Court Opinion

ID: 9322622
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-12-02 18:36:00.365127+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:14:42.165584
License: Public Domain

LAGESEN, J.
This appeal arises from a juvenile dependency case about T. T is three years old and has been a ward of the juvenile court for almost his entire life. The juvenile court took jurisdiction over T because, shortly after his birth, each of T’s parents admitted that his welfare was endangered within the meaning of ORS 419B.100(1)(c)1 by mother’s substance abuse and mental health issues, and by father’s incarceration and substance abuse. Soon thereafter, the juvenile court placed T, who had been living with mother, in substitute care with the Department of Human Services (DHS). Approximately one year later, the juvenile court found that, notwithstanding efforts by DHS to reunify T with his parents, parents still had not made it possible for T to return safely to them, and, based on that finding, entered a permanency judgment establishing adoption as the permanency plan for T. As a result of that judgment, DHS shifted its efforts from reunifying T with his parents to executing the permanency plan of adoption.
About eight months later, parents moved to terminate the wardship and dismiss dependency jurisdiction, although, at the time, the permanency plan for T remained adoption. Parents acknowledged that they had not remedi-ated the conditions that had led to the juvenile court exercising jurisdiction over T, but argued that those conditions no longer posed a danger to T, because T’s paternal aunt (aunt) was available and willing to assist them in parenting T in a manner that would mitigate any risk to T. Noting that our case law is not clear on the point, the juvenile court determined that the evidence about aunt was not relevant to the legal issue presented by a motion to dismiss juvenile court jurisdiction, which the court understood to be narrow: whether the identified bases for jurisdiction contained in the jurisdictional judgment continued.2 Based on that *676understanding of the law, the court denied the motion, concluding that the original grounds for jurisdiction — mother’s substance abuse and mental health issues, and father’s incarceration and substance abuse — were still present.
Father has appealed. The issue on appeal is whether the juvenile court erred in denying the motion to dismiss. Concerned about the potential for motions to dismiss like the one at issue in this case to disrupt the permanency process established by the legislature, after this case was submitted to a three-judge department of this court, we took this case into full court to consider two important and recurring questions related to motions to dismiss juvenile court jurisdiction: (1) What is the legal standard governing a motion to dismiss juvenile court dependency jurisdiction and, under that standard, is evidence that another person is available and willing to help parents care for a child — in a way that will mitigate the risks posed by the grounds on which dependency jurisdiction is founded— relevant to the determination of whether dependency jurisdiction continues? And (2) where a juvenile court has entered a permanency judgment changing a permanency plan away from reunification with parents to adoption, or another permanency plan, is a motion to dismiss jurisdiction such as parents’ motion cognizable and, if so, what party bears the burden of proof on that motion? As to the second question, we requested and received supplemental briefing from the parties.
For reasons explained below, we answer those questions as follows: (1) On a motion to dismiss dependency jurisdiction, a juvenile court must determine (a) whether the jurisdictional bases pose a current threat of serious loss or injury to the ward, and, if so, (b) whether that threat *677is reasonably likely to be realized. Evidence that another person is able to assist in caring for a child in a way that would mitigate the risk posed by the jurisdictional bases is probative of the second element of that inquiry, and a juvenile court errs when it excludes that evidence or otherwise fails to take it into account in assessing whether dependency jurisdiction continues. (2) If the permanency plan for a child is something other than reunification, a parent seeking dismissal of dependency jurisdiction on the ground that the jurisdictional bases no longer endanger the child bears the burden of proving that the bases for juvenile court jurisdiction no longer endanger the child, unless the proponents of jurisdiction opt not to put them to their burden. In effect, a permanency plan other than return to parent gives rise to a presumption that the child cannot return safely home. If the proponents of ongoing jurisdiction choose to invoke that presumption, a parent seeking dismissal of dependency jurisdiction must overcome that presumption by proving that the parent has ameliorated the jurisdictional bases to the degree that they no longer pose a threat to the child that is reasonably likely to be realized.
I. LEGAL FRAMEWORK
This case involves a motion to dismiss juvenile court dependency jurisdiction filed after entry of a permanency judgment changing the ward’s permanency plan from return to parents to adoption. For that reason, we provide an overview of the statutes governing dependency jurisdiction and those governing permanency proceedings in a dependency case.
