Court Opinion

ID: 2409214
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-30 09:24:27.772134+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:02:22.043326
License: Public Domain

669 F.Supp.2d 417 (2009)
UNITED STATES of America,
v.
Antonio GUERRERO, et al., Defendants.
No. 09 Cr. 339.
United States District Court, S.D. New York.
November 10, 2009.
*419 Preet Bharara, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, by Laurie Korenbaum, Esq., Marissa Molé, Esq., New York, NY, for Government.
Kelley Drye & Warren, LLP, by Don Buchwald, Esq., Frederick H. Cohn, Esq., New York, NY, for Defendants.

OPINION
SWEET, District Judge.
Defendant Antonio Guerrero a/k/a "Tony" ("Guerrero") has moved to suppress evidence seized from his home in the course of his arrest and a subsequent search of his residence on April 21, 2009, on the grounds that (1) the entry and security sweep by agents of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives *420 ("ATF") into his residence after his arrest outside his home was illegal; and (2) his consent to allow those agents to search his residence for photographs was involuntarily given
Defendant Edwin Maldonado ("Maldonado") has moved to (1) sever Counts One and Two from Counts Three though Eight of the Indictment; (2) recover from the Government a bill of particulars identifying "known" co-conspirators and specifying the communications "through a facility of interstate commerce" alleged in the Indictment; (3) disallow evidence of Maldonado's April 21, 2009 post-arrest statement; and (4) disclose items allegedly material to the preparation of Maldonado's defense, including various photographs.
Upon the facts and conclusions set forth below, a further hearing is required to resolve Guerrero's motion, and Maldonado's motions are denied.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On April 7, 2009, a federal grand jury in the Southern District of New York returned and filed an indictment (the "Indictment") against Guerrero, Maldonado, Omar Flores ("Flores"), and Johnny Cedeño, a/k/a "Jose Rivera" ("Cedeño") (collectively/ the "Defendants") (the "Indictment"). The Indictment charged these four individuals in connection with three separate shootings which occurred in late 1994, and resulted in the deaths of four individuals.
Counts One and Two of the Indictment charged Guerrero with the murder of Livino Ortega (Count One) and Fernando Garrido (Count Two) on or about September 3, 1994, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 848(e). Counts Three and Four charged defendants Maldonado and Flores with the murder of Leonard Overman on or about October 9, 1994, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 848(e) and 18 U.S.C. § 924(j). The Indictment alleges that Maldonado was the shooter hired to kill Overman. Counts Five through Eight of the Indictment charged defendants Maldonado, Flores, and Cedeño with the non-fatal shooting of Genaro Rodriguez ("Rodriguez") and shooting death of Carmen Diaz ("Diaz") on or about December 13, 1994, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 924(j), 1958, and 2, and 21 U.S.C. § 848(e). Once again Maldonado is alleged to be the hired shooter of both Rodriguez and Diaz, and he and his co-defendants are alleged to have planned and carried out the shooting by communicating "through a facility of interstate commerce." The Indictment refers to "others known and unknown" who participated in the alleged conspiracy.

