Court Opinion

ID: 6341759
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-05-18 07:23:45.24895+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:12:16.637396
License: Public Domain

In The
              Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

                   No. 06-21-00051-CR

         TERRANCE NORVELL, JR., Appellant

                            V.

            THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

         On Appeal from the 188th District Court
                 Gregg County, Texas
               Trial Court No. 51694-A

      Before Morriss, C.J., Stevens and van Cleef, JJ.
      Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss
                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Terrance Norvell, Jr., was convicted by a jury of aggravated assault with a deadly

weapon. After the jury found the State’s punishment enhancement allegations true, the trial

court imposed the jury’s assessed sentence of forty years’ imprisonment. On appeal, in two

points of error, Norvell argues that the trial court erred by admitting extraneous-offense evidence

during the guilt/innocence portion of his trial. We conclude that (1) Norvell failed to preserve

his complaint that the extraneous-offense evidence was inadmissible due to an allegedly

insufficient relationship allegation in the State’s indictment and (2) the trial court did not abuse

its discretion in admitting the evidence. As a result, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

(1)    Norvell Failed to Preserve His Complaint that the Extraneous-Offense Evidence Was
       Inadmissible Due to an Allegedly Insufficient Relationship Allegation in the State’s
       Indictment

       Norvell argues that the extraneous-offence evidence should not have been admitted under

Article 38.371 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure because the State’s “indictment

contain[ed] no language linking the defendant and victim through Articles 71.0021(b), 71.003 or

71.005 of the Family Code.” The State argues that Norvell has failed to preserve this point of

error. We agree that the issue has not been preserved.

       The State originally indicted Norvell in cause number 50064-A for aggravated assault.

The indictment under that cause specified that the victim, “Jessica Shaw-Williams,” “was a

member of Defendant’s family and a person whose relationship to or association with Defendant

[was] described by Chapter 71, Family Code.” The State later indicted Norvell in this case under

cause number 51694-A for “AGGRAVATED ASSAULT WITH A DEADLY WEAPON-

                                                 2
FAMILY VIOLENCE” and moved to adopt all filings under cause number 50064-A into cause

number 51694-A. In the current case, the State alleged that Norvell “intentionally, knowingly, or

recklessly cause[d] bodily injury to Jessica Shaw, by striking her with [his] hand” and that he

used or exhibited a firearm during the commission of the assault. Although the indictment in the

latter case listed the offense as family violence, it omitted the earlier indictment’s language

specifying that Shaw had a relationship with Norvell as described by Chapter 71 of the Texas

Family Code. Even so, it was undisputed that Shaw and Norvell had a dating relationship and

were living together.

       One of the filings adopted from the old cause into the new one was the State’s notice of

intent to offer extraneous-offense evidence, which specified Article 38.371 of the Texas Code of

Criminal Procedure, among other rules, as the State’s theory of admissibility. Article 38.371

applies to “a proceeding in the prosecution of a defendant for an offense . . . for which the

alleged victim is a person whose relationship to or association with the defendant is described by

Section 71.0021(b) . . . Family Code.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.371(a) (Supp.).

Section 71.0021(b) defines a “dating relationship” as “a relationship between individuals who

have or have had a continuing relationship of a romantic or intimate nature.” TEX. FAM. CODE

ANN. § 71.0021(b). In such a proceeding,

       subject to the Texas Rules of Evidence or other applicable law, each party may
       offer testimony or other evidence of all relevant facts and circumstances that
       would assist the trier of fact in determining whether the actor committed the
       offense . . . , including testimony or evidence regarding the nature of the
       relationship between the actor and the alleged victim.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.371(b) (Supp.).

