Court Opinion

ID: 4636572
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Date Created: 2020-11-24 22:38:23.671145+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:34.013360
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                                    Appellate Court                         Date: 2020.05.27
                                                                            09:29:47 -05'00'

                  In re Marriage of Sadovsky, 2019 IL App (3d) 180204

Appellate Court        In re MARRIAGE OF TERI D. SADOVSKY, Petitioner-Appellant,
Caption                and CLAUDE A. SADOVSKY, Respondent-Appellee.

District & No.         Third District
                       No. 3-18-0204

Filed                  December 3, 2019

Decision Under         Appeal from the Circuit Court of Will County, No. 07-D-1518; the
Review                 Hon. David Garcia, Judge, presiding.

Judgment               Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
                       Cause remanded.

Counsel on             Pamela Davis Gorcowski, of Kavanagh, Grumley & Gorbold LLC, of
Appeal                 Joliet, for appellant.

                       Gwendolyn J. Sterk, of Gwendolyn J. Sterk and the Family Law
                       Group, P.C., of Orland Park, for appellee.

Panel                  JUSTICE LYTTON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                       Justices McDade and Wright concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                                              OPINION

¶1        Petitioner Teri D. Sadovsky appeals from an order of the circuit court granting respondent
     Claude A. Sadovsky’s request to terminate maintenance pursuant to section 510 of the Illinois
     Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (Marriage Act) (750 ILCS 5/510 (West 2016)). The
     trial court determined that Claude’s decision to retire from his job as an emergency room
     physician was made in good faith and reduced his maintenance obligation to zero. On appeal,
     Teri claims that (1) the trial court’s decision to set maintenance at zero was an abuse of
     discretion because it failed to consider all the statutory factors and (2) a new trial is warranted
     based on numerous evidentiary errors. She also appeals the denial of her petition for
     contribution of attorney fees and costs. We find that the trial court abused its discretion in
     barring the use of a properly disclosed report, striking the testimony of Teri’s expert witnesses,
     and refusing to allow Teri to testify as to her lifestyle during the marriage. We reverse and
     remand for a new trial on the petition to terminate maintenance and affirm the denial of the
     petition for fees and costs.

¶2                                          I. BACKGROUND
¶3        Claude and Teri married in May of 1982. In 2007, Teri filed a petition for dissolution of
     marriage, and judgment was entered in March 2009. At the time of the parties’ divorce, Claude
     was employed as an emergency room physician. His yearly income for the three years before
     trial exceeded $275,000. Teri had a degree in finance but had not worked outside the home in
     25 years. She left her job as an administrative assistant when the parties had their first child.
     After that, she stayed at home with their two children and was the primary caretaker. At the
     time of dissolution, both children were adults. In the dissolution judgment, the trial court found
     that the parties enjoyed a comfortable lifestyle and that Teri required $8000 per month in
     maintenance to maintain that standard of living. The court awarded Teri 58% of the total
     marital assets and awarded Claude 42%.
¶4        In April of 2011, Teri began full-time work as a paralegal. Claude then filed a motion to
     reduce maintenance. The trial court granted the motion and reduced his maintenance to $6500
     per month.
¶5        In November 2014, Claude filed a petition to terminate maintenance, in which he alleged
     that by virtue of his profession as an emergency room doctor he suffered extreme stress and
     that he intended to end his employment on December 20, 2014. He requested that his
     maintenance obligation be terminated or, in the alternative, reduced.
¶6        In 2017, shortly before trial, both parties filed financial affidavits with the court. Teri’s
     financial affidavit stated that her gross yearly income was $39,225. She listed her net monthly
     income as $2150 and total monthly living expenses as $7698. She did not list any outstanding
     debts. Claude also filed a financial affidavit in which he listed his earned income for 2017 as $0
     and his gross monthly income from retirement accounts and rental income as $2212. He
     reported a net monthly income of $2128 and monthly living expenses of $6594. His affidavit
     included a list of bank and credit card debts totaling $4000.
¶7        At trial, Claude testified that he began working as an emergency room doctor in 1985 and
     had worked at various hospitals throughout his career. At age 57, he decided to retire because
     he did not enjoy working anymore. Claude stated that he felt stress on the job because he had

