Court Opinion

ID: 2662008
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-03 11:34:40.175999+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:17:41.411890
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
                                    )
D.J. WU, et al.,                    )
                                    )
                  Plaintiffs,       )
                                    )
      v.                            )                 Civil Action No. 11-2287 (ABJ)
                                    )
JOHN CRUMPTON STOMBER, et al.,      )
                                    )
                  Defendants.       )
____________________________________)

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

       “We may employ leverage without limit, which may result in the market value of
       our investments being highly volatile, limit our range of possible investments, and
       adversely affect our return on investments and the cash available for
       distributions.”
                                               ***

       “An investment . . . is suitable only for investors who are experienced in analyzing
       and bearing the risks associated with investments having a very high degree of
       leverage.”
                                                 ***
       “We cannot assure you that that the Liquidity Cushion will be sufficient to satisfy
       margin calls on our financed securities that may arise in connection with highly
       unusual adverse market conditions.”

                                                ***
       “While borrowing and leverage present opportunities for increasing total return,
       they have the effect of potentially increasing losses as well . . . . [A]ny event which
       adversely affects the value of our investments would be magnified to the extent
       leverage is employed.”

Carlyle Capital Corporation (“CCC”) Offering Memorandum [Dkt. # 52-3] at 13–14.

       This case involves highly leveraged, highly speculative investment products. It raises the

question of whether plaintiffs were defrauded under the following circumstances: they bought

shares in a company whose sole business consisted of buying residential mortgage-backed
securities on margin; the shares were made available only to a restricted group of sophisticated,

wealthy investors; the shares were marketed with ominous warnings such as the ones above; and

the very risks that were disclosed materialized when conditions in the real estate market and

global economy deteriorated in 2008.

       The consolidated complaint alleges claims of securities fraud under sections 10(b) and

20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. §§ 78j(b), 78t(a), and SEC Rule 10b-5,

17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5.        The complaint includes common law fraud and negligent

misrepresentation allegations, as well as claims under the laws of the United Kingdom and the

Netherlands. As plaintiffs have explained it, the gravamen of the complaint is that the CCC

Offering Memorandum was materially false and misleading because while it disclosed that

liquidity issues that would threaten the company could occur, it omitted information that would

have alerted investors to the fact that those events were already occurring. Plaintiffs also

contend that after the Offering, defendants continued to conceal the worsening financial

condition of the company until CCC collapsed in March of 2008.

       Defendants have moved to dismiss the consolidated complaint pursuant to Federal Rules

of Civil Procedure 9(b) and 12(b)(6) and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995

(“PSLRA”), 15 U.S.C. § 78u–4, for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.

[Dkt. # 51 and # 52]. For the reasons set forth in more detail below, the Court will grant the

motions to dismiss.

        Essentially, this complaint is an attack on how CCC was managed, and ultimately, it

questions the wisdom behind the adoption of its business model in the first place. But chiding

CCC with the benefit of hindsight for its failure to resist the stampede to purchase mortgage-

                                               2
backed securities is not the same thing as alleging fraud, particularly given the stringent

standards of the PSLRA.

        With respect to the counts related to the Offering, the complaint does not plausibly allege

a securities fraud claim grounded on omissions because the Offering documents – in particular,

the Supplemental Memorandum issued after the initial Offering was postponed – specifically

placed buyers on notice of what CCC was doing and the fact that it had recently experienced the

very reversals that plaintiffs claim should have been disclosed. So, this action lacks the defining

element of fraud: a falsehood. The federal claims also fall short of supporting the necessary

allegation that the alleged fraud caused the plaintiffs’ losses. The common law claims related to

the Offering suffer from the same flaws, and in addition, they fail to set forth facts that would

support the element of actual reliance.

        As for the claims based on sales of securities in the aftermarket, the federal claims are

barred since the shares were purchased on a foreign exchange and not in the United States. And,

if the Court were to go on to consider the common law aftermarket claims, it would find those

allegations to be devoid of the necessary allegations of reliance as well.

   I.      BACKGROUND

        A. The Parties

               1. Plaintiffs

        Plaintiffs bring this action pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 23(a) and (b)(3)

on behalf of two proposed classes. The first proposed class is the “Offering Class,” which the

complaint defines as “all persons who purchased or otherwise acquired Class B Shares or

Restricted Depository Shares (“RDS”) of CCC in its Offering and were damaged thereby” and a

“U.S. Offering” subclass of U.S. residents. Compl. ¶ 30. The second proposed class is the

                                                 3
“Aftermarket Class,” which the complaint defines as “all persons who purchased or otherwise

acquired Class B Shares of CCC in market purchases from July 4, 2007 through March 17, 2008

. . . and were damaged thereby,” and includes a “U.S. Aftermarket Subclass” of U.S. residents.

Id. Plaintiffs estimate that there are at least 500 members of the Class. See id. ¶ 31.

       The named plaintiffs in this action are:

           Plaintiff E.L. Phelps, a resident of Virginia who purchased (1) 15,789 RDSs in the
           Offering and (2) 15,000 Class B Shares listed for trading on the Euronext exchange in
           the aftermarket. Id. ¶ 4;

           Plaintiff M.J. McLister, a resident of Virginia who purchased (1) 26,316 RDSs in the
           Offering, and (2) 54,225 Class B Shares listed for trading on the Euronext exchange
           in the aftermarket. Id. ¶ 5;

           Plaintiff D.J. Wu, a resident of Washington, D.C. who purchased (1) 26,316 RDSs in
           the Offering, and (2) 25,000 Class B Shares listed for trading on the Euronext
           exchange in the aftermarket. Id. ¶ 6;

           Plaintiff S.M. Liss, a resident of Maryland who purchased 15,789 RDSs in the
           Offering. Id. ¶ 7;

           Plaintiff W.F. Schaefer, a resident of Maryland who purchased 7,895 RDSs in the
           Offering. Id. ¶ 8;

           Plaintiff Jonathan Glaubach who purchased 500 shares of CCC securities in the
           Offering. Glaubach Decl. ¶ 4 to Mot. for App’t as Lead Pl. [Dkt. # 4-3];

               2. Defendants

       The consolidated complaint names the following institutional defendants:

           Defendant Carlyle Investment Management, LLC (“CIM”), a Delaware limited
           liability company with its principal place of business in Washington, D.C. Compl.
           ¶ 9. Under an investment management agreement with CCC, CIM served as the
           investment manager of CCC and “had full discretionary investment authority.” Id.
           According to the Offering Memorandum, CIM was responsible for “the day-to-day
           management and operations of [CCC’s] business.” CCC Offering Memorandum
           (“Off. Mem.”) [Dkt. # 52-3] at 62–63;

                                                  4
           Defendant T.C. Group, LLC (“TCG”), a Delaware limited liability company with its
           principal place of business in Washington, D.C. Compl. ¶ 10. According to the
           complaint, TCG owned 75 percent of CIM. Id.;

           Defendant TC Group Holdings, LLC (“TCG Holdings”), a Delaware limited liability
           company with its principal place of business in Washington, DC. TCG Holdings was
           the holding company and managing member of TCG. Id. ¶ 11;

           Defendant CCC, a Guernsey limited company that is currently in liquidation.
           Id. ¶ 22. 1

       The complaint also names two groups of individual defendants. The first group of

defendants, who are referred to as the “Carlyle Defendants,” is:

           Defendant William Elias Conway, Jr., a resident of Virginia who served as managing
           director of CIM, a director of CCC, and the Chief Investment Officer of TCG.
           Id. ¶ 14;

           Defendant John Crumpton Stomber, a resident of Connecticut who served as the
           Chief Executive Offer, Chief Investment Officer and President, and a director of
           CCC, as well as Managing Director of CIM and TCG. Id. ¶ 15;

           Defendant James H. Hance, a resident of North Carolina who served as a Director of
           CCC from September 14, 2006 and at all relevant times thereafter. Id. ¶ 16. He also
           served as Chairman of the Board until March 2007 and was a senior adviser to CIM.
           Id.;

           Defendant Michael J. Zupon, a resident of New York who served as a Director of
           CCC from September 14, 2006 and at all relevant times thereafter. Id. ¶ 17.
           According to the complaint, Zupon was a founding member, Chief Investment
           Officer, and Managing Director and Head of Carlyle’s U.S. Leveraged Finance Group
           and a Partner and Managing Director of Carlyle. Id.

The second group of individual defendants, who are referred to as the “Outside Directors,” is:

1      On February 10, 2012, defendant CCC asked the Court for leave to file a responsive
pleading thirty days after the Court rules on the motions to dismiss. CCC’s Mot. to Extend Time
to Respond to Consol. Am. Compl. [Dkt. # 55] at 1–2. They submitted that “[f]orcing the
insolvent estate to litigate these claims as, in effect, an ancillary defendant is duplicative and
wasteful of both the insolvent estate’s assets and the Court’s resources, as well as being futile.”
Id. The Court granted the motion. Minute Order, Feb. 10, 2012.
                                                5
           Defendant Robert Barclay Allardice, III, a resident of New York who served as a
           Director of CCC from September 14, 2006 and at all relevant times thereafter.
           Id. ¶ 19;

           Defendant Henry Jay Sarles, a resident of Massachusetts who was a Director of CCC
           from September 14, 2006 and at all relevant times thereafter. Id. ¶ 20;

           Defendant John Leonard Loveridge, a resident of Guernsey who was a Director of
           CCC from September 14, 2006 and at all relevant times thereafter. Id. ¶ 21.

       B. Factual Background

       1. CCC’s business model

       As the complaint sets forth, CCC was a closed-end investment fund that was formed as a

limited company under the laws of Guernsey on August 29, 2006. Compl. ¶ 40. 2 Although CCC

was technically a separate business entity, the complaint alleges that CCC was “an investment

product created and managed at all times by [defendants].” Id. ¶ 23. CCC’s business model

involved using highly leveraged financing in the form of repurchase loan agreements (“repos”)

to invest in residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”). Id. ¶ 41; Off. Mem. at 45.

       CCC shares were initially sold to investors through a private placement of Class B shares,

which was completed by December 31, 2006 and raised over $260 million. Compl. ¶ 50. A

second private placement was completed by February 28, 2007, raising over $336 million.

Id. ¶ 52. The total amount of capital raised through the private placements was approximately

$600 million. Id.

       2. The Offering and Offering Memoranda

              a. Types of securities sold in the Offering

       The Offering (“Offering”) was initially scheduled to take place in early July 2007. Off.

Mem. at cover. There were two types of securities to be sold: Class B Shares and Restricted

2       All citations to “Compl.” refer to the Consolidated Complaint filed on December 5, 2011.
[Dkt. # 42].
                                               6
Depository Shares (“RDSs”). Class B shares were issued from CCC and were sold only outside

the United States to foreign investors. Off. Mem. at cover. RDSs were issued by the Bank of

New York and sold to investors in the United States, as well as foreign investors. Id. The

securities sold in the Offering were not widely available – only certain types of investors and

investors in certain locations were permitted to purchase the securities. In the United States,

only qualified institutional buyers (“QIBs”) and accredited investors were permitted to purchase

RDSs. 3 Similarly, in order to purchase either type of security, an investor was required to be a

“qualified purchaser,” meaning a QIB with at least $25 million in qualifying investments or an

individual with at least $5 million in qualifying investments. Id. at A-2. Both types of securities

were subject to transfer restrictions. See, e.g., id. at 136, 138.

                b. The period preceding the issuance of the Offering Memorandum

        In the months leading up to the Offering, the CCC Board of Directors (“the Board”)

reviewed drafts of the Offering Memorandum and took action on several issues related to the

Offering. See, e.g., id. ¶¶ 53, 54, 56. The Memorandum was ultimately issued on June 19, 2007.

Id. ¶ 74.

        According to the Offering Memorandum, CCC had an investment guideline stating that

the fund would maintain a “liquidity cushion” of 20 percent, meaning that “unrestricted cash and

cash equivalents . . . [would be] equal to no less than 20% of [CCC’s] [a]djusted [c]apital.” Off.

Mem. at 7. The liquidity cushion was set at 20% based on “extensive statistical testing of

[CCC’s] expected portfolio, including testing during periods of significant financial market

3       The Offering Memorandum defined QIBs as “institutional investors that own or invest on
a discretionary basis at least $100 million of securities.” Off. Mem. at 145. Similarly, accredited
investors were defined as “qualified purchasers . . . which generally include most institutions,
certain of [CCC’s] management officials and individuals meeting specified net worth income
tests.” Id.
                                                   7
volatility and stress . . . .” Id. at 50. The purpose of the liquidity cushion was to enable CCC “to

meet reasonably foreseeable margin calls on [its] financed securities.” Id. at 50. But CCC also

informed potential investors that it could change its investment guidelines without a shareholder

vote at any time with approval of a majority of directors. Id. at 7. In fact, the Offering

Memorandum disclosed that it had already deviated from the guidelines in the past and “may do

so again in the future.” Id.

       In its critique of the Offering, the complaint focuses on events that were occurring during

the same time period. It alleges that at some point in April 2007, the Board approved a request

made by defendant Stomber to use the liquidity cushion to buy certain RMBSs prior to the

Offering, which resulted in a reduction of the liquidity cushion to 15 percent. Id. ¶ 58. Also,

during this period, CCC entered into a term loan agreement with CitiGroup Global Markets, Inc.,

which was one of the brokerage firms that agreed to market the Offering to U.S. investors.

Id. ¶ 60. CCC thus secured a bridge loan in the amount of $191 million, which was “obtained in

contemplation of the Offering and was required to be repaid from the proceeds of the Offering.”

Id.

       The complaint also alleges that on June 7, 2007, defendant Stomber informed the Board

in an email that CCC had recently sustained substantial losses. Id. ¶ 63. It states:

               Stomber told the Board that as a consequence of a change in the “5 years
       swap rate,” a $25 million unrealized gain had become an $8 million unrealized
       loss on CCC’s mortgage backed securities and that CCC’s New Asset Value had
       declined as a result. Stomber stated that “[t]oday was a wild day” in the market
       “where rates went up materially” and that CCC could sustain further significant
       losses . . . . Most importantly, Stomber was aware and informed the Board that
       those events had negatively impacted CCC’s Liquidity Cushion: “ . . . . The Liq
       Cushion stands at 23 percent but could be called down close to 20 percent – that is
       why we have it.”

Id.

                                                 8
       On June 13, 2007, Stomber announced to the Board that the Offering would be postponed

because of “volatile market conditions” and the uncertainty of the valuation of CCC’s balance

sheet. Compl. ¶ 64. According to the complaint, he reported that “CCC’s IFRS net income ‘was

on target for a 14.5% 2nd quarter, but he also noted that CCC’s ‘Fair Value Reserve was down

$63.9MM from inception and $76.2MM for the year,’ meaning that CCC had suffered unrealized

losses in those amounts under IFRS.” Id. 4 Stomber went on:

               We are having a major liquidity event so I invoked “emergency powers”
               on the balance sheet. The liquidity cushion is currently at $148MM,
               which is technically above 20% of our current MTM equity position. But
               please take no comfort in that, we could be margin called for up to another
               $70MM and therefore bring the cushion down to about 11%. Therefore,
               we need independent Board Member approval to go under 20% – that is
               the purpose of the liquidity cushion – to be there so we don[’t] not have to
               sell securities at depressed prices during a margin call. Therefore, I ask
               you for your formal approval.

Id. (alteration in original). The complaint alleges that on June 14, 2007, the Board approved a

resolution to give Stomber the authority he requested to reduce CCC’s minimum liquidity

cushion. Compl. ¶ 66. 5

       Shortly thereafter, on June 19, 2007, CCC issued the original Offering Memorandum.

