Court Opinion

ID: 9839906
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-14 16:08:56.098169+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:41:58.341329
License: Public Domain

J-A13007-23

                                  2023 PA Super 166

JANE BETZ, EXECUTRIX OF THE ESTATE :             IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
OF RICHARD M. BETZ, AND IN HER OWN :                  PENNSYLVANIA
RIGHT                              :
                                   :
          v.                       :
                                   :
UPMC PINNACLE WEST SHORE           :
HOSPITAL T/A; D/B/A UPMC PINNACLE  :
HOSPITAL, STEVEN DELUCA, D.O.,     :
DEVIN OLSON, D.O., DANIEL SUMKO,   :
D.O., TODD C. SCHAEFFER, D.O.,     :
BRENNA HOUSER, CRNA, AND RICHARD :
G. EVANS, D.O.                     :
                                   :
APPEAL OF: UPMC PINNACLE WEST      :
SHORE HOSPITAL                     :             No. 1123 MDA 2022

                Appeal from the Order Entered July 19, 2022
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Cumberland County Civil Division at
                            No(s): 2020-05740

BEFORE:      BOWES, J., LAZARUS, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

OPINION BY BOWES, J.:                            FILED SEPTEMBER 14, 2023

       UPMC Pinnacle West Shore Hospital (“the Hospital”) appeals from the

order that granted the motion of Jane Betz (“Plaintiff”), directing the Hospital

to take reasonable efforts to identify the author of an anonymous report

concerning the care and death of Richard M. Betz (“Decedent”) at the Hospital.

Specifically, the Hospital contends that the trial court erred in so doing

because ascertaining the identity of the reporter would violate             the

whistleblower protections of the Medical Care Availability and Reduction of

____________________________________________

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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Error (“MCARE”) Act, 40 P.S. §§ 1303.101-1303.910.1 As we find no error in

the trial court’s interpretation and application of the pertinent statutes, we

affirm.

       Since the issue in this appeal is collateral to Plaintiff’s claims against the

Hospital and individuals who provided care to Decedent there (collectively

“Defendants”), we need not recount the facts of the underlying action in detail.

Briefly, Decedent died following elective knee surgery performed at the

Hospital in June 2020. Plaintiff filed a complaint stating wrongful death and

survival claims, alleging that Defendants’ negligence caused Decedent’s

death. Defendants denied that their treatment deviated from the standard of

care or that they caused Decedent’s death.

       During the course of discovery, the Hospital produced four incident

reports made in connection with Decedent’s treatment.             Pertinent to this

appeal, event report EV20201798812 (“the anonymous report”) had been

submitted anonymously through the Hospital’s online portal in accordance

with its MCARE Act patient safety plan. That report stated as follows:

       Patient was given 6 x 0.5 mg of hydromorphone and 4 mg of
       morphine post-op in the PACU [Post-Anesthesia Care Unit]. Based
       on chart documentation, the patient was desatting [incurring
       decreasing oxygen levels] from the narcotics and required 3L NC
       [three liters of oxygen by nasal cannula]. The patient was then
____________________________________________

1 This Court has jurisdiction over these appeals because they are from
collateral orders that are immediately appealable pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 313.
See, e.g., Farrell v. Regola, 150 A.3d 87, 95 (Pa.Super. 2016) (“When a
party is ordered to produce materials purportedly subject to a privilege, we
have jurisdiction under Pa.R.A.P. 313.” (cleaned up)).

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      transferred from the PACU to WS4 without any bedside handoff to
      the floor RN. Floor RN found the patient unresponsive and
      pulseless, and a code blue was activated. After a few days in the
      ICU the patient was found to have anoxic brain injury due to his
      cardiac arrest. Care was withdrawn and the patient died during
      the admission.

Trial Court Opinion, 9/7/22, at 8 (quoting Response to Motion to Compel,

6/14/22, at Exhibit B (bracketed information added by trial court)).

      In addition to the depositions of Decedent’s health care providers at the

Hospital, Plaintiff requested to depose the authors of all four reports.

Defendants produced the three named authors and known individuals with

first-hand information about Decedent’s treatment at the Hospital. However,

Defendants asserted that the MCARE Act precluded the disclosure of the

anonymous reporter. Plaintiff moved to compel the deposition, prompting a

hearing before a discovery master.      There, the Hospital represented, and

Plaintiff accepted, that the identity of the author of the anonymous report was

unknown at that time. Yet, “it was not represented that such information

could not be extracted from the [H]ospital’s reporting system.” Id.

