Court Opinion

ID: 9364807
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-20 06:04:23.270449+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:40.473238
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

ERIN L. DAOUST,                                                     UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    January 19, 2023
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                   No. 361405
                                                                    Alpena Circuit Court
WALTER ROBERT REID,                                                 LC No. 21-001128-CZ

               Defendant-Appellee.

Before: RIORDAN, P.J., and MARKEY and REDFORD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Plaintiff Erin Daoust appeals by right the trial court’s order granting defendant Walter
Reid’s motion for summary disposition of plaintiff’s defamation and false-light invasion of privacy
claims related to a blog post defendant made on his website. We affirm.

                                 I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       Shortly after midnight on August 19, 2019, in Alpena County, plaintiff’s 30-year-old
daughter died from an off-road vehicle rollover accident. Plaintiff went to the scene and waited
with her husband and friends, Terry King, a former county sheriff’s officer, and his wife, while
law enforcement officers investigated. The responding officer called Sheriff Steven Kieliszewski
regarding an accident reconstruction. Months later in a Facebook post, plaintiff criticized Sheriff
Kieliszewski regarding the amount of time it took him to report to the accident scene. Defendant
read plaintiff’s Facebook post and obtained a copy of the accident incident report. On July 2,
2020, defendant posted on his website the following:

                                 Fatal Rollover Being Politicized

       There was a rollover accident that occurred on August 19th, 2019, in which a sweet
       young lady lost her life.

       Unfortunately, her mother, rumored to be a member of Terry King’s Campaign
       Committee, has made strong accusations against the Sheriff regarding the accident
       that merited the FOIA’ing of the Incident to uncover the FACTS. It is with a sad

                                                -1-
heart we include the incident report in the Evidence Folder and address the matter
here.

CLAIM: The mother is claiming it took the Sheriff nearly 2 hours to respond to
the accident.

FACTS: The logs received in the incident report (pg 141) show the Sheriff was
contacted at 12:31am to perform a reconstruction investigation of the accident. The
logs then show the Sheriff leaving his home to the site, which was about 2.5 miles
away, at 1:14am. With a maximum 5 minute drive, the time of initial contact to the
time of arrival at the scene would be approximate 50 minutes total.

The blood test for alcohol content (pg 18) of the young lady who passed away and
was determined to be the driver was registered as 0.14, which is nearly double the
0.08 level which qualifies as operating while intoxicated.

The mother references evidence that was not recovered by the Alpena County
Sheriff’s Office the night of the crash.

One piece was a sheared bolt (pg 13) the mother took to the Michigan State Police-
Alpena Post on 8/23. The conclusion was the sheared surface was rusted over and
could not have been sheared as the result of the accident.

Another piece of evidence not recovered at the crash site was the young lady’s
phone. At the accident scene, the mother was told by an Alpena County Sheriff’s
Sergeant that the Deputies and State Police were searching extensively for the
young lady’s cellphone as evidence in the accident investigation.

When the accident occurred, the passenger could not roll the UTV off the young
lady and called a neighbor for help. According to the neighbor (pg 11), the neighbor
saw the young lady’s phone on the ground, picked it up, and put it in his pocket,
and forgot about it.

After the neighbor returned home, the mother entered his home to use the restroom,
then yelled at him to keep his mouth shut and yelled at him for letting them drink
at his home.

While the mother was yelling at him, the neighbor put his hands in his pocket and
discovered the cellphone. He removed it from his pocket and gave it to the mother.

The mother knew the officers needed the cellphone as evidence in the
reconstruction investigation, but did not surrender the cellphone to the officers and
has still not done so.

The conclusion appears to be the Sheriff’s Office and State Troopers responded in
reasonable times and followed the correct protocol on scene during the
investigation. The only irregularity seems to be the withholding of evidence by the
mother.

