Court Opinion

ID: 9956106
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-01 08:10:22.905515+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:15:20.317533
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued March 19, 2024.

                                   In The

                            Court of Appeals
                                   For The

                        First District of Texas
                          ————————————
                            NO. 01-23-00691-CV
                          ———————————
 IN THE INTEREST OF J.O.A.M. AKA J. M. AND P.S.R.M., CHILDREN
                          ————————————
                            NO. 01-23-00692-CV
                          ———————————
    IN THE INTEREST OF A.O.P.-W. JR. AND A.O.P.-W., CHILDREN

                  On Appeal from the 312th District Court
                           Harris County, Texas
              Trial Court Case No. 2022-13719 and 2017-45835

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

     S.T.N. (“Mother”) challenges the trial court’s final decree terminating her

parental rights to her minor children J.O.A.M. aka J.M. (“Jayla”) and P.S.R.M.
(“Pia”) based on the court’s finding that Mother committed the predicate acts under

Texas Family Code Section 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), (M), (N), and (O). Mother argues

there is legally and factually insufficient evidence supporting the trial court’s

findings that (1) she committed the predicate acts under Section 161.001(b)(1)(D),

(E), (M), (N), and (O), and (2) termination of her parental rights was in Jayla’s and

Pia’s best interest.

       Mother also challenges the trial court’s Order Modifying Prior Order

modifying her parental rights to her minor children A.O.P.-W. JR. (“Anthony”) and

A.O.P.-W. (“Adrian”) pursuant to Section 263.404 of the Texas Family Code.

Mother argues there is legally and factually insufficient evidence supporting the

appointment of Anthony’s and Adrian’s paternal grandmother as their sole managing

conservator.

       We affirm the decree of termination with respect to Jayla and Pia as well as

the order modifying Mother’s rights to Anthony and Adrian and appointing the boys’

paternal grandmother as their sole managing conservator.

                                     Background1

       Mother has six children: Anthony, Adrian, C.C.D.M. (“Casey”), “BABY

BOY N. aka INFANT M. aka T.M. (“Tyler”), Pia, and Jayla. A.O.P.-W. (“Aaron”)

1
       To protect the children’s privacy, we refer to the children, their family, and their
       foster parents using pseudonyms or their initials. The following background section
       and trial testimony is relevant to both appeals.

                                            2
is the father of Anthony and Adrian. A.M. (“Alan”) is the father of Mother’s

younger children: Casey, Tyler, Pia, and Jayla.2

      On March 17, 2022, the Department filed in trial court cause number 2017-

45835 an “Original Motion to Modify for Conservatorship, and for Termination in

Suit Affecting the Parent-Child Relationship.” The Department sought to modify a

July 2017 order appointing Mother and Aaron as Anthony’s and Adrian’s joint

managing conservators, and to terminate Mother’s and Aaron’s parental rights to

Anthony and Adrian.

      On March 7, 2022, the Department filed in trial court cause number 2022-

13719 an Original Petition for Protection of a Child for Conservatorship, and for

Termination in Suit Affecting the Parent-Child Relationship, seeking to terminate

Mother’s and Alan’s parental rights to Jayla. On March 17, 2022, the Department

filed in the same cause number its First Amended Petition for Protection of a Child

for Conservatorship and for Termination in Suit Affecting the Parent-Child

Relationship for Jayla, and an Original Suit for the protection of Pia seeking to

terminate Mother’s and Alan’s parental rights to both girls.

2
      On August 5, 2022, the trial court issued an order terminating Mother’s and Alan’s
      parental rights to Casey, who was then four years old, and on August 12, 2022, the
      trial court issued an order terminating Mother’s and Alan’s parental rights to Tyler,
      who was then two years old. This appeal does not involve the termination orders
      for Casey or Tyler.

                                            3
      The trial court conducted a single bench trial for cause number 2017-45835,

involving Adrian and Anthony, and cause number 2022-13719, involving Jayla and

Pia.3 When trial began, Anthony was 11 years old, Adrian was 9 years old, Pia was

2 years old, and Jayla was 1 year old.

A.    Witness Testimony

      1.     Andrea Johnson

      Andrea Johnson is Anthony, Adrian, Pia, and Jayla’s caseworker. Johnson

testified that the Department was requesting termination of Mother’s and Aaron’s

parental rights to Anthony and Adrian in trial court cause number 2017-45835, and

termination of Mother’s and Alan’s parental rights to Pia and Jayla in trial court

cause number 2022-13719.

      Johnson testified that Anthony and Adrian initially came into the

Department’s care in March 2019 after Alan kidnapped Anthony, Adrian, Casey,

and Mother at gunpoint. According to Johnson, Anthony and Adrian were placed in

an agreed safety placement with their paternal grandmother A.W. (“Anna”). Casey,

who was initially placed with his maternal grandmother J.N. (“Julie”), was later

placed in foster care.

3
      The bench trial was conducted over several days on May 11, 2023, June 16, 2023,
      July 27–28, 2023, August 3, 2023, and August 25, 2023.

                                         4
      On December 18, 2019, the Department filed an Original Motion to Modify

for Conservatorship and for Termination in Suit Affecting the Parent-Child

Relationship involving Anthony and Adrian. Johnson testified the Department

sought to modify a July 2017 order previously appointing Mother and Aaron as

Anthony’s and Adrian’s joint managing conservators and to terminate Mother’s and

Aaron’s parental rights to Anthony and Adrian. The Department filed a separate

petition seeking to terminate Mother’s and Alan’s parental rights to Casey, and they

filed a similar petition seeking to terminate Mother’s and Alan’s parental rights to

Tyler after Tyler was born.     Johnson testified the Department decided to seek

termination of the parents’ rights in December 2019, because Mother and Alan had

been threatening to physically remove the children from their placements.

      Mother’s fourth child, Tyler, was born in February 2020. Tyler came into the

Department’s care because both he and Mother tested positive for marijuana when

he was born, and Mother and Alan allegedly abandoned him at the hospital. When

he was six or seven weeks old, Tyler was placed in the same foster home as Casey.

The Department filed a petition seeking to terminate Mother’s and Alan’s parental

rights to Tyler.

      Johnson testified the Department prepared a family service plan (“FSP”) for

Mother setting forth the actions she needed to take to be reunified with her children.

According to Johnson, Mother did not complete the services required by her FSP

                                          5
and she blamed Alan for her inability to do so. Nevertheless, the trial court returned

Anthony, Adrian, Casey, and Tyler to Mother in November 2021.

      In January 2022, Mother and Alan were arrested in California for child

endangerment. Anthony, Adrian, Casey, Tyler, and their younger sister Pia were

removed from Mother’s care by Child Protective Services and placed in foster care.

Johnson testified that when they were initially taken into CPS’s care, the children

had “scars and marks on them,” they were wearing soiled, oversized clothing that

was not appropriate for cold weather, and Anthony was not wearing shoes. After

Johnson confronted Mother with the police reports detailing the circumstances

leading to Mother’s arrest and the children’s condition when the police encountered

them in California, Mother told Johnson that the allegations were false. She also

denied that she and Alan were together and claimed she took the children to

California to visit Alan and go to the beach.

      On March 10, 2022, Casey and Tyler’s previous foster family drove to

California to pick up the boys. Pia and Jayla, who was born in February 2022, were

ultimately placed in the same foster home as Casey and Tyler. On March 25, 2022,

Anthony and Adrian were transported back to Houston and placed with Anna. That

month, the Department filed new petitions seeking to terminate Mother’s and

Aaron’s parental rights to Anthony and Adrian and to terminate Mother’s and Alan’s

parental rights to Pia and Jayla.

                                          6
      On May 11, 2022, the Department prepared and filed a new FSP for Mother

with respect to Anthony, Adrian, Jayla, and Pia. Johnson, who was assigned to the

children’s cases in July 2022, went over the FSP with Mother during an August 31,

2022 family group conference. The FSP was made an order of the court during a

September 2022 status hearing.

      According to the FSP, the Department was concerned about Mother’s ability

to care for Anthony, Adrian, Jayla, and Pia because Mother had “left the children on

the side of the road to panhandle in harsh weather conditions with no shoes and

inappropriate clothing,” had “a history of drug use and was positive at the birth of

her second to youngest child,” and had “placed the children in harm on multiple

occasions.” Johnson testified that to address the Department’s concerns, the FSP

required Mother to refrain from illegal activity, have stable housing and

employment, participate in all court hearings, complete parenting classes, complete

a substance abuse assessment and follow all recommendations, complete a

psychological assessment and follow all recommendations, and participate in drug

screenings. The FSP stated the Department’s primary permanency goal for Anthony

and Adrian was Alt Family: Relative/Fictive Kin, Adoption and the concurrent

permanency goal for the boys was Alt Family: Relative/Fictive Kin,

Conservatorship.

                                         7
      Johnson testified that Mother did not complete all of her FSP’s requirements

because, among other things, she did not maintain contact with the Department,

maintain stable housing, or complete her required services. According to Johnson,

Mother did not update the Department when she moved or changed her phone

number, which happened frequently. The phone numbers Mother gave to Johnson

were often disconnected and letters Johnson sent to the mailing addresses Mother

provided were often returned. Johnson said she would find out that Mother had a

new phone number or address when Mother would appear for a family group

conference every three to six months. Johnson said that she went for at least four or

five months without having a way to contact Mother. Johnson testified that Mother

provided her with a new telephone number in December 2022 at the family group

conference meeting and Mother provided her with a new address in January 2023.

      Mother was also required to provide the Department with proof of stable

housing. Johnson testified that while Mother would provide her with mailing

addresses, Johnson did not know where Mother was living most of the time. At a

court hearing in March 2023, Mother testified that she was living at an address on

West Bellfort Avenue, but when Johnson spoke to a representative in the leasing

office for the apartment complex located at that address, the representative told her

Mother was not a tenant at that complex. According to Johnson, Mother never

provided her with proof that she had stable housing, and Johnson still does not know

                                         8
where Mother was living or if Mother had a safe place for the children to live if they

were returned to her care.

      With regard to Mother’s services, Johnson testified that Mother did not begin

participating in her required services until she completed her substance abuse

assessment on January 26, 2023, approximately two weeks before the February 9,

2023 trial setting. Mother completed her psychological assessment on February 3,

2023. According to Johnson, Mother made an appointment for a psychological

evaluation in August 2022, but she missed the appointment.

      In addition to completing these assessments, Mother’s FSP also required her

to follow each assessment’s recommendations. Johnson testified that the

psychological assessment recommended that Mother attend eight to ten parenting

classes, engage in individual therapy, participate in a domestic violence program,

complete a psychiatric evaluation, continue doing random drug screenings, and

participate in an outpatient substance abuse treatment program. As of the date of

trial, Mother had completed the recommended psychiatric evaluation and parenting

classes. Although she was still engaging in individual therapy, which included the

domestic violence requirement, random drug screenings, and substance abuse

outpatient treatment, Mother had not completed those requirements.

      Johnson testified that Mother also did not complete her required services when

the children were removed from her care in March 2019, and that Mother claimed

                                          9
Alan had prevented her from doing so. Although Mother claimed she was not able

to begin participating in services in the current case until January 2023 because she

had trouble reaching the service providers, Mother did not tell Johnson that she was

having difficulty scheduling services. Johnson testified that Mother had Johnson’s

contact information at all times.

