Court Opinion

ID: 4647718
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-29 23:02:24.245471+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:07.797576
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
    LORENZO ROCCIA and                        )
    TRANSATLANTIC GROUP                       )
    PARTNERS, LLC,                            )
                                              )
               Plaintiffs,                    )
                                              )
          v.                                  )     C.A. No. 2020-0641-MTZ
                                              )
    MARTIN MUGICA and ULTINER                 )
    LLC,                                      )
                                              )
               Defendants,                    )
                                              )
    and                                       )
                                              )
    SKYLINE RENEWABLES, LLC                   )
                                              )
               Nominal Defendant.             )

          ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR SUMMARY
                JUDGMENT AND DENYING DEFENDANTS’
                  MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
          WHEREAS, on review of Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment

(“Plaintiffs’ Motion”) and Defendants’ cross-motion for summary judgment

(“Defendants’ Motion”), as briefed and taken under advisement on November 6,

2020, it appears:1

1
 Citations in the form of “PX –– at ––” refer to the exhibits attached to the Transmittal
Declaration of Bruce E. Jameson, available at Docket Item (“D.I.”) 37. Citations in the
form of “DX –– at ––” refer to the exhibits attached to the Unsworn Declaration of Martin
Mugica, available at D.I. 34.
         A.     This dispute centers on three entities nested like matryoshka dolls.2

The innermost doll is Nominal Defendant Skyline Renewables LLC (“Skyline”), an

investment company through which its owners invest in renewable energy ventures.3

It is nested within Transatlantic Power Holdings LLC (“Holdings”), which owns

100% of Skyline’s non-voting Class B shares and 0.5% of its Class A voting shares.4

Holdings is managed and controlled by its managing member, the outermost doll,

Transatlantic Ultiner LLC (“Managing Member”).5 Managing Member’s ownership

is split evenly between Plaintiff Lorenzo Roccia, through his entity Transatlantic

Group Partners LLC (“Transatlantic,” and together with Roccia, “Plaintiffs”), and

Defendant Martin Mugica, through his entity Ultiner LLC (“Ultiner,” and together

with Mugica, “Defendants”).6

         B.     Skyline, Holdings, and Managing Member are governed by a similarly

nested set of operating agreements (the “Skyline Operating Agreement,” the

2
 Matryoshka dolls, often called Russian nesting dolls, are a popular form of folk art,
wherein successively smaller wooden dolls are arranged inside one another.
3
    See D.I. 40 ¶ 3 [hereinafter “Am. Answer”].
4
  See PX 4 [hereinafter “Skyline Op. Agr.”], Schedule I. Nonparty Windpower Americas
I LLC (“Windpower I”) owns the other 99.5% of Skyline’s Class A shares. Id. Windpower
I is a controlled subsidiary of Ardian, a French private equity firm. See Am. Answer ¶ 23.
5
 Am. Answer ¶ 21. Managing Member owns a 75.8% voting interest in Holdings. Id. ¶
21; PX 1 [hereinafter “Holdings Op. Agr.”], Schedule A. Eight other nonparty investors
hold the remaining 24.2% interest, and vote only in certain strategic transactions. See
Holdings Op. Agr., Schedule A; id. § 4.06(a)(ii)–(b).
6
    Am. Answer ¶¶ 18–20.

                                             2
“Holdings Operating Agreement,” and the “Managing Member Operating

Agreement,” respectively).            The Skyline Operating Agreement establishes a

corporation-like management structure for Skyline, with a CEO and a five-member

board of managers (the “Skyline Board”).7 The Skyline Board has two managers

appointed by Holdings and three appointed by Skyline’s other investor, Windpower

I.8 The Skyline Operating Agreement also delegates certain authority to its asset

manager, Holdings. 9          Holdings similarly has a corporation-like management

structure, with a CEO and a four-member board of managers (the “Holdings Board”)

directing its affairs. Holdings also delegates certain authority to its managing

member, Managing Member. 10 Managing Member, in turn, is run by its two-

member board of managers (the “Managing Member Board”).

