Court Opinion

ID: 9404720
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-24 00:00:27.768976+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:16.576757
License: Public Domain

Case: 22-20419      Document: 00516798703          Page: 1     Date Filed: 06/23/2023

            United States Court of Appeals
                 for the Fifth Circuit                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                           Fifth Circuit
                                 ____________                            FILED
                                                                     June 23, 2023
                                  No. 22-20419
                                                                    Lyle W. Cayce
                                 ____________
                                                                         Clerk

   David Flores,

                                                             Plaintiff—Appellant,

                                        versus

   Merrick Garland, U.S. Attorney General; Alejandro
   Mayorkas, Secretary, U.S. Department of Homeland Security; Ur M.
   Jaddou,

                                            Defendants—Appellees.
                   ______________________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Southern District of Texas
                            USDC No. 4:21-CV-3505
                   ______________________________

   Before Smith, Higginson, and Willett, Circuit Judges.
   Stephen A. Higginson, Circuit Judge:
          The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) gives priority to visa
   petitioners who have advanced degrees or exceptional ability. See 8 U.S.C.
   § 1153(b)(2)(A). Although petitioners usually need a job offer to qualify for
   such a visa, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services
   (USCIS) “may . . . waive” this requirement when USCIS “deems it to be
   in the national interest.” Id. § 1153(b)(2)(B)(i). The question presented in
   this appeal is whether a national-interest waiver denial is a “decision or action
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   of the Attorney General . . . the authority for which is specified . . . to be in
   the discretion of the Attorney General,” such that “no court shall have
   jurisdiction to review” the denial. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B). We conclude
   that this jurisdictional bar applies to national-interest waiver denials and
   AFFIRM the judgment of the district court dismissing this case.
                                              I.
          Section 1153(b)(2)(A) of the INA gives priority to visa petitioners
   who “are members of the professions holding advanced degrees” or who
   have “exceptional ability in the sciences, arts, or business.” 8 U.S.C.
   § 1153(b)(2)(A). To qualify for a visa under this provision, a petitioner must
   usually show that his “services in the sciences, arts, professions, or business
   are sought by an employer in the United States.” Id. But “the Attorney
   General may, when the Attorney General deems it to be in the national
   interest, waive [this requirement].” Id. § 1153(b)(2)(B)(i). When Congress
   created the Department of Homeland Security, Congress delegated the
   authority to grant a national-interest waiver to the Secretary of Homeland
   Security, who delegated this authority to USCIS.1 See Poursina v. USCIS,
   936 F.3d 868, 869 n.1 (9th Cir. 2019).
          In 2016, the Administrative Appeals Office of USCIS adopted “a
   new framework for adjudicating national interest waiver petitions” in In re
   Dhanasar. 26 I. & N. Dec. 884 (USCIS Admin. Appeals Office 2016).
   Under Dhanasar, “USCIS may grant a national interest waiver if the
   petitioner demonstrates by a preponderance of the evidence” that three

          _____________________
          1
              Given these delegations, this opinion refers to the “Attorney General” and
   “USCIS” interchangeably in the context of the national-interest waiver provision and the
   jurisdictional bar.

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   factors are met.2 Id. at 889. However, even if a petitioner meets her burden,
   USCIS can exercise its discretion to deny the waiver. Id. at 889 n.9
   (“Because the national interest waiver is ‘purely discretionary,’ the
   petitioner also must show that the foreign national otherwise merits a
   favorable exercise of discretion.” (citation omitted)).
           In 2019, David Flores filed a Form I-140 petition for a work visa under
   § 1153(b)(2) and Form I-485 applications for himself and his spouse to adjust
   their immigration statuses. Flores’s I-140 petition asserted that he satisfied
   the requirements set forth in Dhanasar to obtain a national-interest waiver
   under § 1153(b)(2)(B)(i).
           On November 9, 2020, USCIS declined to grant Flores a national-
   interest waiver and denied his I-140 petition. On January 4, 2021, Flores
   moved USCIS to reopen or reconsider its decision. USCIS denied the
   motion. Because Flores’s I-485 application relied on his I-140 petition,
   USCIS also denied his I-485 application.
           Flores then sued the Department of Homeland Security, the United
   States, and USCIS (collectively, the Government) in federal district court
   challenging the denials of his I-140 petition, his motion for reopening or
   reconsideration, and his I-485 applications.3 Relevant here, the complaint
   alleges that USCIS acted arbitrarily and capriciously in denying Flores’s I-
   140 petition because USCIS “ignored the preponderance of the evidence

