Court Opinion

ID: 4668185
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-16 15:00:53.69592+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:59.615115
License: Public Domain

Case: 19-2214    Document: 87    Page: 1   Filed: 03/16/2021

        NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

   United States Court of Appeals
       for the Federal Circuit
                  ______________________

  PI ADVANCED MATERIALS CO., LTD., FKA SKC
              KOLON PI, INC.,
               Plaintiff-Appellee

                            v.

                KANEKA CORPORATION,
                   Defendant-Appellant
                  ______________________

                        2019-2214
                  ______________________

    Appeal from the United States District Court for the
 Central District of California in No. 2:16-cv-05948-AG-
 MAA, Judge Andrew J. Guilford.
                  ______________________

                 Decided: March 16, 2021
                 ______________________

    JENNIFER L. SWIZE, Jones Day, Washington, DC, ar-
 gued for plaintiff-appellee. Also represented by JIHONG
 LOU; THOMAS KOGLMAN, Cleveland, OH; STEVEN J. CORR,
 Los Angeles, CA; YEAH-SIL MOON, New York, NY; SEAN
 CHRISTIAN PLATT, San Diego, CA; MATTHEW J. SILVEIRA,
 San Francisco, CA.

     ANTHONY J. DAIN, Procopio, Cory, Hargreaves & Sa-
 vitch LLP, San Diego, CA, argued for defendant-appellant.
Case: 19-2214    Document: 87      Page: 2    Filed: 03/16/2021

 2    PI ADVANCED MATERIALS CO., LTD   v. KANEKA CORPORATION

 Also represented by RAYMOND K. CHAN, DAVE DEONARINE,
 FREDERICK K. TAYLOR.
                 ______________________

 Before PROST, Chief Judge, BRYSON and WALLACH, Circuit
                         Judges.
 PROST, Chief Judge.
     PI Advanced Materials Co., Ltd., formerly known as
 SKC Kolon PI, Inc. (“SKPI”) filed a declaratory judgment
 action against Kaneka Corp. (“Kaneka”) in the United
 States District Court for the Central District of California
 seeking a declaration of non-infringement of Kaneka’s U.S.
 Patent No. 7,691,961 (“the ’961 patent”). Kaneka counter-
 claimed for induced infringement of the ’961 patent and
 U.S. Patent Nos. 9,441,082 (“the ’082 patent”) and
 6,264,866 (“the ’866 patent”).
     The district court granted summary judgment of non-
 infringement. For the SKPI products at issue on appeal,
 the district court concluded that no reasonable jury could
 find that they were imported into the United States, which
 meant that Kaneka could not prove the underlying direct
 infringement essential to its inducement claims. Kaneka
 appeals. We affirm.
                        BACKGROUND
                               I
      Kaneka and SKPI are competitors in the manufacture
 and sale of polyimide film, which is used in mobile phones.
 The film is incorporated into mobile phones through a mul-
 titiered supply chain. First, a polyimide film manufac-
 turer, such as Kaneka or SKPI, makes the film and sells it
 to a laminate manufacturer. Second, the laminate manu-
 facturer laminates the film to form flexible copper clad lam-
 inates (“FCCLs”) and sells those to a circuit board
 manufacturer. Third, the circuit board manufacturer uses
 the FCCLs to make flexible printed circuit boards (“FPCs”)
Case: 19-2214    Document: 87       Page: 3   Filed: 03/16/2021

