Court Opinion

ID: 4683302
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-05-03 13:01:35.828637+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:04:13.932732
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                       No. 20-860C
                                   Filed: April 30, 2021
  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **           *
                                               *
  RONNI L. WILCOCK,                            *
                     Plaintiff,                *
                                               *
             v.                                *
                                               *
  UNITED STATES,                               *
                     Defendant.                *
                                               *
  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **           *

       Ronni L. Wilcock, pro se, Anchorage, Alaska.

       Ashley Akers, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United
States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for defendant. With her were Eric
Brunskin, Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, and Brian Boynton, Acting
Assistant Attorney General, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.

                                       OPINION

HORN, J.

       Pro se plaintiff, Ronni L. Wilcock, a former civilian biological scientist for the Air
Force Civil Engineering Center, filed a complaint in the United States Court of Federal
Claims. In addition to disability payments that plaintiff acknowledges and provides
documents that she is receiving in her filings in this court, plaintiff also seeks “severance
pay, interest, any appropriate penalties, costs, any other remedies allowed by law.”
Defendant moved to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Rules
of the United States Court of Federal Claims (RCFC) (2020) for failure to state a claim
upon which relief can be granted.

                                   FINDINGS OF FACT

        Plaintiff worked for the United States Department of Agriculture from May 11, 1979
until June 19, 1979, and again from June 2, 1991 until September 14, 2004. Plaintiff then
worked for the Department of the Air Force from January 23, 2017 until February 28,
2019. On May 1, 2018, plaintiff was asked to report for a “fitness for duty examination” by
the Air Force. On May 9, 2018, plaintiff was determined to be medically unqualified to
continue work because of “[e]nvironmental limitations,” by Dr. Stanley Kimball, a doctor
at Joint Base Elemendorf-Richardson, Alaska. Dr. Kimball determined that plaintiff’s heart
condition, which had caused plaintiff difficulty breathing, coughing, and chest pains,
limited plaintiff’s ability to work a 40-hour week as required by her job. Plaintiff completed
a Request for Reasonable Accommodation on June 26, 2018, which explained plaintiff’s
heart condition and requested she be allowed to work part-time. Plaintiff sent the request
to her employer’s office. Her request provided: “My cardiologist states (in attached note),
that I am ‘unable to work the hours required by the Air Force.’” In response to plaintiff’s
request, on July 5, 2018, plaintiff received an email from Linda Ray, a human resources
specialist in the Civilian Personnel Office of the Air Force. In the email, Ms. Ray inquired
whether plaintiff would be willing to relocate to another military base, not in Alaska, for a
possible part-time position. Plaintiff declined the opportunity to relocate, and, on August
24, 2018, plaintiff’s Request for Reasonable Accommodation was declined.

        On September 6, 2018, plaintiff was given notice by her supervisor of a proposed
action to separate her from her position with the Air Force. In response, on September
11, 2018, plaintiff timely opposed the Notice of Proposed Separation because it did not
include severance pay. On November 13, 2018, the Supervisory General Engineer and
Branch Chief in the Notice of Decision to Separate, found the separation was warranted
and notified plaintiff that “effective 16 November 2018 you will be separated from your
position and the Federal Service for your inability to perform the essential functions of
your officially assigned position.” On January 4, 2019, a medical specialist from the “Office
of Personnel Management [(OPM)] Retirement Services Program” indicated in a letter to
the Air Force that, after approving plaintiff’s application for disability retirement payments,
while attempting to “establish monthly interim payments and complete final adjudication
of the annuity,” the plaintiff’s records sent to them “show that the individual has not been
separated.” On November 23, 2019, plaintiff received a letter from the “Office of
Personnel Management Retirement Services Program” which stated that “[a]n adjustment
has been made to your FERS [Federal Employment Retirement Services] disability
retirement benefits.” (brackets added). The letter from the “Office Personnel Management
Retirement Services Program” explained that:

       Since your annuity began NOVEMBER 10, 2018, the 12 months at the 60%
       rate ended on the last day of NOVEMBER, 2019.

       Effective DECEMBER 01, 2019, the new rate to which you are entitled is
       40% of your high-three average salary, minus 60% of any Social Security
       disability benefit you may be entitled to receive.

