Court Opinion

ID: 2973241
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 17:00:08.751684+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:43:44.852059
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 06a0057n.06
                           Filed: January 20, 2006

                                            No. 04-4160

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

PATRICIA HILL,                                            )
                                                          )        ON APPEAL FROM THE
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                               )        UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                          )        COURT     FOR     THE
v.                                                        )        NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
                                                          )        OHIO
FORUM HEALTH, SONYA CLAWSON-GREGG                         )
and ELIZABETH MAIORANA,                                   )                  OPINION
                                                          )
       Defendants-Appellees.                              )

BEFORE:        MOORE, ROGERS and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges.

       McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. In this action, appellant, who is African-American and a

long-time employee of the appellee employer, alleges that she was denied the opportunity, due to

discriminatory animus, to compete for promotion to a position for which she was better qualified

than the Caucasian employee who was promoted. The employer defended its actions by explaining

that the subject appointment arose from a reorganization, that the appointment did not involve a

vacant position that needed to be posted for promotion or hiring, and that the employee appointed

had already been performing the duties of the position for several months under a different title. The

district court concluded appellant had failed to show that the employer’s legitimate

nondiscriminatory reason was a pretext for discrimination and awarded summary judgment to the
No. 04-4160
Hill v. Forum Health, et al.

employer. On appeal, appellant has failed to identify any error in the district court’s analysis and

we therefore affirm the judgment.

                    I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Plaintiff Patricia Hill was hired by the Youngstown Hospital Association, a hospital in

Youngstown, Ohio now known as Western Reserve Care System (“WRCS”), as a practical nurse

in 1968. Defendant Forum Health is the parent corporation of WRCS.1 Upon obtaining her

Associate’s Degree in Nursing at Youngstown State University, plaintiff Hill was hired by WRCS

as a registered nurse in 1974. From 1970 to 1983, Hill worked in the hospital’s Coronary Intensive

Care Unit. From 1983 to 1994, she worked in the WRCS Department of Internal Medicine as a

clinical assistant. Beginning in 1994, she assisted Jeffrey Rubin, M.D., in opening and operating

the Peripheral Vascular Diagnostic Center (“PVDC”), a department at WRCS. In April 1998, she

was designated Technical Director of the PVDC. It was in this capacity that Hill continued to work

until her employment was terminated on October 25, 2002, purportedly for performance

deficiencies.

       The difficulties that eventually led to plaintiff’s termination after some 34 years of

employment appear to have been precipitated by the “promotion” of one of plaintiff Hill’s

colleagues, defendant Sonya Clawson-Gregg. Effective April 1, 2001, Clawson-Gregg was given

the title, or appointed to the newly created position, “Corporate Director of Non-Invasive Cardiology

Services.” The appointment was prompted by the recommendation of defendant Elizabeth

       1
        For purposes of this appeal, however, both Forum Health and WRCS have been treated as
one and the same entity, i.e., as plaintiff’s employer.

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Maiorana, who was Cardiovascular Administrator for both WRCS and Trumbull Memorial Hospital

(“Trumbull”), another hospital in Youngstown managed by Forum Health. As Corporate Director,

Clawson-Gregg was given responsibility for supervision of the PVDC, among other departments.

Upon learning of Clawson-Gregg’s appointment, Hill voiced objection. She believed that she was

better qualified for the position than Clawson-Gregg. She resented the fact that the position was not

posted and that she was afforded no opportunity to compete for it. Hill, who is African-American,

attributed the preferential treatment received by Clawson-Gregg to racial favoritism. Following

Clawson-Gregg’s appointment, Hill’s employment relationship with Forum Health gradually

deteriorated until she was discharged on October 25, 2002.

       In this action, plaintiff alleges that Forum Health’s failure to promote her was the product

of race discrimination and violative of her civil rights under both federal law (Title VII, 42 U.S.C.

§ 2000e et seq., and 42 U.S.C. § 1981) and state law (Ohio Revised Code § 4112.02). Plaintiff’s

first amended complaint also contains allegations that she was subjected to a racially hostile work

environment and was ultimately discharged because of her race. On August 18, 2004, the district

court awarded summary judgment to defendants on all three theories. On appeal, Hill asserts no

claim of error with respect to the district court’s ruling on her hostile work environment claim.

