Court Opinion

ID: 158377
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-08-14 05:22:15+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:12:45.292474
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                                                             Tenth Circuit

                                                            July 22, 2010
                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                               Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                            Clerk of Court
                          FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

STEPHEN C. ROTH, as an individual;
JEAN GUMESON,

            Plaintiffs,
                                                     No. 09-1453
v.                                       (D.C. No. 1:02-CV-01116-LTB-CBS)
                                                      (D. Colo.)
DENNIS SPRUELL; MATT
BUFFINGTON; DANNY DUFUR;
JEFF COLEMAN; TIM ROWELL;
TOM HALPER; MIKE MEUER; ROY
C. LANE; JERRY MARTIN; AL
BELL; SYDNEY DUKE SCHIRARD;
CITY OF CORTEZ, a public
corporation; CITY OF DURANGO, a
public corporation; DOLORES
BOARD OF COUNTY
COMMISSIONERS, a public
corporation; LA PLATA COUNTY
BOARD OF COUNTY
COMMISSIONERS, a public
corporation,

            Defendants-Appellees,

and

MICHAEL F. GREEN; BROOKS
BENNETT; HUGH RICHARDS; SAM
HAGER; KEN BRACKETT; JOEY M.
CHAVEZ; DALE WOOD, individually
and in their official capacities; TOWN
OF MOUNTAIN VILLAGE, a public
corporation; MONTEZUMA
COUNTY, BOARD OF COUNTY
COMMISSIONERS,
              Defendants.

    ROBERT J. MULHERN,

              Attorney-Appellant.

                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before HARTZ, ANDERSON, and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.

       This is third time this case has come before this court. The only issue

remaining for consideration is whether the district court properly calculated the

amount of sanctions Attorney-Appellant Robert J. Mulhern should pay to the

Cortez, Durango, and Buffington Defendants 1 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1927. We

affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.

*
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is
not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,
and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
1
      The “Cortez Defendants” are the City of Cortez, Dennis Spruell, Danny
Dufur and Roy C. Lane; the “Durango Defendants” are the City of Durango,
Al Bell and Jeff Copeland; and the “Buffington Defendants” are Matt Buffington,
Tim Rowell, Tom Halper, Mike Meuer, Sheriff Sydney Schirard,
Sheriff Jerry Martin, and the Boards of County Commissioners for the Counties of
Dolores and La Plata.

                                         -2-
                                   I. Background

      In June 2002, Mr. Mulhern filed a civil rights complaint under 42 U.S.C.

§ 1983 on behalf of his clients, Stephen Roth and Jean Gumeson, against

twenty-six named defendants and fifty unknown Doe defendants, alleging that

defendants created, established, and executed an unconstitutional drug checkpoint

that ultimately resulted in plaintiffs being unlawfully stopped, detained, searched,

and arrested. The circumstances leading to plaintiffs’ arrest involved a “ruse”

checkpoint. Signs along the highway indicated that a drug checkpoint would

occur in a few miles, but no such checkpoint existed. Officers were stationed in

unmarked cars along the highway by the signs. They were told to watch for

suspicious behavior and to stop any cars where the occupants were exhibiting

such behavior. Officers observed a female occupant in Mr. Roth’s car throw

something out of the window after the car passed one of the signs. Officers found

drug paraphernalia in the package that was thrown from the car and found drugs

in the trunk of the car once it was stopped and searched. When the § 1983

complaint was filed, Mr. Roth was still involved in state criminal proceedings that

arose out of the allegedly illegal search.

      In September 2002, the named defendants moved to dismiss the complaint

and/or for summary judgment, arguing that (1) the court lacked jurisdiction over

                                         -3-
Mr. Roth’s claims because of the Rooker-Feldman 2 doctrine; (2) the doctrine set

forth in Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994) barred recovery of damages

where plaintiffs’ convictions had not been reversed or otherwise declared invalid;

(3) plaintiffs failed to state a claim for relief under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6);

(4) the undisputed facts established that the “ruse” checkpoint was constitutional;

and (5) there were no facts showing personal involvement by the defendants.

