Court Opinion

ID: 6349699
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-14 18:05:32.093789+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:14:48.655469
License: Public Domain

STATE OF LOUISIANA

                                COURT OF APPEAL
0

                                 FIRST CIRCUIT

                                  2021 CA 0852

                             STEPHEN E. BROYLES, JR.

                                    VERSUS

         JEREMY DUCOTE AND RITHM SOLUTIONS GROUP, LLC
                               DATE O.FJUDGMENT:
                                                       JUN 1 4 2022

        ON APPEAL FROM THE NINETEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
         NUMBER 683585, SECTION 24, PARISH OF EAST BATON ROUGE
                               STATE OF LOUISIANA

                     HONORABLE DONALD R. JOHNSON, JUDGE

    David S. Rubin                        Counsel for Plaintiff-Appeltee
    Baton Rouge, Louisiana                Stephen E. Broyles, Jr.

    Valerie Briggs Bargas                 Counsel for Defendants -Appellants
    I{olby P. Marchand                    Jeremy Ducote and Rithm Solutions,
    Baton Rouge, Louisiana                LLC

                  BEFORE: GUIDRY, HOLDRIDGE, AND CFIUTZ, JJ.

    Disposition: AFFIRMEA
CHUTZ, J.

       Defendants -appellants, Rithm Solutions Group, LLC ( Rithm) and Jeremy

Ducote, appeal the trial court' s grant of summary judgment in favor of plaintiff -
appellee,   Stephen E. Broyles, Jr.,
                                          awarding him relief pursuant to a written
contract. We affirm.

               FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       On April 22, 2014, Rithm, represented by Ducote, entered into a Strategic
Alliance Agreement ( SAA) with Ikon Construction, LLC ( Ikon),
                                                               represented by

Broyles. Rithm developed and distributed software solutions for the construction
industry and Ikon was a commercial contract specialist. The parties joined in the
SAA with each agreeing to support " the development and sales of a mobile

business intelligence software product called ENGUAGE MOBILE and another
software product called FEE CURIE."              According to the terms of the SAA, in
exchange for a $ 45, 000   investment, Rithm was      granted 51 % " ownership rights and

interest in any trademarks, copyrights, patents, confidential information or other
intellectual property" (   IP)
                                 of new and original software. And Ikon was granted

49%
      of those same rights of new and original software also in exchange for

 45, 000. It is undisputed that on December 10, 2014, MomentumBI, LLC (MBI)
was formed for the purpose of development of new and original software with 51 %
interest granted to Ducote and 49% interest to Broyles.

      On July 25, 2018, Ikon, Broyles, Rithm, Ducote, and MBI entered into an
agreement entitled "
                       INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 'ASSIGNMENT, ROYALTY,

SECURITY AND RELEASE AGREEMENT" ( the IPA) pursuant to which Ikon,

Broyles, and MBI sold and transferred their interests in the IP of new and original

software to Rithm, and Rithm agreed to pay Broyles $ 100, 000.         The IPA set forth

                                             2
the rate of interest as well as a payment schedule. The agreement also included a
royalty in favor of Broyles and a surety guarantee by Ducote for Rithm' s
obligations. Additionally in accordance with the terms of the IPA, Rithm agreed to
and, also on July 25, 2018, executed three ancillary agreements: Exhibit A, a

promissory note in the amount of $ 100, 000; Exhibit B,
                                                        a pledge and security

interest in favor of Broyles by Ducote in          and to 49%
                                                                 of the total membership

interests of Rithm; and Exhibit C, and Exhibit C, a first priority security interest in
favor of Broyles by Rithm (collectively the ancillary agreements).
        When Rithm failed to comply with the terms of the IPA, Broyles filed this
lawsuit on May 29,          2019,
                                    seeking judgment against Rithm and Ducote in

accordance with the terms of the IPA and Exhibit A. He also sought recognition,

maintenance, and enforcement of his security interest in the membership interests

as set forth in Exhibits B and C. Rithm and Ducote answered the suit, generally
denying Broyle' s allegations, and in particular " that the basis for the [ IPA] was

original [ IP],
                  thereby, rendering this alleged assignment   a nullity." In their answer,

they averred that " the consideration for said agreement was an object that was not
original work/IP capable of being transferred." They also claimed that Broyles had

no right to the royalty set forth in the IPA since the business had not been
successful and there were no profits to share.

