Court Opinion

ID: 9692789
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-25 16:05:47.458595+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:19:36.991413
License: Public Domain

EVELYN V. KEYES, Justice,
dissenting.
I respectfully dissent. The majority acknowledges that the trial court’s denial of a defendant’s right to ask proper voir dire questions deprives the defendant of his Sixth Amendment right to exercise his peremptory strikes intelligently and is thus constitutional error subject to a Rule 44.2(a) analysis under Gonzales v. State, 994 S.W.2d 170 (Tex.Crim.App.1999), Franklin v. State, 138 S.W.3d 351 (Tex.Crim.App.2004), and Rios v. State, 4 S.W.3d 400 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet. dism’d). Rule 44.2(a) requires us, when conducting a harmless error review of constitutional error, to “reverse a judgment of conviction or punishment unless the court determines beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the conviction or punishment.” Tex. R.App. P. 44.2(a). “If there is a reasonable likelihood that the error materially affected the jury’s deliberations, then the error is not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The reviewing court should calculate, as nearly as possible, the probable impact of the error on the jury in light of the other evidence.” McCarthy v. State, 65 S.W.3d 47, 55 (Tex.Crim.App.2002) (citations omitted); see also Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 119-20 (Tex.Crim.App.2000).
Although the majority correctly recites the Rule 44.2(a) standard of review for harmless constitutional error, it actually constructs its own standard of review of non-constitutional error subject to a Rule 44.2(b) analysis in an apparent attempt to follow Rich v. State, 160 S.W.3d 575, 577 (Tex.Crim.App.2005). In Rich, the Court of Criminal Appeals stated that “[a] trial judge’s impermissible exclusion of a proper question during jury voir dire is subject to a harmless error analysis” when voir dire is conducted in a group setting, but it did not state whether the analysis should be conducted under Rule 44.2(a), governing constitutional error, or under Rule 44.2(b), governing non-constitutional error; however, because the court of appeals had concluded that Rule 44.2(b) applied, and because the appellant did not contest that conclusion, the Court of Criminal Appeals assumed that Rule 44.2(b) applied. See 160 S.W.3d at 577.1 The court observed that in reviewing for non-constitutional error under Rule 44.2(b), the appellate court is required to “assess whether the defendant’s substantial rights were affected— that is, whether the error had a substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.” Id. It continued, “In the case of the erroneous admission of evidence, we have said that the appellate court should consider everything in the record, including any ... evidence admitted ... the nature of the evidence supporting the verdict, the character of the alleged error and how it might be considered in connection with other evidence in the case, the jury instructions, the [parties’] theories, closing arguments, voir dire, and whether the State emphasized the er*783ror.” Id. at 577-78. It concluded, “We believe these same general factors are relevant considerations in determining the harm from being denied a proper question to the venire.” Id. at 578. The court reversed the case and remanded it to the court of appeals “to conduct a proper harm analysis,” without further instructions.
While stating that it is using the Rule 44.2(a) standard of review and is applying the Rich factors, the majority in this case actually constructs its own standard of review of harm from denial of the opportunity to put a proper voir dire question to the venire. Unlike Wesbrook, McCarthy, and Rich, the majority limits its analysis to addressing “the harm resulting from the trial court’s error in refusing to permit proper voir-dire questions by appellant concerning (1) how the panel would treat illegally obtained statements and (2) whether the panel could disregard illegally obtained statements,” and it assesses that harm by asking how the voir dire error might have impacted the jury’s mental state as gleaned by reviewing the Rich factors.
While the Rich factors are a useful gloss on the thoroughness of the review of the record required both by Rich and by authorities analyzing voir dire error under Rule 44.2(a), Rich does not purport to overrule Gonzales, Franklin, and Rios. Therefore, I believe we are compelled to conduct a standard Rule 44.2(a) harm analysis by reviewing the record to determine whether there is a reasonable likelihood that the voir dire error changed the jury’s persuasion on the issue in question, namely appellant’s guilt, incorporating the Rich factors as a guide to our review. The standard of review for constitutional error under Rule 44.2(a) is set out by the Court of Criminal Appeals in Wesbrook, 29 S.W.3d at 119-20 and McCarthy, 65 S.W.3d at 52.
In Wesbrook, the Court of Criminal Appeals stated that “the critical inquiry is whether the error may have contributed to appellant’s conviction or punishment.” 29 S.W.3d at 119; see also Tex.R.App. P. 44.2(a). It then continued:
If there is a reasonable likelihood that the error materially affected the jury’s deliberations, then the error was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. We must be able to conclude from the record that the erroneously admitted evidence was, in fact, harmless as to punishment beyond a reasonable doubt. An appellate court should not focus on the propriety of the outcome of the trial. Instead, the appellate court should calculate as much as possible the probable impact of the error on the jury in light of the existence of other evidence. While the most significant concern must be the error and its effects, the presence of overwhelming evidence supporting the finding in question can be a factor in the evaluation of harmless error. If an appellate court rules that an error is harmless, it is in essence asserting the nature of the error is such that it could not have affected the jury. Stated in an interrogatory context, a reviewing court asks if there was a reasonable possibility that the error, either alone or in context, moved the jury from a state of nonper-suasion to one of persuasion as to the issue in question.
