Court Opinion

ID: 9387495
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-18 12:04:10.145709+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:13.797199
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                     No. COA22-363

                                Filed 18 April 2023

Vance County, Nos. 19 CRS 53569-76, 20 CRS 8

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

              v.

KEYLAN JOHNSON

        Appeal by the State from order entered 9 November 2021 by Judge Josephine

Kerr-Davis in Vance County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 22 March

2023.

        Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Assistant Attorney General Robert C.
        Ennis, for the State.

        Appellate Defender Glenn Gerding, by Assistant Appellate Defender Brandon
        Mayes, for defendant-appellee.

        TYSON, Judge.

        The State appeals from an order granting Keylan Johnson’s (“Defendant”)

motion to suppress. We reverse and remand.

                                I.     Background

        Jose Martinez was wanted by the Henderson Police Department with an

outstanding warrant for disobeying a court order and for assault with a deadly

weapon with intent to kill inflicting serious injury. Detective Jeremy Wells and

Lieutenant Graham Woodlief observed Martinez seated in the passenger seat of a
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black Honda Accord traveling on North Chestnut Street in Henderson. Det. Wells

had previously arrested Martinez. The officers knew Martinez was a member of

“West End,” a “hybrid organization that commits criminal acts.” Det. Wells and Lt.

Woodlief attempted to follow the black Honda, but lost sight of the vehicle in traffic.

      Det. Wells and Lt. Woodlief drove to 555 High Street, the address Martinez

had given when he was granted pretrial release. Upon arrival at 555 High Street,

Det. Wells and Lt. Woodlief identified a black Honda Accord and another vehicle

parked behind the house.      The officers also observed Martinez standing in the

backyard.

      Lt. Woodlief parked near 555 High Street and called the Henderson Police

Department Special Response Team (“SRT”) for assistance to arrest Martinez. The

SRT officers arrived upon the scene fifteen minutes later. By the time the SRT

officers were briefed, Martinez was no longer standing outside. The SRT officers set

up a perimeter around the house, while Det. Wells approached the door to the

residence.

      Defendant walked to the door and announced: “It’s the police.” Defendant

turned around and went back into the house.              Det. Wells smelled the odor of

marijuana coming from inside the residence. Lt. Woodlief also smelled the odor of

marijuana coming from the area of the house. The SRT officers ordered everyone to

come outside of the house.

      Martinez, Defendant, Taylor Bryant, and Kemarus Bryant exited the house

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within a few seconds of each other. A different officer detained each individual,

placed them in handcuffs, and frisked them for weapons. Kemarus was wearing a

“ballistic bulletproof vest.” Lt. Woodlief recognized Defendant by his street name

“KeeWee.” Lt. Woodlief knew all four individuals to be members of West End.

      Detective David Ward was assigned to detain Defendant. Defendant walked

to where Det. Ward was located, showed his hands were empty, turned around, and

put his hands behind his back as instructed. Det. Ward smelled a “[s]trong odor of

marijuana” coming from Defendant. Det. Ward then conducted a Terry frisk of

Defendant. While conducting the Terry frisk for officer’s safety, Det. Ward was able

to see inside of Defendant’s open coat pocket, where he observed small, thin, and

square white baggies in a folded-over wrapper sitting on top of several other items.

      Det. Ward immediately recognized these baggies as consistent with those used

in heroin packaging due to his training and experience. Det. Ward did not seize the

heroin for safety purposes, but completed the Terry frisk, found no weapons, and kept

control of Defendant until Lt. Woodlief could take custody of him.

      Once Martinez, Defendant, Tyler, and Kemarus were detained and secured,

Det. Ward and other SRT officers conducted a protective sweep of the house for

officer’s safety. The officers entered the house and looked at places “big enough for a

person to hide.” The sweep was described as being accomplished “very quick.” The

SRT officers did not locate any other persons inside the house, but observed digital

scales and other drug paraphernalia inside the house. These observations were

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reported to Lt. Woodlief and Det. Wells.

      Before entering for the protective sweep Det. Ward informed Lt. Woodlief of

what he believed to be heroin present inside of Defendant’s pocket. Lt. Woodlief

approached Defendant and also noticed he “smelled like marijuana.” Lt. Woodlief

searched Defendant and seized: seven dosage units of heroin; three baggies of

marijuana; and, almost $2,000 in U.S. currency in denominations of fives, tens, and

twenties.