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       been sued for medical malpractice several times. In late 2011, the hospital contracted with a
       new physician’s group, and Claude was subject to patient evaluations. He scored poorly on the
       evaluations.
¶8         Beginning in 2011, Claude suffered physical symptoms resulting from the stress and
       anxiety of his job, including abdominal discomfort, irritable bowel, diarrhea, and visual
       abnormalities. He did not seek immediate treatment for his condition. He tried to relieve the
       stress through over-the-counter medications and exercise. He also tried to change his shifts and
       work at other company-owned hospitals. Although he was aware that taking anxiety
       medications could reduce the physical symptoms of stress, he resisted taking them because he
       believed they would compromise his ability to practice medicine.
¶9         In the fall of 2011, Claude started working as a full-time emergency room physician in
       Mattoon, Illinois, where he worked until the end of 2014. From January 2014 to August 2014,
       he worked at another hospital in Belleville that allowed compressed shifts. In the fall of 2014,
       Claude began making more mistakes. Between July and November 2014, Claude had four
       malpractice complaints made against him. Finally, in December 2014, he retired. Shortly after
       he retired, his physical symptoms relating to anxiety subsided. He stated that he stopped
       making monthly maintenance payments on December 31, 2014.
¶ 10       Claude testified that, as of July 2017, he had a retirement account worth $1,207,000. He
       also had a security benefit annuity with a cash value of $295,238, and a nonretirement
       investment account worth $286,592. In addition, he owned three properties in Hawaii; one is
       his residence, valued at $535,000, and two are rental properties. His net assets listed on his
       2017 financial disclosure totaled $1,870,433.
¶ 11       From 2012 to 2014, Claude was the sole member of an S corporation. The corporation
       made deposits into Claude’s retirement account and then paid his salary. An offer of proof
       showed that the corporation had total receipts in 2013 of $915,024 and had no employees
       except Claude. In 2014, the gross receipts of the S corporation totaled $867,276. The
       corporation was dissolved near the end of 2014. Claude objected to the evidence based on
       relevance, and the trial court granted his request, refusing to consider the corporate tax returns
       from 2012 through 2014.
¶ 12       Teri testified that she was not working outside of the home at the time of the divorce but
       began working as a paralegal for a law firm in 2011. Her gross income in 2016 was $39,225.
       Her employer does not pay for health insurance. According to Teri’s 2017 financial affidavit,
       her gross assets are worth $1,616,887, which includes the marital residence valued at
       $285,000. Most of her assets are retirement benefits and deferred compensation accounts. She
       does not withdraw any money from any of her retirement accounts to pay living expenses
       because she would be penalized for early withdrawals. Her 2017 financial affidavit also
       disclosed a bank account with a balance of $162,261. She testified that she uses the funds in
       that account to help pay her medical insurance and living expenses. Teri stated that her
       earnings alone do not allow her to maintain and sustain herself. When Teri was asked by her
       counsel to describe the standard of living she had enjoyed during the last 15 years of her
       marriage, Claude objected, and the trial court sustained the objection.
¶ 13       Dr. Kevin Klauer, an expert witness for Claude, testified that emergency medicine doctors
       have the highest level of burnout in the medical profession. He stated that not many doctors
       stay in the specialty of emergency medicine after the age of 55. He noted that a doctor having
       four malpractice claims in five months is a concerning trend. Klauer testified that it was

