Court Opinion

ID: 2729611
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-08 21:45:02.021341+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:11:34.773778
License: Public Domain

FOR PUBLICATION

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                         ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:

MARK A. BATES                                   GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Office of the Lake County Public Defender       Attorney General of Indiana
Crown Point, Indiana
                                                BRIAN REITZ
                                                Deputy Attorney General
                                                Indianapolis, Indiana
                                                                                 FILED
                                                                              Sep 04 2012, 12:37 pm

                              IN THE
                                                                                      CLERK
                    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA                                     of the supreme court,
                                                                                    court of appeals and
                                                                                           tax court

NATHAN S. BERKMAN,                              )
                                                )
       Appellant-Defendant,                     )
                                                )
              vs.                               )       No. 45A04-1111-CR-583
                                                )
STATE OF INDIANA,                               )
                                                )
       Appellee-Plaintiff.                      )

                      APPEAL FROM THE LAKE SUPERIOR COURT
                          The Honorable Diane R. Boswell, Judge
                              Cause No. 45G03-0906-MR-3

                                    September 4, 2012

                              OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION

BRADFORD, Judge
      Appellant-Defendant Nathan Berkman appeals from his conviction of and sentence for

Felony Murder.1 Berkman raises five issues, which we restate as follows:

      I.         Whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying Berkman’s
                 motion to dismiss, which was made on the basis that the instant charge
                 was barred by prohibitions against double jeopardy;

      II.        Whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying Berkman’s
                 mistrial motion, which was made on the basis that the trial court abused
                 its discretion in admitting certain testimony from a previous trial;

      III.       Whether the trial court abused its discretion in admitting certain
                 deposition testimony; and

      IV.        Whether Berkman’s sixty-year executed sentence is inappropriately
                 harsh.

      We affirm.

                           FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      In August of 2008, Berkman owed approximately $2000 to Olen Hawkins, from

whom he had frequently purchased cocaine. On August 30, 2008, Berkman telephoned

Hawkins, told him that he had the money he owed him, and arranged a meeting in a

supermarket parking lot. Between 4:00 and 5:00 p.m., Berkman told Arlene Timmerman, his

girlfriend and with whom he lived, that was going to leave to obtain money and cocaine and

that he had to go by himself. Berkman left at approximately 6:00 p.m., in Timmerman’s car.

      Berkman met Hawkins in the supermarket parking lot, parked next to him, and entered

Hawkins’s vehicle. When Hawkins asked Berkman if he had the money that he owed him,

Berkman slit Hawkins’s throat “from ear to ear and he robbed him for a couple ounces of

      1
           Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1(2) (2008).
                                                2
dope and a bunch of money.” Tr. p. 1015. Berkman kicked Hawkins’s dead body into the

passenger seat and drove Hawkins’s car back to Timmerman’s house, arriving at

approximately 9:30 to 10:00 p.m.

       When Berkman arrived back at Timmerman’s, he yelled for Timmerman. Timmerman

went with Berkman to the garage, where she saw Hawkins’s dead body in the passenger seat

of his car. Berkman told Timmerman that he had cut Hawkins’s throat and taken an ounce of

cocaine from him. Berkman, Timmerman, and Tanya Sullivan, who was visiting, then

smoked crack cocaine in the basement until approximately 1:30 or 2:00 a.m.

       Late in the evening of August 31, 2008, or early in the morning of September 1,

Berkman retrieved a knife from the kitchen, held it to Timmerman’s neck, and said, “Get

your f****** a** downstairs now.” Tr. p. 517. Timmerman managed to elude Berkman,

leave, and go to the home of friend Meghan Johnston. At approximately 7:00 or 8:00 a.m. on

September 1, 2008, Timmerman called home, Berkman apologized, and Timmerman

returned home. Berkman told her later that day that he had formulated a plan to dispose of

Hawkins’s body, which was still in Hawkins’s car in the garage. Early in the morning of

September 2, 2008, Berkman drove Hawkins’s car to a field with Timmerman following in

her car. While Timmerman waited, Berkman doused Hawkins’s car with gasoline and set it

aflame. Hawkins’s burned-out car and remains were discovered on November 19, 2008.

