Court Opinion

ID: 4199378
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-08-28 14:00:41.869891+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:46:51.719582
License: Public Domain

16-3655
Bouvier v. Adelson
                              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
                                                   -----
                                           August Term, 2016
                 (Argued: May 17, 2017                             Decided: August 28, 2017)
                                          Docket No. 16-3655
                                                   -----
      IN RE ACCENT DELIGHT INTERNATIONAL LTD., XITRANS FINANCE LTD.
                                                   -----
                               YVES BOUVIER, MEI INVEST LTD.,
                                                           Intervenors-Appellants,
                                                    V.

                 WARREN ADELSON, ALEXANDER PARISH, ROBERT SIMON,
                                                           Respondents-Appellees,
              ACCENT DELIGHT INTERNATIONAL LTD., XITRANS FINANCE LTD.,
                                                           Petitioners-Appellees,
                                              SOTHEBY’S,
                                                           Respondent.
                                                   -----
Before:
                RAGGI and CARNEY, Circuit Judges, and KAPLAN, District Judge.*
                                                   -----
                 Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (Furman, J.) granting Petitioners’ application for discovery for use in certain foreign

          *

                 Judge Lewis A. Kaplan, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York,
                 sitting by designation.
     proceedings under 28 United States Code Section 1782.
                     Affirmed.
                                                       -----
                                             DANIEL W. LEVY (James H. Smith, on the brief), McKool
                                                   Smith, P.C., New York, NY, for Intervenors-
                                                   Appellants.

                                             DANIEL J. KORNSTEIN (O. Andrew F. Wilson and Douglas E.
                                                   Lieb, on the brief), Emery Celli Brinckerhoff &
                                                   Abady LLP, New York, NY, for Petitioners-
                                                   Appellees.
                                                     -----

     LEWIS A. KAPLAN, District Judge.
 1                   Intervenors-Appellants Yves Bouvier and MEI Invest Ltd. (collectively, “Bouvier”)
 2   appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
 3   (Furman, J.) granting the application of Petitioners-Appellees Accent Delight International Ltd. and
 4   Xitrans Finance Ltd. (collectively, “Petitioners”) for discovery in aid of foreign litigation under 28
 5   United States Code Section 1782. Section 1782 provides that, upon an “application of any interested
 6   person,” the “district court of the district in which a person resides or is found may order him . . . to
 7   produce a document . . . for use in a proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal.”
 8                   This appeal presents primarily two issues regarding the statute’s scope. The first is
 9   whether discovery sought pursuant to Section 1782 is “for use in a proceeding in a foreign or
10   international tribunal” where the applicant is a crime victim authorized to submit the discovery to
11   the foreign tribunal, but is not making a claim for damages therein. We hold that the statute
12   encompasses such an application. The second is whether an applicant that lawfully has obtained
13   discovery under Section 1782 as to one foreign proceeding may use that discovery in other foreign
14   proceedings. We hold that the statute permits such use absent an order to the contrary by the Section
15   1782 district court. Because our holdings on these two issues accord with those of the district court,
16   and because Bouvier’s remaining grounds for appeal lack merit, we affirm.

                                                        2
 1                                               I. Background1
 2   A.     The Parties and the Foreign Proceedings
 3                  Petitioners are British Virgin Island companies owned by family trusts of Dmitry
 4   Rybolovlev, a Russian national residing in Monaco.              Intervenor Yves Bouvier is a Swiss
 5   businessman who invests and deals in art through his co-intervenor MEI Invest Ltd., a Hong Kong
 6   company that he controls. This Section 1782 proceeding arises out of a dispute between Bouvier and
 7   Petitioners over the sales to Petitioners of thirty-eight artworks, including paintings by Picasso and
 8   van Gogh, for a total of approximately $2 billion.
 9                  Petitioners, acting on Rybolovlev’s behalf, acquired the thirty-eight artworks over the
10   eleven-year period from 2003 to 2014. Bouvier brokered the transactions and generally structured
11   them as follows. Bouvier contacted the owner of an artwork that Petitioners sought to acquire,
12   purchased the work through MEI Invest or another of his associated companies, and later invoiced
13   Petitioners for the purported purchase price plus a two-percent commission.                     Petitioners
14   consequently had little or no contact with the sellers or their agents. This arrangement provided a
15   degree of privacy often sought in high-profile art sales, in which it is common for buyers and sellers
16   to act anonymously through intermediaries. But Petitioners’ remoteness from the deals came with
17   some risk, as it left Bouvier in a privileged position over key details. Petitioners therefore relied
18   heavily on Bouvier’s honesty and good faith.
19                  The relationship between Petitioners and Bouvier soured in 2014 when The New York
20   Times reported that Sotheby’s had brokered a private sale of Leonardo da Vinci’s Christ as Salvator
21   Mundi in May 2013 for between $75 million and $80 million. The news allegedly came as a surprise
22   to Petitioners because they had purchased that same work through Bouvier, also in May 2013, for
23   $127.5 million. According to Petitioners, Bouvier had led them to believe that the sale was the
24   culmination of fraught negotiations with a private seller. Petitioners now allege that Bouvier’s

            1

                    The facts are drawn from (1) decisions in the foreign proceedings, (2) assertions by
                    Petitioners in their Section 1782 application, (3) transcripts of argument before the district
                    court, (4) the district court opinion, and (5) other documents of record.

