This lawsuit arises out of a construction project in Whitefish, the 139 Second
       Street East project, for which Malmquist Construction was the general
       contractor. Malmquist Construction hired C&H Engineering to perform soils
       testing on the project site before construction started. The Court has
       concluded that C&H Engineering was required to name Malmquist
       Construction as a scheduled additional insured on its Commercial General
       Liability policy. C&H Engineering had asked its insurance agent, Central
       Insurance Agency, to name Malmquist Construction as a scheduled
       additional insured on its CGL policy. Central Insurance Agency concluded
       that C&H Engineering’s CGL policy already had a blanket additional insured
       endorsement as part of the policy so it issued a certificate of insurance and
       provided it to Malmquist Construction. The certificate of insurance stated
       that Malmquist Construction was an additional insured on C&H
       Engineering’s CGL policy. The blanket additional insured endorsement,
       however, required there be a written contract between Malmquist
       Construction and C&H Engineering before Malmquist Construction was
       considered an additional insured on the CGL policy. A scheduled additional
       insured endorsement would not have required a written contract between
       Malmquist Construction and C&H Engineering. During construction, the
       building experienced settlement in excess of industry standard. Claims were
       made against Malmquist Construction by the building owner and the City of
       Whitefish, which owned the building next door. The building owner filed a
       lawsuit against Malmquist Construction. Other parties brought into the
       lawsuit include C&H Engineering, Slopeside Engineering, and Archer
       Excavation. The lawsuit and the City of Whitefish’s claims were settled by
       the parties. Malmquist Construction and Cincinnati Insurance Company
       filed this lawsuit seeking to recover amounts they paid to settle the lawsuit
       and claim due to the fact it was not an additional insured on C&H
       Engineering’s CGL policy as set forth on the certificate of insurance issued
       by Central Insurance Agency.

On the morning of the first day of trial, the parties attempted to settle this instruction.

Malmquist indicated it had “a revised number 1” which “took much of [Rames’s]

language” and then included further facts largely mirroring Malmquist’s originally

Proposed Instruction No. 1 relating to the bases for the District Court’s summary judgment

order because Malmquist “believe[d] it’s important for the jury to understand at the outset

                                             8
that the [c]ourt has already found that [Rames] is liable for negligence, and then the issues

that are left are comparative negligence and damages.” Counsel for Malmquist noted the

parties disagreed on whether the District Court’s summary judgment order was limited to

a ruling that Rames “had to specifically get scheduled additional insured coverage” or

whether the equivalent was acceptable. Rames objected to the instruction “with regard to

the scheduled additional insured endorsement versus equivalent” and asserted Malmquist

was trying “to change their argument and position for trial because it benefits them at trial.”

The parties made further arguments relating to this disagreement, and the District Court

informed counsel it would “make that determination before we begin.”

¶12    Though it informed the parties it would “be using Plaintiffs’ Proposed Instruction

Number 1 as part of the introduction of this case,” the District Court ultimately gave its

own Instruction No. 1,1 essentially combining the background provided by both parties’

proposed instructions, which, in relevant part, stated:

       This lawsuit arises out of a construction project in Whitefish known as 139
       Second Street East project for which Malmquist Construction was the
       general contractor. Malmquist Construction hired C&H Engineering to
       perform soils investigation on the project and provide opinions on the bearing
       capacity of the soils before construction started. C&H Engineering asked its
       insurance agent, Central Insurance Agency, to name Malmquist Construction
       as an additional insured on its liability policy. Central Insurance Agency
       agreed to procure the one million dollars in additional insured coverage for
       Malmquist Construction. Central Insurance Company provided Malmquist
       Construction a Certificate of Insurance which stated and certified that

1
  Through context, it appears likely this instruction was the one allegedly revised and proposed by
Malmquist during discussions on the morning of trial; however, as previously noted, Malmquist’s
“revised” proposed Instruction No. 1 was never filed and does not appear in the District Court
record. Due to Malmquist’s apparently revised instruction not being filed, we are unable to say
this is the case for certain.

                                                9
       Malmquist Construction was an additional insured on C&H Engineering’s
       liability policy. During construction the building experienced settlement in
       excess of industry standard. Claims were made against Malmquist
       Construction by building owner and City of Whitefish, which owned the
       building next door. The building owner filed a lawsuit against Malmquist
       Construction. It was then discovered Central Insurance Agency failed to
       procure additional insured liability coverage for Malmquist Construction.
       The lawsuit, and City of Whitefish’s claims were settled by the parties.
       Malmquist Construction and its insurance company, Cincinnati Insurance
       Company, filed this lawsuit to recover defense costs and the one million
       dollars limit of additional insured coverage that Central Insurance Agency
       failed to procure. The Court has already found Central Insurance Agency
       liable for negligence due to its failure to procure the additional insured
       coverage requested of it and which Central Insurance Agency agreed to
       provide. I have held that Central Insurance Agency is liable for the coverage
       it did not provide for Malmquist. I have also found Central Insurance Agency
       liable for negligent misrepresentations due to Central Insurance Agency’s
       false representation to Malmquist that Malmquist was listed as an additional
       insured on a primary and noncontributory basis. I have also determined
       Malmquist reasonably relied on the false representation to its detriment.
       Central Insurance Agency claims Malmquist was comparatively negligent.
       It will be for you to determine if Malmquist was comparatively negligent.
       You will be asked to determine the amount of damages caused by Central
       Insurance Agency’s failure to procure negligence and negligent
       misrepresentation.

