Court Opinion

ID: 2978485
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 18:26:28.176402+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:35:17.006733
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            File Name: 09a0713n.06

                                         No. 08-6387
                                                                                     FILED
                                                                                 Nov 03, 2009
                                                                            LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

CAROLYN JOHNSON,
                                                                On Appeal from the United
          Plaintiff-Appellant,                                  States District Court for the
                                                                Western District of
                 v.                                             Tennessee at Memphis

INTERSTATE BRANDS CORPORATION,

          Defendant-Appellee.

                                                         /

Before:          MARTIN, GUY, and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges.

          RALPH B. GUY, JR., Circuit Judge.        Plaintiff Carolyn Johnson appeals from the

entry of judgment in favor of defendant Interstate Brands Corporation with respect to her

claim that she was discharged because of her age in violation of the Age Discrimination in

Employment Act (ADEA), 29 U.S.C. § 623(a). Plaintiff argues that it was error to conclude

that she failed to make a prima facie showing of age discrimination or present evidence

sufficient to create a question of fact on the issue of pretext. After review of the record, we

affirm.

                                              I.

          Plaintiff Carolyn Johnson had worked ten years in various positions at defendant’s

mass-production bakery in Memphis, Tennessee, when she was discharged following an

altercation with coworker Cassandra Boyce for violating the defendant’s Workplace
No. 08-6387                                                                                                   2

Violence Policy. That Policy stated in part that:

        Violence threats, harassment, intimidation, and other disruptive behavior in
        our workplace will not be tolerated: that is, all reports of incidents will be
        taken seriously and will be dealt with appropriately. Such behavior can
        include oral or written statements, gestures, or expressions that communicate
        a direct or indirect threat of physical harm. Individuals who commit such acts
        may be removed from the premises and may be subject to disciplinary actions,
        criminal penalties, or both.

Also, the Employee Handbook, which plaintiff acknowledged receiving, included the

following among the offenses that would result in immediate dismissal on the first offense:

“Fighting, horseplay or disorderly conduct.”

        The altercation in question occurred in the break room on February 26, 2006, although

Johnson and Boyce gave different accounts of the incident.                       Boyce indicated in her

handwritten statement that she was washing her hands when plaintiff approached and started

arguing with her. Boyce stated that she turned from the sink, shook her hands while grabbing

the paper towels, and told plaintiff that she was “too old” to act that way. According to

Boyce, plaintiff then swung and struck Boyce across her arm.

        Plaintiff, on the other hand, says that when she came into the break room, Boyce, who

was washing her hands, started cursing at her and then flung water into plaintiff’s face.

Plaintiff warned Boyce not to do it again, and Boyce came at her to spray water on her again.

Plaintiff raised her arm “reflexively” 1 to “block” the water and her arm made contact with

Boyce’s arm. Boyce reported the incident to a supervisor, and plaintiff talked to a union

        1
          Plaintiff’s deposition, the parties’ briefs, and the district court state that she raised her arm as a
“reflect action” or “reflectively.” This could only really mean as a reflex, or reflexively. We have taken the
liberty of using the latter, as it appears that it is the meaning she intended.
No. 08-6387                                                                                               3

steward. Both plaintiff and Boyce were suspended pending an investigation and sent home.

        The investigation, conducted by then Human Resources Manager Arnold Langston,

included interviews with plaintiff, Boyce, and the other employees who were in the break

room. Several witnesses reported that plaintiff and Boyce called each other names, including

that Boyce called plaintiff an “ignorant old bitch” and that plaintiff called Boyce a “bitch”

for getting her wet. One witness said he came in to see plaintiff chasing Boyce, and stepped

in to separate them. Langston recommended that they both be discharged because he felt

they were “equally at fault.” After the recommendation was reviewed, however, plaintiff was

discharged and Boyce was suspended without pay for one month. Langston explained that,

in light of defendant’s past disciplinary practices, it was believed to be likely that Boyce’s

discharge would not withstand a grievance because she made no physical contact with

plaintiff.2

        In this action, initially filed in state court and amended after removal, plaintiff alleges

that she was discharged because of her age in violation of state and federal antidiscrimination

laws. See 29 U.S.C. § 623(a); T ENN. C ODE A NN. § 4-21-401. Defendant moved for

summary judgment, and plaintiff filed a response in opposition. On August 12, 2008, the

district court granted defendant’s motion for summary judgment on the ADEA claim and

declined to exercise jurisdiction over the state law claim. Plaintiff filed a timely motion for

reconsideration, which the district court denied on October 10, 2008. In this appeal, plaintiff

