Court Opinion

ID: 2812467
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-06-29 07:25:03.440409+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:24:06.367545
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
                                              ══════════
                                                No. 13-0745
                                              ══════════

                          GREATER HOUSTON PARTNERSHIP, PETITIONER,

                                                        v.

       KEN PAXTON, TEXAS ATTORNEY GENERAL; AND JIM JENKINS, RESPONDENTS

              ═════════════════════════════════════════
                          ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE
                   COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD DISTRICT OF TEXAS
              ═════════════════════════════════════════

        JUSTICE BOYD, joined by JUSTICE JOHNSON and JUSTICE WILLETT, dissenting.

        Forty-two years ago, the Texas Legislature passed what has become “widely regarded as

the strongest and most successful open government law in the country.”1 Just three years later, in

this Court’s first opinion addressing the new Texas Open Records Act,2 we confirmed that it is

the Legislature’s policymaking role to balance “the public’s right of access” against “potential

abuses of the right,” and the Court’s role is merely “to enforce the public’s right of access given

by the Act.” Indus. Found. of the S. v. Tex. Indus. Accident Bd., 540 S.W.2d 668, 675 (Tex.

1976). Balancing these interests, the Legislature decided that the Act should apply to “the part,

        1
             City of Dall. v. Abbott, 304 S.W.3d 380, 395 n.5 (Tex. 2010) (Wainwright, J., dissenting); see also
CHARLES L. BABCOCK ET AL., OPEN GOVERNMENT GUIDE: OPEN RECORDS AND MEETINGS LAWS IN TEXAS 1–2 (6th
ed. 2011) (describing Texas Public Information Act as “among the strongest in the nation” and “among the most
liberal in the United States”), available at http://www rcfp.org/rcfp/orders/docs/ogg/TX.pdf.
        2
           Act of May 19, 1973, 63d Leg., R.S., ch. 424, 1973 Tex. Gen. Laws 1112–18 (codified at TEX. REV. CIV.
STAT. art. 6252-17a). In 1993, the Legislature codified the Act in the Texas Government Code and renamed it the
Texas Public Information Act. Act of May 4, 1993, 73d Leg., R.S., ch. 268, § 1, secs. 552.001–.353, 1993 Tex. Gen.
Laws 583, 594–607 (codified at TEX. GOV’T CODE §§ 552.001–.353).
section, or portion” of any “organization [or] corporation . . . that is supported in whole or in part

by public funds.” TEX. GOV’T CODE § 552.003(1)(A)(xii). That may be bad policy, or it may be

good policy, but it is the policy of Texas, and this Court’s only task is to enforce it.

       To enforce the Legislature’s policy choice in this case, we must decide what it means for

a “part, section, or portion” of a corporation to be “supported in whole or in part by public

funds.” See id. The Court adopts the narrowest construction possible, identifying two

requirements that appear nowhere in the statute’s language. The Court’s all-or-nothing

construction is irreconcilable with the provision’s express inclusion of a “part, section, or

portion” of an entity that is “supported in whole or in part by public funds.” See id. (emphasis

added). Striving to be faithful to the Act’s plain language, mindful of its express mandate that

courts construe it liberally in favor of access to information, and respectful of the many prior

decisions of the Texas Attorneys General charged with interpreting and enforcing the Act, I

would hold that a “part, section, or portion” of a private organization or corporation is

“supported in whole or in part by public funds” and thus a “governmental body” if it (1) receives

public funds, (2) not as compensation or consideration paid in exchange for “specific goods” or

“specific measurable services,” but as a general or unrestricted payment provided to subsidize or

underwrite the entity’s activities, and (3) those activities promote a purpose, interest, or mission

that the governmental and private entities share and would each pursue even in the absence of

their contractual relationship. Because the evidence establishes all three of these elements in this

case, I would hold on this record that the Greater Houston Partnership is a governmental body.

Because the Court holds otherwise, I respectfully dissent.

                                                   2
                                                       I.
                                                   Background

         This case presents a single question of statutory construction: what does the Texas Public

Information Act mean when it refers to a “part, section, or portion” of an entity that is “supported

in whole or in part by public funds”? Id. Purporting to rely on “[f]amiliar interpretive guides and

established canons of construction,” ante at __, the Court discards over forty years of legal

interpretations and announces a brand new interpretation that, at best, reflects the Court’s

concerns instead of the Legislature’s language. In light of the Court’s analysis, and to place the

issue in perspective, I begin by highlighting the Act’s relevant requirements, the reasons for its

enactment, prior constructions of the language at issue, and the evidence here regarding the

Partnership and its support.

A.       Requirements of the Act

         The Public Information Act requires the “officer for public information of a

governmental body”3 to “promptly produce public information” upon request. TEX. GOV’T CODE

§ 552.221(a). “Public information” means information “that is written, produced, collected,

assembled, or maintained under a law or ordinance or in connection with the transaction of

official business,” either (1) “by a governmental body;” (2) “for a governmental body” if the

governmental body owns the information, has a right of access to it, or “spends or contributes

public money for the purpose of writing, producing, collecting, assembling, or maintaining the

information;” or (3) “by an individual officer or employee of a governmental body in the

         3
           An “officer for public information” is the governmental body’s chief administrative officer (or, in the case
of a county, an elected county officer), and the head of each department within the governmental body is the
officer’s agent for purposes of complying with the Act. TEX. GOV’T CODE §§ 552.201–.202.

                                                          3
officer’s or employee’s official capacity and the information pertains to official business of the

governmental body.” Id. § 552.002(a). “Information is in connection with the transaction of

official business if the information is created by, transmitted to, received by, or maintained by an

officer or employee of the governmental body in the officer’s or employee’s official capacity, or

a person or entity performing official business or a governmental function on behalf of a

governmental body, and pertains to official business of the governmental body.” Id. § 552.002(a-

1).

       The Act does not require a governmental body to produce public information that is

“considered to be confidential by law, either constitutional, statutory, or by judicial decision.” Id.

§ 552.101. The Act itself provides numerous other exceptions to its disclosure requirement,

which include, among other things, certain personnel records, id. § 552.102, litigation records,

id. § 552.103, information that “would give advantage to a competitor or bidder,” id. § 552.104,

attorney-client information, id. § 552.107, trade secrets and commercial financial information, id.

§ 552.110, personal and family information of governmental employees, id. § 552.117(a), and

“information [that] relates to economic development negotiations involving a governmental body

and a business prospect that the governmental body seeks to have locate, stay, or expand in or

near the territory of the governmental body,” id. § 552.131(a). The Act does not allow a

governmental body to unilaterally decide for itself whether it can withhold requested

information. Instead, a governmental body that wishes to withhold information in response to a

request must ask the Attorney General to decide whether the information fits within one of the

Act’s exceptions. Id. § 552.301(a).

                                                  4
        It is difficult to overstate the Attorney General’s role in this process. The Act assigns to

the Attorney General the duty to “maintain uniformity in the application, operation, and

interpretation” of the Act and authorizes the Attorney General to “publish any materials,

including detailed and comprehensive written decisions and opinions, that relate to or are based

on this chapter.” Id. § 552.011. Upon receipt of a governmental body’s request for a decision, the

Attorney General considers comments and arguments from any interested person, id.

§ 552.304(a), and then must “promptly render a decision” on whether the requested information

is within one of the Act’s exceptions, id. § 552.306(a); see also id. § 552.306(b) (requiring the

Attorney General to issue “a written opinion” and provide a copy to the requestor). Through its

Open Records Division, the Attorney General’s Office issues thousands of open records letter

rulings every year, including more than 23,000 in 2014, and it is on pace to surpass that number

this year.4 If a governmental body fails to request an Attorney General decision when and as

        4
             See Open Records Letter Rulings (ORLs), OFFICE OF THE ATT’Y GEN. OF TEX.,
www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/open/index_orl.php (last visited June 22, 2015). Texas law authorizes the Attorney
General to announce legal determinations in various forms. The Government Code, for example, authorizes the
Attorney General to provide “a written opinion” to certain governmental officials addressing “a question affecting
the public interest or concerning the official duties of the requesting person.” TEX. GOV’T CODE § 402.042(a). The
Attorney General’s determinations under this authority are commonly referred to as “attorney general opinions” and
are named numerically using the initials of the issuing Attorney General as a prefix. See About Attorney General
Opinions, OFFICE OF THE ATT’Y GEN. OF TEX., www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinion/about-attorney-general-
opinions (last visited June 22, 2015). In addition, the Public Information Act authorizes and requires the Attorney
General to issue a “decision,” in the form of a “written opinion,” announcing whether a governmental body may
withhold information in response to a request under the Act. TEX. GOV’T CODE §§ 552.301(a), .306(a), (b). Pursuant
to this authority, Attorneys General sometimes issue “open records decisions,” which “are formal opinions relating
to the Public Information Act” that “usually address novel or problematic legal questions and are signed by the
Attorney General.” See Open Records Decisions (ORDS), OFFICE OF THE ATT’Y GEN. OF TEX.,
www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/og/open-records-decisions-ords (last visited June 22, 2015). These decisions are
named numerically using the initials “ORD” as a prefix. See id. More often, Attorneys General have resolved open
records questions by issuing “open records letter rulings,” which “[u]nlike Open Records Decisions, [are] informal
letter rulings . . . applicable only to the specific documents and circumstances surrounding them[.]” See Open
Records       Letter       Rulings     (ORLs),       OFFICE       OF      THE     ATT’Y      GEN.      OF      TEX.,
www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/open/index_orl.php (last visited June 22, 2015). These rulings are named
numerically using the initials “OR” and the year of issuance as a prefix. See id. Through the years, Texas Attorneys

                                                         5
required, the requested information “is presumed to be subject to required public disclosure and

must be released unless there is a compelling reason to withhold the information.” Id. § 552.302.

        If a governmental body refuses to request an Attorney General decision or refuses to

produce public information or information that the Attorney General has determined is public

and not excepted from disclosure, the Attorney General or a requestor may file suit for a writ of

mandamus compelling the governmental body to make the information available. Id. § 552.321.