      On February 3, 2003, the Durango Defendants sent Mr. Mulhern a

letter notifying him of a recent case, United States v. Flynn, 309 F.3d 736

(10th Cir. 2002), involving similar factual circumstances in which this court held

that a “ruse” police checkpoint was constitutional. The letter stated that the Flynn

case appeared to be good precedent for the dismissal of plaintiffs’ claims and that

this seemed like an opportune time for Mr. Mulhern to re-examine the claims that

he had brought on behalf of his clients to determine whether he had a good-faith

basis under Fed. R. Civ. P. 11 to go forward. The Durango Defendants indicated

that it was their view that plaintiffs had no meritorious basis upon which to

proceed, and they requested that plaintiffs’ claims be dismissed. 3

      Plaintiffs did not dismiss their claims at that time. Instead, they filed a

response to defendants’ motions to dismiss in March 2003. The district court

2
      See Rooker v. Fid. Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413 (1923); D.C. Court of Appeals
v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462 (1983).
3
     The Cortez Defendants and Buffington Defendants sent a similar letters to
Mr. Mulhern on February 5, 2003, and September 15, 2003.

                                          -4-
granted the motions to dismiss and dismissed the action in December 2003. After

the dismissal, the Cortez, Durango, and Buffington Defendants, as well as other

defendants that are not parties to this appeal, moved for sanctions against

Mr. Mulhern under Rule 11 and 28 U.S.C. § 1927. The district court granted the

motions for sanctions and Mr. Mulhern appealed.

      In the first appeal, we concluded that we lacked jurisdiction over the appeal

from the sanctions order because the district court had not yet determined the

amount of sanctions to be awarded to one set of defendants. See Roth v. Green,

123 F. App’x 871, 874 (10th Cir. 2005) (Roth I). In the second appeal,

Mr. Mulhern appealed from the district court’s order sanctioning him under

Rule 11 and § 1927. See Roth v. Green, 466 F.3d 1179, 1182 (10th Cir. 2006)

(Roth II).

      In Roth II, we considered Mr. Mulhern’s challenge to the merits of the

district court’s decision awarding sanctions. We concluded that:

             If there were any doubts about the legality of the ruse utilized
      by defendants in this case (and it appears that, even prior to Flynn,
      the legality of such a ruse was clear), those doubts should have
      ceased when we issued Flynn. Mulhern, in turn, upon receiving
      notice of the Flynn decision (and the record indicates he was
      repeatedly advised of the decision by the defendants in their
      respective letters to him), should have voluntarily dismissed the
      complaint. Stated differently, it was unreasonable, and a violation of
      his obligations as a licensed attorney, to continue to pursue the
      claims after the issuance of Flynn.

      ...

                                         -5-
            In sum, the district court did not abuse its discretion in
      concluding that Mulhern violated the provisions of both Rule 11 and
      § 1927 in filing and pursuing the § 1983 claims on behalf of Roth
      and Gumeson.

Roth II, 466 F.3d at 1189-90.

      Next, we considered whether defendants had followed the procedures

outlined in Rule 11. Because defendants had not done so, we concluded that the

district court had abused its discretion in granting defendants’ motions for

sanctions under Rule 11. But because the district court had also awarded

defendants fees under § 1927, we concluded that “the proper course is to reverse

and remand to the district court to determine the proper amount of fees and costs

to be assessed under § 1927 (i.e., ‘the excess costs . . . and attorneys’ fees

reasonably incurred because of’ his unreasonable and vexatious conduct).” Roth

II, 466 F.3d at 1193.

