Court Opinion

ID: 2644778
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-12-03 22:35:06.288966+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:34:52.765350
License: Public Domain

Filed 12/3/13

                      CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                 FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

LINDA ADAMS et al.,
                                                                   F062160
    Plaintiffs and Appellants,
                                                           (Super. Ct. No. 611455)
    v.

MHC COLONY PARK LIMITED                                          OPINION
PARTNERSHIP et al.,

    Defendants and Respondents.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Stanislaus County. Hurl William
Johnson III, Judge.
         Endeman, Lincoln, Turek & Heater LLP, Henry E. Heater, James C. Allen and Linda
B. Reich for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
         Horvitz & Levy, Mitchell C. Tilner, Steven S. Fleischman; Robie & Matthai,
Michael J. O’Neill, Craig W. Brunet; and Kenneth A. Kroot for Defendants and
Respondents.
                                           -ooOoo-
         More than 70 residents of a 186-space mobilehome park sued the owner for failing to
properly maintain the park’s physical improvements and common facilities, including the
park’s sewer system, water pressure, electrical system, and matters related to security such

*       Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105(b) and 8.1110, this opinion is
certified for publication with the exception of sections I, II, IV,V.B, V.C, V.D. V.E, and VI
of the Discussion.
as street lighting. The residents pursued claims for nuisance, breach of contract and
negligence. After a 43-day jury trial, the jury found in favor of only six residents.
       The losing residents filed this appeal, asserting instructional error, inconsistent
special verdicts, and the erroneous exclusion of impeachment evidence.
       We conclude that (1) the jury’s findings that there were substantial failures to
maintain the park’s improvements, that did not affect a substantial number of people, can be
reconciled with the jury’s findings that there were no breaches of contract; (2) while
erroneous, the instruction regarding the elements of a public nuisance was not prejudicial;
(3) the purportedly erroneous instruction on the elements of a private nuisance claim caused
no harm because the jury decided the private nuisance claims without reaching the disputed
elements; (4) the trial court erred by concluding the park’s rules and regulations were
unambiguous and allowed the park to rent spaces to recreational vehicles; and (5) the trial
court did not abuse its discretion when it prohibited the use of a questionnaire for
impeachment purposes because the questionnaire had not been produced during discovery.
       We therefore reverse the judgment and remand for further proceedings on the claims
that the park’s owner rented spaces to recreational vehicles.
                                         FACTS
       Appellant Linda Adams and over 70 other former and current residents of a
mobilehome park named Colony Park Estates and located in Ceres, California (the Park)
sued the owners and operators of the Park. They alleged the Park’s improvements and
common facilities had not been properly maintained. Only six of the plaintiffs obtained
favorable verdicts and were awarded damages.
       The appellants are Linda Adams and 62 other residents who did not prevail at trial.
Unless the context indicates otherwise, the appellants are referred to as the “plaintiffs.”

                                               2.
       Equity Lifestyle Properties, Inc.1 is the parent company of the entities named as
defendants in this lawsuit. The named defendants include: (1) MHC Colony Park Limited
Partnership, doing business as Colony Park Estates; (2) MHC Colony Park, L.L.C.; (3)
MHC Financing Limited Partnership Two; and (4) MHC-QRS Two, Inc. The limited
partnerships are the current or former owners of the Park and the two other entities are their
general partners. For purposes of the verdict, the named defendants stipulated that they
could be treated as one entity. In this opinion, we will refer to these entities as “defendants”
or “Colony Park.”
       In this appeal, plaintiffs have not challenged the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting the special verdicts or raised other issues that require a detailed description of the
evidence presented at trial. Consequently, we will provide only a brief overview of the
positions presented by the parties during the trial.
       Plaintiffs contended that the Park was not properly maintained over the past 10 years.
As to the Park’s sewer system, plaintiffs supported their position by referring to (1) citations
issued by the California Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD) in
2001 through 2005; (2) testimony of an inspector for HCD whose first experience with the
Park was a sewage spill in the 1990’s; and (3) the testimony of many of the plaintiffs
regarding their experiences with the system. The plaintiffs also challenged defendants’
handling of abandoned mobilehomes and its maintenance of the Park’s water system,
electrical system, and common areas and facilities.
       Defendants’ theory of this case is that it was filed because the residents of the Park
were unhappy with a rent increase. Defendants contend that after the notices of rent
increase were sent in November 2005, the residents began to picket and advocate for the

1      In Manufactured Home Communities, Inc. v. County of San Diego (9th Cir. 2011)
655 F.3d 1171, the court stated this entity was formerly known as Manufactured Home
Communities, Inc. and was a real estate investment trust based in Chicago that owned and
operated mobilehome parks throughout the United States. (Id. at p. 1173.)

                                               3.
adoption of rent control. Defendants note the absence of written complaints about
conditions at the Park before the rent increase was announced, its own policy of promptly
acting on complaints by residents, and the increase in vandalism to the Park’s sewer system
after the rent increase was announced.
       In short, the parties held very different views about whether problems existed, the
severity of the problems, and the source of some of the problems—particularly whether
residents vandalized the sewer system in retaliation for the increase in rent.
                                      PROCEEDINGS
       Plaintiffs filed this action on December 1, 2006. The operative pleading is the first
amended complaint (FAC), which included causes of action for nuisance, breach of
contract, negligence, intentional interference with property rights, and various other claims.
The FAC did not include claims for misrepresentation or fraud.
       In the nuisance cause of action, plaintiffs alleged that defendants maintained a
nuisance “by substantially failing to maintain the Park’s common areas, facilities, and
physical improvements in good working order and condition .…” The alleged failures to
maintain concerned the sewer system, the water system, drainage, the electrical system, the
streets within the Park, lighting and other security measures, the gas delivery system, the
laundry facilities, the swimming pool, and other facilities. Plaintiffs also alleged that the
Park’s manager violated the Park’s rules. Based on the alleged failures to maintain and
violations of the Park’s rules, plaintiffs asserted that “defendants created and maintained
both a private and a public nuisance at common law and under Civil Code section 798.87.”
       The lawsuit was tried before a jury in August, September and October of 2010. On
Thursday, October 14, 2010, the testimony of the last witness was presented. The court
directed the jury to return the following Tuesday for instructions and final arguments.
       On Friday, October 15, 2010, the trial court and counsel worked on the jury
instructions. That afternoon, the court went on the record and stated: “I think for the most
part we’ve reached an agreement [on] how we’re going to instruct this jury.” The court

                                               4.
stated its understanding that the plaintiffs were going to proceed on causes of action for
public and private nuisance, breach of contract and negligence, which plaintiffs’ counsel
confirmed.
       The morning of Tuesday, October 19, 2010, prior to closing arguments, counsel for
plaintiffs submitted a handwritten proposed jury instruction to the trial court regarding an
implied contractual duty to maintain the Park’s facilities and improvements in good working
order and condition. Additional facts relevant to the untimeliness of this proposed
instruction are discussed in part II.B, post.
       Counsel’s arguments to the jury were completed at the end of the day on Friday,
October 22, 2010. The jury was directed to complete a “Special Verdict for Public
Nuisance” (some capitalization omitted) and 44 special verdict forms for the claims of the
individual plaintiffs for breach of contract, private nuisance and negligence.
       As to the public nuisance claim, the jury found there was “a substantial failure by
Colony Park to provide and maintain the physical improvements of the Park and the
common facilities in good working order and condition.” However, the jury also found the
substantial failure did not affect a substantial number of people at the same time. On the
second basis for the public nuisance claim, the jury found there was no substantial violation
by Colony Park of the Park’s rules and regulations. Therefore, plaintiffs obtained no
monetary or injunctive relief under their public nuisance claim.
       The special verdict forms for the claims of the individual plaintiffs contained 19
questions—three for breach of contract claim, eight for private nuisance, three for
negligence, and five questions concerning damages. Only 44 special verdict forms were
needed for the 72 plaintiffs because the forms addressed the claims relating to a single rental
space and, in many instances, two or three plaintiffs lived together.
       The jury found in favor of Joyce and Richard Avana (the Avanas) on their claim for
private nuisance. Joyce Avana and her son Richard rented space 16. During closing
argument, plaintiffs’ attorney asserted that the sewer records showed backup after backup in

                                                5.
the Avanas’ home during 2004, 2005 and 2006. The attorney requested $40,497 in damages
for overpayment of rent and $16,325 for loss of use and enjoyment. He also asserted: “To
repair the home of the damage that’s been done by the park is $17,143.” The jury awarded
$10,000 in damages for the cost of repair or replacement. No other damages were awarded.
       The jury also found in favor of Erika and Alfonso Barragan (the Barragans), who
rented space 61, on their claim for private nuisance. During closing argument, the attorney
asserted (1) the sewer backed up into their home causing them to spend $2,500 to replace
the flooring and (2) the unit did not get sufficient amperage because of problems with the
electrical pedestal connected to their unit. The jury found that the Barragans suffered
$16,275 in economic damages2 and that Erika Barragan suffered $15,000 in noneconomic
damages. In addition, the jury apportioned 25 percent of the fault to Erika, 25 percent to
Alfonso, and 50 percent to defendants.
       The jury found in favor of Milagro and Israel Cermeno (the Cermenos) on their
negligence claim. The Cermenos rented space 75A. During closing argument, plaintiffs’
attorney mentioned the problems the Cermenos had with flushing their toilet and slow
drainage, though no sewage spills occurred inside their home. Counsel also mentioned
problems with low water pressure and electrical service, maintenance of the laundry room,
access to the fitness room, and rats infesting their home after a nearby abandoned home was
demolished. The jury found the Cermenos incurred $4,200 in economic damages and
Milagro Cermenos suffered $10,000 in noneconomic damages.

2      The jury awarded $0 for overpayment of rent; $7,775 for loss of use and enjoyment
of home, and $8,500 for cost of repair or replacement. During closing argument, plaintiffs’
attorney requested $40,497 for overpayment of rent; $14,508 for loss of use and enjoyment;
and $20,466 for the cost of fixing the home.

                                              6.
       As to the claims of the remaining 64 plaintiffs, the jury found in favor of the
defendants.3 On December 20, 2010, the trial court filed a judgment that implemented the
jury’s special verdicts.
       Plaintiffs then filed a timely motion for new trial or, in the alternative, for judgment
notwithstanding the verdict. The motion asserted (1) instructional error regarding the
elements of public nuisance; (2) inconsistent special verdicts regarding public nuisance and
breach of contract; (3) inconsistency between the finding of no public nuisance and the
findings of nuisance with respect to the Avanas, the Barragans and the Cermenos; and (4)
insufficiency of the evidence to justify the verdict.
       Following a hearing, the court filed a minute order denying plaintiffs’ motion.
       In March 2011, 66 of the plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal relating to the judgment
after jury trial and the order denying their motion for a new trial. Two weeks later, an
amended notice of appeal was filed that listed only 63 of the plaintiffs as pursuing the
appeal. The plaintiffs who won at trial—the Avanas, the Barragans and the Cermenos—are
not parties to this appeal.
                                        DISCUSSION
I.     CONSISTENCY OF SPECIAL VERDICTS*
       A.      Basic Principles of Law Governing Inconsistent Verdicts
       Pursuant to subdivision 6 of Code of Civil Procedure section 657, a new trial may be
granted if the verdict “is against law.” Inconsistent verdicts are “against law” for purposes
of the statute and, therefore, constitute proper grounds for a new trial. (Morris v.
McCauley’s Quality Transmission Service (1976) 60 Cal. App. 3d 964, 970.) An appellate
court may not avoid the need for a new trial by choosing which of the inconsistent answers

3      Two of the plaintiffs, the estates of Nancy Faughn and Walter Faughn, did not obtain
a jury verdict because their claims were dismissed for nonsuit during the trial.
*      See footnote, ante, page 1.