A. Guerrero's Arrest and Search of His House

On April 15, 2009, in the early morning, federal agents with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives ("ATF") (the "ATF agents") including Special Agent Charles J. Mulham ("Mulham") came to Guerrero's home in Miami, Florida, with a warrant for his arrest. Because, inter alia, Guerrero had been charged with being the shooter in two violent intentional homicides, the agents decided to enter quickly by forcing open the front door. At a certain point, Guerrero and his wife, MaryAnne Guerrero ("Mrs. Guerrero") (collectively, "the Guerreros"), came to the door to open it. Parties dispute whether or not the Guerreros succeeded in opening the door, or merely attempted to open it while the agents were prying it open. See Guerrero Aff. ¶ 3, Mulham Aff. ¶ 4 & n. 1. The ATF agents removed Guerrero and his wife from the doorway, placed them on the ground outside their home, and handcuffed them.
The ATF agents entered the house and conducted a security sweep, searching for *421 other occupants of the house and finding a young child of undetermined age, MaryAnne Guerrero's twelve-year old brother, the Guerrero's sixteen-year old son, Antonio, Jr., their thirteen year-old son, Ramon, and Mrs. Guerrero's sixty-one year old mother. Guerrero, Mrs. Guerrero, Antonio, Jr., and Ramon were placed in handcuffs (the latter after he became disruptive). The parties dispute whether or not Mrs. Guerrero's mother and the younger children were also handcuffed. See Guerrero Aff. ¶ 3, Mulham Aff. ¶¶ 5, 8. In the course of the security sweep, Special Agent Gerry Area saw a large photograph hanging on a wall on the second floor that depicted Guerrero with suspected members of a drug crew that had been active in the 1990s in the Bronx, a fact that he later reported to Mulham. The agents who had performed the security sweep left the premises soon after it had been completed and the occupants were secured. Mulham and Detective Clohessy entered the house and read Guerrero standard Miranda warnings from a preprinted card.
Guerrero was brought into the first-floor bedroom where Mulham advised him of the charges against him. Mulham then told Guerrero that he intended to obtain a warrant to search the house for photographs of Guerrero and other alleged members the drug crew. Mulham had spoken with Assistant U.S. Attorneys in Miami and in the Southern District of New York who had told him that, based on the photograph hanging on the wall, and other information that he provided to them, the warrant would issue very soon.
The agents then asked Guerrero if he would consent to a search of the house. Before he could respond, Mrs. Guerrero, who owns the house jointly with Guerrero, was brought into the bedroom so that she could participate in the discussion. According to the Government, Guerrero expressed reluctance to consent because he was afraid the agents would "destroy" his home during the search, but Mulham responded that a consent search would be limited only to photographs whereas a search pursuant to a warrant would be broader. Mulham Aff. ¶ 14. According to Guerrero, agents threatened to "destroy" his home during the search if they had to go through the process of getting a warrant. See Guerrero Aff. ¶ 4, Mulham Aff. ¶¶ 13, 19, 20. Guerrero claims that at some point "agents threatened to arrest my thirteen-year old son." Guerrero Aff. ¶ 3. While Mulham concedes that these threats were made on account of Ramon's disruptive behavior, he maintains that they were not in any way linked to evincing consent from the Guerreros to search the house. Mulham Aff. ¶ 18.
The Guerreros agreed to let the agents look at two family albums which MaryAnne Guerrero had recently compiled. The Guerreros signed a consent form which limited the search only to "photos that depict members of the organization currently under investigation. The search will be for the photos alone and will not extend to any other item(s) in the residence." Gov't's Mem. of Law in Opp'n to Def's Mot. to Suppress. Ex, B. The agents seized a number of photographs from photo albums along with the photograph that had been hanging in the hallway.

B. Maldonado's Post-Arrest Statements and Discovery

On or about April 21, 2009, Maldonado was arrested and presented in federal court on the charges set forth in the Indictment. According to a June 18, 2009 discovery letter, Maldonado made an "incriminating statement" while being transported from the New York State detention facility to his arraignment in the Southern District of New York. Mulham submitted the following report, in relevant part:
[A]t approximately 0950 hours, MALDONADO was arrested . . . was advised *422 of his rights by Det. Clohessy and was then removed from the [New York State prison] facility to be driven back to the Southern District of New York (SDNY) for his arraignment . . . [w]hile in [sic] route to the Southern District, MALDONADO made incriminating statements, specificallythat he knows "BB" (Elyn REYNOSOanother defendant in this case) and that they had been friends since they were young boys. Moreover, that REYNOSO had testified against MALDONADO in his 1995 murder trial. Lastly, MALDONADO states that he would fight REYNOSO if he were to see him . . . .
Buchwald Decl. Exh. C.
Since the time of Maldonado's arrest, the Government has produced discovery to the Defendants including autopsy and ballistics reports, crime scene photographs, transcripts, prison phone and visitation records, evidence vouchers documenting items seized at the crimes scenes, photos of some of the Defendants with their alleged co-conspirators taken around the time of the charged murders, and witness statements.
On October 15, 2009, at the oral argument on Maldonado's motions, the Court granted Maldonado's counsel's request that he be able to look at unredacted prison visitation logs in the Government's offices, and share it only with attorneys at his firm. The Court extended the ruling to the counsels of the co-defendants.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Entry Into Guerrero's Home After His Arrest Was Legal

