Court Opinion

ID: 864925
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-04-27 00:23:12.280247+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:57:40.280218
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                                     NO. 2003-CT-00538-SCT

DEBORAH McFARLAND

v.

ENTERGY MISSISSIPPI, INC.

                                   ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                               3/7/2003
TRIAL JUDGE:                                    HON. W. SWAN YERGER
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                      HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                        ROBERT W. SNEED
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:                         JOHN H. DUNBAR
                                                WALTER ALAN DAVIS
NATURE OF THE CASE:                             CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY
DISPOSITION:                                    THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF
                                                APPEALS IS REVERSED, AND THE
                                                JUDGMENT OF THE HINDS COUNTY
                                                CIRCUIT COURT IS AFFIRMED-10/06/2005
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

        EN BANC.

        SMITH, CHIEF JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.     Thomas R. McFarland 1 sued Entergy Mississippi, Inc. in the Circuit Court of the First

Judicial District of   Hinds County, Mississippi, for injuries McFarland received while driving

a truck which collided with a sagging transmission line maintained by Entergy, in Leland,

        1
         During the appeal of this case, Deborah McFarland was substituted as plaintiff, due
to the death of Thomas R. McFarland. McFarland’s death was the result of circumstances
unrelated to this case.
Mississippi.   A motion for directed verdict by         Entergy was denied, and the jury returned a

verdict for the McFarland in the amount of $300,000.00.

¶2.     Entergy filed post trial motions, including a Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the

Verdict (“JNOV”) and in the Alternative, for New Trial. The trial court then granted Entergy’s

Motion for JNOV, and held that the motion for new trial was granted in the event that the JNOV

was overturned on appeal.

¶3.     McFarland appealed, and the Court of Appeals reversed the trial court’s grant of the

JNOV and remanded for a new trial. McFarland v. Entergy, No. 2003-CA-00538-COA, 2004
WL 2283607, at *7.       McFarland filed a petition for certiorari in this Court seeking review of

the Court of Appeals’ decision not to review the trial court’s conditional grant of a new trial,

as provided in Rule 50 of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure.              Entergy also filed a

petition for certiorari in this Court seeking review of the Court of Appeals’ decision to reverse

the JNOV. Both petitions for certiorari were granted.

¶4.     After thorough review, this Court holds that the Court of Appeals incorrectly held

Entergy to a higher standard of care. The jury, however, was instructed that only a degree of

ordinary care was required under these facts. We also hold that the trial judge was correct in

granting Entergy’s Motion for a JNOV and the Court of Appeals erred when it reversed the trial

court’s grant of the JNOV and remanded the case for a new trial.                Finally, we hold that

McFarland waived the remaining issues concerning the conditional grant of a new trial.

                                                   2
                                                 FACTS

¶5.     On February 9, 1994, a severe ice storm struck the Mississippi Delta causing extensive

damage. The ice storm caused trees to fall and limbs to snap, as well as downing power lines

throughout the area. The area involved was roughly one hundred fifty miles long and fifty miles

wide, stretching from DeSoto County to the Sharkey County line and eastward through Leflore

County. In total, the storm affected an area of approximately 5,200 square miles.

¶6.     There were hundreds of miles of downed power lines including over 25,000 poles and

hundreds of miles of downed transmission lines.                  Numerous towns, cities, and untold

thousands of individuals throughout the area went without power for weeks. Even on the date

of the accident, five days after the storm commenced, there remained nineteen cities and towns

without power and 45,000 Entergy customers in Washington County alone without power.

Approximately 2,500 additional electrical power workers from other companies and

surrounding sister states were sent in to help with this disaster.             Additionally, thousands of

volunteers were involved in helping with cleanup and repair in the various affected

communities.     For the first time ever, Entergy lost steel structure transmission poles.          Over

100 transmission line structures alone had to be repaired by specialized crews.               A priority

system was initiated for restoring power: hospitals, water systems, municipal services,

sheriff’s and police offices, sewer systems, then all others.         Helicopter surveys conducted by

Entergy revealed that approximately 80% of a twenty                 mile stretch of transmission lines,

running from Indianola to Greenville, were flattened to the ground. The same survey, however,

did not reveal any problem with the site at issue because, as the testimony revealed, a sagging

line could not be detected from the air as easy as a flattened line lying on the ground.

                                                     3
¶7.          Before the accident occurred on February 14, 1994, at approximately 3:30 p.m.

former Deputy Sheriff Tony Sullivan testified that he observed a sagging transmission line over

North Main Street in Leland, Mississippi. Sullivan also testified that he informed a man about

the sagging line who was sitting in a truck with the MP&L (Entergy’s predecessor) logo on its

side.

¶8.     Public travel advisories existed throughout the area warning drivers of downed power

lines and other open and obvious hazards. Ignoring those warnings, McFarland drove his

employer’s eighteen-wheeler into the Mississippi Delta during the night time.                At

approximately 7:00 p.m as McFarland traveled at a speed of no more than 15 miles per hour

in the severely devastated area, he struck the dead transmission line which sagged

approximately eight feet above the roadway.

¶9.     The following issues are before us:

        I.        Did the Court of Appeals Err When it Applied a High Standard of Care
                  to Entergy?

        II.       Did the Trial Court Err by Granting Entergy’s Motion for Jnov?

        III.      Do the Appellate Courts Have Jurisdiction to Determine Whether a Trial
                  Court’s Grant of a New Trial Is Appropriate When a Trial Court
                  Concurrently Enters a Jnov and a Conditional Grant of a New Trial, and
                  the JNOV Is Reversed on Appeal?

        IV.       Whether the Trial Court Erred by Granting, in the Alternative, Entergy’s
                  Motion for New Trial.

                                                    4
                                            DISCUSSION

                                                   I.

¶10.    The Court of Appeals decision stated that “[t]he public policy of this State requires

‘utilities to exercise a very high degree of care in protecting the public from the dangers of

electricity’” McFarland at ¶11 (citations omitted).           McFarland argues that the Court of

Appeals was correct to impose this higher standard of care upon Entergy, but also argues that

at trial Entergy was only held to a reasonable care standard, and therefore this issue is

irrelevant. Entergy argues that when the property or activity of the utility does not involve the

risk of electrocution, they should only be held to the duty of reasonable care. We agree.