Id. ¶ 74; Off. Mem. at cover. The Offering Memorandum contained detailed information about

the Offering, including explanations of the types of securities that were to be sold, CCC’s

business model and its associated risks, and the fund’s financial status.

4       “IFRS” stands for “International Financial Reporting Standards,” which are the
accounting standards issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Compl. ¶ 64 n.1.
IFRS, which differs from the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) used in the
United States, is the standard under which CCC prepared its financial statements and quarterly
reports.

5      There is no allegation, though, that at this time, the cushion actually dropped below 20
percent.

                                                 9
       c. The description of CCC’s business model and associated risks in the Offering
       Memorandum

       The Offering Memorandum set forth CCC’s business model in detail, particularly its use

of leverage and the risks associated with such an approach. The first page of the Memorandum

summarized CCC’s investment strategy in the following way:

               Our objective is to achieve attractive risk-adjusted returns for shareholders
               through current income and, to a lesser extent, capital appreciation. We
               seek to achieve this objective by investing in a diversified portfolio of
               fixed income assets consisting of mortgage products and leveraged finance
               assets. Our income is generated primarily from the difference between the
               interest income earned on our assets and the costs of financing those assets
               as well as from capital gains generated when we dispose of our assets.

               We use leverage to increase the potential return on shareholders’ equity.
               The actual amount of leverage that we will utilize, although not limited by
               our investment guidelines, will depend on a variety of factors, including
               type and maturity of assets, cost of financing, credit profile of the
               underlying assets and general economic and market conditions.

Id. at 1. The Offering Memorandum emphasized that CCC would “utilize leverage extensively”

and “without limit.” Id. at 5. It noted that the fund’s leverage ratio, which was defined as “debt

directly incurred to finance investment assets to total equity,” had already exceeded 26:1 by

March 31, 2007, and that it was expected to exceed 29:1 after the Offering. Id.

       The Offering Memorandum also discussed the risk factors associated with CCC’s

business model, explaining:

           “We may change our investment strategy or investment guidelines at any times
           without the consent of shareholders, which could result in us acquiring assets that are
           different from, and possibly riskier than, the investment guidelines described in the
           offering memorandum.” Id. at 10.

           “We may change our investment strategy and/or capital allocation guidelines without
           a vote of our shareholders, provided that any change to our investment guidelines
           must be approved by a majority of our independent directors. In the past, we have
           deviated from these guidelines with the approval of a majority of our independent
           directors and we may do so again in the future.” Id. at 7.

                                                10
          “We cannot assure you that the Liquidity Cushion will be sufficient to satisfy
          margin calls.

          Despite extensive statistical testing of relevant data, the Liquidity Cushion is not
          designed to protect us under all possible adverse market scenarios. Therefore, we
          cannot assure you that that the Liquidity Cushion will be sufficient to satisfy margin
          calls on our financed securities that may arise in connection with highly unusual
          adverse market conditions.” Id. at 14 (emphasis in original).

          “Our organizational, ownership and investment structure may create significant
          conflicts of interest that may be resolved in a manner which is not always in our best
          interests or those of our shareholders.” Id. at 10.

          “The price of Class B shares and the RDSs may fluctuate significantly and you could
          lose all or part of your investment.” Id. at 11.

With respect to the use of leverage, the Offering Memorandum warned:

          “We may employ leverage without limit, which may result in the market value of our
          investments being highly volatile, limit our range of possible investments, and
          adversely affect our return on investments and the cash available for distributions.
          An investment in the Class B shares or RDSs is suitable only for investors who are
          experienced in analyzing and bearing the risks associated with investments having a
          very high degree of leverage.” Id. at 13.

          “Most leveraged transactions require the posting of collateral. The amount of
          collateral required to be posted may increase rapidly in the context of changes in
          market value of the assets to which we have leveraged exposure[.]” Id.

          “While borrowing and leverage present opportunities for increasing total return, they
          have the effect of potentially increasing losses as well . . . [A]ny event which
          adversely affects the value of our investments would be magnified to the extent
          leverage is employed. Increased leverage also increases the risk that we will not be
          able to meet our debt service obligations, and consequently increases the risk that we
          will lose some or all of our assets to foreclosure or sale.” Id.

Finally, because CCC’s business model depended heavily on RMBS assets and financing with

repo agreements, the Offering Memorandum outlined the risks related to those circumstances:

          “If residential and/or commercial real estate property values decrease materially . . .
          we may realize material losses related to foreclosures or to the restructuring of our
          mortgage loans and the mortgage loans that back the mortgage-backed securities in
          our investment portfolio.” Id. at 12.

                                              11
           “The adverse effect of a decline in the market value of our assets may be exacerbated
           in instances where we have borrowed money based on the market value of those
           assets. If the market value of those assets declines, the lender may require us to post
           additional collateral to support the loan. If we were unable to post the additional
           collateral, we would have to sell the assets at a time when we might not otherwise
           choose to do so.” Id. at 15.

              d. The description of CCC’s financial status in the Offering Memorandum

       The Offering Memorandum provided information regarding CCC’s financial status as of

March 31, 2007, which was the end of the latest financial reporting period. Id. ¶ 77; Off. Mem.

at 8. But in a section entitled “Recent Developments,” the document also supplied updated

financial information that was current as of June 13, 2007. In particular, this section disclosed

that prior to the Offering, CCC’s fair value reserves had declined by $28.9 million between April

and June 2007:

              As a result of changes in interest rates, we estimate that from April 1, 2007
              to June 13, 2007, our fair value reserved declined by approximately $28.9
              million (unaudited), from approximately $24.0 million (unaudited) as of
              March 31, 2007 to an estimated $(4.9) million (unaudited) as of June 13,
              2007.

Off. Mem. at 8.

       Ultimately, the Offering did not take place as scheduled.

              e. Postponement of the Offering and the Supplemental Offering Memorandum

       On June 28, 2007, CCC announced that it had postponed the Offering and that it would

issue a Supplemental Offering Memorandum (“the Supplement”) setting forth a revised

timetable and changing the terms of the Offering. Compl. ¶ 83. The next day, CCC issued the

Supplement, which stated that it was “supplemental to, forms part of and must be read in

conjunction with the Offering Memorandum” and that it “amends and updates” any information

in the Offering Memorandum. Compl. ¶ 84; Supplemental Offering Memorandum (“Supp. Off.

                                               12
Mem.”) [Dkt. # 52-6] at 1.      The Supplement specifically notified investors that where it

contained information inconsistent with Offering Memorandum, the Supplement superseded the

earlier document. Supp. Off. Mem. at 1. 6

       The Supplement stated that the number of Class B shares available in the Offering would

be reduced from 19,047,620 to 15,962,673 and that the price of the shares would be reduced to

$19, from the price range of $20–$22 stated in the Offering Memorandum. Supp. Off. Mem. at

5. In a section entitled “Recent Developments,” the Supplement also disclosed:

              [F]rom April 1, 2007 to June 26, 2007, our fair value reserves declined by
              approximately $84.2 million (unaudited), from approximately $24.0
              million (unaudited) as of March 31, 2007 to an estimated ($60.2) million
              (unaudited) as of June 26, 2007.

Supp. Off. Mem. at 8–9.

       The Offering was completed on July 11, 2007. Supp. Off. Mem. at 9. More than 18

million Class B Shares and RDSs were sold in the Offering, raising over $345 million in

proceeds for CCC. Compl. ¶ 85.

              f. The subsequent financial crisis and collapse of CCC

       In the months following the Offering, CCC experienced a decline in the value of its

investments. The complaint alleges that, in August 2007, several of CCC’s repo counterparties

made substantial margin calls and sought “haircuts,”7 which required CCC to provide more

collateral for the loans used to finance the RMBS assets. Id. ¶ 116. These demands negatively

affected CCC’s liquidity cushion. Id. ¶ 117. Around August 7, 2007, Stomber sought and

received permission from the Board to reduce the liquidity cushion to 15 percent for a period of

6      Because the Supplement is not paginated, the Court assigned the page numbers
referenced in the citations by beginning to count on the cover page.

7       A “haircut” is the “difference between the amount of a loan and the market value of the
collateral securing the loan.” Black’s Law Dictionary 781 (9th ed. 2009).
                                              13
ninety days. Id. On August 23, 2007, the Board held an emergency meeting, at which defendant

Hance informed Board members that the recent market events had “diminished [CCC’s] liquidity

cushion below zero.”     Id. ¶ 119.    Stomber allegedly told the Board at the meeting that

“[m]anagement believes it would be prudent to wind down the Company to its core level at this

time.” Id.

       On August 27, 2007, Stomber informed shareholders in a letter that the recent market

volatility had resulted in increased margin calls and that “CCC’s liquidity cushion has not been

sufficient to meet recent margin calls.” Id. ¶ 122. On September 11, 2007, the Carlyle Investor

Conference took place in Washington, DC, at which Stomber said that “fundamental revisions to

CCC’s business model were required and would be implemented.” Id. ¶ 126. He acknowledged

that “CCC’s business model needed to be thoroughly restructured to reduce leverage and

increase minimum liquidity cushion to at least 40%.”          Id.   According to the complaint,

defendants made a commitment to (1) “employ less leverage”; (2) “have more diversified asset

classes”; and (3) “improv[e] and stabiliz[e] sources.” Id. But plaintiffs allege that despite these

promises, defendants did not take any steps to maintain or increase the liquidity cushion, which

had been reduced to 3 percent of CCC’s adjusted capital by November 13, 2007. Id. ¶ 130.

       At a meeting on November 13, 2007, the Board approved amendments to the definition

of the term “liquidity cushion” to include undrawn debt from Carlyle as liquid assets. Id. ¶ 131.

Plaintiffs allege that this revision made “CCC’s position appear more favorable than it was”

because “the Board did not take any steps to actually address CCC’s precarious liquidity

problems and over-accumulation of RMBS-based assets.” Id. The Board met again on February

27, 2008, and voted to suspend the 20 percent liquidity cushion until September 2008. Id. ¶ 137.

The same day, CCC issued its annual report for the year ending December 31, 2007, which

                                                14
reported that “[d]uring the fourth quarter our portfolio stabilized and we were able to generate

returns consistent with our near term targets.” Id. ¶ 138; see also Ex. 3 to CD Mem. at 4

[Dkt. # 52-5].

       But on March 5, 2008, CCC issued a press release announcing that “since filing its

annual report on February 28, 2008, the Company ha[d] been subject to margin calls and

additional collateral requirements totaling more than $60 million.” Id. ¶ 140; Ex. 9 to CD Mem.

at 1. The press release went on to say:

                 Until March 5, the Company had met all of the margin requirements
                 imposed by its repo counterparties. However, on March 5, the Company
                 received additional margin calls from seven of its [thirteen] repo
                 counterparties totaling more than $37 million. The Company has met
                 margin calls from three of these financing counterparties that have
                 indicated a willingness to work with the Company during these
                 tumultuous times, but did not meet the margin requirements of the four
                 other repo financing counterparties.        From this group of four
                 counterparties, one notice of default has been received by the Company
                 and management expects to receive at least one additional default notice.

Id. One week later, on March 12, 2008, CCC issued another press release announcing:

                 [A]lthough it has been working diligently with its lenders, the Company
                 has not been able to reach a mutually beneficial agreement to stabilize its
                 financing. The Company expects that its lenders will promptly take
                 possession of substantially all of the Company’s remaining assets.

                 The only assets held in the Company’s portfolio as of today are the U.S.
                 government agency AAA-rated residential mortgage-backed securities
                 (RMBS). During the last seven business days, the Company received
                 margin calls in excess of $40 million. As the Company was unable to pay
                 these margin calls, its lenders proceeded to foreclose on the RMBS
                 collateral. In total, through March 12, the Company has defaulted on
                 approximately $16.6 billion of its indebtedness.         The remaining
                 indebtedness is expected soon to go into default.

Ex. 10 to CD Mem. at 1; see also Compl. ¶ 141.

       On March 17, 2008, CCC entered liquidation, and the Royal Court of Guernsey

appointed liquidators “to wind down the affairs of, and liquidate, the enterprise.” Id. ¶ 142.

                                                 15
CCC’s liquidators filed suit in Delaware Chancery Court against the Carlyle entities and CCC’s

former directors, alleging breach of fiduciary duty claims under Delaware and Guernsey law.

Carlyle Capital Corp. v. Conway, et al., No. 10-5625 (Del. Ch. July 7, 2010).

         C. The Cases Before the Court

                1. The consolidated cases

         There are currently four related cases pending before the Court:

            Phelps v. Stomber, et al., 11-cv-1142. Plaintiffs filed this action on June 21, 2011,
            alleging violations of federal securities law;

            Phelps v. Carlyle Capital Corp., 11-cv-1143. Plaintiffs filed this action on June 21,
            2011, alleging the same violations of federal securities law as Phelps v. Stomber;

            Glaubach v. Carlyle Capital Corporation Limited, 11-cv-1523. Plaintiff Jonathan
            Glaubach filed this related case on August 24, 2011, asserting one claim under the
            laws of the United Kingdom;

            Wu v. Stomber, 11-cv-2287. Plaintiff Wu and four other plaintiffs filed this action in
            New York state court, asserting claims for common law fraud, negligent
            misrepresentation, and violations of Dutch statutory laws. The case was removed to
            federal court and transferred to this Court on December 27, 2011.

         On October 7, 2011, the Court granted plaintiffs’ motion to consolidate both of the

Phelps actions, 11-cv-1142 and 11-cv-1143, and the Glaubach action, 11-cv-1523. Order, Oct.

7, 2012 [Dkt. # 22]. At the time of the consolidation, the Wu action had not yet been transferred

to this Court, so it was not consolidated with the others. Defendants have also filed a pending

motion to dismiss [Dkt. # 26] in the Wu case. The Court considers the motion to dismiss in the

Wu case here, and an identical memorandum opinion will be filed in both the Phelps and Wu

cases.

                2. Lead plaintiff

         Immediately after filing the complaint in the Phelps action, a group of plaintiffs referred

to as the “McLister Group,” filed a motion for appointment as lead plaintiff [Dkt. # 3] under

                                                 16
Section 21(d)(a)(3)(B) of the Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(a)(3)(B), as amended by Section

101(a) of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.        Soon thereafter, plaintiff

Glaubach filed a competing motion for appointment as lead plaintiff. [Dkt. # 4]. Because the

Court found that the McLister Group best satisfied the requirements and purpose of the lead

plaintiff procedure in the PSLRA, it granted their motion and denied Glaubach’s motion.

[Dkt. # 37]. Glaubach subsequently filed a motion for reconsideration [Dkt. # 40], which was

denied. [Dkt. # 64].

               3. The consolidated complaint

       Plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint on December 5, 2011.         [Dkt. # 42].    The

complaint includes eleven counts: the first six address the Offering and the remaining five

address the subsequent sale of CCC shares on the aftermarket.