      Regarding Mother’s drug testing requirements and drug use, Johnson testified

that Mother tested positive for marijuana when Jayla was born in February 2022,

and she took her first court-ordered drug test in this case in January 2023. According

to Johnson, the three drug tests Mother took in 2023 were negative. Johnson tried

contacting Mother about submitting to other random drug and court-ordered testing

before January 2023, but Mother’s phone number changed often, and Johnson had

not been able to get in contact with Mother to schedule the tests. Johnson testified

that Mother told the person conducting her substance abuse assessment in January

2023 that the last time she used marijuana was in December 2022. In addition to

testing positive for marijuana when Jayla was born, Mother also tested positive for

cocaine and marijuana when she was pregnant with Pia on August 19, 2020.

      Johnson testified the Department was concerned about Mother’s ability to

protect the children from harm if they were returned to her care because Mother,

who had been married to Alan for a few years, had repeatedly misled the court and

the Department about the timing and nature of her contacts with Alan and Johnson

                                         10
did not know if Mother would allow Alan to be around the children despite his past

abusive and dangerous conduct towards Mother and the children.4 The Department

was also “very concerned” that if Mother had the right to know the children’s

addresses and where they attended school, she would share that information with

Alan and he “could show up” and “try to take the kids again.”

      Johnson testified that during a hearing in January 2023, Mother claimed she

had not been in contact with Alan since they were arrested in California in January

2022. When asked if she was aware of any criminal charges filed against Alan,

Johnson testified that Alan had been arrested down the street from Julie’s home in

February 2022, and he was arrested for assaulting Mother at Julie’s home in March

2023. Julie is Mother’s mother. Mother did not disclose these incidents to Johnson.

Johnson testified that on July 17, 2021, Alan was arrested for assaulting Mother

while she was pregnant with Jayla. On April 5, 2022, the assault charge was

dismissed at Mother’s request. Mother’s request to dismiss the assault charges

against Alan was a major concern for the Department with respect to Mother’s ability

to protect the children from Alan.

      Regarding Jayla and Pia, Johnson testified that the girls had been placed in

the same foster home as Casey and Tyler. Johnson testified the trial court signed

4
      Johnson could not recall if Mother and Alan were married in 2017 or 2019. The
      copy of Mother’s and Alan’s marriage license admitted into evidence reflects that
      they were married on October 14, 2019.

                                         11
final decrees terminating Mother’s parental rights to Casey and Tyler on child

endangerment grounds. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(D) & and (E). The

decrees, which were admitted into evidence, were issued in August 2022.

      Casey’s and Tyler’s foster parents, T.J. (“Tanya”) and her husband K.J.

(“Kevin”), adopted Casey and Tyler in May 2023, and they wanted to adopt Jayla

and Pia. Johnson, who had visited the girls in Tanya’s and Kevin’s home, testified

that Jayla and Pia were happy, “very much” bonded with Tanya and Kevin, and

doing well in the home with Casey and Tyler. Johnson testified it would be in Jayla’s

and Pia’s best interest to terminate Mother’s parental rights, and if Mother’s rights

were terminated, the Department planned to allow Kevin and Tanya to adopt the

girls. Johnson testified the Department was requesting termination of Mother’s

rights to Jayla and Pia under Subsections (D), (E), (M), (N), and (O).

      Regarding Anthony and Adrian, Johnson testified that the boys are bonded

with Anna, their paternal grandmother, and they are happy and doing well in her

home. Johnson testified that Anthony and Adrian want to live with Anna and

Anthony wants to maintain contact with Mother. Anna, who is a licensed foster

parent, wants to adopt the boys if Mother’s and Aaron’s rights are terminated.

Johnson testified that it was in Anthony’s and Adrian’s best interests to terminate

Mother’s and Aaron’s parental rights and appoint the Department as the boys’

managing conservator, so that Anna could adopt the boys.

                                         12
      When asked about other possible placements for the boys, Johnson testified

that Julie’s home study had been denied and although the Department was

conducting a home study on Mother’s sister, the study was not finalized, and the

Department was concerned about the appropriateness of placing the children with

Mother’s sister.

      Johnson, who had spoken to the boys’ therapist and reviewed the therapist’s

notes, agreed that the boys’ outcries of abuse indicated that the abuse happened at

the hands of Alan while the children were in the care of Mother and Alan. Johnson

also testified that Mother had missed several visits with Anthony and Adrian, and

she never provided an explanation for her absences. According to Johnson, Anthony

looked forward to visiting with Mother and her failure to show up affected him more

than Adrian.

      2.       Anna

      Anna is Anthony’s and Adrian’s paternal grandmother and a licensed foster

parent. Her son Aaron is the boys’ father. Anna testified that she knows Pia and

Jayla, and Mother and Alan are the girls’ biological parents. Anna met Mother when

Mother was pregnant with Anthony. According to Anna, Mother and Aaron were

in a relationship for approximately five years, and they lived with her after Anthony

and Adrian were born. Anna testified that Mother did not use drugs when she lived

                                         13
with her, Mother was a “good mom to the boys, and she didn’t show any type of

abuse at that time.”

      Mother moved out of Anna’s home when Mother and Aaron broke up.

According to Anna, Anthony and Adrian would split their time between Mother and

Anna’s home, where Anna and Aaron lived. Aaron continued to live with Anna after

Mother moved out. When asked if she knew where Mother lived after she moved

out, Anna testified Mother stayed with Mother’s mother, Julie, and Anna would pick

up the boys from Julie’s home for visits.

      According to Anna, Mother started dating Alan when Adrian and Anthony

were two and three years old, respectively. Anna testified that although Mother’s

phone number changed a lot after she moved out of Anna’s home, Anna was able to

keep in contact with Mother until Mother and Alan started dating. After Mother and

Alan started dating, Mother stopped calling Anna and Aaron and Anna and Aaron

were frequently unable to reach Mother when they wanted to schedule a visit with

the boys. According to Anna, the only way they could reach Mother was to contact

Julie, and Julie would either take a message for Mother or let Mother know that Anna

or Aaron had called for her. Anna testified their visits with the boys became shorter

and less frequent, and Mother stopped allowing Anna and Aaron to visit the boys a

few months after she started dating Alan. Anna testified that the longest period she

went without seeing the boys was two years.

                                            14
      At some point, Mother moved in with her cousin. Anna learned of Mother’s

living situation when Mother’s cousin contacted Anna after the police were called

to their apartment for a welfare check for Anthony and Adrian. The cousin called

Anna again about another incident in which the police were dispatched to the

apartment. Although Anna went to the apartment each time Mother’s cousin called,

Anna was not able to see Anthony and Adrian either time. According to Anna, the

police told her the boys were safe and she would need to go to court if she wanted

to see the boys.

      On March 13, 2019, an Amber Alert was issued for the children after Alan

reportedly took Mother, Anthony, Adrian, and Casey from Julie’s home at

gunpoint.5 After the police notified Anna that Anthony and Adrian had been found,

Anna and Aaron went to the police station to see the boys. According to Anna, Alan

was at the station, but he was not in custody. Anna testified that the boys were dirty,

their hair was uncut, and they looked like “orphan children.” According to Anna,

Mother was very angry, and she confronted Julie outside the police station, accused

her of causing the situation by getting the police involved, and Mother told Julie to

stay out of her business. Mother went back inside the police station while Anna,

Aaron and Julie waited outside. Anna testified that Mother, who did not appear to

be angry with Alan, was standing next to him and they appeared to be a couple.

5
      Tyler, Pia, and Jayla had not been born when this occurred.
                                          15
      After several hours, the police released Anthony and Adrian to Anna and

Aaron. According to Anna, the boys ran over to her and grabbed her. According to

Anna, Anthony held Anna’s arm as they drove away from the station, and he did not

let go of her until they reached Anna’s home.

      The Department placed Anthony and Adrian with Anna after that night.

Aaron was no longer living with her at the time. Anna testified that when Anthony

and Adrian lived with her, the boys had their own bedroom, they performed “very

well in school,” and they “[w]ere able to eat every day when they wanted to.”

      Anna, who attended all the court hearings in that case, only remembered

Mother attending one of the hearings. According to Anna, Mother testified during

a show-cause hearing that she was not in a relationship with Alan, she did not want

to be in a relationship with him, and she assured the court that Anthony and Adrian

would be safe with her.

      On November 4, 2021, Anthony and Adrian, who had been living with Anna

since March 2019, were returned to Mother’s care. Although she was not able to see

or speak to the boys after they were returned to Mother, Anna exchanged text

messages with them for a time and Mother told Anna that she would accept money

if Anna and Aaron wanted to do anything for the boys.

      Anna stated that she and Aaron were unable to check on the boys at school

because they did not know the boys’ whereabouts. They later learned the boys had

                                        16
been enrolled in school in Cypress, Texas. When Anna and Aaron spoke to the

principal of Anthony’s school, they learned Anthony was not at the school and that

Mother’s sister had written a letter to the school informing them that Anthony would

no longer be attending classes there.        Anna and Aaron were given the same

information about Adrian when they visited his school.

          Anna testified that she did not know where the boys were after that, but in

January 2022, she learned that the police in Pasadena, California investigated Alan

and Mother for panhandling on a freeway off-ramp with Anthony, Adrian, Casey,

Tyler, and Pia. According to the Pasadena Police Department’s report, which was

admitted into evidence as Department Exhibit 38, the officers, who arrived at the

scene at 8:30 p.m., noted that the children were “severely neglected,” malnourished,

not dressed appropriately for the cold weather conditions that night, and had bruising

to their faces and bodies. Child Protective Services in California took possession of

the children after Mother and Alan were arrested at the scene. The police report

states:

          [Anthony, who was 9 years old,] was not wearing shoes or socks.
          [Adrian, who was 7 years old,] had light scabbing around the bridge of
          his mouth and was wearing a dirty adult size sweater. [Casey, who was
          almost 4 years old,] had soiled himself and had bruising and scabbing
          on his cheeks and mouth. [Tyler, who was almost 2 years old,] soiled
          himself and was shivering and had on a dirty sweater. [Tyler] also
          suffered . . . from bruising and scabbing on his cheek and face. There
          was a small scab on the left side of his chest discovered after further
          examination. [Pia, who was 11 months old,] was in a stroller and was

                                            17
      being held by [Mother]. [Mother] accidentally admitted to being seven
      months pregnant.

      I spoke briefly to [Anthony] who stated that they had not eaten since
      11:00 am this morning. It should be noted that all the children appeared
      disheveled, cold and were huddling next to each other. [Casey and
      Tyler] were falling asleep from exhaustion and were seated on the
      sidewalk during my arrival.

      ...

      [Mother] said that her family was traveling from Texas to Los Angeles
      and got dropped off by a truck coming from Arizona. Their plan was to
      stay with an Aunt that they believed lived in Los Angeles but they
      didn’t have a contact number for her. When they arrived in Los Angeles
      she discovered that her Aunt was not an option for her family to stay
      with so they came to Pasadena.

      [Mother] said that her plan now was to take the children back to Arizona
      to find a place to stay. [Mother] said they were low on money and was
      trying to get money from drivers coming off the freeway to pay for a
      Lyft driver. It should be noted that [Mother] was agitated while I was
      speaking with her and said she did not need any help from the police. I
      asked [Mother] what happened to [Anthony’s] shoes[.] [Mother] said
      he lost them as they were walking. [Mother] was insistent that we leave
      her and the children alone. [Mother] refused to give additional
      information and had nothing further to add.

      After Alan and Mother refused multiple offers for emergency shelter and food

for the family, the officers arrested them for child endangerment. Alan, who had a

handgun with a loaded magazine in his pocket, was also arrested for “being a

convicted felon in possession of a loaded firearm and resisting arrest.” The officers

found a second magazine clip in a diaper bag.