                                        -2-
       Almost a year later, plaintiff filed a two-count complaint alleging that defendant committed
defamation per se and false-light invasion of privacy. Defendant answered by denying that his
blog post made him liable to plaintiff. Later he moved for summary disposition under MCR
2.116(C)(10). The trial court granted defendant summary disposition of both of plaintiff’s claims.
This appeal followed.

                                   II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        We review de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition. Maiden
v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 118; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). We also review de novo whether the trial
court properly applied the constitutional standard for defamation. Redmond v Heller, 332 Mich
App 415, 438; 957 NW2d 357 (2020). The party who moves for summary disposition under MCR
2.116 bears the initial burden of production, which may be satisfied in one of two ways. Quinto v
Cross and Peters Co, 451 Mich 358, 361; 547 NW2d 314 (1996). The moving party may either
submit affirmative evidence that negates an essential element of the nonmoving party’s claim or
demonstrate to the trial court that the nonmoving party’s evidence fails to establish an essential
element of the nonmoving party’s claim. Id. at 362. Once the moving party satisfies its burden in
one of those two ways, “[t]he burden then shifts to the opposing party to establish that a genuine
issue of disputed fact exists.” Id. The reviewing court “should evaluate a motion for summary
disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) by considering the substantively admissible evidence
actually proffered.” Maiden, 461 Mich at 121.

        A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual sufficiency of claims and the moving
party bears the burden of establishing with admissible evidence its entitlement to judgment as a
matter of law. Lear Corp v Dep’t of Treasury, 299 Mich App 533, 536; 831 NW2d 255 (2013).
If the nonmoving party fails to establish the existence of a genuine issue of material fact, the trial
court must enter judgment for the moving party. Id. at 537. “A genuine issue of material fact
exists when, viewing the record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, reasonable
minds could differ on an issue.” Id. A trial court’s grant of summary disposition under MCR
2.116(C)(10) is proper when the evidence, “viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
party, show[s] that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is
therefore entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Lowrey v LMPS & LMPJ, Inc, 500 Mich 1, 5;
890 NW2d 344 (2016).
                                         III. ANALYSIS

       Plaintiff first argues that the trial court erred because a genuine issue of material fact existed
whether defendant negligently made a defamatory statement that plaintiff withheld evidence, and
erred by concluding that defendant’s defamatory statement merely expressed an opinion. We
disagree.

        “A defamatory communication is one that tends to harm the reputation of a person so as to
lower him in the estimation of the community or deter others from associating or dealing with
him.” Lawrence v Burdi, 314 Mich App 203, 214; 886 NW2d 748 (2016) (quotation marks and
citation omitted). “The elements of a defamation claim are: (1) a false and defamatory statement
concerning the plaintiff, (2) an unprivileged communication to a third party, (3) fault amounting
at least to negligence on the part of the publisher, and (4) either actionability of the statement
irrespective of special harm (defamation per se) or the existence of special harm caused by

                                                  -3-
publication.” Bedford v Witte, 318 Mich App 60, 64-65; 896 NW2d 69 (2016) (quotation marks
and citation omitted). In Ghanam v Does, 303 Mich App 522, 545-547; 845 NW2d 128 (2014),
this Court explained:

              To be considered defamatory, statements must assert facts that are
      “provable as false.” Even statements couched in terms of opinion may often imply
      an assertion of objective fact and, thus, can be defamatory. The dispositive question
      is whether a reasonable fact-finder could conclude that the statement implies a
      defamatory meaning.

               Accusations of criminal activity are considered “defamation per se” under
      the law and so do not require proof of damage to the plaintiff’s reputation.
      However, not all statements that can be read as accusations of a crime or
      misconduct should be considered assertions of fact. The First Amendment protects
      statements that cannot be interpreted as stating actual facts about an individual from
      serving as the basis for a defamation action or similar claim under state law. Such
      statements include the usual rhetorical hyperbole and imaginative expression often
      found in satires, parodies, and cartoons. This is true even when the statements are
      designed to be highly offensive to the person criticized, and even if, when read
      literally, the statements can be interpreted as accusations of criminal activity.
      Terms such as “blackmailer,” “traitor,” “crook,” “steal,” and “criminal activities”
      must be read in context to determine whether they are merely exaggerations of the
      type often used in public commentary. Casual use of these terms and similar
      epithets is the language of the rough-and-tumble world of politics. It is core
      political speech. It is consumed by an often skeptical and wary electorate and is
      not seriously regarded as asserting factual truth. If a reasonable reader would
      understand these epithets as merely “rhetorical hyperbole” meant to express strong
      disapproval rather than an accusation of criminal activity or actual misconduct, they
      cannot be regarded as defamatory.

