Court Opinion

ID: 9408944
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-14 14:05:03.550398+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:48.037374
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

SMASH FRANCHISE PARTNERS, LLC, )
                                )
             Plaintiff,         )
                                )
       v.                       )             C.A. No. 2020-0302-JTL
                                )
KANDA HOLDINGS, INC., TODD      )
PERRI, and DUMPSTER DEVIL, LLC, )
                                )
             Defendants.        )

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

                          Date Submitted: April 5, 2023
                           Date Decided: July 14, 2023

Richard I.G. Jones, BERGER HARRIS LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Tracy N. Betz, Neil
Peluchette, TAFT, STETTINIUS & HOLLISTER LLP, Indianapolis, Indiana; Attorneys
for Plaintiff.

Andrew L. Cole, COLE SCHOTZ P.C., Wilmington, Delaware; Steven K. Fedder,
FEDDER & JANOFSKY LLC, Baltimore, Maryland; Attorneys for Defendants.

LASTER, V.C.
       Plaintiff Smash Franchise Partners, LLC (“Smash”) sells franchises. The franchised

business involves smashing trash in dumpsters using a rotating drum attached to a hydraulic

boom mounted on a Smash-branded truck. Smashing lets customers pack more trash into

each dumpster load, so the customers save on the per-pickup fees that waste management

companies charge for hauling away dumpsters.

       Todd Perri expressed interest in a Smash franchise. He soon concluded that with his

experience as an engineer and entrepreneur, he could create his own mobile trash

compaction company. Despite deciding not to buy a franchise, Perri continued to feign

interest and gather information from Smash about the mobile trash compaction business.

       Perri and his college fraternity brother, Kevin McLaren, formed Dumpster Devil

LLC to sell Dumpster Devil-branded trash compacting equipment. On their website, they

compared their equipment and the economic returns a buyer could generate with Smash’s

equipment and the economic returns a franchisee might expect.

       Smash filed this lawsuit against Perri, McLaren, and Dumpster Devil.1 During the

initial, expedited phase of the case, Smash sought a preliminary injunction that would have

shut down Dumpster Devil’s business. Smash’s scattershot application invoked eight

different legal theories: breach of a non-disclosure agreement, unjust enrichment,

misappropriation of trade secrets, conversion, unfair competition, fraud, deceptive trade

       1
         Smash also sued Kanda Holdings, Inc., a shell company whose sole stockholder is
Perri. When Perri first engaged with Smash, he did so through Kanda. The distinction
between Perri and Kanda is not meaningful for this decision, which for simplicity refers
only to Perri.
practices, and trademark infringement. The court denied Smash’s request for a business-

stopping injunction. Smash Franchise P’rs, LLC v. Kanda Hldgs., Inc., 2020 WL 4692287,

at *1 (Del. Ch. Aug. 13, 2020) (the “Injunction Decision”). The Injunction Decision held

that Smash had demonstrated a reasonable likelihood of success on only two of its claims:

for fraud based on Perri misrepresenting his interest in a franchise and for violations of the

Delaware Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act (“DUDTPA”) based on three

comparisons on Dumpster Devil’s website. The Injunction Decision held that Smash had

not demonstrated a reasonable likelihood of success on the merits of its other claims, had

not shown a sufficient threat of irreparable harm for a business-stopping injunction, and

had not shown that the balance of hardships favored preliminary relief of that magnitude.

The court entered a limited preliminary injunction that barred Dumpster Devil pending trial

from making the three comparisons on its website.

       After the Injunction Decision, the parties litigated on a non-expedited track. Nearly

a year later, Smash dropped its claims for conversion and trademark infringement. More

than a year after that, and only a month before trial, Smash informed the court and the

defendants that it would not try its claims for breach of contract, unjust enrichment,

misappropriation of trade secrets, or unfair competition. The only remaining claims were

for fraud and for violating DUDTPA. Neither claim named McLaren as a defendant. The

court has entered judgment for McLaren and dismissed him from the case.

       For its fraud claim, Smash seeks to prove that Perri fraudulently induced Smash into

revealing information by falsely representing that he was interested in a franchise. As a

remedy, Smash asks for $3,427,091 in lost profits stemming from the head start that

                                              2
Dumpster Devil allegedly obtained by surreptitiously receiving training from Smash.

According to Smash, it would have taken Perri and McLaren sixteen more months to get

Dumpster Devil off the ground without the training that Perri received, and during that

sixteen months, Smash would have sold five more franchises. As damages, Smash seeks

the present value of the profits that those franchises would have generated.

       Smash’s fraud claim fails because the Delaware Uniform Trade Secrets Act

(“DUTSA”) preempts it. DUTSA preempts all common law claims based on conduct that

otherwise would give rise to a claim under DUTSA if the misappropriated information

qualified as a trade secret. Smash contends that Perri’s fraud enabled him to misappropriate

its information. Smash tries to sidestep DUTSA by inaccurately characterizing the

information Perri obtained as training, but Perri was not receiving training. He was

listening to calls designed to encourage prospects to buy a franchise. Regardless, training

is a form of information, so the characterization does not change the preemption analysis.

DUTSA preemption applies.

       Absent preemption, the fraud claim still fails because Smash has not carried its

burden of proving causally related damages. When Perri approached Smash, it was still a

new and unproven franchisor. To make up for its lack of a track record, Smash provided

interested candidates with lots of information to convince them to purchase a franchise.

Before Perri decided not to pursue a franchise, he legitimately obtained considerable

information from Smash. Although Perri continued to participate in calls that Smash hosted

after he decided not to purchase a franchise, Perri did not learn additional information that

could have caused the damages Smash sought.

                                             3
       For its claim under DUDTPA, Smash relies on the same statements on the Dumpster

Devil website that the Injunction Decision addressed. As a remedy, Smash seeks (i) a

permanent injunction barring Dumpster Devil from making disparaging statements about

Smash, (ii) the trebling of the damages awarded on its fraud claim, and (iii) its attorneys’

fees and costs. Smash is not entitled to any of those remedies.

       After the Injunction Decision, the parties agreed that one of the statements was

accurate. Smash nevertheless tried to prove at trial that the statement was false, but it could

not overcome its stipulation. Smash succeeded in proving that the other two statements

violated DUDTPA, but grounds do not exist for permanent injunctive relief, and there are

no damages to treble. Moreover, Perri and McLaren had a good faith belief that their

statements were accurate, which makes the trebling of damages inequitable and renders an

award of fees and costs unjustified.

       Perri, McLaren, and Dumpster Devil sought their attorneys’ fees and costs under

DUTSA on the theory that Smash pursued that claim without a good faith basis after the

Injunction Decision, only to drop the claim on the eve of trial. Smash had a weak claim,

but it was not so weak as to warrant fee shifting.

       Neither side in this case deserves any relief. Smash pursued an aggressive lawsuit

that made overblown claims in an effort to destroy a nascent competitor. That gambit

failed, and the litigation has inflicted collateral damage on Smash’s founder. Discovery

revealed that an arbitrator found that he had engaged in fraud, and that fact became public

through this litigation. In addition, this court has discredited his testimony on multiple

points. Perri and McLaren have not fared better. The court criticized their conduct in the

                                              4
Injunction Decision, and this decision has found that Perri engaged in fraud, albeit fraud

that did not cause any compensable damages. Through the financial and personal

consequences of this extensively litigated case, each side has received its just desserts.

Each side will bear its own costs.

                          I.      FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       The facts are drawn from the record presented at trial. The parties introduced 267

exhibits along with nineteen depositions. Three fact witnesses and four expert witnesses

testified live.2

       The principal witnesses for both sides suffered from credibility problems. Justin

Haskin is the founder of Smash and was its principal fact witness. Six months before trial,

an arbitrator found that Haskin made “serious financial performance misrepresentations

and omissions” in Smash’s franchise disclosure document (the “Smash Disclosure

Document”). Dkt. 314, Ex. A at 14–17. The arbitrator found that prospective franchisees

had relied on Haskin’s misrepresentations and suffered damages. Id. In this litigation,

Haskin exaggerated the confidential nature of the information Smash gave to would-be

franchisees. The court declined to credit parts of his testimony.

       2
         Citations in the form “PTO ¶ —” refer to stipulated facts in the pre-trial order. See
Dkt. 312. Citations in the form “[Name] Tr.” refer to witness testimony from the trial
transcript. Citations in the form “[Name] Dep.” refer to witness testimony from a
deposition transcript. Citations in the form “JX — at —” refer to a trial exhibit, with the
page designated by the internal page number. If a trial exhibit used paragraph numbers or
sections, then references are by paragraph or section.

                                              5
       Perri is one of the founders of Dumpster Devil and was its principal fact witness.

During the events giving rise to this case, Perri engaged in deceitful conduct. Most notably,

after deciding not to purchase a franchise from Smash, he continued to participate in calls

that Smash hosted for potential franchisees. At trial, Perri’s credibility was impeached

repeatedly, and he had frequent failures of memory. Overall, he was even less credible than

Haskin. On key points, however, the contemporaneous documents support Perri’s account,

and McLaren backed him up.

       McLaren is a stereotypical engineer who appears to lack the soft skills that would

have cast his contemporaneous communications in a better light. He preferred that Perri

join him in starting a competing business rather than buying a Smash franchise, and he

worked with Perri to that end. In the Injunction Decision, the court largely lumped

McLaren together with Perri. By the time of trial, McLaren was no longer a defendant on

any claims, and the record showed that McLaren did not join in Perri’s deceitful conduct.

During his testimony, McLaren generally stuck to the facts. Of the three principal

witnesses, he was the most credible.

       The record presented at trial established the following facts by a preponderance of

the evidence.

A.     Smash’s Business

       Starting in 2015, Haskin developed a plan to “disrupt the commercial waste

industry” by providing trash compaction services at the customer’s place of business.

Haskin Dep. 35. Through a mobile trash compaction service, Haskin planned to “help

customers save on trash hauling fees and reduce emissions.” Dkt. 303 at 6.

                                             6
      Haskin founded Smash and serves as its President and CEO. In March 2016, Haskin

started a local trash-smashing business in Houston. Shortly thereafter, Haskin opened

similar businesses in Austin, Dallas, and San Antonio. After proving his concept, Haskin

shifted to a franchise model. Smash sold its first franchise in April 2019, and its first

franchisee began operating in October.

      In YouTube videos, Smash shows its truck-mounted compactor smashing trash. The

unit is a serrated drum attached to a hydraulic boom and mounted on the bed of a truck.

The operator lowers the drum into a dumpster, then uses the drum to compact trash. The

videos describe how much a customer can save by contracting with Smash.

B.    Perri Asks About A Smash Franchise.

      Perri is a serial entrepreneur who holds a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical

Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University, a Master of Science in Mechanical and

Aerospace Engineering from Princeton University, and a Master of Business

Administration from Stanford University. Perri learned about Smash when he replied to an

advertisement on the website bizbuysell.com. The advertisement stated, “Commercial

Waste Management – patent pending technology.” PTO ¶ 6. Trish Scelfo, an independent

franchise broker, posted the advertisement for Smash.

      Scelfo responded to Perri’s inquiry. During an initial call on December 4, 2019,

Scelfo pitched Perri on buying a Smash franchise. She gave him an overview of Smash’s

business and equipment, including information about where Smash obtained its equipment,

where the franchises were located, and where Smash had available territories. She

discussed the types of businesses that are a franchisee’s principal customers, as well as

                                           7
Smash’s plan to benefit franchisees by pursuing relationships with nationwide businesses

(so-called national accounts). She also discussed competition in the industry, both locally

and for national accounts. She explained to Perri what the start-up and operating costs

would be and what software he would use to run a franchise.

       Scelfo referred Perri to Smash’s website and its YouTube channel. Scelfo also sent

Perri a pitch deck about Smash and its business model. The pitch deck described Smash’s

strategy of being first to market. It also described what Smash views as its principal

competitive advantage: operating as a trucking business rather than a waste management

business. As Smash portrays it, a waste management business empties a dumpster when a

customer calls and charges the customer for each visit. A trucking company establishes

routes that its trucks follow regularly and charges its customers a flat fee. Smash describes

its operating model as a UPS route without the boxes. Haskin Tr. 39–40.