¶11.    Since 1907, this Court has held utility companies to a high standard of care.

“[C]orporations handling the dangerous agency of electricity are bound, and justly bound, to

the very highest measure of skill and care in dealing with these deadly agencies.” (emphasis

added). Temple v. McComb City Elec. Light & Power Co., 42 So. 874 (Miss. 1907). This

Court has also stated, “The degree of diligence which a distributor of electricity must observe

in the distribution of the dangerous agency of electricity is a very high degree of care.”

MP&L v. Shepard, 285 So. 2d 725, 729 (Miss. 1973) (emphasis added).

¶12.    This high standard of care was imposed because of the life threatening dangers of

electricity. In Shepard, this Court quoted 26 Am. Jur. 2d Electricity, Gas and Steam § 42,

at 248-49 (1966), which stated:

        The degree of care required to be used in the production, distribution, and use
        of electricity is stated in various terms which, perhaps, convey merely one idea.
        To declare that the utmost care must be used to prevent injury sound different
        in statement than to say that ordinary care must be used in view of all the
        circumstances; but when analyzed, the meaning is not far different, for the

                                                   5
        ordinary care required under the circumstances is, in its practical
        application and in view of the highly dangerous character of electricity, a
        relatively high degree of care.

285 So. 2d at 729. (emphasis added). Therefore, the degree of ordinary care required under

the circumstances, i.e. when dealing with the dangerous nature electricity, is a high degree of

care. “Moreover, the degree of care increases as the danger increases.” Id. The danger of a

live wire, is no doubt more dangerous than a wire without electricity; thus the high degree of

care should not be utilized unless such is required under the circumstances. In Spears v. Miss.

Power & Light, 562 So. 2d 107 (Miss. 1990), this Court utilized the reasonable care standard

when determining whether or not a power company had negligently placed a power pole in the

middle of a heavily traveled parking lot.     Id. at 108.   This Court also stated in Spears that,

“Reasonable care is the care a reasonable person would exercise under like circumstances.”

Id.

¶13.    We find that utility companies should be held to a reasonable standard, i.e. they should

exercise the care that is reasonable in like circumstances.         The degree of care that is

reasonable will either increase or decrease based upon various circumstances.               When

circumstances involve live wires, we hold that the reasonable standard of care is elevated to

one of a high degree.         However, if electricity is not present, the utility company should

exercise “reasonable care.”

¶14.    After an examination of the record, it is apparent that the jury was instructed that

Entergy was to be held to a reasonable standard of care. In fact, both attorneys for McFarland

and    Entergy referred to this standard of reasonableness in their closing arguments.

Furthermore, the jury instructions only referred to a reasonable standard of care.     While the

                                                 6
Court of Appeals erroneously imposed this higher standard, this standard had no impact at trial

because the jury was properly instructed that Entergy was to be held to a reasonable care

standard. Except for clarifications of the proper standard, the issue is irrelevant and therefore

Entergy’s appeal on this issue is without merit.

                                                     II.

¶15.    The standard of review for a grant of a JNOV verdict is well settled:

        A motion for a JNOV tests the legal sufficiency of the evidence supporting the
        verdict, not the weight of the evidence. Tharp v. Bunge Corp., 641 So. 2d 20,
        23 (Miss.1994). It asks the court to hold, as a matter of law, that the verdict may
        not stand. Goodwin v. Derryberry Co., 553 So. 2d 40, 42 (Miss.1989) (citing
        Stubblefield v. Jesco, Inc., 464 So. 2d 47, 54 (Miss.1984)). When a motion for
        JNOV is made, the trial court must consider all of the evidence-not just
        evidence which supports the non-movant's case-in the light most favorable to the
        party opposed to the motion. If the facts and inferences so considered point so
        overwhelmingly in favor of the movant that reasonable jurors could not have
        arrived at a contrary verdict, granting the motion is required. Janssen
        Pharmaceutica, Inc. v. Bailey, 878 So. 2d 31, 54 (Miss.2004).

White v. Yellow Freight System, Inc., 2004 WL 2903698, *2 (Miss. 2004).

                                                     a.

                                                   NOTICE

¶16.    McFarland argues the facts in this case are sufficient to impose a duty upon Entergy.

However, utility companies only have a duty to “eliminate foreseeable danger.”         Miss. Power

& Light v. Lumpkin, 725 So. 2d 721, 728-29 (Miss. 1998).                 While Entergy knew the ice

storm had created problems with many of their lines, they did not have knowledge that this

particular line was sagging and caused a potential hazard to drivers. This Court has stated that

“Time, place and circumstances must be taken into account.” Roberts v. Miss. Power & Light,

                                                     7
10 So. 2d 542, 543 (Miss. 1942). Whether Entergy owed a duty to McFarland turns on the

question of whether Entergy had notice of the dangerous condition.

¶17.    The Court of Appeals relied heavily upon the allegation of “the fact that this

transmission line had been down for 5 days.”        McFarland v. Entergy, No. 2003-CA-00538-

COA, 2004 WL 2283607, at *11. We note, however, that the record reveals that the line was

not down, but rather was sagging approximately 8 feet above the road. The record also reflects

that it was a physical impossibility for Entergy to have known where each and every downed

power line was located just days after this ice storm.          This is true even though the record

reveals that Entergy conducted a helicopter flyover survey of the disaster area which failed to

reveal the sagging line in question.     This storm brought down transmission lines and poles, a

first time event in Mississippi.        Even more critically, the ice storm came in “waves,”

commencing on Feb. 9 and continuing on the 10th and 11th.               In fact, looking solely to the

record, we do not know whether the line was even sagging for five days. What we do know,

according to Sullivan, is that someone apparently had placed barricades at the scene two days

prior to the accident, but the barricades were not there when Sullivan drove by the scene three

to three and a half hours prior to the accident.        Thus, the record reflects     that the line was

sagging at most two days prior to the accident; any additional time is mere speculation.

¶18.    Former Deputy Tony Sullivan claims to have reported the sagging line to a man sitting

in a truck with an MP&L logo on it while parked on the side of North Main Street. If this

testimony of Tony Sullivan is taken as true, we must consider the rest of the material facts.