       On June 9, 2009, the State charged Berkman with murder and felony murder in the

perpetration of robbery, both felonies. On July 27, 2011, a jury acquitted Berkman of murder

but failed to reach a verdict on the felony murder count. On August 30, 2011, Berkman’s

                                             3
second jury trial began, in which he was charged with felony murder. During its case in

chief, the State called Timmerman to testify. Soon thereafter, Timmerman indicated that she

was “having an issue[,]” and trial was recessed. Tr. p. 463. When questioned by the trial

court in chambers, Timmerman said that she was “very nauseous [and] burning up” and

afraid that she might be developing a migraine. Tr. p. 466. The trial court determined that

Timmerman was unable to testify and ruled that her testimony from the first trial could be

read into the record.

       Later in the trial, on September 7, 2011, the State indicated that it wished to introduce

deposition testimony of Paul Barraza, testimony that had been read into the record in the first

trial. The deposition of Barraza had been conducted by Berkman’s attorney, and the State

did not question Barraza during the deposition. The prosecutor indicated that his office gave

Barraza’s address and telephone number to an investigator but were unable to serve Barraza

with a subpoena on August 8, 2011. The prosecutor also indicated that his office had been

unable to contact Barraza via telephone, Barraza was subject to at least one open Lake

County arrest warrant, and he believed Barraza to be in Florida avoiding the warrant. The

trial court allowed the deposition to be read into the record. The jury found Berkman guilty

as charged, and on October 3, 2011, the trial court sentenced him to sixty years of

incarceration for felony murder.

                             DISCUSSION AND DECISION

                  I. Whether the Trial Court Abused its Discretion in
                       Denying Berkman’s Motion to Dismiss

                                               4
       “On appeal, we will review a trial court’s grant of a motion to dismiss an information

for an abuse of discretion.” State v. Gill, 949 N.E.2d 848, 849 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (citing

Zitlaw v. State, 880 N.E.2d 724, 728 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied), trans. denied. “In

reviewing a trial court’s decision for an abuse of discretion, we reverse only where the

decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances. Id. (citing

Zitlaw, 880 N.E.2d at 728-29). Berkman contends that the trial court abused its discretion in

denying his motion to dismiss, which was made on the basis that retrying him for felony

murder after his acquittal for murder violated prohibitions against double jeopardy.

                       A. Richardson Same Actual Evidence Test

       Berkman contends that his retrial for felony murder violates Indiana’s “actual

evidence” test. In Richardson v. State, 717 N.E.2d 32 (Ind. 1999), the Indiana Supreme

Court held “that two or more offenses are the ‘same offense’ in violation of Article I, Section

14 of the Indiana Constitution, if, with respect to … the actual evidence used to convict, the

essential elements of one challenged offense also establish the essential elements of another

challenged offense.” Id. at 49-50. The Richardson court stated the actual evidence test as

follows:

       To show that two challenged offenses constitute the “same offense” in a claim
       of double jeopardy, a defendant must demonstrate a reasonable possibility that
       the evidentiary facts used by the fact-finder to establish the essential elements
       of one offense may also have been used to establish the essential elements of a
       second challenged offense.

Id. at 53.

       Berkman’s Richardson claim must fail for the simple reason that he has been found

                                              5
guilty of only one crime. See, e.g., Lee v. State, 892 N.E.2d 1231, 1235 (Ind. 2008) (“Since

Richardson, this Court has decided several cases where there were separate facts to support

two convictions, but the case was presented in a way that left a reasonable possibility that the

jury used the same facts to establish both.”) (second emphasis added). Because there is no

conviction other than the felony murder conviction, there is no other conviction that could

have been based on the jury’s reliance on the same actual evidence used to establish the

elements of felony murder. Berkman’s reliance on Richardson is unavailing.

                                   B. Collateral Estoppel

       Berkman also contends that the State was barred from trying him again for felony

murder by the doctrine of collateral estoppel.

       Collateral estoppel, also known as issue-preclusion, provides that “when an
       issue of ultimate fact has once been determined by a valid and final judgment,
       that issue cannot again be litigated between the same parties in any future
       lawsuit.” Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436, 443, 90 S. Ct. 1189, 25 L. Ed. 2d
       469 (1970). Collateral estoppel is a component of the Fifth Amendment’s
       double jeopardy protections. Id. at 445, 90 S.Ct. 1189. However, collateral
       estoppel “‘will not often be available to a criminal defendant,’ for ‘it is not
       often possible to determine with precision how the judge or jury has decided
       any particular issue.’” 5 Wayne R. Lafave et al., Criminal Procedure § 17.4(a)
       (3d ed. 2007) (quoting Walter V. Schaefer, Unresolved Issues in the Law of
       Double Jeopardy: Waller and Ashe, 58 Cal. L. Rev. 391, 394 (1970)).