                                                         3
 1   account of the sale was entirely false, that he failed to disclose Sotheby’s role, and that he inflated
 2   the purchase price in order to pocket the $52 million difference. What is more, Petitioners maintain
 3   that Bouvier lied about the prices of the other thirty-seven artworks and, all told, defrauded
 4   Petitioners of $1 billion in secret margins over the eleven-year relationship.
 5                    Alerted to this potential fraud, Petitioners initiated or joined foreign proceedings
 6   against Bouvier in Monaco, France, and Singapore.
 7                    In Monaco, Petitioners initiated a criminal proceeding against Bouvier. Petitioners
 8   later joined the case as civil parties after the investigating magistrate brought charges for fraud and
 9   complicity in money laundering against Bouvier. The proceeding is pending.
10                    The proceeding in France, also criminal in nature, was initiated by Pablo Picasso’s
11   stepdaughter, Catherine Hutin-Blay. Hutin-Blay alleges that two of the thirty-eight works that
12   Petitioners acquired through Bouvier – Picasso’s Tête de femme and Espagnole à l’éventail – were
13   stolen from her. In France, as in Monaco, Petitioners are civil parties to an ongoing criminal
14   investigation.
15                    Petitioners filed also a civil suit in Singapore, where they sought damages from
16   Bouvier for his alleged fraud. Some discussion of that case’s procedural history is necessary to an
17   understanding of the current state of play in the foreign proceedings.
18                    Bouvier sought a stay of the litigation in the Singaporean trial court on principally two
19   grounds: first, that Petitioners’ damage claims there were duplicative of those in the Monégasque
20   proceeding and, second, that Singapore was not an appropriate forum. The trial court denied
21   Bouvier’s stay motion, but in doing so imposed a condition that Petitioners discontinue their civil
22   proceedings in Monaco in order to continue litigating in Singapore. Petitioners acceded to that
23   instruction by disclaiming their right to damages in the Monégasque proceeding, an action that the
24   Singaporean trial court later found had satisfied its condition. Bouvier then appealed the stay motion
25   denial to the Court of Appeal of the Republic of Singapore, the country’s court of last resort, where
26   the case remained pending until shortly before we heard oral argument in this appeal. The
27   Singaporean high court, ruling for Bouvier on appeal, granted a stay of the underlying litigation on

                                                         4
 1   forum non conveniens grounds, effectively terminating the case.
 2                  Two points of significance emerge from this winding procedural path. First, the
 3   criminal cases in France and Monaco are the only foreign proceedings remaining as potential bases
 4   for Section 1782 discovery. Second, as a result of the Singaporean trial court’s rulings, Petitioners
 5   do not seek damages in either case.

 6   B.     District Court Proceedings
 7                  Petitioners filed this Section 1782 application for discovery in aid of the Monégasque,
 8   French, and Singaporean proceedings.2 They named as respondents Sotheby’s and the three
 9   individuals who had sold da Vinci’s Christ as Salvator Mundi in May 2013. In their application,
10   Petitioners claimed that Sotheby’s was involved in other relevant acquisitions by Bouvier.
11   Petitioners therefore requested discovery of documents relevant to all thirty-eight artworks because,
12   due to Bouvier’s alleged deception, they “did not know with certainty how many of the [artworks]
13   were acquired by Bouvier with Sotheby’s involvement, or whether Bouvier paid any undisclosed
14   commission to Sotheby’s or to any employee of Sotheby’s out of his hidden margins.”
15                  Sotheby’s and Petitioners then negotiated a settlement in which they agreed that
16   Sotheby’s would produce certain limited discovery, primarily concerning the sale of Christ as
17   Salvator Mundi, which Petitioners would accept in total satisfaction of their Section 1782
18   application.3 Bouvier properly intervened and objected to the agreed-upon production.

            2

                    Before Petitioners initiated this case, Bouvier filed his own § 1782 application against
                    separate, third-party respondents in the Southern District of New York. He there sought
                    certain documents and deposition testimony for use in the French and Monégasque
                    proceedings. His initial production request extended to all documents relevant to the
                    thirty-eight artworks that he had acquired for Petitioners. The district court (Cote, J.)
                    denied the application except as it applied to documents relevant to the sale of one of the
                    thirty-eight artworks – a painting by Amedo Modigliani – as to which the court granted
                    discovery. Neither party appealed.
            3

                    Under the terms of the settlement, however, Sotheby’s reserved the right to assert any
                    potential grounds for opposing the requested discovery, including in response to any

                                                        5
 1                  At an initial conference, the district court granted the application with respect to the
 2   two Picasso paintings at issue in the French proceeding. It reserved judgment, however, on the
 3   remainder of the application. Bouvier had argued that one or both of two developments was likely
 4   to occur. First, he maintained that he would succeed on his appeal in Singapore and that the suit
 5   there would be dismissed. Second, he argued that, even if the Singaporean litigation continued, the
 6   Singaporean court nonetheless would require Petitioners to withdraw entirely from the Monégasque
 7   proceeding, as opposed to withdrawing only their damages claim. Either way, according to Bouvier,
 8   one or both of the proceedings would have come to an end.4 In light of those possibilities, the
 9   district court postponed ruling “pending further developments in either or both Singapore or
10   Monaco” and requested that the parties update the court when circumstances had changed
11   sufficiently for it to rule on the balance of the application. Appellants’ App. 292-93. In particular,
12   the court stated that it would be helpful if Petitioners included in their update any determination by
13   the magistrate presiding in the Monégasque proceeding that Petitioners’ status there gave them
14   “some rights to use evidence in those proceedings.” Id. 292.
15                  Over the following months, Petitioners obtained and submitted to the court a letter
16   from the Monégasque magistrate. The magistrate confirmed that Petitioners were “civil parties” to
17   the investigation, a status that made it “perfectly permissible” for them “to take part in the discovery
18   of the truth in the investigative proceeding.”5 Id. 304. The magistrate elaborated that, as civil

                    subsequent applications.
            4

                    Bouvier has maintained that position in his appellate briefs, which were submitted prior to
                    the Singapore Court of Appeal’s ruling. See Appellants’ Br. 40 (“Thus, if Bouvier and MEI
                    prevail on their appeal in Singapore . . . [Petitioners’] participation in the Monaco
                    [p]roceeding will cease entirely and, indeed, the Singapore [p]roceeding will also
                    terminate.”). Bouvier’s prognostication, however, proved only partially correct; although
                    he prevailed in Singapore, Petitioners remain civil parties to the pending investigation in
                    Monaco.
            5