Rames did not contemporaneously object to this instruction when read by the District

Court. The relevant portion of the District Court’s signed Instruction No. 1, which was the

instruction actually sent back with the jury, as reflected in the court’s file, however, was

identical to Malmquist’s originally proposed Instruction No. 1:

       Plaintiffs brings this lawsuit against Central Insurance Agency alleging the
       insurance agency is liable for failing to procure insurance coverage for
       Malmquist. I have made certain pretrial rulings in this case where I have
       determined Central Insurance Agency is liable for failing to procure
       insurance coverage for the benefit of Malmquist. Central Insurance Agency
       was requested to add Malmquist as an additional insured on their general
       liability policy, on a primary and non-contributory basis. Central Insurance
       Agency, through one of its employees, Tracy Waddell, did not obtain that
       insurance coverage. I have found Central Insurance Agency liable for

                                            10
        negligence due to its failure to procure the coverage requested of it and which
        Central Insurance Agency agreed to provide. I have held that Central
        Insurance Agency is liable for the coverage it did not procure for Malmquist.
        I have also found Central Insurance Agency liable for negligent
        misrepresentation due to Ms. Waddell’s false representation to Malmquist
        that Malmquist was listed as an additional insured on a primary and non-
        contributory basis. I have also determined Malmquist reasonably relied on
        the false representations to its detriment. Central Insurance Agency claims
        Malmquist was comparatively negligent for failing to have a written
        subcontract agreement containing insurance requirements. It will be for you
        to determine if Malmquist was comparatively negligent, and if so, the extent
        to which it may have been negligent.

Rames also did not contemporaneously object to the written instruction not matching the

instruction orally given by the District Court.

¶13     The jury found Malmquist suffered $1,022,257.85 in damages due to Rames’s

negligence, representing $1 million in loss of coverage and $22,257.85 in defense costs.

The jury also found that Malmquist was not negligent with respect to additional insured

coverage. The District Court entered its Final Judgment in favor of Malmquist and against

Rames in the amount of “$1,205,518.63[,] comprised of the $1,022,257.85 verdict,

$2,976.64 in costs and $180,284.14 in pre-judgment interest” on November 22, 2022.

Rames appeals. Additional facts will be discussed as necessary below.

                                STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶14     We review a district court’s grant or denial of summary judgment de novo, applying

the same criteria as M. R. Civ. P. 56. Hudson v. Irwin, 2018 MT 8, ¶ 12, 390 Mont. 138,

408 P.3d 1283. Summary judgment is only appropriate if there is no genuine dispute as to

any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Hudson,

¶ 12.

                                              11
¶15    “We review a district court’s decision on the admissibility of evidence for an abuse

of discretion. A district court has broad discretion in determining whether evidence is

relevant and admissible.      It abuses its discretion when it acts arbitrarily without

employment of conscientious judgment or so exceeds the bounds of reason as to work a

substantial injustice.” H.E. Simpson Lumber Co. v. Three Rivers Bank, 2013 MT 312, ¶ 14,

372 Mont. 292, 311 P.3d 795 (citing Wheaton v. Bradford, 2013 MT 121, ¶ 13, 370 Mont.

93, 300 P.3d 1162).

¶16    We review a district court’s selection of jury instructions for an abuse of discretion.

Labair v. Carey, 2016 MT 272, ¶ 14, 385 Mont. 233, 383 P.3d 226. “Taken in their

entirety, ‘jury instructions must fully and fairly instruct the jury regarding the applicable

law.’” Labair, ¶ 14 (quoting Goles v. Neumann, 2011 MT 11, ¶ 9, 359 Mont. 132, 247

P.3d 1089).

                                      DISCUSSION

¶17    1. Whether the District Court erred by granting Malmquist’s motion for summary
       judgment regarding liability.

¶18    Rames asserts the District Court improperly resolved disputed issues of material

fact at the summary judgment stage, erred as a matter of law by concluding a certificate of

insurance (COI) can form the basis of negligence and negligent misrepresentation claims

when the only direct contact between Rames and Malmquist was the COI, and erred by

determining Malmquist justifiably relied on the COI which contained warnings and

disclaimers. Malmquist contends the District Court properly granted summary judgment

                                             12
regarding liability because Rames owed a duty to procure the additional insured coverage

it agreed to procure, then failed to procure the coverage and misrepresented it existed.