Conversely, a governmental body may file suit against the Attorney General, seeking declaratory

relief from compliance with the Attorney General’s decision. Id. § 552.324(a). In that suit,

however, a governmental body can only rely on exceptions it asserted when it requested the

Attorney General’s decision, unless the exception is based on a federal law requirement or

involves another person’s property or privacy interests. Id. § 552.326(a), (b).

        The Act’s requirements apply only to a “governmental body,” which the Act defines to

mean:

        (i)      a board, commission, department, committee, institution, agency, or office
                 that is within or is created by the executive or legislative branch of state
                 government and that is directed by one or more elected or appointed
                 members;

        (ii)     a county commissioners court in the state;

        (iii)    a municipal governing body in the state;

        (iv)     a deliberative body that has rulemaking or quasi-judicial power and that is
                 classified as a department, agency, or political subdivision of a county or
                 municipality;

        (v)      a school district board of trustees;

General have utilized all three methods to address open records issues, including the issue of what constitutes a
“governmental body” under the Act.

                                                       6
       (vi)     a county board of school trustees;

       (vii)    a county board of education;

       (viii)   the governing board of a special district;

       (ix)     the governing body of a nonprofit corporation organized under Chapter
                67, Water Code, that provides a water supply or wastewater service, or
                both, and is exempt from ad valorem taxation under Section 11.30, Tax
                Code;

       (x)      a local workforce development board created under Section 2308.253;

       (xi)     a nonprofit corporation that is eligible to receive funds under the federal
                community services block grant program and that is authorized by this
                state to serve a geographic area of the state; and

       (xii)    the part, section, or portion of an organization, corporation, commission,
                committee, institution, or agency that spends or that is supported in whole
                or in part by public funds[.]

Id. § 552.003(1)(A)(i)–(xii). The question here is whether the Greater Houston Partnership is

“supported in whole or in part by public funds,” and thus a “governmental body” under part (xii).

“Public funds” means “funds of the state or of a governmental subdivision of the state.” Id.

§ 552.003(5).

B.     Reasons for the Act

       The Public Information Act is unique in its extensive explanation of the policies that led

to its enactment. As the Court explains, the Legislature first adopted the Act in response to the

“Sharpstown scandal.” Ante at __. The Act begins by expressing the “fundamental philosophy”

that “government is the servant and not the master of the people” and “the policy of this state that

each person is entitled, unless otherwise expressly provided by law, at all times to complete

information about the affairs of government and the official acts of public officials and

employees.” TEX. GOV’T CODE § 552.001(a). While the people of Texas have delegated

                                                  7
governing authority to public employees, they “do not give their public servants the right to

decide what is good for the people to know and what is not good for them to know.” Id. Because

“[t]he people insist on remaining informed so that they may retain control over the instruments

they have created,” the Act expressly provides that it “shall be liberally construed to implement

this policy.” Id. Courts must construe the Act’s provisions “in favor of disclosure of requested

information.” Jackson v. State Office of Admin. Hearings, 351 S.W.3d 290, 293 (Tex. 2011); see

also TEX. GOV’T CODE § 552.001(b) (“This chapter shall be liberally construed in favor of

granting a request for information.”).

C.     Prior Constructions of the Act

       Pursuant to their responsibility to “maintain uniformity in the application, operation, and

interpretation” of the Act, TEX. GOV’T CODE § 552.011, Texas Attorneys General have issued

numerous opinions addressing whether private entities—including several chambers of

commerce and similar organizations—were “supported in whole or in part by public funds.”

Respecting the Attorney General’s unique role, courts have given deference to Attorney General

interpretations and applications, most notably the Fifth Circuit in Kneeland v. National

Collegiate Athletic Ass’n, 850 F.2d 224, 228 (5th Cir. 1988).

       1.      Pre-Kneeland Attorney General Decisions

       In 1973, shortly after the Act became effective, the Attorney General’s very first open

records decision addressed the statutory language we address today and concluded that a private

bank was not “supported in whole or in part by public funds” merely because it received and

held deposits of public funds. Tex. Att’y Gen. ORD-1 (1973). Six years later, the Attorney

General concluded that an organization very similar to the Partnership—a private, nonprofit

                                                8
corporation chartered to promote the interests of the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area—was a

governmental body under the Act. Tex. Att’y Gen. ORD-228 (1979). Pursuant to a contract, the

City of Fort Worth paid the corporation $80,000 to “[c]ontinue its current successful programs

and implement such new and innovative programs as will further its corporate objectives and

common City’s interests and activities” over a three-year period. Id. The Attorney General

concluded that, by using the phrase “supported in whole or in part,” the Legislature “did not

intend to extend the application of the Act to private persons or businesses simply because they

provide specific goods or services under a contract with a governmental body.” Id. But this

contract did not “impose a specific and definite obligation on the [corporation] to provide a

measurable amount of service in exchange for a certain amount of money as would be expected

in a typical arms-length contract for services between a vendor and purchaser.” Id. Thus, not

every “contract with a governmental body causes the records of a private contractor to be open,”

but a private entity is supported by public funds, and is thus a “governmental body,” when the

public funds are “used for the general support of the [entity] rather than being attributable to

specific payment for specific measurable services.” Id.

       Three years later, the Attorney General relied on ORD-228 to find that another chamber-

of-commerce-like organization—a private, nonprofit entity created to promote manufacturing

and industrial development in the Bryan area—was a governmental body because the City of

Bryan’s contractual payment of $48,000 was like an “unrestricted” grant, rather than payment for

specific measurable services. Tex. Att’y Gen. ORD-302 (1982) (noting that the situation was

“virtually identical” to that in ORD-228). That same year, the Attorney General concluded that a

private medical service provider for the Amarillo Hospital District was not a governmental body

                                                9
under the Act because the parties’ contract prescribed specific measurable services, including

ambulance services, for which the provider received a monthly sum “equal to the difference

between cash receipts and approved operating expenditures of the ambulance service.” Tex.

Att’y Gen. ORD-343 (1982).

       The following year, the Attorney General determined that a proposed athletic conference

consisting of member universities would be a governmental body under the Act because each

university would pay an upfront “membership fee” and subsequent annual fees that would be

used for the conference’s “general support . . . rather than being attributable to specific payments

for specific measurable services.” Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JM-116 (1983) (quoting Tex. Att’y

Gen. ORD-228). The conference’s constitution stated one of its purposes was to aid members in

incorporating intercollegiate athletics within their educational programs and to “place and

maintain such athletics under the same administrative and academic control.” Id. The

constitution did not identify any specific, measurable services that the conference would provide

in exchange for the public funds. Id.

       The Attorney General later determined that a private high school and a private nonprofit

water supply corporation were not governmental bodies because neither of them received any

public funds. Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. Nos. JM-154 (1984), JM-596 (1986). Then, in 1987, the

Attorney General concluded that a volunteer fire department was a governmental body under the

Act because fire protection is “traditionally provided by governmental bodies,” volunteer fire

departments have “strong affiliations with public agencies,” and the contract provided the

department with funds “to carry on its duties and responsibilities,” which the Attorney General

considered to be for its “general support.” Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JM-821 (1987). The Attorney

                                                10
General stated that the “test” for whether an entity is a governmental body under the Act “cannot

be applied mechanically” and that the “precise manner of funding is not the sole dispositive

issue.” Id. Instead, the Attorney General considered “[t]he overall nature of the relationship,” and

concluded “a contract or relationship that involves public funds and that indicates a common

purpose or objective or that creates an agency-type relationship” will bring the private entity

within the Act’s definition of governmental body. Id.

       2.      Kneeland v. NCAA

       In 1988, the Fifth Circuit was asked whether the National Collegiate Athletic Association

(NCAA) and the former Southwest Conference (SWC), which received public funds from

several Texas public universities, were “supported in whole or in part by public funds” and thus

“governmental bodies” under the Act. Kneeland, 850 F.2d at 228. In addressing this issue, the

Court expressly based its analysis on the Attorneys General’s prior decisions, noting that “[t]he

usual deference paid to formal opinions of state attorneys general is accentuated in this case

because the Texas Legislature has formally invited its Attorney General to interpret the Act when

asked to do so.” Id. at 228–29. Construing the statute’s language and extrapolating principles

from the Attorneys General’s decisions, the Court cobbled together the following criteria—now

known as the “Kneeland test”—for determining whether a private entity is “supported . . . by

public funds” and thus a governmental body under the Act:

   •   “The Act does not apply to ‘private persons or businesses simply because they provide
       specific goods or services under a contract with a government body.’” Id. at 228 (quoting
       Tex. Att’y Gen. ORD-1).

   •   “[A]n entity receiving public funds becomes a governmental body under the Act, unless
       its relationship with the government imposes ‘a specific and definite obligation . . . to
       provide a measurable amount of service in exchange for a certain amount of money as
       would be expected in a typical arms-length contract for services between a vendor and

                                                11
       purchaser.’” Id. (quoting Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JM-821, which quotes Tex. Att’y Gen.
       ORD-228).

   •   “[A] contract or relationship that involves public funds and that indicates a common
       purpose or objective or that creates an agency-type relationship between a private entity
       and a public entity will bring the private entity within the . . . definition of a
       ‘governmental body.’” Id. (quoting Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JM-821).

   •   “[S]ome entities, such as volunteer fire departments, will be considered governmental
       bodies if they provide ‘services traditionally provided by governmental bodies.’” Id.
       (quoting Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JM-821).

       Based on these principles and the Attorneys General’s decisions from which they were

drawn, the Kneeland court held that the NCAA and SWC were not governmental bodies under

the Act. Id. at 230–31. With respect to the NCAA, the court concluded that the universities

“receive[d] a quid pro quo, in sufficiently identifiable and measurable quantities of services,” in

exchange for the public funds they paid to the NCAA. Id. at 230. Similarly, the court concluded

that the SWC provided “specific and guageable services which negate[d] the general support

element required for a governmental body designation.” Id. at 231.

