Court Opinion

ID: 8407146
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-01 16:00:15.098029+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:47:24.892104
License: Public Domain

ARMED SERVICES BOARD OF CONTRACT APPEALS
    Appeal of -                                )
                                               )
    Trade West Construction, Inc.              )      ASBCA No. 61068
                                               )
    Under Contract No. W912PM-15-C-0024        )

    APPEARANCES FOR THE APPELLANT:                    Karl Dix, Jr., Esq.
                                                      Lochlin B. Samples, Esq.
                                                       Smith, Currie & Hancock LLP
                                                       Atlanta, GA

    APPEARANCES FOR THE GOVERNMENT:                   Michael P. Goodman, Esq.
                                                       Engineer Chief Trial Attorney
                                                      David C. Brasfield, Jr., Esq.
                                                      Carl E. Pruitt, Jr., Esq.
                                                       Engineer Trial Attorney
                                                       U.S. Army Engineer District, Mobile

                   OPINION BY ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE STINSON

        Appellant Trade West Construction, Inc., (Trade West or TWC), appeals a
contracting officer’s denial of its October 21, 2016, claim, in the amount of $304,062,
for shaping armor stone prior to placing it on top of an existing jetty. Trade West
argues that the government wrongfully rejected the armor stone it wished to use,
thereby forcing it to spend time and money shaping armor stone to make it acceptable
to the government (R4, tab 3). 1 We have jurisdiction pursuant to the Contract Disputes
Act of 1978, 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101-7109. We previously denied the parties’ cross-motions
for summary judgment, finding triable issues of fact which could not be resolved on
summary judgment. Trade West Construction, Inc., ASBCA No. 61068, 20-1 BCA
¶ 37,713 at 183,076 (Trade West I). The parties agreed to submit this appeal on the
record, pursuant to Board Rule 11, for a decision on entitlement only. Each party
submitted initial and responsive briefs. For the reasons set forth below, we deny the
appeal.

                                    FINDINGS OF FACT

      1. On September 25, 2015, the United States Army Corps of Engineers
(USACE), South Atlantic Division, Wilmington District (SAW) awarded Trade West
Contract No. W912PM-15-C-0024 (the Contract), in the amount of $3,294,362, for

1
    The government’s initial Board Rule 4 file was submitted in paper form and included
         tabs marked 1 through 5.10. The government’s joint supplemental Rule 4 file
         was submitted electronically and included tabs marked 006 through 090.
South Jetty repairs to the Masonboro Inlet located in New Hanover County, North
Carolina (R4, tab 4.1 at 126, 132-133; Joint Statement of Stipulated Facts (JSSF) 1). 2
The Contract required placement of armor stone, each weighing from 14 to 22 tons,
onto an existing jetty, insuring that the armor stone “form a compact mass and interlock
with each other and the existing stones” (R4, tab 4.1 at 134, 298; JSSF 1).

                                   Contract Specifications

       2. The Contract included specifications for “Exterior Improvements,”
Section 32 05 00.38, entitled “Stone.” Contained within that section was Part 1,
“General,” Part 2, “Products,” and Part 3, “Execution.” (R4, tab 4.1 at 293; JSSF 2)

       3. Part 1.1, entitled “Scope,” provided, “[t]he work under this section shall
include all plant, labor, materials, work surface, and equipment required for the
furnishing, transportation, storage, and placing of stone as shown on the drawings” (R4,
tab 4.1 at 294; JSSF 3).

       4. Part 2.1, entitled “Materials,” included Part 2.1.1, “Granite/Gneiss,” which
provided, in part, “stone shall be furnished in random sizes ranging in weight as
indicated in the subparagraph ‘Stone Size and Gradations’” (R4, tab 4.1 at 296).

         5. Part 2.1.2, entitled “Armor Stone,” provided, in part:

                Stone shall consist of fresh, sound, hard, dense, durable,
                crystalline igneous or metamorphic rock which shall be
                separated from bedrock by quarrying. The stone shall be of
                such quality that the individual stone integrity and
                permanence within the jetty is assured under all conditions
                to which it is subjected.

                   ....

                The stone shall be free from open or incipient cracks, joints,
                seams, fissures and structural planes of weakness which
                might contribute to spalling or breakdown from; handling
                and placing, freeze-thaw cycles, wet-dry cycles, or from
                wave action. The stone shall be furnished in blocky and
                angular shapes. Flat stones, tabular stones, slabs, boulders
                and parts of boulders will be rejected. No stone will be

2
    The parties’ JSSF in large part mirrors the Statement of Facts set forth in our previous
         decision. Trade West I at 183,067-75.
                                               2
                permitted which has a longest dimension that is three times
                (3X) or greater, than its least dimension.

(R4, tab 4.1 at 296; JSSF 4)

       6. Part 2.1.3, entitled “Stone Size and Gradations,” provided “[f]or the
granite/granite gneiss armor stone, the specified weight range shall be 14.0 tons to
22.0 tons with 75% weighing more than 18.0 tons” (R4, tab 4.1 at 297; JSSF 5).

         7. Part 2.1.4, entitled “Stone Sources,” provided:

                The source(s) from which the Contractor proposes to obtain
                stone materials as required for these specifications shall be
                selected and identified to the Contracting Officer or his/her
                designated representative within 15 days of receipt of
                Notice to Proceed. This source(s) shall be inspected by a
                Corps of Engineers Geologist. The stone source(s) shall
                provide test results of ASTM D5312/D5312M and ASTM
                D5313/D5313M and records of successful use on similar
                projects. . . . The tests shall include; bulk specific gravity,
                saturated surface dry (SSD) unit weight, absorption (all
                three tests as per ASTM C127), abrasion, wetting and
                drying (ASTM D5313/D5313M), and freeze-thaw (ASTM
                D5312/D5312M). The results of the testing shall be
                submitted to the Contracting Officer or his/her designated
                representative for review and approval at least 30 days prior
                to being shipped to the construction site.

(R4, tab 4.1 at 297; JSSF 6) 3

         8. Part 2.1.5, entitled “Stone Not Meeting The Specifications,” provided, in
part:

                If, during the progress of the work, it is found that the stone
                being furnished and/or placed by the Contractor does not
                meet all the requirements of the specifications, the
                Contractor shall furnish other stone of a quality acceptable

3
    ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), now known as ASTM
       International, is a “standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary
       consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems,
       and services.” Harry Pepper and Assoc., Inc., ASBCA No. 62038, et al., 21-1
       BCA ¶ 37,760 at 183,306 n.2.
                                             3
             to the Contracting Officer or his/her designated
             representative. Any stone rejected at the site of work as not
             meeting the requirements of these specifications for quality,
             condition, size, or otherwise, shall be removed from the site
             by and at the expense of the Contractor.

(R4, tab 4.1 at 297; JSSF 7)

      9. Part 3.2, entitled “Placement of Stone,” included Part 3.2.1, “General,” which
provided:

             Care shall be taken to place the stone so that they will form
             a compact mass, and form as nearly as practicable a
             cross-section of the height, width, and slopes as shown on
             the contract drawings. All stones shall be carefully placed
             so as to form a compact mass and to minimize the voids
             between them. Special care shall be taken during placement
             of stone to avoid damaging the existing sheetpile wall.

(R4, tab 4.1 at 298; JSSF 8)

      10. Part 3.2.4, entitled “Armor Stone Placement,” provided:

             Armor stone shall be placed in a single layer to achieve the
             design cross sections and top elevation, as shown on the
             drawings. Begin placement of the stone at the toe of the
             placement limits and work upslope to reduce the risk of
             stone rolling and launching. Dropping of stones onto the
             structure is strictly prohibited. Each armor stone shall be
             lowered to rest before being released and shall be placed to
             the satisfaction of the Contracting Officer or his/her
             representative. All stones shall be carefully placed so as to
             minimize the size of voids between them. The armor stones
             of various sizes and shapes shall be distributed such that
             they form a compact mass and interlock with each other and
             the existing stones.

(R4, tab 4.1 at 298; JSSF 9)

                                           4
      11. Part 3.3, entitled “Quality Control,” included part 3.3.1, “General,” which
provided:

             The Contractor shall establish and maintain quality control
             for the armor stone and all other operations in connection
             therewith to assure compliance with contract requirements.
             The Contractor shall inspect for compliance with contract
             requirement and record the inspection of all operations,
             including but not limited to the following:

             a. Armor stone complies with the specifications for quality
             and weight and is placed to the lines and grades shown in
             the drawings within allowable tolerances.

             b. All stone placed in a dense compact mass.

(R4, tab 4.1 at 298-99; JSSF 10)

        12. Note 2 on Contract Drawing CN101 provided, “[t]he intent of the project is
to provide one new layer of armor stone within the approximate armor stone placement
limits area shown” (R4, tab 8 at 4; JSSF 11).

      13. Contract Drawing CN301 included the following drawing/plates:

                                           5
(R4, tab 8 at 5) Note 4 on Contract Drawing CN301 provided, in part:

              Armor stone shall be placed to achieve the design cross
              sections and top elevation, as shown on plates CN301 thru
              CN308. Stone shall be placed in a single layer within the
              horizontal and vertical limits shown. No stone shall be
              placed so as to exceed the vertical tolerance of plus 2’
              above elevation 1.0’ NAVD 8. Please note, the stones
              depicted on the typical cross sections, as well as the cross
              sections themselves, are merely general representations, and
              do not mandate the size of the stone to be utilized. They are
              only intended to be a general example of proper stone
              placement.

(R4, tab 8 at 5; JSSF at 12)

          Notice to Proceed/Selection of Armor Stone from Fountain Quarry

       14. Modification No. P00001 to the Contract issued the Notice to Proceed,
effective November 24, 2015, and established a Contract completion date of
May 22, 2016 (R4, tab 4.2 at 440-43; JSSF 15).

       15. On November 24, 2015, Andy Leavitt, Trade West’s Project
Superintendent, requested a site meeting at the Martin Marietta Fountain Quarry
(Fountain Quarry) with USACE geotechnical personnel to view armor stone proposed
for use on the project (R4, tab 25).

       16. On December 28, 2015, the government notified Trade West “that the rock
submitted and inspected at the quarry is acceptable for use on the subject project” (R4,
tab 27 at 1). Appellant proposed no supplier of armor stones other than Fountain
Quarry, although appellant had communicated with other quarries about providing
armor stone for the project (R4, tabs 9-13, 15-16, 18-20, 26; JSSF 16).

         Appellant’s Efforts to Locate Other Available Armor Stone Suppliers

      17. By email dated February 10, 2016, Steven Potter, appellant’s Quality
Control Manager (R4, tab 72 at 2), provided to Rolando Serrano, Project Engineer,
USACE SAW (R4, tab 84 at 3), a photograph of stone available from another site:

                                            6
(R4, tabs 33, 33a1). Mr. Potter asked Mr. Serrano whether the government would be
interested in using it “along the Jetty,” and stated, “[i]f there are any concerns with the
shape of the stones we can break off sections of the edges to create a less blocky shape,
but only if necessary” (R4, tab 33). 4

       18. On February 19, 2016, Mr. Serrano forwarded Mr. Potter’s email to others
within the Wilmington District, and, via email dated February 22, was informed by
James Hargrove, Civil Engineer, USACE SAW (R4, tab 84 at 5), that “[t]he stone
shown in the photos are flat and tabular and would not comply with our spec
requirements,” but that “[i]f the contractor is having trouble locating a quarry with
suitable stone, can we offer recommendations” (R4, tab 35 at 1).

       19. Appellant experienced a slow production rate at Fountain Quarry, and, by
email dated February 24, 2016, Trade West requested an on-site meeting with the
government to consider armor stone from a second source. Trade West stated it would
deliver stone samples to its staging area for the government to review and was
gathering test reports for review, which would be forwarded to the government “once
they have been found to meet all the specifications of the contract.” (R4, tab 43;
JSSF 18)

                               Stone from Salisbury Quarry

       20. Trade West proposed Salisbury Quarry as an alternative source of armor
stone. The first stone delivery from Salisbury Quarry to the project staging area arrived

4
    The photograph attached to the email depicted blocks of stone similar to the unshaped
         stone appellant ultimately would offer from a new source, Salisbury Quarry
         (compare photo at R4, tabs 33a1, with photos at 44a1-44a4).
                                             7
on February 24, 2016, with additional shipments between February 25 and
February 29, 2016 (R4, tab 5.9).

       21. By email dated February 24, 2016, to Jon Schave, ATS, Inc., Heavy Haul
Customer Service, Mr. Leavitt described the stone from Salisbury Quarry, stating “[t]he
rock is square so it sits flat” (R4, tab 40). Mr. Leavitt included as an attachment to the
email, a photograph of a flatbed truck with a large rectangular-shaped block of stone
with a flat face on the four sides pictured:

(R4, tab 40a)

        22. The parties met at the project site on February 26, 2016, to discuss the use
of stone from Salisbury Quarry. By email dated February 26, 2016, Jason Koenig,
USACE SAW, provided Mitch Hall, Chief, Geotechnical and Dam Safety Section,
USACE SAW (R4, tab 84 at 5), photographs taken at the meeting of “rock being
proposed for a large portion of the project,” stating that “[a]side from it looking
completely different, I expressed concerns over whether the rectangular blocks would
interlock well with the existing rock and not be susceptible to sliding” (R4, tab 44).
Mr. Leavitt acknowledged during the site visit that, prior to its delivery to the site,
Trade West had not submitted to the government a request for approval of the stone
from Salisbury Quarry (R4, tab 5.9). The four photographs attached to the email depict
large, flat-sided, rectangular blocks of granite, some bearing the marking
“SALISBURY PINK” (R4, tabs 44a1-44a4). Representative images are reproduced
below:

                                            8
(R4, tab 44a1)

(R4, tab 44a2)

       23. In a February 29, 2016, email, Mr. Serrano expressed concerns to Mr. Potter
arising from the February 26, 2016, meeting, stating “it was observed that a rather large
quantity of rock (flat faced) from the Salisbury quarry had been delivered to your yard
for which our representatives have strong concerns about. I strongly suggest that TWC
not continue delivery of rock from an un-approved source.” (R4, tab 46; JSSF 19)
Attached to Mr. Serrano’s email was a photograph taken on February 24, 2016, which
also was an attachment to Mr. Koenig’s February 26th email (R4, tabs 44, 44a1, 46a).

     Appellant Claims Stone from Salisbury Quarry Meets Contract Specifications

      24. By Serial Letter TWC-0001, dated February 29, 2016, and addressed to
Contracting Officer Charlene Figgins, USACE SAW (R4, tab 84 at 3), Mr. Potter,
                                            9
sought “to clarify Trade West Construction’s interpretation of the contract specification
pertaining to Armor Stone, and why we believe that the blocky and angular stone we
are proposing to use meets the specification requirements as outlined in the contract”
(R4, tab 47a at TWC004086; JSSF 20). As support, Mr. Potter cited Contract
specifications relating to both “Materials” (Part 2.1) and “Placement” (Part 3.2):

              Specification Section 32 05 00.38 STONE, paragraph 2.1.2
              Armor Stone, states that “The stone shall be furnished in
              blocky and angular shapes.” After extensive digging into
              what defines a stone as “blocky and angular” we found
              several credible sources, all of which have similar
              definitions. You can see all of the definitions we uncovered
              attached to this letter. We find that “blocky” is best defined
              as “resembling a block in form,” and “angular” is best
              defined as “having one or more angles.” Additionally, the
              USGS interprets “angular” at the granular level as being the
              “opposite of round.” Further search into a definition where
              “blocky and angular” were used in conjunction with one
              another, typically turned up landscaping stones which
              closely resembled the blocky stones we are proposing to
              use, but on a much smaller scale.

              Specification Section 32 05 00.38 STONE, paragraph 3.2.4
              Armor Stone Placement, states that “The armor stones of
              various sizes and shapes shall be distributed such that they
              form a compact mass and interlock with each other and the
              existing stones.” I reference this segment of the
              specifications due to the verbiage pertaining to various size
              and shapes. The stone we are proposing to use consistently
              produces various sizes and shapes with no two stones
              holding the same dimensions, angles or shapes. On
              February 26, 2016, while the COE had representatives on-
              site, we measured several blocks and found that every
              sample produced its own unique dimensions.

(Id.) Mr. Potter’s letter also referenced a “mockup” presentation allegedly
demonstrating the interlocking capability of proposed stone from Salisbury Quarry (id.
at TWC004087). A copy of that document was provided to the government on
March 3, 2016 (R4, tabs 55-55a; JSSF 20).

