Court Opinion

ID: 9900175
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-18 22:01:41.20299+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:01.445103
License: Public Domain

ARMED SERVICES BOARD OF CONTRACT APPEALS

    Appeals of -                               )
                                               )
    Afghan Premier Logistics                   )    ASBCA Nos. 62938, 62939, 62940
                                               )
    Under Contract No. W91B4N-11-D-7003        )

    APPEARANCE FOR THE APPELLANT:                   Michael D. Maloney, Esq.
                                                     Williams Mullen
                                                     Tysons Corner, VA

    APPEARANCES FOR THE GOVERNMENT:                 Scott N. Flesch, Esq.
                                                     Army Chief Trial Attorney
                                                    MAJ Aaron K. McCartney, JA
                                                    MAJ Jill B. Wiley, JA
                                                    LT Bryan R. Williamson, JA
                                                    Zachary F. Jacobson, Esq.
                                                    James D. Stephens, Esq.
                                                     Trial Attorneys

                 OPINION BY ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE PROUTY
               ON APPELLANT’S MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION 1

        Before us is a motion to reconsider our earlier decision to dismiss these appeals
on statute of limitations grounds. See Afghan Premier Logistics, ASBCA Nos. 62938,
62939, 62940, 22-1 BCA ¶ 38,074 (APL). The three claims which were the bases for
these three appeals were all submitted to the contracting officer (CO) more than
six years after the damages were incurred by appellant, Afghan Premier Logistics
(APL), and thus presumptively outside the Contract Disputes Act’s (CDA’s) statute of
limitations. APL argued in opposition to the government’s motion for summary
judgment that evidence of the unreliability of the government’s GPS tracking system
(which was relevant to the manner in which the government paid APL for one of
its three claims, though APL elided the fact that it had no bearing on the other two
claims) had been wrongfully withheld by the government, thereby tolling or extending
the statute of limitations (see MSJ opp’n at 5-6) 2. APL further argued that it had come
across additional evidence (in a separate case in which its counsel represented a

1
  This matter was recently assigned to the undersigned for purposes of addressing this
       motion for reconsideration, though the author of the original decision,
       Judge Wilson, remains on the panel considering these appeals.
2
  We refer to APL’s opposition to the government’s original motion for summary
       judgment as “MSJ opp’n.”
different Afghan trucking company) that the government had withheld problems with
the GPS tracking of trucks from it, which merited further discovery (id. at 19-21). We
were unpersuaded by these arguments, finding that there was inadequate evidentiary
support for the assertion that the alleged additional evidence would support tolling the
statute of limitations, and granted the government’s motion to dismiss on statute of
limitations grounds. 3 See APL, 22-1 BCA ¶ 38,074 at 184,905.

        In its motion for reconsideration, APL argues that there are three reasons for us
to set aside our original decision: first, that we erred in not permitting discovery prior
to dismissing the appeals; second that there is newly-discovered evidence “that is
essential” to its opposition to the motion for summary judgment; and, third, that
summary judgment is not appropriate in a case involving the breach of the duty of
good faith and fair dealing (app. mot. at 1-2). APL also sought, and was given
permission by us, to submit additional information (that had been protected in a
different appeal) demonstrating that the GPS information relied upon by the Army
was, in fact, suspect, and known to be so by the Army as late as 2012 (see generally
app. supp. br. passim 4). As will be explained further herein, we remain unconvinced.