       The pitch deck identified the steps involved in obtaining a franchise. First, a

prospect has an introductory call and receives the pitch deck and Smash Disclosure

Document. Federal law requires that a franchisor have a franchise disclosure document and

that it be publicly available. The document must contain the information necessary for a

franchisee to make an informed decision about whether to enter into a franchise

relationship. See 16 CFR § 436. Fourteen states require that a franchisor file an additional

disclosure document under state law. See, e.g., Cal. Corp. Code § 31500.

       The Smash Disclosure Document contains extensive information, including:

•      the initial investment required for a franchise, broken down by line item;

•      the expected financial performance for a franchise;

                                             8
•      the estimated size of a Smash franchise territory by population;

•      the number of trucks a franchisee needs to purchase as a function of the number of
       territories;

•      the number of trucks a franchisee needs to purchase as a function of the volume of
       business conducted;

•      the manufacturer of Smash’s equipment; and

•      the number of existing Smash franchises.

See JX 4. Smash does not consider the information in the Smash Disclosure Document to

be confidential. Nor could it, because federal law requires that the document be publicly

available. Smash also does not consider the information in the pitch deck or the

introductory call to be confidential.

       Next, a prospect participates in a call to learn about the economics of a franchise,

including the start-up and operating costs (the “Unit Economics Call”). After the Unit

Economics Call, the prospect receives an Excel workbook containing the economic data

(the “Unit Economics Worksheet”). Smash does not consider the information in the Unit

Economics Call or the Unit Economics Worksheet to be confidential.

       After the two introductory calls, a prospect can attend “Discovery Day,” when

prospects travel to Smash’s home office and learn about Smash’s “secret sauce.” To attend

Discovery Day, a prospect must sign a non-disclosure agreement (“NDA”).

       After the initial qualification call, a prospect can participate in two types of Zoom

calls. One type, called a “Franchisee Forum Call,” occurs every other week on Thursdays.

Current franchisees host the call, describe how they run their franchises, and answer

questions. No one from Smash participates in the Franchisee Forum Calls, and Smash

                                             9
disclaims any responsibility for the information that the franchisees provide. The

Franchisee Forum Call is part of Smash’s sales effort for franchises and is designed to show

prospects how easy it is to run the business and make money.

       The other type of call, called a “Founder Call,” takes place on Wednesdays. Haskin

hosts the call, discusses Smash’s history, explains his vision for the future, and answers

questions. The Founder Call is also part of Smash’s sales effort for franchises and is

designed to convince prospects that they would be joining an innovative organization with

a bright future.

       Prospects can attend any number of Franchisee Forum Calls and Founder Calls, or

they can skip them. Discovery Day is mandatory. A prospect can only apply for a franchise

after attending Discovery Day. If Smash approves the application, then the prospect and

Smash sign a franchise agreement.

       Inherent in this multi-stage process is the possibility that a prospect can decide

against purchasing a franchise at any point. By the same token, Smash can decide at any

point to reject a prospect.

       It is only after a prospect signs a franchise agreement that Smash provides detailed

training about how to operate a Smash franchise. The curriculum involves sixty-four hours

of study and includes both classroom and on-the-job components. Smash also provides its

franchisees with an extensive operating manual that contains 220 pages of information and

procedures for running a Smash franchise.

                                            10
C.     Perri Speaks With Fastlane.

       Perri told Scelfo that he was interested in a franchise. Scelfo referred Perri to

Brittany Bode, the Director of Franchise Development for Franchise Fastlane, Inc.

(“Fastlane”). Fastlane was an independent contractor that acted as the exclusive sales

representative for Smash franchises. Fastlane took prospects through the process from the

introductory call to the signing of the franchise agreement. As part of that process, Fastlane

set up and ran the Franchisee Forum Calls and Founder Calls.

       On December 5, 2019, Bode and Perri had his introductory call. Bode described the

history of Smash, the number of its current franchises, their locations, the identity of one

of Smash’s national accounts, the software required to run the business, and how Smash

divides responsibilities between the franchisor and franchisees.

       On December 9, 2019, Perri attended a Unit Economics Call that Bode conducted

with several prospects. She discussed the start-up costs and operating expenses of a

franchise in detail.

       After the Unit Economics Call, Bode sent Perri the Unit Economics Worksheet, a

copy of the Smash Disclosure Document, and an NDA. Up to this point, Perri had not

signed an NDA. Without an NDA, Smash and its representatives had freely provided Perri

with information during three telephone calls. Smash and its representatives had also sent

him the pitch deck, the Unit Economics Worksheet, and the Smash Disclosure Document.

As noted, Smash does not regard that information as confidential.

       Perri told Bode that he was interested in pursuing a franchise. She told him that the

next step was to attend Discovery Day, which required signing the NDA. Perri told Bode

                                             11
that he wanted to attend the next Discovery Day, scheduled for January 6 and 7, 2020. He

signed and returned the NDA.

D.     Perri And McLaren Discuss A Competing Business.

       After signing the NDA and telling Bode that he was interested in a franchise, Perri

texted with and then called McLaren. Like Perri, McLaren holds a Bachelor of Science in

Mechanical Engineering from Carnegie Mellon, where they were fraternity brothers.

McLaren owns and operates a roll-off dumpster business and a commercial landscaping

business.

       Perri asked McLaren for advice about franchises. After their conversation, McLaren

spoke to a friend who worked as a broker for Smash. McLaren’s friend gave him an old

version of the Smash Disclosure Document. After reviewing it, McLaren cautioned Perri

against a franchise. McLaren had a bad experience with a franchise, and he saw similarities

in the Smash Disclosure Document. He told Perri that the franchise relationship was going

to be “one-sided.” McLaren Tr. 277. Having been burned before, McLaren was not willing

to enter into a franchise relationship with Smash under any circumstances.

       Perri and McLaren then discussed whether they could develop their own mobile

trash compaction business. For two mechanical engineers who were experienced

entrepreneurs, it did not seem like a challenging market to enter.

       The key issue for Perri was whether Smash had any enforceable intellectual property

rights, such as a patent. If Smash owned a patent, then there were two related implications.

The first was that if Smash had a patent, then starting a competing business was less

attractive, because Smash could potentially enforce its patent to secure an injunction. At a

                                            12
minimum, Perri and McLaren could face a lawsuit that would be expensive to defend. The

second implication was the converse of the first. With a patent, buying a Smash franchise

became more attractive, precisely because the patent offered protection. See JX 41 at ‘131.

       Whether Smash had intellectual property rights became a key input in Perri’s

decision. If Smash had a patent, then Perri would likely buy a Smash franchise. If Smash

did not have a patent, then Perri would likely start a competing business with McLaren.

E.     The Dual Tracks

       Because of the significance of the patent issue, Perri decided to proceed on two

tracks. Along one track, he gathered information to evaluate whether Smash had a patent.

Along the other track, he and McLaren made preparations to start a competing business if

it turned out that Smash did not have a patent.

       1.     Perri’s First Franchisee Forum Call

       On December 11, 2019, Perri joined his first Founder Call. Fastlane hosted the call

using Zoom, a web-based video-conferencing application. Bode had sent Perri a meeting

ID code that Fastlane used for all of the Smash-related calls. Anyone with the code could

access any of the Founder Calls and Franchisee Forum Calls. Zoom has features that a host

can use to control who participates in a meeting, such as password access and a waiting

room. Fastlane did not use those features. Anyone with the ID code could join.

       After logging in, Perri discovered that the call had been canceled because Haskin

was attending a Discovery Day. Two other prospects had joined, and Perri talked with them

before leaving.

                                            13
       By this point, Perri was leaning against buying a franchise from Smash. He told

McLaren, “They [Smash] seem to be quite dysfunctional. I think they’re in a trademark

dispute with the other guys. Unless there is something preventing me from mounting this

gadget on a truck myself, I’m wondering why I would work with either of these

companies.” JX 36. McLaren responded that they “could buy a flat bed truck and put a

mini excavator on it with a long reach boom and use a hydraulic attachment to do the same

thing.” JX 37.

       Perri had already identified a manufacturer who might build them a machine, but he

told McLaren to wait. JX 38. Perri still had questions about whether Smash had any

intellectual property that might make a franchise worthwhile. See id.

       On December 12, 2019, Perri joined his first Franchisee Forum Call. The invitation

said that different franchisees would host different calls and that “[y]ou are invited to attend

as many Franchisee Forum calls as you like.” JX 61. Smash disclaimed any responsibility

for the information that the franchisees provided: “Please understand that the franchisee’s

answers are their answers. Whatever they say is based on their experience.” Id.

       During the December 12, 2019 call, several franchisees spoke. They covered

•      how many smashes a truck could complete in an hour;

•      how many smashes a franchise could complete in a week;

•      pricing for scheduled smashes versus on-demand smashes;

•      types of customers and the per-month revenue from specific customers;

•      how they used Google Earth to identify customers;

•      which types of businesses made good customers;

                                              14
•      how they pitched potential customers; and

•      potential conflicts with dumpster owners and strategies for resolving them.

JX 134 at ‘878–80.

       On December 13, 2019, Perri registered to attend Discovery Day in Indianapolis on

January 6 and 7, 2020. Fastlane required some proof that a prospect had made travel

arrangements to attend Discovery Day as evidence of the prospect’s commitment. Perri

bought a plane ticket on December 13 and sent his proof of purchase to Fastlane. He also

reached out to a college friend who lived in Indianapolis to see if they could meet up.

Perri’s friend accepted the invitation and put it on his calendar.

       The next day, Perri canceled his ticket. At trial, Perri said that he canceled his flight

because he had not yet identified a specific date to meet his friend. He explained: “I

thought, well, I don’t know exactly when Bob and I are going to meet. I’m going to

presumably have to change my flight. So it’s just easier if I’ll cancel it and then I’ll rebook

it once Bob gets back to me.” Perri Tr. 167–68.

       Perri did not tell Fastlane that he had canceled his flight. He also did not cancel his

registration for Discovery Day. But Perri also did not tell his friend that he was no longer

coming.

       Smash argues that Perri had already decided not to purchase a Smash franchise and

that buying and immediately cancelling his ticket was part of Perri’s fraud. When the court

ruled on Smash’s application for preliminary injunction, the factual record at that phase of

the case made it reasonably probable that the purchase and cancellation was a ruse.

Together with other evidence, the court thought it reasonably likely that Perri had decided

                                              15
not to purchase a Smash franchise on December 12, 2019, and that from then on, Perri was

misleading Smash. See Injunction Decision, 2020 WL 4692287, at *5, *16.

       At trial, McLaren and Perri explained credibly why discerning whether Smash had

a patent was critical to whether they started a competing business. That testimony and other

contemporaneous evidence, such as Perri’s communication with his friend, has caused this

decision to make a different factual finding about when Perri decided against pursuing a

franchise. On December 12, 2019, and during the time when he made and then cancelled

his travel arrangements for Discovery Day, Perri was still deciding what to do.

       Based on the trial evidence, Perri’s decision to cancel his flight is something that

looks bad in hindsight, but was not significant in real time. Perri still intended to attend

Discovery Day and purchase a franchise—if Smash owned a patent. But Perri was also

preparing to operate a competing business if Smash did not have a patent. For example, on

December 15, 2019, Perri registered the domain name “DumpsterDevil.com.” He also

contacted a potential supplier and asked about purchasing equipment.

       2.     Perri’s First Founder Call And Second Franchisee Forum Call

       On December 18, 2019, Perri dialed into another Founder Call. This one was not

canceled, so it was the first real Founder Call that Perri attended. During the call, Haskin

discussed a variety of topics, including

•      the history of the company;

•      the current state of the company;

•      the forty-one franchise territories that Smash had sold across the United States;

                                            16
•      the value that Smash brings to its customers by typically saving them between 25%
       and 30% in waste disposal fees;

•      his preference for per-month pricing rather than per-smash pricing;

•      his belief that Smash franchisees could work collaboratively with local waste
       management companies;

•      current growth opportunities and the need to promote customer awareness; and

•      the potential benefits of working with national accounts and developing a franchisee
       referral network so that franchisees could refer business to each other.

JX 134 at ‘877–78.

       Importantly for Perri, Haskin talked about Smash’s intellectual property rights.

