Court Opinion

ID: 9595459
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-22 00:40:43.954918+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:11:40.030423
License: Public Domain

Justice PLEICONES:
I respectfully dissent. In my opinion, the denial of petitioner’s request for a parole eligibility charge at his capital trial *409was “a violation, which, in the setting, constitutes a denial of fundamental fairness shocking to the universal sense of justice.” Butler v. State, 302 S.C. 466, 468, 397 S.E.2d 87, 88 (1990) (emphasis in original) (internal citation omitted). Accordingly, I would grant the writ of habeas corpus and remand the matter to Aiken County for a new sentencing proceeding.

FACTS

Prior to voir dire, petitioner’s attorneys asked the trial judge whether he would charge the jury that, were it to find an aggravating circumstance yet recommend a life sentence, petitioner would be required to serve thirty years before becoming eligible for parole.6 Had petitioner received a life sentence, he would have been seventy-one years old when he first became parole-eligible. Although the trial judge indicated he would give such a charge and the solicitor at one point agreed, the trial judge subsequently informed the parties, prior to the commencement of the penalty phase, that no such charge would, in fact, be given.
The trial judge also denied petitioner’s attorneys’ request to voir dire potential jurors regarding their views of parole eligibility for murderers who do not receive a death sentence. Despite the lack of any inquiry, the record reflects that fourteen of the thirty-nine jurors voir dired raised the issue of parole eligibility themselves: five of these fourteen individuals were seated on petitioner’s jury.
During his initial charge in the penalty phase, the trial judge told the jury that the terms ‘life imprisonment’ and ‘death penalty* were to be given their plain and ordinary meanings. Despite this charge, the jurors returned approximately two minutes after beginning their deliberations asking whether a defendant who received a life sentence was required to serve a minimum number of years before- becoming eligible *410for parole. The trial judge reiterated the ‘plain and ordinary meaning’ charge. Petitioner’s attorneys again asked that the thirty-year parole eligibility charge be given, and the judge again declined.
On direct appeal, petitioner argued the trial judge’s refusal to give the parole eligibility charge was a violation of petitioner’s Due Process and Eighth Amendment rights. The Court held the issue was not properly preserved for review since petitioner failed to assert any constitutional basis for the charge at trial. State v. McWee, supra. Despite this issue preservation bar, the majority opined that petitioner’s Due Process rights were not violated since he was not entitled to the charge because petitioner was, in fact, parole eligible.

ANALYSIS

The extraordinary relief afforded by Butler habeas corpus is available “to those who have, for whatever reason, been utterly failed by our criminal justice system.” State v. Torrence, 305 S.C. 45, 406 S.E.2d 315 (1991). While “not every intervening decision, nor every constitutional error at trial will justify issuance of the writ,” it will issue “where there has been a violation which, in the setting, constitutes a denial of fundamental fairness shocking to the universal sense of justice.” Butler v. State, supra.
In this case, petitioner relies on the particular events that occurred at his trial and on the evolution of the law regarding parole eligibility charges to argue that his sentencing proceeding was, in hindsight, fundamentally unfair. Since this is a capital case, the Court must be especially concerned with the reliability of the jury’s sentencing decision. As we recognized when granting another capital inmate resentencing upon a Butler petition, the United States Supreme Court has held “the qualitative difference between death and other penalties calls for a greater degree of reliability when the death sentence is imposed.” Tucker v. Catoe, 346 S.C. 483, 552 S.E.2d 712 (2001) citing Lowenfield v. Phelps, 484 U.S. 231, 108 S.Ct. 546, 98 L.Ed.2d 568 (1988) (internal citations omitted).
Petitioner points to the fact that a number of jurors, sua sponte, raised the issue of parole eligibility during voir dire. He also notes that, despite the trial judge’s prophylactic ‘plain *411and ordinary meaning’ charge during the initial sentencing phase instructions, the jury returned almost immediately with a parole eligibility question. Thus, the record establishes that petitioner’s jurors began their sentencing deliberations with a discussion of parole eligibility despite being instructed that it was not to be a factor in their decision.
The majority holds that this Court already considered petitioner’s present claim, and denied it on direct appeal. They characterize petitioner’s claim as a “constitutional requirement that a parole eligible defendant receive a parole eligibility instruction.” I agree that this was the Due Process claim the Court considered and rejected on direct appeal, and I agree that petitioner had no constitutional entitlement to such a charge. I believe petitioner’s current claim is different: Whether the denial of petitioner’s jury charge request denied him the fundamental fairness guaranteed by the Due Process Clause? I would hold that it did.
The majority goes on to hold that petitioner’s claim is both factually and legally distinguishable from Butler v. State. I find the differences unremarkable.
In Butler, the Court granted relief in part, because, after Butler’s direct appeal had been decided, the Court issued several opinions holding that a defendant’s Fifth Amendment rights were violated when the trial judge coerced the defendant’s decision whether to testify. Butler v. State, supra. Here, after petitioner’s direct appeal had been decided, this Court explicitly held that it was misconduct for a juror to fail to “rely solely upon the Court’s instructions for the law.” State v. Harris, 340 S.C. 59, 530 S.E.2d 626 (2000).
The majority discounts the impact of the intervening Harris decision on petitioner’s claim, noting that “it has always been the law that a jury must confine its consideration to the law as given by the trial judge.” The majority finds further support for this long-standing truth in our standard jury charge. Thus, the majority distinguishes the facts upon which Horace Butler received relief from those upon which petitioner bases his claim.
That a defendant could not, consistent with the State or Federal constitutions, be coerced in deciding whether to testify at his criminal trial was well settled before Butler was tried. *412U.S. Const, amend. V; S.C. Const, art. I, § 12; e.g., State v. Gilbert, 273 S.C. 690, 258 S.E.2d 890 (1979). In addition, the standard jury instruction, charged to Butler’s jury, has since at least 1892 included language that no adverse inference may be drawn from a criminal defendant’s failure to testify. State v. Howard, 35 S.C. 197, 14 S.E. 481 (1892).
In my opinion, if this standard jury charge language did not negate the error in Butler’s trial, then the standard jury instruction given in petitioner’s trial that ‘the jury is to follow the law’ does not vitiate petitioner’s claim. While it is speculative to assume that Butler’s jury disregarded this charge, there can be no doubt that petitioner’s jury disregarded its instructions. Further, while I recognize that the intervening jury misconduct decision in State v. Harris, supra, did not represent a change in our law, neither did the intervening decisions upon which the Court relied in granting Butler relief. Rather, in Butler’s case and in petitioner’s case, the Court’s intervening decisions identified particular acts as a violative of long-standing principles of constitutional law. Finally, it is somewhat misleading for the majority to suggest that petitioner should, or could, have readily challenged the jury’s misconduct on direct appeal. His attorneys lodged no such specific objection to the jury’s action, and thus no ‘misconduct’ claim was preserved for that appeal.7 E.g., State v. Dunbar, 356 S.C. 138, 587 S.E.2d 691 (2003) (issue must be raised and ruled upon to be preserved for direct appeal).
In addition to these ‘unique and compelling circumstances,’8 petitioner also relies upon the General Assembly’s amendment of the death penalty statute. S.C.Code Ann. § 16-3-20 (Supp. 2002). The amended statute provides that capital defendants are entitled to have their juries charged on parole eligibility or ineligibility. Trial judges must charge parole ineligibility when requested by either the defendant or the State. § 16-3-*41320(A). Further, the statute now provides that “In cases where the defendant is eligible for parole, the judge must charge the applicable parole eligibility statute.” Id. As petitioner correctly points out, only individuals who committed a murder before 1995 could be parole eligible.9 Petitioner contends that this provision in the amended statute establishes that the legislature intended a parole eligibility charge be given in cases where a pre-1996 capital murderer is granted a resentencing after the amendment’s effective date. See also State v. Shafer, 352 S.C. 191, 573 S.E.2d 796 (2002) (Court indicated § 16-3-20 is to be given ‘retroactive’ effect). Upon retrial, petitioner has the absolute right pursuant to § 16-3-20(A) to request that his sentencing jury be given accurate parole information.

