Court Opinion

ID: 4180140
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-06-22 22:10:06.486795+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:38:26.279106
License: Public Domain

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                                 Appellate Court                            Date: 2017.05.25
                                                                            16:02:06 -05'00'

                   In re Marriage of Kane, 2016 IL App (2d) 150774

Appellate Court      In re MARRIAGE OF GREGORY PHILLIP KANE, Petitioner-
Caption              Appellee, and HEATHER ANN KANE, Respondent-Appellee
                     (Michael D. Canulli, Appellant).

District & No.       Second Division
                     Docket No. 2-15-0774

Filed                December 29, 2016
Rehearing denied     March 28, 2017

Decision Under       Appeal from the Circuit Court of Du Page County, No. 14-D-1199;
Review               the Hon. Linda E. Davenport, Judge, presiding.

Judgment             Affirmed.

Counsel on           Michael D. Canulli, of Naperville, appellant pro se.
Appeal
                     Natalie M. Stec, of Wolfe & Stec, Ltd., of Woodridge, for appellee
                     Gregory Kane.

                     Amy L. Jonaitis and James M. Quigley, of Beerman Pritikin Mirabelli
                     Swerdlove LLP, of Chicago, for other appellee.

Panel                JUSTICE SPENCE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                     Justices McLaren and Schostok concurred in the judgment and
                     opinion.
                                              OPINION

¶1       This dispute concerns fees sought by attorney Michael D. Canulli, who represented
     petitioner, Gregory Phillip Kane, during a portion of his dissolution-of-marriage proceeding.
     Upon withdrawing as counsel, Canulli filed against Gregory a petition for setting final fees and
     costs pursuant to section 508(c) of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (Act)
     (750 ILCS 5/508(c) (West 2014)), and against respondent, Heather Ann Kane, a petition for
     contribution pursuant to section 503(j) of the Act (750 ILCS 5/503(j) (West 2014)). In both
     petitions, Canulli sought an award of approximately $48,000, which was in addition to the
     $37,500 that he had already been paid. Following a full evidentiary hearing, the trial court
     denied Canulli’s request for contribution from Heather, but awarded Canulli $12,500 on his
     petition against Gregory. Because the trial court’s rulings on the petitions were not an abuse of
     discretion, we affirm.

¶2                                        I. BACKGROUND
¶3        Gregory and Heather were married in 1995 and have two minor children. In June 2014,
     Gregory filed a pro se petition for dissolution of marriage. He thereafter retained Canulli on
     July 1, 2014. Canulli and Gregory’s written engagement agreement provided that, if Gregory
     had an objection regarding any of Canulli’s billing statements, he would notify Canulli in
     writing within seven days of receiving the statement; otherwise, the objection would be
     considered waived. Canulli filed his appearance on behalf of Gregory on July 23, 2014. On
     September 23, 2014, the trial court entered an order awarding Canulli $37,500 in interim
     attorney fees, by way of a qualified domestic relations order that partially liquidated Heather’s
     retirement account. Canulli’s billing records indicated that from July 1, 2014, through
     September 23, 2014, he billed Gregory approximately $35,000 in attorney fees. On January 15,
     2015, Canulli filed a second petition for interim fees, seeking an additional $72,000.
     According to the petition, said sum would satisfy his then-unpaid fees of $37,000 and provide
     an additional retainer of $35,000.
¶4        On February 4, 2015, Canulli sent Gregory an email, stating that his balance due was
     nearly $43,000, that he would be willing to stay on the case if Gregory and Heather entered an
     agreed order to each receive $200,000 from Heather’s retirement account, and that Gregory
     would have to further agree to use $90,000 to pay Canulli’s fees, with the surplus funds
     constituting an additional retainer.
¶5        Gregory did not agree, and on February 10, 2015, Canulli filed an emergency motion to
     withdraw as counsel, alleging an inability to communicate with Gregory and unpaid attorney
     fees. On February 13, 2015, the trial court granted Canulli’s request to withdraw his
     appearance and also granted him leave to file fee petitions. Gregory represented himself for
     several weeks and then retained new counsel, who entered an appearance on April 23, 2015.
     Said counsel continues to represent Gregory in this appeal.
¶6        Within the dissolution action, on April 15, 2015, Canulli filed against Gregory a petition
     for setting final fees and costs pursuant to section 508(c) of the Act. Canulli also filed against
     Heather a petition for contribution pursuant to section 503(j) of the Act. The engagement
     agreement and 28 pages of itemized billing statements were among the exhibits attached to the
     fee petitions. In both petitions, Canulli acknowledged that he had already been paid $37,500 in
     fees, but he alleged that he was owed an additional $48,000.