      Lt. Woodlief directed Det. Wells to procure a search warrant. Det. Wells drove

to his office to draft the search warrant application and affidavit, while Lt. Woodlief

and the other officers remained on-site to “freeze” the scene. Det. Wells presented

the search warrant and affidavit to a superior court judge, who found probable cause

and issued the search warrant for the premises. Det. Wells returned within an hour

with the issued warrant.

      The officers seized 9.6 grams of raw heroin, 1291 dosage units of heroin, 650

dosage units of heroin, approximately 115.6 grams of marijuana, 40 individual

packaged baggies of marijuana, digital scales, plastic baggies, various rounds of

ammunition, a Glock handgun box, a Glock magazine, a Springfield 9mm handgun,

and a RAS47 semi-automatic rifle.

      Defendant was indicted for: (1) five counts of trafficking in more than 28 grams

of heroin, a Schedule I controlled substance; (2) two counts of possession with intent

to manufacture, sell, or deliver a controlled substance; (3) two counts of

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manufacturing a controlled substance; (4) two counts of keeping or maintaining a

dwelling or vehicle to keep or sell controlled substances; (5) two counts of possession

of a controlled substance; (6) two counts of possession of drug paraphernalia; (7)

engaging in a continuing criminal enterprise; and, (8) two counts of possession of a

firearm by a felon.

      Defendant filed pretrial motions to suppress the evidence seized from his

person and from inside the house. Following a hearing, the trial court granted

Defendant’s motion to suppress in open court and made oral findings and conclusions:

             Court having had the opportunity to hear the arguments of
             counsel and review the case law as submitted by the
             defense and the State of North Carolina, the Court is going
             to grant the defendant’s motion. And I will charge the
             defense with presenting an order for the --the [sic] Court so
             the Court can sign off on the order.

             ...

             [T]hat there was no probable cause as presented by the
             State or the arresting officers in this case to detain
             [Defendant]; and that [Defendant] willingly left the
             residence; that he was searched; that based upon his
             search, there was no indication that there was - - or there
             was no concrete evidence that there was drugs on his
             person. In addition to that, after all four individuals were
             outside of the residence, there was no information or no
             indication that there was a need to search the residence,
             nor was there any information that was presented that
             there were any information that was presented that [sic]
             there were additional - - additional persons inside the
             residence. Based upon those reasons, the Court is going to
             grant defense counsel’s motion.

      The trial court made oral findings of fact and conclusions of law as reflected in

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the transcript, but did not enter a written order that included the findings of fact and

conclusions of law. The next day the trial court entered a Judgment/Order or Other

Disposition on an AOC-CR-305 form stating:

             Defendants motion to suppress is granted by the Court.
             The State gives notice of appeal.

             Defendants motion to set bond is allowed by the Court. The
             Court will set bond in the amount of $250,000 unsecured.
             As a condition of bond the Defendant is to be placed on
             electronic house arrest before released [sic]. As a further
             condition of bond[,] the Defendant is ordered to only leave
             his residence for medical emergencies for himself or his
             children and court appearances.

             Pending further orders from the Court of Appeals this
             Court will retain jurisdiction over this case.

      The State timely entered notice of appeal. The record on appeal was settled

and filed with this Court on 5 May 2022. The State filed its principal brief with this

Court on 6 September 2022. On 8 September 2022 Defendant’s trial counsel noticed

an order originally drafted by him and approved by the State was neither included in

the case file nor filed with the Vance County Clerk of Superior Clerk. The trial court

signed a copy of this order and filed it with the Vance County Clerk of Superior Court

on 3 October 2022.

                                II.      Jurisdiction

      Jurisdiction lies in this Court pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 15A-979(c) and

15A-1445(b) (2021) from the State’s appeal of the superior court’s order granting

Defendant’s motion to suppress.

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                                    III.   Issue

      The State argues the trial court erred in granting Defendant’s motion to

suppress.

                           IV.    Standard of Review

      “The standard of review for a motion to suppress is whether the trial court’s

findings of fact are supported by the evidence and whether the findings of fact support

the conclusions of law.” State v. Wainwright, 240 N.C. App. 77, 83, 770 S.E.2d 99, 104

(2015) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “[I]n evaluating a trial court’s

ruling on a motion to suppress . . . the trial court’s findings of fact are conclusive on

appeal if supported by competent evidence, even if the evidence is conflicting.” State

v. Allen, 197 N.C. App. 208, 210, 676 S.E.2d 519, 521 (2009) (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted). “In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we

examine the evidence introduced at trial in the light most favorable to the State[.]”

State v. Hunter, 208 N.C. App. 506, 509, 703 S.E.2d 776, 779 (2010) (citation and

internal quotation marks omitted).