              The context and forum in which statements appear also affect whether a
      reasonable reader would interpret the statements as asserting provable facts. Courts
      that have considered the matter have concluded that Internet message boards and
      similar communication platforms are generally regarded as containing statements
      of pure opinion rather than statements or implications of actual, provable fact. Any
      reader familiar with the culture of most electronic bulletin boards would know that
      board culture encourages discussion participants to play fast and loose with facts.
      Indeed, the very fact that most of the posters remain anonymous, or pseudonymous,
      is a cue to discount their statements accordingly.

             Ranked in terms of reliability, there is a spectrum of sources on the
             internet. For example, chat rooms and blogs are generally not as
             reliable as the Wall Street Journal Online. Blogs and chat rooms
             tend to be vehicles for the expression of opinions; by their very
             nature, they are not a source of facts or data upon which a reasonable
             person would rely. [Quotation marks, ellipses, alteration, and
             citations omitted.]

                                               -4-
       “[P]rivate-figure defamation plaintiffs are only constitutionally required to prove ordinary
negligence in order to establish defamation . . . .” J & J Constr Co v Bricklayers and Allied
Craftsmen, Local 1, 468 Mich 722, 735; 664 NW2d 728 (2003). “Privilege can be used as a
defense in a defamation action.” Bedford, 318 Mich App at 65.

        Under MCL 600.2911(1), words that impute the commission of a criminal offense are
actionable in themselves. This statutory provision “is the codification of the common-law
principle that words imputing . . . the commission of a crime constitute defamation per se and are
actionable even in the absence of an ability to prove actual or special damages[.]” Burden v Elias
Bros Big Boy Restaurants, 240 Mich App 723, 728; 613 NW2d 378 (2000). MCL 600.2911 further
provides in relevant part:

                (3) If the defendant in any action for slander or libel gives notice in a
       justification that the words spoken or published were true, this notice shall not be
       of itself proof of the malice charged in the complaint though not sustained by the
       evidence. In an action for slander or for publishing or broadcasting a libel even
       though the defendant has pleaded or attempted to prove a justification he or she
       may prove mitigating circumstances including the sources of his or her information
       and the ground for his or her belief. Damages shall not be awarded in a libel action
       for the publication or broadcast of a fair and true report of matters of public record,
       a public and official proceeding, or of a governmental notice, announcement,
       written or recorded report or record generally available to the public, or act or action
       of a public body, or for a heading of the report which is a fair and true headnote of
       the report. This privilege shall not apply to a libel which is contained in a matter
       added by a person concerned in the publication or contained in the report of
       anything said or done at the time and place of the public and official proceeding or
       governmental notice, announcement, written or recorded report or record generally
       available to the public, or act or action of a public body, which was not a part of the
       public and official proceeding or governmental notice, announcement, written or
       recorded report or record generally available to the public, or act or action of a
       public body.

                                              * * *

              (7) An action for libel or slander shall not be brought based upon a
       communication involving a private individual unless the defamatory falsehood
       concerns the private individual and was published negligently. Recovery under this
       provision shall be limited to economic damages including attorney fees.

This Court explained in Bedford the “fair and true reporting privilege” provided under MCL
600.2911(3) as follows:

       In order for a report to be privileged under this statute, the report must be “fair and
       true . . . .” In other words, the report must “substantially represent” the public
       record or other pertinent matter. If any inaccuracy does not alter the effect the
       literal truth would have on the recipient of the information, the pertinent standard
       has been satisfied. [Bedford, 318 Mich App at 66 (citations omitted).]

