Court Opinion

ID: 3131343
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 20:08:19.195984+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:53:52.577226
License: Public Domain

Illinois Official Reports

                               Appellate Court

                   People v. Reedy, 2015 IL App (3d) 130955

Appellate Court   THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v.
Caption           COREY REEDY, Defendant-Appellee.–THE PEOPLE OF THE
                  STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. JESUS CHAVEZ,
                  Defendant-Appellee.

District & No.    Third District
                  Docket Nos. 3-13-0955, 3-13-0956 cons.

Filed             August 26, 2015

Decision Under    Appeal from the Circuit Court of Will County, Nos. 12-CF-1481,
Review            12-CF-1480; the Hon. Gerald R. Kinney, Judge, presiding.

Judgment          Reversed and remanded.

Counsel on        James Glasgow, State’s Attorney, of Joliet (Mark A. Austill, of State’s
Appeal            Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.

                  Steven A. Greenberg and Adam Altman, both of Steven A. Greenberg
                  & Associates, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellees.

Panel             JUSTICE SCHMIDT delivered the judgment of the court, with
                  opinion.
                  Justice Holdridge concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                  Justice Lytton specially concurred, with opinion.
                                              OPINION

¶1      Pursuant to a traffic stop, defendants, Corey Reedy and Jesus Chavez, were found in
     possession of at least 900 grams of heroin. Each was charged by indictment with unlawful
     possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver (720 ILCS 570/401(a)(1)(D) (West
     2012)). The trial court subsequently granted dual motions to suppress the heroin. The State
     appeals, arguing that the traffic stop was lawful under the fourth amendment. We reverse.

¶2                                               FACTS
¶3       On June 28, 2012, defendants were each charged by indictment with unlawful possession
     of a controlled substance with intent to deliver. Id. Each indictment alleged that defendants
     were found in possession of at least 900 grams of a substance containing heroin. Each
     defendant subsequently moved to suppress physical evidence, arguing that they were
     unlawfully seized in violation of the fourth amendment of the United States Constitution (U.S.
     Const., amend. IV), and that any evidence found as a result of that seizure should be
     suppressed. A hearing on the motions was held on October 10, 2013.
¶4       It was adduced at the suppression hearing that on June 17, 2012, Deputy Robert Denny and
     Sergeant Joe Boers were working patrol for the Will County sheriff’s department’s gang
     suppression unit. Denny and Boers were parked on the shoulder of the entrance ramp from
     Route 53 to northbound Interstate 55. At approximately 12 p.m., the officers observed a white
     Buick enter onto the ramp. On two occasions the car’s passenger-side tires completely crossed
     over the solid white fog line on the right side of the road. According to Denny, on at least one
     of these occasions, the tires remained over the fog line for a period of four or five seconds.
     Denny also testified that the latter of these two occasions occurred once the car was fully onto
     the interstate, but admitted that he indicated in his report that both instances occurred on the
     entrance ramp.
¶5       Denny and Boers effectuated a traffic stop. The officers exited their cruiser; Denny
     approached the driver’s side of the Buick while Boers approached the passenger. Denny
     requested identification and proof of insurance from the driver, whom he identified as Reedy.
     Reedy produced the documents immediately, but Denny observed that Reedy’s hand was
     shaking as Reedy handed the documents to him. Denny testified that while he initially believed
     that the driver may have been intoxicated due solely to the multiple veers over the fog line, this
     suspicion was immediately dispelled upon his contact with Reedy. Boers requested
     identification from the passenger, Chavez, who produced it immediately. Denny retrieved
     Chavez’s license, and then returned to the cruiser to run the names through the Law
     Enforcement Agencies Data System (LEADS). Denny testified that only “[a] couple of
     minutes” had elapsed from the time he approached the Buick to the time he returned to his
     cruiser with the licenses.
¶6       While Denny ran the names through LEADS, Boers remained at the passenger side of the
     Buick. Boers asked defendants if there were any weapons in the vehicle; they responded that
     there were not. Boers then asked if there were any drugs in the vehicle. Boers observed that
     both defendants hesitated before answering “no” to the question. Denny testified that in

