Court Opinion

ID: 6328159
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-30 16:03:26.746816+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:22:37.349195
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                    2022 IL App (4th) 200325                     March 30, 2022
                                                                                  Carla Bender
                                          NO. 4-20-0325                       4th District Appellate
                                                                                    Court, IL
                                 IN THE APPELLATE COURT

                                          OF ILLINOIS

                                      FOURTH DISTRICT

  THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,                       )   Appeal from the
             Plaintiff-Appellee,                             )   Circuit Court of
             v.                                              )   Sangamon County.
  DANNY KUEHNER,                                             )
             Defendant-Appellant.                            )   No. 05CF724
                                                             )
                                                             )   Honorable
                                                             )   Ryan M. Cadagin,
                                                             )   Judge Presiding.

               JUSTICE STEIGMANN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
               Presiding Justice Knecht and Justice Holder White concurred in the judgment and
               opinion.
                                          OPINION

¶1             In October 2005, defendant, Danny Kuehner, entered an open plea of guilty to

attempt (first degree murder) (720 ILCS 5/8-4, 9-1(a)(1) (West 2004)) and home invasion

(id. § 12-11(a)(2)). Defendant was 17 years old when he committed these offenses. The trial court

sentenced defendant to a total of 35 years in prison. This court affirmed defendant’s conviction

and sentence on direct appeal. People v. Kuehner, No. 4-07-0426 (2008) (unpublished order under

Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23).

¶2             In May 2009, defendant pro se filed a petition for postconviction relief pursuant to

the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2008)). After advancing

the petition to the second stage, the trial court granted appointed counsel’s motion to withdraw and

the State’s motion to dismiss. This court affirmed on appeal. People v. Kuehner, 2014 IL App (4th)
120901, ¶ 95, 8 N.E.3d 1148. The Illinois Supreme Court reversed, holding that counsel’s motion

to withdraw was inadequate because it failed to address each of defendant’s pro se claims. People

v. Kuehner, 2015 IL 117695, ¶ 27, 32 N.E.3d 655.

¶3              On remand, in May 2018, defendant filed an amended petition for postconviction

relief. The trial court dismissed defendant’s amended postconviction petition after a second-stage

hearing, and this court affirmed. People v. Kuehner, 2020 IL App (4th) 180771-U, ¶ 122.

¶4              In October 2019, defendant pro se filed a motion for leave to file a successive

postconviction petition, asserting (1) his guilty plea was induced by the threat of an

unconstitutional life sentence and (2) his sentence violated the proportionate penalties clause of

the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11) and the eighth amendment to the United

States Constitution (U.S. Const., amend. VIII). In June 2020, the trial court denied defendant’s

motion because he failed to establish cause and prejudice.

¶5              Defendant appeals, arguing that his petition adequately demonstrated cause and

prejudice to assert in a successive petition that (1) his guilty plea was induced by the threat of an

unconstitutional life sentence and (2) his 35-year prison sentence violates the proportionate

penalties clause and the eighth amendment.

¶6              We disagree and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶7                                       I. BACKGROUND

¶8                                      A. The Initial Charges

¶9              In June 2005, the State charged defendant with attempt (first degree murder) (count

I) (720 ILCS 5/8-4, 9-1(a)(1) (West 2004)), home invasion (count II) (id. § 12-11(a)(2)),

residential burglary (count III) (id. § 19-3(a)), robbery of a senior citizen (count IV) (id. § 18-1(a)),

aggravated battery of a senior citizen (count V) (id. § 12-4.6(a)), and criminal damage to property

                                                  -2-
(count VI) (id. § 21-1(1)(a)). The charges alleged that defendant, or someone for whom he was

legally responsible, broke into the home of Margaret Geldrich and stole jewelry from her residence.

The charges also alleged that she was beaten and suffered broken bones and a dislocated shoulder.

The State later filed counts VII through XI, which repeated counts I through V, but also alleged

that defendant was eligible for extended-term sentencing because Geldrich was over 60 years old

at the time of the offenses and they were accompanied by exceptionally brutal or heinous behavior.

730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.2(b)(2), (b)(4)(ii) (West 2004).

¶ 10                               B. The Guilty Plea Hearing

¶ 11           In October 2005, defendant tendered a guilty plea to attempt (first degree murder)

(count VII) and home invasion (count VIII). In exchange, the State dismissed the remaining counts

and a separate charge of armed robbery in another case. There was no agreement as to sentence.

The trial court admonished defendant that the penalty for each count was from 6 to 60 years in

prison, mandatorily consecutive, to be served at 85%. The court explained that defendant would

receive a sentence between 12 and 120 years. The defendant stated that he understood.

¶ 12           Before accepting the plea, the court inquired into defendant’s age, education, and

mental status. Defendant answered that he was 17 years old, had finished eighth grade, and was

hospitalized for depression (with thoughts of self-harm) the day he was arrested. Defendant stated

that his depression was under control, that he was taking medication for his depression, and that

neither his depression nor his medication affected his ability to understand his guilty plea.

Defendant’s counsel stated that (1) he had spoken to defendant several times at length, (2) he never

had any problems communicating with defendant, and (3) defendant’s responses were always

appropriate. The court admonished defendant regarding the rights he was giving up by pleading

guilty, and defendant stated he understood.

                                               -3-
¶ 13           As a factual basis for the plea, the State informed the trial court that, on the morning

of June 3, 2005, a relative of the victim found the 98-year-old Geldrich “in a pool of blood,

unconscious.” The State continued as follows:

                       “A police investigation began at that time. Mrs. Geldarich [sic] was taken

               to the hospital. She had extensive injuries. She had fractures on both sides of her

               face, she had a fracture on her arm, dislocation of her shoulder, and a substantial

               amount of bleeding from her head and her face. There was even blood spattered on

               the stove from where her face had been stomped while she was on the ground.

                       She was treated for a significant period of time, was eventually able to

               regain consciousness and was eventually interviewed.”

¶ 14           Later that day, the police were investigating an armed robbery of a cab driver. While

the cab driver was speaking with the police, the cab driver recognized one of his assailants in a

truck that drove by. The police stopped the truck and found Brandon Lloyd driving and defendant

hiding in the back. The cab driver identified defendant and Lloyd as the two men who robbed him

at knifepoint. The police found jewelry belonging to Geldrich inside of the truck.

¶ 15           Upon interviewing defendant and Lloyd, the police learned of the involvement of a

third individual—a juvenile named C.H. Lloyd claimed that it was C.H.’s idea that defendant and

Lloyd enter Geldrich’s home. When the police questioned C.H., he claimed he went home (which

was one house away) after defendant and Lloyd broke Geldrich’s window with a hammer and

entered her home. C.H. also told the police that about 35 minutes later, defendant “came back”

and told C.H. that Geldrich was screaming inside of the home.

¶ 16           When questioned by the police, C.H. and defendant both claimed that Lloyd was

the one who attacked Geldrich, while Lloyd claimed that defendant was the one who beat Geldrich.

