Court Opinion

ID: 818103
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-02-01 22:56:25.550084+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:37:00.736895
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                          OCT 31 2012
                                                      SUSAN M SPRAUL, CLERK
 1                                                      U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                        OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

 2
                     UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 3
                               OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 4
 5   In re:                        )      BAP No.     EC-12-1168-KiDJu
                                   )
 6   JERRY SLATES,                 )      Bk. No.     10-22970-CMK
                                   )
 7                  Debtor.        )
                                   )
 8                                 )
     JERRY SLATES,                 )
 9                                 )
                    Appellant,     )
10                                 )
     v.                            )      M E M O R A N D U M1
11                                 )
     JOHN W. REGER, Chapter 7      )
12   Trustee,                      )
                                   )
13                  Appellee.      )
     ______________________________)
14
                    Argued and Submitted on October 19, 2012,
15                           at Sacramento, California
16                           Filed - October 31, 2012
17             Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                   for the Eastern District of California
18
     Honorable Christopher M. Klein, Chief Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
19
20   Appearances:     Todd M. Peterson, Esq., argued for appellant, Jerry
                      Slates; Michael Paul Dacquisto, Esq., argued for
21                    appellee, John W. Reger, chapter 7 trustee.
22
     Before: KIRSCHER, DUNN, and JURY, Bankruptcy Judges.
23
24
25
26
          1
            This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
27   Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may have
     (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value. See 9th
28   Cir. BAP Rule 8013-1.
 1        Appellant, chapter 72 debtor Jerry Slates ("Slates"), appeals
 2   the bankruptcy court's order approving the chapter 7 trustee's
 3   motion to approve the compromise and sale of Slates's claim
 4   against his former employer, the State of California Department of
 5   Forestry and Fire Protection ("Cal Fire"), and his former
 6   supervisor, Steve Gassaway ("Gassaway").   We conclude that the
 7   asset at issue was property of the estate and not exempt, and to
 8   that extent, we AFFIRM the bankruptcy court’s ruling.   However,
 9   because the bankruptcy court did not make adequate findings to
10   support the settlement and sale of the asset, we VACATE and REMAND
11   that portion of the order with instruction that the bankruptcy
12   court enter the required findings.
13              I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
14   A.   Events prior to the settlement and sale.
15        Slates filed a chapter 7 bankruptcy case on February 8, 2010.
16   In his accompanying Schedule B, Slates listed an interest in
17   "possible disability benefits from Cal Fire (former employer)
18   administrative action pending.   Handled by Law Offices of Gay
19   Carroll, 770 L Street, #950, Sacramento, CA."   Item 4 in Slates's
20   Statement of Financial Affairs ("SOFA")(suits and administrative
21   proceedings) disclosed, among other things, an "administrative
22   proceeding to be filed" by attorney Gay Carroll against Cal Fire
23   and Gassaway for "violation of Calif Fair Employment & Housing Act
24   re: debtor's disability."   Chapter 7 trustee and appellee,
25   John W. Reger ("Trustee"), was appointed to Slates's case.
26
          2
            Unless specified otherwise, all chapter, code, and rule
27   references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and
     the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037. The
28   Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are referred to as “Civil Rules.”

                                      -2-
 1        On February 17, 2010, Slates filed an Amended Schedule C
 2   claiming as exempt the "possible disability benefits from Cal Fire
 3   (former employer) administrative action pending.    Handled by Law
 4   Offices of Gay Carroll, 770 L Street, #950, Sacramento, CA.”
 5   Slates claimed this asset was exempt under CAL. CODE CIV. PROC.
 6   ("CCP") § 703.140(b)(10)(C)3 with an "unknown" value.    Slates did
 7   not exempt the "administrative proceeding to be filed" listed in
 8   Item 4 of his SOFA.   At no time did Trustee file an objection to
 9   Slates's claimed exemption for the "possible disability benefits"
10   listed in his Schedule C.
11        The first meeting of creditors was held on April 14, 2010,
12   and was continued to May 12, 2010.     The gist of the May 12 meeting
13   was to deal with a vacant lot in which Slates owned a one-half
14   interest with his former wife.   Slates's interest in the vacant
15   lot was eventually transferred to Trustee for the benefit of the
16   estate.   After dealing with questions about the vacant lot and
17   other issues related to Slates's dissolution proceeding, Trustee
18   declared that he was "satisfied with the record," and that he was
19   "going to conclude this matter."   341(a) Meeting Tr. (May 12,
20   2010) 10:18-21.   Trustee does not dispute that he never asked
21   Slates about his exemption for "possible disability benefits" or
22   about the "administrative proceeding to be filed" against Cal Fire
23   and Gassaway for "violation of Calif Fair Employment & Housing Act
24   re: debtor's disability."
25        On April 5, 2010, about one month prior to the continued
26   § 341(a) meeting and two months after filing his chapter 7
27
          3
            CCP § 703.140(b)(10)(C) allows a debtor to exempt the right
28   to receive a “disability, illness, or unemployment benefit.”

