Court Opinion

ID: 2713678
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-05 20:52:27.543346+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:01:34.935049
License: Public Domain

Slip Op. 14- 34

                            UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
__________________________________________________

JINAN YIPIN CORPORATION, LTD., LINSHU                                                  :
DADING PRIVATE AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS CO., LTD., and SUNNY IMPORT                                                   :
AND EXPORT CO., LTD.,
                                                                                       :
                                         Plaintiffs,
                                                                                       :
                                    v.
                                                                                       :   Court No. 06-00189
UNITED STATES,
                                                                                       :
                                       Defendant,
                                                                                       :
                                    and
                                                                                       :
FRESH GARLIC PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION,
CHRISTOPHER RANCH, L.L.C., THE                                                         :
GARLIC COMPANY, VALLEY GARLIC,
and VESSEY AND COMPANY, INC.,                                                          :

                                       Defendant-Intervenors.                          :
____________________________________________________________________________________

[Sustaining U.S. Department of Commerce’s second remand determination in tenth administrative
review of antidumping duty order covering fresh garlic from the People’s Republic of China]

                                                                                              Dated: March 28, 2014

       Mark E. Pardo, Grunfeld, Desiderio, Lebowitz, Silverman & Klestadt LLP, of Washington,
D.C., argued for Plaintiffs.

        Richard P. Schroeder, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of
Justice, of Washington, D.C., argued for Defendant. With him on the brief were Stuart F. Delery,
Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division, and Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and Reginald T.
Blades, Jr., Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch. Of counsel on the brief was George
Kivork, Office of the Chief Counsel for Import Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, of
Washington, D.C.

      Michael J. Coursey, Kelley Drye & Warren, LLP, of Washington, D.C., argued for
Defendant-Intervenors . With him on the brief was John M. Herrmann.
Court No. 06-00189                                                                         Page 2

                                           OPINION

RIDGWAY, Judge:

       Seven plaintiff Chinese producers and exporters of fresh garlic commenced this action to

challenge the final results of the U.S. Department of Commerce’s tenth administrative review of the

antidumping duty order covering fresh garlic from the People’s Republic of China. See generally

Fresh Garlic from the People’s Republic of China: Final Results and Partial Rescission of

Antidumping Duty Administrative Review and Final Results of New Shipper Review, 71 Fed. Reg.

26,329 (May 4, 2006) (“Final Results”); see also Issues and Decision Memorandum for the

Administrative Review and New Shipper Reviews of the Antidumping Duty Order on Fresh Garlic

from the People’s Republic of China (April 26, 2006) (Pub. Doc. No. 462) (“Issues and Decision

Memorandum”); Zhengzhou Harmoni Spice Co. v. United States, 33 CIT 453, 617 F. Supp. 2d 1281

(2009) (“Jinan Yipin I”); Jinan Yipin Corp. v. United States, 35 CIT ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d 1226

(2011) (“Jinan Yipin II”).

       Jinan Yipin I analyzed the seven issues raised by the plaintiff Chinese producers/exporters,

sustaining Commerce’s determination as to two of the issues and remanding the remaining five to

the agency. See generally Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 458, 514-15, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1289, 1334.

Jinan Yipin II reviewed Commerce’s First Remand Determination, filed pursuant to Jinan Yipin I.

See generally Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Court Remand (“First Remand

Determination”). As to one of the five issues addressed therein, there were no objections. Jinan

Yipin II sustained the First Remand Determination as to that issue, and, upon analysis, remanded

the other four to Commerce for further consideration. See generally Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____,
Court No. 06-00189                                                                              Page 3

____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1235, 1315-16.

        Now pending before the court is Commerce’s Second Remand Determination, filed pursuant

to Jinan Yipin II. See generally Final Remand Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Second

Remand (“Second Remand Determination”). The Domestic Producers (i.e., the Fresh Garlic

Producers Association and its four constituent members),1 Defendant-Intervenors in this action,

challenge the Second Remand Determination as to one of the four issues addressed therein. See

generally Defendant-Intervenors’ Comments Regarding Second Remand Redetermination (“Def.-

Ints.’ Brief”); Defendant-Intervenors’ Reply Comments Regarding Second Remand Redetermination

(“Def.-Ints.’ Reply Brief”). For their part, the Government and the three Plaintiff Chinese

producers/exporters – i.e., Jinan Yipin Corporation, Ltd. (“Jinan Yipin”), Linshu Dading Private

Agricultural Products Co., Ltd. (“Linshu Dading”), and Sunny Import and Export Co., Ltd.

(“Sunny”) (collectively, the “Chinese Producers”) – urge that the Second Remand Determination

be sustained in all respects. See Defendant’s Response to Comments Regarding Redetermination

Pursuant to Court Remand (“Def.’s Response Brief”) at 1-2, 16; Plaintiffs’ Response to Defendant-

Intervenors’ Comments Regarding Second Remand Redetermination (“Pls.’ Response Brief”) at 6.

        Jurisdiction lies under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (2000).2 For the reasons detailed below,

Commerce’s Second Remand Determination is sustained.

        1
       The four constituent members of the Fresh Garlic Producers Association are Christopher
Ranch, L.L.C., The Garlic Company, Valley Garlic, and Vessey and Company, Inc.
        2
          All citations to federal statutes are to the 2000 edition of the United States Code. Similarly,
all citations to federal regulations are to the 2003 edition of the Code of Federal Regulations.
Court No. 06-00189                                                                          Page 4

                                         I. Background

       Seven Chinese producers and exporters of fresh garlic brought this action to contest various

aspects of the Final Results of Commerce’s tenth administrative review of the antidumping duty

order on fresh garlic from China, which covered the period from November 1, 2003 through October

31, 2004. See generally Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT 453, 617 F. Supp. 2d 1281; Final Results, 71 Fed.

Reg. 26,329.

       Jinan Yipin I analyzed each of the seven issues that the plaintiff Chinese producers/exporters

raised, sustaining Commerce’s determination as to two issues and remanding the other five for

further consideration. See generally Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 458, 514-15, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1289,

1334.3 Specifically, Jinan Yipin I sustained Commerce’s use of the agency’s intermediate input

methodology to value raw garlic bulbs. See id., 33 CIT at 458, 458-66, 514, 617 F. Supp. 2d at

1289, 1289-95, 1334. Jinan Yipin I similarly sustained Commerce’s surrogate financial ratios

against the Chinese producers’ allegations of “double-counting” of certain labor-related expenses

(i.e., “provident fund” and “gratuity” expenses). See id., 33 CIT at 458, 506-14, 514, 617 F. Supp.

2d at 1289, 1327-34, 1334. In contrast, Jinan Yipin I remanded for further consideration

Commerce’s valuation of certain “factors of production” necessary for the cultivation and export

       3
        Only four of the seven original Plaintiffs moved for judgment on the agency record, i.e.,
Zhengzhou Harmoni Spice Co., Ltd., Jinan Yipin Corporation, Ltd., Linshu Dading Private
Agricultural Products Co., Ltd., and Sunny Import and Export Co., Ltd. The other three – Jining
Trans-High Trading Co., Ltd., Jinxiang Shanyang Freezing Storage Co., Ltd., and Shanghai LJ
Trading Co., Ltd. – played no role in the briefing or oral argument, and were later voluntarily
dismissed from this action, together with Zhengzhou Harmoni Spice Co., Ltd. See Jinan Yipin I,
33 CIT at 454 & n.2, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1285 & n.2; n.4, infra (summarizing proceedings leading
to voluntarily dismissal of four of original seven Plaintiffs).
Court No. 06-00189                                                                               Page 5

of fresh garlic – in particular, (1) raw garlic bulbs, (2) labor, (3) ocean freight, (4) cardboard packing

cartons, and (5) plastic jars and lids. See id., 33 CIT at 458, 466-73, 473-80, 481-87, 487-98, 498-

506, 514-15, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1289, 1295-1301, 1301-07, 1307-12, 1312-21, 1321-1327, 1334.4

        In its First Remand Determination, Commerce revalued raw garlic bulbs, labor, and ocean

freight. See First Remand Determination at 5-15, 15-38, 38-41. On the other hand, Commerce

continued to value cardboard packing cartons and plastic jars and lids as it had in the Final Results.

See id. at 41-46, 46-50, 68-71, 71-74. As a result of its reconsideration in the course of the first

remand, Commerce recalculated the weighted-average antidumping duty margin for Jinan Yipin

as 55.18% (up from 29.52%), for Linshu Dading as 39.51% (up from 22.47%), and for Sunny as

26.67% (up from 10.52%). See id. at 74-75; Final Results, 71 Fed. Reg. at 26,332.

        Commerce’s First Remand Determination was the subject of Jinan Yipin II. See generally

Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1226. In the absence of any objections to the First

Remand Determination’s treatment of the surrogate value for ocean freight, Commerce’s

determination on that issue was sustained. See generally id., 35 CIT at ____, ____, ____, 800 F.

Supp. 2d at 1235-36, 1276-79, 1315 (sustaining First Remand Determination as to ocean freight

        4
         Following Jinan Yipin I but before Commerce issued its First Remand Determination, four
of the seven Chinese producers that filed the Complaint in this action moved for voluntary dismissal
with prejudice, which was granted. See generally Zhengzhou Harmoni Spice Co. v. United States,
34 CIT ____, 675 F. Supp. 2d 1320 (2010) (dismissing action as to Zhengzhou Harmoni Spice Co.,
Ltd., Jining Trans-High Trading Co., Ltd., Jinxiang Shanyang Freezing Storage Co., Ltd., and
Shanghai LJ International Trading Co., Ltd.). The antidumping duty margins for those four Chinese
producers therefore remain unchanged from the Final Results. See First Remand Determination at
4; Final Results, 71 Fed. Reg. at 26,332 (0.27% for Zhengzhou Harmoni Spice Co., Ltd.; 0.00% for
Jining Trans-High Trading Co., Ltd.; 14.79% for Jinxiang Shanyang Freezing Storage Co., Ltd.;
0.00% for Shanghai LJ International Trading Co., Ltd.).
Court No. 06-00189                                                                              Page 6

expenses). However, the agency’s treatment of the four remaining issues – i.e., the surrogate values

for raw garlic bulbs, labor expenses, cardboard packing cartons, and plastic jars and lids – remained

in dispute. In light of the Chinese Producers’ arguments and the Government’s request for a

voluntary remand, Jinan Yipin II once again remanded to Commerce the issue of labor expenses.

See generally id., 35 CIT at ____, ____, ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1236, 1274-76, 1315-16.

Similarly, the issues of the valuation of raw garlic bulbs, cardboard packing cartons, and plastic jars

and lids also were remanded to Commerce yet again. See generally id., 35 CIT at ____, ____, ____,

____, ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1236, 1236-74, 1279-1307, 1307-15, 1315-16.

        In its Second Remand Determination, Commerce has revalued raw garlic bulbs, using data

from the Indian Agricultural Marketing Information Network (“Agmarknet”) for garlic grown in the

five “long-day zone” states of India. See Second Remand Determination at 1, 10, 12-17, 31, 36.

Commerce also has now recalculated the surrogate labor rate in accordance with the agency’s

revised methodology.      See id. at 1, 24-31, 38 (relying on Antidumping Methodologies in

Proceedings Involving Non-Market Economies: Valuing the Factor of Production: Labor, 76 Fed.

Reg. 36,092 (June 21, 2011); also reconsidering valuation of labor data reflected in surrogate

financial ratios, and revising average surrogate financial ratios accordingly). In addition, to value

cardboard packing cartons as well as plastic jars and lids for purposes of the Second Remand

Determination, Commerce has implicitly adopted the fundamental reasoning of Jinan Yipin II and

has therefore relied on the domestic Indian price quotes that the Chinese Producers had placed on

the administrative record, in lieu of the Indian import statistics that the agency relied on in its prior
Court No. 06-00189                                                                            Page 7

determinations in this case. See Second Remand Determination at 1, 23-24, 38.5 As a result of these

changes, the Second Remand Determination calculates the margins for both Jinan Yipin and Linshu

Dading to be 0.00%, and 0.04% for Sunny. See id. at 1-2.

       Although they do not dispute Commerce’s revised surrogate values for labor, cardboard

packing cartons, and plastic jars and lids,6 the Domestic Producers contest the Second Remand

Determination as to the surrogate value for raw garlic bulbs. See generally Def.-Ints.’ Brief; Def.-

Ints.’ Reply Brief. Specifically, the Domestic Producers contend that this matter must be remanded

to Commerce yet again “to select a surrogate value that is specific to the fresh garlic exported to the

United States by the [Chinese Producers].” Def.-Ints.’ Brief at 2; see also id. at 21-22; Def.-Ints.’

Reply Brief at 2, 10-11. In contrast, the Government and the Chinese Producers urge that the

Second Remand Determination be sustained in all respects. See Def.’s Response Brief at 1-2, 16;

Pls.’ Response Brief at 6.

       5
        The Second Remand Determination states that Commerce used the domestic price quotes
“under protest.” See Second Remand Determination at 1, 24. As explained below, however, Jinan
Yipin II did not impose any outcome or result on Commerce. See nn.32, 47, infra.
       6
        Notably, the Domestic Producers have not objected to Commerce’s use of domestic Indian
price quotes in valuing cardboard packing cartons and plastic jars and lids in this Second Remand
Determination in the tenth administrative review, although they did object to such price quotes in
Taian Ziyang, a companion case involving the ninth administrative review of the same antidumping
duty order that is at issue in this action. See Second Remand Determination at 6 (noting that
Domestic Producers’ comments on draft Second Remand Determination addressed only valuation
of raw garlic bulbs); Def.-Ints.’ Brief, passim (objecting only to agency’s valuation of raw garlic
bulbs); Def.-Ints.’ Reply Brief, passim (same); cf. Taian Ziyang Food Co. v. United States, 37 CIT
____, ____, ____, 918 F. Supp. 2d 1345, 1358-69, 1369-76 (2013) (“Taian Ziyang III”) (analyzing
and rejecting Domestic Producers’ objections to agency’s use of domestic Indian price quotes in
valuing cardboard packing cartons and plastic jars and lids in ninth administrative review).
Court No. 06-00189                                                                          Page 8

                                     II. Standard of Review

       In an action reviewing an antidumping determination by Commerce, the agency’s

determination must be upheld except to the extent that it is found to be “unsupported by substantial

evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i);

see also NMB Singapore Ltd. v. United States, 557 F.3d 1316, 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2009). Substantial

evidence is “more than a mere scintilla”; rather, it is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind

might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Universal Camera Corp. v. Nat’l Labor

Relations Bd., 340 U.S. 474, 477 (1951) (quoting Consol. Edison Co. v. Nat’l Labor Relations Bd.,

305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938)); see also Mittal Steel Point Lisas Ltd. v. United States, 548 F.3d 1375,

1380 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (same). Moreover, any evaluation of the substantiality of evidence “must take

into account whatever in the record fairly detracts from its weight,” including “contradictory

evidence or evidence from which conflicting inferences could be drawn.” Suramerica de Aleaciones

Laminadas, C.A. v. United States, 44 F.3d 978, 985 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (quoting Universal Camera

Corp., 340 U.S. at 487-88); see also Mittal Steel, 548 F.3d at 1380-81 (same). That said, the mere

fact that it may be possible to draw two inconsistent conclusions from the record does not prevent

Commerce’s determination from being supported by substantial evidence. Am. Silicon Techs. v.

