Court Opinion

ID: 2804705
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-06-01 16:05:55.531763+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:03:29.828090
License: Public Domain

REPORTED

IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

         OF MARYLAND

                No. 1216

       September Term, 2014

    TRASHAWN JOHNSON

                  v.

    ROBERTA FRANKLIN

    Zarnoch,
    Wright,
    Hotten,

                  JJ.

        Opinion by Wright, J.

     Filed: May 29, 2015
       On March 4, 2014, appellant, Trashawn Johnson, filed a complaint in the Circuit

Court for Baltimore City to perpetuate evidence and request for a hearing seeking an

order allowing him to conduct environmental testing on 3811 Reisterstown Road,

Baltimore (“Property”), which is currently owned by appellee, Roberta Franklin.1

Johnson sought testing of Franklin’s home for evidence of lead paint as a part of his

separate lead-paint poisoning action against a prior owner, Riggs Properties. After

Franklin failed to respond to Johnson’s discovery requests, Johnson filed a motion for

summary judgment on June 13, 2014. At a motion hearing on July 25, 2014, the circuit

court denied summary judgment and denied Johnson’s complaint. Johnson appealed on

August 18, 2014, and asks:2

       Did the trial court abuse its discretion by denying Johnson’s complaint for a
       bill of discovery for lead-based paint testing to support a separate lead-paint
       poisoning suit?

       We answer “yes,” vacate the judgment of the circuit court, and remand the case for

further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

       1
           Franklin did not file a brief, or otherwise participate, in this appeal.
       2
           Johnson presented the questions as:

       1. Did the trial court err as a matter of law when it, sua sponte, denied
       appellant’s complaint to perpetuate evidence?

       2. Did the trial court err as a matter of law by finding that the privacy
       rights of appellee outweighed appellant’s right to access the premises?
                                           Facts

       Johnson filed this suit as a companion action to a pending lead-paint poisoning

case filed in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City. See Johnson v. Riggs Properties, 24-C-

11-007769 (Cir. Ct. Balt. City). In that case, Johnson alleged that “he suffered severe and

permanent injuries from exposure and ingestion of lead-based paint and lead-based paint

dust at properties including [the Property].” Johnson “anticipate[d] that the presence or

absence of lead-based paint in [the Property] will be extremely relevant to his claims” in

his case.

       On February 19, 2014, Johnson, by letter, contacted Franklin, who is not a party to

the companion suit and is the current owner of the Property, to request her permission to

conduct “non-invasive environmental testing” of the Property to determine the presence

and extent of lead-based paint in the Property. After Franklin failed to respond, Johnson

filed a complaint to perpetuate evidence and request for a hearing pursuant to Md. Rule

2-404, on March 6, 2014, in the circuit court. In his complaint, Johnson alleged that

“[a]n equitable bill of discovery is the only way for [Johnson] to obtain the information

he requires. [Johnson]’s requested relief is specific and adapted to securing the relief

sought conveniently, effectively and completely.” (Emphasis in original).

       Franklin filed an answer pro se on April 11, 2014, requesting that the circuit court

deny Johnson’s request. Franklin denied that Johnson needed a “right of access to the

[Property] in this case because the required testing ha[d] already been completed,” and

that “[Johnson] ha[d] an adequate alternative remedy for obtaining the evidence [he]

                                             2
claim[ed] [he] need[ed]” because Franklin had already provided Johnson with copies of

the results of the prior testing.

       After Franklin filed her answer, Johnson propounded requests for production of

documents, interrogatories, and requests for admission of facts on Franklin on April 23,

2014. Franklin failed to respond to any of Johnson’s discovery requests, and Johnson

moved for summary judgment pursuant to Md. Rule 2-501(a) on June 13, 2014.

       On July 25, 2014, the circuit court held a hearing on Johnson’s motion for

summary judgment. Johnson argued that “all [he] want[ed] is access . . . to the actual

paint to test the paint.” Johnson cited “one sample in the livingroom [sic] windowsill that

did contain a little bit of lead which leads [him] to believe that there may be lead-based

paint in the [Property].” Johnson offered to complete the testing “at any time convenient

to Ms. Franklin.” In response, Franklin cited the “fact that [she] had the test done and

[she] gave them the paperwork showing that the State and the Federal government

approved[,]” as why she “didn’t see it necessary for them to come in my home.” She

stated that had she “not had the test done [she] wouldn’t have a problem.” Johnson added

that she “rehabbed the house . . . . New sheet rock is up. There is no old paint in the

house.”

