Court Opinion

ID: 4068565
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-30 00:03:28.852984+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:32:49.679998
License: Public Domain

MODIFY and AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed May 1, 2015.

                                         S   In The
                                Court of Appeals
                         Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      No. 05-14-00191-CR

                                  RUSSELL STARKS, Appellant
                                             V.
                                 THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                      On Appeal from the Criminal District Court No. 4
                                   Dallas County, Texas
                           Trial Court Cause No. F-1332480-K

                             MEMORANDUM OPINION
                            Before Justices Myers, Evans, and Brown
                                   Opinion by Justice Brown
       Appellant Russell Starks appeals his jury conviction for aggravated robbery. After

finding appellant guilty, the jury assessed his punishment at life imprisonment and a $10,000

fine. On appeal, appellant raises a single point of error complaining he was convicted on legal

and factual grounds that were not submitted to the jury. As modified, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment. Because all dispositive issues are settled in law, we issue this memorandum opinion.

TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(a), 47.4.

       On January 11, 2013, complainant Theresa Zahn-Burnam returned to her home around

8:00 p.m. As she inserted her house key into her front door lock, a black man wearing a gray

hoodie approached her on her porch and ordered her to open the door. Knowing her two sons

were alone inside the house, she dropped to the ground and curled up into a fetal position. As she

lay on the ground, she became aware that the man was holding a gun. The man holding the gun
said, “If you say a word, I will just shoot you now.” She began to scream for help and then a

second black man wearing a striped polo shirt approached her on the porch. At first, she thought

the second man heard her screams and had come to help her. However, when the second man

approached the porch, he asked, “Where is your purse? Where is your purse?” Ms. Zahn-Burnam

handed over her purse and the two men ran away. After they were out of sight, she went inside

her house, called the police and provided a description of the suspects.

       Sergeant Rodell Byrd testified he was off duty at a local shopping center at the time of

the robbery. He received a call about the robbery because he was approximately one block from

the location. Byrd responded in his personal, un-marked vehicle and began searching the area for

the suspects. He saw two males matching the provided description in a vehicle and called for

marked patrol units to respond. He continued to follow the suspects until the patrol units arrived.

Byrd dropped back and let the patrol units approach the vehicle. When the lights and sirens were

activated by the police, the suspects fled at a high rate of speed, and the officers gave chase.

Byrd testified Charles Polk was apprehended, and they found his hooded sweatshirt in the

vehicle with a cell phone, a Target receipt, and small caliber ammunition.

       Officer Jason Peacock testified he was in one of the patrol units that approached the

suspects’ vehicle. Peacock chased the vehicle until it ran across a median and became disabled.

Peacock saw appellant, wearing a striped polo shirt, exit the vehicle and run. He chased the

appellant until appellant gave up, at which time appellant was apprehended by Peacock.

       The police escorted Ms. Zahn-Burnam to the location of the apprehension where she was

one hundred percent certain of the identification of Charles Polk. Due to the lighting in the street,

she was not completely certain about the identity of appellant, even though he was wearing a

striped polo shirt as she had described to the police during her 9-1-1 call.

                                                –2–
       Evidence was introduced of surveillance video from a local Target store that showed

appellant and Polk shopping together approximately one hour before the robbery occurred. The

police department also investigated the disabled vehicle and found the owner, who reported

loaning the vehicle to her boyfriend, who in turn loaned the vehicle to appellant on the night of

the robbery. And finally, evidence was introduced of appellant speaking to a third party during a

jail telephone call when appellant stated, “Hey, your girlfriend did good by reporting the vehicle

stolen,” and when discussing whether or not they “got away safe,” appellant stated, “It all come

from him not doing what I told him to do, put her to sleep. It would have never happened, all that

hollering and screaming and shit wouldn’t never happened.”

       Appellant was indicted for aggravated robbery and entered a plea of “not guilty.” A jury

found appellant guilty of the offense charged. Appellant entered a plea of “not true” to the

enhancement paragraph alleged in the indictment. The jury found the allegation of a prior

offense for burglary of a habitation to be true and assessed appellant’s punishment at life

imprisonment and a fine of $10,000.

       In a single point of error, appellant argues the application paragraph failed to authorize a

conviction under the law of the parties and appellant was therefore convicted on legal and factual

grounds that were not submitted to the jury.

       The jury charge read, in relevant part:

       All persons are parties to an offense who are guilty of acting together in the
       commission of an offense. A person is criminally responsible as a party to an
       offense if the offense is committed by his own conduct, by the conduct of another
       for which he is criminally responsible, or by both.

       A person is criminally responsible for an offense committed by the conduct of
       another if acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense, he
       solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid the other person to commit
       the offense.
       ...

