Court Opinion

ID: 2644318
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-11-27 00:30:10.289617+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:29:38.781851
License: Public Domain

Filed 11/26/13 Marini v. Regenesis Power CA2/3
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for
publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION THREE

DENNIS MARINI et al.,                                                      B239698

         Plaintiffs and Appellants,                                        (Los Angeles County
                                                                           Super. Ct. No. BC419175)
         v.

REGENESIS POWER, LLC et al.,

         Defendants and Respondents.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,

Mel Red Recana, Judge. Affirmed.

         Bradley D. Salter for Plaintiffs and Appellants.

         Shapero, Shapero & Hurst, Steven J. Shapero for Respondent, Regenesis Power;

Marcus, Watanabe & Dave and David M. Marcus for Defendants and Respondents,

William Foster and Wallace Williams; Andre, Morris & Buttery, James C. Buttery,

Gordon E. Bosserman and Collette A. Hillier for Respondents, William R. Hearst, II, an

individual, Harvest, LLC.

                            _______________________________________
       Plaintiffs Dennis Marini (Marini), Regenesis, Inc. (RI), and Aloha Power

Company, LLC (Aloha) (collectively, plaintiffs) appeal from a judgment following

a jury verdict in favor of defendants Regenesis Power, LLC (RP), Harvest, LLC

(Harvest), Wallace Williams, LLC (WW), William Hearst II (Hearst), and

William Foster (Foster) (collectively, defendants). Plaintiffs contend that the trial court

should have granted their motion for a new trial because the special verdict was

inconsistent, there was jury misconduct, the jury instructions were misleading, and the

court erred in denying plaintiffs leave to amend to add Marini to the cause of action for

fraud. We disagree and affirm.

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND1

       In May 2006, RP was formed to develop and sell solar energy projects. The

principal owners of RP were three limited liability companies: Aloha, Harvest and

WW. Aloha, in turn, was owned by Marini, Harvest by Hearst, and WW by Foster.

       The operating agreement for RP set forth several provisions regarding payments

to Aloha and a second company owned by Marini, RI: (1) upon the “commencement of

construction of any [] project of the Company, directly or indirectly, in which the

Company receives a development fee,” RI would be reimbursed “previously incurred

expenses of $100,000”; (2) “after the admission of a financial investor” RP would enter

into a consulting agreement with Aloha for “the services of Dennis Marini . . . with

compensation of $4,000 per month plus health insurance coverage”; and (3) “[u]pon the

1
        The facts that we recite are based on the evidence presented to the jury viewed in
the light most favorable to the judgment. (612 South LLC v. Laconic Limited
Partnership (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 1270, 1276.)

                                             2
admission of a financial investor in the Company, which invests in excess of

$1,000,000, Aloha shall be paid a commission of 1-1/2% of the amount of the

investment.”

       Hearst provided the principal financial backing for RP;2 however, the company

also attempted to obtain additional financing from outside investors. In 2008, the chief

financial officer suggested that converting a portion of Hearst’s loans to equity would

help attract other investors by eliminating some of the company’s debt. Accordingly,

the majority of the board of directors voted to issue new shares to Hearst in exchange

for the elimination of a portion of his loans. Marini either abstained from the vote or

voted against the proposal.3 Hearst then converted $1,751,135 of his loans to equity, and

divided his new shares with Foster because “he didn’t want to be the big cheese” and

“liked the guy.”

       In July 2009, Marini accused other RP board members of mishandling company

operations, and threatened to sue them. In August 2009, the board of directors voted to

remove Marini from the board. The same month, plaintiffs filed this action for breach

of the operating agreement, fraud and related causes of action. The complaint alleged

that defendants breached the operating agreement by failing to pay plaintiffs money due

under the agreement, and that defendants fraudulently induced plaintiffs to “expend

time and resources” while denying plaintiffs the benefits of “their agreements.”

2
       Hearst, in fact, provided approximately $4,000,000 in loans to RP.
3
       There was conflicting testimony at trial on this issue.