           Count I alleges a violation of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 on
           behalf of the U.S. Offering Subclass against defendants Stomber, CCC, CIM and
           TCG. Compl. ¶¶ 156–71;

           Count II alleges a violation of Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act on behalf of the
           U.S. Offering Subclass against all defendants. Id. ¶¶ 172–74;

           Count III alleges a common law fraud claim on behalf of the Offering Class against
           all defendants. Id. ¶¶ 175–77;

           Count IV alleges a common law negligent misrepresentation claim on behalf of the
           Offering Class against all defendants. Id. ¶¶ 178–80;

           Count V alleges a violation of Dutch prospectus liability and tort law on behalf of the
           Offering Class against all defendants. Id. ¶¶ 181–86;

           Count VI alleges a violation of Section 90 of the Financial Services and Markets Act
           (“FSMA”) of 2000, a law of the United Kingdom, on behalf of the Offering Class
           against all defendants. Id. ¶¶ 187–91; 8

8       Lead plaintiffs took the position that Count VI should be withdrawn. Tr. of Mot. Hr’g,
Afternoon Session (“PM Tr.”), at 42–43 (May 23, 2012). Therefore, the Court permitted
plaintiff Glaubach to file an opposition to defendants’ motion to dismiss that claim, [Dkt. # 70],
which he had originally advanced.
                                               17
            Count VII alleges a violation of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 on
            behalf of the U.S. Aftermarket Subclass against all defendants. Id. ¶¶ 192–206;

            Count VIII alleges a violation of Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act on behalf of the
            U.S. Aftermarket Class against all defendants. Id. ¶¶ 207–08;

            Count IX alleges a violation a common law fraud claim on behalf of Aftermarket
            Class on behalf of the Aftermarket Class against all defendants. Id. ¶¶ 209–10;

            Count X alleges a common law negligent misrepresentation claim on behalf of the
            Aftermarket Class against all defendants. Id. ¶¶ 211–12;

            Count XI alleges a violation of Dutch prospectus liability and tort law on behalf of
            the Aftermarket Class against all defendants. Id. ¶¶ 213–227.

               4. Motions to dismiss

         On January 17, 2012, defendants TCG, TCG Holdings, CIM, Stomber, Conway, Hance,

and Zupon (“the Carlyle Defendants”) moved to dismiss all of the claims against them under

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and the PSLRA for failure to state a claim upon which

relief can be granted. Carlyle Defendants’ Mot. to Dismiss and Mem. in Supp. (“CD Mem.”)

[Dkt. # 52].     The same day, defendants Allardice, Sarles, and Loveridge (the “Outside

Directors”) moved to dismiss the nine claims filed against them under Rules 12(b)(6) and 9(b).

[Dkt. # 51]. The Outside Directors were not named in Counts I and VII (the section 10(b)

claims) – they argued that the claims filed against them under section 20(a) of the Exchange Act

were insufficient to state a plausible claim. With respect to the common law and foreign law

claims, the Outside Directors joined the arguments advanced by the Carlyle Defendants in their

motion. The Court held a motions hearing on the motions to dismiss on May 23, 2012.

   II.      STANDARD OF REVIEW

         “To survive a [Rule 12(b)(6)] motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient

factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v.

                                                  18
Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted); accord Bell Atl. Corp. v.

Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). In Iqbal, the Supreme Court reiterated the two principles

underlying its decision in Twombly: “First, the tenet that a court must accept as true all of the

allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable to legal conclusions.” 556 U.S. at 678. And

“[s]econd, only a complaint that states a plausible claim for relief survives a motion to dismiss.”

Id. at 679.

        A claim is facially plausible when the pleaded factual content “allows the court to draw

the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. at 678.

“The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a

sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. A pleading must offer more than

“labels and conclusions” or a “formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action,” id.,

quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, and “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of

action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id.

        When considering a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the complaint is construed

liberally in plaintiff’s favor, and the Court should grant plaintiff “the benefit of all inferences that

can be derived from the facts alleged.” Kowal v. MCI Commc’ns Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1276

(D.C. Cir. 1994). Nevertheless, the Court need not accept inferences drawn by plaintiff if those

inferences are unsupported by facts alleged in the complaint, nor must the Court accept

plaintiff’s legal conclusions. See Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002);

Kowal, 16 F.3d at 1276. In ruling upon a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, a court

may ordinarily consider only “the facts alleged in the complaint, documents attached as exhibits

or incorporated by reference in the complaint, and matters about which the Court may take

                                                  19
judicial notice.” Gustave-Schmidt v. Chao, 226 F. Supp. 2d 191, 196 (D.D.C. 2002) (citations

omitted).

          For claims alleging fraud, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b) requires a plaintiff to

“state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b).

And securities fraud claims are governed by the heightened pleading standard set forth in the

PSLRA, which exceeds even the standard set forth in Rule 9(b). In its effort to curb potentially

abusive lawsuits, the PSLRA requires plaintiffs to “specify each statement alleged to have been

misleading [and] the reasons why the statement is misleading” and to “state with particularity

facts giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant acted with the requisite state of mind.”

15 U.S.C. § 78u–4(b)(1)–(2); see also Plumbers Local No. 200 Pension Fund v. Wash. Post Co.,

831 F. Supp. 2d 291, 294 (D.D.C. 2011).

          In order to assure itself that it had distilled all of the fraud allegations from plaintiffs’

sixty-five page, 227 paragraph consolidated complaint, so that it could properly assess them

under these standards, the Court ordered plaintiffs to prepare a supplemental memorandum after

the hearing on the motions. Plaintiffs were ordered to create a chart that listed every statement in

the Offering documents that they alleged was false as well as every omission that they alleged

was actionable because it rendered the Offering documents to be false.                PM Tr. 63–68.

Defendants were then permitted to complete a second column pointing out when and where they

contended the allegedly omitted facts had actually been disclosed and responding to the alleged

affirmative misrepresentations as well. Id.

   III.      ANALYSIS

          Plaintiffs’ claims can be divided into four categories, which the Court will discuss in

turn:   (1) federal securities claims pertaining to the Offering; (2) federal securities claims

                                                   20
pertaining to the aftermarket; (3) common law claims pertaining to the Offering; and (4)

common law claims pertaining to the aftermarket. For the reasons set forth below, these claims

will be resolved as follows:

               Federal Offering Claims: dismissed for failure to allege a materially misleading
               statement or omission and failure to allege loss causation;

               Federal Aftermarket Claims: dismissed under Morrison v. National Australia
               Bank, 130 S. Ct. 2869 (2010).

               Common Law Offering Claims: dismissed on the same grounds and for failure to
               plead reliance;

               Common Law Aftermarket Claims: in the absence of federal claims, the Court
               declines to exercise jurisdiction, but it notes a failure to plead reliance in any
               event.

           A. Federal Offering Claims

                   1. Morrison v. National Australia Bank

       Counts I and II allege claims under federal securities law related to the Offering. Counts

VII and VIII allege claims under federal securities law pertaining to the aftermarket. Defendants

seek dismissal of all of these claims under the Supreme Court’s decision in Morrison v. National

Australia Bank, 130 S. Ct. 2869, 2883 (2010). Since the analysis of Morrison’s application to

the Offering claims and the aftermarket claims is intertwined, the Court will discuss both sets of

claims in this section, but only the aftermarket claims will be dismissed on these grounds.

       In Morrison, the Supreme Court held that Section 10(b) does not apply extraterritorially

to foreign securities transactions. Id. at 2877–78, 2883. Rejecting what had become known as

the “conduct and effects” test, the Court set forth a bright-line “transactional” test for

determining whether a securities purchase is within the scope of section 10(b). The Court held

that section 10(b) covers: (1) “the purchase or sale of a security listed on an American stock

                                                21
exchange,” or (2) “the purchase or sale of any other security in the United States.” Id. at 2888.

The Court reasoned:

                 [W]e think the focus of the Exchange Act is not upon the place where the
                 deception originated, but upon purchases and sales of securities in the
                 United States. Section 10(b) does not punish deceptive conduct, but only
                 deceptive conduct “in connection with the purchase or sale of any security
                 registered on a national securities exchange or any security not so
                 registered.”

Id. at 2884, citing 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b).

       With respect to the first part of the Morrison test, the parties agree that neither the RDSs

nor the Class B shares was listed on an American stock exchange.            Mem. of Points and

Authorities in Opp. to Motions to Dismiss (“Pls.’ Opp.”) [Dkt. # 56] at 40; CD Mem. at 25; see

also Compl. ¶ 93; Off. Mem. at 33, 145. Rather, plaintiffs contend that they meet the second

part of the Morrison test because both the RDSs and Class B shares were “bought or sold in the

United States.” Id.

                    a. No Class B shares were purchased in the Offering, and the Class B shares
                       sold in the aftermarket were purchased on a foreign exchange.

       Taking the Class B shares first, there is no allegation in the complaint that any plaintiff

purchased Class B shares in the Offering in the United States.              Indeed, the Offering

Memorandum specifically states that “the Class B shares [could] not be offered or sold within

the United States or to U.S. persons.” Off. Mem. at cover. Plaintiffs do not dispute this. See

PM Tr. at 17 (stating at oral argument that no plaintiff bought any Class B shares at the time of

the Offering).

       With respect to the Class B shares purchased in the aftermarket, the complaint alleges

that Class B shares were only listed on the foreign exchange, Euronext. Compl. ¶¶ 32, 109. But

plaintiffs argue that the fact that the shares were sold on a foreign exchange is not dispositive

                                                 22
under Morrison. Their position is that Morrison addressed what they describe as a “foreign

cubed transaction,” involving “foreign plaintiffs, a foreign issuer, and a foreign exchange.” Pls.’

Opp. at 44. Plaintiffs contend that by contrast, this case involves a “U.S. purchaser, a U.S.

issuer, and a foreign stock exchange.” Id. They argue that CCC was actually a U.S. company,

even though it was incorporated under the laws of Guernsey, and that Euronext was actually a

U.S. exchange because while it is located in the Netherlands, it was owned by a Delaware

company. Id. at 44–45. Although plaintiffs acknowledge that other courts have extended

Morrison’s holding to “foreign-squared transactions (those involving a U.S. purchaser, foreign

issuer, and foreign stock exchange), they state that “no court has yet extended Morrison to a fact

pattern involving a U.S. purchaser, a U.S. issuer, and a foreign stock exchange.” Id. at 44.

       But plaintiffs’ effort to label everything “Made in America” to get around Morrison

requires the Court to ignore allegations in the complaint and information contained in the

Offering documents referenced in the complaint. According to plaintiffs’ own allegations, CCC

is not a U.S. company – it was incorporated under the laws of Guernsey. Compl. ¶ 40. And

Euronext is not a U.S. exchange. The exchange is located in the Netherlands. Off. Mem. at

cover (stating that Euronext is the “regulated market of Euronext Amsterdam . . . .”). Plaintiff

points to no authority that would suggest that there is any significance to the fact that a foreign

exchange was owned by a U.S. entity. To the contrary, Morrison specifically directed courts to

focus on the geographic location of the transaction, 130 S. Ct. at 2884, and here, the aftermarket

purchase of Class B shares occurred on a foreign exchange. The Court notes that other courts

that have considered similar questions after Morrison have treated Euronext as a foreign

exchange.    Carlyle Defendants’ Reply Brief in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss (“CD Reply”)

[Dkt. # 63] at 7, citing In re Vivendi Universal, S.A. Sec. Litig., No. 02 Civ. 5571 (RJH) et al., ---

                                                 23
F. Supp. 2d ---, 2012 WL 280252, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 27, 2012); In re Société Générale Sec.

Litig., No. 08 Civ. 2495 (RMB), 2010 WL 3910286, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 29, 2010). 9 So, the

aftermarket securities claims do not survive the motion to dismiss under Morrison.

                  b. No RDSs were purchased in the aftermarket, and the RDSs sold in the
                     Offering were “bought or sold” in the United States.

       The complaint does not allege that plaintiffs purchased RDSs in the aftermarket, so the

Court is only concerned with RDSs that were purchased in the Offering. See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 4,

5, 6, 7, 8 (alleging that each plaintiff purchased RDSs in the Offering). Plaintiffs point to the

following allegations in the complaint as support for the conclusion that the RDSs were

purchased in the United States for Morrison purposes:

           The RDSs were sold to U.S. investors in the Offering under Regulation D, 17 C.F.R.
           §§ 230.501–230.508, and Rule 144A, 17 C.F.R. § 230.144A, which are the two
           registration exemptions applicable to securities sold in the United States. Id. ¶ 85.

           The RDSs were issued by the Bank of New York, which described them as “U.S.
           securities” on their website. Id. ¶ 90.

           The subscription documents were transmitted to Citigroup Global Markets, a U.S.
           brokerage-dealer in New York. Id. ¶ 94, 104.

           CCC hired six New York-based broker-dealers for “solicitation of purchasers”
           throughout the United States. Id. ¶ 101.

           U.S. investors were only permitted to purchase RDSs in the Offering because they
           were not eligible to buy Class B shares. Id. ¶¶ 92, 93.

           In addition, the complaint alleges that the plaintiffs were residents of the United
           States and that their participation in the Offering was solicited by their stockbrokers,
           who were registered U.S. broker-dealers. Id. ¶¶ 4–8.

9       In addition, the fact that plaintiffs insist that Dutch law should apply to the common law
claims pertaining to the aftermarket because the Netherlands is the jurisdiction with the most
significant relationship to aftermarket claims, see Pls.’ Opp. at 57–58, undercuts their argument
here that Euronext is actually an American exchange.

                                               24
       Taking these allegations together, there is no question that the RDSs were “bought and

sold in the United States,” and defendants do not appear to challenge that conclusion seriously.

Rather, their primary contention is that the RDSs sold here were “tethered” to the Class B shares

sold only on the foreign exchange. CD Mem. at 27.

               What we really have here is we have a[n] actual security that has to be
               traded on the foreign exchange. So the loop is not completed. If I buy an
               RDS, it’s not over. There has to be a corresponding purchase of a Class B
               share.

Tr. of Mot. Hr’g, Morning Session (“AM Tr.”), at 54 (May 23, 2012).                 Under those

circumstances, defendants urge the Court to look at the “economic reality” underlying the

transaction and to conclude that purchasing an RDS was “a transaction that has a necessary

foreign connection” for Morrison purposes. Id. at 50.

       In support of this argument, defendants point to several post-Morrison cases from courts

in other districts. CD Mem. at 27–28, citing Société Générale, 2010 WL 3910286, at *6–7 and

Elliott Associates v. Porsche Automobil Holdings SE, 759 F. Supp. 2d 469, 477 (S.D.N.Y. 2010).

In Société Générale, the plaintiffs had purchased securities known as American Depository

Receipts (“ADRs”) in the United States, which are similar to RDSs in that they represent the

shareholder’s ownership of a foreign security traded on a foreign exchange. 2010 WL 3910286,

at *1. The court determined that because “trade in ADRs is considered to be a predominately

foreign securities transaction,” section 10(b) did not apply. Id., at *4 (internal quotation marks

omitted). Elliot concerned the purchase of securities-based swap agreements that referenced the

share price of a foreign stock. 759 F. Supp. 2d at 470. The district court observed that the swap

agreements at issue were “the functional equivalent of trading the underlying [company’s] shares

on [a foreign] exchange” and therefore the “economic reality” is that such agreements are

“essentially ‘transactions conducted upon foreign exchanges and markets,’ and not ‘domestic

                                               25
transactions’ that merit the protection of [section] 10(b).” Id. at 476, citing Morrison, 130 S. Ct.

at 2882, 2884. The court therefore dismissed the section 10(b) claims on those grounds.

       Relying on these cases, defendants suggest that the Court employ an “economic reality”

or “functional equivalent” test to determine whether the claims are barred under Morrison. AM

Tr. at 50. But, in the Court’s view, the “functional equivalent” gloss that the Elliot and Société

Général courts have developed is inconsistent with the bright line test set forth by the Supreme

Court in Morrison, which focuses specifically and exclusively on where the plaintiff’s purchase

occurred. The Supreme Court was clear in its holding that “the focus of the Exchange Act is not

upon the place where the deception originated, but upon purchases and sales of securities in the

United States.” Morrison, 130 S. Ct. at 2884. While defendants’ contention that an investor

could not purchase an RDS in the United States without a corresponding overseas transaction

may be true, it does not change the fact that a purchase in the United States still took place. 10

       In sum, the Court concludes the following with respect to Morrison:

           The federal securities claims with respect to the Offering are not barred by Morrison
           because plaintiffs’ purchases of RDSs constituted a “purchase or sale of [a] security
           in the United States.” Id. at 2993.

