Court Opinion

ID: 9298364
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-12-01 21:00:23.83776+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:13:32.826010
License: Public Domain

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                                             PUBLISHED

                              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                              No. 18-4883

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                            Plaintiff – Appellee,

                     v.

        CORY STEPHON BOYD,

                            Defendant – Appellant.

        Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, at
        Columbia. Terry L. Wooten, Senior District Judge. (3:16-cr-00251-TLW-1)

        Argued: October 29, 2021                                 Decided: November 30, 2022

        Before HARRIS, QUATTLEBAUM, and RUSHING, Circuit Judges.

        Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Rushing wrote the majority opinion, in which Judge
        Quattlebaum joined. Judge Harris wrote a dissenting opinion.

        ARGUED: Daniel Charles Leonardi, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC
        DEFENDER, Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellant. Leesa Washington, OFFICE OF
        THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Greenville, South Carolina, for Appellee. ON
        BRIEF: A. Lance Crick, Acting United States Attorney, Greenville, South Carolina, M.
        Rhett DeHart, Acting United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES
        ATTORNEY, Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellee.
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        RUSHING, Circuit Judge:

               Defendant Cory Boyd pleaded guilty to a drug offense and a related firearms offense

        in violation of federal law. He was sentenced as a career offender under the Sentencing

        Guidelines based on two prior state convictions: a 2007 conviction for assault with intent

        to kill (AWIK) and a 2013 conviction for what the district court determined was possession

        of a controlled substance with intent to distribute (PWID).           Now on appeal, Boyd

        challenges his career-offender status and resulting sentence. He first argues that the district

        court erred in relying on inconclusive state-court sentencing documents to find that Boyd’s

        2013 drug conviction was, in fact, a conviction for PWID. Second, Boyd questions

        whether his 2007 AWIK conviction remains a Guidelines crime of violence following the

        Supreme Court’s ruling in Borden v. United States, 141 S. Ct. 1817 (2021). If we agree

        with Boyd on either of these points, his career-offender status cannot stand, and Boyd asks

        that we remand for the district court to resentence him without it.

               But we disagree with Boyd on both grounds. The district court did not err in relying

        on Boyd’s state-court sentencing sheet to determine that his 2013 conviction qualified as a

        controlled substance offense. And because Boyd did not contest that his AWIK conviction

        qualified as a predicate offense in his initial briefing with this Court, that argument is

        waived. Accordingly, we affirm.

                                                      I.

                                                      A.

               A federal grand jury returned a three-count indictment charging Boyd with

        possession of cocaine and cocaine base with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C.

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        § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C) (Count 1); possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug-

        trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i) (Count 2); and felon in

        possession of a firearm and ammunition, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (Count 3).

        Boyd pleaded guilty to Counts 1 and 2 pursuant to a written plea agreement.

               In advance of sentencing, the probation office prepared a presentence report in

        which it concluded that Boyd qualified as a career offender under the United States

        Sentencing Guidelines. See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. That conclusion was predicated on two of

        Boyd’s prior South Carolina convictions: a 2007 AWIK conviction and a 2013 conviction

        for what the presentence report concluded was PWID marijuana, first offense.

               Boyd objected to the career-offender classification. Regarding his AWIK offense,

        Boyd argued it did not constitute a “crime of violence” under the Guidelines, see U.S.S.G.

        § 4B1.2(a), because under South Carolina law AWIK can be accomplished without the use,

        attempted use, or threatened use of physical force. Boyd also urged that South Carolina

        AWIK lacked the mental state necessary to qualify as a predicate offense because it

        requires only recklessness and “the Fourth Circuit has held that a recklessness mens rea is

        insufficient to establish that an offense is a crime of violence.” J.A. 180 n.4. As for his

        2013 state drug conviction, Boyd contended that it did not qualify as a “controlled

        substance offense” under the Guidelines, see U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(b), because the South

        Carolina statute of conviction, S.C. Code Ann. § 44-53-370(a), encompassed not only

        trafficking crimes but also conspiracy and the mere purchase of drugs—crimes not covered

        by the Guidelines’ definition. Boyd also argued that the district court should not rely on

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        the state-court sentencing sheet for his 2013 conviction because it was inconclusive about

        the crime of conviction.

               After hearing argument on Boyd’s objections, the district court overruled them both

        and determined that Boyd qualified as a career offender. As a result, Boyd’s Guidelines

        sentencing range was 262 to 327 months. The district court sentenced him to 262 months

        in prison.

