Court Opinion

ID: 9958339
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-08 21:16:13.331349+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:18:12.712362
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

 VIEW RIDGE ESTATES
 HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION, a                      DIVISION ONE
 Washington nonprofit corporation,
                                                No. 85897-1-I
                     Appellant,
                                                PUBLISHED OPINION
              v.

 WALTER GUETTER and MARIANN
 GUETTER, a married couple,

                     Respondents,

 RONALD A. HAERTL and LESLIE
 KOLISCH,

                     Intervenors.

      DWYER, J. — This matter involves Walter and Mariann Guetter’s challenge

to View Ridge Estates Homeowners Association’s adoption of a view obstruction

covenant implicating certain trees on the Guetters’ property. Their challenge

relies on our Supreme Court’s decision in Wilkinson v. Chiwawa Cmtys. Ass’n,

180 Wn.2d 241, 327 P.3d 614 (2014), thereby requiring that we determine

whether View Ridge Estates’ governing covenants granted its members the

authority to adopt new covenants or only to change its existing covenants,

whether the view obstruction covenant adopted herein constituted an entirely

new covenant or simply a change to View Ridge Estates’ existing covenants, and

whether View Ridge Estates obtained the requisite support from its members to

adopt such a covenant. Concluding that View Ridge Estates’ governing
No. 85897-1-I/2

covenants authorized its members to change its existing covenants, that the

adopted view obstruction covenant—by increasing certain view obstruction

restrictions already in place—constituted a change to its existing covenants, and

that View Ridge Estates’ members obtained the requisite support of its members

to adopt such a change, we affirm the trial court’s summary judgment orders.1

        The Guetters also appeal from the trial court order granting awards of

attorney fees and costs to the prevailing parties. They assert that the trial court

did not adequately address their objections to the prevailing parties’ requests for

such awards. We agree.

        Therefore, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand the matter to the

trial court for it to readdress its prior award of attorney fees and costs.

                                                I

        In 1982, View Ridge Estates Homeowners Association recorded a

declaration in Clark County announcing certain covenants, conditions, and

restrictions on its land.2 That declaration included the following:

        Amendment. The covenants and restrictions of this Declaration
        shall run with and bind the land . . . . The covenants and
        restrictions of this Declaration may be amended during the first
        twenty (20) year period [from the date this declaration is recorded]
        by an instrument signed by not less than ninety (90) percent of the
        Lot Owners, and thereafter by an instrument signed by not less
        than seventy-five (75) percent of the Lot Owners. Any proposed
        amendment must be consistent with the approved development

        1 As discussed infra we also conclude that the Guetters have waived their right to

challenge whether they are in breach of the adopted covenant herein, and we affirm the trial
court’s order imposing the equitable relief in question stemming from the court’s summary
judgment orders.
         2 The 1982 declaration was amended four years later. For the purpose of the matter on

appeal, the 1982 and 1986 declarations are functionally equivalent and we need not distinguish
between them.

                                                2
No. 85897-1-I/3

      plan for the P.U.D. and may not contravene the City of Camas
      P.U.D. Ordinance and must be properly recorded.

(Emphasis added.)

      As pertinent here, the declaration also set forth a provision titled “Use

Restrictions,” which reads as follows:

              Section 1. Enjoyment of Property. The owners shall use
      their respective properties to their enjoyment in such a manner so
      as not to offend or detract from other Owner’s enjoyment of their
      own respective properties.
              ....
              Section 13. Views. If any outbuilding or fence is not subject
      to the architectural committees[’] approval it shall be designed and
      constructed in such a fashion so as not to materially obstruct the
      view of any other lot owner and, in no event shall any fence be any
      greater than six feet in heighth.

(Emphasis added.)

      In 2004, the Guetters bought a plot of land within View Ridge Estates that

included within its boundaries a house and several trees.

      In 2018, a View Ridge Estates committee initiated and completed a draft

document setting forth a restatement of View Ridge Estates’ previously recorded

declaration. As pertinent here, the draft restated declaration contained a

covenant that reads as follows:

      No trees or other vegetation, in a view and/or view corridor area,
      shall be taller than a maximum of fifteen (15) feet or the first story
      gutter height in the front or back yard of any home, whichever is
      shorter, where the tree or other vegetation is located, nor shall any
      trees or other vegetation be taller than a maximum of six (6) feet
      between any homes if in a view or view corridor. If trees and other
      vegetation comply with these limits, they are expressly permitted.
      Taller trees and shrubs are permitted so long as no Member’s view
      is unreasonably obstructed by the taller trees or shrubs.

                                         3
No. 85897-1-I/4

        The draft restated declaration also provided for a landscape committee

whose duties included resolving disputes regarding view obstructions. The draft

declaration gave every member “the right to notify [the committee] at any point in

time if he/she feels that there is a view obstruction occurring by overgrown

vegetation whether it is within the Membership Lots and/or the Common Areas.”

When notified of such a situation, the draft declaration indicated that the

committee “shall make its best efforts to help the Membership, and assist the

Board, to reasonably protect, preserve and enhance our views and view corridors

and to resolve any view obstruction issue by attempting to formulate an agreed

plan of action in writing with the affected Members.” (Emphasis added.) In so

doing, the committee would take “into account all of the affected Members’

opinions and perspectives, and the relevant facts and issues surrounding any

particular view obstruction issue, including any old and/or new photos of such

views if available.” In the event that the committee was unable to “resolve the

view obstruction issue by agreement between the affected Members,” the

committee would issue its written decision and provide affected members the

opportunity to appeal the matter to View Ridge Estates’ board.3

        Thereafter, in the summer of 2018, View Ridge Estates sought to obtain

member support for the draft restated declaration and the association ultimately

gathered signatures from nearly all—but not all—of its 46 members.4 The

restated declaration was duly recorded in Clark County.

         3 On appeal, the Guetters do not challenge the validity of these procedures provided in

the restated declaration.
         4 The signature sheet in question reflects that View Ridge Estates obtained support from

45 out of 46 of its members, including the Guetters. On appeal, the Guetters dispute the validity

                                                4
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        Five months later, certain View Ridge Estates members—including

Ronald Haertl and Leslie Kolisch—notified the landscape committee that certain

trees located on the Guetters’ property were obstructing their view of the

Columbia River and of Mt. Hood in violation of the newly adopted view

obstruction covenant. The committee contacted the Guetters in an attempt to

resolve the members’ complaint. The Guetters declined to participate in that

process, indicating that they did not intend to allow members of the committee

onto their property and refusing to comply with the view obstruction covenant.5

        The landscape committee thereafter determined that nine of the Guetters’

trees were in violation of the view obstruction covenant and directed the Guetters

to top, trim, or remove those trees. The Guetters appealed the committee’s

determination to View Ridge Estates’ board, which denied their appeal. In a

letter responding to the board’s denial, the Guetters stated, that “the

[homeowners’ association] can expect us to hold our position and we will NOT

conform with your new [restrictive covenants] when it comes to tree removal on

our property.” The Board sent the Guetters a demand letter. The Guetters did

not respond.

        View Ridge Estates subsequently filed a complaint in Clark County

Superior Court alleging both that the Guetters were in breach of the newly

adopted view obstruction covenant and requesting injunctive relief requiring the

of their signatures. However, as discussed infra, addressing that dispute is not necessary to our
resolution of this matter.
          5 The Guetters stated that removal of the trees would significantly erode the soil

conditions underlying their property, requiring them to take on a significant financial burden in
order to remediate their property.

