Court Opinion

ID: 9901285
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-21 16:16:10.225653+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:34.498824
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
UNPUBLISHED

              Present: Judges Raphael, Lorish and Callins
              Argued at Lexington, Virginia

              GARLAND L. BOWMAN, II
                                                                           MEMORANDUM OPINION BY
              v.     Record No. 1256-22-3                                    JUDGE LISA M. LORISH
                                                                              NOVEMBER 21, 2023
              STATE FARM FIRE AND CASUALTY COMPANY

                                 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF ROANOKE
                                                Onzlee Ware, Judge

                               Dennis P. Brumberg (BWLAW PLC, on briefs), for appellant.

                               David R. Berry (Guy M. Harbert, III; Monica Taylor Monday;
                               Gentry Locke, on brief), for appellee.

                     After Garland L. Bowman, II’s home was severely damaged by fire, he filed a claim with

              his insurer, State Farm Fire and Casualty Company. Under his policy, Bowman was entitled to

              receive the “actual cash value” of the damage to his home until “repair or replacement” was

              completed, at which point State Farm would reimburse him for repair or replacement costs if

              they exceeded the actual cash value. While the policy did not state that repair or replacement

              must be completed within two years of the date of loss, the policy did include a limitation on

              “[s]uit[s] [a]gainst [u]s.” It stated that “[n]o action shall be brought [against State Farm] unless

              there has been compliance with the policy provisions and the action is started within two years

              after the date of the loss or damage.”

                     State Farm paid Bowman the actual cash value of the damage to his home and then told

              Bowman that he had to complete any repair or replacement within two years of the date of the

                     
                         This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).
loss. Just before the two-year mark, Bowman filed an action for declaratory relief, asking the

circuit court to interpret the insurance policy and hold that State Farm could not refuse to make

payments for repair or replacement costs incurred after two years from the date of loss. State

Farm demurred, arguing that Bowman could not bring a suit unless he had complied with the

policy, which required him to complete repairs or replacement within two years. Because he had

not done so, State Farm argued there was no justiciable controversy. The circuit court agreed.

We conclude that whether Bowman failed to comply with the policy cannot be determined from

the face of the complaint. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.

                                          BACKGROUND

        We consider the facts as stated in the complaint, “along with those reasonably and fairly

implied from them, in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Doe v. Zwelling, 270 Va. 594,

597 (2005).

        Bowman purchased a rental dwelling policy from State Farm. As required by Code

§ 38.2-2105, the policy includes the following: “Suit Against Us. No action shall be brought

unless there has been compliance with the policy provisions and the action is started within two

years after the date of the loss or damage.” The first page of the policy lists numerous included

forms, options, and endorsements and states that “[y]our policy consists of this page, any

endorsements and the policy form.” One such endorsement, the “Extra Replacement Cost

Coverage Endorsement,” states that “[w]e will settle covered losses for the amount you actually

and necessarily spend to repair or replace the dwelling . . . , up to the applicable limit of liability

shown in the Declarations.” Pertaining to loss settlement, the endorsement stated, “Buildings

under Coverage A . . . at replacement cost without deduction for depreciation, subject to the

following . . .”

                                                 -2-
               (2) We will pay the cost of repair or replacement, without
                   deduction for depreciation, but not exceeding the smaller of the
                   following amounts:

                   (a) the replacement cost of that part of the building damaged
                       for equivalent construction and use on the same premises;

                   (b) the amount actually and necessarily spent to repair or
                       replace the damaged building; or

                   (c) the limit stated in the Extra Replacement Cost Coverage
                       provision.

               (3) We will pay the actual cash value of the damage to the
                   buildings or other structures, up to the policy limit, until actual
                   repair or replacement is completed.

Nothing in the endorsement, or the policy, states that repairs or replacement need to be

completed within any specified period.

       Bowman’s house was severely damaged by fire on March 24, 2020, and he made a timely

claim to State Farm under his policy. State Farm began to investigate, and in October 2020,

provided Bowman a first estimate of the cost to repair his house, as well as an initial actual cash

value payment. In addition to enclosing a 60-page breakdown of estimated repair costs by room

and item, the letter attached an “Explanation of Building Replacement Cost Benefits” form,

which stated that “[t]o receive replacement cost benefits you must . . . [c]omplete the actual

repair or replacement of the damaged part of the property within two years of the date of loss.”

The original policy did not list or attach this form.