        2
         Plaintiff notes that Boyce had a disciplinary record that included a number of “write ups” for
attendance violations, as well as a discharge and reinstatement under a “last chance” agreement for refusing
to follow a supervisor’s orders. Langston testified that the “last chance” agreement was specific to the
insubordination, and Boyce was not discharged for four intervening attendance violations.
No. 08-6387                                                                                 4

challenges the judgment with respect to her ADEA claim, only.

                                              I.

       Summary judgment is appropriate when there are no genuine issues of material fact

in dispute and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. F ED. R. C IV. P.

56(c). In deciding a motion for summary judgment, the district court must view the factual

evidence and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. Matsushita

Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986).              A motion for

reconsideration under Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) may be granted if there is clear error of law,

newly discovered evidence, an intervening change in the controlling law, or to prevent

manifest injustice. GenCorp, Inc. v. Am. Int’l Underwriters, 178 F.3d 804, 834 (6th Cir.

1999). When, as here, an appeal is from the grant of summary judgment as well as the denial

of a Rule 59(e) motion to reconsider that decision, this court conducts a de novo review using

the same standards the district court was required to apply. Smith v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.,

167 F.3d 286, 289 (6th Cir. 1999).

       The ADEA forbids an employer to “fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual

. . . because of such individual’s age.” 29 U.S.C. § 623(a)(1). When, as here, the plaintiff

relies on circumstantial evidence to establish a disparate-treatment claim under the ADEA,

we continue to apply the burden-shifting framework of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green,

411 U.S. 792 (1973), and Texas Dept. of Comm. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248 (1981).

See Geiger v. Tower Automotive, 579 F.3d 614, 622 (6th Cir. 2009). The plaintiff must prove

that age actually motivated the employer’s allegedly disparate treatment. Ky. Ret. Sys. v.
No. 08-6387                                                                                            5

EEOC, 128 S. Ct. 2361, 2366 (2008). Also, as the Supreme Court recently clarified, “the

plaintiff retains the burden of persuasion [under the ADEA] to establish that age was the

‘but-for’ cause of the employer’s adverse action.” Gross v. FLB Fin. Servs., Inc., 129 S. Ct.
2343, 2351 (2009).3

A.      Prima Facie Case

        To establish a prima facie case of age discrimination, plaintiff bears the burden of

demonstrating that (1) she was a member of a protected class; (2) she was qualified for her

job; (3) she suffered an adverse employment action; and (4) either she was replaced by a

person outside the protected class, or she was treated differently than a similarly situated non-

protected employee. Mitchell v. Toledo Hosp., 964 F.2d 577, 582-83 (6th Cir. 1992). There

is no dispute that plaintiff—who was 45 years old at the time of her discharge—was in the

protected class of employees over the age of 40. 29 U.S.C. § 631(a). Nor does defendant

deny either that plaintiff was qualified or that her discharge constituted an adverse

employment action. To meet the fourth prong, plaintiff argued that she was disciplined more

harshly than a similarly situated younger employee. The district court found, however, that

plaintiff failed to demonstrate that Boyce, age 25, was similarly situated to plaintiff in “‘all

relevant respects.’” Ercegovich v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 154 F.3d 344, 352 (6th Cir.

1998) (citation omitted).