                                                5
No. 85897-1-I/6

Guetters to trim, top, remove, or otherwise modify the trees in question. The

Guetters filed an answer with affirmative defenses. Haertl and Kolisch later filed

a motion to intervene, which the superior court granted.6

        A few months later, View Ridge Estates filed a motion for summary

judgment, joined by Haertl and Kolisch, which the trial court granted. The

Guetters later filed a motion for partial summary judgment, which the trial court

denied. The superior court then issued an injunction ordering the Guetters to

“trim, top, or[ ]remove trees on their lot in the manner set forth in the decision of

[View Ridge Estates’] Landscape Committee.”7

        Thereafter, View Ridge Estates and Haertl and Kolisch requested an

award of attorney fees and costs, which the Guetters opposed on several

grounds. The trial court—without responding to the Guetters’ objections—

granted the award requests.

        The Guetters now appeal.8

                                                II

        The Guetters assert that the trial court erred by granting View Ridge

Estates’ motion for summary judgment because View Ridge Estates’ adoption of

the view obstruction covenant was invalid. This is so, according to the Guetters,

because View Ridge Estates’ governing covenants only authorized its members

to change its covenants, the view obstruction covenant adopted by the

        6 Haertl and Kolisch filed a complaint mirroring that of View Ridge Estates’ complaint,

except for the addition of a request for damages arising from their obstructed view. They later
withdrew their request for damages.
        7 The Guetters filed a motion for reconsideration, which the trial court denied.
        8 The Guetters appealed this matter to Division Two of this court. Thereafter, the matter

was transferred to Division One for consideration.

                                                6
No. 85897-1-I/7

association constituted an entirely new covenant, and the association needed

unanimous consent to adopt such a covenant, which it did not obtain.

       The Guetters are incorrect. Although the Guetters properly identify that

View Ridge Estates’ governing covenants only authorize its members to change

its covenants, the view obstruction covenant adopted herein resulted only in an

increase to restrictions already in place. Therefore, rather than creating an

entirely new covenant, the adopted covenant constituted only a change to View

Ridge Estates’ existing covenants, a change which the association gathered

sufficient support to validly adopt.

                                         A

       The matter before us involves the interpretation of restrictive covenants.

The court in Wilkinson described the applicable standard as follows:

              Interpretation of a restrictive covenant presents a question of
       law. Wimberly v. Caravello, 136 Wn. App. 327, 336, 149 P.3d 402
       (2006). We apply the rules of contract interpretation. Id. While
       Washington courts once strictly construed covenants in favor of the
       free use of land, we no longer apply this rule where the dispute is
       between homeowners who are jointly governed by the covenants.
       Riss v. Angel, 131 Wn.2d 612, 621-24, 934 P.2d 669 (1997). This
       change in approach was driven by the recognition that
       “‘[s]ubdivision covenants tend to enhance, not inhibit, the efficient
       use of land.’” Mains Farm Homeowners Ass’n v. Worthington, 121
       Wn.2d 810, 816, 854 P.2d 1072 (1993) (quoting Robert D.
       Brussack, Group Homes, Families, and Meaning in the Law of
       Subdivision Covenants, 16 GA. L. REV. 33, 42 (1981)); see also
       Green v. Normandy Park Riviera Section Cmty. Club, 137 Wn. App.
       665, 683, 151 P.3d 1038 (2007). Rather than place a thumb on the
       scales in favor of the free use of land, “[t]he court’s goal is to
       ascertain and give effect to those purposes intended by the
       covenants.” Riss, 131 Wn.2d at 623. Courts “place ‘special
       emphasis on arriving at an interpretation that protects the
       homeowners’ collective interests.’” Id. at 623-24 (quoting Lakes at

                                         7
No. 85897-1-I/8

      Mercer Island Homeowners Ass’n v. Witrak, 61 Wn. App. 177, 181,
      810 P.2d 27 (1991)).
             Thus, our primary objective in contract interpretation is
      determining the drafter’s intent. Hollis v. Garwall, Inc., 137 Wn.2d
      683, 696, 974 P.2d 836 (1999); Riss, 131 Wn.2d at 623; Mains
      Farm, 121 Wn.2d at 815. “While interpretation of the covenant is a
      question of law, the drafter’s intent is a question of fact.” Ross v.
      Bennett, 148 Wn. App. 40, 49, 203 P.3d 383 (2008) (citing
      Wimberly, 136 Wn. App. at 336). “But where reasonable minds
      could reach but one conclusion, questions of fact may be
      determined as a matter of law.” Id. at 49-50 (citing Owen v.
      Burlington N. Santa Fe R.R., 153 Wn.2d 780, 788, 108 P.3d 1220
      (2005)). In determining the drafter’s intent, we give covenant
      language “its ordinary and common use” and will not construe a
      term in such a way “so as to defeat its plain and obvious meaning.”
      Mains Farm, 121 Wn.2d at 816; Riss, 131 Wn.2d at 623. We
      examine the language of the restrictive covenant and consider the
      instrument in its entirety. Hollis, 137 Wn.2d at 694 (quoting
      Mountain Park Homeowners Ass’n v. Tydings, 125 Wn.2d 337,
      344, 883 P.2d 1383 (1994)); Wimberly, 136 Wn. App. at 336.

180 Wn.2d at 249-51.

                                        1

      The Guetters’ challenge to the validity of View Ridge Estates’ adoption of

a restrictive covenant requires that we look to our Supreme Court’s decision in

Wilkinson v. Chiwawa Cmtys. Ass’n, 180 Wn.2d 241, for guidance. At issue

therein was the validity of the vote by the majority of a homeowners’

association’s members to adopt a covenant prohibiting the short term rental of its

residences. Wilkinson, 180 Wn.2d at 245. As part of its analysis, the court

reviewed the applicable governing covenants and found that a majority of its

members were only authorized “‘to change these protective restrictions and

covenants in whole or in part.’” Wilkinson, 180 Wn.2d at 256. Given that, the

court concluded that the association’s governing covenants did not authorize its

members to create an entirely new covenant. Wilkinson, 180 Wn.2d at 256-57.

                                        8
No. 85897-1-I/9

The court cautioned that, when a governing covenant only authorizes its

members to change existing covenants but those association’s members seek to

adopt a new covenant, unanimous member support would be required.

Wilkinson, 180 Wn.2d at 258.

       The court also compared the text of that association’s existing covenants

against the text of the adopted covenant at issue to determine if the adopted

covenant was new or simply a change to those covenants already in place. In so

doing, the court found that those existing covenants permitted short term rentals

whereas the adopted covenant did not.9 Wilkinson, 180 Wn.2d at 248. The court

concluded that the adopted covenant’s short-term rental prohibition effectively

eliminated its members’ ability to rent their residences for a short rental term.

Therefore, according to the court, the adopted covenant was not a change to

existing covenants but, rather, the creation of an entirely new covenant.

Wilkinson, 180 Wn.2d at 257-58.

       Given the foregoing, the court concluded that the adopted covenant was

invalid. The governing covenants therein only authorized a majority of its

members to change existing covenants and did not authorize them to create new

covenants. Given that the adopted covenant constituted a new covenant, the

association needed unanimous consent of its members to adopt that covenant,

but they had only obtained majority support. Accordingly, the court ruled, the

       9 The adopted covenant therein restricted members from renting their residences for less

than one month or 30 continuous days. Wilkinson, 180 Wn.2d at 248.

                                              9
No. 85897-1-I/10

majority vote adopting the covenant prohibiting short term rentals was invalid.

Wilkinson, 180 Wn.2d at 262.