       A year later, in October 2021, State Farm provided a written notification to Bowman, in

compliance with Virginia Department of Insurance regulations, to explain that his claim had not

been concluded because “[t]he requested engineer inspection report has been received and is

currently under review.” In November 2021, State Farm provided an additional actual cash

value payment along with an updated, and increased, total amount of claim based on an updated

                                                -3-
60-page repair estimate. This letter provided another copy of the “Explanation of Building

Replacement Cost Benefits” form.

       On February 23, 2022, State Farm wrote to Bowman summarizing the status of his claim

to date and stating that Bowman’s policy “outline[s] a timeframe for bringing action related to

this loss,” and then quoting the “Suit Against Us” language. The letter concludes with State

Farm stating that “[t]he Company does not intend, by this letter, to waive any policy defense in

addition to those stated above, but specifically reserves its right to assert such additional policy

defenses at any time.”

       Bowman filed his complaint on March 22, 2022, seeking a declaration that “State Farm

may not as of March 25, 2022, restrict Bowman to payments for the actual cash value of the

damaged part of the property, which may include a deduction for depreciation, as opposed to

replacement cost benefits up to the policy limits.” He attached a copy of each of the documents

mentioned above and alleged that, given the nature of the damage and the amount of time State

Farm took to investigate the claim, it would “not be possible” to complete the repairs within two

years of the date of loss. Bowman also alleged that the two-year limit was “not detailed or

mentioned in the Policy.”

       State Farm demurred, arguing that Bowman could not maintain an action because he had

not complied with the policy provisions regarding replacement cost coverage, which required

repairs or replacement to be completed within two years of the loss, and because more than two

years had now elapsed since the loss. State Farm asserted that Bowman’s failure to repair or

replace the property within two years meant that there was no actual controversy between the

parties because Bowman could no longer sue State Farm to reimburse him for any repair or

replacement costs he could incur in the future.

                                                -4-
       The circuit court agreed and sustained the demurrer because “Bowman seeks to enforce

payment beyond the scope of his insurance policy” and that therefore “[h]e has no justiciable

interest as there is no actual controversy.” The court also observed that “Bowman filed the

instant action on March 22, 2022, within the two year time frame, but he was out of compliance

with his policy for failure to complete the repairs and/or replacement” and that “[e]ven if

Bowman has now or eventually completes the repairs and/or replacement to the property, any

subsequent action for the value is barred for failure to institute suit for them within two years of

the date of loss.”

       Bowman appeals.

                                            ANALYSIS

       Bowman argues that the circuit court erred in sustaining State Farm’s demurrer because

his request for declaratory relief concerning State Farm’s obligation to pay replacement costs

under Bowman’s insurance policy presented a justiciable controversy. A demurrer tests the legal

sufficiency of the facts alleged in a complaint, assuming that all facts alleged and all inferences

fairly drawn from those facts are true. Mansfield v. Bernabei, 284 Va. 116, 120-21 (2012). “The

trial court is not permitted on demurrer to evaluate and decide the merits of the allegations set

forth in a . . . complaint, but only may determine whether the factual allegations of the . . .

complaint are sufficient to state a cause of action.” Riverview Farm Assocs. Va. Gen. P’shp v.

Bd. of Supervisors of Charles City Cnty., 259 Va. 419, 427 (2000). “This Court reviews a circuit

court’s decision to sustain a demurrer de novo.” Givago Growth, LLC v. iTech AG, LLC, 300

Va. 260, 264 (2021).

       Deciding whether there is a justiciable controversy requires us to review the insurance

policy between Bowman and State Farm. The interpretation of a contract, and whether it is

                                                -5-
ambiguous, is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo. Eure v. Norfolk Shipbuilding &

Drydock Corp., 263 Va. 624, 631 (2002).

       A justiciable controversy is a prerequisite to a circuit court’s statutory authority to issue

declaratory relief. Charlottesville Area Fitness Club Operators Ass’n v. Albemarle Cnty. Bd. of

Supervisors, 285 Va. 87, 98 (2013). A circuit court has statutory authority to issue declaratory

relief, making “‘binding adjudications of right’ in cases of ‘actual controversy’ when there is

‘antagonistic assertion and denial of right.’” Miller v. Highland Cnty., 274 Va. 355, 369-70

(2007) (quoting Code § 8.01-184). “If there is no actual controversy between the parties

regarding the adjudication of rights, the declaratory judgment is an advisory opinion that the

court does not have jurisdiction to render.” Charlottesville Area Fitness Club Operators Ass’n,

285 Va. at 98. At its core, this requirement ensures that there are “specific adverse claims,” City

of Fairfax v. Shanklin, 205 Va. 227, 229 (1964), and that “the parties to the proceeding shall be

adversely interested in the matter as to which the declaratory judgment is sought,” Patterson v.