For example, Sullivan could not identify the individual or even recall what he said. In fact, the

individual easily could   have been one of the many volunteers riding with and assisting these

                                                   8
crews.    Although the record reflects that Sullivan had the “impression” that they “would take

care of it,” the record reflects that the trial judge excluded Sullivan’s understanding of the

conversation.

¶19.      We find that these facts fail to satisfy the condition precedent of notice to Entergy.

Entergy has consistently denied any notice whatsoever in this case. The learned trial judge held

the only evidence McFarland provided indicating any notice was the testimony of Sullivan

concerning an unidentified person sitting in a truck having an MP&L logo and parked on the

side of the roadway near a substation.         There is no proof that this person was an Entergy

employee, a service man, or that he was even the driver of the truck. We do not know from this

record anything about the individual, as the record was insufficient and poorly developed on

this issue. No proof was offered as to this person’s direct or apparent authority; therefore, the

judge correctly held the evidence was insufficient to establish notice to Entergy.

¶20.     This Court has dealt with a “sagging line” case previously. In Delta Elec. Power Assoc.

v. Burton, 240 Miss. 209, 217-19, 126 So. 2d 258, 260-61, suggestion of error overruled,

240 Miss. 209, 223, 126 So. 2d 866 (1961), this Court held an electric company was on

notice when the electric company’s service men, who were clearly identified, actually saw the

dangerous condition.     However, the facts in the case at bar differ in that not only was the

individual in the truck not positively identified as an Entergy service man, but also there is no

proof that any service man actually saw the dangerous condition.            Furthermore, the facts in the

case at bar are unlike those where this Court found evidence that an electrical wire was in a

dangerously low position over a street and that “the dangerous condition had existed for ten

                                                     9
days or two weeks.” Miss. Power Co. v. Thomas, 162 Miss. 734, 140 So. 227 (1932).            This

Court went on to say:

       Taking, however, the shorter period of time first mentioned, that is to say, one
       week, we do not hesitate to say that, as a matter of law, this was a period of time
       sufficient to charge the company with constructive knowledge.             To hold
       otherwise would be either to deny the duty of inspection, or else to say that the
       periods thereof could be so far apart as to be of little practical value.

Id.

¶21.   In Thomas, this Court was faced with a single sagging line which had existed 7, or 10

to 14 days, where as a matter of law, this Court could find constructive notice applied. Id. The

lone sagging line in that case should have been discovered within that time frame.     However,

in the case at bar, with miles of downed power lines and poles, we know that Entergy conducted

a line inspection via a helicopter flyover survey and was attempting to find all of its downed

or damaged lines.       Further language in Thomas is also     instructive as the Court noted “it

follows that there is a duty on these electric companies to make inspections of their wires and

equipment.     We do not hold that this obligation requires a constant inspection, nor do we

attempt to say how often such an inspection shall be made.” Id. (emphasis added). Here,

subsequent to a major disaster, Entergy was doing all that it could to discover and repair its

downed power lines and poles.      We find that there was insufficient proof of actual notice to

Entergy.     Also,   under the facts of this case ,“taking the shorter period of time we do not

hesitate to say that as a matter of law,” this two day delay was not a sufficient period of time

to charge Entergy with constructive notice of the sagging line. Id. We also look to our sister

states for guidance.    The Supreme Court of Missouri has held “[i]f the electric company has

not received actual notice that its lines are down, the utility must still discover the danger and

                                               10
cut the power within a reasonable time.” Grattan v. Union Elec. Com., 151 S.W.3d 59 (Mo.

2004).     “Notice or a lack thereof, of course, affects the amount of time allowed as a

“reasonable opportunity” to remedy the problem. Id. See Thomas, 140 So. 2d 227.

¶22.     Also, it is noteworthy that the Court of Appeals’ majority decision states “[o]ther

evidence offered at trial was sufficient to prove that Entergy either knew or should have

known of the low hanging power line.” (emphasis added).             However, the Court of Appeals

decision does not tell this Court what that proof consists of, let alone who testified about it

or where it is located in the record.        We have thoroughly reviewed the record and we find

nothing but the limited testimony of Tony Sullivan.

¶23.     In the case at bar, first we note that the line was not energized. Second, the amount of

time this line was sagging during a major disaster is far short of what this Court in Thomas

considered as sufficient constructive knowledge. Notice only becomes a factual jury question

when there is sufficient evidence presented for a reasonable juror to find in the plaintiff’s

favor. We hold that Entergy did not receive notice of the sagging line.

                                                      11
                                                     b.

¶24.    This Court requires proof of “conduct on the part of the principal indicating the agent’s

authority.” See Am. Income Life Ins. Co. v. Hollins, 830 So. 2d 1230, 1237 (Miss. 2002)

(citing Andrew Jackson Life Ins. Co. v. Williams, 566 So. 2d 1172, 1180 (Miss. 1990). The

unidentified person could have been one of the thousands of volunteers, an off-duty meter

reader, or any one else involved in the massive clean up and repair operations.         There is no

proof that the individual in the truck was an employee of Entergy, much less one possessing

either direct or apparent authority.        Thus, McFarland’s evidence adduced is insufficient to

create notice to Entergy.

¶25.    In the case at bar, there is no evidence of express (“direct”) authority on the part of the

individual in the MP&L truck as this person cannot be specifically identified by either Deputy

Sullivan or Entergy. An express agent is one who is “in fact authorized by the principal to act

on their behalf.” Cooley v. Brawner, 881 So. 2d 300, 302 (Miss. 2004). McFarland never

submitted sufficient proof that the individual was an employee of Entergy. This Court has

stated that “[t]he burden of proving an agency relationship rests squarely upon the party

asserting it.”   Highlands Ins. Co. v. McLaughlin, 387 So. 2d 118, 120 (Miss. 1980).

McFarland failed to meet this burden and since Entergy has no knowledge of this person’s

identity, there is no proof of any express authorization.           We find that express or direct

authority is also required to be proven for Entergy to be liable.

¶26.    Nor is there sufficient evidence of apparent authority.       Apparent authority of an agent

only binds the principal when the plaintiff can show “acts or conduct of principal indicating

agent’s authority, reasonable reliance upon those acts by third person, and detrimental change

                                                    12
in position by third person as result of that reliance.” Eaton v. Porter, 645 So. 2d 1323, 1325

(Miss. 1994) (emphasis added). One can argue that Entergy gave this individual apparent

authority by putting that person in their company vehicle. However, Deputy Sullivan admitted

in testimony that he was aware of the presence of numerous volunteers in the area who were

assisting the electrical crews.    Under these specific and unusual factual circumstances, it was

not reasonable for him to assume some individual sitting alone in an MP&L truck had the

necessary authority to correct the transmission line problem in this particular situation.      We

find that McFarland failed to prove apparent authority.

