Court Opinion

ID: 9925631
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-22 16:00:40.87318+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:20.122549
License: Public Domain

23-286
     The Resource Group International Limited et al. v. Chishti
 1                                          In the
 2                            United States Court of Appeals
 3                                 for the Second Circuit
 4
 5
 6                                  August Term 2023
 7                              Argued: September 18, 2023
 8                               Decided: January 22, 2024
 9
10                                       No. 23-286
11
12                               THE RESOURCE GROUP
13                           INTERNATIONAL LIMITED, TRG
14                                PAKISTAN LIMITED,
15                              MOHAMMED KHAISHGI,
16                                 HASNAIN ASLAM,
17                                Plaintiffs-Appellants,
18                                           v.
19                        MUHAMMAD ZIAULLAH KHAN CHISHTI,
20                                Defendant-Appellee.
21
22
23                     Appeal from the United States District Court
24                       for the Southern District of New York
25                            No. 23-1760, Louis L. Stanton,
26                                District Court Judge.
27

28   Before: CALABRESI, LEE, and PÉREZ, Circuit Judges.

29          On appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Southern
30   District of New York (Stanton, J.).

31         This appeal arises from a dispute as to the propriety of pending arbitration
32   proceedings. The Plaintiffs-Appellants seek to avoid arbitration, while Defendant-
33   Appellee seeks to enforce what he contends to be a valid arbitration agreement to
34   resolve his claims against Plaintiffs-Appellants. This case asks the Court to
 1   determine: first, whether it has jurisdiction under New York state law,
 2   notwithstanding Section 16 of the Federal Arbitration Act; then, if it does, whether
 3   an agreement to arbitrate is superseded by a later-executed release agreement
 4   containing a forum selection clause that does not specifically mention arbitration;
 5   and finally, the circumstances under which improperly being forced to arbitrate
 6   can satisfy the irreparable harm prong of the preliminary injunction inquiry.

 7          Plaintiffs-Appellants The Resource Group International Limited, TRG
 8   Pakistan Limited, Mohammad Khaishgi, and Hasnain Aslam appeal from an order
 9   entered by the district court denying their motion for a preliminary injunction.
10   The TRGI Plaintiffs sought to enjoin ongoing arbitration proceedings brought
11   against them by Defendant-Appellee Muhammad Ziaullah Khan Chishti, the
12   former Chairman and director of TRGI and former CEO and director of TRGP.
13   The district court denied the preliminary injunction, concluding that the TRGI
14   Plaintiffs failed to demonstrate a likelihood of success on the merits of their claims
15   and that they would be irreparably harmed in the absence of emergency relief.

16          We hold that: (1) this Court has jurisdiction over this appeal; and (2) the
17   district court relied on an erroneous view of the law in concluding that the TRGI
18   Plaintiffs failed to demonstrate both a likelihood of success on the merits of their
19   claims and irreparable harm absent a preliminary injunction. In particular, the
20   district court erroneously concluded that the Release Agreement likely did not
21   supersede the relevant Stock Purchase Agreement and, as a result, failed to
22   determine the scope of the Release Agreement or otherwise identify which claims
23   are arbitrable in the first instance for purposes of ruling on the preliminary
24   injunction request. The district court also erred in concluding that being forced to
25   arbitrate an inarbitrable claim cannot constitute irreparable harm. As a result, for
26   the reasons set forth below, we VACATE the district court’s order and REMAND
27   the case to the district court for further proceedings.

                                               2
 1
 2
 3                            MARK E. MCDONALD, Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton
 4                            LLP (Jeffrey A. Rosenthal, Lisa Vicens, Cleary Gottlieb
 5                            Steen & Hamilton LLP, New York, NY; S. Gale Dick,
 6                            Christine M. Jordan, Cohen & Gresser LLP, New York,
 7                            NY, on the brief), New York, NY, for Plaintiffs-Appellants.
 8
 9                            JOHN SULLIVAN, Cozen O’Connor, New York, NY, for
10                            Defendant-Appellee.
11
12
13   MYRNA PÉREZ, Circuit Judge:

14         This appeal arises from a dispute as to the propriety of pending arbitration

15   proceedings. The Plaintiffs-Appellants seek to avoid arbitration, while Defendant-

16   Appellee seeks to enforce what he contends to be a valid arbitration agreement to

17   resolve his claims against Plaintiffs-Appellants.    This case asks the Court to

18   determine: first, whether it has jurisdiction under New York state law,

19   notwithstanding Section 16 of the Federal Arbitration Act; then, if it does, whether

20   an agreement to arbitrate is superseded by a later-executed release agreement

21   containing a forum selection clause that does not specifically mention arbitration;

22   and finally, the circumstances under which improperly being forced to arbitrate

23   satisfies the irreparable harm prong of the preliminary injunction inquiry. For the

                                              3
 1   reasons set forth below, we VACATE the district court’s order and REMAND the

 2   case to the district court for further proceedings.

 3    I.   Prior Proceedings

 4         Before the Court is an appeal from the district court’s denial of a motion for

 5   a preliminary injunction brought by Plaintiffs-Appellants The Resource Group

 6   International Limited (“TRGI”), TRG Pakistan Limited (“TRGP”), Mohammed

 7   Khaishgi, and Hasnain Aslam (together, the “TRGI Plaintiffs”).           The TRGI

 8   Plaintiffs sought to enjoin a JAMS arbitration proceeding brought against them by

 9   Defendant-Appellee Muhammad Ziaullah Khan Chishti, the former Chairman

10   and director of TRGI and former CEO and director of TRGP.

11      A. The Parties

12         TRGI is a Bermuda-based holding company that invests in technology

13   companies; TRGP is TRGI’s largest shareholder affiliate and is based in Pakistan.

14   In 2005, TRGI received an outside investment of $30 million from a group of

15   entities, including an investment fund affiliated with American International

16   Group, Inc. (“AIG”) now known as Pinebridge Global Emerging Markets Fund II,

17   L.P. (“GEM II”). TRGI, TRGP, and their management, including Chishti, entered

18   into a Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement (“SPA”), which governed the terms of

                                               4
 1   the investment with GEM II, and other AIG affiliates—collectively, the “2005

 2   Purchasers.” Under the agreement, GEM II and the AIG affiliates received shares

 3   of TRGI stock. The SPA included an arbitration provision providing that:

 4         All disputes and controversies arising under or in connection with this
 5         Agreement shall be settled by arbitration conducted in accordance with
 6         the arbitration procedures described in this [Arbitration Section]. . . .
 7         [T]he arbitration procedures described in this Section . . . shall be
 8         governed by, and shall be enforceable pursuant to, the Uniform Arbitration
 9         Act as in effect in the State of New York from time to time.

10   App’x at 212 (emphasis added). The SPA also required Chishti to vote his TRGP

11   shares in a manner that placed two people chosen by GEM II on TRGP’s board.

12         In November 2021, Chishti resigned from his positions at TRGI and TRGP

13   shortly after sexual assault allegations against him became public. Subsequently,

14   in January 2022, in advance of a TRGP board election, concerns arose that Chishti

15   would fail to comply with his obligation under the SPA to vote for two GEM II

16   directors and would instead nominate a list of directors that included himself and

17   his relatives. To prevent that from occurring, GEM II and the AIG affiliates agreed

18   to waive stock transfer restrictions in the SPA and consent to the repurchase of

19   Chishti’s shares, on the conditions that: (1) GEM II’s nominees be elected to the

20   TRGP Board at the January 2022 meeting in accordance with Chishti’s obligations

21   under the SPA; and (2) Chishti execute a Release Agreement with Gem II and

                                               5
 1   affiliates. The Release Agreement required that Chishti refrain from commencing

 2   litigation or other proceedings against TRGI and certain other parties.