                                                 –3–
       Now, considering all the law contained in the court’s charge, if you find and
       believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about January 11,
       2013, in Dallas County, Texas, the defendant, RUSSELL STARKS, did then and
       there intentionally and knowingly, while in the course of committing theft of
       property and with intent to obtain and maintain control of said property, threaten
       and place THERESA ZAHN-BURNAM, hereinafter called complainant, in fear
       of imminent bodily injury and death, and the defendant did then and there use or
       exhibit a deadly weapon, to-wit: a firearm, you shall find the defendant guilty of
       aggravated robbery as charged in the indictment.

The language of the application paragraph tracked the language of the indictment. At trial, both

parties stated that they had no objections to the charge.

       Appellant was charged under section 29.03, which states, “A person commits an offense

if he commits robbery as defined in Section 29.02, and he . . . uses or exhibits a deadly weapon.”

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 29.03(a) (West 2011). Section 29.02 states:

       (a) A person commits an offense if, in the course of committing theft as defined in
       Chapter 31 and with intent to obtain or maintain control of the property, he:

       (1) intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another; or

       (2) intentionally or knowingly threatens or places another in fear of imminent
       bodily injury or death.

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 29.02(a) (West 2011).

       We review complaints of jury charge error by first determining whether error exists.

Kirsch v. State, 357 S.W.3d 645, 649 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). If error exists, we must determine

whether the error caused sufficient harm to warrant reversal. Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743–

44 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). When, as here, the error was not objected to, the error must be

fundamental and requires reversal “only if it was so egregious and created such harm that the

defendant has not had a fair and impartial trial.” Barrios v. State, 283 S.W.3d 348, 350 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2009) (citing Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on

reh’g)). Egregious harm consists of error affecting the very basis of the case or depriving the

defendant of a valuable right. Nava v. State, 415 S.W.3d 289, 298 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).
                                                –4–
Egregious harm exists when a defendant has suffered actual, rather than merely theoretical, harm

from jury-charge error. Id. We assess harm in light of “the entire jury charge, the state of the

evidence (including the contested issues and the weight of probative evidence), the arguments of

counsel, and any other relevant information revealed by the record of the trial as a whole.” Id.

       Appellant argues that the application paragraph in the jury charge failed to include the

language for a finding of party liability and there was no evidence that appellant ever used or

exhibited a firearm in the course of the robbery. Appellant complains he was convicted on legal

and factual grounds that were not submitted to the jury and was denied his right to due process.

The State concedes that the trial court erred in charging the jury but contends appellant failed to

establish he was egregiously harmed by the error.

        “A jury charge must distinctly set forth the law applicable to the case and set out all of

the essential elements of the offense.” Martin v. State, 200 S.W.3d 635, 639 (Tex. Crim. App.

2006); see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.14 (West 2007). “The meaning of a jury

instruction must be taken from the whole charge, and jurors are not authorized to return a verdict

except under those conditions given by the application paragraph of the charge.” Delapaz v.

State, 228 S.W.3d 183, 212 (Tex. App.–Dallas 2007, pet. ref’d). A jury charge is adequate

        if it either contains an application paragraph specifying all of the conditions to be
       met before a conviction under such theory is authorized, or contains an
       application paragraph authorizing a conviction under conditions specified by
       other paragraphs of the jury charge to which the application paragraph necessarily
       and unambiguously refers, or contains some logically consistent combination of
       such paragraphs.

Plata v. State, 926 S.W.2d 300, 304 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996), overruled on other grounds by

Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 239 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).

       Because the State concedes the trial court likely erred, we conduct a harm analysis using

the Almanza factors. Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 298. We assess harm in light of “the entire jury

charge, the state of the evidence (including the contested issues and the weight of probative
                                                –5–
evidence), the arguments of counsel, and any other relevant information revealed by the record

of the trial as a whole.” Id.

         With respect to the entire jury charge, in this case the charge contained the correct

abstract definition of party liability. However, the application paragraph did not explicitly apply

the abstract law of parties to the facts of the case. Instead, it instructed the jury should find

appellant guilty if, “considering all the law contained in the court’s charge,” they found appellant

committed the offense. The jury needed only to refer to the previous section, which defined

criminal responsibility as a party. In the absence of a request or objection, however, the trial

court’s charge was adequate to authorize appellant’s conviction as a party and the court’s failure

to directly apply the law of parties to the facts was not fundamental error. Greene v. State, 240
S.W.3d 7, 15–16 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007, pet. ref’d). We conclude that “a reasonable jury

would refer to the abstract definition of the law of parties without needing to have it repeated

again in the application paragraph.” Vasquez v. State, 389 S.W.3d 361, 371 (Tex. Crim. App.

2012).

         The next Almanza factor for this Court to consider is the state of the evidence. Nava, 415

S.W.3d at 298. The record shows appellant was one of two individuals who participated in the

aggravated robbery. The evidence that appellant, approached Ms. Zahn-Burnam and demanded

her purse, after Polk pointed a gun at her, was uncontroverted. Ms. Zahn-Burnam testified it was

clear to her that the two men were working together. A reasonable jury certainly could have

concluded that appellant was “acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the

offense.”