           The federal securities claims with respect to the aftermarket are barred by Morrison
           because the Class B shares were purchased on a foreign exchange and therefore were
           not bought or sold in the United States. Accordingly, Counts VII and VIII are
           dismissed with prejudice.

10       The Elliott case relied upon by defendants is also distinguishable on other grounds. In
Elliott, because the issuer sponsored the sale in the United States, the court emphasized that it
was “loathe to create a rule that would make foreign issuers with little relationship to the U.S.
subject to suits here simply because a private party in this country entered into a derivatives
contract that references the foreign issuer’s stocks.” 759 F. Supp. 2d at 476. Those factual
circumstances are not present here, where CCC’s RDS program was purposefully sponsored by
the issuer to make shares available for purchase in the United States. See Off. Mem. at 113.

                                                  26
                   2. Statute of limitations

       Defendants next contend that the federal securities claims pertaining to the Offering are

time-barred. 11 This is a close question, which the Court need not resolve in this case.

       Federal securities claims are governed by a two year statute of limitations which begins

to run “[two] years after the discovery of the facts constituting the violation[.]”

28 U.S.C. § 1658; see also Merck & Co. v. Reynolds, 130 S. Ct. 1784, 1790 (2010). The

Supreme Court has explained that “discovery of the facts constituting the violation ‘encompasses

not only those facts that the plaintiff actually knew, but also those facts a reasonably diligent

plaintiff would have known.’” Merck, 130 S. Ct. at 1796.        And, in Merck, the Court made it

clear that “the facts constituting the violation” to be known or discovered include facts showing

scienter. Id. Accordingly, the question the Court must resolve is when the limitations period

began to run in this case.

       The complaint was filed on June 21, 2011. [Dkt. # 1]. Defendants argue that the latest

possible date that a reasonably diligent plaintiff would have discovered the facts underlying the

alleged violation is February 27, 2008 – the date that CCC issued its 2007 annual report for the

year ending December 31, 2007. CD Mem. at 17; AM Tr. at 13–14. 12 Plaintiffs do not dispute

that the annual report contained significant financial information about the company, but they

maintain that they did not discover, and could not have discovered, “the facts constituting the

violation” until the liquidators’ complaint was filed, because that document provided them with

the internal Board communications that support the necessary scienter allegations. Pls.’ Opp. at

11     This analysis also applies to the federal aftermarket claims (Counts VII and VIII).

12      Indeed, defendants contend that most of the relevant facts were publicly available by the
Fall of 2007. CD Mem. at 17.

                                                27
79–83, 85–86. The gist of the complaint is that defendants fraudulently concealed the true

financial nature of the company by misrepresenting and omitting material information, and

plaintiffs point to the internal communications as the critical evidence allegedly revealing the

difference between what CCC officials knew and what they stated publicly. See id. Under

plaintiffs’ theory, the operative date when the limitations period began running was July 7, 2010,

when the liquidators filed their complaint. 13

       But the Merck test is not simply what these plaintiffs know – it asks what a reasonably

diligent plaintiff could have known. Are plaintiffs’ claims time-barred as defendants claim

because there is no allegation that they even attempted to undertake an investigation – that is,

there were no reasonably diligent efforts made to obtain the information at all? Or, can the Court

presume, as plaintiffs ask it to do, that no diligent investigation could have unearthed the internal

emails because that is not the sort of information that is typically available to investors in

advance of litigation? Plaintiffs may well be correct that it is unlikely that the Board would have

handed over its internal communications absent the compulsion of a lawsuit. But it strikes the

Court that adopting the plaintiffs’ approach would mean that the statute of limitations would be

13      Plaintiff’s claim that the statute of limitations did not begin to run until the liquidators’
complaint was filed is somewhat inconsistent with the allegation in paragraph 220 of the
complaint that “as truth about the extent and severity of the deterioration of the financial and
operating condition, and inadequacy of internal controls, of CCC started to be released and
became apparent in the market, the prices of CCC securities plummeted. All or a significant
portion of the decrease in the market prices of CCC stock was due to the disclosure, revelation,
and/or leakage of information inconsistent with [d]efendants’ prior disclosures and other public
filings and releases.” Compl. ¶ 220 (emphasis added); see also id. ¶ 145 (“The collapse of CCC
and the failure of its business model became public knowledge in March 2008 . . . .”); id. ¶ 165
(“the truth started to become apparent in March of 2008”). If, according to plaintiffs, it was the
disclosure of information inconsistent with prior public statements that caused the stock prices to
drop in March of 2008, then the alleged difference between the true financial picture and the
company’s public pronouncements was known to potential plaintiffs at that time. But plaintiffs
submit that the limitations clock did not start ticking because in order to sue, they needed more
than that: they needed specific facts that would satisfy the PSLRA’s high threshold for scienter.
                                                 28
held in abeyance in just about every securities fraud case, and that would be inconsistent with

Merck.

         The Supreme Court did provide some guidance in Merck, as it instructed courts to apply

an objective test, not a test that turns on what a particular plaintiff actually did:

                We conclude that the limitations period in [28 U.S.C. § 1658] begins to
                run once the plaintiff did discover or a reasonably diligent plaintiff would
                have “discover[ed] the facts constituting the violation” – whichever comes
                first. In determining the time at which “discovery” of those “facts”
                occurred, terms such as “inquiry notice” and “storm warnings” may be
                useful to the extent that they identify a time when the facts would have
                prompted a reasonably diligent plaintiff to begin investigating. But the
                limitations period does not being to run until the plaintiff thereafter
                discovers or a reasonably diligent plaintiff would have discovered “the
                facts constituting the violation,” including scienter – irrespective of
                whether the actual plaintiff undertook a reasonably diligent investigation.

Merck, 130 S. Ct. at 1798 (emphasis added). While this language weighs in favor of plaintiffs on

the statute of limitations question, the Court need not resolve the issue because it finds that the

complaint fails to plead adequately a securities fraud claim.

                    3. Whether the complaint adequately pleads a materially misleading
                       statement or omission

       Defendants seek dismissal of plaintiffs’ securities fraud claims under sections 10(b) and

20(a) of the Exchange Act on the grounds that the complaint fails to allege that defendants made

the necessary false statements or material omissions. Because the viability of plaintiffs’ section

20(a) claim depends on whether they have adequately alleged an underlying section 10(b) claim,

the Court addresses section 10(b) first.

       Section 10(b) makes it unlawful for any person to “use or employ, in connection with the

purchase or sale of any security . . . , any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance in

contravention of such rules or regulations as the Commission may prescribe as necessary or

appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors.” 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b). Rule

                                                   29
10b–5 implements this section by making it unlawful “[t]o make any untrue statement of a

material fact or to omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in

light   of   the   circumstances     under    which    they    were    made,    not   misleading[.]”

17 C.F.R. § 240.10b–5(b).

        To state a claim under section 10(b), a complaint must include six elements: (1) a material

misstatement or omission; (2) scienter – an intent to deceive or defraud; (3) in connection with

the purchase or sale of a security; (4) through the use of interstate commerce or a national

securities exchange; (5) upon which plaintiffs relied; and (6) which caused injury to plaintiffs. In

re XM Satellite Radio Holdings Sec. Litig., 479 F. Supp. 2d 165, 175 (D.D.C. 2007), citing In re

Baan Co. Sec. Litig., 103 F. Supp. 2d 1, 11 (D.D.C. 2000).

        Under the PSLRA, a complaint must “specify each statement alleged to have been

misleading [and] the reason or reasons why the statement is misleading” and must “state with

particularity facts giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant acted with the required state

of mind.” 15 U.S.C. § 78u–4(b)(1), (2). With respect to omissions, a company must disclose

information “‘when silence would make other statements misleading or false.’” XM Satellite,

479 F. Supp. 2d at 178, quoting Taylor v. First Union Corp., 857 F.2d 240, 243–44 (4th Cir.

1999) and In re Time Warner Inc. Sec. Litig., 9 F.3d 259, 268 (2d Cir. 1993) (“A duty to disclose

arises whenever secret information renders prior public statements materially misleading[.]”); In

re NAHC, Inc. Sec. Litig., 306 F.3d 1314, 1330 (3d Cir. 2002) (“To be actionable, a statement or

omission must have been misleading at the time it was made; liability cannot be imposed on the

basis of subsequent events.”).

        In addition, the misstatement or omission must be material. “A statement or omission is

material if a reasonable investor would consider it important in deciding whether to buy or sell a

                                                 30
stock.” XM Satellite, 479 F. Supp. 2d at 176, citing TSC Indus., Inc. v. Northway, Inc., 426 U.S.

438, 449 (1976). “‘The touchstone of the [materiality] inquiry is . . . whether defendants’

representations or omissions, considered together and in context, would affect the total mix of

information and thereby mislead a reasonable investor regarding the nature of the securities

offered.’” Id. at 178, quoting Halperin v. eBanker USA.com, Inc., 296 F.3d 352, 357 (2d Cir.

2002).

         In this case, the complaint expresses a series of general concerns about how CCC was

structured and managed, and it takes issue with the overall wisdom of the company’s chosen

business model. But the theory underlying the fraud claims in particular emerged more clearly at

the motions hearing. Counsel for plaintiffs told the Court:

                The offering claim, in its essence, is a claim that CCC failed to disclose
                that it was experiencing a liquidity crisis in June of 2007, just days before
                the offering memorandum was published. We’re not talking about generic
                liquidity problems; we’re talking about a very specific liquidity crisis that
                was happening days before the [O]ffering.

AM Tr. at 20. Counsel went on:

                That’s the gravamen of the complaint, is that the company was
                experiencing a liquidity crisis certainly by the June 7th to June 14th time
                frame, as revealed by internal e-mail correspondence that only became
                public upon filing of a complaint by the liquidator of Carlyle Capital,
                which was filed in July of 2010.

Id.

         Plaintiffs submit that the omitted information about the financial condition of CCC at the

time of the Offering was “sufficiently material to affect the ‘total mix’ of information available

to prospective investors, who, if given full disclosure” may have been dissuaded from investing.

Pls.’ Opp. at 11. Specifically, plaintiffs place emphasis on an e-mail sent by defendant Stomber

to CCC’s directors just days before the Offering on June 13, 2007, which stated:

                                                 31
               We are having a major liquidity event so I invoked “emergency powers”
               on the balance sheet. The liquidity cushion is currently at $148MM,
               which is technically above 20% of our current MTM equity position. But
               please take no comfort in that, we could be margin called for up to another
               $70MM and therefore bring the cushion down to about 11%. Therefore,
               we need independent Board Member approval to go under 20% – that is
               the purpose of the liquidity cushion – to be there so we don[’t] not have to
               sell securities at depressed prices during a margin call. Therefore, I ask
               you for your formal approval.

Compl. ¶ 64.

       According to plaintiffs, the Offering Memorandum was misleading because it did not

disclose this “liquidity event” to investors prior to the Offering, and it did not accurately describe

the decline in the company’s fair value reserves. They contend that the disclosures in the

Offering Memorandum and Supplement – including the twenty-five page “Risk Factors” section

– were insufficient, because while they itemized things that might go wrong, they did not

disclose that something had already gone wrong. Pls.’ Opp. at 11–12, quoting Eckstein v. Balcor

Film Investors, 8 F.3d 1121, 1127 (7th Cir. 1993) (“[A] ‘prospectus stating a risk that such thing

could happen is a far cry from one stating that this had happened . . . . The former does not put an

investor on notice of the latter.’”); SEC v. Merchant Capital, LLC, 483 F.3d 747, 768 (11th Cir.

2007) (“[G]eneral cautionary language did not render misrepresentations immaterial where

management knew about specific negative events that had already occurred.”); In re

Westinghouse Sec. Litig., 90 F.3d 696, 710 (3d Cir. 1996) (same); Rubinstein v. Collins, 20 F.3d

160, 171 (5th Cir. 1994) (“The inclusion of general cautionary language regarding a prediction

would not excuse the alleged failure to reveal known material, adverse facts.”)

       In the supplemental pleading submitted in response to the Court’s instructions, see PM

Tr. at 64 (“I want to know exactly what you believe the operative omissions are and the operative

statements are, and I want them organized by paragraph in the complaint. . . .”), plaintiffs

                                                 32
identified the particular material misstatements and omissions that constitute their claim that

there was fraud in the Offering. See Supplemental Chart (“Supp. Chart”) [Dkt. # 66 and # 67].

They are:

       (1) “The omission from the Offering Memorandum of current fair value reserves . . .
           figures that were circulated internally, and which were considerably worse than the
           information provided in the OM.” Id. at 1, citing Compl. ¶¶ 76, 77, 79.

       (2) “The failure to disclose ‘dramatic increase in the haircuts charged by CCC’s repo
           lenders’ that had occurred prior to the Offering.” Id. at 2, citing Compl. ¶ 78.

       (3) “The OM contained dividend projections that were rendered misleading by the
           material omissions.” Id. at 3, citing Compl. ¶ 79.

       (4) “The failure to disclose the liquidity crisis that began prior to the preparation of the
           OM, and that illustrated the failure of CCC’s business model.” Id. at 5–6, citing
           Compl. ¶¶ 79, 81, 108.

       (5) “The failure to ‘disclose the fact that CCC’s Board of Directors had twice recently
           approved reductions in the Liquidity Cushion to 15% and 10%, respectively, and . . .
           that Defendants knew that the Liquidity Cushion was likely to imminently fall (and
           remain) well below 20% due to impending margin calls about which the Defendants
           already knew were coming.” Id. at 10–11, Compl. ¶ 82.

The Court will address each category in turn.

   a. Alleged omission of current fair value reserves
       Plaintiffs complain that the Offering Memorandum did not include financial data that was

circulated internally and was “considerably worse” than the information that was reported.

Supp. Chart at 1. In particular, plaintiffs make the following allegations in the complaint:

            “The Offering Memorandum described CCC’s purported financial condition,
            including its capital allocation and use of leverage, as of March 31, 2007. The
            omission of complete financial data for the period following March 31, 2007
            rendered the Offering Memorandum misleading to a material extent, because .
            . . as described above, CCC’s financial condition had deteriorated
            significantly in the three months between March 31, 2007 and the Offering,
            when [p]laintiffs purchased RDSs and other investors purchased Shares, by
            which date CCC’s very survival was already in doubt.” Compl. ¶ 76.

            “The Offering Memorandum contained an intentionally deceptive and very
            brief description of certain of CCC’s ‘Recent Developments.’ . . . This section

                                                 33
           contained statements that CCC’s fair value reserves had declined by only
           $17.3 million between January 1, 2007 and June 13, 2007 . . . . The foregoing
           presentation, even assuming that it accurately conveyed the information
           obtained by CCC . . . was rendered misleading by the omission of the internal
           data previously relied upon by Defendants in their internal communications
           and assessment of CCC’s performance.” Id. ¶ 77.

           A statement in the Offering Memorandum concerning target ranges for the
           payment of dividends stating that “we do not believe that changes in interest
           rates or fluctuations in our fair value reserves and total equity per Class B
           share will affect our targeted dividends” was “rendered misleading by the
           material omission of disclosure of the calamitous declines in CCC’s fair value
           reserves and massive impairment of its liquidity that had occurred as of the
           Offering . . . .” Id. ¶ 79.

