Court Opinion

ID: 4126270
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-02-15 18:01:33.218398+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:45:57.884901
License: Public Domain

Case: 15-14889     Date Filed: 02/15/2017   Page: 1 of 32

                                                                          [PUBLISH]

                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                         FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                           ________________________

                                 No. 15-14889
                           ________________________

                       D.C. Docket No. 9:14-cv-80781-RLR

EDWARD LEWIS TOBINICK, MD,
a medical corporation, d.b.a the Institute of Neurological Recovery,
INR PLLC,
a Florida professional limited liability company, d.b.a. Institute of Neurological
Recovery,
M.D. EDWARD TOBINICK,
an individual,

                                                              Plaintiffs - Appellants,

                                        versus

STEVEN NOVELLA,
an individual,
SOCIETY FOR SCIENCE-BASED MEDICINE, INC.,
a Florida Corporation,
SGU PRODUCTIONS, LLC,
a Connecticut limited liability company, et al.,

                                                            Defendants - Appellees,

YALE UNIVERSITY,
a Connecticut corporation, et al.,

                                                                          Defendants.
               Case: 15-14889        Date Filed: 02/15/2017      Page: 2 of 32

                               ________________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Southern District of Florida
                            ________________________

                                    (February 15, 2017)

Before HULL and MARTIN, Circuit Judges, and RESTANI, ∗ Judge.

RESTANI, Judge:

       Appellants Edward Lewis Tobinick, MD (“INR CA”), INR PLLC (“INR

FL”), and M.D. Edward Tobinick (“Dr. Tobinick”) (collectively, the “Tobinick

Appellants”) appeal the district court’s orders striking INR CA’s state law claims

pursuant to California’s anti-SLAPP statute, twice denying amendment of the

Tobinick Appellants’ complaint, denying relief pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure (“Rule”) 37, 56(d), and 60 due to potential discovery-related abuses, and

granting summary judgment against the Tobinick Appellants on their Lanham Act

claim. We affirm the district court in all respects.

                                     BACKGROUND

       This case concerns a dispute between two doctors regarding the medical

viability of a novel use for a particular drug.

I.     The Parties

       ∗
         Honorable Jane A. Restani, Judge for the United States Court of International Trade,
sitting by designation.

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      Dr. Tobinick is certified in internal medicine and dermatology, and he is

licensed in both California and Florida. He has two clinics that conduct business as

The Institute of Neurological Recovery: INR CA in Los Angeles, California, and

INR FL in Palm Beach County, Florida. Dr. Tobinick has developed an

unorthodox use for the drug etanercept by delivering it through perispinal

administration, which involves a needle injection near particular spinal ligaments.

Dr. Tobinick claims that this new use of etanercept is effective at treating spinal

pain, post-stroke neurological dysfunctions, and Alzheimer’s disease. Etanercept

is the generic name of Enbrel, which was first approved by the United States Food

and Drug Administration (“FDA”) in November 1998 to treat rheumatoid arthritis.

Notably, Enbrel has not been FDA approved for the purposes which Dr. Tobinick

seeks to use the drug.

      Steven Novella (“Dr. Novella”) is a neurologist at Yale New Haven Hospital

in the Botulinum Program and treats patients with a variety of conditions, including

headaches, back pain, Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, and seizures. Dr. Novella

also engages in endeavors apart from these professional obligations. For instance,

he is on the board of the non-profit Society for Science-Based Medicine, Inc.

(“Society”). In addition, in May 2005, Dr. Novella began working with his brother,

Jay Novella (“Jay”), to produce and broadcast a podcast that discusses a variety of

scientific issues. This podcast, “The Skeptics Guide to the Universe,” is hosted on

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a website (www.theskepticsguide.org) owned by the for-profit company SGU

Productions, LLC (“SGU”). Also, Dr. Novella is the executive editor of and

contributor for the Science-Based Medicine (“SBM”) blog (www.sciencebased

medicine.org), which examines issues related to science and medicine, and is

operated by a non-profit entity, the New England Skeptical Society. 1

II.    Factual Background

       In response to a May 5, 2013, Los Angeles Time article discussing Dr.

Tobinick’s novel treatments, Dr. Novella published an article “Enbrel for Stroke

and Alzheimer’s” in SBM’s blog on May 8, 2013 (the “first article”). In this six-

page article, Dr. Novella explains that he learned of the Los Angeles Time article,

the typical characteristics of “quack clinics” or “dubious health clinics,” the key

features of Dr. Tobinick’s clinic, and lastly the plausibility of and the evidence

supporting Dr. Tobinick’s allegedly effective use of etanercept. Particularly

relevant to this case, Dr. Novella also quotes a portion of the Los Angeles Time

article, which reported that “[Dr. Tobinick’s] claims about the back treatment led to

an investigation by the California Medical Board, which placed him on probation

for unprofessional conduct and made him take classes in prescribing practices and

1
  The Society is a separate entity from the SBM blog. The Society has its own website that was
first made available to the public on January 1, 2014.

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ethics.” Am. Compl. Ex. 1 at 3, Edward Lewis Tobinick, MD v. Novella, No. 9:14-

cv-80781-RLR (S.D. Fla. Aug. 1, 2014), ECF No. 55 (“Am. Compl.”).