Children in Oregon “are individuals who have legal rights.” ORS 419B.090(2)(a). Those rights include the right to “[p]ermanency with a safe family”; the right to “ [freedom from physical, sexual or emotional abuse or exploitation”; and the right to “[f]reedom from substantial neglect of basic needs.” Oregon’s dependency statutes serve to protect and enforce those rights while, at the same time, safeguarding parents’ Fourteenth Amendment liberty interest in parenting their children. ORS 419B.090. To strike a balance between those sometimes competing interests, the statutes provide that Oregon’s policy is to remove an endangered *678child from his or her parents, but to then make reasonable efforts “to allow [parents] the opportunity to adjust their circumstances, conduct or conditions to make it possible for the child to safely return home within a reasonable time.” ORS 419B.090. If, however, parents do not make it possible for their child to return to them, then “the State of Oregon has the obligation to create or provide an alternative, safe and permanent home for the child.” ORS 419B.090(5).
To effectuate that legislative policy, ORS 419B.100(1)(c) — the authority on which the juvenile court took jurisdiction over T — permits a juvenile court to take jurisdiction over a child whose “welfare” is endangered by the child’s condition or circumstances. The provision states that “the juvenile court has exclusive original jurisdiction of any case involving a person who is under 18 years of age and *** [w]hose condition or circumstances are such as to endanger the welfare of the person [.]” A child’s welfare is “endanger [ed]” within the meaning of the statute if the child is facing a current “threat of serious loss or injury,” and there is “a reasonable likelihood that the threat will be realized.” Dept. of Human Services v. A. F., 243 Or App 379, 386, 259 P3d 957 (2011); State ex rel Juv. Dept. v. Smith, 316 Or 646, 651-53, 853 P2d 282 (1993) (concluding that, under ORS 419.476(1)(c), the predecessor to ORS 419B.100(l)(c), a child’s “condition or circumstances are such as to endanger” the child’s welfare “[i]f, after considering all the facts, the juvenile court finds that there is a reasonable likelihood of harm to the welfare of the child”).
Once a juvenile court has taken jurisdiction over a child pursuant to ORS 419B.100(1)(c), the court retains that jurisdiction so long as “the jurisdictional bases [] continue to pose a current threat of serious loss or injury, and there [is] a reasonable likelihood that the threat will be realized.” Dept. of Human Services v. J. V.-G., 277 Or App 201, 212, 370 P3d 916 (2016). If, however, the bases for the juvenile court’s jurisdiction “cease to exist,” then the juvenile court must terminate the wardship and dismiss the case, thereby returning the child to the care and legal custody of the child’s parents or legal guardians. Dept. of Human Services v. A. R. S., 258 Or App 624, 310 P3d 1186 (2013), rev dismissed, 355 Or 668 (2014).
*679If a juvenile court places a child in substitute care with DHS (or another substitute caregiver),3 then the court periodically must review the child’s circumstances. The purpose of these reviews is to assess what efforts DHS has made to reunify the family or to achieve another permanent placement for the child and, ultimately, to determine whether jurisdiction should continue. ORS 419B.449(1) (providing for review hearing for court “to review the child or ward’s condition and circumstances and to determine if the court should continue jurisdiction and wardship or order modifications in the care, placement and supervision of the child or ward”).
Although some dependency cases may resolve quickly, many do not. To help ensure that children do not languish in foster care, Congress enacted the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 (ASFA). ASFA establishes a number of requirements for state juvenile and foster care systems aimed at reducing children’s time spent in foster care; these requirements are enforced against the states through Congress’s Spending Clause authority. 42 USC §§ 671, 675; Dept. of Human Services v. T. L., 358 Or 679, 689, 369 P3d 1159 (2016).