           _____________________
           2
             These factors are “(1) that the foreign national’s proposed endeavor has both
   substantial merit and national importance; (2) that the foreign national is well positioned
   to advance the proposed endeavor; and (3) that, on balance, it would be beneficial to the
   United States to waive the requirements of a job offer and thus of a labor certification.” In
   re Dhanasar, 26 I. & N. Dec. 884, 889 (USCIS Admin. Appeals Office 2016).
           3
           The district court severed the claims of two other plaintiffs who were named in
   the complaint. Those claims are not relevant to this appeal.

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   standard” set by Dhanasar and ignored “voluminous evidence and expert
   testimony.” Flores sought relief under the Administrative Procedure Act
   (APA), 5 U.S.C. § 706, the Mandamus Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1361, and the
   Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201.
           The Government moved to dismiss Flores’s complaint under Federal
   Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6), arguing that the jurisdictional
   bar in 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) applies to national-interest waiver denials.
   The district court held a hearing on the motion and dismissed the case for
   lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.
           Flores timely appealed.
                                                 II.
           Flores’s sole issue on appeal is that the district court erred in
   concluding that § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) bars jurisdiction over the denial of an I-
   140 petition.4 We review de novo a district court’s order dismissing a case
   for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Khalil v. Hazuda, 833 F.3d 463, 466
   (5th Cir. 2016).
           The Ninth, Eleventh, and D.C. Circuits have decided that national-
   interest waiver denials are unreviewable. See Brasil v. Sec’y of DHS, 28 F.4th
   1189, 1194 (11th Cir. 2022) (per curiam); Poursina, 936 F.3d at 875; Zhu v.

           _____________________
           4
              As mentioned above, Flores’s district court complaint also invoked the
   Declaratory Judgment Act and the Mandamus Act and challenged USCIS’s denials of his
   motion to reopen and I-485 applications. But Flores’s briefs do not mention the
   Declaratory Judgment Act and only cite the Mandamus Act as a basis for the district court’s
   jurisdiction in a single sentence in the jurisdictional statement of his opening brief. And his
   briefs do not include any arguments addressing the denial of his motion to reopen or his I-
   485 applications independent of his arguments concerning the I-140 petition. So, aside
   from his contention that § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) does not bar a challenge to the denial of his I-
   140 petition, Flores abandoned any arguments as to those other statutes or agency actions.
   See Monteon-Camargo v. Barr, 918 F.3d 423, 428 (5th Cir. 2019).

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   Gonzales, 411 F.3d 292, 294-96 (D.C. Cir. 2005). And the Third Circuit has
   reached the same conclusion in an unpublished opinion. See Mousavi v.
   USCIS, 828 F. App’x 130 (3d Cir. 2020). “We are always chary to create a
   circuit split,” Gahagan v. USCIS, 911 F.3d 298, 304 (5th Cir. 2018) (citation
   omitted), and Flores has given us no reason to do so here. Accordingly, we
   join our fellow circuits in holding that a jurisdictional bar applies to national-
   interest waiver denials.
                                                A.
           Under § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii), “no court shall have jurisdiction to review
   . . . any other decision or action of the Attorney General or the Secretary of
   Homeland Security the authority for which is specified under this subchapter
   to be in the discretion of the Attorney General or the Secretary of Homeland
   Security, other than the granting of relief under section 1158(a) of this title.” 5
   Section 1153 is part of the “subchapter” referenced here. See Kucana v.
   Holder, 558 U.S. 233, 239 n.3 (2010).
           Section 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) bars jurisdiction where Congress “set out
   the Attorney General’s discretionary authority in the statute.” Kucana, 558
   U.S. at 247. In other words, “a statutory provision must expressly and
   specifically    vest    discretion      in   the       Attorney    General”       for   the
   § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) bar to apply. Aviles-Tavera v. Garland, 22 F.4th 478, 485
   (5th Cir. 2022) (citation omitted).