                                         18
      Anna testified that Anthony and Adrian were in a foster home in California

for several months before they were returned to her care. Anna, who spoked to the

boys’ foster mother every day, testified the boys cried every day and wanted to go

home. Anthony and Adrian were transported back to Texas in March 2022 and

placed back in Anna’s home. Although the boys were “elated” to be back with Anna,

they also had emotional and behavioral problems and Anna started them in therapy

after they returned from California. According to Anna, Anthony was angry and had

breakdowns at school. Anna had to go to campus to calm him down or take him

home. Although not as bad as Anthony’s behavioral and emotional issues, Adrian

also had emotional struggles, and both boys suffered from recurrent nightmares and

wanted to be in the same room as Anna. Anthony told Anna that Alan had punched

him on his arm, back, and legs.

      A letter from the boys’ therapist was admitted into evidence. In the letter, the

therapist stated that Anthony had disclosed to her that he and his family were abused

by Alan. According to the letter, Anthony told his therapist that Alan “placed his

hand over [Anthony’s hand] and shot the lady, . . . drug her body while she was still

alive in the bushes and stole her car.” Anthony also disclosed to his therapist that

Alan had “touched him on his private part and then slapped him,” causing Anthony

to fall and his mouth to bleed. According to the letter, Anthony “felt guilty [about]

everything that had happened to his family.”

                                         19
      Anna testified that Anthony and Adrian talked to her about their trip to

California. They told Anna they did not know where they were going, they just got

in the car as they were instructed. According to the boys, Alan threw their tablets

down a sewer, and he threw most of their stuff away because “they did not need

them.” Anthony told Anna that Mother and Alan would leave them alone in motels

and he would care for the younger kids while they were gone and make bottles to

keep the youngest child quiet. The boys told Anna they did not have food to eat, and

at some point during their trip to California, the family did not have a car and they

had to walk. Anthony told Anna that Tyler, who was almost two years old, would

cry while they were walking, and Alan would hit Tyler to stop the crying. According

to Anthony, the family slept in abandoned buildings, under bridges, and under

freeways.

      Anna testified that Anthony told her he saw Mother and Alan doing “adult

stuff” in the motels and the affidavit attached to the Department’s petition states,

“The older children disclosed physical abuse, drug usage and domestic violence in

their presence,” and Mother has “allowed the children to be in the presence of [Alan]

and they both have engaged in domestic violence with the children present.”

      Although Mother and Alan had thrown away the boys’ tablets, Anthony was

able to communicate with Anna for a few days using his Roblox game’s messaging

function. According to Anna, Anthony wrote in one text message, “Please don’t say

                                         20
anything. Don’t call me back because my mom will slap me.” Anthony also

indicated that if Mother found out he had been in contact with Anna, Mother would

take away his gaming device and Anthony would be unable to contact them.

Anthony did not know where the family was located, and he was not able to give

Anna enough information for her to find them.

      Anna testified that Mother did not contact her after the boys returned from

California in March 2022 or attend hearings in this case for the first few months.

Mother’s husband, Alan, did not appear for any hearing in this case or at trial.

According to Anna, Mother claimed she does not know Alan’s whereabouts.

      Anna testified that Aaron has court-ordered supervised visitation with

Anthony and Adrian, and she supervises the visits and follows the court’s orders.

According to Anna, Aaron’s parental rights should be terminated as to Anthony and

Adrian because Aaron, who refused to submit to drug testing in this case, is not doing

what he needs to do to properly care for the boys. Anna testified that the boys love

Aaron and she will allow him to have contact with the boys if she believes it is in

the boys’ best interest.

      Anna testified that Mother has had telephone contact with Anthony and

Adrian, including once in December 2022. The boys are also able to communicate

with Mother during their therapy sessions and their therapist is present to supervise.

According to Anna, the boys were hurt when Mother did not appear for several of

                                         21
these court-ordered therapeutic phone sessions with the boys. Anna said that

Anthony is happy to talk to Mother when he does talk to her. She said Adrian’s

interactions with Mother are shorter than Anthony’s and Anna attributes this to

differences in the boys’ personalities.

      Anna testified that it was not a good idea for Mother to have the right to know

the boys’ residence and school because the boys were not safe around Alan, and

Anna was worried that Mother would share that information with Alan. Anna

testified that it would be better for her to have the ability to withhold that information

from Mother if she believed the disclosure of the information would pose a danger

to the boys. Anna testified that while Anthony and Adrian loved Mother and they

wanted to see her, Anna believed it was in the boys’ best interest that Mother’s

parental rights to them be terminated. Although Anna does not believe Mother

should have visitation rights to the boys, she will allow Mother to contact the boys

if Mother becomes more reliable. Anna testified that she plans to adopt Anthony

and Adrian if Mother’s and Aaron’s rights to the boys are terminated.

      Anna testified that she is in contact with Casey’s and Tyler’s original foster

family, Tanya and Kevin. According to Anna, Casey, Tyler, Pia, and Jayla were

placed with Tanya and Kevin after the children returned from California. Tanya and

Kevin adopted Casey and Tyler and they intend to adopt Pia and Jayla if Mother’s

and Alan’s parental rights to the girls are terminated. Anna testified that her family

                                           22
and Tanya’s and Kevin’s family have grown close. The six children visit together

often and are well-bonded to one another.

      On cross-examination, Anna testified that she has a brother who was in jail on

a charge of assault of a family member, but her brother rarely comes to her home.

Anna was unaware that Aaron had two open criminal cases.

      3.     Tanya

      Tanya is Jayla’s and Pia’s foster mother. Tanya, a licensed foster parent,

testified that she and her husband Kevin adopted Jayla’s and Pia’s brothers, Casey

and Tyler, in May 2023 after Mother’s and Alan’s parental rights to the boys were

terminated. Tanya and Kevin planned to adopt Jayla and Pia if Mother’s and Alan’s

parental rights to the girls are terminated also.

      Casey was removed from Mother’s care after Alan allegedly kidnapped him,

Anthony, Adrian, and Mother at gunpoint in March 2019. He was twenty months

old when he was placed with Tanya’s family on December 17, 2019. On March 20,

2020, seven-week-old Tyler, who was born while Casey’s case was pending, was

placed with Tanya and Kevin.

      Tanya testified Casey and Tyler were returned to Mother on November 4,

2021, after Mother testified during a hearing that she and Alan were not together,

she claimed she had cut off all contact with Alan, and she did not know where to

find him. Casey, who was almost four years old, had been with Tanya and her family

                                           23
for almost two years at that time and Tyler had lived with them for most of his life.

Tanya testified that Mother saw Casey and Tyler twice during the two years the boys

were living with Tanya’s family. Tanya testified that Casey and Tyler were bonded

with her and her family, they called her and Kevin “mom” and “dad,” and that Tyler,

who was nineteen months old, was so upset when he was removed from Tanya’s

home that the caseworker had difficulty putting him in his car safety seat. Although

the Department had planned to place Pia with Tanya and Kevin, they were not able

to do so before the court returned the children to Mother in November 2021.6

      Tanya testified that Casey and Tyler received treatment for medical conditions

before they were returned to Mother.           Casey, who was diagnosed with

hydronephrosis, has one oversized kidney and his normal-sized kidney functions

only at about 53 percent. When he lived with Tanya, Casey took daily medication,

and he received renal ultrasounds every three months. Casey also drank PediaSure

every day to help him obtain a healthy body weight. According to Tanya, Casey ate

well but he needed more food than most children his age and he had difficulty

keeping weight on. When Casey and Tyler were returned to Mother on November

4, 2021, Casey had already undergone four surgeries to treat his hydronephrosis, and

6
      In November 2021, Mother was five months pregnant with Jayla.

                                         24
he had a doctor’s appointment scheduled for later that month to determine whether

he needed a fifth surgery.

      Tanya, who could not recall the name of Tyler’s medical condition, testified

that Tyler was given PediaSure daily because he refused to eat solid foods. Tyler

had been attending speech therapy weekly for six months to try to promote eating

before he was returned to Mother in November 2021.

      Tanya gave the caseworker who picked up the boys their doctors’ contact

information, Casey’s medication, and a two-month supply of PediaSure for both

boys. According to Tanya, Mother did not refill Casey’s prescriptions after he

returned to her care or take him to his November 2021 doctor’s appointment.

      Tanya testified that although she did not have contact with Casey and Tyler

after they were removed from her home, Anna spoke to Anthony and Adrian on the

phone and Anthony would send photographs of Casey and Tyler to Anna to share

with Tanya. Tanya testified that she was concerned about Casey’s and Tyler’s health

when she saw the photographs because the boys “didn’t look like themselves. They

looked like different children.” According to the private investigator hired by Tanya

and Kevin, the children stayed at their maternal grandmother’s home for a few weeks

after they were returned to Mother on November 4, 2021, but the private investigator

lost track of the children’s location after that.

                                            25
      In January 2022, Tanya learned from Anna that Mother was in jail in

California and the children were in CPS custody.7 In March 2022, Tanya, her

husband, and their two daughters drove to California to pick up Casey and Tyler.8

Tanya testified that when she saw Casey and Tyler in California, the boys were not

well-kept and they both “looked like little throwaway kids.” According to Tanya,

Casey’s stomach was so swollen and tender that he “couldn’t fit – regular-size

clothes.” The change in his appearance was so dramatic that it reminded Tanya of

“a woman going from having a flat stomach to being pregnant.” Casey, who had

just turned four years old, looked sad and he did not appear to recognize Tanya and

Kevin when he first saw them. Casey told Tanya that he wanted to go home with

her and her family. According to Tanya, Casey was in pain the entire drive home to

Houston, and she made a doctor’s appointment for him while they were enroute so

that he could see the doctor the next week.

      Tyler, who was two years old, was also in poor health when Tanya saw him

in California. He had lost a lot of weight and he had injured his foot after he was

removed from her home in November 2021. According to Tanya, it took a couple

of months for Tyler’s foot to heal.

7
      The records indicate Mother was arrested for child endangerment, but according to
      Tanya, no charges were filed against Mother.
8
      Tanya did not specify when they traveled to California, but the record reveals this
      would have occurred in March 2022.

                                          26
      On August 5, 2022, the trial court issued a final decree terminating Mother’s

and Alan’s parental rights to Casey pursuant to Subsections (D) and (E) and

appointing Tanya and Kevin as his joint managing conservators. On August 12,

2022, the trial court issued a final decree terminating Mother’s and Alan’s parental

rights to Tyler pursuant to Subsections (D) and (E) and appointing Tanya and Kevin

as his joint managing conservators. In May 2023, Tanya and Kevin adopted Casey

and Tyler.

      On April 28, 2022, Pia and Jayla were placed with Tanya and Kevin.9 Pia was

fourteen months old, and Jayla was six or seven weeks old. According to Tanya,

Jayla is developmentally on target and doing well.                Pia, however, was

developmentally delayed and had behavioral and emotional problems. According to

Tanya, Pia was angry, prone to outbursts, banged her head on the floor, and it took

a while for her to calm down after each outburst. Tanya testified that it took six

months before Pia’s behavior began to improve. In addition to her behavioral

problems, Pia was non-verbal and delayed in every area for a child her age when she

was placed in Tanya’s home. While living with Tanya, Pia began working with a

speech therapist, an occupational therapist, and a developmental therapist. Tanya

testified that by the time of trial, Pia had made a lot of progress and could say three

9
      After Mother was arrested in California in January 2022 for child endangerment,
      Pia and Jayla were in a foster home in California for two months and a foster home
      in Texas for one month before they were placed with Kevin and Tanya.
                                          27
words. Pia had been recently tested for autism and although it was too soon for an

official diagnosis, the person who tested Pia believed she is autistic. Tanya, who

had already paid out of pocket from some of the children’s medical treatment,

testified that once Pia has been officially diagnosed with autism, she will need

“between 35 and 40 hours a week” of treatment that Medicaid will not cover.

