Court Opinion

ID: 4466053
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-12-19 20:03:39.221955+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:25:14.975303
License: Public Domain

Filed 12/19/19
                     CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*

                 COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                      DIVISION ONE

                                STATE OF CALIFORNIA

 BEAU GORDON,                                       D075373

         Plaintiff and Respondent,

         v.                                         (Super. Ct. No. CIVRS 1302604)

 ARC MANUFACTURING, INC., et al.,

         Defendants and Appellants;

 GOLDEN EAGLE INSURANCE
 CORPORATION,

         Intervener and Appellant.

        APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Bernardino County,

Donna G. Garza, Judge. Affirmed.

        Law Offices of Muhar, Garber, Av & Duncan, Thomas M. Butler; Greines,

Martin, Stein & Richland, Robert A. Olson, Cynthia E. Tobisman and Geoffrey B.

Kehlmann for Defendants, Intervener, and Appellants.

        Law Offices of Robert F. Brennan and Robert F. Brennan for Plaintiff and

Respondent.

*      Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.1110, this opinion is certified for
publication with the exception of the discussion section, parts II and III.
       Beau Gordon, a professional roofer, fell 35 feet through a "camouflaged hole" in a

warehouse roof he was inspecting.1 For his resulting head injury, a jury awarded Gordon

approximately $875,000 against the building's owner, ARC Manufacturing, Inc. (ARC)

and Joseph M. Meyers.2

       On appeal, the main issue is whether the trial court correctly refused to instruct on

primary assumption of risk where, as here, defendants did not hire or engage Gordon.

We conclude that primary assumption of risk does not apply, reject appellants' other

contentions, and affirm the judgment.

                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Gordon has worked on several hundred roofs in his professional career. West

Pack, a prospective buyer of ARC's 64,000 square foot commercial building, engaged

him to inspect the roof, determine if "anything was wrong," and estimate costs to repair.

Gordon did not charge West Pack for the inspection.

       When Gordon and another experienced roofer who accompanied him, Mark W.,

arrived at the warehouse, an ARC employee, Shayne H., told them the roof " 'leaks

everywhere' " during rain and other roofers who had recently been on the roof reported

1    Gordon's true name is Calvin Leslie Gordon. The complaint and judgment,
however, identify him as Beau Gordon.

2      By stipulation, the court instructed the jury that for purposes of the verdict form,
ARC and Meyers "are basically the same person."
       Before trial, ARC and Meyers filed bankruptcy. Their insurer, Golden Eagle
Insurance Corporation, intervened. ARC, Meyers, and Golden Eagle are collectively
referred to as appellants. Together, ARC and Meyers are defendants.

                                              2
that the southeast corner was unsafe. Gordon replied they would "steer clear" of that

area. Shayne gave no other warnings and did not limit their access to the roof.3 Gordon

told Shayne that after looking inside for "potential trouble spots," he and Mark would go

on the roof.

       Inside the building, Gordon noticed only "a few little minor things"—nothing

indicating the roof was dangerous. After climbing an interior ladder, Gordon opened the

unlocked hatch and he and Mark went on the roof. They were not wearing fall protection

gear. None was feasible for inspecting the flat roof and a parapet wall protected against

falling off the edge.

       At the southeast corner, Gordon saw degraded roofing materials, indicating a long-

standing problem. The border of the damaged area was marked with orange paint—

something professional roofers commonly do to warn of a dangerous area. Although this

was "a very small portion" of the entire roof, Gordon was surprised ("dumbfounded") by

the extent of damage there, since his inspection inside showed only minor problems.

Gordon and Mark avoided walking near this area.

       The remainder of the roof looked fine. After completing the visual inspection, the

men walked back to the hatch, giving "wide berth" to the damaged section.

       About 20 or 30 feet from the damaged area, and in an area where the roof was

"absolutely and completely normal looking," the roof suddenly went out from under

3      Defendants' testimony differed. Shayne claimed that she warned Gordon that the
roof was "very unstable and didn't recommend anyone be up there." Another ARC
employee testified that Shayne said to Gordon, "Don't go on the roof" and "Quote it from
the ladder." Appellants concede, however, that except with respect to their instructional
error argument, the facts must be stated in the light most favorable to the judgment.
                                              3
Gordon. Instinctively, he extended his arms over the hole, supporting himself while his

legs dangled through the opening. Mark laid flat and grabbed onto Gordon's arm.

       Inside, a forklift driver raised a pallet underneath Gordon's legs, but even at its

maximum extension, was 15 feet too short. Five minutes later, the roof around Gordon

collapsed, pulling Mark towards the hole. He let go of Gordon because he "didn't want to

die." Gordon landed on the upraised pallet and then fell the remaining 20 feet to the

floor, striking his head.

       Mark explained that Gordon fell because rotted wood was concealed under a new

covering (cap sheet):

           "Q: [W]hen you came up out of the hatch, . . . was there a safe path
           way from the hatch to the rest of the roof that avoided the dangerous
           area?

           "A: Yes. In fact, we were on that same safe path with no indication
           whatsoever on our return that the roof—you have to understand, the
           roof was not in any way visibly damaged, defrayed, even the
           granules which would—which would deteriorate was—were still in
           place. The granules, which are the first things to give up in a
           deteriorated condition—the granules fall off and then it's a black
           roof. Well, the granules were perfect. The roof was a hundred
           percent camouflaged hole where he fell through and the surrounding
           areas."

       The jury determined defendants were negligent and awarded Gordon $874,934.45.

