Court Opinion

ID: 2973613
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 17:04:45.352428+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:43:46.443665
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                                             File Name: 06a0135p.06

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                         FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                           _________________

                                                   X
                              Plaintiff-Appellee, -
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                    -
                                                    -
                                                    -
                                                        No. 05-5657
        v.
                                                    ,
                                                     >
 WAYNE MORGAN JONES,                                -
                          Defendant-Appellant. -
                                                   N
                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                 for the Eastern District of Kentucky at Lexington.
                  No. 05-00001—Karl S. Forester, District Judge.
                                        Submitted: January 25, 2006
                                    Decided and Filed: April 17, 2006
            Before: MOORE and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges; POLSTER, District Judge.*
                                             _________________
                                                   COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: Adele Burt Brown, Lexington, Kentucky, for Appellant. Charles P. Wisdom, Jr.,
ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Lexington, Kentucky, for Appellee.
    POLSTER, D. J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which McKEAGUE, J., joined.
MOORE, J. (pp. 7-9), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.
                                             _________________
                                                 OPINION
                                             _________________
         POLSTER, District Judge. Defendant-Appellant Wayne Morgan Jones (“Jones”) was
sentenced to twelve months of imprisonment for defrauding and attempting to defraud a financial
institution in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1344(1) and using another person’s identity to commit this
fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1028(a)(7) and (2). Jones appeals this sentence, arguing that the
district court should have reduced his sentence pursuant to U.S. Sentencing Guidelines (“U.S.S.G”)
§ 5K2.23 because he had already served a one-year state sentence for the same conduct. For the
reasons stated below, we AFFIRM Jones’ sentence.

        *
          The Honorable Dan Aaron Polster, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting by
designation.

                                                         1
No. 05-5657               United States v. Jones                                                              Page 2

                                                            I.
        On November 12, 2002, Jones fraudulently assumed the identity, including the date of birth
and social security number, of Orville Wayne Hudson, to secure a $21,995 loan from Bank of
America to purchase a recreational vehicle. On June 2, 2003, Jones traded in the vehicle at a
dealership, using the proceeds to purchase another motor vehicle. To finance the purchase of the
second motor vehicle, Jones again assumed the identity of Orville Wayne Hudson to secure a second
loan from Bank of America.1
        On December 10, 2003, Jones was sentenced for receiving stolen property in a Kentucky
state court based on his illegally obtaining and possessing the second motor vehicle. Jones served
365 days in prison for this offense and was released from state custody on August 27, 2004.
        On December 14, 2004, Jones was arrested on federal charges of bank fraud and identity
theft based on his use of Orville Wayne Hudson’s identity to finance the purchase of the two motor
vehicles. Jones pled guilty to the charges without a written plea     agreement. The presentence
investigation report indicated that a § 5K2.23 downward departure2 might be appropriate given that
Jones had already served a state sentence for relevant conduct. At the sentencing hearing, Jones did
not specifically request a downward departure pursuant to § 5K2.23. He did, however, request
probation rather than a custodial sentence because, among other reasons, he had already served
twelve months in state prison for the same conduct. The district court denied this request and
sentenced Jones to twelve months of imprisonment, the high end of the 6-12 month advisory
Guidelines range for offense level 10, Criminal History Category I.
                                                      II.
       Jones argues that the trial court erred in failing to give him a below-Guidelines sentence
under U.S.S.G. § 5K2.23 because of the one year he had already served in state prison for the same
conduct. At the sentencing hearing, Jones’ attorney did not specifically reference § 5K2.23 in his
remarks to the district court, or specifically request a downward departure, but he did request a
sentence of probation. Jones argues that his request for probation “would have required a downward3
departure because [Jones] was not eligible for probation according [to] the [G]uideline calculation.”
Appellant’s Br. at 4.
         Section 5K2.23 provides as follows:
                A downward departure may be appropriate if the defendant (1) has completed
         serving a term of imprisonment; and (2) subsection (b) of § 5G1.3 (Imposition of a
         Sentence on a Defendant Subject to Undischarged Term of Imprisonment) would