       25. Mr. Potter’s letter included an attachment entitled “Key Definitions” (R4,
tab 47a at TWC004094), as support for his statement that “the USGS [United States
Geological Survey] interprets ‘angular’ at the granular level as being the ‘opposite of

                                           10
round’” (R4, tab 47a at TWC004086). The attachment provided, in part, “[t]he
following excerpt applies to the granular level, but still helps us in discovering the
many definitions of angular.” Mr. Potter included an excerpt from an USGS website,
which stated:

             GRAIN SHAPE tells us about the mechanical
             weathering history when rocks first break apart, they
             are split into sharp, angular pieces. So most grains start
             out angular. Over time, they get worn smooth by wind,
             water, and other rocks. We classify grains based on their
             "Roundness." Rounded grains have very few sharp edges
             and comers. The opposite of "Round" is "Angular."
             The process of breaking rocks apart and smoothing them
             down is called mechanical weathering and usually happens
             when rocks are moved (transported) by forces like wind,
             water, glaciers, or in a landslide. Rounded rocks have been
             exposed to more mechanical weathering; they have traveled
             further, they have been around for longer, or existed in
             areas with more rubbing and abrasion.

(Id.) (bold typeface in original) The attachment also included the Merriam-Webster
Dictionary definition of “angular,” as “having one or more angles” (R4, tab 47a
at TWC004094, tab 85 at 82 (attach. to June 7, 2019, aff. of Mr. Leavitt).

       26. More than 60 stones from Salisbury Quarry were delivered to, and
stockpiled at, the contractor’s staging area prior to appellant’s submitting to the
government information required by paragraph 2.1.4 of the specifications and prior to
the government’s approval of stone from that quarry (R4, tab 5.3 at 493-94, tab 64 at 2,
tab 69 at 5, tab 77 at TWC000456-57; JSSF 21).

      27. In an email dated March 1, 2016, and entitled “Still working on the letter,”
Mr. Potter informed Mr. Leavitt:

             there is one part of the spec that does worry me a bit, and I
             may need your help when I get to it. It is paragraph 3.2.4
             where is [sic] says "The armor stones of various sizes and
             shapes . . ." COE may try to focus on the "various shapes"
             verbiage and say that if all, or the majority of, the stone is
             rectangular/cube like in shape, then the shapes don't vary.
             We need to have a good response to that argument. I don't
             know if just saying that the dimensions of the stones vary
             will be sufficient (i.e. one stone has the dimension of

                                           11
                5'x6'x8' and another has the dimension of 6'x7'x11'). This
                does cover the various sizes, but not shapes.

(R4, tab 48)

         Government Seeks Opinion from Dr. Jeffrey Melby Regarding Stone from
                                  Salisbury Quarry

         28. By email dated March 1, 2016, Dr. Greg Williams, Chief of Engineering,
USACE SAW, contacted Dr. Jeffrey Melby, ERD-MS (Engineer Research and
Development Center, Vicksburg, MS), a government “expert on armor stones,”
regarding appellant’s request to utilize stone from Salisbury Quarry (R4, tab 49, tab 88
at 6). 5 Dr. Williams stated that appellant soon would be providing “justification on why
this stone meets the spec,” and he attached to his email a copy of the Contract stone
specification, section 32 05 00.38 (R4, tab 49 at 1, tab 88 at 6). Dr. Williams also
attached photographs depicting the types of stone in place at the South Jetty (one
photograph), the stones supplied by appellant from Fountain Quarry (three photographs),
the stones appellant requested to supply from Salisbury Quarry (two photographs, and an
aerial Google Maps image of the South Jetty’s “current condition”) (R4, tab 49a1
at 1- 5). The photograph of the South Jetty was taken in June 2011, during a site visit
for a previous rehabilitation contract, and depicted the South Jetty “to which we are
adding one layer of armor stone” (R4, tab 49 at 1):

5
    The government’s proposed finding of fact no. 10 quotes from the declaration of
         Dr. Williams, which indicates Dr. Melby is a “USACE expert on armor stones
         and patent holder for the CORE-LOC armor unit” (gov’t br. at 26). Appellant’s
         reply brief states in response to the government’s proposed finding of fact
         no. 10, that “Trade West does not agree with the opinions expressed by
         Mr. [sic] Williams,” but asserts no objection to Dr. William’s statement
         regarding Dr. Melby’s status, or his opinion. Appellant’s initial Rule 11 brief
         likewise makes no mention of Dr. Melby, or his opinion. Mr. Leavitt’s second
         affidavit, however, suggests that Dr. Melby’s opinion should be discounted
         because he was somehow “coached” by Dr. Williams (R4, tab 90 (June 8, 2021,
         aff. of Mr. Leavitt at 10, ¶ 24)).
                                               12
(R4, tab 49a1 at 1) The stones in this photograph are of differing shapes, sizes, and
angles, and do not resemble the rectangular or parallelepiped blocks of stone from
Salisbury Quarry.

        The three photographs of stone from Fountain Quarry, depicted the “initial batch
of stones [the] contractor was receiving but . . . was worried about meeting the
gradation requirement” (R4, tab 49a1 at 3). The following photograph is representative
of the stones from Fountain Quarry:

(R4, tab 49a1 at 4) These stones more resemble the stones depicted in the June 2011
photograph and do not resemble the rectangular or parallelepiped blocks of stone from
Salisbury Quarry.

                                           13
       The two photographs of stone from Salisbury Quarry depict “the latest batch of
stones (blocks)” (R4, tab 49a1 at 5). 6 The following photograph is representative of the
stones from Salisbury Quarry:

(R4, tab 49a1 at 5)

        29. Dr. William’s March 1, 2016, email to Dr. Melby set forth his opinion
regarding whether stone from Salisbury Quarry met the Contract specifications, stating,
“our spec allows us to reject this stone because spec Section 2.1.2 (p. 4) says, ‘Flat
stones, tabular stones, slab, boulders and parts of boulders will be rejected,’” noting
also that “spec Section 3.2.4 (p. 6) says, ‘The armor stones of various sizes and shapes
shall be distributed such that they form a compact mass and interlock with each other
and the existing stones’” (R4, tab 49 at 1). Dr. Williams asked Dr. Melby, “[w]hat is
your opinion of the stability of these types of stones on a structure with what I would
call ‘normal’ quarry stone?” (id.). Dr. Williams noted that “[t]his contract is a 2nd
contract to fill in the template that wasn't filled in from an earlier repair contract (a
whole nother [sic] stone contracting fiasco), so only a single layer is needed,” and
stated “[a]ny advice or recommendations you have would be helpful” (id.).

       30. By email dated March 1, 2016, Dr. Melby responded to Dr. Williams,
stating, “I agree. Cubic stones do not interlock well. Out of spec. Sorry for the terse
response but I am at sea this week” (R4, tab 50 at 1).

             Appellant’s Mockup Comparing Different Types of Armor Stone

       31. Appellant prepared a document dated March 1, 2016, entitled “Mockup of
Jetty Conditions Location: 1408 Point Harbor Road (Staging Area)” (R4, tab 55a)
(bold typeface in original). The document included sections entitled “Mockup of

6
    These photographs are different images of the same stones from Salisbury Quarry that
         appear in the attachments to Mr. Koenig’s February 26, 2016, email (R4,
         tabs 44a1-44a4) (see finding 22).
                                            14
Jagged Stones Example 1,” “Mockup of Blocky and Angular Stones Example 1,”
and “Mockup of Blocky and Angular Stones Example 2” (id. at TWC004316,
TWC004322, TWC004326) (bold typeface in original).

       32. The “Mockup of Jagged Stones Example 1,” included a photograph
depicting placement of one stone on top of two other stones (id. at TWC004317),
which, according to Mr. Leavitt, were “stones from the Salisbury Quarry that the Corps
had previously approved” (R4, tab 85 at 5, June 7, 2019, aff. of Mr. Leavitt):

(R4, tab 55a at TWC004317)

       Also included were four photographs of those same three stones, purporting to
depict the alleged surface area contact between the stones (R4, tab 55a
at TWC004318- 21). Based upon this one example depicting a “jagged stone” placed
on top of two other stones, the document concluded (1) “the surface area contact
between these stones is minimal and the left over voids are greater than those produced
when using more blocky and angular stones,” (2) “[o]n average it was found that only
3 to 4 edges of the jagged stones made good contact with the surrounding armor
stone,” (3) “of those connections the surface area very seldom exceeded 4 to
6 inches,” and (4) “[t]he jagged stones typically formed a bridge across underlying
voids leaving larger gaps in the structure where the constant tidal actions would have
access to pushing up on the stones” (id. at TWC004316). The document stated also,
“[w]hen placing stones at the jetty we will not have the luxury of choosing what stones
to place as the majority of the stones will fall beneath the surface and we will be
limited to the 8 or 10 stones we have on-hand, which will diminish with each placed
stone” (id). Although appellant argues that its mockup establishes that “jagged stones”
are inferior in meeting the Contract requirements, the one “jagged stone” depicted in
appellant’s mockup photograph appears to cradle down in between the two other
stones upon which it was placed (id. at TWC004317).

                                          15
      33. The “Mockup of Blocky and Angular Stones Example 1,” included a
photograph depicting placement of one “blocky” stone on top of two “jagged stones,”
as shown below:

(Id. at TWC004323)

        Also included were two photographs of the same three stones, purporting to
depict the alleged surface area contact between the stones (id. at TWC004324-25).
Regarding Example 1, the mockup presentation included the statement, “[i]t is our
belief that the wave actions and currents along the jetty will only strengthen and
reinforce the stones tendency to slip and lock into the structure. The dry stones on land
limit the stones tendency to slide across one another.” (Id. at TWC004322) However,
appellant offers no similar statement regarding the “jagged stones” proffered in its
“Mockup of Jagged Stones Example 1,” or how that might affect the surface contact
between stones. The document provided also, “[i]f you look closely at the photographs
you will find that not only do the stones lock well into the structure and fill
underplaying voids, but the overall surface area contact between the stones is far
greater than those produced with more jagged stones” (id.). Appellant’s analysis
ignored completely what can be seen in the photograph (id. at TWC004323), i.e., that
the “blocky and angular stone” protrudes or extends out, far beyond the two “jagged
stones.” The “blocky and angular stone” appears also on the right side of the
photograph that accompanies the “Mockup of Jagged Stones Example 1” (id.
at TWC004317) (see finding 32), again indicating the extent to which the “blocky”
stone extends out beyond the two base “jagged stones.” Moreover, there appears to be
an unexplained, large gap between the two “jagged stones” that make up the base upon
which the “blocky and angular stone” is placed.

      34. The “Mockup of Blocky and Angular Stones Example 2,” included a
photograph depicting placement of one blocky stone on top of two “jagged stones”

                                           16
(Id. at TWC004327)

        Also included were five photographs of the same three stones, purporting to
depict the alleged surface area contact between the stones (id. at TWC004328-32).
Regarding Example 2, the mockup presentation included the following statement, “[i]t
is our belief that the wave actions and currents along the jetty will only strengthen and
reinforce the stones tendency to slip and lock into the structure. The dry stones on land
limit the stones tendency to slide across one another.” (Id. at TWC004326) Again,
appellant offered no similar statement regarding the “jagged stones” proffered in its
“Mockup of Jagged Stones Example 1,” or how that might affect the surface contact
between stones. The document also provided “[i]f you look closely at the photographs
you will find that not only do the stones lock well into the structure and fill
underplaying voids, but the overall surface area contact between the stones is far
greater than those produced with more jagged stones” (id. at TWC004326). However,
as with “Blocky and Angular Stone Example 1,” appellant’s analysis ignored what
clearly is visible in the photograph (id. at TWC004327), i.e., that the “blocky and
angular stone” extends out beyond the two “jagged stones.” Moreover, there is an
unexplained large gap evident between the two “jagged stones” that make up the base
upon which the “blocky and angular stone” is placed (id.). The mockup presentation
also did not address the effect that “constant tidal actions” would have on the “blocky
and angular stone” that protrude out and over the stone base upon which it sits.

       35. Appellant provided the following summary for its mockup presentation:

              It is our recommendation based on these findings that the
              blocky and angular stones be the preferred stone for use
              along the repair sections. The blocky and angular stones
              produce greater surface to surface contact and easily wedge
              themselves naturally into the existing stone structure’s
              composition and voids. These findings prove that this stone
                                           17
             will provide the structure with the best possible results for
             interlocking, strength and resistance to the tidal forces that
             they will be exposed to.

(Id. at TWC004333)

   Continued Discussions Between Parties Regarding Stones from Salisbury Quarry

       36. On March 3, 2016, Dr. Williams composed a memorandum for CESAW-
ECP-C [Chief of Construction, USACE Wilmington District] (Mr. Lynch) and
CESAW-PM [Project Manager, USACE Wilmington District] (Mr. Keistler) (R4,
tab 84 at 4), addressing appellant’s February 29, 2016, Serial Letter TWC-0001, and
finding that stones from Salisbury Quarry failed to meet four specification criteria:

             A. Section 2.1.2 Armor Stone states that "Flat Stones,
             tabular stones, slabs, boulders and parts of boulders will be
             rejected." I consider that the contractor's proposed
             dimensional, rectangular stones are flat in that they have six
             flat sides, some of which are saw-cut. Therefore, it is my
             opinion that they fail to meet specification and should be
             rejected for use on this project.

             B. Section 3.2.4 Armor Stone Placement states "The armor
             stones of various sizes and shapes shall be distributed such
             that they form a compact mass and interlock with each other
             and the existing stones." The contractor's proposed stones
             are rectangular in shape which prevents them from being
             placed so that they can interlock with each other and with the
             existing stone within the structure. These non-interlocked
             stones if placed on the existing structure would act as
             individual structures and not as a system of stones to resist
             wave and current forces that occur in the ocean environment
             as the design intended. Personal communication with
             Jeffrey Melby, Chief of the Coastal Structures Group within
             the Engineer Research and Development Center and USACE
             expert on armor stones confirmed that square and rectangular
             stones will not interlock with the existing structure and
             should be rejected.

             C. Section 2.1.4 Stone Sources states "The source(s) from
             which the Contractor proposes to obtain stone materials as
             required for these specifications shall be selected and
             identified to the Contracting Officer or his/her designated

                                           18
              representative within 15 days of receipt of Notice to
              Proceed." The contractor in this case failed to submit this
              quarry to the contracting officer in a timely manner and as a
              result the stone from the quarry was not approved. Had we
              inspected these stones in the quarry prior to his transporting
              them to Wilmington, we would have rejected them at the
              quarry. To my knowledge, this quarry still has not yet been
              submitted for approval.

              D. Section 2.1.4 Stone Sources additionally states "The
              stone source(s) shall provide test results of ASTM
              D5312/D5312M and ASTM D5313/D5313M and records
              of successful use on similar projects." A similar project
              would include projects on the east coast in an open ocean
              environment where dimensional stone of similar shape as
              that proposed by the contractor has been used to repair a
              jetty structure consisting of variable shaped interlocking
              blasted stone such as that found on the subject project. The
              contractor has failed to submit records of successful use of
              stone from this quarry on similar projects and as a result the
              stone from the quarry should be rejected for use on this
              project.

(R4, tab 58 at 1-2) (bold typeface in original)

        37. By email dated March 6, 2016, Mr. Leavitt requested a telephone
conference with the contracting officer “to discuss the Salisbury rock before any
official response is made” (R4, tab 59 at 1). Mr. Leavitt stated several reasons why he
believed the government should accept stone from Salisbury Quarry, including
(1) “[t]he USACE has completed various studies using dimensional cut stone and found
it to be desirable for breakwater use including single layer breakwater repairs,”
(2) “[t]he way that the Salisbury rock is quarried makes it superior to most other
quarried rock,” and “more durable to the effects of weathering,” (3) “Trade West needs
between 720 and 750 large armor stone to complete the Masonboro project,” and
Salisbury Quarry “has an estimated 4,000 large armor stone available,” and
(4) transportation of stones from Salisbury Quarry is “safer and easier” (R4, tab 59
at TWC004238-39). Regarding the mockup presentation, Mr. Leavitt stated, “Trade
West found that the Salisbury rock made double the amount of surface contact with the
existing breakwater mock up as compared to the Fountain quarry rock. This test
concludes that the Salisbury rock is superior to the Fountain rock with respect to
interlocking with existing breakwater rock.” (R4, tab 59 at TWC004238)

                                            19
        38. By Serial Letter C-0001 dated March 7, 2016, the contracting officer
responded to appellant’s pervious letter, rejecting the stones from Salisbury Quarry that
appellant delivered to the site as not meeting specification requirements and being
unacceptable for placement (R4, tab 5.3; JSSF 22). The contracting officer stated that
“[t]he specifications and contract documents presented in their entirety clearly indicate
the intent of the Corps to have random, irregularly shaped stone that will provide the
maximum potential for interlocking of various shaped stones” (R4, tab 5.3 at 493;
JSSF 22). The government made an “[e]ngineering determination that rectangular
stones will not sufficiently interlock with the existing stones, as mandated by the
specifications, and therefore will not provide the requisite stability over the functional
life of this structure” (R4, tab 5.3 at 492; JSSF 22). The contracting officer stated also
that the “non-interlocking stones if placed on the existing structure would act as
individual structures and not as a system of stones to resist wave and current forces that
occur in the ocean environment as the design intended” (id.). The contracting officer
relied upon paragraph 3.2.4 of the Contract, which requires “‘[t]he armor stones of
various sizes and shapes . . . be distributed such that they form a compact mass and
interlock with each other and the existing stones,” stating “[b]ecause the existing stones
in the jetty are of varying sizes and shapes, it is unlikely that a significant number of
rectangular stones can be placed in a manner to be satisfactorily interlocked with the
existing stones” (id.).

