Court Opinion

ID: 3178090
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-02-17 22:24:59.889405+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:36:41.066538
License: Public Domain

J-A28006-15

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                      IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                        PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellee

                       v.

RASHAD BONAPARTE

                            Appellant                  No. 1388 EDA 2014

              Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence April 7, 2014
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
              Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0001491-2013

BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., PANELLA, J., and SHOGAN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY GANTMAN, P.J.:                      FILED FEBRUARY 17, 2016

        Appellant, Rashad Bonaparte, appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered in the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas, following his jury

trial convictions of robbery, robbery of a motor vehicle, and criminal

conspiracy.1 We affirm.

        The trial court summarized the relevant facts of this case as follows:

           Francisco Bonilla, the complainant, knew Appellant and
           Antwoine Hunter (“co-defendant”) from living in the same
           neighborhood. On several occasions, he had given both
           men haircuts in his basement.

           On the night of December 7 and into the early morning
           hours of December 8, 2012, Francisco Bonilla was at
           Chuckles Bar on the corner of Frankford Avenue and
           Clearfield Street. He had been playing pool for money and
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1
    18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3701(a)(1)(ii), 3702(a), and 903(c), respectively.
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       won about $100 that evening. At [2:00] a.m., when the
       bar closed, Mr. Bonilla exited and spoke to Appellant and
       Hunter, who had also been at the bar. Mr. Bonilla owned a
       green 1998 Pontiac Bonneville, which he had parked
       outside. Appellant and Hunter asked for a ride, and all
       three men entered Mr. Bonilla’s car. Appellant was seated
       directly behind the driver’s seat, and Hunter was seated in
       the front passenger seat next to Mr. Bonilla. After driving
       a few blocks, and upon reaching Clementine Street, a gun
       was placed against the back of Mr. Bonilla’s head.

       Appellant and Hunter instructed Mr. Bonilla not to move
       and to “give up everything.” They told him they would
       hurt him and his mother if he did not do as they said.
       Hunter began to rummage through Mr. Bonilla’s pockets
       and his belongings.      Appellant grabbed Mr. Bonilla’s
       shoulder and continued holding the gun to his head. Mr.
       Bonilla was finally ordered out of the car, and Appellant
       drove it away.

       Mr. Bonilla walked home and told his mother what had
       happened, then called the police. In his first conversation
       with police, Mr. Bonilla did not identify Appellant and
       Hunter by name. He testified that he did not identify them
       because he was frightened.         Detective Larry Aitken
       testified that on the night of the robbery, Mr. Bonilla was
       hesitant and seemed guarded when giving his statement.

       After speaking to his father, Francisco Bonilla Sr., about
       the incident, Mr. Bonilla spoke to his uncle, Detective
       Orlando Ortiz. Mr. Bonilla was shaking, crying, and very
       upset when he recounted the story to Detective Ortiz. The
       next day, Mr. Bonilla and his father went to Southwest
       Detective Division, where Detective Ortiz works, to talk
       further. On that day, Mr. Bonilla Jr. identified Appellant
       and his co-defendant, Antwoine Hunter, as the individuals
       [who] had robbed him.

       Detective Ortiz sent information about the robbery to
       Detective Don Liebsch, who worked at East Detective
       Division.   …Mr. Bonilla came in to be interviewed by
       Detective Liebsch. He admitted that he had not initially
       identified the robbers to police out of fear. After Mr.
       Bonilla gave his statement, an arrest warrant was issued

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           for Appellant.    Later that day, Hunter was seen by
           Francisco Bonilla Sr. entering Chuckles Bar. Hunter was
           arrested after being identified by Mr. Bonilla Sr. Appellant
           was subsequently arrested on December 24, 2012.

           Mr. Bonilla’s green Pontiac Bonneville was recovered on
           December 13, 2012, in the possession of Appellant’s
           [half]-brother, Troy Todd.

(Trial Court Opinion, filed March 2, 2015, at 2-4) (citations to record

omitted).

        On January 16, 2014, a jury convicted Appellant of robbery, robbery of

a motor vehicle, and criminal conspiracy. The court sentenced Appellant on

April 7, 2014, to an aggregate term of five and one-half (5½) to eleven (11)

years’ imprisonment. Appellant timely filed a post-sentence motion on April

14, 2014, which the court denied on April 16, 2014.             On April 20, 2014,

Appellant timely filed a notice of appeal.     The court ordered Appellant on

May 5, 2014, to file a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal

pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). On May 13, 2014, Appellant filed a timely

Rule 1925(b) statement, and a supplemental statement on January 20,

2015.

        Appellant raises the following issues for our review:

           WERE THE CONVICTIONS OF ROBBERY (18 PA.C.S.A.
           3701(A)(1)(II)), ROBBERY WITH A MOTOR VEHICLE (18
           PA.C.S.A. 3702(A)), AND CRIMINAL CONSPIRACY (18
           PA.C.S.A. 903)), NOT SUPPORTED BY SUFFICIENT
           EVIDENCE? WAS THE EVIDENCE SO CONTRADICTORY
           AND CONFLICTING THAT THE VERDICT WOULD BE BASED
           ON SPECULATION, AND A NEW TRIAL WARRANTED?

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         WERE THE ABOVE REFERENCED CONVICTIONS AGAINST
         THE WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE, PARTICULARLY DUE TO
         THE CONTRADICTORY AND CONFLICTING NATURE OF THE
         TESTIMONY?

         DID THE ASSISTANT DISTRICT ATTORNEY, IN HIS
         OPENING AND CLOSING STATEMENTS, MAKE IMPROPER
         STATEMENTS, REFERENCE MATTERS NOT OF RECORD,
         GIVE STATEMENTS OF PERSONAL OPINION AND MAKE
         INFLAMMATORY STATEMENTS, ALL OF WHICH TAINTED
         THE JURY AND PREJUDICED THE JURY SO THE JURY WAS
         UNABLE TO RENDER A FAIR VERDICT?

         DID [THE COURT] ERR BY NOT CHARGING THE JURY THAT
         THE IDENTIFICATION OF APPELLANT BY THE ALLEGED
         VICTIM SHOULD BE RECEIVED WITH CARE AND CAUTION
         SINCE THE ALLEGED VICTIM INITIALLY SAID HE COULD
         NOT IDENTIFY APPELLANT?

         DID [THE COURT] ERR IN [ITS] CHARGE TO THE JURY
         WHEN [THE COURT] REFUSED TO CHARGE THE JURY THAT
         THE INITIAL SIGNED STATEMENT OF THE ALLEGED
         VICTIM WHERE HE DID NOT IDENTIFY APPELLANT COULD
         NOT BE USED AS SUBSTANTIVE EVIDENCE? DID THE
         SUBSEQUENT CORRECT CHARGE GIVEN SEVERAL HOURS
         INTO THE JURY DELIBERATION CORRECT THE DEFICIENT
         CHARGE OR DID THE CONFLICTING CHARGES CONFUSE
         THE JURY?

(Appellant’s Brief at 6-7).

      After a thorough review of the record, the briefs of the parties, the

applicable law, and the well-reasoned opinion of the Honorable Charles A.

