Court Opinion

ID: 9950851
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-14 21:02:21.262397+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:37:00.801636
License: Public Domain

USCA4 Appeal: 22-1871         Doc: 44       Filed: 03/13/2024   Pg: 1 of 18

                                               PUBLISHED

                                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                       FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                                No. 22-1871

        XACTWARE SOLUTIONS, INC., Plaintiff (Trademark Trial & Appeal Board Opposer),

                                Respondent – Appellant,

                        v.

        BUILDXACT SOFTWARE LIMITED, Defendant (Applicant in Trademark Trial
        & Appeal Board opposition),

                                Movant – Appellee.
        ------------------------------

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                Amicus Supporting Appellee.

        Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at
        Alexandria. Anthony John Trenga, Senior District Judge. (1:22-cv-00596-AJT-WEF)

        Argued: December 6, 2023                                       Decided: March 13, 2024

        Before GREGORY and HARRIS, Circuit Judges, and FLOYD, Senior Circuit Judge.

        Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Gregory wrote the opinion, in which Judge Harris
        and Senior Judge Floyd joined.

        ARGUED: James Wilson Dabney, HUGHES HUBBARD & REED LLP, New York,
        New York, for Appellant. Ashly Iacullo Boesche, PATTISHALL, MCAULIFFE,
        NEWBURY, HILLIARD & GERALDSON LLP, Chicago, Illinois, for Appellee.
        Daniel Tenny, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for
        Amicus Curiae. ON BRIEF: James H. Boykin, III, Washington, D.C., Patrice P. Jean,
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        Emma L. Baratta, HUGHES HUBBARD & REED LLP, New York, New York, for
        Appellant. Bradley L. Cohn, PATTISHALL, MCAULIFFE, NEWBURY, HILLIARD
        & GERALDSON LLP, Chicago, Illinois, for Appellee. Brian M. Boynton, Principal
        Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Cynthia A. Barmore, Civil Division, UNITED
        STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C.; Thomas W. Krause,
        Solicitor, Christina J. Hieber, Senior Counsel for Trademark Policy and Litigation,
        Thomas L. Casagrande, Associate Solicitor, UNITED STATES PATENT AND
        TRADEMARK OFFICE, Alexandria, Virginia; Jessica D. Aber, United States Attorney,
        OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Richmond, Virginia, for Amicus
        Curiae.

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        GREGORY, Circuit Judge:

               Appellant Xactware is challenging the publication of Appellee Buildxact’s mark via

        opposition proceedings in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO). As part of these

        proceedings, Xactware wants to orally depose a Buildxact employee. All of Buildxact’s

        employees are in Australia. The district court granted Buildxact’s motion to quash

        Xactware’s subpoena. It found that Buildxact fell outside the jurisdiction of the relevant

        statute because it was not “residing within or being within” the district. 35 U.S.C. § 24.

        Xactware appeals. We hold that a district court lacks authority to subpoena evidence that,

        under PTO rules, is inadmissible in internal PTO proceedings. We therefore affirm the

        district court’s judgment on different grounds.

                                                      I.

               Appellee Buildxact is an Australian company with its principal place of business in

        Melbourne, Australia. J.A. 21. In October 2019, it filed an application with the U.S. Patent

        and Trademark Office (PTO) for use of BUILDXACT as a trademark and service mark in

        connection with its construction management software. J.A. 66. When Buildxact filed its

        application, it did not designate an agent in the United States for service of process. The

        PTO director is thus its statutory default agent for service of process. See 15 U.S.C.

        § 1051(e). The PTO is located in the Eastern District of Virginia (Alexandria). Besides

        the PTO director, Buildxact has no officers, agents, or employees that reside or regularly

        transact business in Virginia or within 100 miles of the Eastern District of Virginia. J.A.

        21. Buildxact also has no facilities, offices, or operations in that area. J.A. 21.

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               The PTO published Buildxact’s mark, and Appellant Xactware initiated an

        opposition proceeding before the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (the Appeal Board).