                                              2

       The first published case following Wilkinson’s mode of analysis was Twin

W Owners’ Ass’n v. Murphy, 26 Wn. App. 2d 494, 529 P.3d 410, review denied,

1 Wn.3d 1032 (2023). In Murphy, the issue before Division Three of this court

was “the same question resolved by the Washington Supreme Court in

Wilkinson: whether a homeowner association may amend its restrictive

covenants to ban or highly regulate the use of a residence as a vacation rental.”

26 Wn. App. 2d at 497. The court reviewed the applicable governing covenants

and found that those covenants authorized “[a]mendment” of covenants but did

not “expressly reserve[] to the homeowner association the power to add new

covenants.”10 Murphy, 26 Wn. App. 2d at 499, 510-11. The court thus

concluded that the association’s members were only authorized to change

existing covenants, implicitly interpreting “amendment” to mean “change.”

Murphy, 26 Wn. App. 2d at 499, 510-11.

       The court also reviewed the association’s existing covenants and the

adopted covenant therein and concluded that the adopted covenant was new

because the existing covenants did not restrict or regulate short term rentals but

the adopted covenants did. Murphy, 26 Wn. App. 2d at 500-03, 510. Therefore,

because the governing covenants only authorized a change to existing

       10 The governing covenants in Murphy required a 60 percent vote of its members in order

to amend its covenants. 26 Wn. App. 2d at 499.

                                             10
No. 85897-1-I/11

covenants and the adopted covenant was a new covenant, the court ruled that

the supermajority vote in support of the adopted covenant was insufficient to

validly adopt such a covenant—unanimous consent was necessary. Murphy, 26

Wn. App. 2d at 508-11. The court thus concluded that the vote therein was

invalid. Murphy, 26 Wn. App. 2d at 508-11.

                                        3

      Emerging from the considerations in both Wilkinson and Murphy is a

framework for analyzing the validity of an adopted covenant. In that framework,

a reviewing court first asks whether a homeowners’ association’s governing

covenants authorize its members to adopt new covenants or only to change its

existing covenants. In determining the scope of the authority granted to those

members, the text of the governing covenants controls. Wilkinson, 180 Wn.2d at

249-51, 256-57.

      Next, a reviewing court asks whether the adopted covenant at issue sets

forth a change to existing covenants or an entirely new covenant. In making this

determination, a reviewing court compares the text of those covenants already in

place to the text of the adopted covenant. As described in Wilkinson, if the

governing covenants at issue allow a percentage of its members to create new

covenants, such members can validly create such covenants, “‘provided that

such power is exercised in a reasonable manner consistent with the general plan

of the development.’” 180 Wn.2d at 256 (quoting Shafer v. Bd. of Trs. of Sandy

Hook Yacht Club Estates, Inc., 76 Wn. App. 267, 273-74, 883 P.2d 1387 (1994)).

If, however, those governing covenants permit a percentage of its members only

                                        11
No. 85897-1-I/12

to change existing covenants, then, pursuant to Wilkinson, a reviewing court

must determine whether the adopted covenant in question is a new one or a

changed one. An adopted covenant is “new,” according to the court, when it is

“inconsistent with the general plan of development or [has] no relation to existing

covenants.” Wilkinson, 180 Wn.2d at 256 (citing Ebel v. Fairwood Park II

Homeowners’ Ass’n, 136 Wn. App. 787, 793, 150 P.3d 1163 (2007); Meresse v.

Stelma, 100 Wn. App. 857, 865-66, 999 P.2d 1267 (2000); Lakeland Prop.

Owners Ass’n v. Larson, 121 Ill. App. 3d 805, 459 N.E.2d 1164, 1167, 1169, 77

Ill. Dec. 68 (1984)). An adopted covenant is a “change,” according to the court,

when it is “consistent with the general plan of development and related to an

existing covenant.” Wilkinson, 180 Wn.2d at 257.11

        Lastly, a reviewing court asks whether the association in question

obtained the requisite percentage of member support in order to adopt such a

covenant in light of the authority granted to those members by its governing

covenants. Wilkinson, 180 Wn.2d at 255-59. As above, when an association’s

governing covenants authorize a percentage of its members to create a new

covenant, such a percentage of its members can validly adopt such a covenant.

Wilkinson, 180 Wn.2d at 256 (emphasis added) (citing Ebel, 136 Wn. App. at

793; Meresse, 100 Wn. App. at 865-66; Lakeland, 459 N.E.2d at 1167, 1169).

Similarly, when an association’s governing covenants only authorize a

percentage of its members to change existing covenants and the adopted

        11 Whether an adopted covenant is “new” or a “change” is discussed in greater detail in

Section B.2.i infra.

                                               12
No. 85897-1-I/13

covenant only constitutes such a change, then such members can validly adopt

such a covenant. However, if an association’s governing covenants only

authorize a percentage of its members to change its existing covenants but the

adopted covenant is entirely new, unanimous consent is required. Wilkinson,

180 Wn.2d at 258.

      Accordingly, pursuant to Wilkinson, a reviewing court may determine the

validity of a covenant adopted by a homeowners’ association by asking

(1) whether the governing covenants in question grant the association’s

members the authority to adopt new covenants or only to change its existing

covenants, (2) whether the adopted covenant in question constitutes an entirely

new covenant or merely a change to existing covenants, and (3) whether the

association obtained the percentage of support from its members required to

validly adopt such a covenant.

                                        B

      The Guetters assert that View Ridge Estates’ adoption of the view

obstruction covenant at issue was invalid. We disagree.

                                        1

      The Guetters first contend that View Ridge Estates’ governing covenants

authorized its members to change its existing covenants, but not to create new

ones. In that regard, the Guetters are correct.

      As set forth above, in determining the scope of authority granted to an

association’s members to adopt covenants, the text of that association’s

governing covenants controls. Wilkinson, 180 Wn.2d at 249-51, 256-57. As also

                                        13
No. 85897-1-I/14

discussed above, in Wilkinson, the governing covenants of the association

therein allowed its members “‘to change these protective restrictions and

covenants in whole or in part,’” thereby only authorizing such members to change

the association’s existing covenants. 180 Wn.2d at 256-57. Relatedly, in

Murphy, Division Three determined that a governing covenants’ grant of authority

allowing for “amendment” of the association’s covenants provided the

association’s members the authority to change its existing covenants, but not to

create new covenants. 26 Wn. App. 2d at 499, 510-11.

      In Shaffer, by contrast, we determined that the applicable governing

covenants authorized a percentage of its members to create new covenants

when those governing covenants authorized its members “‘[t]o enforce . . .

restrictions, conditions and covenants existing upon and/or created for the benefit

of parcels of real property in the plat of Sandy Hook Yacht Club Estates, Inc.’” 76

Wn. App. at 270 (first emphasis omitted).

      Here, View Ridge Estates’ governing covenants provide as follows:

             Section 3. Amendment. The covenants and restrictions of
      this Declaration shall run with and bind the land. . . . The
      covenants and restrictions of this Declaration may be amended
      during the first twenty (20) year period [from the date this
      declaration is recorded] by an instrument signed by not less than
      ninety (90) percent of the Lot Owners, and thereafter by an
      instrument signed by not less than seventy-five (75) percent of the
      Lot Owners. Any proposed amendment must be consistent with
      the approved development plan for the P.U.D. and may not
      contravene the City of Camas P.U.D. Ordinance and must be
      properly recorded.

(Emphasis added.)

                                        14
No. 85897-1-I/15

        View Ridge Estates’ governing covenants authorize a percentage of its

members to change existing covenants, but not to create new covenants. To

amend something is to change it. See BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 101 (11th ed.

