Court Opinion

ID: 73245
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-26 07:59:11+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:59:01.846480
License: Public Domain

Red MENDOZA, Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                                          v.

                            BORDEN, INC., d.b.a. Borden's Dairy, Defendant-Appellee.

                                                    No. 97-5121.

                                           United States Court of Appeals,

                                                  Eleventh Circuit.

                                                   Nov. 16, 1999.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida.(No. 96-1082-CV-LCN),
Lenore C. Nesbitt, Judge.

Before ANDERSON, Chief Judge, and TJOFLAT, EDMONDSON, COX, BIRCH, DUBINA, BLACK,
CARNES, BARKETT, HULL and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.*

             HULL, Circuit Judge:

             This appeal requires this Court to determine whether Appellant Red Mendoza introduced sufficient

evidence at trial to support her claim alleging hostile-environment sexual harassment. We conclude that she

did not, and therefore we hold that the district court properly granted Appellee Borden's Rule 50(b) motion

for judgment as a matter of law on Mendoza's sexual-harassment claim.1

I.           Procedural History

             In April 1997, Mendoza filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Southern District

of Florida against Borden alleging a variety of employment claims. Mendoza asserted claims for age

discrimination under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act ("ADEA"), disability discrimination under

the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA"), retaliation under Title VII, and sexual harassment under Title

     *
    Judge Charles R. Wilson was appointed after this case was orally argued en banc, but is an active member
of the court at the time the case is decided. He has elected not to participate in the decisional process.
         1
      All judges concur in the majority opinion's disposition of Mendoza's claims for age and disability
discrimination, retaliation, and under state law. The opinion for the Court on her sexual harassment claim
is joined in full by Chief Judge Anderson and Judges Edmondson, Cox, Dubina, Black, and Carnes.
Regarding her sexual harassment claim, Judges Edmondson and Carnes also file separate concurring opinions;
Judge Tjoflat files a dissenting opinion, in which Judges Birch, Barkett, and Marcus join; Judge Barkett files
a dissenting opinion, in which Judge Birch joins.
VII. Mendoza also asserted state-law claims alleging intentional infliction of emotional distress and

discrimination in violation of the Florida Civil Rights Act.

        Following discovery, Borden moved for summary judgment on all claims. After hearing oral

argument, the district court granted summary judgment to Borden on all of Mendoza's claims except her

sexual-harassment and disability-discrimination claims.

        The parties then proceeded to a jury trial. Following the conclusion of Mendoza's case in chief, the

district court granted judgment as a matter of law to Borden on her remaining claims including Mendoza's

hostile-environment sexual-harassment claim.

        Mendoza appealed the district court's orders awarding summary judgment to Borden on her ADEA,

retaliation, and state-law claims and the district court's order granting Borden judgment as a matter of law on

Mendoza's sexual-harassment and ADA claims. A panel of this Court affirmed the district court's

summary-judgment rulings and the entry of judgment as a matter of law on the ADA claim, but reversed the

district court's ruling on Borden's motion for judgment as a matter of law on Mendoza's sexual-harassment

claim. Mendoza v. Borden, Inc., 158 F.3d 1171 (11th Cir.1998). On Borden's suggestion for rehearing en

banc, this Court voted to hear the case en banc, vacated the panel's opinion, and subsequently directed the

parties to brief issues related to Mendoza's sexual-harassment claim. Mendoza v. Borden, Inc., 169 F.3d 1378

(11th Cir.1999).

        We agree with the panel that the district court properly granted Borden's motions for summary

judgment and judgment as a matter of law on Mendoza's claims for age discrimination, disability

discrimination, retaliation, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and discrimination in violation of the

Florida Civil Rights Act. Therefore, we affirm the district court's entry of judgment in favor of Borden on

Mendoza's claims for age discrimination, disability discrimination, retaliation, and Mendoza's state-law

claims. However, we disagree with the panel's conclusion on Mendoza's sexual-harassment claim. For the

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reasons below, we conclude that the district court did not err in granting Borden's motion for judgment as a

matter of law on Mendoza's sexual-harassment claim.

II.     Factual Background

        Mendoza worked in Borden's Miami facility for a total of sixteen months. In December 1993,

Mendoza began work with Borden as a temporary employee in the accounting department. In April 1994,

she became a permanent employee. Her employment ended in April 1995. According to Borden, Mendoza's

employment ended because she was absent from work for three consecutive days without calling to explain

her absence as required by Borden's written personnel policies.

        During most of her tenure with Borden, Mendoza's supervisor was Daniel Page. He began working

in the Miami facility in May 1994; and therefore, his employment overlapped with Mendoza's for

approximately eleven months. As the controller of the Miami facility, Page was the highest ranking Borden

employee at the facility. Thus, Page exercised supervisory authority over Mendoza.

        The Miami facility where Mendoza worked consisted of several discrete areas. The plant where the

milk was processed constituted the majority of the facility, but the facility also included various offices,

hallways, and an outdoor picnic area. Mendoza worked in the same office area with eight to twelve other

accounting clerks. Page worked in a glass-enclosed office situated in one corner of that office area. From

his desk, Page could observe the rest of the office area.

        In sexual harassment cases, the courts must consider the alleged conduct in context and cumulatively.

Therefore, we set forth all alleged harassing conduct so that we can look at the totality of the circumstances.

At trial, Mendoza testified to these instances of conduct by Page. First, she testified that:

        the man was constantly watching me and following me around and looking me up and down, whether
        it was face to face with me or as I would get up from a lunch table or from the picnic table to walk
        away and to go back to the office.

Later, Mendoza further explained Page's conduct:

        He seemed to be wherever I was in the plant. He followed me not around the office, but around the
        hallways in the Plant. Okay? He was at a lunch table in the lunch room. He would be at a picnic

                                                       3
        table outside. And he would look me up and down, very, in a very obvious fashion. When I was face
        to face with him, when I would get up and walk away from these tables or areas, I would feel him
        watching me up and down from—okay.

Finally, Mendoza reiterated that Page's following and watching "was a constant thing" and that Page never

said anything during the following and watching.

        Mendoza also testified about two instances when Page "looked at me up and down, and stopped in

my groin area and made a ... sniffing motion." Mendoza described these two instances as follows:

                 A. There was an incident where I was standing at a copy machine direct right next to his
        office. I was making copies. I felt somebody watching me. I looked directly to my right. He was
        sitting at a chair in the conference room, which is approximately 20, 25 feet away from me, at a chair
        at the end of the table. And he looked at me up and down, and stopped in my groin area and made
        a (indicating) sniffing motion.

                  This also happened another time. It had to be in March, I had the flu. I went into his
        office—he was sitting at his computer—to tell him that my doctor wanted me to take time off because
        of this flu. And he turned around to his right, looked directly at me, up and down, and stopped again
        in the groin area, made a sniffing motion again, (indicating), like that.

(Emphasis supplied.) In one instance, Page was twenty to twenty-five feet away from Mendoza, and in the

other, Page was sitting at his computer when Mendoza entered his office. She further testified to one other

time when he walked around her desk and sniffed without looking at her groin. Mendoza admitted that Page

also never said anything to her during what she perceived to be the sniffing nor the looking up and down.

        Explaining her only allegation that included any physical conduct, Mendoza testified that while she

was at a fax machine in a hallway, Page passed by her and "rubbed his right hip up against my left hip" while

touching her shoulder and smiling. Mendoza's complete description of this follows:

        I was doing a fax. We had a small coffee machine directly outside the office to the right of our
        office. I was doing a fax. And this was—the fax machine was by the doorway, and he rubbed—he
        went by me and he rubbed his right hip up against my left hip. I was at an angle, rubbed against me,
        walked by me, touched my shoulders at the same time, simultaneously. I was startled, I looked up,
        and he gave me a big smile.

When asked if Page said anything at that point, Mendoza testified, "No, he didn't." Mendoza also explained

that this was the only physical contact during the eleven months she worked for Page. Finally, Mendoza

described an incident when she confronted Page by entering his office and saying "I came in here to work,

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period." According to Mendoza, Page responded by saying "Yeah, I'm getting fired up, too."2 When asked

if Page said anything else during that meeting, Mendoza testified, "No, he didn't." Mendoza also admitted

this was the only time where Page said anything to her that she perceived to be of a sexual nature. When

asked if "Page ever use[d] vulgar language with you?", Mendoza replied, "No, he didn't."3

           At the close of Mendoza's evidence, Borden moved for judgment as a matter of law on Mendoza's

hostile-environment sexual-harassment claim. After hearing argument from counsel, the district court, ruling

from the bench, granted Borden's motion. The court found the incidents of harassment "in the minds of a

reasonable juror or to a reasonable person, are not physically threatening or humiliating, and certainly there

was not a sufficient frequency and severity to suggest a hostile or abusive environment." The court further

remarked that the allegations were largely devoid of any physical contact or overly offensive comments.

Accordingly, the district court concluded that, assuming Mendoza's allegations were sexual in nature,

Mendoza had not established a hostile or abusive work environment.

III.       Standard of Review and Standard for Granting Judgments as a Matter of Law

           This Court reviews de novo a district court's denial of a motion for judgment as a matter of law.

Combs v. Plantation Patterns, 106 F.3d 1519, 1526 (11th Cir.1997), cert. denied sub nom. Combs v.

Meadowcraft Co., --- U.S. ----, 118 S.Ct. 685, 139 L.Ed.2d 632 (1998). We employ the same standard the

district court applied, "review[ing] all of the evidence in the light most favorable to, and with all reasonable

inferences drawn in favor of, the nonmoving party." Walker v. NationsBank of Florida, N.A., 53 F.3d 1548,

   2
   The jury trial began with opening statements at 1:13 P.M. on May 13 and concluded on May 14 by 10:15
A.M. Mendoza's entire testimony covers seventy-nine pages, but her direct and cross examination about
Page's harassing conduct totals twenty-four pages. Since her testimony is fairly brief, we are able to quote
her exact descriptions of Page's conduct in order to assure full consideration of Mendoza's allegations
cumulatively and in context. Besides Mendoza, only one other witness testified at trial. Jenny Voltapelti,
who is married to Mendoza's dentist, testified that during several dental appointments, Mendoza related to
her that she was being sexually harassed at work. Voltapelti did not recall the details that Mendoza related.

       3
    Although Page never used vulgar language with her, Mendoza did testify that other workers did. The
example Mendoza gave was Ms. Diaz's being in the habit of sharing with Ms. Murphy her sexual plans with
her husband.

                                                       5
1555 (11th Cir.1995). Although the existence of a genuine issue of material fact precludes judgment as a

matter of law, "a jury question does not exist because of the presence of a 'mere scintilla of evidence'." Id.

A motion for judgment as a matter of law will be denied only if "reasonable and fair-minded persons in the

exercise of impartial judgment might reach different conclusions." Id. These standards require us to consider

"whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so

one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law." Combs, 106 F.3d at 1526 (quoting Anderson v.

Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251-52, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)). "If the facts and

inferences point overwhelmingly in favor of one party, such that reasonable people could not arrive at a

contrary verdict, then the motion was properly granted." Combs, 106 F.3d at 1526 (quoting Carter v. City

of Miami, 870 F.2d 578, 581 (11th Cir.1989)).

         We recognize that claims of employment discrimination, including sexual-harassment claims, present

fact-intensive issues. However, we agree with the Fifth Circuit's observation that motions for summary

judgment or judgment as a matter of law are appropriate to "police the baseline for hostile environment

claims." Indest v. Freeman Decorating, Inc., 164 F.3d 258, 264 n. 8 (5th Cir.1999).

IV.     Discussion

        Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of "race,

color, religion, sex, or national origin." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). It expressly prohibits refusing to hire or

discharging an employee based on a prohibited factor. Id. Likewise, Title VII also expressly provides that

"[i]t shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer ... otherwise to discriminate against any

individual with respect to his [or her] compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because

of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin." Id.

        Title VII does not mention sexual harassment. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court and this Court long

have recognized that "[t]he phrase 'terms, conditions, or privileges of employment' evinces a congressional

intent to strike at the entire spectrum of disparate treatment of men and women in employment, which

                                                       6
includes requiring people to work in a discriminatorily hostile or abusive environment." Harris v. Forklift

Systems, Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21, 114 S.Ct. 367, 126 L.Ed.2d 295 (1993) (citing Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v.

Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 106 S.Ct. 2399, 91 L.Ed.2d 49 (1986) (other internal quotation marks and citations

omitted)); Henson v. City of Dundee, 682 F.2d 897, 901 (11th Cir.1982) (quoting Rogers v. EEOC, 454 F.2d

234, 238 (5th Cir.1971) ("[T]he phrase 'terms, conditions, or privileges of employment' in (Title VII) is an

expansive concept which sweeps within its protective ambit the practice of creating a working environment

heavily charged with ethnic or racial discrimination.")).

        To establish a hostile-environment sexual-harassment claim under Title VII based on harassment by

a supervisor, an employee must show: (1) that he or she belongs to a protected group; (2) that the employee

has been subject to unwelcome sexual harassment, such as sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and

other conduct of a sexual nature; (3) that the harassment must have been based on the sex of the employee;

(4) that the harassment was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the terms and conditions of employment

and create a discriminatorily abusive working environment; and (5) a basis for holding the employer liable.

Henson, 682 F.2d at 903-05.4

        Although Title VII's prohibition of sex discrimination clearly includes sexual harassment, Title VII

is not a federal "civility code." Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 118 S.Ct. 998,

1000-02, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998) ("We have never held that workplace harassment, even harassment between

men and women, is automatically discrimination because of sex merely because the words used have sexual

content or connotations."); Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 118 S.Ct. 2275, 2283, 141 L.Ed.2d

662 (1998) ("A recurring point in these opinions is that 'simple teasing,' offhand comments, and isolated

incidents (unless extremely serious) will not amount to discriminatory changes in the 'terms and conditions

    4
     Regarding this fifth factor, the Supreme Court held recently that in claims based on a supervisor's
harassment, an employer may be vicariously liable for actionable hostile environment discrimination caused
by a supervisor with immediate (or successively higher) authority over the employee—subject to an
affirmative defense. Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 118 S.Ct. 2275, 2292-93, 141 L.Ed.2d
662 (1998); Burlington Indus., Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 118 S.Ct. 2257, 2270, 141 L.Ed.2d 633 (1998).

                                                     7
of employment.' " (internal citation omitted)); Meritor, 477 U.S. at 67, 106 S.Ct. 2399 ("[N]ot all workplace

conduct that may be described as 'harassment' affects a 'term, condition, or privilege' of employment within

the meaning of Title VII.").

         Sexual harassment constitutes sex discrimination only when the harassment alters the terms or

conditions of employment. The paradigm of sexual harassment as federally prohibited employment

discrimination occurs when an employee's expressed terms of employment, such as salary or continued

employment, are conditioned upon compliance with the employer's sexual demands. Burlington Indus., 118

S.Ct. at 2265 ("When a plaintiff proves that a tangible employment action resulted from a refusal to submit

to a supervisor's sexual demands, he or she establishes that the employment decision itself constitutes a

change in the terms and conditions of employment that is actionable under Title VII."). In such a case,

traditionally described as quid pro quo harassment, the "discrimination with respect to terms or conditions

of employment [is] explicit." Id. at 2264; see also Llampallas v. Mini-Circuits, Lab, Inc., 163 F.3d 1236,

1246 (11th Cir.1998).

         Absent such "explicit" discrimination, an employee must make some showing in order to connect

allegations of sexual harassment to a violation of Title VII. Thus, in the cases traditionally described as

hostile-environment cases, an employer's harassing actions toward an employee do not constitute employment

discrimination under Title VII unless the conduct is "sufficiently severe or pervasive 'to alter the conditions

of [the victim's] employment and create an abusive working environment.' " Meritor, 477 U.S. at 67, 106

S.Ct. 2399 (quoting Henson, 682 F.2d at 904).

        Establishing that harassing conduct was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter an employee's terms

or conditions of employment includes a subjective and an objective component. Harris, 510 U.S. at 21-22,

114 S.Ct. 367. The employee must "subjectively perceive" the harassment as sufficiently severe and

pervasive to alter the terms or conditions of employment, and this subjective perception must be objectively

reasonable. Id. The environment must be one that "a reasonable person would find hostile or abusive" and

                                                      8
that "the victim ... subjectively perceive[s] ... to be abusive." Id. at 21, 114 S.Ct. 367. Furthermore, "the

objective severity of harassment should be judged from the perspective of a reasonable person in the

plaintiff's position, considering 'all the circumstances.' " Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S.

75, 118 S.Ct. 998, 1003, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998) (quoting Harris, 510 U.S. at 23, 114 S.Ct. 367).

         The objective component of this analysis is somewhat fact intensive. Nevertheless, the Supreme

Court and this Court have identified the following four factors that should be considered in determining

whether harassment objectively altered an employee's terms or conditions of employment: (1) the frequency

of the conduct; (2) the severity of the conduct; (3) whether the conduct is physically threatening or

humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and (4) whether the conduct unreasonably interferes with the

employee's job performance. Allen v. Tyson Foods, 121 F.3d 642, 647 (11th Cir.1997) (citing Harris, 510

U.S. at 23, 114 S.Ct. 367). The courts should examine the conduct in context, not as isolated acts, and

determine under the totality of the circumstances whether the harassing conduct is sufficiently severe or

pervasive to alter the terms or conditions of the plaintiff's employment and create a hostile or abusive working

environment. Id.; see Harris, 510 U.S. at 23, 114 S.Ct. 367; Henson, 682 F.2d at 904; Faragher v. City of

Boca Raton, 118 S.Ct. at 2283 (citing Harris, 510 U.S. at 23, 114 S.Ct. 367, and explaining that "[w]e

directed courts to determine whether an environment is sufficiently hostile or abusive by 'looking at all the

circumstances' ").

