Court Opinion

ID: 4409932
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-06-25 17:03:49.955023+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:51:53.505892
License: Public Domain

THIRD DIVISION
                               DILLARD, C. J.,
                            GOBEIL and HODGES, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

                                                                      June 24, 2019

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A19A0468. SEALS v. THE STATE.

      DILLARD, Chief Judge.

      Following trial, Tavares Seals was convicted of rape (two counts), burglary,

aggravated assault, false imprisonment, third-degree cruelty to children (three

counts), and giving a false name to law enforcement. Seals appeals his convictions,

arguing that (1) the evidence was insufficient to sustain them; (2) the trial court

plainly erred when it failed to rule on his request for a certain jury charge until after

closing arguments; (3) the trial court plainly erred in when it gave a sequential charge

to the jury, and (4) trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance in several respects.

For the reasons set forth infra, we affirm.
      Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict,1 the record shows that

on June 13, 2009, S. P. went to a dance club by herself around midnight. At the club,

S. P. ran into Seals, a longtime acquaintance, and they sat at a table chatting with

other people. Later, the group danced together, and at some point, Seals asked S. P.

if she would meet him after they left the club to have sex, but she declined his

request. S. P. then left the club alone sometime between 2:00 a.m. and 2:30 a.m.,

while Seals stayed there. And after picking up her three children at her father’s house,

S. P. drove home and went to bed. Ordinarily, S. P.’s children slept in the living

room, but that night, they slept in her bedroom.

      After S. P. and her children were asleep, she woke up to someone, later

identified as Seals, grabbing her head and putting a knife to her neck. Seals then

grabbed S. P.’s hair while holding the knife to her neck, at which point the children

heard the commotion and got out of bed “screaming and hollering.” When the

children exited the bedroom, Seals told them that if they did not go back into the

bedroom, he would hurt them. And to prevent S. P. from escaping, he slammed her

up against a wall, threw her on the sofa in her living room, and forced her to cover her

head with a shirt. Seals then made S. P. lie down on the floor while her children were

      1
          See, e.g., Morris v. State, 340 Ga. App. 295, 295 (797 SE2d 207) (2017).

                                           2
nearby crying. S. P. did not recognize Seals as her attacker because he disguised his

voice, but she believed the perpetrator was someone she knew. Once she was on the

floor, Seals tore S. P.’s bra off and had sex with her against her will.

      Eventually, Seals fled the scene, and S. P. called her father, whose girlfriend

then called the police. When the police arrived, S. P. told them about the attack before

going to the hospital for treatment and to have a rape kit performed. The police also

interviewed S. P.’s children about what happened, and her eldest child identified the

intruder as Seals. An investigation ensued, and during a search of S. P.’s home, police

recovered a kitchen knife in the living room, where the incident reportedly occurred.

Approximately one month after the attack, on July 14, 2009, Seals was arrested, and

investigators obtained a DNA sample from him for comparison with the DNA

collected from the rape kit performed on S. P. Ultimately, the Georgia Bureau of

Investigation tested S. P.’s rape kit and discovered both Seals and S.P.’s DNA.

      On July 10, 2009, just days before his arrest, Seals encountered S. T. when she

was walking home, and he threatened her, saying that if she “[didn’t] give [him]

none,” he would kill her. S. T. believed this statement to mean that if she did not have

sex with Seals, he would “hurt [her] real bad.” But S. T. did not want to have sex with

Seals, and she immediately told him so. Despite her protests, Seals pulled S. T.’s hair

                                           3
and choked her while she fought back and tried to escape. Seals then told S. T. to

“shut the hell up,” pulled down her pants, and “put his [penis] inside [her] vagina.”

During the attack, Seals held S. T.’s neck so tight that she could hardly breathe, and

he told her that if she told anyone about what happened, he would kill her. When the

assault was over, S. T. walked home and called the police. S. T. reported these events

before going to the hospital, where a rape kit was performed. As with S. P.,

investigators later confirmed that Seals’s DNA was found inside S.T.’s rape kit.

      Subsequently, as to the attack on S. T., Seals was charged with rape, and as to

his assault on S. P., he was charged with rape, burglary, aggravated assault, and false

imprisonment. Additionally, Seals was charged with one count each of cruelty to

children as to S. P.’s three children. Following a jury trial, Seals was convicted of all

charged offenses. He then obtained new counsel and filed a motion for a new trial;

and after a hearing on the matter, his motion was denied. This appeal follows.