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¶7          On May 1, 2015, the trial court entered a judgment for dissolution of marriage, which
       incorporated a marital settlement agreement and a joint parenting agreement. Said judgment
       awarded Gregory and Heather joint legal custody of the children, awarded Heather primary
       residential custody of the children, established a visitation schedule, and awarded Gregory
       $27,000 in maintenance in gross.
¶8          The trial court held a day-long evidentiary hearing on Canulli’s fee petitions on July 2,
       2015. The court took judicial notice of the court file and admitted into evidence Canulli’s 28
       pages of itemized billing statements, which reflected that he had billed Gregory for 268.7
       hours from July 2014 until he withdrew in February 2015. At the hearing, Canulli testified, in
       relevant part, as follows. He had practiced family law for 38 years. Gregory filed a number of
       pleadings pro se, which Canulli agreed was not normal or customary. The total fees incurred in
       Canulli’s representation of Gregory were $85,529.86, of which he had been paid $37,500.
       Canulli thus sought the remaining balance of more than $48,000. Gregory and Heather had no
       ability to communicate or resolve any matters in the case, and “the case was litigious on both
       ends.” Gregory was “unusually extraordinarily emotional” about the divorce. Gregory and
       Canulli exchanged emails almost every day, and sometimes more than once a day. Canulli also
       testified as to his billing practices that he recorded services contemporaneously when rendered
       and that he reviewed each bill for accuracy before mailing it to Gregory.
¶9          On cross-examination, Canulli was questioned regarding billing entries that opposing
       counsel asserted were unreasonable and unnecessary. Much of the hearing was spent going
       line-by-line through these entries. Canulli was questioned regarding time that he billed to
       review pleadings that, according to his billing statements, were filed by Heather when in fact
       no such pleadings had been filed. Canulli also billed for drafting motions that were not noticed
       or presented to the court and in some cases never filed. Canulli acknowledged that he did not
       prepare for trial, nor did he prepare a trial notebook, parenting agreement, or marital settlement
       agreement. On several days he billed more than 10 hours on Gregory’s case.
¶ 10        Gregory testified as follows. He was employed by the Illinois River Winery, a corporation
       of which he was the sole shareholder and director and from which he drew an annual salary of
       $18,000. Gregory was awarded the business by way of the parties’ marital settlement
       agreement. The corporation had recently emerged from chapter 11 bankruptcy, and Gregory
       operated it judgment-free. The gross receipts for the winery in 2014 were approximately
       $500,000, and its checking account contained approximately $3000. The winery owned the
       real property it was situated on, but the property was encumbered by several loans, totaling
       approximately $200,000. By way of the marital settlement agreement, Gregory was receiving
       maintenance from Heather, and he also received approximately $225,000 from Heather’s
       retirement account. In April 2015, Gregory received $20,000 from the settlement of a
       personal-injury claim.
¶ 11        Heather then testified as follows. She earned approximately $134,000 per year working at
       the Nielsen Company, and she had received a bonus in excess of $40,000 in each of the prior
       three years. By way of the marital settlement agreement, Heather received the marital
       residence, which was valued at $355,000 but encumbered by a mortgage of $208,000 and a
       home-equity line of credit that exceeded $200,000, both of which were solely Heather’s
       responsibility. The marital residence was “under water.” After the payment of her legal fees
       and a distribution to Gregory pursuant to the marital settlement agreement, her retirement
       account was worth approximately $200,000. Also pursuant to the marital settlement

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       agreement, Heather was responsible for $43,000 of credit card debt incurred by the parties
       during the marriage. Heather paid tuition for the younger child to go to private school. She was
       paying maintenance to Gregory, and she was not receiving child support from him.
¶ 12       At the conclusion of the hearing, the court first observed that the parties stipulated to the
       reasonableness of Canulli’s $304 hourly rate, which included a $9 administrative fee. In ruling
       on the reasonableness of Canulli’s fees, the court found that “the majority of the work that was
       done was not necessary nor [sic] reasonable.” The court agreed that Gregory was a “difficult”
       client who “contacted [Canulli] a lot,” but it stated that Canulli encouraged Gregory’s “rogue
       behavior” by fostering, tolerating, and aiding him in filing pro se petitions, “which did nothing
       to control the litigation” and allowed Gregory to take “unreasonable positions.” The court
       noted that only two hearings were held while Canulli was on the case and that no depositions
       were taken. The court stated that Canulli’s billing statements, though very detailed, were
       “absolutely form over content at some point because [there were] no substantive things being
       done in the case.” The court denied Canulli’s request for contribution from Heather, but it
       found that he was entitled to a total of $50,000 from Gregory for his work on the case. As
       Canulli had already been paid $37,500, the court awarded Canulli $12,500, to be paid by
       Gregory.