       The circuit court framed “the issue the Court has to weigh” as “obviously

[Franklin’s] personal privacy and inconvenience.” The court asked Franklin to “tell the

Court if you will, how you feel about having someone come into your house and do this

test, even though they are saying that it is going to be short and quick.” Franklin said,

                                             3
“there’s no reason,” because of the previous testing, and that she “just d[oes]n’t want

them” coming into the Property.

       The circuit court ruled:

               In this particular case the Court, one, makes a finding that this type
       of pleading is not appropriate for Summary Judgment because it would not
       be a judgment, just sort of a grant or deny of the petition or request. And so
       in that sense, there would be no judgment in either way, the Court will
       either grant or deny the request. The Court will also make a finding in this
       particular case based on what I’ve heard from Ms. Franklin and what I saw
       in her response. And also with the pleadings and the case law as well in
       this particular case, I don’t believe that [Johnson], in this case, [Johnson]
       has shown that [Franklin]’s privacy rights have been outweighed by
       [Johnson]’s needs to do this additional testing. And so, the motion is
       denied and the request is denied.

       The circuit court’s order of July 25, 2014, stated:

             FOUND that [Johnson] failed to establish that his right to access the
       premises outweighs the privacy rights of [Franklin]; and it is further

               ORDERED that for the reasons stated on the record, [Johnson]’s
       Motion for Summary Judgment (Docket Entry # 7) is DENIED; and it is
       further

             ORDERED that [Johnson]’s Complaint to Perpetuate Evidence
       (Docket Entry #1) is DENIED; and it is further

              ORDERED that the Clerk of Court shall close the case with all costs
       to be paid by the Plaintiff.

                                     Discussion

       Johnson contends that “the Court decided, sua sponte, that [his] Complaint was

actually a ‘request,’ which was legal error.” In tandem with that argument, Johnson

argues that summary judgment in his favor was the appropriate disposition of this case.

Johnson cites the lack of a genuine dispute of material fact, because Franklin failed to

                                             4
respond to any of his discovery requests, and “therefore, admitted” that there was no

genuine dispute of material fact. Johnson argues that, although no evidentiary hearing

was held as required by Stokes v. 835 N. Washington Street, LLC, 141 Md. App. 214

(2001), he did prove, through Franklin’s admissions, by a preponderance of the evidence

that there is no dispute that “[Johnson]’s right to access the premises outweighed

[Franklin]’s privacy interest” and, as a result, summary judgment should have been

granted in his favor. Johnson urges us to accept a de novo standard of review in

reviewing whether his complaint was properly denied because it was denied as a part of

his motion for summary judgment.

       Johnson correctly cites Stokes as largely controlling. In Stokes, the Court of

Appeals considered a similar case, where a minor filed a lead poisoning action against the

former owner of a home. Stokes, 141 Md. App. at 216. The current property owner

refused the minor’s request to access the property to conduct lead paint testing, and the

minor filed an action against the current owner seeking an order of entry to conduct

noninvasive lead-paint testing. Id. The trial court denied the minor’s request and, on

appeal to this Court, we considered whether Md. Rule 2-404 allowed for non-party

production. Id. at 218-23.

       In Stokes, we held “that the circuit courts have the power to order inspection of a

non-party’s property on a case-by-case basis through the equitable bill of discovery.” Id.

at 223. We recognized that, while the Maryland Rules do not have a specific mechanism

allowing for the entry upon land of a non-party for inspection, “[n]o Maryland Rule

prohibits” it, either. Id. at 225. In making our determinations, we noted that “a rule

                                             5
denying a party’s right to seek an equitable bill of discovery may well violate the party’s

constitutional right of access to the courts.” Id. (footnote omitted). Because testing the

premises for lead paint contamination is “vital” to a lead poisoning suit, we held that

“[a]n equitable bill of discovery is the only way for appellants to obtain the information

they need.” Id. at 226.