       I. When we Grant Reconsideration

        We have long held that a motion for reconsideration is not the place to present
arguments previously made and rejected. “[W]here litigants have once battled for the
Court’s decision, they should neither be required, nor without good reason permitted,
to battle for it again.” Moreover, “[m]otions for reconsideration do not afford litigants
the opportunity to take a ‘second bite at the apple’ or to advance arguments that
properly should have been presented in an earlier proceeding.” Dixon v. Shinseki,
741 F.3d 1367, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (citations omitted); see also Avant Assessment,
LLC, ASBCA No. 58867, 15-1 BCA ¶ 36,137 at 176,384. On the other hand, if we
have made mistakes in the findings of fact or conclusions of law, or by failing to
consider an appropriate matter, reconsideration may be appropriate. See Robinson
Quality Constructors, ASBCA No. 55784, 09-2 BCA ¶ 34,171 at 168,911; L&C
Europa Contracting Co., ASBCA No. 52617, 04-2 BCA ¶ 32,708. “[I]f we have made
a genuine oversight that affects the outcome of the appeal, we will remedy it . . . .”
Relyant, LLC, ASBCA No. 59809, 18-1 BCA ¶ 37,146 at 180,841. We may also
reconsider a decision if we are presented with newly-discovered evidence. See, e.g.,
Raytheon Co, and Raytheon Missile Sys., ABSCA No. 59345, et al, 21-1 BCA ¶

3
  The government also argued that summary judgment should be granted because APL
       had executed releases, precluding its filing the claims at issue. Having found
       that APL’s claims were precluded by the statute of limitations, we did not
       decide this issue. See APL, 22-1 BCA ¶ 38,074 at 184,906.
4
  “App. supp. br.” refers to “Appellant’s Supplemental Memorandum of Law in
       Support of Motion to Reconsider.”

                                            2
37,860 at 183,844. Newly-discovered evidence in this context has long been
recognized as evidence that “could not have been discovered by due diligence prior to
the rendition of the initial decision . . . .” See Girault v. United States, 133 Ct. Cl. 135,
140, 135 F. Supp. 521, 524 (1955); see also Del. Valley Floral Grp. v. Shaw Rose
Nets, LLC, 597 F.3d 1374, 1383-84 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (rejecting evidence that could
have been found prior to original deciding of motion).

       II. Explanation of the Bases of APL’s Claims

       In light of the arguments brought in APL’s motion, we find it helpful to
elaborate upon the bases of the three individual claims being appealed. This is
because, as we discussed in our earlier decision (see APL, 22-1 BCA ¶ 38,074
at 184,904) and will address in more detail below, a claim “accrues,” and thus begins
running the statute of limitations clock, when all events occur that fix the liability and
permit the assertion of the claim are known or should have been known. See Federal
Acquisition Regulation (FAR) 33.201.

       A. The Bases of the Claim Appealed in ASBCA No. 62938

        The claim that is the subject of ASBCA No. 62938 was brought on October 28,
2020 and involved allegations that the Army had failed to make payments due under the
above-captioned contract (the contract) and that it had failed to pay APL the proper fee
for missions cancelled with less than 24 hours notice or any time after APL’s trucks had
reached the “origin point” on the “required spot date” (R4, tab 191 at 1-2). Notably,
nothing in this claim mentioned GPS coordinates or the Army’s GPS provider (R4,
tab 191 passim). We may thus conclude that nothing about GPS information precluded
APL from bringing this claim earlier than it did, and, as noted in our original decision
(see APL, 22-1 BCA ¶ 38,074 at 184,903), in the text of this claim, APL sought to
excuse its compliance with the statute of limitations based upon the Army’s utilizing a
disputes process or because the Army had made statements causing APL to hold off on
filing its claims (R4, tab 191 at 6, n.2).

       B. The Basis of the Claim Appealed in ASBCA No. 62939

       The claim that is the subject of ASBCA No. 62939 was also submitted on
October 28, 2020. This claim was about allegedly undercounted “demurrage.”
Demurrage is excess time that APL’s trucks spent at specified locations waiting for a
mission. Any amount of “laytime” above three days at the point of origin or at the
destination entitled APL to payment of a daily demurrage rate set forth in the contract.
According to APL, the Army undercounted the time that its trucks spent at the relevant
locations. (R4, tab 192 at 1-3) Also according to APL, it declined to prove this claim