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       addition to the hesitation, Boers relayed to him Boers’ observation that Reedy looked directly
       at a black duffel bag on the front passenger-side floorboard during that hesitation.
¶7         At some point during the traffic stop, Sergeant Joel Mantia of the Will County sheriff’s
       department arrived on the scene, along with a narcotics canine, Nina. Denny testified that
       Mantia arrived while he was still in the cruiser, but could not recall if he was still running the
       names through LEADS or had just finished. Denny agreed that his report indicated that Mantia
       arrived and assisted Boers while Denny was running defendants’ names through LEADS.
       Boers could not recall precisely when Mantia arrived, but estimated that he arrived “within 2 to
       3 minutes. 3 tops.”
¶8         Denny estimated that the process of running defendants’ names through LEADS took
       between three and five minutes. After ascertaining that both licenses were valid and there were
       no outstanding warrants for either defendant, Denny decided that he would issue a warning
       ticket to Reedy. Denny then exited his cruiser and returned to the Buick. He did not bring his
       ticket book with him at that time.
¶9         With all three officers at the Buick, Denny asked Reedy to step out of his vehicle so that he
       could explain the traffic infraction. Mantia then requested to pat Reedy down for the purpose
       of officer safety; Reedy consented. In patting Reedy down, Mantia found $1,700 in Reedy’s
       pocket. Reedy explained that he got the money from his business detailing cars. No more than
       one minute after this pat-down, Denny asked Reedy how long he had known Chavez. Reedy
       said that Chavez had previously lived in Illinois, and they had known one another for six or
       seven years.
¶ 10       While the officers spoke to Reedy, Chavez was asked to exit the vehicle. Chavez also
       consented to a pat-down. After Chavez was patted down, Denny asked Chavez where he lived.
       Chavez replied that he lived in Los Angeles and had never lived anywhere else. Denny testified
       that at some point after questioning Chavez, he returned to his cruiser to begin writing the
       warning ticket. Denny admitted that his report did not indicate that he began writing a ticket.
       As Denny returned to his cruiser, Mantia retrieved Nina. Denny estimated that “[m]aybe five
       minutes” had elapsed between his second approach to the Buick and his return to the cruiser to
       begin writing the warning ticket.
¶ 11       During the ensuing dog sniff of the exterior of the Buick, Nina alerted to the presence of
       narcotics. Denny testified that Mantia is a trained narcotics officer and Nina is a trained
       narcotics dog. The subsequent search of the vehicle led to the discovery of a duffel bag–found
       on the front passenger-seat floorboard–containing the heroin that stood as the basis of
       defendants’ indictments. Defendants were placed under arrest. Denny testified that, according
       to the computer-aided dispatch notes, either he or Boers called for the Buick to be towed at
       12:09 p.m. Denny estimated that seven minutes had passed between his first observation of
       defendants’ vehicle and defendants being placed under arrest. Boers estimated that less than 10
       minutes had elapsed from the time the vehicle was pulled over to the time defendants were
       placed under arrest.
¶ 12       Following arguments, the trial court took the matter under advisement. On November 15,
       2013, the court granted defendants’ motions to suppress. In ruling, the court stated as follows:
               “[T]his is a situation where, I think, the officers were trying to act promptly. They were
               trying to act within their authority to get–to not delay this stop in terms of time. I think
               they acted to not do that, but they did, and this stop quickly changed from a crossing the
               fog line into an all-out sniff and search of the car, I guess.

                                                    -3-
                    The evidence presented at the hearing does not support the actions taken by the
                officers in terms of the reasonable suspicion or probable cause that would lead to the
                search of the vehicle. It’s just not there in this Court’s analysis and opinion.
                    The time delay isn’t the issue. It’s the conversion of this stop from one tire over the
                fog line to where we’re going through the bags or whatever in the car. The evidence
                isn’t sufficient to support it.”
       The court later entered a written order reflecting this ruling, with reference to “reasons stated
       on record.”
¶ 13       The State appeals the court’s granting of defendants’ motions to suppress, arguing that the
       traffic stop was not unduly prolonged in violation of the fourth amendment, and that the drugs
       should not be suppressed on any other grounds. Defendants argue that the traffic stop was
       unnecessarily prolonged and the nature of the traffic stop was fundamentally changed, both in
       contravention of the fourth amendment. Defendants also argue that the officers initially lacked
       probable cause to effectuate any traffic stop and that the State failed to prove that Nina was a
       reliable canine dog or that Nina ever alerted to the presence of narcotics.
¶ 14       On April 10, 2015, we issued an order reversing the ruling of the trial court. Eleven days
       later, the United States Supreme Court published its decision in Rodriguez v. United States, a
       case in which it concluded that “a police stop exceeding the time needed to handle the matter
       for which the stop was made violates the Constitution’s shield against unreasonable seizures.”
       Rodriguez v. United States, 575 U.S. ___, ___, 135 S. Ct. 1609, 1612 (2015). We subsequently
       granted defendants’ petition for rehearing, and allowed both parties to rebrief the issues on
       appeal with Rodriguez in mind.