Ehrlich, we conclude Appellant’s sufficiency and weight of the evidence

issues merit no relief.   The trial court’s opinion comprehensively discusses

and properly disposes of Appellant’s questions presented. (See Trial Court

Opinion at 4-8) (finding: (1) Mr. Bonilla testified that Appellant held gun to

Mr. Bonilla’s head while Mr. Hunter rifled through Mr. Bonilla’s pockets, and

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Appellant and Mr. Hunter ordered Mr. Bonilla not to move and threatened

him and his mother; gun held to Mr. Bonilla’s head placed him in fear of

immediate serious injury or death; Mr. Bonilla testified he was afraid of

Appellant and Mr. Hunter; detectives who interviewed Mr. Bonilla testified

that he was visibly upset when recounting events; evidence was sufficient

for jury to find Appellant guilty of robbery; Appellant and Mr. Hunter were in

Mr. Bonilla’s car with him when they robbed Mr. Bonilla at gunpoint;

Appellant and Mr. Hunter ordered Mr. Bonilla out of car, and Appellant

moved to driver’s seat and drove Mr. Bonilla’s vehicle away; evidence was

sufficient to find Appellant guilty of robbery of motor vehicle; Appellant and

Mr. Hunter jointly robbed Mr. Bonilla at gunpoint; Appellant and Mr. Hunter

acted in concert to take Mr. Bonilla’s car and money when Appellant held

gun to Mr. Bonilla’s head while Mr. Hunter went through Mr. Bonilla’s

belongings; Mr. Bonilla was able to provide eyewitness testimony that

identified Appellant and Mr. Hunter as assailants because Mr. Bonilla had

previously met Appellant and Mr. Hunter when Mr. Bonilla had given them

haircuts at his home; evidence was sufficient to establish agreement

between Appellant and Mr. Hunter to rob Mr. Bonilla; (2) Mr. Bonilla did not

immediately identify Appellant and Mr. Hunter to police; Mr. Bonilla later

identified both individuals and explained how he had previously failed to

identify his assailants because he was afraid; evidence of Mr. Bonilla’s initial

and subsequent statements to police was presented at trial; jury had

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opportunity      to     observe      any       inconsistencies   in   Mr.   Bonilla’s

statements/testimony and to consider them during deliberation; Appellant’s

guilty verdicts were not contrary to evidence; jury chose to credit testimony

of Mr. Bonilla, his father, his uncle, and investigating detectives; Appellant’s

guilty verdicts did not shock one’s sense of justice).2 The record supports

the court’s decision; therefore, we have no reason to disturb it. Accordingly,

we dispose of Appellant’s sufficiency and weight of the evidence issues on

the basis of the court’s opinion.

       In his third issue, Appellant argues the assistant district attorney

(“ADA”) made several inflammatory and inappropriate statements during the

Commonwealth’s opening and closing arguments.                Specifically, during the

Commonwealth’s opening argument, Appellant claims the ADA referred to

Appellant’s guilt when the ADA stated it was known who had committed the

crime because Appellant’s half-brother was found in possession of Mr.

Bonilla’s stolen vehicle. Appellant alleges the court failed to grant defense

counsel’s motion for a mistrial or issue a curative instruction. Appellant also

contends the ADA inappropriately mentioned during the Commonwealth’s

opening argument that Mr. Bonilla was so afraid after the robbery that he

moved from his home and had to bring the case before a grand jury.
____________________________________________

2
  We note Commonwealth v. Moore, 648 A.2d 331, 334 (Pa.Super. 1994),
cited on page 8, paragraph 2, line 2 of the court’s opinion, has received
negative treatment on grounds unrelated to the proposition cited in the
court’s opinion.

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Appellant asserts there was no reason to reference this information, as it

was not part of the evidence.

      Appellant also argues the ADA inappropriately stated during the

Commonwealth’s closing argument that Mr. Bonilla and his mother had to

move out of the neighborhood where Mr. Bonilla was robbed.          Appellant

insists this statement raised an inference of threats made when there was

no indication of any threats to Mr. Bonilla other than at the time of the

incident.     Appellant claims the ADA also made a statement of personal

opinion during the Commonwealth’s closing argument when the ADA stated

his grandmother would use her common sense and have no trouble finding

Appellant guilty. Appellant alleges the court prevented defense counsel from

objecting to the ADA’s inflammatory statements until after the closing

arguments were concluded, which caused the court to fail to issue any

timely curative instructions.    Appellant maintains the effect of the ADA’s

improper statements during the Commonwealth’s opening and closing

arguments tainted the jury and denied Appellant a fair trial.       Appellant

concludes this Court should grant him a new trial. We disagree.

      Instantly, the court addressed this issue as follows:

            “A prosecutor should not express his personal opinion
            about a defendant’s guilt.       The impropriety of a
            prosecutor’s remark does not, however, always require the
            granting of a new trial.” Commonwealth v. Linder, 425
            A.2d 1126, 1128 (Pa.Super. 1981) (internal citations
            omitted).    Although not allowed to express personal
            opinion, the prosecutor does have a certain amount of

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       latitude to    craft   compelling   opening    and   closing
       statements:

          In reviewing the prosecutor’s comments, we note
          that a prosecutor must be free to present his or her
          arguments with logical force and vigor. Reversible
          error only exists if the prosecutor has “deliberately
          attempted to destroy the objectivity of the fact
          finder” such that the “unavoidable effect” of the
          inappropriate comments would be to create such
          bias and hostility toward the defendant that the jury
          could not render a true verdict. This is a decision for
          the trial court that will not be disturbed absent an
          abuse of discretion.

       Commonwealth v. Miles, 545 Pa. 500, 511, 681 A.2d
       1295, 1300 (1996) (internal citations and quotations
       omitted).

       In the instant case, the jury was instructed that opening
       statements do not constitute evidence and should not be
       considered such.     In his opening, the prosecutor was
       outlining pieces of evidence that he believed would show
       Appellant had committed the crime in question, and
       compared the case to a “whodunit” story, when Appellant’s
       attorney objected and moved for a mistrial. Following a
       ruling denying defense counsel’s motion, this court again
       instructed jurors that they will be instructed to determine
       for themselves the facts of the case after hearing all of the
       evidence.

       Defense counsel also objected to what he believed were
       the prosecutor’s statements of personal opinion during
       closing.   “[A] closing argument must be based upon
       evidence in the record or reasonable inferences
       therefrom.” Commonwealth v. Ligons, 565 Pa. 417,
       430, 773 A.2d 1231, 1238 (2001). While arguments must
       be based on evidence, “a prosecutor’s comments are not
       evidence. Indeed, the trial court clearly and repeatedly so
       instructed the jury, which is presumed to follow the court’s
       instructions, on this rule of law.” Commonwealth v.
       Gibson, 547 Pa. 71, 95, 688 A.2d 1152, 1164 (1997)
       (internal citations omitted).    Here, the jury was also
       instructed that closing statements were not to be

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           considered evidence. This court also explained to the jury
           that they were not bound by counsel’s recollection of
           evidence or by counsel’s perspective in closing statements.

           In both opening and closing statements, the prosecutor
           presented arguments in a persuasive manner, but did not
           “deliberately attempt to destroy the objectivity” of the
           jury. Rather, the statements were made as an advocate
           and did not rise to the level of prosecutorial misconduct.
           For this reason, these claims are without merit.

(Trial Court Opinion at 8-10) (citations to record omitted). We accept the

court’s conclusions.     Furthermore, the ADA’s statements regarding Mr.

Bonilla’s fear following the robbery were not deliberate attempts to destroy

the objectivity of the fact finder, but to highlight the evidence presented at

trial.    See Miles, supra.    Additionally, the ADA’s reference to his own

grandmother was merely rhetorical flair used to argue the evidence proved

Appellant’s guilt.   See Commonwealth v. Sampson, 900 A.2d 887, 891

(Pa.Super. 2006) (stating: “Prosecutors are entitled to use rhetorical flair to

make their point”).    Therefore, the ADA’s statements did not “create such

bias and hostility toward [Appellant] that the jury could not render a true

verdict.” See Miles, supra. Accordingly, Appellant’s issue merits no relief.

         In his fourth issue, Appellant argues he was entitled to a jury

instruction pursuant to Commonwealth v. Kloiber, 378 Pa. 412, 106 A.2d

820 (1954), that Mr. Bonilla’s identification of Appellant should be treated

with care and caution, as Mr. Bonilla initially failed to identify Appellant.

Appellant contends that on the night of the robbery, Mr. Bonilla told police

he was unable to identify his assailants, but over the next few days, Mr.

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Bonilla identified Appellant as one of the individuals who robbed him.

Appellant alleges defense counsel objected when the court refused to issue

this instruction. Appellant maintains the court’s lack of a “care and caution”

instruction could have affected the jury’s verdict. Appellant concludes this

Court should grant him a new trial. We disagree.

      “There is no requirement for the trial judge to instruct the jury

pursuant to every request made to the court.”             Commonwealth v.

Newman, 555 A.2d 151, 158-59 (Pa.Super. 1989), appeal denied, 540 Pa.

580, 655 A.2d 512 (1995).       “In deciding whether a trial court erred in

refusing to give a jury instruction, we must determine whether the court

abused its discretion or committed an error of law.”       Commonwealth v.

DeMarco, 570 Pa. 263, 271, 809 A.2d 256, 260-61 (2002).

