Court Opinion

ID: 2810863
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-06-23 16:09:58.250208+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:34:05.459622
License: Public Domain

Attorney Grievance Commission v. Earl Americus Smith
Misc. Docket AG No. 73, September 2013 Term

Attorney Discipline - Neglect of Clients - Mishandling of Attorney Trust Account -
Delegation of Attorney’s Duties to Non-lawyer without Supervision - Disbarment.
Disbarment is the appropriate sanction when an attorney, in connection with his personal
injury practice, delegated communications with clients, negotiations with insurers and other
defendants, and handling of settlement proceeds to a non-lawyer assistant without adequate
supervision, failed to appropriately review and oversee an attorney trust account with the
result that a non-lawyer assistant was able to misappropriate $600,000 over a four-year
period, failed to take reasonable remedial measures when it was evident that the trust account
was being invaded but instead commingled personal funds in the trust account in violation
of the Maryland Rules, and also failed to communicate with, and follow the directions of, his
clients in several cases.

MLRPC 1.1, 1.2(a), 1.3, 1.4, 1.5(c), 1.15, 5.3, 5.5, 8.4(a), (c) & (d); Maryland Rules 16-
606.1, 16-607, 16-609.
Circuit Court for Prince George’s County
Case No. CAE13-37242
Argued: January 9, 2015

                                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                                   OF MARYLAND

                                                Misc. Docket AG No. 73

                                                 September Term, 2013

                                           A TTORNEY G RIEVANCE C OMMISSION
                                                     OF MARYLAND

                                                           v.

                                                E ARL A MERICUS S MITH

                                                  Barbera, C.J.
                                                  Harrell
                                                  Battaglia
                                                  Greene
                                                  McDonald
                                                  Rodowsky, Lawrence F. (Retired,
                                                    Specially Assigned)
                                                  Cathell, Dale R. (Retired, Specially
                                                    Assigned),

                                                                JJ.

                                                Opinion by McDonald, J.

                                                  Filed: June 23, 2015
       Attorney discipline cases that result in disbarment often find the attorney committing

one of the seven deadly sins – e.g., greed, lust, sloth. This is not one of those cases. The sin

in this case was inattention – inattention to clients, inattention to an attorney trust account,

and inattention to the activities of a non-lawyer assistant in whom the attorney misplaced his

trust and who misused the attorney trust account to the detriment of the attorney’s clients.

Sadly, this too merits disbarment, as our regulation of the practice of law must protect the

public not only from those attorneys who engage in deliberate, egregious acts of misconduct,

but also those who fail to fulfill the routine duties of the profession that serve and safeguard

their clients.

                                               I

                                         Background

A.     Procedural Context

       The Attorney Grievance Commission (“Commission”) charged Earl Americus Smith,

III with violating numerous provisions of the Maryland Lawyers’ Rules of Professional

Conduct (“MLRPC”) arising out of the management of his attorney trust account, his

delegation of tasks to his non-lawyer assistant, and his handling of several client matters.

       Specifically, the Commission charged Mr. Smith with violating MLRPC 1.1

(competence), 1.2(a) (scope of representation), 1.3 (diligence), 1.4 (communication), 1.5(c)

(fees), 1.15 (safekeeping property), 5.3 (responsibilities regarding nonlawyer assistants),

5.5(a) (unauthorized practice of law), 8.1(a) (false statement in connection with disciplinary

matters), and 8.4(a) (violation of MLRPC), (c) (conduct involving deceit) and (d) (prejudice
to the administration of justice). The Commission also charged Mr. Smith with violating

Maryland Rules 16-606.1 (attorney trust account record keeping), 16-607 (commingling of

funds), and 16-609 (prohibited transactions). The Commission later withdrew the charge as

to MLRPC 8.1(a).

       Pursuant to Maryland Rule 16-752(a), this Court designated Judge Larnzell Martin,

Jr. of the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County to conduct a hearing concerning the

alleged violations and to provide findings of fact and recommended conclusions of law.

Following a three-day hearing at which Mr. Smith testified and was represented by counsel,

the hearing judge issued his findings of fact and conclusions of law. On the basis of those

factfindings, the hearing judge concluded that Mr. Smith committed all of the alleged

violations.

       The Commission did not except to the hearing judge’s findings and conclusions; it

recommended that we disbar Mr. Smith. Mr. Smith conceded most of the violations, but

filed an exception to the hearing judge’s conclusion that he was responsible for violations

of MLRPC 8.4 and argued for a suspension rather than disbarment. The Court heard oral

argument on Mr. Smith’s exception and the recommendations for sanction in January 2015.

B.     Facts

       The hearing judge’s factual findings are uncontested; we therefore treat them as

established. Maryland Rule 16-759(b)(2)(A). The hearing judge’s findings, the parties’

stipulations, and the undisputed evidence in the record establish the following facts.

                                             2
       Mr. Smith’s Law Practice

       Mr. Smith was admitted to the Maryland Bar in 1983. He is also a member of the

District of Columbia Bar. During 1991, Mr. Smith established a law practice under the name

of Bryan & Smith, P.C., which focused on personal injury matters. Since the mid-1990s, Mr.

Smith has been the only attorney at the firm.1 The key facts relevant to the alleged violations

concern Mr. Smith’s delegation of responsibility to – and failure to supervise – his legal

assistant, his mishandling of his attorney trust account related to personal injury cases, and

his neglect of several client matters, all during the period 2009-2012.

       Delegation of Responsibility to Dawn Staley-Jackson

       During 1993, Mr. Smith hired Dawn Staley-Jackson2 as a paralegal.                   Ms.

Staley-Jackson worked for the firm for the next two decades as a legal assistant. During the

time period relevant to the alleged violations, her name appeared on the firm’s stationery

with the title “Legal Assistant.”

       Mr. Smith delegated substantial authority to Ms. Staley-Jackson. Indeed, the hearing

judge found that he “allowed Ms. Staley-Jackson to run his law practice without any

meaningful oversight.” With Mr. Smith’s knowledge and acquiescence, Ms. Staley-Jackson

independently sent demand letters to defendants, negotiated settlements with insurance

       1
        Joseph M. Bryan, the other named member of Bryan & Smith, P.C., retired from the
practice of law and had no involvement with Mr. Smith or the firm during the time relevant
to these proceedings.
       2
       In the record, Ms. Staley-Jackson is referred to variously as Dawn M. Staley, Dawn
M. Jackson, or Dawn Staley-Jackson.

                                               3
carriers, communicated with and advised clients, dealt with medical providers, drafted

pleadings and other papers for filing in court (frequently signing Mr. Smith’s name), and

deposited checks.

        Mr. Smith gave Ms. Staley-Jackson responsibility for preparing settlement

disbursement sheets, and for meeting with the client to explain the settlement sheet. Mr.

Smith would not check the accuracy of the lists of disbursements with the client’s file, other

than to check the gross amount and his own fee.          Mr. Smith also delegated to Ms.

Staley-Jackson the responsibility to inform clients that settlement funds had been received.

       After Ms. Staley-Jackson informed Mr. Smith that she was suffering from a serious

illness, he permitted her to work from home, to take client files to her house, and to forward

the office phone to her home and personal cell phone.

       Operation of Personal Injury Trust Account

       Mr. Smith maintained two attorney trust accounts at SunTrust Bank – one for

attorney’s fees and the other for receiving and disbursing funds in personal injury cases. The

alleged violations concern the operation of the personal injury trust account. At all relevant

times, Mr. Smith had sole check-signing authority for the personal injury trust account and

used a computer software program to record deposits and disbursements and to issue checks

payable from that account.

       From January 2009 continuing through September 2012, Mr. Smith failed to create

or maintain any meaningful records relating to the personal injury trust account. He did not

                                              4
keep accurate chronological listings of all deposits and disbursements, and failed to generate

individual client matter records. Mr. Smith did not reconcile his trust account records on a

monthly basis.

       Mr. Smith ordinarily received monthly bank statements by mail. He testified that,

sometime during 2010, the bank statements began to arrive by mail either sporadically or not

at all. He said that he would go to the local branch to obtain a bank statement each month,

but did not request copies of the negotiated checks. When Mr. Smith did receive a statement

in the mail, it included photocopies of checks drawn on his trust account, but he did not

regularly review these checks.

