Court Opinion

ID: 4563671
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-09-08 20:00:58.765134+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:21:59.881367
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        SEP 8 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       No.    19-30115

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No.
                                                2:18-cr-00005-DLC-1
 v.

ADAM WALTER CAMPBELL,                           MEMORANDUM*

                Defendant-Appellant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Montana
                   Dana L. Christensen, District Judge, Presiding

                           Submitted August 31, 2020**
                              Seattle, Washington

Before: HAWKINS and McKEOWN, Circuit Judges, and KENDALL,*** District
Judge.

      Adam Campbell appeals the denial of his motion to enjoin the government

from spending funds to prosecute marijuana-related offenses under our decision in

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
            The Honorable Virginia M. Kendall, United States District Judge for
the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.
United States v. McIntosh, 833 F.3d 1163 (9th Cir. 2016). We have jurisdiction

under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

      To prevail in a McIntosh hearing, Campbell must prove by a preponderance

of the evidence that he strictly complied with state medical marijuana laws. United

States v. Evans, 929 F.3d 1073, 1076–77 (9th Cir. 2019). We review de novo the

district court’s interpretation of state law. Asante v. Cal. Dep’t of Health Care

Servs., 886 F.3d 795, 799 (9th Cir. 2018) (citing In re McLinn, 739 F.2d 1395,

1403 (9th Cir. 1984) (en banc)).

      The district court did not err in concluding that, because hash oil did not fall

within the safe harbor of the 2015 Montana Marijuana Act (“MMA”), Campbell

did not strictly comply with state law. See State v. Pirello, 282 P.3d 662, 664–65

(Mont. 2012) (when marijuana plant material is “‘mechanically processed or

extracted’ in a manner that reduced it to resins”—as required to produce hash oil—

“the substance cease[s] to fall within the definition of ‘marijuana,’ and therefore

[cannot] be contained within the definition of ‘useable marijuana.’” (citation

omitted)).

      Campbell’s remaining challenges are unpersuasive. Although Campbell

argues he is entitled to the rule of lenity given the vagueness of the MMA, the

MMA is far from being grievously ambiguous. See United States v. Wyatt, 408
F.3d 1257, 1262 (9th Cir. 2005) (rule of lenity applies where “there is grievous

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ambiguity or uncertainty in the statute and when, after seizing everything from

which aid can be derived, [the court] can make no more than a guess as to what

[was] intended” (quoting United States v. Phillips, 376 F.3d 846, 857, n. 39 (9th

Cir. 2004))); see also Pirello, 282 P.3d at 665 (declining to invoke the rule of

lenity). Because the legislature did not plainly intend the 2017 MMA amendments

to operate retroactively, they do not serve to clarify any alleged ambiguity

surrounding marijuana-infused products in the 2015 MMA. See Valles v. Ivy Hill

Corp., 410 F.3d 1071, 1079 (9th Cir. 2005); M.C.A. § 1-2-109 (2017).

      AFFIRMED.

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