      A jury charge is erroneous only if the charge as a whole is inadequate,

unclear, or has a tendency to mislead or confuse, rather than clarify, a

material issue. Commonwealth v. Baker, 963 A.2d 495, 507 (Pa.Super.

2008), appeal denied, 606 Pa. 644, 992 A.2d 885 (2010) (citation omitted).

         A charge is considered adequate unless the jury was
         palpably misled by what the trial judge said or there is an
         omission which is tantamount to fundamental error.
         Consequently, the trial court has wide discretion in
         fashioning jury instructions.

Id. Moreover,

         The trial court may use its own form of expression to
         explain difficult legal concepts to the jury, as long as the
         trial court’s instruction accurately conveys the law. A
         verdict will not be set aside if the instructions of the trial

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         court, taken as a whole, and in context, accurately set
         forth the applicable law.

Commonwealth v. Jones, 858 A.2d 1198, 1201 (Pa.Super. 2004). “Jury

instructions must be supported by the evidence of record as instructions

regarding matters that are not before the court serve no purpose but to

confuse the jury.”     Commonwealth v. Bruce, 717 A.2d 1033, 1037

(Pa.Super. 1998), appeal denied, 568 Pa. 643, 794 A.2d 359 (1999).

      “A Kloiber charge is appropriate where there are special identification

concerns: a witness did not have the opportunity to clearly view the

defendant, equivocated in his identification of a defendant, or had difficulty

making an identification in the past.”    Commonwealth v. Reid, ___ Pa.

___, 99 A.3d 427, 448 (2014) (citations omitted).        Nevertheless, “[w]hen

the witness already knows the defendant, this prior familiarity creates an

independent   basis   for   the   witness’s   in-court   identification   of   the

defendant[.]” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

         [T]he need for a Kloiber charge focuses on the ability of
         a witness to identify the defendant. Our Commonwealth’s
         decisional law has long held that prior inconsistent
         statements based upon fear of endangerment do not
         equate to a prior failure of ability to identify a defendant.
         See Commonwealth v. Fisher, 572 Pa. 105, 813 A.2d
         761, 770–71 (2002)…(providing no relief to PCRA
         petitioner based on conclusions Kloiber instruction
         litigated on direct appeal where witnesses, who knew
         defendant prior to shooting, failed to identify defendant at
         pre-trial line-up due to fear that identifying him would
         endanger her and her family); Commonwealth v. Lee,
         401 Pa.Super. 591, 585 A.2d 1084, 1087 (1991) (finding
         Kloiber instruction inappropriate where fear of identifying

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          defendant cannot      be   equated    to   failure   to   make
          identification)[.]

Id. at 449 (emphasis in original).

       Instantly, in the early morning hours of December 8, 2012, Mr. Bonilla

reported a robbery to the police. (N.T. Trial, 1/14/14, at 70). When a police

officer arrived at Mr. Bonilla’s home, he told the officer that he did not know

the two individuals who had robbed him.        Id. at 71.      Several days later,

however, Mr. Bonilla identified Appellant and Mr. Hunter as the assailants

and picked them out of a photo array. Id. at 74. When questioned at trial

as to why Mr. Bonilla did not identify Appellant and Mr. Hunter on the night

of the robbery, Mr. Bonilla testified that he was afraid because the

defendants knew where Mr. Bonilla and his mother lived. Id. at 69, 70-71.

Thus, Mr. Bonilla’s initial failure to identify Appellant arose from a fear of

endangerment and did not equate to any inability to identify Appellant as

one of the assailants. See Reid, supra at 449. Furthermore, Mr. Bonilla

knew Appellant prior to the robbery, which provided an independent basis

for Mr. Bonilla’s in-court identification of Appellant. (N.T. Trial, 1/14/14, at

53).   See Reid, supra at 448.        Therefore, the court did not abuse its

discretion in failing to give a Kloiber “care and caution” instruction to the

jury. See DeMarco, supra. Accordingly, Appellant’s issue merits no relief.

       In his final issue, Appellant claims Mr. Bonilla’s statement to the police

immediately following the robbery was that two unknown men robbed Mr.

Bonilla after he left the bar and was walking to his car. Appellant alleges Mr.

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Bonilla told police several days later that he was with Appellant and Mr.

Hunter on the night of the robbery, they asked Mr. Bonilla for a ride home,

and they robbed him on the way. Appellant contends the court improperly

instructed the jury that Mr. Bonilla’s first statement could be used only for

impeachment purposes, to which defense counsel objected. Appellant avers

that several hours after the jury began deliberating, the court corrected its

earlier charge and reinstructed the jury that Mr. Bonilla’s initial police

statement could be used as both impeachment and substantive evidence.

Appellant maintains the court’s original charge tainted the jury and was not

harmless error because we do not know how the jury treated the conflicting

jury instructions.    Appellant concludes this Court should grant him a new

trial. We disagree.

      Appellate review of a jury charge is guided by the following principles:

         We will not rigidly inspect a jury charge, finding reversible
         error for every technical inaccuracy…rather we evaluate
         whether the charge sufficiently and accurately apprises a
         lay jury of the law it must consider in rendering its
         decision. We must review the charge as a whole. Error
         cannot be predicated on isolated excerpts of the charge…it
         is the general effect of the charge that controls. An
         instruction will be upheld if it clearly, adequately and
         accurately reflects the law. The trial court may use its own
         form of expression to explain difficult legal concepts to the
         jury, as long as the trial court’s instruction accurately
         conveys the law. A verdict will not be set aside if the
         instructions of the trial court, taken as a whole, and in
         context, accurately set forth the applicable law.

Jones, supra at 1200-01 (internal citations omitted).

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      In the present case, the court initially instructed the jury on the use of

Mr. Bonilla’s first statement as follows:

         You’ve heard evidence that a witness, Francisco Bonilla,
         Jr., made a statement on an earlier occasion that was
         inconsistent with his present testimony.     You may
         consider this evidence for one purpose only, to help
         you judge the credibility and weight of the testimony
         given by the witness at this trial. You may not
         regard evidence of an earlier inconsistent statement
         as proof of the truth of anything said in that
         statement. When you judge the credibility and weight of
         testimony, you are deciding whether you believe the
         testimony and how important you think it is.

(N.T. Trial, 1/16/14, at 83) (emphasis added). Appellant’s defense counsel

objected and argued that Mr. Bonilla’s first statement to police could be used

for impeachment purposes as well as for proof of the truth of the matter

asserted. Id. at 90. Thereafter, during deliberations, the court reinstructed

the jury on the use of Mr. Bonilla’s first statement to the police:

         You’ve heard evidence that a witness, Francisco Bonilla,
         Jr., made a statement on an earlier occasion that was
         inconsistent with his present testimony or testimony in
         court. You may, if you choose, regard this evidence
         as proof of the truth of anything that the witness
         said in the earlier statement. You may also consider
         this evidence to help you judge the credibility and
         weight of the testimony given by the witness at this
         trial.   When you judge the credibility and weight of
         testimony, you are deciding whether you believe the
         testimony and how important you think it is.

Id. at 96-97 (emphasis added).

      In its opinion, the court addressed Appellant’s claim as follows:

            The law regarding prior inconsistent statements is
            established as follows:

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          [A] prior inconsistent statement may be used as
          substantive evidence only when the statement is
          given under oath at a formal legal proceeding; or the
          statement had been reduced to a writing signed and
          adopted by the witness; or a statement that is a
          contemporaneous     verbatim    recording    of   the
          witness’s statements.

       Commonwealth v. Lively, 530 Pa. 464, 471, 610 A.2d 7,
       10 (1992). Mr. Bonilla signed and adopted this statement,
       therefore meeting the requirements set out in Lively. This
       court[,] therefore[,] acknowledges that this evidence could
       have been considered as substantive evidence. Any error
       that resulted was harmless, however, and does not merit a
       new trial.