                                       DISCUSSION

              I. THE COURT CORRECTLY REFUSED TO INSTRUCT ON
                        PRIMARY ASSUMPTION OF RISK

       Defendants asked the court to instruct the jury with CACI No. 473 on primary

assumption of risk, as follows:

                                              4
            "Beau Gordon claims that he was harmed by ARC Manufacturing or
            Joseph M. Meyers while Beau Gordon was performing his job duties
            as a roofer. ARC Manufacturing and Joseph M. Meyers are not
            liable if Beau Gordon's injury arose from a risk inherent in the
            occupation of a roofer. However, Beau Gordon may recover if he
            proves all of the following:

            "1. That ARC Manufacturing or Joseph M. [Meyers] unreasonably
            increased the risks to Beau Gordon over and above those inherent in
            roofing;

            "or that ARC Manufacturing or Joseph M. [Meyers] failed to warn
            Beau Gordon of a dangerous condition that Beau Gordon could not
            have known about as part of his job duties;

            "or that the cause of Beau Gordon's injury was not related to the
            inherent risk;

            "2. That Beau Gordon was harmed; and

            "3. That ARC Manufacturing or Joseph M. [Meyers's] conduct was a
            substantial factor in causing Beau Gordon's harm."

         The court refused, stating "Not every roof in and of itself, two feet off, or five feet

off, is inherently dangerous which would warrant an assumption of the risk type of

instruction."4 On appeal, defendants contend that primary assumption of risk applies "as

a matter of law to a roofer who is injured while inspecting a roof," or at least is a jury

issue.

         A. Primary Assumption of Risk—An Overview

         "Generally, each person has a duty to exercise reasonable care in the

circumstances and is liable to those injured by the failure to do so." (Avila v. Citrus

4     We review only the correctness of the trial court's ruling, not its rationale.
(Espinoza v. Shiomoto (2017) 10 Cal.App.5th 85, 100.)

                                                5
Community College Dist. (2006) 38 Cal.4th 148, 160 (Avila).) "The only exceptions to

this rule are those created by statute or clear public policy." (Harry v. Ring the Alarm,

LLC (2019) 34 Cal.App.5th 749, 758 (Harry).)

       "The traditional version of the assumption of risk doctrine required proof that the

plaintiff voluntarily accepted a specific known and appreciated risk. [Citations.] The

doctrine depended on the actual subjective knowledge of the given plaintiff [citation]

and, where the elements were met, was an absolute defense to liability for injuries arising

from the known risk." (Avila, supra, 38 Cal.4th at p. 161.)

       "California's abandonment of the doctrine of contributory negligence in favor of

comparative negligence [citation] led to a reconceptualization of the assumption of risk."

(Avila, supra, 38 Cal.4th at p. 161.) In Knight v. Jewett (1992) 3 Cal.4th 296 (Knight), a

plurality of the California Supreme Court stated there are two species of assumption of

risk: primary and secondary. (Id. at pp. 308–309.)5 "Primary assumption of the risk

arises when, as a matter of law and policy, a defendant owes no duty to protect a plaintiff

from particular harms." (Avila, at p. 161.) Secondary assumption of risk arises when the

defendant owes a duty of care, but the plaintiff knowingly encounters the risks attendant

on the defendant's breach of that duty. (Knight, at p. 308.)

       "In primary assumption of risk cases, 'the question whether the defendant owed a

legal duty [of care] to protect the plaintiff from a particular risk of harm does not turn on

5     The holding in Knight, supra, 3 Cal.4th 296 was "subsequently accepted by all
members of the Court except Justice [Joyce L.] Kennard . . . ." (Luna v. Vela (2008) 169
Cal.App.4th 102, 107 (Luna).)

                                              6
the reasonableness or unreasonableness of the plaintiff's conduct, but rather on the nature

of the activity . . . in which the defendant is engaged and the relationship of the defendant

and the plaintiff to that activity . . . .' " (Priebe v. Nelson (2006) 39 Cal.4th 1112, 1121

(Priebe), italics omitted.)

       Primary assumption of risk cases often involve sports and recreational activity

where risks cannot be eliminated without altering the fundamental nature of the activity.

(E.g., Knight, supra, 3 Cal.4th 296 [social game of touch football]; Nalwa v. Cedar Fair,

L.P. (2012) 55 Cal.4th 1148 [amusement park bumper car ride]; Luna, supra, 169

Cal.App.4th 102 [tripping over a tie line used to secure a volleyball net]; Swigart v.

Bruno (2017) 13 Cal.App.5th 529 [horseback riding]; Beninati v. Black Rock City, LLC

(2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 650 [plaintiff burned at the Burning Man Festival]; Griffin v. The

Haunted Hotel, Inc. (2015) 242 Cal.App.4th 490 [fright from haunted house

amusement].)

       B. Occupational Assumption of the Risk

       The duty to use reasonable care to avoid injuring others normally extends to those

engaged in hazardous work. For example, highway workers who face the occupational

hazard of working in traffic may recover for injuries caused by a third party's negligent

driving. (Neighbarger v. Irwin Industries, Inc. (1994) 8 Cal.4th 532, 536 (Neighbarger).)

This is because the roadworker's task is to fix the road, not to face oncoming traffic.