¶ 13                                          II. ANALYSIS
¶ 14        Before addressing the merits of the appeal, we must first address our own jurisdiction. We
       previously dismissed this appeal pursuant to In re Marriage of Knoerr, 377 Ill. App. 3d 1042
       (2007). Though no party had raised the issue, we discovered that a contempt petition filed by
       Gregory remained pending in the trial court when Canulli filed his notice of appeal on July 31,
       2015. As the appealed order lacked a finding, pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 304(a)
       (eff. Jan. 1, 2015), that there was no just reason for delaying either enforcement or appeal or
       both, we dismissed the appeal as premature. In the dismissal order, we commented that Illinois
       Supreme Court Rule 303(a)(2) (eff. Jan. 1, 2015) could potentially allow Canulli to establish
       the effectiveness of his July 31, 2015, notice of appeal. Reiterating the procedure set forth in
       Knoerr, we stated that, “if the trial court has already disposed of the [contempt] petition ***
       and all other subsequently filed claims, if any, Canulli may file a petition for rehearing and to
       supplement the record with the appropriate orders to establish our jurisdiction over this
       appeal.”
¶ 15        Canulli timely filed a petition for rehearing and supplemented the record with several
       filings and trial court orders. Included in the supplemental record is an order entered on
       September 14, 2015, that disposed of the contempt petition. Said order also disposed of a
       motion for sanctions that Heather had apparently filed, and the order indicated that the case
       would be taken “off call.” Though an additional motion appears in the supplemental record, it
       was filed more than 30 days after the entry of the September 14, 2015, order, and it was
       disposed of on April 12, 2016. Thus, based on our review of the supplemental record, all
       matters in the trial court appear resolved.
¶ 16        Pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 367(d) (eff. Mar. 8, 2016), we ordered Gregory
       and Heather to respond to the petition for rehearing, and they make similar arguments in
       opposition to it. Though they acknowledge that the contempt petition was resolved on
       September 14, 2015, they assert that we still lack jurisdiction because Canulli did not file a new
       or amended notice of appeal within 30 days of that date. They also argue that Rule 303(a)(2)

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       cannot be used to establish the effectiveness of the July 31, 2015, notice of appeal because, as
       a “condition precedent” for the rule to apply, a timely postjudgment motion must have been
       filed in the trial court. Rule 303(a)(2) provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
                    “When a timely postjudgment motion has been filed by any party, *** a notice of
                appeal filed before the entry of the order disposing of the last pending postjudgment
                motion, or before the final disposition of any separate claim, becomes effective when
                the order disposing of said motion or claim is entered.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 303(a)(2) (eff. Jan.
                1, 2015).
       Gregory and Heather stress that Gregory’s contempt petition was not a postjudgment motion
       because it did not request at least one of the forms of relief contained in section 2-1203 of the
       Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1203 (West 2014)), namely, rehearing, retrial,
       modification of the judgment, vacation of the judgment, or other relief directed against the
       judgment.
¶ 17       Though we agree that a postjudgment motion was not filed in this case, the absence of such
       a motion does not preclude Rule 303(a)(2) from “saving” a premature notice of appeal where
       the notice was filed before the final disposition of any separate claim that is later resolved.
       Indeed, this court has long interpreted Rule 303(a)(2) to allow the effectuation of a notice of
       appeal upon the resolution of a pending claim—even in the absence of a postjudgment motion.
       See, e.g., McMackin v. Weberpal Roofing, Inc., 2011 IL App (2d) 100461; People ex rel.
       Madigan v. Illinois Commerce Comm’n, 407 Ill. App. 3d 207 (2010); Suburban Auto
       Rebuilders, Inc. v. Associated Tile Dealers Warehouse, Inc., 388 Ill. App. 3d 81 (2009);
       Knoerr, 377 Ill. App. 3d 1042; In re Marriage of Valkiunas, 389 Ill. App. 3d 965 (2008).
¶ 18       In Valkiunas, we rejected an argument similar to the one that Gregory and Heather now
       advance. There, the petitioner appealed orders that were entered on February 8, 2008, and
       March 3, 2008—neither of which contained a Rule 304(a) finding. We initially dismissed the
       appeal pursuant to Knoerr because, when the petitioner filed her notice of appeal, two civil
       contempt petitions remained pending in the trial court. Valkiunas, 389 Ill. App. 3d at 966.
       Following the procedure set out in Knoerr, the petitioner thereafter filed a petition for
       rehearing and supplemented the record with an order entered on June 24, 2008, that disposed of
       both contempt petitions. However, the supplemented materials also reflected that, on May 14,
       2008 (after the notice of appeal was filed), the respondent filed a motion to disqualify the
       petitioner’s attorney, and the motion remained pending as of the June 24, 2008, order. The
       petitioner contended that her notice of appeal became effective when the contempt petitions
       were resolved, despite the pendency of the motion. She further argued that the motion to
       disqualify her attorney was not a postjudgment motion. Id. at 968.
¶ 19       In interpreting Rule 303(a)(2), we noted that there is “nothing magical about the date the
       notice of appeal was actually filed, and the plain meaning of the rule is that the notice of appeal
       ‘becomes’ effective on the date the impediment to our jurisdiction is removed.” Id. We held
       that, although one jurisdictional impediment was removed on June 24, 2008, the pendency of
       the motion to disqualify impeded our jurisdiction such that the notice of appeal was still
       premature. Id. In so ruling, we rejected the petitioner’s argument—that Rule 303(a)(2) did not
       apply because the motion to disqualify is not a postjudgment motion—because it ignored the
       possibility that the motion was a separate claim under Rule 303(a)(2). We also noted that a
       “pending claim” under Rule 303(a)(2) is the same as a “claim” under Rule 304(a), meaning