¶19    “The essential elements of a negligence claim are the existence of an applicable

legal duty owed by the defendant to the claimant, breach of that duty, causation of harm,

and resulting pecuniary damages.” Kipfinger v. Great Falls Obstetrical & Gynecological

Assocs., 2023 MT 44, ¶ 16, 411 Mont. 269, 525 P.3d 1183 (collecting cases). Negligence

claims are typically unsuitable to resolution at summary judgment due to the prevalence of

factual issues, though summary judgment may be appropriate when reasonable minds

could not draw different conclusions from the evidence. Walden v. Yellowstone Elec. Co.,

2021 MT 123, ¶ 14, 404 Mont. 192, 487 P.3d 1. Summary judgment is appropriate when

there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. Hudson, ¶ 12. “A material fact is one that concerns the

elements of the cause of action or defenses at issue to an extent that requires resolution of

the issue by a trier of fact.” Krajacich v. Great Falls Clinic, LLP, 2012 MT 82, ¶ 8, 364

Mont. 455, 276 P.3d 922 (citing Corporate Air v. Edwards Jet Ctr. Mont., Inc., 2008 MT

283, ¶ 24, 345 Mont. 336, 190 P.3d 1111).

¶20    At base, Rames asserts it owed no duty to Malmquist because Malmquist was not

Rames’s client. It was, after all, C&H who requested Rames procure additional insured

coverage for Malmquist’s benefit. “The question of duty is a problem of the relation

between individuals which imposes upon one a legal obligation for the benefit of the other.”

Seal v. Hart, 2002 MT 149, ¶ 31, 310 Mont. 307, 50 P.3d 522 (citing Larson-Murphy v.

Steiner, 2000 MT 334, ¶ 31, 303 Mont. 96, 15 P.3d 1205). “The existence of a legal duty

                                             13
is a question of law to be determined by the court.” Fisher v. Swift Transp. Co., 2008 MT

105, ¶ 17, 342 Mont. 335, 181 P.3d 601 (collecting cases). The District Court found Rames

did owe a duty to Malmquist because C&H requested Rames procure additional insured

coverage for Malmquist and Rames agreed to do so. We agree.

¶21    “Montana law requires a client’s request to procure certain insurance, followed by

an agent’s commitment to do the same to put the agent under a ‘duty’ to procure.” R.H.

Grover, Inc. v. Flynn Ins. Co., 238 Mont. 278, 284, 777 P.2d 338, 341 (1989). “Absent a

duty, there can be no negligent failure to procure insurance.” Grover, 238 Mont. at 284,

777 P.3d at 341. The basic facts of this case make it clear Rames was under a duty to

procure the additional insured coverage. Rames’s client, C&H, directed Rames to obtain

the additional insured coverage which Malmquist “need[ed],” and directed Rames to email

the certificates reflecting such to Malmquist. C&H specifically provided Rames with an

example certificate showing exactly what additional insured coverage Malmquist

“need[ed]” under C&H’s CGL policy—to be “named as an Additional Insured with respect

to General Liability, including Primary/Non-Contributory and Completed Operations

coverage, per forms CG2010 0413 and GC2037 0413 or equivalent.” Rames committed

to do so, emailing to both Malmquist and C&H a COI which (falsely) represented that

Malmquist was “listed as an additional insured on a primary and noncontributory basis for

General Liability[.]”

¶22    In addition to the duty created by committing to obtain the additional insured

coverage after being directed to do so, Rames owed, as all parties do, “a general common

law duty to use reasonable care under the circumstances to avoid causing foreseeable harm

                                           14
to others.” Anderson v. ReconTrust Co., N.A., 2017 MT 313, ¶ 11, 390 Mont. 12, 407 P.3d

692 (citations omitted). “The existence of a duty ‘turns primarily on foreseeability.’”

Eklund v. Trost, 2006 MT 333, ¶ 40, 335 Mont. 112, 151 P.3d 870 (quoting Lopez v. Great

Falls Pre-Release Servs., 1999 MT 199, ¶ 27, 295 Mont. 416, 986 P.2d 1081). Waddell,

the Rames agent tasked with obtaining additional insured coverage, testified the additional

insured coverage was valuable, it was fair for C&H and Malmquist to rely on the COI she

sent to believe the coverage stated in the COI was secured, and her email certified and

represented to C&H and Malmquist that Malmquist was listed as an additional insured on

a primary and non-contributory basis as described in the COI. Waddell did not actually

obtain the additional insured coverage. It is foreseeable that a party may be harmed when

it believes it has insurance coverage but does not. See Cleveland Indians Baseball Co.,

L.P. v. N.H. Ins. Co., 727 F.3d 633, 639 (6th Cir. 2013) (explaining it is reasonably

foreseeable that an additional insured will be harmed when an insurance agency fails to

procure the intended coverage, just as the primary insured would be). And no public policy

considerations would bar the imposition of a duty on Rames here, see Fisher, ¶ 28, because

it is reasonable to expect an insurance agent to secure the coverage it agreed to procure and

represented existed. Imposing a duty on an insurance business to act with reasonable care

and not misinform its customers regarding their insurance coverage clearly comports with

public policy considerations.

¶23    In addition, “[t]his Court has recognized and adopted the long-standing principle of

tort law that one who assumes to act, even though gratuitously, may thereby become

subject to the duty of acting carefully, if he acts at all.” Lokey v. Breuner, 2010 MT 216,

                                             15
¶ 10, 358 Mont. 8, 243 P.3d 384 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). “[O]ne

who acts gratuitously must then act with due care.” Lokey, ¶ 10. Rames assumed the

responsibility to act with due care when it undertook to obtain the additional insured

coverage for Malmquist’s benefit requested by C&H.

