Court Opinion

ID: 9393982
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-11 19:03:07.636879+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:56.651688
License: Public Domain

Filed 5/11/23 P. v. Bradshaw CA5

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                     FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

    THE PEOPLE,
                                                                                             F084078
           Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                               (Super. Ct. No. BF126716A)
                    v.

    LAMONT DUSTIN BRADSHAW,                                                               OPINION
           Defendant and Appellant.

                                                   THE COURT*
         APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Kern County. Chad A Louie,
Judge.
         Athena Shudde, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, and Paul E. O’Connor, Deputy
Attorney General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                                        -ooOoo-

*        Before Hill, P. J., Franson, J. and Peña, J.
       In 2009, appellant Lamont Dustin Bradshaw was convicted of various crimes,
including conspiracy to commit murder, after he was involved with two other gang
members in the drive-by shooting of a rival gang member. Following the superior court’s
recent denial of appellant’s resentencing petition under Penal Code section 1170.951
(now renumbered as § 1172.6),2 appellant’s appointed counsel asked this court to review
the record to determine whether there are any arguable issues on appeal.
(People v. Wende (1979) 25 Cal.3d 436.) Appellant was advised of his right to file a
supplemental brief within 30 days of the date of filing of the opening brief. Appellant
responded, contending (1) his conviction for conspiracy to commit murder should be
eligible under section 1172.6, (2) the trial court’s instructional error rendered that
conviction eligible under section 1172.6, and (3) we should vacate that conviction
because the instructional error resulted in a miscarriage of justice. We affirm the superior
court’s order denying the section 1172.6 petition.
                              PROCEDURAL SUMMARY
       On August 18, 2009, a jury found appellant guilty of conspiracy to commit murder
(§§ 182, subd. (a)(1), 187, subd. (a); count 1), conspiracy to discharge a firearm at an
occupied vehicle (§§ 182, subd. (a)(1), 246; count 3), carrying a loaded firearm by an
active participant in a criminal street gang (§ 12031, subd. (a)(2)(C); count 4), active
participation in a criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (a); count 5), and possession of a
firearm in violation of probation (§ 12021, subd. (d); count 6). The jury acquitted
appellant of attempted murder (count 7) and discharging a firearm at an occupied vehicle
(count 8). The jury found true various special allegations, including a firearm allegation
(§ 12022.53, subds. (d) & (e)(1)), but found not true the allegation that defendant

1      All statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2      Effective June 30, 2022, section 1170.95 was renumbered as section 1172.6 with
no substantive change. (Stats. 2022, ch. 58, § 10.) We will refer to this statute as
section 1172.6 henceforth.

                                              2
intentionally inflicted great bodily injury or death as a result of discharging a firearm
from a vehicle (§ 12022.55).3
       On May 21, 2010, the trial court sentenced appellant to 65 years to life in prison as
follows: 25 years to life on the conspiracy to commit murder count, plus a 25-year-to-life
firearm enhancement, and 15 consecutive years on count 3. The upper terms on the
remaining counts were stayed pursuant to section 654.
       Appellant appealed, and on August 11, 2011, we reversed the conviction on
count 3 because it arose from the same conspiracy as the conspiracy to commit murder,
and we remanded for resentencing. (People v. Bradshaw (Aug. 11, 2011; F060386)
[nonpub. opn.].)4
       On December 14, 2011, the trial court on remand again imposed 25 years to life
on the conspiracy to commit murder count, plus the 25-year firearm enhancement. And
the court again imposed the upper terms on the remaining counts and stayed them
pursuant to section 654.
       About 10 years later, on February 16, 2022, appellant filed a petition for
resentencing under section 1172.6 in the superior court.
       On February 24, 2022, the superior court denied the petition, finding appellant was
not entitled to relief because he was not convicted of an eligible crime.
       On March 21, 2022, appellant filed a notice of appeal.

3      On the prosecution’s motion, the trial court dismissed for insufficient evidence the
allegation that appellant had suffered a prior “strike” conviction within the meaning of
the “Three Strikes” law (§§ 667, subds. (b)–(i), 1170.12, subds. (a)–(d)).
4     On our own motion, and with the parties’ consent, we take judicial notice of the
opinion and record in People v. Bradshaw, F060386.

                                              3
                                  FACTS
The following facts are from our 2011 opinion on direct appeal:

       “On August 2, 2008, sometime after 2:00 a.m., Bradley Wafford, a
member of the Eastside Crips, a criminal street gang, was sitting with his
friend D’Ondria Jones in Wafford’s Trailblazer. The vehicle was parked
across the street from Jones’s house, where, that night, there had been a
party of between 22 and 30 people. Wafford sat in the driver’s seat and
Jones sat in the front passenger seat.