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       any “right, liability or matter raised” in an action, and that the motion to disqualify was a
       pending “matter” raised in the action. Id.
¶ 20       Based on our practice of interpreting Rule 303(a)(2) to allow the effectuation of a notice of
       appeal upon the resolution of a pending claim, and especially in light of Valkiunas, we reject
       Gregory’s and Heather’s argument that Rule 303(a)(2) is inapplicable, and we find that the
       notice of appeal became effective on September 14, 2015—when the contempt petition was
       resolved. As a result, we have jurisdiction over this appeal, and we accordingly grant the
       petition for rehearing.
¶ 21       We now turn to the merits of the appeal. Section 508(c) of the Act sets forth the rules for a
       final hearing for a trial court’s determination of attorney fees and costs against the attorney’s
       own client after the attorney has withdrawn. The statute provides, in relevant part, as follows:
                    “(3) The determination of reasonable attorney’s fees and costs *** is within the
                sound discretion of the trial court. The court shall first consider the written engagement
                agreement and, if the court finds that the former client and the filing counsel, pursuant
                to their written engagement agreement, entered into a contract which meets applicable
                requirements of court rules and addresses all material terms, then the contract shall be
                enforceable in accordance with its terms, subject to the further requirements of this
                subdivision (c)(3). Before ordering enforcement, however, the court shall consider the
                performance pursuant to the contract. Any amount awarded by the court must be found
                to be fair compensation for the services, pursuant to the contract, that the court finds
                were reasonable and necessary.” 750 ILCS 5/508(c)(3) (West 2014).
¶ 22       Section 503(j) of the Act addresses contribution from an opposing party toward attorney
       fees and costs before a final dissolution-of-marriage judgment is entered. 750 ILCS 5/503(j)
       (West 2014). Ordinarily, the primary obligation for the payment of attorney fees rests on the
       party on whose behalf the services were rendered. In re Marriage of Hassiepen, 269 Ill. App.
3d 559, 569 (1995); In re Marriage of Mantei, 222 Ill. App. 3d 933, 941 (1991). However,
       section 503(j) allows the trial court to order one party to contribute to the other party’s attorney
       fees. 750 ILCS 5/503(j) (West 2014). Unlike section 508(c) of the Act, section 503(j) does not
       expressly require that the amount awarded be “reasonable.” Nevertheless, the statute has been
       interpreted to incorporate a reasonability requirement. In re Marriage of Hasabnis, 322 Ill.
       App. 3d 582, 596 (2001).
¶ 23       It is worth noting that, pursuant to section 503(j), Canulli’s request for contribution should
       have been heard and decided prior to entry of the judgment for dissolution of marriage.
       Nevertheless, it appears that no party raised the issue in the trial court, and any objection is thus
       forfeited. The timing provisions of section 503(j), although mandatory, are not jurisdictional
       prerequisites, and they therefore may be forfeited. In re Marriage of Cozzi-DiGiovanni, 2014
IL App (1st) 130109, ¶ 40; In re Marriage of Lindsey-Robinson, 331 Ill. App. 3d 261, 269
       (2002).
¶ 24       In his brief, Canulli argues various theories as to which standard of review we should apply
       to this case, and he seemingly advocates for a number of standards that span the spectrum from
       de novo to abuse of discretion. However, when an appeal concerns an award of attorney fees,
       we review it for an abuse of discretion. In re Marriage of Harrison, 388 Ill. App. 3d 115, 120
       (2009); Wildman, Harrold, Allen & Dixon v. Gaylord, 317 Ill. App. 3d 590, 595 (2000). All
       reasonable presumptions are in favor of the action of the trial court, and, absent an affirmative

