Court Opinion

ID: 3615503
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-05 23:58:45.84712+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:00:14.565838
License: Public Domain

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It was conceded on the argument by the respondent's counsel, that it was erroneous to enter final judgment against the plaintiff on the appeal in the court below, and that for that error the judgment must now be reversed; but it was insisted that on such reversal, the judgment of the special term should not be affirmed, but that a new trial should be granted, in accordance with the presumed intention of the court below. The only question, therefore, for consideration here is, whether there was any error in the judgment entered at the special term.
In order to decide this question, it is necessary, in the first place, to determine the character of the agreement entered into by the parties, which forms the basis of the judgment. The defendant's counsel insists that it constituted neither a reference nor an arbitration, but only an attempt to compromise the matters in dispute. It clearly did not constitute a reference within *Page 230 
the statute authorizing references. It was not ordered by the court; it did not refer the whole case, or any specific question of fact involved in it. The questions to be decided were to be determined by the subsequent action of the parties. The referee was not to be governed by the legal rules of evidence; was to find facts only, and not conclusions of law; and his decision was to be final and conclusive. In all these respects the proceeding differed from a reference. (Code, §§ 271, 272.) The defendant's counsel said correctly, that it was an attempt at a compromise; but it was much more than that; it was an attempt to compromise in a particular manner, with an appointment of an arbitrator (or referee, as he is called in the stipulation), with power to decide, finally and conclusively, all the questions in regard to which the parties should fail to agree, and with the further authority to the prevailing party, to enter judgment for the amount which should be found due to such party, as the balance of the items agreed upon by the parties, and allowed by the arbitrator. This agreement was a conditional submission to arbitration. The declaration of the parties that it should not be deemed such, did not change its character. It gave to Mr. Crocker, when he came to act under it, the powers of an arbitrator. This was so held by the general term of the Common Pleas; and it appears from the opinion of that court that the judgment of the special term was reversed solely on the ground that the award of the arbitrator was void for want of finality, "as it did not take into account the note of the plaintiff, which constituted a counterclaim, undisputed in the action." The same ground is relied upon by the respondent's counsel to sustain the reversal.
Under the submission in this case, it would doubtless be fatal to the award if any portion of the matters in dispute submitted to the arbitrator should be found not to have been decided by him (4 Duer, 138; 5 Cow., 197); although the question, whether an award upon a part of the matters submitted is valid, does not depend upon any absolute rule of law, requiring the determination of all the matters submitted, to give validity to an award, but upon the terms of the agreement *Page 231 
of submission. (3 M.  W., 206.) The arbitrator in the present case has complied with the requirements of the submission in this respect. The "disputed items or questions" only were submitted to him "for his decision," and the note was not among them. That was conclusively admitted by the record; and it was also admitted by the plaintiff, before the arbitrator, to be a valid claim against him, the parties differing only upon the question whether it was within the terms of the submission. It was not denied that the arbitrator passed upon all the disputed items or questions. Nothing, therefore, can properly be alleged against the report, upon the ground of omission.
It is further insisted, in behalf of the defendant, that the arbitrator exceeded the powers conferred upon him by the stipulation, in determining the amount for which the ship was sold at Hong Kong; and also in making or stating an account; and that the general report made by him was therefore void. I think it is obvious, from the terms of the stipulation, that the "compromise and settlement" were designed to embrace all the matters in dispute between the parties, and that the submission was to embrace the same matters, so far as they should not be agreed upon. The price of the ship was one of the items of the account submitted by the defendant to the plaintiff under the stipulation, and in regard to which they failed to agree, the plaintiff claiming a larger sum than the defendant would allow. Both parties produced proof before the arbitrator in reference to this item, and the affidavits show that it constituted "the principal subject of investigation" before him. Until it was disposed of, the plain object of the stipulation could not be secured. It does not appear to have been suggested to the arbitrator that that was not one of the "disputed items" submitted for his decision, and he was clearly right in embracing it in his award.
It is not distinctly declared in the stipulation who was to "add to or subtract from the amount previously agreed upon" the sum which should be found due to either party upon the disputed items, but it is fairly to be inferred that it was to be *Page 232 
done by the arbitrator. The parties appear to have acted upon this assumption, in submitting all the items to him, as well those agreed upon by them as those which were disputed, and the expression, "settling said accounts and disputed items," shows that this course was contemplated when the stipulation was made. The arbitrator was justified, therefore, in reporting the balance of the whole account thus submitted. Even if this union of the two classes of items was not authorized by the stipulation, as it was a merely clerical act, which could not have injured either party, it would not have invalidated the award. (2 Peters Cond. U.S.R., 463; 1 Seld., 489.)
