Court Opinion

ID: 9372068
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-17 18:01:37.684096+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:32.535411
License: Public Domain

Rel: February 17, 2023

Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the advance sheets of Southern
Reporter. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Alabama Appellate Courts,
300 Dexter Avenue, Montgomery, Alabama 36104-3741 ((334) 229-0650), of any typographical or other
errors, in order that corrections may be made before the opinion is printed in Southern Reporter.

         SUPREME COURT OF ALABAMA
                             OCTOBER TERM, 2022-2023

                                _________________________

                                      SC-2022-0957
                                _________________________

        Ex parte TruckMax, Inc., and Babco Engineering, LLC

                    PETITION FOR WRIT OF MANDAMUS

        (In re: Latosha Caster-Harris and Ella Thomas-Harris

                                                  v.

                                 TruckMax, Inc., et al.)

                    (Jefferson Circuit Court, CV-21-900024)

SELLERS, Justice.
SC-2022-0957

     TruckMax, Inc., and its wholly owned subsidiary, Babco

Engineering, LLC (collectively referred to as "TruckMax"), petitioned this

Court for a writ of mandamus directing the Jefferson Circuit Court ("the

trial court") to allow TruckMax to amend its answer in this workers'

compensation/wrongful-death action so that TruckMax may assert as a

defense that one of the plaintiffs, Latosha Caster-Harris, who is the wife

of the decedent involved in this case, lacks the capacity to pursue claims

against TruckMax. The parties agree that TruckMax's lack-of-capacity

defense is an affirmative defense that will be waived if not pleaded. See

Ex parte Tyson Foods, Inc., 146 So. 3d 1041, 1044 (Ala. 2013)

("[S]urviving dependents of a deceased employee have the capacity to

bring an action and … a defendant waives the challenge to capacity by

not raising it."). Because we conclude that TruckMax has not established

that the trial court's ruling denying its motion for leave to amend its

answer should be reviewed pursuant to a mandamus petition, we deny

the petition.

     In October 2020, Joseph Harris was killed when he was struck by a

litter truck while cleaning up trash on Interstate 22. The truck was being

driven by Nekoile Bolton, who was an employee of Sweeping Corporation

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of America ("SCA").    At the time of the accident, Joseph had been

assigned to SCA by a temporary-employment agency called StaffZone to

provide trash-collection services for SCA. SCA owned the truck that

Bolton was driving. TruckMax has been accused of improperly designing

and manufacturing the truck. TruckMax, however, claims that it acted

only as the dealer that sold the truck to SCA and that the truck was

designed and manufactured by an entity that is not a party to this action.

That issue has not been resolved.

     On January 5, 2021, Joseph's wife Latosha sued TruckMax,

StaffZone, SCA, Bolton, and Bolton's supervisor, Shellie Waites. Joseph's

mother Ella Thomas-Harris was also named as a plaintiff in the action.

The plaintiffs alleged a workers' compensation claim against StaffZone,

Joseph's employer; negligence, wantonness, and wrongful-death claims

against SCA and its employees Bolton and Waites; and negligence,

wantonness, and wrongful-death claims and a claim under the Alabama

Extended Manufacturer's Liability Doctrine against TruckMax.            It

appears that all the defendants except TruckMax eventually settled with

the plaintiffs and were dismissed from the action.

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     In March 2021, TruckMax filed a motion to dismiss the claims

against it pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), Ala. R. Civ. P., but it did not

challenge either plaintiff's capacity to sue. In September 2021, the trial

court denied the motion to dismiss and gave TruckMax seven days to file

an answer to the complaint. TruckMax timely answered but did not

assert that either plaintiff lacked the capacity to sue. A little less than a

year later, on August 15, 2022, TruckMax filed a motion for leave to

amend its answer to assert that Latosha lacked the capacity to pursue

her claims against TruckMax. 1

     In support of its motion for leave to amend, TruckMax asserted that

Latosha had recently given deposition testimony indicating that she is

not Joseph's dependent under the Alabama Workers' Compensation Act

("the Act"), § 25-5-1 et seq., Ala. Code 1975. TruckMax claimed that

Latosha's testimony conflicted with allegations in the complaint and with

     1TruckMax's    petition for a writ of mandamus does not request any
relief with respect to the claims asserted by Joseph's mother. Rather, the
petition concentrates on evidence of Latosha's alleged lack of capacity to
pursue the action and states that TruckMax is "seeking to add a single
affirmative defense based on newly-discovered evidence that Latosha
lacked capacity to sue." Petition at 2.
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Latosha's previous responses to interrogatories indicating that Latosha

is Joseph's dependent.