       Ms. Staley-Jackson’s Fraud

       Beginning in at least 2009, Ms. Staley-Jackson regularly and systematically

misappropriated funds from the firm’s personal injury trust account by diverting checks

drawn on that account payable to others or by fraudulently creating and cashing checks made

payable to herself. During the first seven months of 2009, Ms. Staley-Jackson took checks

made payable to Jason Carle, a chiropractor who had rendered services to Mr. Smith’s

clients. Ms. Staley-Jackson would forge Mr. Carle’s endorsement, sign the check herself,

and cash the check. She cashed approximately 15 checks payable to Mr. Carle for more than

$34,000 from January to July 2009. After July 2009, Ms. Staley-Jackson was apparently able

                                              5
to create and cash checks drawn on the trust account that listed herself as the payee.3 The

parties stipulated that, during the period from January 2009 through September 2012, Ms.

Staley-Jackson misappropriated the proceeds of checks exceeding $600,000 in value.

       Deposit of Personal Funds into Attorney Trust Account

       Ms. Staley-Jackson’s diversion of funds from the personal injury trust account resulted

in insufficient funds in that account to cover the purposes for which the funds had been

deposited. When Mr. Smith realized in 2010 that the personal injury trust account was short

of funds, he attempted to compensate for the shortfall with personal funds.

       Mr. Smith deposited his own personal funds or placed borrowed funds into the trust

account on five separate occasions from December 2010 through June 2012. On December

1, 2010, Mr. Smith cashed out his personal retirement account and deposited that money

($35,900) into the personal injury trust account. On February 10, 2011, Mr. Smith obtained

a $10,000 loan from his father and deposited it into the trust account. On April 18, 2011, Mr.

Smith deposited into the trust account another loan from his father in the amount of $50,000.

On March 5, 2012, Mr. Smith deposited into the trust account another $25,000 – this time

       3
         The record does not indicate how Ms. Staley-Jackson was able to create checks with
her own name as the payee. Mr. Smith testified that he would cut checks by using a
computer software program that printed each check after he input the payee’s name and the
amount. According to Mr. Smith, he was the only one who knew the password for the
computer program, and there had been no duplicate orders of blank checks. Mr. Smith
testified that he failed to notice the fraud because Ms. Staley-Jackson created checks payable
to herself for the exact amount due to an actual client or third party, ensuring that the balance
noted in the computer program would match the balance in his trust account.

                                               6
a loan from his father-in-law. On June 21, 2012, Mr. Smith deposited $100,000 into the trust

account, also obtained from his father-in-law.

       The hearing judge found that these deposits belied any assertion that Mr. Smith was

unaware of the serious deficiencies in the personal injury trust account – that it lacked

sufficient funds to cover his existing fiduciary obligations to clients and third parties. In

other words, Mr. Smith was aware for more than a year and a half that his personal injury

trust account at SunTrust Bank was out of trust. However, as the hearing judge found, his

“persistent failure over a period of almost four years to comply with the trust account record-

keeping requirements” of the Maryland Rules meant that he was unable to detect the source

of the shortfall and enabled Ms. Staley-Jackson “to get away with her theft scheme for as

long as she did.”

       Eventually the influx of personal funds failed to compensate for the

misappropriations. In September 2012, SunTrust Bank reported to Bar Counsel an overdraft

of Mr. Smith’s trust account.

       Late Payments to Medical Providers

       In many of Mr. Smith’s personal injury cases, the client and Mr. Smith signed an

undertaking requested by a medical provider who had treated the client in which they agreed

that Mr. Smith would pay fees owed to the provider directly from any settlement proceeds

that he received on behalf of the client. During the time that Ms. Staley-Jackson was

                                              7
misappropriating funds from the trust account, these payments were made late, or sometimes

not at all.

        For example, in July 2010, Mr. Smith deposited a personal injury settlement check in

the amount of $4,000 for the benefit of his client Teonka Young. On August 5, 2010, Ms.

Young signed a settlement disbursement sheet that listed a disbursement of $625 to New

Carrollton Therapy, a medical provider that had treated Ms. Young. Ms. Young received her

portion of the settlement. However, a check payable to New Carrollton Therapy for the

benefit of Ms. Young was not issued until April 17, 2012.

        On March 31, 2011, Mr. Smith deposited a settlement check for the benefit of his

client Robert Mayo in the amount of $7,300. On May 26, 2011, Robert Mayo signed a

settlement disbursement sheet that listed disbursements of $1,216.50 to Chris Brannigan, an

attorney, and $2,500 to Alpha Health Center-Oxon Hill. A check for Mr. Mayo’s portion of

the settlement was issued on May 25, 2011. However, the checks payable to Mr. Brannigan

and Alpha Health Center-Oxon Hill were not issued until 10 months later, on March 9, 2012.

        On March 31, 2011, Mr. Smith deposited a personal injury settlement check in the

amount of $15,500 for the benefit of client Robin Mayo. In September 2011, Mr. Smith

provided Robin Mayo with a settlement disbursement sheet that listed a disbursement of

$5,305 to Alpha Health Center. Ms. Mayo received her portion of the settlement on

September 23, 2011. A check payable to Alpha Health Center for the benefit of Robin Mayo

was not issued until April 3, 2012.

                                              8
       Mr. Smith testified that he would not have sent out these payments in March and April

2012 without first checking his computer program’s accounts to ensure he had not already

paid these medical providers. However, Mr. Smith did not check the client files, which were

then located in Ms. Staley-Jackson’s house, or examine his bank statements. Instead, he

talked with Mr. Staley-Jackson regarding the discrepancy and relied on her information.

       Beginning in the late summer of 2011, James Bolger, a collection agent for several

chiropractor facilities, began to call Mr. Smith to alert him about unpaid bills owed to those

facilities by Mr. Smith’s clients. When Mr. Smith was unresponsive, Mr. Bolger filed

several complaints with the Commission regarding his inability to obtain payment from Mr.

Smith on the unpaid medical bills. After Mr. Bolger filed complaints with the Commission,

Mr. Smith issued ten checks in March and April 2012 to various medical providers

represented by Mr. Bolger. Mr. Smith was aware that his trust account did not contain the

necessary funds to pay the amounts due and obtained the $25,000 loan from his father-in-law

in March 2012 to help cover the deficit.

       Discovery of the Fraud

       Following notice in September 2012 from SunTrust Bank that he had an overdraft on

his trust account, Mr. Smith discovered that the bounced checks had been payable to Ms.

                                              9
Staley-Jackson. Mr. Smith then retrieved his client files from Ms. Staley-Jackson’s home on

October 4, 2012, and shortly thereafter fired Ms. Staley-Jackson.4

       Unauthorized settlements and diversion of proceeds

       Several complaints received by the Commission concerning Mr. Smith revealed a

pattern of delegation to Ms. Staley-Jackson, settlement of claims by her without the client’s

knowledge, and the diversion of the settlement proceeds.

       – Orin H. Thomas, Jr.

       Mr. Smith represented Orin H. Thomas, Jr. on a contingent fee basis with regard to

a personal injury claim arising out of a motor vehicle accident that occurred on September

1, 2006. On August 27, 2009, Mr. Smith filed a complaint on behalf of Mr. Thomas in the

Circuit Court for Prince George’s County. The complaint named two defendants, Joy Felicia

Lee, who was insured by Allstate, and Mr. Thomas’s own insurance carrier, Metlife Auto &

Home Insurance Company, later amended to name Metropolitan Group Property & Casualty

Insurance Company (“Metropolitan”) with respect to under-insured motorist benefits.

       Following a settlement with Allstate for the policy limits, a check in the amount of

$50,000 issued by Allstate and payable to “Earl Smith, Esquire & his client, Orin Thomas”

was deposited into Mr. Smith’s attorney trust account on October 13, 2009. On November

       4
        Mr. Smith reported Ms. Staley-Jackson’s misappropriation to the police and obtained
the assistance of the Calvert County Sheriff’s Office in retrieving his files from her.
Criminal charges were initiated against her in the District Court in Prince George’s County.
Those charges were apparently dismissed. We were informed at oral argument that a
criminal investigation remains open.

                                             10
12, 2009, Mr. Smith issued a check drawn on his trust account and payable to Bryan &

Smith, P.C. representing a partial attorney’s fee payment. Mr. Smith did not inform Mr.