      1. Addressing Seals’s last argument first, he contends that the evidence

presented at trial was insufficient to support his convictions. We disagree.

      When a criminal conviction is appealed, “the evidence must be viewed in the

light most favorable to the verdict, and the appellant no longer enjoys a presumption

                                           4
of innocence.”2 And in evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence to support a

conviction, we do not weigh the evidence or determine witness credibility but only

resolve whether “a rational trier of fact could have found the defendant guilty of the

charged offenses beyond a reasonable doubt.”3 The jury’s verdict will be upheld,

then, so long as “there is some competent evidence, even though contradicted, to

support each fact necessary to make out the State’s case.”4 With these guiding

principles in mind, we turn now to Seals’s specific challenge to the sufficiency of the

evidence presented in this case.

      Here, citing only the standard for considering whether evidence is sufficient

to support a conviction, Seals summarily asserts that the State failed to prove his guilt

beyond a reasonable doubt. But he does not argue that the State failed to prove a

particular element of any one of his many offenses. Indeed, in his three-paragraph

argument as to this claim, Seals does not assert arguments as to any individual

      2
       Howard v. State, 340 Ga. App. 133, 136 (1) (796 SE2d 757) (2017); see
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (III) (B) (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).
      3
         Howard, 340 Ga. App. at 136 (1) (punctuation omitted); accord Joiner v.
State, 299 Ga. App. 300, 300 (682 SE2d 381) (2009); see Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319
(III) (B).
      4
        Howard, 340 Ga. App. at 136 (1) (punctuation omitted); accord Miller v.
State, 273 Ga. 831, 832 (546 SE2d 524) (2001).

                                           5
offense, cite legal authority applicable to any of his offenses, or present meaningful

arguments applying the relevant law to the particular facts of this case. Thus, Seals

has abandoned any contention that the State failed to prove the essential elements of

each charged offense.5

      Instead of addressing each of his convictions separately, Seals reiterates a small

portion of the evidence presented at his three-day trial and essentially asks us to

substitute our judgment for that of the jury. Specifically, he points to the testimony

he offered in his defense, claiming that he “provided reasonable explanations why the

complaining witnesses would testify falsely against him.” He similarly argues that

due to “the conflicting nature of the evidence introduced at trial[,]” including his

testimony and that of the victims, the State failed to prove its case. But Seals’s

argument ignores that the jury obviously did not find his testimony and claims of

innocence credible. And, of course, the determination of a witness’s credibility,

      5
         See Gunn v. State, 342 Ga. App. 615, 623-24 (3) (804 SE2d 118) (2017)
(holding that the appellant abandoned two claims of error when, beyond one or two
case citations to “the most basic legal authority” as to the purpose of the legal rule at
issue and the general standard applicable in reviewing the alleged error on appeal);
Howard, 340 Ga. App. at 140 (3) (a) (reiterating that mere conclusory statements are
not the type of meaningful argument contemplated by this Court’s rules).

                                           6
including the defendant’s testimony, is “within the exclusive province of the jury.”6

Indeed, it is the role of the jury, not this Court, to “determine the credibility of the

witnesses and to resolve any conflicts or inconsistencies in the evidence.”7 And here,

Seals’s challenge to his convictions based solely on conflicts in the evidence, which

the jury resolved against him, is meritless.8

      2. Next, Seals argues that the trial court plainly erred when it failed to rule on

his request for a jury charge that sexual battery is a lesser-included offense of rape

until after closing arguments and by giving an improper sequential jury charge.

Again, we disagree.

      6
       Justice v. State, 263 Ga. App. 858, 859 (589 SE2d 624) (2003) (punctuation
omitted); accord McDonald v. State, 256 Ga. App. 369, 369 (568 SE2d 588) (2002).
      7
        Howard, 340 Ga. App. at 137 (1) (punctuation omitted); accord Pefinis v.
State, 344 Ga. App. 428, 430 (1) (810 SE2d 329) (2018).
      8
        See Glass v. State, 255 Ga. App. 390, 392-93 (1) (565 SE2d 500) (2002)
(“While [the defendant] challenges the credibility of the victim and [another witness]
by pointing out inconsistencies in their testimony, it is not the function of an appellate
court to weigh the evidence, determine the credibility of the witnesses, or resolve
conflicts in trial testimony when the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged.”);
Williams v. State, 239 Ga. App. 30, 31 (1) (521 SE2d 27) (1999) (“The issue of which
version of the[ ] events to believe, [the defendant’s] or the State’s, was for the jury,
which resolved the credibility issues in favor of the State.”).