       On June 9, 2014, the Tobinick Appellants filed a complaint against Appellees

Dr. Novella, the Society, SGU (collectively, the “Novella Appellees”), and also

Yale University (“Yale”), challenging Dr. Novella’s first article. In response to the

lawsuit and on July 23, 2014, Dr. Novella published another article in SBM’s blog

entitled “Another Lawsuit To Suppress Legitimate Criticism – This Time SBM”

(the “second article”). In the second article, Dr. Novella details the lawsuit filed by

the Tobinick Appellants and provides Dr. Novella’s view that the lawsuit is

designed to silence his public criticism of Dr. Tobinick’s practices. He also restates

in large part his same criticisms of Dr. Tobinick’s practices as set forth in the first

article. In doing so, Dr. Novella again mentions the Medical Board of California

(“MBC”)’s investigation into Dr. Tobinick’s practices, explains that the MBC “filed

an accusation in 2004, amended in 2005 and 2006,” and lists in detail the different

allegations made in the 2004 Accusation against Dr. Tobinick. Am. Compl. Ex. 5

at 3–4.2

2
 The Society’s website also contains a short entry about Dr. Tobinick’s use of etanercept. The
entry discusses the MBC’s 2006 Second Amended Accusation and subsequent settlement and Dr.
Novella’s criticism of Dr. Tobinick. The entry also links to Dr. Novella’s entire article on the
SBM blog.

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III.   Course of Proceedings

       As stated above, the Tobinick Appellants filed their initial complaint on June

9, 2014. On June 11, 2014, the Tobinick Appellants moved for a preliminary

injunction to enjoin the Novella Appellees from continuing to display the articles.

On August 1, 2014, the Tobinick Appellants filed an amended complaint to add

allegations relating to the second article that was published just nine days prior.

This operative amended complaint contests several aspects of the first article,

including claims that these neurological conditions “not known to be immune

mediated [can be] treated by a specific immunosuppressant,”3 claims that Dr.

Tobinick’s retrospective case studies are not probative medical evidence,

implications that Dr. Tobinick is committing a health fraud, statements that Dr.

Tobinick’s clinics are “a one-man institute,” and that Florida is a “very quack-

friendly state.” Am. Compl. ¶¶ 54, 60, 63, 69, 71. Regarding the second article, the

Tobinick Appellants’ operative complaint specifically takes issue with only one

new statement therein, that “there have been no double-blind placebo-controlled

clinical trials of the treatment provided by [Dr. Tobinick].” Am. Compl. ¶ 102.

These disputes are covered in the operative complaint by the following causes of

3
  According to Dr. Novella, his statement that the neurological conditions treated by Dr.
Tobinick are “not known to be immune mediated” means “that the current consensus is not that
these conditions are primarily caused by or driven by an autoimmune disease that could be
modified by this treatment.” Dep. of Steven Novella, M.D., at 35–36, Edward Lewis Tobinick,
MD v. Novella, No. 9:14-cv-80781-RLR (S.D. Fla. Sept. 1, 2015), ECF No. 261-9. Dr. Novella
identified etanercept as an example of an immunosuppressant. Id.

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action: violation of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a) (Count I); common law

unfair competition (Count II); trade libel (Count III); libel per se (Count IV); and

tortious interference with business relationships (Count V).

       On August 8, 2014, and August 13, 2014, SGU and Yale, respectively,

moved to dismiss the action as to them for lack of personal jurisdiction. On August

11, 2014, Dr. Novella moved to dismiss all claims against him for various reasons.

On August 18, 2014, the Society moved to dismiss the action against it for failure to

state a claim, or for summary judgment, because, inter alia, the Society did not

engage in false advertising under the Lanham Act.

       On September 25, 2014, pursuant to SGU’s and Yale’s motions to dismiss

for lack of personal jurisdiction, the district court dismissed each from the case. On

September 30, 2014, Dr. Novella invoked California’s anti-SLAPP law4 and moved

to strike the only California plaintiff’s, INR CA’s, state law claims. On January 23,

2015, the district court denied Dr. Novella’s motion to dismiss in nearly all respects

but granted his motion to dismiss Count V of the amended complaint, i.e., the

tortious interference claim, because Florida’s single publication rule barred that

claim. The Tobinick Appellants do not challenge this dismissal on appeal.

4
  The purpose of the anti-SLAPP law is to curb the “increase in lawsuits brought primarily to
chill the valid exercise of the constitutional rights of freedom of speech and petition for the
redress of grievances.” See Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 425.16(a). Such causes of action are subject
to a special motion to strike. Id. § 425.16(b)(1).

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       On March 16, 2015, after converting the Society’s motion to dismiss into a

motion for summary judgment, the district court granted summary judgment in

favor of the Society with respect to the Lanham Act (Count I) and the unfair

competition (Count II) claims, explaining that the articles were not commercial

speech. The district court also dismissed without prejudice the trade libel (Count

III) and libel per se (Count IV) claims against the Society because the Tobinick

Appellants failed to properly notice the Society of these claims as required by

Florida law. The district court, therefore, dismissed the Society from the action, but

it did provide the Tobinick Appellants leave to re-file their claims against the

Society in a separate suit.5 On April 2, 2015, following limited discovery, the

district court denied the Tobinick Appellants’ motion for a preliminary injunction.

        On May 11, 2015, the deadline for amended pleadings, the Tobinick

Appellants moved for leave to file a second amended complaint, adding new

factual allegations some of which related to new webpages and a podcast that

discussed Dr. Tobinick,6 raising a new claim for common law civil conspiracy, re-

5
  On appeal, the Tobinick Appellants do not explicitly challenge the order granting summary
judgment in favor of the Society. Their discovery-related requests for relief could be generously
construed as a challenge to the validity of this summary judgment order. But, because we
conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the requests for discovery-
related relief, we see no remaining challenge to the grant of summary judgment in favor of the
Society.
6
 More precisely, the Tobinick Appellants add allegations regarding (1) a July 23, 2014, legal
defense webpage on SGU’s website, which requests donations to help defend against the
Tobinick Appellants’ suit, (2) a July 26, 2014, SGU podcast that discusses Dr. Tobinick’s
                                                                                 (continued . . . )
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asserting claims against the previously-dismissed defendant SGU, and inserting

two new defendants—Jay and Paul Ingraham (“Ingraham”), a co-blogger of Dr.