 3      B. Arbitration and Federal Suit

 4         In February 2023, Chishti initiated an arbitration action against the TRGI

 5   Plaintiffs and others not involved in this appeal (the “JAMS Arbitration”). He

 6   alleged breach of contract and fiduciary claims both individually and derivatively

 7   on behalf of TRGI and TRGP, including that the TRGI Plaintiffs had used his

 8   resignation as an opportunity to seize control of both companies. He specifically

 9   claimed that the TRGI Plaintiffs had breached the SPA and their fiduciary duties

10   to shareholders when they: (1) amended the SPA to enlarge TRGI’s board; (2)

11   failed to pay TRGI’s excess income as dividends to shareholders in December 2021

12   and instead used its subsidiary to purchase TRGP shares on the open market; (3)

13   failed to make the appropriate public disclosures under Pakistani law in the wake

14   of the December 2021 board vote; and (4) used the purchase of TRGP shares to

15   coordinate a profitable selloff of their own positions in TRGP.

16         On March 1, 2023, the TRGI Plaintiffs filed suit in the district court, asserting

17   that Chishti breached the Release Agreement. In addition, the TRGI Plaintiffs

18   sought: (1) declaratory judgments stating that the Release Agreement superseded

                                               6
1    the SPA’s arbitration provision, Chishti’s claims were barred, and his derivative

2    claims were not arbitrable; and (2) a temporary restraining order and a

3    preliminary injunction staying the arbitration proceedings. The district court

4    denied the preliminary injunction, finding that the TRGI Plaintiffs had failed to

5    show a likelihood of success on the merits of their claims and how they would be

6    irreparably harmed were the emergency relief not granted. The TRGI Plaintiffs

7    filed this timely appeal.

 8   II.   Discussion

 9      A. Jurisdiction

10         Before turning to the merits of the TRGI Plaintiffs’ appeal, the Court must

11   first consider whether it has jurisdiction over the appeal in the first place. We find

12   that it does.

13             1. Non-Applicability of Section 16 of the FAA

14         In general, this Court has jurisdiction to review interlocutory appeals from

15   the denial of an injunction under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1). However, Section 16 of

16   the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) limits the Court’s authority to review

17   interlocutory appeals by providing that “an appeal may not be taken from an

18   interlocutory order . . . refusing to enjoin an arbitration that is subject to [the

19   FAA].” 9 U.S.C. § 16(b)(4); see also Accenture LLP v. Spreng, 647 F.3d 72, 74 (2d Cir.
                                               7
1    2011) (holding that under Section 16(b)(4) of the FAA, there is no appellate

2    jurisdiction over district court orders “refusing to enjoin an arbitration”). Section

3    16’s constraint on appellate jurisdiction, however, is not absolute because the

4    Supreme Court has held that parties may “specify by contract the rules under

 5   which th[e] arbitration will be conducted,” including “state rules of arbitration.”

 6   Volt Info. Scis., Inc. v. Bd. of Trs. of Leland Stanford Junior Univ., 489 U.S. 468, 479

 7   (1989).   In other words, the FAA does not “prevent[] the enforcement of

 8   agreements to arbitrate under different rules than those set forth in the Act itself.”

 9   Id.

10         The relevant choice of law text in the SPA states: “the arbitration procedures

11   described in this Section [] and any Final Arbitration Award (as defined below)

12   shall be governed by, and shall be enforceable pursuant to, the Uniform Arbitration

13   Act as in effect in the State of New York from time to time.” App’x at 212 (emphasis

14   added). The parties make two incorrect contentions regarding the application of

15   New York law. First, in arguing that this SPA language does not indicate the

16   parties’ choice to apply New York law, Chishti makes too much of the fact that

17   New York has never enacted the Uniform Arbitration Act. Second, the TRGI

18   Plaintiffs incorrectly contend that we are to apply federal procedural law to this

                                                8
1    litigation, rather than New York state law, to determine whether we have

2    jurisdiction over the appeal. We address both arguments in turn.

3                     a. Reference to the Uniform Arbitration Act

4          The parties disagree on the implications of the reference to the “Uniform

 5   Arbitration Act,” as—although New York does have a body of arbitration laws—

6    there is no “Uniform Arbitration Act” in effect in New York.

7          In this case, it is clear at the very least that the parties opted out of the FAA

8    and expressly elected New York state law to govern any arbitration procedures

9    and awards between them through their SPA. The Court acknowledges that the

10   SPA references “the Uniform Arbitration Act as in effect in the State of New York,”

11   even though New York has not enacted a version of the Uniform Arbitration Act.