                                            7
       As Seals concedes, he failed to object at trial to the timing of the trial court’s

ruling on the sexual-battery charge and to the allegedly improper sequential charge.

Under such circumstances, we review these issues for plain error under OCGA § 17-

8-58 (b).9 In doing so, we apply a four-prong test. First, there must be an error or

defect—some sort of deviation from a legal rule—that has not been intentionally

relinquished or abandoned, i.e., affirmatively waived by the appellant.10 Next, the

legal error must be clear or obvious, “rather than subject to reasonable dispute.”11

Additionally, the error must have affected the appellant’s substantial rights, “which

in the ordinary case means he must demonstrate that it affected the outcome of the

       9
         See OCGA § 17-8-58 (b) (“Failure to object in accordance with subsection
(a) of this Code section shall preclude appellate review of such portion of the jury
charge, unless such portion of the jury charge constitutes plain error which affects
substantial rights of the parties. Such plain error may be considered on appeal even
if it was not brought to the court’s attention as provided in subsection (a) of this Code
section.”); Booth v. State, 301 Ga. 678, 680 (2) (804 SE2d 104) (2017) (“[When], as
here, a party fails to object to a jury charge, we review the issue for plain error”);
White v. State, 291 Ga. 7, 8 (2) (727 SE2d 109) (2012) (“An appellate court is
required to review for plain error an alleged jury instruction error to which no
objection was raised at trial, provided the enumeration of error is properly enumerated
and argued on appeal.”).
       10
        See Booth, 301 Ga. at 680 (2) (punctuation omitted); accord State v. Kelly,
290 Ga. 29, 33 (2) (a) (718 SE2d 232) (2011).
       11
            Booth, 301 Ga. at 680 (2) (punctuation omitted); accord Kelly, 290 Ga. at 33
(2) (a).

                                             8
trial court proceedings.”12 Lastly, if the above three prongs are satisfied, the appellate

court has “the discretion to remedy the error—discretion which ought to be exercised

only if the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of

judicial proceedings.”13 With this standard of review in mind, we will now consider

Seals’s specific claims of error.

       (a) The sexual-battery charge. Shortly before the State rested its case, the trial

court discussed certain jury charges with the parties, and at that time, Seals’s trial

counsel requested, inter alia, a jury charge on sexual battery as a lesser-included

offense at least as to the rape charge involving S. T. Defense counsel noted that Seals

planned to testify and deny attacking S. T., but argued that the instruction was proper

based on evidence that he grabbed her throat. The court expressed concern that such

an instruction might be improper, but ultimately indicated that it needed to “think

about” the requested instruction and suggested that the parties discuss the issue

further. The court then moved on to address other, unrelated, jury charges, and neither

party objected when it did so.

       12
            Booth, 301 Ga. at 680 (2) (punctuation omitted); accord Kelly, 290 Ga. at 33
(2) (a).
       13
            Booth, 301 Ga. at 680 (2) (punctuation omitted); accord Kelly, 290 Ga. at 33
(2) (a).

                                             9
      Following this discussion, the State presented its final witness and rested its

case. The defense then presented several witnesses, including Seals, who admitted

having sex with S. P. and S. T., but claimed both sexual encounters were consensual.

Then, after the close of evidence and closing arguments, the trial court addressed

some outstanding issues before it charged the jury. As to the sexual-battery jury

instruction requested by Seals, the parties agreed that it was a lesser-included offense

of rape, and the court ruled that it would give the instruction as to both rape charges.

And indeed, when charging the jury, the trial court instructed that, as to both rape

counts, it could find Seals not guilty of rape, but guilty of sexual battery as a lesser-

included offense of rape.