      Ultimately, the trial court entered an order granting relief as

recommended by the discovery master:

      AND NOW, . . . [Plaintiff’s motion to compel] is granted to the
      extent that [the] Hospital is directed to perform a reasonable
      search of the system utilized by the author of [the anonymous
      report] with a view toward determining the identity of the
      reporter, and to serve a verified report of the result of that search
      upon Plaintiff’s counsel within 45 days of the date of this order.

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       NOTHING IN THIS ORDER is intended to require the defendant to
       perform an investigation beyond a review of the system (including
       an examination of metadata associated with the report).

Id. (quoting Order, 7/19/22, at 1).

       The Hospital timely appealed, and both it and the trial court complied

with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.2 The Hospital presents the following question for our

determination: “Whether the trial court erred in concluding the whistleblower

protections of [§] 308 of the MCARE Act did not protect the anonymity of the

author of a confidential serious event report from disclosure in response to

civil discovery.” Hospital’s brief at 3.

       We begin with the general legal principles that guide our review. “The

issue of whether materials are privileged is a question of law.”        Meyer-

Chatfield Corp. v. Bank Fin. Servs. Grp., 143 A.3d 930, 937 (Pa.Super.

2016). Therefore, this Court conducts a de novo, plenary review. Id. To the

extent that our review entails statutory interpretation, it also implicates

questions of law subject to de novo, plenary review.                See, e.g.,

Commonwealth v. Chesapeake Energy Corp., 247 A.3d 934, 942 (Pa.

2021).    “The object of all interpretation and construction of statutes is to

ascertain and effectuate the intention of the General Assembly.” 1 Pa.C.S.

____________________________________________

2 Initially, the Hospital requested that the trial court amend the July 19, 2022

order to add language to allow an appeal by permission pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.
§ 702(b), and the trial court declined. However, as noted above, we
nonetheless have jurisdiction of this appeal from a collateral order pursuant
to Pa.R.A.P. 313.

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§ 1921(a).   “The plain language of the statute is the best indicator of the

legislature’s intent. To ascertain the plain meaning, we consider the operative

statutory language in context and give words and phrases their common and

approved usage.” Chesapeake Energy Corp., supra at 942.

      It is well-settled that evidentiary privileges are disfavored, and that their

use should be permitted “only to the very limited extent that excluding

relevant evidence has a public good transcending the normally predominant

principle of utilizing all rational means for ascertaining the truth.” BouSamra

v. Excela Health, 210 A.3d 967, 975 (Pa. 2019) (cleaned up). Regarding

the respective duties of the parties when a privilege is invoked, we have

observed that “[t]he party invoking a privilege must initially set forth facts

showing that the privilege has been properly invoked.” Yocabet v. UPMC

Presbyterian, 119 A.3d 1012, 1019 (Pa.Super. 2015) (cleaned up). “Once

the invoking party has made the appropriate proffer, then the burden shifts

to the party seeking disclosure to set forth facts showing that disclosure should

be compelled either because the privilege has been waived or because an

exception to the privilege applies.” Id. (cleaned up).

      At issue in the instant appeal is the Hospital’s claim that the identity of

the author of the anonymous report is privileged from discovery based upon

the provisions of the Whistleblower Law incorporated by reference into the

MCARE Act. The section of the MCARE Act invoked by the Hospital states as

follows in relevant part:

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      (a) Reporting.--A health care worker who reasonably believes
      that a serious event or incident has occurred shall report the
      serious event or incident according to the patient safety plan of
      the medical facility unless the health care worker knows that a
      report has already been made.        The report shall be made
      immediately or as soon thereafter as reasonably practicable, but
      in no event later than 24 hours after the occurrence or discovery
      of a serious event or incident.

              ....

      (c) Liability.--A health care worker who reports the occurrence
      of a serious event or incident in accordance with subsection (a)
      . . . shall not be subject to any retaliatory action for reporting the
      serious event or incident and shall have the protections and
      remedies set forth in [43 P.S. §§ 1421-1428], known as the
      Whistleblower Law.

      (d) Limitation.--Nothing in this section shall limit a medical
      facility’s ability to take appropriate disciplinary action against a
      health care worker for failure to meet defined performance
      expectations or to take corrective action against a licensee for
      unprofessional conduct, including making false reports or failure
      to report serious events under this chapter.

