Court Opinion

ID: 4173474
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-06-01 12:05:59.20876+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:38:45.424142
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                           No. 17-558
                                      Filed: May 31, 2017

*************************************
PROGRESSIVE FINANCIAL SERVICES, *                      Preliminary Injunction, Rule of the United
INC.,                               *                      States Court of Federal Claims 65(d).
                                    *
      Plaintiff,                    *
                                    *
and                                 *
                                    *
COLLECTION TECHNOLOGY, INC.,        *
PERFORMANT RECOVERY, INC., and *
VAN RU CREDIT CORPORATION,          *
                                    *
      Intervenor-Plaintiffs,        *
                                    *
v.                                  *
                                    *
THE UNITED STATES,                  *
                                    *
      Defendant,                    *
                                    *
and                                 *
                                    *
PREMIERE CREDIT OF NORTH            *
AMERICA, LLC, and GC SERVICES       *
LIMITED PARTNERSHIP,                *
                                    *
                                    *
      Intervenor-Defendants.        *
*************************************

                  CONTINUATION OF PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION

        On May 25, 2017, the court became aware of press reports indicating that James Runcie,
Chief Operating Officer of the Office of Federal Student Aid, Department of Education, resigned
rather than testify before the House Oversight Committee about approximately $3.86 billion in
fiscal year 2016 that was erroneously paid under the Department of Education’s student loan
program and approximately $2.21 billion in Pell grants. Court Exhibit A.

       In addition, the court became aware of another recent press report, based on a Consumer
Financial Protection Bureau Report, concluding that, “[t]he value added by the private collection
agencies working for the Department of Education is highly questionable[,] but unquestionably
expensive. Student loan borrowers deserve to understand their options and be set up for success.
Taxpayers deserve to get their money’s worth.” Court Exhibit B.

       Neither of these relevant developments were brought to the attention of the court by the
Department of Justice attorneys representing the Department of Education in the above captioned
bid protest cases. Of course, none of the counsel of record for the private debt collection
companies did so either, because these reports belie numerous representations to the court about
the “so-called” harm to the student debtors and the public fisc from the preliminary injunction
pending in this case. Nor has the Department of Justice or Department of Education responded to
the court’s May 22, 2017 inquiry of Dr. Patrick Bradfield, Head of Contracting at the Office of
Federal Student Aid, regarding whether the Department of Education could allow Progressive
Financial, Inc., Collection Technology, Inc., Performant Recovery, Inc. and Van Ru Credit
Corporation to continue servicing prior accounts until the Department of Education completes the
proposed corrective action

        In addition, on May 26, 2017, the New York Times published an article indicating that “the
Administration is considering moving responsibility for overseeing more than $1 trillion in student
debt from the Education Department to the Treasury Department.” Court Exhibit C. If so, the bid
protests before the court will become moot. For these reasons, the preliminary injunction will
remain in place to preserve the status quo until the viability of the debt collection contracts at issue
is resolved. See Litton Sys., Inc. v. Sundstrand Corp., 750 F.2d 952, 961 (Fed. Cir. 1984) (“The
function of preliminary injunctive relief is to preserve the status quo pending a determination of
the action on the merits.”).

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                               s/Susan G. Braden
                                                               SUSAN G. BRADEN
                                                               Chief Judge

                                                   2
Court Exhibit A


James Runcie resigned on Tuesday night after defying Betsy DeVos’ directive to testify before the
oversight panel. | AP Photo

GOP threatens to subpoena Education Dept. official who quit
By MICHAEL STRATFORD | 05/25/2017 04:29 PM EDT

Republicans on the House Oversight Committee on Thursday threatened to subpoena the
head of the Education Department’s student financial aid office who resigned this week
after a clash with Education Secretary Betsy DeVos.

James Runcie resigned on Tuesday night after defying DeVos’ directive to testify before the
oversight panel about erroneous payments in the student loan and Pell grant programs. In
an internal memo about his resignation as chief operating officer of the Office of Federal
Student Aid, Runcie alluded to a range of simmering management issues at the department.
“The issuing of a subpoena is still an open item,” Rep. Mark Meadows (R-N.C.), the chairman
of the House oversight subcommittee holding Thursday’s hearing told reporters. “It’s
important that we hear from Mr. Runcie and at least get some of his perspective on some of
these issues.”