12   App’x at 212. However, the Court declines Chishti’s invitation to consider this

13   language grounds for rendering the SPA’s arbitration clause as one that suggests

14   the application of the FAA.

15         “The cardinal principle for the construction and interpretation of . . . all

16   contracts—is that the intentions of the parties should control.” SR Int'l Bus. Ins.

17   Co. v. World Trade Ctr. Props., LLC, 467 F.3d 107, 125 (2d Cir. 2006) (quoting

18   Newmont Mines Ltd. v. Hanover Ins. Co., 784 F.2d 127, 135 (2d Cir. 1986)). Under

                                               9
 1   New York law, courts determine intent by looking at “the objective manifestations

 2   of the intent of the parties as gathered by their expressed words and deeds.” Brown

 3   Bros. Elec. Contractors, Inc. v. Beam Constr. Corp., 361 N.E.2d 999, 1001 (N.Y. 1977).

 4   “The rules of construction of contracts require us to adopt an interpretation which

 5   gives meaning to every provision of a contract or, in the negative, no provision of

6    a contract should be left without force and effect.” Muzak Corp. v. Hotel Taft Corp.,

7    133 N.E.2d 688, 690 (N.Y. 1956) (citations omitted).

8          Here, the provision in the SPA specifies the applicability of a body of

9    arbitration law that is consistent with what would be applied in New York State.

10   What seems most pertinent in giving effect to the parties’ intentions and all the

11   words in the provision is a reading consistent with applying the arbitration law of

12   New York, not one that would require imposing federal arbitration law onto the

13   plain text. Thus, under New York State’s contract interpretation principle and

14   practice (which separately governs the SPA broadly), the most natural reading is

15   that the arbitration laws of New York State are to govern, at least, the arbitration

                                              10
1    procedures and awards—whether they are formally titled the “Uniform

2    Arbitration Act” of the State or not. 1

3            Despite the imprecise language of the SPA’s arbitration clause, the Court

4    therefore concludes that the reference to “the Uniform Arbitration Act as in effect

5    in the State of New York” evinces the parties’ clear intent to arbitrate claims under

6    New York’s existing arbitration law.

7                          b. Jurisdiction as a Substantive Question

8            Given that choice of law as to the issue of appellate jurisdiction is in question

9    here, we must address Erie’s fundamental principle as a threshold matter. See Erie

10   R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78–80 (1938) (standing for principle that federal

11   courts are to apply federal, not state, procedural law in diversity cases); Gasperini

12   v. Ctr. for Humans., Inc., 518 U.S. 415, 427 (1996) (“Under the Erie doctrine, federal

     1 Notably, New York’s arbitration statute, N.Y. C.P.L.R. art. 75, was largely consistent with the revised
     version of the Uniform Arbitration Act that was in existence, though not formally adopted by New York,
     at the time the SPA was created. See New York State Bar Ass’n Committee on Alternative Dispute
     Resolution,        Report       on       the     Revised      Uniform      Arbitration       Act     (2003),
     https://archive.nysba.org/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=26856 (“Most of the [Revised Uniform
     Arbitration Act (“RUAA”)] codifies what is already New York law under court decisions and CPLR Article
     75. For all the differences in form that would result from the replacement of Article 75 with the RUAA, the
     RUAA has relatively few provisions that would actually alter New York law.”). This supports that even if
     some version of the UAA, rather than New York’s arbitration law, was intended to govern arbitrations
     arising out of the SPA, the actual substance of the applied law likely would not vary in any meaningful
     way.

                                                         11
1    courts sitting in diversity apply state substantive law and federal procedural

2    law.”).