United States, 261 F.3d 1371, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2001); see also Consolo v. Federal Maritime Comm’n,

383 U.S. 607, 620 (1966).

       Finally, while Commerce must explain the bases for its decisions, “its explanations do not

have to be perfect.” NMB Singapore, 557 F.3d at 1319-20. Nevertheless, “the path of Commerce’s

decision must be reasonably discernable,” to support judicial review. Id. (citing Motor Vehicle
Court No. 06-00189                                                                           Page 9

Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983)); see generally 19 U.S.C. §

1677f(i)(3)(A) (requiring Commerce to “include in a final determination . . . an explanation of the

basis for its determination”).

                                           III. Analysis

       As Jinan Yipin II explained, dumping occurs when goods are imported into the United States

and sold at a price lower than their “normal value,” resulting in material injury (or the threat of

material injury) to the U.S. industry. See Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1233

(citing 19 U.S.C. §§ 1673, 1677(34), 1677b(a)); see generally Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800

F. Supp. 2d at 1233-35. The difference between the normal value of the goods and the U.S. price

is the “dumping margin.” See 19 U.S.C. § 1677(35). When normal value is compared to the U.S.

price and dumping is found, antidumping duties equal to the dumping margin are imposed to offset

the dumping. See 19 U.S.C. § 1673.

       Normal value is typically calculated using either the price in the exporting market (i.e., the

price in the “home market” where the goods are produced) or the cost of production of the goods,

when the exporting country is a market economy country. See generally 19 U.S.C. § 1677b.7

However, where – as here – the exporting country has a non-market economy (“NME”), there is

often concern that the factors of production used to produce the goods at issue are under state

control, and that home market sales may not be reliable indicators of normal value. See 19 U.S.C.

       7
         In addition, in certain market economy cases, Commerce may calculate normal value using
the price in a third country (i.e., a country other than the exporting country or the United States).
See, e.g., RHP Bearings Ltd. v. United States, 288 F.3d 1334, 1338 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (discussing 19
U.S.C. §§ 1677b(a)(1)(B)(ii), 1677b(a)(1)(C)); see also Ningbo Dafa Chem. Fiber Co. v. United
States, 580 F.3d 1247, 1251 n.1 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (explaining exception).
Court No. 06-00189                                                                           Page 10

§ 1677(18)(A).

       In cases such as this, where the subject merchandise is exported from an NME country and

Commerce concludes that concerns about the sufficiency or reliability of the available data do not

permit the normal value of the goods to be determined in the typical manner, Commerce

“determine[s] the normal value of the subject merchandise on the basis of the value of the factors

of production,” including “an amount for general expenses and profit plus the cost of containers,

coverings, and other expenses.” See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(1); see generally Ningbo Dafa Chem.

Fiber Co. v. United States, 580 F.3d 1247, 1250-51 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (briefly summarizing “factors

of production” methodology).8 The antidumping statute requires Commerce to value factors of

production “based on the best available information regarding the values of such factors” in an

appropriate surrogate market economy country – in this case, India. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(1)

(emphasis added); see also Shakeproof Assembly Components v. United States, 268 F.3d 1376,

1382 (Fed. Cir. 2001); Ningbo, 580 F.3d at 1254 (emphasizing that statute mandates that Commerce

“shall” use “best available information” in valuing factors of production).

       In determining which data constitute the “best available information,” Commerce generally

looks to the criteria set forth in its “Policy Bulletin 04.1,” also known as the “NME Surrogate

Country Policy Bulletin.” Policy Bulletin 04.1 explains:

       In assessing data and data sources, it is [Commerce’s] stated practice to use
       investigation or review period-wide price averages, prices specific to the input in
       question, prices that are net of taxes and import duties, prices that are

       8
         Factors of production “include, but are not limited to . . . hours of labor required, . . .
quantities of raw materials employed, . . . amounts of energy and other utilities consumed, and . .
. representative capital cost, including depreciation.” See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(3); see also Dorbest
Ltd. v. United States, 604 F.3d 1363, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (discussing factors of production).
Court No. 06-00189                                                                                Page 11

        contemporaneous with the period of investigation or review, and publicly available
        data.

See Import Administration Policy Bulletin 04.1, “Non-Market Economy Surrogate Country

Selection Process,” at “Data Considerations” (March 1, 2004) (“Policy Bulletin 04.1”)9; see also

First Remand Determination at 42 (quoting Policy Bulletin and stating that it reflects agency’s

“well-established practice for determining the reliability and appropriateness of surrogate values”).

        Within this general framework, the statute “accords Commerce wide discretion in the

valuation of factors of production in the application of [the statute’s] guidelines.” See Shakeproof,

268 F.3d at 1381 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Ad Hoc Shrimp Trade

Action Committee v. United States, 618 F.3d 1316, 1320 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (same); Nation Ford

Chem. Co. v. United States, 166 F.3d 1373, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (same). Commerce is recognized

as the “master of antidumping law.” See Thai Pineapple Public Co. v. United States, 187 F.3d 1362,

1365 (Fed. Cir. 1999); see also Shakeproof, 268 F.3d at 1381 (acknowledging “Commerce’s special

expertise”). And “[t]he process of constructing foreign market value for a producer in a non-market

economy country is difficult and necessarily imprecise.” Id.

        Nevertheless, Commerce’s discretion is not boundless.             In exercising its discretion,

        9
          As Jinan Yipin II explained, Policy Bulletin 04.1 clearly states that the five specified criteria
– i.e., “investigation or review period-wide price averages, prices specific to the input in question,
prices that are net of taxes and import duties, prices that are contemporaneous with the period of
investigation or review, and publicly available data” – were developed to serve as a “tie-breaker,”
if necessary, in Commerce’s identification of a surrogate country. See Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at
____ n.7, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1234 n.7. The criteria were not promulgated for the purpose of guiding
Commerce’s selection from among alternative data sources after a surrogate country has been
identified. Id. Nevertheless, Commerce has used the criteria for that purpose here and in many
other cases. Id.
Court No. 06-00189                                                                            Page 12

Commerce is constrained by the purpose of the antidumping statute, which is “to determine

antidumping margins ‘as accurately as possible.’” See Shakeproof, 268 F.3d at 1382 (quoting Lasko

Metal Products, Inc. v. United States, 43 F.3d 1442, 1446 (Fed. Cir. 1994)). And, Commerce’s

discretion notwithstanding, “a surrogate value must be as representative of the situation in the [non-

market economy] country as is feasible.” See Nation Ford, 166 F.3d at 1377 (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted). Thus, “[i]n determining the valuation of . . . factors of production, the

critical question is whether the methodology used by Commerce is based on the best available

information and establishes antidumping margins as accurately as possible.” See Ningbo, 580 F.3d

at 1257 (emphases added) (quoting Shakeproof, 268 F.3d at 1382) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

       In the present case, pursuant to the instructions in Jinan Yipin II, Commerce’s Second

Remand Determination reconsidered and revised the surrogate value for raw garlic bulbs, as well

as the surrogate values for labor, cardboard packing cartons, and plastic jars and lids. As discussed

in greater detail below, that determination is sustained in all respects.

                             A. Surrogate Value for Raw Garlic Bulbs

       In the administrative review at issue, rather than valuing the Chinese Producers’ so-called

“growing” and “harvesting” factors of production (i.e., the garlic seed, water, pesticides, herbicides,

fertilizer, plastic film, labor, and other “inputs” (commodities) consumed by Chinese producers in

cultivating and harvesting whole raw garlic bulbs), Commerce broke with its past practice and

employed the agency’s “intermediate input methodology” to value the whole raw garlic bulb (the

“intermediate input”) itself. See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 456-57, 460-61, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1288,
Court No. 06-00189                                                                           Page 13

1291; see also Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1236.10 Jinan Yipin I rejected the

Chinese Producers’ objections to Commerce’s use of its intermediate input methodology here. See

Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 458, 466, 514, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1289, 1295, 1334; see generally id., 33

CIT at 458-66, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1289-95 (reviewing the Chinese Producers’ objections to

intermediate input methodology). On the other hand, Jinan Yipin I sustained the Chinese Producers’

challenge to the surrogate value for raw garlic bulbs that Commerce calculated for use in the Final

Results, principally on the grounds that the record evidence did not establish that the data on which

Commerce relied were sufficiently “product-specific.” See id., 33 CIT at 458, 469-71, 473, 514-15,

617 F. Supp. 2d at 1289, 1298-99, 1301, 1334; see generally id., 33 CIT at 466-73, 617 F. Supp. 2d

at 1295-1301 (analyzing Chinese Producers’ challenge to surrogate valuation of raw garlic bulbs).

       As Jinan Yipin I explained, the Chinese Producers’ garlic “is a large, high yield, high-quality

       10
          For a summary overview of Commerce’s intermediate input methodology, see Jining
Yongjia Trade Co. v. United States, 34 CIT ____, ____ & n.6, 2010 WL 5121964 * 2 & n.6 (2010)
(explaining, inter alia, that, when Commerce employs its intermediate input methodolgy, “the cost
(or value) of the whole garlic bulb [is] used as a substitute for the costs of the growing and
harvesting [factors of production] (‘upstream FOPs’) actually reported by [the foreign producer at
issue]”).

        In prior administrative reviews, Commerce used the agency’s standard upstream “factors of
production” methodology, rather than the intermediate input methodology employed here. In those
prior reviews, Commerce calculated separate surrogate values for garlic seed and other so-called
“growing” and “harvesting” factors of production. See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 456-57, 460, 467
n.19, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1287-88, 1290-91, 1296 n.19; see also, e.g., Taian Ziyang Food Co. v.
United States, 33 CIT 828, 860-64, 637 F. Supp. 2d 1093, 1124-27 (2009) (“Taian Ziyang I”)
(analyzing Commerce’s valuation of garlic seed in ninth administrative review); Jinan Yipin Corp.
v. United States, 31 CIT 1901, 1924-30, 526 F. Supp. 2d 1347, 1367-72 (2007) (same, in eighth
review). In the instant (tenth) administrative review (and in subsequent reviews), Commerce has
used the intermediate input methodology, due to problems with the data reported by the Chinese
producers in past reviews for their “growing” and “harvesting” factors of production. See Jinan
Yipin I, 33 CIT at 455-57, 460-61, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1287-88, 1290-91.
Court No. 06-00189                                                                              Page 14

type of garlic that is distinct from the overwhelming majority of garlic grown in India.” See Jinan

Yipin I, 33 CIT at 467, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1296; see also Issues and Decision Memorandum at 42

(same). In the Final Results, Commerce calculated a surrogate value for raw garlic bulbs using data

from the Indian Agricultural Marketing Information Network (“Agmarknet”) for a category of garlic

referred to as “China” garlic. See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 467-68, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1296-97;

Issues and Decision Memorandum at 39-44, 47; see also Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F.

Supp. 2d at 1236-37. As support for Commerce’s finding that the “China” category of garlic is

sufficiently product-specific to the Chinese Producers’ large-bulb garlic, the Final Results relied on

information drawn from “Market Research on Fresh Whole Garlic in India,” a June 2003 report

prepared by consultants to the Domestic Producers, which the Domestic Producers placed on the

record of this administrative review. See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 469, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1297-98;

see also Issues and Decision Memorandum at 40-41; Domestic Producers’ Surrogate Value

Submission (Pub. Doc. No. 417), Exh. 33 (“Market Research Report”).11

        Relying on the Market Research Report and additional information on the record, the Final

Results explained that Chinese garlic exported to the United States is characterized by its relatively

large bulb size; that the bulb size of local, native garlic typically grown and sold in the Indian market

        11
          The Market Research Report was first placed on the record of the eighth administrative
review of the antidumping order on fresh garlic from China. See Second Remand Determination at
8 n.30 (explaining that Market Research Report “was originally submitted on the record of the 2001-
2002 administrative review”). The same Market Research Report was later placed on the record of
the second remand in litigation involving the ninth administrative review, as well as the record of
the review here at issue. See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 469, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1297-98; Taian Ziyang
Food Co. v. United States, 35 CIT ____, ____ & nn.11-12, 783 F. Supp. 2d 1292, 1303-04 & nn.11-
12 (2011) (“Taian Ziyang II”) (reviewing second remand determination in ninth administrative
review).
Court No. 06-00189                                                                            Page 15

is significantly smaller; and that, in India, cultivation of large-bulb garlic is generally confined to

the country’s “long-day zone,” which enjoys longer periods of sunlight. See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT

at 468-69, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1297; Issues and Decision Memorandum at 41-44. Based on this and

other information, the Final Results concluded that the Agmarknet data for “China” category garlic

must represent sales of large-bulb garlic from India’s long-day zone. See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at

469, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1298; see also Issues and Decision Memorandum at 40-42.

       However, as Jinan Yipin I emphasized, the Agmarknet data provide no description of the

physical characteristics of “China” garlic (or any other category of garlic reflected therein). See

Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 468-71, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1297-99; see also Issues and Decision

Memorandum at 42 (noting that Agmarknet data do not include descriptions of categories of garlic

reflected in the data). Noting that the Final Results apparently relied on the Agmarknet data “based

on nothing more than perhaps the name of the variety, and the fact that [the “China” category] had

a higher weighted-average price,” Jinan Yipin I held that the Final Results were therefore “largely

speculative and conclusory” and “lack[ed] adequate support in the evidentiary record.” See Jinan

Yipin I, 33 CIT at 468-70, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1297-98. Jinan Yipin I concluded that, absent some

proof of the physical characteristics of “China” garlic, the Final Results’ calculation of a surrogate

value based on Agmarknet data for that category of garlic was not supported by substantial evidence

and could not be sustained on the then-existing record. See id. The valuation of raw garlic bulbs

was thus remanded to the agency for further consideration. See id., 33 CIT at 458, 473, 514-15, 617

F. Supp. 2d at 1289, 1301, 1334.

       In addition to the Chinese Producers’ concerns about product specificity (discussed above),
Court No. 06-00189                                                                               Page 16

Jinan Yipin I addressed a number of other issues. See generally Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 471-73,

617 F. Supp. 2d at 1299-1301. Among other things, the Chinese Producers argued that the

Agmarknet data actually reflect a final product and not an intermediate input at all. Specifically, the

Chinese Producers asserted that, because the Agmarknet prices – by definition – represent garlic

sold at market, the prices do not reflect an intermediate product and inherently include post-harvest

factors of production. See id., 33 CIT at 472, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1300. The Chinese Producers thus

contended that the Final Results “impermissibly inflated the surrogate value of fresh garlic by

adding additional post-harvest factors of production (e.g., sales, packing, and transportation costs)

to a figure that already reflected such costs.” See id. Jinan Yipin I instructed Commerce, on

remand, to consider “the potential for double counting that may result when using data from the

Agmarknet database, which presumably contains information regarding Indian market transactions

and is representative of the final garlic product rather than an intermediate garlic product (i.e., garlic

bulb).” See id. Jinan Yipin I specifically cautioned that, “when valuing an intermediate product in

[a non-market economy] country case, [Commerce] must find a surrogate representative of that

intermediate product.” See id., 33 CIT at 472-73, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1300.