                                                3
        Under its notice, the State specified that it intended to offer evidence of nineteen separate

extraneous offenses to show the nature of the relationship between Norvell and Shaw. Norvell

filed a written objection to the admission of extraneous-offense evidence; the objection argued

that the extraneous-offense evidence was inadmissible under Rules 401, 402, 403, and 404(b) of

the Texas Rules of Evidence but did not respond to the State’s theory of admissibility under

Article 38.371(b). During a pretrial hearing, the State argued that the evidence was admissible to

show the nature of the relationship between Shaw and Norvell, which “lasted . . . from the fall of

2019 really to [the time of trial].” Norvell did not argue that he and Shaw had not had a dating

relationship and instead argued only that Article 38.371(b) did not apply unless the victim

recanted her accusations.1 Norvell never presented to the trial court his appellate argument that

Article 38.371(b) did not apply because the State had omitted any reference to family violence in

the new indictment, except for the reference in the title.2

        “Preservation of error is a systemic requirement on appeal.” Ford v. State, 305 S.W.3d

530, 532 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (citing Haley v. State, 173 S.W.3d 510, 515 (Tex. Crim. App.

2005)). When an issue has not been preserved for appeal, this Court is not permitted to address

the merits of that issue. Id. “The purpose of requiring a specific objection in the trial court is

twofold: (1) to inform the trial judge of the basis of the objection and give him the opportunity

1
 During argument, Norvell’s counsel admitted, “I suppose all of these that we’ve just discussed here today under
38.371, the nature of the relationship type evidence, so it would certainly involve the nature of the relationship
between Ms. Shaw and Mr. Norvell.”
2
 To the extent Norvell’s complaint can be interpreted as raising any defect, error, or irregularity in the State’s
indictment, Norvell was required to raise this issue below with the trial court. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.
1.14(b).
                                                         4
to rule on it; [and] (2) to give opposing counsel the opportunity to respond to the complaint.”

Resendez v. State, 306 S.W.3d 308, 312 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). As explained in Resendez,

       Although there are no technical considerations or forms of words required to
       preserve an error for appeal, a party must be specific enough so as to “let the trial
       judge know what he wants, why he thinks himself entitled to it, and do so clearly
       enough for the judge to understand him at a time when the trial court is in a
       proper position to do something about it.”

Id. at 312–13 (quoting Lankston v. State, 827 S.W.2d 907, 909 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)). For this

reason, a “point of error on appeal must comport with the objection made at trial.” Wilson v.

State, 71 S.W.3d 346, 349 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); see Swain v. State, 181 S.W.3d 359, 368

(Tex. Crim. App. 2005).

       Norvell never presented his argument that Article 38.371(b) would not apply because the

“indictment contain[ed] no language linking the defendant and victim through Articles

71.0021(b), 71.003 or 71.005 of the Family Code.” As a result, we find that Norvell failed to

preserve this issue for our review. We overrule this point of error.

(2)    The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Admitting the Evidence

       Norvell also argues that some of the extraneous-offense evidence should have been

excluded under Rules 402, 403, and 404(b) of the Texas Rules of Evidence. “We review a trial

court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for an abuse of discretion.” Flowers v. State, 438

S.W.3d 96, 103 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2014, pet. ref’d) (citing Martinez v. State, 327 S.W.3d

727, 736 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)). “Abuse of discretion occurs only if the decision is ‘so clearly

wrong as to lie outside the zone within which reasonable people might disagree.’” Id. (quoting

Taylor v. State, 268 S.W.3d 571, 579 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (citing Montgomery v. State, 810

                                                 5
S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (op. on reh’g))). We are not to substitute our own

decisions for those of the trial court. Id. (citing Moses v. State, 105 S.W.3d 622, 627 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2003)). And we should uphold a trial court’s evidentiary ruling if we find it correct on any

theory of law applicable in the case. Id. (citing De La Paz v. State, 279 S.W.3d 336, 344 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2009)).