(emphasis and capitalization in original).1

1 There is discrepancy as to a number of the dates in the record. According to the “Office
of Personnel Management Retirement Services Program” letter to plaintiff, which is
quoted, in part, above, plaintiff has been compensated for her disability backdated to
November 10, 2018. According to the “Notice of Decision to Separate” by the Air Force,
the effective date of plaintiff’s separation was to be November 16, 2018. The date of
separation from the “Order and Summary of Conference Call” before the United States
Merit Systems Protection Board is listed as November 16, 2018. Defendant adds further
confusion to the dates by adding a reference to November 18, 2018, stating: “The
                                              2
       On February 25, 2019, plaintiff filed a complaint with the Air Force Office of Equal
Opportunity arguing that the Air Force had discriminated against her “in violation of
Section 501 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.” The March 10, 2020 decision issued by
the Air Force Office of Equal Opportunity, included in the defendant’s appendix to its
motion to dismiss, split plaintiff’s claims into four separate claims: Claim A, discrimination
based on disability; Claim B, whether the denial of severance pay was disability
discrimination; Claim C, whether the denial of reasonable accommodation was disability
discrimination; and Claim D, whether the denial of severance pay constituted harmful
procedural error in violation of the legal definition of “Reasonable Offer.”

        On March 10, 2020, the Air Force Office of Equal Opportunity dismissed all of
plaintiff’s claims except Claim A. The Air Force Office of Equal Opportunity decision
stated, “Claims B and C were appropriately dismissed because they were untimely.” The
Air Force Office of Equal Opportunity decision indicated that “Claim D was appropriately
dismissed in accordance with 29 C.F.R. § 1614.107(a)(1) for failing to state a claim under
29 C.F.R. § 1614.103(a).” The Air Force Office of Equal Opportunity, with regard to Claim
A, held that plaintiff “did not establish that she was a qualified individual with a disability
within the meaning of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. We further find that the agency
articulated legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for its challenged action.” The Air Force
Office of Equal Opportunity found no causes of discrimination in favor of plaintiff.
Moreover, the Air Force Office of Equal Opportunity stated:

       In this complaint, the complainant has provided no probative evidence that
       the agency’s legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for separating her from
       her position and from the Federal service was merely a pretext for
       discrimination. Moreover, according to her testimony, the complainant did
       not appear to believe the RMOs [responsible management officials] had
       discriminated against her or believe that the separation action itself was
       discriminatory.

(brackets added).

        On April 5, 2020, plaintiff timely appealed the findings of the Air Force Office of
Equal Opportunity to the United States Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB). On June
11, 2020, the MSPB dismissed plaintiff’s claim regarding severance pay for lack of
jurisdiction. The Administrative Law Judge who issued the decision stated: “I explained
to the parties that the issue of whether the agency should have provided the appellant
with severance pay is not before me.” On November 23, 2020, the Administrative Law
Judge held that “even though the appellant successfully performed the duties of her
position when she was able to work, her inability to attend work - which manifested in
significant absences and an unpredictable schedule - impacted her overall performance

disability retirement was backdated to November 18, 2018, two days after the effective
date of separation.” The defendant’s November 18, 2018 date does not appear elsewhere
in the record before the court. The date discrepancies do not, however, change the result
in the case as to plaintiff’s entitlement or lack of entitlement to severance pay.
                                              3
in her position.” Wilcock v. Dep’t of the Air Force, No. SF-0752-20-0559-I-1, 2020 WL
7029608, at *8 (M.S.P.B. Nov 23, 2020). According to the MSPB Administrative Judge:

       Ultimately, the agency declined the appellant’s request for a reasonable
       accommodation, but the evidence reflects they did so only after considering
       the appellant’s request and submitted documentation, and assessing
       whether her requested accommodation or another accommodation could
       be provided without creating an undue hardship on the agency.

Id. at *7. The MSPB found that agency removal of plaintiff due to her disability was
warranted. See id. at *10.

        In her complaint filed in this court, plaintiff claims entitlement to severance pay.
She states, “[t]he U.S. Air Force did not offer me the severance pay for which I was
entitled at the time I was medically separated.” Plaintiff alleges in her complaint that she
“never received a written reasonable offer,” citing to 5 C.F.R. § 536.104, and that plaintiff
was involuntarily separated from her service, citing to 5 C.F.R. § 550.703. Plaintiff alleges
in her complaint:

       Requiring me to relocate to the Lower 48 for a dubious position does not
       meet the legal requirement of a reasonable offer: it is not a written offer with
       an attached position description, it is not within my commuting area, and
       declining reassignment outside my commuting area is still involuntary
       separation; I am eligible for severance pay.

(emphasis is in original).