        39. As to the issue of “blocky stone” referenced in appellant’s letter, the
contracting officer stated that “the surface area contact of rectangular stones with
relatively flat sides does not equate to the specifications’ intent of interlocking, and
does not provide sufficient stability during settling of the structure” (R4, tab 5.3 at 493;
JSSF 22). The contracting officer stated also:

              In your correspondence, you focus your justification on two
              words in the specification – “blocky” and “angular”.
              However, that sentence must be read in the context of the
              surrounding sentences and the specification as a whole. Per
              specification section 32 05 00.38, paragraph 2.1.2, “. . .
              stone shall be furnished in blocky and angular shapes. Flat
              stones, tabular stones, slabs, boulders and parts of boulders
              will be rejected.” The samples presented in your
              documentation are rectangular, and are considered to be
              unacceptable, as they share the seminal characteristic of
              several of the specified types of stones that will be rejected
              – flat surfaces. Stones that are flat, tabular and slabs, with
              their flat sides, are not able to satisfy the interlocking
              requirement.

(Id.)

                                             20
       40. By Serial Letter TWC-0002, dated March 8, 2016, Mr. Potter responded to
the contracting officer’s letter, acknowledging the government’s position that it “does
not like the shape of the stone” and informing the government that it had ceased
hauling materials from the Salisbury Quarry (R4, tab 5.4; JSSF 23). Appellant
requested a meeting “to inspect materials available at the quarry that are of more
various shapes and not so rectangular” and stated it had “discovered on [the] ground at
the quarry there are multiple various stone shapes we would like, as a team effort, to get
approved” (id.).

        41. By email dated March 10, 2016, to Ms. Figgins, Mr. Leavitt requested that
Ms. Figgins attend an upcoming visit to Salisbury Quarry, stating, in part, “I believe
that as a team we can solve this issue and can move forward, but as always on projects
of this nature time is of the essence. I know that between the two of us that we have the
authority to make a decision tomorrow and set ourselves on a clear path, with a clear
direction.” (R4, tab 61)

        42. Ms. Figgins responded to Mr. Leavitt’s request by email also dated
March 10, 2016, stating that although she is unable to attend the quarry visit, she has
“full confidence in my technical team's ability to give me full and accurate details on
the site visit. Shannon [Geoly, Resident Engineer, USACE SAW] will provide me with
all of the details of the meeting, at that time I will sit down with the team and they will
lay everything out for me so that we can make a decision moving forward.” (R4,
tab 61, tab 84 at 3)

                               Salisbury Quarry Site Visit

        43. The parties visited Salisbury Quarry on March 11, 2016 (R4, tab 62). The
record includes handwritten notes of that visit which appear from the context of the
document to have been written by a government employee (id.). Notes from that visit
state, in part: (1) “[w]ants to shape the rock and leave one “flat” side for safety in
shipping & handling,” (2) “[b]rought us up here b/c thought the problem was color not
the shape of the rock and knew he had not properly “shaped” the rock, (3) “[a]lways
knew this was in his back pocket because felt it met the spec but more expensive,”
(4) “this is exactly what’s going to happen, ‘[y]ou have to accept it,’” that “if I go and
find another rock you will pay for my expense to find the other source if you are right
then I will be responsible for the costs,” and “[w]e need to see the final proposed
‘shaped’ rock to make a decision” (id.).

      44. In a March 16, 2016, government “Memorandum For: Contracting,”
Ms. Geoly documented the March 11, 2016, visit to Salisbury Quarry, stating, in part:

                                            21
4. Mr. Leavitt proposed cutting the stone to shape it to
meet the satisfaction of the Government. It was determined
the sample available was not a final product. When
questioned why the product was not finalized for review, he
indicated he requested we visit the quarry to show us the
color of the stone once it had weathered. It was noted the
color of the stone was not an issue and that none of the
documentation thus far had referenced the color of the stone
but the shape of the stone.

5. Mr. Leavitt continued discussions regarding cutting the
stone to alter the shape and stated multiple times that he,
“was bending over backwards,” offering this course of
action because the Government had no choice but to
approve this stone. I responded that was the opinion of
Trade West Construction and not the Government.

6. Mr. Leavitt stated he wanted to know what the
Government wanted. I responded that we already indicated
our desired stone based upon the original stone that was
submitted for acceptance and that had already been
delivered to the storage area from Fountain Quarry . . . .

   ....

7. During discussions, Mr. Leavitt repeatedly voiced his
opinion the stone he was offering to use from Salisbury
Quarry was a superior stone to that offered from Fountain
Quarry. He maintained the stone was of better quality and
would better interlock with the existing stone and with each
other. He indicated that purchasing the stone from
Salisbury Quarry would be 30-35% more expensive than
purchasing from Fountain Quarry but that he could
transport it to the storage yard much faster and mitigated
concerns regarding obtaining stones of the proper tonnage.

   ....

9. Mr. Leavitt spoke adamantly that he felt the Government
had no choice but to accept the rectangular stone from the
Salisbury Quarry because it fully met the project
specifications. However, he offered to shape the
rectangular stones to keep things moving forward. He

                             22
              stated that he would shape one of the already delivered
              stones and request the Government inspect the shaped stone
              upon completion at the Wilmington area storage yard. The
              Government agreed to inspect the proposed shaped stone
              upon completion but cautioned him that agreeing to inspect
              the stone did not guarantee approval of the process or the
              resultant shaped stone.

(R4, tab 64; JSSF 24)

       45. On March 11, 2016, following the site visit at the Salisbury Quarry,
Mr. Leavitt emailed the contracting officer a copy of a letter authored by appellant’s
counsel, Karl Dix, Jr., stating his opinion that stone from Salisbury Quarry met the
specification requirements (R4, tab 63; JSSF 25).

       46. The record includes a document entitled “QUARRY MATERIALS
INSPECTION REPORT ,” prepared by Kelley Kaltenbach, Engineering
Geologist, USACE SAW (R4, tab 84 at 3), summarizing “the pertinent facts regarding
the quarry inspection that took place on Friday, March 11, 2016, at the Rock of Ages,
Salisbury Quarry” (R4, tab 69 at 1; JSSF 26). The report stated, in part:

                  The quarry produces high grade granite dimension stone
              and cut block for high-end countertops. The stone proposed
              to supply the project is dimension stone that was rejected
              for high end commercial use. While the stone appears to be
              of high strength and quality, the smooth, saw cut faces are
              considered by USACE to be a cause for concern due to the
              possibility of stone slippage and movement within high
              energy coastal environment. The smooth-cut dimension
              stone was inspected at the quarry and found to be [sic] not
              to be acceptable for use on [the] project, primarily due to
              the presence of the smooth cut face surfaces. The
              Contractor proffered to roughen the faces by use of a hoe
              ram in order to utilize the stone at the quarry, primarily due
              to the quantities available to him. USACE agreed to the
              demonstration, which was scheduled for the week of 14
              MAR16.

                 ....

              The only detractor of this stone to use in the project is the
              presence of flat, smooth, saw cut faces that could prove to
              become unstable in a coastal environment, bordered by

                                            23
                rocks having more irregular shapes. In addition, the
                presence of flat smooth faces may allow significant sliding
                to occur, which could result in undesirable movement and
                losses over time. If the Contractor were to utilize a hoe-ram
                to break the stone down into more randomized shapes, it
                may be deemed acceptable by USACE from a coastal
                engineering perspective for use as jetty stone.

(R4, tab 69 at 1, 5)

                Trade West’s Decision to Shape Stone from Salisbury Quarry

       47. The parties met for a site visit at the project staging area on March 18, 2016
(R4, tab 5.6 at 515, tab 67 at 1-2). By email dated March 21, 2016, Mr. Leavitt
provided the contracting officer with a copy of a March 20, 2016, Serial Letter
TWC-0003, from Mr. Potter, addressed to the USACE Wilmington District, regarding
the March 18, 2016, site visit (R4, tab 67; JSSF 28). Mr. Leavitt’s email to the
contracting officer stated, in part:

                The reason that I am shaping the rock coming from
                Salisbury to meet the direction of the USACE is that the
                current stockpile of rock meeting the COE requirements is
                over 4,000 stones. I need approximately 350 to finish this
                project. It is my intention to produce a rock shape that the
                COE will approve and then shape each rock that will be
                hauled from Salisbury and use the Salisbury quarry for the
                balance of the needed rock to complete the Masonboro
                project.

(R4, tab 67 at 1; JSSF 28)

        48. Mr. Potter’s Serial Letter TWC-0003 stated that Fountain Quarry was
depleted, and the rate of production could not provide the needed quantity of stones to
successfully complete the Contract (R4, tab 5.6 at 515-17). Mr. Potter included with
his letter attachments of several photographs representing the “shaped stone that was
produced and shipped from the Rock of Ages, Salisbury Quarry” (R4, tab 5.6
at 526-27), and shaped stones “that the COE still feels will not properly interlock when
placed along the jetty” (R4, tab 5.6 at 528-34).

          49. Regarding the shaping of stone from Salisbury Quarry, Mr. Potter’s letter
stated:

                                             24
             At this time we understand that the stone and source are still
             under review by the government and that the government
             would like the following concerns to be addressed. Of the
             samples that were provided on the morning of March 17,
             2016 COE saw 3 that were close to the desired shapes. The
             main concerns with the best stones were related to the
             amount of smooth surfaces still present along the saw cut of
             each stone. The remaining unsatisfactory shaped stone
             samples had both excessive smooth surfaces and were still
             too blocky in form. Just over 1 hour after the conclusion of
             the onsite meeting four more pictures were provided of
             stone via email that are still on ground at the Salisbury
             Quarry. These were provided for COE comments and
             further analysis to ensure the next set of samples meet all
             the physical properties desired. These stones, while closer
             to the desired shape, still had qualities that were found to be
             blocky in form. One stone had two sides opposite one
             another that appeared mostly flat with one of the sides being
             of a smooth surface. We have taken all of these concerns
             into consideration and are working to develop an adequate
             sample to satisfy the governments [sic] directed
             requirements. Once we have developed a satisfactory shape
             we will keep the initially accepted samples on-site to be
             used as reference guides when inspecting new shaped
             stones that are delivered to the staging area. These
             reference stones will be left on ground until the end of the
             job and will be the last to be placed on the jetty structure.

                ....

             The benefit of the Salisbury Quarry is the [sic] that the
             quantity already exists. We need only retrieve it from the
             near limitless stockpiles. Using the Salisbury stone
             provides a guarantee that the required amount can be
             harvested in time for an on-time completion. Shaping of
             the stone takes approximately 15-20 minutes per stone and
             we are capable of shaping and shipping upwards of
             14 stones per day with a certain level of control to the
             weight of the stones. The quality of the stone is also greatly
             increased as there are little to no concerns with the
             fracturing that can occur during blasting.

(R4, tab 5.6 at 515-16; JSSF 27)

                                           25
        50. On March 21, 2016, the parties met for a site visit at the Wilmington
Storage yard to review three additional shaped armor stone samples (R4, tab 70). By
email dated March 22, 2016, Kevin Conner, P.E., Chief, Water Resources Division,
USACE SAW (R4, tab 84 at 4), informed Ms. Geoly and other SAW employees, that
“we are willing to accept the rock from the Salisbury quarry for use on the Masonboro
Jetty based on the shaped samples provided yesterday (R4, tab 70). Mr. Conner also
stated that:

             The stones were much improved over the original six side
             flat stones. Some recommendations to include in the
             acceptance letter would be 1) Try to start with larger
             dimensional stone so that the contractor can make some
             acute cuts which will provide more variability in the final
             product. The samples provided were improved, but were
             still basically rectangular. 2) We feel it is imperative that
             the Salisbury stone be intermingled with the blasted stone
             from the Benson and Fountain quarries to improve
             interlocking throughout the jetty. 3) I would recommend
             stating in the acceptance letter that his cutting and shaping
             of the rock from the Salisbury quarry is at no additional cost
             to the government. I know he has stated he will do it at his
             cost, but it would be nice to have this in writing.

(Id.)

       51. On March 22, 2016, the government issued a Quality Assurance Report
(QAR) regarding approval of stone from Salisbury Quarry, stating “[a]ll submittals now
in and approved . . . stone to be shaped will follow 3 examples in the yard . . . ok to
start work” (R4, tab 78a1 at 25; JSSF 30) (ellipses in original).

       52. By email dated March 24, 2016, Mr. Potter contacted Jack Cox, an engineer
and adjunct professor at the University of Wisconsin, concerning the interlock
capability of stone from Salisbury Quarry. Mr. Potter stated in his email:

                 My name is Steven Potter and I am the Quality Control
             Manager for Trade West Construction. I am seeking
             information on the feasibility of stones interlocking along a
             jetty structure that is primarily comprised of jagged angular
             boulders weighing between 14 and 22 tons. The stones we
             are looking to place on top of this structure are of a blocky
             granite also weighing between 14 and 22 tons. The
             question in a nutshell is will blocky stones interlock with

                                          26
             jagged boulders? It is our belief that the blocky stone will
             work, but I'd like to obtain your council [sic] and discuss
             whether or not the stone we want to use will work. You can
             reach me anytime at the number below here [or] at this
             email. I can provide you with pictures and any other
             information you may need. Please let me know if your
             services are available and if this is something you can help
             us with.

(R4, tab 72 at 2-3; JSSF 31)

      53. In an email also dated March 24, 2016, Mr. Cox responded:

                 I will call you Monday to discuss, but that is a tough
             question. If you are placing the blocks on top of the
             existing armor of the jetty, I would say no, not a good idea.
             There will be a slip plane between them. You did not say
             how thick or how many layers you plan so I’m assuming
             this is placing a repair veneer over the old so likely just one
             layer. Likely you will not get much interlock. Square
             cubes of concrete have been used for armor, but they are
             still placed randomly at least two units thick, and care is
             taken so that they don't just stack on another giving a flat
             surface.

                I only know of one example where Bedford cut stone
             was used to cap some breakwaters. In that case they were
             more square log shaped so that the long axis spanned across
             the crest. It did seem to work but was so ugly that the
             owner ultimately rejected it[.]

                 If you can send me a picture showing how blocky these
             are, maybe I can make a better call and get it approved for
             you. In the end, it will be how skilled your crane operator
             is that will matter, and that may require onsite inspection
             and control to assure a satisfactory product.

(R4, tab 72 at 1-2; JSSF 32)

                                           27
      54. In an email from Mr. Potter to Mr. Leavitt, also dated March 24, 2016,
Mr. Potter stated:

                  Here is a response from one Engineer I reached out to.
              My email was short with little detail trying simply to open a
              dialogue. His response sounds great, but not in our favor.
              I’ll put a packet of all we know together along with some
              photographs and see what he thinks.

(R4, tab 72 at 1; JSSF 33) Mr. Cox “did not have any other email exchanges with
Trade West until [he] was contacted by their counsel on July 17, 2019” (R4, tab 87
(July 31, 2019, aff. of Mr. Cox at 2, ¶ 4); JSSF 34).

       55. The differences between stone quarried by blasting from Fountain Quarry
and stone quarried by cutting from Salisbury Quarry are evident in the numerous
photographs of the two types of stone offered by appellant (findings 21-22, 28, 32-34).
Unshaped, cut stones from Salisbury Quarry were parallelepiped blocks of stone
(findings 21-23, 28, 33-34). Blasted stone from Fountain Quarry were jagged, with
multiple faces, and were randomly shaped (findings 28, 32).

  Contract Completion, Claim Submission, and Contracting Officer’s Final Decision

       56. A total of 702 armor stones were placed at the project, 277 from Fountain
Quarry and 425 from Salisbury Quarry (R4, tab 77 at TWC000514; JSSF 35). Contract
work was completed on or about April 29, 2016, and Trade West began to demobilize
from the site on April 30, 2016 (R4, tab 2 at 31, tab 78a2 at 119; JSSF 35).

       57. By letter dated October 21, 2016, appellant submitted a certified claim to the
contracting officer in the amount of $304,062, and requested a final decision (R4, tab 3;
JSSF 36).

