Court Opinion

ID: 2785193
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-03-10 20:06:47.969509+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:28:35.202145
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/10/15 Hughes v. Pham CA4/2

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
 California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
                                     or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                   FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION TWO

TRENT HUGHES et al.,

         Plaintiffs and Appellants,                                      E052469

v.                                                                       (Super.Ct.No. INC048327)

CHRISTOPHER PHAM,                                                        OPINION

         Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Harold W. Hopp, Judge.

Affirmed with directions.

         Steven B. Stevens; Center for Constitutional Litigation, Valerie M. Nannery;

Waters, Kraus & Paul, David Bricker; Ely, Bettini, Ulman & Rosenblatt and Burt

Rosenblatt for Plaintiffs and Appellants Trent and Lisa Hughes.

         Cole Pedroza, Curtis A. Cole, Kenneth R. Pedroza, Cassidy C. Davenport; Davis,

Grass, Goldstein, Housouer & Finlay, Jeffrey W. Grass and Ben Housouer for Defendant

and Appellant Christopher Pham.

                                                             1
       Tucker Ellis, E. Todd Chayet, Rebecca A. Lefler for the California Medical

Association, the California Dental Association, the California Hospital Association, and

the American Medical Association; Fred J. Hiestand of the Civil Justice Association of

California as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendant and Appellant Christopher Pham.

       Plaintiffs Trent and Lisa Hughes appeal from a judgment in their medical

malpractice case against defendant Christopher Pham, D.O. Plaintiffs contend that the

statutory cap on noneconomic damages in medical malpractice cases (Civ. Code,

§ 3333.2),1 which is part of the Medical Injury Compensation Reform Act of 1975,2 or

MICRA, is unconstitutional. They also contend that the trial court improperly calculated

the offset resulting from their prior settlement with a former codefendant and erroneously

calculated the amount of periodic payments for future damages.

       Dr. Pham cross-appeals, contending, among other things, that there was

insufficient evidence to establish causation, that the trial court erroneously excluded

critical evidence, that the award for future medical care costs was not justified by the

evidence, and that the judgment ordering periodic payments is erroneous in several

respects.

       We agree in part with plaintiffs and in part with defendant concerning the structure

of the judgment, and will remand for further proceedings to correct it. Otherwise, we will

affirm the judgment.

       1 All further statutory citations refer to the Civil Code unless another code is
specified.

       2    (Stats. 1975, 2d Ex. Sess. 1975–1976, chs. 1 & 2, pp. 3949–4007.)

                                              2
                                      BACKGROUND

        On November 2, 2003, Trent Hughes suffered a spinal cord injury while operating

an off-road vehicle in the desert. He experienced immediate severe pain in his back and

realized he was unable to move his feet, which felt numb and “tingly.” He was taken by

helicopter to Desert Regional Medical Center in Palm Springs.

        Dr. Pham was the neurosurgeon on call. He was summoned to the emergency

department upon Hughes’ arrival. Hospital rules provided that Pham was required to

respond within 20 minutes of being summoned. Although Pham insisted that he did

respond promptly and that he did perform a comprehensive examination and evaluation

of Hughes’ condition, other evidence showed that this was not true. He did order an

MRI, which showed that Hughes had a burst fracture of the first vertebra in his lumbar

spine (L1) and compression fractures in the thoracic spine. Pham interpreted the MRI as

showing 70 percent transection of the thoracic spine and concluded that prompt surgery

to decompress and stabilize the spine at L1 was not necessary because the thoracic injury

would render Hughes a paraplegic in any event. Pham did not operate until November 4,

2003.

        Plaintiffs’ experts established that the thoracic spine was not transected and had

not sustained any injury which would have rendered Hughes a paraplegic in the absence

of the L1 injury. The L1 injury was not complete—that is, it had not caused a complete

loss of sensation and movement from L1 down—when Hughes arrived at the hospital.

Hughes still had feeling in his legs and lower abdomen and could move his legs, and

prompt surgery would have resulted in at least partial return of sensation and motor

                                              3
function in his legs, as well as the return of bowel, bladder and sexual function. The

delay in surgery resulted in the incomplete L1 injury progressing irreversibly, leaving

Hughes a paraplegic with no bladder, bowel or sexual function. (We discuss the details

of the testimony on this issue in our discussion of defendant’s claim, in his cross-appeal,

that the verdict is not supported by substantial evidence.)

       Trent Hughes sued Desert Regional Medical Center and Pham for medical

malpractice. Lisa Hughes sued for loss of consortium. Both settled with Desert Regional

Medical Center and proceeded to trial against Pham. The jury found in favor of

plaintiffs. Both plaintiffs and defendant filed timely notices of appeal from the amended

judgment entered on March 8, 2011. (We discuss the details of the settlement and the

verdict elsewhere.)

                                 PLAINTIFFS’ APPEAL

                                             1.

       SECTION 3333.2 IS NOT UNCONSTITUTIONAL ON THE GROUNDS

                              ASSERTED BY PLAINTIFFS

       A. Introduction

       The jury determined that Lisa Hughes suffered $1 million in noneconomic

damages and that Trent Hughes suffered $2,750,000 in noneconomic damages. The trial

court reduced plaintiffs’ noneconomic damages to $250,000 each pursuant to section

3333.2. That statute states: “(a) In any action for injury against a health care provider

based on professional negligence, the injured plaintiff shall be entitled to recover

noneconomic losses to compensate for pain, suffering, inconvenience, physical

                                              4
impairment, disfigurement and other nonpecuniary damage. [¶] (b) In no action shall

the amount of damages for noneconomic losses exceed two hundred fifty thousand

dollars ($250,000).” (§ 3333.2.)

       Plaintiffs contend that the damages cap provided for in section 3333.2 violates

constitutional guarantees of equal protection, the right to a jury trial, and separation of

powers.

       We determine the constitutionality of a statute de novo. (Prigmore v. City of

Redding (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 1322.)

       B. Background

       MICRA is a comprehensive statutory scheme enacted by the Legislature to

address “serious problems” associated with the rapid increase in medical malpractice

insurance premiums throughout the state. (American Bank & Trust Co. v. Community

Hospital (1984) 36 Cal.3d 359, 363 (American Bank ).) “In broad outline, the act

(1) attempted to reduce the incidence and severity of medical malpractice injuries by

strengthening governmental oversight of the education, licensing and discipline of

physicians and health care providers, (2) sought to curtail unwarranted insurance

premium increases by authorizing alternative insurance coverage programs and by

establishing new procedures to review substantial rate increases, and (3) attempted to

reduce the cost and increase the efficiency of medical malpractice litigation by revising a

number of legal rules applicable to such litigation.” (Id. at pp. 363-364.)

                                              5
       “[I]n enacting MICRA the Legislature was acting in a situation in which it had

found that the rising cost of medical malpractice insurance was posing serious problems

for the health care system in California, threatening to curtail the availability of medical

care in some parts of the state and creating the very real possibility that many doctors

would practice without insurance, leaving patients who might be injured by such doctors

with the prospect of uncollectible judgments. In attempting to reduce the cost of medical

malpractice insurance in MICRA, the Legislature enacted a variety of provisions

affecting doctors, insurance companies and malpractice plaintiffs.” (Fein v. Permanente

Medical Group (1985) 38 Cal.3d 137, 158-159 (Fein).)

       In the years since MICRA was enacted, the California Supreme Court has rejected

constitutional challenges to a number of its provisions. (See American Bank, supra,

36 Cal.3d 359 [Code Civ. Proc., § 667.7, which regulates payment of future damages

awards, does not violate due process, equal protection or the right to a jury trial]; Barme

v. Wood (1984) 37 Cal.3d 174 [Civ. Code, § 3333.1, which limits collateral source

recovery from malpractice defendants, does not violate due process]; Roa v. Lodi Medical

Group, Inc. (1985) 37 Cal.3d 920 [Bus. & Prof. Code, § 6146, which caps attorney fee

recovery in malpractice cases, does not violate due process]; Fein, supra, 38 Cal.3d 137

[Civ. Code, § 3333.2, which does not violate due process or equal protection].) Plaintiffs,

however, contend that our Supreme Court has not addressed the precise claims they raise.

