Court Opinion

ID: 9717175
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-26 06:59:43.390004+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:23:51.870632
License: Public Domain

HERVEY, J.,
dissenting in which KELLER, P.J., MEYERS and KEASLER, JJ., joined.
I respectfully dissent. At the very least, a rational jury could have found that there *865is a probability that appellant would be dangerous to her unwanted babies. A rational jury could even have found that appellant would, in fact, be very dangerous to that segment of society. This should, as a matter of appellate review, be dispositive of appellant’s sufficiency challenge to the jury’s finding on the future-dangerousness special issue.
The Court nevertheless decides that the State failed to meet its burden of proof on the future-dangerousness special issue. The Court’s opinion states:
We hold that the state did not meet its burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that there is a probability that appellant, if allowed to live, would commit criminal acts of violence in the future so as to constitute a continuing threat, whether in or out of prison. (Citation omitted). Appellant murdered one child and abandoned another[ 1], but defense witnesses testified that these two incidents were out of character and that she was a loving and caring mother to her other three children. Appellant’s expert witnesses opined that she was depressed and under extreme stress when she killed Malachi and abandoned Paris. She had no criminal record, and the state presented no other evidence of violence in her past. Each of her offenses involved a pregnancy, but testimony from both defense and state witnesses showed that her potential for becoming pregnant while incarcerated would be “extremely low.” Further, appellant was in her twenties when she was convicted of capital murder. If she received a life sentence and were paroled forty years later, she would likely be beyond her childbearing years and thus could not repeat such an offense. The state’s evidence, which consisted of appellant’s murder of Malachi, her subsequent abandonment of Paris, her lack of remorse for these crimes, and the unlikely possibility that she might become pregnant in prison, does not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that there is a probability that she would commit criminal acts of violence that would constitute a continuing threat to society.
Maj. op. at 863-64.
This analysis does not “view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict.” See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). It credits evidence and inferences therefrom that a rational jury could have rejected and discredits other evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom upon which a rational jury could have based an affirmative answer to the future-dangerousness special issue. But see id. (sufficiency standard does not permit appellate court “to make its own subjective determination”). This usurps the jury’s role and places the Court in the role of asking whether it believes, instead of asking whether a rational jury could have believed, that there is a probability that appellant would be dangerous. But see id.
The State presented evidence that in 1998 appellant murdered her new-born child named Malachi by duct-taping his mouth shut while still alive, by duct-taping his arms to his side to immobilize him, and by placing Malachi in a garbage bag and throwing him in a trash dumpster where he suffocated to death. Five years later, appellant tried to murder another of her new-born children named Paris by placing Paris, naked, on a fire-ant mound at a remote location where it was extremely unlikely that Paris would be found alive. *866These were calculated crimes conceived and carried out by appellant alone apparently with the motive to keep the father of her other three children from discovering that she was “messing” with someone else. Appellant has shown no remorse whatsoever for her attempted and successful acts of infanticide. She has failed to take any responsibility for Malachi’s death. She blamed someone else for trying to murder Paris, but this deception could not withstand scrutiny. She “plead the Fifth” and accused the prosecutor of having a “personal vendetta” against her when the prosecutor began to question her at trial about how Paris ended up naked on a fire-ant mound in a remote location.2
Q. [PROSECUTION]: What did you do with Paris?
[THE DEFENSE]: Your Honor, I have to object to any reference to any extraneous matter that’s not appropriate for this jury.
[THE COURT]: Overruled.
[THE PROSECUTION]: I submit 404(b), Your Honor, to show intent.
Q. What did you do with Paris?
A. [APPELLANT]: (No response)
[THE DEFENSE]: And Your Honor, we would also object under 404(b) that the prejudicial effect outweighs any probative value to that particular thing.
[THE COURT]: That’s overruled.
Q. Didn’t you take Paris out on Hille-brandt Road and dump her in an ant bed?
A. I plead the Fifth.
Q. You can’t plead the Fifth.
A. Well, lam.
Q. Because you’re on the stand. Tell the jury what you did to Paris, Ms. Berry.
A. This is my trial about Malachi, not Paris.
Q. Tell the jury what you did to Paris.
A. I’m charged with capital murder. Paris is still alive.
[THE PROSECUTION]: I would ask the Court to instruct the witness to answer the question.
[THE COURT]: Ms. Berry, I’m going to instruct you to answer the question.
A. This is a capital murder trial.
Q. You took Paris out on Hillebrandt Road last summer and dumped her in an ant bed; and she’s alive, isn’t she? I saw her today.
A. Really?
Q. Yes, complete with the scars from the ant bites. Tell the jury what you did to Paris.
[THE DEFENSE]: Your Honor, I have to object. For one thing, the prosecutor’s screaming; and I think that’s inappropriate in the courtroom. And secondly, the prosecutor’s testifying as to what he’s seen and if he wants to take the stand, I’ll be happy to cross examine him, but he’s not a witness.
[THE COURT]: Overruled. Ms. Berry, I’m going to instruct you again to answer the question.
[APPELLANT]: It’s okay that he’s yelling. It’s a personal vendetta that he got against me.
[THE PROSECUTION]: I would once again ask the Judge to instruct Ms. Berry to answer the question.
[THE COURT]: Ms. Berry, I’m going to instruct you again to answer the questions that he’s asking you.
*867[APPELLANT]: If it don’t have nothing to do with this trial—
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Q. Tell the jury what you did to Paris.
A. You tell them.
Q. What did you do to her, Ms. Berry? Did you do anything to her?
A. (No response)
Even appellant’s own expert (Gripon) provided testimony that supports a finding that there is a probability that appellant would be dangerous in the “free world” to her unwanted babies.
Q. [PROSECUTION]: If she gets in a circumstance where she is around a child that she doesn’t want or doesn’t care for in the future, what do you think she’s going to do?
A. [GRIPON]: Well, I don’t think that’s going to happen.
Q. But if it does—
A. Given her circumstances. If it were a child that she had given birth to under similar circumstances to those that we’ve looked at here, I would consider that a high risk situation. In other circumstances, I would not consider it to be substantially risky at all; but I certainly would not suggest that she become pregnant and give birth in an unsupported setting alone and face whatever kind of impact she feels that would have on her life, if that were possible, although I can’t conceive of a set of circumstances in which that’s possible.
