Court Opinion

ID: 2948596
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-16 05:08:22.519729+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:36:41.923623
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                       OF TEXAS
                                     NO. AP-76,377

                      DONALD ANDREW BESS, JR., Appellant

                                            v.

                                THE STATE OF TEXAS

              ON DIRECT APPEAL FROM CAUSE NO. F10-00056-L
                 IN THE CRIMINAL DISTRICT COURT NO. 5
                            DALLAS COUNTY

       H ERVEY, J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which K ELLER, P.J., and
M EYERS, P RICE, J OHNSON, K EASLER, C OCHRAN, and A LCALA, JJ., joined. W OMACK,
J., concurred.

                                      OPINION

       Appellant, Donald Andrew Bess, was convicted in June 2010 of capital murder for

the sexual assault and murder of Angela Samota. T EX. P ENAL C ODE § 19.03(a)(2).

Pursuant to the jury’s answers to the special issues set forth in Texas Code of Criminal

Procedure Article 37.0711, Sections 3(b) and 3(e), the trial judge sentenced Appellant to
                                                                                          Bess – 2

death. T EX. C ODE C RIM. P ROC. Art. 37.0711, § 3(g).1 Direct appeal to this Court is

automatic. Art. 37.0711, § 3(j). Appellant raises fifty-two points of error. We will affirm.

                                            I. Facts

       Because Appellant challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence that led to his

conviction, we review the facts of the case in detail. At the time of her death, Samota was

a junior at Southern Methodist University (SMU). She was majoring in electrical

engineering and computer science while working part-time at Texas Instruments.

       Samota was dating Ben McCall, who worked in construction and lived in Dallas

while managing a project for his company. McCall testified that his relationship with

Samota was exclusive and comfortable, that there was very little tension in their

relationship, and that whenever their busy schedules allowed, they would spend all of

their free time together. Samota’s friend Ana Kadala testified that Samota thought McCall

was the “cat’s meow.” Thomas Geantil, Samota’s step-brother, testified that McCall was

“significant” and he believed that McCall “might be the one.”

       On Friday, October 12, 1984, Samota went out with two friends, Kadala and

Russell Buchanan. Kadala testified that Samota wore a black silk jumpsuit with black

pumps. McCall testified that Samota had invited him to go with them, but he declined

because he had to work early the next morning. Samota drove Kadala and Buchanan in

her car to Bennigan’s and then to Studebaker’s, a nightclub. Kadala and McCall both

       1
       Unless otherwise indicated, all future references to Articles refer to the Code of Criminal
Procedure.
                                                                                          Bess – 3

testified that, at some point in the evening, Samota called McCall and asked him to meet

her at the Rio Room, a club with a members-only backroom. He declined again. McCall

testified that he arranged for Samota, Kadala, and Buchanan to get in the Rio Room using

his membership. However, David Skelton, an employee of the Rio Room, testified that

Samota got into the club because she knew him through business. He also stated that there

was not a call from McCall that night asking him to let Samota into the club.

       After leaving the Rio Room, Samota and Kadala dropped Buchanan off at his

apartment. Buchanan testified that this was between 1:00 and 1:30 a.m. Samota and

Kadala then drove to Samota’s apartment in order to pick up Kadala’s curling iron.

Kadala had originally planned to spend the night with Samota but decided not to do so

because Samota was leaving for a football game too early the next morning.

Consequently, Samota drove Kadala to her dorm and dropped her off. Kadala testified

that she arrived at her dorm room sometime between 12:45 p.m. and 1:30 a.m. Buchanan,

Kadala, and Skelton all testified that Samota did not appear to be intoxicated. They were

all comfortable with her driving and believed that she had the full use of her mental and

physical faculties.2

       According to McCall, at 1:30 a.m., a knock on his front door woke him up; it was

Samota on her way home. McCall stated that he knew the time because he had looked at

his clock as he rolled over in bed. McCall testified that he conversed with Samota for two

       2
           Testing during the autopsy revealed that Samota’s blood-alcohol concentration was .09.
                                                                                       Bess – 4

minutes. Samota had stopped by “to rub in” the fact that he had work early the next

morning, and McCall described the conversation as “playful-type teasing.”

       McCall further testified that, about fifteen minutes after she left, at 1:45 a.m.,

McCall received a phone call from Samota, and he testified that she was acting strange.

For example, the first thing that she said was, “Talk to me”; their conversation was

disjointed; Samota seemed nervous and was rambling; and he could hear noises in the

background. McCall twice asked her what the noises were, and Samota eventually

explained that she had let a man into her condominium to use the bathroom and

telephone. A few moments later, McCall heard Samota tell someone, “Oh, the bathroom’s

down the hall.” After talking some more, Samota asked McCall if there was a pay phone

at a nearby convenience store, and he answered, “I’m sure there is.” Samota relayed that

information to the man in her condo, but McCall did not hear if the man responded. At

that point, Samota told him that she would call him back and hung up the phone.

       McCall testified that he became concerned when Samota never called back.

McCall called her several times, and when she did not answer, he drove to her condo. He

testified that, during the eight to ten minutes it took him to drive there, he called Samota

repeatedly with the cellular phone in his truck but failed to reach her. When McCall

arrived and saw Samota’s car, he ran to her front door located on the second floor of the

condominium building and knocked, but she did not answer. Discovering the front door

locked, McCall ran to the back door, but it was also locked. He called Samota’s phone
                                                                                     Bess – 5

again and could hear it ringing in the kitchen. McCall stated that when he heard no other

sound from Samota’s apartment, he drove to the convenience store they had discussed

earlier. Samota was not there, so McCall returned to her apartment. At 2:17 a.m., he

called the police to report the unusual activity.

       Officers Ken Budjenska and Janice Crowther took the call and met McCall in the

parking lot of Samota’s complex at 2:40 a.m. McCall told the officers that Samota had

gone out that night with friends and that, after returning home, she called him and was

acting strange. He also informed the officers that Samota had let a man into her condo to

use her restroom and phone, and that after calling McCall, she had abruptly hung up and

did not answer her phone. Budjenska testified that, after knocking on Samota’s door, and

because there were no apparent exigent circumstances, he directed Crowther to obtain a

key to Samota’s apartment from the property manager. Using that key, the officers

entered the condo through the front door. McCall waited at the door for the officers to

investigate.

       Budjenska testified that one of the first things that he noticed upon entering the

condo was a single black pump on the floor, and this “quickened [his] pulse” because he

did not know anybody who takes off just one shoe and leaves it there. Crowther searched

the kitchen but found no signs of Samota. At the same time, Budjenska continued to the

bedrooms, and he discovered Samota’s body in the second bedroom. She was naked,

covered in blood, and lying face up with her eyes open; the lower half of her body was
                                                                                      Bess – 6

hanging off the end of the bed. Budjenska checked for a pulse and found none. He

testified that he remembered the scene “like it was last week” because, unlike other

assaults and murders he had worked, this crime “looked like it was the result of . . . evil

preying on innocence.” Budjenska then continued his search of the condo in case the

attacker was still present. In doing so, he discovered “a smudge of blood on the light

switch,” blood on the shower curtain, and “some residue of blood in the bathtub, where it

looked like somebody had washed some blood off.”

       Once satisfied that the attacker was no longer at the scene, Budjenska told

Crowther about his discovery of Samota’s body, and he radioed headquarters and called

for an ambulance. Meanwhile, Crowther went to the bedroom. She testified that Samota’s

body looked angelic, “like a young person that I could relate to.” She also testified that

Samota’s eyes were wide open and that she still remembered Samota’s blue eyes to this

day. When asked about the wounds suffered by Samota, Crowther stated that “[i]t

appeared that her heart had been cut out.”

       Budjenska went back to the front door and told McCall that he had found Samota.

Budjenska testified that when McCall received the news, he started to take a step to go to

her bedroom, but Budjenska stopped him. Budjenska and Crowther testified that McCall

was then extremely quiet but cooperative.

       When the ambulance arrived, the paramedics confirmed that Samota was dead. An

employee of the Medical Examiner’s Office, Michael Darst, also arrived and confirmed
                                                                                         Bess – 7

that Samota was deceased. Others responding to the report of a murder included members

of the physical evidence section (PES) of the Dallas Police Department and Homicide

Detectives Virgil Sparks and Russell Graves.

A. Crime scene evidence

       Detective Sparks testified that there were no signs of forced entry: the back door

was dead-bolted, the front door had been locked, and the sliding glass door was intact and

locked. Sparks testified that, as far as he knew, McCall did not have a set of keys to the

condo at all, and McCall testified to the same. Sparks further stated that he could not

remember the locking mechanism on the front door, but he acknowledged that it could

have been the kind of lock that locks automatically or with just a turn of the nob when the

door is shut. Sparks also explained that he investigated the possibility that an individual

could climb the tree by Samota’s porch and then enter through the sliding glass door. He

testified that he was able to lift the sliding glass door off of its track to open it, but he was

not sure how someone would get it back on the track if in a hurry.

       Inside, Sparks noted that a knife was missing from Samota’s kitchen knife set, and

another detective, Linda Crum, testified that the murder weapon was never found.

Samota’s telephone was on the kitchen counter, and Michael Darst of the Medical

Examiner’s Office testified that it “appeared that the telephone had been wiped clean.” 3

On the counter next to the telephone, a necklace was on top of Samota’s black purse, and

       3
        Linda Crum testified that the phone records for Samota and McCall’s telephones were
never obtained.
                                                                                      Bess – 8

a set of keys was nearby. Sparks also noted that there was a black scuff mark next to the

black pump in the front of the condo that he noticed because it “was the only scuff mark

or soil spot on the whole carpet area.” The other shoe was located in the bedroom near a

pile of clothes by the bed, but the clothes were not ripped and had no blood on them.

       Billy Shehee, a member of PES, testified that they were able to lift comparable-

latent prints from the hall bathroom, a drinking glass on the coffee table in the living

room, a dry-cleaning bag on the bed next to Samota’s body, and the lid of the toilet in the

bathroom next to Samota’s bedroom. None of the comparable prints were bloody, and

analysis revealed that all of the fingerprints were Samota’s, except for the one palm print

on the toilet lid that was never identified. Shehee explained that it was not unusual to

have fingerprints that cannot be matched, particularly because there is no way of knowing

how long they have been there. Shehee also testified that bloodstains and smudges were

found low on the shower curtain, the bathroom’s light switch, and the wall just below the

light switch, but no comparable prints were lifted from those areas.

       David Spence, a supervisor at the Dallas County crime lab, testified that blood was

found in the bathtub’s drain, and the blood droplets found in the tub appeared to have

been deposited while the tub was wet. Similarly, Spence stated that blood found on the

kitchen counter was diluted, which was consistent with someone touching the counter

after washing his bloodstained hands. Detectives Sparks and Crum testified that no

foreign hairs were found on the bedding, clothing, or body.
                                                                                            Bess – 9

       Spence examined photographs of the crime scene and the autopsy as an expert

witness for the State. Based on this examination, he performed a blood-pattern analysis,

and he stated that he could draw multiple conclusions from the photographs. Spence

explained that the headboard of Samota’s bed had an upward “cast-off trail” of blood

beginning at Samota’s head and reaching to the top of the headboard. He also noted that

there were additional blood spatters on the side of the bed going to the wall and that there

were numerous “void areas” where no blood was present. Spence stated that the

headboard spatters were typical of a back stroke and that, when a person is stabbing

someone with a knife and quickly raises that knife, “droplets of blood would fling off the

blade of the knife.”

       Spence further testified that there were “contact transfers” on Samota’s body

“where a bloody object transferred blood from the object onto [her] body.” He also found

transfer blood stains on both of Samota’s thighs—he testified that the upper left thigh

stain was consistent with a bloody right hand while the transfer stain on her right thigh

was consistent with a fingerprint or thumb print.4 Samota had transfer stains on her right

chin area and upper torso as well, and Spence testified that the stain near her mouth could

have been the result of someone’s bloody hand.

       Consequently, Spence opined that the attacker was right-handed, was swinging the

knife quickly, and was probably on the bed, facing the victim, when he repeatedly stabbed

       4
           No comparable print could be lifted from the bloody prints on Samota’s thighs.
                                                                                     Bess – 10

her. In addition, he concluded that the lack of blood in certain areas was consistent with

the attacker’s body being on top of Samota and blocking the transfer of blood to those

areas. Finally, because of the size of the void areas, he could determine that the assailant

was probably a fairly large individual.

       Dr. M.G.F. Gilliland of the Dallas County Medical Examiner’s Office performed

Samota’s autopsy, which began approximately twelve hours after Samota was killed.

Starting with an exterior examination of the body, Gilliland noticed the blood stains and

void areas about which other witnesses testified, and she agreed that something had

blocked the blood from staining the clean parts of Samota’s body. She also concluded

that, based on the blood on Samota’s face, it appeared that a hand had covered her mouth.

       After cleaning the blood stains, Gilliland found a cut in the web of Samota’s left

thumb, a small scratch across the back of her left hand, and superficial cuts on her right

hand, all indicative of defensive wounds “made when a victim tries to ward off blows by

the attacker.” Samota had been stabbed in her chest eighteen times. Based on an internal

examination, Gilliland concluded that at least two of the eighteen stab wounds penetrated

Samota’s sternum, something that would require significant force. In addition, all

eighteen of the stab wounds penetrated Samota’s left lung and eight penetrated her heart,

one of which entered and exited her heart. Gilliland also noted that, based on the stab

wounds, it appeared that the murder weapon was an instrument sharp on one side and

blunt on the other and that it was approximately two to four inches in length, of which all
                                                                                      Bess – 11

are consistent with a knife.

       Gilliland testified that she also examined the body for signs of a sexual assault.

She found no external injuries to Samota’s mouth, genitalia, or anus. However, she did

find viscous secretions or “gooey globs” in the mouth and vagina. A sexual assault kit

was used to preserve the evidence, and the kit was sent to the crime lab for analysis,

which confirmed that the secretion in Samota’s vagina was semen. Gilliland explained

that the viscous secretions discovered in Samota would not be found in a healthy female

because semen breaks down from its own enzymes and from the natural reaction in a live

woman’s vagina. “This takes place in a fairly-short time: Under an hour.” Moreover,

consistent with the blood-spatter patterns and the fact that the semen was still in her

vagina and had not drained out, Gilliland concluded that Samota had not moved after the

intercourse and that she was stabbed while lying down. She opined that, based on the

crime scene, it appeared that the sexual intercourse was nonconsensual. She recognized

the lack of external injuries to the mouth, genitalia, and anus, but explained that “[i]t is

not necessary to have injuries in order to define nonconsensual sexual intercourse.” This

is in part due to the body’s natural secretions, which allow lubrication. In sum, Gilliland

concluded that Samota had intercourse at or near the time of death, that is “the victim

either had had intercourse first and then a violent attack or [a] violent attack and the

intercourse was done after death.”

       Sarah Williams, a forensic serologist, analyzed the rape-kit evidence. After testing,
                                                                                         Bess – 12

Williams concluded that Samota had Type B blood and that she was a secretor.5 She also

found that, while Samota’s oral and anal swabs and smears contained no semen, her

vaginal swab tested positive for acid phosphatase, a chemical found in high levels in

seminal fluid. Based on that, Williams concluded that seminal fluid was present.

       Williams testified that the vaginal smear was “loaded” with intact spermatozoa,

which led her to the conclusion that the sample was as it would be if taken almost at the

time of intercourse. She also explained that the strong levels of acid phosphatase in the

vaginal smear meant that the source of it was seminal fluid and not vaginal fluid.

Williams stated that she would not expect these types of results—fully loaded with intact

sperm and high levels of acid phosphatase—in living victims unless they were examined

immediately after intercourse because deterioration begins within three hours and gravity

will eventually eliminate the liquid. Moreover, if Samota had moved around after the

sexual intercourse, Williams would not have seen the quantity of fluid she found, or even

any at all.

       Dr. Claudia Werner, an obstetrician and gynecologist, testified as an expert witness

for the State. She stated that she had performed between 200 and 400 sexual assault

examinations of victims who had walked into an emergency room after being sexually

assaulted. Werner testified that, in the vast majority of those cases, the patients examined

       5
        Williams testified that a “secretor” is someone who carries his blood type in bodily fluids
other than blood. Thus, a secretor’s blood type could be determined from vaginal fluids, eye
secretions, or other non-blood bodily fluids.
                                                                                    Bess – 13

had no signs of external injuries, and she had seen severe genital trauma in only about ten

or twenty of the examinations. In addition, Werner explained that she had seen vaginal

smear samples loaded with intact spermatozoa from women who had sexual intercourse

within an hour or two of coming to the hospital, but she would not expect to find such a

sample four to six hours after intercourse. Werner further explained that ejaculate is

initially a viscous congealed secretion called coagulum and that it liquefies quickly in a

vagina—“At most, 20 minutes, probably in an intact, living person.” Werner said that,

due to gravity and the fact that sperm liquefies quickly, she rarely saw secretions in a

woman’s vagina. She also testified that “[t]he pelvic floor is and the tissues outside the

vagina are mostly muscle. So as you move around, walk, breathe, whatever, those

muscles -- everything sort of causes an outward draining of the vagina.”