      On remand, the Cortez, Durango, and Buffington Defendants filed

supplemental briefs in support of their original motions for sanctions. The

magistrate judge held an evidentiary hearing and issued a report and

recommendation. The magistrate judge recommended that the district court grant

the motions for sanctions and assess the following attorneys’ fees and costs

against Mr. Mulhern:

      A.     for the Cortez Defendants, attorneys’ fees of $6,202.80 and costs of
             $346.93 incurred after February 3, 2003;

                                          -6-
      B.     for the Durango Defendants, attorneys’ fees of $6,505.65 and costs
             of $1,647.34 incurred after February 3, 2003;

      C.     for the Buffington Defendants, attorneys’ fees of $12,402.45 and
             costs of $1,624.76 incurred after September 10, 2002. 4

      Mr. Mulhern filed objections to the magistrate judge’s recommendation, but

the district court ultimately adopted the recommendation and entered an order

granting the motions for sanctions in the amounts determined by the magistrate

judge. Mr. Mulhern now appeals from that order.

                                  II. Discussion

      We review an award of sanctions under § 1927 for abuse of discretion.

Roth II, 466 F.3d at 1187. Section 1927 provides that: “Any attorney . . . who so

multiplies the proceedings in any case unreasonably and vexatiously may be

required by the court to satisfy personally the excess costs, expenses, and

attorneys’ fees reasonably incurred because of such conduct.” As the magistrate

judge explained in his recommendation, this court had already concluded in

Roth II that sanctions under § 1927 were warranted; as a result, the only

determination left for the district court was the amount of the sanctions.

4
       This assessment of attorneys’ fees reflects a ten-percent reduction by the
district court of the fees requested by defendants. The magistrate judge
concluded that the attorneys’ fees should be reduced by ten percent to reflect time
entries that were not sufficiently informative or work that could not reasonably be
attributed to Mr. Mulhern’s violation of § 1927. The defendants did not file any
objections to the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation.

                                         -7-
      In order to make a determination about the amount of sanctions, the district

court needed to decide when Mr. Mulhern unreasonably and vexatiously

multiplied the proceedings. For the Cortez and Durango Defendants, the district

court concluded that the fees and costs incurred after February 3, 2003—the date

on which Mr. Mulhern was notified of the Flynn decision—“were attributable to

Mr. Mulhern’s obdurate adherence to a legal theory that was no longer tenable.”

Aplt. App. at 14. For the Buffington Defendants, the district court concluded that

Mr. Mulhern should be liable for the reasonable fees and costs incurred after

September 10, 2002, when Mr. Mulhern “persisted in recklessly pursuing claims

against those Defendants in the face of their well-supported motion to dismiss,” in

which those defendants indicated that they had not personally participated in the

stop and search of the vehicle or plaintiffs’ arrest. Id. at 14-15.

      A. Constitutionality of § 1927

      Although the only determination at issue before the district court on remand

was the amount of fees and costs to be awarded, Mr. Mulhern now argues that he

should not be sanctioned under § 1927 because the statute is unconstitutional on

its face and as applied. But this court already determined in Roth II that the

district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that Mr. Mulhern’s

conduct was sanctionable under § 1927. See Roth II, 466 F.3d at 1190. We

remanded solely for a determination of the amount of fees that could be attributed

to that conduct. See id. at 1193, 1195. Mr. Mulhern’s facial challenge to § 1927

                                          -8-
represents a challenge to the district court’s decision that Mr. Mulhern’s conduct

was sanctionable under § 1927. That issue was fully and finally litigated in Roth

II and the Supreme Court denied Mr. Mulhern’s petition for certiorari from our

decision, see Roth v. Green, 522 U.S. 814 (2007). Accordingly, Mr. Mulhern may

not bring a facial challenge to § 1927 at this stage in the proceedings when we are

solely reviewing the district court’s determination of the amount of the sanctions,

not whether sanctions were proper under § 1927.

      As for Mr. Mulhern’s as-applied-challenge, because it can be read to

encompass the district court’s determination of the amount of fees on remand, we

will consider it. Mr. Mulhern’s main complaint appears to be that the district

court’s application of § 1927 violated his due process rights. But in Braley v.