Haskin explained that Smash had trademarks and that its machine was “patented in

[Europe]” with a patent pending in the United States. Id. at ‘877. But he also warned that

“[a]nything this disruptive will be copied” and that enforcing a “utility patent,” i.e., a patent

on the method for conducting business, would be difficult. Id. He said that Smash was in

“a race to get first to market.” Id. He warned that if push came to shove, the trash-smashing

machine could be “copied down to the bolt.” Id.

       Later in the call, another participant asked about Smash’s claim about a patent

pending. Haskin reiterated that the patent was “on [the] machine” and “not a process patent

re smashing.” Id. at ‘878. He repeated that “this is a race,” said “someone will copy it,”

and stated that he “wants to be in 150 mkts with 1-2 yr contracts” so there would be a

“barrier to entry for someone [who] comes in.” Id.

       Perri thought Haskin’s statements were contradictory. On the one hand, he seemed

to be claiming that Smash had some form of patent on its equipment. On the other hand,

                                               17
he seemed to be conceding that there was no protection for the business model and that

everything could and would be copied. Perri thought the latter was true and that Haskin

was trying to hedge so that prospects were more eager to purchase a franchise. In his notes,

Perri wrote, “Does not have it.” Id. at ‘877. By that he meant that he did not think that

Smash had a patent.

       On December 19, 2019, Perri participated in a second Franchisee Forum Call. The

franchisee hosting the call reported that he was following Haskin’s advice and signing local

contracts with national accounts, including a national amusement park chain. He also spoke

about his interest in a referral network and the possibility of working with waste

management firms to offer national accounts a volume-based pricing model. Under this

model, the national account would pay for trash hauling by weight, which would align the

interests of the waste management firm with those of the Smash franchise.

       Meanwhile, on the same day as the Franchisee Forum Call, McLaren contacted

Husmann Umwelt Technik, GmbH (“Husmann”), the manufacturer of the truck that Smash

used. Perri had asked McLaren to contact Husmann because Perri did not “want them to

have [his] name at this point.” JX 64 at ‘213. During the injunction phase, the court viewed

Perri’s comments as part of his effort to mislead Smash by concealing his involvement.

Based on the more developed record at trial, this decision credits that when Perri made this

comment, he was still considering a Smash franchise and could have decided to take that

route if Smash had a patent. Perri did not want to jeopardize his ability to purchase a

franchise by having Husmann potentially give his name to Smash.

                                            18
       McLaren asked Husmann for a price quotation to supply trucks to Dumpster Devil.

Husmann declined because it had an exclusive arrangement with Smash. McLaren then

looked for alternative suppliers and contacted a Husmann distributor to learn more about

their machinery. JX 63 at ‘387. He told Perri that “[h]aving used units to play with while

we wait for a new unit could help us get to market quicker.” JX 50 at ‘168. Perri agreed.

Id. at ‘169.

F.     Perri Decides To Create A Competing Business.

       By the afternoon of December 19, 2019, based on his research and the three calls he

had attended, Perri was all but convinced that Smash did not have a patent that could pose

a threat to a competing business. At 4:55 p.m., hours after the second Franchisee Forum

Call, Perri texted McLaren saying, “I’m 99% sure that the smash my trash patent is not

their patent at all but Husmann’s patent which they already have in Europe and are trying

to get here for their sliding deck mechanism.” JX 64 at ‘216.

       Having grown confident that Smash did not have a patent, Perri decided to create a

competing business with McLaren. From this point on, he was not seriously considering

buying a franchise from Smash.

       To reiterate, this decision reaches a different conclusion than the Injunction

Decision about the timing of Perri’s decision. The preliminary record made it reasonably

likely that Perri had decided to launch a competing business one week earlier, on December

12, 2019. Injunction Decision, 2020 WL 4692287, at *5. The trial record showed that Perri

was leaning against purchasing a Smash franchise on December 12, but he wanted to pin

down whether Smash had a patent before making his decision.

                                            19
       Between December 12 and December 19, 2019, Perri investigated that issue further.

By the afternoon of December 19, Perri was sufficiently confident—99%—about Smash’s

lack of a patent that he decided to pursue a competing business with McLaren. There

remained a slight possibility—1%—that he was wrong about Smash lacking a patent, and

if that turned out to be true, Perri would have reconsidered. Even then, it was unlikely that

Perri would have purchased a Smash franchise, because he thought Haskin was being

slippery about Smash’s lack of a patent, and he viewed Smash’s operation as disorganized

and dysfunctional.

       Having made his decision, Perri took a more active role in pursuing the competing

business. On December 20, 2019, Perri emailed Packmat Maschinebau, GmbH

(“Packmat”), a manufacturer of trucks that could be used to smash trash. That same day,

Perri spoke with Epax Systems, Inc., a partner of a German company called Heinz

Bergmann OHG (“Bergmann”) which also manufactured trash-smashing machinery. Perri

and McLaren discussed combining what the companies made to create a trash-smashing

truck. That idea went nowhere, however, because Epax could not sell the products it made

for Bergmann to third parties.

       On December 21, 2019, McLaren and Perri discussed whether the trash-smashing

truck they envisioned would be street legal. On December 24, Perri spoke with Packmat

about becoming Dumpster Devil’s exclusive supplier of trucks.

       While he was pursuing these efforts to create a competing business, Perri continued

to communicate with Fastlane and express interest in obtaining a Smash franchise. As

noted, it remained theoretically possible that Perri might discover that Smash had a patent

                                             20
and decide to buy a franchise, but Perri was 99% set on starting a new business. The main

reason he continued to express interest in obtaining a Smash franchise was so that he could

attend more Founder Calls to see if Haskin said anything else about a patent. In the

meantime, Perri also wanted to attend Franchisee Forum Calls to pick up any tidbits he

could about running a trash-smashing business.

G.     January 2020

       With the start of the new year, Perri faced the looming problem of Discovery Day,

scheduled for January 6 and 7, 2020. Fastlane had said that signing the NDA was a

prerequisite to attending Discovery Day and had indicated that Smash would provide

information about its “secret sauce.” Perri could not risk attending because if he received

confidential information protected by the NDA, then it would be dangerous to start a

competing business. At that point, Smash would be able to assert a strong claim for breach

of the NDA, creating significant litigation risk.

       Perri had canceled his plane ticket three weeks earlier, but if he admitted that he was

no longer interested in a franchise, then Fastlane might prevent him from participating in

Founder Calls and Franchisee Forum Calls. Fastlane did not seem to be following any

procedures designed to prevent people from attending the calls, but it was a possibility. It

would have been easy for Fastlane to set up a new Zoom call and not give Perri the

information. Perri wanted to keep participating in calls to confirm that Smash did not have

a patent and to glean any kernels of additional information that might come his way.

       Perri needed an excuse. The Fates provided one when his dog got sick and needed

surgery. On January 3, 2020, he told Bode that he could not attend the Discovery Day

                                             21
scheduled for January 6 and 7. During the injunction phase, the court was skeptical of

Perri’s excuse, which sounded like “the dog ate my homework.” The trial record confirmed

that sadly, the animal was suffering and needed care.

       Perri asked Bode to sign him up for the next available Discovery Day. Bode obliged

and scheduled Perri to attend on January 26 and 27, 2020. Perry was not planning on

attending that Discovery Day either. If it turned out, contrary to his 99% expectation, that

Smash had a patent, then he might, but what he really was doing was hedging his bets so

he could continue participating in Founder Calls and Franchisee Forum Calls.

       Perri attended his third Franchisee Forum Call on January 9, 2020. According to

Perri’s notes, the franchisee discussed

•      the operating costs of the business, including payroll, rent, and gas;

•      using Google Earth to identify dumpsters;

•      how to pitch potential customers using projected savings;

•      considerations when hiring a driver;

•      the compensation structure that the franchisee used for drivers; and

•      typical customer concerns, such as whether the extra weight would result in higher
       hauling and landfill costs.

JX 134 at ‘875–76. That was basically the same information Perri had obtained during his

first two Franchisee Forum Calls, when he was legitimately interested in a franchise.

       Perri participated in his fourth Franchisee Forum Call on January 17, 2020.

According to Perri’s notes, the franchisee discussed similar topics, including

•      the operating costs of the business, including maintenance for the truck, its operating
       life of seven years, and overhead costs;

                                              22
•      using Zillow, Zoho, and LinkedIn to identify customers;

•      how to pitch potential customers using projected savings; and

•      considerations when hiring a driver.

Id. at ‘874–75. That call did not provide any meaningfully new information either.

       Perri participated in a fifth Franchisee Forum Call on January 20, 2020. The

franchisee largely repeated information that had been provided on earlier calls. Id. at ‘885.

       The Founder Calls had the potential to reveal more about Smash’s intellectual

property rights, and Perri joined his second Founder Call on January 22, 2020. According

to Perri’s notes, Haskin discussed the following topics:

•      Smash’s number of franchises;

•      Smash’s goal of becoming the name-brand mobile trash compaction company by
       being first to market;

•      some general ideas for improving the mobile trash compactor;

•      the goal of garnering national accounts;

•      progress on replacing Smash’s current software with enterprise-level software;

•      the benefits of Smash’s route-based, trucking-company model;

•      why Smash’s franchise territories are “protected” rather than “exclusive”; and

•      pricing for construction sites and how to pitch Smash’s services.

Id. at ‘872–73.

       As with the first Founder Call, Haskin’s presentation was designed to convince

prospects to buy a Smash franchise, but he did answer a question about “what is

proprietary.” Id. at ‘871. Haskin referred to “r&d, testing things[,] continuously looking at

eq[uipment].” Id. Haskin did not say that there was any intellectual property protection for
                                              23
the equipment. Haskin also referred to having trademarks in the United States and Canada.

He then stressed that it was “more important to grab [market] share than to have [a] perfect

design.” Id. Perri thought Haskin was being “vague.” Id.

       In late January 2020, Bode informed Perri that a second group of prospective

franchisees had expressed interest in the territories in Charlotte, North Carolina that Perri

had identified. The group had committed to attend the next Discovery Day. Perri responded

that he remained “[i]nterested in all 6 of the inner territories” in the Charlotte market. JX

114 at ‘132. Perri was not really interested in those territories. He planned to start a

competing business with McLaren.

       During January 2020, Perri and McLaren had been working with Packmat on

specifications and pricing for equipment. On January 15, Packmat referred Perri to a

chassis dealer for trucks. On January 21, Packmat emailed Perri a description of the

equipment it could provide and offered to set up a demonstration.

       On January 24, 2020, Perri told Fastlane that he would not attend the Discovery Day

scheduled for January 26 and 27. He cited the other group’s interest in the Charlotte

territories as his reason for backing out. JX 116. He falsely claimed that he had “equal or

higher interest in other territories,” and that “it’s best for me to wait to attend Discovery

Day until you get closer to opening MD, VA, or CA.” Id. He asked when Smash expected

to offer franchises in those states. Id. By this time, Perri was dissembling because he had

decided to pursue a competing business with McLaren.

       Perri attended his third Founder Call on January 29, 2020. During the call, Haskin

addressed

                                             24
•      aspects of fleet management, including maintenance costs, preventative
       maintenance, and the parts that often need to be replaced;

•      using a hub-and-spoke model for maintenance, with one centralized independent
       contractor overseeing all of the trucks;

•      operating a single shift, preferably at night, to maximize efficiency;

•      using Huffspot to convert leads into customers; and

•      his views on competitors.

JX 134 at ‘871–72. Those were all concepts that Perri had heard about before.

       As with the earlier Founder Calls, Haskin’s presentation was designed to convince

prospects to buy a Smash franchise. This time, however, he fielded a question about what

Smash’s pending patent application covered and whether it was for a design patent or a

utility patent. Id. at ‘871. Haskin said that the documents were public and that prospects

“can look it up” to get the details. Id. He then cautioned that “[u]titlity patents are difficult

to enforce, expensive to defend, [and that it] takes a long time to litigate.” Id. He warned:

“Don’t buy a franchise [because] you think it is a monopoly or protected.” Id.

       Perri attended his sixth Franchisee Forum Call on January 30, 2020. Perri did not

take notes, which suggests that he was not hearing anything knew.