Hoover v. State, 918 N.E.2d 724, 734 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), trans. denied.

       Berkman contends that the issues litigated and disposed of in his favor in the first trial,

i.e., that he did not murder Hawkins, preclude him from being tried subsequently for felony

murder. In order to convict a person of murder, the State is required to prove that he

“knowingly or intentionally kill[ed] another human being[,]” while a conviction for felony

                                                6
murder may rest upon proof that he “kill[ed] another human being while committing or

attempting to commit … robbery[.]” Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1(1); -1(2).

       Based on the jury’s murder acquittal and failure to reach a verdict on the felony

murder charge in the first trial, the only issue of fact that we can say with certainty was

litigated and decided against the State was that Berkman had not knowingly or intentionally

killed Hawkins. Had the first jury found that Berkman had not killed Hawkins at all, it

would have acquitted him of felony murder as well, instead of deadlocking on the charge.

However, the State is not required to prove a knowing or intentional killing in order to

sustain a felony murder conviction, only a killing–even an accidental one. In order to prevail

on his collateral estoppel claim, Berkman must be able to firmly establish that the second jury

impermissibly found that he had knowingly or intentionally killed Hawkins, which, on this

record, he cannot do. Regardless of how the case was argued and evidence presented, we

simply will not speculate regarding the jury’s deliberations; it was permitted to find Berkman

guilty of felony murder without making the impermissible finding that he knowingly or

intentionally killed Hawkins, and we must presume that it did so.

                 II. Whether the Trial Court Abused its Discretion in
                        Denying Berkman’s Mistrial Motion

       Berkman contends that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his mistrial

motion, which was made on the basis that the allegedly erroneous admission of

Timmerman’s testimony from his first trial placed him in grave peril to which he should not

have been subjected.

              We review a trial court’s decision to deny a mistrial for abuse of
                                           7
       discretion because the trial court is in “the best position to gauge the
       surrounding circumstances of an event and its impact on the jury.” McManus
       v. State, 814 N.E.2d 253, 260 (Ind. 2004). A mistrial is appropriate only when
       the questioned conduct is “so prejudicial and inflammatory that [the defendant]
       was placed in a position of grave peril to which he should not have been
       subjected.” Mickens v. State, 742 N.E.2d 927, 929 (Ind. 2001) (quoting
       Gregory v. State, 540 N.E.2d 585, 589 (Ind. 1989)). The gravity of the peril is
       measured by the conduct’s probable persuasive effect on the jury. Id.

Pittman v. State, 885 N.E.2d 1246, 1255 (Ind. 2008).

       When faced with a circumstance that a defendant believes might warrant mistrial,

       [g]enerally, the correct procedure is to request an admonishment. See Brown
       v. State, 572 N.E.2d 496, 498 (Ind. 1991). However, if counsel is not satisfied
       with the admonishment or it is obvious that the admonishment will not be
       sufficient to cure the error, counsel may then move for a mistrial. See Dresser
       v. State, 454 N.E.2d 406, 407-08 (Ind. 1983). [A] failure to request an
       admonishment or move for a mistrial results in waiver of the issue. See
       Robinson v. State, 693 N.E.2d 548, 552 (Ind. 1998).

Etienne v. State, 716 N.E.2d 457, 461 (Ind. 1999).

       At the heart of Berkman’s argument is his contention that Timmerman’s previous trial

testimony should not have been admitted. The admissibility of evidence is within the sound

discretion of the trial court. Curley v. State, 777 N.E.2d 58, 60 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans.

denied. We will reverse a trial court’s decision on the admissibility of evidence only upon a

showing of an abuse of that discretion. Id. An abuse of discretion may occur if the trial

court’s decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before

the court, or if the court has misinterpreted the law. Id. We may affirm the trial court’s

ruling if it is sustainable on any legal basis in the record, even though it was not the reason

enunciated by the trial court. Moore v. State, 839 N.E.2d 178, 182 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005),

                                              8
trans. denied. We do not reweigh the evidence and consider the evidence most favorable to

the trial court’s ruling. Hirsey v. State, 852 N.E.2d 1008, 1012 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans.

denied.