Campbell, 832 F.2d 1504, 1514 (10th Cir. 1987) (en banc), we explained that

“[t]he basic requirements of due process with respect to the assessment of costs,

expenses, or attorney’s fees are notice that such sanctions are being considered by

the court and a subsequent opportunity to respond.” Those basic requirements of

due process were met in this case—Mr. Mulhern was on notice that sanctions

were being considered, and he had the opportunity to respond and to participate in

a hearing on the issue.

      Mr. Mulhern also complains that the district court should have considered

his ability to pay and the other factors outlined in White v. General Motors Corp.,

908 F.2d 675, 684-85 (10th Cir. 1990), when the district court was determining

                                         -9-
the amount of sanctions under § 1927. But White was a Rule 11 sanctions case.

This court has recently “reject[ed]” a similar attempt by another attorney “to

import several precedents concerning Rule 11 . . . into the context of 28 U.S.C.

§ 1927.” Hamilton v. Boise Cascade Express, 519 F.3d 1197, 1205 (10th Cir.

2008). In Hamilton, this court specifically rejected the same argument advanced

here by Mr. Mulhern, stating: “[W]e also reject Appellant’s contention that the

court’s sanction award improperly failed to comply with our directive in White

that a district court consider such factors as the minimum amount that will serve

as a deterrent and the attorney’s ability to pay.” Id. at 1206. Mr. Mulhern

acknowledges the existence of Hamilton, but asserts that it was erroneously

decided and should be reversed. But this panel is bound by prior precedent unless

there is an intervening en banc decision of this court or a superseding contrary

decision by the Supreme Court. See In re Smith, 10 F.3d 723, 724 (10th Cir.

1993) (per curiam). Mr. Mulhern has failed to demonstrate that the district

court’s application of § 1927 was unconstitutional.

      B. Objective standard

      Mr. Mulhern argues that the district court erred because it applied an

objective standard, as opposed to a subjective standard, to determine at what point

his conduct became unreasonable. He claims that he acted in good faith. But this

argument is also foreclosed by Hamilton, in which we explained that “§ 1927

does not require a finding of bad faith” and that “any conduct that, viewed

                                        -10-
objectively, manifests either intentional or reckless disregard of the attorney’s

duties to the court, is sanctionable.” 519 F.3d at 1202 (quotation omitted,

emphasis added). Accordingly, the district court did not err in applying an

objective standard to determine when Mr. Mulhern’s conduct became

unreasonable.

      C. Cortez Defendants

      Regarding the fees awarded to the Cortez Defendants, Mr. Mulhern argues

that the district court (1) used an incorrect starting date as to when he

unreasonably multiplied the proceedings; (2) used an incorrect ending date for

determining fees and costs; and (3) awarded amounts for non-reimbursable costs.

             1. Starting Date for Fees

      The district court determined that Mr. Mulhern should be responsible for

paying fees that defendants incurred after February 3, 2003—the date on which

defendants notified Mr. Mulhern that this court had issued the Flynn case, that

Flynn appeared to be dispositive of plaintiffs’ claims, and that, in light of Flynn,

“continued maintenance of this case is frivolous and groundless.” Aplee. Supp.

App. at 267. In Roth II, we stated that “upon receiving notice of the Flynn

decision . . . [Mulhern] should have voluntarily dismissed the complaint” and that

“it was unreasonable . . . to continue to pursue the claims after the issuance of

Flynn.” 466 F.3d at 1189. On remand, the magistrate judge quoted this language

and then concluded that “consistent with the Tenth Circuit’s analysis, . . . fees and

                                         -11-
costs incurred by the Cortez [Defendants] after February 3, 2003 were attributable

to Mr. Mulhern’s obdurate adherence to a legal theory that was no longer

tenable.” Aplt. App. at 14.

