Court Opinion

ID: 4961318
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-24 15:05:46.516559+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:15:50.256235
License: Public Domain

OPINION BY
Senior Judge JIULIANTE.
Morgan Keppley appeals from the March 25, 2004 order of the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County (trial court) that denied her motion for class certification.1 In a civil action filed October 15, 2001, Keppley seeks damages against the School District of Twin Valley (School District); George Krapf, Jr. and Sons, Inc. (Krapf); Eshelman Transportation, Inc. (Eshelman); members of the Twin Valley School Board (School Board)2 and Jeffrey Ploppert, District Operations Director for the School District (collectively, Defendants) for violations of the Pennsylvania Wire Tapping and Electronic Surveillance Act (Act),3 Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, 18 U.S.C. § 2511 (Title III),4 and 42 U.S.C. *1169§ 1983. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
Keppley alleged in her complaint that she was a student at Twin Valley High School for the years 1996-2000. During that time, the School District had contracts with Krapf and Eshelman for the transportation of students to and from school by way of buses. At some point in time, the School District approved the installation of two “bus cam” electronic surveillance systems on the school buses that transported students within the district. By October 2001, each bus was equipped with a bus cam cover, which had a red light that was illuminated when the bus engine was started regardless of whether a bus cam was actually installed on the bus; the bus cams were rotated among the fleet of buses. The bus cams had a one-way mirror that enabled the cam to visually record activity on the buses.
Additionally, Keppley alleged that in March of 1996, the School District purchased 'two electronic surveillance devices which fit into the bus cam covers, namely, a Sony 8 mm CCD-TR 28 and a Nikon Action 8 VN-200. These devices were able to acquire the contents of conversations, aural transfers and oral communications and then record them. The School District did not notify the students that their activity and/or oral conversations were capable of being recorded nor did they obtain a court order to record student conversations.
Keppley alleged that the School District disclosed the contents of the visual and audio tapes in disregard of the students’ right to privacy and used them in disciplinary proceedings. . Keppley alleged that the School District attempted to use the contents of an intercepted conversation between her and another student for disciplinary purposes,5 that she had a reasonable expectation in the privacy of that communication, and that she had a reasonable expectation that her conversations would not be intercepted by Defendants.
Keppley’s complaint set forth 30 causes of action, summarized as follows: Counts I through XIX alleged that Defendants violated the Act; Counts XX through XXI alleged that the School District violated Title III; Counts XXII through XXIV alleged that Krapf and Eshelman were negligent in the supervision of their employees and of the instrumentalities under their control; Count XXV alleged that all Defendants engaged in a civil conspiracy in violation of the Act and Title III; Count XXVI alleged that Defendants violated Keppley’s civil rights in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983; Counts XXVII through XXIX alleged that Defendants invaded Keppley’s right to privacy; and finally, Count XXX alleged a class action in favor of similarly-situated students.