                                               7.
in the special verdicts to implement. (Singh v. Southland Stone, U.S.A., Inc. (2010) 186
Cal. App. 4th 338, 358.)
       The consistency of special verdicts is analyzed as a matter of law. (City of San Diego
v. D.R. Horton San Diego Holding Co., Inc. (2005) 126 Cal. App. 4th 668, 678.) Therefore,
we will conduct an independent review of the jury’s answers to the questions in the special
verdicts. (Collins v. Navistar, Inc. (2013) 214 Cal. App. 4th 1486, 1500 [special verdict’s
correctness subject to de novo review].) When conducting this independent review, we do
not infer findings and do not indulge any presumption in favor of upholding the special
verdicts. (Orthopedic Systems, Inc. v. Schlein (2011) 202 Cal. App. 4th 529, 542.)
Nevertheless, inconsistency is established only when there is no possibility of reconciling
the answers in the special verdicts with each other. (Singh v. Southland Stone, U.S.A., Inc.,
supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p. 357.)
       B.     Contents of the Special Verdicts
       Plaintiffs’ claim of inconsistency involves the jury’s answer to the first question in
the special verdict for public nuisance and the answers to a breach of contract question in
the 44 special verdicts for the claims of the individual plaintiffs. Our analysis of the
asserted inconsistency is not limited to those answers because the jury’s other findings
might help explain or reconcile the answers that plaintiffs contend are inconsistent.
              1.     Questions and Answers Concerning Public Nuisance

       The jury answered “Yes” to the first question in the special verdict form for public
nuisance. It asked whether there was “a substantial failure by Colony Park to provide and
maintain the physical improvements of the Park and the common facilities in good working
order and condition.” The jury answered “No” to the second question, which asked if there
was a substantial violation by Colony Park of the Park’s rules. These two answers establish
that the jury found one or more substantial failures to maintain the physical improvements

                                               8.
and/or the common facilities in good working order and condition, but did not find a
substantial violation of the Park’s rules and regulations.
       Next, the jury answered “Yes” to the third question in the special verdict form for
public nuisance. That question asked whether the substantial failure was of such a nature,
duration, or amount as to be injurious to health, or offensive to senses, or an obstruction to
the free use of property so as to interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property.
       The jury proceeded to the fourth question and answered “No” to whether the
substantial failure affected a substantial number of people at the same time. As directed in
the special verdict, the jury did not answer the last three questions of the special verdict for
public nuisance. Those questions addressed whether an ordinary person would have been
reasonably annoyed or disturbed by the substantial failure, whether the substantial failure
caused harm, and whether there was a current failure to maintain certain of the physical
facilities at the Park.4
       In summary, the answers provided in the special verdict for public nuisance establish
that the jury found there were one or more substantial failures to maintain the Park’s
physical improvements and/or the common facilities in good working order and condition,
but that the failure or failures did not affect a substantial number of people at the same time.
               2.      Question and Answer Regarding Breach of Contract

       Forty-four special verdict forms were submitted to the jury for each plaintiff or
plaintiffs for three individual causes of action: breach of contract, private nuisance, and
negligence. Question No. 1 asked whether the defendants had breached their contract with a
particular plaintiff or plaintiffs. For example, the “Special Verdict for Plaintiff Linda
Adams [Space 135],” (some capitalization omitted) asked: “Did the Defendants breach their

4      The physical facilities listed in the special verdict form were the sewer system, water
pressure, electrical service, vacant spaces and security.

                                               9.
contract with Plaintiff LINDA ADAMS?” The jury answered “No” to this question and the
first breach of contract question in the other 43 special verdict forms.
       Plaintiffs argue that the jury’s finding, contained in question No. 1 of the special
verdict for public nuisance, that there was a substantial failure to maintain the Park’s
physical improvements and/or the common facilities in good working order and condition,
should have lead the jury to find a breach of contract occurred.
               3.      Questions and Answers Regarding Private Nuisance

       Question No. 4 in the special verdict for the claims of Linda Adams addressed the
existence of a private nuisance by asking: “As to Plaintiff LINDA ADAMS, was there a
substantial failure by Defendants to provide and maintain the physical improvements of the
Park and the common facilities in good working order and condition?” The other 43 special
verdict forms for the individual claims contained the same question, tailored to the particular
plaintiff or plaintiffs.
       On the three special verdict forms for the successful plaintiffs,5 the jury answered
this question “Yes.” On the special verdict forms for the plaintiffs pursuing this appeal, the
jury answered “No.”
       These answers to questions about private nuisance mean that the jury found there was
a substantial failure to maintain physical improvements or common facilities in good
working order as to only three sets of plaintiffs and no such failure existed as to the
plaintiffs that are pursuing this appeal. The jury’s findings regarding private nuisance
explain why the jury answered “No” to the question in the special verdict for public
nuisance that asked whether the substantial failure affected a substantial number of people
at the same time. To summarize these findings, the substantial failures affected only the six
successful plaintiffs and did not affect the remaining plaintiffs.

       5The successful plaintiffs were the Avanas (space 16), the Barragans (space 61), and
the Cermenos (space 75A).

                                               10.
       C.     Plaintiffs’ Contentions and Trial Court’s Rationale
       The unsuccessful plaintiffs contend that one of the alleged breaches of contract
concerned the defendants’ failure to maintain the Park’s physical improvements and
common facilities in good working order and condition. Because this theory of breach is
nearly identical to the elements of public nuisance addressed in question no. 1 the first
question in the special verdict for public nuisance—the only difference being that the breach
of contract claim did not require a “substantial” failure—plaintiffs contend that the jury
could not rationally find a substantial failure and also find that no breach of contract
occurred.
       The trial court addressed this argument when it denied plaintiffs’ motion for new
trial. The court applied the beyond-the-possibility-of-reconciliation test and stated that it
did “not find the verdicts to be inconsistent .…” The court supported its conclusion by
stating:

       “The jury was properly instructed as to the elements of a breach of contract as
       well as defenses thereto. CACI 319 was given which provided for a defense
       to the alleged breach of contract that in essence states that the park
       owner/management was given a reasonable amount of time to address tenant
       complaints. This instruction was specific as to the breach of contract claim.
       The evidence from the defense point of view was that the defense attempted to
       deal with each issue or complaint in a timely fashion. Many of the residents,
       who also are suing for breach of contract, did not make known to the
       management their complaints.”6
       The trial court also found the negative findings on the breach of contract claims were
supported by the evidence and could have been based on a myriad of factors.
       Plaintiffs address the point that the contracts allowed a reasonable time for repairs by
arguing:

6      The jury was instructed: “If a contract does not state a specific time which the parties
are to meet the requirements of the contract, then the party must meet them within a
reasonable time. What is a reasonable time depends on the facts of each case .…”

                                              11.
        “[Defendants] presume the jury did not find a contractual failure to maintain
        because [defendants] always responded to problems within a reasonable time.
        If, however, [defendants] acted quickly enough to avoid breaching its
        contractual duty of mere failure-to-maintain, then how could that mere failure
        to maintain then ripen into a substantial failure to maintain? The answer is, it
        could not.”
        This argument is not persuasive because nothing in the record indicates the jury was
instructed that a failure to maintain would be deemed insubstantial if the defendants cured
the problem within a reasonable time after being notified. Furthermore, it does not make
sense to infer the jury interpreted “substantial” in the manner now put forth by plaintiffs.
For example, an overflowing toilet might cause extensive damage to flooring and carpeting
and thus be deemed a substantial failure of the sewer system even if the cause of the
overflow is addressed promptly and the problem does not occur again.
        D.     The Special Verdicts Can Be Reconciled
        We conclude that the jury’s findings that the defendants did not breach their contract
with any of the plaintiffs in this appeal can be reconciled with the finding that there were
one or more substantial failures to maintain the Park’s physical improvements or common
facilities in good working order and condition.
        It is reasonable to interpret the jury’s answers to mean that the physical
improvements that were not maintained affected only those plaintiffs who won favorable
verdicts on their private nuisance claims. Thus, the failures to maintain physical
improvements did not affect the unsuccessful plaintiffs and, accordingly, would not have
breached any obligation to maintain physical improvements owed to those plaintiffs.
        Also, it is reasonable to interpret the special verdicts addressing the successful
plaintiffs’ breach of contract claims to mean that the failures to maintain that affected them
were addressed within a reasonable time. There is nothing in the instructions to negate the
possibility that the jury found the failures affecting the Avanas, the Barragans and the
Cermenos were “substantial” and also found the failures were repaired within a reasonable
time.

                                               12.
       For example, with respect to the Avanas’ problem involving a sewage spill from a
line next to their home, the jury could have found this event resulted from a substantial
failure to maintain, but that defendants responded in a timely manner by having the tree and
its roots removed the same day the spill was reported.
       Therefore, plaintiffs have not established that there is no possibility of reconciling the
answers in the special verdicts with each other. (Singh v. Southland Stone, U.S.A., Inc.,
supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p. 357.) Because it is possible to reconcile the special verdicts,
we reject plaintiffs’ argument that the special verdicts were inconsistent and a new trial is
necessary.
II.    JURY INSTRUCTION REGARDING CONTRACTUAL DUTY IMPLIED BY
       LAW*
       A.     Proposed Instruction
       On Tuesday morning, October 19, 2010 (the day closing arguments started), counsel
for plaintiffs submitted a hand-written proposed jury instruction to the trial court. The
proposed instruction stated:

       “Plaintiffs’ contracts with defendants contain a promise by defendants to
       maintain the Park’s common facilities and physical improvements in good
       working order and condition. This promise is implied by law, whether it
       appears in the contract or not.”
       The trial court refused to give the proposed instruction and set forth on the record a
number of grounds for the refusal. Among other things, the court stated that (1) it did not
think the proposal was a proper instruction and (2) the proposal should have been presented
to the court “a long time ago.”
       The trial court’s refusal to give the proposed instruction could be upheld on a variety
of grounds. For the sake of brevity, we will address only timeliness.

*      See footnote, ante, page 1.

                                              13.
       B.     Requested Instruction Was Untimely
       Code of Civil Procedure section 607a addresses proposed jury instructions and
requires counsel, “before the first witness is sworn, to deliver to the judge presiding at the
trial … all proposed instructions to the jury covering the law as disclosed by the pleadings.”
       Plaintiffs’ opening brief devotes a single paragraph to the argument that the trial
court erred by refusing to give the instruction. That paragraph does not address the
timeliness of the request.7 Furthermore, plaintiffs reply brief does not mention the proposed
instruction at all, much less present an explanation for why the request was timely.
       Plaintiffs’ failure to address the timeliness issue in their appellate briefing leads us to
conclude that they have failed to carry their burden of demonstrating that the trial court
erred when it determined the proposed instruction should have been presented “a long time
ago.” (See Denham v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal. 3d 557, 564 [appellant must
affirmatively demonstrate error].) Furthermore, case law indicates that a trial court does not
abuse its discretion when it refuses to give an instruction offered the morning that final jury
arguments are to commence. (Wilson v. Gilbert (1972) 25 Cal. App. 3d 607, 613.)
       Therefore, we will uphold the trial court’s refusal of the proposed instruction
concerning an implied-by-law contractual duty.
III.   JURY INSTRUCTIONS REGARDING PUBLIC NUISANCE
       A.     Rules of Law Concerning Public Nuisance
              1.     Common Law Public Nuisance

       In 1872, the California Legislature codified a number of common law principles
regarding nuisance. (People ex rel. Gallo v. Acuna (1997) 14 Cal. 4th 1090, 1104.) The

7      The point was not raised “under a separate heading or subheading summarizing the
point,” which violated the requirements of California Rules of Court, rule 8.204(a)(1)(B).
This violation is one of the other grounds for rejecting plaintiffs’ claim of trial court error
regarding the implied promise instruction. (Akins v. State of California (1998) 61
Cal. App. 4th 1, 17, fn. 9 [appellate courts may disregard arguments that do not comply with
the rule].)