       The doctrine of harmless error is a technique of appellate
       review designed to advance judicial economy by obviating
       the necessity for a retrial where the appellate court is
       convinced that a trial error was harmless beyond a
       reasonable doubt. Commonwealth v. Allshouse, 614
       Pa. 229, 261, 36 A.3d 163, 182 (2012)…. Its purpose is
       premised on the well-settled proposition that a defendant
       is entitled to a fair trial but not a perfect one. Id. …[T]he
       admissibility of evidence rests within the sound discretion
       of the trial court, and its decision will be reversed only
       upon a showing that it abused its discretion.
       Commonwealth v. Chmiel, 585 Pa. 547, 581-82, 889
       A.2d 501, 521 (2005) (citing Commonwealth v.
       Boczkowski, 577 Pa. 421, 846 A.2d 75 (2004)). Further,
       an erroneous ruling by a trial court on an evidentiary issue
       does not require the appellate court to grant relief where
       the error was harmless. Id. (citing Commonwealth v.
       Young, 561 Pa. 34, 748 A.2d 166, 193 (1999)). Prior
       appellate rulings on similar facts stand for the proposition
       that any error here was harmless:

          In Commonwealth v. Brady, our Supreme Court
          held that otherwise admissible prior inconsistent
          statements of a declarant who is a witness in a
          judicial proceeding and who is available for cross-
          examination may be used as substantive evidence of
          the truth of the matter asserted therein.        In

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          Commonwealth v. Blount, [the Superior] Court
          held that Brady did not mandate a specific jury
          instruction that prior inconsistent statements could
          be used both for impeachment purposes and as
          substantive evidence—instead, it was enough that
          the trial court did not instruct the jury that the
          statements     could    only     be  considered    for
          impeachment purposes. Here, unlike Blount, the
          trial court instructed the jury that the witnesses’
          prior inconsistent statements could only be used to
          judge their credibility and not as substantive
          evidence of truth of the matter asserted therein.
          This instruction clearly violates Brady, and thus, we
          conclude that the lower court erred in refusing to
          give the instruction appellant requested.

       Commonwealth v. Bird, 597 A.2d 1169, 1170-71
       (Pa.Super. 1991) (internal citations omitted). As in Bird,
       this court instructed the jury that Mr. Bonilla’s prior
       inconsistent statement to police could only be used to
       determine credibility, and not as substantive evidence.
       While the Court in Bird determined this was error, it was
       found to be harmless:

          The next question we must determine is whether this
          error is constitutionally harmless. In Blount, we
          opined, albeit in dicta, that even if a trial court errs
          by instructing, the jury to consider a prior
          inconsistent statement only for impeachment
          purposes, the error can be harmless.           For this
          proposition, we cited to Commonwealth v.
          McMillan, in which the trial court had specifically
          instructed the jury to consider prior inconsistent
          statements for credibility purposes only. Despite the
          error in the instruction, the panel in McMillan stated
          that the instruction did not prejudice the defendant
          because the witness admitted making the prior
          inconsistent statement, he explained that he made
          the statement because he feared the defendant, and
          the fact that the prior inconsistent statement was
          made was uncontested. Thus, the issue properly
          posed for the jury was whether the witness’s in-court
          explanation for the statement was credible, and not
          whether the out-of-court statement had been made.

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       Id. at 1171 (internal citations omitted).

       Here, [Mr. Bonilla] also admitted to making the prior
       inconsistent statement out of fear. There was no question
       that this statement was made, and Mr. Bonilla was
       available for cross-examination on the issue as well. The
       jury had only to determine the witness’s credibility, and
       not whether such a previous statement was made. Under
       the same circumstances, the Superior Court has held that
       such error was harmless.

       In addition to the foregoing, a traditional harmless error
       analysis compels the same conclusion. Harmless error
       exists where: (1) the error did not prejudice the defendant
       or the prejudice was de minimis; (2) the erroneously
       admitted evidence was merely cumulative of other
       untainted evidence which was substantially similar to the
       erroneously admitted evidence; or (3) the properly
       admitted and uncontradicted evidence of guilt was so
       overwhelming and the prejudicial effect of the error was so
       insignificant by comparison that the error could not have
       contributed to the verdict.     [Chmiel, supra] (quoting
       Commonwealth v. Robinson, 554 Pa. 293, 304, 721
       A.2d 344, 350 (1998)). A finding of any of these three
       factors will support a conclusion of harmless error. Id. at
       [594], 889 A.2d at 529.

       If the Court finds that the aforementioned jury instruction
       was given in error, that error was harmless. Indeed, it
       seems likely that both the first and third factors are
       present here. First, the fact that Mr. Bonilla gave an
       earlier statement to the police in which he did not identify
       either defendant was presented to the jury. And Mr.
       Bonilla was available for cross-examination by the defense
       on this point. Moreover, Appellant and his co-defendant
       were given ample opportunity to address these
       inconsistent statements at trial and present them to the
       jury. Therefore, any prejudice created in not admitting the
       prior statements as substantive evidence was de minimis.

       Even still, the strongest factor here is the third. Francisco
       Bonilla, the complainant, spoke to detectives a second
       time to correct his initial statement. He stated that he was

                                  - 17 -
J-A28006-15

         in fear due to threats from Appellant and Hunter, and that
         was why he had not initially identified them.           He
         subsequently identified both defendants consistently. Both
         men were well known to Mr. Bonilla prior to the robbery.
         Shortly after the robbery, Mr. Bonilla’s car was located in
         the possession of Appellant’s [half-brother]. Evidence of
         guilt was so overwhelming that any error in the jury
         instruction was harmless.

(Trial Court Opinion at 16-20) (citations to record omitted). We accept the

court’s reasoning.      Here, the   court corrected its instruction during

deliberations and properly charged the jury that Mr. Bonilla’s initial police

statement could also be used for the truth of the matter asserted in it.

Thus, the court’s initial error was rendered harmless by the modified jury

instruction. See Chmiel, supra at 581-82, 889 A.2d at 521. Furthermore,

defense counsel failed to object to the court’s corrected jury instruction;

therefore, any claim regarding the court’s modified jury charge is waived.

See Commonwealth v. May, 584 Pa. 640, 887 A.2d 750 (2005), cert.

denied, 549 U.S. 832, 127 S.Ct. 58, 166 L.Ed.2d 54 (2006) (reiterating

absence of specific and contemporaneous objection waives issue on appeal).

Therefore, Appellant’s final claim merits no relief. Accordingly, we affirm the

judgment of sentence.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

                                    - 18 -
J-A28006-15

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 2/17/2016

                          - 19 -
                                                                                                    Circulated 01/19/2016 11:55 AM

                IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF PHILADELPHIA COUNTY
                        FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                            TRIAL DIVISION - CRIMINAL SECTION

         Commonwealth of Pennsylvania                                    CP-51-CR-0001491-2013

                            v.
                                                                                                                       FILED
                                                                                                                         MAR - 2 2015
                                                                         SUPERIOR count                       Criminal Appeals Unit
                  Rashad Bonaparte                                       No. 1388 EDA 2014                  First Judicial District of PA

                                                      OPINION

Ehrlich, J.

          Rashad Bonaparte, hereinafter Appellant, was found guilty of robbery, robbery of a

motor vehicle, and criminal conspiracy after a jury trial on January 16, 2014.1 Appellant was

tried with co-defendant Antwoine Hunter.2

          The charges stem from an armed robbery and carjacking in the Port Richmond section of
                                                                              ...
Philadelphia on December 8, 2012. Appellant was sentenced on April 7, 2014, to an aggregate
                                                                                                                               l

term of five and one-half to eleven years incarceration. A timely appeal followed.

          Instantly, Appellant avers eight points of error:                         CP-51-CR-0001491-2013    Comm.    v. Bonaparte,   Rashad
                                                                                                            Opinion

          I.       The evidence was insufficient to support the verdict.

          II.      The verdict was against the weight of the evidence.                    1111111111111Ill I Ill lHII
                                                                                                    7264493241

          III.     The assistant district attorney (''ADA") erred during closing
                   arguments when making statements of personal opinion and
                   inflammatory statements. The trial court erred in not granting a
                   new trial.

           IV.     The trial court erred in giving the instruction on reasonable doubt.

1
    18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 370l(a)(l)(ii), 3702(a), and 903(c), respectively.
2
    Docketed at CP-51-CR-0001162-2013 and 2496 EDA 2014.
       V.      The trial court erred in not grvmg a charge that if a factual
               inference could go either way, it must go to the defense.

       VI.     The trial court erred in not giving instruction that the identification
               of Appellant should be taken with care and caution.

       VII.    In the opening statement, the ADA also gave numerous statements
               of personal opinion and the trial court erred in not granting a
               mistrial.

