Court Opinion

ID: 6498484
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-07 17:01:36.151755+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:51:10.894328
License: Public Domain

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF FEDERAL CLAIMS

                                    NOT FOR PUBLICATION
______________________________________
                                              )
W.J., by his parents and legal guardians,     )
R.J. and A.J.,                                )
                                              )
                       Petitioners,           )       No. 21-1342V
                                              )
               v.                             )       Filed: June 21, 2022
                                              )
SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND                       )       Reissued: July 7, 2022 1
HUMAN SERVICES,                               )
                                              )
                       Respondent.            )
______________________________________ )

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

       Petitioners R.J. and A.J. seek review of a decision dismissing their request for vaccine

injury compensation on behalf of their child, W.J. Petitioners filed their petition for compensation

under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-10 et seq. (the

“Vaccine Act”), alleging W.J. suffered chronic encephalopathy (a Table injury) and

immunodeficiency issues, including immune-related blood disorders, eczema, and allergies, as a

result of receiving the measles, mumps, and rubella (“MMR”) vaccine in February 2005.

Petitioners claim the vaccine either directly caused the asserted injuries or significantly aggravated

W.J.’s pre-existing cerebral and immunological damage. The Special Master dismissed the claims

as untimely under the Vaccine Act’s statute of limitations.

       For the reasons discussed below, the Special Master’s decision to grant Respondent’s

       1
         The Court issued this opinion under seal on June 21, 2022, and directed the parties to file
any proposed redactions by July 6, 2022. On July 5, 2022, Petitioners requested the Court redact
the case caption, as approved by the Special Master, but did not propose further redactions. See
ECF No. 42. As such, the Court reissues the opinion publicly in full, with revisions to the case
caption and first sentence of the text to protect the identity of Petitioners.
Motion to Dismiss was not arbitrary and capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in

accordance with law. Accordingly, the Court DENIES Petitioners’ Motion for Review.

                                     I.    BACKGROUND

A.     Factual History

       Petitioners alleged that W.J. was born a healthy, full-term infant on February 4, 2004,

without significant neonatal problems. Pet. Ex. 1 at 1, ECF No. 1-2. He received routine

vaccinations throughout his childhood, including influenza, hepatitis B, diphtheria-tetanus-

acellular pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type B, pediatric pneumococcal, polio, and MMR.

Pet. Ex. 2 at 1, ECF No. 1-2. His MMR vaccines were administered on February 24, 2005, and

March 15, 2008, without record of adverse reactions. Id.

       On March 7, 2006, at the age of two, doctors diagnosed W.J. with a speech delay. Pet. Ex.

6 at 13, ECF No. 1-2. W.J.’s blood tests showed high platelet levels and low lymphocyte levels.

Pet. Ex. 9 at 1, ECF No. 1-2. Subsequent audiologic evaluation in June 2006 revealed adequate

hearing. Id. The following year, on January 5, 2007, doctors diagnosed W.J. with autism and

pervasive developmental delay.     Pet. Ex. 39 at 17, ECF No. 20-1.         Pediatric neurologists

determined that W.J.’s developmental delays and language disorder required intensive therapeutic

programs. Pet. Ex. 13 at 1, ECF No. 1-2.

       Over the next 15 years, W.J. presented to doctors for various physical and psychological

ailments. From June 22 to 25, 2007, he was hospitalized with a fever and swollen glands consistent

with a bacterial infection. Pet. Ex. 12 at 11, ECF No. 1-2. On February 20, 2012, he was assessed

by doctors for “unstable atopic dermatitis” and tested for lead poisoning. Pet. Ex. 7 at 7, ECF No.

1-2. On February 19, 2014, he returned for treatment of severe eczema and rhinitis, conditions

that the treating physician noted had gone untreated over the objections of W.J.’s healthcare

                                                2
providers. Id. at 10. W.J.’s behavioral problems, including irritability, mood swings, and poor

sleep, prompted doctors to perform a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation on July 19, 2018. Pet.

Ex. 71 at 59, ECF No. 1-2. Following this evaluation, doctors attempted to manage W.J.’s

behaviors over the next three years with antipsychotic medications. Id. at 3. In February 2019,

genetic testing revealed that W.J. has an MTHFR homozygous A1298C mutation and duplication

of the Xq28 chromosome of uncertain clinical significance. Pet. Ex. 11 at 4, 6, 8, ECF No. 1-2;

Pet. Ex. 14 at 1, ECF No. 1-2.

       Based on a review of the medical records, the Special Master found that at no point did

doctors diagnose W.J. with encephalopathy or immunodeficiency disorder. See Decision Den.

Comp. at 8, ECF No. 29.