                    The magistrate’s letter is written in French; this opinion quotes from an English translation
                    that Petitioners submitted to the district court, the validity of which Bouvier does not
                    challenge.

                                                         6
 1   parties, Petitioners “may submit any documents that [they] deem[ed] useful” for the investigation,
 2   including “any information about the works of art [from] SOTHEBY’s New York, the painting by
 3   Leonardo da Vinci entitled ‘Christ as Salvador Mundi’ and, more particularly, the various
 4   transactions conducted involving that painting over the last five years.” Id.
 5                   Petitioners requested that the court approve their application in light of the
 6   magistrate’s letter, which they claimed made clear that they had met their burden for Section 1782
 7   discovery with respect to the Monégasque proceeding. Bouvier argued nevertheless that the court
 8   should delay its ruling further. According to Bouvier, nothing had changed since the initial
 9   conference that would warrant the court revisiting the matter. Moreover, Bouvier persisted in his
10   argument that Petitioners could not satisfy Section 1782’s requirement that the requested discovery
11   be “for use” in a foreign proceeding, and he insisted that the magistrate’s letter added nothing new
12   to that analysis.
13                   The district court issued a memorandum opinion and order granting Petitioners’
14   application on October 5, 2016. Insofar as is relevant here, the court rejected Bouvier’s argument
15   that Petitioners’ status in Monaco was insufficient for them to “use” the documents in that forum
16   within the meaning of the statute. Rather, it concluded that Petitioners had satisfied the “for use”
17   requirement and other statutory prerequisites for Section 1782 discovery. After consulting the
18   factors set forth in Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., 542 U.S. 241 (2004), which guide
19   district courts in exercising their discretion under Section 1782, the court concluded that they favored
20   granting the request for discovery in this instance. Finally, the court rejected Bouvier’s contention
21   that “the use and disclosure of any subpoenaed documents . . . be limited to the foreign proceeding
22   for which it has been authorized,” namely the Monégasque case. Appellants’ App. 329.
23                   Two weeks later, the parties appeared before the court to discuss a protective order
24   that would govern use of the discovery. While the district court previously had denied Bouvier’s
25   request to limit use of the discovery produced to the Monégasque proceeding only, the court
26   ultimately expressed the view that the production “should be limited at least in the first instance to
27   the foreign proceedings referenced in the petition – namely, Monaco, France, and Singapore.” Id.

                                                        7
 1   334. The parties thereafter executed a protective order incorporating that limitation, which the court
 2   so-ordered.6 Under the terms of that order, Petitioners must seek leave of the court to submit the
 3   discovery in any additional proceeding.
 4                  Bouvier timely appealed the district court’s order granting the application and its
 5   associated rulings and moved this Court for a stay pending appeal. A judge of this Court granted a
 6   temporary stay of the district court’s order to the extent that it allowed use of the discovery in the
 7   Singaporean and French proceedings. A three-judge motions panel later granted Bouvier’s motion
 8   for a stay in its entirety and thus prohibited also the use of the documents in Monaco, but not before
 9   Petitioners had submitted the documents produced pursuant to the district court’s order in the
10   Monégasque proceeding.

11                                               II. Discussion
12                  Bouvier makes two principal arguments on appeal.7 First, he contends that the district
13   court erred in holding that Petitioners had satisfied Section 1782’s “for use” requirement with respect
14   to the Monégasque proceeding. This is so, Bouvier urges, principally because Petitioners have
15   waived their claim for damages in that forum and thus cannot employ the discovery to their
16   advantage in the manner that Bouvier contends that the statute and this Court’s precedents require.
17   Second, Bouvier maintains that, even if the district court properly granted the application as to the
18   Monégasque proceeding, it erred in entering a protective order permitting use of the discovery in
19   France and Singapore without holding that Petitioners had satisfied the requirements of Section 1782

            6

                    After the submission of the proposed protective order, Bouvier wrote to the court to request
                    that the order be modified so that “under no circumstances” would Petitioners “be permitted
                    to use any discovery obtained as a result of the subpoenas in the [French] proceeding.”
                    Appellants’ App. 396. The court rejected that argument in a memorandum endorsement
                    accompanying its protective order. The court there characterized Bouvier’s request as an
                    attempt “to accomplish through the protective order what [he] failed to accomplish in
                    briefing on the merits.” Id. 398.
            7

                    We address the remaining arguments in a summary order filed simultaneously with this
                    opinion.

                                                        8
 1   with respect to those proceedings. Bouvier therefore asks us to vacate the order below. We reject
 2   both contentions.

