Court Opinion

ID: 8484687
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-17 19:08:27.240962+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:49:56.021949
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Dalrymple v. Westerville, 2022-Ohio-4094.]

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                   TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

Bonnie Dalrymple,                                     :

                 Plaintiff-Appellant,                 :       No. 21AP-514
                                                           (C.P.C. No. 18CV-1789)
v.                                                    :
                                                          (REGULAR CALENDAR)
City of Westerville et al.,                           :

                 Defendants-Appellees.                :

                                         D E C I S I O N

                                   Rendered on November 17, 2022

                 On brief: Moore and Yaklevich, and W. Jeffrey Moore;
                 Eric R. Nordman, for appellant.

                 On brief: Isaac Wiles & Burkholder LLC, and Aaron M.
                 Glasgow, for appellees.

                   APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

McGRATH, J.
        {¶ 1} This is an appeal by plaintiff-appellant, Bonnie Dalrymple, from a judgment
of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas granting summary judgment in favor of
defendants-appellees, City of Westerville (individually "the city"), Bassem Bitar, Ed Ungar,
Bryan Wagner, David Hays, Karl Craven, Westerville Industry and Commerce Corporation
("WICC"), and Uptown Improvement Program/Uptown Review Board ("URB").
        {¶ 2} The following background facts are taken primarily from the decision of the
trial court ruling on appellees' motion for summary judgment. Appellee Bassem Bitar
(individually "Bitar") is the planning manager for the city; he manages the city's
"involvement with private development activity," and his duties include "overseeing staff
No. 21AP-514                                                                                2

input to the Planning Commission, Board of Zoning, Uptown Review Board, as well as
communications to City Council." (Decision at 1.) One aspect of Bitar's position involves
"speaking with persons and businesses considering buying property in Westerville and/or
starting a business in Westerville about land use, zoning and development issues,"
including "discussing the viability of potential uses and potential funding opportunities for
development." (Decision at 2.)
       {¶ 3} Appellee Bryan Wagner (individually "Wagner") is the enforcement officer
for the city, whose duties are to "enforce the City's Zoning Ordinance, Property
Maintenance Ordinance, Yard Care Ordinance and other City ordinances as assigned."
Appellee Ed Ungar (individually "Ungar") is the city's chief building official, and his duties
"are to oversee the daily activities of the building department, including the enforcement of
the Ohio Building Code and Residential Code of Ohio." Appellee David Hays (individually
"Hays") is a zoning enforcement officer for the city; his duties include "the enforcement of
the City's Property Maintenance and Zoning codes." Appellee Karl Craven (individually
"Craven") is the city's planning and development director, whose duties include "the
administration of Planning and Development Department, management of personnel,
budget issues and management of capital improvement projects." (Decision at 2.)
       {¶ 4} Appellee WICC is a "501(C)(3) non-profit corporation * * * formed to support
economic development within the City and has seven members, which include the City
Administrator, the City Attorney, the Mayor, the Director of Planning and Development,
and three private citizens with connections to the City's business community." (Decision at
2-3.) One function of WICC is to "administer a grant funding program which provides
funds to uptown business[es] for renovations." (Decision at 3.)
       {¶ 5} Procedurally, in order to secure funding from WICC to renovate a commercial
property, "property owners initially apply to WICC for preliminary approval." If a project
meets the program guidelines, "WICC conditionally approves their application," and the
property owner "must then have their individual plans approved by the Uptown Review
Board * * *, a citizen board which reviews proposed alterations to uptown properties." If
the URB "approves the plans, and if the property owner completes the buildout of the
renovations consistent with the approval from the URB, [then] the property owner provides
verifying evidence of the expenses for the project to development staff." If the renovations
No. 21AP-514                                                                                3

and documentation of expenses are accurate, WICC "releases funds to reimburse the
property owner's expenses in the previously agreed to amount." (Decision at 3.)
       {¶ 6} Appellant first contacted the city "in October 2015 regarding the potential
purchase of investment property" within the city. After looking at several different
properties in the area, she "eventually focused her attention on the property at 30 E. College
Ave., which is located within the Uptown zoning district," a historical district in the city
"with added review required for architectural changes to the exterior of properties."
(Decision at 3.)
       {¶ 7} The property at 30 E. College Avenue was "originally a single-family home
which had been converted to a commercial building, most recently being used for a flower
shop." When appellant inquired about the property, Wagner "provided her with
information regarding the status of the enforcement action against the prior owner for code
violations." (Decision at 3.) Wagner and Bitar provided appellant information "regarding
the grant funding program," and Wagner e-mailed appellant a link to a website with
"program guidelines containing full information on the program." According to the
guidelines, "WICC grant funding is available only for commercial and mixed-use
properties, not for residential uses." (Emphasis sic.) Bitar also told appellant that "WICC
funding might be available for her intended renovations if they were for a commercial use
and encouraged her to review the program criteria." (Emphasis sic.) Neither Bitar nor
Wagner "made any representations about what the building code requirements would be
for a commercial use," although Bitar "encouraged [appellant] to check with the Chief
Building Officer regarding how the applicable building code requirements might affect the
use of the [p]roperty." (Decision at 4.)
       {¶ 8} Appellant closed on the property on December 23, 2015; the purchase price
was $131,000. Appellant "did not speak to" Ungar, Hays or Craven about the property
"prior to closing." Following the purchase of the property, appellant "worked with City staff
to apply to WICC for funding." On January 5, 2016, Bitar provided appellant "with a
roadmap for the approval process and the necessary forms to apply for funding." (Decision
at 4.) Bitar also connected appellant with David Meadows, "an official with the City's
Economic Development Department." (Decision at 4-5.) On February 3, 2016, Bitar
"followed up" to provide appellant with "detailed information about how to apply for WICC
No. 21AP-514                                                                                4

funding."   (Decision at 5.) Over the course of the next month, Bitar and appellant
"continued to discuss the WICC funding process." During the first week of March 2016,
appellant asked Bitar if she would be eligible for WICC funding "if a portion" of the property
would be used for commercial purposes. On March 8, 2016, Bitar "confirmed WICC would
likely approve funding for the whole renovation even if only a portion of the home would
be used commercially." (Decision at 5.)
       {¶ 9} On March 16, 2016, appellant filed her application for WICC funding. In her
application, she "represented the renovation would be for a 'commercial space.' "
(Emphasis sic.) Appellant "also agreed to be bound by the terms of the WICC funding
program and she would comply with the applicable building code when completing the
renovations." (Decision at 5.)
       {¶ 10} On March 21, 2016, WICC "conditionally approved every request" appellant
made and "set aside $27,053" for appellant's project. In its letter notifying appellant of the
approval, "WICC indicated the next step was to have her plans approved by the URB."
WICC also "expressly indicated as a condition of the award of funding" that appellant
"would need to agree not to convert the [p]roperty into a high-density residential use, a
condition which would be reduced to writing." (Decision at 5.)
       {¶ 11} On April 7, 2016, the URB "approved all ten" of appellant's "applications for
Certificates of Appropriateness for the various improvements proposed for the [p]roperty."
This approval "cleared the way" for appellant "to move ahead with her renovations of the
[p]roperty." (Decision at 5.) In order to obtain the WICC grant funds, appellant "would
have needed only to complete the renovations on her [p]roperty consistent with the
approval from the URB, as well as the grant criteria which require compliance with all City
codes and give WICC discretion to set certain conditions." (Decision at 5-6.)
       {¶ 12} Following the approval, however, appellant "began to express concerns about
the requirements necessary to secure WICC funding." More specifically, issues arose when
Ungar "explained to [appellant] that if she intended to use the [p]roperty as a mixed use
with some commercial component, the commercial portion of the building would need to
meet the standards in the commercial building code," which would "require hiring a
professional to determine whether the building currently met the commercial Building
No. 21AP-514                                                                               5