       Dr. James Traylor, a forensic pathologist, testified as an expert witness for the

defense, and he disagreed with certain conclusions drawn by Gilliland, Williams, and

Werner. Specifically, he did not believe that there was sufficient information to conclude

either that Samota’s death and the sexual intercourse were contemporaneous or that the

sexual intercourse was nonconsensual. Traylor recognized that on average, the viscous

secretions will liquify in fifteen to twenty minutes. However, he stated that intact sperm

can survive twenty-four to seventy-two hours in a living person. And he believed that the

viscosity in this case was more likely due to cervical mucous being present than the

viscosity of the ejaculate. Moreover, he testified that the high level of acid phosphatase
                                                                                       Bess – 14

was not indicative of the fact that sexual activity was close in proximity to death.

Therefore, in his opinion, the intact spermatozoa simply indicated that Samota had sexual

intercourse within twenty-four hours of her death, and absent anogenital trauma or semen

on the bedding (none was found), Traylor believed that there was inadequate data to

conclude that the intercourse was nonconsensual or contemporaneous with death.

Nonetheless, on cross-examination, Traylor acknowledged that there is a possibility that

Gilliland’s conclusions were correct.

B. The police investigation

       The police investigation initially focused on four persons of interest: Ben McCall,

Russell Buchanan, Lance Johnson, and Joseph Barlow. McCall was interviewed hours

after the murder, and at that time, he provided a written statement, consented to a search

of his truck and apartment, gave blood and saliva samples, and agreed to a scraping of his

fingernails. No blood or hair was detected in McCall’s fingernail scrapings. A

comparison of his blood and saliva samples to that of the rape kit eliminated McCall as a

suspect based on his blood type, and no items of evidentiary value were recovered from

the search of McCall’s truck and apartment.

       Police had trouble locating Russell Buchanan, and as a result, they became

suspicious of him. But it was later confirmed that he had attended a wedding at the Dallas

Country Club and then flew to Houston. Buchanan testified that he returned to Dallas on

Sunday, October 14, and he became aware of Samota’s death when numerous police
                                                                                     Bess – 15

officers with guns drawn knocked on his door. Buchanan stated that, after he was

interviewed and provided a statement, he was questioned by the police “over and over

again.” Buchanan eventually retained an attorney, and the police stopped questioning

Buchanan. Still, Buchanan voluntarily provided blood and saliva samples, but because he

was a non-secretor, he could not be excluded as the contributor of the semen.

       Lance Johnson, one of Samota’s former boyfriends, was also eliminated as a

suspect. Sparks testified that, although Johnson had admitted to threatening Samota with a

knife once before, it was confirmed that Johnson was asleep at his parent’s house in

Amarillo at the time of the crime. In addition, testing verified that Johnson was not a

contributor to the semen in the rape kit.

       Police also investigated Joseph Patrick Barlow, a student at SMU. Sparks testified

that Barlow reportedly had a crush on Samota, and in his statement to police, Buchanan

recalled that Samota had received harassing notes from “Patrick.” Although Barlow could

not be excluded as the source of the seminal fluid in the rape kit because he was a

nonsecretor, Sparks testified that he was eliminated as a suspect because his whereabouts

elsewhere at the time of the offenses were confirmed.

       Michael Darst, the field agent at the scene for the Dallas County Medical

Examiner, testified that his report contained a note about a sheet of paper found in

Samota’s trash can. Samota had written that she had a date with somebody other than her

current boyfriend, and her current boyfriend was very jealous about the situation.
                                                                                    Bess – 16

Detective Sparks testified that he had no recollection of such a note, and there was no

evidence that the note was collected by PES officers or that any other witnesses had heard

of or seen such a note.

       The police continued to investigate by identifying individuals who had worked on

Samota’s vehicle, workers who had installed Samota’s carpet in her condo, and the

maintenance and landscaping crews who worked at the complex. In addition, the police

investigated individuals previously arrested for rape who were not incarcerated at the time

of the crime, and their fingerprints were compared to those obtained at the crime scene.

       The police eventually exhausted all of their leads, and the case was suspended

pending new information. The case remained cold for almost twenty-three years until

Samota’s former roommate contacted cold-case detective Linda Crum in July of 2006.

Following their conversation, Crum contacted the Dallas County crime lab, which

confirmed that it still possessed the vaginal swab procured by Gilliland and the jumpsuit

worn by Samota on the night of the murder that had a seminal stain in the crotch area. At

that point, for reasons not reflected in the record, Crum testified that she developed

Appellant as a suspect.

       Crum obtained a picture of Appellant as he appeared around the relevant time

frame (1984-1985), when he was thirty-six years old, about six feet tall, and between 250

and 260 pounds. Using that photograph and evidence gathered from the Dallas Police

Department’s initial investigation, on April 15, 2008, Crum and her partner discovered
                                                                                          Bess – 17

that Appellant was an inmate in Institutional Division of the Texas Department of

Criminal Justice (TDCJ). The detectives Mirandized Appellant and interviewed him for

about an hour. Crum testified that initially Appellant was “arrogant” and “just kind of

sitting back.” But his demeanor changed “abruptly” when he was told the date of

Samota’s murder. Appellant agreed to give a written statement:

       I got out of prison on parole in March of 1984. During that summer, I went
       to Dallas to visit some friends. Over the next several months, I visited
       Dallas 3 or 4 times. At the time, I was living and working in Houston.
       During my visits to Dallas I met two or three women. Mostly I would meet
       them at a bar in the Oaklawn Area. One lady was from California and was
       in Dallas for a fooseball tournament. I went with her to a hotel in Irving and
       we had sex. Another lady I met. I went with her to Granbury, I think, and
       we spent the weekend there. I remember another girl that I met at a bar but
       I don’t remember anything about her. I have never hurt anyone. Most of the
       rest of 1984, I stayed home in Houston and worked. During sex with any
       girl, I have never been violent.

(Emphasis added.)

       Prior to making contact, the police had obtained a search warrant for a buccal

swab. Appellant’s buccal swab was sent to SWIFS for DNA analysis. SWIFS also

conducted DNA testing on the vaginal swab obtained during Samota’s autopsy and on the

swabbings of Samota’s fingernail clippings. The lab was able to extract DNA profiles

from the vaginal swab, and analysis of the swab taken confirmed that Appellant’s DNA

matched that of the seminal fluids in the rape kit to a degree of 1 in 2.69 quadrillion. Only

partial DNA profiles were extracted from the fingernail clippings.6 On May 5, 2008, the

       6
        According to the lab’s analysis report, the DNA obtained from the right-hand sample
was of “degraded quality.” Still, testing revealed that it was from a single female, and the “set of
                                                                                      Bess – 18

day that DNA results identified Appellant as the contributor of the sperm, capital murder

charges were filed against Appellant.

       Shortly thereafter, Crum spoke with trace-evidence analyst David Spence and the

prosecutor. They decided to test other evidence for potential DNA, including the top sheet

and fitted sheet of the bed and blood samples from the kitchen counter and bathtub. A day

or two later, the defense requested that the clothing that Samota wore on the day of her

murder be tested also, and Crum took those items to the lab.

       A full DNA profile could not be obtained from the sheets or the blood stains on the

kitchen counter and bathtub. No blood or seminal stains were found on Samota’s

pantyhose, panties, or bra, but a semen stain was found in the crotch area of her jumpsuit.

The lab was unable to extract a DNA profile from that semen stain. However, additional

testing showed that Appellant could be excluded as a possible source, but McCall was

included as a possible source. Crum testified that she knew that McCall and Samota were

sexually active. Crum explained that there was no way of knowing when the stain was

deposited on the jumpsuit, but she believed that the stains were not deposited on the night

of the murders because the unstained panties and pantyhose (both found in the pile of

clothes with the jumpsuit next to the bed) would have been between Samota’s body and

genetic markers could not have originated from Donald Bess and was also observed in the
mixture of DNA obtained from the epithelial cell fraction of” Samota’s vaginal swab. As for the
left-hand sample, the DNA was of “low quantity.” The DNA profile consisted of the X-
chromosome gender marker, but “[d]ue to the low quantity of DNA detected, it could not be
determined with certainty if the DNA originated from a male or female; therefore, no conclusions
will be made in regard to the source(s) of the DNA detected.”
                                                                                        Bess – 19

the jumpsuit.

                               II. Sufficiency of the evidence

       In point of error twenty-two, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence

at the guilt phase of his trial. Evidence is legally sufficient to support a conviction if, after

assessing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, any rational trier of

fact could find the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979). We review all of the evidence, whether it was properly or

improperly admitted. Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

Direct and circumstantial evidence are equally probative, and circumstantial evidence

alone can be sufficient to establish guilt. Id.; Patrick v. State, 906 S.W.2d 481, 488 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1995). The jury is the sole judge of credibility and weight to be attached to the

testimony of witnesses. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. When the record supports conflicting

inferences, we presume that the jury resolved the conflicts in favor of the verdict and

defer to that determination. Id.

       In this case, to prove the essential elements of capital murder, the State had to

prove that Appellant intentionally caused the death of Samota in the course of

committing, or attempting to commit, aggravated sexual assault. T EX. P ENAL C ODE

§§ 19.03(a)(2) and 22.021 (defining aggravated sexual assault). Appellant argues that the

murder must have “occurred in order to facilitate the aggravated sexual assault” and that

the State failed to prove such a nexus between the murder and the aggravated sexual
                                                                                    Bess – 20

assault. However, the only connection required is that the murder must occur “in the

course of” the aggravated sexual assault, that is, in an attempt to commit, during the

commission of, or in immediate flight after the attempt or commission of the aggravated

sexual assault. See Riles v. State, 595 S.W.2d 858, 862 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980); see also

T EX. P ENAL C ODE § 29.01(1) (defining “in the course of committing theft”).

       Here, the issues of whether the sexual intercourse between Samota and Appellant

was (1) nonconsensual and (2) contemporaneous with the murder were hotly contested at

trial, and the State and the defense presented conflicting testimony as to those issues.

Nonetheless, the record supports a rational finding that Appellant murdered Samota

during the course of aggravated sexual assault.

       Gilliland testified that she believed that “death occurred at or near the time of”

intercourse and that the intercourse had been nonconsensual. Gilliland explained that she

found viscous secretion in Samota’s vagina, and DNA results identified Appellant as the

contributor of the sperm. Gilliland believed that the secretion had been recently deposited

because it had not liquefied or drained from the vaginal vault. Serologist Williams also

testified that, because the secretion sample was loaded with intact sperm and contained

high levels of acid phosphatase, she deduced that the sample collected at the autopsy was

“taken pretty much at the time of intercourse.” Dr. Werner, an OB/GYN, testified that

large numbers of intact sperm and its viscosity would not be found several hours after

intercourse in a living person because seminal fluid and sperm begin to break down and
                                                                                          Bess – 21

drain from the body shortly after intercourse. Finally, Traylor acknowledged that there is

a possibility that Gilliland’s conclusions were correct.

       Further, evidence was presented that Samota was involved in a struggle. One of

Samota’s shoes was found by itself on the living-room floor with a scuff mark next to it,

which Officer Budjenska testified gave him concern. Samota’s clothing (including her

pantsuit, bra, panties, and pantyhose) and the mate to the shoe in the living room were

found in a pile in the bedroom. Moreover, autopsy results revealed that Samota had

defensive wounds on her hands. Additionally, based upon the blood spatter pattern,

Spence opined that the attacker was on the bed, facing the victim when he stabbed

her—the lack of blood in certain areas was consistent with the attacker’s body being on

top of or straddling Samota. Also, bloody fingerprints found on both of Samota’s upper

thighs suggested that she was being held down, and blood smears on her face indicated

that a hand had covered her mouth. A kitchen knife was missing from the scene, and the

stab wounds on Samota’s chest were consistent with wounds caused by a knife.

       At the time the crime scene photos were taken, the blood on Samota’s body was

still liquid. Gilliland testified that this indicated that the victim had been recently

murdered. Additionally, the time line of events supports the finding that the sexual assault

and the murder occurred contemporaneously. Buchanan arrived at her dorm room

between 12:45 and 1:30 a.m. after she was dropped off by Samota. McCall testified that

Samota knocked on his front door at 1:30 a.m. and that he then spoke with her on the
                                                                                     Bess – 22

phone at 1:45 a.m. When Samota did not call back or answer her phone, McCall drove

over to her apartment (a drive that took between eight and ten minutes). McCall called the

police at 2:17 a.m. This leaves only approximately thirty minutes during which Samota’s

activities are unaccounted for and during which the sexual assault and murder must have

occurred.

       Having viewed the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we hold that

the evidence is sufficient to support Appellant’s conviction. The jury was able to assess

the credibility and demeanor of the witnesses who testified at trial, and the verdict reflects

that the jury determined from the evidence that Appellant murdered Samota and did so in

the course of sexually assaulting her. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 317.

       Appellant argues that the evidence is insufficient because it does not foreclose the

possibility that he had sex with Samota at some other time and that another individual is

the real murderer. This argument is misguided because “[i]t is the State's burden to prove

each element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt, not to exclude every conceivable

alternative to a defendant's guilt.” Merritt v. State, 368 S.W.3d 516, 526 (Tex. Crim. App.

2012) (citing Turro v. State, 867 S.W.2d 43, 47 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (explaining that

“the evidence is not rendered insufficient simply because appellant presented a different

version of the events”)). Appellant also argues that McCall was a non-credible witness

and his testimony should be discredited. Appellant asserts that McCall fabricated the time

line of events, and according to Appellant, if McCall’s story about visiting him before
                                                                                    Bess – 23

returning home and her subsequent call was fabricated, that created an opportunity for

him to murder her. But we defer to the jury as the sole judge of credibility and weight to

be attached to the testimony of witnesses. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. Furthermore, as to

both of these arguments from Appellant, expert testimony about the condition and amount

of semen places the intercourse at the time of her death. The jury rationally convicted

Appellant of capital murder based on the evidence adduced at trial. Point of error twenty-

two is overruled.

                                   III. Batson challenge

       In point of error number one, Appellant asserts that the State used one of its

peremptory strikes to excuse panel member Margaret Austin from the venire panel

because of her race, in violation of his right to equal protection under the law.

Specifically, he alleges that the answers given by Austin were similar to answers given by

non-minority jurors.

       In Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 86 (1986), the Supreme Court held that the

State violates the Equal Protection Clause when it excludes a venire-panel member based

on race. See Art. 35.261(a); see also Powers v. Ohio, 499 U.S. 400 (1991) (eliminating

the requirement that the defendant and panel member struck must be the same race). A

challenge to the State’s use of a peremptory strike under Batson has three steps. First, a

prima facie case of discrimination must be established by the opponent of the strike. Nieto
                                                                                         Bess – 24

v. State, 365 S.W.3d 673, 675-76 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).7 Second, the State must

produce a facially non-discriminatory reason for its use of the strike. Id. at 675. Third, the

opponent of the strike must show purposeful discrimination by the State. Id. Whether the

proponent of the strike intended to discriminate on the basis of race is a question of fact.

Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 367 (1991). The focus of the Batson inquiry is on

the genuineness, not reasonableness, of the asserted nonracial motive. Nieto, 365 S.W.3d

at 676.

          On appeal, we defer to the ruling of the trial court because it is in the best position

to make determinations of credibility and evaluations of demeanor. Id. We review the

entire record from voir dire and are not limited to the specific arguments made to the trial

court by the parties. Watkins v. State, 245 S.W.3d 444, 448 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). The

ruling of the trial court will be sustained unless it was clearly erroneous. Id. at 447-48.

          Appellant argues that he has shown intentional discrimination via a comparative

juror analysis. A comparative juror analysis compares the responses of a struck panel

member to the responses of other panelists with similar characteristics who were not

struck. See generally Miller–El v. Dretke, 545 U.S. 231 (2005). If the reasons asserted by

the State for eliminating a minority panel member apply equally well to non-minority

members who were not struck, there is some evidence of intentional discrimination based

          7
        If the State does not challenge that prima facie case, we will not review whether
Appellant established a prima facie case. Wheatfall v. State, 882 S.W.2d 829, 835 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1994).
                                                                                     Bess – 25

on race. However, if the answers of the minority panel members are materially

distinguishable from those selected to serve, then no intentional discrimination is shown.

A comparative juror analysis is only one of numerous non-exclusive factors used to show

intentional discrimination, so a successful showing of disparity does not necessarily result

in a finding of purposeful discrimination. See Watkins, 245 S.W.3d at 449.