                                                     -6-
       showing to the contrary, the reviewing court will assume that the trial court understood and
       applied the law correctly. In re Marriage of Walters, 238 Ill. App. 3d 1086, 1102-03 (1992).
¶ 25        It is well established that the burden of proof is on the attorney to establish the value of his
       services, and that appropriate fees consist of reasonable charges for reasonable services. In re
       Marriage of Shinn, 313 Ill. App. 3d 317, 323 (2000). In order to justify the fees sought, the
       attorney must present more than a mere compilation of hours multiplied by a fixed hourly rate.
       In re Marriage of Angiuli, 134 Ill. App. 3d 417, 423 (1985). Rather, the attorney must provide
       sufficiently detailed time records that were maintained throughout the proceeding, and those
       records must specify the services performed, by whom they were performed, the time
       expended thereon, and the hourly rate charged. Shinn, 313 Ill. App. 3d at 323. The trial court
       should consider a variety of additional factors when assessing the reasonableness of fees, such
       as the skill and standing of the attorney, the nature of the case, the novelty and/or difficulty of
       the issues involved, the importance of the matter, the degree of responsibility required, the
       usual and customary charges for similar work, the benefit to the client, and whether there is a
       reasonable connection between the fees requested and the amount involved in the litigation.
       Kaiser v. MEPC American Properties, Inc., 164 Ill. App. 3d 978, 984 (1987). The trial court
       should scrutinize the records for their reasonableness in the context of the case. McHugh v.
       Olsen, 189 Ill. App. 3d 508, 514 (1989). In ruling on the reasonableness of fees, the trial judge
       may also rely on his or her own experience. Richardson v. Haddon, 375 Ill. App. 3d 312, 315
       (2007); Heller Financial, Inc. v. Johns-Byrne Co., 264 Ill. App. 3d 681, 691 (1994). When a
       trial court awards less than the amount requested in a fee petition, the court’s ruling should
       include the reasons justifying a particular reduction. Richardson, 375 Ill. App. 3d at 315.
¶ 26        Canulli asserts that the trial court’s award of attorney fees was erroneous for a number of
       reasons. Though they appear in multiple sections of his brief, many of his arguments are but
       one argument phrased in varying ways. We also observe that a number of paragraphs are
       repeated verbatim in two sections of his brief. Canulli’s main contention on appeal is that,
       when the trial court ruled on his fee petitions, it was required to (1) review each billing entry
       line-by-line; (2) state with specificity which line items it found unreasonable; and (3) provide a
       specific explanation to support each individual reduction. For these propositions, he relies
       heavily on Fitzgerald v. Lake Shore Animal Hospital, Inc., 183 Ill. App. 3d 655 (1989).
¶ 27        Fitzgerald involved an action to recover possession of commercial property that was
       leased to the defendant, and the sole dispute concerned when the defendant would vacate the
       premises. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the plaintiff, who then sought
       attorney fees pursuant to a fee-shifting provision contained in the lease. Id. at 658-59. The
       plaintiff sought fees of approximately $50,000, but the trial judge awarded $25,000, and the
       judge commented that the amount was “as probably a wild a guess [as he could] take.” Id. at
       661. On review, the appellate court found that the award was unreasonably high and remanded
       the matter for a hearing on the fees. Id. at 662. In so holding, the court commented that the trial
       judge “did not make clear what billings he was striking as duplicitous or unnecessary,” but
       rather took a “Solomonic” approach when he “clove the baby in two.” Id. The court stated that
       “[w]ithout a full, complete and detailed hearing on this matter, and without a ruling on each
       billing entry, *** there can be no way of determining what a reasonable fee might be in this
       case.” Id. The court indicated that the case was not complicated, and it stated that “the usual
       and customary charge for a simple eviction case surely must be far less than the fee that was
       awarded here, to say nothing of the one demanded.” Id.

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¶ 28        We find Fitzgerald distinguishable. In Fitzgerald, when the trial court simply halved the
       fees requested in the fee petition, it did so without the benefit of a full evidentiary hearing and
       it candidly characterized the award as a “wild guess.” Id. at 661; see also Heller Financial, Inc.
       v. Johns-Byrne Co., 264 Ill. App. 3d 681, 693 (1994). In the instant matter, the report of
       proceedings makes clear that the parties engaged in an exhaustive hearing wherein Canulli’s
       itemized billing statements were scrutinized by Gregory and Heather, as well as the trial court.
       The sole subject of the hearing was Canulli’s request for fees, and indeed the trial court
       devoted an entire day to the consideration thereof. Here, nothing suggests that the trial court
       took a “wild guess” or acted arbitrarily when it awarded Canulli an additional $12,500 in fees
       from Gregory. Further, the court did not take a “Solomonic” approach and simply halve the
       requested fees. The report of proceedings demonstrates that the court was engaged, asked
       numerous pointed questions, and gave due consideration to the fee petitions, as well as the
       billing statements attached thereto.
¶ 29        It should also be noted that, despite Canulli’s assertion, Fitzgerald does not require the trial
       court to review the attorney’s billing entries line-by-line and affirmatively strike those
       individual entries that it deems unreasonable, nor does Fitzgerald require the court to provide a
       “specific explanation supporting each reduction.” No court has cited Fitzgerald for such
       propositions, and we decline to do so now. Though the Fitzgerald court remanded the matter
       for a “ruling on each billing entry,” it is clear that the court directed the trial court to make such
       evaluations and rulings in light of the particular facts of that case.
¶ 30        In addition to Fitzgerald, Canulli cites a number of cases to support his “itemization”
       argument. He prefaces this list of cases with the introductory signal “see,” which should be
       used only when an authority clearly and directly supports the proposition for which it is cited.
       People v. Gonzalez, 292 Ill. App. 3d 280, 287 (1997). Simply put, none of the additional cases
       requires the trial court to review each individual billing entry line-by-line before striking any
       as unreasonable. Patton v. Lee, 406 Ill. App. 3d 195 (2010), concerned a request for sanctions
       under section 226 of the Illinois Domestic Violence Act of 1986 (750 ILCS 60/226 (West
       2008)), based on allegedly false statements made in an emergency petition for an order of
       protection. There, we affirmed the trial court’s denial of sanctions, because, among several
       other reasons, the party seeking the sanctions did not itemize the costs that he believed were
       caused by the false statements. Id. at 201. In re Marriage of Heindl, 2014 IL App (2d) 130198,
       concerned the trial court’s denial of interim attorney fees. We held that the trial court did not
       abuse its discretion in denying interim fees where the petitions were not verified and did not
       include any affidavits or other support for the request. Id. ¶¶ 32-33. Canulli also cites Cholipski
       v. Bovis Lend Lease, Inc., 2014 IL App (1st) 132842, but notably absent from that case is any
       discussion of attorney fees. Finally, he cites McHenry Savings Bank v. Autoworks of
       Wauconda, 399 Ill. App. 3d 104 (2010), which involved the amount of fees a bank was entitled
       to collect from a guarantor of a promissory note that was in default. At the conclusion of the
       trial, the bank filed a verified petition for attorney fees, detailing the services performed and
       the time spent by each of the seven attorneys who represented the bank. Id. at 108. We held that
       the trial court did not abuse its discretion in reducing from 58 to 30 the compensable hours the
       bank spent preparing and trying the case. Though the bank offered an argument similar to that
       now advanced by Canulli regarding itemization, we did not reach the issue because the trial
       court offered a reasonable explanation for reducing the fees. Id. at 119. Thus, these cases do
       not support Canulli’s itemization argument.