       3.      Post-Kneeland Attorney General Decisions

       Attorneys General have had several opportunities to address the issue since Kneeland,

and in doing so have adopted the federal court’s synopsis of the principles from their prior

decisions. A few years after Kneeland, the Attorney General concluded that a private

commission created by the San Antonio Chamber of Commerce to coordinate the annual Fiesta

celebration was not a governmental body. Tex. Att’y Gen. ORD-569 (1990). The city designated

the commission as its “official agency” responsible for planning, coordinating, and financially

supporting the festival and gave the commission the right, subject to necessary approvals, to

lease city-owned premises, obtain permits for parades and concession stands along parade route,

                                                12
grant permission to place seating along parade route, and assign its permit and lease rights to

other entities sponsoring the event. Id. The Attorney General nevertheless concluded that the

commission was not a governmental body because it did not receive any public funds. Id. (“The

threshold question is whether the commission receives any funds from the City of San

Antonio.”). The Attorney General rejected the argument that money the commission received

from the sale of tickets for seating along the parade route was “public funds” because the money

would otherwise have been paid to the city. Id. (“By requiring the commission to get a permit for

erecting bleachers and limiting the charge per seat, the city is not granting public funds to the

commission, nor do the charges for seats constitute funds of the city.”).

       In 1992, the Attorney General concluded that the Dallas Museum of Art was a

governmental body under the Act, even though it received 85% of its revenue from private

sources. Tex. Att’y Gen. ORD-602 (1992). The city owned some of the artwork at the museum,

owned and maintained the premises housing the museum, and paid the museum’s utilities, half of

the museum employees’ salaries, and a pro rata portion of the insurance premiums. Id. The

museum admitted that it received public funds but argued that it received the funds in exchange

for “known, specific, and measurable services” as opposed to general support. Id. Relying on

Kneeland and the prior decisions, the Attorney General disagreed, concluding that while the city

received “valuable services in exchange for its obligations” to the museum, those “highly

specialized, unique services” could not be “known, specific, or measurable,” and the city thus

instead provided funds for the museum’s general support. Id. The Attorney General nevertheless

held that the museum was not required to disclose the requested records because only the part of

the museum supported by public funds was a governmental body, and the records related to a

                                                13
collection the museum owned as part of its permanent collection, not to the part of the museum

for which the city provided “direct support.” Id. (noting the city’s ownership of the building in

which the collection was housed and its payment of a portion of the overhead expenses was

“tangential” and “insufficient to bring documents relating to the collection within the scope of

the act”).

        Again addressing chamber-of-commerce-type entities, the Attorney General conducted a

similar analysis in holding that the Arlington Chamber of Commerce and the Arlington

Economic Development Foundation were governmental bodies under the Act. See Tex. Att’y

Gen. ORD-621 (1993). The foundation admitted that it received public funds but argued that it

did so in exchange for specific, measurable services. Id. The Attorney General disagreed,

concluding that while the city received “valuable services in exchange for the public funds,” the

agreement failed “to impose on the foundation a specific and definite obligation to provide a

measurable amount of services in exchange for a certain amount of money, as one would expect

to find in a typical arms-length contract.” Id. The Attorney General concluded that the chamber

of commerce was also a governmental body, even though it received public funds through the

foundation rather than from the city directly. Id.

        Eight years later, the Attorney General reached the same result with respect to the Round

Rock Chamber of Commerce, observing that its contract with the City of Round Rock neither

restricted the chamber’s use of the public funds it received nor imposed any “specific and

definite obligation to provide a measurable amount of services in exchange for a certain amount

of money, as one would expect to find in a typical arms-length contract.” Tex. Att’y Gen.

OR2001-4849 (2001).

                                                 14
          And a few years after that, the Attorney General held that the Greater Houston

Partnership itself was a governmental body under the Act, under a similar analysis. Tex. Att’y

Gen. OR2004-4221 (2004). The Partnership specified in its request for an Attorney General’s

ruling that the requested records related to a project being handled by a specific part of the

Partnership, the Economic Development Division. At that time, different contracts governed the

Partnership’s relationship with the City of Houston. Examining those contracts’ provisions—

including one that obligated the Partnership to “support the efforts of the University of Houston

Small [B]usiness Development Center in the conduct of the Director Business Assistance

Program, designed to assist and promote the efforts of local businesses and entrepreneurs to form

new business ventures or to expand existing business ventures”—the Attorney General

determined that, “[a]lthough . . . the city is receiving valuable services in exchange for its

obligations under this contract, the [Partnership] has not sufficiently demonstrated that the nature

of the services it provides are known, specific, or measurable.” Id. “Consequently,” the Attorney

General concluded, “the [Partnership’s] records concerning its operations that are directly

supported by governmental bodies are subject to the Act as public information.” Id. (emphasis

added).

          In addition to arguing that it was not a governmental body, the Partnership alternatively

relied on the Act’s exceptions to disclosure for certain economic development information and

for certain email addresses. See id.; TEX. GOV’T CODE §§ 552.131 (excepting certain information

relating to economic development negotiations), 552.137 (excepting certain email addresses).

The Attorney General agreed in part and disagreed in part, instructing the Partnership to release

                                                 15
some but not all of the documents submitted to the Attorney General for review. See Tex. Att’y

Gen. OR2004-4221.

       In 2007, the Attorney General again relied on Kneeland and the distinction between use

of public funds for “general support” as opposed to payment for “specific and measurable

services” to conclude that a family planning service provider that contracted with the Department

of State Health Services was a governmental body under the Act. Tex. Att’y Gen. OR2007-

06167 (2007). Similarly, in 2011, the Attorney General decided that channelAustin, a nonprofit

corporation that contracted with the City of Austin “to manage the equipment, building,

resources, and the three channels for Public Access,” received public funds as an “unrestricted

grant” for its “general support rather than payment for specific services.” Tex. Att’y Gen.

OR2011-17967 (2011).

       In a 2008 formal opinion, the Attorney General observed, consistent with the Kneeland

test, that it is sometimes significant that the private entity has a “common purpose or objective or

one that creates an agency-type relationship” with the governmental entity, or that it performs

services “traditionally provided by governmental bodies.” Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. GA-666

(2008). But the Attorney General explained that the “primary test” is “whether the entity receives

public funds for the general support of its activities, rather than using those funds to perform a

specific and definite obligation.” Id. (determining that an association of appraisal districts, which

received membership fees from governmental entities in exchange for promoting “effective and

efficient functioning and administration of appraisal districts in Texas,” was a governmental

body). Four years later, the Attorney General held that a health services provider was a

governmental body under the Act because the contract language evidenced a “common purpose

                                                 16
or objective between the health service and the district such that an agency-type relationship

[wa]s created.” Tex. Att’y Gen. OR2012-11220 (2012) (considering contract in which the parties

agreed “to cooperate to provide services to the residents of Nacogdoches County who are in need

of service avoiding duplication of services when possible” and “to refer patients for services, as

needed, and in doing so will provide documentation for patient records when needed”).

D.      The Partnership’s “Support”

        With the statute’s language and these prior decisions in mind, I turn to the facts at issue

here. The Greater Houston Partnership is a private nonprofit corporation that functions as a

chamber of commerce to promote job creation, increased trade, and capital investment in the

greater Houston area. For many years, including 2007 and 2008, the Partnership entered into an

annual “Agreement for Professional Services” with the City of Houston, in which the Partnership

agreed to perform certain marketing, research, and promotional services designed “to increase

investment in, and to improve the economic prosperity of Houston and the Houston Airport

System.”5 The contracts required that the scope of the Partnership’s services “support the goals,

visions, and objectives outlined in the Partnership’s Strategic Plan.” (Emphasis added). In

exchange for these services, the City agreed to pay the Partnership a lump sum amount of

$196,250.00 per quarter. The City’s payments constituted less than 8% of the Partnership’s total

annual revenue, 90% of which came from dues the Partnership’s members paid.

        5
           The Local Government Code authorizes municipalities to contract with private entities like the
Partnership “for the administration of a program” to promote “local economic development and to stimulate
business and commercial activity in the municipality.” TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE § 380.001.

                                                   17
       The services agreements specified that the Partnership was an independent contractor, but

they also gave the City certain rights to participate in and control some of the Partnership’s

activities. Among other things, the Partnership agreed to coordinate its efforts with the directors

of the City’s Department of Convention & Entertainment Facilities, Department of Planning and

Development, and the Houston Airport System (the Directors); to submit quarterly progress

reports “describing in detail services performed”; to provide any other reports the Directors

request; to produce any non-confidential records the City Attorney requires to evaluate the

Partnership’s compliance with the contract; and to inform the City of any claims arising out of

the Partnership’s failure to pay its employees, subcontractors, or suppliers. The contracts granted

the City “full membership and exclusive benefits as a General Partner” of the Partnership, which

included membership in the Partnership’s policy-level committees, but prohibited the City from

participating on any of the Partnership’s governing boards.

       The 2008 agreement differs from the 2007 agreement in several respects. While the 2007

agreement required the Partnership to “implement a program” to increase investments in the

Houston area, the 2008 agreement required the Partnership to provide “specific, measurable

services” to increase investments. While the 2007 contract permitted the City to require the

Partnership to terminate any employee or subcontractor whose work the Directors deemed

unsatisfactory, the 2008 contract only required the Partnership to “consider removing” any such

employee or subcontractor. And unlike the 2007 agreement, the 2008 agreement stated that the

City’s payments were solely for services rendered and were not intended as general support for

the Partnership’s other activities, and expressly provided that nothing in the agreement shall be

construed to imply that the Partnership is subject to the Texas Public Information Act.

                                                18
        In May 2008,6 Houston-area resident Jim Jenkins submitted a Public Information Act

request to the Partnership, asking that it provide him with “a copy of the check register . . . for all

checks [the Partnership] issued for the year 2007,” including “for each check issued: check

number, check date, payee name, and check amount.” Jenkins later submitted a second request,

seeking the same information for all checks the Partnership issued in 2008. The Partnership

refused to provide the requested information, and instead asked the Attorney General to decide

whether the Partnership is a “governmental body” subject to the Public Information Act. The

Partnership did not assert that only “a part, section, or portion” of the Partnership is “supported

in whole or in part by public funds,” as it had successfully argued in 2004. See Tex. Att’y Gen.

OR2004-4221. Nor did it assert that any information in the check register was not “public

information” or that one of the Act’s exceptions applied, as it had also asserted in 2004. See id.

Instead, the Partnership relied solely on its contention that it is not a governmental body under

the Act.