Accordingly, we will address each claim.

                                              6
       C. Right to Jury Trial

       Article I, section 16 of the California Constitution states in pertinent part: “Trial

by jury is an inviolate right and shall be secured to all . . . .” Plaintiffs contend that this

means that in any action in which a jury trial was available at common law, such as an

action for personal injury, the court may not override a jury’s factual finding that the

plaintiff suffered a particular dollar amount in noneconomic damages. They also contend

that in an action triable by jury at common law, the Legislature has no authority to limit

the plaintiff’s recovery by placing a cap on noneconomic damages.

       In California, the right to a jury trial applies in any action in which the parties

would have had the right to a jury trial under the common law as it existed in 1850, when

the California Constitution was adopted. (People v. One 1941 Chevrolet Coupe (1951)

37 Cal.2d 283, 286-287.) However, the right to a jury trial in a civil case is not

immutable, even if the right existed at common law, nor is the scope of the constitutional

right as sweeping as plaintiffs contend. The word “inviolate” “connotes no more than

freedom from substantial impairment.” (People v. Peete (1921) 54 Cal.App. 333, 364.)

Deviations from the right as it existed at common law are permissible as long as there is

no impairment of the “substantial features” of a jury trial. (Jehl v. Southern Pacific Co.

(1967) 66 Cal.2d 821, 828-829 (Jehl).) For example, in American Bank, supra, 36 Cal.3d

359, the court rejected the contention that MICRA’s provision for periodic payments

(Code Civ. Proc., § 667.7) impermissibly infringes the right to a jury trial because at

common law a personal injury plaintiff received his or her damages in a lump sum. The

plaintiff’s contentions in American Bank were based on the premise that periodic

                                                7
payments may deprive the plaintiff, or the plaintiff’s estate, of the full amount of future

damages found by the jury because the payments cease upon the plaintiff’s death.

(American Bank, at pp. 366, 374-377.) The court held that although the constitution

required that the jury determine the amount of future damages, “the court’s authority

under [Code of Civil Procedure] section 667.7, subdivision (b)(1), to fashion the details

of a periodic payment schedule does not infringe the constitutional right to jury trial.”

(American Bank, at p. 376.) American Bank thus stands for the proposition that the

Legislature may enact measures which may have the effect of limiting a medical

malpractice plaintiff’s recovery of the amount of damages awarded by the jury.

Accordingly, we reject plaintiffs’ contention that because juries were the sole arbiters of

damages at common law, any limitation on that function violates the constitutional

guarantee of a jury trial.

       Moreover, even if a right to a jury trial in a particular context existed at common

law, it may be modified in furtherance of a legitimate state interest: “While the general

propriety of noneconomic damages is ‘firmly imbedded in our common law

jurisprudence [citation],’ no California case ‘has ever suggested that the right to recover

for such noneconomic injuries is constitutionally immune from legislative limitation or

revision. [Citation.]’ ([Fein], supra, 38 Cal.3d at pp. 159-160.)” (Yates v. Pollock

(1987) 194 Cal.App.3d 195, 200.) On the contrary, the California Supreme Court has

repeatedly held that “the Legislature retains broad control over the measure . . . of

damages that a defendant is obligated to pay and a plaintiff is entitled to receive, and that

[it] may expand or limit recoverable damages so long as its action is rationally related to

                                              8
a legitimate state interest.” (Fein, supra, 38 Cal.3d at p. 158 and cases cited therein; see

also American Bank, supra, 36 Cal.3d at pp. 368-369 [“a plaintiff has no vested property

right in a particular measure of damages, and . . . the Legislature possesses broad

authority to modify the scope and nature of such damages” so long as the legislation is

rationally related to a legitimate state interest].) Indeed, in Werner v. Southern Cal. etc.

Newspapers (1950) 35 Cal.2d 121, the court held that the Legislature may place a limit

on the damages available in a cause of action, even though no such limit existed at

common law, and may even abolish a cause of action which existed at common law.

“To hold otherwise would result in freezing the law . . . as it was when the constitutional

provision was originally adopted . . . .” (Id. at p. 124.)3

        In Fein, supra, 38 Cal.3d 137, after noting the Legislature’s broad authority to

determine the measure of damages available in a cause of action, the court held that

section 3333.2 does not violate due process because the cap is rationally related to a

legitimate state interest. (Fein, at pp. 158-159.) Relying on Fein’s due process analysis,

the court in Yates, supra, 194 Cal.App.3d 195, rejected the contention that section 3333.2

unconstitutionally abridges the right to a jury trial. Rather, the court held, the argument

“is but an indirect attack upon the Legislature’s power to place a cap on damages.”

       3   We acknowledge that courts in other states which provide a constitutional right
to jury trial similar to ours have held that allowing a legislature to place a cap on the
amount of damages means that the right to a jury trial is directly and impermissibly
subject to legislative limitation. (See, e.g., Watts ex rel. Watts v. Lester E. Cox Med.
Ctrs. (2012) 376 S.W.3d 633, 642 [Missouri].) As we have discussed above, our
Supreme Court clearly disagrees. (Fein, supra, 38 Cal.3d at pp. 158-159 and cases cited
therein.)

                                               9
(Yates, at p. 200.) The court held that even though section 3333.2 will in some cases

result in the recovery of a lower judgment than would have been obtained before the

enactment of the statute, the cap does not violate a plaintiff’s right to a jury determination

as to noneconomic damages. (Yates, at p. 200; accord, Stinnett v. Tam (2011) 198

Cal.App.4th 1412, 1433.)4 We agree with Yates’ reasoning. Moreover, even though it is

true that the California Supreme Court has not engaged in an analysis of a contention that

section 3333.2 violates a constitutional right to an award of the full amount of

noneconomic damages as determined by a jury, the court has stated that section 3333.2

“places no limit on the amount of injury sustained by the plaintiff, as assessed by the trier

of fact, but only on the amount of the defendant’s liability therefor.” (Salgado v. County

of Los Angeles (1998) 19 Cal.4th 629, 640.) Because the court was not addressing the

constitutionality of section 3333.2, this statement is properly viewed as dictum with

respect to that issue. Nevertheless, we find it highly persuasive of the court’s view of the

effect of section 3333.2 on a plaintiff’s constitutional right to the full measure of

noneconomic damages found by the jury, as that issue was analyzed in Yates.

       4  Plaintiffs also argue that Yates and Stinnett are inapposite because both involved
actions for wrongful death, which, they assert, is not a cause of action recognized at
common law, thus giving rise to a constitutional right to a jury trial. The California
Supreme Court has held that although the cause of action for wrongful death may have
existed at common law, it is nevertheless deemed to be purely a creature of statute in
California, created by the Legislature in 1862. (Justus v. Atchison (1977) 19 Cal.3d 564,
572-575, overruled on another point in Ochoa v. Superior Court (1985) 39 Cal.3d 159,
171.) However, the California Supreme Court has also held that wrongful death actions
do fall into the category of “actions for damages that would have been tried to a jury at
common law.” (Ruiz v. Podolsky (2010) 50 Cal.4th 838, 853.) In any event, neither
Yates nor Stinnett based its analysis on the premise that the parties did not have a
common law right to a jury trial.

                                              10
Accordingly, we conclude that the MICRA cap does not improperly interfere with a jury

verdict on noneconomic damages.

