Court Opinion

ID: 9948419
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-06 23:01:16.807592+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:29:33.396310
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

UNITED FOR FBI INTEGRITY,                       :
                                                :
       Plaintiff,                               :       Civil Action No.:      22-2885 (RC)
                                                :
       v.                                       :       Re Document No.:       13, 15
                                                :
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,                     :
                                                :
       Defendant.                               :

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

    AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY

                                           JUDGMENT

                                     I. INTRODUCTION

       Plaintiff United for FBI Integrity brings this action under the Freedom of Information Act

(“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, against Defendant U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”). Plaintiff

seeks documents from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) and the DOJ’s Office of the

Inspector General (“OIG”) pertaining to former FBI Associate Deputy Director Jeffrey S.

Sallet’s retirement and any possible allegations of misconduct against Mr. Sallet. Defendant

responded primarily by issuing Glomar responses that refuse to confirm or deny the existence of

the records sought, citing FOIA Exemptions 6 and (7)(C). 1 For the reasons set forth below, the

Court finds that Defendant’s Glomar responses are justified for some but not all of the requested

       1
         The term “Glomar response” is derived from a FOIA case where the CIA “successfully
refused to confirm or deny whether it had records about a ship called the Glomar Explorer.”
Knight First Amend. Inst. at Columbia Univ. v. CIA, 11 F.4th 810, 813 (D.C. Cir. 2021).
records. The Court therefore grants in part and denies in part Defendant’s motion for summary

judgment and grants in part and denies in part Plaintiff’s cross-motion for summary judgment.

                               II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

                            A. Michael Zummer and Jeffrey Sallet

       To make sense of this FOIA request, it is helpful to introduce two central figures.

Michael S. Zummer serves as counsel for Plaintiff, United for FBI Integrity, a non-profit

organization that seeks reform of the FBI. Zummer Decl. ¶ 6, ECF No. 15-3; see generally

Complaint (“Compl.”) ECF No. 1. Mr. Zummer was previously in-house counsel for Plaintiff

from August 2020 until January 2022, and Mr. Zummer is currently president of “Accountability

FBI, Inc.” which is a distinct organization from Plaintiff. Zummer Decl. ¶ 6. Mr. Zummer

worked for the FBI from 1999 to 2003, and then again from 2008 through 2016, when he was

served as a special agent in New Orleans, LA. Id. ¶ 2.

       In 2016, Mr. Zummer sent a letter to Judge Kurt D. Engelhardt of the U.S. District Court

for the Eastern District of Louisiana, describing what he believed were ethical violations by the

U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Louisiana in the case. Id. ¶ 64. Mr. Zummer

sought but did not receive permission from the DOJ to send the letter. Id. ¶ 76. After Mr.

Zummer sent the letter, the FBI suspended, and later revoked, his security clearance. Id. ¶¶ 79,

83. The loss of Mr. Zummer’s security clearance ended his employment with the FBI. Id. ¶ 83.

       Jeffrey S. Sallet served as Associate Deputy Director of the FBI, the third-highest

position with the FBI, for approximately nine months between February 2021 and November

2021. Id. ¶¶ 7–8. Mr. Sallet worked for the FBI for more than 25 years, id. ¶ 56, and served as

Special Agent in Charge of the FBI’s New Orleans office at the time that Mr. Zummer sent his

letter in 2016, id. ¶¶ 12, 64. Mr. Zummer believes that Mr. Sallet was the “primary

                                                2
decisionmaker” in having his security clearance suspended, and while it is unclear from the

record if this characterization is correct, Mr. Sallet did play some role in the process. Id. ¶ 79.

       Mr. Zummer reported the revocation of his security clearance to the OIG, claiming it was

retaliatory action for his protected First Amendment speech to Judge Engelhardt. Id. The OIG,

which examines misconduct within the DOJ and FBI, conducted an investigation and found that

Mr. Zummer’s disclosure to a federal judge was not protected by the FBI’s whistleblower

regulations. See Zummer Decl., Ex. E at 41, ECF No. 15-4. But the OIG did find “troubling

errors and omissions” related to the suspension of Mr. Zummer’s security clearance and

recommended these be considered in further proceedings about his clearance. Id. In this report,

OIG also investigated Mr. Zummer’s claims that he experienced an earlier episode of retaliation

from the FBI based on his 2013 disclosure to the OIG of what he believed to be a conflict of

interest within the USAO. Id. The OIG found “insufficient evidence” to support this retaliation

claim. Id.

       In addition to his complaint to the OIG, Mr. Zummer filed a federal lawsuit to challenge

an alleged violation of his First Amendment rights. The district court dismissed his claim

relating to the revocation of his security clearance as falling outside the court’s subject-matter

jurisdiction. Zummer v. Sallet, No. 17-cv-7563, 2019 WL 4213512, at *8 (E.D. La. Sept. 5,

2019), order amended on denial of reconsideration, No. 17-cv-7563, 2019 WL 5294944, at *3

(E.D. La. Oct. 18, 2019). The Fifth Circuit affirmed. Zummer v. Sallet, 37 F.4th 996, 1013 (5th

Cir. 2022). The district court did not dismiss Mr. Zummer’s claim seeking to have an unredacted

version of his letter to Judge Engelhardt released to the public. In 2021, Mr. Zummer and the

FBI settled that claim, and an unredacted version was released. See Settlement Agreement and

Release at 1, Zummer v. Sallet, No. 17-cv-7563, ECF No. 127.

                                                  3
       Lastly, through Mr. Zummer, Plaintiff alleges that Mr. Sallet’s retirement after nine

months as Associate Deputy Director was “sudden” and surprising to “[v]arious FBI employees”

because it was not announced beforehand. Zummer Decl. ¶ 13. Mr. Zummer further claims that

he “heard from various current and former FBI employees that allegations of sexual impropriety

against Sallet had caused him to retire,” id. ¶ 14, including that Mr. Sallet made sexual advances

or conducted sexual relations with other FBI employees, and made inappropriate comments in

the workplace, id. Mr. Zummer does not provide names or any identifying information about the

FBI employees he purportedly spoke to. Id. Beyond Mr. Zummer’s word about what he has

heard from others, Plaintiff presents no other evidence for these contentions about Mr. Sallet’s

retirement and conduct.

                                        B. FOIA Requests

       On November 9, 2021, Plaintiff submitted a FOIA request to the FBI, seeking three

related categories of records relating to Mr. Sallet, his retirement, and any possible allegations of

misconduct or wrongdoing against him. 2 Compl. ¶ 12. More specifically, Plaintiff requested:

       a.     [R]ecords documenting any and all communications by or with FBI
       Director Christopher Wray, FBI Deputy Director Paul Abbate, or any of their staffs,
       regarding allegations of misconduct, wrongdoing, malfeasance and/or the
       retirement of Jeffrey Stephen Sallet, aka Jeff Sallet, Associate Deputy Director of
       the FBI, between April 1, 2021 and November 5, 2021. Records include, but are
       not limited to, e-mails, memoranda, notes, and text messages.

       b.     [R]ecords held by the FBI Inspection Division regarding any allegations of
       misconduct against, or investigations of, Jeffrey Stephen Sallet, aka Jeff Sallet,
       formerly [Special Agent in Charge “SAC”] New Orleans, SAC Chicago, Associate
       [Executive Assistant Director “EAD”] Facilities and Finance Division, EAD
       Human Resources Branch, and Associate Deputy Director of the FBI, between
       September 30, 2016 and November 5[,] 2021. Records include, but are not limited

       2
          Plaintiff made these requests under its previous name “Protect the FBI.” Compl. ¶ 3.
Plaintiff adopted its current name on September 19, 2022. Id.

                                                  4
        to, complaints, allegations, investigative files, and dispositions of any allegations
        or investigations.

        c.      [R]ecords held by the FBI Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR)
        regarding any allegations of misconduct against, investigations of, or adjudication
        of charges against, Jeffrey Stephen Sallet, aka Jeff Sallet, formerly SAC New
        Orleans, SAC Chicago, Associate EAD Facilities and Finance Division, EAD
        Human Resources Branch, and Associate Deputy Director of the FBI, between
        September 30, 2016 and November 5[,] 2021. Records include, but are not limited
        to, complaints, allegations, investigative files, and dispositions of any allegations,
        investigations, or disciplinary charges.

Id.

        On November 18, 2021, the FBI denied Plaintiff’s requests, invoking FOIA Exemption 6

and 7(C) as part of a Glomar response:

        You have requested records on one or more third party individuals. Please be
        advised the FBI will neither confirm nor deny the existence of such records
        pursuant to FOIA exemptions (b)(6) and (b)(7)(C), 5 U.S.C. §§ 552(b)(6) and
        (b)(7)(C). The mere acknowledgement of the existence of FBI records on third
        party individuals could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted
        invasion of personal privacy. This is our standard response to such requests and
        should not be taken to mean that records do, or do not, exist.