        On July 24, 2020, Broyles filed a motion for summary judgment, contending
that he was entitled to a judgment in accordance with the terms of the IPA and the
ancillary agreements. After a hearing on September 1, 2020, the trial court ruled in
favor   of Broyles       and,   thereafter,   rendered   a judgment,   awarding   Broyles

 122, 084. 37, recognizing his 49% security interest in the membership interests in

Rithm, entering judgment in his favor for          a 9%    royalty of Rithm' s total gross
revenues not to exceed $
                                 900, 000, and granting attorney fees of $2, 500. 1 A motion

for new trial filed by Rithm and Ducote was subsequently denied. Rithm and
Ducote devolutively appealed both the summary judgment and the denial of their
motion for new trial.

                                          DISCUSSION

Summary Judgment:

        A motion for summary judgment is a procedural device used to avoid a full-
scale trial when there is no genuine issue of material fact. Georgia-Pacific

Consumer Operations, LLC v. City ofBaton Rouge, 2017- 1553 ( La. App. 1 st Cir.
7/ 18/ 18),   255 So. 3d 16, 21, writ denied, 2018- 1397 ( La. 12/ 3/ 18),        257 So. 3d 194.

The Code of Civil Procedure places the burden of proof on the party filing a
motion for summary judgment. See La. C.C.P.                art. 966D( l ). The mover can meet

his burden by filing supporting documentary evidence consisting of pleadings,
memoranda, affidavits, depositions, answers to interrogatories,                certified medical

records,      written    stipulations,
                                         and admissions with his motion for summary
judgment. La. C. C. P. art. 966A( 4).

        Once the mover properly establishes by his supporting documents that there
are no genuine issues of material facts, the mover does not have to negate all of the

essential elements of the adverse party' s claims, actions, or defenses if he will not

bear the burden of proof at trial. La. C. C.P.         art. 966D( l ).   The moving party must

 On November 19, 2020, the trial court signed a judgment, setting forth, among other things,
Broyles' s entitlement to relief for a royalty in accordance with the terms of the IPA, which
stated, in pertinent part, that judgment was " entered herein in favor [ Broyles]       and   against
 Rithm] for 9%
                  of the total gross revenue of [Rithm] from July 25, 2018 and thereafter but not to
exceed $   900, 000."
                        Noting that a money judgment which does not award a certain and definite
amount of damages, but instead awards a sum that contains a future contingency, has yet to be
calculated, or that must be determined by an extrinsic source is not a final judgment, see Azrrora
Loan Services LLC v. Glass, 2017- 1760 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 12/ 6/ 18), 2018 WL 6381915, * 2- 3
 unpublished),
                on March 24, 2022, this court issued an interim order seeking clarification as to
the finality of the judgment. On April 19, 2022, the trial court signed an amended judgment
designating the judgment as final for purposes of an immediate appeal. We find no abuse of
discretion in the trial court' s designation. See R.J. Messinger, Inc. v. Rosenblum, 2004- 1664
 La. 3/ 2/ 05), 894 So. 2d 1113, 1122- 23. And because this court' s rule to show cause has been

satisfied by the amended judgment, the appeal is maintained and we review the propriety of the
trial court' s rulings in the amended judgment.

                                                  4
only point out to the court the absence of factual support for one or more elements
essential to the adverse party' s claim, action, or defense. La. C. C. P.     art. 9661)( 1).

        The burden then shifts to the non-moving parties to produce factual support,
through the use of proper documentary evidence attached to their opposition,
which establishes the existence of a genuine issue of material fact or that the mover
is not entitled to judgment as a matter of law. La. C. C. P. art. 966D( 1).
                                                                            If the non-

moving parties fail to produce sufficient factual support in their opposition to
prove the existence of a genuine issue of material fact, Article 966D( 1)            mandates

the granting of the motion for summary judgment.               See Babin v. Winn-Dixie

Louisiana, Inc., 2000- 0078 ( La. 6/ 30/ 00),
                                                  764 So. 2d 37, 40. A genuine issue is

one as to which reasonable persons could disagree; if reasonable persons could

reach
         only   one   conclusion,
                                     summary judgment is            appropriate.   Collins      v.

Franciscan Missionaries of Our Laxly Health Sys.,           Inc.,
                                                                    2019- 0577 ( La. App. 1st
Cir. 2/ 21/ 20), 298 So. 3d 191,
                                    194- 95, writ denied, 2020- 00480 ( La. 6/ 22/ 20),     297

So. 3d 773.