¶ 15                                              ANALYSIS
¶ 16        “In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence, we apply a two-part
       standard of review.” People v. Cummings, 2014 IL 115769, ¶ 13. Findings of fact made by the
       trial court are reviewed for clear error, and only reversed if they are against the manifest weight
       of the evidence. Id. However, the ultimate decision of whether or not suppression is warranted
       is a question of law that is reviewed de novo. People v. Harris, 228 Ill. 2d 222, 230 (2008). “A
       reviewing court, however, remains free to undertake its own assessment of the facts in relation
       to the issues and may draw its own conclusions when deciding what relief should be granted.”
       People v. Luedemann, 222 Ill. 2d 530, 542 (2006) (citing People v. Pitman, 211 Ill. 2d 502, 512
       (2004)).
¶ 17        With this two-part standard of review in mind, we acknowledge that the trial court’s ruling
       in the instant case contains ambiguities. In fact, the trial court’s precise grounds for
       suppressing the evidence are disputed by the parties on appeal. Defendant argues that the trial
       court found the officers unduly prolonged the traffic stop, citing the court’s comment that the
       officers “were trying to act within their authority to *** not delay this stop in terms of time. I
       think they acted to not do that, but they did.” The State argues that the court explicitly found
       that the stop was not unduly prolonged, pointing to the court’s statement that “[t]he time delay
       isn’t the issue.” Despite these and other ambiguities in the trial court’s ruling, the court made
       no explicit findings of fact to which this court would owe a level of deference. We find that a
       close parsing of the court’s language is, therefore, unnecessary and will proceed with review
       de novo.

                                                    -4-
¶ 18                                  I. Probable Cause for Traffic Stop
¶ 19       Defendant argues first that Denny and Boers lacked the probable cause needed to
       effectuate a traffic stop. Because the initial seizure of defendants was unlawful, defendants
       contend, the drugs found in the vehicle should be suppressed as the fruits of that unlawful
       seizure.
¶ 20       Both the federal and state constitutions protect citizens from unreasonable searches and
       seizures. U.S. Const., amend. IV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 6. “Temporary detention of
       individuals during the stop of an automobile by the police, even if only for a brief period and
       for a limited purpose, constitutes a ‘seizure’ of ‘persons’ within the meaning of this provision.”
       Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 809-10 (1996). Vehicle stops are thus subject to the
       fourth amendment’s reasonableness requirement. Id. at 810. “As a general matter, the decision
       to stop an automobile is reasonable where the police have probable cause to believe that a
       traffic violation has occurred.”1 Id.
¶ 21       Denny testified that defendants’ vehicle crossed over the white fog line twice, causing him
       to effectuate a traffic stop. Though his report indicated that each of these instances occurred on
       the entrance ramp to the interstate, Denny testified that the second instance occurred after the
       vehicle had entered the interstate. Under the Illinois Vehicle Code, whenever any roadway has
       been divided into two or more marked lanes for traffic “[a] vehicle shall be driven as nearly as
       practicable entirely within a single lane.” 625 ILCS 5/11-709(a) (West 2012).
¶ 22       Defendants contend that the traffic stop was unsupported by probable cause because the
       State failed to offer any evidence from which the court could infer that it was practicable for
       defendants’ vehicle to remain in a single lane. However, it is well settled that the defendant
       bears the burden of proof on a motion to suppress evidence. 725 ILCS 5/114-12(b) (West
       2012); People v. Cregan, 2014 IL 113600, ¶ 23. Only if defendant makes a prima facie
       showing that the evidence was obtained in an illegal seizure does the burden shift to the State
       to provide evidence to counter the defendant’s prima facie case. Id. Here, defendants neither
       offered nor induced any testimony at the suppression hearing that would tend to show that the
       vehicle’s multiple breaches of the fog line were justifiable under the improper lane usage
       statute. Denny’s testimony that the car breached the fog line twice, including once on the
       interstate, supports a finding that the officers did have probable cause to effectuate the traffic
       stop.
¶ 23       Alternatively, defendants contend that each breach of the fog line occurred on the
       single-lane entrance ramp. Accordingly, defendants argue, the actions here do not fall under
       the improper lane usage statute, which is applicable only to roadways “divided into 2 or more
       clearly marked lanes for traffic.” 625 ILCS 5/11-709 (West 2012). However, Denny’s
       testimony that the vehicle breached the fog line a second time once it had entered the interstate
       refutes this contention. Further, even if both breaches of the fog line had occurred on the
       entrance ramp, probable cause to effectuate the traffic stop would have nevertheless existed