      Tanya testified that Pia, Jayla, Casey, and Tyler are very bonded to one

another, and they treat each other as if they have always been together. The four

children also have a relationship with their older brothers, Anthony and Adrian.

Tanya testified that she and Kevin have become close to Anna, and they consider

each other family. Casey and Tyler regularly visited with Anthony and Adrian

before the children were returned to Mother in November 2021, and the six children

regularly visited with one another after they were returned to Anna’s and Tanya’s

care in March 2022. According to Tanya, she and her family had been to Anna’s

home probably ten times, including twice for birthday parties. Tanya testified that

she did not know that Anna had a brother and the only other male she had seen at

Anna’s home was Anna’s son, Aaron, who had attended the birthday parties.

      On cross-examination, Tanya testified that Aaron was present for the two

birthday parties she attended at Anna’s home. Tanya did not know that Aaron had

a criminal record. When asked if she had an opinion regarding whether Anna was

protective of Anthony and Adrian, Tanya testified Anna was “very protective” and

                                        28
she was “careful about who they’re around for safety reasons.” Tanya testified that

Anna’s home “reminds me of the neighborhood home where all the kids like to be.”

According to Tanya, there was “usually a lot of people around” when she visited

Anna’s home. When asked if Anna allowed Anthony and Adrian to be alone with

Aaron, Tanya testified Anna told her that Aaron could not be left unsupervised with

Anthony and Adrian, and Tanya had never seen Aaron alone with the boys.

      Tanya has sent Mother forty-five photographs of the children and she planned

to continue to send Mother photographs of the children two to three times a year.

She was also creating a photo book of the children for Mother.

      4.     Deputy William Parker

      On March 21, 2023, Deputy William Parker with the Harris County Sheriff’s

Office was dispatched to a family disturbance at Julie’s residence. Julie and

Mother’s sisters told Deputy Parker that Mother’s husband, Alan, was abusing her

in a bedroom and refusing to let her leave. They told Deputy Parker that Alan had

been threatening family members and they heard Mother crying and “pleading with

[Alan] to let her out of the room and let her out of the closet.” According to Deputy

Parker, Julie and Mother’s sisters appeared to be afraid of Alan.

      After announcing himself at the door, Deputy Parker asked Mother to step out

of the bedroom. Mother, who was agitated and combative towards the officers, told

Deputy Parker she did not need help and she denied that Alan was with her.

                                         29
Although Deputy Parker told Mother they would leave after he verified that she was

okay, Mother still refused to open the bedroom door. Deputy Parker asked Mother’s

family members for more information about Alan, and he asked Julie for permission

to enter the room forcibly if Mother continued to refuse to open the door.

      When Mother refused again to open the bedroom door, Deputy Parker kicked

the door open, and the officers escorted Mother out of the room. According to

Deputy Parker, Mother was irate, aggressive, and angry.             Although Mother

continued to deny that Alan was in the bedroom, Deputy Parker found Alan hiding

behind a large suitcase in the bedroom closet. When he was initially detained by the

officers, Alan gave the officers a fictitious name. Alan was arrested for failure to

provide his identification, violation of bond conditions, and an outstanding warrant.

      Deputy Parker testified Mother, who continued to be combative and

uncooperative after she left the bedroom, was angry with her family members for

calling the police and she was angry with the police for arresting Alan. According

to Deputy Parker, Mother got into her car and left Julie’s home. Deputy Parker

testified that he saw one child present in the home, and it was reported that other

children were also present. According to Deputy Parker, exposure to this type of

scene is traumatizing for children and has a long-lasting effect.

                                          30
        5.    Sergeant Courtney Reyes

        Sergeant Courtney Reyes with the Harris County Constable’s Office testified

that early in 2022, he was dispatched to a suspicious person call. When he arrived,

Sergeant Reyes saw a black male with a backpack standing near a vacant home. The

man, who was later identified as Alan, told Sergeant Reyes he was there to visit a

two-day-old child down the street. After running Alan’s criminal history, Sergeant

Reyes learned Mother had a protective order against Alan arising from a charge of

assault of a pregnant person. After speaking to Mother, the officers learned that

Alan, who had Mother’s debit cards in his possession, had visited his newborn

daughter Jayla in Mother’s home and charged his phone while there. Alan, who was

not supposed to be within 200 feet of Mother, was arrested for violating his bond

conditions and the protective order. According to Sergeant Reyes, Mother did not

express any concern over Alan’s presence in her home or ask the officers to arrest

Alan.

        6.    Mother

        Mother, the biological parent of Jayla, Pia, Anthony, and Adrian, testified that

although she was still married to Alan, she had completed the paperwork to file for

divorce. Mother’s and Alan’s marriage license reflects that they were married on

October 14, 2019.

                                           31
      Mother testified that she had not seen Alan since March 21, 2023, the day he

came to see Mother at her aunt’s home at 410 West Bellfort Avenue. According to

Mother, someone called the police and Alan was arrested that day for violating the

protective order Mother had taken out against him.

      On direct examination, Mother denied that the police came to Julie’s home on

March 21, 2023 to check on Mother’s safety after Alan abused her and refused to let

her leave the bedroom. Mother denied that she and Alan were in the bedroom when

the police knocked on the door to check on her and she denied telling the officers to

leave her alone and that she was fine. Mother also denied that the officers found

Alan hiding in the closet after they entered the bedroom. After Mother’s direct

testimony concluded, the trial court allowed Sergeant Reyes and Deputy Parker to

testify. On cross-examination, Mother admitted that Deputy Parker’s testimony

regarding the March 21, 2023 incident was truthful. Mother testified that she had

not testified truthfully about the incident because she was ashamed, and she did not

want everyone to know.

      Mother explained that Alan had been angry with her family for “ruining his

life—for putting him on the news with that Amber alert” and humiliating him in

front of his family and friends and he threatened that Mother, and her family were

“going to pay for it.” Mother explained that she was angry with her family for calling

                                         32
the police after Alan refused to allow her to leave the bedroom because she believed

that if they did not “say anything else about him, maybe he’ll leave us alone.”

      Mother acknowledged that when she testified during a January 2023 hearing,

she told the court that she had not seen Alan since they were arrested in California

in January 2022. She admitted, however, that she saw Alan in February 2022 when

he was arrested for violating a protective order after he tried to visit Mother and

Jayla at Julie’s home. Mother had obtained the protective order against Alan after

he was arrested on July 17, 2021 for assaulting her when she was pregnant with

Jayla. Mother explained that she deliberately misled the court during the January

2023 hearing about her contact with Alan because Alan had repeatedly threatened

her life if she “told anybody where he was or anything else about him.” She also

testified that she asked for the assault charge against Alan to be dismissed because

Alan had been threatening her and her family.

      At trial, Mother testified that she felt she was safe from Alan because she was

not in contact with him, and he had not tried to reach out to her. When asked if she

would feel safer if Alan was in jail, Mother said that she would feel safer and she

“wish[ed] they would put him in jail.” When asked why she requested that the

assault charge against him be dropped if she felt safer when Alan was in jail, Mother

testified, “I told you why. Can we move on?”

                                         33
      Mother agreed that she stayed in a relationship with Alan after he held a gun

on her and the children until the end of 2020. Although she denied reuniting with

Alan, Mother admitted that she traveled with him to California. She also admitted

that her youngest daughter with Alan, Jayla, was born in February 2022. Mother

explained that she and Alan had sex with one another, but they were not in a

relationship. Mother later denied that Alan used a gun when he took her and the

children from Julie’s home in 2019.

      When questioned about the trip to California and the circumstances

surrounding her arrest for child endangerment, Mother testified that she took the

children to a motel after Julie’s house lost power and Alan stopped by their room.

Mother allowed Alan to come inside the hotel to shower and grab a bite to eat, and

when she told Alan that he had to leave, Alan refused. Mother testified that Alan,

who was carrying a gun, cut off his ankle monitor and told her the police would be

looking for him and that she and the children needed to go with him. After he made

Mother and children get rid of their phones and electronics, Alan arranged for

someone to drive the family to a house in Brookshire, where they stayed for a few

days before getting a ride to Arizona. The family, who stayed in a motel in Arizona,

was “running out of the money” and did not have food. A Good Samaritan gave the

family money and paid for their bus tickets to California, where Mother’s aunt lived.

                                         34
      Mother testified that she and Alan took the kids to the beach one day and then

took a rideshare to Pasadena, California where they walked around looking for

another motel. According to Mother it began to get dark, and she and kids were tired

of walking around, so they stopped to rest at a bus stop. When Mother told Alan

that she wanted to go home, Alan told her they were not going anywhere. Alan then

crossed the street to speak to someone, and he returned to Mother with some cash.

Mother told him to call a Lyft.

      Mother testified that while Alan had a gun, he did not threaten her with it or

kidnap her and the children at gunpoint and take them to California. She insisted,

however, that she traveled to California with Alan against her will.

      When asked about the contents of the Pasadena Police Department’s offense

report, which was admitted into evidence as Petitioner’s Exhibit 105, Mother denied

that she was hostile to the police when they approached her, she said the police never

asked her if she wanted help, and she denied telling the police that she did not want

help. Mother explained that she told the police to leave her alone because they were

aggressive with her for no reason.

      Mother also denied large portions of the statement she gave to the police,

which was included in the report. She denied that she told the police that she was in

California because she was planning to stay with an aunt in Los Angeles, for whom

she did not have a contact number. Mother denied saying that her family was

                                         35
traveling from Texas to Los Angeles, California and was dropped off by a truck

coming from Arizona, and she denied telling the police that, after arriving in Los

Angeles, she discovered that staying with her aunt was not an option. Mother also

denied telling the police that her plan was to take the children back to Arizona to

find a place to stay.

      Mother denied saying that the family was low on money and trying to get

money from drivers coming off the freeway. She denied being agitated when

speaking with the police. She denied that Anthony lost his shoes while they were

walking. When asked if she told the police that she was a hostage of Alan and if she

asked for help, Mother said that she did not tell the police anything. She also denied

that the family hitchhiked to get to California or slept under bridges, and she said the

only time the kids rested outside was when they were sitting on park benches.

Mother also denied telling the evaluator who conducted her psychological

assessment that she was in California on vacation with her husband and children and

she denied telling the person completing her substance abuse assessment that she

was visiting California because her family might want to move there.

      Mother said she did not follow up on Casey’s medications because she did not

have his physician’s contact information.       Mother later testified that she had

attempted to take Casey to the doctor, but she did not follow up with them after they

told her she needed to address an issue with Medicaid and take him to a specialist.

                                          36
She also testified that Casey had been seeing a specialist at Texas Children’s before

the Department removed him from her care. Mother did not try to contact the

specialist after Casey was returned to her in November 2021. She testified that she

did not know that Casey was in pain if he did not get his medication.

      When asked why she waited until January 2023 to begin services, Mother

blamed her late start on the Department and the service provider for delaying her

therapy. When asked why she waited to submit to a substance abuse assessment,

Mother said that “y’all didn’t give me the information to do all of these things.”

      Regarding her delay in scheduling and submitting to a psychological

assessment, Mother said that she did not know who to call, despite acknowledging

that her attorney was making calls with her. Mother testified that she did not recall

scheduling a psychological evaluation or a psychiatric evaluation, failing to appear

for either of those appointments, or canceling many of her therapy appointments.