3          But the question of jurisdiction here is substantive in nature. Indeed, the

4    Supreme Court has provided some guidance on this issue, recognizing that

5    statutes that “create[] jurisdiction where none previously existed . . . speak[] not

6    just to the power of a particular court but to the substantive rights of the parties as

7    well.” Hughes Aircraft Co. v. United States ex. rel. Schumer, 520 U.S. 939, 951 (1997)

8    (emphasis removed). Although neither we nor the Supreme Court has answered

 9   the specific question before us, a provision within a statute that withholds

10   jurisdiction where it would otherwise have existed, such as Section 16 of the FAA,

11   seems aptly to also “speak[] . . . to the substantive rights of the parties” by denying

12   them a right to appeal that they otherwise would have. Id. We therefore conclude

13   that the relevant provision in the FAA (withholding appellate jurisdiction) and

14   Article 75 of New York’s Civil Practice and Rules (granting appellate jurisdiction),

15   are both substantive provisions. As a result, contrary to the TRGI Plaintiffs’

16   assertions, application of New York arbitration law bearing on appellate

17   jurisdiction for denials of preliminary injunction, does not run afoul of Erie’s

                                               12
1    fundamental principle that federal courts are not to apply state procedural law.

2    See Erie, 304 U.S. at 78–80.

3            Having concluded that the parties intended and expressly elected New York

4    state law to govern arbitrations between them and, further, that jurisdiction in this

5    case is a substantive question allowing for the application of state law, we hold

6    that the arbitration proceedings are therefore governed by New York state law and

7    not “subject to” the FAA’s restrictions on appellate review.

 8                2. Application of New York State Law

9            Next, we consider whether New York state law permits appeals from the

10   denial to enjoin arbitration, which would allow this Court to exercise jurisdiction

11   over this appeal. We find that it does. Unlike the FAA, New York state law allows

12   for an appeal of an order refusing to enjoin an arbitration. 2 New York state law

13   allows a party to “apply to stay arbitration on the ground that a valid agreement

     2 The Court notes that the Supreme Court in Volt recognized that “state law may nonetheless be pre-empted
     to the extent that it actually conflicts with federal law—that is, to the extent that it ‘stands as an obstacle to
     the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress.’” Volt, 489 U.S. at 477
     (quoting Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52, 67 (1941)). In particular, the Supreme Court stated that the FAA
     preempts state laws which “require a judicial forum for the resolution of claims which the contracting
     parties agreed to resolve by arbitration,” but otherwise does not “prevent[] the enforcement of agreements
     to arbitrate under different rules than those set forth in the Act itself.” Id. at 478–79 (quoting Southland Corp.
     v. Keating, 465 U.S. 1, 10 (1984)). Here, the laws of the state of New York are not at odds with the purposes
     and objectives of the FAA, as they do not oppose arbitration. And whether the parties did in fact agree to
     arbitrate is precisely at issue in light of the Release Agreement. The parties’ SPA therefore falls squarely
     within the category of “agreements to arbitrate under different rules than those set forth in the [FAA] itself”
     (i.e., agreements that the Volt court found the FAA does not preempt). Id. at 479.
                                                            13
 1   was not made or has not been complied with.” N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 7503(b) (McKinney

 2   2005). And under New York state law, a decision granting or denying a stay of

 3   arbitration, such as the district court’s order here, is an appealable final order. See

 4   N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 5501(a) (McKinney 1997); see also Flanagan v. Prudential-Bache Sec.,

 5   Inc., 495 N.E.2d 345, 347 n.* (N.Y. 1986); Application of Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 241

 6   N.Y.S.2d 589, 597 (Sup. Ct. 1962) (holding that order denying motion for stay of

 7   arbitration was an appealable “final order”). As a result, this appeal is permissible,

 8   and this Court has jurisdiction over the appeal.

 9      B. Preliminary Injunction

10         A plaintiff seeking a preliminary injunction must show: (1) “a likelihood of

11   success on the merits”; (2) “that [the plaintiff] is likely to suffer irreparable injury

12   in the absence of an injunction”; (3) that “the balance of hardships tips in the

13   plaintiff’s favor”; and (4) “that the public interest would not be disserved by the

14   issuance of [the] injunction.” Salinger v. Colting, 607 F.3d 68, 79–80 (2d Cir. 2010)

15   (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). We review the denial of a motion

16   for a preliminary injunction for abuse of discretion. Nicosia v. Amazon.com, Inc.,

17   834 F.3d 220, 238 (2d Cir. 2016). “A district court has abused its discretion if it has

18   (1) based its ruling on an erroneous view of the law, (2) made a clearly erroneous

                                               14
1    assessment of the evidence, or (3) rendered a decision that cannot be located within

2    the range of permissible decisions.” Warren v. Pataki, 823 F.3d 125, 137 (2d Cir.