                                                -4-
At this point in the factual basis, the prosecutor stated, “however, under the common design rule

and the accountability rule, the actual identity of the particular beater is not important for purposes

of the plea, at least for the guilt/innocence phase.” The prosecutor then finished the factual basis

by informing the trial court that Geldrich told the police there were two people inside of her home

and she had to pretend to be dead in order to make the beating stop.

¶ 17           Defense counsel stipulated that the State would present this evidence if the case

went to trial. The court then accepted defendant’s guilty plea, finding it to be knowingly and

voluntarily made. Defense counsel requested the preparation of a presentence investigation report

(PSI).

¶ 18           Defendant’s sentencing hearing was thereafter continued several times by

agreement to allow defendant to “create some mitigation” for himself by testifying against C.H.

and Lloyd at their respective trials.

¶ 19                                    C. Post-plea Proceedings

¶ 20                      1. Defendant’s Motion to Withdraw Guilty Plea

¶ 21           In November 2006, the parties convened for defendant’s sentencing hearing.

Defendant pro se tendered to the court a handwritten motion (1) to withdraw his guilty plea and

(2) for a new attorney. Defendant alleged that his plea was coerced by his attorney, John Sharp.

He claimed his attorney told him if he did not plead guilty, the plea offer would be given to Lloyd

and Lloyd would testify falsely against defendant. The court granted defendant’s motion for new

counsel. Defendant later retained new counsel, Sean Liles.

¶ 22           Liles filed an amended motion to withdraw guilty plea that repeated the allegations

in defendant’s pro se motion and additionally alleged that (1) plea counsel told defendant he would

receive between 12 and 20 years, (2) at the time of defendant’s guilty plea, he had been taking his

                                                 -5-
depression medication for only one month and its effects were unknown to him, and (3) plea

counsel did not investigate defendant’s mental condition at the time of his plea or at the time of

the offense.

¶ 23           In February 2007, the trial court conducted a hearing on defendant’s motion to

withdraw his guilty plea. Defendant testified that Sharp told him he would receive between 12 and

20 years’ imprisonment if he pled guilty. Sharp testified that defendant understood he was facing

12 to 120 years but Sharp informed defendant he would “try to get him between 12 and 20 years”

due to defendant’s age, lack of adult convictions, and willingness to cooperate.

¶ 24           Relevant to this appeal, the State offered a copy of defendant’s testimony at C.H.’s

trial. In that testimony, defendant explained that he was 17 at the time of the offense and that he

had pleaded guilty to attempt (first degree murder) and home invasion based on an accountability

theory. He also testified that, on the night of the robbery, he, C.H., and Lloyd spent most of the

evening drinking liquor, smoking marijuana, and traveling between various friends’ houses. As

they were walking toward C.H.’s house, defendant and C.H. recalled a friend who claimed to have

stolen jewelry from a deaf and blind woman who lived near C.H. The friend claimed to have stolen

jewelry and other items while the woman was present without her knowing. The three then

discussed breaking into the same woman’s home to steal electronics and jewelry. The plan was for

Lloyd to break into the house and unlock the door for defendant, while C.H. would stay outside

and be the lookout.

¶ 25           Defendant testified that Lloyd broke into a window and was halfway in when

“someone started yelling.” Defendant ran to C.H.’s house, where he found C.H. The two went

back to Geldrich’s house and found the front door open and the lights on. Defendant went inside

and found Lloyd “throwing shit around, putting stuff in his pockets.” The woman was lying on the

                                               -6-
floor, not moving. Defendant touched her to see if she was breathing. He testified, “She looked

bad. I mean, she didn’t—I didn’t remember seeing no blood or anything. I don’t remember, but

she couldn’t move. She wasn’t getting up. She wouldn’t get up, though, so it looked bad.”

Defendant walked outside and confronted Lloyd when he followed. Defendant testified that Lloyd

claimed he pushed Geldrich down because she kept yelling. The trio walked away and did not call

for help. Defendant testified that Lloyd threatened to kill defendant and C.H. if they went to the

police.

¶ 26           At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court denied defendant’s motion, finding

that there was “nothing in the record that would indicate [defendant’s] plea was not entered into

knowingly, voluntarily, without coercion.”

¶ 27                                2. The Sentencing Hearing

¶ 28           The trial court conducted defendant’s sentencing hearing immediately after it

denied the motion to withdraw guilty plea.

¶ 29                                a. Evidence in Aggravation

¶ 30           The State called Detective Ryan Sims, who testified that he investigated the robbery

and beating of Geldrich. Sims testified that he saw Geldrich at the hospital and she “had extensive

swelling, bleeding and bruising on her face.” He testified that she was conscious but could not

open her eyes. The State introduced photos of Geldrich taken at the hospital and at her home,

which showed the severity of the injuries. In one photo, Geldrich is lying on the floor of the kitchen

in front of a stove with blood on the floor.

¶ 31           Sims testified that he interviewed defendant and defendant made statements that

were substantially similar to defendant’s testimony at C.H.’s trial. Defendant also told Sims that

defendant went into the house and reached out to touch Geldrich to see if she was breathing

                                                -7-
because, due to the severity of her injuries, he thought she might be dead.

¶ 32           On cross-examination, Sims acknowledged that defendant and C.H. denied

involvement in the beating. Sims further stated that no blood of the victim was found on

defendant’s clothing.

¶ 33           Stephanie Coonrod testified that she was Geldrich’s second cousin and legal

guardian at the time of the robbery. Geldrich was 98 years old and legally deaf and blind. Geldrich

had difficulty seeing and hearing but was able to cook, clean, and perform yard work. Coonrod

testified that Geldrich was five feet tall and weighed 98 pounds.

¶ 34           Coonrod testified that she arrived at 7 a.m. at Geldrich’s house and heard Geldrich

yelling for help. Coonrod saw her lying on the floor with “a pool of blood by her nose ***. She

was all black and blue.” Coonrod stated, “I figured she was going to die right there.”

¶ 35           Coonrod testified that, at the hospital, Geldrich told her that two or three boys came

through her bathroom window and beat her. Geldrich thought they were going to kill her, so she

played dead to make them stop. Coonrod stated that Geldrich was in the hospital for four days and

then went to a nursing home for two weeks.

¶ 36           Coonrod testified that Geldrich was able to go home but she was afraid. Geldrich

was no longer able to cook for herself because her eyesight was significantly worse. Geldrich died

about a year after the robbery. When asked what life was like for Geldrich, Coonrod stated as

follows: “Well, she just wanted to die. That’s what she said most of the time. She said, I wish I

could just die. She just gave up on life.” Coonrod continued that Geldrich

               “was always a very independent lady, never married, always lived alone *** and

               then every day you would go over and she would just beg to die because she wasn’t

               able to function like she had before. And, plus, her feet—I guess they must have

                                               -8-
               stomped on her feet because she complained they hurt, hurt all the time. Her

               shoulder hurt her, and, like I say, her eyesight had gotten a lot worse.”