                                               14.
Legislature defined a nuisance in Civil Code section 3479 as anything that is “injurious to
health, ... or is indecent or offensive to the senses, or an obstruction to the free use of
property, so as to interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property, or unlawfully
obstructs the free passage or use, in the customary manner, of any navigable lake, or river,
bay, stream, canal, or basin, or any public park, square, street, or highway ….” A nuisance
qualifies as a public nuisance when it “affects at the same time an entire community or
neighborhood, or any considerable number of persons, although the extent of the annoyance
or damage inflicted upon individuals may be unequal.” (Civ. Code, § 3480.) The concept
of a private nuisance includes all those nuisances not covered by the definition of public
nuisance (Civ. Code, § 3481) and also includes some public nuisances. (47 Cal.Jur.3d
(2010) Nuisances, § 27 p. 303 [nuisance may be both public and private under certain
circumstances].) In other words, it is possible for a nuisance to be public and, from the
perspective of individuals who suffer an interference with their use and enjoyment of land,
to be private as well. (Friends of H Street v. City of Sacramento (1993) 20 Cal. App. 4th 152,
160.)
         A private nuisance cause of action requires the plaintiff to prove an injury
specifically referable to the use and enjoyment of his or her land. (Monks v. City of Rancho
Palos Verdes (2008) 167 Cal. App. 4th 263, 302.)
         The remedies for a public nuisance are (1) indictment or information (i.e., a criminal
proceeding); (2) a civil action; or (3) abatement. (Civ. Code, § 3491.) In contrast, the
remedies for a private nuisance are limited to a civil action or abatement. (Civ. Code, §
3501.)
                2.     Public Nuisance under the Mobilehome Residency Law

         In 1982, the Legislature enacted Civil Code section 798.87. (Stats. 1982, ch. 1392, §
2, p. 5306.) The current version provides:

         “(a) The substantial failure of the management to provide and maintain
         physical improvements in the common facilities in good working order and

                                                15.
       condition shall be deemed a public nuisance. Notwithstanding Section 3491,
       this nuisance may only be remedied by a civil action or abatement.

       “(b) The substantial violation of a mobilehome park rule shall be deemed a
       public nuisance. Notwithstanding Section 3491, this nuisance may only be
       remedied by a civil action or abatement.”8
       The foregoing failures and violations, despite being deemed public nuisances, may be
remedied only by a civil action or abatement. (Civ. Code, § 798.87, subds. (a) & (b).)
Thus, unlike common law public nuisances, they may not be remedied in criminal
proceedings. Subdivision (c) of Civil Code section 798.87 states that a civil action under
this section may be brought by a park resident, park management, or a district or city
attorney.
       The Legislative Counsel’s Digest described the statute as providing “that both the
failure of the management of a mobilehome park to provide and maintain physical
improvements in the common facilities in good working order and condition and the
violation of a mobilehome park rule are nuisances as specified.” (Legis. Counsel’s Dig.,
Assem. Bill No. 1324 (1981-1982 Reg. Sess.) 6 Stats. 1982, Summary Dig., p. 504, italics
added.)
       B.     Contentions of the Parties
       Plaintiffs’ FAC alleged that “defendants created and maintained both a private and a
public nuisance at common law and under Civil Code section 798.87.” Plaintiffs asserted
they presented a revised set of proposed instructions that included a proposed instruction
defining a public nuisance in two separate ways—the first based on the statutory criteria of
Civil Code section 798.87 and the second based on the common law elements codified in
Civil Code section 3479. Plaintiffs contend that the trial court erroneously instructed the
jury on the law of public nuisance by conflating the two theories into a single instruction

8      A 1983 amendment added the word “substantial” to subdivisions (a) and (b). (Stats.
1983, ch. 187, § 1.) Proponents of this amendment asserted it would prevent the use of the
new law for the smallest of infractions and would discourage frivolous lawsuits.

                                             16.
and special verdict form. In plaintiffs’ view, the jury should have been allowed to find a
statutory public nuisance existed based solely on the criteria in Civil Code section 798.87,
which was drafted specifically to address situations arising in mobilehome parks, and should
not have been required to find additional elements pertaining to a common law public
nuisance.9
       Defendants counter plaintiffs’ contention by asserting that (1) plaintiffs agreed to the
public nuisance instruction and, thus, their challenge is barred by the doctrine of invited
error or waiver; (2) the public nuisance instructions were correct; and (3) the instructional
error, if any, was harmless.
       C.     Instructional Error
       Based on the mandatory language in Civil Code section 798.87—“shall be deemed a
public nuisance”—and the legislative history, which includes the summary in the
Legislative Counsel’s Digest that refers to “nuisances as specified,” we conclude that the
substantial failure to maintain described in subdivision (a) of Civil Code section 798.87 and
the substantial violation of park rules described in subdivision (b) constitute public
nuisances that can be proven without the need to show the additional elements of a common
law public nuisance.
       A contrary reading of the statute would mean that the Legislature did not expand the
existing remedies available to park residents, but actually narrowed available remedies, as
the newly described public nuisances may not be addressed in criminal proceedings.
Nothing in the legislative history presented to this court indicates that the Legislature
thought the common law formulation of public nuisance was too broad when applied to

9      Under this theory of error, plaintiffs assert that the jury should not have been asked
the fourth or fifth questions in the special verdict for public nuisance. The fourth question
asked whether the substantial failure to provide and maintain improvements and facilities
“affect[ed] a substantial number of people at the same time.” The jury answered that
question “No,” and did not reach the fifth question.

                                              17.
mobilehome parks and, therefore, needed to be restricted. To the contrary, the legislative
history indicates that the existing rules regarding public nuisance were not adequate and
special rules were needed to address problems peculiar to mobilehome parks.
        Therefore, we agree with plaintiffs that the instructions and the special verdict form
for public nuisance contained legal error in that they added elements of a common law
public nuisance to the two types of public nuisance created by subdivisions (a) and (b) of
Civil Code section 798.87.
        In addition, the instructions and verdict form contained an additional misstatement of
law because they did not track the language in subdivision (a) of Civil Code section 798.87,
which refers to “substantial failure of the management to provide and maintain physical
improvements in the common facilities in good working order and condition.” (Boldface
added.) Because of the limiting effect of the prepositional phrase “in the common
facilities,” the statutory provision does not extend to physical improvements that are not part
of the “common facilities.”10
        In comparison, the instructions and verdict forms referred to “a substantial failure by
Colony Park to provide and maintain the physical improvements of the Park and the
common facilities in good working order and condition.” (Boldface added.) By changing
the statute’s “in” to the word “and,” the trial court expanded the statutory language so that
the instructions included all physical improvements, whether or not they were “in common
facilities.”
        Plaintiffs did not raise this second instructional error in their papers and, at oral
argument, confirmed that they were not pursuing it. We have described the failure to track
the statutory language here because that error affects how the jury’s answers in the special

10     For example, an electrical pedestal on a particular lot would be a physical
improvement, but it would not be a physical improvement “in the common facilities.” Thus,
failures to maintain an electrical pedestal for a single lot could not be deemed a public
nuisance under subdivision (a) of Civil Code section 798.87.

                                                18.
verdicts are interpreted. Specifically, if the correct wording had been used, then the jury’s
answers to the question in the special verdict for public nuisance about substantial failures to
maintain would have indicated a problem that involved the common facilities. Instead, the
jury’s “yes” answer to that question may have been based on failures to maintain physical
improvements on particular lots that had no impact on any common facility.
       D.     Demonstrating Prejudice from Instructional Error
       Not all instructional errors require reversal and a new trial. To obtain a reversal, an
appellant must establish that the error was prejudicial.
              1.     Rules of Law Governing Appellate Inquiry into Prejudice

       Article VI, section 13 of the California Constitution provides that “[n]o judgment
shall be set aside, or a new trial granted, in any cause, on the ground of misdirection of the
jury … unless, after an examination of the entire cause, including the evidence, the court
shall be of the opinion that the error complained of has resulted in a miscarriage of
justice.”11
       The California Supreme Court has interpreted the “miscarriage of justice” phrase as
prohibiting a reversal unless there is “a reasonable probability that in the absence of the
error, a result more favorable to the appealing party would have been reached.” (Soule v.
General Motors Corp. (1994) 8 Cal. 4th 548, 574.) Thus, when challenging the jury
instructions given in a civil case, the appellant must show it was “reasonably probable the
jury would have returned a more favorable verdict.” (Holmes v. Petrovich Development
Co., LLC (2011) 191 Cal. App. 4th 1047, 1073.)

11     This constitutional provision has a statutory parallel: “No judgment … shall be
reversed … by reason of any error, ruling, instruction, or defect, unless it shall appear from
the record that such error, ruling, instruction, or defect was prejudicial, and also that by
reason of such error, ruling, instruction, or defect, the said party complaining or appealing
sustained and suffered substantial injury, and that a different result would have been
probable if such error … or defect had not occurred or existed.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 475.)

                                              19.
       The California Supreme Court also has provided guidance for applying the
constitutional requirement for “an examination of the entire cause” (Cal. Const., art. VI, §
13) when assessing prejudice from instructional error. Insofar as relevant, courts should
consider (1) the degree of conflict in the evidence on the critical issues; (2) whether the
winning side’s argument to the jury may have contributed to the instruction’s misleading
effect; (3) whether the jury requested rereading of the erroneous instruction or related
evidence; (4) the closeness of the jury’s verdict; and (5) the effect of other instructions in
remedying the error. (Soule v. General Motors Corp., supra, 8 Cal.4th at pp. 570-571.)
Stated more succinctly, the assessment “requires evaluation of several factors, including the
evidence, counsel’s argument, the effect of other instructions, and any indication by the jury
itself that it was misled.” (Id. at p. 574.)
       An appellate court’s responsibility to conduct “an examination of the entire cause”
(Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13) is triggered “when and only when the appellant has fulfilled his
duty to tender a proper prejudice argument. Because of the need to consider the particulars
of the given case, rather than the type of error, the appellant bears the duty of spelling out in
his brief exactly how the error caused a miscarriage of justice.” (Paterno v. State of
California (1999) 74 Cal. App. 4th 68, 106.) These principles are derived from the axiom
that prejudice is not presumed and the burden is on the appealing party to demonstrate that
prejudice has occurred. (Id. at p. 105.)
               2.     Argument Regarding Prejudice

       In their opening brief, plaintiffs simply argued that they “clearly were prejudiced by
this error” in the instructions regarding public nuisance. By relying on this conclusory
assertion of prejudice, plaintiffs (1) failed to articulate the more favorable result that they
believe would have been achieved in the absence of the instructional error and (2) failed to
analyze the factors (i.e., the evidence, counsel’s argument, the other instructions and special

                                               20.
verdicts) that are used to assess whether that more favorable result was a reasonably
probability.
       Therefore, plaintiffs’ opening brief failed to carry their burden of affirmatively
demonstrating the existence of a prejudicial error. (See Scheenstra v. California Dairies,
Inc. (2013) 213 Cal. App. 4th 370, 403 [“fundamental rule of appellate review is that the
appellant must affirmatively show prejudicial error”].)
       Defendants’ opposition brief raised the question of prejudice by contending that
plaintiffs would have lost even if the purported instructional error did not exist. Plaintiffs’
reply brief responded with the following argument:

       “[Defendants] overlook the fact that there was substantial evidence in the
       record to support a verdict in favor of [Plaintiffs]. Indeed, the jury did find in
       the special verdict that [Defendants] had substantially failed to maintain the
       Park in good working order and condition. They found a nuisance per se
       under Civil Code section 798.87. [Plaintiffs] could have used that verdict to
       seek injunctive repairs. The jury could have used that verdict to find a private
       nuisance and award damages.”12
       This argument at least addresses the starting point of a prejudice analysis by
identifying the more favorable results that plaintiffs believe they would have achieved in the
absence of the alleged instructional error. First, plaintiffs assert they had a reasonable
probability of obtaining an injunction requiring repairs. Second, plaintiffs assert they would
have been able to obtain damages.