Id. ¶ 13. On January 25, 2022, Plaintiff appealed the FBI’s decision, and the DOJ affirmed on

May 19, 2022. Id. ¶¶ 14–15.

        On the same day that Plaintiff made its FOIA request to the FBI, November 9, 2021,

Plaintiff submitted a similar request to the OIG seeking:

        [R]ecords regarding any allegations of misconduct against, or investigations of,
        Jeffrey Stephen Sallet, aka Jeff Sallet, formerly of the FBI, formerly SAC New
        Orleans, SAC Chicago, Associate EAD Facilities and Finance Division, EAD
        Human Resources Branch, and Associate Deputy Director of the FBI, between
        September 30, 2016 and November 5[,] 2021. Records include, but are not limited
        to, complaints, allegations, investigative files, and dispositions of any allegations
        or investigations.

Id. ¶ 16. On November 23, 2021, the OIG answered with a Glomar response citing Exemption

7(C):

                                                  5
        [Y]ou seek records relating to Jeffrey Stephen Sallet. Because your request seeks
        investigatory records, we will neither confirm nor deny the existence of any such
        records. Without the consent of the individuals you mention, an official
        acknowledgement of an investigation involving them, or an overriding public
        interest, acknowledging the existence of such records could reasonably be expected
        to constitute an unwarranted invasion of privacy. 5 U.S.C. §552(b)(7)(C)

Id. ¶ 17.

        On January 25, 2022, Plaintiff appealed the OIG’s decision, and the DOJ affirmed on

April 25, 2022. Id. ¶¶ 18–19.

        Plaintiff filed this complaint on September 22, 2022, asking the Court to order Defendant

to search for and disclose any and all records responsive to the FOIA requests. Id. ¶ 22. After

the complaint was filed, DOJ informed Plaintiff that the FBI conducted a search of the electronic

communications of FBI Director Christopher Wray, Deputy Director Paul Abbate, Chief of Staff

Corey Ellis, and Mr. Sallet for emails related to Mr. Sallet’s retirement. Decl. of Joseph E.

Bender, Jr. (“Bender Decl.”) ¶ 12, ECF No. 13-3. The FBI found no responsive records. Id.

Plaintiff does not challenge the adequacy of the FBI’s search for this subset of records.

        Defendant DOJ moved for summary judgment that the FBI and OIG had properly issued

a Glomar response under FOIA Exemptions 6 and 7(C). See generally Def.'s Mot. Summ. J.

(“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 13; Def.’s Mem. P&A Supp. Mot. Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mem.”), ECF

No. 13-1. In support of its motion, DOJ relies on the declaration of Joseph E. Bender of the FBI

and Deborah Marie Waller of the OIG. See Bender Decl.; Decl. of Deborah Marie Waller

(“Waller Decl.”), ECF No. 13-4. Plaintiff opposed and cross-moved for summary judgment

seeking an order that FBI and OIG conduct a search for all records sought in its requests. See

Pl.’s Opp'n Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Opp’n”), ECF No. 14; Pl.’s Cross-Mot. Summ. J.

(“Pl.’s Cross-Mot.”), ECF No. 15; Pl,’s Mem. P&A Supp. Cross-Mot. Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mem.”),

ECF No. 15-1. As noted previously, Plaintiff presents a declaration by Mr. Zummer, as well as a

                                                 6
declaration from the organization’s president, James J. Davidson. See Zummer Decl.; Decl. of

James J. Davidson (“Davidson Decl.), ECF No. 15-5. The motions are fully briefed. See Def.’s

Reply Supp. Mot. Summ. J. & Opp'n Pl.’s Cross-Mot. Summ. J. (“Def.’s Reply”), ECF No. 17;

Pl.’s Reply Supp. Cross-Mot. Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Reply”), ECF No. 19.

                                   III. LEGAL STANDARD

       The Freedom of Information Act is meant “to pierce the veil of administrative secrecy

and to open agency action to the light of public scrutiny.” U.S. Dep't of State v. Ray, 502 U.S.

164, 173 (1991) (quoting Dep't of Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 361 (1976)). It “directs that

‘each agency, upon any request for records ... shall make the records promptly available to any

person’ unless the requested records fall within one of the statute's nine exemptions.” Loving v.

Dep't of Def., 550 F.3d 32, 37 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3)(a)). “Consistent

with the Act's goal of broad disclosure,” those exemptions should be “given a narrow compass.”

U.S. Dep't of Just. v. Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. 136, 151 (1989). “The agency bears the burden of

establishing that a claimed exemption applies.” Citizens for Resp. & Ethics in Wash., v. U.S.

Dep't of Just. (“CREW”), 746 F.3d 1082, 1088 (D.C. Cir. 2014).

       Because FOIA cases do not ordinarily involve disputed facts, they “typically and

appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.” Defs. of Wildlife v. U.S. Border

Patrol, 623 F. Supp. 2d 83, 87 (D.D.C. 2009). Summary judgment is warranted “if the movant

shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). In assessing whether the movant has met

that burden, a court “must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party,

draw all reasonable inferences in his favor, and eschew making credibility determinations or

weighing the evidence.” Montgomery v. Chao, 546 F.3d 703, 706 (D.C. Cir. 2008). “This

                                                 7
burden does not shift even when the requester files a cross-motion for summary judgment

because ‘the Government ultimately has the onus of proving that the documents are exempt from

disclosure.’” Hardy v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, 243 F. Supp. 3d

155, 162 (D.D.C. 2017) (cleaned up) (quoting Pub. Citizen Health Rsch. Grp. v. FDA, 185 F.3d

898, 904–05 (D.C. Cir. 1999)). And even if a FOIA exemption applies, an agency cannot

withhold information unless it also “reasonably foresees that disclosure would harm an interest

protected by” the exemption. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(8)(A)(i)(I); see Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the

Press v. FBI, 3 F.4th 350, 369 (D.C. Cir. 2021) (explaining the FOIA Improvement Act of 2016's

“foreseeable harm” requirement).

       In a typical FOIA case, “[a]n agency ... must search for any documents responsive to the

request, and must ‘disclose all reasonably segregable, nonexempt portions of the requested

record(s).’” People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals v. Nat'l Insts. of Health, Dep't of

Health & Hum. Servs. (“PETA”), 745 F.3d 535, 540 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (quoting Assassination

Archives & Rsch. Ctr. v. CIA, 334 F.3d 55, 58 (D.C. Cir. 2003)). There are, however, certain

cases in which “merely acknowledging the existence of responsive records would itself ‘cause

harm cognizable under [a] FOIA exception.’” Id. (quoting Wolf v. CIA, 473 F.3d 370, 374 (D.C.

Cir. 2007)). In such cases, an agency may issue a Glomar response, “refus[ing] to confirm or

deny the existence or nonexistence of responsive records . . . .” Elec. Priv. Info. Ctr. v. Nat’l

Sec. Agency (“EPIC”), 678 F.3d 926, 931 (D.C. Cir. 2012). A Glomar response is available to

an agency only “if the fact of the existence or nonexistence of agency records falls within a

FOIA exemption.” PETA, 745 F.3d at 540 (quoting Wolf, 473 F.3d at 374); see Competitive

Enter. Inst. v. Nat'l Sec. Agency, 78 F. Supp. 3d 45, 53 (D.D.C. 2015) (“[T]he Government must

                                                  8
show that the mere fact of whether it has (or does not have) relevant records is protected from

disclosure under an exemption.”).

        “In considering a Glomar response, courts apply the ‘general exemption review

standards established in non-Glomar cases.’” Knight First Amend. Inst. at Columbia Univ. v.

CIA, 11 F.4th 810, 813 (D.C. Cir. 2021) (quoting Wolf, 473 F.3d at 374). “An agency thus bears

the burden to sustain a Glomar response.” Id. (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B)). One way in

which an agency may successfully carry its burden is by submitting “affidavits explaining the

basis for the response.” PETA, 745 F.3d at 540. “An agency is entitled to summary judgment if

its affidavits are reasonably specific and are not substantially called into question by

contradictory evidence.” Schaerr v. U.S. Dep't of Just., 69 F.4th 924, 928 (D.C. Cir. 2023); see

also SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (explaining that the

affidavits must be “relatively detailed[,] non-conclusory, and ... submitted in good faith”

(quoting Ground Saucer Watch, Inc. v. CIA, 692 F.2d 770, 771 (D.C. Cir. 1981))). Such

affidavits or declarations are “accorded a presumption of good faith, which cannot be rebutted by

‘purely speculative claims about the existence and discoverability of other documents.’” Id.