       Plaintiffs assert that Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Tel. (1998) 523 U.S. 340

(Feltner) is dispositive. Plaintiffs cite that case as holding that “damages [are] peculiarly

within the province of the jury,” and that any interference with a jury’s determination of

damages violates the Seventh Amendment. We disagree, for two reasons. First, Feltner

concerns the Seventh Amendment right to jury trial. That amendment is not applicable to

the states (McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010) 561 U.S. ____ [130 S.Ct. 3020, 3024-

3035, fn. 13]; Jehl, supra, 66 Cal.2d at p. 827), and it “differs significantly in language”

from the jury trial guarantee in the California Constitution. (Jehl, at p. 827.) Second,

Feltner does not address the constitutionality of a statutory cap on damages. Rather, the

issue in Feltner is whether title 17 of the United States Code, section 504(c), a part of the

Copyright Act of 1976, violates the Seventh Amendment right to a jury trial because it

expressly provides for a determination of damages by a court rather than a jury. Section

504(c) “permits a copyright owner ‘to recover, instead of actual damages and profits, an

award of statutory damages . . . , in a sum of not less than $500 or more than $20,000 as

the court considers just.’” (Feltner, supra, 523 U.S. at p. 342.) The court held that

because the common law provided for recovery of damages for copyright infringement

and provided for a jury determination of such damages, section 504(c) is unconstitutional

unless it is construed to permit a jury trial to determine statutory damages. (Feltner, at

pp. 342, 347-355.) Accordingly, Feltner does not assist us in resolving the issue before

us, even by analogy.

                                             11
         D. Separation of Powers

         Plaintiffs next contend that section 3333.2 violates the separation of powers

doctrine embodied in article III, section 3 and article VI, section 1 of the California

Constitution. Plaintiffs note that the California Supreme Court has not yet addressed this

issue.

         Plaintiffs are correct that the court has not explicitly framed a holding concerning

section 3333.2 in terms of separation of powers. Nevertheless, in Fein, the court

reiterated prior holdings that “the Legislature retains broad control over the measure, as

well as the timing, of damages that a defendant is obligated to pay and a plaintiff is

entitled to receive, and that the Legislature may expand or limit recoverable damages so

long as its action is rationally related to a legitimate state interest.” (Fein, supra,

38 Cal.3d at p. 158.) The court went on to state, “[W]e know of no principle of

California—or federal—constitutional law which prohibits the Legislature from limiting

the recovery of damages in a particular setting in order to further a legitimate state

interest.” (Id. at p. 161.) We are not persuaded by plaintiffs’ arguments to the contrary.

         E. Equal Protection

         The California Constitution provides that “A person may not be . . . denied equal

protection of the laws.” (Cal. Const., art. I, § 7(a).) The Fourteenth Amendment contains

a similar provision. (U.S. Const., 14th Amend.) Plaintiffs contend that section 3333.2

violates this constitutional guarantee because it “arbitrarily and irrationally singles out the

most severely injured victims of medical malpractice for unfavorable treatment.”

Furthermore, they contend, “even if the MICRA cap served a rational purpose when it

                                               12
was enacted, it is no longer needed, it is no longer rational and, therefore, it is no longer

constitutional.”

       “‘“[I]n areas of social and economic policy, a statutory classification that neither

proceeds along suspect lines nor infringes fundamental constitutional rights must be

upheld against equal protection challenge if there is any reasonably conceivable state of

facts that could provide a rational basis for the classification. [Citations.] Where there

are ‘plausible reasons’ for [the classification] ‘our inquiry is at an end.’” [Citations.]

Past decisions also establish that, under the rational relationship test, the state may

recognize that different categories or classes of persons within a larger classification may

pose varying degrees of risk of harm, and properly may limit a regulation to those classes

of persons as to whom the need for regulation is thought to be more crucial or imperative.

[Citations.]’” (Kasler v. Lockyer (2000) 23 Cal.4th 472, 481-482, italics omitted.)

       In Fein, supra, 38 Cal.3d 137, our Supreme Court applied this rational basis

inquiry and concluded that the statutory classifications created by section 3333.2 are

rationally related to the legislative purposes of MICRA. First, the distinction between

medical malpractice plaintiffs and other tort victims is rationally related to the legislative

purpose of responding to an insurance crisis in that particular area. (Id. at p. 162.)

Second, the differential impact of the $250,000 cap among subclasses of medical

malpractice plaintiffs is also rationally related to the objective of reducing the costs of

defendants and their insurers. (Ibid.) In this regard, the court underscored that “the

Legislature clearly had a reasonable basis for drawing a distinction between economic

and noneconomic damages, providing that the desired cost savings should be obtained

                                              13
only by limiting the recovery of noneconomic damage.” (Ibid.) The court noted that

there are inherent difficulties in placing a monetary value on losses for such intangible

injuries, that money damages are imperfect compensation for such injuries, that such

damages are generally passed on to and borne by innocent consumers, and that the right

to recover damages for noneconomic injuries is not “constitutionally immune from

legislative limitation or revision.” (Id. at pp. 159-160.)

        Fein expressly holds that the statutory classifications created by section 3333.2

“are rationally related to the ‘realistically conceivable legislative [purposes]’ [citation] of

MICRA.” (Fein, supra, 38 Cal.3d at p. 163.) As the Fein court cautioned, we may not

“properly strike down a statute simply because we disagree with the wisdom of the law or

because we believe that there is a fairer method for dealing with the problem. [Citation.]

. . . . ‘[A] court cannot eliminate measures which do not happen to suit its tastes if it

seeks to maintain a democratic system. The forum for the correction of ill-considered

legislation is a responsive legislature.’” (Id. at pp. 163-164.) Decisions of the California

Supreme Court “are binding upon and must be followed by all the state courts of

California.” (Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455.)

Because plaintiffs’ first equal protection argument was rejected in Fein, we also must

reject it.

                                              14
       Plaintiffs’ argument that conditions have changed since Fein was decided in 1985

and that section 3333.2 is no longer rationally related to a legitimate state interest was

rejected in Stinnett, supra, 198 Cal.App.4th at pages 1428 through 1432. We agree with

that court’s reasoning and need not repeat it at length here. In essence, Stinnett holds that

except in narrow circumstances which do not exist with respect to section 3333.2, it is not

the judiciary’s function to determine when constitutionally valid legislation has served its

purpose. (Stinnett, at pp. 1430-1431.) For this reason, we decline plaintiffs’ request that

we remand the matter to the trial court for further litigation as to the continued viability

of section 3333.2.

                                              2.

   CALCULATION OF THE OFFSET FROM THE SETTLEMENT WITH DESERT

                            REGIONAL MEDICAL CENTER

       Before trial, plaintiffs settled with former defendant Desert Regional Medical

Center for $3,000,000.5 The trial court found the settlement to be in good faith. On

motion of defendant, the trial court applied the settlement to offset the judgment.

Plaintiffs concede that an offset was required but contend that the trial court erred with

respect to the principles it applied. In our original opinion, we agreed in part with

plaintiffs. We determined how the offset should be calculated and directed the trial court

       5  The plaintiffs’ settlement with the hospital was confidential, and the settlement
agreement itself is not contained in the record on appeal. Defendant states that the
settlement did not differentiate between economic and noneconomic damages. Plaintiffs
refer to the settlement as a lump sum and do not otherwise describe its terms. From these
statements, we infer that the settlement also did not differentiate between the claim of
Trent Hughes and the claim of Lisa Hughes.

                                              15
to apply the offset accordingly. Plaintiffs’ subsequent petition for review in the

California Supreme Court was granted with respect to this issue, but briefing was

deferred pending the court’s decision in Rashidi v. Moser (2014) 60 Cal.4th 718

(Rashidi). The court later transferred this case back to us for reconsideration in light of

its opinion in Rashidi. We now discuss the law as set forth in Rashidi and apply it to the

facts of this case.6

       A. The Applicable Law

       Code of Civil Procedure section 877 provides that when one or more tortfeasors

“claimed to be liable for the same tort” enters into a good faith settlement with the

plaintiff, the settlement “shall have the following effect: [¶] (a) It shall not discharge

any other such party from liability unless its terms so provide, but it shall reduce the

claims against the others in the amount stipulated by the release, the dismissal or the

covenant, or in the amount of the consideration paid for it, whichever is the greater.

[¶] (b) It shall discharge the party to whom it is given from all liability for any

contribution to any other parties.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 877, italics added.)

       Prior to the enactment of section 1431.2, tortfeasors were jointly and severally

liable for both economic and noneconomic damages. In 1986, the electorate adopted

Proposition 51, which altered the long-standing doctrine of joint and several liability.