*1170In Count XXX, Keppley alleged that (1) she was bringing the lawsuit on behalf of all similarly-situated persons who were passengers on the school buses owned or controlled by Defendants while the buses were equipped with electronic surveillance devices; (2) there were in excess of 100 potential plaintiffs who were subjected to Defendants’ unlawful conduct; (3) the school buses were used to transport students and non-students to and from events which may or may not have been related to school activities; (4) the electronic surveillance equipment may have been used to unlawfully audiotape both students and non-students that were transported on the buses; (5) Keppley was authorized to bring the action on behalf of herself and all others similarly situated since joinder of all potential plaintiffs was impracticable; (6) there were common questions of law and fact to the class; (7) Keppley’s claims and defenses are typical of the class inasmuch as her injuries arose from the same course of conduct and were premised on the same legal theories as those of other potential class members; (8) Keppley could fairly and adequately represent the proposed class; . and (9) a class action would be a fair and efficient method of adjudicating the matters at issue.
After the filing of various pleadings and motions, Keppley filed a motion for class certification in which she defined the class to include
[a]ll persons who rode in Twin Valley school [buses] between on or about March 6, 1996, and August 16, 2001, which contained the Bus Cam electronic surveillance system.
(R.R. 188a) Her proposed class would include up to 1800 individuals.
The trial court held hearings on Keppley’s motion for class certification on August 26 and December 29, 2003. By order dated March 25, 2004, the trial court denied Keppley’s motion. This appeal followed.6
Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure 1701-17Í6 govern class action lawsuits. Rule 1702, Pa. R.C.P. No. 1702, sets forth the prerequisites to a class action:
One or ,more members of a class may sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf of all members in a class action only if
(1) the class is so numerous that join-der of all members is impracticable;
(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class;
(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class;
(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately assert and protect the interests of the class under the criteria set forth in Rule 1709 [pertaining to criteria for certification; determination of fair and adequate representation]; and
(5) a class action provides a fair and efficient method for adjudication of the controversy under the criteria set forth in Rule 1708 [pertaining to criteria for certification; determination of class action as fair and efficient method of adjudication],
In determining whether the above criteria have been satisfied, trial courts are vested with broad discretion in making such determinations. Baldassari v. Suburban Cable TV Co., Inc., 808 A.2d 184 (Pa.Super.2002), appeal denied, 573 Pa. 694, 825 A.2d 1259 (2003). The burden *1171of proof lies with the proponent, but the proponent must only present sufficient evidence to make out a prima facie case “from which the court can conclude that the five class certification requirements are met.” Id. at 189 (quoting Janicik v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 305 Pa.Super. 120, 451 A.2d 451, 455 (1982)).
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure likewise require that the class be numerous, that there be common questions of fact or law, that the claims or defense of the representative party are typical of the claims of the class, and that the representative party will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class. Fed. R.Civ.P. 23(a). A prerequisite to a Rule 23 action is the actual existence of a class, which must be sufficiently identifiable without being overly broad. Reilly v. Gould, Inc., 965 F.Supp. 588 (M.D.Pa.1997).