       At trial, and citing the jury questionnaire, the State argued that it struck Austin

because it generally did not accept panel members who were a “five” on the death-penalty

scale, who thought the death penalty is used too often, or who had a problem judging

others in a death penalty case. The State also noted that Austin had issues with Dallas

County and the criminal justice system in general, she believed that too many people are

in prison unfairly, and her demeanor was not favorable because she seemed “put out”

when answering questions from the State. On appeal, Appellant argues that, because

some of Austin’s answers were similar to those of other panel members accepted by the

State, he has proved intentional discrimination.

       To begin, Austin rated herself a “5”on the questionnaire when required to rate her

view on punishment from one to ten (one being the lightest and ten the most severe).

Although at individual voir dire Austin stated that she had ranked herself a “9,” “after

being shown her questionnaire, she stated that she did write a ‘5.’” The record reflects

that of the other members accepted by the State, no one who rated themselves lower than

“7” was accepted by the State.
                                                                                    Bess – 26

       The State’s second race-neutral reason for striking Austin was that she indicated

on the questionnaire that she believed the death penalty is used too often and, during

individual voir dire, she reaffirmed that belief when she said that some cases called for

rehabilitation, not incarceration. Austin also explained that she believed Texas has a

history of convicting innocent people, which caused her to question the use of the death

penalty. The State did accept one other panel member, Kathy Wylie, who believed the

death penalty was used too often, but unlike Austin, Wylie clarified that the death penalty

was used too often only if wrongly administered.

       Next, the State argued that, unlike other accepted members, Austin had negative

feelings regarding the criminal justice system in general and specifically in Dallas

County. Austin had a negative reaction when asked about her prior jury service. She

explained that the prosecution “had a play gun as evidence. And [she] did not like that.

They let - somebody took the gun out of evidence.” She initially denied that the trial was

a bad experience for her but subsequently stated, without further explanation, that one of

the things that she disliked about her prior jury service was that other jurors complained

about having to serve. Regarding the criminal justice system more generally, Austin

indicated on the questionnaire that she did not like to judge other people, although she

later explained, “That’s all I could come up with that day.” Austin also indicated a belief

that too many people are in prison unfairly; “[A] lot of criminals are victims of society,

because of being poor and don’t have the advantages of others, education and all that kind
                                                                                      Bess – 27

of stuff.”

       Appellant argues that other panel members—Khristian Kendall, Bobby Manson,

and Eileen Corrigan—who were accepted by the State, shared Austin’s belief that there

were people unfairly imprisoned. Those panel members appeared similarly situated in that

they all expressed concern that an innocent or wrongfully convicted person could be put

to death. But a comparison of their answers to Austin’s concerns—she had a negative

opinion of Dallas County and the criminal justice system in general—show that Austin’s

complaints were much different. While Austin believed that the criminal justice system

had systemic problems, the accepted members were confident in the system and they did

not think that criminals were victims of society or that too many people were unfairly

imprisoned.

       Finally, the State cited Austin’s demeanor—she seemed “put out” answering

questions as a reason for striking her. Appellant states in his brief that Austin’s “flat

personality” was not a reaction to the State’s question but was due to the fact that she was

an Internal Revenue Service agent. We rely on the ruling of the trial court, particularly

when the question turns on the credibility and demeanor of a witness, and we will defer to

the trial court’s ruling.

       After reviewing the voir dire record for clear error, we cannot conclude that Austin

was similarly situated to other non-minority panel members accepted by the State. The

race-neutral reasons propounded by the State are supported in the record, and Appellant’s
                                                                                    Bess – 28

after-the-fact comparative juror analysis does not persuade us that the trial court was

clearly erroneous in overruling Appellant’s Batson challenge. Point of error number one

is overruled.

                                 IV. Challenges for cause

       In points of error two through fifteen, Appellant argues that the trial court erred

when it denied his challenges for cause against fourteen specific panel members.

       A panel member who is biased or prejudiced against the defendant or against the

relevant law can be challenged for cause if that “bias or prejudice would substantially

impair [his] ability to carry out his oath and instructions in accordance with the law.”

Gonzales v. State, 353 S.W.3d 826, 831 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); see also Art.

35.16(b)(3), (c)(2); Gardner v. State, 306 S.W.3d 274, 295 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). To

properly challenge a panel member for prejudice against the law, the movant must show

that the relevant law was explained to the venireperson and that he understood the

requirements of that law, but could not sufficiently overcome his prejudice to follow the

law, even when asked to do so. Gonzales, 353 S.W.3d at 832; Jones v. State, 982 S.W.2d
386, 390 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).

       On appeal, a reviewing court will overturn the trial court’s ruling on a challenge

for cause only if it clearly abused its discretion. Gonzales, 353 S.W.3d at 831. We

examine the entire record of voir dire, and because proper assessment of a challenge for

cause requires observation of a panel member’s demeanor, we defer to the conclusions of
                                                                                        Bess – 29

the trial court, especially when a juror vacillates. Id. The issue on appeal is whether the

ruling of the trial court harmed Appellant by “effectively depriving him of one of his

statutorily allotted peremptory challenges.” Id. A defendant is wrongfully deprived of a

challenge (and thereby harmed)

       (1) when a defendant exercises a peremptory challenge on a veniremember
       whom the trial court should have excused for cause at the defendant’s
       request, (2) the defendant uses all of his statutorily allotted peremptory
       challenges, and (3) the defendant unsuccessfully requests an additional
       peremptory challenge which he claims he would use on another
       veniremember whom the defendant identifies as ‘objectionable’ and who
       sits on the jury.

Id. If the trial court grants an additional challenge, then the defendant is effectively

deprived of an allotted challenge only if the trial court erroneously denies two defense

challenges for cause. Id.

       The record reveals that Appellant used all fifteen of his statutorily allotted

peremptory strikes and that he was granted one additional strike. The trial court denied

Appellant’s request for a second additional strike to exercise on another juror whom he

identified as objectionable, and that juror was seated on the jury. Thus, because he was

granted an additional strike, to show harm Appellant must prove that the trial court erred

in denying his challenges for cause to two panel members. See Newbury v. State, 135
S.W.3d 22, 31 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).

A. Individual challenges

       In point of error two, Appellant argues that the trial court erroneously denied his
                                                                                      Bess – 30

challenge for cause against venireperson Articia Williams because she demonstrated bias

against the law. According to Appellant, she “would not give meaningful consideration to

Appellant’s mitigation evidence concerning age.” Appellant was sixty-one years old at the

time of trial.

       The third special issue requires a juror to decide, “taking into consideration all of

the evidence, including the circumstances of the offense, the defendant’s character and

background, and the personal moral culpability of the defendant,” whether “there is a

sufficient mitigating circumstance or circumstances to warrant that a sentence of life

imprisonment rather than a death sentence be imposed.” See Art. 37.0711, § 3(e). This

Court has held that because mitigating evidence is not statutorily defined, each juror must

individually decide what he views as mitigating evidence. See McFarland v. State, 928
S.W.2d 482, 498 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996), overruled on other grounds by Mosley v. State,

983 S.W.2d 249 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). Thus, because no particular piece of evidence is

per se mitigating under the law, a juror must be capable of understanding the concept of

mitigating evidence and willing to consider that, in light of presented evidence, a sentence

of death may not be warranted if a juror finds that evidence to be mitigating. Art.

37.0711, § 3(e); see Saldano v. State, 232 S.W.3d 77, 98 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)

(explaining that there is no per se mitigating evidence).

       In this case, Appellant told Williams that, after finding a defendant guilty of

capital murder and finding that he would be a future danger, many jurors are unable to
                                                                                     Bess – 31

consider mitigating evidence because “[t]heir mind is closed off to it . . . .” When asked

how she would feel in such a situation, Williams responded, in part, “I’m not going to

shut my mind off. I’m a very open-minded person.” She also stated, “I feel like the Third

Special issue -- I feel like I can do that just fine.” When asked whether she believed that

older people are less likely to commit acts of violence, Williams responded that age did

not make a difference to her and that she could find mitigating circumstances in a

deliberate capital murder based on the defendant’s upbringing, background, or state of

mind.

        Appellant’s argument fails because Williams did not demonstrate bias as she

maintained that she would keep an open mind and consider all evidence. She was not

required to consider age as a mitigating factor. The trial court correctly denied

Appellant’s challenge for cause. Point of error two is overruled.

        In point of error three, Appellant argues that panel member Irene Polito was

challengeable for bias against the law because she would automatically give a death

sentence to a someone guilty of capital murder involving aggravated sexual assault, she

was incapable of considering certain evidence relating to future dangerousness, and no

circumstances would ever be sufficiently mitigating to change her mind about assessing

the death penalty. As the State avers, Appellant challenged Polito at trial only on the

ground that she cannot give meaningful consideration to Appellant’s mitigating evidence.

Therefore, other claims are not properly before this Court, and we consider Appellant’s
                                                                                       Bess – 32

argument only as it relates to Polito’s ability to consider mitigating evidence. See Tex. R.

App. P. 33.1.

       To support his argument, Appellant cites the following exchange during cross-

examination:

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Are you the type of person that -- after having
       found that [a crime] was an intentional, cold-blooded murder, that it was
       deliberate murder and that the person is a future danger, whether in prison
       or not, are you the type of person that’s going to automatically believe that
       there’s not anything sufficiently mitigating to warrant sparing the
       Defendant’s life and vote “no” to that so that he gets a death sentence?

       [POLITO]: It would be difficult for me to -- let me rephrase that. Basically,
       I guess what I would say is that I would keep an open mind. But I can’t say
       with 100 percent certainty that I wouldn’t rule the death -- take the death
       penalty off the table. But it would be -- I’d really have to think about it.

       Additionally, shortly thereafter, Polito confirmed that she could give “full and

meaningful consideration to all mitigation evidence” presented. Polito also consistently

reiterated that she thought the decision to sentence someone to death should be made on

“an individual case-by-case” basis and that “it all depends on the case.” And Polito

responded affirmatively when asked, “There will be no automatic answers for you to any

of these [special] . . . issues, right? You’re going to wait and make both sides present all

the evidence to you, and then decide.” Hence, Polito was able to identify mitigating

evidence, and under the proper circumstances, she could find that there was sufficient

mitigating evidence to warrant a sentence less than death. Point of error three is

overruled.
                                                                                   Bess – 33

       In point of error four, Appellant argues that Jana Carelock should have been

excused when challenged for cause for the following reasons: (1) Carelock was

acquainted with the lead prosecutor, (2) her parents were the victims of a violent home

invasion that was successfully prosecuted, (3) she had an uncle who was kidnaped and

robbed in a “car-jacking,” (4) she stated during voir dire that she would convict one

innocent person to prevent ten guilty people from going free, and (5) she would not

consider Appellant’s age or health as mitigating factors.

       Appellant objected to Carelock at trial only on the grounds that she could not

follow the law as it pertained to mitigation and that she would be unable to presume

Appellant’s innocence, so we agree with the State that Appellant’s remaining claims are

not properly before this court. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1; Saldano, 232 S.W.3d at 93-94.

We overrule Appellant’s mitigation claim because the law did not require Carelock to

give meaningful effect to any particular piece of evidence, including Appellant’s age or

failing health, as mitigating circumstances. See Saldano, 232 S.W.3d at 98.

       We also overrule Appellant’s claim that Carelock was unable to apply the

presumption of innocence. On the jury questionnaire, Carelock disagreed with the

statement, “It is better that ten guilty people go free than one innocent man be convicted.”

But she agreed that “[a] defendant in a criminal case is presumed innocent until the State

proves their guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” The latter answer was more probative of

whether Carelock could apply the presumption of innocence because it was a direct
                                                                                        Bess – 34

question, rather than an indirect, philosophical question, and it is in fact the law.

Moreover, during direct examination by the State, Carelock unequivocally responded in

the affirmative when asked, “Every person is presumed innocent. It doesn’t mean he’s

innocent. It just means we have a job to do, and we need the jury to hold us to our burden

of proof. Can you do that?”

       Also, on cross-examination, Appellant addressed the fact that Carelock went to

high school with one of the prosecutors, and when he questioned Carelock as to any

“natural bias against anybody that he would be prosecuting,” Carelock stated, “I don’t

think that would influence me.” And when Appellant asked Carelock whether she

“absolutely can assure us that there’s no problems, as far has having bias?” she

responded, “Yes. I can assure you.”

       Based on the record, we cannot conclude that Carelock was biased against the law

or that the trial court erroneously denied Appellant’s challenge for cause. Point of error

four is overruled.

       In point of error five, Appellant argues that the trial court erroneously denied his

challenge for cause to Linda Sherman. Appellant alleges that Sherman was substantially

impaired in her ability to be fair because she had a friend who was kidnaped, raped, and

murdered. Appellant also alleges that Sherman was biased against two special issues in

that she would not follow the law as it pertains to either future dangerousness or

mitigation because she “equivocated several times in her answers and would not answer
                                                                                         Bess – 35

definitively whether she could be fair.”

       The record reflects that the trial court acted within its discretion in finding

Sherman unbiased. Sherman stated that 15 to 20 years before, a “very good family

friend” was abducted, raped, and murdered. On direct examination, Sherman stated that

“[i]t’s possible” that her friend’s murder would affect her ability to be fair and impartial,

but she also stated, “I believe that I could leave that outside of here.” Later, after the State

explained the law and the trial process to her, Sherman affirmed that she still believed that

she could stay open-minded and separate what happened to her friend from this trial. She

further asserted that she could answer the special issues based solely on the evidence

presented in the courtroom. On cross-examination, Sherman stated that, although she did

not think that she could totally separate herself from her feelings and her past, she did not

believe they would influence her decision. And at the end of its examination, the defense

asked Sherman, “And even with the fact of your friend’s case, you can still keep an open

mind to a life sentence for someone that you believe committed a heinous murder in the

course of an aggravated sexual assault?” to which Sherman responded, “Yes.”

       At most, Sherman’s answers were equivocating. Particular deference is given to

the trial court’s ruling on a challenge for cause when the prospective juror’s answers are

vacillating, unclear, or contradictory. Threadgill v. State, 146 S.W.3d 654, 667 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2004). Sherman stated her ability to remain fair and impartial and to follow

the law with sufficient conviction to justify the court’s decision.
                                                                                   Bess – 36

       Appellant also argues that the record supports his claim that Sherman would not

give meaningful consideration to the mitigation evidence. However, the record shows that

Sherman was not challengeable on this basis. For example,

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: And 38, you said, “Unfortunately, not all people
       have the same advantages in life and some may be surrounded by more
       negative influences. Still - every person must ultimately choose right or
       wrong by themselves.” Is that correct?

       [SHERMAN]: Uh-huh.

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: And that’s in regard to your feelings about
       genetics, circumstances of birth, upbringing and environment being
       considered in punishment; is that correct?

       [SHERMAN]: Uh-huh.

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: And those answers to those questions on your
       questionnaire are still your feelings today?

       [SHERMAN]: Yes.

       Sherman’s answers did not indicate that she would be unable to consider

mitigating evidence. Sherman repeatedly emphasized that she would not automatically

answer the mitigation special issue “no.” And she responded affirmatively when

Appellant asked, “Can you give full consideration to all of the evidence, and if you find

something sufficiently mitigating, answer the Special Issue Number Three ‘yes’?”

Further, Appellant asked Sherman, “Or if you find it not to be only an intentional crime

but a deliberate crime and that person’s a future danger, are you already going to be trying

to close that window toward the death penalty? You told me you like ‘eye for an eye’.”
                                                                                         Bess – 37

Sherman answered, “But I also believe in the presentation of evidence.”

       When we consider Sherman’s questionnaire and the entire record of voir dire, we

cannot conclude that Sherman was biased against the mitigation issue. She was willing to

listen to the evidence and to consider whether, in her mind, that evidence was sufficiently

mitigating to warrant a sentence less than death.

       Appellant also argues that Sherman would automatically find Appellant to be a

future danger. Question twelve on the jury questionnaire read, “‘The death penalty is

reserved for those defendants that are such a threat to society that even incarceration does

not remove the probability of future violent acts.’ Do you agree or disagree?” Sherman

agreed and added, “Eye for eye – regardless of probability of future acts.” But when we

consider this in the context of the entire voir dire record, it is clear that the trial court did

not abuse its discretion in determining that Sherman was not challengeable on this basis.

Sherman repeatedly agreed that she could follow the law as it had been explained to her

and that she should not automatically answer the special issues if Appellant was found

guilty. Sherman stated that she would wait and consider all of the evidence presented at

punishment before deciding her answers to any of the special issues. She also explicitly

stated that she was open to the possibility of a life sentence. Point of error five is

overruled.