12      Generally, appellate courts will consider an argument raised for the first time in a
reply brief only if the appellant presents a good reason for failing to present the argument
earlier. (Lister v. Bowen (2013) 215 Cal. App. 4th 319, 336-337.) Here, plaintiffs have not
presented a good reason for failing to analyze prejudice in their opening brief. This failure
represents a separate and independent ground for our rejection of their claim that the
instruction on the elements of a public nuisance constituted reversible error.

                                               21.
              3.      Possibility of Injunctive Relief

       Here, the jury found that (1) regarding the claim of a public nuisance, the substantial
failure or failures to maintain did not affect a substantial number of people at the same time;
(2) regarding the private nuisance claims of each of the unsuccessful plaintiffs, there was no
substantial failure by defendants to provide and maintain physical improvements or
common facilities in good working order and condition; and (3) a substantial failure to
maintain occurred only as to the Avanas, the Barragans and the Cermenos—the successful
plaintiffs who rented spaces 16, 61 and 75, respectively. As to the Cermenos, the jury found
that the substantial failure to maintain did not cause them harm. Thus, the Cermenos did not
prevail on their private nuisance theory, but prevailed on their negligence claim.
       These explicit findings by the jury lead us to conclude that the substantial failures to
maintain physical improvements or common facilities in good working order and condition
that were the basis of the jury’s answer to the first question in the special verdict on public
nuisance affected only the Avanas and the Barragans and did not affect any of the plaintiffs
pursuing this appeal.
       Defendants’ opposition brief identifies the problems experienced by the Avanas and
the Barragans and argues that there is no abatement necessary or possible. Defendants
assert (1) the Avanas’ problem involved a spill from a sewer line next to their home caused
by tree roots, and (2) the tree was removed the same day the spill occurred, and (3) the
Avanas experienced no further spills. As to the Barragans, defendants assert they had a
problem with their electrical pedestal and this problem did not affect the other tenants.
       Despite defendants’ specific discussion of the failures to maintain that resulted in
liability to the successful plaintiffs and how these failures fit into the jury’s other findings,
plaintiffs’ reply brief made no attempt to present an example of a failure to maintain that (1)
also fit with the jury’s findings and (2) could have been remedied by an injunction ordering
repairs. In effect, plaintiffs have relied on the theoretical possibility of injunctive relief

                                                22.
without demonstrating it was a reasonable possibility. This is not simply an oversight by
plaintiffs’ attorneys. Because the jury explicitly found that there were no substantial failures
to maintain as to each unsuccessful plaintiff, none of those plaintiffs need an injunction to
alleviate the impact of substantial failure to maintain on them. In short, the substantial
failures to maintain involved only the successful plaintiffs and not any of the plaintiffs
pursuing this appeal.
       Accordingly, based on our examination of the jury findings and the evidence
presented, we conclude the plaintiffs have not demonstrated prejudice by showing a
reasonable probability that they could have obtained an injunction ordering defendants to
repair a public nuisance.13
              4.        Possibility of Recovering Damages for a Public Nuisance

       Plaintiffs also argue the instructional error regarding public nuisance prejudiced them
because the jury could have used the “yes” answers in the verdict regarding public nuisance
to find a private nuisance and award damages.
       We reject this argument regarding prejudice because the answers in the verdict forms
regarding public nuisance and private nuisance establish that the unsuccessful plaintiffs
were not affected by, and thus could not have experienced any damages from, a substantial
failure to maintain.
       The special verdict forms dealing with the private nuisance claims required the jury
to address specifically whether, as to the individual plaintiffs, there was a substantial failure
by defendants to provide and maintain the physical improvements of the Park and the
common facilities in good working order and condition. The jury found such failures only

13     Because of our conclusion that plaintiffs have not met their burden to show
prejudicial error, we need not address the contention that plaintiffs agreed to the public
nuisance instruction and, thus, their challenge is barred by the doctrine of invited error or
waiver.

                                               23.
with respect to the successful plaintiffs. As to the unsuccessful plaintiffs, the jury found no
such failures.
       The findings that there were no substantial failures to maintain as to the unsuccessful
plaintiffs clearly means that the substantial failures to maintain, that caused the jury to
answer “yes” to the first question in the special verdict for public nuisance, affected only the
successful plaintiffs and did not affect the plaintiffs who lost at trial. It logically follows
that the finding of substantial failures to maintain in the special verdict for public nuisance
could not have been used by the unsuccessful plaintiffs to obtain damages.
       Stated from another perspective, the answers to the questions in the special verdict
forms regarding private nuisance provide this court with sufficient information to conclude
that the unsuccessful plaintiffs were not affected or damaged by defendants’ substantial
failure to provide and maintain the physical improvements of the Park and the common
facilities in good working order and condition. Indeed, as plaintiffs’ counsel pointed out
during his closing arguments to the jury, the purpose of the special verdicts regarding
private nuisance was to individualize the harm from the substantial failures found in the
answers regarding a public nuisance. This purpose was achieved when the jury found that
four of the plaintiffs were damaged under a private nuisance theory and the unsuccessful
plaintiffs were not affected by a substantial failure to maintain.
       Therefore, the jury would not have awarded monetary damages to the unsuccessful
plaintiffs if the jury had been instructed properly on public nuisance under Civil Code
section 798.87, subdivision (a). Accordingly, plaintiffs have not established that the
instructional error caused prejudice.

                                                24.
IV.      JURY INSTRUCTIONS REGARDING PRIVATE NUISANCE*
         A.     Contentions of the Parties
         Plaintiffs contend that the trial court erred by instructing the jury on private nuisance
by requiring proof of both a per se public nuisance under Civil Code section 798.87,
subdivision (a) and elements of a common law nuisance under Civil Code section 3479. In
particular, plaintiffs argue:

         “Given the jury’s finding in the Special Verdict on Public Nuisance that there
         was a per se public nuisance under Civil Code section 798.87[, subdivision]
         (a), the jury should simply have been instructed that such a nuisance was a
         private nuisance if it caused [plaintiffs] damage.”14
         In particular, plaintiffs contend the trial court erroneously required the jury to find (1)
the private nuisance constituted an unreasonable interference with the use and enjoyment of
the individual plaintiff’s property and (2) an ordinary person would have been reasonably
annoyed or disturbed by the nuisance.
         Defendants respond to the claim of instructional error regarding private nuisance by
asserting that (1) plaintiffs invited the purported error, (2) the jury’s findings rejecting the
negligence claim bars the private nuisance claims as a matter of law, and (3) the plaintiffs
are mistaken about the elements of a claim for private nuisance.
         B.     Special Verdict Forms for Public and Private Nuisance
         As previously stated, the special verdict for public nuisance contained seven
questions, the first of which originates from Civil Code section 798.87, subdivision (a), and
asked:

*        See footnote, ante, page 1.
14     Plaintiffs’ reply brief asserts that their “theory was that the public nuisance under
[Civil Code] section 798.87 was also a private nuisance because it caused [plaintiffs] special
injury.”

                                                 25.
       “Was there a substantial failure by Colony Park to provide and maintain the
       physical improvements of the Park and the common facilities in good working
       order and condition?”
       By comparison, each of the 44 special verdicts for the individual causes of action of
the plaintiffs included a set of 19 questions, eight of which addressed the private nuisance
claim. To illustrate, the initial question concerning plaintiff Linda Adams’ private nuisance
claim, which again originated under Civil Code section 798.87, subdivision (a), asked:

       “As to Plaintiff LINDA ADAMS, was there a substantial failure by
       Defendants to provide and maintain the physical improvements of the Park
       and the common facilities in good working order and condition?”
       The same question was asked for the other plaintiffs. The only difference of
substance between the first question concerning public nuisance and the first question
regarding private nuisance are that the private nuisance questions referred to each plaintiff
in the lead-in, which began: “As to Plaintiff .…”15
       The jury answered “Yes” to the first question in the special verdict for public
nuisance, but answered “No” to the initial question concerning private nuisance for each of
the unsuccessful plaintiffs. The six plaintiffs for whom the jury answered “Yes” to the
initial question concerning private nuisance are not parties to this appeal.
       As a result of the “No” answers to the initial question concerning private nuisance
under subdivision (a) of Civil Code section 798.87, the jury never answered the questions in
the special verdict form regarding the questions about the common law elements for a
private nuisance that plaintiffs contend were erroneously included in the instructions.
       Consequently, we conclude that plaintiffs have not demonstrated the inclusion of
those elements caused any prejudice to the plaintiffs. Those elements concerned whether
(1) the alleged nuisance constituted an unreasonable interference with the use and

15     The other difference in wording did not affect meaning. The question regarding
private nuisance used “Defendants” in place of “Colony Park.”

                                              26.
enjoyment of the individual plaintiff’s property and (2) an ordinary person would have been
reasonably annoyed or disturbed by the alleged nuisance.
       Because the jury never reached the questions asking whether the plaintiffs had
proved these elements, it logically follows that including the elements caused no harm to the
plaintiffs. Stated otherwise, if the erroneous elements had been eliminated from the special
verdict forms, the outcome would have been the same. The jury still would have rejected
the private nuisance claims of the plaintiffs pursuing this appeal.
V.     RECREATIONAL VEHICLES AND THE PARK’S RULES AND REGULATIONS
       Plaintiffs contend the trial court committed reversible error in an evidentiary ruling
and a jury instruction by misinterpreting the Park’s rules to mean Colony Park was allowed
to rent spaces to recreational vehicles. In plaintiffs’ view, the Park’s rules prohibited
Colony Park from renting lots to persons who intended to live on those lots in a recreational
vehicle. This claim of error requires us to determine whether the Park’s rules are ambiguous
(i.e., reasonably susceptible to more than one interpretation) on the subject of Colony Park’s
authority to rent spaces to recreational vehicles. (See Winet v. Price (1992) 4 Cal. App. 4th
1159, 1165 [the existence of contractual ambiguity is a threshold question to the
determination of meaning].)16

16     The Park began its operations in the 1970’s and, therefore, the restrictions on renting
spaces for the accommodation of recreational vehicles that are set forth in Civil Code
section 798.22 do not apply in this case. Those restrictions apply to mobilehome parks
developed after January 1, 1982.