        J.A. 374. Xactware contacted Buildxact’s counsel and said it wanted to depose three

        Buildxact officers by video deposition. J.A. 9. Under 37 C.F.R. §§ 2.120(c) and 2.124,

        depositions in foreign countries must be taken in written form, unless the parties consent

        to an oral deposition or the party trying to take the oral deposition shows good cause. See

        also T.B.M.P. § 404.03(b). Xactware did not move for good cause. When Buildxact said

        it would only allow written depositions, Xactware subpoenaed Buildxact by serving its

        statutory default agent, the PTO director. J.A. 9. The subpoena commanded the in-person

        deposition of a Buildxact corporate representative. J.A. 9.

               Buildxact asked Xactware’s counsel to withdraw the subpoena, arguing that the

        subpoena was improper. J.A. 9. When Xactware didn’t withdraw the subpoena, Buildxact

        moved in the district court to quash the subpoena. J.A. 7.

               After briefing and a motion hearing, the magistrate judge granted Buildxact’s

        motion to quash via oral ruling. J.A. 236. It held that, under 35 U.S.C. § 24, a foreign

        corporation “with no corporate presence in the Eastern District of Virginia other than doing

        the bare minimum of what was necessary to apply for a trademark,” has insufficient

        contacts to qualify as “being within” the district. J.A. 235. Buildxact therefore could not

        be subpoenaed to “appear and testify” under § 24 and instead could only be compelled to

        provide written testimony.

               Xactware moved for a review of the magistrate judge’s order. J.A. 241. The district

        court, on de novo review, reached the same conclusion, holding that the presence of the

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        PTO director within the Eastern District of Virginia was not enough to find Buildxact as

        “being within” the district. J.A. 375.

                                                    II.

               We have appellate jurisdiction under 15 U.S.C. § 1121(a) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

        We review a district court’s order on a motion to quash a subpoena for abuse of discretion.

        United States v. Under Seal, 737 F.3d 330, 332 (4th Cir. 2013). But when the district

        court’s determination is based on an interpretation of law, as it is here, we review those

        conclusions de novo. Id. at 332–33.

                                                    III.

               We start with some background. To register a trademark, the applicant files an

        application with the PTO. 15 U.S.C. § 1051(a). An applicant not domiciled in the United

        States “may” designate a U.S. resident to “be served notices or process in proceedings

        affecting the mark.” 15 U.S.C. § 1051(e). If they don’t designate someone, notices or

        process “may be served on the Director” of the PTO. Id.

               When the PTO believes that an applicant’s mark is entitled to registration, it

        publishes the mark.     This gives other interested parties the opportunity to oppose

        registration. Opposition is referred to the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (the Appeal

        Board) “to determine and decide the respective rights of registration.” 15 U.S.C. § 1067(a).

               Proceedings in the PTO are governed by 35 U.S.C. §§ 21–28. Relevant here are

        Sections 23 and 24. The first provides:

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               The Director may establish rules for taking affidavits and depositions
               required in cases in the Patent and Trademark Office.

        35 U.S.C. § 23.

               The PTO has promulgated rules about securing deposition testimony in opposition

        proceedings. Its rules for depositions of domestic parties in the U.S. are different from its rules

        for depositions in foreign countries and depositions of foreign parties in the U.S. Compare 37

        C.F.R. § 2.120(b), with 37 C.F.R. § 2.120(c). The party taking discovery is entitled to orally

        depose a domestic party in person. 37 C.F.R. § 2.120(b). In contrast, depositions in foreign

        countries must be taken as written depositions, unless the parties stipulate to an oral deposition

        or the Appeal Board orders an oral deposition upon motion for good cause. 37 C.F.R.

        § 2.120(c)(1). The exception to that is if the foreign party “is or will be, during a time set for

        discovery, present within the United States.” 37 C.F.R. § 2.120(c)(2). In that case, the party

        seeking discovery can orally depose the foreign party, with notice. Id.

               The next section of the statute, 35 U.S.C. § 24, provides, in relevant part:

               The clerk of any United States court for the district wherein testimony is to
               be taken for use in any contested case in the Patent and Trademark Office,
               shall, upon the application of any party thereto, issue a subpoena for any
               witness residing or being within such district, commanding him to appear
               and testify before an officer in such district authorized to take depositions
               and affidavits, at the time and place stated in the subpoena. The provisions
               of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure relating to the attendance of
               witnesses and to the production of documents and things shall apply to
               contested cases in the Patent and Trademark Office.