        In reviewing the trial court' s decision on a motion for summary judgment,
this court applies a de novo standard of review using the same criteria applied by
the trial courts to determine whether summary judgment is appropriate. Jackson v.
Wise, 2017- 1062 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 4/ 13/ 18), 249 So. 3d 845,
                                                                 850, writ denied,

2018- 0785 ( La. 9/ 21/ 18),
                               252 So. 3d 914. Because it is the applicable substantive

law that determines materiality, whether a particular fact in dispute is material can
be seen only in light of the substantive law applicable to the case. Dyess v.
American Nat' l Prop. and Cas. Co.,         2003- 1971 (   La. App.   1st Cir. 6/ 25/ 04), 886

So. 2d 448, 451, writ denied, 2004- 1858 ( La. 10/ 29/ 04),    885 So. 2d 592.

The Contract:

        The requirements for a valid contract are: ( 1) capacity; ( 2) a lawful cause;

                                              5
3)   consent; and (   4)
                            a valid object. Hoskins v. State Through Div, of Admin.,
Office of Cmty. Dev., 2018- 1. 089 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 2/ 25/ 19), 273 So. 3d 323, 328.

See La. C. C.    arts.     1918,   1927, 1966,   1971.    Broyles had the initial burden of

proving the existence of the contract and its terms. See La. C. C.                       art.   1831;

Hoskins, 273 So. 3d at 328.

       In support of summary judgment, Broyles introduced numerous documents

including the SAA, the IPA and the ancillary agreements, Louisiana Secretary of
State documents showing the formation of MBI on December 10, 2014, emails
between Ducote and Broyles,
                                       which included copies of images purporting to
represent the proposed new and original software in development, and Broyles' s

affidavit. Relative to the sale of the IP from Broyles, Ikon, and MBI to Rithm, the

IPA, executed on July 25, 2018, stated the following seminal provisions:
             1. 1 Assignment of [ IP]. Each of [ MBI], Ikon and Broyles
       hereby sells, assigns, transfers, conveys and delivers to [ Rithm], and
        Rithm]  hereby purchases and accepts from each [ MBI], Ilton and
       Broyles, all of its right, title and interest in and to the [ IP], if any.

              1. 2 Base consideration. In consideration of [MEPs, Ikon' s, and
       Broyles' s]  sale, assignment, transfer,
                                                 conveyance and delivery to
        Rithm] of whatever right, title and interest, if any, [ they have] in and
       to the [ IP], [ Rithm]
                                    hereby agrees to pay Broyles, in immediately
       available funds, $ 100, 000 ( the ` Base Consideration"), which Base
       Consideration shall be payable as follows: ( i) $ 25, 000 is to be paid by
        Rithm] to Broyles on November 1,                 2018,   and (   ii)   the remaining
       balance of the Base Consideration, including simple interest at a rate
       of [6%]   per annum from the date hereof until paid in full, shall be paid
       in [ 6] consecutive, equal installments ...            in each case in accordance
       with the terms of that certain Promissory Note of [Rithm] in the form
       of Exhibit A, which is being executed and delivered by [ Rithm]                     to

       Broyles contemporaneously herewith (the " Note").

       Additionally,       emails    dated   January     8,    2019                      11,    2019,
                                                                      and
                                                                               January

established that Ducote tendered $ 1, 000 to Broyles in payment of the IPA. With

                                                 0
this showing, Broyles maintained he established entitlement to a money judgment
in the amount of $122, 0$ 4. 37     in conformity with the terms of the IPA.'

The Lack of Object and Lawful Cause Defense:

       Without challenging the showing made by Broyles and acknowledging that
the IPA and the ancillary contracts were duly executed, Rithm and Ducote assert
the agreements are nevertheless invalid. They first assert that the IPA and the

ancillary agreements lacked an object and suggest that without an object, there was
no lawful cause to support the contracts.

       According to La. C. C. art. 1971, parties are free to contract for any object
that is lawful, possible, and determined or determinable. A contractual object is

possible or impossible according to its own nature and not according to the parties'
ability to perform. La. C.C. art. 1972. The object of a contract must be determined
at least as to its kind.. La. C. C. art. 1973. Moreover, an obligation cannot exist

without a lawful cause. La. C. C.          art.   1966.
                                                          Cause is the reason why a party
obligates himself. La. C. C. art. 1967.