        Plaintiff also argues that, “I was NOT eligible upon separation for an immediate
annuity under FERS because I have not paid a deposit for my civilian service.”
(capitalization in original). Further, plaintiff asserts in her complaint that her disability
retirement is not an immediate annuity that precludes her from severance pay. She
argues, “[d]isability retirement must be applied for, it is not an immediate annuity or
entitlement; I was not eligible for disability at the time of my termination.” Plaintiff cites to
and tries to rely on what she describes as “FERS Handbook, Chapter 42 – MRA +10
Retirement, Subchapter 42A FERS, Section 42A5.1-2 Advice to Employee, H. Severance
Pay Eligibility (page 17),” the applicability of which defendant questions in its reply to its
motion to dismiss. (capitalization in original). The plaintiff offers a quote from the FERS
handbook, which she states indicates: “[a]n involuntarily separated employee who could
become eligible for an MRA [Minimum Retirement Age] +10 annuity by paying a deposit
for civilian or military service, but who does not do so, is eligible for severance pay at the
time of the separation.” Plaintiff also argues in her complaint that her time at the
Department of Agriculture was “not creditable toward retirement as Redeposit Not Paid.”
(emphasis in original). Plaintiff further continues that she is not eligible for an MRA +10
annuity because her disability retirement was calculated using a method for those who
are not qualified for an MRA +10 annuity. Plaintiff states:

                                               4
       Furthermore, after notification that I would be terminated from the USAF
       and would not receive severance pay, I applied for Disability Retirement,
       which was approved on January 4, 2019. Disability Retirement Benefits
       under FERS are computed using 1 of 2 methods. The first method is applied
       if the retiree meets the age and service requirements for immediate
       voluntary retirement (e.g. MRA +10), while the second method is for those
       who are not eligible for immediate annuity. My disability was calculated
       using the second method.

                                        DISCUSSION

        The court recognizes that plaintiff is proceeding pro se. When determining whether
a complaint filed by a pro se plaintiff is sufficient to invoke review by a court, a pro se
plaintiff is entitled to a more liberal construction of the pro se plaintiff’s pleadings. See
Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520-21 (requiring that allegations contained in a pro se
complaint be held to “less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers”),
reh’g denied, 405 U.S. 948 (1972); see also Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007);
Hughes v. Rowe, 449 U.S. 5, 9-10 (1980); Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976),
reh’g denied, 429 U.S. 1066 (1977); Matthews v. United States, 750 F.3d 1320, 1322
(Fed. Cir. 2014); Diamond v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 516, 524 (2014), aff’d, 603 F.
App’x 947 (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 575 U.S. 985 (2015). However, “there is no ‘duty [on
the part] of the trial court . . . to create a claim which [plaintiff] has not spelled out in his
[or her] pleading . . . .’” Lengen v. United States, 100 Fed. Cl. 317, 328 (2011) (alterations
in original) (quoting Scogin v. United States, 33 Fed. Cl. 285, 293 (1995) (quoting Clark
v. Nat’l Travelers Life Ins. Co., 518 F.2d 1167, 1169 (6th Cir. 1975))); see also Bussie v.
United States, 96 Fed. Cl. 89, 94, aff’d, 443 F. App’x 542 (Fed. Cir. 2011); Minehan v.
United States, 75 Fed. Cl. 249, 253 (2007). “While a pro se plaintiff is held to a less
stringent standard than that of a plaintiff represented by an attorney, the pro se plaintiff,
nevertheless, bears the burden of establishing the Court’s jurisdiction by a preponderance
of the evidence.” Riles v. United States, 93 Fed. Cl. 163, 165 (2010) (citing Hughes v.
Rowe, 449 U.S. at 9; Taylor v. United States, 303 F.3d 1357, 1359 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g and
reh’g en banc denied, (Fed. Cir. 2002)); see also Pauly v. United States, 142 Fed. Cl. 157
(2019); Golden v. United States, 129 Fed. Cl. 630, 637 (2016); Shelkofsky v. United
States, 119 Fed. Cl. 133, 139 (2014) (“[W]hile the court may excuse ambiguities in a pro
se plaintiff’s complaint, the court ‘does not excuse [a complaint’s] failures.’” (alteration in
original) (quoting Henke v. United States, 60 F.3d 795, 799 (Fed. Cir. 1995))); Harris v.
United States, 113 Fed. Cl. 290, 292 (2013) (“Although plaintiff’s pleadings are held to a
less stringent standard, such leniency ‘with respect to mere formalities does not relieve
the burden to meet jurisdictional requirements.’” (quoting Minehan v. United States, 75
Fed. Cl. at 253)); see also Sanders v. Rose, 808 F. App’x 102, 106 (3rd Cir. 2020) (quoting
Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. at 520).

