Court Opinion

ID: 865576
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-04-27 00:31:20.809984+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:57:14.608489
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                                NO. 2008-CA-01083-SCT

SIDHARTH SOLANKI, INDIVIDUALLY, AND AS
WRONGFUL DEATH BENEFICIARY; DEVESHA
S. SOLANKI AND AVANI S. SOLANKI, MINORS
BY AND THROUGH THEIR FATHER AND
NATURAL GUARDIAN, SIDHARTH SOLANKI,
AND NEHA SOLANKI, WRONGFUL DEATH
BENEFICIARIES OF NILIMA SOLANKI,
DECEASED, AND ALL OTHER WRONGFUL
DEATH BENEFICIARIES OF NILIMA SOLANKI,
DECEASED

v.

MELVIN TYRONE ERVIN AND THE
MERCHANTS COMPANY

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                          04/10/2008
TRIAL JUDGE:                               HON. WILLIAM F. COLEMAN
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                 HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS:                  DON H. EVANS
                                           HARRY MERRITT McCUMBER
                                           CHRISTIE EVANS OGDEN
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:                   ROY H. LIDDELL
                                           JOSEPH SPENCER YOUNG, JR.
NATURE OF THE CASE:                        CIVIL - WRONGFUL DEATH
DISPOSITION:                               AFFIRMED - 08/27/2009
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

       BEFORE GRAVES, P.J., RANDOLPH AND PIERCE, JJ.

       GRAVES, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    This case arises out of a two-vehicle accident that took place on Interstate 220 in

Hinds County, Mississippi, on March 29, 2007. As a result of the accident, one of the drivers
died. Her husband and wrongful-death beneficiaries filed suit against the other driver and

his employer, alleging negligence. After a trial, the jury found in favor of the defendants.

Thereafter, the plaintiffs appealed to this Court.

                                            FACTS

¶2.    On March 29, 2007, Nilima Solanki was driving southwest1 on I-220 in Hinds County,

Mississippi, when her car, a Toyota Camry, broke down. It is not known exactly what

happened to the car, but, ultimately, it stopped in the left lane of I-220, near the yellow line.

The portion of I-220 in question did not have a shoulder lane on the left side, although there

is a grassy median between the westbound lanes and eastbound lanes of the highway. Melvin

Tyrone Ervin (Ervin) was also driving southwest on I-220 on March 29, 2007. He was

driving an eighteen-wheeler tractor-trailer to deliver groceries for his employer, The

Merchants Company (Merchants). Although Ervin was initially driving in the right lane of

I-220, at some point, he moved into the left lane.

¶3.    The facts regarding the exact chain of events leading up to the collision between

Ervin’s truck and Nilima Solanki’s car are unclear and are disputed by the parties. It is

undisputed, however, that Ervin’s truck collided with Nilima Solanki’s car on March 29,

2007. After the accident, Nilima Solanki’s car came to a rest in the right lane of I-220.

Ervin’s tractor-trailer slid down the highway on its side before coming to rest predominantly

in the left lane of the highway. As a result of the accident, Nilima Solanki suffered brain

       1
        The Solankis’ complaint states that she was driving west on I-220. The
Solankis’ expert, James Hannah, explained that I-220 runs northeast-southwest.
However, he stated that people commonly refer to the direction in which Nilima Solanki
and Ervin were traveling as south.

                                               2
trauma and died in the hospital nine days later. Additional facts will be provided in the

analysis below.

¶4.    On April 10, 2007, Nilima Solanki’s husband, Sidharth Solanki (Solanki), and Nilima

Solanki’s oldest daughter, Neha Solanki2 (together, the Solankis), filed a complaint in Hinds

County Circuit Court against Ervin, Merchants, ten John Doe Person(s), and ten John Doe

Entity(ies).    The Solankis alleged negligence and sought compensatory and punitive

damages.       On May 8, 2007, Merchants filed an answer, affirmative defenses, and a

counterclaim. On the same day, Ervin filed an answer and affirmative defenses. On May 24,

2007, the Solankis filed an answer and defenses to Merchants’ counterclaim.

¶5.    On January 15, 2008, Merchants and Ervin (together, the Defendants) filed a motion

for partial summary judgment, arguing for judgment as a matter of law with regard to the

Solankis’ claim for punitive damages. On January 24, 2008, Defendants filed a motion for

partial summary judgment as to the Solankis’ claim of negligent infliction of emotional

distress. On the same day, Defendants also filed a motion for partial summary judgment

regarding the Solankis’ negligence-per-se claim.      On January 29, 2008, the Solankis

responded to Merchants’ motion for partial summary judgment with respect to punitive

damages. On February 11, 2008, the Solankis responded to the two remaining partial

summary judgment motions. After a hearing on February 15, 2008, the trial court granted

partial summary judgment as to the Solankis’ claims for punitive damages and negligent

       2
        Solanki sued in his capacity as an individual, as a wrongful-death beneficiary,
and on behalf of his two minor daughters, while Neha Solanki sued in her capacity as a
wrongful-death beneficiary.

                                             3
infliction of emotional distress, but denied partial summary judgment as to their negligence-

per-se claim.

¶6.    On April 8, 2008, the matter proceeded to trial, at the conclusion of which the jury

returned a verdict in favor of Defendants. The verdict of the jury stated: “We, the jury, find

for the Defendants, The Merchants Company and Melvin Tyrone Ervin.” Accordingly, the

trial court entered final judgment in favor of Defendants on April 11, 2008. On April 21,

2008, the Solankis timely filed a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV)

or, in the alternative, a new trial. Defendants filed a response on April 30, 2008. On May

2, 2008, the trial court denied the Solankis’ motion. On May 30, 2008, the Solankis timely

appealed to this Court.

                                        ANALYSIS

¶7.    The Solankis raise three issues on appeal, which have been restated and reordered in

the analysis below.

I.     Whether the Trial Court Properly Denied the Solankis’ Motion for Directed
       Verdict and their Request for a Peremptory Instruction.

¶8.    This Court reviews a trial court’s grant or denial of a motion for directed verdict de

novo. See, e.g., Pierce v. Cook, 992 So. 2d 612, 616 (Miss. 2008); Pace v. Fin. Sec. Life,

608 So. 2d 1135, 1138 (Miss. 1992). A motion for directed verdict tests the legal sufficiency

of the plaintiff’s evidence. Bankston v. Pass Rd. Tire Ctr., Inc., 611 So. 2d 998, 1003

(Miss. 1992). This Court has stated that

       [i]n deciding whether a directed verdict . . . should be granted, the trial judge
       is to look solely to the testimony on behalf of the party against whom a
       directed verdict is requested. He will take such testimony as true along with
       all reasonable inferences which can be drawn from that testimony which is

                                              4
       favorable to that party, and, if it could support a verdict for that party, the
       directed verdict should not be given. If reasonable minds might differ as to
       this question, it becomes a jury issue.