       In connection with the discriminatory discharge theory, Hill contends only that the district

court erred by failing to evaluate the claim as a retaliatory discharge claim. The district court

expressly refused to recognize a retaliation claim because it correctly found that plaintiff had failed

to allege such a claim in her complaint. In challenging this conclusion, appellant Hill does not even

argue that her complaint should be liberally construed as stating a retaliation claim. It plainly does

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not. Rather, plaintiff contends she asserted a retaliation claim in her opposition to defendants’

motion for summary judgment.

         Granted, a claim that was not formally pleaded but was otherwise fairly presented to and

addressed by the district court may be preserved for review on appeal. See Strouss v. Michigan

Dep’t of Corrections, 250 F.3d 336, 345 (6th Cir. 2001). Here, however, no retaliation claim was

ever presented to the district court. Plaintiff’s isolated references to “retaliation” in her brief

opposing defendants’ motion for summary judgment in no way represent an attempt to state a

distinct retaliation claim. Rather, the term “retaliation” was used only in support of her other

actually pleaded claims, as plaintiff argued that the proffered reasons for defendants’ adverse actions

were pretextual and that their actions were actually motivated by discriminatory animus. A separate

and distinct retaliation claim was never asserted against defendants and never fairly presented to the

district court. Here, as in Yatvin v. Madison Metropolitan School Dist., 840 F.2d 412, 420-21 (7th

Cir. 1988), the case distinguished by Strouss, plaintiff clearly failed to tell the district court she was

making a retaliation claim. The district court did not err, therefore, in failing to recognize such a

claim.

         Further, plaintiff’s attempt to raise the claim for the first time on appeal comes too late. It

is well-settled that this court will not consider arguments raised for the first time on appeal unless

necessary to avoid a miscarriage of justice. Barner v. Pilkington North America, Inc., 399 F.3d 745,

749 (6th Cir. 2005) (“Our function is to review the case presented to the district court, rather than

a better case fashioned after a district court’s unfavorable order.”); Lepard v. NBD Bank, 384 F.3d
232, 236 (6th Cir. 2004). Plaintiff has offered no explanation for her failure to timely assert a

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retaliation claim below and we remain unpersuaded that a miscarriage of justice will result if the

claim is not addressed in this appeal.

         Accordingly, this appeal focuses on the district court’s evaluation of plaintiff’s failure to

promote claim. In this regard, the district court determined that plaintiff Hill had established a prima

facie case of discrimination; that defendants had presented a legitimate nondiscriminatory reason

for their actions; and that plaintiff had failed to adduce evidence upon which a reasonable jury could

find that defendants’ reason was pretextual. The district court awarded summary judgment to

defendants. On appeal, Hill contends that the district court failed to evaluate the record in the light

most favorable to her, and that the judgment should therefore be vacated and the case remanded for

trial.

                                           II. ANALYSIS

         A. Governing Legal Standards

         The court of appeals reviews de novo an order granting summary judgment. Johnson v.

Karnes, 398 F.3d 868, 873 (6th Cir. 2005). Summary judgment is proper “if the pleadings,

depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,

show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to

a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). The court must view the evidence in the light

most favorable to the non-moving party and draw all reasonable inferences in its favor. Id. Not just

any alleged factual dispute between the parties will defeat an otherwise properly supported motion

for summary judgment; the dispute must present a genuine issue of material fact. Leadbetter v.

Gilley, 385 F.3d 683, 689-90 (6th Cir. 2005). A dispute is “genuine” only if based on evidence upon

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which a reasonable jury could return a verdict in favor of the non-moving party. Hedrick v. W.

Reserve Care Sys., 355 F.3d 444, 451 (6th Cir. 2004). A factual dispute concerns a “material” fact

only if its resolution might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing substantive law. Id.

       In summarizing the governing substantive law, the district court correctly observed that

plaintiff’s failure to promote claims, under Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 1981, and Ohio law, are all

evaluated under the same standards, those applicable to Title VII claims. See Dews v. A.B. Dick Co.,

231 F.3d 1016, 1021 n.2 (6th Cir. 2000). Because plaintiff presented no direct evidence of

discrimination, her circumstantial evidence was evaluated by the district court under the familiar

burden-shifting framework established in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802-04

(1973), and Texas Dept. of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253-06 (1981), concisely

summarized as follows:

               To establish a prima facie claim of racial discrimination based on a failure
       to promote under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a plaintiff generally must
       demonstrate that: (1) he is a member of a protected class; (2) he applied and was
       qualified for a promotion; (3) he was considered for and denied the promotion; and
       (4) other employees of similar qualifications who were not members of the protected
       class received promotions. After a plaintiff creates a presumption of discrimination
       by establishing a prima facie case, a defendant may rebut the presumption by
       proffering a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its decision. The plaintiff then
       bears the burden of showing that the defendant’s proffered reason is pretextual.

