Court Opinion

ID: 4031090
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-03 00:00:55.214262+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:29:30.545200
License: Public Domain

Case: 15-50409      Document: 00513664167         Page: 1    Date Filed: 09/02/2016

           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                             United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                      Fifth Circuit
                                      No. 15-50409                                  FILED
                                                                            September 2, 2016
                                                                               Lyle W. Cayce
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                                           Clerk

              Plaintiff–Appellee,

v.

WISSAM ALLOUCHE, also known as Wissam Ismail Allouche, also known
as Wissam I. Allouche,

              Defendant–Appellant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Western District of Texas
                             USDC No. 5:13-CR-420

Before STEWART, Chief Judge, and PRADO and SOUTHWICK, Circuit
Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       Defendant–Appellant Wissam Allouche was convicted of unlawfully
procuring citizenship by making false statements about his marriage in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1425(b) and of making a materially false statement on
a security clearance application in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1001. The district

       * Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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                                 No. 15-50409
court sentenced him to sixty months’ imprisonment and revoked his U.S.
naturalization and citizenship pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1451(e). On appeal,
Allouche raises eleven issues challenging these convictions and his sentence.
We address one of these issues below: whether the district court reversibly
erred by refusing to give Allouche’s proposed jury instruction regarding Section
316 of the Immigration and Naturalization Act (“INA”) and an exception to its
residency requirements for certain government employees and contractors.
Because we find that the district court did not err, we affirm. Having reviewed
the other challenges raised by Allouche on appeal and finding no error, we also
affirm as to those issues not discussed herein.
         I.    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
      Allouche was born in Beirut, Lebanon, in 1968. In the early 1980s, he
joined an organization called the Amal Militia. The Amal Militia was founded
in the 1970s and was associated with Shia Muslims in Lebanon. In the early
days of the Amal Militia, its members were trained at terrorist camps run by
the Palestine Liberation Organization. Dr. Matthew Levitt, an expert on
counterterrorism and intelligence, testified that “Amal was engaging in the
types of case[s], textbook case study actions that you would describe as
terrorism.”
      During his time in the Amal Militia, Allouche was trained in the use of
assault weapons, rocket-propelled grenades (“RPGs”), and explosives. After
joining the Amal Militia, Allouche fought against Israel in the 1982 Lebanese-
Israeli War. Allouche was captured and held as an Israeli prisoner of war
(“POW”) for eighteen to twenty-four months.
      After being released from Israeli custody, Allouche rejoined the Amal
Militia in Lebanon. Allouche stated that upon rejoining the Amal Militia he
was given command of approximately 200 fighters in Deir Al Zahrani, a city in
southern Lebanon. Allouche left Lebanon in 1987 and went to Germany.
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      Jennifer Danko, Allouche’s ex-wife, testified that she met Allouche in
1997 while she was stationed in Germany. Danko is a lieutenant colonel in the
U.S. Army Medical Services Corps. Danko and Allouche were married roughly
a year and a half after they met. In 2002, Danko was transferred from
Germany to Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas. Allouche accompanied
Danko to San Antonio. In 2006 or 2007, Allouche took a job as a private
contract interpreter for the U.S. military. While Allouche worked alongside
U.S. military personnel, he was never in the U.S. military. According to Danko,
Allouche left for Iraq in April or May of 2007.
      In December 2007, Danko filed for a divorce from Allouche. Later that
month, Danko served Allouche with divorce papers while he was back in the
United States from Iraq. According to Danko’s petition for divorce and
Allouche’s counterpetition, they separated and ceased living together in
December 2007.
      Eric Holman, an Immigration Services Officer, testified that he
interviewed Allouche in 2006 regarding his application for citizenship. Holman
testified that Allouche applied for citizenship under Sections 316 and 319 of
the INA, 8 U.S.C. §§ 1427, 1430.
      Section 316 provides in relevant part that a permanent resident alien
may obtain citizenship if (1) after being lawfully admitted, he or she has
continuously resided in the United States for at least five years immediately
preceding the filing of the application, has been physically present in the
United States for at least half of that time, and has resided in the state or
district of the United States where the application was filed for at least three
months; (2) he or she has continually resided “within the United States from
the date of the application up to the time of admission to citizenship”; and
(3) the person is “of good moral character.” 8 U.S.C. § 1427(a).
      Section 319 provides in part that a permanent resident alien who is
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married to a U.S. citizen may obtain citizenship if, “during the three years
immediately preceding the date of filing his application,” he or she “has been