Guerrero claims that the agents' entry into his home after his arrest outside his home was illegal. He concedes that had the agents arrested him inside his home "they would have been entitled to conduct a security sweep of the premises," given that they had an arrest warrant. But Guerrero argues that when he and his wife were "forcibly removed from the premises . . . the warrant, having been executed, lost its vitality as the key to the front door." Def's Mem. of Law at 3.
Guerrero incorrectly relies on his physical location during the arrest as being the dispositive issue in determining whether the security sweep was valid. The Second Circuit Court of Appeals addressed exactly this situation in United States v. Oguns, 921 F.2d 442 (2d Cir.1990), and ruled that security sweeps incident to arrests outside the home are permissible when "the arresting officers had (1) a reasonable belief that third persons [were] inside, and (2) a reasonable belief that the third persons [were] aware of the arrest outside the premises so that they might destroy evidence, escape or jeopardize the safety of the officers or the public." Oguns, 921 F.2d at 446 (internal quotation marks omitted). It was reasonable for the agents to believe that there were others in the house. Antonio, Jr. was standing near the first floor stairwell, Mulham Aff. ¶ 4, indicating that at least one, and possibly more individuals resided inside the home. Additionally, the Guerreros lived in a multi-story house that could accommodate a large family. See Oguns, 921 F.2d at 446 (where defendants were arrested outside their two-family house, it was reasonable to believe there were others inside). Further, the noise that the ATF agents made in trying to break down the door, made it reasonable for them to believe that the people inside had been alerted to the arrest and might be destroying evidence. Therefore, the security sweep of the house was legal.

B. A Hearing Is Granted To Determine Voluntariness of Consent To Search

In order for a suppression claim to warrant an evidentiary hearing, a defendant *423 must allege facts that, if proved, would require the granting of relief. See United States v. Warren, 453 F.2d 738, 743 (2d Cir.1972); United States v. Culotta, 413 F.2d 1343, 1345-46 (2d Cir.1969); United States v. Dames, 380 F.Supp.2d 270, 276 (S.D.N.Y.2005). To meet this burden, a defendant must present his claim through an affidavit of an individual with personal knowledge of the relevant facts. See United States v. Gillette, 383 F.2d 843, 848 (2d Cir.1967), United States v. Jailall, 00 CR. 069, 2000 WL 1368055, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. September 20, 2000). On the basis of such an affidavit, the defendant must show "that disputed issues of material fact exist before an evidentiary hearing is required." United States v. Viscioso, 711 F.Supp. 740, 745 (S.D.N.Y.1989) (quoting United States v. Castellano, 610 F.Supp. 1359, 1439 (S.D.N.Y.1985)).
Guerrero's affidavit alleges sufficient disputed facts to warrant an evidentiary hearing as to whether the Guerreros' consent was voluntarily given. Whereas Mulham's affidavit alleges that only Guerrero, Mrs. Guerrero, their sixteen-year old son and their thirteen year-old son were handcuffed, Guerrero's affidavit claims that his twelve-year old brother-in-law, his mother-in-law, and his third child were also handcuffed. Guerrero also alleges that threats were made to arrest Ramon in an attempt to coerce Guerrero's consent to search the house, whereas the Government maintains that those threats were made because of Ramon's disruptive behavior and were not related to efforts to attain the Guerreros' consent. Additionally, Guerrero claims that agents threatened that, if he did not consent to allow them to search for photographs, they would get a warrant and "destroy the house in the search." The facts, if proven, would tend to establish that the Guerreros' consent was not voluntary. Therefore, in order to determine "the totality of all the circumstances" by which voluntary consent is determined, Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 219, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973), these factual disputes must be resolved. Accordingly an evidentiary hearing is granted on the issues of who was handcuffed and whether threats to destroy the house and to arrest Ramon were made in connection with the consent. The parties will confer on an appropriate date for the hearing and advise the Court.