(Rashidi, supra, 60 Cal.4th at pp. 720, 722.) Section 1431.2, which was enacted pursuant

to Proposition 51, provides, in pertinent part: “(a) In any action for personal injury,

       6The proper calculation of the offset is a question of law which we review
independently. (See Francies v. Kapla (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 1381, 1386.)

                                             16
property damage, or wrongful death, based upon principles of comparative fault, the

liability of each defendant for non-economic damages shall be several only and shall not

be joint. Each defendant shall be liable only for the amount of non-economic damages

allocated to that defendant in direct proportion to that defendant’s percentage of fault, and

a separate judgment shall be rendered against that defendant for that amount.” (§ 1431.2,

subd. (a).)

       Section 1431.2 “imposes ‘a rule of strict proportionate liability’ on noneconomic

damages.” (Rashidi, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 722.) “‘[E]ach defendant is liable for only

that portion of the plaintiff’s noneconomic damages which is commensurate with that

defendant’s degree of fault for the injury.’ [Citation].” (Ibid.) “Accordingly, . . . when a

pretrial settlement does not differentiate between economic and noneconomic losses, a

postverdict allocation is required because ‘only the amount attributable to the joint

responsibility for economic damages may be used as an offset.’ [Citation.]” (Ibid.) The

accepted method for making the postverdict allocation was provided in Espinoza v.

Machonga (1992) 9 Cal.App.4th 268, 276-277 (Espinoza). The percentage of the jury’s

award attributable to economic damages is calculated and applied to the settlement,

yielding the amount that the nonsettling defendant is entitled to offset. (Id. at p. 277,

cited with approval in Rashidi, at p. 722.) If the nonsettling defendant proves the degree

of fault attributable to settling defendants, he is also entitled to a proportionate reduction

in the award of noneconomic damages. If the nonsettling defendant does not establish at

trial the degree of fault on the part of settling defendants, he is solely responsible for the

noneconomic damages awarded by the court. (Rashidi, at p. 727.)

                                              17
       One of defendant’s contentions in this case is that MICRA limits the amount that a

medical malpractice plaintiff can recover for noneconomic injuries to $250,000,

irrespective of whether the dollars are obtained via a settlement, a judgment, or a

combination of the two. In Rashidi, supra, 60 Cal.4th 718, the court rejected this

contention. It held that section 3333.2 distinguishes between “damages,” which are

capped under subdivision (b) of that statute, and “losses,” which are addressed in

subdivision (a). It held that “loss” is the generic term, and that it includes “damages” as a

subset of losses. (Rashidi, at p. 725.) The term “damages” is limited to “‘“money

ordered by a court”. . . . [Citation.]’” (Ibid.) Accordingly, the court held, when the

Legislature provided in section 3333.2, subdivision (b) for a cap on noneconomic

“damages,” it intended to limit the cap to amounts awarded by a court. (Rashidi, at

p. 726.)

       The court found further support for this conclusion in the legislative history of

section 3333.2 and related portions of MICRA. The court held that this history

demonstrates that the Legislature was concerned with capping court-awarded damages,

not settlements. (Rashidi, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 726.) Moreover, the court held,

excluding settlement dollars from the cap promotes settlements and restrains the size of

settlements. “‘[T]he Legislature may have felt that the fixed $250,000 limit would

promote settlements by eliminating “the unknown possibility of phenomenal awards for

pain and suffering that can make litigation worth the gamble.”’ [Citation.]” (Id. at

pp. 726-727.) Moreover, “Settlement negotiations are based on liability estimates that

are necessarily affected by the cap. By placing an upper limit on the recovery of

                                             18
noneconomic damages at trial, the Legislature indirectly but effectively influenced the

parties’ settlement calculations.” (Id. at p. 727.) Finally, the court held, allowing the

proportionate liability rule of section 1431.2 to operate in conjunction with the MICRA

cap on damages enhances settlement prospects because, “if all defendants are responsible

for their proportionate share of noneconomic damages, settlements are encouraged”

because “[n]onsettling defendants must weigh not only their exposure to liability for

noneconomic damages within the limits imposed by section 3333.2, but also the prospect

of having to prove the comparative fault of settling defendants in order to obtain a

reduction under section 1431.2.” (Rashidi, at p. 727.)

       For those reasons, the court concluded that the portion of a pretrial settlement by

one or more health care defendants which is attributable to noneconomic damages is not

affected by the MICRA cap and that the settlement does not affect or limit the amount of

noneconomic damages that can be awarded at trial. (Rashidi, supra, 60 Cal.4th at

p. 727.)

       B. Application to This Case

       Here, as in Rashidi, defendant did not present any evidence on apportionment of

fault between himself and the hospital, and the jury was not asked to apportion fault.

Accordingly, he is not entitled to any offset against the jury’s award of noneconomic

damages. We therefore proceed to determine the amount of offset to which defendant is

entitled.

                                             19
       The jury assessed the damages as follows:

       Trent Hughes:

              Past economic loss:
                     Lost earnings:                     $    125,000
              Future economic loss:
                     Lost earnings:
                            Future value:               $ 1,400,000
                            Present cash value:         $ 500,000
                     Life care plan expenses:
                            Future value:               $11,200,000
                            Present cash value:         $ 4,000,000
              Past noneconomic loss:                    $ 750,000
              Future noneconomic loss:                  $ 2,000,000

       Lisa Hughes:

              Noneconomic damages:                      $ 1,000,0007

       The trial court calculated the offset as follows: It first applied the MICRA cap on

plaintiffs’ noneconomic damages and deducted $500,000 from the $3,000,000 settlement.

It also deducted $125,000, the award for Trent’s past lost earnings, and an additional

$500,000, the present value of Trent’s lost future earnings. This left a settlement balance

of $1,850,000,8 which the court then applied as an offset against Trent’s future damages.

       7  The special verdict did not ask the jury to determine the present value of Trent’s
future noneconomic damages, nor did it ask the jury to allocate Lisa’s damages between
past and future or to set present and future values for Lisa’s damages. For purposes of
calculating the ratios, we will assume that Trent’s future noneconomic damages and all of
Lisa’s noneconomic damages are stated as present value.

       8 This was the amount reflected in the court’s ruling. The correct balance under
the court’s calculation is $1,875,000.

                                            20
       This is not consistent with the Espinoza methodology endorsed by the court in

Rashidi, supra, 60 Cal.4th 718. The court held that if, as in this case, the pretrial

settlement does not differentiate between economic and noneconomic damages, the offset

against the judgment is calculated in proportion to the ratio of economic to noneconomic

damages awarded by the trier of fact. (Rashidi, at p. 722.) Here, the trial court did not

determine that ratio, but simply deducted both plaintiffs’ noneconomic damages from the

settlement. This was error. The court also erred in using Lisa’s damages to offset the

judgment for Trent’s future economic damages. As plaintiffs point out, the jury awarded

separate damages for Trent’s and Lisa’s separate causes of action, but the trial court

treated the judgment as though damages were awarded to plaintiffs jointly. We are not

aware of any authority permitting the use of damages awarded to one plaintiff to offset

damages awarded to another. For both of these reasons, the portion of the settlement

attributable to Lisa’s damages should have been deducted from the settlement prior to

apportioning the balance of the settlement between Trent’s economic and noneconomic

damages.

       The question then becomes, how do we calculate the percentage of the settlement

attributable to Lisa’s damages? If we calculate the percentage of the total judgment

attributable to Lisa’s damages based on the jury’s award, Lisa’s award of $1,000,000

equals .1194 percent of the total award. .1194 percent of the $3,000,000 settlement is

$358,200, leaving a settlement balance of $2,641,800. (1,000,000 ÷ 8,375,000 = .1194;

.1194 x 3,000,000 = 358,200.) If, on the other hand, we reduce the total award to both

Trent and Lisa by imposing the MICRA cap on their noneconomic damages, the total

                                              21
award is $5,125,000. Lisa’s award of $250,000 is .04878 percent of that total. .04878

percent of $3,000,000 is $146,340. (250,000 ÷ 5,125,000 = .04878; .04878 x 3,000,000 =

146,340.) This leaves a settlement balance of $2,853,660.