           1
            A traffic stop may also be justified under the “reasonable suspicion” standard of Terry (Terry v.
       Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)), a less exacting standard than probable cause. See Illinois v. Caballes, 543
       U.S. 405, 415 (2005); People v. Hackett, 2012 IL 111781, ¶ 28 (“[A] traffic stop may be justified on
       something less than probable cause.”).

                                                     -5-
       under section 11-709.1 of the Vehicle Code, which prohibits driving on the shoulder. 625 ILCS
       5/11-709.1(a) (West 2012).

¶ 24                                     II. Execution of Traffic Stop
¶ 25       Even when a seizure is supported by probable cause, and thus is initially lawful, that
       seizure may violate the fourth amendment “if its manner of execution unreasonably infringes
       interests protected by the Constitution.” Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405, 407 (2005). For
       example, a traffic stop may become unreasonable if it is prolonged beyond the time reasonably
       required to satisfy its initial purpose, or if police conduct itself independently infringes upon
       the seized individual’s constitutionally protected interest in privacy. Id. at 407-08.

¶ 26                                    A. Duration of Traffic Stop
¶ 27       An otherwise lawful seizure “can become unlawful if it is prolonged beyond the time
       reasonably required” to complete the purpose of the seizure. Id. at 407. Determination of
       whether a traffic stop was unduly prolonged requires an analysis of a totality of the
       circumstances. People v. Cosby, 231 Ill. 2d 262, 275 (2008). Among the circumstances
       considered are the brevity of the stop and whether the police acted diligently during the stop.
       People v. Baldwin, 388 Ill. App. 3d 1028, 1034 (2009).
¶ 28       Following the directive of Caballes, courts have found that traffic stops are unduly
       prolonged in violation of the fourth amendment where police activity continues after the stop
       has been completed. E.g., People v. McQuown, 407 Ill. App. 3d 1138, 1145 (2011). In the
       recent case of Cummings, 2014 IL 115769, our supreme court held that an officer unreasonably
       prolonged a traffic stop merely by requesting a driver’s license after the officer’s suspicion had
       dissipated upon identifying the gender of the driver. In McQuown, a court found a traffic stop
       unduly prolonged where the “business portion” of the traffic stop lasted just more than 10
       minutes, but the officer did not request a canine until 13 minutes after that. McQuown, 407 Ill.
       App. 3d at 1145. In Baldwin, this court found that the officer was “apparently ready to
       conclude the initial purpose of the [traffic] stop” 4½ minutes into the stop, but continued to
       question the driver, made multiple unsuccessful requests for consent to search the vehicle, and
       eventually requested a narcotics canine to the scene. Baldwin, 388 Ill. App. 3d at 1035. The
       court held that the stop had been unreasonably prolonged. Id. However, in People v. Staley,
       334 Ill. App. 3d 358, 367 (2002), the court found that a traffic stop lasting 18 minutes was
       reasonable where officers acted diligently and where there was no evidence that the officers
       attempted to extend the stop.
¶ 29       As in Baldwin and McQuown, many cases in which courts have found a traffic stop
       unreasonably prolonged also involve narcotics canines, and either a delay in requesting the
       canine or an extended wait prior to the canine’s arrival. For example, in People v. Cox, 202 Ill.
       2d 462 (2002), our supreme court found that a 15 minute lapse between the initial traffic stop
       and the arrival of a narcotics canine resulted in an unjustifiably long detention. Id. at 470
       (“[T]he record leads us to conclude this was a routine traffic stop, which should have resulted
       in a correspondingly abbreviated detention.”);2 see also People v. Luna, 322 Ill. App. 3d 855,

           As the court pointed out in Harris, this proposition from Cox remains “ ‘good law,’ ” though Cox
           2

       was overruled on other grounds by People v. Bew, 228 Ill. 2d 122 (2008). Harris, 228 Ill. 2d at 236 n.1.

