Court Opinion

ID: 9634890
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-22 13:27:41.313844+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:44:44.043375
License: Public Domain

EVELYN V. KEYES, Justice,
concurring.
I join the majority’s opinion except to the extent the majority holds that Legg’s opening, at the direction of police, files he had previously uncovered in the “My Shared Documents” folder on appellant’s computer was “per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment and under article I, section 9 of the Texas Constitution” and therefore constitutional error. See Op. at 838. I agree with the majority that Legg was not acting as a state actor and did not violate appellant’s expectation of privacy under the Fourth Amendment when he initially opened the “My Shared Documents” folder in the course of performing appellant’s requested computer data transfer, discovered a number of files with labels indicating they contained child pornography, and opened one of them.1 I also *840agree that he was acting under the direction of the police when he opened the additional pornographic files he had originally discovered in plain view in his initial search of the “My Shared Documents” folder. I further agree that a “subsequent police search must be ‘limited in scope to the private party’s search.’ ” Op. at 838. I disagree, however, with the majority’s conclusion that Legg’s search at the direction of police of files with pornographic titles in the “My Shared Documents” folder that were in plain view after Legg initially opened the folder exceeded the scope of the initial private search and violated appellant’s constitutional right to privacy.
Legg opened the file labeled “14-year old” to confirm that it contained child pornography because the file was “linked to a program that is very well known for downloading pornographic material.” He discovered the image of an adult male in sexual congress with an underage female. Legg immediately closed the image and alerted his supervisor, Israel Bautista. Bautista contacted his supervisor, who instructed Bautista to contact the Houston Police Department (“HPD”). Bautista called the police and quarantined the computer in the store’s cash office. An HPD police officer came to Circuit City within twenty minutes of Bautista’s call. After arriving on the scene, the officer requested that Legg retrieve the computer and open the file containing the child pornography that he had previously opened. After the police officer viewed the original image, he asked Legg to open additional files in the same folder with the titles (1) “16Y slut, reelkiddy, one word, prn kiddy.mgpe”; (2) “Izzy2.mp”; (3) “kiddy-baby.mpeg”; (4) “Kiddy Vanessa 12 years, 36.mpeg”; (5) “Pedo 10-YO pussy.mpg”; (6) “Pedo-Vieky-doudu.mpeg”; (7) “Pedo Mff — suck, mpg”; and (8) “vicky string bikini, p the., 11 year-old mpg.” Legg then left the room and Bautista and the officer viewed eight of the nine additional images. The police officer seized the computer and placed it in the HPD property room.
HPD officer John Barnes was assigned the investigation on July 30, 2006. He made out an affidavit to the magistrate judge as follows:
On July 26, 2006, defendant brought his computer to Circuit City. This was a laptop computer described as a Compaq Computer Model No: V203US; Serial No: CNF4461126. Circuity [sic ] City has the computer. Defendant, Raymond Brackens, brought the computer in for Circuity [sic ] City to be fixed. Circuit City found numerous videos labeled “PEDO.” The technician, Mark Leg [sic], stated that what he saw was at least 10 videos of female children ages ranging from 9-11 years old performing oral and vaginal sex with adult males. The file names where the pornographic images were observed were under the defendant’s name. The technician immediately called HPD to come view the computer. A patrol officer came to Circuit City and viewed the pornographic images. After viewing the images, the patrol officer took custody of the computer and put the computer in the HPD property room. The computer is currently in [the] custody of HPD.
*841The magistrate judge issued the search warrant on August 1, 2006. After receiving the search warrant, Barnes took the computer from the HPD property room and transferred the computer to the HPD digital forensic lab. Barnes testified that thirteen illegal pornographic files were discovered.