     According to TruckMax, if Latosha is not Joseph's dependent under

the Act, then she does not have the capacity to pursue claims against

TruckMax. See § 25-5-11(a), Ala. Code 1975 (providing that, if a death

that is compensable under the Act is "caused under circumstances also

creating a legal liability for damages on the part of any party other than

the employer," the deceased employee's "dependents" may, in addition to

seeking compensation under the Act, "bring an action against the other

party to recover damages for the … death"); Alabama Power Co. v. White,

377 So. 2d 930, 932 (Ala. 1979) (construing § 25-5-11(a) and concluding

that, if an employee's death is caused by a workplace accident covered by

the Act, then § 25-5-11(a) gives the employee's dependents capacity to

seek compensation from the employer and from any culpable third party).

TruckMax also points to § 25-5-61(1), Ala. Code 1975, which provides

that, although a wife typically is conclusively presumed to be her

husband's   dependent    for   workers'   compensation   purposes, that

presumption fails if it is shown that 1) "she was voluntarily living apart

from her husband at the time of his injury or death" or 2) "the husband

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was not in any way contributing to her support and had not in any way

contributed to her support for more than 12 months next preceding the

occurrence of the injury causing his death." Latosha testified during her

deposition that she and Joseph had voluntarily lived apart for the 10

years preceding the accident, even though her interrogatory responses,

which were submitted months earlier, indicated that Joseph and Latosha

had lived together.

       Twelve days after Latosha's deposition, TruckMax moved to amend

its answer, pointing out that it had only recently learned that Latosha

allegedly was not Joseph's dependent and therefore lacks the capacity to

sue.    The trial court denied TruckMax's motion, concluding that

TruckMax's effort to amend its answer was untimely. The trial court also

questioned the merits of TruckMax's proposed lack-of-capacity defense.

This mandamus petition followed.

       Pursuant to Rule 15(a), Ala. R. Civ. P., "a party may amend a

pleading without leave of court, but subject to disallowance on the court's

own motion or a motion to strike of an adverse party, at any time more

than forty-two (42) days before the first setting of the case for trial." The

first trial date set in this action was September 19, 2022. TruckMax

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sought to amend its answer on August 15, 2022, 12 days after Latosha's

deposition, but 35 days before the first trial date.     Thus, TruckMax

missed the deadline to amend without leave by eight days.

     When a party seeks to amend a pleading after the expiration of the

deadline to amend without leave, the party "may amend … only by leave

of court, and leave shall be given only upon a showing of good cause."

Rule 15(a). This Court has construed this portion of Rule 15(a) as follows:

     "[I]n light of the overarching liberal policy of allowing
     amendments under Rule 15, the appropriate way to view the
     request for leave to amend, if a party demonstrates 'good
     cause,' is as though the request had been brought more than
     42 days before trial, when the trial court does not have
     'unbridled discretion' to deny the leave to amend, but can do
     so only upon the basis of a 'valid ground' as stated above."

Ex parte Liberty Nat'l Life Ins. Co., 858 So. 2d 950, 954 (Ala. 2003)

(quoting Ex parte Bailey, 814 So. 2d 867, 869 (Ala. 2001)). If "good cause"

is demonstrated, valid grounds nevertheless exist for refusing to allow an

amendment when there is actual prejudice or undue delay. Id. at 953.

     Trial courts have discretion in determining whether to allow a party

to amend a pleading under Rule 15(a). Burkett v. American Gen. Fin.,

Inc., 607 So. 2d 138, 141 (Ala. 1992). This Court, however, declines to

decide whether the trial court in this case exceeded its discretion in

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denying TruckMax's motion for leave to amend because TruckMax has

not demonstrated that the filing of a mandamus petition is a proper

method of seeking appellate review in this case.