(quoting Ground Saucer Watch, 692 F.2d at 771).

                                          IV. ANALYSIS

       The Court moves forward as follows. First, it discusses FOIA Exemptions 6 and 7(C),

and assesses whether all remaining requested documents would have been compiled for law

enforcement purposes and therefore fall under Exemption 7(C). The Court finds that Exemption

7(C) does not categorically apply to all possible records, but that this issue is not dispositive to

the outcome. Next, to begin the balancing test, the Court reviews Mr. Sallet’s privacy interests

and finds that they are substantial but diminished in some respects. Beyond that, the Court

                                                  9
assesses the public interest in four parts: first, any public interest related to Mr. Sallet’s

involvement in Mr. Zummer’s loss of security clearance and alleged violation of Mr. Zummer’s

First Amendment rights; second, any public interest related to Plaintiff’s allegations that Mr.

Zummer committed sexual misconduct; third, any public interest in exposing wrongdoing by the

OIG in its report about Mr. Zummer, and fourth, any public interest in uncovering FBI’s

approach to disciplinary violations and the retirement practices of FBI executives. Ultimately,

after balancing the interests, the Court determines that the FBI and OIG justifiably provided a

Glomar response for much of the requested records but not for records concerning Mr. Sallet’s

alleged misconduct with regard to Mr. Zummer.

 A. Most But Not All Records Would Be “Law Enforcement” Records Under Exemption

                                                    7(C)

                         1. Overview of Exemption 6 and Exemption 7(C)

        FBI and the OIG invoked Exemption 6 and Exemption 7(C) to support their Glomar

responses. Plaintiff “admits that any records responsive to its requests would meet the threshold

requirement for Exemption 6,” Pl.’s Mem. at 6, but disagrees that Exemption 7(C) is applicable

to all of the records, id. at 6–7. Exemption 6 protects “personnel and medical files and similar

files the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.

. . .” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6). Exemption 7(C) protects “records or information compiled for law

enforcement purposes ... to the extent that the production of such law enforcement records or

information ... could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal

privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C).

        Both Exemption 6 and Exemption 7(C) require agencies and reviewing courts to “balance

the privacy interests that would be compromised by disclosure against the public interest in the

                                                   10
release of the requested information.” Beck v. Dep't of Justice, 997 F.2d 1489, 1491 (D.C. Cir.

1993) (quoting Davis v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 968 F.2d 1276, 1281 (D.C. Cir. 1992)). But

although a balancing test applies to both Exemption 6 and 7(C), “[t]he protection available under

these exemptions is not the same.” Id. Exemption 7(C) “provides broader privacy protection

than Exemption 6 and thus ‘establishes a lower bar for withholding material.’” CREW, 746 F.3d

at 1091 n.2 (quoting ACLU v. U.S. Dep't of Just., 655 F.3d 1, 6 (D.C. Cir. 2011)).

        First, “whereas Exemption 6 requires that the invasion of privacy be ‘clearly

unwarranted,’ the adverb ‘clearly’ is omitted from Exemption 7(C).” U.S. Dep't of Just. v. Reps.

Comm. For Freedom of Press, 489 U.S. 749, 756 (1989). Second, Exemption 7(C) lowers the

risk of harm standard from “would constitute” to “could reasonably be expected to constitute” an

invasion of privacy. Id. These differences stem from divergent statutory language between the

two exemptions, which in turn reflects Congress's decision to provide the government with

“greater flexibility in responding to FOIA requests for law enforcement records or information”

than in responding to requests for personnel, medical, and other similar files. See id. at 777 n.

22. Because of Exemption 7(C)’s greater privacy protections, when both Exemption 6 and 7(C)

could apply to all of the requested records, courts will “confine [the] analysis to Exemption

7(C).” PETA, 745 F.3d at 541.

       “To meet its burden of establishing that Exemption 7(C) applies [to justify withholding

records], the agency must demonstrate that (1) disclosure could ‘reasonably be expected to

constitute an unwarranted invasion of privacy’ and (2) the ‘personal privacy interest’ is not

‘outweighed by the public interest in disclosure.’” Elec. Priv. Info. Ctr. v. U.S. Dep't of Just., 18

F.4th 712, 718 (D.C. Cir. 2021) (quoting Nat'l Archives & Recs. Admin. v. Favish, 541 U.S. 157,

160 (2004)). “Once the agency shows that the ‘privacy concerns addressed by Exemption 7(C)

                                                 11
are present,’ the party seeking disclosure must show ‘that the public interest sought to be

advanced is a significant one, an interest more specific than having the information for its own

sake,’ and that ‘the information is likely to advance that interest.’” Id. (quoting Favish, 541 U.S.

at 172). Exemption 6 requires a similar but more stringent showing. See Multi Ag Media LLC v.

Dep’t of Agric., 515 F.3d 1224, 1228 (D.C. Cir. 2008). Notably, a requester’s “personal stake in

the release of the requested information is irrelevant to the balancing of public and third-party

privacy interests.” Roth v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 642 F.3d 1161, 1177 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (internal

quotation marks omitted). In summary, the Court must “weigh the public interest in the release

of information against the privacy interest in nondisclosure.” Schrecker v. U.S. Dep't of Just.,

349 F.3d 657, 661 (D.C. Cir. 2003).

                                  2. Law Enforcement Records

       The parties contest whether all responsive records would necessarily be law enforcement

records falling under Exemption 7(C). To be a law enforcement record, a record must be

“created, gathered, or used by an agency for law enforcement purposes at some time before the

agency invokes the exemption.” Pub. Emps. for Env't Resp. v. U.S. Section, Int'l Boundary &

Water Comm'n, U.S.-Mex. (“PEER”), 740 F.3d 195, 203 (D.C. Cir. 2014).

       As an initial issue, the parties disagree about what deference is due to a law enforcement

agency. Generally, an agency whose “principal function is law enforcement” is entitled to

deference when it claims that records relating to an external investigation were compiled for law

enforcement purposes. Id. But this deferential standard of review is not “vacuous.” Campbell v.

U.S. Dep't of Just., 164 F.3d 20, 32 (D.C. Cir. 1998), as amended (Mar. 3, 1999) (quoting Pratt

v. Webster, 673 F.2d 408, 421 (D.C. Cir. 1982)). When a law enforcement agency “relies on

declarations” to support its invocation of Exemption 7(C), those declarations must still establish

                                                 12
(1) “a rational nexus between the investigation and one of the agency's law enforcement duties,”

and (2) “a connection between an individual or incident and a possible security risk or violation

of federal law.” Blackwell v. FBI, 646 F.3d 37, 40 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (citing Campbell, 164 F.3d

at 32).

          Moreover, law enforcement agencies do not receive that same level of deference when

determining whether records were compiled for law enforcement purposes when they conduct

internal investigations of employees. See Stern v. FBI, 737 F.2d 84, 89 (D.C. Cir. 1984). This

less deferential test follows from the fact that agencies inevitably monitor and collect

information about their own employees. Id. Thus, the D.C. Circuit has developed a different

approach for distinguishing between “internal investigations conducted for law enforcement

purposes,” id.¸ for which any records would be law enforcement records, and “general agency

internal monitoring that might reveal evidence that later could give rise to a law enforcement

investigation,” for which they would not, id.

          If an investigation is conducted to determine “whether to discipline employees for

activity which does not constitute a violation of law, it is not for ‘law enforcement purposes’

under Exemption 7[(C)].” Id. at 90. That means an investigation merely “to insure that [the

agency's] employees are acting in accordance with statutory mandate and the agency's own

regulations,” Kimberlin v. Dep't of Just., 139 F.3d 944, 947 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (quoting Rural

Housing All. v. U.S. Dept. of Agric., 498 F.2d 73, 81 (D.C. Cir. 1974)), would not allow an

agency to withhold related records pursuant to Exemption 7(C). Conversely, “an agency's

investigation of its own employees is for ‘law enforcement purposes’ . . . if it focuses ‘directly on

specifically alleged illegal acts, illegal acts of particular identified officials, acts which could, if

proved, result in civil or criminal sanctions.’” Id. (quoting Rural Housing All., 498 F.2d at 81).

                                                   13
The purpose of the investigatory files “is the critical factor.” Rural Housing All., 498 F.2d at 81.

With this clarifying framework in place, the Court looks to whether the FBI and OIG requests

qualify under Exemption 7(C).