                                      -3-
 1   bankruptcy petition, Slates filed two identical complaints
 2   ("Complaints") for Discrimination, one against Cal Fire and one
 3   against Gassaway, with the California Department of Fair
 4   Employment and Housing (the "DFEH").     The Complaints asserted that
 5   based on actions occurring one year earlier on April 6, 2009,
 6   Slates had claims against Cal Fire and Gassaway for constructive
 7   discharge, denial of accommodation, failure to prevent
 8   discrimination or retaliation, and retaliation.      Specifically, the
 9   Complaints stated:
10           Jerry Slates was forced to resign his position and retire
             due to the hostile, discriminatory and threatening manner
11           in which his supervisor, Steve Gassaway, treated him.
             Gassaway discriminated against Slates based on his mental
12           disability, his age, and his physical disability.
             Gassaway created such a hostile work environment that it
13           became impossible for a reasonable person in Jerry
             Slates' position to continue working under Gassaway.
14
15   Slates requested and received an immediate "right to sue" letter
16   from the DFEH, which authorized him to litigate his claims in
17   court.     Any such litigation had to be filed within one year from
18   the date of the letter - i.e., before April 5, 2011.
19           On May 13, 2010, Trustee filed a Notice of Assets instructing
20   creditors to file proofs of claim by no later than August 13,
21   2010.     Presumably, this was based on his recovery of Slates’s one-
22   half interest in the vacant lot.     Slates received his discharge on
23   June 14, 2010.
24           On April 4, 2011, Slates commenced his suit in state court
25   against Cal Fire and Gassaway, asserting claims under the
26   California Fair Employment and Housing Act for Discrimination,
27   Retaliation, Failure to Accommodate, and Wrongful Termination (the
28   "State Court Action").     Slates sought general, compensatory, and

                                        -4-
 1   special damages, as well as attorney's fees and costs.    In
 2   September 2011, Slates filed an amended complaint against these
 3   same defendants after Cal Fire's demurrer was sustained with leave
 4   to amend.   The amended complaint alleged the same claims and
 5   requested the same damages.   Nothing in the record indicates that
 6   Trustee was aware of the Complaints filed with the DFEH or the
 7   State Court Action.
 8        On May 9, 2011, Trustee filed his Final Report and
 9   Application for Compensation (the "TFR").   The TFR stated that
10   “[a]ll scheduled and known assets of the estate have been reduced
11   to cash, released to the debtor as exempt property pursuant to
12   11 U.S.C. § 522, or have been or will be abandoned pursuant to
13   11 U.S.C. § 554.”   Exhibit A reflected the disposition of “all
14   property of the estate.”   The TFR indicated that Slates's estate
15   was administratively insolvent, as it could not even cover his
16   former wife's priority claim of over $100,000.   No objections were
17   filed.   After a brief hearing, a Civil Minute Order approving the
18   TFR was entered on September 14, 2011.
19   B.   The settlement and sale of the State Court Action.
20        In late 2011, Cal Fire learned of Slates's bankruptcy and
21   contacted Trustee to settle the State Court Action.   The parties
22   entered into a Settlement Agreement and Release in or about
23   December 2011.   It is undisputed that neither Slates nor his
24   counsel were contacted regarding the settlement negotiations.
25        On January 17, 2012, Trustee moved for approval of (1) the
26   compromise and settlement of the bankruptcy estate's claims
27   against Cal Fire and Gassaway in the State Court Action, and
28   (2) the sale of the estate's interest in the State Court Action

                                     -5-
 1   for $20,000 (the "Settlement/Sale Motion").   In short, Trustee
 2   contended that because the State Court Action had not been
 3   properly scheduled nor exempted, it was property of the estate.
 4   Specifically, contended Trustee, the State Court Action was never
 5   identified on Slates's Schedule B in such a way to provide Trustee
 6   with notice of the claims being asserted or the relief being
 7   sought.   Trustee contended that the description in Slates's
 8   Schedule B of "possible disability benefits" when compared to the
 9   relief sought in the State Court Action (medical and related
10   expenses, loss of income and benefits, general damages, emotional
11   distress damages, and attorney's fees) demonstrated that the
12   description provided by Slates was inaccurate and substantially
13   misleading.   Trustee also argued that Slates's exemption of
14   "possible disability benefits" in his Schedule C could not
15   reasonably be interpreted to mean the claims set forth in the
16   State Court Action.
17        To establish the factors for settlement under Martin v. Kane
18   (In re A & C Props.), 784 F.2d 1377, 1380 (9th Cir. 1986)
19   (“A & C”), Trustee asserted that the probability of success of the
20   State Court Action was unknown due to the factually complex and
21   highly disputed nature of discrimination cases.   Trustee noted
22   that Slates had waited until the last day before the statute of
23   limitations expired before filing the necessary claim form with
24   the DFEH, and he waited until the last day before the statute of
25   limitations expired before filing the State Court Action, which
26   indicated the claims were weak.    Counsel for Cal Fire had advised
27   Trustee that Slates's case was a "nuisance" and lacked merit.
28   Further, according to Trustee, Slates had not provided Trustee

