Court Opinion

ID: 7023523
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-24 04:55:07.697227+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:10:39.218479
License: Public Domain

JUSTICE QUINLAN delivered the opinion of the court: This appeal is brought by creditors of a railroad to enjoin the sale of a portion of the railroad as a fraudulent conveyance and for damages occasioned by the fraudulent conveyance. The trial court entered judgment dismissing plaintiffs’ complaint on the basis that it was preempted by the minor dispute provisions of the Railway Labor Act (RLA) (45 U.S.C. §151 et seq. (1982)), and by the Interstate Commerce Act (ICA) (49 U.S.C. §1001 et seq. (1982)). The trial court also held that Illinois common law preempts plaintiffs’ claim of civil conspiracy. We affirm. Defendant Chicago and North Western Transportation Company (C&NW) is one of the nation’s largest rail systems. Defendant Fox River Valley Corporation (FRVR) was incorporated in September 1987 for the purpose of acquiring 208 miles of Wisconsin rail line and incidental trackage rights from C&NW (Duck Creek South Line). Plaintiff T.J. Gendron (Gendron) is an employee of C&NW and alleges that he is a creditor of C&NW. Plaintiff Railway Labor Executives’ Association (RLEA) is a voluntary, unincorporated association of the chief executive officers of the standard national and international railway unions in the United States and alleges that it also is a creditor of C&NW. In late 1987, C&NW and FRVR began negotiating C&NW’s sale of the Duck Creek South Lines and certain other trackage rights to FRVR. As part of the transaction, FRVR is to receive trackage rights over C&NW lines and C&NW has reserved an easement over FRVR lines. C&NW is to receive $61.1 million from the sale and will continue to operate as a Class I railroad. On December 23, 1987, C&NW and FRVR filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC or Commission) a notice of exemption, seeking approval of the sale and requesting clarification of the Commission’s jurisdiction over labor issues arising from line sale transactions. On January 29, 1988, the Commission granted defendants a license exemption, giving defendants authority to proceed with the sale. On February 19, 1988, the RLEA filed a petition for revocation of the exemption from regulation. At the time this appeal was filed, that petition was still pending before the Commission. Prior to the granting of the license exemption, on January 22, 1988, plaintiffs filed a three-count complaint in the circuit court of Cook County. The complaint alleged that the sale constituted a fraudulent conveyance under Illinois law and was the product of a civil conspiracy. The complaint sought to enjoin the sale or to create a lien on the track to be sold, other injunctive relief and damages. In their complaint, plaintiffs alleged that C&NW’s purpose in making the sale to FRVR was to avoid the cost burden of ownership, including continuing to pay plaintiffs’ wages and benefits. Plaintiffs claim that the transaction is a highly leveraged buyout and that C&NW will use the proceeds of the sale to pay favored creditors or to pay dividends or other benefits to its shareholders rather than addressing plaintiffs’ debts. It also alleges that FRVR will be left dangerously undercapitalized, with the bulk of its assets pledged as security for the benefit of persons other than the plaintiffs. On February 1, 1988, C&NW and FRVR filed a petition for removal under 28 U.S.C. §§1441 and 1446 and the case was removed to Federal court. Plaintiffs filed a motion to remand, and defendants filed a joint motion to dismiss, asserting that plaintiffs’ causes of action were preempted by the RLA and ICA. The Federal district court held that neither the RLA nor the ICA was a complete preemption statute and, thus, did not give rise to Federal removal jurisdiction. Upon remand to the circuit court, defendants moved to dismiss the complaint as preempted by the RLA and ICA. The trial court granted the motion to dismiss and plaintiffs now bring this appeal. The principal issue on appeal is whether plaintiffs’ causes of action under the Illinois fraudulent conveyance act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 59, par. 4) are preempted by the Railway Labor Act and the Interstate Commerce Act. Plaintiffs’ contention is that their fraudulent conveyance action is not a “minor dispute” within the meaning of the Railway Labor Act and, therefore, the claim is not subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the National Railway Adjustment Board (NRAB). Defendants argue that the plaintiffs’ contentions are in fact matters within the collective-bargaining agreement and are accordingly a minor dispute within the Railway Labor Act. Furthermore, the defendants assert, the plaintiffs’ claims here are preempted by the Interstate Commerce Act.  