2019).12 We thus follow the lead of the court in Murphy and conclude that the

authority to adopt an “amendment” to covenants constitutes the authority to

change covenants. Therefore, View Ridge Estates’ governing covenants granted

its members the authority to change its covenants, but not to create new ones.13

                                               2

        The Guetters next contend that the view obstruction covenant herein is not

merely a change to existing covenants but, rather, constitutes an entirely new

covenant. We disagree.

                                                i

        Whether an adopted covenant is “new” as opposed to a “change” requires

further elaboration. Although the court in Wilkinson stated that an adopted

covenant is “new” when it is “inconsistent with the general plan of development or

        12 Black’s Law Dictionary defines “amend” as:

         1. To correct or make usu. small changes to (something written or spoken); to
         rectify or make right <amend the order to fix a clerical error>. 2. To change the
         wording of; specif., to formally alter (a statute, constitution, motion, etc.) by
         striking out, inserting, or substituting words <amend the legislative bill>.
BLACK’S, supra, at 101.
         13 View Ridge Estates nevertheless asserts that its declaration’s enforcement section

provides it with the authority to create new covenants. We disagree. That section reads as
follows: “Section 1. Enforcement. The Association, or any Owner, shall have the right to enforce,
by any proceeding at law or in equity, all restrictions, conditions, covenants, reservations,
easements, liens and charges now or hereafter imposed by the provisions of this Declaration.”
(Emphasis added.) Given that the enforcement section is immediately followed by the
amendment section discussed herein, the plain and obvious meaning of the enforcement
provision’s use of “hereinafter imposed” is a direct refence to the neighboring amendment
section, rather than a self-supporting grant of authority to its members to create new covenants.
Wilkinson, 180 Wn.2d at 249-51 (quoting Mains Farm, 121 Wn.2d at 816; Riss, 131 Wn.2d at
623). No other provision within the restated declaration set forth a section pertaining to the
creation of new covenants. Thus, View Ridge Estates’ assertion fails.

                                               15
No. 85897-1-I/16

[has] no relation to existing covenants” and also stated that a covenant is a

“change” when it is “consistent with the general plan of development and related

to an existing covenant,” the court did not further elaborate on what it meant by

“new” or “change.” 180 Wn.2d at 256-57. Moreover, the court declined to

provide further guidance after recognizing “that no Washington case has

described the precise contours of when an amendment would be ‘consistent with

the general plan of development,’” nor did the court define what it meant by

“related to.” Wilkinson, 180 Wn.2d at 256.

       Nevertheless, the court in Wilkinson clearly distinguished between the

adoption of covenants that are “new” and the adoption of covenants that are a

“change.” That suggests that “new” and “change,” as used by the court therein,

are not coterminous. Given that, the contours of what is “new” could inform the

contours of a “change.” In that regard, Wilkinson and Murphy each provide

guidance. In Wilkinson, the adopted covenant was new because it nullified

existing covenants. 180 Wn.2d at 256-57. In Murphy, the adopted covenant was

new because it contained restrictions not grounded in any existing covenants. 26

Wn. App. 2d at 508-11.

       With regard to a “change,” then, a “change” cannot be something that

eliminates an existing covenant or adds a restriction where none existed

before—again, that would be something new. Wilkinson, 180 Wn.2d at 256-57;

Murphy, 26 Wn. App. 2d at 508-11.

       However, a change to existing covenants must result in something

different than that which results from those covenants already in place. If that is

                                        16
No. 85897-1-I/17

so, and a change can neither eliminate existing covenants nor innovate a

covenant, then such a difference must instead modify those covenants already in

place. In that way, such a modification could result in less of something—in

which fewer things are restricted or restrictions are lessened—or more of

something—in which more things are restricted or existing restrictions are

increased. Accordingly, an adopted covenant that constitutes a change to

existing covenants could be one that reduces or expands on those covenants

already in place.

        Such an understanding of “change” comports with Wilkinson’s guidance

that an association’s adoption of a covenant that constitutes a change must be

consistent with that association’s general plan of development and relate to its

existing covenants. Indeed, where a covenant reduces or expands on existing

covenants, such a covenant is plainly “related to” those covenants because the

change inherently flows from restrictions already within those covenants.

Furthermore, where an association adopts such a covenant, the resulting

reduction or expansion must nevertheless be “consistent with the general plan of

development.”14 In making such a determination, the court in Wilkinson

instructed, we must consider “the language of the covenants, their apparent

import, and the surrounding facts.” 180 Wn.2d at 258.

        14 That a change to a covenant must be consistent with the general plan of development

is an important consideration concerning the adoption of covenants. Indeed, it is foreseeable that
an association, in an attempt to dramatically increase or reduce existing restrictions, might
constructively or inadvertently create an entirely new covenant.

                                               17
No. 85897-1-I/18

                                          ii

       Here, View Ridge Estates’ existing covenants provided, in pertinent part,

as follows:

                                 DECLARATION OF
                COVENANTS, CONDITIONS AND RESTRICTIONS
            VIEW RIDGE ESTATES HOME OWNERS ASSOCIATION
               ....
               NOW, THEREFORE, . . . all of the Properties . . . shall be
       held, sold and conveyed subject to the following easements,
       restrictions, covenants, and conditions, all of which are for the
       purpose of enhancing and protecting the value, desirability and
       attractiveness of the real property.
               ....
                                     ARTICLE VI
                           ARCHITECTURAL CONTROL
               Section 1. Architectural Control. No building shall be
       erected, placed or altered on any lot . . . on the property until the
       building, plans, specifications, plot plan, landscaping and fencing
       plan, showing the nature, kind, shape, height, materials, and
       location of such building have been approved in writing as to
       conformity and harmony of external design with existing structures
       in the planned unit development, and as to location of the building
       with respect to topography and finished ground elevation, by the
       Architectural Control Committee . . . .
               ....
               Section 4. Dwelling Quality and Size. The ground floor area
       of the main structure, exclusive of one-story open porches and
       garages, shall be not less than 1,250 square feet for a one-story
       building and not less than 950 square fee[t] for a split level dwelling
       (main living area). All houses shall have a two-car garage; all
       townhouses shall have a two-car carport or garage. Any dwelling
       or structure erected on any lot shall be completed as to external
       appearance, including landscaping consistent with the established
       landscaping design within the properties, within nine (9) months
       from the date of commencement of construction. No structure
       erected elsewhere may be moved upon any lot in this plat.

                                   ARTICLE VII
                          EXTERIOR MAINTENANCE
             In the event an owner of any lot in the properties shall fail to
       maintain the premises and the improvements situated thereon in a
       manner satisfactory to the Board of Trustees, the Association, after

                                         18
No. 85897-1-I/19

       approval of two-thirds (2/3rds) vote by the Board of Trustees, shall
       have the right, through its[ ] agents and employees, to enter upon
       said parcel and to repair, maintain, and restore the lot and the
       exterior of the buildings and any other improvements thereon. The
       cost of such exterior maintenance shall be added to and become a
       part of the assessment to which such lot is subject.

                                    ARTICLE VIII
                                USE RESTRICTIONS
               Section 1. Enjoyment of Property. The owners shall use
       their respective properties to their enjoyment in such a manner so
       as not to offend or detract from other Owner’s enjoyment of their
       own respective properties.
               ....
               Section 13. Views. If any outbuilding or fence is not subject
       to the architectural committees[’] approval it shall be designed and
       constructed in such a fashion so as not to materially obstruct the
       view of any other lot owner and, in no event shall any fence be any
       greater than six feet in heighth.

(Emphasis added.)