                                       -6-
 1   with any information showing the State Court Action had merit
 2   above the amount being offered to settle.   Ability to collect on
 3   any potential judgment was likely not an issue.    As for the
 4   complexity of the litigation, Trustee contended that many factual
 5   disputes existed in the matter, and the cost of pursuing the State
 6   Court Action would greatly exceed any potential benefit.   Further,
 7   the estate had no funds to hire expert witnesses or to retain
 8   counsel to pursue the matter, and, because the State Court Action
 9   was only at the complaint stage, the time necessary to conclude it
10   would be substantial.   Therefore, this fair settlement would
11   provide funds to the estate much faster than if litigation were
12   pursued.   Finally, Trustee asserted that the settlement would
13   produce a significant distribution to creditors.
14        In addition to the settlement, Trustee also sought approval
15   for the sale of the State Court Action to the defendants under
16   § 363(b)(1).   Per the terms of the sale, Slates (or any third
17   party) could overbid Cal Fire's $20,000 bid.   Trustee asserted
18   that sound business reasons existed for selling the State Court
19   Action.    It would generate at least $20,000, or more if Slates
20   overbid.   Further, in Trustee's opinion, the selling market for
21   this type of asset was very limited, and Cal Fire's offer of
22   $20,000 was fair and reasonable.
23        Slates opposed the Settlement/Sale Motion.    In short, he
24   contended that the State Court Action belonged to him because
25   Trustee either abandoned or released it.    Specifically, Slates
26   argued that the description in his Schedule B of "possible
27   disability benefits" from Cal Fire put Trustee on notice that the
28   nature of the asset should be explored.    Further, argued Slates,

                                      -7-
 1   he did not know at the time he filed his Schedule B in February
 2   2010, which was long before he filed the State Court Action in
 3   April 2011, what damages or relief would be sought in the future
 4   litigation.   Slates also argued that his listing of the
 5   "administrative proceeding to be filed" in Item 4 of his SOFA
 6   provided sufficient notice to Trustee that potential claims
 7   existed against Cal Fire and Gassaway.   Slates contended that
 8   Trustee had plenty of time - at least 13 months between the time
 9   of the final § 341(a) meeting and the filing of the TFR - to
10   conduct an investigation or inquiry about the matter, and he
11   failed to do so.
12        Slates also disputed Trustee's contention that the State
13   Court Action had never been exempted, arguing that it was listed
14   as an asset and claimed exempt under CCP § 703.140(b)(10)(C) since
15   it arose out of his employment and was related to a disability.
16   Because Trustee never timely objected to the claimed exemption
17   under Rule 4003, Slates argued the State Court Action was exempt
18   and not property of the estate.
19        In his supporting declaration, Slates stated that his
20   bankruptcy attorney advised him to list his claims against Cal
21   Fire and Gassaway as an asset, and, to the extent the possible
22   claim arose out of a claim for disability, it would be exempt.
23   Slates further stated that, as a lay person, he was not familiar
24   with the theories of legal recovery, and he disclosed the
25   existence of what he thought were disability claims against the
26   defendants in his bankruptcy schedules as instructed.
27        In his reply, Trustee contended that Slates's interest in the
28   administrative claims against the defendants, which resulted in

                                       -8-
 1   the State Court Action, became property of the estate under
 2   § 541(a) when Slates filed his bankruptcy case, and the claims
 3   still belonged to the estate because they had never been abandoned
 4   and the case had not yet been closed by final decree.   Trustee
 5   agreed that any disability payments Slates might be entitled to
 6   would be exempt, but disputed that the damages sought in the
 7   administrative proceeding and subsequent State Court Action
 8   constituted "a disability, illness or unemployment benefit" under
 9   CCP § 703.140(b)(10)(C).
10        On the same day Trustee filed his reply, Slates filed a
11   second opposition to the Settlement/Sale Motion.   In sum, Slates
12   argued that the Settlement/Sale Motion should be denied because:
13   (1) Trustee was put on notice of the asset; (2) he did not
14   administer it in a timely manner; (3) he did not timely object to
15   the exemption of the asset; (4) he did not seek a continuance or
16   ask for additional time to inquire about the asset; (5) the TFR
17   stated that all assets had been liquidated, released, or abandoned
18   or would be abandoned; and (6) the nature of Slates's claims in
19   the State Court Action arose from a disability, which was created
20   by the alleged harassment and verbal abuse he endured from
21   Gassaway.   Slates again noted his lack of sophistication about
22   legal matters and argued that he had no idea at the time he filed
23   his bankruptcy case what damages or grounds for relief he might
24   assert in a future lawsuit against Cal Fire and Gassaway.
25        The Settlement/Sale Motion was heard on February 14, 2012.
26   The parties agreed that no facts were in dispute and that no
27   testimony was necessary.   The bankruptcy court took the matter
28   under advisement, stating that it wanted to "take a harder look at

                                     -9-
 1   the record . . . ."   Hr’g Tr. (Feb. 14, 2012) 5:12.     The court
 2   stated that it would either enter its findings and conclusions
 3   orally on the record on March 6, 2012, or issue a written decision
 4   beforehand.   Id. at 5:13-20.   The record reflects that no hearing
 5   occurred on March 6, 2012.
 6        The bankruptcy court entered its half-page written order
 7   approving the Settlement/Sale Motion on March 12, 2012 (the
 8   "Settlement/Sale Order").    The court, without explanation, found
 9   that the State Court Action was property of the estate and not
10   exempt.   The court granted the motion as a fair and equitable
11   compromise, taking into account the probability of success in
12   litigation, difficulties, if any, in matters of collection,
13   expense, inconvenience, and delay of litigation, and that it was
14   in the best interest of creditors.       The court also granted the
15   motion as an appropriate sale of the State Court Action,
16   considering that Slates declined to participate in an auction and
17   no other third party expressed an interest.      Slates timely
18   appealed.
19                               II. JURISDICTION
20        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334
21   and 157(b)(2)(A) and (N).    We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
22   § 158.4
23                                 III. ISSUES
24   1.   Did the bankruptcy court err when it determined that
25   the State Court Action was property of the estate and not exempt?
26
          4
            Although no stay pending appeal has been requested or
27   entered, Trustee informed the Panel at oral argument that the
     State Court Action has not been dismissed and that he still holds
28   the proceeds from the settlement/sale of the State Court Action.