       “Before Jones crossed the street to get into Wafford’s vehicle, she
saw a silver Chrysler drive onto Ilene Court where her house was located.
The car stopped to let her cross the street and then continued to the end of
the cul-de-sac. After Jones got inside Wafford’s vehicle, the Chrysler
returned and pulled up next to them. Wafford recalled that a person in the
Chrysler asked, “Is there a party right here?” When Wafford answered no,
someone in the Chrysler fired multiple shots into his vehicle. The car then
drove away.

       “The arrival of the Chrysler and the shooting were also witnessed by
Damiris Woods. Woods, like Wafford, was a member of the Eastside
Crips. When the incident occurred, Woods was getting ready to leave the
party in his car, which was parked in Jones’s driveway, across the street
from Wafford’s vehicle.

       “In the investigation of the shooting, police recovered seven spent
.40-caliber shell casings. Forensic testing established that these casings
came from a Glock .40-caliber semiautomatic pistol, which was recovered
from the backyard of appellant’s aunt’s house a few hours after the
shooting. Police also found three bullets lodged in various locations inside
Wafford’s vehicle.

       “Jones was uninjured in the shooting, but Wafford was struck in the
chest and buttocks. He spent three days in the hospital. Doctors could not
remove the bullet in his chest because it was too close to his heart; i.e.,
two inches.

       “At 2:35 a.m., emergency dispatch received the first call about the
shooting. Around 3:00 a.m., Bakersfield Police Officer Jess Beagley
stopped the silver Chrysler. The car’s sole occupant was Deandre Wallace,
an associate of the Westside Crips gang, a rival of the Eastside Crips.

                                      4
        “Officer Beagley conducted a search of the Chrysler and found a
digital camera in the center console. The camera contained a picture of
appellant holding a Glock firearm. Based on the time stamp, the picture
was estimated to have been taken between nine and 11 minutes prior to the
time dispatch received the first call about the shooting.

       “Appellant’s fingerprints were also found on the Chrysler’s right
rear fender and on the right front fender.

       “Wallace testified that, on the night of the shooting, he attended a
house party, where he twice loaned out his Chrysler to people who wanted
to go buy alcohol. The second time he loaned out the car, he loaned it to
appellant and two others, who were gone for about an hour. When the car
was returned to Wallace, appellant was not in it.

        “Officer Brent Stratton, who interviewed both appellant and
Wallace, testified that he eventually determined that the people who
reportedly borrowed Wallace’s car were appellant, Billy Sanders
(‘Little Skeet’), and Benny West (‘Little Teflon’), all three of whom were
members of the Westside Crips.

       “Wallace told Officer Stratton that, after the Chrysler was returned
to him, he overheard appellant laughing about doing a shooting.

      “After the shooting, police officers traced appellant to his aunt’s
house around 4:30 a.m. The house was located between six and eight miles
from where the Chrysler was stopped, and between one and a half to
two miles from where the shooting took place.

       “Prior to making contact with appellant, Officer Eric Lantz heard
appellant talking on a cell phone behind his aunt’s house, near the fence
separating her property from the neighbor’s property. Officer Lantz then
observed appellant walk to the back door of his aunt’s house. When
Officer Lantz went around and knocked on the front door to the house,
appellant opened it. Appellant appeared to be nervous. He was breathing
heavily and repeatedly asked, ‘what did I do, sir?’

       “After detaining appellant, Officer Lantz instructed other officers to
conduct a search of the residence, starting with the backyard. Officer Lantz
asked appellant if he had a firearm or had discarded a firearm, explaining
that he was concerned a child might find it and get injured. Appellant
responded that the only gun he had was the one in the picture on the digital
camera found in Wallace’s Chrysler, and that the gun was currently at his
friend’s house.

                                      5
        “Officer Stratton also interviewed appellant and questioned him
about the gun in the picture. Appellant initially claimed that it was only an
Airsoft gun and that it belonged to Wallace. But when Officer Stratton told
appellant that Wallace denied owning an Airsoft gun, appellant admitted it
was a real gun and claimed that it belonged to somebody known as
Little Skeet (i.e., Sanders) or Little Teflon (i.e., West).

        “While appellant was being interviewed, officers found the Glock
pistol involved in the shooting. The gun was lying about three feet from
the fence in his aunt’s backyard.

       “Appellant initially claimed that he had been at his aunt’s house
babysitting all night. Appellant told Officer Stratton that he arrived at her
house around 8:00 p.m., and that he had been out with Wallace before that
but did not see Wallace again that night. Appellant also claimed the picture
of him with the gun was taken around 8:00 p.m.