       Prior testimony is hearsay, but Indiana Rule of Evidence 804 (2008) provides a

hearsay exception for the prior testimony of a declarant who is “unavailable” as a witness.

“‘Unavailability of a witness’ includes situations in which the declarant … is unable to be

present or to testify at the hearing because of death or then existing physical or mental illness

of infirmity[.]” Ind. Evidence Rule 804(a)(1). If a witness is declared unavailable,

              Testimony given as a witness at another hearing of the same or a
       different proceeding, or in a deposition taken in compliance with law in the
       course of the same or another proceeding [is admissible], if the party against
       whom the testimony is now offered, or, in a civil action or proceeding, a
       predecessor in interest, had an opportunity and similar motive to develop the
       testimony by direct, cross, or redirect examination.

Evid. R. 804(b)(1).

              The decision whether to invoke the rule allowing admission of prior
       recorded testimony is within the sound discretion of the trial court. Moore v.
       State (1982), Ind., 440 N.E.2d 1092, after remand, 467 N.E.2d 720. Before a
       witness’ prior recorded testimony may be admitted in lieu of in court
       testimony, the prosecution must first show the declarant/witness is unavailable.
        Iseton v. State (1984), Ind. App., 472 N.E.2d 643, 648. It must also be
       determined whether there is sufficient identification of the parties and the
       issues between the former and present proceedings. Spence v. State (1979),
       182 Ind. App. 62, 393 N.E.2d 277, 281. In Spence, this court states:
       “Absolute identity is not required, only sufficient identity to insure that cross-
       examination in the former case was directed to the issues presently relevant
       and that the former parties were the same in motive and interest.” Id.

Johnston v. State, 517 N.E.2d 397, 399 (Ind. 1988).

                             A. Timmerman’s Unavailability

                                               9
       Berkman contends that the trial court abused its discretion in declaring Timmerman

unavailable. Soon after beginning her testimony, Timmerman indicated that she was “having

an issue[,]” and trial was recessed. Tr. p. 463. When questioned by the trial court in

chambers, Timmerman said that she was “very nauseous [and] burning up[,]” she was afraid

that she might be developing a migraine, and she had “thought [she] was going to throw up.”

Tr. pp. 466-67. Timmerman also indicated that she had been hospitalized from Wednesday

to Saturday of the previous week, she had undergone testing for multiple sclerosis, and

hospital personnel believed that she may have had a seizure or “possibly a stroke[.]” Tr. p.

466. After observing the witness, the trial court remarked that “I don’t see how we’re going

to be able to continue with this. I’ll get [Timmerman] the Tums [she requested], but it

doesn’t even seem possible to me.” Tr. p. 468.

       Under the circumstances of this case, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its

discretion in declaring Timmerman unavailable. The trial court questioned Timmerman, who

complained of nausea and felt that she might be developing a migraine. Timmerman also

indicated that she had very recently been hospitalized for four days, with medical personnel

suspecting MS, seizure, or stroke as the cause of her symptoms. Most importantly, the trial

court personally interviewed Timmerman and was able to observe her behavior, demeanor,

and appearance, something we cannot do. Berkman has failed to establish that the trial court

abused its discretion in declaring Timmerman unavailable due to present illness.

                                 B. Confrontation Rights

       The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides, in part, that “[i]n all

                                             10
criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right … to be confronted with the

witnesses against him[.]” Similarly, Article I, Section 13 of the Indiana Constitution

provides, in part, that In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have the right … to meet

the witnesses face to face[.]” Berkman argues that his right to confront witnesses against him

was violated by the admission of Timmerman’s prior testimony.

       It is well-settled that the admission of prior testimony is constitutional provided

certain requirements are met.

               In Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d
       177 (2004), the Supreme Court held that the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth
       Amendment to the Federal Constitution prohibits admission in a criminal trial
       of testimonial statements by a person who is absent from trial, unless the
       person is unavailable and the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-
       examine the person.

Fowler v. State, 829 N.E.2d 459, 464 (Ind. 2005). Moreover, the Indiana Supreme Court has

held that the Indiana right to meet witnesses face-to-face “is secured where the testimony of a

witness at a former hearing or trial on the same case is reproduced and admitted, where the

defendant either cross-examined such witness or was afforded an opportunity to do so, and

the witness cannot be brought to testify at trial again[.]” Brady v. State, 575 N.E.2d 981, 987

(Ind. 1991). As we have discussed, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in declaring

Timmerman unavailable, and there is no dispute that Berkman cross-examined Timmerman

during her prior testimony. Berkman’s rights to confront the witnesses against him were not

violated.