                                                     -8-
¶ 31        Canulli insists that, because attorneys must provide sufficiently detailed time records when
       seeking fees, “in fairness” the trial court should have a corresponding duty to detail the specific
       entries that it finds unreasonable. Although it is well established that the absence of specificity
       with regard to task and time precludes a finding of reasonableness by the trial court (In re
       Marriage of Broday, 256 Ill. App. 3d 699, 707 (1993)), we reject Canulli’s implicit assertion
       that the presence of specificity in an attorney’s billing records therefore mandates a
       line-by-line finding of reasonableness (or unreasonableness) by the trial court. The purpose of
       requiring such specificity by the attorney is to aid the trial court in its efforts to determine a
       reasonable fee award (In re Estate of Bitoy, 395 Ill. App. 3d 262, 275 (2009)), and those efforts
       would not be aided by requiring of the trial court the same degree of specificity, Canulli’s
       fairness argument aside. While reviewing courts have commented favorably where trial courts
       did undertake a line-by-line review (see Kaiser, 164 Ill. App. 3d at 988), there is simply no
       requirement for trial courts to do so. Further, reviewing courts have upheld trial courts’
       valuations of work performed by attorneys in terms of rounded numbers. See, e.g., In re
       Marriage of Auriemma, 271 Ill. App. 3d 68 (1994) (finding that law firm was entitled to
       receive a total of $90,000 in fees, rather than the $155,987.76 it sought, due to the firm’s failure
       in its obligation to control the litigiousness of its client); 400 Condominium Ass’n v. Wright,
       240 Ill. App. 3d 546 (1992) (upholding award of $8000 in fees when petition sought
       $24,164.21); Angiuli, 134 Ill. App. 3d 417 (upholding trial court’s decision to reduce fees
       sought by attorney against former client from $62,202.25 to $36,000).
¶ 32        Canulli next asserts that Gregory waived his right to object to the fees because he did not
       object to any bill within seven days of receiving it, as required by the engagement agreement.
       Based on this provision, and prior to the hearing on his fee petitions, Canulli filed a motion
       in limine to bar Gregory from opposing his fee petitions. The trial court denied the motion and
       proceeded to a full hearing on the petitions. Canulli cites no authority in support of his waiver
       argument, and so the argument is forfeited. “The appellate court is not a depository into which
       a party may dump the burden of research.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Hall v. Naper
       Gold Hospitality, LLC, 2012 IL App (2d) 111151, ¶ 13.
¶ 33        Next, Canulli contends that the court abused its discretion by not applying the “required
       criteria and factors” when it reduced his fees. This argument consists almost entirely of
       material quoted from Goesel v. Boley International (H.K.) Ltd., 806 F.3d 414 (7th Cir. 2015).
       In Goesel, a law firm represented a minor and his parents in a personal-injury suit. Id. at 417.
       The parties entered into a retainer agreement whereby the firm would receive one-third of any
       gross amount recovered and the Goesels would be responsible for any litigation expenses. If
       there was no recovery, they would owe no attorney fees. Id. The case settled prior to trial, and,
       after paying the litigation expenses, the Goesels would be left with 42% of the total recovery.
       Because the injured party was a minor, the trial court was required to approve the settlement
       before it could be finalized. The court, sua sponte, objected to the contingent fee agreement,
       invoked “ ‘fairness and right reason,’ ” and “modified the fee structure so that the litigation
       expenses were deducted off the top, prior to the one-third allocation to the law firm.” Id. at 418.
¶ 34        On appeal, the Seventh Circuit undertook a review of the objective reasonableness of the
       retainer agreement’s provision for attorney fees. Looking to the factors that courts use to
       determine the reasonableness of fees (see supra ¶ 25), the court found that the firm’s fees
       “easily passe[d] muster” and were not excessive. Goesel, 806 F.3d at 421. In so holding, the
       court stated that the trial court impermissibly relied on “ ‘fairness and right reason,’ ” which