        Citing the concerns identified in Jinan Yipin I (particularly the lack of any physical

description of “China” garlic and the various other categories of garlic reflected in the Agmarknet

data), the First Remand Determination declined to rely on the Agmarknet data. See First Remand

Determination at 5, 7-8, 15. Instead, the First Remand Determination relied on an additional set of

data, which Commerce placed on the record in the course of the first remand proceeding – i.e.,

information on garlic prices at the produce market near Delhi operated by the Azadpur Agricultural
Court No. 06-00189                                                                            Page 17

Produce Marketing Committee (“APMC”), as published in the Azadpur APMC’s “Market

Information Bulletin,” for the two-and-one-half-month period from May 1, 2006 through July 14,

2006. See id. at 2, 6, 10, 13, 15; see also Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1238.12

The First Remand Determination concluded that the Azadpur APMC data constituted “the best

information available with which to value [the Chinese Producers’] garlic bulb,” even though –

much like the Agmarknet data – the Azadpur APMC data do not describe the physical characteristics

of the garlic to which they refer. See First Remand Determination at 14; Azadpur APMC data; see

also Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1239. Accordingly, to establish the “product

specificity” of the Azadpur APMC data, Commerce had to rely on the Domestic Producers’ Market

Research Report. See First Remand Determination at 11; Market Research Report at 21.

       Jinan Yipin II closely critiqued – and roundly rejected – the First Remand Determination’s

use of the Azadpur APMC data,13 concluding that “[s]erious issues exist as to the contemporaneity,

representativeness, and product specificity of those data.” Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F.

Supp. 2d at 1273; see generally id., 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1236-74. Jinan Yipin II went

so far as to note the existence of “record evidence suggest[ing] that [the First Remand

Determination] may not have valued the intermediate input at all, and – instead – may have valued

       12
         Specifically, the First Remand Determination calculated the surrogate value for raw garlic
bulbs using the Azadpur APMC data, averaging the values for “A”- and “S.A.”-grade garlic. See
generally First Remand Determination at 9-15, 53-59; see also Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800
F. Supp. 2d at 1239.
       13
         Jinan Yipin II found, for example, that “statements in the [First] Remand Determination
reflect egregious factual errors, and demonstrate that Commerce does not understand either the
meaning of the Azadpur APMC data or their limitations.” Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F.
Supp. 2d at 1246.
Court No. 06-00189                                                                             Page 18

a final product.” Id., 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1273. The issue of the calculation of a

surrogate value for raw garlic bulbs therefore was remanded to Commerce yet again. See id., 35 CIT

at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1273-74.

       In the course of the most recent remand proceeding, Commerce reopened the administrative

record to allow the parties to submit additional information concerning the valuation of raw garlic

bulbs, as well as garlic seed. See Second Remand Determination at 4-5, 7-9. In the resulting Second

Remand Determination, Commerce reaffirmed its conclusion that the agency’s intermediate input

methodology “results in a more accurate dumping margin than the use of the traditional [factors of

production] methodology.” Id. at 9-10; see also id. at 10-12. Commerce further determined, based

on a comprehensive review of the strengths and weaknesses of all data on the record,14 that the

Agmarknet data (on which the Final Results were based) constitute the best available information

for use in calculating a surrogate value for raw garlic bulbs. See id. at 1, 9-10, 12-23, 31-37.

However, rather than relying on data for a single category of garlic (i.e., the “China” category) as

Commerce did in the Final Results, the Second Remand Determination instead uses the average for

the six specific Agmarknet categories of garlic grown in the five “long-day zone” states in India (i.e.,

       14
          The Second Remand Determination explains that Commerce determined that the numerous
concerns about the Azadpur APMC data which were identified in Jinan Yipin II could not “be
adequately remedied” in the course of the second remand proceeding. See Second Remand
Determination at 23; see also id. at 7. In addition, Commerce has a practice in remand proceedings
of relying only on data that were available at the time of the underlying administrative review. Here,
the agency determined during the second remand proceeding that the Azadpur APMC data were not
available when the agency conducted the administrative review at issue. See id. at 7-8; see also id.
at 23. For both of these reasons, Commerce decided not to consider use of the Azadpur APMC data
in the Second Remand Determination. See id. at 7, 23. The Azadpur APMC data have been used
in subsequent administrative reviews. Of course, those proceedings have involved different
arguments and different administrative records.
Court No. 06-00189                                                                            Page 19

Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Uttaranchal) – the regions where

longer periods of sunlight result in large-bulb garlic similar to the Chinese garlic at issue here. See

id. at 1, 10, 12, 13, 15, 31-32. In addition, Commerce also made certain adjustments, which are not

at issue here, to address the Chinese Producers’ concerns about “captur[ing] the farm gate prices.”

See id. at 10, 17-19.15 Using these “filtered” Agmarknet data, Commerce calculated a final

weighted-average price of 8.35 rupees per kilogram to value raw garlic bulbs for purposes of the

Second Remand Determination. See id. at 36-37; compare id. at 12 (specifying 8.3471 rupees per

kilogram).

       Neither the Chinese Producers nor the Domestic Producers contest the Second Remand

Determination’s use of the Agmarknet database in calculating a surrogate value for raw garlic bulbs.

Similarly, neither party contests Commerce’s decision to “filter” the Agmarknet data set so as to use

only data for garlic grown in India’s five long-day zone states.16 Indeed, like the Government, the

       15
         For example, “[b]ecause the record . . . support[s] the claim that transportation costs could
be double counted,” Commerce “remov[ed] freight costs from . . . Linshu Dading’s input calculation
in the SAS program in order to exclude transportation costs from the garlic bulb supplier to Linshu
Dading’s factory in the normal value calculation.” See Second Remand Determination at 19.
Because Jinan Yipin and Sunny grow their own garlic, they did not incur such freight costs.
Accordingly, Commerce made no such adjustment for them. Id.

        It is not clear whether (and, if so, how) the Second Remand Determination considered the
Chinese Producers’ previously-expressed concerns that the Agmarknet data reflect prices that
include, for example, the expense of transporting garlic bulbs from “farm gate” to market. See, e.g.,
Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 472, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1300 (discussing the Chinese Producers’ concerns
that the Agmarknet data “impermissibly inflated the surrogate value . . . by adding additional post-
harvest factors of production (e.g., sales, packing, and transportation costs) to a figure that already
reflected such costs”) (emphasis added). In any event, the Chinese Producers do not challenge the
Second Remand Determination’s “farm gate” adjustments.
       16
        The Domestic Producers point out that, contrary to statements in Jinan Yipin I, the state
of Haryana is considered to be part of India’s “long-day zone.” See Def.-Ints.’ Brief at 6 n.9; id. at
Court No. 06-00189                                                                          Page 20

Chinese Producers maintain that the surrogate value calculated in the Second Remand Determination

based on that “filtered” data set should be sustained. See Def.’s Response Brief at 1-2, 7, 15, 16;

Pls.’ Response Brief at 1, 6. However, the Domestic Producers contend that the data should be

further filtered, such that Commerce should use data for only three of the six Agmarknet categories

of garlic that are reflected in the Second Remand Determination’s calculations. See generally Def.-

Ints.’ Brief at 2-3, 11-16, 21-22; Def.-Ints.’ Reply Brief at 2, 10.

       Specifically, the Domestic Producers emphasize that the Chinese garlic at issue here has a

bulb diameter of 50 millimeters (“mm”) or greater, and that not all of the garlic that is grown in

India’s long-day zone states has a comparable bulb size. See Def.-Ints.’ Brief at 8-16; Def.-Ints.’

Reply Brief at 3, 4, 9-10. The Domestic Producers argue that the data set used in the Second

Remand Determination thus is overly broad and not sufficiently “product-specific” to the Chinese

Producers’ garlic, and that the data set should be further limited to exclude data on categories of

garlic that – according to the Domestic Producers – do not have a bulb diameter comparable to the

Chinese Producers’ garlic. See Def.-Ints.’ Brief at 11-16, 21-22; Def.-Ints.’ Reply Brief at 2, 10.

       There is no dispute that the subject Chinese garlic bulbs have a diameter of 50 mm or greater.

See, e.g., Second Remand Determination at 13; Def.’s Response Brief at 5. Similarly, there is no

dispute that not all garlic grown in India’s long-day zone states has a bulb diameter of 50 mm or

more. See, e.g., Second Remand Determination at 32; Pls.’ Response Brief at 2. Moreover, in

principle, there is no question but that it would be optimal to exclude from Commerce’s calculations

all data on garlic bulbs with a diameter of less than 50 mm, to render the surrogate value data

17 n.35.
Court No. 06-00189                                                                               Page 21

perfectly “product-specific” to the subject Chinese garlic bulbs. See, e.g., Policy Bulletin 04.1

(expressing Commerce preference for data “specific to the input in question”); Jinan Yipin II, 35

CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1304 (explaining that “‘product specificity’ logically must be the

foremost consideration in determining ‘best available information,’” because – if data is not

sufficiently product-specific – it is irrelevant whether data satisfies other criteria set forth in Policy

Bulletin 04.1).

        However, perfect data is virtually non-existent in the real world. See generally Second

Remand Determination at 9 (“acknowledg[ing] that all of the surrogate value sources placed on the

record to value garlic bulb are imperfect”); id. at 20 (same); Def.-Ints.’ Brief at 11 (quoting and

concurring in the Second Remand Determination’s observation); Def.’s Response Brief at 13, 14.

Here, after careful consideration, Commerce concluded in its Second Remand Determination that

(notwithstanding the Domestic Producers’ claims) the evidence simply does not establish that further

filtering the Agmarknet data set would in fact render the data more product-specific, and that – based

on the existing record – any attempt to further filter the data would be fraught with the potential for

distortion. See Second Remand Determination at 32, 36.17 Commerce therefore determined that

“the subset of the Agmarknet data that reflects values for Indian domestic garlic grown in the [long-

        17
          Specifically, Commerce concluded that – because “the record does not contain definitions
for the six [categories] of garlic identified in the Agmarknet data” – “further filtering the [long-day
zone] dataset to exclude certain [categories], in an attempt to be more accurate, . . . could potentially
introduce unintended distortions in the surrogate value calculation.” See Second Remand
Determination at 32; see also id. at 36 (rejecting Domestic Producers’ argument for further filtering
the data set, explaining that “because the Agmarknet data do not provide definitions of the
Agmarknet designated [categories of garlic], attempting to filter this dataset further by excluding
three of the six [categories], based on unfounded assumptions[,] could lead to unintended distortions
in the remaining data”).
Court No. 06-00189                                                                              Page 22

day zone states] is the best available information to value garlic bulb,” “results in the most [product-]

specific surrogate value,” and “is far superior to the other data sources on the record” for use in

calculating an appropriate surrogate value. See id. at 12, 17, 20.18 As discussed below, under the

circumstances of this case, that determination was a reasonable one. See generally Def.’s Response

Brief at 5, 14; Pls.’ Response Brief at 1, 6.

        The Domestic Producers maintain that, of the six Agmarknet categories of garlic included

in the data set used in the Second Remand Determination’s calculations, three of those categories

– denominated “Desi,” “Average,” and “Other” – have bulb diameters that are not comparable to

the Chinese Producers’ garlic and should be excluded from Commerce’s surrogate value calculation.

See Def.-Ints.’ Brief at 12-16, 21-22; Def.-Ints.’ Reply Brief at 5-8, 10 (reiterating arguments

        18
           See also Second Remand Determination at 32 (explaining that “of all the potential data
sources on the record, the garlic grown in the [long-day zone] states as identified in the Agmarknet
data[] . . . reflect[s] the large-bulb garlic most representative of the [Chinese Producers’] sales of
garlic,” and that “filtering for the [long-day zone] states in the Agmarknet dataset yields the most
reliable surrogate value for garlic bulb”); id. at 23 (concluding that “the Agmarknet’s [long-day
zone] data constitute the best available information on the record to value . . . garlic bulb”); id. at
14-15 (stating that the Agmarknet data for the long-day zone states “reflect an average as broad as
is available for the specific input in question because the values represent an average across the five
Indian states that are known for cultivating the larger bulbs of garlic similar to the bulbs of the
Chinese garlic producers”); id. at 15 (explaining that “[f]iltering the Agmarknet data for the [long-
day zone] states results in a surrogate value for large-bulbed . . . garlic grown in India, which is more
specific to the Chinese garlic bulb”); id. at 21 (noting that “Agmarknet’s [long-day zone] data are
more specific to the [Chinese Producers’] garlic bulb because [the long-day zone] garlic prices are
for the majority of India’s large-bulbed . . . garlic, which is similar to the garlic produced by the
[Chinese Producers]”); id. at 10 (stating that “the [Agmarknet] data for [long-day zone] states . . .
represent the best available information on the record for valuing garlic bulb to establish dumping
margins as accurately as possible”); id. at 13 (concluding that “the Agmarknet’s [long-day zone]
data are the best available information on the record based on contemporaneity, representativeness,
and specificity”); id. at 19 (noting that “the Agmarknet’s [long-day zone] data represent a reliable
surrogate value for garlic bulb”); id. at 20 (stating that “the Agmarknet data filtered for the [long-day
zone] are more specific to the garlic input” at issue).
Court No. 06-00189                                                                              Page 23

concerning “Desi,” “Average,” and “Other” categories). In other words, the Domestic Producers

contend that the Agmarknet data set for the five long-day zone states used in Commerce’s surrogate

value calculation should be limited to include only data for the three categories of garlic that

Agmarknet denominates as “China,” “New Medium,” and “Garlic.” See generally Def.-Ints.’ Brief

at 11-21 (captioned “The Department Should Rely on Values for ‘China,’ ‘Garlic,’ and ‘New

Medium’ Varieties to Calculate a Surrogate Value”).19 Commerce rejected the Domestic Producers’

argument, concluding that – contrary to their claims – “the record does not support filtering the data

for the undefined Agmarknet designations ‘Desi,’ ‘Average,’ and ‘Other.’” See Second Remand

Determination at 32.

        19
           Language in their Reply Brief suggests that – rather than seeking to limit the data set to the
“China,” “Garlic,” and “New Medium” categories (the relief sought in their opening brief, as most
clearly indicated by the caption on page 11 of that brief) – the Domestic Producers instead now favor
limiting the data set to data from fewer than five states. See, e.g., Def.-Ints.’ Reply Brief at 4
(arguing that “[Commerce’s] reliance on Agmarknet pricing data for all five of India’s long-day
states is overbroad,” that “[Commerce’s] reliance on Agmarknet pricing from all five of the long-day
states does not result in the selection of a surrogate that is product-specific,” and that “[Commerce’s]
reliance on Agmarknet pricing data from all five of India’s long-day states to calculate a surrogate
for input garlic bulbs is overbroad and is not supported by substantial evidence or in accordance with
law”).

