Court Opinion

ID: 4514243
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-03-10 15:17:39.794733+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:44:58.772889
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                MARCH 10, 2020
                                                          In the Office of the Clerk of Court
                                                         WA State Court of Appeals, Division III

            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                               DIVISION THREE

STATE OF WASHINGTON,                            )         No. 36270-1-III
                                                )
                      Respondent,               )
                                                )
       v.                                       )         UNPUBLISHED OPINION
                                                )
SIMON C. STOTTS,                                )
                                                )
                      Appellant.                )

       FEARING, J. — We must decide whether a MedTox scan analyzer that tests urine

for the presence of drugs must meet the Frye test and whether a manufacturer’s

disclaimer on the test results sheet renders the results untrustworthy and inadmissible.

We hold that the scan analyzer’s immunoassay process need not undergo a Frye hearing

because of its general acceptance in the scientific community. We further hold that the

disclaimer did not injure the reliability of the drug screen’s results to the extent of

rendering the results inadmissible. We affirm Simon Stotts’ conviction for assault of a

child in the third degree.

                                           FACTS

       Simon Stotts and his partner, Talonna Baldwin, drove Baldwin’s three-year-old

niece, Allison, from the child’s grandmother’s home in Republic to Allison’s home in
No. 36270-1-III
State v. Stotts

Colville. Allison is a pseudonym. Allison slept during the hour long forested ride from

Republic to Colville.

       Allison encountered her great aunt, Karen Jones, on returning home. According to

Jones, Allison acted unusually because Allison showed no excitement. Typically, Allison

hugged Jones when Allison returned home, but Allison lethargically walked to the couch

and sat. Jones asked Allison for an embrace, but Allison remained couchsitted and

complained about a “headdit,” three-year-old speak for a headache. Report of

Proceedings (RP) at 139. Jones observed Allison having dilated pupils. RP 140. Allison

commented that “Auntie Nona” (Talonna Baldwin) and Simon Stotts had smoked in the

car and the smoke smelled “like Diva’s pee.” RP at 140-41. Diva is Karen Jones’ cat.

Allison expressed a wish to die from her pain.

       Karen Jones and Allison’s uncle, Devin Casey, drove Allison to Colville’s Mount

Carmel Hospital. Emergency room physician Dr. Sally Sartin examined Allison at the

hospital. Allison complained of a stomach ache and feeling “weird all over.” RP at 219.

Dr. Sartin ordered a urine drug screen test for Allison. The hospital’s medical

technologist Jodie Murrell-Scott performed an immunoassay test, on the urine sample,

with a MedTox scan analyzer. The test result sheet contained the following language:

             This entire battery is for screening purposes only. Results are not
       confirmed. Please note: Some medications cause positive results with any

                                             2
No. 36270-1-III
State v. Stotts

       or all tested drugs in this battery. Results from any unconfirmed drug in
       this screening battery should not be used for legal purposes.

Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 5; Exhibit 1. The drug screen found opiates in Allison’s urine. As

a result, Sartin opined that someone exposed three-year-old Allison to opioids.

                                      PROCEDURE

       The State of Washington charged Simon Stotts with assault of a child in the third

degree or, in the alternative, reckless endangerment. The State charged Talonna Baldwin

with the same crimes, and the charges against both Stotts and Baldwin proceeded during

the same trial.

       During discovery, Simon Stotts asked the State to disclose the following

information: the name of the instrument used to detect opiates in Allison’s system, the

maintenance records for the urine screening instrument, the manual for the instrument,

and the name of the individuals who collected Allison’s sample and tested the sample.

The State did not respond to the discovery request. Stotts does not complain about the

failure on appeal.

       Before trial, Simon Stotts brought a motion, under Frye v. United States, 54 App.

D.C. 46, 293 F. 1013 (1923) and ER 702, to suppress evidence of the results of the

MedTox scan analyzer urine drug screen. Stotts highlighted the language on the test

result sheet that declaimed: “Results are not confirmed.” “Some medications cause

                                            3
No. 36270-1-III
State v. Stotts

positive results with any or all tested drugs in this battery.” “Results from any

unconfirmed drug in this screening battery should not be used for legal purposes.” CP at

5; Exhibit 1. Stotts also argued for suppression on the basis that the State failed to answer

the discovery request. The State responded that the disclaimer on the screening test went

to the weight, not admissibility, of the results. The trial court reserved a ruling on the

motion to suppress until trial.