                 III. Whether the Trial Court Abused its Discretion in
                      Admitting Barraza’s Deposition Testimony

                                              11
       Berkman contends that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting Barraza’s

deposition testimony. Berkman contends that the State failed to adequately show that

Barraza was unavailable and that the deposition testimony should not have been admitted in

any event because Berkman did not have an opportunity for cross-examination and did not

have a similar motive when deposing Barraza.

                               A. Barraza’s Unavailability

       Indiana Rule of Evidence 804(a) provides, in part, that “‘[u]navailability as a witness’

includes situations in which the declarant … is absent from the hearing and the proponent of

a statement has been unable to procure the declarant’s attendance by process or other

reasonable means.”

              In several cases the United States Supreme Court has discussed the test
       for determining the unavailability of a witness. It stated a witness is not
       unavailable unless prosecutorial authorities make a good-faith effort to secure
       his presence at trial. Ohio v. Roberts (1980), 448 U.S. 56, 100 S. Ct. 2531,
       2543, 65 L. Ed. 2d 597; Berger v. California (1969), 393 U.S. 314, 315, 89 S.
       Ct. 540, 541, 21 L. Ed. 2d 508; Barber v. Page (1968), 390 U.S. 719, 88 S. Ct.
       1318, 1322, 20 L. Ed. 2d 255. (Emphasis supplied). If no possibility of
       procuring the witness’s attendance exists, “good faith” demands nothing of the
       prosecution; however, if there is even a remote possibility affirmative
       measures will be successful, good faith may demand their effectuation. Ohio,
       supra. The extent to which the prosecution must go to produce a witness is a
       question of reasonableness. Id.

Bartruff v. State, 528 N.E.2d 110, 113-14 (Ind. Ct. App. 1988).

       As previously mentioned, the prosecutor indicated that his office had unsuccessfully

attempted to serve Barraza with a subpoena on August 8, 2011, approximately one month

before trial. The prosecutor also indicated that his office had been unable to contact Barraza

                                              12
via telephone, that Barraza was subject to at least one open Lake County arrest warrant, and

that he believed Barraza to be in Florida avoiding the warrant.

        Under the circumstances of this case, we conclude that the State made a reasonable,

good-faith effort to secure Barraza’s presence at trial. Barraza failed to appear for two trials

and had apparently fled the jurisdiction to avoid an arrest warrant. The State subpoenaed

Barraza at his last known address and gave its investigator his last known address and

telephone number, to no avail.

        Whether the State could have secured Barraza had it put forth considerably more

effort is speculative at best. Given that Barraza was already subject to at least one Lake

County arrest warrant, there was no reason for the State to request a Lake County writ of

body attachment.2 Moreover, resort to the Uniform Act for Securing the Presence of

Witnesses from Without a State in Criminal Proceedings (“the Act”), Ind. Code ch. 35-37-5

(2008), would almost certainly have been wasted effort, as there was no known address for

Barraza. The Act provides for the subpoena or arrest of a witness in a foreign jurisdiction

upon request of an Indiana trial court, but there is little point in attempting to subpoena or

        2
         “When duly subpoenaed, the attendance of all witnesses may be enforced by attachment.” Ind. Code
§ 35-37-5-2 (2008).

                                                   13
arrest a witness if his whereabouts are unknown, as was the case here.3 It should also be

noted that Barraza, even if his whereabouts were known, had more incentive to ignore a

subpoena than the typical reluctant witness, as he was subject to at least one arrest warrant.

Finally, we cannot say that the State’s failure to send an investigator to Florida was at all

unreasonable, given that the record does not reflect the State had a possible address for

Barraza in Florida. Under the circumstances of this case, we cannot say that the State was

required to do more than it did to secure Barraza.

                                     B. Confrontation Rights

        Berkman also contends that even if the State put forth a good faith effort to secure

Barraza for trial, the admission of his deposition testimony violated his confrontation rights

because he did not have an opportunity for adequate or effective cross-examination and

because the deposition testimony was not developed with a similar motive. As we have

already noted, Evidence Rule 804 provides that prior testimony can be admitted if the party

against whom the evidence is offered “had an opportunity and similar motive to develop the

testimony by direct, cross, or redirect examination.” Evid. R. 804(b)(1).