Code requirements and, if not, what upgrades would be necessary to meet those standards."
(Decision at 6.)
       {¶ 13} On July 11, 2016, David Meadows, the city's economic development director,
contacted appellant to "discuss her concerns." On August 5, 2016, city staff members,
including Meadows, Bitar, and the city attorney, met with appellant. Following that
meeting, Meadows sent appellant a letter "explaining her options for the [p]roperty relative
to WICC funding and the various uses she was considering." Meadows "reiterated that
WICC funds could only be used for commercial uses and funding would be conditioned on
her agreement that the [p]roperty could not be used for a multifamily use for five years
(which was consistent with the approval letter sent months earlier)." (Emphasis sic.)
(Decision at 6.)
       {¶ 14} Meadows outlined the following three options for appellant: (1) complete the
project "as presented to WICC and the URB," whereby the project "would be eligible for
reimbursement through WICC, but [appellant] would have to comply with the Ohio
Building Code, which included the requirement to submit a plan from a licensed design
professional for the commercial space"; (2) maintain the use "solely as commercial/office,"
whereby the project would be "eligible for reimbursement through WICC and would be
largely 'grandfathered' as to compliance with" the Ohio Building Code, but appellant "would
not be able to maintain any residential use on the [p]roperty"; (3) convert the project to "a
residential use, with no commercial component," which would not subject the project to
"the Ohio Building Code requirements for commercial uses or any other condition imposed
by WICC, but the project would also not be eligible for reimbursement through WICC."
(Decision at 6-7.)
       {¶ 15} Appellant was "unwilling to agree to the limitations on the use of her
[p]roperty or engage a licensed design professional to bring the [p]roperty into compliance
with Ohio Building Code." As a result, she "did not move forward with the process to obtain
WICC funds." (Decision at 7.)
       {¶ 16} In 2016, appellant "began the process of marketing and selling" the property,
and she engaged the services of Amy Clark, a real estate broker with the "Clark Realty
Group." Agents listed the property for sale, and a local church purchased the property for
No. 21AP-514                                                                              6

$400,000. According to figures submitted by appellant, "she made a profit of $78,254.26
over the amount for which she bought the house and the renovation costs." (Decision at 7.)
       {¶ 17} While the property was being marketed, appellant's real estate agents
discussed the property with city staff, including Bitar, "several times." (Decision at 7.)
Bitar informed the agents "there were restrictions on the uses to which the [p]roperty could
be put if the [p]roperty owner wanted to obtain funds from WICC." (Decision at 8.)
       {¶ 18} On March 22, 2017, approximately one month after selling the property at 30
E. College Avenue, appellant purchased the property at 27 E. College Avenue. She sold this
property "the next year for $470,000, $115,000 more than she bought it for." (Decision at
8.)
       {¶ 19} Appellant "has been a licensed real estate broker since 2006," and she
"brokered the sale and lease of residential and commercial property in Colorado until she
moved to Ohio." She "also completed at least three renovation projects—or 'flips'—prior to
the one at issue here." (Decision at 8.)
       {¶ 20} On February 27, 2018, appellant filed a complaint, naming as defendants the
city, Bitar, Ungar, Wagner, Hays, and Craven. The complaint alleged that the property at
30 E. College Avenue was "zoned mixed use," and that appellees "knew" that appellant's
"main purpose was to live in it and conduct business from it." (Compl. at ¶ 10.) The
complaint alleged that, prior to purchasing the property, appellees "assured/promised"
appellant "that historical restoration funds would be available to her should they be needed
to help pay for the rehab of the home in question." (Compl. at ¶ 11.)
       {¶ 21} According to the complaint, once appellant "had extensively beg[u]n the
rehabilitation work the [appellees] started harassing and citing [appellant] for work done
and not done, advising her that new contingencies and code requirements existed,
completely ignoring their previous promises and representations." (Compl. at ¶ 13.)
Appellant alleged that the actions of appellees forced her to sell the property, and that
appellees "falsely stated and represented to real estate agents for potential buyers and/or
potential buyers that the deed and use were restricted, thereby interfering with her sale to
certain purchasers and causing potential buyers to either withdraw their purchase offers
and/or fail to offer to purchase the property." (Compl. at ¶ 19.)
No. 21AP-514                                                                                 7

       {¶ 22} On June 25, 2018, appellant filed a motion for leave to file an amended
complaint, seeking to add as defendants WICC and "Uptown Improvement Program." The
amended complaint alleged causes of action for fraud, fraud in the inducement,
misrepresentation, breach of promissory estoppel, tortious interference with a business
relationship, and intentional infliction of emotional distress.
       {¶ 23} On June 26, 2019, the city, Bitar, Ungar, Wagner, Hays, Craven, WICC, and
URB (collectively "appellees") filed a motion for summary judgment. In the accompanying
memorandum in support, appellees asserted the city, WICC, and URB were immune from
liability under R.C. 2744.02(A), and that the individual appellees were immune from
liability under R.C. 2744.03(A)(6). On November 7, 2019, appellant filed a memorandum
contra appellees' motion for summary judgment.
       {¶ 24} On September 8, 2021, the trial court filed a decision and entry granting
summary judgment in favor of appellees. In its decision, the court held that appellees were
entitled to political subdivision immunity under R.C. 2744.02 and 2744.03, and that
appellant failed to establish a genuine issue of material fact as to her claims for fraud/fraud
in the inducement, promissory estoppel, tortuous interference with a business relationship,
and intentional infliction of emotional distress.
       {¶ 25} On appeal, appellant sets forth the following eight assignments of error for
this court's review:
               [I.] The Trial Court erred when it Granted Defendants'-
               Appellees Summary Judgment pursuant to Ohio Rule of Civil
               Procedure 56.

               [II.] The Trial Court erred when it ruled that the City of
               Westerville was entitled to governmental immunity under ORC
               2744.02(A).

               [III.] The Trial Court erred when it ruled that Bitar and Ung[a]r
               are entitled to governmental immunity under ORC 2744.03(A).

               [IV.] The Trial Court erred when it ruled that WICC and URB
               have governmental immunity under ORC 2744.02(A), as
               "Instrumentalities" of a Political Subdivision.

               [V.] The Trial Court erred when it ruled that Appellant failed to
               produce sufficient evidence of fraud/fraud in the inducement
               and damages.
No. 21AP-514                                                                              8

               [VI.] The Trial Court erred when it dismissed Appellant's
               promissory estoppel action.

               [VII.] The Trial Court erred when it ruled that Appellant failed
               to produce sufficient evidence of tortuous interference with a
               business relationship and damages.

               [VIII.] The Trial Court erred when it ruled that Appellant failed
               to produce sufficient evidence of intentional infliction of
               emotional distress and damages.