 PI ADVANCED MATERIALS CO., LTD    v. KANEKA CORPORATION    3

 and sells those to a module maker. 1 Fourth, the module
 maker incorporates the FPCs into modules (i.e., compo-
 nents of a mobile phone, such as a display or camera) and
 sells the modules to a set manufacturer. Fifth, and finally,
 the set manufacturer (e.g., Apple or Samsung Electronics)
 incorporates the modules into mobile phones.
     Kaneka and SKPI have litigated before. In Kaneka
 Corp. v. SKC Kolon PI, Inc., No. 2:11-cv-03397 (C.D. Cal.)
 (“the 3397 case”), Kaneka alleged that SKPI induced in-
 fringement of the ’961 patent (among others) in the form of
 U.S. importation of certain accused SKPI films—in partic-
 ular, certain film types bearing prefixes “IF,” “LN,” and
 “LV” (collectively, “the older films”). In that case, Kaneka
 relied on its expert Mr. Napper to trace the amount of
 square meters of the older films that was reasonably likely
 to have progressed through each stage of the supply chain.
 In November 2015, a jury found that SKPI induced in-
 fringement of the ’961 patent as to the older films.
     Following the jury verdict, in January 2016, SKPI an-
 nounced to its customers that “through its continued R&D
 efforts, [it] ha[d] developed more efficient and stable man-
 ufacturing processes . . . to provide polyimide films with
 improved film properties and cost savings to its custom-
 ers.” J.A. 16199. SKPI also informed its customers that
 “[w]ith this change, . . . the existing product types IF and
 LN, and LV will be supplied as types GF and GV respec-
 tively which are the new integrated nomenclatures.”
 J.A. 16199.
                              II
     SKPI filed the present action in August 2016, seeking
 a declaratory judgment that its alleged redesigned films do

    1    Laminate manufacturers (i.e., entities in the sec-
 ond step of the supply chain) may also use polyimide film
 to produce coverlay, which is used to protect FPCs.
Case: 19-2214       Document: 87    Page: 4     Filed: 03/16/2021

 4       PI ADVANCED MATERIALS CO., LTD   v. KANEKA CORPORATION

 not practice the claims of the ’961 patent and that its ac-
 tions relating to those films do not infringe the patent.
 Kaneka counterclaimed for induced infringement of the
 ’961, ’082, and ’866 patents. Kaneka’s infringement allega-
 tions concerned ten SKPI film types relevant here: GF030
 (7.5 µm), GF040 (10 µm), GF050 (12.5 µm), GF100 (25 µm),
 GF200 (50 µm), GF300 (75 µm), GV050 (12.5 µm), GV100
 (25 µm), GV200 (50 µm), and GV300 (75 µm) (collectively,
 “the accused films”). 2 It is undisputed that SKPI did not
 begin making and selling the accused films before January
 2016.
     Following fact and expert discovery, SKPI moved for
 summary judgment of non-infringement. SKPI argued
 that Kaneka could not prove the direct infringement re-
 quired for its inducement claim because it lacked evidence
 that the accused films were imported into the United
 States. After holding two hearings on the summary-judg-
 ment motion, as well as entertaining a supplemental brief
 from Kaneka (and a response from SKPI), the district court
 issued a thorough order granting summary judgment for
 SKPI.
     As to the accused films generally, the district court be-
 gan by observing that Kaneka lacked any direct evidence
 of importation; rather, it presented only circumstantial ev-
 idence about the supply chain from SKPI’s manufacture of
 the films to the mobile phones that are ultimately imported
 into the United States. The court also contrasted the evi-
 dence of importation in this case with that presented in the
 3397 case. It noted that, unlike the 3397 case, where
 Mr. Napper’s expert report contained “some significant

     2   Although Kaneka accused additional film types as
 infringing, the district court granted summary judgment
 for SKPI as to these types (albeit on different grounds),
 J.A. 21308–09, and Kaneka has not appealed the summary
 judgment as to these types.
Case: 19-2214    Document: 87      Page: 5   Filed: 03/16/2021