She also did not recall canceling therapy appointments and claiming that they

conflicted with visitations with her children.

      Although she testified that she did not recall failing to appear for visitations,

she admitted to missing three visits with Adrian and Anthony while under court

order to visit them while supervised by a therapist. Mother stated that she missed

those visits because her mental health was not good, and she did she did not want

the boys to see her in that condition.

                                          37
      She also did not recall reviewing her services with the caseworker at a family

group conference meeting in September 2022 or whether her services were reviewed

at her court appearance in September 2022. Mother testified that she did not attend

therapy or do any of her services in the previous case because Alan would not let her

do it and she “wasn’t ready to open up and deal with that trauma.”

      Mother was also asked about the children’s current placements. When asked

if Anthony and Adrian were being well-cared for by Anna, Mother testified that she

believed Anna was “doing a good job.” According to Mother, she and Anna initially

had a “very good relationship,” but she does not know how Anna feels about her

now. Mother testified that it hurt her to hear that Anthony and Adrian wanted to live

with Anna, but she knew the boys had been through a lot, she loved them, and she

respected their decision. “So if that’s where they want to stay, then I’ll let them stay

there.” Mother testified she sent money to Anna to provide for Anthony and Adrian

while they were in Anna’s home. She had also spoken on the phone to Anthony and

Adrian. Mother felt that she and Aaron had a good relationship, and they could

communicate with one another regarding Anthony and Adrian’s parenting.

      Mother testified she is not in contact with Tanya and Kevin, but based on the

photographs Tanya sent her, Pia and Jayla appeared to be doing well in their home.

Mother agreed that she met with Tanya and that Tanya had answered her questions

about the girls.    Mother was concerned that Pia was possibly autistic and

                                          38
experiencing difficulty with her vision and hearing, but she believed Tanya and

Kevin were doing their best to get Pia the care she needed.

      Although she understood why the Department believed the children were not

safe around Alan and why they were concerned that she had not been honest about

her contacts with Alan, Mother testified that she would never put her children in

danger or allow Alan to harm them. Mother acknowledged, however, that after the

children were returned to her care in November 2021, she remained in contact with

Alan, and she put her children in danger. Mother agreed that her continued contact

with Alan posed a danger to her children.

      When asked if she understood the Department’s concern that allowing her to

retain her parental rights and know where the children lived and where they attended

school would pose a danger to the children because of her contacts with Alan,

Mother testified, “No. I don’t. I feel like you have no right to try to make me feel

like I have no right—a chance to be a mother because of a mistake that I made

because of something I went through that I didn't ask for. I feel like you have no

right.”

      Mother testified that she was receiving individual therapy to help her develop

“coping skills for PTSD due to my domestic violence” and therapy was helping her

start to take accountability and recognize the mistakes she had made as a parent. She

                                         39
also testified about the physical and emotional abuse she had suffered at the hands

of Alan.

        When asked how she was going to protect her children if they were returned

to her care, Mother testified that she was going to get a protective order against Alan

and she would send the children to Anna’s home if she thought they were in any

danger from him. When asked how the children would be safe with Anna, Mother

testified that Alan “doesn't know where they are [and she was] pretty sure [Anna is]

not going to let him come around them, and I’m not going to tell him where they

are.”

        With regard to her future plans, Mother testified that the first thing she needed

to do was make sure that she was being honest, and she needed to continue attending

therapy and acquire stable housing and employment. Mother testified that Julie was

helping her out financially because Mother was a full-time college student and

studying to be a paralegal. Mother explained that she was trying to divorce Alan,

but she had not been able to serve him with papers because he was homeless, and

she did not know where to find him. Mother also testified that although she had not

seen Alan since he was arrested in March 2023, he had been threatening her and

stalking her on social media. She said she wanted Alan to be in jail so that he would

stop harassing her and leave her family alone and not pose a danger to her or her

children. She also wanted to “build a relationship” with Anna.

                                            40
      Mother testified that she was not a “bad person,” but rather a victim of

domestic abuse who was healing through therapy. She testified that she loved her

children and she wanted to be part of their lives and see them grow up. Mother

testified that she took “full responsibility” for the mistakes she had made with her

children. Mother testified that Anthony and Adrian love her, and she knows the

younger children love her as well. According to Mother, the children would benefit

from being around her because “they can actually have their mom around and see

the healthy and stable life without just seeing drama.” Mother testified,

      I want them to know that there’s a world where they can have their
      mom in a healthy environment where they can have love and feel safe.
      I want them to know that, and I want them to experience—I feel like
      they deserve to have their mom around in a healthy environment where
      they see love. And they feel loved. And they don’t have to feel scared.
      I feel like they deserve to have that. They don’t deserve to be put in the
      situations they were put in. They never deserved that.

      Mother admitted that her children had been removed from her care in 2019

and during that case, she had also testified that she was suffering from battered

women’s syndrome, she was no longer in contact with Alan, and she was going to

focus on healing herself.

B.    Closing Arguments

      In its closing, the Department argued that Mother’s parental rights to Anthony,

Adrian, Jayla, and Pia should be terminated under Section 161.001(b)(1)(D) and (E),

which address child endangerment, because Mother knowingly placed or allowed

                                         41
the children to remain in conditions or surroundings which endangered the children’s

physical or emotional well-being and she engaged in contact or knowingly placed

the children with persons who engaged in conduct which endangered their physical

or emotional well-being. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E). In addition

to endangerment grounds, the Department argued that Mother’s parental rights to

the children should also be terminated under Section 161.001(b)(1)(M), (N), and (O)

because (1) it was undisputed that Mother’s parental rights to Casey and Tyler were

terminated on endangerment grounds, (2) Mother constructively abandoned Jayla

and Pia, and (3) Mother, who did not begin participating in the services required by

her FSP until two weeks before the first trial setting, failed to complete her services

prior to trial. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(M), (N), and (O).10

      The Department argued it was in the children’s best interest for Mother’s

rights to be terminated because the children were thriving in their current placements

and Mother had remained in contact with Alan after the children were returned to

her care in November 2021, even though she had previously told the court on

multiple occasions that she had cut off contact with Alan.

10
      The Department argued that Aaron’s parental rights to Anthony and Adrian should
      be terminated under Subsections (D) and (E), and Alan’s parental rights to Jayla and
      Pia should be terminated under Subsections (D), (E), (M), (N), and (O). Alan did
      not participate in the case and neither Alan nor Aaron are appealing the trial court’s
      termination of their parental rights.

                                            42
      With regard to Anthony and Adrian, the Department argued the boys were

doing well in Anna’s care and Anna would allow the boys to have contact with

Mother if Anna believed it was safe to do so. According to the Department, it was

in the boys’ best interest for them to live with Anna because they were safe and

doing well in her home. The Department argued Mother should not have the right

to know where the boys live or go to school because the boys had been “kidnapped

or forced to go” with Alan twice, and there was a danger that Mother would share

information regarding the boys’ location with Alan. The Department also argued

that Mother should not have the right to visit the boys because she did not show up

for court-ordered visits. The Department asked the trial court to terminate Mother’s

and Aaron’s parental rights to Anthony and Adrian and to appoint the Department

as the boys’ permanent managing conservator to allow Anna to adopt Anthony and

Adrian.

      With regard to Jayla and Pia, the Department argued the girls were doing well

with Tanya and Kevin, they were receiving the therapies they needed, they had no

memory of Mother, and they were bonded with Tanya and Kevin and their biological

brothers, Casey and Tyler, who had already been adopted by Tanya and Kevin. The

Department asked the trial court to terminate Mother’s and Alan’s parental rights to

Pia and Jayla and to appoint the Department as the girls’ permanent managing

conservator to allow Tanya and Kevin to adopt Pia and Jayla.

                                        43
      In her closing argument, Mother argued it was not in Anthony’s and Adrian’s

best interests that her rights be terminated because the boys know her and love her,

she is a loving and involved parent, and the boys were reuniting with Mother through

their therapy and working on their relationship with her. Mother argued that she and

Anna believe they can continue to have a good relationship. Responding to the

Department’ argument that it was dangerous for her to have the right to know where

the boys lived and attended school, Mother argued that she already had that

information and she had not “done anything” or “violated the rules of the court

order.”

      With regard to Aaron, Mother argued that he had “a few things that he needs

to clean up like two criminal records,” but Aaron had remained involved in the boys’

lives, the boys were living with his mother Anna, and “things are going well.”

      Mother argued that although it might not be the “best situation,” the boys were

entitled to “have a mother and a father who want to remain in their life and have

been in their life.” She argued that she and the boys could continue in therapy and

although Aaron “needs to take care of his business,” he is going to remain in the

boys’ lives on a consistent basis because the boys will be with his mother, Anna.

Mother further stated,

      So maybe there are grounds for termination, but it’s not in the children’s
      best interests. They are fortunate that they have two healthy parents
      who love them and who are involved in their life. And it would not be
      in their best interests to throw that away. It would probably -- when this
                                         44
      case is over and hopefully the restriction of no contact with the mom is
      removed and in some way expanded, that—to be able to grow up a more
      normal life with a mom and a dad is in the best interests and it will
      work. And these parents are good partners. They have their problems
      as adults, but as parents, they—they’re involved. They’re caring.
      They’re loving.

      With regard to Jayla and Pia, Mother argued it was in the girls’ best interest

to know who their mother was because it was going to happen anyway. She argued

that Kevin and Tanya had begun communicating with her, or at least keeping her

informed, and sharing pictures of the girls and “that’s a really good thing that that’s

happening.” Mother agreed that it was in the girls’ best interest that Alan’s parental

rights be terminated. Mother concluded by saying,

      So we’re asking the Court to take into consideration on [Anthony and
      Adrian] to maintain the parental relationship and not terminate it.
      Perhaps restrict it or put guidelines in it or make orders for it, but keep
      —do not terminate [Mother’s and Aaron’s rights to the boys.]

      The children’s attorney ad litem told the court that Anthony is “a mama’s

boy,” and “every time I have met with him, he has expressed to me, unequivocally,

how much he adores his mother.” Regardless of his love for Mother, Anthony

wanted to live with Anna, not Mother. Adrian, who was “nonchalant” and a “pretty

easy going” kid,” wanted Anna to adopt him.

      The attorney ad litem then discussed some of the factors set forth in Holley v.

Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367 (Tex. 1976), which courts consider when evaluating

                                          45
whether a given decision is in the child’s best interest.11 With regard to the children’s

desires, the attorney ad litem told the court that although Adrian wanted to be

adopted by Anna, he seemed “ambivalent regarding a relationship” with Mother.

According to the ad litem, Adrian wants to stay in contact with Aaron and he wants

to have “phone contact, video contact, and probably some type of physical contact

in the future with [Mother], if possible.”

      The attorney ad litem argued that Anna was a wonderful, protective caregiver

for the boys, Anna would allow Mother and Aaron to see the boys “as long as it is

appropriate,” and after working with Anna since the first case began in 2019, the ad

litem trusted Anna’s judgment. She stated,

      So I’m conflicted. One kid is saying: I want to be adopted. One kid is
      basically saying: I want PMC.