To comply with ASFA, the Oregon legislature enacted the permanency provisions of the dependency code, ORS 419B.470 to 419B.476. Or Laws 1999, ch 859; T. L., 358 Or at 689. In general, those provisions require a juvenile court to conduct a permanency hearing for a child in substitute care no later than one year after the court took jurisdiction over the child, or 14 months after the child was placed in substitute care, whichever date comes first. ORS 419B.470(2).4 The primary purpose of the permanency hearing is to determine, or update, the permanency plan for the child and to establish the timetable and conditions for accomplishing that plan. ORS 419B.476(2), (4), (5). After *680the hearing, the juvenile court must memorialize the child’s permanency plan and any other required findings in a final order. ORS 419B.476(5).
The permanency hearing is significant because, as the Supreme Court recently has reminded us, it sets the roadmap for the resolution of the dependency case. T. L., 358 Or at 689-93.5 The permanency plan set by the court determines whether DHS will continue to work to reunify the family or will, instead, direct its efforts towards accomplishing the alternative plan established by the court. Id. at 691. If the juvenile court changes a permanency plan from reunification with parents to a different plan, that “change divests the parent of family reunification services as a matter of right from that time forward.” Id. (citing ORS 419B.476(4)(c)). Also, DHS no longer must make “reasonable efforts” to enable the ward to return safely home, or monitor whether the parents have made sufficient progress to allow the child to return to them. Id. at 691-92. In other words, a change in a child’s permanency plan from return to parent to some other permanency plan “marks a profound change in the path to finality for children in care.” Id. at 692. Although the change is not irreversible — ORS 419B.470(5) entitles parents to request new permanency hearings so long as their parental rights have not been terminated — it gives rise to the operating assumption that the child will not be returning to parents: “where [a] court changes a case plan from reunification to a permanent plan such as guardianship or [another planned permanent living arrangement], the parent’s status as the preferred placement for the child is effectively terminated, unless and until the plan is changed at a subsequent permanency hearing.” Id. at 693.
*681II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
T came within the juvenile court’s dependency jurisdiction because parents admitted that T’s circumstances endangered him within the meaning of ORS 419B.100(l)(c). Mother admitted that T was endangered on the ground that mother had “mental health and substance abuse issues” which had resulted in her not having full legal and physical custody of a different child and which “have not changed or been ameliorated and impair her judgment and interfere with her ability and availability to safely and adequately parent” T. Father admitted that T was endangered by the fact that father’s “substance abuse impairs his judgment and interferes with his ability and availability to safely and adequately parent [T] unless treated.” Father also admitted that his criminal behavior and related incarceration endangered T: “[F]ather’s pattern of criminal behavior (including coercion, felony assault, robbery, theft, possession of methamphetamine and other controlled substances, and multiple parole and probation violations) and resulting incarceration interferes with his ability and availability to safely and adequately parent the child.”
At the permanency hearing a year later, the juvenile court found that not much had changed, notwithstanding DHS’s efforts to reunify T with his parents, and that T could not be returned safely to his parents. Based on those findings, the court changed T’s permanency plan from reunification to adoption.
Eight months later, at the time father filed the motion to dismiss that is the subject of this appeal, things remained pretty much the same.6 The permanency plan for T remained adoption. At the hearing on the motion to dismiss, mother, through her lawyer, stipulated that she had not ameliorated the substance abuse and mental health issues that she previously had admitted endangered T. Father testified that he remained incarcerated. Although father testified that he had been sober while incarcerated, and that he participated in NA meetings, father admitted that he had not completed any treatment programs for drugs and *682alcohol in the time since he had admitted that his substance abuse problem, unless treated, impaired his ability to parent T. Father also admitted that he risked relapse without treatment.
Notwithstanding the evidence that neither parent had redressed the conditions that, by their own initial admissions, posed a risk of serious loss or harm to T that was reasonably likely to be realized, father urged the juvenile court to dismiss jurisdiction. Father’s theory was that the court should find that parents had mitigated the risk of harm posed to T by enlisting aunt to assist them with parenting T, and that mitigation was to a degree that rendered jurisdiction no longer permissible. Specifically, father argued that DHS could not establish that T remained in danger as a result of father’s incarceration and untreated substance abuse issues, given father’s “plan” that aunt would assist parents in parenting T in a way that would avert the risks to T to which parents had admitted.