       In point of error six, Appellant contends that the trial court erroneously denied his

challenge for cause against panel member Landon Birge because he would not follow the
                                                                                       Bess – 38

law given to him if he did not agree it was the right thing to do or if there were “gray

areas” in the law. Appellant additionally asserts that Birge would choose to incarcerate

one innocent person rather than free ten guilty people, he would automatically find a

person to be a future danger, and he would not consider mitigating evidence.

       In his questionnaire, Birge stated that he agreed with the statement, “Regardless of

what a judge says the law is, a juror should do what they believe is the right thing.”

However, Birge explained that he meant that he would let his conscience guide him when

there was a “gray area” or “hole” in the law, recognizing that there may be issues that the

law does not address. He added, “I would not just deliberately go against the Judge and

go against the law.”

       Furthermore, once the law was explained to him and his questions were clarified,

the record supports that Birge was committed to following the law. He repeatedly

affirmed that he would hold the State to its burden of proving guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt. Birge also stated several times that he would wait and hear all of the evidence

presented before answering the special issues, particularly the issues of future

dangerousness and mitigation. He emphasized that it all depends how the trial proceeds

and “what is proven and not proven.”

       Appellant notes that Birge disagreed with the “philosophical”8 statement that it

       8
        During cross-examination, defense counsel twice stated that it was a philosophical
question.
                                                                                     Bess – 39

was better that ten guilty people go free than one innocent man be convicted, but we are

not persuaded that that answer leads to the conclusion that Birge could not apply the law.

The statement at issue is not meaningfully related to the specific, and more relevant

question, of whether Birge would apply the law in this case. When concrete questions

were asked, Birge’s position was clear—he would follow the law as it was explained to

him by the judge and supported by the evidence. The trial court correctly denied

Appellant’s cause for challenge, and point of error six is overruled.

       In point of error seven, Appellant contends that he was erroneously denied his

challenge for cause against panel member Brandon Cauthen because he “is extremely pro

law enforcement.” However, the record supports the trial court’s denial of this challenge

for cause.

       On cross-examination, Appellant asked Cauthen whether he still believed that

police officers are more likely to tell the truth than other people, and Cauthen answered

affirmatively. But Appellant subsequently failed to explain to Cauthen that the law

required that he listen to their testimony before assessing their credibility, and Appellant

failed to ask Cauthen whether he could follow that law regardless of his personal views.

As a result, Appellant’s challenge for cause was not proper. Gonzales, 353 S.W.3d at 832.

We overrule point of error seven.

       In point of error eight, Appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion

when it denied his challenge for cause to Deloris Pearson-Moore. He contends that
                                                                                   Bess – 40

Pearson-Moore was prejudiced against the defendant and biased against the relevant law

because she would not give due and full consideration to mitigation, she was biased

against defense attorneys, and she thought that anyone who committed murder deserved

the death penalty.

       Appellant did not challenge Pearson-Moore on the ground that she was biased

against defense attorneys, and Appellant failed to explain the law relating to mitigation or

ask Pearson-Moore whether she could follow that law regardless of her personal beliefs.

As a result, those portions of Appellant’s claim are forfeited. Appellant preserved only

his claim as it pertains to Pearson-Moore’s answer on the jury questionnaire that anyone

who committed murder deserved the death penalty.

       On the jury questionnaire, Pearson-Moore indicated that she thought some

murderers, perpetrators of sexual assaults, and child predators should be sentenced to

death. However, Appellant asked Pearson-Moore whether she could consider the full

range of punishment, five years to ninety-nine, if the State proved only murder and not

capital murder—she responded that, depending on the circumstances of the case, she

could consider the full range. Also, when Appellant noted that some people readily admit

that they would automatically give the maximum sentence and asked Pearson-Moore

again whether she could consider the full range of punishment, she maintained that she

could keep an open mind to both ends of the range of punishment and everything in

between. The trial court properly denied Appellant’s relevant challenge for cause. We
                                                                                    Bess – 41

overrule point of error eight.

       In point of error nine, Appellant argues that the trial court should have granted his

challenge for cause to panel member Bobby Manson, alleging that Manson could never

find evidence sufficiently mitigating to warrant a life sentence and because he wanted to

be on the jury. The record reveals that Appellant objected to Manson sitting on the jury

only on the mitigation ground, so the issue relating to Manson’s desire to be on the jury is

not properly before this Court.

       During direct examination, the State explained the third special issue to Manson

and asked him if he could follow the law. Manson responded that he could. Then, on

cross-examination, Appellant asked Manson how he felt about life imprisonment versus

the death penalty, and Manson stated in relevant part,

       [I]f it was, you know, one of those -- bottom thing, it was mitigating; or if,
       you know, the person was not a continuing threat to society, that might, you
       know, in my opinion, say maybe life in prison is more warranted versus,
       you know, being put to death. Death is serious. Like I said, you can’t take
       back somebody’s life.

Later, Appellant asked Manson how he felt about the fact that the defense did not want a

panel member who would vote for a death sentence based upon only the gruesome nature

of the crime to sit on the jury. Manson responded that he was not convinced one way or

the other and that he would need to hear the evidence in this case before deciding.

Appellant then asked Manson if he could consider imposing a life sentence, no matter the

nature of the crime alleged. Manson answered, “[I]f there’s something there that mitigates
                                                                                          Bess – 42

that . . . [crime], life in prison is an option then, yeah, I can do that. I just don’t think that

I’m automatically saying that the death penalty is where I’m going at this point. But it is

an option for me.”

       Manson repeatedly reaffirmed that he would need to hear all of the relevant

evidence in this case before he could determine whether imposition of the death sentence

was warranted. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Appellant’s

challenge for cause against Manson. We overrule point of error nine.

       In point of error ten, Appellant contends that Bonnijean Leigh should have been

excused for cause because her aunt’s rape and murder biased her, she could not give

meaningful consideration to Appellant’s mitigating evidence, and she thought that the

Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) was not

capable of controlling the inmates housed in state prisons.

       Leigh testified that, in the 1960s, her aunt was raped and strangled with her

nightgown in her Fort Worth home by a neighbor who had been released from jail three

months earlier. At the time of the murder, Leigh was ten or twelve and lived in New

York. The record supports the conclusion that Leigh held no unlawful bias arising from

the crime as it would not affect her ability to apply the law. For example, when asked if

she could render a verdict in Appellant’s case based on only the facts in his trial and not

consider her aunt’s murder, Leigh stated, “I believe so.” And on cross examination, Leigh

affirmed that she would not consider the prior murder or let it affect her decision in this
                                                                                     Bess – 43

case. She explained that she knew few details about the murder, and it was not an

emotionally evocative memory for her because she was so young, she did not know her

aunt well, and she did not return to Texas for the trial. Leigh also described her ability to

separate herself from her emotions, noting that she is a rule-follower who tries to do the

right thing.

       The record also supports that Leigh was not challengeable on the basis that she

could not give meaningful consideration to Appellant’s mitigating circumstances. Leigh

had no duty to give mitigating effect to any particular piece of evidence. See Saldano, 232
S.W.3d at 98. Her duty was to consider all the evidence presented in determining her

answers, and she repeatedly stated she would do so.

       Finally, Appellant contends that Leigh was challengeable because she disagreed

with the questionnaire statement that “[t]he state prison system in Texas can control

inmates who have been convicted of violent offenses.” But the record supports that Leigh

was not challengeable on that ground. Leigh explained, “I’m just not sure whether or not

inmates who have been convicted of violent offenses can really be controlled.” Leigh

acknowledged that her opinion on the subject was just her perception, and she stated that

she would be open to hearing evidence from the defense on the matter. Moreover, she

repeatedly stated that she would wait and hear all evidence before making any decisions.

       The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it decided that Leigh was not

challengeable for cause. Point of error ten is overruled.
                                                                                         Bess – 44

       In point of error eleven, Appellant argues that the trial court erroneously denied his

challenge for cause to Byron Conradt because Conradt would have automatically voted to

assess the death penalty if Appellant was found guilty of capital murder, he would not

give meaningful consideration to Appellant’s mitigation evidence, and he did not believe

that TDCJ could control violent offenders. At trial, Appellant challenged Conradt only on

the first two grounds, so we agree with the State that he forfeited his latter claim related

to TDCJ.

       Conradt acknowledged that he was in favor of the death penalty. On direct

examination, the State described a scenario in which the defendant had been found of

guilty of committing murder during the course of an aggravated sexual assault. The State

then asked, “[W]here you [sic] would you be leaning after you found that person guilty,

life or death, what would you tell me?” Conradt responded, “I believe that’s worthy of the

death penalty.” Later, on cross-examination, when asked about his personal views

regarding the death penalty versus life imprisonment, Conradt explained, “It’s very

important, beyond a shadow of a doubt, guilty is proved, period. But after that, then I

believe there’s punishment. There needs to be punishment for that. The crime has been

committed and, regardless of the mitigating circumstances, there needs to be punishment

for that. A life for a life. . . . That’s my vent [sic] going in, before I listen to any of the

evidence or weight the facts.”

       Still, when these statements are reviewed in the context of the entire voir dire
                                                                                       Bess – 45

record, it is clear that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in deciding that Conradt

was not challengeable for cause. Although Conradt’s personal feelings strongly supported

the death penalty, he was aware that the requirements of the law under the circumstances

called for consideration of three special issues, and he would openly consider those

issues. Conradt explained that he could not agree completely with the statement that “the

death penalty is appropriate in all murder cases.” He also repeatedly affirmed that he was

the type of person who can wait and listen to all of the evidence before applying the law.

He recognized that it might be hard, but “[w]e have to follow those rules, and that’s what

the system is based on.” Regarding mitigating evidence specifically, Conradt stated, “I

can’t think of anything . . . that might be a mitigating circumstance. But I’m certainly

open to listening to that, to whatever might occur in the deliberations during that.”

Conradt explained, “I have [a] responsibility as a juror to do that, even though I can’t

comprehend what that might be at the moment. I can’t process what it could be until I

hear it.” Conradt also clarified his view on whether the death penalty should be

automatic: “I have to defer to those that have made the laws, that are smarter than myself

and those kind of things, to determine what determines between a life sentence and a

death sentence. We’ve got the three rules to follow. So that will determine my actions.”

       The record shows that Conradt was aware that his strong beliefs about the death

penalty were at odds with the requirements of the law and that he could follow the law.

We cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in overruling Appellant’s
                                                                                        Bess – 46

challenge for cause. Point of error eleven is overruled.

       In point of error twelve, Appellant asserts that panel member Harold Price should

have been excused when he was challenged for cause. At trial, Appellant challenged Price

for being “biased against the type of evidence [Appellant] will be using in his Defense.

Especially his mitigation evidence.” On appeal, Appellant’s precise complaint is unclear.

Appellant cites Price’s statements that someone who willfully took someone’s life, not in

self-defense, should receive the death penalty. Appellant also argues that Price’s answers

did not reflect his true feelings about the law and his ability to follow it; rather, Price

simply followed the State’s instructions on how to answer in order to be a qualified juror.

To the extent that they do not comport with his trial objections, Appellant’s complaints

are not properly before this Court. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1.

       If we consider the record, it reveals that Price was not challengeable on the alleged

grounds. The record reflects that Price believed in the death penalty, but he was also open

to the possibility of a life sentence and would base his answers to the special issues on the

law and evidence. For example, Price agreed that “a life sentence, rather than the death

penalty, would be appropriate under the proper circumstances in some cases” and he

could vote for a life sentence if it were the right thing to do after hearing all of the facts.

He repeatedly stated that he would wait to hear all of the evidence before he made a

judgment. Additionally, Price denied that he would automatically answer the special

issues in a particular way (“I have to wait until I heard everything.”), and he stated, “I
                                                                                   Bess – 47

don’t think my personal issues would get in the way of the law.” Further, the law does

not require any juror to give meaningful effect to any particular piece of mitigation

evidence. See Saldano, 232 S.W.3d at 98.

       Regarding his ability to follow the law, Price’s answers on both direct and cross-

examination indicated his understanding and willingness to follow the law. He

consistently affirmed that he could do what the law required him to do and that his

personal views would not get in the way. Having had the opportunity to witness Price’s

demeanor and testimony, the trial court found his assurances to follow the law credible,

and the record supports that determination. See Threadgill, 146 S.W.3d at 667.

       The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Appellant’s challenge for

cause against Price. Point of error twelve is overruled.

       In point of error thirteen, Appellant argues that Phillip Jones was excusable for

cause because he could not presume Appellant’s innocence and he would automatically

find Appellant guilty of capital murder.

       Both of Appellant’s complaints are based on Jones’s prior grand jury service.

Appellant specifically focuses on the following comments by Jones when defense counsel

asked him about his grand jury experience:

       . . . You know, let me say one thing. One thing that I did learn from serving
       as a juror and also serving on the Grand Jury that - - specifically on the
       Grand Jury. A lot of times you may - - you’re presented evidence and until
       you actually get to a jury phase and you actually receive all of the
       information, you just get enough information just to prove the person guilty
       of that offense.
                                                                                      Bess – 48

       During direct examination by the State, Jones stated that he understood that the

State bears the burden beyond a reasonable doubt to prove all of the elements alleged in

the indictment. He affirmed that he would hold the State to its burden and that he would

acquit Appellant if the State failed to prove any element as it was alleged in the

indictment. Later, the State reviewed the presumption of innocence, and Jones answered

that he would “start the defendant off with a presumption of innocence until the State

does its job and proves its case.” Similarly, on cross-examination, Appellant explained to

Jones that “all capital murders are nasty and brutal” and that, after a jury finds a defendant

guilty of capital murder, some people believe that the death penalty should be

automatically assessed in such a situation. When asked how he felt about that, Jones

responded, “I feel open. I think that, that’s incorrect. I feel that the information has to be

presented, and I do believe in innocent until proven guilty.”

       Therefore, upon examination of the record, we conclude that Jones understood and

would apply the presumption of innocence and he would not automatically find Appellant

guilty of capital murder. The trial court properly denied Appellant’s challenge for cause.

We overrule point of error thirteen.

       In point of error fourteen, Appellant contends that the trial court erroneously

denied his challenge for cause to panel member Elascor Pack because Pack would

automatically vote to assess the death penalty and believed that the lengthy appellate

process resulted in the death penalty being imposed too seldom.
                                                                                    Bess – 49

       At the beginning of his voir dire examination, Pack acknowledged to the State that

he favored the death penalty. Still, although Pack believed that there are certain crimes

that deserve the death penalty, he qualified that belief by adding, “If there’s no mitigating

circumstances.” And when asked whether he could vote to sentence a defendant to life

instead of death, he explained, “I’m open to the possibility. Like I said, it depends on the

circumstances whether it was an extremely heinous crime or really malicious, or if it was

kind of like as defensive-type thing.” Later, the State asked Pack whether he could follow

the law as it pertained to each special issue, and for each he responded that he could. Pack

stated that he would not answer a special issue automatically and he would wait and listen

to all of the evidence. Taking this all into consideration, the record supports that Pack

would not automatically vote in favor of the death penalty.

       In response to the questionnaire question regarding the appellate process, “Do you

believe that the death penalty in Texas is used too often or too seldom?” Pack answered,

“Too seldom[;] the appeal process could drag on for more than ten years.” When the

Appellant asked him to explain his answer, Pack responded, “I think that once someone

has been convicted of a crime, that the punishment phase should be enacted as soon as

possible, but it just seems like it’s just too many appeals. There’s a lot of time wasted and

a lot of taxpayer’s money spent.”

       Although Pack expressed these concerns with the appellate process in death

penalty cases, his personal belief did not undermine his repeated affirmation that he could
                                                                                         Bess – 50

follow the law as it was explained to him. Moreover, Pack’s concern reflected a negative

opinion about the appellate system, not Appellant personally.

       For these reasons, the trial court did not abuse its discretion. Appellant has failed

to show that Pack was biased against any applicable law upon which Appellant was

entitled to rely. Point of error fourteen is overruled.

       In point of error fifteen, Appellant challenges the trial court’s denial of his

challenge for cause against Paul Bureau because Bureau knew one of the assistant district

attorneys and was mitigation impaired. At trial, Appellant challenged Bureau for cause,

alleging only that he would not consider any mitigating evidence offered, and as a result,

his other claim is not properly before this Court.

       On direct examination, the State discussed each special issue separately with

Bureau. He stated that he could keep an open mind and listen to all of the evidence before

answering the special issues. Regarding the mitigation issue, Bureau affirmed that he

understood the mitigation law as explained to him by the State. The State then asked

Bureau, “And could you keep an open mind? And if you heard something that rose to the

level of sufficient mitigation you could answer that question in a way so as to spare his

life?” to which Bureau responded affirmatively. On cross-examination, Appellant asked

Bureau if a terminal illness would affect his deliberations as it pertains to the mitigation

special issue, and Bureau answered that he was not sure what he would consider a

circumstance sufficient to warrant sparing a convict’s life. Still, when Appellant pressed
                                                                                      Bess – 51

on, Bureau said he was “willing to keep an open mind and keep looking back at all of the

evidence to determine whether or not there’s something sufficiently mitigating to warrant

a life sentence as opposed to a death sentence.” And he confirmed that he would not

“brow beat” another juror into conforming to his personal view of whether evidence is

mitigating.