       58. By letter dated January 20, 2017, the contracting officer issued a final
decision denying appellant’s claim (R4, tab 3; JSSF 37).

       59. Appellant filed a notice of appeal on February 21, 2017.

                          Declaration of Dr. Gregory Williams

      60. The government proffered the declaration of Dr. Williams, dated
May 10, 2021, as the government’s “expert report on this issue of whether the Salisbury
Quarry Stone met the Contract requirements” (gov’t br. at 25 (citing R4, tab 88 (May 10,

                                           28
2021, decl. of Dr. Williams))). 7 As Chief of Engineering, USACE SAW, “Dr. Williams
oversees all engineering and design aspects of the Wilmington District” (R4, tab 88
at 11). He “has over 30 years of experience working in coastal and civil engineering, as
a researcher, private consulting practice and with the Corps of Engineers,” holds a
Professional Engineering license and a BS in Civil Engineering from NC State
University, an ME in civil/coastal engineering from Old Dominion University and a
Ph.D. in ocean engineering from Texas A&M (id.).

       61. During Contract performance, Dr. Williams authored a technical opinion
concluding that the stone from Salisbury Quarry did not meet Contract requirements
(R4, tab 88 (May 10, 2021, decl. of Dr. Williams at 2, ¶ 4); R4, tab 58).

         62. Dr. William’s declaration states, in part:

                5. … The requirement for the stone to be furnished in
                “blocky and angular shapes” has specific meaning with
                regard to coastal engineering erosion control structures and
                is commonly understood to mean blasted rock with sharp,
                random, angular shapes.

                6. That terminology would not be used to describe
                uniformly shaped cubes or parallelepiped shaped stone like
                that produced by the Salisbury Quarry. USACE Engineer
                Manual EM 1110-2-1100 (“Coastal Engineering Manual”
                or “CEM”) CEM Part IV, Chapter 2 includes the following
                figure describing manufactured concrete armor units
                characterizing parallelepiped blocks and cubes, similar to
                the Salisbury Stone, as “massive” compared to other types
                of armor units (USACE 2002):

7
    Board Rule 11 allows for the submission and inclusion of declarations and affidavits
         as part of the Rule 4 file; Raytheon Missile Sys. Co., ASBCA No. 59258, 15-1
         BCA ¶ 36,102 at 176,260 (“By agreeing to a Board Rule 11 submission, each
         party is entitled to submit affidavits/declarations in place of the live testimony
         that would have been available had the parties elected a hearing”).
                                               29
Chapter 2 of this EM goes on to say, “The units can be
divided into the following categories related to the
structural strength:

(1) Massive or blocky (e.g., cubes incl. grooved types,
parallelepiped block)

(2) Bulky (e.g. Accropode, Core Loc, Haro, Seabee)

(3) Slender (e.g., Tetrapod, Dolos)

(4) Multi-hole cubes (e.g., Shed, Cob)

Based on this language, the Salisbury Quarry Stone could
meet the definition of “blocky”, in isolation, but the EM
does not specifically address the definition of “angular”,
either alone or in the combined context of “blocky and
angular”.

7. … While the stones provided by Trade West
Construction originating from the Salisbury Quarry fit the
definition of “massive/blocky” shown in the above figure
from CEM, these stones would not be considered “angular”
because their corners are at or close to 90-degree angles.
Angular stones have either acute (angles less than
90-degrees) or obtuse (angles greater than 90-degrees)
angles, but no flat sides with 90-degree angles. The term
“angular” is not used to describe cubic or parallelepiped
shaped stone.

                             30
8. While the CEM is not instructive on the issue of what is
considered “angular”, other guidance is instructive. Table 2
of ASTM D2488-17 ‘Standard Practice for Description and
Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedures)’ gives
the criteria for describing angularity of coarse-grained
particles. Specifically, it describes angular as ‘particles
have sharp edges and relatively plane sides with unpolished
surfaces.’ This ASTM also includes the below Figure 3 to
describe the angularity of bulky grains. Note part
‘(b) Angular’ which shows examples of particles with sharp
angles, none of which include cubic- or parallelepiped-
shaped stones.

9. Cubes and parallelepiped stones like that from the
Salisbury Quarry do not interlock well with adjacent stones
that are of different types and shapes. Cubes and
parallelepiped stones can interlock well with other cubes
and parallelepiped stones when they can fit into a structure
like bricks in a building. However, they are not compatible
for interlocking when placed with a different type of stone
that already exists, such as the blocky and jagged, angular
stone found at the Masonboro Inlet South prior to this
project. The intent of the requirement for stone of” blocky

                             31
             and angular shapes” was for stone that was similar to the
             existing stone.

                 ....

             11. . . . The last sentence in this section [32 05 00.38,
             Subpart 2.1.4 of the contract] references forming “a
             compact mass and interlock with each other and the existing
             stones” and is directly related to the previously cite
             specification [32 05 00.38, Subpart 2.1.2] regarding blocky
             and angular shaped stone. Various sizes and shapes refers
             to the gradation range of the replacement stone being
             between 14.0 tons to 22.0 tones [sic] with 75% weighing
             more than 18.0 tons as described in Specification 2.1.3.
             The shapes of the stones should be irregular so they can
             interlock with each other and the existing stones. Cubes
             and parallelepiped stones cannot interlock with the existing
             angular stones. Dr. Jeff Melby (USACE expert on armor
             stones and patent holder for the CORE-LOC armor unit)
             said “Cubic stones do not interlock well (Melby 2016).”
             Cubic-shaped/parallelepiped-shaped stones do not have
             enough acute angles to effectively interlock with the
             existing angular stones already on the jetty.

                ....

             15. . . . Interlocking is not achieved only by mass and
             making a certain number of contacts, but by placement of
             stones where some angles of stone are fit in and around
             other stones so they interlock. Such interlocking cannot be
             achieved when the replacement stone has 90-degree angles
             because those sides and corners would require an exact
             90- degree angle “hole” or “notch” for that portion of the
             stone to fit into. There are seldom if ever exact 90-degree
             angle holes or notches in an existing rubble mound.
             Shaving off of these 90-degree angles through shaping to
             create more acute angles provided more opportunity to find
             slots or notches in the existing structure into which the
             Salisbury Quarry stone can settle.

(R4, tab 88 (May 10, 2021, decl. of Dr. Williams at 2-8))

                                          32
                               Affidavit of Mr. Jack Cox

       63. Appellant relies upon an affidavit of Mr. Cox, which appellant originally
included with its motion for summary judgment (R4, tab 87 (July 31, 2019, aff. of
Mr. Cox)). Attached to his affidavit are several documents that set forth Mr. Cox’s
experience and expertise in coastal engineering (R4, tab 87 at 7-46)). “Mr. Cox is a
Senior Principal and Coastal Engineer for Edgewater Resources, where he directs the
planning and design of large and complex waterfront and harborworks projects
worldwide,” with 40 plus years of experience in marine engineering (id. at 7)). He is a
registered professional engineer, and holds a Bachelor’s and Master’s degree in
Engineering Science from Purdue University (id.).

      64. Mr. Cox states:

             6. My email did not advise Trade West that the "Salisbury
             Quarry stone would not provide better interlocking
             capability”. What my email did state was that if the stone
             was installed as a veneer over the current stone, that the
             interlocking between the veneer and the current structure
             may not provide for proper interlocking. In my original
             email to Trade West, I was concerned about “slip planes”
             which could occur if two flat sides of a stone came in
             contact and then was infiltrated by liquid to cause the planes
             to slide in opposite directions. Some stone movement is
             acceptable if the slip or slide causes the stone to wedge
             itself into the slope to fill a void. A slip or slide of a stone
             is not favored if it causes the stone, and/or adjacent stones
             to fracture, slump or simply displace from its intended
             location, thus compromising the integrity of the slope. A
             veneer of stone could produce unfavorable sliding between
             the veneer and original structure.

             7. I have since learned that each stone for this Project was
             individually selected and placed into the jetty to fill voids
             then existing in the jetty and to build the jetty to a specified
             elevation. The interlocking is achieved by the skillful
             placement of the stone in the jetty. Maximizing surface
             contact between the stones to nestle the majority of the
             stone weight between the other stones when filling the
             voids and, thereby reducing the size of the voids, would
             provide for better interlocking especially since the stone is
             quite heavy weighing 14 to 22 tons.

                                            33
8. Interlocking of stone in a jetty and other coastal
structures does not involve simply filling voids in the armor
face with appropriately sized rocks. Interlocking is required
and achieved by the use of heavy stone and placing it to fill
voids in such a way so as to provide a compact, i.e. tightly
bound and restrained mass or structure. Effective
interlocking is not a characteristic of purely the stone
geometry, but rather primarily a result of proper placement
of angular and blocky stone (not rounded stone) such that
multiple contacts between adjacent rocks is achieved. That
is why “interlocking” is required under the specification
section (3.2.4) entitled “Armor Stone Placement” and not
the section (2.1.2) generally titled “Armor Stone” which
provides the characteristics of acceptable stone.

9. Requiring Trade West to hammer and chisel the stone to
make it less angular and less blocky would not necessarily
assure interlocking since interlocking is largely determined
by the then existing state of the jetty as well as the
placement of the rock into the jetty. Interlocking means
that once in place, the stones are pinned in place and do not
move (are locked into one another) once the stones are
placed against each other.

10. The stone specification for this project, that I have
reviewed, requires the contractor to place the stone so that it
interlocks to form a compact mass in the jetty and reduce
voids. The requirement for each individual stone's
characteristics does not specify or define "interlocking
stone", as the interlocking is an aspect of the placement
technique, not the stone itself. The specification requires
simply that blocky and angular stones of various shapes and
sizes be used. . . . Depending on the size and configuration
of the void and the method of placement, different shaped
stones would interlock better than other stones.

11. Blocks of stone, such as proposed by Trade West for
this project could interlock into the structure if the properly
sized stone for the void was chosen and the stone was
properly placed to eliminate the void and lock the stone in
place so it did not rock. Proper placement is accomplished
by moving adjacent stone (if necessary and which may
occur by wedging the heavy stone in place) and placing the

                              34
              stone in contact with and against the adjacent stones so the
              stone is pinned in place and does not move or rock.

              12. The blocks of stone proposed by Trade West are
              certainly blocky and they are angular. The specifications do
              not state the type of angularity required, but angularity
              should be juxtaposed with roundness — round stones
              generally do not interlock while angular stones can
              interlock when properly placed. The blocks of stone, if
              properly selected and placed, should be able to achieve
              interlock.

(Id. at 2-4; JSSF 34)

        65. Mr. Cox states that he reviewed appellant’s “presentation of mockup of
jetty,” but his affidavit contains no other comments about the presentation (R4, tab 87
at 1).

                               Report of Dr. Gary Griggs

       66. Appellant submitted an expert report authored by Dr. Gary Griggs, a
“Consulting Coastal Geologist” (R4, tab 89 (May 24, 2021, report of Dr. Griggs at 8)).
His report includes a statement of his education and experience in geology,
oceanography, and engineering, a brief summary of his academic written work, and
acknowledgment of his coastal consulting practice (id. at 2)). Dr. Griggs is a
distinguished professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences at the University of California
Santa Cruz, where he has been on the faculty for 53 years (id.). He is a registered
geologist and certified engineering geologist, with a degree in Geological Sciences
from the University of California Santa Barbara, and a Ph.D. degree in Oceanography
with minors in Civil Engineering and Geology from Oregon State University (1968)
(id.).

       67. Dr. Griggs prepared his report at the request of appellant’s counsel, “to
assess the appropriateness of the stone from the Salisbury Quarry used in the repair of
the south jetty of the Masonboro Inlet” (id. at 2). According to appellant, Dr. Griggs
“opinion provides a peer review of Mr. Cox’s opinion,” that he “agrees with the
analysis and opinions provided by Mr. Cox and disagrees with many of the opinions
provided by the Corps’ proffered expert, Mr. [sic] Williams” (app. br. at 22-23).

       68. Dr. Griggs states that the Contract’s design plans “form the basis of the
work to be completed, in contrast to more general or less specific terms like blocky or
angular” (R4, tab 89 (May 24, 2021, report of Dr. Griggs at 3-4) (emphasis in
original)). Dr. Griggs’s report quotes note 4 of Contract Drawing CN301, regarding

                                           35
proper placement of the armor stone, and reproduces a portion of the design plans that
appear on Contract Drawing CN304 (R4, tab 8 at 8) (see finding 13), which he labels:
“Figure 1. Cross-sections of the south jetty with proposed stone placement from
contract documents” (id. at 4). Dr. Griggs then states:

             While the stone descriptions state that the rock to be used
             should be angular, the stones depicted on each of the
             68 cross-sections are not angular but more spherical, which
             would not be stable on a jetty exposed to high wave energy,
             and in fact, would not be stable on any stone structure. This
             is immediately evident in looking at the cross-sections, yet
             these are the approved engineering plans.

(Id.) (Italic typeface in original) Although Dr. Griggs’s report quotes Note 4 on
Contract Drawing CN301, Dr. Griggs does not discuss the import of that note, which
states that “the stones depicted on the typical cross sections, as well as the cross
sections themselves, are merely general representations, and do not mandate the size of
the stone to be utilized. They are only intended to be a general example of proper stone
placement.” (R4, tab 8 at 8) Dr. Griggs does not affirmatively discuss or substantively
establish how stone from Salisbury Quarry met the requirement that the armor stone be
of “varying shapes and sizes.”

      69. With regard to Dr. William’s statement whether stone from Salisbury
Quarry was blocky and angular, Dr. Griggs states:

             While Mr. [sic] Williams, Chief of the Engineering
             Division Branch of the USACE Wilmington District, states
             in his Declaration (page 2): The requirement for the stone to
             be furnished in “blocky and angular shapes” has specific
             meaning with regard to coastal engineering control
             structures and is commonly understood to mean blasted
             rock with sharp, random, angular shapes.
             Mr. [sic] Williams does not cite a document where this
             specific meaning is explained or defined, or by where it is
             “commonly understood to mean blasted rock with sharp,
             random, angular shapes”.

(R4, tab 89 (May 24, 2021, report of Dr. Griggs at 4)) Dr. Griggs criticizes
Dr. Williams’s statement because he “does not cite a document where this specific
meaning is explained,” or “where it is ‘commonly understood,’” yet, Dr. Griggs does
not state any disagreement with the premise of Dr. Williams’s statement (id.).

                                          36
       70. Dr. Griggs states also:

              On page 3, Mr. [sic] Williams states that the stones from the
              Salisbury Quarry do fit the definition of “massive/blocky”,
              but would not be considered “angular” because their corners
              are at or close to 90-degree angles, and angular stones have
              either acute (angles less than 90-degrees) or obtuse (angles
              greater than 90-degrees) angles . . . While he calls the
              corner of the Salisbury stones 90-degree angles, he
              concludes in the same sentence that they are not angular.
              Any angle, whether 5, 60, 90 or 145 degrees is an angle. It
              seems that Mr. [sic] Williams has made up a definition of
              angular stones to have only acute (less than 90-degrees) or
              obtuse (greater than 90-degrees) angles. What about an
              angle or corner at 85 or 95 degrees? Would these stones be
              considered angular? He also states that the CEM is not
              instructive on the issue of what is considered “angular”, but
              then goes on to compare small natural pebbles weighing
              less than an ounce with quarried or blasted stones weighing
              14-22 tons. This is an unsatisfactory and inappropriate
              comparison.

(Id. at 4-5) (emphasis in original)

       71. Dr. Griggs quotes, with approval, a portion of Mr. Cox’s affidavit, stating:

              The careful placement of the stones on the jetty in order to
              achieve a compact, tightly bound and restrained mass or
              structure, is one of the most important components of this
              repair process. The “interlocking” of the stone is not
              simply a characteristic of [“]the stone geometry, but rather
              primarily a result of the proper placement of angular and
              blocky stone (not rounded stone) such that multiple contacts
              between adjacent rocks is achieved” (Declaration [sic] of
              Jack Cox, page 3).

              Jack Cox continues (page 4): “The stone specifications for
              this project that I have reviewed requires the contractor to
              place the stone so that it interlocks to form a compact mass
              inthe jetty and reduce voids. The requirement for each

                                           37
              individual stone’s characteristics does not specify or define
              ‘interlocking stone’, as the interlocking is an aspect of the
              placement technique, not the stone itself…The specification
              requires simply that blocky and angular stones of various
              shapes and sizes be used”. I am in complete agreement
              with these statements. Placement of the stone is of critical
              importance in achieving stability.