                                          3. FBI Records

       Plaintiff seeks records from high-ranking FBI officials and their staff, the FBI’s

Inspection Division, and the FBI’s Office of Professional Responsibility. The FBI’s declaration

states that “Plaintiff has claimed, without evidence, that Mr. Sallet was accused of or

investigated for several instances of wrongdoing,” including “unlawfully retaliating against”

former FBI Agent Mr. Zummer, “violating [Mr. Zummer’s] constitutional rights, and engaging

in workplace sexual harassment/abuse.” Bender Decl. ¶ 14. The FBI further asserts that “[i]f

such misconduct occurred as described by Plaintiff, the conduct could potentially constitute

illegal acts that could be punished by criminal or civil sanctions.” Id. As a result, in the FBI’s

view, “[i]f any investigatory records exist regarding Plaintiff’s allegations, they would

necessarily be records compiled for law enforcement purposes,” and responsive records, “should

any exist, would have been collected and maintained by the FBI as part of its law enforcement

mission.” 3 Id. ¶¶ 14–15. Consequently, DOJ asserts that Exemption 7(C) applies in full.

       Plaintiff disagrees with the FBI. While Plaintiff “admits that any records of an

investigation into Sallet’s alleged violations of constitutional rights would be compiled for law

enforcement purposes,” Pl.’s Reply at 4, Plaintiff also insists that “DOJ cannot say that every

possible requested record was compiled for law enforcement purposes, because not every

       3
         If Plaintiff sought documents about a private citizen with no connection to the FBI, “the
FBI's ‘decision to invoke [E]xemption 7[(C)] [would be] entitled to deference’ because the
agency ‘specializes in law enforcement.’” Clemente v. FBI, 867 F.3d 111, 119 (D.C. Cir. 2017)
(quoting Campbell v. U.S. Dep't of Just., 164 F.3d 20, 32 (D.C. Cir. 1998)).

                                                 14
possible allegation or investigation by either the FBI or OIG was necessarily based on alleged

violations of law,” id.

          Plaintiff is correct. Although DOJ is correct that most of the hypothetical FBI records

sought by Plaintiff would be compiled for law enforcement purposes, the Court cannot say the

same must be true for all possible responsive documents. 4 The broad language of Plaintiff’s

requests would cover records about complaints and investigations into conduct that would not

necessarily lead to civil or legal sanctions. See Nation Mag., Wash. Bureau v. U.S. Customs

Serv., 71 F.3d 885, 890 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (stating that agencies have “a duty to construe FOIA

request[s] liberally.”). For example, Plaintiff’s declaration alleges an apparently consensual

affair between Mr. Sallet and another FBI employee, which violate FBI workplace policies and

could lead to complaints or an investigation, but does not seem to implicate any violation of law.

See, e.g., Zummer Decl. ¶ 54 (noting that FBI’s offense codes for employees include consensual

sexual conduct in an inappropriate location or on duty). The sensitive nature of FBI employment

makes it easy to imagine how a violation of workplace policy could also implicate civil or

criminal penalties. But that is speculative, and without more information, the FBI cannot assert

that any investigative records it collects on an employee are necessarily a law enforcement

record.

          4
          The Court rejects DOJ’s assertion that the “FBI properly asserted a Glomar response
only as to ‘investigative’ records—i.e., records concerning ‘misconduct’ that ‘could potentially
constitute illegal acts that could be punished by criminal or civil sanctions,’ and thus ‘would
have been collected and maintained by the FBI as part of its law enforcement mission.’” Def.’s
Reply at 2 (quoting Bender Decl. ¶¶ 14–15). Nothing in the FBI’s declaration, or its Glomar
response, indicates that it was drawing a distinction between investigative records that concerned
potentially illegal acts and those that would not. See Bender Decl. ¶¶ 14–15. Indeed, the FBI
did not conduct a search into its investigatory records. Instead, much like DOJ does in its
present briefing, the FBI focused narrowly on the fact that most of the misconduct described by
Plaintiff would potentially constitute illegal acts and asserted a blanket Glomar response over all
investigatory records.

                                                  15
       In fact, a prior D.C. Circuit case concerning the DOJ’s Office of Professional

Responsibility essentially forecloses DOJ’s present position.       There, the court held that an

Exemption 7(C) Glomar response was impermissible when:

       [t]he government has not come close to showing that all records (if there are more)
       involving misconduct allegations against [a federal employee] would have been
       compiled for law enforcement purposes. Bartko's FOIA request was broadly
       worded to include a wide variety of actual or alleged violations by [the employee]
       of the U.S. Attorney's Manual, the North Carolina Code of Professional Conduct,
       and other ethical and legal obligations. While violations of some of those standards
       could conceivably result in civil or criminal sanctions, many of them would not,
       and would bear only on internal disciplinary matters.

Bartko v. U.S. Dep't of Just., 898 F.3d 51, 65 (D.C. Cir. 2018).

       While DOJ argues that the evidentiary record supporting the FBI’s claim that all records

are law enforcement records is stronger in this case than in Bartko, the Court disagrees. The

FBI’s declaration contains no details about the functions of the FBI’s Inspection Division and

Office of Professional Responsibility, and Plaintiff argues that these entities mostly handle

allegations of administrative misconduct. See Pl.’s Mem. at 9 (citing OIG, I-2009-002 Review of

the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Disciplinary System ii–iii (2009),

https://www.oversight.gov/sites/default/files/oig-reports/final_4.pdf (last visited Mar. 6, 2024)).

Thus, the FBI’s bare assertions in its declaration do not alter the fact that some conceivable

records about Mr. Sallet would merely concern breaches of internal FBI guidelines, and thus fall

outside the scope of Exemption 7(C). Nonetheless, as discussed below, the relevance of that

hypothetical is limited in this case.

                                              4. OIG

       The Court’s analysis for the OIG comes out similarly. Like the FBI declaration, the OIG

declaration insists that any responsive records would have been compiled as part of an

investigation “for potential criminal or civil prosecution, or administrative action by the

                                                 16
employing Department component,” and, therefore in DOJ’s view, for law enforcement purposes

and falling under Exemption 7(C). Waller Decl. ¶ 10,

       But OIG records about complaints and investigations that solely implicate FBI guidelines

will fall outside Exemption 7(C). While DOJ asserts that “administrative enforcement

proceedings can also fall under Exemption 7(C),” Kleinert v. Bureau of Land Mgmt., 132 F.

Supp. 3d 79, 91 (D.D.C. 2015), that case concerned administrative enforcement of a federal

regulation against a private citizen, not an investigation into whether an agency employee should

be disciplined for violating internal guidelines. Even the cases cited by DOJ emphasize that law

enforcement files should involve “violations of criminal and civil laws” rather than internal

agency rules. See Nat’l Whistleblower Ctr. v. Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs., 849 F. Supp. 2d

13, 27 (D.D.C. 2012) (observing that records fell under Exemption 7(C) when they were

“compiled to investigate allegations that [a] specific individual[ ] . . . had engaged in specific

acts that could constitute violations of criminal and civil laws.”); Kimberlin, 139 F.3d at 947

(“The investigation was intended to discover whether John Thar had violated any law . . . [t]he

investigation was not aiming generally . . . to insure that the agency’s employees are acting in

accordance with statutory mandate and the agency's own regulations.”) (cleaned up); cf. Stern,

737 F.2d at 89 (“an agency’s investigation of its own employees is for law enforcement

purposes” so long as “it focuses directly on specifically alleged illegal acts, illegal acts of

particular identified officials, acts which could, if proved, result in civil or criminal sanctions”)

(internal quotation marks omitted).

       Another court has reached a similar conclusion that when an agency investigates both

administrative misconduct as well as civil and criminal violations, its records pertaining purely to

workplace rules may not fall under Exemption 7(C). See Goldstein v. Treasury Inspector Gen.

                                                  17
for Tax Admin., 172 F. Supp. 3d 221, 230 (D.D.C. 2016). On review of the Treasury

Department’s Office of Investigations, that court expressed the view that investigations into

“violations of workplace rules that might not give rise to criminal or civil liability, but might lead

to workplace discipline” did not pertain to a law enforcement function on the record presented.

Id.

       Jefferson v. Dep't of Just., Off. of Pro. Resp., 284 F.3d 172 (D.C. Cir. 2002) offers even

more compelling proof that Exemption 7(C) cannot flatly apply to the requested records. There,

the D.C. Circuit analyzed the DOJ’s Office of Professional Responsibility and determined that:

       [t]he Department's regulations describe OPR as a mixed function agency with
       responsibilities that embrace not only investigations of violations of law and
       breaches of professional standards that may result in civil liability, but breaches of
       internal Department guidelines that may lead to disciplinary proceedings, as a result
       of the receipt of reports of investigations by other entities of such non-law
       violations. Hence, a Glomar response was inappropriate in the absence of an
       evidentiary record produced by OPR to support a finding that all OPR records
       regarding AUSA Downing are law enforcement records.