       After examining the record, we conclude that the trial court correctly denied

Appellant’s challenge for cause. Bureau’s position was consistent throughout voir dire.

Although he testified that he may not find a subsequent diagnosis of a terminal illness as

mitigating, the law does not require him to find any particular piece of evidence sufficient

to vote for a life sentence. See Saldano, 232 S.W.3d at 98. Appellant’s fifteenth point of

error is overruled.

       After reviewing Appellant’s points of error two through fifteen, we hold that

Appellant was not denied the use of a statutorily provided peremptory strike because he

has failed to show that the trial court erroneously denied two of his challenges for cause.

Newbury, 135 S.W.3d at 31.

       In points of error sixteen and seventeen, Appellant asserts that the trial court’s

denial of his challenges for cause deprived him of a lawfully constituted jury and that he

suffered a violation of his rights under the state and federal constitutions, specifically his

right to due process of law. But because we hold that the trial court did not err in denying

Appellant’s challenges for cause, Appellant suffers no harm because there was no error.
                                                                                           Bess – 52

See Johnson v. State, 43 S.W.3d 1, 5 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). Point of error sixteen and

seventeen are overruled.

                        V. Admissibility of Dr. Gilliland’s testimony

       In points of error eighteen and nineteen, Appellant argues that the trial court

should have excluded Dr. Gilliland’s expert testimony that the victim was sexually

assaulted and that the sexual assault and murder occurred contemporaneously. He asserts

that the admission violated the “heightened reliability” requirement of the Eighth

Amendment in death penalty cases and Rule 7029 of the Texas Rules of Evidence

requiring that expert opinions be based on reliable scientific principles and methodology.

See U.S. C ONST. amend. VIII; see also Coble v. State, 330 S.W.3d 253, 270 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2010) (citing Nenno v. State, 970 S.W.2d 549, 560-61 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998),

overruled on other grounds by State v. Terrazas, 4 S.W.3d 720, 727 (Tex. Crim. App.

1999)).

       Appellant forfeited any claim on appeal that his Eighth Amendment rights were

violated by the admission of Gilliland’s testimony because he did not object on those

grounds at trial. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); Leza v. State, 351 S.W.3d 344, 358 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2011); see also Marin v. State, 851 S.W.2d 275 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).

       9
         Texas Rule of Evidence 702 provides, “If scientific, technical, or other specialized
knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a
witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify
thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.”
                                                                                     Bess – 53

Appellant does not direct us to any objection made on his part at trial regarding the Eighth

Amendment, and we are unable to locate one. Nor does Appellant argue that his claim

should not be subject to the rules of procedural default. Accordingly, Appellant did not

preserve his Eighth Amendment claim as it pertains to points of error eighteen and

nineteen.

       As for Appellant’s related evidentiary claim, Rule 702 authorizes the admission of

testimony from a witness possessing scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge

if the witness is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or

education and his testimony will assist the fact finder to understand the evidence or to

determine a fact in issue. Tex. R. Evid. 702. The proponent of expert testimony bears the

burden of establishing its reliability by clear and convincing evidence. Vela v. State, 209
S.W.3d 128, 134 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).

       We must initially determine the admissibility standard applicable to the reliability

of expert forensic-pathologist testimony under Rule 702. Hence, we must ascertain

whether the proposed testimony concerns “hard science, “soft science,” or “junk science.”

The distinction between “hard science” and “soft science” can be blurry, and we have

hesitated to state a rigid rule defining each. See Morris v. State, 361 S.W.3d 649, 654-55

(Tex. Crim. App. 2011). But see Weatherred v. State, 15 S.W.3d 540, 542 n.5 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2000) (comparing “hard sciences” and “soft sciences”). Nonetheless, “soft sciences”

generally include the “social sciences or fields that are based primarily upon experience
                                                                                       Bess – 54

and training as opposed to the scientific method . . . .”10 Nenno, 970 S.W.2d at 561. When

a witness’s methodology and conclusions cannot be validated (or have been inadequately

tested), the proposed testimony is characterized as “junk science.” Coble, 330 S.W.3d at

274. We review a trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of scientific expert testimony for

abuse of discretion. Weatherred, 15 S.W.3d at 542.

       Forensic pathology is certainly a science, as it has been defined as the “branch of

medicine that applies the principles and knowledge of the medical sciences to problems in

the field of law.” D OMINICK J. D IM AIO & V INCENT J.M. D IM AIO, F ORENSIC PATHOLOGY 1

(2d ed., CRC Press 2001). Although it relies on “hard science data,” it frequently reaches

soft science determinations. Duties of a forensic pathologist include determining the time,

cause, and manner of injury or death, documenting injuries and deducing how they

occurred, determining or excluding other contributory or causative factors of death,

collecting evidence from the body that can be used to prove or disprove an individual’s

guilt or innocence and to confirm or deny the account of how the death occurred, and

providing expert testimony if the case goes to trial. See id.

       10
          We have applied the “soft sciences” standard to testimony in Morris, 361 S.W.3d at 654
(testimony by officers with specialized training regarding the conduct of child molesters);
Tillman v. State, 354 S.W.3d 425, 435 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (eyewitness identification); Davis
v. State, 329 S.W.3d 798, 815 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (experts offering opinions on Satanism),
Davis v. State, 313 S.W.3d 317, 354 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (psychologists testifying about
future dangerousness); Coble, 330 S.W.3d at 273 (forensic psychiatrists testifying about future
dangerousness); Roberts v. State, 220 S.W.3d 521, 531 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (testimony of a
medical doctor about the correlation between alcohol, cocaine, and violence); and Nenno, 970
S.W.2d at 562 (FBI agents specializing in behavioral science testifying to future dangerousness).
This list is not exhaustive.
                                                                                     Bess – 55

       In discussing pathology (though in other contexts), we have stated,

     [P]athology, like psychiatry, is a sub-specialty of the science of medicine.
     Medicine in any of its sub-specialties eludes mathematic precision, as
     evidenced by the need for a “second opinion” with regard to any important
     medical question. Causation or mechanism of death are examples of
     important medical questions addressed by pathologists that require more than
     an objective or rote determination.

Rey, 897 S.W.2d at 338; see also id. at 338 n.5. Thus, unlike hard sciences, the field of

pathology (and forensic pathology), though based on ascertainable medical principles,

cannot always produce discrete verifiable conclusions. Because a pathologist must

interpret data and frequently cannot reach essential conclusions with mathematical

precision, we hold that the admissibility standard from Nenno may apply to the expert

testimony of a pathologist.

       In Nenno, we explained that the relevant factors for validating expert testimony

predicated on “soft sciences” include “(1) whether the field of expertise is a legitimate

one, (2) whether the subject matter of the expert’s testimony is within the scope of that

field, and (3) whether the expert’s testimony properly relies upon and/or utilizes the

principles involved in the field.” See Nenno, 970 S.W.2d at 561. The dispute here focuses

on the third factor.

       To show that an expert properly relies on the principles of his field, the expert’s

proposed testimony must be derived from the expert’s “knowledge, skill, experience,

training, or education . . . .” Tex. R. Evid. 702. Here, although she stated that she did not

rely on a particular book or treatise, Gilliland explained that her opinions were based on
                                                                                          Bess – 56

her education and over thirty years of experience as a forensic pathologist dealing with

crime scene photographs, independent research, and blood spatter patterns.11 She also

explained that in developing her opinions regarding the timing and nonconsensual nature

of intercourse, she relied on the secretion discovered in the victim’s vaginal vault and

research conducted about that secretion, the serologist’s analysis of that secretion, crime

scene photographs, and the blood-spatter evidence. The record is clear that Gilliland

relied upon and utilized the principles in the relevant area of pathology. Accordingly, we

hold that the trial court acted within its discretion in admitting Gilliland’s expert

testimony that Samota was sexually assaulted at or near the time of her murder. We

overrule points of error eighteen and nineteen.

                             VI. Admissibility of photographs

       In points of error twenty and twenty-one, Appellant argues that the admission of

various crime scene and autopsy photographs violated Texas Rule of Evidence 403

because any probative value was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair

prejudice and because the admission of the photographs was unnecessarily cumulative.

See Tex. R. Evid. 403. The complained of photographs include five depicting the victim’s

body as it appeared at the scene from various angles and perspectives (State’s Exhibits 40

and 74-77), five depicting the victim’s body in the medical examiner’s office (State’s

       11
        Appellant does not dispute the evidence of Gilliland’s training, experience, or
education.
                                                                                       Bess – 57

Exhibits 60 and 66-69), and two depicting the victim’s clothing piled on the bedroom

floor near her body. The State counters that the photographs were necessary to explain the

verbal testimony of the State’s witnesses and any gruesomeness was the result of the

circumstances of the crime.

       Rule 403 of the Texas Rules of Evidence states that “[a]lthough relevant, evidence

may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair

prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue

delay, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” Tex. R. Evid. 403. This rule

favors the admission of relevant evidence, but it also allows for the possibility that

substantial considerations may require the exclusion of otherwise relevant evidence. See

Gallo v. State, 239 S.W.3d 757, 762 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). When reviewing the

admission of photographs for error, we consider several factors including

       the number of exhibits offered, their gruesomeness, their detail, their size,
       whether they are black and white or color, whether they are close-up, and
       whether the body depicted is naked or clothed. The availability of other
       means of proof and the circumstances unique to each individual case must
       also be considered.

Id. (citation omitted); see Wyatt v. State, 23 S.W.3d 18, 29 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).

Autopsy photographs will generally be admissible under Rule 403 unless they depict

mutilation caused by the autopsy itself. Rojas v. State, 986 S.W.2d 241, 249 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1998). On appeal, we review the admission of photographs for error under an abuse

of discretion standard. Williams v. State, 301 S.W.3d 675, 690 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
                                                                                    Bess – 58

       Officer Budjenska used State’s Exhibit 40 to explain the position of the victim’s

body when he found it and checked for a pulse. Budjenska discovered the victim’s body

on the bed—he testified that the victim was lying face-up, covered in blood, unclothed,

and with her eyes open. The photograph is gruesome, but that is due to the nature of the

crime. Moreover, each photograph used by Budjenska shows a different angle and

perspective of the scene. We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it

admitted State’s Exhibit 40. See Williams v. State, 958 S.W.2d 186, 195 (Tex. Crim. App.

1997) (“A photograph is admissible if verbal testimony as to matters depicted in the

photographs is also admissible.”); see also Gallo, 239 S.W.3d at 763.

       Gilliland performed the autopsy on the victim. She used State’s Exhibits 60,

66–69, and 74–79 to explain her findings and conclusions about the cause and manner of

death, and other attendant circumstances of the crime. She testified that, before she did

so, standard procedure required reviewing any available information including pictures of

the scene as viewed by the investigator, any information obtained by investigation, and

crime scene photographs.

       Specifically, Gilliland used State’s Exhibit 60, showing an absence of blood on the

victim’s face, to support her opinion that something was covering her face when she was

stabbed. Gilliland relied on State’s Exhibits 66–69 to show the difference between the

blood smears and blood spatter on the victim’s body. She explained that a blood smear is

made by direct transfer (e.g., the blood smears on the victim’s thighs resembled
                                                                                        Bess – 59

fingerprints) while blood spatter has an indirect origin. Gilliland’s testimony and the

photographs were relevant to support the State’s theory that Appellant held down the

victim while he stabbed her.

       Gilliland used State’s Exhibits 74 and 75 to explain that, because the blood was

primarily situated near the victim, it is unlikely that the victim moved from that position

once the stabbing began. Using Exhibit 76,12 Gilliland testified that the victim died a

sudden death based on the fact that her eyes were still open. She also testified that Exhibit

77 was helpful to show that, when the crime scene photographs were taken, the blood was

still liquid, which indicated that the victim had been recently murdered. Finally, using

Exhibits 78 and 79, Gilliland explained that the victim’s clothing was taken off and

dropped on the floor near the bed and that the photographs tended to support the State’s

theory that the victim was sexually assaulted by force and then murdered.

       Each of the State’s challenged exhibits were helpful to explain and support witness

testimony, and they were not cumulative as they showed different angles and perspectives

of the crime scene. Although the photographs were gruesome, the criminal act of stabbing

someone eighteen times is gruesome by its very nature, and the introduction of

photographs of the victim cannot be avoided. We cannot conclude that the probative

value of these pictures was substantially outweighed by any unfair prejudice. The trial

       12
         Trace-evidence analyst David Spence also used Exhibit 76 during his testimony to
explain the patterns of blood at the crime scene and his conclusion that the absence of blood on
the victim’s face was significant, in light of the quantity of blood everywhere else.
                                                                                        Bess – 60

court did not abuse its discretion when it admitted the photographs. Points of error twenty

and twenty-one are overruled.

                         VII. Lesser-included-offense instruction

       In point of error twenty-three, Appellant argues that the trial court erred when it

failed to instruct the jury on the lesser-included offense of aggravated sexual assault. See

Art. 37.09. We employ a two-step analysis to determine whether a lesser-included-offense

instruction must be given to the jury. See Sweed v. State, 351 S.W.3d 63, 67-68 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2011). First, the reviewing court determines whether the lesser-included

offense is included within the proof necessary to establish the offense charged. Id. at 68.

Second, we must determine whether there is some evidence from which a rational jury

could conclude that the defendant did not commit the greater crime but did commit the

lesser-included offense. Id. The trial evidence must establish that the lesser-included

offense is “a valid rational alternative to the charged offense.” Id. (quoting Segundo v.

State, 270 S.W.3d 79, 90-91 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)). A reviewing court cannot consider

if the evidence adduced at trial is credible, controverted, or in conflict with other

evidence. See Havard v. State, 800 S.W.2d 195, 216 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989).

       The State concedes that aggravated sexual assault is a lesser-included offense of

capital murder as charged in the indictment. See T EX. P ENAL C ODE §§ 19.03(a) (capital

murder), 22.021 (aggravated sexual assault). Thus, we address only the second part of the

lesser-included test—whether any trial evidence supported a rational conclusion that
                                                                                     Bess – 61

Appellant committed only aggravated sexual assault and not murder. See Moore v. State,

969 S.W.2d 4, 8 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (citing Bignall v. State, 887 S.W.2d 21, 23 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1994)).

       As Appellant points out, Dr. Traylor challenged the conclusion of Gilliland (and

the State’s position) that Samota was contemporaneously sexually assaulted and

murdered. Traylor testified that he could conclude only that the victim had sexual

intercourse and had been stabbed. He could not determine when the sexual intercourse

occurred in relation to the murder or whether Samota was raped. His interpretation of the

evidence raised the possibility that the victim engaged in intercourse at a different time

and different place than the murder and, hence, the possibility that Appellant had

intercourse with Samota but did not commit murder.

       However, when we consider the record as a whole, the lesser-included offense of

aggravated sexual assault is not a valid rational alternative to the charged offense of

murder. The time line of events supports the finding that the sexual assault and the

murder occurred contemporaneously. Buchanan arrived at her dorm room between 12:45

and 1:30 a.m. after she was dropped off by Samota. McCall testified that Samota knocked

on his front door at 1:30 a.m. and that he then spoke with her on the phone at 1:45 a.m.

McCall called the police at 2:17 a.m. This leaves only approximately thirty minutes

during which Samota’s activities are unaccounted for and during which the sexual assault

and murder must have occurred. No affirmative evidence supports the inference that,
                                                                                     Bess – 62

within this short time period, Samota was sexually assaulted by one individual and then

another individual entered the apartment, stabbed Samota eighteen times, and cleaned up

after himself.

       Moreover, even if the jury chose to believe that the intercourse and murder did not

occur at the same time and place, it could not also rationally believe that the intercourse

was nonconsensual or aggravated, both of which are required elements of the lesser crime

of aggravated sexual assault. See T EX. P ENAL C ODE § 22.021. The relevant aggravating

factors provided by the aggravated-sexual-assault statute require that the defendant causes

serious bodily injury or attempts to cause the death of the victim; by acts or words places

the victim in fear of death, serious bodily injury, or kidnapping; or by acts or words

threatens to cause death, serious bodily injury, or kidnapping; or uses or exhibits a deadly

weapon. Id. at (a)(2). In this case, to prove any of these aggravating factors, the sexual

assault must be connected with the murder. The only evidence indicative of the

aggravated nature of the offense at hand came from the murder and its surrounding

circumstances, specifically the use of a knife.