       Although primary assumption of risk cases often involve recreational activity, the

doctrine also applies in certain contexts involving inherent occupational hazards. "The

bar against recovery in that context first developed as the 'firefighter's rule,' which

                                               7
precludes firefighters and police officers from suing members of the public for the

conduct that makes their employment necessary. [Citations.] After Knight, [supra, 3

Cal.4th 296,] . . . the firefighter's rule [was viewed] as a variant of primary assumption of

risk, 'an illustration of when it is appropriate to find that the defendant owes no duty of

care.' " (Gregory v. Cott (2014) 59 Cal.4th 996, 1001–1002 (Gregory).)

       The firefighter's rule has been applied to other occupations where the defendant

has "hire[d]" the plaintiff, who is injured from "risks that necessitated the employment."

(Gregory, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 1002.) For example, in Priebe, supra, 39 Cal.4th 1112,

the Supreme Court applied primary assumption of risk where a worker in a dog kennel

sued the owner of a dog that bit her. The Priebe opinion identifies several policy

rationales for applying primary assumption of risk. "The most fundamental is rooted in

the very nature of the profession. When an owner entrusts a dog to the care of trained

professionals, the owner is no longer in charge. The professional determines how best to

manage the animal, and is in the best position to take protective measures against being

bitten. [Citation.] A second basis for the rule is the contractual relationship between the

parties. The defendant has retained the plaintiff for services that necessarily include the

safe handling of the dog. [Citation.] A third reason, and one that justified extending the

veterinarian's rule to kennel workers, is the social utility of allowing owners to place their

dogs in kennels without the risk of liability. 'Encouraging the use of secure kennel

boarding facilities . . . serves the salut[a]ry purpose behind the dog bite statute—that of

protecting members of the public from harm or injury by dogs not properly under their

owners' control . . . .' " (Gregory, at p. 1003.)

                                               8
       Courts have applied primary assumption of risk in other occupational settings

including: in-home caregivers for an Alzheimer's patient (Gregory, supra, 59 Cal.4th

996); veterinary workers (Priebe, supra, 39 Cal.4th at p. 1132); package delivery drivers

(Moore v. William Jessup University (2015) 243 Cal.App.4th 427); and shark handlers

(Rosenbloom v. Hanour Corp. (1998) 66 Cal.App.4th 1477). Each of these cases

involves a plaintiff who has been injured as a result of risk inherent in the task that the

defendant hired or engaged the plaintiff to perform. The factual settings are united by the

principle that "it is unfair to charge the defendant with a duty of care to prevent injury to

the plaintiff arising from the very condition or hazard the defendant has contracted with

the plaintiff to remedy or confront." (Neighbarger, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 542.)

       C. Primary Assumption of Risk Does Not Apply

       As a matter of law, primary assumption of risk does not apply in this case because

defendants did not hire or engage Gordon, West Pack did. Neighbarger, supra, 8 Cal.4th

532 is controlling. There, the plaintiffs were oil company employees who were trained in

industrial firefighting. (Id. at p. 535.) The defendant, Irwin Industries, Inc. (Irwin),

provided maintenance services at the refinery under contract with plaintiffs' employer.

(Ibid.) While installing a valve flange, an Irwin employee caused a flammable substance

to be released. (Ibid.) Plaintiffs suffered burns when the substance ignited. They sued

Irwin, which responded by moving for summary judgment based on primary assumption

of risk (the firefighter's rule). (Ibid.)

       The Supreme Court stated, "The central question to be answered in this case is

whether [Irwin] and its employees owed a duty of care to plaintiffs." (Neighbarger,

                                              9
supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 536.) The court concluded that they did unless some recognized

statutory or public policy created an exception. (Id. at p. 537.) Irwin asserted that the

primary assumption of the risk doctrine created such an exception. (Ibid.) The court held

that primary assumption of risk did not apply because Irwin had not hired or engaged the

plaintiffs to confront the risk that resulted in their injuries. (Id. at 542–543.) The court

reasoned that in the case of firefighters or other public safety officers, the public has paid

them to confront a specific risk, such as fires. (Ibid.) "In effect, the public has purchased

exoneration from the duty of care and should not have to pay twice, through taxation and

through individual liability, for that service. [Citations.] But when a safety employee is

privately employed, a third party [such as Irwin] lacks the relationship that justifies

exonerating him or her from the usual duty of care. The third party, unlike the public

with its police and fire departments, has not provided the services of the private safety

employee. Nor has the third party paid in any way to be relieved of the duty of care

toward such a private employee. Having no relationship with the [plaintiff], and not

having contracted for his or her services, it would not be unfair to charge the third party

with the usual duty of care towards the private safety employee." (Ibid.)

       Recently, the court of appeal in Harry, supra, 34 Cal.App.5th 749 applied the

same principle. There, the plaintiff worked as a "site representative" at a famous Beverly

Hills house owned by James G. (Id. at p. 751.) James, who regularly rented out the

house for parties, tours, and movie shoots, required renters to hire site representatives to

protect the house from damage. (Id. at p. 753.) For a particular event, the renter hired

plaintiff Harry. While working that event, Harry was injured when he stepped off a

                                              10
raised outdoor platform (that had no railing). (Id. at p. 755.) He sued James. (Id. at

p. 752.) At trial, the court instructed the jury on primary assumption of risk, and the jury

returned a defense verdict. (Id. at pp. 756–758.) Reversing, the appellate court held that

as a matter of law, primary assumption of risk did not apply because (among other

reasons) there was no relationship between Harry and James, and as such, James "ha[d]

not 'paid in any way to be relieved of the duty of care.' " (Id. at p. 761.)6

       Here, as in both Neighbarger and Harry, defendants did not hire or engage the

plaintiff. They did not engage Gordon directly, as a dog owner hires a kennel worker or a

family member hires an in-home caregiver. Nor did they hire Gordon indirectly, as the

public hires firefighters. There is no relationship between defendants and Gordon from

which it could be inferred that defendants purchased exoneration from their otherwise

applicable duty of care. Absent the requisite relationship, policies supporting the primary

assumption of the risk doctrine do not apply and, therefore, the trial court correctly

refused to instruct on primary assumption of risk.