      Findings of fact not challenged on appeal are deemed supported by competent

evidence and are binding upon this Court. State v. Biber, 365 N.C. 162, 168, 712

S.E.2d 874, 878 (2011) (citation omitted). “The trial court’s conclusions of law [ ] are

fully reviewable on appeal” de novo. State v. Hughes, 353 N.C. 200, 208, 539 S.E.2d

625, 631 (2000).

                      V.    Jurisdiction of the Trial Court

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                                   Opinion of the Court

      The State argues in their reply brief the written and entered 3 October 2022

suppression order is a nullity and void because the trial court was divested of

jurisdiction upon the State’s appeal. The record before this Court shows the State

gave oral notice of appeal in open court on 8 November 2021 and filed a written notice

of appeal on 16 November 2021. The record was settled and filed with this Court on

5 May 2022. The State filed their principal appellant brief on 6 September 2022.

Defendant’s appellee brief was filed on 20 January 2023 making extensive references

to the purported 3 October 2022 order. The State challenged the jurisdiction of the

trial court to enter the 3 October 2022 order in their reply brief.

      Defendant asserts “appellants may not raise new arguments for the first time

in their reply briefs.” In re Est. of Giddens, 270 N.C. App. 282, 286, 841 S.E.2d 302,

305 (2020) (citation omitted). Defendant repeatedly referenced the 3 October 2022

suppression order in his appellee brief. The 3 October 2022 suppression order was

not entered and filed prior to the record on appeal being settled and filed with this

Court on 5 May 2022 or prior to the State filing its principal appellant brief on 6

September 2022.

      Rule of Appellate Procedure 28 provides, in relevant part: “Any reply brief

which an appellant elects to file shall be limited to a concise rebuttal of arguments set

out in the appellee’s brief and shall not reiterate arguments set forth in the appellant’s

principal brief.” N.C. R. App. P. 28(h) (emphasis supplied). The State can properly

challenge the validity of the 3 October 2022 suppression order argued in Defendant’s

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brief in their reply brief. Id.

                  VI.     Jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals

       Our General Statutes provide: “The jurisdiction of the trial court with regard

to the case is divested . . . when notice of appeal has been given and the period

described in [subsections] (1) and (2) has expired.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1448(a)(3)

(2021).   Subsection (1) refers to “the period provided in the rules of appellate

procedure for giving notice of appeal,” which is 14 days after the entry of the

judgment.     N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1448(a)(1) (2021); N.C. R. App. P. 4(a)(2).

“Therefore, under the plain language of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1148(a)(3), the trial

court has jurisdiction until notice of appeal has been given and 14 days have passed.”

State v. Lebeau, 271 N.C. App. 111, 114, 843 S.E.2d 317, 319-20 (2020).

       The trial court was divested of jurisdiction after the State timely gave notice

of appeal and fourteen days elapsed. Id. By the State invoking and pending this

appeal, the trial judge was divested of jurisdiction and is functus oficio after the time

allowed in the statute has elapsed. See State v. Davis, 123 N.C. App. 240, 242, 472

S.E.2d 392, 393 (1996).

       Defendant asserts the trial court retains jurisdiction over the record. “[T]he

trial court retains jurisdiction [over] matters ancillary to the appeal, including

settling the record on appeal.” Id. (citations omitted). A trial court “has the inherent

power and duty to make its records speak the truth[,] . . . to amend its records,

correct the mistakes of its clerk or other officers of the court, or to supply defects or

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omissions in the record[.]” State v. Old, 271 N.C. 341, 343, 156 S.E.2d 756, 757-58

(1967) (citations omitted).

      Our Court has held:

             It is the duty of every court to supply the omissions of its
             officers in recording its proceedings and to see that its
             record truly sets forth its action in each and every instance;
             and this it must do upon the application of any person
             interested, and without regard to its effect upon the rights
             of parties, or of third persons; and neither is it open to any
             other tribunal to call in question the propriety of its action
             or the verity of its records, as made.

State v. Cannon, 244 N.C. 399, 403, 94 S.E.2d 339, 342 (1956) (citation omitted).

      The State maintains the trial court did not purport to merely “amend its

record”, but the purported 3 October 2022 order contains wholly new and additional

findings of fact and conclusions of law, which were not argued at the hearing and are

not reflected in its oral rendition reflected in the transcript. This purported order

was not entered and filed until months after the State had filed the settled record on

appeal and a month after the State’s brief was filed.