(Id. at 5)

        72. Dr. Griggs references in his report appellant’s “mockup of the Salisbury
Quarry stones in order to show the degree of interlocking (TWC Mockup of Jetty
Construction, 1 March 2016) of the jagged blasted stone compared to the blocky
angular stone from the Salisbury Quarry (Figures 2 and 3).” Regarding that mockup,
Dr. Griggs concludes, “[w]hile it is difficult with just two photographs to compare the
fit or embedment of the two different stone types, it appears that the cut stone from
Salisbury Quarry, if well positioned, can achieve the compact and ‘interlocking’
requirement.” (Id. at 5)

        73. Dr. Griggs notes also that “there is also a very short 46-second video of the
crane placing two blocks of Salisbury stone that had been hammered and chiseled to
make it less angular and less blocky (Figures 4 and 5). Watching this video makes it
clear how important the skill of crane operator in placing the stones is in achieving the
goals of creating a compact mass and interlocking.” (Id.) Dr. Griggs’s reliance upon
this video is misplaced as it does not demonstrate the interlocking capability of
unshaped stone. As noted by Dr. Griggs, this video demonstrates the placement of
shaped stone from Salisbury Quarry (R4, tab 80).

       74. Dr. Griggs states: “[t]o be clear, even with randomly shaped and angular
blasted zone [sic] as was used in the original construction of the jetty, the term
“interlocking” is somewhat misleading as a criterion for stone placement. The use of
manufactured concrete armor units such as tetrapods, were developed specifically to
provide true interlocking for stability in very high wave energy environments.” (R4,
tab 89 (May 24, 2021, report of Dr. Griggs at 8)) Dr. Griggs observation does not
establish that unshaped stone from Salisbury Quarry would “provide true interlocking.”

                           First Affidavit of Mr. Andy Leavitt

       75. Appellant submitted two affidavits of Mr. Leavitt, whom appellant “offered
as an expert in the field of Construction Engineering and performance of construction
building maritime erosion control structures” (app. br. at 25). Mr. Leavitt was project
superintendent at Trade West, where he was responsible for “preparation and
negotiation of bids and proposals, review of contract specifications and drawings,

                                            38
performance of the work and administration of the contracts” (R4, tab 85 (June 7, 2019,
aff. of Mr. Leavitt at 1)). Mr. Leavitt has “over 30-years’ experience in the
performance of heavy civil construction and earthmoving projects,” and was “solely
responsible for the operation of the construction activities of Trade West . . .” (id.).

       76. Mr. Leavitt’s first affidavit, dated June 7, 2019, was submitted with
appellant’s motion for summary judgment and states, in part:

              7. The contract in this Appeal required the Contractor to
              provide and place one layer of Armor Stone on the
              Masonboro Inlet Jetty . . . .

              8. When initially performing this contract, I planned to use
              large stones produced as a byproduct from blasting
              operations to produce aggregate. Blocks of stone produced
              sawing the stones form [sic] the quarry are preferable
              because blasting may weaken the structural integrity of the
              stone (micro fractures) and the stone blocks fit together
              more tightly to eliminate voids between the stone and
              increase the contact surface area between stone is the
              stones. Typically, block stone is more expensive.

              9. Blasted rock is often used for those projects because it is
              cheaper to produce. In placing the large stones, it is my
              experience that better "interlocking" is achieved by using
              the blocks of stone rather than the jagged blasted stone.
              Interlocking is better because the large stone blocks reduce
              voids between the stones and increase the surface contact
              between stones, thereby consolidating and compacting the
              mass of stone in the Armor layer.

              10. The drawings for this contract showed stone which
              were blocks and "blocky'' and ''angular" and not the jagged
              stones produced by blasting (though the blasted stone meets
              the contract requirements). See Tab No. 2 for Drawing
              No. CN301 which is representative of the placement
              requirements depicted by the other drawings. Note 4 on the
              Drawing requires the blocks of Armor Stone to be placed in
              a single layer not to exceed two feet above Elevation 1.0'
              NA VD 88. Using blocky, angular blocks of stone
              minimizes the voids between the stones as the maximum
              surface area of the blocks rest against each other to
              "interlock". Using jagged stones produced by blasting

                                            39
approximates the stone blocks when "angular'' and "blocky''
stones are used. However, blasted jagged stone will create
more voids when placed, be less compact as a mass and
interlock to a lesser degree.

11. We did not initially use stone from the Salisbury
Quarry when starting performance of the work since the
blasted stone from the Fountain Quarry was much closer to
the project site thereby greatly minimizing the
transportation costs. The Fountain Quarry was not able to
produce enough rock within the timeframe of the contract to
permit our timely placing of the quarry stone. . . .

   ....

15. Trade West Construction located an alternative quarry
named the Salisbury Quarry. Though located further away,
that quarry produced stone which was more blocky and
more angular that the stone produce by the Fountain Quarry
since this stone was sawn rather than blasted from the
quarry. The blocks of stone were more “blocky” and
“angular” than the Fountain Quarry blasted stone. As the
stone was to be laid in a single layer on top of the current
jetty, the blocks would better interlock.

16. Interlocking is a mechanical concept whereby placing
stone in contact with each other will form a better and more
compact mass when voids are eliminated and the contact
between the stone is maximized. Stone interlocking is best
exemplified in history by the pyramids and castles whereby
stone blocks are laid together in full contact with virtually
no voids. The blocks are not jagged, and the interlocking
occurs from the contact of the flat surfaces such that
movement of a stone would disturb the other stones.

17. To demonstrate these concepts, Trade West
Construction provided a ''mock-up of jetty conditions"
whereby we demonstrated these concepts to the Corps by
comparing the stacked, blasted jagged stones form [sic] the
Fountain Quarry to the angular and blocky stone from the
Salisbury Quarry. The blocky and angular quarry's stone
better interlocked than the blasted, jagged stone from the
quarry.

                             40
                 ....

              28. After the Masonboro project, we performed another
              Armor Stone project for the Corps of Engineers in the State
              of Washington near Rialto Beach. We showed them the
              Salisbury stone blocks (before shaping) that we had
              proposed for the contract at issue in this appeal and the
              Corps confirmed that this was the preferred stone and
              superior to the cheaper jagged stone produced by blasting.
              See Tab No. 9 (note that the Salisbury stone (before any
              shaping) was proposed). The Corps' Seattle District
              accepted this proposal and preferred stone blocks to the
              blasted rock since the stone block interlocks better.

(R4, tab 85 (June 7, 2019, aff. of Mr. Leavitt at 1-8)) Mr. Leavitt’s affidavit does not
discuss the Contract’s requirement that stone be of varying sizes and shapes (id.).

        77. Attached to Mr. Leavitt’s affidavit (tab No. 9) is a memorandum dated
October 24, 2018, from Mr. Leavitt to the Seattle District “Design Team for Quillayute
Revetment Repair” (id. at 94). In that document, Mr. Leavitt suggests the use of
“rectangular shaped stones that can interlock and have extremely large surface contact
area with surrounding stones when compared to irregular shaped stones which are
produced by blasting” (id.) (underlining in original). Mr. Leavitt included pictures of
Salisbury Stone, “provided solely for the purpose of seeing approximate shapes and
dimension ratios of stones that can be produced,” and that “[t]he size of stones listed in
the pictures do not reflect the actual size of the stones that would be produced for this
project” (id.) (underlining in original). Mr. Leavitt concluded, “[p]lease let us know if
there would be a problem using stones in this likeness described above and pictured
below” (id.). The copy of Specification 3.3, Stone Placement, provided by Mr. Leavitt,
allowed for use of slab-like stone, stating that “[n]o slab-like stone shall be placed with
its broadest dimension facing upward, parallel to the finish grade line” (id. at 95-96).
Tab No. 9 contains no explicit statement by the government to the effect that “the
Corps confirmed that this was the preferred stone and superior to the cheaper jagged
stone produced by blasting” (id. at 94) (see finding 76, ¶ 28).

                      Second Affidavit of Mr. Leavitt

       78. Mr. Leavitt’s second affidavit, dated June 8, 2021, provides, in part:

              5.a. Our firm performed the Rialto Beach Revetment
              Repair at LaPush for the Corps of Engineers in 2019. That
              contract required us to provide large 14-24 ton armor stone

                                            41
for the project. Originally sawn quarry blocks were
approved by the Corps for the project but we switched to
blasted stone since the blasted stone was less expensive.
Our firm quarried the stone and produced and placed Armor
Stones approximating the quantities of armor the [sic] stone
used for the Masonboro Project.

   ....

11. Mr. [sic] Williams' Declaration also equivocates
"cubes" with parallelepiped shaped stones. No stone
produced from the Salisbury Quarry was in the shape of a
cube. A cube is a solid object bounded by 6 square faces. I
personally viewed all the stones provided by the Salisbury
Quarry and none were cubes. Each were of different sizes
and shapes with differing angles and weights.

12. Mr. [sic] Williams also states that the specification
prohibits stones which have flat surface when, in actuality,
the specification prohibits "flat stones" and has a specific
requirement that the "longest dimension" cannot exceed
three times greater than the least dimensions. This
requirement is common in coastal protection contracts (and
Corps projects) since such flat stones are more susceptible
to fracture and could bridge large voids. The blocky and
angular Salisbury Quarry stones were not flat stones and do
not fracture like flat stones or bridge voids. Additionally,
since blasted stone, such as the stone from the Fountain
Quarry stone, have multiple faces, many of them would
have had a least dimension which was less than one-third
the longest dimension on the stone. The intent of the
specification was to prohibit "flat stones". Corps guidance
regarding coastal structures cautions against the use of flat
stones. See Attachment No.2, excerpt pf EM 1110-2-1100
(Part VI) at VI-4-19b(3)(a) ("The largest stone dimension
on an individual stone should be no more than three times
the shortest dimension.") and VI-4-3a (28 Sep 2011)
("Quarrystones are larger rock pieces that are 'blocky" in
shape rather than elongated or 'slabby'").

13. Mr. [sic] Williams also implies that the stone supplied
from the Salisbury Quarry were "uniformly shaped'', which
in fact, is not true since all the stones greatly varied in shape

                               42
and size and no two stones were identical. In my
experience, the purpose of this requirement is to provide a
varied stock of stone of various shapes and sizes to allow
the operator placing the stone the choice of stone to fill a
void or to build out the slope to the design elevation.
Mr. [sic] Williams was careful and accurate not to describe
the stone as rectangular, but rather as "parallelepipeds''
which are defined as blocks with six parallelogram faces.
These stones vary in size and shape to provide a sufficient
stockpile, in my experience, for the operator to place in the
jetty structure to interlock the stone and form a compact
mass.

14. Mr. [sic] Williams cites CEM Part VI, Chapter 4 which
states that angular and blocky stones are preferred to wedge
and interlock with adjacent stones "when placed randomly".
That differs greatly from this project since each stone was
not placed randomly, but was carefully selected by Trade
West and placed in the jetty to fill a void or build the layer
to the design elevations to minimize any gaps between
stones and pin them against adjoining stones thereby
promoting its interlock. Interlocking is a function of
placement for blocky and angular stone and not an inherent
characteristic - any stone can be placed and not interlock
due to improper placement. The distinction drawn by the
specifications was to prevent the use of rounded boulders
(not blocky and angular) which would not interlock despite
careful placement. Drawing CN301, note 4 cautioned that
the depicted rounded stones were provided for guiding
placement and not specify inherent characteristics of the
stone.

   ....

18. Paragraph 9 of Mr. Williams' Declaration is conclusory
and mistaken since none of the Salisbury Quarry stones
were cubes. Mr. [sic] Williams' "bricks in a building"
analogy is not applicable since the shapes and sizes of the
Salisbury stone varied greatly. However, they do share a
similarity in that the Salisbury blocks could be placed with
far less void space than a jagged stone produced by
blasting. I was at the Masonboro Inlet South Jetty and
observed the onsite conditions and I know that, through

                             43
careful placement, Trade West would have been able to
wedge in the blocks with far less void space than the jagged
stones produced by blasting or chipping of the sawn stone.
In fact, we showed that precise fact in our mockup
demonstration. Reducing void space produces a "compact
mass". Wedging stones into an existing structure and
pinning them against each other to lock them into place is a
form of interlocking.

19. Mr. [sic] Williams' statement that the intent of the
requirement for stone of 'blocky and angular shapes' was for
stone that was similar to the existing stone" has no support
in the specifications and cannot be fairly read from those
specifications. Any such "intent" was not mutual and was
not directly or indirectly expressed in the specifications or
drawings. Besides, the blocky and angular Salisbury quarry
unshaped stone is similar to the existing jagged blasted
stone when juxtaposed against rounded boulders and
rounded field stone. "Quarry-produced stones are typically
angular, whereas stones from glacial deposits and alluvial
sources are usually rounded." EM 1110-2-1100 (Part VI)
VI-4-20 at (4). The Salisbury stone is more durable than
the existing stone in the jetty since its structure has not been
weakened by blasting. See, for example, ERDC/CHL TR-
05-1, Monitoring Stone Degradation on Coastal Structures
in the Great Lakes [n.2], Table 8, p.210 (June 2005)
(attached is an excerpt of the Corps of Engineers Report at
Attachment No. 3 which contains pp. 207-219 regarding
methods of Armor Stone extraction) . . . .

[n.2] While the Great Lakes are not the same as ocean
conditions (which vary widely between locations),
conditions in the Great Lakes affecting the durability of the
stone are more severe than the Masonboro Inlet due to the
extreme temperatures (Freeze thaw) as well as large waves
that may exceed 20 feet in height.

  ....

24. The email from Jeffrey Melby quoted in Paragraph 11
is unremarkable. Attached at Exhibit No.4 is a copy of that
email in which he states that "Cubic stones do not interlock
well. Out of Spec." Again, these were not cubes, but were

                              44
              blocky and angular stones of varying sizes and shapes
              which were clearly complied with the specification armor
              stone requirements. Interlocking is largely a function of
              placement as provided in the specifications which included
              the interlock requirement in the Placement section of the
              specification and not the section relating to the requirements
              for the stone itself. Furthermore, Mr. [sic] Melby's
              knowledge of the project was limited by the coaching
              provided by Mr. [sic] Williams in his email thread as
              Mr. [sic] Melby apparently did not look at any of the
              materials supplied by Trade West, consider the
              specifications as a whole, or visit the site.

(R4, tab 90 (June 8, 2021, aff. of Mr. Leavitt at 2-10))

                                       DECISION

       I. Contentions of the Parties

       The parties agree that the issues to be decided in this Rule 11 proceeding are
whether stone from Salisbury Quarry, without shaping, met the Contract specifications
requiring that the armor stone be (1) blocky and angular in shape, (2) of various sizes
and shapes, and (3) capable of forming a compact mass and interlocking with each
other and the existing jetty stone (app. br. at 2; gov’t br. at 33). Appellant argues that
the unshaped stone from Salisbury Quarry satisfied the Contract “requirements and the
direction to shape the existing stone by the Corps was a change to the contract . . .”
(app. br. at 1-2). The government argues that unshaped stone from Salisbury Quarry
“was uniformly shaped as parallelepiped with relatively minor differences in size,”
which “would not adequately interlock with the existing jetty stone to which it was
being placed” (gov’t br. at 4). The government also argues that “[a] reasonable
contractor familiar with the terms of the solicitation and the existing site conditions
would have understood that the intent of the contract was to repair the [jetty] with stone
similar to what was currently in place,” noting that “[t]he initial armor stone selected,
ordered, delivered, and placed by Appellant closely matched the existing jetty stone
because it was randomly shaped with rough, uneven sides and sharp edges” (id.).

       II. Burden of Proof

       “Unlike a motion for summary judgment, which must be adjudicated on the
basis of a set of undisputed facts, pursuant to Board Rule 11, the Board ‘may make
findings of fact on disputed facts.’” U.S. Coating Specialties & Supplies, LLC, ASBCA
No. 58245, 20-1 BCA ¶ 37,702 at 183,031 (quoting Grumman Aerospace Corp.,
ASBCA No. 35185, 92-3 BCA ¶ 25,059 at 124,886 n.13). Although our decision on

                                            45
the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment narrowed the issues in this appeal, we
now are called upon to resolve disputed facts which bear upon whether armor stone
offered by Trade West met the Contract’s requirement that the stones be blocky and
angular in shape, of various sizes and shapes, and able to interlock and form a compact
mass with each other and the existing stone with each other and the existing stone.
Trade West I at 183,076.

        Trade West has the burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence
that the government’s alleged direction to shape the stone was a constructive change to
the contract. 8 CDM Constructors, Inc., ASBCA No. 60454 et al., 18-1 BCA ¶ 37,190
at 181,011 (citing Amos & Andrews Plumbing, Inc., ASBCA No. 29142, 86-2 BCA
¶ 18,960 at 95,738 (citing Teledyne McCormick-Selph v. United States, 218 Ct. Cl.
513, 517, 588 F.2d 808, 810 (1978)). To meet that burden, appellant must establish by
preponderant evidence that stones from Salisbury Quarry, without shaping, met the
specifications.