       But these allegations do not survive closer scrutiny. While plaintiffs claim that the

Offering Memorandum was misleading because it only included financial data up until March

31, 2007, the memorandum expressly disclosed in two separate sections – both entitled “Recent

Developments” – that from April 1, 2007 to June 13, 2007, CCC’s “fair value reserves declined

by approximately $28.9 million (unaudited) as of March 31, 2007 to an estimated $(4.9) million

(unaudited) as of June 13, 2007 . . . .” Off. Mem. at 8, 60; see also id. at 41–42 (“Subsequent to

March 31, 2007, there have been changes to our capitalization . . . .”). 14 It is difficult for the

Court to conclude that the Offering Memorandum did not put investors on notice of the fact that

CCC’s business model had recently shown signs of major strain given the clear disclosure that a

$29 million loss had occurred in the last three months.

       Plaintiffs acknowledge that the loss was disclosed, but they complain that the financial

data was only “provided in the context of their earnings to date, which in the [O]ffering

14     The Court, on a motion to dismiss, may consider “any documents either attached to or
incorporated [by reference] in the complaint.” Williams v. Chu, 641 F. Supp. 2d 31, 34 (D.D.C.
2009) (alteration in original). Both the Offering Memorandum and the Supplemental Offering
Memorandum are repeatedly referenced in the complaint. See, e.g., Compl. ¶ 55, ¶¶ 78–80, ¶ 83,
¶ 94. Thus, the Court may properly consider them here.

                                                34
[M]emorandum at least were certainly positive.” AM Tr. at 72. But there is no requirement that

negative information be presented with the particular spin that plaintiffs say they would have

preferred. What matters is whether the relevant facts were disclosed and were clearly available

to plaintiffs.

        At the motions hearing, it became apparent that plaintiffs’ fundamental contention on this

issue is not that the Offering document did not disclose the recent reversals at all, but rather that

its description of events was not as alarming as the numbers that were being discussed internally

at the same time. Paragraph 77 of the complaint points to an e-mail defendant Stomber sent the

Board on June 13, 2007, stating that the “Fair Value Reserve was down $63.9 MM from

inception and $76.2 MM for the year.” Compl. ¶ 77. So plaintiffs’ claim is that defendants

knew the extent of the impact on the fair value reserves on June 13th, but they understated it

when they described it to investors in the Offering Memorandum on June 19th as a $28.9 million

loss.

        While that may be a fair critique of the figures provided in the original Offering

Memorandum, plaintiffs fail to acknowledge that the Supplemental Offering Memorandum,

which was part of the Offering, did provide that information. The Supplement was issued ten

days after the initial memorandum placed investors on notice that there had been a significant

loss. And it provided more financial information for the period from April 1, 2007 to June 26,

2007. It expressly stated that CCC’s “fair value reserves declined by approximately $84.2

million (unaudited) from approximately $24.0 million (unaudited) as of March 31, 2007 to an

estimated $(60.2) million (unaudited) as of June 26, 2007 . . . .” Supp. Off. Mem. at 8–9.

        Under these circumstances, the complaint does not state a plausible claim that there was a

misleading omission that is actionable under federal securities law. Nine days after the original

                                                 35
Offering Memorandum was issued, defendants announced that the Offering would be postponed

and that a supplemental offering memorandum would be released with more information about

terms of the offering and the price of shares. Compl. ¶ 83. The document was issued the next

day, on June 29, 2007, and the cover proclaimed that it “form[ed] part of and must be read in

conjunction with” the Offering Memorandum. Supp. Off. Mem. at 1. It expressly informed

investors that the information contained in the Supplement “supersede[d]” any inconsistent

information in the Offering Memorandum. Id. The Supplement announced that the price of the

shares had been reduced and that the size of the Offering had been decreased. See Compl. ¶ 84.

Most significantly for plaintiffs’ fraud claims, it specifically disclosed the “recent development”

that CCC had experienced an $84.2 million loss. Id. at 8–9. Thus, the complaint and the

documents it references reveal that potential investors were fully informed of the financial state

of the company before they were able to purchase any shares.

       Plaintiffs urge the Court to assess the adequacy of the disclosures in the initial Offering

Memorandum alone – in effect freezing the record as of the date it was issued – and they argue

that the Supplement was not part of the Offering. They contend that the statements in the

Supplement were insufficient to cure the alleged omissions in the initial memorandum because

they were not “distributed to investors, and the disclosure was not sufficiently prominent or

timely to enable investors (the vast majority of whom had already submitted their subscription

documents) to benefit from it in advance of the Offering. Nor did it advise investors, as it should

have, that they could withdraw from the Offering.” Pls.’ Opp. at 14 (emphasis in original)

(footnotes omitted). But plaintiffs have failed to provide case law that would justify ignoring the

disclosures in the document, and the cases they cite address different factual circumstances. Id.

at 14 n. 18, citing Caruso v. Metex Corp., NO. CV 89-0571, 1992 WL 237299, at *10 (E.D.N.Y.

                                                36
July 30, 1992) (finding that information contained in a Supplemental Proxy Statement distributed

to shareholders four business days before a vote was untimely); Maywalt v. Parker & Parsley

Petroleum Co., 808 F. Supp. 1037, 1045 (S.D.N.Y. 1992) (holding that plaintiffs adequately pled

fraud where supplemental prospectus documents issued eleven and five days before shareholder

meeting where a vote of shareholder proxies that had been solicited “pursuant to the materially

defective Original Prospectus” occurred).     Moreover, other courts have adopted a contrary

approach, fully considering supplemental materials when assessing the falsity of a prospectus.

See In re Boston Scientific Corp. Sec. Litig., No 10-10593, 2011 WL 4381889, at *3 (D. Mass

Sept. 19, 2011) (finding that prospectus supplemented by a document filed on the same day as

the closing did not contain misrepresentations or omissions).

        Here, the Offering closed on July 11, 2007, Supp. Off. Mem. at 9, and the Supplement

was issued almost two weeks earlier, on June 29, 2007, id. at 1. Plaintiffs cannot insist on the

one hand that defendants were bound to disclose developments that were unfolding at the time of

the Offering and also maintain that the document where those very facts were disclosed is of no

moment. Indeed, plaintiffs allege that the Offering was postponed and could not proceed until

the Supplement had been issued because the price of the shares was not yet determined.

Compl. ¶¶ 83–84.     Thus, because the “Offering” consisted of both the original Offering

Memorandum and the Supplement, and the information concerning the drop in the fair value

reserves was fully disclosed first in the Offering Memorandum and then more comprehensively

in the Supplement, there was no actionable omission or misrepresentation. See In re Airgate

PCS, Inc. Sec. Litig., 389 F. Supp. 2d 1360, 1369 (N.D. Ga. 2005) (finding that plaintiffs could

not rely on statement in a Registration Statement when an Amended Registration Statement was

                                               37
filed prior to the date on which plaintiffs purchased their shares and did not include the allegedly

misleading information.).

       The Court also finds that the disclosures in the Supplement, which were contained in a

separate section entitled “Recent Developments” in a relatively brief eleven-page document,

were sufficiently prominent and did not constitute “buried facts.” See Kas v. Financial Gen.

Bankshares, Inc., 796 F.2d 508, 516 (D.C. Cir. 1986) (finding that a disclosure is inadequate

under the “buried facts” doctrine if there is some conceivable danger that the reasonable

shareholder would fail to realize the correlation and overall import of the various facts

interspersed throughout the [document].”) Given the highly sophisticated investors and the

unambiguous disclosures contained in the Offering documents, the allegations here do not give

rise to a “conceivable danger” that investors would not understand the import of the information

in the Supplement. Whether the individual investors paid attention to the available information

has no bearing on the truth or falsity of the offering documents, and it is largely irrelevant since

plaintiffs do not allege actual reliance with respect to the Offering. PM Tr. at 13.

   b. Alleged failure to disclose haircuts charged by repo lenders

       The complaint avers that the Offering Memorandum failed to disclose “dramatic increase

in the haircuts charged by CCC’s repo lenders” that occurred prior to the Offering. Compl. ¶ 78.

Specifically, the complaint alleges:

               In the Offering Memorandum, [d]efendants further represented that the
               decline in fair value reserves between March and June 2007 was simply
               and purportedly “a result of changes in the interest rates.” While literally
               true, this statement was rendered misleading by the omission of the fact
               that the decline was due in large part due to a dramatic increase in the
               haircuts charged by CCC’s business model. The use of the more
               innocuous term “interest rates” was rendered misleading by [d]efendants’
               material omission of the fact that the “haircuts” charged by repo lenders
               had increased substantially.

                                                 38
Id. So, the question before the Court is whether something that plaintiffs acknowledge was

literally true – the statement in the Offering Memorandum that “[a]s a result of changes in

interest rates . . . our fair value reserves declined . . . [,]” Off. Mem. at 8, 60 – was rendered false

by an omission.

        Plaintiffs first complain that what was absent were the adjectives (“dramatic” increase)

and pejorative slang (“haircuts”) that would have added color to the disclosure. But the use of

“more innocuous terms” does not give rise to a fraud claim. The D.C. Circuit has explained that

when making disclosures, companies are not required to use the pejorative terminology that

plaintiffs, in hindsight, would have preferred them to use. See Kowal v. MCI Comm’cns Corp.,

16 F.3d 1271, 1277 (D.C. Cir. 1994) (“Since the use of a particular pejorative adjective will not

alter the total mix of information available to the investing public . . . such statements are

immaterial as a matter of law and cannot serve as the basis of a 10b-5 action under any theory.”)

(internal citation omitted); see also XM Satellite, 479 F. Supp. 2d at 181 (finding that defendant

“had no duty to couch these disclosures in the particular pejorative terms that the plaintiffs now

suggest . . . . ”). Thus, the fact that defendants did not use the specific terminology preferred by

plaintiffs does not mean the disclosures were misleading.

       Second, the Offering Memorandum did more than simply note that interest rates had gone

up. That information was presented in the context of clear warnings that CCC’s business model

was completely dependent on repo loans, and that even a small increase in in the rates could have

devastating results. See, e.g., Off. Mem. at 12 (“We may lose money if short-term interest rates

or long-term interest rates rise sharply or otherwise change in a manner not anticipated by us.

Moreover, in the event of a significant rising interest rate environment, mortgage and loan

                                                  39
defaults may increase and result in credit losses that would affect our liquidity and operating

results.”).

        Finally, defendants point out that the Offering Memorandum “does not disclose any

increases in haircuts because none occurred in this time period.” Supp. Chart at 2. It is true that

the Court cannot make findings of fact at this stage; it is bound to accept plaintiffs’ factual

contentions on their face. But the Court “need not accept inferences drawn by plaintiffs if such

inferences are unsupported by the facts set out in the complaint.” Hughes v. Abell, 634 F. Supp.

2d 110, 113 (D.D.C. 2009), quoting Kowal, 16 F.3d at 1276. Here, when reciting the facts,

plaintiffs allege only that “during May 2007, a number of CCC’s lenders started to request

haircuts of 3%.” Compl. ¶ 62 (emphasis added). Plaintiffs do not allege that lenders were

actually insisting upon higher haircut rates or that CCC had been required to pay them. As

defendants argued: “It is one thing to say that some of CCC’s lenders sought increased haircuts,

and another thing altogether to say that CCC was required to pay such haircuts.” CD Reply

[Dkt. # 63] at 18. The only paragraph in the complaint that claims that CCC was faced with that

requirement is paragraph 68, which describes a call for increased haircuts in the period around

August 2007. But that was after the Offering was complete. Compl. ¶ 68. So, the Court is not

required to accept plaintiffs’ conclusion that the Offering Memorandum was rendered misleading

by an omission of the “fact” that the haircuts charged by repo lenders had increased when that

fact has not been alleged. Compl. ¶ 78. For all of these reasons, then, category two does not

allege an actionable omission either.

                                                40
    c. Alleged misleading dividend projections

        Plaintiffs allege that the Offering Memorandum contained dividend projections that

“were rendered misleading by material omissions.” Supp. Chart. at 4, citing Compl. ¶ 79. In

particular, plaintiffs aver:

        In the Offering Memorandum, Defendants further represented that “we are
        targeting the payment of a dividend within a range of approximately $0.51 to
        $0.56 per Class B share (unaudited) for the quarter ending September 30, 2007
        and within a range of approximately $0.53 to $0.58 per Class B share (unaudited)
        for the quarter ending December 31, 2007,” and that “we do not believe that these
        changes in interest rates or the fluctuations in our fair value reserves and total
        equity per Class B share will affect our targeted dividends for the quarters ending
        September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2007.” These statements were rendered
        misleading by the material omission of disclosure of the calamitous declines in
        CCC’s fair value reserves and massive impairment of its liquidity that had
        occurred as of the Offering, and were expected to occur in the near future, which
        had substantially reduced the prospects for achievement of the stated purported
        dividend objectives.

Compl. ¶ 79.

        The D.C. Circuit requires that “where plaintiffs seek to base a claim of securities fraud on

false and misleading projections or statements of optimism, their complaint must also plead

sufficient facts that if true would substantiate the charge that the company lacked a reasonable

basis for its projections or issued them in less than good faith.” Kowal, 16 F.3d at 1278; see also

XM Satellite Radio, 479 F. Supp. 2d at 176 (stating that plaintiffs “must . . . identify in the

complaint with specificity some reason why the discrepancy between a company’s optimistic

projections and its subsequently disappointing results is attributable to fraud”) (internal citation

omitted); In re GE Sec. Litig., --- F. Supp. 2d ---, No. 09 Civ. 1951, 2012 WL 90191, at *20

(S.D.N.Y. Jan. 11, 2012) (finding actual knowledge of falsity necessary to state a claim for a

forward-looking statement under PSLRA).

                                                41
       So, what facts do plaintiffs allege that would substantiate a claim that CCC lacked a

reasonable basis for its projections, or that it issued them in less than good faith? Paragraph 79

claims that it was the allegedly omitted information about the “calamitous declines in CCC’s fair

value reserves” and “massive impairment of its liquidity” that undermined the integrity of the

projections.    But there is no requirement that defendants adopt plaintiffs’ hyperbolic

characterizations of the facts, so the omission of such adjectives as “calamitous” or “massive” is

not actionable. And the facts themselves were not omitted. As noted above, the decline in

CCC’s fair value reserves was reported, both in the Offering Memorandum and the Supplement.

See Off. Mem. at 8, 60; Supp. Off. Mem. 8–9 (disclosing that the fair value reserves had declined

by approximately $84.2 million).

       The same is true with regard to the liquidity issues. As the Court discusses in more detail

below, the allegation that the Offering documents failed to disclose the changes in the company’s

liquidity position is belied by the Offering Memorandum, which plainly informed investors that

“in the past, we have deviated from [the liquidity cushion] guidelines . . . and we may do so

again in the future.” Off. Mem. at 7, 74.

       Ultimately, the complaint is flawed because it does not identify “with specificity some

reason why the discrepancy between . . . the projections and its subsequently disappointing

results is attributable to fraud.” XM Satellite, 479 F. Supp. 2d at 176. Instead, it alleges only that

the supposedly omitted circumstances “substantially reduced the prospects for achievement of

the stated purported dividend objectives.”       Compl. ¶ 79.      There is no allegation that the

projections were unreasonably based when defendants made them; all that plaintiffs allege is that

in order to assess the validity of the projections, they would have liked to have had the full

information about the decline in CCC’s fair value reserves and liquidity position. But they were

                                                 42
provided with information revealing a significant decline, and it does not seem to have deterred

them from investing. Thus, these allegations do not rise to the level of fraud and therefore

cannot support an inference that defendants “lacked a reasonable basis for [their] projections.”

