Court Opinion

ID: 5137343
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-21 14:38:42.230668+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:01.704210
License: Public Domain

IN THE UTAH COURT OF APPEALS

                                      ‐‐‐‐ooOoo‐‐‐‐

E.J. Sutton,                                )                  OPINION
                                            )
       Plaintiff and Appellant,             )            Case No. 20100830‐CA
                                            )
v.                                          )
                                            )                  FILED
Byer Excavating, Inc., a Utah               )              (February 2, 2012)
corporation; Lowell Construction Co., a     )
Utah corporation; James H. Diamond          )               2012 UT App 28
Concrete, a Utah corporation; and John      )
Does 1 through 3,                           )
                                            )
       Defendants and Appellee.             )

                                           ‐‐‐‐‐

Third District, Salt Lake Department, 080911879
The Honorable Robert K. Hilder

Attorneys:      John Edward Hansen and Jonathan H. Rupp, Salt Lake City, for
                Appellant
                Stanford P. Fitts, Michael L. Ford, and S. Spencer Brown, Salt Lake City,
                for Appellee

                                           ‐‐‐‐‐

Before Judges Davis, Roth, and Christiansen.

CHRISTIANSEN, Judge:

¶1     Plaintiff E.J. Sutton appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in
favor of defendant Byer Excavating, Inc. (Byer Excavating). We affirm.
                                    BACKGROUND1

¶2    In the summer of 2007, two separate houses were being built on adjacent lots 173
and 174 on White Pine Canyon Road in Park City, Utah. M.H. Allred Construction
performed as the general contractor on Lot 174, with both Byer Excavating and R.W.
Construction performing as subcontractors. Byer Excavating employed Bob Miles to
operate its trackhoe. R.W. Construction employed Sutton as a framing superintendent.

¶3      On August 1, 2007, Lowell Construction Company (Lowell Construction)
received a load of rebar at Lot 173 for the housing project on that lot. Miles was
performing clearing and excavation work on Lot 174 when Sutton asked Miles to
discontinue his excavation work on Lot 174 to help unload Lowell Construction’s rebar
for Lot 173 using Byer Excavating’s trackhoe. Byer Excavating had not been hired to
perform work on Lot 173 and had no prior arrangement with Lowell Construction to
unload the rebar. Although Miles was reluctant to stop his own work, he agreed to help
Lowell Construction unload the rebar and left the area where he was working to do so.
To help unload the rebar, Sutton rigged the load of rebar on the trackhoe and later
testified that he acted as “kind of a spotter.” Don Jones worked as Lowell
Construction’s superintendent on Lot 173 and was in charge of unloading the rebar for
the housing project on Lot 173. While Miles was operating the trackhoe, the unstable
load struck and injured Sutton. Byer Excavating was not aware that Miles used the
trackhoe to assist Lowell Construction until after the accident occurred.

¶4     Following the accident, Sutton sued several defendants, including Byer
Excavating.2 Subsequently, Byer Excavating filed a motion for summary judgment.
Following briefing and oral argument, the district court granted the motion, ruling that
“there [were] no genuine issues of material fact and Byer [Excavating] . . . [wa]s entitled
to judgment in its favor as a matter of law that . . . Miles was acting outside the course
and scope of his employment for Byer [Excavating] . . . at the time of the accident.”
Sutton now appeals.

       1
        Because we are reviewing a grant of summary judgment, we recite “‘the facts
and all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to [Sutton,]
the nonmoving party.’” Orvis v. Johnson, 2008 UT 2, ¶ 6, 177 P.3d 600 (citation omitted).
       2
        This appeal focuses solely on Byer Excavating.

20100830‐CA                                  2
                          ISSUE AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶5     Sutton argues that the district court improperly granted summary judgment in
Byer Excavating’s favor. “An appellate court reviews a trial court’s ‘legal conclusions
and ultimate grant or denial of summary judgment’ for correctness and views ‘the facts
and all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party.’” Orvis v. Johnson, 2008 UT 2, ¶ 6, 177 P.3d 600 (citations omitted).

                                         ANALYSIS

¶6     To be entitled to summary judgment, the movant must establish “both that there
is no material issue of fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Id. ¶ 10 (citing Utah R. Civ. P. 56(c)).

                      A summary judgment movant, on an issue where the
              nonmoving party will bear the burden of proof at trial, may
              satisfy its burden on summary judgment by showing . . . that
              there is no genuine issue of material fact. Upon such a
              showing, whether or not supported by additional
              affirmative factual evidence, the burden then shifts to the
              nonmoving party, who . . . “must set forth specific facts
              showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.”

Id. ¶ 18 (citation omitted) (quoting Utah R. Civ. P. 56(e)). In this case, the district court
correctly granted summary judgment. After Byer Excavating demonstrated that no
material facts were at issue and that it was “entitled to judgment as a matter of law,”
Sutton did not dispute any of the material facts that established that Byer Excavating
was entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law. See id.