       Although we recognized in Stokes that a trial court may issue a bill of discovery

under its inherent equitable power, we did not discuss how to obtain a bill of discovery or

how we would review the grant or denial of one, which is the focus of this case. We do

so now.

       We begin with a review of what a bill of discovery is. A bill of discovery “has

been a procedural tool in use for centuries” and “is well recognized.” Estate of

Bochiccho v. Quinn, 46 A.3d 239, 241 n.2 (Conn. App. Ct. 2012). It is an equitable

remedy that allows a litigant to obtain information that is in the exclusive possession of

another person and is necessary to the establishment of the litigant’s case. See Meltzer v.

Kushin, 20 A.2d 189, 190 (Pa. 1941). The rationale behind this “remedy, when used as

an auxiliary process in aid of trials at law, is simplicity itself. At times, cases will not be

proved, or will be proved clumsily or wastefully, if the litigant is not permitted to gather

his evidence in advance . . . . Today the remedy survives, chiefly, if not wholly, to give

facility to proof.” Pottetti v. Clifford, 150 A.2d 207, 211 (Conn. 1959) (citations

omitted).

       Historically, a “bill of discovery” could refer to either a “bill of discovery and

relief” or “a pure bill of discovery,” but there is a distinction. Thomas E. Rosensteel,

                                               6
Equity’s Bill of Discovery, A Unique Application in the Field of Products Liability, 49

Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 124, 125-26 (1972). The distinction is that the former is employed

when a party seeks discovery along with some form of relief, while the latter is used

purely to discover facts. Pottetti, 150 A.2d at 210-11; see also Carten v. Carten, 219

A.2d 711, 715 (Conn. 1966) (noting that “there is no ad damnum claimed” in pure bills of

discovery). Typically, a pure bill of discovery is used “to obtain evidence to be use[d] in

some suit other than that in which discovery is sought.” Peyton v. Werhane, 11 A.2d

800, 803 (Conn. 1940).

       In Maryland, because a bill of discovery stems from the inherent powers of the

circuit courts, there is no specific rule governing them. See Stokes, 141 Md. App. at 223-

25.3 However, a litigant can initiate a bill of discovery by filing a complaint, which seeks

relief in the form of discovery, or by filing a request for a bill of discovery in the action

for which the discovery is sought. Daniel Morman, The Complaint for a Pure Bill of

Discovery―A Living, Breathing, Modern Day Dinosaur?, 78 Fl. B. J. 50, 50 (2004).

       Returning to the instant case, Johnson argues that the circuit court wrongly

“transform[ed] [Johnson]’s pleadings” into a “‘request,’ which was legal error.” He avers

       3
         Rule 34 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure expressly authorizes a party in a
lawsuit to enter upon the land of a non-party for the limited purpose of inspecting and
testing the land for evidence that would be of consequence to appending court action.
Only Maryland and Connecticut have no state provision allowing for non-party
production/inspection.

                                               7
that the court could not turn his complaint into something else “in order to justify its

intended end result.”4 We disagree with Johnson and explain.

       In this case, Johnson filed a “complaint to perpetuate evidence and request for a

hearing[.]” As a part of his complaint, Johnson pled, in pertinent part:

               3. [Johnson] seeks, through the instant Complaint, to have this
       Honorable Court exercise its subpoena power to prevent [Franklin] from
       withholding evidence relevant to Trashawn Johnson, et al. v. Riggs
       Properties, et al. To that end, [Johnson] seeks to obtain an Order allowing
       him to conduct non-invasive, non-destructive environmental testing of the
       interior and exterior of [the Property]. Maryland Rule 2-404 allows this
       action to perpetuate evidence. The Court of Special Appeals confirmed that
       this Honorable Court has the power to grant [Johnson]’s requested relief
       through an equitable bill of discovery. Charles Stokes, a minor, et al. v.
       835 N. Washington Street, LLC, 141 Md. App. 214 (2001).

              4. The evidence [Johnson] seeks to discover (the presence or
       absence of lead-based paint in [the Property]) is material and necessary for
       [Johnson] to prove his case Trashawn Johnson, et al. v. Riggs Properties, et
       al. The environmental testing will also assist medical experts in
       determining the extent to which [Johnson] was exposed to lead-based paint
       and lead-based paint dust on an ongoing basis.