Patterson, 144 Va. 113, 120 (1926). In addition, “a controversy is ‘justiciable’ only if the claim

is ‘based upon present rather than future or speculative facts, [that] are ripe for judicial

adjustment.’” Martin v. Garner, 286 Va. 76, 83 (2013) (alteration in original) (quoting Blue

Cross & Blue Shield of Virginia v. St. Mary’s Hosp. of Richmond, Inc., 245 Va. 24, 35 (1993)).

       The purpose of a declaratory judgment is “to afford relief from the uncertainty and

insecurity attendant upon controversies over legal rights, without requiring one of the parties

interested so to invade the rights asserted by the other as to entitle him to maintain an ordinary

action therefor.” Code § 8.01-191. Courts must interpret the statute “liberally” and administer it

“with a view to making the courts more serviceable to the people.” Id. But the “case-specific

equilibrium where a declaratory-judgment action serves its intended purpose without going too

far or not going far enough” is not always clear. Ames Ctr., L.C. v. Soho Arlington, LLC, 301

                                                -6-
Va. 246, 254 (2022). “[S]ome perspicacity is required to determine whether such danger [to

one’s legal rights] is hypothetical or imaginary only or whether it is actual and material.” Reisen

v. Aetna Life & Cas. Co., 225 Va. 327, 335 (1983) (quoting E. Borchard, Declaratory Judgments

637 (2d ed. 1941)).

       Bowman argues that he asked the circuit court for declaratory relief to settle a justiciable

controversy—whether his insurance policy requires State Farm to pay for replacement costs 1 that

are incurred more than two years after the date of loss. State Farm disagrees, pointing to the

policy language that permits Bowman to bring a suit against State Farm only if Bowman has

complied with his obligations under the policy. Because Bowman failed to incur replacement

costs within two years—required under the policy according to State Farm—State Farm argues

Bowman’s suit for declaratory relief is not justiciable. Here, uncontroverted facts and the plain

language of the policy lead us to conclude that the dispute between the parties is an “actual” or

“justiciable” controversy.

       Central to the “actual controversy” determination is whether Bowman complied with the

insurance policy, and that depends on an interpretation of the policy itself. On the one hand, the

policy states that State Farm will “pay the actual cash value of the damage to the buildings or

other structures, up to the policy limit, until actual repair or replacement is completed,” without

       1
          “Replacement cost coverage was devised to remedy the shortfall in coverage which
results under a property insurance policy compensating the insured for actual cash value alone.”
Steven Plitt et al., 12A Couch on Insurance § 176:56 (3d ed.). “[A] standard policy
compensating an insured for the actual cash value of damaged or destroyed property makes the
insured responsible for bearing the cash difference necessary to replace old property with new
property.” Id. However, “replacement cost insurance allows recovery for the actual value of
property at the time of loss, without deduction for deterioration, obsolescence, and similar
depreciation of the property’s value.” Id.
                                               -7-
any express requirement that repairs be completed within a certain period of time. 2 According to

the complaint, the first time Bowman was informed that he had to make repairs within two years

for State Farm to reimburse him was in the “Explanation of Building Replacement Cost

Benefits” form that State Farm sent after he submitted his claim. This form was not part of the

policy itself. On the other hand, the policy itself states that “[n]o action shall be brought unless

there has been compliance with the policy provisions and the action is started within two years

after the date of the loss or damage.” State Farm infers from this provision a requirement that all

repairs or replacement costs had to be made within two years.

       In interpreting a contract, we must “construe it as written” and “not add terms the parties

themselves did not include.” PBM Nutritionals, LLC v. Lexington Ins. Co., 283 Va. 624, 636

(2012) (quoting Landmark HHH, LLC v. Gi Hwa Park, 277 Va. 50, 57 (2009)). We are

prohibited from “insert[ing] by construction, for the benefit of a party, a term not express in the

contract.” Id. (quoting Lansdowne Dev. Co., L.L.C. v. Xerox Realty Corp., 257 Va. 392, 400

(1999)). We are also mindful of the “well-established principle that conflicting provisions in

insurance policies must be construed in favor of coverage.” Id. at 633. Our courts “have been

consistent in construing the language of such policies, where there is doubt as to their meaning,

in favor of that interpretation which grants coverage, rather than that which withholds it .” Copp

v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 279 Va. 675, 681 (2010) (quoting Seals v. Erie Ins. Exch., 277 Va.