                                                      -6-
       859 (2001) (“An officer may not stall at the scene of a traffic stop until a drug-sniffing dog
       arrives and creates probable cause to conduct a search of a vehicle.”).
¶ 30       In the case at hand, the narcotics dog arrived on the scene of the traffic stop less than five
       minutes after the stop had been initiated and before the purpose of the stop had been
       completed. The officers then asked defendants to step out of the vehicle, an order which is
       lawful under the fourth amendment. Maryland v. Wilson, 519 U.S. 408, 414-15 (1997);
       Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S. 106, 111 (1977). Defendants then each consented to a
       pat-down. Defendants argue that these actions and the officer’s questioning when defendants
       were out of the car served to unreasonably prolong the stop.3 Denny estimated that from the
       time he made his second approach to the Buick to the time he returned to his cruiser to begin
       writing a warning ticket, only five minutes had elapsed. Of course, the amount of time spent
       questioning defendants outside of the Buick is only a subset of that five minutes. Any
       prolongation of the traffic stop, then, would be less than five minutes.
¶ 31       Further, we find it compelling that Mantia and his narcotics canine arrived on the scene
       almost immediately. Under Caballes, officers do not need independent reasonable articulable
       suspicion of drug-related activity in order to perform a dog sniff pursuant to an ordinary traffic
       stop. Caballes, 543 U.S. at 409. The dog sniff of the Buick was thus an inevitability as soon as
       Mantia arrived, and no questions of defendants were designed or required to reach that result.
¶ 32       In Muehler v. Mena, 544 U.S. 93, 101 (2005), the Supreme Court found that asking
       questions unrelated to the purpose of a seizure was not unlawful so long as the questioning did
       not extend the time the defendant was detained. See also Arizona v. Johnson, 555 U.S. 323,
       333 (2009) (“An officer’s inquiries into matters unrelated to the justification for the traffic
       stop, this Court has made plain, do not convert the encounter into something other than a
       lawful seizure, so long as those inquiries do not measurably extend the duration of the stop.”).
       Here, though the questioning by Denny and Mantia momentarily delayed the dog sniff, the
       record does not indicate that these questions unreasonably extended the amount of time
       defendants were detained. Denny was in the process of writing a warning ticket when the dog
       alerted, and no evidence on the record indicates that, but for Denny’s earlier questions, the
       ticket would have been completed and delivered before the alert.
¶ 33       The entire traffic stop here lasted less than 10 minutes. This is not a case where the officers
       stalled in order for a narcotics canine to arrive or to otherwise develop probable cause. In
       Cummings, our supreme court recognized that “the fourth amendment does not draw a bright
       line forbidding all police actions that could prolong a traffic stop even momentarily.”
       Cummings, 2014 IL 115769, ¶ 19. Given the extremely short duration of the stop and the
       diligence of the officers executing that stop, including Mantia’s prompt arrival on the scene,
       we find that the traffic stop in question was not unreasonably prolonged.
¶ 34       The Supreme Court’s recent decision in Rodriguez does not dictate a different result. In
       that case, police officer Morgan Struble stopped the vehicle driven by Dennys Rodriguez after
       observing the vehicle veer onto the shoulder of the highway. Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at ___, 135
       S. Ct. at 1613. Struble collected identification from Rodriguez and his passenger, Scott

           3
           Defendants also argue that Denny’s decision not to bring his ticket book with him upon his second
       approach to the Buick unreasonably prolonged the stop. However, we find that reasonable officer safety
       concerns would motivate an officer in Denny’s position to approach a stopped vehicle with his hands
       unencumbered.