Kowal, 16 F.3d at 1278.

       Nor are the allegations sufficient to suggest that defendants issued the projections in “less

than good faith.” Id. The Offering Memorandum was more than candid in informing potential

investors that the projections were simply targets – they were not firm promises of what an

investment in CCC would definitely yield:

           “[W]e are targeting the payment of a dividend within a range of approximately $0.51
           to $0.56 per Class B Share (unaudited) for the quarter ending September 30, 2007 and
           within a range of approximately $0.53 to $0.58 per Class B share (unaudited) for the
           quarter ending December 31, 2007. These are targeted dividend ranges and not
           forecasts or commitments. They are based on certain assumptions and we cannot
           assure you that they will be realized.” Off. Mem. at 5 (emphasis added); see also id.
           at 52.

           “The information below sets out the basis for the statements relating to our targeted
           dividend payments. This information is provided solely for purposes of lending
           perspective on our dividend targets, and not for any other purpose and is unaudited.
           These statements do not constitute a profit or earnings forecast and we cannot
           assure you that we will pay dividends at the targeted level or at all. We also
           cannot assure you that that [sic] the forward-looking assumptions are likely to prove
           accurate.   You must form your own assessment concerning whether these
           assumptions are likely to prove accurate, and whether there are other factors that
           should be considered. Whether these assumptions will be realized will depend on
           market conditions and other circumstances beyond our control. In particular, there
           can be no assurance that our investment portfolio or any part of our investment in it
           will perform in accordance with any of the assumptions set forth below.” Id. at 39
           (emphasis in original).

Since the Offering contained these caveats, including a warning that CCC might pay no

dividends at all, the complaint does not state a plausible claim that defendants issued the

dividend projections in bad faith.

                                                43
   d. Alleged failure to disclose the “liquidity crisis” that occurred prior to the Offering

       The fourth category of alleged omissions is the claim that CCC “fail[ed] to disclose the

liquidity crisis that began prior to the preparation of the [Offering Memorandum], and that

illustrated the failure of CCC’s business model.” Supp. Chart. at 5–10. Here again, plaintiffs

point to paragraph 79 in the complaint, which alleges that the dividend projections omitted

disclosure of “massive impairment of [CCC’s] liquidity which had occurred as of the Offering,

and [was] expected to occur in the near future.” Compl. ¶ 79. Plaintiffs also direct the Court to

the following allegations:

           “The Defendants . . . made sure that the Offering Memorandum, contained no
           description of the very serious adverse events that had already occurred, and had
           already caused very substantial unrealized losses, and, at the very least, should have
           raised serious doubt about the viability of CCC’s business model.” Id. ¶ 81. 15

           “[T]he Offering itself was inherently fraudulent, as it was designed in part to
           perpetuate the appearance that CCC remained profitable, or even viable. If
           Defendants . . . had made full and honest disclosure about CCC’s condition as of late
           June and early July[] 2007, it would have been impossible to conduct the Offering.”
           Id. ¶ 108.

The Court notes first that these are highly conclusory allegations. But giving plaintiffs the

benefit of the doubt, the gist of paragraph 81 is that while the Offering Memorandum warned

that adverse events could occur, it failed to disclose the fact that certain of those events had

already happened. This was one of plaintiffs’ main points of emphasis at the motions hearing.

AM Tr. at 20 (“CCC failed to disclose that it was experiencing a liquidity crisis in June of 2007,

just days before the [O]ffering [M]emorandum was published. We’re not talking about generic

15     Plaintiffs allege that, by the end of June 2007, the liquidity cushion had declined to less
than zero if the proceeds from the bridge loan of $191 million are not taken into account.
Compl. ¶ 69. But if the proceeds of the bridge loan are considered, the cushion was
$186,100,000 and “represented 27% of adjusted capital.” Id.
                                               44
liquidity problems; we’re talking about a very specific liquidity crisis that was happening days

before the Offering.”)

       But as noted above, both the Offering Memorandum and the Supplement did specifically

reveal that bad things were happening. The “Recent Developments” section of the Offering

Memorandum highlights serious adverse events, see Off. Mem. at 8, and the Supplement made it

clear that CCC’s value had significantly declined. See Supp. Off. Mem. at 8–9. If, as plaintiffs

plead in paragraph 81, it is true that these facts “should have raised serious doubts about the

viability of CCC’s business model,” Compl. ¶ 81, then the disclosures were sufficient to “raise

serious doubts” in the minds of potential investors.

       Even if plaintiffs’ theory is more specific – that defendants should have put investors on

notice of recent liquidity issues in particular – the complaint fails to state a fraud claim.

Plaintiffs point to the an email sent to CCC’s Directors on June 13 in which defendant Stomber

stated that “[w]e are having a major liquidity event so I invoked ‘emergency powers’ on the

balance sheet.” Compl. ¶ 64. But plaintiffs fail to specify the reason why it was misleading for

defendants to omit this particular circumstance from its clear disclosure of recent losses. Rubke

v. Capitol Bancorp Ltd., 551 F.3d 1156, 1162 (9th Cir. 2009) (“A securities fraud complaint

based on a purportedly misleading omission must specify the reason or reasons why the

statements made . . . were misleading or untrue, not simply why the statements were

incomplete.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). As the Court has already noted,

the Offering Memorandum and Supplement disclosed the significant decline in fair value

reserves and the changes in interest rates that occurred prior to the Offering. And plaintiffs have

failed to connect the omission of the “liquidity event” to any statement in the Offering

documents that was rendered misleading by its absence, as the PSLRA requires.

                                                45
        Finally, plaintiffs’ claim that investors were not put on notice of the risks associated with

CCC’s business model is belied by the twenty-five pages’ worth of warnings and disclosures in

the Offering Memorandum that detailed exactly what could go wrong with these particular types

of investments. Off. Mem at 10–36.

   e. Alleged failure to disclose the fact that the Board had already approved reducing the
      liquidity cushion

       The final category of alleged omissions concerns the claim that the Offering

Memorandum described the liquidity cushion but failed to disclose the fact that CCC’s Board of

Directors had “twice recently approved reductions in the [l]iquidity [c]ushion to 15% and 10%”

and that defendants knew that the liquidity cushion was “likely to imminently fall (and remain)

well below 20% due to impending margin calls about which the [d]efendants already knew were

coming.” Supp. Chart at 10–11, citing Compl. ¶ 82. Although similar to the fourth category,

this allegation is more specific than the alleged omission of a generalized “liquidity crisis.”

       The notion that it was actionable for defendants to omit information about approved

reductions in the liquidity cushion is not supported by either the allegations in the complaint or

the documents referenced in the complaint. The email from Stomber that plaintiffs rely upon as

establishing the existence of the liquidity event does not indicate that the cushion was actually

reduced; it simply asks for approval to do so in the future if necessary. Compl. ¶ 64. Indeed,

even as of the date of the email, the cushion was still holding above 20 percent. Id. This did not

give rise to a need for further disclosure since the Offering Memorandum already clearly warned

investors: “In the past, we have deviated from these guidelines with the approval of a majority

of our independent directors and we may do so again in the future.” Off. Mem. at 7, 74

(emphasis added). Moreover, other documents incorporated by the complaint confirm that the

Board merely approved the notion that the cushion could be reduced – it was never actually

                                                 46
reduced prior to the Offering. See 2Q Report, Ex. 12 to CD Mem., [Dkt. # 52-14] at 14 (“During

the quarter ended June 30, 2007, our liquidity cushion was never less than 20% of our Adjusted

Equity plus pre-capital.”).

       The Offering Memorandum also expressly disclosed that CCC could “change [its]

investment strategy or investment guidelines at any time without the consent of shareholders.”

Off. Mem. at 10. In light of the clear warning that the liquidity cushion could be reduced at any

time, no investor could have fairly relied on the permanent availability of the 20 percent liquidity

cushion when choosing to participate in the Offering.         Finally, the complaint alleges that

defendants “knew” that the liquidity cushion was likely to fall and remain below 20 percent.

Compl. ¶ 82. But plaintiffs fail to allege any facts that would support this conclusion. So, this

allegation does not assert an actionable claim either.

       Thus, plaintiff has failed to identify any materially misleading statements or omissions

that are actionable under section 10(b) of the Exchange Act. Although the federal securities

claims could be dismissed on these grounds alone, the Court will also address defendants’

argument concerning loss causation. 16

                   4. Whether the complaint adequately pleads loss causation

       Even if the complaint could be construed to allege an actionable fraudulent statement or

omission, the fraud claims also fail on loss causation grounds. The PSLRA requires a plaintiff to

prove that the act or omission of the defendant “caused the loss for which the plaintiff seeks to

16      Defendants also seek dismissal on the grounds that plaintiffs do not adequately plead
reliance or scienter. CD Mem. at 49–54, 64–68; CD Reply at 11, 26–28. The Court does not
reach these arguments because it finds that the federal Offering claims fail on falsity and loss
causation grounds. However, the Court notes that it appears that plaintiff would be entitled to a
presumption of reliance under Affiliated Ute Citizens of Utah v. United States, 406 U.S. 128, 153
(1972), because their claims are based primarily on omissions. See Supp. Chart. [Dkt. # 67]; In
re Interbank Funding Corp. Sec. Litig., 629 F.3d 213, 219 (D.C. Cir. 2010).

                                                 47
recover damages.” 15 U.S.C. § 78u–4(b)(4). 17 In Dura Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Broudo, 544

U.S. 336, 342 (2005), the Supreme Court reversed a Ninth Circuit decision holding that to

establish this element, a plaintiff need only prove that “the price on the date of purchase [of the

securities at issue] was inflated because of the misrepresentation.” Id. at 341. The Court ruled

that plaintiffs may no longer advance claims based on that theory, and that they must

demonstrate instead that their loss or injury was “occasioned by the lie.”             Id. at 344.

Emphasizing the common law foundation of the securities fraud cause of action, particularly the

requirement that a plaintiff show “actual” damages, the Court explained:

               [A] person who “misrepresents the financial condition of a corporation in
               order to sell its stock” becomes liable to a relying purchaser “for the loss”
               the purchaser sustains “when the facts . . . become generally known” and
               “as a result” share value “depreciate[s].”

Id. at 344, citing Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 548A, Comment b, at 107. Ultimately, the

Court found that:

               [T]he complaint’s failure to claim that Dura’s share price fell significantly
               after the truth became known suggests that the plaintiffs considered the
               allegation of purchase price inflation alone sufficient. The complaint
               contains nothing that suggests otherwise.

17      Plaintiffs argue that loss causation is a “fact-intensive inquiry, which is typically
inappropriate to consider on a motion to dismiss.” Pls.’ Opp. at 35, citing McCabe v. Ernst &
Young, LLP, 494 F.3d 418, 427 n.4 (3d Cir. 2007); Emergent Capital Inv. Mgmt., LLC v.
Stonepath Group, Inc., 343 F.3d 189, 197 (2d Cir. 2003). The Court recognizes that there are
cases where loss causation involves factual inquiries that are not well-suited for the motion to
dismiss stage. Here, however, the question that must be resolved is whether the allegations in
the complaint are sufficient to plead loss causation, which is appropriate for consideration on a
motion to dismiss. See CD Reply at 29, quoting Wilamowsky v. Take Two Interactive Software,
Inc., 818 F. Supp. 2d 744, 757 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) (responding to the same argument that “[s]uch a
rationale, however, would call for courts to sidestep analysis of essentially any loss causation
pleadings until summary judgment – a result at odds with Dura and the Court’s obligation to
analyze whether a pleading contains sufficient ‘factual content . . . to draw the reasonable
inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged’”) (citing Iqbal, 556 U.S. at
665). That rationale is applicable to this case.
                                                48
Id. at 347. The Court also noted that “it should not prove burdensome for a plaintiff who has

suffered an economic loss to provide a defendant with some indication of the loss and the causal

connection that the plaintiff has in mind.” Id.

       The parties agree that, following Dura, there tend to be two ways to plead loss causation:

(1) “corrective disclosure” – which requires a plaintiff to allege that the revelation of fraud

caused the stock price to drop; and (2) “materialization of risk” – which requires a plaintiff to

allege that the misrepresentations and omissions concealed a risk that later materialized and

caused the plaintiff’s losses. CD Mem. at 56; Pls.’ Opp. at 35–37. Defendants argue that the

second theory has not yet been recognized by the D.C. Circuit, 18 and that plaintiffs do not

adequately allege loss causation under either method in any event.

       First, defendants contend that plaintiffs do not allege that a corrective disclosure

“‘reveal[ed] to the market in some sense the fraudulent nature of the practices about which

[plaintiffs] complain.’” CD Mem. at 57, quoting Katyle v. Penn. Nat’l Gaming, Inc., 637 F.3d

462, 473 (4th Cir. 2011). In other words, plaintiffs do not allege any link between what has been

identified as the fraudulent conduct – that is, defendants’ supposed concealment of the worsening

financial condition of the company prior to the Offering – and the financial collapse of CCC. Id.

at 57. Second, defendants insist that plaintiffs do not plead the “materialization of the risk”

doctrine because they do not “explain how or to what extent [d]efendants’ statements concealed

risks that materialized to cause their losses.” Id. at 59.

18      Even if there were binding precedent in this Circuit, it is unclear whether such a theory
would apply to the factual circumstance of the case, given the deteriorating market conditions at
the time of CCC’s collapse. See In re Williams Sec. Litig. - WCG Subclass, 558 F.3d 1130, 1143
(10th Cir. 2009) (“Bankruptcy might have been a possibility from the moment of the spinoff . . .
but there are too many potential intervening causes to say that bankruptcy was [the company]’s
legally foreseeable destiny such that its trading price at bankruptcy equaled its true value on the
day the spinoff was announced.”).

                                                  49
       At the hearing, plaintiffs took the position that the Supreme Court’s decision in Dura

requires only that the complaint allege some causal relationship between the fraud and the loss.

AM Tr. at 121 (“[A]ll that’s required is that there be a causal relationship between the subject

matter of the earlier misrepresentations or omissions and the later decline in the price of the

security.”); see also Pls.’ Opp. at 34. Claiming they meet this test, plaintiffs direct the Court to

paragraph 128 of the complaint, which alleges:

               Defendants’ efforts to conceal the true state of affairs at CCC had
               prevented the price of its shares from collapsing completely. By
               September 14, 2007, the market price of CCC shares had declined to
               approximately $14 per share, a relatively modest decline (given CCC’s
               calamitous performance from the Offering price of $19 per share. If the
               true state of affairs at CCC had been known by the investing public,
               however, the shares would have traded for less than $1.00.

Compl. ¶ 128. In an earlier paragraph in the complaint, plaintiffs assert that on September 10

and 11, 2007, defendants made a series of partial disclosures at the annual investor conference,

which caused CCC’s share price to decline to $14 per share on September 14, 2007, id. ¶ 126–

28, and then ultimately dropped to $8 per share on November 9, 2007, id. ¶¶ 133–35. 19 While

these allegations trace the decline in value of CCC stock during the fall of 2007, they do not

make the necessary connection that it was the disclosure of the previously undisclosed

information that caused a price drop. Rather, they simply make an assertion that the continued

concealment stopped the stock price from dropping more significantly during that time period. 20

19    Even plaintiffs agree that the “partial disclosures” made in the Fall of 2007 are not alone
enough to establish loss causation. AM Tr. at 122.