White v. Thomason, 310 So. 2d 914, 916-17 (Miss. 1975) (citing Williams v. Weeks, 268

So. 2d 340 (Miss. 1972); Jones v. Phillips, 263 So. 2d 759 (Miss. 1972)). This Court has

also held that “[i]n considering the evidence and all reasonable inferences, the court must

determine whether the evidence is so overwhelmingly against [the nonmovant] that no

reasonable juror could have found in her favor.” Fox v. Smith, 594 So. 2d 596, 603 (Miss.

1992) (citations omitted). “[T]his Court considers ‘whether the evidence, as applied to the

elements of a party’s case, is either so indisputable, or so deficient, that the necessity of a

trier of fact has been obviated.’” Spotlite Skating Rink, Inc. v. Barnes, 988 So. 2d 364, 368

(Miss. 2008) (quoting White v. Stewman, 932 So. 2d 27, 32 (Miss. 2006)). Accordingly, “[a]

directed verdict pursuant to M.R.C.P. 50(a) is not an appropriate means for the disposition

of a case so long as questions of fact are raised in the proof at trial.” Id. (citing Bank of

Shaw v. Posey, 573 So. 2d 1355, 1361 (Miss. 1990)).

¶9.    Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 50(a) states that “[a] motion for a directed verdict

shall state the specific grounds therefor.” Miss. R. Civ. P. 50(a). The Solankis moved for

directed verdict on the grounds that the evidence clearly showed that Ervin had changed

lanes when it was not safe to do so, that he had changed lanes and had failed to keep a proper

lookout, and that he had not kept his truck under reasonable and proper control. The

Solankis argued that the trial court should direct the jury to find in their favor because Ervin

had been negligent as a matter of law. The trial court denied the motion.

                                               5
¶10.   As for the Solankis’ claim that the trial court should have granted a peremptory

instruction, this Court applies the same standard of review as it applies when reviewing the

denial of directed verdict or JNOV:

       [T]his Court will consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the
       appellee, giving that party the benefit of all favorable inference that may be
       reasonably drawn from the evidence. If the facts so considered point so
       overwhelmingly in favor of the appellant that reasonable men could not have
       arrived at a contrary verdict, we are required to reverse and render. On the
       other hand if there is substantial evidence in support of the verdict, that is,
       evidence of such quality and weight that reasonable and fair minded jurors in
       the exercise of impartial judgment might have reached different conclusions,
       affirmance is required. The above standards of review, however, are
       predicated on the fact that the trial judge applied the correct law.

Ala. Great S. R.R. Co. v. Lee, 826 So. 2d 1232, 1235-36 (2002) (quoting Steele v. Inn of

Vicksburg, Inc., 697 So. 2d 373, 376 (Miss. 1997)).

¶11.   The Solankis do not identify the specific instruction that they claim the trial court

improperly refused. Based on the record, this Court believes that the peremptory instruction

at issue may be instruction P-1 3 . Defendants objected to this instruction, and the trial court

refused it.    However, the trial court also refused instruction P-10 4, stating that the

“[o]bjection to P-28 – P-9 will be refused because the last sentence 5 is almost peremptory,”

following which, the Solankis’ counsel clarified that the trial court was actually referring to

       3
           Instruction P-1 is reproduced in the Appendix.
       4
           Instruction P-10 is reproduced in the Appendix.
       5
         Instruction P-10 consists of only one sentence, but the trial court appears to be
referring to the last clause of the instruction, beginning with the words “therefore, the
Merchants Company is liable . . .” when referencing the last sentence of the instruction.

                                               6
instruction P-10. Therefore, this Court assumes that the Solankis appeal from the trial court’s

refusal of both instructions P-1 and P-10.

¶12.    On appeal, the Solankis argue that the trial court erred in denying their motion for

directed verdict and in denying their request for a peremptory instruction on the issue of

negligence. They rely on their argument regarding the trial court’s denial of their motion for

JNOV, which will be addressed more fully below, in Section III. Basically, the Solankis

claim that Mississippi law regarding the responsibilities of drivers, the discrepancies in the

testimony of Ervin and Defendants’ expert, William Messerschmidt, and the fact that the jury

was given certain jury instructions all indicate that a directed verdict or peremptory

instruction should have been granted. The Solankis also cite this Court’s decisions in Nobles

v. Unruh, 198 So. 2d 245 (Miss. 1967), and Cipriani v. Miller, 160 So. 2d 87 (Miss. 1964),

and maintain that these cases and others “clearly indicate that if the Appellee changes lanes

without first ascertaining that the lane change could be safely made, then the Appellants

should be entitled to a directed verdict, or, to a peremptory instruction on the issue of

liability.”

¶13.    Defendants counter that, based on the evidence presented at trial, questions of fact

remained for the jury to decide with respect to negligence. Defendants also rely on their

argument regarding JNOV, which will be addressed more fully in Section III. Essentially,

Defendants argue that substantial evidence was presented at trial demonstrating that Ervin

was not negligent and that the trial court properly denied the Solankis’ motion for directed

verdict.      Defendants also maintain that the Solankis’ arguments are misplaced and

                                              7
inapplicable. Defendants contend that Nobles and Cipriani are distinguishable from the facts

of this case.

¶14.   We now review the testimony relevant to the issue of negligence to determine whether

there is sufficient evidence demonstrating that Ervin was not negligent, or whether the

evidence is so overwhelmingly in favor of the Solankis that the trial court should have

granted the Solankis’ motion for directed verdict or their request for a peremptory

instruction. See, e.g., Bankston, 611 So. 2d at 1003; Fox, 594 So. 2d at 603; (citations

omitted); Lee, 826 So. 2d at 1235-36 (citation omitted). The Solankis called Ervin as an

adverse witness. Ervin testified that, prior to the accident, he was driving south on I-220.

Ervin stated that, while he was on I-220, he moved from the right lane to the left lane to pass

a dump truck that was moving slowly in the right lane. Ervin testified that he also noticed

cars merging onto I-220 from Medgar Evers Boulevard. After changing lanes, Ervin testified

that he noticed that there was traffic ahead of him and that he saw Nilima Solanki’s car, but

that he did not identify anything as “a danger.” Ervin stated that, initially, Nilima Solanki’s

car appeared to be moving. According to Ervin, once he realized that Nilima Solanki’s car

was not moving, he tried to move back into the right lane, but was unsuccessful because of

the traffic. He also maintained that he applied the brakes at that point. When pressed, Ervin

estimated that he may have applied the brakes before the bridge 6 (i.e., north of the bridge),

but stated several times that he was unsure of the location at which he first applied the

       6
         Ervin does not state that this is the bridge or overpass on I-220 that passes over
Medgar Evers Boulevard. However, based on the testimony and the exhibits, it appears
that this is the bridge to which Ervin refers.

                                              8
brakes. Ervin testified that he then attempted to avoid colliding with Nilima Solanki’s car

by going around it on the left side. Ervin stated that, although he tried to avoid hitting her

car, ultimately, he could not avoid “swiping her car.” He insisted that “I done everything

possible that I could to avoid hitting the vehicle by slowing the truck down and even by

trying to go around – around the vehicle to keep from hitting the vehicle.” Ervin testified

that if he had “steered harder to the left,” his truck would likely have “jackknifed” 7 and

caused more damage and put more lives at risk. When asked if he could have attempted to

avoid colliding with Nilima Solanki’s car by going around it on the right side, Ervin testified

that this was not an option, because other cars were there and it would have meant putting

additional lives in danger. Ervin testified that he had not been drinking or taking any drugs

at the time of the accident, and that he had not been in a hurry or distracted by anything at

the time.