                                                    c.

¶27.    The ultimate question before us is whether Entergy is negligent under these facts. We

fail to see any negligence under the meager proof submitted by McFarland.            McFarland has

failed to prove a breach, let alone the duty itself. Brown v. J.J. Ferguson Sand & Gravel Co.,

858 So. 2d 129, 131 (Miss. 2003).          The effect of a finding in favor of McFarland would be

to place an extremely high burden of care on Entergy and similarly situated electric companies

when major disasters such as this one strike our state.           The Court of Appeals’ finding that

Entergy exercised no care whatsoever for the public users of highways absolutely ignores and

distorts the overwhelming evidence. The fact of the matter is that Entergy did amazingly well

in response time and exhibited great skill, care and diligence in attempting to restore power

to a vast area of the state which suffered a very rare and unusual major disaster.

¶28.    Unquestionably, the ice storm of 1994 can best be characterized as an “Act of God,”

of which Entergy had no control. Nor could Entergy have done anything to prevent or lessen

the end result. All Entergy could hope to accomplish under these circumstances was a quick

                                                   13
mobilization of all its available workers, equipment and resources; to call for extra support

from surrounding companies in sister states; to seek volunteers to assist; and to use reasonable

ordinary due care in restoring power lines, poles, and electricity as soon as possible. Entergy

performed each of the tasks extraordinarily well according to this record.        In MP&L v.

Shepard, 285 So. 2d 725, 741 (Miss. 1973), this Court stated “[a]lthough the [p]ower

[c]ompany iss required to do all things necessary in maintaining its lines as a reasonable person

would do under like circumstances for protection of public, it is not required to maintain its

lines in such a perfect condition as to prevent any and all accidents.”      Thus, Entergy was

required to act only “to the extent of exercising reasonable care to correct or remove the cause

of danger if reasonably foreseeable and known to power company.” Id. at 729.          The United

States Supreme Court has defined “Act of God” as a “loss happening in spite of all human

effort and sagacity.” The Majestic, 166 U.S. 375, 386, 17 S. Ct. 597, 602, 41 L. Ed. 1039

(1897).   This defense has been widely defined as “any accident, due directly and exclusively

to natural causes without human intervention, which by no amount of foresight, pains, or care,

reasonably to have been expected could have been prevented.” See Skandia Ins. Co., v. Star

Shipping, 173 F. Supp. 2d 1228, 1239 (S.D. Ala. 2001). However, the “Act of God” defense

“applies only to events in nature so extraordinary that the history of climatic variations and

other conditions in the particular locality affords no reasonable warning of them.”   Id. (citing)

Warrior & Gulf Navigation Co. v. United States, 864 F.2d 1550, 1553 (11th Cir. 1989)

(citing to Bradford v. Stanley, 355 So 2d 328, 330 (Ala. 1978) (citing Gulf Red Cedar Co.

v. Walker, 132 Ala. 553, 31 So. 374 (1902)). “[A]n ‘Act of God’ is not only one which causes

                                               14
damage, but one as to which reasonable precautions and/or the exercise of reasonable care by

the defendant, could not have prevented the damage from the natural event.” Skandia, 173 F.

Supp. 2d at 1240. “Act of God” does not apply if there is an intervening circumstance attributed

to the defendants. See Pub. Serv. Co. v. Sonagerra, 208 Okla. 95, 98, 253 P.2d 169, 171

(Okla. Sup. Ct. 1953). Here, Entergy exercised reasonable due care and precautions. Based

on the evidence set forth in the record, McFarland did not provide sufficient evidence to prove

duty, breach, or causation all of which are required in a negligence claim.            Miss. Dep't of

Transp. v. Cargile, 847 So. 2d 258, 262 (Miss. 2003).

¶29.    We also find that the Court of Appeals erred in concluding that there was enough

evidence to support a jury verdict for either party. When considering all of the evidence in

the light most favorable to McFarland, there is insufficient evidence to support the jury’s

verdict in his favor for the reason previously discussed.       Therefore, the trial court’s grant of

the JNOV must stand. In this instance the jury verdict was incorrect. It was not based upon

legally sufficient evidence.    The trial judge, who repeatedly expressed concerns about the

plaintiff’s proof of notice and lack of negligence by Entergy, ultimately rectified the situation

by awarding a JNOV or new trial in the alternative. Entergy is entitled to its JNOV.

                                                  15
                                              III. & IV.

¶30.      Initially, McFarland neither raised, addressed, nor briefed the issue of whether the trial

judge erred in the conditional grant of a new trial. The Court of Appeals handed down its first

version of its opinion on October 12, 2004.       McFarland raised the issue before the Court of

Appeals for the first time on rehearing.       As such, he waived these issues and is not now

permitted to raise them on certiorari during this appeal.     Brewer v. State, 819 So. 2d 1169,

1175 (Miss. 2002); Irving v. State, 441 So. 2d 846, 854 (Miss. 1983) (“The issue may not

now be raised for the first time on a petition for rehearing and it is procedurally barred.”)

(citing Edwards v. Thigpen, 433 So. 2d 906 (Miss. 1983); Wheat v. Thigpen, 431 So. 2d 486

(Miss. 1983). Accordingly, we apply the procedural bar.

                                          CONCLUSION

¶31.      Although the Court of Appeals incorrectly applied a higher standard of care to Entergy,

the jury was instructed to apply the standard of ordinary care. We also hold that because the

trial judge was correct in granting Entergy’s motion for a JNOV, the Court of Appeals erred

when it reversed the trial court’s grant of the JNOV.         Furthermore, McFarland waived the

issues regarding the conditional grant of a new trial.     This Court reverses the judgment of the

Court of Appeals and reinstates and affirms the trial judge’s judgment granting Entergy’s JNOV

motion.