        3
         Bartruff, 528 N.E.2d at 110, on which Berkman relies, is distinguishable. Bartruff addressed the
adequacy of State efforts to secure the testimony of an out-of-state witness, and we stated that

        we believe the minimum required to show a good faith effort in this regard is evidence the
        prosecution filed a petition for the issuance of a subpoena under [the Act] and continuing
        reasonable attempts to procure the witness’s attendance at trial before his deposition is
        admissible, even though the witness was subject to cross-examination when the deposition
        was taken.

Id. at 115. Unlike here, however, it is clear from Bartruff that the precise whereabouts of the witness in
question were known to the State. Berkman’s reliance on Bartruff is unavailing.

                                                   14
                             1. Opportunity to Cross-Examine

       As previously mentioned, the confrontation requirements of both the Federal and

Indiana Constitutions are met when a defendant either cross-examined the unavailable

witness whose prior testimony the State seeks to admit or had the opportunity to do so.

Fowler, 829 N.E.2d at 464; Brady, 575 N.E.2d at 987. Berkman notes that the State did not

question Barraza during his deposition, arguing that this deprived him of the opportunity to

cross-examine him. While this may be technically true, we conclude that the cross-

examination requirement was nonetheless satisfied here, in spirit if not in word. As the

Indiana Supreme Court has recognized, “the right to adequate and effective cross-

examination is fundamental and essential to a fair trial [and] includes the right to ask pointed

and relevant questions in an attempt to undermine the opposition’s case, as well as the

opportunity to test a witness’s memory, perception and truthfulness.” State v. Owings, 622

N.E.2d 948, 950 (Ind. 1993). At no point in Barraza’s deposition, the reading of which

spanned ninety-four pages in the transcript, is there the slightest indication that Berkman was

denied the opportunity to attempt to undermine Barraza or his testimony by asking any

questions he saw fit. To the extent that Berkman did not do so, it was not because he was

denied the opportunity. Under the circumstances, we conclude that requirement for the

opportunity to cross-examine was satisfied here.

                                      2. Similar Motive

       Berkman contends that his deposition of Barraza was performed for discovery

purposes, with the goal of helping his trial counsel understand what Barraza’s trial testimony

                                              15
might be so that he might better advise Berkman. Berkman argues that this difference in

motive did not afford an opportunity for effective cross-examination. We cannot agree.

Even if the primary motive of a discovery deposition in a criminal case is to obtain a preview

of a witness’s testimony, this certainly does not exclude the need to understand how the

witness’s story and credibility might be attacked. We believe that a prudent defense attorney

conducting a discovery deposition in a criminal case would not only attempt to ascertain what

the substance of the testimony might be but also explore avenues by which the testimony or

the witness’s credibility might be attacked. Indeed, Berkman’s trial counsel did just that,

spending considerable time during the deposition impeaching Barraza with prior criminal

convictions and arrests and also exploring his motive for approaching the authorities

regarding Berkman’s confession.

       Berkman’s trial counsel questioned Barraza at great length regarding his criminal

history, eliciting responses indicating that Barraza had been arrested thirteen times; had been

first incarcerated between the ages of nine and eleven; and had “four or five” felony

convictions, including for “[a] couple batteries[,]” dealing in cocaine, and theft. Tr. p. 952.

It is worth noting that most, if not all, of this could have been ruled inadmissible for

impeachment purposes at trial, with the possible exception of Barraza’s theft conviction.

Pursuant to Evidence Rule 609, evidence of a prior conviction is only admissible for

impeachment purposes if the conviction is for “murder, treason, rape, robbery, kidnapping,

burglary, arson, criminal confinement or perjury; or … a crime involving dishonesty or false

statement.” Theft is considered to be a crime of dishonesty and would therefore have been

                                              16
admissible for impeachment purposes, assuming the other requirements of Evidence Rule

609 were met. See Rowe v. State, 704 N.E.2d 1104, 1108 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999) (“Hodges’

Burglary and Theft convictions would both have been admissible as crimes which involve

dishonesty and reflect upon a witness’ credibility for truth and veracity.”), trans. denied.