        35 U.S.C. § 24.

               In turn, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45(c) provides:

               (1) A subpoena may command a person to attend a trial, hearing, or
                   deposition only as follows:

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                  (A) within 100 miles of where the person resides, is employed, or
                      regularly transacts business in person; or

                  (B) within the state where the person resides, is employed, or regularly
                      transacts business in person, if the person

                       (i) is a party or a party’s officer; or

                       (ii) is commanded to attend a trial and would not incur substantial
                            expense.

                                                       A.

               As a preliminary matter, we explain why a previous Fourth Circuit case, Rosenruist-

        Gestao E Servicos LDA v. Virgin Enterprises Ltd., 511 F.3d 437 (4th Cir. 2007), does not

        dictate the outcome here, contrary to Xactware’s view. In Xactware’s reading, Rosenruist

        held that a company that sold no products in the United States and had no business presence

        there was still “being within” the district where Appellee Virgin Enterprises sued. Virgin

        Enterprises was therefore entitled to subpoena testimony from Rosenruist, Xactware says.

        Even if we agreed with Xactware’s interpretation of Rosenruist, we would come to the

        same outcome here. But because we disagree with it, we take this opportunity to clarify

        what Rosenruist did and did not hold.

               In Rosenruist, Portuguese company Rosenruist-Gestao E Servicos LDA, applied for

        a U.S. trademark. Id. at 439. Rosenruist had not sold any products in the U.S. or

        established a business presence there. Id. Virgin Enterprises opposed the registration of

        the mark and sought a testimonial deposition of Rosenruist. Virgin served a Rule 30(b)(6)

        deposition subpoena, directing Rosenruist to produce a company representative to orally

        testify in McLean, Virginia. Id. at 441. After initially agreeing with Virgin that Rosenruist

        could be subpoenaed, the magistrate judge changed its mind and declined to compel
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        Rosenruist to obey the subpoena. Id. at 442. The judge said that the term “witness” in 35

        U.S.C. § 24 applied only to natural persons, not to corporations. Id. With no Rosenruist

        officers in the district who could address the subpoena topics, no one from Rosenruist could

        be compelled to testify. The district court agreed, and Virgin appealed.

               This Court said that “witness” includes corporations. Id. at 444. It declined to weigh

        in on Rosenruist’s other argument: that the district court lacked subpoena power over

        Rosenruist because Rosenruist had no business activities, managing agents, or agents

        consenting to testify within the district, and therefore was not “residing or being within”

        the district. Id. at 446. The Court noted that Rosenruist had not appealed the district court’s

        order on that issue and had not developed the argument in briefing before the court. Id.

        The issue was therefore “not properly before the panel.” Id. “[W]e need not determine

        precisely what is required for a witness to satisfy the statute’s ‘residing or being’

        component,” the majority wrote. Id. But in a one-sentence footnote, it said simply, “Were

        the issue before us, however, we would conclude that Rosenruist’s activities in this case

        were sufficient to qualify it as ‘being within [the] district.’” Id. at n.5.

               Rosenruist’s holding was simply that “witness” in 35 U.S.C. § 24 is not limited to

        natural persons. Although the Court said it would hold that Rosenruist was “residing or

        being within” the district were the issue before it, the Court provided no explanation of

        how it reached that conclusion. Rosenruist therefore does not require us to find that

        Buildxact is “within” the district. In fact, we need not answer the question of whether

        Buildxact is “within” the district at all. Whether an entity can “be[] within” a district

        merely by having an agent designated to receive service of process there—and any

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        potential interactions with Rule 45(c)’s geographic limits—is a question for another day.

        We resolve this case on alternative grounds.

                                                      B.

               The PTO argues that, even assuming Buildxact is “within” the district, the subpoena

        was properly quashed because it is still barred by the PTO’s rules. We agree. In order to

        explain our rationale, we first recount the relevant legislative history.