        Other circuits have applied these factors to delineate a minimum level of severity or pervasiveness

necessary for harassing conduct to constitute discrimination in violation of Title VII. Many decisions

throughout the circuits have rejected sexual-harassment claims based on conduct that is as serious or more

serious than the conduct at issue in this appeal. Shepherd v. Comptroller of Public Accounts of Texas, 168

F.3d 871, 872-75 (5th Cir.1999) (holding that several incidents over a two-year period, including comment

"your elbows are the same color as your nipples," another comment that plaintiff had big thighs, touching

plaintiff's arm, and attempts to look down the plaintiff's dress, were insufficient to support

                                                       9
hostile-environment claim); Indest v. Freeman Decorating, Inc., 164 F.3d 258, 264-67 (5th Cir.1999) (noting

it was "dubious" whether several sexually oriented comments and gestures and an implied threat of retaliation

for refusing a sexual advance would be sufficient to establish a hostile environment); Quinn v. Green Tree

Credit Corp., 159 F.3d 759, 768 (2d Cir.1998) (holding that statement that plaintiff had the "sleekest ass" in

office plus single incident of "deliberately" touching plaintiff's "breasts with some papers that he was holding

in his hand" were insufficient to alter the terms or conditions of the plaintiff's employment); Adusumilli v.

City of Chicago, 164 F.3d 353, 357 (7th Cir.1998) (holding actions insufficient to support hostile environment

claim where co-employees teased plaintiff, made sexual jokes aimed at her, asked her what "putting one

rubber band on top and another on the bottom means," commented about her low neck tops, repeated staring

at her breasts with attempts to make eye contact, and four incidents of touching her arm, fingers or buttocks);

Sprague v. Thorn Americas, Inc., 129 F.3d 1355, 1365-66 (10th Cir.1997) (holding five "sexually-oriented,

offensive" statements over sixteen months insufficient to show hostile environment, even though one of the

harasser's statements occurred while he put his arm around plaintiff, looked down her dress and said, "well,

you got to get it when you can"); Galloway v. General Motors Serv. Parts Operations, 78 F.3d 1164, 1167-

68 (7th Cir.1996) (holding offensive comments including repeatedly calling the plaintiff a "sick bitch"

insufficient under Harris because not necessarily gender-related); Hopkins v. Baltimore Gas & Elec. Co.,

77 F.3d 745, 753-54 (4th Cir.1996) (holding evidence that the harasser "bumped into [the plaintiff],

positioned a magnifying glass over [the plaintiff's] crotch, flipped his tie over to see its label, gave him a

congratulatory kiss in the receiving line at [a] wedding, and stared at him in the bathroom" insufficient to

establish violation of Title VII); Black v. Zaring Homes, Inc., 104 F.3d 822, 823-24 (6th Cir.1997) (reversing

jury verdict and finding conduct was "sex-based" but insufficiently severe or pervasive to state actionable

claim, where conduct over a four-month period involved repeated sexual jokes; one occasion of looking

plaintiff up and down, smiling and stating, there's "Nothing I like more in the morning than sticky buns";

suggesting land area be named as "Titsville" or "Twin Peaks"; asking plaintiff, "Say, weren't you there [at

                                                      10
a biker bar] Saturday night dancing on the tables?"; stating, "Just get the broad to sign it"; telling plaintiff

she was "paid great money for a woman"; laughing when plaintiff mentioned the name of Dr. Paul Busam,

apparently pronounced as "bosom"); Baskerville v. Culligan Int'l Co., 50 F.3d 428, 430 (7th Cir.1995)

(holding insufficiently severe or pervasive to support a hostile-environment claim nine instances of offensive

behavior over seven months including repeated references to plaintiff as a "tilly" and a "pretty girl" and one

instance of simulated masturbation); Kidwai v. McDonald's Corp., No. 93-1720 (4th Cir. April 18,1994)

(holding insufficient under Harris seven incidents, including one instance in which harasser asked plaintiff

whether "she was in bed with someone"); Weiss v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of Chicago, 990 F.2d 333, 337

(7th Cir.1993) (holding plaintiff's claims—supervisor repeatedly asked about her personal life, told her how

beautiful she was, asked her on dates, called her a dumb blonde, put his hand on her shoulder at least six

times, placed "I love you" signs in her work area, and tried to kiss her once at a bar and twice at work—were

not sufficient for actionable sexual harassment); see also DeAngelis v. El Paso Mun. Police Officers Ass'n,

51 F.3d 591, 593 (5th Cir.1995) ("A hostile environment claim embodies a series of criteria that express

extremely insensitive conduct against women, conduct so egregious as to alter the conditions of employment

and destroy their equal opportunity in the workplace."); Indest v. Freeman Decorating, Inc., 164 F.3d 258,

263 (5th Cir.1999) ("All of the sexual hostile environment cases decided by the Supreme Court have involved

patterns or allegations of extensive, longlasting, unredressed, and uninhibited sexual threats or conduct that

permeated the plaintiffs' work environment.").

         In this appeal, the conduct alleged by Mendoza falls well short of the level of either severe or

pervasive conduct sufficient to alter Mendoza's terms or conditions of employment. Construing the evidence

in the light most favorable to Mendoza, she presented evidence of four categories of harassing conduct: (1)

one instance in which Page said to Mendoza "I'm getting fired up"; (2) one occasion in which Page rubbed

his hip against Mendoza's hip while touching her shoulder and smiling; (3) two instances in which Page made

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a sniffing sound while looking at Mendoza's groin area and one instance of sniffing without looking at her

groin; and (4) Page's "constant" following and staring at Mendoza in a "very obvious fashion."

        As an initial matter, whether Page's conduct testified to by Mendoza includes the necessary sexual

or other gender-related connotations to be actionable sex discrimination is questionable. See Brill v. Lante

Corp., 119 F.3d 1266, 1274 (7th Cir.1997) (rejecting the plaintiff's attempt to buttress a hostile-environment

claim with evidence of unpleasant, but non-sexual, conduct); Galloway, 78 F.3d at 1167-68 (noting that the

term "sick bitch" is not necessarily a sexual or gender-related term). For example, although the statement "I'm

getting fired up" could under some circumstances denote sexual or romantic desire, Page's statement that he

was "getting fired up" occurred in the context of reacting to a complaint by Mendoza. As she described the

interaction: "I went into his office angry and disgusted.... Mr. Page turned around and I said to him, 'I came

in here to work, period' and his reply to me was 'yeah, I'm getting fired up, too.' " By Mendoza's own

description, Page did not approach her but instead, she approached Page while another employee was present

in his office. Mendoza also admits that Page said nothing else. Thus, the circumstances of this interaction

do not objectively indicate that the statement "I'm getting fired up" had a sexual or other gender-related

connotation.

         As another example, although "following and staring" can betray romantic or sexual attraction, the

everyday observation of fellow employees in the workplace is also a natural and unavoidable occurrence

when people work together in close quarters or when a supervisor keeps an eye on employees. For example,

Mendoza described Page's constant "following and staring" as "he always seemed to be wherever I was. If

I was in the lunch room, he was there. If I was at a picnic table outside on a break, he was there."

Nevertheless, because we conclude that the conduct established by Mendoza was not sufficiently severe or

pervasive to alter Mendoza's terms or conditions of employment, we assume, but do not decide, that this

conduct is sexual in nature and thus might implicate sex discrimination.5

   5
    To establish that the harm alleged was "based on her sex," Mendoza "must show that but for the fact of
her sex, she would not have been the object of harassment." Henson v. City of Dundee, 682 F.2d 897, 904

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        Turning to the heart of this appeal, an examination of the factors from Harris and applied in Allen

demonstrates that Mendoza did not endure conduct that was so severe or pervasive that it altered the terms

or conditions of her employment. Three of the four factors—physically threatening or humiliating conduct,

interference with job performance, and severity—are clearly absent from the conduct established by

Mendoza. The other factor—frequency of the harassing conduct—is also for the most part lacking, but to

the extent Mendoza showed frequent conduct, the frequency of it does not compensate for the absence of the

other factors.

        First and most importantly, Mendoza did not present evidence that Page's conduct was "physically

threatening or humiliating" or that the cumulative effect of this conduct "unreasonably interfered" with

Mendoza's job performance. Even construing the evidence in the light most favorable to Mendoza, Page's

statement "I'm getting fired up" and the sniffing sounds are hardly threatening or humiliating. Compare Hall

v. Gus Const. Co., 842 F.2d 1010, 1012 (8th Cir.1988) (sexual harassment established with evidence that,

inter alia, female employees were held down so that other employees could touch their breasts and legs), with

Long v. Eastfield College, 88 F.3d 300, 309 (5th Cir.1996) (holding sexually-oriented joke is the kind of

non-threatening "utterance" that cannot alone support hostile-environment claim). Even more clearly, the

one instance of Page brushing his hip against Mendoza's hip and Page's constant "following" of Mendoza are

neither threatening or humiliating. Likewise, nothing in the record indicates that Page's conduct impaired

Mendoza's job performance.

        Second, none of the conduct alleged by Mendoza is severe. Even if somehow offensive, Page's

statement "I'm getting fired up," the three sniffing sounds, the one instance of physical conduct, and the

following/staring are much less severe than the incidents of sexual banter and inappropriate touching

(11th Cir.1982). The purpose of Title VII is to strike at the disparate treatment of men and women. See
Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 64, 106 S.Ct. 2399, 91 L.Ed.2d 49 (1986). Mendoza never
claimed, and never produced any direct evidence, that Page treated women employees differently from male
employees. Instead, Mendoza sought to establish discrimination "based on sex" circumstantially by claiming
Page's conduct amounted to sexual advances towards her. Thus, we discuss whether Page's conduct was
sexual in nature.

                                                     13
described, and found insufficient, by the Second Circuit in Quinn and the Fourth Circuit in Hopkins, for

example. Quinn, 159 F.3d at 768 (holding a comment about the plaintiff's "posterior" and touching of her

breasts with some papers did not create a hostile environment); Hopkins, 77 F.3d at 753-54 (holding that

multiple instances of inappropriate conduct, including placing a magnifying glass over the plaintiff's crotch,

did not establish sexual harassment).

        Third, aside from Page's "constant" following and staring, the conduct asserted by Mendoza was not

frequent. She established a single instance of slight physical contact, one arguably inappropriate statement,

and three instances of Page's making a sniffing sound. These instances occurred over an eleven-month period

and therefore were far too infrequent to alter the conditions under which Mendoza was required to perform

her job. Cf. Sprague, 129 F.3d at 1366 (reasoning that five sexually-oriented incidents over sixteen months

were sporadic).

        To the extent Mendoza's testimony about "constant" following and staring established the frequency

factor, this evidence does not create a jury issue on Mendoza's sexual-harassment claim. There is no

allegation of any staring or following Mendoza outside the workplace or of any calling Mendoza after work.

Regarding the workplace, Mendoza admits that Page never followed her in the office part of the plant where

Mendoza worked, and thus necessarily spent most of her time.6 Indeed, Mendoza did not describe the

following as walking close behind her in an intimidating or threatening fashion, but instead simply as Page's

showing up when Mendoza happened to be in the hallways, in the lunch room, or at the picnic table outside.

In her testimony at trial, Mendoza never described Page's following or staring as "stalking" or "leering" or

"intimidating" or "threatening." Similarly, none of Mendoza's briefs regarding her Title VII claim before the

   6
     Mendoza says she never went into the processing plant which constituted the majority of the Miami
facility.

                                                     14
panel or en banc characterizes Pages's following or staring as "stalking," "leering," "intimidating," or

"threatening."7

        Given normal office interaction among employees, the following and staring in the manner described

by Mendoza are not the type of conduct that can render Mendoza's claim actionable, even with evidence that

the following and staring were "constant" and thus "frequent" under the Harris factors. Also, considering

the following and staring described by Mendoza with and in the context of the sniffs, one verbal statement,

and one slight touching as Page walked by the fax, we find Mendoza's claim still falls far short of actionable

hostile environment sexual harassment.8

    7
     The initial panel opinion does not either. Mendoza v. Borden, Inc., 158 F.3d 1171 (11th Cir.1998),
vacated, 169 F.3d 1378 (11th Cir.1999). The first and only time "stalking" in connection with Mendoza's
Title VII claim appears in this case are the dissents filed at the en banc stage.
   8
     Judge Tjoflat's dissent cites seven decisions involving following and/or staring. However, each case
involves additional conduct that is far more egregious than what Mendoza alleges, and those cases in the
dissent, if anything, highlight the insufficiency of Mendoza's evidence. For example, the dissent notes that
Cross v. Alabama Dep't of Mental Health & Mental Retardation, 49 F.3d 1490, 1495-97 (11th Cir.1995),
involved "glaring looks, piercing looks." However, that case also had seven female plaintiffs' testifying that
the harasser treated his women employees differently than men. According to the plaintiffs, the harasser
threw objects at the women daily, yelled, screamed and belittled them, and engaged in name calling,
derogatory remarks, verbal abuse, finger pointing, and offensive touching with women, but never engaged
in this conduct with his male employees. The harasser's manner of communicating with female employees
was described as "extremely hostile, very angry, very aggressive" and "demeaning" but as "very professional"
with male employees. The harasser's derogatory comments to women included "women belonged barefoot
and pregnant," "fat butt," "a butt head," "a cow," "rather dumb," "stupid," and "just a woman." The harasser
told "sexual and dirty jokes," and said, "I guess women are taking over things" and made comments that
mistakes would not happen if males were in the position of decision making. The harasser had an affair with
a female employee who testified that he described women as less intelligent than men and said they "cause
a lot of trouble, and the facility would be better off with men than women."

                 The other staring and following cases cited in Judge Tjoflat's dissent also involve egregious
        conduct that is missing here. Westvaco Corp. v. United Paperworkers Intern., 171 F.3d 971, 972-73
        (4th Cir.1999) (going into plaintiff's office and staring but accompanied by calling her at home;
        leaving messages with heavy breathing, panting, and "love you, baby"; addressing her as "foxy
        mama" and "foxy lady" for a year; asking for a kiss and, when she refused, saying "I am serious, I
        want some tongue"); Stoll v. Runyon, 165 F.3d 1238, 1239 (9th Cir.1999) ("stalking" is alleged but
        the court also described the "gruesome facts" as "[n]umerous male coworkers and supervisors asked
        [plaintiff] to perform oral sex on them, commented on her body, shot rubber bands at her backside,
        asked her to wear lacy black underwear for them, bumped and rubbed against her from behind,
        pressed their erect penises into her back while she was sorting mail and unable to get away, followed
        her into the women's bathroom, asked her to go on vacations, 'stalked her throughout the postal