         Regarding defendant’s motion to dismiss, pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(6), when
examining what must be pled in order to state a claim, a plaintiff need only state in the
complaint “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to
relief.” RCFC 8(a)(2) (2020); see also Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555
(2007). The United States Supreme Court has stated:

                                               5
       While a complaint attacked by Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not
       need detailed factual allegations, ibid. [Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47
       (1957)]; Sanjuan v. American Bd. Of Psychiatry and Neurology, Inc., 40
       F.3d 247, 251 (C.A.7 1994), a plaintiff’s obligation to provide the “grounds”
       of his “entitlement to relief” requires more than labels and conclusions, and
       a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do, see
       Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986) (on a motion to dismiss, courts
       “are not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual
       allegation”). Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief
       above the speculative level, see 5 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice
       and Procedure §1216 pp. 235-236 (3d ed. 2004) (hereinafter Wright &
       Miller) (“[T]he pleading must contain something more . . . than . . . a
       statement of facts that merely creates a suspicion [of] a legally cognizable
       right of action”), on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint
       are true (even if doubtful in fact), see, e.g., Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A.,
       535 U.S. 506, 508 n.1 (2002); Nietzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 327 (1989)
       (“Rule 12(b)(6) does not countenance . . . dismissals based on a judge’s
       disbelief of a complaint’s factual allegations”); Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S.
       232, 236 (1974) (a well-pleaded complaint may proceed even if it appears
       “that a recovery is very remote and unlikely”).

                                              ...

       [W]e do not require heightened fact pleading of specifics, but only enough
       facts to state a claim that relief that is plausible on its face.

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555-56, 570 (brackets added) (footnote omitted)
(first three omissions in original); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)
(citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555-57, 570); Am. Bankers Ass’n v. United
States, 932 F.3d 1375, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2019); Frankel v. United States, 842 F.3d 1246,
1249 (Fed. Cir. 2016); A&D Auto Sales, Inc. v. United States, 748 F.3d 1142, 1157 (Fed.
Cir. 2014); Bell/Heery v. United States, 739 F.3d 1324, 1330 (Fed. Cir. 2014), reh’g and
reh’g en banc denied, (Fed. Cir. 2014); Kam-Almaz v. United States, 682 F.3d 1364, 1367
(Fed. Cir. 2012) (“The facts as alleged ‘must be enough to raise a right to relief above the
speculative level, on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint are true (even
if doubtful in fact).’” (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S at 557)); Totes-lsotoner
Corp. v. United States, 594 F.3d 1346, 1354-55 (Fed. Cir. 2010), cert. denied, 562 U.S.
830 (2010); Bank of Guam v. United States, 578 F.3d 1318, 1326 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (“In
order to avoid dismissal for failure to state a claim, the complaint must allege facts
‘plausibly’ suggesting (not merely consistent with)’ a showing of entitlement to relief.”
(quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557)), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied,
(Fed. Cir. 2009), cert. denied, 561 U.S. 1006 (2010); Cambridge v. United States, 558
F.3d 1331, 1335 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (“[A] plaintiff must plead factual allegations that support
a facially ‘plausible’ claim to relief in order to avoid dismissal for failure to state a claim.”
(quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570)); Cary v. United States, 552 F.3d
1373, 1376 (Fed. Cir.) (“The factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief
above the speculative level. This does not require the plaintiff to set out in detail the facts

                                               6
upon which the claim is based, but enough facts upon which the claim is based, but
enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v.
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 570)), reh’g denied, (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 557 U.S. 937
(2009); Christen v. United States, 133 Fed. Cl. 226, 229 (2017); Christian v. United States,
131 Fed. Cl. 134, 144 (2017); Vargas v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. 226, 232 (2014);
Fredericksburg Non-Profit Hous. Corp. v. United States, 113 Fed. Cl. 244, 253 (2013),
aff’d, 579 F. App’x 1004 (Fed. Cir. 2014); Peninsula Grp. Capital Corp. v. United States,
93 Fed. Cl. 720, 726-27 (2010); Legal Aid Soc’y of N.Y. v. United States, 92 Fed. Cl. 285,
292, 298 n.14 (2010).

         When deciding a case based on a failure to state a claim, the court “must accept
as true the factual allegations in the complaint.” Engage Learning, Inc. v. Salazar, 660
F.3d 1346, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2011); see also Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007)
(“In addition, when ruling on a defendant’s motion to dismiss, a judge must accept as true
all of the factual allegations contained in the complaint.” (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
550 U.S. at 555-56 (citing Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. at 508 n.1))); Scheuer
v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. at 236 (“Moreover, it is well established that, in passing on a motion
to dismiss, whether on the ground of lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter or for
failure to state a cause of action, the allegations of the complaint should be construed
favorably to the pleader.”), abrogated on other grounds by Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S.
800 (1982), recognized by Davis v. Schere, 468 U.S. 183, 190 (1984); Harris v. United
Sates, 868 F.3d 1376, 1379 (Fed. Circ. 2017) (citing Call Henry, Inc. v. United States,855
F.3d 1348, 1354 (Fed. Cir. 2017)); United Pac. Ins. Co. v. United States, 464 F.3d 1325,
1327-28 (Fed. Cir. 2006); Samish Indian Nation v. United States, 419 F.3d 1355, 1364
(Fed. Cir. 2005); Boise Cascade Corp v. United States, 296 F.3d 1339, 1343 (Fed. Cir.),
reh’g and reh’g en banc denied, (Fed. Cir. 2002), cert. denied, 538 U.S. 906 (2003).