                                                 -5-
       In Lawrence, the Court further explained:

               It has long been established that words charging the commission of a crime
       are defamatory per se, and hence, injury to the reputation of the person defamed is
       presumed to the extent that the failure to prove damages is not a ground for
       dismissal. With the first element of a defamation claim being a false statement, it
       naturally follows that a statement which is “substantially true” is a defense to a
       charge of defamation by implication. Furthermore, defendants in defamation suits
       are not required to prove the statement is literally and absolutely accurate in every
       minute detail. [Lawrence, 314 Mich App at 214-215 (quotation marks and citations
       omitted).]

        “Whether a statement is actually capable of defamatory meaning is a preliminary question
of law for the court to decide.” Sarkar v Doe, 318 Mich App 156, 179; 897 NW2d 207 (2016)
(quoting Ghanam, 303 Mich App at 544). “A communication is defamatory if it tends to lower an
individual’s reputation in the community or deters third persons from associating or dealing with
that individual.” Ireland v Edwards, 230 Mich App 607, 614; 584 NW2d 632 (1998) (citation
omitted). “However, not all defamatory statements are actionable. If a statement cannot be
reasonably interpreted as stating actual facts about the plaintiff, it is protected by the First
Amendment.” Id. (citation omitted).1

       In Sarkar, a case involving the anonymous Internet publication of criticisms of a
professor’s research, this Court summarized:

       To be considered defamatory, statements must assert facts that are provable as false.
       Nevertheless, state and federal courts alike have consistently held that when a
       speaker outlines the factual basis for his conclusion, his statement is protected by
       the First Amendment. That is, when a speaker presents a factual basis for the
       opinion he or she reached, the opinion is not capable of defamatory meaning.
       [Sarkar, 318 Mich App at 195-196 (quotation marks and citations omitted).]

        In this case, plaintiff contends that defendant committed defamation per se by imputing to
her the commission of a criminal offense in his blog post. Defendant counters that he merely stated
what the police accident incident report stated, that his statements were true, and that he confirmed
the accuracy of his statements before posting them on his blog by contacting Alpena County
Sheriff’s Department Sergeant Michael Jones who authored the incident report. The trial court
examined the record and concluded that plaintiff could not succeed on her claims because
defendant merely expressed a nondefamatory opinion that he based on the incident report which

1
  The First Amendment of the United States Constitution provides: “Congress shall make no
law . . . abridging the freedom of speech . . . .” US Const, Am 1. The First Amendment is
applicable to the states under the Fourteenth Amendment. Schneider v New Jersey, 308 US 147,
160; 60 S Ct 146; 84 L Ed 155 (1939). The Michigan Constitution provides: “Every person may
freely speak, write, express and publish his views on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse
of such right; and no law shall be enacted to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech or of the
press.” Const 1963, art 1, § 5.

                                                -6-
he confirmed with Sergeant Jones. “When addressing defamation claims, appellate courts must
make an independent examination of the record to ensure against forbidden intrusions into the field
of free expression.” Kevorkian v American Med Ass’n, 237 Mich App 1, 5; 602 NW2d 233 (1999)
(citation omitted).

        Close analysis of relevant portions of the incident report and comparison of them with
relevant portions of defendant’s blog post statements is necessary for the determination whether
defendant defamed plaintiff. Four paragraphs of defendant’s blog post are relevant to this analysis.
The first stated:

       Another piece of evidence not recovered at the crash site was the young lady’s
       phone. At the accident scene, the mother was told by an Alpena County Sheriff’s
       Sergeant that the Deputies and State Police were searching extensively for the
       young lady’s cellphone as evidence in the accident investigation.