        But it is much too late for the Domestic Producers to change their tune (if, in fact, that is
what they were trying to do). To the extent that the Domestic Producers now assert claims and seek
relief that may differ from what they advocated to Commerce in the course of the remand
proceeding, their efforts are quite likely barred by the doctrine of exhaustion of administrative
remedies. See, e.g., Yangzhou Bestpak Gifts & Crafts Co. v. United States, 716 F.3d 1370, 1380-81
(Fed. Cir. 2013) (holding that doctrine of exhaustion barred party from raising in litigation an
argument which was not raised before agency). And, in any event, the Domestic Producers waived
any possible right to raise such arguments when they failed to make them in their opening brief in
this forum. See, e.g., SmithKline Beecham Corp. v. Apotex Corp., 439 F.3d 1312, 1319-20 (Fed.
Cir. 2006) (explaining, inter alia, that it is “well established that arguments not raised in the opening
brief are waived”); Novosteel SA v. United States, 284 F.3d 1261, 1273-74 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (same).
Court No. 06-00189                                                                            Page 24

       In an effort to support their claim that the “Desi,” “Average,” and “Other” categories of

garlic are characterized by small bulb size, the Domestic Producers argue that the Agmarknet data

set used in the Second Remand Determination includes more data points for those three categories

than for the other three categories (i.e., “China,” “New Medium,” and “Garlic”) and that the prices

for the “Desi,” “Average,” and “Other” categories are lower than the prices for the “China,” “New

Medium,” and “Garlic” categories. See Def.-Ints.’ Brief at 14, 16; Def.-Ints.’ Reply Brief at 7-8.

The Domestic Producers further argue that this is consistent with the Market Research Report, which

indicates generally that garlic production in India is dominated by local varieties with smaller bulb

sizes and a lower value. See Def.-Ints.’ Brief at 16; Def.-Ints.’ Reply Brief at 6-8. The Domestic

Producers maintain that it therefore follows inexorably that the lower-priced categories of garlic

reflected in the Agmarknet data, by definition, have a bulb size smaller than the Chinese Producers’

garlic at issue here. See, e.g., Def.-Ints.’ Brief at 16; Def.-Ints.’ Reply Brief at 7, 8. However, as

noted in Jinan Yipin I and quoted in the Second Remand Determination, the implication that “higher

price” necessarily “equals[] bigger-bulb” is overly simplistic,20 and is not alone sufficient to compel

Commerce to reach the conclusion that the Domestic Producers urge. See generally Jinan Yipin I,

33 CIT at 468, 470-71, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1297, 1299; see also Second Remand Determination at

16, 35; Def.’s Response Brief at 10-11; Pls.’ Response Brief at 5-6.21

       20
            It is axiomatic that correlation does not necessarily imply causation.
       21
         The Domestic Producers offer no explanation as to why, for example, the “Average Price”
for “Other” category garlic (which the Domestic Producers seek to exclude from Commerce’s
calculations) so closely approximates the “Average Price” for “Garlic” category garlic (which the
Domestic Producers contend is large-bulb garlic and should be included in Commerce’s
calculations). See Def.-Ints.’ Response Brief at 12 (table listing “Average Value[s]” of “Other”
Court No. 06-00189                                                                              Page 25

        The Domestic Producers also cite certain evidence which they claim proves that the “Desi”

category of garlic is limited to local varieties with a smaller bulb size and a lower value. The

Domestic Producers note that the Issues and Decision Memorandum that accompanied the Final

Results in this matter states that “[t]he term ‘Desi’ is a general term referring to the Indian

subcontinent. Thus, ‘Desi’ garlic refers to a variety of garlic which, as the respondents have argued,

may be more pungent than Chinese varieties, but is also mostly smaller in size.” See Def.-Ints.’

Brief at 14-15 (quoting Issues and Decision Memorandum at 44 (emphasis added by Domestic

category garlic as “1,171.35” and “Garlic” category garlic as “1,462.06”); cf. Def.-Ints.’ Brief at 8
(acknowledging that even the Market Research Report – which was prepared by consultants to the
Domestic Producers – does not indicate that larger-sized garlic bulbs uniformly command a higher
price than smaller bulbs); id. at 7 (same, acknowledging existence of “exception” reflected in
“average prices for 16 months from Nov. 2001-Feb. 2003 for sales of each grade at the Azadpur
APMC near Delhi”).

        As Commerce has elsewhere explained, bulb size is not the sole determining factor in
valuing garlic. Indeed, the Azadpur APMC Market Information Bulletin indicated that garlic bulbs
with a diameter of between 40 mm and 55 mm could be classified as either “grade A” or “grade
super-A” (presumably with corresponding differences in price). See Antidumping Duty Order on
Fresh Garlic from the People’s Republic of China: Issues and Decision Memorandum for the
Eleventh Administrative Review and New Shipper Reviews (June 11, 2007) at 12 (comment 2); see
also, e.g., Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Results of the 15th Administrative Review
of Fresh Garlic from the People’s Republic of China (June 20, 2011) at 11 (comment 3) (explaining
that, “[d]uring the course of past reviews, it has become clear that size and quality are important
characteristics of the [fresh garlic] exported from the PRC to the United States”) (emphasis added);
Fresh Garlic from the People’s Republic of China: Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final
Results of the 13th Antidumping Duty Administrative and New Shipper Reviews and Rescission, In
Part, [of] the Antidumping Duty Administrative and New Shipper Reviews (June 8, 2009) at 15
(comment 2) (stating that, in addition to “the size of a garlic bulb,” factors that “noticeably influence
price” include the “number of cloves” as well as “possibly . . . a specialty garlic variety (single bulb
garlic)”); cf. Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Results of the 12th Administrative
Review: Fresh Garlic from the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) (June 9, 2008) at 19 (comment
2) (stating that “size is not the only characteristic that should be considered in selecting the
appropriate surrogate value” for garlic bulbs).
Court No. 06-00189                                                                           Page 26

Producers))22; see also Def.-Ints.’ Reply Brief at 5-6. But see Def.’s Response Brief at 9-10, 11.

Similarly, in the course of the most recent remand, the Domestic Producers placed on the

administrative record an entry from the Oxford Dictionary defining the term “desi” to mean “local”

or “indigenous.” See Def.-Ints.’ Brief at 15 & n.28; Def.-Ints.’ Reply Brief at 5, 8. But see Def.’s

Response Brief at 9-10, 11; Second Remand Determination at 33.

       But the evidence that the Domestic Producers cite is not nearly as potent as they suggest.

The meaning of “desi” in common parlance is not at issue. The open question is the precise

definition of the term as it is used by Agmarknet to categorize garlic.23 As the Second Remand

       22
          In their brief, the Domestic Producers actually misquote the Issues and Decision
Memorandum, critically omitting the qualifying term “mostly” (with no ellipses or other indication
that the quotation had been altered). Compare Def.-Ints.’ Brief at 14-15 (asserting that Issues and
Decision Memorandum states that “‘Desi’ garlic refers to a variety of garlic which . . . may be more
pungent than Chinese varieties, but is also smaller in size”) (omitting the word “mostly”) and Issues
and Decision Memorandum at 44 (stating that “‘Desi’ garlic refers to a variety of garlic which . . .
may be more pungent than Chinese varieties, but is also mostly smaller in size”) (emphasis added)).

        Properly quoted, the Issues and Decision Memorandum thus does not support the Domestic
Producers’ assertion that garlic categorized as “Desi” is – uniformly, and by definition – smaller
than the Chinese Producers’ garlic here.
       23
         Contrary to the Domestic Producers’ implications, the names of the Agmarknet categories
do not appear to be particularly descriptive. It may be tempting, at first blush, to attribute
significance to the category titles “China” (which the Domestic Producers agree should be included
in Commerce’s calculations) and “Desi” (which the Domestic Producers contend should be
excluded). But what of the titles of the other four Agmarknet categories at issue – i.e., the
“Average” and “Other” categories (which the Domestic Producers maintain should be excluded) and
the “New Medium” and – the least illuminating – “Garlic” categories (both of which the Domestic
Producers agree should be included in Commerce’s calculations). There is nothing inherent in the
title “Average” to suggest that garlic so categorized is smaller than garlic categorized as “New
Medium,” which is what the Domestic Producers contend. And is garlic categorized simply as
“Garlic” larger or smaller than “Other” garlic? (According to the Domestic Producers, garlic of the
“Garlic” category is large-bulb garlic, and “Other” garlic is not.) In short, on the basis of the
existing record, it would be folly to read much into the titles of the various Agmarknet categories
Court No. 06-00189                                                                           Page 27

Determination explains, there is simply no evidence that speaks to how the Agmarknet database

itself defines “Desi” as the term is used to denominate one of the six categories of garlic at issue.

The record is devoid of any evidence documenting the physical characteristics of the garlic that

Agmarknet categorizes as “Desi.” See Second Remand Determination at 16, 32, 33, 36.24

       The Domestic Producers’ claim concerning the definition of “Desi” (disposed of above) is

the linchpin for the Domestic Producers’ next argument, which seeks to exclude from Commerce’s

surrogate value calculations the data concerning the “Average” and “Other” categories of garlic.

Beginning from the premise that garlic categorized by Agmarknet as “Desi” garlic is “local” and

“indigenous” and thus has smaller-sized bulbs (i.e., the proposition addressed immediately above),

the Domestic Producers argue that – “because the volume and value for Desi variety transactions

are similar to those reported for the ‘Average’ and ‘Other’ varieties, and because . . . smaller-sized

garlic bulbs in India are sold at lower prices than larger-sized bulbs” – “the only reasonable

conclusion” that Commerce could possibly have drawn is that “the transactions involving ‘Average’

and ‘Other’ varieties are comparable to the transactions involving the local, indigenous, small-sized

Desi variety garlic bulbs.” See Def.-Ints.’ Brief at 15-16; Def.-Ints.’ Reply Brief at 7. But see

Second Remand Determination at 34-36; Def.’s Response Brief at 9-10.

of garlic. What is missing from the record – what the Domestic Producers lack – is evidence
documenting the distinguishing physical characteristics of each of the six categories.
       24
           Notably, the Domestic Producers make no attempt to hazard an explanation differentiating
garlic categorized as “Desi” from the garlic classified in other categories, including “Average” and
“Other.” In other words, the Domestic Producers offer no explanation as to how, for example, garlic
that is categorized by Agmarknet as “Average” or “Other” differs from that which is categorized as
“Desi.” In fact, the Domestic Producers do not even make any specific claim as to the defining
physical characteristics of the “Desi” category.
Court No. 06-00189                                                                           Page 28

        The Domestic Producers significantly overstate their case. To the extent that this argument

is predicated on, and analogizes from, the Domestic Producers’ assertions concerning the

characteristics of garlic categorized by Agmarknet as “Desi,” this argument too must fail. Again,

as the Second Remand Determination explains, there is no record evidence documenting the

characteristics of any of the six Agmarknet categories of garlic at issue, including not only the

“Desi” category, but also “Average” and “Other,” as well as “China,” New Medium,” and “Garlic.”

See Second Remand Determination at 16, 32, 33, 34, 36.

        The gravamen of the Domestic Producers’ remaining arguments is that the Agmarknet data

for garlic categorized as “China” garlic should be included in Commerce’s calculation of a surrogate

value for raw garlic bulbs. See generally Def.-Ints.’ Brief at 16-21.25 There is no need to discuss

these arguments in any detail,26 because the data set used in the Second Remand Determination

includes the “China” data (in addition to the five other specific categories of garlic included in the

Agmarknet data base for India’s five long-day zone states). See Second Remand Determination at

31.27

        25
         The Domestic Producers note that, contrary to a statement in Jinan Yipin I, “China”
category garlic is grown in more than one long-day zone state. See Def.-Ints.’ Brief at 17 n.35.
        26
         See generally Second Remand Determination at 9, 16-17 (addressing, inter alia, Domestic
Producers’ submission of documents concerning use of term “China” by Indian tea industry in
attempt to prove meaning of term as used in garlic industry, and dismissing the claim as
“speculative”); Def.’s Response Brief at 10, 12 (same); Pls.’ Response Brief at 5 (characterizing as
“speculative” the Domestic Producers’ claims based on tea industry usage of the term “China,” and
arguing that Agmarknet’s “China” category likely “reflects prices for garlic that was actually
imported from China and is now being sold in an Indian wholesale market”).
        27
         Significantly, the Domestic Producers do not now contend that Commerce should base its
surrogate value calculation on the “China” category data alone. See, e.g., Def.-Ints.’ Brief at 11-21
(captioned “The Department Should Rely on Values for ‘China,’ ‘Garlic,’ and ‘New Medium’
Court No. 06-00189                                                                            Page 29

       Jinan Yipin II explicitly stated that nothing in Jinan Yipin I precluded Commerce from

relying on the Agmarknet database, provided that Commerce adequately justified its selection of the

specific data that it used. See Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____ n.57, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1272 n.57.

Accordingly, in its Second Remand Determination, Commerce has explained that – rather than

confining its data set to the “China” category (as it did in the Final Results) – the agency has

calculated surrogate value using the Agmarknet data on all six specific categories of garlic reported

for India’s five long-day zone states, including the “China” category. No party has objected to

Commerce’s inclusion of the data for “China” category garlic in the agency’s calculations. The

Domestic Producers therefore prevail on their claim that the “China” category data is properly

included in the Second Remand Determination’s surrogate value calculations.

       In sum, Commerce’s calculation of a surrogate value for raw garlic bulbs using Agmarknet

data for the six categories of garlic reported for India’s five long-day zone states must be sustained.

To be sure, the Domestic Producers’ challenges to the specificity of those data are not wholly

lacking in substance. Had Commerce made the extrapolations that the Domestic Producers advocate

and drawn the inferences that the Domestic Producers urge – and thus excluded from the agency’s

surrogate value calculations the Agmarknet data for garlic categorized as “Desi,” “Average,” and

“Other” – it is possible that the agency’s determination might have been sustained. But an agency

determination cannot be overturned merely because the agency could have reached the opposite

Varieties to Calculate a Surrogate Value”). To the extent that the Domestic Producers argued in the
course of the most recent remand proceeding that the agency should use only the data for the
Agmarknet “China” category garlic, that claim has since been abandoned. See Second Remand
Determination at 9 (noting that Domestic Producers “advocate relying on the ‘China’ variety subset
of Agmarknet data”); id. at 22 (same).
Court No. 06-00189                                                                            Page 30

result based on the same record. See generally Def.’s Response Brief at 13 (noting that “a

reasonable mind could decline to draw the inferences [that the Domestic Producers] urged

Commerce to draw in this case”).

       The evidence that the Domestic Producers cite is neither so clear nor so strong as to require

Commerce to reach a result other than that which the agency reached here. As discussed above,

“[t]he process of constructing foreign market value for a producer in a non-market economy country

is difficult and necessarily imprecise.” Shakeproof, 268 F.3d at 1381. As the “master of

antidumping law,” Commerce is entitled to “wide discretion in the valuation of factors of

production,” in recognition of the agency’s “special expertise.” See id. (internal quotation marks

and citation omitted); Thai Pineapple, 187 F.3d at 1365.

       Moreover, as the Government underscores, it is the parties to a proceeding that bear the

burden of building an adequate record. See Def.’s Response Brief at 13-14 (citing QVD Food Co.

v. United States, 658 F.3d 1318, 1324 (Fed. Cir. 2011)). In the instant case, the parties had multiple

opportunities to augment the record with relevant information, even as late as the most recent

remand proceeding before the agency. The Domestic Producers have proffered no evidence to

directly and definitively establish the specific characteristics of the “Desi,” “Average,” and “Other”

categories of garlic as those terms are used in the Agmarknet database. Particularly in the absence

of such evidence, and in light of all other circumstances, Commerce’s concerns that – on this record

– any further “filtering” of the data set could potentially distort the agency’s surrogate value

calculation cannot be said to be unreasonable. See Second Remand Determination at 32, 36. Nor

is the Second Remand Determination’s calculation of a surrogate value for raw garlic bulbs
Court No. 06-00189                                                                           Page 31

unsupported by substantial evidence. The Domestic Producers’ arguments to the contrary therefore

must fail.