      Nevertheless, Seals argues that the trial court erred by failing to rule on his

request for the sexual-battery charge until after closing arguments, thereby depriving

his counsel of the opportunity to make arguments related to that charge. In this

regard, OCGA § 5-5-24 (b) provides, in relevant part:

      In all cases, at the close of the evidence or at such earlier time during the
      trial as the court reasonably directs, any party may present to the court
      written requests that it instruct the jury on the law as set forth therein. .
      . . The court shall inform counsel of its proposed action upon the

                                           10
      requests prior to their arguments to the jury but shall instruct the jury
      after the arguments are completed.14

And this is a mandatory rule, “designed to permit counsel to argue the case

intelligently before the jury.”15 And in applying this rule, Georgia courts have found,

in some cases, that a trial court’s failure to inform the parties of which jury

instructions it planned to give prior to closing arguments constituted reversible

error.16 Nevertheless, as in any case, “[a] party must show harm as well as error on

appeal[,]”17 and as explained supra, under the deferential plain-error standard of

      14
           (Emphasis supplied).
      15
         King v. State, 201 Ga. App. 391, 392 (6) (411 SE2d 278) (1991); accord
Stinson v. State, 273 Ga. 519, 521 (2) (544 SE2d 118) (2001).
      16
         See, e.g., Thompson v. State, 173 Ga. App. 566, 566 (1) (327 SE2d 236)
(1985) (holding that it was reversible error for the trial court to deny defense
counsel’s request to clarify what jury charges would be given prior to charging the
jury in violation of OCGA § 5-5-24 (b)); Evans v. State, 146 Ga. App. 480, 482 (1)
(246 SE2d 482) (1978) (holding that it was reversible error when, despite defense
counsel’s request for a jury charge on a lesser-included offense, the trial court
“absolutely refused to rule” on it, “[f]orcing counsel to make his closing argument
under such conditions reduces such arguments to a game of roulette imposed on
counsel by the court”).
      17
        Quinn v. State, 234 Ga. App. 360, 362 (3) (506 SE2d 890) (1998); see
Crouse v. State, 271 Ga. App. 820, 823 (2) (611 SE2d 113) (2005) (“Even in the
absence of waiver, . . . reversal is not required. It is axiomatic that a party must show
harm as well as error to prevail on appeal.”).

                                           11
review, to warrant reversal of a conviction, “the error must have affected the

appellant’s substantial rights, which in the ordinary case” requires the defendant to

“demonstrate that it affected the outcome of the trial court proceedings.”18

       Here, at trial, Seals’s sole defense was that he had consensual sex with the

victims, he never attacked them, and they fabricated their rape allegations. If the jury

believed this defense, it would not be authorized to find Seals guilty of rape or sexual

battery. Thus, even if trial counsel had known he could argue to the jury that it could

find Seals guilty of sexual battery instead of rape, such an argument would have been

in direct conflict with Seal’s own theory of defense. Moreover, as acknowledged by

Seals’s trial counsel at the motion-for-new-trial hearing, the evidence presented at

trial, including the victims’ testimony, the DNA evidence, and Seals’s admission to

having sex with both victims, did not support a conviction for sexual battery because

a rape conviction requires evidence of penetration, while sexual battery does not.19

       18
            Booth, 301 Ga. at 680 (2) (punctuation omitted); accord Kelly, 290 Ga. at 33
(2) (a).
       19
         Compare OCGA § 16-6-1 (a) (1) (2009) (“A person commits the offense of
rape when he has carnal knowledge of: (1) A female forcibly and against her will; .
. .Carnal knowledge in rape occurs when there is any penetration of the female sex
organ by the male sex organ.” (emphasis supplied)), with OCGA § 16-2-22.1 (a), (b)
(2009) (“For the purposes of this Code section, the term ‘intimate parts’ means the
primary genital area, anus, groin, inner thighs, or buttocks of a male or female and the

                                            12
If counsel had argued otherwise during his closing argument, it would have been

unsupported by the evidence and may have served only to confuse the jury.20 Given

these particular circumstances, Seals cannot show that he was harmed when the trial

court failed to notify his counsel of its ruling on the sexual-battery charge before

breasts of a female. A person commits the offense of sexual battery when he or she
intentionally makes physical contact with the intimate parts of the body of another
person without the consent of that person.”).
      20
         See Harris v. State, 322 Ga. App. 87, 88 (1) (744 SE2d 82) (2013) (holding
that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in preventing testimony that could
confuse the jury); Noellien v. State, 298 Ga. App. 47, 48 (2) (679 SE2d 75) (2009)
(holding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it limited defense
counsel’s closing argument when it determined that the argument requested by
counsel was more likely to confuse than enlighten the jury).

                                        13
closing arguments,21 much less that the alleged error affected his substantial rights or

the outcome of the trial court proceedings.22

      (b) The sequential jury charge. Seals argues that the trial court erred in giving

an improper sequential jury charge, which instructed the jury that it must

unanimously reach a verdict as to rape before considering whether he was guilty of

the lesser-included offense of sexual battery.