         Lastly, we must consider the arguments of counsel, and any other relevant information

revealed by the record of the trial as a whole. Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 298. The record shows that

during voir dire, the State’s attorney stated the following:

                                                 –6–
       Now, I want to talk to you guys about some more legal stuff. This is called a law
       of parties. Now, the law of parties has got this big mumbled legal thing again. I’m
       going to read it to you, and talk about what it is.

       “A person is criminally responsible for the conduct of another, if acting with the
       intent to promote or assist the commission of the crime. He solicits, encourages,
       directs, aids, or attempts to aid the other person to commit the offense.”

And then during the State’s opening statement, the attorney elaborated,

        After you hear all the evidence, the overwhelming evidence in this case, ladies
       and gentlemen, there will be no doubt that on January 11, 2013, this defendant,
       Mr. Russell Starks and codefendant, Charles Polk, committed aggravated robbery
       with a deadly weapon, and we would ask that you find him guilty.

During the trial, when the trial court asked if anyone objected to the proposed jury charge,

neither party had any objections. And then during the closing argument, the State argued:

       I want to talk to you also about the law of parties, something that we talked about
       earlier. We talked about the law of parties. And so I just want to highlight for you
       why both of the people on that front porch was [sic] responsible for the
       aggravated robbery. We obviously know that one person had the gun. And that
       person was identified immediately. That person had the gun and he had it out so
       that she could see it. He had the gun and he pointed it, but he also had it down.
       But it was visible the entire time. Remember we talked about using or exhibiting
       that deadly weapon. That gun was the enforcement. That gun was letting them do
       whatever they wanted to do on that porch, including having Mr. Starks come up
       and take her purse. And he didn’t have to grab it from her because that enforcer
       was there. All he had to do was ask and she gave it to him. Both of those people
       had a plan. And she knew that they were together once they came up and said,
       give me your purse. So they are both guilty of aggravated robbery.

After a careful review of the entire record, “it is inconceivable to us how the jury could have

been misled by the court’s charge.” Watson v. State, 693 S.W.2d 938, 940 (Tex. Crim. App.

1985) (jury application paragraph that authorized conviction if the jury found that the defendant

“acting either alone or as a party to the offense” committed burglary was harmless under

Almanza analysis when there was no evidence to support conviction as a principal; jury must

have found defendant guilty as a party).

       Further, we are unable to determine how appellant was harmed by the charge. The Court

of Criminal Appeals has explained, “A charge on the law of parties enlarges a defendant’s
                                               –7–
criminal responsibility. Romo v. State, 568 S.W.2d 298 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978) (op. on reh’g).

Likewise in the converse, a charge requiring the jury to find that a defendant acted alone

increases the State’s burden and thus benefits the defendant. Watson v. State, 693 S.W.2d 938,

942 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). Similar to Watson, here the State had to satisfy a heavier burden in

proving to the jury that the appellant acted alone in committing the aggravated robbery. If

anything, appellant was helped by the court’s charge. We find the error to have been harmless.

       However, we do take a sua sponte action in regard to this case. The judgment incorrectly

states that appellant was convicted under the “Statute for Offense: 29.03 Tax Code.” This Court

has the power to modify an incorrect judgment and make the record speak the truth when we

have the necessary data and information to do so. TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(b); see Woods v. State,

398 S.W.3d 396, 406 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, pet. ref’d). “Our authority to reform incorrect

judgments is not dependent on the request of any party, nor does it turn on a question of whether

a party has or has not objected in trial court; we may act sua sponte and may have a duty to do

so.” Woods, 398 S.W.3d at 406 (citing Asberry v. State, 813 S.W.2d 526, 531 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 1991, pet. ref’d)). The record shows appellant was convicted for aggravated robbery with

a deadly weapon under section 29.03 of the “Penal” Code and not the “Tax” Code. Accordingly,

we modify the trial court’s judgment to remove “Tax Code” as “Statute for Offense” and in its

place to reflect “Penal Code” as “Statute for Offense.”

       In conclusion, we modify the trial court’s judgment to reflect appellant was convicted

under the Penal Code. As modified, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

DO NOT PUBLISH                                       /Ada Brown/
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).                             ADA BROWN
                                                     JUSTICE
140191F.U05
                                               –8–
                                        S
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      JUDGMENT

RUSSELL STARKS, Appellant                           On Appeal from the Criminal District Court
                                                    No. 4, Dallas County, Texas
No. 05-14-00191-CR         V.                       Trial Court Cause No. F-1332480-K.
                                                    Opinion delivered by Justice Brown. Justices
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee                        Myers and Evans participating.

        Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is MODIFIED
as follows:
        Tax Code will be removed as the Statute for Offense and Penal Code will be
        replaced in its stead.
As REFORMED, the judgment is AFFIRMED.

Judgment entered this 1st day of May, 2015.

                                              –9–