Thomas that this fee disbursement was made and did not provide Mr. Thomas with a written

settlement disbursement statement. Mr. Smith testified that he wrote checks to medical

providers and lien holders on Mr. Thomas’ behalf; but these checks were somehow converted

into checks payable to Ms. Staley-Jackson.

       On January 28, 2010, Mr. Smith filed a stipulation of voluntary dismissal as to Ms.

Lee following the settlement with Allstate.5 In October 2010, more than a year after

depositing the settlement check from Allstate, Mr. Smith first issued a check from the

settlement proceeds to Mr. Thomas for $3,000. From October 2010 to June 2012, Mr.

Thomas received six checks from Mr. Smith, totaling $13,200. Mr. Thomas received no

other disbursements from the settlement proceeds of $50,000. Mr. Smith testified that he did

not distribute the remaining proceeds from the Allstate settlement because he expected there

to be additional liens. Mr. Smith did not respond to Mr. Thomas’ repeated requests for an

accounting and for information regarding the case.

       After the settlement with Allstate, the claim against Mr. Thomas’ own insurance

company, Metropolitan, remained pending in the circuit court. On February 24, 2011,

Metropolitan filed a motion to compel discovery based on Mr. Smith’s failure to respond to

      5
       The Commission did not allege, and the hearing judge did not find, that Mr. Thomas’
case against Ms. Lee was settled without Mr. Thomas’ consent or knowledge.

                                             11
discovery requests. Mr. Smith neither responded to the motion nor filed any discovery

responses.

       Mr. Thomas’ case was scheduled for a pretrial conference on May 3, 2011. Mr. Smith

did not appear for the pretrial conference and the court dismissed Mr. Thomas’ case with

prejudice. Mr. Smith testified that he did not appear for the pretrial conference because he

never received the scheduling order or the discovery requests, and because he did not know

that Metropolitan had been served. Instead, he thought negotiations (as conducted by Ms.

Staley-Jackson) were ongoing. Mr. Smith knew of the dismissal of Mr. Thomas’ claim

against Metropolitan, but did not inform Mr. Thomas that his case had been dismissed.

       – Terry Hardy and the Hardy children

       Mr. Smith represented Terry Hardy and his two minor children, Terry Hardy Jr. and

Deja Hardy, in a personal injury matter following a motor vehicle accident that occurred on

August 26, 2009. The representation was on a contingent fee basis.

       Without Mr. Hardy’s knowledge or consent, Ms. Staley-Jackson negotiated a

settlement for Mr. Hardy and his daughter, Deja Hardy. On March 2, 2011, Mr. Smith

picked up two settlement checks from the Silver Spring office of State Farm Mutual

Automobile Insurance Company. One check was payable to “Terry D. Hardy & Earl A.

Smith, his attorney” in the amount of $7,000. The second check was payable to “Terry D.

Hardy, as parent and natural guardian of Deja Hardy, a minor, & Earl A. Smith, his attorney”

in the amount of $3,600. Mr. Smith personally deposited both checks into his trust account

                                            12
on March 2, 2011. No settlement was negotiated or received on behalf of Terry Hardy, Jr.

A signature purporting to be Mr. Hardy’s appeared on the back of both checks, although Mr.

Hardy was not aware of either check and had not authorized anyone to sign his name.

       Neither Mr. Hardy nor his children received any of the settlement proceeds. Mr.

Smith did not create or provide settlement disbursement sheets to Mr. Hardy and he did not

create client matter records for the funds deposited in trust. Mr. Smith was not responsive

to Mr. Hardy’s telephone calls and requests for information.

       – Sharon Hardy

       Mr. Smith also represented Sharon Hardy, Terry Hardy’s wife, in connection with a

personal injury claim following a separate motor vehicle accident that occurred on September

1, 2009. Without Mrs. Hardy’s knowledge or consent, Ms. Staley-Jackson negotiated a

settlement of her claim. On May 25, 2011, a check from Progressive Insurance Company

payable to Mrs. Hardy and Bryan & Smith, P.C. in the amount of $6,007 was deposited into

Mr. Smith’s trust account.

       Mrs. Hardy never received any of the settlement proceeds. Mr. Smith did not generate

or provide a settlement disbursement sheet to Mrs. Hardy, and did not create a client matter

record for her funds deposited in trust. Mr. Smith was not responsive to Mrs. Hardy’s

telephone calls and voicemails.

                                            13
       – Sheila Matthews

       Mr. Smith represented Sheila Matthews regarding a personal injury claim on a

contingent fee basis following a motor vehicle accident that occurred on February 16, 2011.

On December 8, 2011, Mr. Smith filed a civil complaint on behalf of Ms. Matthews in the

District Court of Maryland, sitting in Prince George’s County. The complaint named two

defendants, Oscar Tyler, who was insured by Bankers Independent Insurance, and Tiffany

Johnson, who was insured by ELCO Administrative Services.

       Without Ms. Matthews’ consent or knowledge, Ms. Staley-Jackson presented written

settlement demands and eventually negotiated a settlement with ELCO Administrative

Services for $1,600 in exchange for a release. On June 17, 2012, Ms. Staley-Jackson forged

Ms. Matthews’ signature on the release. On August 17, 2012, the settlement check in the

amount of $1,600 payable to Sheila Matthews and Bryan & Smith, P.C. was deposited into

Mr. Smith’s personal injury trust account.

       Ms. Matthews never received the settlement proceeds from the ELCO settlement. Mr.

Smith did not provide a written settlement statement or other accounting of settlement funds.

       After ELCO settled, the claim against the second defendant, Oscar Tyler and Bankers

Independent Insurance, remained pending in the District Court and was scheduled for trial

on September 26, 2012. Ms. Matthews received notice from Mr. Smith’s office that her case

had been set for trial, but she had no further contact with Mr. Smith prior to the trial date.

Mr. Smith testified that he was aware of the trial date but that he had been told by Ms.

                                              14
Staley-Jackson that the entire case had settled. Ms. Matthews appeared in court but Mr.

Smith did not appear. When Ms. Matthews called Mr. Smith’s office, she was told by Ms.

Staley-Jackson that the entire case had been settled and that she should tell this fact to the

court. Accordingly, Ms. Matthews informed the court that the case had settled, although in

fact only a portion of her case had been settled. The court then dismissed the case.6 Mr.

Smith did not communicate with Ms. Matthews regarding the status of her case and had done

no work to prepare for trial on September 26, 2012.

                                              II

                                         Discussion

       The hearing judge concluded that Mr. Smith committed all of the violations alleged

by the Commission, except for the allegation relating to MLRPC 8.1(a), which the

Commission had withdrawn. We review the hearing judge’s conclusions of law de novo –

i.e., without any special deference. Maryland Rule 16-759(b)(1). In the course of this

review, we consider the exception filed by Mr. Smith. In particular, Mr. Smith excepts to the

hearing judge’s conclusion that he is responsible for the violation of several sections of

MLRPC 8.4.

       6
       After terminating Ms. Staley-Jackson, Mr. Smith filed a motion to vacate the
dismissal of Ms. Matthews’ case, which was granted. However, Ms. Matthews later
discharged Mr. Smith as her attorney and later elected to voluntarily dismiss her case as to
both defendants.

                                             15
       Mr. Smith’s misconduct may be considered in three categories: (1) his failure to

supervise Ms. Staley-Jackson; (2) his failure to comply with rules concerning his

representation of his clients and the management of his personal injury attorney trust account;

and (3) misconduct of Ms. Staley-Jackson for which Mr. Smith is responsible.

A.     Failure to Supervise Non-Lawyer Assistant

       At the heart of most of the alleged violations in this case is the unsupervised

delegation of many of Mr. Smith’s responsibilities to his legal assistant. That unsupervised

delegation is intertwined with violations directly committed by Mr. Smith as well as the

misconduct of his legal assistant for which he bears responsibility. Unsupervised delegation

is also itself a violation of the MLRPC.