Meadows opened the hearing by saying that Runcie’s refusal to testify was a “slap in the
face” to taxpayers, who he said paid Runcie more than $430,000 in bonuses since 2010.

House Oversight Chairman Jason Chaffetz (R-Utah) “still has questions that Mr. Runcie
needs to answer,” said his spokeswoman, MJ Henshaw. “Hopefully that’s done voluntarily.
If not, we will explore the option of a subpoena.”

Jay Hurt, the chief financial officer of the department’s Office of Federal Student Aid,
testified in place of Runcie on Thursday. GOP lawmakers pressed Hurt about the increase in
the agency’s erroneous student loan and Pell grant payments, which both rose last year.

The Education Department estimated that improper payments for student loans in fiscal
year 2016 were $3.86 billion, up from $1.28 billion the previous year. Improper payments in
the Pell grant program increased from $562 million to $2.21 billion over the same time
period, according to the department. None of those met the department’s target benchmark
for such figures.

Hurt said that the increase was due in part to a change in how the department calculated
improper payments. He also warned that next year’s improper payment rate will again
increase because of a months-long suspension of an online tool that helps borrowers avoid
mistakes by automatically inputting their tax information.

The agency’s Inspector General, Kathleen Tighe, testified that while the revised calculations
were “more realistic,” the department still needs to “intensify its efforts to identify and
address internal controls and oversight to address the root causes” of improper payments.
GOP lawmakers on the panel said they were concerned that Runcie and Hurt continued to
receive bonuses even as the improper payment rates for student aid programs increased in
recent years.

Runcie’s resignation memo suggests that political appointees at the department had been
micromanaging his office, which he said had been stretched too thin. He said in an email to
POLITICO that he resigned because of differences at the department between “operational
leaders” like himself and political appointees.

              Top Education Dept. official resigns after clash with DeVos
              By MICHAEL STRATFORD and KIMBERLY HEFLING

But Meadows blasted that assertion on Thursday. He said that Runcie “may be upset that the
secretary is micromanaging” but “anybody looking over your shoulder when you’re losing
$3.6 billion might be considered micromanaging. I call it proper oversight.”

Republicans on the committee also said that Runcie’s resignation on Tuesday night came
after they had already threatened to subpoena him and gave him 20 days to respond to a
request to appear at the hearing.

Meadows said he had previously been frustrated with attempts to get Runcie to testify
before the committee.

“He has shown a willingness to not testify before Congress in the past. I’m not saying that
that’s where it is today,” Meadows said. “I want to take him at his word that perhaps he had
a personal conflict, but we were willing to accommodate. And what we found was is that he
chose to resign instead of coming before Congress.”

Democrats on the panel, meanwhile, steered clear of the Runcie resignation. They instead
criticized DeVos’ proposal to overhaul student loan servicing and slammed the department
for not doing enough to guard against student debt relief scams.

Sens. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) and Patty Murray (D-Wash.) said earlier this week that
they’re concerned that Runcie’s resignation appeared to come after political interference
from DeVos. Warren called on Congress “to get to the bottom of what’s going on here.”
Court Exhibit B
Department of Education must end the billion-dollar student
loan collection boondoggle
By Persis Yu, opinion contributor - 05/22/17 10:20 AM EDT

In the last month, the contracting process for companies vying to be one of the U.S.
Department of Education’s debt collectors has spiraled into chaos.

Companies that didn’t make the final cut or were fired for misleading student loan
borrowers are suing the Department, and the judge overseeing the litigation has issued
an order preventing the Department from assigning new accounts to debt collectors,
leading to claims that collection on defaulted student loans has ground to a halt.

This chaos is not serving taxpayers or student loan borrowers. The Department of
Education should end its sweetheart deal with collection agencies and find a better
way to work with defaulted student loan borrowers.

According to collection industry insiders, the Department of Education contract is
“[t]he most sought-after contract within this industry” because of the ever-increasing
volume of student loan debt that is extremely difficult to discharge in bankruptcy.
In 2014, the federal government paid over $1 billion to private collection agencies.
But are student loan borrowers and taxpayers getting what they pay for?