       2
        While not argued by the parties, we observe that insurers operating in Virginia are
permitted to provide

               extended coverage endorsements where the insured may be
               indemnified for . . . the difference between the actual cash value of
               the property at the time of loss and the cost of repair or
               replacement of the property on the same site with new materials of
               like kind and quality, within a reasonable time after the loss, and
               without deduction for depreciation.

Code § 38.2-2119(A)(i) (emphasis added).
                                                -8-
558, 562 (2009)). Indeed, it is “well-settled” that “[l]anguage in a policy purporting to exclude

certain events from coverage will be construed most strongly against the insurer.” St. Paul Fire

& Marine Ins. Co. v. S.L. Nusbaum & Co., 227 Va. 407, 411 (1984).

        Applying these principles here, we find that the policy is ambiguous as to whether

Bowman was required to incur all replacement costs within two years. Granite State Ins. Co. v.

Bottoms, 243 Va. 228, 234 (1992) (“[L]anguage is ambiguous when it may be understood in

more than one way or when it refers to two or more things at the same time.”). Because the plain

language of the policy does not impose a time limit on reconstruction, it is not clear from the

factual allegations in the complaint that Bowman was out of compliance with the policy at the

time he filed his declaratory judgment action. See Riverview Farm Assocs. Va. Gen. P’shp, 259

Va. at 427 (explaining that at the demurrer stage, the court may only determine “whether the

factual allegations of the . . . complaint are sufficient to state a cause of action” and may not

“evaluate and decide the merits of the allegations set forth” in the complaint). This ambiguity

renders the case justiciable. 3

        A circuit court cannot resolve contractual ambiguity at the demurrer stage. Greater

Richmond Civic Recreation, Inc. v. A.H. Ewing’s Sons, Inc., 200 Va. 593, 596-97 (1959). “The

construction of an ambiguous contract is a matter submitted to the trier of fact, who must

examine the extrinsic evidence to determine the intention of the parties.” Tuomala v. Regent

Univ., 252 Va. 368, 374 (1996). At trial, “parol evidence is admissible, not to contradict or vary

contract terms, but to establish the real contract between the parties.” Id.; see also Vega v.

        3
         Our dissenting colleague points to Bowman’s admission that it would not be possible to
complete the repair or replacement within two years of the date of loss, and labels the same a
concession that Bowman failed to comply with the policy. But this assumes the policy
unambiguously required Bowman to incur such costs within two years. To the contrary, we find
the contract ambiguous on this point and disagree with our colleague’s assessment that “any
purported ambiguity with respect to whether the policy does or does not impose a time limit for
repair or replacement is irrelevant.”
                                              -9-
Chattan Assocs., Inc., 246 Va. 196, 201-02 (1993) (holding that where “seemingly conflicting

provisions” in a contract “created an ambiguity,” it was “for the jury to resolve the conflict” by

evaluating parol evidence).

       Finally, we conclude that Bowman does not ask us to resolve a claim based on “uncertain

and contingent events that may not occur at all.” 26 C.J.S. Declaratory Judgments § 27 (2022).

State Farm’s repeated assertions that Bowman had to complete repair and replacement within

two years to receive reimbursement—a position State Farm has continued to press on appeal—

satisfies the requirement that Bowman’s fear that State Farm will not reimburse him for costs

incurred after two years is far from a hypothetical one. Declaratory relief was designed to afford

individuals like Bowman “relief from the uncertainty and insecurity attendant upon controversies

over legal rights, without requiring one of the parties interested so to invade the rights asserted

by the other as to entitle him to maintain an ordinary action therefor.” Hoffman Fam., L.L.C. v.

Mill Two Assocs. P’ship, 259 Va. 685, 693 (2000) (quoting Code § 8.01-191).