Novella. On May 15, 2015, the Tobinick Appellants filed a corrected version of

their motion for leave to amend.

       On June 4, 2015, the district court granted Dr. Novella’s special motion to

strike INR CA’s state law claims (“anti-SLAPP order”). On June 18, 2015, the

district court issued an omnibus order denying the Tobinick Appellants’ corrected

motion for leave to file a second amended complaint. In that omnibus order, the

district court also granted Dr. Tobinick’s and INR FL’s request for voluntary

dismissal of Counts III and IV for trade libel and libel per se, respectively. Shortly

thereafter, on June 25, 2015, Dr. Novella filed his answer to the operative amended

complaint.

       On August 18, 2015, the Tobinick Appellants again moved for leave to file

another second amended complaint in order to add a claim under the Florida

Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act (“FDUTPA”). On August 20, 2015, the

district court denied the Tobinick Appellants’ motion.

       On August 25, 2015, Dr. Novella moved for summary judgment on all

remaining claims. On September 1, 2015, the Tobinick Appellants filed two

medical treatments, the transcript of which was published on August 7, 2014, and (3) an April 1,
2015, article in SBM’s blog that provided an update on the status of the litigation against the
Tobinick Appellants.

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motions based on the allegation that Dr. Novella provided false deposition

testimony, one motion pursuant to Rule 37 seeking sanctions and one pursuant to

Rule 60(b) seeking reconsideration of the district court’s anti-SLAPP order. The

Tobinick Appellants argued that Dr. Novella falsely denied that he had

communicated with the author of the May 5, 2013, Los Angeles Times article;

denied that he had ever discussed Dr. Tobinick with Ingraham; and denied

communicating with another physician, Stephen Barrett, regarding Dr. Tobinick.

      On September 15, 2015, the district court denied each of the Tobinick

Appellants’ motions based on the alleged discovery-related abuses. On October 2,

2015, the district court found that Dr. Novella’s speech is not commercial and then

granted summary judgment in favor of Dr. Novella on both remaining claims. The

district court reasoned that the Tobinick Appellants largely based their unfair

competition claim (Count II) on their Lanham Act false advertising claim (Count I).

The Tobinick Appellants now appeal.

               JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

      We have jurisdiction of this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We

review de novo “the district court’s interpretation and application of a statute” such

as California’s anti-SLAPP statute. Royalty Network, Inc. v. Harris, 756 F.3d
1351, 1354 (11th Cir. 2014). We review for an abuse of discretion the district

court’s denial of leave to amend and the denial of requests for relief brought under

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Rules 37, 56(d), and 60(b). World Holdings, LLC v. Fed. Republic of Germany,

701 F.3d 641, 649, 654–55 (11th Cir. 2012) (Rule 56(d)); Garfield v. NDC Health

Corp., 466 F.3d 1255, 1270 (11th Cir. 2006) (leave to amend); Serra Chevrolet,

Inc. v. Gen. Motors Corp., 446 F.3d 1137, 1146–47 (11th Cir. 2006) (Rule 37);

Cox Nuclear Pharmacy, Inc. v. CTI, Inc., 478 F.3d 1303, 1314 (11th Cir. 2000)

(Rule 60(b)).

      Further, we review a grant of summary judgment de novo, “viewing all facts

in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and drawing all reasonable

inferences in favor of that party.” McCullum v. Orlando Reg’l Healthcare Sys.,

Inc., 768 F.3d 1135, 1141 (11th Cir. 2014). “Summary judgment is appropriate

where there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id.

                                   DISCUSSION

I.    Dr. Novella’s Special Motion to Strike

      The Tobinick Appellants challenge the district court’s anti-SLAPP order on

two grounds. First, the Tobinick Appellants contend that the district court erred in

adopting the anti-SLAPP expedited procedures because doing so “trampled federal

procedure and constitutional rights” and violated the doctrine of Erie R. Co. v.

Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938). Second, the Tobinick Appellants argue the district

court’s determination that there was no evidence of actual malice by Dr. Novella is

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erroneous. Dr. Novella responds that the Tobinick Appellants waived their Erie

claim and, in the alternative, that the district court did not err on the merits of that

claim. Dr. Novella also avers that the Tobinick Appellants fail to point to evidence

of actual malice.

      A.     Waiver of Erie Claim

      We do not consider an issue “not raised in the district court and raised for

the first time in an appeal.” Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324,

1331 (11th Cir. 2004) (quoting Walker v. Jones, 10 F.3d 1569, 1572 (11th Cir.

1994)). We have recognized exceptions to the waiver doctrine, including, inter

alia, where there is a: (1) “pure question of law, and if refusal to consider would

result in a miscarriage of justice[,]” or (2) “no opportunity to raise [the objection]

at the district court level.” Id. at 1332 (quoting Wright v. Hanna Steel Corp., 270
F.3d 1336, 1342 (11th Cir. 2001)).

      The Tobinick Appellants waived their challenge to the district court’s

application of California’s anti-SLAPP statute based on the Erie doctrine. The

Tobinick Appellants did not raise the Erie claim in their response to Dr. Novella’s

special motion to strike INR CA’s state law claims, nor do the Tobinick Appellants

now contend that they ever raised the issue before the district court. Moreover,

when asked by the district judge “what about the issue of anti-SLAPP statutes

applying in diversity cases in federal court?” the Tobinick Appellants’ counsel

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responded “[t]here seems to be a plethora of case law that suggests that it is

allowable in diversity actions in federal court.” Tr. of Mot. Hr’g, at 26, Edward

Lewis Tobinick, MD v. Novella, No. 9:14-cv-80781-RLR (S.D. Fla. Nov. 20,

2014), ECF No. 113. The Tobinick Appellants, therefore, waived the issue. See,

e.g., NCDR, L.L.C. v. Mauze & Bagby, P.L.L.C., 745 F.3d 742, 753–54 (5th Cir.