       VIII.   The trial court erred in charging the jury that the earlier signed
               statement of Mr. Bonilla, in which he did not identify either
               defendant, could not be used as substantive evidence.

Appellant's Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) Statement.

       As will be discussed below, these claims are without merit. Any error that did occur was

harmless. Accordingly, no relief is due.

                                           The Evidence

       Francisco Bonilla,    the complainant,     knew Appellant      and Antwoine       Hunter ("co-

defendant") from living in the same neighborhood.      Notes of Testimony ("N.T.") 01/14/2014, at

52-53. On several occasions, he had given both men haircuts in his basement. Id. at 60.

       On the night of December 7 and into the early morning hours of December 8, 2012,

Francisco Bonilla was at Chuckles Bar on the corner of Frankford Avenue and Clearfield Street.

Id. at 57. He had been playing pool for money and won about $100 that evening. Id. at 58-59.

At 2 a.m., when the bar closed, Mr. Bonilla exited and spoke to Appellant and Hunter, who had

also been at the bar. Id. at 61. Mr. Bonilla owned a green 1998 Pontiac Bonneville, which he

had parked outside. Id. at 64. Appellant and Hunter asked for a ride, and all three men entered

Mr. Bonilla's car. Id. Appellant was seated directly behind the driver's seat, and Hunter was

seated in the front passenger seat next to Mr. Bonilla. Id. at 66. After driving a few blocks, and

                                                     -2-
upon reaching Clementine Street, a gun was placed against the back of Mr. Bonilla's head. Id. at

64.

       Appellant and Hunter instructed Mr. Bonilla not to move and to "give up everything." Id.

at 67. They told him they would hurt him and his mother if he did not do as they said. Id. at 69.

Hunter began to rummage through Mr. Bonilla's pockets and his belongings.             Id. Appellant

grabbed Mr. Bonilla's shoulder and continued holding the gun to his head.             Id. at 68. Mr.

Bonilla was finally ordered out of the car, and Appellant drove it away. Id. at 70.

       Mr. Bonilla walked home and told his mother what had happened, then called the police.

Id. In his first conversation with police, Mr. Bonilla did not identify Appellant and Hunter by

name. Id. at 71. He testified that he did not identify them because he was frightened.           Id.

Detective Larry Aitken testified that on the night of the robbery, Mr. Bonilla was hesitant and

seemed guarded when giving his statement. N.T., 01/15/2014, at 36.

       After speaking to his father, Francisco Bonilla Sr., about the incident, Mr. Bonilla spoke

to his uncle, Detective Orlando Ortiz.     N.T., 01/14/2014, at 137.    Mr. Bonilla was shaking,

crying, and very upset when he recounted the story to Detective Ortiz. N.T., 01/15/2014, at 65.

The next day, Mr. Bonilla and his father went to Southwest Detective Division, where Detective

Ortiz works, to talk further. Id. at 60. On that day, Mr. Bonilla Jr. identified Appellant and his

co-defendant, Antwoine Hunter, as the individuals that had robbed him. Id. at 61-62.

       Detective Ortiz sent information about the robbery to Detective Don Liebsch, who

worked at East Detective Division. Id. at 6.                             Mr. Bonilla came in to be

interviewed by Detective Liebsch. Id. at 7. He admitted that he had not initially identified the

robbers to police out of fear. Id. at 15. After Mr. Bonilla gave his statement, an arrest warrant

was issued for Appellant. Id. at 9-10. Later that day, Hunter was seen by Francisco Bonilla Sr.

                                                    -3-
entering Chuckles Bar. N.T., 01/14/2014, at 138-39. Hunter was arrested after being identified

by Mr. Bonilla Sr. Id. at 139. Appellant was subsequently arrested on December 24, 2012.

       Mr. Bonilla's green Pontiac Bonneville was recovered on December 13, 2012, in the

possession of Appellant'sjulf-brother, Troy Todd. N.T., 01/15/2014, at 113-14.

                                              Discussion

                                      Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Appellant's first contention on appeal is that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his

convictions for robbery, robbery of a motor vehicle, and conspiracy. The standard of review of

sufficiency claims is well-settled:

       A claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence is a question of law. Evidence
       will be deemed sufficient to support the verdict when it establishes each material
       element of the crime charged and the commission thereof by the accused, beyond
       a reasonable doubt. Where the evidence offered to support the verdict is in
       contradiction to the physical facts, in contravention to human experience and the
       laws of nature, then the evidence is insufficient as a matter of law. When
       reviewing a sufficiency claim[,] the court is required to view the evidence in the
       light most favorable to the verdict winner giving the prosecution the benefit of all
       reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Thompson, 93 A.3d 478, 489 (Pa. Super. 2014) (quoting Commonwealth v.
Widmer, 560 Pa. 308, 319, 744 A.2d 745, 751 (2000) (internal citations omitted)).

       A conviction may be sustained on wholly circumstantial evidence, and the trier-of-fact-

while passing on the credibility of the witnesses and the weight of the evidence-is free to

believe all, part, or none of the evidence. Commonwealth v. Burton, 2 A.3d 598, 601 (Pa. Super.

2010) (quoting Commonwealth v. Galvin, 603 Pa. 625,         (p~5J   985 A.2d 783, 789 (2009)). Any

doubts as to a defendant's guilt may be resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak

and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact can be drawn from the combined

circumstances. Commonwealth v. Bruce, 916 A.2d 657, 661 (Pa. Super. 2007).

                                                     -4-
       Appellant was convicted of robbery, which is defined, in relevant part, as follows:

       § 3701. Robbery

       (a) Offense Defined. --

               (1) A person is guilty of robbery if, in the course of committing a theft, he:

                       (ii) threatens another with or intentionally puts him in fear of
                       immediate serious bodily injury.

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3701.

       In the instant case, Mr. Bonilla testified that Appellant held a gun to his head while his

co-defendant rifled through Mr. Bonilla's pockets and belongings.        His assailants ordered Mr.

Bonilla not to move, and threatened to hurt him and his mother. Mr. Bonilla testified that he was

afraid of Appellant and his co-defendant, and detectives who interviewed him found him to be

visibly upset when recounting the events. Not only was Mr. Bonilla threatened, but the gun held

to his head put him in fear of immediate serious injury or death. This evidence was sufficient for

the jury to conclude that Appellant was guilty of robbery.

       Appellant was also convicted of robbery of a motor vehicle, which is defined by statute:

       § 3 702. Robbery of a Motor Vehicle

       (a) Offense defined. -- A person commits a felony of the first degree ifhe steals or
       takes a motor vehicle from another person in the presence of that person or any
       other person in lawful possession of the motor vehicle.

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3702.

       In, the instant case, Appellant and his co-defendant were in Mr. Bonilla's car with him

when they held him at gunpoint. They ordered him to get out of the car, and Appellant got into

the driver's seat and drove the vehicle away. Mr. Bonilla's testimony was sufficient for ajury to

find Appellant guilty of the crime of robbery of a motor vehicle.

       Finally, Appellant was convicted of conspiracy. The offense of conspiracy is defined by

statute as follows:

                                                    -5-
       § 903. Criminal Conspiracy

       (a) Definition of conspiracy. -- A person is guilty of conspiracy with another
       person or persons to commit a crime if with the intent of promoting or facilitating
       its commission he:

              (1) agrees with such other person or persons that they or one or
              more of them will engage in conduct which constitutes such crime
              or an attempt or solicitation to commit such crime; or

              (2) agrees to aid such other person or persons in the planning or
              commission of such crime or of an attempt or solicitation to
              commit such crime.

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 903.

       [T]o sustain a conviction for criminal conspiracy, the Commonwealth must
       establish that the defendant: (1) entered into an agreement to commit or aid in the
       unlawful act with another person or persons, (2) with a share criminal intent, and
       (3) an overt act was done in furtherance of the conspiracy.

Commonwealthv. Murphy, 795 A.2d 102~1a51-3s (Pa. Super. 2002).

       Furthermore, "(w]hile the Commonwealth is not required to prove         a written or express
agreement, a tacit agreement must be established by reasonable inferences arising from the facts

and circumstances."    Commonwealth v. Savage, 566 A.2d 272, 276 (Pa. Super. 1989).

Therefore, an agreement may be inferred between co-conspirators from the facts of the case.