                                              27.
          A.     Meaning of the Park’s Rules
                 1.     Contents of the Park’s Rules and Regulations

          The controversy regarding the interpretation of the Park’s rules involves provisions
in the sections labeled “PARK STANDARDS” and “VEHICLES.”17 The park standards
stated:

          “Only mobile homes approved by the Management/Park owner shall be
          admitted into the Park. Management reserves the right to refuse admission to
          any mobile home which does not meet park standards, the condition and/or
          appearance of which is misrepresented or which is not compatible with homes
          in the park, determined in terms of their size, dimensions, material, quality and
          condition.”
          Subsequent standards addressed maintenance of the “[e]xterior[] of mobile homes”
and the installation of management-approved skirting. None of the standards mentioned
recreational vehicles or motor homes.
          Motor homes and recreational vehicles were addressed later in section V.2.c of the
Park’s rules and regulations concerning vehicles:

          “Campers[,] motor homes[,] recreational vehicles, trailers, boats, etc[.] may
          not be stored or maintained on lots or driveways[.] Unless space is available
          in the Park provided storage area[,] Tenant must arrange for storage outside of
          the Park[.] Vehicles, whether in the storage area or parked at a space may not
          be used for sleeping[.] Recreational vehicles may be loaded/unloaded at the
          mobile home space for a period of 2 days before or after a trip.”
                 2.     Trial Court’s Interpretation

          During plaintiffs’ case-in-chief, the trial court considered the meaning of the
foregoing provisions of the Park’s rules and specifically addressed the argument of
plaintiff’s attorney that “only mobile homes” meant nothing else was allowed to be moved
into the Park. The court stated: “That only says what mobilehomes are going to be

17     The Park’s rules and regulations were labeled “GUIDELINES TO LIVE BY” and
included “PARK STANDARDS” as section IV.A and “VEHICLES” as section V.

                                                 28.
approved by the park. It doesn’t say, therefore, there can’t be any RVs.” The court further
explained its interpretation of the Park’s rules by stating:

       “There’s nothing that precludes the park in these contracts from renting to
       RVs. The language is specific as to what mobilehomes they’re going to
       accept or reject into the park, which is consistent with what a mobilehome
       park would do. There’s nothing in here talking about anything about being
       able to or not able to rent to RVs. It’s very clear they can rent to RVs because
       there’s things about for RV storage and what have you that’s also contained in
       the park’s rules and regulations.”
       This statement demonstrates that the trial court decided the Park’s rules were not
ambiguous. When the trial court reached this conclusion about ambiguity, the only parol
evidence before it was the testimony of a few plaintiffs that the Park manager told them that
Colony Park would not rent to recreational vehicles. Defendants prevailed on the issue
without presenting any parol evidence to support their interpretation.
              3.     Appellate Review of Ambiguity and Parol Evidence

       The standard analysis used to review a trial court’s interpretation of a written contract
is set forth in Winet v. Price, supra, 4 Cal. App. 4th 1159 and begins with the threshold
question of whether the writing is ambiguous—that is, reasonably susceptible to more than
one interpretation. (Id. at pp. 1165-1166; see Smith v. Adventist Health System/West (2010)
182 Cal. App. 4th 729, 754-755.) The inquiry into ambiguity presents a question of law
subject to independent review on appeal. (Id. at p. 1165.)
       The analysis of whether an ambiguity exists is not limited to the words of the
contract. (Scheenstra v. California Dairies, Inc., supra, 213 Cal.App.4th at p. 390.) Trial
courts are required to receive provisionally any proffered parol evidence that is relevant18 to
show whether the contractual language is reasonably susceptible to a particular meaning.

18     Evidence is relevant if it concerns a party’s outward manifestation or expression of
intent. (Winet v. Price, supra, 4 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1165-1166.) “[E]vidence of the
undisclosed subjective intent of the parties is irrelevant to determining the meaning of
contractual language.” (Id. at p. 1166, fn. 3.)

                                               29.
(Pacific Gas & E. Co. v. G.W. Thomas Drayage etc. Co. (1968) 69 Cal. 2d 33, 39-40; Winet
v. Price, supra, 4 Cal.App.4th at p. 1165.) Such parol evidence might expose a latent
ambiguity when the contract appears unambiguous on its face. (Pacific Gas & E. Co. v.
G.W. Thomas Drayage etc. Co., supra, at p. 40 & fn. 8.)
       Similarly, an appellate court must consider the proffered parol evidence when
conducting its independent review into whether an ambiguity exists. (Pacific Gas & E. Co.
v. G.W. Thomas Drayage etc. Co., supra, 69 Cal.2d at p. 40 & fn. 8.) In other words,
appellate courts evaluate the instrument’s language and relevant extrinsic evidence and
decide whether, in light of the extrinsic evidence, the language is reasonably susceptible to
the competing interpretations urged by the parties. (Ibid.)
              4.     “Only Mobile Homes” Rule

       One sentence in the Park’s rules provides: “Only mobile homes approved by the
Management/Park owner shall be admitted into the Park.” This rule identifies a single type
of structure (i.e., “mobile homes approved by the Management/Park owner”) that “shall be
admitted into the Park.” This sentence was drafted as an authorization; the Park’s rules do
not address the “admission” question from the opposite perspective and list the types of
structures and vehicles that are prohibited from specifically renting a space or being
“admitted” into the Park.
       We will consider whether it is reasonable to interpret this “only mobile homes” rule
as prohibiting the rental of lots to persons intending to live in recreational vehicles, which
are not mentioned. This inquiry requires us to consider the meaning of the word “only” and
the verb phrase “shall be admitted.”
       Generally, contractual language is read in its “ordinary and popular sense.” (Civ.
Code, § 1644.) The ordinary or common meaning of a word often is obtained by courts
from dictionary definitions. (E.g., People ex rel. Lockyer v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.

                                              30.
(2004) 116 Cal. App. 4th 1253, 1263 [courts typically look to dictionaries to determine a
word’s common meaning].)
       Black’s Law Dictionary (5th ed. 1979) defines “only” as “[s]olely; merely; … of or
by itself; without anything more; exclusive; nothing else or more.” (Id. at p. 982.) Another
dictionary defines the word “only” to mean “without companions or associates” and “alone
in an indicated … category.” (Webster’s 3d New Internat. Dict. (1993) p. 1577, col. 1.) Its
synonyms include lone, isolated, sole and single. (Ibid.) Based on these dictionary
definitions, the word “only” is not ambiguous. When a contract says “only A,” it means “A
and nothing else.” The phrase “only A” cannot be construed reasonably to mean “A, B or
C.” (See Debary Real Estate Holdings, LLC v. State, Dept. of Business and Professional
Regulation, Division of Pari-Mutuel Wagering (Fla.App. 2013) 112 So. 3d 157, 166
[statute’s use of “only two” means two and not one, three or more]; Moore v. Stevens (Fla.
1925) 106 So. 901 [requirement that the property “be used for residence purposes only”
necessarily excluded all uses of the property that were not residential; a specific prohibition
was unnecessary]; United Parcel Service, Inc. v. Universal Diamond Corp., Inc. (Ga.App.
1991) 409 S.E.2d 558 [no ambiguity in the contractual requirement for “cash only”
payment].) Thus, the meaning of the word “only” is clear and explicit. (See Civ. Code, §
1638 [clear and explicit meaning governs interpretation of contract].) We recognize,
however, that the use of “only” may render a sentence ambiguous because of uncertainty as
to which words or phrases are modified. (See Haggard, “Only,” The Lonely (1994) 5 S.C.
Lawyer 25 [careless placement of “only” can alter the meaning of a sentence].)
       When referring to a place (i.e., a physical location), the word “admit” usually means
“to allow entry.” (Webster’s 3d New Internat. Dict. (1993) p. 28, col. 2.)
       Therefore, inserting the ordinary meaning of “only” and “admitted,” the sentence
referring to mobile homes approved by management would mean that only mobilehomes
approved by the Park’s management, and nothing else, shall be allowed entry into the Park.
This meaning is not a reasonable interpretation because, taken literally, it would prohibit

                                              31.
everything else (including human beings, cars and pets) from being allowed to enter into the
Park. Such an interpretation is unreasonable and absurd because the clear purpose of the
Park is to provide its tenants with a place to live. Consequently, our inquiry does not end
with the provision regarding park standards. We must consider other provisions in the
Park’s rules and regulations before deciding if management is unambiguously authorized or
prohibited from renting to recreational vehicles. (See Civ. Code, § 1641 [contract must be
read as a whole and, if reasonably practicable, each clause helping to interpret the other].)
              5.     Provisions Addressing Recreational Vehicles

       Section V.2.c of the Park’s rules indicates that recreational vehicles are allowed
inside the Park if certain restrictions are followed. One of the broader restrictions states that
campers, motor homes and recreational vehicles “may not be stored or maintained on lots or
driveways.”
       The verb “maintain” means “to keep .…” (People ex rel. Dept. of Pub. Wks. v. Ryan
Outdoor Advertising, Inc. (1974) 39 Cal. App. 3d 804, 810; Webster’s New World Dictionary
and Thesaurus (2d ed. 2002) p. 384, col. 2.) Thus, the rule that recreational vehicles may
not be stored or maintained on lots or driveways unambiguously prohibits a recreational
vehicle from being physically placed or kept on a lot, whether for use as living quarters or
for storage purposes.
       We note that this particular rule does not identify who is subject to the prohibition.
This failure to identify who is subject to the rule does not create an ambiguity because Civil
Code section 798.23, subdivision (a) provides that the park owner and its employees “shall
be subject to, and comply with, all park rules and regulations, to the same extent as residents

                                               32.
and their guests.” Based on this statute, neither the owner nor a resident would be allowed
to place a recreational vehicle on a lot for use as living quarters.19
       The critical question is whether this prohibition against maintaining recreational
vehicles on a lot also operates as a restriction on management’s authority to rent lots. In
other words, does management have the authority to rent a lot to someone who intends to
live on that lot in a recreational vehicle?
       We conclude that the only reasonable interpretation of the Park’s rules is that
management is not authorized to rent lots to persons who intend to live on those lots in
recreational vehicles. In short, it does not make sense to interpret the Park’s rules to allow
management to rent lots to persons who intend to live in recreational vehicles when the
Park’s rules prohibit the renter from using the lot for that purpose. Stated another way, the
Park’s rules are not reasonably susceptible to an interpretation that allows Colony Park to
rent lots to recreational vehicles.
       Our conclusion that the interpretation presented by Colony Park and adopted by the
trial court is not reasonable leads us to conclude that the Park’s rules are not ambiguous—
that is, reasonably susceptible to more than one interpretation. (See Bank of the West v.
Superior Court (1992) 2 Cal. 4th 1254, 1265 [language in a contract must be construed in the
context of that instrument as a whole and the circumstances of the case; language cannot be
found to be ambiguous in the abstract]; Civ. Code, § 1641 [whole of a contract is to be taken
together].)
       Our interpretation of the Park’s rules is consistent with the other requirements that
apply to recreational vehicles. For instance, recreational vehicles can be placed in the Park-
provided storage area or storage outside the Park, but are allowed to be loaded or unloaded

19     To illustrate the rule’s application to the owner, it would prohibit the owner from
placing a recreational vehicle on a lot and offering it as a residence to an onsite employee of
the park, such as a maintenance worker or park manager.

                                               33.
at the mobilehome space for two days before or after a trip. Furthermore, whether in storage
or parked at a space, the recreational vehicle may not be used for sleeping. These rules do
not imply that management has the authority to rent to a person who intends to live on the
lot in a recreational vehicle.
       Lastly, our interpretation of the text of the Park’s rules is supported by the parol
evidence presented—namely, testimony by some of the plaintiffs that management informed
them that Colony Park would not rent spaces to recreational vehicles.
              6.      Summary

       First, the Park’s rules are not facially ambiguous on the question whether Colony
Park is allowed to rent spaces for use by recreational vehicles. Second, the parol evidence
in the record that is relevant to the interpretation of the Park’s rules does not support the
existence of a latent ambiguity in the Park’s rules. Therefore, we conclude that when the
text of the Park’s rules is read as a whole in light of the relevant parol evidence received, the
only reasonable interpretation of the Park’s rules is that Colony Park is not authorized to
rent lots for such purposes.
       This interpretation, however, is not final for all purposes. Defendants did not have
the opportunity to present parol evidence and, if given that opportunity, might be able to
present relevant parol evidence that creates “a latent ambiguity whe[re] the contract appears
unambiguous on its face.” (Scheenstra v. California Dairies, Inc., supra, 213 Cal.App.4th
at p. 390.) Consequently, defendants shall be given that opportunity on remand. (See pt.
V.E, post.)