       As set forth above, the view obstruction covenant at issue reads as

follows:

       No trees or other vegetation, in a view and/or view corridor area,
       shall be taller than a maximum of fifteen (15) feet or the first story
       gutter height in the front or back yard of any home, whichever is
       shorter, where the tree or other vegetation is located, nor shall any
       trees or other vegetation be taller than a maximum of six (6) feet
       between any homes if in a view or view corridor. If trees and other
       vegetation comply with these limits, they are expressly permitted.
       Taller trees and shrubs are permitted so long as no Member’s view
       is unreasonably obstructed by the taller trees or shrubs.

       View Ridge Estates’ view obstruction adopted covenant constitutes a

change to its existing covenants, not the creation of a new covenant. Its existing

covenants expressly restricted its members from obstructing one another’s views

with six foot tall fences and outbuildings. The adopted covenant in question

modifies those restrictions by, as pertinent here, increasing the height

                                         19
No. 85897-1-I/20

constituting an obstruction to 15 feet and expanding the type of obstructing object

to trees and vegetation. Given that, the adopted covenant in question constitutes

an increase to an existing view obstruction covenant, not a new covenant, and, in

that regard, plainly relates to View Ridge Estates’ existing covenants.

       The view obstruction adopted covenant is also consistent with View Ridge

Estates’ general plan of development. Notably, the word “view” appears not only

as the seventh word in View Ridge Estates’ original declaration, but also as the

first word of the name of the association itself. In addition, that the covenants in

place already contain a view obstruction covenant in some form further suggests

that the view obstruction herein is consistent with the association’s general

development plan. Additionally, the association’s existing covenants also restrict

the appearance of the architecture, landscaping, and exterior maintenance of its

members’ properties, which are restrictions not inconsistent with the restriction

on view obstructions herein. Lastly, the view covenant at issue is also consistent

with the stated purpose in View Ridge Estates’ declaration of “enhancing and

protecting the value, desirability and attractiveness of the real property.” Indeed,

preserving members’ views by forbidding an increased range of view

obstructions seems quite logically intended to advance the goal of enhancing and

protecting its members’ properties’ values, desirability, and attractiveness.

Therefore, the adopted view obstruction covenant herein is also consistent with

View Ridge Estates’ general plan of development.

       Thus, by increasing the restrictions on an existing view obstruction

covenant, the adopted view obstruction covenant herein constituted a change to

                                         20
No. 85897-1-I/21

View Ridge Estates’ existing covenants, rather than an entirely new covenant.

That change is consistent with View Ridge Estates’ general plan of development

and logically relates to its existing covenants.

                                          3

       The Guetters next assert that View Ridge Estates failed to obtain the

requisite support of its members in order to validly adopt the view obstruction

covenant in question. We disagree.

       As set forth above, View Ridge Estates’ declaration indicated that its

covenants “may be amended during the first twenty (20) year period [from the

date this declaration is recorded] by an instrument signed by not less than ninety

(90) percent of the Lot Owners, and thereafter by an instrument signed by not

less than seventy-five (75) percent of the Lot Owners.” (Emphasis added.) It is

undisputed that View Ridge Estates obtained the support of at least 44 of its 46

members in favor of the restated declaration, which contains the view obstruction

covenant in question.

       View Ridge Estates validly adopted the view obstruction covenant at

issue. As applicable here, View Ridge Estates’ declaration authorized that 75

percent of its members could change its covenants. As analyzed above, the

view obstruction covenant in question constituted a change to its covenants.

Therefore, View Ridge Estates did not need unanimous consent from its

members to adopt such a covenant but, rather, was only required to obtain the

consent of the percentage of members specified in its governing covenants. The

parties do not dispute that View Ridge Estates recorded the restated declaration

                                         21
No. 85897-1-I/22

containing the view obstruction covenant here at issue and that such declaration

was signed by not less than 75 percent of its members. Thus, View Ridge

Estates obtained the requisite percentage of member support to validly adopt the

view obstruction covenant in question.15

                                                C

        The Guetters next assert that, even if the view obstruction covenant herein

was validly adopted, a genuine issue of material fact remains for trial with regard

to whether their trees created an unreasonable obstruction as defined in that

covenant. Because the Guetters—in several ways—waived or forfeited their

right to present such a challenge, their assertion fails.

        A party may, through its conduct, waive a right otherwise granted to them

in a covenant. Mariners Cove Beach Club, Inc. v. Kairez, 93 Wn. App. 886, 891,

970 P.2d 825 (1999) (concluding that a parties’ delay in bringing an action

preluded that party from bringing such an action). Furthermore, the party

seeking review has the burden of perfecting the record so that the reviewing

court has before it all of the relevant evidence, arguments, and rulings. Bulzomi

v. Dep’t of Lab. & Indus., 72 Wn. App. 522, 525, 864 P.2d 996 (1994) (citing

State v. Vazquez, 66 Wn. App. 573, 583, 832 P.2d 883 (1992)). An “insufficient

record on appeal precludes review of the alleged errors.” Bulzomi, 72 Wn. App.

        15 The Guetters also contend that View Ridge Estates’ adoption of the view obstruction

covenant is invalid because the association did not properly notify them of the meetings where
that covenant was discussed nor did it properly obtain their consent to that covenant. However,
such allegations are immaterial to our disposition of this matter. As analyzed herein, in order to
adopt a change to its covenants, View Ridge Estates must obtain not less than 75 percent of its
members’ support. It is undisputed that, even without the Guetters’ consent, View Ridge Estates
obtained significantly more than the percentage of member support required to validly adopt the
view obstruction covenant herein. Thus, the Guetters’ contention fails.

                                                22
No. 85897-1-I/23

at 525 (citing Allemeier v. Univ. of Wash., 42 Wn. App. 465, 472-73, 712 P.2d

306 (1985)).

       As set forth above, the restated declaration provided that “[t]aller trees and

shrubs are permitted so long as no Member’s view is unreasonably obstructed by

the taller trees or shrubs.” The restated declaration also provided the landscape

committee with the authority within the context of the homeowners’ association to

create a record of obstruction disputes, including receiving notice of “a view

obstruction occurring by overgrown vegetation,” taking “into account all of the

affected Members’ opinions and perspectives, and the relevant facts and issues

surrounding any particular view obstruction issue, including any old and/or new

photos of such views if available,” and resolving “any view obstruction issue by

attempting to formulate an agreed plan of action in writing with the affected

Members.” In the event that the committee was not able to “resolve the view

obstruction issue by agreement between the affected Members,” it was then to

issue its decision and provide the affected members the opportunity to appeal the

matter to View Ridge Estates’ board.

       Here, the landscape committee was notified by certain View Ridge

Estates’ members of a potential view obstruction caused by certain trees on the

Guetters’ property. The committee then contacted the Guetters in an attempt to

formulate a plan of action. However, the Guetters refused to cooperate with or

participate in that process, did not permit committee members to inspect their

property, and indicated that they were refusing to follow the view obstruction

covenant as it applied to the trees in question. The committee then issued its

                                         23
No. 85897-1-I/24

decision in writing, provided the Guetters the opportunity to appeal, and the

board issued its decision. Thereafter, in a letter sent to the board, the Guetters

reiterated their refusal to comply with the view obstruction covenant. Now, on

appeal, the Guetters assert that, even if that view obstruction covenant was

validly adopted, they should nevertheless prevail because the record does not

support that the complaining members’ views were unreasonably obstructed by

the trees in question.

        The Guetters have twice forfeited their right to submit such a challenge.