living in marital union with the citizen spouse.” 8 U.S.C. § 1430(a). Pursuant
to 8 C.F.R. § 319.1(b)(1), “marital union” means that the applicant must
“actually reside[] with his or her current spouse.” This regulation also provides
that “[a] person is ineligible for naturalization as the spouse of a United States
citizen under section 319(a) of the [INA] if, before or after the filing of the
application, the marital union ceases to exist due to death or divorce,” and that
“legal separation” “break[s] the continuity of the marital union required for
purposes of this part.” Id. § 319.1(b)(2)(i)–(ii).
      Holman testified that when Allouche initially applied for citizenship
under Section 319, he and his supervisor told Allouche that he did not qualify
under Section 319 because his wife had been deployed overseas and as a result
they had not resided together as required. Holman also testified that he
advised Allouche that if he left the United States to work overseas, he would
not qualify for citizenship under Section 316. In 2008, Allouche’s application
was denied.
      After his first application for citizenship was denied, Allouche applied a
second time. Stanley Shaffer, an Immigration Adjudication Officer, testified
that he conducted Allouche’s immigration interview in January 2009 regarding
his second application. Shaffer stated that the application was signed under
penalty of perjury and, as is standard procedure, Allouche was placed under
oath for the interview. According to Shaffer, Allouche testified under oath that
he had been living with his wife, Jennifer Danko, for the prior three years.
Allouche did not disclose that he and Danko had not lived together since 2007,
that she had filed for divorce, or that they had separated. Shaffer also testified
that Allouche did not tell him that he had lived outside the United States since
June 2007 while working as a translator in Iraq. Finally, Shaffer testified that
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Allouche answered “No” both orally and in writing to the question: “Have you
ever been a member of or in any way associated either directly or indirectly
with a terrorist organization.” Allouche did not disclose that he had been a
member of the Amal Militia. According to Shaffer, had Allouche answered any
of these questions honestly, he would have been disqualified from obtaining
U.S. citizenship.
      In 2009, Allouche applied for security clearance. Dempsie Fuqua, a
security clearance background investigator with the Office of Personnel
Management, testified that he was assigned to investigate Allouche’s
application. Fuqua testified that on his SF-86 security clearance application
form, Allouche answered “No” to the question whether he had “ever
participated in militias, not including official state government militias, or
paramilitary groups.” Allouche again did not disclose his prior membership in
the Amal Militia. Fuqua also noted that Allouche did not disclose his Lebanese
citizenship on the form as required.
      Special Agent James Moss, an Army counterintelligence officer who
served on the FBI’s Joint Terrorism Task Force, testified that he was assigned
to investigate Allouche in 2010. Special Agent Moss stated that through the
course of the investigation, he and his colleagues discovered several pieces of
information indicating that Allouche may have been engaged in espionage
against the United States. Specifically, Special Agent Moss said that they
discovered that despite the fact that Allouche was never a member of the U.S.
military, he had created or obtained a U.S. Army uniform that was adorned
with Special Forces insignia and identified him as holding the rank of major.
Special Agent Moss explained that this was worrisome because it would have
potentially allowed Allouche to gain access to military facilities at Fort Sam
Houston.
      Special Agent Moss testified that they also discovered that while
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Allouche was serving as a contract interpreter in Iraq, he had altered his
Department of Defense authorization letter. On the altered letter, Allouche
changed his job title; changed his citizenship from German to American; stated
that he had Top Secret security clearance, despite actually having no
clearance; changed his job level from GSE-12 to GSE-14; and changed his
weapons authorization from no weapons to being allowed to carry a weapon.
Special Agent Moss also testified that they learned Allouche had fabricated
another identification letter in which he changed his status from GSE-12 to
GSE-14 and said that he had Top Secret security clearance.
      Special Agent Moss stated that as part of the investigation into Allouche,
they decided to launch an undercover operation in which Moss posed as a U.S.
Army intelligence officer who was trying to recruit Allouche for a “special
project.” Special Agent Moss contacted Allouche and then met with him several
times at various locations around San Antonio. Many of these meetings were
recorded and monitored by other law enforcement officers.
      In one taped conversation, Allouche told Special Agent Moss that he had
been a member of the Amal Militia and that he had been trained at camps in
Lebanon, Syria, and Algeria on the use of assault weapons, RPGs, explosives,
and sniper rifles. He also recounted his capture and how he was held as an
Israeli POW, and stated that after he was released he assumed command of
about 200 Amal Militia fighters in southern Lebanon.
      In May 2013, Allouche was indicted by a federal grand jury. Count I
charged Allouche with unlawfully procuring citizenship in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 1425(b) for failing to disclose his prior involvement in a terrorist
organization. Count II charged that Allouche unlawfully procured citizenship
in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1425(b) by making false statements regarding his
marriage. Count III charged that Allouche had violated 18 U.S.C. § 1001 by