                                             3
through the use of “ping shots” from the Army’s GDMS 5 contractor because those
snapshots of data were not precise enough for use in properly locating APL’s trucks
(id. at 4-5). APL provided an identical excuse for its late filing of this claim as it did
in the claim that would turn into Appeal No. 62938 (see R4, tab 192 at 3, n.2).
Nothing in the claim alleged that APL had been misled regarding the accuracy of the
Army’s GPS information (see R4, tab 192). 6

       C. The Basis of the Claim Appealed in ASBCA No. 62940

        The claim that is the subject of ASBCA No. 62940 was submitted on
November 10, 2020. The basis of this claim is that the government constructively
changed the contract by increasing the amount of time it took to complete certain
missions beyond the time set forth in the relevant transportation movement requests
(R4, tab 193 at 1). This claim included the same footnote justifying its tardiness as the
two claims discussed above (see id. at 4, n.4). Moreover, nothing in this claim
mentioned GPS coordinates or the Army’s GPS provider (R4, tab 193 passim). We
may thus conclude that nothing about GPS information precluded APL from bringing
this claim earlier than it did.

       III. Why APL’s Arguments Are Unavailing

       A. What is Necessary for a Claim to Accrue

        We discussed the law regarding claim accrual in our earlier decision, but repeat some
of the salient points here and elaborate upon others. “[W]hen a claim accrued is
determined in accordance with the FAR, the conditions of the contract, and the facts of
the particular case.” Triple Canopy, Inc. v. Sec’y of the Air Force, 14 F.4th 1332,
1339 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (quoting Kellogg Brown & Root Servs., Inc. v. Murphy, 823
F.3d 622, 626 (Fed. Cir. 2016)); Elec. Boat Corp. v. Sec’y of the Navy, 958 F.3d 1372,
1375 (Fed. Cir. 2020). “The issue of ‘whether the pertinent events have occurred is
determined under an objective standard; a plaintiff does not have to possess actual
knowledge of all the relevant facts in order for the cause of action to accrue.’”

5
  Although not defined in the claim, in APL’s supplemental memorandum of law in
        support of its motion, GDMS is defined as a “global distribution management
        system” which generates GPS positioning data for the Army’s use (app. supp.
        br. at 4).
6
  This last point is particularly important: the claim is ultimately that APL was not
        paid the demurrage it was owed by the contract. If APL is owed money under
        the contract here, it is on the contractual basis that it was to be paid a
        contractually-specified amount of demurrage for time spent waiting for a
        mission; not that it is has an independent basis to be owed money when there
        are GPS issues.

                                              4
FloorPro, Inc. v. United States, 680 F.3d 1377, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (quoting Fallini
v. United States, 56 F.3d 1378, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 1995)). The events fixing liability
should have been known when they occurred unless it is reasonable to find they have
been either concealed or were “inherently unknowable” at that time. Raytheon Missile
Systems, ASBCA No. 58011, 13-1 BCA ¶35,241 at 173,017.

       Relevant to the facts here and worthy of elaboration: for statute of limitations
purposes, for the claim to accrue it is sufficient for the claimant to know it was
wronged and has a cause of action against the government, not necessarily having all
the details nailed down. See Gwaltney of Smithfield v. Chesapeake Bay Found.,
484 U.S. 49, 68 (1987) (Scalia, concurring) (“[O]nly an allegation is required to
commence a lawsuit. Proof is never required . . . at that stage.” (emphasis in
original)). For example, in the somewhat similar Afghan trucking case of BNN
Logistics, ASBCA No. 61841, et al, 21-1 BCA ¶ 37,912, we held that a contractor was
positioned to know whether or not its employees were pilfering fuel, thus information
about the government’s methods of determining whether fuel was stolen was not
needed for the contractor to advance the claim that it had been wrongfully overcharged
by the government for the alleged theft. 7 See BNN, 21-1 BCA ¶ 37,912 at 184,128.