       MLRPC 5.3(a) and (b) – Supervision of Non-Lawyer Employees

       MLRPC 5.3(a) and (b) require attorneys to take certain steps to ensure that non-lawyer

employees act consistently with the lawyer’s ethical responsibilities. MLRPC 5.3(a) requires

that an attorney with managerial responsibilities in a firm “make reasonable efforts to ensure

that the firm has in effect measures giving reasonable assurance that the [non lawyer’s]

conduct is compatible with the professional obligations of the lawyer.” MLRPC 5.3(b)

requires attorneys with direct supervisory authority over a nonlawyer to make “reasonable

efforts” to ensure that employee’s conduct is in fact compatible with the attorney’s

professional responsibilities. Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Zuckerman, 386 Md. 341, 373-

                                              16
74, 872 A.2d 693 (2005); Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Glenn, 341 Md. 448, 479, 671

A.2d 463 (1996).

       Mr. Smith violated MLRPC 5.3(a) and (b). Instead of establishing reasonable

measures to ensure that Ms. Staley-Jackson’s conduct complied with his ethical obligations,

Mr. Smith delegated to Ms. Staley-Jackson broad authority to act on his behalf with little

supervision – such as permitting Ms. Staley-Jackson to negotiate with insurance companies

and to obtain consent from clients to settle. He apparently relied on Ms. Staley-Jackson to

run his practice with little to no supervision or effort to ensure that she actually performed

the tasks delegated to her in a manner consistent with his ethical obligations. Attorney

Grievance Comm’n v Zuckerman, 403 Md. 695, 714, 944 A.2d 525 (2008) (attorney’s failure

to instruct employees of the proper management of trust account and inform himself of the

status of the employee’s efforts to monitor the funds in the account, creating the opportunity

for an employee to misappropriate funds, was a violation of 5.3(a) and (b)).

       MLRPC 5.5(a) – Unauthorized Practice of Law

       MLRPC 5.5(a) states that a “lawyer shall not practice law in a jurisdiction in violation

of the regulation of the legal profession in that jurisdiction, or assist another in doing so.”

(emphasis added). This rule does not prohibit lawyers from delegating functions to legal

assistants and other non-lawyers, “so long as the lawyer supervises the delegated work and

retains responsibility for their work.” MLRPC 5.5, Comment [2].

                                              17
       When an attorney fails to make the “reasonable efforts” required by MLRPC 5.3(a)

and (b) and fails to supervise a non-lawyer assistant, the end result will often be that the

assistant engages in the unauthorized practice of law. Permitting a non-lawyer assistant to

send demand letters to insurance companies, settle claims, and provide legal advice to clients

without supervision constitutes assisting another in the unauthorized practice of law.

Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Ambe, 425 Md. 98, 129-30, 38 A.3d 390 (2012) (evaluating

settlement offers, and providing legal advice to clients as to settlement was practice of law).

Permitting a non-lawyer assistant to draft, edit, and file pleadings without supervision also

constitutes assisting another in the unauthorized practice of law. See Attorney Grievance

Comm’n v. Bocchino, 435 Md. 505, 535, 80 A.3d 222 (2013).

       The hearing judge found that in carrying out various activities without supervision,

Ms. Staley-Jackson engaged in the practice of law, a finding clearly supported in the record.

Mr. Smith regularly delegated to Ms. Staley-Jackson the authority to send demand letters to

insurance companies, negotiate settlements, communicate with and advise clients,

communicate with medical providers, and draft and sign pleadings and other filings for the

court, all with little or no supervision. Accordingly, Mr. Smith violated 5.5(a) by assisting

Ms. Staley-Jackson in the unauthorized practice of law.

                                              18
B.     Misconduct in Relation to Clients and Trust Account

       MLRPC 1.1 – Competence

       MLRPC 1.1. states: “A lawyer shall provide competent representation to a client.

Competent representation requires the legal knowledge, skill, thoroughness and preparation

reasonably necessary for the representation.”

       Mr. Smith failed to properly oversee his personal injury trust account and, as a result,

failed to maintain the settlement monies in the account, resulting in negative balances as to

individual clients and a negative balance overall as of September 2012. This was a violation

of MLRPC 1.1. See Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Mungin, 439 Md. 290, 305, 96 A.3d 122

(2014) (an attorney demonstrates his or her incompetence by failing to properly maintain

settlement monies in a trust account resulting in negative balances).            Mr. Smith’s

mismanagement of his trust account resulted in his failure to promptly pay clients and

medical providers after receiving settlement proceeds. See Zuckerman, 386 Md. at 369

(failure to promptly deliver money to a client and to pay third parties demonstrates

incompetence).

       Mr. Smith also failed to act competently in his handling of the cases of Ms. Matthews,

the Hardys, and Mr. Thomas. He failed to consult with Ms. Matthews regarding settlement

of her case, to inform her that a settlement check had been received, and to appear in court

on her behalf, resulting in the dismissal of the remainder of her case. Similarly, Mr. Smith

failed to pursue litigation against Mr. Thomas’ insurance company following the settlement

                                              19
with Allstate, failed to respond to discovery requests and a motion to compel discovery, and

failed to appear for a pretrial conference, resulting in the dismissal of part of Mr. Thomas’

case. Mr. Smith failed to consult with the Hardys regarding the settlements, to inform them

once settlement checks were received, and to respond to their requests for information. Such

conduct violated MLRPC 1.1. See Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Barnett, 440 Md. 254,

102 A.3d 310 (2014) (failure to notify client of hearing date, and otherwise to communicate

with client, and withdrawal of exceptions without client’s consent violated MLRPC 1.1);

Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Garrett, 427 Md. 209, 222, 46 A.3d 1169 (2012) (the failure

to take action to further a client’s case and appear at court proceedings violates the obligation

to provide competent representation).

       MLRPC 1.2(a) – Scope of Representation

       MLRPC 1.2(a) states, in part, that “a lawyer shall abide by a client’s decisions

concerning the objectives of the representation and, when appropriate, shall consult with the

client as to the means by which they are to be pursued.” MLRPC 1.2(a) specifically obligates

the lawyer to “abide by a client’s decision whether to settle a matter.” Mr. Smith violated

MLRPC 1.2(a) by settling at least a portion of the cases of Ms. Matthews and the Hardys

without the clients’ knowledge or consent. See Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Thaxton, 415

Md. 341, 362, 1 A.3d 470 (2010) (attorney violated MLRPC 1.2(a) by failing to obtain the

client’s consent to settle, notify client of when settlement funds were received, or pay

medical bills on time).

                                               20
       MLRPC 1.3 – Diligence

       MLRPC 1.3 directs a lawyer to “act with reasonable diligence and promptness in

representing a client.” This Court has stated that “an attorney violates [MLRPC] 1.3 when

he or she does nothing whatsoever to advance the client’s cause or endeavor.” Attorney

Grievance Comm’n v. Blair, 440 Md. 387, 402, 102 A.3d 786 (2014) (internal quotation

marks and citations omitted).

       Incompetence often goes hand in hand with a lack of diligence – a failure to act with

reasonable diligence will often result in incompetent representation. For example, the failure

to pursue a claim after filing a complaint demonstrates not only incompetence, but also

insufficient diligence. Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Gray, 436 Md. 513, 520, 83 A.3d 786

(2014). Failure to keep a client informed about the client’s case, to promptly disburse

settlement funds, or to respond to reasonable requests for information also violates MLRPC

1.3. Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Park, 427 Md. 180, 192-93, 46 A.3d 1153 (2012); see

also Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Goodman, 426 Md. 115, 125, 43 A.3d 988 (2012) (“An

attorney who agrees to pay client medical bills from recoveries in connection with his/her

representation, and fails to do so in a timely manner after receipt of settlement or judgment

funds, acts without reasonable diligence and promptness.”); Attorney Grievance Comm’n v.

Kremer, 432 Md. 325, 335, 68 A.3d 862 (2013) (attorney violated MLRPC 1.3 by being

routinely unavailable to client’s attempts to contact him and providing very little information

when eventually reached).

                                              21
       Mr. Smith violated MLRPC 1.3 by filing a complaint against Bankers Independent

Insurance on behalf of Ms. Matthews, but failing to take any action to advance that case. He

also failed to act with diligence when he filed a complaint against Metropolitan on behalf of

Mr. Thomas but failed to respond to discovery and took no action to further that case. He

violated MLRPC 1.3 when he did not respond to reasonable requests for information from

Ms. Matthews, Mr. Thomas, and the Hardys.

       MLRPC 1.4 – Communication

       MLRPC 1.4 states, in relevant part that:

              (a)    A lawyer shall:

                    (1)       promptly inform the client of any decision or
              circumstance with respect to which the client’s informed
              consent ... is required by these Rules;

                     (2)     keep the client reasonably informed about the
              status of the matter;

                    (3)     promptly comply with reasonable requests for
              information....

