Court Opinion

ID: 5777971
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-12 17:45:03.053947+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:41:55.408627
License: Public Domain

Steuer, J. (dissenting).
In 1963 the settlor Alfred Jurzykowski entered into an agreement with First National City Trust-Company (Bahamas) as trustee. The instrument was twice amended and the provisions referred to are as they appear in the second amendment of March 4, 1965. The agreement provided that upon the death of the settlor the term of the trustee should end and the bank should be succeeded by three trustees: the settlor’s wife Milena, Andrew Bey and William E. Carey, Jr., described in the instrument as successor trustees. Each of the settlor’s two daughters was to become a trustee when she became 21 years of age. On the death of the settlor the trust, for purposes of disposition and remainder, became three trusts. Such provisions, however, are not in question here, the present controversy having to do solely with the persons who should be recognized as trustees.
The instrument provides (par. 6[i]) that if any of the successor trustees shall die or be removed for physical or mental incapacity (for which removal an elaborate machinery is provided), then Ulrich Wehrli, the petitioner herein, “ shall thereupon become a substitute Successor Trustee in the place and stead of the said deceased or incapacitated Successor Trustee. ’ ’ In the event that another of the successor trustees dies or becomes incapacitated, the remaining successor trustees shall designate a bank or trust company to succeed him. After the designation of a bank as successor trustee, if any individual successor trustee dies or is removed for incapacity he need not be replaced, but if the settlor’s widow so elects she may fill the vacancy.
*493The settlor died in 1966. The named successor trustees signified their acceptance by filing an acceptance in accord with paragraph 6(d) of the instrument. One year later Andrew Rey submitted his resignation. While resignation of a successor trustee is provided for in paragraph 6(a) of the instrument, there is no provision for the appointment of a substitute as there is in the instance of death or incapacity. Petitioner was notified. At that time the remaining trustees, the widow and Mr. Carey, took the position that as there was no provision for replacing a trustee who had resigned, no vacancy existed. The widow did sign an instrument appointing Dr. Lobert as successor trustee in the event of her own death or Mr. Carey’s death or removal. Shortly thereafter counsel for the trustees wrote petitioner in answer to his inquiry as to his status of trustee that as there was no death or incapacity there was no vacancy and that he had no interest in the trust.
In January, 1969 Mr. Carey was removed for incapacity as trustee in accord with the procedures set out in the trust instrument. Immediately the widow appointed Schroder Trust Company as successor trustee. At the same time or shortly thereafter she appointed Drs. William Pyka and Eugene Lobert as successor trustees. Petitioner was notified of these events at the end of January. He promptly replied that while the proper trustees were Mrs. Jurzykowski, her daughter Tolande who had attained her majority, and himself, he had no objection to the Schroder Trust Company being a trustee. He did object, however, to the appointment of the doctors. Thereafter petitioner sought information as to the documents necessary to assert his claim but was passed from attorney to attorney who denied him access. Suit was instituted in December, 1969.
Petitioner seeks a ruling on his status as trustee and the status of Drs. Pyka and Lobert.
Initially, it is quite clear that when the first vacancy should occur among the substituted trustees, the latter had no choice or discretion as to who should be the replacement. The instrument states unequivocally that it should be the petitioner. What is not so clear is whether a vacancy was created by Mr. Rey’s resignation. Assuming for the moment that no vacancy was thereby created, the proper trustees would have been Mrs. Jurzykowski and Mr. Carey. On Mr. Carey’s removal the petitioner would have taken his place. If, on the other hand, the resignation did create a vacancy, the rightful trustees would have been the widow, Mr. Carey and the petitioner. On Mr. Carey’s removal the Schroder Trust Company would have been entitled to be appointed.
*494Several reasons have been advanced by various parties why the succession provided for by the trust instrument should not be followed, or rather why the disregard of those provisions by the successor trustees should be judicially confirmed. Of these only two require any discussion. The first, advanced solely by the guardian ad litem for the younger daughter, is in the nature of laches — the failure of the petitioner to assert his rights and follow them up by filing an acceptance of the trust. The argument is as follows: Special Term found that the intent of the instrument was that the resignation of a successor trustee created a vacancy. Therefore when a vacancy occurred in 1967 it was incumbent on petitioner to then assert his rights, which he did not do for two years. The other respondents have not joined in this argument, for very evident reasons. When the resignation occurred they took the position that there was no vacancy and so advised the petitioner, thereby successfully deterring him from asserting any rights. To assert otherwise now would not only show bad faith but would demonstrate that the attorneys who now represent the trustees (other than the corporate respondent) and who gave it as their opinion, on which the then successor trustees acted, were not influenced by the applicable law but had other motives. Obviously petitioner cannot be charged with laches for failing to insist on a right to which there was a colorable objection, which objection was supported by the remaining successor trustees.
After the removal of Mr. Carey there was an almost 11-month interval before this proceeding was instituted. However, from the time petitioner learned of the incident and the institution of the action he continuously asserted his claim and sought access to the documents in possession of the respondents and Mr. Carey, so that his claim could be substantiated. These were refused him. It is difficult to see how a claim of laches can be founded on a withholding of information, and in fact no one but the guardian advances the claim.