         1
         It appears that Jones used the fictitious name Wayne T. Hudson, but adopted the non-fictitious social security
number and date of birth of Orville Wayne Hudson, to secure these loans. See J.A. at 39-40 (Presentence Report at 6-7);
Appellant’s Br. at 3.
         2
        As the Guidelines are now only advisory, see United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 245 (2005), the term
“below-Guidelines sentence” is a more accurate term than “departure.”
         3
          The parties agree that Jones was at offense level 10 and Criminal History Category I, which produced an
advisory Guidelines range of 6-12 months. U.S.S.G. § 5B1.1(b)(1) prohibits the imposition of a sentence of probation
where the offense of conviction is a Class A or B felony. Bank fraud is a Class B felony. See United States v. Burns,
433 F.3d 442, 445 n.1 (5th Cir. 2005); United States v. Wilbon, 150 F. App’x 497, 499 (6th Cir. 2005) (unpublished).
Furthermore, § 5B1.1(b)(3) bars a sentence of probation where the defendant is simultaneously sentenced to a term of
imprisonment for the same or a different offense. See also 18 U.S.C. § 3561(a); United States v. Thornton, No. 92-2132,
1992 WL 226938, at *1 (8th Cir. Sept. 17,1992) (unpublished).
No. 05-5657             United States v. Jones                                                            Page 3

        have provided an adjustment had that completed term of imprisonment been
        undischarged at the time of sentencing for the instant offense. Any such departure
        should be fashioned to achieve a reasonable punishment for the instant offense.
U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(b) authorizes an adjustment in a defendant’s sentence and the concurrent running
of sentences where the defendant is currently serving a sentence that “resulted from another offense
that is relevant conduct to the instant offense of conviction under the provisions of subsections
(a)(1), (a)(2), or (a)(3) of § 1B1.3 (Relevant Conduct) and that was the basis for an increase in the
offense level for4 the instant offense under Chapter Two (Offense Conduct) or Chapter Three
(Adjustments).”
        Prior to the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005),
it was well-established in this Circuit that a district court’s decision to deny a request for a
downward departure was not reviewable unless the district court judge “incorrectly believed that
[he] lacked any authority to consider defendant’s mitigating circumstances as well as the discretion
to deviate from the guidelines.” United States v. Clark, 385 F.3d 609, 623 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting
United States v. Landers, 39 F.3d 643, 649 (6th Cir. 1994)); United States v. Stewart, 306 F.3d 295,
329 (6th Cir. 2002). In United States v. Puckett, 422 F.3d 340, 344-45 (6th Cir. 2005), this Court
held that the pre-Booker standard foreclosing review of a district court’s decision not to depart
downward “unless the record reflects that the district court was not aware of or did not understand
its discretion to make such a departure” survived Booker. Id. at 344 (citing Stewart, 306 F.3d at
329). The Court concluded that it did not have authority to review the district court’s decision not
to depart downward and affirmed the defendant’s sentence. Id. at 346.
        In United States v. McBride, 434 F.3d 470 (6th Cir. 2006), this Court addressed the potential
tension between Booker and Puckett and clarified the scope of our review of sentences post-Booker
in light of Booker’s mandate to review a district court’s sentence for reasonableness. The Court
limited the holding in Puckett to preclude the review of that narrow determination to deny a
Guidelines-based departure within the context of the advisory Guidelines calculation. Since under
Booker this would merely be one factor to be considered when imposing a sentence, McBride, 434
F.3d at 474 n.1, 476, the Court held that Puckett did not alter our ability to review the overall
reasonableness of a district court’s sentence, and attributed the absence of this review in Puckett to
the majority’s belief that the defendant did not properly argue for reasonableness review on appeal.
Id. at 474-75, 476 n.4; see id. at 476-77 (“[Puckett] does not prevent our review of a defendant’s
claim that his sentence is excessive based on the district court’s unreasonable analysis of the [18
U.S.C. §] 3553(a) factors in their totality.”).
                                                      III.
        We now review Jones’ sentence for reasonableness. The district court must articulate the
reasons for the particular sentence imposed in order to enable this Court to engage in a meaningful
reasonableness review of the sentence. United States v. Jackson, 408 F.3d 301, 305 (6th Cir. 2005)
(finding reasonableness review impossible where the district court provided a list of characteristics
of the defendant that it considered at sentencing, without any accompanying analysis, and did not
reference the applicable Guidelines provisions); see also United States v. James Williams, 432 F.3d
621, 623-24 (6th Cir. 2005) (affirming the district court’s decision to depart downward where the
district court, in following the framework established in Jackson, considered the applicable
Guidelines range and provided a detailed analysis in support of its decision to depart). This Court
has determined that a reasonableness review contains both substantive and procedural components.