                                                   B.

               Boyd timely appealed. In his opening brief to this Court, Boyd argued only that the

        district court procedurally erred by relying on inconclusive state-court documents to find

        that his 2013 drug offense qualified as a controlled substance offense for purposes of the

        Guidelines career-offender provision. Boyd’s opening brief specifically disclaimed any

        “objection regarding the AWIK conviction” on appeal. Opening Br. at 6 n.6. After briefing

        concluded, the Supreme Court decided in Borden v. United States, 141 S. Ct. 1817 (2021),

        that crimes that can be committed with a mens rea of recklessness are not violent felonies

        for purpose of the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA). After Borden, Boyd submitted a

        letter of “supplemental authority” to this Court, arguing that his AWIK offense does not

        constitute a Guidelines crime of violence because South Carolina AWIK requires only

        recklessness. A panel of this Court ordered additional briefing on Borden and on whether

        Boyd had abandoned his crime-of-violence argument.

               The parties completed their supplemental briefing on October 15, 2021. We have

        jurisdiction to consider Boyd’s appeal of his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18

        U.S.C. § 3742.

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                                                    II.

               A defendant qualifies as a Guidelines career offender if, among other requirements,

        he has at least two prior felony convictions for “a crime of violence or a controlled

        substance offense.” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a). The district court determined that Boyd has

        exactly two predicate convictions—the 2007 AWIK conviction and the 2013 drug

        conviction. In assessing Boyd’s challenge to the district court’s Guidelines application,

        “we review factual findings for clear error and legal conclusions de novo.” United States

        v. Adepoju, 756 F.3d 250, 256 (4th Cir. 2014).

                                                    A.

               Boyd first maintains that the district court erred by relying on inconclusive state-

        court documents to determine that his 2013 drug conviction was, in fact, a conviction for

        PWID, which counts as a Guidelines controlled substance offense. Addressing Boyd’s

        contention requires some background about the judicial process used to make this

        determination.

                                                     1.

               The Guidelines define a “controlled substance offense” as “an offense under federal

        or state law, punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, that prohibits the

        manufacture, import, export, distribution, or dispensing of a controlled substance” or “the

        possession of a controlled substance . . . with intent to manufacture, import, export,

        distribute, or dispense.” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(b). When evaluating whether a defendant’s

        prior state conviction meets this definition, “we use the categorical approach,” under which

        we “focus on the elements, rather than the facts, of the prior offense.” United States v.

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        Furlow, 928 F.3d 311, 318 (4th Cir. 2019) (internal quotation marks omitted), vacated and

        remanded on other grounds, 140 S. Ct. 2824 (2020) (Mem.). Accordingly, we ask only

        “whether the elements of the prior offense . . . correspond in substance to the elements of

        a controlled substance offense under the Guidelines.” United States v. Williams, 997 F.3d

        519, 523 (4th Cir. 2021) (internal quotation marks omitted). Some state statutes list

        elements “in the alternative, thereby defining multiple offenses.” Furlow, 928 F.3d at 318.

        For these divisible statutes, we use a modified categorical approach by which we “examine

        a limited class of documents to determine which of a statute’s alternative elements formed

        the basis of the defendant’s prior conviction.” Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. 254,

        262 (2013). This limited class of documents—often called Shepard documents—includes

        “charging documents, plea agreements, transcripts of plea colloquies, findings of fact and

        conclusions of law from a bench trial, and jury instructions and verdict forms,” Johnson v.

        United States, 559 U.S. 133, 144 (2010), as well as “comparable judicial record[s] of this

        information,” Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 26 (2005).

               Here, the parties agree that the South Carolina statute under which Boyd was

        convicted in 2013 is divisible. That statute makes it “unlawful for any person . . . to

        manufacture, distribute, dispense, deliver, purchase, aid, abet, attempt, or conspire to

        manufacture, distribute, dispense, deliver, or purchase, or possess with the intent to

        manufacture, distribute, dispense, deliver, or purchase a controlled substance or a

        controlled substance analogue.” S.C. Code Ann. § 44-53-370(a)(1). In a persuasive

        unpublished decision, we previously concluded that Section 44-53-370(a)(1) sets forth

        separate offenses with different elements, making it divisible. See United States v.

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        Marshall, 747 Fed. App. 139, 150 (4th Cir. 2018); United States v. Kershaw, 779 Fed. App.