       Given the ambiguity of the insurance policy, the circuit court erred in sustaining State

Farm’s demurrer. Tuomala, 252 Va. at 374. In reaching this conclusion, we note the position

taken by the Oregon Court of Appeals after considering similar circumstances. That court

explained that while “the terms of the no-action clause prohibit plaintiff from bringing suit if he

had not complied with the policy provisions . . . that does not by itself establish that those

provisions actually require plaintiff to complete reconstruction within two years of the date of

loss.” Patton v. Mut. of Enumclaw Ins. Co., 337 P.3d 874, 882 (Or. Ct. App. 2014) (concluding

that where the policy did not “specify an express limit . . . within which repair or replacement

must be completed,” the court would not infer one from a clause stating that “[n]o action can be

brought unless the policy provisions have been complied with and the action is started within

two years after the date of loss”); see also Bakos v. N.Y. Cent. Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 920 N.Y.S.2d

                                               - 10 -
552, 554 (N.Y. App. Div. 2011) (denying insurer’s motion to dismiss because “two-year

limitation on legal action does not impose a time limit on reconstruction”). Indeed, State Farm’s

“argument to the contrary is circular.” Patton, 337 P.3d at 882.

       State Farm advances a second argument—that even if the court granted Bowman the

relief he seeks and declared that the policy did not require Bowman to incur repair or

replacement costs within two years of the loss, Bowman would not be able to bring a breach of

contract suit against State Farm to enforce the same now that two years have passed. Thus, the

same “Suit Against Us” clause effectively renders this action moot.

       It is true that any subsequent action Bowman files against State Farm regarding his

insurance policy risks dismissal under the “Suit Against Us” provision. It is also true that our

Supreme Court has previously held that this language, required by Code § 38.2-2105, barred a

suit brought against insurers filed after the two-year mark had passed. Hitt Contracting, Inc. v.

Indus. Risk Insurers, 258 Va. 40 (1999).

       Nonetheless, it is premature at this point to conclude that any action Bowman might bring

would certainly be doomed to fail. Traditional contract doctrines like “waiver and estoppel can

apply to contractual limitations periods in insurance policies when the facts support them.” 44A

Am. Jur. 2d Insurance § 1925. “Thus, an insurer may waive an insurance policy’s contractual

limitations period or may by its acts and conduct be estopped from asserting such provision as a

defense to an action on the policy.” Id.; see Roenke v. Virginia Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co., 209

Va. 128, 134-35 (1968) (affirming that an insurance company could potentially waive a right

bestowed by contract through express or implied conduct). In addition, the defense of

“impossibility of performance is [also] an established principle of contract law.” Hampton

                                              - 11 -
Roads Bankshares, Inc. v. Harvard, 291 Va. 42, 53 (2016).4 Applying these traditional

doctrines, some courts have found exceptions to policy language expressly limiting an insurer’s

obligation to pay repair or replacement costs.5 We do not decide here if any of those exceptions

applies. The possibility that one might apply, however, suffices to assuage any concern that a

declaration of rights here would be wholly advisory.

       4
          The Supreme Court has yet to rule out the possibility that an insured could advance
impossibility as an exception to the “Suit Against Us” limitation. While Hitt Contracting notes
that “the possibility that in certain circumstances an insured might not be able to recover
replacement costs incurred near or at the end of the two-year limitations period does not change
the plain language” of the statute or policy, the Court noted “such circumstances are not
presented in the instant case” because the claim was submitted and rejected before the two-year
limitations period expired. 258 Va. at 47, 47 n.3. In further contrast to this case, the policy there
explicitly stated that coverage was “extended to cover such property to the amount actually
expended by or in behalf of the Insured to repair, rebuild or replace within two (2) years from the
date of loss or damage.” Id. at 44. And instead of rejecting the general notion that impossibility
could excuse a failure to perform under an insurance policy, in Whitmer v. Graphic Arts Mut.
Ins. Co., 242 Va. 349, 355-56 (1991), the Supreme Court rejected the fact-specific assertion by a
particular insured that it was impossible for him to pay for the replacement without first
receiving funds from his insurer, instead of expending the funds and being reimbursed later.
       5
          See, e.g., McCahill v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 446 N.W.2d 579, 585 (Mich. Ct.
App. 1989) (insured excused from performing the condition precedent of completing the
rebuilding or repair because insurer’s actions hindered insured’s performance); Zaitchick v. Am.
Motorists Ins. Co., 554 F. Supp. 209, 217 (S.D.N.Y. 1982) (finding caselaw and equitable
considerations supported award of replacement costs under fire policy even though repair and
replacement had not yet been completed), aff’d sub nom. Zaitchick v. Am. Motors Ins., 742 F.2d
1441 (2d Cir. 1983); Stephens & Stephens XII, LLC v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co., 180 Cal. Rptr.
3d 683, 696 (Cal. Ct. App. 2014) (“When an insurer’s decision to decline coverage materially
hinders an insured from repairing damaged property, procedural obstacles to obtaining the
replacement cost value should be excused.”); Baluk v. New York Cent. Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 6
N.Y.S.3d 917, 918 (N.Y. App. Div. 2015) (reversing an insurer’s motion to dismiss based on a
provision similar to the “Suit Against Us” language because “[i]n certain circumstances . . . [i]t is
neither fair nor reasonable to require a suit within two years from the date of the loss, while
imposing a condition precedent to the suit . . . that cannot be met within that two-year period”
(third alteration in original)); Bailey v. Farmers Union Co-op. Ins. Co. of Neb., 498 N.W.2d 591,
598 (Neb. Ct. App. 1992) (“A condition is excused if the occurrence of the condition is
prevented by the party whose performance is dependent upon the condition.”); Rockford Mut.
Ins. Co. v. Pirtle, 911 N.E.2d 60 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (affirming jury determination that insured
was excused from completing repairs or replacement due to insurer’s actions in handling
insured’s claim).
                                                - 12 -
       Here, we are presented with a specific adverse claim between parties that are adversely