       After the commencement of trial, Simon Stotts asked for a Frye hearing as to the

admissibility of the urine test results for Allison. In response, the trial court directed the

State to question the medical technologist for the purpose of laying a foundation for the

admissibility of the drug screen results.

       Outside the presence of the jury, the State presented the testimony of Mount

Carmel Hospital medical technologist Jodie Murrell-Scott. Murrell-Scott holds a

bachelor’s degree in biology. She has served as a medical technologist since 2003 and

has received training using the drug screen test instrument, a MedTox scan analyzer,

which generated the results from the testing of Allison’s urine. The analyzer performs an

immunoassay test on urine samples. The hospital uses the test results for medication

compliance and diagnosis and treatment of patients. The analyzer is the only machine

available to run drug screen tests at the hospital.

                                               4
No. 36270-1-III
State v. Stotts

      Jodie Murrell-Scott testified that she had operated the MedTox scan analyzer for

more than one year. Murrell-Scott passed a competency examination to operate the

MedTox machine.

      Jodie Murrell-Scott testified about the testing of the MedTox scan analyzer by

Mount Carmel Hospital before the hospital first operated the machine for patients:

              So our technical specialist and our medical director have to go
      through a rigorous correlation study, where they study—known samples and
      verify that this instrument is producing valid results, before we can actually
      go live.
              Then we also have to perform QC, quality control—and so once that
      happens and the medical director looks at the data then they would sign
      off—he signs off on it.
              ....
              Then we can start using it for medical purposes.

RP at 183. Hospital staff conducts quality control procedures on the MedTox instrument

every week. The specialist always uses many samples to confirm the accuracy of the

machine. To her knowledge, the drug screening machine has never failed a quality

control test. Nevertheless, Murrell-Scott does not know the accuracy levels of the

instrument or the likelihood of false positives. Physicians at Mount Carmel Hospital rely

on the MedTox scan analyzer results when diagnosing and treating patients.

      According to Jodie Murell-Scott, the hospital could send the urine sample to a

laboratory in Spokane for additional analysis and confirmation. We do not know the

                                            5
No. 36270-1-III
State v. Stotts

nature of the additional testing or the identity of the machine or machines used by the

Spokane lab. Murell-Scott has never sent a urine sample to Spokane for confirmation.

       Jodie Murrell-Scott described the process she employs when a hospital employee

deposits a urine sample in the hospital laboratory. The State then asked Murell-Scott

about the written disclaimer printed at the end of the test results.

               Q. [THE STATE]: So, this—and on the results it says . . .
               “The entire battery is for screening purposes only. They are not—
       results are not confirmed, and results from any unconfirmed drug in a
       screening battery should not be used for legal purposes.”
               Are you familiar with that at all, or is that not something you see.
               A. [MURRELL-SCOTT]: I have seen that, yes. That’s a canned
       comment that goes on every patient result like that. So, I don’t—But I
       don’t pay attention to that because that’s—that was built as part of the test.
               Q. [THE STATE]: Okay. . . . So this is unconfirmed a second test. .
       . . What does “unconfirmed” mean.
               A. [MURRELL-SCOTT]: “Unconfirmed” means that this is initial
       screening, and if the provider would like it to be confirmed then we save the
       sample for thirty days, and then they—we would send it out to Sacred Heart
       and they would—I don’t know if they send it on to—well, it used to be
       PAML, but LabCore bought them, so I don’t know if they send it there. But
       that is our procedure; we would send it out.

RP at 185-86.