B.     Procedural History

       On May 7, 2021, Petitioners filed a claim for vaccine injury compensation on behalf of

W.J. See Pet., ECF No. 1. According to Petitioners, the MMR vaccine was inappropriately

administered to W.J. in contravention of the vaccine’s warnings because of W.J.’s Xq28

chromosomal duplication. Id. ¶ 17. As a result, Petitioners contend that W.J. has chronic

encephalopathy and immunodeficiency issues caused either directly by the vaccine or by its

significant aggravation of the pre-existing damage related to his chromosomal abnormality. Id. ¶

19. They further contend these injuries led to several bouts of immune-related blood disorders and

an infection resembling mumps that resulted in hospitalization. See id. ¶¶ 21–64.

       On June 3, 2021, the Special Master held an initial status conference, during which she

raised the issue of the statute of limitations. See Order dated June 3, 2021, at 1, ECF No. 14.

Before addressing the merits of the claims, she directed Respondent to file a Rule 4(c) Report and

Motion to Dismiss. Id. at 4–5. In accordance with this direction, Respondent moved to dismiss,

                                                3
contending Petitioners filed their claims beyond the 36-month statute of limitations and that no

basis for equitable tolling applied. See Resp’t’s Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 16. Respondent

asserted that W.J.’s injuries, if they did exist, began to manifest by March 2006 when he was

diagnosed with a speech delay. See Resp’t’s Rule 4(c) Report at 8, ECF No. 15. Accordingly,

Respondent argued that the Vaccine Act required Petitioners to file a claim by no later than March

2009. Id.

       The Special Master granted Respondent’s Motion to Dismiss for failure to file a timely

action under the Vaccine Act. ECF No. 29 at 2. Although the Special Master discussed the merits

of Petitioners’ claims throughout the decision, she dismissed the claims solely on the basis of the

statute of limitations. Id. at 21. The Special Master explained that even if Petitioners were able to

establish a viable Table Claim, cause-in-fact injury, or significant aggravation injury, their petition

was filed beyond the Vaccine Act’s 36-month filing period, which begins to run upon “the first

symptom or manifestation of onset or of the significant aggravation of such injury.” Id. at 8–9

(citing 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-16(a)(2)). Because Petitioners based their Table Claim on the MMR

vaccine administered on February 24, 2005, and a Table Claim must manifest within 15 days of

vaccination, the Special Master found they were required to file that claim no later than March 11,

2008. Id. at 12. Likewise, if W.J.’s speech delay—the alleged first manifestation of his chronic

encephalopathy—was diagnosed on March 7, 2006, Petitioners were required to file the claim for

a cause-in-fact injury by March 7, 2009. 2 Id. at 13. Similarly, the Special Master found that

Petitioners were required to file a cause-in-fact injury claim related to any immunodeficiency

issues by March 9, 2009, at the earliest, or April 8, 2017, at the latest. Id. at 14–15 (calculating

       2
         The Special Master also noted that if W.J.’s autism diagnosis on January 5, 2007, was a
first symptom or manifestation of the alleged chronic encephalopathy, the filing period expired on
January 5, 2010. ECF No. 29 at 13.
                                                  4
36-month filing period based on abnormal blood tests on March 9, 2006, and April 13, 2007;

unstable atopic dermatitis diagnosis on February 20, 2012; hospitalization on June 22–24, 2007;

and high mumps count on April 8, 2014). She applied the same standard to the significant

aggravation claim, finding it time-barred for the same reasons. Id. at 15.

        The Special Master also rejected Petitioners’ equitable tolling arguments. Id. at 16, 17–18.

Although W.J. was an infant when he received the MMR vaccine, she held Petitioners, as his

parents, retained the ability to file a claim on his behalf. Id. at 16. The Special Master therefore

concluded that W.J.’s mental incapacity was not an extraordinary circumstance warranting

equitable tolling. Id. She also determined that the doctrine of fraudulent concealment did not

apply because Petitioners failed to plead facts demonstrating Respondent’s alleged fraudulent

conduct prevented them from timely pursuing compensation. Id. at 17–18.

        On March 14, 2022, Petitioners filed a Motion for Review of the Special Master’s decision.

See Pet’rs’ Mot. for Review, ECF No. 36; Pet’rs’ Mem. of Obj., ECF No. 36-1. Petitioners

challenge several aspects of the decision, including that the Special Master raised the statute of

limitations issue sua sponte during the initial status conference and applied a purportedly incorrect

legal standard to the motion. ECF No. 36-1 at 6. On April 14, 2022, Respondent responded to

Petitioner’s motion. See Resp’t’s Resp. to Pet’rs’ Mot. for Review, ECF No. 39. It argues that the

Special Master acted within her discretion by addressing timeliness as a potential threshold bar to

recovery and properly applied both the standard of review and the case law governing equitable

tolling. Id. at 12, 14.