¶24    The District Court, after finding Rames owed a duty to Malmquist under the facts

of this case, granted Malmquist’s summary judgment motion and determined Rames was

liable for negligence and negligent misrepresentation.       In finding Rames liable for

negligence, the District Court additionally found Rames liable for negligent failure to

procure insurance. On appeal, Rames contends the District Court’s order incorrectly found

liability for negligence and negligent misrepresentation and misinformed the jury when it

informed them the court also found Rames liable for negligent failure to procure insurance.

Malmquist asserts the District Court correctly granted summary judgment on all three

variations of negligence, and that Rames’s argument the court did not make a finding

regarding negligent failure to procure insurance in its summary judgment order is incorrect.

¶25    A successful negligence action requires the plaintiff to prove four elements: duty,

breach, causation, and damages. Kipfinger, ¶ 16. Rames was instructed by C&H, its client,

to have Malmquist “named as an Additional Insured with respect to General Liability,

including Primary/Non-Contributory and Completed Operations coverage, per forms

CG2010 0413 and GC2037 0413 or equivalent.” Rames then did not obtain the coverage

requested, harming Malmquist when it discovered it was not actually named as an

additional insured after the building began sinking. The jury found Malmquist was

damaged in the amount of $1 million in loss of coverage, the amount for which Malmquist

                                            16
would have been covered as an additional insured but for Rames’s negligence, and

$22,257.85 in defense costs. The jury also found Malmquist was not comparatively

negligent. The material facts underpinning these conclusions find no genuine dispute, as

Waddell, the Rames agent tasked by C&H with procuring additional insured coverage for

Malmquist’s benefit and who was identified as the expert witness Rames would call at trial,

repeatedly testified to them in her deposition.       Waddell testified the email from

Hjalmarsson was a request to add Malmquist as an additional insured on C&H’s policy;

the request was for Malmquist’s additional insured coverage to be primary and

non-contributory; and the request was specific as to the coverage needed, i.e., coverage

“per forms CG2010 0413 and GC2037 0413 or equivalent.” Waddell, in contravention of

what the COI represented to the parties, actually obtained no additional insured coverage

for Malmquist.

¶26    Rames places great weight on the subject lines of the emails exchanged between

Malmquist and C&H—repeatedly highlighting how the new vendor packet was sent in an

email regarding the Solem Project, not the 139 Project. The District Court correctly

rejected this argument as a red herring, because the emails between C&H and Malmquist

regarding the separate projects are subject to the linear progression of time. The Solem

Project was the first project C&H was hired to work for Malmquist, and as such, it was in

that string of emails that C&H received the new vendor packet with its requirement that

Malmquist be added as an additional insured on C&H’s CGL policy. Though Malmquist

and C&H discussed the 139 Project earlier in the year, it was not until a couple of months

after C&H was hired for the Solem Project that Malmquist was hired by the developer for

                                            17
the 139 Project and, subsequently, C&H was hired by Malmquist for the same. By that

time, C&H was not a new vendor, but an established one who was already required to have

named Malmquist as an additional insured on its CGL policy. C&H and Malmquist

operated under the assumption this had already been done when the 139 Project came to

be because C&H had already filled out the new vendor packet and both parties had received

the COI from Rames. Additionally, the subject lines of the emails between C&H and

Rames contain no project specifics—simply the direction by C&H that Rames obtain

additional insured coverage for Malmquist and Rames’s (false) representation it had done

so. The material facts do not regard what email strings occurred between C&H and

Malmquist, but the clear directive from C&H to Rames regarding additional insured

coverage.

¶27    Regarding negligent failure to procure, we disagree with Rames that the District

Court’s summary judgment order did not find liability on this issue and therefore the court

misinformed the jury when it told them liability for negligent failure to procure had been

established. The court’s order, in its negligence section, found “the breach of an agreement

to procure coverage for a third party is actionable; [C&H] requested [Rames] to procure

specific additional insured coverage for Malmquist’s benefit, and [Rames] agreed to do so.

[Rames], therefore, had an absolute duty to procure the coverage and is liable for damages

for failing to do so.” While perhaps the District Court could have made this finding clearer

by setting it forth in its own section—as it did for negligence and negligent

misrepresentation—the finding was in fact made in the court’s order. And it was correct,

because C&H requested Rames obtain additional insured coverage for Malmquist’s benefit

                                            18
and Rames agreed to do so but did not actually obtain coverage—a breach of its duty to

procure. Grover, 238 Mont. at 284, 777 P.2d at 341. “If an insurance agent is instructed

to procure specific insurance and fails to do so, he is liable for damages suffered due to the

absence of such insurance.” Bailey v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 2013 MT 119, ¶ 20,

370 Mont. 73, 300 P.3d 1149 (collecting cases).

¶28    The District Court’s summary judgment order also found Rames liable for negligent

misrepresentation. In Montana, a negligent misrepresentation claim requires a plaintiff to

prove six elements:

       (1) the defendant made a representation as to a past or existing material fact;
       (2) the representation was untrue; (3) regardless of actual belief, the
       defendant made the representation without any reasonable ground for
       believing it to be true; (4) the representation was made with the intent to
       induce the plaintiff to rely on it; (5) the plaintiff was unaware of the falsity
       of the representation and justified in relying upon the representation; (6) the
       plaintiff, as a result of reliance, sustained damage.