                                                     15
facility,' and fondled her body"); Kimzey v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 107 F.3d 568, 570-74 (8th
Cir.1997) (involving Brewer's "following her around the store" but also involving testimony that
harassers Brewer and Mais treated their women employees differently than men, with these
examples: Brewer made overt sexual remarks to plaintiff and comments on her body; Brewer
smacked his lips with kissing noises at her; Mais kicked her legs when he walked by; Mais called
her "mother fucker" and "lazy-son-of-a-bitch," commented on her "tight-ass jeans," used profanity
with her; Brewer called her "damn dummy," "stupid," and "idiot" daily, and yelled at her for
extended periods, telling her he wanted her to work on the ladder so he could see her "cute ass";
Brewer yelled and swore at other female employees; plaintiff complained to store manager about
Brewer's "behavior, drinking and intimidation"; Mais gestured with a screwdriver toward plaintiff's
rear; and Mais and Brewer "directed harsh treatment, abusive language, and profanity at women, but
not at men"); Yamaguchi v. U.S. Dep't of the Air Force, 109 F.3d 1475, 1478 (9th Cir.1997)
(alleging that harasser not only "stare[d] at her during work" but also made "inappropriate jokes and
comments and sen[t] [plaintiff] unwanted notes, gifts and e-mail messages," attempted to kiss her,
made "sexual gestures and remarks about her body, perfume, and clothing and about other women
in the workplace"; came to plaintiff's apartment and "allegedly tied her up, gagged her and raped
her"); Harris v. L&L Wings, Inc., 132 F.3d 978, 980 (4th Cir.1997) (alleging the main harasser
"followed her around the warehouse," but also that he "grabbed [plaintiff], embraced, her, stroked
her hair, massaged her back and shoulders, fondled her legs," "pinned [plaintiff] against a box and
tried to kiss her," persistently "boasts ... about his sexual prowess, offers to promote her in exchange
for dating him, and another offer of a hundred dollars if [plaintiff] would go to bed with him,"
"offered to reward [plaintiff's] son with a raise if he would convince his mother to go out with him,"
"[e]very time [plaintiff] encountered [harasser], he would either touch her or make vulgar comments
or sexual advances to her or both"); Hathaway v. Runyon, 132 F.3d 1214, 1217 (8th Cir.1997) (the
harasser "stared at her with a menacing look," but also was "getting physically close and making
peculiar comments, telling [plaintiff] that other workers believed they were romantically involved,"
making "physical sexual advances," such as "he hit her on the buttocks with a clipboard," and a week
later "squeezed her buttocks"; plaintiff regularly had to interrupt her work in order to avoid
encountering the harasser, and "[a]fter [plaintiff] rebuffed the [harasser's] advances, he began to
snicker and laugh at her, making guttural noises when she walked by him"); Hirase-Doi v. U.S. West
Communications, Inc., 61 F.3d 777, 780-81 (10th Cir.1995) (alleging "threatening and intimidating
stares" but also that the harasser was "making verbal and written sexually offensive remarks
propositioning [plaintiff] and attempting to touch her breast"; after plaintiff reported the harassment,
he "grabbed [plaintiff] between her legs"; also made "persistent requests for sex [to two other
females] and inquiries of their sexual conduct," "open-ended invitations to all female employees to
satisfy his sexual desires," "passed a sexually explicit note" to another female employee, "attempted
to kiss [another female employee] on the neck and brushed her breast with his hand"); Steiner v.
Showboat Operating Co., 25 F.3d 1459, 1461-63 (9th Cir.1994) (alleging "stares, glares, snickers,
and comments," but along with "habitually refer[ring] to [plaintiff] and to other female employees
in an derogatory fashion using sexual explicit and offensive terms," such as calling plaintiff "dumb
fucking broad," "cunt," and "fucking cunt"; also yelling "why don't you go in the restaurant and suck
their dicks...."); Cortes v. Maxus Exploration Co., 977 F.2d 195, 197-98 (5th Cir.1992) (alleging
supervisor "would follow her and wait in the hall until she returned" but along with "propositioning
[plaintiff] seeking sexual favors," "repeatedly asked [plaintiff] to have sexual relations with him,
sometimes threatening to demote or fire her if she refused," "made lewd remarks about her body, told
her vulgar jokes on a daily basis, showed her pornographic photographs, asked her to come to his
house for 'training' after work hours," "bragged about the size of his penis, and frequently brushed

                                              16
        Were we to conclude that the conduct established by Mendoza was sufficiently severe or pervasive

to alter her terms or conditions of employment, we would establish a baseline of actionable conduct that is

far below that established by other circuits. For example, in Baskerville v. Culligan International Co., the

Seventh Circuit considered a sexual harassment-claim consisting of nine instances of sexually-graphic

behavior by the alleged harasser over a period of seven months. 50 F.3d 428, 430 (7th Cir.1995). These

instances included diminutive references to the plaintiff as a "pretty girl" and a "tilly" and one particularly

obscene instance in which the alleged harasser simulated the act of masturbation. Id. The Seventh Circuit

acknowledged the obvious offensiveness and vulgarity of this conduct, but nonetheless concluded that these

events could not "reasonably be thought to add up to sexual harassment." Id. The Seventh Circuit expressly

held that "[w]e conclude that no reasonable jury could find that Hall's remarks created a hostile working

environment." Id. at 431.9 Likewise, in Shepherd, the plaintiff produced evidence of several fairly serious

        up against her legs and breasts," and after plaintiff complained, the harasser "then began requiring
        that [plaintiff] ask his permission ... to go to the restroom" and "[w]henever she asked to go the
        restroom, [the harassser] would follow her and wait in the hall until she returned").

                 The dissent's cases vividly demonstrate why Mendoza's hostile environment claim is not
        actionable and why holding that her claim is actionable would deviate significantly from the law of
        other circuits.
    9
     In Baskerville, the Seventh Circuit made an alternative holding that in any event the plaintiff loses
because the defendant company took all reasonable steps to protect plaintiff from Hall and was not
vicariously liable. Baskerville v. Culligan International Co., 50 F.3d 428, 431-32 (7th Cir.1995). However,
the initial and primary holding was that Hall's conduct did not add up to actionable sexual harassment. Id.
at 428-31. The Seventh Circuit also affirmed this Baskerville holding in Gleason v. Mesirow Financial Inc.,
118 F.3d 1134 (7th Cir.1997). The Gleason court stated, "We held in Baskerville [that Title VII] was 'not
designed to purge the workplace of vulgarity,' for a certain amount of 'vulgar banter, tinged with sexual
innuendo' is inevitable in the modern workplace...." Id. at 1144 (quoting from Baskerville, 50 F.3d at 430-
31). The court continued, "Our specific holding in Baskerville was that plaintiff's supervisor had not engaged
in actionable sexual harassment even though over a seven-month period, he was guilty of the following: (1)
called the plaintiff a 'pretty girl,' (2) made grunting sounds when the plaintiff wore a leather skirt, (3) said to
the plaintiff that his office was not hot 'until you walked in here,' (4) stated that a public address
announcement asking for everyone's attention meant that 'all pretty girls [should] run around naked,' and (5)
alluded to his wife's absence from town and his loneliness, stating that he had only his pillow for company
while making an obscene gesture." Id. at 1144.

                The court in Gleason reiterated that the "central teaching of the Baskerville opinion [is that]
        'low-level harassment' is not actionable—[this holding] was recently re-affirmed by another panel

                                                        17
instances of harassment including: (1) the statement "your elbows are the same color as your nipples;" (2)

the statement "you have big thighs"; (3) attempts to look down the plaintiff's clothing; and (4) multiple

instances of touching. 168 F.3d at 872. Similar to the Seventh Circuit's reasoning in Baskerville, the Fifth

Circuit in Shepherd noted that the conduct was "boorish and offensive." Id. at 874. The Court, however,

specifically found that the conduct was not severe, threatening, or an impediment to job performance and

therefore concluded that the plaintiff could not establish a hostile-environment claim. Id. at 874-75.

Although we need not endorse or adopt the conclusions in Baskerville, Shepherd, or the other cases cited

herein, these decisions illustrate that conduct that is much more severe and pervasive than the conduct shown

by Mendoza has been found insufficient as a matter of law to sustain hostile-environment claims.10

        of this court in Galloway v. General Motors, 78 F.3d 1164, 1168 (7th Cir.1996). Thus, it is
        established in this circuit as of this date that there is a 'safe harbor for employers in cases in which
        the alleged harassing conduct is too tepid or intermittent or equivocal to make a reasonable person
        believe that she has been discriminated against on the basis of sex.' " Id.
  10
     Sexual harassment in the workplace is a serious matter. However, beyond taking us out of step with the
other circuits, holding that the conduct here constitutes sexual harassment actionable under Title VII would
trivialize true instances of sexual harassment. See, e.g., Dees v. Johnson Controls World Services, Inc., 168
F.3d 417, 422 n. 12 (11th Cir.1999) (noting that "almost daily" abuse including sexual jokes, references to
the plaintiff's body, and physical harassment established sexual harassment); Splunge v. Shoney's, Inc., 97
F.3d 488, 490 (11th Cir.1996) (reasoning evidence that the harassers "grabbed Plaintiffs, commented
extensively on their physical attributes, showed them pornographic photos and videotapes, offered them
money for sex, favored other employees who had affairs with them, speculated as to the plaintiffs' sexual
prowess, and so on" was sufficient to establish a hostile environment).

                 Both dissents cite decisions from other circuits which they contend found conduct as serious
        or less serious than Page's sufficiently severe or pervasive to be actionable sexual harassment.
        However, when all alleged conduct in those decisions is accurately listed, these decisions, if
        anything, highlight the insufficiency of Mendoza's evidence. Williams v. General Motors, 187 F.3d
        553, 558-59 (6th Cir.1999) (these comments on different occasions: supervisor looked at plaintiff's
        breasts and said "You can rub up against me anytime"; supervisor said "You would kill me,
        [plaintiff's name]," "I don't know if I can handle it, but I'd die with a smile on my face"; as plaintiff
        bent over, "Back up; just back up," or "You can back right up to me"; while placing his arm around
        her neck and his face against hers, said "You left the dick out of the hand"; co-worker used the
        "F-word," "Hey slut," "I'm sick and tired of these fucking women"; and plaintiff encountered
        "pranks" including finding office supplies glued to her desk, being hit by a thrown box, and being
        locked in her work area); Rorie v. UPS, Inc., 151 F.3d 757, 761-62 (8th Cir.1998) (facts considered
        on the borderline of actionable harassment, but described as manager McFadden "often would tell
        [plaintiff] that she smelled good, pat her on the back, and brush up against her," and "[t]his behavior
        continued throughout her employment with UPS"; he "was constantly 'coming on' to her" and was

                                                      18
V.      Conclusion

        For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the district court did not err in granting Borden judgment

as a matter of law on Mendoza's sexual-harassment claim under Title VII. We agree with the panel's decision

in this case that the district court properly granted summary judgment and judgment as a matter of law on

Mendoza's other claims. Therefore, we affirm the district court's entry of judgment in favor of Borden on

        "always flirty" and said "this was '[j]ust the way he [was] with women' "; "[r]ecognizing"
        McFadden's telephone call to plaintiff's home—asking her to go swimming and if she "had heard
        rumors about a co-worker's penis" and stating she "looked better in the UPS uniform than other
        women"—falls outside of 180-day period, but stating "we believe that, at the very least, McFadden's
        comments suggest that his later behavior presents a jury question as to hostile environment");
        Howard v. Burns Bros., Inc., 149 F.3d 835, 838-39 (8th Cir.1998) (co-employee "always saying
        sexual innuendos," such as plaintiff "had nice legs and that he was 'going to get [her]' "; he would
        "often brush against [plaintiff] intentionally while the two of them were working in the narrow area
        behind the fuel counter"; once he "brushed her buttocks and she kicked him"; he "said and did
        inappropriate things to other female employees"; another employee complained that he would "touch
        [her] butt or put his arm around [her]" or "talk nasty"; calling another employee a "fucking bitch";
        other co-employees complained of two jokes "in which the punch line involved lewd gestures, in one
        instance, touching a woman's breast, and in the other, thrusting his hips into a woman from behind");
        Gallagher v. Delaney, 139 F.3d 338, 343-44 (2d Cir.1998) (supervisor told plaintiff "he had a dream
        that she kissed him"; three days later he gave her a potted plant; the next day, told her "the only
        place for her to sit was on his lap"; "invited her to lunch on numerous occasions"; then gave her
        more gifts, including jewelry, teddy bear, pink rose, angel book; sent her cards with handwritten
        notes that read "Believe me, you [sic] the last person on Earth I want to see hurt"; complimented her
        on her physical appearance; asked her personal questions; "told her she brought out feelings in him
        that he had not had since he was sixteen"; invited her to Atlantic City and asked her to keep her
        dance card free; gave her a Valentine's card with printed message, "But somehow it seems only right
        To say, today of all days, You're someone close in thought and heart, Not 'now and then,' but
        always"); Barna v. City of Cleveland, Nos. 96-3971, 96-4178, 97-4138 (6th Cir.1998) (sexual
        harassment occurred on a daily basis and involved a constant stream of sexual propositions,
        comments, advances, characterizations and gestures, including asking plaintiff for oral sex; at one
        point harasser "grabbed her" and "squeezed so hard" that her breasts were "crushed," while
        whispering "We're friends, aren't we honey. I could take care of you"; harasser's bragging about his
        sexual prowess to plaintiff); Carrero v. New York City Housing Authority, 890 F.2d 569, 578 (2d
        Cir.1989) (harasser "constantly touching [plaintiff] and attempting to bestow unasked for and
        unacceptable kisses upon her"); Smith v. Norwest Fin. Acceptance, Inc., 129 F.3d 1408, 1412-15
        (10th Cir.1997) (six clearly sexual and severe disparaging remarks, such as plaintiff "would be the
        worst piece of ass that I ever had"; told plaintiff to "get a little this weekend" so she would "come
        back in a better mood"; she "would find a decent man if [she] just quit dating Mexicans"; she "must
        be a sad piece of ass" who "can't keep a man"; plaintiff was the only full time female employee in
        small office with supervisor harasser and three male co-employees, two of whom saw the conduct
        and testified that supervisor's conduct towards her was "sexually inappropriate," "offensive," and
        "intimidating").

                                                     19
Mendoza's claims for age discrimination, disability discrimination, retaliation, and Mendoza's state-law

claims. The judgment of the district court is

          AFFIRMED.

          EDMONDSON, Circuit Judge, concurring:

          I concur in today's judgment and court opinion.

          I write separately on a point, which the court's opinion does not reach, that I think deserves some

attention: the essence of a Title VII case, including one based on a claim of sexual harassment, is plaintiff's

proof of actual discrimination.        And in this case, plaintiff never presented evidence that other

employees—particularly men—at her workplace were treated considerably differently and better than she was

treated. This failure of proof (apart from other reasons) warranted the district court's grant of a judgment as

a matter of law for defendant.

          Plaintiff says she, at the job site, was "constantly" observed and followed by her supervisor. She says

her supervisor brushed against her once at the fax machine. She also says that, after she angrily entered her

supervisor's office (where he was already meeting with another employee) and said she was there "to work,

period," the supervisor replied "Yeah, I'm getting fired up, too." And she says, on two or three occasions,

the supervisor (after looking her up and down) looked in the direction of her groin and sniffed.

          Nothing in the record suggests that other employees, including men, were treated differently. When

plaintiff was asked if other employees were treated the same as she was treated, she testified that she did not

know.1

     1
      This question and answer is all that we have to go on about how other people were treated:

Q:        Well, you say [your supervisor] smiled at you. But, in fact, he smiled at other employees, also, didn't
          he?

A:        I don't know what he did with other employees.

                                                       20
        Title VII was never intended to protect employees from all unpleasant and rude conduct in the

workplace.2 It is an anti-discrimination statute. Title VII provides, in pertinent part:

        It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer—

        (1) to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any
        individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because
        of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin;

42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a) (emphasis added). "The critical issue, Title VII's text indicates, is whether members

of one sex are exposed to disadvantageous terms or conditions of employment to which members of the other

sex are not exposed." Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 118 S.Ct. 998, 1002, 140

L.Ed.2d 201 (1998) (citations and internal quotations omitted). But in this case, plaintiff made no effort to

show that she was treated differently and less favorably than male employees.

        The conduct of which plaintiff complains is neither obviously sexual in nature nor even sex-specific.

That supervisors regularly look at employees or place themselves in the same common areas of the workplace

as employees can occur whether the employees are men or women. A supervisor can bump into men at the

office occasionally. The phrase "I'm getting fired up, too" is not necessarily (and frequently is not) a sexual

statement. The words can readily be explained as either a statement of anger or exasperation which could

have been aimed at any employee—man or woman—who interrupts a conference to inject some heated

protest towards the supervisor. Even the looking-and-sniffing incidents are not unambiguously sexual

gestures. To sniff at something or someone is commonly understood to be a sign of contempt or disdain; a

man or a woman could be the subject of that disdain and of that treatment.

        My thought is not that the supervisor's conduct in this case could not possibly have sexual

connotations. I suppose that almost every act can—depending on context, tone of voice and so on.

  2
    See, e.g., Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 118 S.Ct. 998, 1002, 140 L.Ed.2d 201
(1998) ("Title VII [is not] a general civility code[.]"); Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 106
S.Ct. 2399, 2405, 91 L.Ed.2d 49 (1986) ("[N]ot all workplace conduct that may be described as 'harassment'
[is actionable.]").

                                                      21
        My thought is this one: at least when the sexual content of a supervisor's conduct is not obvious, a

plaintiff asserting a claim of sexual discrimination in employment must present some evidence that plaintiff's

coworkers, those not of plaintiff's sex, were treated differently and better.3 Otherwise, Title VII's vital

element—discrimination—is read out of the statute. The plaintiff's burden to show that similarly situated

employees were treated better is not a heavy one; ordinarily, the plaintiff testifies to that circumstance herself

or himself. But that the burden can usually be met easily by a properly motivated plaintiff does not mean that

meeting the burden is a meaningless formality or that actual evidence is unrequired. This evidence—evidence

of the discrimination—is the heart of the case. And, therefore, courts must allow no fudging on the proof.

        Here plaintiff put forward just two witnesses, including herself. Neither of the witnesses claimed to

know whether other employees—especially men—were treated significantly differently and better than

plaintiff. Discrimination based on plaintiff's sex must be proved in harassment cases. The proof of

discrimination was insufficient. This failure of proof by itself warranted the district court's grant of a

judgment as a matter of law for defendant.

        CARNES, Circuit Judge, concurring:

        Concurring fully in the judgment of the Court and in Judge Hull's opinion for it, I write separately

to discuss the reluctance courts should have about permitting plaintiffs who claim sexual harassment to rely

upon their subjective interpretations of ambiguous conduct. An essential part of Mendoza's contention that

she was sexually harassed is based upon her perception that Page, her supervisor, constantly followed her

around and stared at her. That is her perception, or more specifically, what she testified at trial is her

  3
   Sometimes harassment plaintiffs are complaining of conduct that is definitely sex-specific or very clearly
sexual in nature, for example, an invitation by a supervisor to engage in sexual intercourse. In those
distinctive cases, the discrimination might be inferred from the conduct (it is circumstantial evidence of
discrimination based on sex) without further evidence: in the example, it is too unlikely that the same
invitation would have been made by the same supervisor to a person of a different sex than plaintiff. But this
footnote's example illustrates an exceptional case. A claim of sexual harassment is a claim of disparate
treatment. The rule is that the plaintiff must actually prove discrimination, normally by evidence showing
directly that similarly situated persons not of plaintiff's sex were treated differently and better.