                                   II. LEGAL STANDARDS

A.      Review of a Special Master’s Decision

        This Court has jurisdiction to review a special master’s decision upon the timely request

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of either party. 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(e)(2). Under the Vaccine Act, a court deciding a motion

for review may:

        (A) uphold the findings of fact and conclusions of law of the special master’s
        decision, (B) set aside any findings of fact and conclusions of law of the special
        master found to be arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in
        accordance with law and issue its own findings of fact and conclusions of law, or
        (C) remand the petition to the special master for further action in accordance with
        the court’s direction.

Id. §§ 300aa-12(e)(2)(A)–(C). The Court employs “a highly deferential standard” when reviewing

a special master’s decision. Hines v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 940 F.2d 1518, 1528 (Fed.

Cir. 1991); Munn v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 970 F.2d 863, 870 n.10 (Fed. Cir. 1992)

(holding that findings of fact receive “great deference” under an “arbitrary and capricious”

standard, legal conclusions are reviewed under the “not in accordance with law” standard, and

discretionary rulings are reviewed for “abuse of discretion”). If the special master has “considered

the relevant evidence of record, drawn plausible inferences[,] and articulated a rational basis for

the decision,” reversible error will be “extremely difficult” to demonstrate. Lampe v. Sec’y of

Health & Hum. Servs., 219 F.3d 1357, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2000); see Hayman v. United States, No.

02-725V, 2005 WL 6124101, at *2 (Fed. Cl. May 9, 2005).

        On a motion for review, it is not the Court’s role “to reweigh the factual evidence.” Doe

93 v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 98 Fed. Cl. 553, 565 (2011) (citing Lampe, 219 F.3d at 1360).

Rather, “the probative value of the evidence [and] the credibility of the witnesses . . . are all matters

within the purview” of the special master as fact finder. Id. The Court should not substitute its

judgment for that of the special master even though it may have reached a different conclusion.

Johnson v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 33 Fed. Cl. 712, 720 (1995). This deference

notwithstanding, when the matter for review is whether the special master’s decision was in

accordance with law—i.e., when a question of law is at issue—the court reviews the decision de

                                                   6
novo. Althen v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 418 F.3d 1274, 1277–78 (Fed. Cir. 2005).

B.     Motion to Dismiss Standard

       A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted “is

appropriate when the facts asserted by the claimant do not entitle him to a legal remedy.” Lindsay

v. United States, 295 F.3d 1252, 1257 (Fed. Cir. 2002). It is well established that a complaint

“must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible

on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,

550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)); Cary v. United States, 552 F.3d 1373, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2009). A

“plausible” complaint “does not need detailed factual allegations,” but rather only enough “to raise

a right of relief” beyond mere speculation. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. When reviewing a motion

to dismiss for failure to state a claim, the Court may consider all allegations in the complaint and

may also consider “matters incorporated by reference or integral to the claim, items subject to

judicial notice, [and] matters of public record.” A & D Auto Sales, Inc. v. United States, 748 F.3d

1142, 1147 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (citation omitted); see Terry v. United States, 103 Fed. Cl. 645, 652

(2012). “[A]ll well-pled factual allegations” should be assumed by the court as true and “all

reasonable inferences [should be made] in favor of the nonmovant.” United Pac. Ins. Co. v. United

States, 464 F.3d 1325, 1327–28 (Fed. Cir. 2006). But “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a

cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements” are insufficient to prevent dismissal.

Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.

       In assessing motions to dismiss in the Vaccine Program, special masters have concluded

that they “need only assess whether the petitioner could meet the Act’s requirements and prevail,

drawing all inferences from the available evidence in petitioner’s favor.” Herren v. Sec’y of Health

                                                   7
& Hum. Servs., No. 13-1000V, 2014 WL 3889070, at *2 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. July 18, 2014); see

also Warfle v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 05-1399V, 2007 WL 760508, at *2 (Fed. Cl.

Spec. Mstr. Feb. 22, 2007).

                                        III. DISCUSSION

       Petitioners raise nine objections to the Special Master’s decision dismissing Petitioners’

claims as untimely under the statute of limitations. These objections fall roughly into three

categories. First, Petitioners contend the Special Master violated separation-of-powers principles

by sua sponte ordering Respondent to file a motion to dismiss at the initial status conference. ECF

No. 36-1 at 6. Second, they allege the Special Master erred in rejecting their equitable tolling

arguments because she allegedly applied the wrong legal standard for reviewing a motion to

dismiss. Id. at 10–11. Petitioners base this argument on the Special Master’s alleged disbelief and

rejection of their pleaded facts, which they argue demonstrate extraordinary circumstances and

fraudulent concealment that warrants the tolling of the statute of limitations. Id. Finally,

Petitioners contend the Special Master’s decision went beyond the scope of Respondents’

dismissal request and improperly ruled on the merits of Petitioners’ claims. Id. at 8.