       {¶ 26} Appellant's assignments of error, each challenging the propriety of the trial
court's grant of summary judgment in favor of appellees, will be consolidated for purposes
of review. Under these assignments of error, appellant asserts the court erred in:
(1) determining the city was entitled to governmental immunity under R.C. 2744.02(A);
(2) holding that URB and WICC were entitled to governmental immunity under R.C.
2744.02(A) as instrumentalities of a political subdivision; (3) ruling that city employees
Bitar and Ungar were entitled to governmental immunity under R.C. 2744.03(A);
(4) finding appellant failed to produce sufficient evidence as to the elements of her claims
of fraud, fraud in the inducement, tortuous interference with a business relationship, and
intentional infliction of emotional distress to withstand summary judgment; and
(5) dismissing her promissory estoppel action.
       {¶ 27} In accordance with the provisions of Civ.R. 56(C), "summary judgment shall
be granted when the filings in the action, including depositions and affidavits, show that
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law." Bonacorsi v. Wheeling & Lake Erie Ry. Co., 95 Ohio St.3d
314, 2002-Ohio-2220, ¶ 24. This court's review of a trial court's decision on summary
judgment is "de novo." Id.
       {¶ 28} Under Ohio law, "[a] claim of sovereign immunity by a political subdivision
requires the three-tiered analysis provided in R.C. Chapter 2744." Baker v. Wayne Cty.,
147 Ohio St.3d 51, 2016-Ohio-1566, ¶ 11, citing Rankin v. Cuyahoga Cty. Dept. of Children
& Family Servs., 118 Ohio St.3d 392, 2008-Ohio-2567, ¶ 16. Under the "first tier" of this
analysis, "a political subdivision has immunity for negligent acts as long as the negligent
acts are in connection with governmental or proprietary functions." Id., citing R.C.
2744.02(A)(1); Rankin at ¶ 17. The "second tier" of the analysis requires an examination as
No. 21AP-514                                                                                                  9

to "whether any of the five exceptions listed in R.C. 2744.02(B) apply." Id., citing Rankin
at ¶ 18. If any exception under R.C. 2744.02(B) does apply, "the third tier of the analysis
considers whether sovereign immunity can be reinstated by one of the statutorily listed
defenses." Id., citing Rankin at ¶ 27.
        {¶ 29} Appellant initially contends the trial court erred in granting summary
judgment in favor of the city. Specifically, appellant argues the trial court erred in finding
the city was immune because it engaged in the governmental function of enforcement of its
zoning laws. According to appellant, when a city gives a private citizen money or a benefit
that is not for the public good, it is engaged in a proprietary, not a governmental, function.
In asserting the city was engaged in a proprietary function, appellant seeks to rely on one
of the exceptions to the general grant of immunity, R.C. 2744.02(B)(2),1 which imposes
liability on a political subdivision for an employee's negligent performance of a proprietary
function.
        {¶ 30} R.C. 2744.01(C)(1) "provides a generic description of governmental
functions."     Greenfield v. Schluep, 4th Dist. No. 05CA8, 2006-Ohio-531, ¶ 12. R.C.
2744.01(C)(1) states as follows:
                 "Governmental function" means a function of a political
                 subdivision that is specified in division (C)(2) of this section or
                 that satisfies any of the following:

                 (a) A function that is imposed upon the state as an obligation
                 of sovereignty and that is performed by a political subdivision
                 voluntarily or pursuant to legislative requirement;

                 (b) A function that is for the common good of all citizens of the
                 state;

                 (c) A function that promotes or preserves the public peace,
                 health, safety, or welfare; that involves activities that are not
                 engaged in or not customarily engaged in by nongovernmental
                 persons; and that is not specified in division (G)(2) of this
                 section as a proprietary function.

1R.C. 2744.02(B)(2) states: "Except as otherwise provided in sections 3314.07 and 3746.24 of the Revised
Code, political subdivisions are liable for injury, death, or loss to person or property caused by the negligent
performance of acts by their employees with respect to proprietary functions of the political subdivisions."
No. 21AP-514                                                                                   10

       {¶ 31} In addition to the above "general definition, the statute also provides a
nonexclusive list of items that are deemed governmental functions per se." Schluep at ¶ 12.
As relevant to the instant action, R.C. 2744.01(C)(2)(p) states in part that "[t]he provision
or nonprovision of inspection services of all types, including, but not limited to, inspections
in connection with building, zoning, sanitation, fire, plumbing, and electrical codes, and the
taking of actions in connection with those types of codes" is a "government function."
       {¶ 32} By contrast, "R.C. 2744.01(G)(1) defines 'proprietary function,' in relevant
part, as 'a function of a political subdivision that is specified in division (G)(2) of this
section' or one that satisfies both of the following: (1) 'The function is * * * not one specified
in division (C)(2) of this section,' and (2) 'The function is one that promotes or preserves
the public peace, health, safety, or welfare and that involves activities that are customarily
engaged in by nongovernmental persons.' " CR Hill, L.L.C. v. Westlake, 8th Dist. No.
110610, 2022-Ohio-693, ¶ 15, quoting R.C. 2744.01(G)(1)(a) and (b).
       {¶ 33} In the present case, there is no dispute the city is a political subdivision as
defined in R.C. 2744.01(F). As noted, however, appellant argues the city engaged in a
proprietary function by "[p]romising free grant money to a private citizen to fix a privately
owned building with mixed use zoning and then requiring her to change her home's zoning
status." (Appellant's Am. Brief at 30.) Upon review, we find unpersuasive appellant's
contention that the trial court erred in failing to find the activity at issue involved a
proprietary function.
       {¶ 34} In determining whether a political subdivision is engaged in a governmental
or proprietary function under R.C. 2744.01, "a court should look to the particular activity
the subdivision is engaged in and decide whether that particular activity is of the type
customarily engaged in by nongovernmental persons." Schluep at ¶ 13. In this respect, "the
central issue resolves to whether the action for which [the plaintiff] seeks to hold the city
liable is part of a governmental function or part of a proprietary function." (Emphasis sic.)
Scott v. Columbus Dept. of Pub. Utils., 192 Ohio App.3d 465, 2011-Ohio-677, ¶ 11 (10th
Dist.). Further, "an activity that is customarily performed by nongovernmental persons
does not render proprietary an overarching function that is governmental." McDonald v.
Lacy, 2d Dist. No. 27779, 2018-Ohio-2753, ¶ 18, citing Shank v. Springfield, 2d Dist. No.
94-CA-71 (May 3, 1995).
No. 21AP-514                                                                                  11

       {¶ 35} While appellant frames the dispositive issue as whether a city's promise of
grant funding involves a governmental or proprietary function, the broader issue, for
purposes of examining the conduct at issue (as reflected in appellant's complaint and
deposition testimony), involves her claim that she was denied such grant money because of
requirements by the city as to zoning and building code requirements pertaining to
renovations made to her property located in the Uptown District. In her amended
complaint, appellant alleged that "[t]he historical district of Old Westerville is controlled in
matters of restoration, zoning, improvements and preservation by [appellee] the Uptown
Review Board which is sanctioned by the City to police and maintain certain zoning
requirements for the area as well as sanction and approve citizens and/or companies for
historical restoration funds." (Pl.'s Proposed Am. Compl. at ¶ 11.) Further, prior to
purchasing the property at 30 E. College Avenue, she consulted with a city employee (Bitar)
about operating her real estate business out of the property, and also expressed her desire
to reside at the property and to maintain a separate room for her mother. Appellant alleged
she was assured she would "receive the funding necessary to rehabilitate and restore the
property if she needed it." (Pl.'s Proposed Am. Compl. at ¶ 15.)
       {¶ 36} However, once she began rehabilitation work on the property, appellees
"started harassing and citing [her] for work done and not done, advising her that new
contingencies and code requirements existed." (Pl.'s Proposed Am. Compl. at ¶ 16.)
Appellant further alleged that, at the time she applied for "the promised financial aid for
the rehabilitation of the property," appellees "told her she could only get the money if she
agreed to change the zoning of her property from mixed use to a restricted use and/or
restricted deed." (Pl.'s Proposed Am. Compl. at ¶ 17.) According to appellant, she "refused
to agree to the new rezoning/use contingencies," and was "forced to sell" the property
because it "no longer fit her use and because she had spent all of her money bringing her
historical property up to new code and the historical rehabilitation standards." (Pl.'s
Proposed Am. Compl. at ¶ 19, 21.)
       {¶ 37} The trial court, in addressing and rejecting appellant's claim that the city
engaged in a proprietary function, found the activity at issue involved the city's enforcement
of its zoning laws, i.e., that the city's conduct in providing advice to appellant about building
and zoning code requirements for renovations in the city's historic Uptown District (albeit
No. 21AP-514                                                                              12