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falsely stating on a federal security clearance form that he had not been a
member of a nonstate militia.
      Prior to trial, Allouche submitted his proposed jury instructions. In a
supplemental proposed instruction, Allouche requested that the jury be
instructed about an exception to the residency requirements for citizenship
eligibility under Section 316 of the INA for certain government employees and
contractors. The district court refused to give his proposed supplemental
instruction.
      After a nine-day trial, a jury acquitted Allouche as to Count I and
convicted him as to Counts II and III. Allouche was sentenced to sixty months’
imprisonment and stripped of his U.S. naturalization and citizenship pursuant
to 8 U.S.C. § 1451(e). This appeal followed.
                              II.    DISCUSSION
      While Allouche raises eleven issues on appeal, we address only his
challenge to the district court’s jury instructions.
      Count II charged that Allouche (1) was “a person not entitled to
naturalization and citizenship” (2) who “knowingly procured and obtained, and
attempted to procure and obtain naturalization and citizenship” (3) “by falsely
stating . . . that he and his wife were married and living together for the last
three years, when in truth and actuality, . . . they had not lived together since
May 2007 and [Allouche’s wife] filed for divorce . . . on December 7, 2007.”
      Allouche argues that since he “was entitled to naturalization under
Section 316 of the INA, codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1427, the jury should have been
instructed regarding the requirements of naturalization under that section and
the applicable exceptions.” According to Allouche, “[h]ad the jury been properly
instructed in this regard, it would have acquitted [him] of Count Two, because
the Government did not prove that [he] was not entitled to naturalization.”