       B.     Prejudice Resulting from Erroneous Interpretation*
       The trial court’s erroneous interpretation of the Park’s rules caused it to sustain
defendants’ evidentiary objection to testimony offered by plaintiffs that the Park manager

*      See footnote, ante, page 1.

                                               34.
told them when they moved in that the Park would not rent to recreational vehicles. In
addition, the trial court’s erroneous interpretation caused it to give the following erroneous
instruction to the jury: “Now, it is not a breach of the leases or contracts for the defendant
to rent spaces in Colony Park to recreational vehicles, RVs.”
                1.   Relationship between Rental Agreements and Park’s Rules

       Defendants argue that any evidentiary or instructional error was harmless because
“the court permitted [plaintiffs] to offer evidence of complaints about RVs, and the jury
found no breach of the rules.”
       This argument requires us to determine the significance of the jury’s finding that, as
to each unsuccessful plaintiff , there was no substantial violation of the Park’s rules by
Colony Park. To make this determination, we must examine the relationship between the
plaintiffs’ rental agreements and the Park’s rules.
       Civil Code section 798.15 addresses this relationship by stating that the “rental
agreement shall be in writing and shall contain, in addition to the provisions otherwise
required by law to be included, all of the following: [¶] … [¶] (b) The rules and regulations
of the park.”
       Defendants argue that this requirement simply means that a copy of the Park’s rules
should be attached to the lease and does not mean that the rules and regulations are
incorporated into the terms of the contract. We disagree with this statutory interpretation.
The language “shall contain” and the phrase “in addition to the provisions otherwise
required to be included” clearly indicate that the rules and regulations are contained in—that
is, are part of the provisions of—the rental agreement.
       Moreover, the rental agreements used by Colony Park explicitly incorporated the
Park’s rules and regulations into the agreement. For example, paragraph 14 of the rental
agreement marked as plaintiffs’ exhibit No. 1068 stated that both the Park’s rules and

                                              35.
regulations and the Mobilehome Residency Law, Civil Code section 798 et seq., were
“incorporated herein by this reference.”
       The contractual provisions addressing incorporation by reference and subdivision (b)
of Civil Code section 798.15 lead us to conclude that the Park’s rules were part of the
contracts between defendants and the Park’s residents. Therefore, when the trial court
instructed the jury that it was not a breach of the leases for Colony Park to rent spaces to
recreational vehicles, the jury would have understood that instruction to mean that renting
spaces to recreational vehicles was not a violation of the Park’s rules. As a result, the jury’s
findings that there were no substantial violations of the rules cannot be interpreted as a
finding of fact that Colony Park did not rent spaces for use by recreational vehicles.
              2.     Arguments Presented to the Jury

       Defendants contend that the significance of the jury’s finding of no substantial
violation of the Park’s rules should be determined in light of the arguments that counsel
presented to the jury. Defendants argue: “During closing argument [plaintiffs’] counsel
argued extensively that the admission of RVs into the park was a breach of the park’s rules
and also a breach of contract. [Citations to reporter’s transcript.]”
       We have reviewed plaintiffs’ closing argument and conclude that defendants have
misconstrued the arguments made. Plaintiffs did not argue that admission of recreational
vehicles was itself a violation of the Park’s rules. Indeed, plaintiffs’ counsel told the jury:
“Now, the Court’s instructed you that there’s nothing in their leases that keep them from
bringing these RVs into the park, but they do have rules and regulations about appearance.”
Plaintiffs’ claims about the appearance of the recreational vehicles are illustrated by their
counsel’s review of the claims of Mary Lybarger. Plaintiffs’ counsel stated that Lybarger
had a problem with “the rules not being enforced especially with the RVs. They have their
responsibilities: Supposed to have skirting, supposed to have nice landscaping, all the
different things. She is upset that they bring these RVs in. There is no skirting, there is no

                                               36.
landscaping, don’t have to follow any of the rules. They just come in. It really upset her.”
The foregoing is an example of plaintiffs’ argument that management was not enforcing the
Park’s rules that affected the appearance of the lots rented to recreational vehicles.
Plaintiffs did not argue to the jury that the mere admission of recreational vehicles for use as
living quarters was a violation of the Park’s rules.
       Therefore, contrary to defendants’ view, plaintiffs’ arguments to the jury do not
support the position that the jury came to its own interpretation of the Park’s rules and (1)
concluded that the rules allowed Colony Park to rent spaces to recreational vehicles or (2)
concluded the rules prohibited leasing spaces to recreational vehicles and made a finding of
fact that the rule was not violated because no such leases were made.
              3.     Prejudice Resulting from Exclusion of a Claim

       We conclude that the trial court’s erroneous interpretation of the Park’s rules resulted
in prejudice because plaintiffs were not allowed to pursue the claim that defendants violated
plaintiffs’ right to live in a mobilehome park that did not rent spaces to recreational
vehicles.20
       In Soule v. General Motors Corp., supra, 8 Cal. 4th 548, the California Supreme
Court recognized the principle that in civil cases an appellate court may not reverse based
on a “mere possibility” of prejudice but instead must “examine the evidence, the arguments,

20     Under the primary right theory of pleading, the violation of this right would be
regarded as a “cause of action” that could be pursued under two counts—that is, legal
theories. One count would assert that renting to recreational vehicles was a substantial
violation of the Park’s rules and regulations for purposes of Civil Code section 798.87,
subdivision (b). The other count would assert a breach of contract theory. (See generally 3
Witkin, Cal. Procedure (5th ed. 2008) Actions, § 882, pp. 1110-1111 [a single cause of
action pleaded in different counts according to different legal theories].)
       We note that plaintiffs’ legal theories could not have included the legal theory that
Colony Park violated Civil Code section 798.22, which states that mobilehome spaces shall
not be rented for the accommodations of recreational vehicles, because the statute applies to
parks developed after 1981 and the Park began operations in the 1970’s.

                                              37.
and other factors to determine whether it is reasonably probable that instructions allowing
application of an erroneous theory actually misled the jury. [Citations.]” (Id. at p. 581, fn.
11.)
       In this case, the instructions did not allow the application of an erroneous theory, they
required the application of a theory that, in view of the text of the Park’s rules and parol
evidence in the record, was erroneous. Specifically, the jury was told Colony Park was
permitted by contract to rent spaces to recreational vehicles. Thus, the instruction actually
misled the jury regarding Colony Park’s obligations and duties.
       Furthermore, misleading the jury on this point harmed plaintiffs because they
presented sufficient evidence that, if believed by the jury, would have resulted in the jury
deciding Colony Park had committed a substantial violation of the Park’s rules, a breach of
contract, or both. (See Krotin v. Porsche Cars North America, Inc. (1995) 38 Cal. App. 4th
294, 304 [test for prejudice: if the jury had believed plaintiffs’ evidence and been properly
instructed, was it reasonably probable the jury would have found in plaintiffs’ favor].) In
other words, plaintiffs presented substantial evidence that Colony Park had rented spaces to
people living in recreational vehicles. Consequently, if the jury had been properly
instructed, it is reasonably probable that the jury would have found defendants actually
violated the Park’s rules and breached the rental agreements.
       Because of the prejudice that resulted from preventing the jury from addressing
viable legal theories, we need not discuss whether the exclusion of evidence was, in itself,
prejudicial.

                                              38.
       C.     Waiver and Invited Error*
              1.      Contentions of the Parties

       Defendants contend that plaintiffs agreed to the instruction stating that it was not a
breach of contract to rent spaces to recreational vehicles and, as a result, invited or waived
any instructional error.
       Plaintiffs counter this argument by asserting they did not invite or waive any error
when their attorney’s “yes” answer to the trial court’s question about whether the
instructions reviewed by the court and the attorneys were “the instructions as modified and
agreed upon by the parties?” Plaintiffs contend that, under Code of Civil Procedure section
647, they were not required to object to the jury instruction about recreational vehicles and
restate their position regarding the proper interpretation of the Park’s rules.
       Code of Civil Procedure section 647 provides in part:

       “All of the following are deemed excepted to: … giving an instruction,
       refusing to give an instruction, or modifying an instruction requested; … a
       ruling sustaining or overruling an objection to evidence .… If the party, at the
       time when the order, ruling, action or decision is sought or made, or within a
       reasonable time thereafter, makes known his position thereon, by objection or
       otherwise, all other orders, rulings, actions or decisions are deemed to have
       been excepted to.”21
       In plaintiffs’ view, they made their position about the interpretation of the Park’s
rules and regulations known during the August 25, 2010, hearing on defendants’ objection
to testimony about management’s statements that spaces would not be rented to recreational
vehicles. Plaintiffs argue, in effect, that they are deemed to have excepted to (1) the trial
court’s interpretation of the Park’s rules, (2) the related evidentiary ruling and (3) all

*      See footnote, ante, page 1.
21    One commentator stated that the effect of the 1953 amendment that added the last
sentence to this section was to make any method of raising a point below the equivalent of a
formal exception. (9 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (5th ed. 2008) Appeal, § 403, p. 461.)

                                               39.
subsequent action by the court based on that interpretation, including the instruction that it
was not a breach of the leases to rent spaces in the Park to recreational vehicles.
              2.      Record Regarding the Instructions

       On the 17th day of trial (August 25, 2010), the trial court held an evidentiary hearing
on defendants’ objection to testimony concerning management’s statements to plaintiffs
about not renting to recreational vehicles. The court sustained defendants’ objection
because it interpreted the Park’s rules to permit defendants to rent spaces to recreational
vehicles.
       About seven weeks later (the afternoon of Friday, October 15, 2010), the trial court
went through the jury instructions with the attorneys.
At the start of the afternoon session, the court stated:

       “[W]e spent a lot of time on these instructions trying to modify these
       instructions to meet the appropriate facts of this particular case. I certainly
       appreciate the efforts of all the defense attorneys involved and the plaintiffs’
       attorneys. [¶] I think for the most part we’ve reached an agreement how
       we’re going to instruct this jury. There’s a couple things we still need to put
       on the record on the [parties’] respective positions, but we’re going to go
       through this thing.”
       The trial court then went through the instructions. After listing the general
instructions, the court stated its belief that there was an agreement as to the causes of action
that plaintiff would present—specifically, public and private nuisance as well as a contract
and negligence cause of action. Plaintiffs’ counsel stated that was correct. After addressing
a number of other instructions, the court reached the instruction on punitive damages and
stated “we need to give that.”
       Next, the court stated: “There is a defense instruction number [4]7 we talked about,
but I don’t remember what that was dealing with.” Defense counsel stated: “That was the
Court’s ruling that the renting to RVs is not a breach of the lease - - ” The court then stated:
“Okay. We’re going to give that” and began discussing another instruction.