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       reasonable for Claude to step down from emergency room medicine after 32 years, given the
       malpractice history and the mistakes he was making.
¶ 14       Dr. Elbert Lee, a psychiatrist at Sarah Bush Lincoln Hospital, testified that he first saw
       Claude as a patient in October of 2014. Claude sought his help due to worsening anxiety,
       depressive symptoms, and stressors at work. Lee explained that Claude felt an undue amount
       of stress at work and was physically and mentally worn out. He diagnosed Claude as having
       generalized anxiety disorder, not otherwise specified, and recommended that Claude retire.
¶ 15       Dr. Doris Van Byssum, a licensed clinical psychologist, testified as an expert for Teri. She
       interviewed Claude over Skype on September 30, 2016, and administered a test by asking
       questions. She also reviewed Dr. Lee’s records. At trial, Van Byssum concluded that Claude
       was not suffering from any mental health issues. She admitted that the stressors that existed in
       2014 were not present in 2016 when she conducted her interview. Teri’s counsel then asked
       Van Byssum whether, “within a reasonable degree of medical certainty,” she found any
       psychiatric basis that prevented Claude from returning to work. Claude objected, arguing that
       Van Byssum’s disclosed report did not express an opinion in terms of a “reasonable degree of
       medical certainty.” The trial court sustained the objection and barred Van Byssum’s testimony.
¶ 16       Teri attempted to present another expert, Dr. Jack Franaszek, a board-certified emergency
       physician and the director of immediate care at Northwestern Medical Group. Franaszek had
       been asked to review documents pertaining to Claude’s voluntary retirement and provide a
       report on the multiple employment opportunities available for emergency room physicians in
       his position. During discovery, a copy of Franaszek’s six-page report was sent to Claude’s
       attorney. In his report, Franaszek discussed the circumstances under which a physician might
       experience burnout. He also discussed several options of lower stress employment for
       emergency room physicians. At trial, Teri attempted to elicit testimony from Franaszek, using
       an edited version of the report. Claude objected to the report’s admission and Franaszek’s
       testimony regarding other sources of employment. The trial court found that the use of the
       edited report was a discovery violation under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 213 (eff. Jan. 1,
       2007) and struck the report, as well as any testimony referencing it.
¶ 17       At the conclusion of trial, the court found that Claude left his employment as an emergency
       room physician in good faith. It rejected Teri’s position that Claude had the ability to pay
       maintenance with his existing assets and entered an order abating Claude’s maintenance
       obligation as of December 31, 2014. The order set maintenance at zero and stated that Teri
       could revisit the issue in the event Claude returned to work or had earned income.
¶ 18       Both parties filed petitions for attorney fees and costs. Following trial, the court held a brief
       hearing on the petitions. Teri alleged that she had incurred fees and costs totaling $83,467 and
       requested contribution from Claude under sections 508(a) and 503(j) of the Marriage Act (750
       ILCS 5/508(a), 503(j) (West 2016)). Claude requested fees and costs as a sanction for Dr.
       Franaszek’s report, pursuant to section 508(b) of the Marriage Act (750 ILCS 5/508(b) (West
       2016)). The trial court found that both parties had sufficient assets to pay their own fees and
       denied their petitions.

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¶ 19                                           II. ANALYSIS
¶ 20                               A. Petition to Terminate Maintenance
¶ 21       Teri argues that the trial court erred in setting maintenance at zero. Initially, we note that
       Teri does not challenge the trial court’s finding that Claude’s decision to retire as an
       emergency room physician was made in good faith, and we find no error in that determination.
       A party who voluntarily changes employment, resulting in a reduced income, and seeks to
       modify a support obligation must show the employment change was made in good faith. See
       In re Marriage of Blume, 2016 IL App (3d) 140276, ¶¶ 29-31; see also In re Marriage of
       Webber, 191 Ill. App. 3d 327, 330 (1989) (respondent’s good-faith decision to reduce his hours
       of employment in order to return to school justified modification of support order to reduce his
       payment). Claude met that burden. The evidence showed that his retirement was necessitated
       not by a desire to evade spousal support, but by a need to reduce his physical and mental
       symptoms of stress and anxiety.
¶ 22       Having made that determination, however, the trial court was then required to evaluate the
       factors in sections 504(a) and 510(a-5) of the Marriage Act to determine the appropriate
       maintenance modification. See 750 ILCS 5/504(a), 510(a-5) (West 2016). On appeal, Teri
       contends that the court failed to consider those statutory factors at trial and made numerous
       evidentiary errors that entitle her to a new trial. We will address her claim regarding
       evidentiary errors first because we find that issue dispositive.