       Perri testified at trial that during January 2020, he continued to participate in Smash-

sponsored calls to figure out whether Smash had a patent. Perri Tr. 249–50. That is literally

true. But Perri was no longer seriously considering a Smash franchise. He wanted to make

sure that Smash did not have a patent that could stop Dumpster Devil from competing with

Smash. After the two Founders Calls in late January 2020, Perri could be all the more

                                               25
confident that Smash did not have a patent and that Haskins was engaged in misleading

handwaving about patent rights.

H.     Perri And McLaren Reach A Deal With Packmat.

       Toward the end of January 2020, Perri and McLaren prepared to travel to Canada

to meet with representatives of Packmat. Perri created a presentation about Dumpster Devil

that described a business closely resembling Smash. Dumpster Devil contemplated selling

territories defined by population. It would establish regional offices to handle truck

parking, drivers, and sales. It would use a hub-and-spoke model for maintenance and hiring

an independent contractor to oversee repairs. Like Smash, Dumpster Devil would work

with waste management companies as partners. Like Smash, Dumpster Devil would

prioritize national accounts.

       Perri’s presentation also discussed the competition. When discussing Smash, Perri

identified the manufacturer of Smash’s truck and described the types of customers Smash

targets, the capital required to start a Smash franchise, and how many franchises Smash

had sold. The presentation also discussed Smash’s marketing strategy and its effort to

capture a first-mover advantage.

       The principal difference between Dumpster Devil and Smash was Perri’s desire to

avoid the regulations surrounding franchises. Perri wanted to get as close to a franchise

model as possible “without being a franchise.” Perri Dep. II 302–03. To walk the line,

Dumpster Devil would act as an exclusive supplier of equipment and as the licensor of the

Dumpster Devil brand. Licensees would receive assistance with routing, maintenance, and

                                           26
administration. Perri hoped that by not offering franchises, Dumpster Devil could beat

competitors like Smash to the markets where a franchisor had to file for franchise approval.

       At trial, Perri admitted that his presentation for Packmat included information he

obtained from Smash. Perri Tr. 239. Perri legitimately obtained the vast majority of the

Smash-related information on or before December 19, 2019, when he became 99% certain

that he would not buy a Smash franchise. There was, however, one morsel of information

that Perry obtained after December 19. A slide about competition that discussed Smash

noted that the company did not yet have franchises in California or Maryland. JX 131 at 7.

Perri had asked Fastlane about those states when he canceled his reservation to attend the

end-of-January Discovery Day. JX 116.

       After creating the presentation for Packmat, Perri asked Fastlane to notify him about

future Discovery Days. Fastlane provided dates, but Perri never signed up, and he stopped

responding to Fastlane’s messages. Id. at 237.

       On February 4, 2020, Perri and McLaren met with Packmat. Aided by their

presentation, they convinced Packmat to become the exclusive supplier of equipment to

Dumpster Devil.

       The information Perri obtained from Smash played a role in Perri and McLaren’s

ability to secure the supplier agreement with Packmat. Perri and McLaren were

experienced entrepreneurs with engineering degrees and business skills, but they lacked

specific knowledge about the mobile trash compaction business. As Perri testified, much

of Smash’s business model might be “common sense if you’re already in the hauling

industry.” Id. at 244. Perri and McLaren, however, were not in the hauling industry.

                                            27
       The information Perri obtained from Smash gave him an overview of the business

model and related concepts so that he could speak convincingly enough to secure the

Packmat deal. Perri thus benefited from the information he obtained from Smash. But that

that fact comes with two qualifications.

       First, without any of the information that Smash provided, Perri and McLaren

eventually would have been able to present themselves as knowledgeable and credible

industry players. It would have taken them several months to develop comparable

knowledge on their own from publicly available sources and from talking to other industry

players. It would not have happened in February 2020, but it would not have taken sixteen

months.

       Second, Perri obtained the vast majority of the information he used in the

presentation legitimately while he was still considering a Smash franchise. The Smash

Disclosure Document, the pitch book, the orientation call, the Unit Economics Call, the

Unit Economics Worksheet provided the bulk of the information. He obtained additional

information from his first Franchisee Forum Call and his first Founder Call, which took

place before December 19, and his second Franchisee Forum Call, which took place on

December 19. What Perri learned afterward was largely duplicative or confirmatory.

       After securing the exclusive deal with Packmat, Perri attended two more calls with

Smash. He attended his fourth Founder Call on February 5, 2020, and his seventh

Franchisee Forum Call on February 6. According to Perri’s notes, it was all the same

information, and he learned nothing new. Those were the last two calls that Perri attended.

                                            28
I.    Perri And McLaren Launch Dumpster Devil.

      In early March 2020, Dumpster Devil’s website went live. Perri and McLaren were

open for business. They marked Dumpster Devil as a seller of mobile trash compaction

equipment and advertised its “truck-mounted rotary compactor” as “disruptive technology”

that is “second to none.” JX 156.

      The Dumpster Devil website devoted an entire page to comparing Dumpster Devil

to Smash, which Perri and McLaren viewed as their biggest competitor. Perri Tr. 254. The

website made claims designed to show that Dumpster Devil’s truck and equipment was

better than Smash’s, including the following:

•     Dumpster Devil’s drum weighs one-half of a ton more than Smash’s drum, leading
      to faster trash compaction.

•     Dumpster Devil’s drum has guards, while Smash’s does not.

•     Smash’s truck supplier, Husmann, had sold less than fifty truck-mounted
      compactors.

•     Smash’s truck bed requires daily greasing, which lowers efficiency.

•     Dumpster Devil’s equipment is 10% more efficient than Smash’s equipment.

•     Dumpster Devil’s truck does not require a special license to operate.

JX 157.

      Perri and McLaren bought a Google AdWords advertisement for the name “Smash

My Trash.” When users in certain geographic areas searched for “Smash My Trash,” the

top listing was a paid advertisement for Dumpster Devil. When consumers clicked on the

advertisement, the link took them to the webpage comparing Smash to Dumpster Devil.

                                           29
The comparison page included detailed information attacking Smash’s costs, efficiency,

machinery, safety, and comfort. JX 157.

       Dumpster Devil received multiple inquiries. Many were from individuals who were

considering a Smash franchise. When contacting Dumpster Devil, individuals frequently

mentioned their interest in Smash. Examples of those comments include:

•      “I have been seriously considering an SMT franchise and ran across your website
       last night. I’d like to learn more about your option and equipment.” JX 175.

•      “I came across your business while doing research on ‘Smash my Trash’ franchise
       opportunities. I would like to see if your business opportunities are a good fit for
       my situation.” JX 176.

•      “I am exploring smash my trash but want to understand your business model.” JX
       165.

•      “I have reached out to Smash my trash and will have my phone call next Monday. I
       came upon your website and am interested in what you have to offer.” JX 182.

Packmat congratulated Perri and McLaren on their marketing strategy. JX 159.

       Dumpster Devil sold two trucks to two parties that had previously participated in

the Smash franchise process. Chris Novak went as far as attending Discovery Day on April

14 and 15. The next day, Novak told Fastlane that he would buying seven territories and

was “looking forward to this business.” JX 163 at ‘621. Then Novak saw Dumpster Devil’s

online advertisement. Within a week, Novak had scheduled a call with Perri, received a

term sheet from Dumpster Devil, and decided against purchasing a Smash franchise.

J.     Smash Files Suit.

       On April 20, 2020, Smash filed this action. The operative complaint asserted eight

causes of action:

                                            30
•      Count I asserted a claim for breach of the NDA against Perri and Kanda Holdings;

•      Count II asserted a claim for unjust enrichment against Perri, McLaren, Kanda
       Holdings, and Dumpster Devil;

•      Count III asserted a claim for misappropriation of trade secrets in violation of
       DUTSA against Perri, McLaren, Kanda Holdings, and Dumpster Devil;

•      Count IV asserted a claim for conversion of intangible property against Perri,
       McLaren, Kanda Holdings, and Dumpster Devil;

•      Count V asserted a claim for unfair competition against Dumpster Devil;

•      Count VI asserted a claim for fraud against Perri and Kanda Holdings;

•      Count VII asserted a claim for deceptive trade practices in violation of DUDTPA
       against Dumpster Devil based on statements about Smash on the Dumpster Devil
       website; and

•      Count VIII asserted a claim for trademark infringement against Dumpster Devil
       based on Dumpster Devil’s purchase of “Smash My Trash” from Google AdWords
       and its use of the mark in Dumpster Devil’s marketing campaign.

Smash moved for expedited proceedings in preparation for a hearing on an application for

preliminary injunction. Counsel acted constructively by agreeing on a schedule

culminating in an injunction hearing. The parties conducted expedited discovery in

anticipation of that hearing.

       On July 16, 2020, the court heard oral argument on Smash’s motion for preliminary

injunction. The relief that Smash sought would have shut down Dumpster Devil’s business

by preventing the defendants from “(1) using and/or disclosing the Confidential

Information; (2) using and/or disclosing [Smash’s] confidential and proprietary

information; (3) using and/or advertising using [Smash’s] intellectual property, including

their trademarks; and (4) competing with [Smash].” Dkt. 20 at 24.

                                           31
       Obtaining a business-killing injunction on a preliminary record was a big ask, and

the court declined to grant it. On August 13, 2020, the court issued a decision that granted

Smash more limited relief. The court’s ruling enjoined Dumpster Devil “from making

statements about (i) Smash’s drum lacking guards, (ii) the Smash truck’s slides needing

daily greasing, and (iii) the Dumpster Devil truck weighing less than 26,000 pounds and

not requiring a commercial license.” Injunction Decision, 2020 WL 4692287, at *20. The

Injunction Decision denied the other aspects of Smash’s application on various grounds.

       After the Injunction Decision, the litigation continued on a non-expedited track.

Trial was scheduled for November 2022.

       In June 2021, Smash filed an amended pleading that withdrew its claims for

conversion and trademark infringement. In October 2022, one month before trial, Smash

informed the court and the defendants that it was “electing not to proceed to trial on Count

I (Breach of Contract), Count II (Unjust Enrichment), Count III (Misappropriation of Trade

Secrets), and Count IV (Unfair Competition).” PTO at 2.

       As a result of these tactical decisions, Smash proceeded to trial on only two claims:

fraud and violations of DUDTPA. McLaren was not named as a defendant on either claim.

       Trial took place on November 14 and 15, 2022. Haskin, Perri, and McLaren testified

live as fact witnesses. Smash called Chuck Modell as an expert witness on franchising and

Jay Cunningham as an expert on damages. The defendants called Michael Seid as an expert

on franchising and R. Christopher Rosenthal as an expert on damages. After trial, the court

entered judgment in favor of McLaren.

                                            32
                              II.      LEGAL ANALYSIS

       Smash sought to prove at trial that Perri fraudulently induced Smash into revealing

information about its business by falsely representing that he was interested in purchasing

a Smash franchise. Smash also sought to prove that Dumpster Devil engaged in deceptive

trade practices by making false statements about Smash when marketing its business.

Smash is not entitled to relief on either claim.

A.     Fraud

       Smash first sought to prove that Perri committed fraud. Smash’s common law fraud

claim is preempted by DUTSA. Were it not, Smash failed to prove that Perri’s fraud caused

Smash to suffer any non-nominal damages. Judgment will be entered in favor of Perri on

the fraud claim.

       1.      DUTSA Preemption

       Smash cannot prevail on its claim for fraud because DUTSA preempts the claim.

Section 2007 of DUTSA provides generally for preemption of common law causes of

action based on the same underlying facts as a DUTSA claim. The operative provision

states: “Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, this chapter displaces

conflicting tort, restitutionary and other law of this State providing civil remedies for

misappropriation of a trade secret.” 6 Del. C. § 2007(a) (the “Preemption Provision”).

Subsection (b) preserves certain claims by stating that the chapter does not effect:

               (1) Contractual remedies, whether or not based upon misappropriation
                   of a trade secret;

               (2) Other civil remedies that are not based upon misappropriation of
                   a trade secret; or

                                              33
              (3) Criminal remedies, whether or not based upon misappropriation
                  of a trade secret.