                                               40.
       The gist of this exchange is that the court’s decision to instruct the jury that
defendants did not breach the leases by renting spaces to recreational vehicles was based on
its August 2010 ruling that the Park’s rules were not ambiguous and allowed spaces to be
rented to recreational vehicles.
       On Tuesday, October 19, 2010, the court again discussed the jury instructions with
the attorneys. After mentioning various instructions, the court stated: “Instruction number
47 for leases [to] RV[s], we’ll give that.” The court and attorneys continued to go through
the instructions. After mentioning the instruction about polling the jury, the court asked:
“Now, other than the comments, whatever Mr. Heater has here, are those the instructions as
modified and agreed upon by the parties?” Plaintiffs’ attorney stated: “Yes, Your Honor.”
              3.     Scope of Consent Regarding the Instructions

       The issue before us is whether the affirmative answer of plaintiffs’ attorney to the
question about whether the instructions had been agreed upon by the parties operated as a
waiver of the claim that the instruction concerning the rental of spaces to recreational
vehicles contained error?
       Initially, we note that the erroneous instruction was submitted by defendants. Thus,
this is not a situation where plaintiffs invited the error by proposing or otherwise convincing
the court to give the erroneous instruction. (See 4 Cal.Jur.3d (2007) Appellate Review, §
273, p. 401 [under doctrine of invited error, a party cannot claim error in the giving of an
instruction he or she requested].)
       Also, the principle that a party’s failure to object to civil jury instructions will not be
deemed a waiver where the instructions are prejudicially erroneous (Bishop v. Hyundai
Motor America (1996) 44 Cal. App. 4th 750, 760) does not apply in this situation because the
conduct of plaintiffs’ counsel went beyond the failure to object because they expressed their
agreement to the instructions.

                                               41.
       Ultimately, the question presented concerns the scope of the agreement or consent
given by plaintiffs’ counsel. For instance, was the scope narrow, such that plaintiffs only
agreed that the instructions were of proper form to implement the trial court’s earlier
rulings? Alternatively, was the scope of the agreement broad, such that the plaintiffs agreed
the instructions were correct on all points of law and, thus, expressed plaintiffs’ intent to
relinquish all claims of instructional error.22
       The determination of the scope of plaintiffs’ consent will be based on an examination
of the objective manifestation of the plaintiffs’ counsel’s intent (i.e., what a reasonable
person would believe from the outward manifestations or expression of the attorneys). (See
generally Alexander v. Codemasters Group Limited (2002) 104 Cal. App. 4th 129, 141
[assent determined under an objective standard].) We are not concerned with the subjective,
unexpressed intentions of plaintiffs’ counsel. (Ibid.)
       The context for understanding the scope of plaintiffs’ consent to the jury instructions
includes (1) the earlier proceedings in the case and (2) the rules of law contained in Code of
Civil Procedure section 647 and the decisions that allow attorneys to make the best of a “bad
situation” (i.e., prior erroneous rulings) when dealing with instructions. (See Mary M. v.
City of Los Angeles (1991) 54 Cal. 3d 202, 212-213 (Mary M.).)23 The earlier proceedings
included (1) plaintiffs’ counsel’s arguments regarding the proper interpretation of the Park’s
rules, which were made at the evidentiary hearing on the 17th day of the trial; (2) the trial

22     In denying the motion for new trial, the trial court did not decide whether the
agreement reflected an intention by plaintiffs to relinquish all claims that the instruction
regarding renting spaces to recreational vehicles contained error. (See Smith v. Adventist
Health System/West (2010) 182 Cal. App. 4th 729, 745 [California law defines waiver as the
intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right or privilege].)
23     In the Mary M. decision, the California Supreme Court reiterated the principle that an
attorney who submits to the authority of an erroneous, adverse ruling after making
appropriate objections does not waive the error in the ruling by proceeding in accordance
therewith and endeavoring to make the best of a bad situation for which the attorney is not
responsible. (Mary M., supra, 54 Cal.3d at pp. 212-213.)

                                                  42.
court’s interpretation of the Park’s rules at the close of that evidentiary hearing; (3) the fact
that plaintiffs had finished presenting their rebuttal evidence on October 14, 2010, and the
court informed the jury that “all the evidence is before you”; and (4) the court’s two
subsequent statements when reviewing the proposed instructions that it was going to give
defendants’ proposed instruction number 47.
       With this context in mind, we will address how an objectively reasonable person
would have understood the trial court’s question: “[A]re those the instructions as modified
and agreed upon by the parties?”
       When the trial court asked the question about the instruction being agreed upon,
plaintiffs’ rebuttal evidence was complete and the jury was told that all the evidence was
before it. In such a situation, an objectively reasonable person would not have understood
the trial court to be inviting the attorneys to reraise legal or evidentiary issues that had been
decided against them during the course of the trial. The implications of such an
interpretation do not fit with the status of the case at the time the question was asked. For
example, if the question is interpreted as the court asking the parties to revisit legal issues
decided during the course of trial, it necessarily would have implied that the court was
willing to revisit its prior rulings and, if convinced a ruling was incorrect, remedy that
ruling. The remedy for some of those rulings would have been to reopen the evidence and
allow the parties to present testimony that the prior ruling foreclosed. Nothing in the record
indicated that the court was willing to revisit prior rulings and, if necessary, reopen the
evidence.
       Instead, when the trial court made its inquiry about the parties’ agreement to the
instructions, an objectively reasonable person would have understood the trial court’s
question was designed to eliminate possible claims of instructional error that could have
been addressed fully at that stage of the proceedings. Those types of instructional error
would have been limited to those purported errors that could have been cured entirely by
rewording the proposed instructions. They would not have included purported errors that

                                               43.
involved rulings made by the trial court during the course of the trial that, if reversed, would
have required the presentation of additional evidence. Therefore, plaintiffs’ counsel acted
reasonably when they relied on the protections contained in Code of Civil Procedure section
647 and did not reargue the trial court’s prior adverse rulings.
       Therefore, we conclude that when plaintiffs’ counsel agreed to the jury instructions
they did not waive the claim that it was error to instruct the jury that defendants were
allowed to rent spaces to recreational vehicles.

       D.     Other Grounds for Excluding the Claim Regarding Recreational Vehicles*
       Defendants contend there are other grounds for concluding that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion when it excluded evidence of alleged oral statements that spaces would
not be rented to recreational vehicles. Those grounds are that (1) plaintiffs first amended
complaint did not specifically allege that defendants breached the contracts or violated Civil
Code section 798.87, subdivision (b) by renting spaces to recreational vehicles and (2)
plaintiffs discovery responses did not identify this particular claim.
       First, we note that defendants have not asserted these grounds as a basis for rejecting
plaintiffs’ challenge to the jury instruction regarding recreational vehicles—a challenge
which we have concluded raised a prejudicial error that was not waived.
       Second, the trial court did not rely on either of these grounds when it sustained
defendants’ evidentiary objection to the parol evidence about renting spaces to recreational
vehicles. The question of the scope of plaintiffs’ FAC was discussed at the hearing on
August 25, 2010. Plaintiffs’ counsel referred to page nine of the FAC, which includes the
allegation that “rules and regulations not properly enforced, resulting in, for example, Park
manager violating the rules; Park rules selectively enforced .…” In response to this
reference to the FAC, the trial court stated: “You’ve got park rules and regulations for

*      See footnote, ante, page 1.

                                              44.
breach of contract. All right.” Thus, it appears that the trial court believed that the
allegations in the FAC were adequate to cover the claim that the Park’s rules were breached
by renting spaces to recreational vehicles.
       As to plaintiffs’ discovery responses, the trial court was not explicit. The court asked
whether the claim had been brought up in discovery responses and plaintiffs’ counsel
replied: “My belief it has. I’m not prepared to respond to that particular argument right
now, but I think we can go through the interrogatory responses and depositions and solve
that issue.” At that point, the court dropped the discovery issue and asked to confirm there
was no fraud cause of action.
       The appellate record contains responses to form interrogatories by certain plaintiffs
that set forth the same language about the Park’s rules that was contained in the FAC—
language that the trial court deemed adequate.
       Defendants assert that plaintiffs’ response to form interrogatory No. 50.6 denied that
there were any ambiguities contained in any agreement alleged in their pleadings. In light
of our conclusion that the sentence in the Park’s rules stating that “[o]nly mobile homes
approved by the Management/Park owner shall be admitted into the Park” was unambiguous
and prohibited the renting of spaces to recreational vehicles, we further conclude that
plaintiffs’ discovery response regarding the absence of ambiguity was appropriate. As a
result, that response does not bar plaintiffs from asserting the Park’s rules prohibited the
renting of spaces to recreational vehicles.

       E.     Remand*
       The trial court’s erroneous evidentiary ruling and its erroneous instruction to the jury
that defendants did not breach the leases by renting spaces to recreational vehicles precluded
plaintiffs from pursuing a claim that renting space to recreational vehicles violated their

*      See footnote, ante, page 1.

                                              45.
rights. On remand, plaintiffs shall be allowed to pursue this claim under the legal theories
that this alleged violation of the Park’s rules constituted a public nuisance for purposes of
subdivision (b) of Civil Code section 798.87, was a breach of contract, or both. The
statutory theory would require the trier of fact also to decide whether any violation of the
Park’s rules was “substantial” for purposes of subdivision (b) of Civil Code section 798.87.
       We cannot state with certainty the exact factual issues that the trier of fact must
address on remand to resolve the application of these legal theories to the facts of the case
because we are unable to predict whether defendants will (1) avail themselves of the
opportunity to present parol evidence and (2) actually submit competent parol evidence that
supports their view that the Park’s rules contain a latent ambiguity. Because of this
uncertainty, we will address, in general terms, the two primary ways the case might unfold
on remand.
              1.      Ambiguity Resolved by Trier of Fact’s Interpretation

       If defendants attempt to present parol evidence that shows the Park’s rules contain a
latent ambiguity, the trial court should (1) provisionally receive that evidence; (2) determine
whether the proffered evidence is relevant (i.e., competent) to determining the meaning of
the Park’s rules; (3) consider all relevant parol evidence, whether offered by defendants or
plaintiffs; and (4) decide the legal question whether the Park’s rules contain a latent
ambiguity—that is, are reasonably susceptible to the interpretation that Colony Park is
allowed to rent spaces to persons intending to live on those spaces in recreational vehicles.
(See Winet v. Price, supra, 4 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1165-1166.)
       If the trial court determines that an ambiguity exists, then the question of the proper
interpretation of the Park’s rules should be presented to the trier of fact.24 If the trier of fact

24     In the circumstances of this case, the proper interpretation of the Park’s rules will not
present a question of law because any competent parol evidence presented by the defendants
will conflict with the parol evidence offered by the plaintiffs at trial. The plaintiffs’
evidence consisted of testimony by some plaintiffs that the Park manager told them when

                                                46.
is a jury, then the jury should be instructed that it must determine the meaning of the Park’s
rules (i.e., resolve the ambiguity) before determining whether Colony Park, in fact, violated
the rules.
              2.     No Latent Ambiguity

       Alternatively, if defendants do not attempt to present parol evidence or the parol
evidence they present does not demonstrate the existence of a latent ambiguity in the Park’s
rules, then the trier of fact will not be required to determine the meaning of the Park’s rules.
Instead, the trier of fact must apply the interpretation of the Park’s rules adopted in this
opinion. For example, if a jury is used as the trier of fact on remand, the jury should be
instructed that (1) the Park’s rules and regulations prohibit Colony Park from renting lots for
use by persons who intend to live on the lots in recreational vehicles and (2) a violation of
this rule by Colony Park constitutes a breach of contract because the Park’s rules are
incorporated into the rental contracts. The jury also should be directed to decide whether
Colony Park in fact rented any lots for such use.
       On remand, the parties and the trial court should not interpret the foregoing
discussion as covering all of the factual issues that might need to be resolved by the trier of
fact on remand regarding the application of the Park’s rules.
              3.     Scope of Reversal

       Our determination that prejudicial error occurred requires the reversal of the
judgment as to the 66 plaintiffs who went to trial and obtained no net monetary recovery.
Our reversal of that portion of the judgment does not mean that all of the jury’s findings in
the special verdict forms no longer have any force and effect. Some of those findings will

they moved in that the Park would not rent to recreational vehicles. When competent parol
evidence conflicts, the interpretation of the instrument presents a question of fact. (Parsons
v. Bristol Development Co. (1965) 62 Cal. 2d 861, 865.) This question of fact must be
resolved by the trier of fact.