¶15.   The Solankis then called James Hannah to provide expert testimony in the field of

accident reconstruction. Hannah testified that he began his investigation of this accident by

visiting the scene of the accident about a week after it occurred. He stated that he reviewed

photographs taken by the police and also took photographs of his own. Hannah found that,

based on the evidence, the accident report, and his own investigation, Ervin had a distance

of more than 400 feet in which to avoid the accident. Hannah stated that this was the

distance between the top of the bridge 8 and the location of Nilima Solanki’s car. Hannah

       7
           The term “jackknife” is not defined in the testimony.
       8
        Again, Hannah does not state that this is the bridge or overpass on I-220 that
passes over over Medgar Evers Boulevard, but context indicates that it is.

                                               9
testified that he determined that Ervin could have seen the car from the top of the bridge.

According to Hannah, Ervin should have been able to slow down much more than he did

over a distance of 400 feet. Hannah estimated that Ervin should have been able to come to

a full stop in 263 feet, although he admitted that he did not test Ervin’s truck. He also

testified that Ervin could have slowed down and waited to move back into the right lane.

Hannah testified that, based on Ervin’s testimony that he had started applying the brakes

north of the bridge, he had already perceived and started responding to Nilima Solanki’s car

at that point. However, on cross-examination, Hannah admitted that no physical evidence

showed that Ervin actually started to apply his brakes north of the bridge. Hannah concluded

that Ervin did not do everything that he could have done to avoid the accident, because he

had enough space to slow down to a speed at which he could have avoided colliding with

Nilima Solanki’s car. He concluded that Ervin had not been keeping a proper lookout, that

he did not have his vehicle under control, and that he did not respond to the stopped car until

he was in the immediate area of the car.

¶16.   Defendants called Messerschmidt to provide expert testimony, also in the field of

accident reconstruction. Messerschmidt testified that he conducted an investigation of the

accident and visited the site of the accident in September 2007. He testified that, based on

physical evidence, Nilima Solanki’s car was in the left southbound lane of I-220 at the time

of the accident, approximately 220 feet south of the bridge. Messerschmidt described the

topography of the scene of the accident as follows: “as you go south on 220 and you

approach Medgar Evers Boulevard, you start up a hill, and at the crest of that hill is the

bridge, and then you start gradually down from the crest of the bridge.” Messerschmidt

                                              10
testified that, based on the readings from the GPS 9 on Ervin’s truck, he had been traveling

at sixty-seven miles per hour prior to the accident. When asked what he found with respect

to Ervin’s attempt to avoid the accident, Messerschmidt stated that the tire marks, the

forensic mapping conducted by Richard Davis, and the photographs taken by Officer

Maurice Kendrick demonstrated that Ervin had moved his truck six feet to the left and into

the grass in the median in an attempt to avoid the accident. He added that, based on peer-

reviewed, published research regarding the ability of trucks to be steered in either direction,

Ervin “was steering pretty much as hard as he could have steered to go to the left” without

“jackknifing.”

¶17.   He stated that the research indicated that a “stopped vehicle would be easily

identifiable as an immediate hazard” from 309 feet away. Messerschmidt stated that, because

Ervin had been traveling at sixty-seven miles per hour and because Nilima Solanki’s car

would have been identifiable as a hazard from 309 feet away, Ervin had 3.14 seconds to

react. Messerschmidt testified about research addressing the ability of drivers to perceive a

stopped car without context. He stated that there had been no context for Ervin to determine

that Nilima Solanki’s car was not moving. He also testified that Ervin had been dealing with

multiple hazards during the period of time directly preceding the accident because he was

driving along a highway with traffic in both lanes, in addition to traffic merging onto the

highway. Messerschmidt stated that research has shown that multiple hazards and the lack

of context to judge the movement (or lack thereof) of a car causes the time required for

perception and for response to increase.

       9
           Global positioning system.

                                              11
¶18.   He then testified that, based on research he conducted, the median distance at which

a person could physically respond to an object is fifty-nine feet from the point of impact with

that object. However, he found that Ervin had begun steering to the left ninety-eight feet

from Nilima Solanki’s car. Thus, Messerschmidt concluded, Ervin had responded faster (in

that he responded from a greater distance) than a person whose response distance was in the

median range of the research study. He estimated that it would have taken 250 to 310 feet

for Ervin’s truck to stop if he had fully engaged the brakes. Based on Ervin’s speed and the

fact that he had to move his truck to attempt to avoid the accident, Messerschmidt stated that

it would have taken Ervin 116 feet to have avoided the accident by swerving to avoid hitting

Solanski’s car. Messerschmidt testified that:

              Mr. Ervin took the best method that was available to him. It would take
       between Mr. Hannah’s number of 246 to 350 feet to stop.
              It would take 116 feet to change lanes and get out of the way. He tried
       to change lanes and get out of the way. His right-hand lane is blocked.
              The lane is 11 and a half or 11.7 feet wide. His truck is eight feet wide.
       ...
              So to stay in 4.5 or so feet of lane [i.e., the distance between Nilima
       Solanki’s car and the right lane] and not hit cars on the right is impossible. I
       mean eight is more than four and a half.

¶19.   Considering the evidence relevant to the alleged negligence of Ervin and drawing all

reasonable inferences in favor of Defendants, this Court cannot say that the evidence is so

overwhelmingly in favor of the Solankis that the trial court improperly denied their motion

for directed verdict and their request for a peremptory instruction. See, e.g., Bankston, 611

So. 2d at 1003; Fox, 594 So. 2d at 603 (citations omitted); Lee, 826 So. 2d at 1235-36

(citation omitted).   Substantial evidence demonstrates that Ervin was not negligent,

supporting the jury verdict. See, e.g., Lee, 826 So. 2d at 1235-36. Therefore, this Court finds

                                              12
that the trial court properly denied the Solankis’ motion for directed verdict and their request

for a peremptory instruction on the issue of negligence. Because directed verdicts and

peremptory instructions test the legal sufficiency of the evidence, the remainder of the

parties’ arguments will not be addressed, as they are not relevant to the sufficiency of the

evidence.

II.    Whether the Trial Court Properly Gave Jury Instructions 20 and 22.

¶20.    When reviewing a challenge to a jury instruction, this Court asks whether the

instruction at issue contains a correct statement of the law and whether the instruction is

warranted by the evidence. See, e.g., Church v. Massey, 697 So. 2d 407, 410 (Miss. 1997)

(citation omitted). “A party has a right to have jury instructions on all material issues

presented in the pleadings or evidence.” Glorioso v. YMCA, 556 So. 2d 193, 195 (Miss.