New data from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) shows that they are
not.

The Higher Education Act provides student loan borrowers in default with two ways
to get their loans back into good standing: consolidation and rehabilitation.

Just released CFPB data shows that the rehabilitation program, where borrowers make
a series of payments in order to cure their defaulted loans, is not creating a sustainable
path to student loan repayment. Over a third of borrowers who rehabilitate their loans
will re-default within the first two years.

This is likely because, after completing their nine monthly rehabilitation payments, a
substantial number of borrowers never successfully transition into one of the
affordable income-driven repayment (IDR) plans.

In contrast, the vast majority (95 percent) of the reported student loan borrowers who
chose to consolidate to get out of default (taking out a new loan to pay off of the old
one), are still in good standing a year out. When borrowers consolidate out of default,
they are immediately placed into a repayment plan, usually an IDR plan.

Moreover, a Treasury Department pilot project found that when properly counseled,
more borrowers choose consolidation over rehabilitation. Yet 70 percent of borrowers
whose student loans are collected by private collection agencies choose rehabilitation.

Why? One word: commissions.

The Department of Education typically pays collection agencies $1,710 if they can get
a borrower to complete a rehabilitation plan but only $150 if they work with a
borrower to consolidate the defaulted loans.

What’s more, borrowers do not even need to work with a collection agency to
consolidate their loans; they can go straight to studentloans.gov and do it.

Most of the work that is done by collection agencies can be automated or easily
brought in-house. Just as borrowers can use studentloans.gov to consolidate their
loans, that same tool could be used to establish rehabilitation plans.

The only functions that would be lost without collection agencies are calling and
counseling borrowers. The value of making calls is questionable: Treasury found that
of the 21,000 calls it initiated in its pilot project, less than 3 percent were ever even
answered.

And collection agencies are doing a terrible job at counseling borrowers, as is
evidenced by the wide disparity between the program collectors push borrowers into
(rehabilitation) and the success of that program. And, in some cases, such as when
borrowers dispute the amount owed, debt collectors simply transfer those loans back
to the Department of Education.

Additionally, collection agencies routinely violate consumer protection laws. Debt
collection calls generate more complaints to the CFPB than any other type of financial
product or service. Recently, the Federal Trade Commission fined one of the
Department of Education’s debt collectors — GC Services — $700,000 for making
harassing phone calls to student loan borrowers and threatening illegal actions.

The value added by the private collection agencies working for the Department of
Education is highly questionable but unquestionably expensive. Student loan
borrowers deserve to understand their options and be set up for success. Taxpayers
deserve to get their money’s worth.
The Department of Education should end this billion dollar boondoggle to enrich
private collection agencies and instead set up a system where borrowers can get
unbiased and accurate information to resolve their student loan defaults.

Persis Yu is the director of National Consumer Law Center’s Student Loan Borrower
Assistance Project.
Court Exhibit C
                      https://nyti.ms/2s10GHH

Trump Administration Considers Moving
Student Loans from Education
Department to Treasury
By JESSICA SILVER-GREENBERG, STACY COWLEY and PATRICIA COHEN MAY 25, 2017
The Trump administration is considering moving responsibility for overseeing more
than $1 trillion in student debt from the Education Department to the Treasury
Department, a switch that would radically change the system that helps 43 million
students finance higher education.

    The potential change surfaced in a scathing resignation memo sent late Tuesday
night by James Runcie, the head of the Education Department’s federal student aid
program. Mr. Runcie, an Obama-era holdover, was appointed in 2011 and
reappointed in 2015. He cut short his term, which was slated to run until 2020, after
clashing with the Trump administration and Betsy DeVos, the education secretary,
over this proposal and other issues.
    Elizabeth Hill, a spokeswoman for the Education Department, declined to
comment on his departure or on talks with Treasury.

    “The secretary is looking forward to identifying a qualified candidate to lead and
restore trust in F.S.A.,” Ms. Hill said, referring to federal student aid.

A shift in handling federal student aid is being weighed as the Trump administration
and Ms. DeVos consider overhauling the Department of Education. Mr. Trump’s
proposed budget for 2018 slashes funding for the department by nearly 50 percent.
Moving one of its core functions to Treasury would significantly diminish the
agency’s power. It could also alter the mission of the student loan program.