        172, 173 (4th Cir. 2019) (per curiam) (adhering to Marshall). The Fifth Circuit has so held

        in a published opinion. See United States v. Rodriguez-Negrete, 772 F.3d 221, 226–227

        (5th Cir. 2014). And our Court has also concluded, in a published decision, that a different

        South Carolina drug statute “almost identical” to Section 44-53-370(a)(1) is divisible for

        the same reason. Furlow, 928 F.3d at 320 (analyzing S.C. Code Ann. § 44-53-375(B)).

        We therefore are satisfied with the parties’ shared position that Section 44-53-370(a)(1) is

        indeed divisible and that the modified categorical approach applies.

               The parties also agree that the elements of a PWID conviction under Section 44-53-

        370(a)(1) correspond with the Guidelines’ definition of a controlled substance offense. See

        Marshall, 747 Fed. App. at 151; see also Williams, 997 F.3d at 524–525 (PWID under

        Section 44-53-375(B)). Thus, the only dispute on appeal, to which we now turn our

        attention, is whether the Shepard documents show that Boyd was in fact convicted of

        PWID instead of mere purchase or conspiracy, which are alternative ways to violate

        Section 44-53-370(a)(1).

                                                     2.

               At sentencing, the Government bore the burden of proving Boyd’s prior crime of

        conviction by a preponderance of the evidence. Williams, 997 F.3d at 524; see also United

        States v. Washington, 629 F.3d 403, 409–410 (4th Cir. 2011) (rejecting the argument that

        Shepard “requires a departure from the preponderance standard” because Shepard’s

        references to “‘certainty’ and ‘conclusive[ness]’ . . . define the universe of records the

        government may use in proving the nature of a prior conviction, not the burden of proof it

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        faces in making its showing from those records”). To determine which of Section 44-53-

        370(a)(1)’s alternative crimes Boyd was convicted of in 2013, the district court relied

        primarily on Boyd’s state-court sentencing sheet. Although the state-court indictment was

        also in the record, the court recognized that only the sentencing sheet specified the crime

        to which Boyd pleaded guilty. The sentencing sheet stated that, “[i]n disposition of the

        said indictment,” Boyd “pleads to: Drugs / Manuf., poss. of other sub. in Sch. I, II, III or

        flunitrazepam or analogue, w.i.t.d. – 1st in violation of § 44-53-0370(b)(2),” the penalty

        provision for Section 44-53-370(a). J.A. 188. After discussing the sentencing sheet at

        some length, the district court concluded that Boyd “pled to an intent to distribute charge,”

        not “purchasing.” J.A. 117.

               Boyd does not dispute that sentencing sheets used by South Carolina courts are valid

        Shepard documents, as we have repeatedly held. See, e.g., Williams, 997 F.3d at 523–524;

        United States v. Bethea, 603 F.3d 254, 259 (4th Cir. 2010); United States v. Young, 846

        Fed. App. 179, 183 (4th Cir. 2021); Marshall, 747 Fed. App. at 150. Rather, Boyd’s sole

        objection is to the district court’s finding that his sentencing sheet shows by a

        preponderance of the evidence that his 2013 conviction was indeed for PWID and not some

        other, nonqualifying offense prohibited by Section 44-53-370(a)(1).                 This is

        “straightforward trial court fact-finding within the framework of Shepard.” Washington,

        629 F.3d at 406; see also United States v. Taylor, 659 F.3d 339, 348 n.* (4th Cir. 2011).

        We typically review fact-finding only for clear error, even when the district court’s

        determinations are based wholly on documentary evidence. See Anderson v. Bessemer

        City, 470 U.S. 564, 574–575 (1985); Walsh v. Vinoskey, 19 F.4th 672, 677 (4th Cir. 2021).

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        We see no reason to deviate from that standard here. See United States v. Chisolm, 579

        Fed. App. 187, 189 n.1 (4th Cir. 2014) (“We review the factual question of whether

        Chisolm was actually convicted of CDVHAN for clear error.”); United States v. Houman,

        234 F.3d 825, 827 (2d Cir. 2000) (per curiam) (“We review the district court’s factual

        finding as to the nature of the 1975 conviction under a clear error standard . . . .”).