       In the instant case, Appellant and his co-defendant jointly robbed Mr. Bonilla at

gunpoint. While Appellant held a gun to Mr. Bonilla's head, his co-defendant, Antwoine

Hunter, went through Mr. Bonilla's belongings, stealing his money. The two acted in concert to

take Mr. Bonilla's car and money. Mr. Bonilla testified to their actions, and that evidence was

sufficient to establish an agreement between the two men to rob Mr. Bonilla.

       "In evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence in a criminal case, the test to be employed

is whether the finder of fact could reasonably have found that all elements of the crime charged

had been proved beyond a reasonable doubt." Commonwealth v. Richbourg, 394 A.2d 1007,

                                                  -6-
1010 (Pa. Super. 1978). Here, eyewitness testimony from the complainant identified Appellant

and his co-defendant as the men responsible for robbing him. He had met them both before, and

even given them haircuts at his home. Bonilla testified that they acted together to rob him and

take his car. Given that testimony, it was reasonable for the jury to conclude that Appellant was

guilty of the crimes charged.

                                      Weight of the Evidence

       Appellant next contends that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence. This

claim should fail, because the standard of review for evaluating a weight-of-the-evidence claim

is well established and very narrow. Commonwealth v. Champney, 574 Pa. 435, 443, 832 A.2d

403, 409 (2003). Determining the weight of the evidence is reserved exclusively for the finder of

fact. Id. at 408. Again, the finder of fact is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence and

to determine the credibility of the witnesses. Id. Thus, an appellate court can only reverse the

lower court's verdict if it is so contrary to the evidence as to shock one's sense of justice. Id.

See also Commonwealth v. Johnson, 542 Pa. 384, 394, 668 A.2d 97, 101 (1995). Because the

trial judge is in the best position to view the evidence presented, an appellate court will give that

judge the utmost consideration when reviewing the court's determination on whether the verdict

is against the weight of the evidence. Commonwealth v. Morgan, 913 A.2d 906, qoq (Pa. Super.

2006). A "true weight-of-the-evidence challenge concedes that sufficient evidence exists to

sustain the verdict but questions which evidence is to believed." Commonwealth v. Charlton,

902 A.2d 554, 561 (Pa. Super. 2006). Moreover, a new trial should not be granted in a criminal

prosecution because of a mere conflict in the testimony or because the judge, on the same facts,

may have arrived at a different conclusion. Commonwealth v. Widmer, 560 Pa. 308)3,q-.zt>) 744

A.2d 745, 752 (2000).

                                                    - 7-
       In the instant case, Appellant and his co-defendant were not immediately identified by the

complainant to police. He later identified both individuals, and explained that his earlier silence

was due to fear of his assailants. Evidence of both his initial and subsequent statements to police

was presented at trial.   The jury had the opportunity to observe any inconsistencies in Mr.

Bonilla's testimony and was able to take this into account when deliberating.        The fact that

Appellant and Hunter were found guilty after all the evidence was presented was not contrary to

the evidence or shocking to the conscious.

       The jury is always free to determine which testimony to believe and how much weight to

give testimony. See Commonwealth v. Moore, 648 A.2d 331,.331.t(Pa. Super. 1994). Here, the

jury chose to credit the testimony of the complainant, his father and uncle, and the detectives

investigating the case. The fact that the jury found Appellant and his co-defendant guilty after

weighing all of the evidence does not shock one's sense of justice.

       For the foregoing reasons, Appellant's claim that the verdict was against the weight of

the evidence must also fail.

                               Opening Statement and Closing Argument

       Appellant also claims the ADA made improper statements            in   both his opening and

closing, such as personal opinion and inflammatory comments.

        "A prosecutor should not express his personal opinion about a defendant's guilt. The

impropriety of a prosecutor's remark does not, however, always require the granting of a new

trial." Commonwealth v. Linder, 425 A.2d 1126, 1128 (Pa. Super. 1981) (internal citations

omitted). Although not allowed to express personal opinion, the prosecutor does have a certain

amount of latitude to craft compelling opening and closing statements:

        In reviewing the prosecutor's comments, we note that a prosecutor must be free to
        present his or her arguments with logical force and vigor. Reversible error only

                                                    -8-
       exists if the prosecutor has "deliberately attempted to destroy the objectivity of
       the fact finder" such that the "unavoidable effect" of the inappropriate comments
       would be to create such bias and hostility toward the defendant that the jury could
       not render a true verdict. This is a decision for the trial court that will not be
       disturbed absent an abuse of discretion.

Commonwealth v. Miles, 545 Pa. 500, 511, 681 A.2d 1295, 1300 (1996) (internal citations and
quotations omitted).

       In the instant case, the jury was instructed that opening statements do not constitute

evidence and should not be considered such. N.T., 01/14/2014, at 28. In his opening, the

prosecutor was outlining pieces of evidence that he believed would show Appellant had

committed the crime in question, and compared the case to a."whodunit" story, when Appellant's

attorney objected and moved for a mistrial. Id. at 36. Following a ruling denying defense

counsel's motion, this court again instructed jurors that they will be instructed to determine for

themselves the facts of the case after hearing all of the evidence. Id. at 36-37.

       Defense counsel also objected to what he believed were the prosecutor's statements of

personal opinion during closing. "[A] closing argument must be based upon evidence in the

record or reasonable inferences therefrom." Commonwealth v. Ligons, 565 Pa. 417, 430, 773

A.2d 1231, 1238 (2001).        While arguments must be based on evidence, "a prosecutor's

comments are not evidence. Indeed, the trial court clearly and repeatedly so instructed the jury,

which is presumed to follow the court's instructions, on this rule of law." Commonwealth v.

Gibson, 547 Pa. 71, 95, 688 A.2d 1152, 1164 (1997) (internal citations omitted). Here, the jury

was also instructed that closing statements were not to be considered evidence.              N.T.,

01/16/2014, at 7. This court also explained to the jury that they were not bound by counsel's

recollection of evidence or by counsel's perspective in closing statements. Id.

        In both opening and closing statements, the prosecutor presented arguments in a

persuasive manner, but did not "deliberately attempt to destroy the objectivity" of the jury.

                                                    -9-
Rather, the statements were made as an advocate and did not rise to the level of prosecutorial

misconduct. For this reason, these claims are without merit.

                                   Reasonable Doubt Instructions

       Appellant also contends that this court erred when giving instructions on reasonable

doubt. This claim is without merit, as the instructions were proper.

       "Pennsylvania's Standard Jury Instruction for reasonable doubt provides in pertinent part

that: '[a] reasonable doubt is a doubt that would cause a reasonably careful and sensible person

to hesitate before acting upon a matter of importance in his own affairs."' Commonwealth v.

Jones, 590 Pa. 202, 234, 912 A.2d 268, 287 (2006) (plurality), cited with approval in

Commonwealth v. Cook, 597 Pa. 572, 633, 952 A.2d 594, 630 (2008)).

       At the close of trial, the jury was given the second alternative instructions for reasonable

doubt, burden of proof, and presumption of innocence. Pa. SSJI (Crim), §7.01 (2014). This

court, in relevant part, stated:

        [T]o find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, you must be convinced
        of his guilt to the same degree that you would be convinced about a matter of
        importance in your own life in which you would act with confidence and without
        restraint and hesitation."

N.T., 01/16/2014, at 68-69.

        This phrasing is taken directly from part four of the second alternative instructions, in

accordance with the standard suggested instructions. Although Appellant disagreed with this

court's choice, trial courts have great discretion in phrasing jury instructions so long as the law is

clearly, adequately, and accurately presented to the jury. Commonwealth v. Eichinger, 915 A.2d

 1122, 1138 (Pa. 2007). Here, this court accurately conveyed the legal standard of reasonable

doubt to the jury. Therefore, no error occurred.

                                                    - 10 -
                                   Factual Inference Instruction

       Next, Appellant asserts that the trial court erred in not instructing the jury in the manner

requested by Appellant's counsel. Specifically, Appellant stated "Judge Ehrlich erred in not

giving a charge that if a factual inference could go either way, it must go to the defense."

Appellant's Pa.R.A.P. l 925(b) Statement ("Statement") at 14.