       In his affidavit submitted in opposition to the motion for summary judgment,
Ducote attested that the new and original software applications the parties intended
to   develop    pursuant    to   the   SAA     involved    various    coding    and "   software

development that would be added to an already existing platform,                         such   as

Microsoft Excel, Visual Studio, SQL Server, and Microsoft SQL Server,
                                                                      by

purchasing that product and building additional components that would work off

those existing platforms." Ducote believed his technical background put him in a

better position than Broyles " to discuss the existence and/ or technical aspects of

what, if anything, was developed by [ MBI],           which was nothing." Ducote did not

2 Under the terms of the promissory note ( Exhibit A),    if a payment default occurred, " interest
shall thereafter accrue on the outstanding principal balance hereunder at the rate of [ 12%] per
annum until paid in full." It is undisputed that the sum awarded consisted of $99, 000 in principal
and $ 23, 084. 37 in interest at the rate of 6% through November 1, 2018 and 12% through the date
of the award.

                                                  7
dispute that he had sent images in emails to Broyles. He described the images as

charts, graphs, dashboards, logos, and other items but stated that they were not new
and original software as a result of coding and/ or development that could be

attached to a platform such as Microsoft Excel as contemplated by the SAA. He
further explained that the images were " merely ...    examples of what the [ s] oftware

and application could look like upon the finalization of development."

       According to Ducote, MBI had access to "        various templates,"   which were

beneficial to clients. The templates were owned by third -party companies. It was
the sales of these templates that supported MBI' s revenue of $ 79, 700 in three

years. In an effort to develop the new and original software contemplated in the
SAA,
       Ducote suggested that MBI pay Rithm to develop it until a third -party
developer could be hired. But ultimately MBI' s sales were insufficient to support

payment to Rithm or any of the third -party developers, whose estimates were in
excess of $200, 000.

       Based on Ducote' s attestations that no new and original software had been

developed before the parties executed the IPA, Rithm and Ducote maintain that the

IPA and the ancillary agreements lacked a valid object. As such, they reason there
was no lawful cause for the parties' agreements and apparently seek to rescind the
agreements. Alternatively, they urge an outstanding issue of material fact as to

whether an object existed to support the IPA and the ancillary agreements

precludes summary judgment.

       The plain language of the IPA demonstrates that the parties' agreement was

a sale from Broyles to Rithm with a guarantee of Rithm' s performance by Ducote.
Thus, we must determine whether the object of the sale was valid.

       A sale is a contract whereby a person transfers ownership of a thing to
another for a price in money.       La. C. C.   art.   2439.   All things corporeal or

incorporeal,   susceptible of ownership, may be the object of a contract of sale,

                                          0
unless the sale of a particular thing is prohibited by law. La. C. C. art. 2448. A hope

may be the object of a contract of sale. Thus, a fisherman may sell a haul of his net
before he throws it. In that case the buyer is entitled to whatever is caught in the
net, according to the parties' expectations, and even if nothing is caught the sale is
valid. La. C. C. art. 2451.

         Despite Ducote' s representations that the IP contemplated in the SAA was
never developed, it is evident by the language of the IPA that the object was the
sale of the hope of the development of new and original software applications for
use in the construction industry. As set forth in the paragraph entitled " Assignment
of   IP ,"   Broyles (   individually and on behalf of Ikon   and MBI)   sold, assigned,

transferred, conveyed, and delivered to Rithm all right, title, and interest in and to

the IP, if any. This language clearly evinces the sale of a hope in the development
of the IP, which is an object capable of sale. Thus, based on the unambiguous

language of the IPA, the trial court correctly concluded that no outstanding issues
of material fact remained. As such, Rithm and Ducote' s suggestion that the IPA
and ancillary agreements lacked a lawful cause due to an invalid object is without
merit.

The Duress Defense:

         Rithm and Ducote next contend that the IPA and the ancillary agreements
are unenforceable because their consent was vitiated. They claim that in both his

representative capacity as the sole member/ manager for Rithm and in his

individual capacity, Ducote' s consent was obtained by duress.
         A contract is formed by the consent of the parties established through offer

and acceptance. La. C. C. art. 1927. Consent is vitiated when it has been obtained

by duress of such a nature as to cause a reasonable fear of unjust and considerable

injury to a party' s person, property, or reputation. Age, health, disposition, and

other personal circumstances of a party must be taken into account in determining
                                             E
reasonableness of the fear. La. C. C.                   1959.
                                                 art.
                                                                 Duress may be considered to

encompass economic duress to property and reputation for                      some purposes. See

Dian Tooley-Knoblett and David Gruning, 24 La. Civ. L.                       Treatise, Sales § 7: 8

 2021). 3 A threat of doing a lawful act or a threat of exercising a right does not
constitute duress. La. C. C. art. 1962.