        Consistent with its 2004 ruling, the Attorney General’s Open Records Division ruled that

the Partnership is a governmental body and must comply with the Act’s requirements. Tex. Att’y

Gen. OR2008-16062 (2008). The Partnership filed suit against the Attorney General to challenge

the ruling, and Jenkins intervened. The trial court agreed with the Attorney General and held that

the Partnership is a governmental body under the Act. The Partnership appealed, and the court of

appeals affirmed, with one justice dissenting. 407 S.W.3d 776. We initially denied the

        6
           The Partnership and City executed the 2008 services agreement in August 2008, a few months after
receiving Jenkin’s first request for information, which may explain the differences we have described between the
2007 and 2008 agreements.

                                                       19
Partnership’s petition for review, but we later granted its motion for rehearing and its petition, to

address when a private entity may qualify as a governmental body under the Act.

                                                    II.
                                      “Supported in Whole or In Part”

         The issue here is whether the Greater Houston Partnership is “supported in whole or in

part by public funds” and is thus a “governmental body” under the Act.7 The interpretation of the

Act presents questions of law. City of Garland v. Dall. Morning News, 22 S.W.3d 351, 357 (Tex.

2000). In light of the Act’s strong policy in favor of disclosure, a party seeking to withhold

requested information bears the burden of proving that the information is not subject to

disclosure under the Act. See Thomas v. Cornyn, 71 S.W.3d 473, 488 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002,

no pet.) (holding that “a governing body should bear the burden of proving in a judicial

proceeding that an exception to disclosure applies”).

         The Partnership makes three arguments as to why it is not a “governmental body” under

the Public Information Act. First, the Partnership contends the phrase “supported . . . by public

funds” unambiguously does not include the City’s contractual payments to the Partnership. Next,

the Partnership argues, even if the language is ambiguous, the Court should reject the Kneeland

test because it is unclear and not grounded in the statutory language. Third, if the Court does

adopt the Kneeland test, the Partnership argues it is not “supported . . . by public funds” even

under that test. The Court agrees with the Partnership’s first argument—that the statute

         7
           Although the Partnership has previously argued that requested records related solely to its Economic
Development Division, see Tex. Att’y Gen. OR2004-4221 (2004), it has made no similar effort to identify or limit
the Act to any particular sections or divisions in this case. Our issue is therefore whether the Partnership, as a whole,
is “supported in whole or in part by public funds,” and not whether any particular “part, section, or portion” of the
Partnership is.

                                                           20
unambiguously does not apply to the Partnership—but also notes its displeasure with the

Kneeland test. I disagree. I would hold that the statute is ambiguous, adopt but clarify the

Kneeland test, and conclude that under that test the Partnership “is supported in whole or in part

by public funds.”

A.     The Court’s Interpretation

       The Court begins its analysis by noting that the term “supported” can have several

different meanings. Ante at __. Because “supported by” in the clause at issue refers specifically

to “public funds,” the Court concludes that the Act focuses solely on monetary support. Ante at

__. The Court then proceeds to identify two different requirements that must each exist for a

private entity to receive monetary “support,” which I will refer to as the “sustenance”

requirement and the “functional equivalent” requirement. Ante at ___ (agreeing with

Partnership’s contention that definition only includes “entities that were created or exist to carry

out government functions and whose existence are maintained in whole or in part with public

funds”). Although the Court asserts that it is simply applying a “plain language” approach to

construing the statute, ante at ___, and is not relying on any “extra-textual analytical construct,”

ante at ___, neither of the Court’s two requirements appears anywhere in the statute’s language. I

do not agree that the Act’s language “unambiguously” supports the judicial insertion of either

requirement into its definition of a “governmental body.”

       1.      The “Sustenance” Requirement

       Addressing the first requirement, the Court says “supported” can mean (and here must

mean) “sustenance, maintenance, or both.” Ante at __. The Court provides this as the

“maintenance” definition of “supported”: “to pay the costs of: maintain; to supply with the

                                                21
means of maintenance (as lodging, food or clothing) or to earn or furnish funds for

maintaining[.]” Ante at __ (quoting WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INT’L DICTIONARY 2297 (2002)).

The Court then concludes that “supported” cannot mean “maintenance” in this context because

otherwise the definition would include “any private entity that received any public funds,” and

“even a paper vendor with hundreds of clients would qualify as a ‘governmental body’ merely by

virtue of selling office supplies to a single state office.” Ante at __.

        In contrast to the “maintenance” definition, the Court gives this “sustenance” definition

of “supported”: “to provide a basis for the existence or subsistence of: serve as the source of

material or immaterial supply, nourishment, provender, fuel, raw material, or sustenance of.”

Ante at __ (quoting WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INT’L DICTIONARY at 2297). The Court thus

distinguishes between the “maintenance” meaning of “supported” and the “sustenance” meaning

of “supported” and concludes that in the context of the Act, “supported by” can only mean the

latter, so the Act applies only to private entities “sustained, at least in part, by public funds,

meaning they would not perform the same or similar services without public funds.” Ante at __.

        Although the Court reads far more into these two definitions of “support” than I find

there, as explained below, I generally agree that the term “support” must refer here to monies

paid as general funds to sustain the recipient, rather than funds paid as consideration for specific

goods or services. But the Court goes far beyond that principle today, and holds that an entity is

“supported in whole or in part by public funds” only if the entity cannot survive without those

funds. As a result, the Court writes the words “in part” completely out of the statutory definition.

To be sure, the Court creates the appearance that it is actually enforcing the statute as written by

referring to the “supported . . . in part” language several times in its opinion:

                                                   22
   •   “requires us to decide whether the term ‘supported’ encompasses private entities . . .
       sustained—in whole or in part—by [public] funds,” ante at ___ (emphasis added);

   •   “‘supported’ . . . unambiguously includes only those entities at least partially sustained
       by public funding,” ante at __ (emphasis added);

   •   “[the Partnership] is not wholly or partially sustained by public funds,” ante at ___
       (emphasis added);

   •   “the [Act] applies only to entities acting as the functional equivalent of a governmental
       body that are ‘sustained’ at least in part, by public funds,” ante at __ (emphasis added);
       and

   •   “we define ‘supported in whole or in part by public funds’ to include only those private
       entities or their sub-parts sustained, at least in part, by public funds,” ante at ___
       (emphases added).

       But despite these lip-service payments to the statute’s language, the Court repeatedly

holds that an entity (or any part, section, or portion of an entity) that receives public funds as

sustenance (as opposed to maintenance) is not a governmental body unless it cannot survive and

pursue its mission without those funds:

   •   “defining ‘supported’ as ‘sustenance’ ensures that only an entity, or its ‘part, section or
       portion,’ whose existence is predicated on the continued receipt of government funds
       would qualify as a ‘governmental body,’” ante at __;

   •   “[t]o be ‘sustained’ by public funds suggests the existence of a financially dependent
       relationship between the governmental body and a private entity or its subdivision,” ante
       at __;

   •   “a private entity would qualify under a financially dependent construction of ‘supported’
       if it could not pursue its mission and objectives without the receipt of public funds, even
       if that funding only partially financed the entity’s endeavors. In short, an entity
       ‘supported’ by public funds would not just receive government funds; it would require
       them to operate in whole or in part,” ante at __;

   •   “[the Partnership] is not ‘supported’ by public funds because it receives only a small
       portion of its revenue from government contracts[, a]nd even if these government
       contracts were eliminated, it could continue to operate given the substantial revenue
       derived from other non-governmental sources,” ante at ___;

                                               23
    •    “the statute encompasses only those private entities dependent on the public fisc to
         operate as a going concern,” ante at ___; and

    •    “An entity . . . that does not depend on any particular revenue source to survive—public
         or private—is not sustained even in part by government funds,” ante at __.

         The Court thus holds that a private entity that receives public funds can be a

governmental body under the Act only if it cannot “survive” or “exist” or “pursue its mission and

objectives” without those public funds, even if those funds are just “one of several contributing

sources.” I disagree. An entity that is “sustained” (as the Court uses that word) by funds it

receives from several different sources is sustained “in part” by the funds from each of those

sources, even if it could survive and pursue its mission without the funds from any one source.

The Court asserts that “sustenance implies that if the government ceased to provide financial

support, the entity would be unable to meet its financial obligations.” Ante at ___. But even if

that were true,8 “sustenance in part” implies the exact opposite. If “part” of an entity’s

“sustenance” comes from one source, it is “sustained in part” by that source even if it could

survive without that part.

         The Court attempts to justify its “surviv[al]” requirement by suggesting that the statute’s

“‘in part’ language may envision a multi-division entity that does business with the government,

but not uniformly and not across all units.” Ante at ___. “For instance,” the Court explains, if a

“large corporation” has a “subdivision” that “is wholly funded by government contracts,” but the

         8
           The Court fails to identify any dictionary that defines “supported” to mean financially dependent upon for
its very existence. See ante at __. While there are many definitions of “support” that refer to “sustenance or
maintenance” or even “a basis for the existence or subsistence of,” see ante at __ (emphasis added), none of the
definitions require an absolute dependence, and in any event, the statute’s definition expressly excludes such a
requirement by referring to support “in part.”

                                                         24
government funds are only “a relatively small portion of the corporation’s total revenue,” the

corporation “may be said to be supported ‘in part’ by public funds.” Ante at ___. This illustration

confuses the statute’s reference to “supported in part” with its reference to the “part, section, or

portion” of an entity. The statute provides that the “part, section, or portion” of an entity is a

governmental body if it is “supported in whole or in part by public funds.” TEX. GOV’T CODE

§ 552.003(1)(A)(xii). The Court is correct that, if one subdivision of a large corporation is

“supported in whole . . . by public funds,” then the corporation itself is “supported . . . in part by

public funds.” But the statute permits the corporation to limit the Act’s application to the

subdivision by showing that only that subdivision (i.e., that “part, section, or portion” of the

corporation) is “supported in whole or in part” by public funds. The illustration the Court

“conceptualize[s]” has nothing to do with the Court’s “surviv[al]” requirement.

        A relevant illustration is this: even if only 5% of the funds that support the Court’s

hypothetical corporate subdivision were public funds, the subdivision would still be “supported

in part” by those funds, and would thus be a governmental body under the Act’s plain language.