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                                   No. 15-50409
A.      Standard of Review
        “We afford the district courts substantial latitude in formulating the jury
instructions and review a district court’s refusal to give a requested jury
instruction for abuse of discretion.” United States v. Smithson, 49 F.3d 138,
142 (5th Cir. 1995) (citing United States v. Chaney, 964 F.2d 437, 444 (5th Cir.
1992)). In reviewing a district court’s instructions, we “consider whether the
charge, as a whole, was a correct statement of the law and whether it clearly
instructed the jurors as to the principles of the law applicable to the factual
issues confronting them.” United States v. Wright, 634 F.3d 770, 774 (5th Cir.
2011) (quoting United States v. Santos, 589 F.3d 759, 764 (5th Cir. 2009)). We
will reverse on the basis of an abuse of discretion “only if the requested
instruction (1) was a substantially correct statement of the law, (2) was not
substantially covered in the charge as a whole, and (3) concerned an important
point in the trial such that the failure to instruct the jury on the issue seriously
impaired the defendant’s ability to present a given defense.” Id. at 775 (quoting
Cooper Indus., Inc. v. Tarmac Roofing Sys., Inc., 276 F.3d 704, 714 (5th Cir.
2002)).
B.      Analysis
        Prior to trial, Allouche requested that the district court instruct the jury
that individuals who are employed by, or are under contract with, the U.S.
Government in certain positions may be exempted from meeting Section 316’s
residency requirements. Specifically, Allouche requested that the jurors be
told:
        To obtain citizenship pursuant to Title 8, Code of Federal
        Regulations, Section 316, an applicant is required to establish that
        he has resided continuously in the United States for a period of
        five years after having been lawfully admitted for permanent
        residence, and to have resided in the district having jurisdiction
        over the applicant’s actual place of residence for at least thirty
        days immediately before the filing of the application or
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      examination of the application. A form N-470 can be filed to
      preserve residence for naturalization purposes and will relieve an
      applicant from any applicable required period of physical presence
      if employed by or under contract with the U.S. Government, as is
      the case with Interpreters and Translators for the United States
      Military. As such, if you determine that the defendant, as a
      permanent resident, maintained continuous residency for five
      years prior to filing his application for naturalization and was not
      physically present in the U.S. due to employment by contract with
      the U.S. Government immediately before the filing or examination
      of his application, then the Defendant was entitled to
      Naturalization.
The district court did not give this instruction. Because Allouche’s proposed
instruction was not a substantially correct statement of the law, we conclude
that the district court did not abuse its discretion.
      Allouche’s proposed instruction sought to instruct the jury about an
exception to one of Section 316’s requirements without first instructing the jury
about any of the requirements themselves. Rather, it makes only a passing
cursory reference to some, but not all, of Section 316’s elements. Such an
instruction would not only have been incomplete, but would have posed a
substantial risk of misleading and confusing the jury. The requested
instruction’s failure to fully inform the jury about the relevant law justifies the
district court’s refusal to give this proposed instruction. See United States v.
DeStefano, 59 F.3d 1, 4 (1st Cir. 1995) (“[T]he law is settled that a trial court
may appropriately refuse to give a proffered jury instruction that is . . .
incomplete in some material respect.”).
      Allouche’s proposed instruction, however, was not merely incomplete; it
was also incorrect. The proposed instruction sought to direct the jury that
      if you determine that the defendant, as a permanent resident,
      maintained continuous residency for five years prior to filing his
      application for naturalization and was not physically present in
      the U.S. due to employment by contract with the U.S. Government

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      immediately before the filing or examination of his application,
      then the Defendant was entitled to Naturalization.
Put simply, this is not true. Under Section 316, Allouche would not have been
eligible for naturalization and citizenship only by virtue of having satisfied the
residency requirements. In addition to the residency requirements, Section 316
requires that the applicant be “of good moral character.” 8 U.S.C. § 1427(a).
Allouche’s proposed instruction, however, omitted this element, and probably
for good reason. The INA provides: “No person shall be regarded as, or found
to be, a person of good moral character who . . . has given false testimony for
the purpose of obtaining any benefits under this chapter.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(f).
As Stanley Shaffer stated at trial, Allouche falsely testified under oath at his
immigration interview that he had been living with his wife for the past three
years. And given that under Count II, the jury convicted Allouche of lying about
his marriage to obtain citizenship, there is good reason to believe that had the
jury been fully instructed regarding Section 316, including the “good moral
character” element, it would not have found that he was eligible for citizenship
under that provision.
      Allouche’s proposed instruction also misstates the duration that he was
required to have resided within the state or district where his application was
filed. According to Allouche’s requested instruction, he must only have “resided
in the district having jurisdiction over the applicant’s actual place of residence
for at least thirty days immediately before the filing of the application or
examination of the application.” Section 316, however, actually provides that
the applicant must have “resided within the State or within the district of the
Service in the United States in which the applicant filed the application for at
least three months.” 8 U.S.C. § 1427(a) (emphasis added). Allouche provides no
explanation for this discrepancy.

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      Finally, this case is similar to United States v. Turner, 960 F.2d 461 (5th
Cir. 1992), in which the defendant challenged the district court’s refusal to give
his requested instruction regarding the definition of a “threat.” Id. at 464.
There, we held that the district court did not abuse its discretion in rejecting
the proposed instruction where it was “more a statement of the case than an
accurate definition of [the law].” Id. This principle applies equally here.
Allouche’s proposed instruction is much closer to a summary of his theory of
innocence than an accurate and complete description of the law. As such, like
we held in Turner, the district court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to
deliver the instruction to the jury.
                             III.    CONCLUSION
      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.

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