               The original Patent Act was passed in 1790. Patent Act of 1790, 1 Cong. Ch. 7, 1

        Stat. 109. It said nothing about the Patent Board’s authority to create rules for taking

        affidavits and depositions, nor did it mention courts’ power to issue subpoenas. As the

        Federal Circuit has recounted, this inability to compel testimony created significant

        problems. See Abbott Labs. v. Cordis Corp., 710 F.3d 1318, 1322–26 (Fed. Cir. 2013)

        (explaining history of the Patent Act and why Congress amended certain sections). An

        1857 report by the Commissioner of Patents explained:

               The existing laws furnish no means for compelling the attendance of
               witnesses, nor for obliging them to testify upon such issues. The interests
               bound up with these investigations are frequently of the greatest magnitude;
               and, as a consequence, refractory or mercenary men, availing themselves of
               this omission in the law, have refused to appear or give their depositions,
               except upon the payment of the most exorbitant sums by parties claiming the
               testimony. Cases of this character, while working the most cruel hardship to
               individuals, have tended to bring the administration of the government into
               discredit, if not into contempt. No reason is perceived why the process of
               subpoena, freely allowed to all litigating their interests in the courts of the
               country, shall be withheld from the parties to these important and
               complicated controversies.

        1 United States Patent Office, Report of the Commissioner of Patents for the Year 1857:

        Arts and Manufactures, S. Exec. Doc. No. 35–30, at 7 (1858). The House Committee on

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        Patents acted on that information, introducing bills in 1857 and 1858 to create a mechanism

        for compelling testimony. Abbott Labs., 710 F.3d at 1325 (citing H.R. Rep. No. 34–98, at

        1 (1857) and H.R. Rep. No. 35–178, at 2 (1858)). In a report that accompanied the 1858

        bill, the Committee on Patents noted the “[s]erious difficulties” that had arisen in “pursuing

        the regular and necessary investigations in the office” because there was no way to compel

        testimony. H.R. Rep. No. 35–178, at 2 (1858). Congress revamped the Act in 1861. In

        that version, what is currently Sections 23 and 24 appeared in one section and read:

               [T]he Commissioner of Patents may establish rules for taking affidavits and
               depositions required in cases pending in the Patent Office, and such affidavits
               and depositions may be taken before any justice of the peace, or other officer
               authorized by law to take depositions to be used in the courts of the United
               States, or in the State courts of any State where such officer shall reside; and
               in any contested case pending in the Patent Office it shall be lawful for the
               clerk of any court of the United States for any district or Territory, and he is
               hereby required, upon the application of any party to such contested case . . .
               to issue subpoenas for any witnesses residing or being within the said district
               or Territory, commanding such witnesses to appear and testify before any
               justice of the peace . . . .”

        Patent Act of 1861, 36 Cong. Ch. 88, 12 Stat. 246.

               In 1870, this section was divided into three back-to-back sections, with tweaks to

        the language. See Patent Act of 1870, 41 Cong. Ch. 230, §§ 43–45, 16 Stat. 198, 204. In

        1873, the sections were again reorganized. See Act of Dec. 1, 1873, 18 Stat. 1, 957–58.

               In 1922, the subpoena section of the Act was amended again, this time to read:

               The clerk of any court of the United States, for any District or Territory
               wherein testimony is to be taken for use in any contested case pending in the
               Patent Office, shall, upon the application of any party thereto, or of his agent
               or attorney, issue a subpoena for any witness residing or being within such
               District or Territory, commanding him to appear and testify before any
               officer in such District or Territory authorized to take depositions and
               affidavits at any time and place in the subpoena stated. But no witness shall

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               be required to attend at any place more than forty miles from the place where
               the subpoena is served upon him; and the provisions of section 869 of the
               Revised Statutes relating to the issuance of subpoenas duces tecum shall
               apply to contested cases in the Patent Office.

        Act of Feb. 18, 1922, 67 Cong. Ch. 58, § 7, 42 Stat. 389, 391–92 (emphasis added).