Romo v. Shirley, 2022 MT 249, ¶ 21, 411 Mont. 111, 522 P.3d 401. Rames asserts elements

(1), (3), and (5) of negligent misrepresentation are not met in this case.

¶29    Once again, the material facts underpinning the District Court’s conclusion Rames

was liable for negligent misrepresentation find no genuine dispute. C&H tasked Rames

with obtaining additional insured coverage for Malmquist’s benefit. In response, Rames

represented, through the COI, that Malmquist was an additional insured on C&H’s CGL

Policy. C&H and Malmquist later discovered this representation was untrue, after the

building began sinking and Malmquist was sued.

¶30    Regarding element one, Rames contends there is a genuine issue of material fact as

to whether the COI even constitutes a representation because it contains disclaimers

                                             19
warning certificate holders that it “does not affirmatively or negatively amend, extend or

alter the coverage” and that “a statement on this certificate does not confer rights to the

certificate holder in lieu of [] endorsement(s) [required by certain policies].” While it is

true the COI contains such disclaimers, Rames’s expert, Waddell, testified the COI was a

certification and representation she secured the coverage stated in the COI.2 Regarding

elements three and five, once again Waddell’s testimony belies Rames’s claims genuine

issues of material fact exist. Waddell testified she was “certifying and representing to both

Malmquist and C&H that Malmquist was listed as an additional insured on a primary and

non-contributory basis as described” in the COI; that she was “telling Malmquist and C&H

that Malmquist is listed as an additional insured”; and that the only way to specifically list

somebody as an additional insured was through a scheduled endorsement. Malmquist was

not listed as an additional insured. The Declaration of Mike Depner, Malmquist’s expert

in this case, further supports Waddell’s own testimony that she knew the difference

between a scheduled insured and a blanket insured and what was required of each, that the

two are not equivalent, and that Malmquist was not actually named as an additional insured.

Waddell further testified it was common for parties to not ask for the actual insurance forms

but to rely on the COI and it was fair for C&H and Malmquist to rely on the COI in

believing the coverage stated within that document was in fact secured.

2
  In light of this, we find it unnecessary to address the string of out-of-state cases cited by Rames
regarding third party reliance on COI’s themselves.

                                                 20
¶31    No genuine issue of material fact precluded summary judgment and Malmquist was

entitled to judgment as a matter of law regarding liability. Accordingly, the District Court

correctly granted Malmquist’s motion for summary judgment.

¶32    2. Whether the District Court erred by denying Rames’s motion for summary
       judgment and determining the policy’s professional services exclusion would not
       have barred coverage for defense and indemnity.

¶33    Rames asserts the District Court erred by determining the policy’s professional

services exclusion would not apply to defeat coverage in the event Malmquist was an

additional insured under C&H’s policy because Malmquist provided professional services.

Malmquist contends its work as a general contractor was not subject to the exclusion. The

District Court found the professional services exclusion “would not have barred coverage

for defense and indemnity” because the exclusion did not apply to “Malmquist’s fairly

straight-forward general contracting services rendered in the 139 [P]roject[.]” We agree

with the District Court.

¶34    The interpretation of an insurance contract is a question of law. Newman v.

Scottsdale Ins. Co., 2013 MT 125, ¶ 22, 370 Mont. 133, 301 P.3d 348. Exclusions in an

insurance policy “must be narrowly and strictly construed because they ‘are contrary to the

fundamental protective purpose of an insurance policy.’” Newman, ¶ 35 (quoting Farmers

Union Mut. Ins. Co. v. Oakland, 251 Mont. 352, 356, 825 P.2d 554, 556 (1992)). “Montana

law is well-settled that an insurer’s duty to defend its insured arises when an insured sets

forth facts which represent a risk covered by the terms of an insurance policy.” Farmers

Union Mut. Ins. Co. v. Staples, 2004 MT 108, ¶ 20, 321 Mont. 99, 90 P.3d 381 (collecting

cases). “If the insured demonstrates that the claim falls within the scope of coverage, the

                                            21
burden shifts to the insurer to show that the claim is unequivocally excluded under an

exception to the basic scope of coverage.” Fire Ins. Exch. v. Weitzel, 2016 MT 113, ¶ 13,

383 Mont. 364, 371 P.3d 457. “The duty to indemnify is narrower than the duty to defend

and arises ‘only if coverage under the policy is actually established.’” Farmers Ins. Exch.

v. Wessel, 2020 MT 319, ¶ 23, 402 Mont. 348, 477 P.3d 1101 (quoting State Farm Mut.

Auto. Ins. Co. v. Freyer, 2013 MT 301, ¶ 26, 372 Mont. 191, 312 P.3d 403).