                                                       22
perception, of the frequency and the manner in which Page went to where she was in the work place and

looked at her during the eleven months she was under his supervision.

        Mendoza's perception that Page had followed her around and looked at her in an offensive way brings

to mind a recent Seventh Circuit case in which the plaintiff perceived that her boss had regularly talked to

her in a "sexy voice." See Minor v. Ivy Tech State College, 174 F.3d 855 (7th Cir.1999). The Seventh

Circuit's treatment of the "sexy voice" contention in Minor is instructive. The plaintiff in that case was

employed by a public vocational college whose chancellor, a man named Cole, had an office in another town.

She claimed that for eleven months Cole called her "almost every day, rarely discussing business." Id. at 856.

The court described the plaintiff's perception of these daily phone calls as follows:

        Cole talked, she thought, in a very friendly way, the way a boyfriend might talk; his voice was sexy;
        and though he never asked her for a date or proposed any sexual or otherwise erotic connection, she
        believed that his calls constituted overtures awaiting a response from her. She says that his words
        were at times "stalker-like" and "had these overtones at certain times that were sexual," but she does
        not indicate what the words were that gave her these impressions.

Id. The plaintiff in Minor also said that Cole, her boss, once entered her office and told her he had been

watching her through a window, which she thought was "lecherous of Cole," and it really scared her. Id.

There was objectionable conduct, including Cole putting his arms around her, squeezing her, and kissing her

while saying, "Now, is this sexual harassment?" Id. at 857.

        The Seventh Circuit affirmed the grant of summary judgment for the defendant in Minor, holding that

the "sexy voice" conduct was outside the period of limitations and should not be considered. But the Court

went on to hold in the alternative that even if that conduct was considered, there was still insufficient evidence

of sexual harassment to avoid summary judgment. The Seventh Circuit explained why this had to be so:

                As for Cole's "sexy voice," we are concerned about the legal risk that would be placed on
        employers if a plaintiff in a sexual harassment case could get to a jury on the basis of nebulous
        impressions concerning tone of voice, body language, and other nonverbal, nontouching modes of
        signaling. It is one thing to tell a supervisor that he should not propose sex to a subordinate, display
        pornographic pictures to her, or touch her in a suggestive fashion; those are indeed things that an
        employer should tell its supervisors not to do. It is another thing for an employer to be required
        under pain of legal sanctions to make sure that its supervisors never inflect their voice or posture in

                                                       23
         such a way that a woman might think they were "coming on" to her. That would be a counsel of
         perfection, and the aims of Title VII are more modest.

Id. at 858.1

         Likewise, it is "another thing" for an employer to be required under pain of legal sanctions to ensure

that supervisors never look or stare at a subordinate whom they are supervising in such a way that she might

think they were "coming on" to her. That would be, in the Seventh Circuit's words, "a counsel of perfection,

and the aims of Title VII are more modest." Id. The Seventh Circuit in Minor also recognized that, "[i]t is

no part of Title VII to change a 'hands on' management style (provided 'hands on' is understood

metaphorically) merely because it might strike a suspicious employee as having sexual overtones." Id. The

same is true of an "eyes on" management style. There is an objective as well as a subjective component to

a sexual harassment claim. See Harris v. Forklift Systems, 510 U.S. 17, 21-22, 114 S.Ct. 367, 370, 126

   1
    The Minor Court correctly recognized that "stalking a female employee crosses the line," id. at 858, but
also rejected any notion that the employee's perception of whether she had been stalked is controlling. The
plaintiff in that case testified that she perceived the conduct of Cole, her supervisor, to be "stalker-like." Id.
at 856. Instead of accepting her characterization, or even considering it as evidence ("there is no evidence
of [stalking] here"), the court considered the objective conduct involved and reached its own conclusion,
which is that there had been no stalking. Id. at 858.

                  In reaching that conclusion, the Minor court noted: "Cole did not follow Minor about, or
         drive past her home, or call her late at night, or query her about her personal life. He did not engage
         her in conversations about sex or love." Id. at 858. Although Mendoza did testify that Page followed
         her about the workplace, that is not enough to distinguish this case from Minor—to make this a
         "stalker" case. As the context of Minor 's remark about Cole not following Minor about makes clear,
         the court there was talking about off-hours conduct ("or drive past her home, or call her late at
         night"), or conduct that had no conceivable connection to supervisory duties ("He did not engage her
         in conversations about sex or love."). The court was not talking about an employee's perception of
         on-the-job conduct by a supervisor whose duties included observing employees.

                  That the present case does not involve stalking is obvious from the undisputed fact, which
         the Court's opinion makes clear, that it never occurred to Mendoza and her attorney, to use the word
         "stalking" to describe Page's conduct. They did not do so in the trial court, in their panel briefs, or
         in their en banc briefs. So far removed are these facts from a stalking case that it never occurred to
         anyone at the pre-trial, trial, or panel appeal levels of this case to describe Page as a stalker. The
         remarkable revelation that this is a stalking case has come only to the authors of the dissenting
         opinions at this, the en banc stage. Their insight in this regard is as belated as it is unique. What
         appears so obvious to them now apparently never occurred to either of them at the panel stage,
         because their carefully crafted panel opinion fails even to mention the word "stalk" or any derivative
         of it.

                                                       24
L.Ed.2d 295 (1993). Stated somewhat differently, Title VII requires a baseline of objectively offensive

conduct, and that baseline cannot be met with objectively ambiguous conduct that a suspicious employee

subjectively perceives to be improper.

          There are good reasons that this is so. In addition to those discussed by the Seventh Circuit in Minor,

there is also the problem of perception prevarication. An employee who makes up or exaggerates a

description of objective conduct runs a risk of being found out that is greater than the risk run by an employee

who is attempting to make a case based upon her subjective impressions. There is more temptation to

exaggerate, to "puff," to put subjective spin on the facts. A plaintiff describing her subjective impressions

can say that while her supervisor's conduct might have appeared neutral to some, she felt, believed—just

knew—it was lecherous. That is what the plaintiff in Minor said about the voice her boss used when talking

with her: she considered it "sexy" and stalker-like. Id. at 856. Similarly, Mendoza testified that when her

boss was looking at her, he was staring in an offensive manner; and when he turned up where she was in the

workplace, he had followed her there.

          And what could Page or any other supervisor accused of doing something that was objectively neutral

but perceived by an subordinate to be lecherous do to rebut testimony about those perceptions? If an

employee says that her supervisor looked or stared at her in a sexy way, or spoke to her in a sexy voice, or

did both things, how is a supervisor who is innocent of any lecherous intent or thoughts to establish his

innocence ? Supervisors must observe, look at, and speak to employees they supervise; they regularly go

about the work place to see what employees are doing, and sometimes follow them around on the work site.

And supervisors should be free to do so without being hauled into court every time an employee—who may

well have other reasons to be unhappy with the supervision—perceives the supervisor's constant presence,

or the way he looks at her, or the tone of his voice, or the way he stands, or the way he walks, to be offensive

to her.

                                                       25
        This case illustrates the dangers of permitting litigation by perception. At her deposition, Mendoza

was questioned about her claim that Page had followed her around the workplace:

                 Q. The second thing you mentioned was that Dan Page followed you all over the place.

                 A. Yes, he did, several times. This happened several times, two, three times that I can
        remember. I would go to the routeman's room reference paperwork. And when I would come out,
        go to the left to go back to my office, he would be at the end of the hall and watching me and smiling
        at me. Several times I laughed in his face. He might have taken it to be a smile like I enjoyed it. It
        wasn't a smile. I laughed in his face.

For Mendoza, the problem with her perception about Page following her around only "several times, two,

three that I can remember," as she described it under oath at deposition, is that it was unlikely to get her to

the jury, to give her a chance at recovery from the company that had terminated her because she failed to

come to work for three consecutive days. Given the nature of perceptions, however, that was no problem for

Mendoza. When she got to trial, she simply changed her perception. During her trial testimony, she no

longer perceived that Page had followed her around only "several times, two three times that I can remember,"

but instead perceived that he had followed her around "constantly."

        The Court does well to rule out litigation by perception and require objectively offensive conduct that

is itself severe or pervasive before a Title VII claim can go to a jury.

      TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge, concurring in part, and dissenting in part, in which BIRCH, BARKETT
and MARCUS, Circuit Judges, join:

        In its zeal to discourage the filing of frivolous lawsuits, the Court today hands down an opinion that

will certainly be used by other courts as a model of how not to reason in hostile environment sexual

harassment cases brought under Title VII.1 Ten years ago, in Vance v. Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph

Company, 863 F.2d 1503 (11th Cir.1989), overruled on other grounds, Patterson v. McLean Credit Union,

491 U.S. 164, 109 S.Ct. 2363, 105 L.Ed.2d 132 (1989), this court set forth an analytical framework for

   1
    See Theresa M. Beiner, "The Misuse of Summary Judgment in Hostile Environment Cases," 34 Wake
Forest L.Rev. 71, 119 (1999) (positing that courts often grant motions for summary judgment and for
judgment as a matter of law improperly because, in part, "the courts have seen a marked increase in Title VII
claims generally, and in harassment claims in particular").

                                                      26
deciding when, under the totality of the circumstances, the plaintiff's case of harassment is sufficient to

withstand a defendant's motion for judgment as a matter of law.2 In reversing the district court, we explained

that the district court had erred in granting the motion because it had failed to consider all of the

circumstances in context and had instead analyzed each alleged instance of harassment separately.

Apparently, Vance has now either been forgotten or is being ignored, because the court today makes exactly

the same mistake the district court made in that case ten years ago. I, therefore, respectfully dissent from the

majority's holding with respect to the plaintiff's sexual harassment claim brought under Title VII.3

                                                        I.

          Title VII forbids an employer from "discriminat[ing] against any individual with respect to his

compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's race, color,

religion, sex, or national origin...." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1) (1994). Sexual harassment is a form of sex

discrimination within the meaning of Title VII. See, e.g., Meritor Savs. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57,

65-67, 106 S.Ct. 2399, 2404-05, 91 L.Ed.2d 49 (1986). Two types of sexual harassment are prohibited by

Title VII: quid pro quo harassment and hostile work environment harassment. See Fleming v. Boeing Co.

120 F.3d 242, 244 (11th Cir.1997). In this appeal, we focus on Red Mendoza's allegations of hostile work

environment sexual harassment.

          In order to establish a hostile work environment sexual harassment claim, an employee must show:

(1) that the employee belongs to a protected group; (2) that the employee was subject to unwelcome sexual

harassment; (3) that the harassment was based upon the employee's sex; (4) that the harassment was

sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter a "term, condition, or privilege" of employment and create an abusive

  2
   The question in Vance was whether the plaintiff's case was sufficient to withstand a motion for judgment
notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV) under Fed.R.Civ.P. 50(b). See 863 F.2d at 1505-06. Rule 50(b) has now
been amended to substitute the term "judgment as a matter of law" for directed verdict and JNOV.
   3
      I concur with the judgment of the court in all other respects.

                                                       27
working environment; and (5) a basis for holding the employer liable. Henson v. City of Dundee, 682 F.2d

897, 903-905 (11th Cir.1982).

        With regard to the fourth element, sufficient severity or pervasiveness, the harassing conduct must

create both an objectively hostile or abusive environment—one "that a reasonable person would find hostile

or abusive"—and a subjectively hostile or abusive environment—one that "the victim ... subjectively

perceive[s] ... to be abusive." Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21, 114 S.Ct. 367, 370, 126 L.Ed.2d

295 (1993).

        In determining whether a plaintiff has met the burden of alleging sufficient harassment, the Supreme

Court has recently reaffirmed "that the objective severity of harassment should be judged from the perspective

of a reasonable person in the plaintiff's position, considering 'all the circumstances.' " Oncale v. Sundowner

Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 118 S.Ct. 998, 1003, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998) (quoting Harris, 510 U.S.

at 23, 114 S.Ct. at 371). If there is one principle of law that stands out in this area, it is that courts must look

to the totality of the circumstances to determine whether harassment is sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter

the conditions of the plaintiff's employment and create an abusive working environment. See Harris, 510

U.S. at 23, 114 S.Ct. at 371; Vinson, 477 U.S. at 69, 106 S.Ct. at 2406; Henson, 682 F.2d at 904. Among

other things, courts should look to "the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is

physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes

with an employee's work performance." Harris, 510 U.S. at 23, 114 S.Ct. at 371.

        The inquiry is both fact intensive, and contextually specific. It "requires careful consideration of the

social context in which particular behavior occurs and is experienced by its target." Oncale, 118 S.Ct. at

1003. This means that behavior that might be experienced by an employee as perfectly innocent in one

context can, when considered in light of other occurrences and behavior, take on a more incriminating flavor.

No act can be considered in isolation. Depending upon the circumstances, an employer's comment to an

employee that he or she "looks good today" could be construed as a friendly compliment, a harmless

                                                        28
flirtation, or the kind of sexually offensive verbal assault that is "every bit the arbitrary barrier to sexual

equality at the workplace that racial harassment is to racial equality." Henson, 682 F.2d at 902. To put the

point yet another way,

        [a] professional football player's working environment is not severely or pervasively abusive ... if the
        coach smacks him on the buttocks as he heads onto the field—even if the same behavior would
        reasonably be experienced as abusive by the coach's secretary (male or female) back at the office.
        The real social impact of workplace behavior often depends on a constellation of surrounding
        circumstances, expectations, and relationships which are not fully captured by a simple recitation of
        the words used or the physical acts performed.

Oncale, 118 S.Ct. at 1003.

                                                       II.

        We review the district court's grant of a Rule 50(a) motion for judgment as a matter of law de novo,

considering all the evidence in the light most favorable to Mendoza, the non-moving party. Combs v.

Plantation Patterns, 106 F.3d 1519, 1526 (11th Cir.1997), cert. denied, Combs v. Meadowcraft Co., --- U.S.

----, 118 S.Ct. 685, 139 L.Ed.2d 632 (1998). A directed verdict is only proper when "[t]he facts and

inferences ... 'so overwhelmingly favor the verdict' that no reasonable juror could reach a contrary decision."

Bivens Gardens Office Bldg., Inc. v. Barnett Banks, Inc., 140 F.3d 898, 905 (11th Cir.1998) (quoting Hibiscus

Assocs. v. Board of Trustees, 50 F.3d 908, 920 (11th Cir.1995)). Thus, to affirm the judgment as a matter

of law, we must be convinced that no reasonable juror could have concluded that the conduct complained of

constituted actionable sexual harassment in violation of Title VII.

                                                      III.

        Before Mendoza went to work in the accounting department of Borden's Miami facility, she spent

some time as a cocktail waitress in restaurants, bars, and hotel lounges. Her work environment was often

pervaded by foul language and personal insult. Some customers, doubtless after a few libations, attempted

to approach Mendoza sexually. On at least one occasion Mendoza was followed home from work, and she

was propositioned for dates several times. Throughout it all, Mendoza never made a claim of sexual

harassment. At trial she stated that "it was just part of the job."

                                                      29
        In December 1993, Mendoza found work as a temporary employee at Borden. For six months she

experienced no job related difficulties that could give rise to a Title VII lawsuit. In fact, Mendoza was so

successful in her temporary position that she was eventually hired as a permanent employee and given a pay

raise. All of that changed when Dan Page came to work at Borden in 1994. Page was hired as the plant's

"Controller," the highest ranking position at the Miami facility. From his glass enclosed office, Page kept

a watchful eye on the employees in the accounting department, all of whom knew that their job security and

employment possibilities rested in his hands.

        Page kept a particularly watchful eye on one employee—Red Mendoza. In early 1995, Page began

to "constantly" follow Mendoza around the plant, and stare at her in a suggestive manner. Page's stalking and

leering continued for at least four months until Mendoza finally left Borden in April 1995. Mendoza testified

that Page "always seemed to be wherever I was. If I was in the lunch room, he was there. If I was at the

picnic table outside on a break, he was there." Page did not limit his physical pursuit of Mendoza to the

actual office in which they both worked. He followed her in the plant's hallways and outside to the facility's

picnic area.

        Unfortunately for Page, his physical pursuit did not have its intended effect of piquing Mendoza's

interest, and so he decided to use other methods of beguilement. Perhaps hoping that Mendoza would see

his true "animal magnetism," Page stared at Mendoza's groin on at least three occasions and made a loud,

sniffing sound. For unexplained reasons, Mendoza failed to become enraptured. In fact, she became rather

terrified. But Page remained undaunted. Because Mendoza was not succumbing to his Casanova-like

charms, he decided to make physical contact. One day when Mendoza was at the fax machine, Page walked

over and moved his hips into hers while grabbing her shoulders and smiling at her. As inexplicable as it may

seem, this again failed to capture Mendoza's favorable attentions.