Numerosity

“A class is sufficiently numerous when ‘the number of potential plaintiffs would pose a grave imposition on the resources of the court and an unnecessary drain on the energies and resources of the litigants should plaintiffs sue individually.’ ” Baldassari 808 A.2d at 190 (quoting Temple Univ. of the Commonwealth Sys. of Higher Educ. v. Dep’t of Pub. Welfare, 30 Pa.Cmwlth. 595, 374 A.2d 991, 996 (1977)). The proponent must not plead or prove the actual number of class members, so long as she is able to define the class with some precision and provide the court with sufficient indicia that more members exists than it would be practicable to join. Id.
The trial court concluded that under the Act, in order for a conversation to constitute an “oral communication,”7 the speaker must have a specific expectation that the contents of the discussion would not be intercepted and that the expectation was justifiable under circumstances. Keppley, however, did not identify one person, including herself, who had her oral communications intercepted as that term is defined by the Act and Title III. (Conclusion of Law (C.L.) 14; R.R. 362a)8 The court further noted that the proper class was not all students who ever rode a school bus with a bus cam on board, for that was legally insufficient and overly broad. Rather, the class could only contain those persons whose “oral communications” were electronically recorded. Given this, the trial court concluded that Keppley did not meet the numerosity requirement.
Keppley asserts that the trial court erred in determining that she failed to satisfy the numerosity requirement on the basis that she cannot prove that she or any other potential class member’s oral communications were intercepted. We agree with Keppley that the Act does not require actual interception. In Agnew v. Dupler, 553 Pa. 33, 717 A.2d 519 (1998), the Supreme Court stated that in order to establish a prima facie case under the Act for interception of an oral communication, the claimant must show that: (1) he engaged in a communication; (2) he possessed an expectation that the communication would *1172not be intercepted; (3) his expectation was justifiable under the circumstances; and (4) the defendant attempted to or successfully intercepted the communication, or encouraged another to do so.
Attempted interception, however, is insufficient to establish liability under the Act. The class member must also have exhibited an objectively reasonable expectation of privacy under the circumstances. In Agnew, the Supreme Court stated that the proper inquires in determining what constitutes an “oral communication” under the Act include whether the speaker has a specific expectation that the contents of the discussion would not be intercepted and whether that expectation was reasonable under the existing circumstances. In reviewing whether the expectation was reasonable under the circumstances, it is necessary to examine the expectation according to the principles surrounding the right to privacy, “for one cannot have an expectation of non-interception absent a finding of a reasonable expectation of privacy.” Id. at 40, 717 A.2d at 523. Thus, the trial court would be required to examine whether the person exhibited an expectation of privacy and whether that expectation is one that society is prepared to recognize. Id.
As Agnew illustrates, there is a need for additional inquiry in deciding whether a person would be a member of the prospective class. The trial court would be required to analyze the circumstances surrounding each prospective class member’s presence on the bus to determine if he or she had an objectively reasonable expectation of privacy. Only then could the trial court determine whether the proposed member had a reasonable expectation of privacy. Consequently, the efficiency expected in a class action is thwarted by the need for individualized fact finding for each prospective class member. See generally Sanneman v. Chrysler Corp., 191 F.R.D. 441 (E.D.Pa.2000) (determining a membership in the class would essentially require a mini-hearing on the merits of each class member’s case, which in itself renders a class action inappropriate for addressing the claims at issue).
In case sub judice, Keppley failed to sufficiently define the class absent individualized fact-finding with regard to her Title III action and civil rights claims. In determining whether an individual has a justifiable expectation of privacy, aside from commonalities such as the size of the buses and the bus cams’ ranges of reception, the trial court would need to consider the location of each particular student on the bus in relation to the audio equipment and whether each student exhibited an expectation of privacy and whether that expectation was reasonable. These factors would be different for each prospective member. For instance, students yelling on the bus would have a different expectation of privacy as opposed to those students whispering to one another and those conversing in normal voice tones. Likewise, students who sat in the middle or rear of the bus would have a different expectation of privacy than those who sat in the front or by the bus driver. Given that Keppley has tentatively identified 1800 members of her proposed class, the number of individual inquiries needed to make such determinations is inapposite to the expected efficiencies of a class action. Thus, Keppley has failed to define her class with sufficient precision for purposes of a class action under Title III and 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
Keppley’s claims under the Act, however, do satisfy the numerosity requirement of Pa. R.C.P. No. 1702(1). In Baldassari, which suggests a less stringent interpretation of the numerosity requirement under Pa. R.C.P. 1702 than its *1173federal counterpart, the Superior Court rejected the claim that the proposed class of 60,000 cable subscribers was overly broad because the complainant was unable to identify the total number of individuals who were affected by the cable company’s schedule of late fees. In that case, the cable company argued that it would be necessary to delve into the individual circumstances surrounding each customer’s payment history.
The Court rejected the argument in part by noting that proof of the payment of late fees was an administrative problem that did not defeat the numerosity requirement. Although the evidence may have been difficult to obtain, the cable company retained numerous boxes of subscribers who paid late fees during the proposed class period.
In the present matter, the School District provided an exhibit identifying to a certain extent when each bus was equipped with the bus cam surveillance system. From that exhibit, the School District may be able to discern which buses were equipped in each year and the students who rode the equipped buses during the proposed class period. As in Bal-dassari, the task of determining which students rode buses equipped with bus cam surveillance systems, while tedious and inconvenient, does not defeat the numerosity requirement but more appropriately addresses future management of the class.

