Court Opinion

ID: 2728032
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-08 21:27:57.268158+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:39:42.371387
License: Public Domain

Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D), this
 Memorandum Decision shall not be                            FILED
 regarded as precedent or cited before any                 Feb 11 2013, 8:28 am
 court except for the purpose of establishing
 the defense of res judicata, collateral                          CLERK
 estoppel, or the law of the case.                              of the supreme court,
                                                                court of appeals and
                                                                       tax court

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                          ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:

JULIE A. CAMDEN                                   THOMAS A. PASTORE
COREY R. MERIDEW                                  Thomas Pastore, P.C.
AARON M. COOK                                     Indianapolis, Indiana
Camden & Meridew, P.C.
Indianapolis, Indiana

                               IN THE
                     COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

AT&T,                                             )
                                                  )
        Appellant-Plaintiff,                      )
                                                  )
               vs.                                )    No. 79A02-1207-PL-552
                                                  )
ATLAS EXCAVATING, INC.,                           )
                                                  )
        Appellee-Defendant.                       )
                                                  )

                     APPEAL FROM THE TIPPECANOE SUPERIOR COURT
                           The Honorable Randy J. Williams, Judge
                               Cause No. 79D01-0907-PL-57

                                       February 11, 2013

                 MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

VAIDIK, Judge
                                     Case Summary

       AT&T appeals the trial court’s denial of its motion for summary judgment. It

contends that the trial court erred in holding that Atlas Excavating, Inc. (“Atlas”) did not

violate the Damages to Underground Facilities Act in damaging AT&T’s underground

cable, and the proper negligence standard to use in analyzing the claim is negligence per

se. Finding that the appropriate standard is negligence per se and that the trial court did

err in denying AT&T’s motion for summary judgment, we reverse and remand with

instructions.

                             Facts and Procedural History

       In August 2008, Atlas was performing an excavation project in the area of 1521

West Defenbaugh Street in Kokomo.          It contacted the Indiana Underground Utility

Locate Service Association which conducted a survey in the area, revealing that several

utilities were buried in the path of Atlas’s construction. On September 8, 2008, Atlas

discovered AT&T’s underground cables. Atlas hand-excavated the area and uncovered

the underground cables. The cable remained intact, but it had two pieces of wood taped

to it with duct tape. As part of its excavation method, Atlas inserted a trench box into the

area of excavation underneath the cable and suspended the cable over the trench box to

provide support to and protect the cable during the project. The cables hung freely over

the four-foot-wide trench box, and the two pieces of wood duct-taped to the cable were

suspended over the middle of the trench box without any extra support for the extra

weight. Appellant’s App. p. 22.

                                             2
       Atlas continued its work within the trench, but approximately one hour after the

trench box was installed, the cable separated, causing damage. According to Atlas, the

cable separated purely from its own weight and not from any contact from Atlas. Atlas

contacted AT&T, and its personnel arrived to repair the cable.

       AT&T filed suit against Atlas, claiming violations of the Damages to

Underground Facilities Act (“DUFA”). AT&T filed a motion for summary judgment,

and the trial court held a hearing on the motion. AT&T’s motion was denied without

explanation. Id. at 5. The matter proceeded to a bench trial, and the trial court entered

judgment in favor of Atlas without entering any specific findings or conclusions.

       AT&T now appeals the trial court’s denial of its motion for summary judgment

made before trial.

                                Discussion and Decision

       AT&T makes two arguments on appeal, which we restate as: (1) whether the

correct negligence standard to apply in cases involving a violation of DUFA is

negligence per se and (2) whether the trial court erred in denying its motion for summary

judgment.

                                I. Negligence Standard

       AT&T contends that the correct negligence standard to apply in cases involving a

violation of DUFA is negligence per se. We agree.

       “[A]n unexcused or unjustified violation of a duty dictated by a statute is

negligence per se.” Lindsey v. DeGroot, 898 N.E.2d 1251, 1260 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009).

                                            3
The statute involved in this case is DUFA, and it articulates a specific duty. Indiana

Code section 8-1-26-20(a) provides in relevant part:

          a person responsible for an excavation or demolition operation under
          section 14 of this chapter shall do all of the following:
             (1) Plan the excavation or demolition to avoid damage to or
             minimize interference with underground facilities in and near the
             construction area.
             (2) Maintain a clearance between an underground facility, as marked
             by the operator, and the cutting edge or point of mechanized
             equipment . . . .
             (3) Notify the association if:
                    (A) there is evidence of an unmarked pipeline facility in the
                    area of excavation or demolition; or
                    (B) the markings indicating the location of an underground
                    facility have become illegible.

With specific duties clearly dictated by DUFA, we hold that the correct negligence

standard to apply in cases involving a violation of DUFA is negligence per se.

                          II. Motion for Summary Judgment

       AT&T also contends that the trial court erred by denying its motion for summary

judgment. We agree.