In support of the motion, parents introduced evidence of documents in which they purported to delegate their parenting authority to aunt. Aunt also testified. She explained, in some detail, how she intended to care for T, and how she would protect T from his parents, if necessary for his safety. She testified that she had obtained an apartment and set up a bedroom for T, and would care for him so long as parents were not able to do so. Aunt further testified that she had some experience caring for T before he had been removed from mother’s custody, and that she previously had taken steps to protect T from father and mother by calling police more than one time when father and mother “were high and wanted to come near” T. She testified that she would be willing to do so again if she needed to do so in order to ensure that T was not harmed by his parents.
DHS and T both opposed the motion. In addition to eliciting admissions from father that his substance abuse remained untreated, and that he remained incarcerated, DHS called Askey, a DHS worker familiar with aunt and aunt’s circumstances to respond to aunt’s testimony. Askey testified about the circumstances that had caused DHS to have concerns about aunt’s potential to succeed as *683a long-term caregiver for T. According to Askey, although aunt herself did not pose a risk to T, aunt would face a significant number of challenges in providing care to T. Aunt worked full time as a manager at a restaurant, but her income from that job barely met her expenses, calling into question whether she had the financial capacity to care for T. Aunt’s support network was weak, and her family did not likely have the capacity to help her care for T; although aunt herself had no criminal record, almost all of her family members had criminal records, and aunt herself had been in substitute care as a child. In Askey’s view, although aunt was working hard to establish and maintain a healthy (and legal) lifestyle, given aunt’s background, aunt was “barely maintaining her own stability of staying out of law enforcement, staying out of child welfare” such that “any little thing that comes into her life will completely disrupt the applecart that she has created and tried to make healthy for her so she’s not like her other family members.”
After hearing all the evidence, the court explained that it thought the legal question presented by the motion to dismiss was whether “the factual basis that led to the original jurisdiction continues,” and that the focus of its inquiry was whether mother had ameliorated her substance abuse and mental health issues, and whether father had ameliorated the condition of being incarcerated and his untreated substance abuse. Noting that all those conditions still were present, the court ruled that the jurisdictional bases “have not been remediated to the point that * * * there no longer exists a current and present risk of harm to [T].” Based on that determination, the court entered an order denying the motion to dismiss.
Father has appealed that order. On appeal, father contends that, on the evidentiary record before it, the juvenile court could not permissibly conclude that T remained in danger as a result of the original bases of jurisdiction, given aunt’s testimony about how she would assist parents in caring for T in a way that would protect him from the threat of harm posed by the jurisdictional bases. DHS contends otherwise, arguing that the juvenile court correctly deemed the evidence regarding aunt to be irrelevant to the question *684before it, and that the court otherwise correctly determined that jurisdiction continued.
In deciding to take this case into full court, a question arose as to what bearing, if any, a permanency plan for a child, other than reunification, has on the cogniza-bility of a motion to dismiss dependency jurisdiction, and on the allocation of the burden of proof on such a motion. We requested and received supplemental briefing from the parties on those questions. Both parties agree that nothing in the juvenile code categorically forecloses a parent from moving to dismiss dependency jurisdiction after the permanency plan has been changed away from return to parent. DHS, however, argues that a change in a permanency plan away from reunification should shift the burden of proof on a motion to dismiss dependency jurisdiction to parents when the motion is predicated on the theory that parents have remediated the jurisdictional bases sufficiently to permit the child to return safely home. Father disagrees, arguing that the burden of proof should always remain on the proponent of continuing “state interference.”
III. ANALYSIS
As noted, we allowed full court consideration of this case to address two questions. We address them in turn.
A. Legal Standard on a Motion to Dismiss Jurisdiction and Relevance to Evidence of Another Person Able to Assist Parents in Caring for Child
We first address the legal standard governing a motion to dismiss a juvenile court dependency jurisdiction and whether, under that standard, evidence that another person is available and willing to help parents care for a child in a way that will mitigate the risks posed by the grounds on which dependency jurisdiction is founded is relevant to the determination of whether dependency jurisdiction continues.
