Court Opinion

ID: 3024877
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:32:34.093952+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:47:43.296366
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                  No. 97-2735
                                  ___________

Folorunso Adeyinka Afolayan,           *
Grace Afolayan,                        *
                                       *
            Petitioners,               * Petition for Review of an Order
                                       * of the Immigration and Naturalization
   v.                                  * Service.
                                       *
Immigration and Naturalization         *
Service,                               *
                                       *
            Respondent.                *
                                  ___________

                            Submitted: April 17, 2000
                                Filed: July 24, 2000
                                 ___________

Before WOLLMAN, Chief Judge, LAY and HANSEN, Circuit Judges.
                             ___________

HANSEN, Circuit Judge.

       Folorunso Adeyinka Afolayan and Grace Afolayan ask this court to reverse an
order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) denying their request for
discretionary suspension of a deportation order issued by the Immigration and
Naturalization Service (INS). We deny the Afolayans' petition.
                                         I.
                               Facts and Background

       Folorunso Adeyinka Afolayan, a citizen and native of Nigeria, entered the United
States on March 1, 1984, following the INS's decision to award him a non-immigrant
student visa. Mr. Afolayan's wife, Grace, who is also a Nigerian citizen and native,
entered the United States on March 15, 1985, as the spouse of a non-immigrant student.
Upon his arrival in the United States, Mr. Afolayan enrolled in a graduate studies
program at the University of California at Davis. Mr. Afolayan, however, did not
maintain his student status, and the Afolayans did not depart the United States upon the
expiration of Mr. Afolayan's student visa.

       On October 6, 1987, the INS served the Afolayans with an Order to Show Cause
as to why, in view of Mr. Afolayan's failure to maintain his student status, they should
not be deported. On January 26, 1988, the Afolayans appeared before an
administrative hearing officer (ALJ) of the INS. Following the hearing, the ALJ
entered an order permitting the Afolayans a voluntary departure from the United States.
The ALJ also issued an alternative order directing the Afolayans' deportation in the
event that they failed to comply with the voluntary departure portion of the order. The
Afolayans did not comply with the ALJ's order and remained in the United States.

       Six years after their show cause hearing, the Afolayans petitioned the INS to
grant them discretionary relief by suspending the 1988 deportation order. The
Afolayans based their request upon § 244(a)(1) of the Immigration and Naturalization
Act. See 8 U.S.C. § 1254(a)(1) (repealed). Section 244(a)(1) allowed undocumented
aliens who resided in the United States for seven or more consecutive years to petition
the INS for suspension of a deportation order, if such deportation would result in
extreme hardship to the alien or to an immediate relative of the alien. An ALJ denied
the Afolayans' request on the basis that they failed to demonstrate extreme hardship.
The Afolayans appealed the ALJ's decision to the BIA.

                                          -2-
       During the pendency of the Afolayans' petition with the BIA, Congress enacted
the Illegal Immigrant Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA).
IIRIRA contains a stop-time rule that applies to undocumented aliens seeking
discretionary suspension of a deportation order. The stop-time rule provides that "any
period of continuous residence or continuous physical presence in the United States
shall be deemed to end when the alien is served with a notice to appear" before the INS
as the subject of a removal proceeding. 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(d)(1) (Supp. III 1997).

      Following IIRIRA's enactment, a question arose as to whether the stop-time
measure applied to show cause orders issued prior to the Act's effective date. The
question, however, was answered when President William Jefferson Clinton signed the
Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) into law.
NACARA provides that IIRIRA's stop-time rule applies to show cause orders issued
before, on, or after IIRIRA's enactment date of September 30, 1996. See NACARA
§ 203(a), 8 U.S.C. § 1101 note (Supp. III 1997) (Effective Date of 1996 Amendments).

       In 1997, the BIA denied the Afolayans' petition. The BIA concluded that based
upon the IIRIRA, the INS's 1987 show cause order terminated their period of
continuous residence in the United States. The BIA also found that the Afolayans were
not eligible for discretionary relief because they failed to accumulate the necessary
seven years of continuous presence in the United States before service of the show
cause order. The Afolayans ask this court to review the BIA's decision.

                                         II.
                                     Discussion

      The Afolayans raise multiple challenges to the BIA's decision. They contend that
the BIA erred in retroactively applying IIRIRA and in calculating the seven-year
period of continuous presence. We review de novo a federal agency's legal

                                          -3-
determinations, but we accord substantial deference to the agency's interpretation of a
federal statute. See Vue v. INS, 92 F.3d 696, 699 (8th Cir. 1996). In fact, we must
defer to the agency's interpretation unless it is inconsistent with the plain language of
the statute or constitutes an unreasonable interpretation of an ambiguous statute. See
Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842-
45 (1984).