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       the reviewing court described both as a “rhetorical flourish” and a factor outside the
       appropriate scope of its inquiry. Id. at 422-23. The court stated that, of the criteria that govern
       attorney fees in settlements involving minors, none supported rewriting the terms of the
       agreement. Id. at 422.
¶ 35       At the outset, we note that federal appellate decisions are not binding on this court. See
       People v. Kidd, 129 Ill. 2d 432, 457 (1989). While such decisions may be considered
       persuasive authority (People ex rel. Ryan v. World Church of the Creator, 198 Ill. 2d 115, 127
       (2001)), we agree with Gregory and Heather that Goesel has little relevance to this matter.
       Indeed, much of the Goesel court’s discussion concerns the “vital role” that contingent-fee
       contracts play in our legal system. Goesel, 806 F.3d at 423. Also, while the Goesel court took
       issue with the trial court’s reliance on “additional factors outside the appropriate scope of its
       inquiry” (id.), Canulli does not indicate what factor or factors he believes the trial court here
       improperly relied on in reducing the fees. Moreover, Goesel does not state that a court should
       review “line item” billing statements when reducing fees, nor does it require a court to
       articulate with particularity how it evaluated each of the factors when assessing the
       reasonableness of the fees. Thus, Goesel does not bolster Canulli’s arguments.
¶ 36       Our review of the record, as well as the report of proceedings concerning the hearing on
       Canulli’s fee petitions, shows that the trial court provided numerous reasons for reducing the
       fees, and we believe that the trial court’s award of fees was not an abuse of discretion. The
       court commented on the absence of progress in the case, despite the more than $85,000 in fees
       that Canulli billed to Gregory. The court stressed that only two hearings were held, that no
       depositions were taken, and that there were “no substantive things being done” in the case.
       Indeed, these statements were supported by Canulli’s own acknowledgment that he did not
       prepare for trial, that no experts were consulted or retained, and that he did not prepare a joint
       parenting agreement or a marital settlement agreement. The record confirms that Canulli
       participated in only two contested hearings: the hearing on Heather’s motion to vacate
       Gregory’s pro se order of protection (which was granted) and the hearing on Heather’s petition
       for exclusive possession of the marital residence (which also was granted). These observations
       were clearly within the court’s province, as a judge is permitted to rely on his or her own
       knowledge and experience when determining the reasonableness of fees. Richardson v.
       Haddon, 375 Ill. App. 3d 312, 315 (2007); In re Marriage of McHenry, 292 Ill. App. 3d 634,
       642 (1997); In re Marriage of Sanda, 245 Ill. App. 3d 314, 319 (1993).
¶ 37       Further, Heather correctly points out that Canulli billed for drafting documents that were
       either not presented or not filed with the court, including a motion to dismiss her petition for
       exclusive possession of the marital residence and a notice of dissipation. Canulli’s billing
       statements also contain several entries that indicate that he charged for reviewing an
       emergency petition for an order of protection filed by Heather, though no such petition was
       ever filed. Canulli’s statements also indicate that he billed Gregory for more than two hours
       after he was granted leave to withdraw.
¶ 38       It is well established that unnecessarily increasing the cost of litigation is a relevant factor
       for a trial court to consider when allocating attorney fees. In re Marriage of Patel, 2013 IL App
       (1st) 112571, ¶ 117. Moreover, an attorney’s fees may be reduced if the attorney fails to
       control the litigiousness of his or her client. Auriemma, 271 Ill. App. 3d at 74. In her findings,
       the trial judge here clearly found these factors important, as she spoke directly to Canulli:
       “Yes, your client was difficult. I understand that. But you fostered, you tolerated, and you