40 P.S. § 1303.308. Hence, the MCARE Act guarantees (1) freedom from

retaliation for reporting, and (2) the protections and remedies offered by the

Whistleblower Law.

      The Whistleblower Law was designed “to enhance openness in

government and compel the government’s compliance with the law by

protecting those who inform authorities of wrongdoing.”            O'Rourke v.

Commonwealth, 778 A.2d 1194, 1202 (Pa. 2001) (cleaned up).                     The

provisions of the Whistleblower Law concerning protection of employees are

as follows:

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      (a) Persons not to be discharged.--No employer may
      discharge, threaten or otherwise discriminate or retaliate against
      an employee regarding the employee’s compensation, terms,
      conditions, location or privileges of employment because the
      employee or a person acting on behalf of the employee makes a
      good faith report or is about to report, verbally or in writing, to
      the employer or appropriate authority an instance of wrongdoing
      or waste by a public body or an instance of waste by any other
      employer as defined in this act.

      (b) Discrimination prohibited.--No employer may discharge,
      threaten or otherwise discriminate or retaliate against an
      employee regarding the employee’s compensation, terms,
      conditions, location or privileges of employment because the
      employee is requested by an appropriate authority to participate
      in an investigation, hearing or inquiry held by an appropriate
      authority or in a court action.

      (c) Disclosure prohibition.--An appropriate authority to which
      a violation of this act was reported may not disclose the identity
      of a whistleblower without the whistleblower’s consent unless
      disclosure is unavoidable in the investigation of the alleged
      violation.

43 P.S. § 1423.

      Upon examining the statutes, the trial court adopted the discovery

master’s conclusion that the Whistleblower Law’s protections are “intended to

discourage retaliation by the target of a whistleblower’s report to an agency

by restricting the agency’s right to disclose the identity of the reporter; the

law does not purport to preclude the target itself from ascertaining the

reporter’s identity by other means.” Trial Court Opinion, 9/7/22, at 8 (quoting

Discovery Master’s Report and Recommendation, 7/18/22, at 11). The trial

court further opined that it would be absurd to allow the target of a

whistleblower to use the statute “as a shield against discovery of wrongdoing.”

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Id. Therefore, the trial court directed the Hospital to conduct a reasonable

review of the available data to determine who authored the anonymous report

and provide the information to Plaintiff.

       In challenging that ruling, the Hospital argues that the trial court erred

in “skip[ping] past reviewing the statutory text” and basing its decision upon

the legislative intent of the Whistleblower Law, and instead should have

focused upon the intent of the MCARE Act. See Hospital’s brief at 10. The

Hospital further contends that the trial court’s reading renders the MCARE

Act’s reference to the Whistleblower Law superfluous, as the MCARE Act itself

protects reporters from retaliation by the Hospital. Id. at 12. Finally, the

Hospital posits that the anonymity protections of the Whistleblower Law do

not merely protect the employee from adverse actions by the employer, but

also “ensures a whistleblower will not face collateral damage professionally

and socially, will avoid retribution from the target’s associates, and will escape

attack from third-parties who are negatively impacted by the report.” Id. at

13. Therefore, contending that the investigation in this case does not make

the disclosure of the anonymous reported unavoidable, the Hospital maintains

that it is precluded from disclosing the identity of the anonymous reporter

absent that individual’s consent.3 Id. at 9-10.

____________________________________________

3 We note that the Hospital does not argue on appeal that the identity of the

author of the anonymous report, or the report itself, is subject to any privilege
other than the 40 P.S. § 1303.308. Nor does it contend that compliance with
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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       We first address the Hospital’s assertion that “[t]he Whistleblower Law

provides only that the recipient of the report, ‘may not disclose the identity

of the whistleblower.”        Id.    at 11 (quoting a select portion of 43 P.S.

§ 1423(c)) (emphasis added). That is not what the Whistleblower Law states.

We reiterate the actual text of the nondisclosure provision: “An appropriate

authority to which a violation of this act was reported may not disclose the

identity of a whistleblower without the whistleblower’s consent unless

disclosure is unavoidable in the investigation of the alleged violation.” 43 P.S.

§ 1423(c) (emphasis added).              While employers may not terminate or

otherwise discriminate against an employee who made a good faith report to

the employer or to an “appropriate authority,”4 the anonymity provision of

the law makes no reference to employers, constraining only the “appropriate

authority” from disclosing the identity of the employee.