                                             3
       A series of demurrers followed. On September 1, 2010, the court sustained with

leave to amend RP’s demurrer to the fraud cause of action in the second amended

complaint on the grounds that the complaint did not allege “which plaintiff/s is asserting

the [cause of action] in violation of CRC 2.112(3).”4

       Plaintiffs filed a third amended complaint and asserted fraud on behalf of

“plaintiffs [Aloha] and [RI]” The fraud cause of action alleged that defendants made

a number of false statements to plaintiffs to “induce Plaintiffs to continue to expend

time and resources,” and that defendants “did not intend to manage the company and

compensate Plaintiffs as represented.” Specifically, the complaint alleged that

defendants (1) failed to reimburse RI for its expenses, (2) refused to pay Marini

agreed-upon consulting fees, (3) failed to pay Aloha agreed-upon commissions “upon

the admission of financial investors with the Company,” (4) refused to “complete and

execute employment agreements with Marini,” and (5) had taken “steps designed to

dilute [Aloha’s] percentage interest in the Company, [i]n amounts not properly

approved.”

       At trial, defendants argued that their actions were authorized by the operating

agreement. Specifically, they argued that, pursuant to the operating agreement, (1) RI

was not reimbursed its $100,000 in expenses because RP never received

a “development fee”; (2) RP was not obligated to enter into a consulting agreement for

Marini’s services because the company never obtained a financial investor after the

4
       California Rules of Court, Rule 2.112 provides that “[e]ach separately stated
cause of action, count, or defense must specifically state. . . . (3) The party asserting it
if more than one party is represented on the pleading (e.g., ‘by plaintiff Jones’).”

                                              4
operating agreement was signed; (3) Aloha was never owed a commission because RP

never received a financial investment of more than one million dollars (4) there was no

obligation to employ Marini; and (5) although the conversion of Hearst’s debt into

equity resulted in the dilution of every shareholder’s stock, including that of Aloha, the

governing board was authorized to vote to issue new shares.

       At the conclusion of the trial on liability, plaintiffs orally moved to amend the

complaint to add Marini to the fraud cause of action.5 The court denied the motion.

The special verdict form submitted to the jury addressed only two causes of action:

(1) false promise by Aloha as against Hearst, Foster and RP; and (2) breach of fiduciary

duty by Aloha as against Wallace Williams and Harvest.6 The verdict form and jury

instructions had been typed up to list Marini as the plaintiff for the fraud cause of

action, but the judge crossed Marini’s name out by hand on these documents and wrote

“Aloha Power” above each deletion. No objection was made by plaintiffs’ counsel to

5
        Plaintiffs’ counsel did not make any argument in support of the motion to amend,
but stated only, “I move to amend to allow Mr. Marini to come in on fraud.” In
response to the court’s comment that the operative pleading did not list Marini as
a plaintiff to the fraud cause of action, plaintiffs’ counsel argued that defendants’
counsel had only belatedly discovered that Marini was not a party to that claim.
Plaintiffs now argue that the court ruled “without benefit of a hearing or argument, from
counsel for the Appellant/Plaintiff.” This is essentially true, however, it was plaintiffs’
counsel obligation to volunteer an argument in support of the motion and the record
shows that the court did not deprive him of an opportunity to do so. Moreover, after
RP’s demurrer to the fraud cause of action alleged in the second amended complaint
was sustained, the third amended complaint corrected the previous generic allegation by
specifically identifying only Aloha and RI as the plaintiffs. Thus, the issue of fraud was
tried to the jury with only these two parties as the plaintiffs.
6
       Plaintiffs chose not to pursue RI’s claim for false promise.

                                             5
such interlineation by the trial court. Thus, it is clear that the only remaining plaintiff

was Aloha. The breach of contract claims were abandoned.7

       The verdict form asked the jury to first answer questions about “false promise,”

and then to answer questions about “fiduciary duty.” At the end of the “fiduciary duty”

section, the verdict form unconditionally directed the jury to “go to” the next section.