Congress enacted the Railway Labor Act in an effort to promote stability in labor-management relations by providing “effective and efficient remedies for the resolution of railroad-employee disputes arising out of the interpretation of collective-bargaining agreements.” (Union Pacific R.R. Co. v. Sheehan (1978), 439 U.S. 89, 94, 58 L. Ed. 2d 354, 359, 99 S. Ct. 399, 402 (per curiam).) More specifically, the RLA was enacted to prevent disruption in rail service by providing for the prompt and orderly settlement “of all disputes concerning rates of pay, rules or working conditions” and “all disputes growing out of grievances or out of the interpretation or application of agreements covering rates of pay, rules or working conditions.” 45 U.S.C. §151a (1982).  Labor disputes under the RLA are classified as either “major” or “minor.” A “major dispute” involves the acquisition of new rights, such as the formation of a collective-bargaining agreement or changes to an existing agreement. (See Gregory v. Burlington Northern R.R. Co. (D. Minn. 1986), 638 F. Supp. 538, 541, aff'd (8th Cir. 1987), 822 F.2d 1092.) A “minor dispute,” which defendants assert is what is at issue here, involves the interpretation or application of existing contracts. Brotherhood of R.R. Trainmen v. Chicago River & Indiana R.R. Co. (1957), 353 U.S. 30, 33, 1 L. Ed. 2d 622, 625, 77 S. Ct. 635, 637.  The exclusive remedy for “minor disputes” is the Federal dispute resolution procedure set forth in RLA section 3 First (45 U.S.C. §153 First (1982)), which requires that such disputes must be pursued initially through the railroad’s internal procedures, and, if not resolved there, may be submitted to a division of the National Railroad Adjustment Board (NRAB). (See Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. Buell (1987), 480 U.S. 557, 94 L. Ed. 2d 563, 107 S. Ct. 1410.) Exclusive jurisdiction over “minor disputes” is vested with the NRAB because of the Board’s administrative expertise in interpreting collective-bargaining agreements and because of the importance of uniform administrative interpretation of such agreements. Pennsylvania R.R. Co. v. Day (1959), 360 U.S. 548, 551-52, 3 L. Ed. 2d 1422, 1426, 79 S. Ct. 1322, 1324.  In our view, plaintiffs’ claims in this case are substantially related to the rights and obligations embodied in the collective-bargaining agreement and would, of necessity, require interpretation of the agreement. Therefore, we agree with defendants’ argument that the RLA preempts plaintiffs’ fraudulent conveyance action and provides the sole and exclusive remedy for plaintiffs’ claims here. Our supreme court recently considered a similar issue in Koehler v. Illinois Central Gulf R.R. Co. (1985), 109 Ill. 2d 473, 488 N.E.2d 542. There the court determined that any claim involving a State tort claim is preempted by the RLA regardless of the nature of the claim. In Koehler, the supreme court found in pertinent part: “The RLA is an elaborate and extensive administrative scheme. (45 U.S.C. secs. 151 through 163 (1982).) Under *** [which] ‘disputes *** growing out of grievances’ are to be resolved in the first instance by the parties. If the parties are unsuccessful, the RLA provides that the dispute be referred to the National Railroad Adjustment Board for resolution. (45 U.S.C. sec. 153 First (i) (1982).) Decisions of the Adjustment Board are final and binding. (45 U.S.C. sec. 153 First (m) (1982).) Under the RLA, a party dissatisfied with a decision of the Adjustment Board may obtain limited review in Federal district court with appeal to the court of appeals. (45 U.S.C. sec. 153 First (q) (1982).) The RLA does not accord original jurisdiction over employment-related disputes to either Federal or State courts. Original, exclusive jurisdiction is given to the Adjustment Board. (45 U.S.C. sec. 153 First (i) (1982).) *** [Hence] [o]ur review of the RLA indicates that plaintiff’s [tort] suit for retaliatory discharge is precluded as an ‘undue interference’ with the dispute-resolution scheme of the RLA. Stripped to its essentials, plaintiff’s suit is a reformulation in tort of his grievance which, as the record shows, fell within the purview of the RLA. Allowing plaintiff’s suit to proceed would allow a State court, applying State law, to resolve ‘disputes *** growing out of grievances.’ (45 U.S.C. sec. 153 First (i) (1982).) *** [Such a] result would unduly interfere with the operation of the dispute-resolution machinery of the RLA.” Koehler, 109 Ill. 2d at 479-80, 488 N.E.2d at 545-46. The court there concluded: “A thorough reading of the RLA makes clear Congress’ intent that employment-based disputes between parties covered by the RLA are to be resolved exclusively pursuant to the Act. Under the RLA, State courts have no jurisdiction to hear and resolve such disputes. (45 U.S.C. secs. 153 First (i), (q) (1982).)” (Emphasis added.) Koehler, 109 Ill. 2d at 479-80, 488 N.E.2d at 545-46. The plaintiffs argue, however, that Koehler must be reexamined because of the Lingle v. Norge Division of Magic Chef, Inc. (1988), 486 U.S. 399, 100 L. Ed. 2d 410, 108 S. Ct. 1877, decision, in which the Supreme Court held that a State retaliatory discharge claim was not preempted under section 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act (LMRA) (29 U.S.C. § 185(a) (1982)). We do not find this argument persuasive. In fact, our supreme court, prior to Lingle, considered a similar issue in Gonzalez v. Prestress Engineering Corp. (1986), 115 Ill. 2d 