Court Opinion

ID: 4460765
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-12-03 18:00:27.634598+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:28:05.507855
License: Public Domain

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
                To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

                United States Court of Appeals
                                 For the Seventh Circuit
                                 Chicago, Illinois 60604

                              Submitted November 21, 2019 *
                                Decided December 3, 2019

                                          Before

                          DIANE P. WOOD, Chief Judge

                          FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge

                          DANIEL A. MANION, Circuit Judge

No. 18-2978

ALLEN BEDYNEK STUMM,                             Appeal from the United States District
    Plaintiff-Appellant,                         Court for the Western District of
                                                 Wisconsin.
       v.
                                                 No. 12-cv-057-wmc
ROBERT WILKIE, Secretary of Veterans
Affairs,                                         William M. Conley,
       Defendant-Appellee.                       Judge.

                                        ORDER

       Allen Bedynek Stumm sued the federal Department of Veterans Affairs for
discriminating against him by twice hiring younger women instead of him. In a series
of orders, the district court dismissed his various claims. Because the district court did
not apply the proper pleading standard, we vacate in part and remand.

       *
        We have agreed to decide this case without oral argument because the briefs
and record adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would
not significantly aid the court. See FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C).
No. 18-2978                                                                        Page 2

       In 2001 and 2004, Stumm applied and interviewed for open positions in the
Department, but each time a younger, female applicant was hired. Stumm filed charges
of discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission over the
second hiring decision. See 29 U.S.C. § 633a(b). The Commission found that the
Department had discriminated against Stumm based on age but not sex. Bedynek-Stumm
v. Shinseki, EEOC Decision No. 0720060054, 2008 WL 559463, at *3–5 (Feb. 20, 2008). The
Commission ordered the Department to offer Stumm employment, which Stumm
would be required to accept within fifteen days, and to calculate appropriate back pay
and benefits. Id. Neither party requested reconsideration, and Stumm did not file a civil
action within 90 days to challenge the adverse decision on sex discrimination.

       The Department made three job offers to Stumm between April and August of
2008; Stumm believed that each fell short with respect to the pay grade and retroactive
start date, so he did not accept. Stumm also refused to provide the Department with
information related to the amount of back pay owed. Instead, Stumm asked the
Commission to enforce its remedial order. See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.503(a). The Commission
concluded, however, that the Department’s third offer complied with its order, and that
the Department was discharged of its duty to hire Stumm because he had not timely
accepted. It also ordered that interest stop accruing on Stumm’s back pay due to his
refusal to provide necessary information. Bedynek-Stumm v. Shinseki, EEOC Decision
No. 0120111340, 2011 WL 2596958, at *6–7 (June 22, 2011). Stumm’s timely request for
reconsideration was denied. Bedynek-Stumm v. Shinseki, EEOC Decision No. 0520110587,
2011 WL 5894136, at *3 (Nov. 15, 2011).

       Stumm then filed this civil action in forma pauperis, and the district court
screened his complaint. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). Initially, the district court
interpreted the complaint as alleging violations of the Equal Pay Act and, relying on an
incorrect filing date, dismissed for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. After Stumm
moved for reconsideration, the district court reinterpreted the complaint as asserting
sex and age discrimination claims under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act and the Age
Discrimination in Employment Act, respectively, based on the Department’s failure to
hire him. 1 But the court determined that Stumm had insufficiently pleaded those claims
and dismissed them. The court allowed Stumm to proceed with a claim that the

      1
          The district court noted that Stumm mentioned “race, disability, and
retaliation” in his complaint, but it could discern only sex and age discrimination claims
based on the factual allegations that younger women were hired instead of him.
No. 18-2978                                                                          Page 3

Department violated the Equal Pay Act by making job offers in 2008 at the wrong pay
grade and retroactive hiring date.

       The Department then moved to dismiss that claim, arguing that it was time
barred and that, as a prospective employee, Stumm could not obtain relief under the
Equal Pay Act. The Department also argued that Stumm had already used his two
avenues for relief from the Department’s alleged violation of the Commission’s
remedial order. He had unsuccessfully petitioned the Commission for enforcement, and
he had filed freestanding discrimination claims, which the district court had dismissed
at screening. The district court initially denied the motion to dismiss, determining that
Stumm could seek judicial review of the Commission’s decision not to enforce its
remedial order and, further, that the suit was not time barred because it was filed
within 90 days of the Commission’s reconsideration decision. At the same time, the
court denied Stumm’s motion for recruitment of counsel.

       The Department moved for reconsideration or clarification because the court’s
screening order had interpreted Stumm’s complaint as bringing an original claim under
the Equal Pay Act, while the next order referred to a claim for enforcement of the
remedial order. If Stumm had in fact brought an enforcement action, the Department
argued, then federal regulations required, as a prerequisite to suit, a finding of
noncompliance by the Commission. See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.503(g). The district court
agreed, dismissed the case, and denied Stumm’s additional motions for the assistance of
counsel as “moot.” Stumm filed a motion to alter the judgment, which the court denied.

        Construing Stumm’s appellate brief generously, we can discern an argument that
the district court erred in dismissing his claims of age and sex discrimination. See Parker
v. Four Seasons Hotels, Ltd., 845 F.3d 807, 811 (7th Cir. 2017) (We “construe pro se filings
liberally, and we will address any cogent arguments we are able to discern.”). We agree
because the district court demanded too much specificity in Stumm’s complaint.