       In our original opinion, we concluded that the MICRA cap must be applied before

applying the Espinoza calculus, in order to limit Lisa’s total recovery of noneconomic

damages to $250,000. Rashidi requires us to jettison that rationale, however, because the

MICRA cap does not apply to the settlement but only to the award of damages. (Rashidi,

supra, 60 Cal.4th at pp. 724-727.) Rashidi does not, however, tell us whether Lisa’s

proportionate share of the settlement is to be determined based on the jury’s award

($1,000,000) or on the judgment ($250,000). The court noted that the appellate court in

that case did apply the cap before determining the ratio of economic to noneconomic

damages (id. at p. 723), but it did not discuss whether that was the correct methodology.

As the court noted elsewhere, however, “damages” are the amount determined by the

trier of fact to be necessary to compensate for the losses suffered by the plaintiff. (Id. at

pp. 725-726.) The fact that section 3333.2 requires the court to reduce the jury’s award

to $250,000 does not alter the fact that the jury assessed the noneconomic injury suffered

by the plaintiff and awarded a greater amount. This is consistent with the court’s earlier

statement in Salgado v. County of Los Angeles, supra, 19 Cal.4th 629, that although

section 3333.2 limits the out-of-pocket costs of defendants to $250,000, it “places no

limit on the amount of injury sustained by the plaintiff, as assessed by the trier of fact, but

only on the amount of the defendant’s liability therefor.” (Id. at p. 640.) Accordingly,

we conclude that despite the statutory cap on the judgment for noneconomic damages, it

                                              22
is the jury’s award of such damages, not the ultimate judgment, that must be used to

determine the ratio of economic to noneconomic damages. For this reason, we conclude

that the percentage of the jury’s award attributable to Lisa’s noneconomic damages is

.1194.

         Using the same methodology, Trent’s noneconomic damages equal .3283 percent

of the total jury award. (2,750,000 ÷ 8,375,000 = .3283.) .3283 percent of 3,000,000

equals 984,000. Deducting this amount from the settlement balance arrived at after

deducting Lisa’s portion ($2,641,800) leaves a balance of $1,657,800 which may be used

to offset the judgment for Trent’s economic damages.

                                              3.

                                  PERIODIC PAYMENTS

         Upon the request of a party in a personal injury action in which future damages of

$50,000 or more are awarded, the court may order the judgment paid in whole or in part

by periodic payments rather than a lump sum. (Code Civ. Proc., § 667.7, subd. (a).)

         Here, the court ordered Trent’s future economic damages paid over 18 years. It

ordered an initial double payment of $626,315, followed by 17 annual installments of

$313,158.9 Plaintiffs contend that the order was erroneous because the court gave

defendant a dollar-for-dollar credit for the settlement with Desert Regional Medical

         There is substantial evidence that Trent’s life expectancy from the time of trial
         9
was 19 years. The court initially ordered 19 equal annual payments, then modified the
judgment to provide for a initial double payment to cover attorney fees and costs,
followed by 17 equal annual payments. Plaintiffs do not object to the payment schedule;
they object only to the amount of the payments.

                                             23
Center, even though only a percentage of the settlement was attributable to economic

damages, and because the court reduced Trent’s future damages to present value and then

ordered payment over 18 years.

       The legislative purpose behind Code of Civil Procedure section 667.7 is as

follows: “By authorizing periodic payment judgments, it is the . . . intent of the

Legislature that the courts will utilize such judgments to provide compensation sufficient

to meet the needs of an injured plaintiff and those persons who are dependent on the

plaintiff for whatever period is necessary while eliminating the potential windfall from a

lump-sum recovery which was intended to provide for the care of an injured plaintiff over

an extended period who then dies shortly after the judgment is paid.” (Code Civ. Proc.,

§ 667.7, subd. (f).) The fundamental goal is to match losses with compensation as the

losses occur. (Salgado v. County of Los Angeles, supra, 19 Cal.4th at pp. 638, 640.)

When an award of future damages is to be paid over a period of years, the plaintiff is

entitled to periodic payments based on the gross award of future damages, not on the

present value. “‘This is because if a present value award is periodized, a plaintiff might

not be fully compensated for his or her future losses; the judgment, in effect, would be

discounted twice: first by reducing the gross amount to present value and second by

deferring payment.’” (Id. at p. 639.)

       As we have discussed above, plaintiffs are correct that the court erred with respect

to its treatment of the settlement to offset the judgment. Contrary to plaintiffs’ other

contention, however, the trial did not base the award of periodic payments on the current

value of Trent’s future damages.

                                             24
       The trial court arrived at the sum to be converted to periodic payments as follows:

The court deducted Trent’s lost past earnings ($125,000), the present value of Trent’s lost

future earnings ($500,000) and both plaintiffs’ noneconomic damages ($500,000) from

the $3 million settlement, leaving a settlement balance of $1,850,000 to be offset against

future damages. The court concluded that it could not deduct the present value of the

settlement proceeds from the future value of Trent’s damages (“apples and oranges”).

The court reduced Trent’s future damages of $11.2 million to the present value

determined by the jury, $4 million. The court found that this was a ratio of 2.8 to 1. It

then subtracted $1,850,000 from the present value of Trent’s future damages

($4,000,000) and multiplied the balance ($2,125,000) by 2.8, arriving at $5,950,000 as

the amount of future damages to be converted to periodic payments.10 Accordingly,

although the court first reduced the future damages to present value, its final award

represents the future value of the damages less the future value of the settlement

proceeds. Because the trial court’s calculation of the periodic payments is founded on its

erroneous treatment of the settlement agreement, as we have discussed above, however,

we will remand the matter to the trial court with directions to recalculate the periodic

payments in a manner consistent with this opinion.11

       10 Either the court’s arithmetic was faulty or its ruling contains two typographical
errors. Subtracting $1,125,000 from $3,000,000 leaves $1,875,000, not $1,850,000.
And, subtracting $1,850,000 from $4,000,000 leaves $2,150,000, not $2,125,000.

       11  We will address defendant’s contentions concerning the periodic payments,
raised in his cross-appeal, below.

                                             25
                                             4.

                    THE SUFFICIENCY OF THE UNDERTAKING

       Finally, plaintiffs contend that the trial court allowed defendant to appeal without

posting a sufficient undertaking. Because we are remanding for recalculation of the

offset and the periodic payment amount, this issue is moot. (City of Lodi v. Randtron

(2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 337, 362-363.) Should there be a subsequent appeal, the parties

may revisit the appropriate amount of undertaking.

                           DEFENDANT’S CROSS-APPEAL

                                             1.

          SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE JURY’S FINDING

           THAT DEFENDANT’S NEGLIGENCE WAS A SUBSTANTIAL

                            FACTOR IN HUGHES’ INJURY

       Defendant contends that there was no evidence that any negligence on his part

caused plaintiffs’ damages because all of the experts agreed that Trent Hughes would

have been rendered paraplegic by an independent thoracic/cervical spinal injury

regardless of the L1 injury and because plaintiffs offered no evidence that defendant

could have done anything to alter that outcome.

       As a threshold issue, the parties disagree about just what plaintiffs were required

to prove in order to meet their burden of proof as to causation. Defendant contends that

plaintiffs had the burden to prove that but for defendant’s negligence, the harm would not

have occurred. Plaintiffs contend that the “but for” test does not apply and that their

burden was to prove that defendant’s negligence was a substantial factor in causing their

                                             26
damages. Defendant responds that the jury was instructed to apply the “but for” test and

that plaintiffs are in error in asserting that “substantial factor” is the standard for medical

malpractice cases. Both are partly correct.

       In a medical malpractice action, the plaintiff must produce sufficient evidence to

allow the jury to infer that in the absence of the defendant’s negligence, there was a

reasonable medical probability that the plaintiff would have obtained a better result.

