Court Opinion

ID: 6514616
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-19 18:25:28.613161+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:54:58.963874
License: Public Domain

THOBINGTON, J.
The petitioner was tried before a justice of the peace in Pike county, on a charge of violating a written contract alleged to have been entered into by him pursuant to the provisions of section 3832 of the Criminal Code, and on preliminary investigation before a justice of the peace was committed to jail to answer the charge in the Circuit Court oí said county,
*10An application for a writ of habeas corpus was made by the petitioner to tlie judge of probate of said county, based on tire ground that tlie contract which the petitioner was charged with having violated was not made and entered into in open court, on a confession of judgment by petitioner and his surety; this contention being predicated-on the following facts: A warrant was duly issued, on affidavit, against petitioner on a charge of obtaining money on false pretenses, said warrant being so issued by a justice residing in Beat (or Precinct) 14 of said county. Afterwards, on December 28th, 1891, the justice who issued the warrant being on his way to Troy, which is in Beat 1 in said county, met an officer with petitioner, whom he had arrested under the warrant, and was carrying to the office of the justice in Beat 14 for trial. Petitioner thereupon informed the justice that he desired to plead guilty to the charge in the warrant; whereupon all the parties repaired to the sheriffs office in the court-house at Troy, where the petitioner put in a plea of guilty to the charge, of which plea and his judgment thereon the justice made a memorandum, and transferred the same ' to his docket on his return to his office in Beat 14.
The bill of exceptions states that, at the time of receiving the plea and noting the judgment, the justice did not open his court, nor did he have his docket with him, nor did he come to Troy on that day for the purpose of holding court; and that at the time of pleading guilty as aforesaid, petitioner signed a contract with one Bush to work for him as set forth in the bill of exceptions, which contract was approved by the justice, and ¡purports to have been recorded in the office of the judge of probate. A copy of the judgment entered on petitioner’s plea of guilty is shown by the bill of exceptions as it appears on the docket of the justice, and which recites that “the defendant appeared in open court, and pleaded guilty to the charge,” &c.; and also recites that the fine and costs were settled in full by said Bush.
There is nothing on the face of the judgment indicating that the proceedings were had, or the judgment rendered, elsewhere than at the office of the justice, or that the fine and costs were paid before the contract was entered into. The contract entered into by petitioner with said Bush is also set out in the bill of exceptions, and recites on its face that petitioner was, on the day of its date, convicted of a misdemeanor “in the justice court of Pike county, Ala.,” and that said Bush had become the surety of petitioner for the fine and costs in the case. The contract binds petitioner *11to work fox said Bush a sufficient length of time to pay tbe fine and costs, and also any advances Bush should make to petitioner during the term of service, at the rate petitioner was allowed to pay the fine and costs; and the contract also includes ten dollars over and above the fine and costs, which was paid by Bush to one Rhodes, at petitioner’s request, on a debt the latter owed Rhodes. The contract is signed by petitioner and said Bush, and recites that it was signed in open court. It is approved in writing by the justice, and was recorded in the office of the probate judge.
In order to entitle the petitioner to a discharge on the application for a writ of habeas corpus, something more than mere irregularity and error in the proceedings or process by which he is detained in custody must be shown. . If there is jurisdiction in the court to try the offense imputed to the prisoner, no error or irregularity which may have occurred or been committed in exercising such jurisdiction can be inquired into on habeas corpus. An appeal is the appropriate remedy for the correction of such errors and irregulari-ties. — Ex parte McKivett, 55 Ala. 236; Ex parte State, in re Long, 87 Ala. 46. “Illegality, not irregularity, must infect the proceeding, to authorize a discharge on habeas corpus.” Ex parte Brown, 63 Ala. 187.
The Constitution of this State requires the election of two justices of the peace in each precinct of the counties, by the qualified electors thereof, and defines their jurisdiction in civil cases, but not in criminal cases. — Art. YI, § 26. And the statute, Code, § 341, following the Constitution, requires the election of two justices of the peace “for each election precinct.” Section 4233 of the Criminal Code declares that justices of the peace have, in their respective counties, jurisdiction of the offenses named in said section; and chapter three of said Code provides the jurisdiction and proceedings before justices, and other officers, on preliminary investigations of public offenses.