The answer to the first part of that question is supplied by our case law. Our cases hold that the legal issue presented by a motion to dismiss dependency jurisdiction involves a two part inquiry. J. V.-G., 277 Or App at 212; see also A. R. S., 258 Or App at 634; Dept. of Human Services v. *685J. N., 253 Or App 494, 501, 291 P3d 765 (2012), rev den, 353 Or 747 (2013) (jurisdiction warranted if child faces threat that is current, and there is a reasonable likelihood that the threat will be realized). The court must determine whether the original bases for jurisdiction continue to pose a current threat of serious loss or injury. See J. V.-G., 277 Or App at 212. If the court determines that they do, it then must assess the likelihood that that risk will be realized. See id. In other words, the inquiry is not restricted to whether the jurisdictional bases originally found to endanger the ward continue to be present; the inquiry also requires an assessment of how likely it is that those bases will result in harm to the child’s welfare. If there is no reasonable likelihood of harm to the child’s welfare in the absence of dependency jurisdiction, there is no basis for dependency jurisdiction to continue. Smith, 316 Or at 653 (dependency jurisdiction is warranted if there is a “reasonable likelihood of harm” to child’s welfare).
The answer to the second part of the question— whether evidence that another person is available to assist parents in providing care for a child is relevant to the determination of whether dependency jurisdiction continues—is supplied by principles of evidentiary relevance. Dept. of Human Services v. J. B. V., 262 Or App 745, 751-52, 327 P3d 564 (2014) (holding that the rules of evidence apply in the context of a hearing on a motion to dismiss dependency jurisdiction). Whether particular evidence is relevant will, of course, turn on the facts of each case. However, as a general matter, evidence of measures that parents have taken to mitigate any risk posed by particular jurisdictional bases will be probative of how likely it is that risk of harm posed by those jurisdictional bases will be realized if jurisdiction is dismissed and a child is returned to his parents or legal guardians. As a result, a juvenile court must take such evidence into account in making its determination as to whether jurisdiction continues (unless, of course, the rules of evidence otherwise supply a basis for excluding the evidence).
Here, for example, parents have taken the mitigating measure of enlisting aunt’s help (or so a factfinder could find). Aunt testified with a fair degree of specificity as to *686how she would assist parents in caring for T in a way that would protect him from the threat posed by the jurisdictional bases, and Askey testified as to why aunt might not have the capacity to provide the assistance that she offered. That evidence is probative of the degree of risk posed to T by his parents’ substance abuse, mother’s mental health issues, and father’s incarceration. It tends to show what T’s life would be like if juvenile jurisdiction is dismissed and he is returned to his parents. If a factfinder were to find that aunt has the capacity to help parents in the manner that she described in her testimony and that aunt’s assistance would eliminate the threat posed to T’s welfare by the jurisdictional bases, that factfinder could find that T would not be at risk from the jurisdictional bases. On the other hand, if the factfinder doubted whether aunt would be able to provide the assistance that she was offering, or doubted that that assistance would be sufficient to eliminate the threat posed to T’s welfare by father’s substance abuse and incarceration, either because parents were not likely to cooperate with the proposed arrangement or for some other reason, the factfinder could find that it was reasonably likely that the threat posed to T’s welfare by father’s substance abuse and incarceration, and by mother’s substance abuse and mental health issues, would be realized.
The juvenile court therefore erred when it determined that the evidence about aunt was not relevant to the legal standard governing parents’ motion to dismiss.7
B. Effect of Permanency Plan on Motion to Dismiss Juvenile Court Jurisdiction
We turn to the second question for which we allowed full court review: whether a motion to dismiss juvenile court jurisdiction, on the ground that a child would no longer be endangered if the child returned to parents, is legally cognizable after the permanency plan has been changed away from reunification and, if so, what party should bear *687the burden of proof on such a motion. The Supreme Court’s recent decision in T L. has highlighted for us the significant role that permanency proceedings play in dependency cases. We have not had the occasion to address what bearing a permanency plan other than reunification has on a motion to dismiss jurisdiction like the one brought by parents and, in particular, whether such motions are cognizable and, if so, whether the permanency plan affects which party bears the burden of proof on the motion. This case presents the opportunity to do so. We take that opportunity because of concerns that such motions practice could undermine the permanency process established by the legislature, were we not to address the issue explicitly.