            By its notice, the State specified that it intended to offer the following evidence of

extraneous offenses witnessed by Shaw to show the nature of the relationship between her and

Norvell:

            1.       On or about the Fall to Winter of 2018 the Defendant committed assault
                     causing bodily injury in Knox County, Illinois against an unknown male.[3]

            2.       Between the periods of the Fall of 2018 and December of 2019 the
                     Defendant caused damage to Jessica Shaw’s property, including her
                     vehicle, in Knox County, Illinois.

            3.       On or about the Spring of 2019[,] the Defendant pushed Jessica Shaw into
                     a door and choked her regarding a bag of weed, in Knox County, Illinois.

            4.       On or about the Spring of 2019[,] the Defendant pointed a gun at Jessica
                     Shaw in Knox County, Illinois.

            5.       On or about the Spring of 2019[,] the Defendant drove around shooting at
                     houses with a firearm in Knox County, Illinois.4

            6.       On or about May 9, 2019, the Defendant committed assault against J.S.,
                     Jessica Shaw’s son, in Knox County, Illinois.

            7.       On or about May 10, 2019[,] the Defendant was arrested for two counts of
                     unlawful possession of a weapon by a felon, unlawful possession of a

3
    As to allegation number 1, the State clarified that Norvell made Shaw witness the assault.
4
 As to allegation number 5, the State alleged that Norvell made Shaw drive with him and witness the shootings as a
form of intimidation.
                                                             6
                 weapon by a gang member, unlawful restraint, possession of any
                 substance with intent, and intimidation in Knox County, Illinois.[5]

        8.       On or about May 10, 2019[,] the Defendant was charged with two counts
                 of possession of a weapon by a felon, unlawful restraint, and misdemeanor
                 aggravated assault in Knox County, Illinois.

        9.       On or about May 10, 2019[,] the Defendant committed theft of firearms by
                 taking Jessica Shaw’s glock pistol and shotgun in Knox County, Illinois.

        10.      On or about September 11, 2019, the Defendant committed cruelty to [a]
                 non-livestock animal by cutting Jessica Shaw’s dog with a machete in
                 Gregg County, Texas.

        11.      On or about the Fall of 2019[,] the Defendant threatened to shoot through
                 the floor at or in the direction of a downstairs neighbor in Gregg County,
                 Texas.

        12.      On or about the Fall of 2019[,] the Defendant caused damage to Jessica
                 Shaw’s vehicle in Gregg County, Texas.

        13.      On or about November 21, 2019[,] the Defendant committed aggravated
                 assault with a deadly weapon by pointing a firearm at Jessica Shaw, in
                 Gregg County, Texas.

        14.      The Defendant is in the gang “Renegade” – a section of the Gangster
                 Disciples in Knox County.6

        15.      The Defendant uses illegal narcotics.[7]

        ....

        21.      The Defendant: used and/or exhibited weapons in a threatening manner,
                 threatened physical abuse against the victim, her family, and her pets and

5
 As to allegation number 7, the State clarified that Shaw was arrested on that date for holding Shaw hostage and
argued that this evidence was admissible to show his motive in committing the aggravated assault.
6
 The evidence showed that Shaw feared Norvell due to his gang affiliation and believed that she would suffer
retaliation if she reported his actions.
7
 The State argued that Shaw would testify that “a large part of the assaults the defendant committed on her were due
to drugs.”
                                                         7
              property, took the victim to witness acts committed in paragraph I., 1-15,
              and making the victim aware of acts committed through Defendant’s role
              in the Renegade gang as forms of intimidation and control.

       22.    The Defendant over the course of the relationship called the victim
              derogatory names, made derogatory or insulting comments towards the
              victim.

       23.    The Defendant only allowed the victim to go to and from work if he drove
              her, threatened to call her job and get her fired, and controlled the victim’s
              finances.

       24.    From December 8, 2019[,] to present, the Defendant has called and caused
              his family to communicate with the victim repeatedly. Communications
              include references to the victim’s family’s whereabouts as a form of
              intimidation to the victim.