       Similarly, proof of sexual assault must include lack of consent. Id. at (a)(1). Again,

it was only from the murder and its surrounding circumstances (specifically the use of a

knife) that a lack of consent could be inferred.

       Accordingly, Appellant has failed to meet the second prong of the lesser-included-

offense test requiring that there be evidence establishing that Appellant was guilty of only
                                                                                     Bess – 63

the lesser-included offense of aggravated sexual assault and not the greater offense of

capital murder. Appellant’s twenty-third point of error is overruled.

                                   VIII. Jury argument

       In points of error twenty-four, twenty-five, and twenty-six, Appellant argues that

statements made by the prosecutor during closing arguments at the guilt phase were

improper and harmed him.

       Generally, there are four proper areas of jury argument: (1) summation of the

evidence, (2) reasonable deductions from the evidence, (3) answers to an argument of

opposing counsel, and (4) pleas for law enforcement. Freeman v. State, 340 S.W.3d 717,

727 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (citing Brown v. State, 270 S.W.3d 564, 570 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2008)). Improper-jury-argument error is usually non-constitutional and will be

reversible only if the error affected the appellant’s substantial rights. Tex. R. App. P.

44.2; Freeman, 340 S.W.3d at 728. To determine if an appellant’s substantial rights were

affected, we balance the severity of the misconduct, any curative measures, and the

certainty of conviction absent the misconduct. Freeman, 340 S.W.3d at 728. We consider

the jury argument in light of the entire record to determine if it was extreme or manifestly

improper. Brown, 270 S.W.3d at 570 (citing Allridge v. State, 762 S.W.2d 146, 155 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1988)).

A. Point of error 24

       In point of error 24, Appellant argues that the following statement made by the
                                                                                        Bess – 64

prosecutor on rebuttal was improper jury argument:

       [STATE]: You talk about the crazy, incredulous possibilities the Defense
       wants you to go down. It’s crazy. It’s ridiculous. The time line, the
       scientific evidence, Dr. Gilliland said [the victim] did not get vertical, did
       not get up. Crime scene photographs confirm that. David Spence confirm
       [sic] that. Granted, their doctor [Dr. Traylor] came in and said, “No it
       doesn’t mean anything.” He told you that she had sex somewhere else, not
       even in her bed.

       [DEFENSE]: I’m going to object, Your Honor. That’s a mischaracterization
       of the evidence, the way he talked about possibilities, the way he [is]
       arguing it, that he affirmatively said that.

       [COURT]: The jury will recall the evidence the way they see it.

       [DEFENSE]: Was that overruled?

       [COURT]: Overruled.

Specifically, Appellant alleges that the prosecutor misstated Traylor’s testimony because

the doctor did not rule out the possibility that intercourse occurred on the victim’s bed,

and he never said that the physical evidence and Gilliland’s interpretation of it were

meaningless.

       The prosecutor’s argument that “[h]e told you that she had sex somewhere else,

not even in her bed,” was not erroneous because it was a reasonable deduction from the

evidence. The record reveals that Traylor testified that the only conclusions he could

reliably make were that the victim had sexual intercourse and that she was stabbed to
                                                                                         Bess – 65

death.13 He disputed Gilliland’s conclusion that the intercourse and the murder were

contemporaneous. In his opinion, if the intercourse had been contemporaneous with the

murder, there would have been seminal fluid on the bedsheet, and there was no such

evidence here. In addition, Traylor stated that the viscous secretion in the vagina could

not have been unliquified ejaculate, and that without a motility test (which was not done),

the discovery of intact sperm in the secretion did not necessarily indicate recent

intercourse. Traylor also declined to adopt Gilliland’s conclusion that the sexual

intercourse was the result of a sexual assault because there were no injuries to the

victim’s lips or genitals. Instead, Traylor believed that the murder was a “jealous frenzy”

killing.

       Further, we do not agree with Appellant that the prosecutor’s closing argument

alleged that “the physical evidence . . . [was] meaningless.” The State’s argument is better

characterized as alleging that Traylor thought it was possible that the intercourse occurred

somewhere other than the victim’s bed and that he believed Gilliland’s conclusions about

the capital murder were incorrect and not supported by the evidence. Because the

testimony of Traylor and Gilliland were in conflict, the State’s argument that Traylor did

not agree with Gilliland’s conclusions was not error. Moreover, the trial court instructed

       13
         Originally, Traylor’s position was that no evidence supported the State’s theory that the
murder and sexual intercourse were contemporaneous, and he emphasized the neutral nature of
the evidence. Later, he clarified that there would need to have been a seminal secretion on the
bed sheet for him to conclude that the sex act and murder happened in the same transaction. He
also emphasized that his conclusion conflicted with the State’s theory.
                                                                                       Bess – 66

the jury to recall the evidence as it was presented. Point of error 24 is overruled.

B. Point of error 25

       In point of error 25, Appellant complains that the State improperly argued to the

jury during the following exchange:

       [STATE]: For all those years, [Virgil Sparks] carried on this conspiracy. He
       came here 26 years later and told you that it was nothing. “I couldn’t solve
       it.” Because he -- I guess, he didn’t want to pen [sic] it on this guy. I mean,
       this conspiracy -- these are things, Ladies and Gentlemen, that just don’t
       make sense. These are the conjecture thing. These are the things Defense
       wants you to go down -- we call ‘em “rabbit trails”. They’ve conceded
       everything --

       [DEFENSE]: I’m going to object, Your Honor. We haven’t conceded
       everything.

       [COURT]: Sustained.

       [DEFENSE]: That’s a misstatement of the argument.

       [COURT]: Sustained.

       [DEFENSE]: Ask the jury be instructed to disregard the last statement of
       the prosecutor.

       [COURT]: Jury will disregard the last statement.

       [DEFENSE]: Move for a mistrial.

       [COURT]: Denied. Proceed.

       [STATE]: Ladies and Gentlemen, counsel said, “We never said it wasn’t
       consensual.” So concede everything, except for the murder.

Appellant did not object to this last comment. The State continued its closing argument

and summarized the testimony and evidence supporting its case.
                                                                                    Bess – 67

       Appellant argues that the State’s comment, “They’ve conceded everything . . . [,]”

was an improper suggestion and an uninvited and unsubstantiated accusation of improper

conduct on the part of Appellant’s attorney. We disagree.

       The prosecutor responded to Appellant’s objection by completing his thought,

which had been cut off by the objection, and thereby clarified any potential

misinterpretation of his argument. The prosecutor clarified that the defense “concede[d]

everything, except for the murder.” Taking into account defense counsel’s closing

arguments, it is clear that the prosecutor’s argument was a rebuttal to the following

argument made by defense counsel:

       [L]et me, first, tell you that I don’t remember one time anyone saying from
       the Defense table that we believe that [Appellant] had consensual sex with
       [the victim]. That was never said. And if that’s what [the prosecutor] heard,
       that’s her impression. But it definitely didn’t come from me . . . and it’s not
       my job to prove whether it was consensual or nonconsensual. It’s not my
       job to prove how they met.

       Taking into account these comments and other portions of the record, the

complained of exchange can best be described as the State arguing that Appellant

suggested that the sexual intercourse may have been consensual. Indeed, evidence

solicited by Appellant at trial appeared to support that theory. Counsel has wide latitude

in drawing inferences from the evidence if they are reasonable and offered in good faith.

See Cantu v. State, 939 S.W.2d 627, 633 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Therefore, when we

consider the State’s jury argument in light of the entire record, we cannot conclude that it

was improper. Point of error twenty-five is overruled.
                                                                                         Bess – 68

C. Point of error 26

       In point of error twenty-six, Appellant argues that the State’s closing argument

referring to the denial of the lesser-included-offense instruction on aggravated sexual

assault was improper jury argument because it misled the jury by inviting it to consider an

issue outside of the jury charge.

       [STATE]: Now I want to go back even further and talk about some of the
       concepts that we talked about with each one of you in voir dire, when we
       were talking to each one of you individually. We talked about lesser-
       included offenses and the fact that if there was any evidence, whether
       credible or not, of either just an aggravated sexual assault occurring or just
       a murder --

       [DEFENSE]: I’m going to object, Your Honor. This is outside the Charge.
       It’s irrelevant. It’s not part of the jury’s consideration. Misstatement of the
       law. This is a decision made by the court only.

       [COURT]: Overruled. Proceed.

       [STATE]: You’ll notice that there are no lesser-included offenses in that
       Jury Charge. So what are you to consider, another concept we talked about
       during voir dire, is did we prove our elements of the case beyond a
       reasonable doubt? And the elements of the case essentially boil down to:
       Did this man (indicating), while in the course of aggravated sexual assault -
       - that is, while he was -- right before, during or after the rape of her, did he
       kill her?

       Appellant contends that the State tried to mislead the jury in its argument

concerning the legal issue of a lesser-included offense, which is a question of law for the

court and not a fact issue for the jury. Appellant also argues that the State implied that

the defense had asked for the lesser-included-offense instruction and was turned down

because the trial court “did not believe it.” See Dunbar v. State, 551 S.W.2d 382 (Tex.
                                                                                        Bess – 69

Crim. App. 1977) (holding that, during closing arguments, a party may not refer to any

belief, or non-belief, of the trial court); Gipson v. State, 503 S.W.2d 796 (Tex. Crim. App.

1974) (stating that it is error when the State, in its closing arguments, comments that the

defense asked for a jury instruction).

       The State’s relevant argument was not improper. “A prosecutor may without

referring to any belief of the trial court properly advise the jury that any relevant

testimony which raises a material fact issue will cause the court to submit a charge

explaining the law on that issue.” McClory v. State, 510 S.W.2d 932, 934 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1974). Such advice, as well as any “reasonable and proper explanation of the law of

the case as contained in the court’s charge,” is a permitted jury argument. Id. Thus, while

the inclusion of a lesser-included offense is a question for the trial judge to resolve, it is

not error for the parties during closing arguments to correctly explain the law contained in

the jury charge and its application. Here, until the prosecutor was interrupted by

Appellant’s objection, her statement of the law concerning lesser-included offenses was

correct. See Sweed v. State, 351 S.W.3d 63, 68-69 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Moreover, she

did not refer to an opinion of the trial court on the matter. Appellant’s twenty-sixth point

of error is overruled.

       Having addressed each of Appellant’s guilt-phase arguments, we now turn to his

points of error relating to the punishment phase.

                         IX. Admissibility of Dr. Vigen’s testimony
                                                                                         Bess – 70

       In points of error twenty-seven and twenty-eight, Appellant takes issue with the

trial court’s denial of the defense’s attempt to introduce hearsay statements via an expert

witness. He argues that (1) the trial court should have allowed Dr. Mark Vigen to reveal

hearsay statements made to him by prison guards because those statements formed the

basis of his opinion and thus were admissible under Texas Rules of Evidence 703 and

705, and (2) the exclusion of those statements violated Appellant’s right to due process of

law.

       At the request of defense counsel, the trial court appointed two experts to

investigate Appellant’s life and conduct during the 32 years14 since his incarceration: Dr.

Vigen and S.O. Woods (former classification director of TDCJ). To prepare for trial,

Vigen interviewed corrections officers, prison supervisors, and wardens, and these

interviews, together with those conducted by Woods, formed the basis of Vigen’s expert

testimony at punishment. At the punishment phase, Appellant called Vigen to the stand

and asked him about hearsay statements made by TDCJ employees that had been

interviewed. The State objected and cited the balancing test prescribed by Rule 705(d) of

the Texas Rules of Evidence.15 The trial court sustained the State’s objection, and

       14
         At the time of trial, Appellant had been in custody of TDCJ at various times for a total
of 32 years of his life.
       15
         Texas Rule of Evidence 705(d) provides, “When the underlying facts or data would be
inadmissible in evidence, the court shall exclude the underlying facts or data if the danger that
they will be used for a purpose other than as explanation or support for the expert's opinion
outweighs their value as explanation or support or are unfairly prejudicial.”
                                                                                    Bess – 71

Appellant was allowed to introduce only that Vigen and Woods had interviewed two

female and six male corrections officers and that all of those officers agreed that they

could not remember having problems with Appellant. Vigen’s proposed testimony was

preserved for appellate review by a bill of exception.

A. Texas Rule of Evidence 705(d) claim

          Texas Rule of Evidence 703 allows an expert witness to base his opinions on facts

and data not otherwise admissible if such information is reasonably relied upon by experts

in that field in forming opinions or inferences. See Tex. R. Evid. 703. Under Rule 705(d),

inadmissible facts or information relied on by an expert shall be excluded unless the value

of that evidence to explain or support the expert’s opinion outweighs the danger that the

evidence would be used for other purposes. Id. at 705(a), (d). To properly balance the

competing interests under that Rule, a court must decide if the evidence will assist the

proponent to explain or support the expert’s opinion16 and whether the evidence would be

used for purposes other than those intended or if it would be unfairly prejudicial. See id.

at 705.

          On appeal, we review a trial court’s admissibility decision under Rule 705(d) for

an abuse of discretion, and we will uphold the judgment of the trial court if its decision

was correct on any theory of law applicable to the case. See Valle, 109 S.W.3d at 506;

Prystash v. State, 3 S.W.3d 522, 528 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). We rarely second guess the

          16
               Valle v. State, 109 S.W.3d 500, 506 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
                                                                                        Bess – 72

decisions of a trial judge in balancing the importance of the admissibility of evidence,

especially in a situation such as this in which the record supports his ruling. After

reviewing Vigen’s trial testimony and Appellant’s bill of exception,17 we cannot conclude

that the trial court abused its discretion when it excluded inadmissible hearsay statements

that formed the basis of Vigen’s expert opinion.

       During his permitted testimony, Vigen opined that Appellant was not a future

danger, a critical opinion. Moreover, Vigen identified the officers by name and gender

and relayed their opinions of Appellant. The gender of the guards was of particular

importance—Appellant was convicted of brutally sexually assaulting and murdering the

victim, a female coed from SMU, and yet the female corrections officers interviewed

believed that Appellant was not a future danger. Thus, although additional details, such as

how long an officer had known Appellant, may have increased the credibility and

probative value of the officer’s statements and, in turn, the credibility of Vigen’s

conclusion, Appellant’s need for the hearsay statements was marginal.

       In addition, the opportunity for prejudice was high if the excluded testimony had

been admitted. See Valle, 109 S.W.3d at 505-06. Admission of the complained of

statements would have inappropriately shifted the focus of Vigen’s testimony from his

conclusion that Appellant would not be a future danger to the opinion of correction

       17
         Dr. Vigen’s excluded testimony was preserved by a bill of exception. When compared
to his admitted testimony, the bill of exception provided more details as to how long each of the
correction officers had known Appellant and the extent of their interaction.
                                                                                    Bess – 73

officers who never appeared as witnesses in either party’s case-in-chief. When the

opportunity for prejudice is balanced against the Appellant’s marginal need for the

hearsay statements and we consider that the most probative parts of the officers’ opinions

were admitted into evidence, we are not persuaded the trial court abused its discretion.

B. Due process claim

       Appellant also argues that the exclusion of the hearsay statements violated his due

process rights because he was denied “equal opportunity and access to investigate and

discover evidence to use on the issue of future dangerousness.” To support his argument,

Appellant cites Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68 (1985), for the proposition that “an

indigent [defendant] is entitled to ‘meaningful access to justice[,]’ which means that he

should have ‘access to the raw materials integral to the building of an effective defense’

thus ensuring ‘a proper functioning of the adversary process.’” See also Rey v. State, 897
S.W.2d 333, 339 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995); DeFreece v. State, 848 S.W.2d 150 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1993). We agree with the State that Appellant’s issue does not implicate the

Supreme Court’s holding in Ake because it is undisputed that the trial court provided the

defense with resources necessary to procure expert witnesses and to assist in its

investigations.

       But we broadly construe Appellant’s claim that he was denied equal access to

allege that his right to present a defense was violated. Cf. Strickland v. Washington, 466
U.S. 668, 684-85 (1984) (“The Constitution guarantees a fair trial through the Due
                                                                                      Bess – 74

Process Clauses, but it defines the basic elements of a fair trial largely through the several

provisions of the Sixth Amendment.”). Two cases guide our holding. See Taylor v.

Illinois, 484 U.S. 400 (1988); Anderson v. State, 301 S.W.3d 276 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).

       In Taylor, the defendant failed to identify a defense witness after receiving a pre-

trial discovery request from the State, and as a sanction, the trial court excluded that

witness’s testimony. Taylor, 484 U.S. at 401-02. The question presented on writ of

certiorari was whether the trial court’s refusal to allow the witness to testify violated the

petitioner’s right to procure the testimony of favorable witnesses under the Sixth

Amendment. Id. at 402; see U.S. C ONST. amend. VI. In discussing Appellant’s equal-

access claim, the Supreme Court noted that the choice to invoke the right of compulsory

process as to defense witnesses lies solely with the defendant. Taylor, 484 U.S. at 410; cf.