C. Maldonado's Motion to Sever Counts One and Two From Counts Three Through Eight of the Indictment Is Denied

Maldonado argues that because only Guerrero is charged in Counts One and Two, and because joinder of those counts to the other counts in the Indictment will prejudice Maldonado and the remaining Defendants, those counts should be severed from the Indictment.
Rule 8(b), Fed.R.Crim.P., states that defendants may be charged together in an indictment "if they are alleged to have participated in the same act or transaction, or in the same series of acts or transaction, constituting an offense or offenses. The defendants may be charged in one or more counts together or separately. All defendants need not be charged in each count." Maldonado maintains that because the Defendants are charged with separate murders, the Indictment does not allege that they participated in the same act or series of acts. Def's. Mem. of Law in Support of Pretrial Mots. at 2.
Although the counts refer to separate shootings, they are said to stem from a single narcotics conspiracy and "relate to the elimination of the drug rivals of that same narcotics drug conspiracy in the Fall of 1994,", and were "planned at the same time and occurred within approximately one month of each other." Gov't's Mem. of Law in Opp'n to Def's Pretrial Mots. at 9. The Government alleges that "the same *424 general group of individuals was involved in each of the murders and the facts will be established at trial though the same general group of witnesses." Id. Moreover, the evidence that the Government will put forward to prove the murders with which Maldonado is not charged will overlap with the evidence relating to the murders with which he is charged. Id. Thus, each Defendant is accused of participating in acts that are "`unified by some substantial identity of facts or participants and a common plan,'" a scenario under which the Second Circuit Court has held joinder of defendants "proper," see United States v. Feyrer, 333 F.3d 110, 114 (2d Cir.2003) (quoting United States v. Attanasio, 870 F.2d 809, 815 (2d Cir.1989)), and the evidence of the alleged murders will be admissible to prove the conspiracies referenced in the Indictment, regardless of whether the Defendants' cases are severed. See United States v. Rosa, 11 F.3d 315, 341 (2d Cir.1993) ("Evidence at the joint trial of alleged co-conspirators that, because of the alleged conspiratorial nature of the illegal activity, would have been admissible at a separate trial of the moving defendant is neither spillover nor prejudicial.")
Maldonado also argues that joinder of Counts One and Two prejudices the other Defendants because it "requires the jury to hear the details of two violent murders that have no connection to [those Defendants.]" He claims that joining these counts to the others will cause the jurors' to allow their perception of Guerrero's alleged crimes to "`spillover'" onto their assessment of the other Defendants. Def's. Mem. of Law in Support of Pretrial Mots. at 3.
Rule 14, Fed.R.Crim.P., states that "if the joinder of offenses or defendants in an indictment . . . appears to prejudice a defendant or the government, the court may order separate trials of counts, sever the defendants' trials, or provide any other relief that justice requires." There is, however, a strong preference for joint trials in the Second Circuit, where "[t]he principles that guide the district court's consideration of a motion for severance usually counsel denial." Rosa, 11 F.3d at 341. Joint trials promote efficiency and conserve prosecutorial resources by allowing prosecutors to avoid
presenting the same evidence again and again, requiring victims and witnesses to repeat the inconvenience (and sometimes trauma) of testifying, and randomly favoring the last-tried defendants who have the advantage of knowing the prosecutions case beforehand. Joint trials generally serve the interests of justice by avoiding inconsistent verdicts and enabling more accurate assessment of relative culpability-advantages which sometimes operate to the defendant's benefit. Even apart from these tactical considerations, joint trials generally serve the interests of justice by avoiding the scandal and inequity of inconsistent verdicts.
Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 210, 107 S.Ct. 1702, 95 L.Ed.2d 176 (1987) (footnote omitted). Thus, even where joint trials invite some prejudice to defendants, "[t]he risks of prejudice attendant in a joint trial are presumptively outweighed by the conservation of time, money, and scarce judicial resources that a joint trial permits." United States v. Jimenez, 824 F.Supp. 351, 366 (S.D.N.Y.1993).
In order to demonstrate that severance is necessary, it is not enough for a defendant to show that he "may have a better chance of acquittal in [a] separate trial." Zafiro v. United States, 506 U.S. 534, 540, 113 S.Ct. 933, 122 L.Ed.2d 317 (1993). Instead, "a district court should grant a severance under Rule 14 only if there is a serious risk that a joint trial would compromise a specific trial right of one of the defendants, or prevent the jury *425 from making a reliable judgment about guilt or innocence." Zafiro at 539, 113 S.Ct. 933; see also United States v. Panza, 750 F.2d 1141, 1149 (2d Cir.1984) (explaining that prejudice must be "sufficiently severe to outweigh the judicial economy that would be realized by avoiding lengthy multiple trials."); United States v. Casamento, 887 F.2d 1141, 1150 ("If the denial of the motion [to sever] causes some prejudice, but less than substantial prejudice, [the Court of Appeals is] not apt to reverse [the district court's decision] since, by and large, joinder promotes judicial efficiency.") Joinder may still be appropriate when evidence of wrongdoing is admissible only against one of the defendants; where defendants have markedly different levels of culpability; or where a co-defendant's statement technically admissible only against a co-defendant was also probative of the defendant's guilt. Zafiro, 506 U.S. at 539, 113 S.Ct. 933. Even in instances where a defendant establishes a "high" risk of prejudice, "less drastic measures, such as limiting instructions, often will suffice to cure any risk of prejudice." Id. (citing Richardson, 481 U.S. at 211, 107 S.Ct. 1702),
The presumption in favor of joint trials is "particularly strong where, as here the defendants are alleged to have participated in a common plan or scheme." United States v. Salameh, 152 F.3d 88, 115 (2d Cir.1998). "[T]he cases are legion that there is a strong public interest in joint trials where, as here, the defendants are both charged in the same conspiracy." United States v. Pirro, 76 F.Supp.2d 478, 483 (S.D.N.Y.1999); see also In conspiracy cases, especially, any claim of "prejudicial spillover" does not justify severance because the evidence would be admissible at a separate trial of the moving defendant. As the Second Circuit has recognized,
the fact that testimony against a codefendant may be harmful is not a ground for severance if that testimony would also be admissible against he moving defendant tried separately. Evidence at the joint trial of alleged coconspirators that, because of the alleged conspiratorial nature of the illegal activity, would have been admissible at a separate trial of the moving defendant is neither spillover nor prejudicial.
Rosa, 11 F.3d at 341 (citations omitted). Rather, undue "prejudice" may occur "when proof inadmissible against a defendant becomes a part of his trial solely due to the presence of co-defendants as to whom its admission is proper. This is an unlikely occurrence when all the defendants are charged under the same conspiracy count." Salameh, 152 F.3d at 115 (citation omitted).
In addition, the concern that the jury will not be able to segregate the evidence between the defendants implicated in different violent acts would be speculative. Any spillover prejudice that may occur can be corrected by the Court's instruction that the jury consider the guilt of each Defendant individuallyan instruction that jurors are presumed to be able to follow. United States v. Potamitis, 739 F.2d 784, 790 (2d Cir.1984); see also United States v. Lasanta, 978 F.2d 1300, 1307 (2d Cir.1992) ("[t]he district court countered any possible spillover with specific instructions to the jury . . . that the jury should consider the evidence separately against each defendant"); United States v. Zackson, 6 F.3d 911, 922 (2d Cir.1993).
The weight of the law and the majority of policy concerns therefore favor leaving the Indictment intact. Accordingly, Maldonado's motion for severance is denied.