2014) (deeming waived party’s argument that Texas’ anti-SLAPP statute conflicts

with the certain federal Rules).

       No exception to waiver saves the Tobinick Appellants’ claim. The Tobinick

Appellants have not identified any miscarriage of justice resulting from a finding

of waiver, nor do we see one, given the weakness of the Tobinick Appellants’ state

law claims. 7 Furthermore, not only did the Tobinick Appellants squarely concede

the Erie issue at the hearing, the district court nevertheless considered the argument

in its anti-SLAPP order. The district court acted reasonably in applying

California’s anti-SLAPP statute to the state law claims, stating that “the majority of

circuit courts have found anti-SLAPP special motions to strike permissible, and . . .

the specific anti-SLAPP statute at issue has previously been allowed in federal

court.” Edward Lewis Tobinick, MD v. Novella, 108 F. Supp. 3d 1299, 1305 n.4

(S.D. Fla. 2015) (“Tobinick”). Moreover, that the Seventh Circuit’s June 29, 2015,

7
 As reflected in the discussion of actual malice, infra, it seems highly unlikely that the Tobinick
Appellants’ state law claims would survive even without the availability of an anti-SLAPP
motion.

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decision in Intercon Solutions, Inc. v. Basel Action Network, on which the

Tobinick Appellants rely, had not been issued until after the district court issued its

June 4, 2015, anti-SLAPP order does not excuse the Tobinick Appellants’ waiver.

See 791 F.3d 729, 731–32 (7th Cir. 2015) (holding that Washington’s anti-SLAPP

statute was inapplicable in federal court after that state’s highest court interpreted

that anti-SLAPP statute as going beyond a summary judgment procedure and as

violating the right to a trial by a jury by requiring a judge to make factual findings).

         First, Intercon is obviously of limited applicability. Second, notwithstanding

the date of the Intercon decision, the Tobinick Appellants explicitly conceded the

Erie issue at the hearing in which Dr. Novella’s counsel alerted the district court of

that potential issue. Even more telling, the Tobinick Appellants did not raise the

Erie issue in their September 1, 2015, motion for reconsideration of the district

court’s anti-SLAPP order, which was filed months after Intercon had been decided.

Accordingly, we decline to consider the merits of the Tobinick Appellants’ Erie-

based challenge for the first time on appeal.

         B.     Actual Malice

         In applying California’s anti-SLAPP statute, 8 the district court reasoned that

Dr. Tobinick was a limited public figure 9 and that he had not produced evidence of

8
    The anti-SLAPP statute provides:
                                                                                 (continued . . . )
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actual malice such that INR CA, Dr. Tobinick’s California entity, had a probability

of prevailing on its state law claims. Tobinick, 108 F. Supp. 3d at 1308, 1309; see

Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 425.16(b)(1). The Tobinick Appellants challenge only the

latter holding regarding actual malice.

       Actual malice is defined as “with knowledge that [a statement] was false or

with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not” and must be shown “by clear

and convincing evidence.” Reader’s Digest Ass’n, Inc. v. Superior Court, 690
P.2d 610, 617 (Cal. 1984) (quoting N.Y. Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 280

(1964)). To show reckless disregard for truth or falsity, California courts apply a

subjective test in which “[t]here must be sufficient evidence to permit the

conclusion that the defendant in fact entertained serious doubts as to the truth of

       A cause of action against a person arising from any act of that person in
       furtherance of the person’s right of petition or free speech under the United States
       Constitution or the California Constitution in connection with a public issue shall
       be subject to a special motion to strike, unless the court determines that the
       plaintiff has established that there is a probability that the plaintiff will prevail on
       the claim.
Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 425.16(b)(1).
9
  As we have explained, the Supreme Court has identified two types of public figures in this
context. An all-purpose public figure is one that “occup[ies] positions of such persuasive power
and influence that they are deemed public figures for all purposes.” Silvester v. Am. Broad.
Cos., 839 F.2d 1491, 1494 (11th Cir. 1988) (quoting Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323,
345 (1974)). A limited public figure, by contrast, “ha[s] thrust [himself] to the forefront of
particular public controversies in order to influence the resolution of the issues involved.” Id.
(quoting Gertz, 418 U.S. at 345). Both types of public figures must prove that the defamatory
statements were made with actual malice. See Gertz, 418 U.S. at 336; Reader’s Digest Ass’n,
Inc. v. Superior Court, 690 P.2d 610, 615 (Cal. 1984) (“Unlike the ‘all purpose’ public figure,
the ‘limited purpose’ public figure loses certain protection for his reputation only to the extent
that the allegedly defamatory communication relates to his role in a public controversy.”).

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his publication.” Id. at 617–18 (quoting St. Amant v. Thompson, 390 U.S. 727,

731 (1968)). California courts consider factors such as “[a] failure to investigate,

anger and hostility toward the plaintiff, [and] reliance upon sources known to be

unreliable or known to be biased.” Id. at 618–19 (citations omitted); see Christian

Research Inst. v. Alnor, 55 Cal. Rptr. 3d 600, 612 (Cal. Ct. App. 2007).

      The Tobinick Appellants have not presented evidence that rises to the level

of actual malice. The Tobinick Appellants believe there is actual malice because

(1) Dr. Novella improperly relied on the MBC’s 2004 Accusation, which had been

superseded by a 2006 Second Amended Accusation, (2) Dr. Novella provided false

declarations to the district court because one declaration indicates that, in

researching the articles, Dr. Novella relied on the MBC’s 2004 Accusation and

other declarations state he relied on the MBC’s 2006 Second Amended

Accusation, (3) the articles contained false statements, such as claiming Dr.