The following section consisted of “punitive damages” questions which asked whether

defendants had “engage[d] in the conduct with malice, oppression, or fraud.” The jury

was instructed that “[i]f you decide that [] HEARST[‘s] [], [] FOSTER’s and

REGEN[E]SIS POWER, LLC’s conduct caused ALOHA POWER, LLC harm, you

must decide whether that conduct justifies an award of punitive damages. At this time,

you must decide whether ALOHA POWER, LLC has proved by clear and convincing

evidence that [] HEARST [], [] FOSTER and REGEN[E]SIS POWER, LLC engaged in

that conduct with malice, oppression, or fraud. The amount of punitive damages, if any,

will be decided later.”

       The jury returned a verdict in favor of Hearst, Foster and RP on the false promise

count, and in favor of Wallace Williams and Harvest on the breach of fiduciary duty

count. However, the jury did not stop there, but proceeded to answer the “punitive

7
        Plaintiffs chose not to pursue the breach of contract cause of action as shown by
the trial transcript:
        “Mr. Shapero [RP’s counsel]: . . . So there is no breach of contract claim left; is
that correct?
        “Mr. Marcus [Foster and WW’s counsel]: Ask Doug [plaintiffs’ counsel]. That
is what he told us.
        “Mr. Pettibone [plaintiffs’ counsel]: That is it.”

                                              6
damages” questions. The jury found that Hearst, Foster and RP had “engage[d] in the

conduct with malice, oppression, or fraud.”

       After the verdict was read, counsel for plaintiffs argued that the court should ask

the jurors for clarification as to whether they intended to find defendants liable.

Counsel for defendants argued that any award of punitive damages must be based on

underlying tort liability. The court then addressed the jury, reminding them of the jury

instructions: “ ‘[i]f you decide that defendants’ conduct caused harm, you must decide

whether that conduct justifies an award of punitive damages.’ ” The court asked the

jury to “tell [him] what you understand by this sentence.” Various members of the jury

proceeded to tell the court what their understanding of the term “harm” was in that

context.8

       The court then instructed the jury as follows:

       “THE COURT: If you decide that the defendants’ conduct caused harm to the

plaintiff under either or both of the causes of action, then you can award punitive

damages. But if you did not find any harm under those two causes of action, you cannot

award punitive damages . . . the way things stand, I’m going to have to nullify the

punitive damages.”

8
         Members of the jury generally expressed the opinion that any kind of “harm” that
damaged a plaintiff justified an award of punitive damages: “Mr. Collins: It means that
if I think the defendant did something that would cause this person to lo[]se
money . . . then I will have to award him some punitive damages.” “Mr. Gonzalez:
Yeah, the word ‘harm’ . . . it could be attributed as monetary, physical, like personal,
car or property.” “Mr. Valencia: I believe harm is when you make damage, when you
do damage. And when you do damage, you have to pay for that.”

                                              7
          The jury resumed deliberations. The jury foreperson then informed the court that

the jury chose not to change the verdict. The court dismissed the jury and entered

judgment for defendants. Plaintiffs moved for a new trial on the grounds that (1) the

jury’s finding that RP, Hearst and Foster acted with malice, oppression or fraud was

inconsistent with the jury’s finding against Aloha on the underlying causes of action;

(2) one of the jurors erroneously instructed the other jurors on the law; (3) the jury

instructions contained confusing black-outs and interlineations; and (4) the court

improperly denied the motion for leave to amend to add Marini to the fraud cause of

action.

          In support of the argument that there was jury misconduct, plaintiffs submitted

the declaration of juror no. 11 stating that, during deliberations, another juror “insisted”

that (1) the actions of the individual defendants could not be imputed to the corporate

defendants, and (2) the jury could only award a limited liability company money based

on harm caused by other limited liability companies. Juror no. 11 also stated that the

jury was “confused” by the crossing-out of Marini’s name and the insertion of Aloha as

the plaintiff “in the instructions and on the verdict form.” The court denied the motion

and found “that the declaration[s] of [the] juror [] is insufficient to prove jury

misconduct.” Plaintiffs timely appealed.9

9
        The parties do not all have equal standing to appeal the judgment. RI has no
standing to challenge the court’s actions during trial because its claims did not proceed
to the jury. Marini only has standing to appeal the trial court’s denial of leave to amend
to add him to the fraud cause of action. Only Aloha has standing to challenge all of the
trial court’s rulings as to the verdict and jury instructions because its claims were
actually submitted to the jury.