The restated declaration provided procedures within the context of the

homeowners’ association to mediate, create a record, and reach a decision

concerning disputes pertaining to the reasonableness of a view obstruction. The

Guetters refused to comply with those procedures. Furthermore, no record of

such a process was submitted to the superior court for its consideration.

Consequently, View Ridge Estates was denied the opportunity to respond to

such a submission and the superior court did not have the opportunity to issue a

ruling in response thereto. Accordingly, we have neither a record of a

proceeding within the homeowners’ association nor a record of trial court

argument, analysis, and rulings predicated on such a record concerning the

reasonableness of the obstruction in question. Thus, the Guetters have waived

their right to submit such a challenge on appeal, and we decline to address their

assertion.16

        16 The Guetters also contend that the trial court erred in its summary judgment orders

because, according to the Guetters, the view obstruction covenant is ambiguous, vague, and
subjective. However, the Guetters provide no pertinent decisional authority in support of that
contention. We need not consider arguments that are unsupported by authority. Cowiche

                                               24
No. 85897-1-I/25

       Accordingly, the trial court did not err by granting View Ridge Estates’

motion for summary judgment and by denying the Guetters’ motion for partial

summary judgment.

                                            III

       The Guetters next assert that the trial court erred by ordering injunctive

relief in the context of summary judgment in this matter. The trial court erred, the

Guetters contend, because injunctive relief was inappropriate in this matter and,

in fashioning such relief, the court did not properly balance the equities between

the parties. Again, we disagree.

       Our Supreme Court recently described the standard of review applicable

to the appropriateness of an equitable remedy at summary judgment and to the

trial court’s subsequent fashioning of that remedy.

               As a general rule, we review summary judgment orders de
       novo and engage in the same analysis as the trial court. Keck [v.
       Collins], 184 Wn.2d [358, ]370[, 357 P.3d 1080 (2015)]; Crisostomo
       Vargas v. Inland Wash., LLC, 194 Wn.2d 720, 728, 452 P.3d 1205
       (2019). Summary judgment is appropriate only when “there is no
       genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . the moving party is
       entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” CR 56(c). . . .
               In contrast, we review the fashioning of equitable remedies
       for an abuse of discretion because trial courts have “broad
       discretionary power to fashion equitable remedies.” In re
       Foreclosure of Liens, 123 Wn.2d 197, 204, 867 P.2d 605 (1994).
       Thus, the standard of review depends on the question presented,
       because “[w]hile the fashioning of the remedy may be reviewed for
       abuse of discretion, the question of whether equitable relief is
       appropriate is a question of law.” Niemann v. Vaughn Cmty.
       Church, 154 Wn.2d 365, 374, 113 P.3d 463 (2005).

Canyon Conservancy v. Bosley, 118 Wn.2d 801, 809, 819, 828 P.2d 549 (1992). The Guetters’
contention thus fails.

                                            25
No. 85897-1-I/26

Borton & Sons, Inc. v. Burbank Props., LLC, 196 Wn.2d 199, 205-06, 471 P.3d

871 (2020) (some alterations in original).

                                           A

       The Guetters assert that the trial court erred by granting injunctive relief as

part of granting summary judgment in this matter. The court erred in so doing,

the Guetters contend, because View Ridge Estates did not establish its

entitlement to injunctive relief as a matter of law.

       When an “injunction is being reviewed as an appeal from an order

granting it in summary judgment and its validity involves only questions of law,

our review is de novo.” Hoggatt v. Flores, 152 Wn. App. 862, 868, 218 P.3d 244

(2009) (citing Mains Farm, 121 Wn.2d at 813). “Appellate courts ‘may affirm the

trial court on any theory established in the pleadings and supported by proof,

even where the trial court did not rely on the theory.’” Meyers v. Ferndale Sch.

Dist., 12 Wn. App. 2d 254, 263-64, 457 P.3d 483 (2020) (internal quotation

marks omitted) (quoting Potter v. Wash. State Patrol, 165 Wn.2d 67, 78, 196

P.3d 691 (2008)), aff’d, 197 Wn.2d 281, 481 P.3d 1084 (2021).

       In the context of the appropriateness of injunctive relief and violations of

restrictive covenants, we have recognized that

              [e]nforcement of residential restrictive covenants is favored
       in Washington. Riss, 131 Wn.2d at 622-24; Metzner v.
       Wojdyla, 125 Wn.2d 445, 450, 886 P.2d 154 (1994). Generally,
       servitudes may be enforced by any appropriate remedy or
       combination of remedies. Injunctive relief is one of these remedies.

Bauman v. Turpen, 139 Wn. App. 78, 92, 160 P.3d 1050 (2007) (footnotes

omitted) (citing RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF PROPERTY: SERVITUDES § 8.3 (2000);

                                          26
No. 85897-1-I/27

Hollis, 137 Wn.2d at 699; Foster v. Nehls, 15 Wn. App. 749, 752-53, 551 P.2d

768 (1976)). In addition,

              “[o]ne who seeks relief by permanent injunction must show:
       (1) that he has a clear legal or equitable right, (2) that he has a
       well-grounded fear of immediate invasion of that right, and (3) that
       the acts complained of are either resulting in, or will result in, actual
       and sustained injury to him.” Tyler v. Van Aelst, 9 Wn. App. 441,
       443, 512 P.2d 760 (1973) (citing Port of Seattle v. Int’l
       Longshoremen’s & Warehousemen’s Union, 52 Wn.2d 317, 319,
       324 P.2d 1099 (1958)).

Markoff v. Puget Sound Energy, Inc., 9 Wn. App. 2d 833, 850-51, 447 P.3d 577

(2019).

       Here, the parties do not contest that View Ridge Estates’ declaration

granted it the authority to institute legal action against its members allegedly in

breach of its restrictive covenants. View Ridge Estates’ restated declaration

contains a view obstruction covenant that, as analyzed above, was validly

adopted. View Ridge Estates, in its complaint, argued that the injury in

question—the view obstructions caused by the Guetters’ trees—cannot be

compensated by money damages, that such damages arising from an obstructed

view cannot be ascertained with any degree of certainty, and that a remedy at

law would not be efficient because the height of the Guetters’ trees are—and will

continue to be—in breach of those covenants unless a court issues an injunction.

       Injunctive relief was appropriate here. View Ridge Estates has a clear

legal right to have its members comply with its validly adopted covenants—

including the view obstruction covenant herein. View Ridge Estates also has a

well-grounded fear that the trees in question—due to their height at the time of

                                          27
No. 85897-1-I/28

the submission of its complaint—are invading that legal right because the trees

are already in violation of its covenants. Lastly, the Guetters’ refusal to remove

the obstruction caused by those trees is resulting and will continue to result in

actual and sustained injury to View Ridge Estates because certain of its

members had and continue to have their view obstructed by those trees. Thus,

injunctive relief was an appropriate remedy at summary judgment.17

                                                B

        The Guetters next contend that the trial court abused its discretion by

ordering the Guetters to trim, top, or remove the trees in question. We disagree.

        The fashioning of an injunction at summary judgment “is addressed to the

sound discretion of the trial court to be exercised according to the circumstances

of the particular case.” See Holmes Harbor Water Co. v. Page, 8 Wn. App. 600,

603, 508 P.2d 628 (1973) (citing Grande Ronde Lumber Co. v. Buchanan, 41

Wn.2d 206, 212-15, 248 P.2d 394 (1952); Isthmian S.S. Co. v. Nat’l Marine

Eng’rs’ Beneficial Ass’n, 41 Wn.2d 106, 117, 247 P.2d 549 (1952)); see also

Borton & Sons, 196 Wn.2d at 205-06.