         C.      Roccia and Mugica have management roles in each entity. The two

men are Holdings’ designees on the Skyline Board.11 Roccia is the Skyline Board’s

7
  See Skyline Op. Agr. § 7.1(a)–(f). Skyline is a series LLC; for the purposes of this Order,
I refer to all Skyline entities as “Skyline” and all those entities boards’ as the “Skyline
Board.”
8
    See id. § 7.1(e)–(f); see also id., Schedule I.
9
  See id. § 1.1 (defining Holdings as Skyline’s “Asset Manager”); see also DX 8
[hereinafter “Asset Manager Agr.”]. Holdings, as Skyline’s Asset Manager was
responsible for directing certain aspects of Skyline’s day-to-day business. See, e.g.,
Skyline Op. Agr. §§ 5.1–5.2, 8.3(e); see also Asset Manager Agr. § 2.1.
10
  See, e.g., Holdings Op. Agr. § 12.02(a) (appointing Managing Member as Holdings’
“Tax Matters Member”).
11
     See Skyline Op. Agr. § 7.1(f).

                                                  3
chairman;12 Mugica is Skyline’s President and CEO.13 They have the same roles at

the Holdings level: both Mugica and Roccia are members of the Holdings Board,

Roccia is the Holdings Board’s chairman, and Mugica is President and CEO.14 And

at the Managing Member level, Roccia and Mugica are the only two members of the

Managing Member Board.15

          D.     This action concerns Mugica’s attempt, in his role as Holdings’

President and CEO, to remove Roccia from the Skyline Board. On May 11, 2020,

Mugica wrote Roccia, the Skyline Board members, and the Holdings Board members

(the “Removal Letter”):

          Pursuant to my authority as President and CEO of Transatlantic Power
          Holdings LLC (the “Company”), this letter serves as notice that Lorenzo
          Roccia is hereby removed, effective immediately, as a member of the
          Board of Managers of Skyline Renewables LLC and as a member of the
          Board of Managers of Skyline Renewables LLC - Series 1.

          Mr. Roccia’s removals are made in accordance with Section 7.6(a) of
          the Amended and Restated Operating Agreement of Skyline
          Renewables LLC dated effective as of February 23, 2018 (the
          “Operating Agreement”). Pursuant to Section 7.1(f) of the Operating
          Agreement, I will in the near future appoint a replacement for Mr.
          Roccia on both Boards as one of the Company’s two permitted
          representatives.16

12
     Id. § 7.2(a).
13
     Id. § 7.7(a).
14
 Holdings Op. Agr. § 8.02. There are two other members of the Holdings Board, Abel
Navarro and a fourth director to be appointed by Managing Member. Id.
15
     Managing Member Op. Agr. § 6.02.
16
     PX 6.

                                            4
The parties dispute whether Roccia’s removals were valid and proper.

          E.     On July 31, 2020, Plaintiffs filed their first complaint under 6 Del. C.

§ 18-110, seeking an injunction preventing Roccia’s removal from the Skyline Board,

a declaration that his purported removal was void, and attorneys’ fees pursuant to the

Skyline Operating Agreement. 17             Defendants answered the first complaint on

September 2.18

          F.     The parties agreed to present this matter to the Court through cross-

motions for summary judgment,19 which they filed simultaneously on October 23.20

Also on October 23, Plaintiffs filed their amended complaint,21 which Defendants

answered on October 28.22 The parties stipulated that the amended pleadings would

govern the cross motions for summary judgment.23 Plaintiffs’ Motion requests the

Court “declare the purported removal of Roccia from the Skyline Board as void ab

initio, and award to Plaintiffs their reasonable fees and expenses in prosecuting this

17
     D.I. 1 at 26.
18
     D.I. 17 at 1.
19
     D.I. 20 at 1.
20
     D.I. 39; D.I. 35; see also D.I. 32; D.I. 36.
21
     D.I. 31 at 1.
22
     Am. Answer at 1.
23
  D.I. 30 ¶ 3. Counsel is commended for narrowing the issues for the Court’s consideration
and presenting them concisely.