       It is well established that trial courts have discretion to formulatejury instructions:

       A trial court has broad discretion in phrasing its instructions to the jury and can
       choose its own wording so Jong as the law is clearly, adequately and accurately
       presented to the jury for consideration. Furthermore, a trial court need not accept
       counsel's wording for an instruction, as long as the instruction given correctly
       reflects the law. In reviewing a challenged jury instruction, an appellate court
       must consider the entire charge as a whole, not merely isolated fragments, to
       ascertain whether the instruction fairly conveys the legal principles at issue.

Commonwealth v. King, 554 Pa. 331, 362, 721 A.2d 763, 778-79 (1998) (internal citations
omitted).
       In the instant case, this court gave the following instructions on reasonable doubt and

burden of proof, from the standard suggested instructions:

       1. At the beginning of the trial, I told you that a fundamental principle of our law
       is that you must presume the defendant innocent. This meant that you were to
       accept that the mere fact that a defendant is charged with a crime does. not mean
       that he or she is guilty of it. The defendant has begun the case with a clean slate.
       He has no obligation to prove his innocence.

       2. It is the Commonwealth that bears the burden of convincing you that the
       defendant, who is presumed innocent as the trial began and progressed, is guilty
       of the crimes charged. To succeed in its effort, the Commonwealth must convince
       you that, based on a fair consideration of all the evidence that has been offered,
       each element of the offense[s) charged has been proven beyond a reasonable
       doubt.

       3. To prove the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt means that the
       Commonwealth must convince you of his guilt to a level of certainty that the law
       requires before a verdict of guilty may be returned.

       4. A guilty verdict cannot be based upon a suspicion of guilt. Therefore, it is not
       enough that the Commonwealth's evidence merely casts doubt upon the innocence
       of the defendant or that it leaves you believing simply that he is probably guilty.

                                                   - 11 -
       Rather, to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, you must be
       convinced of [his] [her] guilt to the same degree you would be convinced about a
       matter of importance in your own life in which .you would act with confidence
       and without restraint or hesitation.

       5. Understand that in making decisions of importance in our own lives, we can
       never act with mathematical certainty. Also, we must recognize that sometimes,
       simply out of fear of making those important decisions, we may imagine doubts
       that are based on virtually anything. It is important that we make sure that doubts
       that we allow to affect our decisions are only those that are based upon facts and
       reason.

       6. The same considerations apply here.

       7. In addition, your decision should not be based upon sympathy for any person or
       any concern for future consequences of your verdict, such as what the penalty
       might be if you find the defendant guilty. The simple but important question you
       must decide is whether the evidence convinces you of the defendant's guilt to the
       degree that if this were a matter of importance in your own life, you would act on
       that matter confidently, without hesitation or restraint.

       8. Your verdict must arise from your conscientious review of the facts and the
       law, the application of your good common sense, and your recognition of the
       importance of the oath you took as a juror to try this case fairly, impartially, and
       honorably.

       9. If after this consideration, you find that the Commonwealth has convinced you
       that the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, you should find him
       guilty. Otherwise, you must find the defendant not guilty.

N.T., 01/16/2014, 67-70; Pa. SSJI (Crim), §7.01 (2014).

       This court found that the reasonable doubt charge given to the jury adequately

encompassed the factual inference charge Appellant requested. "So long as the instructions

given adequately reflect the law," there will be no abuse of discretion. Gibson 547 Pa. at 91, 688

A.2d at 1162. The charge given accurately explained the legal standard to the jury. Therefore,

no error occurred.

                                                  - 12 -
                                 Witness Identification Instruction

        Appellant also claims the trial court erred in giving jury instructions concerning witness

identification of Appellant.   Appellant asserts that the trial court should have given instruction

"that the identification of Mr. Bonaparte should be taken with care and caution."     Statement at

~ 5.

        As mentioned supra, the trial court maintains broad discretion when formulating jury

instructions, so long as the law is fairly and adequately represented. King 554 Pa. at 362, 751

A.2d at 778-79; Gibson 547 Pa. at 91, 688 A.2d at 1162.

        Instantly, this court gave instructions on the inconsistent statements of Mr. Bonilla

regarding the identification of the two co-defendants.

        THE COURT: If you conclude that one of the witnesses testified falsely and did
        so intentionally about any fact which is necessary to your decision in this case,
        then for that reason alone you may, if you wish, disregard everything that witness
        said. However, you are not required to disregard everything the witness said for
        this reason.     It is entirely possible that the witness testified falsely and
        intentionally so in one respect but truthfully about everything else. If you find
        that to be the situation, then you may accept that part of his or her testimony
        which you find to be truthful and which you believe and you may reject that part
        which you find to be false and not worth of belief.

                                              * * *
       [I]t is up to you to decide which testimony, if any, to believe and which to reject
       as not true or inaccurate.

N.T., 01/16/2014, at 71-72.

       The jury was given instructions in keeping with the law stated in the relevant standard

suggested jury instructions:

       1. Where there is a conflict in the testimony, the jury has the duty of deciding
       which testimony to believe. But you should first try to reconcile, that is, fit
       together, any conflicts in the testimony if you can fairly do so.

       2. Discrepancies and conflicts between the testimony of different witnesses may
       or may not cause you to disbelieve some or all of their testimony. Remember that

                                                  - 13 -
       two or more persons witnessing an incident may see or hear it happen differently;
       also, it is not uncommon for a witness to be innocently mistaken in his or her
       recollection of how something happened.

       3. If you cannot reconcile a conflict in the testimony, it is up to you to decide
       which testimony [if any] to believe and which to reject as untrue or inaccurate.

       4. In making this decision, consider whether the conflict involves a matter of
       importance or merely some detail and whether the conflict is brought about by an
       innocent mistake or by an intentional falsehood. You should also keep in mind the
       other factors already discussed, which go into deciding whether or not to believe a
       witness.

       5. In deciding which of conflicting testimony to believe, you should not
       necessarily be swayed by the number of witnesses on either side. You may find
       that the testimony of a few witnesses, even of just one witness, is more believable
       than the opposing testimony of a greater number of witnesses. On the other hand,
       you should also consider the extent to which conflicting testimony is supported by
       other evidence.

Pa. SSJI (Crim), §4.09 (2005).

       These instructions properly addressed the issue of Mr. Bonilla's inconsistent statements,

which were also handled during trial when Mr. Bonilla testified and was subject to cross-

examination. This adequately addressed the request made by defense counsel at trial regarding

the identification of Appellant. Therefore, the instructions given were proper and no error

occurred.

                          Prior Inconsistent Statement Jury Instruction

       Finally, Appellant has asserted that the trial court erred in its instructions regarding

Francisco Bonilla's initial statements to police, in which he did not identify Appellant or his co-

defendant.

       THE COURT: You've heard evidence that a witness, Francisco Bonilla, Jr., made
       a statement on an earlier occasion that was inconsistent with his present
       testimony. You may consider this evidence for one purpose only, to help you
       judge the credibility and weight of the testimony given by the witness at this trial.
       You may not regard evidence of an earlier inconsistent statement as proof of the
       truth of anything said in that statement. When you judge the credibility and

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        weight of testimony, you are deciding whether you believe the testimony and how
        important you think it is. In his testimony, Francisco Bonilla, Jr., has identified
        the defendants as the persons who committed the crimes. In evaluating his
        testimony, in addition to the other instructions I have provided to you for judging
        the testimony of witnesses, you should consider the additional following factors:

       Did the witness have a good opportunity to observe the perpetrator of the offense?
       Was there sufficient lighting for him to make his observations? Was he close
       enough to the individual to note his facial and other physical characteristics as
       well as any clothing he was wearing? Had he made a prior identification of the
       defendant as the perpetrator of these crimes at any other proceeding? Was his
       identification positive or was it qualified by any hedging or inconsistencies?
       During the course of this case, did the witness identify anyone else as the
       perpetrator?

       In considering whether or not to accept the testimony of Francisco Bonilla, Jr.,
       you should consider all the circumstances under which the identifications were
       made. Furthermore, you should consider all evidence relative to the question of
       who committed the ·crime including the testimony of any witness from which
       identity or non-identity of the perpetrators of the crimes may be inferred. You
       cannot find the defendant guilty unless you're satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt
       by all the evidence, direct and circumstantial, not only that a crime was
       committed but that it was the defendant who committed the crime.