              (b)    A lawyer shall explain a matter to the extent reasonably
              necessary to permit the client to make informed decisions
              regarding the representation.

A lawyer who receives a settlement offer from opposing counsel “must promptly inform the

client of its substance” unless the client has indicated the proposal would be unacceptable

or has previously authorized the attorney to act. MLRPC 1.4, Comment [2].

                                             22
       Mr. Smith violated MLRPC 1.4(a) when he failed to communicate with his clients,

to inform them of settlement offers, or to obtain their informed consent. Ms. Matthews and

Mr. Thomas were unable to talk to Mr. Smith despite repeated efforts. Mrs. Hardy never met

Mr. Smith in person and was unable to reach him for three years, despite numerous attempts

by phone. Ms. Matthews, Mr. Hardy, and Mrs. Hardy were all unaware that their cases had

been settled. Ms. Matthews and Mr. Thomas were not informed that part of their case had

been dismissed. Such conduct violates MLRPC 1.4(a)(1)-(3) and 1.4(b). See Attorney

Grievance Comm’n v. Brigerman, 441 Md. 23, 37, 105 A.3d 467 (2014) (failure to inform

client of settlement and dismissal of case and failure to respond to multiple, reasonable

requests for information violated MLRPC 1.4(a) and (b)).

       MLRPC 1.5(c) – Contingent Fee Disbursement Statements

       MLRPC 1.5(c) states, in part, that “[u]pon conclusion of a contingent fee matter, the

lawyer shall provide the client with a written statement stating the outcome of the matter,

and, if there is a recovery, showing the remittance to the client and the method of its

determination.” Mr. Smith represented Ms. Matthews, Mr. Thomas, Mr. Hardy and his

children, and Mrs. Hardy, each on a contingent fee basis. However, Mr. Smith failed to

provide any of these clients with a written statement indicating the client’s recovery or

payments to third parties.

                                            23
       MLRPC 1.15(a) and (b) – safekeeping of trust funds

       Maryland Rule 16-606.1 – trust account records

       Maryland Rule 16-607 – commingling funds

       MLRPC 1.15(a) provides, in pertinent part, that “[a] lawyer shall hold [the] property

of clients ... that is in a lawyer’s possession in connection with a representation separate from

the lawyer’s own property.” MLRPC 1.15(b) bars an attorney from depositing the attorney’s

own funds in a trust account, except in specific circumstances permitted by the Maryland

Rules. Maryland Rule 16-607(a) generally prohibits an attorney from commingling personal

funds in a trust account.7 Maryland Rule 16-606.1 requires an attorney to keep detailed

records of deposits and disbursements for trust accounts, to cause a monthly reconciliation

of the account, and to retain all related records for at least five years. A failure to keep

records of deposits and disbursements also violates the directives of MLRPC 1.15(a).

       Mr. Smith violated 1.15(a) and (b) and Maryland Rule 16-607(a) by depositing more

than $220,000 in personal funds into his attorney trust account on five separate occasions

from December 2010 through June 2012. In addition, Mr. Smith’s failure to maintain records

       7
        There are some exceptions. Under Maryland Rule 16-607(b)(1), an attorney may
deposit personal funds to satisfy bank fees or minimum balance requirements, as well as
funds expected to be advanced on behalf of a client prior to reimbursement by the client.
Funds that belong to both the client and the attorney may be deposited in the trust account,
but the portion belonging to the attorney must be withdrawn when the attorney becomes
entitled to them. Maryland Rule 16-607(b)(2). None of these exceptions pertain to the
violations alleged in this case.

                                               24
regarding his trust account and to perform monthly reconciliations violated MLRPC 1.15(a)

and Maryland Rule 16-606.1.

       MLRPC 1.15(d) – notice of receipt of funds and prompt disbursement

       MLRPC 1.15(d) requires that an attorney, upon receiving funds or other property in

which a client or third person has an interest, “promptly notify the client or third person” and

“deliver promptly to the client or third person any funds or other property” to which they are

entitled. Upon request by the client or third person, the attorney must “render promptly a full

accounting regarding such property.” MLRPC 1.15(d).

       Mr. Smith violated 1.15(d) by failing to notify his clients, as well as third party

medical providers, when he received settlement funds in which the client and these entities

had an interest. Mr. Smith received settlement checks for Ms. Matthews, Mr. Hardy and his

minor daughter, and Mrs. Hardy. These checks were deposited into Mr. Smith’s trust

account, but neither the clients nor interested medical providers were notified that there was

a settlement or that funds had been received. In addition, Mr. Smith violated MLRPC

1.15(d) by failing to provide Mr. Thomas with an accounting of his settlement, despite Mr.

Thomas’ repeated requests.

       Mr. Smith also failed to promptly disburse funds to medical providers that were

entitled to portions of the client’s settlement proceeds. Payments to Alpha Health Center and

New Carrollton Therapy were delayed for more than a year after Mr. Smith received the

settlement proceeds for the cases involving Robert Mayo and Robin Mayo. See Mungin, 439

                                              25
Md. at 308-9 (attorney violated MLRPC 1.15(d) by failing to disburse funds due to client

until 10 months after receiving funds and failed to pay medical providers for three years).

       MLRPC 1.15(e) – prompt disbursement of funds not in dispute

       MLRPC 1.15(e) states that a “lawyer shall distribute promptly all portions of the

property as to which the interests are not in dispute.” Mr. Smith received a $50,000

settlement resolving part of Mr. Thomas’ case. Mr. Smith used the settlement proceeds to

pay his own fees and wrote checks to medical providers who were to be paid out of the

settlement. Mr. Smith failed, however, to promptly distribute the remaining portion of the

settlement to Mr. Thomas even though the remainder was not in dispute. Mr. Smith violated

MLRPC 1.15(e) by waiting over a year to distribute any proceeds to Mr. Thomas; ultimately,

he distributed only a portion of the proceeds to which Mr. Thomas was entitled. See

Goodman, 426 Md. at 126-27 (attorney’s failure to disburse money to medical providers after

receiving a settlement check violated MLRPC 1.15(e) when the remaining amount of the

settlement was no longer in dispute).

       Maryland Rule 16-609 – Trust Account

       Maryland Rule 16-609(a) provides that “[a]n attorney or law firm may not ... use any

funds [required to be deposited in a trust account] for any unauthorized purpose.”

Additionally, Maryland Rule 16-609(c) prohibits attorneys from making disbursements “if

the disbursement would create a negative balance with regard to an individual client matter

or all client matters in the aggregate.”

                                             26
       Mr. Smith received settlement proceeds for the benefit of Mr. Thomas and deposited

the monies into his attorney trust account. Mr. Smith then disbursed funds for his legal fees

without obtaining his client’s permission to do so. This was an unauthorized use of funds

from his attorney trust account, regardless of Mr. Smith’s intent, in violation of Maryland

Rule 16-609(a). See Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Ross, 428 Md. 50, 82, 50 A.3d 1166

(2012) (attorney violated Maryland Rule 16-609(a), regardless of his intent, when he received

funds for the client’s benefit and withdrew legal fees from the client’s trust monies without

obtaining his client’s consent). By continuing to create checks drawn on his trust account

from December 2010 through September 2012, despite knowledge that his trust account did

not contain sufficient funds to cover his existing obligations to clients, Mr. Smith also

violated Maryland Rule 16-609(c).

       MLRPC 8.4(c) – conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresentation

       MLRPC 8.4(c) states: “It is professional misconduct for a lawyer to … engage in

conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresentation[.]” At one time this Court

required a showing of intentional misconduct, as opposed to negligence, to establish a

violation of MLRPC 8.4(c). Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. DiCicco, 369 Md. 662, 684, 802

A.2d 1014 (2002) (“It is well settled that this Court will not find a violation of M[L]RPC

8.4(c) when the attorney’s conduct is the product of negligent rather than intentional

misconduct.”). More recently, the Court has been willing to consider the possibility that

negligent conduct may involve dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation. See Attorney

                                             27
Grievance Comm’n v. Nwadike, 416 Md. 180, 194, 6 A.3d 287 (2010); Mungin, 439 Md. at

314 n.11. Here, the Commission has argued that Mr. Smith violated MLRPC 8.4(c) by his

own intentional misconduct or is responsible for Ms. Staley-Jackson’s intentional misconduct

(see Part II.C. of this opinion below). As our resolution of those charges is sufficient to

support the sanction imposed, we refrain from parsing the distinction between intentional and

negligent deceit in this case.