We start by observing that there is an obvious tension — if not an outright inconsistency — between a motion such as parents’ and a permanency plan that has been changed from return to parent, i.e., a permanency plan that is no longer reunification. Parents’ motion is predicated on the theory that T can return safely to them at this point in time. But, according to the Supreme Court, under the current permanency plan of adoption, parents’ “status as the preferred placement for the child [has been] effectively terminated unless and until the plan is changed at a subsequent permanency hearing.” T. L., 358 Or at 693 (emphasis added). A motion such as parents’ therefore implicitly challenges the permanency plan — and risks derailing it— without requesting the change of plan that otherwise would be needed to restore parents’ status as the preferred placement for their child. See id. In other words, there is a risk that such motions could be used to circumvent the process that the legislature intended when it enacted ORS 419B.470 to 419B.476.
A motion such as parents’ has the potential to disrupt the permanency process in a different way as well. Our cases place the burden of proving that jurisdiction should continue — that is, that the jurisdictional bases continue to pose a current threat of harm that is reasonably likely to be realized — on the proponents of continuing jurisdiction (usually DHS and sometimes, as here, child). A. R. S., 258 Or App at 635. But once a permanency plan has been changed away from return to parent to adoption, guardianship, or *688other permanent placement, the legislature has made clear that DHS’s primary job is to work to implement that alternative plan (unless the juvenile court has ordered otherwise). T L., 358 Or at 691-92; ORS 419B.476(2)(b), (c), (4)(b) (discussing efforts that DHS must make when permanent plan is something other than return to parent). DHS no longer must work to reunify the family, and DHS need not monitor parents’ progress. T. L., 358 Or at 691-92; Dept. of Human Services v. C. L., 254 Or App 203, 214, 295 P3d 72 (2012), rev den, 353 Or 445 (2013) (where permanency plan has been changed away from reunification, inquiry in subsequent permanency hearings is no longer whether DHS has made reasonable efforts to reunify family, or whether parents have made sufficient progress to permit child to return safely home; rather, the pertinent inquiry focuses on whether DHS has made reasonable efforts to timely implement the permanency plan).
This means that, when a permanency plan is something other than return to parent, and DHS is performing its legislatively assigned task of implementing another permanent arrangement for a child, DHS may not have available to it the information about parents’ status that it would need to demonstrate that the original jurisdictional bases continue to pose a risk to a child. That, in turn, creates the risk that a dependency case will be dismissed simply because DHS lacked sufficient evidence about parents’ current status, even if the child would remain at risk if in his or her parents’ care and custody. That would place a child at risk (by returning the child to a home that is, in fact, dangerous) and would prolong the process of achieving a safe, permanent home for the child (assuming the child, in fact, survived the return home to dangerous circumstances).
We are confident that the legislature did not intend for that to happen. The question for us, then, is how to ensure that the procedure for motions to dismiss juvenile court jurisdiction does not undermine the process for permanency contemplated by the legislature at the time that it adopted the provisions to implement ASEA. The legislature has not spoken directly on that point — it has not spoken about motions to dismiss jurisdiction at all. That leaves *689it to us to devise a way to best effectuate the legislature’s intent. Cf. State ex rel Juv. Dept. v. Geist, 310 Or 176, 185, 796 P2d 1193 (1990) (explaining that, in proceeding to terminate parental rights, court “may fashion an appropriate procedure” to vindicate parents’ interest in adequate counsel, where the legislature itself did not supply a procedure).
One answer would be to hold that such motions are not cognizable if the permanency plan is something other than return to parent. But neither DHS nor father has suggested that that would be wise, and we have some indications that that is not what the legislature intended. As noted above, until a parent’s parental rights to a child are terminated, that parent can ask for, and generally is entitled to receive, a permanency hearing “at any time.” ORS 419B.470(5). That suggests that the legislature intended that a parent whose rights have not been terminated would be able to attempt, at any time, to prove that the permanency plan should be changed back to return to parent. See State v. L. C., 234 Or App 347, 350, 228 P3d 594 (2010), rev dismissed, 349 Or 603 (2011) (juvenile court’s decision to change permanency plan must be supported by a preponderance of the evidence); Dept. of Human Services v. R. S., 270 Or App 522, 527, 348 P3d 1148 (2015) (proponent of change in permanency plan bears burden of proving that plan should be changed). Permitting a parent to move to dismiss jurisdiction on the ground that the child can safely return home at any time up until termination of parental rights is not inconsistent with that intent, so long as the motion is otherwise handled in a way that does not undercut the permanency process.