        “A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision or order is manifestly

unreasonable, or exercised on untenable grounds or for untenable reasons.”

Green, 137 Wn. App. at 698 (citing Brand v. Dep’t of Lab. & Indus., 139 Wn.2d

659, 665, 989 P.2d 1111 (1999)).

        17 The Guetters contend that View Ridge Estates sought to establish a per se standard

for injunctive relief as the default remedy in the event of a breach of a covenant. Because we find
that injunctive relief was appropriate here, we decline to consider that contention.

                                                28
No. 85897-1-I/29

       “A court’s decision is manifestly unreasonable if it is outside the
       range of acceptable choices, given the facts and the applicable
       legal standard; it is based on untenable grounds if the factual
       findings are unsupported by the record; it is based on untenable
       reasons if it is based on an incorrect standard or the facts do not
       meet the requirements of the correct standard.”

In re Dependency of Z.A., No. 84122-0-I, slip. op. at 25 (Wash. Ct. App. Dec. 26,

2023) https://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/841220%20orderandopin.pdf

(quoting In re Marriage of Littlefield, 133 Wn.2d 39, 47, 940 P.2d 1362 (1997)).

       Furthermore,

       “[w]here a judgment or order is correct it will not be reversed merely
       because the trial court gave wrong or insufficient reason [for its
       rendition.]” Pannell v. Thompson, 91 Wn.2d 591, 603, 589 P.2d
       1235 (1979). When the facts and law indicate an appropriate
       reason for the trial court’s decision we must affirm the trial court on
       the basis of the applicable law.

Keogan v. Holy Fam. Hosp., 95 Wn.2d 306, 317, 622 P.2d 1246 (1980) (first

alteration in original). Indeed, “[i]n reviewing for abuse of discretion, ‘we may

affirm the trial court on any basis that the record supports.’” Roemmich v. 3M

Co., 21 Wn. App. 2d 939, 957, 509 P.3d 306 (quoting State v. Arndt, 194 Wn.2d

784, 799, 453 P.3d 696 (2019)), review denied, 200 Wn.2d 1015. In so doing,

we may consider “any theories ‘established by the pleadings and supported by

the proof,’ even if these theories were not originally considered by the trial court.”

Arndt, 194 Wn.2d at 799 (quoting LaMon v. Butler, 112 Wn.2d 193, 200-01, 770

P.2d 1027 (1989)).

       Here, the trial court’s injunction order read, in pertinent part, as follows:

       Based on the Order on Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment
       signed by Clark County Superior Court Judge Suzan L. Clark on
       September 2, 2021, the Order Denying Defendants’ Motion for

                                          29
No. 85897-1-I/30

       Partial Summary Judgment, and the voluntary dismissal of
       lntervenors’ claim for money damages;
               NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED AND
       ADJUDGED, that the Plaintiff and lntervenors shall have a
       judgment against Defendants as follows:
               1. Defendants are ordered to trim, top, or[ ] remove trees on
       their lot in the manner set forth in the decision of Plaintiff’s
       Landscape Committee, dated June 10, 2019. Defendants shall
       fully comply with this order not later than January 15, 2023.

       The trial court did not abuse its discretion. The relief ordered by the court

was within the range of acceptable choices. The breach in question involved a

view obstruction caused by certain trees. In weighing the equities, the court was

provided with a wide range of equitable relief. Here, the court fashioned a

remedy calculated to cure the breach while balancing the impact of that remedy

by allowing the Guetters to select the method by which the violation was to be

cured (trimming, topping, or removing). Furthermore, the factual findings

underlying the relief ordered are supported by the record. The record plainly

contains ample evidence to support that the views of at least two members of

View Ridge Estates were—and presumably continue to be—obstructed by nine

trees on the Guetters’ property and that such obstruction constituted a breach of

the covenant at issue. Lastly, the relief ordered by the court properly applies the

facts to the correct standard. As analyzed above, injunctive relief is appropriate

herein and it is undisputed that trimming, topping, or removing the trees in

question should cure the violation arising from the Guetters’ breach of the view

obstruction covenant.

       Therefore, while reasonable minds could differ as to the precise relief to

be fashioned by the trial court, nothing in the record indicates that the court’s

                                         30
No. 85897-1-I/31

decision was outside the range of acceptable choices, based on unsupported

facts, or a misapplication of the facts to the applicable rules. Thus, the trial court

did not abuse its discretion.

                                                 C

        The Guetters nevertheless rely on four cases—Bauman v. Turpen, 139

Wn. App. 78; Wimberly v. Caravello, 136 Wn. App. 327; Piepkorn v. Adams, 102

Wn. App. 673, 10 P.3d 428 (2000); and Foster v. Nehls, 15 Wn. App. 749—for

the proposition that the trial court erred by not considering a seven factor test for

injunctive relief because, according to the Guetters, the trial court must consider

each of those factors prior to issuing an injunction. We disagree.

        As an initial matter, none of the cases relied upon by the Guetters for that

proposition expressly state that a trial court’s performance of such a multi-factor

analysis is mandatory. See Bauman, 139 Wn. App. at 92-93; Wimberly, 136 Wn.

App. at 340; Piepkorn, 102 Wn. App. at 684; Foster, 15 Wn. App. at 753-54.18

Indeed, even one of the cases relied upon by the Guetters stated—and

emphasized—that

        the [trial] court may consider a number of factors. These include
        the availability of other adequate remedies, misconduct by the
        plaintiff, and the relative hardship if injunctive relief is granted or
        denied. Hollis v. Garwall, Inc., 88 Wn. App. 10, 16, 945 P.2d 717
        (1997), aff’d, 137 Wn.2d 683, 974 P.2d 836 (1999). These factors

        18 The closest approximation to the proposition urged by the Guetters is stated in

Piepkorn, that “a court must balance the equities before it grants an injunction against an
‘innocent defendant who proceeds without knowledge or warning that his [or her] activity
encroaches upon another’s property rights.’” 102 Wn. App. at 684 (alteration in original) (quoting
to Hollis, 137 Wn.2d at 700)). However, it is axiomatic that a trial court granting equitable relief
(such as an injunction) must balance the equities between the parties. It does not follow that, in
so doing, a court must conduct a specific multi-factor analysis. Thus, the Guetters’ assertion fails.

                                                31
No. 85897-1-I/32

        are not, however, essential elements for the grant of injunctive
        relief. Hollis, 88 Wn. App. at 16.

Wimberly, 136 Wn. App. at 340.19

        Furthermore, the decisional authority relied on in those cases was either

our decision in Holmes Harbor Water Co. v. Page, 8 Wn. App. 600, or our

Supreme Court’s decision in Hollis v. Garwall, Inc., 137 Wn.2d 683, and neither

holds that a trial court must conduct such a multi-factored analysis. 137 Wn.2d

at 699-70; 8 Wn. App. at 603. Indeed, in Holmes, we relied on our Supreme

Court’s decision in Steele v. Queen City Broad. Co., 54 Wn.2d 402, 341 P.2d 499

(1959), for the proposition that “[a] trial court upon considering whether to grant

or deny an injunction may recognize circumstances and weigh [such] equitable

factors.” Holmes, 8 Wn. App. at 603 (emphasis added) (citing Steele, 54 Wn.2d

at 411; RESTATEMENT (FIRST) OF TORTS § 936 (1939)). In Steele, the court

provided a nonexclusive list of factors to consider and instructed that, “[w]hether

or not an injunction will issue must be determined by balancing the equities of the

parties. No one factor is controlling.” 54 Wn.2d at 411 (quoting RESTATEMENT

(FIRST) OF TORTS § 936(1)).