        Plaintiff claims she is entitled to severance pay and should not have been barred
from receiving severance pay because she was not eligible for and did not receive
disability pay at the time of her separation, in part because she had to apply for disability
pay, and also that she is not eligible for MRA +10 benefits. Plaintiff alleges that the Air
Force sent her the following information:

       The legislative history of the severance pay statute suggests at least two
       guidelines for interpreting its provisions. First, severance pay is intended to
       help individuals who lose their Federal jobs through no fault of their own.
       Second, severance pay benefits should be construed liberally in favor
       of the employee. Accordingly, an employee who is removed for inability to
       perform his or her duties may receive severance pay if the inability is caused
       by a medical condition that is beyond the employee’s control.[2]

2 Regarding the severance pay statute, and although not cited by plaintiff, in Akins v.
United States, 439 F.2d 175, 194 Ct. Cl. 477 (1971), a Judge of the United States Court
of Claims stated in broad terms that the legislative history of 5 U.S.C. § 5595 “indicates
that the express purpose of the severance pay provisions of the Act was to afford
monetary relief to Federal employees who, after long years of faithful public service, ‘find
                                                7
(emphasis added by plaintiff). In fact, the quote appears to be information plaintiff sent to
the Air Force and appears to be derived from the “Frequently Asked Questions” section
of the OPM website regarding “Pay & Leave.” see Frequently Asked Questions: Pay &
Leave, OPM.GOV, https://www.opm.gov/FAQs/QA.aspx?fid=e64d74 ab-20a3-484c-
8682-d2a2b46c22da&pid=993e30b8-93c2-40b3-93c2-00baad8d7c24 (last visited April
30, 2021).

        Plaintiff further argues that the government denied her severance pay due to her
failure to accept the government’s reasonable accommodation offer. Plaintiff also states:

       the Plaintiff did not want to apply for disability retirement until after her 60 th
       birthday, or about the time her severance pay would have been exhausted.
       As Plaintiff did not receive severance pay, both her first- and second-line
       supervisors strongly encouraged her to apply for medical disability
       retirement. The Defendant subsequently using Plaintiff’s approval for
       disability to justify their lack of severance pay is duplicitous.

        As indicated above, plaintiff is receiving disability benefits and has been,
apparently, since the back-dated date of November 10, 2018. Defendant argues, in its
motion to dismiss, that plaintiff “is not eligible to receive severance pay because she was
eligible for two immediate annuities” upon separation, which defendant then details to be
plaintiff’s “disability retirement payments” and her eligibility to receive a MRA +10 benefit.
According to defendant, “[e]ach immediate annuity, independently, disqualifies Ms.
Wilcock from being eligible to receive severance pay.” Defendant states: “A disability
retirement payment falls squarely within the definition of ‘immediate annuity’ under 5 CFR
[sic] § 550.703 [(2019)]. A disability benefit is a recurring benefit and it is payable under
a retirement system applicable to Federal civil employees, 5 U.S.C. §§ 8451(a)(1)(A),
8451(c) [(2018)].” (brackets added).

       To qualify for severance pay, a federal government employee must satisfy the
requirements detailed in 5 U.S.C. § 5595(b) (2018):

       (b) Under regulations prescribed by the President or such officer or agency
       as he may designate, an employee who--

          (1) has been employed currently for a continuous period of at least 12
          months; and

          (2) is involuntarily separated from the service, not by removal for cause
          on charges of misconduct, delinquency, or inefficiency;

              is entitled to be paid severance pay in regular pay periods by the
              agency from which separated.

themselves out in the cold without work and without retirement.’” Akins v. United States,
439 F.2d at 178, 194 Ct. Cl. at 484 (quoting 111 Cong. Rec. 25677 (1965) (remarks of
Congressman Hanley)).
                                               8
5 U.S.C. § 5595(b); see also Gambrell v. United States 29 Fed. Cl. 764, 765 (1993). The
government points out that plaintiff had been a federal employee for at least 12 months
and was involuntary separated, which, under the proper circumstances, can qualify an
individual for severance pay. Federal regulations which interpret 5 U.S.C § 5595,
however, provide certain limitations on severance pay eligibility, including the regulation
at 5 C.F.R. § 550.704(b)(5) (2019). The regulation at 5 C.F.R. § 550.704(b)(5) states that
a Federal employee is not eligible for severance pay if she “[i]s eligible upon separation
for an immediate annuity from a Federal civilian retirement system or from the uniformed
services.” Id. The regulation at 5 C.F.R. § 550.703 states:

       Immediate annuity means—

       (a) A recurring benefit payable under a retirement system applicable to
       Federal civilian employees or members of the uniformed services that the
       individual is eligible to receive (disregarding any offset described in
       § 550.704(b)(5)) at the time of the involuntary separation from civilian
       service or that begins to accrue within 1 month after such separation,
       excluding any Social Security retirement benefit; or

       (b) A benefit that meets the conditions in paragraph (a) of this definition,
       except that the benefit begins to accrue more than 1 month after separation
       solely because the employee elected a later commencing date.