       Having considered the arguments and record, the Court rejects Petitioners’ objections and

finds the Special Master acted rationally, within her discretion, and in accordance with law in

finding Petitioners’ claims time-barred by the statute of limitations. The issue of timeliness was

apparent from the face of the Petition, and the Special Master did not force Respondent to adopt a

particular legal strategy or position. Further, the Special Master applied the correct legal standard

for a motion to dismiss by rejecting legal conclusions and determining that the pleaded facts, even

accepted as true, did not justify equitable tolling. Moreover, regardless of whether the Special

Master’s decision included merits-type rulings, the sole basis of the decision was properly limited

                                                 8
to the statute of limitations question. Accordingly, the Special Master’s decision is upheld.

A.     The Special Master Did Not Violate Separation of Powers.

       Petitioners first object to the Special Master raising the statute of limitations sua sponte

during the initial status conference. Id. at 6. They contend that by directing the parties to brief the

issue of timeliness, the Special Master violated the separation of powers or, at the least, created

the appearance of impropriety by ordering Respondent to take a particular legal position and

preemptively endorsing that position. Id. at 8. Respondent responds that there is nothing improper

about a judge or special master raising a threshold, dispositive issue before reaching the merits of

a party’s claim. ECF No. 39 at 8.

       The relevant exchange at the initial status conference is brief enough to reproduce in full.

On June 3, 2021, the Special Master addressed the parties as follows:

       THE COURT: Okay. So I know you probably are aware of this based on the
       petition, there is a statute of limitations issue that we will need to address since
       that’s a threshold issue, that is, if the statute of limitations has expired, then the case
       will be dismissed because it can no longer be brought. And I think that is something
       we probably need to deal with sooner rather than later so that we don’t use a lot of
       your time, energy, and money and the Court’s time and energy litigating a case
       where the statute of limitations has expired.

       And by talking about this I’m not diminishing in any way the experiences and the
       difficulty that your family has had. I just don’t want to lead you to have any
       unrealistic expectations about how the case may proceed.

       So I think the best course of action . . . is probably for [Respondent] to file a Rule
       4 report with any motion to dismiss or other legal filing with regard to the statute
       of limitations. And then I can ask [Petitioner] to file any reply or response which
       he may wish to do so, and then I can rule on that issue. [Respondent], what are
       your thoughts about that plan?

       [RESPONDENT’S COUNSEL]: Yes, Special Master, that sounds like an
       appropriate plan.

       THE COURT: [Petitioner], does that plan -- is that plan acceptable with you?

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       [PETITIONER]: That sounds fair. Yes.

Tr. at 4:6–5:9, ECF No. 19. Following the initial status conference, the parties submitted full

briefing, which the Special Master subsequently reviewed. ECF No. 29 at 2. In her decision, the

Special Master noted that she “ordered” Respondent to file a Rule 4(c) Report and Motion to

Dismiss on the issue of the statute of limitations. Id.

       Petitioners characterize the exchange at the status conference as a significant violation of

judicial propriety because it showed the Special Master’s desire to dismiss the case. ECF No. 36-

1 at 8. They argue that her decision “is irreparably tainted by . . . separation-of-powers concerns”

because of the so-called general principle that “she who orders the motion to be filed must not

adjudge that motion’s merit.” Id. However, based on the relevant portion of the transcript, there

is no evidence that the Special Master acted improperly by ordering briefing on the statute of

limitations. The issue of timeliness was originally raised by Petitioners—not the Special Master—

in the equitable tolling section of the Petition. See ECF No. 1 ¶¶ 80–121. The Special Master did

not abuse her discretion or act contrary to law by recognizing that a patent statute of limitations

question could be outcome determinative and deciding that it would be prudent to address the issue

at as early a stage as possible. Cf. Kreizenbeck v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 945 F.3d 1362,

1366 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (endorsing use of summary judgment motion “at an early stage of the

proceedings” where a party believes “that no material facts are in dispute and they will prevail as

a matter of law”). By addressing the threshold timeliness issue before the merits, the Special

Master efficiently used judicial resources to save the parties time, energy, and money litigating

untimely claims, which is consistent with the goals of the Vaccine Act and applicable rules. See

42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(2)(A); see R. 3(b)(2), Rules of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims, app. B

(“Vaccine Rules”).

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       Nor does the transcript reflect that the Special Master ordered Respondent to take a

particular position on the statute of limitations or otherwise display bias in favor of dismissal on

that basis. The Special Master raised the issue at the status conference by explaining it was likely

“the best course of action” for Respondent to file “any motion to dismiss or other legal filing with

regard to the statute of limitations.” ECF No. 19 at 4:22–25. Although the Special Master could

have first inquired whether Respondent intended to raise a timeliness argument and then—having

confirmed its intent—ordered briefing, that she reasonably anticipated Respondent’s position does

not rise to the level of an abuse of discretion. See Cottingham on Behalf of K.C. v. Sec’y of Health

& Hum. Servs., 971 F.3d 1337, 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (“An abuse of discretion occurs if the

decision is clearly unreasonable, arbitrary, or fanciful; is based on an erroneous conclusion of law;

rests on clearly erroneous fact findings; or involves a record that contains no evidence on which

the [special master] could base [her] decision.”). And the Special Master’s “best course of action”

statement most naturally indicates her determination that it was procedurally efficient to resolve

the statute of limitations question first, as opposed to suggesting a particular legal argument would

improve Respondent’s chance of obtaining dismissal. Notwithstanding the briefing order, the

substance and scope of the legal arguments Respondent eventually made was entirely up to it,

including whether the statute of limitations barred the claims, equitable tolling was warranted, or

some other issue should be addressed before or contemporaneous with the issue of timeliness.