                                                    5
action.”24 Defendants argue that Mugica’s removal of Roccia was valid and binding

on Holdings.

         G.      The Motions present two questions of contract interpretation. First,

under the relevant agreements, may Holdings remove Roccia from the Skyline

Board? And, if so, does Mugica have the authority to exercise that power himself

by virtue of his position as Holdings’ President and CEO, as defined by the Holdings

Operating Agreement and Mugica’s employment agreement (the “Employment

Agreement”)?

         H.      Delaware LLCs are creatures of contract.25 “In governance disputes

among constituencies in an LLC, the starting (and end) point almost always is the

parties’ bargained-for operating agreement, and the court’s role in these disputes is

to ‘interpret [the] contract [and] effectuate the parties’ intent.’” 26 In interpreting

LLC agreements, Delaware courts treat them as any other contract,27 aiming to “give

priority to the parties’ intentions as reflected in the four corners of the agreement,

24
     D.I. 36 at 34.
25
  E.g., TravelCenters of Am., LLC v. Brog, 2008 WL 1746987, at *1 (Del. Ch.
Apr. 3, 2008).
26
  A & J Cap., Inc. v. L. Office of Krug, 2018 WL 3471562, at *5 (Del. Ch. July 18, 2018)
(alterations in original) (quoting GRT, Inc. v. Marathon GTF Tech., Ltd., 2012 WL
2356489, at *7 (Del. Ch. June 21, 2012)).
27
  See Mickman v. Am. Int’l Processing, L.L.C., 2009 WL 2244608, at *2 (Del. Ch.
July 28, 2009).

                                            6
construing the agreement as a whole and giving effect to all its provisions.” 28

“Delaware adheres to the objective theory of contracts, i.e. a contract’s construction

should be that which would be understood by an objective, reasonable third party.” 29

In doing so, the Court will “give effect to the plain-meaning of the contract’s terms

and provisions,”30 will “read a contract as a whole and . . . will give each provision

and term effect, so as not to render any part of the contract mere surplusage.” 31 “If

a contract is unambiguous, extrinsic evidence may not be used to interpret the intent

of the parties, to vary the terms of the contract or to create an ambiguity.”32

         I.     The foregoing principles guide the Court’s interpretation of both the

relevant LLC operating agreements and the Employment Agreement. Pursuant to

the Holdings Operating Agreement, the Holdings Board has full power over all of

Holdings’ affairs, including the “full and complete” authority to act “on behalf of

and in the name of the Company”:

28
  Salamone v. Gorman, 106 A.3d 354, 368 (Del. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted)
(quoting GMG Cap. Inv., LLC. v. Athenian Venture P’rs I, L.P., 36 A.3d 776, 779
(Del. 2012)).
29
  Osborn ex rel. Osborn v. Kemp, 991 A.2d 1153, 1159 (Del. 2010) (footnotes and internal
quotation marks omitted) (quoting NBC Universal v. Paxson Commc’ns, 2005 WL
1038997, at *5 (Del. Ch. Apr. 29, 2005)).
30
  Id. at 1159–60; see also Alta Berkeley VI C.V. v. Omneon, Inc., 41 A.3d 381, 385 (Del.
2012) (“Unless there is ambiguity, Delaware courts interpret contract terms according to
their plain, ordinary meaning.”).
31
     Kuhn Constr., Inc. v. Diamond State Port Corp., 990 A.2d 393, 396–97 (Del. 2010).
32
     Eagle Indus., Inc. v. DeVilbiss Health Care, Inc., 702 A.2d 1228, 1232 (Del. 1997).