        4
          The parties apparently agree that § 5G1.3(b) would have provided an adjustment had Jones’ completed term
of imprisonment been undischarged at the time of Jones’ sentencing for the instant offense.
No. 05-5657                United States v. Jones                                                                  Page 4

McBride, 434 F.3d at 475 n.3 (citing United States v. Webb, 403 F.3d 373, 383-85 (6th Cir. 2005)).
We must consider, therefore, the length of the sentence as well as “the factors evaluated and the
procedures employed by the district court in reaching its sentencing determination.” Webb, 403 F.3d
at 383.
       In determining the sentence to be imposed, the district court must consider the advisory
Guidelines range and all relevant factors identified in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Jackson, 408 F.3d at
305; McBride, 434 F.3d at 476. This Court recently held that sentences properly calculated under
the advisory Guidelines are accorded a rebuttable presumption of reasonableness. United States v.
Leonard Williams, 436 F.3d 706, 708 (6th Cir. 2006). Here, the district court properly calculated
and considered the appropriate Guidelines range. We must, however, review under the
reasonableness standard the district court’s consideration and analysis of the factors listed in
§ 3553(a). McBride, 434 F.3d at 476-77.
        Jones argues that his sentence is unreasonable because the district court failed to consider
the policy statement set forth in U.S.S.G. § 5K2.23 which authorizes courts to depart downward if
the defendant has already served a term of imprisonment for relevant conduct. This Guidelines
provision is a pertinent factor under § 3553(a)(5) which requires the 5district court to consider any
relevant policy statements in determining the sentence to be imposed. Although the district judge
did not explicitly refer to § 5K2.23 in his sentencing determination, he stated on the record that he
considered the sentencing objectives set forth in § 3553 and determined that the sentence imposed
would meet those objectives. J.A. at 27 (Tr. of Sentencing Hr’g at 7).
        The district court need not explicitly reference each of the § 3553(a) factors in its sentencing
determination. McBride, 434 F.3d at 475 n.3; Leonard Williams, 436 F.3d at 708. However, there
must be “sufficient evidence in the record to affirmatively demonstrate the court’s consideration of
[these factors].” McBride, 434 F.3d at 475 n.3. Here, the district court properly considered the
factors set forth in § 3553(a) in crafting the appropriate sentence.
        The court found that “the scope of . . . Jones’ fraudulent activities spans over 20 years and
far exceeds that which is normally encountered by the Court.” J.A. at 26 (Tr. of Sentencing Hr’g
at 6). A review of the presentence report reveals that these fraudulent activities included convictions
for interstate transportation of stolen vehicles, issuing insufficient funds checks, and alteration of
automobile odometers. J.A. at 43-45 (Presentence Report (“PSR”) at 10-12).6 These prior
convictions were too old to count in computing Jones’ criminal history category, see U.S.S.G.
§ 4A1.1(a) cmt. n. 1 (citing id. § 4A1.2(e)), and Jones was therefore in Criminal History Category
I. The district judge stated that he believed that the advisory Guidelines range was too low. J.A.
at 27 (Tr. of Sentencing Hr’g at 7). The district judge then stated that he gave serious consideration
to an upward departure, but, because of Jones’ medical condition, decided not to depart upward.
J.A. at 27 (Tr. of Sentencing Hr’g at 7). The court indicated that it had sympathy for Jones due to
his heart condition but other than that had “absolutely no sympathy” for him. J.A. at 26 (Tr. of
Sentencing Hr’g at 6). The court, therefore, considered “the nature and circumstances of the
offense” and Jones’ “history and characteristics,” see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), as well as “the need
for the sentence imposed . . . to reflect the seriousness of the offense . . . and to provide just

         5
          This provision would also be pertinent under § 3553(a)(2)(A) (requiring the court to consider the need for the
sentence imposed to provide just punishment for the offense) and (2)(B) (requiring the court to consider the need for the
sentence imposed to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct).
         6
            The only prior conviction listed in the presentence report that was not too old for purposes of computing Jones’
criminal history category was the 12-month sentence Jones served in state prison. See J.A. at 45 (PSR at 12). However,
this offense was not assigned any criminal history points because the underlying conduct was considered conduct that
is part of the instant offense. See J.A. at 46 (PSR at 13) (citing U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(a)(1)).
No. 05-5657               United States v. Jones                                                              Page 5