¶ 37                                 b. Evidence in Mitigation

¶ 38           Defendant’s aunt and mother testified on his behalf in mitigation. They emphasized

defendant’s prior mental illness, drug addiction, young age, and lack of any role in the actual

beating.

¶ 39           In allocution, defendant stated that he was very sorry for what happened and that

he wished he could “go back to that night and stop [Lloyd] from going to her home because she

did not deserve what happened to her.” Defendant stated, however, that he “[could] not accept

responsibility for [Geldrich] being hurt because [he] did not hurt her.” Defendant continued, “I

never said I was innocent of all this, but I don’t believe I’m guilty of Attempted Murder or any of

the charges involved with Miss Geldrich getting hurt.”

¶ 40           Defendant emphasized his young age, reminding the court that he was 18 years old

and had been arrested three weeks after his seventeenth birthday. He stated that he has not had a

chance to live his life as an adult. He told the court that a sentence of 30-to-40 years would ruin

his life and asked the court for a “second chance at life.”

¶ 41                                c. The Trial Court’s Ruling

¶ 42           The trial court noted that in rendering its sentence it considered the factual basis for

the plea, the PSI, the victim impact statements, the evidence in aggravation and mitigation, the

arguments of counsel, and defendant’s allocution. The PSI filed with the court contained a detailed

history of defendant, including his prior delinquency, his family and background, his mental and

physical health, his education, and his history of substance abuse. The State recommended a

sentence of 40 years, acknowledging that defendant should receive something less than Lloyd’s

                                                -9-
50-year sentence. Defendant’s attorney argued for a 25-year sentence, emphasizing defendant’s

young age, lack of relationship with his father, history of mental illness, and substance abuse

problems.

¶ 43           The trial court first noted that it had “heard no competent evidence that this

[d]efendant threw a punch, threw a kick or in any way personally injured the victim ***. And it’s

clear also that this [d]efendant is less involved than Bruce Lloyd.” However, the court also noted

that, legally, defendant was just as culpable as if he performed the beating himself. Still, the court

stated it would be giving defendant a lesser sentence than the 50 years it had given Lloyd. The

court noted that “[defendant] was involved apparently in the planning of this, in the commission

of the crime and significantly after the victim was beaten and left for dead, he gladly and willfully

participated in reaping the fruits of the crime. It didn’t appear there was any remorse at that time.”

¶ 44           The court summarized its thoughts about the crime as follows:

                       “So this is a very heinous crime, very shocking crime, one of the more

               shocking crimes we have seen in this area for some time. The victim’s age is

               obvious. The fact that the victim was physically handicapped is obvious. This

               Defendant and his cohorts really can on that night for reasons known only to them

               objectively be viewed as having been barbarians. They were predators. They preyed

               on this poor old lady, picked her out, the weak sheep in the flock, and attacked her,

               beat her almost to death for no reason. She had done nothing to them. This crime

               does shock the consciousness.”

¶ 45           Ultimately, the trial court sentenced defendant to 17½ years on each count, for a

total of 35 years in prison. The court explained that the sentence was a 40% reduction from Lloyd’s

sentence, which accounted for defendant’s (1) cooperation and (2) his relative culpability in that

                                                - 10 -
he did not personally inflict the injuries. The court further commented that the sentence was very

much on the low end of the 12-to-120-year permissible range.

¶ 46                                    D. The Direct Appeal

¶ 47           On direct appeal, defendant argued only that the trial court abused its discretion by

giving him a 35-year sentence. Defendant claimed the sentence was excessive, given (1) his low

level of participation, (2) his young age, and (3) his potential for rehabilitation. This court affirmed

defendant’s sentence, noting that the record demonstrated that the trial court expressly considered

these factors and chose a sentence on the low end of the sentencing range. Kuehner, No. 4-07-0426

(2008) (unpublished order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23).

¶ 48                               E. The Postconviction Petition

¶ 49           In May 2009, defendant pro se filed a petition for postconviction relief, alleging

Sharp was ineffective for (1) failing to investigate defendant’s mental health issues and

(2) providing false and misleading information to defendant and his family in order to get him to

plead guilty. The trial court advanced the petition to the second stage and appointed counsel. The

State filed a motion to dismiss, and counsel filed a motion to withdraw. The trial court granted

both motions, and this court affirmed on appeal. Kuehner, 2014 IL App (4th) 120901, ¶ 95.

¶ 50           The Illinois Supreme Court reversed and remanded for further proceedings, holding

that counsel’s motion to withdraw was inadequate because it failed to address each of defendant’s

pro se claims. Kuehner, 2015 IL 117695, ¶ 27.

¶ 51           In May 2018, new postconviction counsel filed an amended postconviction petition

that reframed defendant’s claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel and added claims of

ineffective assistance of postconviction counsel and appellate counsel. The amended petition did

not allege any challenge to defendant’s plea or sentence.

                                                 - 11 -
¶ 52           In September 2018, following a second-stage hearing, the trial court granted the

State’s motion to dismiss defendant’s amended petition. This court affirmed. Kuehner, 2020 IL

App (4th) 180771-U, ¶ 1.

¶ 53           F. The Motion for Leave To File a Successive Postconviction Petition

¶ 54           In October 2019, defendant pro se filed a motion for leave to file a successive

postconviction petition, alleging (1) his guilty plea was not knowing and voluntary because it was

induced by the threat of an unconstitutional de facto life sentence and (2) his 35-year sentence

violated the proportionate penalties clause and the eighth amendment.

¶ 55           The trial court denied defendant’s motion for leave to file a successive

postconviction petition because defendant “fail[ed] to satisfy the cause and prejudice test under

[section 122-1(f) of the Act].”

¶ 56           This appeal followed.

¶ 57                                      II. ANALYSIS

¶ 58           Defendant appeals, arguing that his petition adequately demonstrated cause and

prejudice to assert in a successive petition that (1) his guilty plea was induced by the threat of an

unconstitutional life sentence and (2) his sentence of 35-years’ imprisonment violates the

proportionate penalties clause and the eighth amendment.

¶ 59           We disagree and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶ 60                       A. Defendant’s Challenge to His Guilty Plea

¶ 61           Defendant first argues that the trial court erred by denying him leave to file, in a

successive petition, his claim that his guilty plea was not knowing and voluntary because it was

induced by the threat of an unconstitutional life sentence. Specifically, defendant asserts that, at

the time of his guilty plea (in 2005), he was admonished that he could receive up to 120 years in

                                               - 12 -
prison but, under Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 82 (2010), People v. Reyes, 2016 IL 119271,

63 N.E.2d 884 (per curiam), and People v. Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, 137 N.E.3d 763, the most he

could constitutionally receive as a juvenile offender was 40 years in prison.

¶ 62           Defendant contends that he established cause to bring this claim because the

Graham, Reyes, and Buffer cases were not decided when he filed his initial petition in 2009.