in the context of applying/qualifying for grant program funding) involved a governmental
function. In support, the trial court relied on Ohio case law holding that a political
subdivision's enforcement of its zoning laws constitutes a governmental function. See, e.g.,
CR Hill at ¶ 16 ("[a]ctions a city takes in connection with its zoning code constitute a
governmental function"); Brewer v. Butler Cty. Bldg. & Zoning Dept., 142 Ohio App.3d
567, 574 (12th Dist.2001) (department engaged in governmental function when it refused
to issue building permit due to the appellant's failure to comply with requirements of
county's building code).
       {¶ 38} Based on this court's de novo review, we agree with the trial court's
determination that the city was engaged in a governmental function when providing advice
to appellant on compliance with building and zoning code issues, i.e., that the conduct at
issue involved the "taking of actions in connection with" building and zoning codes. R.C.
2744.01(C)(2)(p). Here, the issue of grant funds cannot be divorced from the fact that
program funding (provided under the city's Facade Improvement Program and earmarked
for improvements made to buildings in the city's historic district) was contingent upon an
applicant's compliance with applicable building and zoning code requirements (including
agreement to building inspections). Those requirements are set forth in the grant
guidelines, which state in part: "The owner/tenant shall comply with all applicable
provisions of the Westerville Codified Ordinances and Ohio Building Code. By submitting
an application to the program, the tenant/property owner agrees to allow the City to inspect
the interior and exterior of the building for code compliance." (2016 Uptown Westerville
Facade Improvement Program Guidelines at 3.)
       {¶ 39} We further agree with the trial court's determination that none of the
exceptions to immunity under R.C. 2744.02(B), including 2744.02(B)(2), apply to deprive
the city of immunity in this action. While R.C. 2744.02(B)(2) "is the only exception which
contemplates negligent performance of acts or omissions," that provision "only applies to
the performance of proprietary functions under R.C. 2744.01(G)(1)." Padula v. Hall, 7th
Dist. No. 03-MA-235, 2004-Ohio-4823, ¶ 18. See also CR Hill at ¶ 21 (as city's review of
development plan implicates a governmental function, "R.C. 2744.02(B)(2) does not apply
because it is limited to negligence in the execution of proprietary functions"). Accordingly,
No. 21AP-514                                                                                13

the trial court did not err in its determination the city was entitled to political subdivision
immunity under the statute.
       {¶ 40} Appellant also challenges the trial court's determination that both the URB
and WICC were entitled to immunity, pursuant to R.C. 2744.02(A), as instrumentalities
through which the city carried out its governmental functions. Appellant argues the URB
and WICC are not entitled to governmental immunity under the holding in Trucco Constr.
Co. v. Fremont, 6th Dist. No. S-12-007, 2013-Ohio-415 (concluding that a corporation and
its engineers did not qualify as employees/agents of city for purposes of immunity under
R.C. 2744.01(B)).
       {¶ 41} The evidence submitted on summary judgment indicates WICC is a
community improvement corporation ("CIC") as defined under R.C. Chapter 1724. In
accordance with R.C. 1724.01(B)(1), a CIC may be organized for the purposes of
"[a]dvancing, encouraging, and promoting the industrial, economic, commercial, and civic
development of a community or area."
       {¶ 42} Bitar, the city's planning manager, stated in his deposition testimony that
WICC is an "agency that does economic development functions in association with the city."
(Bitar Depo. at 11.) WICC performs "multiple functions that promote[] economic
development within the city," including "the Facade Improvement Program," with the
intent "to promote investment in the Uptown District." (Bitar Depo. at 12-13.) According
to Bitar, WICC receives funding from city council for its grant program.
       {¶ 43} Craven, the city's planning director, stated in an affidavit that WICC is a non-
profit corporation "formed to support economic development within the City and has seven
members, which include the City Administrator, the City Attorney, the Mayor, the director
of Planning and Development, and three private citizens with connections to the City's
business community." One of the functions of WICC "is to administer a program which
provides funds to uptown business[es] for renovations." (Craven Aff. at ¶ 5.)
       {¶ 44} In his affidavit, Craven further averred in part:
               In my position as Planning and Development Director, I am
               one of the City representatives on the WICC Board. The Board
               reviews and acts on all applications for WICC funding. For
               property owners seeking funding from WICC for a renovation
               project, property owners initially apply to WICC. If the project
               meets the program guidelines, WICC conditionally approves
No. 21AP-514                                                                            14

               their application. The property owner must then have their
               individual plans approved by the Uptown Review Board
               ("URB"), a citizen board that reviews proposed alterations to
               uptown properties. If the URB approves the plans, and if the
               property owner completes the build out of the renovations
               consistent with the approval from the URB, the property owner
               submits * * * verifying evidence of the expenses for the project
               to development staff. If the renovations and documentation of
               expenses are accurate, WICC then releases funds to reimburse
               the property owner's expenses in the previously agreed to
               amount.

               ***

               WICC funding is available for commercial and mixed uses with
               a commercial component. When a property is built out for a
               commercial use, that portion of the property must meet the
               commercial building code. WICC funds are contingent on
               building code approval. Thus, if a property owner is not willing
               to comply with the commercial building code, the project will
               not be eligible for WICC funding. As the administrator of the
               grant funds, WICC has the authority to attach reasonable
               conditions to grant money to ensure that it will be used for the
               purposes of the program, which is the development of
               commercial property.

(Craven Aff. at ¶ 8, 10.)

       {¶ 45} With respect to the URB, the evidence on summary judgment indicates this
entity is comprised of seven members appointed by the Westerville City Council, "who must
either be an elector of the City or the owner of a business in the Architectural Review
District." Westerville Codified Ordinance No. 1107.05(a). The powers and duties of the
URB are to "[r]eview, approve or disapprove" the following: (1) "all proposed signage,
landscaping, new construction, exterior remodeling or reconstruction proposed for all
structures and premises within the Architectural Review District"; (2) "all requests for
demolition of buildings, structures, site features or improvements within the Architectural
Review District"; and (3) "all applications for signage within the Uptown District."
Westerville Codified Ordinance No. 1107.05(d)(1), (2) and (3). The URB is also charged
with the power to "[g]rant or deny applications for variances within the Uptown District
from the provisions of the sign code," and to "[a]dopt by resolution criteria, rules and
regulations consistent with the guidelines and purpose of Chapter 1149 for the purpose of
No. 21AP-514                                                                                            15

evaluating applications for certificates of appropriateness." Westerville Codified Ordinance
No. 1107.05(d)(4) and (5).
        {¶ 46} In the present case, the trial court held that WICC and the URB are the
instrumentalities through which the city carries out its government functions, and thus
entitled to immunity under R.C. 2744.02(A). In addressing appellant's claims against
WICC and the URB, the trial court relied on the Supreme Court of Ohio's decision in Wilson
v. Stark Cty. Dept. of Human Servs., 70 Ohio St.3d 450 (1994).2
        {¶ 47} In Wilson, the Supreme Court held in part that, while R.C. Chapter 2744 is
silent as to whether county departments of human services are "themselves political
subdivisions," they are nonetheless "instrumentalities through which the political
subdivisions carry out governmental functions," and "[w]here a county is immune under
R.C. 2744.02 in its operation of a human services department, that immunity extends to
the human resources department itself." Id. at 452-53. The Supreme Court reasoned that
"[t]he burdens imposed by litigation and damage awards ultimately fall upon the same
county resources regardless of whether the nominal defendant is the county board of
commissioners or the county department of human services." Id. at 453.
        {¶ 48} As set forth above, the record evidence reflects that WICC consists of seven
members, four of whom are representatives of the city. WICC performs functions on behalf
of the city to promote the civic development of commercial property; one of those functions
is to administer a grant program (designated as the Uptown Westerville Facade
Improvement Program) providing grant funds for renovations to buildings in the city's
Uptown District. The city provides funding for WICC, and applications made to WICC for
grant money are contingent upon plan approval by URB, as well as building code approval
by the city. WICC works in conjunction with URB regarding applications for grant money,
i.e., if WICC "conditionally approves" an application, the property owner "must then have
their individual plans approved by the [URB]." Grant funds provided by WICC "are
contingent on building code approval." (Craven Aff. at ¶ 8, 10.)