                                              7
         The business and affairs of the Company shall be managed, operated
         and controlled by or under the direction of the Board, and the Board
         shall have, and is hereby granted, the full and complete power, authority
         and discretion for, on behalf of and in the name of the Company, to take
         such actions as it may in its sole discretion deem necessary or advisable
         to carry out any and all of the objectives and purposes of the Company,
         subject only to the terms of this Agreement.33

The Holdings Board delegated only a subset of that authority to Mugica, and retained

the power to alter the scope of that delegation.34

         J.     The Employment Agreement characterizes Mugica’s powers and duties

as those of a chief executive:

         During the Employment Term, [Mugica] shall serve as the Executive
         Officer of the Company, reporting to the [Holdings Board]. In such
         position, [Mugica] shall have such customary and usual duties,
         authority and responsibility as chief executive, as shall be further
         determined from time to time by the Board, which duties, authority and
         responsibility   are     consistent    with    [Mugica’s]     position.
         Notwithstanding the foregoing, unless and until changed or revised by
         the [Holdings Board], [Mugica’s] duties and powers shall include the
         duties, powers and limitations described on the attached Exhibit A. 35

33
     Holdings Op. Agr. § 8.01.
34
  See Holdings Op. Agr. § 8.09 (“Subject to the ultimate control of the [Holdings Board],
[Mugica] shall have . . . such other powers and duties as may be prescribed or granted by
the [Holdings Board].”); PX 3 [hereinafter “Empl. Agr.”], Ex. A (same); see also Empl.
Agr. § 2.1 (“Notwithstanding the foregoing, unless and until changed or revised by the
[Holdings Board], [Mugica’s] duties and powers shall include the duties, powers and
limitations described on the attached Exhibit A.”).
35
     Empl. Agr. § 2.1.

                                            8
Exhibit A to the Employment Agreement further explains these duties, emphasizing

Mugica’s broad authority to supervise and control Holdings’ “business and

operations”:

         Subject to the ultimate control of the [Holdings Board], [Mugica] shall
         have paramount and full responsibility and power for the general
         supervision, direction and control of the business and operations of
         [Holdings] and the officers and employees of [Holdings], and shall have
         all of the general powers of management usually or typically vested in
         the office of president of a corporation, and shall have such other
         powers and duties as may be prescribed or granted by the [Holdings
         Board].36

Section 8.09 of the Holdings Operating Agreement largely echoes the “paramount

and full responsibility” language from Exhibit A:

         Subject to the ultimate control of the [Holdings Board] and other
         limitations set forth in this Agreement, the President and Chief
         Executive Officer shall have paramount and full responsibility and
         power for the general supervision, direction and control of the business
         and operations of [Holdings] and the Officers and employees of
         [Holdings], and shall have all of the general powers of management
         usually or typically vested in the office of president of a corporation,
         and shall have such other powers and duties as may be prescribed or
         granted by the [Holdings Board].37

36
     Id. Ex. A.
37
     Holdings Op. Agr. § 8.09.

                                            9
       K.     The proper interpretation of such contract language is a question of law,

making it well-suited for resolution on a motion for summary judgment. 38 The

summary judgment standard is familiar:

       Summary judgment is appropriate when the record shows that “there is
       no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is
       entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” On a motion for summary
       judgment, “the moving party bears the burden of establishing that there
       are no issues of material fact, and the court must review all evidence in
       the light most favorable to the non-moving party.”39

       IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, this 29th day of December, 2020, that:

       1.     Mugica’s purported ouster of Roccia was ineffective because Mugica

did not have the authority to remove Roccia from the Skyline Board on Holdings’

behalf. Based on the plain meaning of Mugica’s Employment Agreement and the

Holdings Operating Agreement, Holdings did not empower Mugica to act on

Holdings’ behalf to remove a director of an affiliated entity.

       2.     It is unnecessary to determine whether the Skyline Operating

Agreement granted Holdings the power to remove Roccia from the Skyline Board

in the first instance; this Order assumes it did. Under Section 7.6 of the Skyline

38
  E.g., The Williams Cos. v. Energy Transfer LP, 2020 WL 3581095, at *11 (Del. Ch.
July 2, 2020) (“Contract interpretation is often amenable to summary judgment because
the interpretation of a contract is a question of law. Generally, only in ambiguous contracts
where the contractual language is fairly susceptible to different interpretations is summary
judgment improper.” (internal quotation marks, alterations, and footnotes omitted)).
39
   Weil v. VEREIT Operating P’ship, L.P., 2018 WL 834428, at *3 (Del. Ch. Feb. 13, 2018)
(internal citations and alterations omitted).