After Norvell made general objections arguing that the evidence was not relevant, it constituted

impermissible character evidence, and its probative value was substantially outweighed by the

danger of unfair prejudice, the State argued that the evidence was needed to establish the nature

of the relationship and to rebut the defendant’s attacks on Shaw’s credibility. The trial court

admitted the extraneous offenses “to allow [Shaw] to get into her prior relationship with

Mr. Norvell” and found that the evidence was probative to show both that “Norvell intimidated

the witness” and to show why and how the offense occurred.

       We find no abuse of discretion in the admission of the evidence due to its (a) general

relevance, (b) relevance beyond character conformity, and (c) probative value when balanced

under Rule 403.

       (a)    General Relevance

       On appeal, Norvell argues that Rule 402 prevented the admission of the extraneous-

offense evidence. Under Rule 402, irrelevant evidence is not admissible. Evidence is relevant if
                                                8
it has any tendency to make a fact of consequence “more or less probable than it would be

without the evidence.” TEX. R. EVID. 401. “The threshold for relevance under Rule 401 is very

low,” Haley v. State, 173 S.W.3d 510, 520 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (Keller, P.J., concurring), and

the evidence “need not prove the point by itself,” Beham v. State, 559 S.W.3d 474, 482 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2018).

        Norvell’s brief fails to acknowledge the relevancy arguments made by the State. Since

the extraneous offenses bore on the nature of the relationship, the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in finding them relevant. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.371(b); Miller v.

State, No. 06-20-00015-CR, 2020 WL 4044717, at *2 (Tex. App.—Texarkana July 20, 2020, no

pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication).8 The extraneous offenses were also relevant

because they “ha[d] a tendency to make probable the State’s theory that [the defendant]

possessed the requisite intent at the time of the offense.” Miller, 2020 WL 4044717, at *2

(second alteration in original) (quoting Smith v. State, 314 S.W.3d 576, 592 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2010, no pet.)). We overrule Norvell’s complaint under Rule 402.

        (b)      Relevance Beyond Character Conformity

        Norvell further argues that some of the extraneous offenses should have been excluded

under Rule 404(b) of the Texas Rules of Evidence. Specifically, Norvell complains of the

evidence that he (1) assaulted a man in Shaw’s presence, (2) made Shaw witness him shooting

guns at houses, (3) previously pointed firearms at Shaw, (4) injured Shaw’s dog, (5) assaulted

8
 “Although unpublished cases have no precedential value, we may take guidance from them ‘as an aid in developing
reasoning that may be employed.’” Rhymes v. State, 536 S.W.3d 85, 99 n.9 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2017, pet.
ref’d) (quoting Carrillo v. State, 98 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2003, pet. ref’d)).
                                                       9
Shaw’s son, and (6) held Shaw hostage.9 We discuss Shaw’s testimony about these extraneous

offenses.

         At trial, Shaw testified that she met Norvell in 2018, while she lived in Illinois. The two

began a dating relationship, which Shaw described as “really good . . . in the very beginning”

until Norvell began physically assaulting her and making comments “to instill fear.” After the

“honeymoon phase” of their relationship had passed, Shaw testified that Norvell “made [her] ride

with him” when he went to confront a man and became “terrified” when she witnessed him

“stomp a grown man into the ground.” During another incident, Shaw said that Norvell pulled

out his gun while he was driving, “started shooting at random houses,” and “shot off a couple

more” rounds after she pled with him to stop. Shaw said she wanted to end the relationship but

did not because Norvell “had already moved in,” and she was afraid to confront him.

         Shaw said Norvell had pulled a gun on her several times while threatening to kill her. On

one occasion, Norvell pointed his gun at Shaw’s dog after Shaw expressed love for the animal.