A. Retroactive Application of IIRIRA's Stop-Time Provision

       The Afolayans argue that IIRIRA's stop-time measure should not apply to their
petition because their deportation proceedings were commenced years before the
statute's effective date of April 1, 1997. The Afolayans contend that the BIA's decision
contravenes IIRIRA's plain language and imposes an unreasonable retroactive burden
on them.

        The Supreme Court articulated a multipart test for determining the retroactivity
of a statute. See Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., 511 U.S. 244, 280 (1994). In
accordance with the Landgraf test, a court's first task is to determine whether Congress
specifically addressed the question of retroactivity. If Congress has expressed a
preference for retroactivity, then the court must adhere to congressional intent. See id.
If the statute is silent or ambiguous, then the court must assess "whether the new statute
would have retroactive effect, i.e., whether it would impair rights a party possessed
when he acted, increase a party's liability for past conduct, or impose new duties with
respect to transactions already completed." Id. If retroactive application of the
ambiguous statute would impose such burdens on a party, then the court should not
apply the statute in a retroactive manner. See id.

      As an initial matter, the Landgraf test requires us to examine the plain language
of IIRIRA and determine whether Congress clearly intended a retroactive effect.
Examining the statute's language, it becomes apparent that IIRIRA generally does not

                                           -4-
apply to deportation proceedings initiated prior to April 1, 1997. See Appiah v. United
States INS, 202 F.3d 704, 707 (4th Cir. 2000), petition for cert. filed, No. 99-10039
(U.S. June 15, 2000). IIRIRA, however, does affect certain deportation proceedings
regardless of whether they were commenced before the Act's effective date. See id. at
707-08. Our task is to determine whether show cause orders issued prior to IIRIRA's
effective date fall into the latter category. We note that the BIA resolved this issue.
In In re Nolasco-Tofino, Int. Dec. 3385 (BIA 1999), the BIA held that § 203(a) of
NACARA mandates the application of IIRIRA's stop-time measure to orders to show
cause issued before IIRIRA's effective date. In reaching its decision, the BIA relied
upon the plain language of NACARA. Such reliance was well-placed.

       NACARA specifically states that IIRIRA's stop-time rule "shall apply to orders
to show cause . . . issued before, on, or after" IIRIRA's enactment date of September
30, 1996. See NACARA § 203(a), 8 U.S.C. § 1101 note (Supp. III 1997) (Effective
Date of 1996 Amendments). Such language is plain and unambiguous. From the
explicitness of the language, we conclude that IIRIRA's stop-time rule applies to
deportation proceedings where the INS issued a show cause order prior to the Act's
effective date. Moreover, the statute's plain language compels us to conclude that
Congress clearly intended a retroactive application of the stop-time measure. Landgraf
requires no further examination of this issue. See 511 U.S. at 280. Hence, the
Afolayans' challenge to the BIA's determination of the retroactive application of
IIRIRA's stop-time measure fails.

B. Calculating Seven Years of Continuous Residence

       The Afolayans argue that even if the stop-time measure applies retroactively,
they resided in the United States for more than seven continual years. Hence, they
maintain, IIRIRA's stop-time measure is inapplicable. Although the Afolayans
acknowledge that they had resided in the United States for less than seven years when
the INS served them with a show cause order, they contend that a new seven-year

                                          -5-
clock started after the issuance of the order. They further argue that following the
issuance of the show cause order, they accrued at least seven years of continuous
residence in the United States and, thus, are eligible for discretionary suspension of
deportation. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(a). At the outset, we note that the Afolayans
apparently failed to raise this issue before the BIA. We lack jurisdiction to review
claims that were not presented to the BIA in the first instance. See Feleke v. INS, 118
F.3d 594, 600 (8th Cir. 1997). Even if, however, the issue is properly before this court,
we must conclude that the Afolayans' claim cannot succeed.

       The BIA recently addressed the seven-year continuity issue in In re: Mendoza-
Sandino, Int. Dec. 3426, 2000 WL 225840 (BIA Feb. 23, 2000). In Mendoza-Sandino,
a majority of the en banc BIA concluded "that the continuous physical presence clock
does not start anew after the service of an Order to Show Cause so as to allow an alien
to accrue the time required to establish eligibility for suspension of deportation
subsequent to the service of an Order to Show Cause." Id. at 5-6. The BIA's published
decision is binding precedent upon all the administrative immigration proceedings of
the INS. See 8 C.F.R. § 3.1(g) (1999).