5 C.F.R. § 550.703 (2019). The disability retirement statute states “an employee shall be
considered disabled only if the employee is found by the Office to be unable, because of
disease or injury, to render useful and efficient service in the employee’s position.” 5
U.S.C. § 8451(a)(1)(B) (2018). In Lindahl v. Office of Personnel Management, 470 U.S.
768, 772 (1985), the United States Supreme Court noted that disability benefits are an
immediate annuity and explained that “a covered employee who has completed at least
five years of federal civilian services is eligible for an immediate annuity if found ‘disabled,’
whether he is retired on his own application (‘voluntary’ retirement) or on the application
of his employing agency (‘involuntary’ retirement).” Lindahl v. Off. of Pers. Mgmt., 470
U.S. at 772 (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 8337(a)). The Supreme Court continued:

       The Civil Service Retirement Act (Retirement Act). Government employees
       who are covered by the Retirement Act are required to contribute to a
       portion of their salaries to Civil Service Retirement and Disability Fund. 5
       U.S.C. §§ 8334(a), (b). The amount of retirement annuity is based on the
       employee’s average pay and years of federal service. § 8339. The
       Retirement Act provides for several types of annuities; at issue here are
       disability retirement annuities.

Lindahl v. Off. of Pers. Mgmt., 470 U.S. at 771-72 (footnotes omitted) (emphasis in
original). The government in the above-captioned case argues that the disability
payments for which plaintiff was immediately eligible and which she receives constitute
an immediate annuity that disqualifies plaintiff from severance pay. Although plaintiff

                                               9
maintains disability is not an immediate annuity because she had to apply for it, based on
the statutes, regulations, and caselaw, the current disability plaintiff agrees she applied
for, and receives, is considered an immediate annuity because the benefit is recurring,
and plaintiff was eligible to receive the payment at the time of her involuntary separation.

        Defendant also argues that, even if plaintiff’s argument regarding her disability
benefits could be found to have merit, plaintiff would be ineligible for severance pay
because she was eligible for MRA +10 retirement benefits at the time of her separation.
Pursuant to Section 8412 of Title 5, a government employee becomes eligible for MRA
+10 if, “[a]n employee or Member who is separated from the service after attaining the
applicable minimum retirement age under subsection (h) and completing 10 years of
service is entitled to an annuity.” See 5 U.S.C. § 8412(g) (2018). According to defendant,
“Ms. Wilcock’s eligibility for MRA +10 renders her ineligible for severance pay under 5
C.F.R. § 550.704(b)(5).” Plaintiff concedes she is of the minimum retirement age, but
plaintiff maintains she is not eligible for MRA +10 because “I have not paid a deposit for
my civilian service (Exhibit A). The 13 years, 3 months, and 13 days working for the USDA
Forest Service is listed as noncredible FERS service.” Additionally, plaintiff again cites to
the FERS Handbook, which she argues indicates an “involuntarily separated employee
who could become eligible for an MRA +10 annuity by paying a deposit for civilian or
military service, but who does not do so, is eligible for severance pay at the time of
separation.” (emphases in original). Defendant, however, identifies the language plaintiff
cites as having been from an April 1998 version of a FERS handbook, which has since
been overridden through provisions in the National Defense Authorization Act, which was
passed in 2009, and by guidance regarding its implementation issued by the OPM. (citing
5 U.S.C. § 8422 (2018); OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT, BENEFITS ADMINISTRATION
LETTER 11-103 (Feb. 25, 2011)). Additionally, as defendant states, “if a FERS redeposit
is not made, the refunded service is still creditable in determining eligibility for retirement
benefits.” (emphasis in original). Plaintiff, therefore, has failed to state a claim upon which
relief can be granted in this court regarding her ineligibility for MRA +10 benefits.