       Disagreeing with this analysis, defendants cite Hodges v. Yarian (1997) 53

Cal.App.4th 973 (Hodges), Baker v. Superior Court (1982) 129 Cal.App.3d 710 (Baker),

and City of Oceanside v. Superior Court (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 269 (City of Oceanside)

to support applying primary assumption of risk where the defendant has not compensated

the plaintiff. However, as explained below, these cases are materially distinguishable

6      Because Harry, supra, 34 Cal.App.5th 749 was decided after briefing was
complete, we invited the parties to file supplemental briefs addressing the case, which we
have reviewed.

                                              11
because they all involve public service employees who received some measure of public

compensation, either for their work or their injuries. In sharp contrast here, there is no

evidence that Gordon is entitled to any public benefits or compensation. Unlike the cases

defendants rely on, applying ordinary duty-of-care principles here does not result in

defendants paying twice to compensate Gordon for his work-related injuries.

       For example, in Hodges, supra, 53 Cal.App.4th 973, the court applied primary

assumption of risk to bar a claim by an off-duty deputy sheriff against the managers of

his own apartment building for injuries suffered when he confronted a burglar. (Id. at

pp. 976–977.) Chief among the reasons for applying that rule was that off-duty peace

officers are eligible to receive public compensation for injuries sustained in responding to

suspected criminal activity. (Id. at p. 981; Lab. Code, § 3600.2, subd. (a).)7 The Hodges

court concluded that because the property owners "have already been taxed to provide

these (and other) special benefits for deputy sheriffs such as [plaintiff], they are entitled

to the benefit of the cost-spreading aspect of the public compensation system and should

7       Labor Code section 3600.2, subdivision (a) provides in part: "Whenever any
peace officer, as defined in Section 50920 of the Government Code, is injured, dies, or is
disabled from performing his or her duties as a peace officer by reason of engaging in the
apprehension or attempted apprehension of law violators or suspected law violators, or
protection or preservation of life or property, or the preservation of the peace, anywhere
in this state . . . but is not at the time acting under the immediate direction of his or her
employer, the peace officer or his or her dependents, as the case may be, shall be
accorded by the peace officer's employer all of the same benefits, including the benefits
of this division, that the peace officer or his or her dependents would have received had
that peace officer been acting under the immediate direction of his or her employer. Any
injury, disability, or death incurred under the circumstances described in this section shall
be deemed to have arisen out of and been sustained in the course of employment for
purposes of workers' compensation and all other benefits."

                                              12
not have to pay again for injuries that are compensable in that system." (Id. at pp. 981–

982.)

        Similarly, Baker involved volunteer firefighters paid only $5 per call but entitled

to workers' compensation benefits for injuries suffered while fighting fires. (Baker,

supra, 129 Cal.App.3d at pp. 717–718.) The Baker court held that "[t]he entitlement of

injured volunteer fire[fighters] to workers' compensation benefits at the maximum rate

regardless of actual earnings [citation] when coupled with their entitlement to all

reasonably necessary medical treatment [citation] goes a long way" in justifying applying

primary assumption of risk in that context. (Id. at p. 718.)

        Finally in City of Oceanside, supra, 81 Cal.App.4th 269, this court applied

primary assumption of risk to publicly employed lifeguards who claimed they were

inadequately compensated. (Id. at pp. 279, 285.) There, we noted that "[t]he firefighter's

rule is based on the public policy that officers injured in the line of duty should be

compensated through the public fisc rather than by individual tort recoveries." (Id. at

p. 275.) Whether their compensation was "adequate" was a question for the legislative

branch. (Id. at p. 285.)

        Generalizing from these cases, defendants contend that primary assumption of risk

"is not strictly limited to cases in which the particular risk was assumed for

compensation" and "does not turn on compensation." And we agree that determining

whether primary assumption of risk applies does not turn exclusively on the fact or

amount of compensation. (Neighbarger, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 544 [amount of

compensation not "determinative"].) Rather, the "the nature of the activity involved and

                                             13
the parties' relationship to the activity" are the key considerations in determining whether

primary assumption of risk applies. (Id. at p. 538.)

       It is no small coincidence that the three cases defendants rely on each involve a

public service employee. With respect to the volunteer firefighter in Baker, "The public

nature of the service, combined with the understanding that the public good is best served

by a quick response to fires without questions asked as to the cause of the fire, warrant a

conclusion that the public should owe no duty of care to its firefighters, whether or not

they are well paid." (Neighbarger, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 544.) Similarly, primary

assumption of risk applies to the off-duty deputy sheriff in Hodges because he

"performed a 'public' service" no different from what "he would have performed if on

duty." (Hodges, supra, 53 Cal.App.4th at p. 983.) The policies supporting the

firefighter's rule were applicable in Hodges, in part because having already been taxed to

provide the officer with workers' compensation benefits, the defendant "should not have

to pay again." (Id. at p. 982.) And in City of Oceanside, this court applied primary

assumption of risk to publicly employed lifeguards, stating, "We discern no compelling

reason to distinguish publicly employed lifeguards from publicly employed firefighters,

police officers and emergency medical personnel for purposes of application of the

firefighter's rule." (City of Oceanside, supra, 81 Cal.App.4th at pp. 279–280.) Thus, it is

the public service nature of the relationship between the parties—not the fact or amount

of private compensation—that drives the application of primary assumption of risk in

these cases.