               A plaintiff can demonstrate pretext by showing that the proffered reason (1)
       has no basis in fact, (2) did not actually motivate the defendant’s challenged conduct,
       or (3) was insufficient to warrant the challenged conduct. If a plaintiff can show that
       the defendant’s proffered, nondiscriminatory reason is pretextual, the trier of fact
       may infer discrimination. Nevertheless, the ultimate burden of proof to show
       discrimination remains on the plaintiff at all times.

Dews, 231 F.3d at 1020-21 (footnote, citations omitted).

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       B. Plaintiff’s Prima Facie Case

       The district court noted that the circumstances of this case do not fit neatly within the

standard elements of a prima facie failure to promote case. Specifically, the court observed that

although plaintiff is clearly a member of a protected class, there was little or no evidence that she

applied for, was qualified for, or was considered for the position to which Sonya Clawson-Gregg

was appointed. The court cited Dews, however, in concluding that because Forum Health had not

given employees notice and a formal mechanism for expressing interest in the available promotion,

it had “a duty to consider all those who might reasonably be interested in a promotion were its

availability made generally known.” Id. at 1022. For purposes of evaluating plaintiff’s prima facie

case, the district court rejected defendants’ argument that Clawson-Gregg’s appointment as

Corporate Director of Non-Invasive Cardiology Services was not a promotion, but simply a job title

change to reflect the duties she was actually performing. With the new job title, the court observed,

Clawson-Gregg also received a raise, rendering the new position sufficiently analogous to a

promotion that Forum Health ought to have given potentially interested employees an opportunity

to apply. Because Forum Health had not given plaintiff this opportunity, the district court

concluded, consistent with Dews, that plaintiff did not have to meet the “applied for” and

“considered for” elements to make out a prima facie case.

       The court also recognized that plaintiff Hill did not meet all requirements of the Corporate

Director job description. She had not earned a Bachelor’s Degree and had had no prior job

responsibilities at Trumbull Memorial Hospital. In contrast, Clawson-Gregg did have prior

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experience at Trumbull. Yet, she was appointed even though she, too, lacked a Bachelor’s Degree.2

Hence, the court surmised that the job qualifications were not so rigidly enforced as to necessarily

exclude Hill from eligibility. In view of other evidence of Hill’s prior experience and qualifications,

the court concluded that there was at least a question of fact as to whether Hill was qualified for the

position .

        Finally, the court noted, in connection with the fourth element of the prima facie case, that

there was some question as to whether Clawson-Gregg is Native-American and is therefore also a

member of a protected class. On this point, too, the court concluded there was at least a question

of fact concerning Clawson-Gregg’s racial or ethnic background. This discrepancy is immaterial.

Whether Clawson-Gregg is Caucasian or of Native-American descent, the fact remains she is not

a member of the same protected class as Hill. In other words, the fact that Clawson-Gregg is

undisputedly not African-American is a factor contributing to an inference of discriminatory motive.

        Based on the foregoing analysis, the district court concluded that plaintiff had presented

sufficient evidence in support of a prima facie case of race discrimination. Meeting the elements

of a prima facie case was deemed to create a rebuttable presumption that the employer unlawfully

discriminated against the employee. Appellant Hill has not, of course, challenged the district court’s

finding that she made out a prima facie case. Nor have defendants challenged the determination.

Therefore, we need not pass on the correctness of the district court’s opinion in this regard. We

note, however, that for the reasons stated by the district court, Hill’s prima facie showing of

        2
       It appears that Clawson-Gregg was in an educational program to complete her Bachelor’s
Degree when she was appointed and earned the degree shortly after her appointment.

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discrimination is, under any construction, a weak one. The district court recognized that plaintiff

had adduced evidence in support of only two or three of the normally required four elements –

evidence deemed sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact. The weakness of the

discrimination presumption arising from such a weak prima facie showing is relevant, as seen

below, in evaluating plaintiff’s showing that Forum Health’s legitimate nondiscriminatory reason

for its actions was pretextual.