¶32. THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF APPEALS IS REVERSED AND THE
JUDGMENT OF THE HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT IS AFFIRMED.
      EASLEY, CARLSON AND DICKINSON, JJ., CONCUR. GRAVES, J., DISSENTS
WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. RANDOLPH, J., CONCURS IN PART
AND DISSENTS IN PART WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY COBB,
P.J. WALLER, P.J. AND DIAZ, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.

                                                 16
        RANDOLPH, JUSTICE, CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART:

¶33.    The ice storm of 1994 was a catastrophe of a magnitude that Entergy had not heretofore

faced. Entergy is to be commended for its effort and hard work in restoring           service to the

effected areas. Due to the circumstances surrounding the accident, not the least being that the

transmission line was de-energized, I agree with the majority that the standard of care Entergy

was to be charged with should be a reasonable standard. Thus, I concur with the majority

opinion that the Court of Appeals erred when it opined Entergy should be charged with the

highest standard of care.

¶34.    However, I cannot join the majority regarding other issues. The facts sub judice were

first thoroughly considered and debated by twelve well-meaning, independent and objectively

minded jurors; and then a Circuit Judge, Judges of the Court of Appeals, and now this Court,

all likewise well-meaning, independent and objectively minded jurists who have considered and

debated the pertinent facts and applicable law. The jurors’ consideration of facts, both direct

and circumstantial, as well as all reasonable inferences which could be drawn therefrom, led

them to conclude Entergy was liable.

¶35.    My consternation with the majority opinion, which I consider an assault upon and

deviation from the honored precedents established by former members of this Court, as well

as recent affirmations by members of the present Court in honoring the sanctity of jury

verdicts, except under very specific and very few exception, compels me to dissent.

¶36.    The denial of Entergy’s motion for directed verdict by the trial judge, after McFarland

presented his case in chief,    evinces that McFarland had successfully presented a prima facie

case for jury consideration, unless contradicted or overcome by other evidence.          After both

                                                 17
sides rested, the Circuit Judge again refused to grant a directed verdict. It was only after the

jury returned a verdict for McFarland that the trial judge declared the proof was insufficient

and granted Entergy’s motion for JNOV. In Hollie v. Sunflower Stores, Inc., 194 So. 2d 217,

218 (Miss. 1967), this Court stated, “When a trial court sustains a motion for judgment

notwithstanding the verdict such action has the same effect as a directed verdict and the same

rules as to the scope of our review apply.” Neither the facts presented, nor applicable law,

relied upon by McFarland in his case in chief changed from the time the first motion for

directed verdict was denied. Neither the facts, nor applicable law, presented in Entergy’s

defense changed from the time Entergy’s motion for a directed verdict was denied a second

time. It was only after a jury verdict was rendered in favor of McFarland, did the trial court

determine that McFarland lacked substantial evidence to support the claim, and accordingly,

should take nothing; all because the trial judge was concerned with lack of notice, an issue that

was conceded by Entergy in argument at its first motion for directed verdict, and only enhanced

by the testimony of Entergy’s witnesses.

¶37.    When this case was considered by the Court of Appeals, its learned judges, too,

travailed over the facts and applicable law. However, a clear majority of 6-2, with one judge

not participating, concluded the trial judge erred when he granted the JNOV, and declared a new

trial was in order, just as the trial judge had determined that a new trial was proper, but for a

different reason.

¶38.    It is not that the facts are unknown or elusive that has created this dilemma. Rather the

controversy is created by differing interpretations of the same facts, some disputed, others not,

and what proper inferences may be drawn therefrom, which presents this clash of which party

                                               18
should ultimately prevail and resulting in a difference of opinion between the learned justices

of this Court and all judges who have undertaken duties related to this case. The majority

unfortunately now employs the draconian measure that there will be no new trial granted, and

in doing so, set aside a jury verdict, the trial court’s action of granting a new trial, and the Court

of Appeals’ decision to grant a new trial. Considering the same facts, the majority now states

there will be no new trial granted and McFarland’s widow shall take nothing.

¶39.    Both lay and learned legal minds have considered and debated the facts, and have

struggled for a just result. However, it is abundantly clear that this endeavor is not one for the

judiciary, but rather, should be resolved by a jury. Unfortunately, this factual debate has

clouded the legal principles to be applied and resulted in the majority’s departure from both

long standing and recent precedent of this Court, some of which was established by the present

justices sitting on this case.    As recently as 2004, many of the members of the majority

declared in Patterson v. Liberty Associates, L.P., 2004 WL 2823078, 8 (Miss. 2004), “We

refuse to become a thirteenth juror and substitute our judgment for that of a              jury when

reasonable jurors could differ on the verdict from the evidence presented.” It is of no import

whether I or any other justice, had we been a juror, would have favored McFarland or Entergy.

What is of import is substitutional judgment.

¶40.    The Court of Appeals recognized this principle in a case involving Entergy, and the

1994 ice storm. Based on the particular facts of that case, a jury returned a verdict for Entergy.

The Court of Appeals upheld the jury verdict, stating, “It is well-established that a jury verdict

in a civil case will not be disturbed on appeal unless the verdict was against the overwhelming

                                                 19
weight of the evidence....” Myles ex rel. Sparks v. Entergy Mississippi, 828 So. 2d 861, 869

(Miss. Ct. App. 2002).

¶41.     The majority is misplaced in formulating certain conclusions from the facts presented.

A      jury of twelve sworn impartial individuals were presented with these facts and found that

Entergy was responsible for the serious injuries suffered by Mr. McFarland. It is a well-

established principle that the jury should be the sole judges of fact. The right to a trial by jury

is guaranteed to every citizen of this state by Miss. Const. Art. 3, §31, and “the limited power

of the trial court to review a jury’s verdict is a function of constitutional mandate.” City of

Jackson v. Locklar, 431 So. 2d 475, 478 (Miss. 1983). Fact determination should be left to

reasoning of a jury of one’s peers. Indeed, Mississippi Model Jury Instruction §1:3 states, “As

sole judges of the facts in this case, you determine what weight will be assigned the testimony

and supporting evidence and the credibility of each witness in this case. You are required to

use your good common sense and sound, honest judgment in considering and weighing the

testimony of each witness. You are also permitted to draw such reasonable inferences from

the evidence as seem justified in light of your own experience.”