        By now Mendoza had also had enough. She had been stalked, leered at, touched on her hips and

shoulders, and her groin area had been made the object of a sniffing ritual so bizarre that only Page could

                                                     30
understand its true import. Jenny Voltapetti4 testified that on at least twelve occasions Mendoza told her that

she was "being harassed on the job," and that "it was an immediate supervisor." Voltapetti described Red

Mendoza, a woman who had accepted as "just part of the job" being propositioned and followed home from

work during her years as a cocktail waitress, as "extremely distraught" and "very upset." But what could

Mendoza do? With instances of co-worker harassment or even in many situations where one's superior is

doing the harassing, the employee has access to channels of complaint—the head boss or somebody who is

superior to the superior. In this situation, however, Page was the head boss. He was the highest ranking

employee at the Miami plant. Mendoza nevertheless went to Page to tell him that she had come there "to

work, period." Page's only response was that he was "getting fired up, too."

                                                       IV.

          These are the facts when we view the evidence in the light most favorable to Mendoza, as we are

required to do in reviewing a judgment as a matter of law. Reading the majority opinion, however, one would

think that we are required to view the facts in the light most favorable to the defendant. The en banc opinion

reads like a defense attorney's classic attack on a plaintiff's (or a prosecutor's) circumstantial evidence case.

Contrary to the Supreme Court's direction, what the majority does is examine each instance of alleged

harassment in isolation and then declare that it alone could not support a finding of liability. Because of this,

and here is the rub, all of the evidence added together is likewise insufficient to satisfy the Harris requirement

of severity or pervasiveness.

          The majority declares that "Page's statement 'I'm getting fired up' and the sniffing sounds are hardly

threatening or humiliating."5 Ante at 540. With that evidence conveniently disposed of, the court then moves

  4
   Jenny Voltapeti is the wife of Mendoza's dentist, and she also manages his office. Her testimony is based
upon conversations she had with Mendoza during several of Mendoza's dental visits.
      5
     It is a mystery to me how the court could find that the sniffing sounds, in particular, "are hardly ...
humiliating." The majority brushes over this piece of evidence lightly, but one wonders what response, if not
humiliation mixed with indignation, would be appropriate for a situation in which a woman's supervisor at
work feels the need to stare at her groin while making sniffing sounds. Perhaps the court views such conduct
as normal and acceptable workplace behavior. See generally Daniel Patrick Moynihan, "Defining Deviancy

                                                       31
on to scoff at "the one instance of Page brushing his hip against Mendoza's." Id. Last, we are told that Page's

constant following and staring at Mendoza in a sexually suggestive manner cannot save the claim, because

"[g]iven normal office interaction among employees, following and staring in the manner described by

Mendoza are not the type of conduct that can render Mendoza's claim actionable...." Id. at 541.6

Down," 62 Am. Scholar 17 (1993). In any event, the only case cited to support the majority's novel
proposition is Long v. Eastfield College, 88 F.3d 300, 309 (5th Cir.1996). In Long, the Fifth Circuit took the
entirely unremarkable position that one "offensive joke concerning condoms ... told in [the plaintiff's]
presence" could not, alone, form the basis of a hostile work environment claim. Id. From that case, the
majority draws the conclusion that "the sniffing sounds are hardly threatening or humiliating." How the court
could compare one joke, the subject of which was a prophylactic (and not the plaintiff's genitalia), told,
apparently, not to the plaintiff, herself, but only "in [the plaintiff's] presence," to this case, where Mendoza
has alleged multiple instances of Page staring directly at her groin (targeting Mendoza, specifically) and
sniffing at her like some beast marking its prey, is beyond me.
   6
    The court's casual assertion that "Mendoza did not present evidence that Page's conduct was 'physically
threatening or humiliating' or that the cumulative effect of this conduct 'unreasonably interfered' with
Mendoza's job performance" is bizarre. Ante at 540. In order for this assertion to be correct, Mendoza would
have had to have taken the stand at trial, and then remain completely silent when questioned by her attorney.
Remarkably, however, Mendoza did testify when she took the stand, and she presented a wealth of testimonial
evidence that Page stalked and leered at her, sniffed at her groin, touched her, and made inappropriate sexual
remarks. The inference that a reasonable jury could draw from this evidence is that Mendoza felt threatened
and humiliated, and that Page substantially interfered with Mendoza's job performance.

                 There are only two possible conclusions that I can draw from the court's conclusion that
        Mendoza "did not present [any] evidence." The first is that in order for a plaintiff to be deemed to
        have presented "evidence that [the] conduct was 'physically threatening or humiliating' or that the
        cumulative effect of [the] conduct 'unreasonably interfered' with [the plaintiff's] job performance,"
        the court is now requiring that the plaintiff use "magic words" in her trial testimony, because we will
        no longer permit either juries, or ourselves, to draw inferences from the testimony presented. If this
        is the correct interpretation of the majority's statement, then henceforth, we will be requiring
        plaintiffs in hostile environment cases to recite the Harris factors, verbatim, in their testimony in
        order to for us to recognize that the harassment was "frequen[t]," "sever[e]," "physically threatening
        or humiliating," and an "unreasonabl[e] interfere[nce] with an employee's work performance."
        Harris, 510 U.S. at 23, 114 S.Ct. at 371. In order to be adequate, the transcript from Mendoza's trial
        would have to read something like this:

                 Q: What did [Page] do that changed things?

                 A: The man was constantly watching me and following me around and looking me up and
                 down, whether it was face to face with me or as I would get up from a lunch table or from
                 the picnic table to walk away and to go back to the office. [And I noticed the frequency of
                 this discriminatory conduct; its severity; that it was physically threatening and humiliating;
                 and that it unreasonably interfered with my work performance.]

                                                      32
        Every defense attorney knows that this is the traditional way to undermine a case built upon

circumstantial evidence. You isolate each piece that the other side puts into evidence and then attempt to

trivialize it by taking it out of context. The defendant was just driving his car, the defense attorney will argue.

So what of the fact that the car was parked outside a bank? People park outside of banks all the time. The

bank was being robbed at the time? How could the defendant have known that? He was sitting outside the

bank, remember. And so what of the fact that defendant allowed the two men who were robbing the bank

into his car, and then drove away at a high rate of speed? People drive at a high rate of speed all the time.

Can the members of the jury actually say that they have never broken the speed limit?

                 ....

                 Q: Okay. Aside from the looking you up and down, what—did he do anything else?

                 A: There was an incident where I was standing at a copy machine direct right next to his
                 office. I was making copies. I felt somebody watching me. I looked directly to my right.
                 He was sitting at a chair in the conference room, which is approximately 20, 25 feet away
                 from me, at a chair at the end of the table. And he looked at me up and down, and stopped
                 in my groin area and made a (indicating) sniffing motion. [And I noticed the frequency of
                 this discriminatory conduct; its severity; that it was physically threatening and humiliating;
                 and that it unreasonably interfered with my work performance.]

                          This also happened another time. It had to be in March, I had the flu. I went into
                 his office—he was sitting at his computer—to tell him that my doctor wanted me to take
                 time off because of this flu. And he turned around to his right, looked directly at me, up and
                 down, and stopped again in the groin area, made a sniffing motion again, (indicating), like
                 that. [And again, I noticed the frequency of this discriminatory conduct; its severity; that
                 it was physically threatening and humiliating; and that it unreasonably interfered with my
                 work performance.]

                  The alternative inference that we might draw from the majority's statement is that we should
        not actually take the majority at its word, and that what the court means to say is that "Mendoza did
        not present [enough ] evidence that Page's conduct was 'physically threatening or humiliating' or that
        the cumulative effect of this conduct 'unreasonably interfered' with Mendoza's job performance."
        This is, likely, the correct interpretation of the majority's conclusion; but if it is, the court completely
        fails to explain why Mendoza's evidence is insufficient. From on high, the majority has determined
        that female employees should feel no humiliation or anxiety when their bosses sniff in the direction
        of their groins, touch their hips, and follow them around the office, staring at them in a sexually
        suggestive manner; but the court never explains why this is the case. That the court feels the need
        to resort to bald assertion in lieu of providing some justification for its position only bolsters my
        conclusion that it is a jury (traditionally, the finder of fact) and not the court who should be making
        these determinations.

                                                        33
        The majority's analysis might be useful for a practicing seminar on defense strategies in employment

discrimination cases, but it is certainly not faithful to the Supreme Court's direction that we look at the

"constellation of surrounding circumstances" when analyzing the sufficiency of a plaintiff's allegations.

Oncale, 118 S.Ct. at 1003. More than a decade ago in Vance, we addressed a district court that made the

same analytical mistake in a racial harassment case that the majority makes today. In that case, the district

court granted a directed verdict to the employer after examining independently each allegation of harassment,

and finding either that the plaintiff had failed to make out a prima facie case for each incident, or that the

defendant had provided a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its conduct. After weeding out most of

the plaintiff's allegations in this manner, the district court then ruled that the two remaining instances of

harassment (a noose was twice hung over the plaintiff's work station) were insufficient to establish a "

'persistent, pervasive practice.' " Vance, 863 F.2d at 1510 (quoting Vance v. Southern Bell Tel. & Tel. Co.,

672 F.Supp. 1408, 1413 (M.D.Fla.1987)). We corrected the district court as follows:

        The prima facie showing in a hostile environment case is likely to consist of evidence of many or
        very few acts or statements by the defendant which, taken together, constitute harassment. It is
        important to recognize that in assessing the credibility and weight of the evidence presented, the jury
        does not necessarily examine each alleged incident of harassment in a vacuum. What may appear
        to be a legitimate justification for a single incident of alleged harassment may look pretextual when
        viewed in the context of several other related incidents.

                ....

                 [T]he district court examined each individual allegation of discrimination in turn, and found
        that the plaintiff had made out a prima facie case of discrimination only as to the two noose
        incidents.... [But] as we stated in Henson, the severity of the harassment is to be determined by the
        totality of the circumstances. It was thus incorrect for the district court to require that the plaintiff
        establish a prima facie case of discrimination as to each individual allegation that the jury could
        properly consider. A hostile environment claim is a single cause of action rather than a sum total of
        a number of mutually distinct causes of action to be judged each on its own merits.

Id. at 1510-11 (citations omitted).

        The majority today makes the same mistake as the district court did in Vance. By examining each

of Mendoza's allegations of harassment in isolation from one another, the majority concludes that Mendoza

does not have enough evidence to reach the jury because each allegation is individually insufficient. But the

                                                      34
whole of a hostile environment sexual harassment case will often be greater than the sum of its parts.

Incidents that might not seem so disturbing by themselves can take on new meaning in the context of other

evidence of discrimination. This case is a perfect example. By itself, it may not seem so significant that Page

moved his hip into Mendoza's while touching her shoulder and smiling at her suggestively. But add to that

a suggestive comment ("I'm getting fired up"). Now the hip incident begins to look a little more troubling.

By the time we get to the repeated incidents of Page's staring directly at Mendoza's groin and making sniffing

sounds, we realize that Mendoza's whole employment experience at Borden's may have been pervaded by

overt and highly offensive acts of sexual aggression. Once we take all the evidence into account, we begin

to appreciate that Page's constant following and staring at Mendoza may have been motivated less by a need

to monitor employee work habits, than by a desire to stalk and terrorize an innocent female victim.7 If we

looked to the majority for guidance, however, we would miss all of this. We would miss the proverbial forest

for the trees because we would fail to see the cumulative meaning of Mendoza's allegations in context.

        The court's analytical mistakes do not end here. As I read the majority opinion today, it appears that

we are telling district courts that they should cast a skeptical eye towards a plaintiff's evidence of pervasive

stalking and leering by a supervisor in hostile environment sexual harassment cases. The court writes that

"[g]iven normal office interaction among employees, the following and staring in the manner described by

Mendoza are not the type of conduct that can render Mendoza's claim actionable, even with evidence that the

following and staring were 'constant' and thus 'frequent' under the Harris factors." Ante at 541. The first

   7
    The majority, and Judge Carnes in his concurrence, make much of the fact that Mendoza never actually
uses the word "stalking" to describe what Page was doing to her. What Mendoza testified to at trial was that
Page "followed" her "constantly." Webster's Third defines "follow" as "to go after in pursuit or in an effort
to overtake;" and it lists as synonyms the words "pursue," "chase," "tag," "trail," and "tail." Webster's Third
New International Dictionary 883 (1993). "Constantly" is defined as "without variation, deviation, or
change," or "with regular occurrence" (the listed synonyms are "ever," "always," and "incessantly"). Id. at
485. The verb-tense form of "stalk" is defined as "to pursue (as game) stealthily and often under cover for
the purpose of killing," and "to pursue or follow in a stealthy, furtive, or persistent manner." Id. at 2221.
Even if Mendoza never used the word "stalk" at trial, she certainly alleged that Page "pursued" her
"incessantly," which is the same in substance as alleging that Page "stalked" her. Mendoza certainly never
alleged that Page's stalking was "for the purpose of killing" her, but given the animal-like connotations of
Page's sniffing ritual, she may have alleged that Page pursued her "as game."

                                                      35
problem with this reasoning is that it is circular. The court answers the question, why are the following and

staring alleged by Mendoza not the kind of conduct that can support a sexual harassment claim, with a most

insightful response: because they "are not the [right] type of conduct." Id. This is plainly inadequate. The

question deserves an answer, not a tautology.

        But the real problem runs deeper. The logical inference that one draws from the court's statement

is either: (a) that a plaintiff can never use evidence of following and staring by a supervisor to buttress a

claim of sexual harassment; or (b) that in order for evidence of following and staring to be considered

probative, it must be something more than "constant." The answer almost certainly cannot be (a). No court

has ever made such a sweeping declaration, defining an entire class of conduct as immune to suspicion. In

fact, courts routinely use evidence of following and/or staring to support a finding of sufficient severity or

pervasiveness. See Cross v. Alabama Dep't of Mental Health & Mental Retardation, 49 F.3d 1490, 1495

(11th Cir.1995) ("glaring looks, piercing looks"); Westvaco Corp. v. United Paperworkers Int'l Union, AFL-

CIO, 171 F.3d 971, 973 (4th Cir.1999) ("stare at her for periods of ten to twenty minutes"); Stoll v. Runyon,

165 F.3d 1238, 1239 (9th Cir.1999) ("stalked her throughout the postal facility"); Kimzey v. Wal-Mart Stores,

Inc., 107 F.3d 568, 571 (8th Cir.1997) ("following her around the store"); Yamaguchi v. United States Dep't

of the Air Force, 109 F.3d 1475, 1478 (9th Cir.1997) ("stare at her during work"); Harris v. L & L Wings,

Inc., 132 F.3d 978, 980 (4th Cir.1997) ("followed her around the warehouse"); Hathaway v. Runyon, 132

F.3d 1214, 1217 (8th Cir.1997) ("stared at her with a menacing look");             Hirase-Doi v. U.S. West

Communications, Inc., 61 F.3d 777, 780 (10th Cir.1995) ("threatening and intimidating stares"); Steiner v.

Showboat Operating Co., 25 F.3d 1459, 1462 (9th Cir.1994) ("stares, glares, snickers, and comments"), cert.

denied, 513 U.S. 1082, 115 S.Ct. 733, 130 L.Ed.2d 636 (1995); Cortes v. Maxus Exploration Co., 977 F.2d

195, 198 (5th Cir.1992) ("Whenever she asked to go to the restroom, [the supervisor] would follow her and

wait in the hall until she returned.").8 Given the Supreme Court's repeated emphasis on social context, that

  8
   The majority appears to have gone to some trouble to distinguish these cases. See ante at 541 - 43, n. 8.
The court's purported distinction lies in the difference between the severity or pervasiveness of the harassing

                                                      36
"[t]he real social impact of workplace behavior often depends on a constellation of surrounding

circumstances, expectations, and relationships[,]" Oncale, 118 S.Ct at 1003, it would make no sense for us

to exclude, ex ante, a whole class of behavior from the realm of what might contribute to a finding of sexual

harassment.

        The court must, therefore, be saying that in order for evidence of following and staring to be

considered probative, it must be something more than what Mendoza alleged. It is difficult to imagine what

that "more" might consist of. Mendoza alleged that Page's following and staring were "constant," making

his conduct appear to be the equivalent of stalking and leering. See supra at n. 7. But apart from the

majority's failure to describe what kind of following and staring would be sufficiently harassing to "count"

in an employee's claim for hostile environment sexual harassment (must the harasser walk closer to the

victim? touch her? breathe down her neck?), the court once again substitutes bald assertion for reasoned

argument. Why is the following and staring "not the type of conduct that can render Mendoza's claim

actionable"? We do not know. The court has cited no case to support this specific proposition; we must take

it on faith that judges, and not juries, are the appropriate persons to be deciding what conduct can and cannot

be interpreted as sufficiently offensive and harassing.