1, 503 N.E.2d 308, and found that although a claim for retaliatory discharge was not preempted by section 301 of the LMRA, this did not have any bearing on its prior decision in Koehler. The court specifically noted that its decision in Koehler was based not on the LMRA but the RLA, and that, therefore: “Prestress’ [the plaintiff’s] reliance on Koehler *** [was] misplaced. Koehler involved the preemptive effect of the Railway Labor Act (45 U.S.C. secs. 151 through 164 (1982)) and is therefore clearly inapposite [to this case, which involves the Labor Management Relations Act (LMRA)].” Gonzalez, 115 Ill. 2d at 11, 503 N.E.2d at 313. Additionally, the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, in a related case, which involved these same parties held, addressing essentially the same claims asserted by the plaintiffs here,1 that the claims were a minor dispute under RLA, and as such, a controversy within the exclusive jurisdiction of the National Railway Adjustment Board (NRAB). (Chicago & North Western Transportation Co. v. Ry. Labor Executives Association (7th Cir. 1988), 855 F.2d 1277, 1286.) The court stated: “RLEA insists that C & NW does not have a right under the collective bargaining agreements to abolish jobs within the context of a rail line sale and concurrently refuse to negotiate over the effects of that sale on its present employees. *** *** C & NW contends [on the other hand] that the job abolishment, layoff and reassignment actions it will take as a result of the Duck Creek South line sale are fully authorized by the collective bargaining agreements. *** * * * We have carefully evaluated the claims of the parties and examined the evidence in the record as to the terms of their collective bargaining agreements and the relevant past practices attendant to those agreements. There can be no doubt that the agreements and past practice arising thereunder embrace matters of job abolishment, layoff and reassignment resulting from a layoff with regard to the individuals affected by the Duck Creek South line sale who are able to retain their employment with C & NW. *** * * * Our analysis leaves us convinced that even though C & NW’s interpretation of the agreements and its contentions are subject to challenge, they are at least plausible. See Machinists, 830 F.2d at 748. Because C & NW’s position has at least an arguable basis in the collective bargaining agreements and relevant past practice, it cannot be said to constitute the type of clear departure from those agreements necessary to trigger a finding of a §6 major dispute under the RLA format. See Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees, 802 F.2d at 1022. * * * *** Therefore, we conclude that the district court correctly determined that because the present controversy is a minor dispute under the RLA, it is subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the NRAB, and must be resolved under the Act’s §3 RLA procedures. 45 U.S.C. §153.” Chicago & North Western Transportation Co., 855 F.2d at 1284-86. Also, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals considered the very same issues presented here in Deford v. Soo Line R.R. Co. (8th Cir. 1989), 867 F.2d 1080. The court there held that the State claims based upon the Minnesota common law and the Minnesota Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act were preempted by both the Railway Labor Act and the Interstate Commerce Act. In determining that the plaintiffs’ claims were preempted, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals reviewed the nature of the plaintiffs’ claims and found: "The existence and extent of the creditor’s rights asserted by Deford [individual plaintiff] and the RLE A *** can be determined only by interpreting the collective bargaining agreements. Even on the face of the complaint Deford predicates his claims upon entitlements to accrued but unpaid wages, vacation pay, life and health insurance, pension contributions, and severance benefits arising ‘pursuant to continuing labor contracts and employee protection agreements.’ Similarly, RLE A alleges entitlements ‘pursuant to the various collective bargaining agreements.’ In fact, all of plaintiffs’ allegations regarding ‘creditors’ rights’ and ‘creditor obligations’ are based entirely upon supposed rights to unspecified and unquantified ‘wages, benefits and labor protection’ pursuant to the labor agreements. Deford and RLEA further assert as a basis for relief that ‘[ejmployees who quit would waive their rights under the Labor Agreements.’ Indeed, a theme that runs throughout the complaint is the defendants’ alleged ‘circumvention of the burden of the Labor Agreements for Lake States’ employees’ through the sale. * * * Deford [further asserts] *** that the Minnesota fraudulent transfer act ‘imposes duties and obligations on all creditors completely independent of any collective bargaining agreement.’ This statement, however, mischaracterizes the nature of the fraudulent conveyance statute. The *** Fraudulent Transfer Act is not substantive in nature, but instead merely confers an alternate remedy for protecting preexisting creditor rights. The creditor rights a party seeks to enforce must exist under independent law, such as contract law. See Brill v. W.B. Foshay Co., 65 F.2d 420, 423 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 290 U.S. 643, 54 S. Ct. 61, 78 L. Ed. 2d 558 (1933) (interpreting the Minnesota Fraudulent Transfer Act). The purpose of the statute is to grant creditors additional enforcement possibilities when a debtor transfers his assets to a third party. In this case the creditors rights asserted are based upon the terms of the collective bargaining agreements and the Minnesota statute only provides an additional method for enforcing the terms of the agreements. We therefore affirm the district court’s finding that Deford’s claims directly involve the collective bargaining agreements and constitute ‘minor disputes’ under the RLA.” Soo Line R.R. Co., 867 F.2d at 1086-87. The Court summarized its ruling as follows: “In conclusion, [the plaintiff] is essentially claiming that if the sale of rail lines from Soo Line to Wisconsin Central is not, in effect, unwound, the transaction will result in a breach of Soo Line’s obligations under the existing collective bargaining agreements. Thus, by asserting state law claims, [plaintiff] seeks enforcement of the terms of the collective bargaining agreements. The fraudulent conveyance act serves only as an enforcement mechanism. We believe [plaintiff] is only trying to invoke a state law remedy in place of the mandatory and exclusive remedies of the Railway Labor Act, and we therefore affirm the district court’s removal of the suit to federal court and its subsequent dismissal of the case.” Soo Line R.R. Co., 867 F.2d at 1088. This is exactly what plaintiffs Gendron and RLEA have attempted to do here. Thus, we believe that under both State law and Federal law, their claims here are also preempted by the RLA. The plaintiffs, on the other hand, cite Ry. Labor Executives Association v. Pittsburgh & Lake Erie R.R. Co. (3d Cir. 1988), 858 F.2d 936 (cited hereafter as P & LE) and claim that it warrants a contrary result. We do not agree. First, the Eighth Circuit Court in Soo Line R.R. Co. considered the P & LE case in its opinion and did not find it persuasive. We concur with the Eighth Circuit and find its analysis of the issues to be more persuasive. Second, a careful reading of the Third Circuit opinion does not suggest that a different result, i.e., concerning RLA preemption, would be appropriate here. The Third Circuit Court of Appeals in the P & LE case merely concluded that the case should not have been removed from the State court, and not that the State court action was not preempted. The court there specifically found that those issues were quite different, stating: “We conclude that the district court lacked jurisdiction under [the] applicable principles of removal law. As we explicate *** [later], we also conclude that the district court should have addressed the removal issue first and remanded to the state court, leaving the issues of forum preemption for determination by the state court. *** [We also] emphasize that our holding is a narrow one and identify the issues that we leave for resolution by the state court. Among those issues is the question of whether the rules of law provided by the [Pennsylvania Fraudulent Conveyance Act] are preempted by federal law. As we shall see, this ‘ordinary preemption’ issue concerning the applicable principles of substantive law is distinct from the ‘complete preemption’ [removal] issue ***.” P & LE, 858 F.2d at 939.  Moreover, we also concur with the Eighth Circuit’s finding in Soo Line R.R. Co. that the Interstate Commerce Act so pervasively occupies the field of railroad governance that it completely preempts the State claims here also. We further believe, contrary to the plaintiffs’ assertions, that the United States Supreme Court decision in Chicago & North Western Transportation Co. v. Kalo Brick & Title Co. (1981), 450 U.S. 311, 67 L. Ed. 2d 258, 101 S. Ct. 1124, also warrants our conclusion that the ICA preempts the asserted State claims here. The plaintiffs attempt to distinguish the present case on the basis that in Kalo the Commission there had addressed the merits of the issues raised in the State action, that there is no equivalent remedy under the ICA for an allegedly defrauded creditor, and that the ICC process of revocation of a sale [which is allegedly the remedy available] is not equivalent to State remedies here, because such remedies are only granted in extraordinary circumstances and then only if the national transportation policy is affected. Again, we find the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals consideration of this issue in Soo Line R.R. Co. to be persuasive here. There, the Eighth Circuit rejected similar efforts by the plaintiffs to distinguish the Kalo case. That court found such assertions in support of the State-law claims there to be merely a collateral attack upon the ICC’s decision to exempt the sale of a portion of the railroad from regulation under the statute. The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals held that such an effort to prevent the sale through an action brought in State court under the guise of State law was