The incident report states the following regarding Sergeant Jones’s contact with plaintiff at the
scene of the accident:

       After her notification and before the Sheriff’s arrival I had a brief exchange with
       [plaintiff]. I advised her that Sheriff Kieliszewski was on his way to prepare an
       accident reconstruction so that we could determine what had occurred. [Plaintiff]
       stated that she had been texting with her daughter at 0005 hrs. I explained to [her]
       that we were attempting to locate her phone and that it would be helpful if I could
       examine her phone to compile information necessary for the investigation. I was
       never able to observe [plaintiff’s] phone.

Comparison of this passage with defendant’s related blog statement indicates that defendant did
not exactly replicate the information stated in the incident report. Rather, he incorporated facts
stated elsewhere in it. He also embellished the fact that Sergeant Jones indicated a desire to locate
and review the decedent’s cell phone for information necessary for the investigation by stating that
the phone constituted evidence. That interpretation of the facts stated in the report, however, is
accurate.

       The next relevant paragraphs in defendant’s blog post stated:

       While the mother was yelling at him, the neighbor put his hands in his pocket and
       discovered the cellphone. He removed it from his pocket and gave it to the mother.

       The mother knew the officers needed the cellphone as evidence in the
       reconstruction investigation, but did not surrender the cellphone to the officers and
       has still not done so.

The incident report stated:

       On the evening of 8/19/19 I spoke briefly with Don Tessmer in order that I obtain
       the proper address for his property where the accident took place. During this
       conversation I was made aware that during the confusion of the crash and
       attempting to get help via 911 that [plaintiff’s daughter’s] phone had come into the

                                                -7-
       possession of Don Tessmer. Don explained that shortly after he was allowed to
       leave the scene of the accident and remove his truck from the area he went home.
       Once there [plaintiff] arrived at his residence and let herself into his home and used
       the bathroom. Don stated that [plaintiff] then began screaming at him to keep his
       mouth shut and yelled at them for letting [her daughter] drink at their home. While
       he was being yelled at Don placed his hands in his pocket and realized he was in
       possession of [her daughter’s] phone. He gave the phone to [plaintiff]. [Plaintiff]
       did not make police aware of this. I immediately notified Sheriff Kieliszewski of
       this information. I was aware that Michigan State Police K9 and other resources
       had searched the crash site trying to locate [the decedent’s] phone.

Comparison of this passage with defendant’s related blog statements indicates that defendant
accurately stated some facts reported in the incident report. Defendant, however, left out
information that contextualizes the timing of events, what happened and what did not. The report
indicates that Sergeant Jones interviewed Tessmer briefly hours later the evening after the
accident. That conversation took place many hours after the investigation at the scene concluded.
Defendant does not mention that. Further, nowhere in the report is there any indication that
Sergeant Jones or any other reporting officer made any contact with plaintiff after Sergeant Jones
learned that plaintiff obtained possession of her daughter’s cell phone from Tessmer. If the cell
phone were a vital piece of evidence in the investigation, as defendant implied in his blog post,
one would reasonably expect that someone from the sheriff’s department would have followed up
this lead.

       Further analysis of the incident report, however, indicates that it also reported the following
regarding further contact between plaintiff and the sheriff’s department:

       On the afternoon of 8/26/19 [plaintiff] was to come to the Alpena County Sheriff’s
       Office and meet with the Sheriff and myself. [Plaintiff] cancelled the meeting but
       did email Sheriff Kieliszewski a text message screen shot from her phone showing
       her last texts with her daughter.

This passage indicates that plaintiff provided screenshots from her phone that showed her last texts
with her daughter to Sheriff Kieliszewski, whom the incident report identified as the lead
investigator. These facts indicate that plaintiff had contact with investigating officers and provided
information regarding her daughter’s cell phone use just before the accident. The incident report
indicates that either plaintiff knew or anticipated what investigators sought regarding her
daughter’s cell phone and provided information to them.