N.T., 01/16/2014, at 83-84.

       Appellant objected to the instruction that the jury could only consider this evidence for

determining the witness's credibility and requested this prior statement be admitted as

substantive evidence. Appellant's attorney, as well as the attorney for Antwoine Hunter, brought

this timely objection forward at trial:

       MR. STRETTON (Attorney for Appellant]: As to your instructions, Your Honor,
       at the very, toward the very tail end of your instructions, you gave the
       impeaclunent instruction for inconsistent statements and how it could be used but
       you didn't and you specifically said you can't use it for the proof of the truth of a
       matter. It was my position the second statement of Mr. Bonilla where he signed it
       indicating he couldn't identify the individuals could be used not only for
       impeachment but as substantive evidence that he couldn't identify, and I ask that
       you correct that.

                                             * * *

                                                  - 15 -
          MR. GEARY [Attorney for Hunter]: Your Honor, just one thing that I wanted to
          point out, which Mr. Stretton did. But the substantive evidence, the signed
          statement, since it is signed, which is different from the 48, I believe could be,
          since he affirmed it and he then contradicted it, that the jury should know that,
          that it could be used as substantive evidence since he affirmed the statement and
          the affirmed statement contradicts his 48, obviously, and then his second signed
          statement.

          THE COURT: Okay. Well, in this case I'm not going to add that to it because he
          explained that who he identified, why he didn't identify people before, and in this
          situation there are inconsistent statements which the jury can use to decide
          credibility of the complainant. So I'm not going to give that one sentence, not in a
          situation of trying to use the prior statement, the Commonwealth using the prior
          statement for substantive evidence.

           MR. STRETTON: Your Honor, I would ask you to, I only like trying cases once.
          'I think by not doing it you're creating a reversible error, which you could have so
           easily corrected.

          THE COURT: I don't think so. But go ahead, Mr. Thomson.

N.T., 01/16/2014, at 91-94.

          The law regarding prior inconsistent statements is established as follows:

          [A] prior inconsistent statement may be used as substantive evidence only when
          the statement is given under oath at a formal legal proceeding; or the statement
          had been reduced to .a writing signed and adopted by the witness; or a statement
          that is a contemporaneous verbatim recording of the witness's statements.

Commonwealth v. Lively, 530 Pa. 464, 471, 610 A.2d 7, 10 (1992). Mr. Bonilla signed and

adopted this statement, therefore meeting the requirements set out in Lively. N.T., 01/15/2014, at

38--40.    This court therefore acknowledges that this evidence could have been considered as

substantive evidence. Any error that resulted was harmless, however, and does not merit a new

trial.

          The doctrine of harmless error is a technique of appellate review designed to advance

judicial economy by obviating the necessity for a retrial where the appellate court is convinced

that a trial error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Commonwealth v. Allshouse, 614 Pa.

229, 261, 36 A.3d 163, 182 (2012).

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                                                                               Its purpose is premised

on the well-settled proposition that a defendant is entitled to a fair trial but not a perfect one. Id.

As noted above, the admissibility of evidence rests within the sound discretion of the trial court,

and its decision will be reversed only upon a showing that it abused its discretion.

Commonwealth      v. Chmiel,    585 Pa. 547, 581-82, 889 A.2d 501, 521                 (2005) (citing

Commonwealth v. Boczkowski, 577 Pa. 421, 846 A.2d 75 (2004)). Further, an erroneous ruling

by a trial court on an evidentiary issue does not require the appellate court to grant relief where

the error was harmless. Id. (citing Commonwealth v. Young, 561 Pa. 34, 748 A.2d 166, 193

(1999)).

       Prior appellate rulings on similar facts stand for the proposition that any error here was

harmless:

       In Commonwealth v. Brady, our Supreme Court held that otherwise admissible
       prior inconsistent statements of a declarant who is a witness in a
       judicial proceeding and who is available for cross-examination may be used as
       substantive evidence of the truth of the matter asserted therein. In Commonwealth
       v. Blount, [the Superior] Court held that Brady did not mandate a specific jury
       instruction that prior inconsistent statements could be used both for impeachment
       purposes and as substantive evidence-instead, it was enough that the trial court
       did not instruct the jury that the statements could only be considered for
       impeachment purposes. Here, unlike Blount, the trial court instructed the jury that
       the witnesses' prior inconsistent statements could only be used to judge their
       credibility and not as substantive evidence of truth of the matter asserted therein.
       This instruction clearly violates Brady, and thus, we conclude that the lower court
       erred in refusing to give the instruction appellant requested.

Commonwealth v. Bird, 597 A.2d 1169, 1170-71 (Pa. Super. 1991)(internal citations omitted).

       As in Bird, this court instructed the jury that Mr. Bonilla's prior inconsistent statement to

police could only be used to determine credibility, and not as substantive evidence. While the

Court in Bird determined this was error, it was found to be harmless:

       The next question we must determine is whether this error is constitutionally
       harmless. In Blount, we opined, albeit in dicta, that even if a trial court errs by
       instructing the jury to consider a prior inconsistent statement only for
                                                    - 17 -
       impeachment purposes, the error can be harmless. For this proposition, we cited
       to Commonwealth v. McMillan, in which the trial court had specifically instructed
       the jury to consider prior inconsistent statements for credibility purposes only.
       Despite the error in the instruction, the panel in McMillan stated that the
       instruction did not prejudice the defendant because the witness admitted making
       the prior inconsistent statement, he explained that he made the statement because
       he feared the defendant, and the fact that the prior inconsistent statement was
       made was uncontested. Thus, the issue properly posed for the jury was whether
       the witness's in-court explanation for the statement was credible, and not whether
       the out-of-court statement had been made.

Id. at 1171 (internal citations omitted).

       Here, M,. 0-B11i'lk also admitted to making the prior inconsistent statement out af fear

There was no question that this statement was made, and Mr. Bonilla was available for cross-

examination on the issue as well. The jury had only to determine the witness's credibility, and

not whether such a previous statement was made. Under the same circumstances, the Superior

Court has held that such error was harmless.

       In addition to the foregoing, a traditional harmless error analysis compels the same

conclusion. Harmless error exists where: (1) the error did not prejudice the defendant or the

prejudice was de minimis; (2) the erroneously admitted evidence was merely cumulative of other

untainted evidence which was substantially similar to the erroneously admitted evidence; or (3)

the properly admitted and uncontradicted evidence of guilt was so overwhelming and the

prejudicial effect of the error was so insignificant by comparison that the error could not have

contributed to the verdict. Chw11· el,.sl\l'f.,"- (quoting Commonwealth v. Robinson, 554 Pa. 293, 304,

721 A.2d 344, 350 (1998)). A finding of any of these three factors will support a conclusion of

harmless error. Id. at 5qi 889 A.2d at 529.

       If the Court finds that the aforementioned jury instruction was given in error, that error

was harmless. Indeed, it seems likely that both the first and third factors are present here. First,

the fact that Mr. Bonilla gave an earlier statement to the police in which he did not identify either

                                                    - 18 -
defendant was presented to the jury. And Mr. Bonilla was available for cross-examination by the

defense on this point. Moreover, Appellant and his co-defendant were given ample opportunity

to address these inconsistent statements at trial and present them to the jury.   Therefore, any

prejudice created in not admitting the prior statements as substantive evidence was de minimis.

       Even still, the strongest factor here is the third.   Francisco Bonilla, the complainant,

spoke to detectives a second time to correct his initial statement. He stated that he was in fear

due to threats from Appellant and Hunter, and that was why he had not initially identified them.

N.T., 01/14/2014, at 71.      He subsequently identified both defendants consistently.      N.T.,

01/14/2014, at 52; N.T., 01/15/2014, at 61-62. Both men were well known to Mr. Bonilla prior

to the 'robbery. Shortly after the robbery, Mr. Bonilla's car was located in the possession of

Appellant's half-1,r•rl'f·T., 01/15/2014, at 113-14. Evidence of guilt was so overwhelming that

any error in the jury instruction was harmless.

                                                  - 19 -
                                            Conclusion

       In summary, this court has carefully reviewed the entire record and finds no harmful,

prejudicial, or reversible error and nothing to justify the granting of Appellant's request for

relief. For the reasons set forth above, the judgment of the trial court should be affirmed.

                                                                                               J.

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