2The trial court also addressed and found inapposite appellant's reliance on Trucco Constr. Co. noting that
R.C. 2744.01(B) was amended in 1995 and changed the definition of "employee" of a political subdivision,
substituting the words "acting within the scope of his employment" with "acting within the scope of the
officer's, agent's, employee's or servant's employment." (Emphasis sic.) (Decision at 17.)
No. 21AP-514                                                                              16

       {¶ 49} The URB is an entity comprised of members appointed by city council to
review and approve and/or disapprove applications with respect to construction in the
city's historic Uptown District. As to the URB's interaction with appellant in the instant
case, the evidence indicates appellant submitted various applications for certificates of
appropriateness for work to be performed on the subject property, and the URB approved
all (ten) of appellant's applications. As discussed above, applications for funding from
WICC's Uptown Westerville Facade Improvement Program require applicants to obtain all
necessary permits and to carry out improvements in accordance with the city's building
code, codified ordinances, and the Uptown Westerville Design Guidelines. Applicants also
acknowledge that completed facade improvements are subject to "inspection by the
Westerville Industry and Commerce Corporation and the Uptown Review Board." (2015
Uptown Westerville Facade Improvement Program App. at 2.) As recognized by the trial
court, the activities conducted by these entities, including the administration of a grant
funding program to promote economic development (involving the discretionary power to
award grant funds based on compliance with building codes and enforcement provisions of
city ordinances) and the authority to issue certificates of appropriateness, arguably
implicate governmental functions. See, e.g., Lemley v. Cleveland, 8th Dist. No. 97296,
2012-Ohio-1544, ¶ 28 ("the City's issuance of a Certificate of Appropriateness falls squarely
within the contemplation of R.C. 2744.01(C)(2)(p), specifically, inspections in connection
with * * * buildings or structures").
       {¶ 50} Upon review of the record, including evidence regarding the activities of
WICC and the URB carried out on behalf of the city to promote commercial development
and enhance the city's historic Uptown District, we find no error with the trial court's
determination that WICC and the URB serve the city as instrumentalities through which it
carried out certain governmental functions and duties, and therefore the immunity
afforded the city "extends" to those entities. Wilson at 453. See also Miller Plumbing &
Heating Co. v. Village of Chagrin Falls, 8th Dist. No. 73592 (Dec. 10, 1998) (immunity
extended to village under R.C. Chapter 2744 also extends to engineering consulting firm as
"the instrumentality through which the Village carried out the governmental function");
Lambert v. Clancy, 125 Ohio St.3d 231, 2010-Ohio-1483, ¶ 20 ("the immunity granted by
No. 21AP-514                                                                                17

statute to a political subdivision is also extended to the political subdivision's departments,
agencies, and offices, which implement the duties of the political subdivision").
       {¶ 51} We next address appellant's contention the trial court erred in granting
summary judgment in favor of city employees Bitar and Ungar. Appellant argues the trial
court failed to "explicitly address" whether the actions or omissions of Bitar and Ungar were
outside the scope of their employment, as set forth under R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(a), and that
the court erred in failing to find evidence that acts or omissions of these employees were
with malicious purpose, in bad faith, or wanton or reckless. (Appellant's Brief at 31.)
       {¶ 52} With respect to Bitar, appellant asserts genuine issues of material fact remain
as to whether he was reckless regarding the truth or falsity of his representations to her
about the opportunity for grant funding, and that the trial court erred in ruling she failed
to produce sufficient evidence of fraud and/or fraud in the inducement. Appellant further
argues she presented sufficient evidence that Ungar tortuously interfered with the business
relationship between her and Anna DiCarlo, and that ample evidence exists that both Bitar
and Ungar committed the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress.
       {¶ 53} R.C. 2744.03(A)(6) "provides immunity to an employee of a political
subdivision unless an exception found within R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(a) through (c) applies."
Thompson v. Buckeye Joint Vocational School Dist., 5th Dist. No. 2015 AP 08 0047, 2016-
Ohio-2804, ¶ 27. Under the provisions of R.C. 2744.03(A)(6), "an employee of a political
subdivision is immune from liability unless: (1) the employee's acts or omissions are
manifestly outside the scope of the employee's employment or official responsibilities;
(2) the employee's acts or omissions were with malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a
wanton and reckless manner; or (3) civil liability is expressly imposed on the employee by
a section of the Revised Code." Id.
       {¶ 54} Although R.C. Chapter 2744 "does not define the type of employee acts that
fall 'manifestly outside the scope of employment or official responsibilities' under R.C
2744.03(A)(6)(a), * * * Ohio courts have generally drawn from agency-law principles to
hold that 'conduct is within the scope of employment if it is initiated, in part, to further or
promote the master's business.' " Smith v. Pierce Twp., 12th Dist. No. CA2013-10-079,
2014-Ohio-3291, ¶ 35, quoting Curry v. Blanchester, 12th Dist. No. CA2009-08-010, 2010-
Ohio-3368, ¶ 30, citing Jackson v. McDonald, 144 Ohio App.3d 301, 307 (5th Dist.2001).
No. 21AP-514                                                                                18

Thus, " '[i]n the context of immunity, [a]n employee's wrongful act, even if it is unnecessary,
unjustified, excessive or improper, does not automatically take the act manifestly outside
the scope of employment.' " (Internal quotations omitted.) Id., quoting Curry at ¶ 30.
Rather, " '[i]t is only where the acts of [political subdivision] employees are motivated by
actual malice or other [situations] giving rise to punitive damages that their conduct may
be outside the scope of their * * * employment.' " Id.
       {¶ 55} Under Ohio law, "[m]alice has been defined as the willful and intentional
design to do injury." Wooton v. Vogele, 147 Ohio App.3d 216, 222 (1st Dist.2001). The
term " '[b]ad faith' embraces more than bad judgment or negligence," as it "imports a
'dishonest purpose, moral obliquity, conscious wrong doing, breach of a known duty
through some ulterior motive or ill will partaking of the nature of fraud." Id. The Supreme
Court "has defined 'wanton misconduct' as 'the failure to exercise any care toward those to
whom a duty of care is owed in circumstances in which there is great probability that harm
will result.' " (Emphasis sic.) Argabrite v. Neer, 149 Ohio St.3d 349, 2016-Ohio-8374, ¶ 8,
quoting Anderson v. Massillon, 134 Ohio St.3d 380, 2012-Ohio-5711, paragraph three of
the syllabus. Wanton conduct involves "a degree greater than negligence," and "[t]he
standard for showing wanton conduct is extremely high." Hiles v. Franklin Cty. Bd. of
Commrs., 10th Dist. No. 05AP-253, 2006-Ohio-16, ¶ 39.
       {¶ 56} The Supreme Court has "defined 'reckless conduct' as conduct 'characterized
by the conscious disregard of or indifference to a known or obvious risk of harm to another
that is unreasonable under the circumstances and is substantially greater than negligent
conduct.' " Argabrite at ¶ 8, quoting Anderson at paragraph four of the syllabus. While
negligence " 'consists in mere inadvertence, incompetence, [or] unskillfulness,' " reckless
misconduct " 'requires a conscious choice of a course of action, either with knowledge of the
serious danger to others involved in it or with knowledge of facts which would disclose this
danger to any reasonable man.' " Marchetti v. Kalish, 53 Ohio St.3d 95, 100 (1990), fn.3,
quoting Restatement of the Law, Torts 2d, 590, Section 500, Comment (g). The Supreme
Court has held that "[d]istilled to its essence, and in the context of R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(b),
recklessness is a perverse disregard of a known risk." O'Toole v. Denihan, 118 Ohio St.3d
374, 2008-Ohio-2574, ¶ 73. Accordingly, as recklessness "requires something more than
mere negligence," the actor, "[i]n fact, * * * 'must be conscious that his conduct will in all
No. 21AP-514                                                                                19