Id. at 179 (internal citations omitted). DOJ tries to distinguish Jefferson, asserting that the OIG

declaration here is more detailed. But just like in Jefferson, that declaration specifies that OIG is

a mixed function agency that investigat[es] “administrative misconduct on the part of

Department employees,” Waller Decl. ¶ 5, and that “[c]omplaints of misconduct by individual

Department employees are reported to and typically investigated by law enforcement agents

assigned to the OIG’s Investigation Division for potential criminal or civil prosecution, or

administrative action by the employing Department component,” id. ¶ 10. Hence, because some

possible records may concern only investigations into a violation of internal guidelines, not all

OIG records would fall under Exemption 7(C).

                                                 18
 5. This Case Does Not Rest on Whether Records Fall Under Exemption 6 or Exemption 7(C)

       The parties spend much of their briefing focused on whether Exemption 7(C) or the more

disclosure-friendly Exemption 6 should apply here, so the Court has addressed those arguments.

But this issue must be placed into perspective. For one thing, even though the Court rejects

DOJ’s categorical arguments, it cannot ignore that most of the records that Plaintiff envisions in

its request would clearly fall under Exemption 7(C), including any records of an investigation

into Mr. Sallet’s alleged violations of constitutional rights. See Pl.’s Reply at 4 (conceding that

point). Additionally, records concerning possible sexual misconduct could violate workplace

anti-discrimination and harassment laws. For another thing, while the tests are different between

Exemption 6 and Exemption 7(C), in this case the gap between these inquiries is not large

enough to alter the Court’s conclusions for the category of records where the appropriate

exemption may vary. With that context, the Court proceeds to the balance of interests.

         B. The Balance Favors Sallet’s Privacy Interests Over the Public Interest

                   1. Sallet’s Privacy Interests Are Substantial But Diminished

       To begin, “[a] government employee has at least some privacy interest in his own

employment records, an interest that extends to not having it known whether those records

contain or do not contain information on wrongdoing, whether that information is favorable or

not.” Beck, 997 F.2d at 1494 (internal quotation marks omitted). That privacy interest only

grows when records directly stem from an investigation. The D.C. Circuit has “long recognized”

that “the mention of an individual’s name in a law enforcement file will engender comment and

speculation and carries a stigmatizing connotation.” Roth, 642 F.3d at 1174 (internal quotation

marks omitted. That same principle and privacy interest also holds “in the context of non-

criminal investigations[.]” PETA, 745 F.3d at 541. Allegations of wrongdoing that can trigger

                                                 19
an investigation “may not be prosecutable offenses” but still may “carry a stigma and can

damage a career.” McCutchen v. U.S. Dep't of Health & Hum. Servs., 30 F.3d 183, 187 (D.C.

Cir. 1994). All in all, given that Plaintiff broadly seeks records relating to any type of allegations

or investigations against Mr. Sallet, he plainly has a “strong privacy interest in avoiding the

disclosure of any investigation of misconduct.” PETA, 745 F.3d at 541.

       Plaintiff argues that Mr. Sallet’s privacy interest is minimized because of his high rank

within the FBI and the public allegations against him. 5 DOJ concedes that Mr. Sallet’s privacy

interest is “‘somewhat diminished’ given the public offices that he held . . . .” Def.’s Reply at 8

(citing CREW, 746 F.3d at 1092). But DOJ correctly adds that “public officials do not surrender

all rights to personal privacy when they accept a public appointment.” Id. (citing CREW, 746

F.3d at 1092). The Court agrees Mr. Sallet’s high rank in public office—Associate Deputy

Director is the third most senior position within the FBI—lowers but does not eliminate his

privacy interest. See Stern, 737 F.2d at 93–94 (noting that a senior FBI official had less of a

privacy interest than lower level employees under his supervision who might have simply been

following orders).

       Plaintiff asserts that Sallet’s decision to “advertise[ ] . . . his experience with the FBI in

his current job,” Pl.’s Mem. at 16, diminishes his privacy interests even more. The Court does

not see how. It is public knowledge that Mr. Sallet worked for the FBI, and one would expect

that he would list that role when describing his professional background. That does not change

the fact that disclosures of investigations could “damage [Mr. Sallet’s] career,” McCutchen, 30

       5
          Plaintiff admits that Mr. Sallet has a substantial privacy interest but emphasizes that in
the FOIA context, a “substantial privacy interest is anything greater than a de minimis privacy
interest.” Pl.’s Mem. at 15 (quoting Multi Ag Media LLC v. Dep’t of Agric., 515 F.3d 1224,
1229–30 (D.C. Cir. 2008)).

                                                  20
F.3d at 187, and cause “reputational harm.” Nation Mag., 71 F.3d at 894. Because the D.C.

Circuit has repeatedly identified possible damage to an individual’s career as supporting a

privacy interest, Plaintiff is incorrect that Mr. Sallet has diminished his privacy interest by

touting his FBI experience.

       Plaintiff has more luck when arguing that Mr. Sallet’s privacy interests are lowered

because it is public knowledge that Mr. Sallet has been accused of wrongdoing. Mr. Zummer

filed suit against Mr. Sallet in relation to the loss of his security clearance. See generally

Zummer Decl. Plaintiff notes that this litigation is public record and was reported in the media

when it was filed. Id. ¶ 80; see also FBI agent sues bureau over suspension, WWL-TV (Aug. 7,

2017), https://www.wwltv.com/article/news/local/fbi-agent-sues-bureau-over-suspension/289-

462651967 (last visited Mar. 6, 2024). But “the fact that an event is not wholly private does not

mean that an individual has no interest in limiting disclosure or dissemination of the

information.” PETA, 745 F.3d at 542 (quoting U.S. Dep’t of Just. v. Reps. Comm. for Freedom

of Press, 489 U.S. 749, 770). And all that has been publicly reported is that Mr. Zummer

believes Mr. Sallet retaliated against him for protected speech. Unlike the cases Plaintiff relies

on, Mr. Sallet has not publicly acknowledged Mr. Zummer’s allegations, and has not

acknowledged that he fell under investigation. See CREW, 746 F.3d at 1092 (“DeLay’s obvious

privacy interest in keeping secret the fact that he was the subject of an FBI investigation was

diminished by his well-publicized announcement of that very fact.”); Kimberlin, 139 F.3d at 949

(finding that a public employee’s “statement to the press undoubtedly does diminish his interest

in privacy: the public already knows who he is, what he was accused of, and that he received a

relatively mild sanction”).

                                                  21
       The FBI and OIG, however, have effectively acknowledged that they investigated Mr.

Sallet based on Mr. Zummer’s allegations. See PETA, 745 F.3d at 542 (placing particular weight

on an agency’s official acknowledgment that it had conducted an investigation into an

individual). While OIG’s report does not identify Mr. Sallet by name and instead uses the

abbreviation “SAC 2”, it specifies that SAC 2 was the head of the New Orleans division at the

same time that Mr. Sallet publicly served in that role. 6 See generally Zummer Decl., Ex. E. To

be sure, the OIG report did not aim to specifically investigate Mr. Sallet himself, but Mr. Sallet

was interviewed for the report and is mentioned repeatedly across its pages. This is sufficient to

lower Mr. Sallet’s privacy interest in the existence of any records considering any complaints,

allegations, or investigative records concerning his interactions with Mr. Zummer. Nevertheless,

beyond the OIG report, Plaintiff has not presented other public records or agency

acknowledgment about any complaints or investigations related to Mr. Sallet, including for

sexual misconduct.

       In sum, Mr. Sallet’s privacy interest in the existence of responsive records remains

substantial but is somewhat lowered by his prominent rank in the FBI, and diminished further to

the extent Plaintiff’s FOIA request seeks records of “allegations of misconduct against” Mr.

Sallet, including any records of “complaints” and “investigative files” that relate to Mr.

Zummer’s loss of security clearance. See Compl. ¶ 12. But this additional diminishment does

not hold for any broader complaints or investigations about Mr. Sallet that do not relate to Mr.

Zummer.

       6
         The FBI announced Mr. Sallet’s ascension to the role. Zummer Decl. ¶ 12; FBI, Press
Release, Jeffrey S. Sallet Named Special Agent in Charge of New Orleans Division (Oct. 19,
2015) https://www.fbi.gov/news/press-releases/press-releases/jeffrey-s.-sallet-named-special-
agent-in-charge-of-new-orleans-division (last visited Mar. 6, 2024).