Defendant argues that he established prejudice because he pled guilty under the misapprehension

that he could be sentenced to 120 years in prison.

¶ 63                                   1. The Applicable Law

¶ 64           The Act provides a mechanism for a defendant to assert that, in the proceedings

which resulted in his conviction, there was a substantial denial of his constitutional rights. 725

ILCS 5/122-1(a)(1) (West 2020). The Act contemplates the filing of a single petition. Id. § 122-

1(f) (“Only one petition may be filed by a petitioner under this Article without leave of the court.”).

Any claim of a constitutional deprivation not raised in the original or an amended petition is

waived. Id. § 122-3.

¶ 65           A defendant may obtain leave to file a successive petition “only if [he] demonstrates

cause for his *** failure to bring the claim in his *** initial post-conviction proceedings and

prejudice results from that failure.” Id. § 122-1(f). A defendant shows (1) “cause by identifying an

objective factor that impeded his *** ability to raise a specific claim during his *** initial post-

conviction proceedings” and (2) “prejudice by demonstrating that the claim not raised during his

*** initial post-conviction proceedings so infected the trial that the resulting conviction or sentence

violated due process.” Id.; People v. Lusby, 2020 IL 124046, ¶ 27.

¶ 66           A defendant requesting leave to file a successive postconviction petition must make

a prima facie showing of both cause and prejudice. People v. Bailey, 2017 IL 121450, ¶ 24, 102

                                                - 13 -
N.E.3d 114. A failure to establish either prong is fatal to the claim. People v. Howard, 2021 IL

App (2d) 190695, ¶ 21.

¶ 67           A trial court’s denial of leave to file a successive postconviction petition is reviewed

de novo. Lusby, 2020 IL 124046, ¶ 27. A reviewing court may affirm a trial court’s judgment on

any basis supported by the record. People v. Smith, 2013 IL App (4th) 110220, ¶ 21, 986 N.E.2d

1274. A defendant’s motion for leave to file a successive postconviction petition should be denied

when the defendant’s claims fail as a matter of law. People v. Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 35, 21

N.E.3d 1172.

¶ 68                                        2. This Case

¶ 69           The trial court properly denied defendant leave to file his claim that he was

wrongfully admonished because his claim fails as a matter of law. The Graham, Reyes, and Buffer

line of cases that defendant relies upon does not establish that the maximum sentence defendant

could have received was 40 years.

¶ 70           In Graham, the United States Supreme Court held that the eighth amendment

prohibits a juvenile nonhomicide offender from being sentenced to life imprisonment without

parole. Graham, 560 U.S. at 74. The Court reasoned that a juvenile nonhomicide offender must be

given “some meaningful opportunity to obtain release based on demonstrated maturity and

rehabilitation.” Id. at 75. The Court held that “[t]he Eighth Amendment does not foreclose the

possibility that persons convicted of nonhomicide crimes committed before adulthood will remain

behind bars for life.” Id. It does, however, prohibit the states from “making the judgment at the

outset” through mandatory life sentence statutes. Id.

¶ 71           Subsequently, in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 489 (2012), the Court held that

its reasoning in Graham applied equally to juvenile homicide offenders and concluded that “the

                                                - 14 -
Eighth Amendment forbids a sentencing scheme that mandates life in prison without possibility of

parole for juvenile offenders.” Id. at 479. Like in Graham, the Court noted that it was not

foreclosing the imposition of a life sentence for a juvenile offender in a homicide case but only the

imposition of such a sentence without “tak[ing] into account how children are different, and how

those differences counsel against irrevocably sentencing them to a lifetime in prison.” Id. at 480.

¶ 72           Several years later, in Reyes, the Illinois Supreme Court held that a juvenile

offender’s mandatory minimum sentence of 97 years for first degree murder and attempted murder

(with mandatory firearm enhancements) violated the eighth amendment. Reyes, 2016 IL 119271,

¶ 10. In that case, under truth-in-sentencing statutes, the 16-year-old defendant was required to

serve at least 89 years before becoming eligible for parole. Id. The court reasoned that this sentence

mandated that the defendant remain in prison until at least the age of 105. Id. Accordingly, the

defendant’s sentence was a mandatory de facto life-without-parole sentence, which was

unconstitutional under Miller. Id.

¶ 73           Finally, in Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶ 41, the Illinois Supreme Court declared that

any sentence imposed on a juvenile that exceeded 40 years constituted a de facto life sentence.

¶ 74           Defendant argues that Graham (prohibiting mandatory life-without-parole for

nonhomicide offenders), Reyes (holding that a de facto life sentence is the constitutional equivalent

of a mandatory life sentence), and Buffer (holding that any sentence over 40 years is a de facto life

sentence), taken together, establish that defendant could not have constitutionally been sentenced

to more than 40 years.

¶ 75           However, in piecing together only the language from Graham, Reyes, and Buffer

that defendant finds favorable to his argument, defendant ignores that in each case the court

acknowledged that a life sentence for a juvenile offender may still be imposed under certain

                                                - 15 -
circumstances.

¶ 76             For example, the Graham Court stated, “Those who commit truly horrifying crimes

as juveniles may turn out to be irredeemable, and thus deserving of incarceration for the duration

of their lives. The Eighth Amendment does not foreclose the possibility that persons convicted of

nonhomicide crimes committed before adulthood will remain behind bars for life.” Graham, 560

U.S. at 75. In Reyes, the court observed that Miller “was not a categorical prohibition of life-

without-parole sentences for juvenile murderers.” Reyes, 2016 IL 119271, ¶ 4. And in Buffer, the

court noted that “ ‘Miller and Montgomery send an unequivocal message: Life sentences, whether

mandatory or discretionary, for juvenile defendants are disproportionate and violate the eighth

amendment, unless the trial court considers youth and its attendant characteristics.’ ” (Emphasis

added.) Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶ 25 (quoting People v. Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 40).

¶ 77             Defendant’s argument also ignores other well-established precedent that

contradicts his claim that he could not, under any circumstance, have been sentenced in excess of

40 years. For example, in Lusby, the Illinois Supreme Court held that a 16-year-old defendant’s

130-year prison sentence for first degree murder, aggravated criminal sexual assault, and home

invasion passed “constitutional muster” because the trial court “considered the defendant’s youth

and its attendant characteristics before concluding that his future should be spent in prison.” Lusby,

2020 IL 124046, ¶ 52. The court noted that Miller did not foreclose the possibility of discretionary

life sentences for juveniles but instead merely mandated that a court consider the offender’s youth

and attendant characteristics before imposing such a sentence. Id. ¶ 33 (citing Miller, 567 U.S. at

483).

¶ 78             Indeed, in their most recent decisions involving the constitutional limitations of

juvenile life sentences, both the United States Supreme Court and Illinois Supreme Court have

                                                - 16 -
reiterated that a juvenile offender may receive a life sentence provided procedural safeguards are

in place to ensure that the offender’s youth is part of the sentencing consideration. See Jones v.