      As to sequential jury charges, our Supreme Court recently reiterated its long-

standing precedent that “a sequential charge requiring the jury to consider [a lesser-

included offense] only if they have considered and found the defendant not guilty of

      21
         See Cochran v. State, 276 Ga. App. 840, 841 (625 SE2d 92) (2005) (holding
that there was no reversible error when the trial court sua sponte gave an additional
unrequested charge to the jury during deliberations and defense counsel asked that
the charge be stricken, contending that he would have argued the issue during closing
arguments because, even if the trial court erred, the error was harmless in light of the
evidence presented at trial); Roberts v. State, 223 Ga. App. 167, 169 (5) (477 SE2d
345) (1996) (holding that the trial court’s failure to inform defense counsel which
requests to charge would be given before closing argument was not reversible error
when the defendant failed to show harm from the court’s failure to comply with
OCGA § 5-5-24); Latimore v. State, 170 Ga. App. 848, 849 (2) (318 SE2d 722)
(1984) (holding that the trial court’s failure to inform defense counsel of its decision
on several requests to charge until after closing arguments was not harmful error
when the court instructed the jury at least in substance as to all of the defendant’s
written requests except as to a request that was not applicable to the evidence
presented at trial).
      22
           See supra notes 18 and 21 & accompanying text.

                                          14
[the greater indicted offense] is not appropriate [when] there is evidence that would

authorize a charge on [the lesser offense].”23 But instructing the jury that it must

consider the greater offense before considering any lesser-included offense is “not

equivalent to instructing them that they may consider the lesser included offense only

if they have considered and found the defendant not guilty of the greater offense.”24

Indeed, a trial court may instruct a jury to consider “a greater offense before it

considers a lesser offense[,] [but] [a] trial court may not . . . instruct the jury that it

must reach a unanimous verdict on the greater offense before considering the lesser

offense.”25

       Here, Seals argues that the following excerpt from the trial court’s jury charge

was improper:

       23
        Morris v. State, 303 Ga. 192, 197 (V) (A) (811 SE2d 321) (2018), quoting
Edge v. State, 261 Ga. 865, 867 (2) (414 SE2d 463) (1992).
       24
            Morris, 303 Ga. at 198 (V) (A).
       25
         Morris, 303 Ga. at 198 (V) (A); see Armstrong v. State, 277 Ga. 122, 123 (2)
(587 SE2d 5) (2003) (“A trial court may instruct a jury to consider a greater offense
before it considers a lesser offense. A trial court may not, however, instruct the jury
that it must reach a unanimous verdict on the greater offense before considering the
lesser offense.” (footnote omitted)); Cantrell v. State, 266 Ga. 700, 702 (469 SE2d
660) (1996) (holding that when “a jury deliberates a greater offense and an included
offense, unanimity is not required for the greater offense before the jury can vote on
the included offense”).

                                              15
      If, after considering the testimony and the evidence presented to you,
      together with the instructions that I’ve given you, you should find and
      believe beyond a reasonable doubt that Mr. Seals, on July 10, 2009, in
      Greene County, Georgia, committed the offense of rape, as alleged in
      Count 1 of the indictment, then you would be authorized to find him
      guilty. And in that event, the form of your verdict as to that charge
      would be, “We, the jury, find the defendant guilty.” And you would
      simply write in the word guilty.

      If you do not believe that he is guilty of that charge, or if you have any
      reasonable doubt as to his guilt on that charge, then it’s your duty to
      acquit him of that particular charge. And in that event, the form of the
      verdict would be, “We, the jury, find the defendant not guilty.”

      Now, on the first two counts, there is a lesser[-]included offense which
      is called sexual battery that I defined for you a minute ago. Now, as to
      the first two counts of the indictment only, if you do not believe beyond
      a reasonable doubt the defendant is guilty of the offense of rape, on
      either one or both charges, but you do believe beyond a reasonable
      doubt that he is guilty of the offense of sexual battery, then you would
      be authorized to find him guilty of sexual battery. And in that event, the
      form of your verdict as to Count 1 and 2[ ] would be, “We, the jury, find
      the defendant guilty of sexual battery.” And you’d just write out the
      words sexual battery.

