Court Opinion

ID: 2978571
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 18:27:50.630038+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:37:31.976027
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                   File Name: 09a0408p.06

               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                 _________________

                                            X
                                             -
 RICHARD COOEY, KENNETH BIROS

                        Plaintiff-Appellee, --
 (Intervenor),

                                             -
                                                            No. 09-4300

                                             ,
                                              >
                                             -
            v.

                                             -
                    Defendants-Appellants. -
 TED STRICKLAND, Governor, et al.,
                                            N

                               Filed: November 25, 2009
               Before: SILER, GIBBONS, and SUTTON, Circuit Judges.

                                   _________________

                                         ORDER
                                   _________________

        PER CURIAM. The State of Ohio set an execution date of December 8, 2009, for
Kenneth Biros. On October 19, 2009, the district court stayed the execution based on pre-
existing litigation related to challenges to Ohio’s method of execution, including challenges
stemming from the State’s use of a three-drug protocol and its difficulty accessing usable
veins in prior executions.

        On November 13, 2009, Ohio changed its execution protocol, effective
November 30, 2009. The State replaced its three-drug protocol with a one-drug protocol
(which involves an intravenous injection of five grams of thiopental sodium) and developed
a back-up plan for executions involving individuals with difficult-to-access veins (which
involves an intramuscular injection of ten milligrams of midazolam and forty milligrams of
hydromorphone). See R.601-1. Soon after the State changed its execution protocol, it
moved in the district court to vacate that court’s stay of execution on the ground (among
others) that the new protocol mooted the prior order. When the district court refused to
vacate the stay, the State urged us to vacate its prior order. We called for a response from
Biros, which he submitted on November 20, 2009.

                                             1
No. 09-4300           Biros v. Strickland, et al.                                        Page 2

          Before considering the merits of the State’s motion, we must decide whether we have
jurisdiction to review it. According to Biros, the district court’s October 19, 2009, order falls
outside our authority to review interlocutory decisions granting injunctions. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 1292(a)(1). In considering this issue, we focus on “the nature of the order and [its]
substance,” not “the label attached” to it. Workman v. Bredesen, 486 F.3d 896, 904 (6th Cir.
2007) (quotation marks omitted). If the district court’s order has the “practical effect” of
granting an injunction, we retain appellate jurisdiction over it, particularly when that order
has “serious, perhaps irreparable, consequence[s]” and “can be effectually challenged only
by immediate appeal.” Carson v. Am. Brands, Inc., 450 U.S. 79, 84 (1981) (quotation marks
omitted); see also Gulfstream Aerospace Corp. v. Mayacamas Corp., 485 U.S. 271, 279
(1988).

          No doubt, the district court’s order begins with matters of discovery and trial
scheduling. But it proceeds to prevent the State from ordering Biros’s execution on
December 8. In the court’s words: “[I]t is ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED that
the State of Ohio, and any person acting on its behalf, is hereby STAYED from
implementing an order for the execution of Kenneth Biros issued by any court of the State
of Ohio until further Order from this Court.” R.590 at 3. The order is injunctive in nature
and in effect. See Workman, 486 F.3d at 904. To protect its interest in enforcing Biros’s
sentence without undue federal interference, see Baze v. Rees, 553 U.S. ___, 128 S. Ct. 1520,
1537 (2008); Hill v. McDonough, 547 U.S. 573, 584 (2006), the State may seek immediate
appellate review of that order. See Workman, 486 F.3d at 904.

          As to the merits, the district court’s stay order must be vacated because any challenge
to Ohio’s three-drug execution protocol is now moot. Since Biros filed his lawsuit, the State
has amended its lethal injection protocol. As noted, it now has a single-drug intravenous
procedure and uses a two-drug intramuscular procedure as a back-up if it cannot access the
veins of the individual. See R.601-1 at ¶¶ 6–8 (Aff. of Terry Collins, Director of Ohio
Department of Rehabilitation and Correction) (“[G]oing forward, pancuronium bromide . . .
[and] potassium chloride no longer will be used as part of that process. . . . [T]he execution
procedures will use . . . thiopental sodium . . . injected via an established intravenous (“IV”)
site . . . . As a back-up, if an IV site cannot be established or maintained, then an
intramuscular (“IM”) injection [of midazolam and hydromorphone] may be used.”). Because
No. 09-4300          Biros v. Strickland, et al.                                       Page 3

Ohio no longer follows the principal procedures that Biros challenges, the motion no longer
presents a “live” dispute. See Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486, 496 (1969).

        Biros rejoins that Ohio has not met its “heavy” burden of showing that this voluntary
change in procedure has defeated any “‘reasonable expectation . . .’ that the alleged violation
will recur.” Los Angeles County v. Davis, 440 U.S. 625, 631 (1979). Biros suggests that
“there is no assurance that defendants will not revert to [the three-drug procedure] whenever
they want to do so.” Biros Reply Br. at 14. As an initial matter, it is by no means clear that
the prior procedure was unconstitutional, and it thus is by no means clear that a “rever[sion]”
will lead to “recur[ring]” constitutional violations. See Baze, 128 S. Ct. at 1537. Be that as
it may, the question at hand is whether Ohio will use the old procedure, or the new one, in
executing Biros. There is no basis in the record or for that matter in common sense for
assuming that the State will do anything other than what it has told us in court filings and
what it has told the public at large: it has changed its execution protocol, and it intends to
apply the substantially modified protocol to Biros. Both of the key changes to the protocol,
it bears adding, grew out of—and were direct responses to—the underlying litigation of
which Biros was a part. Under these circumstances, we see no reasonable basis for refusing
to take the State at its word.

        One final point deserves mention. In granting a stay of execution, the district court
based its reasoning on concerns related to the old procedure. Because the old procedure will
not be utilized on Biros, no basis exists for continuing the stay previously in effect. Whether
a stay is warranted under the new protocol is not before us at this time. Should Biros bring
a new challenge on this ground, the district court and we can consider whether he has met
the requirements for granting a stay, including the requirement of establishing a likelihood
of success on the merits. See id. at 1537; Nelson v. Campbell, 541 U.S. 637, 649 (2004).

        We therefore VACATE the October 19, 2009, stay issued by the district court.