                                              8
                                     CONTENTIONS

       Plaintiffs contend that the court improperly denied their motion for new trial

because the verdict was inconsistent, there was juror misconduct, the jury instructions

were confusing, and the court erred in denying plaintiffs leave to amend the fraud cause

of action.10

                                      DISCUSSION

       1.      The Special Verdict Findings Are Not Inconsistent

       We review a special verdict de novo to determine whether its findings are

inconsistent. (Zagami, Inc. v. James A. Crone, Inc. (2008) 160 Cal.App.4th 1083, 1092

(Zagami).) “ ‘Unlike a general verdict (which merely implies findings on all issues in

favor of the plaintiff or defendant), a special verdict presents to the jury each ultimate

fact in the case. The jury must resolve all of the ultimate facts presented to it in the

special verdict, so that “nothing shall remain to the court but to draw from them

conclusions of law.” [Citation.]’ ” (Myers Building Industries, Ltd. v. Interface

Technology, Inc. (1993) 13 Cal.App.4th 949, 959-960 (Myers).)

       “Inconsistent verdicts are ‘ “against the law,” ’ and the proper remedy is a new

trial. [Citation.]” (Shaw v. Hughes Aircraft Co. (2000) 83 Cal.App.4th 1336, 1344.)

“If a verdict appears inconsistent, a party adversely affected should request clarification,

10
       Plaintiffs also argue that a new trial should have been granted “on the basis of an
inadequate award of damages.” This argument fails for multiple reasons, chief among
them that there was no finding of liability, (Thompson Pacific Construction, Inc. v. City
of Sunnyvale (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 525, 553), and that plaintiffs may not raise this
argument for the first time on appeal. (In re Marriage of Arceneaux (1990)
51 Cal.3d 1130, 1138.)

                                              9
and the court should send the jury out again to resolve the inconsistency. [Citations.]”

(Nickerson v. Stonebridge Life Ins. Co. (2013) 219 Cal.App.4th 188, 217.) If an

inconsistency remains, the court must attempt to resolve the inconsistency by construing

the verdict in context. (Ibid.) Courts distinguish between “ ‘hopelessly ambiguous’ ”

and “merely ambiguous” verdicts. (Zagami, supra, 160 Cal.App.4th at p. 1092.) If the

verdict is “ ‘hopelessly ambiguous’ ” and the jury has been discharged, “the judgment

must be reversed. [Citations.]” (Ibid.)

       Here, the jurors were instructed that, if they decided that Hearst’s, Foster’s and

RP’s conduct caused Aloha harm, then they must decide whether those defendants

engaged in that conduct with malice, oppression and fraud. Plaintiffs concede that this

instruction was intended to inform the jury that they must first find a defendant liable

under one of the causes of action before considering the question of whether the

defendant acted with malice, fraud or oppression.11 However, because the jury

proceeded to the “punitive damages” questions without finding defendants liable for

false promise or breach of fiduciary duty, plaintiffs argue that the jury, in effect, made

an inconsistent finding that Aloha had been harmed by defendants’ false promise and/or

breach of fiduciary duty.

       Unlike a general verdict from which the court can imply findings in favor of the

plaintiff or defendant, a special verdict presents to the jury each ultimate fact in the

case. (Myers, supra, 13 Cal.App.4th at pp. 959-960.) Therefore, with respect to the

11
        It is clear that the verdict form also should have directed the jurors not to proceed
to the punitive damages questions unless they found in favor of plaintiffs on at least one
of the underlying tort claims.

