Court Opinion

ID: 6516328
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-19 18:27:00.887839+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:55:02.127506
License: Public Domain

HEAD. J.
We think the case made by the original bill is not to be distinguished, in principle, from Rochester v. Armour, 92 Ala. 432. Its averments clearly implicate Poliak & Oo. as aider and abetter in the issuance and levy of-the attachments at a time when that company, having just resolved to immediately execute the general assignment, was proceeding to do so, resulting, in a. few minutes after the attachments were levied, in its actual execution and delivery. The averments connect the two acts, in fact and intent, on the parts of both debtor and attaching creditors, as one transaction, had and completed for the purpose of securing, by a lien, to the attaching creditors, unlawful preferences of security over the general creditors who were to be provided for by the contemplated assignment. In such case, it is i'mmeterial whether grounds of attachment existed or not. The statutory affidavit and bond, intended by the law for the protection of the debtor against wrongful attachments, were, in effect, waived by the debtor. Being actually made and “given, *471they were, under the facts admitted by the ’ demurrer to be true, mere formalities, designed to give to the proceedings the color of bona fide assertions of lawful remedies, while, in fact, they were intended'to secure unlawful preferences. The debtor, inviting the attachments, would be afforded no redress upon the bonds, howsoever clearly it might be able to show that no ground of attachment actually existed. The attachment law was enacted for higher and better purposes, and cannot be perverted to the accomplishment of such unjust and unlawful ends. The intended security was, therefore, in legal effect, attempted to be conferred by the voluntary act of the debtor, and stands upon no higher ground than any mortgage or other form of security it might have given, under the same circumstances. Under the facts averred, the attachment and levies must be held to constitute parts of the general assignment, as prayed for. And the same is true, under the facts averred in reference thereto, as to the assignment of the choses in action.
The bill, as amended, introduces, in the alternative, three distinct grounds relied upon for relief : 1st. That which we have already, considered; 2nd, that the assignment was executed before either of the attachments was issued or levied, but, by its terms, the conveyance to the assignees was made expressly subject to the liens of the attachments in favor of the persons named ; and, 3rd, that the assignment was executed after the levies, but pursuant to a resolution of the board of directors of the assignor, made prior to the issuance of the attachments, and' while complainant’s debt was a subsisting demand against the assignor. The resolution recited (and the bill avers the same to be true) that the Poliak Company was unable longer to carry on its business and was insolvent. The language of the first-resolve, as it is set out in the assignment, a copy of which is made an exhibit to, and part of the amended bill, is as follows: “Inasmuch as this corporation is unable to meet and pay its liabilities now due and becoming due, and is insolvent and unable longer to carry on its business (its stock in trade having been attached) that it do execute a deed of general assignment for the benefit of its creditors.” The second was : “That Ignatius Poliak,'the president of the corporation, be and he is hereby author*472ized to execute a deed of general assignment in the name of said corporation, to William K. Pelzer and Sigmund Roman, in trust for all the creditors of this company, conveying all its property of every kind and description whatsoever.”
Considering the second ground of relief, the case thereby made may be thus stated : The board of directors of the debtor company, by resolution, declared its purpose to make a general assignment for the benefit of its creditors, and authorized its president to execute the same to Pelzer and Roman. The president undertook to exercise this authority, but, in framing the instrument, he falsely recited therein, in substance, that Cane, McCaffrey & Co., Josiah Morris & Co. and H. B. Claflin & Co., had, that day, levied attachments upon the goods of the debtor; and his conveyance to the assignees, of the debtor’s property, was made expressly subject to the liens of those attachments. The case made by this phase of the bill, not only necessarily, but in express words, excludes the idea that the assignment and attachments were parts of one transaction — all constituting a general assignment — or that the case was to be influenced by any unlawful intent to create preferences, on the parts of the debtor or attaching creditors. It is not a bill to annul the assignment, as fraudulent, but the validity of the instrument is affirmed, and sought to be enforced. The question, then, presented is, what is the effect, as to the rights of creditors, of an assignment,-for their benefit, of all the debtor’s property, subject to, the liens of certain specified attachments declared, in the instrument, to have been levied upon the property, when, in fact, no such attachments had been issued? The assignment, so far as the rights of the assignees are concerned, must, like other conveyances, be construed, and the intention of the parties determined, according to the legal effect of its terms and any extrinsic facts to which they refer, or which legitimately bear upon them. On its face, its effect is, that the assignees took the general legal title to the goods; the three attaching creditors had liens upon them to the extent of their claims, and the sheriff a special property and possession, for the purpose of enforcing the liens. But, upon extrinsic averment of a creditor, admitted by demurrer to be true, no such liens, and no such special property and posses*473sion in the sheriff, existed. Where then was the possession, and where the equitable interest in the goods, subject to which the conveyance was said to be made? Does the extrinsic fact that the liens did not exist operate to invest the assignees with the entire ownership, in view of the recitals and terms of the assignment, under which they take, or does it convey to them the legal title, and reserve to the assignor the possession and an equitable charge upon the goods to the extent of the amount of the claims of those creditors? It seems that an affirmative answer to one or the other of these inquiries is a necessary result; for, certain it is, that if the attachments had not been issued and levied, there could be no equitable interest or charge in favor of the supposed attaching creditors named in the assignment, and no possession or property in the sheriff; and no recital or stipulation of the assignment could confer such upon them. The liens or equitable interests, which the recital of the conveyance excludes from its operation, and the possession of the goods, must reside somewhere. If they did not pass to the assignees, they, of necessity, remained in the assignor. What then is the effect, upon the equity of the bill, of either of these results? If the first is true, viz., that the entire interest passed to the assignees, it would seem that the assignment, in view of the fact that the recital and assumption therein of the. existence of the liens, were a mistake, would be com-pleté in itself, enabling the assignees to reduce to possession and administer the property; requiring no intervention of equity to perfect it, or to combine it with any other simultaneous disposition; and that complainant’s remedy would be against the assignees when they come to settle their trusts. If the second be true, that the legal title only passed to the assignees, the said excepted liens or equitable interests, and the possession remaining in the assignor, the consequence would seem to be that the assignment is only a partial one. The exception from its operation, of a substantial estate, subject to the claims of creditors, would deprive the instrument of the character of a general assignment. We are aware of no principle by which such an exception could be considered a disposition of the excepted property, by the assignor, which can be tacked to, and made a part of the conveyance, thereby converting the latter into a general assignment.