       Mr. Smith violated MLRPC 8.4(c) by concealing material information from his client,

Mr. Thomas. The hearing judge found that Mr. Smith had actual knowledge that Mr.

Thomas’ claim against Metropolitan had been dismissed, but did not communicate this

information to Mr. Thomas. Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Thomas, 440 Md. 523, 555, 103

A.3d 629 (2014) (“Attorneys violate MLRPC 8.4(c) when they … conceal material

information from their clients, even if they have not misrepresented explicitly the

information.”). This is a finding of knowing misconduct, and there is no finding or evidence

indicating that Mr. Smith’s failure was the result of negligence or inadvertence.8

Accordingly, because Mr. Smith concealed material information from Mr. Thomas, he

violated MLRPC 8.4(c).

       8
         In contrast, there is not clear and convincing evidence to find that Mr. Smith knew
of the settlements but intentionally concealed the existence of the settlements from the
Hardys or Ms. Matthews. Similarly, the record does not show that, at the time Mr. Smith
presented clients with settlement disbursement sheets, he knew that the representations on
the settlement disbursement sheets were false. Thus, he did not make an intentionally false
statement in violation of MLRPC 8.4(c).

                                             28
       MLRPC 8.4(d) – conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice

       “It is professional misconduct for a lawyer to … engage in conduct that is prejudicial

to the administration of justice[.]” MLRPC 8.4(d). This Court has elaborated that “an

attorney violates M[L]RPC 8.4(d) when his or her conduct impacts negatively the public’s

perception or efficacy of the courts or legal profession.” Attorney Grievance Comm’n v.

Rand, 411 Md. 83, 96, 981 A.2d 1234 (2009).

       Mr. Smith violated MLRPC 8.4(d) by failing to properly manage his trust account –

commingling client and personal funds, permitting an overdraft, and failing to keep adequate

records of disbursements. Mr. Smith failed to disburse funds to medical providers on time,

in violation of MLRPC 8.4(d). See Mungin, 439 Md. at 315 (being out of trust for several

clients, failure to account for and disburse funds on time, and failure to pay medical providers

on time violates MLRPC 8.4(d)); see also Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Davy, 435 Md.

674, 707, 80 A.3d 322 (2013). On five separate occasions, Mr. Smith commingled personal

funds with client trust funds, in violation of MLRPC 8.4(d). See Attorney Grievance

Comm’n v. Maignan, 390 Md. 287, 297, 888 A.2d 344 (2005).

       Mr. Smith’s virtual abandonment of his practice to the charge of his non-lawyer

assistant, with little or no supervision, to such an extent that she engaged in the unauthorized

practice of law and was able to misappropriate client monies for almost four years constitutes

conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice. Mr. Smith agreed to represent clients but

failed to keep himself apprised as to the status of his clients’ cases and failed to communicate

                                              29
with clients, even when it was necessary to obtain the clients’ informed consent. Moreover,

Mr. Smith failed to appear in court on behalf of Ms. Matthews, resulting in her having to

attend the hearing without counsel and in a false statement being made to the court. See

Davy, 435 Md. at 707 (failure to provide competent and diligent representation, such as not

communicating with clients and not appearing in court, constitute conduct prejudicial to the

administration of justice). He failed to respond to discovery requests on behalf of Mr.

Thomas, resulting in the dismissal of part of that case. See Thomas, 440 Md. at 556 (“A

failure by an attorney to appear in court at a hearing on behalf of his or her client constitutes

conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice[.]”).       Mr. Smith’s conduct caused

significant harm to his clients both financially and in their ability to prosecute their claims

in court and was therefore prejudicial to the administration of justice.

       MLRPC 8.4(a) – violations of the MLRPC

       MLRPC 8.4(a) provides in pertinent part that “[i]t is professional misconduct for a

lawyer to ... violate ... the [MLRPC] ...” Because Mr. Smith has violated multiple provisions

of the MLRPC, he necessarily violated 8.4(a). Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Kobin, 432

Md. 565, 583, 69 A.3d 1053 (2013). Moreover, it is also a violation of MLRPC 8.4(a) to

violate the MLRPC “through the acts of another.” Here, Mr. Smith is responsible for reasons

explained in the next section, for certain acts of Ms. Staley-Jackson that were contrary to the

MLRPC.

                                               30
C.     Responsibility for Misconduct of Non-Lawyer Employee

       On occasion, a non-lawyer employee of a lawyer may do something that the lawyer

is prohibited from doing under the MLRPC. Is the employer attorney responsible for that

misconduct? Under MLRPC 5.3(c), a lawyer is responsible for the misconduct of the non-

lawyer employee in two types of circumstances.

       First, the lawyer is responsible for the non-lawyer’s actions “if the lawyer orders or,

with the knowledge of the specific conduct, ratifies the conduct involved.” MLRPC

5.3(c)(1); see Kobin, 432 Md. at 583 (attorney was responsible under MLRPC 5.3(c)(1) for

his office manager’s failure to handle the firm’s trust account properly when the attorney

authorized the improper conduct); Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Johnson, 409 Md. 470,

507, 976 A.2d 245 (2009) (imputing violations of MLRPC 1.15(d) and 8.4(c) to attorney who

ratified actions of employees of his title company that involved improper disbursements of

trust money, false settlement statements, and false affidavits of occupancy).

       Second, even if the lawyer does not order or ratify the misconduct, if the lawyer is a

partner in a firm or has direct supervisory authority over the employee, and “knows of the

conduct at a time when its consequences can be avoided or mitigated but fails to take

reasonable remedial action,” the lawyer is responsible for the misconduct. MLRPC 5.3(c)(2).

This Court has rarely found an attorney responsible for a non-lawyer employee’s misconduct

under MLRPC 5.3(c)(2). See, e.g., Glenn, 341 Md. at 466 (attorney was responsible under

MLRPC 5.3(c)(2) when the attorney knew or should have known that a transfer of certain

                                             31
monies by his bookkeepers would reduce the escrow account balance to an unacceptable

level, but failed to take reasonable steps to prevent the transfer); Attorney Grievance Comm’n

v. Ficker, 349 Md. 13, 24, 706 A.2d 1045 (1998) (attorney was not responsible for

employee’s misconduct under MLRPC 5.3(c)(2) because, upon discovery of the misconduct

the attorney took immediate remedial measures by stopping the misconduct, docking the

employee’s pay, and refunding money to clients harmed by the employee’s misconduct);

Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. McDowell, 439 Md. 26, 44, 93 A.3d 711 (2014) (lawyer not

responsible under MLRPC 5.3(c)(2) because the attorney took reasonable remedial action

once he learned of the misconduct).

       The hearing judge concluded that Mr. Smith was responsible for Ms. Staley-Jackson’s

misconduct pursuant to MLRPC 5.3(c), although the judge did not specify which subsection

supported that conclusion. With respect to MLRPC 5.3(c)(1), the record does not indicate

that Mr. Smith ordered the misconduct by Ms. Staley-Jackson. Nor is there clear and

convincing evidence that he ratified specific misconduct – as opposed to failing to supervise

her adequately. It appears that the hearing judge’s conclusion was based on MLRPC

5.3(c)(2).

       Under MLRPC 5.3(c)(2), four elements must be present to impute an employee’s

misconduct to an attorney: (1) misconduct by the employee that would violate the MLRPC

if done by the attorney; (2) partnership status or a direct supervisory relationship; (3) the

attorney’s knowledge of the wrongdoing at a time when its consequences can be mitigated;

                                             32
and (4) the attorney’s failure to take reasonable remedial action. There is no question that,

had Ms. Staley-Jackson been an attorney, her conduct – including the intentional

misappropriation of client funds, concealment of material facts, and misrepresentation –

would have violated the MLRPC. Nor is there any question that Mr. Smith had the requisite

supervisory relationship with Ms. Staley-Jackson. Thus, Mr. Smith’s responsibility for her

actions turns on the timing and extent of his knowledge of her misconduct and what, if any,

remedial action he took.