¶35   The Policy’s professional services exclusion applies to both C&H and to an

additional insured under the blanket additional insured endorsement.         The relevant

language of the exclusion reads:

      EXCLUSION - ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTS OR SURVEYORS
      PROFESSIONAL LIABILITY

      This endorsement modifies insurance provided under the following:

      COMMERCIAL GENERAL LIABILITY COVERAGE PART

      1. The following is added to Paragraph 2., Exclusions, of SECTION I -
      COVERAGES - COVERAGE A BODILY INJURY AND PROPERTY
      DAMAGE LIABILITY:
      Professional Services
      “Bodily injury” or “property damage” arising out of the rendering of or
      failure to render any “professional services”.

                                         .   .    .

      3. The following is added to DEFINITIONS Section:
      “Professional services” means any service requiring specialized skill or
      training, including:

             a. Preparation, approval, provision of or failure to prepare, approve,
      or provide any map, shop drawing, opinion, report, survey, field order,
      change order, design, drawing, specification, recommendation, warning,
      permit application, payment request, manual or instruction;

                                             22
              b. Supervision, inspection, quality control, architectural, engineering
       or surveying activity or service, job site safety, construction contracting,
       construction administration, construction management, computer consulting
       or design, software development or programming service, or selection of a
       contractor or subcontractor; or

               c. Monitoring, testing, or sampling service necessary to perform any
       of the services described in Paragraph a. or b. above.

¶36    “[B]ecause exclusions are contrary to the fundamental purpose of the policy, such

exclusions are frequently subject to challenge for ambiguity or inconsistency.” Newman,

¶ 35 (citing Swank Enters. v. All Purpose Servs., Ltd., 2007 MT 57, ¶ 29, 336 Mont. 197,

154 P.3d 52). The phrase “arising out of,” when used but not defined in an insurance

policy, is ambiguous. Pablo v. Moore, 2000 MT 48, ¶ 16, 298 Mont. 393, 995 P.2d 460.

“It is well-established that any ambiguity in an insurance policy must be construed against

the insurer.” Newman, ¶ 41 (citing Wendell v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 1999 MT

17, ¶ 14, 293 Mont. 140, 974 P.2d 623).

¶37    The Underlying Complaint, wherein the 139 Project developer sued Malmquist,

alleged Malmquist was engaged to provide general contracting services, to include

furnishing “labor, materials, tools[,] and equipment[.]” The developer sued Malmquist for

both general negligence and professional negligence. Rames appears to place great stock

in Malmquist’s admission in response to Rames’s summary judgment motion that the

professional services exclusion may apply to count two—professional negligence—of the

Underlying Complaint; however, it is well settled that “a duty to defend is triggered where

one portion of the complaint alleges facts which, if proven, would result in coverage, even

if the remaining counts of the complaint would not be covered.” Newman, ¶ 40. “If a

                                            23
complaint states multiple claims, some of which are covered by the insurance policy and

some of which are not, it is a mixed action. In these cases, Montana follows what is known

as the mixed-action rule, which requires an insurer to defend all counts in a complaint so

long as one count triggers coverage, even if the remaining counts do not trigger coverage.”

Weitzel, ¶ 14.

¶38    We agree with the District Court that the professional services exclusion, which

applies to “service[s] requiring specialized skill or training,” does not unequivocally

exclude coverage for Malmquist’s role as a general contractor. Malmquist, as a general

contractor, provided services on the 139 Project, such as the furnishing of labor, materials,

tools, and equipment, which clearly do not require specialized skill or training. The

developer of the 139 Project sued Malmquist for both general and professional negligence.

The allegations of general negligence in the Underlying Complaint did not require

Malmquist to have specialized skill or training, and therefore the professional services

exclusion does not apply to defeat coverage under the facts of this case.3 In addition, were

all coverage excluded for a general contractor which, as one portion of its duties, provides

services which could be deemed “professional services” on a project, coverage would be

3
  Had Rames named Malmquist as a scheduled additional insured, as it was directed to by C&H
and negligently failed to do, the language of the blanket additional insured endorsement would be
irrelevant. It would make little sense for Rames to negligently fail to obtain the correct insurance
and also benefit from exclusionary language found in the incorrect policy. As the professional
services exclusion does not bar coverage under the facts of this case, however, we need not address
this point further.

                                                24
illusory under the policy and “policy language which renders coverage illusory is against

public policy.” Newman, ¶ 43.

¶39    The District Court correctly denied Rames’s motion for summary judgment and did

not err in determining the policy’s professional services exclusion did not bar coverage for

defense and indemnity.

¶40    3. Whether the District Court abused its discretion by precluding certain evidence
       at trial.

¶41    Prior to trial, the District Court found Rames was negligent as a matter of law when

it granted Malmquist’s summary judgment motion. “[E]ven when a defendant is negligent

as a matter of law, the issue of contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff and the

degree of comparative negligence, if any, is normally an issue for the jury or fact-finder to

resolve. Whether a plaintiff was contributorily negligent is a question for the fact-finder,

unless reasonable minds could not draw different conclusions from the evidence.”