      Contrary to Seals’s argument, this sequential charge on rape and sexual battery

was not improper. First, a sequential jury charge is only improper if, inter alia, there

                                          16
is sufficient evidence to authorize a guilty verdict on the lesser offense,26 and as

previously discussed, the evidence here did not support a sexual-battery conviction

because it was undisputed that Seals penetrated both victims.27 Second, a trial court

is permitted to instruct the jury to consider the greater-indicted offense before

considering the lesser-included offense, which is exactly what the trial court did in

this instruction.28 There is simply no language in the challenged instruction on rape

and sexual battery suggesting that the jury was required to reach a unanimous verdict

as to rape before considering the lesser-included offense of sexual battery, and Seals

identifies no such language. While Seals uses the word “unanimous” throughout his

brief when addressing this claim of error, the trial court did not use that word or any

other language that could given the jury the impression that it must reach a

unanimous verdict on rape before even considering sexual battery. And because

Georgia’s appellate courts have held that sequential jury instructions similar to the

      26
           See supra note 23 & accompanying text.
      27
           See supra note 19 & accompanying text.
      28
           See supra note 24-25 & accompanying text.

                                          17
one in this case were not reversible error, Seals has not shown that the trial court

erred, plainly or otherwise.29

      3. Finally, Seals argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel in

several respects. Once again, we disagree.

      In evaluating Seals’s claims that his trial counsel rendered constitutionally

ineffective assistance, we apply the two-pronged test established in Strickland v.

Washington,30 which requires that he show his trial counsel’s performance was

“deficient and that the deficient performance so prejudiced [him] that there is a

reasonable likelihood that, but for counsel’s errors, the outcome of the trial would

      29
          See Armstrong, 277 Ga. at 123 (2) (holding that no reversible error existed
when neither the trial court nor the verdict form required the jury to reach a
unanimous verdict on the greater offense before considering the lesser-included
offense); Camphor v. State, 272 Ga. 408, 415 (6) (d) (529 SE2d 121) (2000) (holding
that, although the instruction given deviated from the Suggested Pattern Instruction,
which the Court deemed preferable, it did not compel the jury to reach a unanimous
verdict on the greater offense before it was allowed to consider the lesser offense, and
as such, it was not an impermissible instruction). Cf. Kunselman v. State, 232 Ga.
App. 323, 325 (1) (501 SE2d 834) (1998) (holding that a jury charge on a lesser-
included offense was reversible error when the jury was instructed that if it found the
defendant not guilty of the charged offense “then and only then” could it consider the
lesser offense because it mandated unanimity as to the greater charge).
      30
           466 U.S. 668 (104 SCt 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984).

                                          18
have been different.”31 Additionally, there is a strong presumption that trial counsel’s

conduct falls within the broad range of reasonable professional conduct, and a

criminal defendant must overcome this presumption.32 In applying the second prong,

the question is whether “there exists a reasonable probability that, but for his

counsel’s errors, the jury would have had reasonable doubt regarding appellant’s

guilt, that is, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding

would have been different.”33 And unless clearly erroneous, this Court will “uphold

a trial court’s factual determinations with respect to claims of ineffective assistance

of counsel; however, a trial court’s legal conclusions in this regard are reviewed de

      31
        Kaufman v. State, 344 Ga. App. 347, 355 (3) (810 SE2d 585) (2018)
(punctuation omitted); see Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687 (III); Ashmid v. State, 316 Ga.
App. 550, 556 (3) (730 SE2d 37) (2012).
      32
          Kaufman, 344 Ga. App. at 355-56 (3) (punctuation omitted);
accord Chapman v. State, 273 Ga. 348, 349-50 (2) (541 SE2d 634) (2001);
see Cammer v. Walker, 290 Ga. 251, 255 (1) (719 SE2d 437) (2011) (“A claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel is judged by whether counsel rendered reasonably
effective assistance, not by a standard of errorless counsel or by hindsight.”
(punctuation omitted)).
      33
        Kaufman, 344 Ga. App. at 356 (3) (punctuation omitted); accord Ashmid,
316 Ga. App. at 556 (3).

                                          19
novo.”34 Bearing this analytical framework in mind, we will now address each of

Seals’s claims in turn.

      (a) Seals argues that his trial counsel was ineffective by failing to object to the

trial court’s failure to rule on his request for a sexual-battery jury charge until after

closing arguments because it deprived counsel of an opportunity to address that issue

during his closing argument.