        Another helpful case involving a litigant who knew he was wronged, but
did not perfect his proof until later, is Martinez v. United States, 333 F.3d 1295 (Fed.
Cir. 2003) (en banc). Martinez, which we will discuss more later regarding the
principle of accrual suspension, involved Captain Martinez, an Army officer, who was
discharged, in part, as the result of earlier proceedings that rested upon allegedly false
testimony. Some years later, his ex-wife provided him an affidavit stating that false
testimony had been provided at the earlier proceedings as part of an effort to assist her
in obtaining child custody from Captain Martinez. Captain Martinez used this
affidavit as part of his effort to seek an administrative reversal of his discharge. After
this proved unsuccessful, he took his case to the Court of Federal Claims, more than
six years (the applicable statute of limitations) after he was discharged, but apparently
less than six years after he obtained the affidavit from his ex-wife. His suit was
dismissed on statute of limitations grounds, which he then appealed to the United
States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (the Federal Circuit). See Martinez,
333 F.3d at 1299-1301. Although Captain Martinez argued that he had no basis for
seeking relief from his discharge until after he received the affidavit from his ex-wife,
see id. at 1318-19, the Federal Circuit made clear that this was not a good argument. It
noted that Captain Martinez knew (as he saw it) at the time of his discharge that he
was the victim of fabricated charges and that:

7
    We appeared to apply similar logic to the demurrage claims in that appeal, but did
        not elaborate. See BNN, 21-1 BCA ¶ 37,912 at 184,128.

                                             5
                [t]he only thing that was different [after Captain Martinez
                obtained the affidavit] was that his claim then had more
                support than his uncorroborated word. The fact that he had
                sounder support for his claim at that point, however, is not
                a sufficient basis to establish equitable tolling.

333 F.3d at 1319 (citing Vincin v. United States, 199 Ct. Cl. 762, 468 F.2d 930,
933 (1972). More about the equitable tolling aspect below, but relevant here is the
fact that the cause of action did not accrue when Captain Martinez obtained the
evidence that (in his view) proved that he was right; rather, it accrued when he had
reason to know that he was wronged.

         B. APL Presents no Reason That it Could Not Have Brought the Claims for
            Appeal Nos. 62938 and 62940 in a Timely Fashion

         We will discuss the demurrage claim later in this decision, but we may dispose
of these two appeals with little effort. The alleged infirmities with the GPS system
that APL alleges form the basis for its motion for reconsideration played no role,
whatsoever, in these claims as far as we can tell. APL, moreover, makes no effort to
explain why it should have anything to do with them. 8 There is no argument that these
claims were not submitted more than six years after they accrued; no articulable basis
to toll the statute of limitations for these appeals; and no reason to believe discovery of
any sort would affect the accrual date. The motion to reconsider our judgment as to
these two appeals are denied.

         C. Nor is There Reason that APL Could not Have Brought the Claim for
            Appeal No. 62939 in a Timely Fashion

        As discussed above, Appeal No. 62939 is based upon a claim which posited
that APL’s trucks were waiting at the proper location for missions for a longer period
of time than specified in the contract and that the government was not paying the
contractually-specified demurrage rate for it. In the claim, APL suggests that the
reason for the government’s failure to make the proper payments was that the GPS
“ping shots” of where the trucks were was inaccurate. APL now argues that the
government knew all along that the ping shots were inaccurate, but hid that from APL
(see, e.g., app. mot. at 3). The question APL never attempts to answer is why the GPS

8
    Nor did APL even acknowledge that its GPS arguments do NOT apply to these
         claims in either its original opposition to the government’s motion for summary
         judgment or in its reconsideration motion. Though it does not affect our
         decision here, it would have been better for APL’s credibility if it had
         recognized this fact.

                                             6
system’s alleged inaccuracies (known or unknown) would have prevented it from
bringing a claim in a timely manner.