In Horton v. Elliott, 90 Ala. 480, it was decided by this court, that a justice of the peace, elected in one precinct, has no jurisdiction to hear and determine a civil case in an adjoining precinct, except in cases of emergency as provided in the statutes. But it was said in that case, “In what we have said no reference is had to the jurisdiction of a justice when sitting as an examining court, on the preliminary investigation of a criminal chargé.”
In Boynton v. The State, 77 Ala. 29, in a case growing out of a preliminary investigation of a public offense, in which one justice of the peace had associated two others with him on *12tbe bearing, it is said, “Two of these officers . . . were ■unquestionably competent to sit in tbe cause, either one of them alone constituting a legal examining tribunal for tbe purpose of such a trial. It was no objection to them that they were bolding their court out of their beats, or precincts, because justices of tbe peace in this State have a criminal jurisdiction in such matters co-extensive with their counties;” and sections 4628, 4632 and 4663 of tbe Code of 1876 are cited-to support tbe proposition. These sections are identical with sections 4223, 3716 and 4274 of tbe present Code, in so far as they affect tbe territorial jurisdiction of a justice of tbe peace, and sustain tbe proposition announced in tbe above cited case only in a limited sense.
There are several sections of tbe Code which prescribe specific cases in which justices of tbe peace may bear and determine preliminary investigations of crime, within their counties, outside of their own precincts; such, for exampié, as sections 4274, 4279,4280 and 4282; but tbe very fact that •these statutes permit it in tbe cases therein designated, is sufficient to show that such authority would not exist but for such statutes, and excludes tbe idea that tbe jurisdiction exists in other cases not provided for by tbe statutes.
Tbe principle, as announced in tbe words above quoted from Boynton v. The State, is stated too broadly, and should be confined in its application to cases of like character. Tbe two justices who sat in that case, on tbe preliminary examination outside of their own precincts, were associated by another justice of tbe county with himself on such bearing ; and it was therefore a case clearly provided for by tbe statute, and a case in which said justices could have exercised jurisdiction in any precinct in tbe county under like circumstances — that is, on being associated with himself by a justice, of equal grade, in such other precinct. — Crim. Code, § 4279. And as a proposition applicable, generally, to criminal oases triable before a justice of the peace, it could not be sustained.
The words in section 4233 of the Criminal Code, “in their respective counties” (which section specifies the criminal cases of which justices of the peace have jurisdiction), must be considered in the light of the constitutional and statutory provisions requiring the election of justices of the peace for each precinct in the counties, and with the body of laws in the Code relating to the jurisdiction of such officers, and also with reference to the laws protecting freeholders from suits before justices of the peace in other precincts than that in which they reside, except in the cases otherwise ex*13pressly provided for by statute. So looking at the matter, we think a justice of the peace bas jurisdiction in criminal cases mentioned in section 4233, “in their respective counties,” in the sense that process may go out from his court to any precinct in the county, returnable to his court in his own precinct, and, perhaps, he may, while out of his own precinct, issue process anywhere within the county, returnable to his own court in liis own precinct; and also, in the sense that he may sit outside of his own precinct, and anywhere within the county, in the special instances expressly prescribed by the statutes ; but there is no general statute or authority for his hearing and determining cases, triable before him, outside of his own precinct.
Under the constitutional provision and the statute relating to his election, the court of a justice of the peace is a court for the precinct in which he is elected, and for him to hold such court in other precincts for the trial of cases within his jurisdiction, except when the statutes expressly permit it, would violate the intent and policy of the law, which intent and policy is the more apparent from the fact that a County Court is provided by law for each county, with monthly terms, for the trial of all misdemeanors committed anywhere within the county, including those of which justices of the peace are given jurisdiction.