        At the risk of appearing monotonous, let me repeat that behavior that might be experienced by an

employee as perfectly innocent in one context can, when considered in light of other occurrences and

behavior, take on a more incriminating flavor. And "[w]hat may appear to be a legitimate justification for

a single incident of alleged harassment may look pretextual when viewed in the context of several other

related incidents." Vance, 863 F.2d at 1510. Certainly an employee's bare allegation that her supervisor was

conduct at issue in the cases I cite, and the severity or pervasiveness of the conduct at issue in this case. But
I do not cite these cases for the proposition that courts have found conduct equivalent to that alleged by
Mendoza to be sufficiently severe or pervasive to support a hostile environment sexual harassment claim (
I cite cases that establish that proposition, infra.); I cite them for the proposition which I state in the text of
this opinion, that "courts routinely use evidence of following and/or staring to support a finding of sufficient
severity or pervasiveness." Nothing in the majority's lengthy commentary discussing these cases undermines
that proposition.

                                                        37
"following" her around the office and that the supervisor often "stared" at her while she was trying to work

would not be sufficient to support a claim for harassment. But when that supervisor has been "following and

staring" at the employee "constantly" for over four months, stared at the employee's groin and made sniffing

noises, rubbed up against the employee's hips with his own while touching the employee's shoulder and

smiling suggestively, and made sexually suggestive remarks to the employee, then the "following and staring"

begin to look more like "stalking and leering."

        When analyzed cumulatively and in context, Mendoza has certainly presented enough evidence to

survive Borden's Rule 50(a) motion for judgment as a matter of law. See Allen v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 121 F.3d

642, 647-48 (11th Cir.1997). None of the cases cited by the majority supports the proposition that "the

circuits have rejected sexual-harassment claims based on conduct that is as serious or more serious than the

conduct at issue in this appeal." Ante at 537 - 38. If one carefully examines the cases the majority cites, one

finds in every single one of them either that the conduct alleged was much less pervasive than the conduct

at issue in this case, or that the case is inapposite for other reasons.9 In this case, Mendoza alleges that the

   9
     My reading of these cases convinces me that they do not stand for the proposition for which they are
cited. Indest v. Freeman Decorating, Inc., 164 F.3d 258, 264 (5th Cir.1999), only involved five sexually
related comments that "were no more offensive than sexual jokes regularly told on major network television
programs." But the real trouble is that the court in Indest did not hold that the plaintiff's allegations were
insufficient to establish a hostile environment. Instead, the decision affirmed summary judgment for the
defendant because the employer had taken prompt remedial action and so the plaintiff could not establish a
basis for the employer's vicarious liability for the actions of its employee:

                 [W]e hold that because she promptly complained of [the supervisor's] harassing conduct, and
                 because the company promptly responded ... the district court properly granted judgment as
                 a matter of law to [the defendant employer]. Even if a hostile work environment claim had
                 been stated, which is dubious, [the employer's] prompt remedial response relieves it of Title
                 VII vicarious liability.

        Indest, 164 F.3d at 267. In Quinn v. Green Tree Credit Corp., 159 F.3d 759, 768 (2nd Cir.1998), the
        plaintiff only alleged two instances of harassment (comment that plaintiff had the "sleekest ass" in
        the office, and a contact with plaintiff's breasts by some papers that the alleged harasser was holding
        in his hand), a far cry from Mendoza's claim of "constant" harassment. The same lack of
        pervasiveness is evident in Adusumilli v. City of Chicago, 164 F.3d 353, 361 (7th Cir.1998), where
        the plaintiff alleged "no more than teasing about waving at squad cars, ambiguous comments about
        bananas, rubber bands, and low-neck tops, staring and attempts to make eye contact, and four isolated
        incidents in which a co-worker briefly touched [plaintiff's] arm, fingers, or buttocks." The court in

                                                      38
Adusumilli specifically affirmed the district court's exclusion of evidence that would have made the
harassment at issue appear more pervasive. The district court struck a statement from the plaintiff's
affidavit that she "was harassed on a near daily basis by [her] co-workers," because the court found
that it was contradicted by the plaintiff's deposition testimony. Id. at 360. There is a similar lack of
pervasiveness in Sprague v. Thorn Americas, Inc., 129 F.3d 1355, 1366 (10th Cir.1997) (four
relatively innocuous comments and one attempt to look down plaintiff's dress over a sixteen month
period). Galloway v. General Motors Serv. Parts Operations, 78 F.3d 1164 (7th Cir.1996) is
inapposite. That case did not hold that plaintiff's allegations were "insufficient under Harris," ante
at 538, in the sense that the harassment was not sufficiently severe or pervasive (the proposition for
which the majority attempts to find support). Rather the court in Galloway went into a long
discussion about why the harassing conduct (calling the plaintiff a "sick bitch") was not gender
related at all because the alleged harasser was only calling the plaintiff "crazy" or "whacko," and thus
there could be no liability under Title VII because there was no evidence of differential treatment.
Galloway, 78 F.3d at 1167-68. In this case, the court purports to assume that the conduct alleged by
Mendoza "is sexual in nature and thus might implicate sex discrimination." Ante at 540.

         The citation to Black v. Zaring Homes, Inc., 104 F.3d 822 (6th Cir.1997), would be effective,
were it not for the court's reliance in that case on the fact that "most of the [allegedly harassing]
comments were not directed at plaintiff." Id. at 826. In the instant case, there is no dispute that
Page's harassment was directed specifically toward Mendoza (indeed, Page's sniffing was apparently
directed specifically toward Mendoza's genital region). Kidwai v. McDonald's Corp., No. 93-1720
(4th Cir. Apr.18,1994), involved isolated incidents that were not nearly as severe or pervasive as the
conduct alleged in this case (stating that plaintiff had a boyfriend; once asking plaintiff if she was
in bed with someone; asking plaintiff to meet his mother; once asking plaintiff whether she had a
good time on her vacation; asking plaintiff if she would cook for him; and using profanity on one
occasion). With regard to Kidwai, it is odd that the court feels the need to resort to an unpublished
opinion from the Fourth Circuit, given that citations to such cases are disfavored. 4th Cir. R. 36(c).
The holding in Weiss v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of Chicago, 990 F.2d 333 (7th Cir.1993), is on shaky
ground because in that case, the court relied heavily on Scott v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 798 F.2d 210
211-214 (7th Cir.1986). The Seventh Circuit has since recognized that its holding in Scott—that to
be actionable, harassment must "cause such anxiety and debilitation to the plaintiff that working
conditions [are] poisoned"—has been effectively overruled by the Supreme Court's decision in
Harris, 510 U.S. at 22, 114 S.Ct. at 370-71. See Saxton v. American Tel. and Tel. Co., 10 F.3d 526,
533-34 (7th Cir.1993).

         The two major cases that the majority uses to support its claim that "[w]ere we to conclude
that the conduct established by Mendoza was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter her terms or
conditions of employment, we would establish a baseline of actionable conduct that is far below that
established by other circuits" are Baskerville v. Culligan International Co., 50 F.3d 428 (7th
Cir.1995), and Shepherd v. Comptroller of Public Accounts, 168 F.3d 871 (5th Cir.1999), cert.
denied, 67 U.S.L.W. 3773, --- U.S. ----, --- S.Ct. ----, --- L.Ed.2d ---- (U.S. June 11, 1999). Ante at
543. Baskerville is not directly on point because that case was a pre-Faragher decision in which the
court found that "even if ... [the alleged harasser's] remarks could reasonably be thought to cross the
line that separates vulgarity (not actionable) from harassment (potentially actionable), the plaintiff
must lose because the company took all reasonable steps to protect her from [the alleged harasser]"
and so was not vicariously liable. Baskerville, 50 F.3d at 431. In note 9 of its opinion, the majority
attempts to resuscitate Baskerville by citing Gleason v. Mesirow Financial, Inc., 118 F.3d 1134, 1144

                                              39
harassment she experienced was "constant." This means that she was stalked and leered at every day for at

least four months, in addition to being touched, verbally harassed, and sniffed at in a clearly sexual and

disgusting manner. It may well be that at trial, a jury would conclude that Mendoza was not subject to sexual

harassment that was sufficiently severe or pervasive to create a hostile work environment. Because the

inquiry is so fact intensive and contextually specific, however, Mendoza's allegations certainly meet the

threshold of what is required for the case to reach a jury. See Sparks v. Pilot Freight Carriers, Inc., 830 F.2d

1554, 1561, n. 13 (11th Cir.1987) ("With access to all the evidence, and with the common sense to make

credibility determinations, a factfinder should not find it difficult to distinguish between harassing actions

that constitute a violation of Title VII and those 'ambiguous' actions which simply may not 'create an abusive

working environment.' ").

        Other circuits have found conduct that is less egregious than that alleged by Mendoza to be

sufficiently severe or pervasive to survive a motion for judgment as a matter of law. See, e.g., Rorie v. United

        (7th Cir.1997), in which the court opined that the "specific holding in Baskerville was that the
        plaintiff's supervisor had not engaged in actionable sexual harassment...." That may be true, but it
        does not change the fact that the "holding" in Baskerville that the harassment was not sufficiently
        severe or pervasive was, as the Baskerville court, itself, recognized, an "alternative ground for [the]
        decision." Baskerville, 50 F.3d at 432.

                 The only cases that the majority cites with any effectiveness are Shepherd, 168 F.3d at 872
        (one comment that the plaintiff's elbows were the same color as her nipples; one comment that the
        plaintiff had big thighs; touching plaintiff's arm; and attempting to look down dress), and Hopkins
        v. Baltimore Gas and Elec. Co., 77 F.3d 745, 753 (4th Cir.1996) (alleged harasser "bumped into
        [plaintiff], positioned a magnifying glass over [the plaintiff's] crotch, flipped his tie over to see its
        label, gave him a congratulatory kiss in the receiving line at [a] wedding, and stared at him in the
        bathroom"). In Shepherd, unlike this case, the alleged harasser was a co-worker, and not a
        supervisor, and thus the plaintiff likely experienced the conduct as less severe because she did not
        have to worry about complaining about a superior. Hopkins was a pre-Oncale decision that was
        likely colored by the fact that the harassment was same-sex, male on male. The court found that
        much of the alleged conduct was "sexually neutral or, at most, ambiguous." Hopkins, 77 F.3d at 753.
        Again, the court in this case purports to assume that the conduct alleged by Mendoza "is sexual in
        nature." Ante at 540.

                 In sum, the majority lacks case support for its proposition that conduct like that alleged by
        Mendoza has been found insufficient "as a matter of law" to meet the Harris requirements of
        sufficient severity or pervasiveness. Ante at 545.

                                                      40
Parcel Serv., Inc., 151 F.3d 757, 761-62 (8th Cir.1998) (plaintiff's allegations that manager patted her on the

back, brushed up against her, and told her that she smelled good sufficient to survive a motion for summary

judgment);10 Smith v. Norwest Fin. Acceptance, Inc., 129 F.3d 1408, 1412-15 (10th Cir.1997) (allegation of

  10
      The majority's reading of Rorie seems slightly misleading. In note 10 of the court's opinion, the majority
claims that "when all the alleged conduct in [the decision] is accurately listed, [the decision], if anything,
highlight[s] the insufficiency of Mendoza's evidence." The only conduct at issue in Rorie is the conduct I
list in the text of my opinion: the plaintiff alleged that her manager patted her on the back, brushed up against
her, and told her that she smelled good. In note 10 of the court's opinion, the majority attempts to "reveal"
the "actual" facts at issue in Rorie when it suggests that, in addition to the facts I list, the court also relied
heavily on findings that the manager placed a "telephone call to plaintiff's home—asking her to go swimming
and if she 'had heard rumors about a co-worker's penis' and stat[ed] that she 'looked better in the UPS uniform
than other women.' " Ante at 544, n. 10. The court in Rorie, however, did not rely on these "additional"
allegations to support its conclusion that plaintiff's allegations of the manager patting her on the back,
brushing up against her, and telling her that she smelled good were enough to present a jury question as to
hostile environment. The court specifically found that the "additional" allegations that the majority cites
today fell outside of the 180 day period within which the plaintiff filed her compliant with the EEOC, and
thus could not be considered by the court in any way other than to "provide relevant background to later
discriminatory acts." Rorie, 151 F.3d at 761. The Rorie court wrote:

                 UPS argues that the only allegations falling within the 180-day period are McFadden's
                 comments about Rorie smelling good, patting her on the back, and brushing up against her.
                 UPS contends that these actions are insufficient to support a hostile environment claim
                 because McFadden was seldom in [the place where Rorie worked].... UPS also contends that
                 Rorie failed to complain of McFadden's conduct. We disagree.

                          In September 1995, McFadden telephoned Rorie at home. During their
                 conversation, McFadden asked Rorie if she would like to go swimming and whether she had
                 heard the rumors about a co-worker's penis size. She declined the swimming invitation.
                 During the same conversation, Rorie complained to McFadden about a female co-worker's
                 attitude toward her. McFadden told her it was because Rorie looked better in the UPS
                 uniform than the other woman....

                         While we concede that the facts of this case are on the borderline of those sufficient
                 to support a claim of sexual harassment, we cannot say that a supervisor who pats a female
                 employee on the back, brushes up against her, and tells her she smells good does not
                 constitute sexual harassment as a matter of law. Recognizing that the September 1995
                 conversation falls outside of the 180-day period, we believe that, at the very least,
                 McFadden's comments suggest that his later behavior presents a jury question as to hostile
                 environment.

        Rorie, 151 F.3d at 761-62 (emphasis added). The proposition for which I cite the case, therefore,
        remains undisputed. The Eighth Circuit has found that a plaintiff who alleged that her manager
        patted her on the back, brushed up against her, and told her that she smelled good had alleged
        conduct severe or pervasive enough to create a jury question as to hostile environment. Mendoza's
        allegations unquestionably go beyond the conduct at issue in Rorie. Therefore, other circuits have

                                                       41
six sexually disparaging remarks sufficient to survive motion for judgment as a matter of law). Today's

opinion appears to require a plaintiff to make a showing that is beyond that required by any other circuit. I

say this because the only cases cited approvingly by the majority involved conduct so outrageous that it

would shock the conscience of the court: female employees being held down bodily so that other employees

could fondle their breasts and legs, Hall v. Gus Constr. Co., 842 F.2d 1010, 1012 (8th Cir.1988); physical

and verbal abuse that took place on a daily basis, Dees v. Johnson Controls World Servs., Inc., 168 F.3d 417,

418-19 (11th Cir.1999); and the grabbing of plaintiffs' bodies, commenting extensively on their physical

attributes, showing them pornographic photos and videotapes, offering them money for sex, and speculating

on plaintiffs' sexual prowess, Splunge v. Shoney's, Inc., 97 F.3d 488, 489 (11th Cir.1996). Those cases

certainly presented hostile working environments, but as a matter of precedent we are far beyond the day

when a woman must allege multiple rapes before she can make out a case of sexual harassment. See Vinson,

477 U.S. at 60, 106 S.Ct. at 2402 (harassment included forcible rape on several occasions). As the Court

made clear in Harris,

        Title VII comes into play before the harassing conduct leads to a nervous breakdown. A
        discriminatorily abusive work environment, even one that does not seriously affect employees'
        psychological well-being, can and often will detract from employees' job performance, discourage
        employees from remaining on the job, or keep them from advancing in their careers. Moreover, even
        without regard to these tangible effects, the very fact that the discriminatory conduct was so severe
        or pervasive that it created a work environment abusive to employees because of their race, gender,
        religion, or national origin offends Title VII's broad rule of workplace equality.

Harris, 510 U.S. at 22, 114 S.Ct. at 370-71.

        We do not transform Title VII into a workplace "civility code," Oncale, 118 S.Ct. at 1002, when we

condemn conduct less severe than that which shocks our conscience. And when we raise the bar as high as

the majority does today, it becomes more likely that we will miss the more subtle forms of sex discrimination

that may still infest the workplace, and make it more difficult for women, especially, to participate on terms

        found conduct that is less egregious than that alleged by Mendoza to be sufficiently severe or
        pervasive to survive a motion for judgment as a matter of law.

                                                     42
of equality with their male counterparts.11 The sexist remark, the offensive touch, the repeated request for

an intimate outing: all of these may seem merely annoying and relatively harmless in isolation from one

another. But add them up; see them in context; and then try to imagine what it must be like for an employee

who merely wants to come to work and make a living to have to endure a daily barrage of sexual assault.

Then we might begin to understand the power that these "little" sexual offenses, when considered collectively,

can have in reproducing a workplace in which women, especially, are often still thought of by their male

employers as incompetents and playthings.

        Of course not all sexually offensive conduct in the workplace rises to the level of a Title VII

violation. See Harris, 510 U.S. at 21, 114 S.Ct. at 370 (excluding from Title VII's coverage "conduct that

is not severe or pervasive enough to create an objectively hostile or abusive work environment"). The

conduct alleged in this case, however, goes far beyond " 'simple teasing,' offhand comments, and isolated

incidents." Faragher, 118 S.Ct. at 2283 (citations omitted). According to Red Mendoza, her direct

supervisor made a daily game out of following and staring at her in a sexually offensive and humiliating

manner. He touched her, made sexual comments to her, and sniffed in the direction of her groin in a way that

goes beyond the boorish to the patently offensive. This is not just "uncivil." It may be illegal. At the very

least, Mendoza ought to be allowed to present her claim to a jury.