      Relying on our decision in Steinert v. Winn Group, Inc., 440 F.3d 1214

(10th Cir. 2006), Mr. Mulhern argues that proceedings cannot be multiplied until

an attorney files a response to a motion to dismiss. He contends that because he

did not file a response to defendants’ motions to dismiss until March 2003, he

should not be responsible for any fees incurred up until that point. In Steinert,
440 F.3d at 1224-25, we concluded that § 1927 covers only the multiplication of

the proceedings and necessarily excludes the complaint that gives rise to the

proceedings. We therefore determined that counsel’s “conduct in pursuing [the]

claims in the face of [defendants’] motion to dismiss multiplied the proceedings

recklessly and with indifference to well-established law,” but that the district

court abused its discretion to the extent it awarded fees based on the preparation

of defendants’ motion to dismiss. 440 F.3d at 1225-26. As a result, in Steinert,

we remanded for the district court to deduct from the sanctions award the fees

generated by defense counsel in preparing the motion to dismiss. Id. at 1226.

But in Steinert, we did not instruct the district court to deduct the fees that

defense counsel incurred from the date of the filing of the motion to dismiss to

the date of the filing of the response to the motion to dismiss, which is what

Mr. Mulhern is arguing for in this case.

                                           -12-
      Based on Steinert, the district court presumably could have started the

clock for fees from the date of the filing of the motion to dismiss; instead, the

district court used the date that Mr. Mulhern was notified of the Flynn decision,

which occurred five months after defendants filed their motions to dismiss. At

that point, we noted that “[i]f there were any doubts about the legality of the ruse

utilized by the defendants in this case (and it appears that even prior to Flynn, the

legality of such a ruse was clear), those doubts should have ceased when we

issued Flynn.” Roth II, 466 F.3d at 1189. Once Mr. Mulhern was notified of the

Flynn decision, he should have voluntarily dismissed the complaint. By failing to

do so, he continued to pursue plaintiffs’ claims in a way that unreasonably and

vexatiously multiplied the proceedings. Accordingly, the district court did not

abuse its discretion in determining that Mr. Mulhern should be responsible for

attorney’s fees and costs incurred after February 3, 2003.

      Mr. Mulhern also argues that the district court erroneously included fees in

its total assessment that were incurred on February 3, 2003. He contends that the

proper date to begin calculating fees would be February 4, 2003, because the

district court ordered him to be responsible for costs incurred “after February 3,

2003,” Aplt. App. at 14, 18 (emphasis added). Based on our review of the billing

records, it does appear that the district court included fees that were incurred on

February 3, 2003, as opposed to starting the calculation after that date. On

remand, this error should be corrected.

                                          -13-
             2. Ending Date for Fees

      The Cortez Defendants requested that they be awarded fees incurred until

the date that the district court entered judgment dismissing all of the claims in

December 2003. But Mr. Mulhern contends that the district court erred by

awarding fees and costs through January 30, 2004. Defendants contend that

Mr. Mulhern is incorrectly reading the time sheets and that the district court did

not include any fees in the award for work done after the dismissal. See Aplee.

Br. at 20. The district court did not indicate what the end date was for its award

of fees and costs, but it appears after carefully reviewing the billing statements

that the district court did award amounts through January 30, 2004, even though

those fees were not requested by the defendants and they were incurred after the

case was dismissed. Because defendants did not request fees and costs for work

after the dismissal and because Mr. Mulhern did not take any action to multiply

the proceedings after the district court granted the motions to dismiss on

December 5, 2003, the district court abused its discretion by including amounts

incurred after that date in its award of fees and costs.

             3. Non-reimbursable costs

      Mr. Mulhern contends that the district court erred in awarding costs for

items that were not reimbursable under § 1927 because the only costs

reimbursable under § 1927 are those listed in 28 U.S.C. § 1920. As we explained

in Resolution Trust Corp. v. Dabney, 73 F.3d 262, 267 (10th Cir. 1995), “‘Excess

                                          -14-
Costs’ recoverable under 28 U.S.C. § 1927 include only those enumerated in 28

U.S.C. § 1920, which lists the items that ordinarily may be taxed to a losing

party.” In this case, the district court awarded costs for legal research, telephone

calls, facsimiles, postage, delivery service, and parking. None of these items are

reimbursable as costs under § 1920.