CONCLUSION

A Butler habeas corpus petition requires that this Court review the merits of the petitioner’s claim “in [its] setting.” While Butler relief is not confined to those inmates under a sentence of death, the Court must continue to be mindful when reviewing a claim that a capital sentencing proceeding was ‘fundamentally unfair’ of the qualitative differences between a death sentence and other criminal punishments, and of the greater degree of reliability the Constitution requires before this sentence may be imposed. Lowenfield v. Phelps, supra; Tucker v. Catoe, supra. I do not suggest that the Court should relax the Butler requirement that “the universal sense of justice” be shocked before the writ will issue, but merely to emphasize that the setting of this petitioner’s claim is a capital sentencing proceeding.
In addition to this setting, petitioner’s case involves incontrovertible evidence of what we now know to be ‘juror misconduct’: the jury’s injection of parole eligibility into its deliberations in the face of a prophylactic ‘plain and ordinary meaning’ charge. Further, the General Assembly has now declared that all capital sentencing juries shall, upon request, be *414charged accurate parole eligibility information. Petitioner has been unrelenting in seeking just such a charge.
On direct appeal, the Court rejected petitioner’s Due Process claim because he was not entitled under that constitutional provision to the jury charge he sought. The question we are asked to decide now is different: Whether the denial of petitioner’s jury charge request was, in the setting, fundamentally unfair. Because of “the unique and compelling circumstances of this case,” I would grant the petition for a writ of habeas corpus. To do otherwise would result in an ‘utter failure of our criminal justice system,’ which provides for a Butler petition in order to permit this Court a final opportunity to review the fundamental fairness of a criminal proceeding.
I respectfully dissent.
Acting Justice G. THOMAS COOPER, JR., concurs.

. At the time of his capital trial, petitioner would have been parole eligible after serving thirty years had his sentencing jury found an aggravating circumstance, but returned a life sentence. Following this trial, however, petitioner pled guilty to a second murder and received a thirty-year sentence. This second conviction for a violent offense renders petitioner parole ineligible. See S.C.Code Ann. § 24-21-640 (Supp.2002). As the result of this second plea, petitioner will not be eligible for parole if his resentencing jury returns a life sentence. Id.

. I say this not to fault petitioner’s trial attorneys. When the jury returned with their parole eligibility question almost immediately after beginning deliberations, the attorneys used this question as the basis for (yet again) seeking a parole charge.

. Petitioner's repeated requests for a parole eligibility charge; a trial jury, with an overt interest in this issue, unable to accept the judge’s instructions not to consider it; and our intervening juror misconduct decision.

. 1995 Act No. 83 (possible sentences for murder are death, life without the possibility of parole, or thirty year mandatory minimum, also without the possibility of parole).