       “After being informed that the Glock pistol had been found in his
aunt’s backyard, appellant changed his story and told Officer Stratton that
the picture of him holding the gun was taken around 2:30 a.m., when
Sanders, West, Wallace, and Sanders’s girlfriend, Josonia Sterling[,]
stopped by his aunt’s house. Shortly after they left his house, they called
appellant and said they needed help hiding the gun. Appellant told them he
could not possess it and he did not want any part of it.

       “In a later interview with Officer Stratton, appellant admitted that he
was not at his aunt’s house the entire night. According to appellant, he left
his aunt’s house around 1:30 a.m. and went to a party at a nearby motel.
He was only there for a short time before he asked for a ride home.
Appellant said he came home in Wallace’s car, along with Sanders, West,
and Sterling. After they left appellant at his aunt’s house, he got a call from
Sanders asking him to hide the gun.

       “Considering a hypothetical based on the facts of the case, the
prosecution’s gang expert opined that the shooting was committed for the
benefit of appellant’s gang.

       “The Defense

        “Appellant’s cousin, Vatina Walker, testified that appellant arrived
at his aunt’s house sometime between 10:00 p.m. and midnight. She saw
Wallace, who was driving his Chrysler, drop off appellant. To Walker’s
knowledge, appellant did not leave the house that night and come back.

                                      6
       Once she saw him briefly step outside and then come back inside the house
       after receiving a telephone call.

              “Appellant’s aunt, Killee Johnson, testified that appellant regularly
       came to her house on the weekend to help Walker babysit Johnson’s and
       Walker’s children, and that had been the plan that night. Around
       11:00 p.m., when Johnson left to go to a nightclub, appellant had not yet
       arrived.” (People v. Bradshaw (Aug. 11, 2011, F060386) [nonpub. opn.].)
                                      DISCUSSION
I.     Section 1172.6 Petition
       Appellant contends the superior court erred in denying his resentencing petition,
which was based on his conviction for conspiracy to commit murder, filed pursuant to
section 1172.6 and Senate Bill No. 1437 (Senate Bill 1437) (2017–2018 Reg. Sess.)
(Stats. 2018, ch. 1015). He asserts that Senate Bill 1437 “should allow individuals
convicted of conspiracy to commit murder the same relief as those crimes which may
have been specified by legislation ….” This is not the state of the law.
       Senate Bill 1437, effective January 1, 2019, substantially modified the law
governing accomplice liability for murder, significantly narrowing the felony-murder
exception to the malice requirement for murder (§§ 188, subd. (a)(3), 189, subd. (e); see
People v. Strong (2022) 13 Cal.5th 698, 707–708 (Strong); People v. Lewis (2021)
11 Cal.5th 952, 957 (Lewis)), and eliminating the natural and probable consequences
doctrine as a basis for finding a defendant guilty of murder (People v. Gentile (2020)
10 Cal.5th 830, 842–843 (Gentile)). Senate Bill 1437 was enacted to “amend the felony
murder rule and the natural and probable consequences doctrine, as it relates to murder,
to ensure that murder liability is not imposed on a person who is not the actual killer, did
not act with the intent to kill, or was not a major participant in the underlying felony who
acted with reckless indifference to human life.” (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 1, subd. (f).)
       As amended by Senate Bill 1437, section 188, subdivision (a)(3) prohibits
imputing malice based solely on an individual’s participation in a crime and requires
proof of malice to convict a principal of murder, except under the revised felony-murder
                                              7
rule in section 189, subdivision (e). The latter provision requires the prosecution to prove
specific facts relating to the defendant’s individual culpability: The defendant was the
actual killer (§ 189, subd. (e)(1)); the defendant, though not the actual killer, with the
intent to kill, assisted in the commission of the murder (§ 189, subd. (e)(2)); or the
defendant was a major participant in a felony listed in section 189, subdivision (a), and
acted with reckless indifference to human life, “ ‘as described in subdivision (d) of …
Section 190.2,’ ” the felony-murder special-circumstance provision. (Strong, supra,
13 Cal.5th at p. 708; see Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at pp. 842–843.)
       Senate Bill 1437 also added section 1172.6, which authorized an individual
convicted of felony murder or murder based on the natural and probable consequences
doctrine to petition the superior court to vacate the conviction and be resentenced on any
remaining counts if he or she could not now be convicted of murder because of the
changes Senate Bill 1437 made to the definitions of the crime. (See Strong, supra,
13 Cal.5th at p. 708; Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 957; Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at
p. 843.)
       Then, in 2021, Senate Bill No. 775 (2021–2022 Reg. Sess.) extended the
provisions of section 1172.6 to include convictions for attempted murder and
manslaughter—but not conspiracy to commit murder—by modifying the law to “expand
the authorization to allow a person who was convicted of murder under any theory under
which malice is imputed to a person based solely on that person’s participation in a crime
… to apply to have their sentence vacated and be resentenced” (Legis. Counsel’s Dig.,
Sen. Bill No. 775 (2021–2022 Reg. Sess.)) and to clarify “that persons who were
convicted of attempted murder or manslaughter under a theory of felony murder and the
natural probable consequences doctrine are permitted the same relief as those persons
convicted of murder under the same theories.” (Stats. 2021, ch. 551, § 1, subd. (a).)
       Accordingly, section 1172.6 now expressly includes attempted murder and
manslaughter convictions as eligible convictions, but it does not expressly include
                                              8
conspiracy to commit murder convictions. Nor does the legislative history suggest that it
implicitly includes them. (People v. Whitson (2022) 79 Cal.App.5th 22, 34–36
[conspiracy to commit murder conviction not within the rubric of § 1172.6].) Thus, as a
matter of law, a conviction for conspiracy to commit murder is not eligible under
section 1172.6. (Ibid.)
II.    Instructional Error
       We briefly address appellant’s argument that an instructional error at his trial
rendered his conspiracy to commit murder conviction eligible under section 1172.6
because it demonstrates the jurors did not necessarily find he had the intent to kill.
Specifically, appellant contends the version of CALJIC No. 8.69 given by the trial court
in his case, describing the elements of conspiracy to commit murder, erroneously omitted
the element of intent to kill. This alleged error, however, could not render his conviction
eligible under section 1172.6 for the simple reason that, as we have said, section 1172.6
does not apply to convictions for conspiracy to commit murder. The alleged instructional
error would not alter this fact.5
       Defendant also contends the alleged instructional error requires that we vacate his
conspiracy to commit murder conviction because the instructional error resulted in a
miscarriage of justice. We cannot address this issue here because trial issues are not
cognizable on this appeal from a post-judgment order denying a section 1172.6