                                             10
special verdict form at issue here, we cannot imply a finding of liability from the jury’s

finding that Hearst, Foster and RP acted with malice, oppression or fraud. The jury’s

finding that these defendants engaged in the conduct with malice, oppression or fraud

neither adds nor detracts from the separate and dispositive finding that this conduct

neither constituted a false promise nor a breach of fiduciary duty. Accordingly, the

court acted properly by effectively striking the punitive damages finding and entering

judgment in favor of defendants. (Id. at p. 960 [holding that an award of punitive

damages supported only by a verdict based on breach of contract may be stricken by the

trial court because, although a separate tort action was alleged, the jury did not “make

the necessary factual findings for a fraud or other tort cause of action,” and, therefore,

“an award of punitive damages may not be sustained.”])

       2.     There Was No Evidence of Jury Misconduct

       The trial court may vacate a verdict and grant a new trial on the ground that there

was “[m]isconduct of the jury.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 657.) “We first determine whether

there was any juror misconduct. Only if we answer that question affirmatively do we

consider whether the conduct was prejudicial. [Citation.]” (People v. Collins (2010)

49 Cal.4th 175, 242.) If the facts regarding jury deliberations are undisputed, we decide

de novo whether those facts constitute jury misconduct. (Ibid.)

       Here, the evidence of juror misconduct consisted of a juror declaration stating

that the entire jury “discussed and agreed” to rule in favor of Aloha because they “were

                                             11
told” by one juror not to consider the individual defendants’ actions.12 Plaintiffs

contend that this juror’s statements were contrary to the court’s instructions to the jury

that a limited liability company is responsible for the harm caused by wrongful conduct

of its employees while acting within the scope of their employment. The court ruled

that the juror declaration was “insufficient to prove jury misconduct.”

       Although plaintiffs contend that the proffered juror declaration established that

one juror improperly recounted her own outside experience on a question of law, the

declaration only states that one juror expressed an erroneous view of the law, not that

she recounted her own outside experience. Furthermore, the declaration does not show

that the jury intentionally agreed to disregard applicable law, but suggests only that the

jury was confused and misunderstood the law. A juror’s misunderstanding of the

relevant law does not constitute “misconduct.” (People v. Hall (1980) 108 Cal.App.3d

373, 380.) Therefore, the court did not err in finding that the juror declaration was

insufficient to show jury misconduct.

       3.     The Jury Instructions Were Not Misleading

       “A new trial may be granted . . . for an error in law,” and “[a]n erroneous or

misleading instruction is an error in law. [Citation.]” (Bristow v. Ferguson (1981)

121 Cal.App.3d 823, 826.) “[W]hen the jury receives an improper instruction in a civil

case, prejudice will generally be found only ‘ “[w]here it seems probable that the jury’s

12
      This representation is not supported by the verdict polling, which was not
unanimous on any count except for the false promise count as against Hearst.

                                            12
verdict may have been based on the erroneous instruction . . . . ” ’ [Citation.]” (Soule v.

General Motors Corp. (1994) 8 Cal.4th 548, 574.)

       Plaintiffs contend that the jury could see that Marini’s name had been crossed out

and replaced with “Aloha Power” in certain jury instructions, and that this “imparted the

unmistakable signal that the jury should not consider the claims or the conduct of the

individuals.” That the jury took these black-outs and interlineations as a signal to

disregard defendants’ liability for their agents’ actions is just speculation. Although

plaintiffs cite to juror no. 11’s statement that the jury was “confused” by the crossing-

out of Marini’s name and insertion of Aloha as the plaintiff “in the instructions and on

the verdict form,” this statement does not indicate what conclusions the jury drew from

those edits.13

       4.        The Court Did Not Err in Denying Plaintiffs Leave to Amend

       Plaintiffs contend that the court erred in denying their motion to amend the

complaint to add Marini to the fraud cause of action because the evidence showed that

Marini’s omission from this cause of action was inadvertent.14 “Leave to amend to

conform to proof at trial ordinarily should be liberally granted unless the opposing party

13
       We note, however, that the court could have avoided confusing the jury by
printing out (or ordering counsel to print out) revised versions of the jury instructions
and verdict form.
14
       In plaintiffs’ reply belief, they stray from their initial argument that Marini was
inadvertently omitted from the header, and appear to concede that Marini may been
intentionally left out of the header: “[f]or whatever reason, Marini’s name was omitted
from the [] header in the Fraud Cause of Action in the Third Amended Complaint”
(Emphasis added.) This concession undermines any argument that it would have been
equitable for the court to grant them leave to amend.