The failure to include the $2,000 note in the award, as has been shown, was not the fault of the arbitrator; and, although a literal reading of the submission, by itself, would have entitled the plaintiff to a judgment for the sum awarded, rejecting the set-off of the note, such a course would have been, not only contrary to the intention of the parties, but, as the record stood when the report came before the court, manifestly illegal. The submission and award should be read and interpreted in connection with the pleadings in the cause. Thus read and understood, they are equivalent to a special verdict upon a distinct issue of fact made by the pleadings in a cause, upon which, together with other facts admitted by the pleadings, the court pronounces judgment. (Barto v. Himrod, 1 Seld., 485;Molineux's Case, Jenk., 102; Bac. Abr., Verdict, W.; Lee v.Lingard, 1 East, 403.) By the pleadings, the $2,000 note stood conclusively admitted, as due to the defendant. The submission did not touch that item, but only those in regard to which the parties were at issue. On the coming in of the award, showing a larger sum due to the plaintiff on the disputed items, the duty devolved on the court of rendering the appropriate judgment on all the facts, those admitted and those reported. This was done, and precedents are not wanting to show that the court was authorized to render such judgment. (Yates v. Russell, 17 Johns., 461; Ex parte Wright, 6 Cow., 399; Farrington v.Hamblin, 12 Wend., 212; Green v. Patchin, 13 id., 293;Bank of Monroe v. Widner, 11 Paige, *Page 233 
529; Prentice v. Reed, 1 Taunt., 152; Salter v. Yates, 2 M.  W., 67; Platt v. Hull, id., 391; Miller v. De Burgh,
4 W.H.  G., 809; Gray v. Gwennap, 1 B.  Ald., 107.)
The record shows that the defendant, in opposing the motion for judgment, claimed, and that the plaintiff consented to, the deduction of the amount of the note from the amount awarded as due to the plaintiff; and doubtless both parties would be precluded from alleging, on appeal, that such deduction was erroneous. I am satisfied, however, that, without reference to the consent of the parties, the court was bound to render such judgment, and that any other would have been erroneous.
It is further insisted, on the part of the defendant, that either party was at liberty to revoke the submission at any time before the entry of judgment, and that the revocation after award was in season to prevent the judgment. This position is based upon that clause of the stipulation which declares, that "until judgment is perfected, this stipulation shall not in any way interfere with the proceedings in the suit," c. It is not necessary to decide what might have been the effect of this clause, if either party had elected to proceed under it before the matters in dispute were finally submitted to the arbitrator; but it is very certain that it did not authorize a revocation of the power of the arbitrator after the final submission of those matters to him for decision. (2 R.S., 544, § 23; 11 Paige, 534;Ex parte Wright, 6 Cow., 399.)
No objection has been made to the merits of the award, and indeed none could be made which did not involve corruption or misconduct on the part of the arbitrator, or an award not within the submission. (Kleine v. Catara, 2 Gallis., 61-71; Smith
v. Cutler, 10 Wend., 589; Emmet v. Hoyt, 17 id., 410;Lowndes v. Campbell, 1 Hall, 598.)
The costs were properly allowed. They followed the result of the recovery, upon the report of the special tribunal appointed by the parties to try the issues joined in the action, as they would have followed the result of a like verdict upon the same issues, if they had been tried by a jury. I do not see that the manner of the trial can make any difference. (Code, *Page 234 
§ 304.) Lord KENYON said, in Lee v. Lingard (supra): "Such finding is in the place of the verdict, and must be considered the same as if the jury had originally found so much to be due; and then all the same consequences ensue." The English practice differs from ours, in requiring a verdict to be taken, to be modified according to the award of the arbitrator; but that is a difference of form and not of substance. The sections of the statute prohibiting the recovery of costs in suits at law, against executors and administrators, where payment has not been unreasonably resisted or neglected, and where there has been no refusal to refer the claims, apply to suits commenced against such executors and administrators, and not to suits commenced against the testator or intestate in his lifetime. I think the contrary construction given to this statute in McCann v.Bradley (15 How., 79), cannot be sustained. (2 R.S., 90, § 41;Benedict v. Caffee, 3 Duer, 669; Lemen v. Wood, 16 How., 286.)
There was no error in the judgment rendered at the special term, and the judgment of the general term should be reversed and that of the special term affirmed.
ROSEKRANS, J., delivered an opinion to the same effect, and all the judges concurred.
Judgment reversed, and judgment at special term affirmed.