        While the relevant aspects may vary depending on the facts and circumstances of a

        3
         Although the Supreme Court has not definitively decided whether the McDonnell Douglas
framework applies to ADEA claims, Gross, 129 S. Ct. at 2349 n.2, we are without authority to overrule the
published decisions of this court absent an inconsistent decision of the Supreme Court or an en banc
decision of this court to the contrary, Geiger, 579 F.3d at 622.
No. 08-6387                                                                                                   6

given case, in the disciplinary context we have considered whether the individuals “‘have

dealt with the same supervisor, have been subject to the same standards[,] and have engaged

in the same conduct without such differentiating or mitigating circumstances that would

distinguish their conduct or the employer’s treatment of them for it.’” Id. at 352 (quoting

Mitchell, 964 F.2d at 583). First, although the record does not reflect whether plaintiff and

Boyce had the same immediate supervisor, the relevant inquiry in this case is that their

respective discipline was determined by the same ultimate decision makers. McMillan v.

Castro, 405 F.3d 405, 414 (6th Cir. 2005); see also Barry v. Noble Metal Processing, Inc.,

276 F. App’x 477, 481 (6th Cir. 2008). Plaintiff and Boyce were subject to the same

standards reflected in the employment policies that both were found to have violated but

were found not to have engaged in the same conduct.4

        For the conduct to be the same without such differentiating or mitigating

circumstances that would distinguish it or the employer’s treatment of it, it must be of

comparable seriousness—i.e., similar in kind and severity. Clayton v. Meijer, Inc., 281 F.3d
605, 611 (6th Cir. 2002); Barry, 276 F. App’x at 483. For example, in Clayton, the plaintiff,

an African American, and several other employees, all of whom were white, committed

similar acts of negligence by driving a truck away from a loading dock without ensuring that

the rear doors were closed. All four employees were disciplined but only Clayton was

        4
          The district court rejected plaintiff’s belated claim—made for the first time in her motion for
reconsideration—that she had not violated defendant’s Workplace Violence Policy. Under a heading raising
this issue on appeal, plaintiff does not actually dispute that the policy encompassed her conduct but reiterates
her claim that her conduct was a reflexive action triggered by Boyce’s attempt to throw water on her a
second time.
No. 08-6387                                                                                   7

discharged. However, Clayton was also the only one whose conduct resulted in serious

injury to another coworker. Although Clayton’s conduct was similar in kind, the employer

was permitted to consider the consequences of the conduct. This was recognized to be the

differentiating circumstance that distinguished Clayton’s conduct from that of the others and

precluded an inference of discrimination.

       In this case, defendant differentiated between plaintiff and Boyce on the grounds that

Boyce did not touch plaintiff, while plaintiff admitted that her arm made physical contact

with Boyce’s arm. Plaintiff asserts that Boyce made “physical contact” with her by flinging

water that landed on her. In support, plaintiff relies on Langston’s testimony that it would

violate the Workplace Violence Policy to use an object to physically strike someone.

Nothing in that interpretation is inconsistent with the employer’s determination that flinging

water at someone is not the same as either physically striking, or using an object to physically

strike, another.

       Plaintiff also faults the district court for finding her claim of “self defense” was

unavailing because she could have walked away after being sprayed with water the first time.

Plaintiff argues that there was no evidence that she did not attempt to walk away, but, there

was also no evidence that she did. More importantly, in determining the appropriate

discipline, defendant distinguished between misconduct that involved physical touching,

intentional or otherwise, and misconduct that did not. Because defendant’s past disciplinary

practices reflected this distinction, it was believed that defendant could not sustain Boyce’s

discharge in a grievance proceeding. Physical contact was the differentiating circumstance
No. 08-6387                                                                                    8

that distinguishes between the conduct of plaintiff and Boyce, as well as the defendant’s

treatment of it. The district court did not err in finding that plaintiff was not similarly

situated to Boyce in all relevant respects.

B.     Pretext

       Defendant’s proffered nondiscriminatory reason for plaintiff’s discharge—that

plaintiff violated defendant’s Workplace Violence Policy and had physical contact with

another employee in the process—is “clear and reasonably specific,” Burdine, 450 U.S. at

258, and is supported by evidence which, if believed, would allow the trier of fact to

conclude that the discharge was not motivated by discriminatory animus, id. at 259. Once

a defendant has met its burden of production, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to show

that the defendant’s proffered reason was not its true reason, but was pretext masking

intentional discrimination. Id. At this final stage, the burden of production essentially

merges with the plaintiff’s ultimate burden of persuasion, which always rests with the

plaintiff. Gragg v. Somerset Technical Coll., 373 F.3d 763, 768 (6th Cir. 2004).