probability result in injury.' " Id. at ¶ 74, quoting Fabrey v. McDonald Village Police Dept.,
70 Ohio St.3d 351, 356 (1994).
       {¶ 57} A court's grant of summary judgment in favor of an employee of a political
subdivision "is proper where the employee's actions 'showed that he did not intend to cause
any harm * * *, did not breach a known duty through an ulterior motive or ill will, [and] did
not have a dishonest purpose.' " Fox v. Daly, 11th Dist. No. 96-T-5453 (Sept. 26, 1997),
quoting Hackathorn v. Preisse, 104 Ohio App.3d 768, 772 (9th Dist.1995). Further, "[t]he
standard for showing that a political subdivision employee acted with malicious purpose,
in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner is 'rigorous' and 'will in most circumstances
be difficult to establish.' " Graf v. Nelsonville, 4th Dist. No. 18CA28, 2019-Ohio-2386, ¶ 53,
quoting Argabrite at ¶ 8.
       {¶ 58} Under Ohio law, the elements of civil fraud are: "(1) a representation,
(2) material to the transaction, (3) made falsely, knowingly, or recklessly, (4) with the
intention of misleading another into a justifiable reliance on those facts, (5) that causes the
other party injury." Curran v. Vincent, 175 Ohio App.3d 146, 2007-Ohio-3680, ¶ 18 (1st
Dist.). The elements of a claim for tortuous interference with a business relationship are
" '(1) a business relationship; (2) the tortfeasor's knowledge thereof; (3) an intentional
interference causing a breach or termination of the relationship; and (4) damages resulting
therefrom.' " Walter v. ADT Sec. Sys., 10th Dist. No. 06AP-115, 2007-Ohio-3324, ¶ 31,
quoting Diamond Wine & Spirits v. Dayton Heidelberg Distrib. Co., Inc., 148 Ohio App.3d
596, 2002-Ohio-3932, ¶ 23 (3d Dist.). A plaintiff seeking to bring a claim for intentional
infliction of emotional distress " 'must prove (1) that the defendant intended to cause the
plaintiff serious emotional distress, (2) that the defendant's conduct was extreme and
outrageous, and (3) that the defendant's conduct was the proximate cause of plaintiff's
serious emotional distress.' " Weaver v. Deevers, 11th Dist. No. 2020-P-0087, 2021-Ohio-
3791, ¶ 33, quoting Phung v. Waste Mgt., Inc., 71 Ohio St.3d 408, 410-11 (1994).
       {¶ 59} Appellant initially contends the trial court failed to address whether the
actions of Bitar and Ungar were outside the scope of their employment. Appellant focuses
specifically on the actions of Bitar, asserting that he promised appellant she could obtain
grant funding and still use the real estate for the commercial and residential purposes she
expressed.
No. 21AP-514                                                                              20

       {¶ 60} As noted by appellees, appellant's contention that Bitar was not acting within
the scope of his employment with the city stands in contrast to the allegations of her
complaint. Specifically, in her amended complaint, appellant alleged that "[a]t all times
relevant [appellees] were acting under the supervision, authority, apparent authority,
direction and control of the City of Westerville and/or WICC and/or the [URB]." (Pl.'s
Proposed Am. Compl. at ¶ 7.) The complaint further alleged that, prior to purchasing the
property, appellees "through its/their agents/other City Officials or apparent agents under
the direction and control of the [appellees] assured/promised [appellant] that if she
purchased the property and worked on its restoration, certain historical restoration grants
would be available to her should they be needed to help pay for the rehab of the home in
question." (Pl.'s Proposed Am. Compl. at ¶ 14.)
       {¶ 61} More significantly, we agree with appellees that the record evidence as to
purported misrepresentations made by Bitar to appellant regarding the development of her
property involve discussions made in his capacity as a zoning official. According to the
deposition testimony of Bitar, in his role as city planning commissioner, he "oversees
private development within the city," and also "[a]dminister[s] the zoning code." (Bitar
Depo. at 7.) As part of those duties, Bitar acts as a "staff liaison" with respect to the URB
and provides "recommendations to the board" regarding applications for approval of
certificates of appropriateness. (Bitar Depo. at 26-27.)
       {¶ 62} The record indicates that Bitar, in his capacity as planning commissioner,
guided appellant through the URB application and review process, as reflected in e-mail
exchanges between those individuals. Prior to a meeting of the URB on appellant's
application, Bitar submitted a staff report to the URB outlining the requests by appellant
for "approval of various exterior building and site improvements with an urgent focus on
roof replacement." (Apr. 1, 2016 Staff Report at 1.) Appellant testified in her deposition
that Bitar attended the URB meeting on the proposed project and made a presentation and
a staff recommendation, and appellant acknowledged that Bitar recommended the URB
approve her recommendations. The record also reflects that the URB ultimately approved
the application, i.e., appellant received certificates of appropriateness for all ten of the
exterior items she sought to complete.
No. 21AP-514                                                                               21

       {¶ 63} While appellant contends Bitar provided inaccurate information regarding
the availability of funding and use of her property, the record does not raise a genuine issue
of material fact as to whether Bitar acted manifestly outside the scope of his employment
regarding discussions he had with appellant on issues of funding and compliance with
building and zoning code requirements. Accordingly, while the focus of the trial court's
analysis with respect to the conduct of Bitar was on the provisions of R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(b),
rather than 2744.03(A)(6)(a), based on this court's de novo review appellant cannot show
prejudicial error by the trial court in failing to explicitly discuss that provision.
       {¶ 64} Appellant further contends genuine issues of material fact remain as to
whether the actions of Bitar and Ungar were malicious, in bad faith, or conducted in a
wanton or reckless manner. With respect to Bitar, appellant maintains reasonable minds
could conclude he mispresented and misled her into believing she could obtain WICC grant
money to defray the cost of renovation of the commercial component of her mixed use
purpose while still being able to maintain the residential use purpose. Appellant further
contends reasonable minds could conclude that, according to Bitar's representations, the
award of a WICC grant did not prohibit the owner from renovating the residential
component of a project at her own expense. Appellant also maintains Bitar was aware of,
and yet failed to disclose to her, several pitfalls "such as arduous building code
requirements." (Appellant's Am. Brief at 25.) According to appellant, Bitar "was at the least
reckless" in failing to discuss the viability of "potential uses and funding opportunities for
development." (Appellant's Am. Brief at 25-26.)
       {¶ 65} In considering the evidence on summary judgment as to alleged
misrepresentations by Bitar, the trial court noted deposition testimony by Bitar "that one
of his job duties was to make sure the development of properties in the City meet the
requirements of its zoning code," and that Bitar "informed [appellant] that WICC funding
was available for commercial and mixed uses and, as long as there was some commercial
use of her [p]roperty, her project would be eligible for WICC funds." (Decision at 14.) The
trial court found that Bitar met with appellant "and advised her as best he could about
zoning and development in the Uptown District and about a potential funding source to
offset the expense of the renovation." Further, once appellant purchased the property,
"Bitar successfully guided her through the process for securing grant funds from WICC and
No. 21AP-514                                                                                  22