        The incident report also provided an investigative timeline that featured the text messages
between plaintiff and her daughter, as well as between the decedent and Justin Timm, the person
who was with the decedent during the fateful night and survived the accident. Nothing indicates
in the report that Sheriff Kieliszewski, Sergeant Jones, or any other investigating officer followed
up and asked for further information from plaintiff or requested that plaintiff turn over her
daughter’s phone to them. Defendant did not state these pertinent facts in his blog post. Instead,
defendant stated that plaintiff “did not surrender the cell phone to the officers and has still not done
so.” Although factually accurate, that representation omitted facts that indicate that plaintiff did

                                                  -8-
not withhold information from investigators and investigators did not pursue obtaining the
decedent’s cell phone.

        The last paragraphs in defendant’s blog post which plaintiff asserts constitutes defamation
per se stated:

       The conclusion appears to be the Sheriff’s Office and State Troopers responded in
       reasonable times and followed the correct protocol on scene and during the
       investigation. The only irregularity seems to be withholding of evidence by the
       mother.

The first sentence expressed defendant’s opinion that law enforcement’s response and
investigation indicated no irregularities in their conduct. The incident report itself merely reports
that law enforcement officers responded to the scene and conducted an accident investigation. The
incident report does not state a conclusion regarding the adequacy of law enforcement’s response
or that it followed protocol during the investigation. The report, however, indicates that nothing
unusual occurred that impeded the investigation or otherwise inhibited law enforcement officers
from performing their duties. The first sentence of this paragraph, therefore, expressed defendant’s
opinion regarding law enforcement’s response based upon his interpretation of the incident report.

        The second sentence of this paragraph requires close analysis to discern whether it merely
expressed an opinion or directly or impliedly defamed plaintiff. Plaintiff asserts that the sentence
constituted defamation per se because it states that she withheld evidence and imputed to her the
commission of a criminal offense. Defendant counters that his statement that plaintiff withheld
evidence was factually true based upon the incident report. Alternatively, he maintains that it
merely expressed his opinion.

        Analysis of the complete incident report indicates that, although plaintiff may not have
turned over her daughter’s cell phone to law enforcement, she provided screenshots pertinent to
the investigation. Further, although not entirely clear from the content of the incident report, it
appears that law enforcement obtained evidence that enabled the identification of all text messages
made by and received by the decedent from two hours before her death to her last text message
from plaintiff at 12:05 a.m. on August 19, 2019. The incident report suggested, if not directly
indicated, that law enforcement obtained the evidence sought from the decedent’s cell phone, albeit
perhaps from other sources. The incident report does not state that plaintiff withheld evidence nor
does it intimate that investigators concluded that she withheld evidence and violated the law.

        The last sentence of defendant’s blog post expresses defendant’s conclusion that an
“irregularity” in the investigation existed. The first sentence in the paragraph indicates that in his
opinion no irregularity existed respecting law enforcement’s conduct. Defendant then stated that
the “only irregularity seems to be” that plaintiff withheld evidence. The words “seems to be” are
not a declaration that something is. Use of the words “seems to be” is indicative that an author has
the opinion that facts suggest a state of being, but the author does not, cannot, or will not
definitively declare such as a matter of actual provable fact. The trial court considered defendant’s
use of the words “seems to be” as dispositive that defendant merely stated an opinion that could
never be actionable as defamation per se. The trial court did not err in this regard because the
sentence simply cannot be understood as a declaration of actual provable fact that plaintiff withheld

                                                 -9-
evidence. The sentence merely expressed an opinion. As this Court stated in Ireland, 230 Mich
App at 614, a statement that cannot be reasonably interpreted as stating actual facts about the
plaintiff is protected by the First Amendment. Further, the trial court appropriately discerned that
statements such as defendant made on Internet platforms are generally regarded as “pure opinion
rather than statements or implications of actual, provable fact.” Ghanam, 303 Mich App at 546-
547. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s decision that defendant’s statement did not constitute
defamation per se and it properly granted summary disposition for defendant on that claim.