               It is hard to conclude that the district court erred, much less clearly erred, in Boyd’s

        case. His sentencing sheet explicitly reads that Boyd pleaded guilty to “Drugs / Manuf.,

        poss. of other sub. in Sch. I, II, III or flunitrazepam or analogue, w.i.t.d. – 1st in violation

        of § 44-53-0370(b)(2).” J.A. 188. Immediately below that description are signatures from

        Boyd, Boyd’s counsel at the time, and the state prosecutor, all “attest[ing]” to the

        conviction. J.A. 188. At the bottom of the sheet appear the signatures of the presiding

        judge, the clerk of court, and the court reporter.

               Boyd nevertheless argues that the description of his offense on the sentencing sheet

        is unreliable because it matches the broad description generated by South Carolina’s

        Criminal Data Report code system for all first offenses penalized under Section 44-53-

        370(b)(2). Boyd claims that this broad offense description encompasses the purchase of

        drugs and conspiracy, as well as PWID. Thus, according to Boyd, there is no way to tell

        from the description used in his sentencing sheet that the offense to which he pleaded in

        2013 was an offense for PWID as opposed to some other crime.

               Even accepting Boyd’s representation about the South Carolina code system, we

        cannot conclude that the district court clearly erred. Boyd acknowledges that sentencing

        sheets for Section 44-53-370(b)(2) offenses are not restricted to using the code system

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        description; individualized descriptions may be handwritten or typed in to accurately

        reflect the crime of conviction. Yet, despite the various ways to violate Section 44-53-

        370(a) and (b)(2), Boyd’s sentencing sheet refers only to manufacture and possession with

        intent to distribute. As the district court explained, we have no reason to believe that six

        individuals—including Boyd, his attorney, the prosecutor, and the judge—“would all sign

        off on a sheet that was inaccurate in terms of what the defendant pled guilty to.” J.A. 111.

        Thus, even if the description of the offense in the sentencing sheet matched that used in

        South Carolina’s code system, this fact by itself does not “undermine this strong,

        contemporaneous evidence of cross-party consensus on a defendant’s offense of

        conviction.” Young, 846 Fed. App. at 183 (reversing district court for refusing to rely on

        South Carolina sentencing sheets).      Nor has Boyd identified any evidence that his

        sentencing sheet was inaccurate.

               We are not alone in concluding that a South Carolina sentencing sheet with this

        description, or one similar to it, can prove a defendant’s offense by a preponderance of the

        evidence for Guidelines purposes. In an unpublished decision, a prior panel of this Court

        held that a district court did not err in relying on a sentencing sheet that used the exact

        description at issue here: “Drugs / Manuf., poss. of other sub. in Sch. I, II, III or

        flunitrazepam or analogue, w.i.t.d. – 1st.” See Kershaw, 779 Fed. App. at 173–174;

        Opening Br. at 4, Kershaw, 779 Fed. App. 172 (4th Cir. 2019) (No. 18-4929); see also id.

        at 7–11 (making arguments identical to Boyd’s). Similarly, in Rodriguez-Negrete, the Fifth

        Circuit rejected a defendant’s assertion that using the abbreviation “PWID/Dist.” to

        describe a violation of Section 44-53-370(a) and (b)(1) “lacks the specificity necessary to

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        identify the offense of conviction.” 772 F.3d at 228 (internal quotation marks omitted).

        As that court observed, because “South Carolina sentencing sheets . . . are signed by the

        defendant, defense counsel, and the judge,” even a “shorthand” identifier like

        “PWID/Dist.” is a “reliable” source from which to find that the defendant “was convicted

        of a drug trafficking offense” rather than one of the other “various ways in which [the

        statute] may be violated.” Id. at 227–228.

               While neither Kershaw nor Rodriguez-Negrete bind us, we are not persuaded to

        depart from their reasoning here. We therefore conclude that the district court did not

        clearly err in finding that Boyd pleaded guilty to PWID in violation of Section 44-53-

        370(b)(2) based on the South Carolina sentencing sheet he signed saying exactly that.

                                                     B.

               In supplemental briefing, Boyd additionally contends that he does not qualify as a

        career offender because his 2007 AWIK offense was not a crime of violence as defined by

        the Guidelines. See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a). Boyd did not raise this argument in his opening

        brief to this Court. “It is a well settled rule that contentions not raised in the argument

        section of the opening brief are abandoned.” United States v. Al-Hamdi, 356 F.3d 564, 571

        n.8 (4th Cir. 2004). An exception exists, however, for claims based on “an intervening

        decision of this Court or the Supreme Court [that] affects precedent relevant to a case

        pending on direct appeal.” United States v. White, 836 F.3d 437, 443–444 (4th Cir. 2016),

        abrogated on other grounds by United States v. Stitt, 139 S. Ct. 399 (2018); see id. at 444

        (reasoning that, under our existing precedent, “it would have been futile” for the appellant

        to raise his argument in the opening brief). Boyd seeks to invoke this exception by relying

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        on the Supreme Court’s decision in Borden, which issued after briefing in this appeal was

        complete.