       Pretext may be established directly by persuading the trier of fact that a discriminatory

reason more likely motivated the employer’s action, or “indirectly by showing that the

employer’s proffered explanation is unworthy of credence.” Burdine, 450 U.S. at 256. A

plaintiff can demonstrate that an employer’s explanation is not credible by showing that it

(1) has no basis in fact, (2) did not actually motivate the discharge, or (3) was insufficient to

warrant discharge. Manzer v. Diamond Shamrock Chems. Co., 29 F.3d 1078, 1084 (6th Cir.

1994); see also Wexler v. White’s Furniture, Inc., 317 F.3d 564, 576 (6th Cir. 2003).
No. 08-6387                                                                                  9

       Plaintiff faults the district court for finding that the first category was inapplicable

because plaintiff “admitted that she made physical contact with Boyce and that Boyce did not

make physical contact with her.” It is undisputed, however, that the reasons for plaintiff’s

discharge were not factually false. Plaintiff conceded that she made physical contact with

Boyce, which defendant determined was a violation of the Workplace Violence Policy.

Despite her disagreement with defendant’s application of its policy, plaintiff does not dispute

that defendant had an honest belief in its reasons for discharging her. Sybrandt v. Home

Depot, Inc., 560 F.3d 553, 559 (6th Cir. 2009); see also Smith v. Chrysler Corp., 155 F.3d
799, 807 (6th Cir. 1998) (“the key inquiry is whether the employer made a reasonably

informed and considered decision before taking an adverse action”).

       The third method of proving pretext—that the reason was insufficient to warrant

discharge—usually “consists of evidence that other employees, particularly employees not

in the protected class, were not fired even though they engaged in substantially identical

conduct to that which the employer contends motivated its discharge of the plaintiff.”

Manzer, 29 F.3d at 1084. Here, plaintiff again points to Boyce as evidence that a similarly

situated nonprotected employee received lesser discipline for the substantially identical

conduct. As discussed earlier, plaintiff and Boyce were not similarly situated in all relevant

respects.

       Finally, under the remaining method of proof—demonstrating that the proffered

reason did not actually motivate the discharge—“the plaintiff admits the factual basis

underlying the employer’s proffered explanation and further admits that such conduct could
No. 08-6387                                                                               10

motivate dismissal.” Id. The plaintiff indirectly attacks the credibility of the employer’s

explanation “by showing circumstances which tend to prove that an illegal motivation was

more likely than that offered by the defendant.” Id. Although plaintiff abandons her reliance

on allegations that defendant mistreated older employees, plaintiff’s assertion that other

employees might be able to establish a prima facie case of age discrimination in no way

establishes that the defendant’s reason for discharging plaintiff was pretext for age

discrimination. See Schrand v. Fed. Pac. Elec. Co., 851 F.2d 152, 156 (6th Cir. 1988)

(noting that trial courts regularly prohibit “me too” evidence from or about other employees

who claim discriminatory treatment because it is highly prejudicial and only slightly

relevant). Nor is the evidence that Boyce referred to the age of plaintiff and another older

employee in a derogatory way sufficient to show that the defendant’s proffered reason did

not actually motivate plaintiff’s discharge.

       This ADEA claim, boiled down to its essence, is that plaintiff felt discriminated

against because Boyce did not get fired too. When asked what evidence she had to show that

she was discharged because of her age, plaintiff answered: “I do not have any.” A plaintiff’s

conclusory allegations and subjective beliefs are not a sufficient basis to deny summary

judgment. Mitchell, 964 F.2d at 585. Plaintiff has not presented evidence sufficient to allow

a reasonable trier of fact to conclude that intentional age discrimination was the “but for”

cause of defendant’s decision to discharge plaintiff. Gross, 129 S. Ct. at 2351; see also

Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 148 (2000).

       AFFIRMED.