              5. . . . An equitable bill of discovery is the only way for [Johnson] to
       obtain the information he requires.

(Emphasis in original).

       First, although Johnson cited Md. Rule 2-404 as authority, the rule does not allow

this suit to continue and does not provide the requested relief. Md. Rule 2-404 allows for

       4
         Johnson uses the term “pleading” and frames his argument about
“transform[ation]” in the context of the complaint, but he cites case law concerning
summary judgment as authority. Johnson appears to have conflated the word “pleading”
with the word “motion.” Pleadings refer to “a complaint and an answer[,]” including any
counterclaims, cross-claims, third-party complaints, and the answers thereto. Md. Rule
2-302. A motion for summary judgment is not a pleading because it is “[a]n application
to the court for an order[.]” Md. Rule 2-311.
                                              8
perpetuation of evidence before an action has been filed through deposition under Md.

Rule 2-412, production of documents under Md. Rule 2-422, or mental or physical

examination under Md. Rule 2-423. Md. Rule 2-404(a)(2). “Evidence perpetuated in

accordance with the requirements of this section may be used in any court in any action

involving the same subject matter and against any person served with a notice, request, or

motion in the manner provided by . . . this Rule.” Md. Rule 2-404(a)(6).

       We held in Webb v. Joyce Real Estate, Inc., 108 Md. App. 512, 526 (1996), that

Md. Rule 2-422 does not authorize a circuit court to grant entry onto property owned by a

nonparty. Because Md. Rule 2-404 allows perpetuation of evidence by “request for

production of documents required by Rule 2-422[,]” Md. Rule 2-404 does not authorize

this action to perpetuate evidence, as Franklin is not a party in the companion suit.

Moreover, Md. Rule 2-404 allows for perpetuation of evidence either “before action

instituted” or “pending appeal” ― the action before us does not fit either of those

categories. Lastly, because the evidence of lead paint would not be used “against any

person served with [the] request . . . in the manner provided by . . . this Rule[,]” Md. Rule

2-404 would not authorize this action because Johnson has admitted that Franklin would

not be named in the companion case. It, therefore, could not be used against her.

       Johnson, in this case through his pleading, sought a pure bill of discovery because

he only began this action to discover facts, not to seek some other relief, which is not

provided for in any particular Maryland Rule. See Stokes, 141 Md. App. at 223-25

(allowing for an equitable remedy of a bill of discovery, even though it is not authorized

pursuant to the Maryland Rules). Although Johnson did not title his pleading a

                                              9
“complaint for a pure bill of discovery,” we can discern that he sought one based on his

citation to Stokes and reference to an “equitable bill of discovery” as his only requested

remedy.

       Even though the word “complaint” is found in the title, it is not the type of

complaint contemplated by the Maryland Rules, because it is a vehicle used only for

discovery and is not a cause of action, which is required in a typical complaint. See Md.

Rule 2-305 (requiring that a pleading set forth “the facts necessary to constitute a cause

of action”). We, thus, accept that Johnson filed his complaint for the purpose of initiating

a pure bill of discovery, not to institute a civil action against Franklin, even though a

complaint was filed. See Md. Rule 2-101 (explaining that a “civil action is commenced

by filing a complaint”). Indeed, it is more akin to a request because Johnson sought

discovery by inspection. See Md. Rule 2-422 (noting that inspection is requested by the

parties). Although we said that Md. Rule 2-422 would not give Johnson relief, it is the

closest form of discovery to a pure bill of discovery contained in the Maryland Rules.

See id. (allowing for inspection of property of parties). This resolves whether Johnson’s

complaint for an equitable bill of discovery was a true “complaint,” or could be termed

something else, but it does not resolve whether summary judgment is an appropriate

resolution or reveal what our standard of review should be.

       Johnson avers that the circuit court erred by denying him summary judgment and

denying his complaint without granting Franklin “summary judgment, formally[.]” In

arguing that summary judgment was an appropriate disposition of this case, Johnson

relies on Franklin’s failure to respond to his discovery requests that he propounded on

                                              10
Franklin after initiating this suit. Because of Franklin’s failure to respond to his requests

for admissions, Johnson argues that there was no genuine dispute of material fact

because, pursuant to Md. Rule 2-424(b), all of the facts at issue were admitted by

Franklin. Johnson contends that, although no evidentiary hearing was held, he met his

burden of proof because of the admissions of Franklin.