       Appellant properly recognizes the burden it must meet. Quoting our decision in
Jack Heller, Inc., ASBCA Nos. 14300, 14376, 72-2 BCA ⁋ 9,477 at 44,147, appellant
notes that a preponderance of the evidence “rests with that evidence which, when fairly
considered, produces the stronger impressions, and has the greater weight, and, even
though not free of doubt, is more persuasive as to its truth when weighed against
evidence in opposition thereto” (app. br. at 31). Accordingly, “a balancing, or
weighing, of the conflicting evidence must be performed by any fact finding tribunal
before it can properly arrive at what constitutes the ‘preponderance of the evidence’”
(id.). As we discuss below, after balancing and weighing the totality of the evidence
presented by both parties, we find that appellant has failed to establish by a

8
    Our previous decision held that “[a]lthough the record suggests that the contractor
         volunteered to shape the stone in the first instance [,] . . . to resolve the issue
         ultimately we must determine whether the government's refusal to accept
         Salisbury Quarry stone without shaping amounted to an informal order to shape
         the stone,” an issue we could not decide on motions for summary judgment.
         Trade West I at 183,078. In its Rule 11 briefing, the government does not
         present legal argument challenging this aspect of appellant’s constructive change
         claim. Appellant’s proposed finding of fact no. 5 alleges that “[t]he Corps
         directed Trade West” (app. br. at 19), which the government simply denies,
         stating, “[a]ppellant offered to mechanically shape the stone, and USACE agreed
         to consider whether the shaped stone was acceptable” (gov’t reply br. at 6). The
         government also “admits that it would not accept the Salisbury Quarry stone
         without further shaping . . .” (gov’t reply br. at 24). Because the government’s
         Rule 11 briefs do not posit this as a legal issue in need of resolution, we deem it
         waived.
                                               46
preponderance of the evidence that stone from Salisbury Quarry, without shaping, met
the Contract requirements.

       III. Expert Testimony

       A. Both Parties Proffer Expert Testimony

       Appellant correctly states that the extent to which this tribunal relies upon
“expert testimony is an evidentiary determination left to the sound discretion of the
Board” (app. reply br. at 16 (quoting Lebolo-Watts Constructors 01 JV, LLC, ASBCA
No. 59740 et al., 21-1 BCA ¶ 37,789 at 183,427)). Appellant proffers three
individuals, Mr. Cox, Dr. Griggs, and Mr. Leavitt, as “experts to provide opinions
regarding the acceptability of the unmodified Salisbury blocky stone which was cut
stone rather than blasted stone” (app. br. at 21). The government does not challenge
their designations as experts (gov’t reply br. at 10-11, 16). The government offered one
expert, Dr. Williams, on the “issue of whether the Salisbury Quarry Stone met the
Contract requirements” (gov’t br. at 26). Appellant does not argue that Dr. Williams is
not qualified as an expert; rather, appellant argues that Dr. Williams is less credible
than Trade West’s experts (app. reply br. at 15). We find that all four individuals
possess varying degrees of expertise regarding the placement of stone along coastal
waterways (findings 60, 63, 66, 75) and neither party has challenged the admission of
the other parties’ expert submissions into evidence.

        Although appellant established the education and experience of Mr. Cox,
Dr. Griggs, and Mr. Leavitt, and we have considered their collective statements, as we
set forth below, we do not regard their expressed opinions to be of sufficient weight to
establish by preponderant evidence that the unshaped stone from Salisbury Quarry met
the Contract requirements. Our decision discusses, in detail, statements and positions
proffered by each individual, and, in so doing, we have exercised our sound discretion
in deciding which statements and positions to accept and which to reject. S.W. Marine,
Inc., San Pedro Div., ASBCA No. 28196, 86-2 BCA ¶ 19,005 at 86,241 (“trier of fact is
not bound by expert testimony and may substitute his common sense judgment for that
of the expert”). We also have considered the parties’ proffered expert testimony, not as
a means by which to interpretate the contract, but rather as a means to interpret various
terms of art and to assist us in the factual (not legal) determination whether stones from
Salisbury Quarry complied with the Contract’s unambiguous requirement that they
form a compact mass and interlock with each other and the existing stones.
Parsons-UXB Joint Venture, ASBCA No. 56481, 12-1 BCA ¶ 34,919 at 171,695
(“[e]fforts by experts to apply the facts to specialized legal terminology to attempt to
establish whether a particular legal standard has been satisfied should be excluded”
(citation omitted).

                                           47
         B. Trade West’s Attempt to “Discount” Dr. Williams’s Testimony is Misplaced

       We note that Mr. Leavitt and Dr. Williams both were involved in various
aspects of the South Jetty repair project. Appellant suggests that we should “discount”
Dr. Williams’s statements because he was involved “in the preparation of the plans and
specifications out of which this appeal arises” (app. reply br. at 17). 9 Appellant
argues, however, that Mr. Leavitt’s statements should not suffer the same fate (id. n.8),
even though, as Mr. Leavitt’s affidavits make abundantly clear, Mr. Leavitt was
extensively involved in preparing appellant’s proposal, prosecuting the work, and
requesting that the government accept stone from Salisbury Quarry (findings 15,
21-22, 27, 37, 41, 44-45, 47, 75-78). In support of its position, appellant states,
“[w]hile the proffered expert testimony of Andy Leavitt also is from an employee of
one of the parties, Mr. Leavitt’s opinions were independently peer reviewed and
validated by Mr. Cox and Mr. [sic] Griggs who both are truly independent and not
employed by Trade West” (app. reply br. at 17 n.8). However, a review of Mr. Cox’s
affidavit and Dr. Griggs’s report establishes that neither individual referenced
Mr. Leavitt’s affidavits nor “peer reviewed and validated” his specific opinions.
Indeed, in its reply brief, appellant argues just the opposite, i.e., that “Mr. Leavitt
Validates Mr. Cox’s and Mr. [sic] Griggs’ Opinions” (app. br. at 25).

        Citing Ryan Co., ASBCA Nos. 41235, 42095, 94-1 BCA ¶ 26,539, appellant
argues that Dr. Williams’s alleged bias as a government employee is greater than any
alleged bias that Mr. Leavitt had as appellant’s employee because Dr. Williams
approved the project drawings as the Chief of the Design and General Engineering
Section (app. reply br. at 15 n.6, 18). In Ryan, the government expert was a principal
of the architectural/engineering firm that prepared the drawings and specifications in
question, and the Board expressed its concern that this created a bias “greater than any
bias of appellant’s expert” (id. at 17 (quoting Ryan, 94-1 BCA ¶ 26,539 at 132,096)).
Obviously, the facts in that appeal are readily distinguishable. Dr. Williams is a
government employee who approved drawings in the course of his employment; he was
not the principal of an outside company that prepared contract drawings and

9
    Appellant argues that “the Corps would have us believe that Mr. [sic] Williams’ work
        and approval resulted in a defective specification[,] but that we should now
        believe his supposed clear and unambiguous opinions” (app. reply br. at 16 n.7).
        However, neither party argues that the Contract specifications were “defective.”
        Indeed, appellant specifically states that it “does not argue that [Dr. William’s]
        work in drafting the specifications and drawings was defective or resulted in an
        ambiguity” (id. at 15). To the extent that appellant now is suggesting that the
        specifications were defective, it could be argued that this created an ambiguity,
        thus allowing the consideration of pre-dispute extrinsic evidence such as the
        parties’ agreement at the outset of the Contract to utilize blasted, jagged stone
        from Fountain Quarry, which met the Contract specifications.
                                              48
specifications for the government, and who’s company’s reputation potentially was put
at issue because of various problems caused by possible design deficiencies.
Considering Dr. William’s declaration as a whole, even though he approved the
drawings prepared by the Design and General Engineering Section, we do not perceive
a bias that we believe renders his opinion unreliable. 10

         IV. Appellant Has Not Established by Preponderant Evidence that Unshaped
             Stone from Salisbury Quarry Met the Contract’s Requirement that Stones
             Be Angular in Shape

       In our previous decision, we found that Contract specification 2.1.2 required
armor stone “be furnished in blocky and angular shapes.” Trade West I at 183,075. In
its Rule 11 brief, appellant contends, and the government does not dispute, that stone
from Salisbury Quarry was “blocky” (app. br. at 19; gov’t br. at 33). The parties
disagree, however, as to whether the unshaped stone from Salisbury Quarry was
angular. Trade West argues that all three of its “proffered experts provided credible
and logical explanations and opinions that the unmodified blocky stone was, in fact,
‘angular’” (app. reply br. at 10). The government argues that “[t]he supplemental stone
proposed was not ‘angular’ in shape” (gov’t reply br. at 1).

       In essence, appellant argues that the unshaped stone from Salisbury Quarry is
“angular” because the stone had angles and was not round (app. br. at 18). As support,
appellant cites an attachment to Mr. Leavitt’s affidavit, setting forth the Merriam-
Webster definition of that word as “having one or more angles” (id.; finding 25), and
references the opinion of Dr. Griggs, which states, “[a]ny angle, whether 5, 60, 90 or
145 degrees is an angle” (app. br. at 23; finding 70).

        In contrast, Dr. Williams states in his declaration that “[t]he requirement for the
stone to be furnished in ‘blocky and angular shapes’ has specific meaning with regard
to coastal engineering erosion control structures and is commonly understood to mean
blasted rock with sharp, random, angular shapes” (finding 62). We find this is
consistent with Contract specifications requiring that “stone shall be furnished in blocky
and angular shapes” and “stone shall be furnished in random sizes” (findings 4-5). This
also is consistent with Mr. Leavitt’s statements in his affidavit that “[w]hen initially
performing this contract, I planned to use large stones produced as a byproduct from

10
     Appellant also relies upon two Board decisions wherein we questioned the credibility
        of former government employees who testified as experts and who were engaged
        on a contingent fee basis (app. reply br. at 16) (citing Cosmic Constr. Co.,
        ASBCA Nos. 24014, 24036, 88-2 BCA ¶ 20,623; Melville Energy Sys., Inc.,
        ASBCA No. 33890, 87-3 BCA ¶ 19,992). Regarding Dr. Williams’s credibility,
        the facts presented in those appeals obviously are in no way similar to those
        presented here.
                                             49
blasting operations to produce aggregate” and that “[b]lasted rock is often used for
those projects because it is cheaper to produce” (finding 76).

        Dr. Griggs challenges Dr. Williams’s opinion, stating, “Mr. [sic] Williams does
not cite a document where this specific meaning is explained or defined, or by where it
is ‘commonly understood to mean blasted rock with sharp, random, angular shapes’”
(finding 69). Although Dr. Griggs criticizes Dr. Williams because he “does not cite a
document where this specific meaning is explained,” or “where it is ‘commonly
understood,’” Dr. Griggs does not disagree with the premise of Dr. Williams’s
statement (id.).

       As support, Dr. Williams cites CEM Part IV, Chapter 2, which includes images
of manufactured concrete armor units and categorizes such units as either massive or
blocky, bulky, slender, or multi-hole cubes. Massive or blocky units are then described
as “cubes incl[uding] grooved types, parallelepiped block.” (Finding 62) Dr. Williams
concludes that “[w]hile the stones provided by Trade West Construction originating
from the Salisbury Quarry fit the definition of ‘massive/blocky’” because they are
functionally identical to the armor units shown in . . . the CEM, these stones would not
be considered ‘angular’ because their corners are at or close to 90-degree angles,” that
“[a]ngular stones have either acute (angles less than 90-degrees) or obtuse (angles
greater than 90-degrees) angles, but no flat sides with 90-degree angles,” and “[t]he
term “angular” is not used to describe cubic or parallelepiped-shaped stone” (id.). We
find that Dr. Williams’ reliance upon extrinsic evidence of trade practice and custom is
appropriate under these circumstances. TEG-Paradigm Envtl., Inc. v. United States,
465 F.3d 1329, 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (even where a contract is unambiguous,
“evidence of trade practice may be useful in interpreting a contract term having an
accepted industry meaning different from its ordinary meaning”) (quoting Hunt Constr.
Group, Inc. v. United States, 281 F.3d 1369, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2002)).

       Dr. Griggs also criticizes Dr. Williams’s opinion, stating, “[w]hile he calls the
corner of the Salisbury stones 90-degree angles, he concludes in the same sentence that
they are not angular,” and “[i]t seems that Mr. [sic] Williams has made up a definition
of angular stones to have only acute (less than 90-degrees) or obtuse (greater than
90-degrees) angles. What about an angle or corner at 85 or 95 degrees? Would these
stones be considered angular?” (Finding 70) As noted by the government, both
Dr. Griggs (and Mr. Leavitt, in his second affidavit) “take issue with that statement[,]
arguing 90 degrees is still an angle” (gov’t br. at 34). We agree with the government
that “both miss Dr. Williams’ point that ‘angular’ would not be used to describe a cubic
or parallelepiped shaped stone, implying such description would be redundant” (id.).

       As additional support for his position, Dr. Williams relies upon other industry
publications discussing stones, examined at the granular level, such as ASTM
D2488-17, Table 2, entitled “Standard Practice for Description and Identification of

                                           50
Soils (Visual-Manual Procedures)” (finding 62). According to Dr. Williams, that
document provides “criteria for describing angularity of coarse-grained particles” and
describing “angular as ‘particles hav[ing] sharp edges and relatively plane sides with
unpolished surfaces’” (id.). Dr. Williams also notes that Figure 3 of ASTM D2488-17,
Table 2, includes photographs of different stone shapes, under the heading “Typical
Angularity of Bulky Grains,” and that none of the stones pictured “include cubic- or
parallelepiped-shaped stones” (id.).

       In response, appellant argues that “Mr. [sic] Williams resorted to reliance upon a
soil specification, concrete armor units as well as other errors in methodology
demonstrating the flaws forming the basis of Mr. [sic] Williams’ opinions” (app. br.
at 25). Dr. Griggs criticizes Dr. Williams’s comparison of “small natural pebbles
weighing less than an ounce with quarried or blasted stones weighing 14 – 22 tons,”
which Dr. Griggs labels “an unsatisfactory and inappropriate comparison” (finding 70).

        However, appellant’s argument is disingenuous given that at the outset of this
dispute, appellant likewise offered and relied upon a similar “granular level” example
in its attempts to define the meaning of “angular.” In a letter to the contracting officer
requesting approval of stone from Salisbury Quarry, Mr. Potter, appellant’s quality
control manager, stated that “[a]fter extensive digging into what defines a stone as
‘blocky and angular’ we found several credible sources, all of which have similar
definitions. . .” (finding 24). As support for appellant’s position regarding the
definition of angular “as ‘having one or more angles,’” Mr. Potter, like Dr. Williams,
examined comparisons of stones at the granular level, noting that “the USGS interprets
‘angular’ at the granular level as being the ‘opposite of round’” (id.). An attachment to
Mr. Potter’s letter stated, in part, “[t]he following excerpt applies to the granular level,
but still helps us in discovering the many definitions of angular” (finding 25). In a
section discussing grain shape is the statement, “When rocks first break apart, they
are split into sharp, angular pieces . . .” (id.) (bold typeface in original). The USGS
definition of angular offered by appellant supports Dr. Williams’s statement, wherein
he “describes angular as ‘particles [that] have sharp edges and relatively plane sides
with unpolished surfaces,’” as opposed to “cubic- or parallelepiped-shaped stones”
(finding 62).

       Appellant’s “extensive digging” in search of definitions for blocky and angular
indicates an after-the-fact effort to find support for its proposition that unshaped stone
from Salisbury Quarry complied with Contract specifications. It also reflects an
attempt by appellant to read the specifications in a manner different than how appellant
interpreted the specifications when it proposed the use of Fountain Quarry stone; all for
the purpose of requiring the government to accept armor stone that admittedly was
different in shape than the type previously agreed upon by the parties. Trade West I
at 183,077 (“Trade West's prior performance reflected its belief (and confirmation) that

                                             51
Fountain Quarry stone met Contract requirements,” and “that Fountain Quarry and
Salisbury Quarry produced different types of armor stone”). 11

        Appellant argues that the “typical cross sections in the contract drawings and the
existing jetty cross sections . . . are consistent with the use of interlocking sawn stone”
(app. br. at 37). Indeed, both Mr. Leavitt and Dr. Griggs cite Contract Drawing CN301,
which depicts design cross-sections, as support for their positions regarding the proper
shape of armor stone, yet they come to opposite conclusions (finding 13). Mr. Leavitt
states that Drawing CN301 “showed stone which were blocks and ‘blocky’ and
‘angular’ and not the jagged stones produced by blasting (though the blasted stone
meets the contract requirements)” (finding 76). In contrast, Dr. Griggs states, regarding
Drawing CN301, that “[w]hile the stone descriptions state that the rock to be used
should be angular, the stones depicted on each of the 68 cross-sections are not angular
but more spherical, which would not be stable on a jetty exposed to high wave energy,
and in fact, would not be stable on any stone structure” (finding 68). Note 4 to
Drawing CN301 stated that the stones depicted provide an example of proper stone
placement and are merely general representations, not a mandate as to the size to be
utilized (finding 13). Although Mr. Leavitt and Dr. Griggs both reference Note 4, they
seem also to ignore its import (findings 68, 76).