Tobinick ran a “one-man institute,” and (4) Dr. Novella’s deposition included false

testimony regarding communications with certain third-parties. Here, even all of

the Tobinick Appellants’ circumstantial evidence taken as true is insufficient to

show that Dr. Novella had serious doubts as to the truth of the content contained in

his two articles.

      Contrary to the Tobinick Appellants’ arguments, the evidence indicates that

Dr. Novella consulted both the MBC’s 2004 Accusation and the 2006 Second

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Amended Accusation. We see no reason why the fact that Dr. Novella consulted

the 2006 document precludes him from having also consulted the 2004 document.

Notwithstanding the alleged discrepancy, the Tobinick Appellants are unable to

point to a definitively false statement in either of Dr. Novella’s articles stemming

from the reliance on the 2004 Accusation.10 Instead, Dr. Novella’s second article

explicitly acknowledges that the MBC’s 2004 Accusation was amended in 2006,

thereby laying credence to the belief that Dr. Novella had seen both documents.

       Similarly, the allegedly false statements in Dr. Novella’s articles and the

inconsistencies in his deposition testimony are insufficient to demonstrate actual

malice. Neither speaks to whether Dr. Novella was “aware of any erroneous

statements or [was] in any way reckless in that regard” when he wrote the articles.

Sullivan, 376 U.S. at 286. The mere existence of a false statement does not, on its

own, demonstrate Dr. Novella’s knowledge of its falsity. Tellingly, the Tobinick

Appellants are unable to show that many of Dr. Novella’s statements are actually

10
   The Tobinick Appellants do state that both the 2004 Accusation and the 2006 Second
Amended Accusation were superseded by an MBC 2007 Decision adopting a Stipulated
Settlement and Disciplinary Order, which recognized that “studies . . . have provided evidence
that perispinal etanercept is effective for treatment of disc-related pain.” Pls.’ Corrected Rule
60(b) Mot. for Relief from June 4, 2015 Order and Sanctions and Incorporated Mem. of Law Ex.
29, at 4, Edward Lewis Tobinick, MD v. Novella, No. 9:14-cv-80781-RLR (S.D. Fla. Sept. 1,
2015), ECF No. 261. The Tobinick Appellants do not identify which of Dr. Novella’s statements
is in conflict with this settlement; instead, they seems to imply that Dr. Novella’s articles are
misleading as to existence of these studies incorporated in the MBC’s 2007 Decision. Not only
is this implication on its own insufficient to rise to the level of actual malice, but Dr. Novella’s
second article appears to reference these very studies. The second article admits that “[t]here are
small studies for disc herniation showing conflicting results.” Am. Compl. Ex. 5 at 3.

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false or that they are anything more than medical or personal opinion. As an

example, the Tobinick Appellants rely on Dr. Novella’s characterization of Florida

as a “very quack-friendly state,” Am. Compl. ¶ 71, but this statement is plainly Dr.

Novella’s opinion and cannot be proven as true or false. The Tobinick Appellants,

instead, point to isolated statements, which do not pertain to the article’s essential

criticism of Dr. Tobinick’s medical practices, as evidence that Dr. Novella

recklessly included falsities in the article. But, this evidence at most demonstrates

mere negligence and does not raise to the level of reckless disregard needed to

prove actual malice. See Sullivan, 376 U.S. at 271–72 (“[E]rroneous statement is

inevitable in free debate, and . . . it must be protected if the freedoms of expression

are to have the ‘breathing space’ that they ‘need to survive[.]’”). For instance, the

Tobinick Appellants allege that Dr. Novella “falsely implies” that Dr. Tobinick’s

clinics “have committed a health fraud insomuch as the [first article] was placed

into a category identified as ‘Health Fraud.’” Am. Compl. ¶ 63. The article itself,

however, never states that Dr. Tobinick is committing or has committed health

fraud. And, placement in a category on a website is insufficient here where there is

no evidence that Dr. Novella decided in which category the article would be

included. Furthermore, regarding the “one-man institute” comment, the Tobinick

Appellants have failed to rebut Dr. Novella’s statement that he looked at the

websites for Dr. Tobinick and his clinic and “Dr. Tobinick [was] the only

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physician named and profiled on the websites.” Def. Dr. Steven Novella’s Mot. to

Dismiss Ex. 1, ¶ 30, Edward Lewis Tobinick, MD v. Novella, No. 9:14-cv-80781-

RLR (S.D. Fla. July 23, 2014), ECF No. 36. Dr. Novella’s statement is reasonably

held, as the name of Dr. Tobinick’s California clinic, “Edward Lewis Tobinick,

MD,” further supports his belief that “Dr. Tobinick was a solo practicioner[.]” Id.

Instead, as the district court acknowledged, Dr. Novella’s articles contain “a more

nuanced discussion of the issues than [INR CA’s] pleading admits.” Tobinick, 108
F. Supp. 3d at 1311.

      As to the allegedly false statements in the deposition testimony, they relate

primarily to Dr. Novella’s communications with certain third-parties after the first

article had been published and do not speak to Dr. Novella’s knowledge of the

accuracy of the statements made in either of his articles. In any event, as discussed

infra, the Tobinick Appellants’ challenges to Dr. Novella’s allegedly false

deposition testimony are based on mere conjecture and, if true, at most

demonstrate ill will towards Dr. Tobinick, likely based on differing views on

medical matters. See Reader’s Digest Ass’n, 690 P.2d at 619 (“[M]ere proof of ill

will on the part of the publisher may . . . be insufficient [to prove actual malice].”).

      Moreover, although “[t]he failure to conduct a thorough and objective

investigation, standing alone, does not prove actual malice,” id. at 619, we

conclude that the evidence of Dr. Novella’s investigation, in which he looked to

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trustworthy sources, demonstrates his lack of subjective belief that the articles

contained false statements. Before writing, Dr. Novella consulted the Los Angeles

Times article, many of Dr. Tobinick’s case studies, the MBC’s accusations, and the

Tobinick Appellants’ own websites. See Tobinick, 108 F. Supp. 3d at 1310.