  11
     We also become more vulnerable to the charge that in deciding whether the "reasonable person" would
find alleged instances of workplace harassment to be sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions
of employment, we are in fact adopting the perspective of the "reasonable harasser," and systematically
excluding the experiences of the victims of sexual harassment. See Kathryn Abrams, "Gender Discrimination
and the Transformation of Workplace Norms," 42 Vand. L.Rev. 1183, 1203 (1989); Susan Estrich, "Sex at
Work," 43 Stan. L.Rev. 813, 820 (1991); see also, Ellison v. Brady, 924 F.2d 872, 879 (9th Cir.1991) ("a
sex-blind reasonable person standard tends to be male-biased and tends to systematically ignore the
experiences of women"); Rabidue v. Osceola Refining Co., 805 F.2d 611, 626 (6th Cir.1986) ("[U]nless the
outlook of the reasonable woman is adopted, the defendants as well as the courts are permitted to sustain
ingrained notions of reasonable behavior fashioned by the offenders.") (Keith, J., concurring in part and
dissenting in part). This case is a perfect example. Mendoza is certainly not a woman of Victorian
sensibilities who was uninitiated in the often boorish ways of working-class employment. Before going to
Borden she worked for years as a cocktail waitress, a job that one imagines could not be staffed with those
who possess the most delicate of constitutions. If Mendoza found her harassment at Borden to be severe and
pervasive, then it is likely that our objective reasonable person, who has probably never had to serve drinks
to a gaggle of besotted, leering males, would feel similarly.

                                                     43
                                                       V.

         Today's decision represents a major departure from established sexual harassment law. Out of

nowhere, the court has decided that evidence of stalking and leering by a harasser should be given short shrift

when used by a plaintiff to support a claim for hostile environment sexual harassment. Moreover, the court's

whole method of analysis is unfaithful to a body of precedent directing us to review the plaintiff's allegations

cumulatively.12 I sympathize with what the majority is trying to do today—to "police the baseline for hostile

environment claims," Ante at 535 (citation omitted), thus enabling district courts to weed out frivolous claims

that burden the federal docket. This, however, is not the way to do it. It is Congress that enacted Title VII.

When we ignore the congressional mandate, as interpreted by the Supreme Court, we become most vulnerable

to the charge that we, as members of the unelected federal judiciary, are usurping the legislative prerogative.

It may be the case, as Justice Scalia has observed, that "[a]s a practical matter, [the Court's holding in Harris

] lets virtually unguided juries decide whether sex-related conduct engaged in (or permitted by) an employer

is egregious enough to warrant an award of damages." Harris, 510 U.S. at 24, 114 S.Ct. at 372 (Scalia, J.,

concurring). If this is a problem, however, the solution lies with Congress and not the Third Branch.

         Accordingly, I would vacate the judgment dismissing Mendoza's Title VII sexual harassment claim,

and remand that claim to the district court for a new trial.

         BARKETT, Circuit Judge, concurring in part, and dissenting in part, in which BIRCH, Circuit Judge,
joins:

  12
     The degree of departure from established precedent is made even more manifest when one observes that
this case was not worthy of en banc review in the first place. Under Eleventh Circuit Rule 35-3, en banc
consideration "is an extraordinary procedure intended to bring to the attention of the entire court a
precedent-setting error of exceptional importance ... [or] a panel opinion that is allegedly in direct conflict
with precedent of the Supreme Court or of this circuit." See also, Fed. R.App. P. 35(a). There was certainly
nothing "extraordinary" or "precedent-setting" about the panel opinion in this case. It was a rather routine
decision that rested on an extremely fact-intensive review. One senses that the court is reaching to draw a
line in the sand in hostile environment sexual harassment cases, but it was certainly a mistake for the majority
to seize upon this case. There is nothing extraordinary about finding that allegations of pervasive harassment
over a four month period are sufficient to make out a claim under Title VII, and so it appears that it is the
court's en banc decision today, and not the panel opinion, that is "in direct conflict with precedent of the
Supreme Court [and] of this circuit."

                                                       44
        I concur with the judgment of the court but for the affirmance of the directed verdict on the sexual

harassment claim. To affirm the directed verdict on the sexual harassment claim in this case, the majority

must conclude, after "review[ing] all of the evidence in the light most favorable to, and with all reasonable

inferences drawn in favor of, the nonmoving party," that no genuine issue of material fact exists and no

"reasonable and fair-minded persons ... might reach different conclusions" as to whether Red Mendoza

suffered sexual harassment. A directed verdict is only proper where "[t]he facts and inferences ... 'so

overwhelmingly favor the verdict' that no reasonable juror could reach a contrary decision." Bivens Gardens

Office Bldg., Inc. v. Barnett Banks of Florida, Inc., 140 F.3d 898, 905 (11th Cir.1998) (quoting Hibiscus

Assoc. v. Board of Trustees, 50 F.3d 908, 920 (11th Cir.1995)). Under this standard, the directed verdict in

this case cannot be affirmed. This record in conjunction with the directives of the Supreme Court leads,

instead, to the conclusion that the question presented here is one only for the jury.

        The method by which the majority reaches its desired conclusion that the alleged conduct fails to

present a jury question is flawed in several respects. First, that conclusion depends on an account of the

alleged conduct that is inconsistent with the record. Second, to achieve that account, the majority disregards

the law requiring that all incidents be considered as a whole and disaggregates the conduct at issue. Taking

each alleged incident separately, the majority credits only one of the several possible inferences which could

be drawn from the conduct described, and deliberately excludes from consideration major components of

Mendoza's harassment claim, inferring that being followed or stared at in the workplace can not under any

circumstances contribute to a sexually harassing hostile environment. Thus, by selectively considering the

facts and choosing the inferences to be drawn from them, the majority usurps the quintessential jury function.

Third, throughout this process the majority misapprehends and misstates the law of sexual harassment.

Because reasonable people could differ as to the inferences to be drawn from the facts in evidence, and

because the majority errs in explicating and applying the law, I dissent from the affirmance of the directed

verdict on Mendoza's sexual harassment claim.

                                                     45
                                     I. THE TESTIMONY IN THIS CASE

        The crux of this case is whether the conduct conveyed by Mendoza's testimony in its totality could

be deemed by a reasonable jury to be objectively either (a) severe, or (b) pervasive enough to alter the

conditions of her employment sufficient to create an abusive work environment. There is no question that

the issue here relates not to severity but to acts which, because of their alleged frequency and connection to

other acts sexual in nature, could be deemed pervasive enough to constitute a hostile environment. The

standard for whether such an environment exists has been expressly defined—in quintessential jury terms—as

an environment that a reasonable person would find hostile or abusive. Instead of viewing the evidence

tending to disprove the claim, the Supreme Court has told us that, "in passing upon whether there is sufficient

evidence to submit an issue to the jury we need look only to the evidence and reasonable inferences which

tend to support the case." Wilkerson v. McCarthy, 336 U.S. 53, 57, 69 S.Ct. 413, 93 L.Ed. 497 (1949). As

Judge Arnold of the Eighth Circuit paraphrased this standard:

        In other words, when a motion for directed verdict or for judgment not withstanding the verdict is
        made, the court must assume that all of the evidence supporting the party opposing the motion is true,
        and must, in addition, give that party the benefit of all reasonable inferences drawn from that
        evidence. The case may be taken from the jury only if no rational jury could find against the moving
        party on the evidence so viewed. Probably this formulation will result in fewer grants of motions for
        directed verdict than would result if judges were free to take cases from the jury because of what they
        view as very strong evidence supporting the moving party. Occasionally verdicts may be returned
        with which judges strongly disagree. This is a price, we think, worth paying for the jury system,
        which is enshrined in the Bill of Rights and sanctified by centuries of history.

Dace v. ACF Indus., Inc., 722 F.2d 374, 376-77 (8th Cir.1993) (footnote omitted).

        Mendoza's testimony, viewed in the light most favorable to her and with all reasonable inferences

drawn in her favor, was that on a daily basis, she had to work in an atmosphere where the plant's highest

ranking executive was always after her. In 79 pages of transcript, Mendoza detailed the conduct of her

supervisor throughout the year during which Page was her supervisor. In summary, she asserted that he (i)

constantly followed her; (ii) continuously stared at her in a sexual manner, looking her body up and down;

(iii) on two occasions, sniffed at her groin area; (iv) on one occasion just sniffed at her; (v) rubbed up against

                                                       46
her; and (vi) made inappropriate comments which were sexual in nature. Specifically, Mendoza, testified

that:

        From the time Mr. Page came to the Miami plant, he always seemed to be wherever I was. If I was
        in the lunch room, he was there. If I was at a picnic table outside on a break, he was there. The man
        was constantly watching me and following me around and looking me up and down, whether it was
        face to face with me or as I would get up from a lunch table or from the picnic table to walk away
        and back to the office.... He seemed to be wherever I was in the plant. He followed me not around
        the office, but around the hallways in the plant. Okay? He was at a lunch table in the lunch room.
        He would be at a picnic table outside. And he would look me up and down, very, in a very obvious
        fashion. When I was face to face with him, when I would get up and walk away from these tables
        and areas, I could feel him watching me up and down.... This was a constant thing.

(Tr. Trn. at 24-27) (emphasis added). On cross examination, Mendoza was asked if the incidents of following

were constant, or something which took place only two to four times. She replied:

        [N]o, that was a constant thing from the time he walked into the plant.... It was a constant thing.

(Tr. Trn. at 71) (emphasis added).

        In addition to the staring and following, Mendoza described Page's actions in staring and sniffing at

her groin area. She testified that while at the copy machine,

        I felt somebody watching me. I looked directly to my right. He was sitting at a chair in the
        conference room, which is approximately 20, 25 feet away from me, at a chair at the end of the table.
        And he looked at me up and down, and stopped in my groin area and made a (indicating) sniffing
        motion.

(Tr. Trn. at 27). Mendoza testified that another time, when in Page's office seeking permission to leave work

because of the flu,

        [He] turned around to his right, looked directly at me, up and down, and stopped again in the groin
        area, made a sniffing motion again, (indicating), like that.

(Tr. Trn. at 27). He then rejected her request and when asked if she recalled the expression on his face,

Mendoza said, "He was intense.... He was staring at me...." (Tr. Trn. at 27).

        The majority suggests that the sniffing was not necessarily sexually motivated or, as the majority puts

it, "gender related" but could have been totally innocent conduct.1 Indeed, it may have been innocent, and

  1
    Of course, the majority is unable to evaluate what Mendoza described through her actions before the jury
as there is no videotape of the trial testimony. An appellate court is unable to observe the witnesses' body

                                                     47
the jury may well have agreed with the majority's view. However, the jury was equally entitled to believe

Mendoza's perception that it was sexually motivated, and directed at her in order to intimidate and harass:

          It was obvious to me.... The man would look me up and down, stop in my groin area. He was
          looking right at me, directly at me. It was obvious to me, it was at me. This happened twice, stopped
          in the groin area and (indicating) made the sniffing.

(Tr. Trn. at 34-35). She further testified to Page's comment on another occasion which she found offensive

and consistent with the sniffing incidents, "You're just like me, always sniffing around." (Tr. Trn. at 75).

When asked whether it could have been an innocent comment, she said that she "most certainly" thought it

a sexual comment. "I have never heard a complete[ly] innocent comment like that," she testified. (Tr. Trn.

at 75).

          After describing the incident in which Page rubbed his hip against her, Mendoza testified that, "I was

startled. I looked over and he had a smile on his face, right, had a smile on his face, like he was enjoying

himself." (Tr. Trn. at 73). When asked if she had never put her hands on someone's shoulders when passing

them to prevent them from being startled, Mendoza responded, "I may have, but not rubbed my hips up

against people." (Tr. Trn. at 73).

          Mendoza testified that Page was "coming on to me, flirting with me." (Tr. Trn. at 29). "I went into

his office angry and disgusted at this.... Mr. Page turned around and I said to him, 'I came in here to work,

period.' And his reply to me was, 'yeah, I'm getting fired up, too.' " (Tr. Trn. at 29). When asked whether

Page's comment—"I'm getting fired up, too"—was necessarily sexual in nature, she said, "I took those words

to be his response to what I was saying to him. And he knew what I was talking about." (Tr. Trn. at 69).

Similarly, she testified that the way he smiled at her, "along with other things," was inappropriate, (Tr. Trn.

at 69), and that when she "put it all together, I realized what was going on.... He was, his advances to me

were definitely sexual in nature." (Tr. Trn. at 68).

language, the tone of the witnesses' testimony, and the manner in which the testimony was given. The
transcript says only "indicating" as to the sniffing motion. The jury is the only fact finding body with
knowledge of Mendoza's testimony about Page's expression, demeanor, and what her gesture indicated—an
exaggerated lewd sniffing, a mere allergy-induced sniffle, or something else.

                                                       48
        Crediting Mendoza's account of the frequency and intensity of Page's unrelenting stares and looks,

together with her allegations of his more egregious sexual conduct, such as overtly sniffing and looking at

her groin area, it simply cannot be said that, "no reasonable and fair-minded persons ... might reach different

conclusions" as to whether Red Mendoza suffered sexual harassment. Of course, it is possible that a

reasonable person might conclude, based on the totality of the evidence, that Mendoza's workplace

environment was neither hostile nor abusive. The jury may not have believed that the incidents occurred.

The jury may have believed the alleged incidents occurred, but they may have drawn different inferences

from them. Or the jury may have determined that a reasonable person would not have found the environment

to be hostile. The point is that it was within the jury's province to decide and not within an appellate court's.

This record cannot support a conclusion that "[t]he facts and inferences ... 'so overwhelmingly favor the

verdict' that no reasonable juror could reach a contrary decision." Bivens Gardens, 140 F.3d at 905 (quoting

Hibiscus Assoc., 50 F.3d at 920).

  II. THE TESTIMONY MUST BE VIEWED IN ITS TOTALITY, AND NOT DISAGGREGATED INTO
SEPARATE ACTS.

        As noted, an objectively hostile sexual environment is "an environment that a reasonable person

would find hostile or abusive." Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21, 114 S.Ct. 367, 126 L.Ed.2d 295

(1993) (emphasis added). Under the law, that means, as common sense would likewise tell us, that when

deciding whether the conduct at issue is pervasive enough to constitute a sexually harassing "hostile

environment," it is the "environment" created by disparate acts which must be examined. Or, put another

way, the incidents alleged must be viewed in the context of the environment they create and cannot be viewed

and analyzed as separate and discrete claims based on separate and discrete incidents:

        [T]he analysis cannot carve the work environment into a series of discrete incidents and measure the
        harm adhering in each episode. Rather, a holistic perspective is necessary, keeping in mind that each
        successive episode has its predecessors, that the impact of the separate incidents may accumulate,
        and that the work environment created thereby may exceed the sum of the individual episodes. "A
        play cannot be understood on the basis of some of its scenes but only on its entire performance, and
        similarly, a discrimination analysis must concentrate not on individual incidents but on the overall
        scenario." It follows naturally from this proposition that the environment viewed as a whole may

                                                       49
        satisfy the legal definition of an abusive working environment although no single episode crosses the
        Title VII threshold.

Robinson v. Jacksonville Shipyards, Inc., 760 F.Supp. 1486, 1524 (M.D.Fla.1991) (quoting Andrews v. City

of Philadelphia et al., 895 F.2d 1469, 1484 (3rd Cir.1990)).

        This Court validated this approach in holding that "[a] hostile environment claim is a single cause

of action rather than a sum total of a number of mutually distinct causes of action to be judged each on its

own merits," making it improper to "examine each alleged incident of harassment in a vacuum." Vance v.

Southern Bell Tel. & Tel. Co., 863 F.2d 1503, 1510-11 (11th Cir.1989) (holding that the district court erred

in requiring plaintiff to establish a claim as to each allegation of harassment); see Draper v. Coeur Rochester,

Inc., 147 F.3d 1104, 1109 (9th Cir.1998) ("Discriminatory behavior comes in all shapes and sizes, and what

might be an innocuous occurrence in some circumstances may, in the context of a pattern of discriminatory

harassment, take on an altogether different character, causing a worker to feel demeaned, humiliated, or

intimidated on account of her gender.").

        The Supreme Court expressed the same principle in Harris, 510 U.S. at 23, 114 S.Ct. 367, saying that

"whether an environment is 'hostile' or 'abusive' can be determined only by looking at all the circumstances."

Most recently, it was amplified by Justice Scalia writing for a unanimous court in Oncale v. Sundowner

Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 118 S.Ct. 998, 1003, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998):

        The real social impact of workplace behavior often depends on a constellation of surrounding
        circumstances, expectations, and relationships which are not fully captured by a simple recitation of
        the words used or the physical acts performed. Common sense, and an appropriate sensitivity to
        social context, will enable courts and juries to distinguish between simple teasing or roughhousing
        among members of the same sex, and conduct which a reasonable person in the plaintiff's position
        would find severely hostile or abusive.

        Although the majority acknowledges the Supreme Court's admonition that courts must look to the

"totality of the circumstances," it repeatedly fails to adhere to the legal requirement that it is the context in

its totality and not each incident in isolation that courts are required to examine when considering Title VII

claims. To reduce the impact of the evidence in support of Mendoza's hostile environment claim, the majority

                                                       50
first separately considers Mendoza's testimony that she was constantly followed and then simply eliminates

consideration of that testimony.