        In concluding that Stumm failed to adequately plead discrimination, the district
court cited two cases—Stockwell v. City of Harvey, 597 F.3d 895 (7th Cir. 2010) and
Ransom v. CSC Consulting, Inc., 217 F.3d 467 (7th Cir. 2000)—that considered claims of
discrimination at summary judgment. But a motion for summary judgment requires the
plaintiff to produce some proof of his claims; pleading standards are different. In this
type of case, a plaintiff need plead only the type of discrimination, when it occurred,
and by whom. See Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 514–15 (2002); Swanson v.
Citibank, N.A., 614 F.3d 400, 404 (7th Cir. 2010) (concluding that Swierkiewicz survived
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007) and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009)).
No. 18-2978                                                                         Page 4

And no matter the type of case (as long as Rule 9(b) is not involved), a plaintiff is not
required to plead legal theories, let alone to plead facts that correspond to “elements” of
any particular claim. Chapman v. Yellow Cab Coop., 875 F.3d 846, 848 (7th Cir. 2017); see
also Johnson v. Shelby, 574 U.S. 10, 11 (2014) (explaining that the Federal Rules “do not
countenance dismissal of a complaint for imperfect statement of the legal theory”). That
is exactly what the district court required here in concluding at screening that “there is
no allegation to satisfy the first element in a reverse discrimination claim” and that,
with respect to age discrimination, Stumm failed to allege his age, the age of the women
hired in his stead, or that the women were at least ten years younger.

      Under federal notice pleading standards, Stumm adequately alleged that his age
and sex motivated the Department to hire other candidates instead of him. Stumm will
be required to prove the elements that the district court identified, but the evidentiary
burden that he must eventually meet differs from what he must allege to avoid
dismissal. See Chapman, 875 F.3d at 848.

        The Department asserts that dismissal of the sex discrimination claim was proper
for the alternative reason that it was time barred. Stumm never instituted proceedings
about the Department’s 2001 hiring decision before filing this case. See 42 U.S.C.
§ 2000e-5(e)(1). And in its decision about the 2004 hiring decision, the Commission
found no evidence of sex discrimination, but Stumm did not bring a federal action
challenging that determination within 90 days. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(1) (requiring
claimant file civil action within 90 days of Commission’s dismissal); 29 C.F.R. § 1614.407
(same). We therefore will affirm the dismissal of Stumm’s sex discrimination claim on
this alternative ground.

        The Department does not argue that the age discrimination claim is also time
barred, and we will not consider that affirmative defense sua sponte. See Marshall-Mosby
v. Corporate Receivables, Inc., 205 F.3d 323, 327 (7th Cir. 2000) (we will not review sua
sponte non-jurisdictional statute of limitations defenses); Wheeldon v. Monon Corp., 946
F.2d 533, 536 (7th Cir. 1991) (Age Discrimination in Employment Act’s statute of
limitations is not jurisdictional). If the Department raises that defense in further
proceedings, the district court will need to decide an issue of first impression: whether
the time to file an original federal action challenging the underlying discrimination runs
anew from the Commission’s final decision in an enforcement action, or whether such a
claim may be filed only within 90 days of the Commission’s initial remedial decision. To
answer that question, the district court will first need to address its underlying premise:
that a claimant who prevails on administrative charges of discrimination may bring
No. 18-2978                                                                            Page 5

original claims in federal court for the same discrimination because he is dissatisfied
with the remedy. Neither issue is resolved by this order.

       Because Stumm’s age discrimination claim should not have been dismissed on
the pleadings, any way of litigating it and prevailing (or not) is potentially open on
remand, including a direct action, a challenge to the Commission’s nonenforcement
decision, or something different. We do not express any opinion on the relationship
between Stumm’s claim and the Commission’s decision that the Department complied
with its remedial order.

        We construe Stumm’s appellate brief as taking issue with two other decisions of
the district court. First, Stumm asserts that the district court not only erred in refusing to
recruit counsel on his behalf, but also denied his right to due process. Civil litigants
have “neither a statutory nor a constitutional right to counsel,” so due process is not at
issue. Walker v. Price, 900 F.3d 933, 935 (7th Cir. 2018). A district court has discretion to
recruit counsel for an indigent litigant who (1) has made a reasonable attempt to obtain
counsel and (2), given the difficulty of the case, is not capable of litigating it himself. Id.
at 938 (quoting Pruitt v. Mote, 503 F.3d 647, 654 (7th Cir. 2007) (en banc)). The district
court did not abuse its discretion by denying Stumm’s first request because Stumm
failed to show that he had sought assistance from more than one law firm. The district
court denied Stumm’s later requests in light of the dismissal of the complaint. Because
the case will continue, the district court can assess on remand whether recruitment of
counsel is warranted.

       Stumm also asserts that he has been unfairly prevented from “investigating”
Department employees who he believes “stole” his back-pay checks. (The Department
explained to the district court that it has “maintained possession of the back-pay
payment pending the resolution of this action.”) We construe this as a challenge to the
protective order prohibiting Stumm from directly serving discovery on these
employees. Because discovery requests directed at a represented party’s employees
must be made through counsel, see FED. R. CIV. P. 5(b)(1), the district court rightly
entered the protective order.

      We VACATE the judgment with respect to Stumm’s age discrimination claim
and REMAND for further proceedings. In all other respects, we AFFIRM.