Commonality

For class certification, Keppley must show her claim presents “questions of law or fact common to the class.” Pa. R.C.P. No. 1702(2); Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a)(2). “The common question of fact means precisely that the facts must be substantially the same so that proof as to one claimant would be proof as to all.” Baldassari, 808 A.2d at 191 (quoting Allegheny County Housing Auth. v. Berry, 338 Pa.Super. 338, 487 A.2d 995, 997 (1985)). “While the existence of individual questions essential to a class member’s recovery is not necessarily fatal to the class, there must be a predominance of common issues shared by all class members which can be justly resolved in a single proceeding.” Id. at 191 (quoting Weismer by Weismer v. Beech-Nut Nutrition Corp., 419 Pa.Super. 403, 615 A.2d 428, 431 (1992))(emphasis added).
In this case, the trial court determined that there are no common questions of fact that are common to all potential claimants regardless of the size of the class. While we agree with Keppley that there are some common questions regarding the School District’s action of purchasing and installing the bus cam surveillance systems,9 there is a lack of predominance of common questions of fact allowing the proof as to one to be proof as. to all. For each potential class member, a determination would need to be made as to the following, inter alia:
• whether the proposed member was assigned to a bus that had the bus cam system installed. This determination would need to be made for each year of the class period inasmuch as not all buses were equipped with the bus cam systems until 200110 and because the School District only had two cameras capable of audiotaping. Thus, al*1174though all buses eventually had the bus cam covers installed, only two cameras could be used at any one time.
• whether the proposed member actually rode the school bus on a day when a camera was installed in the bus cam covers. Students often have other methods of transportation to school, including riding with friends, driving, or walking. In fact, Keppley testified that she drove to school during the 1999-2000 school year. At some point, she left school and obtained her GED in 2001.
• where the proposed member typically sat on the bus. Proposed members who sat near the middle or back of the bus may have had a different expectation of privacy than those who sat near the front of the bus or near the bus driver. Moreover, given the proposed member’s location on the bus, Keppley would need to establish that the bus cam audio capabilities were sufficient to attempt to or actually intercept the member’s conversation.
• whether the proposed member engaged in conversation on the bus on a day on which the bus cam surveillance equipment was installed on the bus;
• whether the proposed member engaged in oral conversation with an expectation of privacy;
• whether the proposed member’s expectation of privacy was reasonable. In order to determine this, the proposed member would need to testify as to people seated near them at the time of the conversation, their tone of voice, the loudness of their voice, and the presence or absence of noise made by others, the bus, radios/walkmans, etc.
• whether the proposed member was aware of the bus cams audiotaping capabilities and whether he/she was unaware that audiotaping occurred on a particular day.
Thus, insofar as each proposed class member would be required to testify regarding his/her individual circumstances on any given day, we cannot conclude that the trial court erred in determining that Keppley failed to prove commonality under either Pa. R.C.P. No. 1702(2) or Fed. R.Civ.P. 23(a)(2).

Typicality

For class certification, Keppley must establish that her claims are typical of the proposed class. Pa. R.C.P. No. 1702(3); Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a)(3). This requires Keppley to show that her overall position on the common issues is sufficiently aligned with that of the absent class members to ensure that her pursuit of her interests will advance those of the proposed class. Baldassari; Janicik. “Typicality entails an inquiry into whether the named [plaintiffs] individual circumstances are markedly different or the legal theory upon which the claims are based differs from that upon which the claims of other class members will be based.” Buynak v. Dep’t of Transp., 833 A.2d 1159 (Pa.Cmwlth.2003), appeal denied, — Pa. -, 859 A.2d 769 (2004).
The typicality requirement may be met despite the existence of factual distinctions between the claims of the named plaintiff and the claims of the proposed class. Reilly, 965 F.Supp. 588. The court’s inquiry must involve whether “the named plaintiffs individual circumstances are markedly different or the legal theory upon which the claims are based differs from that upon which the claims of the other class members will perforce be based.” Id. at 598 (quoting Hassine v. Jeffes, 846 F.2d 169, 177 (3rd Cir.1988)).
*1175The trial court concluded that Keppley’s proposed class representative position was weak because she did not show that her private conversations were actually recorded. The trial court further found that since typicality is closely akin to the commonality requirement, see Cook v. Highland Water and Sewer Auth., 108 Pa. Cmwlth. 222, 530 A.2d 499 (1987), it logically followed that the typicality requirement was likewise not met.
Keppley’s claims, however, are typical of the proposed class because her claims focus on the common allegation that Defendants illegally intercepted or attempted to intercept oral communications in violation of the Act and Title III. Any factual differences between Keppley’s claims and the claims of the class arise from one singular course of conduct by Defendants, i e., audiotaping oral communications on school buses without the knowledge and/or consent of the students. In addition, Keppley does share some factual elements with members of the proposed class, since the alleged violations of the Act, Title III and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 all took place on school buses using the same exact method.
Therefore, we conclude that the trial court erred in determining that Keppley did not meet the typicality requirement under Pa. R.C.P. No. 1702(3) and Fed. R.Civ.P. 23(a)(3).