(Espinosa v. Little Co. of Mary Hospital (1995) 31 Cal.App.4th 1304, 1314-1315.) The

defendant’s negligence need not be the sole cause of the plaintiff’s damages; it is

sufficient that the defendant’s negligence was a substantial factor in bringing about the

harm suffered by the plaintiff. (Mitchell v. Gonzales (1991) 54 Cal.3d 1041, 1049.) The

“substantial factor” test subsumes the “but for” test: “‘If the conduct which is claimed to

have caused the injury had nothing at all to do with the injuries, it could not be said that

the conduct was a factor, let alone a substantial factor, in the production of the injuries.’”

(Id. at p. 1052.) Stated another way, if the same harm would have resulted even if the

defendant had not acted negligently, the defendant’s conduct is not a substantial factor in

causing that harm. (Viner v. Sweet (2003) 30 Cal.4th 1232, 1239-1240.) CACI No. 430,

which the court used in this case, reflects this. It provides: “A substantial factor in

causing harm is a factor that a reasonable person would consider to have contributed to

the harm. It must be more than a remote or trivial factor. It does not have to be the only

cause of the harm. [¶] [Conduct is not a substantial factor in causing harm if the same

harm would have occurred without that conduct.]” (CACI No. 430.)

                                              27
       Here, there was arguably more than one cause for Trent’s injuries: the accident

itself, defendant’s negligence, and subsequent complications which might have arisen

even if defendant had acted promptly to stabilize the L1 fracture. (We discuss this

below.) Accordingly, plaintiffs were required to prove that defendant’s conduct was a

substantial factor in causing their damages.

       We apply the substantial evidence rule.12 “‘Where findings of fact are challenged

on a civil appeal . . . the power of an appellate court begins and ends with a determination

as to whether there is any substantial evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted’” to

support the finding below. (Bickel v. City of Piedmont (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1040, 1053,

citation omitted.) Substantial evidence is “evidence . . . ‘of ponderable legal significance,

       12  Defendant does not state the standard of review. The standard of review is
crucial to a reviewing court’s analysis, and failure to acknowledge the proper scope of
review may be deemed a concession of a lack of merit. (Sonic Manufacturing
Technologies, Inc. v. AAE Systems, Inc. (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 456, 465.) Moreover, a
defendant who asserts that a judgment is not supported by substantial evidence must set
forth all of the material evidence on the point in question, not just the evidence which
favors his position. (Foreman & Clark Corp. v. Fallon (1971) 3 Cal.3d 875, 881.) When
the defendant’s brief states only the favorable facts, the appellate court may treat the
issue as waived and presume that the record contains evidence sufficient to sustain every
finding of fact. (Arechiga v. Dolores Press, Inc. (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 567, 571-572;
Huong Que, Inc. v. Luu (2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 400, 409-410.) Here, defendant does not
state the facts favorable to the judgment and states only those favorable to his position.
For this reason as well, we would be acting within the scope of our discretion simply to
disregard defendant’s contention. Nevertheless, we choose to address the merits of the
issue.
        We disregard plaintiffs’ contention that defendant waived review because he did
not assert the insufficiency of the evidence in a motion for new trial. Plaintiffs do not cite
any relevant authority that a new trial motion is a necessary prerequisite to raising the
sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, and we are aware of none. On the contrary, the
sufficiency of the evidence may always be raised for the first time on appeal. (Tahoe
National Bank v. Phillips (1971) 4 Cal.3d 11, 23 & fn 17.)

                                               28
. . . reasonable in nature, credible, and of sold value.’” (Bowers v. Bernards (1984) 150

Cal.App.3d 870, 873, citations and italics omitted.) In determining whether substantial

evidence supports a factual finding, we review the entire record. (Ibid.) We review the

record in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, giving that party the benefit of

every favorable inference and resolving all conflicts in its favor. (Bickel v. City of

Piedmont, at p. 1053.) If there is substantial evidence which supports the disputed

finding, the judgment will be upheld even though substantial evidence to the contrary

also exists and the trier of fact might have reached a different conclusion had it believed

other evidence. (Howard v. Owens Corning (1999) 72 Cal.App.4th 621, 631.)

       Here, defendant asserts that all of the expert witnesses agreed that Trent Hughes

had suffered injury to his thoracic spine at T1 in addition to the lumbar injury and that all

agreed that these injuries were caused by the accident. However, it is simply not the

case, as defendant asserts, that even plaintiffs’ experts agreed that “the T1 injury

paralyzed plaintiff, notwithstanding Dr. Pham’s treatment or the L1 injury.”

       Defendant’s contention is based on the testimony of his expert, Dr. Hesselink, a

neuroradiologist. Dr. Hesselink studied all of Trent’s medical records and the reports and

depositions of other expert witnesses in this case. Dr. Hesselink testified that when Trent

left Desert Regional Medical Center and was transferred to a hospital in Arizona,13 the

level of his injury was L1, meaning that he had no sensory or motor function below that

level. Dr. Hesselink testified that Trent’s medical records showed that in the accident on

       13   Plaintiffs reside in Arizona.

                                             29
November 2, 2003, he also sustained a fracture at T4, one which was not clinically

significant.14 While Trent was being treated at hospitals in Arizona, however, “his deficit

was changing . . . [and] was ascending above L1 eventually reaching up to C7, T1” or C8.

There was also swelling of the spinal cord from C6 down to T5. Dr. Hesselink opined

that the swelling showed a spinal cord infarct. He explained that an infarct results when

insufficient blood and oxygen reach tissues. The spinal cord was normal size below T5,

and the main area of swelling was in the upper thoracic area of T2 to T5. He believed

that some of the arteries that supply the spinal cord at that level were damaged in the

accident. After the transfer to Arizona, Trent suffered complications. His hemoglobin

was very low, he had a fever and he also had hypotension, or low blood pressure. All of

those complications exacerbated the low blood and oxygen supply to the damaged

thoracic vertebrae, resulting in infarction at the T1 level. The result of the infarct was

that the spinal tissue degenerated and died, resulting in an irreversibly atrophied spinal

cord. If atrophy is total, there is no function.

       An MRI done on December 1, 2005, a little more than two years after Trent’s

accident, showed severe cord atrophy at C7, T1. It also showed severe atrophy in the

lower thoracic spine, just above L1. Dr. Hesselink testified that the entire spinal cord

between T1 and L1 was abnormal and had no function. He stated that the atrophy at T1

was not caused by the accident. Rather, it resulted from the complications which arose

       14 Drs. Coufal and Moser, expert witnesses who testified for plaintiffs, agreed that
the thoracic compression fracture sustained during the accident was not medically
significant and required no treatment.

                                              30
several weeks after the accident. If plaintiff had had a contusion at T1 resulting from the

accident, he would have had problems above L1 before the second or third week of his

hospitalization, when those complications arose. Dr. Hesselink testified that atrophy at

T1, C7 would not affect Trent’s use of his arms because the nerves which supply the

arms come from elsewhere. The T1, C7 injury would affect only muscles on the side of

the hand and the little finger. He opined that because the infarct and resulting cord

atrophy at T1 resulted in lack of sensory and motor function below that level, Trent

would have been left paraplegic even if the L1 injury had not occurred.

       It is unquestionable that Dr. Hesselink’s testimony is substantial evidence on

which the jury could have relied to reject plaintiffs’ claim that defendant’s negligence

caused their damages. However, defendant is in error when he states that plaintiffs’

experts agreed with Dr. Hesselink.

       Defendant implies that Dr. Moser, plaintiffs’ expert in neuroradiology, testified

consistently with Dr. Hesselink that “given the severe cord atrophy at T1, plaintiff would

have been in the same position even if the L1 burst fracture had never occurred because

the spinal cord was destroyed at the level of T1.” This is incorrect. Although Dr. Moser

acknowledged that the radiological study conducted in 2005 showed atrophy at the T1

level, he said that such an injury might or might not affect function below that level.