 PI ADVANCED MATERIALS CO., LTD   v. KANEKA CORPORATION    5

 analysis” tracing the amount of square meters of the film
 at issue that was reasonably likely to have progressed
 through each stage of the supply chain, “neither [Mr.] Nap-
 per nor Kaneka’s infringement expert . . . present[s] a com-
 parable analysis.” J.A. 21310. Indeed, the court noted that
 Kaneka’s infringement expert report did “not address the
 issue of whether the accused films are imported into the
 United States at all.” J.A. 21310.
     The court then analyzed the evidence Kaneka did put
 forth. Although Kaneka emphasized SKPI’s relationship
 with two large Korean FCCL manufacturers, the court ob-
 served that Kaneka lacked evidence about what happens
 to the accused films next—including whether the FPC and
 module makers use other film or other FCCL manufactur-
 ers (including from outside Korea), or whether there was a
 specific thought process relating to what mobile phones
 with what materials from certain suppliers would be sold
 where. The court also noted that Kaneka’s estimates of
 SKPI’s market share and other general statistics were
 “overwhelmingly based” on evidence that pre-dated when
 SKPI actually began making and selling the accused films.
 See J.A. 21313. After carefully considering Kaneka’s evi-
 dence, the court deemed it insufficient to raise a question
 of material fact to support Kaneka’s inducement claims.
 J.A. 21316.
     The court further considered Kaneka’s argument that,
 for two accused film types in particular—the GF050
 (12.5 µm) and GF100 (25 µm)—SKPI was the exclusive
 supplier of film for certain types of mobile phones sold in
 the United States. But the court determined that this ar-
 gument rested on inadmissible hearsay testimony.
 J.A. 21316. It ultimately concluded that, “[a]s with the
 other general evidence Kaneka submit[ted], [Kaneka] has
 not provided enough to support an induced infringement
 claim for these two films.” J.A. 21316–17.
Case: 19-2214     Document: 87      Page: 6    Filed: 03/16/2021

 6    PI ADVANCED MATERIALS CO., LTD   v. KANEKA CORPORATION

     The district court entered judgment for SKPI. Kaneka
 timely appealed. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
 § 1295(a)(1).
                          DISCUSSION
      We review a grant of summary judgment under the law
 of the regional circuit—here, the Ninth Circuit, which re-
 views such grants de novo. Spigen Korea Co. v. Ultraproof,
 Inc., 955 F.3d 1379, 1382–83 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (first citing
 Cheetah Omni LLC v. AT&T Servs., Inc., 949 F.3d 691, 693
 (Fed. Cir. 2020); and then citing L. F. v. Lake Wash. Sch.
 Dist. #414, 947 F.3d 621, 625 (9th Cir. 2020)). Summary
 judgment is appropriate if after viewing the evidence in the
 light most favorable to the nonmoving party and drawing
 all reasonable inferences in its favor, no genuine issue of
 material fact exists. Pauma Band of Luiseno Mission Indi-
 ans of the Pauma & Yuima Rsrv. v. California, 973 F.3d
 953, 961 (9th Cir. 2020). A fact issue is genuine “if the ev-
 idence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict
 for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).
     We first address Kaneka’s arguments as to importation
 of the accused films generally, then its exclusive-supplier
 arguments as to the GF050 (12.5 µm) and GF100 (25 µm)
 films specifically.
                                I
     Kaneka’s importation case for the accused films largely
 rests on the evidence and findings from the 3397 case.
 Kaneka begins by arguing that the accused films are “the
 same” as the older films found to infringe in the 3397 case.
 See Appellant’s Br. 18–23. We agree with the district court,
 however, that Kaneka has not put forth sufficient evidence
 to create a triable issue of fact as to the accused films being
 “the same” as the older film, different in name only.
 J.A. 21315.
Case: 19-2214     Document: 87      Page: 7     Filed: 03/16/2021