           _____________________
           5
              Section 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) provides that “no court shall have jurisdiction to review
   . . . any judgment regarding the granting of relief under section 1182(h), 1182(i), 1229b,
   1229c, or 1255 of this title.”

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                                                 B.
           There are two ways that the text of § 1153(b)(2)(B)(i) specifies that
   national-interest       waivers      are    discretionary       for    purposes      of    the
   § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) bar.
           First, § 1153(b)(2)(B)(i) says that USCIS “may” grant a waiver. The
   “word ‘may’ customarily connotes discretion.” Jama v. ICE, 543 U.S. 335,
   346 (2005). Nothing in § 1153(b)(2)(B)(i) cuts the other way. 6 See Zhu, 411
   F.3d at 296.
           Statutory context signals that the “may” in § 1153(b)(2)(B)(i) does
   specify the Attorney General’s discretion. See Brasil, 28 F.4th at 1193
   (relying on this rationale); Poursina, 936 F.3d at 871 (same). Consider
   § 1153(b)(2)(B)(ii)(I). That neighboring provision says that the “Attorney
   General shall grant a national interest waiver . . . on behalf of any alien
   physician” under certain circumstances. Id. (emphasis added). Congress
   could have used similar language for the general national-interest waiver
   provision. Instead, Congress let USCIS deny a waiver even if a waiver
   would be in the national interest—except where the petitioner is an “alien
   physician” who satisfies other requirements.                    Then, USCIS has no
   discretion to deny a waiver.

           _____________________
           6
              Flores points to Ayanbadejo v. Chertoff as a case where this court refused to apply
   the jurisdictional bar to a statute that used the word “may.” See 517 F.3d 273, 278 (5th Cir.
   2008). But the statute at issue in Ayanbadejo provides that, with some exceptions, “any
   citizen of the United States claiming that an alien is entitled to classification by reason of a
   relationship described [elsewhere in the statute] or to an immediate relative status under
   section 1151(b)(2)(A)(i) of this title may file a petition with the Attorney General for such
   classification.” 8 U.S.C. § 1154(a)(1)(A)(i) (emphasis added). “May” describes the
   discretion of the petitioner to file a petition, not the Attorney General. And the statute does
   not specify that the Attorney General has discretion to deny those petitions.

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          Second, § 1153(b)(2)(B)(i) provides that USCIS may grant a waiver
   when it “deems” a waiver to be in the “national interest.” “The word
   ‘deem’ suggests that the determination calls upon [the agency’s] expertise
   and judgment.” Brasil, 28 F.4th at 1193 (cleaned up) (quoting Zhu, 411 F.3d
   at 295); Poursina, 936 F.3d at 872 (similar); see iTech U.S., Inc. v. Renaud, 5
   F.4th 59, 67 (D.C. Cir. 2021) (“Zhu makes clear that the combination of
   ‘may’ and ‘deems’ is sufficient to render a statutory grant of authority . . .
   discretionary.”). So, USCIS may grant a waiver when it “considers, thinks,
   or judges” that the waiver is in the national interest. Mousavi, 828 F. App’x
   at 133 (alteration omitted) (quoting Deem (def. 2), Black’s Law Dictionary
   (11th ed. 2019)).
          In Ghanem v. Upchurch, we concluded that a similar instance of
   “deems” in a different immigration provision triggered the jurisdictional bar.
   481 F.3d 222 (5th Cir. 2007). Ghanem concerned whether 8 U.S.C. § 1155
   specifies that the decision to revoke a visa is discretionary. 481 F.3d at 223.
   Section 1155 provides that the “Secretary of Homeland Security may, at any
   time, for what he deems to be good and sufficient cause, revoke the approval
   of [certain visa petitions].” We held that “the phrase ‘for what he deems’
   . . . vest[s] complete discretion in the Secretary to determine what constitutes
   good and sufficient cause.” Id. at 225. “Deems” has the same function in
   § 1153(b)(2)(B)(i): it vests complete discretion in the Attorney General, and
   now, USCIS, to determine what waivers are in the national interest. And
   “the ‘national interest’ standard invokes broader economic and national-
   security considerations” that “are firmly committed to the discretion of the
   Executive Branch.” Brasil, 28 F.4th at 1193 (quoting Poursina, 936 F.3d at
   874); see Zhu, 411 F.3d at 294 (similar).
          These features of § 1153(b)(2)(B)(i) “expressly and specifically vest
   discretion in the Attorney General” to deny national-interest waivers. See