5       Defendant may be misled by another situation, not applicable here, where this
alleged misinstruction on conspiracy to commit murder could be relevant to sentencing
under section 1172.6. That occurs when a defendant was also convicted of an eligible
crime, such as murder. In that situation, the murder conviction could be eligible for
resentencing. (See People v. Whitson, supra, 79 Cal.App.5th at pp. 31–36 [because of an
erroneous instruction on conspiracy to commit murder, the court reversed the denial of a
resentencing petition as to the murder and attempted murder convictions, but not as to the
conspiracy to commit murder conviction].) Here, appellant was not convicted of murder
or any other eligible crime, and thus the alleged misinstruction would not affect his
eligibility for resentencing under section 1172.6.

                                              9
resentencing petition. The judgment in defendant’s case has long been final and the time
for direct appeal of trial issues has passed.6
III.   Franklin7 Proceeding
       We note that because appellant committed the crimes in this case when he was
17 years old, he is entitled to a Franklin proceeding to present and preserve evidence of
his youth-related factors that will be relevant to any eventual parole hearing, whether it
be a youth offender parole hearing or a regular parole hearing.
       The legal landscape regarding juveniles convicted of crimes changed significantly
in the years after appellant was convicted. One change resulted in mandatory parole
hearings for certain youth offenders who had been sentenced to mandatory and lengthy
prison terms. Responding to precedent from the United States Supreme Court and the
California Supreme Court declaring that mandated sentences of life without the
possibility of parole and their equivalents imposed on juveniles are unconstitutional, the
Legislature, in 2014, passed Senate Bill No. 260 (2013–2014 Reg. Sess.) (Stats. 2013,
ch. 312, §§ 1–5), which added sections 3051 and 4801, subdivision (c) to the Penal Code.
(Franklin, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 276.) These provisions ensure that youth offenders
receive a “youth offender parole hearing” (YOPH) and require the Board of Parole
Hearings “not just to consider but to ‘give great weight to the diminished culpability of
juveniles as compared to adults, the hallmark features of youth, and any subsequent
growth and increased maturity of the prisoner in accordance with relevant case law.’

6      The issue of whether an instructional error occurred at trial, and how such an error
might affect defendant’s conviction for conspiracy to commit murder itself, must now be
raised by way of a petition for writ of habeas corpus. On our own motion, and with the
parties’ consent, we take judicial notice that appellant filed a petition for writ of habeas
corpus in this court on March 17, 2020, but we denied the petition without prejudice on
May 14, 2020, because appellant did not include the required documentation to support
both his petition and his exhaustion of the legal remedy of filing first in the Kern County
Superior Court. (In re Bradshaw (F080948).)
7      People v. Franklin (2016) 63 Cal.4th 261 (Franklin).

