Court Opinion

ID: 6255581
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-17 21:29:42.395641+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:59:32.358120
License: Public Domain

Opinion by
Mr. Justice Simpson,
When Francis J. O’Connor died he was a judge of the Court of Common Pleas and Orphans’ Court of Cambria County, and had been for the greater part of seventeen years, and for some time prior thereto had been an active practicing attorney. In the light of these facts we must consider his sayings and doings hereinafter referred to.
After his death the register of wills probated two papers. One of them was in the time-honored form of a will, recited that it was his “last will and testament,” directed the payment of his debts, funeral expenses and *394certain legacies, and gave the residue of the estate to his wife, the appellant here, the attestation clause stating that he “published and declared [it]......as and for his last will and testament.” The other paper, which was executed on the same day, immediately following the execution of the will, was in the usual form of an agreement between decedent, appellant and “her two trustees and attorneys in fact,” named therein, by which, among other things, she agreed to transfer to the trustees and attorneys in fact the estate given her by the will.
A few days after the probate, the draughtsman of the will and agreement, a member of the bar and for many years the secretary and friend of decedent, drew an assignment, in accordance with the terms of the agreement, and tendered it to appellant for execution. She refused to sign it; but, thus ascertaining what had been done, appealed from the decision of the register of wills and asked the orphans’ court to vacate the probate of the agreement. A citation was issued and answers were filed, one thereof by the draughtsman, who was also an executor under the will and a trustee named in the deed, submitting himself to the action of the court, and another by certain collateral heirs, appellees here, who denied the facts alleged by appellant and averred the agreement was testamentary and properly probated. Evidence was taken, the court below dismissed the petition, and this appeal followed.
It is of course true that if a document offered for probate is testamentary in character, is executed in the manner provided by statute, and its purpose is that the whole or any part of the estate of the maker is to be given, after his death, to the distributees named therein, it is in law a will and may be probated as such, though in form a deed or contract: Turner v. Scott, 51 Pa. 126; Coulter v. Shelmadine, 204 Pa. 120. It is equally true, however, that in determining whether or not a paper, in form a deed or agreement, is testamentary and therefore entitled to probate, certain rules, founded in common *395sense and adopted by the law, have been steadily applied by the courts. Thus it is said in the opinion of the court below in Sunday’s Est., 167 Pa. 30, 36, approved by this court: “Where a decedent has done two acts, one of which is distinctively testamentary in form, and the other and later act is as distinctly nontestamentary in form, and is couched, with strict technical propriety, in the apt language of contract, there is no reason for holding the latter testamentary, without clear proof of fraud, accident, or mistake.” So also we said in Fellbush v. Fellbush, 216 Pa. 141, 143: “Since the distinction in purpose between a deed and a will is so obvious and so generally understood, the fact that the form of one has been adopted rather than the other, is a circumstance which in some cases may be of large significance. What the case of Turner v. Scott, supra, is authority for is that, where the language used in the instrument to express the purpose admits of but one construction, or has definite legal import, such outside and collateral inquiries have no place in the investigation for the reason that, in such cases, it is not a question of what the party may have meant or intended, but what is the meaning of the words he used.”
It is also true that, if a paper, which is offered for probate, is signed by others as well as the alleged testator, is intended to convey an estate or interest of some one else than decedent, it cannot be treated as testamentary, though it becomes effective at the same time as the will, and the estate or interest is derived thereunder, for it operates upon that which is not a part of decedent’s estate.