III. MALDONADO'S DEMAND FOR A BILL OF PARTICULARS IS DENIED
Maldonado has moved pursuant to Rule 7(f), Fed.R.Crim.P., for production of *426 a bill of particulars by the Government identifying "known" co-conspirators in the underlying drug conspiracy and specifying the alleged interstate communications in Counts Five and Six of the Indictment.
Under Rule 7(f), a district court "may direct the filing of a bill of particulars." Fed.R.Crim.P. 7(f). Rule 7(f), as the Court of Appeals for our Circuit has explained, "permits the defendant to seek a bill of particulars in order to identify with sufficient particularity the nature of the charge pending against him, thereby enabling [the] defendant to prepare for trial, to prevent surprise, and to interpose a plea of double jeopardy should he be prosecuted a second time for the same offense." United States v. Bortnovsky, 820 F.2d 572, 574 (2d Cir.1987); see also United States v. Torres, 901 F.2d 205, 234 (2d Cir.1990). The decision to grant or deny a defendant's request for a bill of particulars rests in the sound discretion of the trial court. See United States v. Walsh, 194 F.3d 37, 47 (2d Cir.1999); United States v. Barnes, 158 F.3d 662, 665 (2d Cir.1998); United States v. Perez, 940 F.Supp. 540, 550 (S.D.N.Y.1996).
To obtain a bill of particulars, the defendant must show that the charges of the indictment are so general that they do not advise him of the specific acts of which he is accused. See Torres, 901 F.2d at 234; United States v. Henry, 861 F.Supp. 1190, 1197 (S.D.N.Y.1994). The standard applied to the information sought is not whether it is helpful to the defense but whether it is necessary to apprise the defendant of the charges against him. See Henry, 861 F.Supp. at 1197; United States v. Love, 859 F.Supp. 725, 738 (S.D.N.Y.), aff'd sub nom. United States v. Roberts, 41 F.3d 1501 (2d Cir.1994).
An order directing the filing of a bill of particulars will not be issued simply to "force the Government to particularize all of its evidence." Henry, 861 F.Supp. at 1197 (quoting United States v. Cephas, 937 F.2d 816, 823 (2d Cir.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1037, 112 S.Ct. 884, 116 L.Ed.2d 788 (1992)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Nor will a defendant be permitted to use a request for a bill of particulars to compel the government to disclose the manner in which it will prove the charges or preview the government's evidence or legal theory. See United States v. Ballesteros Gutierrez, 181 F.Supp.2d 350, 356 (S.D.N.Y.2002); Perez, 940 F.Supp. at 550; United States v. Facciolo, 753 F.Supp. 449, 451 (S.D.N.Y.1990). Simply put, a defendant may not employ a bill of particulars as a general investigative tool. See Ballesteros Gutierrez, 181 F.Supp.2d at 356. Specifically, "demands for particular information with respect to where, when, and with whom the Government will charge the defendant with conspiring are routinely denied." United States v. Trippe, 171 F.Supp.2d 230, 240 (S.D.N.Y.2001) (emphasis added) (collecting cases); see, e.g., Torres, 901 F.2d at 233-34 (demands for whens, wheres and by whoms charged conspiracy are improper attempts at general pretrial discovery).
The identity of co-conspirators in particular has been held to be outside the function of a bill of particulars in cases with similar facts to the instant case. See United States v. Robertson, No. 07-CR-944, 2008 WL 220283, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 23, 2008) (denying motion for a bill of particulars in a narcotics conspiracy case where there was "no suggestion that either the scope of the alleged conspiratorial conduct or the volume of discovery material necessitates the further identification of persons, places or events to enable [the] Defendant properly to prepare for trial"); United States v. Joseph, No. 02-CR-1589, 2003 WL 22019427, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 26, 2003) (denying request where "the number of defendants [in this case] is small, the duration of the alleged acts was *427 not long and the number of unnamed co-conspirators or parties allegedly assisting in the wrongdoing does not appear to be so large such that there is not much likelihood that Defendants would be surprised by the identity of these persons") (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Torres, 901 F.2d at 234 (affirming denial of request for bill of particulars seeking identity of co-conspirators, "known and unknown," among other particulars); United States v. Mason, No. 06-CR-80, 2007 WL 541653, at *4-5 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 16, 2007) (denying motion for particulars identifying all co-conspirators in connection with indictment charging ten defendants in seven-year narcotics conspiracy); United States v. Ma, No. 03-CR.-734, 2006 WL 708559, at *14 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 21, 2006) ("Courts also deny bills of particulars seeking the names and identities of unindicted co-conspirators where sufficient discovery has been provided."); United States v. Mahaffy, 446 F.Supp.2d 115, 120 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 31, 2006) ("Considering the specificity of the allegations in the Indictment and the discovery that the Government has provided . . . Defendants have received adequate information on which to prepare their defenses" and denying request for particulars identifying unindicted co-conspirators); United States v. Chalmers, 410 F.Supp.2d 278, 286 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 25, 2006) (where Government produced extensive discovery, identification of co-conspirators was not necessary for the preparation of the defense); United States v. Minaya, 395 F.Supp.2d 28, 37 (S.D.N.Y. 2005) (denying request for identification of unindicted co-conspirators); United States v. Rittweger, 259 F.Supp.2d 275, 292 (S.D.N.Y.2003) (denying request for identification of unindicted co-conspirators); United States v. Viertel, No. 01-CR-571, 2002 WL 1560805, at *12 (S.D.N.Y. July 15, 2002) (defendant not entitled to identity of co-conspirators and witnesses).