1989) (citing Barkley v. Miller Transporters, Inc., 450 So. 2d 416 (Miss. 1984); Alley v.

Praschak Mach. Co., 366 So. 2d 661 (Miss. 1979)). When this Court reviews a claim of

trial-court error in granting or denying jury instructions, all of the jury instructions are

reviewed as a whole, and no instruction is read in isolation. See, e.g., Richardson v. Norfolk

S. Ry. Co., 923 So. 2d 1002, 1010 (Miss. 2006) (citations omitted); Burton v. Barnett, 615

So. 2d 580, 583 (Miss. 1993) (citations omitted). “Defects in specific instructions do not

require reversal ‘where all instructions taken as a whole fairly – although not perfectly –

announce the applicable primary rules of law.’” Burton, 615 So. 2d at 583 (citations

omitted).

¶21.   Furthermore, this Court has held that “when a jury instruction is offered at trial, it is

the duty of the opposing party, in order to preserve this point for appeal, to state a

                                              13
contemporaneous objection in specific terms so that the trial court has an opportunity to

correct any mistake.” Young v. Robinson, 538 So. 2d 781, 783 (Miss. 1989) (citations

omitted). “[O]n appeal a party may not argue that an instruction was erroneous for a reason

other than the reason assigned on objection to the instruction at trial.” Id. (citations omitted).

¶22.    The Solankis contend that the trial court erred in granting jury instructions 20 and 22.

Instruction 20 is modeled after Mississippi Code Section 63-3-903, which states, in relevant

part:

               (1) No person shall stop, park or leave standing any vehicle, whether
        attended or unattended, upon the paved or improved or main traveled part of
        any highway outside of a business or residence district when it is practical to
        stop, park or so leave such vehicle off such part of said highway. . . .
               (2) This section shall not apply to the driver of any vehicle which is
        disabled while on the paved or improved or main traveled portion of a highway
        in such manner and to such extent that it is impossible to avoid stopping and
        temporarily leaving such disabled vehicle in such position.

Miss. Code Ann. § 63-3-903(1)-(2) (Rev. 2004). Instruction 20 states:

                The Court instructs the jury that according to Mississippi law no person
        shall stop, park or leave standing any vehicle, whether attended or unattended,
        upon the paved or main traveled part of any highway, unless it is impossible
        to avoid stopping in the roadway.
                Therefore, if you find from a preponderance of the evidence in this case
        that the decedent, Nilima Solanki, allowed her vehicle to stop in a lane of
        travel on the highway when it was possible or reasonably practicable for her
        to steer her vehicle onto the shoulder of the highway, then the Court instructs
        the jury that such acts constitute negligence on behalf of the decedent, and if
        you find from a preponderance of the evidence that such negligence was the
        sole proximate cause of the accident, then it is your sworn duty to return a
        verdict for Melvin Ervin and The Merchants Company.
                If you find that such negligence of the decedent Nilima Solanki was a
        proximate contributing cause of the accident and that the negligence of Melvin
        Ervin was also a proximate contributing cause of the accident, then it is your
        sworn duty to decide the amount you would have awarded for her death, if
        any, and then reduce that amount by the percentage of Nilima Solanki’s
        negligence.

                                               14
¶23.   The Solankis’ counsel objected to instruction 20 (then instruction D-8) on the grounds

that it was “misleading, confusing, and I don’t think it’s based upon testimony in the court.”

Defendants argued that the instruction was based on Mississippi Code Section 63-3-903 and

that it was applicable to the facts in this case. The trial court granted the instruction,

informing the Solankis’ counsel that “[y]ou will be completely at liberty to argue that stop,

park are affirmative actions and that she’s certainly not guilty of affirmatively stopping and

parking.”

¶24.   On appeal, the Solankis argue that the evidence demonstrated that it was not

reasonably practicable for Nilima Solanki to move her car off I-220. They further assert that

Defendants failed to demonstrate “that it was reasonably practical for Decedent Nilima

Solanki to pull her motor vehicle off of the highway” after it stalled on I-220 and that it was

clear that it was not reasonably practical for her to do so. As if by way of explanation, the

Solankis claim in their appellate brief that “[a] man may have figured out how to not get

stopped in the roadway but many women, when given mechanical problems, do not know

what to do.” The Solankis quote testimony regarding Sidharth Solanki’s discussion over the

phone with Nilima Solanki before the accident, presumably to demonstrate that it was not

reasonably practicable for Nilima Solanki to move her car off the highway.

¶25.   Defendants assert that instruction 20 accurately reflects the law as set out in Section

63-3-903(1)-(2) and that the instruction includes the term “reasonably practicable.”

Defendants point out that whether it was reasonably practicable for Nilima Solanki to steer

her car off the highway is a question of fact for the jury. Defendants also claim that the issue

was properly submitted to the jury along with this instruction, which provided proper

                                              15
guidance for the jury. Defendants further contend that the Solankis failed to preserve this

issue for appeal by making a general objection to the instruction.

¶26.   This Court finds that the trial court properly granted instruction 20 because it contains

a correct statement of the law and was warranted by the evidence. See Massey, 697 So. 2d

at 410 (citation omitted). The language in instruction 20 is not identical to that in Section 63-

3-903(1). Instruction 20 begins by stating that “no person shall stop, park or leave standing

any vehicle . . . upon the . . . highway, unless it is impossible to avoid stopping in the

roadway.” (Emphasis added.) Section 63-3-903(1) states, in relevant part, that “[n]o person

shall stop, park or leave standing any vehicle . . . upon the . . . highway . . . when it is

practical to stop, park or so leave such vehicle off . . . said highway.” Miss. Code Ann. § 63-

3-903(1) (Rev. 2004) (emphasis added). Section 63-3-903(2) states, in relevant part that

“[t]his section shall not apply to the driver of any vehicle which is disabled while on the . .

. highway in such manner and to such extent that it is impossible to avoid stopping and

temporarily leaving such disabled vehicle in such position.” Miss. Code Ann. § 63-3-903(2)

(emphasis added). Notably, instruction 20 also instructs the jury that, “if you find from a

preponderance of the evidence in this case that the decedent, Nilima Solanki, allowed her

vehicle to stop in a lane of travel on the highway when it was possible or reasonably

practicable for her to steer her vehicle onto the shoulder of the highway, then the Court

instructs the jury that such acts constitute negligence on behalf of the decedent.” (Emphasis

added.) Thus, this Court finds that instruction 20 fairly announces the applicable rule of law

in that it includes the term “reasonably practicable” (rather than “practical”), even though it

also includes the term “impossible.” See Burton, 615 So. 2d at 583 (citations omitted).

                                               16
¶27.   Contrary to the Solankis’ assertion that instruction 20 is not supported by the evidence

presented by Defendants, this Court finds that there was an evidentiary basis for instruction

20. Solanki testified about his phone conversation with Nilima Solanki, during which she

told him that she had been driving at seventy miles per hour when her car broke down and

that her car was stopped by the yellow line on I-220 with the emergency lights activated.