20      Along these same lines, plaintiffs point to paragraphs 133 through 135 as establishing
loss causation, which allege that misrepresentations and omissions made by defendants in
November 2007 “caused the price of CCC shares to recover somewhat, as CCC shares traded in
the range of $10–12 for the next three months.” Compl. ¶¶ 133–35. But these allegations are
essentially one of price inflation, a theory which the Supreme Court explicitly rejected in Dura.
See Dura, 125 S. Ct. at 1631 (“[A]t the moment the transaction takes places, the plaintiff has
                                                 50
       Plaintiffs also submit that paragraph 140 establishes loss causation:

               On March 5, 2008, CCC issued a press release, indicating that, during the
               week between February 28 and March 5, it had received margin calls from
               lenders requiring it to post an additional $60 million of collateral. CCC
               could not meet all of those demands, which led at least one lender to send
               a default notice . . . .

Id. ¶ 140.     This assertion does not allege a causal relationship between the Offering

Memorandum and the financial loss either. This paragraph suggests that the loss resulted from

the poor performance of CCC’s business model, including the ongoing margin calls, haircuts,

and liquidity issues, all of which were fully disclosed in the Offering Memorandum.

       The complaint also includes several conclusory allegations regarding loss causation.

E.g., id. ¶ 221 (alleging that that the “totality of the circumstances around the decline in trading

prices of CCC stock combine to negate any inference that the economic loss . . . was caused by

changed market conditions . . . or other facts unrelated to [d]efendants’ fraudulent conduct . . .

.”); id. ¶ 166 (same).      But alleging that something resulted from the “totality of the

circumstances” hardly meets the loss causation standard set forth in Dura that the fraud be

“occasioned by the lie.” 544 U.S. at 344.

       Other paragraphs in the complaint also appear to advance the price inflation theory of

loss causation, which, the Court noted earlier, is no longer viable after Dura. E.g., Compl. ¶ 34

(alleging that a common question among members of proposed class is “whether the prices of

CCC shares during the Class Period were artificially inflated because of the Defendants’ conduct

. . . .); id. ¶ 162 (alleging in the section 10(b) claim that “[d]efendants’ scheme operated as a

suffered no loss; the inflated purchase payment is offset by ownership of a share that at that
instant possesses equivalent value.”) Although these allegations do not concern plaintiffs’ initial
purchase of the securities, the rationale applies equally.
        Moreover, these allegations are also insufficient to establish loss causation because they
fail to allege that when the truth about something misrepresented at the time of the Offering
Memorandum became known, the stock price dropped.
                                                51
fraud or deceit on [p]laintiffs . . . because the false and misleading statements concerning the

financial and operation condition of CCC enabled the Offering to be carried out at all and to be

carried out at a price of $19 per Share or RDS”). 21 These allegations are insufficient to establish

loss causation.

       Moreover, plaintiffs’ own allegations provide other clear reasons for the drop in stock

price. For example, paragraph 140 alleges that the press release issued on March 5, 2008,

revealed a rush of margin calls from lenders, and that the share prices dropped 60 percent from

approximately $15 per share to $5 per share.         Id. ¶ 140.    Those margin calls were not

misrepresented in the Offering Memorandum, nor were they omitted because they did not occur

until late February 2008. Furthermore, the Offering Memorandum plainly disclosed that the

liquidity cushion may not be sufficient to cover margin calls. Off. Mem. at 10, 14. Similarly,

paragraph 141 alleges that on March 12, 2008, CCC announced that lenders would soon take

possession of its assets because it could not meet the margin calls from lenders, and that

revelation led to a 95 percent drop from $3 per share to $0.15 per share. Compl. ¶ 141; see also

id. ¶ 144 (“alleging that “[d]efendants refused to timely liquidate RMBS positions that would

have increased CCC’s [l]iquidity [c]ushion and, ultimately, reduced its losses”). Indeed, there is

not a single allegation in the section of the complaint entitled “The Collapse of CCC” that

attributes any loss in the value of the shares to the revelation of some misstatement or omission

in the Offering Memorandum or Supplement. Plaintiffs must allege what portion, if any, of the

drop in stock price was “occasioned by the lie,” see Dura, 544 U.S. at 344, and they have failed

to do so.

21      Although the Court does not consider these claims because they are barred by Morrison,
it notes that the inflated price theory also runs throughout the aftermarket claims. See, e.g.,
Compl. ¶¶ 197, 222.
                                                52
          Reading the complaint as whole, it is appears that the theory underlying this case is that

CCC was doomed from the start – that borrowing money to buy RMBSs without sufficient

liquidity was simply bad business. Id. ¶ 108 (“In light of the material adverse facts [defendants]

and their advisors knew about the precarious condition of CCC and its business model,

[d]efendants never should have proceeded with the Offering”); id. ¶ 110 (“[Defendants] failed to

utilize the funds obtained from CCC’s Offering in order to maintain and increase CCC’s

[l]iquidity [c]ushion but . . . used those funds to buy more RMBS”); id. ¶ 201 (“The resulting

collapse in market prices of CCC stock was foreseeable at the time of the Offering . . . .”).

Plaintiffs may have a point, but following a misguided plan, or even mismanaging a viable plan,

is not tantamount to securities fraud, particularly when the details of CCC’s investment strategy

and the attendant risks were plainly disclosed in detail in the Offering Memorandum. Thus,

plaintiffs have not adequately alleged loss causation, and the federal securities claims are

dismissible on these grounds as well.

             B. Federal Aftermarket Claims
          As set forth above, the Court concluded that the federal securities claims pertaining to the

aftermarket (Counts VII and VIII) must be dismissed under the Supreme Court’s decision in

Morrison, 130 S. Ct. at 2883, because those securities were not bought or sold in the United

States.

             C. Common Law Offering Claims

          Since the federal claims related to the Offering do not survive, the Court turns its

attention to the common law claims. Count III alleges common law fraud and Count IV alleges

negligent misrepresentation. The parties agree that under District of Columbia choice of law

principles, the Court should apply District of Columbia law to the Offering claims. PM Tr. at 42;

53–54; see also Sloan v. Urban Title Servs., Inc., 689 F. Supp. 2d 94, 105 (D.D.C. 2010)

                                                  53
(“Where no true conflict exists [between the laws of competing jurisdictions], a court applies the

law of the District of Columbia by default.”)

       To state a claim for common law fraud in the District of Columbia, a plaintiff must allege

“with particularity,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b), that the “defendant, with the intent to induce reliance,

knowingly misrepresented or omitted a material fact upon which the plaintiff reasonably relied to

his detriment.” Media Gen. Inc. v. Tomlin, 532 F.3d 854, 858 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (internal citation

omitted). “To prevail on such a claim, ‘the plaintiff must also have suffered some injury as a

consequence of his reliance on the misrepresentation [or omission].” Busby v. Capital One, N.A.,

772 F. Supp. 2d 268, 275 (D.D.C. 2011), quoting Chedick v. Nash, 151 F.3d 1077, 1081 (D.C.

Cir. 1998). Under D.C. law, a plaintiff alleging negligent misrepresentation must establish that

“(1) the defendant negligently communicated false information, (2) the defendant intended or

should have recognized that the plaintiff would likely be imperiled by action taken in reliance

upon his misrepresentation, and (3) that plaintiff reasonably relied upon the false information to

his detriment.” Ponder v. Chase Home Finance, LLC, No. 10-425 (BJR), --- F. Supp. 2d ---,

2012 WL 1931237, at *5 (D.D.C. May 23, 2012).

       While plaintiffs are correct that the common law fraud claim is not subject to the

PSLRA’s heightened pleading requirements, it is still governed by Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 9(b), which requires plaintiffs to plead with particularity the “who, what, when,

where, and how” concerning the circumstances of the fraud. Anderson v. USAA Cas. Ins. Co.,

221 F.R.D. 250, 253 (D.D.C. 2004) (internal citations omitted). Here, because the common law

claims depend upon the existence of a false statement or material omission, Counts III and IV

fall because plaintiffs have not alleged an actionable false statement or omission. In addition, the

complaint fails to allege facts that would support an inference of reliance. See CD Mem. at 86

                                                54
(“The complaint here contains no allegations that any named Plaintiff actually received and read

the Offering Memorandum, nor do Plaintiffs allege that they read and relied on any subsequent

communications by CCC or Stomber to CCC’s investors.”)

        Plaintiffs contend that they are entitled to two presumptions of reliance in this case:

(1) a common law presumption arising from a “uniform set of written material

misrepresentations”; and (2) the “Affiliated Ute” presumption of reliance. Pls.’ Opp. at 61–63.

With respect to the common law presumption of reliance, plaintiffs point to McNabb v. Thomas,

190 F.2d 608, 611 (D.C. Cir. 1951) and Weinberg v. Hertz Corp., 499 N.Y.S.2d 693, 696 (N.Y.

App. Div. 1986). (1st Cir. 1986). Both of these cases require that before a presumption of

reliance can attach, a plaintiff must adequately allege that there was, in fact, a misrepresentation

made and that the misrepresentation was material. McNabb, 190 F.2d at 611 (“Even if made and

if considered material, thereby giving rise to the presumption that it induced the action

complained of . . . ”); Weinberg, 499 N.Y.S.2d at 696 (“[O]nce it has been determined that the

representations alleged are material and actionable . . . the issue of reliance may be presumed . . .

. ”) (emphasis added). Plaintiffs fail to make this predicate showing because they cannot point to

any actionable misrepresentations or omissions.

       But the claims would founder even if plaintiffs could get over that hurdle. Plaintiffs

cannot point to any allegation in the complaint where actual, individual reliance is alleged with

respect to any one of them. See In re Newbridge Networks Sec. Litig., 926 F. Supp. 1163, 1175

(D.D.C. 1996) (granting motion to dismiss on grounds that plaintiffs failed to “present

individualized, specific allegations of reliance by each plaintiff”).

       Plaintiffs argue that they need not allege actual reliance because they are entitled to a

presumption of reliance under the theory articulated by the Supreme Court in Affiliated Ute

                                                 55
Citizens v. United States, 406 U.S. 128, 153–154 (1972). See Compl. ¶ 68 (alleging that

plaintiffs “may be presumed to have relied on any material misrepresentations in and/or

omissions from the Offering Memoranda by acquiring CCC securities at the Offering price in the

Offering”).   In Affiliated Ute, the Court ruled that when a federal securities fraud case

“involv[es] primarily a failure to disclose, positive proof of reliance is not a prerequisite to

recovery.” Id. at 153. Rather, “reliance on the omitted information may be presumed where

such information is material.” In re Interbank Funding Corp. Sec. Litig., 668 F. Supp. 2d 44, 49

(D.D.C. 2009), citing Black v. Finantra Capital, Inc., 418 F.3d 203, 209 (2d Cir. 2005).

Plaintiffs contend that their common law Offering claims primarily concern omissions and

therefore the presumption applies. Pls.’ Opp. at 62. The Court disagrees.

       Affiliated Ute addressed a federal claim brought under section 10(b) of the Securities

Exchange Act. 406 U.S. at 150–154. There is no precedent in this Circuit applying the Affiliated

Ute presumption to a common law fraud claim. In fact, another court in this district has

expressly rejected the application of the presumption to common law fraud claims. Woodward

& Lothrop, Inc. v. Baron, Civil Action No. 84-0513, 1984 WL 861, at *2 (D.D.C. June 19, 1984)

(finding that “neither plaintiffs nor the Court [has] identified case law extending [Affiliated Ute]

to the common law fraud cause of action asserted in this case”); see also Banque Arabe Et

Internationale D’Investissement v. Maryland National Bank, 850 F. Supp. 1199, 1220–1222

(S.D.N.Y. 1994) (“[T]his Court will not apply the Affiliated Ute presumption to a common-law

claim for fraud, and [plaintiff] must establish the element of reliance in order to make out a claim

                                                56
of fraudulent inducement.”). Thus, the common law claims with respect to the Offering also fail

because they do not allege reliance with the level of particularity required by Rule 9(b). 22

             D. Common Law Aftermarket Claims

       Plaintiffs also allege common law fraud and negligent misrepresentation claims

pertaining to the aftermarket period. Count IX asserts a claim for common law fraud, Count X

asserts a claim for negligent misrepresentation, and Count XI asserts a claim under the Civil

Code of the Netherlands, which the parties represented is similar to a tort claim under U.S law.

PM Tr. at 45–48. As plaintiffs explained at the hearing, the Dutch law claim is an alternative to

the common law claims asserted under U.S. law in Counts IX and X. Id. at 41. If the Court

determines that U.S. law should apply to the common law claims, the Dutch law claim may be

dismissed.

       1. District of Columbia law applies to the aftermarket claims.

       The Court must make a choice of law determination with respect to the aftermarket

claims, and, here, the parties dispute which forum’s laws should apply. Plaintiffs argue that the

Court should apply the law of the Netherlands to the claims because that is the forum where the

Class B shares were traded after the Offering. Pls.’ Opp. at 56–58. According to plaintiffs,

“[t]he Netherlands is the place where the Aftermarket Plaintiffs . . . acted in reliance on the

22      The Court also notes that even if the common law offering claims did allege an
actionable misrepresentation or omission, they would likely be barred by the applicable statute of
limitations. Under D.C. law, the common law claims are subject to a three-year statute of
limitations period. D.C. Code § 12-301(8). Because there is a strong argument that plaintiffs
were aware, at the latest, of the financial difficulties that led to CCC’s demise on February 27,
2008, when CCC issued the annual report for the year ending December 31, 2007, and plaintiffs
did not file their claims until June 2011, the common law fraud claims are likely time-barred.
Defendants also contend that the common law claims are preempted by the Securities Litigation
Uniform Standards Act, 15 U.S.C. § 78bb(f)(1)–(2). CD Mem. at 86–89. Because the Court
determines that plaintiffs fail to state a claim, it does not reach these grounds for dismissal.

                                                 57
misrepresentations and omissions.” Id. at 58 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

They also argue that the Netherlands is the jurisdiction “whose policy would be more advanced

by the application of its law.” Id. at 59. Defendants advocate for the application of U.S. law,

and, in particular, the law of the District of Columbia. CD Mem. at 80–81.

        The District of Columbia’s choice-of-law rules require the Court to consider “the

governmental policies underlying the applicable laws and determine[] which jurisdiction’s policy

would be the most advanced by the application of its law to the facts of the case, taking into

consideration (1) the place where the injury occurred; (2) the place where the conduct causing

the injury occurred; (3) the domicile, residence, nationality, place of incorporation and place of

business of the parties; and (4) the place where the relationship is centered.” Radosti v. Envision

EMI, LLC, 717 F. Supp. 2d 37, 59 (D.D.C. 2010) (internal citations omitted). Application of

those factors here compels the application of U.S. law, and the District of Columbia law, in

particular.

        According to the complaint, the alleged conduct that gave rise to plaintiffs’ claims

occurred either in D.C. or in New York. See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 9–10 (alleging that CCC’s and TC

Groups’ principal places of business were in Washington, D.C.); id. ¶ 90 (alleging that the RDSs

sold in the Offering were issued by the Bank of New York). The only allegations connecting this

case with the Netherlands are that the Offering Memorandum was filed with a Dutch regulator

and that the Class B shares were traded on a Dutch exchange. Id. ¶ 75. Indeed, even plaintiffs’

own allegations state that “CCC has no rational connection to the Netherlands other than

Carlyle’s decision to list CCC’s shares there.” Id. ¶ 109. Moreover, all of the parties in this case

(except for defendant CCC, which is a Guernsey limited company) are residents of the United

States and not of the Netherlands. Id. ¶¶ 4–11; id. ¶¶ 14–22. Because the United States has the

                                                58
most significant relationship with the dispute, the Court will apply U.S. law to the common law

claims, and Count XI asserting a claim under Dutch law will be dismissed.