Accordingly, because the Tobinick Appellants have not demonstrated a probability

of success on the actual malice issue, the district court did not err in granting Dr.

Novella’s special motion to strike the state law claims pursuant to California’s

anti-SLAPP statute.

II.   The Tobinick Appellants’ Motion for Leave to Amend

      The Tobinick Appellants argue that the district court erred in twice denying

them leave to amend the operative complaint because there would not have been

prejudice to the Novella Appellees.

      Rule 15 provides that “[a] party may amend its pleading once as a matter of

course . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(1). And “[i]n all other cases, a party may

amend its pleading only with . . . the court’s leave. The court should freely give

leave when justice so require.” Id. 15(a)(2). The Supreme Court has explained

that a district court may properly deny leave to amend for reasons “such as undue

delay.” Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962).

      The district court did not abuse its discretion in twice denying leave to

amend the operative complaint. Both motions for leave to amend were sought

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approximately a year after the Tobinick Appellants filed the original complaint.

By the time the Tobinick Appellants sought amendment, the course of proceedings

had been markedly advanced—the district court had dismissed SGU and Yale for

lack of personal jurisdiction, dismissed Count V of the operative complaint,

granted summary judgment in favor of the Society, and denied the Tobinick

Appellants’ motion for preliminary injunction. The Tobinick Appellants filed the

first motion for leave to amend on the deadline for amended pleadings and sought

extensive changes to the operative complaint: they alleged new factual allegations,

added a civil conspiracy claim, reinserted previously-dismissed SGU back into the

case, and added two new defendants. The second motion to amend also sought to

supplement the complaint with the new FDUTPA cause of action.

      In denying the first motion, the district court reasonably concluded that

allowing amendment “would essentially reset the case.” Omnibus Order, at 2,

Edward Lewis Tobinick, MD v. Novella, No. 9:14-cv-80781-RLR (S.D. Fla. June

18, 2015), ECF No. 202. The district court noted the “aggressively litigated”

course of proceedings, the extent of the amendments sought by the Tobinick

Appellants, and the fact that the Tobinick Appellants “could only identify a limited

number of recent statements incorporated into the proposed” complaint. Id. at 1–2.

Indeed, many of the new factual allegations added by the Tobinick Appellants

related to the legal defense webpage and the SGU podcast, which were both

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initially published in July 2014, nearly a year before the Tobinick Appellants filed

their first motion for leave to amend. Similarly, the district court denied the

second motion, which was filed after the deadline for amended pleadings, in a

docket entry “for all of the reasons previously stated on the record at the Court’s

Status Conference on June 18, 2015, as well as the timing of the Motion in relation

to the dispositive motion deadline, which is imminent, and trial, which is two

months hence.” Paperless Order, Edward Lewis Tobinick, MD v. Novella, No.

9:14-cv-80781-RLR (S.D. Fla. Aug. 20, 2015), ECF No. 245. Thus, even though

Dr. Novella had not yet filed his answer, the district court did not abuse its

discretion because it properly sought to prevent an undue delay caused by the

Tobinick Appellants’ last-minute attempts to amend their complaint.

III.   The Tobinick Appellants’ Discovery-Related Requests for Relief

       The Tobinick Appellants argue that the district court abused its discretion in

not granting relief under Rules 37, 56(d), and 60(b) because Dr. Novella misled the

Tobinick Appellants and the district court through his deposition testimony,

thereby prejudicing the Tobinick Appellants by an unfavorable summary judgment

ruling.

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       Under Rule 60(b), a party may move for relief from a final judgment or

order, for reasons including fraud. Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b).11 The moving party must

show “by clear and convincing evidence that an adverse party has obtained the

verdict through fraud, misrepresentation, or other misconduct.” Cox Nuclear

Pharmacy, 478 F.3d at 1314 (quoting Frederick v. Kirby Tankships, Inc., 205 F.3d
1277, 1287 (11th Cir. 2000)).

       Under Rule 37(b)(2), a party may move for sanctions for failure to comply

with a discovery order. Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(b)(2). A district court has broad

discretion in applying these sanctions, and “a default judgment sanction,” as

requested by the Tobinick Appellants, “requires a willful or bad faith failure to

obey a discovery order.” Malautea v. Suzuki Motor Co., 987 F.2d 1536, 1542

(11th Cir. 1993).

       Rule 56(d) provides: “[i]f a nonmovant shows by affidavit or declaration

that, for specified reasons, it cannot present facts essential to justify its opposition,

the court may: (1) defer considering the motion or deny it; (2) allow time to obtain

affidavits or declarations or to take discovery; or (3) issue any other appropriate

order.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(d).

11
  Because the Tobinick Appellants did not specify the grounds on which they were moving, the
district court reasonably construed the basis as for “fraud . . . , misrepresentation, or misconduct
by an opposing party.” Edward Lewis Tobinick, M.D. v. Novella, No. 9:14-cv-80781, 2015 WL
11254727, at *1 (S.D. Fla. Sept. 15, 2015) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(3)). On appeal, the
Tobinick Appellants do not challenge the district court’s construction.

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         First, to support his requests for Rules 37 and 60(b) relief, the Tobinick

Appellants allege a scheme to ruin Dr. Tobinick perpetrated by Dr. Novella and

other co-conspirators, but none of his claims are sufficient to demonstrate bad faith

or fraud justifying sanctions or reconsideration. Dr. Novella explained each of the

alleged false statements in his deposition. As to his communications with the

author of the Los Angeles Times article, Dr. Novella testified that at the time of the

deposition he did not remember a brief email conversation that had occurred more

than two years prior. And, Dr. Novella explained that he truthfully answered his

reasonable interpretation of the questions regarding his communications with

Ingraham and Barrett. 12 The Tobinick Appellants’ conjecture of an elaborate

conspiracy is not sufficient to controvert Dr. Novella’s reasonable explanations and

certainly is insufficient to demonstrate bad faith or fraud. It, consequently, was not

an abuse of discretion for the district judge to deny the motions under Rules 37 and

60(b).