interested in the matter. State Farm has argued that the policy does not require it to reimburse

Bowman for costs incurred after two years from the date of loss. As discussed above, the policy

is ambiguous on this point. Should the factfinder conclude that the policy does not require

Bowman to complete repairs within two years, and State Farm relies on the “Suit Against Us”

provision and refuses to reimburse him, there is at least some possibility that Bowman might be

entitled to relief. Therefore, the circuit court was wrong to conclude that there was no justiciable

controversy presented here.

                                          CONCLUSION

       For these reasons, we reverse and remand the circuit court’s decision to sustain the

demurrer.

                                                                          Reversed and remanded.

                                               - 13 -
Callins, J., dissenting.

        This is a unique case, and I agree with the majority as to where its fulcrum lies. The case

turns on whether Bowman was in compliance with his insurance policy. But unlike the majority,

I would hold that because Bowman failed to comply with the policy, he did not plead in his

complaint allegations sufficient to state a cause of action. See Friends of the Rappahannock v.

Caroline Cnty. Bd. of Supervisors, 286 Va. 38, 44 (2013) (“At the demurrer stage, it is not the

function of the trial court to decide the merits of the allegations set forth in a complaint, but only

to determine whether the factual allegations pled and the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom

are sufficient to state a cause of action.”). In the absence of such an actual controversy, Bowm an

cannot satisfy the sine-qua-non precondition for declaratory relief: a justiciable interest. Cf. First

Nat’l Trust & Sav. Bank v. Raphael, 201 Va. 718, 721 (1960) (“It is true that the general rule is

that in an action for a declaratory judgment, if the plaintiff’s pleading alleges the existence of an

actual or justiciable controversy it states a cause of action and is not demurrable.”).

        The majority finds that because the insurance policy imposes no time limit for repair or

replacement costs, there exists a live question as to whether Bowman was out of compliance with

the policy. It is this ambiguity, the majority holds, that makes this case justiciable. But any

purported ambiguity with respect to whether the policy does or does not impose a time limi t for

repair or replacement costs is irrelevant, since Bowman’s action was precluded by the terms of

the policy regardless of whether the same requires expenses to be incurred within two years.

        Bowman’s suit implicated two groups of provisions in his insurance policy. First were

the essential provisions establishing parameters for State Farm’s payment of repair or

replacement costs. Those provisions state,

                (2) We will pay the cost of repair or replacement, without
                    deduction for depreciation, . . . [for] the amount actually and
                    necessarily spent to repair or replace the damaged building
                    ....
                                                - 14 -
                       ....

               (3) We will pay the actual cash value of the damage to the
                   buildings or other structures, up to the policy limit, until actual
                   repair or replacement is completed.

Second was the policy’s “Suit Against Us” provision, which states,

               No action shall be brought unless there has been compliance with
               the policy provisions and the action is started within two years
               after the date of the loss or damage.