¶42.     I will not restate the facts as contained in the majority opinion, however, testimony

which the jury had available to them, include the following facts, as well as additional pertinent

facts discussed supra:

         a) The accident took place outside of Leland within 200 to 300 feet of an MP
         & L (Entergy) substation, which was used to supply electricity to the city of
         Leland .

         b) The twenty mile transmission line at issue ran from Indianola to Leland.

                                                    20
        c) Although 2,500 additional power workers ostensibly assisted MP & L to
        restore power, Robert Gramling, testifying on behalf of Entergy, states this
        number of workers had not arrived until after the date of the accident.

        d) The majority opines that Mr. McFarland ignored any travel advisories. There
        is no proof in the record that any travel warnings were not heeded.

        e) The record shows the accident took place at 7:23 p.m. on February 14, 1994.

        f) Testimony was that the line was sagging six to eight feet over the roadway.

        g) Tony Sullivan testified the MP & L employee was “operating the MP & L
        truck” and referred to this person as the driver of the truck.

¶43.    This Court has held that “except in the clearest cases questions of negligence are for

the jury. Of course, where the facts are disputed, negligence is a jury issue. And, even where

the facts are undisputed, where reasonable minds may reach different conclusions, negligence

is a jury issue.” Caruso v. Picayune Pizza Hut, Inc.,598 So.2d 770, 773 (Miss.

1992)(citations omitted). The case sub judice was decided by the collective wisdom of twelve

individuals. Uncharacteristically, the majority has superimposed its own fact finding and drawn

unsupported inferences and conclusions, which must necessarily be the result of speculation,

guesswork, and conjecture, in order to buttress its opinion; and furthermore, has inexplicably

failed to acknowledge pertinent uncontested facts. This Court has always required verdicts

should not be based upon such. Mississippi Model Jury Instruction §1:3 states, in pertinent

part, “It is your duty to determine the facts and determine them from the evidence produced

in open court. You are to apply the law to the facts and in this way decide the case...Your

verdict should be based on the evidence and not upon speculation, guesswork, and conjecture.”

Neither should an ultimate judgment of this Court.

                                                     21
¶44.    Due to the controversy caused by a fair, but different interpretation of the facts, a

judgment non obstante veredicto is not a matter that should be taken lightly by this Court. In

City of Jackson v. Locklar, 431 So.2d at 481, this Court stated, “The question is not what we

would have done had we been sitting as the jury but whether, considering the evidence in the

light most favorable to the plaintiff, together with all reasonable inferences which may be

drawn therefrom, we can say that no reasonable jury could, on these facts, have concluded

plaintiff’s damages were in the amount of $27,000.” This Court does not have to personally

agree with a verdict in order to affirm it. In my opinion, this case was properly and fairly

presented to a jury to resolve liability and the trial judge erred when he granted the motion for

JNOV.

¶45.    The crux of this dispute is whether Entergy had notice of its downed transmission line.

Deputy Tony Sullivan testified he had informed an MP & L employee that the line was sagging

over a regularly traveled street. As a result of that conversation, Sullivan testified he was left

with the impression that Entergy would take care of the problem or put barricades around the

downed line, (i.e, warn of the extreme danger). Sullivan testified he spoke to a MP & L

employee, who was sitting in a MP & L truck near an MP & L substation, during regular

working hours, of the hazard located only 75 to 100 yards north of the substation. An Entergy

employee testified the sagging line was 200 to 300 feet from the substation. Sullivan could not

identify the employee by name as the trial took place some nine years after his conversation

with this person.

¶46.    In Merchants Co. v. Tracy, 175 Miss. 49, 166 So. 340 (1936), this Court held, a big

M painted on the side of a truck, coupled with evidence that defendant's truck with a similar

                                               22
emblem painted on the side was seen within a mile of the accident, was sufficient to make a

jury issue as to the ownership of the truck and the relationship of master and servant, although

such relationship was denied by the defendant truck owner. Merchants has been the law in this

state for nearly seven decades. As such, a party should be entitled to reasonably rely on such

precedent. An attorney should be able to present his case without fear that this Court will

ignore the doctrine of stare decisis. In Merchants, this Court held      that the operation of a

company’s commercial vehicle, during business hours, from the appellant’s place of

business created a rebuttable presumption that the vehicle was being operated for the purposes

of the company by an employee within the course and scope and in furtherance of its business

interests. The facts in Merchants parallel the facts presented in this case. Tony Sullivan

notified a person whom Sullivan testified was an employee of MP & L operating a MP & L

vehicle, during regular business hours, in close proximity to a sagging line, and in close

proximity to a MP & L substation, which, according to a witness for MP & L was fenced and

protected from the public. Sullivan also testified crews were working in this area. Merchants

states, “All the earmarks of the truck being under the control of the owner of the warehouse

are here present circumstantially.” Id.   at 342. As in Merchants, this circumstantial evidence

created a rebuttable presumption which is best left to a jury. There was a rebuttable

presumption created as to the employment of the person in the MP & L vehicle, and the jury

resolved this presumption in favor of McFarland. This Court should not ignore its holding in

Merchants,

       In light of what we have said it is hardly necessary for us to say that there was a
       sharp, irreconcilable conflict in the evidence as to whether or not the appellant
       operated a red truck at that time, but having held that the evidence was sufficient

                                               23
        to go to the jury and having demonstrated that the jury was authorized to find for
        the appellee from her evidence, we do not think this is a case where we would
        be warranted in disturbing the verdict. We cannot apply the word
        “overwhelming” to the facts of this case.

Id. at 343.

¶47.    It is clearly the jury’s prerogative, indeed duty, to weigh all witness testimony, and to

accept or reject all or part, in order to reach its verdict. In fact all jurors are instructed as to

this very issue. Mississippi Model Jury Instruction §1:36 states, in part, “You have the duty to

determine the believability of the witnesses. In performing this duty you are the sole judges

of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight and worth of their testimony. You may, in

short, accept or reject the testimony of any witness in whole or in part.”

¶48.    On the issue of notice and timeliness of same, the majority fails to address certain

testimony of Entergy witnesses. Dusty Holman, an Entergy transmission line engineer,

specifically stated that Entergy was aware of the hazard. Holman testified that as early as

February 10th, days before the accident, that Entergy knew 80% of the subject transmission

line between Indianola and Leland was down.