         Second, the district court did not abuse its discretion on the Rule 56(d) issue

as the Tobinick Appellants never made a proper motion for Rule 56(d) relief. “A

request for a court order must be made by motion.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 7(b)(1).

12
   Specifically, Dr. Novella’s declaration provided that his deposition did not contain false
statements because (1) as to Ingraham, he was asked if he discussed the topic of Dr. Tobinick
with Ingraham, but the emails show one-sided emails from Ingraham to Dr. Novella, but did not
contain responses from Dr. Novella, and (2) as to Barrett, he answered that he could not recall
whether or not an email exchange took place and therefore never falsely denied the existence of
such emails in his deposition.

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Instead, the Tobinick Appellants requested Rule 56(d) relief in their brief

responding to Dr. Novella’s motion for summary judgment. The district court did

not issue an order regarding Rule 56(d), likely because it was not moved to do so.

Indeed, the Tobinick Appellants had once before sought relief pursuant to Rule

56(d) by motion pending the close of discovery, and the district court both

considered and ultimately granted the motion. To the extent that the Tobinick

Appellants’ request for Rule 56(d) relief is premised on the same discovery-related

abuses as their other two motions, their claim fails because for the reasons already

stated the district court did not abuse its discretion. Thus, the district court did not

abuse its discretion in denying each of the Tobinick Appellants’ discovery-related

requests for relief.

IV.    The Tobinick Appellants’ Lanham Act Claim

       The Tobinick Appellants argue that the district court erred in granting

summary judgment against them on their Lanham Act claim because there are

material facts in dispute regarding the commercial nature of Dr. Novella’s speech,

chiefly as it relates to his economic motivations. The Tobinick Appellants further

contend that Dr. Novella’s statements are false and misleading and that the

Tobinick Appellants have satisfied the remaining elements of a Lanham Act claim.

       The Lanham Act prescribes liability for false advertising to “commercial

advertising or promotion.” 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1)(B). Commercial advertising or

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promotion includes “(1) commercial speech; (2) by a defendant who is in

commercial competition with plaintiff; (3) for the purpose of influencing

consumers to buy defendant’s goods or services[;]” and (4) “the representations . . .

must be disseminated sufficiently to the relevant purchasing public to constitute

‘advertising’ or ‘promotion’ within that industry.” Suntree Techs., Inc. v.

Ecosense Int’l, Inc., 693 F.3d 1338, 1349 (11th Cir. 2012) (quoting Gordon &

Breach Sci. Publishers S.A. v. Am. Inst. of Physics, 859 F. Supp. 1521, 1535–36

(S.D.N.Y. 1994)).

      Commercial speech is “expression related solely to the economic interests of

the speaker and its audience.” Central Hudson Gas & Elec. Corp. v. Pub. Serv.

Comm’n of N.Y., 447 U.S. 557, 561 (1980). The “core notion” of commercial

speech extends to speech that proposes a commercial transaction. Bolger v. Young

Drug Prods. Corp., 463 U.S. 60, 66 (1983). The Supreme Court has identified

three factors in looking beyond the core notion of commercial speech: (1) that the

material was “conceded to be advertisements,” (2) it contained a “reference to a

specific product,” and (3) the speaker “has an economic motivation” for

distributing the material. Id. No one factor is dispositive. See id. at 67. “The

combination of all three characteristics, however, provides strong support for the

. . . conclusion that the [material is] properly characterized as commercial speech.”

Id. at 62, 67. But, “speech is not rendered commercial by the mere fact that it

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relates to an advertisement.” Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm’n on

Human Relations, 413 U.S. 376, 384 (1973).

      There is no genuine dispute of material fact regarding whether Dr. Novella’s

articles are commercial speech. A plain reading of the first and second articles

makes clear that they do not fall within the core notion of commercial speech as

they do not propose a commercial transaction. Instead, Dr. Novella’s articles

evoke many characteristics of noncommercial speech. The articles

“communicate[] information, express[] opinion, [and] recite[] grievances, . . . .”

See Sullivan, 376 U.S. at 266. Dr. Novella, who posted the articles on SBM’s

blog, states in his second article that the purpose of the SBM blog is to “provide an

objective analysis of questionable or controversial medical claims so that

consumers can make more informed decisions . . . .” Am. Compl. Ex. 5 at 1. The

content of the articles corroborates this stated educational purpose, as the articles

discuss the plausibility of Dr. Tobinick’s practices in relation to the different

medical conditions treated, the way etanercept works, and the shortage of medical

studies supporting Dr. Tobinick’s position. These articles, which conclude that Dr.

Tobinick’s perispinal administration of etanercept is ineffective, add to the public

debate regarding the viability of a non-FDA approved medical treatment and are

clearly of import to the public.

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      We turn next to the three factors outlined by the Supreme Court in Bolger

with regard to non-core commercial speech and conclude that these factors do not

save the Tobinick Appellants’ Lanham Act claim. First, the Novella Appellees do

not concede that the articles are advertisements, nor can they reasonably be

construed as such. The first article makes no mention of Dr. Novella’s practice or

medical services. Although the second article does make such a mention, it was

authored in response to the Tobinick Appellants’ filing of their lawsuit, criticizes

the lawsuit as an attempt to suppress Dr. Novella’s critiques, and mentions Dr.

Novella’s medical practice only to provide context regarding the lawsuit. In

addition, Dr. Novella clarifies in his second article that he primarily treats

headaches, thereby distancing the types of medical services he provides from the

services marketed by Dr. Tobinick, who does not claim to treat headaches.