                                             10
Operating Agreement, the provision under which Mugica purported to remove

Roccia, 40 the power to remove a manager from the Skyline Board rested with

Holdings, as the member who appointed him. 41 The relevant question here is

whether Holdings delegated that power to Mugica.

         3.      Holdings could delegate to Mugica any or all of the powers and duties

to manage and control its business and affairs.42 As it happened, Holdings granted

plenary power to its board, and only limited authority to Mugica, as president and

CEO, analogized to the authority held by a corporate officer in the same position.43

         4.      In view of this corporation-like hierarchy, I look to Holdings’ specific

delegations of power to Mugica as CEO to determine the scope of his authority.44

40
     See PX 6.
41
     See Skyline Op. Agr. § 7.6.
42
  See 6 Del. C. § 18-407 (“Unless otherwise provided in the limited liability company
agreement, a member or manager of a limited liability company has the power and
authority to delegate to 1 or more other persons any or all of the member’s or manager’s,
as the case may be, rights, powers and duties to manage and control the business and affairs
of the limited liability company. Any such delegation may be to agents, officers and
employees of a member or manager or the limited liability company, and by a management
agreement or another agreement with, or otherwise to, other persons.”).
43
   See Empl. Agr. § 2.1 (“In such position, [Mugica] shall have such customary and usual
duties, authority and responsibility as chief executive . . . .”); Empl. Agr. Ex. A. (“[Mugica]
. . . shall have all of the general powers of management usually or typically vested in the
office of president of a corporation . . . .”); Holdings Op. Agr. § 8.09 (“[T]he President and
Chief Executive Officer . . . shall have all of the general powers of management usually or
typically vested in the office of president of a corporation . . . .”).
44
     See Obeid v. Hogan, 2016 WL 3356851, at *6 (Del. Ch. June 10, 2016).

                                              11
In a corporation, an officer’s authority is limited to the authority the board grants

her; the board holds plenary authority.45 In general, a corporate officer is an agent

who may bind the company, her principal, only when she has authority to do so.46

45
   See Joseph Greenspon’s Sons Iron & Steel Co. v. Pecos Valley Gas Co., 156 A. 350,
351–52 (Del. Super. Ct. 1931) (“The powers of a President of a corporation, i.e., the powers
over its business and property, are, of course, merely the powers of an agent, for a
corporation can speak in no other manner. The control over the company’s business and
property is vested in the Board of Directors, but subject to this control certain powers are
delegated by implication to certain officers.”); Amalgamated Bank v. Yahoo! Inc., 132 A.3d
752, 780–81 (Del. Ch. 2016) (“Officers also are agents who report to the board of directors
in its capacity as the governing body for the corporation. The General Corporation Law of
the State of Delaware . . . and the decisions of [the Delaware Supreme] Court have
repeatedly recognized the fundamental principle that the management of the business and
affairs of a Delaware corporation is entrusted to its directors, who are the duly elected and
authorized representatives of the stockholders. Within this relationship, officers have a
duty to comply with the board’s directives.” (internal citations, footnotes, and quotation
marks omitted)), abrogated on other grounds by Tiger v. Boast Apparel, Inc., 214 A.3d
933 (Del. 2019); Kleinberg v. Cohen, 2017 WL 568342, at *13 (Del. Ch. Feb. 13, 2017)
(“In a Delaware corporation, the directors of the corporation manage the corporation and
that principle is statutorily enshrined in Section 141(a). A written contract allowing board
appointment rights cannot be used to thwart that precept of Delaware law.”); OptimisCorp.
v. Waite, 2015 WL 5147038, at *66 (Del. Ch. Aug. 25, 2015) (discussing “the fundamental
premise of Delaware law that a corporation is managed by the board of directors” and
affirming that “[i]n a Delaware corporation, the directors of the corporation manage the
corporation and that principle is statutorily enshrined in Section 141(a)”); Klaassen v.
Allegro Dev. Corp., 2013 WL 5967028, at *15 (Del. Ch. Nov. 7, 2013) (“Often it is said
that a board’s most important task is to hire, monitor, and fire the CEO.” (citing
authorities)).
46
   Petition of Mulco Prods., Inc., 123 A.2d 95, 103–04 (Del. Super. Ct. 1956) (“It is
axiomatic that a corporation by structural necessity must act, if it acts at all, through its
agents. Consequently in any situation where the power of an agent to bind his principal is
put in issue, the agent’s authority becomes a matter of paramount importance. The
authority of an agent may fall generally into two categories, actual and apparent. . . . The
issue of actual authority, whether express or implied, is decided solely by scrutinizing the
relationship of the agent and the corporation.” (internal citations omitted)), aff’d sub nom.
Mulco Prods., Inc. v. Black, 127 A.2d 851 (Del. 1956). In this case, Mugica relies only on
his authority under the relevant agreements.