                           I. Course and Scope of Employment

¶7      “Under the doctrine of respondeat superior, an employer may be held
vicariously liable for the acts of its employee if the employee is [acting] in the course
and scope of his employment at the time of the act giving rise to the injury.” Newman v.
White Water Whirlpool, 2008 UT 79, ¶ 8, 197 P.3d 654. The party asserting vicarious
liability must prove three elements (the Birkner test), see generally Birkner v. Salt Lake

20100830‐CA                                   3
Cnty., 771 P.2d 1053, 1056‐57 (Utah 1989), to establish that the employee was acting
within the course and scope of his or her employment: (1) “‘an employee’s conduct
must be of the general kind the employee is employed to perform’”; (2) “‘the
employee’s conduct must occur within the hours of the employee’s work and the
ordinary spatial boundaries of the employment’”; and (3) “‘the employee’s conduct
must be motivated, at least in part, by the purpose of serving the employer’s interest.’”
Newman, 2008 UT 79, ¶ 9 (quoting Birkner, 771 P.2d at 1056‐57).

                      Whether an employee is in the course and scope of his
              employment under the Birkner test presents a question of
              fact for the fact‐finder. Indeed, [s]cope of employment
              questions are inherently fact bound. Accordingly, scope of
              employment issue[s] must be submitted to a jury whenever
              reasonable minds may differ as to whether the [employee]
              was at a certain time . . . within the scope of employment.
              Summary judgment is proper, then, only when the
              employee’s activity is so clearly within or outside the scope
              of employment that reasonable minds cannot differ.

                      In determining whether reasonable minds might
              differ about whether an employee is within the course and
              scope of his employment, the standard to be applied is an
              objective one. In other words, the standard is not whether
              these parties’ minds differ—which they obviously do—but
              whether reasonable jurors, having been properly instructed
              by the trial court, would be unable to come to any other
              conclusion regarding the employee’s conduct. If no
              reasonable juror could come to any other conclusion,
              summary judgment is appropriate. If, however, reasonable
              jurors might differ about whether the employee’s actions fell
              within the course and scope of his employment, summary
              judgment is improper and the issue should go to the jury for
              determination.

Id. ¶¶ 10‐11 (alterations and omission in original) (citations and internal quotation
marks omitted).

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¶8     On appeal, Sutton argues that the following material facts are disputed and,
when viewed in Sutton’s favor, preclude the entry of summary judgment: (1) “Byer
[Excavating] employees have used Byer [Excavating] equipment to do extra‐contractual
work on projects, and have used trackhoes to unload rebar”; (2) “Miles was a Byer
[Excavating] employee in control of Byer [Excavating‐]owned equipment at the time of
the accident”; and (3) “Miles’[s] conduct was motivated in part to benefit his employer.”
However, even considering these facts and the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom
in Sutton’s favor, Sutton did not dispute other key facts that Byer Excavating presented
to establish, as a matter of law, that Miles’s conduct in utilizing Byer Excavating’s
trackhoe to unload rebar for another construction site’s project was not “the general
kind [of work Miles was] employed to perform.” See id. ¶ 9.

              [A]n employee’s acts or conduct must be generally directed
              toward the accomplishment of objectives within the scope of
              the employee’s duties and authority, or reasonably incidental
              thereto. In other words, the employee must be about the
              employer’s business and the duties assigned by the
              employer, as opposed to being wholly involved in a personal
              endeavor.

Birkner, 771 P.2d at 1057.

¶9      Sutton produced no facts to dispute Byer Excavating’s evidence that Miles had
never before unloaded rebar using Byer Excavating’s trackhoe during his seventeen
years of employment with Byer Excavating, that Miles was hired for and performed
trackhoe work that consisted of excavation and earthwork, and that his work did not
include unloading objects. Additionally, Sutton’s affidavit, which stated that other Byer
Excavating employees had used Byer Excavating’s trackhoes to unload objects, does not
raise a material issue of disputed fact because his affidavit did not assert that Miles
himself had ever performed these unloading tasks.3 Furthermore, Sutton failed to
produce any evidence to dispute Byer Excavating’s evidence that Miles had never
before left the job site he was assigned in order to assist on an unrelated project on a
different job site or produce any evidence that Byer Excavating had ever authorized

       3
      Byer Excavating admitted that other employees unloaded objects but stated,
without dispute, that it had a separate group of employees that unloaded objects.

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such use of its equipment. Thus, given the undisputed facts, reasonable minds could
not differ on the issue of whether Miles’s conduct was “generally directed toward the
accomplishment of objectives within the scope of [Miles]’s duties and authority, or
reasonably incidental thereto.” See id. Because Byer Excavating established that
Sutton’s claim failed, as a matter of law, when he could not establish one element of the
Birkner test, no reasonable jury could conclude that Miles was acting within the course
and scope of his employment with Byer Excavating at the time of the accident.
Therefore, the district court properly granted summary judgment in favor of Byer
Excavating.