¶ 23                                        1. Evidentiary Errors
¶ 24        The trial court’s admission of evidence will not be overturned absent an abuse of
       discretion. Aguirre v. City of Chicago, 382 Ill. App. 3d 89, 98 (2008). An abuse of discretion
       occurs when no reasonable person would rule as the trial court did. Id. Generally, a party is not
       entitled to reversal based on evidentiary rulings unless the error is substantially prejudicial and
       affects the outcome of the case. Bosco v. Janowitz, 388 Ill. App. 3d 450, 462-63 (2009).
       Although a single error may not warrant reversal, several evidentiary errors may require a new
       trial. Netto v. Goldenberg, 266 Ill. App. 3d 174, 184 (1994). A new trial is necessary when the
       cumulative effect of trial errors so deprives a party of a fair trial that the verdict might have
       been affected. Id.

¶ 25                                    a. S Corporation Tax Returns
¶ 26       The first evidentiary ruling Teri challenges is the trial court’s refusal to consider Claude’s
       S corporation tax returns from 2012 to 2014.
¶ 27       Courts do not abuse their discretion in refusing to admit tax returns that are not relevant to
       the court’s valuation of the parties’ assets. See In re Marriage of Liszka, 2016 IL App (3d)
       150238, ¶ 65. Here, the record reveals that Claude’s S corporation was dissolved in 2014 and
       was no longer an asset. Any evidence regarding Claude’s salary from the corporation was
       irrelevant to the change in circumstances alleged in December 2014 or to Claude’s financial
       standing at the time of trial in 2017. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
       excluding the S corporation tax returns from those years.

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¶ 28                                  b. Report on Employment Options
¶ 29        Next, Teri claims that the trial court erred in striking Dr. Franaszek’s report and barring his
       testimony regarding Claude’s available employment options.
¶ 30        Illinois Supreme Court Rule 213 (eff. Jan. 1, 2007) requires parties to provide the subject
       matter, conclusions, and opinions of controlled experts who testify at trial. Lopez v.
       Northwestern Memorial Hospital, 375 Ill. App. 3d 637, 645 (2007). Specifically, Rule 213(f)
       provides:
                 “Upon written interrogatory, a party must furnish the identities and addresses of
                 witnesses who will testify at trial and must provide the following information:
                                                      ***
                     (3) Controlled Expert Witnesses. A ‘controlled expert witness’ is a person giving
                 expert testimony who is the party, the party’s current employee, or the party’s retained
                 expert. For each controlled expert witness, the party must identify: (i) the subject
                 matter on which the witness will testify; (ii) the conclusions and opinions of the witness
                 and the bases therefor; (iii) the qualifications of the witness; and (iv) any reports
                 prepared by the witness about the case.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 213(f) (eff. Jan. 1, 2007).
       The information disclosed in answer to a Rule 213(f) interrogatory limits the testimony that
       can be given by a witness on direct examination at trial. Ill. S. Ct. R. 213(g) (eff. Jan. 1, 2007).
       It is improper for a trial court to allow previously undisclosed opinions. Lopez, 375 Ill. App. 3d
       at 645.
¶ 31        Prior to trial, Teri’s attorney disclosed a report by Franaszek that evaluated Claude’s
       employment as an emergency room doctor and discussed other employment opportunities
       available to Claude, including academic research and urgent care facilities. At trial, however,
       Teri’s attorney attempted to use an edited report in questioning Franaszek and discussing his
       opinions. Claude objected, and the trial court barred the admission of the report.
¶ 32        We hold that, contrary to Claude’s objection, Teri did not seek to introduce any previously
       undisclosed opinion. During discussions at trial and at oral argument on appeal, both parties
       agreed that the substance of the two reports was the same but that the paragraphs had been
       reorganized and the sections setting forth the expert witness’s opinions had been renamed. Our
       review of the reports further indicates that the subject matter and conclusions of the report
       tendered at trial were the same subject matter and conclusions that were provided in Teri’s
       Rule 213 disclosure. Consequently, the trial court exceeded its discretion by excluding the
       report tendered at trial based on a discovery violation.