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   Aviles-Tavera, 22 F.4th at 485. Thus, as four other circuit courts have
   concluded, the jurisdictional bar in § 1252(a)(2)(B) applies.
                                          C.
          Flores has three principal counterarguments. None is persuasive.
                                          1.
          To start, Flores argues that only statutes that use the word
   “discretion” can trigger the jurisdictional bar in § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii). In
   support, Flores lists several provisions that do refer to the Attorney
   General’s or the Secretary’s discretion. But Flores cites no authority that
   § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) requires a statute to include the magic word “discretion”
   for the statute to specify that a decision or action is “in the discretion of the
   Attorney General or the Secretary of Homeland Security.”              8 U.S.C.
   § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii). And this court implicitly rejected such a rule in Ghanem.
   See 481 F.3d at 224-225 (holding that 8 U.S.C. § 1155 specifies that visa
   revocations are discretionary even though § 1155 does not include the word
   “discretion”).
          Flores’s magic words rule is also inconsistent with the logic of Kucana
   v. Holder, 558 U.S. 233 (2010). The petitioner in Kucana sought review of
   the BIA’s denial of his motion to reopen his removal proceedings, and the
   court of appeals dismissed his petition for lack of jurisdiction. Id. at 240. No
   statute specifies that the Attorney General has discretion to deny a motion to
   reopen. Id. at 243. Instead, only a regulation promulgated by the Attorney
   General specifies that the BIA has discretionary authority to act on a motion
   to reopen. Id. at 243-44. The Court reversed the dismissal of Kucana’s
   petition, holding that § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) does not bar review of
   “determinations declared discretionary by the Attorney General himself
   through regulation.” Id. at 236. In reaching that decision, the Court read
   § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) in harmony with the preceding clause, § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i).

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   Kucana, 558 U.S. at 246-47. Clause (i) provides that “judgment[s] regarding
   the granting of relief under” five different statutory provisions are
   unreviewable. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i). The Court noted that each of
   those five provisions “addresses a different form of discretionary relief from
   removal,” and “each contains language indicating that the decision is
   entrusted to the Attorney General’s discretion.” Kucana, 558 U.S. at 246.
   Because clause (ii)—the clause at issue in this case—refers to “any other
   decision,” the Court reasoned that in clause (ii), “Congress had in mind
   decisions of the same genre [as listed in clause (i)], i.e., those made
   discretionary by legislation.” Kucana, 558 U.S. at 246-47.
          The problem for Flores is that some provisions listed in clause (i) do
   not use the word “discretion” and yet are “of the same genre” as the
   decisions covered by clause (ii). Id. To give a couple of examples, § 1229b(a)
   provides that the “Attorney General may cancel removal in the case of an
   alien who is inadmissible or deportable from the United States if the alien”
   meets certain conditions. And § 1299c(a)(1) says that the “Attorney General
   may permit an alien voluntarily to depart the United States at the alien’s own
   expense” in some circumstances. These “variations among the clause (i)
   provisions demonstrate that Congress used a wide range of language to
   commit decisions to the government’s discretion, and § 1153(b)(2)(B)(i)’s
   language is comfortably within that range.” Poursina, 936 F.3d at 873.
          If Flores were right, the last phrase of § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) would be
   superfluous. That phrase excepts “granting of relief under section 1158(a)”
   from the jurisdictional bar. But there is only one reference to the Attorney
   General’s “discretion” in § 1158. Section 1158(b)(2)(A)(v) provides that the
   Attorney General has “discretion” to determine that certain noncitizens
   who would otherwise not qualify for asylum are eligible. Under Flores’s
   interpretation, there would be no need for Congress to carve out § 1158(a)
   from the clause (ii) bar because the magic word “discretion” does not appear