       C. Legitimate Nondiscriminatory Reason

       To rebut plaintiff’s prima facie case, defendants were obliged to produce evidence of a

legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for the decision to appoint Clawson-Gregg and not Hill to the

Corporate Director position. The district court determined that defendants satisfied their burden of

production in this regard.

       Defendants’ explanation rested largely on the testimony of Cardiovascular Administrator

Elizabeth Maiorana. She explained that Forum Health began restructuring the management of the

Cardiovascular Department at both WRCS and Trumbull in 1998 or 1999. As a consequence, the

Director of Cardiology position, occupied by Cathy Valinsky, was to be supplanted by two new

positions, Manager of Invasive Cardiology Services and Manager of Non-Invasive Cardiology

Services, to enhance accountability for operations in both departments. Initially, Valinsky became

the Manager of Non-Invasive Cardiology Services and, while a Manager of Invasive Cardiology

Services was being recruited, she handled those responsibilities as well.

       When Valinsky died suddenly in the Summer of 1999, Clinical Nurse Manager Myrna

Ruggles assumed responsibility in the interim for managing both invasive and non-invasive services.

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Hill v. Forum Health, et al.

Both positions were posted and both internal and outside candidates were considered. Patricia Hill

did not apply for either position. Ruggles ended up accepting the Manager of Invasive Cardiology

Services position. Meanwhile, Clawson-Gregg had been hired as a Lead Echo Sonographer in

September 1999. She demonstrated managerial skills and began assisting Ruggles with her duties.

Clawson-Gregg applied for the Manager of Non-Invasive Cardiology Services position at WRCS

and it was awarded to her in June 2000.

       Early in 2001, Kevin Walro, Manager of Non-Invasive Cardiology Services at Trumbull,

announced his resignation. He had been performing essentially the same duties at Trumbull that

Clawson-Gregg had been performing at WRCS. Clawson-Gregg then began to assist with

management of non-invasive services at Trumbull as well as WRCS. In the Summer of 2001,

Maiorana recommended to the Forum Health Human Resources Department that Clawson-Gregg’s

job description be expanded to reflect the increased duties she had assumed. This recommendation

led that Summer to a change in Clawson-Gregg’s title to Corporate Director of Non-Invasive

Cardiovascular Services, a title that had not previously existed, a title that reflected her

responsibilities for management of “Echocardiography, EKG, Pacer Clinic, Stress Testing, and

Vascular at the Trumbull Campus and Cardiac Rehab, Echocardiography, EKG, Stress Testing,

Nuclear Cardiology and the Peripheral Vascular Diagnostic Center at the Northside [WRCS]

campus.” Maiorana memo. 8/23/01, J.A. 378.

       Thus, Forum Health explained that there had not been an open Corporate Director position

for which qualified candidates were recruited for promotion or hire. Rather, Sonya Clawson-Gregg

was – in the midst of this restructuring process, complicated by vacancies due to a death and a

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Hill v. Forum Health, et al.

resignation – present, willing and able to help as needed. She had voluntarily assumed extra duties

to meet the needs presented, had demonstrated competence in handling those responsibilities, and

had been rewarded with a new title and raise commensurate with her expanded responsibilities.

       Maiorana explained that where, as in this case, the Corporate Director title was essentially

created by Human Resources to match the responsibilities actually being performed by an employee

who had originally been hired in a different capacity, there was no requirement for posting a position

vacancy and receiving applications. This understanding was corroborated by the testimony of Chief

Operating Officer Michael Cicchillo. There was no vacancy to fill through promotion or hiring;

Clawson-Gregg was already doing the job. Therefore, she was granted the “appointment.”

Maiorana cited the example of another Forum Health employee, David Hollis, who had months

earlier, pursuant to similar restructuring, been given the newly created title Corporate Director of

Respiratory Services at both WRCS and Trumbull, without any posting of the position. Thus,

defendants maintain, race discrimination played no role in the process whereby plaintiff Hill and

other potentially interested employees were not afforded the opportunity to apply for the Corporate

Director appointment.

       Appellant Hill does not challenge the district court’s determination that defendants’

explanation represents a legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for their actions. Still, she insists it

is a pretext for race discrimination.