Moreover, even where requests for identity of co-conspirators have been granted, courts have considered, among other factors, whether the defense articulated a particular need for the information sought and whether the nature of the charges were violent ones that suggest disclosure of unindicted co-conspirators could lead to the intimidation of witnesses, including informants, and hinder an ongoing Government investigation. See United States v. Avendano, No. 02-CR-1059, 2003 WL 22454664, at *8-9 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 29, 2003) (citing United States v. Nachamie, 91 F.Supp.2d 565, 572 (S.D.N.Y.2000)), aff'd, 211 Fed.Appx. 76 (2d Cir.2007) (noting there had been no violence alleged in the case and that nothing in the record indicated that revealing the alleged co-conspirators' identities would endanger them); see also United States v. Robertson, No. 07-CR-944, 2008 WL 220283, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 23, 2008) (denying motion and noting Government's proffer that "disclosure of the names of unindicted co-conspirators and potential informants could jeopardize the Government's investigation, as well as endanger any potential witnesses to the criminal activity"). The "general and well-established rule is that the Government enjoys a `privilege to withhold from disclosure the identity of persons who furnish information of violations of law to officers charged with enforcement of that law.'" United States v. Shamsideen, No. 03-CR-1313, 2004 WL 1179305, at *11 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2004) (citing Roviaro v. United States, 353 U.S. 53, 59, 77 S.Ct. 623, 1 L.Ed.2d 639 (1957); United States v. Jackson, 345 F.3d 59, 69 (2d Cir.2003)). An exception to this general rule exists only where "the defendant shows that discovery of the witness's identity is material to the defense." United States v. Robles, No. 04-CR-1036, 2005 WL 957338, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 22, 2005) (citing United States v. Saa, 859 F.2d *428 1067, 1073 (2d Cir.1988)); see also United States v. Russotti, 746 F.2d 945, 949 (2d Cir.1984) ("[A]n informant's identity need not be disclosed unless `essential to the defense.'") (quoting Scher v. United States, 305 U.S. 251, 254, 59 S.Ct. 174, 83 L.Ed. 151 (1938)).
The Government alleges that some of the "known" co-conspirators may be Government informants whose identities must be protected. Under such circumstances, the defendant bears the burden of demonstrating that he is entitled to the "extraordinary remedy" of disclosure of Government informants. United States v. Muyet, 945 F.Supp. 586, 602 (S.D.N.Y. 1996). In order to carry this burden he must make an affirmative showing that "`the disclosure of an informant's identity. . . is relevant and helpful to the defense of an accused, or is essential to the fair determination of a cause,'" Saa, 859 F.2d at 1073 (quoting Roviaro, 353 U.S. at 60-61, 77 S.Ct. 623), and that, accordingly the need for disclosure of an informant's identity outweighs the Government's interest in anonymity, see Shamsideen, 2004 WL 1179305, at *11 (citing United States v. Fields, 113 F.3d 313, 324 (2d Cir.1997)); United States v. Jimenez, 789 F.2d 167, 170 (2d Cir.1986) (disclosure not warranted where defendant produced no evidence that informant's testimony "would have been of even marginal value to the defendant's case"). Separate authority holds that the Government is not obligated to disclose its witnesses during pretrial discovery: "Fed.R.Crim.P. 16 does not require the Government to furnish the names and addresses of its witnesses in general." United States v. Bejasa, 904 F.2d 137, 139 (2d Cir.1990); see also United States v. Green, 2004 WL 2985361, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 23, 2004). Nor does any other rule or statute.
The Indictment charges Maldonado with two specific shootings and specifies the date on which those shootings occurred, the location, the type of weapon alleged to have been used, and the specific role that Maldonado is alleged to have played in connection with each shooting. The discovery provides additional details about how the murders were conducted, including autopsy and crime scene photographs, evidence vouchers documenting items seized at the crimes scenes, ballistics reports, and other police documents. The Defendants have further been provided with witness statements, prison phone and visitation records, and photos of some of the Defendants with their co-conspirators taken around the time of the charged murders.
The foregoing materials sufficiently apprise the defendant of the nature of the charges against him, allow him to prepare for trial, and ensure that he will not be prosecuted twice for the same crimes. The more specific information the defendant seeksnamely, the "with whoms" regarding the charged shootings and murders and the Government's specific anticipated proof at trial of interstate communicationsis the type "routinely denied by the Second Circuit" because, although potentially helpful, it is not "necessary" to the defense. Robertson, 2008 WL 220283, at *1 (internal quotation marks omitted). The Indictment charges discrete events, mostly on specific dates. The nature of the crimes is such that the defendant can be expected to have met, and thus already know the identities of his co-conspirators. This is not an "intricate fraud conspiracy" where a defendant may need the names of his co-conspirators, in "order to piece together the nature of the charges against [him]." United States v. Solomonyan, 451 F.Supp.2d 626, 642 (S.D.N.Y.2006) (denying request where defendant was charged in an arms tracking conspiracy).
*429 Additionally, the nature of the charges in this case counsels against granting the relief sought because it would identify potential cooperating witnesses, exposing them and their families to intimidation or retaliation, and potentially compromising the Government's ongoing investigation of as-yet unidentified co-conspirators.
Much of the case law cited by Maldonado in which district courts ordered the disclosure of unindicted co-conspirators can be distinguished from the facts of this case. In some of those cases, the Government volunteered the names of the co-conspirators. See, e.g., United States v. Failla, No. 93-CR-00294, 1993 WL 547419, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 21, 1993); United States v. Moazzam, No. 92-CR-152, 1993 WL 36175, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 5, 1993); United States v. Lonzo, 793 F.Supp. 57, 60 (N.D.N.Y. June 10, 1992). In other cases the charges referred to complex and long-term conspiracies that often involved fraud, unlike the one at issue here. See, e.g., United States v. Feldman, 731 F.Supp. 1189, 1191 (S.D.N.Y. 1990) (multi-year tax evasion conspiracy); United States v. Chovanec, 467 F.Supp. 41, 43 (S.D.N.Y.1979) (identifying at least 27 counts in racketeering indictment); United States v. Kole, 442 F.Supp. 852, 854 (S.D.N.Y.1977) (five-year conspiracy involving multiple bribes); United States v. Pilnick, 267 F.Supp. 791, 794 (S.D.N.Y. 1967) (57-count indictment). Although some of the cases involve narcotics charges, most did not involve charges of violence or any suggestion that disclosure would reveal the identities of government witnesses, or put those witnesses at risk. See United States v. Columbo, No. 04-CR-273, 2006 WL 2012511, at *6 n. 18 (S.D.N.Y. July 18, 2006) ("[R]equests for bills of particulars have rarely been granted in cases involving defendants charged with violent offenses."); United States v. Santiago, 174 F.Supp.2d 16, 35 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) ("[T]he identities of unindicted co-conspirators have been disclosed primarily in cases in which violence was not alleged.")
In light of the foregoing, the defense's motion for a bill of particulars, including the Government's anticipated proof at trial related to interstate communication, is denied.