 3   A.     Appellate Jurisdiction
 4                   Orders granting (or denying) applications for discovery under Section 1782 are
 5   considered final adjudications and are immediately appealable pursuant to 28 United States Code
 6   Section 1291. See Vera v. Republic of Cuba, 802 F.3d 242, 247 (2d Cir. 2015) (“Because the
 7   issuance of [a Section 1782] order concludes all proceedings before the issuing district court, we
 8   have recognized [Section] 1782 orders as final decisions subject to immediate appeal.” (citing
 9   Chevron Corp. v. Berlinger, 629 F.3d 297, 306 (2d Cir. 2011)). Before addressing the merits,
10   however, we first must assure ourselves of our jurisdiction in light of changed circumstances. Fox
11   v. Bd. of Trs. of State Univ. of N.Y., 42 F.3d 135, 140 (2d Cir. 1994) (“[T]he condition of mootness
12   is not a defense that c[an] be waived . . . but rather is a condition that deprives the court of subject
13   matter jurisdiction.”). Notably, Petitioners’ submission of the discovery in the Monégasque
14   proceeding arguably mooted the question whether the district court erred in granting discovery as
15   to that proceeding. That development, together with the indefinite stay of the Singaporean litigation,
16   leaves as a live controversy only that portion of the Section 1782 application as applied to the French
17   proceeding. See Euromepa, S.A. v. R. Esmerian, Inc., 154 F.3d 24, 29 (2d Cir. 1998) (holding that
18   “the district court was correct in dismissing the [Section 1782 application] as moot because at that
19   time there were no foreign proceedings, within the meaning of the statute, in which the discovery
20   could be used”).
21                   We conclude that the pending French proceeding saves this appeal from mootness.
22   Petitioners have represented to the Court that they intend to submit the discovery in the French
23   proceeding should we affirm the order below. Petitioners’ right to do so depends on our resolution
24   in Petitioners’ favor of both of Bouvier’s primary arguments on appeal. That is, we must address
25   whether the discovery was “for use” in Monaco because Petitioners derive their right to use the
26   discovery in France from their having satisfied the conditions of Section 1782 for use in the

                                                        9
 1   Monégasque proceeding. We then must decide whether the district court, having granted discovery
 2   as to Monaco, erred in permitting its use in France without finding that the proceeding there
 3   independently met the statutory requirements. In consequence, neither argument addressed in this
 4   opinion is moot.
 5                  Assured of our jurisdiction, we turn to Bouvier’s arguments on appeal. Because both
 6   challenge the district court’s interpretation of Section 1782, rather than its discretionary grant of
 7   discovery under the statute, our review is de novo. Mees v. Buiter, 793 F.3d 291, 297 (2d Cir. 2015).

 8   B.     The “For Use” Requirement
 9                  Section 1782 applicants must meet certain “statutory requirements”: (1) the person
10   from whom discovery is sought must reside or be found in the district in which the application was
11   made, (2) the discovery must be “for use in a foreign proceeding before a foreign tribunal,” and (3)
12   the applicant must be either a foreign tribunal or an “interested person.” Certain Funds, Accounts
13   and/or Inv. Vehicles v. KPMG, L.L.P., 798 F.3d 113, 117 (2d Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks
14   omitted). Bouvier focuses here on the second requirement.
15                  The thrust of Bouvier’s argument is that Petitioners cannot “use” the discovery in
16   Monaco within the meaning of the statute because Petitioners are no longer seeking “any form of
17   relief” in that proceeding. Appellants’ Br. 37. Although it is difficult to pin-point his position
18   precisely, Bouvier appears to argue that Section 1782 applicants must have a “chance[ ] of success”
19   in the foreign proceeding, which strongly implies that they must be pressing a formal claim for relief
20   there. Id. 38. In any event, he argues that Petitioners’ sole remaining interest in the Monégasque
21   proceeding is to see justice done as crime victims, which on the “unique facts of this case” renders
22   them unable to satisfy the “for use” requirement. Id. 37.
23                  We reject this argument as contrary to the text of the statute as interpreted by this and
24   the Supreme Court and to the undisputed facts in the record.
25                  Bouvier’s argument falters at the starting line of any Section 1782 analysis – the
26   Supreme Court’s seminal Intel decision. The Section 1782 applicant in Intel stood in a remarkably

                                                       10
 1   similar position vis-a-vis the foreign tribunal in that case as do Petitioners in the Monégasque
 2   proceeding. The Intel applicant sought discovery in aid of an antitrust proceeding that it had initiated
 3   against a competitor by filing a complaint with the Directorate-General for Competition of the
 4   Commission of the European Communities. Intel, 542 U.S. at 246. That entity had the power “to
 5   conduct investigations” into alleged violations of European competition prescriptions, to issue a
 6   “formal written decision whether to pursue the complaint,” and to elevate the matter to the European
 7   Commission and eventually the courts. Id. at 254-55 (internal quotation marks omitted). Notably,
 8   the Intel applicant lacked “formal ‘party’ or ‘litigant’ status” in the proceeding, but did possess
 9   “significant procedural rights” like the power to submit “information in support of its allegations”
10   and to seek judicial review of the tribunal’s disposition of its complaint. Id. at 255.
11                   Intel held that the application at issue met the requirements of Section 1782, including
12   the statute’s mandate that the discovery be “for use in a proceeding in a foreign or international
13   tribunal.” See id. at 257-58. While it is true that the Court’s opinion specifically addressed only the
14   second half of that clause – whether proceedings before the Directorate-General for Competition
15   constituted a “foreign or international tribunal” under Section 1782 – the Court nonetheless affirmed
16   the order of the Court of Appeals, which had held that the statutory requirements had been met. See
17   id. at 257-58, 267; see also KPMG, 798 F.3d at 118 (“The [Intel] Court appeared to regard the case
18   before it as an easy one, in effect finding that the facts before it were sufficient to satisfy the
19   requirements of the statute . . . . ”). The Court did so despite the fact that the application on its face
20   lacked several of the features that Bouvier now claims are prerequisites under Section 1782. The
21   Intel applicant was not a party to the foreign proceeding, it there pressed no claim for relief on its
22   own behalf, and it stood no chance of obtaining a damages award. Intel thus supports the view that
23   Section 1782 does not impose such requirements.
24                   Our own precedents also suggest strongly that Section 1782’s “for use” clause will
25   not support the crabbed reading that Bouvier would have us assign to it. In In re Application for an
26   Order Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1782 to Conduct Discovery for Use in Foreign Proceedings
27   (Berlamont), for example, we affirmed an order of the district court granting Section 1782 discovery