       That appellant’s quality control manager, Mr. Potter, recognized the difference
between the different types of stone is evident in his correspondence with Mr. Cox,
wherein he stated that the jetty structure “is primarily comprised of jagged angular
boulders,” while “[t]he stones we are looking to place on top of this structure are of a
blocky granite” (finding 52). Mr. Potter then asks, “[t]he question in a nutshell is will
blocky stones interlock with jagged boulders?” (id.). Additional evidence of
Mr. Potter’s concern regarding the use of blocky stone is reflected in a February 10,
2016, email, in which Mr. Potter provided to the government a photograph of stone
available from another site (finding 17). The stone from the alternative site resembles
the blocky, unshaped stone from Salisbury Quarry (id.). Mr. Potter asked Mr. Serrano

11
     Our previous decision held that, “although ‘extrinsic evidence may not be used to
         interpret an unambiguous contract provision,’ tribunals ‘have looked to it to
         confirm that the parties intended for the term to have its plain and ordinary
         meaning.’” Trade West I at 183,076. We also held that the “pre-dispute
         extrinsic evidence of the parties' intent and contract interpretation ultimately
         may be entitled to ‘great weight,’ [but] the factual dispute regarding whether
         Salisbury Quarry stone met the contract requirements first must be addressed”
         (id. at 183,077). Because we now hold that appellant has failed to establish by a
         preponderance of the evidence that the unshaped stone from Salisbury Quarry
         met the Contract specifications, we need not reach the issue of whether the
         parties’ pre-dispute Contract interpretation “is entitled to ‘great, if not
         controlling, weight.’” Trade West I at 183,076 (citations omitted).
                                               52
whether the government would be interested in using it “along the Jetty,” stating, “[i]f
there are any concerns with the shape of the stones we can break off sections of the
edges to create a less blocky shape, but only if necessary” (id.). Mr. Potter raised his
concerns prior to appellant’s request that the government accept stone from Salisbury
Quarry (findings 17, 19-21).

       Considering the record evidence offered by the parties and the statements of the
parties’ experts, we find that appellant has failed to establish by a preponderance of the
evidence that stone from Salisbury Quarry met the Contract requirement that the stone
be angular in shape.

         V. Appellant Has Not Established by Preponderant Evidence that the Armor
            Stone Offered by Trade West Met the Contract’s Requirement that Stones be
            of Varying Sizes and Shapes

        In our previous decision, we found there was no dispute that “the Contract
specifications, taken together, required ‘blocky and angular’ stones, as well as stones of
varying sizes and shapes.” Trade West I at 183,075. The government argues that the
unshaped stone from Salisbury Quarry was not “of varying shape as required by the
contract, but rather was parallelepiped or rectangular block shaped with flat sides,” and
that the government “reasonably concluded initially the supplemental stone would fail
to form a compact, interlocking mass of stone” (gov’t reply br. at 1). Appellant argues
that “[w]hile the stones were blocky, they were not rectangular,” and that “the
specifications do not prohibit rectangular parallelogram shapes” (app. br. at 29). 12

        The parties do not now directly challenge our finding that the Contract required
blocky and angular stones, as well as stones of varying sizes and shapes. Appellant
argues, however, that “[a]s related to placement of the stone, the stone was required to
be of varying shapes and sizes to assist in the placement of the stone” (app. reply br.
at 11) and that “[i]t is disingenuous to state that ‘varying shapes’ in the placement
section of the specifications should override the ‘blocky’ requirement in the actual
armor stone specification” (id. at 12). Notwithstanding appellant’s assertion to the
contrary, our interpretation of the Contract does not result in one specification
“overriding” another. Rather, in finding that the specifications required ‘blocky and
angular’ stones, as well as stones of varying sizes and shapes,” our interpretation of the
Contract reads the two specifications together, giving harmony to both provisions.
Hometown Fin., Inc. v. United States, 409 F.3d 1360, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2005). Indeed,
appellant acknowledged previously that the intent of the specifications was “to provide

12
     “A parallelogram is a four-sided plane figure having opposite sides parallel and
         includes a square, a rectangle (oblong), a rhombus, or a rhomboid.” Application
         of Gewiss, 435 F.2d 904, 905–06, 58 C.C.P.A. 824, 825-826 (1971).
                                              53
blocky and angular stones of various sizes and shapes” Trade West I at 183,075 (citing
app. mot. at 4).

        In its initial Rule 11 brief, appellant argues that “[t]he sample block sizes were
of various sizes and shapes (different parallelepiped sizes),” (app. br. at 19), and that
“[s]ince the angles are different for each blocky stone (and for many of planes on the
blocky stone), the shapes are not uniform” (id. at 29). In its reply brief, appellant
argues that the unshaped stone from Salisbury Quarry met that requirement, stating that
“[t]he stones clearly were of different sizes as shown by Trade West,” because “[t]he
stones varied in shape within the context of remaining blocky since the various shapes
were of blocky stones and not stones in general” (app. reply br. at 12).

        In his February 29, 2016, letter to the government, Mr. Potter stated that,
because no two stones are exactly the same, they, therefore, meet the requirement of
being of various sizes and shapes, noting, “[t]he stone we are proposing to use
consistently produces various sizes and shapes with no two stones holding the same
dimensions, angles or shapes,” and that “we measured several blocks and found that
every sample produced its own unique dimensions” (finding 24). However, Mr. Potter,
in an internal email to Mr. Leavitt sent one day later, on March 1, 2016, expressed his
concern regarding whether unshaped stone from Salisbury Quarry met the requirements
of the specification, paragraph 3.2.4 (finding 27). Mr. Potter states that the government
“may try to focus on the ‘various shapes’ verbiage and say that if all, or the majority of,
the stone is rectangular/cube like in shape, then the shapes don't vary” (id.). Mr. Potter
observed, “[w]e need to have a good response to that argument. I don't know if just
saying that the dimensions of the stones vary will be sufficient (i.e. one stone has the
dimension of 5'x6'x8' and another has the dimension of 6'x7'x11'). This does cover the
various sizes, but not shapes.” (Id.)

        Appellant argues in its reply brief that Mr. Potter’s March 1, 2016, email
“constitutes inadmissible hearsay,” is “of little probative value,” and “was merely a
preliminary discussion and Mr. Potter, prior to these discussions, officially issued
TWC001 at R4, Tab 047a [appellant’s Serial Letter TWC-0001, dated
February 29, 2016] which fully supports Trade West’s position” (app. reply br. at 21
(bold typeface in original)). Although appellant casts the letter as “merely a
preliminary discussion,” appellant recognizes that Mr. Potter’s March 1, 2016, email,
was issued after his February 29th email. The March 1, 2016, email is part of the
official record in this appeal. The document was submitted on June 30, 2021, “[i]n
accordance with the Board’s Order dated April 1, 2021,” as tab 48 to the parties’ “Joint
Supplemental Rule 4 Submission.” The parties’ June 30, 2021, Rule 4 submission,
contained no objection by either party to any of the documents included in the Joint

                                            54
Supplemental Rule 4 Submission. 13 As to the document’s probative value, as the
finder of fact, we have considered the document’s contents and evaluated the weight,
persuasiveness, and credibility it should be given. CANVS Corp., ASBCA Nos. 57784,
57987, 18-1 BCA ¶ 37,156 at 180,894 (“[a]s the finder of fact, the Board is responsible
for evaluating the credibility, persuasiveness, and weight accorded to conflicting
evidence in the record”). We find that the contemporaneous, internal email of
appellant’s quality control manager is evidence relevant to the Board’s factual
determination of whether appellant has met its burden of proof by a preponderance of
the evidence. ECC Int’l, LLC, ASBCA No. 58875, 20-1 BCA ¶ 37,683 at 182,961 n.12
(considering contemporaneous, internal contractor emails that established subcontractor
was responsible for the decision to perform work not in accordance with contract).

        Regarding the issue of whether the armor stone met the Contract’s varying
shapes and sizes requirement, the statements of appellant’s experts fail to provide the
“good response” sought by Mr. Potter. Although Mr. Cox summarily states that the
specification requires “stones of various shapes and sizes be used,” his affidavit is
devoid of any discussion regarding whether the stone from Salisbury Quarry met that
specification requirement (finding 64). Indeed, we note that Mr. Cox recognized the
importance of different shaped stones, stating that “[d]epending on the size and
configuration of the void and the method of placement, different shaped stones would
interlock better than other stones” (id.). The report provided by Dr. Griggs, offered by
appellant as a peer review and validation of Mr. Cox’s opinion (app. br. at 21), likewise
does not substantively address the requirement that the armor stone be of “varying
shapes and sizes” (finding 68). Instead, Dr. Griggs simply quotes Mr. Cox’s statement
that the specification required “stones of various shapes and sizes be used,” concluding,
“I am in complete agreement with these statements. Placement of the stone is of
critical importance in achieving stability” (finding 71).

       Mr. Leavitt’s first affidavit does not mention the Contract’s varying sizes and
shapes requirement (finding 76). Mr. Leavitt’s second affidavit makes several
references to the specification requirement. Still, it does so only summarily, stating,
“[e]ach were of different sizes and shapes with differing angles and weights,” “the
shapes and sizes of the Salisbury stone varied greatly,” and “these were not cubes, but
were blocky and angular stones of varying sizes and shapes[,] which were clearly

13
     Our April 1, 2021 Order, required the parties to meet, confer, and submit to the
         Board their joint Rule 4 supplement, “with any unresolved objections to the joint
         Rule 4 supplement (and the basis for those objections) noted in the filing.”
         Appellant having failed to lodge any objection to this document as required by
         our April 1, 2021 Order, has waived its right to object to its inclusion in the
         record at this stage in the proceedings. X-Tyal Intern. Corp., ASBCA
         No. 24353, 84-2 BCA ¶ 17,251 at 85,919 (appellant waived right to object to
         documents by failing to raise objections in a timely manner).
                                              55
complied with the specification armor stone requirements” (finding 78). It is well
established that “[g]eneralized conclusory, unsupported opinion type statements do not
demand weight when such statements are little more than self-serving conclusions.”
L.B. Samford, Inc., ASBCA No. 32645, 93-1 BCA ¶ 25,228 at 125,660 (citing Newell
Clothing Co., ASBCA No. 28306, 86–3 BCA ¶ 19,093, aff'd, Newell Clothing
Company, Inc. v. United States, 818 F.2d 876 (1987)). This especially is true where the
conclusory opinions concern “fact[s] we are called upon to decide.” Universal Yacht
Servs., Inc., ASBCA No. 53951, 04-2 BCA ¶ 32,648 at 161,579.

        Mr. Leavitt challenges Dr. Williams’s statement that “blocky and angular
shapes . . . would not be used to describe uniformly shaped cubes or parallelepiped
shaped stone like that produced by the Salisbury Quarry” (finding 62), stating that
Dr. Williams “implies that the stone supplied from the Salisbury Quarry were ‘uniformly
shaped’, which in fact, is not true since all the stones greatly varied in shape and size and
no two stones were identical” (finding 78). 14 However, Mr. Leavitt’s conclusory
statement in no way establishes that the parallelepiped stone offered by appellant met the
varying sizes and shapes requirement of the Contract specification. As noted by Mr.
Potter, “I don't know if just saying that the dimensions of the stones vary will be
sufficient (i.e. one stone has the dimension of 5'x6'x8' and another has the dimension of
6'x7'x11'). This does cover the various sizes, but not shapes.” (Finding 27)

       Considering the record evidence offered by the parties and the statements of the
parties’ experts, we find that appellant has failed to establish by a preponderance of the
evidence that stone from Salisbury Quarry met the Contract requirement that it be of
varying sizes and shapes.

         VI. Appellant Has Not Established by Preponderant Evidence that Armor
             Stone Offered by Trade West Met the Contract’s Compact Mass and
             Interlock Requirements

       As we found previously, “Specification 3.2.4 required that ‘armor stones of
various sizes and shapes shall be distributed such that they form a compact mass and
interlock with each other and the existing stones.’” Trade West I at 183,075. Appellant
correctly states that the purpose of the Contract was “to provide a durable and long-
standing repair to the Masonboro Inlet Jetty through the placement of heavy 14-20 ton
armor stone into the structure” (app. br. at 32). Indeed, the Contract specifications
required that armor stone “be placed in a single layer” and the Contract drawings
provided that “[t]he intent of the project is to provide one new layer of armor stone . . .”

14
     Mr. Leavitt also states, “[i]n my experience, the purpose of this requirement is to
         provide a varied stock of stone of various shapes and sizes to allow the operator
         placing the stone the choice of stone to fill a void or to build out the slope to the
         design elevation) (id.).
                                              56
(findings 10, 12). Mr. Leavitt recognized that Contract “required the Contractor to
provide and place one layer of Armor Stone on the Masonboro Inlet Jetty” (finding 76).

       The government notes, correctly, that relevant to this inquiry is the type of stone
that was in place on the existing jetty prior to commencement of work and upon which
a new layer of armor stone was to be placed (gov’t br. at 32). Dr. Griggs’s report
recognizes that the jetty originally was constructed of “randomly shaped and angular
blasted” stone (finding 74). There is no dispute that appellant chose, and initially
provided, blasted, jagged stone from Fountain Quarry, and that the stone met the
Contract specifications. Trade West I at 183,069.

       It also is undisputed that the armor stone from Fountain Quarry initially
provided by appellant is a different shape than the armor stone from Salisbury Quarry
that appellant offered as a replacement and that stones from the two sources were
quarried differently (blasted versus cut), which resulted in different-shaped stone.
Trade West I at 183,076-77. Indeed, Mr. Leavitt states in his affidavit that “blasted
rock is often used for those projects because it is cheaper to produce” (finding 76). The
record contains numerous photographs of the two different types of stone, which
establish the marked difference between blasted versus cut quarry stone and that
unshaped stone from Salisbury Quarry was of one basic shape – parallelepiped
(finding 55). Mr. Leavitt suggested as much, stating that stone from Salisbury Quarry
was “‘parallelepipeds’ which are defined as blocks with six parallelogram faces”
(finding 78).