29 S.W.3d at 119-20 (citations omitted). The court held that because the jury possessed details of both the defendant’s crime and his solicitation to murder — evidence sought to be used against him at the punishment stage of his trial — there was no reasonable likelihood that an inadmissible portion of the testimony consisting of incriminating information elicited from him by a jailhouse informant “considered either alone or in context, moved the jury from a *784state of nonpersuasion to persuasion regarding the issue of future dangerousness,” thereby affecting the defendant’s punishment. Id. Therefore, it concluded that the error in admitting the illegally obtained inculpatory information was “harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 120.
Applying the same standard of review to the record in McCarthy, the Court of Criminal Appeals concluded that, even though there was ample independent evidence of guilt, it was impossible to say there was no reasonable likelihood that the State’s use of the defendant’s illegally obtained statement materially affected the jury’s deliberations and thus contributed to the jury’s verdict of guilty. See 65 S.W.3d at 52-56. The State had relied extensively on the defendant’s illegally obtained statement during its case-in-chief and closing arguments as direct evidence to prove her guilt, to establish motive, and to help explain the murder weapon, and the statement was powerful enough to establish guilt, paint the defendant as an unrepentant liar, and set out her cruel and greedy motive for killing her elderly neighbor, with a potentially indelible impact on the jury. Id. Thus, the court found harmful constitutional error. Id. at 56.
Had it followed Wesbrook and McCarthy and incorporated the Rich factors in its review, the majority in this case would have reviewed the record to determine whether “there was a reasonable possibility that the error [in denying appellant the opportunity to question the venire members about their ability to follow an instruction to disregard appellant’s incul-patory statements if they believed them illegally obtained], either alone or in context, [of the entire voir dire, evidence, instructions, parties’ theories of the case, closing arguments, and emphasis placed on the error], moved the jury from a state of nonpersuasion to one of persuasion as to the issue in question,” namely appellant’s guilt. See Wesbrook, 29 S.W.3d at 119-20. That is, had the majority employed the correct standard of review of constitutional error under Rule 44.2(a), it would have determined whether the record demonstrated that the impact of the trial court’s denial of appellant’s proper voir dire question was sufficient to move the jury from a state of nonpersuasion to one of persuasion as to appellant’s guilt. It would not have attempted to determine how the jury panel would treat illegally obtained statements or whether the jury panel could disregard such statements.
Instead, the majority first considers the effect on the jury of the trial court’s instruction to disregard any inculpatory statement made by appellant unless the jurors “first believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the same was freely -and voluntarily made by the defendant without compulsion or persuasion by him” and that he was first given his article 38.22 warnings. See Tex.Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.22 (Vernon 2005). It is well established that a jury is presumed to follow such an instruction and that error may not be found on the basis that it did not unless that presumption is rebutted by evidence. See Colburn v. State, 966 S.W.2d 511, 520 (Tex.Crim.App.1998). The majority acknowledges that this presumption “weighs in favor of finding the error harmless,” but it also states that it “cannot determine whether the jurors actually followed the instruction because appellant was deprived of the opportunity to conduct voir dire concerning the charge actually given at his trial, which called for the jury to assess evidence pertinent to the central, disputed issue of his intoxication.” Thus, although the majority states that the presumption that the jury followed instructions weighs in favor of finding the voir *785dire error harmless, it effectively nullifies the presumption by deciding that it “cannot determine whether the jurors actually followed the instruction.” (Emphasis added.)
The only fair inference from the majority’s statement is that while an instruction to disregard cures error in the improper admission of genuinely illegally obtained evidence presented to the jury itself in the absence of evidence that a juror failed to disregard the illegally obtained evidence, it does not cure error in the denial of the opportunity to question the entire venire about whether a veniremember who might or might not have sat on the jury would be able to follow an instruction to disregard evidence that might or might not turn out to have been illegally obtained, even if there is no evidence that such a person sat on the jury or that such evidence affected the verdict, because the reviewing court cannot actually know what the jury thought.
Without the presumption, the instruction to disregard is necessarily of negligible weight under the majority’s standard of review of voir dire error as an inquiry into “how the panel would treat illegally obtained statements and ... whether the panel could disregard illegally obtained statements.” These are generally unknowable subjective factors in the absence of a presumption that the jury disregarded evidence it thought illegally obtained and in the absence of any evidence in the record that any juror was actually persuaded to find appellant guilty on the basis of illegally obtained evidence, of which there was none. With both checks on the reviewing court’s subjective assessment of what the panel might have thought nullified, it is not surprising that the majority found it could not determine the effect of the voir dire error on the jury that was actually seated. In short, the majority assesses the impact of the error on the jury’s mental state and finds it unknowable, rather than looking to the record to determine the impact of the denial of the question on the jury’s determination of guilt.