When Shaw jumped between Norvell and the dog, Norvell threatened to shoot Shaw while

9
 Norvell has forfeited any argument that Rules 403 and 404(b) barred the introduction of any extraneous offense not
discussed in the analysis section of his brief. “To avoid forfeiting a legal argument for inadequate briefing, an
appellant’s brief must contain ‘a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with appropriate citations to
authorities and to the record.’” Taylor v. State, 558 S.W.3d 215, 218 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2018, no pet.)
(quoting TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i)) (citing Lucio v. State, 351 S.W.3d 878, 896–97 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Busby v.
State, 253 S.W.3d 661, 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Cardenas v. State, 30 S.W.3d 384, 393 (Tex. Crim. App.
2000)). “Because the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has emphasized that an appellate court has no obligation to
construct and compose issues, facts, and arguments for an appellant, encompassed within Rule 38.1 is the party’s
task of explaining or discussing why an argument has substance.” Id. (citing Wolfe v. State, 509 S.W.3d 325, 343
(Tex. Crim. App. 2017); Lucio, 351 S.W.3d at 896–97; Busby, 253 S.W.3d at 673).
         “To avoid forfeiture, a party must provide substantive analysis by applying the law to the facts.” Id. (citing
Linney v. State, 413 S.W.3d 766, 767 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (Cochran, J., concurring in refusal to grant petition for
discretionary review)). “A brief that fails to apply the law to the facts does not comply with Rule 38.1 and presents
nothing for review.” Id. (citing Swearingen v. State, 101 S.W.3d 89, 100 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)). Because there is
no argument that the trial court erred in admitting the other extraneous offenses not discussed in the analysis portion
of the brief, and no substantive briefing related to the other extraneous offenses, we address only the six offenses
discussed in the brief.
                                                         10
pointing the gun in her direction. Shaw said that she was “terrified because . . . there was a bullet

in the head of the [gun],” which did not have a safety. Shaw testified that Norvell later slashed

her dog with a machete after it had urinated inside, but the dog was saved after receiving thirty-

seven staples during an emergency surgery.

       While they were still living in Illinois, Shaw said that Norvell punched her youngest son

in the face during an argument with him. On the day after Norvell punched Shaw’s youngest

son, her other son called the police. By the time the police arrived, Shaw said Norvell “had

started drinking . . . and he had the Glock on his lap pointed in [her] direction.” Norvell was

arrested after what was described as a hostage situation, pled guilty to an offense, and was jailed

for sixty days. On the day after his arrest, Shaw and her youngest son moved to Texas to escape

Norvell, but he discovered Shaw’s whereabouts and also moved to Texas. While in Texas, Shaw

said Norvell became upset after seeing an article about his Illinois arrest, which caused him to

become more aggressive toward her younger son.

       According to Shaw, Norvell was still “amped up over the article” during the incident that

led to the State’s indictment in this case. Shaw testified that Norvell punched her during an

argument, causing her to scream because it “was the hardest he [had] ever hit [her].” Norvell

then threw his phone at Shaw, hitting her in the head. After Shaw texted her friend for help,

Norvell “started loading the guns” because he knew the police were on their way. Norvell

loaded two weapons and pointed one of them at Shaw and then at Shaw’s son’s room while

communicating to her that, “if he was going to go back to jail, he was going to make sure it was

for good.” Norvell was arrested after Shaw’s friend called the police.

                                                 11
       Under Rule 404(b) of the Texas Rules of Evidence, “evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or

acts is not admissible ‘to prove a person’s character in order to show that on a particular occasion

the person acted in accordance with the character.’” Davison v. State, 602 S.W.3d 625, 651

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2020, pet. ref’d) (quoting TEX. R. EVID. 404(b)(1)). “But it may ‘be

admissible for another purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,

knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake, or lack of accident.’” Id. (quoting TEX. R. EVID.

404(b)(2)).   “The exceptions listed under Rule 404(b) are neither mutually exclusive nor

collectively exhaustive.” Id. (quoting De La Paz v. State, 279 S.W.3d 336, 343 (Tex. 2009)).