An entity “supported . . . in part by public funds” is a governmental body, regardless of whether

it could “survive” or “pursue its mission” without those funds. See id. The Court’s construction

reads this language out of the Act by requiring the whole of the entity to live or die by the public

fisc.

        2.     The “Functional Equivalent” Requirement

        The Court also holds that an entity is not “supported in whole or in part by public funds”

unless it is “acting as the functional equivalent of a governmental body,” ante at __, and

providing “services traditionally considered governmental prerogatives or responsibilities,” ante

                                                 25
at __. As with its first requirement, the Court does not derive this requirement from the statutory

definition at issue. Subsection (xii) expressly identifies several types of entities that typically are

not public (or governmental) entities, including an “organization,” a “committee,” an

“institution,” and—importantly, here—a “corporation.” The Act says such private entities are

governmental bodies if they are “supported in whole or in part by public funds,” not if they are

acting as the “functional equivalent” of a governmental body or performing traditional

government responsibilities. TEX. GOV’T CODE § 552.003(1)(A)(xii). The Court, however,

asserts three bases for imposing this requirement: (1) the Act’s “stated purpose”; (2) the statute’s

omission of “any broad reference to private entities”; and (3) the “scope and nature of the eleven

other types of entities more clearly described as a ‘governmental body’ in the same provision,”

ante at __. I do not agree that any of these justifies writing the Court’s “functional equivalent”

requirement into the statute.

       First, the Court suggests that requiring a private entity to be the “functional equivalent”

of a governmental body is necessary to ensure that our construction of “supported” is

“compatible with” the Act’s “stated purpose.” Ante at ___ This “stated purpose,” the Court

explains, is to provide the public with “complete information about the affairs of government and

the official acts of public officials and employees” to “allow the public to ‘retain control over the

instruments they have created.’” Ante at __ (quoting TEX. GOV’T CODE § 552.001(a)). Although

the Court makes no effort to explain why this purpose necessitates or implies the “functional

equivalent” requirement, I presume the Court finds hidden meaning in the purpose statement’s

reference to the “affairs of government,” the “acts of public officials and employees,” and the

“instruments . . . created,” as if the words I have emphasized exclude any purpose to require

                                                  26
disclosure of information held by a private entity. But to emphasize a different word, the

statute’s purpose is to provide “complete information” about those affairs, acts, and instruments.

The Legislature may have believed that the only way to ensure the public has “complete”

information about what their government is doing is to treat some private entities as

governmental bodies under the Act. Whatever we may presume about what the Legislature may

have “believed,” what the Legislature “said” was that “governmental body” includes any entity

“supported in whole or in part by public funds,” not any entity that is the “functional equivalent”

of a governmental body.

         As a second reason for requiring a private entity to be the “functional equivalent” of a

governmental body, the Court asserts that the definition does not include “any broad reference to

private entities.” Ante at ___.9 Assuming that the Legislature “carefully omitted” any such

“broad reference,” and presuming that the Legislature “purposefully selected” this omission, the

Court concludes that the definition, “as applied to private entities, must be filtered through the

Act’s purpose and function of allowing access to instrumentalities of government,” and thus

“only applies to private entities acting as the functional equivalent of the government.” Ante at

___. Respectfully, I fail to follow the Court’s logic. It might be logical to conclude from the

omission of any “broad reference” to private entities that the Legislature did not intend to include

all private entities as “governmental bodies.” But it is illogical to conclude that the omission of a

“broad reference” somehow indicates which private entities the Legislature intended to include

         9
          This assertion is simply wrong. The very definition at issue “broadly refers” to private entities by using a
string of particularly broad terms to reference private entities of all types: “the part, section, or portion of an
organization, corporation, commission, committee, institution, or agency that spends or is supported in whole or in
part by public funds[.]” TEX. GOV’T CODE § 552.001(1)(A)(xii). The “omission” on which the Court relies simply
does not exist.

                                                         27
and which it did not. And it is simply preposterous to conclude that the omission somehow

indicates that they intended to include “only those entities acting as the functional equivalent of

the government.” Ante at ___. We need not engage in such sophistry, because the statute tells us

which private entities the Legislature intended to include as governmental bodies: those that are

“supported in whole or in part by public funds.” TEX. GOV’T CODE § 552.003(1)(A)(xii). The

Court finds support for its judicially created functional equivalent test only by manufacturing a

“broad reference” to stack upon its misconstruction of the Act’s “stated purpose.”

       For the third (though “not dispositive”) reason for requiring a private entity to be the

“functional equivalent” of a governmental body, the Court relies on the “canon of statutory

construction known as noscitur a sociis.” Ante at __. This canon provides “that a word is known

by the company it keeps.” Fiess v. State Farm Lloyds, 202 S.W.3d 744, 750 (Tex. 2006) (quoting

Gustafson v. Alloyd Co., 513 U.S. 561, 575 (1995)). It “directs that similar terms be interpreted

in a similar manner,” TGS-NOPEC Geophysical Co. v. Combs, 340 S.W.3d 432, 441 (Tex.

2011), but there is no similarity between the words in definition (xii)—an “organization” or

“corporation” that is “supported in whole or in part by public funds”—and those in the preceding

definitions. If definition (xii) provided “general” language, following “specific and particularized

enumerations” in the first eleven definitions, then we would “treat the general words as limited

and apply them only to the same kind or class of [things] as those expressly mentioned.” City of

San Antonio v. City of Boerne, 111 S.W.3d 22, 29 (Tex. 2003). But definition (xii) uses specific

language, inherently different than the language of the other definitions, and thus refers to

something specific, not just a catch-all to conclude the preceding definitions. Under noscitur a

sociis, we should look to the words “immediately surrounding” the phrase “supported by,” which

                                                28
include the words “public funds” and, importantly, “in whole or in part” (which the Court

ignores). See BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1224 (10th ed. 2014) (defining noscitur a sociis as “a

canon of construction holding that the meaning of an unclear word or phrase, esp. one in a list,

should be determined by the words immediately surrounding it”).

       Even if the Court were applying the doctrine of noscitur a sociis correctly here, that

doctrine cannot be used to render express statutory language meaningless. “If . . . the specific

terms exhaust the class of items enumerated in the statute, it must be presumed that any generic

term that follows must refer to items transcending the class, since a contrary construction ‘would

contravene the more important rule of construction that all words are to be given effect.’” Shipp

v. State, 331 S.W.3d 433, 437 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (quoting 2A NORMAN J. SINGER & J.D.

SHAMBIE SINGER, SUTHERLAND STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION § 47:21 at 390–91 (7th ed. 2007));

see also Columbia Med. Ctr. of Las Colinas, Inc. v. Hogue, 271 S.W.3d 238, 256 (Tex. 2008)

(“The Court must not interpret the statute in a manner that renders any part of the statute

meaningless or superfluous.”); City of San Antonio, 111 S.W.3d at 29 (rejecting construction that

would render some statutory language unnecessary and citing Spence v. Fenchler, 180 S.W. 597,

601 (Tex. 1915), for the proposition that “[i]t is an elementary rule of construction that, when

possible to do so, effect must be given to every sentence, clause, and word of a statute so that no

part thereof be rendered superfluous or inoperative”). We must “read the statute contextually,”

Office of Att’y Gen., 422 S.W.3d at 629, considering the relevant language in the context of the

statute as a whole, rather than as “isolated provisions,” TGS–NOPEC Geophysical, 340 S.W.3d

at 439, and endeavoring to “giv[e] effect to every word, clause, and sentence,” In re Office of

Att’y Gen., 422 S.W.3d 623, 629 (Tex. 2013), so that none of the language is rendered

                                                29
superfluous, see Crosstex Energy Servs., L.P. v. Pro Plus, Inc., 430 S.W.3d 384, 390 (Tex.

2014). Because the Court’s construction renders the phrase “in whole or in part” meaningless, I

do not agree that definition (xii) includes “organizations” and “corporations” only if they

“function as quasi-public” entities. Ante at __.

B.     A More Accurate Interpretation

       If a statute’s words are susceptible to two or more reasonable interpretations, and we

“cannot discern legislative intent in the language of the statute itself,” the statute is ambiguous,

and we may rely on applicable canons of statutory construction. Tex. Lottery Comm’n v. First

State Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d 628, 639 (Tex. 2010). I would conclude that the words

“supported by” are ambiguous in this context, and would thus grant deference to the Attorneys

General’s long-standing construction of the Act’s definition of a “governmental body.” See

Combs v. Health Care Servs. Corp., 401 S.W.3d 623, 629–30 (Tex. 2013) (stating that we grant

deference to construction of agency that is charged with enforcement of statute if statute is

ambiguous, agency interpretation results from formal proceedings, and interpretation is

reasonable). Though not controlling, I would consider the Attorney General constructions to be

persuasive, particularly in light of the responsibility the Legislature has given the Attorney

General for “interpreting” and promoting uniformity in the application of the Act. See TEX.

GOV’T CODE § 552.011; see also City of Dall. v. Abbott, 304 S.W.3d 380, 384 (Tex. 2010)

(observing that Attorneys General’s interpretations of Public Information Act are persuasive but

not controlling). But I would also clarify the Kneeland test to provide greater simplicity and

guidance.

                                                   30
         1.       Ambiguity

         The Court and the parties agree that not every private entity that contracts with the

government and receives payments of public funds is “supported . . . by public funds.” More

specifically, they agree with the Attorneys General’s conclusion that an ordinary, arms-length

transaction between a private party and a governmental entity does not render the private party a

“governmental body” under the Act. They agree that something more is required, but they

dispute whether that something is present here. I too agree that something more is required, but I

conclude that the statute is ambiguous as to what that something is.10

         The phrase “supported by” can have multiple common, ordinary meanings, including:

         1.    To carry the weight of, exp. from below.

         2.    To maintain in position so as to keep from falling, sinking, or slipping.

         3.    To be able to bear : WITHSTAND.

         4.    To keep from failing or yielding during stress.

         5.    To provide for, by supplying with money or necessities. 

         6.    To furnish corroborating evidence for 

         7.    To aid the cause of by approving, favoring, or advocating 

         8.    To endure : tolerate.

         10
            The Court argues that “governmental body” should not include every single vendor who sells a product
or service to the government in a quid pro quo transaction, and cites authority from other jurisdictions to support this
contention. This is, of course, a straw man argument, as everyone in the case agrees that we cannot construe the term
that broadly. But merely because one extreme construction is available that would lead to an (arguably) absurd result
does not mean that every less extreme construction within the range from narrowest to broadest possible
constructions is unreasonable. Moreover, no one argues that the Partnership is merely an ordinary vendor under the
contracts at issue here.