       Under the first group of relevant provisions, the policy specifies that to recover costs for

repair or replacement an insured is required to incur actual and necessary amounts. The policy

also requires that an insured complete “actual repair or replacement” and be in compliance with

the policy to bring an action. Accepting as true the facts alleged in Bowman’s complaint and all

reasonable inferences deriving therefrom, Sweely Holdings, LLC v. SunTrust Bank, 296 Va. 367,

370-71 (2018), Bowman did not complete repairs to the property, nor did he contend incurring

actual or necessary costs for the same. Indeed, Bowman’s complaint alleged that “it will not be

possible to complete the actual repair or replacement of the damaged part of the property within

two years of the date of loss.” Thus, Bowman conceded his failure to comply with the policy as

required under the policy’s “Suit Against Us” provision when he acknowledged in his complaint

that he had not taken action for recovery under the repair or replacement provisions.

       Instead, Bowman requested that the circuit court “hold that State Farm may not as of

March 25, 2022, restrict Bowman to payments for the actual cash value of the damaged part of

the property . . . as opposed to replacement cost benefits up to the policy limits.” Bowman

essentially sought to have the circuit court declare that should he, at some point in the future and

beyond the two-year limit for action, decide to assert a claim compliant with recovery provisions

of the policy, State Farm would be enjoined from denying it. In so doing, Bowman sought to

have the circuit court do what it cannot: entertain a suit against State Farm where there has not

                                               - 15 -
been compliance with the policy provisions that require funds “actually” be spent and that

“actual repair or replacement” be “completed.”

        Further, because of the period of limitations imposed by the “Suit Against Us” provision,

even if, in interpreting the policy, the circuit court had found that Bowman was not out of

compliance with the policy’s relevant provisions, Bowman is entirely barred from enforcing the

policy in court. To seek declaratory relief, Bowman must have an underlying legal right that is

recognizable by a court of law and able to give rise to a controversy. See Morgan v. Bd. of

Supervisors of Hanover Cnty., ___ Va. ___, ___ (Feb. 2, 2023) (“[T]he Declaratory Judgment

Act provides a ‘procedural remedy for the unripe, but legally viable, cause of action.’” (emphasis

added) (quoting Cherrie v. Va. Health Servs., Inc., 292 Va. 309, 318 (2016))). Even if that right

is not yet ripe, it must eventually be justiciable in order for it to give rise to a right to bring a

declaratory judgment action. See Justiciable, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (“subject

to proper resolution on the merits by a court of justice; capable of being disposed of judicially”).

Here, that right would be to receive replacement costs for his repairs for the damaged property.

Yet, with the two-year limitations period to bring an action having run, Bowman has no

justiciable right to litigate against State Farm. And Bowman’s right to bring a declaratory

judgment action cannot be the subject of the controversy that gives him the authority to bring this

action because that would create an absurdity. See City of Charlottesville v. Payne, 299 Va. 515,

532 (2021) (“An absurd result describes an interpretation that results in the statute being

internally inconsistent . . . .”).

        Thus, I am compelled to find that any decision rendering judgment would change

Bowman’s substantive rights, something the declaratory judgment acts do not empower us to do.

See Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Bishop, 211 Va. 414, 419 (1970) (“The declaratory judgment acts do

not create or change any substantive rights . . . .” (quoting 26 C.J.S. Declaratory Judgments § 7,

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59-60)). What Bowman seeks is “procedural fencing” to bring his now barred action to court.

Green v. Goodman-Gable-Gould Co., Inc., 268 Va. 102, 107 (2004). And the majority’s

thought-exercise as to potential causes of action possibly available to Bowman in a theoretical

collateral attack on a contract not otherwise subject to enforcement in an unknown future is

illustrative of the perils of rendering advisory opinions. Such an opinion would change

Bowman’s substantive rights by altering their parameters and allow him to bring an otherwise

incognizable claim into “the subject of judicial power.” See Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 211 Va. at

419 (quoting 26 C.J.S. Declaratory Judgments § 7, 59-60).

        In the end, Bowman failed to comply with the policy’s repair and replacement provisions,

which compliance was a prerequisite to bringing any action, including this one. Accordingly,

even if Bowman’s complaint were examined in the light most favorable to him, there is no actual

controversy. That is, Bowman’s failure to complete actual repairs or replacements, and thus,

comply with his policy, was fatal to his suit, as it left him without a cause of action, and in turn,

without allegations sufficient to survive State Farm’s demurrer.

        Finding that there is no controversy, I would affirm the judgment of the circuit court. It

is for this reason that I respectfully dissent.

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