       The BIA based its decision on IIRIRA's language and legislative history. The
BIA's opinion focuses extensively on the differences in wording between the statute's
termination of continuous presence provision, see 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(d)(1), and its break
in continual service paragraph. See 8 U.S.C. § 1292b(d)(2). The BIA's opinion notes
that under § 1229b(d)(2), an alien who departs the United States for a period in excess
of 90 days "shall be deemed to have failed to maintain continuous physical presence
in the United States." In re: Mendoza-Sandino, Int. Dec. 3426 at 6-7. The opinion
contrasts the § 1229(b)(2) language with the language from § 1229(b)(1). Under §
1229(b)(1), an alien's period of continuous physical presence in the United States "shall
be deemed to end when the alien is served" a show cause order. The BIA's opinion
concludes that the use of the word "end" in § 1229(b)(1) and "break" in § 1229(b)(2)
demonstrates that Congress intended to restart the seven-year clock upon certain events

                                          -6-
such as returning to the United States after an absence in excess of 90 days but did not
intend to restart the seven-year clock upon events such as the INS's issuance of a show
cause order. See In re: Mendoza-Sandino, Int. Dec. 3426 at 6-7. The BIA's opinion
notes further that pursuant to § 1229(d)(1), an alien's period of continuous physical
presence ends upon the issuance of a notice to show cause or upon the alien's
commission of certain criminal offenses, "whichever is earliest." 8 U.S.C. §
1229(d)(1). The BIA's opinion concludes that allowing the seven-year clock to restart
following the issuance of a deportation order "would render the 'whichever is earliest'
clause superfluous." In re: Mendoza-Sandino, Int. Dec. 3426 at 8.

       After examining the applicable IIRIRA provisions and the BIA's opinion in its
entirety, we conclude that the BIA's opinion is reasonable and consistent with the
statute's language and legislative history. Hence, we must defer to the agency's
decision and deny the Afolayans' request to reverse the BIA's ruling on this issue.

C. Constitutional Challenges

      The Afolayans raise two challenges to the constitutionality of the statutory
provisions at issue in this case. They contend that NACARA violates both the Due
Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the United States Constitution. Both
challenges lack merit.

      1. Due Process Challenge

       The Afolayans argue that NACARA violates the Constitution's Due Process
Clause because it irrationally deprives them of an opportunity for a suspension of
deportation hearing. The Afolayans' challenge is baseless. The Due Process Clause
requires only that an alien receive notice and a fair hearing where the INS must prove
by "clear, unequivocal, and convincing" evidence that the alien is subject to

                                          -7-
deportation. See Woodby v. INS, 385 U.S. 276, 286 (1966). The Afolayans received
notice and a fair hearing in this case. Hence, their Due Process challenge must fail.

      2. Equal Protection Challenge

      The Afolayans contend that NACARA is unconstitutional because it
impermissibly favors certain nationalities. The statute exempts designated nationals
from the strictures of IIRIRA's deportation rules. The nationals exempted include
Salvadorans, Guatemalans, nationals of Russia and any republic of the former Soviet
Union, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary,
Bulgaria, Albania, Yugoslavia (and its successor republics), and East Germany. See
8 U.S.C. § 1101 note (Supp. III 1997) (Effective Date of 1996 Amendments).

       It is well-established that Congress may favor some nationalities over others
when enacting immigration law. See Mathews v. Diaz, 426 U.S. 67, 78-80 (1976).
Hence, we accord great deference to Congress's process of "line drawing" with regard
to favoring nationalities in the immigration context. See Fiallo v. Bell, 430 U.S. 787,
795 n.6 (1977). Congress's decision to favor specific nationalities under NACARA
stems from a diplomatic decision of the government to encourage certain aliens to
remain in the United States. See Appiah, 202 F.3d at 710. Such a decision certainly
passes constitutional muster, and we will not second-guess the wisdom of this
essentially political question. See Fiallo, 430 U.S. at 799. Accordingly, we must reject
the Afolayans' Equal Protection challenge.

                                          -8-
                                 III.
                              Conclusion

For the reasons stated herein, we deny the Afolayans' petition.

A true copy.

      Attest:

               CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.

                                  -9-