                                             12
         5.    Holdings delegated four branches of authority to Mugica: (1) “the

general powers of management usually or typically vested in the office of president

of a corporation,” (2) control of Holdings’ “business and operations,” (3) control

over Holdings’ “officers and employees,” and (4) other duties as assigned by the

Holdings Board. 47 By their plain meaning, none of these four categories gave

Mugica authority to exercise the company’s removal rights for directors of affiliated

companies.48

         6.    I first consider Mugica’s “general powers of management usually or

typically vested in the office of president of a corporation.”            This Court has

recognized that a corporate president has certain authority inherent to her office.

         The strict rule that the president of a private corporation has little or no
         authority to bind the corporation by virtue of his office is slowly but
         certainly giving place to the more reasonable and practical view that he
         is presumed to have, by virtue of his office, certain more or less limited
         powers in the transaction of the usual and ordinary business of the
         corporation.49

47
     Empl. Agr. Ex. A.
48
  Cf. Ensing v. Ensing, 2017 WL 880884, at *9–10 (Del. Ch. March 6, 2017) (finding that
defendant’s purported removal of an LLC’s manager was ineffective because he was not
authorized to act on behalf of the LLC’s members).
49
  See Italo-Petroleum Corp. of Am. v. Hannigan, 14 A.2d 401, 406 (Del. 1940) (citing Atl.
Refin. Co. v. Ingalls & Co., 185 A. 885, 886 (Del. Super. Ct. 1936)); see also Joseph
Greenspon’s Sons Iron & Steel Co., 156 A. at 352.

                                             13
Thus, by giving Mugica the powers of a president of a corporation, Holdings gave

him only the authority to bind the company in the ordinary course of business.50

         7.     Mugica’s power as Holdings’ president and CEO does not include the

ability to exercise Holding’s removal rights in Skyline. Removing a director of an

affiliated company is neither “usual and ordinary” nor part of Holdings’ core

business. Removing a director is an exercise of Holdings’ membership rights under

the Skyline Operating Agreement.51 Doing so is inherently an extraordinary event,

outside of Holdings’ ordinary business.52 Further, Holdings’ “usual and ordinary

business” is, as described in the Holdings Operating Agreement, “identifying,

acquiring . . . developing, building, operating and managing” its various renewable

energy assets. 53 These day-to-day operations do not encompass removing its

50
  See Italo-Petroleum, 14 A.2d at 406; Colish v. Brandywine Raceway Ass’n, 119 A.2d
887, 891 (Del. Super. Ct. 1955) (“The rule mentioned in [Italo-Petroleum] to the effect that
the president of a private corporation is presumed to have, by virtue of his office, certain
more or less limited powers in the transaction of the usual and ordinary business of the
corporation, is not applicable here because this particular transaction was not in the
ordinary course of defendant’s business.”); see also Rainbow Mountain, Inc. v. Begeman,
2019 WL 6724420, at *2 (Del. Ch. Dec. 5, 2019). A corporate president may also be
delegated authority beyond what is “inherent” to her office. I discuss Mugica’s authority
under other, more specific, delegations of power infra.
51
     See Skyline Op. Agr. § 7.6(a).
52
   Removing a director of a Delaware corporation is a significant action that is protected
by statute. See 8 Del. C. § 141(k); see also Solstice Cap. II, L.P. v. Ritz, 2004 WL 765939,
at *1 & n.13 (Del. Ch. Apr. 6, 2004).
53
  Holdings Op. Agr. § 4.06(b)(ii) (defining Holdings’ “Business” as “identifying,
acquiring (and disposing of), developing, building, operating and managing principally
wind and solar energy assets . . . including power plants and electrical facilities and