       Therefore, we must determine whether the Hospital stands in the shoes

of an “employer” or an “appropriate authority” for purposes of the

Whistleblower Law’s incorporation into the MCARE Act.         We start with the

statutory definitions. The word “employer” is defined by the Whistleblower

____________________________________________

the trial court’s order is unfeasible or unduly burdensome. Therefore, our
review is limited to determining whether the trial court’s order violates
§ 1303.308.

4 If an employer engages in prohibited discrimination against a reporting
employee, the remedies provision of the Whistleblower Law provides that the
employee “may bring a civil action in a court of competent jurisdiction for
appropriate injunctive relief or damages, or both[.]” 43 P.S. § 1424(a).

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Law thusly: “A public body or [an individual or entity] which receives money

from a public body to perform work or provide services relative to the

performance of work for or the provision of services to a public body[.]” 43

P.S. § 1422. The term “appropriate authority” is defined as follows:

      A Federal, State or local government body, agency or organization
      having jurisdiction over criminal law enforcement, regulatory
      violations, professional conduct or ethics, or waste; or a member,
      officer, agent, representative or supervisory employee of the
      body, agency or organization. The term includes, but is not
      limited to, the Office of Inspector General, the Office of Attorney
      General, the Department of the Auditor General, the Treasury
      Department, the General Assembly and committees of the General
      Assembly having the power and duty to investigate criminal law
      enforcement, regulatory violations, professional conduct or ethics,
      or waste.

43 P.S. § 1422. Our review of the pertinent provisions of the MCARE Act leads

us to the ready conclusion that the Hospital is not an “appropriate authority”

prohibited from disclosing the identity of the author of the anonymous report.

      At the Hospital’s suggestion, we begin with consideration of the purpose

of the MCARE Act.     That legislation was adopted to further the following

policies: “to ensure that medical care is available in this Commonwealth

through a comprehensive and high-quality health care system” and “to reduce

and eliminate medical errors by identifying problems and implementing

solutions that promote patient safety.”      40 P.S. § 1303.102(1), (5).    The

patient safety chapter of the MCARE Act, 40 P.S. §§ 1303.301-1303.315,

“relates to the reduction of medical errors for the purpose of ensuring patient

safety.” 40 P.S. § 1303.301.

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       In this vein, medical facilities are required to develop and implement

patient safety plans that, inter alia, establish a system for its health care

workers to report serious events5 and incidents6 to a patient safety officer who

is tasked with ensuring the investigation of the reports and, in turn, reporting

them to a patient safety committee. See 40 P.S. §§ 1303.307, 1303.309.

The   patient    safety    committee      evaluates   the   patient   safety   officer’s

investigations, reviews and evaluates the quality of the medical facility’s

safety measures, and makes “recommendations to eliminate future serious

events and incidents.” 40 P.S. § 1303.310(b).

       To oversee this system, our legislature established the Patient Safety

Authority (referred to within the MCARE Act as “the authority”), an

independent agency accountable to the Pennsylvania Department of Health

(“the department”). See 40 P.S. §§ 1303.303, 1303.304. Medical facilities

are obligated to promptly report the occurrence of serious events to both the

authority and the department, while incidents are recounted only to the

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5 A serious event is “[a]n event, occurrence or situation involving the clinical
care of a patient in a medical facility that results in death or compromises
patient safety and results in an unanticipated injury requiring the delivery of
additional health care services to the patient. The term does not include an
incident.” 40 P.S. § 1303.302.

6 The definition of “incident” excludes serious events and states that it is “[a]n

event, occurrence or situation involving the clinical care of a patient in a
medical facility which could have injured the patient but did not either cause
an unanticipated injury or require the delivery of additional health care
services to the patient.” 40 P.S. § 1303.302.

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authority. See 40 P.S. § 1303.313(a), (b). The authority, inter alia, collects

and analyzes the data, conducts independent reviews, advises facilities about

changes to enhance patient safety, and provides an annual report to the

General Assembly. See 40 P.S. § 1303.304(a), (c). Finally, the department

reviews and approves patient safety plans, receives and investigates serious

event reports, and approves recommendations issued by the authority. See

40 P.S. § 1303.306(a).

      As discussed above, § 1303.308(a) mandates that health care workers

report serious events and incidents according to the medical facility’s patient

safety plan. However, the MCARE Act additionally provides that “[a] health

care worker who has complied with [§ 1303.]308(a) may file an anonymous

report regarding a serious event with the authority.” 40 P.S. § 1303.304(b).