Moreover, the Special Master solicited any objections from Petitioners (they posed none), id. at

5:9, and afforded Petitioners ample opportunity to be heard in opposition to the motion. See

Kreizenbeck, 945 F.3d at 1366 (holding that, in reviewing the method of adjudicating a petitioner’s

claim, the material inquiry is whether the special master “afford[ed] each party a full and fair

opportunity to present its case and create a record sufficient to allow review of [her] decision”).

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The Special Master then considered the literature and evidence provided by Petitioners and based

her decision squarely on the pleaded facts and relevant law. ECF No. 29 at 2.

       As such, the Court finds that the Special Master did not abuse her discretion in directing

the parties to brief the statute of limitations issue following the initial status conference. The

Special Master’s decision should not be overturned on this ground.

B.     The Special Master Did Not Misapply the Legal Standard In Ruling on Petitioners’
       Equitable Tolling Arguments.

       Petitioners next object to the Special Master’s rejection of their equitable tolling arguments.

ECF No. 36-1 at 14–19. They contend the Special Master erred by failing to accept the pleaded

facts as true for purposes of ruling on the motion to dismiss. Id. at 5. According to Petitioners,

had the Special Master properly construed all reasonable inferences in their favor, she would have

determined that the statute of limitations should be tolled because of extraordinary circumstances

and the doctrine of fraudulent concealment. Id. at 7. Respondent responds that although special

masters may not disregard well-pleaded facts when ruling on a motion to dismiss, the rules do not

require they accept legal conclusions as true purely because they are couched as factual assertions.

ECF No. 39 at 15. Respondent argues that the role of the special master is to draw reasonable

inferences from the provided evidence and to determine if a viable claim exists by applying the

law to such evidence and inferences. Id.

       Although the Vaccine Act and the Vaccine Rules contemplate case-dispositive motions,

they do not expressly include a mechanism for a motion to dismiss.               See 42 U.S.C. §§

300aa-12(d)(2)(C)–(D); Vaccine R. 8(d) (providing that “[t]he special master may decide a case

on the basis of a written motion[,] . . . [which] may include a motion for summary judgment,” but

not specifically mentioning a motion to dismiss). However, Vaccine Rule 1 provides that for any

matter not specifically addressed by the Vaccine Rules, the special master “may regulate

                                                 12
applicable practice, consistent with these rules and with the purpose of the Vaccine Act, to decide

the case promptly and efficiently.” See Vaccine R. 1(b). Vaccine Rule 1 also provides that the

Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”) may apply to the extent they are

consistent with the Vaccine Rules. Vaccine R. 1(c). Accordingly, there is a well-established

practice of special masters’ entertaining motions to dismiss under RCFC 12(b)(6), which provides

for dismissal based on “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” See, e.g., Herren,

2014 WL 3889070, at *1; Bass v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 12-135V, 2012 WL 3031505,

at *5 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. June 22, 2012). This includes in cases where Respondent raised a

statute of limitations argument. See, e.g., Clubb v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 136 Fed. Cl.

255, 263 (2018); J.H. v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 123 Fed. Cl. 206, 215 (2015).

       Section 300aa-16 of the Vaccine Act provides a limitations period for claims arising from

vaccines administered after October 1, 1988. It reads:

       [I]f a vaccine-related injury occurred as a result of the administration of such
       vaccine, no petition may be filed for compensation under the Program for such
       injury after the expiration of 36 months after the date of the occurrence of the first
       symptom or manifestation of onset or of the significant aggravation of such[.]

42 U.S.C. § 300aa-16(a)(2). The Federal Circuit has held that the Vaccine Act’s limitations period

begins to run from the onset of the “first event objectively recognizable as a sign of a vaccine

injury by the medical profession at large,” Carson v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 727 F.3d

1365, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (quoting Markovich v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 477 F.3d 1353,

1360 (Fed. Cir. 2007)), even if the symptom did not result in a diagnosis at the time or was not

appreciated until after a doctor definitively diagnosed the injury, id. at 1369–70. Special Masters

have regularly dismissed cases filed outside the limitations period, even if by only a single day.

See, e.g., Spohn v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 95-0460V, 1996 WL 532610 (Fed. Cl.