Solanki also testified that he did not know why his wife’s car was stopped on the highway,

as opposed to the median. Hannah admitted that, if Nilima Solanki had been driving at

seventy miles per hour when her car stalled, then the car would have rolled a significant

distance before coming to a complete stop. Hannah also testified that there was no physical

barrier preventing Nilima Solanki’s car from being moved off the highway and that he was

not certain of the angle at which her car was pointed when it stopped. Messerschmidt

testified that the evidence showed that Nilima Solanki’s car had rolled to a stop and was

positioned parallel to, and to the right of, the yellow line on I-220.

¶28.   Thus, the testimony regarding the circumstances under which Nilima Solanki found

herself prior to the accident established an evidentiary basis for instruction 20.        The

testimony also created a question of fact as to her ability to move her car off the highway.

Both parties recognize that, ordinarily, such a question of fact should be “submitted to the

jury on proper instructions.” Stong v. Freeman Truck Line, Inc., 456 So. 2d 698, 708

(Miss. 1984). Based on the testimony, this question of fact was not “so clear that reasonable

minds could not differ.” Id. (citations omitted). Whether Defendants failed to demonstrate

“that it was reasonably practical for Decedent Nilima Solanki to pull her motor vehicle off

of the highway,” as the Solankis claim on appeal, was for the jury to determine. Therefore,

                                              17
this Court concludes that the question was properly submitted to the jury, along with

instruction 20. Id. (citations omitted). Because we conclude that instruction 20 was a proper

reflection of the law and supported by the evidence, the remainder of the parties’ arguments

will not be addressed.

¶29.   Instruction 22 states:

              You are instructed that Mississippi law provides for comparative
       negligence, that is, more than one party may be responsible for causing a
       person’s injury or death.
              Further, you are instructed that while operating her vehicle, the
       decedent, Nilima Solanki, had a duty to use reasonable care in the interest of
       safety of others on the roadway that a person of ordinary intelligence would
       exercise under the same or similar circumstances. If you find that Nilima
       Solanki did not exercise such reasonable care by failing to steer her vehicle
       onto the shoulder of the roadway as her vehicle began to stall and/or by talking
       on her cell phone instead of exiting the vehicle in order to move to a place of
       safety after her vehicle stopped, and if you further find that her failure to use
       reasonable care proximately caused or contributed to the accident or her own
       death, then it is your sworn duty to decide the amount you would have
       awarded for such death, if any, and then reduce your verdict by the percentage
       of Nilima Solanki’s own negligence.
              Furthermore, should you find that Nilima Solanki’s own negligence was
       the sole proximate cause of the accident, then you shall return a verdict in
       favor of Melvin Ervin and The Merchants Company.

¶30.   With respect to instruction 22 (then instruction D-11), the Solankis’ counsel objected

on the grounds of “confusion, misleading, and not a true statement of the law, and it’s not

supported by the facts in evidence, and there’s no evidence to support the instruction. It’s

based on pure speculation, conjecture, and no proof of negligence on her part.” The trial

court granted the instruction.

¶31.   The Solankis maintain on appeal that instruction 22 is extremely confusing and

misleading, in part because “[s]aid [i]nstruction lays blame on Nilima Solanki [as] if she

                                              18
talked on her cell phone instead of exiting, without taking into consideration that a mother

would not leave her child in the car and just try saving herself.” The Solankis also rely on

the fact that the trial judge granted instruction 23 (then instruction P-30) – the Solankis’

comparative negligence instruction – “reluctantly” because he did not believe that there was

evidence of Nilima Solanki’s negligence. Instruction 23 states:

       If you   find from a preponderance of the evidence in this case that:
       1.       Melvin Tyrone Ervin was negligent but also,
       2.       That Nilima Solanki, Deceased, was negligent;
       3.       That the negligence of both Melvin Tyrone Ervin and Nilima Solanki,
                Deceased, were proximate, contributing causes of the accident in this
                case, and
       4.       That Nilima Solanki and the Plaintiffs sustained injuries and damages
                caused by the combined negligence of Melvin Tyrone Ervin and Nilima
                Solanki, Deceased, then you will, in arriving at your verdict, first
                determine that sum of money which will fairly and adequately
                compensate the Plaintiffs, for said injuries and damages, and then
                reduce this sum in proportion to the causal negligence of Nilima
                Solanki, Deceased, using the following method . . . .

When this instruction was discussed at the trial level, the trial court stated: “This is [a]

comparative negligence statute, and I expected it to come from the defense, but I don’t

understand what negligence is there of the deceased?” Defendants’ counsel then argued for

the instruction, stating that there was evidence that Nilima Solanki had an opportunity to

steer her car into the shoulder of I-220 and that there was testimony that she had sat in her

car for one-and-a-half minutes after her car had stopped. The Solankis’ counsel then

attempted to withdraw the instruction. The trial judge initially stated that he would not rule

on the instruction at that time. However, after hearing further argument from Defendants’

counsel, the trial court decided to give the instruction “out of an abundance of precaution.”

¶32.   The Solankis end their argument on appeal by conclusorily stating that:

                                             19
       One can clearly see that the Court did not see any negligence on the part of
       Nilima Solanki, and for the jury to have assessed her with 100% of the
       negligence evinces bias or prejudice on the part of the jury, or, shows that they
       were just confused as to what the law was and as to how they were supposed
       to rule.

¶33.   Defendants counter that the Solankis’ claim that the jury found Nilima Solanki one

hundred percent negligent is incorrect. Defendants also contend that substantial evidence

demonstrated Nilima Solanki’s negligence. Defendants further argue that the Solankis

waived any objection to this instruction because they requested, and were granted, their own

comparative-negligence instruction – instruction 23.

¶34.   Assuming arguendo that the Solankis can appeal this instruction (despite submitting

their own comparative-negligence instruction), this Court finds that it contains a correct

statement of the law and is warranted by the evidence. See Massey, 697 So. 2d at 410

(citation omitted). Mississippi is a comparative-negligence state. See, e.g., Blackmon v.

Payne, 510 So. 2d 483, 486 (Miss. 1987) (citing Evans v. Journeay, 488 So. 2d 797, 799

(Miss. 1986); Bell v. City of Bay St. Louis, 467 So. 2d 657, 664 (Miss. 1985); Miss. Code

Ann. § 11-7-15 (Rev. 2004)). Also, instruction 22 is warranted by the evidence. There was

testimony, reviewed above, regarding the location and positioning of Nilima Solanki’s car

on I-220, which is relevant to the issue of comparative negligence. Don Williams testified

that he had observed Nilima Solanki sitting in the driver’s seat of her car, with one leg on the

highway, on her cell phone for one minute to one-and-a-half minutes. As stated above,

Solanki also testified about his phone conversation with Nilima Solanki before the accident,

although he stated that they had spoken on the phone for no longer than twenty seconds

before the accident. Thus, the testimony provided an evidentiary basis for instruction 22.

                                              20
Therefore, this Court finds that instruction 22 was properly given. See Richardson, 923 So.

2d at 1010 (citations omitted). Because we conclude that instruction 22 was a proper

reflection of the law and supported by the evidence, the remainder of the parties’ arguments

will not be addressed.