                                       -10-
 1   2.   Did the bankruptcy abuse its discretion in approving the
 2   Settlement/Sale Motion?
 3                           IV. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
 4        Whether property is property of the estate is a question of
 5   law reviewed de novo.    Mwangi v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.
 6   (In re Mwangi), 432 B.R. 812, 818 (9th Cir. BAP 2010); Moldo v.
 7   Clark (In re Clark), 266 B.R. 163, 168 (9th Cir. BAP 2001).         We
 8   also review exemption determinations de novo.     Goswami v. MTC
 9   Distrib. (In re Goswami), 304 B.R. 386, 389 (9th Cir. BAP 2003).
10   De novo means review is independent, with no deference given to
11   the trial court's conclusion.    In re Mwangi, 432 B.R. at 818.
12        We review a bankruptcy court's decision to approve a
13   compromise for abuse of discretion.      Goodwin v. Mickey Thompson
14   Entm't Grp., Inc. (In re Mickey Thompson Entm't Grp., Inc.),
15   292 B.R. 415, 420 (9th Cir. BAP 2003)(citing A & C, 784 F.2d at
16   1380).   Sales under § 363 are also reviewed for abuse of
17   discretion.   In re Clark, 266 B.R. at 168.     A bankruptcy court
18   abuses its discretion if it applied the wrong legal standard or
19   its findings were illogical, implausible, or without support in
20   the record.   TrafficSchool.com, Inc. v. Edriver Inc., 653 F.3d
21   820, 832 (9th Cir. 2011).
22                                V. DISCUSSION
23   A.   Is the State Court Action property of the estate?      Is it
          exempt?
24
25        Before Trustee could have settled and/or sold the State Court
26   Action, it must have been property of the estate and not exempt.
27   No one disputes that the State Court Action was, initially,
28   property of the estate.    See Sierra Switchboard Co. v.

                                       -11-
 1   Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 789 F.2d 705, 708 (9th Cir. 1986)
 2   (property of the estate includes prepetition causes of action);
 3   § 541(a).   However, Slates contends that the State Court Action
 4   was exempt and not subject to settlement or sale.
 5          Exempt property is property of the estate a chapter 7 trustee
 6   cannot liquidate or distribute to creditors because it has been
 7   withdrawn from the estate for the benefit of the debtor.       S & C
 8   Home Loans, Inc. v. Farr (In re Farr), 278 B.R. 171, 177 (9th Cir.
 9   BAP 2002)(citing Owen v. Owen, 500 U.S. 305, 308 (1991)).
10   California has opted out of the federal exemption scheme and has
11   limited debtors to the exemptions available under state law.
12   Wolfe v. Jacobson (In re Jacobson), 676 F.3d 1193, 1198 (9th Cir.
13   2012).   California exemption statutes are to be liberally
14   construed in favor of the debtor.   Turner v. Marshack
15   (In re Turner), 186 B.R. 108, 113 (9th Cir. BAP 1995).
16          Trustee does not dispute that if the State Court Action
17   constitutes a "disability benefit" under CCP § 703.140(b)(10)(C)
18   it was exempt from the estate.   The question here is whether
19   Slates successfully exempted the State Court Action.     The
20   bankruptcy court summarily found, without explanation, that he did
21   not.   However, this is a question of law we review de novo.
22          Slates contends that the State Court Action was exempt
23   because: (1) he listed it in good faith on his Amended Schedule C;
24   (2) he described it sufficiently, at least what he knew at the
25   time, to put Trustee on notice of what he was claiming exempt;
26   (3) Trustee had a duty to investigate the matter and failed to do
27   so; and (4) Trustee failed to object to the exemption.
28

                                      -12-
 1        1.   Rule 4003 and Taylor v. Freeland & Kronz.
 2        Rule 4003(a) specifies the procedure for claiming exemptions,
 3   requiring the debtor to “list the property claimed as exempt . . .
 4   on the schedule of assets required to be filed by Rule 1007.”     See
 5   also § 522(l)(“The debtor shall file a list of property that the
 6   debtor claims as exempt under subsection (b) of this section.”).
 7   Parties in interest, including a chapter 7 trustee, have 30 days
 8   after the conclusion of the § 341(a) meeting of creditors (or
 9   30 days after any amendment to the list of exemptions) to file
10   objections to the debtor's claimed exemptions.5   Rule 4003(b)(1).
11   Absent an objection, the property claimed exempt is exempt, even
12   if “the debtor had no colorable basis for claiming the exemption.”
13   Taylor v. Freeland & Kronz., 503 U.S. 638 (1992).
14        In Taylor, the chapter 7 debtor disclosed a prepetition
15   employment discrimination suit that was pending in state court at
16   the time her bankruptcy case was filed.   Id. at 640.   In her
17   Schedule C, the debtor claimed the “[p]roceeds from lawsuit -
18   [Davis] v. TWA” and “[c]laim for lost wages” as exempt.   Id.     She
19   listed the value of the claimed exemption as “unknown.”   During
20   the course of the § 341(a) meeting of creditors, the debtor
21   indicated that the lawsuit might be worth $90,000 to $110,000.
22   Under applicable law, she would have been entitled to exempt only
23   a small amount of the lawsuit proceeds.   The chapter 7 trustee
24   decided not to object to the claimed exemption because he doubted
25
26        5
            There is an exception to this rule. If the debtor
     fraudulently asserted a claim of exemption, a trustee may file an
27   objection “at any time prior to one year after the closing of the
     case.” Rule 4003(b)(2). Trustee has never alleged Slates acted
28   fraudulently in claiming the exemption.