      It is unnecessary for this Court to square the 3 October order with any prior

order to determine if it was to “amend its record” or contains additional findings of

fact and conclusions of law. “[O]nce the case has been docketed in the appellate court,

the appellate court acquires jurisdiction over the record.” State v. Dixon, 139 N.C.

App. 332, 338, 533 S.E.2d 297, 302 (2000) (citing Lawing v. Lawing, 81 N.C. App. 159,

171, 344 S.E.2d 100, 109 (1986)).

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                                  Opinion of the Court

      The settled record on appeal was filed on 5 May 2022. The trial court did not

possess and had long been divested of jurisdiction to “correct the record” on 3 October

2022. The State was prejudiced by the trial court’s lack of jurisdiction and error. As

appellant, the State was unable to brief all grounds later asserted to allow

Defendant’s motion.

      The trial court did not have jurisdiction to enter the 3 October 2022

suppression order. In light of lack of jurisdiction to enter and in the exercise of our

discretion, we deny Defendant’s motion to amend the record on appeal to include the

3 October 2022 suppression order, which is a nullity. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1448(a)(1);

N.C. R. App. P. 4(a)(2); Lebeau, 271 N.C. App. at 114, 843 S.E.2d at 319-20; Davis,

123 N.C. App. at 242, 472 S.E.2d at 393. The purported 3 October 2022 suppression

order is vacated.

                    VII.   Defendant’s Motion to Suppress

      The State argues the trial court erred in allowing Defendant’s motion to

suppress and in suppressing evidence found and gathered from Defendant’s person

and from inside the residence. The State further asserts the trial court erred in

concluding the search of the residence was unreasonable.

      The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States provides:

             The right of the people to be secure in their persons,
             houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches
             and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall
             issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or
             affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be

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             searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

U.S. Const. amend. IV.

      “The Fourth Amendment protects against governmental invasions into a

person’s legitimate expectation of privacy, which has two components: (1) the person

must have an actual expectation of privacy, and (2) the person’s subjective

expectation must be one that society deems to be reasonable.” State v. Wiley, 355

N.C. 592, 602, 565 S.E.2d 22, 32 (2002) (citing Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735, 740,

61 L. Ed. 2d 220, 226-27 (1979)).

      The Supreme Court of the United States stated: “The Fourth Amendment

proscribes all unreasonable searches and seizures, and it is a cardinal principle that

searches conducted outside the judicial process, without prior approval by judge or

magistrate, are per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment—subject only to

a few specifically established and well-delineated exceptions.” United States v. Ross,

456 U.S. 798, 825, 72 L. Ed. 2d 572, 594 (1982) (citations and internal quotation

marks omitted).

      The Supreme Court of the United States also stated: “Searches conducted

without warrants have been held unlawful notwithstanding facts unquestionably

showing probable cause, for the Constitution requires that the deliberate, impartial

judgment of a judicial officer . . . be interposed between the citizen and the police[.]”

Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357, 19 L.Ed.2d 576, 585 (1967) (citations and

internal quotation marks omitted.

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                                   Opinion of the Court

      “Generally, a warrant is required for every search and seizure, with particular

exceptions.” State v. Armstrong, 236 N.C. App. 130, 132, 762 S.E.2d 641, 643 (2014)

(citation omitted).

                       A. Evidence on Defendant’s Person

      A law enforcement officer in possession of an arrest warrant may arrest the

named-individual therein “at any time and at any place within the officer’s territorial

jurisdiction.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-401(a)(1) (2021). Our General Statutes permit a

law enforcement officer with authority to enter a residence when:

             a. The officer has in his possession a warrant or order or a
             copy of the warrant or order for the arrest of a person,
             provided that an officer may utilize a copy of a warrant or
             order only if the original warrant or order is in the
             possession of a member of a law enforcement agency
             located in the county where the officer is employed and the
             officer verifies with the agency that the warrant is current
             and valid; or the officer is authorized to arrest a person
             without a warrant or order having been issued,

             b. The officer has reasonable cause to believe the person to
             be arrested is present, and

             c. The officer has given, or made reasonable effort to give,
             notice of his authority and purpose to an occupant thereof,
             unless there is reasonable cause to believe that the giving
             of such notice would present a clear danger to human life.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-401(e)(1)(a)-(c) (2021).

      In Terry v. Ohio, the Supreme Court of the United States held the brief stop

and frisk of an individual did not violate the Fourth Amendment when a “reasonably

prudent” law enforcement officer would reasonably suspect the individual was

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“armed and thus presented a threat to the officer’s safety while [they were]

investigating suspicious behavior.” Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 28, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889,

910 (1968). “The reasonable suspicion standard is a less demanding standard than

probable cause and a considerably less [demanding standard] than preponderance of

the evidence.” State v. Bullock, 370 N.C. 256, 258, 805 S.E.2d 671, 674 (2017) (quoting

Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 19, 123, 145 L. Ed. 2d 570, 576 (2000)).