        In support of its argument that stone from Salisbury Quarry did not meet the
Contract’s interlocking requirement, the government relies upon statements made by
Dr. Melby (gov’t br. at 37), a USACE expert on armor stones (finding 28). During
Contract performance, Dr. Williams sought Dr. Melby’s “advice or recommendation”
regarding appellant’s request to utilize stone from Salisbury Quarry. Dr. Melby
responded by email, stating that he agreed with Dr. Williams and that “[c]ubic stones
do not interlock well,” and are “[o]ut of spec” (finding 30). Mr. Leavitt alleges in his
affidavit that Dr. Williams somehow “coached” Dr. Melby with respect to his opinion
that stones from Salisbury Quarry would not properly interlock with the stones in place
at the South Jetty (finding 78). We reject Mr. Leavitt’s allegation that Dr. Williams
“coached” Dr. Melby simply by inquiring, during Contract performance, whether a
government expert on armor stone, concurred with Dr. Williams’s belief that the stone
offered by appellant would not properly interlock with existing Jetty stone.
Dr. Williams’s interaction with Dr. Melby on that issue was completely proper. 15

15
     We note that appellant’s counsel did not proffer the same argument in appellant’s
        Rule 11 briefs. We also note that Mr. Leavitt’s affidavits sometimes read more
        like a legal argument than a witness simply stating the facts or proffering an
        opinion regarding the import of certain facts, thereby diminishing his
                                             57
        Dr. Williams explained in his declaration that “[c]ubes and parallelpiped
stones . . . do not interlock well with adjacent stones that are of different types and
shapes,” noting that “[c]ubes and parallelepiped stones can interlock well with other
cubes and parallelepiped stones when they can fit into a structure like bricks in a
building,” but “they are not compatible for interlocking when placed with a different
type of stone that already exists, such as the blocky and jagged, angular stone found
at the Masonboro Inlet South Jetty prior to this project” (finding 62). Mr. Leavitt again
criticizes Dr. William’s opinion, stating, “Paragraph 9 of Mr. [sic] Williams'
Declaration is conclusory and mistaken since none of the Salisbury Quarry stones were
cubes” (finding 78). What Mr. Leavitt leaves out of his criticism is that Dr. Williams
specifically referred to stone produced by Salisbury Quarry as “uniformly shaped cubes
or parallelepiped shaped” (finding 62). Indeed, in his affidavit, Mr. Leavitt
subsequently agrees with Dr. Williams, stating that Dr. “Williams was careful and
accurate not to describe the stone as rectangular, but rather as "parallelepipeds'' which
are defined as blocks with six parallelogram faces” (finding 78). 16

        As discussed previously, appellant’s quality control manager, Mr. Potter,
recognized the distinction between the armor stone already in place at the jetty and the
unshaped stone from Salisbury Quarry (finding 52). In his email, he informed Mr. Cox
that the existing jetty structure “is primarily comprised of jagged angular boulders
weighing between 14 and 22 tons,” and he expressed his concern about whether stones
Trade West proposed to use from Salisbury Quarry would interlock with the jetty as
constructed, stating “[t]he stones we are looking to place on top of this structure are of a
blocky granite also weighing between 14 and 22 tons” (id.). Mr. Cox responded,
expressing concern about the blocky stones interlocking and stating, “[y]ou did not say
how thick or how many layers you plan so I’m assuming this is placing a repair veneer
over the old so likely just one layer. Likely you will not get much interlock.”
(Finding 53) Mr. Cox acknowledged the problem with interlocking, stating, “[i]f you
are placing the blocks on top of the existing armor of the jetty, I would say no, not a
good idea” (id.), and “if the stone was installed as a veneer over the current stone, that
the interlocking between the veneer and the current structure may not provide for

       persuasiveness. Mega Constr. Co. v. United States, 29 Fed. Cl. 396, 433-34
       (1993) (noting “a strong partisan position by [expert] in favor of plaintiff, in
       conflict with one of his duties as an expert witness to objectively assist the court
       to understand the facts and issues”).
16
   Mr. Leavitt also challenges Dr. “Williams’s “bricks in a building” analogy as
       inapplicable “since the shapes and sizes of the Salisbury stone varied greatly”
       (finding 78). Yet, Mr. Leavitt offers a similar analogy in his first affidavit,
       stating that “[s]tone interlocking is best exemplified in history by the pyramids
       and castles whereby stone blocks are laid together in full contact with virtually
       no voids” (finding 76).
                                             58
proper interlocking (finding 64). Mr. Cox’s question regarding the installation of armor
stone as a veneer over the current stone was on point, as the Contract specified that
armor stone “shall be placed in a single layer” (findings 10, 13).

        In his affidavit, Mr. Cox attempts unsuccessfully to reconcile his earlier,
contrary email statements with appellant’s position in this appeal, stating, “I have since
learned that each stone for this Project was individually selected and placed into the
jetty to fill voids then existing in the jetty and to build the jetty to a specified
elevation,” that “[t]he interlocking is achieved by the skillful placement of the stone in
the jetty”, and that effective interlocking is “primarily a result of proper placement of
angular and blocky stone” (finding 64). Yet Mr. Potter’s initial question to Mr. Cox
explicitly concerned the issue of “interlocking,” asking, “in a nutshell is will blocky
stones interlock with jagged boulders?” (finding 52). Assuming that effective
interlocking is, as Mr. Cox states in his affidavit, “primarily a result of proper
placement of angular and blocky stone” (finding 64), it is unclear why Mr. Cox’s initial
answer to Mr. Potter did not set forth this alleged primary tenant of proper stone
placement.

        In his affidavit, Mr. Cox speculates that “[b]locks of stone, such as proposed by
Trade West for this project[,] could interlock into the structure if the properly sized
stone for the void was chosen and the stone was properly placed to eliminate the void
and lock the stone in place so it did not rock”, and “[t]he blocks of stone, if properly
selected and placed, should be able to achieve interlock” (id.) (emphasis added).
However, such mere speculation does not equate to sufficient proof of appellant’s
position. We find unpersuasive Mr. Cox’s attempts to walk back his earlier statements
regarding the interlocking capability of a single layer of blocky stone installed on top of
the jetty. ASCT Grp., Inc., ASBCA No. 61955, 22-1 BCA ¶ 38,124 at 185,199
(concluding that “contemporaneous statements and actions of the parties to be of
greater weight than the declarations submitted eight years after the fact”).

       Dr. Griggs states his general agreement with Mr. Cox that proper interlocking is
a characteristic not simply of geometry but “primarily a result of the proper placement
of angular and blocky stone,” and concludes that “[p]lacement of the stone is of critical
importance in achieving stability” (finding 71). However, Dr. Griggs, like Mr. Cox,
proffers only general statements that do not specifically establish that unshaped stone
from Salisbury Quarry would meet the Contract’s compact mass and interlock
requirements (findings 71, 74). Therefore, simply restating and agreeing with
Mr. Cox’s conclusory opinions is insufficient to establish their efficacy and “is
insufficient for appellant to carry its burden.” Matcon Diamond, Inc., ASBCA
No. 59637, 20-1 BCA ¶ 37,532 at 182,260.

      As support for its argument that unshaped stone from Salisbury Quarry meets
the Contract’s compact mass and interlocking requirement, appellant also cites a

                                            59
document produced during Contract performance entitled “Mockup of Jetty
Conditions Location: 1408 Point Harbor Road (Staging Area)” (app. br. at 9, 19, 22,
27-29, 34, 36-37; (finding 31)). Appellant suggests that “the Salisbury stone enjoyed
greater contact with adjoining stones than the Fountain Quarry stones,” and that “[t]he
Salisbury stone blocks interlocked better” (app. br. at 19). Appellant argues also “[t]he
mockup of the jetty conditions as well as the expert opinions demonstrate that had the
unshaped sawn quarried stones been used, Trade West had the sufficient skill to place
the stone to interlock into the current structure forming a compact mass while repairing
the voids and other jetty deficiencies of various sizes” (id. at 36).

       Appellant’s mockup offered only one staging of the “jagged stone,” and two
stagings or mockups of the “blocky and angular stone” (finding 32). Although
appellant states that “jagged stones typically formed a bridge across underlying voids
leaving larger gaps in the structure where the constant tidal actions would have access
to pushing up on the stones,” we find that appellant’s singular example of the “jagged
stone” is an insufficient basis upon which to conclude that “jagged stones typically”
form a bridge (id.) (Italic typeface added). 17 Regarding the photographs depicting
“blocky and angular stone,” we note that those stones extend considerably over and
above the jetty stone upon which they are placed (finding 33). Yet, appellant’s analysis
makes no mention of the effect that “constant tidal actions” would have on those
“blocky and angular stone” that protrude out and over the stone base (finding 34).

       Ultimately, the mockup and photographs do not establish under the
preponderance standard that stone from Salisbury Quarry would have met the
Contract’s compact mass and interlock requirements. This fact is brought home by
appellant’s expert, Dr. Griggs, who observes in his report regarding Trade West’s
“mockup of Salisbury Quarry stones,” that “it is difficult with just two photographs to
compare the fit or embedment of the two different stone types” (finding 72).
Nevertheless, Dr. Griggs concludes that “it appears that the cut stone from Salisbury
Quarry, if well positioned, can achieve the compact and ‘interlocking’ requirement”
(id.). We find that Dr. Griggs’s recognition that it is “difficult” to conclude from the
mockup the “the fit or embedment of the two different stone types” based upon just two
photographs is an express recognition of the limitation of the mockup and the
inadequate number of samples upon which appellant has based its conclusions.
Dr. Grigg’s suggestion, based upon that mockup, that “it appears” stone from Salisbury
Quarry “can achieve the compact and ‘interlocking’ requirement,” is not preponderant
evidence necessary to support appellant’s argument that the mockup established

17
     Appellant placed at the South Jetty 277 stones from Fountain Quarry (finding 56).
        Yet appellant offered no examination of the interlocking capability of those
        277 jagged, blasted, stone they placed on top of the jagged, blasted, stone
        already in place on the South Jetty, or the extent to which those stones formed a
        “bridge.”
                                              60
“Salisbury stone blocks interlocked better” (app. br. at 19). Universal Yacht Servs.,
Inc., 04-2 BCA ¶ 32,648 at 161,579 (“Expert opinion evidence is not entitled to weight
when ‘there is simply too great an analytical gap between the data and the opinion
proffered.’”) (citation omitted). We find that appellant’s mockup, and accompanying
photographs, fail to establish that the stone from Salisbury Quarry meets the Contract’s
requirement that the stone “form a compact mass and interlock with each other and the
existing stones” (finding 1), let alone that it would “provide the structure with the best
possible results for interlocking” (finding 35). 18

        Mr. Leavitt states in his second affidavit that “through careful placement, Trade
West would have been able to wedge in the blocks with far less void space than the
jagged stones produced by blasting or chipping of the sawn stone” (finding 78). As
support, Mr. Leavitt cites appellant’s mockup, stating, “[i]n fact, we showed that
precise fact in our mockup demonstration” (id.). However, as we have held, the
mockup relied upon by appellant fails to establish this fact. Although Mr. Leavitt
asserts that he observed the onsite conditions and believes appellant “would have been
able to wedge in the blocks with far less void space than the jagged stone,” even the
mockup relied upon by Mr. Leavitt cautions that “[w]hen placing stones at the jetty we
will not have the luxury of choosing what stones to place as the majority of the stones
will fall beneath the surface and we will be limited to the 8 or 10 stones we have on-
hand, which will diminish with each placed stone” (finding 32).

        Regarding appellant’s attempts to bolster its argument that the government
should have accepted the unshaped stone from Salisbury Quarry because of its alleged
superior durability (app. br. at 36-37), appellant’s argument carries no legal
significance. Even assuming that stone from Salisbury Quarry offered “superior
durability,” such durability was not the government’s only priority, moreover, it is well
established that “[t]he Government is entitled to insist on strict compliance with its
contract specifications, and has no obligation to accept substitutes, even if the
substitutes are equivalent or superior to that which is specified.” Carothers Constr.
Co., Inc., ASBCA No. 41268, 93-2 BCA ¶ 25,628 at 127,545-46.

        Ultimately, appellant’s argument fails because appellant has not established by a
preponderance of the evidence that the stone it proposed to utilize, unshaped, would
have successfully interlocked as required by the Contract. This is true even if we were
to find that both parties’ expert statements were evenly balanced, which they were not.
Marine Indus. Northwest, Inc., ASBCA No. 51942, 01-1 ¶ BCA 31,201 at 154,044
(appellant failed to meet its burden of proof where evidence was evenly balanced based
on the conflicting affidavits, and appellant failed to establish its position was more

18
     The government correctly notes that Mr. Cox also reviewed appellant’s “mockup of
         jetty,” but offered no opinion about the presentation in his affidavit (gov’t reply
         br. at 22, 28; finding 65).
                                              61
probable than not); Parsons Main, Inc., ASBCA Nos. 51355, 51717, 02-2 BCA
¶ 31,886 at 157,539 (“Board assesses the probative weight of the two experts' opinions
to be equal. Thus, the preponderance of evidence does not support the COE's
contention”).

       VII. Alleged Use of Sawn Stone by Other USACE Districts for Other
            Projects Does Not Mean That It Was Appropriate Here

        Appellant argues “that while the specifications permit the use of jagged stone, it
also permits the use of sawn quarried stone which is superior to the jagged stone for
providing a stable and long-lasting jetty repair,” and that “[n]o provision in the
specification prohibits the use of sawn armor stone and Corps guidance typically
includes sawn stone” (app. br. at 30). In support of its argument appellant’s cites what
appears to be portions of a presentation by the USACE Chicago District, entitled
“Armor Stone Durability In the Great Lakes Environment,” which depicts cut limestone
blocks, wherein blocks were “[u]sed initially in ‘Laid Up’ structures,” and “[l]ater used
in rubble mound and as capstone” (app. br. at 30 (citing R4, tab 85 (attachment to
June 7, 2019, aff. of Mr. Leavitt at 84-85))). Appellant also cites paragraph 19 of
Mr. Leavitt’s second affidavit as support, wherein Mr. Leavitt referenced another study
concerning the Great Lakes, entitled “Monitoring Stone Degradation on Coastal
Structures in the Great Lakes,” and made a distinction between rounded stone and
blocky/angular stone, as well as the durability of sawn versus, blasted stone (app. br.
at 30 (citing R4, tab 90 (June 8, 2021, aff. of Mr. Leavitt at 8, ¶ 19); finding 78)). This
allegation has no bearing on the interpretation of the particular contract before us.

        The fact that a different USACE district recognized and discussed the existence
and use of sawn stone in presentations concerning the Great Lakes region does not
establish that the use of unshaped stone from Salisbury Quarry was appropriate for use
in repairing the South Jetty, which is located along the Atlantic seaboard and previously
was constructed with jagged, irregularly shaped stone. Indeed, Mr. Leavitt admits in
his affidavit that “the Great Lakes are not the same as ocean conditions (which vary
widely between locations) . . .” (finding 78) (emphasis added).

       Appellant’s similar argument, that “another Corps district approved the use of
the Salisbury stone (same sizes) for coastal protection when proposed by Trade West in
a subsequent contract” (app. br. at 33 (citing Leavitt Affidavit, Rule 4, tab 85 at ⁋ 28
and Leavitt Supplemental Affidavit at Rule 4, tab 90 at ⁋ 5(a))), fares no better. The
referenced project concerned a USACE revetment repair in Washington State “near
Rialto Beach” (finding 76). As support, appellant cites “Tab No. 9” to his affidavit,
which is a memorandum from Mr. Leavitt to the Seattle District “Design Team for
Quillayute Revetment Repair” (findings 76-77).

                                            62
       Although Mr. Leavitt apparently inquired from the USACE Seattle District
whether the use of these stones “would be a problem,” nowhere in Tab No. 9 is there a
statement by the Corps, or any other government official, wherein “the Corps
confirmed that this was the preferred stone and superior to the cheaper jagged stone
produced by blasting” (finding 76). Indeed, although Mr. Leavitt alleges in his initial
affidavit that the Seattle District accepted Trade West’s proposal to utilize sawn quarry
blocks (finding 76), in his supplemental affidavit, Mr. Leavitt states that Trade West
decided to utilize “blasted stone since the blasted stone was less expensive”
(finding 78). Other than to state that “sawn quarry blocks were approved,” appellant
offers no details about the Seattle District project and provides no comparison between
the revetment repair being performed on the Pacific Coast of Washington State and the
placement of armor stone on an Atlantic Coast jetty composed of jagged, irregularly
shaped stone, or any description of the type of stone currently in place at the revetment
(id.).

        What is apparent, however, is the difference in specifications. Specification 3.3,
Stone Placement, cited by Mr. Leavitt regarding the Seattle District project, apparently
allowed for the placement of slab-like stone on the revetment, stating that “[n]o
slab-like stone shall be placed with its broadest dimension facing upward, parallel to the
finish grade line” (finding 77). In contrast, the South Jetty repair expressly forbade the
use of slab-like stone, “[f]lat stones, tabular stones, slabs, . . . will be rejected”
(finding 5). Even assuming we had sufficient detail to make a proper comparison of the
two projects, such evidence has no bearing upon interpretation of the Contract
provisions here. Intram Co., ASBCA No. 44159, 94-1 BCA ¶ 26,375 at 131,180 (“fact
that the Government clarified the contract requirements in the follow-on contract has no
bearing on interpretation of this contract”); ECC Int’l, LLC, 20-1 BCA ¶ 37,683
at 182,969 (“fact that the parties agreed to a variation on other task orders has no
bearing on this Task Order”). 19 And, as noted above, Mr. Leavitt readily admits that
“ocean conditions . . . vary widely between locations . . .” (finding 78).

19
     Indeed, the case advanced by appellant here is far more tenuous than that in Intram
         and ECC Int’l. As described above in the text, those contracts were between the
         same parties and involved the same work. Here, we have different parts of the
         Corps and greatly different locations. There is no legal basis to tie them to the
         contract in dispute here.
                                             63
                                    CONCLUSION

         We have considered appellant’s remaining arguments and find they have no
  merit. The appeal is denied.

           Dated: October 5, 2022

                                               DAVID B. STINSON
                                               Administrative Judge
                                               Armed Services Board
                                               of Contract Appeals

I concur                                        I concur

RICHARD SHACKLEFORD                             J. REID PROUTY
Administrative Judge                            Administrative Judge
Acting Chairman                                 Vice Chairman
Armed Services Board                            Armed Services Board
of Contract Appeals                             of Contract Appeals

      I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the Opinion and Decision of the
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals in ASBCA No. 61068, Appeal of Trade West
Construction, Inc., rendered in conformance with the Board’s Charter.

      Dated: October 6, 2022

                                             PAULLA K. GATES-LEWIS
                                             Recorder, Armed Services
                                             Board of Contract Appeals

                                          64