                                             14
       Significantly, there is no public employment relationship in this case.

Neighbarger, supra, 8 Cal.4th 532 highlights the importance of this distinction. There,

the court held that primary assumption of risk did not apply to private firefighting

employees who defendant had not hired or engaged because the "defendant stands in a

different relation to the private safety worker than members of the public stand to the

public firefighter." (Id. at p. 542.) Hodges, Baker, and City of Oceanside—applying

primary assumption of risk to bar claims by uncompensated or undercompensated public

service employees—do not apply here for the same reason.

       D. Defendants' Privette Argument Does Not Compel a Different Result

       Approaching the duty issue from a different angle, defendants invoke Privette v.

Superior Court (1993) 5 Cal.4th 689 (Privette), which they contend supports applying

primary assumption of risk in this case. Before analyzing defendants' argument, a review

of Privette and two post-Privette cases is helpful.

       Privette, supra, 5 Cal.4th 689 holds that as a general rule, the hirer of an

independent contractor is not liable for on-the-job injuries to the independent contractor's

employees. (Johnson v. The Raytheon Co., Inc. (2019) 33 Cal.App.5th 617, 628

(Johnson).)

       In Ruiz v. Herman Weissker, Inc. (2005) 130 Cal.App.4th 52 (Ruiz), a power

company employee was electrocuted while working on a power line project; his widow

sued the project's contract administrator, which was the power company's agent. (Id. at

pp. 56–58, 62.) We held that the policies supporting Privette also applied to the hirer's

                                             15
agent, even though the agent did not have a contractual relationship with the decedent's

employer. (Ruiz, at p. 62.)

       The third case pertinent to appellants' argument is Kinsman v. Unocal Corp.

(2005) 37 Cal.4th 659 (Kinsman). There, the Supreme Court created an exception to

Privette for certain concealed hazards. Under Kinsman, a landowner who hires an

independent contractor may be liable for injuries to that contractor's employees where

"the landowner knew, or should have known, of a latent or concealed preexisting

hazardous condition on its property, the contractor did not know and could not have

reasonably discovered this hazardous condition, and the landowner failed to warn the

contractor about this condition." (Kinsman, at p. 664, footnote omitted.)

       Asserting that primary assumption of risk should apply even in the absence of any

relationship between themselves and Gordon, defendants contend (1) Privette "is a

particularized application of the primary assumption of risk doctrine"; and (2) under Ruiz,

supra, 130 Cal.App.4th 52, defendants (acting as West Pack's agents for the roof

inspection) would be entitled to Privette immunity; and (3) therefore, defendants are also

entitled to assert primary assumption of risk to bar Gordon's claims.

       This argument fails on each level. First, defendants cite no case describing

Privette, supra, 5 Cal.4th 689 as a form of the primary-assumption-of-risk doctrine. The

phrase "primary assumption" is not even in Privette, nor does it appear in Kinsman,

supra, 37 Cal.4th 659. Contrary to appellants' contention, the two doctrines are distinct.

Primary assumption of risk addresses whether the defendant owes the plaintiff a duty of

                                            16
care (Knight, supra, 3 Cal.4th at pp. 308–309), whereas Privette addresses who owes the

injured worker an admitted duty of care—the hirer, or the independent contractor.

        Second, defendants' reliance on Ruiz, supra, 130 Cal.App.4th 52 is inapt because

there is no evidence that defendants were West Pack's agent. " 'Agency is the

relationship which results from the manifestation of consent by one person to another that

the other shall act on his behalf and subject to his control, and consent by the other so to

act.' " (van't Rood v. County of Santa Clara (2003) 113 Cal.App.4th 549, 571.) "In order

to create an agency, the principal must confirm authority upon the agent." (Kim v.

Sumitomo Bank (1993) 17 Cal.App.4th 974, 983.) "The chief characteristic of the agency

is that of representation, the authority to act for and in the place of the principal for the

purpose of bringing him or her into legal relations with third parties." (Daniels v. Select

Portfolio Servicing, Inc. (2016) 246 Cal.App.4th 1150, 1171.)

        Defendants cite no evidence that West Pack had the right to control defendants

with respect to the roof inspection. " 'To permit a finding of agency upon this evidence

would be, in effect, to hold that one who performs a mere favor for another, without

being subject to any legal duty of service and without assenting to any right of control,

can be an agent. This is not the law.' " (Violette v. Shoup (1993) 16 Cal.App.4th 611,

620.)

        In a related argument, defendants state, "It makes no sense to adopt differing rules

depending on whether the injured roofer sues the warehouse buyer who hired him or the

warehouse seller who was required to allow the buyer to inspect the property." We

disagree. Applying primary assumption of risk depends on " 'the nature of the activity

                                               17
and the relationship of the defendant to the plaintiff.' " (Neighbarger, supra, 8 Cal.4th at

p. 545, italics added.) Applying the primary assumption of risk doctrine is error "when

the defendant is a third party who has not secured the services of the plaintiff or

otherwise entered into any relationship with the plaintiff." (Ibid.)

