Court Opinion

ID: 4542086
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-06-17 20:00:26.372198+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:47:17.104187
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JUN 17 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

U.S. TELEPACIFIC CORP., AKA TPx                 No.    19-55828
Communications, a California corporation,
                                                D.C. No.
                Plaintiff-Appellant,            2:18-cv-05083-DMG-AGR

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
U.S. SPECIALTY INSURANCE
COMPANY, a Texas corporation; DOES, 1-
10, inclusive,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Central District of California
                     Dolly M. Gee, District Judge, Presiding

                             Submitted June 1, 2020**
                               Seattle, Washington

Before: GOULD, BEA, and MURGUIA, Circuit Judges.

      U.S. TelePacific Corp., doing business as TPx Communications (“TPx”),

purchased a Directors, Officers and Organization Liability Policy (“the Policy”)

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
from U.S. Specialty Insurance Company (“Specialty”). When two former TPx

employees filed wage-and-hour putative class action lawsuits against TPx, the

insured tendered the complaints to Specialty for coverage under the Policy.

Specialty denied coverage and refused to advance TPx defense costs to litigate the

class action lawsuits, which were consolidated into one action (“the underlying

lawsuit”). TPx thereafter brought this suit in state court against Specialty, alleging

causes of action for: (1) breach of the Policy contract; (2) tortious breach of the

implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing; and (3) declaratory relief.

Specialty timely removed the case to federal court based on diversity jurisdiction.

28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1).

      TPx appeals the district court’s order granting Specialty’s motion for

judgment on the pleadings. We review a district court’s order granting a motion

for judgment on the pleadings de novo. Herrera v. Zumiez, Inc., 953 F.3d 1063,

1068 (9th Cir. 2020). Accordingly, we must determine whether, “taking all the

allegations in the pleadings as true,” Specialty was “entitled to judgment as a

matter of law.” Id. (quoting Heliotrope Gen., Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 189 F.3d
971, 978–79 (9th Cir. 1999)). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and

we affirm.

      The district court did not err in concluding that Specialty’s duty to advance

defense costs under the Policy extended only to actually covered claims. As the

                                           2
district court correctly explained, Condition (D)(2) of the Policy provides that

Specialty must advance defense costs for claims “for which [the] Policy provides

coverage,” not for potentially covered claims. Condition (D)(3) adds that Specialty

will pay only those amounts properly allocated as “covered matters.” Relevant as

well is that Condition (D)(3) unambiguously provides that when there is a dispute

over whether a claim is actually covered by the Policy, Specialty will advance

defense costs only for the portion “which the parties agree is not in dispute.”

Conditions (D)(2) and (D)(3) are thus impossible to square with TPx’s proposed

interpretation of the Policy to obligate Specialty to advance defense costs for any

potentially covered claim.

      The district court also did not err when it concluded certain causes of action

in the underlying lawsuit were barred from coverage by Exclusion (L) of the

Policy. Exclusion (L) provides that Specialty is not liable to make any payment of

loss in connection with a claim for any actual or alleged violation of the Fair Labor

Standards Act (“FLSA”) “or any other similar provisions of any federal, state or

local statutory or common law or any rules and regulations promulgated under any

of the foregoing.” As the district court explained, because of Exclusion (L),

Specialty was not obligated to provide coverage for four causes of action in the

underlying lawsuit, which involved alleged violations of California Labor Code

provisions that are similar to FLSA provisions and regulations: the failure to pay

                                          3
overtime, minimum wage, and meal and rest break claims. With respect to the

failure-to-pay-overtime-wages cause of action in the underlying lawsuit, contrary

to TPx’s contention, just because there are differences between the California

Labor Code and FLSA provisions does not render them dissimilar. See Rousey v.

Jacoway, 544 U.S. 320, 329 (2005) (explaining that the plain meaning of the word

“similar” is “like, though not identical to,” or “shar[ing] characteristics”). As to

the causes of action for TPx’s alleged failure to provide meal and rest breaks,

contrary to TPx’s arguments on appeal, the district court rightly applied Exclusion

(L) to bar coverage for state-law claims similar to FLSA provisions and

regulations.1

      The district court further did not err when it held the Policy’s “Loss”

definition precluded coverage for TPx’s alleged failure to pay in a timely manner

wages upon termination. The Policy’s Loss definition plainly excepts “penalties”

from coverage. As the district court held, the underlying lawsuit’s cause of action

alleging TPx failed to pay in a timely manner wages upon termination seeks relief

under a California Labor Code statute that characterizes available relief as “a

penalty.” Cal. Lab. Code § 203 (providing that any willfully unpaid wages “shall

continue as a penalty from the due date thereof at the same rate until paid or until

1
 TPx does not dispute that the district court properly held Exclusion (L) bars
coverage for the underlying lawsuit’s minimum-wage cause of action.

                                           4
an action therefor is commenced”). And a plain reading of the Policy’s Loss

definition reflects that it excepts from coverage both statutory and civil penalties.

      TPx contends on appeal that following a recent California Court of Appeal

decision, even if the Policy does not obligate Specialty to indemnify TPx for

penalties, Specialty is still obliged to pay defense costs for claims seeking

penalties. As quoted by TPx, that case—Southern California Pizza Co. v. Certain

Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London Subscribing to Policy Number 11EPL-2028

(“SoCal Pizza”), 252 Cal. Rptr. 3d 635, 645 (Ct. App. 2019)—held that “whether

the [relief sought] are covered losses is neither here nor there.” But the very next

two sentences of the SoCal Pizza opinion explain that it was irrelevant whether the

relief sought was covered because: (1) the court there was concerned only with the

duty to defend, rather than the duty to indemnify; and (2) the insurer did not

dispute defense costs were independently covered losses under the policy whether

or not the underlying claim or relief sought was covered. SoCal Pizza, 252 Cal.

Rptr. 3d at 645. SoCal Pizza is thus inapposite.

      Finally, the district court did not err when it found that Exclusion (F) bars

coverage for all wage-and-hour causes of action in the underlying lawsuit.

Exclusion (F) presumptively bars coverage for claims made by employees against

TPx, except where a claim is for an actual or alleged “Employment Practices

Wrongful Act,” which is defined in the Policy as specified causes of action. As the

                                           5
district court explained, Exclusion (F)’s plain language bars coverage for claims

made by employees except when the underlying civil action actually asserts an

enumerated cause of action that constitutes an Employment Practices Wrongful

Act under the Policy. TPx cannot dispute that the underlying lawsuit alleges no

such cause of action.

AFFIRMED.

                                         6