Peterson v. Eichhorn, 2008 MT 250, ¶ 32, 344 Mont. 540, 189 P.3d 615 (internal citations

omitted, collecting cases). Trial, then, focused on whether Malmquist was comparatively

negligent and on Malmquist’s damages.

¶42    At trial, Rames attempted to introduce evidence regarding how Malmquist handled

other subcontractors’ COIs by questioning Frank and admitting deposition testimony of

Scheel. The District Court rejected both attempts, finding testimony regarding the other

COIs on unrelated projects and Malmquist’s contract with the owner of the 139 Project

were not relevant and could unnecessarily confuse the jury.

                                             25
¶43    “District courts have broad discretion to control the admission of evidence at trial.”

Cleveland v. Ward, 2016 MT 10, ¶ 9, 382 Mont. 118, 364 P.3d 1250. “When reviewing a

district court’s evidentiary ruling, we do not evaluate whether we would have made the

same decision. Rather, we review only for abuse of discretion.” Mont. Petroleum Tank

Release Comp. Bd. v. Crumleys, Inc., 2008 MT 2, ¶ 75, 341 Mont. 33, 174 P.3d 948 (citing

Seltzer v. Morton, 2007 MT 62, ¶ 65, 336 Mont. 225, 154 P.3d 561) (internal citation

omitted).

¶44    We find no abuse of discretion in the District Court’s evidentiary rulings at trial.

The court allowed Rames to present evidence relating to Malmquist’s comparative

negligence regarding subcontractor COIs who worked on the 139 Project—C&H, Archer,

and Slopeside—while denying admission of numerous other COIs from uninvolved

subcontractors on other Malmquist projects as unnecessarily confusing and lacking in

relevance and foundation. Under M. R. Evid. 403, “[t]rial courts must balance the

probative value of evidence against the possibility that the evidence will confuse or mislead

the jury.” Phillip R. Morrow, Inc. v. FBS Ins. Mont.-Hoiness Labar, Inc., 236 Mont. 394,

400, 770 P.2d 859, 862 (1989). Testimony on a litany of other COIs, involving parties and

projects not relevant to the 139 Project and featuring references to numerous other

insurance policy forms and endorsements not applicable to C&H’s direction to Rames, the

probative value of which was quite low, would unnecessarily mislead and confuse the jury

and the court did not abuse its discretion by limiting testimony relating to other

subcontractors’ COIs at trial.

                                             26
¶45    The District Court also did not abuse its discretion by excluding testimony from

Frank regarding Malmquist’s contract with the 139 Project owner and that contract’s

requirement that the owner be named as an additional insured on the CGL policies of all

subcontractors. Again, this testimony regarding a contract not at issue in the case would

serve to unnecessarily confuse the jury. Regarding the comparative negligence issue at

trial, the task at hand was to determine whether Malmquist was comparatively negligent

for not questioning Rames’s COI which “gave them the false impression that they were

covered by insurance,” not whether Malmquist upheld its insurance obligations to the 139

Project developer under Malmquist’s contract with the developer.             Quite simply,

Malmquist’s contract with the developer was not at issue and not relevant, so testimony

regarding the issue would be misleading and confusing to the jury and the District Court

properly rejected Rames’s attempt to introduce such evidence. Accordingly, the District

Court’s evidentiary rulings at trial were not an abuse of discretion.

¶46    4. Whether the District Court abused its discretion in instructing the jury.

¶47    On appeal, Rames initially asserts Instruction No. 1 “was prejudicial to Rames and

should not have been given.” Rames contends the instruction contained unnecessary and

prejudicial statements setting forth the background of the case and relating to the District

Court’s summary judgment ruling. Before the District Court, Rames did not object to

Instruction No. 1 on these grounds, but because it believed the instruction misstated the

court’s summary judgment ruling as it related to scheduled insured versus equivalent

coverage and because the instruction constituted a change in Malmquist’s theory of the

case. “This Court consistently has concluded that a party is barred from challenging an

                                             27
instruction on appeal for reasons not raised before the trial court.” Siebken v. Voderberg,

2015 MT 296, ¶ 30, 381 Mont. 256, 359 P.3d 1073 (collecting cases). Rames’s claim on

appeal that the instruction’s background information was inflammatory and unfairly

prejudicial is a change from its objection below and, under normal circumstances, our

inquiry would end here. See Siebken, ¶ 30. The present case does not involve normal

circumstances, however, because we are faced with the highly unusual—and, from the

research the Court has done into the matter, possibly unprecedented—situation of a trial

court signing and sending back a wholly different written instruction than the one it read

to the jury.

¶48    In its reply brief, Rames asserts that, because the District Court read an Instruction

No. 1 that varied from the one offered by Malmquist, it did not have the opportunity to

object to the instruction as read. On appeal, Rames asserts the “instruction read at trial

contained unnecessary and prejudicial statements which affected Rames’ substantial rights

and had the potential to inflame the jury” and it was “[t]he reading of this instruction

[which] constitutes an abuse of discretion and requires a reversal of the judgment.”