¶ 33                              c. Testimony on Employment Options
¶ 34        We also conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in striking Dr. Franaszek’s
       testimony regarding Claude’s employment options.
¶ 35        Rule 219(c) authorizes the trial court to prescribe sanctions, including barring witnesses
       from testifying, when a party fails to comply with discovery rules. Ill. S. Ct. R. 219(c)(iv) (eff.
       July 1, 2002); Nedzvekas v. Fung, 374 Ill. App. 3d 618, 620 (2007). The imposition of
       sanctions is within the discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed absent an abuse of
       discretion. Nedzvekas, 374 Ill. App. 3d at 620-21. In determining whether the trial court abused
       its discretion in fashioning a sanction, the reviewing court should consider (1) the surprise to
       the adverse party, (2) the prejudicial effect of the witness’s testimony, (3) the nature of the

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       testimony, (4) the diligence of the adverse party, (5) the timeliness of the objection, and (6) the
       good faith of the party seeking to offer the testimony. Boatmen’s National Bank of Belleville v.
       Martin, 155 Ill. 2d 305, 314 (1993). No single factor is determinative, and each case must be
       considered based on its unique facts. Nedzvekas, 374 Ill. App. 3d at 621.
¶ 36       Disqualification of an expert is not the only sanction available when a party violates Rule
       213. Marshall v. Osborn, 213 Ill. App. 3d 134, 141 (1991). Barring a witness’s testimony is a
       drastic sanction and should be exercised with caution. McGovern v. Kaneshiro, 337 Ill. App.
       3d 24, 37 (2003). Where a party has acted in good faith and has not engaged in abusive
       discovery practices, it is an abuse of discretion for the trial court to bar expert testimony that is
       not properly disclosed. See Vallejo v. Mercado, 220 Ill. App. 3d 1, 10 (1991).
¶ 37       At trial, the court sustained objections to Franaszek’s testimony regarding other forms of
       employment available to Claude, based on Teri’s Rule 213 discovery violation. As we have
       determined, however, the decision to exclude Franaszek’s report as a sanction for violating
       Rule 213 was an abuse of discretion. That report established that Franaszek was being offered
       as an expert to testify as to job opportunities for emergency room physicians who no longer
       wished to practice emergency room medicine. In his report, Franaszek discussed the
       circumstances under which a physician might experience burnout. He reported that he had
       worked with emergency room physicians experiencing high levels of stress for over 35 years.
       In addition, he had hired emergency room physicians and reviewed malpractice claims against
       them. In his role as medical director for immediate care for Northwestern Medical Group, he
       had asked physicians under stress to reduce their hours or he had assigned them to an urgent
       care area. He had also recommended alternative employment for emergency room physicians
       in search of less stressful positions, such as telemedicine and research programs.
¶ 38       At trial, Franaszek testified that he has personally hired internists and family physicians.
       He has also hired administrative personnel, such as quality assurance coordinators and
       schedulers. He then attempted to testify regarding whether Claude could engage in lower stress
       employment as an option to emergency room medicine, but his testimony was barred. Since his
       testimony was substantially based on the report, we hold that the trial court abused its
       discretion in barring it.
¶ 39       Even if the report had not been properly disclosed, a review of the applicable Martin
       factors shows that the trial court abused its discretion in disallowing Franaszek’s testimony.
       First, Franaszek’s testimony was not a surprise to Claude. The nature of his opinions and
       conclusions were set forth in other pretrial disclosures, and Teri’s entire pretrial strategy was
       aimed at establishing Claude’s ability to continue to work in another medical position. Second,
       the prejudice Teri suffered by the trial court’s ruling was significant where the expert was
       barred from expressing any opinion as to alternative means of employment. The primary issue
       at trial was whether Claude had the ability to pay maintenance. In determining a spouse’s
       ability to pay, a trial court is required to consider whether there is a difference between the
       paying spouse’s actual and potential income as a result of a voluntary retirement or change in
       employment status. See In re Marriage of Lichtenauer, 408 Ill. App. 3d 1075, 1088 (2011)
       (ability to pay maintenance involves assessment of spouse’s ability, not merely the level at
       which spouse is willing to work). Third, the nature of the testimony was highly relevant.
       During Franaszek’s testimony, the court sustained objections to questions regarding the
       average pay for an urgent care physician as speculative and irrelevant. The court also sustained
       objections to questions regarding whether Claude was a candidate to teach, to work in an