                                                22
                                       2. The Public Interests

       According to Plaintiff, there are three public interests in acknowledging any requested

records, and in the records themselves. First, “whether a high-ranking FBI official engaged in

improper conduct, including violations of constitutional rights and sexual misconduct involving

employees.” Pl.’s Mem. at 17. Second, “whether OIG engaged in negligence or some other

impropriety by failing to address Sallet’s alleged violations of constitutional rights.” Id. Third,

“whether DOJ and its components FBI and OIG are effective at addressing misconduct by high-

level officials who often can retire before disciplinary action is taken against them.” Id.

       The Court believes, however, that Plaintiff has presented four public interests. The first

interest asserted by Plaintiff is more accurately characterized as two distinct interests: there is no

apparent connection between Plaintiff’s allegations that Mr. Sallet violated Mr. Zummer’s First

Amendment rights and Plaintiff’s allegations that Mr. Sallet engaged in sexual misconduct.

Consequently, the Court will discuss these interests separately, and take all four interests in turn.

                          a. Sallet’s Alleged First Amendment Violations

        “[W]here there is a privacy interest protected by Exemption 7(C) and the public interest

being asserted is to show that responsible officials acted negligently or otherwise improperly in

the performance of their duties, the requester must establish more than a bare suspicion in order

to obtain disclosure.” Favish, 541 U.S. at 174. “Rather, the requester must produce evidence

that would warrant a belief by a reasonable person that the alleged Government impropriety

might have occurred.” 7 Id. This more stringent standard is because “[a]llegations of government

       7
         Although Favish involved Exemption 7(C), insofar as it might be relevant to the other
possible public interests in this case, both the D.C. Circuit and this Court have observed that
Favish’s evidentiary requirement applies to Exemption 6 as well. See Consumers’ Checkbook
Center v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Svcs., 554 F.3d 1046, 1054 n.5 (D.C. Cir. 2009);
Pubien v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 273 F. Supp. 3d 47, 54 (D.D.C. 2017).

                                                  23
misconduct are ‘easy to allege and hard to disprove,’ so courts must insist on a meaningful

evidentiary showing.” Id. (quoting Crawford–El v. Britton, 523 U.S. 574, 585 (1998)).

       The Court is persuaded that Plaintiff has provided evidence that creates more than a bare

suspicion of impropriety regarding Mr. Sallet’s interactions with Mr. Zummer during their time

at the FBI’s New Orleans division. Mr. Zummer’s lawsuit did not go forward on jurisdictional

grounds, but the evidence shows that Mr. Sallet was involved in the suspension and revocation of

Mr. Zummer’s security clearance, and that these events were irregular. OIG’s report details that

Mr. Zummer sought permission from Mr. Sallet leading up to the release of the 2016 letter, and

that Mr. Sallet advised Mr. Zummer not to send the letter. See Zummer Decl., Ex. E at 19. As

part of the report, OIG interviewed Mr. Sallet, who expressed his concerns that Mr. Zummer was

a “risk” who “could release any information he came into… the hold of, if he believed that

something improper was happening or whatever his view of the world was.” See id. at 26. And

although Mr. Sallet did not formally control the suspension of Mr. Zummer’s security clearance,

he repeatedly attempted to push that process along. During the initial investigation into whether

to suspend Mr. Zummer’s security clearance, Mr. Sallet “both directly and through one of his

subordinates, inquired … about the progress of [the FBI Security Division]’s review of

Zummer’s clearance.” Id. at 29. Mr. Zummer himself believes that Mr. Sallet “was the primary

decisionmaker in having his clearance suspended, because FBI Security Division, responsible for

managing employees’ clearances, was responsive to requests by field office SACs to suspend

clearances,” Zummer Decl. ¶ 79, although the Court has not seen other evidence for this

contention.

       Mr. Sallet’s involvement is important because while the OIG’s report found that “Mr.

Zummer does not have a viable whistleblower retaliation claim in relation to the release of his

                                               24
August 15, 2016 letter to the judge” given that FBI whistleblower regulations do not designate

federal judges as recipients of disclosures, it further “found troubling errors and omissions in the

record of the decision to suspend and revoke Zummer’s clearance that we believe merit a second

look at the suspension and revocation.” Zummer Decl., Ex. E at 36. OIG’s report does not

attribute any of these errors to Mr. Sallet. But given Mr. Sallet’s leadership role in the FBI’s

New Orleans division, his efforts to hurry along the security clearance process, and OIG’s

findings that the process was improperly rushed, see id. at 38–39, it would be reasonable to

believe Mr. Sallet played a role in how events unfolded.

       Moreover, other aspects of Mr. Sallet’s conduct also support a belief that Mr. Sallet may

have violated Mr. Zummer’s rights. When Mr. Zummer later sought official approval to release

his letter to Judge Engelhardt to the public, Mr. Sallet approved substantial redactions to

seventeen out of the thirty-one pages in Mr. Zummer’s letter. Zummer Decl., Ex. G at 1 (Mr.

Sallet emailing “Looks great !” in response to proposed redactions from chief counsel.). Mr.

Zummer and the FBI eventually settled Mr. Zummer’s First Amendment claim for public release

of the letter, and the letter was released with zero redactions, making it questionable whether the

heavy redactions were ever appropriate.

       Thus, on this evidence, the Court finds that Plaintiff has “produce[d] evidence that would

warrant a belief by a reasonable person that the alleged Government impropriety might have

occurred.” Favish, 541 U.S. at 174. There is a public interest in records concerning any

complaints, allegations, or investigative files about Mr. Sallet’s treatment of Mr. Zummer. 8

       8
      In finding so, the Court does not address the ultimate legal sufficiency of any First
Amendment claim by Mr. Zummer or question the dismissal of his litigation in the Fifth Circuit.

                                                 25
                                 b. Purported Sexual Misconduct

       The Court is not convinced that Plaintiff has established more than bare suspicion that

Mr. Sallet engaged in sexual misconduct during his time at the FBI. To support these salacious

accusations, Plaintiff relies solely on Mr. Zummer’s affidavit. Zummer Decl. ¶ 14. Mr. Zummer

offers an undetailed assertion of various types of sexual wrongdoing by Mr. Sallet, based entirely

on hearsay from unidentified FBI employees. Id.

       The parties contest how the Federal Rules of Evidence apply in the context of a FOIA

“meaningful evidentiary showing.” Favish, 541 U.S. at 175. DOJ, citing a D.C. Circuit FOIA

case that does not address Favish, argues that hearsay is inadmissible in that situation unless it

falls within a recognized hearsay exception. DiBacco v. Army, 795 F.3d 178, 189 (D.C. Cir.

2015) (rejecting appellant’s argument that district court should not have relied on inadmissible

hearsay, because that hearsay fell within an exception). Plaintiff, without supporting citations,

contends that Favish commands an analysis that is more akin to a “evidentiary hearing” or “or

the preliminary actions in criminal cases” where a court is not bound by evidence rules. See Pl.’s

Reply at 14–15. On its own search, the Court has not located any decisions that resolve whether

a plaintiff may ever use hearsay to satisfy the Favish standard. 9

       Nevertheless, the Court need not directly decide the issue: it is enough to say that the

sexual misconduct accusations in the Zummer declaration are too tenuous to support a public

interest. Plaintiff relies on one paragraph that contains no identifying details about the “current

       9
         More broadly, “[d]espite the general inadmissibility of hearsay, ‘courts may consider
hearsay in FOIA cases when assessing the adequacy of the agency's search’ and ‘FOIA
declarants may rely on information obtained through inter-agency consultation.’” Leopold v.
United States Dep't of Just., No. 19-cv-3192 (RC), 2021 WL 124489, at *4 (D.D.C. Jan. 13,
2021) (quoting Humane Soc'y of United States v. Animal & Plant Health Inspection Serv., 386 F.
Supp. 3d 34, 44 (D.D.C. 2019)).

                                                 26
and former FBI employees” that supposedly spoke to Mr. Zummer, Zummer Decl. ¶ 14, and

offers no outside evidence that could give credence to these claims. While Plaintiff says the

allegations have “disturbing specificity,” see Pl.’s Mem. at 23, the Court cannot agree. For

example, there are few details about when and where these events may have occurred. 10 Even

more damaging to the plausibility of Mr. Zummer’s declaration is that, with the one exception of

an employee who reportedly heard Mr. Sallet make inappropriate comments, Mr. Zummer does

not claim to have heard about the events directly from the FBI employees who experienced them

but rather from other FBI employees who were relaying information they had received. See

Zummer Decl. ¶ 14.