       D. Pretext

       To bear her burden of showing pretext, Hill was required to adduce evidence upon which a

reasonable trier of fact could find either (1) that there was no factual basis for defendants’ proffered

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Hill v. Forum Health, et al.

reason for their actions, or (2) that their proffered reason did not actually motivate their actions, or

(3) that their proffered reason was not sufficient to justify their actions. Hill appears to be relying

on the second or third of these three ways. She identifies six circumstances as creating a triable fact

issue on the question of pretext.

        First, Hill contends that she was better qualified than Clawson-Gregg for the Corporate

Director position, considering her greater experience and education. She cites the deposition

testimony of Chief Operating Officer Michael Cicchillo to the effect that if, hypothetically, there had

been a vacancy and if the position had been posted, Hill would not have been disqualified from

applying and “could have been on the job.” Cicchillo dep. pp. 85-86, J.A. 540-41. The significance

of this testimony is undercut by the fact that, as Cicchillo recognized, there was no vacancy.3 Hill

did not have a chance to compete with Clawson-Gregg for the position because, under the

circumstances described above, Clawson-Gregg was already performing the duties entailed in the

Corporate Director position before the position existed as such. Thus, even though Hill was

arguably better qualified by virtue of her experience, this hardly justifies an inference that

defendants’ proffered reason for appointing Clawson-Gregg is false.4

        3
         Maiorana, too, testified that Hill could have applied and been considered for the position
if there had been a vacancy, but there was no vacancy. Maiorana dep. pp. 121-22, J.A. 484-85.
        4
        Apart from Hill’s subjective belief and argument, there is no evidence that her extensive
prior experience at WRCS would necessarily have rendered her better qualified for the Corporate
Director position. Unlike Clawson-Gregg, Hill appears not have been actively pursuing her
Bachelor’s Degree, had no prior experience at Trumbull, and had not demonstrated managerial skills
and competence.

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Hill v. Forum Health, et al.

       Second, Hill contends defendants violated the WRCS job posting policy by appointing

Clawson-Gregg without first posting the position and giving other current employees a chance to

apply for it. The cited policy reflects hospital management’s preference for filling position

vacancies by promoting from within and provides that “vacancies may be announced on the bulletin

board for a period of five (5) working days with the specific qualifications for each position clearly

described in the job posting notice.” WRCS Standard Policy & Procedure Instructions, J.A. 491

(emphasis added). The policy cited by Hill is couched in precatory, not mandatory, language.5

Moreover, its applicability is dubious inasmuch as Clawson-Gregg’s “appointment” appears not to

have represented the filling of a “vacancy.” Again, the asserted policy violation does not impugn

the truthfulness of defendants’ given reason for appointing Clawson-Gregg.

       Third, Hill contends preferential treatment was evident in Clawson-Gregg’s earlier

promotion to Manager of Non-Invasive Cardiology Services in June 2000, which set the stage for

her appointment to Corporate Director in the summer of 2001. Yet, it is undisputed that the Non-

Invasive Manager position had been posted; that Clawson-Gregg had been performing some of the

duties of the position while applications were sought; and that Clawson-Gregg applied for the

position, whereas Hill did not. Clawson-Gregg’s earlier promotion does not therefore evidence race

discrimination.

       5
        The discretionary nature of the policy is corroborated by the testimony of Maiorana, who
understood the posting policy to be optional for managerial positions. Maiorana dep. pp. 32-33, J.A.
358-59.

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Hill v. Forum Health, et al.

       Fourth, Hill points out that when she was appointed to the position of Technical Director of

the PVDC in 1998, which entailed the added responsibility of assisting in obtaining and maintaining

accreditation of the lab, she did not receive a raise, whereas Clawson-Gregg did receive a raise upon

her appointment to Corporate Director. She contends this disparate treatment is evidence of race

discrimination. Yet, when the description of Hill’s added duties is compared with the duties

included within Clawson-Gregg’s responsibilities as Corporate Director, summarized above at p.10,

it becomes obvious that the two positions are not comparable in all relevant respects. The asserted

disparity does not, therefore justify an inference of race discrimination. See Ercegovich v. Goodyear

Tire & Rubber Co., 154 F.3d 344, 352 (6th Cir. 1998) (to justify inference of discrimination,

disparate treatment received by comparable non-minority employee must be shown to have involved

employee similarly situated in all relevant respects).