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   anywhere in that provision. See Zhu, 411 F.3d at 294-95 (making the same
   point).
             Finally, quoting Kucana, Flores invokes “the presumption favoring
   judicial review of administrative action.” See Kucana, 558 U.S. at 251. But
   this presumption only kicks in “[w]hen a statute is reasonably susceptible to
   divergent interpretation.” Id. (internal quotation mark omitted) (quoting
   Gutierrez de Martinez v. Lamagno, 515 U.S. 417, 434 (1995)); see Patel v.
   Garland, 142 S. Ct. 1614, 1627 (2022) (explaining that the presumption of
   reviewability “may be overcome by specific language in a provision or
   evidence drawn from the statutory scheme as a whole” (internal quotation
   marks omitted) (quoting Block v. Cmty. Nutrition Inst., 467 U.S. 340, 349
   (1984))). For the reasons stated above, § 1153(b)(2)(B)(i) is not subject to
   multiple plausible readings. The statutory language “may” and “deems it to
   be in the national interest” vests discretion in the Attorney General to make
   waiver decisions.
                                            2.
             Next, Flores raises two arguments premised on a distinction between
   the national-interest waiver and the visa petition. Neither is convincing.
             First, Flores argues that because “[t]here is no specific adjudication”
   of a national-interest waiver in the process of approving or denying a visa
   petition, “there is no unreviewable discretion” and § 1252(a)(2)(B) does not
   apply. This is a non sequitur. The fact that the discretionary denial of a
   national-interest waiver is part of a reticulated scheme for processing visa
   petitions does not mean that waiver denials are non-discretionary. What
   matters is the text of § 1153(b)(2)(B)(i). And that text vests discretion in the
   Attorney General.
             Second, in Flores’s reply, he argues that “this case is about the denial
   of the . . . I-140 visa petition” and not “about the denial of a discretionary

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   waiver.” Read generously, the reply contends that Flores’s complaint
   challenges the visa denial, the visa denial statute is non-discretionary, see 8
   U.S.C. § 1154(b), the national-interest waiver is not “a separate discretionary
   process,” and so there is jurisdiction over the visa denial, including the
   agency’s decision to deny the waiver. Because this argument is fleshed out
   for the first time in reply, Flores forfeited it. See Guillot ex rel. T.A.G. v.
   Russell, 59 F.4th 743, 754 (5th Cir. 2023).
          Even if this argument were not forfeited, it’s only half right.
   Ordinarily, visa petition decisions are non-discretionary. If the Attorney
   General determines that the noncitizen “is eligible for preference under
   [§ 1153(b)],” the Attorney General “shall . . . approve the petition.” 8 U.S.C.
   § 1154(b). But where a noncitizen’s eligibility turns on whether the Attorney
   General exercises his discretion to grant a national-interest waiver, a
   challenge to a subsequent visa denial requires the district court to review the
   waiver decision.
          Flores’s complaint proves the point. Although the complaint includes
   a header stating that “the decision denying . . . Flores’s I-140 petition is
   arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, and otherwise not in accordance
   with law,” Flores’s only alleged basis for relief is that USCIS arbitrarily and
   capriciously denied the national-interest waiver. The complaint asserts no
   other ground to remand the visa petition denial to the agency. So his
   challenge to the visa petition denial is a challenge to the agency’s adverse
   waiver decision by another name.
          Flores also insists that “the issuance of [a] . . . waiver is not a separate
   process or decision” from the denial of his visa petition. But the denial of the
   national-interest waiver and the denial of the visa petition are distinct agency
   actions, even if memorialized on the same piece of paperwork and even if
   USCIS does not require the petitioner to file a separate waiver form.