punishment for the offense,” id. § 3553(a)(2)(A); see J.A. at 27 (Tr. of Sentencing Hr’g at 7) (stating
that Jones “deserves to be punished”).
         Given Jones’ criminal history, “it was reasonable for the district court to place substantial
weight on [this factor] in reaching its sentencing determination.” Webb, 403 F.3d at 384 (finding
that the district judge was understandably troubled by the defendant’s lengthy criminal history). In
fact, after his first federal conviction in 1967, Jones absconded from probation, changed his name
to Wayne Thomas Hudson, and adopted a false date of birth and social security number. J.A. at 40,
43 (PSR at 7, 10). In addition to adopting the name Wayne Thomas Hudson and the accompanying
identifiers, all of which were fictitious, Jones used the non-fictitious date of birth and social security
number of Orville Wayne Hudson to commit the instant offense. J.A. at 39-40 (PSR at 6-7); see also
Appellant’s Br. at 3 (stating that Orville Wayne Hudson and Wayne T. Hudson are different people).
        The district court also considered Jones’ physical condition, 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(5);
U.S.S.G. § 5H1.4, in arriving at the appropriate sentence.7 Furthermore, the district court considered
“the need to provide restitution to any victims of the offense,” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(7), and
determined that restitution could be made before, during and after incarceration. J.A. at 29 (Tr. of
Sentencing Hr’g at 9). In discussing Jones’ inability to pay a fine, the court took into account “the
kinds of sentences available,” see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(3); J.A. at 29-30 (Tr. of Sentencing Hr’g at
9-10); Leonard Williams, 436 F.3d at 708 (finding that the district court, in discussing the
defendant’s inability to pay a fine, addressed “the kinds of sentences available”), and, in requiring
Jones to undergo mental health treatment while on supervised release, the district court considered
“the need for the sentence imposed . . . to provide the defendant with . . . correctional treatment in
the most effective manner,” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(D).
       The dissent contends that because the district court did not explain its rejection of Jones’
argument for a reduced sentence, Jones’ sentence cannot be meaningfully reviewed. We disagree.
The district court complied with this Court’s holding in United States v. Richardson, 437 F.3d 550,
554 (6th Cir. 2006), that a sentencing judge must explain to the parties and the reviewing court its
reasons for imposing a particular sentence.
       The sentencing regime that the U.S. Supreme Court created in United States v. Booker, 543
U.S. 220 (2005), places the responsibility for sentencing in the hands of the district judge, who must
consult the Guidelines and adhere to the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). While this Court
reviews a sentence for both procedural and substantive reasonableness, McBride, 434 F.3d at 476
n.3; Webb, 403 F.3d at 383, a sentence within the applicable Guidelines range should not lose its
presumption of reasonableness whenever a district judge does not explicitly address every defense
argument for a below-Guidelines sentence. Otherwise, the procedural reasonableness review will
become appellate micromanaging of the sentencing process.
         The district court considered the applicable Guidelines range, the factors identified in
§ 3553(a), and articulated its reasons for the sentence imposed. Given that the applicability of
U.S.S.G. § 5K2.23 was articulated in the presentence report and defense counsel twice informed the
district court that Jones had already served a twelve-month sentence in state court for the same
conduct, we find that the district court was aware of Jones’ previous state sentence but nevertheless

         7
           The Guidelines discourage courts from considering a defendant’s physical condition in determining whether
a departure may be warranted. See U.S.S.G. § 5H1.4. We need not decide whether the district court improperly
considered Jones’ health pursuant to § 5H1.4 because that provision applies to downward departures. Here, the district
court did not rely on Jones’ medical condition as a basis to depart downward; rather, this factor was considered by the
district court as a basis not to depart upward. See also Jackson, 408 F.3d at 305 n.3 (addressing the district court’s
decision to grant a downward departure); United States v. Briceno, 136 F. App’x 856, 857-59 (6th Cir. 2005)
(unpublished) (same).
No. 05-5657          United States v. Jones                                                Page 6

sentenced him to twelve months of imprisonment in light of the gravity of the offense and his
extensive criminal history. Accordingly, we find that Jones’ sentence is not unreasonable “with
regard to the length, the factors considered, or the procedures employed by the district court [in
reaching its sentencing determination],” Webb, 403 F.3d at 385, and we affirm the sentence of the
district court.
No. 05-5657               United States v. Jones                                                                Page 7