Id. § 2007(b) (the “Preservation Provision”). Under the Preemption Provision, a common

law claim cannot proceed unless it falls under one of the exceptions enumerated in the

Preservation Provision.3

       Under Delaware law, DUTSA establishes a single, unified, statutory scheme for

claims involving misappropriation of information. Unless expressly preserved by the

Preservation Provision, DUTSA preempts common law causes of action involving

misappropriation of information. It does not matter whether or not the information at issue

qualifies as a trade secret under DUTSA. Alarm.com Hldgs., Inc. v. ABS Cap. P’rs Inc.,

       3
         Savor, Inc. v. FMR Corp., 812 A.2d 894, 898 (Del. 2002) One of those exceptions
is for “[c]ontractual remedies, whether or not based upon misappropriation of a trade
secret.” 6 Del. C. § 2007(b)(1). Smash asserted a claim for breach of an NDA that Perri
signed. With the benefit of hindsight, that contractual claim appears to have provided
Smash with its best path to recovery. During the injunction phase, Smash contended that
its claims against the defendants—including its contractual claim—were sufficiently
strong to warrant the issuance of a preliminary injunction that would have stopped
Dumpster Devil’s business and destroyed the firm. That type of injunction effectively
constitutes final relief, because the destruction of a business cannot be undone after trial.
To obtain such an injunction, Smash’s claims needed to be particularly strong, which they
were not. For purposes of the claim under the NDA, the court ruled on the preliminary
record presented at the injunction stage that Smash had not made a sufficient showing that
Perri received Confidential Information, as defined in the NDA, as opposed to information
that Smash either made available to the public, including in the Smash Disclosure
Document, or provided to individuals who expressed interest in a franchise but had not yet
executed an NDA. Injunction Decision, 2020 WL 4692287, at *9, *13. That analysis did
not mean that Smash could not prove a breach of contract at trial, where Smash would be
seeking either damages or an injunction based on a full evidentiary record. In the pre-trial
order, however, Smash dropped its claim for breach of the NDA. That claim is therefore
no longer at issue.

                                             34
2018 WL 3006118, at *11 (Del. Ch. June 15, 2018) (“Preemption applies regardless of

whether the information would ultimately rise to the level of a trade secret.”), aff’d, 204

A.3d 113 (Del. 2019). If the information qualifies as a trade secret under DUTSA, then the

plaintiff may have a claim under DUTSA. If the information does not qualify as a trade

secret under DUTSA, then the plaintiff has no claim under DUTSA or any common law

source, unless the claim fits within one of the three exceptions in the Preservation

Provision.4

       DUTSA’s preemption of competing common law claims includes claims for fraud.

By its terms, the Preemption Provision displaces competing claims “providing civil

remedies for misappropriation of a trade secret.” 6 Del. C. § 2007(a). DUTSA’s definition

of “[m]isappropriation” includes “[a]cquisition of a trade secret of another by a person who

knows or has reason to know that the trade secret was acquired by improper means.” Id. §

       4
         iBio, Inc. v. Fraunhofer USA, Inc., 2020 WL 5745541, at *13 (Del. Ch. Sept. 25,
2020). Delaware’s approach reflects the majority view. A minority of jurisdictions reason
that their versions of the Uniform Trade Secret Act only apply to information that meets
the definition of a trade secret. Those versions of the act include analogues to the
Preemption Provision, and the decisions reason that if the information does not qualify as
a trade secret, then the Preemption Provision does not apply either. Under that approach, if
the information does not qualify as a trade secret, then the plaintiff is “free to proceed on
whatever state tort law claim the plaintiff can make out.” Atl. Med. Specialists, LLC v.
Gastroenterology Assocs., P.A., 2017 WL 1842899, at *13 (Del. Super. Ct. Apr. 20, 2017).
The minority view creates the counterintuitive outcome in which a plaintiff can invoke a
more varied set of causes of action for information that does not qualify as a trade secret
than a party can for information that qualifies as a trade secret. It also renders superfluous
the language in the Preservation Provision which specifies that the covered claims are
preserved “whether or not based upon misappropriation of a trade secret.” 6 Del. C. §
2007(b). Delaware follows the majority view, which represents the more sound approach.

                                             35
2001(2). DUTSA defines “[t]rade secret” to mean “information, including a formula,

pattern, compilation, program, device, method, technique or process” that both (i) “derives

independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being generally known to, and

not being readily ascertainable by proper means by, other persons who can obtain economic

value from its disclosure or use,” and (ii) “[i]s the subject of efforts that are reasonable

under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy.” Id. § 2001(4).

       As noted, the Preemption Provision preempts claims that involve the

misappropriation of information that falls short of a trade secret. Reframed in those terms,

the Preemption Provision displaces competing claims involving the acquisition of

information, including a formula, pattern, compilation, program, device, method, technique

or process, belonging to another, by a person who knows or has reason to know that the

information was acquired by improper means.

       A claim that a person acquired information by fraud falls within the scope of the

Preemption Provision. Truinject Corp. v. Nestlé Skin Health, S.A., 2020 WL 70981, at *8

(D. Del. Jan. 7, 2020) (“[A] fraud claim based on the assertion that a defendant made

misrepresentations in order to induce the plaintiff to disclose its confidential information

is preempted by DUTSA.”); Alarm.com, 2018 WL 3006118, at *10 (Del. Ch. June 15,

2018) (“A claim for common law misappropriation, by contrast, has the same scope and

parameters as a claim for misappropriation under DUTSA.”). A non-DUTSA claim is

preempted if it involves the acquisition of information by wrongful means and is “based

on the same alleged wrongful conduct” that would support a DUTSA claim if the

information qualified as a trade secret. Savor, 812 A.2d at 898; 250ok, Inc. v. Message Sys.,

                                             36
2021 WL 225874, at * 5 (Del. Ch. Jan. 22, 2021) (considering whether the claim was

“based on the same wrongdoing” as a potential DUTSA claim). “A common law claim is

said to be grounded in the same facts as a trade secrets claim if the same facts are used to

establish all the elements of both claims.” Overdrive, Inc. v. Baker & Taylor, Inc., 2011

WL 2448209, at *4 (Del. Ch. June 17, 2011) (cleaned up).

       Applied to the facts of this case, the Preemption Provision forecloses Smash’s fraud

claim. Smash contends that Perri committed fraud by mispresenting his intentions to

purchase a Smash franchise. According to Smash, Perri was able to obtain information

about Smash and its business by participating in Founder Calls and Franchisee Forum calls.

Smash’s fraud claim asserts that Perri obtained information (the contents of the calls) by

improper means (fraud). The conduct giving rise to the fraud claim is precisely the same

conduct that would give rise to a DUTSA claim if the information in question qualified as

a trade secret. DUTSA therefore preempts the fraud claim.

       To avoid this result, Smash argues that Perri fraudulently obtained training, not

information. Training is merely one way to convey information. Merriam-Webster defines

“training” as “the act, process, or method of one that trains” and “the skill, knowledge, or

experience    acquired     by    one     that    trains.”     Training,   Merriam-Webster,

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/training (last visited June 21, 2023). The

American Heritage Dictionary similarly defines “training” as “the process or routine of one

who     trains.”    Training,     Am.      Heritage         Dictionary    Eng.   Language,

https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=training (last visited June 21, 2023).

The Cambridge Dictionary defines “training” to mean “the process of learning the skills

                                            37
you need to do a particular job or activity.” Training, Cambridge Dictionary,

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/training (last visited June 21, 2023).

Dictionary definitions thus show that training is a process through which one acquires

information and develops knowledge, skills, or experience to perform an activity. Put

another way, training means a targeted conveyance of information to develop proficiency

at a given task.

       Smash also argues that the court previously held in the Injunction Decision that the

Preemption Provision did not apply to Smash’s fraud claim. The parties briefed the

preemption issue at the preliminary injunction phase of this litigation. See Dkt. 89 at 49;

Dkt. 104 at 24–25. The Injunction Decision, however, only addressed whether DUTSA

preempted Smash’s since-abandoned claim for conversion. See 2020 WL 4692287, at *15

(“Under DUTSA, Smash’s conversion claim is preempted and cannot be asserted.”). The

court’s focus on whether DUTSA preempted Smash’s conversion claim mirrored the

parties’ emphasis on that issue. The parties did not place similar emphasis on preemption

of Smash’s fraud claim. Compare Dkt. 89 at 43–45, and Dkt. 104 at 21–23, with Dkt. 89

at 49, and Dkt. 104 at 24–25. The Injunction Decision did not discuss whether the

Preemption Provision or any other DUTSA provision affected Smash’s fraud claim. See

2020 WL 4692287, at *16–17. The Injunction Decision’s silence does not mean that the

court ruled against preemption. That question remained open and this decision, with the

benefit of further argument by the parties, now holds that Smash’s fraud claim is

preempted.

                                             38
       The Preemption Provision bars Smash’s fraud claim. Judgment will be entered for

Perri on that basis.

       2.     The Failure To Prove Causally Related Damages

       Assuming that the Preemption Provision did not apply, Smash’s claim for fraud

would still fail. To prevail on a claim for fraud, a plaintiff must prove (i) a false

representation, (ii) made with scienter, (iii) intended to induce action, (iv) on which the

plaintiff reasonably relied, and (v) resulting in causally related damages. See Stephenson

v. Capano Dev., Inc., 462 A.2d 1069, 1074 (Del. 1983). Assuming for purposes of analysis

that Smash proved a false representation, scienter, an intent to induce action, and reliance,

Smash failed to prove casually related damages.

       Although it is not necessary to analyze the first four elements of a fraud claim that

fails on the final element, addressing the first element is helpful in framing what Smash

needed to prove to show causally related damages. To establish the first element of a

common law fraud claim, a plaintiff must prove “a false representation, usually one of fact,

made by the defendant.” Id. The factual representation can be explicit or implicit. See In re

Healthsouth Corp. S’holders Litig., 845 A.2d 1096 (Del. Ch. Nov. 24, 2003), aff’d, 2004

WL 835879 (Del. Apr. 14, 2004) (TABLE).

       Smash proved that Perri misrepresented his intention to purchase a franchise by

continuing to participate in Smash’s recruitment process after December 19, 2019. As of

that date, Perri had become 99% certain that Smash did not have a patent, and he was 100%

certain that he was not going to purchase a Smash franchise. Perri had been interested in

Smash primarily because of its claims about patent protection and high margins. By the

                                             39
afternoon of December 19, Perri had been warned against franchises by McLaren, was

unimpressed by Smash’s organization, thought Haskin was blowing smoke at prospects to

sell them franchises, and was 99% certain that Smash did not have a patent. After

December 19, Perri no longer had any intention of purchasing a Smash franchise, and he

kept participating in Founder Calls and Franchisee Forum Calls because there was still a

risk, however small, that Smash did have a patent that it could use to block a competing

business. If Smash had a patent, then the threat was existential, so Perri wanted to make

sure that he and McLaren did not face that risk.

       Despite having made up his mind on the afternoon of December 19, 2019, Perri

continued to represent to Smash, both explicitly and implicitly, that he was interested in a

franchise. Perri made that representation in the following ways:

•      He participated in Franchisee Forum Calls January 9, 17, 20, and 30, 2020, and
       February 6, 2020, which were intended for individuals interested in purchasing a
       franchise.

•      He participated in Founder Calls on January 22 and 29, 2020, and February 5, 2020,
       which were intended for individuals interested in purchasing a franchise.

•      On January 3, 2020, after cancelling his attendance at Discovery Day on January 6
       and 7, he signed up to attend Discovery Day on January 26 and 27, as if he remained
       interested in purchasing a franchise.

•      He told Fastlane on January 22, 2020, that he was interested in purchasing six
       territories in Charlotte, North Carolina.

•      He told Fastlane on January 24, 2020, that he would be interested in purchasing
       territories in Virginia, Maryland, and California once Smash opened operations in
       those states.

Through those statements and actions, Perri represented to Smash that he intended to

purchase a franchise. Perri knew that his representations were false.

                                            40
       For purposes of the final element of a fraud claim, the false representation must

cause harm. NACCO Indus., Inc. v. Applica Inc., 997 A.2d 1, 32 (Del. Ch. 2009). The

necessary causal connection has two dimensions. First, the misrepresentation must be a

factual cause of the harm—generally called a but-for cause—meaning that the harm would

not have occurred but for the misrepresentation. Id. Second, the misrepresentation must be

the legal cause of the harm—generally called the proximate cause—meaning that the

misrepresentation must be a sufficiently significant cause of the harm to impose liability.

Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 548A, cmt. a–b (Am. L. Inst. 1977), Westlaw (database

updated May 2023). “The second limitation recognizes that the harm flowing from an event

in the but-for sense at some point becomes too attenuated to give rise to liability. Our law

will not award damages for a kingdom when the wrong concerns a two-penny nail.”

NACCO, 997 A.2d at 32.

       As a remedy, Smash seeks damages for lost profits stemming from a supposed

sixteen-month head start the defendants enjoyed because of Perri’s misrepresentations.

Smash theorizes that but for Perri’s improper actions, Perri and McLaren would have

needed the same amount of time to develop Dumpster Devil that it took Haskin to create

the franchise side of Smash’s business. Smash claims that the sixteen-month head start

resulted in potential Smash franchisees buying Dumpster Devil equipment instead.

Smash’s damages expert, Jay Cunningham, opined that five Dumpster Devil customers

would have purchased Smash franchises if Dumpster Devil had not been competing with

Smash. JX 252. Cunningham calculated that the present value of Smash’s lost profits from

those franchises resulted in damages totaling $3,427,091. Id.

                                            41
       Smash failed to prove that Perri’s fraudulent representations caused those damages.

Smash did not clear either of the hurdles of but-for causation and legal causation.

              a.     The First But-For Cause Problem: No Additional Information
                     That Made A Difference

       Smash grounds its theory of but-for causation on the assertion that if Perri did not

misrepresent his interest in acquiring a franchise, Smash would have cut off his access to

valuable information. 5 Smash contends that by virtue of his fraudulent misrepresentations,

Perri gained information that enabled him to start his business sixteen months earlier than

otherwise would have been possible.

       The first but-for problem with that theory concerns the information Perri obtained

by fraud. Smash acts as if all the information that Perri acquired was the product of fraud,

but before his decision on the afternoon of December 19, 2019, Perri was not engaging in

fraud, and during that period he obtained significant amounts of information from Smash.

For Perri’s misrepresentations to be a but-for cause of harm, his misrepresentations had to

induce Smash to provide him with additional information beyond what he received while

participating legitimately in Smash’s sale process. If Perri could have done everything he

did with Dumpster Devil based on the information that he legitimately received, then

Smash’s fraud claim fails for lack of causation.

       5
        At trial, Haskin testified that a key aspect of the sales process “was really creating
a funnel” that would keep prospective franchisees “constantly . . . in motion. They were
moving one way or the other. They were either moving, ultimately, to committing to a
discovery day, or we were registering these dates that would hold people up.” Haskin Tr.
23.

                                             42
      Smash failed to prove that Perri acquired information after December 19, 2019 that

provided him with meaningful assistance in starting Dumpster Devil. By the afternoon of

December 19, Perri had

•     participated in a call with Bode where he received information concerning Smash’s
      history and current status of the business;

•     attended the Unit Economics Call where he learned about Smash’s start-up costs
      and operating expenses;

•     received a pitch deck, the Unit Economics Worksheet, and the Smash Disclosure
      Document;

•     participated in a Founder Call on December 18, 2019; and

•     participated in Franchisee Forum Calls on December 12 and 19, 2019.

These sources of information provided Perri with considerable insight into Smash’s

business.

      The Smash Disclosure Document alone provided Perri with much of the information

he obtained. From that document, he learned

•     the initial investment required for a franchise, broken down by line item;

•     extensive disclosures about a franchise’s expected financial performance;

•     the identity of the manufacturer of Smash’s equipment;

•     the estimated size of a Smash franchise territory by population;

•     the number of trucks a franchisee would need to purchase to service the number of
      territories owned;

•     the number of trucks a franchisee would need to purchase based on the volume of
      business conducted; and

•     the number of extant Smash franchises.

                                           43
See JX 4. Perri obtained additional information during his orientation call and from the

pitch deck, the Unit Economics Worksheet, and the Unit Economics Call. Smash does not

consider any of that information to be confidential. See Haskin Tr. 111; Haskin Dep. 104.

       Perri received even more information during the first Franchisee Forum Call on

December 12, 2019, the first Founder Call on December 18, and the second Franchisee

Forum Call on December 19. During these calls, Smash’s franchisees and Haskin provided

significant amounts of information because Smash was a new franchisor and had to sell

prospects on its business model and bright future. A known franchisor like McDonald’s

does not have to provide the same level of information up front, but Smash was in a

different position. Modell Tr. 375–76.

       Perri received all of this valuable information legitimately, before he made the

decision to start a competing trash-compaction business and before he began

misrepresenting his interest in acquiring a Smash franchise. Smash could not point to any

additional information that Perri received after December 19, 2019 that made a difference

for the launch of Dumpster Devil.

       To be sure, Perri continued to participate in calls and take notes, but that does not

mean the calls gave him any new information that carried significance for launching

Dumpster Devil. The Founder Calls and Franchisee Forum Calls were primarily sales

efforts designed to provide enough information to convince prospects to go deeper into the

franchising process by attending Discovery Day. Haskin and the franchisees were

providing more information than an established franchisor would, but they were not

providing materially more or different information across a series of calls.

                                            44
       Smash failed to prove that Perri’s misrepresentations generated materially different

information than what he received when participating legitimately in Smash’s process.

Smash therefore failed to prove that Perri’s misrepresentations were a but-for cause of the

damages that Smash sought to recover.

              b.     The Second But-For Cause Problem: No Connection To A
                     Sixteen-Month Head Start

       Smash’s theory of causally related damages faces a second but-for causation

problem: Any additional information Perri procured by fraud after December 19, 2019, had

to be a but-for cause of a sixteen-month head start. Smash failed to prove that Perri’s

misrepresentations caused him to receive information that allowed him to launch Dumpster

Devil sixteen months earlier than he otherwise could have. Assuming Perri received

additional material information after December 19, Perri did not receive the type of

information that would affect his timeline for launch.

       As noted in the prior section, the Founder Calls and Franchisee Forum Calls were

sales efforts. Neither was designed to teach a prospective franchisee how to launch and

operate a franchise. Smash only provided that information and training after a franchisee

had attended Discovery Day and committed to purchasing a Smash franchise.

       The Smash Disclosure Document describes the extensive training that Smash

provides after a franchisee has committed contractually to purchase a franchise. The

curriculum contemplates sixty-four hours of training on

•      establishing the business (four hours);

•      developing a plan (four hours);

                                            45
•      understanding the equipment (ten hours);

•      marketing and business development (sixteen hours);

•      operations and management (sixteen hours);

•      administrative (eight hours); and

•      executing your plan (six hours).

JX 4 at 19–21. Thirty hours of the mandatory training must be completed as on-the-job

training. See id.

       Smash does not view the information that franchisees receive in Founder Calls and

Franchisee Forum Calls as part of its training program. The training program is different.

       Perri never received any of the training that Smash requires before a franchisee can

launch and operate a Smash franchise. After December 19, 2019, Perri attended three

additional Founder Calls and five additional Franchisee Forum Calls for a total of

approximately eight hours of generally repetitive sales efforts. Those calls came nowhere

close to the training that Smash views as necessary to launch and operate a franchise. It

would not matter how many Founder Calls and Franchisee Forum Calls that Perri listened

to; they were not providing the information necessary to start a franchise, let alone launch

a competing business.

       The Founder Calls and the Franchisee Forum Calls gave Perri a general overview

of the mobile trash-smashing business. As discussed in the Factual Background, that

information did provide Perri with some advantages. Most notably, it enabled Perri and

McLaren to secure a deal with Packmat in February 2020. Without that information, it

would have taken Perri and McLaren longer to establish that relationship, but it would not

                                            46
have taken them sixteen months. The information from the Founder Calls and Franchisee

Forum Calls that Perri attended while considering a franchise, along with the information

in the pitch deck, the Smash Disclosure Document, and the initial calls with Fastlane, were

enough to accelerate the process for launching Dumpster Devil. Perri obtained that

information legitimately.

       The information that Perri obtained after December 19, 2019, likely accelerated the

launch of Dumpster Devil by a month or two. It did not cause the launch to accelerate by

sixteen months.

              c.      The Proximate Causation Problem: The Lack Of A Sufficient
                      Connection To Lose Franchises

       In addition to problems with but-for causation, Smash’s theory of lost franchisees

fell short on the issue of proximate causation. To reiterate, proximate causation considers

how close the relationship is between the causal factor and the resulting damages. If the

causal factor is too attenuated, then a court can decline to award damages because of a lack

of proximate cause.

       Smash failed to prove that Dumpster Devil’s existence in the market was a

proximate cause of five lost franchisees. Under Smash’s franchising system, a prospect can

go through the entire sale process, including attending Discovery Day, and then decide not

to buy a franchise. During the due diligence process, a customer often will evaluate other

options simultaneously. Seid Tr. 334; Modell Tr. 432–33. Haskin agreed at trial that

prospective franchisees frequently speak with competitors while exploring whether to

purchase a Smash franchise. Haskin Tr. 133.

                                            47
       Some individuals who explore purchasing a franchise decide that franchising is not

for them. As the defendants’ franchising expert explained, serial entrepreneurs typically fit

poorly in a franchise model because they want to be the ones making decisions. Seid Tr.

338. On the other hand, “[v]eterans make incredible franchisees because we’re used to

following orders.” Id. It would not be unusual for an entrepreneurial-minded prospect to

explore a franchise, then decide to start their own business instead.

       Smash introduced some evidence which suggested that Dumpster Devil’s presence

in the market was a factor that contributed to some prospective franchisees not purchasing

a Smash franchise. But the fact that some individuals ended up purchasing equipment from

Dumpster Devil does not mean that they otherwise would have purchased a Smash

franchise. They could have purchased a franchise from another mobile trash compaction

franchisor, opted for a different type of franchise entirely, or started their own business

without buying a franchise and without buying equipment from Dumpster Devil. The

evidence that Smash presented did not establish a sufficiently persuasive causal connection

between Perri’s misrepresentations, an earlier start for Dumpster Devil, and lost Smash

franchises. The causal linkage is too attenuated, meaning that Smash failed to satisfy the

requirement of proximate cause.

       Perri’s misrepresentations did have some causal consequences. By misrepresenting

his interest in acquiring a Smash franchise, Perri was able to remain in Smash’s onboarding

funnel and keep attending Franchisee Forum Calls and Founder Calls. Smash itself admits,

however, that “[t]he time and expense spent marketing to Perri is an insignificant cost.”

Dkt. 303 at 54.

                                             48
              d.     The Fraud Claim Fails In Its Own Right.

       This decision has held that DUTSA preempted the fraud claim. Assuming

preemption did not apply, the fraud claim failed in its own right. After December 19, 2019,

Perri engaged in deceptive conduct, but his actions did not cause Smash to give Perri

additional or different material information that accelerated Dumpster Devil’s launch by

sixteen months and led to the loss of five franchises. Perri already had the information that

he needed to start Dumpster Devil, and the information he received after December 19 was

predominantly repetitive or confirmatory. The information he obtained after December 19

did not accelerate the launch of Dumpster Devil by sixteen months, and it did not

proximately cause the loss of five franchises. If DUTSA did not preempt the fraud claim,

then Smash still could not have recovered the damages it sought to prove at trial.

B.     Deceptive Trade Practices

       In the second claim that Smash pursued at trial, Smash sought to prove that

Dumpster Devil made false representations on its website when it compared Smash’s

equipment to its equipment, violating DUDTPA. As a remedy, Smash seeks (i) a permanent

injunction barring the defendants from making disparaging statements about Smash and

(ii) treble damages, plus attorneys’ fees and costs. Dkt. 323 at 67. Smash proved violations

of DUDTPA, but not an entitlement to its chosen remedies.

       In 1965, the Delaware General Assembly passed DUDTPA and its companion bill,

the Consumer Fraud Act, to better protect the interests of both consumers and businesses.