Bearing these principles steadily in mind, we find, on turning to the agreement, that it is in form a tripartite contract stipulating that, in consideration of testator’s making the will giving appellant the residue of his estate, she agrees to transfer all she gets (except the home in which she resides, the contents thereof and a designated old homestead farm), to two persons, whom she “hereby *396stipulates and agrees.......to constitute and appoint ......her trustees and attorneys in fact,” who shall have full and complete management of that which she transfers to them, with a power to sell, convey and dispose of it as they shall deem proper and advantageous; “for the purpose of making the agreement between the parties hereto effective,” appellant “will execute and deliver to the......trustees......proper deeds of conveyance or bills of sale,......with the intent that the residue of said estate shall be distributed to the collateral heirs” of decedent; “out of the income or principal of said estate in their hands” they are to pay her certain sums each month, which, however, shall not commence to be paid until one year after the death of decedent, if appellant “shall receive sufficient insurance money for her use during the interim”; she agreeing that her “trustees and attorneys in fact......may distribute” the balance of the income in their hands, and at her death the principal, to such of the collateral heirs of decedent as they deem fit and worthy, “the trustees and attorneys in fact...... to act in such circumstances as if they were distributing their own funds.”
It will be noted that this paper is not only called an agreement, but is in form an agreement, is executed as such, the language used is that which appertains to an agreement and not a will, and it is intended to transfer the estate appellant is to derive under the will “to her trustees and attorneys in fact,” not to any one representing decedent’s estate, the consideration alleged being the residuary gift to her. If decedent intended the agreement to be testamentary then this consideration fails, for she gets nothing whatever under the will, but only that which the agreement gives her. It will be observed also that it is intended to operate upon the estate appellant derives under the will, distributing it and only it in the way specified, and does not refer to testator’s estate, save as the source from which appellant obtains the property which she agrees to convey to “her trustees *397and attorneys in fact.” It does not operate as a codicil, to the will, but on the contrary disposes of the gift under the residuary clause, exactly as such an agreement would be expected to do, instead of revoking that clause, as a codicil ordinarily would do if it was not intended to thereafter have any effect. For these reasons, upon a construction of the paper alone, we cannot avoid the conclusion that its purpose and intent is clear, it is an agreement, as it says it is, and no “question [can arise] of what [decedent]......meant or intended, [this being the] meaning of the words he has used”: Fellbush v. Fellbush, supra.
The conclusion thus reached obviates the necessity for weighing the extrinsic evidence, as we would be required to do if we were left in doubt as to the character of the paper (Kisecker’s Est., 190 Pa. 476); but we may briefly state that the reasons given to explain why decedent executed two papers, instead of the will expressing his purpose in full, leave a bad taste in the mouth, in that they ascribe to him an intention of cheating the Commonwealth, deceiving the public, and also of wronging appellant, unless she knowingly and intentionally joined in that which he did; and they attribute to him an amazing ignorance of the motives which actuate humanity and of the scope and effect of the law he had so long administered. The first reason is that he wished to escape the payment of a collateral inheritance tax on the ultimate transfer to his heirs; yet it would be legally collectible whether the estate passed by agreement or will, or at the death of testator or appellant, and whether considered as his or her property. The second reason is that he wished the public to believe he had given the whole of the residue to appellant, who had been a devoted wife and nurse to him for many years; yet the falsity of this appeared at once on the probate of the agreement, which occurred without her knowledge, and the fact would soon be known in any event either by her stating her grievance or because of her mode of life. The *398third is he wished to prevent appellant electing to take against the will and thereby obtaining one-half of the estate under the intestate laws; yet if the agreement is testamentary not even the semblance of an argument can be made to show why she cannot take against it, exactly as in the case of any other testament. Finally it is said he did not wish any part of his estate to go to her relatives ; yet this could be effectuated by a provision in the will, as well as it could be by a collateral testamentary agreement. We can only hope that some other motive, perhaps unexpressed, actuated decedent in the course he pursued; but in any event since his desires, as expressed in these reasons, could be at least as well accomplished by a will properly drawn, as they can be by this will and agreement, together, they do not show cause against the latter being considered, as it purports to be, as a contract inter partes and not testamentary.
The decree of the court below is reversed and the probate of the agreement is vacated and set aside, the costs of this appeal to be paid by appellees.