               We cannot conclude that Boyd’s argument was unavailable when he filed his

        opening brief. Boyd contends that his AWIK offense is not a crime of violence under the

        Guidelines force clause because it can be committed recklessly. In Borden, the Supreme

        Court held that an offense is not a violent felony under the materially identical ACCA force

        clause if it can be committed with a mens rea of recklessness. Borden, 141 S. Ct. at 1821–

        1822. But far from “upend[ing]” our precedent, Borden confirmed it. White, 836 F.3d at

        443. By the time Boyd filed his opening brief, this Court had already reached the

        conclusion that Borden would later adopt, reasoning that “the ACCA force clause requires

        a higher degree of mens rea” than recklessness. United States v. Middleton, 883 F.3d 485,

        497 (4th Cir. 2018) (Floyd and Harris, JJ., concurring); cf. United States v. Hodge, 902

        F.3d 420, 427 (4th Cir. 2018) (agreeing with the parties that reckless endangerment does

        not satisfy the ACCA force clause after Middleton); United States v. Allred, 942 F.3d 641,

        653–654 (4th Cir. 2019) (discussing circuit precedent reasoning that recklessness is

        insufficient). We had also interpreted similar force clauses in other statutes to exclude

        offenses that could be committed recklessly. See United States v. McNeal, 818 F.3d 141,

        154–156 (4th Cir. 2016) (18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)); Garcia v. Gonzales, 455 F.3d 465, 468–

        469 (4th Cir. 2006) (18 U.S.C. § 16).

               Indeed, Boyd knew this argument was “available to him” when he filed his opening

        brief, White, 836 F.3d at 443, because he raised it in his objections to the presentence report.

        See J.A. 180 n.4 (arguing that “a recklessness mens rea is insufficient to establish that an

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        offense is a crime of violence,” citing Garcia, 455 F.3d at 469, and United States v. Vinson,

        805 F.3d 120, 125 (4th Cir. 2015)). Yet he chose not to pursue that argument in his opening

        brief on appeal, thereby waiving it for appellate review. See Opening Br. at 6 n.6 (stating

        that Boyd’s “objection regarding the AWIK conviction is not at issue in this appeal”).

        While no litigant is expected to be clairvoyant, an argument may be “‘actually available’”

        without having been dispositively settled by the Supreme Court. United States v. Cisson,

        33 F.4th 185, 191 (4th Cir. 2022) (quoting White, 836 F.3d at 443). That was the case here,

        and we therefore conclude that Boyd abandoned his AWIK challenge by failing to raise it

        in his opening brief on appeal.

                                                    III.

               For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is

                                                                                       AFFIRMED.

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        PAMELA HARRIS, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

                I must part company with the majority in its treatment of Cory Boyd’s 2013

        conviction for violating South Carolina’s controlled substances statute. It is common

        ground that South Carolina’s omnibus law, S.C. Code § 44-53-370(b)(2), sweeps more

        broadly than the Sentencing Guidelines definition of “controlled substance offense,”

        covering drug offenses – like simple purchase and drug conspiracies – that fall outside the

        Guidelines provision, as well as offenses that fall within it. See United States v. Furlow,

        928 F.3d 311, 319 (4th Cir. 2019), vacated on other grounds, 140 S. Ct. 2824 (2020); United

        States v. Norman, 935 F.3d 232, 237–38 (4th Cir. 2019). So Boyd’s conviction can qualify

        as a career-offender predicate only if approved Shepard documents make clear that his

        particular offense is on the right side of this line – that its elements make it a categorical

        match with the Guidelines definition in § 4B1.2(b).         See Furlow, 319–22 (applying

        modified categorical approach). The government argues, and the majority agrees, that

        Shepard documents in this case satisfy that standard, establishing that Boyd was convicted

        of possession with intent to distribute marijuana and not some other offense that would

        take him outside the scope of the Guidelines provision. I disagree, and respectfully

        dissent. 1

                “The Supreme Court has repeatedly stressed that there is a ‘demand for certainty’ in

        determining whether a defendant was convicted of a qualifying offense.” United States v.