                                               47.
remain intact and may be implemented when a final judgment is entered after the further
proceedings required by this opinion. In contrast, the jury’s answers to the following
questions in the special verdicts must be vacated due to the prejudicial error: (1) Question
No. 2 in the special verdict for public nuisance, which addressed whether there was a
substantial violation of the Park’s rules; (2) Question No. 1 in the special verdicts for the
individual plaintiffs, which addressed whether defendants breach their contract with that
particular plaintiff; (3) Question No. 5 in the special verdicts for the individual plaintiffs,
which addressed whether there was a substantial violation of the Park’s rules as to that
particular plaintiff.
       Besides those portions of the amended judgment filed on February 7, 2012, that set
forth the jury’s answers to the foregoing questions, the other portions of the amended
judgment that will have no force or effect after remittitur include numbered paragraphs 1, 2
and 6 (except for subparagraph 6.c) at pages 10 through 12 of the amended judgment.
Paragraph number 6 awards attorney fees and costs to the defendants and the reversal of that
part of the amended judgment moots plaintiffs’ other appeal (consolidated case Nos.
F064405 and F064686), which challenges the trial court’s decision to hold plaintiffs jointly
and severally liable for the award of attorney’s fees and costs.

VI.    EXCLUSION OF HARRIS’S QUESTIONNAIRE*
       A.      Background
       During the trial, defendants presented the testimony of Crissie Harris, the woman
who began working as the resident manager of the Park in September 2006. She was an
important witness for defendants because she had personally observed conditions at the Park
and dealt with complaints from residents. Besides being the manager, the 27-year-old had
lived at the Park from the time she was five or six years old, except for a brief time when

*      See footnote, ante, page 1.

                                               48.
she was 18 or 19. During her direct examination at trial, Harris testified that she had not
experienced problems with the Park’s sewer system, utilities, other facilities or common
areas.
         During Harris’s cross-examination, plaintiffs’ counsel asked her a series of
approximately 15 questions about whether she recalled complaining about certain problems
before she became the Park’s manager. Plaintiffs’ counsel formulated these questions using
a questionnaire about conditions at the Park that Harris purportedly completed about six
months before she became the manager. The cross-examination addressed whether Harris
recalled complaining about sewer problems, slow-flushing toilets, low water pressure, poor
drainage, electrical service, cracked and potholed roads, poor street lighting, the pool and
Jacuzzi being dirty, selective enforcement of the Park’s rules, vacant lots not being
maintained, and other problems. Harris answered “No” to all of the questions.
         Defense counsel then requested a side-bar. The trial court granted the request,
dismissed the jury 30 minutes early, and held a hearing on defense counsel’s objection. At
that hearing, the court considered whether to allow plaintiffs’ counsel to use Harris’s
questionnaire for purposes of cross-examination. Harris’s questionnaire was dated March
19, 2006, and had boxes checked indicating that she experienced problems at the Park
relating to the plumbing and sewer system, low water pressure, poor rainwater drainage,
electrical problems, poor street lighting, and lack of maintenance of the pool, Jacuzzi,
carwash area and vacant lots. Defense counsel asserted that the questionnaire could not be
used because (1) it was subject to the attorney-client privilege and Harris had not waived
that privilege and (2) the questionnaire was not produced in response to defendants’
discovery requests, which was “clear sandbagging.”
         During the hearing, the trial court asked plaintiffs’ counsel why Harris’s
questionnaire had not been produced during discovery. Plaintiffs’ counsel answered that
Harris was not a plaintiff and the document production request asked for plaintiffs’

                                               49.
questionnaires. Defense counsel disputed plaintiffs’ interpretation of the discovery requests
and asserted the questionnaire was covered.
       The discovery propounded by defendants included demands for production and
inspection of documents. Those demands included requests for:

              “11. Any and all WRITINGS regarding any questionnaire YOU have
       received regarding the SUBJECT PROPERTY.

              “12. Any and all WRITINGS in YOUR possession regarding any
       complaints made by any other resident at the SUBJECT PROPERTY
       regarding maintenance.”25
       Defendants also sent plaintiffs form interrogatories. Form Interrogatory No. 12.3
asked whether the plaintiffs, or anyone acting on their behalf, obtained a written or recorded
statement from any individual concerning the “incident” and, if so, the identity of the
persons who gave and took the statement. The record contains examples of plaintiffs’
responses to this interrogatory. Plaintiffs objected to the interrogatory as vague and
ambiguous because the meaning of the term “incident” could not be readily ascertained and
then responded “No” with the reservation that they had not waived the objection.
       At the hearing, the trial court stated that Harris’s questionnaire should have been
produced. Plaintiffs’ counsel then presented the legal argument that a party was not
required to produce discovery documents that were going to be used for impeachment only
and referred to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule 26.26
       Ultimately, the trial court determined that the questionnaire should have been
produced during discovery and could not be used by plaintiffs’ counsel during cross-

25      The document requests defined “YOU” and “YOUR” to refer to the particular
plaintiff “and/or his/her agents, employees and attorneys.”
26      The rule addresses pretrial disclosures, stating that “a party must provide the other
parties and promptly file the following information about the evidence that it may present at
trial other than solely for impeachment .…” (Fed. Rules Civ. Proc., rule 26(a)(3)(A), 28
U.S.C., italics added.)

                                              50.
examination of Harris.27 Also, the court admonished the jury to disregard the questions and
answers asked by plaintiffs’ counsel about Harris’s experiences at the Park.
       B.     Standard of Review
       Code of Civil Procedure section 2023.030 provides that “[t]o the extent authorized by
the chapter governing any particular discovery method or any other provision of this title,
the court, after notice to any affected party, person, or attorney, and after opportunity for
hearing, may impose the following sanctions against anyone engaging in conduct that is a
misuse of the discovery process: [¶] … [¶] (b) .… The court may also impose an issue
sanction by an order prohibiting any party engaging in the misuse of the discovery process
from supporting or opposing designated claims or defenses. [¶] (c) The court may impose
an evidence sanction by an order prohibiting any party engaging in the misuse of the
discovery process from introducing designated matters in evidence.”
       The trial court’s order regarding the Harris questionnaire was a combination of an
evidentiary sanction and a partial issue sanction. The court prohibited the questionnaire
from being offered into evidence and it also prohibited plaintiffs’ counsel from addressing
the issue of Harris’s credibility through the use of the questionnaire.
       Generally, appellate courts review a trial court’s imposition of a discovery sanction
under the deferential abuse of discretion standard. (Doe v. U.S. Swimming, Inc. (2011) 200
Cal. App. 4th 1424, 1435; Pate v. Channel Lumber Co. (1997) 51 Cal. App. 4th 1447, 1454
[trial court’s decision to exclude documents defendant omitted from discovery responses
was not an abuse of discretion].) The imposition of issue or evidentiary sanctions is
appropriate even if there is no prior order compelling production, provided that the
discovery responses were such that the propounding party would have no reason to seek
such an order. (Pate v. Channel Lumber Co., supra, at p. 1456.) For example, when a

27     The court explicitly determined that document request No. 11 covered the
questionnaire and that plaintiffs’ counsel’s interpretation of the request was incorrect.

                                               51.
propounding party is told such documents do not exist, that party cannot be expected to seek
an order compelling production. (Ibid.)
       Furthermore, a trial court’s ruling to admit or exclude evidence offered for
impeachment also is reviewed for abuse of discretion and will be upheld unless the trial
court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd manner that
resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice. (People v. Ledesma (2006) 39 Cal. 4th 641,
705.) Stated otherwise, plaintiffs will have established reversible error only if they
demonstrate (1) an abuse of discretion and (2) prejudice—that is, a reasonable probability of
a more favorable verdict. (E.g., Smalley v. Baty (2005) 128 Cal. App. 4th 977, 979, 987 [trial
court’s exclusion of evidence was a prejudicial abuse of discretion that compelled reversal].)
       C.     Contentions
       Plaintiffs contend the trial court’s rulings regarding Harris’s questionnaire constituted
error. Plaintiffs assert that their position “raises two questions that appear to be of first
impression under California law: [¶] (1) Can a document not produced in discovery, be
used to refresh an opposing witness’s recollection given that if it does, the document itself is
never shown to the jury, and never comes into evidence? [¶] (2) Can a document not
produced in discovery, be used to impeach an opposing [witness] who has committed
perjury?”
       Plaintiffs argue that if these questions are resolved in their favor, the only potential
detriment to defendants from the failure to produce “the questionnaire in discovery would
have been their inability to present false testimony at trial.” Plaintiffs support their position
by asserting that the policies underlying California’s discovery statutes do not favor
protecting false testimony.
       D.     Analysis
       When reviewing a trial court’s order imposing discovery sanctions, we must follow
the well-established rule that the order is presumed correct and indulge all presumptions and

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intendments in its favor on matters as to which the record is silent. (Karlsson v. Ford Motor
Co. (2006) 140 Cal. App. 4th 1202, 1217.) This rule plays an important role in our analysis
of plaintiffs’ contentions because plaintiffs have presumed facts favorable to their position,
rather than in favor of the order. The particular facts relied upon by plaintiffs are that (1)
Harris lied in her testimony and (2) the questionnaire would have refreshed Harris’s
recollection.
       We cannot presume that Harris lied during her direct examination about conditions at
the Park or that she lied on cross-examination when she stated she did not recall
complaining about those conditions. The trial court noted the possibility that Harris may
have forgotten the problems and did not recall them or, alternatively, she might not have
been the one who checked the boxes on her questionnaire. The court did not explicitly
decide the question of her veracity in favor of the plaintiffs and, therefore, the applicable
rules of law do not allow us to accept plaintiffs’ position that Harris committed perjury.
Thus, the second question framed by plaintiffs—whether “a document not produced in
discovery [can] be used to impeach an opposing [witness] who has committed perjury”—is
not actually before this court.
       Similarly, the other question framed by plaintiffs—whether “a document not
produced in discovery [can] be used to refresh an opposing witness’s recollection given that
if it does, the document itself is never shown to the jury, and never comes into evidence”—
also is not presented by the circumstances of this case. At the hearing outside the presence
of the jury, the court asked Harris about the questionnaire after she had an opportunity to
review it. Harris stated that she remembered attending a meeting of a residents’ committee
where the questionnaires were handed out, and she remembered taking a questionnaire.
Harris also stated that she only recalled filling out the first page of the questionnaire. The
trial court’s inquiry included the following exchange.

              “Q     Did you fill out anything about plumbing or sewer, water,
       drainage, anthing like that?

                                               53.
               “A     I do not recall filling any of that form out. [¶] … [¶]

               “Q     Do you recall filling [the questionnaire] out?

               “A     No, sir.

               “Q     Did you fill that out?

               “A     I don’t think so.”
        Thus, plaintiffs claim that the questionnaire could have been used to refresh Harris’s
recollection is not supported by the record. To the contrary, the transcript of her testimony
at the hearing outside the presence of the jury shows that the questionnaire did not refresh
her recollection about making complaints regarding the conditions at the Park.
Consequently, the first question framed by plaintiffs is not presented by the facts of this
case.
        Therefore, the arguments presented by plaintiffs have not demonstrated that the trial
court abused its discretion when it imposed the discovery sanctions that prohibited plaintiffs
from using the Harris questionnaire.
                                           DISPOSITION
        The judgment, insofar as it pertains to the 66 unsuccessful plaintiffs who went to trial
and obtained no net monetary recovery, is reversed. The matter is remanded to the trial
court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion, including without limitation the
discussion of remand in part V.E, ante.
        The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.

                                                                  _____________________
                                                                                 Franson, J.
WE CONCUR:

_____________________
Poochigian, Acting P.J.

_____________________
Peña, J.

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