        As in BNN, where, as discussed above, the contractor’s employees knew
whether or not fuel was being pilfered and therefore the contractor should have known
whether it was wrongly being charged for stolen fuel, see 21-1 BCA ¶ 37,912
at 184,128, and also as in Martinez, where Captain Martinez knew he was being
wronged by untruthful allegations but could not perfect his proof, APL’s own
employees here (the truck drivers) knew exactly where its trucks were and whether
they were in a location that would have entitled them to demurrage. Even if
APL’s managers did not know where the individual trucks were (something we find
somewhat unlikely), APL could always have asked its drivers – especially after the
government paid it less demurrage than it had reason to anticipate. Once any
disconnect between the demurrage that APL should have anticipated and the
demurrage paid by the government became manifest, APL could have submitted a
claim, and it did not need to know exactly what was wrong with the
government’s GPS system to do so. Indeed, as we noted above, the claim that APL
submitted, while making a different excuse for being tardy, did not allege that its
failure to know that there was something wrong with the government’s GPS system
prevented it in any way from advancing its rights to compensation. APL has thus
provided no basis for us to find that its alleged lack of knowledge about any alleged
GPS issues would have prevented a timely claim.

        APL’s equitable tolling and accrual suspension arguments fare no better. “The
doctrine of equitable tolling permits the CDA’s statute of limitations to be extended so
long as an appellant: 1) has been pursuing its rights diligently; and 2) some
extraordinary circumstance stood in the way to prevent timely submission of
its claim.” Kamaludin Slyman CSC, ASBCA No. 62006 et al., 21-1 BCA ¶ 37,849
at 183,794 (citing Abozar Afzali, 20-1 BCA ¶ 37,674 at 182,892) “The diligence
required for equitable tolling purposes is ‘reasonable diligence,’ not ‘maximum
feasible diligence.’” Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. 631, 653 (2010) (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted). When determining diligence, “courts consider the
[litigant’s] overall level of care . . . in light of [its] particular circumstances.” Doe v.
Busby, 661 F.3d 1001, 1013 (9th Cir. 2011). “[T]he second prong of the equitable
tolling test is met only where the circumstances that cause a litigant’s delay are both
extraordinary and beyond its control.” Menominee, 136 S.Ct. at 756. The
“extraordinary circumstances” analysis asks whether the circumstances rendered
“critical information, reasonable investigation notwithstanding, undiscoverable[,]”
Gould v. U.S. Dep’t of Health and Human Servs., 905 F.2d 738, 745-46 (4th Cir.
1990). “[M]ere excusable neglect is not enough to establish a basis for equitable
tolling; there must be a compelling justification for delay, such as ‘where the
complainant has been induced or tricked by his adversary’s misconduct into allowing

                                             7
the filing deadline to pass.’” Martinez, 333 F.3d at 1318 (quoting Irwin v. Dep’t of
Veterans Affairs, 498 U.S. 89, 96 (1990)).

        Here, even if we take the allegations that the government hid its problems with
its GPS contractor from APL at face value, they provide no basis for equitably tolling
APL’s claim. APL always had the ability to bring its claim from the moment the
government withheld the demurrage that APL had every reason to believe was owed to
it. And there is no link between the “trickery” of the government’s allegedly
withholding the information about the GPS problems to any inducement of APL to sit
on its claims. Moreover, as we noted in our initial decision, APL has simply provided
no evidence about how it was affected by the government’s withholding. See APL,
22-1 BCA ¶ 38,074 at 184,905.

        Accrual suspension is somewhat similar to equitable tolling, though not exactly
the same thing. It occurs when the government has “concealed its acts with the result
that plaintiff was unaware of their existence or it must show that its injury was
‘inherently unknowable’ at the accrual date.” Martinez, 333 F.3d at 1319 (quoting
Weckler v. United States, 752 F.2d 1577, 1580 (Fed. Cir. 1985)). But the salient
government acts were not hidden: APL well knew that it was not being paid the full
demurrage that it alleges it was owed. Put another way, the result of the concealment
must be that APL was unaware of the basis of its claim and APL cannot contend that it
did not know that basis. For similar reasons, of course, APL’s injury was hardly
“inherently unknowable.” There is no basis for accrual suspension here.