       Defendants also rely on a portion of the Supreme Court's Kinsman opinion that

states: "[T]he principles enunciated in Privette suggest that the landowner would not be

liable when the contractor has failed to engage in inspections of the premises implicitly or

explicitly delegated to it. Thus, for example, an employee of a roofing contractor sent to

repair a defective roof would generally not be able to sue the hirer if injured when he fell

through the same roof due to a structural defect, inasmuch as inspection for such defects

could reasonably be implied to be within the scope of the contractor's employment."

(Kinsman, supra, 37 Cal.4th at pp. 677–678, italics added.)

       Kinsman, of course, was discussing the roofer's ability to sue the hirer. As we

have emphasized here, the fundamental problem is that defendants did not hire Gordon.

Moreover, defendants misread Kinsman, supra, 37 Cal.4th 659 by taking this quotation

out of context. The Kinsman court addressed conditions under which a landowner who

hires an independent contractor is liable when the contractor's employee is injured by a

hazardous condition on the premises. As an exception to Privette, supra, 5 Cal.4th 689,

the court held, "[A] landowner that hires an independent contractor may be liable to the

contractor's employee if the following conditions are present: the landowner knew, or

should have known, of a latent or concealed preexisting hazardous condition on its

property, the contractor did not know and could not have reasonably discovered this

                                             18
hazardous condition, and the landowner failed to warn the contractor about this

condition." (Kinsman, at p. 664, italics and footnote omitted.) Elaborating, the court

stated, "Thus, when there is a known safety hazard on a hirer's premises that can be

addressed through reasonable safety precautions on the part of the independent

contractor, a corollary of Privette and its progeny is that the hirer generally delegates the

responsibility to take such precautions to the contractor, and is not liable to the

contractor's employee if the contractor fails to do so. . . . [¶] However, if the hazard is

concealed from the contractor, but known to the landowner, the rule must be different. A

landowner cannot effectively delegate to the contractor responsibility for the safety of its

employees if it fails to disclose critical information needed to fulfill that responsibility,

and therefore the landowner would be liable to the contractor's employee if the

employee's injury is attributable to an undisclosed hazard. Nothing in the Privette line of

cases suggests the contrary." (Kinsman, at pp. 673–674, italics added.)

       Thus, it was in the context of open or known risks that the Kinsman court stated,

"an employee of a roofing contractor sent to repair a defective roof would generally not

be able to sue the hirer if injured when he fell through the same roof due to a structural

defect . . . ." (Kinsman, supra, 37 Cal.4th at pp. 677–678.) With respect to concealed

hazards—such as the camouflaged hole in this case—Kinsman states the rule "must be

different." (Id. at pp. 673–674.)

       Defendants also contend that a property owner who "permits a roofer to determine

whether a roof is unsafe or needs replacement cannot have a legal duty to ensure that the

roof is safe . . . . After all, the only reason to call the roof inspector is to make that very

                                               19
determination." (Italics added.) Defendants state that exposing a landowner to liability

for a roofer's injuries would discourage owners from seeking professional assistance for

roof repairs.

         This argument fails because it is based on a canard—that we are imposing upon

defendants a duty "to ensure that the roof is safe." However, the jury was not told that

defendants' duty was to ensure the roof was safe. Rather, the court instructed with CACI

No. 401, which required the jury to determine if defendants acted as "a reasonably careful

person would have acted in [defendants'] situation."

         Shayne testified she warned Gordon that "a few days prior" another roofer "quoted

the roof and stated that it was very unstable and didn't recommend anyone be up there."

Gordon and Mark testified that Shayne gave them no such warning. As a landowner who

had already been informed of the dangerous condition of the entire roof, in the exercise of

reasonable care, defendants were in the best position to protect Gordon from the

concealed condition that injured him. (See Harry, supra, 34 Cal.App.5th at pp. 761–

762.)8

8       We also reach the same result on other grounds because, as defendants' concede,
primary assumption of risk applies only to risks inherent in the activity. Although falling
is an inherent risk of being on a roof (see Jimenez v. Roseville City School District (2016)
247 Cal.App.4th 594, 607 [when " 'gravity is at play with the human body, the risk of
injury in inherent' "]), that does not mean that every time a roofer falls, it is because of an
inherent risk of roofing. The risk that a landowner will not disclose and/or warn of a
concealed roof hazard he or she knows of is not an inherent risk of inspecting a roof.
(See Lipson v. Superior Court (1982) 31 Cal.3d 362, 371 [risk that landowner will
deceive a firefighter as to the nature or existence of a hazard "is not an inherent part of a
firefighter's job"]; Priebe, supra, 39 Cal.4th at p. 1116 ["primary assumption of risk
would not bar [plaintiff's] claim since she could not be found to have assumed a risk of
which she was unaware"].)
                                               20
  II. SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE JURY'S DETERMINATION THAT
                      GORDON WAS NOT NEGLIENT

       The jury assessed no comparative negligence to Gordon. Defendants contend this

"defies the undisputed evidence" that Gordon knew the roof was "in bad shape" yet

walked on it anyway. Defendants assert that the judgment should be reversed "so that the

jury can allocate some fault" to Gordon.

       A. The Standard of Review

       Defendants concede that we review the jury's allocation of fault under the

substantial evidence standard. " 'The gist of the "substantial evidence" rule is:

[¶] "When a trial court's factual determination is attacked on the ground that there is no

substantial evidence to sustain it, the power of an appellate court begins and ends with the

determination as to whether, on the entire record, there is substantial evidence,

contradicted or uncontradicted, which will support the determination . . . ." [Citations.]