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       administrative field, or to conduct research. However, Franaszek’s opinions on the subject
       were relevant and spoke directly to Teri’s contention that Claude had the ability to continue to
       pay maintenance. Fourth, and finally, Teri did not commit any abusive discovery practice and
       offered Franaszek’s testimony in good faith. Thus, all of the applicable factors favored Teri.
       The trial court’s decision to fashion a sanction that effectively barred Franaszek from testifying
       was an abuse of discretion.

¶ 40                         d. Psychological Basis That Prevented Working
¶ 41       Next, Terri claims that the trial court erred in barring Dr. Van Byssum’s testimony as to
       whether “within a reasonable degree of medical certainty” she found any psychological basis
       that prevented Claude from returning to work.
¶ 42       Witnesses are allowed to elaborate or give logical corollaries to Rule 213 disclosures.
       Spaetzel v. Dillon, 393 Ill. App. 3d 806, 813 (2009). Elaborating on a disclosed opinion does
       not automatically violate Rule 213, where the testimony states reasonable assessments of the
       opinion rather than new reasons for it. Barton v. Chicago & North Western Transportation
       Co., 325 Ill. App. 3d 1005, 1039 (2001). While questions to an expert are frequently couched
       in terms of “reasonable certainty,” courts have not mandated that phraseology. See Michael H.
       Graham, Handbook of Illinois Evidence § 702.1, at 762 (2019 ed.). The failure to employ such
       terminology is of no consequence when the opinion of a qualified expert reveals that it is based
       on recognized medical thought. Id.
¶ 43       Here, the trial court erred by again barring the witness’s testimony. Counsel’s decision to
       include the phraseology of “within a reasonable degree of medical certainty” did not rise to the
       level of a sanctionable discovery violation. Van Byssum’s Rule 213 report stated that there was
       “no identifiable reason that [Claude] cannot return to work or that he could not have worked
       over the last two years.” At trial, Teri’s counsel asked Van Byssum to express her opinion
       “within a reasonable degree of medical certainty.” Counsel’s question did not add a new reason
       for the opinion. The language utilized merely elaborated on the disclosed opinion, and Van
       Byssum should have been allowed to answer the question.

¶ 44                          e. Testimony About Lifestyle During Marriage
¶ 45       Last, Teri argues that the trial court abused its discretion in barring her testimony regarding
       her lifestyle during the marriage. We agree.
¶ 46       In evaluating whether to modify or terminate maintenance, the court must consider the
       statutory factors in section 504(a) of the Marriage Act. Blume, 2016 IL App (3d) 140276, ¶ 37.
       One of the factors enumerated in the statute is the standard of living enjoyed during the
       marriage. 750 ILCS 5/504(a)(7) (West 2016); see also In re Marriage of Heroy, 2017 IL
       120205, ¶ 27.
¶ 47       During trial on the petition to terminate maintenance, the trial court sustained an objection
       to counsel’s question asking Teri to describe the standard of living during the last 15 years of
       marriage as irrelevant. An offer of proof established that during the marriage, the parties
       traveled extensively, had an affluent lifestyle, purchased real estate, always had new cars, built
       two homes, and regularly engaged in expensive activities. Any refusal to consider the parties’
       standard of living before or after dissolution is in direct contravention of the statutory
       guidelines. 750 ILCS 5/504(a)(7) (West 2016). The trial court’s decision to bar Teri from

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       testifying about her lifestyle during the marriage was error.