       Mr. Smith’s Knowledge

       As the hearing judge found, Mr. Smith had to know that there were serious

deficiencies in his trust account by at least December 1, 2010, when he cashed out his

personal retirement account and deposited $35,900 into the trust account to prevent the

account from falling further out of trust. This knowledge was repeatedly confirmed as Mr.

Smith found it necessary to deposit substantial personal funds into his trust account on four

other occasions over the next 18 months.9 Thus, Mr. Smith was not ignorant of the fact that

his trust account was being violated. See Glenn, 341 Md. at 466 (accepting the hearing

judge’s finding that, although the attorney did not have specific knowledge of his employees’

misconduct, he could not have been ignorant to the jeopardy facing his trust account because

       9
        At the hearing, Mr. Smith testified that he believed the deposits of personal funds in
the trust account were necessary to offset “operating expenses.”

                                             33
the attorney had exclusive check writing authority and the potential for a shortfall was

apparent).

       Second, as of March 2012, when Mr. Smith received complaints from Mr. Bolger

regarding unpaid client bills, Mr. Smith also had to know that, despite the receipt of

settlement proceeds by his office, various medical providers and third parties were not

receiving payments promised from those proceeds. Mr. Smith also knew that he had

presented settlement disbursement sheets to certain clients listing payments to medical

providers that Mr. Smith now knew had not been made. For example, on August 6, 2010,

Mr. Smith presented to his client Teonka Young a settlement sheet listing a disbursement of

$625 to New Carrollton Therapy. As a result of Mr. Bolger’s communications with Mr.

Smith and Mr. Bolger’s complaints to the Commission, Mr. Smith paid $625 to New

Carrollton Therapy in April 17, 2012. He testified that he would not have made this payment

without checking his computer program to make sure the payment had not been made

previously. Similarly, the settlement disbursement sheets presented to Robert and Robin

Mayo in May and September 2011 listed payments to medical providers that Mr. Smith

knew, as of April 2012, had not been made. Nor could the discrepancies with respect to

these clients be disregarded as isolated occurrences, as Mr. Bolger complained of

non-payment for multiple clients treated in multiple medical facilities. Thus, as of March and

April 2012, Mr. Smith knew or should have known that, although he deposited settlement

                                             34
checks, disbursements to medical providers were not being made, and the disbursement

statements presented to clients were not accurate.

       Thus, Mr. Smith had knowledge that his client trust fund was continually being

invaded and that payments were not reaching their intended recipients, contrary to the

representations made on settlement sheets presented to clients. However, there was no

specific factual finding by the hearing judge that Mr. Smith knew Ms. Staley-Jackson was

re-creating checks drawn on the trust account and making them payable to herself or that she

was creating false settlement disbursement sheets.10

       Mr. Smith’s ignorance of the details of the invasion of his trust account and the

diversion of funds did not absolve him from the obligation to take reasonable remedial

measures with respect to his trust fund for several reasons. First, Ms. Staley-Jackson was Mr.

Smith’s only employee. Second, this is not a case where the fraud was well concealed; rather

a review of the account statements and negotiated checks would have revealed multiple

checks over a four-year period payable from the trust account to Ms. Staley-Jackson. For

example, during December 2010, Ms. Staley-Jackson cashed six checks payable to herself

       10
         Mr. Smith may not have had specific knowledge of every aspect of Ms. Staley-
Jackson’s scheme. For example, Mr. Smith did not seem to be aware that Ms. Staley-Jackson
fraudulently settled claims without the client’s knowledge or consent, forged client signatures
on releases, or concealed the receipt of settlement funds from clients. Although his
ignorance of her conduct is itself a violation of his duty to supervise under MLRPC 5.3(a)-
(b), see Part II.A of this opinion above, there is not clear and convincing evidence to
demonstrate that Mr. Smith had knowledge of this aspect of Ms. Staley-Jackson’s scheme
or that he was willfully blind to her misconduct.

                                              35
drawn on the trust account, for a total of $20,010, almost completely offsetting Mr. Smith’s

deposit of personal funds made that same month. Third, the fraud would also have been

detected had Mr. Smith been in contact with his clients, as any communication was likely to

reveal that the clients had not received portions of the settlements to which they were

entitled. Mr. Smith cannot avoid responsibility for the misconduct of his employee under

MLRPC 5.3(c)(2) by remaining willfully ignorant of the employee’s conduct in the face of

clear indications of misconduct. See Glenn, 341 Md. at 481 (concluding in the alternative

that, even if the attorney did not have knowledge of the misconduct, he was responsible

under MLRPC 5.3(c)(2) because, had the attorney exercised a reasonable degree of

supervision over the employee, he would have discovered the employee’s misconduct

earlier).

        Mr. Smith had sufficient knowledge of misconduct relating to the operating of his

trust account that his obligation to take reasonable remedial measures under 5.3(c)(2) was

triggered.

        Reasonable remedial measures

        Despite Mr. Smith’s knowledge that client funds in the trust account were being

invaded as of December 2010, he failed to take any reasonable efforts to investigate why the

trust account did not contain sufficient funds to cover his obligations and instead deposited

personal funds into his trust account for more than a year. The failure to examine his client’s

files, check bank statements and negotiated checks, or otherwise attempt to investigate the

                                              36
deficiencies in his trust account amounts to a failure to take reasonable remedial measures.

Moreover, despite knowledge that medical providers were not receiving payments, Mr. Smith

did not attempt to obtain the relevant client files, which he knew were then located at Ms.

Staley-Jackson’s home, or otherwise investigate why a substantial number of payments had

not been received by medical providers. Mr. Smith wrote checks to satisfy Mr. Bolger’s

concerns after Mr. Bolger complained to the Commission, but Mr. Smith apparently made

little or no effort to investigate the cause of the problem or address the harm or potential

harm to his clients. He made no efforts to confirm whether Ms. Staley-Jackson was sending

out checks to appropriate payees, but continued to rely on Ms. Staley-Jackson to prepare

settlement sheets, transmit checks, and inform him which checks should be written.

       Had Mr. Smith taken reasonable remedial measures in March and April 2012 to

investigate why medical providers were not paid, he likely would have noticed the numerous

checks payable to Ms. Staley-Jackson and would have been able to mitigate or prevent the

misappropriation of $100,000 from the trust account by Ms. Staley-Jackson between April

and September 2012.

       Summary

       Mr. Smith knew of the invasion of his trust account beginning in 2009 and would

surely have learned the details of Ms. Staley-Jackson’s misconduct had he taken reasonable

remedial measures at that time, and might well have prevented most of the misappropriation

of funds and other violations. But he failed to do so. Had Ms. Staley-Jackson been an

                                             37
attorney, her conduct would have violated multiple provisions of the MLRPC and Title 16

of the Maryland Rules. Most egregiously, that conduct would have violated MLRPC 8.4(c)

and (d) for the intentional misappropriation of client trust funds, and the creation of

materially false disbursement sheets. Mr. Smith had direct supervisory authority over Ms.

Staley-Jackson. Under MLRPC 5.3(c)(2), Mr. Smith is responsible for her misconduct.

       Mr. Smith’s Exception

       Mr. Smith argues that he should not be held responsible for Ms. Staley-Jackson’s

intentional misappropriation of funds, false statements, or fraud that, if committed by an

attorney, would amount to violations of MLRPC 8.4(c) and (d). Mr. Smith argues that,

because the court must find intentional or willful conduct by an attorney for a violation of

MLRPC 8.4(c) or (d), and because he did not intentionally violate those rules himself, he

cannot be held responsible for violations of these provisions.

       Even assuming Mr. Smith is correct that an attorney can never violate MLRPC 8.4(c)

or (d) except through the attorney’s own intentional misconduct, prior cases that refer to the

necessity of intentional conduct were addressing direct responsibility.11 MLRPC 5.3(c)(2)

imposes responsibility on the attorney for failing to take appropriate action once the attorney

has knowledge of an employee’s misconduct. In the context of the attorney’s responsibility

under MLRPC 5.3(c)(2), it is the attorney’s knowledge and failure to take reasonable

remedial actions that imposes responsibility.

       11
            See pp. 27-28 above.

                                              38
       Mr. Smith also argues that, because Ms. Staley-Jackson’s conduct was criminal and

because he could not have foreseen such intentional wrongdoing, he should not be held

responsible for it. This Court has not adopted such a distinction. See Johnson, 409 Md. at

507 (imputing a violation of MLRPC 8.4(c) to an attorney under 5.3(c)(1) based on the

intentional misconduct of an employee that resulted in the submission of a false statement).