       “Rule 404(b) is a rule of inclusion rather than exclusion.” Id. (quoting De La Paz, 279

S.W.3d at 343 (quoting United States v. Bowie, 232 F.3d 923, 929 (D.C. Cir. 2000))). “The rule

excludes only that evidence that is offered (or will be used) solely for the purpose of proving bad

character and hence conduct in conformity with that bad character.” Id. (quoting De La Paz, 279

S.W.3d at 343) (citing Rankin v. State, 974 S.W.2d 707, 709 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)). “Whether

extraneous offense evidence has relevance apart from character conformity . . . is a question for

the trial court.” Id. (quoting De La Paz, 279 S.W.3d at 343 (quoting Moses v. State, 105 S.W.3d

622, 627 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003))).

       In a recent opinion, our sister court found in James v. State that “Article 38.371, which

applies to family-violence prosecutions, provides another non-character-conformity purpose for

admitting extraneous-offense evidence.” James v. State, 623 S.W.3d 533, 545 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth 2021, no pet.) (citing TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.371). Even though Section

38.371(c) disallows character evidence otherwise prohibited by Rule 404(b), Section 38.371(b)

                                                12
“expressly allows ‘evidence of all relevant facts and circumstances that would assist the trier of

fact in determining whether the actor committed the offense . . . , including testimony or

evidence regarding the nature of the relationship’ between the accused and the complainant.” Id.

at 545–46 (citing TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.371(b), (c)). As a result, “extraneous-

offense evidence regarding the nature of the relationship between an accused and a complainant”

is admissible under Rule 404(b). Id. at 546 (citing Mourning v. State, No. 02-19-00168-CR,

2020 WL 6165309, at *4–5 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Oct. 22, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op., not

designated for publication); Franco v. State, No. 08-18-00040-CR, 2020 WL 3168560, at *8

(Tex. App.—El Paso June 15, 2020, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (“[T]he Legislature

has determined under article 38.371 that the nature of the relationship itself is a permissible, non-

character-conformity purpose for which evidence is admissible.”); Fernandez v. State, 597

S.W.3d 546, 564–66 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2020, pet. ref’d)).

       To convict, the jury was required to find that Norvell committed the act intentionally,

knowingly, or recklessly. The extraneous-offense evidence showed the intimidating nature of

the relationship between Norvell and Shaw and strongly served to make more probable the

existence of the required mens rea. Because extraneous offenses are admissible to show intent

under Rule 404(b)(2) and because the evidence is permitted by Article 38.371, the trial court,

which expressly took guidance from our sister court’s opinion in James in making its ruling, did

not abuse its discretion in overruling Norvell’s Rule 404(b) objection. See id.

                                                 13
       (c)     Probative Value When Balanced Under Rule 403

       Finally, Norvell argues that the trial court erred by admitting the six extraneous offenses

mentioned in the analysis portion of his brief over his Rule 403 objection. “Evidence admissible

under Rule 404(b) may nevertheless be excluded under Rule 403 ‘if its probative value is

substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following:           unfair prejudice,

confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, or needlessly presenting cumulative

evidence.’” James, 623 S.W.3d at 546 (quoting TEX. R. EVID. 403). When a trial court conducts

a balancing test under Rule 403, it

       must balance (1) the inherent probative force of the proffered item of evidence
       along with (2) the proponent’s need for that evidence against (3) any tendency of
       the evidence to suggest decision on an improper basis, (4) any tendency of the
       evidence to confuse or distract the jury from the main issues, (5) any tendency of
       the evidence to be given undue weight by a jury that has not been equipped to
       evaluate the probative force of the evidence, and (6) the likelihood that
       presentation of the evidence will consume an inordinate amount of time or merely
       repeat evidence already admitted.

Gigliobianco v. State, 210 S.W.3d 637, 641–42 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). In any given case,

“these factors may well blend together.” Id. at 642.