                                                _______________
                                                   DISSENT
                                                _______________
         KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge, dissenting. I agree with the majority’s
conclusion that we must review Jones’s overall sentence for reasonableness. However, because the
district court’s failure to explain why it rejected Jones’s argument seeking a lower sentence under
a relevant 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factor flies in the face of this court’s precedents and makes the
sentence impossible properly to review, I cannot find Jones’s sentence reasonable. Accordingly, I
respectfully dissent.
         After United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), this court reviews a sentence for both
procedural and substantive reasonableness. United States v. McBride, 434 F.3d 470, 476 n.3 (6th
Cir. 2006); United States v. Webb, 403 F.3d 373, 383 (6th Cir. 2005). Although procedural
reasonableness does not require the district court to cite each § 3553(a) factor in arriving at a
sentence, McBride, 434 F.3d at 476 n.3, it does require, as this court has held and the majority
recognizes, that the district court “consider the advisory Guidelines range and all relevant factors
identified in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” Majority Opinion (“Maj. Op.”) at 4 (emphasis added); accord
United States v. Foreman, 436 F.3d 638, 644 (6th Cir. 2006); United States v. Richardson, 437 F.3d
550, 553-54 (6th Cir. 2006); United States v. Jackson, 408 F.3d 301, 305 (6th Cir. 2005); Webb, 403
F.3d at 383. The presumption of reasonableness afforded to sentences within the advisory
Guidelines range, United States v. Williams, 436 F.3d 706, 708 (6th Cir. 2006), does not relieve the
district court of its duty “to explain to the parties and the reviewing court its reasons for imposing
a particular sentence.” Richardson, 437 F.3d at 554. The presumption is rebutted where the district
court fails to articulate its rationale in a way that permits meaningful appellate review. This court
has held that meaningful reasonableness review requires that “[w]here a defendant raises a particular
argument in seeking a lower sentence, the record must reflect both that the district judge considered
the defendant’s argument and that the judge explained the basis for rejecting it.” Id. at 554; accord
Foreman, 436 F.3d at 644 (explaining that a sentence within the Guidelines range carries no
presumption of reasonableness where the record does not reflect that the court considered “all of the
relevant section 3553(a) factors”); Jackson, 408 F.3d at 305 (stating that procedural reasonableness
requires “reference to the applicable Guidelines provisions”).
        In this case, Jones clearly argued that he was entitled to a reduction in his sentence because
he had already served a one-year sentence for the same conduct at issue in the instant case. The
presentence investigation report (“PSR”) also discusses the applicability of the policy statement
found at U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL (“USSG”) § 5K2.23, which advises courts that
they can, when certain1 circumstances are met, depart downwards for sentences already served based
on the same conduct. The district court must consider relevant policy statements in its sentencing

         1
           It is not clear that Jones was eligible for a reduction in his sentence under USSG § 5K2.23. The PSR indicates
that Jones’s state conviction and sentence would have been considered sufficiently similar conduct under USSG
§ 5K2.23. The PSR specifically noted that Jones did not receive any criminal history points for his receiving stolen
property conviction because it “is considered conduct which is part of the instant offense.” Joint Appendix at 46 (PSR
at 13). The government did not object to this statement in the PSR. Regardless of whether the policy statement applied,
both Jones and the PSR reasonably raised the issue of his time already served as applicable to his sentence, and thus the
district court was obligated to consider it and explain the court’s assessment as to why it did or did not apply. See
Richardson, 437 F.3d at 554. Richardson makes clear that the duty of the district court to explain its determination of
a defendant’s argument for a reduced sentence applies equally where the district court ultimately rejects the defendant’s
argument. Id. Moreover, even if USSG § 5K2.23 was not applicable, Jones’s already-served prison time for the same
conduct should have been considered, as the majority acknowledges, as part of the assessment of other § 3553(a) factors,
including the need for the sentence to impose a “just punishment,” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(A), and the need for the
sentence to provide “adequate deterrence to criminal conduct,” id. § 3553(a)(2)(B). See Maj. Op. at 4 n.5.
No. 05-5657               United States v. Jones                                                                 Page 8