                                            13
would be prejudiced by the amendment. [Citation.] Leave to amend a complaint at trial

is properly denied, however, if the proposed amendment raises new issues that the

defendant has had no opportunity to defend [citation] or the material facts are

undisputed and the proposed amendment would not establish a basis for liability as

a matter of law. [Citation.]” (Faigin v. Signature Group Holdings, Inc. (2012)

211 Cal.App.4th 726, 736.)

       It is within the trial court’s discretion to permit an amendment to the pleadings,

and the decision is subject to reversal on appeal only for abuse of discretion.

(Consolidated World Investments, Inc. v. Lido Preferred Ltd. (1992) 9 Cal.App.4th 373,

383.) Amendment of a pleading to conform to proof is improper where substantial

evidence does not support the new allegation. (Ibid.)

       In denying plaintiffs’ motion to amend at the close of trial, the trial court noted

that defendants had a “strong argument” that they would be prejudiced by the proposed

amendment because they had conducted trial under the assumption that Marini was not

a party to the fraud cause of action. Plaintiffs now argue, to the contrary, that

defendants did conduct trial on the premise that Marini was asserting fraud, and only

belatedly discovered that the cause of action was not asserted on behalf of Marini. In

support of this argument, plaintiffs cite to two instances during trial when certain of

defendants’ counsel stated that Marini was asserting fraud.15

15
       In the first instance, it appears that RP’s counsel is referring to Marini in his
capacity as a representative of Aloha. However, in the second instance, Hearst and
Harvest’s counsel said, at the close of trial, that he believed Marini was alleging a cause
of action for fraud.

                                             14
       Even if respondents would not have been prejudiced by the proposed

amendment, plaintiffs must show that the court’s denial of leave to amend prejudiced

Marini. (M.J. Ryan Co. v. Brown (1934) 138 Cal.App. 176, 178 [“No judgment can be

set aside for error in any matter of procedure unless after an examination of the entire

record the court shall be of the opinion that the error complained of resulted in

a miscarriage of justice.”]) Plaintiffs argue only that “Marini was unable to have the

jury consider any of his individual claims,” but do not argue that the evidence produced

at trial established that Marini was the victim of a false promise.

       The evidence at trial showed only that, under certain circumstances described in

the operating agreement, RI and Aloha, not Marini, were owed fees, commissions,

and/or reimbursements, and that Aloha was the only plaintiff that owned stock in RP.

Marini’s only individual claim was based on defendants’ alleged promise to “complete

and execute an employment agreement” whereby he would be employed by RP. The

evidence relied on by plaintiffs showed that Marini requested that the operating

agreement provide for his employment, or, in the alternative, a consulting fee, and that

the parties agreed to an operating agreement that provided only for a consulting

agreement with Aloha for “Marini’s services.”16 Because there is no substantial

evidence defendants made a false promise to Marini individually, the trial court did not

err in denying the posttrial motion to amend to conform to proof.

16
       In exhibit 39, an email from Dennis Marini to RP’s attorney, Marshall Taylor,
Marini stated: “I discussed this with William and we need a salary for me, as
Co-Chairman or as a consulting fee to Aloha Power, or RI which ever [sic]works best.
But a salary is a must when we get $ and it should be in the agreement[.]”

                                            15
                                  DISPOSITION

      The judgment from which plaintiff has appealed is affirmed. Costs on appeal to

the defendants.

      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

                                                           CROSKEY, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:

      KITCHING, J.

      ALDRICH, J.

                                         16