                                   B. Surrogate Value for Labor

       The antidumping statute provides that, in non-market economy cases such as this, the

surrogate data used to calculate the value of factors of production must, to the extent possible, come

from market economy countries that are at “a level of economic development comparable to that of

the nonmarket economy country” at issue – in this case, China. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(4)(A).

The antidumping statute further provides that, in such cases, the surrogate data must, to the extent

possible, come from market economy countries that are “significant producers of comparable

merchandise.” See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(4)(B).

       For most factors of production, Commerce typically uses values from a single market

economy country (known as the “surrogate country” – here, India) that Commerce has determined

to be both (a) economically comparable to the non-market economy country in question and (b) a

significant producer of the goods at issue. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.408(c)(2). However, as Jinan Yipin

I and Jinan Yipin II explained, Commerce in the past treated the cost of labor quite differently than

other factors of production. See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 474, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1301-02; Jinan

Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1274; see generally Dorbest Ltd. v. United States, 604

F.3d 1363, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2010).

       Concerned about “wide variances in wage rates between comparable economies,” Commerce

historically valued the cost of labor in a non-market economy (“NME”) country case by using a

regression-based wage rate “reflective of the observed relationship between wages and national
Court No. 06-00189                                                                         Page 32

income in a variety of market economy countries.” See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 474-75, 617 F.

Supp. 2d at 1302 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Thus, in the past, “unlike its

valuation of other factors of production in an NME case, Commerce [has based] its surrogate wage

rate on data from a broad ‘basket’ of countries, and [has] not limit[ed] itself to market economy

countries at a level of economic development comparable to the NME country in question.” See id.,

33 CIT at 475, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1302.

       In the Final Results in this case, Commerce calculated the Chinese Producers’ labor costs

using the agency’s standard regression-based wage rate calculation methodology, as set forth in the

agency’s regulations. See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 475-76, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1302-03; 19 C.F.R.

§ 351.408(c)(3). Using that methodology, the agency calculated a surrogate wage rate of $0.97/hour

in the Final Results. See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 476, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1303.

       Relying heavily on Allied Pacific (which held Commerce’s regulation to be inconsistent with

the statute), Jinan Yipin I remanded the issue of the surrogate value for labor to Commerce for

further consideration. See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 458, 473-80, 514-15, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1289,

1301-07, 1334; Allied Pacific Food (Dalian) Co. v. United States, 32 CIT 1328, 1351-65, 587 F.

Supp. 2d 1330, 1351-61 (2008). On remand, Commerce nevertheless continued to use a regression-

based methodology, albeit one that was slightly revised. See generally First Remand Determination

at 15-38, 59-68. The resulting calculation produced a surrogate wage rate of $0.80/hour for China.

See id. at 68; Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1275.

       In the meantime, however, the Court of Appeals handed down its decision in Dorbest,

striking down Commerce’s regulation as inconsistent with the plain language of the statute. See
Court No. 06-00189                                                                          Page 33

generally Dorbest, 604 F.3d at 1366, 1369-73. The Court of Appeals concluded that the agency’s

regulation “improperly require[d] using data from both economically comparable and economically

dissimilar countries, and . . . improperly use[d] data from both countries that produce comparable

merchandise and countries that do not.” See id., 604 F.3d at 1372 (discussing 19 C.F.R. §

351.408(c)(3)). The Government therefore sought a voluntary remand in this action to allow

Commerce to recalculate the surrogate value for labor expenses in a manner consistent with Dorbest,

which Jinan Yipin II granted. See generally Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1274-

76.

       In the course of the most recent remand, Commerce reconsidered its approach to the

calculation of surrogate values for labor expenses, in light of the Court of Appeals’ decision in

Dorbest, as well as the decision in Shandong Rongxin.             See generally Second Remand

Determination at 24-31; Dorbest, 604 F.3d at 1369-73; Shandong Rongxin Import & Export Co. v.

United States, 35 CIT ____, ____, 774 F. Supp. 2d 1307, 1315-16 (2011); Def.’s Response Brief

at 15 (advising that “[c]onsistent with Dorbest . . . , Commerce no longer is relying upon its

regression-based methodology for wage rates”). Concluding that “relying on multiple countries to

calculate the wage rate is no longer the best approach,” Commerce altered its methodology, to rely

on industry-specific labor cost data from the primary surrogate country – in this case, India. See

Second Remand Determination at 26; Antidumping Methodologies in Proceedings Involving Non-

Market Economies: Valuing the Factor of Production: Labor, 76 Fed. Reg. 36,092 (June 21, 2011);

see also Def.’s Response Brief at 15 (explaining that, in Second Remand Determination, “pursuant

to [its new methodology], Commerce valued labor by using industry-specific data from India”). As
Court No. 06-00189                                                                           Page 34

the Second Remand Determination observes, such an approach “is fully consistent with how

[Commerce] values all other [factors of production], and results in the use of a uniform basis for

[factor of production] valuation – a single surrogate country.” Second Remand Determination at 26.

       For purposes of the Second Remand Determination here, Commerce relied on 2004 data (as

reported in a 2005 publication of the International Labour Organization (“ILO”)), because those data

were “the most contemporaneous data that were available” between November 1, 2003 and May 4,

2006 – i.e., “during the conduct of the underlying administrative review.” See Second Remand

Determination at 26-27 (explaining, inter alia, that, on remand, agency used labor cost data for India

“reported in the ILO Chapter 6A data”).

       Specifically, Commerce selected “the industry-specific Indian data provided under Sub-

Classification 15 ‘Manufacture of food products and beverages’ of the International Standard

Industrial Classification – Revision 3-D standard.” See Second Remand Determination at 27. Based

on those data, the Second Remand Determination calculated a revised labor rate of 24.50 rupees per

hour. Id.

       As noted above, neither the Chinese Producers nor the Domestic Producers have objected

to Commerce’s revised wage rate calculation as set forth in the Second Remand Determination. See

Def.’s Response Brief at 15 (noting that “[n]o party objects to the Second Remand Results with

respect to Commerce’s valuation of labor expenses,” and urging that “the Court should sustain

Commerce’s Second Remand Results” on the issue); id. at 2 (same); see also Def.-Ints.’ Brief

(offering no comments on any issue other than valuation of raw garlic bulbs); Def.-Ints.’ Reply Brief

(same); Pls.’ Response Brief (same). Commerce’s determination on this issue is accordingly
Court No. 06-00189                                                                           Page 35

sustained.

                       C. Surrogate Value for Cardboard Packing Cartons

       In the Final Results in this case, Commerce valued the cardboard cartons that are used to

pack and ship garlic based on Indian import statistics taken from the World Trade Atlas28 for the

Indian tariff subheading 4819.1010, which covers, among other things, cartons, boxes, and cases

made of corrugated paper and paperboard (which were formerly covered by subheading 4819.1001).

See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 488, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1312-13; Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800

F. Supp. 2d at 1307. In so doing, the Final Results rejected the other alternative source of data on

the record – specifically, four domestic Indian price quotes submitted by the Chinese Producers,

which predate the period of review by several months and were obtained from four different Indian

box vendors in four different cities, for basic cardboard packing cartons virtually identical to those

that the Chinese Producers actually used. See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 488, 498, 617 F. Supp. 2d

at 1312, 1321; Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, ____, ____ & n.102, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1307, 1308,

1310-11 & n.102.29 The Final Results rejected the domestic price quotes because they are not

       28
         The World Trade Atlas is “a database of commodities using all levels of the Harmonized
Tariff Schedule,” which “enables users to determine the value of a specific product and identify
countries to or from which the product is being exported or imported.” See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT
at 467 n.20, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1296 n.20 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
       29
          The price quotes for cardboard packing cartons on the record of this tenth administrative
review are the same price quotes that are on the record of the ninth administrative review. See Jinan
Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____ & n.102, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1310-11 & n.102 (explaining that four price
quotes for cardboard packing cartons on record of tenth administrative review “are dated either June
19, 2003 or June 20, 2003”); Taian Ziyang III, 37 CIT at ____, 918 F. Supp. 2d at 1358 (noting that
record in ninth administrative review includes “four domestic Indian price quotes . . . which were
obtained within the period of review (and within one week of one another) from four different Indian
Court No. 06-00189                                                                            Page 36

considered “publicly available information.” See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 489, 617 F. Supp. 2d at

1313; Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1307-08, 1309; Policy Bulletin 04.1.30

       As Jinan Yipin I observed, however, the Final Results significantly “overstated any potential

concerns as to the reliability of the domestic Indian box prices that the agency rejected, . . . [and]

significantly understated the patent flaws and defects in the Indian import statistics on which the

agency relied.” Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 498, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1321 (emphases omitted).

Detailing the numerous problems with Commerce’s calculus, Jinan Yipin I remanded the issue to

the agency for further consideration. See generally id., 33 CIT at 487-98, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1312-

21; see also Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1307-09.

       Commerce’s First Remand Determination was “wholly unresponsive” to Jinan Yipin I on

the issue of the use of Indian import statistics versus domestic price quotes for purposes of

calculating the surrogate value for cardboard packing cartons. See Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____,

800 F. Supp. 2d at 1309; see generally id., 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1307-15. As Jinan

Yipin II summed up the situation, the First Remand Determination “add[ed] little or nothing to the

record on the issue of Commerce’s concerns about the ‘public availability’ of the domestic price

box vendors in four different cities”); Taian Ziyang II, 35 CIT at ____, 783 F. Supp. 2d at 1321
(noting that four price quotes for cardboard packing cartons on record of ninth administrative review
are “dated within two days of one another”).
       30
         The sole concern that the Final Results raised as to the price quotes for cardboard packing
cartons was the issue of “public availability.” Only in the First Remand Determination did
Commerce – for the first time – raise concerns about the “contemporaneity” and
“representativeness” of the price quotes. As Jinan Yipin II noted, however, no party objected to
Commerce’s failure to raise those concerns earlier. Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____ & n.99, ____,
800 F. Supp. 2d at 1309 & n.99, 1310-11.
Court No. 06-00189                                                                              Page 37

quotes and the potential for ‘manipulation’ – the sole basis cited in the Final Results for Commerce’s

decision to reject the price quotes in favor of the Indian import statistics,” and instead added

“‘contemporaneity’ and ‘representativeness’ to Commerce’s list of grounds for rejecting the price

quotes.” See id., 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1309. Commerce yet again sought to

exaggerate the alleged shortcomings of the domestic price quotes, while simultaneously ignoring

the obvious (and admitted) problems inherent in the Indian import statistics on which the agency

continued to rely. See generally id., 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1309-15.

        Noting that Commerce had seemingly chosen “admittedly distorted Indian import statistics

over potentially ‘perfect’ price quotes,” Jinan Yipin II held that the First Remand Determination

failed to adequately explain and justify by reference to substantial record evidence the agency’s

determination that the Indian import statistics constituted the “best available information” for use

in calculating the surrogate value of basic cardboard packing cartons, in light of the acknowledged

infirmities in the import statistics. Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1315; see

generally id., 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1309-15. In particular, Jinan Yipin II stated that

“[Commerce’s] conclusions that the Indian import statistics [ – as compared to the domestic price

quotes – ] are ‘sufficiently specific’ and constitute the ‘best available information’ for use in valuing

cardboard cartons” were “unexplained,” “not rational,” and “lack[ed] any sound basis in the

administrative record,” and therefore could not be sustained. See id., 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp.

2d at 1315. The issue was therefore remanded once again, and the agency was cautioned not to

simply recycle its earlier arguments, because “no further remands [were] likely.” See id., 35 CIT
Court No. 06-00189                                                                              Page 38

at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1315.31

        Commerce’s Second Remand Determination followed.                    In the Second Remand

Determination, as a surrogate value for cardboard packing cartons, Commerce relied on the four

domestic price quotes on the record, implicitly adopting the fundamental reasoning of Jinan Yipin

II (and, in turn, Jinan Yipin I). The Second Remand Determination states:

        The Court found [in Jinan Yipin II] that Commerce had chosen “admittedly distorted
        Indian import statistics over potentially ‘perfect’ price quotes.” While [Commerce]
        disagrees with this conclusion, [Commerce] is cognizant of the Court’s admonition
        that the [agency] is not likely to “get another bite of the apple on this issue.” . . . .

        ....

        Accordingly, . . . [Commerce] has determined, under protest, to use the price quote
        surrogate values provided on the record by the plaintiffs during the underlying
        proceeding for this final remand redetermination. Using these price quotes, the
        surrogate value for cardboard cartons is 32.3750 Rupees per box . . . .

Second Remand Determination at 23-24 (footnotes omitted); see also id. at 1 (stating that Commerce

“has applied, under protest, the price quotes on the record of the underlying review as surrogates to

value . . . cardboard cartons”)32; cf. Defendant’s Response to Comments Regarding Redetermination

        31
          Among other things, Jinan Yipin II instructed Commerce to reopen the administrative
record on remand, to allow the submission of further “evidence concerning the domestic price quotes
and the Indian import statistics (as well as alternative sets of data, if any, that may be appropriate).”
See Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1315; see also id., 35 CIT at ____, 800 F.
Supp. 2d at 1307 (directing agency to reopen record on plastic jars and lids). It is, however,
undisputed that Commerce did not reopen the record on either issue. See Second Remand
Determination at 24 (stating that “rather than reopen the record, [Commerce] has determined, under
protest, to use the price quote[s]”).
        32
         The quoted language from the Second Remand Determination – particularly the phrase
“under protest” – can be read as suggesting that Jinan Yipin II imposed an outcome or result on
Commerce, and ordered the agency to use the domestic price quotes in valuing cardboard packing
cartons for purposes of the Second Remand Determination. Nothing could be further from the truth.
Court No. 06-00189                                                                              Page 39

See, e.g., Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1310 (suggesting action on remand “to
seek information to clarify the accuracy of the domestic price quotes, in order to address the
agency’s concerns about potential ‘manipulation’” of price quotes); see also id., 35 CIT at ____, 800
F. Supp. 2d at 1311-12 (same); id., 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1311-12 (suggesting action
on remand to seek information concerning the volatility of prices for cardboard packing cartons in
India); id., 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1313 (suggesting action on remand to ascertain extent
of distortion attributable to inclusion in import statistics of “specialty” and “gift” boxes unlike basic
cardboard packing cartons); id., 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1313-14 (suggesting action on
remand “to determine the volume of merchandise reflected in the Indian import statistics that was
imported by air, or to otherwise demonstrate that the values reflected in the Indian import statistics
are not significantly inflated by the inclusion of air freight costs”); cf. Taian Ziyang II, 35 CIT at
____, 783 F. Supp. 2d at 1331 (in context of companion case challenging agency determinations in
administrative review immediately preceding review at issue here, suggesting that, on remand,
Commerce address the “serious unanswered questions about the extent to which the import statistics
are distorted by the inclusion of gift and speciality boxes . . . and about the extent to which the
import statistics are distorted by the inclusion of charges for air freight”; suggesting that Commerce
also consider obtaining evidence concerning the accuracy of the price quotes); id., 35 CIT at ____
n.43, 783 F. Supp. 2d at 1332 n.43 (in context of companion case challenging agency determinations
in administrative review immediately preceding review at issue here, noting that “[i]f Commerce
could establish on remand that the inclusion of the more expensive products and the air freight
charges have no significant distortive effect on the Indian import statistics, it might be possible to
sustain the agency’s determination that the import statistics constitute the ‘best available
information’”).