       Duress is to be considered in light of the subjective characteristics of the

person whose consent is in question; however, Article 1959 also provides that the
duress must be of such a nature as to             cause    a "   reasonable fear"     of unjust and

considerable injury to a party' s property or reputation in order to constitute legal

duress. See Monterrey Or., LLC v. Ed.ucation Partners, Inc.,                        2008- 0734 ( La.

App.   1st Cir. 12/ 23/ 08), 5 So. 3d 225,
                                                 230. Although a trial court cannot make

credibility decisions on a motion for summary judgment and summary judgment is
seldom appropriate for determinations based on subjective facts of motive, intent,

good faith, knowledge, or malice, it is appropriate to grant summary judgment on
such subjective issues when no genuine issue of material fact exists concerning
that issue. Id, 5 So. 3d at 232.

       In his affidavit,
                             Ducote attested to the following. In January 2016,                     he

witnessed his father' s suicide. Due to the degradation of his mental state, Ducote
began therapy.      Within a year,      he started downsizing Rithm because it lacked

3 Economic duress occurs in the particular way in which an economic interest is threatened since
economic integrity is an interest threatened more or less constantly by any player at any level in
a market economy. An archetypical example of such duress is where one engaged in an
enterprise of constructing an ocean- going vessel makes hundreds of contracts with numerous
third parties to supply components of the vessel. All suppliers make their offers and set their
prices at the beginning of the process when no single supplier is crucial. At the end of the
process, the supplier of the final, key component threatens not to perform unless his price is
tripled for no other reason than that his performance is vastly more valuable at this moment than
it was at the outset. If the vessel constructor meets the demand by paying triple the originally -set
amount, and the vessel is, thereby, completed, the supplier would not be permitted to retain his
excess price based on a finding of economic duress. Although Louisiana jurisprudence has
reached the stage of considering claims of economic duress, it has not yet ruled in favor of one
making such a claim. See 24 La. Civ. L. Treatise, Sales § 7: 8. But see Standard Coffee Service
Co. v. Babin, 472 So. 2d 124, 127 ( La. App. 5th Cir. 1985) (    affirming the trial court' s conclusion
that an employment contract was adhesive in nature and that the defendant felt coerced, by threat
of economic vulnerability, into signing the contract, as noted by this court in Monterrey Or.,
LLC, 5 So. 3d at 231 n.6).

                                                 10
sufficient business to support itself. In an effort to save Rithm, Ducote attempted to
consolidate his businesses including MBI. As his businesses began to fail,

Ducote' s mental faculties continued to decline. And he discontinued therapy once
he lacked resources to pay for it.

      Without setting forth a date and characterizing Broyles as having undertaken
 an aggressive campaign to recoup his initial investment in [               MBI],"   Ducote

attested that Broyles showed up at Rithm unannounced on " at least" two occasions.
Ducote recalled that Broyles questioned Rithm employees on one occasion; on
another, he "   question[ ed],   accus[ ed],   and threaten[ ed] [ Ducote] with litigation."

According to Ducote, he " knew Broyles was a powerful businessman in this area"

and Broyles' s two visits to Rithm put Ducote " in further distress and had [ Ducote]

fearful of what [ might] happen." As a result of "[ t] he pressure of the situation

Broyles was putting on [ him]," Ducote began contemplating suicide.

      An email sent on December 10,              2018,   attached to Broyles' s motion for

summary judgment, included statements from Ducote to Broyles suggesting that he
could pay the debt he owed to Broyles by taking his own life and indicated that

Broyles had a right to a portion of the insurance proceeds which was the only asset
he had. Broyles' s email response included an offer of a referral to a therapist who
could assist Ducote if he was suicidal.