       Plaintiff also argues that the timing of Mr. Sallet’s retirement lends credence to its

assertions, and that he likely left the FBI to cut short disciplinary proceedings or inquiries

regarding sexual misconduct. But there is nothing inherently suspicious about the timing

between Mr. Sallet’s elevation to Associate Deputy Director and his departure from the FBI nine

months later. While Plaintiff charges that this maneuver was an attempt to evade discipline

through retirement, one could imagine many innocuous reasons why Mr. Sallet would choose to

leave shortly after being promoted, including the ability to leverage that new title for better

opportunities in the private sector. 11 Plaintiff’s contentions that FBI employees were surprised

       10
          The Zummer declaration alleges several types of misconduct and then says these
accusations are consistent with reports about Mr. Sallet from “when he was in New Orleans” and
recounts an inappropriate comment he supposedly made at that time. Zummer Decl. ¶ 14. By
deduction, that means that the rest of the allegations came at some unknown point after the end
of Mr. Sallet’s tenure with the FBI’s New Orleans division. The only information regarding
location for these events is that one incident occurred “while on official travel.” Id.
       11
          DOJ speculates that, among other reasons, Mr. Sallet may have left because he was
offered higher pay at Ernst & Young. See Def.’s Mem. at 16. Plaintiff responds by citing
generic numbers from glassdoor.com about the compensation of an average partner at Ernst &
Young. See Pl.’s Mem. at 25. These figures fail to illuminate what Mr. Sallet was offered for

                                                 27
by the departure, and that it was unusual within the FBI for Mr. Sallet to retire without notifying

other employees, Zummer Decl. ¶ 13; Davidson Decl. ¶ 7, are thinly supported and do not lead to

a reasonable inference that Mr. Sallet retired to dodge an investigation. 12

       Ultimately, Plaintiff makes “inflammatory allegation[s]” against a government employee,

but “[t]he only support [it] offers” is its “own affidavit, which recounts a litany of allegedly

suspicious circumstances but lacks any substantiation.” Blackwell, 646 F.3d at 41. At present,

the Court finds no public interest stemming from these allegations.

                                     c. Misconduct by the OIG

       Plaintiff argues that there is a public interest in uncovering whether OIG’s report into the

suspension of Mr. Zummer’s security clearance improperly omitted negative information about

Mr. Sallet. Although DOJ’s briefing does not respond to this argument, the Court is

unconvinced regardless. Plaintiff has not established more than a bare suspicion that OIG

officials “acted negligently or otherwise improperly in the performance of their duties.” Favish,

541 U.S. at 174.

       In Plaintiff’s view, his 2016 letter to Judge Engelhardt revealed OIG’s failure to address a

conflict of interest and therefore disclosed the OIG’s negligence or incompetence. See Pl.’s

Mem. at 28–29. In 2013, Mr. Zummer made a complaint to the OIG regarding the financial

relationship between the New Orleans district attorney’s defense attorney and an AUSA.

his employment, and in any event, there are other benign reasons outside of compensation why
Mr. Sallet may have chosen to leave the FBI.
       12
          The Court does agree with Plaintiff that it is odd, see Pl.’s Mem. at 26–27, that DOJ’s
FOIA search did not locate any emails or records “by or with FBI Director Christopher Wray,
FBI Deputy Director Paul Abbate, or any of their staffs” that concern Mr. Sallet’s retirement.
Compl. ¶ 12. But the absence of records is insufficient to support Plaintiff’s deductions: perhaps
Mr. Sallet and his colleagues preferred to communicate about Mr. Sallet’s retirement in person or
by phone call.

                                                 28
Zummer Decl. ¶¶ 65–66. The OIG investigated this complaint at the time and found no

wrongdoing, and the 2018 OIG report into Mr. Zummer’s claim of retaliation based on this

complaint did not find reprisal. See Zummer Decl., Ex. E at 8, 14–17. Plaintiff alleges, though,

that the OIG report failed to accurately describe that the AUSA “divested” his financial interests

by transferring assets to his girlfriend. Zummer Decl. ¶¶ 66–72. Plaintiff also says that while

the report says the AUSA was not involved in the decision to decline prosecuting Mr. Morel in

2013, Mr. Zummer observed the AUSA arguing against pursuing the case. Id. ¶ 72. The OIG

did not take disciplinary action against the AUSA after Mr. Zummer’s 2013 complaint, and

Plaintiff suggests that this absence of discipline helped Mr. Morel receive a lenient plea

agreement when the case was revived under a new U.S. Attorney. Id. ¶ 73.

       Despite these alleged omissions, Plaintiff has presented only an insufficient “bare

suspicion” of wrongdoing by the OIG. Favish, 541 U.S. at 174. As Plaintiff sees it, when OIG

investigated Mr. Zummer’s claim of retaliation by Mr. Sallet in 2016, “it was investigating

[alleged] retaliation against someone who had disclosed its own negligence or incompetence.”

Pl.’s Mem. at 29. But the Court is unable to accept the several necessary inferences made by

Plaintiff, such as that OIG itself believed that its past conduct was negligent or incompetent, that

it would hold this failure against Mr. Zummer, and that OIG would then respond by failing to

appropriately investigate any accusations against Mr. Sallet. Indeed, the OIG report hardly

evinces bias against Mr. Zummer: as discussed above, it documents “troubling errors and

omissions in the record of the decision to suspend and revoke Zummer’s clearance . . . .”

Zummer Decl., Ex. E at 36. There is insufficient reason to think that OIG would have “pulled its

punches,” Pl.’s Mem. at 29, regarding Mr. Sallet specifically. That being so, the Court finds that

Plaintiff has not “produced evidence that would warrant a belief by a reasonable person that the

                                                 29
alleged Government impropriety might have occurred,” Favish, 541 U.S. at 159, and that there is

no public interest on this basis in the requested OIG records. 13

             d. How DOJ Addresses Misconduct Allegations Against FBI Executives

       Unlike the standard in Favish, evidence of negligence or impropriety is unnecessary

when plaintiffs “are not (or at least not only) seeking to show that the government’s…policy is

legally improper, but rather to show what that policy is and how effective or intrusive it is.”

ACLU, 655 F.3d at 14 (internal citation omitted). “Matters of substantive law enforcement

policy are properly the subject of public concern, whether or not the policy in question is

lawful.” Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted).

       Plaintiff contends that “FBI executives are escaping potential disciplinary action for

misconduct by retiring,” Pl.’s Mem. at 30, and that there is a public interest in shedding light on

this issue. Apart from Plaintiff’s unsupported suggestion that Mr. Sallet falls into that group,

Plaintiff does present evidence that this problem may exist more generally. A 2004 report by

former U.S. Attorney General Griffin Bell and former FBI Associate Director Dr. Lee Colwell

found that a pattern of retirement or resignation of higher-ranked FBI officials before discipline

was imposed contributed to an internal perception that there was a double standard favoring

higher-ranked employees. See Griffin B. Bell, Lee Colwell, Study of the FBI’s Office of

Professional Responsibility (Feb. 2004) at 1–3. Plaintiff supplements this report with more

recent OIG reports where FBI executives retired while under investigation. 14 See Zummer Decl.

¶¶ 30–39.

       13
         As set forth above, there is still an interest related to Mr. Sallet’s alleged impropriety
regarding Mr. Zummer.
       14
          For example, an FBI Special Agent in Charge was under OIG investigation and retired
before being contacted for an interview. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General,

                                                 30
       Plaintiff also asserts that the “public has a substantial interest in knowing whether DOJ

disciplinary policies and procedures are effective at deterring sexual misconduct by FBI

executives.” Pl.’s Mem. at 33. A December 2020 Associated Press investigation identified at

least six sexual misconduct allegations involving senior FBI officials over the previous five

years. Zummer Decl. ¶ 48; Jim Mustian, ‘Under the rug:’ Sexual misconduct shakes FBI’s

senior ranks, Associated Press (Dec. 10, 2020), https://apnews.com/article/fbi-sexual-

misconduct-investigation-a0d33e4770acef8ff5f4a48f0267202c (last visited Mar. 6, 2024).

       The FBI reacted to the Associated Press article by reviewing its disciplinary precedent

database for other examples of executives who retired or resigned amid sexual misconduct

accusations. FBI Office of Disciplinary Appeals, Retirements and Resignations during

Unwelcome Sexual Conduct Adjudications 2 (Dec. 23, 2020). Plaintiff argues this review was

underinclusive and used criteria that failed to capture FBI executives who left the agency during

investigations, only focusing on those who left after investigations but before a final

adjudication. Plaintiff also notes that this review did not include investigations where executives

were accused of consensual but inappropriate sexual misconduct, such as relationships with a

subordinate. Plaintiff observes that Mr. Sallet was the executive who requested that this report

be compiled. See Zummer Decl. ¶ 50.