                " 'The standard governing our review of an
           issue presented in a petition for the writ of
           mandamus is well established:

                 " ' "[M]andamus is a drastic and
                 extraordinary writ to be issued only
                 where there is (1) a clear legal right in
                 the petitioner to the order sought; (2)
                 an imperative duty upon the
                 respondent to perform, accompanied by
                 a refusal to do so; (3) the lack of another
                 adequate remedy; and (4) properly
                 invoked jurisdiction of the court." '

     "Ex parte Cupps, 782 So. 2d 772, 774-75 (Ala. 2000) (quoting
     Ex parte Edgar, 543 So. 2d 682, 684 (Ala. 1989))."

Ex parte Webber, 157 So. 3d 887, 891 (Ala. 2014) (emphasis added).

     TruckMax points to Ex parte Liberty National Life Insurance Co.,

supra, in support of the assertion in its mandamus petition that "[a] party

lacks another adequate remedy where, as here, a trial court denies a

motion for leave to amend to assert an affirmative defense to which it is

entitled." Petition at 11. In Liberty National, this Court did indeed issue

a writ of mandamus directing a trial court to allow the defendant to

amend its answer to plead a previously omitted affirmative defense. The
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Court, however, did not explain why a petition for a writ of mandamus,

and not an appeal, was appropriate. More recently, in Ex parte Gulf

Health Hospitals, Inc., 321 So. 3d 629 (Ala. 2020), a defendant sought

mandamus relief after the trial court in that case had allowed the

plaintiff to amend his complaint to allege additional facts in support of a

medical-malpractice/wrongful-death action.       This Court denied the

mandamus petition, concluding that the defendant had failed to establish

that an appeal would not be an adequate means of reviewing a trial

court's alleged error with respect to allowing a party to amend a pleading.

In doing so, the Court stated as follows regarding the lack-of-another-

adequate-remedy element necessary for mandamus review:

     "Parties often try to satisfy this element by citing caselaw in
     which this Court has determined that the issue being raised
     by the party is recognized for interlocutory appellate review.
     Although that may be sufficient in those cases in which it is
     well established that the issue being raised is appropriate for
     mandamus review (e.g., immunity), it is not sufficient here,
     where [the defendant] is challenging the trial court's ruling
     on a motion to amend a complaint. More is needed."

Gulf Health Hosps., 321 So. 3d at 632.        In its mandamus petition,

TruckMax simply cites to Liberty National in support of its assertion that

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mandamus review is proper in this case. But, as stated in Gulf Health

Hospitals, "[m]ore is needed." Id.2

     In response to TruckMax's mandamus petition, the plaintiffs rely

substantially on Gulf Health Hospitals, but TruckMax ignores that case

in its reply brief. Instead, TruckMax points to Ex parte Yarbrough, 788

So. 2d 128 (Ala. 2000), decided 20 years before Gulf Health Hospitals. In

Yarbrough, this Court considered the filing of a mandamus petition an

appropriate method of seeking appellate review of a trial court's refusal

to allow a defendant to amend his counterclaim and third-party claim

based on information he had learned during last-minute depositions. The

Court appears to have based its decision to engage in mandamus review

on the likelihood that an appeal would have resulted in a holding that

the trial court had erred and the fact that the remedy would have been

to order a new trial. But the same could be said about multiple types of

trial-court error that are not normally subject to mandamus review.

     2By  providing a citation to one case in which this Court engaged in
mandamus review with respect to a trial court's ruling on a motion for
leave to amend an answer to raise a previously omitted affirmative
defense, TruckMax has not demonstrated that it is "well established that
the issue being raised [in this case] is appropriate for mandamus review."
Gulf Health Hosps., 321 So. 3d at 632.
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Moreover, the Court in Yarbrough made sure to note that, "[i]f the

remedy by way of appeal is adequate, as is usually the case with rulings

allowing or disallowing amendments, we will decline to grant the writ."