Both the United States and Texas Constitutions protect an individual’s legitimate expectation of privacy in the individual’s home and personal effects from unreasonable government intrusion. U.S. Const. amend. IV; Tex. Const. art. I, § 9; see also Villarreal v. State, 935 S.W.2d 134, 138 (Tex.Crim.App.1996) (citing Richardson v. State, 865 S.W.2d 944, 948 (Tex.Crim.App.1993)). Both the United States and Texas Constitutions protect the same rights against unreasonable government intrusion to the same degree. Hulit v. State, 982 S.W.2d 431, 436 (Tex.Crim.App.1998); Johnson v. State, 912 S.W.2d 227, 232 (Tex.Crim.App.1995); Garza v. State, 137 S.W.3d 878, 884 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet. ref'd).
Neither the Fourth Amendment nor the Texas Constitution, however, requires the exclusion of evidence obtained by a private party’s search. Cobb v. State, 85 S.W.3d 258, 270-71 (Tex.Crim.App.2002). Only the activity of government agents implicates a person’s Fourth Amendment rights. United States v. Paige, 136 F.3d 1012, 1017 (5th Cir.1998); United States v. Barth, 26 F.Supp.2d 929, 935 (W.D.Tex.1998). Thus, when a private party conducts a warrantless search, the constitutional guarantee against unreasonable government intrusion is not implicated unless the private party acts as an agent of government agents. Burdeau v. McDowell, 256 U.S. 465, 475, 41 S.Ct. 574, 576, 65 L.Ed. 1048 (1921); Cobb, 85 S.W.3d at 270-71; Hall v. State, 643 S.W.2d 738, 740 (Tex.Crim.App.1983).
However, even if a private party does act as a governmental agent, a defendant has standing to complain that evidence was obtained by unreasonable governmental intrusion in violation of the Fourth amendment and the Texas Constitution and is therefore inadmissible only if he has a legitimate expectation of privacy in the place invaded. Paige, 136 F.3d at 1017; Barth, 26 F.Supp.2d at 936; Villarreal, 935 S.W.2d at 138; Rogers v. State, 113 S.W.3d 452, 457 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2003, no pet.). “If the inspection by the police does not intrude upon a legitimate expectation of privacy, there is no ‘search’ subject to the [Fourth Amendment].” Illinois v. Andreas, 463 U.S. 765, 771, 103 S.Ct. 3319, 3324, 77 L.Ed.2d 1003 (1983).
The protection afforded closed personal computer files and hard drives has been likened to the protection afforded by the Fourth Amendment to a person’s closed containers and closed personal effects. See Barth, 26 F.Supp.2d at 936-37; Zaratti v. State, No. 01-04-01019-CR, 2006 WL 2506899, at *8 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 31, 2006, pet. ref'd) (mem. op., not designated for publication). “[T]he Fourth Amendment provides protection to the owner of every container that conceals its contents from plain view.” United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798, 822-23, 102 S.Ct. 2157, 2172, 72 L.Ed.2d 572 (1982); Down v. State, 172 S.W.3d 753, 759 n. 5 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.) 2005, no. pet.). Thus, by placing data files in a storage device, such as a hard drive, a person manifests a reasonable expectation of privacy in the contents of those files. Barth, 26 F.Supp.2d at 936-37; Down, 172 S.W.3d at 759-60. However, “the protection afforded by the Amendment varies in different settings.” Ross, 456 U.S. at 823, 102 S.Ct. at 2172. An expectation of privacy in the contents of a container may not survive if government agents have proba*842ble cause to believe that the container contains contraband. See id. at 823, 102 S.Ct. at 2172 (expectation of privacy in automobile). In such a case, the scope of a warrantless search “is no narrower and no broader than the scope of search authorized by a warrant supported by probable cause.” Id. Only the magistrate’s prior approval is waived; otherwise, the search is “as the magistrate could authorize.” Id. In Andreas, the United States Supreme Court held that once a container has been lawfully opened and found to a certainty to contain contraband — the container being, in that case, a sealed shipping container found to contain illicit drugs — the contraband becomes like objects physically within plain view of the police and the claim to privacy in the contents of the container is lost. Andreas, 463 U.S. at 771-72, 103 S.Ct. at 3324. The subsequent reopening of a container that has been lawfully opened and found to contain contraband is thus not a “search” within the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment absent a substantial likelihood that the contents of the container have been changed. Id. at 772-73, 103 S.Ct. at 3325.