      I honestly—with regards to both of those kids—do not think it makes a
      difference because as long as the Court puts in parameters that [Anna]
      has the—all the rights and duties of a parent and that neither the father
      nor the mother have any rights, that supervision—that visitation be
      mutually agreed and that [Anna] decide what that visitation looks like

11
      In Holley v. Adams, which we address later in this opinion, the Texas Supreme Court
      identified a list of non-exclusive factors that courts should consider when evaluating
      whether it is in the child’s best interest to terminate their parents’ rights. 544 S.W.2d
      367 (Tex. 1976). The Holley factors also apply when assessing whether
      conservatorship decisions are in the children’s best interest. See V. M. v. Tex. Dep’t
      of Family & Protective Services, 681 S.W.3d 465, 474 (Tex. App.—Austin 2023,
      no pet.) (“Just as in a termination determination, best interest determinations in the
      conservatorship context are reviewed in connection with the non-exhaustive factors
      set out in Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367 (Tex. 1976).”).
      The children’s attorney ad litem did not address whether the predicate findings for
      termination were met with regard to Mother or Aaron.

                                             46
      and when it looks like. She is already a licensed foster parent. She is
      receiving [Permanency Care Assistance] benefits. So any benefits that
      she would receive via adoption, she’s already going to get via—even if
      the Court chooses PMC.

The attorney ad litem also expressed concern about how going through the adoption

process “would emotionally affect” Adrian.

      With regard to Pia and Jayla, the ad litem argued that it was in the girls’ best

interest to terminate Mother’s and Alan’s rights based on several of the Holley

factors. According to the ad litem, it was in the girls’ best interests to terminate

Mother’s parental rights because the children had gone through “tremendous

traumatic experiences,” and based on Mother’s prior conduct, “they likely will

continue to do so” if Mother remains in their lives. The ad litem further argued that

Mother does not have the “mental space, physical space, financial space to even

address” Pia’s substantial physical needs, a stable home, or a job. Mother also had

not completed therapy, demonstrated she was able to parent the girls, or complied

with her FSP. The ad litem stressed that while Mother claimed that one of the first

things she would do was to get a restraining order against Alan, “that should have

been applied for and received a long time ago.”12

      After hearing closing arguments from the other parties, the Department argued

that if the court appointed Anna as Anthony’s and Adrian’s sole managing

12
      Aaron’s attorney argued in closing that Aaron’s rights should not be terminated.
                                          47
conservator and Mother and Aaron as their possessory conservators, the court should

not give Mother the right to know where the boys lived, where they attended school,

or who their medical providers were because allowing Mother to have that

information posed a danger to the boys.

      On August 3, 2023, the trial court reopened the evidence at the Department’s

request to allow Johnson to testify regarding the availability of Permanency Care

Assistance (“PCA”) benefits to Anthony and Adrian. The Department explained

that PCA benefits are “benefits that are paid to assist families to care for children

that have been through the CPS system.” Johnson testified that when the evidence

closed in Anthony’s and Adrian’s case, CPS had only finalized a benefits package

for the boys if the court decided to terminate the parents’ rights and appoint the

Department as PMC. CPS, however, had not finalized a benefits package for the

boys if, instead of terminating the parents’ rights, the court appointed Anna as the

boys’ sole managing conservator and the parents as possessory conservators.

Johnson testified that CPS had now finalized a benefits package for the boys for

either scenario, and thus Anthony and Adrian would receive PCA benefits regardless

of whether the trial court terminated the parents’ rights and appointed the

Department as PMC, or appointed Anna as the boys’ sole managing conservator and

the parents as possessory conservators.

                                          48
C.    Trial Court’s Ruling

      On September 1, 2023, the trial court signed a final decree in cause number

2017-13719 terminating Mother’s and Alan’s parental rights to Jayla and Pia

pursuant to Sections 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), (M), (N), and (O) of the Texas Family

Code, and naming the Department as Jayla’s and Pia’s sole managing conservator.

On the same day, the trial court issued an “Order Modifying Prior Order” in trial

court cause number 2017-45835 removing Mother and Aaron as Anthony’s and

Adrian’s managing conservators, appointing Anna as their sole managing

conservator, and naming Mother and Aaron as possessory conservators.

      Mother filed timely appeals from the final decree terminating her parental

rights to Jayla and Pia and the order removing her as Anthony’s and Adrian’s

managing conservator.

           Termination of Mother’s Parental Rights to Jayla and Pia

      In her first five issues, Mother argues there is legally and factually insufficient

evidence supporting the trial court’s findings she (1) committed the predicate acts

under Sections 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), (M), (N), and (O), and (2) that termination of

her parental rights is in Jayla’s and Pia’s best interest. See TEX. FAM. CODE

§ 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), (M), (N), (O), and (b)(2).

                                          49
A.    Standard of Review

      A parent’s rights to the “companionship, care, custody, and management” of

his or her child is a constitutional interest “far more precious than any property

right.” Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758–59 (1982) (quoting Lassiter v. Dep’t

of Soc. Servs., 452 U.S. 18, 27 (1981)); see In re M.S., 115 S.W.3d 534, 547 (Tex.

2003). The United States Supreme Court has emphasized that “the interest of [a]

parent[] in the care, custody, and control of [her] children . . . is perhaps the oldest

of the fundamental liberty interests recognized by th[e] Court.” Troxel v. Granville,

530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000). Likewise, the Texas Supreme Court has concluded that

“[t]his natural parental right” is “essential,” “a basic civil right of man,” and “far

more precious than property rights.” Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985)

(internal quotations omitted); see also In re R.J.G., 681 S.W.3d 370, 373 (Tex. 2023)

(“Both this Court and the Supreme Court of the United States have long recognized

the fundamental right of parents to make decisions concerning the care, custody, and

control of their children.”).     Consequently, we strictly scrutinize termination

proceedings and strictly construe the involuntary termination statutes in favor of the

parent. Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20.

      In a case to terminate parental rights under Texas Family Code Section

161.001, the Department must establish, by clear and convincing evidence, that

(1) the parent committed one or more of the enumerated predicate acts or omissions

                                          50
justifying termination and (2) termination is in the best interest of the child. See

TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b). Clear and convincing evidence is “the measure or

degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or

conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.” Id. § 101.007;

In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 264 (Tex. 2002). Only one predicate finding under

Section 161.001(b)(1) is necessary to support a judgment of termination when there

is also a finding that termination is in the child’s best interest. In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d

355, 362 (Tex. 2003).

      When reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence in a case involving

termination of parental rights, we determine whether the evidence is such that a

factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction that there existed

grounds for termination under Section 161.001(b)(1) and that termination was in the

best interest of the child. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1), (2); In re J.F.C., 96

S.W.3d at 266. We examine all evidence in the light most favorable to the finding,

assuming the “factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable

factfinder could do so.” In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. We must also disregard all

evidence that the factfinder could have reasonably disbelieved or found not to be

credible. Id. But this does not mean we must disregard all evidence that does not

support the finding. Id. Because of the heightened standard, we must also be

mindful of any undisputed evidence contrary to the finding and consider that

                                           51
evidence in our analysis. Id. If we determine that no reasonable trier of fact could

form a firm belief or conviction that the matter that must be proven is true, we must

hold the evidence to be legally insufficient and render judgment in favor of the

parent. Id.

      When conducing a factual sufficiency review in a termination case, we must

consider the entire record. In re Commitment of Stoddard, 619 S.W.3d 665, 674

(Tex. 2020); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. We assume “that the factfinder resolved

disputed evidence in favor of the finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so.” In

re Commitment of Stoddard, 619 S.W.3d at 674 (citing In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at

266). Unlike a legal sufficiency review, when assessing the factual sufficiency of

the evidence we cannot disregard disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder

could not have credited in favor of the finding. In re Commitment of Stoddard, 619

S.W.3d at 674 (citing In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266); see also In re A.C., 560 S.W.3d

624, 630 (Tex. 2018) (“The distinction between legal and factual sufficiency lies in

the extent to which disputed evidence contrary to a finding may be considered.”).

Rather, we must determine whether, in light of the entire record, that evidence “is so

significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or

conviction” that the finding was true. In re Commitment of Stoddard, 619 S.W.3d

at 674 (quoting In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266). Under both legal and factual

sufficiency standards, the trial court is the sole arbiter of a witness’ credibility and

                                          52
demeanor and the weight of the evidence. In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 346 (Tex.

2009).

B.    Predicate Findings

      In her first five issues, Mother argues there is legally and factually insufficient

evidence supporting the trial court’s findings she committed the predicate acts under

Subsections (D), (E), (M), (N), and (O). See TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(D),

(E), (M), (N), and (O).

      Under Section 161.001(b)(1)(M), a parent’s rights may be terminated if clear

and convincing evidence establishes the parent “had his or her parent-child

relationship terminated with respect to another child based on a finding that the

parent’s conduct was in violation of Paragraph (D) or (E) or substantially equivalent

provisions of the law of another state.” TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(M).

Mother agues there is a “complete absence of any evidence necessary to support the

Department’s request to terminate [her rights to Jayla and Pia] pursuant to

§ 161.001(b)(1)(M).”

      On the contrary, the prior August 5, 2022 decree terminating Mother’s

parental rights to Casey and the prior August 12, 2022 decree terminating Mother’s

parental rights to Tyler were admitted into evidence at trial and both decrees state

that Mother’s parental rights were terminated on grounds of endangerment. See TEX.

FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(D) & (E). This undisputed evidence, standing alone, is

                                          53
legally and factually sufficient as a matter of law to support the trial court’s finding

that Mother engaged in the predicate ground for the termination of her rights as to

Jayla and Pia under Section 161.001(b)(1)(M). See In re C.M.J., 573 S.W.3d 404,

411 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2019, pet. denied) (stating “evidence of a prior

decree reflecting the requisite findings under subsection (D) or (E) satisfies the

Department’s burden under subsection (M)”) (citing In re A.C., 394 S.W.3d 633,

641 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, no pet.)); In re A.R., No. 01-21-00263-

CV, 2021 WL 4780081, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 14, 2021, pet.

denied) (mem. op.) (stating that “standing alone, the prior termination of the

[parent’s] rights as to another child constitutes legally and factually sufficient

evidence of a predicate ground for the termination of the [parent’s] parental rights

as to A.R. as a matter of law”).        Only one predicate finding under Section

161.001(b)(1) is necessary to support a judgment of termination when there is also

a finding that termination is in the child’s best interest. In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d at

362.

       The trial court also found that Mother’s rights to Pia and Jayla should be

terminated because Mother endangered the children by knowingly placing or

allowing the children to remain in conditions or surroundings which endangered

their physical or emotional well-being and engaging in conduct or knowingly

placing the children with persons who engaged in conduct which endangered their

                                          54
physical or emotional well-being. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E). In

most cases, when the trial court makes endangerment findings such as these,

appellate courts must evaluate the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the

endangerment findings even if another predicate act or omission supports the trial

court’s decree because of the collateral consequences of endangerment findings. See

In re N.G., 577 S.W.3d 230, 234–37 (Tex. 2019) (stating when parent’s rights have

been terminated under either section 161.001(b)(1)(D) or (E) “that ground becomes

a basis to terminate that parent’s rights to other children” under Section

161.001(b)(1)(M) and holding allowing such endangerment findings “to go

unreviewed on appeal when the parent has presented the issue to the court thus

violates the parent’s due process and due course of law rights”). We need not

address the trial court’s endangerment findings in this case, however, because the

present findings do not impose any collateral consequences on Mother to which she

was not already subject to given the prior decrees issued in 2022 terminating her

parental rights to Casey and Tyler in 2022 on endangerment grounds. See In re R.S.,

No. 01-20-00126-CV, 2020 WL 4289978, at *6 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

July 28, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding there was sufficient evidence supporting

trial court’s finding under Section 161.001(b)(1)(M) and although trial court also

made endangerment findings in current case, appellate court did not need to address

                                        55
those most recent endangerment findings because findings did not impose any

additional collateral consequences).