III.   Whether the Trial Court Properly Denied the Solankis’ Motion for Judgment
       Notwithstanding the Verdict.

¶35.   This Court reviews a trial court’s denial of a motion for JNOV de novo. See, e.g.,

U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Martin, 998 So. 2d 956, 964 (Miss. 2008) (citing Adcock v. Miss.

Transp. Comm’n, 981 So. 2d 942, 948 (Miss. 2008)). This Court has held that:

       In deciding a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, the trial court
       must consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving
       party, giving that party the benefit of all favorable inferences that reasonably
       may be drawn therefrom. The trial court should consider the evidence offered
       by the non-moving party and any uncontradicted evidence offered by the
       moving party. If the evidence thus considered is sufficient to support a verdict
       in favor of the non-moving party, the motion for j.n.o.v. must be denied.

Corley v. Evans, 835 So. 2d 30, 36 (Miss. 2003) (quoting Goodwin v. Derryberry Co., 553

So. 2d 40, 42 (Miss. 1989)). This Court has stated that “[a] motion for JNOV is a challenge

to the legal sufficiency of the evidence, and this Court will affirm the denial of a JNOV if

there is substantial evidence to support the verdict.” Martin, 998 So. 2d at 964 (citing

Adcock, 981 So. 2d at 948); see also Sentinel Indus. Contracting Corp. v. Kimmins Indus.

Serv. Corp., 743 So. 2d 954, 961 (Miss. 1999) (citing Steele v. Inn of Vicksburg, Inc., 697

So. 2d 373, 376 (Miss. 1997)). “Substantial evidence” has been defined as “information of

such quality and weight that reasonable and fair-minded jurors in the exercise of impartial

judgment might have reached different conclusions.” Martin, 998 So. 2d at 964 (citing

                                             21
Adcock, 981 So. 2d at 948-49); see also Smith v. Averill, 722 So. 2d 606, 613 (Miss. 1998)

(citing Fitzner Pontiac-Buick-Cadillac, Inc. v. Smith, 523 So. 2d 324, 326 (Miss. 1988)).

In reviewing the trial court’s denial of a JNOV, this Court must “consider the evidence in the

light most favorable to the appellee, giving that party the benefit of all favorable inference

that may be reasonably drawn from the evidence.” Spotlite Skating Rink, Inc. v. Barnes,

988 So. 2d 364, 368 (Miss. 2008) (quoting Steele, 697 So. 2d at 376); see also Miss. Transp.

Comm’n v. SCI, Inc., 717 So. 2d 332, 338 (Miss. 1998) (citing Sperry-New Holland v.

Prestage, 617 So. 2d 248, 252 (Miss. 1993), superseded by statute on other grounds, Miss.

Code Ann. § 11-1-63(f)(ii), as recognized in Wolf v. Stanley Works, 757 So. 2d 316, 321

(Miss. 2000)). “If the facts are so overwhelmingly in favor of the appellant that reasonable

and fair-minded jurors could not have arrived at a contrary verdict, then this Court must

reverse and render.” SCI, Inc., 717 So. 2d at 338 (citing Prestage, 617 So. 2d at 252); see

also Kimmins Indus. Serv. Corp., 743 So. 2d at 960 (citation omitted). “On the other hand,

if there is substantial evidence in support of the verdict, that is, evidence of such quality and

weight that reasonable and fair minded jurors in the exercise of impartial judgment might

have reached different conclusions, affirmance is required.” SCI, Inc., 717 So. 2d at 338

(citing Prestage, 617 So. 2d at 252); see also Kimmins Indus. Serv. Corp., 743 So. 2d at 960

(citation omitted).

¶36.   The Solankis argue on appeal that the trial court should have granted their motion for

JNOV because the verdict was against the overwhelming weight of the evidence. We note

that the Solankis provide the wrong standard for determining whether JNOV should be

granted. As stated above, a motion for JNOV challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence

                                               22
– not the overwhelming weight of the evidence. See, e.g., Martin, 998 So. 2d at 964 (citation

omitted). The Solankis’ argument is divided into three sections.

¶37.   In section A, the Solankis discuss Mississippi Code Section 63-3-603, which requires

drivers to ascertain whether a lane change can be made safely before changing lanes. Miss.

Code Ann. § 63-3-603 (Rev. 2004). They also mention several cases that cite or apply

Section 63-3-603. They next quote the jury instruction given by the trial court stating that

drivers may not change lanes until they have ascertained that they can safely do so. The

Solankis then perfunctorily state that “[e]ven if we did not have the statute, Appellee Ervin

would be guilty of common law negligence, because it is clearly negligent to change lanes

at a time when one does not know whether it is safe to do so or not.” The Solankis do not

include any facts from this case in section A to support their contention that JNOV was

improperly denied and make no attempt to demonstrate how the facts in the cases cited are

analogous to the facts in this case.

¶38.   In section B, the Solankis cite White v. Miller, 513 So. 2d 600 (Miss. 1987), for the

proposition that “rear-enders,” that is, drivers of cars that collide with cars in front of them,

must have their car under control, keep a proper lookout, and drive at a sufficient speed and

at a sufficient distance to prevent a collision if the car in front suddenly stops. They next

quote the jury instruction given by the trial court stating that, under Mississippi law, drivers

have a duty to exercise ordinary care to keep their vehicles under reasonable control, drive

at a reasonable rate of speed, keep a reasonable and proper lookout for other vehicles, and

anticipate the presence of other vehicles in order to avoid collisions. The Solankis then

conclusorily state that “[a]ppellee Ervin certainly failed in all of the above-mentioned

                                               23
categories.” Again, the Solankis include no facts from this case in section B to show that

JNOV should have been granted and make no attempt to demonstrate how the facts in the

cases cited are analogous to the facts in this case.

¶39.   Although section C is entitled “Argument applying the facts of the present case to

Mississippi Law in showing that the jury verdict was against the overwhelming weight of the

evidence in this case,” it contains no argument, and, as stated above, cites the wrong standard

for a motion for JNOV. The Solankis state that “[a]ppellee Ervin clearly made a lane change

at a time when he did not first ascertain that the lane change could be safely made.” For

support, the Solankis reference the discrepancies in Ervin’s deposition and trial testimony

and assert that the testimony from Ervin “clearly and unequivocally make[s] him negligent

and totally at fault for the subject accident.” The Solankis further state that Ervin “would

even be totally at fault by his expert’s version of when Appellee Ervin changed lanes.” The

Solankis recount at length what they allege to be three different versions of the facts provided

by Ervin, followed by the version provided by Messerschmidt. Then, they argue that three

jury instructions should not have been given by the trial court. At the close of the discussion

of the three jury instructions, the Solankis state:

              One can clearly see that the Court did not see any negligence on the part
       of Nilima Solanki, and for the jury to have assessed her with 100% of the
       negligence evinces bias or prejudice on the part of the jury, or, shows that they
       were just confused as to what the law was and as to how they were supposed
       to rule. In any event, Appellees’ Jury Instruction regarding “parking in a
       roadway,” which was the Court’s Jury Instruction No. 22, clearly confused and
       mislead the Jury.
              Also, the Appellants are from India, and the Jury could have been
       prejudice [sic] for this reason, but there was no basis for a verdict totally for
       the Appellees under these facts.