        In short, in the course of the second remand, Commerce here was free to use either the
import statistics or the price quotes (or even some other data), provided that the agency properly
articulated its rationale and supported its determination with substantial evidence. See, e.g., Tung
Mung Development Co. v. United States, 354 F.3d 1371, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (noting that “the
Court of International Trade’s remand orders did not compel Commerce to adopt a new policy,”
where agency was free to “either explain its deviation from ‘prior practice’ or ‘apply a combination
rate, consistent with its prior practice’”).

        The quoted language from the Second Remand Determination also reflects a fundamental
flaw in logic. In the excerpt, Commerce first acknowledges that Jinan Yipin II cautioned that a third
remand was unlikely; but then – rather than putting the second remand to good use through further
analysis and/or eliciting additional evidence for the record – Commerce elected to adopt the
domestic price quotes (in lieu of the Indian import statistics). See Second Remand Determination
at 23-24. This is classic non sequitur. As a matter of logic, there is nothing about the low
probability of a third remand that counsels a litigant not to avail himself of a second remand; indeed,
one would reasonably expect the opposite. In other words, one would reasonably expect that a
Court No. 06-00189                                                                             Page 40

Pursuant to Court Remand at 9-11 (April 20, 2012), filed in Taian Ziyang Food Co. v. United States,

Court No. 05-00399 (in companion case contesting Commerce’s determinations in administrative

review immediately preceding review at issue in this action, which included parallel challenge to

agency’s reliance on import statistics versus price quotes in surrogate valuation of cardboard

packing cartons, agency ultimately decided to rely on price quotes (as the agency has done here),

explaining that “the Remand Results are consistent with the Court’s holding” in Taian Ziyang II, and

that “[i]n light of the Court’s concerns about the import statistics, . . . Commerce reasonably adopted

plaintiffs’ approach and used the domestic price quotes”).

       As summarized below, and as set forth at length and in exhaustive detail in Jinan Yipin I and

Jinan Yipin II, the record evidence – viewed through the lens of Commerce’s criteria in Policy

Bulletin 04.1 – weighs solidly in favor of the price quotes. See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 487-98, 617

F. Supp. 2d at 1312-21 (analyzing merits of domestic price quotes versus Indian import statistics for

valuation of cardboard packing cartons); Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1307-15

(same); section III, supra (in the introductory text, discussing criteria established in Policy Bulletin

04.1, including “product specificity,” “contemporaneity,” “representativeness,” and “public

availability,” in addition to whether prices are “net of taxes and import duties”).

       As Jinan Yipin II explained, of the five criteria set forth in Policy Bulletin 04.1, “product

specificity” logically must be the most important. See Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp.

litigant who understands that he may have just “one last shot” to give it his “best shot.”
Court No. 06-00189                                                                              Page 41

2d at 1304.33 And it is undisputed that, as discussed in Jinan Yipin I and Jinan Yipin II, the four

domestic price quotes on the record of this proceeding are highly “specific to the input in question”

– that is, the cardboard packing cartons actually used by the Chinese Producers. See Jinan Yipin I,

33 CIT at 488, 498, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1312, 1321; Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d

at 1307-08.

       Moreover, although the four domestic price quotes are not “contemporaneous” within the

meaning of Policy Bulletin 04.1, the price quotes are just a few months outside the period of review.

See Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____ & n.102, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1310-11 & n.102.34 And, as Jinan

       33
          To underscore the necessary primacy of “product specificity,” Jinan Yipin II took the point
to its logical extreme vis-a-vis the surrogate valuation of plastic jar and lids:

       To illustrate . . . , Commerce here could not reasonably base its surrogate value for
       basic plastic jars on Indian import statistics for umbrellas (for instance), even if those
       import statistics – in the words of Policy Bulletin 04.1 – unquestionably reflected
       “review period-wide price averages” and were indisputably “publicly available data”
       that were fully “contemporaneous with the period of . . . review” and “net of taxes
       and import duties.” Commerce could not do so because, even if the Indian import
       statistics for umbrellas were perfect in every other way, the import statistics would
       not be sufficiently “product specific.”

Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1304 (footnote omitted); see also Taian Ziyang
II, 35 CIT at ____, 783 F. Supp. 2d at 1330 (in challenge to administrative review immediately
preceding review at issue here, similarly observing that Commerce could not base surrogate value
for cardboard packing cartons on import statistics for fishing rods, even if those import statistics
were otherwise perfect, because import statistics would not be sufficiently “product specific”). If
a set of data is not sufficiently “product specific,” it is of no import whether or not the data satisfy
the other criteria set forth in Policy Bulletin 04.1. See, e.g., Hebei Metals & Minerals Import &
Export Corp. v. United States, 29 CIT 288, 300, 366 F. Supp. 2d 1264, 1273-74 (2005) (explaining
that, where agency failed to demonstrate that import statistics were sufficiently “product specific,”
it was irrelevant whether statistics satisfied other criteria).
       34
         Although there was some confusion concerning the contemporaneity of the domestic price
quotes, the record establishes that all four quotes predate the period of review by roughly four and
Court No. 06-00189                                                                             Page 42

Yipin II explained (and as the First Remand Determination itself conceded), contemporaneity is not

necessarily a critical factor. See id., 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1311 (and authorities cited

there). Thus, for example, as discussed immediately below, absent concrete evidence (or even some

credible basis to suggest) that prices for basic cardboard packing cartons fluctuate to any significant

degree over relatively brief periods of time, the contemporaneity (like the “representativeness”) of

the price quotes is of little moment.35

       Like “contemporaneity,” Commerce’s “representativeness” criterion relates to the timing of

price information. In contrast to the contemporaneity criterion (which concerns whether the price

information is from within the review period at issue), the focus of the representativeness criterion

one-half months. See Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____ & nn.102-03, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1310-11 &
nn.102-03.
       35
         Jinan Yipin II highlighted the fact that – although Commerce raised concerns about the
contemporaneity and representativeness for the first time in the course of the first remand –
Commerce nevertheless “took no action . . . to seek information to resolve its newly-identified
concerns . . . , by (for example) attempting to clarify whether or not the price of basic cardboard
packing cartons in India in fact does fluctuate significantly over relatively brief periods of time (or,
more specifically, whether it did so during the period of review, and in the four or five months
thereafter), or even the extent to which prices have historically fluctuated over time.” Jinan Yipin
II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1311-12.

        And it is telling that, as discussed below, although the Domestic Producers placed the Indian
import statistics on the record of this proceeding, the Domestic Producers have never affirmatively
claimed that the domestic price quotes do not accurately reflect the actual, correct price of cardboard
packing cartons throughout the period of review. See Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____ n.101, 800 F.
Supp. 2d at 1310 n.101. Moreover, even if the record evidence did establish that prices were subject
to some degree of fluctuation, the record is devoid of analysis to indicate that any such price
fluctuation would justify resort to the Indian import statistics (in light of the admitted flaws in the
import data). It might also be possible to adjust the price quotes to be contemporaneous, using a
methodology comparable to that which Commerce used to deflate certain data for use in valuing raw
garlic bulbs in the First Remand Determination. See id., 35 CIT at ____ n.104, 800 F. Supp. 2d at
1311 n.104.
Court No. 06-00189                                                                             Page 43

is on whether the price information reflects “review period-wide price averages,” rather than prices

for a more limited period of time. See Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1311-12;

id., 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1292-94 (explaining “representativeness,” in context of

surrogate valuation of plastic jars and lids).36 Commerce’s concern about price quotes for a more

limited period of time – like the four price quotes at issue here, all of which are dated either on one

day or the very next – is the possibility that the pricing information may not accurately reflect prices

throughout the period of review, due to “temporary market fluctuations.” Id., 35 CIT at ____ &

n.102, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1311-12 & n.102 (noting that representativeness reflects concern about

potential “temporary market fluctuations,” and specifying dates of price quotes for cardboard

packing cartons). However, as Jinan Yipin II noted, the administrative record in this proceeding is

barren of any evidence whatsoever that might suggest that prices for cardboard packing cartons are

subject to any significant volatility. See id., 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1311-12.37

       36
          As Jinan Yipin II emphasized, “Commerce’s ‘contemporaneity’ and ‘representativeness’
criteria have no inherent value in and of themselves. . . . [P]rice data that are not contemporaneous
and/or are not representative [– as Commerce uses those terms – ] are by no means per se inaccurate.
The ultimate question to be determined is: Do the price data accurately reflect prices throughout the
period of review (whether or not those data are ‘contemporaneous’ and ‘representative,’ as
Commerce defines those terms)?” Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____ n.76, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1292
n.76.
       37
          As Jinan Yipin II noted, the suggestion that prices for cardboard packing cartons are subject
to any significant fluctuation does not necessarily comport with common sense. Jinan Yipin II, 35
CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1311-12 (emphasizing, inter alia, that “[i]t is not clear why the price
of basic cardboard packing cartons would be subject to any significant fluctuation”); see also Taian
Ziyang III, 37 CIT at ____ & n.23, 918 F. Supp. 2d at 1366-67 & n.23 (in companion case
challenging agency determinations in administrative review immediately preceding review at issue
here, analyzing “representativeness” of domestic price quotes for cardboard packing cartons, and
observing, inter alia, that “it is not at all obvious why the price of basic cardboard packing cartons
would be subject to appreciable fluctuation over the course of a single year (i.e., the period of
Court No. 06-00189                                                                              Page 44

        The record is equally definitive on “public availability.” As Jinan Yipin I observed, there

is room for debate as to the precise meaning of “public availability.” See generally Jinan Yipin I,

33 CIT at 489-91, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1313-15.38 But there is no question that the focus of

review)”).

        Jinan Yipin II similarly challenged Commerce’s unsupported, broadbrush claims of volatility
in prices for plastic jars and lids:

        [I]t seems reasonable to assume that some commodities (or factors of production)
        fluctuate in price, seasonally and/or in response to established market forces such as
        supply and demand. It is common knowledge, for example, that agricultural produce
        prices generally tend to fluctuate based on seasonal availability, and that mineral
        prices may fluctuate in accordance with supply and demand. On the other hand, it
        is not at all obvious why the price of basic plastic jars and lids would be subject to
        appreciable fluctuation over the course of a single year (i.e., the period of review).
        And, contrary to Commerce’s assertions . . . , it is certainly not obvious why the price
        of basic plastic jars and lids would be “highly susceptible” to fluctuation.

Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1294; see generally id., 35 CIT at ____, 800 F.
Supp. 2d at 1293-95 (questioning reasonableness of Commerce’s claims of volatility in prices for
plastic jars and lids). That rationale would seem to hold equal force for prices for basic cardboard
packing cartons and prices for basic plastic jars and lids.
        38
          See also Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____ & nn.74-75, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1287-91 & nn.74-75
(characterizing Commerce’s approach to public availability as “fluid”; analyzing, inter alia, agency
determinations involving price quotes and findings concerning “public availability” criterion, and
observing, inter alia, that “Commerce’s determination as to whether information is ‘publicly
available’ is necessarily somewhat fact-specific,” but also “occasionally arbitrary and even result-
oriented,” that “the degree of emphasis that Commerce places on the public availability criterion
fluctuates from one case to another,” and that Commerce’s definition of “publicly available” has
been “somewhat less than consistent”; noting that Commerce has never “articulate[d] a satisfactory
explanation as to why the agency relies on price quotes and other information that is not publicly
available in some cases, but not in others,” and criticizing Commerce for failing to set forth – “for
the benefit of domestic producers and respondents, as well as agency personnel, the courts, and the
public at large – clear, established criteria that the agency consistently, uniformly, and systematically
applies in determining when price quotes and other information that is not publicly available are
acceptable for use in determining surrogate values in NME cases, and when they are not”).
Court No. 06-00189                                                                             Page 45

Commerce’s concern about information that is not publicly available is the potential for

manipulation. See Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, ____, ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1287, 1307-08,

1310; Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 489-90, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1313-14. And it is undisputed that there

is not even a scintilla of evidence on the record here to suggest that the four price quotes are in any

way the product of manipulation or distortion, or are tainted by collusion. No evidence whatsoever.

See Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, ____, ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1308, 1309-10, 1311-12; Jinan

Yipin I, 33 CIT at 490, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1314-15.39

       The record evidence favoring use of the Indian import statistics pales by comparison to the

evidence supporting the domestic price quotes. It is true that the import statistics are publicly

available information.     And it is similarly undisputed that the import statistics are both

contemporaneous and representative as well. On the other hand, the record evidence on product

       39
          As Jinan Yipin II pointed out, the Domestic Producers had an obvious incentive to
affirmatively challenge the price quotes if they believed the price quotes to be inaccurate.
Presumably, if the price quotes did not fairly reflect the price of cardboard packing cartons
throughout the period of review, or seemed to be in some way distorted, the Domestic Producers
would have been the first to say so. Significantly, however, although the Domestic Producers placed
the Indian import statistics on the record of this proceeding, they conspicuously never sought to
present any evidence to suggest that the domestic price quotes on the record were manipulated or
are in any way not representative of prices through the duration of the period of review. Nor did the
Domestic Producers ever make any such claims. See generally Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____ n.101,
800 F. Supp. 2d at 1310 n.101.

        Jinan Yipin II made the further point that the nature of the four domestic price quotes at issue
here should serve to assuage, at least to some degree, any concerns about potential “manipulation.”
If one were inclined to forge or manipulate price data, presumably one would produce data that were
more clearly decisive – in other words, one would generate a greater number of price quotes, and
those price quotes would span the full duration of the period of review. As Jinan Yipin II put it,
“[v]iewed through this lens, the problems that Commerce sees in the[] price quotes are actually
indicia of authenticity.” See generally Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____ n.101, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1310
n.101.
Court No. 06-00189                                                                            Page 46

specificity – the most important of Commerce’s criteria – is damning.