      At the motion-for-new-trial hearing, Seals’s trial counsel testified about his

chosen trial strategy, explaining that he focused on an argument that the victims’s

sexual encounters with Seals were consensual and presented an “all or nothing”

defense because he did not believe the charge on sexual battery was supported by the

evidence. Although he requested the sexual-battery instruction as “a shot in the

dark[,]” he testified that arguing that issue would not have been consistent with his

consent defense, and the evidence presented showed only sexual intercourse and

penetration.35 And while counsel testified that he would not “give up” other possible

defenses, he chose to focus on a consent defense because, inter alia, Seals admitted

      34
         Kaufman, 344 Ga. App. at 356 (3) (punctuation omitted); accord Sowell v.
State, 327 Ga. App. 532, 539 (4) (759 SE2d 602) (2014).
      35
           See supra note 19 & accompanying text.

                                           20
having sex with both victims, and his testimony was supported by DNA evidence.

According to defense counsel, the jury’s only task was to determine whether the sex

was consensual or constituted rape.

      Given this testimony, and the evidence presented at trial, Seals’s counsel was

not deficient for pursuing an “all or nothing” defense, rather than arguing to the jury

that it could find Seals guilty of sexual assault instead of rape and seeking the court’s

permission to do so. As our Supreme Court has explained, “[a]n attorney’s decision

about which defense to present is a question of trial strategy[,] [and] [m]ore

specifically, pursuit of an ‘all or nothing’ defense generally is a permissible trial

strategy.”36 And for the same reasons, Seals cannot show that he was prejudiced by

      36
        Blackwell v. State, 302 Ga. 820, 824 (3) (809 SE2d 727) (2018) (citation and
punctuation omitted); see id. at 825-26 (3) (holding that it was not unreasonable trial
counsel to present an all-or-nothing defense and make the strategic decision not to
request a jury instruction on a lesser-included offense when counsel did not believe
the evidence supported a conviction for the lesser offense and the instruction would
be inconsistent with the defendant’s claim that he acted in self defense); McKee v.
State, 277 Ga. 577, 579-80 (591 SE2d 814) (2004) (holding that trial counsel’s
performance was not deficient when he failed to request a charge of involuntary
manslaughter as a lesser-included offense of murder that would have conflicted with
the “all-or-nothing” defense strategy that counsel, after consultation with the
defendant, decided to pursue).

                                           21
trial counsel’s decision not to seek a ruling on the sexual-assault jury charge prior to

closing arguments.37

      (b) Next, Seals argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object

to the trial court’s improper sequential charge to the jury. Given our holding in

Division (2) (b) supra, that the challenged jury instruction was permissible, trial

counsel was not ineffective for failing to make a futile, meritless objection to it.38

      (c) Seals also contends that his counsel was ineffective by failing to object to

numerous hearsay statements that tended to bolster the credibility of the two alleged

victims.

      37
          See Blackwell, 302 Ga. at 826-27 (3) (holding that the defendant could not
show that he was prejudiced by his counsel’s failure to request a jury charge on a
lesser-included offense when, inter alia, counsel’s testimony showed that the
instruction would have been inappropriate and unhelpful and there was insufficient
evidence presented at trial to support a reasonable probability that the jury would
have returned a guilty verdict on the lesser-included offense, rather than the indicted
offense); Clark v. State, 348 Ga. App. 235, 245-46 (2) (f) (820 SE2d 274) (2018)
(holding that the defendant was not prejudiced when his counsel failed to request an
instruction on a lesser included offense of reckless conduct when the defendant
testified that someone else committed the crime and also that his conduct did not rise
to the level of reckless conduct because, under his theory of defense, he would not be
guilty of either crime).
      38
         See Dublin v. State, 302 Ga. 60, 62-63 (1) (805 SE2d 27) (2017) (holding
that counsel’s failure to pursue a futile objection does not amount to ineffective
assistance); McGuire v. State, 266 Ga. App. 673, 678 (4) (a) (598 SE2d 55) (2004)
(same).

                                          22
      Here, Seals challenges testimony by doctors and police investigators, in which

they described what they observed when interacting with the victims and statements

the victims made to them at that time. Each of these witnesses provided testimony that

was substantially consistent with S. P. and S. T.’s testimony at trial about their sexual

assaults.

      In Georgia, a witness’s prior consistent statement is admissible only when: “(1)

the veracity of a witness’s trial testimony has been placed in issue at trial; (2) the

witness is present at trial; and (3) the witness is available for cross-examination.”39

And a witness’s veracity is placed in issue so as to permit the introduction of a prior

consistent statement if “affirmative charges of recent fabrication, improper influence,

or improper motive are raised during cross-examination.”40 Finally, to be admissible

to refute the allegation of fabrication, the prior statement must “predate the alleged

fabrication, influence, or motive.”41

      39
        Johnson v. State, 328 Ga. App. 702, 706 (2) (760 SE2d 682) (2014)
(punctuation omitted).
      40
            Id. (punctuation omitted).
      41
            Id. (punctuation omitted).