                                              24
¶40.   Defendants counter that JNOV was properly denied. Like the Solankis, Defendants

misstate the proper standard applicable to motions for JNOV. Defendants contend that

substantial testimony was presented at trial by Ervin and Messerschmidt that Ervin had kept

a reasonable lookout when changing lanes and that he had made his best efforts to avoid

colliding with Nilima Solanki’s car. Defendants assert that this testimony was sufficient to

support the jury verdict. In response to the Solankis’ discussion of Section 63-3-603,

Defendants argue that the plain language of Section 63-3-603 indicates that it is inapplicable

to the facts in this case. Defendants further claim that, even if Section 63-3-603 is applicable,

this does not alter the fact that Defendants presented substantial evidence to show that Ervin

was not negligent. Likewise, Defendants argue that the Solankis’ discussion of the law

regarding “rear-enders” does not change the fact that Defendants presented substantial

evidence to show that Ervin was not negligent. As for the Solankis’ discussion of the alleged

three versions of Ervin’s testimony and Messerschmidt’s testimony, Defendants contend that

the Solankis ignore the fact that the jury is responsible for weighing discrepancies in the

evidence and for evaluating the credibility of witnesses. Defendants further point out that,

when reviewing a trial court’s decision regarding JNOV, the evidence is to be viewed in the

light most favorable to the appellee, and that all reasonable inferences must be drawn in the

appellee’s favor.   Thus, Defendants argue, the Solankis improperly ask this Court to

reevaluate the credibility of Ervin and Messerschmidt. Defendants then discuss the evidence

presented at trial demonstrating that Nilima Solanki was negligent.

¶41.   Based on the testimony presented at trial, which this Court reviewed in Section I, this

Court finds that JNOV was properly denied. At trial, Ervin and Messerschmidt testified that

                                               25
Ervin’s conduct before the accident was not negligent. Ervin maintained that he did all he

could do to avoid an accident. Messerschmidt testified that Ervin had begun steering to

avoid an accident ninety-eight feet away from Nilima Solanki’s car. He stated that the

median distance at which someone could respond to an object is fifty-nine feet from the point

of impact with the object. He also testified that it would have taken 250 to 310 feet for the

truck to stop and 116 feet for him to avoid an accident. He concluded that Ervin “took the

best method that was available to him.” The jury heard all the evidence presented. The jury

ultimately found that Ervin was not negligent and that Defendants, therefore, were not liable

to the Solankis. The jury determines the weight and credibility of witnesses. See, e.g.,

Nelson v. State, No. 2008-KA-00299-SCT, 2009 WL 1085485, at *17 (Miss. Apr. 23, 2009)

(citing Moore v. State, 933 So. 2d 910, 922 (Miss. 2006)) (“The jury determines the weight

and credibility of witness testimony.”); Gathright v. State, 380 So. 2d 1276, 1278 (Miss.

1980) (“This Court has in numerous cases, too many to mention, said that when the evidence

is conflicting, the jury will be the sole judge of the credibility of witnesses and the weight

and worth of their testimony.”).      This Court finds that the testimony of Ervin and

Messerschmidt is legally sufficient to support the jury verdict.

¶42.   The Solankis fail to make a coherent argument as to why the testimony was

insufficient to support the verdict and why, therefore, JNOV should have been granted. The

issues raised by the Solankis are completely irrelevant to the determination of whether

sufficient evidence was presented at trial to support the jury’s verdict. The Solankis set out

the law regarding changing lanes and the responsibilities of individuals driving cars behind

other cars. While this may be relevant to their theory of the case, and while it would have

                                             26
been helpful in trying to convince the jury to find in their favor, this law is irrelevant to the

question of whether there is sufficient evidence to support the jury verdict. The Solankis fail

to connect the law to the facts of this case in order to illustrate how the testimony of Ervin

and Messerschmidt was insufficient to support the verdict. The fact that Mississippi law

imposes certain responsibilities on drivers does not, in and of itself, indicate that JNOV

should have been granted in this case. Likewise, the fact that this Court has found certain

drivers to be negligent in the cases cited by the Solankis does not necessarily mean that

JNOV should have been granted in this case. The Solankis’ discussion of the three jury

instructions also is irrelevant to the question of whether the evidence presented at trial was

sufficient to support the jury verdict.

¶43.   Furthermore, Defendants are correct in arguing that the Solankis improperly ask this

Court to reevaluate the weight and credibility of the testimony provided by Ervin and

Messerschmidt. The jury heard the testimony presented by Ervin and Messerschmidt. The

jury also heard the Solankis’ attempts to impeach Ervin with his deposition testimony at trial.

As stated above, the jury is responsible for weighing the evidence and determining the

credibility of witnesses. See, e.g., Nelson, 2009 WL 1085485, at *17 (citation omitted);

Gathright v. State, 380 So. 2d at 1278. Thus, the jury was entitled to credit the testimony

of Ervin and Messerschmidt and not that of Hannah. Moreover, it is well established that,

when reviewing trial court decisions regarding JNOV, the evidence is to be considered in the

light most favorable to the appellee. See, e.g., Spotlite Skating Rink, Inc., 988 So. 2d at 368

(citation omitted).

                                               27
¶44.   Lastly, we note that the Solankis are mistaken in claiming that the jury found Nilima

Solanki one hundred percent negligent. The jury found that Ervin was not negligent and

made no findings as to whether or not Nilima Solanki was negligent. The jury may have

concluded that she was negligent, but it also may have found that the Solankis simply failed

to meet their burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that Ervin was negligent.

For the same reason, we do not address Defendants’ assertion that Nilima Solanki was

negligent, because it is irrelevant to whether sufficient evidence showed that Ervin was not

negligent to support the jury verdict in favor of Defendants.

¶45.   After a de novo review of the record, this Court concludes that the trial court properly

denied the Solankis’ motion for JNOV. This Court finds that the testimony of Ervin and

Messerschmidt constitutes substantial evidence because it is “of such quality and weight that

reasonable and fair-minded jurors in the exercise of impartial judgment might have reached

different conclusions.” See, e.g., Adcock, 981 So. 2d at 948-49 (citation omitted). This

Court cannot say that “the facts are so overwhelmingly in favor of the appellant that

reasonable and fair-minded jurors could not have arrived at a contrary verdict.” See e.g.,

SCI, Inc., 717 So. 2d at 338 (citation omitted). Taking the evidence “in the light most

favorable to the appellee, giving that party the benefit of all favorable inference that may be

reasonably drawn from the evidence,” this Court concludes that JNOV was properly denied.

See, e.g., Spotlite Skating Rink, Inc., 988 So. 2d at 368 (citation omitted).

IV.    Whether the Trial Court Properly Denied the Solankis’ Motion for a New Trial.

¶46.   This Court reviews a trial court’s grant or denial of a motion for a new trial for an

abuse of discretion. See, e.g., Pierce v. Cook, 992 So. 2d 612, 620 (Miss. 2008); Allstate Ins.