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       actually aided him in filing pro se petitions, by your own testimony which, in fact, encouraged
       rogue behavior and did nothing to control the litigation, which, I believe, is also part of an
       attorney’s obligation when your client is taking unreasonable positions.”
¶ 39        The record indicates that Gregory filed four separate pro se submissions with the court
       while represented by Canulli, including two emergency petitions for orders of protection, a
       petition for temporary support, and a filing consisting of 40 pages of exhibits regarding
       Heather’s private matters.
¶ 40        Gregory filed his first pro se emergency petition for an order of protection on September
       15, 2014. Canulli’s billing statements indicate that, the day prior, he billed Gregory for
       discussing “9/11 incident and Order of Protection and going forward on the same.” He also
       emailed Gregory regarding the possibility of seeking an order of protection, stating: “FYI—I
       received this from opposing counsel and it does not appear from this e-mail that they intend to
       file a Petition for Order of Protection. *** If they do not file anything, don’t you think it is
       necessary or in your best interests to do so? Possibly better to let things calm down and also
       lessen the legal fees.” The trial court granted the emergency petition. Heather thereafter filed
       an emergency motion to rehear the petition, and a hearing was held on September 23, 2014,
       wherein Canulli represented Gregory. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court vacated the
       order of protection. Canulli’s billing statements show that he charged Gregory for more than
       16 hours of work related to this petition, including time spent representing Gregory at the
       hearing, preparing for the hearing, and exchanging phone calls and emails with Gregory and
       with opposing counsel. Some two weeks after the hearing, Canulli sent Gregory an email,
       stating “[t]ruth be told, there wasn’t enough for an order of protection and I wouldn’t have filed
       a petition based on what happened.”
¶ 41        Gregory filed a second pro se emergency petition for an order of protection approximately
       three months later, and the court denied it after chastising Gregory for filing it. Though Canulli
       testified that he did not help Gregory prepare the petition, he acknowledged that he billed
       Gregory for reviewing the petition before Gregory filed it. In sum, Canulli billed for nearly
       four hours related to this petition.
¶ 42        Gregory also filed pro se approximately 40 pages of exhibits that contained personal
       information regarding Heather. Heather thereafter filed an emergency motion to impound the
       exhibits, and Canulli billed Gregory for assisting him in preparing to appear pro se at the
       hearing. Canulli testified at the hearing on his fee petitions that the emergency motion to
       impound was noticed for a date on which he was not available. Canulli’s billing statements
       show that he billed Gregory for nearly six hours for addressing the matter with opposing
       counsel, conducting legal research, and preparing Gregory for his pro se court appearance.
       One billing entry states, “review, select, copy and highlight cases to oppose Wife’s request to
       impound file *** and very detailed email to client about what to do and say to Judge tomorrow
       w/multiple attachments of highlighted cases.”
¶ 43        Gregory’s final pro se filing while Canulli represented him was a petition for temporary
       maintenance. The court struck the petition on January 12, 2015, ordered Gregory not to file
       pleadings in any other courtrooms, and granted Heather’s counsel leave to file a petition for
       attorney fees for her time spent that day appearing in court. Canulli testified that he assisted
       Gregory in preparing the pro se petition and the notice of it.
¶ 44        “The question for the reviewing court is not whether it agrees with the trial court’s
       decision; rather, the reviewing court must analyze whether the trial court, in the exercise of its

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       discretion, acted arbitrarily without conscientious judgment or, in view of all the
       circumstances, exceeded the bounds of reason and ignored recognized principles of law so that
       substantial injustice resulted.” In re Marriage of Baniak, 2011 IL App (1st) 092017, ¶ 9. Based
       on all of the foregoing, we cannot conclude that the trial court’s decision to deny contribution
       from Heather and award Canulli a total of $50,000 from Gregory was an abuse of discretion.
¶ 45        Finally, we consider the issue of sanctions. Canulli filed a motion for sanctions under
       Illinois Supreme Court Rule 375(b) (eff. Feb. 1, 1994) against Gregory, wherein he asserts that
       Gregory’s reply brief quotes portions of Canulli’s emails out of context, thereby placing
       Canulli “in a bad light.” Similarly, Heather has filed a motion for Rule 375(b) sanctions against
       Canulli, asserting that Canulli’s briefs falsely state that she filed pro se pleadings in the trial
       court. We ordered both of these motions taken with the case.
¶ 46        Rule 375 permits us to impose appropriate sanctions on a party if we determine that the
       appeal or other action itself is frivolous or that the appeal or other action was not taken in good
       faith or was taken for an improper purpose, such as to harass or cause unnecessary delay. The
       purpose of Rule 375 is to condemn and punish the abusive conduct of litigants and their
       attorneys who appear before us. Sterling Homes, Ltd. v. Rasberry, 325 Ill. App. 3d 703, 709
       (2001).
¶ 47        We conclude that sanctions would not be appropriate in this case. Gregory’s
       mischaracterization of Canulli’s emails by not quoting them in their entirety was de minimis, at
       most. As for Heather’s motion, she is correct that Canulli’s briefs state that both parties filed
       pro se pleadings, where the record is clear that she did not act pro se. Specifically, Canulli
       refers to Heather’s emergency motion to impound as having been filed pro se, and he states
       that “the record is replete with instances where Mrs. Kane filed pro se motions [and] sought
       pro se relief.” We decline to impose sanctions here, as Canulli’s misstatements likely reflect
       carelessness in drafting his briefs, rather than a deliberate effort to mislead this court.

¶ 48                                      III. CONCLUSION
¶ 49      For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Du Page County.

¶ 50      Affirmed.

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