                1
                 Because a defendant must have two qualifying felony convictions to be designated
        a career offender under the Sentencing Guidelines, see U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a), I would vacate
        Boyd’s sentence and remand for resentencing on this ground alone, without reaching the
        status of his 2007 South Carolina conviction for assault with intent to kill.
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        Gandy, 917 F.3d 1333, 1340 (11th Cir. 2019) (quoting Mathis v. United States, 579 U.S.

        500, 519 (2016)). That has been clear since Shepard itself, in which the Court recognized

        that the “modified” categorical approach can be squared with the underlying principles

        requiring a categorical analysis only if we “demand [] certainty” from the records before

        us. See Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 21–24 (2005). That means we are limited

        to documents – like “the state court indictment, a transcript of the plea colloquy in state

        court, or a comparable state court record,” Furlow, 928 F.3d at 318–19 – that have the

        “conclusive significance of a prior judicial record,” Shepard, 544 U.S. at 25. It also means

        that we may find that a defendant was convicted of a qualifying offense only if those

        documents “speak plainly” in establishing the elements of his offense. Mathis, 579 U.S. at

        519. 2

                 That is a high standard, and the Supreme Court has warned us that there will be

        times when it cannot be met. Local records may be incomplete or unedifying, and when

        they are, that will “frustrate application of the modified categorical approach,” Johnson v.

        United States, 559 U.S. 133, 145 (2010), because we are not at liberty to substitute our best

                 It is true that the government may meet its burden of proving that a prior conviction
                 2

        qualifies as a predicate offense under the “preponderance of the evidence” standard. See
        United States v. Andrews, 808 F.3d 964, 968 (4th Cir. 2015). That is because we held, in
        United States v. Washington, 629 F.3d 403, 409 (4th Cir. 2011), that there is no
        inconsistency between Shepard’s references to “certainty” and this burden of proof: One
        goes to the kind of document that can be used to demonstrate, with the requisite certainty,
        the elements of the underlying conviction; the other, to the standard of proof by which the
        government must prove the necessary certainty. If that were not so, of course, then it would
        be the standard of proof that would have to give way, in light of the Supreme Court’s clear
        instructions, both before and after Washington, as to the “demand for certainty.” Shepard,
        544 U.S. at 21; Mathis, 579 U.S. at 519.
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        hypothesis as to the offense of conviction. Instead, we must acknowledge that the “record

        materials will not in every case speak plainly, and if they do not, a sentencing judge will

        not be able to satisfy [the] demand for certainty when determining whether a defendant

        was convicted of a [qualifying] offense.” Mathis, 579 U.S. at 519 (internal quotation marks

        omitted). In my view, this is just such a case.

               The government relies on two record documents to establish that Boyd’s 2013

        conviction was for possession with intent to distribute marijuana: an indictment, on which,

        in fairness, it relies only inconsistently; 3 and a state court sentencing sheet, which

        accompanies a guilty plea in South Carolina. Although the majority does not rest on the

        indictment, I begin there, because I think it is important to explain why the government’s

        arguments cannot be accepted. It is undisputed that an indictment generally is a proper

        Shepard document, and had Boyd pled guilty to the charge in the indictment – “Possession

        of Marijuana With Intent to Distribute – 2nd Offense,” J.A. 190 – then this would be a

        much more straightforward case. The problem is that Boyd did not plead guilty to that

        offense, as all agree. And if a defendant does not plead guilty to the offense charged in the

        indictment, then obviously, “the indictment becomes irrelevant for determining the crime

        of conviction.” United States v. Williams, 997 F.3d 519, 523 (4th Cir. 2021) (quoting

        United States v. McLeod, 808 F.3d 972, 976 (4th Cir. 2015)).