(Empasis added.) Typically, when a jury is provided written instructions from a trial court,

“[t]o the extent a discrepancy exists between the written and oral versions of jury

instructions, the written instructions provided to the jury will control.” People v. Wilson,

187 P.3d 1041, 1069-70 (Cal. 2008); cf. State v. Martell, 2021 MT 318, ¶ 22, 406 Mont.

488, 500 P.3d 1233 (recognizing a district court misspoke when reading a jury instruction

by saying “on or before,” rather than “on or about,” the relevant date of a criminal charge,

but noting the written instruction contained the proper language and finding the

                                             28
instructions, as a whole, fully and fairly apprised the jury of the applicable law). Here,

however, we are not presented with a judge misspeaking while reading an instruction, but

one signing and providing to the jury for its deliberations an instruction which was

substantially different from the one the trial court read. We find it prudent to permit Rames

the opportunity to fully present its objections (to both the oral and written instructions given

to the jury) as we agree it did not have a true opportunity to present them below under the

unique circumstances presented here. Accordingly, we will address whether either the oral

or the written instruction given by the District Court was unfairly prejudicial to Rames.

¶49    “In reviewing whether a particular jury instruction was properly given or refused,

this Court must consider the instruction in its entirety, as well as in connection with the

other instructions given and with the evidence introduced at trial.” Cutler v. Jim Gilman

Excavating, Inc., 2003 MT 314, ¶ 11, 318 Mont. 255, 80 P.3d 1203. “[I]n appeals

concerning the trial court’s instructions to the jury, the appellant must establish prejudice

from the erroneous instruction.” Payne v. Knutson, 2004 MT 271, ¶ 17, 323 Mont. 165,

99 P.3d 200 (collecting cases). “An erroneous instruction is not prejudicial where it

appears that, even without the instruction, the same verdict would have been reached.”

Thayer v. Hicks, 243 Mont. 138, 151, 793 P.2d 784, 793 (1990); see also Britton v. Farmers

Ins. Group, 221 Mont. 67, 88, 721 P.2d 303, 316 (1986); Wolfe v. Schulz Refrigeration,

188 Mont. 511, 519, 614 P.2d 1015, 1019 (1979).

¶50    Upon our review of the challenged instruction(s), we find Rames has failed to

demonstrate it suffered prejudice. Though Rames appears to contend the District Court

somehow misinterpreted the import of its own summary judgment order as it related to

                                              29
scheduled insured versus equivalent coverage, we are unconvinced by this argument.

Informing the jury Rames had already been found liable by the court for negligence, when

in fact it had, does not carry the potential of inflaming the jury—it is simply factual.

Neither instruction misinformed the jury of the procedural background of the case. Indeed,

the oral version of Instruction No. 1 included much more information than originally

proposed by Malmquist in its filed Proposed Instruction No. 1, information which Rames

argued below was necessary to give the jury.             While we reaffirm that the written

instructions given by a trial court to a jury are to match the ones orally given by that court,

and recognize that such did not happen here, the District Court’s error in either orally giving

the wrong Malmquist Proposed Instruction No. 1 or signing the wrong Malmquist Proposed

Instruction No. 1 is harmless error in this case as the jury instructions, taken as a whole,

fully and fairly instructed the jury. Labair, ¶ 14. “A harmless error does not mandate that

we reverse a district court judgment; an ‘error must cause substantial prejudice’ to warrant

reversal.” Tipp v. Skjelset, 1998 MT 263, ¶ 16, 291 Mont. 288, 967 P.2d 787 (quoting

Erickson v. State ex rel. Bd. of Med. Exam., 282 Mont. 367, 375, 938 P.2d 625, 630 (1997)).

¶51    Finally, we also briefly address whether plain error review may be warranted under

the unique facts of this case. “[T]he plain error doctrine permits review of errors not

objected to at trial which result in substantial injustice by denying a party a fair trial.” State

ex rel. State Comp. Mut. Ins. Fund v. Berg, 279 Mont. 161, 173, 927 P.2d 975, 982 (1996)

(citations omitted). Rames does not ask this Court to invoke the plain error doctrine on

appeal, but asserts the District Court giving Instruction No. 1 constituted reversible error.

“‘Plain error’ generally involves an act or omission of a more serious nature than

                                               30
‘reversible error,’ and only on rare occasion is the former doctrine invoked in civil cases.”

Reno v. Erickstein, 209 Mont. 36, 42, 679 P.2d 1204, 1208 (1984). Because Rames does

not invoke plain error and we have determined the District Court’s mistake regarding

Instruction No. 1 to be harmless error, we decline to consider Instruction No. 1 under the

doctrine. As such, the District Court did not abuse its discretion when it instructed the jury

in this case.

                                      CONCLUSION

¶52    The District Court correctly granted Malmquist’s motion for summary judgment

regarding liability and did not err by denying Rames’s motion for summary judgment and

determining the policy’s professional services exclusion did not bar coverage for defense

and indemnity. In addition, the District Court did not abuse its discretion by precluding

certain comparative negligence evidence at trial or when it instructed the jury.

¶53    Affirmed.

                                                  /S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON

We concur:

/S/ MIKE McGRATH
/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA
/S/ BETH BAKER
/S/ JIM RICE

                                             31