the approval of her renovations with the URB." After appellant "balked at complying with
the commercial building code for the home, Bitar was involved in laying out the various
options [appellant] had to move forward with her [p]roperty." The trial court concluded
"[n]one of these actions were in bad faith or negligent, let alone fraudulent, malicious,
willful, wanton or reckless." (Decision at 15.)
       {¶ 66} In addressing appellant's specific claim for fraud, the trial court held that
"none of the representations made by any of the Defendant[s] in this case were knowingly
false." (Decision at 18.) Specifically, the trial court found it was "true that [appellant] could
'live-work' in the premises; she just could not convert the [p]roperty into a 'high-density
residential' use"; it was "also true that [appellant's] mother could live with her in the
[p]roperty; she just could not receive WICC funds if that happened"; similarly, it was "true
that WICC funds might be available if [appellant] complied with the commercial code; she
just could not use those funds for residential purposes"; and it was "also true that if
[appellant] chose to receive WICC funds * * * she would have to modify her deed to restrict
the use of the [p]roperty to commercial uses; she just could not use the [p]roperty for
mixed-use purposes." (Decision at 18-19.)
       {¶ 67} The record on summary judgment indicates Bitar met with appellant prior to
her purchase of 30 East College Avenue and provided her information as to potential grant
funding available for commercial renovations in the historic Uptown District. During her
deposition, appellant, a licensed real estate broker, indicated she had been involved with
three prior renovation projects, and acknowledged she was familiar with zoning codes.
Appellant stated that she first met with Bitar in October 2015. Appellant "wanted to know
if I could live, work, have my office in the front and my elderly mother in the back."
According to appellant, Bitar informed her that she would have to contact the URB
regarding "a historical renovation." (Appellant Depo. at 61-62.) Appellant testified that
"right from the get-go after I told him how I wanted to use it and he said that the house does
qualify but I'd have to go through - - for the money but I would have to go through the
procedures, you know, I'd have to go through their hearing thing, and they were on
vacation." (Appellant Depo. at 81.) Prior to closing, in December 2015, appellant did not
speak with anyone from WICC or the URB.
No. 21AP-514                                                                              23

       {¶ 68} With respect to WICC grant funding, appellant understood that WICC
provided conditional approval if the project fell within the parameters of the funding
request. According to appellant, she "was told if I bought the house, that I could use it for
all the reasons I wanted and I qualified for the funding and the money, no problem."
(Appellant Depo. at 193.) She later came to understand that if she maintained an office and
her mother lived in the house, she would not be eligible for WICC money. Appellant
testified that, in February 2016, after purchasing the property, "I was told there was a
mistake, but if I turned that back room that was supposed to be for my mother into a
commercial property, then I could have the money, but that's not what I was told from the
get-go." (Appellant Depo. at 64.) Bitar told her "they had made a mistake that I didn't
qualify, my use didn't qualify for the money, so it changed * * * you know." (Appellant
Depo. at 82.)
       {¶ 69} Appellant could not remember whether she looked at the zoning code
requirements for the Uptown District prior to purchasing the property, and she did not
understand that WICC and the URB are separate entities, or that the URB did not approve
funding. Appellant agreed that the condition of signing the deed restriction was a condition
relating to funding (and not a condition as to her ability to use the property in the manner
desired). Appellant understood that she could have moved forward with the project as a
pure commercial use and that she would have received funding; she also agreed that no one
from the city told her she would be in violation of the zoning code if she used the property
as originally proposed.
       {¶ 70} Appellant acknowledged that she received conditional approval from WICC
for $27,053 in grant money, and that the URB subsequently approved all of her applications
for certificates of appropriateness. Appellant declined, however, to sign a deed restriction
regarding multi-family residential use "[b]ecause it was subject to their interpretations of
things." (Appellant Depo. at 124-25.) Appellant "refused to restrict my deed. I did not take
the money." (Appellant Depo. at 128.)
       {¶ 71} According to the deposition testimony of Bitar, the Uptown District "is
established in the zoning code as a mixed-use district." (Bitar Depo. at 13-14.) During his
deposition, Bitar, who testified that he first met appellant in "late 2015," identified an
exchange of e-mails involving correspondence he had with appellant beginning in
No. 21AP-514                                                                                 24

December 2015. (Bitar Depo. at 40.) In response to an e-mail inquiry by appellant
regarding a roof leak, Bitar "suggested we meet early in January to discuss the process and
the funding." (Bitar Depo. at 41.) Bitar "mentioned there is a chance she can get assistance
through the Facade Improvement Program, which may help with the roof and other
exterior improvements." (Bitar Depo. at 41-42.) He also told appellant "there is a process
that has to be followed, so I think it would make sense to strategize to make sure the process
moves as efficiently as possible," and Bitar "[s]uggested she talk to [city official] Dave
Meadows to understand more about the provisions of the grant." Bitar informed appellant
"the Uptown board approval has to happen before or prior to the work being done," and
that "[t]here have been occasions where URB * * * required reversal of work that was done
without their approval." (Bitar Depo. at 42.) In that correspondence, Bitar also suggested
that appellant "talk to economic development to understand the provisions of the
program." (Bitar Depo. at 42-43.)
       {¶ 72} As noted, appellant contends that Bitar made representations that basically
assured her, based on her proposed mixed use of property, that she would be eligible for
grant funding to defray renovation costs. Appellant further maintains Bitar was aware of,
yet failed to disclose, various pitfalls of the city's "arduous building code requirements."
(Appellant's Brief at 25.)
       {¶ 73} Accepting appellant's testimony that Bitar informed her of a mistake with
respect to the availability of grant funding for her proposed renovations, the summary
judgment evidence as to the issue of mistaken advice and/or interpretation of zoning
requirements does not, as a matter of law, rise to the level of recklessness. Here, a review
of the record as to the conduct of Bitar's interactions with appellant, including purported
mistaken and/or bad advice, does not indicate Bitar was conscious that his conduct would
in all probability result in injury, i.e., there was no "perverse disregard of a known risk."
O'Toole at ¶ 73. As noted by the trial court, the evidence indicates that Bitar sought to assist
appellant throughout the process, that he attended the URB meeting and recommended
that her application be approved, and that appellant ultimately received approval for each
of her requested certificates of appropriateness. While the evidence construed most
strongly in favor of appellant might create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether
Bitar was negligent in advising her about the grant program and/or the steps she needed to
No. 21AP-514                                                                               25