Adequate and Fair Representation

The fourth prerequisite to class certification is that the plaintiff will “fairly and adequately assert and protect the interests of the class under the criteria set forth in [Pa. R.C.P. No. 1709].” Pa. R.C.P. No. 1702(4). Civil Rule 1709 requires the court to consider (1) whether the attorney for the representative party will adequately represent the interests of the entire class, (2) whether the representative party has a conflict of interest in the maintenance of the class action, and (3) whether the representative party has or can acquire adequate financial resources to assure that the interests of the class will not be harmed. Pa. R.C.P. No. 1709.
With regard to Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a)(4), the federal courts have stated that the relevant inquiry is whether plaintiff “has the ability and incentive to represent the claims of the class vigorously, that he or she has obtained adequate counsel, and that there is no conflict between the individual’s claims and those asserted on behalf of the class.” Hassine, 846 F.2d at 179.
In its determination, the trial court cited to that portion of Keppley’s testimony wherein she displayed a lack of concern for the proceedings. During the August 26, 2003 certification hearing, Keppley complained that she was missing work, had not eaten and was tired. She faded to appear for the second certification hearing held December 29, 2003. The trial court thus concluded that she lacked the ability to fairly and adequately represent the class.
Even though not considered by the trial court in its determination, we further note that Keppley testified that although she has had some contact with other proposed class members, she “usually [doesn’t] really want to talk about it” and that talking about the lawsuit “sort of gets on [her] nerves.” R.R. 395a. Moreover, Keppley testified that she works two jobs, part-time at Dairy Queen as a cake decorator and full-time as a photographer. From her jobs, she earns approximately $450 per week. When asked by opposing counsel at the August 23, 2003 certification hearing, Keppley indicated that she had not signed any fee agreement with counsel for financing of the litigation or counsel’s fees or paid any costs to date. R.R. 373a-374a. Given Keppley’s testimony, we cannot con-*1176elude that the trial court abused its discretion in determining that she lacked the incentive to vigorously pursue the class action on behalf of the proposed membership. Moreover, from her testimony, it is clear that she lacks the financial resources to assure that the interests of the class will not be harmed and has no agreements in place to assist her in financing the action.

Fair and Efficient Method for Adjudication

Pa. R.C.P. No. 1702(5) provides that the proposed class action must be a fair and efficient method for adjudicating the controversy. Pursuant to Rule 1708, the following factors are to be considered where monetary recovery alone is sought:
(1) whether common questions of law or fact predominate over any questions affecting only individual members;
(2) the size of the class and the difficulties likely to be encountered in the management of the action as a class action;
(3) whether the prosecution of separate actions by or against individual members of the class would create a risk of
(i) inconsistent and varying adjudications with respect to individual members of the class which would confront the party opposing the class with incompatible standards of conduct;
(ii) adjudications with respect to individual members of the class which would as a practical matter be dispositive of the interests of other members not parties to the adjudications or substantially impair or impede their ability to protect their interests;
(4) the extent and nature of any litigation already commenced by or against members of the class involving any of the same issues;
(5) whether the particular forum is appropriate for the litigation of the claims of the entire class;
(6) whether in view of the complexities of the issues or the expenses of litigation the separate claims of individual class members are insufficient in amount to support separate actions;
(7) whether it is likely that the amount which may be recovered by individual class members will be so small in relation to the expense and effort of administering the action as not to justify a class action.
Pa. R.C.P. No. 1708(a). For the corresponding federal requirements, see Fed. R.Civ.P. 23(b).
Keppley maintains that the trial court erred by not individually reviewing each requirement of Pa. R.C.R. No. 1708 and Federal Rule 23(b). We disagree.
Rule 1702 and Federal Rule 23 are written in the conjunctive, meaning that in order to obtain class action status, all prerequisites must be met. Because Keppley did not meet her burden of proving the prerequisites of Pa. R.C.P. No. 1702, specifically the requirements of commonality and adequate and fair representation, and as well as those of Fed.R.Civ.P. 23, specifically, definiteness, commonality, and adequate and fair representation, the trial court was not required to address the requirements of Rule 1708. See Weismer (where party failed to establish first two requirements of Pa. R.C.P. No. 1702, it was unnecessary for trial court to consider remaining elements of Rule).
Accordingly, based upon the foregoing, we affirm.11

*1177
ORDER

AND NOW, this 25th day of January, 2005, the March 25, 2004 order of the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County is AFFIRMED.