 PI ADVANCED MATERIALS CO., LTD   v. KANEKA CORPORATION        7

       For example, Kaneka says that its infringement expert
 tested the accused films and determined that they “con-
 tinue[] to infringe . . . just as [the older films] did.” Appel-
 lant’s Br. 20. To the extent that this phrasing suggests that
 Kaneka’s infringement expert compared the two sets of
 film to one another, that is not so. The cited portion of
 Kaneka’s infringement expert report says nothing of any
 actual comparison, and indeed, as SKPI notes, Kaneka’s
 infringement expert did not compare the accused films to
 the older films at all. See J.A. 21315 (district court likewise
 observing that Kaneka did not “present an expert opinion
 . . . that the old and [accused] films are, indeed, the same
 films”).
      In its reply brief, Kaneka says that whether the older
 films are identical to the accused films is a “red herring”; it
 focuses more on whether the films are the same with re-
 spect to the manner in which they are distributed. Reply
 Br. 11; see id. at 12 (“[T]he evidence shows that the
 [a]ccused [f]ilms replaced the [older films] to the same cus-
 tomers in the same supply chain.”). As to the accused films’
 distribution, Kaneka again relies on the supply chain it es-
 tablished in the 3397 case for the older films. Yet, as the
 district court noted (and as Kaneka does not dispute),
 Kaneka presented no comparable expert analysis of the
 supply chain in this case. And having examined the evi-
 dence Kaneka has put forth, we reach the same conclusion
 as the district court: Kaneka’s evidence lacks necessary in-
 formation about what happens in the downstream supply-
 chain stages, or is otherwise stale—dating from a time (of-
 ten years) before the accused films came to market. See
 J.A. 21312–16. Even viewing the evidence in the light most
 favorable to Kaneka and drawing all reasonable inferences
 in its favor, we agree that Kaneka has not provided suffi-
 cient evidence to create a triable issue of fact as to U.S. im-
 portation of the accused films generally.
Case: 19-2214    Document: 87      Page: 8    Filed: 03/16/2021

 8    PI ADVANCED MATERIALS CO., LTD   v. KANEKA CORPORATION

                              II
      Kaneka also contends that SKPI is the exclusive film
 supplier for certain types of mobile phones sold in the
 United States. This argument is relevant to SKPI’s GF050
 (12.5 µm) and GF100 (25 µm) accused films in particular.
 Specifically, Kaneka argues that (1) SKPI supplies 100% of
 the polyimide film that module maker Samsung Display
 Company (“SDC”) uses for coverlay in its OLED displays
 (for ultimate use in certain Apple and Samsung Electronics
 mobile phones); (2) the GF050 (12.5 µm) and GF100
 (25 µm) films were used for that purpose; and (3) SDC is
 the sole supplier of OLED displays for these particular Ap-
 ple and Samsung Electronics mobile phones, which are
 types sold in the United States.
     Kaneka supports this argument with testimony from
 one of its employees, Mr. Tsuji. Mr. Tsuji testified that
 “SKPI is the only company SDC certifies and uses” for pol-
 yimide film for its OLED displays. J.A. 16857–58. Accord-
 ing to Mr. Tsuji, the source of his understanding in this
 regard came from people at other companies.              See
 J.A. 19503–06. Before the district court, SKPI argued that
 this testimony from Mr. Tsuji was inadmissible hearsay.
 The district court agreed; it rejected Kaneka’s exclusive-
 supplier argument as based on “inadmissible hearsay tes-
 timony” as well as other evidence that did not support
 SKPI’s alleged exclusivity. J.A. 21316–17. We see no
 abuse of discretion or other error in the district court’s
 characterization of this testimony as inadmissible hearsay.
 See Block v. City of Los Angeles, 253 F.3d 410, 416 (9th Cir.
 2001) (“Evidentiary decisions made in the context of sum-
 mary judgment motions are reviewed for an abuse of dis-
 cretion.”).
     On appeal, Kaneka advances arguments for why
 Mr. Tsuji’s testimony as to SKPI’s exclusivity is not hear-
 say. For example, it argues that Mr. Tsuji’s testimony is
 not hearsay because it constitutes a businessman’s
Case: 19-2214     Document: 87      Page: 9    Filed: 03/16/2021