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   Consider the structure of the statute. Section 1153(b)(2)(A) describes the
   eligibility requirements for a type of work visa. Section 1153(b)(2)(B)(i) gives
   the Attorney General the discretionary authority to waive those
   requirements. Section 1154(b) requires the Attorney General to approve visa
   petitions if the petitioner is eligible. Given the relationships among these
   provisions, the agency’s decision to make a petitioner eligible by waiving
   eligibility requirements is prior to and distinct from the agency’s decision
   about whether a petitioner is eligible.
          In sum, a court may have jurisdiction to review the agency’s non-
   discretionary decision to deny a visa petition but no jurisdiction to review the
   agency’s decision to deny a waiver of eligibility requirements.             This
   conclusion follows from the visa petition scheme in § 1153(b)(2)(A) and
   § 1154(b) and the jurisdictional bar in § 1252(a)(2)(B). The question then is
   whether a petitioner seeks review of the non-discretionary visa denial or the
   discretionary waiver denial.      Here, Flores only seeks review of the
   discretionary waiver denial. Flores’s claims are therefore barred.
                                             3.
          Last, Flores argues that Dhanasar sets a “binding legal standard” that
   “contains no discretion.” Flores’s premise is flawed and the implication of
   his statement—that Dhanasar made national-interest waivers reviewable—
   is incorrect.
          Dhanasar embraces agency discretion to deny national-interest
   waivers. The decision sets forth a necessary condition for a petitioner to
   obtain a national-interest waiver. For USCIS to grant a waiver, a petitioner
   must establish by a preponderance of the evidence that his “proposed
   endeavor has both substantial merit and national importance,” that the
   petitioner “is well positioned to advance the proposed endeavor” and “that,
   on balance, it would be beneficial to the United States to waive the

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   requirements of a job offer and thus of a labor certification.” 26 I. & N. Dec.
   at 889. But this condition is not sufficient for USCIS to grant a waiver. Even
   if the petitioner makes the necessary showing, USCIS can still exercise its
   discretion to deny a waiver because waivers are “purely discretionary.” Id.
   at 889 n.9 (citation omitted). Thus, Dhanasar limits USCIS’s discretion to
   approve waivers because a waiver can only be approved if the petitioner
   meets her evidentiary burden. Dhanasar has no effect, though, on USCIS’s
   discretion to deny waivers.
          Regardless, agency law limiting the agency’s statutorily authorized
   discretion cannot lift the § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) bar. This is because review of
   an agency decision or action is precluded if the “authority for” the decision
   or action “is specified under this subchapter to be in the discretion of the
   Attorney General or the Secretary of Homeland Security.”             8 U.S.C.
   § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii). In determining whether authority is specified to be
   discretionary, courts only look to the relevant statutory text, not agency
   regulations, guidance, or decisional law. See Kucana, 558 U.S. at 237 (“[T]he
   key words ‘specified under this subchapter’ refer to statutory, but not to
   regulatory, specifications.”).   And if agency regulations cannot specify
   discretion where a statute is silent, agency regulations cannot abdicate
   discretion authorized by statute, at least where § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) is
   concerned. See Mousavi, 828 F. App’x at 133; Vega v. USCIS, 65 F.4th 469,
   472 (9th Cir. 2023) (“[I]f the statute specifies that the decision is wholly
   discretionary, regulations or agency practice will not make the decision
   reviewable and exempt from § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii).” (cleaned up)).
                                        III.
          For those reasons, we hold that review of national-interest waiver
   denials is jurisdictionally barred by § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii). The judgment of the
   district court is AFFIRMED.

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