788 So. 2d at 132 (emphasis added). See also Gulf Health Hosps., 321 So.

3d at 633 (" 'It is not to be assumed or understood, however, that

mandamus will be allowed as a method of reviewing all rulings denying

the right to amend a complaint or other pleading. In accord with the

weight of authority and sound reasoning, it may well be that review of

the great majority of rulings allowing or disallowing amendments will be

only by appeal.' " (quoting Ex parte Miller, 292 Ala. 554, 557-58, 297 So.

2d 802, 805 (1974))). In light of the recent admonishment in Gulf Health

Hospitals, we are not convinced by the citation to Yarbrough that

mandamus review is appropriate in the present case.3

     3TruckMax    suggests that the Court in Yarbrough also considered
mandamus review appropriate in part because the parties opposing the
defendant's request for leave to amend his counterclaim and third-party
claim contributed to the delay in the defendant's discovering the
information underlying his desire to amend his claims. According to
TruckMax, the plaintiffs in the present case contributed to TruckMax's
not learning that Latosha might not be Joseph's dependent until shortly
before the first trial setting. Although the Court in Yarbrough
acknowledged that the delay was not completely the defendant's fault, it
did not clearly state that that circumstance was a justification for
reviewing the trial court's actions pursuant to a mandamus petition.
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      The Court does acknowledge precedent wherein we have reviewed

by way of a mandamus petition a trial court's refusal to allow a defendant

to pursue a particular affirmative defense for reasons other than

tardiness. For example, the Court in Ex parte Teal, 336 So. 3d 165, 168

(Ala. 2021), granted a petition for a writ of mandamus challenging a

summary judgment in favor of a shooting victim on the defendant's

affirmative defenses alleging self-defense and statutory immunity to

liability.   TruckMax, however, does not discuss that precedent or

otherwise explain why it might establish that mandamus relief is

appropriate here. Moreover, in Ex parte Tahsin Industrial Corp., U.S.A.,

4 So. 3d 1121 (Ala. 2008), this Court concluded that mandamus review

was not available to challenge a trial court's order striking a particular

affirmative defense because that defense, if successful, would not have

completely resolved the action against the defendant; it would have only

reduced the available damages:

      "By asserting that it is not subject to the statutory claim for
      three times the damages allegedly sustained by [the plaintiff]
      plus reasonable attorney fees and court costs under [a
      statutory scheme dealing with sales commissions], [the
      defendant] only partially avoids judgment because its
      defense, if upheld, would not be determinative of the action.
      See Ex parte Employers Mut. Cas. Co., 845 So. 2d 773, 776
      (Ala. 2002) ('Likewise, governed by the particular concerns of
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      judicial economy raised by the scenario involved here -- a trial
      court's pretrial decision to strike a potentially determinative
      affirmative defense -- we have previously issued the writ [of
      mandamus] after holding that the trial court's decision was
      erroneous, focusing mainly on the inherent prejudice on the
      petitioner.'). We find no basis for relief by way of mandamus
      stemming from [the defendant's] reliance on authority dealing
      with striking an affirmative defense."

4 So. 3d at 1123-24. In the present case, although lack of capacity would

seem to resolve Latosha's claims in favor of TruckMax, it does not appear

to have a substantial probability of resolving the claims of Joseph's

mother, which, for all that appears, will still need to be tried. 4

      Mandamus is a drastic and extraordinary writ. Ex parte Webber,

supra.    It is TruckMax's burden to establish that such relief is

appropriate here. Id. Because it has not met that burden under the

reasoning of Gulf Health Hospitals, we deny the petition. By doing so,

however, the Court does not suggest that mandamus relief can never be

appropriate with respect to a trial court's refusal to allow a defendant to

amend an answer to raise a previously omitted affirmative defense. For

      4We  note that the parties do not provide significant discussion
regarding how this action would be affected if only Joseph's mother, and
not Latosha, were allowed to proceed against TruckMax. For example,
they do not discuss whether damages, or apportionment thereof, might
be affected by that circumstance.
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example, mandamus review might be appropriate if a defendant

establishes that a disallowed affirmative defense could completely

resolve the action and an appeal would most likely result in a new trial

and the waste of judicial resources.

     PETITION DENIED.

     Parker, C.J., and Wise, Bryan, Mendheim, Stewart, and Mitchell,

JJ., concur.

     Shaw and Cook, JJ., concur in the result.

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