        The majority suggests that following and staring are behaviors categorically exempt from the reach

of Title VII because they are ambiguous in meaning, and somehow would create a lower "baseline" for sexual

harassment claims. The majority then concludes that, "aside from Page's 'constant' following and staring,

the conduct asserted by Mendoza was not frequent," and that "frequency of the harassing conduct—is also

for the most part lacking." (Maj. Op. at 540 (emphasis added)).

        There is no question that being followed may not be actionable. On the other hand, it may very well

constitute a violation of Title VII. Such a determination must depend on the circumstances. The act of

walking behind someone cannot be determined by itself to be either bad or good, malicious or benign,

actionable or not. The circumstances necessarily dictate how it must be characterized. Can it be characterized

as simply two people walking serially toward the same destination? Can it be characterized, as the majority

suggests, simply as an employer "keeping an eye" on an employee? Or can it be characterized as stalking?2

The various possibilities illustrate the necessity of examining allegations of being followed in the context of

other incidents alleged. The claim here is not one based on simply being followed. From Mendoza's

testimony, were it to be credited, it is a claim of being "constantly" followed—which in any lexicon can only

mean all the time and, certainly, frequently—by someone who had sniffed at her groin area, leered at her by

looking her "up and down," made innuendos ("I'm getting fired up"), and, when the opportunity arose, rubbed

his hip against hers.

        The characterization of Mendoza's claim as one based on the "everyday observation of fellow

employees" and as "a natural and unavoidable occurrence" arising out of "people work[ing] together in close

quarters," is one way of viewing the evidence. (Maj. Op. at 539). As the majority points out, another credible

  2
   Indeed, Mendoza's allegations could constitute the crime of stalking as it is defined in most jurisdictions.
For example, Florida's statute criminalizes any repeated following, whether or not accompanied by a threat:
"Any person who willfully, maliciously, and repeatedly follows or harasses another person commits the
offense of stalking, a misdemeanor of the first degree...." Fla. Stat. § 784.048(3) (West 1992).

                                                      51
interpretation is that following or staring "can betray romantic or sexual attraction." (Maj. Op. at 539).

Perhaps Mendoza's supervisor was indeed only "keep[ing] an eye on" her. (Maj. Op. at 539). An equally

reasonable but unmentioned possible interpretation, however, is that the staring and following were intended

to harass, humiliate, or intimidate. The majority errs in crediting any one interpretation over the others, and

does so, among other reasons, because it fails to view the staring and following in the context of the

surrounding testimony. In making its choice of inferences from selected facts, the majority fails to "look only

to the evidence and reasonable inferences which tend to support the case of a litigant...." Wilkerson, 336 U.S.

at 57, 69 S.Ct. 413.

                        III. REQUIREMENTS OF A SEXUAL HARASSMENT CLAIM

          In addition to failing to view the facts as a whole, the majority compounds its mistakes by misstating

and misapplying the law of sexual harassment.

A.        The Purposes of Title VII

          The Supreme Court has repeatedly recognized that the purpose of Title VII is to strike at the disparate

treatment of men and women in employment. See Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 64, 106

S.Ct. 2399, 91 L.Ed.2d 49 (1986). Employees of either gender may experience discrimination or harassment

in a variety of different forms, one of which is unwelcome sexual advances.3

          Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 makes it "an unlawful employment practice for an employer

... to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges

of employment, because of such individual's ... sex...." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). The Court in Meritor

     3
      As Justice Scalia wrote for a unanimous court in Oncale:

                  [H]arassing conduct need not be motivated by sexual desire to support an inference of
                  discrimination on the basis of sex. A trier of fact might reasonably find such discrimination,
                  for example, if a female victim is harassed in such sex-specific and derogatory terms by
                  another woman as to make it clear that the harasser is motivated by general hostility to the
                  presence of women in the workplace.

          118 S.Ct. at 1002.

                                                       52
stated that this language was "not limited to 'economic' or 'tangible' discrimination," but that it "evinces a

congressional intent 'to strike at the entire spectrum of disparate treatment of men and women' in

employment." 477 U.S. at 64, 106 S.Ct. 2399 (quoting Los Angeles Dep't of Water & Power v. Manhart, 435

U.S. 702, 707 n. 13, 98 S.Ct. 1370, 55 L.Ed.2d 657 (1978)). The Court went on to say that Title VII is

violated "[w]hen the workplace is permeated with 'discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult' that is

'sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim's employment and create an abusive

working environment.' " Harris, 510 U.S. at 21, 114 S.Ct. 367 (quoting Meritor, 477 U.S. at 65, 67, 106 S.Ct.

2399). As Justice Ginsburg noted in her concurring opinion in Harris:

        The critical issue, Title VII's text indicates, is whether members of one sex are exposed to
        disadvantageous terms or conditions of employment to which members of the other sex are not
        exposed.

Harris, 510 U.S. at 25, 114 S.Ct. 367; see also Andrews, 895 F.2d at 1485 ("[T]he offensive conduct is not

necessarily required to include sexual overtones in every instance."); Lipsett v. University of Puerto Rico,

864 F.2d 881, 905 (1st Cir.1988) ("[verbal attack,] although not explicitly sexual, was nonetheless charged

with anti-female animus, and therefore could be found to have contributed significantly to the hostile

environment"); Hall v. Gus Constr. Co., 842 F.2d 1010, 1014 (8th Cir.1988) ("Intimidation and hostility

toward women because they are women can obviously result from conduct other than sexual advances.");

Hicks v. Gates Rubber Co., 833 F.2d 1406, 1415 (10th Cir.1987) (rejecting narrow definition of sexual

harassment that requires predicate acts to be clearly sexual in nature); McKinney v. Dole, 765 F.2d 1129,

1138 (D.C.Cir.1985) ("We have never held that sexual harassment or other unequal treatment of an employee

or group of employees that occurs because of the sex of the employee must, to be illegal under Title VII, take

the form of sexual advances or of other incidents with clearly sexual overtones. And we decline to do so

now."); Vicki Schultz, Reconceptualizing Sexual Harassment, 107 Yale L.J. 1683, 1769-74 (1998).

        The correct question in a sexual harassment case is whether the conduct, sexual or not, ridicules

women, treats them as inferior, or is intended to humiliate or intimidate them such that they are subjected to

                                                     53
unequal treatment in the workplace. The Supreme Court has stated that the answer to this question is not,

"and by its nature cannot be," subject to "a mathematically precise test." Harris, 510 U.S. at 22, 114 S.Ct.

367. The majority ignores the question and relies exclusively on a list of four factors which, in fact, were

included by Justice O'Connor in Harris as a non-exhaustive list:

         But we can say that whether an environment is "hostile" or "abusive" can be determined only by
         looking at all the circumstances. These may include the frequency of the discriminatory conduct;
         its severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and
         whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee's work performance. The effect on the
         employee's psychological well-being is, of course, relevant to determining whether the plaintiff
         actually found the environment abusive. But while psychological harm, like any other relevant
         factor, may be taken into account, no single factor is required.

Id. at 23, 114 S.Ct. 367 (emphasis added).

         Assuming there are reasonable people who, while crediting Mendoza's version of the facts, would

not think that staring at a woman's groin area while making sexually suggestive sniffing noises is degrading,

humiliating, and/or intimidating, it seems beyond peradventure that many reasonable people would indeed

find it to be so.

B.       Mendoza Sufficiently Alleged Impairment To Her Job Performance

         In addition, the majority errs in contending that Mendoza's claim must fail because she has not

demonstrated any impairment of her job performance. As Justice Ginsberg noted in Harris:

         To show such interference [with an employee's work performance], "the plaintiff need not prove that
         his or her tangible productivity has declined as a result of the harassment." It suffices to prove that
         a reasonable person subjected to the discriminatory conduct would find, as the plaintiff did, that the
         harassment so altered working conditions as to "ma[k]e it more difficult to do the job." Davis
         concerned race-based discrimination, but that difference does not alter the analysis....

510 U.S. at 25, 114 S.Ct. 367 (quoting Davis v. Monsanto Chemical Co., 858 F.2d 345, 349 (6th Cir.1988)).

Title VII "comes into play before the harassing conduct leads to a nervous breakdown. A discriminatorily

abusive work environment, even one that does not seriously affect employees' psychological well-being, can

and often will detract from employees' job performance, discourage employees from remaining on the job,

or keep them from advancing in their careers." Id. at 22, 114 S.Ct. 367. In response to Page's treatment,

                                                      54
Mendoza complained to him: "I came in here to work, period" (Tr. Trn. at 29), and relayed her state of mind

as a result of Page's conduct: "I was embarrassed, I was humiliated, I felt degraded." (Tr. Trn. at 35).

        If credited by a jury, the totality of Page's conduct can create an inference that her gender was the

motivating impulse for his behavior and strikes at the core of Mendoza's entitlement to a workplace free of

discriminatory animus. In rejecting an assertion that the consequences of a hostile environment must be so

severe as to affect one's psychological health, the Supreme Court stated:

        [T]he District Court erred in relying on whether the conduct "seriously affect[ed] plaintiff's
        psychological well-being" or led her to "suffe[r] injury." Such an inquiry may needlessly focus the
        factfinder's attention on concrete psychological harm, an element Title VII does not require.
        Certainly Title VII bars conduct that would seriously affect a reasonable person's psychological
        well-being, but the statute is not limited to such conduct. So long as the environment would
        reasonably be perceived, and is perceived, as hostile or abusive, there is no need for it also to be
        psychologically injurious.

Harris, 510 U.S. at 22, 114 S.Ct. 367 (internal citation omitted). Based on these Supreme Court

pronouncements, Mendoza has presented sufficient evidence for a jury to consider her claim under Title VII.

C.      The Majority "Polices the Baseline" in Contravention of Congress' Direction

        At the heart of the majority's opinion is the view that the incidents endured by Mendoza simply

weren't that bad, that she should just put up with them rather than bring a Title VII claim. The majority

contends that directing a verdict for the defendant in this case will promote its goal of "polic[ing] the baseline

for hostile environment claims." (Maj. Op. at 535). In support of the majority's project, the majority cites

a number of cases which it claims "delineate a minimum level of severity or pervasiveness" necessary for

Title VII violations. (Maj. Op. at 537). In so doing, the majority attempts to compare various lists of

allegedly harassing conduct with that alleged by Mendoza.

        Again, such an analysis ignores our duty to consider the incidents not in isolation or as a laundry list,

but in context and in light of the testimony as a whole. To rely on a string cite of cases—several of which

reached rather dubious results—is a serious mistake because the majority continues to eliminate context as

a criterion. Each of these cases must be taken on the totality of their unique facts. These cases, when viewed

                                                       55
in conjunction with the many other cases where the "bar" is as low or lower,4 underscore that this is a matter

for juries and not judges to decide as a mater of law.

        The majority offers no substantiation for the claim—which underlies its argument—that juries will

be unable to distinguish sexually threatening staring and following from "innocent looking" or merely

crossing paths with a coworker. The Supreme Court does not appear to entertain the same doubts. Justice

Scalia explained in Oncale that the requirement that allegedly harassing behavior must create "an

environment that a reasonable person would find hostile or abusive" is "sufficient to ensure that courts and

juries do not mistake ordinary socializing in the workplace ... for discriminatory 'conditions of employment.'

" Oncale, 118 S.Ct. at 1003 (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks omitted).

        This case comes to us for review of the district court's grant of a Rule 50 motion for judgment as a

matter of law. "A motion for a directed verdict, or for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict under Rule of

Civil Procedure 50, 28 U.S.C.A., raises a question of law only: Whether there is any evidence which, if

believed, would authorize a verdict against movant. The trial judge in considering those motions does not

exercise discretion, but makes a ruling of law...." Marsh v. Illinois Cent. R. Co., 175 F.2d 498, 500 (5th

   4
     See Williams v. General Motors, 187 F.3d 553 (6th Cir.1999) (overturning the district court's dismissal
of plaintiff's complaints of foul language, mean and annoying treatment by co-workers, sexually related
remarks, on grounds that "the district court disaggregated the plaintiff's claims ... which robbed the incidents
of their cumulative effect"); Rorie v. UPS, Inc., 151 F.3d 757, 762 (8th Cir.1998) (finding case "borderline"
but holding allegations that supervisor "pat[ted] female employee on the back, brush[ed] up against her, and
told her she smells good" constituted actionable sexual harassment); Howard v. Burns Bros., Inc., 149 F.3d
835, 840 (8th Cir.1998) (sexual innuendos and brushing up against co-employees constituted actionable
harassment); Gallagher v. Delaney, 139 F.3d 338, 347 (2d Cir.1998) ("Evaluation of ambiguous acts such
as ... [giving a female employee a teddy bear, directing her to go to lunch with him, inviting her to go to
Atlantic City with him] in this case presents an issue for the jury."); Sandra Barna v. City of Cleveland, 172
F.3d 47 (6th Cir.1998) (affirming the district court's denial of a directed verdict motion because the "jury was
free to conclude" that plaintiff was telling the truth regarding harassment including a constant stream of
sexual comments, requests, and advances occurring on a daily basis); Carrero v. New York City Hous. Auth.,
890 F.2d 569, 578 (2d Cir.1989) ("emphatically" rejecting defendant's argument that "[harasser's] conduct,
though not a paradigm of modern inter-gender workplace relations, was not pervasive enough to trigger relief,
... and federal law does not punish 'trivial behavior' consisting of only 'two kisses, three arm strokes,' several
degrading epithets and other objectionable—but ultimately harmless—conduct").

                                                       56
Cir.1949)5 (emphasis added). In contravention of this clearly articulated judicial role, the majority repeatedly

engages in its own assessments of the credibility and value of Mendoza's testimony. For instance, the

majority concludes that Page's statement that he was "getting fired up" had no "sexual or other gender-related

connotation." (Maj. Op. at 539). Moreover, the majority concludes that none of the conduct of which

Mendoza complained was humiliating (Maj. Op. at 540)—in direct contradiction to her sworn statement that

she in fact felt "humiliated" (Tr. Trn. at 35). Further, the majority dismisses Mendoza's allegations that Page

harassed her by constantly following her and staring at her, preferring instead to infer that Page "simply

showed up when Mendoza happened to be in the hallways, in the lunch room, or at the picnic table outside."

(Maj. Op. at 541). These explicit credibility determinations and factual interpretations are clearly far outside

this Court's appropriate role at this stage of Mendoza's litigation. Indeed, it is our duty "to review all of the

evidence in the light most favorable to, and with all reasonable inferences drawn in favor of" Mendoza.

Bivens, 140 F.3d at 905. By making these determinations and drawing these inferences, the majority has

usurped the traditional role of the rightful finder of fact.

        In the Civil Rights Act of 1991, Congress specifically amended Title VII. Having from its inception

in 1964 charged the court with the task of deciding whether actions alleged by discrimination plaintiffs

constituted a violation of Title VII, Congress changed its mind in 1991 and specifically provided all plaintiffs

seeking compensatory or punitive damages with the right to have his or her case heard before a jury. 42

U.S.C. § 1981a(c)(1). The mistrust of juries evidenced by the majority is at odds with the specific directive

of Congress that the jury is to decide whether gender discrimination has occurred in the workplace. In

concluding that plaintiffs seeking compensatory and punitive damages should have the right to seek a jury

determination of their claims, Congress reasoned that "[t]he jury system is the cornerstone of our system of

civil justice, as evidenced by the Seventh Amendment's guarantee. Just as they have for hundreds of years,

    5
    In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir.1981) (en banc), the Eleventh Circuit
adopted as binding precedent all Fifth Circuit decisions handed down prior to the close of business on
September 30, 1981.

                                                       57
juries are fully capable of determining whether an award of damages is appropriate and if so, how large it

must be to compensate the plaintiff adequately and to deter future repetition of the prohibited conduct."

H.R.Rep. No. 102-40(I), 72 (1991) (footnote omitted), reprinted in 1991 U.S.C.C.A.N. 549, 610.6

        Civil juries traditionally have been charged with the task of deciding all questions of fact where

reasonable people might credit different versions of the facts presented, thereby differing as to the proper

resolution of the ultimate question in the case. As in other contexts wherein the jury is charged with applying

a "reasonable man" standard, allowing jurors to decide the question of reasonableness as to Title VII issues

is precisely what Congress intended. Cf. Smith v. United States, 431 U.S. 291, 302, 97 S.Ct. 1756, 52

L.Ed.2d 324 (1977) ("It would be just as inappropriate for a legislature to attempt to freeze a jury to one

definition of reasonableness as it would be for a legislature to try to define the contemporary community

standard of appeal to prurient interest or patent offensiveness ...."); id. ("A juror is entitled to draw on his

own knowledge of the views of the average person in the community or vicinage from which he comes ....")

(internal quotation marks omitted).

        Because I believe the majority has not only misinterpreted but misstated the law of sexual harassment

and has arrogated to itself the jury function in violation of our legal precedent and Title VII's specific

entitlement to a jury's verdict, I dissent.

   6
    The legislative history of the Civil Rights Act of 1991 is extremely limited. Most of the discussion that
led to the compromise statute took place in closed door discussions between the Bush White House and
Congressional leaders. See Douglas C. Herbert & Lani Schweiker Shelton, A Pragmatic Argument Against
Applying the Disparate Impact Doctrine in Age Discrimination Cases, 37 S. Tex. L.Rev. 625, 652 n. 147
(1996).

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