       When reviewing the entry or denial of summary judgment, our standard of review

is the same as that of the trial court: summary judgment is appropriate only where there is

no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a

matter of law. Ind. Trial Rule 56(C); Dreaded, Inc. v. St. Paul Guardian Ins. Co., 904
N.E.2d 1267, 1269 (Ind. 2009). All facts established by the designated evidence, and all

reasonable inferences from them, are to be construed in favor of the nonmoving party.

Naugle v. Beech Grove City Sch., 864 N.E.2d 1058, 1062 (Ind. 2007).

       In applying the negligence per se standard,

                                            4
        negligence per se does not mean that there is liability per se. The violation
        of statutory duty is not actionable negligence unless it is also the proximate
        cause of the injury . . . . In order to find that an injury was the proximate
        result of a statutory violation, the injury must have been a foreseeable
        consequence of the violation and would not have occurred if the
        requirements of the statute had been observed.

Lindsey, 898 N.E.2d at 1260. Therefore, AT&T must have been a foreseeable plaintiff

and Atlas’s violation of DUFA must have been the cause of the damages in order for

Atlas to be liable.

        We find that AT&T is a foreseeable plaintiff in this case. DUFA, by its very

name, is a statute that applies to underground facilities. “Facility” is defined under the

statute as “a line or system used for producing, storing, conveying, transmitting, or

distributing communication, information, electricity, gas . . . .” Ind. Code § 8-1-26-7.

“Operator” is defined under the statute as “a person who owns or operates an

underground facility other than an underground facility that: (1) is located on real

property that the person owns or occupies; and (2) the person operates for the person’s

benefit.” Ind. Code § 8-1-26-10. AT&T falls squarely under these statutory definitions

as the operator of an underground facility based on its cable lines that were in the area of

Atlas’s excavation project. AT&T is therefore a foreseeable plaintiff under DUFA in this

case.

        We also find that Atlas violated DUFA and that violation led to the cable damage.

Atlas employees removed the soil that provided its structural and lateral support from

under and around the cable. AT&T’s cables were then deliberately suspended over the

trench box, allowing them to hang freely and consequently without support. Appellant’s

App. p. 51. Atlas employees were aware of the piece of wood taped to the wire that hung
                                              5
over the trench box, but there is no evidence of any precautionary measures that were

taken to support the extra weight. Id. at 22, 30 (“the reason it came undone was because

there was a large piece of wood (board) taped to the repair sleeve making it even heavier,

thus pulling the wires out of the repair.”). This lack of support was what caused the cable

to separate. Id. at 30 (“a previously spliced line from one of the unmarked lines came

undone over [Atlas’s trench] box . . . .”).

       We therefore find that there is no genuine issue of material fact that Atlas was

negligent per se under DUFA for the damage caused to AT&T’s cable. It was error for

the trial court to deny AT&T’s motion for summary judgment, so we reverse. We

remand the matter to the trial court with instructions for the trial court to vacate its

judgment in favor of Atlas from the bench trial, enter summary judgment in favor of

AT&T, and conduct proceedings to determine damages. Such amount shall include

damages, costs, and attorney’s fees, as allowed under Indiana Code section 8-1-26-22.

This amount may also include appropriate appellate attorney’s fees, as a “statute that

provides for the recovery of ‘reasonable attorney’s fees’ include[s] appellate attorney fees

. . . .” St. Vincent Hosp. Care Ctr., Inc. v. Steele, 766 N.E.2d 699, 706 (Ind. 2002).

       Reversed and remanded with instructions.

BAILEY, J., concurs.

BROWN., J., dissents with separate opinion.

                                              6
                               IN THE
                     COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

AT&T,                                            )
                                                 )
        Appellant-Plaintiff,                     )
                                                 )
               vs.                               )    No. 79A02-1207-PL-552
                                                 )
ATLAS EXCAVATING, INC.,                          )
                                                 )
        Appellee-Defendant.                      )

BROWN, Judge, dissenting

        I respectfully dissent from the majority’s conclusion that the trial court erred in

denying AT&T’s motion for summary judgment.

        Initially, the majority opinion does not cite to authority in support of the

conclusion that a violation of subsection (a) of Ind. Code § 8-1-26-20, alone, would

constitute negligence per se. More importantly, the designated evidence included in the

record reveals that there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Atlas violated

subsection (a) of Ind. Code § 8-1-26-20. Ind. Code § 8-1-26-20, part of the Damage to

Underground Facilities Act (“DUFA”), provides in its entirety:

        (a)    In addition to the notice required in section 16 of this chapter, a
               person responsible for an excavation or demolition operation under
               section 14 of this chapter shall do all of the following:

                                             7
             (1)    Plan the excavation or demolition to avoid damage to
                    or minimize interference with underground facilities in
                    and near the construction area.

             (2)    Maintain a clearance between an underground facility,
                    as marked by the operator, and the cutting edge or
                    point of mechanized equipment. The clearance must
                    be not less than two (2) feet on either side of the outer
                    limits of the physical plant. However, if the clearance
                    is less than two (2) feet, exposure of the underground
                    facility may be accomplished only by the use of hand
                    excavation, air cutting, or vacuum excavation.