      Second, the articles do not discuss any products for sale by Dr. Novella, and,

as discussed, only briefly mention his practice for context. The articles’ sole

reference to a product is found in their discussion of Dr. Tobinick’s medical

treatments. But, these references to Dr. Tobinick’s medical treatments are, by

themselves, insufficient to subject Dr. Novella’s otherwise protected speech to

Lanham Act liability. See Va. State Bd. of Pharmacy v. Va. Citizens Consumer

Council, Inc., 425 U.S. 748, 761–62 (1976) (explaining that speech that includes

content on commercial topics is not automatically commercial speech). In Gordon

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& Breach Sci. Publishers S.A., the district court explained that “a restaurant or

movie review or a . . . product report” on its own is not commercial speech under

the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a), but can be transformed into commercial

speech when, for instance, a restaurant “posts the . . . review in its window.” 859
F. Supp. at 1544. Dr. Novella’s discussion of Dr. Tobinick’s use of etanercept,

which resembles a medical peer review of a treatment’s viability, therefore, does

not render the articles commercial speech.

       Third, the Tobinick Appellants have not demonstrated economic motivation

sufficient to transform Dr. Novella’s speech into commercial speech. As a

preliminary matter, there is no factual dispute as to where the articles were

displayed online, how the websites were set up, and whether the websites

generated revenue through advertisements and membership subscriptions. The

Tobinick Appellants describe a complex “funneling” scheme to generate profit for

Dr. Novella, in which the Tobinick Appellants claim that the two articles are

connected to other websites through hyperlinks in a way that readers are directed to

websites that generate revenue for Dr. Novella, such as through advertising or

membership subscriptions.13 This funneling theory, which attempts to connect the

13
  The Tobinick Appellants argue that the court should consider the “full context” of the
“interrelated websites, promotion and links that funnel money directly to [Dr.] Novella.” But,
much of the “full context” the Tobinick Appellants implore us to now consider are merely the
websites and factual allegations that the Tobinick Appellants sought to add to their complaint by
moving for leave to amend. Because we determined above that the district court did not abuse its
                                                                                   (continued . . . )
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articles to revenue sources, relies on such a level of attenuation that it fails to

demonstrate economic motivation in the commercial speech context.

       The Tobinick Appellants’ reliance on World Wrestling Federation

Entertainment, Inc. v. Bozell is misplaced. 142 F. Supp. 2d 514, 525 (S.D.N.Y.

2001). There, a wrestling organization sued a council comprising concerned

parents who had initiated a public attack campaign about the risk to children of

portraying violence in wrestling television programs. Id. at 521. The district court

denied a motion to dismiss the complaint and held that the allegations were

sufficient to demonstrate that the council engaged in commercial speech because it

featured the attacks “prominently in a fundraising video,” in “fundraising letters,”

and in order “to raise the profile of [the council].” Id. at 525, 526. Unlike the

speech in Bozell, Dr. Novella’s articles are neither featured prominently in

fundraising efforts14 (or other similar solicitations for money), nor have the

Tobinick Appellants shown that these articles are the central content driving

advertising or membership-based revenue.

discretion in denying leave to amend, we limit our review, as we must, to the allegations
included in the operative amended complaint.
14
  To the extent that the Tobinick Appellants argue that SGU’s legal defense webpage sought
donations, as discussed, the allegations regarding that webpage are not under review as they were
not made in the operative amended complaint.

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       To be sure, neither the placement of the articles next to revenue-generating

advertising nor the ability of a reader to pay for a website subscription would be

sufficient in this case to show a liability-causing economic motivation for Dr.

Novella’s informative articles. Both advertising and subscriptions are typical

features of newspapers, whether online or in-print. But, the Supreme Court has

explained that “[i]f a newspaper’s profit motive were determinative, all aspects of

its operations—from the selection of news stories to the choice of editorial

position—would be subject to regulation if it could be established that they were

conducted with a view toward increased sales. Such a basis for regulation clearly

would be incompatible with the First Amendment.” Pittsburgh Press, 413 U.S. at

385.

       Furthermore, as our sister circuits have recognized, magazines and

newspapers often have commercial purposes, but those purposes do not convert the

individual articles within these editorial sources into commercial speech subject to

Lanham Act liability. See Farah v. Esquire Magazine, 736 F.3d 528, 541 (D.C.

Cir. 2013) (holding that a satirical article about a book in a magazine’s online blog

was not commercial speech subject to Lanham Act liability even though “writers

write and publishers publish . . . for commercial purposes”); Hoffman v. Capital

Cities/ABC, Inc., 255 F.3d 1180, 1186 (9th Cir. 2001) (“A printed article meant to

draw attention to the for-profit magazine in which it appears, however, does not

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fall outside of the protection of the First Amendment because it may help to sell

copies.”). We agree. Even if Dr. Novella receives some profit for his quasi-

journalistic endeavors as a scientific skeptic, the articles themselves, which never

propose a commercial transaction, are not commercial speech simply because

extraneous advertisements and links for memberships may generate revenue. See

Va. State Bd. of Pharmacy, 425 U.S. at 761 (“Speech . . . is protected . . . even

though it may involve a solicitation to purchase or otherwise pay or contribute

money.”); see also Burstyn v. Wilson, 343 U.S. 495, 501 (1952) (“That books,

newspapers, and magazines are published and sold for profit does not prevent them

from being a form of expression whose liberty is safeguarded by the First

Amendment.”). Thus, because the articles are not commercial speech, they cannot

be subject to Lanham Act liability as commercial advertising or promotion.

Accordingly, we need not reach the other elements of a prima facie Lanham Act

false advertising action.

                                  CONCLUSION

      For all of the reasons stated above, the judgment of the district court is

      AFFIRMED.

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