       “Rule 403 favors admissibility, and ‘the presumption is that relevant evidence will be

more probative than prejudicial.’” James v. State, 555 S.W.3d 254, 260 (Tex. App.—Texarkana

2018, pet. dism’d, untimely filed) (quoting Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 389). Only if the danger

of unfair prejudice substantially outweighs the probative value of the evidence will we find that

the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the evidence. Wheeler v. State, 67 S.W.3d 879,

888 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).

                                               14
       As previously discussed, the extraneous offenses showing the nature of Norvell and

Shaw’s relationship was strongly probative of the issue of Norvell’s intent at the time of the

offense. See James, 623 S.W.3d at 547. Also, in opening statements, Norvell’s counsel attacked

Shaw’s credibility and claimed that she fabricated her complaints about Norvell. Thus, the

extraneous offenses were allowable as being strongly “probative to rebut the defensive theory of

fabrication.” Id. at 548. Although Shaw’s youngest son heard Norvell hit her and heard a

shotgun being loaded, he did not see the incident. Because there were no eyewitnesses to the

incident and because Norvell argued that Shaw was fabricating it, the State’s need for the

evidence was high. Consequently, we find that the first two Gigliobianco factors weigh in favor

of admission.

       As for the next three factors, the extraneous offenses were no worse than the offense for

which Norvell was being tried—aggravated assault with a deadly weapon. Therefore, the trial

court could conclude that the extraneous offenses did not tend to suggest a decision on an

improper or emotional basis instead of a rational basis. See Robisheaux v. State, 483 S.W.3d

205, 220 (Tex. App.—Austin 2016, pet. ref’d) (tendency to suggest decision on improper basis is

“ameliorated somewhat by the fact that the . . . [extraneous] actions were no more serious than

the allegations forming the basis for the indictment”). This is especially so in light of the trial

court’s “limiting instruction[, which] can minimize the risk of the jury improperly relying on

[extraneous-offense evidence] in reaching its verdict.” James, 623 S.W.3d at 549. Here, the trial

court instructed the jury that it could consider the extraneous offenses only if they determined

beyond a reasonable doubt that Norvell committed them and then only to determine the nature of

                                                15
the relationship in connection with the indicted offense or for the limited purpose to show

Norvell’s motive, opportunity, intent, identity, or absence of mistake or accident. The trial court

further instructed the jury,

        You may not consider this evidence to prove the defendant is a bad person and for
        this reason was likely to commit the charged offense. In other words, you should
        only consider this evidence for the specific, limited purpose I have prescribed. To
        consider this evidence for any other purpose would be improper.

“We presume that the jury followed the trial court’s limiting instructions.” Id. (citing Thrift v.

State, 176 S.W.3d 221, 224 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)). Because of the limiting instruction and the

trial court’s charge, which focused the jury on the offense in the indictment, we find that the

extraneous-offense evidence would not tend to confuse or distract the jury from the main issues

in the case, but instead provided a more complete picture of the nature of the relationship

between Shaw and Norvell so that the jury could understand their behavior on the day of the

offense. See id. at 550. Because the evidence was not scientific or complex, nothing suggested

that the jury would give the evidence undue weight or would otherwise be misled by it. Id. We

find that the third, fourth, and fifth Gigliobianco factors weigh in favor of admission.

        As for the last factor, Norvell alleges, and the State concedes, that the presentment of the

extraneous offenses consumed a substantial amount of time. Even so, this does not tip the scale

against admission of the six extraneous offenses. See id. at 551 (concluding that trial court did

not abuse its discretion in overruling Rule 403 objection even when State conceded final

Gigliobianco factor).

                                                 16
        After balancing all six Gigliobianco factors, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse

its discretion in overruling Norvell’s objection under Rule 403.        As a result, we overrule

Norvell’s last point of error.

        We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                Josh R. Morriss, III
                                                Chief Justice

Date Submitted:         April 14, 2022
Date Decided:           May 13, 2022

Do Not Publish

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