                                           23
       Here, it is undisputed that both victims were present at trial, and their veracity

was challenged when Seals contended that the victims fabricated their rape

allegations. The State appears to suggest that the victims’ prior out-of-court

statements were admissible because Seals insinuated at trial that each victim had an

improper motive to accuse him of rape. Specifically, as to S. P., the State notes that

Seals presented evidence that she was motivated to lie because he failed to pay her

money that he promised to pay, and S. T. may have lied because she did not want her

boyfriend to find out she was “fooling around.” But even if Seals had explicitly

argued that the victims had these improper motives to lie, the motives would have

arisen before the victims told anyone, prior to or during trial, that they were raped.

Thus, Seals’s counsel may have been able to raise objections to the testimony at

issue.42

       Nevertheless, at the motion-for-new-trial hearing, Seals’s trial counsel testified

that any hearsay testimony from law enforcement or treatment providers was harmless

in this case because “it didn’t bolster the [victims’ testimony] and it didn’t add any

       42
        See, e.g., Character v. State, 285 Ga. 112, 120 (6) (674 SE2d 280) (2009)
(holding that the trial court erred in permitting the prosecutor to read a witness’s prior
consistent statement when, inter alia, any improper motive or influence would have
been present both at the time of the prior statement and at trial, but concluding that,
under the circumstances in the case, the error was harmless).

                                           24
out-of-court statement that [he] didn’t have a chance to cross-examine prior to [the

witnesses] making them.” Defense counsel conceded that he may have been wrong,

but maintained this was his opinion at the time. Additionally, counsel noted that

“sometimes an objection to something like this can do more harm than good in the

case.” For example, counsel testified that the prosecutor in this case appeared nervous

during the trial and “kind of stutter[ed] along,” and he did not want to give the jury

the impression that he was attacking the victim or opposing counsel. Seals’s counsel

also believed that in a “sexual assault case of any nature,” one should avoid raising

certain objections or “[y]ou’ll get hurt.” But counsel acknowledged that there is a fine

line when making decisions about whether to object in these circumstances and the

“boundaries of that line are sort of . . . fuzzy.”

      Given this testimony, even if Seals has identified meritorious objections that

his counsel could have made to hearsay testimony during trial, he cannot show that

counsel’s affirmative decision not to raise such objections was so patently

unreasonable that no competent attorney would have made the same decision. Indeed,

reasonable decisions as to whether or not to raise a specific objection are “ordinarily

                                           25
matters of trial strategy and provide no ground for reversal.”43 As detailed above, trial

counsel provided strategic reasons for his failure to raise such objections to the

testimony identified by Seals. And we have held that these types of decisions

constitute reasonable trial strategy and do not amount to ineffective assistance of

counsel.44

      For all these reasons, we affirm Seals’s convictions.

      Judgment affirmed. Gobeil and Hodges, JJ., concur.

      43
         Hardin v. State, 344 Ga. App. 378, 383 (1) (b) (810 SE2d 602) (2018)
(punctuation omitted); see Ray v. State, 345 Ga. App. 522 (3) (c) (812 SE2d 97)
(2018) (“Even though a different attorney might have chosen a different trial strategy,
this does not equate to ineffective assistance of counsel.” (punctuation omitted)).
      44
          See Payne v. State, 329 Ga. App. 625, 630 (2) (b) (765 SE2d 770) (2014)
(holding that a strategy of “avoiding an objection that would draw the jury’s attention
to [a] statement, and instead challenging the testimony through cross-examination
cannot be found to be outside the wide range of reasonable professional assistance”
(punctuation omitted); Damerow v. State, 310 Ga. App. 530, 537 (a) (ii) (714 SE2d
82) (2011) (“Not objecting to testimony but instead subjecting it to cross-examination
may be part of a reasonable trial strategy[.]” (punctuation omitted)); Gregoire v.
State, 309 Ga. App. 309, 312-13 (2) (711 SE2d 306) (2011) (noting that this Court
has reversed convictions when counsel failed to object to bolstering testimony, but
not when counsel testified reasonably and consistently about the strategic basis for
not objecting).

                                           26