                                    -13-
 1   the lawsuit had any value.    Ultimately, the debtor settled the
 2   lawsuit for $110,000.    Id. at 640-42.   The trustee then demanded
 3   turnover of the money, asserting that it was property of the
 4   bankruptcy estate.    The Supreme Court held that the trustee's
 5   failure to object to the claimed exemption within the 30-day
 6   period prescribed by Rule 4003(b) entitled the debtor to retain
 7   all the proceeds of the lawsuit, even though she had no legitimate
 8   statutory basis for claiming the exemption.    Id. at 639, 642.
 9        The Ninth Circuit has consistently recognized the strict
10   application of the 30-day limit for objections to exemptions
11   required by Taylor.     See Hyman v. Plotkin (In re Hyman), 967 F.2d
12   1316, 1319 n.6 (9th Cir. 1992)(“Unless there is a timely objection
13   from a party in interest, any property claimed as exempt by a
14   debtor - regardless of whether the claimed exemption is valid - is
15   automatically exempt under section 522(l).”); Seror v. Kahan
16   (In re Kahan), 28 F.3d 79, 83 (9th Cir. 1994)(“In Taylor, the
17   Supreme Court held that where the trustee fails to object timely
18   to a claimed exemption, he cannot later contest the exemption,
19   ‘whether or not [the debtor] had a colorable statutory basis for
20   claiming it.’”); Bernard v. Coyne (In re Bernard), 40 F.3d 1028,
21   1031 (9th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1065 (1995)(holding
22   same); Preblich v. Battley, 181 F.3d 1048, 1052 (9th Cir. 1999)
23   (quoting Taylor for the proposition that “after time to file
24   objection has run, exemption cannot be contested, ‘whether or not
25   [the debtor] had a colorable statutory basis for claiming it.’”).
26        Likewise, this Panel has applied the same strict standard.
27   Morgan v. FDIC (In re Morgan), 149 B.R. 147, 151 (9th Cir. BAP
28   1993)(“Under Taylor, even an exemption claim that is totally

                                       -14-
 1   baseless will result in the property at issue being exempt if
 2   neither the trustee nor another party in interest timely objects
 3   to the exemption.”); Canino v. Bleau (In re Canino), 185 B.R. 584,
 4   595 (9th Cir. BAP 1995)(“The bankruptcy court's broad equitable
 5   power does not enable it to carve out an exception to Taylor's
 6   strict construction of § 522(l) and [Rule] 4003[.]”); Heintz v.
 7   Carey (In re Heintz), 198 B.R. 581, 584 (9th Cir. BAP 1996)(all
 8   property listed as exempt on debtor's schedules became exempt even
 9   though the debtor may have had no colorable basis for claiming the
10   exemptions); Spenler v. Siegel (In re Spenler), 212 B.R. 625, 629
11   (9th Cir. BAP 1997)(Taylor “holds that if no objection is filed
12   within the 30-day period prescribed by Rule 4003(b) the debtor's
13   claimed exemption is valid.”); Morgan-Busby v. Gladstone
14   (In re Morgan-Busby), 272 B.R. 257, 265 (9th Cir. BAP
15   2002)(“Taylor made it clear that the purpose for the short
16   objection period in Rule 4003(b) is to encourage finality.   . . .
17   Allowing a trustee to distinguish between an objection to an
18   exemption itself and the value of the property subject to that
19   exemption does not promote finality.”).
20        We note, however, that neither this Panel nor the Ninth
21   Circuit has interpreted Taylor as holding that failure by the
22   trustee to object to a claim of exemption will always result in
23   the debtor being entitled to a full exemption in the subject
24   property.   For example, the property may not be exempt if the
25   debtor's schedules are ambiguous.   In re Hyman, 967 F.2d 1316.    In
26   Hyman, the debtors claimed a homestead exemption in the amount of
27   $45,000, consistent with California law which limited the
28   exemption amount to $45,000.   Nevertheless, the debtors contended