               In turn, the subpoenas duces tecum section of the Revised Statutes allowed a district

        court to subpoena documents that, “if produced, would be competent and material evidence”—

        in other words, evidence that would be admissible. See Rev. Stat. § 869 (1st ed. 1875), enacted

        by Act of Jan. 24, 1827, 19 Cong. Ch. 4, § 2, 4 Stat. 197, 199–200.

               The Patent Act of 1952 reorganized the sections yet again, this time into the two

        sections at issue here. Instead of referencing the subpoena section of the Revised Statutes

        (which had now been replaced by the U.S. Code) 1, the 1952 version (and today’s) provides

        that “[t]he provisions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure relating to the attendance of

        witnesses and to the production of documents and things shall apply to contested cases in

        the Patent Office.” Patent Act of 1952, 82 Cong. Ch. 950, §§ 23–24, 66 Stat. 792, 795,

        codified at 35 U.S.C. §§ 23–24.

               That brings us to this case. The PTO says that because its rules explicitly prohibit

        this type of discovery deposition, a district court lacks the authority under the statute to

        issue a subpoena compelling the deposition. For two reasons, we agree. First, 35 U.S.C.

        § 24 must be read in conjunction with Section 23’s provision that “[t]he Director may

        establish rules for taking affidavits and depositions required in cases in the Patent and

               1
                Congress enacted the Revised Statutes in 1874. They were replaced by the United
        States Code in 1926.
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        Trademark Office.” Second, even reading Section 24 in isolation, the phrase “testimony

        . . . to be taken for use in any contested case” shows that a court can subpoena only

        testimony that would be approved by the PTO in the first place (emphasis added). We

        address each of these points in turn.

                                     i. Interplay of Sections 23 and 24

               We begin with the structural rationale. As explained above, the language in Sections

        23 and 24 was enacted as a single sentence in the Patent Act of 1861. While the provisions

        have been reorganized since, “[n]othing in this subsequent history reveals an intent on the

        part of Congress to sever the relationship between the two provisions.” Abbott Labs., 710

        F.3d at 1323. Congress therefore clearly contemplated that the PTO director would have

        significant power over depositions in opposition proceedings.

               Legislative history also shows that Section 24 was not intended to constrain the

        PTO’s powers under Section 23, but instead was added to “authorize[] district courts to

        lend their coercive powers to the [PTO].” Id. (citation and quotations omitted). As

        explained above, before Sections 23 and 24 were enacted, parties struggled to “secure

        needed testimony from recalcitrant fact witnesses.” Id. at 1324. Although the PTO’s rules

        allowed depositions in opposition proceedings, the rules “offered no means for compelling

        the attendance of deponents.” Id. Congress remedied that defect by giving district courts

        the power to enforce the PTO’s rules—to act in service of the Office. As we have

        previously explained, Section 24 “assigns a supportive role to the district courts to ensure

        the smooth functioning of the procedures adopted by the PTO.” Rosenruist, 511 F.3d at

        444 (citing Frilette v. Kimberlin, 508 F.2d 205, 210 (3d Cir. 1974) (en banc)). If Congress

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        had incorporated the Federal Rules into Section 24 in an attempt to undermine the PTO’s

        previously broad rulemaking authority under Section 23, it presumably would have said

        so. See Whitman v. Am. Trucking Ass’ns, 531 U.S. 457, 468 (2001) (“Congress . . . does

        not alter the fundamental details of a regulatory scheme in vague terms or ancillary

        provisions.”). The last sentence of Section 24 is therefore better read as filling in any gaps

        in the PTO’s own rules. 2

               Xactware responds that the PTO regulations at issue, 37 C.F.R. §§ 2.120 and 2.123

        were promulgated based on authority granted by other parts of the statute, not on the

        authority granted by Section 23. Those parts of the statute provide that “[t]he Director

        shall make rules and regulations, not inconsistent with law” which govern proceedings in

        the Patent and Trademark Office. 15 U.S.C. §§ 1123, 35 U.S.C. § 2 (emphasis added).

        Because regulations that are inconsistent with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are

        necessarily inconsistent with Section 24’s provision about the Federal Rules of Civil

        Procedure, the PTO Director lacks the authority to promulgate those regulations, Xactware

        says. We disagree. This argument assumes that Sections 23 and 24 do not allow for rules

        and regulations that differ from the Federal Rules. But for the reasons explained above

        and below, we believe that they do.