       In short, it is undisputed that the import statistics on the record are plagued by two serious

infirmities. First, because the scope of the tariff heading on which the statistics are based is very

broad,40 the values reflected in the import statistics are inflated by the inclusion of (unknown,

potentially vast) quantities of more expensive gift, specialty, and other types of non-packing boxes

that bear no resemblance to the basic cardboard packing cartons that the Chinese Producers use to

pack and ship garlic. See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 487-88, 493-96 & nn. 48, 50, 617 F. Supp. 2d at

1312-13, 1316-19 & nn. 48, 50; Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, ____ & n.108, 800 F. Supp. 2d at

1308, 1313-15 & n.108.41 And, second, although garlic producers source their packing cartons

       40
           Indian tariff subheading 4819.1010 – the subheading for which Commerce has import
statistics – covers gift, specialty, and many other types of non-packing boxes, in addition to the sort
of plain cardboard packing cartons that the Chinese Producers use. See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 487-
88, 493-96 & nn. 48, 50, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1312-13, 1316-19 & nn.48, 50; Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT
at ____, ____ & n.108, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1308, 1313-15 & n.108.
       41
          That the values reflected in the import statistics are inflated by the inclusion of gift and
specialty boxes is not in dispute. There is no question that the basic cardboard packing cartons that
the Chinese Producers use are less expensive (and, in some instances, likely much less expensive)
than the gift, specialty, and other non-packing boxes that are included in the import statistics.
However, it is not possible to state with any precision the full extent of the distortion attributable
to the more expensive boxes, because the record evidence on the quantity of such boxes reflected
in the statistics (relative to the quantity of basic cardboard packing cartons) is simply inconclusive.
See, e.g., Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 493-96, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1317-19 (critiquing Commerce’s
efforts to minimize concerns about distortion); Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____ & n.108, 800 F. Supp.
2d at 1313 & n.108 (noting that “Commerce made no attempt on remand to . . . ascertain the extent
to which the values reflected in the Indian import statistics . . . are inflated by the inclusion of
‘myriad . . . specialty products’” unlike basic cardboard packing cartons); id., 35 CIT at ____, 800
F. Supp. 2d at 1314-15 (faulting agency for failing to “conduct[] any analysis (not even a qualitative
analysis, much less a quantitative one) to ascertain the extent of the actual distortion of the import
statistics”; noting that import data from Indonesia, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, and Morocco placed
on the record by agency in course of first remand fails to “shed any light on the extent of the
distortion” attributable to non-comparable products included in import statistics).
Court No. 06-00189                                                                             Page 47

domestically, the import statistics include freight charges; and such charges – particularly charges

for transportation by air – only further distort (i.e., inflate) the values reflected in the import

statistics. See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 487, 493, 496-97 & n.51, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1312, 1317,

1319-20 & n.51; Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, ____ & n.109, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1308, 1313-15

& n.109.42

       Surveying the state of the administrative record (as outlined above), Jinan Yipin II put it

bluntly: On the strength of the administrative record before the agency in the Final Results and the

First Remand Determination, and given the agency’s candid concessions as to the existing, patent

flaws in the import statistics (as well as the absence of any affirmative evidence that the price quotes

were not representative and reliable), Commerce’s prior decisions to rely on the import statistics

over the price quotes constituted a choice of “admittedly distorted data over data that the agency

       42
        See generally Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 492 n.45, 496-97, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1316 n.45,
1319-20 (questioning logic of assumption that, rather than sourcing basic cardboard packing cartons
domestically, merchant would purchase cartons that were imported – much less imported by air).

         That the values reflected in the import statistics are inflated by the inclusion of freight
charges (particularly charges for air freight) is not in dispute. However, it is not possible to state
with any precision the full extent of the distortion attributable to such freight charges, because the
record evidence on the matter is simply inconclusive. See, e.g., Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 496-97, 617
F. Supp. 2d at 1319-20 (critiquing Commerce’s efforts to downplay concerns about distortion); Jinan
Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1313-14 (highlighting fact that “Commerce apparently
made no attempt on remand to determine the volume of merchandise reflected in the Indian import
statistics that was imported by air, or to otherwise demonstrate that the values reflected in the Indian
import statistics are not significantly inflated by the inclusion of air freight costs”); id., 35 CIT at
____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1314-15 (faulting agency for failing to “conduct[] any analysis (not even
a qualitative analysis, much less a quantitative one) to ascertain the extent of the actual distortion
of the import statistics”; noting that import data from Indonesia, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, and
Morocco placed on the record by agency in course of first remand fail to “shed any light on the
extent of the distortion” attributable to air freight charges included in import statistics).
Court No. 06-00189                                                                              Page 48

speculate[d] may be potentially distorted.” See Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at

1315. In other words, while the record evidence indisputably establishes that the values reflected

in the Indian import statistics are (at least to some extent) inflated and thus do not accurately reflect

the cardboard packing cartons at issue, there is no record evidence – absolutely none – to indicate

that the domestic price quotes are in any way distorted or otherwise inaccurate.

        The bottom line is that, to the extent that Commerce has a general policy that privileges the

use of import statistics over price quotes due to concerns about the reliability of the latter, the

agency’s skepticism may well be justified, and – all other things being equal – its policy would be

entitled to great weight and would likely carry the day. See generally Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 488,

617 F. Supp. 2d at 1313. But, given the facts of this specific case, all things are decidedly not

equal.43

        Commerce’s determination on the valuation of cardboard packing cartons in this action must

be grounded in the evidence on this record. And the evidence on domestic price quotes versus

import statistics is not in equipoise. While neither the Domestic Producers nor Commerce ever

        43
           The situation would be quite different if the tariff subheading reflected in the import
statistics were relatively narrow (and thus relatively “specific” to the input being valued), and if the
effect of air freight charges could be reasonably estimated. Similarly, the situation would be
different if there were any evidence at all on the record to undermine the reliability of the price
quotes.

        Here, however, Commerce itself has admitted that the import statistics include a broad range
of products that are very much unlike the basic cardboard packing cartons here. And Commerce has
also conceded that the import statistics are further distorted by air freight charges, though the extent
of that distortion has not been established. In contrast, there is not even a shred of actual record
evidence to cast doubt on the reliability of the domestic price quotes. On these specific facts,
Commerce’s policy preference for the use of import statistics over price quotes cannot prevail.
Court No. 06-00189                                                                            Page 49

adduced even an iota of actual evidence to impeach the accuracy and reliability of the domestic price

quotes, Commerce itself has candidly and unequivocally conceded that the values reflected in the

import statistics are inflated. See, e.g., First Remand Determination at 46 (admitting that “[the]

Indian import statistics do not perfectly represent the inputs of [the Chinese Producers] because the

Indian import data include [1] specialty boxes and [2] boxes transported by air”); id. at 70 (same).44

       Under these circumstances, Commerce’s decision in the Second Remand Determination to

value cardboard packing cartons using the domestic price quotes (rather than the Indian import

statistics) is plainly supported by substantial evidence and otherwise in accordance with law.

Commerce’s decision therefore must be sustained. See Def.’s Response Brief at 15 (noting that

“[n]o party objects to the Second Remand Results with respect to Commerce’s . . . surrogate value

determination[] with respect to cartons,” and arguing that “the Court should sustain Commerce’s

Second Remand Results” on the issue); id. at 2 (same).45

                           D. Surrogate Value for Plastic Jars and Lids

       In the Final Results in this case, Commerce valued the plastic jars and lids that are used to

package garlic using a surrogate value derived from World Trade Atlas statistics for imports into

India under two broad “basket” provisions of the Indian tariff system – specifically, subheading

       44
          See also First Remand Determination at 45 (acknowledging that “the Indian import data
. . . are less [product] specific” than the price quotes); id. at 70 (conceding “the inclusion of
airfreight in the values included within the Indian import data”); Issues and Decision Memorandum
at 64 (admitting that “there are many different types of boxes covered by [the Indian import
statistics]”); id. (acknowledging that Indian import statistics reflect cartons imported by air).
       45
         See also Def.-Ints.’ Brief (offering no comments on any issue other than valuation of raw
garlic bulbs); Def.-Ints.’ Reply Brief (same); Pls.’ Response Brief (same).
Court No. 06-00189                                                                              Page 50

3923.3090, a provision covering “[c]arboys, bottles, flasks and similar articles of plastics, [not either

specified or included]” (formerly subheading 3923.3000), and subheading 3923.5000, covering

“[s]toppers, lids, caps and other closures of plastics.” See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 499, 617 F. Supp.

2d at 1321-22; Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1279. As with the Final Results

on cardboard packing cartons, the Final Results on plastic jars and lids found the use of Indian

import statistics preferable to four domestic Indian price quotes that were submitted by the Chinese

Producers, which were obtained from three different Indian vendors in three different cities and are

for jars and lids like those used by the Chinese Producers here to pack their peeled garlic. See Jinan

Yipin I, 33 CIT at 499-501, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1322-23; Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____ & n.62, 800

F. Supp. 2d at 1279-80 & n.62.46

        In rejecting the domestic price quotes, the Final Results cited concerns about the “public

availability” of the price quotes, as well as their “contemporaneity,” and their “representativeness.”

        46
          Although there was some confusion concerning the number of price quotes for plastic jars
and lids submitted by the Chinese Producers, the record establishes that there are, in fact, a total of
four price quotes from three Indian vendors, in Delhi, Bangalore, and Mumbai. See Jinan Yipin II,
35 CIT at ____ n.62, ____, ____ n.77, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1280 n.62, 1284, 1292 n.77. The four
price quotes are dated October 8, 2004, November 6, 2004, and November 22, 2004. See id., 35 CIT
at ____ n.62, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1280 n.62. Thus, two of the four price quotes fall clearly within
the period of review, and the other two are dated a mere one week and three weeks after the period
of review ended. See id., 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1284-85.

        These price quotes are the exact same price quotes that are also included in the
administrative record of the ninth administrative review – that is, the administrative review which
immediately preceded the review at issue here, and the review that was at issue in the companion
case, Taian Ziyang. See Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____ n.62, 800 F. Supp. 2d 1280 n.62 (explaining
that same four price quotes for plastic jars and lids were placed on records of both ninth
administrative review and tenth administrative review); see generally Taian Ziyang III, 37 CIT at
____, 918 F. Supp. 2d at 1358-69 (sustaining agency reliance on same four price quotes to value
plastic jars and lids in ninth administrative review).
Court No. 06-00189                                                                              Page 51

See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 500-01 & n.53, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1322-23 & n.53; Jinan Yipin II, 35

CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1280. Jinan Yipin I analyzed all of the grounds cited in the Final

Results as a basis for rejecting the price quotes, and found each of them wanting. See Jinan Yipin

I, 33 CIT at 499-506, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1322-27. Jinan Yipin I acknowledged that “[n]o doubt the[]

points [raised by Commerce in the Final Results] diminish, at least to some degree, the utility of the

domestic Indian jar” price quotes. See id., 33 CIT at 501 n.53, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1323 n.53.

However, Jinan Yipin I concluded that the Final Results failed to adequately analyze the relative

merits of the domestic price quotes and the seemingly much more seriously flawed Indian import

statistics on which the Final Results relied, and therefore remanded the issue to Commerce for

further consideration. See generally id., 33 CIT at 498-506, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1321-27; see also

Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1283-84.

        Much like the First Remand Determination’s treatment of cardboard packing cartons

(discussed above), the First Remand Determination’s treatment of plastic jars and lids “add[ed]

virtually nothing to this case” concerning the relative merits of the use of the Indian import statistics

versus the four domestic price quotes. Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1284; see

also id., 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1306; see generally id., 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp.

2d at 1284-1307. Commerce continued to overstate the alleged problems with the domestic quotes

and, at the same time, continued to downplay the obvious (and admitted) problems inherent in the

Indian import statistics on which the agency continued to rely. See id.

        Observing that the First Remand Determination seemingly had once again chosen

“admittedly distorted Indian import statistics over potentially ‘perfect’ price quotes,” Jinan Yipin
Court No. 06-00189                                                                                 Page 52

II held that the First Remand Determination failed to adequately explain the agency’s determination

that the Indian import statistics constituted the “best available information” for use in calculating

the surrogate value of plastic jars and lids, in light of the admitted infirmities in the import statistics.

See Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1301-02, 1306. Jinan Yipin II similarly

criticized Commerce for failing to adequately explain why the Indian import statistics were

preferable to the domestic price quotes, the other source of information on the record. See id., 35

CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1306. Jinan Yipin II further held that “[the First Remand

Determination’s] determination that the Indian import statistics constitute the ‘best available

information’ (as compared to the domestic price quotes) is not supported by substantial evidence in

the administrative record.” See id., 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1306. The issue was

therefore remanded once again, and – as it had with cardboard packing cartons – Jinan Yipin II

counseled Commerce to use the remand wisely, because a third remand was unlikely. See id., 35

CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1307.

        In its Second Remand Determination, Commerce reversed course (implicitly adopting the

reasoning underpinning Jinan Yipin II, and, in turn, Jinan Yipin I, as Commerce did vis-a-vis the

valuation of cardboard packing cartons), using the four domestic price quotes – rather than the

Indian import statistics – to value plastic jars and lids. The Second Remand Determination states:

        The Court found [in Jinan Yipin II] that Commerce had chosen “admittedly distorted
        Indian import statistics over potentially ‘perfect’ price quotes.” While [Commerce]
        disagrees with this conclusion, [Commerce] is cognizant of the Court’s admonition
        that the [agency] is not likely to “get another bite of the apple on this issue.” . . . .

        ....

        Accordingly, . . . [Commerce] has determined, under protest, to use the price quote
Court No. 06-00189                                                                               Page 53

        surrogate values provided on the record by the plaintiffs during the underlying
        proceeding for this final remand redetermination. Using these price quotes, . . . the
        surrogate value used for plastic jars and lids is 26.8750 Rupees per jar.

Second Remand Determination at 23-24 (footnotes omitted); see also id. at 1 (stating that Commerce

“has applied, under protest, the price quotes on the record of the underlying review as surrogates to

value . . . plastic jars and lids”)47; cf. Defendant’s Response to Comments Regarding

Redetermination Pursuant to Court Remand at 9-11 (April 20, 2012), filed in Taian Ziyang Food Co.

v. United States, Court No. 05-00399 (in companion case contesting Commerce’s determinations

in administrative review immediately preceding review at issue in this action, which included

parallel challenge to agency’s reliance on import statistics versus price quotes in surrogate valuation

        47
         The quoted language from the Second Remand Determination – particularly the phrase
“under protest” – can be read as intimating that Jinan Yipin II imposed an outcome or result on
Commerce, and ordered the agency to use the domestic price quotes in valuing plastic jars and lids
for purposes of the Second Remand Determination. That is not the case.

         In the course of the second remand, Commerce was free to value plastic jars and lids using
either the import statistics or the price quotes (or some other data set, if it so desired), provided that
the agency properly articulated its rationale and supported its determination with substantial
evidence. See, e.g., Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____ n.97, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1306 n.97 (suggesting
possibility of further development of record in course of second remand, including, for example,
development of any evidence demonstrating that “the inclusion of the more expensive products and
the air freight charges have no significant distortive effect on the Indian import statistics,” and/or
“evidence on the potential for manipulation of the price quotes and the extent to which the price
quotes accurately reflect prices throughout the period of review”); see also Tung Mung
Development Co., 354 F.3d at 1379 (explaining that “the Court of International Trade’s remand
orders did not compel Commerce to adopt a new policy,” where agency was free to “either explain
its deviation from ‘prior practice’ or ‘apply a combination rate, consistent with its prior practice’”);
see generally n.32, supra (explaining, in context of analysis of cardboard packing cartons, that – in
course of most recent remand – Commerce was free to use import statistics or price quotes (or some
other data) to value cardboard packing cartons, provided that agency properly articulated its
rationale and supported its determination with substantial evidence; also noting non sequitur in
Commerce’s rationale).
Court No. 06-00189                                                                             Page 54

of plastic jars and lids, agency ultimately decided to rely on price quotes (as the agency has done

here), explaining that “the Remand Results are consistent with the Court’s holding” in Taian Ziyang

II, and that “[i]n light of the Court’s concerns about the import statistics, . . . Commerce reasonably

adopted plaintiffs’ approach and used the domestic price quotes”).

       As outlined below, and as set forth at length and in painstaking detail in Jinan Yipin I and

Jinan Yipin II, the record evidence solidly favors use of the price quotes as surrogate values for

plastic jars and lids. See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 498-506, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1321-27 (analyzing

merits of domestic price quotes versus Indian import statistics for valuation of plastic jars and lids);

Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1297-1307 (same).