                                     -15-
 1   that their description of the exemption as merely “homestead”
 2   instead of “homestead exemption” indicated that they were claiming
 3   as exempt the entire homestead, notwithstanding California law.
 4   Debtors contended that the trustee's failure to object to the
 5   claim of exemption within 30 days rendered the real property fully
 6   exempt, even though no basis in the law existed for the exemption.
 7   Id. at 1319.   The Ninth Circuit disagreed, holding that the
 8   debtors did not gain an exemption in the entire homestead simply
 9   because the trustee failed to object to their claim.   Reviewing
10   the debtors' schedules, the court stated:
11        The   Hymans'   schedule  of   exempt   property  listed
          ‘homestead’ as an exemption under Cal. Civ. Proc. Code
12        § 704.720, and valued the exemption at $45,000. Based on
          this information, the Hymans did not sufficiently notify
13        others that they were claiming their entire homestead as
          exempt property; their schedule only gave notice that
14        they claimed $45,000 as exempt, which is the proper
          amount of their homestead allowance under sections
15        704.720 and 704.730. Thus, the trustee had no basis for
          objecting, and could well have suffered the bankruptcy
16        judge's ire had he objected to the $45,000 exemption to
          which the Hymans were clearly entitled.
17
18   Id. (internal citation omitted)(emphasis added).   Recognizing the
19   short time to object to exemptions under Rule 4003(b), the Hyman
20   court noted that trustees and creditors must be able to determine
21   precisely whether a listed asset is validly exempt simply by
22   reading a debtor's schedules.   Id. at 1319 n.6; see In re Mohring,
23   142 B.R. 389, 395 (Bankr. E.D. Cal. 1992), aff'd, 153 B.R. 601
24   (9th Cir. BAP 1993), aff'd, 24 F.3d 247 (9th Cir. 1994)(same).
25   "Given that the debtor controls the schedules, we construe any
26   ambiguity therein against him."    Hyman, 967 F.2d at n.6.   See also
27   In re Kahan, 28 F.3d at 82 (citing Hyman and holding same);
28   In re Pickering, 195 B.R. 759, 762-63 (Bankr. D. Mont. 1996)(court

                                       -16-
 1   must construe any ambiguities with regard to the information, or
 2   lack thereof, in a debtor's schedules or statements of affairs
 3   against the debtor as both the drafter of the documents and as the
 4   party most familiar with the information required by them);
 5   In re Mohring, 142 B.R. at 394 n.14 (ambiguities in schedules must
 6   be construed against the debtor).6
 7        We reached a similar result in In re Clark.        There, the
 8   debtor described property claimed as exempt as “five lots listed
 9   in qualified retirement plan[.]”     266 B.R. at 165.    Turns out, no
10   such retirement plan existed, and the property was owned by an
11   entity other than the debtor.   Id. at 170-71.    Relying on Hyman
12   and its progeny, we held that because the debtor's exemption claim
13   was “ambiguous and imprecise,” the subject property was not
14   automatically exempt under Taylor when no timely objection was
15   filed.   Id.   Accord In re Morgan-Busby, 272 B.R. at 265 (ambiguous
16   exemptions are not subject to Rule 4003(b)).
17        Therefore, under Hyman and its progeny, "in order to
18   determine whether a debtor is entitled to a full exemption in the
19   property upon the trustee's failure to object, the court must
20   inquire whether the information that the debtor provided in his or
21   her Schedule C should have put the trustee on notice that he or
22   she ought to have filed an objection to a claim of exemption."
23   In re Hurdle, 240 B.R. 617, 624 (Bankr. C.D. Cal. 1999).
24
25        6
            In a more recent case on this issue, the U.S. Supreme Court
     emphasized that neither the trustee nor the bankruptcy court need
26   to struggle to divine a debtor's "intent" underlying claimed
     exemptions or look beyond the face of Schedule C to figure out
27   what the debtor "meant" to exempt. See Schwab v. Reilly,
     130 S.Ct. 2652, 2665 (2010)("Taylor does not rest on what the
28   debtor ‘meant' to exempt.").

                                      -17-
 1        2.   The State Court Action is property of the estate and not
               exempt.
 2
 3        We conclude that Slates's description of the State Court
 4   Action as listed in his Schedule C is ambiguous, and we must
 5   construe that ambiguity against him.    Describing the State Court
 6   Action as "possible disability benefits" did not put Trustee on
 7   notice that Slates was actually exempting the proceeds from any
 8   potential recovery he received in his suit against Cal Fire and
 9   Gassaway, or that Trustee ought to have filed an objection to the
10   claimed exemption.   Slates implied only that he was exempting
11   "disability benefits," which even Trustee admits would be fully
12   exempt under California law.    The Complaints, filed one month
13   prior to the continued § 341(a) meeting and just shy of two months
14   after Slates filed his bankruptcy petition, assert claims for
15   discrimination, constructive discharge, and retaliation.   Such
16   causes of action sound in tort as opposed to a "disability
17   benefit" claim, even if the reason Slates left Cal Fire was the
18   alleged disability his employment there caused him and Cal Fire’s
19   failure to accommodate.   Slates’s claims against Cal Fire and
20   Gassaway could not reasonably be construed to constitute exempt
21   disability benefits under California law.   Notably, the damages
22   Slates requested in the State Court Action make no reference to
23   any damages for disability benefits.
24        Even assuming at the time Slates filed his bankruptcy case he
25   did not know what claims he would be asserting in his future suit
26   against Cal Fire, which is questionable, it is reasonable to
27   assume that his attorney did.   In any event, by the time Slates
28   filed the Complaints, which was just six weeks after filing his