      Reasonable suspicion requires “at least a minimal level of objective

justification for making the stop.” Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 123-24, 145 L. Ed. 2d at 576

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). The law enforcement officer must

articulate more than “inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or ‘hunch’” of criminal

activity to stop the individual. Id. (citation omitted). “To meet this standard an officer

must be able to point to specific and articulable facts and to rational inferences from

those facts justifying the search or seizure at issue.” State v. Wilson, 371 N.C. 920,

926, 821 S.E.2d 811, 816 (2018) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

      Here, officers were in possession of a valid arrest warrant for Martinez for a

violent crime involving a weapon, knew Martinez was a member of West End gang,

observed him enter the residence, and had observed Kemarus exit the residence

wearing a ballistic vest. The officers detained all individuals to protect themselves

while securing Martinez and their safety at the scene. In viewing the “totality of the

circumstances,” Det. Ward relied upon specific and articulable facts, based upon his

training, experience, and available information, to form a reasonable belief that

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Defendant could be armed. See State v. Butler, 331 N.C. 227, 233-34, 415 S.E.2d 719,

722-23 (1992) (Police could form reasonable suspicion to stop a suspect of suspected

drug possession and then frisk the suspect based on belief he could be armed).

      During the Terry frisk for weapons, Det. Ward observed white baggies that

were small, thin, and square in a folded-over wrapper sitting on top of other items

inside Defendant’s pocket. Based on his training and experience Det. Ward believed

what he had observed was consistent with packaging for heroin.

      Our Supreme Court recently examined a Terry frisk of a suspect involved in

narcotics distribution, while officers were executing a search warrant of a residence

nearby. State v. Tripp, 381 N.C. 617, 619-20, 2022-NCSC-78, ¶¶3-8, 873 S.E.2d 298,

302-03 (2022). During the Terry frisk the officer observed a plastic bag inside the

defendant’s pocket and “felt a large lump associated with that” bag. Id. at 634, 2022-

NCSC-78, ¶44, 873 S.E.2d at 311.        The Supreme Court held the search of the

defendant and seizure of the narcotics were permitted under the “plain view”

doctrine. Id.

      In State v. Grice, 367 N.C. 753, 756-57, 767 S.E.2d 312, 316 (2015), our

Supreme Court reviewed and articulated when a warrantless seizure of contraband

is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment, applying the “plain-view” doctrine as an

exception to the Fourth Amendment’s general prohibition against warrantless

seizures:

                [A] warrantless seizure of an item may be justified as

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                                     Opinion of the Court

             reasonable under the plain view doctrine, so long as three
             elements are met: First that the officer did not violate the
             Fourth amendment in arriving at the place from which the
             evidence could be plainly viewed; second, that the
             evidence’s incriminating character . . . [was] immediately
             apparent; and third, that the officer had a lawful right of
             access to the object itself. The North Carolina General
             Assembly has additionally required that the discovery of
             evidence in plain view be inadvertent.

State v. Grice, 367 N.C. 753, 756-57, 767 S.E.2d 312, 316 (2015) (citations and internal

quotation marks omitted).

      Det. Ward reasonably and immediately concluded the plastic baggies he

inadvertently and “plainly viewed” in Defendant’s open pocket may contain illegal

narcotics based upon his training and experience. Id. The search of Defendant was

constitutional and the resulting seizure of the plastic baggies was lawful. The trial

court erred in concluding no probable cause existed to detain or search Defendant.

The order of the trial court suppressing the items found on Defendant’s person is

affected by error and is reversed.

                             B. Entry Into Residence

      The State argues the trial court erred in concluding the warrantless entry of

the officers into the residence was unreasonable and violated the Fourth Amendment.

The State asserts the officer’s actions were a lawful protective sweep of the residence.

The Supreme Court of the United States, the Supreme Court of North Carolina, and

this Court have all recognized and affirmed a law enforcement officer’s ability to

conduct a protective sweep both as an exigent circumstance and for officer’s safety

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when incident to arrest.

      In Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325, 328, 108 L. Ed. 2d 276, 282 (1990) the

Supreme Court of the United States examined a protective sweep of a house by police

executing an arrest warrant.      Police investigating an armed robbery of a pizza

restaurant obtained arrest warrants for two suspects and placed one of their houses

under surveillance. Id. One of the robbers was described as wearing a red running

suit. Id.