                                  II. Apparent Authority

¶10 Sutton also argues that the district court erred in granting summary judgment in
Byer Excavating’s favor because Miles had apparent authority to act for Byer
Excavating. Sutton correctly notes that Utah law allows for vicarious liability “for the
acts of an employee under the theory of apparent authority” when “an employer . . .
conduct[s] itself in such a way as to clothe its employee with apparent authority to
perform the torts committed and there [was] reasonable reliance on that apparent
authority on the part of the injured party.” Jackson v. Righter, 891 P.2d 1387, 1392 (Utah
1995). Thus, for Byer Excavating to be entitled to summary judgment it must
demonstrate that the undisputed facts establish that its actions did not clothe Miles with
the authority to leave the job he was hired to perform and unload the rebar for another
contractor on another job site or that Sutton did not reasonably rely on that apparent
authority.

¶11 On appeal, Sutton does not argue that any specific fact was disputed, but instead,
Sutton merely recites facts and argues that they establish apparent authority. Because
“an agent’s apparent . . . authority flows only from the acts and conduct of the
principal” and not the acts of the agent, we examine only the facts related to Byer
Excavating’s actions to determine whether the undisputed facts establish apparent
authority. See Zions First Nat’l Bank v. Clark Clinic Corp., 762 P.2d 1090, 1095 (Utah 1988).

¶12 First, Sutton argues that the undisputed fact that Miles operated Byer
Excavating’s trackhoe without constant monitoring by a Byer Excavating supervisor
equated to Byer Excavating’s recognition that Miles had the independent authority to
leave his job and help another contractor unload rebar for a different construction site’s
project. Not only did Sutton fail to dispute Byer Excavating’s evidence that it never

20100830‐CA                                  6
allowed Miles or its other employees to leave the job to assist on a separate job site, but
Byer Excavating’s lack of constant supervision is not enough to establish, as a matter of
law, that it “clothe[d Miles] with apparent authority to perform the torts committed.”
See generally Jackson, 891 P.2d at 1392 (“[T]he mere fact that [the employer] employed
[the employee] in a managerial position did not clothe [the employee] with the
authority to become romantically involved with his subordinates.”).

              “Where corporate liability is sought for acts of its agent
              under apparent authority, liability is premised upon the
              corporation’s knowledge of and acquiescence in the conduct
              of its agent which has led third parties to rely upon the
              agent’s actions. Nor is the authority of the agent ‘apparent’
              merely because it looks so to the person with whom he
              deals. It is the principal who must cause third parties to
              believe that the agent is clothed with apparent authority. . . .
              It follows that one who deals exclusively with an agent has
              the responsibility to ascertain that agent’s authority despite
              the agent’s representations.”

Zions First Nat’l Bank, 762 P.2d at 1095 (quoting City Elec. v. Dean Evans Chrysler‐
Plymouth, 672 P.2d 89, 90 (Utah 1983)); accord Bodell Constr. Co. v. Stewart Title Guar. Co.,
945 P.2d 119, 124 (Utah Ct. App. 1997). Thus, the mere fact that Byer Excavating
allowed Miles to independently operate its equipment on a job site does not
demonstrate that Byer Excavating authorized, or should be held liable for, Miles leaving
his work to unload rebar for an unrelated job site.

¶13 Second, Sutton argues that Byer Excavating’s acquiescence in allowing other
Byer Excavating employees to use its trackhoes to unload objects resulted in Sutton
reasonably believing that Miles had the authority to unload the rebar. However, Sutton
did not dispute that Miles had never unloaded rebar in his work with Byer Excavating,
and thus, Sutton did not raise any material issue of fact that Byer Excavating had given
Miles the apparent authority to leave his job to unload rebar for an unrelated job site.
Not only did Sutton fail to dispute Byer Excavating’s evidence that it had not given
Miles that apparent authority, but Sutton also failed to dispute that Byer Excavating had
given its other employees that authority. Because Sutton failed to produce any evidence
to demonstrate that Byer Excavating allowed its other employees to leave the job on
which they were working to unload objects for an unrelated job site, Byer Excavating’s

20100830‐CA                                   7
undisputed facts established, as a matter of law, that Miles did not have the apparent
authority to leave his job to unload rebar for another job site or that Sutton could
reasonably rely on that authority. Therefore, the district court did not err in granting
summary judgment in Byer Excavating’s favor.

                                     CONCLUSION

¶14 We affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Byer
Excavating.

____________________________________
Michele M. Christiansen, Judge

                                           ‐‐‐‐‐

¶15    WE CONCUR:

____________________________________
James Z. Davis, Judge

____________________________________
Stephen L. Roth, Judge

20100830‐CA                                  8