                                      -18-
 1   Amended Schedule C, it was clear he was seeking something other
 2   than disability benefits.   In that case, he had a duty to file
 3   amended schedules.    Searles v. Riley (In re Searles), 317 B.R.
 4   368, 378 (9th Cir. BAP 2004)(every debtor has a continuing duty to
 5   assure the accuracy and completeness of schedules, which implies a
 6   duty to amend).
 7        Slates has not provided us with any valid reason why
 8   Trustee's reading of his Amended Schedule C was unreasonable, or,
 9   put another way, why the information provided should have put
10   Trustee on notice that he ought to have objected to Slates’s claim
11   of exemption for the State Court Action.   Based on Slates's
12   description of the State Court Action, Trustee was unable to
13   determine the validity of that exemption simply by reading
14   Slates's schedules.   Hyman, 967 F.2d at 1319 n.6.
15        Slates also contended before the bankruptcy court that the
16   State Court Action was not property of the estate subject to
17   settlement or sale because Trustee had abandoned it.   While Slates
18   does not appear to be raising that specific argument on appeal, he
19   continues to refer to the TFR in which Trustee stated he was
20   abandoning or would be abandoning all scheduled and known assets,
21   and he complains of Trustee’s lack of diligence in filing the TFR
22   and/or investigating the State Court Action.    In other words,
23   Slates contends that Trustee should be equitably estopped from
24   claiming ownership of the State Court Action.
25        Abandonment has jurisdictional implications.    When a property
26   is abandoned, it reverts to the debtor as if no bankruptcy
27   petition had been filed.    Hopkins v. Idaho State Univ. Credit
28   Union (In re Herter), 456 B.R. 455, 467 (Bankr. D. Idaho 2011)

                                      -19-
 1   (citing Dewsnup v. Timm, 908 F.2d 588, 590 (10th Cir. 1990)).      A
 2   bankruptcy trustee may abandon assets, but property that is not
 3   abandoned or administered by the trustee remains property of the
 4   estate.    § 554(a), (d).   “‘Abandonment’ is a term of art with
 5   special meaning in the bankruptcy context.    It is the formal
 6   relinquishment of the property at issue from the bankruptcy
 7   estate.”    Catalano v. C.I.R., 279 F.3d 682, 685 (9th Cir. 2002).
 8   Under § 554, estate property may be abandoned in three ways.
 9   First, after notice and hearing, the trustee may abandon any
10   property that is burdensome or is of little value to the estate.
11   § 554(a).   Second, on motion by a party in interest, including the
12   debtor, the court may order the abandonment of certain property.
13   § 554(b); Rule 6007(b).     Third, once a bankruptcy case is closed,
14   any assets that have been properly scheduled, but not
15   administered, are abandoned by operation of law.    § 554(c).
16        No abandonment occurred here under either § 554(a) or (b).
17   Thus, abandonment, if any, could have only occurred by virtue of
18   § 554(c).   In reviewing the TFR and exhibits, nowhere did Trustee
19   list or expressly abandon the State Court Action.    The TFR states
20   that “all scheduled and known assets of the estate have been
21   reduced to cash, released to debtor as exempt property, . . . or
22   have been or will be abandoned . . . .”    The term “will be”
23   certainly is not definitive.    Most importantly, at the time of the
24   Settlement/Sale Motion, Slates's bankruptcy case was still open.
25   Thus, the State Court Action was never abandoned under § 554.
26        However, Trustee’s lack of diligence in closing the case is
27   the premise of Slates's estoppel argument.    We agree with Slates
28   that under § 704(a) Trustee was required to expeditiously

                                       -20-
 1   liquidate or abandon property of the estate, and his unexplained
 2   delay in closing the case may have been unwarranted.    Although his
 3   Schedule C was ambiguous, Slates did disclose an “administrative
 4   proceeding to be filed” in his SOFA and Trustee never asked about
 5   it.   Perhaps Trustee assumed it was connected to the “possible
 6   disability benefits” that he knew would be exempt and were being
 7   pursued in the “administrative action pending.”    Further, Slates
 8   technically scheduled the State Court Action.    However, as we have
 9   found above, his description of the asset was ambiguous to the
10   extent where we consider it not “scheduled” at all.
11           Although we agree that Trustee could have been more diligent
12   in his investigation of this case, we disagree with Slates’s
13   contention that Trustee should be equitably estopped from claiming
14   ownership of the State Court Action, at least on this record.
15   Nothing suggests that Trustee was keeping the case open for an
16   improper purpose.    In fact, we have no idea why this case was kept
17   open.    Besides asserting that Trustee failed in his duties, Slates
18   cites no authority to support his estoppel proposition.
19           Therefore, because Trustee (or any creditor of Slates) was
20   not able to determine from reading the schedules that Slates was
21   claiming the State Court Action as exempt, Slates failed to assert
22   a valid exemption.    Thus, Trustee was not required to object to it
23   under Rule 4003(b).    We further note that, to date, Slates has
24   never amended his schedules to describe adequately the State Court
25   Action he claims is exempt.    Accordingly, the bankruptcy court did
26   not err in determining that the State Court Action was property of
27   the estate and not exempt.
28