The question here, therefore, is whether appellant had a reasonable expectation of privacy against a governmental search of the contents of the folder labeled “My Shared Documents” once Legg had lawfully opened the folder during the course of the data migration requested by appellant and discovered a number of files with names indicative of child pornography. I would hold that he did not.
The opening of the folder resulted in Legg’s discovery of illegal pornography in plain view in the form of numerous video files labeled “PEDO,” including the file labeled “14 year-old girl,” which he opened. See Andreas, 463 U.S. at 771-72, 103 S.Ct. at 3324. No additional files were opened, and the police were alerted without delay. See id., 103 S.Ct. at 3324. There is no indication that the contents of the folder were changed between the time Legg discovered the contraband and the time the police were called and directed his inspection of the contents of other files with similar names, and the evidence is to the contrary. See id. at 772-73, 103 S.Ct. at 3325. When Legg reopened the folder labeled “My Shared Folder” at the direction of police, the video files in the folder with names indicating they contained pornographic material were again in plain view. See id.
I would hold that once the police had Legg open the folder labeled “My Shared Documents” and the “14-year-old” file and saw the additional files with titles indicative of pornography in plain view in the opened folder, they had probable cause to believe the folder labeled “My Shared Folder” contained pornographic material and that they did not exceed the scope of the original lawful search by directing Legg to open the six additional files in the folder opened without a search warrant. Thus, I would hold that the police-directed warrantless search of the computer files in the folder labeled “My Shared Folder” was not a search of files in which appellant had a legitimate expectation of privacy and was not an illegal “search” under the Fourth Amendment or its Texas counterpart. See Andreas, 463 U.S. at 771, 103 S.Ct. at 3324 (once container has been opened and found to a certainty to contain contraband, contraband becomes like objects in plain view of police and claim to privacy is lost); Ross, 456 U.S. at 823, 102 S.Ct. at 2172 (expectation of privacy is lost if government agents have probable cause to believe container contains contraband).2 Because appellant *843had no legitimate expectation of privacy in the contents of the folder at the time police directed a warrantless search of the six additional files, I would hold that the pornographic files inspected by police in their warrantless search of appellant’s computer were not subject to exclusion under the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution or article I, section 9 of the Texas Constitution. Therefore, the trial court did not err in admitting them.
Like the majority, I would affirm the judgment of the trial court.

. Legg did not recall the exact name of the file he initially opened in the “My Shared Documents” folder at the time of the suppression hearing over a year later. The files he discovered during that initial search and was asked to open by the police before a search warrant was obtained included (1) ”16Y slut, reelkiddy, one word, prn kiddy.mgpe;” (2) “Izzy2.mp;” (3) "kiddy-baby.mpeg;” (4) "Kiddy Vanessa 12 years, 36.mpeg;” (5) "Pedo 10-*840YO pussy.mpg;” (6) "Pedo-Vicky-dou-du.mpeg;” (7) "Pedo Mff — suck.mpg;” and (8) "vicky string bikini, p the., 11 year-old mpg.” Additional video files opened by police after obtaining a search warrant included (1) "Lolita sex 0002 little preteen;" (2) "Lolita Nel-work Camille;” (3) "pedo underage 12.-mpeg;” (4) "Porn-Japanese Lolita Rape;” and (5) "R ampersand Y gold preteen suck.” I use the title "14 year-old” for the file Legg initially viewed.

. The majority agrees that the police had probable cause to obtain a search warrant *843based on Legg's initial observations upon opening the "My Shared Documents" folder. However, the majority also holds that it was per se unreasonable for the officers to ask Legg to open additional flies with titles indicative of pornography in plain view in the same folder because this search exceeded the scope of Legg’s search. I find these positions inconsistent. That is the crux of our disagreement.