      We overrule Mother’s first, second, third, fourth, and fifth issues.

C.    Best Interest of the Child

      In her second issue, Mother argues there is legally and factually insufficient

evidence supporting the trial court’s finding that termination of her parental rights

was in Jayla’s and Pia’s best interest. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(2).

      1.     Applicable Law

      The purpose of the State’s intervention in the parent-child relationship is to

protect the best interests of the children, not to punish parents for their conduct. See

In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d at 361. There is a strong presumption that the best interest

of a child is served by keeping the child with a parent. In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112,

116 (Tex. 2006); In re D.R.A., 374 S.W.3d 528, 533 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 2012, no pet.). But there is also a presumption that the “prompt and permanent

placement of the child in a safe environment is presumed to be in the child’s best

interest.” TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.307(a); see also In re B.J.C., 495 S.W.3d 29, 39

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, no pet.) (noting child’s need for

permanence through establishment of stable, permanent home is paramount

consideration in best-interest determination).

                                          56
      To determine whether parental termination is in a child’s best interest, courts

may consider the following non-exclusive factors: (1) the desires of the child; (2) the

present and future physical and emotional needs of the child; (3) the present and

future emotional and physical danger to the child; (4) the parental abilities of the

persons seeking custody; (5) the programs available to assist those persons seeking

custody in promoting the best interest of the child; (6) the plans for the child by the

individuals or agency seeking custody; (7) the stability of the home or proposed

placement; (8) acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate the existing parent-

child relationship is not appropriate; and (9) any excuse for the parent’s acts or

omissions. Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976). These factors

are not exhaustive, and evidence is not required on every factor to support a finding

that termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interest. Id.; In re D.R.A.,

374 S.W.3d at 533. Courts may consider circumstantial evidence, subjective factors,

and the totality of the evidence as well as direct evidence when conducting a best-

interest analysis. See In re E.D., 419 S.W.3d 615, 620 (Tex. App.—San Antonio

2013, pet. denied).

      We may also consider the statutory factors set forth in Texas Family Code

Section 263.307, including: (1) the child’s age and physical and mental

vulnerabilities; (2) whether there is a history of abusive or assaultive conduct by the

child’s family or others who have access to the child’s home; (3) the willingness and

                                          57
ability of the child’s family to seek out, accept, and complete counseling services

and to cooperate with and facilitate an appropriate agency’s close supervision;

(4) the willingness and ability of the child’s family to effect positive environmental

and personal changes within a reasonable period of time; (5) whether the child’s

family demonstrates adequate parenting skills, including providing the child with

minimally adequate health and nutritional care, a safe physical home environment,

and an understanding of the child’s needs and capabilities; and (6) whether an

adequate social support system consisting of an extended family and friends is

available to the child. TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.307(b); In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d at 116.

      A parent’s past conduct is probative of his future conduct when evaluating the

child’s best interest. See In re O.N.H., 401 S.W.3d 681, 684 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2013, no pet.); see also Jordan v. Dossey, 325 S.W.3d 700, 724 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. denied). A factfinder may also infer that past

conduct endangering the well-being of a child may recur in the future if the child is

returned to the parent when assessing the best interest of the child. See In re D.M.,

452 S.W.3d 462, 471 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2014, no pet.).

      Evidence supporting termination under one of the predicate grounds listed in

Section 161.001(b)(1) may also be considered in support of a finding that

termination is in the best interest of the child. See In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d 239,

249 (Tex. 2013) (stating finding under Section 161.001(b)(1)(O) can support best

                                         58
interest finding); In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 28 (Tex. 2002) (holding same evidence

may be probative of both Section 161.001(b)(1) grounds and best interest).

      2.     Briefing Waiver

      Our rules of appellate procedure have specific requirements for briefing,

including briefing in appeals from final decrees terminating a parent’s parental rights

to their child. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(f), (h), (i); see also In re D.J.W., 394 S.W.3d

210, 223 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, pet. denied) (applying Rule 38.1’s

briefing requirements to appeal from termination of parental rights); see also In re

L.E.R., 650 S.W.3d 771, 788–89 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2022, no pet.)

(same). These rules require an appellant, among other things, to state concisely her

complaint, provide succinct and clear argument for why her complaint has merit in

fact and in law, and cite and apply authorities applicable to the lodged complaint

along with appropriate record references. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(f), (h), (i). We

are not responsible for identifying possible trial court error, searching the record for

facts favorable to a party’s position, or conducting legal research to support a party’s

contentions. See Fredonia State Bank v. Gen. Am. Life Ins. Co., 881 S.W.2d 279,

283–84 (Tex. 1994); Canton-Carter v. Baylor Coll. of Medicine, 271 S.W.3d 928,

931 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.). Were we to engage in such

activities, we would be abandoning our role as judges and taking on the role of

advocate for that party. See Valadez v. Avitia, 238 S.W.3d 843, 845 (Tex. App.—El

                                          59
Paso 2007, no pet.). An appellate issue that is not supported by argument or that

contains an argument without citation to the record or legal authority presents

nothing for review. In re L.E.R., 650 S.W.3d at 788; see also In re J.A.M.R., 303

S.W.3d 422, 425 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.) (“Bare assertions of error

without argument or authority waive error.”); see also In re K.C.B., 280 S.W.3d 888,

896 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2009, pet. denied) (holding parent waived sufficiency

complaint in parental termination case due to inadequate briefing).

      After setting forth the appropriate standard of review and applicable legal

authority, Mother concludes by stating: “A lack of evidence does not constitute clear

and convincing evidence. In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 808.” This is the totality of

Mother’s best interest argument. She does not identify any evidence supporting her

legal or factual sufficiency challenges, cite to the record, or offer a meaningful legal

analysis with regard to either challenge. By failing to adequately brief her challenge

to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial court’s finding that termination

of her parental rights was in Pia’s and Jayla’s best interest, Mother has waived these

issues for appellate review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i); In re D.J.W., 394 S.W.3d at

223 (holding mother waived challenge to sufficiency of evidence supporting best

interest finding in parental termination case because her brief “contain[ed] no legal

argument in support of these points”); see also In re L.E.R., 650 S.W.3d at 789

(holding mother’s challenges to sufficiency of evidence supporting best interest

                                          60
finding were waived when brief, which contained conclusory and bare assertions,

failed to provide any substantive analysis of evidence, or appropriate citations to

record); In re J.A.M.R., 303 S.W.3d at 425 (“Bare assertions of error without

argument or authority waive error.”).

      3.     Analysis

      Even if Mother had not waived her challenges to the sufficiency of evidence

supporting the trial court’s finding that termination of her parental rights was in Pia’s

and Jayla’s best interest, Mother would not prevail on appeal.

      Multiple factors support the trial court’s finding that termination of Mother’s

parental rights was in Jayla’s and Pia’s best interest, the first of which is Mother’s

history of endangering her children, including her inability to protect them from

Alan.13

      The record reflects that Alan is a violent, dangerous, and controlling person

who has physically and emotionally abused Mother and at least some of the children.

13
      Because there was clear and convincing evidence supporting the trial court’s finding
      under Section 161.001(b)(1)(M), it was not necessary for us to decide whether there
      was also sufficient evidence supporting the trial court’s findings that Mother had
      engaged in endangering conduct under Section 161.001(b)(1)(D) and (E). See In re
      R.S., No. 01-20-00126-CV, 2020 WL 4289978, at *6 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
      Dist.] July 28, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.). Evidence supporting the trial court’s
      findings under Section 161.001(b)(1)(D) and (E), however, is nevertheless
      probative of whether termination of Mother’s parental rights was in Jayla’s and
      Pia’s best interest. See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 28 (Tex. 2002) (holding same
      evidence may be probative of both Section 161.001(b)(1) grounds and best interest).

                                           61
Anthony, Adrian, and Casey were initially taken into care in March 2019 after Alan

kidnapped Mother and the children at gunpoint. Rather than distancing herself from

Alan, Mother carried on a relationship with him until the end of 2020. She also had

three more children with Alan during and after this time: Tyler, who was born in

February 2020, Pia, who was born in January 2021, and Jayla, who was born in

February 2022. Tyler, Pia, and Jayla, who were all born while their older siblings

were in the Department’s care, were also removed from Mother’s care, and placed

in a foster home. At trial, Mother denied that she reunited with Alan after the end

of 2020 and testified that she and Alan had a sexual relationship, not a romantic

relationship.

      After the court returned Anthony, Adrian, Casey, and Tyler to Mother on

November 4, 2021, Mother withdrew Anthony and Adrian from school, cut Anthony

and Adrian off from Anna and the rest of their extended family, and took all five

children to California with Alan. According to Anthony, the family hitchhiked and

walked part of the trip to California, and they slept in abandoned buildings, under

bridges, and under freeways. Anthony, who turned nine years old in November

2021, claimed that Mother and Alan often left him alone and in charge of the four

younger children. He also told his therapist that Alan abused him and the other

children and, on one occasion during their trip, Alan carjacked a woman and forced

Anthony to shoot her.

                                        62
      On January 14, 2022, the children were removed from Mother’s care after the

police found Mother and Alan panhandling with the children. According to the

police report, the children were disheveled, cold, exhausted, underfed, dressed

inappropriately for the cold weather and they showed signs of physical abuse.

Mother and Alan were arrested for child endangerment after they refused multiple

offers of emergency assistance.      This evidence demonstrates that on multiple

occasions, Mother knowingly placed or allowed the children to remain in conditions

or surroundings which endangered their physical or emotional well-being and she

engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the children with persons who engaged in

conduct which endanger their physical or emotional well-being. See In re C.H., 89

S.W.3d at 28 (holding same evidence may be probative of endangerment grounds

under Section 161.001(b)(1) and best interest).

      The record also reflects that Mother and Alan used drugs and engaged in acts

of domestic violence with the children present during the California trip. Such

evidence also supports the trial court’s best interest finding. See In re K.K., No. 09-

20-00300-CV, 2021 WL 2148857, at *4 (Tex. App.—Beaumont May 27, 2021, pet.

denied) (mem. op.) (stating evidence parent exposed child to domestic violence

supports trial court’s finding that termination is in child’s best interest); see also

TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.306(b)(1) (identifying history of abusive or assaultive

conduct by child’s family as factor relevant to best interest analysis).

                                          63
      The record also reflects that on July 17, 2021, Alan was charged with

assaulting Mother while she was pregnant with Jayla. The charge was dismissed

less than a year later at Mother’s request. During an October 7, 2021 hearing,

Mother testified that she had not seen Alan since he assaulted her in July 2021, she

had a restraining order against him, and she did not want to have any further contact

with Alan. Mother’s acts of maintaining contact with Alan, even sporadically, and

exposing the children to domestic violence, and her failure or inability to protect the

children from domestic violence, lying about her contact with Alan, and

noncompliance with her service plan indicate that her parent-child relationship with

the children is not a proper one. See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 372; see also In re K.K.,

2021 WL 2148857, at *4. Mother’s past endangering conduct is also an indication

of her parenting abilities. See In re H.M.O.L., No. 01-17-00775-CV, 2018 WL

1659981, at *18 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 6, 2018, pet. denied) (mem.

op.) (citing In re J.S.G., No. 14-08-00754-CV, 2009 WL 1311986, at *9 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May 7, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.)).

      The fact that Mother’s rights to Tyler and Casey were terminated on

endangerment grounds also supports a finding that termination of Mother’s rights to

Pia and Jayla was in their best interest. See In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d at 249 (stating

evidence parent’s rights had been previously terminated to one child supported

                                          64
finding that termination of parent’s rights to another child was in that child’s best

interest).