                                                        11
 1   in aid of a Swiss criminal prosecution. 773 F.3d 456, 462 (2d Cir. 2014). The Section 1782
 2   applicant there, “a Swiss criminal complainant,” sought documents “to provide to a Swiss
 3   investigating magistrate overseeing a criminal inquiry related to a Bernard Madoff ‘feeder fund’ in
 4   Switzerland.”8 Id. at 457. As the Supreme Court had done in Intel, we focused on whether the
 5   proceeding in the non-judicial foreign tribunal at issue qualified under Section 1782, a question we
 6   answered in the affirmative. See id. at 461 (“The Swiss criminal investigation in the instant case is
 7   exactly the type of proceeding that . . . the statute . . . intended to reach.”). We therefore did not
 8   address the meaning of “for use” in the way this appeal requires of us. Just as in Intel, however, the
 9   facts underlying the successful Section 1782 application in Berlamont bore a striking similarity to
10   those in this case. The applicant in Berlamont did not have a claim for relief in the Swiss
11   proceeding, nor did he assert that he sought damages there. Rather, he appeared before the Section
12   1782 court as a fraud victim requesting discovery relevant to a foreign criminal investigation that
13   he had initiated via complaint. It is difficult to imagine a situation more analogous to Petitioners’.
14                  Intel and Berlamont take much of the air out of Bouvier’s “for use” argument, even
15   though they do not squarely resolve this case. But it is Bouvier’s unpersuasive attempt to distinguish
16   those cases that best illuminates the untenable line he would draw separating those who properly can
17   “use” Section 1782 discovery from those who can not. Bouvier asserts that any comparison of this
18   case to Berlamont “is, in a word, preposterous.” Appellants’ Reply Br. 7. That is so, he explains,
19   because in that case “the complaining party who sought discovery under Section 1782 had a financial
20   interest in the outcome of the foreign proceeding.” Appellants’ Br. 38 (emphasis in original). In so
21   arguing, Bouvier suggests that the applicant in Berlamont, a criminal complainant claiming to be the
22   victim of a Ponzi scheme, had a more direct route to financial recovery than do Petitioners.9

            8

                    The applicant was president of a firm that had invested in a fund that, in turn, had invested
                    with Madoff. See id.
            9

                    We note that nothing in our Berlamont opinion, or in that of the district court which it
                    affirmed, suggests that the applicant sought restitution or damages as part of the Swiss
                    criminal investigation that formed the basis of his § 1782 application. To the extent

                                                        12
 1   Similarly, in addressing Intel, Bouvier argues that because the European Commission had the power
 2   to impose fines or penalties on the applicant’s competitor, the applicant “maintained an interest far
 3   greater” in that investigation than Petitioners do in Monaco. Appellants’ Reply Br. 6. According
 4   to Bouvier, then, Section 1782 prefers claims for damages or pleas for enforcement of antitrust laws
 5   over the interest of a fraud victim in assisting in the prosecution of a fraudster.
 6                   Bouvier’s line-drawing exercise fails because it finds no support in the text of the
 7   statute or in our prior interpretations of the “for use” clause. There is nothing in the text of the
 8   statute that suggests that applicants like Petitioners lack the power to use discovery that those in Intel
 9   and Berlamont possessed. If anything, the text refutes Bouvier’s position. Section 1782 explicitly
10   permits district courts to grant discovery in aid of “criminal investigations conducted before formal
11   accusation,”10 which are among the cases least likely to feature claims by private litigants for money
12   damages notwithstanding the considerable variation in procedural rules across countries (including
13   those involved in this appeal). Congress’ inclusion of these types of proceedings within the ambit
14   of Section 1782 suggests that it contemplated a more expansive universe of foreign disputes and
15   interested parties that qualify under the statute than Bouvier’s reading of “for use” would permit.
16   See Intel, 542 U.S. at 256 (“The text of [Section] 1782(a), ‘upon the application of any interested
17   person,’ plainly reaches beyond the universe of persons designated litigant.”); id. at 257-58 (noting
18   that Congress previously had expanded the statute’s application from “any judicial proceeding” to

                     Bouvier’s argument rests on the assumption that a conviction in the Swiss criminal case
                     would have led ineluctably to the Berlamont applicant’s compensation, that possibility was
                     no more or less speculative than Petitioners’ chance of recovering against Bouvier. It is
                     true enough that Petitioners have waived damages in the Monégasque proceeding, but it
                     does not follow that an adjudication of Bouvier’s guilt in that forum would not aid
                     Petitioners in their quest for monetary relief elsewhere. It therefore is not accurate to assert
                     that Petitioners lack any financial stake in the outcome of the Monaco proceeding.
             10

                     Congress amended the statute to include the quoted language in 1996. See National
                     Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-106, § 1342(b), 110 Stat.
                     486; see also Intel, 542 U.S. at 249, 259 (noting fact of amendment and stating that
                     [n]othing suggests that this amendment was an endeavor to rein in, rather than to confirm,
                     by way of example, the broad range of discovery authorized in 1964”).