¶ 48                                             f. New Trial
¶ 49       Based on an evaluation of the trial proceedings, we find that a new trial is warranted:
                    “While a trial judge may have difficulty realizing the cumulative effect of
                numerous trial errors, a court of review does not labor under the same handicap. As a
                court of review, we sit in an ideal position to view the totality of trial errors. At some
                point the cumulative effect of the trial errors and imperfections become reversible
                error.” Twait v. Olson, 104 Ill. App. 3d 191, 200 (1982) (Heiple, J., dissenting).
       This case exemplifies that principle. Taken together, the numerous evidentiary errors were
       substantially prejudicial to Teri and affected the trial court’s ultimate decision to set
       maintenance at zero. She should be given another opportunity to present her case. See Netto,
       266 Ill. App. 3d at 184 (new trial is necessary where party’s right to a fair trial is compromised
       based on numerous erroneous rulings). We therefore remand this case for a new trial on the
       petition to terminate maintenance.

¶ 50                               2. Failure to Consider Statutory Factors
¶ 51       Because we conclude that the trial court’s evidentiary errors affected its decision to set
       maintenance at zero and require a new trial, we need not address Teri’s alternative request for a
       new trial based on the court’s failure to consider the relevant statutory factors. On remand, we
       direct the trial court to consider the admissible evidence, as discussed, and to evaluate all the
       factors under sections 504(a) and 510 in deciding an appropriate amount.

¶ 52                         B. Petition to Contribute Attorney Fees and Costs
¶ 53       Teri also argues that the trial court erred in denying her petition to contribute attorney fees
       and costs. She claims that Claude caused her to incur substantial attorney fees by seeking to
       terminate maintenance and that he should be responsible for those expenses based on the
       disparity in assets between the parties.
¶ 54       The primary obligation for the payment of attorney fees rests on the party on whose behalf
       the services were rendered. In re Marriage of Mantei, 222 Ill. App. 3d 933, 941 (1991).
       Section 508 of the Marriage Act allows the trial court to order a party to contribute a
       reasonable amount of the opposing party’s fees where one party lacks the financial resources
       and the other party has the ability to pay. 750 ILCS 5/508(a) (West 2016). A contribution
       award is based on the criteria for the division of marital property and, where maintenance has
       been awarded, the criteria for an award of maintenance. 750 ILCS 5/503(j)(2) (West 2016).
       The criteria include (1) the property awarded to each spouse, (2) their incomes and present and
       future earning capacities, and (3) “any other factor that the court expressly finds to be just and
       equitable.” See 750 ILCS 5/503(d), 504(a) (West 2016). The spouse seeking the contribution
       must establish his or her inability to pay and the other spouse’s ability to pay. In re Marriage of
       Schneider, 214 Ill. 2d 152, 174 (2005). A trial court’s decision to deny fees will be reversed
       only if the trial court abused its discretion. In re Marriage of Snow, 277 Ill. App. 3d 642, 653
       (1996).
¶ 55       Here, Teri failed to demonstrate an inability to pay her own fees above and beyond
       Claude’s ability to pay. The parties’ financial affidavits indicate that, at the time of trial, Teri

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       had assets worth approximately $1.6 million, and Claude had assets worth well over $1.9
       million. At the hearing on the petition, Teri indicated that she would need to divest capital
       assets if she was required to pay all the fees she incurred in the dissolution proceedings;
       however, she failed to establish that doing so would undermine her financial stability. The trial
       court’s finding that both parties had the ability to pay their own attorney fees was not an abuse
       of discretion. Our decision today is based on the petition for fees that was before the trial court.
       It is not determinative of the payment of future fees, if any.

¶ 56                                        III. CONCLUSION
¶ 57       The order of the circuit court of Will County reducing maintenance to zero is reversed, and
       the cause is remanded for a new trial; the order denying the petition for contribution of attorney
       fees and costs is affirmed.

¶ 58      Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
¶ 59      Cause remanded.

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