               3
                  In its brief, the government expressly declined to rely on the indictment, instead
        resting its case entirely on the sentencing sheet. But it changed its mind after briefing and
        submitted a Rule 28(j) letter arguing that the indictment, too, establishes that Boyd’s prior
        conviction categorically qualifies as a “controlled substance offense” for Guidelines
        purposes.
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               Although the sentencing sheet has its deficiencies, as discussed below, it is clear on

        one thing: whatever the precise drug offense to which Boyd pled guilty, it was a first

        offense, not a second, as charged in the indictment. The sentencing sheet lists the

        indictment as charging a violation of S.C. Code § 44-53-370(b)(2) – the omnibus controlled

        substances statute – with the CDR Code 0187, which is the state code for second violations

        of the statute. But it lists Boyd’s plea as one to § 44-53-370(b)(2) with CDR Code 0186,

        which applies to first violations, and includes the notation “1st” in its description of the

        offense.   J.A. 188.   Moreover, the sentencing sheet indicates that Boyd “Waive[d]

        Presentment to [the] Grand Jury” instead of pleading guilty “As Indicted” or to a “Lesser

        Included Offense,” id., confirming that he did not plead guilty to the second offense

        charged in the indictment.

               None of this is disputed; the government’s theory of the case is that after being

        charged with possessing marijuana with intent to distribute for a second time, Boyd agreed

        to plead guilty to a first offense, instead. And it follows that the original indictment,

        charging an offense to which Boyd did not plead guilty, is no more relevant than an

        indictment charging a different defendant. Neither tells us anything – much less with

        certainty – about the offense for which Boyd actually was convicted. See McLeod, 808

        F.3d at 976.

               Nevertheless, the government takes the position that we should rely on the

        indictment. The government’s argument, as I understand it, is that Boyd’s indictment

        remains probative here because the offense to which he pleaded guilty – a first violation of

        South Carolina’s bar on possession of marijuana with intent to distribute – is a lesser-

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        included offense of the second violation charged in his indictment. See ECF No. 74 at 1

        (“[Boyd’s] sentencing sheet[] shows the offense to which [he] pled guilty has the exact

        same elements as the offense with which he was charged in the indictment.”) There are at

        least two fundamental flaws in that argument. First, it is hopelessly circular, in that it starts

        from the premise that we know already, from the sentencing sheet, the “offense to which

        [Boyd] pled guilty.” Id. If that is so, then the indictment adds nothing; if it is not (and it

        is not), then the government has no account for why we nevertheless should rely on the

        indictment. Second, if the government is correct that a first violation of any subpart of

        § 44-53-370(b)(2) is a lesser-included offense of a second, then it would seem to follow

        that Boyd, charged with a second instance of possession with intent to distribute, could not

        have pleaded guilty to a first: As noted above, his sentencing sheet does not mark the box

        for a plea to a “Lesser Included Offense” but instead notes that Boyd “Waive[d]

        Presentment to [the] Grand Jury” – both of which would be incorrect if Boyd in fact were

        pleading guilty to a lesser-included offense. The government recognizes this crucial

        inconsistency but tells us – and the irony appears to be unintentional – that we may write

        it off as an error in the sentencing sheet, because “sometimes these sheets are internally

        inconsistent or cannot be reconciled with South Carolina case law.” ECF No. 74 at 2.

               That brings us to the sentencing sheet itself, on which the majority does rely. As

        the majority explains, we have treated South Carolina sentencing sheets as falling within

        the class of approved Shepard documents, see Williams, 997 F.3d at 523, and Boyd does

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        not contest that point. 4 He does argue, however, that this particular sentencing sheet does

        not provide the requisite clarity as to whether he pled guilty to a “controlled substance

        offense” under the Guidelines – that is, to possession of marijuana with intent to distribute,

        as the district court found, and not to simple purchase or a drug-related conspiracy, neither

        of which would be a categorical match for § 4B1.2(b) of the Guidelines. I agree.

               Here is the central problem. As noted above, the sentencing sheet has Boyd pleading

        guilty to a violation of § 44-53-370(b)(2) – which itself does not distinguish among the

        relevant drug offenses – accompanied by “CDR Code # 0186,” which applies to all first

        offenses of that statute. J.A. 188; see CDR Codes, South Carolina Judicial Branch,

        https://www.sccourts.org/cdr (last visited November 10, 2022).        There are no separate

        codes for separate § 44-53-370(b)(2) offenses; any first offense would carry CDR Code