       The trial court denied Simon Stotts’ motion to suppress the urine test result. The

court reasoned that acceptance of the MedTox scan analyzer screen results did not require

a Frye test because the instrument did not employ new scientific principles. The trial

court emphasized that the treating physician, Dr. Sally Sartin, relied on test results when

                                               6
No. 36270-1-III
State v. Stotts

diagnosing Allison’s ailment. The lack of a later confirmation of the initial drug

screening by the instrument went to the weight of the testimony and accuracy of the test

result, not the admissibility of the evidence.

       After the trial court’s denial of Simon Stotts’ motion to suppress, the jury heard

testimony from medical technologist, Jodie Murrell-Scott. Murrell-Scott repeated much

of the testimony rendered during the hearing to suppress. Murrell-Scott added that other

hospitals also use the MedTox scan analyzer. She reiterated that she did not know the

“uncertainty measurement” for the machine and she did not know how often false

positives occur. RP at 214-15.

       After the testimony of Jodie Murrell-Scott, the State called Dr. Sally Sartin, a

board certified family medicine doctor, to testify. Dr. Sartin averred that Allison

complained of a stomach ache and “feeling weird” when she visited Mount Carmel

Hospital. RP at 219. Sartin ordered a urine drug screen because she concluded that

Allison may have been exposed to drugs. In making her final diagnosis, she relied on the

lab test results generated by medical technologist Murrell-Scott.

       During the testimony of Dr. Sally Sartin, the State asked for admission of the urine

test results for Allison. The trial court admitted the results as an exhibit.

                                                 7
No. 36270-1-III
State v. Stotts

       Dr. Sally Sartin continued with her testimony during trial. Sartin explained that

the MedTox scan analyzer screens for any possibility that a patient may be under the

influence of drugs. Dr. Sartin confirmed that she uses the drug screen results for

diagnosis purposes. According to Sartin, Mount Carmel Hospital never sends a positive

urine sample of a patient to another facility for confirmation by more sensitive testing.

When asked why not, Dr. Sartin replied:

              At that point I’m—usually not dealing with a—a legal circumstance.
       So, like I said, it was mainly for diagnosis purposes. I don’t feel at that
       point that I need to send it out for confirmatory testing.

RP at 225. Dr. Sartin opined that Allison had likely been exposed to drugs, although

Sartin could not rule out the possibility of a positive opiate result due to poppy seed

consumption.

       During their cases, neither Simon Stotts nor Talonna Baldwin presented testimony

challenging the accuracy or accepted use of the MedTox scan analyzer by the medical

community. Simon Stotts testified that he did not smoke drugs in the car on his way from

Republic to Colville with Allison in the vehicle. Stotts’ codefendant, Talonna Baldwin,

also testified that no one smoked in the vehicle.

       The trial court instructed the jury on the alternative charges of third degree assault

of a child and reckless endangerment. The jury returned a verdict of guilty on the charge

                                              8
No. 36270-1-III
State v. Stotts

of assault of a child in the third degree. The trial court sentenced Simon Stotts to thirty

days’ confinement and twelve months of community custody supervision.

                                  LAW AND ANALYSIS

       On appeal, Simon Stotts renews his argument that the trial court should have

excluded the urine drug test screen under the Frye test, Frye v. United States, 54 App.

D.C. 46 (1923), and under ER 702. Stotts emphasizes that Mount Carmel Hospital could

have sent, but did not send, Allison’s urine sample to another laboratory for confirmatory

testing, and Stotts highlights the disclaimer language on the test results. We address

separately the Frye test and the evidence rule.

                                          Frye Test

       As a general rule, the trial court must exclude expert testimony involving scientific

evidence unless the testimony satisfies both Frye and ER 702. Lakey v. Puget Sound

Energy, Inc., 176 Wn.2d 909, 918, 296 P.3d 860 (2013). Washington applies the Frye

test to determine the admissibility of novel scientific evidence. State v. Copeland, 130

Wn.2d 244, 261, 922 P.2d 1304 (1996). The Frye test comprises two prongs: (1) whether

the scientific community accepts the underlying theory, and (2) whether techniques

utilizing the theory produce reliable results. State v. Riker, 123 Wn.2d 351, 359, 869 P.2d

                                              9
No. 36270-1-III
State v. Stotts

43 (1994). The Frye test aims to exclude, from a trial, novel scientific evidence not

accepted in the scientific community. State v. Copeland, 130 Wn.2d at 256.