                                                     -7-
       Pollman. Id. at ___, 135 S. Ct. at 1613. Struble then began to question Pollman “about where
       the two men were coming from and where they were going.” Id. at ___, 135 S. Ct. at 1613.
       Struble called for a second officer and began writing a warning ticket to Rodriguez for driving
       on the shoulder of the road. Id. at ___, 135 S. Ct. at 1613.
¶ 35        Struble returned to Rodriguez’s vehicle to deliver the written warning. Id. at ___, 135 S. Ct.
       at 1613. Struble explained the warning to Rodriguez and returned documents to Rodriguez and
       Pollman. Id. at ___, 135 S. Ct. at 1613. Struble testified that, at that point, Rodriguez and
       Pollman “ ‘had all their documents back and a copy of the written warning. I got all the
       reason[s] for the stop out of the way[,] … took care of all the business.’ ” Id. at ___, 135 S. Ct.
       at 1613. Struble then asked Rodriguez for permission to walk his narcotics canine around
       Rodriguez’s vehicle. Id. at ___, 135 S. Ct. at 1613. When Rodriguez declined, Struble
       instructed him to turn off the ignition, step out of the vehicle, and stand in front of the patrol car
       to wait for the second officer. Id. at ___, 135 S. Ct. at 1613. When a deputy sheriff arrived,
       Struble conducted a dog sniff of Rodriguez’s vehicle, which ultimately revealed a large bag of
       methamphetamine. Id. at ___, 135 S. Ct. at 1613.
¶ 36        The Supreme Court found that Struble’s actions violated the Constitution’s shield against
       unreasonable seizures. Id. at ___, 135 S. Ct. at 1612. It held that “[a] seizure justified only by a
       police-observed traffic violation, therefore, ‘become[s] unlawful if it is prolonged beyond the
       time reasonably required to complete th[e] mission’ of issuing a ticket for the violation.” Id. at
       ___, 135 S. Ct. at 1612 (quoting Caballes, 543 U.S. at 407).
¶ 37        The Supreme Court’s decision in Rodriguez did not change the law. That is, Struble’s
       actions were clearly unlawful even before Rodriguez. The Court itself repeatedly emphasized
       that its opinion in Rodriguez was no more than a reiteration of the rule set forth 10 years earlier
       in Caballes. Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at ___, 135 S. Ct. at 1612 (“The Court so recognized in
       Caballes, and we adhere to the line drawn in that decision.” ); see also id. at ___, 135 S. Ct. at
       1616 (“As we said in Caballes and reiterate today, a traffic stop ‘prolonged beyond’ [the
       completion of the mission of the stop] is ‘unlawful.’ ” (quoting Caballes, 543 U.S. at 407)).
¶ 38        Moreover, the primary facts in Rodriguez are readily distinguished from those in the case at
       hand. In Rodriguez, Struble testified that he conducted the dog sniff after he had completed the
       mission of the stop by giving Rodriguez a warning ticket. Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at ___, 135 S.
       Ct. at 1613. Indeed, the Court was explicit that certiorari was granted to resolve a division
       among lower courts on the question “whether police routinely may extend an otherwise-
       completed traffic stop, absent reasonable suspicion, in order to conduct a dog sniff.” (Emphasis
       added.) Id. at ___, 135 S. Ct. at 1614. In the present case, Denny was in the process of writing
       the ticket when the narcotics canine alerted. While the Supreme Court insisted that “[t]he
       critical question, then, is not whether the dog sniff occurs before or after the officer issues a
       ticket,” (id. at ___, 135 S. Ct. at 1616) it did not address the possibility that an officer may write
       a ticket while another officer performs a dog sniff. Absent any evidence that the mission of the
       traffic stop would have been completed before the dog sniff had Denny and Boers not asked
       questions earlier in the stop, we find that the officers’ actions were lawful.

¶ 39                                    B. Nature of Traffic Stop
¶ 40       Defendants also argue that the traffic stop was conducted in an unreasonable manner where
       the officers’ actions “were completely unrelated to the initial purpose of the stop.” Defendants

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       contend that the officers’ actions–including the questioning, pat-downs, seizure of Reedy’s
       property,4 and search of the Buick–were inconsistent with a traffic stop.
¶ 41       In People v. Gonzalez, 204 Ill. 2d 220, 226-28 (2003), our supreme court found that a
       traffic stop is analogous to an investigatory stop under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), and
       thus analyzed the reasonableness of police conduct during a traffic stop through application of
       Terry’s two-pronged inquiry. Gonzalez held that a traffic stop is lawful if: (1) the stop was
       justified at inception; and (2) the officers’ actions during the course of the stop are reasonably
       related in scope to the circumstances that originally justified the stop. Gonzalez, 204 Ill. 2d at
       228. The second prong of this inquiry, or the scope prong, itself has two parts: A traffic stop is
       unlawful in scope where: (1) the stop was impermissibly prolonged; or (2) police conduct
       altered the fundamental nature of the stop. Id. at 235.
¶ 42       However, as discussed supra, the Supreme Court held in Muehler that law enforcement
       officers may ask questions unrelated to the purpose of the initial seizure without running afoul
       of the fourth amendment. Muehler, 544 U.S. at 101. In Harris, our supreme court confirmed
       that the ruling in Muehler served to “unequivocally overrule[ ]” the second prong of the scope
       inquiry in Gonzalez. Harris, 228 Ill. 2d at 240. Following Harris, all that remains of the
       Gonzalez scope inquiry is the duration prong, discussed supra. Defendants’ argument that the
       officers’ actions in the present case were unrelated to the initial purpose of the stop therefore
       fails.