        0186. And this is how South Carolina’s online CDR code database describes Code 1086:

               4
                  I note, however, that our encounters with South Carolina’s sentencing sheets – up
        to and including this one – have not been encouraging. See, e.g., Williams, 997 F.3d at 524
        (discussing clerical errors in sentencing sheet); United States v. Bethea, 603 F.3d 254, 259
        (4th Cir. 2010) (finding sentencing sheet insufficient to establish predicate conviction
        where it “merely state[d] that [the defendant] pled guilty to ‘escape’”); United States v.
        Young, 846 F. App’x 179, 182–83 (4th Cir. 2021) (clerical errors again). Nor has this court
        had occasion to explain why sentencing sheets, “form document[s] used by South Carolina
        courts,” United States v. Montes-Flores, 736 F.3d 357, 362 n.4 (4th Cir. 2013), constitute
        “conclusive records made or used in adjudicating guilt,” as required by Shepard, see 544
        U.S. at 21. Other courts have disclaimed reliance on documents like South Carolina’s
        sentencing sheets. See, e.g., United States v. Enrique-Ascencio, 857 F.3d 668, 677 (5th
        Cir. 2017) (docket sheets and case summaries “are not Shepard-approved documents
        because they were prepared by court [clerical staff] not judges”) (alteration in original)
        (internal quotation marks omitted)); United States v. Abeyta, 877 F.3d 935, 942 (10th Cir.
        2017) (same). With even the government admitting that “sometimes these sheets are
        internally inconsistent or cannot be reconciled with South Carolina case law,” ECF No. 74
        at 2, there may come a time when we will want to address this question more directly.
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        J.A. 139.

               Now compare the explanatory language on Boyd’s sentencing sheet: “Drugs/

        Manuf., poss. of other sub. in Sch. I, II, III or flunitrazepam or analogue, w.i.t.d. – 1st.”

        J.A. 188. This is simply the same generic description of the statute used by the CDR Code

        system. There is nothing to indicate that this language was somehow tailored to Boyd’s

        putative conviction for possessing marijuana with intent to distribute. There is, to be sure,

        “w.i.t.d.,” which doubtless stands, as the district court found, for “with intent to distribute.”

        But there also is “Manuf.,” though nobody believes Boyd pleaded guilty to a manufacturing

        charge; and the only controlled substance specifically mentioned is not marijuana but

        “flunitrazepam or analogue.” The problem in this case, in other words, is not that the

        sentencing sheet does not describe Boyd’s conviction with sufficient specificity; it is that

        it does not describe his conviction at all, and instead, by all appearances, provides only a

        boiler-plate recitation of South Carolina’s omnibus drug statute, taken directly from the

        CDR Code System.

               If there is additional information that would allow us to read something more into

        this language, the government has not provided it to us. One could hypothesize, for

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        instance, that as a matter of practice, this generic description, which in the CDR Code

        System applies to all first violations of § 44-53-370(b)(2), is used on sentencing sheets

        only in a subset of those cases, and never when the underlying conviction is for simple

        purchase or conspiracy. But the government has not even hinted at such a practice, or

        anything else to call into question the most obvious reading of the relevant language: that

        it tells us nothing about the particular nature of Boyd’s conviction except that it was for a

        first violation of some part of § 44-53-370(b)(2). And because some but not all parts of

        that statute qualify as “controlled substance offenses” under the Guidelines, that is not

        enough to establish – let alone “plainly,” see Mathis, 579 U.S. at 519 – that Boyd’s

        conviction is a valid Guidelines predicate.

               To be sure, there is nothing implausible about the account advocated by the

        government and adopted by the district court: that after he was charged with violating

        South Carolina’s bar on possessing marijuana with intent to distribute for a second time,

        Boyd pleaded down to a first offense. But “[s]peculation based on inferences is misplaced

        in light of the Supreme Court’s concern about establishing with ‘certainty’ that a prior

        conviction is a predicate crime.” United States v. Rosa, 507 F.3d 142, 153 (2d Cir. 2007);

        see Mathis, 579 U.S. at 510–12 (explaining that the modified categorical approach is an

        “elements-only inquiry” and “allowing a sentencing judge to go any further would raise

        serious Sixth Amendment concerns” and cause “unfairness to defendants”). Boyd was

        sentenced to 262 months’ imprisonment because he was designated a career offender under

        the Guidelines; without that enhancement, his recommended sentencing range would have

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        been 90 to 97 months, not the 262 to 327 months considered by the district court. The

        stakes here are too high for guesswork.

              Because no Shepard document in this case speaks plainly as to the elements of

        Boyd’s 2013 conviction under South Carolina’s controlled substances statute, I would

        vacate Boyd’s sentence and remand for resentencing without the § 4B1.1 career offender

        enhancement. And because the majority takes a contrary view, I must respectfully dissent.

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