IV. MALDONADO'S MOTION TO EXCLUDE HIS POST-ARREST STATEMENT IS DENIED
Maldonado moves to exclude his post-arrest statements made to officers transporting him to his arraignment on the grounds that they are misleading and prejudicial. Maldonado claims that Mulham's reference to Elyn Reynoso as "another defendant in this case" is untrue and will therefore mislead the jury. Further, he claims that Mulham's statement confuses two individuals known as "BB," and that the "BB" whom Maldonado knows is named Luis Inglesias, not Elyn Reynoso. Maldonado also argues that the Mulham's report's reference to his "1995 murder trial" is prejudicial, conveying to the jury an image of him as a convicted criminal (along with the fact that Maldonado claimed he would "fight REYNOSO") and is irrelevant to this case. Since any probative value of the statements is outweighed by its danger of unfair prejudice, Maldonado argues, the statement should be excluded from evidence.
Maldonado's arguments are unfounded and premature. If there has been confusion between Elyn Reynoso and Luis Inglesias the Government has said it will not present such statements at trial. Gov't's Mem. of Law in Opp'n to Def's Pretrial Mots. at 29. To the extent that the Government seeks to admit evidence of Maldonado's prior murder trial, it will be confined by the limits of Fed.R.Evid. 404(b), which governs which evidence of other *430 crimes, wrongs or acts may be admitted against a defendant or a witness. Any ruling on that issue at this time would be premature.