Nor would such a distinction serve the purpose of the rule, which is to ensure that attorneys

take prompt remedial action once misconduct by a subordinate is discovered. We overrule

Mr. Smith’s exception and conclude that he can be held responsible for the intentional

misconduct of Ms. Staley-Jackson.

                                               III

                                           Sanction

       As in many attorney discipline cases, at this stage of the proceeding, the essential facts

are no longer a matter of dispute and the legal determinations are either obvious or fine

points with relatively little effect on the ultimate outcome. Our primary function is to fashion

a sanction appropriate to the facts and the violations. As always, our purpose is “not to

punish the errant lawyer but rather to protect the public, to maintain the integrity of the legal

profession and to deter other lawyers from engaging in violations of the Rules of Professional

Conduct.” Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Webster, 348 Md. 662, 678, 705 A.2d 1135

(1998).

                                               39
       Bar Counsel argues for disbarment. Mr. Smith counters that his misconduct, although

negligent, was not intentional and that the appropriate sanction is a suspension that allows

for reinstatement “after a reasonable period of time.” 12

       In determining the appropriate sanction, this Court considers the answers to four

questions derived from the American Bar Association’s Standards for Imposing Lawyer

Sanctions: (1) What ethical duty was violated? (2) What was the lawyer’s mental state? (3)

What was the extent of the actual or potential injury caused by the misconduct? and (4) Are

any aggravating or mitigating factors present?13 See Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Taylor,

405 Md. 697, 720, 955 A.2d 755 (2008).

       Nature of ethical duties violated

       Mr. Smith failed to comply with the rules governing attorney trust accounts with the

result that he failed to carry out his fiduciary obligation to his clients and his promises to

third parties to maintain funds in trust and to disburse funds promptly. Mr. Smith also failed

his clients in delegating large parts of his practice to his lay assistant without supervision,

failing to communicate with his clients, and failing to stay abreast of his cases. The apparent

       12
        It should be noted that disbarment does not preclude reinstatement. See Maryland
Rule 16-781.
       13
       Potential aggravating and mitigating factors are listed in American Bar Association,
Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions, §9.22, Compendium of Professional
Responsibility Rules and Standards (2012) at p. 475. See Attorney Grievance Comm’n v.
Coppock, 432 Md. 629, 648-49 nn. 17-18, 69 A.3d 1092 (2013).

                                              40
abandonment of his practice to his assistant compromised his ability to fulfill the ethical

duties that govern the practice of law. These are serious lapses.

       State of mind

       The hearing judge did not find that Mr. Smith acted with malicious intent, and the

record does not suggest that he did. But the hearing judge did find that Mr. Smith had reason

to know his trust account was being invaded. Moreover, Mr. Smith’s blanket delegation of

authority to Ms. Staley-Jackson to communicate with clients, negotiate settlements, sign

pleadings and other court papers, obtain client consent for settlements, and transmit and cash

checks without adequate supervision relinquished his role and obligations under the

disciplinary rules and was, at best, gross negligence. For example, when it became evident

that his trust account was being invaded and payments were not being received by the

appropriate payees, he was slow to investigate, to the detriment not only of his clients and

the third party payees, but also of his own financial well-being as well. In attempting to

make the trust account whole with family loans and out of his own pocket without

conducting a thorough audit of the account, he delayed discovery of Ms. Staley-Jackson’s

defalcation and effectively facilitated her final theft of funds. We need not pinpoint where

along the spectrum between gross negligence and knowing misconduct14 he ultimately landed

to conclude that his state of mind, while perhaps not evil, was not innocent.

       14
        See Glenn, 341 Md. at 487 (the line between knowing misconduct and gross
negligence is a thin one and hard to draw).

                                             41
       Extent of injury to clients and others

       Mr. Smith’s misconduct resulted in foregone claims, monetary injury to his clients,

and delayed payments to third parties. A court dismissed with prejudice claims brought on

behalf of Ms. Matthews and Mr. Thomas. Ms. Matthews, Mr. and Mrs. Hardy and the

Hardys’ daughter had their cases settled without their knowledge. The Hardys and Ms.

Matthews never received proceeds from settlements to which they were entitled. Mr.

Thomas intermittently received only a portion of the settlement in his case. Multiple medical

providers were not paid fees to which they were entitled for months after Mr. Smith had

received settlement proceeds out of which he and his clients had agreed payment would be

made. Ironically, on the record before us, it appears that Mr. Smith and his family members

may have incurred the greatest monetary loss as a result of his misguided efforts to shore up

his trust account with personal funds.

       Aggravating and mitigating factors

       Mr. Smith’s neglect as to his trust account and his clients constitutes a “pattern of

misconduct” that is an aggravating factor. See Kremer, 432 Md. at 340. The fact that Mr.

Smith is an experienced attorney with more than 30 years in the practice of law also counts

against him as an aggravating factor. See Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Fader, 431 Md.

395, 435-37, 66 A.3d 18 (2013).

       As the hearing judge found, there are mitigating factors present. This was the first

disciplinary proceeding initiated against Mr. Smith. Mr. Smith cooperated with Bar Counsel

                                                42
and took responsibility for his failure to manage his trust account and to supervise Ms.

Staley-Jackson. He also admitted to most of the violations charged by the Commission. The

hearing judge found that Mr. Smith did not receive any personal benefit from Ms.

Staley-Jackson’s fraud and that he had no knowledge of criminal activity. It also appears to

be undisputed that Mr. Smith is very active in his community as a leader in youth activities

and as a volunteer in a local band that gives charitable performances.

       We also note that Mr. Smith made an effort to rectify some of the consequences of

Ms. Staley-Jackson’s misappropriations and his own misconduct by trying to make the trust

account whole out of his own pocket. This factor cuts both ways, however. Restitution of

a loss caused by misconduct is what we would want of anyone in his place – and too few

do.15 But the manner in which Mr. Smith made this restitution violated Maryland Rule 16-

607, delayed the notice of the shortfall to the Bar Counsel,16 and had the effect of extending

the fraud.

       Mr. Smith’s conduct evidences an inexcusable pattern of neglect with respect to the

representation of several clients and the management of his trust account. It is this pattern

of neglect towards the interests of his clients, the failure to conduct a reasonable investigation

       15
         See, e.g., Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Bleecker, 414 Md. 147, 178, 994 A.2d 928
(2010); Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Lewis, 437 Md. 308, 85 A.3d 865 (2014).
Indifference to making restitution is an aggravating factor under the ABA Standards. See
Footnote 13 above.
       16
        See Maryland Rules 16-605, 16-612, 16-722 (Bar Counsel to be notified of
overdrafts in trust accounts and may audit account).

                                               43
into his accounts and client files once he had notice of misconduct, and the significant harm

to clients that warrants disbarment in this case. This Court has disbarred attorneys in prior

cases involving a pattern of neglect of clients, even when there were no prior disciplinary

actions against the attorney. See, e.g., Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Wallace, 368 Md. 277,

293, 793 A.2d 535 (2002); see also Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Dominguez, 427 Md.

308, 327, 47 A.3d 975 (2012); Lara, 418 Md. at 365; Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Faber,

373 Md. 173, 183, 817 A.2d 205 (2003). Moreover, under MLRPC 5.3(c)(2), Mr. Smith is

responsible for Ms. Staley-Jackson’s misappropriation of client funds and her

misrepresentations to conceal her fraud even though he did not himself intentionally

misappropriate client funds or deceive clients. Given the volume and severity of Mr. Smith’s

misconduct, including the resulting misappropriation of client funds and concealment of

information from clients, the factors found in mitigation do not warrant a lesser sanction than

disbarment.

                                           I T IS SO O RDERED; R ESPONDENT S HALL P AY
                                           A LL C OSTS AS T AXED BY THE C LERK OF THE
                                           C OURT, I NCLUDING C OSTS OF A LL
                                           T RANSCRIPTS, P URSUANT TO M ARYLAND R ULE
                                           16-761(B), FOR W HICH S UM J UDGMENT I S
                                           E NTERED IN F AVOR OF THE A TTORNEY
                                           G RIEVANCE C OMMISSION A GAINST E ARL
                                           A MERICUS S MITH, III.

                                              44