         Frye does not concern itself with the acceptance of the results of a particular study

or the particular testing procedures followed in the case before the court. State v. Russell,

125 Wn.2d 24, 51, 882 P.2d 747 (1994). ER 702 addresses these concerns.

         Washington courts apply the Frye test only to evidence involving new or novel

scientific principles or new methods of proof. State v. Baity, 140 Wn.2d 1, 10, 991 P.2d

1151 (2000); State v. Noltie, 57 Wn. App. 21, 29-30, 786 P.2d 332 (1990), aff’d, 116

Wn.2d 831, 809 P.2d 190 (1991). We principally rely on this rule when affirming the

trial court’s declination of a Frye hearing. In State v. Noltie, the court held Frye does not

apply to colposcopic evidence because the general medical community employs the

evidence and the evidence is no more “novel” than binoculars. Even though its use in

child abuse cases was relatively recent, this court held Frye did not apply.

         Neither party cites case law regarding urinalysis and its use or admissibility of

results. Although not cited by either party, the 2002 case, People v. Nolan, 95 Cal. App.

4th 1210, 116 Cal. Rptr. 2d 331 (2002), helps. We adopt the reasoning from People v.

Nolan.

                                               10
No. 36270-1-III
State v. Stotts

       In People v. Nolan, a court order demanded that Jennifer Nolan participate in a

drug court program as part of probation. Nolan submitted a urine sample to her program

coordinator, which sample tested positive for marijuana. At Nolan’s probation revocation

hearing, the program coordinator testified he used an ADx Abbott Bench Analyzer to test

the urine sample. Nolan’s counsel objected to the admissibility of the results under Frye.

       On appeal, Jennifer Nolan targeted the ADx Analyzer device as novel, and she

argued that its results were inadmissible. The California appellate court declined to

decide whether the Frye test applied to probation revocation hearings. Instead, the court

ruled that the bench analyzer did not employ a new scientific technique. The court

declared urinalysis to be a medically accepted and widely used method of drug testing.

Both the ADx machine and the older enzyme immunoassay test use the well-accepted

immunoassay scientific technique to detect drugs in urine. The court recognized that

manufacturers will continue to market new instruments and devices, but, if those devices

implement established scientific methods, a Frye hearing is not needed to introduce

results from the new devices. Frye applies to new methodologies, not to new inventions

that employ established techniques.

       Mount Carmel Hospital utilized the MedTox scan analyzer, which employed

immunoassay testing of urine similar to the ADx analyzer. Jodie Murrell-Scott, the

                                            11
No. 36270-1-III
State v. Stotts

medical technologist, testified that the test results generated were relied on by medical

professionals when diagnosing patients. Dr. Sally Sartin confirmed this testimony.

Simon Stotts presented no contrary evidence that the MedTox scan analyzer utilized novel

scientific methods.

       Other foreign cases have held that the trial court need not conduct a Frye hearing

before admitting urinalysis results. In Somers v. State, 368 S.W.3d 528 (Tex. Crim. App.

2012), the court held that the enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique test, probably a

forerunner to MedTox scan analyzer’s immunoassay testing, suffices as reliable scientific

evidence, with or without a confirmation test, for purposes of determining admissibility of

test results. In State v. Leep, 212 W. Va. 57, 569 S.E.2d 133 (2002), the court also held

admissible the results immunoassay tests performed on a child in a prosecution against

the parent for sexual assault. The results showed that the child suffered from chlamydia,

a sexually transmitted disease. The court deemed the results reliable and relevant. The

accused could challenge the weight and credibility of test results through cross-

examination and rebuttal.

       At least one case entails the use of a MedTox device, although the decision did not

directly address the admissibility of test results from the device. In State v. Weaver, 178

Ohio App. 3d 504, 2008-Ohio-5022, 898 N.E.2d 1023, the appellate court affirmed a

                                             12
No. 36270-1-III
State v. Stotts

conviction of a parent for poisoning her minor son. The conviction turned in part on

testing of the son’s urine by a medical device produced by MedTox Laboratories.