       The Court agrees that there is a public interest in the FBI’s approach to investigating and

reprimanding its executives, including for sexual misconduct, and in whether there is a pattern of

executives retiring to avoid accountability. This interest is not only evident in the abstract but

Investigative Summary 21-090, (Jul. 6, 2021), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/reports/21-
090.pdf (last visited Mar. 6, 2024),

                                                 31
also supported by evidence that suggests deficiencies in the FBI’s policies. As will be discussed

below, however, that interest must still be balanced with Mr. Sallet’s privacy interests.

                 3. Balancing the Public Interest and Mr. Sallet’s Private Interests

        The Court must now “balance the privacy interests that would be compromised by

disclosure against the public interest in the release of the requested information.” Dillon v. U.S.

Dep't of Just., 444 F. Supp. 3d 67, 94 (D.D.C. 2020) (quoting Beck, 997 F.2d at 1491). Because

the Court rejected two of Plaintiff’s proposed public interests—shedding light on Mr. Sallet’s

alleged sexual misconduct and the OIG’s negligence—the Court declines to conduct further

analysis on that point. See Nat’l Ass’n of Retired Fed. Emps. v. Horner, 879 F.2d 873, 879 (D.C.

Cir. 1989) (“something, even a modest privacy interest, outweighs nothing every time”).

Weighing the other public interests, and primarily relying on the public interest in uncovering

any impropriety related to Mr. Zummer’s loss of security clearance, the Court finds the balance

of interests tilts toward a limited disclosure.

        Even though Mr. Sallet has a substantial privacy interest generally, that interest is lower

for the existence of records that accuse him of misconduct with respect to Mr. Zummer’s speech

and loss of security clearance. Because Mr. Zummer has already publicly alleged that Mr.

Sallet’s behavior was improper, those accusations received media attention, and most of all, the

OIG released a report that confirmed Mr. Sallet’s conduct was part of an internal investigation,

this case is quite different from one where Mr. Sallet could assert “an . . . interest in not being

associated with an investigation in the first place.” Citizens for Resp. & Ethics in Wash. v. U.S.

Dep't of Just., 846 F. Supp. 2d 63, 76 (D.D.C. 2012). And again, Mr. Sallet’s high-rank in the

FBI further diminishes his privacy interests. CREW, 746 F.3d at 1092.

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       The public interests, conversely, are strong for similar reasons. The public evidently has

an interest in the operations of the FBI, and Plaintiff has presented evidence that tips beyond a

bare suspicion of wrongdoing. The full context of Mr. Zummer’s termination, as detailed in the

OIG report and Mr. Zummer’s litigation, indicates that Mr. Zummer may have been

impermissibly targeted for exercising his First Amendment rights. The Court cannot ignore Mr.

Sallet’s role leading the FBI’s New Orleans division and his concomitant participation in efforts

to revoke Mr. Zummer’s security clearance and prevent his accusations from being released to

the public. These circumstances plainly trigger a public interest in any allegations or

investigations of Mr. Sallet, and the existence of any such records.

       Conversely, the public interest in the FBI’s approach to investigating executives and a

pattern of executives retiring to avoid accountability is insufficient to warrant disclosure of the

existence of any records about complaints or investigations into Mr. Sallet. True, because

Plaintiff seeks all records relating to complaints and investigations, and one could imagine

hypothetical records that would not qualify as law enforcement records under Exemption 7(C),

some records may concern only the more disclosure-friendly Exemption 6. But the Court is

without reason to split hairs on this point. Mr. Sallet retains a privacy interest in his personnel

records under Exemption 6, Beck, 997 F.2d at 1494, and because the Court has rejected

Plaintiff’s speculative allegations that Mr. Sallet retired to dodge an investigation, the “necessary

nexus between the requested information and the asserted public interest that would be advanced

by disclosure” is absent. Favish, 541 U.S. at 172–73. In other words, any public interest in FBI

policy generally would boil down only to “[a] mere desire to review how an agency is doing its

job, coupled with allegations that it is not,” which “does not create a public interest sufficient to

override [Mr. Sallet’s] privacy interests.” McCutchen, 30 F.3d at 188.

                                                  33
       Overall, as this case concerns Mr. Sallet’s alleged violations of Mr. Zummer’s

constitutional rights, and the loss of Mr. Zummer’s security clearance, the Court sees this case as

resembling Stern v. FBI, 737 F.2d 84, 94 (D.C. Cir. 1984). In Stern, the Court ordered that the

FBI could not issue a Glomar response under Exemption 7(C) regarding the identity of an FBI

Special Agent in Charge who was censured for withholding information from an FBI audit. 737

F.2d at 94. The Court emphasized that agent’s rank, the same as Mr. Sallet’s in 2016, and noted

that he “followed a deliberately-chosen course when placed, perhaps, between a hard rock and

his conscience.” Id. While the evidence that Mr. Sallet committed wrongdoing is weaker than in

Stern, so too is the damage that would result from any confirmation that investigative records

exist. Unlike in Stern, the existence of any records would not implicate Mr. Sallet in “notorious

and serious allegations of criminal wrongdoing,” id. at 93, or malfeasance described as

“intolerable” by the FBI, id. at 94. The records would merely confirm that FBI and OIG

received and investigated complaints about Mr. Sallet related to a possible violation of Mr.

Zummer’s First Amendment rights. And given what we know about Mr. Zummer’s pattern of

litigation, his well-established grievances against Mr. Sallet, and the OIG report, it is effectively

already known that at least some responsive records likely exist. 15

       15
          The Court is mindful that it cannot order the FBI and OIG to only conduct a search into
“complaints” or “allegations” against Mr. Sallet. Because the FOIA request includes such
language, “[t]he request therefore encompasses the stages antecedent to an investigation,
including documents explaining why an investigation did or did not occur.” PETA, 745 F.3d at
544. If the FBI and OIG were “required to acknowledge responsive documents in instances
where there was no investigation but were permitted to give a Glomar response in cases where
there had been one, it would become apparent that a Glomar response really meant that an
investigation had occurred.” Id. To hold otherwise would obviate “the uncertainty essential to
Glomar 's efficacy.” Id. But, after taking this dynamic in consideration, the Court still finds
disclosure of the existence of any investigations is warranted.

                                                 34
       The D.C. Circuit has emphasized that the balance of interests must be fact-specific to

each FOIA case. See Bartko, 898 F.3d at 66. Having considered the full context of Plaintiff’s

FOIA request, the Court finds that for some possible records, the public interest in the existence

of records outweighs Mr. Sallet’s privacy interests.

                                                ***

       The upshot of the Court’s analysis is that the FBI and OIG may not permissibly issue a

Glomar response as to the existence of responsive records that concern Mr. Sallet’s role in the

loss of Mr. Zummer’s security clearance and any records about allegations that Mr. Sallet

violated Mr. Zummer’s constitutional rights. See PETA, 745 F.3d at 544–545 (“Because there

exists a category of responsive documents for which a Glomar response would be unwarranted,

NIH's assertion of a blanket Glomar response to the second request cannot be sustained.”).

“[A]n agency may issue a blanket Glomar response ... only when ‘the circumstances justify a

Glomar response’ for all categories of responsive records.” Project for Priv. & Surveillance

Accountability, Inc. v. United States Dep't of Just., 633 F. Supp. 3d 108, 122 (D.D.C. 2022)

(quoting PETA, 745 F.3d at 541). Mr. Sallet’s privacy interest in the specified category is low,

and the public interest is sizable. Thus, the agencies must search for any records concerning

complaints, allegations, investigative files, and dispositions of any allegations into Mr. Sallet that

relate to the alleged 2016 retaliation incident and any violation of Mr. Zummer’s constitutional

rights. Once such search has been completed, if responsive records are located the FBI and OIG

must justify any withholdings in the traditional manner. But because Mr. Sallet’s privacy

interests otherwise overcome any public interest into a broad inquiry into his conduct between

2016 and 2021, the FBI and OIG are justified in asserting a Glomar response as to the existence

of records about complaints or investigations into Mr. Sallet for any other reason.

                                                 35
       Finally, “[t]he question of disclosure of the existence or nonexistence [of records] … is a

distinct question from disclosure of the content of the records.” McMichael v. U.S. Dep't of Def.,

910 F. Supp. 2d 47, 52 (D.D.C. 2012). The Court does not presently rule whether any responsive

records must be released.

                                      V. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 13) is

GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART and Plaintiff's cross-motion for summary

judgment (ECF No. 15) is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. The parties are

ORDERED to submit a proposed schedule for further proceedings within 30 days of the

issuance of this opinion. An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and

contemporaneously issued.

Dated: March 6, 2024                                              RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
                                                                  United States District Judge

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