      A careful review of the actions that Ducote attributed to Broyles in support

of the duress defense show only that on unspecified dates Broyles went by the
Rithm office twice and threatened to file            a lawsuit, i.e., Broyles threatened to

undertake a lawful act and exercise a legal right. The record is devoid of any
evidence showing that the threat to file a lawsuit preceded the execution of the IPA

and the ancillary agreements. And the email chain, which showed Ducote' s

contemplation of suicide, was dated December 10, 2018, months after the parties

entered into the July 25, 2018 IPA and the ancillary agreements.
                                                11
          In his affidavit, Ducote identified no other words or threats to him or Rithm

by Broyles. And while Ducote stressed the disparity in the business acumen of the

two men, he never pointed to either an actual or implied threat by Broyles to hann
the property or reputation of either Rithm or Ducote aside from the threat of

litigation, a threat that cannot constitute duress. Ducote' s fear, without evidence of

either a temporal connexity to the date of the execution of the IPA and the ancillary
agreements or an articulation of an actual threat of hann, is simply insufficient to

support a finding by the trier of fact that the IPA and the ancillary agreements were
executed by Rithm under duress. As such, Rithm and Ducote cannot establish that
Broyles caused a " reasonable fear"
                                                   of unjust and considerable injury to the

reputation of Rithm and/ or Ducote so as to constitute legal duress.                       Therefore,

lacking a genuine issue of material fact, the trial court did not err in dismissing
Rithm' s and Ducote' s duress defense as insufficient factually or legally to preclude
summary judgment.'

The Error Defense:

          Rithm and Ducote also maintain that consent was vitiated by error. They
assert that since Broyles believed new and original software had been produced by
MBI as contemplated by the SAA, but Ducote attested that no new and original

4 In his reply memorandum, Broyles levied a limited objection to Ducote' s affidavit attached to
Rithm' s and Ducote' s opposition memorandum. The gist of Broyles' s complaint was that Rithm
and Ducote failed to affirmatively plead the duress defense in their answer. See La. C. C. P. art.
1005 ("
        The answer shall set forth affirmatively ... duress, error or mistake."). Thus, Broyles
asserted that the attempt to raise duress through Ducote' s attestations was an enlargement of the
pleadings to which he objected. See La. C. C. P. art. 1154 (" If evidence is objected to ...     on the

ground that it is not within the issues made by the pleadings, the court may allow the pleadings
to be amended and shall do so freely when the presentation of the merits of the action will be
subserved thereby, and the objecting party fails to satisfy the court that the admission of such
evidence would prejudice him in maintaining his action or defense on the merits.").            Without
having requested an amendment of their pleadings, Rithm and Ducote suggest the trial court
erred because it failed to rule on Broyles' s limited objection. See La. C. C. P. art. 9661)( 2) (" The
court shall consider all objections prior to rendering judgment. The court shall specifically state
on the record or in writing which documents, if any, it held to be inadmissible or declined to
consider.").
             Although the trial court' s failure to specifically hold an affidavit is inadmissible
requires that we considered it in our de novo review, see Bates v. Progressive Tractor &
Implement Co., LLC, 2021- 033$ ( La. App. 1st Cir. 12/ 22/ 21), writ not considered, 2022- 00184
 La. 3/ 22/ 22),   334 So. 3d 754, we find Ducote' s attestations are insufficient to warrant a reversal
of the grant of summary judgment.

                                                    12
software had been produced, an outstanding issue of fact exists as to whether the
parties' consent was vitiated by error.

       Consent may be vitiated by error. La. C.C. art. 1948. Error vitiates consent
only when it concerns a cause without which the obligation would not have been
incurred and that cause was known or should have been known to the other party.
La. C. C. art. 1949; Peironnet u. Matador Resources Co., 2012- 2292 ( La. 6/ 28/ 13),
144 So. 3d 791,
                  807. When only one party is in error, that is, when the error is

unilateral, there is theoretically no meeting of the minds, but granting relief to the
party in error will unjustly injure the interest of the other party if he is innocent of
the error. Louisiana courts have often refused relief for unilateral error for this
reason unless the unilateral error was known or should have been known to the

other party as the reason or principal cause why the party in error made the
contract. Peironnet, 144 So. 3d at 807- 08.

      Here, on behalf of Rithm as its sole member/manager, Ducote was aware
when he signed the IPA and the ancillary agreements that the new and original
software contemplated by the SAA did not exist. Nevertheless,           he signed the

contract in which he agreed on behalf of Rithm to purchase from Broyles
individually and on behalf of Ilton and MBI) all right, title and interest in and to
the IP, if any. Thus, the party who potentially was in error and subject to unjust
injury was Broyles, not Rithm and Ducote. Broyles does not assert an error.