                                            14
designees on other companies’ boards. Exercising Holdings’ removal right in

Skyline is outside the scope of Mugica’s authority as a “typical” corporate

president.54

         8.    The second category of Mugica’s authority similarly does not reach

removing Roccia. Mugica’s “paramount and full responsibility and power for the

general supervision, direction and control of the business and operations of

[Holdings]” empowers him to supervise the company’s commercial enterprise and

activities. 55 As explained, Holdings’ commercial activities include “identifying,

acquiring . . . developing, building, operating and managing” renewable energy

assets.56 Exhibit A to Mugica’s Employment Agreement emphasizes that his power

is focused on operational matters, namely, execution of the annual budget and

business plan (the “Annual Budget Plan”).57

         9.    In Miramar Police Officers Retirement Plan v. Murdoch, this Court

interpreted the meaning of the term “business and operations” in a separation and

providing all related services including but not limited to energy trading, asset management
and optimization within North America.”); see Italo-Petroleum, 14 A.2d at 406.
54
     See Empl. Agr. Ex. A.
55
  See Miramar Police Officers’ Ret. Plan v. Murdoch, 2015 WL 1593745, at *12–13 (Del.
Ch. Apr. 7, 2015).
56
  Holdings Op. Agr. § 4.06(b)(ii). Even though Holdings is, broadly speaking, a holding
company, the company’s “Business” as defined in its LLC agreement is operational.
57
     See Empl. Agr. Ex. A.

                                            15
distribution agreement.58 There, the Court considered whether certain governance

restrictions from a settlement agreement had transferred in a spin-off transaction.59

That question was ultimately governed by the agreement’s use of the phrase

“business and operations.” 60 The Murdoch Court, relying on “commonly used

dictionaries,” found that “the word ‘business’ means the commercial enterprise of a

company, and the word ‘operations’ means the commercial activities of a

company.”61 The Court distinguished these commercial activities from “corporate

governance matters.”62

          10.    Consistent with this interpretation, I conclude that Mugica’s authority

over Holdings’ “business and operations” does not empower him to speak for the

company regarding Roccia’s position on the Skyline Board. Mugica’s “paramount

and full responsibility and power” is over the company’s commercial enterprise and

activities. 63 As explained, this purview does not include exercising Holdings’

removal rights in Skyline. 64 This interpretation is consistent with Murdoch’s

58
     Murdoch, 2015 WL 1593745, at *11–12.
59
     See id. at *1.
60
     See id. at *11–12.
61
     See id. at *12.
62
     See id. at *12–13.
63
     See id. at *12.
64
  In an attempt to bring Roccia’s removal within Holdings’ operations, Defendants
contend that Mugica sought to remove Roccia because Roccia opposed Mugica’s execution

                                            16
interpretation of the phrase “business and operations,” and the Holdings Operating

Agreement’s plain language.

         11.   Nor does Mugica’s authority over Holdings’ “officers and employees”

give him authority him to remove Roccia from the Skyline Board. Holdings’

designees on the boards of affiliated entities are neither officers nor employees of

Holdings, but rather, are managers of the affiliates. Because Holdings’ designees on

the Skyline Board are not officers or employees of Holdings, that branch of Mugica’s

power does not reach them.

         12.   Finally, Mugica also has “such other powers and duties as may be

prescribed or granted by the [Holdings Board]. 65 There is no evidence that the

Holdings Board otherwise delegated to Mugica authority by which he could exercise

the company’s removal power.