                                              28
Co. v. McGory, 697 So. 2d 1171, 1174 (Miss. 1997). This Court has held that “a new trial

becomes appropriate when a trial court determines that error within the trial mechanism itself

has caused a legally incorrect or unjust verdict to be rendered.” White v. Stewman, 932 So.

2d 27, 33 (Miss. 2006). This Court further stated in Stewman:

       In ordering a new trial, the trial court makes a determination that the jury
       verdict is in error, and that due to mistakes made in conducting the trial,
       mistakes made in applying the law, or due to a jury verdict that is against the
       great weight of the evidence, a new trial is necessary.

Id. at 33. This Court also has held that:

       A new trial may be granted in a number of circumstances, such as when the
       verdict is against the overwhelming weight of the evidence, or when the jury
       has been confused by faulty jury instructions, or when the jury has departed
       from its oath and its verdict is a result of bias, passion, and prejudice.

Bobby Kitchens, Inc. v. Miss. Ins. Guar. Ass’n, 560 So. 2d 129, 132 (Miss. 1989) (citing

Clayton v. Thompson, 475 So. 2d 439, 443 (Miss. 1985)). “Throughout the entire history

of jury trials, the courts have exercised a supervisory power over them, and have granted new

trials whenever convinced, from the evidence, that the jury has been partial or prejudiced,

or has not responded to reason upon the evidence produced.” Stewman, 932 So. 2d at 33.

¶47.   The Solankis’ argument regarding their motion for a new trial is the same as their

argument regarding their motion for JNOV, which is summarized above in Section III, and

which includes a claim that the jury was confused, biased, or prejudiced. The Solankis do

not separately address the trial court’s denial of their motion for a new trial on appeal. The

argument the Solankis presented to the trial court in their motion for JNOV or, in the

alternative, a new trial, includes a section that is similar to the argument they present on

appeal. We note that in their motion for JNOV or, in the alternative, a new trial, the Solankis

                                              29
also claim that the trial court should have granted a directed verdict; that the trial court

should have granted a peremptory instruction in their favor; that the trial court improperly

excluded Hannah’s supplemental report, video, and photographs; that the trial court should

not have granted jury instructions D-6, D-8, D-11, D-4a, D-7a, and D-2; that the trial court

erred in denying the Solankis’ motion to designate an expert out of time; that the trial court

should have granted jury instruction P-7 and P-3; that the trial court improperly granted

partial summary judgment as to the Solankis’ negligent-infliction-of-emotional-distress

claim; and that the trial court erred in granting partial summary judgment as to punitive

damages. For several of these alleged points of error, the Solankis only include a heading

and do not include any substantive arguments in support. Moreover, the Solankis fail to

demonstrate how these supposed errors resulted in a jury verdict that is against the

overwhelming weight of the evidence, unjust, or contrary to the law. Therefore, this Court

will not address these additional arguments.

¶48.   Defendants contend that the trial court properly denied the Solankis’ motion for a new

trial, arguing that there was no error in the trial that resulted in a legally incorrect or unjust

verdict. Defendants assert that there is no indication that the jury was confused by the jury

instructions or that they reached a verdict based on bias, passion, or prejudice.

¶49.   Based on the evidence relevant to the issue of negligence, which this Court reviewed

in Section I, this Court cannot find that the trial court abused its discretion in denying the

Solankis’ motion for a new trial. The Solankis fail to identify an error within the trial

mechanism that resulted in a jury verdict that is against the overwhelming weight of the

evidence, unjust, or contrary to the law. They also fail to demonstrate how the jury verdict

                                               30
warrants a new trial. Once again, the jury is the sole judge of the credibility of witnesses and

the weight of the evidence. See, e.g., Nelson, 2009 WL 1085485, at *17 (citation omitted);

Gathright, 380 So. 2d at 1278. Although the Solankis claim that the jury was confused by

the jury instructions, they provide no support for this claim. The Solankis also claim that the

jury was biased or prejudiced against them. While claims of prejudice should not cavalierly

be dismissed, the record in this case is devoid of any evidence to support the contention that

the verdict of the jury in the instant case was the result of bias, passion, and prejudice. This

Court recognizes that the Solankis are Indian and that Nilima and Sidharth Solanki

immigrated to this country. We note that testimony about the Solankis’ country of origin,

their immigration to the United States, their life here, and their plans for the future, including

returning to India in their retirement, was introduced by their counsel during the direct

examination of Sidharth Solanki.10 However, the Solankis did not identify (and this Court

cannot find) anything in the record to indicate that the jury was prejudiced against the

Solankis because of their race or national origin.

¶50.   As stated above, the Solankis set out the law regarding changing lanes and the

responsibilities of individuals driving cars behind other cars. This is irrelevant to the

question of whether there was an error in the trial mechanism. The Solankis’ discussion of

the three jury instructions could be relevant to the question of whether there was an error in

the trial mechanism that caused a jury verdict that is against the overwhelming weight of the

evidence, unjust, or contrary to the law. However, the Solankis fail to explain how the jury

       10
         In addition, plaintiffs’ counsel stated during his opening statement that the
Solankis were from India.

                                               31
instructions caused the jury to reach a verdict that warranted a new trial. Therefore, this

Court finds that the trial court properly denied the Solankis’ motion for a new trial.

                                      CONCLUSION

¶51.   This Court concludes that the trial court did not err in denying the Solankis’ motion

for directed verdict, in giving jury instructions 20 and 22, or in denying the Solankis’ motion

for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or, in the alternative, a new trial. Therefore, the

trial court’s denial of directed verdict, giving of jury instructions 20 and 22, and denial of

judgment notwithstanding the verdict and a new trial are affirmed.

¶52.   AFFIRMED.

    CARLSON, P.J., DICKINSON, RANDOLPH, LAMAR, KITCHENS,
CHANDLER AND PIERCE, JJ., CONCUR. WALLER, C.J., NOT PARTICIPATING.

                                              32
                                          Appendix

Instruction P-1

              The Court instructs the jury that you shall find for the plaintiffs against
       the defendants, The Merchants Company and Melvin Tyrone Ervin, with the
       form of your verdict being as follows:

              “We, the jury, find for the plaintiffs and against the
              defendants, the Merchants Company and Melvin Tyrone
              Ervin and assess their damages in the sum of
              $____________.”

       and you will write your verdict upon a separate piece of paper.

Instruction P-10

       The Court instructs the jury that Melvin Tyrone Ervin, at the time and place
       of the accident in question, was an employee of The Merchants Company and
       that he was working and acting within the course and scope of his employment
       with The Merchants Company and was acting in furtherance of the company’s
       business and was therefore at all time in question an agent of The Merchants
       Company, and therefore, The Merchants Company is liable to the Plaintiff for
       the injuries and death of Nilima Solanki which were established by a
       preponderance of the evidence to be the proximate result of the negligence, if
       any, of Melvin Tyrone Ervin.

                                              33