V. DEFENDANT'S REQUEST FOR CO-CONSPIRATOR AND WITNESS PHOTOGRAPHS IS DENIED
Maldonado requests that the Government disclose approximately twenty photographs which the Government claims contain images of the Defendants in this case, as well as other persons who may be witnesses and co-conspirators in the case. The Government has emphasized that there is an on-going investigation relating to the people in the photos and that their disclosure to the Defendants might endanger potential witnesses or other unindicted co-conspirators. The Government has allowed Maldonado's counsel to view the photographs in their offices but has not provided the defense with copies of the photos that they would be able show to potential witnesses in the course of their investigations. Maldonado argues that these items are "material" to preparing his defense because "the photographs will enable [them] to identify persons who may be referred to" at trial, Def's Mem. of Law in Support of Pretrial Mots. at 9, and that they should therefore be disclosed pursuant to Fed.R.Crim.P. 16(a)(1)(E).
The Government has no obligation to produce copies of photographs of co-conspirators and witnesses, particularly where that production would place those individuals at risk, or where the photographs are being used as part of an on-going investigation, as is the case here, see United States v. Robertson, No. 07-CR-944, 2008 WL 220283, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 23, 2008) The Government has invited Maldonado's counsel to examine the photographs in their offices, specifically to allow them to raise any objections to the Government's identification practices. There are no further grounds on which Maldonado may seek the production of the photographs at this stage. His request is therefore denied.
It is so ordered.