[¶] 'So long as there is "substantial evidence," the appellate court must affirm . . . even if

the reviewing justices personally would have ruled differently had they presided over the

proceedings below, and even if other substantial evidence would have supported a

different result.' " (Rupf v. Yan (2000) 85 Cal.App.4th 411, 429–430, fn. 5.)

       B. Appellants Forfeited Their Sufficiency of the Evidence Challenge

       "[W]hen a losing party challenges the verdict for a lack of substantial evidence,

they 'must set forth, discuss, and analyze all the evidence on that point, both favorable

and unfavorable. [Citation.]' Defendants' 'fundamental obligation to this court, and a

prerequisite to our consideration of their challenge' [citation], is to 'set forth the version of

events most favorable to [respondent]' [Citation.] 'Accordingly, if, as defendants here
                                               21
contend, "some particular issue of fact is not sustained, they are required to set forth in

their brief all the material evidence on the point and not merely their own evidence.

Unless this is done the error is deemed to be waived." ' " (Pope v. Babick (2014) 229

Cal.App.4th 1238, 1246; see also Holguin v. Dish Network LLC (2014) 229 Cal.App.4th

1310, 1326–1327.)

       There are good reasons for this forfeiture rule. "Defendants raising a claim of

insufficiency of the evidence assume[] a 'daunting burden.' " (Whiteley v. Philip Morris,

Inc. (2004) 117 Cal.App.4th 635, 678.) "The substantial evidence standard of review is

generally considered the most difficult standard of review to meet, as it should be,

because it is not the function of the reviewing court to determine the facts." (In re

Michael G. (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 580, 589.) Requiring an appellant to confront all the

material evidence on a point, especially the "bad facts" before making a substantial

evidence argument will lead to most substantial evidence arguments being left on the

editing room floor, where they belong. Only by enforcing this forfeiture rule will

reviewing courts and respondents' lawyers (and their clients) save the significant

resources that are regularly spent responding to substantial evidence arguments that never

should have been made.

       Here, appellants claim the "undisputed" facts compel a finding of comparative

negligence because Gordon conceded the roof deterioration in the southeast corner was

substantial and he could not predict the extent of the water intrusion. Appellants assert

that "the jury's no-fault finding is untenable" because "[d]espite [Gordon's] actual

                                             22
knowledge and visible proof that the roof had suffered serious deterioration and water

intrusion, he stepped out onto it and proceed to walk all over it."

       Appellants have forfeited this argument because they fail to mention, much less

analyze, the testimony of their own expert, who conceded that Gordon reasonably

assumed the area where he fell was safe to walk on:

          "Q: The roofing crews that you have worked with, in your
          experience, if they see what appears to be relatively fresh cap sheet,
          do they, in your experience and observation, make the assumption
          that they can walk in those areas?

          "A: I think that would typically be the case.

          "Q: [¶] . . . [¶] When you have been on roofs with roofing crews
          and there may be one bad area of the roof, but the rest of the
          area appears to have smooth and intact and relatively
          fresh-looking cap sheet, do the workers walk over those cap
          sheets?

          "A: Typically. They might provide a wide berth, but
          typically they would try and find a safe area if one can be
          found.

          "Q: All right. And a roofer, an average roofer, if he sees
          an area of what appears to be fresh, intact, undamaged cap
          sheet, in your experience with your roofing crews, would that
          roofer assume that that was a safe area to walk?

          "A: They could assume that.

          "Q: All right. And if they walked in that area, would you
          necessarily criticize them for being careless?

          "A: It depends on the situation. If we are looking at—if it's a fresh,
          brand-new cap sheet that you can determine is new, no."

          "Q: [¶] . . . [¶] And I will represent to you that [Gordon] also
          testified that when he came out of the hatch and looked to his right,
          which would be to the north, that the damaged area and the painting
          started approximately ten feet to the north of the hatch, all right?
                                             23
          And for purposes of these questions, I'd just like you to assume that,
          whether or not you agree with it.

          "A: All right.

          "Q: All right. Now, given those assumptions, that Mr. Gordon
          pokes his head out and looks to the right and sees what appears to be
          a damaged area with paint around it, approximately ten feet to the
          right, or to the north, but he looks to the left and he sees cap sheet,
          which is intact and which looks relatively new and which is
          undamaged, do you criticize him for getting out of the hatch and
          turning left away from the damaged area?

          "A: In the scenario as you described it, no.

          "Q: All right. And because basically, he's avoiding the damaged
          area?

          "A: Yes, correct, in your scenario.

          "Q: Right, okay. In my scenario, and I understand you may not
          fully agree with it . . . . If he then conducts the rest of his roof
          inspection, avoiding the damaged area, and staying only in the areas
          where the cap sheet looks intact and fresh and undamaged, do you
          criticize him?

          "A: No I do not."

          "Q: It's not uncommon for a roof of this size, that one, one section
          of it may be damaged, but the rest of it is not?

          "A: That makes sense."

      In any event, even if not forfeited, the argument fails. Gordon testified that he

gave "wide berth" to the damaged area, Mark described the area that collapsed as a

"camouflaged hole," and responding to a hypothetical question incorporating Gordon's

testimony, the defense expert conceded he had no criticism. Accordingly, substantial

evidence supports the jury's finding of no comparative negligence.

                                            24
            III. THERE WAS NO MISCONDUCT IN CLOSING ARGUMENT

       Appellants contend the jury's assessment of zero comparative fault was "surely the

result of passion and prejudice" ignited by Gordon's trial lawyer's "improper remarks,

designed to prime the jury with animus towards the property owner." Specifically,

appellants complain that in closing, Gordon's counsel (1) made a prohibited "golden rule"

argument; and (2) made a personal attack on a defense witness in an attempt to portray

defendants as villains.