       As for Barraza’s motive for coming forward, Berkman’s trial counsel asked him

whether he hoped to receive help from the State in pending criminal cases and to explain why

he “would rat out a fellow inmate like this.” Tr. p. 1032. Berkman does not explain how he

was prevented from pursuing any of these lines of questioning fully or how they would have

been pursued any differently at trial. We conclude that the motive for the discovery

deposition, as well as how the deposition actually played out, was similar enough to that of

trial testimony to satisfy the requirements of Evidence Rule 804(b)(1).

       We decline to adopt the Florida rule that the use of discovery depositions during a

criminal trial does not satisfy constitutional confrontation requirements. In State v. Lopez,

974 So. 2d 340 (Fla. 2008), the Florida Supreme Court held that

       the exercise of the right to take a discovery deposition under rule 3.220 does
       not serve as the functional substitute of in-court confrontation of the witness
       because the defendant is usually prohibited from being present, the motivation
       for the deposition does not result in the “equivalent of significant cross-
       examination,” and the resulting deposition cannot be admitted as substantive
       evidence at trial.

Id. at 350. The first and third reasons identified simply do not apply, as Indiana law does not

seem to prohibit a defendant’s attendance at discovery depositions and does not prohibit the

use of depositions from unavailable persons as substantive evidence. See Ind. Trial Rule

                                              17
32(A)(3). Also, we must respectfully disagree with the Florida Supreme Court’s second

reason, as we have already concluded that the motive for a discovery deposition in a criminal

case is close enough to that driving a defendant’s approach to trial testimony to satisfy the

requirements of Evidence Rule 804(b)(1). The trial court did not abuse its discretion in

admitting Barraza’s deposition testimony.

                   IV. Whether Berkman’s Sentence is Inappropriate

       We “may revise a sentence authorized by statute if, after due consideration of the trial

court’s decision, the Court finds that the sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of the

offense and the character of the offender.” Ind. Appellate Rule 7(B). “Although appellate

review of sentences must give due consideration to the trial court’s sentence because of the

special expertise of the trial bench in making sentencing decisions, Appellate Rule 7(B) is an

authorization to revise sentences when certain broad conditions are satisfied.” Shouse v.

State, 849 N.E.2d 650, 660 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied (citations and quotation marks

omitted). “[W]hether we regard a sentence as appropriate at the end of the day turns on our

sense of the culpability of the defendant, the severity of the crime, the damage done to others,

and myriad other factors that come to light in a given case.” Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d

1219, 1224 (Ind. 2008). In addition to the “due consideration” we are required to give to the

trial court’s sentencing decision, “we understand and recognize the unique perspective a trial

court brings to its sentencing decisions.” Rutherford v. State, 866 N.E.2d 867, 873 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2007). The trial court sentenced Berkman to sixty years of incarceration.

       The nature of Berkman’s offense was quite egregious. Berkman lured Hawkins to a

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meeting place with a promise of paying him the money he owed him, only to kill and rob him

instead. After keeping Hawkins’s decomposing corpse in Timmerman’s garage for three

days, Berkman drove Hawkins’s car to an isolated location and set it aflame. Berkman’s

offense was premeditated, and Hawkins died for no better reason than Berkman owed him

$2000 that he did not wish to repay. The nature of Berkman’s offense justifies a lengthy

sentence.

       As for Berkman’s character, it also justifies a lengthy sentence. While Berkman’s

criminal history is not extensive, he has a 2006 battery conviction and a 2009 theft

conviction, for which he was on probation when he committed the instant offense. In the

course of three years, Berkman progressed from relatively minor crimes to felony murder,

which certainly does not speak well of his character. Berkman’s actions following his

offense at issue are, to be blunt, disturbing. Immediately after the killing, Berkman returned

home and smoked crack cocaine for several hours, and then, over the course of the next three

days, went on a binge, “f****** part[ying] and s***, smoking crack and stay[ing] f*****

up.” Tr. p. 1015. Berkman also held a knife to Timmerman’s throat and on another occasion

choked her while laughing and saying, “Oh, I could kill you.” Tr. p. 573. There is also some

indication that after Berkman’s arrest he made some attempts to “get her [and] make her pay”

for speaking with police. Tr. p. 1021. After allowing Hawkins’s body to decompose for

three days in Timmerman’s garage, Berkman disposed of it in an isolated area by burning it,

preventing Hawkins’s wife from knowing her husband’s fate for several more months. In

light of the nature of his offense and his character, Berkman has failed to establish that his

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sixty-year sentence for felony murder is inappropriate.

       We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

ROBB, C.J., and BAKER, J., concur.

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