        Defendant’s contention that he merely repeated information contained in a public record
and thereby could claim his statements were privileged under MCL 600.2911 lacks merit because
one cannot read his blog post in conjunction with the incident report and conclude that he gave a
fair and true report of matters of public record. Defendant’s blog post omitted pertinent facts and
stated opinions based on his selective interpretation of the report. Regardless, the record reflects
that the trial court, after reaching the correct decision, properly declined to consider and rule on
whether defendant could claim a privilege under MCL 600.2911. Accordingly, we need not
consider whether defendant could claim his statement privileged.

        Plaintiff also argues that the trial court erred by failing to find a genuine issue of fact
regarding plaintiff’s false-light invasion of privacy claim because the record evidence at least
demonstrates the existence of a factual question of defendant’s state of mind, whether he acted
intentionally to harm and discredit plaintiff by the statements he made publicly. We disagree.

       In Puetz v Spectrum Health Hospitals, 324 Mich App 51; 919 NW2d 439 (2018), this Court
explained:

                An invasion-of-privacy claim protects against four types of invasion of
       privacy: “(1) intrusion upon the plaintiff’s seclusion or solitude or into his private
       affairs; (2) public disclosure of embarrassing private facts about the plaintiff; (3)
       publicity that places the plaintiff in a false light in the public eye; and (4)
       appropriation, for the defendant’s advantage, of the plaintiff’s name or likeness.”
       Doe v Mills, 212 Mich App 73, 80; 536 NW.2d 824 (1995). . . . “In order to
       maintain an action for false-light invasion of privacy, a plaintiff must show that the
       defendant broadcast to the public in general, or to a large number of people,
       information that was unreasonable and highly objectionable by attributing to the
       plaintiff characteristics, conduct, or beliefs that were false and placed the plaintiff
       in a false position.” Duran v Detroit News, Inc, 200 Mich App 622, 631-632; 504
       NW2d 715 (1993). Further, “the defendant must have known of or acted in reckless
       disregard as to the falsity of the publicized matter and the false light in which the
       plaintiff would be placed.” [Id. at 69.]

                                              * * *

       A claim for false-light invasion of privacy requires that the plaintiff receive
       publicity. Derderian v Genesys Health Care Sys, 263 Mich App 364, 385; 689
       NW2d 145 (2004). Publicity can be shown if the defendant “broadcast [the
       challenged information] to the public in general, or to a large number of
       people . . . .” Duran, 200 Mich Ap. at 631-632. The term “broadcast” means “to

                                                -10-
         make widely known.” Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.).
         Therefore, summary disposition is appropriate when the communication is only
         published to a small or specific group of individuals. [Id. at 71.]

        In this case, plaintiff’s false-light invasion of privacy claim failed for two reasons. First,
plaintiff failed and could not establish that defendant broadcasted false information regarding
plaintiff’s conduct. As explained previously, defendant stated opinions based on his interpretation
of the information available to him at the time from the police incident report. Further, the record
reflects that he contacted Sergeant Jones and confirmed that the incident report stated that plaintiff
obtained possession of her daughter’s phone and did not turn it over to law enforcement despite
Sergeant Jones’s informing her of investigator’s interest in its contents. Second, plaintiff failed
and could not prove that defendant knew of or acted in reckless disregard as to the falsity of the
publicized matter. The record reflects that, before publishing his blog post, defendant obtained the
incident report and at least confirmed its contents with Sergeant Jones. The facts he posted were
not provably false, and he expressed his opinion based on those facts. The trial court determined
that defendant had not acted negligently under the circumstances. The trial court correctly
discerned that if plaintiff could not prove that defendant acted negligently, plaintiff also could not
prove that defendant knowingly or recklessly publicized information that cast plaintiff in a false
light. Accordingly, the trial court did not err by granting defendant summary disposition of this
claim.

         Affirmed. Pursuant to MCR 7.219, the prevailing party is entitled to recover reasonable
costs.

                                                              /s/ Michael J. Riordan
                                                              /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                              /s/ James Robert Redford

                                                -11-