determinations under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(5). United States v. Williams, 432 F.3d 621, 623-24 (6th
Cir. 2005); United States v. Kirby, 418 F.3d 621, 626 (6th Cir. 2005). Under the mandates of
procedural reasonableness, the district court was obligated to demonstrate that it considered, as
directed by 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(5) and USSG § 5K2.23,         the fact that Jones had already served a
one-year sentence for the same conduct at issue here.2 That the district court has failed to do.
Despite the facts that Jones raised the issue of his time already served for the same conduct and that
the PSR discussed the potential applicability of USSG § 5K2.23, the district court made no mention
of them and provided no indication that it had considered either the policy statement or the time
already served.
        The majority incorrectly asserts that the district court complied with the standards for
procedural reasonableness set forth in Richardson, 437 F.3d at 554, because the district court
“explain[ed] to the parties and the reviewing court its reasons for imposing a particular sentence.”
Maj. Op. at 5. Richardson certainly requires this, but it also requires more, namely that “[w]here
a defendant raises a particular argument in seeking a lower sentence, the record must reflect both
that the district judge considered the defendant’s argument and that the judge explained the basis
for rejecting it.” 437 F.3d at 554. Although the majority may believe that “a sentence within the
applicable Guidelines range should not lose its presumption of reasonableness whenever a district
judge does not explicitly address every defense argument for a below-Guidelines sentence,” Maj.
Op. at 5, this panel is not at liberty to contradict the law of this circuit as previously decided by a
unanimous panel of this court in Richardson. See 6TH CIR. R. 206(c) (directing that “[r]eported
panel opinions are binding on subsequent panels”).
         Perhaps recognizing that it cannot merely ignore Richardson’s conclusion that a sentence
is unreasonable if the district court fails to consider a defendant’s argument seeking a lower sentence
or explain its basis for rejecting such an argument, the majority somehow “find[s]” that the district
court “was aware of Jones’ previous state sentence but nevertheless sentenced him to twelve months
of imprisonment in light of the gravity of the offense and his extensive criminal history,” based on
the fact that “the applicability of U.S.S.G. § 5K2.23 was articulated in the presentence report and
defense counsel twice informed the district court. . . .” Maj. Op. at 5-6. However, the majority’s
speculation regarding the district judge’s consideration of this factor also directly contradicts
Richardson, which requires that for a sentence to be procedurally reasonable, “the record must
reflect both that the district judge considered the defendant’s argument and that the judge explained
the basis for rejecting it.” 437 F.3d at 554 (emphases added). A sentencing court has not met this
obligation where this court must guess as to what the court below did or did not consider. Rather,
there must be “sufficient evidence in the record to affirmatively demonstrate the court’s
consideration” of the relevant § 3553(a) factors. McBride, 434 F.3d at 476 n.3; accord Foreman,
436 F.3d at 644 (explaining that the sentencing court’s consideration of “all of the relevant section
3553(a) factors” must be “clear from the record”). Where the district judge fails “to explicitly

         I now turn to a brief note on terminology. Our court has previously explained that departures based on Chapter
5 of the Guidelines should be referred to as “Guideline departures,” and that “sentences lower than the Guidelines
recommendation based on section 3553(a) factors” can be referred to as “Non-Guideline departures.” McBride, 434 F.3d
at 477 n.5. Several of our sister circuits reserve the term “departure” for traditional Chapter 5 departures, and refer to
“Non-Guideline departures” as “variances.” See, e.g., United States v. Hampton, --- F.3d ---, No. 05-4224, 2006 WL
724811, at *2 (4th Cir. Mar. 23, 2006); United States v. Gatewood, 438 F.3d 894, 896-97 (8th Cir. 2006). The term
“variance” is useful in clearly distinguishing traditional departures from sentences that fall below the Guidelines based
on the district court’s discretion in applying the § 3553(a) factors.
         2
          The majority notes that Jones specifically sought probation and that probation was not available to him because
of the type of crime of which he was convicted and the fact that he had been sentenced to imprisonment for another
offense. Maj. Op. at 2 n.3. Whether Jones was eligible for probation does not affect this court’s review of the sentence
because Jones remained eligible to receive a lesser sentence short of probation under the advisory Guidelines, and thus
consideration of the USSG § 5K2.23 policy statement was relevant.
No. 05-5657          United States v. Jones                                                  Page 9

consider” these factors, there must be “other evidence in the record demonstrating that they were
thoroughly considered by the district court.” McBride, 434 F.3d at 476 n.3. Neither the Government
nor the majority can point to any such evidence. Indeed, the majority’s conjectural “find[ing]”
makes plain that the record neither “affirmatively demonstrate[s],”McBride, 434 F.3d at 476 n.3, nor
makes “clear,” Foreman, 436 F.3d at 644, that the district court even considered Jones’s state
sentence, let alone explained its reasons for rejecting his argument on this ground. The majority’s
conclusion to the contrary is pure speculation in contravention of Richardson, Foreman, and
McBride.
       Due to the district court’s failure to explain its consideration and rejection of Jones’s
argument in support of a reduced sentence, Jones’s sentence cannot be meaningfully reviewed. I
would therefore vacate Jones’s sentence and remand for resentencing. I respectfully dissent.