Mississippi, 593 U.S. ___, ___, 141 S. Ct. 1307, 1318 (2021) (“The key assumption of both Miller

and Montgomery was that discretionary sentencing allows the sentencer to consider the

defendant’s youth, and thereby helps ensure that life-without-parole sentences are imposed only

in cases where that sentence is appropriate in light of the defendant’s age.”); People v. Dorsey,

2021 IL 123010, ¶ 40 (“[T]he [Jones] [c]ourt found that the eighth amendment allows juvenile

offenders to be sentenced to life without parole as long as the sentence is not mandatory and the

sentencing court had discretion to consider youth and [its] attendant characteristics.”); People v.

Jones, 2021 IL 126432, ¶ 17 (“As the [United States Supreme] Court recently reaffirmed in Jones

[citation], although juvenile offenders may not receive mandatory sentences of life-without-parole,

they may still be given discretionary life sentences if the appropriate safeguards are in place.”).

¶ 79           It is eminently clear that, under Illinois and federal law, a juvenile offender may be

sentenced in excess of 40 years when the sentencing court considers the offender’s youth and its

attendant circumstances. Defendant’s argument that he could not, under any circumstances, have

been sentenced in excess of 40 years is patently wrong and contradicted by the overwhelming

weight of authority.

¶ 80           Accordingly, defendant was correctly admonished that the sentencing range for his

offenses was 12 to 120 years. Because defendant was correctly admonished, his claim that his

guilty plea was not knowing and voluntary fails, and defendant cannot establish that he suffered

prejudice.

¶ 81           Because we have rejected defendant’s claim on this basis, we need not determine

whether he adequately demonstrated cause.

                                               - 17 -
¶ 82                                     3. People v. Jones

¶ 83           After the parties submitted their briefs in this case, the Illinois Supreme Court

issued its opinion in Jones, 2021 IL 126432. In Jones, a 16-year-old defendant pled guilty in 2000

to first degree murder and was sentenced to 50 years in prison pursuant to a fully-negotiated plea

agreement. Id. ¶ 1. Later, the defendant sought leave to file a successive postconviction petition,

arguing that the automatic transfer provisions of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (705 ILCS 405/1-

1 et seq. (West 2000)) and the truth-in-sentencing provisions, requiring that he serve every day of

his sentence, were unconstitutional pursuant to the principles established in Miller, Graham, and

Roper, which provided special protections for juvenile offenders. Jones, 2021 IL 126432, ¶ 7. The

supreme court affirmed the circuit court’s denial of leave to file a successive petition. Id. ¶ 31.

¶ 84           The defendant in Jones raised a similar argument to the one before us—namely,

that

               “when he entered into the plea agreement with the State, he did not anticipate that

               the 50-year prison term stipulated in it would later be declared to be a de facto life

               sentence that required the trial court’s use of discretion and consideration of his

               youthful characteristics and rehabilitative potential. In making that argument, [the

               defendant] effectively asserts that he did not knowingly and voluntarily enter into

               the plea agreement.” Id. ¶ 19.

¶ 85           The supreme court rejected that argument, explaining that “[b]y entering a plea

agreement, a defendant ‘forecloses any claim of error. “It is well established that a voluntary guilty

plea waives all non-jurisdictional errors or irregularities, including constitutional ones.” ’ ”

(Emphasis in original.) Id. ¶ 20 (quoting People v. Sophanavong, 2020 IL 124337, ¶ 33, quoting

People v. Townsell, 209 Ill. 2d 543, 545 (2004)). The court explained as follows:

                                                - 18 -
                       “Fundamentally, plea agreements are contracts, and principles of waiver

                apply equally to them. [Citation.] Entering into a contract is generally ‘a bet on the

                future.’ [Citation.] ‘[A] classic guilty plea permits a defendant to gain a present

                benefit in return for the risk that he may have to [forgo] future favorable legal

                developments.’ [Citation.]” Id. ¶ 21.

¶ 86            The court then discussed the principles underpinning Dingle v. Stevenson, 840 F.3d

171, 175 (4th Cir. 2016), and Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 756-58 (1970), in which both

defendants unsuccessfully attempted to withdraw their guilty pleas on the basis that they pled

guilty to avoid the death penalty but later legal developments made the death penalty an

unavailable sentence. Jones, 2021 IL 126432, ¶¶ 22-26. The Brady court wrote, “[A]bsent

misrepresentation or other impermissible conduct by state agents [citation], a voluntary plea of

guilty intelligently made in the light of the then applicable law does not become vulnerable because

later judicial decisions indicate that the plea rested on a faulty premise.” Brady, 397 U.S. at 757.

¶ 87            In Jones, the Illinois Supreme Court held that the rationale underlying Dingle and

Brady applied equally to the case before it and, because the defendant entered into a guilty plea

“ ‘to avoid a potential, not a certain, sentence,’ ” his “knowing and voluntary guilty plea waived

any constitutional challenge based on subsequent changes in the applicable law.” Jones, 2021 IL

126432, ¶ 26.

¶ 88            Pursuant to this authority, we conclude that defendant’s guilty plea was also

intelligently made in light of the then-applicable law. The benefit defendant received was the

dismissal of additional counts and a separate armed robbery charge, some of which had the

potential to extend his ultimate sentence. Like the defendant in Jones, defendant bargained for a

benefit, and his knowing and voluntary guilty plea waived any constitutional challenge to that plea

                                                - 19 -
based on subsequent changes in the law.

¶ 89                        B. Defendant’s Challenge to His Sentence

¶ 90           Defendant also argues that the trial court erred by denying him leave to file a

successive postconviction claim that his 35-year sentence violates both the proportionate penalties

clause and the eighth amendment. Defendant asserts that societal attitudes toward the sentencing

of juveniles have shifted in his favor since he was sentenced such that his sentence of 35-years’

imprisonment now “shocks the conscience of the community” and constitutes “cruel and unusual

punishment.” In support of his argument, defendant points to statutory changes regarding the

sentencing of juvenile offenders that have been enacted in Illinois and other states since he was

sentenced. He argues that he has shown cause because these statutory changes have occurred only

recently. Defendant asserts that he has suffered prejudice because his 35-year sentence is longer

than “what most juvenile murderers could face today.”

¶ 91                                  1. The Applicable Law

¶ 92           As earlier discussed (supra ¶¶ 63-67), a defendant seeking leave to file a second or

subsequent postconviction petition must demonstrate (1) “cause” for failing to raise the error in

prior proceedings and (2) “prejudice” resulting from the claimed error. People v. Orange, 195 Ill.

2d 437, 449, 749 N.E.2d 932, 939 (2001). “Cause” has been defined as an objective factor that

impeded defense counsel’s efforts to raise the claim in an earlier proceeding. Id. “Prejudice” has

been defined as an error which so infected the entire trial that the defendant’s conviction violates

due process. Id.

¶ 93           A defendant requesting leave to file a successive postconviction petition must make

a prima facie showing of both cause and prejudice. Bailey, 2017 IL 121450, ¶ 24. A failure to

establish either prong is fatal to the claim. Howard, 2021 IL App (2d) 190695, ¶ 21.