Actually the defense to the petition rests on the proposition expressed in various ways that Mrs. Jurzykowski did not want petitioner to be a trustee and that this personal animosity would be inimical to the interests of the trust. Primarily it should be recognized that it is the settlor and neither the beneficiary nor' the court who has the right to say who shall be a trustee. The fact that beneficiaries may not like him and even believe him to be obstructing the best interests of the trust does not warrant going behind the settlor’s wishes (cf. Jessup v. Smith, 223 N. Y. 203). Part of the objection to Mr. Wehrli is that he is a Swiss national who resides at a distance. This was well known to the *495settlor when he made the appointment, and any assumption that the estate will suffer on account of this is clearly contrary to the views of the settlor. In the light of the settlor’s acknowledged and proven ability in the field of finance, an overriding of his designation on this ground would be an act of judicial arrogance. “But the testator still enjoys the right to determine who is most suitable among those legally qualified to settle his affairs and execute his will, and his solemn selection is not lightly to be disregarded. Appointment is not to be refused merely because the testator’s selection does not seem suitable to the judge.” (Pound, J., Matter of Leland, 219 N. Y. 387, 393.)
Mostly the contention is based on a degree of hostility of Mrs. JurzykowsM toward the petitioner that, it is claimed, would interfere with the administration of the trust. It appears that this unilateral hostility, which undoubtedly existed, stems in great part from Mr. Wehrli’s administration of certain Liechtenstein Anstalts—which are similar in nature to trusts. Mrs. JurzykowsM felt that the amount allotted to her by Mr. Wehrli as trustee was less than it should have been, and that in his reply to her complaint on this score Mr. Wehrli did not show all the respect and courtesy that was her due. The merits of this objection are not sufficiently developed in the record to warrant a determination; but it is beyond question that one of the prime purposes of a trust, where there is discretion as to the amount to be paid out, is to substitute the judgment of the trustee for that of the beneficiary. In addition, Mrs. JurzykowsM found fault with the petitioner’s handling of a matter with a third person in connection with one of the Anstalts. The matter is now in litigation in the Swiss courts, and the soundness of Mr. Wehrli’s conduct of the affair cannot now be appraised. Lastly, and probably most important, the widow preferred the doctors she appointed, whom she deemed more sympathetic and friendly than Mr. Wehrli.
This is not to deny that there are instances where the court in the interest of orderly administration should refuse to allow a trustee to qualify. But such a step should not be taken absent proof that administration will otherwise be materially hampered. The balance between yielding to the settlor’s directions and providing for an orderly administration is often not easily reached. Most of the cases dealing with the subject are instances in which a dissatisfied beneficiary, sometimes joined by cotrustees, has sought the removal of a trustee. Respondents here argue, with plausibility, that the same rules should govern an application by a named trustee to qualify, as it is a futile act to allow one *496to qualify where grounds already exist for his removal. The difficulty with respondents’ position is that no good grounds have been shown. Personal differences between a cestui and a trustee, even of a serious and personal nature, are not grounds (Burke v. Baudouine, 190 App. Div. 186, affd. 232 N. Y. 532). Nor is dissatisfaction with the way the trustee conducts the affairs of the estate (Haight v. Brisbin, 96 N. Y. 132). Furthermore, we have been informed that Mrs. Jurzykowski, the principal objector to Mr. Wehrli, is now deceased, and her personal hostility to him can no longer be a factor. While the daughters have dutifully echoed her antipathy in affidavits carefully prepared for them, there is no basis shown for this attitude. As far as is shown, neither has ever had any dealings with Mr. Wehrli, and their objection is apparently purely a formal attempt to show a united front.
We do not discount the possibility that respondents might be able to show a proper case to block the appointment of petitioner, but merely point out that no case warranting determination has been made out on the papers submitted. This is true as to certain aspects only. We can see no possible theory on which the appointments of Drs. Pyka and Lobert can be upheld except that if Mr. Wehrli should fail to qualify, and no one else has objected, they would retain their offices by default. The efforts to justify their appointments have been of the tongue in cheek variety. The claim that a clause in the trust instrument giving the widow the right to make appointments applies, purposely loses sight of the fact that the provision is an exception to the provision that vacancies occurring after the qualification of a trust company need not be filled. The clause gives the authority to the widow to fill such vacancies if she so desires. It refers to no other situation, has no bearing on the issues, and confers no authority for the appointments purportedly made. Furthermore, the attempt to justify the appointment of two trustees to one vacancy was totally inadequate.
The order granting summary judgment should be reversed and the petition reinstated.
.Stevens, P. J., and Capozzoli, J., concur with Kupferman, J.; Steuer, J., dissents in an opinion in which Nunez, J., concurs.
Judgment, Supreme Court, New York County, entered on November 20, 1970, affirmed, with one bill of $50 costs and disbursements to all parties filing briefs, payable out of the trust estate.