Johnson v. State, 357 S.W.3d 653, 657-58 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). By its very nature,

compulsory process “requires that its effective use be preceded by deliberate planning and

affirmative conduct.” Taylor, 484 U.S. at 653-54.

       Subsequently, applying the Supreme Court’s holding, we held that the right to

compulsory process can be forfeited if the defendant fails to invoke it. Anderson, 301
S.W.3d at 280. We also recognized that, inasmuch as the right to present a defense

derives from guarantees of due process, a defendant can also forfeit that right if he fails to

insist on its implementation. Id.

       In this case, the defense secured court orders allowing it to interview relevant
                                                                                          Bess – 75

employees of TDC and to view personnel records of the prison. Using the records,

Appellant was able to identify relevant witnesses and to interview them. Appellant argues

that the court orders were ineffective because guards individually chose whether to testify

and, regardless, Vigen and Woods had “to promise the [corrections officers] that they will

not come and testify in order to get any cooperation from ‘em at all.” But after reviewing

the record, we cannot find support for Appellant’s claim that he had to promise to not

subpoena corrections officers.18

       Moreover, as the State correctly notes, at least one corrections officer who gave

favorable information to the defense was called to the stand by the State, and Appellant’s

       18
        On direct examination, Vigen explained that he procured an order from the trial court so
he and Woods could interview TDC employees and records. Then, on cross-examination, Vigen
explained the process in detail:

       [VIGEN]: We asked the Court for permission to interview corrections officers.
       We then asked the general counsel for [TDC] whether we could interview them.
       He gave permission. And then we asked the warden for her permission.
               So I didn’t approach any officers at all, on my own. I asked the warden and
       the prison administration to ask officers if they would be willing to tell me about
       [Appellant], if they knew about him.
               So I didn’t feel -- I thought it was an intrusion on my part to go and solicit
       officers. I thought it would be better if the warden and her staff made the request.
       And then anyone that wanted to be interviewed or knew him was willing on their
       own to come, then I would interview them. But I didn’t want to be in a position of
       button-holing or pressuring or putting officers in uncomfortable situations. I
       wanted them to freely be able to come and feel no pressure to talk with me.

At a later sub rosa hearing, Woods testified that the trial court had granted an order allowing
him and Vigen access to personnel records of the prison. He also explained that he contacted the
general counsel of the agency and visited with a lawyer to determine if the agency would have
an objection to the order. Finally, he testified that once he conversed with them, the agency’s
attorney would issue instructions to the staff as to how much cooperation should be given and
what access they should be allowed.
                                                                                    Bess – 76

cross-examination of that officer was limited to confirming that he remembered speaking

with Vigen and Woods. Although Appellant complains that officers subpoenaed by the

defense would have retaliated by saying bad things about Appellant, that does not explain

why the defense chose not to cross-examine a witness called by the State, who had

previously made statements that would have helped the defense.

       Therefore, we cannot say that his right to present an effective defense as it pertains

to his right of compulsory process was violated. Because Appellant did not subpoena

witnesses who refused to appear in court voluntarily, he never exercised that right. Points

of error twenty-seven and twenty-eight are overruled.

                                 X. Future dangerousness

       In point of error twenty-nine, Appellant argues that there was legally insufficient

evidence to support the jury’s “yes” answer to the future-dangerousness special issue.

Specifically, he emphasizes that he had no violent incidents while incarcerated for thirty-

two years, and he claims that he is too ill to be physically violent.

       We review a legal-sufficiency challenge to the jury’s finding of future

dangerousness in the light most favorable to the jury’s finding. Keeton v. State, 724
S.W.2d 58, 61 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). The relevant inquiry is whether, based on the

evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom, any rational trier of fact could have found

beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant would be a future danger. See Berry v. State,

233 S.W.3d 847, 860 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). In Keeton, we held that a jury is permitted
                                                                                  Bess – 77

to consider a range of factors when determining future dangerousness:

       1. the circumstances of the capital offense, including the defendant’s state
          of mind and whether he or she was working alone or with other parties;
       2. the calculated nature of the defendant’s acts;
       3. the forethought and deliberateness exhibited by the crime’s execution;
       4. the existence of a prior criminal record, and the severity of the prior
          crimes;
       5. the defendant's age and personal circumstances at the time of the offense;
       6. whether the defendant was acting under duress or the domination of
          another at the time of the commission of the offense;
       7. psychiatric evidence; and
       8. character evidence.

Keeton, 724 S.W.2d at 61.

       The circumstances of the crime may be sufficient to support a “yes” answer to the

future-dangerousness special issue. De Voe v. State, 354 S.W.3d 457, 463 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2011). We have rejected arguments that a person’s advanced age at the time of

sentencing prevents the jury from finding that a defendant is a future danger. See Coble,
330 S.W.3d at 266-67. The issue is not whether a defendant can be controlled in prison,

but “whether a defendant would constitute a continuing threat ‘whether in or out of

prison . . . .’” Estrada v. State, 313 S.W.3d 274, 281 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).

       The evidence presented at punishment showed that Appellant verbally and

physically abused his wife and infant daughter. On January 20, 1977, Appellant

committed the aggravated kidnapping of Vivian Lester with the intent to commit sexual

abuse. That same year, he also raped Betty Parent Friedrichsen and committed the

aggravated rape of Elizabeth Kegg. In 1978, Appellant pled guilty to two of the attacks
                                                                                     Bess – 78

(one count of aggravated rape and one count of aggravated kidnaping with intent to

commit sexual assault) in exchange for concurrent twenty-five-year sentences. Appellant

was paroled six months later. His criminal and sexually deviant behavior continued when

the instant offense occurred and he sexually assaulted Samota. This time, however, his

actions escalated as he murdered the victim by stabbing her eighteen times. Then eight

months after Samota’s murder, Appellant sexually assaulted another woman. A jury

convicted him and sentenced him to life in prison and a $10,000 fine.

       Evidence also showed that Appellant had spent 32 years of his life in the Texas

Department of Criminal Justice at the time of trial. While incarcerated Appellant

committed twenty-nine infractions, many involving abusive behavior toward female

guards. Testimony also showed that Appellant was arrogant and defiant in prison.

       In short, overwhelming evidence was presented that Appellant was a violent

predator who was willing to use deadly weapons while sexually assaulting women. The

evidence also showed that Appellant’s criminal activities were becoming more violent

and that his hostility towards women has never ceased. On this record, a rational jury

could have found that there is a probability that Appellant would be a continuing threat to

society. Point of error twenty-nine is overruled.

                                XI. Evidence of demeanor

       In point of error thirty, Appellant argues that the trial court should have granted a

mistrial when the State’s witness at punishment, Detective Linda Crum, testified that
                                                                                 Bess – 79

Appellant showed no remorse when she interviewed him in 2008. Appellant asserts that

Crum’s testimony violated his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination because

it was a comment on his failure to testify.

       Appellant’s complaint stems from Crum’s testimony and the admission at

punishment of State’s Exhibit No. 88, a statement made by Appellant in 2008 concerning

his whereabouts at the time of the murder. The exhibit was admitted over Appellant’s

objection. Crum read the statement and continued her testimony:

       [STATE]: And when you talked to him that day about this, did he show any
       remorse, whatsoever?

       [CRUM]: None, whatsoever.

       [DEFENSE]: I’m going to object to that, Your Honor. That violates the
       Fifth Amendment.

       [COURT]: Sustained.

       [DEFENSE]: Ask the jury be instructed to disregard that statements.

       [COURT]: The jury will disregard the last statement from the witness.

       [DEFENSE]: Unfortunately, we have to move for a mistrial to reserve our
       position.

       [COURT]: Denied. Proceed.

Crum went on to testify that initially Appellant was “arrogant” but his demeanor changed

“dramatically” when he was told the date of Samota’s murder. Crum explained, “He

became more visibly aware . . . he changed his demeanor from being arrogant to being

more forward.”
                                                                                      Bess – 80

       The Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution prohibits a person from

being compelled to be a witness against himself in a criminal case. U.S. C ONST. amend V;

see also T EX. C ODE C RIM. P RO. art. 38.08. This amendment prevents comments by

counsel or the trial court that allude to a defendant’s choice to not testify, including

references to his failure to exhibit remorse. See Howard v. State, 153 S.W.3d 382, 385-86

(Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (“[A] prosecutor’s comment on a defendant’s failure to show

remorse is tantamount to a comment on his failure to testify.”).

       This Court has addressed whether statements by the prosecution or the trial court

have violated a defendant’s right to remain silent when they alluded to his failure to

testify. See Davis v. State, 782 S.W.2d 211, 222-23 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989). To determine

whether the comment in question violated a defendant’s right to remain silent, the

language used, when viewed from the jury’s standpoint, must have been “manifestly

intended or of such a character that the jury would necessarily and naturally take it as a

comment on the accused’s failure to testify.” Banks v. State, 643 S.W.2d 129, 134 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1982). “It is not sufficient that the language might be construed as an implied

or indirect allusion.” Id. When the remark directs the attention of the jury to an absence of

evidence that could be supplied only by the defendant, that remark is a comment on the

defendant’s right to remain silent and is reversible error. Id. at 134-35. But if the remark

is a reference to a defendant’s failure to produce evidence other than his own testimony or

if it is a reference to other record evidence, we have held that such a remark is proper.
                                                                                     Bess – 81

Howard, 153 S.W.3d at 385-86; Banks, 643 S.W.2d at 135.

       On appeal, we review the denial of a mistrial for an abuse of discretion. See Webb

v. State, 232 S.W.3d 109, 112 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The State’s question to Crum

about Appellant’s lack of remorse was not an improper comment on Appellant’s failure to

testify. Crum’s testimony described Appellant’s demeanor in 2008 when DNA evidence

had connected him to the crime scene, but he had not admitted to the murder. There is no

connection between Appellant’s expression at that time and his failure to testify at trial

two years later. Moreover, even if it were error, the trial court promptly instructed the jury

to disregard the comment. As we have stated, “the . . . presumption that an instruction [to

disregard] generally will not cure comment on failure of the accused to testify . . . has

been eroded to the point that it applies only to the most blatant examples. Otherwise, the

Court has tended to find the instruction to have force.” Dinkins v. State, 894 S.W.2d 330,

356 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (bracketed material and ellipses in original) (quoting Waldo

v. State, 746 S.W.2d 750, 753 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988)); see Moore v. State, 999 S.W.2d
385, 405 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). The State’s question was limited in context to

Appellant behavior during the 2008 interview with Crum, and the concept of remorse was

not mentioned again. We assume that the curative instruction had force, and any error was

cured. See Dinkins, 894 S.W.2d at 356.

       Therefore, even if the State’s question was erroneous, it did not affect the verdict.

The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Appellant’s motion for a
                                                                                        Bess – 82

mistrial. Point of error thirty is overruled.

                           XII. Admissibility of prior convictions

        In point of error thirty-one, Appellant argues that, at punishment, the State

impermissibly introduced evidence of prior convictions of a character witness for

Appellant, Johnnie Lindsey. Citing Texas Rule of Evidence 609, Appellant argues that

Lindsey’s convictions should not have been admissible for impeachment purposes

because they were too remote and any probative value was substantially outweighed by

the prejudicial effect. See Tex. R. Evid. 609(a).

        Generally, Texas Rule of Evidence 609 bars impeachment of a witness with prior

convictions if a period of more than ten years has passed since the date of the witness’s

conviction or the date of his release from prison, whichever is later, unless the court

determines, in the interest of justice, that the probative value of the prior convictions,

supported by specific facts and circumstances, substantially outweighs its prejudicial

effect. Id. at (b).

        Still, we have held that otherwise inadmissible prior convictions can be admitted

when a witness, during direct examination, leaves a false impression as to his prior

arrests, convictions, charges, or incidents with the police. See Prescott v. State, 744
S.W.2d 128, 131 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). “Where the witness creates a false impression .

. . , he ‘opens the door’ on his otherwise irrelevant past criminal history and opposing

counsel may expose the falsehood.” Delk v. State, 855 S.W.2d 700, 704 (Tex. Crim. App.
                                                                                     Bess – 83

1993). It is not enough for a witness to imply that he is a law-abiding citizen—to open the

door the witness must convey the impression that he has never committed a crime (or in

this case, another crime). See, e.g., Trippell v. State, 535 S.W.2d 178, 179 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1992); Orozco v. State, 164 Tex. Crim. 630, 632, 301 S.W.2d 634, 635 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1957). We will uphold the trial court’s ruling if it was within the zone of reasonable

disagreement. See Theus v. State, 845 S.W.2d 874, 881 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).

       At trial, Appellant wanted to introduce evidence that Lindsey had been exonerated

for the crime of aggravated rape to show “how he got out of prison” and to bolster his

credibility. The State objected to the admission of that testimony on the grounds that it

was irrelevant and that it would leave a false impression with the jury that Lindsey was a

law-abiding citizen, even though he had prior (stale) convictions for larceny, aggravated

robbery, and attempted rape. The State further argued that, upon admission of Lindsey’s

status as an exonoree, the door to his prior criminal history would be opened, and it could

then elicit testimony regarding his prior convictions to rebut that false impression. The

trial court agreed. The court ruled that the defense could present the exoneration

evidence, but it also ruled that if the defense chose to do so, the door to Lindsey’s prior

convictions would also be opened. The court said that because the jury had already heard

that Lindsey was in prison and was exonerated, it was entitled to presume that Lindsey

was a convicted felon. Accordingly, when the defense elicited testimony from Lindsey

that he was pardoned, the State was allowed to elicit testimony regarding his three prior
                                                                                     Bess – 84

stale convictions, and the trial court overruled Appellant’s objections to the admission of

those prior convictions.

       The following relevant exchange took place:

       [DEFENSE]: You said you grew up in Dallas. But there was a time when
       you were actually in prison; is that right?

       [LINDSEY]: Yes, sir.

       [DEFENSE]: Okay. There was a time recently when you were released
       from prison; is that correct?

       [LINDSEY]: Yes, sir.

       ...

       [DEFENSE]: Okay. 2008, September 19 th , you were release[d] from the
       prison and you were released on a pardon for actual innocence; is that
       correct?

       [LINDSEY]: Yes, sir.

       The trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the State to introduce

evidence of Lindsey’s three prior convictions following this exchange. See Theus, 845
S.W.2d at 881. This exchange could have misled the jury regarding Lindsey’s criminal

history because the questions and answers suggest that Lindsey had been incarcerated just

one (“a”) time and that had been for an alleged offense of which he was actually innocent.

Such an impression contrasts with the reality of Lindsey’s three prior felony convictions.

Thus, the defense opened the door to Lindsey’s prior convictions when its questioning

resulted in the false impression. See Prescott, 744 S.W.2d at 131. We overrule
                                                                                    Bess – 85

Appellant’s thirty-first point of error.

                       XIII. Authentication of penitentiary packet

       In point of error thirty-two, Appellant complains that the trial court should not

have admitted the penitentiary packet offered by the State because the accompanying

certification was deficient in that it was not executed by the Director of TDCJ or someone

else who is designated to receive those documents under Article 42.09, Section 8(b) of the

Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.

       To resolve this issue, we need not address whether the statutory requirements

under Article 42.09, Section 8(b), were fulfilled because the penitentiary packet was

properly authenticated under Rule 901 of the Texas Rules of Evidence. See Reed v. State,

811 S.W.2d 582, 587-88 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (op. on reh’g). Under Rule 901, a

document is authenticated for purposes of admissibility if there is sufficient evidence “to

support a finding that the matter in question is what the proponent claims.” Tex. R. Evid.

901(a). In other words, “the requirement of authentication is satisfied by extrinsic

evidence that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” Reed, 811 S.W.2d at

587. In Reed, we held that the penitentiary packet was properly authenticated under Rule

901 because the records were correct copies upon which TDCJ relied in admitting

inmates. Additionally, the testimony of a State’s fingerprint expert confirmed that

fingerprints in the penitentiary packet matched those of the appellant. Id. at 587-88.

       In this case, as in Reed, the certified documents tendered by the State are copies of
                                                                                         Bess – 86

the original documents as per the affidavit signed by the records clerk of TDCJ. Also, the

State called a fingerprint expert witness to testify that the fingerprints in the penitentiary

packet matched those of Appellant. We overrule Appellant’s point of error thirty-two.