                                                          31
       9.   a. To act (a part or role). b. To act in a secondary or subordinate role to (a
            leading performer).

WEBSTER’S II NEW COLLEGE DICTIONARY 1108 (1995).

       I agree with the Court that most of these definitions do not apply in this statutory context,

which limits “support” to a function that can be performed by money. See TGS-NOPEC

Geophysical, 340 S.W.3d at 441 (using statutory context to eliminate inapplicable meanings of a

word in the statute). An ordinary reader could construe some of the broader definitions to include

financial “support”: e.g., public funds could “carry the [financial] weight of” an entity. See

WEBSTER’S II NEW COLLEGE DICTIONARY at 1108. In context, the most relatable definition is

“[t]o provide for, by supplying with money or necessities.” Id. The Partnership relies on this

common meaning and argues that, just as a person “pays” an employee but “supports” a family

member, the City “paid” rather than “supported” the Partnership. But even this definition of

“support” does not resolve the statute’s ambiguity because the statute requires only that the entity

be supported “in whole or in part” by public funds. TEX. GOV’T CODE § 552.003(1)(A)(xii)

(emphasis added).

       As the Court notes, in the broadest sense, virtually any income from public funds could

reasonably be considered to “provide for” the Partnership “in part” by supplying it with money,

even if the City pays the money in exchange for specific goods or services rendered. Ante at __;

see also Tex. Ass’n of Appraisal Dists., Inc. v. Hart, 382 S.W.3d 587, 591–92 (Tex. App.—

Austin 2012, no pet.) (observing that the dictionary definitions of “support” are “so broad and

varied that any private entity that receives any public funds can be said to be, at least in part,

‘supported’ by those public funds,” yet all authorities have agreed that “simply receiving public

funds does not make a private entity a ‘governmental body’ under the [Act]”). The same problem

                                                32
results from the Court’s definition of “supported” to mean “to provide a basis for the existence or

subsistence of.” Ante at __. At least “in part,” the City’s payments for chamber-of-commerce

services provide a reason for the Partnership’s existence and enable it to “pursue its mission,”

and the City’s payments for those services constitute at least a “part” of the revenue that sustains

the Partnership. See ante at __. I would conclude that the Act’s reference to entities that are

“supported in whole or in part by public funds” is ambiguous, and thus turn to existing

precedents—and specifically Attorney General decisions and the Kneeland test—for further

guidance.11

        2.       A Clarified Kneeland Test

        Although this Court has not previously construed the Act’s “supported by” language, the

Fifth Circuit has in Kneeland, and Attorneys General have since consistently relied on the

Kneeland test as the governing standard. The Partnership urges us to reject the Kneeland test,

asserting that it “has no basis in the statutory text” and leaves too much uncertainty in the law.

The Attorney General counters that the Kneeland test “satisfies the legislature’s intent[] to shed

light on the affairs of government” and “provides a workable framework for determining

whether an entity is a governmental body under the [Act] because it treats entities functioning as

        11
           A statute is ambiguous if two or more plausible constructions are reasonable. Tex. Lottery Comm’n, 325
S.W.3d at 639. The Court finds the phrase “supported in whole or in part by public funds” unambiguous, although it
suggests that two of the dictionary definitions (“sustenance” and “maintenance”) are “remotely possible.” Ante at
___. The Court pursues a backwards approach to the ambiguity analysis: it relies on context, purpose, and canons of
construction first to exclude every possible meaning of the word “supported” except two, then to exclude all but the
most narrow of those two “possible” definitions, and then declares that the term is “unambiguous” because there’s
only one “reasonable” definition.” I find the term ambiguous because, even in context and considering the statute’s
purpose, it is susceptible to more than one reasonable meaning, and I thus turn to canons of construction and
persuasive authorities for assistance in determining what the statute’s actual language must mean.

                                                        33
governmental bodies as such while eliminating vendors providing goods and services through

arms-length contracts from the definition.”

       I would conclude that the Kneeland test and its related precedent offer persuasive, though

not controlling, legal authority. See Christus Health Gulf Coast v. Aetna, Inc., 237 S.W.3d 338,

343 & n.8 (Tex. 2007) (noting that Fifth Circuit precedent is persuasive but not binding on this

Court) (citing Penrod Drilling Corp. v. Williams, 868 S.W.2d 294, 296 (Tex. 1993)). The test is

founded on deference to the Attorneys General’s interpretations of the Act, which are likewise

persuasive but not controlling. See City of Dall., 304 S.W.3d at 384. The Court complains that

the Kneeland test has a “questionable foundation,” noting that even the Kneeland court

acknowledged that its explanation of its holding was “a mite uncertain.” Ante at ___ (quoting

Kneeland, 850 F.2d at 224). But as the Court notes, it is the “direction given” in Kneeland that

the court described as “uncertain,” not the “foundation” on which the court relied. Although the

court acknowledged that its description of the test was less than clear, “[o]ne may have no

quarrel with the formulae” it adopted. Kneeland, 850 F.2d at 228. I would take this opportunity

to clarify the Kneeland test by articulating three basic requirements for determining whether a

private entity that provides services to or for the government and is paid with public funds is

“supported in whole or part by public funds” and is thus a governmental body under the Act.

               a.     Receipt of Public Funds

       First, to be “supported by” public funds, a private entity must at least “receive” public

funds, so an entity that does not receive public funds is not a governmental body under this

provision. Thus, while the Attorney General was cognizant in JM-821 that the role of a volunteer

fire department is one “traditionally provided by governmental bodies,” this fact, standing alone,

                                               34
is not enough. See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JM-821. Arguably, at least, the private high school in

JM-154, the water supply corporation in JM-596, and the Fiesta planning commission in ORD-

569 also provided services “traditionally provided by governmental bodies.” See Tex. Att’y Gen.

ORD-569; Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. Nos. JM-154, JM-596. But because they did not receive public

funds, they were not governmental bodies under part (xii). See TEX. GOV’T CODE

§ 552.003(1)(A)(xii). As the Attorney General recognized, “[t]he threshold question is whether

the [private entity] receives any funds from the [public fisc].” Tex. Att’y Gen. ORD-569; see

also Tex. Att’y Gen. OR2013-09038 (determining that El Paso Zoological Society that received

no public funds was not a governmental body).

               b.      Support, Not Consideration

       Everyone agrees, however, that merely “receiving” public funds does not equate to being

“supported by” those funds. Governmental entities regularly purchase a wide variety of goods

and services from private vendors, including everything from legal pads to legal services, and I

agree that such vendors are generally not “supported . . . by public funds” as a result of such

transactions, at least as the Act uses that term. Thus, a private entity that receives public funds in

exchange for assuming an “obligation to provide a measurable amount of service in exchange for

a certain amount of money as would be expected in a typical arms-length contract for services

between a vendor and purchaser” is not “supported by” those public funds, and is not a

governmental body under the Act. CareFlite v. Rural Hill Emergency Med. Servs., Inc., 418
S.W.3d 132, 141–42 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2012, no pet.) (holding that medical service provider

was not a governmental body); see also Hart, 382 S.W.3d at 595 (holding that association of

appraisal districts was not a governmental body).

                                                 35
       A second requirement for a private entity to be “supported . . . by public funds,” then,

should be that the private entity must receive public funds not as compensation or consideration

paid in exchange for “specific goods” or “specific measurable services,” but as a general or

unrestricted payment provided to subsidize or underwrite the private entity’s activities. See Tex.

Att’y Gen. Op. No. GA-666; compare Tex. Att’y Gen. ORD-228 (concluding that commission

was governmental body because it received public funds “used for [its] general support”); Tex.

Att’y Gen. ORD-302 (concluding that promoter of manufacturing and industrial development

was governmental body because it was provided “unrestricted” grant of public funds); Tex. Att’y

Gen. Op. No. JM-116 (concluding that athletic association was governmental body because it

was provided public funds to be “used for [its] ‘general support . . . rather than being attributable

to specific payments for specific measurable services’”), with Tex. Att’y Gen. ORD-343

(concluding that ambulance service provider was not governmental body because it was paid

specific amounts to cover specific, measurable services provided under service contract).

       This requirement would most easily be met when a governmental entity provides a

“grant” to promote the private entity’s activities, but it may also be met when the governmental

entity “pays” the private entity to provide services to or for the governmental entity or its

constituents. The terminology that the parties choose to use should not be determinative. A key

factor in the context of a service contract like those at issue here would be whether the

relationship between the service provider and the governmental entity is the kind of “quid pro

quo” relationship common in the service industry, see Kneeland, 850 F.2d at 230, or whether the

relationship is something more akin to a governmental body outsourcing governmental services

to a private entity, see Tex. Att’y Gen. ORD-228, ORD-302; see also Hart, 382 S.W.3d at 595

                                                 36
(observing that association of appraisal districts did not perform services traditionally performed

by governmental bodies and instead provided services under conditions similar to what would be

expected in typical arm’s-length transaction).

       In this context, I note that the Attorney General’s ruling here should have come as no

surprise to the Partnership, as Attorneys General have repeatedly concluded that chambers of

commerce, see Tex. Att’y Gen. Nos. ORD-621 (Arlington Chamber of Commerce), OR2001-

4849 (Round Rock Chamber of Commerce), chambers-of-commerce-like entities, see Tex. Att’y

Gen. ORD-228 (entity chartered to promote interest of Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area),

ORD-302 (entity promoting manufacturing and industrial development around City of Bryan),

and even the Partnership itself, see Tex. Att’y Gen. OR2004-4221, are governmental bodies

under the Act. But these conclusions are based on a “fact-specific” analysis of the contract and

context of each case. See Kneeland, 850 F.2d at 228; see also CareFlite, 418 S.W.3d at 138

(“The answer to the [governmental-body] inquiry depends upon the circumstances of each

case.”). As the Attorney General has confirmed, a chamber of commerce that is not “supported in

whole or in part by public funds” is not a governmental body under the Act. See Tex. Att’y Gen.