      The officers attempted to arrest the defendant at his house. Id. The officers

executing the arrest warrant went into the residence. An officer was assigned to

“freeze” the basement. Id. The officer called into the basement for any occupants to

come out.    After the officer identified himself as a law enforcement officer, the

defendant came out from the basement. Id. The defendant “was arrested, searched,

and handcuffed[.]” Id. Another officer entered the basement to make sure no other

person was present in the basement. Id. Once inside the basement, the officer found

a red running suit on the floor and seized it. Id.

      The Supreme Court in Buie articulated requirements for when and how

extensive a search police can conduct during a protective sweep. Id. at 334, 108 L.

Ed. 2d at 286. In the first instance: “as an incident to the arrest the officers could, as

a precautionary matter and without probable cause or reasonable suspicion, look in

closets and other spaces immediately adjoining the place of arrest from which an

attack could be immediately launched.” Id.

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      The Supreme Court further held for the second instance: “there must be

articulable facts which, taken together with the rational inferences from those facts,

would warrant a reasonably prudent officer in believing that the area to be swept

harbors an individual posing a danger to those on the arrest scene.” Id. In this

situation officers can search more of the dwelling beyond “space[s] immediately

adjoining the place of arrest.” Id.

      However, a protective sweep is not a license for an extensive search of the

premises. The Supreme Court also placed limits on the ability of police to conduct a

protective sweep holding:

             We should emphasize that such a protective sweep, aimed
             at protecting the arresting officers, if justified by the
             circumstances, is nevertheless not a full search of the
             premises, but may extend only to a cursory inspection of
             those spaces where a person may be found. The sweep lasts
             no longer than is necessary to dispel the reasonable
             suspicion of danger and in any event no longer than it takes
             to complete the arrest and depart the premises.

Id. at 335-36, 108 L. Ed. 2d at 287.

      In State v. Dial, this Court examined a protective sweep following deputies

serving an arrest warrant on a defendant, who came outside the residence as soon as

the arresting officers approached. State v. Dial, 228 N.C. App. 83, 88, 744 S.E.2d 144,

148 (2013). The deputies feared weapons and possibly another individual may be

present inside the residence. Id. As soon as the “defendant stepped out, and walked

down the front steps with his hands raised” a deputy arrested him, and “the other

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                                  Opinion of the Court

two deputies entered the residence and performed a protective sweep, which lasted

approximately thirty seconds.” Id. This Court upheld the protective sweep based on

the officers’ “reasonable belief based on specific and articulable facts, that the

residence harbored an individual who posed a danger to the safety of the deputies.”

Id. at 89, 744 S.E.2d at 148.

      In State v. Wallace, 111 N.C. App. 581, 588, 433 S.E.2d 238, 242 (1993), this

Court applied Buie and upheld a trial court’s conclusion that officers did not possess

reasonable suspicion to justify a protective sweep of a residence. Buie, 494 U.S. at

588, 433 S.E.2d at 242-43. The officers did not approach the residence to make an

arrest, but only to gain information for an investigation. The defendant voluntarily

answered the officers’ questions outside of the residence and shut the door behind

him when he exited the residence. The door to the residence remained shut during

the entire interaction. Id. at 583, 433 S.E.2d at 239-40. The officers testified they

never were afraid of nor believed they were in a dangerous situation at any time

during the questioning. Id. at 588, 433 S.E.2d at 243. The officers performed the

protective sweep after hearing footsteps behind the door. This Court held the search

was an unreasonable inspection of the residence because “the officers candidly

admitted they did not feel they were in danger at any time.” Id.

      Prior to Buie, our Supreme Court examined a similar issue where officers made

a protective sweep of a structure after arresting a suspect located outside in State v.

Taylor, 298 N.C. 405, 417, 259 S.E.2d 502, 509 (1979). Law enforcement officers were

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                                  STATE V. JOHNSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

seeking to apprehend a violent offender for “murder in North Carolina and robbery

and maiming in Virginia[.]” Id. After arresting the suspect outside of a “shot house”,

officers remained fearful for their safety, particularly from an ambush from inside

the shot house, while they attempted to remove the suspect. Id. Our Supreme Court

allowed the protective sweep holding: “The immediate need to ensure that no one

remains in the dwelling preparing to fire a yet unfound weapon . . . constitutes an

exigent circumstance which makes it reasonable for the officer to conduct a limited,

warrantless, protective sweep of the dwelling.” Id.