       Fifth, Hill cites Cicchillo’s recognition of the need for minority hiring and advancement

opportunities. Defendants contend that recognition of this need prompted the hospital to offer

educational assistance to deserving minority candidates. In fact, they contend Patricia Hill had

herself received such affirmative assistance when Forum Health’s predecessor, Youngstown

Hospital Association, paid for her education as she obtained her Associate’s Degree in Nursing at

Youngstown State University in the early 1970's. Defendants contend this refutes the charge that

Hill is the victim of race discrimination. Obviously, neither circumstance has much if any relevance

to the question whether race discrimination played a role in Clawson-Gregg’s appointment to

Corporate Director.

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Hill v. Forum Health, et al.

        Hill maintains, however, that there is a continuing need for advancement of minority

employees at the Forum Health hospitals. She contends this need is substantiated by a March 7,

2000 petition purportedly signed by over 100 minority employees of Forum Health. The text of the

petition is as follows:

        We the minority employees of Forum Health have decided to bring our concerns to
        the forefront. For the past several months there have been noticeable changes in the
        administrative staff. The ratio of minority administrators to the number of minority
        employees is abysmal at best. The representation of the minority patient population
        is appalling. We the minority employees of Forum Health want to begin an ongoing
        open and forthright dialogue with current management to rectify this situation
        immediately. There must be higher representation of minority administrators within
        the Forum Health system.

J.A. 496-501.

        At the outset, we note that the petition represents hearsay, i.e., an unsworn, out-of-court

statement offered for the truth of the matter asserted. Fed. R. Evid. 801(c). Hill has not even argued

that the petition is admissible pursuant to a recognized hearsay exception. As hearsay, the petition

is inadmissible to create a factual dispute to defeat a motion for summary judgment. Sperle v.

Michigan Department of Corrections, 297 F.3d 483, 495 (6th Cir. 2002).

        Moreover, the circumstances surrounding the preparation and presentation of the petition to

the administration are not disclosed in the record. Neither is the petition accompanied by any

statistical information regarding the ratio of minority administrators to minority employees or the

number of minority applicants for administrative positions or the relative qualifications of those

applicants. Further, the petition predated Clawson-Gregg’s appointment as Corporate Director by

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Hill v. Forum Health, et al.

over a year. Hence, the informal petition is both inadmissible and utterly devoid of legitimate

probative value to show pretext in this case.

       Sixth, Hill contends defendants’ reliance on restructuring of management as justification for

their actions is unworthy of belief because Forum Health’s discriminatory promotion practices

preceded the reorganization. This bald statement is not supported by citation to anything in the

record. It represents no evidence that defendants’ legitimate nondiscriminatory reason is false and

no evidence that Clawson-Gregg’s appointment was the product of race discrimination.

       In response to defendants’ explanation, plaintiff was obliged to come forward with evidence

showing that the explanation is not true and that race discrimination was the real reason that she was

not considered for the Corporate Director position. In Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc.,

530 U.S. 133, 143-49 (2000), the Supreme Court defined this burden specifically. The court

confirmed first that the plaintiff always retains the burden of proving intentional discrimination. Id.

at 143. Yet, the court recognized that evidence of the falsity of the employer’s explanation, coupled

with the elements of the plaintiff’s prima facie case, could possibly, even without additional

evidence of discrimination, justify an inference of discrimination. Id. at 147-48. Whether the

inference could be justified under such circumstances depends on a number of factors, including “the

strength of the plaintiff’s prima facie case, the probative value of the proof that the employer’s

explanation is false, and any other evidence that supports the employer’s case and that may properly

be considered on a motion for judgment as a matter of law.” Id. at 148-49.

       Applying this teaching in this case, it is obvious that plaintiff failed to carry her burden of

showing pretext. First, as explained above, her prima facie case, even if barely adequate, is

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Hill v. Forum Health, et al.

manifestly weak. Second, defendants’ legitimate nondiscriminatory explanation is well-supported

and reasonable. Third, Hill’s attempt to expose defendants’ explanation as false or unworthy of

credence is premised on no more than a scintilla of evidence and is totally unavailing. Having failed

to adduce evidence on which a reasonable trier of fact could conclude that defendants’ explanation

is false, there is no plausible evidentiary basis for an inference that race discriminatory animus was

the true motivation for Clawson-Gregg’s appointment. Accordingly, the district court did not err

in concluding that plaintiff failed to show pretext. There is no genuine issue of material fact and

defendants were properly awarded summary judgment on plaintiff’s failure to promote claim.