             (3)    Notify the association if:

                    (A)    there is evidence of an unmarked
                           pipeline facility in the area of the
                           excavation or demolition; or

                    (B)    the markings indicating the location of
                           an underground facility have become
                           illegible.

      (b)    A person who:

             (1)    violates subsection (a); and

             (2)    causes damage to a pipeline facility in the area of the
                    excavation or demolition;

             may be subject to a civil penalty in an amount recommended by the
             advisory committee and approved by the commission, not to exceed
             ten thousand dollars ($10,000).

(Emphases added).

      When interpreting a statute, we independently review a statute’s meaning and

apply it to the facts of the case under review. Gargano v. Lee Alan Bryant Health Care

Facilities, Inc., 970 N.E.2d 696, 702 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (citing Cook v. Atlanta, Ind.

Town Council, 956 N.E.2d 1176, 1178 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (citing Bolin v. Wingert, 764

                                            8
N.E.2d 201, 204 (Ind. 2002)), reh’g denied), reh’g denied. The first step in interpreting

any Indiana statute is to determine whether the legislature has spoken clearly and

unambiguously on the point in question. Id. If a statute is unambiguous, we must give

the statute its clear and plain meaning.      Id.   A statute is unambiguous if it is not

susceptible to more than one interpretation. Id. However, if a statute is susceptible to

multiple interpretations, we must try to ascertain the legislature’s intent and interpret the

statute so as to effectuate that intent. Id. We presume the legislature intended logical

application of the language used in the statute, so as to avoid unjust or absurd results. Id.

In addition, we will avoid an interpretation that renders any part of the statute

meaningless or superfluous. Id.

       A strict reading of Ind. Code § 8-1-26-20(a)(1) provides that a person shall “[P]lan

the excavation . . . to avoid damage to or minimize interference with underground

facilities.” (Emphases added). The majority does not address or give effect to either of

the above italicized portions of the statutory provision. The majority’s holding suggests

that a party is negligent per se as soon as any damage occurs whether or not a plan was

established to avoid the damage or minimize interference with the underground facilities.

       The plain language of the statute suggests that it is possible for a person subject to

the statute to “plan” the excavation in a manner to avoid damage to or minimize

interference with underground facilities, thereby complying with subsection (a), even

where damage may subsequently occur. This interpretation is supported by subsection

(b) of the statute, which provides that a penalty may be imposed only if there is a

violation of subsection (a) and there is damage. Although subsection (b) relates to the

                                             9
civil penalty, the language of that subsection suggests that it was the intent of the

legislature that a violation of subsection (a) is not deemed to have occurred simply

because damage has occurred.

       The designated evidence includes the affidavit of Bradley Whittaker, who had

worked for over ten years as foreman and supervisor on utility installation projects and

was working with Atlas on the project on September 8, 2008. In his affidavit, Whittaker

states that Atlas hand excavated the area where the underground utilities were located and

uncovered, without damaging, the AT&T telephone cable. He further states that “at the

point where it was uncovered, about 2 to 3 feet of the cable had two pieces of wood

attached to it by wrapping the cable and wood with duct tape,” that “[t]o comply with our

safety responsibilities, Atlas was able to slide a trench box under the cable and allowed

the cable to bridge across the trench box so that Atlas personnel could enter the trench

and perform the sewer installation work,” and that “[t]he wood/duct tape apparatus was

located approximately mid way across the trench box.” Appellant’s Appendix at 51. He

also states that he had never worked as an underground telephone cable installer and had

no knowledge of how such cables are installed or spliced together. Whittaker’s affidavit

then states:

              At no time during this work did Atlas’ work ever touch or hit the
       telephone cable that was hanging across the trench box. Nonetheless, after
       about one hour while the cable was suspended across the trench box, the
       cable itself separated at the point where the wood/duct tape apparatus was
       attached to the cable revealing that the apparatus was likely a device
       intended to protect or give strength to a splice that had previously been
       placed on the cable. Prior to that time, I was not aware the duct tape/wood
       apparatus was any kind of protection for the cable or that the cable had
       been spliced.

                                           10
Id.

       The designated evidence shows that this is not a case where Atlas failed to make

any attempts to avoid damage to or to minimize interference with AT&T’s cables. The

question is whether the steps taken by Atlas constituted a “[p]lan” to “avoid damage to”

or “minimize interference” with AT&T’s facilities as contemplated by subsection (a)(1)

of Ind. Code § 8-1-26-20, which is a factual determination. The statute is clear, in my

view, that the fact that damage occurs to underground facilities alone does not mean that

a violation of subsection (a) has occurred. The trier of fact must determine whether Atlas

took steps which would satisfy the requirements of DUFA and Ind. Code § 8-1-26-20(a).

This court cannot say as a matter of law based upon the designated evidence that Atlas

failed to take the steps necessary to satisfy those requirements. At a minimum, the

designated evidence demonstrates that there exists a genuine issue of material fact as to

whether Atlas violated the statute.

       For the foregoing reasons, based upon Ind. Code § 8-1-26-20 and the designated

evidence, I would affirm the trial court’s order denying AT&T’s motion for summary

judgment.

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