Spec. Mstr. Sept. 5, 1996) (dismissing case filed one day beyond the limitations period), aff’d, 132

                                                 13
F.3d 52 (Fed. Cir. 1997); Cakir v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 15-1474V, 2018 WL

4499835, at *4 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. July 12, 2018) (dismissing case filed two months beyond the

limitations period).

       The Federal Circuit has held that the doctrine of equitable tolling can apply to Vaccine Act

claims in limited circumstances. See Cloer v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 654 F.3d 1322,

1340–41 (Fed. Cir. 2011). To establish that equitable tolling is appropriate, claimants must prove:

(1) they pursued their rights diligently; and (2) an extraordinary circumstance prevented them from

timely filing their claim. K.G. v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 951 F.3d 1374, 1379 (Fed. Cir.

2020) (citing Menominee Indian Tribe v. United States, 577 U.S. 250, 255 (2016)); see Baldwin

Cnty. Welcome Ctr. v. Brown, 466 U.S. 147, 151 (1984) (“One who fails to act diligently cannot

invoke equitable principles to excuse that lack of diligence.”). Extraordinary circumstances exist

when the “failure to file was the direct result of a mental illness or disability that rendered [the

claimant] incapable of rational thought, incapable of deliberate decision making, incapable of

handling [his or her] own affairs, or unable to function in society.” K.G., 951 F.3d at 1381. But

“[a] medical diagnosis alone or vague assertions of mental problems are insufficient” to establish

extraordinary circumstances. Id. at 1381–82. To determine whether a mentally incapacitated

claimant has demonstrated reasonable diligence, the Court must consider “all relevant facts and

circumstances,” including whether he or she had a legal guardian and the significance of that

relationship. Id. at 1382 (holding that a court should evaluate the significance of a legal guardian

based on a number of factors, including “the nature and sophistication of the guardian (parent,

lawyer, family member, or third-party), the timing of the institution of the guardianship (before or

after the vaccination, for example), . . . the extent to which the claimant’s mental incapacity

interferes with her relationship and communication with her guardian, [and] the quality and nature

                                                14
of the guardian’s relationship with the claimant . . . .”).

        The doctrine of fraudulent concealment may also toll a statute of limitations where,

“assuming due diligence on the part of the plaintiff . . . the misconduct in question ‘has been

concealed, or is of such character as to conceal itself.’” Simmons Oil Corp. v. Tesoro Petroleum

Corp., 86 F.3d 1138, 1142 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (citing Bailey v. Glover, 88 U.S. 342, 349–50 (1874)).

However, “a mere failure to come forward with facts that would provide the plaintiff with a basis

for suit does not constitute fraudulent concealment.” Id. The Court has not located any caselaw

applying this doctrine to a petition for compensation brought pursuant the Vaccine Act, nor do

Petitioners cite cases on the matter of whether it applies in this context.

        Petitioners argue that the Special Master misapplied the legal standard on a motion to

dismiss by disregarding several of their factual assertions “simply because she didn’t believe

them.” ECF No. 36-1 at 10. As an example, they note their allegation that W.J. has been unable

to communicate for much of his life and is cerebrally incapacitated, which prevented them from

fully assessing his injury from the MMR vaccine in time to file a claim. Id. at 14–15. They also

reference at length the facts surrounding the Omnibus Autism Proceeding (“OAP”) as evidence

that Respondent concealed the link between the MMR vaccine and autism, which they assert

discouraged them from filing a claim. Id. at 15–18. The Special Master ultimately rejected their

arguments on equitable tolling, finding that “W.J.’s ‘mental incapacity’ does not serve as ‘an

extraordinary circumstance,’” ECF No. 29 at 16, and that the fraudulent concealment claim failed

due to lack of evidence, id. at 18. Petitioners point to the Special Master’s statement that she

formed “inferences from the available evidence” as an example of her alleged legal error because,

according to Petitioners, “[e]vidence should not be a factor” when determining whether a party

states a viable claim for relief at the pleadings stage. ECF No. 36-1 at 11.

                                                   15
       The record reflects that the Special Master acted in accordance with law in dismissing

Petitioners’ equitable tolling arguments. The basis for Petitioners’ disagreement on this issue

apparently stems from a misunderstanding of the role of a special master in ruling on a motion to

dismiss. When determining if a petition states a viable claim for relief, special masters are not

bound to accept legal conclusions as true. Only well-pleaded facts are presumed to be true. See

Hill v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 19-384V, 2020 WL 7231990, at *2 (Fed. Cl. Spec.

Mstr. Nov. 13, 2020) (citing Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986)); United Pac. Ins., 464

F.3d at 1327–28. A petition need only state a plausible claim for relief to survive a motion to

dismiss, and special masters are tasked with applying the law to the pleaded facts to determine

whether a case should move forward. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Although Petitioners may have

alleged that extraordinary circumstances existed because of W.J.’s inability to communicate and

that Respondent concealed information by contesting the link between vaccines and autism, the

Special Master concluded that the sum of these alleged facts did not as a matter of law warrant

equitable tolling. In reaching her decision, she assessed “all inferences from the available

evidence” but, as Petitioners fail to note, she did so “in petitioner’s favor.” ECF No. 29 at 15

(emphasis added).