¶ 43                                            III. Dog Sniff
¶ 44       Defendants finally argue that the State did not provide any evidence that the narcotics
       canine used was reliable, or that it even alerted to the presence of narcotics. As a result, the
       argument proceeds, the officers did not have probable cause to search the vehicle.
¶ 45       Here, again, defendants have misconstrued the burden of proof applicable to a motion to
       suppress. It remains well settled that the defendant bears the burden of proof on a motion to
       suppress evidence (725 ILCS 5/114-12(b) (West 2012)), and only if defendant makes a
       prima facie showing that the evidence was obtained in an illegal seizure does the burden shift
       to the State to provide evidence to counter the defendant’s prima facie case. Cregan, 2014 IL
       113600, ¶ 23. Though Mantia was called to testify by the defense at the suppression hearing,
       the record shows that he was not asked questions on direct examination regarding Nina’s
       reliability or qualifications. As defendants presented no evidence that Nina was unreliable, or
       even questioned the dog’s reliability, defendants forfeited the issue. Clearly, the dog’s
       reliability is a foundational issue. Defendants did not object to testimony that Nina is a trained
       narcotics dog. Defendants forfeited any objection to lack of foundation for that testimony.
       People v. Woods, 214 Ill. 2d 455, 470 (2005).
¶ 46       Further, the record shows that Denny did testify that Nina alerted to the presence of
       narcotics in defendants’ vehicle, contrary to defendants’ argument on appeal. Indeed, Denny
       also testified that Mantia is a trained narcotics officer and that Nina is a trained narcotics
       canine. An alert by a trained narcotics canine to the presence of narcotics inside a vehicle
       creates probable cause to search that vehicle. See Florida v. Harris, 568 U.S. ___, ___, 133 S.
       Ct. 1050, 1057 (2013).
           4
            The specific issue of the lawfulness of Mantia’s seizure of the currency in Reedy’s pocket is not
       raised by either party on appeal.

                                                     -9-
¶ 47                                         CONCLUSION
¶ 48       For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Will County is reversed, and
       this cause is remanded.

¶ 49       Reversed and remanded.

¶ 50       JUSTICE LYTTON, specially concurring.
¶ 51       I concur that the trial court erred in granting defendants’ motion to suppress and that the
       matter should be reversed and remanded. I write separately to address the standard of review.
¶ 52       I do not agree that the standard of review is affected by the trial court’s ambiguous ruling.
       The appropriate standard of review is de novo not because the trial court’s findings of fact were
       “ambiguous,” as stated by the majority, but because the trial court applied an incorrect legal
       standard in granting defendants’ motion.
¶ 53       Here, the trial court found that the officers’ conduct impermissibly altered the fundamental
       nature of the stop. The State, in its appeal, argues that the trial court used the incorrect legal
       standard when granting defendants’ motion to suppress. The State maintains that the court’s
       conclusion was improper in light of the United States Supreme Court’s ruling in Muehler v.
       Mena, 544 U.S. 93, 101 (2005). I agree with the majority that, following Muehler and People
       v. Harris, 228 Ill. 2d 222, 240 (2008), all that remains of the scope inquiry is the duration
       prong. Supra ¶ 37. Since we must decide this issue as a matter of law, de novo review is
       appropriate. For that reason, I concur.
¶ 54       Defendants also maintain that the motion to suppress was properly granted because the
       officers did not have probable cause to stop the vehicle and that the narcotics canine was
       unreliable. To the extent the trial court made findings of fact relevant to these questions in
       deciding that suppression was warranted, we should defer to those findings and reverse if they
       are against the manifest weight of the evidence. Contrary to the majority’s suggestion, explicit
       findings of fact are not necessary to invoke the manifest weight standard when reviewing a
       motion to suppress determination. See People v. Matthews, 357 Ill. App. 3d 1062 (2005);
       People v. Rockey, 322 Ill. App. 3d 832, 841 (2001); People v. Winters, 97 Ill. 2d 151 (1983).
       Since the trial court did not rule on these alternative grounds for reversal, I agree that de novo is
       the appropriate standard of review.

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