         With respect to the choice of law determination between the District of Columbia and

New York, the Court concludes that D.C. law should apply. The parties agree that because the

elements of the fraud and negligent misrepresentation causes of action are essentially the same in

both places, there is no conflict between the two jurisdictions. CD Mem. at 81.; Pls.’ Opp. at 56.

And, as noted earlier, where there is no conflict between the laws of two potential jurisdictions,

the law of the forum applies. Sloan v. Urban Title Servs., Inc., 689 F. Supp. 2d 94, 105 (D.D.C.

2010).

         2. The aftermarket claims fail to plead reliance adequately.

         The complaint avers that public statements made by defendants after the Offering

constituted fraud and negligent misrepresentation. For these claims, plaintiffs generally allege

that defendants misrepresented that CCC would adhere to and was adhering to its investment

guidelines but that they deviated from them and employed the use of leverage beyond what was

contemplated by the investment guidelines. Compl. at 33. According to plaintiffs, because

defendants “misrepresent[ed] and conceal[ed] the true operating and financial condition of

CCC,” plaintiffs “purchase[ed] CCC securities at artificially inflated prices in the aftermarket.”

Compl. ¶ 193 (alleging aftermarket claim under section 10(B) which is incorporated in the

common law fraud claims).

         These claims are problematic for plaintiffs on the falsity element since the Offering

documents plainly disclosed that CCC was free to vary from the investment guidelines, and that

its liberal use of leverage exposed investors to considerable risk. See, e.g., Off. Mem. at 7, 10,

13. Moreover, as noted above, common law fraud and negligent misrepresentation claims both

                                                59
require a showing of reliance. See Media Gen. Inc., 532 F.3d at 858 (finding that common law

fraud requires an allegation that “plaintiff reasonably relied to his detriment”); Ponder, 2012 WL

1931237, at *5 (finding that a claim for negligent misrepresentation must allege that “plaintiff

reasonably relied upon the false information to his detriment”). Here, the allegations in the

complaint do not allege a plausible claim under Iqbal – much less rule Rule 9(b) – that plaintiffs

relied on any statements made by defendants during the aftermarket period. The complaint

merely alleges that plaintiffs made purchases in the aftermarket and that during that period,

defendants’ public statements were false and incomplete. But, the complaint does not indicate

whether those statements came before or after plaintiffs’ purchases, or whether plaintiffs were

aware of them, so the Court cannot reasonably conclude that plaintiffs actually relied on these

statements.

       Plaintiffs contend that they are entitled to the Affiliated Ute presumption of reliance for

these counts as well. It is not clear that the Affiliate Ute presumption would apply to the

aftermarket claims because there is a strong argument that the challenged statements from that

period are more fairly characterized as misrepresentations rather than omissions. But even if the

claims arose from alleged omissions, the Court has declined to extend the federal Affiliated Ute

doctrine to common law claims. Because the common law claims pertaining to the aftermarket

fail on reliance grounds, Counts IX and X will be dismissed.

              E. Claim under United Kingdom Law

       Count VI of the complaint alleges a claim under section 90 of the United Kingdom’s

Financial Services and Markets Act of 2000 (“the FSMA”). Compl. ¶¶ 187–191. 23 The FSMA

23      At the hearing, counsel for the lead plaintiffs stated that they had withdrawn Count VI,
representing that they had obtained an expert on the subject and “determined we can’t plead facts
right now that would support that claim.” PM Tr. at 42–43. Because plaintiff Glaubach, who
                                               60
allows investors to recover against “persons responsible” for losses resulting from certain

misleading statements or omissions in a prospectus or supplementary prospectus. Compl. ¶ 190;

CD Mem. at 76. According to plaintiff Glaubach, in order to state a claim under section 90 of

the FSMA, a plaintiff must allege three elements in addition to showing there were

misrepresentations in the prospectus: (1) there must be a sufficient nexus between the offering

of the shares by the issuer and the United Kingdom; (2) the issuer must have offered the shares to

the public in the United Kingdom; and (3) the United Kingdom must be the “home state” for the

offering. Glaubach Opp. at 3, citing generally Blair Decl., Ex. 1 to Glaubach Opp. [Dkt. # 70-1].

Neither party directs the Court to any case law either in the United States or in the United

Kingdom addressing these issues; however, both Glaubach and defendants attach declarations

from experts who purport to have extensive experience with the FSMA. See generally Blair

Decl.; Bompas Decl., Ex. 15 to CD Mem. [Dkt. # 52-17]. For all of the reasons set forth above,

plaintiffs have not alleged facts that support a claim that there were misrepresentations in the

prospectus. But even if the federal securities claims were to survive, the FSMA count should be

dismissed.

       1. There is not a sufficient nexus between the Offering and the United Kingdom.

       Defendants argue that the complaint fails to satisfy all three prongs of the required test.

CD Mem. at 76–78. First, they argue that there is not a sufficient nexus between the facts

alleged in the complaint and the United Kingdom that would make application of U.K. law

was not part of the lead plaintiff group, expressed concern at the time of the Court’s ruling on the
lead plaintiff designation that the lead plaintiffs would be unable to pursue the FSMA claim
adequately, the Court granted counsel for Glaubach the opportunity to file an individual
opposition to the motion to dismiss on this claim. Glaubach filed his opposition on June 6, 2012,
Glaubach’s Opposition to Defs.’ Mots. to Dismiss (“Glaubach Opp.”) [Dkt. # 70], and the Court
considered his arguments in connection with this aspect of the motion to dismiss.

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appropriate. Id. at 76. They point out that all plaintiffs are residents of the United States,

Compl. ¶¶ 4–8; all defendants are residents of the United States or Guernsey, id. ¶¶ 9–11, 14–17,

19–22; all plaintiffs were customers of New York banks, id. ¶ 99; and the solicitations occurred

in the United States, id. ¶ 101. Further, the Offering Memorandum was registered with a Dutch

regulatory body, id. ¶ 75, and it was traded on a Dutch exchange, id. ¶ 32, 109. CD Mem. at 76.

        Plaintiffs respond that a sufficient nexus exists between the Offering and the United

Kingdom because the managers and bookrunners for the Offering were six U.K. banks.

Glaubach Opp. at 3, citing Off. Mem. at 147, 149–150, 163. These facts also appear in the

complaint. Compl. ¶ 94. But the complaint also states that all but one of these U.K. banks were

“wholly-owned subsidiar[ies] of one of the five principal United States brokerage firms which

marketed CCC securities.” Id. So, the connection to the United Kingdom is not as strong as

Glaubach would lead the Court to believe.             Moreover, what is clear from the Offering

Memorandum is that this was a global offering, and that financial institutions all over the world,

including banks in the United States and the United Kingdom, played varying roles in the

Offering. Off. Mem. at cover; Compl. ¶ 99. Given the international nature of the Offering, the

Court is not inclined to conclude that the fact that six banks in the United Kingdom acted as

managers and bookrunners of the Offering is adequate to establish a sufficient nexus between the

Offering and the United Kingdom that would support the application of the FSMA to this case.

But even if plaintiffs could satisfy this element, they must satisfy the other two as well.

       2. Class B Shares were offered to the public in the United Kingdom.

      Defendants next contend that the complaint fails to allege that CCC intended to or offered

securities to the public in the United Kingdom. But on this point, the Court agrees with the

plaintiffs. As Glaubach points out, the complaint is quite clear that this was a global offering.

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Glaubach Opp. at 4–5, citing Off. Mem. at cover, 162. Moreover, the Offering Memorandum

implicitly suggests that there will be purchasers in the United Kingdom when it states that Class

B shares would be offered to individuals who meet certain requirements of the FSMA. Id. at

162.

       3. The United Kingdom was not the “home state” of the Offering.

       Finally, the complaint must allege facts that would support an inference that the United

Kingdom was the “home state” of the Offering. CD Mem. at 77, citing Bompas Decl. ¶¶ 62.2–

62.5. The parties submit that “the issuer’s home state would be its place of incorporation if that

were a Member State in the European Union; otherwise it would be the Member State where first

the securities were to be offered to the public or the issuer applied for trading on a regulated

market.” Bompas Decl. ¶ 56 n. 23; Glaubach Opp. at 6–7 (discussing the same definition). CCC

was incorporated in Guernsey, Compl. ¶ 22, which is not part of the European Union, so the

home state is either where (1) the securities were to be first offered, or (2) the issuer applied for

trading on the regulated market.

       Defendants’ position is that CCC’s home state was the Netherlands because that is where

CCC applied to have the Class B shares traded on the Euronext exchange, CD Mem. at 77, citing

Bompas Decl. ¶ 60. Glaubach contends that the Netherlands may not necessarily be the home

state and that it is “possible” that Class B shares were first sold in the United Kingdom prior to

the Offering and the discovery is needed to ultimately resolve that question. Glaubach Opp. at

6–7, citing Blair Decl. ¶¶ 47–49. He submits that “[i]f evidence proves that there was an offer of

the Class B shares in the UK and that it was the first offer in the European Union, then the UK

would be the home [s]tate.” Id. at 7, citing Blair Decl. ¶ 50 (internal quotation marks omitted)

(bracket in original). But Glaubach points to no allegations in the complaint or the Offering

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Memorandum and Supplement that would support this theory that there may have been sale of

Class B shares before the Offering in the United Kingdom. Indeed, Glaubach’s expert, Mr.

Blair, can only speculate:

       It therefore appears to me clear that there had been a series of offers of the Class
       B securities somewhere in the world well in advance of the offer made through
       the apparently approved prospectus. These offers were made by private
       placement . . . . I have not been able to find anything in the prospectus to indicate
       where the offers were made, and that fact remains to be established by further
       evidence. But the possibility that the United Kingdom was the first place in the
       EU where an offer was made to the public does not seem to me improbable.

Blair Decl. ¶ 49 (emphasis added). Whether Mr. Blair believes a factual scenario supporting

Glaubach’s argument is not improbable, that is not the standard by which the Court must

evaluate the sufficiency of a complaint. Rather, Glaubach must point to factual allegations in the

complaint that would plausibly support an inference that the United Kingdom was the home

state, which he has failed to do. Count VI therefore must be dismissed without prejudice.

           F. The Wu Complaint
       On September 1, 2011, plaintiffs Phelps, McLister, Wu, Liss, and Schaefer – the same

plaintiffs who had already filed the instant case three months earlier – filed an action in New

York state court. That complaint, which contained factual allegations that were nearly identical

to those in this case, advanced common law fraud and negligent misrepresentation claims as well

as the same claim under Dutch law that has been asserted in the Phelps case. See Phelps v.

Stomber, Case No. 652425/2011 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. filed Sept. 1, 2011).            The plaintiffs were

represented by the same counsel that represents them in this case. On October 14, 2011,

defendants removed the case to federal court, where it was docketed as Phelps v. Stomber, Case

No. 11-cv-7271 (S.D.N.Y. removed Oct. 1, 2011).

       On November 1, 2011, plaintiffs filed an amended complaint that substituted a new group

of New York residents and entities for the original group of plaintiffs (except for plaintiff Wu).

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Am. Compl., Phelps v. Stomber, No. 11-cv-7271 (S.D.N.Y. filed Nov. 1, 2011) [Dkt. # 6]. Then,

the Wu plaintiffs sought to have the case transferred to this Court. Mot. to Transfer, Phelps v.

Stomber, No. 11-cv-7271 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 21, 2001) [Dkt. # 10]. Defendants opposed the

transfer. They argued that the federal court in New York should dismiss the case on the grounds

that transfer would be futile because the Wu case was duplicative of the Phelps action. Def.’s

Opp. to Mot. to Transfer, Phelps v, Stomber, No. 11-cv-7271 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 29, 2012)

[Dkt. # 12]. The federal judge in New York granted the motion to transfer but declined to

resolve “whether plaintiffs’ allegations [in the Wu case] are duplicative and reflective of

procedural gamesmanship.” Order Granting Mot. to Transfer, Phelps v. Stomber, No. 11-cv-

7271 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 14, 2011) [Dkt. # 22].

        Meanwhile, counsel for plaintiffs represented to the Court at a status hearing held on

November 10, 2011, that “we had filed an action in state court in New York on behalf of the

same plaintiffs.” Tr. of Status Hr’g, Phelps v. Stomber, No. 11-cv-1142 (D.D.C. Nov. 10, 2011),

[Dkt. # 48] at 15. Counsel also indicated that they were seeking to have the case transferred to

the District of Columbia: “this is a more appropriate forum [because] [t]his is the forum in

which the earlier-filed actions were filed . . . [and] it is certainly the headquarters of the Carlyle

entities.” Id. at 16.

        Given the fact that the Wu action was filed by the same plaintiffs, who were represented

by the same counsel and asserted the same claims against the same defendants as in this action, it

is difficult to conclude that the New York action was anything other than an effort to import New

York law and its more favorable statute of limitations into this case. Indeed, in responding to

defendants’ opposition to the motion to transfer, plaintiffs informed the federal judge in New

York that they “plead guilty as charged to bringing this action in New York, at least in part, due

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to New York’s six-year statute of limitations applicable to claims of fraud and negligent

misrepresentation.” Pls.’ Reply to Def.’s Opp. to Mot. to Transfer, Wu v. Stomber, No. 11-cv-

2287 (D.D.C. filed Nov. 1, 2011) [Dkt. # 18], at 6. As noted earlier, the statute of limitations for

those claims in the District of Columbia is three years. D.C. Code § 12-301; see also C & E

Servs., Inc. v. Ashland, Inc., 498 F. Supp. 2d 242, 261 (D.D.C. 2007).

       Plaintiffs’ argument that the case is not duplicative because it is brought by “entirely

different plaintiffs” is not persuasive since the case was originally filed by the exact same

plaintiffs as in the Phelps case. Pls.’ Opp. to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss, Wu v. Stomber, No. 11-

2287 (D.D.C. Jan. 13, 2012) [Dkt. # 28] at 3–4. Plaintiffs also argue that the Wu action is not

duplicative because New York’s choice of law rules will apply “both as to substantive law and

statutes of limitations.” Pls.’ Opp., Wu v. Stomber, No. 11-2287, at 4. That argument only

strengthens the impression that the plaintiffs filed the Wu action in New York precisely to avoid

the choice of law rules and shorter statute of limitations period in the District of Columbia. Such

forum shopping will not be permitted. See Curtis v. Citibank, N.A., 226 F.3d 133, 140 (2d Cir.

2000) (“[P]laintiffs may not file duplicative complaints in order to expand their legal rights.”);

Serlin v. Arthur Andersen & Co., 3 F.3d 221, 224 (7th Cir. 1993) (“[T]he rules nowhere

contemplate the filing of duplicative law suits to avoid statutes of limitations.”). Moreover, the

Court notes that the added Wu plaintiffs’ interests were fully represented by the lead plaintiffs in

Phelps. 24 Accordingly, defendants’ motion to dismiss the Wu case will be granted and an Order

to this effect will be entered in Wu v. Stomber, No. 11-cv-2287.

24      Because the Court finds that the Wu action is duplicative and must be dismissed, it does
not reach plaintiffs’ argument that the Court should consolidate the actions.
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   IV.      CONCLUSION

         For the reasons set forth above, defendants’ motions to dismiss [Dkts. # 51 and # 52] in

Phelps v. Stomber, No. 11-cv-1142, and [Dkt. # 26] in Wu v. Stomber, No. 11-cv-2287, will be

granted. An identical memorandum opinion will be filed in both actions. A separate order will

issue.

                                             AMY BERMAN JACKSON
                                             United States District Judge

DATE: August 13, 2012

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