. Although an order denying class certification is no longer appealable as a final order under Pa. R.A.P. 341, the Superior Court determined in DiLucido v. Terminix Int'l, Inc. 450 Pa.Super. 393, 676 A.2d 1237 (1996), that such an order is appealable as a collateral order under Pa. R.A.P. 313.

. The School Board members named as Defendants in this matter are Gary McEwen, Paul Oldham, Daniel Dierksheide, Lisa Gior-dano, John Prinzo, John Manidis, Norman Rhoads, David McElhenny and Anne Tun-bridge.

. 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 5701-5775. Specifically, Section 5703 of the Act, 18 Pa.C.S. § 5703, provides:
Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, a person is guilty of a felony of the third degree if he:
(1) intentionally intercepts, endeavors to intercept, or procures any other person to intercept or endeavor to intercept any wire, electronic or oral communication;
(2) intentionally discloses or endeavors to disclose to any other person the contents of any wire, electronic or oral communication, or evidence derived therefrom, knowing or having reason to know that the information was obtained through the interception of a wire, electronic or oral communication; or
(3) intentionally uses or endeavors to use the contents of any wire, electronic or oral communication, or evidence derived therefrom, knowing or having reason to know, that the information was obtained through the interception of a wire, electronic or oral communication.
Section 5725 of the Act, 18 Pa.C.S. § 5725, authorizes a civil action by any person whose wire, electronic, or oral communication is intercepted, disclosed, or used in violation of the Act. Damages are limited to (1) actual damages, but not less than liquidated damages computed at the rate of $100 a day for each violation, or $1,000, which ever is higher, (2) punitive damages and (3), a reasonable amount of attorney's fees and other costs of litigation reasonably incurred. Id.

.Section 2511 of Title III provides, in relevant part, as follows:
Except as otherwise specifically provided in this chapter any person who—
(a) intentionally intercepts, endeavors to intercept, or procures any other person to intercept or endeavor to intercept, any wire, oral, or electronic communication;
(b) intentionally uses, endeavors to use, or procures any other person to use or endeav- or to use any electronic, mechanical, or other device to intercept any oral communication when—
(i) such device is affixed to, or otherwise transmits a signal through a wire, cable, or other like connection used in wire communication;
(c) intentionally discloses, or endeavors to disclose, to any other person the contents of *1169any wire, oral, or electronic communication, knowing or having reason to know that the information was obtained through the interception of a wire, oral, or electronic communication in violation of this subsection;
(d) intentionally uses, or endeavors to use, the contents of any wire, oral, or electronic communication, knowing or having reason to know that the information was obtained through the interception of a wire, oral, or electronic communication in violation of this subsection.... shall be punished as provided in subsection (4) [relating to fine or imprisonment] or shall be subject to suit as provided in subsection (5) [relating to action by the federal government].

. Keppley, however, was not subject to any disciplinary proceedings based on her conduct and/or conversation occurring on the school bus.

. A trial court's order denying class certification will not be disturbed on appeal unless the court neglected to consider the requirements of the Rules' of Civil Procedure or abused its discretion in applying them. Dilucido.

. The Act defines the term "oral communication” as "[a]ny oral communication uttered by a person possessing an expectation that such communication is not subject to interception under circumstances justifying such expectation. The term does not include any electronic communication.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 5702.

. Keppley's counsel sent out a survey to past students who rode the School District's buses during the relevant time period. From that survey, only four individuals responded that a tape subjected them to any type of school discipline, investigation or sanction. (C.L.10)

. See R.R. 9.94a-998a for Keppley's proposed list of 46 common, questions. Defendants agree in their appellate brief that, at most, 26 common questions of fact exist as to all potential class members.

. In other words, a prospective class member may have been assigned to a bus that had the bus cam system installed for the school year 1996-1997 but assigned to a different bus without the surveillance system for the following school year.

. In her final argument, Keppley maintains that the trial court erred in not analyzing whether class action status should be granted based on her 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims. Al*1177though the trial court did not address the issue, we note that Keppley failed to demonstrate a predominance of common issues relative to the § 1983 claims inasmuch each prospective class member would need to testify regarding their individual situations on the school buses.