      Here, the State presented uncontroverted evidence to support both bases for

the protective sweep. The officers searched beyond the immediate area of the arrest

in their sweep. To support such a protective sweep the officers were required to show

a reasonable belief based on specific and articulatable facts that the area to be swept

might harbor an individual posing danger to the officers on the arrest scene. Buie,

494 U.S. at 334, 108 L. Ed. 2d at 286.

      The officers’ belief here was reasonable given: Martinez’s known reputation for

violence involving weapons, the individuals were known members of West End gang,

an individual emerged from the residence wearing a ballistic vest, and the fact they

were unsure whether other individuals remained inside the house following their

request for all individuals inside to exit. Once inside, the officers’ protective sweep

was very brief in duration, and they looked only in places where a person could be

hiding. Id. at 335-36, 108 L. Ed. 2d at 287.

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                                  STATE V. JOHNSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

      The trial court misapprehended the law and erred in finding the officers entry

into the residence was unreasonable and in finding the officers had no need to search

the house. The protective sweep is allowable because the officers’ reasonable belief

was based upon specific and articulable facts as a protective sweep and occurred

under exigent circumstances. Id. Once inside the residence the officers also observed

digital scales and other drug paraphernalia in plain view inside the house.

                                C. Search Warrant

      The trial court found the subsequent search warrant sought by Det. Wells to

be devoid of probable cause because the officers had no need to protectively sweep the

residence.   Defendant maintains the officers’ assertion they smelled marijuana

outside the residence is insufficient to establish probable cause.

      “The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects

individuals ‘against unreasonable searches and seizures’ and provides that search

warrants may only be issued ‘upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation,

and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be

seized.’” State v. McKinney, 361 N.C. 53, 57, 637 S.E.2d 868, 871-72 (2006) (quoting

U.S. Const. amend. IV).

      The trial court found the search warrant to search the residence was not

supported by probable cause. The State asserts the search warrant was supported

and issued based on probable cause from evidence found during the Terry frisk of

Defendant, items found in plain view during the protective sweep of the residence,

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                                  STATE V. JOHNSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

and by the smell of marijuana.

       To determine whether probable cause existed to issue a search warrant, a

reviewing and an appellate court looks to the “totality of the circumstances.” State v.

Arrington, 311 N.C. 633, 641, 319 S.E.2d 254, 259 (1984); see Illinois v. Gates, 462

U.S. 213, 238, 76 L. Ed. 2d 527, 548 (1983). Under the “totality of the circumstances”

test, an affidavit submitted to obtain a search warrant provides sufficient probable

cause if it provides:

              reasonable cause to believe that the proposed search . . .
              probably will reveal the presence upon the described
              premises of the items sought and that those items will aid
              in the apprehension or conviction of the offender. Probable
              cause does not mean actual and positive cause nor import
              absolute certainty.

Arrington, 311 N.C. at 636, 319 S.E.2d 256 (citations omitted).

       “When reviewing a magistrate’s determination of probable cause, this Court

must pay great deference and sustain the magistrate’s determination if there existed

a substantial basis for the magistrate to conclude that articles searched for were

probably present.” State v. Hunt, 150 N.C. App. 101, 105, 562 S.E.2d 567, 600 (2002)

(citations omitted).

       An application for a search warrant must include: (1) a statement of probable

cause indicating the items specified in the application will be found in the place

described; and, (2) “one or more affidavits particularly setting forth the facts and

circumstances establishing probable cause to believe that the items are in the places

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                                 STATE V. JOHNSON

                                 Opinion of the Court

or in the possession of the individuals to be searched[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-244

(2021).

      Our Supreme Court has held:

             A grudging or negative attitude by reviewing courts toward
             warrants is inconsistent with the Fourth Amendment’s
             strong preference for searches conducted pursuant to a
             warrant; courts should not invalidate warrant[s] by
             interpreting affidavit[s] in a hypertechnical, rather than
             commonsense, manner. [T]he resolution of doubtful or
             marginal cases in this area should be largely determined
             by the preference to be accorded to warrants.

State v. Riggs, 328 N.C. 213, 222, 400 S.E.2d 429, 434-35 (1991) (citations and

quotation marks omitted).

      Before the trial court and this Court, Defendant asserted the scent of

marijuana cannot form the basis of reasonable suspicion and argues the smell is

indistinguishable from hemp, which possession thereof has been legal in North

Carolina since 2015. See An Act to Recognize the Importance and Legitimacy of

Industrial Hemp Research, to Provide for Compliance with Portions of the Federal

Agricultural Act of 2014, and to Promote Increased Agricultural Employment, S.L.