Additionally, we are mindful that dependency proceedings are equitable, with the objective of ensuring that the child that is subject to them has a safe, permanent home. Although a bright-line rule of procedure barring motions to dismiss jurisdiction, such as parents’ motion, unless and until parents secure a change in permanency plan would bring useful clarity to juvenile court procedure, it also would impose a rigid formality that could impede the juvenile court’s ability to reach the just and equitable outcome for a particular child. (This may be why the legislature, itself, *690has declined to specify a clear procedure for motions to dismiss dependency jurisdiction, leaving a gap for us to fill.)
The other answer — and the one that we think is most consistent with the permanency process adopted by the legislature — is to place, on parents who seek to dismiss dependency jurisdiction, the burden of proving that jurisdiction does not continue. That is, once a permanency plan has been changed away from reunification, a parent seeking dismissal of dependency jurisdiction must prove that the bases for jurisdiction no longer pose a current threat of loss or harm to the child that is reasonably likely to be realized, thereby overcoming the presumption created by the permanency plan that the child cannot return safely to parents.
We think this solution to be consistent with the permanency statutes for three reasons.
First, doing so ensures that the permanency plan is, in fact, taken into account when a parent seeks to dismiss jurisdiction, and is afforded the weight that the legislature plainly intended it to have. That is consonant with the Supreme Court’s recognition that a change in the permanency plan “marks a profound change in the path to finality for children in care.” T. L., 358 Or at 692.
Second, as the Supreme Court’s decision in T. L. indicates, a permanency plan, other than return to parent, in effect gives rise to an operating assumption that a child cannot safely return home. By statute, DHS and other parties to the case are entitled to rely on that operating assumption, and to direct their efforts toward finding a permanent arrangement for a child other than return to parent. T. L., 358 Or at 691-92; C. L., 254 Or App at 211-12 (once permanency plan is changed away from reunification, DHS’s goal is no longer reunification of the family). Requiring a parent to bear the burden of proof on a motion to dismiss jurisdiction filed after a permanency plan has been changed away from return to parent simply permits DHS (and, in this case, child as well) to rely on that operating assumption in the context of litigating a motion to dismiss jurisdiction.
Said another way, in the context of a motion to dismiss, we think it appropriate to treat that operating *691assumption as an evidentiary presumption that a child remains at risk of harm from the jurisdictional bases, one that the proponents of ongoing jurisdiction may invoke in opposition to a motion to dismiss by parents, and one that, if invoked, parents must overcome by proving that the jurisdictional bases no longer pose a reasonable likelihood of harm to the child.8
Third, it is consistent with the burden of proof that parents would bear if they had instead moved to change the permanency plan back to reunification. Our case law holds that a juvenile court’s decision to change a permanency plan must be supported by a preponderance of the evidence. L. C., 234 Or App at 349 (reversing juvenile court’s decision to change permanency plan from another planned permanent living arrangement to adoption where a preponderance of the evidence did not support juvenile court’s decision to change plan). As our cases have recognized, that places the burden of proving that a change of plan is warranted on the proponent of the change of plan. See, e.g., R. S., 270 Or App at 527 (DHS, as proponent of change in permanency plan, bore the burden of proving that criteria for changing plan were met). Requiring that parents bear the same burden of proof on a motion to dismiss jurisdiction that they would bear on a motion to change the permanency plan back to reunification aligns the procedure for such motions with the procedure for permanency proceedings, and guards against *692the risk that such motions might be used to undercut it in a way that, ultimately, risks harm to a child and jeopardizes a child’s chances to realize safe permanency.
For all these reasons, we hold that, when a parent seeks to dismiss juvenile court jurisdiction at a time when the permanency plan is something other than reunification, the proponent or proponents of ongoing jurisdiction may invoke a presumption, based on the plan, that the jurisdictional bases continue to make it unsafe for the child to return home. If the presumption is invoked, a parent seeking dismissal bears the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the jurisdictional bases no longer pose a current threat of serious loss or harm to the child that is reasonably likely to be realized. If the parent fails to persuade the court on that point, the motion must be denied.