                  XIV. Admissibility of Officer Masterson’s testimony

       In points of error thirty-three and thirty-seven, Appellant complains that two

portions of Houston Police Officer Ronald Masterson’s testimony at the punishment

phase should have been excluded because they were hearsay. Masterson testified that he

received a call in 1977 regarding aggravated kidnaping with intent to commit sexual

assault. Masterson testified that the victim, Vivian Lester,19 was hysterical but provided a

description of the suspect and the car that he was driving. Subsequently, Appellant pled

guilty to the crime and received a 25-year sentence. Appellant argues that Masterson’s

testimony regarding Lester’s out-of-court statements describing Appellant and his vehicle

should have been excluded because both statements were made by an out-of-court

declarant and were offered for the truth of the matter asserted (i.e., that Appellant was

Lester’s attacker). See Tex. R. Evid. 801(d).

       The State did not offer Lester’s description of Appellant and his vehicle for the

truth of the matter asserted. That fact had already been established by proof of

Appellant’s conviction for the offense through admission of the penitentiary packet.

       19
        Throughout the trial record, this person is variously referred to as Vivian Lesser and
Vivian Lester. We refer to her as Vivian Lester.
                                                                                    Bess – 87

Lester’s description was simply offered to show how the investigation progressed and

Appellant became a suspect for the crime. Points of error thirty-three and thirty-seven are

overruled.

                      XV. Denial of Appellant’s motion for mistrial

       In point of error thirty-four, Appellant complains that the trial court erroneously

denied his motion for mistrial “when the prosecution asked prejudicial questions of a

defense witness in the punishment stage of the trial.” Appellant complains about

questions posed to defense expert Dr. Vigen regarding a letter written by inmate Henry

Aguilar to prison officials. Appellant supports his argument with the following exchange,

arguing that the State lacked a good-faith basis for the question:

       Q [THE STATE]. Doctor, I believe you told the jury before lunch that you
       were familiar with the threat that Donald Bess made against Henry Aguilar
       here in Dallas County jail a couple months ago, correct?

       A [VIGEN]. I just read the report. That’s all I know about it.

       Q. Okay. Did you read the letter regarding where Donald Bess had told
       Aguilar that he had forced Angela Samota - - forced her to have sex and
       then “stabbed the bitch”? Did you read that?

       A. I did not read a letter like that, no.

       [DEFENSE]: Objection, Your Honor. There’s no letter from Donald Bess
       to that. That is absolutely ridiculous.

       THE COURT: The witness has denied the question.

       [DEFENSE]: It’s a prejudicial question, designed to prejudice him about
       something like that. That’s totally improper.
                                                                                       Bess – 88

       THE COURT: The State needs to show us a good-faith basis for asking
       questions like that.

       [THE STATE]: Judge, clearly, he’s giving these opinions. I have the ability
       to ask him if he used that and whether that would have changed his opinion
       about it. And we’ve turned these things over. I thought the Doctor had
       looked at everything.

       THE COURT: Well, you’re entitled to ask him if he knows about such a
       letter. But you’re not entitled to read from it.

       At trial, Appellant objected to the question about the letter, claiming that no such

letter existed and that the question was prejudicial and asked in bad faith. The State

responded that it had a good-faith basis for its question, and that, before trial, it had

turned over the letter in question to the defense. At the pretrial hearing, defense counsel

acknowledged that he had a copy of the letter. Additionally, the State argues that it was

entitled to ask whether Vigen was aware of the letter and, if he was not, whether the letter

would have changed his opinion. The trial court sustained Appellant’s objection and gave

a curative jury instruction to disregard the State’s comment. Appellant moved for a

mistrial, and the trial court overruled that motion.

       “A mistrial is an appropriate remedy in ‘extreme circumstances’ for a narrow class

of highly prejudicial and incurable errors.” Ocon v. State, 284 S.W.3d 880, 884 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2009). Because of the remedy’s extreme nature, a mistrial “should be granted

only when residual prejudice remains after objections are sustained and curative

instructions given.” Barnett v. State, 161 S.W.3d 128, 134 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); see

also Ocon, 284 S.W.3d at 884-85. An appellate court reviews a trial court’s denial of a
                                                                                     Bess – 89

mistrial for an abuse of discretion, so the ruling must be upheld if it was within the zone

of reasonable disagreement. Ocon, 284 S.W.3d at 884. We consider the trial court’s ruling

in light of the arguments that were before the trial court at the time of its ruling. Wead v.

State, 129 S.W.3d 126, 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).

       On appeal, Appellant argues that the State did not show a good faith basis for the

prejudicial question and that “[t]he State’s argument was a blatant attempt to invite

the jury to speculate on whether or not [Appellant] attempted to flee as would a

guilty person.” The quoted exchange does not even allude to an attempt by Appellant to

flee. Thus the objection at trial does not comport with the one raised on appeal. Lovill v.

State, 319 S.W.3d 687, 691–92 (Tex. Crim. App.2009).

       Even if the exchange was problematic, the trial court promptly instructed the jury

to disregard the statement. Generally, an instruction to disregard an improper question is

sufficient to render it harmless. See Hernandez v. State, 805 S.W.2d 409, 413-14 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1990) (stating that in most cases, any harm from an improper question may be

cured by an instruction to disregard that question). And where the immediate complaint

focuses on matters not even included in the quoted exchange, we cannot find an abuse of

discretion on the part of the trial court in denying the motion for mistrial. Additionally,

defense counsel told the trial court that no such letter from Bess existed when the record

contains the letter, which speaks for itself, and counsel conceded at a pre-trial hearing that
                                                                                          Bess – 90

he had a copy of the letter.20

       Finding no abuse of discretion, point of error thirty-four is overruled.

                                   XVI. Closing arguments

       In points of error thirty-five, thirty-six, thirty-eight, and thirty-nine, Appellant

complains that the trial court erred when it overruled his objection to a portion of the

State’s closing argument because those improper arguments denied him due process of

law. Appellant’s points of error can be broken into two categories: (1) complaints about

comments pertaining to parole, and (2) arguments that Appellant chose to undergo an

elective surgical procedure and purposely failed to take his medication to delay his trial.

       As discussed previously (see VIII. Jury arguments), proper jury argument generally

falls within one of four areas: (1) summation of the evidence, (2) reasonable deductions

from the evidence, (3) answer to an argument of opposing counsel, and (4) pleas for law

enforcement. See Freeman, 340 S.W.3d at 727 (citing Brown, 270 S.W.3d at 570).

A. Comments about parole

       Appellant contends that the State improperly referred to parole eligibility and those

references prejudiced him. See Taylor v. State, 233 S.W.3d 356 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

He cites the following excerpt from closing arguments at the punishment phase:

       [PROSECUTOR]: But for [Vigen] to come in and talk about our prison
       system and the prison system can control the likes of [Appellant], without

       20
         During a pretrial suppression hearing, Aguilar and a gang-intelligence sergeant who was
familiar with both Appellant and Aguilar attested to the letter, and the State introduced the letter
as Exhibit A.
                                                                                      Bess – 91

       telling you the incentive, giving you a reason maybe why, as he
       characterized them, these 29 violations are minor and they’re no big deal.
       Again, that incentive is the possibility of getting out.

After this comment, Appellant objected, and the trial court overruled that objection.

       A prosecutor should avoid applying the parole law specifically to the defendant on

trial. Clark v. State, 643 S.W.2d 723, 724 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982) (“The evil to be

avoided is the consideration by the jury of parole in assessing punishment.”). But the jury

argument here was not an improper comment on parole. Instead, the State’s argument was

a proper summation of and a reasonable deduction from the evidence, and it did not

improperly imply parole eligibility for the instant offense. When Appellant objected, the

State’s argument focused on a critique of Vigen’s conclusion that Appellant would not be

a future danger. In this context, rather than referencing the possibility of parole for the

instant crime, the State’s argument was an attempt to discount Vigen’s conclusion on the

ground that he failed to consider that Appellant’s disciplinary violations in prison had not

been more egregious because he was hoping to obtain parole on the life sentence that he

was already serving for another sexual assault. The State based this argument on record

evidence, including the fact that Appellant was on parole when he committed the instant

capital murder and that he was working to obtain parole on the extraneous 1985 sexual

assault when he became a suspect in the instant capital murder.

       Because the State’s argument was a proper summation of the evidence and asked

the jury to make reasonable deductions from the evidence, point of error thirty-five is
                                                                                    Bess – 92

overruled. See Freeman, 340 S.W.3d at 727. Furthermore, because we find no error in the

State’s closing argument, Appellant’s due process rights were not violated, and we

overrule point of error thirty-six.

B. Comments about elective surgery and medication

       One mitigation issue raised at closing arguments was Appellant’s deteriorating

health. Appellant complains that the State argued outside of the record when it suggested

that Appellant chose to undergo elective surgery to delay his trial. He also objects to the

State’s argument that he intentionally failed to take his anticoagulant medication to cause

complications and to delay his trial.

       Appellant had a cardiac condition that required the installation of a stent to open

one of his arteries due to plaque buildup. Years later, when Appellant was taken to the

hospital complaining of new chest pains, two additional arteries were seventy-five percent

blocked. One of Appellant’s doctors, Dr. Das, testified that, because of Appellant’s

fragile cardiac condition, performing another cardiac catheterization carried high risks,

including heart attack or stroke during the procedure. But not undergoing the procedure

would also carry substantial risks. Appellant ultimately chose to have the elective surgery.

       Two days after surgery, Appellant was taken back to the hospital, again

complaining of chest pains. Dr. Das testified that Appellant’s two new stents had clotted.

He explained that clotting after the insertion of stents was a “very uncommon to rare

complication.” Das stated that he had prescribed Plavix, an anticoagulant, for Appellant
                                                                                       Bess – 93

to prevent his platelets from clotting and that Appellant was fully capable of self-

administering his drugs. However, he had no way of knowing whether Appellant had

taken his medication after he was released from the hospital. In his opinion, “If

[Appellant] didn’t take it, that would have put him somewhat at risk of [clotting] in the

stents.”

       The State’s argument that Appellant’s procedure was elective was proper because

it was firmly rooted in the record. Testimony supported that without the procedure,

Appellant’s blocked arteries could collapse, but there were substantial risks associated

with the surgery as well. Thus, there were serious risks associated with either decision,

and the choice to undergo the procedure was Appellant’s—the definition of an elective

surgery. See W EBSTER’S II: N EW C OLLEGE D ICTIONARY 362 (1999) (defining “elective,”

in part, as “[p]ermitting or involving a choice”).

       However, the State’s argument asking the jury to infer that Appellant intentionally

failed to take his medication was improper. That argument is outside of the record

because Das testified that he had no way of knowing if Appellant took his prescription

drugs after being released from the hospital, and no other witness testified with that

knowledge. Evidence revealing that Appellant possessed his medication and failed to take

it was not introduced into the record until Appellant filed a motion for new trial.

       Nonetheless, this improper jury argument does not warrant reversal because the

error did not affect Appellant’s substantial rights. See Martinez v. State, 17 S.W.3d 677,
                                                                                     Bess – 94

692-93 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (applying the nonconstitutional error standard to improper

jury argument outside of the record); see also Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b). We determine

whether a defendant’s substantial rights were affected by weighing the severity of the

misconduct, any curative measures, and the certainty of the assessed punishment. See

Martinez, 17 S.W.3d at 692-93. We also consider the jury argument in light of the record

to determine if the argument was extreme or manifestly improper. See Brown, 270
S.W.3d at 570 (citing Allridge, 762 S.W.2d at 155).

       The State’s argument in this case was harmless. The trial court, on its own motion,

gave a curative instruction, and when viewing the argument in light of the entire record, it

is not so prejudicial that the trial judge’s prompt admonishments did not cure any error.

See Long v. State, 823 S.W.2d 259, 267 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). Appellant’s points of

error thirty-eight and thirty-nine are overruled.

                                  XVII. Mitigation Issues

       In point of error forty, Appellant argues that he was denied due process of law

because, on appeal, this Court does not review a jury’s answer to the mitigation issue. In

point of error forty-one, he argues that the jury’s answer to the mitigation issue is against

the great weight of the evidence. Although Appellant asserts that the failure to review

such jury answers violates his constitutional and statutory rights, Appellant does not

identify any specific provision, statutory or otherwise. In addition, Appellant presents no

new arguments warranting a change in the law. We do not review the sufficiency of the
                                                                                      Bess – 95

evidence to support the jury’s answer to the mitigating issue, and Appellant’s due process

rights were not violated in the current law. See Estrada, 313 S.W.3d at 311 (citing

Rousseau v. State, 171 S.W.3d 871, 886 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)). We overrule

Appellant’s points of error forty and forty-one.

       In points of error forty-two and forty-three Appellant complains that the Texas

death-penalty scheme is unconstitutional under United States Supreme Court precedent

because the mitigation special issue is “nothing more than a nullification issue . . . .”

Appellant does not cite any authority or to argue why the mitigation instruction in his case

had the same affect as the nullification instruction at issue in Smith v. Texas, 543 U.S. 37

(2004). We nonetheless address his point of error.

       The mitigation instruction used by the trial court in Appellant’s case asked,

       Do you find, taking into consideration all of the evidence, including the
       circumstances of the offense, the Defendant’s character and background,
       and the personal and moral culpability of the Defendant, Donald Andrew
       Bess, Jr., that there is a sufficient mitigating circumstance or circumstances
       to warrant that a sentence of life imprisonment rather than a death sentence
       be imposed?

If the jury reached the third special issue and answered it “yes,” then Appellant would

have been sentenced to life in prison.

       The nullification instruction in Smith told the jury to consider all mitigating

evidence and that,

       In answering the Special Issues submitted to you herein, if you believe that
       the State has proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the answers to the
       Special Issues are “Yes,” and you also believe from the mitigating evidence,
                                                                                    Bess – 96

       if any, that the Defendant should not be sentenced to death, then you shall
       answer at least one of the Special Issues “No” in order to give effect to your
       belief that the death penalty should not be imposed due to the mitigating
       evidence presented to you. . . .

Smith, 543 U.S. at 40-41. The Supreme Court held that this instruction was

constitutionally inadequate because the “jury was essentially instructed to return a false

answer to a special issue in order to avoid a death sentence.” Id. at 48 (quoting Penry v.

Johnson, 532 U.S. 782 (2001)). The instruction resulted in an ethical dilemma for jurors

as they had to choose between answering the special issues truthfully or having to answer

one of them untruthfully if it found sufficient mitigating evidence.

       In contrast to Smith, the jury in this case was not required to return a false answer

to a special issue to avoid sentencing Appellant to death. The jury instructions in this case

did not prevent the jury from giving meaningful consideration and effect to any mitigating

evidence. Appellant’s points of error forty-two and forty-three are overruled.

                                   XVIII. Federal issues

       In point of error forty-four, Appellant argues that his federal right to due process

and equal protection, and his rights under Article I, Sections 13 and 19, of the Texas

Constitution were violated. Appellant argues that, because Texas has two-hundred fifty-

four counties, the ability of each prosecutor to make an individualized decision of

whether to pursue the death penalty violates the Supreme Court’s holding in Bush v.

Gore, 531 U.S. 98 (2000). Appellant asserts that Bush stands for the proposition that

“[w]hen a court orders a statewide remedy, there must be at least some assurance that the
                                                                                      Bess – 97

rudimentary requirements of equal treatment and fundamental fairness are satisfied.” We

have previously addressed identical arguments and rejected them, and Appellant presents

no new law or argument that persuades us to revisit this issue. See Roberts v. State, 220
S.W.3d 521, 535 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Point of error forty-four is overruled.

       In point of error forty-five, Appellant argues that, under Furman v. Georgia, 408
U.S. 238 (1972), the Texas death-penalty scheme allows unrestrained discretion to assess

death because the mitigation special issue is fatally flawed. In points of error forty-six and

forty-seven, Appellant argues that his death sentence is unconstitutional because the

mitigation instruction “sends mixed signals” in violation of Penry v. Johnson, 532 U.S.
782 (2001) and the Texas Constitution. In point of error forty-eight, Appellant asserts that

the “10-12” rule is unconstitutional, and in point of error forty-nine, Appellant contends

that, because undefined terms are used in the jury instructions during the punishment

phase, imposition of the death penalty in his case would be unconstitutional. In points of

error fifty and fifty-one, Appellant argues that his rights under federal and state law were

violated because the jury had unlimited discretion to consider mitigating evidence, but the

jury was restricted in its discretion to impose the death penalty. In point of error fifty-two,

Appellant contends that the statutory mitigation instruction is unconstitutional because it

fails to place a burden of proof on the State.

       We have consistently rejected all of Appellant’s arguments in points of error forty-

five through fifty-two, and because Appellant presents this Court with no new arguments
                                                                                  Bess – 98

or points of law, we overrule those points of error. See Williams, 301 S.W.3d at 694;

Saldano, 232 S.W.3d at 107-08; Coble, 330 S.W.3d at 296-97; Bell v. State, 938 S.W.2d
35, 53-54 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).

      We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Delivered: March 6, 2013

Do Not Publish