       First, in considering whether the statute of limitations should be tolled because of

extraordinary circumstances, the Special Master rejected Petitioners’ arguments because—as a

minor—the law required W.J.’s parents to file a claim on his behalf regardless of his mental

capacity. The Special Master distinguished the circumstances of the instant case from those

presented in K.G. In K.G., the Federal Circuit held that equitable tolling may apply in a case

involving a vaccine injury suffered by an adult claimant who subsequently became incapacitated

due to alcoholism, hospitalization, and amnesia. K.G., 951 F.3d at 1379. The Special Master

                                               16
explained that, although K.G. “confirmed an equitable tolling right for incapacitated individuals,

nothing in the decision negated a legal representative’s rights and responsibilities under the

Vaccine Act.” ECF No. 29 at 16 (citing K.G., 951 F.3d at 1379). Put another way, the Special

Master accepted Petitioners’ facts as true—that W.J. had a mental incapacity—but still concluded

that these facts did not amount to extraordinary circumstances under the legal principles elucidated

in K.G. because Petitioners retained the right to sue on his behalf. See id. This is not an erroneous

application of the standard of review for a motion to dismiss pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(6).

       Petitioners argue that an injured party’s relationship to their legal guardian is only one

factor to be considered under the extraordinary circumstances analysis. ECF No. 36-1 at 15 (citing

K.G., 951 F.3d at 1382). According to Petitioners, even if they were required to sue on W.J.’s

behalf, they were unable to because his mental capacity and inability to communicate interfered

with their ability to assess the basis of the claim. Id. Petitioners correctly state the law but, as

Respondent noted in its Rule 4(c) Report, the Special Master must “analyze[] the facts to determine

whether [the] legal guardianship alleviated the extraordinary circumstance” of the petitioner’s

mental incapacity. ECF No. 15 at 9 (quoting K.G., 951 F.3d at 1381). In this case, even though

Petitioners attempt to thread their argument through W.J.’s speech delay, the Special Master

considered all facts in the record and found that this did not amount to extraordinary circumstances.

See K.G., 951 F.3d at 1382 (“[T]he reasonable diligence inquiry must also be based on a

consideration of all relevant facts and circumstances.” (emphasis added)). The Special Master

found that, as in any vaccine case involving a child, “[t]he Vaccine Act expressly permits a legal

representative to file a petition for compensation on behalf of a minor,” and W.J.’s injuries

objectively manifested prior to the expiration of the statute of limitations. ECF No. 29 at 16.

Given the “great deference” afforded to the Special Master in applying the law to the facts of the

                                                 17
case, the Court does not find that her ruling on extraordinary circumstances (or the lack thereof)

was arbitrary and capricious. Munn, 970 F.2d at 870.

       Second, in considering whether the statute of limitations should be tolled under the doctrine

of fraudulent concealment, the Special Master rejected Petitioners’ arguments because the facts

(accepted as true) did not demonstrate how the alleged fraud prevented them from seeking

compensation. Petitioners argued that Respondent “fostered and promoted the scientific finding”

that there is no link between the MMR vaccine and autism. ECF No. 1 ¶ 100. Petitioners assert

that they included “hard evidence of a link between vaccines and autism” in the form of recent

cases involving families who obtained compensation for their child’s autism on the basis of a

vaccine injury. ECF No. 36-1 at 12. But the framing of this narrow issue is important. For

purposes of the Motion to Dismiss, the relevant question before the Special Master was not whether

there is a link between vaccines and autism. The relevant question was whether Petitioners alleged

facts demonstrating they were misled by Respondents such that equitable tolling is appropriate

because Respondent engaged in fraud. See Holmberg v. Armbrecht, 327 U.S. 392, 396–97 (1946)

(noting that fraudulent concealment requires the claimant be misled “without any fault or want of

diligence”).

       Accepting the pleaded facts as true, the Special Master observed that during the period in

which Petitioners contended they were misled by Respondent, over 5,100 petitions alleging that

vaccines caused autism were filed under the Vaccine Act in the OAP. ECF No. 29 at 19. In other

words, their argument was significantly undercut by the fact that Respondent’s position to the

contrary did not dissuade or prevent thousands of other claimants with similar claims from filing

suit. Fraud also typically requires a showing of intent on behalf of the defrauder to make a false

or misleading statement. See XpertUniverse Inc. v. Cisco Sys., Inc., 597 F. App’x 630, 635 (Fed.