                                       III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the judgment of the district court, awarding

summary judgment to defendants, must be and is hereby AFFIRMED.

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       KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment and in part

II of the majority opinion. I concur in the judgment, but I do not agree with the majority’s

conclusion that a retaliation claim was never presented to the district court. Clearly, if a claim is

raised in a motion or brief opposing summary judgment, we should consider it. Strouss v. Mich.

Dep’t of Corr., 250 F.3d 336, 345 (6th Cir. 2001). The majority states that Hill’s “isolated

references” to retaliation “in no way represent an attempt to state a distinct retaliation claim.”

However, Hill’s several references to retaliation in her brief in opposition do present a claim of

retaliation. See J.A. at 434-35 (Opp’n to Defs. Mot. for Summ. J.) (“The discharge of Hill was only

a pretext to the retaliation for her filing a discrimination charge with the Equal Employment

Opportunity Commission and her vocalization of the discriminatory conduct of the Defendants.”);

J.A. at 443 (Opp’n to Defs. Mot. for Summ. J.) (“The discipline of Hill was only a pretext to the

retaliation for her filing a discrimination charge . . .”); J.A. at 443 (Opp’n to Defs. Mot. for Summ.

J.) (describing alleged hostility towards Hill as a result of the fact that she filed a discrimination

charge); J.A. at 448 (Opp’n to Defs. Mot. for Summ. J.) (discussing the alleged “retaliatory

discharge”). Hill may not have presented her claim of retaliation in the most precise manner, but

these statements present it nonetheless.

       We should address the merits of Hill’s retaliation claim in spite of the fact that the district

court did not review this issue. See Kennedy v. Superior Printing Co., 215 F.3d 650, 655 (6th Cir.

2000) (“[B]ecause a grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo, this court may affirm the

judgment of the district court on any grounds supported by the record, even if they are different from

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Hill v. Forum Health, et al.

those relied upon by the district court.”). Hill must demonstrate the following in order to establish

a prima facie case of retaliation pursuant to Title VII:

       1) [she] engaged in activity that Title VII protects; 2) defendant knew that [she]
       engaged in this protected activity; 3) the defendant subsequently took an employment
       action adverse to the plaintiff; and 4) a causal connection between the protected
       activity and the adverse employment action exists.

Abbott v. Crown Motor Co., 348 F.3d 537, 542 (6th Cir. 2003). Forum Health asserts that Hill has

failed to demonstrate a causal connection between her termination and the fact that she filed a

discrimination complaint. Br. Appellee at 53. “To establish the causal connection that the fourth

prong requires, the plaintiff must produce sufficient evidence from which one could draw an

inference that the employer would not have taken the adverse action against the plaintiff had the

plaintiff not engaged in activity that Title VII protects.” Abbott, 348 F.3d at 543. The record

demonstrates that Forum Health would have terminated Hill’s employment even if she had not filed

a complaint with the EEOC or spoken to her superiors regarding her concerns. See, e.g., J.A. at 279

(Incident Report) (noting Hill’s failure to clock in and out as required on September 13 and 14,

2001); J.A. at 280 (Incident Report) (noting that Hill hung up on Clawson-Gregg on October 1,

2001, and that this had happened before); J.A. at 399 (Incident Report) (describing an incident in

which Hill failed to call for overtime approval on November 20, 2001, and hung up on Clawson-

Gregg on November 21, 2001); J.A. at 285 (Incident Report) (explaining that Hill changed her

schedule without approval on October 4, 5, and 6, 2002, that she had failed to renew the

accreditation of the Peripheral Vascular Lab on which she had previously claimed to have been

working, and that there were numerous errors in her reports); J.A. at 284 (Letter dated October 25,

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No. 04-4160
Hill v. Forum Health, et al.

2002 from Sonya R. Clawson-Gregg to Patricia A. Hill) (stating that Hill had missed two meetings

and that her employment with Forum Health was terminated). Hill did not provide sufficient

evidence to the contrary, and summary judgment for Forum Health on the retaliation claim is proper.

Therefore, I concur in the judgment and in part II of the majority opinion affirming the grant of

summary judgment on the failure-to-promote claim.

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