Moreover, Dr. Moser disagreed with Dr. Hesselink’s assessment of the type of injury

Trent sustained to his upper thoracic or cervical spine. Dr. Hesselink believed it was a

spinal cord infarct; Dr. Moser described it as a contusion, i.e., a bruise. Dr. Moser did not

agree with Dr. Hesselink that Trent would have been paralyzed because of the lesion in

                                             31
the thoracic/cervical spine regardless of the treatment of the L1 injury. He testified that if

Trent had suffered the injury Dr. Hesselink described, Trent’s arms would be very weak

and that he would in all likelihood be a complete quadriplegic. Moreover, infarcts cause

permanent damage. An infarct would be inconsistent with the testimony of Dr. Ladin,

plaintiffs’ spinal cord rehabilitation expert, who testified that although Trent had lost

hand strength, over a period of years he had regained normal strength. This would be a

highly unusual outcome following an infarct.

       Dr. Ladin testified that Trent’s MRI done on November 26, 2003, showed a

posttraumatic injury to the cervical spine which had previously gone unnoticed. (He later

testified that the lesion first appeared during a study done in 2005.) He described it as a

lesion at C5, C7. There was hemorrhage present which indicated a traumatic injury

rather than an ischemic event or an infarct, both of which result from loss of blood supply

to an affected area. This caused a transient loss of neurological function in the upper

extremities. He testified that if Trent had suffered an infarct at C5, C6, C7 or C8, Trent

would be a quadriplegic. An infarct is by definition a permanent injury. Accordingly, if

the cervical injury had been an infarct, Trent could not have regained arm or hand

function. At the time of the trial, however, Trent had normal function and strength in his

hands, and he was routinely using his arms to move himself to and from his wheelchair.

       Dr. Coufal, a neurosurgeon who testified for plaintiffs, also disagreed that Trent

had suffered a cord infarct. An infarct is a sudden and catastrophic event; it does not

come on gradually. Trent’s medical records did not reflect any sudden and catastrophic

change in his condition following his transfer to a hospital in Phoenix. Instead, he opined

                                             32
that the deterioration in Trent’s condition, leading to weakness in his upper extremities,

was the result of a syrinx, a cyst which can form when there are disturbances in the

circulation of spinal fluid. The burst fracture at L1 caused such a disturbance because

bone fragments pressing on the spinal cord were not removed during the surgery. Trent’s

syrinx was located in the high thoracic or lower cervical spine. A syrinx at that location

could cause loss of neurologic function in the arms as well as the lower extremities and

torso. Dr. Coufal testified that because Trent ultimately regained arm and hand function,

the deterioration he suffered was better explained by a syrinx than an infarct. Moreover,

the scans performed on November 26, 2003, and in 2005 showed chronic bleeding in the

low cervical/high thoracic region. Chronic hemorrhage is not consistent with an infarct,

which results from lack of blood flow. Dr. Coufal opined that the hemorrhage was more

consistent with consequences from the L1 injury. Finally, Dr. Coufal testified that if

Trent had suffered an infarct in the low cervical/high thoracic region, he would have been

left quadriplegic.

       Moreover, both Dr. Coufal and Dr. Ladin testified that Trent, to a reasonable

medical certainty, would have had a better outcome if defendant had operated promptly

to stabilize the L1 injury, which both described as incomplete when Trent first arrived at

Desert Regional Medical Center. Dr. Coufal testified that defendant’s negligent response

to Trent’s condition allowed an incomplete spinal cord injury to progress to a complete

                                             33
spinal cord injury.15 He testified that with an urgent decompression of the spinal cord at

the signs that Trent’s neurological condition was deteriorating, Trent had a chance of

functional recovery. He testified that it was more probable than not that Trent would

have had a return of sensation, a return of motor function, a return of bowel and bladder

function, and a partial recovery of sexual function if defendant had acted promptly and

appropriately. Dr. Ladin testified to similar effect. In addition to a probable recovery of

bowel, bladder and sexual function, Dr. Ladin also testified that with timely intervention,

there was a high likelihood that Trent would have been able to walk again.

       The foregoing is clearly substantial evidence the jury was entitled to find credible

and which is sufficient to meet plaintiffs’ burden to prove that defendant’s negligence

was a substantial factor in causing plaintiffs’ damages. It is irrelevant that there was also

evidence to the contrary. (Howard v. Owens Corning, supra, 72 Cal.App.4th at p. 631.)

       15 The reporter’s transcript shows that Dr. Coufal said defendant’s failure to act
promptly “allow[ed] a complete [sic] spinal cord injury to progress to a complete spinal
cord injury.” This may be a transcription error. In any event, it is clear from the context
that he meant to say that defendant’s failure allowed an incomplete spinal cord injury to
progress to a complete spinal cord injury.

                                             34
                                             2.

              THE TRIAL COURT DID NOT ABUSE ITS DISCRETION

                             IN EXCLUDING TESTIMONY

       Dr. Powell was the trauma surgeon who first examined Trent when he arrived in

the emergency room at Desert Regional Medical Center.16 Defendant wished to have her

testify concerning Trent’s condition upon his arrival, including her impression that Trent

had lower extremity paralysis, which was reflected in the notes she dictated on

November 3, 2003, the day after she examined Trent. Plaintiffs objected to her testimony

on several grounds, including Dr. Powell’s lack of expertise in neurology. Following a

hearing pursuant to Evidence Code section 402, the court allowed her to testify

concerning her examination of Trent and her objective observations, but excluded her

conclusion concerning Trent’s paralysis because she testified that assessment and

diagnosis of spinal cord injuries was beyond her expertise. The court ordered

Dr. Powell’s dictated report redacted to excise the phrase “lower extremity paralysis.”

Defendant contends that this was reversible error.

       Evidence Code section 720 provides: “(a) A person is qualified to testify as an

expert if he has special knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education sufficient to

qualify him as an expert on the subject to which his testimony relates. Against the

objection of a party, such special knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education

must be shown before the witness may testify as an expert. [¶] (b) A witness’ special

       16  By the time of trial, Dr. Powell had changed her name to Geisman. The parties
refer to her as Dr. Powell.

                                             35
knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may be shown by any otherwise

admissible evidence, including his own testimony.”

       “‘“The trial court is given considerable latitude in determining the qualifications

of an expert and its ruling will not be disturbed on appeal unless a manifest abuse of

discretion is shown.”’” (People v. Davenport (1995) 11 Cal.4th 1171, 1207, disapproved

on another point in People v. Griffin (2004) 33 Cal.4th 536, 555, fn. 5.) Here, defendant

has not shown that the trial court abused its discretion. Dr. Powell stated unequivocally

that she lacked expertise in the assessment and diagnosis of spinal cord injuries. The

court’s decision to limit her testimony to her examination procedure and her objective

observations was not an abuse of discretion.

                                             3.

             SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE AWARD FOR

                    FUTURE MEDICAL AND LIFE CARE COSTS

       Defendant contends that the jury’s award of $11,200,000 ($4,000,000 present

value) for Trent’s future medical and life care is excessive. He contends that the jury was

required to select a life expectancy of 19 years or 30.9 years and either 12 hours or

24 hours a day of attendant care. He contends that none of the possible combinations of

life expectancy and level of attendant care results in the amount awarded by the jury. He

also contends that “plaintiff’s level of paralysis does not require 24-hour per day

attendant care.”

                                             36
       As was the case with defendant’s contention that the evidence did not support a

finding of causation (ante, at pp. 26-35), defendant fails to state the standard of review.

Arguments are to be tailored according to the applicable standard of review. Failure to

acknowledge the proper scope of review may be seen as a concession that the argument

lacks merit. (Sonic Manufacturing Technologies, Inc. v. AAE Systems, Inc., supra,

196 Cal.App.4th at p. 465.) He also discusses only selected items of evidence and argues

that they do not support the verdict. Failure to state the evidence in the light most

favorable to the verdict is another valid reason to reject a substantial evidence question

without analysis. (Arechiga v. Dolores Press, Inc., supra, 192 Cal.App.4th at pp. 571-

572.) Accordingly, we could simply disregard his argument all together. Instead, we will

address defendant’s arguments briefly.

       First, contrary to defendant’s contention, it was not undisputed that Trent’s life

expectancy was 19 years. Rather, the evidence showed that Trent’s life expectancy

ranged anywhere from 19 years to 35 years.