3    2016) (quoting Lynch v. City of New York, 589 F.3d 94, 99 (2d Cir. 2009)). We review

4    de novo the district court’s resolution of questions of law implicated in a request

5    for a preliminary injunction. Lusk v. Village of Cold Spring, 475 F.3d 480, 484 (2d

6    Cir. 2007).

7          Here, the district court relied on an erroneous view of the law in concluding

8    that the TRGI Plaintiffs: (1) were unlikely to succeed on the merits of their claims;

9    and (2) failed to demonstrate that they would suffer irreparable harm.

10             1. Likelihood of Success on the Merits

11         First, the district court’s conclusion that the TRGI Plaintiffs were unlikely to

12   succeed on the merits of their claims is contrary to our precedent. The Release

13   Agreement provides for “the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and United States

14   federal courts located in the state of New York” (the “Forum Selection Clause”) and

15   states that “[t]his letter agreement and the other writings referred to herein or

16   delivered pursuant hereto constitute the entire agreement among the parties with

17   respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede all prior arrangements or

18   understandings” (the “Merger Clause”). App’x at 40 (emphasis added). The

                                              15
1    Release Agreement, by way of its Forum Selection and Merger Clauses, supersedes

2    the Stock Purchase Agreement’s arbitration clause as it relates to the subject matter

3    of the Release Agreement.

4          The district court proffered a contrary conclusion and determined that the

5    SPA arbitration clause was controlling because the Release Agreement did not

6    “mention agreements to arbitrate.” Special App’x at 29. But such reasoning

7    erroneously overlooks our precedent on this issue. “In this Circuit, an agreement

8    to arbitrate is superseded by a later-executed agreement containing a forum

9    selection clause if the clause ‘specifically precludes’ arbitration, but there is no

10   requirement that the forum selection clause [definitively] mention arbitration.”

11   Goldman, Sachs & Co. v. Golden Empire Schs. Fin. Auth., 764 F.3d 210, 215 (2d Cir.

12   2014) (citations omitted). In fact, this Court has interpreted substantially similar

13   release agreements as containing exclusive forum selection clauses—even where

14   the parties’ release agreement, like here, did not explicitly discuss arbitration. See,

15   e.g., In re Am. Express Fin. Advisors Sec. Litig., 672 F.3d 113, 121, 133–34 (2d Cir. 2011)

16   (affirming injunction of arbitration of claims released in agreement failing to

17   mention arbitration); Goldman, Sachs & Co., 764 F.3d at 215 (affirming injunction of

18   an arbitration based on exclusive forum selection clause); Merrill Lynch, Pierce,

                                                 16
 1   Fenner & Smith Inc. v. Oliver, 681 F. App’x 64, 66 (2d Cir. 2017) (summary order)

 2   (affirming injunction of arbitration of claims released in agreement failing to

 3   mention arbitration), aff’g Lynch v. Oliver, 2016 WL 344980 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 27, 2016).

 4           The terms of the Release Agreement make clear that at least some claims

 5   may be arbitrable. By erroneously finding that the Release Agreement could not

 6   supersede at least some portions of the SPA, the district court incorrectly

 7   determined that the TRGI Plaintiffs failed to demonstrate a likelihood of success

 8   on the merits. Accordingly, on remand, the district court should determine the

 9   scope of the Release Agreement and thereby consider which claims are arbitrable

10   in the first instance for purposes of ruling on the preliminary injunction. 3

11               2. Irreparable Harm

12           The district court’s reasoning as to why the TRGI Plaintiffs could not be

13   irreparably harmed by a denial of an injunction failed to properly consider this

14   Circuit’s case law. The district court offered no explanation for why irreparable

15   harm did not exist in this instance beyond rejecting the proposition that being

     3The TRGI Plaintiffs also sought declaratory judgment below on the issue of whether certain claims were
     released from the SPA in the subsequent Release Agreement. It appears the district court did not enter an
     order on this claim or expressly address it in its oral pronouncement. While this claim is not before this
     Court, we note that our precedent and analysis as to the likelihood of success on the merits will likely
     impact the district court’s substantive considerations of a declaratory judgment claim.