2015-299, 2015 N.C. Sess. Laws 1483 (“Industrial Hemp Act”). This Court stated the

Industrial Hemp Act “legalized the cultivation, processing, and sale of industrial

hemp within the state, subject to the oversight of the North Carolina Industrial Hemp

Commission.” State v. Parker, 277 N.C. App. 531, 539, 860 S.E.2d 21, 28, 2021-

NCCOA-217, ¶ 27, disc. review denied, 378 N.C. 366, 860 S.E.2d 917 (2021).

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                                  STATE V. JOHNSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

      While industrial hemp may be the same cannabis plant species as marijuana,

the “difference between the two substances is that industrial hemp contains very low

levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (“THC”), which is the psychoactive ingredient in

marijuana.” Id. at 540, 860 S.E.2d at 28, 2021-NCCOA-217, ¶ 27 (citation omitted).

      Federal courts in North Carolina have also examined the impact of the

legalization of industrial hemp and the determination of probable cause. The smell

of marijuana “alone . . . supports a determination of probable cause, even if some use

of industrial hemp products is legal under North Carolina law. This is because only

the probability, and not a prima facie showing, of criminal activity is the standard of

probable cause.” United States v. Harris, No. 4:18-CR-57-FL-1, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS

211633, 2019 WL 6704996, at *3 (E.D.N.C. Dec. 9, 2019) (citation and quotation

marks omitted) (emphasis supplied).

      The United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina in

United States v. Brooks also examined a defendant’s arguments that the alleged smell

of marijuana cannot supply probable cause because it could have been from a legal

source, reasoning:

             [Pre]suming, arguendo, hemp and marijuana smell
             “identical,” then the presence of hemp does not make all
             police probable cause searches based on the odor
             unreasonable. The law, and the legal landscape on
             marijuana as a whole, is ever changing but one thing is still
             true: marijuana is illegal. To date, even with the social
             acceptance of marijuana seeming to grow daily, precedent
             on the plain odor of marijuana giving law enforcement
             probable cause to search has not been overturned.

                                         - 24 -
                                  STATE V. JOHNSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

United States v. Brooks, No.3:19-cr-00211-FDW-DCK, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 81027,

2021 WL 1668048, at *4 (W.D.N.C. Apr. 28, 2021) (emphasis supplied) (footnotes

omitted).

      In State v. Teague, __ N.C. App. __, __, 2022-NCCOA-600, ¶ 58, 879 S.E.2d 881,

896 (2022), this Court found the reasoning of both Brooks and Harris persuasive and

held: “The passage of the Industrial Hemp Act, in and of itself, did not modify the

State’s burden of proof at the various stages of our criminal proceeding.”

      Here, as in Teague, the smell of marijuana was not the only basis to provide

the officers with probable cause. Id. at __ n.6, 2022-NCCOA-600, ¶ 58 n.6 , 879 S.E.2d

at 896 n.6 (“Finally, we note that this is not a case where the detectable odor of

marijuana was the only suspicious fact concerning the package. The trial court’s

findings of fact include, inter alia, that the seams of the package were sealed, the

phone number listed for the recipient on the target package was fictitious, the

sender’s address and phone number listed on the target package were fictitious, and

the actual city from which the target package was sent differed from the city of origin

stated on the package. We therefore need not address in this case whether the odor

of marijuana alone may give rise to probable cause for the issuance of a search

warrant, as the totality of the circumstances here was sufficient to give rise to

probable cause. Accordingly, this argument is overruled.”).

      As held above, drugs were found upon Defendant’s person during a lawful

Terry frisk, and officers saw scales and drug paraphernalia in plain view during the

                                         - 25 -
                                  STATE V. JOHNSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

protective sweep inside the residence. The search warrant was issued by a superior

court judge based on probable cause in the affidavit and application after the officers’

lawful conduct during the arrest of Defendant and immediately after the arrest. The

trial court misapprehended the law in concluding the search warrant was facially

invalid and erred in excluding items lawfully seized in the residence.

                              VIII.    Conclusion

      The trial court erred and prejudiced the State in suppressing the evidence

seized from Defendant’s person. The trial court further erred in concluding the entry

into the residence during the protective sweep was unreasonable and unlawful and

excluding evidence from the officers’ search of the residence pursuant to a lawful

search warrant.

      The trial court’s ordered suppression is erroneous, prejudicial, and is reversed.

This cause is remanded for trial. It is so ordered.

      REVERSED AND REMANDED.

      Judges GRIFFIN and FLOOD concur.

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