OR2015-05495 (2015) (finding Central Fort Bend Chamber of Commerce is not governmental

body because it only received public funds as membership fees paid for specific measurable

services).

       With regard to this second requirement, I would not dictate that the public funds equal a

particular amount or percentage of the entity’s total revenue, nor would I mandate that the entity

require those funds for its existence or survival. The Act defines “governmental body” to include

“the part, section, or portion” of an entity that is “supported in whole or in part by public funds.”

                                                 37
TEX. GOV’T CODE § 552.003(1)(A)(xii). Thus, public funds could make up only a small portion

of an entity’s total revenues and yet provide general support, and even the sole support, for a

particular part, section, or portion of the entity, or support “in part” of the entity as a whole. See

Tex. Att’y Gen. ORD-602 (holding that city provided general support to museum even though

public funds constituted only 15% of total revenue, but only portion of museum that received

“direct support” was a governmental body). Under this construction of the Act, that part, section,

or portion of the entity is a governmental body under the Act, even if the rest of the entity is not.

See id. In short, because the statute includes the “part, section, or portion” of entities that are

supported “in part” by public funds, it is the nature of the public funds (as support or sustenance

and not as compensation or consideration), and not the amount or percentage of the public funds,

that matters.

                 c.       A Shared Common Purpose

        Finally, to ensure that the funds are received as a general or unrestricted payment to

subsidize or underwrite the private entity’s activities, a third requirement should be that the funds

be intended to promote a purpose, interest, or mission that the governmental and private entities

share and would both pursue even in the absence of their contractual relationship. The mere

existence of an “agency-type relationship” or a “common purpose or objective,” or even the fact

that the service is one “traditionally provided by governmental bodies,” should not be sufficient

by itself to meet this third requirement. See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. GA-666; Kneeland, 850
F.2d at 228–29.12 It is not unusual for an arms-length services vendor to take on an agency-type

        12
            See also CareFlite, 418 S.W.3d at 142 (“[W]e have not found[] any authority, primary or persuasive, that
stands for the proposition that, if a private entity and a governmental body share a common purpose or objective, the

                                                         38
role for its customer, or for a governmental agency to enter into an arms-length contract for

government services that the agency itself traditionally provides, and contracting parties will

ordinarily share at least the common objective of effectuating the obligations and purposes of

their contract. In ORD-343, for example, the Amarillo Hospital District and its ambulance

service provider shared the common goal of the contract: providing the people of Amarillo with

emergency transportation to local hospitals. See Tex. Att’y Gen. ORD-343. But such

relationships do not necessarily result in the governmental body “supporting” the private entity.

        Instead, I would hold that a supportive relationship exists when the parties share a true

“identity of interests” that each of them has beyond any particular transaction or finite series of

transactions between them. See Kneeland, 850 F.2d at 228–29 (“[T]here apparently is some

common purpose or objective between the association and the universities, or they would not be

drawn to each other, but there is no real identity of interest and neither may be considered the

agent of the other.”). The volunteer fire department in JM-821 provides an example of this more

extensive “identity of interests” relationship. See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JM-821. There, the

private entity and the governmental entity each independently had the purpose of protecting

citizens and property from fires and other hazards, and the governmental entity promoted the

private entity’s pursuit of that purpose by providing “general support.” See id.

        I would thus distinguish between (1) a situation in which a private entity contractually

undertakes a governmental entity’s objectives because the governmental entity agrees to pay for

those services, and (2) a situation in which a private entity and a governmental entity that each

private entity is automatically a governmental body for purposes of the [Act]. Neither are we aware of any like
authority when an entity provides services traditionally provided by governmental bodies.”).

                                                      39
independently have the same purpose or interest, and thus an “identity of interest,” contractually

agree to pursue that interest in cooperation and using public funding. See Kneeland, 850 F.2d at

228–29. For example, when a governmental entity hires a law firm to represent it in litigation,

the firm and the government share interests and objectives specific to the firm’s representation of

that entity, but they do not necessarily have an “identity of interests.” Although both the firm and

the client may desire and jointly pursue the same outcome from the representation, the firm’s

interest in achieving that outcome is transaction specific: the law firm takes on that goal because

the client pays it to do so, and but for the client-attorney relationship, the law firm generally has

no stake in the outcome of the litigation.13

         In summary, then, I would clarify the Kneeland test and hold that a private entity (or a

part, section, or portion thereof) is “supported in whole or in part by public funds,” and is thus a

governmental body under the Public Information Act, if (1) the private entity receives public

funds; (2) it does so not as compensation or consideration made in exchange for “specific goods”

or “specific measurable services,” but as a general or unrestricted payment provided to subsidize

or underwrite the private entity’s activities; and (3) the funds provided are intended to promote a

purpose, interest, or mission that the governmental and private entities share and would each

pursue even in the absence of their contractual relationship.

         13
            Contrary to the Court’s concern, this distinction would apply as effectively when the government
contracts with a private firm to “provide more enduring and wide-ranging counsel” as it would when it hires a firm
to handle a specific matter. See ante at ___. In either case, the third requirement (common purpose) typically would
not be met because it is not part of the law firm’s mission or purpose to achieve the specific objectives that the
government hires it to achieve, other than to fulfill its obligation to its client. But if the government paid funds to a
special interest firm whose mission as a firm was to protect the environment, or promote a pro-life agenda, or
increase health care for children, for example, this third requirement might be satisfied if the purpose of the
government’s payment was to “support” the firm’s efforts to accomplish that mission. If the second requirement
were also satisfied (i.e., the government paid the funds to subsidize or underwrite the firm’s efforts, rather than as
consideration for specific, measurable services), the firm would be a governmental body under the Act.

                                                           40
                                               III.
                                  Application to the Partnership

        The Partnership, which undisputedly received public funds, asserts that its agreements

with the City were arm’s-length, quid pro quo contracts that only obligated it to perform specific

and measurable services. The Attorney General disagrees, contending that the Partnership was

“paid a certain amount of money on a quarterly basis to accomplish a broad range of goals

designed to promote the City.” The Court agrees with the Partnership. Under the facts of this

record, I would conclude that the Partnership meets all three requirements for being “supported

. . . by public funds.”

A.      Payments to Subsidize the Partnership’s Activities

        The parties do not dispute, and I agree, that some of the provisions in the Partnership’s

contracts with the City imposed specific and definite obligations on the Partnership to provide a

measurable amount of service. The court of appeals also agreed, but found that the Partnership’s

“major obligations under the contract are not specific, definite, or tied to a measurable amount of

service for a certain amount of money.” 407 S.W.3d at 784. The court provided these examples

of the Partnership’s indefinite obligations to:

        •   [i]dentify new business opportunities, secure economic incentives and
            increase outreach and recruitment activities to the region’s targeted key
            industries to strengthen the City of Houston as a competitive place to do
            business;

        •   partner with the airport system to recruit, relocate, and expand business which
            supports the master plan, and to identify business incentives available in both
            public and private sectors;

        •   make its research capabilities available to the City of Houston’s convention
            and entertainment facilities department and its convention and visitor’s bureau
            for marketing reports;

                                                  41
       •   support and coordinate with HAS to develop new air routes, stimulate
           increased international trade and business for Houston companies;

       •   promote HAS stories in international markets and highlight HAS efforts to
           provide airports allowance for expansion and ease of transportation;

       •   “coordinate on matters of mutual interest” before the U.S. Congress, federal
           agencies, the Texas Legislature, and Texas agencies; and

       •   assist the City of Houston’s mayor, should she ask for help, with “advancing
           various Economic Development and Marketing Initiatives.”

Id. at 784. In light of these provisions, the court of appeals concluded that it could not “say that

overall the contract here imposes specific and definite obligations on [the Partnership] to provide

a measurable amount of services to the City of Houston in exchange for a certain amount of

money, as would be expected in a typical arms-length contract for services between a vendor and

purchaser.” Id.

       The Partnership contends, and the Court apparently agrees, that its contractually

mandated performance reports provide the missing specifics for the broader obligations on which

the court of appeals relied. The Partnership also asserts that some of its contractual obligations

are necessarily vague because “in the context of intangible deliverables it would be nearly

impossible to provide greater details.” For example, the contracts require the Partnership to

“make its research capabilities available on request to” the City of Houston’s convention and

entertainment facilities department and its convention and visitor’s bureau “to facilitate the

creation of professional, sophisticated marketing reports,” but the City cannot predict all of the

groups that might approach it during the course of a year with an interest in the convention

center. The Partnership also takes issue with the court of appeals’ observation that the

Partnership does not perform its obligations “in exchange for a certain amount of money,” as the

                                                42
Partnership is paid a set amount on a quarterly basis “regardless of whether or how much it does

in furtherance of the contract’s goals.” According to the Partnership, “this observation fails to

acknowledge or appreciate that all payments under the contracts are made ‘in arrears and are

contingent upon receipt and approval’” of the Partnership’s performance reports.

       I agree with the court of appeals that while some of the services the Partnership provides

under the contracts are specific and measurable, the major obligations are broad and open-ended.

Although the performance reports may identify specific services that the Partnership performed

in fulfilling those general promises, these after-the-fact reports of services the Partnership

decided to provide do not impose a contractual obligation on the Partnership to provide those

specific services. And although the contracts provide that the City’s quarterly payments to the

Partnership are “contingent upon receipt and approval by the Director of [the] written progress

reports in accordance with Article III(C),” that article merely authorizes the Director to require

reports and to determine their format and content; it does not authorize the Director to dictate

what services must be provided or included in the report or otherwise narrow the Partnership’s

broad discretion to decide the types and amounts of services to provide. Finally, the fact that it

might be difficult or impossible for the contracts to provide greater detail about some of the

“intangible deliverables” does not weigh in favor of treating those provisions as if they called for

“specific, measurable services” when they do not. In ORD-602, the Attorney General recognized

that the “highly specialized, unique services” the museum provided to the City of Dallas could

not be “known, specific, or measurable,” but the Attorney General still concluded that the

museum was, in part, a governmental body under the Act. See Tex. Att’y Gen. ORD-602 (1992).