¶49.    The majority fails to make the distinction between the danger posed by a downed

transmission line as opposed to the more common distribution lines. Robert Gramling, an

Entergy employee, testified that transmission lines carry from 115,000 to 500,000 volts of

electricity, whereas the more common distribution lines carry only up to 13,000 volts. He

further testified the high voltage transmission lines distribute power to substations, which are

fenced in and protected from the public. He further testified transmission lines are the size of

a man’s wrist, (a circumference of approximately eight inches), as opposed to a distribution

                                                    24
line, which is the size of a man’s thumb, (approximately a three inch circumference). Holman

testified the tension required to suspend the transmission lines is far greater than distribution

lines.

¶50.     Holman testified a foot patrol had been utilized by Entergy in other areas, and that this

foot patrol reported that “almost all of the transmission system within this radius was laying

on the ground.” It was also Holman’s testimony that he “sent out a helicopter patrol to

determine what the damage to the transmission system was.” However, Holman also testified

the helicopter was not “geared just to look at road crossings.” Furthermore, Holman stated no

one was sent to conduct an on the ground inspection of the transmission line where it crossed

road surfaces in order to identify hazards posed to motorists prior to the February 14th

accident. Holman admitted in his testimony that one is unable to tell from a helicopter

inspection without difficulty whether a transmission line is on the ground or eight feet above

it. Holman also testified he was aware of the substantial danger and potential damage to a

vehicle if a vehicle were to collide with a hanging transmission line.

¶51.     Mississippi Power Co. v. Thomas, 162 Miss. 734, 140 So. 227, 228 (1932), states, “It

is a continuing duty of [an] electric company to maintain wires over streets in a manner not

dangerous to persons or property.” Indeed, our Legislature has spoken to the same issue in

Miss. Code Ann. § 11-27-43(1):

           All companies or associations of persons incorporated or organized for the
         purposes set forth in Section 11-27-41 are authorized and empowered to erect,
         place and maintain their posts, wires and conductors along and across any of the
         public highways, streets or waters and along and across all turnpikes, railroads
         and canals, and also through any of the public lands, and to do such clearing as
         may be reasonably necessary for the proper protection, operation and
         maintenance of such facilities, provided in all cases such authorization shall

                                                     25
        meet the requirements of the National Electrical Safety Code. The same shall
        be so constructed and placed as not to be dangerous to persons or property; nor
        interfere with the common use of such roads, streets, or waters; nor with the use
        of the wires of other wire-using companies; or more than is necessary with the
        convenience of any landowner.

¶52.    As Holman’s testimony clearly evidences, Entergy was aware                   of   the downed

transmission line on February 10th, days before this accident. Entergy had notice of the

downed line, even without Sullivan’s warning, and knowing such, had a duty to warn. Tony

Wiggs, an employee of Entergy, testified that when there is a dangerous traffic condition,

Entergy notifies law enforcement, civil service, sheriff’s deputies, police, or the Mississippi

Department of Transportation. However, Robert Gramling had earlier testified, on February

14th, no liaison had been established between Entergy and law enforcement, which Gramling

admitted was a longer time than their routine procedure.

¶53.    Holman testified that a transmission line is under ten thousand pounds of tension, and

if anyone is nearby when a transmission line is cut, decapitation, loss of a limb, or possibly

even death could result. “The rule is well-settled that one charged with liability for negligence

cannot escape liability because a particular injury could not be foreseen, if some injury ought

reasonably to have been anticipated.” Delta Elec. Power Ass’n v. Burton, 240 Miss. 209, 126
So. 2d 258, 261 (1961) (quoting Cumberland Telephone & Telegraph Co. v. Woodham,

Miss. 318, 54 So. 890 (1911)). Holman’s testimony clearly shows that Entergy was aware of

the downed line and of the danger posed, and serious injury or death could result.

¶54.     Since the tension on the line is so great, cutting the line is an extremely specialized

process. Holman testified it was necessary to place a “hold tag” on the line while working on

                                                  26
it, in order to give notice to other employees that the line was being repaired. The hold tag is

placed on the grounds with the conductors themselves, as well as being placed inside the

[sub]station. The testimony established the transmission line was down and de-energized at the

time of the accident, although the Leland area had power, which was furnished by Entergy and

metered at the same Leland substation. Therefore, the jury clearly could have concluded based

upon the evidence before it that an Entergy employee or someone Entergy designated would

have been responsible for de-energizing the line at the substation, 200 to 300 feet from the

downed line; and at a later point in time entered the substation to provide the Leland area with

power, as the power supplied was metered at the same substation. Entergy’s defense to the

rebuttable presumption addressed in Merchants was an outright denial that any employees

were at the Leland substation before the accident.

¶55.    Each witness testifying on behalf of Entergy stated that to their knowledge, Entergy did

not have any crews working around the substation in the days leading up to the accident. Each

witness also testified that they were not personally in the Leland area prior to February 14th

in order to witness anything. However, Tony Sullivan’s testimony was that he witnessed crews

at the substation. Jimmy Perkins, testifying on behalf of Entergy, stated there was no written

documentation of where any of their crews were working at the time of the accident, as he

admitted “he did not know” where any crews were on the date of the accident or before. Jimmy

McDaniel gave testimony almost identical to that of Perkins on the whereabouts of Entergy

personnel, stating, “I do not know” if there were any personnel near the substation on February

14th. This conflict in facts is best left to a jury for determination; not this Court.

                                                       27
¶56.    Deputy Sullivan also testified that power had been restored to the city of Leland and that

businesses in the city were in operation. Gramling testified that Leland has its own municipal

power company; however, Entergy supplied the Leland municipal power company with power

through Entergy’s substation. Due to the high voltage involved and in transmission lines going

to the substation, the jury could have reasonably inferred that Entergy employees were at the

substation, first to de-energize the line, and later to restore service to the Leland substation,

even though this fact was denied by Entergy witnesses. Since power was restored, the jury

could likely infer the means by which this was accomplished: an Entergy employee or designee

entering the substation 200 to 300 feet from the downed line, which reasonably could be used

to corroborate Sullivan’s testimony.