                                                 10
(§ 4801, subd. (c).)” (Franklin, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 277.) In other words, these
provisions “ ‘create a process by which growth and maturity of youthful offenders can be
assessed and a meaningful opportunity for release established.’ ” (Ibid.)
       Under section 3051, a person incarcerated for a “controlling offense” committed
when the person was 25 years of age or younger is eligible for release on parole at a
YOPH. (§ 3051, subds. (a)(1), (b).) Depending on the offense, the parole hearing must
be held by the prisoner’s 15th, 20th, or 25th year of incarceration. (§ 3051, subd. (b).)
The right to a YOPH applies retrospectively to all eligible youth offenders regardless of
their date of conviction. (Franklin, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 278.)
       Our Supreme Court decided that, as an integral part of this process, youth
offenders must have the opportunity “to make an accurate record of [their] characteristics
and circumstances at the time of the offense so that the Board, years later, may properly
discharge its obligation to ‘give great weight to’ youth-related factors (§ 4801, subd. (c))
in determining whether the offender is ‘fit to rejoin society .…’ ” (Franklin, supra,
63 Cal.4th at p. 284.) Even youth offenders whose judgments are otherwise final, like
appellant in this case, are entitled to this evidence-preserving process, called a Franklin
proceeding, because “the possibility that relevant evidence will be lost may increase as
years go by.” (In re Cook (2019) 7 Cal.5th 439, 450–451 (Cook).)
       In Franklin, the defendant was 16 years old when he committed murder, and the
trial court was statutorily required to sentence him to two consecutive sentences of
25 years to life. (Franklin, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 268.) The Franklin court concluded it
was unclear whether the defendant had sufficient opportunity at sentencing to make a
record of his youth-related characteristics. (Id. at p. 284.) The court remanded the case
to the trial court to determine whether the defendant had an opportunity to make this
record. (Id. at pp. 286−287.) From that case, the term “Franklin proceeding” has
emerged.

                                             11
       For defendants whose judgments are final, “the proper avenue is to file a motion in
superior court under the original caption and case number, citing the authority of
section 1203.01 and [Cook].” (Cook, supra, 7 Cal.5th at p. 458; see People v.
Benzler (2021) 72 Cal.App.5th 743, 748–749.)
       Lastly, we note that a Franklin proceeding is available even to defendants who are
ineligible for a YOPH (for example, because they were sentenced under the Three Strikes
law). As People v. Delgado (2022) 78 Cal.App.5th 95, 103 (Delgado) has recently held,
“there is another legal basis for granting … a Franklin proceeding. [T]hat entitlement
lies in subdivision (c) of section 4801, which was enacted in conjunction with
[section] 3051. [¶] Like section 3051, section 4801, subdivision (c) was enacted in 2014
as part of the Legislature’s effort to bring California law into conformity with
Supreme Court precedent respecting juvenile sentencing. (Franklin, supra,
63 Cal.4th at pp. 268, 276.)” (Delgado, at p. 103, fn. omitted.)
       “Section 3041.5 sets forth the procedures governing parole hearings and applies
generally to ‘all [such] hearings.’ (§ 3041.5, subd. (a).) It is apparent from the
Legislature’s reference to that statute that it intended the criteria set forth in
section 4801, subdivision (c) to apply broadly to all parole hearings, not just YOPHs.
[Citations.] Consequently, even though [a defendant] is not entitled to a YOPH, the
parole board will still—someday—have to consider his diminished capacity and
subsequent maturation in assessing his suitability for parole.” (Delgado, supra,
78 Cal.App.5th at p. 103.)
       “Those are the same factors the board must consider in conducting a YOPH under
section 3051. Given their importance at [an inmate’s] parole hearing, it follows from
Franklin that he should be given the opportunity to make a record of those factors. Now.
[B]ecause section 4801, subdivision (c) requires the parole board to consider
youth-related factors during parole hearings for youthful offenders, Franklin proceedings

                                               12
should be provided to … all … defendants who are statutorily ineligible for a YOPH
under section 3051.” (Delgado, supra, 78 Cal.App.5th at pp. 103–104.)
       Accordingly, if appellant has not already been given an opportunity to preserve
mitigating evidence of his youth-related factors, he may request a Franklin proceeding
even if he is found to be ineligible for a YOPH.
                                     DISPOSITION
       The superior court’s February 24, 2022 order denying the section 1172.6 petition
for resentencing is affirmed.

                                            13