                                                43
       As the court of appeals pointed out, the contracts at issue do not tie the City’s payments

to the Partnership to discrete services or measurable amounts of service. Instead, the City paid

the Partnership a flat fee of $196,250 per quarter, regardless of whether, or how, or how

extensively the Partnership made efforts to “identify new business opportunities, secure

economic incentives, and increase outreach and recruitment activities to the region’s targeted key

industries to strengthen Houston as a competitive place to do business.” The absence of an

identifiable link between the services provided and the payment due, when considered in

conjunction with the lack of specificity and measurability in many of the contract’s service

requirements, demonstrates that the City paid the Partnership public funds to subsidize,

underwrite, and support the Partnership’s activities.

       It is true that public funds make up only a small “part” of the Partnership’s support. But

when an entity, or “part, section, or portion” of an entity, receives public funds for its general

support, the entity has broad discretion to use those funds as it sees fit to accomplish its goals,

and the entity shares those goals with a public entity that would otherwise use the funds to

accomplish those goals itself, the entity, or that “part, section, or portion” of the entity, is

“supported in whole or in part by public funds.” This does not mean that the public has a right to

know how the Partnership spends all of its funds, but the Partnership has made a tactical decision

here not to provide information about where the public funds go within the Partnership or how

the public funds are spent, so that we could limit its duty to produce records under the Act to

“records concerning its operations that are directly supported by governmental bodies,” as the

Attorney General has done for the Partnership in the past. See Tex. Att’y Gen. OR2004-4221

(emphasis added).

                                                 44
       Finally, as noted, the 2008 services agreement included language specifying that the

City’s funds were “solely for services rendered under this Agreement and are not intended to

support [the Partnership] in any of its activities not specifically set forth in this Agreement.” But

the determination of this issue must depend on the actual nature of the services and payment

obligations under the contract. The 2008 contract’s conclusory statements that the contract does

not render the Partnership a governmental body and that the contract payments are not for

general support do not make it so. Just as a governmental body cannot avoid the Act’s

requirements by promulgating rules, see Indus. Found. of the S., 540 S.W.2d at 677, it cannot do

so by contractually agreeing that the Act does not apply. Otherwise, every entity contracting with

the government would shield itself from the Act simply by stating in the contract that it is not a

governmental body. In light of the broad, open-ended services the Partnership agreed to perform

under these contracts, I would conclude that the second requirement is met.

B.     Identity of Interests

       I now consider whether the City’s funds were intended to promote a purpose, interest, or

mission that the City and the Partnership share and would each pursue even in the absence of

their contractual relationship. The evidence here readily establishes that this requirement is met.

Independent from any contract with the City, the Partnership exists to promote job creation,

increased trade, and capital investment in the greater Houston area. As the Court agrees, even

without the City’s contract, the Partnership “could and would continue to promote the greater

Houston economy to advance its own interests and those of its more than 2,000 non-government

members.” Ante at ___. The City contracted with the Partnership because the City independently

shares those same interests. The City did not pay the Partnership to provide services merely to

                                                 45
promote the City’s individual objectives, but to promote objectives that the City and the

Partnership share. In fact, the contracts required that the scope of the Partnership’s services

“support the goals, visions, and objectives outlined in the Partnership’s Strategic Plan.”

(Emphasis added.) The interest the City and Partnership share does not arise solely out of the

parties’ contractual relationship—both parties independently share these objectives. The City has

an inherent motive to promote its own financial interests, and promotion of the City’s economic

development was a primary focus of the Partnership’s purpose.

       Under these circumstances, I would hold that the Partnership was “supported in whole or

in part by public funds” so as to fall within the definition of a “governmental body” under the

Public Information Act. See TEX. GOV’T CODE § 552.003(1)(A)(xii).

                                               IV.
                                          Policymaking

       Although the Court acknowledges the Act’s instruction that we construe it liberally in

favor of a request for information, see id. § 552.001(b), the Court chooses to adopt the most

narrow construction of “supported” possible, because a broader construction would permit

“public intrusion into the private affairs of non-governmental entities,” ante at __, “pry open the

sensitive records of private entities,” ante at __ n.12, and subject the Partnership to “invasive

disclosure requirements,” ante at __. Even if we could construe the Act according to our

preferred results rather than the text of the statute (which we cannot, or at least, should not), I

find the Court’s concerns to be not nearly as troubling as the Court suggests.

       What the Court fails to acknowledge is that the Act protects the Partnership’s “sensitive

records,” but the Partnership elected not to seek that protection. The Act expressly excepts from

disclosure all information that is “confidential by law, either constitutional, statutory, or by

                                                46
judicial decision.” TEX. GOV’T CODE § 552.101. Even if the information is not confidential by

law, the Act still excepts it from disclosure if, for example, it constitutes the Partnership’s

commercial or financial information and (as the Court assumes) its disclosure would cause the

Partnership “substantial competitive harm.” Id. § 552.110(b). In fact, as the Court recently held,

the Act excepts the information if its release would even just “give advantage to a competitor.”

See Boeing Co. v. Paxton, No. 12-1007, ___ S.W.3d ___, ___ (Tex. June 19, 2015) (construing

TEX. GOV’T CODE § 552.104). And particularly apropos to the Partnership’s activities, the Act

specifically excepts certain “information [that] relates to economic development negotiations

involving a governmental body and a business prospect that the governmental body seeks to have

locate, stay, or expand in or near the territory of the governmental body.” TEX. GOV’T CODE §

552.131(a). The Partnership did not assert any of these exceptions in this appeal. In fact, it did

not assert any exceptions at all, even though it has successfully asserted exceptions in the past.

See Tex. Att’y Gen. OR2004-4221. Nor did it ever contend that only a “part, section, or portion”

of the Partnership is supported by public funds, even though it successfully made that assertion

in the past as well. See id.

        The Partnership contends that the court of appeals’ decision represents a “vast

overexpansion of the Public Information Act to reach private business information that the public

has no inherent or legitimate right to know.” In response, the Attorney General asserts that the

Partnership’s construction of the statute would permit governmental bodies to evade public

scrutiny by contracting with private entities to carry out government business. “If governmental

bodies can shield information from public scrutiny by outsourcing their business to private

companies,” the Attorney General contends, “the purpose of the [Act] is frustrated.” In short,

                                               47
each party warns that the other’s proposed construction will have dire consequences, either

destroying private entities’ ability to keep their private information private or undermining the

people’s right to know what their government is doing. The Partnership asserts, “The stakes are

tremendous.”14

        I am not convinced that the effect of our determination would or must be as drastic as

either party, or the Court, suggests. Although the Court concludes that the Partnership is not a

governmental body, the Act still empowers the public to require the City to disclose all

“information that is written, produced, collected, assembled, or maintained” by or for the City

“under a law or ordinance or in connection with the transaction of official business.” TEX. GOV’T

CODE § 552.002(a)(1) (defining “public information”). This extends to not only the City’s

service agreements with the Partnership and all reports and other information the Partnership

provided to the City under those contracts, but also all information the Partnership collects,

assembles, or maintains for the City “in connection with the transaction of official business,” if

the City “owns,” “has a right of access to,” or “spends or contributes public money for the

purpose of writing, producing, collecting, assembling, or maintaining the information.” Id. §

552.002(a). Even if the requested information is not in the City’s actual possession, the Act still

provides broad access to the Partnership’s information related to “the transaction of official

business.” Id.

        14
           We have also received amicus briefs from several chambers of commerce arguing that the court of
appeals’ holding, if allowed to stand, will be “catastrophic” for chambers of commerce in Texas and will render
them “wholly unable to function.”

                                                      48
        Conversely, if the Court concluded, as I do, that the Partnership is a governmental body,

the Partnership could still protect its confidential and commercially sensitive information by

relying on the Act’s numerous exceptions. In addition, the Partnership could assert (as it has

previously asserted), that only a particular “part, section, or portion” of the Partnership is

supported in whole or in part by public funds, and only that “part, section, or portion” is required

to disclose information in response to a public information request. See id. § 552.003(1)(A)(xii);

see also Tex. Att’y Gen. OR2004-4221 (concluding that “the [Partnership’s] records concerning

its operations that are directly supported by governmental bodies are subject to the Act as public

information”) (emphasis added). In its appeal to this Court, however, the Partnership does not

assert any exceptions, does not contend that only a particular “part, section, or portion” of the

Partnership was supported by public funds, and has made no other effort to protect the

information in its check registers, other than to claim it is not a governmental body. It is a risky

litigation strategy, and the Court should not let it motivate us to misinterpret the Act for fear that

the Partnership’s confidential financial information would otherwise be disclosed.

        In any event, regardless of whether the effects will be as drastic as the Court, the

Partnership, or the Attorney General suggest, our job is to interpret and apply the statute as

written, not to rewrite it to achieve the policy outcomes they or we may prefer. See In re Tex.

Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 210 S.W.3d 609, 614 (Tex. 2006) (“It is not the Court’s

task to choose between competing policies addressed by legislative drafting. We apply the

mandates in the statute as written.”) (citation omitted).15

        15
           See also F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680, 690 (Tex. 2007) (“[W]e do not
pick and choose among policy options on which the Legislature has spoken. ‘Our role . . . is not to second-guess the

                                                        49
                                                       V.
                                                    Conclusion

         I would hold that the Greater Houston Partnership was supported in whole or in part by

public funds and would thus agree with the Attorney General, the trial court, and the court of

appeals that the Partnership is a governmental body for purposes of Jenkins’s public information

requests. The Partnership has not argued that only a particular “part, section, or portion” of the

Partnership received public funds, or that any of the information at issue falls within one of the

Act’s exceptions to required disclosure. I would therefore affirm the court of appeals’ judgment

requiring the Partnership to disclose its 2007 and 2008 check registers pursuant to the Public

Information Act.

                                                                _____________________
                                                                Jeffrey S. Boyd
                                                                Justice

Opinion delivered: June 26, 2015

policy choices that inform our statutes or to weigh the effectiveness of their results; rather, our task is to interpret
those statutes in a manner that effectuates the Legislature’s intent.’”) (quoting McIntyre v. Ramirez, 109 S.W.3d
741, 748 (Tex. 2003)) (alteration in F.F.P. Operating Partners, 237 S.W.3d at 690).

                                                          50