take to comply with building requirements in order to obtain funding, we agree with the
trial court that there is a lack of evidence upon which reasonable minds could find that Bitar
acted with malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner. See, e.g.,
Griggy v. Cuyahoga Falls, 9th Dist. No. 227533, 2006-Ohio-252, ¶ 10 (city housing
inspector's "mistake" in citation to the wrong city code did not rise to the level of wanton
and reckless conduct).
       {¶ 74} We note that appellant essentially alleges in part a fraud claim based on a
purported assurance by Bitar that she would receive future grant funds, i.e., the alleged
misrepresentation is promissory in nature. In general, "a claim for fraud cannot be
predicated upon promises or representations relating to future actions or conduct." Martin
v. Ohio State Univ. Found., 139 Ohio App.3d 89, 98 (1oth Dist.2000). An "exception to this
rule" is when the individual making a promise of future action, " 'at the time he makes it,
has no intention of keeping his promise.' " (Emphasis sic.) Id., quoting Tibbs v. Natl.
Homes Constr. Corp., 52 Ohio App.2d 281, 287 (12th Dist.1971). While appellant contends
she relied on Bitar's authority, experience, and guidance to navigate the rules for renovation
of her property, the record evidence does not create a genuine issue of material fact that
Bitar assured her that she would receive funding when he, in fact, knew she would be unable
to do so, or that he made representations with the intent to mislead her.
       {¶ 75} We further note the record fails to demonstrate a genuine issue of material
fact as to the justifiable reliance element for a fraud claim. While appellant contends Bitar
failed to inform her of the arduous building code requirements, Ohio courts have
"recognized that 'persons seeking information from the government must assume the risk
that the agent of the government might be wrong.' " Mueller v. Vandalia, 2d Dist. No. 16158
(Mar. 7, 1997), quoting Gaston v. Ohio Bur. of Emp. Serv., 17 Ohio App.3d 12, 14 (8th
Dist.1983). Further, "[a]n individual has no right to rely on a representation when the
actual facts are equally open to both parties." Takis, LLC v. C.D. Morelock Properties, Inc.,
180 Ohio App.3d 243, 2008-Ohio-6676, ¶ 30 (10th Dist.) (insufficient evidence to support
fraudulent inducement claim where plaintiffs "produced no evidence suggesting they were
prevented from independently inquiring into the zoning requirements" for proposed use of
property). Id.
No. 21AP-514                                                                                26

       {¶ 76} Regarding appellant's allegations involving Ungar, the city's chief building
official, appellant asserted before the trial court that Ungar's "conduct was 'malicious,
willful, wanton and reckless' because (1) he told her steel beams would need to be installed
on her [p]roperty, and (2) he made misstatements about 'facts to potential purchasers
about the permitted use of [appellant's] real estate.' " The trial court found both arguments
"disingenuous." (Decision at 15.)
       {¶ 77} In addressing appellant's claims against Ungar, the trial court cited Ungar's
deposition testimony that he informed appellant "she may have to hire a design
professional to determine whether additional supports like steel beams would need to be
installed to comply with the commercial building code." The trial court further noted
appellant "never spoke to Ungar before she closed on the [p]roperty at issue," and that
Ungar "made no representations" to appellant that the property "would or would not
qualify for WICC funds." Thus, the court concluded, "any conversations Ungar had with
[appellant] were after she purchased the [p]roperty and do not rise to the level of
maliciousness, willful, wanton or reckless conduct, not to mention she could not have relied
on them in any way." (Decision at 15.)
       {¶ 78} Appellant's claim for tortious interference with a business relationship also
alleged conduct by Ungar. Specifically, appellant asserted that Ungar interfered with her
attempt to sell the property located at 27 East College Avenue (a property she purchased
and sold after selling her property at 30 East College Avenue). In addressing this claim, the
trial court noted that "this case is not about 27 E. College Avenue," and that if appellant had
claims against appellees with respect "to that other property," her remedy "was to amend
her complaint and make the allegations." (Decision at 20.) The trial court further noted
that appellant's claim was based on the affidavit of Anna DiCarlo, who averred in part: " 'I
am confident that Mr. Ungar most likely made the same kinds of statements to prospective
buyers of 30 East College Avenue as he did to me regarding 27 East College Avenue.' "
(Decision at 20, quoting DiCarlo Aff. at ¶ 22.) The trial court concluded that "this statement
means nothing and is pure speculation." The trial court further held appellant "does not
even identify who it was she had a business relationship with." (Decision at 20-21.)
       {¶ 79} Upon review, we find no error with the trial court's determination. With
respect to representations by Ungar regarding steel beams, appellant points to a statement
No. 21AP-514                                                                                   27

by Ungar that appellant would have to hire a design professional to determine whether she
needed steel beams in order to comply with the Ohio Building Code. According to
appellant, the evidence shows Ungar "already predetermined that steel beams were
required to conform to the Building Code." (Appellant's Brief at 37.) We agree, however,
with the trial court that, as a matter of law, the facts/evidence as to the actions alleged, i.e.,
Ungar's statement/opinion about hiring a design professional, simply do not rise to the
level of malicious, willful, wanton or reckless conduct.
       {¶ 80} We also find no error with the trial court's determination that appellant failed
to submit evidence indicating Ungar knew of a business relationship with respect to
appellant and the property at 30 East College Avenue, and/or that he intentionally
interfered and caused termination of a relationship. As noted by the trial court, the
evidence relied on by appellant involved the affidavit of Anna DiCarlo, who averred that she
had an interest in purchasing the property at 27 East College Avenue, and that, because of
representations made to her by Ungar, she chose not to pursue purchase of that property.
That property, however, was not the subject of the instant action, and the record evidence
is undisputed that the alleged statements occurred after appellant sold her property at 30
East College Avenue. During her deposition, appellant acknowledged that she sold the
property at 30 East College Avenue prior to any interactions she had with DiCarlo. As found
by the trial court, DiCarlo's averment in her affidavit that she was "confident" Ungar "most
likely" made similar statements about the property at 30 East College Avenue is purely
speculative and does not raise a genuine issue of material fact.
       {¶ 81} In addressing appellant's claim for intentional infliction of emotional
distress, the trial court found appellant failed to "identify any [p]sychologists or
[p]sychiatrists that she visited; she does not present any diagnoses provided by any
attending mental health expert; she does not indicate when or for how long she suffered
this alleged distress; she does not provide any treatment regimen; nor does she provide any
evidence of damages in this regard." (Decision at 21-22.) The record supports the trial
court's findings, and we find no disputed facts as to whether appellees acted with malicious
purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner with respect to appellant's claim
for intentional infliction of emotional distress.
No. 21AP-514                                                                               28

       {¶ 82} Finally, the trial court did not err in denying appellant's claim for promissory
estoppel. Appellant's argument is premised on her assertion appellees were engaged in a
proprietary function, and that WICC and the URB are not entitled to immunity as
instrumentalities of the city.   We have, however, addressed and rejected appellant's
contentions with respect to those issues. Under Ohio law, "the doctrines of equitable
estoppel and promissory estoppel are inapplicable against a political subdivision when the
political subdivision is engaged in a governmental function." Hortman v. Miamisburg, 110
Ohio St.3d 194, 2006-Ohio-4251, ¶ 25. See also Ohio Dept. of Jobs & Family Servs. v. Ohio
Wilderness Boys Camp, 7th Dist. No. 13 NO 403, 2015-Ohio-2331, ¶ 18, quoting Halluer v.
Emigh, 81 Ohio App.3d 312, 318 (9th Dist.1992) ("it is well-settled law in Ohio that estoppel
cannot be used against [a political subdivision] or [its] agents during the exercise of a
government function" based on rationale that " '[m]istaken advice or opinions of a
government agent do not create an estoppel' ").
       {¶ 83} Based upon this court's de novo review of the record, the trial court did not
err in granting summary judgment in favor of appellees. Accordingly, appellant's eight
assignments of error are not well-taken and are overruled.
       {¶ 84} Based upon the foregoing, and having overruled appellant's eight
assignments of error, the judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas is
hereby affirmed.
                                                                        Judgment affirmed.

                            KLATT and JAMISON, JJ., concur.

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