Grand Ventures, Inc. v. Whaley, 632 A.2d 63, 66 (Del. 1993). The General Assembly

intended to provide businesses with a remedy for the “unreasonable interference with the

                                             49
promotion and conduct of another person’s business.” Id. at 67. In Grand Ventures, the

Delaware Supreme Court further elaborated on the purpose of DUDTPA:

       [DUDTPA] is based on the Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act of 1964,
       which the General Assembly adopted in its entirety. The purpose of the
       Uniform Act is to bring state laws up to date by removing undue restrictions
       on the common law action for deceptive trade practices. As examples of the
       common law restrictions deleted, the Act specifically makes unnecessary
       proof of competition between the parties, monetary damages or intent to
       deceive. Except where the statutory provision and the common law conflict,
       the Act suggests no intent to replace the common law.

Id. (internal citations omitted). In its original form, DUDTPA solely “provided injunctive

relief to ‘a person likely to be damaged by a deceptive trade practice of another.’” Id. at 68

(quoting 6 Del. C. § 2533(a)). In 1970, the General Assembly added a provision permitting

courts to treble common law or statutory damages. Id.; see 6 Del. C. §2533(c).

       DUDTPA seeks “to address unfair competition issues through relaxed pleading and

proof standards.” Olha N.M. Rybakoff, An Overview of Consumer Protection and Fair

Trade Regulation in Delaware, 8 Del. L. Rev. 63, 67 (2005). DUDTPA does not “define

‘unfair,’ ‘deceptive’ or ‘fraudulent’ acts or practices.” Id. at 71. DUDTPA states only “that

unfair or deceptive acts or practices in commerce are unlawful, thus leaving it to the court

in each particular instance to determine whether there has been a violation.” Id.

       Under DUDTPA, “[a] person engages in a deceptive trade practice” if he

       (1)    Passes off goods or services as those of another;

       (2)    Causes likelihood of confusion or of misunderstanding as to the
       source, sponsorship, approval, or certification of goods or services;

       (3)     Causes likelihood of confusion or of misunderstanding as to
       affiliation, connection, or association with, or certification by, another;

                                             50
       (4)    Uses deceptive representations or designations of geographic origin
       in connection with goods or services;

       (5)     Represents that goods or services have sponsorship, approval,
       characteristics, ingredients, uses, benefits, or quantities that they do not have,
       or that a person has a sponsorship, approval, status, affiliation, or connection
       that the person does not have;

       (6)    Represents that goods are original or new if they are deteriorated,
       altered, reconditioned, reclaimed, used, or secondhand;

       (7)    Represents that goods or services are of a particular standard, quality,
       or grade, or that goods are of a particular style or model, if they are of
       another;

       (8)   Disparages the goods, services, or business of another by false or
       misleading representation of fact;

       (9)      Advertises goods or services with intent not to sell them as advertised;

       (10) Advertises goods or services with intent not to supply reasonably
       expectable public demand, unless the advertisement discloses a limitation of
       quantity;

       (11) Makes false or misleading statements of fact concerning the reasons
       for, existence of, or amounts of, price reductions; or

       (12) Engages in any other conduct which similarly creates a likelihood of
       confusion or of misunderstanding.

6 Del. C. § 2532(a).

       DUDTPA does not specify a requisite degree of fault. It does not say, for example,

that a party only violates DUDTPA if it engages in an enumerated practice negligently, or

recklessly, or willfully. “[T]he enumerated practices are per se deceptive.” Rybakoff,

supra, at 72.

                                               51
       The text of DUDTPA necessarily leads to that interpretation. Section 2534(e) of

DUDTPA implies that a violation can exist even if a person did not know or have reason

to know that the conduct was prohibited. That section states:

       If a court of competent jurisdiction finds that any person has wilfully violated
       this subchapter, upon petition to the court by the Attorney General in the
       original complaint or at any time following the court’s finding of a wilful
       violation, the person shall forfeit and pay to the State a civil penalty of not
       more than $10,000 for each violation. For purposes of this subchapter, a
       wilful violation occurs when the person committing the violation knew or
       should have known that the conduct was of the nature prohibited by this
       subchapter.

Id. § 2533(e). By stating that a wilful violation triggers this additional penalty, the statute

implies that non-wilful conduct can support a violation. The fact that wilful conduct is

defined to include conduct that the person “should have known . . . was of the nature

prohibited by this subchapter” suggests that an innocent violation is still a violation.

       Another section of DUDTPA points in the same direction. It states that DUDTPA

does not apply to “[p]ublishers, broadcasters, printers, or other persons engaged in the

dissemination of information or reproduction of printed or pictorial matter who publish,

broadcast, or reproduce material without knowledge of its deceptive character.” Id. §

2534(a)(2). The fact that DUDTPA creates an express exception for the identified classes

of persons when they act “without knowledge of [the material’s] deceptive character”

indicates that other classes of persons do violate DUDTPA even if they act without

knowledge the material’s deceptive character.

                                              52
       1.     The Claimed Violations

       To succeed in a claim under DUDTPA, a plaintiff need only prove that the

defendant’s conduct constitutes one of the enumerated categories of acts. See id. § 2532(b).

Smash relies on the eighth category: an act that “disparages the goods, services, or business

of another by false or misleading representation of fact.” Id. § 2532(a)(8). The remedy that

Smash can obtain, however, is affected by whether Dumpster Devil acted wilfully. Whether

Perri or McLaren had a good faith belief that their statements were accurate therefore

remains important.

              a.     Drum Guards

       Smash proved that Dumpster Devil violated DUDTPA by falsely claiming that the

drums on Smash’s trucks lack guards. Dumpster Devil proved that it had a good faith albeit

erroneous belief that the statement was correct.

       On a webpage that compared its trucks with Smash’s trucks, Dumpster Devil stated,

“Smash My Trash’s drum does not have guards, which means a distracted or careless

operator could cost you thousands of dollars.” JX 157. In the Injunction Decision, based

on the record presented at that point, the court found that Smash had shown a reasonable

probability of success on the merits of its claim that this statement was false. 2020 WL

4692287, at *17. The court issued a preliminary injunction barring Dumpster Devil from

making the statement. Id. at *20.

       At trial, Smash successfully proved that its drums had guards. Haskin Tr. 70; JX

217. As early as November 6, 2019, an Oklahoma City-based Smash franchisee posted

pictures on Facebook showing that his drum had guards. JX 217. Haskin testified that

                                             53
“[e]very single truck from that point forward through today receives the guards. It is not

an option. It is a standard piece of safety equipment.” Haskin Tr. 71. As early as December

11, Smash’s official Twitter page also depicted drums with guards. JX 222.

       By showing that Dumpster Devil’s statement about drum guards was incorrect,

Smash showed that Dumpster Devil violated DUDTPA. But Dumpster Devil showed that

it had a reasonable basis for believing that its statement was true. The pitch deck that Smash

provided to Perri included pictures of Smash trucks with drums that lacked guards. JX 9.

Other pictures that Smash posted on social media also showed Smash’s trucks with drums

that lacked guards. JX 217. At trial, Perri testified that he “didn’t have an inkling” that

Smash’s trucks had guards. Perri Tr. 207.

       A dispute of fact existed about whether Haskin stated during the Founder Calls that

Smash’s trucks had guards. Haskin said he did. Haskin Tr. 71–73. Perri said that he didn’t.

Perri Tr. 207–08. Both witnesses had their credibility impeached at trial. Perri, however,

testified credibly that he quickly came to doubt many of Haskin’s claims. Assuming for

the sake of argument that Haskin stated during the Founder Calls that all of Smash’s drums

had guards, Perri could legitimately question the veracity of that statement. Dumpster Devil

was entitled to rely on the images that Smash provided in the Smash Disclosure Document

and on social media.

       Smash proved a violation of DUDTPA based on Dumpster Devil’s statement about

a lack of guards. That statement, however, was made in good faith.

                                             54
              b.     Daily Greasing

       Smash also proved that Dumpster Devil violated DUDTPA by falsely claiming that

the sliding rail on the compaction unit of Smash trucks requires daily greasing. JX 157.

Dumpster Devil again proved that it had a good faith albeit erroneous belief that the

statement was correct.

       On its comparison webpage, Dumpster Devil stated, “[Smash’s] bed requires daily

greasing and periodic maintenance, which further lowers your efficiency, and adds to your

costs and potential downtime.” Id. In the Injunction Decision, based on the record

presented at that point, the court found that Smash had shown a reasonable probability of

success on the merits of its claim that this statement was false. 2020 WL 4692287, at *17.

The court issued a preliminary injunction barring Dumpster Devil from making the

statement. Id. at *20.

       At trial, Smash proved that, as a general rule, its trucks do not require daily greasing.

Haskin testified that Smash trucks require weekly greasing and that Smash franchisees are

instructed accordingly both orally and through training materials. Haskin Tr. 75–76; see

JX 236 at ‘076–80. Smash’s training materials provide greasing guidance: “[R]ails on

which the sled moves need to be greased to ensure smooth operation. Typically this is done

once per week, following heavy rains, or as needed based on the movement of the sled.”

JX 236 at ‘077. The training materials also provide a checklist for drivers to complete both

before a after a trip. Id. Neither checklist includes greasing the sled. See id. The evidence

at trial demonstrated that although certain conditions may call for daily greasing, Smash’s

trucks do not require daily greasing.

                                              55
       By showing that Dumpster Devil’s statement about daily greasing was incorrect,

Smash showed that Dumpster Devil violated DUDTPA. But Dumpster Devil again showed

that it had a reasonable basis for believing that its statement was true. During Franchisee

Forum Calls, an existing franchisee named John Ramsier advised the prospective

franchisees that greasing the sled area daily was “best practice.” Ramsier Dep. 29. Ramsier

operates in Florida, and he explained that climate has a large impact on the frequency of

necessary maintenance. Id. at 32. Florida’s humidity and heavy rain necessitated daily

greasing, and Ramsier assumed that all other franchises greased their sleds with the same

frequency. Id. at 32–33. Smash also advised another franchisee that drivers “have small

tasks such as greasing the sled, checking the bolts, etc [sic] that they should be checking

and managing daily.” JX 196.

       Smash proved a violation of DUDTPA based on Dumpster Devil’s statement about

daily greasing. That statement, however, was made in good faith.

              c.     Truck Weight

       In contrast to the two prior statements, Smash failed to prove at trial that Dumpster

Devil violated DUDTPA by falsely claiming that both its truck weighed less than 26,000

pounds. In the Injunction Decision, the court found that Smash had demonstrated a

reasonable likelihood of success on the merits for purposes this statement. 2020 WL

4692287, at *18. The court issued a preliminary injunction barring Dumpster Devil from

making the statement. Id. at *20.

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       After the Injunction Decision, Dumpster Devil demonstrated to Smash’s satisfaction

that it had trucks in service that weighed less than the 26,000-pound threshold, and the

parties stipulated to an order vacating that portion of the Injunction Decision. Dkt. 146.

       At trial, Smash did not introduce evidence indicating that Dumpster Devil’s trucks

now weigh more than 26,000 pounds. Smash thus failed to prove a violation of DUDTPA

based on this claim.

       2.     Smash’s Request For Permanent Injunctive Relief

       As a remedy for the violations that Smash proved at trial, Smash asks the court to

convert its preliminary injunction into a permanent injunction. DUDTPA allows a court to

“grant an injunction . . . under the principles of equity and on terms that the court considers

reasonable” without “[p]roof of monetary damage, loss of profits, or intent to deceive.” Id.

§ 2533(a). Injunctive relief is “intended to provide a remedy to persons likely to suffer

pecuniary harm for conduct involving either misleading identification of business or goods

or false or deceptive advertising.” Del. Solid Waste Auth. v. E. Shore Env’t, Inc., 2002 WL

537691, at *4 (Del. Ch. Mar. 28, 2002).

       Injunctive relief under DUDTPA is warranted where a plaintiff demonstrates that a

defendant has engaged in a pattern of deceptive misconduct. Agilent Techs., Inc. v.

Kirkland, 2009 WL 119865, at *10 (Del. Ch. Jan. 20, 2009). “A claim for injunctive relief

must be supported by the allegation of facts that create a reasonable apprehension of a

future wrong.” Id. Smash has failed to demonstrate a reasonable apprehension of Dumpster

Devil repeating the misleading statements addressed in the Injunction Decision.