                                           ER 702

       We now address the admissibility of the MedTox scan analyzer test results under

ER 702. ER 702 declares:

               If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the
       trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a
       witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or
       education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.

We review the trial court’s decision to admit or reject evidence under ER 702 under an

abuse of discretion standard. State v. Roberts, 142 Wn.2d 471, 520, 14 P.3d 713 (2000).

Under an abuse of discretion standard, this appellate court will find error only when the

trial court’s decision (1) adopts a view that no reasonable person would take and is thus

manifestly unreasonable, (2) rests on facts unsupported in the record and is thus based on

untenable grounds, or (3) was reached by applying the wrong legal standard and is thus

made for untenable reasons. State v. Sisouvanh, 175 Wn.2d 607, 623, 290 P.3d 942

(2012).

       Expert or opinion evidence must satisfy a two-part inquiry under ER 702: (1) the

witness must qualify as an expert, and (2) the testimony must help the trier of fact. State

v. Copeland, 130 Wn.2d 244, 256 (1996). A witness may qualify as an expert “by

                                              13
No. 36270-1-III
State v. Stotts

knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education.” ER 702. Expert testimony is

helpful to the trier of fact when it concerns matters beyond the common knowledge of the

average layperson and does not mislead the jury. State v. Thomas, 123 Wn. App. 771,

778, 98 P.3d 1258 (2004). So long as helpfulness is fairly debatable, a trial court does not

abuse its discretion in permitting the expert testimony. Miller v. Likins, 109 Wn. App.

140, 147, 34 P.3d 835 (2001).

       As stated earlier, a Frye hearing does not seek to determine the admissibility of the

results of a particular study or of particular testing procedures. State v. Russell, 125

Wn.2d at 51 (1994). The court instead addresses the reliability of the particular test at

issue under an ER 702 analysis of whether expert testimony would help the trier of fact.

State v. Russell, 125 Wn.2d at 51. If the testimony shows that the testing procedure

performed was so flawed as to be unreliable, the trial court may exclude the testing results

as unhelpful to the trier of fact. State v. Russell, 125 Wn.2d at 51. If the evidence

survives an ER 702 challenge, the trier of fact may still consider challenges to the

reliability of the testing when determining the weight to be given to the evidence. State v.

Russell, 125 Wn.2d at 51; State v. Cauthron, 120 Wn.2d 879, 899, 846 P.2d 502 (1993).

       Simon Stotts does not dispute the qualifications of medical technologist, Jodie

Murrell-Scott, to testify as an expert. We also rule that Murrell-Scott’s testimony aided

                                              14
No. 36270-1-III
State v. Stotts

the jury in determining whether Simon Stotts smoked opiates in the presence of Allison.

        Jodie Murrell-Scott described for the jury her own procedures for testing a urine

sample at the hospital laboratory. She discussed the quality controls and the rigorous

correlation studies conducted before the hospital began use of the MedTox scan analyzer.

She did not deem it necessary to send the sample to Spokane for confirmation.

        Simon Stotts astutely highlights the disclaimer embedded on the results sheet by

the manufacturer of the MedTox scan analyzer, and he argues that the limiting language

established the lack of reliability of the results for forensic purposes. No Washington

case has addressed the admissibility of test results when the manufacturer of the test

equipment warns the user that test results should not be used for legal purposes. Two

foreign decisions hold that such a disclaimer does not preclude admission of the results.

We adopt the reasoning of the two decisions. We consider the disclaimer the product of a

finicky corporate manufacturer, who, while praising the accuracy of the device’s

screening results as part of its marketing scheme, attempts to shield itself from legal

liability.

        In Stewart v. Manhattan & Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority, 30 A.D.3d

283, 817 N.Y.S.2d 51 (2006), the court addressed limiting language of test results

indirectly. Mary Stewart sued a bus line for injuries sustained when a bus struck her.