               2
                 Indeed, PTO regulations explicitly contemplate that they may contradict the
        Federal Rules. See 37 C.F.R. § 2.120(a)(1) (“Except as otherwise provided in this section,
        and wherever appropriate, the provisions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure relating
        to disclosure and discovery shall apply.”).
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                                                  ii. “For Use In”

               In addition to Section 23, Section 24 by itself limits depositions to those authorized

        by the PTO. As a reminder, the PTO rules say that depositions taken in foreign countries

        must be taken as written depositions, with exceptions not relevant here. 37 C.F.R.

        §§ 2.120(c)(1), 2.123(a)(2), 2.124.

               Section 24 says that a district court can subpoena testimony “to be taken for use in”

        any contested case. 35 U.S.C. § 24. Under PTO rules, testimony cannot be used in Appeal

        Board proceedings unless it has been taken in compliance with PTO rules. 37 C.F.R.

        2.123(k). This means that any oral testimony taken in a foreign country that does not

        comply with 37 C.F.R. § 2.124 is not “taken for use in” a contested case; under the PTO

        rules, it cannot be used in the case.

               This interpretation comports with the way this Circuit has read a similar “for use”

        requirement in another part of the U.S. Code. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1782, district courts can

        order discovery “for use in a proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal.” We recently

        held that the “for use” requirement in § 1782 requires a “reasonable possibility that the

        evidence sought ‘will be employed with some advantage or serve some use in the

        proceeding.’” In re Newbrook Shipping Corp., 31 F.4th 889, 895 (4th Cir. 2022) (quoting

        Mees v. Buiter, 793 F.3d 291, 298 (2d Cir. 2015)).             Here, there is no “reasonable

        possibility” that any evidence obtained via an involuntary oral deposition abroad could be

        used in the opposition proceedings. The Appeal Board would bar the use of such evidence

        for being obtained in violation of PTO rules. Without that “reasonable possibility,” the

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        testimony will not be taken “for use in” proceedings and a district court lacks the authority

        to subpoena the testimony.

               Xactware takes issue with that argument for a number of reasons. First, it says that

        the PTO’s argument “would require this Court to re-write the statutory text, ‘wherein

        testimony is to be taken for use in,’ so that it reads instead: ‘wherein testimony that the

        USPTO allows is to be taken for use in.’” Reply Br. at 15. Because “we may not engraft

        our own exceptions onto the statutory text,” Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales,

        Inc., 586 U.S. ----, ----, 139 S. Ct. 524, 530 (2019) (quotation and citations omitted), it

        would be improper for us to adopt that interpretation, Xactware says. Reply Br. at 15.

               But we need not engraft an exception to reach our conclusion. “[T]estimony . . . to

        be taken for use in any contested case in the Patent and Trademark Office” is necessarily

        testimony that the USPTO allows—the PTO, and only the PTO, sets its own rules about

        what evidence is admissible in contested cases (i.e., cases adjudicated within the PTO).

        What’s more, as a matter of structural interpretation, it makes sense that “taken for use in”

        would be defined in reference to what the PTO allows.            As explained above, the

        immediately preceding section, 35 U.S.C. § 23, deals with the director’s authority to

        establish rules for taking affidavits and depositions in PTO cases.

               Xactware’s next argument focuses on the interplay between internal PTO

        proceedings and district-court civil actions that relate to those proceedings. A party who

        is dissatisfied with an Appeal Board decision may “have remedy by a civil action” by filing

        a suit in district court. 15 U.S.C. § 1071(b)(1). That suit is not an appeal. Compare id.,

        with 15 U.S.C. § 1071(a)(1) (party to opposition proceeding dissatisfied with Appeal Board

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        decision can alternatively “appeal to the United States Courts of Appeals for the Federal

        Circuit”). It is a wholly separate suit, where new evidence is allowed and (in cases where

        new evidence is introduced) a de novo standard governs. See Kappos v. Hyatt, 566 U.S.