        19  Similarly, in an unpublished decision’s discussion of those many factors involved in
determining employment relationship, we stated the following:
                  While courts have generally used the term “factors” to describe the
         considerations a court should ponder when evaluating the circumstances of the
         relationship between a putative employer and an employee, these “factors” are
         not akin to elements. The economic reality test “offers a way to think about the
         subject and not an algorithm. That’s why toting up a score is not enough.”
Espinoza v. MH Janitorial Servs. LLC, No. 76752-6-I, slip op. at 10 (Wash. Ct. App. Nov. 4, 2019)
(unpublished), http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/767526.pdf
(quoting Reyes v. Remington Hybrid Seed Co., 495 F.3d 403, 408 (7th Cir. 2007)). We
recognized that those employment relationship considerations were “‘things to think about,’ which
more clearly denotes their function within the ‘economic reality’ test, rather than as ‘factors.’”
Espinoza, No. 76752-6, slip op. at 10-11. Similarly, here, we consider those factors relating to
the fashioning of equitable relief as “things to think about” when balancing the equities between
the parties.

                                               32
No. 85897-1-I/33

       Similarly, in Hollis, the court interpreted Holmes and concluded that the

factors described therein were permissive in nature, rather than mandatory.

137 Wn.2d at 699 (“Holmes holds that a court considering whether to grant an

injunction may consider and weigh equitable factors, such as the relative

hardship likely to result to the defendant if an injunction is granted and to the

plaintiff if it is denied” (citing Holmes, 8 Wn. App. at 603)).

       Therefore, a trial court is not required to conduct a multi-factor analysis in

its consideration of granting injunctive relief. The trial court herein did not err by

not engaging in such a rote analysis in this matter. Instead, the trial court

reasonably exercised its discretion. It committed no error. Accordingly, the trial

court did not err in its grant of injunctive relief.

                                             IV

       The Guetters assert that the trial court abused its discretion in granting an

award of attorney fees and costs to View Ridge Estates and to Haertl and

Kolisch. We agree.

               An appellate court will uphold an attorney fee award unless it
       finds the trial court manifestly abused its discretion. Discretion is
       abused when the trial court exercises it on untenable grounds or for
       untenable reasons. Chuong Van Pham v. City of Seattle, 159
       Wn.2d 527, 538, 151 P.3d 976 (2007). The burden of
       demonstrating that a fee is reasonable is upon the fee applicant.
       Scott Fetzer Co. v. Weeks, 122 Wn.2d 141, 151, 859 P.2d 1210
       (1993).

Berryman v. Metcalf, 177 Wn. App. 644, 656-57, 312 P.3d 745 (2013). In

considering such an award, however, “‘[c]ourts must take an active role in

assessing the reasonableness of fee awards, rather than treating cost decisions

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as a litigation afterthought. Courts should not simply accept unquestioningly fee

affidavits from counsel.’” Berryman, 177 Wn. App. at 657 (quoting Mahler v.

Szucs, 135 Wn.2d 398, 434-35, 957 P.2d 632, 966 P.2d 305 (1998)).

Furthermore,

               [a] trial court does not need to deduct hours here and there
       just to prove to the appellate court that it has taken an active role in
       assessing the reasonableness of a fee request. But to facilitate
       review, the findings must do more than give lip service to the word
       “reasonable.” The findings must show how the court resolved
       disputed issues of fact and the conclusions must explain the court’s
       analysis.

Berryman, 177 Wn. App. at 658 (emphasis added); accord Mayer v. City of

Seattle, 102 Wn. App. 66, 82-83, 10 P.3d 408 (2000) (“Because the trial court

made no findings regarding the specific challenged items, the record does not

allow for a proper review of these issues.”).

       Here, View Ridge Estates requested a total award of $46,690.49,

including attorney fees and costs. Haertl and Kolisch requested a total award of

$41,865.00. Opposing View Ridge Estates’ requests, the Guetters argued that

certain costs were unsupported and unexplained by its invoices, that certain

paralegal compensation was not properly documented, and that certain attorney

compensation was vague or pertained to unsuccessful or unexplained activities.

The Guetters also opposed Haertl’s and Kolisch’s request for such an award,

arguing that the requested costs pertained to other litigation that was stayed and

that the attorney fee award was unnecessary, unsuccessful, and entirely

duplicative of View Ridge Estates’ efforts.

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No. 85897-1-I/35

       The trial court granted an award of attorney fees and costs to View Ridge

Estates and to Haertl and Kolisch, subtracting $6,800 and $8,000 from their

requests, respectively. The trial court did not explain its analysis in so reducing

the awards. The trial court also did not address any of the Guetters’ numerous

objections raised in response to those requests.

       The trial court erred. A trial court “must show how the court resolved

disputed issues of fact and the conclusions must explain the court’s analysis.”

Berryman, 177 Wn. App. at 658. The trial court did not do so here, and the

record does not allow for a proper review of these issues. Mayer, 102 Wn. App.

at 82-83. Thus, the trial court abused its discretion.

       We have stated that, in such a situation,

       a fee award that is unsupported by an adequate record will be
       remanded for the entry of proper findings of fact and conclusions of
       law that explain the basis for the award. See Mahler, 135 Wn.2d at
       435; Eagle Point Condo. Owners Ass’n v. Coy, 102 Wn. App. 697,
       715-16, 9 P.3d 898 (2000) (remanded because trial court “simply
       announced a number”). This is because the trial judge is “in the
       best position to determine which hours should be included in the
       lodestar calculation.” Chuong Van Pham, 159 Wn.2d at 540.

Berryman, 177 Wn. App. at 659; accord Mayer, 102 Wn. App. at 83 (“On remand,

therefore, the trial court is directed to enter thorough findings regarding these

specific challenged time entries.”).

       However, “[t]he essential goal in shifting fees (to either party) is to do

rough justice, not to achieve auditing perfection.” Fox v. Vice, 563 U.S. 826, 838,

131 S. Ct. 2205, 180 L. Ed. 2d 45 (2011). Indeed, “the determination of fees

‘should not result in a second major litigation.’” Fox, 563 U.S. at 838 (quoting

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No. 85897-1-I/36

Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 437, 103 S. Ct. 1933, 76 L. Ed. 2d 40

(1983)). We encourage the trial court and the parties to keep as much in mind

on remand.

                                               V

        Both the Guetters and View Ridge Estates request an award of attorney

fees based on the association’s declaration or restated declaration described

herein and RAP 18.1.

        A party may request reasonable attorney fees on appeal if an applicable

law grants the party the right to recover. RAP 18.1. We generally recognize a

provision in a contract allowing an award of attorney fees to include an award of

fees on appeal as well as at trial. Falcon Props., LLC v. Bowfits 1308, LLC, 16

Wn. App. 2d 1, 14, 478 P.3d 134 (2020) (citing Edmundson v. Bank of Am., N.A.,

194 Wn. App. 920, 932-33, 378 P.3d 272 (2016)).

        View Ridge Estates has substantially prevailed on appeal. Thus, we grant

its request for an award of attorney fees pursuant to RAP 18.1, and we deny the

Guetters’ request for such an award.20 Upon proper application, a commissioner

of this court will enter an appropriate award.

        20 Respondents Haertl and Kolisch do not specifically request an award of attorney fees
on appeal. Rather, their briefing only concurs with certain sections of respondent View Ridge
Estates’ appellate brief. Therefore, we grant them no award of appellate attorney fees.

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No. 85897-1-I/37

      Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.

WE CONCUR:

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