Q. But she’s already done it five times.
A. Done what, given birth?
Q. Getting pregnant without people knowing.
A. Well, I don’t know whether all of those were unknown. I know that most were. That’s true.
During closing jury arguments at the punishment phase, the prosecution stated to the jury that the way to answer the future-dangerousness special issue was if appellant “was out and she’s among her children or she has another child, do you think she’s a future danger to that child.” The prosecution also deduced from the evidence that appellant is “evil” and asked the jury to “imagine someone more evil than would do these two things to two different children on two different days five years apart.”
Now, you’ve heard a bunch of testimony. You’ve heard about future danger and you heard Dr. Gripon, who was hired by the defense and he said that she’s not a future danger because the victim pool was low because in prison she’s not going to have access. Remember we talked to you about what society was. We talked about it for a long time. Society — when I talked to you guys — I’m going to do this. Imaginary circle — what does society mean to you folks? You— all agreed it was anyone around her. And we all asked you, when you’re asking yourself that question, you have to assume whether she’s a future danger sitting there as she sits today, if she was out among us, among other children, is she a future danger. Everything Dr. Gripon said was based on one premise, that she’s locked up and that somebody, not her, somebody else, would intervene to protect that child. Remember, he said, oh, she’ll be locked up. Well, that assumes the system is locking her up. Well, somebody would catch her. That assumes somebody else will see that she’s pregnant, somebody that’s more perceptive than the family that she’s hid all these pregnancies from. That assumes that even after she has the baby that they could intervene and get to her. That assumes that she’s locked up.
*868I submit to you the way you answer this question is if she was out and she’s among her children or she has another child, do you think she’s a future danger to that child. What was not asked of Dr. Gripon was how many victims in her way does it take to convince him or anybody that she’s a future danger. A person repeatedly trying to kill her children, .1 submit to you, that is an obvious answer. Regardless of what the answer to your second question is, the first one should be a resounding “yes.” She murdered [Malachi]. She lied to Dr. Gripon, “Oh, I didn’t do it.” So, did he assume that she’s telling him the truth; or do you assume she was lying? The material-the information he bases his answers on were partially based on the story from her. And you got a big taste of her yesterday. She’s still lying. She lied to her family, she lied to Gripon and she lied to you. So, how many children do we have to bury before you’re convinced that she’s a future danger? Some of you-all said one. I would hope all of you say two.
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There is an evil and dark side to this woman that her family does not know. There is an evil and dark side to this woman that very few people have realized until we see what she creates because the opposite of creation is destruction; and she has destroyed lives everywhere she goes. And you ask yourself is she a future danger today, was she a future danger in 1996 when she had her first baby, oh, yeah. Was she a future danger in 1997, was she a future danger in 1998, was she a future danger on June the 5th of 2003, the day before she dropped her most recent child into a fire ant bed. What has changed from that day to today as she sits there? Absolutely nothing, absolutely nothing.
There has been no showing of remorse. There has been no showing of psychological damage or drug ábuse. She came from a beautiful home with a loving family. Some people are just evil. Some people are just evil. And I want you to imagine someone more evil than would do these two things to two different children on two different days five years apart.
The future-dangerousness special issue asks the jury to decide “whether there is a probability that the defendant would commit criminal acts of violence that would constitute a continuing threat to society.” See Article 37.071, § 2(b)(1), Tex.Code Crim. PROC., (emphasis supplied). The Court’s opinion also seems to acknowledge that this special issue asked the jury to decide if there is a probability that appellant would be dangerous “in or out of prison.” Maj. op. at 23 (“state did not meet its burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that there is a probability that appellant, if allowed to live, would commit criminal acts of violence in the future so as to constitute a continuing threat, whether in or out of prison”); see Salazar v. State, 38 S.W.3d 141, 145-46 (Tex.Cr.App.2001) (defendant, who was convicted of murdering two-year-old daughter of his girlfriend, presented expert witness who admitted that defendant would be dangerous in the “free world”); Smith v. State, 898 S.W.2d 838, 851 n. 19 (Tex.Cr.App.1995) (future dangerousness special issue requires jury to decide if the defendant would be dangerous “whether he is in prison or out of prison”).3 This is *869also consistent with the State’s closing jury arguments during the punishment phase that appellant would be dangerous “if she was out and she’s among her children or she has another child.”
The future-dangerousness special issue, therefore, does not exempt from the death penalty those defendants who are dangerous only to a segment of society that they probably will not encounter in prison or are not likely to encounter again if they are paroled forty or so years later. See Footnote 3. If that was true, the future-dangerousness special issue would exempt from the death penalty most parents who murder their children, contrary to the clear legislative intent expressed in Section 19.03(a)(8) making it a capital offense for a person to murder “an individual under six years of age.” It would also exempt from the death penalty many other killers such as children who murder their parents and middle-aged serial killers who prey on young children.
In this case, a rational jury could have found that there is a probability that appellant would be dangerous “out of prison.” She cold-heartedly murdered one child and attempted to murder another child on different occasions five years later. She is unremorseful and fails to take responsibility. This evidence satisfies every measure of future-dangerousness that this Court has applied. See, e.g., Salazar, 38 S.W.3d at 145-46 (lack of remorse and failure to take responsibility are factors that support jury’s affirmative answer to “future-dangerousness” special issue).4 A rational jury could have found that appellant is the same unremorseful, cold-blooded killer that she was in 1998 when she murdered Malachi and that she was in 2003 when she tried to murder Paris.5 That appellant might be controlled in prison in no way detracts from this or a rational finding that there is a probability that she would be dangerous to her unwanted children.
I respectfully dissent.