                                                        17
1    forced to arbitrate an inarbitrable claim necessarily constitutes irreparable harm.

2    Special App’x at 30 (“The notion that being subject to an arbitration at this early

3    phase is such a burden that it should be forbidden on its own, that is simply a

4    burden that common sense cannot sustain.”).

5          Although this Court has not endorsed a per se rule that being forced to

6    arbitrate an inarbitrable claim is irreparable harm, it squarely held in Maryland

7    Casualty Company v. Realty Advisory Board on Labor Relations that forced arbitration

8    of inarbitrable claims may constitute irreparable harm when the arbitration is one

9    “for which any award would not be enforceable” and for which “the time and

10   resources . . . expend[ed] in arbitration is not compensable by any monetary award

11   of attorneys’ fees or damages.” See Md. Cas. Co. v. Realty Advisory Bd. on Lab. Rels.,

12   107 F.3d 979, 985 (2d Cir. 1997).

13         Our holding in Maryland created an avenue for parties to establish

14   irreparable harm related to forced arbitration of inarbitrable claims, but it was

15   largely limited by our acknowledgment that “an injury that is adequately

16   compensated by a monetary award is not considered ‘irreparable.’” Id. (emphasis

17   added) (concluding that there was irreparable harm where “the time and resources

18   Maryland would expend in arbitration [were] not compensable by any monetary

                                              18
1    award of attorneys’ fees or damages pursuant to the provisions of the Agreement or

2    the Arbitration Act” (emphasis added)); cf. Emery Air Freight Corp. v. Loc. Union

3    295, 786 F.2d 93, 100 (2d Cir. 1986) (holding that “as the preferred method for

4    resolving labor disputes, arbitration by itself imposes no [irreparable] injury to the

5    resisting party, except perhaps in ‘extraordinarily rare’ circumstances”); Sampson

6    v. Murray, 415 U.S. 61, 90 (1974) (“Mere injuries, however substantial, in terms of

7    money, time and energy necessarily expended in the absence of a stay, are not

8    enough. The possibility that adequate compensatory or other corrective relief will

9    be available at a later date, in the ordinary course of litigation, weighs heavily

10   against a claim of irreparable harm.”). Therefore, rather than focusing on the

11   potential inarbitrable nature of the claim, the critical issue for the Court to consider

12   is whether the proffered injury is compensable—specifically here, whether

13   attorneys’ fees and arbitration costs are available to a prevailing party.

14         Accordingly, on remand, the district court must consider in the first instance

15   whether the harm the TRGI Plaintiffs identify is a harm for which they would

16   adequately be compensated if they are in fact correct as to the inarbitrable nature

17   of any of the claims in dispute. On the record before us, it does not appear that

18   the district court acknowledged or otherwise considered the compensability of

                                               19
1    time and resources expended on arbitration if the TRGI Plaintiffs are made to

2    arbitrate inarbitrable claims. Given that the district court will be reconsidering the

3    TRGI Plaintiffs’ arguments related to the likelihood of success on the merits, which

4    may impact the analysis under the irreparable harm prong, we refrain from

5    weighing in further on this element of the preliminary injunction analysis beyond

 6   our clarification of our precedent in Maryland. 4

 7   III.    Conclusion

 8           For the foregoing reasons, we VACATE the order of the district court

 9   denying the TRGI Plaintiffs’ motion for preliminary injunction and REMAND this

10   case to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

     4The district court did not examine the last two preliminary injunction factors: the balance of hardships
     and public interest. Considering our conclusions and disposition as to the first two factors, we find it
     unnecessary to do so here. However, we encourage the district court to consider the remaining factors on
     remand, to the extent doing so would be appropriate or otherwise allow the district court to more easily
     resolve the matter before it.

                                                        20