Thereafter,

      the authority shall give notice to the affected medical facility that
      a report has been filed. The authority shall conduct its own review
      of the report unless the medical facility has already commenced
      an investigation of the serious event. The medical facility shall
      provide the authority with the results of its investigation no later
      than 30 days after receiving notice pursuant to this subsection. If
      the authority is dissatisfied with the adequacy of the investigation
      conducted by the medical facility, the authority shall perform its
      own review of the serious event and may refer a medical facility
      and any involved licensee to the department for failure to report
      pursuant to [40 P.S. § 1303.]313(e) and (f).

Id.

      Thus, the text of incorporated provisions of the Whistleblower Law in

light of the reporting provisions of the MCARE Act makes it plain that the

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Hospital does not stand in the shoes of an “appropriate authority” that is

bound to protect the identity of a whistleblower.    Rather, the “appropriate

authorities” at issue are the public entities involved in administering the

patient safety provisions of the Act, namely the Patient Safety Authority and

the Department of Health. The Hospital instead stands in the shoes of the

Whistleblower Law’s concept of an “employer” for purposes of applying

protections and remedies of the MCARE Act.7

       We deem it no coincidence that the MCARE Act, as detailed above,

contains no references to anonymous reporting in § 1303.308, which requires

health care workers to make reports in accordance with the medical facility’s

patient safety plan, but does allow for anonymous reporting to the authority

after the internal report is made. See 40 P.S. § 1303.304(b). Indeed, the

MCARE Act on its face contemplates that medical facilities will be aware of who

authored reports made pursuant to the patient safety plan insofar as it

____________________________________________

7 Before the MCARE Act was enacted in 2002, this Court held that both private

medical institutions that receive money directly from the Commonwealth, and
those that receive federal dollars through Medicaid, are employers for
purposes of the Whistleblower Law. See Riggio v. Burns, 711 A.2d 497, 500
(Pa.Super. 1998) (en banc); Denton v. Silver Stream Nursing & Rehab.
Ctr., 739 A.2d 571, 573 (Pa.Super. 1999). However, reports of conduct that
posed a risk to patient safety did not give rise to Whistleblower Law
protections “unless a statute, regulation, or code of conduct or ethics is
violated by the tortious act or omission.” Riggio, supra at 502. Further, as
the Hospital observes, many health care workers in any given medical facility
are not employees of the facility. See Hospital’s reply brief at 8. Thus, the
MCARE Act extended protections to a broader class of whistleblowers for
reporting a wider category of wrongdoing.

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expressly provides that medical facilities are permitted to discipline and take

corrective action against health care workers who make false reports. See 40

P.S. § 1303.308(a).

      Moreover, our effectuation of the plain language of the statutes does

not, as the Hospital suggests, violate the rules of statutory interpretation by

rendering superfluous the MCARE Act’s incorporation of the Whistleblower

Law. The MCARE Act itself merely states generally that a worker who reports

an incident or serious event pursuant to § 1303.308(a) “shall not be subject

to any retaliatory action for reporting the serious event or incident[.]” 40 P.S.

§ 1303.308(b). Through the additional incorporation of the protections and

remedies of the Whistleblower Law, workers are specifically: (1) protected

from discharge and other adverse employment actions, with the right to bring

civil actions against the employer for violations for those guarantees, pursuant

to 43 P.S. §§ 1423(a) and (b) and 1424(a); and (2) protected from having

their identities involuntarily disclosed by the authority or the department in

connection with a public investigation of a report, unless disclosure is

unavoidable, pursuant to 43 P.S. § 1423(c). Thus, the incorporation of the

Whistleblower Law into § 1303.308 of the MCARE Act is manifestly meaningful

without adopting the Hospital’s position that it must keep the identity of the

author of the anonymous report secret from Plaintiff.

      In sum, we hold that 40 P.S. § 1303.308(b) and 43 P.S. § 1423(c) do

not preclude the Hospital from taking reasonable efforts to ascertain and

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disclose to Plaintiff the author of the anonymous report. Therefore, we have

no cause to disturb the trial court’s order.

      Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 09/14/2023

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