                                             15
No. 36270-1-III
State v. Stotts

Emergency personnel transported Stewart to the hospital, where technicians tested her

blood and produced a toxicology report showing a blood alcohol level of .20. At the end

of the toxicology report, beneath the data, the following language appeared:

              “These results are to be used for clinical evaluation only (and not for
       any legal or employment evaluative purposes). Confirmation testing was
       not performed.”

30 A.D.3d at 283. The bus line asked the trial court to redact the language as lacking any

bearing on the legitimacy of the test results. The trial court refused. The jury found the

bus line seventy percent at fault and Stewart thirty percent at fault for the accident. The

appellate court reversed and remanded for a new trial. The appeals court deemed the

cautionary language irrelevant because the health care providers did not rely on the

language for diagnosis and treatment. The court found the error prejudicial because the

jury could have speculated in favor of Stewart as to the accuracy of the test result.

       Stewart v. Manhattan & Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority goes one step

beyond the State of Washington’s request and Simon Stotts’ trial court’s ruling. The

State of Washington agreed that Stotts could mention to the jury the disclaimer language

in an attempt to impeach the urinalysis result. Stewart suggests that the State of

Washington could have successfully requested redaction of the language from exhibit 1,

the written test result, since Allison’s treating physician did not rely on the language, even

                                             16
No. 36270-1-III
State v. Stotts

assuming she read the disclaimer. We do not adopt, however, Stewart’s holding that the

warning language should not be seen by or mentioned to the jury.

       State v. Martin, ___ So.3d ___, 2019 WL 180529 (Ala. Crim. App.), as its name

suggests, was a criminal prosecution unlike Stewart v. Manhattan & Bronx Surface

Transit Operating Authority. The State of Alabama indicted Sylvia Martin for chemical

endangerment of her child. Martin filed a pretrial motion to suppress the urine and

meconium test results obtained by the hospital following the birth of her child. The

results included the language:

              “This is a medical urine drug screen and can only be used for
       treatment purposes. These are unconfirmed screening results and must not
       be used for non-medical purposes such as legal or employment testing.”

___ So.3d ___, at *2 n.2. The trial court granted the motion partly because of the limiting

language. The Alabama criminal appellate court reversed the exclusion of the test results.

The court held that the test results’ disclaimer did not bar introduction of the results as

evidence. Instead, the State should be afforded the opportunity to present a foundation

for admission of the evidence.

       In his appeal brief, Simon Stotts cites an article from the Mayo Clinic and the Drug

Testing Legal Manual. Both publications mention that many clinicians agree positive

presumptive results of screening tests, standing alone, lack the validity necessary for use

                                             17
No. 36270-1-III
State v. Stotts

in strictly forensic applications. Instead, according to the publications, the results must be

confirmed by adequate alternative chemical analyses before any weight should be placed

on positive findings. Accordingly, Stotts contends that unconfirmed drug results, like

Allison’s, are prejudicial, misleading, and obfuscate the issue for the trier of fact.

       We conclude that Stotts should have presented his literature at trial, through a

qualified expert who considers the publications authoritative. Such testimony could have

been admitted to impeach the weight of the MedTox scan analyzer test results.

                        Statement of Additional Grounds for Review

       Simon Stotts raises two additional arguments in a statement of additional grounds.

First, Stotts contends his lawyer misrepresented that Stotts need not worry because he

would win at trial. Second, citing to page 105 of the report of proceedings, Stotts writes

that Dr. Sally Sartin did not collect Allison’s urine sample and did not conduct the

immunoassay. Stotts also emphasizes that Sartin testified that poppy seed muffins could

cause a positive test for opiates.

       Simon Stotts fails to inform the court as to why his factual contentions require a

reversal. Although RAP 10.10(c) does not require the appellant to refer to the record or

cite authority, he must still “inform the court of the nature and occurrence of [the] alleged

errors.” We, therefore, deny his statement of additional grounds.

                                              18
No. 36270-1-III
State v. Stotts

                                     CONCLUSION

       We affirm the trial court's admission of the MedTox scan analyzer urine test

results as an exhibit. We affirm the conviction of Simon Stotts for assault of a child in

the third degree.

       A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW

2.06.040.

                                          Fearing, J.
WE CONCUR:

                                             19