                                                          13
 1   “a proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal” in order to reach a broader set of foreign
 2   proceedings).
 3                   In any event, Bouvier’s evaluation of the strength of Petitioners’ “interests” is very
 4   much beside the point. Neither the Intel nor the Berlamont courts engaged in a similar analysis when
 5   holding that the discovery requested in those cases was “for use in a proceeding in a foreign or
 6   international tribunal.” Their silence on that question is unsurprising because that simply is not the
 7   work the words “for use” do in Section 1782.11
 8                   This Court has addressed the “for use” requirement on several occasions. See, e.g.,
 9   KMPG, 798 F.3d at 122-24; Mees, 793 F.3d at 298-301; Brandi-Dohrn v. IKB Deutsche
10   Industriebank AG, 673 F.3d 76, 81-84 (2d Cir. 2012). Although we have approached the issue
11   according to the particular facts of each case and the arguments presented, we have focused in each
12   on the practical ability of an applicant to place a beneficial document – or the information it contains
13   – before a foreign tribunal. We never have required, as Bouvier now urges us to do, that an applicant
14   be pursuing a certain type of relief in that tribunal. The cases of ours on which Bouvier principally
15   relies – KPMG and Mees – show this to be true.
16                   The Section 1782 applicants in KPMG, which were investment funds, sought
17   discovery relevant to certain pending and planned foreign proceedings involving two Saudi
18   companies in which they held ownership interests. 798 F.3d at 116. We held that they could not
19   satisfy the “for use” requirement primarily because they were not – nor were they sufficiently related
20   to – parties to the relevant foreign proceedings and lacked the type of “participation rights” that the
21   Intel Court had found significant. See id. at 120-21. The KPMG applicants therefore were not in
22   a “position to have the [tribunals] consider that evidence” and had no “means of injecting the
23   evidence into the proceeding.” Id. at 120-21 (emphasis added); see also id. at 121 (rejecting alleged

             11

                     Bouvier perhaps conflates § 1782’s “for use” requirement with the separate, but related,
                     requirement that the applicant be an “interested person.” See KPMG, 798 F.3d at 118-19.
                     We need not dwell on the issue because Bouvier did not challenge Petitioners’ interested
                     party status before the district court, nor does he address that requirement on appeal.

                                                       14
 1   participation rights “that upon examination reveal no mechanism by which [the applicants] could use
 2   any information obtained through a [Section] 1782 order” in the foreign proceeding (emphasis
 3   added)); id. at 122 (noting that, although discovery sought would have been “useful” to applicants,
 4   “that does not imply that there is any way for [them] to introduce that information as evidence” in
 5   foreign proceeding (emphasis added)). Most notably, we did not rely on the strength of the
 6   applicants’ interest in the foreign proceedings in holding that the application failed the “for use” test.
 7   To the contrary, we acknowledged their significant financial stakes in the outcome, but considered
 8   those stakes irrelevant to whether they possessed the practical ability to use the discovery.12 See id.
 9   at 120-22.
10                   Mees similarly is unhelpful for Bouvier. There, we vacated an order of a district court
11   that had held that a Section 1782 applicant who sought discovery in aid of an anticipated defamation
12   suit in a Dutch court “did not meet the ‘for use’ requirement on the ground that the discovery she
13   sought was not necessary to draft an adequate complaint.” 793 F.3d at 298 (emphasis added). In
14   rejecting this proposed necessity requirement, we relied on the plain meaning of “use” as indicating
15   “something that will be employed with some advantage or serve some use in the proceeding – not
16   necessarily something without which the applicant could not prevail.” Id. Bouvier latches onto this
17   language, arguing that Petitioners cannot employ the discovery to their advantage because they have
18   abandoned their damages claim in Monaco. But our analysis in Mees did not turn on the fact that
19   the Section 1782 applicant there had a viable cause of action in the Netherlands or a chance at a
20   damages award. We instead required, as we did in KPMG, that the applicant merely “show[ ] that
21   the materials she seeks are to be used at some stage of a foreign proceeding.” Id. at 301. On the
22   question whether Petitioners have made that showing, Mees had nothing to say.
23                     From this discussion the following principles emerge. First, a Section 1782
24   applicant must establish that he or she has the practical ability to inject the requested information

             12

                     We expressed doubt as to whether the applicants’ “financial interest in the outcome of the
                     foreign proceedings alone could be sufficient to confer ‘interested person’ status under the
                     statute,” but ultimately did not decide that question. Id. at 119 (emphasis in original).

                                                         15
 1   into a foreign proceeding. Second, as long as he or she makes that showing, it is not fatal to the
 2   application that he or she lacks a claim for relief before the foreign tribunal, whether for damages
 3   or otherwise. Rather, the term “for use” in Section 1782 has only its ordinary meaning – that the
 4   requested discovery is “something that will be employed with some advantage or serve some use in
 5   the proceeding.” Id. at 298.
 6                  Turning to the case at hand, we hold that Petitioners have established that the
 7   requested discovery is “for use” in the Monégasque proceeding. As the district court recognized,
 8   Petitioners are parties to that proceeding who, while they have abandoned any claim there for
 9   monetary relief, retain the procedural right to submit the requested documents to the magistrate
10   overseeing the investigation. What is more, and notwithstanding Bouvier’s assertion to the contrary,
11   Petitioners’ introduction of the discovery would be to their “advantage” and “serve some use” if it
12   tends to prove Bouvier’s alleged fraud against them.13
13                  Finally, we respond to Bouvier’s contention that our holding today “would permit
14   virtually anyone to obtain discovery under Section 1782.” Appellants’ Reply Br. 5. We think his
15   professed fears are unwarranted for three reasons. First, it is unlikely that any member of the public
16   with no apparent connection to a dispute in the foreign tribunal would have procedural opportunities
17   to “use” discovery there as we have defined that term. Second, Section 1782’s distinct requirement
18   that applicants be “interested persons” serves as an adequate roadblock to applicants with
19   connections too attenuated to justify granting discovery in this country. Third, even if the statutory
20   requirements are met, a grant of discovery under Section 1782 remains within the discretion of the
21   district court and therefore its misuse can be avoided through the prudent exercise of that court’s