completely preempted by the IGA. The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals also found that the United States Supreme Court had reached that same result in Venner v. Michigan Central R.R. Co. (1926), 271 U.S. 127, 70 L. Ed. 868, 46 S. Ct. 444, in similar circumstances. The Eighth Circuit there quoted certain portions of that Supreme Court decision which we find to be relevant here. The Supreme Court in Venner stated: “ ‘[The State claim is] essentially one to annul or set aside the order of the [ICC]. While the [complaint] does not expressly pray that the order be annulled or set aside, it does assail the validity of the order and pray that the defendant [companies] be enjoined from doing what the order specifically authorizes, which is equivalent to asking that the order be adjudged invalid and set aside.’ ” Soo Line R.R. Co., 867 F.2d at 1091, quoting Venner, 271 U.S. at 130, 70 L. Ed. at 869, 46 S. Ct. at 445. This, again, is exactly what the plaintiffs here attempt to accomplish by the asserted State claims in this case. Consequently, we find the above authorities to be relevant, persuasive, and controlling. Thus, we must also conclude that the plaintiffs’ State claims are additionally barred by the exclusivity of the provisions of the ICA, as well as those of the RLA.  Finally, we concur with the trial court’s determination that plaintiffs’ civil conspiracy claim here is also preempted by the decision of the Illinois Supreme Court. In Bartley v. University Asphalt Co. (1986), 111 Ill. 2d 318, 489 N.E.2d 1367, our supreme court ruled that Federal labor law preempted Illinois tort claims for retaliatory discharge and civil conspiracy which, we believe, also bars any attempt to plead a civil conspiracy claim here. (Bartley, 111 Ill. 2d at 333, 489 N.E.2d at 1374.) The plaintiffs in the present case argue that Bartley, too, has been overruled by Lingle. We disagree and find Lingle inapposite to the situation described in Bartley. There, our supreme court held: “Although styled as a State tort suit for retaliatory discharge and civil conspiracy, it is clear that plaintiff’s complaint alleges a violation of a collective-bargaining agreement ***. *** *** As such, plaintiff has alleged a violation of ‘a duty grounded in Federal statutes, and that Federal law therefore governs his cause of action.’ [Citation.] *** [Plaintiff] argues, however, that the action for civil conspiracy is sufficiently independent from the Federal claim so as to avoid preemption. We disagree. An evaluation of plaintiff’s cause of action for civil conspiracy reveals that it is ‘substantially dependent upon analysis of the terms of [the collective-bargaining] agreement.’ [Citation.] *** Thus, plaintiff’s State tort claim for civil conspiracy is ‘inextricably intertwined with consideration of the terms of the labor contract.’ [Citation.]” Bartley, 111 Ill. 2d at 330-32, 489 N.E.2d at 1372-73.2  It is clear from this language that the court in Bartley considered the specific assertions of the plaintiff and found that they were intertwined with the collective-bargaining agreement. Therefore, we believe that the Lingle decision does not affect the supreme court’s decision in Bartlett, since the Lingle Court itself held that if the resolution of a State claim depended upon the meaning of a collective-bargaining agreement, the State-law claim was preempted and Federal labor law principles must resolve the dispute. (Lingle, 486 U.S. 399, 100 L. Ed. 2d 410, 108 S. Ct. 1877.) As we noted earlier, plaintiffs’ claims here are also founded upon alleged rights they obtained under the collective-bargaining agreement. Hence, the plaintiffs’ civil conspiracy claim alleging an abridgement of these rights is also preempted under Federal law. Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the circuit court of Cook County. Judgment affirmed. MANNING, P.J., concurs.  The defendant, C&NW, points out in its brief that there have actually been five different attempts to block the sale here by plaintiffs. This is so, it says, because the plaintiff, RLEA, is an unincorporated association composed of railroad unions, and all the various individual plaintiffs are union members; hence, the plaintiffs in this action were previously also represented in all the prior lawsuits as well.   It is also noteworthy that in Bartley, the Illinois Supreme Court rejected a claim by the plaintiffs that the Federal court had found against preemption of the State claim because it had remanded that case back to the State court, as the Federal court did here, finding that there was no basis for removal. Our supreme court there observed that a defense of Federal preemption is not enough by itself to support removal of an action filed in a State court to the Federal court, since such a defense is not a basis for original Federal court jurisdiction. Thus, the supreme court said that the Federal court’s decision, which refused to allow removal, had not determined the preemption issue but had merely found, as the Federal court did here, that there was no original exclusive Federal jurisdiction. See Bartley, 111 Ill. 2d at 325-27, 489 N.E.2d at 1370-71; see also P & LE, 858 F.2d at 939.