. It is not entirely accurate to merely state that appellant abandoned Paris. A rational jury could have found that it was appellant’s conscious desire to kill Paris.

. Appellant had testified on direct-examination that Malachi died a natural death and that she duct-taped him and threw him in the garbage. She never explained, on either direct-examination or on cross-examination, what happened to Paris.

. The Legislature’s use of "would” instead of "will” in the future-dangerousness special issue also supports the claim that this special issue asked the jury to decide, among other *869things, whether there is a probability that appellant would be dangerous "if she was out among us." It is not dispositive of appellant's sufficiency claim that she might not murder any more of her children because of a low probability that she will not have any more children, if sentenced to life in prison. This Court has held that “society includes not only free citizens but also inmates in the penitentiary.” See McDuff v. State, 939 S.W.2d 607, 620 (Tex.Cr.App.1997); Jones v. State, 843 S.W.2d 487, 495 (Tex.Cr.App.1992).

. This evidence satisfies at least five of the eight "non-exclusive list of factors that may be considered in determining whether a defendant constitutes a continuing threat to society” set out in numerous decisions of this Court such as Solomon v. State, 49 S.W.3d 356, 362-63 (Tex.Cr.App.2001). These nonexclusive factors are:
(1)the circumstances of the capital offense, including the defendant's state of mind and whether [s]he was acting alone or with other parties;
(2) the calculated nature of the defendant’s acts;
(3) the forethought and deliberateness exhibited by the crime’s execution;
(4) the existence of a prior criminal record and the severity of the prior crimes;
(5) the defendant's age and personal circumstances at the time of the offense;
(6) whether the defendant was acting under the duress or the domination of another at the time of the commission of the offense;
(7) psychiatric evidence; and
(8) character evidence.

. Appellant is not very different from other defendants who have been convicted and sentenced to death for murdering their children. See, e.g., Routier v. State, 112 S.W.3d 554, 557 (Tex.Cr.App.2003); O’Bryan v. State, 591 S.W.2d 464, 467-70,480-81 (Tex.Cr.App.1979).