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       The court’s ruling in the Injunction Decision enjoined Dumpster Devil “from

making statements about (i) Smash’s drum lacking guards, (ii) the Smash truck’s slides

needing daily greasing, and (iii) the Dumpster Devil truck weighing less than 26,000

pounds and not requiring a commercial license.” 2020 WL 4692287, at *20. Dumpster

Devil removed the first two misleading statements from its webpage and the parties

stipulated to an order vacating the portion of the Injunction Decision addressing Dumpster

Devil trucks weighing less than 26,000 pounds. Dkt. 146. Dumpster Devil thus addressed

the issue.

       At trial, Smash provided no evidence that Dumpster Devil returned the misleading

statements to its webpage after the Injunction Decision. Smash also failed to show that

Dumpster Devil made the misleading statements as an ongoing pattern of deceptive

conduct that could support a reasonable apprehension of future misconduct. That failure is

fatal to its request for permanent injunctive relief, because DUDTPA “simply does not

address” isolated incidents. Grand Ventures, Inc. v. Whaley, 622 A.2d 655, 662 (Del.

Super. Ct. 1992), aff’d, 632 A.2d 63 (Del. 1993); accord CoreTel Am., Inc. v. Oak Point

P’rs, LLC, 2022 WL 2903104, at *9 (Del. Super. Ct. July 21, 2022); EDIX Media Gp., Inc.

v. Mahani, 2006 WL 3742595, at *12 (Del. Ch. Dec. 12, 2006).

       The fact that Dumpster Devil’s principals had a good faith belief for their statements

also militates against a permanent injunction. Dumpster Devil’s comparison page was

written in an aggressive and combative style, but Dumpster Devil’s principals did not make

up its contents. They had a good faith basis for believing that Dumpster Devil’s truck was

superior in those respects. The context surrounding Dumpster Devil’s misleading

                                             58
statements points more to isolated incidents of mistaken belief rather than a pattern of

making misrepresentations about a competitor. Permanent injunctive relief under

DUDTPA is therefore inappropriate.

       In response, Smash points to statements Dumpster Devil added to its website after

the court issued the Injunction Decision. The first statement made the following claim:

       Smash My Trash has been trumpeting that it sued Dumpster Devil in an
       attempt to put us out of business. On August 13, 2020[,] the Delaware Court
       denied Smash My Trash’s “scattershot” attempt to put Dumpster Devil out
       of business, ruling that Smash My Trash had not proven a single violation of
       its trade secrets or confidential information.

JX 191 at 1. Smash also points to another webpage where Dumpster Devil stated, “We

defeated Smash My Trash’s frivolous attempt to stifle competition.” JX 190 at 3. Smash

claims these two statements mislead consumers by falsely implying the case had been

decided on the merits in favor of the defendants and ignoring the court’s other rulings. Dkt.

323 at 63.

       Smash claims Dumpster Devil’s statements about the Injunction Decision evidence

a pattern of misstatements, but neither statement was false. Smash had sought a business-

stopping injunction, which the court refused to grant. Injunction Decision, 2020 WL

4692287, at *20. The court ruled that Smash had demonstrated a reasonable likelihood of

success on the merits only for its claim for fraud and its claim under DUDTPA, not for any

violations of DUTSA or for misuse of confidential information. Id. at *16–18. The court

granted only a narrow injunction addressing specific statements on Dumpster Devil’s

website, which Dumpster Devil removed.

                                             59
       Second, Dumpster Devil’s statements about the Injunction Decision would

constitute another isolated incident rather than a pattern of misconduct. Smash attempts to

link the previously enjoined statements to the characterization of the Injunction Decision,

but the connection is too tenuous. The first set of problematic statements were removed

and have not returned. The statements about the Injunction Decision—aside from not being

false—do not attack Smash’s products. They described contentious litigation between two

competitors in the market, giving them a different character than the earlier statements.

Smash failed to establish a pattern of misconduct for which there is a reasonable

apprehension of future misconduct.

       If Dumpster Devil adds false statements to its website, then Smash can bring another

suit under DUDTPA. Until then, a permanent injunction is unwarranted.

       3.     Smash’s Request For Treble Damages

       As a remedy for the violations that Smash proved at trial, Smash also asks the court

to award treble damages. Section 2533(c) of DUDTPA states that “[t]he relief provided in

this section is in addition to remedies otherwise available against the same conduct under

the common law or other statutes of this State.” 6 Del. C. § 2533(c). It provides further: “If

damages are awarded to the aggrieved party under the common law or other statutes of this

State, such damages awarded shall be treble the amount of the actual damages proved.” Id.

       DUDPTA does not provide an independent cause of action for damages. It “provides

solely for injunctive relief although damages may also be awarded when otherwise

permitted by law . . . . [It] was not intended to create a new cause of action distinct from

the common law protections designed to secure businesses against the deceptive trade

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practices of others.” Grand Ventures, 632 A.2d at 68. “DUDTPA is not a platform for an

independent common law damage suit.” Dionisi v. DeCampli, 1995 WL 398536, at *13

(Del. Ch. June 28, 1995). If there is evidence in the record to support damages, then those

damages can be trebled, but “the absence of evidence in the record suggesting actual

damages prevents plaintiff from recovering treble damages under Section 2533(c) . . . .”

ACCU Pers., Inc. v. AccuStaff, Inc., 846 F. Supp. 1191, 1216 (D. Del. 1994). The language

of Section 2533(c) “makes an award of actual damages a prerequisite of any award of treble

damages.” Id.

       Smash failed to prove actual damages. Smash pursued only two claims at trial: its

common law fraud claim and its claim under DUDTPA. As previously discussed, DUTSA

preempted the fraud claim, and Smash could not establish causally related damages in any

event. DUDTPA does not provide an independent source of damages.

       4.       Smash’s Request For Attorneys’ Fees

       Smash finally requests an award of attorneys’ fees. Section 2533(b) of DUDTPA

provides that “[t]he court in exceptional cases may award reasonable attorneys’ fees to the

prevailing party. Costs or attorneys’ fees may be assessed against a defendant only if the

court finds that defendant has wilfully engaged in a deceptive trade practice.” 6 Del. C. §

2533(b). Each side claims that it is entitled to attorneys’ fees as the prevailing party.

       As an initial matter, a plaintiff need not receive a remedy under Section 2533 to be

considered a prevailing party under DUDTPA. See Dionisi, 1995 WL 398536, at *18. A

plaintiff can prove a violation of DUDTPA while being unable to obtain any of the

remedies that Section 2533 provides. See id. A judgment establishing a violation is all that

                                              61
is necessary to prevail. See Rudenberg v. Chief Deputy Att’y Gen. of Dep’t of Just., 2017

WL 7000854, at *8 (Del. Super. Ct. Dec. 8, 2017).

       Smash established two violations of DUDTPA and thus is a prevailing party. But to

recover attorneys’ fees, Smash needed to prove that Dumpster Devil willfully violated

DUDTPA or that this was an “exceptional case.” To reiterate, DUDTPA states that “a

wilful violation occurs when the person committing the violation knew or should have

known that the conduct was of the nature prohibited by this subchapter.” Id. § 2533(e).

DUDTPA does not define what “exceptional” means. The United States District Court for

the District of Delaware compared Section 2533(b) to a similar federal statute and found

that a case is exceptional “where the infringing acts can be characterized as malicious,

fraudulent, deliberate, or willful.” Accu Pers., 846 F. Supp. at 1216 (cleaned up). For

conduct to meet that standard, the court must “make a finding of culpable conduct on the

part of the losing party, such as bad faith, fraud, malice, or knowing infringement before a

case qualifies as exceptional.” Id. (internal quotations omitted).

       As previously discussed, Smash failed to prove that Dumpster Devil acted wilfully.

Instead, the evidence at trial showed that Dumpster Devil had a good faith basis for making

two of its statements, and the parties stipulated that the third statement was correct. This

case does not involve conduct that would allow Smash to recover attorneys’ fees under

Section 2533(b).

       Dumpster Devil cannot recover its fees under DUDTPA either. Dumpster Devil was

not a prevailing party, and Dumpster Devil did not prove that Smash pursued this case

maliciously.

                                             62
C.     Perri’s Request For Attorneys’ Fees Under DUTSA

       Perri separately seeks to recover attorneys’ fees on the theory that Smash brought

its claim under DUTSA in bad faith. Perri argues that after the Injunction Decision, Smash

knew that none of the information Perri received could qualify as a trade secret. Perri

contends that Smash forced him to defend a specious claim only to drop the claim on the

eve of trial. Section 2004 of DUTSA provides that “the court may award reasonable

attorney’s fees to the prevailing party” where “a claim of misappropriation is made in bad

faith, a motion to terminate an injunction is made or resisted in bad faith, or wilful and

malicious misappropriation exists.” 6 Del. C. § 2004.

       Smash dropped its claim under DUTSA on the eve of trial, making the defendants

the prevailing party. In the Injunction Decision, the court held that Smash had not

established a reasonable likelihood of success on the merits of its DUTSA claim. 2020 WL

4692287, at *15. The court ruled that the information upon which Smash based its claim

“does not qualify as trade secrets, at least in the form in which Smash presented the

information to Perri.” Id. at *14. The court also concluded that “much of this information

was not secret at all” because Smash made it publicly and freely available “to differentiate

itself as part of its effort to sell franchises.” Id. Notably, the court based these findings on

the record as it existed at that time. See id. at *14–15. After the Injunction Decision, the

parties engaged in discovery on the DUTSA claim. The parties also participated in an

unsuccessful mediation on the remaining issues, including the DUTSA claim.

       Under Section 2004, a prevailing party must show that the claim fits under one of

the enumerated circumstances warranting an award of attorneys’ fees. See 6 Del. C. § 2004.

                                              63
Where a defendant prevails, it must demonstrate that the plaintiff brought the

misappropriation claim in bad faith. See id.; Incyte Corp. v. Fexus Biosciences, Inc., 2019

WL 2361535, at *2 (Del. Super. Ct. May 7, 2019).

       The “bad faith” element of DUTSA requires objective speciousness of the
       plaintiff’s claim and its subjective bad faith in bringing or maintaining the
       claim. Objective speciousness exists where the action superficially appears
       to have merit, but there is a complete lack of evidence to support the claim.
       Subjective bad faith may be inferred by evidence that the plaintiff intended
       to cause unnecessary delay, filed the action to harass or harbored an improper
       motive. Similar inferences may be made where the plaintiff proceeds to trial
       after the action’s fatal shortcomings are revealed by opposing counsel. A
       subjective state of mind will rarely be susceptible of direct proof; usually the
       trial court will be required to infer it from circumstantial evidence.

Incyte Corp., 2019 WL 2361535, at *2 (cleaned up). The fact that a plaintiff drops a claim

in the later stages of litigation is not sufficient to find bad faith under DUTSA. See Rsch.

& Trading Corp. v. Pfuhl, 1992 WL 345465, at *16 (Del. Ch. Nov. 18, 1992) (Allen, C.).

       Perri has failed to prove that Smash’s DUTSA claim was objectively specious. From

reading the Injunction Decision, one could surmise that Smash’s claim under DUTSA was

among its weaker theories, but that does not mean the claim was frivolous. Smash started

out with a genuine belief that some of the information that Perri received constituted trade

secrets. The Injunction Decision was a preliminary ruling, and as this decision has shown,

a court may revisit conclusions reached on a preliminary record when the case reaches the

trial stage. Although Smash dropped its DUTSA claim on the eve of trial, that decision was

part of Smash’s effort to simplify the issues. The parties had recently engaged in an

unsuccessful mediation, and Smash may have made the decision to refine its theories based

                                             64
in part on information gleaned from the mediation. A decision to narrow the issues for trial

is generally commendable.

        Perri failed to prove that Smash pursued an objectively specious claim. He therefore

cannot recover his fees and expenses under DUTSA.

                                 III.     CONCLUSION

        Judgment will be entered in favor of Perri on the fraud claim. Judgment will be

entered in favor of Smash declaring that Dumpster Devil’s statements regarding the

absence of guards and daily greasing were deceptive practices under DUDTPA. Judgment

will be entered in favor of Dumpster Devil declaring that its statement regarding the weight

of its trucks was not a deceptive practice under DUDTPA. Smash is denied any relief under

DUDTPA other than those declarations. Each party will bear its own costs.

        The parties will confer regarding a form of final order. If there are other issues that

need to be addressed to bring this matter to a conclusion at the trial level, then the parties

will submit a joint letter identifying those issues and proposing a schedule for addressing

them.

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