            13

                    Bouvier maintains that the requested discovery would neither be incriminatory nor relevant
                    to the Monégasque proceeding. According to Petitioners, however, the documents will
                    show the differential between what Bouvier paid Sotheby’s and what he later charged them.
                    Bouvier rejoins that this information is not relevant because he “has already admitted in
                    Monaco to making a substantial profit” on the works. Appellants’ Br. 43. But Bouvier’s
                    argument goes more toward whether the information is cumulative of other evidence in the
                    investigation, not whether it is relevant. We lack the necessary factual record to make that
                    determination and would not do so in any event.

                                                        16
 1   discretion. See Intel, 542 U.S. at 264. For these reasons and those stated above, we decline
 2   Bouvier’s invitation to import into the phrase “for use” additional requirements that the text of
 3   Section 1782 and our prior interpretations cannot support.

 4   C.      Use of Discovery Outside of the Monaco Proceeding
 5                   We turn to the second of Bouvier’s primary arguments on appeal. As explained
 6   above, while the district court conducted its analysis of the Section 1782 statutory requirements with
 7   respect only to the Monégasque proceeding, the protective order permits Petitioners to use the
 8   discovery also in France and Singapore. Bouvier contends that this was error. According to
 9   Bouvier, a Section 1782 applicant must satisfy the statutory requirements for each foreign proceeding
10   for which he or she wishes to use the requested discovery. This presents an issue of first impression
11   in this Court, which we address by looking “to the language of the statute, the intent of Congress as
12   expressed in the legislative history, and cases involving the interpretation of this and similar
13   statutes.” United States v. Allen, 788 F.3d 61, 66 (2d Cir. 2015) (citations omitted).
14                   The statute’s text reveals no great insights. Bouvier maintains that a “straightforward
15   reading” of Section 1782’s grant of discovery “for use in a proceeding in a foreign or international
16   tribunal” reveals that “the relevant unit of measurement for granting relief under Section 1782 is the
17   specific foreign proceeding for which the applicant seeks to use the discovery.” Appellants’ Br. 28
18   (emphasis in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). But no one denies that a district court
19   must find that a Section 1782 applicant has met the statutory requirements, including the “for use”
20   requirement, with reference to at least one specific proceeding. The proper “unit of measurement”
21   for that analysis has no bearing on the question at hand – i.e., what, if any, limits Section 1782 places
22   on an applicant’s ability to use the discovery obtained under the statute after it lawfully has been
23   obtained for use in a particular forum.
24                   Nor does the legislative history hold the key. The parties identify no legislative
25   materials that speak directly to the issue. Some general observations can be made, however, that
26   counsel against adopting Bouvier’s position.

                                                        17
 1                  Congress enacted Section 1782 with the “twin aims of providing efficient means of
 2   assistance to participants in international litigation in our federal courts and encouraging foreign
 3   countries by example to provide similar means of assistance to our courts.” In re Malev Hungarian
 4   Airlines, 964 F.2d 97, 100 (2d Cir. 1992). The availability of Section 1782 discovery therefore is
 5   quite broad and only has broadened through successive amendments over the years. See Intel, 542
 6   U.S. at 247-49 (recounting changes in various amendments). In consequence, the role of the district
 7   courts as gatekeepers is paramount. See Hans Smit, Recent Developments in International
 8   Litigation, 35 S. Tex. L. Rev. 215, 237 (1994) (“The drafters of [Section] 1782 deliberately gave the
 9   American court discretion in granting the assistance for which it provides.”). Most relevant here,
10   Section 1782 leaves to the district courts’ discretion both the decision to grant discovery and to
11   “prescribe the practice and procedure” for its production. 28 U.S.C. § 1782(a). That delegation
12   accords with Congress’ intent to “leave[ ] the issuance of an appropriate order to the discretion of
13   the court which, in proper cases, may refuse to issue an order or may impose conditions it deems
14   desirable.” S. Rep. No. 88-1580 (1964), as reprinted in 1964 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3782, 3788.
15                  Both the text and the legislative history thus demonstrate that Section 1782 entrusts
16   to the district courts many decisions about the manner in which discovery under the statute is
17   produced, handled, and used. We see no reason why the number or identity of the foreign
18   proceedings in which a successful applicant may use discovery produced pursuant to the statute
19   would fall outside that discretionary grant. Bouvier provides none. Moreover, we previously have
20   declined to read into Section 1782 categorical restrictions that lack textual support when district
21   courts in their discretionary review adequately can address the concerns raised. In Malev, for
22   example, we held that Section 1782 does not require applicants first to seek discovery in the foreign
23   tribunal before applying in this country, but noted that district courts “may impose conditions to
24   minimize the compliance burdens” on a case-by-case basis. 964 F.2d at 100. In Mees, we rejected
25   the argument that discovery requested under the statute be absolutely necessary to the foreign
26   proceeding, but noted that “[o]f course, [our] holding does not mean that Mees is necessarily entitled
27   to discovery under” Section 1782 because “a district court may grant or deny the application in its