                                               - 20 -
¶ 94           The proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution states that “[a]ll

penalties shall be determined both according to the seriousness of the offense and with the

objective of restoring the offender to useful citizenship.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. 1, § 11. A statute

may be deemed unconstitutionally disproportionate if the punishment for the offense is so wholly

disproportionate to the offense as to shock the moral sense of the community. People v. Miller,

202 Ill. 2d 328, 338-39, 781 N.E.2d 300, 338 (2002).

¶ 95           In determining whether a sentencing statute, as applied to a particular defendant, is

shocking to the moral sense of the community, a court considers evolving societal standards of

“elemental decency and fairness which shape the ‘moral sense’ of the community.” Id. at 339.

Illinois courts have not defined what kind of punishment is “so wholly disproportioned to the

offense as to shock the moral sense of the community” because the concept evolves with society.

Id. Therefore, a court’s proportionality review “should be informed by objective factors to the

maximum possible extent.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. However, the objective

evidence is not determinative of the question because “ ‘ “the Constitution contemplates that in the

end our own judgment will be brought to bear on the question.” ’ ” Id. at 339-340 (quoting Atkins

v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 312 (2002), quoting Coker v. Georgia, 433 U.S. 584, 597 (1977)).

¶ 96           The eighth amendment of the United States Constitution prohibits the infliction of

“cruel and unusual punishments” (U.S. Const., amend. VIII) and applies to the states through the

fourteenth amendment (U.S. Const., amend. XIV). “The concept of proportionality is central to

the Eighth Amendment.” Graham, 560 U.S. at 59. The prohibition of cruel and unusual

punishment is interpreted through society’s evolving standards of decency. Roper v. Simmons, 543

U.S. 551, 561 (2005).

¶ 97           The proportionate penalties clause provides at least as much, if not greater,

                                               - 21 -
protection than the eighth amendment. People v. Horta, 2016 IL App (2d) 140714, ¶ 62, 67 N.E.3d

994. Accordingly, “if [a defendant’s sentencing challenge] fails under the proportionate-penalties

analysis, we may assume it would not succeed as an eighth-amendment claim either.” Id.; see also

People v. Coty, 2020 IL 123972, ¶ 45 (“[I]f a sentence passes muster under the proportionate

penalties clause *** then it would seem to comport with the contemporary standards of the eighth

amendment ***.”).

¶ 98                                       2. This Case

¶ 99                                        a. “Cause”

¶ 100          Defendant argues that he has established cause for not bringing his proportionate

penalties and eighth amendment claims in an earlier proceeding because the authority upon which

his claims rest was not available to him. Specifically, defendant points to legislative changes in

Illinois in 2014, 2016, and 2019 that he contends demonstrate a societal shift toward more lenient

treatment of juvenile offenders. See Pub. Act 98-61, § 5 (eff. Jan. 1, 2014) (amending 705 ILCS

405/5-120 to extend the cutoff date for juvenile jurisdiction from a minor’s seventeenth birthday

to the minor’s eighteenth birthday); Pub. Act 99-69, § 10 (eff. Jan. 1, 2016) (adding 730 ILCS 5/5-

4.5-105, which codifies consideration of the Miller factors and grants discretion to decline to

impose a mandatory firearm enhancement when sentencing a juvenile offender); Pub. Act 100-

1182, § 5 (eff. June 1, 2019) (adding 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-110 (later renumbered as § 5-4.5-115),

granting defendants who were under 21 at the time of their offense and sentenced after June 1,

2019, the opportunity to be considered for parole after serving either 10 or 20 years of their

sentences). Defendant also points to similar statutes enacted in other states which, he contends,

demonstrate that the same societal shift has occurred across the country as well.

¶ 101          Defendant asserts that, when he filed his initial postconviction petition in 2009,

                                              - 22 -
“this evidence [of shifting attitudes toward juvenile sentencing] was not available because it did

not exist.”

¶ 102           We disagree and conclude that defendant has not demonstrated cause to excuse his

failure to bring his proportionate penalties and eighth amendment challenge to his sentence, based

upon shifting societal standards, in an earlier proceeding. See Dorsey, 2021 IL 123010, ¶ 74

(“Illinois courts have long recognized the differences between persons of mature age and those

who are minors for purposes of sentencing. Thus, Miller’s unavailability *** is insufficient to

establish ‘cause.’ ”).

¶ 103           In People v. Haines, 2021 IL App (4th) 190612, ¶ 39, this court addressed whether

a defendant demonstrated “cause” for not bringing his as-applied, proportionate penalties claim in

an earlier proceeding when the authority upon which his claim rested was not yet decided. There,

the defendant was sentenced to 55 years’ imprisonment for first degree murder committed when

he was 18 years old. Id. ¶ 1. In 2019, the defendant sought leave to file an as-applied, proportionate

penalties challenge to his sentence based upon Miller and Harris. Specifically, the defendant

argued that his sentence did not take into account the fact that his 18-year-old brain was

neurologically immature and more closely resembled that of a juvenile than an adult. Id. ¶ 12. The

defendant argued that he established cause to bring his late claim because Miller and Harris were

not decided and therefore were not available to him when he filed his initial postconviction petition

in 2008. Id. ¶ 41.

¶ 104           This court held, however, that Illinois has long held that the proportionate penalties

clause required the sentencing court to take into account the defendant’s “youth” and “mentality.”

Id. ¶¶ 46-47 (citing Miller, 202 Ill. 2d 328, 781 N.E.2d 300 (2002); People v. Sawczenko-Dub, 345

Ill. App. 3d 522, 532-33, 803 N.E.2d 62, 70-71 (2003); People v. Maldonado, 240 Ill. App. 3d

                                                - 23 -
470, 608 N.E.2d 499 (1992); People v. Center, 198 Ill. App. 3d 1025, 556 N.E.2d 724 (1990); and

People v. Adams, 8 Ill. App. 3d 8, 13-14, 288 N.E.2d 724, 728 (1972)). Accordingly, although

Miller and Harris were not decided in 2008, when the Haines defendant filed his initial

postconviction petition, he had the necessary tools to construct his proportionate penalties

challenge based on his youth and brain development. Id. ¶¶ 12, 44.

¶ 105          This court acknowledged that Harris and Miller would have made it easier for the

defendant to raise his claim, but “[e]ase of argument is not the standard.” Id. ¶¶ 41, 45. “ ‘[T]he

question is not whether subsequent legal developments have made counsel’s task easier, but

whether at the time of the default the claim was “available” at all.’ ” Id. ¶ 45 (quoting Smith v.

Murray, 477 U.S. 527, 537 (1986)); see also Dorsey, 2021 IL 123010, ¶ 74 (“Miller’s

unavailability prior to 2012 at best deprived defendant of ‘some helpful support’ for his state

constitutional law claim, which is insufficient to establish ‘cause.’ ”).