In the case of Phillips v. Thralls, 26 Kansas Rep. 780, it is said: “In the absence of express statutory authority, a justice of the peace can not hold his court outside the locality which elects him, and of which he is an officer. Whatever the limits to which process may go out from his court, or whatever the territorial jurisdiction conferred upon him, he is an officer of the township; his court is a court of the township, and his court, as a court, has no valid existence outside the limits of that township.” And in the same case it is further said: “One purpose contemplated in the organization of these courts was to have neighborhood courts. . . . . If one justice may move his court out of his township, to any other place in the county, all may; and we may have the spectacle of all the justices of all the townships in a county, congregating in the county-seat, and holding office there. Thus would one of the beneficent purposes of these inferior courts be defeated.”
In the case of Durfee v. Grinnell, 69 Ill. Rep. 371, it is said: “It is a familiar rule of the law, that, in our State, a justice of the peace has jurisdiction throughout the county in which he resides. We know of no reason, nor has any been suggested, why a justice of the peace may not issue *14any writ when be lias jurisdiction, wherever lie may be in the county, so he make it returnable to his office, which must be in his township. No law requires him to be in his township, or in his office, when he issues his writs; but he must be in his county, which is the limit of his jurisdiction. . . . . In all cases where there is a contest, or where he lias to hear and adjudicate on any question, that must be done in his township, and at his office, which must be a known place, and which may be found by those required to appear before him.” To the same effect is the case of Foster v. McAdams, 9 Tex. Bep. 542.
The general principle declared in these decisions is sound, and entirely consistent with the letter and policy of the statutes of this State relating to the jurisdiction of justices of the peace in criminal cases which' they are authorized to hear and determine.
What has been said has no application to justices of the peace, if any, whose jurisdiction to try criminal cases is extended by special statute beyond the limits of their precinct; nor to justices of the peace while sitting in the preliminary investigation of public offenses, who sit on such investigation outside of their own precincts, in cases in which the statutes authorize them to sit in other precincts than their own; nor to cases in which a justice acts anywhere within his county as a conservator of the peace, pursuant to section 4680 of the Code.
If this were the only question in the case under consideration, it would be disposed of by what has been said; but there are other questions which must determine its disposition. Here, the jurisdiction of the justice, in the case in which petitioner pleaded guilt}'-, and in which the contract for service was executed, and by virtue of which contract petitioner obtained his liberty, was regularly and properly acquired by affidavit and warrant duly made and issued in a case coming within the category of cases of which justices of the peace are given jurisdiction by section 4233 of the Criminal Code; and, furthermore, the judgment entered by the justice in the case appears on its face to be regular, there being nothing whatever to indicate that the plea of guilty was received, or the judgment taken or entered, or the trial had, outside of the precinct for which said justice was elected. If the objections raised by petitioner to these proceedings had come up on a direct attack, or on appeal, we would have felt bound to sustain them; but such is not the aspect of the case, as it comes before us; on the contrary, it is an attempt in a collateral-proceeding to contradict *15tbe record of tbe justice’s court by parol testimony. This, it is not competent for tbe petitioner to do.
In tbe case of Smith, Stebbins & Co. v. Engle, 44 Iowa, 265, it is lield tbat tbe jurisdiction of a court of limited jurisdiction having once attached, its subsequent proceedings are presumed to be as regular as tliose of a court of general jurisdiction, and they can not be collaterally impeached or attached. And in the case of In re Watson, 30 Kansas Rep. 753, in a habeas corims case, it was held tbat tbe petitioner could not be beard to show by parol tbat a judgment which bad been rendered against him in a criminal case, was rendered in a case beard and decided by bis consent outside of tbe county in which tbe court bad jurisdiction, and entered on tbe records of tbe court in regular form as though rendered in tbe course of proceedings in said court. In Hazelett v. Ford, 10 Watts, Penn. 101, it is said: “The justice is a judge of a court which, deriving its jurisdiction from statutory grants, proceeds in most things according to tbe substance contained in tbe forms of tbe common law, and bis docket, as to tilings adjudicated by him, has tbe conclusiveness of a record.” In Coffman v. Hampton, 2 Watts & Serg. 377, it is said: “Tbe docket of a justice of tbe peace is tbe best evidence to show tbe cause of action before him, and parol evidence is inadmissible to contradict or vary it.” In Clark v. McCombs, 7 Watts & Serg. 469, tbe above cases are approved, and it is held tbat tbe proceedings before a justice of tbe peace, “as to their conclusiveness, are placed on tbe same platform as tbe adjudication of a common-law court.”