         13.   Neither of Mugica’s arguments supports a broader understanding of his

power. First, Mugica argues that the ten enumerated restrictions in Exhibit A of his

Employment Agreement are the only limitations on his otherwise absolute power at

of the Annual Budget Plan at the Skyline Board level. See D.I. 32 at 40. Defendants’
reading would dramatically expand Mugica’s delegated authority beyond operational
matters. That removing Roccia would allow Mugica to operate Holdings as he sees fit does
not transform Roccia’s removal into an operational issue.
65
     Empl. Agr. Ex. A.

                                          17
Holdings.66 Exhibit A prohibits Mugica from taking certain specific operational

actions without prior written approval from the Holdings Board, “unless

contemplated under, consistent with and pre-approved in the Annual Budget Plan.”67

But Mugica’s power is fundamentally constrained to matters involving Holdings’

“business and operations,” as described above. The items listed in Exhibit A are

limits on that delegated authority, not a grant of plenary authority.

           14.   Second, Mugica argues that the Holdings Board agreed to use

“commercially reasonable efforts” to avoid involving itself in his operational duties.

           Except in extraordinary circumstances (as may be determined by the
           Board, acting in good faith), the Board will use commercially
           reasonable efforts to refrain from involving itself with or directing the
           Executive’s discharge of his duties and responsibilities on behalf of the
           Company so long as such discharge of his duties and responsibilities
           are consistent with the [Annual Budget Plan].68

This language does not broaden Mugica’s authority. It is, at most, a promise that the

Board will not interfere with Mugica’s delegated powers under the Employment

Agreement, namely, those outlined in Section 2.1 and Exhibit A. It is not itself an

66
  See D.I. 42 at 20. Defendants also cite extrinsic evidence about the parties’ intentions,
including emails exchanged during drafting, in support of their broad reading. Mugica
contends these exhibits support his interpretation of Exhibit A as the only “carve outs” to
his otherwise broad power. See, e.g., id. (quoting DX 3). The Court cannot use extrinsic
evidence to interpret an unambiguous contract. See Eagle Indus., 702 A.2d at 1232.
Because the Holdings Operating Agreement and the Employment Agreement are not
ambiguous, I do not consider that evidence.
67
     Empl. Agr. Ex. A.
68
     Id.

                                              18
independent grant of power. The Holdings Board’s promise not to interfere does not

expand Mugica’s power to an area not contemplated by the agreements.

          15.    Section 15.15 of the Holdings Operation Agreement permits the

prevailing party to recover attorneys’ fees expended in an action related to that

agreement:

          Attorneys’ Fees. In the event that any party hereto institutes any legal
          suit, action or proceeding, including arbitration, against another party
          in respect of a matter arising out of or relating to this Agreement, the
          prevailing party in the suit, action or proceeding shall be entitled to
          receive, in addition to all other damages to which it may be entitled, the
          costs incurred by such party in conducting the suit, action or
          proceeding, including reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses and
          court costs.69

The parties do not dispute that this action is “a matter arising out of or relating to

this Agreement,” as both Plaintiffs and Defendants have requested the Court to shift

fees under this provision.70 As the prevailing party, Plaintiffs are entitled to their

reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses incurred in this action. The parties shall

confer regarding the amount of Plaintiffs’ expense award. If the parties cannot agree

on the amount, then Plaintiffs shall file a motion supported by a Court of Chancery

Rule 88 affidavit.

69
     Holdings Op. Agr. § 15.15.
70
     E.g., D.I. 42 at 32; D.I. 36 at 33.

                                             19
      16.    For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiffs’ Motion is GRANTED.

Accordingly, and for the same reasons, Defendants’ Motion is DENIED. Within

twenty days, the parties shall submit an implementing order reflecting this decision

if a fee award is agreed upon; otherwise, Plaintiffs shall file their motion.

                                                     /s/ Morgan T. Zurn
                                               Vice Chancellor Morgan T. Zurn

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