*474We are of opinion that the effect of the case stated is, that the entire property passed to the assignees, for the following reasons: That portion of the conveyance evidencing the grant is in itself a complete transfer of the entire property. The words following, to the effect that the grant is made subject to the liens of three specified attachments, is, in legal effect, bat an exception from the grant, of such an equitable interest in the property as the liens mentioned create. In Frank v. Myers, 97 Ala. 437, we had occasion tb discuss, somewhat fully, the subject of exceptions in deeds, and we there laid down the essential requisites of a valid exception. We found, in effect, that if for any legal reason, the exception was incapable of operation, the grant of the entire property was unaffected by it. As we said there, in reference to the exception then being considered, the principle is but the complement or. resultant of the other principle that a deed delivered must have effect, if possible, and be taken most strongly against him who makes it. Now, in giving practical effect and operation to the exception expressed in the present assignment, the assignees must need ascertain and identify the particular attachments to which it refers, and thereby learn their scope and extent; for it is by these that the extent of the interests excepted is to be known and observed. In that investigation, they ascertain that the supposed existence of attachment liens is founded in error — that no such liens existed. The words of the exception expressed, are, then, founded upon a myth; they, therefore, refer to nothing. If the thing which the words describe be, in truth, nothing, because of the nonexistence of the thing, there is, of course, nothing upon which the ’ exception can operate. Here the grant is of the entire property ; the mythical subtraction of nothing from it, leaves the grant entire. The words of the exception are : “subject to the lien of certain attachments levied upon it on the 8th day of January, instant, to-wit: Cane McCaffrey & Co., Josiah Morris & Co., H. B. Claflin & Co.” It is not an arbitrary exception of an equitable interest to the extent of a specified sum, but, of such equitable entries as find support and existence in the levies of specified attachments; the existence of which levies is essential to the existence of the interests excepted. To determine what those interests are, we *475repeat, the assignees must look to the particular attachments. Proceeding to do so, they find that none such exist. The exception, therefore, referring to nothing, necessarily fails. To state .an analogous case, suppose the exception had been of the interest of A. B. in a mortgage, executed to him, at a certain time, by the assignor, when in fact, no such mortgage had ever been executed; or, if executed, had been fully paid and discharged before the assignment. It seems clear to our minds that there would be nothing for the exception to operate upon, and that the grant would be unaffected by it.
What we have said is, at last, nothing more than a process of reasoning leading to the proposition, that the parties to the instrument intended, by the clause in question, no more than to declare, what the law already implied, that the property should pass to the assignees, subject to attachment liens, if any, which rested upon it. If there were, in fact, no such liens existing, it is clear the parties did not intend that an interest equal to that they would have represented, if they had existed, should be excepted from the conveyance. The resolution adopted by the board of directors, and the assignment itself, show, unmistakably, an intention to make a general assignment, reserving nothing to the assignor. As neither the law nor the assignment reserved anything to the three specified creditors, because they did not, in fact, have the specified liens, and as the intention of the assignor was to reserve nothing to itself, the result is that the whole passed to the assignees. The bill makes no complaint of the assignees. It seeks no relief against them for any abuse of their trust. It cannot be regarded as a bill against them for a settlement of their trust, independent of any special equity; for it is clear the trust is not ripe for settlement. As to the complaints against the sheriff for wrongful intermeddling, on his part, it is not shown why the assignees may not move for the necessary redress. They have not been requested to do so, nor to relinquish their right in that behalf to the complainants. They are charged with no dereliction, in the premises. There is no equity in the alleged ground of relief under consideration.
As to the third ground: We have no doubt the assignment did not take effect until its execution, so as to *476cut off intervening liens or securities created between the assignor’s declaration of its purpose to make an assignment and its actual execution ; such liens or securities, according to this ground of relief, not being created under such circumstances as to'blend them with, and constitute them parts of, the assignment. The resolution of the board of directors was revocable at any moment before being carried into effect, and could create no vested right in the creditors to have it carried into effect. It was not an agreement with the creditors to execute a general assignment. The cases of The John Stilletto Co. v. McConnell, 130 Ind. 47, (26 N. E. Rep. 832), and Wyeth Hardware Co. v. Standard Implement Co., 28 Pac. Rep. 171, properly interpretend, are not authories to the contrary. They but state, in another form, the general rule we have recognized, that dispositions for security, made by the assignor, pending the making of an assignment, under circumstances which constitute them, in substance and intent, parts of the assignment when executed, will be so treated. This court has heretofore repudiated the theory that mere insolvency of the corporation engrafts a trust upon its property in favor of creditors. — O’Bear Jewelry Co. v. Volfer, 106 Ala. 205.
¡¿: Inasmuch as two of the alternative grounds of relief are thus found to be without equity, the demurrers should have been sustained on the grounds indicated by this opinion. — 3 Brick. Dig., 378, § 183. An order will be here made reversing the decretal order of the chan-, cellor, and sustaining the demurrers and remanding the cause. The bill may be amended within thirty days, with power in the chancery court, or chancellor, in vacation, to extend the time on sufficient showing.
Reversed, rendered and remanded.