        Plaintiff’s complaint and response to defendant’s motion to dismiss also appears
to raise allegations of bad faith. Plaintiff states, “[e]ach time the Plaintiff was able to show
evidence that the Defendant’s cause du Jour for denying severance pay was not valid;
the Defendant responded by changing their reason for denying severance pay.”
(emphasis in original). Plaintiff further states “[r]efusing severance pay and forcing plaintiff
to take disability to maintain an income and health insurance is a form of disability
discrimination.” Plaintiff also argues defendant is responsible for exacerbation of her
medical conditions. Plaintiff argues, for example, that “[d]efendant kept fabricating
reasons to deny severance pay.” Plaintiff’s allegations raise grievances of tortious
conduct by federal officials. This court, however, has no jurisdiction to entertain such
allegations. The Tucker Act specifically excludes tort claims from the jurisdiction of the
United States Court of Federal Claims. See 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a) (“The United States
Court of Federal Claims shall have jurisdiction to render judgment upon any claim against
the United States founded either upon the Constitution, or any Act of Congress or any
regulation of an executive department, or upon any express or implied contract with the
United States, or for liquidated or unliquidated damages in cases not sounding in tort.”
(emphasis added)); see also Keene Corp. v. United States, 508 U.S. 200, 214 (1993);

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Rick’s Mushroom Serv., Inc. v. United States, 521 F.3d 1338, 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2008); Alves
v. United States, 133 F.3d 1454, 1459 (Fed. Cir. 1998); Brown v. United States, 105 F.3d
621, 623 (“Because Brown and Darnell’s complaints for ‘fraudulent assessment[s]’ are
grounded upon fraud, which is a tort, the court lacks jurisdiction over those claims.”), reh’g
denied, (Fed. Cir. 1997); Golden Pac. Bancorp v. United States, 15 F.3d 1066, 1070 n.8
(Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied, en banc suggestion declined, (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 513 U.S.
961 (1994); Kant v. United States, 123 Fed. Cl. 614, 616 (2015) (“[Plaintiff’s] claims for
‘conversion’ and ‘fraud’ sound in tort . . . .”); Cox v. United States, 105 Fed. Cl. 213, 218
(2012) (“[P]laintiffs contend that the United States has engaged in tortious conduct,
including harassment and persecution, malfeasance, fraud, abuse, and deception . . . .
The Court of Federal Claims does not possess jurisdiction to entertain claims sounding
in tort.”); Jumah v. United States, 90 Fed. Cl. 603, 607 (2009) (“[I]t is well-established that
the Court of Federal Claims does not have jurisdiction over tort claims.”), aff’d, 385 F.
App’x 987 (Fed. Cir. 2010); Woodson v. United States, 89 Fed. Cl. 640, 650 (2009);
Fullard v. United States, 77 Fed. Cl. 226, 230 (2007) (“This court lacks jurisdiction over
plaintiff’s conspiracy claim because the Tucker Act specifically states that the Court of
Federal Claims does not have jurisdiction over claims ‘sounding in tort.’”); Edelmann v.
United States, 76 Fed. Cl. 376, 379-80 (2007) (“This Court ‘does not have jurisdiction
over claims that defendant engaged in negligent, fraudulent, or other wrongful conduct
when discharging its official duties’”) (quoting Cottrell v. United States, 42 Fed. Cl. 144,
149 (1998)); McCullough v. United States, 76 Fed. Cl. 1, 3 (2006); Agee v. United States,
72 Fed. Cl. 284, 290 (2006); Zhengxing v. United States, 71 Fed. Cl. 732, 739, aff’d, 204
F. App’x 885 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied, (Fed. Cir. 2006); Henderson v. United States, No.
18-1007, 2021 WL 733825 at *3 (Fed. Cl. Feb. 25, 2021). Therefore, any of plaintiff’s
claims which sound in tort must fail for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

        Similarly, plaintiff’s allegations of alleged discrimination are likewise not within the
jurisdiction of the United States Court of Federal Claims. Plaintiff's complaint alleges that
she was discriminated against due to her heart condition, alleging “disability
discrimination.” To the extend that plaintiff is alleging a claim under the Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA), the statute is not a money-mandating law. See Dziekonski v.
United States, 120 Fed. Cl. 806, 809-10 (2015) (noting that the ADA is not a money-
mandating provision that would provide the United States Court of Federal Claims with
jurisdiction); Shipman v. United States, 118 Fed. Cl. 701, 707 (2014) (“[T]he court does
not have subject matter jurisdiction over claims alleging a violation of the Americans with
Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq. because the ADA is not a
money-mandating source of law.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
Moreover, the United States District Courts possess exclusive jurisdiction over ADA
claims. See, e.g., McCauley v. United States, 38 Fed. Cl. 250, 266 (1997) (citing 42
U.S.C. § 12117(a)) (finding the district courts had exclusive jurisdiction over claims
brought under the ADA), aff’d, No. 97-5130, 1998 WL 224949, 152 F.3d 948 (Fed. Cir.
1998). Thus, this court is not the proper forum to seek judicial relief under the ADA. See
id.; see also Maclin v. United States, 121 Fed. Cl. 66, 67-68 (2015) (“Further, Plaintiff’s
complaints of violations of the ADA are also outside the Court’s jurisdiction as federal
district courts have exclusive jurisdiction over ADA claims.”); Johnson v. United States,
97 Fed. Cl. 560, 564 (2011) (“The Court notes that Federal district courts have exclusive
jurisdiction over the ADA and Rehabilitation Act claims.”); Searles v. United States, 88
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Fed. Cl. 801, 805 (2009) (“Indeed, the ADA does not apply to the federal government as
an employer and district courts hold exclusive jurisdiction over ADA claims.”); Boddie v.
United States, No. 96-5060, 1996 WL 252832, at *1, 86 F.3d 1178 (Fed. Cir. 1996)
(“Neither the Americans with Disabilities Act nor the Civil Rights Act so mandates
compensation. The Americans with Disabilities Act does not cover the federal
government. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 12111(2), (5), 12112 (1994).”), cert. denied, 521 U.S.
1105, reh’g denied, 522 U.S. 909 (2007). Therefore, this court does not have jurisdiction
over plaintiff’s ADA claims.