       A. Gordon's Counsel Did Not Make a Golden Rule Argument

       In closing argument, over defendants' objection, Gordon's counsel stated:

           "This is how I like to think about general damages and how I think a
           lot of people like to approach general damages. Let's take one day
           before the accident. ARC Manufacturing calls Beau Gordon down
           to the office and says . . . you're going to have a terrible accident
           tomorrow and we are going to hurt you real bad [¶] . . . [¶] and some
           of the changes in your life are going to be permanent. [¶] Now, we
           have to give you money to make you undergo this. We have to
           make—give you money to withstand this. How much money do we
           have to give you—how much money do we have to pay you to go
           through and undergo about—what we are about to put you through?
           [¶] See, you're giving Mr. Gordon a chance to actually negotiate the
           value of his own damages when you look at it that way."

       "A 'golden rule' argument indicates to the jury that it would be proper in

calculating damages to place themselves in the plaintiff's shoes and award the amount

they would 'charge' to undergo equivalent disability, pain and suffering." (Nishihama v.

City and County of San Francisco (2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 298, 305). "That argument is

improper because it asks the jury to place themselves . . . in a plaintiff's position,

effectively urging them to become advocates for the plaintiff." (Janice H. v. 696 North

Robertson, LLC (2016) 1 Cal.App.5th 586, 604.) This argument is also impermissible
                                              25
because the only person whose pain and suffering is relevant to the calculation of

damages is the plaintiff.

          Citing Collins v. Union Pacific Railroad Co. (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 867

(Collins), defendants contend Gordon's lawyer improperly invited jurors "to put

themselves in plaintiff's shoes." In Collins, the plaintiff's lawyer "argued that the jury

should consider its decision by imagining an ad in the newspaper seeking a surrogate

victim, someone who would come in to have the same type of injury as the plaintiff;

counsel asked the jury to consider what fee would compensate for that injury." (Id. at p.

883.) The Collins court held that this "surrogate victim" argument was a golden rule

argument because counsel effectively asked the jury to place itself in the victim's shoes

and award such damages as they would charge to undergo equivalent pain and suffering.

(Ibid.)

          The vice in the golden rule argument is that it asks jurors to consider the worth of

the plaintiff's pain and suffering to them. Here, however, Gordon's attorney did not ask

jurors to place themselves in Gordon's shoes. To the contrary, counsel told the jury to

award what Gordon himself would accept if negotiating his own compensation.

Therefore, counsel did not make a golden rule argument.

          B. Reversal is Not Required Due to an Improper Personal Attack

          A key factual dispute at trial was whether defendants warned Gordon to not walk

on the roof. Janet S., an ARC vice president, testified that after Gordon fell and while he

was still at the scene, she asked him, "Why did you go out on the roof? You were told

not to go out on the roof"—to which Gordon replied, "I didn't think it would be that bad."

                                               26
       In closing argument, Gordon's attorney addressed Janet's testimony, stating:

          "Now, I hope you were paying attention to her demeanor during her
          testimony. There was almost a flash of malice in there, you know,
          when she was talking about how she was speaking to Mr. Gordon.
          It's like she didn't care a bit whether he was hurt or how badly he
          was hurt. All she cared about was trying to put words in his mouth,
          or trying to get him to say something that would let her off the hook
          because she's the executive in charge of the premises at the time.

          "The complete lack of empathy and care that she demonstrated with
          her actions and also that she demonstrated as she was testifying, she
          had an agenda when she went up and spoke to Mr. Gordon and I
          don't think that she is to be believed."

       Later in his closing, Gordon's lawyer remarked that ARC was trying to sell the

building, and its conduct was motivated by its desire to get the highest price.

       For the first time on appeal, defendants assert that Gordon's attorney committed

prejudicial misconduct in closing argument by "demonizing ARC," making a "personal

attack" on Janet's character, and by inviting the jury to speculate based on unsupported

inferences. However, at trial defendants did not object to this claimed misconduct, and

nothing indicates a timely objection followed by an instruction to disregard such matters

would have been ineffective in curing any potential prejudice. Accordingly, the point is

forfeited. (Horn v. Atchison, T. & S.F. Ry. Co. (1964) 61 Cal.2d 602, 610 ["Generally a

claim of misconduct is entitled to no consideration on appeal unless the record shows a

timely and proper objection and a request that the jury be admonished."].)9

       Moreover, even if we were to consider the argument, it lacks merit. It is proper

for counsel to argue the witness's credibility based on evidence in the record. (City of

9     On a separate point, the court sustained an objection when Gordon's attorney
improperly vouched for his client's credibility.
                                             27
Hope National Medical Center. v. Genentech, Inc. (2008) 43 Cal.4th 375, 394.) Even in

a criminal case, "harsh" and "colorful" attacks on the credibility of opposing witnesses

are permissible. (People v. Arias (1996) 13 Cal.4th 92, 162.) Here, based on evidence in

the record, Gordon's attorney permissibly remarked that Janet's conduct and demeanor

reflected badly on her credibility. Additionally, ARC was trying to sell the building.

Asking the jury to infer that ARC was motivated to get the highest price is a fair

comment on the evidence. There was no misconduct.

                                      DISPOSITION

       The judgment is affirmed. Respondent is entitled to costs on appeal.

                                                                                 DATO, J.

WE CONCUR:

         HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.

                      HALLER, J.

                                            28