        431, 433–34 (2012). The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Evidence—not Appeal

        Board internal rules—govern the proceedings. Id. at 433. 3

               Xactware implies that it wouldn’t make sense to interpret “for use in” in a way that

        bars admitting certain evidence in opposition proceedings that would then be admissible in

        a civil action in district court. But the Supreme Court noted this very possibility in Kappos

        when it said that the “opportunity to present new evidence is significant, not the least

        because the PTO generally does not accept oral testimony.” Id. at 435. If we applied

        Xactware’s logic, then Appeal Board opposition proceedings would have to be governed

        by the same evidentiary rules as district court civil actions—a notion foreclosed by Section

        23 and by Kappos.

               Finally, legislative history itself cuts against Xactware’s argument. The Federal

        Rules of Civil Procedure were not enacted until 1938, long after the subpoena provision

        was first added to the Patent Act. Compare Patent Act of 1861, 36 Cong. Ch. 88, 12 Stat.

        246, with Fed. R. Civ. P. (eff. Sep. 16, 1938). By 1922, the statute was nearly identical to

               3
                 To be clear, this case is not one of those suits because Xactware is not opposing
        registration of the mark in the district court. Instead, Buildxact went to the district court
        with a motion to quash the subpoena—a subpoena that Xactware had issued for purposes
        of the internal PTO proceedings. J.A. 7–10. Were this case brought in district court under
        15 U.S.C. § 1071(b) after the Appeal Board ruled on registration, PTO rules would not
        govern. The district court’s authority to issue or quash a subpoena would be governed by
        the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Evidence.
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        the current version, with one relevant exception. In place of today’s provision about the

        Federal Rules, the statute provided that “[t]he provisions of Section 869 of the Revised

        Statutes relating to the issuance of subpoenas duces tecum shall apply to contested cases

        in the Patent Office.” Patent Act of 1922, 67 Cong. Ch. 58, § 7, 42 Stat. 389, 391–92.

               Between enactment of the previous version and Congress’s amendments in 1952,

        the Revised Statutes were replaced with the United States Code. By 1952, then, the

        subpoena duces tecum provision was outdated; it referred to the since-abandoned Revised

        Statutes and failed to mention the rules that controlled discovery in civil cases. In fact, the

        Senate and House Committee reports state, “Reference to a repealed statute in the first

        paragraph is replaced by reference to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.” S. Rep. No.

        1979, 82d Cong. 2d Sess., P. 4 (1952). H. Rep. No. 1923, 82d Cong. 2d Sess., P. 5, U.S.

        Code Congressional and Administrative News p. 2394 (1952). Whereas the subpoena

        statute allowed a court to issue a subpoena only for admissible evidence, see supra, Federal

        Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b) “requires production of material which, though not itself

        admissible, may lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.” 4 In re Natta, 388 F.2d 215,

        221 (3d Cir. 1968) (Seitz, J., dissenting), dissent adopted as majority in Frilette v.

               4
                 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b) has since been amended to allow parties to
        obtain discovery “regarding any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party’s claim
        or defense and proportional to the needs of the case.” The point remains, however, that in
        order to ascertain Congress’s intent in 1952, when it replaced the Patent Act’s subpoena
        provision with the Act’s FRCP provision, we must look at the version of the Federal Rules
        that were in place then (in this case, the 1946 amendments to Rule 26). This is the version
        Congress had in mind at the time. And because this version allowed for discovery of much
        more than just admissible evidence, it significantly departed from the subpoena statute that
        governed before.
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        Kimberlin, 508 F.2d 205 (3d Cir. 1974) (en banc)). Had Congress intended to significantly

        expand the district court’s subpoena power, it presumably would have said so in more than

        a one-line sentence that reads as if the change is merely technical.

                                                    IV.

               We hold that Section 24 is a limited grant of authority that only empowers district

        courts to issue subpoenas for depositions that comply with PTO rules. A contrary ruling

        would significantly displace the PTO’s authority to police its internal proceedings. It

        would do so despite statutory context and legislative history showing that district courts

        have been asked to play a supportive role in the discovery process of PTO proceedings.

        For the above reasons, the judgment of the district court is

                                                                                     AFFIRMED.

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