      Defendants appear to be arguing that the district court did not err because it

was permissible for the court to award “costs and other expenses related to

Mulhern’s vexatious conduct,” Aplee. Br. at 10. The statute does state that

“excess costs, expenses, and attorneys’ fees reasonably incurred” may be

awarded. 28 U.S.C. § 1927 (emphasis added). We need not decide, however,

whether the other items that were assessed as costs are reimbursable as expenses

because defendants’ sanctions motions requested only attorneys’ fees and costs

and did not ask for “expenses.” Consistent with these requests, we indicated in

Roth II that, on remand, the district court should determine “the proper amount of

fees and costs to be assessed under § 1927.” 466 F.3d at 1193. Consistent with

this mandate, the district court’s order assessed attorneys’ fees and costs against

Mr. Mulhern; there is no mention of an additional award for “expenses.” See

Aplt. App. at 18. Because the defendants only asked for costs and not expenses,

and we directed the district court to assess costs and not expenses, the district

court was limited in assessing costs to those items listed in § 1920. Accordingly,

                                         -15-
the costs award must be reduced to include only those items that are reimbursable

under § 1920.

      D. Durango Defendants

      Mr. Mulhern asserts that the district court failed to be specific in its

findings of fact and recommendations when it awarded fees and costs in favor of

the Durango Defendants without the benefit of detailed contemporaneous time

sheets. Mr. Mulhern also asserts that the Durango Defendants waived their right

to fees and costs by failing to timely submit detailed time sheets. Both the Cortez

and Buffington Defendants submitted detailed time sheets reflecting the fees and

costs for the relevant time period. The Durango Defendants submitted time sheets

through December 31, 2002, but they did not submit any time sheets for 2003,

which is the time period for which the district court ultimately awarded fees and

costs. Instead of submitting time sheets, the Durango Defendants submitted an

affidavit that summarily stated that they incurred fees from February 3, 2003, in

the amount of $7,218.50 and costs in the amount of $1,647.34.

      The district court’s task was to make “specific findings” that “sufficiently

express the basis for the sanctions imposed to identify the excess costs reasonably

incurred by the party to whom they will be due.” Hamilton, 519 F.3d at 1203-04

(quotation omitted). This task could not be accomplished without reviewing the

actual billing sheets that detailed the fees and costs allegedly incurred by

defendants. Cf. Ramos v. Lamm, 713 F.2d 546, 553 (10th Cir. 1983) (explaining

                                         -16-
that “[t]he first step in calculating fee awards is to determine the number of hours

reasonably spent by counsel” and that lawyers should “keep meticulous,

contemporaneous time records to present to the court” if they intend to seek

sanctions under 42 U.S.C. § 1988), overruled on other grounds by Pennsylvania

v. Del. Valley Citizens’ Council for Clean Air, 483 U.S. 711 (1987).

      Defendants offer no real rebuttal to Mr. Mulhern’s argument. First, they

assert that Mr. Mulhern did not raise this issue in the district court. That is not

accurate. Mr. Mulhern argued this point in his objections to the magistrate

judge’s report and recommendation. See Aplt. Supp. App., Vol. II at 835, 846-49.

Defendants next claim that “[a]ll defendants submitted contemporaneous records

of time expended.” Aplee. Br. at 19. That statement is not correct. The Durango

Defendants did not submit any time records for 2003. See Aplee. Supp. App.

at 275-76, 281-82; Aplee. Supp. App., Vol. II at 438-39, 441-47. Finally,

defendants criticize the cases that Mr. Mulhern relies on to support his argument.