Indeed,
          since the IPA specifically provided for the sale of the hope of the

development of new and original software through inclusion of the term " if any" in

setting forth the object, there was no error and a sufficient cause existed to support

the parties' consent to the terms of the IPA. Accordingly, the trial court correctly
dismissed Rithm' s and Ducote' s error defense and granted summary judgment.

      Broyles demonstrated by the attachments to his motion for summary
judgment that he was entitled to a money judgment in the      amount of $122, 084. 37

                                          13
under the terms of the IPA and the ancillary agreements. Because Rithm and

Ducote failed to offer sufficient evidence to support their defenses of lack of

object, duress, and error, the trial court correctly granted summary judgment on
this basis. We turn now to Broyles' s entitlement to summary judgment on the issue
of royalty relief under the terms of the IPA.

The Royalty Provision:

      In section 1. 3( a), entitled " Contingent Consideration," the IPA sets forth the

following:

             In    consideration     of [   MBI' s,    Ikon' s,        and    Broyles' s]     sale,

      assignment, transfer, conveyance and delivery to [ Rithm] of whatever
      right, title and interest, if any, it has in and to the [ IP], [ Rithm] hereby
      agrees that, in addition to the Base Consideration, Broyles shall be
      entitled to receive from [ Rithm],         on a quarterly basis ...              a royalty
      payment ...     equal    to [ 9%]     of the Total Revenue of [ Rithsn] ...
      provided, however, [
                               Rithm' s] maximum aggregate Royalty Payment
      obligation    pursuant    to   this   Section     1. 3( a) ...         shall   not    exceed
       900, 000.

      Rithm and Ducote contend that the trial court erred in awarding "                               9%   of

Rithm' s gross revenue from July 25, 2018,           not to exceed [$ 900, 000],            but [ Broyles]

put on no evidence of any revenue of Rithm during this time." Thus, Rithm and

Ducote contend the award of royalty relief is unsupported by the evidence.
      Courts may declare rights, status, and other legal relations. The declaration

shall have the force and effect of a final judgment or decree. La. C. C.P. art. 1871.
See also La. C. C. P. art. 1873 (" A contract may be construed either before or after

there has been a breach thereof.").          The function of a declaratory judgment is

simply to establish the rights of parties or to express the opinion of the court on a

question of law without ordering anything to be done. The distinctive characteristic

of a declaratory judgment is that the declaration stands by itself with no executory
process following as a matter of course, so that it is distinguished from a direct

action in that it does not seek execution or performance from the defendant or the

                                                14
opposing litigants. Mull &       Mull v. Kozak, 2003- 0668 ( La. App. lst Cir. 6/ 25/ 04),
878 So. 2d 843, 846, writ denied, 2004- 2332 (La. 12/ 17/ 04),        888 So. 2d 866.

       A review of the pleadings shows that although Broyles prayed for "                  such

amounts ...
                as may be owed and owing in [ the] future,"         and "   for such other and

further relief as allowed by law" in his original and amended petition, he did not

specifically request declaratory relief. In his motion for summary judgment,
however, Broyles sought to have his " rights under the agreement signed between

the parties recognized, maintained, and enforced."

       Although Broyles did not request declaratory relief in his initial pleadings,

he clearly placed the issue before the parties in his motion for summary judgment
pleading. Rithm and Ducote did not specifically object to the inclusion of this issue
in their opposition memorandum.              Thus, the pleadings were "      expanded"    when

evidence on the issue of Broyles' entitlement to a declaration recognizing a royalty
in his favor in accordance with Section 1. 3( a) was presented without objection, and
that issue "
               shall be treated in all respects as if [it] had been raised by the pleading."
See La. C. C.P. art. 1154; Carraway v. Carraway, 2020- 1309 ( La. App.                  1st Cir.

7/ 29/ 21), 2021 WL 3205383,        at *
                                           4, n. 6, writ denied, 2021- 01764 ( La.   1/ 19/ 22),

331 So.3d 325. While Rithm and Ducote have correctly pointed out that Broyles is
not entitled to enforcement of Section 1. 3( a) of the IPA, having failed to present
evidence of a certain sum owed under that section, the fact that Broyles did not

couple a claim for a sum certain or other relief with his request for a declaration of

his rights to a royalty under the IPA does not invalidate the declaration or bar a
subsequent action for supplemental relief based on the declaration.                  See State

Through Louisiana Riverboat Gaming Comm' n                     v.   Louisiana State Police

Riverboat Gaming Enf't Div., 97- 0167 ( La. App. 1 st Cir. 6/ 20/ 97),         696 So. 2d 645,

647, writ denied, 97- 1932 ( La. 11/ 7/ 97), 703 So. 2d 1269. See also La. C. C. P. art.