¶ 106          Similarly, in this case, defendant had the necessary tools to construct an as-applied,

proportionate penalties claim when he filed his (1) direct appeal in 2005, (2) initial postconviction

petition in 2009, and (3) amended postconviction petition in 2018. The statutory amendments in

2014, 2016, and 2019 would have made it easier for him to prove his claim, but he was not

foreclosed from bringing that claim earlier. Accordingly, defendant has not shown cause for his

failing to bring his proportionate penalties claim earlier.

¶ 107          Similarly, changes other states have made to their juvenile sentencing laws would

have made it easier for defendant to argue his eighth amendment claim, but he has not identified

any objective impediment to his ability to bring his claim earlier.

¶ 108                                      b. “Prejudice”

¶ 109          We also conclude that defendant has not shown that he has suffered actual

                                                - 24 -
prejudice. Defendant’s 35-year sentence does not shock the moral conscience of the community.

Instead, we agree with the trial court that it is defendant’s crime that shocks the moral conscience

of the community.

¶ 110          Defendant spends considerable effort in his reply brief arguing that the State should

be judicially estopped from “insinuating” that defendant participated in the beating of the victim.

We note that the trial court explicitly acknowledged when sentencing defendant that there was no

evidence that defendant himself beat the victim.

¶ 111          What defendant inarguably did participate in was the planning and commission of

the home invasion of a 98-year-old blind and deaf woman who lived alone. Defendant and his

friends selected Geldrich—among the most vulnerable in their community—precisely because she

was easy prey. They planned to enter her home and steal from her while she was present, increasing

the danger and likelihood of violence.

¶ 112          Defendant assisted Lloyd in entering Geldrich’s home, which led to the beating that

Geldrich endured. Geldrich lived less than a year after the beating and suffered physical and

emotional effects that significantly eroded the quality of her remaining life.

¶ 113          We additionally observe that defendant entered the victim’s home himself, saw her

motionless on the ground, and believed she could be dead. Yet, defendant left her for dead and

took no steps to seek help for her. Instead, defendant and Lloyd went to sell her jewelry for drugs.

As the trial court noted, defendant was happy to “reap the rewards” in the aftermath.

¶ 114          Even assuming defendant did not beat Geldrich himself, the actions he did commit

were correctly described by the court as horrific and barbaric. Defendant received consecutive

sentences of 17½ years for attempt (first degree murder) and home invasion, for a total of 35 years.

This sentence was near the lower end of the 12-to-120-year sentencing range. Furthermore,

                                               - 25 -
   defendant received 15 years less than Lloyd’s 50-year sentence. Defendant will be required to

   serve only 85% of his sentence, which totals 29.75 years. Not only did defendant not receive a

   de facto life sentence, he received significantly less than a de facto life sentence.

   ¶ 115          Finally, in fashioning this sentence, the trial court considered the defendant’s youth,

   family background, education, mental health, and drug use. As noted, when affirming defendant’s

   sentence, this court found that the trial court considered defendant’s young age, potential for

   rehabilitation, and relative culpability in fashioning a sentence on the lower end of the sentencing

   range. Kuehner, No. 4-07-0426 (2008) (unpublished order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23).

¶ 116             Given the above, we conclude that defendant’s sentence (1) is far from wholly

   disproportionate to his offense and, accordingly, (2) does not shock the moral sense of the

   community. Because defendant’s sentence passes muster under the proportionate penalties clause,

   it also comports with the eighth amendment. Horta, 2016 IL App (2d) 140714, ¶ 62; Coty, 2020

   IL 123972, ¶ 45.

   ¶ 117          Last, defendant also argues that he is prejudiced because, “under the law as it exists

   today, [he] would most likely never even have faced the possibility of adult sentencing, as his case

   would have fallen under the jurisdiction of the juvenile court.” See Pub. Act 98-61, § 5 (eff. Jan.

   1, 2014) (amending 705 ILCS 405/5-120 to raise the cutoff date for juvenile jurisdiction from a

   minor’s seventeenth birthday to the minor’s eighteenth birthday). This argument is too speculative

   to be of any use, however, because it ignores that, even after the amendment, the State could have

   petitioned for a transfer to adult court. See 705 ILCS 405/5-805 (West 2004). Given the seriousness

   of the offense, defendant’s age, and his history of delinquency, it is entirely possible that such a

   petition would have been granted.

   ¶ 118          Defendant cannot show prejudice because, considering the seriousness of the

                                                   - 26 -
offense and defendant’s potential for rehabilitation, his sentence neither shocks the moral sense of

the community nor constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. Accordingly, the trial court correctly

denied him leave to file his successive postconviction petition.

¶ 119               D. Defendant’s Citation to Materials Outside of the Record

¶ 120          In support of defendant’s argument that his sentence shocks the moral sense of the

community and constitutes cruel and unusual punishment because societal attitudes toward the

sentencing of juvenile offenders have shifted, defendant’s brief contains the following:

                       “[The enactment of 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-115(b)] means that the majority of

               serious juvenile offenders will have the opportunity for release by their mid-to-late

               twenties, an age which corresponds closely with the time at which the now well

               accepted scientific authority has found that the brain reaches full development. See

               Ruben C. Gur, Declaration of Ruben C. Gur, Ph.D., Patterson v. Texas, Petition

               for Writ of Certiorari to the United States Supreme Court (2002).”

¶ 121          Defendant provides in a footnote that this document is available in the “Criminal

Justice Section Newsletter” at the American Bar Association website.

¶ 122          The State argues that defendant’s use of this material is inappropriate because

“evidence not presented, and arguments not advanced below, may not be presented on direct

appeal.” (citing People v. Nesbitt, 405 Ill. App. 3d 823, 834 (2010)). The State contends that

defendant improperly asserts this material as scientific authority in support of his argument that

his sentence is unconstitutionally excessive. The State contends that this material is not helpful to

a resolution of this matter because it (1) was never presented to the court below and (2) is “ ‘expert’

testimony masquerading as secondary authority on appeal.”

¶ 123          We agree with the State and emphatically reject any consideration of the Gur

                                                - 27 -
declaration when considering defendant’s appeal in this case.

¶ 124          In People v. House, 2021 IL 125124, ¶¶ 1-3, the supreme court addressed the

defendant’s argument that his sentence violated the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois

Constitution. The supreme court noted, as it did in People v. Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 40, that no

evidentiary hearing was held relating to how the evolving science on juvenile maturity and brain

development applied to the specific facts and circumstances of the House defendant’s case.

Because of the absence of any such evidence, the trial court in House made no factual findings

critical to determining whether the science concerning juvenile maturity and brain development

would apply equally to young adults, or to the House defendant specifically, as he argued in the

appellate court. House, 2021 IL 125124, ¶ 29.