IV. CONCLUSION
We have concluded that the juvenile court erred when it determined that the evidence regarding aunt was not relevant to its determination whether to dismiss juvenile court jurisdiction. We also have concluded that parents bear the burden of proof on their motion to dismiss, provided that the permanency plan for T remains something other than reunification and that the proponents of ongoing jurisdiction invoke the presumption that we have held that they are entitled to invoke as a result of that permanency plan. In light of the juvenile court’s error, and our holding regarding the burden of proof, we vacate and remand for the juvenile court to reconsider the motion to dismiss under these standards.
Vacated and remanded.

 ORS 419B.100(l)(c) states:
“Except as otherwise provided in subsection (5) of this section and ORS 107.726, the juvenile court has exclusive original jurisdiction in any case involving a person who is under 18 years of age and * * * [w]hose conditions or circumstances are such as to endanger the welfare of the person or of others.”

 We acknowledge that the record is ambiguous as to how the juvenile court treated the evidence regarding aunt (which consisted primarily of aunt’s *676testimony, the testimony of a DHS worker who was familiar with aunt, and some related exhibits about aunt and her apartment). The court admitted that evidence into the record and, in response to a question from father’s lawyer, indicated that it did not view that evidence as merely an offer of proof — something that would have suggested to the parties both that the court viewed the evidence as relevant to the issue before it, and that the court would take the evidence into account in making its decision. However, the court’s later explanation of the legal standard that it applied in resolving parents’ motion to dismiss indicates that the court thought the evidence not relevant under that standard, and that the evidence did not factor into its decision.

 Not all dependency cases result in the child being placed in substitute care. A juvenile court has the authority to place a ward under protective supervision, and leave the ward in the legal custody of the ward’s parents, if the court determines that approach is “in the best interest and welfare of a ward.” ORS 419B.331.

 In some circumstances, the court must conduct the permanency hearing earlier.

 In T. L., the issue was whether parents have a right to the adequate assistance of counsel in permanency proceedings and, if so, whether parents may assert a claim of inadequate assistance of counsel in such proceedings on direct appeal from a permanency judgment. To answer those questions, the Supreme Court considered in “some detail the role and nature of permanency proceedings in dependency cases.” 358 Or at 689. It ultimately concluded that, in light of complexity and gravity of such proceedings, as well as the need to achieve finality for children, parents had a statutory right to the adequate assistance of appointed counsel in permanency proceeding, and that parents can raise a claim of inadequate assistance of permanency counsel on direct appeal. 358 Or at 693, 702.

 Father filed the motion to dismiss. Mother joined in that motion.

 That does not mean that the court is required to be persuaded by aunt’s testimony, or that her testimony would preclude the court from determining that the jurisdictional bases continue to pose a threat to T that is reasonably likely to be realized. Whether evidence is persuasive or not is a question for the factfinder. State v. Johnson, 335 Or 511, 523, 73 P3d 282 (2003).

 We note that this approach also is consistent with the rules of evidence which, as noted, apply to motions to dismiss jurisdiction in dependency proceedings. OEC 311(l)(w) provides that there is a presumption that “[a] thing once proved to exist continues as long as is usual with things of that nature.” In turn, OEC 308 provides that, “ [i]n civil actions and proceedings, a presumption imposes on the party against whom it is directed the burden of proving that the nonexistence of the presumed fact is more probable than its existence.”
To change the permanency plan away from reunification with parents, DHS was required to prove that in the approximately one-year period between the court’s assumption of jurisdiction over T and the permanency hearing, parents had failed to make sufficient progress in addressing the jurisdictional bases to permit T to return safely home, notwithstanding DHS’s reasonable efforts to reunify the family. ORS 419B.476(2)(a); see, e.g., R. S., 270 Or App at 527 (stating standard for changing permanency plan away from reunification). Thus, in changing the permanency plan, the juvenile court found, in effect, that the then-existing state of affairs was that the jurisdictional bases pose an ongoing threat to the child’s safe return home, such that another permanent arrangement should be found for the child. Parents would have the burden of proving that that same state of affairs no longer exists.