                                                18
Cir. 2015). The fact that a special master awarded compensation, or Respondent agreed to settle,

a vaccine-related injury claim involving autism does not raise such an inference. Indeed, the

Petitioner disavowed any allegation that Respondent engaged in intentional fraud. ECF No. 1 ¶

103. Based on these facts, as well as evidence that the first symptom or onset of W.J.’s injury

occurred at the earliest in 2006 (again, accepting Petitioners’ allegations as true), the Special

Master properly concluded that Petitioners had sufficient time both before and after the OAP to

seek compensation. 3 Id.

       Lastly, the Court need only briefly address Petitioners’ arguments regarding the Fourteenth

Amendment. 4 Petitioners claim that denying equitable tolling in this case would be discriminatory

against W.J. on the basis of his disability because courts have not denied such relief to other

individuals who suffered from drug- and alcohol-based mental incapacity (for example, in K.G.).5

ECF No. 1 ¶ 114. The Special Master disagreed, holding that Petitioners—who as W.J.’s parents

had the right and responsibility to seek compensation on his behalf—did not demonstrate they

were members of a protected class of persons. ECF No. 29 at 20. Moreover, the Special Master

correctly noted that the Vaccine Act’s limitations period does not establish any classifications

       3
         In their response to the Motion to Dismiss, Petitioners argued that they did not discover
Respondent’s fraud until they received W.J.’s genetic testing results in March 2019 and were put
on notice of the potential claim. Pet’rs’ Mem. of Law in Opp’n to Resp’t’s Mot. to Dismiss at 17,
ECF No. 22. The Special Master correctly characterized this argument as raising the discovery
rule. ECF No. 29 at 17. She also correctly rejected it. The Federal Circuit made clear in Cloer
that a claim under the Vaccine Act accrues when the first symptom or manifestation of onset
occurs, not when the petitioner learned of the alleged cause of his or her injury. 654 F.3d at 1338.
       4
         Although Petitioners listed an objection based on this ground, they did not include any
substantive argument in their Motion for Review.
       5
         It should be noted that the Federal Circuit did not hold that equitable tolling in fact applied
in K.G.’s case. Rather, the Court remanded the case to the special master “to consider all of the
relevant facts in the first instance, with the purposes of the Vaccine Act in mind,” “under the
standard set out in this opinion.” K.G., 951 F.3d at 1382.

                                                  19
(suspect or otherwise) but rather treats all vaccine-injury claimants equally. Id. (citing Cloer v.

Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 85 Fed. Cl. 141, 151–52 (2008), rev’d on other grounds, 603 F.3d

1341. Whether a claimant has established that equitable tolling applies is likewise not dependent

on any particular classification of claimants. See K.G., 951 F.3d at 1382. That the Special Master

found the facts and circumstances of this case not to warrant equitable tolling and to be

distinguishable from K.G. does not amount to an equal protection violation. Petitioners’ argument

on review is squarely a disagreement with the Special Master’s application of the established case

law. The Special Master did not “disbelieve” pleaded facts on this point; she merely rejected

Petitioners’ interpretation of the law. Id.

       In sum, the Court finds that the Special Master correctly applied the legal standard for a

motion to dismiss under RCFC 12(b)(6) in denying equitable tolling of Petitioners’ claims. Thus,

there is no cause for reversal on this ground.

C.      Any Merits-Type Rulings Do Not Provide a Basis to Set Aside the Decision.

        Petitioners’ final objection relates to the scope of the Special Master’s decision. They

claim the Special Master went beyond the stated grounds of the Motion to Dismiss (i.e., the statute

of limitations question) by finding that Petitioners had not proven their factual allegations of injury.

ECF No. 36-1 at 9–10. The Court agrees with Respondent that to the extent the Special Master

made rulings on the merits of Petitioners’ underlying claims, those rulings did not serve as a basis

for her dismissal decision. See ECF No. 39 at 14. Rather, the decision repeatedly held that—even

if Petitioners were able to establish their claims—the Petition was time-barred and that no

equitable tolling applied. See ECF No. 29 at 12–13, 14, 15, 16, 18. And it in no uncertain terms

concluded that the case must be “dismissed for failure to timely file the petition within the statute

of limitations.” Id. at 21. Accordingly, as the rulings were not necessary to the Special Master’s

                                                  20
statute-of-limitations analysis and did not affect the stated basis for dismissal, Petitioners have not

shown that any legal error resulted. 6

                                         IV. CONCLUSION

       For the reasons set forth above, Petitioners have not shown that the Special Master’s

decision dismissing their claims on the basis of the statute of limitations was arbitrary and

capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law. Accordingly, the

Special Master’s decision is affirmed, and Petitioners’ Motion for Review (ECF No. 36) is

DENIED. Under Vaccine Rule 30(a), the Clerk is directed to enter judgment accordingly.

       SO ORDERED.

Dated: June 21, 2022                                           /s/ Kathryn C. Davis
                                                               KATHRYN C. DAVIS
                                                               Judge

       6
        As such, the Court need not address whether the substance of these rulings were arbitrary
and capricious because such a determination would not save Petitioners’ otherwise untimely
claims.
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