       We return to the history of a pure bill of discovery for guidance. As we said in

Stokes, Maryland does not have a “provision allowing for non-party . . . inspection[,]”

and a pure bill of discovery is an equitable remedy. Stokes, 141 Md. App. at 219, 223

(footnote omitted). As we opined previously, a pure bill of discovery seeks only to

discover facts. See Pottetti, 150 A.2d at 210-11. Notably, “[a]n equitable bill of

discovery is the only way for [Johnson] to obtain the information [he] need[s].” Stokes,

141 Md. App. at 226; see also Md. Rule 2-401, et seq. (allowing for discovery in a civil

action).

       As we said in Stokes:

       The parties are entitled to an evidentiary hearing at which appellants must
       prove by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) what they seek to
       discover is material and necessary for proof of the other action already
       brought; (2) appellants have no other adequate means of obtaining
       discovery of the essential information; (3) appellants’ right of access to the
       premises outweighs the privacy rights of both the owner and the occupants
       of the property; and (4) issuance of an equitable bill of discovery will not
       impose an unreasonable hardship upon the owner or upon any occupant of
       the property.

Stokes, 141 Md. App. at 226-28 (citations and footnotes omitted).

       Resultantly, we agree with the circuit court’s ruling that “this type of pleading is

not appropriate for Summary Judgment . . . , just sort of a grant or den[ial] of the petition

                                             11
or request.” Under Stokes, the parties are entitled to an evidentiary hearing on the facts of

the case. Stokes, 141 Md. App. at 228. In this case, Franklin did not waive her right to a

hearing, and she was present for the hearing, at which time she contested the granting of

Johnson’s request. Where, as here, the determination cannot be made as a matter of law,

the entry of a summary judgment is inappropriate.5

       Finally, despite Johnson’s claim, an evidentiary hearing did take place. At the

hearing, the circuit court examined Franklin, who appeared pro se:

              THE COURT:           . . . And so tell the Court if you will, how you
       feel about having someone come into your house and do this test, even
       though they are saying that it is going to be short and quick.

               MS. FRANKLIN:       I said ― I said no, because I had already had it
       done.

               THE COURT:          Mm-hmm.

             MS. FRANKLIN: So there’s no reason. If the State and the
       Federal government accept it, why can’t they?

              THE COURT:           Okay. And in terms of them coming into your
       house, you just don’t want them?

       5
         Assuming, for the sake of argument, that the court could dispose of this case by
way of a motion for summary judgment, what was presented to the court by way of
admission of facts do not begin to address the factors required to be considered by Stokes,
as they are inconclusive and inconsistent. See Stokes, 141 Md. App. at 226-28 (listing the
four factors). Moreover, the admissions did not go to the “truth of any relevant matters of
fact” but, instead, went to legal conclusions, which is beyond what requests for
admissions can accomplish. Md. Rule 2-424 (describing what a party may request the
other party admit via a request for admissions). Finally, because no party offered the
requests for admissions into evidence, they were not a part of the record of the
evidentiary hearing. See Md. Rule 2-516 (“All exhibits marked for identification,
whether or not offered in evidence and, if offered, whether or not admitted, shall form
part of the record”).

                                             12
              MS. FRANKLIN:        Right.

The court held an evidentiary hearing because it accepted evidence in the form of

testimony by Franklin. Thus, the court complied with the requirement of an evidentiary

hearing of Stokes by doing more than only hearing arguments.6

       Because we have settled what a bill of discovery is and how you can obtain one,

we turn now to what is the proper standard of review. Johnson argues that we should

review the case de novo because the case was disposed of by summary judgment.

However, as we have discussed, Johnson’s bill of discovery was not disposed of by

summary judgment; accordingly, we decline to accept Johnson’s position.

       Notably, “[p]ure bills of discovery are favored in equity[.]” Peyton, 11 A.2d at

803. “[B]ecause a pure bill of discovery is favored in equity, it should be granted unless

there is some well founded objection against the exercise of the court’s discretion.”