Had the majority reviewed the record to determine whether appellant’s inability to question the venire regarding their ability to disregard illegally obtained evidence might have “moved the jury from a state of nonpersuasion to one of persuasion” as to appellant’s guilt, as Wesbrook requires, it would have had to conclude that there was no evidence that the error moved the jury to find appellant guilty rather than not guilty. Not only was the jury presumed to follow the trial court’s instruction to disregard such evidence, and not only was there no evidence that they disregarded the instruction, but also, as we held in a portion of our original opinion, appellant’s inculpatory statements were not illegally obtained, and, even if they had been, they were merely cumulative of other evidence which was sufficient to establish appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Wappler, 104 S.W.3d at 668-69.2
Wesbrook states, “While the most significant concern must be the error and its *786effects, the presence of overwhelming evidence supporting the finding in question can be a factor in the evaluation of harmless error.” 29 S.W.3d at 119. In our original opinion, we determined that the admission of appellant’s inculpatory statements would have been harmless error even if they had been illegally obtained, and we summarized the evidence of appellant’s guilt apart from those statements:
Chang, Faro, and Romero all testified that appellant appeared intoxicated. There was evidence that appellant was unsteady on his feet, that his eyes were bloodshot, and that his speech was slurred. Chang testified that he could not dial the cell phone. Appellant was seen using a rag to clean the inside of his car, and the rag smelled of alcohol. Finally, there was evidence that appellant had lost control of his physical faculties by urinating in his pants and that he was belligerent. Therefore, the in-culpatory statements by appellant were cumulative of other evidence of intoxication presented by the State.
Wappler, 104 S.W.3d at 668-69. We found that the evidence was sufficient to support a guilty verdict beyond a reasonable doubt, even if appellant’s inculpatory statements had been illegally obtained, which they were not. The Court of Criminal Appeals reversed our holding that appellant was estopped to complain of voir dire error and remanded the case for proceedings consistent with its opinion. See Wappler, 138 S.W.3d at 334. The court did not cite to any error in our conclusions that appellant’s inculpatory statements were legally obtained and that they were cumulative of other evidence factually sufficient by itself to support appellant’s conviction for DWI. See 104 S.W.3d at 668-69, 670.
Nevertheless, ignoring and effectively overruling our prior holding, the majority now reweighs the evidence and determines that “[t]he remaining [Rich ] factors all point to a conclusion that the trial court’s error was harmful.” Specifically, “Appellant’s admission that he had been drinking earlier in the day at the casinos was nearly the equivalent of a confession to DWI.” It thus necessarily finds there is a reasonable likelihood that the trial court’s denial of the opportunity to ask a proper voir dire question was sufficient to have moved the jury from a state of nonpersuasion to one of persuasion as to appellant’s guilt, even though we had previously held that appellant’s inculpatory statements were admissible and that the other evidence of his guilt was sufficient to convict him of DWI beyond a reasonable doubt. Cf. Wesbrook, 29 S.W.3d at 119-20 (“[Bjecause the jury possessed details of both the crime itself and the solicitation to murder, there is no reasonable likelihood that the inadmissible portion of Jones’ testimony, considered either alone or in context, moved the jury from a state of nonpersuasion to persuasion regarding the issue of future dangerousness. The error that occurred was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.-”).
Like the Court of Criminal Appeals in Wesbrook, I would conclude that because the jury is presumed to have followed the instruction to disregard evidence it thought illegally obtained, because it possessed overwhelming evidence supporting appellant’s conviction for DWI, and because appellant’s inculpatory statements, even had they been illegally obtained, which they were not, were merely cumulative of other evidence that appellant had been drinking heavily prior to being stopped, there is no reasonable likelihood that the denial of the opportunity to ask the proper voir dire question at issue moved the jury from a state of nonpersuasion to one of persuasion with regard to appellant’s guilt.
*787Because I would hold that the trial court’s error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt under Rule 44.2(a)’s strict standard for review of harmless constitutional error, I would necessarily hold that the error was harmless under 44.2(b)’s less stringent standard for determining whether appellant’s “substantial rights were affected — that is, whether the error had a substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.” Rich, 160 S.W.3d at 577.
I would affirm the judgment of the trial court.

. The dissent pointed out that “prohibiting appellant from asking the venire members a proper question was, under binding precedent, an error of constitutional dimension." Rich, 160 S.W.3d at 578 (Holcomb, J., dissenting).

. Appellant moved to suppress his statement, in response to the police officer’s question at the scene, that he had been drinking at a casino in Louisiana but that he had taken his last drink two hours earlier. Appellant assigned error to the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress as a point of error on appeal. We concluded in our original opinion that Romero’s questions to appellant were not made during custodial interrogation; moreover, even if appellant’s inculpatory statements to Romero were improperly admitted, the error was harmless, given the other evidence admitted on the issue of intoxication. See Wappler v. State, 104 S.W.3d 661, 668-69 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2003), rev'd on other grounds, 138 S.W.3d 331 (Tex.Crim.App.2004).