There may be, and are, many cases where, on account of tbe informal and careless manner in which proceedings are conducted before a justice of tbe peace and entered on bis record, it becomes indispensable tbat parol testimony should be resorted to in aid of the record, and in order to make it intelligible; but, without going to the full length of some of tbe foregoing authorities, tbe proposition may be deduced from them, and from general principles of law, tbat where it is apparent tbat tbe justice bad jurisdiction both of tbe subject-matter and of tbe person, and tbe record appears on its face to be regular and complete in itself, such record can not be impeached on a collateral attack by parol testimony, but must be taken as conclusive. Tbe contract into which petitioner entered, therefore, is to be treated as though it bad been taken in a case regularly and properly tried before tbe justice, as shown by tbe records of bis court.
But, giving to it this effect, it still can not be held to be such a contract as is contemplated by section 3832 of tbe *16Code. In view of the penal character of that section, inasmuch as it provides for the punishment of those who enter into contracts under its terms and afterwards violate them, its operation must be confined to such contracts as come clearly within the terms of the statute. Such contracts must be shown to have been entered into on a confession of judgment by the defendant and his surety for the fine and costs imposed on the defendant by the court on a conviction for a public offense, and the obligation of the contract must be limited to such fine and costs. The contract can not be made to embrace other considerations, such as advances to be made by the surety to the defendant, or money otherwise paid by such surety for the defendant. '1 he surety confessing judgment with the defendant for the fine and costs becomes the transferree of the right of the State to compel the satisfaction of the fine and costs by exacting the involuntary servitude of the defendant, “who himself contracts to change masters for this purpose.” — Wynn v. The State, 82 Ala. 55; Smith v. The State, 82 Ala. 40. The State itself would have no right to exact involuntary servitude of the convict for the payment or security of a mere debt, and consequently could not transfer any such right to the surety who confesses judgment for the defendant. Any obligation other than the fine and costs which might be secured by the contract, would be a debt within the meaning of the constitutional provision, that “no person shall be imprisoned for debt.”
The contract under consideration on its face extends not only to the fine and costs adjudged against the defendant (the petitioner in this case), but also to advances to be made to defendant by said surety during the term of service. It is an entire contract, binding the defendant to eight months service for the payment of all of said obligations ; and there is nothing in the contract, or otherwise, from which it could be made known when the service had paid the fine and costs. But, independently of this last suggestion, the contract, by reason of its having been made to extend to other obligations than the fine and costs, and because of its not being made to appear that it was entered into by defendant and his said surety on a confession of judgment for the said fine and costs, is not such a contract as would support a prosecution against defendant for his abandonment of the surety’s service before the expiration of the term of service fixed by the contract.
The commingling of other obligations in the contract with the fine and costs, in contracts made under the terms of this statute, brings such contracts within the influence of the de*17cisions of tins court construing the crop-lien statute, and in which it is held that, if the crop-lien note given to secure advances includes in part articles of the class mentioned in the statute, and, in part, others not of such class, the lien is thereby vitiated as to the entire note. — Bell & Co. v. Hurst & McWhorter, 75 Ala. 44; Evans v. English, 61 Ala. 416; Carter v. Wilson, Ib. 434; Schnessler v. Gaines, 68 Ala. 556.
It results from what has been said that the probate judge of Pike county erred in denying petitioner the writ of habeas corpus, and in remanding him to the custody of the sheriff of said county; and judgment must be here entered granting the writ prayed for, unless the petitioner, on being certified of this opinion, is content to renew his application before a court of original jurisdiction.