Court Opinion

ID: 6345544
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-05-31 20:00:42.619406+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:13:19.983928
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          MAY 31 2022
                                                                         MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

DAMILA SUAREZ RODRIGUEZ,                        No.    20-70945

                Petitioner,                     Agency No. A212-379-045

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM *        0F

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney
General,

                Respondent.

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                       Argued and Submitted May 20, 2022
                              Pasadena, California

Before: LEE and BRESS, Circuit Judges, and FITZWATER,** District Judge.
                                                               1F

      Damila de la Caridad Suarez Rodriguez (Suarez), a citizen of Cuba, seeks

review of a Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) decision dismissing her appeal of

an Immigration Judge (IJ) order denying her requests for asylum, withholding of

removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). We review the

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable Sidney A. Fitzwater, United States District Judge for
the Northern District of Texas, sitting by designation.
agency’s legal conclusions and IJ’s alleged due process violations de novo. Garcia

v. Wilkinson, 988 F.3d 1136, 1142 (9th Cir. 2021); Castillo-Perez v. INS, 212 F.3d

518, 523 (9th Cir. 2000). We review factual findings for substantial evidence and

may grant relief only if the record compels a contrary conclusion. Garcia, 988 F.3d

at 1142. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252 and deny the petition.

      1.     Substantial evidence supports the denial of asylum and withholding of

removal. “To be eligible for asylum, a petitioner has the burden to demonstrate a

likelihood of ‘persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race,

religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.’”

Sharma v. Garland, 9 F.4th 1052, 1059 (9th Cir. 2021) (quoting 8 U.S.C.

§ 1101(a)(42)(A)). “To be eligible for withholding of removal, the petitioner must

discharge this burden by a clear probability.” Id. (quotation omitted).

      Substantial evidence supports the agency’s determination that Suarez did not

show she had been persecuted in Cuba because of her political opinion. “Persecution

is an extreme concept that means something considerably more than discrimination

or harassment.”    Donchev v. Mukasey, 553 F.3d 1206, 1213 (9th Cir. 2009)

(quotation omitted). Suarez points to derogatory comments and other difficulties

she encountered as a child at school, which were allegedly based on her politically

active grandmother who disappeared when Suarez was only several months old. But

Suarez was able to complete her schooling despite the negative situation at school.

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And although Suarez, her mother, and her sister were later harassed by the police,

they were never “arrested, called in for questioning by the police, or physically

harmed.” “We have repeatedly denied petitions for review when, among other

factors, the record did not demonstrate significant physical harm.” Sharma, 9 F.4th

at 1061. Given the lack of physical harm and lack of information that Suarez put

forward about her grandmother, the record does not compel a finding of past

persecution.

      Substantial evidence also supports the BIA’s conclusion that there was no

nexus between the loss of Suarez’s job and a protected ground. The BIA could

conclude that there is insufficient evidence that Suarez was terminated based on her

political opinion, as opposed to her refusal to accept a work assignment in

Venezuela. See Ochave v. INS, 254 F.3d 859, 866 (9th Cir. 2001) (holding that

substantial evidence supported the agency’s finding of no nexus when “affirmative

evidence” supported an alternative explanation).

      Because Suarez has not shown past persecution, she is not entitled to a

presumption of future persecution. Wakkary v. Holder, 558 F.3d 1049, 1063 n.10

(9th Cir. 2009). Besides her past experiences, the only other evidence Suarez points

to regarding future persecution consists of certain country reports which observe that

some failed asylum seekers face difficulties when reentering Cuba after having been

away for more than two years. Suarez points out that, although she had been away

                                          3
from Cuba for less than two years at the time of the agency decision, that is no longer

true.   However, the reports also indicate that as a general matter, the Cuban

government does “very little if anything” to individuals who were “good citizens

before they left,” and Suarez does not provide other evidence supporting her fear of

future persecution.1 Suarez therefore has not demonstrated that the record compels
                   2F

the conclusion that she would face future persecution if she were returned to Cuba.2  3F

        2.   Suarez also claims that the IJ violated her due process rights by failing

to explain the elements of Suarez’s claims to her and inadequately developing the

record by not asking enough follow-up questions when Suarez was testifying. To

establish a due process violation in removal proceedings, Suarez must show both

that the proceeding was “so fundamentally unfair that [she] was prevented from

reasonably presenting [her] case,” and that she was prejudiced, “which means that

the outcome of the proceeding may have been affected by the alleged violation.”

Colmenar v. INS, 210 F.3d 967, 971 (9th Cir. 2000) (quotation omitted). Suarez has

failed to make this showing on either claim.

1
 To the extent Suarez claims a material change in circumstances since the agency’s
decision, that argument is properly addressed in a motion to reopen. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii).
2
 Suarez does not challenge the agency’s denial of CAT protection. Nor does she
contest the BIA’s conclusion that there is no pattern or practice in Cuba of uniformly
persecuting political dissidents, or that she and her family are members of such a
disfavored group. These arguments are therefore forfeited. Zetino v. Holder, 622
F.3d 1007, 1011 n.1 (9th Cir. 2010).

                                          4
       The IJ’s explanation of the removal proceedings was sufficient, and in any

case not prejudicial. The IJ explained the applicable procedures to Suarez, told her

she could apply for asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT protection, and

offered to provide her with the relevant forms and instructions. Contrary to Suarez’s

claims, Agyeman v. INS, 296 F.3d 871 (9th Cir. 2002) did not purport to impose a

bright-line rule that any failure to articulate the precise elements of a claim

constitutes a constitutional violation. See id. at 877, 884 (explaining that the IJ must

“provid[e] appropriate guidance as to how the alien may prove his application for

relief”).

       The IJ did not violate Suarez’s due process rights when questioning her.

Although Suarez contends that she would have testified about additional threats from

police and government officials, the IJ asked questions that gave Suarez the

opportunity to provide this information. Suarez also has not demonstrated that the

result of her proceeding would have changed with the additional information about

threats that she now proffers. “Mere threats, without more, do not necessarily

compel a finding of past persecution.” Villegas Sanchez v. Garland, 990 F.3d 1173,

1179 (9th Cir. 2021). And as in Villegas Sanchez, Suarez has not alleged that the

police ever “followed through on any of [their] threats,” or that they “performed any

acts of violence.” See id. Thus, Suarez has not shown prejudice.

       PETITION DENIED.

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