    “The reason the federal student aid programs live within the Education
Department is because that’s the agency that has as its goal increasing educational
opportunities within the United States,” said David Bergeron, who left the Education
Department in 2013 after 35 years. “That is not the Treasury Department’s goal. Its
job is to pay for the business of the government.”

    Scrapping or shrinking the Education Department has long been a popular
Republican goal, dating from the Reagan administration. President Trump
embraced the idea, saying in his book “Crippled America” that the department
should either be eliminated or have “its power and reach” cut. In February, a House
Republican introduced a bill to terminate the agency.

    In his resignation memo, a copy of which was obtained by The New York Times,
Mr. Runcie said that senior members of his department had met that day with
Treasury officials and discussed “holding numerous meetings and retreats” to
outline a process for “transferring all or a portion” of the student aid office’s
functions to the Treasury Department.

    “This is just another example of a project that may provide some value but will
certainly divert critical resources and increase operational risk in an increasingly
challenging environment,” Mr. Runcie wrote.

    Moving the federal student aid unit probably would require congressional
action. But even in a fractured Congress, it could win bipartisan support.
    The federal student aid office has been a lightning rod for criticism over the
effectiveness and expense of its debt collection programs. Several government audits
took issue with the department’s handling of its student aid programs. In 2015, for
example, the Government Accountability Office faulted the agency for not doing
enough to make students aware of all their repayment options. The Consumer
Financial Protection Bureau has also pressed for changes in how the department
manages its loan servicers.

    The Education Department backs and originates $1.4 trillion in student loans.
Since 2010, the government has directly funded the loans, cutting out the private
lenders that previously doled out government-backed aid. But the agency outsources
the work of collecting payments on the loans, and the companies it works with have
a troubled record.

    During the Obama administration, the idea of shifting responsibility for the
student loan program to the Treasury Department had some supporters. As the
number and dollar amount of student loans grew, the Education Department found
itself managing more than a trillion dollars in assets, a portfolio bigger than most
banks.

    “The Education Department is a policy shop with a trillion-dollar bank on the
side,” said Rohit Chopra, a former student loan ombudsman at the Consumer
Financial Protection Bureau who also briefly worked for the Education Department.

    For students, the move under consideration could simplify the convoluted
process of applying for federal student aid and repaying loans. A growing number of
borrowers are using income-based repayment plans, which require students to
submit information on their earnings. Putting federal student aid in the same
department as the Internal Revenue Service could make that easier. (A tool intended
to help students automatically import their tax information has been disabled for
months because of a security problem.)

    “I think it’s a good idea,” said James Kvaal, a former deputy under secretary of
education in the Obama administration. “Because the Education Department and
the I.R.S. are separated, we’ve built these clunky systems that get in the way of
      achieving the goals of the income-based program. Linking the two would be much
      easier for students, and have stronger integrity for taxpayers.”

           But critics, including a high level official from Mr. Obama’s Treasury
      Department, warned that the move could hurt students.

           “Moving the agency that is supposed to provide stewardship for student loan
      borrowers to an agency that is working on a shoestring with a skeletal crew strikes
      me as a recipe for a policy disaster,” said Sarah Bloom Raskin, who was the deputy
      Treasury Secretary under President Obama.

           Others worry about how students would fare under the Treasury Department.

           The Treasury Department recently conducted a pilot project in which its
      employees tried to collect on defaulted loans, a job the Education Department
      contracts out to private companies.

           The experiment, which began in mid-2015, did not end well.

           The Treasury Department hoped to increase collection rates and help borrowers
      better understand their repayment options. It failed on both goals. A control group
      of private collectors recovered more money and got more borrowers out of default.

           For now, even without the shift, some at the federal student aid office are
      rattled, according to one person who requested anonymity because he was not
      authorized to speak publicly. After Mr. Runcie resigned, at least one employee was in
      tears, the person said.

      A version of this article appears in print on May 26, 2017, on Page A19 of the New York edition with the
      headline: Plan Would Shift Student Loans to Treasury.

© 2017 The New York Times Company