                                                      18
 1   discretion.” 793 F.3d at 301. There are other examples.
 2                  We have found no on-point cases with respect to Bouvier’s specific contention that
 3   materials produced for use in Monaco cannot be used in proceedings in Singapore, France, or
 4   elsewhere. A recent case in the Eleventh Circuit, Glock v. Glock, Inc., 797 F.3d 1002 (11th Cir.
 5   2015), presents the closest analogue. The court there decided a slightly different question – whether
 6   discovery previously produced under Section 1782 can be used in a later United States litigation with
 7   leave of the court that granted it under an applicable protective order. Id. at 1006. We nonetheless
 8   find much of the court’s analysis relevant and persuasive.
 9                  Starting with the statute’s text, the Glock court found, as we did above, “nothing in
10   the language of [Section] 1782 that purports to limit later uses of evidence that have been properly
11   obtained under [Section] 1782.” Id. The legislative history also provided no obvious answer. See
12   id. at 1007. The court therefore reasoned from the principles that, in domestic litigation, “parties
13   may use any evidence they lawfully possess” and that, should a plaintiff “obtain[ ] documents in
14   discovery from a defendant in one case, nothing precludes her from using that evidence in a wholly
15   separate lawsuit against the same defendant or a different party.” Id. This led to the conclusion that
16   Section 1782 “does not preclude, as a matter of law, the use of evidence procured pursuant to it in
17   subsequent United States civil litigation” absent a protective order commanding otherwise Id. at
18   1010.
19                  The same principles apply here to defeat Bouvier’s argument. Section 1782 provides
20   that a district court’s order “may prescribe the practice and procedure” for taking the discovery and
21   that “[t]o the extent that the order does not prescribe otherwise, the testimony or statement shall be
22   taken, and the document or other thing produced, in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil
23   Procedure.” 17 U.S.C. § 1782(a). And, as the Glock court recognized, the Federal Rules of Civil
24   Procedure do not regulate what litigants may do with discovery after it lawfully has been obtained.
25   Of course, in domestic civil litigation, courts may issue protective orders that restrain parties from
26   using the discovery for other purposes, including as evidence in other litigations. See Fed. R. Civ.
27   P. 26(c). So too may district courts in Section 1782 cases, as indeed they often do and as the district

                                                       19
 1   court did in this case.14 See, e.g., In re Letter of Request from Crown Prosecution Serv. of U.K., 870
 2   F.2d 686, 693 n.11 (D.C. Cir. 1989) (Ruth Bader Ginsburg, J.) (“The district court did not abuse its
 3   discretion in rejecting [a] plea for a protective order to guard against improper use of the evidence
 4   in auxiliary or unrelated proceeding here or abroad.”). These common restrictions would be entirely
 5   superfluous if Section 1782 by its own terms prohibited successful applicants from using the
 6   documents elsewhere.
 7                  In sum, we hold that Section 1782 does not prevent an applicant who lawfully has
 8   obtained discovery under the statute with respect to one foreign proceeding from using the discovery
 9   elsewhere unless the district court orders otherwise.
10                  Bouvier argues that this holding would “perversely incentivize[ ] parties to institute
11   sham litigation as a cover to obtain Section 1782 discovery for use in other proceedings that could
12   never have met the requirements of the statute.” Appellants’ Reply Br. 12. We recognize this
13   legitimate if perhaps far fetched concern. We believe, however, that “[p]arties concerned in a
14   particular case that a [Section] 1782 applicant is attempting to use foreign litigation as a ruse for
15   obtaining discovery” for use in other foreign proceedings “can and should bring evidence of such
16   chicanery to the [Section] 1782 court’s attention.” Glock, 797 F.3d at 1009. Should such evidence
17   exist, it could provide good cause for entry of a protective order prohibiting use of the discovery in
18   other proceedings, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c)(1), and might support denying the Section 1782
19   application altogether, see Intel, 542 U.S. at 265 (including as a discretionary factor whether the
20   “request conceals an attempt to circumvent foreign proof-gathering restrictions or other policies of
21   a foreign country or the United States”).
22                  Bouvier does not argue that Petitioners initiated or sought discovery for use in the
23   Monégasque, Singaporean, or French proceedings in bad faith. We are confident that Bouvier would
24   have presented any such evidence to the district court. We similarly are confident that in the mine-

            14

                    As Petitioners have not appealed from the protective order entered by the district court, the
                    question whether its entry was a permissible exercise of discretion is not before us.

                                                        20
1   run of cases, the adversarial system and the district courts in their discretionary review will be able
2   to weed out abusive Section 1782 applications.15

3                                              III. Conclusion
4                  For the foregoing reasons, the October 5, 2016 order of the district court, insofar as
5   it pertains to the arguments addressed herein, is AFFIRMED.

           15

                   Petitioners argue that we may affirm on the alternative basis that their application
                   independently met the statutory requirements for discovery for use in the French
                   proceeding. On this question, Bouvier contends that the requested discovery is not relevant
                   to the French proceeding and thus cannot be “for use” there. Our holding on the statutory
                   argument makes resolution of these issues unnecessary. We note, however, that any
                   documents in Sotheby’s possession containing evidence of Bouvier’s alleged duplicity with
                   regard to one of the thirty-eight artworks he acquired on behalf of Petitioners very well
                   could be relevant to the investigation in France, which is centered on the two Picasso
                   works. Moreover, Bouvier’s argument in this regard rings hollow in light of his own
                   previous § 1782 application for discovery for use in the French proceeding that requested
                   discovery relevant to all thirty-eight artworks he acquired for Petitioners.

                                                      21