        To the extent plaintiff is trying to allege a violation of her civil rights under 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983, the United States Court of Federal Claims lacks jurisdiction to hear claims alleging
a deprivation of civil rights under color of law. The statute at 28 U.S.C. § 1343(a)(4) (2018)
states, in part: “The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action
authorized by law to be commenced by any person . . . [t]o recover damages or to secure
equitable or other relied under any Act of Congress providing for the protection of civil
rights, including the right to vote.” Id.; see also Elkins v. United States, 229 Ct. Cl. 607,
608 (1981) (“[W]e [the Judges of the United States Court of Claims] do not have
jurisdiction over claims based upon alleged violations of the civil rights laws.” (citation
omitted) (brackets added)); see also Weir v. United States, 141 Fed. Cl. 169, 177-78
(2018); Johnson v. United States, 135 Fed. Cl. 565, 575 (2017) (“Section 1343 of Title 28
provides the federal District Courts original jurisdiction over any relief requested under an
‘Act of Congress providing for the protection of civil rights.’” (citations omitted)); Vincent
v. United States, 135 Fed. Cl. 561, 563 (2017) (“[A]ctions for civil rights violations brought
under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (2012) cannot be heard by this court.” (citing Marlin v. United
States, 63 Fed. Cl. 475, 476 (2005), appeal dismissed, 146 F. App’x 491 (Fed. Cir.
2005))), aff’d, 733 F. App’x 529 (Fed. Cir. 2018); Wagstaff v. United States, 105 Fed. Cl.
99, 109 (2012); May v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 278, 284 (2012), aff’d, 534 F. App’x
930 (Fed. Cir. 2013). Furthermore, in Blassingame v. United States, a Judge of the United
States Court of Federal Claims determined that jurisdiction is lacking over claims brought
pursuant to civil rights laws, including 42 U.S.C. § 1993, as jurisdiction for such claims
remains exclusively with the United States District Courts, and stated:

       Section 1983 is not a jurisdiction-granting statute. District courts are given
       jurisdiction to hear claims for damages for violation of that provision by
       virtue of 28 U.S.C. § 1343(a)(4) (1988). Such an action cannot be sustained
       here, however, because this court has not been given an equivalent
       jurisdiction. See Sanders v. United States, 32 Fed. Cl. 573, 576 (1995);
       Anderson v. United States 22 Cl. Ct. 178, 179 n.2 (1990), aff’d, 937 F.2d
       623 (Fed. Cir. 1991).

Blassingame v. United States, 33 Fed. Cl. 504, 505, aff’d, 73 F.3d 379 (Fed. Cir. 1995),
reh’g denied (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1237 (1996). Therefore, with respect to
the plaintiff's claim based on plaintiff’s alleged civil rights violations, the court finds that
the United States Court of Federal Claims does not have jurisdiction to hear plaintiff’s
claims.

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                                       CONCLUSION

       In sum, plaintiff has not provided evidence to demonstrate that she was not eligible
for immediate disability payments or an immediate annuity. Additionally, plaintiff’s claims
of bad faith or inappropriate acts by government officials are not within the jurisdiction of
this court. As a result, plaintiff’s complaint should be dismissed for failure to state a claim
and for lack of jurisdiction. For the reasons stated above, defendant’s motion to dismiss
is GRANTED and plaintiff’s complaint is DISMISSED in its entirety. The Clerk of the Court
shall enter judgment consistent with this Opinion.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                                 s/Marian Blank Horn
                                                                 MARIAN BLANK HORN
                                                                          Judge

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