      D. Discovery Could Not Have Changed the Results

        APL’s arguments about discovery fall onto the generic side – mostly citing
cases for the proposition that summary judgment is usually not appropriate before
discovery has begun, although also arguing that it needs more information about the
GPS system in order to present its defense (see app. mot. at 2-11). The problem is
that, for all the text in the motion spent discussing the GPS system, APL presents no
argument that this information was necessary to accrual of the claim. That is, it has
presented no potential way that this potential evidence would have changed the results
of summary judgment issued on the limited issue of the statute of limitations. As we
discussed above, the uncontroverted material facts demonstrate that, regardless of GPS
issues, APL’s claims accrued more than six years prior to their submission, and even
the hypothetical facts that APL sought to prove would not support a finding of either
equitable tolling or accrual suspension. Accordingly, because the discovery sought
“could not change the results of the pending motion for summary judgment, there is
no basis for relief” here. Kamaludin, 21-1 BCA ¶ 37,849 at 183,795 (citing Simmons
Oil Corp. v. Tesoro Petroleum Corp., 86 F.3d 1138, 1144 (Fed. Cir. 1996)).

                                           8
       E. For Similar Reasons, the Newly Discovered Evidence Changes Nothing

        The additional evidence that APL seeks to introduce regarding to the GPS
system has much sound and fury to it, but, at the end of the day, signifies nothing
material to when the statute of limitations accrued. As we made clear in both our
original decision and above in this opinion, the accrual of APL’s claims is not
dependent upon the accuracy of the government’s GPS provider or what the
government knew about it. Even if the most lurid of allegations said to be supported
by the new evidence are, in fact, borne out, they cannot erase the undisputed material
facts supporting an accrual date more than six years before APL submitted its claims.

       F. Claims for the Violation of Good Faith and Fair Dealing are Treated no
          Differently Than Other Claims for Purposes of the Statute of Limitations

        APL’s final argument is not well taken: it questions whether we, in fact,
dismissed its count regarding the alleged breach of the duty of good faith and fair
dealing (we did) and then, citing BNN, contends that good faith and fair dealing claims
are not subject to summary judgment because they are so fact-intensive (app. mot.
at 13-14 citing BNN, 21-1 BCA ¶ 37,912 at 184,126). Even a cursory review of BNN
shows that it does not mean what APL thinks it means. The fact-intensive requirement
referenced in BNN was about the elements of that cause of action, not about whether
claims alleging it are subject to the statute of limitations. See id. Indeed, to be very
clear, we did not hold in BNN or here today that summary judgment could never be
issued on the factual merits of a claim involving the duty of good faith and fair
dealing; merely that in BNN, the facts were such that more discovery was proper in
that particular case. See id. In any event, the applicability of the CDA’s statute of
limitations and suitability of summary judgment upon such grounds does not change
based upon the cause of action advanced in a claim. Accordingly, we reject this basis
for reconsideration.
                                      CONCLUSION

       The motion for reconsideration is denied.

       Dated: June 15, 2023

                                                   J. REID PROUTY
                                                   Administrative Judge
                                                   Vice Chairman
                                                   Armed Services Board
                                                   of Contract Appeals
(Signatures continued)

                                           9
 I concur                                         I concur

 RICHARD SHACKLEFORD                              OWEN WILSON
 Administrative Judge                             Administrative Judge
 Acting Chairman                                  Vice Chairman
 Armed Services Board                             Armed Services Board
 of Contract Appeals                              of Contract Appeals

      I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the Opinion and Decision of the
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals in ASBCA Nos. 62938, 62939, 62940,
Appeals of Afghan Premier Logistics, rendered in conformance with the Board’s
Charter.

       Dated: June 15, 2023

                                               PAULLA K. GATES-LEWIS
                                               Recorder, Armed Services
                                               Board of Contract Appeals

                                          10