                                       -21-
 1   B.    The bankruptcy court did not make the necessary findings to
           support the Settlement/Sale Order.
 2
           1.   Compromises under Rule 9019.
 3
 4         Rule 9019(a) authorizes the bankruptcy court to approve a
 5   compromise or settlement upon a motion of the trustee and after a
 6   hearing on twenty-one days’ notice to all creditors and the
 7   U.S. Trustee.   See Rule 2002(a)(3).      Compromises are favored in
 8   bankruptcy because they avoid the expenses and burdens associated
 9   with litigation.   A & C, 784 F.2d at 1381.      Therefore, the
10   bankruptcy court has “great latitude” in approving compromises and
11   settlements.    Woodson v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. (In re Woodson),
12   839 F.2d 610, 620 (9th Cir. 1988).       Nevertheless, the court may
13   only approve a compromise if it is satisfied that its terms are
14   “fair, reasonable and equitable.”     A & C, 784 at 1381.
15         To determine whether a settlement is fair and reasonable, the
16   bankruptcy court must consider:
17         (a) the probability of success in the litigation;
18         (b) the difficulties, if any, to be encountered in the matter
           of collection;
19
           (c) the complexity of the litigation involved, and the expense,
20         inconvenience and delay necessarily attending it; and
21         (d) the paramount interest of the creditors and a proper
           deference to their reasonable views in the premises.
22
23   Id.   Trustee, as the party proposing the settlement, had the
24   burden of demonstrating that the settlement agreement was fair,
25   reasonable and equitable.   Id.
26         2.   Sales under § 363(b)(1).
27         Section 363 governs the sale, use, or lease of property of
28   the estate.    Section 363(b)(1) provides that “[t]he trustee, after

                                       -22-
 1   notice and a hearing, may use, sell, or lease, other than in the
 2   ordinary course of business, property of the estate . . . .”
 3   Prepetition causes of action owned by the trustee are intangible
 4   items of estate property that may be, and are often, sold.
 5   Simantob v. Claims Prosecutor, LLC (In re Lahijani), 325 B.R. 282,
 6   287 (9th Cir. BAP 2005); § 541(a)(1); § 363(b).
 7        To confirm a sale, the trustee must establish that: (1) a
 8   sound business purpose exists for the sale; (2) the sale is in the
 9   best interest of the estate, i.e., the sale price is fair and
10   reasonable; (3) notice to creditors was proper; and (4) the sale
11   is made in good faith.    In re Wilde Horse Enters., Inc., 136 B.R.
12   830, 841 (Bankr. C.D. Cal. 1991); accord Comm. of Equity Sec.
13   Holders v. Lionel Corp. (In re Lionel Corp.), 722 F.2d 1063, 1069
14   (2d Cir. 1983).   Trustee also had the burden to prove these
15   elements.
16        3.     Analysis.
17        When opposed, a motion to compromise a controversy under
18   Rule 9019 is subject to the provisions governing contested matters
19   set forth in Rule 9014.   10 COLLIER   ON   BANKRUPTCY ¶ 9019.01 (Alan N.
20   Resnick & Henry J. Sommer, eds., 16th ed. 2012).         Rule 9014(c)
21   incorporates the provisions of Civil Rule 52, which requires that
22   findings and conclusions be stated on the record after the close
23   of the evidence or appear in an opinion or memorandum of decision
24   filed with the court.    Civil Rule 52(a).       Specifically, in an
25   action tried on the facts without a jury, “the court must find the
26   facts specially and state its conclusions of law separately.”
27   Civil Rule 52(a)(1), incorporated by Rule 7052.
28        These findings must be sufficient to indicate the factual

                                      -23-
 1   basis for the court’s ultimate conclusions.   Unt v. Aerospace
 2   Corp., 765 F.2d 1440, 1444 (9th Cir. 1985).   The findings must be
 3   explicit enough to give the appellate court a clear understanding
 4   of the basis of the trial court’s decision, and to enable it to
 5   determine the ground on which the trial court reached its
 6   decision.   Mattel, Inc. v. Walking Mountain Prods., 353 F.3d 792,
 7   815 (9th Cir. 2003); Unt, 765 F.2d at 1444.
 8        The bankruptcy court here did not make any findings, either
 9   orally or in the Settlement/Sale Order, indicating the factual
10   bases it believed supported each (or any) of the A & C factors.
11   Rather, the court summarily concluded that the compromise was
12   “fair and equitable” according to the A & C factors.    As to the
13   sale aspect, the bankruptcy court found only that Slates had
14   declined to participate in an auction and that no other third
15   party expressed an interest.   The court made no findings as to
16   whether the $20,000 sale price was fair and reasonable, that
17   notice was proper, or that a sound business purpose existed for
18   selling the asset.   It also made no finding of “good faith;”
19   however, such a finding is not an essential element for approval
20   of a sale under § 363(b).   Thomas v. Namba (In re Thomas),
21   287 B.R. 782, 785 (9th Cir. BAP 2002).
22        Findings of fact and conclusions of law are essential to
23   appellate review of the Settlement/Sale Order.    In the absence of
24   complete findings, we may vacate a judgment and remand to the
25   bankruptcy court to make the required findings.   See United States
26   v. Ameline, 409 F.3d 1073 (9th Cir. 2005).    Accordingly, we VACATE
27   the portion of the Settlement/Sale Order approving the settlement
28   and sale of the State Court Action and REMAND with instruction

                                     -24-
 1   that the bankruptcy court make the required findings to support
 2   it.
 3                             VI. CONCLUSION
 4         Based on the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the bankruptcy
 5   court’s ruling that the State Court Action was property of the
 6   estate and not exempt.   However, because the bankruptcy court did
 7   not make adequate findings to support the settlement and sale of
 8   the State Court Action, we VACATE and REMAND that portion of the
 9   order with instruction that the bankruptcy court enter the
10   required findings supporting it under Civil Rule 52.
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
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27
28

                                     -25-