While it is true that the cases Mr. Mulhern cites arise out of different attorneys’

fee award provisions, defendants do not provide any case contrary to

Mr. Mulhern’s position—that a district court may not rely solely on a summary

affidavit with a lump sum amount when determining reasonable fees and costs

under § 1927. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court abused its

discretion in awarding fees and costs to the Durango Defendants without

reviewing their detailed time sheets.

                                         -17-
      E. Buffington Defendants

      Mr. Mulhern makes the same arguments with respect to the Buffington

Defendants as he did with the Cortez Defendants. He argues, first, that the

district court used the wrong starting date for when he multiplied the proceedings;

second, that the district court included fees that were incurred after the motions to

dismiss were granted on December 5, 2003; and third, that the district court erred

in awarding non-reimbursable costs. As was the case with the Cortez Defendants,

the district court abused its discretion in awarding fees and costs incurred after

December 5, 2003, and in awarding costs that were not reimbursable as costs

under § 1920.

      With respect to the starting date, the district court used an earlier starting

date for these defendants, concluding that they were entitled to fees incurred after

September 10, 2002—the date when they filed their motion to dismiss. The

district court explained that the Buffington Defendants moved to dismiss the

§ 1983 claims “based upon their lack of personal participation in the stop and

search of Mr. Roth’s vehicle or in the arrest of Mr. Roth and Ms. Gumeson,” and

“[t]hat lack of personal participation distinguished the Buffington Defendants

from the Cortez and Durango Defendants.” Aplt. App. at 14. The district court

noted that this court had stated in Roth II that “individuals who had no direct

connection with or participation in the ruse checkpoint were not properly named

as defendants in the complaint,” which would encompass the Buffington

                                         -18-
Defendants. Id. (quotations omitted). The district court found that Mr. Mulhern

“should be liable for the reasonable fees and costs incurred by the Buffington

Defendants when Plaintiffs’ counsel persisted in recklessly pursuing claims

against those Defendants in the face of their well-supported motion to dismiss

filed on September 10, 2002.” Id. at 15. Based on our decision in Steinert,

discussed more fully in subsection C above, we see no abuse of discretion in the

district court’s decision to award fees and costs incurred after September 10, 2002

to the Buffington Defendants.

                                  III. Conclusion

      We AFFIRM the district court’s determination as to when Mr. Mulhern

vexatiously multiplied the proceedings, but we REVERSE and REMAND the

calculation of fees and costs.

      On remand, the district court should recalculate fees and costs incurred

from February 4, 2003 through December 5, 2003 for the Cortez Defendants, with

costs being limited to the items listed in § 1920, 5 and recalculate fees and costs

incurred from September 11, 2002 through December 5, 2003 for the Buffington

Defendants, with costs being limited to the items listed in § 1920. 6 As for the

5
       Based on our preliminary calculations, the new assessment should reflect
reductions of $122.00 for fees incurred on February 3, $2,168.00 for fees incurred
after December 5, $10.92 for non-reimbursable costs, and $93.46 for costs
incurred after December 5.
6
      Based on our preliminary calculations, the new assessment should reflect
reductions of $1,020.00 for fees incurred after December 5, $1,136.89 for
                                                                    (continued...)

                                         -19-
Durango Defendants, the district court will first need to reconsider and expressly

rule on Mr. Mulhern’s argument made in his objections to the magistrate judge’s

report and recommendation that the Durango Defendants waived their right to

attorneys’ fees and costs by failing to submit detailed time sheets in support of

their motion for sanctions. See Aplt. Supp. App., Vol. II at 849. If that issue is

resolved in favor of the Durango Defendants, then they will need to submit

detailed time sheets in order for the district court to recalculate the amount of

fees and costs incurred from February 4, 2003 through December 5, 2003, with

costs being limited to the items listed in § 1920.

                                                     Entered for the Court

                                                     Stephen H. Anderson
                                                     Circuit Judge

6
 (...continued)
non-reimbursable costs, and $175.02 for costs incurred after December 5.

                                         -20-