 PI ADVANCED MATERIALS CO., LTD   v. KANEKA CORPORATION       9

 assessment, acquired through “perceptions based on indus-
 try experience.” Reply Br. 23 (first citing Agfa-Gevaert,
 A.G. v. A.B. Dick Co., 879 F.2d 1518, 1523 (7th Cir. 1989);
 and then quoting Burlington N. R.R. Co. v. Nebraska,
 802 F.2d 994, 1004–05 (8th Cir. 1986)); see also Appellant’s
 Br. 42–43. SKPI responds that Kaneka waived (or rather,
 forfeited) these arguments by not raising or developing
 them below. We agree with SKPI.
      The history of the summary-judgment proceedings is
 illuminating here. SKPI argued—in both its motion for
 summary judgment and its reply in support thereof—that
 Kaneka’s exclusive-supplier argument rested on Mr.
 Tsuji’s hearsay discussions with others. J.A. 8019–20;
 J.A. 12670–72 & n.6 (“Kaneka cannot cure the hearsay na-
 ture of these conversations merely by naming the employ-
 ers of the third parties with whom [Mr. Tsuji] spoke, even
 if those employers are alleged Kaneka customers.”). On the
 day of the first hearing, the district court issued a tentative
 order expressing concern with the evidentiary foundation
 for the fact of SKPI’s exclusive-supplier status.
 J.A. 19683–85. This issue was discussed at that hearing.
 J.A. 19738–39. The court then let Kaneka file supple-
 mental papers. Kaneka’s supplemental brief dedicated two
 sentences to its exclusive-supplier argument, followed by a
 string citation consisting mostly of portions of Mr. Tsuji’s
 deposition testimony, J.A. 20066—all of which SKPI had
 already challenged as hearsay.           SKPI’s response to
 Kaneka’s supplemental brief again argued that Kaneka’s
 cited deposition testimony was hearsay. J.A. 20170–71,
 20192–93. And then, at the second hearing, “[t]he parties
 did not further address the concerns regarding the evi-
 dence relating to these two films.” J.A. 21316. At no point
 in Kaneka’s multiple filings or the multiple hearings did
 Kaneka raise or develop the arguments it makes here as to
 why Mr. Tsuji’s testimony was not hearsay. We therefore
 deem those arguments forfeited. See Fresenius USA, Inc.
 v. Baxter Int’l, Inc., 582 F.3d 1288, 1296 (Fed. Cir. 2009)
Case: 19-2214       Document: 87    Page: 10      Filed: 03/16/2021

 10       PI ADVANCED MATERIALS CO., LTD   v. KANEKA CORPORATION

 (noting that “[i]f a party fails to raise an argument before
 the trial court, or presents only a skeletal or undeveloped
 argument to the trial court, we may deem that argument
 waived on appeal”).
      Kaneka also develops its exclusive-supplier argument
 in a different way. Kaneka argues that (1) it and SKPI are
 effectively a Korean duopoly in terms of polyimide film
 used for coverlay; (2) SDC sources its polyimide film used
 for coverlay only from Korea; and (3) SDC has certified only
 SKPI for polyimide film used for coverlay, which Kaneka
 deduces because it has been unable to secure certification
 for itself. SKPI again argues that Kaneka forfeited this ar-
 gument by not raising or developing it before the district
 court. Again, we agree. Even if we were to set aside that
 this argument relies on testimony from Mr. Tsuji that
 SKPI argued was hearsay (an issue discussed above), 3
 Kaneka’s filings failed to adequately develop this argu-
 ment to the district court. We therefore deem it forfeited.
 See Fresenius, 582 F.3d at 1296.
                           CONCLUSION
     We have considered Kaneka’s other arguments and
 find them unpersuasive. For the foregoing reasons, we af-
 firm the district court’s grant of summary judgment.
                           AFFIRMED

      3  Compare Appellant’s Br. 39–40 (collecting citations
 to portions of Mr. Tsuji’s deposition testimony), with
 J.A. 12670, and J.A. 20192–93.