¶ 125          Importantly for the present case, the supreme court wrote the following in

explanation of its reversal of the appellate court in House:

               “[T]he appellate court’s opinion equating young adult offenders to juvenile

               offenders relied on articles from a newspaper and an advocacy group. As the State

               points out, no trial court has made factual findings concerning the scientific

               research cited in the articles, the limits of that research, or the competing scientific

               research, let alone how that research applies to petitioner’s characteristics and

               circumstances.” Id.

¶ 126          We note that, although three justices of the Illinois Supreme Court concurred in

part and dissented in part with the court’s opinion in House, none of those three justices expressed

any disagreement with the above statement.

¶ 127          Even though House is only a few months old, any doubt about the supreme court’s

rejection of the appellate court’s use of materials like the Gur declaration was put to rest by the

                                                - 28 -
even more recent decision of the Illinois Supreme Court in People v. Cline, 2022 IL 126383. In

Cline, the defendant challenged the sufficiency of the State’s evidence linking the defendant to the

crime scene by two fingerprints in light of the methodology employed by the State’s fingerprint

expert. Id. ¶ 32. The First District Appellate Court found that argument persuasive, but the supreme

court rejected it and reversed the appellate court. Id. ¶¶ 36, 44. The supreme court explained its

decision, in part, as follows:

               “[D]efendant did not attempt to show through cross-examination any flaws in [the

               State’s expert witness’s] methodology in reaching his conclusion that the two prints

               matched. *** Instead, defendant is now asking this court to take judicial notice of

               extra-record materials for the purpose of evaluating the evidence presented at trial.

               Our review of the sufficiency of the fingerprint evidence in this case, however, must

               be limited to evidence actually admitted at trial, and judicial notice cannot be used

               to introduce new evidentiary material not considered by the fact finder during its

               deliberations. See, e.g., People v. Barham, 337 Ill. App. 3d 1121, 1130 (2003).

                       We recognize the importance of preventing errors based on fingerprint

               evidence, particularly in a case such as this where there is no other evidence linking

               defendant to the crime. However, defendant’s argument, like the reasoning of the

               appellate court below, wholly ignores the role of a reviewing court in considering

               the sufficiency of the evidence. It is not the function of a court of review to retry a

               defendant [citation], nor is it permissible for a reviewing court to take judicial

               notice of material that was not considered by the trier of fact in weighing the

               credibility of an expert witness’s testimony.” (Emphasis added.) Id. ¶ 32-33.

¶ 128          Although we acknowledge that the supreme court in Cline was dealing with

                                               - 29 -
weighing the credibility of an expert witness’s testimony, we believe its analysis applies fully in

other contexts.

¶ 129               One such context recently arose before this court in In re R.M., 2022 IL App (4th)

210426. There, a juvenile defendant raising an ineffective assistance of counsel claim for the first

time on direct appeal attempted to supplement the appellate record by attaching an affidavit of his

appellate counsel to his appellate brief. Id. ¶¶ 19-20. In her affidavit, appellate counsel recounted

conversations she had with defendant’s trial attorney while preparing defendant’s appeal that

would support defendant’s claim that trial counsel failed to investigate potential impeachment

evidence. Id. ¶ 20. This court granted the State’s motion to strike the affidavit because, as an

attachment to the brief, it “[was] not part of the appellate record, and evidentiary matters that are

not included in the appellate record cannot be considered by this court on review.” Id. ¶ 22.

¶ 130               Based upon Cline, House, and R.M., we conclude it is impermissible for a

reviewing court to take judicial notice of material that was not considered by the trial court when

a defendant, as here, is challenging the trial court’s exercise of discretion.

¶ 131               In further support of this conclusion, we note what the Fifth District Appellate

Court said in People v. Barham, 337 Ill. App. 3d 1121, 1130, 788 N.E.2d 297, 304 (2003)—the

case cited by the supreme court in support of its holding in Cline. The Fifth District wrote the

following: “A reviewing court will not take judicial notice of critical evidentiary material that was

not presented to and not considered by the fact finder during its deliberations. [Citations.] Judicial

notice cannot be extended to permit the introduction of new factual evidence not presented to the

trial court.” Id.

¶ 132               The impropriety of defendant’s citing to the Gur declaration is exacerbated by the

fact that defendant is claiming in this appeal that the trial court abused its discretion by imposing

                                                  - 30 -
a 12-year sentence. The exacerbating circumstance is that defendant is asking this court to reverse

the trial court’s exercise of discretion by considering—at least in part—the Gur declaration that

defendant never presented to the trial court at the sentencing hearing. We reject defendant’s

attempt to do so and reiterate what this court has written in the past about efforts to seek the reversal

of a trial court based upon an argument (or purported authority) the trial court never heard:

                        “If this court were to reverse (as the dissents suggests) on the basis that

                plaintiff’s proposed amended complaint might be sufficient to state a cause of

                action, we would be doing so based upon an argument the trial court never heard.

                Over 15 years ago, in In re Marriage of Harper, 191 Ill. App. 3d 245, 246, 547

                N.E.2d 574, 575 (1989), this court expressed our great reluctance to make such a

                ruling, and we are no less reluctant now.” Jackson v. Alverez, 358 Ill. App. 3d 555,

                564, 831 N.E.2d 1159, 1166-67 (2005).

                        “We will not reverse the trial court’s decision based on an argument the trial

                court never heard.” Bachman v. General Motors Corp., 332 Ill. App. 3d 760, 793,

                776 N.E.2d 262, 292 (2002).

                        “[Permitting the State to make an argument on appeal that that State never

                made in the trial court] would result in something that courts of review ought

                (almost) never do—namely, reverse the trial court based upon an argument it never

                heard.” People v. Cartmill, 2013 IL App (4th) 120820-U, ¶ 55 (Steigmann, J.,

                specially concurring).

                        “We are exceptionally reluctant to reverse a trial court’s decision based on

                an argument raised on appeal that the trial court never heard below.” People v.

                Lillard, 2017 IL App (4th) 150902-U, ¶ 44 (citing Jackson, 358 Ill. App. 3d at 564).

                                                 - 31 -
                       “Because [defendant] failed to raise this issue in the trial court, his request

               that we reverse the trial court based upon this argument would mean that we would

               be reversing the trial court’s decision based upon an argument it never heard.” Dale

               v. Bennett, 2021 IL App (4th) 200188, ¶ 44.

¶ 133                                   III. CONCLUSION

¶ 134          For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s denial of defendant’s motion for

leave to file a successive postconviction petition.

¶ 135          Affirmed.

                                               - 32 -
                                  No. 4-20-0325

Cite as:                 People v. Kuehner, 2022 IL App (4th) 200325

Decision Under Review:   Appeal from the Circuit Court of Sangamon County, No. 05-CF-
                         724; the Hon. Ryan M. Cadagin, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys                James E. Chadd, Douglas R. Hoff, and Kieran M. Wiberg, of
for                      State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.
Appellant:

Attorneys                Daniel K. Wright, State’s Attorney, of Springfield (Patrick
for                      Delfino, David J. Robinson, and Luke McNeill, of State’s
Appellee:                Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the
                         People.

                                       - 33 -