       As discussed above, Jinan Yipin II explained that – of the five criteria set forth in Policy

Bulletin 04.1 – “product specificity” logically must be the most important. See Jinan Yipin II, 35

CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1304.48 And it is beyond cavil that, as discussed in Jinan Yipin I

and Jinan Yipin II, the four domestic price quotes on the record of this proceeding are (in the

parlance of the Policy Bulletin) highly “specific to the input in question” – that is, the plastic jars

and lids actually used by the Chinese Producers here. See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 501, 505-06, 617

F. Supp. 2d at 1323, 1327; Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d

at 1279-80, 1282, 1283, 1296, 1303.

       As to “contemporaneity,” there is – even as an abstract matter of principle – no real basis

for concern, because two of the four price quotes fall squarely within the period of review and the

       48
        See generally n.33, supra (discussing extreme examples to illustrate overriding importance
of “product specificity” criterion).
Court No. 06-00189                                                                              Page 55

other two are dated one week and three weeks after the period of review ended. See Jinan Yipin II,

35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1284-85. As to “representativeness,” it is true that the price

quotes span a period of just a little less than seven weeks (rather than the full period of review, or

a full year). See id., 35 CIT at ____ n.62, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1280 n.62. However, the policy

considerations that underpin both the contemporaneity and its representativeness criteria go to

whether the proffered pricing information accurately reflects prices for the input (here, plastic jars

and lids) during the period of review. And the record here is clear on that issue.

        As Jinan Yipin II observed, there is nothing whatsoever on the record of this proceeding to

indicate that prices for plastic jars and lids are subject to any appreciable fluctuation. See Jinan

Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1292-95.49 In other words, there is no record evidence

        49
         Review of the record discloses no apparent reason to suppose that plastic jars and lids (any
more than cardboard packing cartons) would be susceptible to significant price fluctuations. See
n.37, supra; see also Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1293-95 (questioning
reasonableness of Commerce’s asserted concerns about volatility in prices for basic plastic jars and
lids); Taian Ziyang III, 37 CIT at ____, 918 F. Supp. 2d at 1374 (same, in companion case
challenging determinations in administrative review immediately preceding review at issue here,
involving exact same four price quotes for plastic jars and lids at issue here).

         It is telling that, as discussed below, although the Domestic Producers placed the Indian
import statistics on the record of this proceeding, the Domestic Producers have never affirmatively
claimed that the domestic price quotes do not accurately reflect the actual, correct price of basic
plastic jars and lids throughout the period of review. See Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____ n.101, 800
F. Supp. 2d at 1310 n.101. Moreover, Jinan Yipin II took note of the fact that, notwithstanding its
asserted concerns about the contemporaneity and representativeness of the domestic price quotes,
Commerce nonetheless “took no action . . . to obtain . . . information to clarify the extent to which
the four domestic price quotes in fact reflect ‘broad market averages’ and are sufficiently
representative of prices over ‘a substantial period of time’ – that is, sufficiently reflective of prices
over the one-year period that constitutes the period of review.” Id., 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp.
2d at 1295; Taian Ziyang II, 35 CIT at ____, 783 F. Supp. 2d at 1337 (same, in companion case
challenging determinations in administrative review immediately preceding review at issue here,
involving exact same four price quotes for plastic jars and lids at issue here). Similarly, Commerce
Court No. 06-00189                                                                               Page 56

that even hints that the price quotes here do not accurately represent prices for plastic jars and lids

throughout the relevant period of review.           The concerns about the contemporaneity and

representativeness of data that are reflected in Policy Bulletin 04.1 are entirely reasonable, as a

theoretical matter. But, in this particular case, the record evidence on the price quotes for plastic

jars and lids does not bear out those concerns.50

        The record is no less clear on the issue of “public availability.” As discussed above,

Commerce’s concern about information that is not publicly available is the risk of manipulation.

See section III.C, supra (explaining, in analysis of cardboard packing cartons, that policy basis for

“public availability” criterion is agency concern about potential for “manipulation”); Jinan Yipin

“took no action to attempt to ascertain the extent to which the prices of basic jars and lids fluctuated
during the period of review at issue here, or even the extent to which prices historically have
fluctuated over time.” See Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1295.

         Absent any concrete evidence (or even some sound reason to believe) that prices for basic
plastic jars and lids fluctuate to any significant degree over relatively brief periods of time, the
contemporaneity and representativeness of the price quotes are of little import. Even if the record
evidence did establish that prices were subject to some degree of fluctuation, the record is devoid
of analysis to indicate that any such price fluctuation would justify resort to the Indian import
statistics (in light of the admitted flaws in the import data). Further, if it were determined that prices
were subject to some degree of fluctuation and that adjustment were necessary to avoid recourse to
the flawed import statistics, it might well be possible to adjust the price quotes to be essentially fully
contemporaneous and representative, using a methodology comparable to that which Commerce
used to deflate certain data for use in valuing raw garlic bulbs in the First Remand Determination.
See Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____ n.104, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1311 n.104.
        50
           As discussed above, the wisdom of Commerce’s general policy favoring the use of import
statistics over price quotes is not at issue here, given the specific facts presented – that is, where the
record establishes that the values reflected in the statistics are (at least to some extent) inflated and
thus do not accurately reflect the factor of production in question, while, at the same time, there is
no record evidence whatsoever to indicate that the price quotes are in any way distorted or otherwise
inaccurate. See generally n.43, supra.
Court No. 06-00189                                                                           Page 57

II, 35 CIT at ____, ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1286-87, 1290-91 (same, in analysis of plastic jars and

lids); Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 500, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1322 (same). But the record here includes no

actual, affirmative evidence that can be read even to suggest that the price quotes for jars and lids

are in any way distorted or are the product of manipulation or collusion. See Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT

at ____, ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1286, 1287-91; Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 500, 617 F. Supp. 2d at

1322-23; see also Taian Ziyang Food Co. v. United States, 37 CIT ____, ____, 918 F. Supp. 2d

1345, 1374 (2013) (“Taian Ziyang III”) (in companion case, involving administrative review

immediately preceding review at issue here, and the exact same four price quotes for plastic jars and

lids, noting that record is devoid of any suggestion that price quotes are tainted by distortion,

manipulation, or collusion).51

       The record evidence supporting use of the Indian import statistics is not nearly as strong as

that favoring the price quotes. True enough, the import statistics are publicly available, as well as

       51
          The Domestic Producers had a clear incentive to affirmatively challenge the price quotes
if the Domestic Producers believed them to be inaccurate. Presumably, if the price quotes did not
fairly represent prices throughout the period of review, or if they appeared to be in some way
distorted or manipulated, the Domestic Producers would have been the first to say so. It is therefore
telling that, although the Domestic Producers placed the Indian import statistics on the record here,
they have never sought to present any evidence to cast doubt on the accuracy of the price quotes.
Nor have the Domestic Producers ever claimed that the price quotes are in any way distorted or
otherwise inaccurate. See Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____ n.71, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1287 n.71.

         Moreover, as Jinan Yipin II observed, the nature of the four domestic price quotes should
lay to rest any concerns about the risk of “manipulation.” If one were inclined to forge or
manipulate price data, presumably one would produce data that were more clearly decisive – in other
words, one would generate a greater number of price quotes, and all of those price quotes would be
dated within the period of review and would span the full duration of that period. Viewed through
this perspective, the seeming flaws in the price quotes are actually indicia of authenticity and
reliability. See Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____ n.71, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1287 n.71.
Court No. 06-00189                                                                                Page 58

both contemporaneous and representative. However, the record on product specificity – the most

important of Commerce’s criteria – is a different story entirely.

        Like the import statistics that Commerce used to value cardboard packing cartons until the

Second Remand Determination, the import statistics that the Final Results and the First Remand

Determination used to value plastic jars and lids suffer from two critical defects. The Indian import

statistics for plastic jars and lids are much less product-specific than the domestic price quotes, both

because the import statistics include a very broad range of “specialty” and other plastic products that

bear no resemblance to the simple, basic plastic jars at issue in this case,52 and because (like the

        52
          As explained above, the record establishes that – in addition to the sort of simple, basic
plastic jars that the Chinese Producers use – the Indian import statistics for “basket” subheadings
3923.3090 and 3923.5000 also capture many different types of more expensive “specialty” and other
plastic products. See, e.g., Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 499-500, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1322 (explaining
that import statistics include “‘specialty jars’ and other ‘plastic products completely different from
the plastic jars used by the [Chinese Producers] to pack . . . peeled garlic,’ such as ‘slippers,’
‘hairdressing accessories,’ ‘fibre glass,’ and ‘disposable plasticware’”); id., 33 CIT at 501, 617 F.
Supp. 2d at 1323-24 (noting that import statistics are “distorted . . . by ‘a myriad of specialty
products’ that ‘are not remotely representative of the plastic jars used by the [Chinese Producers]’”;
id., 33 CIT at 502, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1324 (noting that subheading 3923.3090 is “a ‘broad, basket’
tariff provision which captures an extraordinarily wide range of plastic products, above and beyond
the very basic plastic jars that the [Chinese Producers] used to pack garlic”); id. (explaining that
“data indicate that ‘the highest quantity of imports . . . driv[ing] the price of [merchandise classified
under HTS subheading 3923.3090] is imported from Italy by L’Oreal India Pvt. and is described as
‘hair products’”).

        There is no dispute that the values reflected in the import statistics are inflated by the
inclusion of “specialty” and other plastic products that are very different from (and more elaborate
than) the simple, basic plastic jars at issue here. There is no dispute that the plastic jars and lids that
the Chinese Producers use are less expensive (and, in some instances, likely much less expensive)
than other plastic products that are included in the import statistics. However, it is not possible to
state with any precision the full extent of the distortion attributable to the other plastic products,
because the record evidence on the quantity of such products reflected in the statistics (relative to
the quantity of basic plastic jars) is simply inconclusive. See generally Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at
____ n.81, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1295 n.81 (stating that, in light of evidence of distortion of import
Court No. 06-00189                                                                             Page 59

import statistics for cardboard packing cartons, discussed above) the import statistics for plastic jars

and lids include charges for air freight.53 See Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 499, 499-504, 505-06, 617

F. Supp. 2d at 1321, 1322-25, 1327 (discussing inflation attributable to highly diverse group of

products captured by import statistics); id., 33 CIT at 499, 501-02, 504-05, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1321,

1323-24, 1326-27 (discussing inflation attributable to air freight charges); Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT

statistics due to “the inclusion of specialty plastic jars and other more expensive products,” “[t]he
open questions that remain to be addressed are the extent and the significance of the distortion”);
id., 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1296 (noting that First Remand Determination made “no
attempt to . . . ascertain the extent to which the values reflected in the Indian import statistics are
inflated by the inclusion of more expensive specialty products that bear no resemblance to the basic
plastic jars and lids” used by Chinese Producers); id., 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1305
(noting existence of “serious unanswered questions about the extent to which the import statistics
are distorted by the inclusion of ‘specialty jars’ and a wide range of other plastic products that are
not comparable to the basic plastic jars and lids at issue”); see also Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 504, 617
F. Supp. 2d at 1325 (noting that “Commerce cannot accurately ascertain from the existing record
the full extent of the distortion attributable to the broad scope of the tariff subheading”).
       53
          See generally Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 505, 617 F. Supp. 2d at 1326-27 (questioning logic
of assumption that merchant would purchase cartons that were imported – much less imported by
air); Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____ n.64, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1283 n.64 (same).

         That the values reflected in the import statistics are inflated by the inclusion of freight
charges (particularly charges for air freight) is not in dispute. However, it is not possible to state
with any precision the full extent of the distortion attributable to such freight charges, because the
record evidence on the matter is simply inconclusive. See, e.g., Jinan Yipin I, 33 CIT at 504-05, 617
F. Supp. 2d at 1326 (critiquing Commerce’s efforts to downplay concerns about distortion); Jinan
Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1297-98 (highlighting fact that “Commerce made no
attempt on remand to ascertain the volume of merchandise reflected in the Indian import statistics
that was imported by air, or to otherwise demonstrate that the values reflected in the Indian import
statistics are not significantly inflated by the inclusion of air freight costs”); id., 35 CIT at ____,
____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1298, 1301 (faulting agency for failing to “conduct[] any analysis (not even
a qualitative analysis, much less a quantitative one) to ascertain the extent of the actual distortion
of the import statistics”; noting that import data from Indonesia, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, and
Morocco placed on the record by agency in course of first remand fail to “shed any light on the
extent of the distortion” attributable to air freight charges included in import statistics).
Court No. 06-00189                                                                            Page 60

at ____, ____, ____ & n.81, ____ & n.89, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1279, 1281-82, 1295-96 & n.81, 1300-

01 & n.89 (discussing inflation attributable to highly diverse group of products captured by import

statistics); id., 35 CIT at ____, ____, ____ & n.89, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1282, 1297-98, 1300-01 &

n.89 (discussing inflation attributable to air freight charges).

       In its First Remand Determination, Commerce flatly admitted that the Indian import statistics

reflect inflated values as a surrogate for the plastic jars and lids at issue here, both because the

import statistics “include a broad range of products that are different from the plastic jars used to

pack garlic,” and because the import statistics “include[] products that, unlike those the [Chinese

Producers] used, were shipped by air.” See First Remand Determination at 73; see also id. at 50

(same).54 As such, the facts here are straightforward, compelling, and uncontroverted. While the

record evidence indisputably establishes that the values reflected in the Indian import statistics are

(at least to some extent) inflated and thus do not accurately represent the basic plastic jars and lids

at issue, there is no record evidence – absolutely none – to indicate that the domestic price quotes

are in any way distorted or otherwise inaccurate.

       Jinan Yipin II put it bluntly: “[I]n contrast to the Indian import statistics (which are

admittedly ‘imperfect’), there is no affirmative evidence that the domestic price quotes are in any

way ‘imperfect.’” See Jinan Yipin II, 35 CIT at ____, 800 F. Supp. 2d at 1301. Under these

       54
          See also Issues and Decision Memorandum at 66 (noting Chinese Producers’ arguments
that, due to “basket” nature of the tariff subheadings reflected in Indian import statistics at issue,
import statistics include “plastic products such as specialty hair products, slippers, and fiber glass
that do not resemble the plastic jars” used to pack garlic, and that Indian import statistics include
air freight charges); id. at 68-69 (conceding that Indian import statistics include products imported
by air).
Court No. 06-00189                                                                            Page 61

circumstances, Commerce’s decision in the Second Remand Determination to value plastic jars and

lids based on the four domestic price quotes (rather than the Indian import statistics) is clearly

supported by substantial evidence and is otherwise in accordance with law. That decision thus must

be sustained. See Def.’s Response Brief at 15 (noting that “[n]o party objects to the Second Remand

Results with respect to Commerce’s . . . surrogate value determination[] with respect to . . . jars and

lids,” and arguing that “the Court should sustain Commerce’s Second Remand Results” on the

issue); id. at 2 (same).55

                                          IV. Conclusion

        For all the reasons set forth above, Commerce’s Second Remand Determination must be

sustained. Judgment will enter accordingly.

                                                          /s/ Delissa A. Ridgway
                                                              Delissa A. Ridgway
                                                                     Judge

Decided: March 28, 2014
         New York, New York

        55
         See also Def.-Ints.’ Brief (limiting arguments to calculation of surrogate value for raw
garlic bulbs); Def.-Ints.’ Reply Brief (same); Pls.’ Response Brief (same).