¶57.    Collectively, the testimony, along with the circumstantial evidence presented, created

issues of fact for the jury to decide. “In both civil and criminal cases, a verdict may be well

founded on circumstantial evidence alone.” James v. State, 45 Miss. (1871) It is the right of

the jury, a group of twelve individuals, with twelve different backgrounds to resolve any

conflicting testimony regarding notice to Entergy, whether actual or constructive. “The jury

may choose to believe or disbelieve, and accept or reject testimony of any witness. Conflicting

testimony creates factual dispute for the jury’s resolution.” Dunlap v. State, 883 So. 2d 145,

148 (Miss.Ct.App. 2004).

¶58.    “Constructive knowledge is present where, based on the length of time that the

condition existed, the operator exercising reasonable care should have known of its presence.”

Waller v. Dixieland Food Stores, Inc., 492 So. 2d 283, 285 (Miss. 1986). It was the testimony

                                               28
of Holman that Entergy was aware on February 10th that the transmission line was down. As

the accident occurred at 7:23 p.m. on February 14th, a period of over 19 hours, and three 24

hour periods, February 11th, 12th, and 13th, and an unknown number of hours on February

10th, this was a period stretching over five days Entergy had notice of the dangerous condition.

¶59.    In Mississippi Power v. Thomas, 140 So. at 228, this Court stated, “We do not hesitate

to say, as a matter of law, this [one week] was a period of time sufficient to charge the

company with constructive knowledge. To hold otherwise would be either to deny the duty of

inspection, or else to say that the periods thereof could be so far apart as to be of little

practical value.” A high voltage transmission line, the only transmission line running through

this area, was down for parts of five days. Whether or not this is a sufficient amount of time

to provide constructive notice was an issue that the jury should resolve and did resolve in favor

of McFarland.

¶60.    There was more than sufficient evidence presented by McFarland to create a factual

question of notice for the jury. In its opinion, the majority explicitly states that Entergy has

“consistently denied any notice whatsoever in this case.” However, the majority fails to address

the explicit admission by Entergy during its argument on its first motion for directed verdict

at which time Entergy stated, “All the plaintiff has proved, Your Honor, is notice.”

¶61.    The majority opines that Entergy exhibited superb skill during this catastrophe, although

no evidence in the record contains such language. Entergy argued and the majority opined, that

in the exercise of reasonable care under the circumstances, Entergy could not have repaired

or cut the line in time to prevent McFarland’s injury, even if they had had proper notice. I agree.

                                                   29
However, repair of the lines is not the only issue presented. The issue is whether Entergy failed

to warn Mr. McFarland or others similarly situated of its failure to warn of a known,

potentially lethal hazard. Although the cutting of transmission lines may be a hazardous and

complicated process that requires the implementation of a specialized crew, equipment, and

procedures, the accident occurred nearly five days after Entergy had notice that 80% of the line

was down, and had not taken steps to physically determine if any portion of that 80% presented

a hazard to the traveling public. Whether and when Entergy knew or should have known of the

specific low hanging line and whether it had time to eliminate the dangerous condition by

removal or eliminating the potential harm by warning, were issues properly submitted for the

jury’s consideration.

¶62.    Entergy was well aware of the hazard that the downed transmission posed to the

traveling public. Holman admitted in testimony a transmission line could cause serious injury

such as decapitation, or even death. “Power companies have a duty to anticipate and guard

against events which may reasonably be expected to occur and the failure to do so is

negligence, even though the power company may not anticipate the identical injury that

occurs.” Ware v. Entergy Miss., Inc., 887 So. 2d 763, 773 (Miss. 2003). If in the exercise of

due care, Entergy could not have repaired or removed the line, Entergy should minimally have

taken reasonable steps to identify hazards and warn the traveling public of the dangerously low

hanging line.

¶63.    It is easy to see how the majority could be sympathetically swayed by the catastrophe

that Entergy faced. However, it is up to the jury to dispassionately pass              judgment.

Nevertheless, the fact that Entergy could not have timely procured the specialized crew to

                                              30
repair the line does not abrogate its duty to warn the traveling public of a low hanging

transmission line. This Court has stated, “An electric company is under a duty to safeguard the

public against injury arising from the use of its dangerous agency, whether the danger arises

from its negligence, the negligence of others, or from causes over which it had no control, to

the extent of exercising reasonable care to correct or remove the cause of danger if reasonably

foreseeable and known to the power company.” Tallahatchie Valley Elec. Power Ass’n v.

Clinton, 347 So. 2d 348, 350 (Miss. 1977). We all agree the downed power line was caused

by an event which Entergy had no control over. However, when considering the testimony of

Holman and Sullivan, Entergy had actual, as well as constructive, notice of the downed line, and

Entergy had a duty to exercise reasonable care to warn the traveling public.

¶64.    Evidence is abundant that Entergy had notice of a dangerous condition, and the law is

clear that a duty to warn existed. It was up to the jury to determine if the steps taken by Entergy

breached or satisfied that duty. There were sufficient questions of fact presented to the jury,

and its findings should not be disturbed by this Court.

        Were we to substitute our view [of the reasonable inferences that may be drawn
        from] the facts for the... [jury], one thing could be said with certainty: the
        chances of error in any findings we might make would be infinitely greater than
        is the case where those findings are made by... [twelve citizens, peers of the
        defendant, who are on the scene and smell the smoke of the battle].

Burge v. State, 472 So. 2d 392, 396 (Miss. 1985).

¶65.    Based on the evidence memorialized in the record, McFarland provided sufficient

evidence to prove a claim for negligence under Miss. Dep’t of Transp. v. Cargile, 847 So. 2d
258, 262 (Miss. 2003). Entergy had a duty to warn, Entergy breached this duty, and this breach

                                                   31
was the proximate cause of the severe injuries that McFarland suffered as a result. The issue

of Entergy’s negligence was properly submitted to the jury under Miss. Code Ann. §11-7-17,

“All questions of negligence and contributory negligence shall be for the jury to determine.”

This jury found that Entergy was negligent in its duty to warn and this decision should be

upheld.

¶66.      After a complete and thorough review of each and every page of the record before me,

I find that there is sufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict in favor of McFarland. It

makes no difference whether I personally agree or disagree with the jury’s verdict. However,

the majority’s opinion strays from the precedent of this Court and violates the prerogative of

fairminded jurors, who were properly instructed on the law.     Accordingly, the verdict should

be reinstated. Therefore, I must respectfully dissent.

          COBB, P.J., JOINS THIS OPINION.

                                                    32