1878 ("
          Further relief based on a declaratory judgment or decree may be granted
                                                15
whenever necessary or proper.").            Therefore, the trial court did not err in entering
judgment in favor of Broyles,               recognizing his right to a royalty under the

provisions of the IPA without awarding a specific amount of money.
Attorney Fees:

        The trial court awarded attorney fees to Broyles in the amount of $2, 500. On

appeal, while conceding the IPA and the ancillary agreements provided to Broyles

the benefit of recovering attorney fees,' Rithm and Ducote claim that such an

award could not be made without a hearing on the reasonableness and accuracy of
such fees. Attached to Broyles' s motion for summary judgment was the affidavit of
his attorney, who attested to having billed the amount of $16, 958. 50                   in conjunction

with the legal representation of Broyles in this matter and expected to spend at

least nine additional hours on the matter. On appeal, Rithm and Ducote complain

that the lack of an itemization of the billing left the trial court with the inability to
ascertain a reasonable attorney fee.

        The trial court is vested with considerable discretion in making an award of
attorney' s fees, and the award will not be disturbed in the absence of a clear abuse
of discretion. Beast Box Commercial Real Estate, L.L.C.                   v. Pennywise Sols., Inc.,

2019- 0114 (       La. App.    1st Cir. 10/ 23/ 19), 289 So. 3d 600, 605. The trial court' s

award was reasonable and, therefore, not an abuse of discretion. The award, which

was less than 15%
                              of the amount that Broyles was billed by his attorney,
demonstrates that the trial court clearly considered the entirety of the record in
fashioning attorney fees in the amount                of $
                                                             2, 500. 6 Accordingly, we affirm the

5 The promissory note signed by Ducote          on behalf of Ritlun stated, " In the event that it is
necessary to place this Note in the hands of an attorney for collection or enforcement of any
provision of this Note, the Creditor shall be entitled to reasonable [ attorney] fees therefor."

6include:
   Factors( to be taken into consideration in determining the reasonableness of attorney fees
           1) the ultimate result obtained; ( 2) the responsibility incurred; ( 3)   the importance of the
litigation; (   4) amount of money involved; ( 5) extent and character of the work performed, ( 6)
legal knowledge, attainment, and skill of the attorneys; ( 7) number of appearances made; ( 8)
intricacies of the facts involved; (   9) diligence and skill of counsel; and ( 1. 0) the court' s own
knowledge. State, Dept of Tr•ansp. & Dev, v. Williamson, 597 So. 2d 439, 442 ( La. 1992).
                                                    16
  amount of attorney fee awarded.

          For these reasons, we affirm the trial court' s summary judgment in favor of
  appellee,   Stephen E. Broyles, Jr.,
                                             as well as the denial of the motion for new
  trial/reconsideration.
                             All costs of this appeal are assessed against defendants -
  appellants, Rithm Solutions Group, LLC and Jeremy Ducote.
         AFFIRMED.

7 For the reasons supporting the affirmance of the judgment granting the motion for summary
judgment,  we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court' s denial of the motion for new trial
asserted by Rithim and Ducote. See Campbell    v. Tork, hic., 2003- 1341 ( La. 2/ 20/ 04),   870 So. 2d
968, 971 ("
             The applicable standard of review in ruling on a motion for new trial is whether the
trial court abused its discretion.").

                                               17
STEPHEN E. BROYLES, JR.                                STATE OF LOUISIANA

                                                        COURT OF APPEAL
VERSUS

                                                        FIRST CIRCUIT

JEREMY DUCOTE AND                                       2021 CA 0852
RITHM SOLUTIONS GROUP, LLC

HOLDRIDGE, J.,
                    agreeing in part and dissenting in part.
      I agree in part and dissent in part in this case.
                                                        I agree with the majority' s
decision affirming the trial court' s judgment awarding Mr. Broyles $ 122, 084. 37   and

 2, 500. 00 in attorney fees. However, I do not believe that, in accordance with the

agreement, the trial court could award both the money judgment, which represented
Mr. Broyles' and Ikon' s investment, and a
                                           royalty interest in favor of Mr. Broyles.