       It is also not the case that the jury’s award was necessarily based on 30.9 years, as

defendant contends. The jury was not instructed that it had to choose between a life

expectancy of 19 years and a life expectancy of 30.9 years. Rather, it was instructed to

determine Trent’s life expectancy based on any applicable considerations. A primary

factor brought to the jury’s attention which might affect Trent’s actual longevity was the

amount and quality of the care he received. Based on the report of plaintiffs’ life care

planner, their economist estimated that if Trent lived 19 years, 12 hours of care a day

would cost $5,783,907, and 24 hours a day for 19 years would cost $8,771,032. At

                                             37
30.9 years, the cost of his care at 12 hours a day would be $12,170,144, and at 24 hours

a day for 30.9 years, the cost would be $18,300,019. The jury’s award falls more or less

in the middle of this range, apparently reflecting that the jury determined that Trent’s life

expectancy and life care needs fell somewhere in the middle of the spectrum established

by the evidence.

       As to defendant’s contention that Trent does not require 24-hour a day attendant

care, we note that the jury was not asked to return a special verdict stating the number of

hours of care Trent required and we can therefore not assume that the award was based

on that amount of care.

       Because the evidence supports a range of life expectancies and future damages,

including the amount awarded by the jury, we reject defendant’s contention that the

award was excessive.

       Defendant also complains that the jury’s calculation of the present value of the

$11.2 million award was erroneous. He cites no authority as to how a jury is required to

compute present value, and in any event his contention is based on an unwarranted

assumption as to how the jury arrived at the future value. Moreover, according to

defendant’s calculation, the jury erroneously stated the present value to be approximately

$600,000 less than it should have. If this was an error, defendant is not prejudiced by it.

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                                              4.

                 THE COURT’S ORDER FOR PERIODIC PAYMENTS

                            WAS WITHIN ITS DISCRETION

       An order for periodic payments is reviewed for abuse of discretion. (Salgado v.

County of Los Angeles, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 650.)

       Defendant contends that the court abused its discretion in ordering 19 equal

payments for several reasons. We see no abuse of discretion.

       All of defendant’s arguments are based on the assumption that the future damages

award was necessarily based on a jury finding that Trent’s life expectancy was

30.9 years. We have rejected this assumption and therefore need not address defendant’s

contentions concerning the periodic payments to the extent that they are based on that

assumption.

       We will address defendant’s contention that it was an abuse of discretion to order

equal annual payments. Defendant contends that the equal annual payments are an abuse

of discretion because “[w]hile plaintiff’s future medical costs remain relatively constant,

inflation increases the actual price plaintiff will have to pay in the future.” He points out

that the economist calculated the current cost of 12 hours a day attendant care as

$109,500 per year, but projected a total cost, over 30.9 years, of $6,129,876. Simply

multiplying $109,500 by 30.9 years equals $3,383,550, reflecting that the economist

included 30 years of inflation in her calculation.

                                             39
       Defendant relies on Holt v. Regents of University of California (1999) 73

Cal.App.4th 871. In that case, the court found that equal annual payments were an abuse

of discretion because the evidence showed that the plaintiff’s losses would be greater in

her later years. The plaintiff’s parents would continue to care for her as long as possible,

thus minimizing her expenses in her earlier years. (Id. at p. 883.) Whether an order for

equal periodic payments is an abuse of discretion, however, depends upon the specific

facts of the individual case. In Salgado v. County of Los Angeles, supra, 19 Cal.4th 629,

for example, the court held that equal annual periodic payments did not constitute an

abuse of discretion because in that case, the evidence showed that although the value of

the payments would decrease over time, the plaintiff’s expenses would also decrease.

Therefore, the payment schedule did not fail to satisfy the goal of Code of Civil

Procedure section 667.7 of “matching losses with compensation as the losses occur.”

(Salgado, at p. 650.)

       Here, the court found that “the only expert testimony concerning life expectancy

was that plaintiff would likely live about 19 more years.” It acknowledged, however, that

the jury could have used a longer life expectancy in calculating the future value of life

care expenses. The court recognized that if it did not apply “some sort of discount

factor” there was a risk that the periodic payments would not cover Trent’s future

medical and life care needs some years in the future. However, the court concluded that

the risk was outweighed by Trent’s “need to make some expenditures now or in the near

future that may well serve him for many years in the future.” The court preferred to err

on the side of ensuring that Trent had sufficient funds available for those purposes now.

                                             40
       The court did not state what near-term expenditures it had in mind. As plaintiffs

point out, however, their life care expert testified that the standard of care required that

for the first five years of his injury, Trent should go annually to the spinal cord center at

Craig Hospital in Colorado. There, during a three- to five-day stay, Trent would be

exhaustively evaluated by multiple physicians, receive physical and occupational therapy

and be evaluated for his functional abilities with the various devices he needed to use.

After the first five years, he would need to attend that program only every four or five

years. The witness testified that patients who attend that program typically live longer

than those who do not, and a spinal cord patient who received optimum care could have a

normal life expectancy. The cost of that program would be $7,000 for each of the first

five years. Trent’s attendance at that program could also result in additional equipment

and medical costs if it were determined that Trent’s needs would be better served by

other modalities. Later, less frequent reassessments should suffice because Trent’s needs

would have been determined during the earlier assessments. In addition, plaintiffs’ life

care expert’s summary of future care needs stated that modifications to Trent’s home

were required immediately to accommodate Trent’s needs. Finally, both plaintiffs’ and

defendant’s experts testified that for his overall well-being, Trent needed services and

equipment that would allow him to maximize his independence as soon as possible. This

evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion that Trent needed larger payments earlier in

his life than he would need later and at least minimally satisfies the fundamental goal of

matching losses with compensation as the losses occur. (Salgado v. County of Los

Angeles, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 650.) Accordingly, we cannot say that the court abused

                                              41
its discretion. On remand, however, the court retains the discretion to order a different

payment schedule. (Ibid.)

                                             5.

           THE JUDGMENT WAS ERRONEOUSLY ENTERED IN FAVOR

                               OF PLAINTIFFS JOINTLY

       Defendant also points out that the judgment of $5,950,002 for compensatory

damages was entered in favor of both Trent and Lisa Hughes. We have previously noted

that the court erroneously treated both the settlement and the judgment as though they

applied equally to Trent and Lisa. The judgment should separately state the damages

awarded to each plaintiff.

                                             6.

          DEFENDANT SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN REQUIRED TO POST

                  SECURITY FOR PAYMENT OF THE JUDGMENT

       Code of Civil Procedure section 667.6 provides in part: “As a condition to

authorizing periodic payments of future damages, the court shall require the judgment

debtor who is not adequately insured to post security adequate to assure full payment of

such damages awarded by the judgment.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 667.7, subd. (a).)

       Here, the judgment required defendant to post security adequate to assure full

payment of the judgment. Defendant contends that this was error because he submitted a

declaration from his professional liability insurer which stated that the insurer accepted

responsibility to pay the entire judgment, and that the insurer had assets exceeding

$1 billion. The point appears to be well taken. Plaintiffs do not provide any argument or

                                             42
authority in opposition to defendant’s assertion, nor do they point to any contrary

evidence in the record. Accordingly, on remand, we will direct the trial court to omit the

security requirement from the judgment.

                                      DISPOSITION

       The superior court is directed to correct the judgment as follows:

              1. Offset the judgment for Trent Hughes’ economic damages by

       $1,657,800 and delete any offset against either plaintiffs’ noneconomic damages;

              2. Recalculate the periodic payments after applying the above offset to

       Trent Hughes’ economic damages; and

              3. Delete the requirement that defendant post security for payment of the

       judgment.

       The superior court is further directed to issue an amended judgment incorporating

the above corrections. The judgment is otherwise affirmed.

       Plaintiffs are awarded costs on appeal.

       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

                                                               McKINSTER
                                                                               Acting P. J.
We concur:

RICHLI
                          J.

CODRINGTON
                          J.
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