Estate of Bochicchio, 46 A.3d at 241 n.2; see also Peyton, 11 A.2d at 803 (pure bills of

discovery “are sustained in all cases”); Pottetti, 150 A.2d at 211 (“In passing upon the

bill, the court exercises a discretionary power”). We, thus, review the circuit court’s

denial of Johnson’s pure bill of discovery under an abuse of discretion standard.7

       6
         Even though we hold that an evidentiary hearing did take place, we caution the
circuit court to not examine witnesses without first swearing them in. See Md. Rule 5-
603 (requiring a witness to make an oath or affirmation before testifying).
       7
        We recognize that there are limits to a litigant’s right to discovery ― it “does not
extend to all facts which may be material to the issue, but is confined to facts which are
material to his own title or cause of action.” Peyton, 11 A.2d at 803; see also Pottetti,
150 A.2d at 211 (“The right to a discovery, however, does not extend to all material facts
but only to those which pertain to a party’s cause of action or defense. Discovery cannot
be used to pry[.]”).
                                             13
       We have said that “abuse may be found when the court acts without reference to

any guiding rules or principles[.]” Wilson-X v. Dep’t of Human Res., 403 Md. 667, 677

(2008) (quoting Touzeau v. Deffinbaugh, 394 Md. 654, 669 (2006)); see also In re

Adoption/Guardianship No. 3598, 347 Md. 295, 312 (1997); Nace v. Miller, 201 Md.

App. 54, 77 (2011); Cobrand v. Adventist Healthcare, Inc., 149 Md. App. 431, 437

(2003); North v. North, 102 Md. App. 1, 13 (1994). A failure to consider the proper legal

standard in reaching a decision constitutes an abuse of discretion. Aventis Pasteur, Inc. v.

Shevofilax, 396 Md. 405, 433 (2001); see also Ehrlich v. Perez, 394 Md. 691, 708 (2006)

(“even with respect to a discretionary matter, a trial court must exercise its discretion in

accordance with correct legal standards”) (citation omitted). Still, when we apply this

standard, “[a] trial judge is presumed to know the law and to apply it properly, and the

mere failure by the chancellor to articulate the reasons for his decision does not prevent

us from affirming that decision on appeal.” Fox v. Fox, 85 Md. App. 448, 463 (1991).

When a circuit court mentions only one factor to be considered in a multi-factor test for

granting relief, it “does not mean that he ignored the other factors.” Id. “In such a case,

we can look to the record as a whole to garner support for the chancellor’s decision.” Id.

(citing Rogers v. Rogers, 80 Md. App. 575, 591 (1989)).

       We enumerate again what the circuit court must consider when determining

whether a pure equitable bill of discovery should be issued:

       The parties are entitled to an evidentiary hearing at which appellants must
       prove by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) what they seek to
       discover is material and necessary for proof of the other action already
       brought; (2) appellants have no other adequate means of obtaining
       discovery of the essential information; (3) appellants’ right of access to the

                                              14
       premises outweighs the privacy rights of both the owner and the occupants
       of the property; and (4) issuance of an equitable bill of discovery will not
       impose an unreasonable hardship upon the owner or upon any occupant of
       the property.

Stokes, 141 Md. App. at 226-28 (citations and footnotes omitted). Stokes gives an

inclusive set of factors a court evaluating a bill of discovery must consider.

       Our review of the record does not support a finding that the circuit court was

aware of or considered all of the Stokes factors. In this case, the circuit court stated the

issue it “has to weigh is obviously [Franklin’s] personal privacy and inconvenience.”

The circuit court questioned Franklin only as to this factor. As a part of its order, the

court made findings to only whether Johnson’s right of access to the premises outweighs

the privacy rights of Franklin. During the hearing, no mention was made as to the other

three factors required by Stokes. After reviewing the record as a whole, we cannot find

support for the premise that the circuit court considered all of the factors unique to a bill

of discovery request. Therefore, the court abused its discretion in denying Johnson’s bill

of discovery by failing to consider the correct legal standard. Accordingly, we vacate the

judgment and remand the case to the circuit court for proceedings not inconsistent with

this opinion.

                                           JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT
                                           FOR BALTIMORE CITY VACATED.
                                           CASE REMANDED FOR FURTHER
                                           PROCEEDINGS NOT INCONSISTENT
                                           WITH THIS OPINION. COSTS TO BE
                                           PAID BY APPELLEE.

                                              15