       Mother argues that she did not knowingly place or allow the children to

remain in conditions or surroundings that endangered their physical or emotional

wellbeing because she was forced by Alan to go to California and Alan was in

control. Mother, however, also testified that Alan did not threaten her with a gun

prior to leaving for California and she denied that he kidnapped her or the children.

Furthermore, although Mother disputed that she had any control over the trip to

California, it was within the trial court’s province, as the sole arbiter of a witness’s

credibility, to disbelieve Mother’s testimony and conclude, in light of the evidence,

that Mother had knowingly placed or allowed her children to be placed in dangerous

conditions. See In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 346 (stating trial court is sole arbiter of

witness’ credibility and demeanor).

       The child’s need for a permanent home has been “recognized as the paramount

consideration in a best interest determination.” In re B.J.C., 495 S.W.3d at 39

(noting that child’s need for permanence through establishment of stable, permanent

home is paramount consideration in best-interest determination). The record reflects

that Mother failed to maintain suitable housing that is clean, stable, and free from

safety hazards during the pendency of the case. Such evidence not only violated the

terms of her FSP, it also supports the trial court’s best interest finding. See Holley,

                                          65
544 S.W.2d at 372 (recognizing stability of home and ability to provide for child’s

current and future physical and emotional needs as best-interest factors); see also In

re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28 (stating evidence supporting trial court’s finding that parent

failed to complete FSP also supported of finding termination of parent’s rights is in

child’s best interest).

       The record also reflects that Mother, who was pregnant with Pia, used

marijuana and cocaine in August 2020 while Mother’s four older children were in

the Department’s care. Mother also tested positive for marijuana when Jayla was

born in February 2022, less a month after California authorities removed the children

from Mother’s care. See In re D.M.M., No. 14-16-00664-CV, 2017 WL 61847, at

*5 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Jan. 5, 2017, pet. denied) (mem. op.)

(“Continued illegal drug use [by the parent] . . . is conduct that jeopardizes parental

rights and may be considered as establishing an endangering course of conduct, and

that termination is in the best interest of the child.”).

       Mother’s FSP required her to submit to random and court-ordered drug

testing. Although Johnson went over Mother’s FSP with her on August 31, 2022,

Mother did not submit to any drug tests in this case until January 2023. The three

drug tests Mother took in 2023 were negative. See In re C.A.B., 289 S.W.3d 874,

885 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (holding fact finder could infer

that parent’s failure to submit to court-ordered drug testing indicated parent was

                                            66
avoiding testing because they were using narcotics); see also In re M.R., 243 S.W.3d

807, 821 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, no pet.) (“A parent’s drug use, inability to

provide a stable home, and failure to comply with a family service plan support a

finding that termination is in the best interest of the child.”).

      The only excuse Mother provided for these acts and omissions was that she

was a victim of domestic violence perpetrated against her by Alan. See Holley, 544

S.W.2d at 372 (stating any excuse for parent’s acts or omissions is best interest

factor). When the children were taken into care in March 2019, the Department

created an FSP for Mother which required her to receive individual therapy and

participate in a domestic abuse program. Mother did not do so. When the children

were removed from her care again in January 2022, Mother’s new FSP also required

her to receive individual therapy and participate in a domestic abuse program.

Although Mother was engaging in therapy, which includes the domestic abuse

requirement, Mother waited until the eve of the first trial setting to begin

participating in services and she had not completed these requirements. While

Mother testified that she is learning a lot in therapy about herself and the cycle of

domestic violence, she has not demonstrated that she is able to implement any of

those skills or would otherwise be able to protect the children from Alan and shield

them from future instances of domestic violence between the couple. See In re

M.L.L., 573 S.W.3d 353, 367 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2019, no pet.) (recognizing best

                                           67
interest analysis focuses on child, not parent; “Mother was certainly the victim of

domestic violence at the hands of her boyfriend, Rob, but the focus in determining

best interest is necessarily on [her son] Mark.”).

      Pia, who was two years old when trial commenced, was fourteen months old

when she was placed with Tanya and Kevin. Jayla, who was placed with Tanya and

Kevin when she was six or seven weeks old, was one year old when trial

commenced. The record thus reflects that Pia and Jayla have lived with Tanya and

Kevin longer than they were with Mother who acknowledged at trial that Pia and

Jayla “don’t really know me because they’ve been away from me so long.”14 By all

accounts, Tanya and Kevin have provided Pia and Jayla with a loving, safe, stable,

nurturing, and drug-free home environment and both children are thriving in their

care, thus demonstrating that Tanya and Kevin are able to meet the girls’ present and

future physical and emotional needs. There is also evidence in the record that Pia

and Jayla are well bonded to Tanya and Kevin who adopted Pia and Jayla’s

biological brothers, Casey and Tyler in May 2023, and Tanya and Kevin planned to

adopt Pia and Jayla if Mother’s and Alan’s rights to the girls were terminated. See

Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 372 (recognizing child’s present and future physical and

14
      The trial court prohibited Mother from having any contact with the children during
      the pendency of this case due to the risk that Mother or Alan would abduct the
      children. Although the court lifted the no-contact order in January 2023 for
      Anthony and Adrian, the court left the order in place for Pia and Jayla.

                                          68
emotional needs, present and future emotional and physical dangers to child,

parental abilities of persons seeking custody, plans for child by individuals seeking

custody, child’s desires, and stability of home or proposed placement as best interest

factors); see also In re M.D.M., 579 S.W.3d 744, 770 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2019, no pet.) (“Evidence that a child is well-cared for by a foster family or a

proposed adoptive placement, is bonded to the proposed placement, and has spent

minimal time in the presence of the child’s parent is relevant to the best interest

determination and, specifically, is relevant to the child’s desires.”).

      Jayla’s and Pia’s young ages alone also weigh in favor of the trial court’s

finding that termination of Mother’s parental rights is in their best interests. See In

re J.M.T., 519 S.W.3d 258, 270 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. denied)

(noting that young age of child—fourteen months at time of trial—weighed in favor

of trial court’s finding that termination was in child’s best interest); see also In re

A.L.B., No. 01-17-00547-CV, 2017 WL 6519969 *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2017, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (stating children’s young ages—five and six

years old—rendered them “vulnerable if left in the custody of a parent unable or

unwilling to protect them or to attend to their needs”).

      Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to trial court’s finding, we

conclude the trial court could have formed a firm belief or conviction that

termination of Mother’s parental rights was in Jayla and Pia’s best interest. See In

                                           69
re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. Further, in view of the entire record, we conclude that

the disputed evidence is not so significant as to prevent the trial court from forming

a firm belief or conviction that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in Jayla

and Pia’s best interest. Id.; see also In re Commitment of Stoddard, 619 S.W.3d at

674.

       We overrule Mother’s fifth issue.

                                  Conservatorship

       Mother filed a separate appeal in a companion case challenging the trial

court’s order appointing Anna—Anthony’s and Adrian’s paternal grandmother—as

the boys’ sole managing conservator and Mother as the boys’ possessory

conservator. In her sole issue on appeal, Mother argues there is legally and factually

insufficient evidence supporting Anna’s appointment as Anthony’s and Adrian’s

sole managing conservator.

A.     Standard of Review and Applicable Law

       We review conservatorship decisions for an abuse of discretion. In re J.A.J.,

243 S.W.3d at 616; In re J.J.G., 540 S.W.3d 44, 55 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2017, pet. denied). A trial court abuses its discretion if its decision is arbitrary and

unreasonable. In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d at 616; In re J.J.G., 540 S.W.3d at 55. Thus,

in reviewing a trial court’s conservatorship decision for an abuse of discretion, we

examine whether the court acted without reference to any guiding rules or principles.

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In re J.J.G., 540 S.W.3d at 55. A trial court does not abuse its discretion when it

bases its decision on conflicting evidence or so long as some evidence of substantive

and probative character supports its decision. Id. Under an abuse of discretion

standard, legal and factual insufficiency are not independent grounds of error but

rather are relevant factors in assessing whether the trial court abused its discretion.

Id.

      The primary consideration in determining issues of conservatorship is always

the children’s best interest.     See TEX. FAM. CODE § 153.002.            Best interest

determinations in the conservatorship context are reviewed in connection with the

non-exhaustive factors set out in Holley. A trial court has “wide latitude” in

determining best interest and may impose any conditions it finds necessary for the

child's best interest. Gillespie v. Gillespie, 644 S.W.2d 449, 451 (Tex. 1982).

      Family Code Section 153.005 authorizes the appointing of a managing

conservator and provides that the conservator must be “a parent, a competent adult,

the Department of Family and Protective Services, or a licensed child-placing

agency.” TEX. FAM. CODE § 153.005(b); see also In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d at 614.

Section 153.131 creates a rebuttable presumption that the appointment of a parent as

managing conservator is in the best interest of the children unless the trial court finds

that the appointment of the parent “would not be in the best interest of the child[ren]

because the appointment would significantly impair the child[ren’s] physical health

                                           71
or emotional development.” See TEX. FAM. CODE § 153.131(a), (b); In re T.S., No.

01-22-00054-CV, 2022 WL 4474277, at *45 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Sept.

27, 2022, no pet.) (mem. op.).

      Under Section 263.3026, the Department can request the trial court to award

the “permanent managing conservatorship of the child to a relative or other suitable

individual.” TEX. FAM. CODE §§ 263.3026(a), 263.404; In re A.J.I.L., No. 14-16-

00350-CV, 2016 WL 6110450, at *7 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Oct. 18,

2016, pet. denied) (mem. op.).       In the event termination of the parent-child

relationship is not ordered by the trial court in a suit seeking termination, the trial

court shall either deny the petition or “render any order in the best interest of the

child.” TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.205(2); In Interest of A.D., 480 S.W.3d 643, 645

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2015, pet. denied).

B.    Analysis

      Mother does not contest that the parental presumption was rebutted in this

case nor is she asking to be named managing conservator. Mother’s sole challenge

is to Anna’s appointment as the boys’ managing conservator.

      To the extent Mother is challenging Anna’s standing to be named Anthony’s

and Adrian’s managing conservator, this argument is not persuasive. When a suit

affecting the parent-child relationship is initiated by the Department for the

protection of the child, such as here, the standing provisions of the Family Code are

                                          72
not applicable to a non-party receiving conservatorship through the Department’s

filings. In re A.D., 480 S.W.3d at 645 (stating “the standing provisions of the Family

Code are not applicable to cases instituted by the Department for the protection of

the children”); see also In re A.J.I.L., 2016 WL 6110450, at *7 (holding trial court

does not abuse its discretion when naming nonparty relative managing conservator

even if nonparty relative is not named in such proceedings because Family Code’s

standing requirements do not apply in cases brought by Department).

      We further conclude that there is some evidence of a substantive and probative

character to support the trial court’s decision to appoint Anna as the boys’ permanent

managing conservator. Under Family Code Section 263.3026, the Department can

seek to have the trial court award the “permanent managing conservatorship of the

child to a relative or other suitable individual” in accordance with the goals of its

permanency plan. TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.3026(a)(3).

      During the January 26, 2023 permanency hearing, Johnson testified that the

Department’s primary permanency goal for Anthony and Adrian is relative adoption

and the Department’s concurrent permanency goal for the boys is relative

conservatorship. Johnson testified that Anthony and Adrian were living with Anna,

their paternal grandmother. According to Johnson, Anna was the boys’ primary

caregiver and she had been “involved in this case and different evolutions of this

case for several years.” Johnson agreed that Anna’s home was more than suitable

                                         73
for the boys and that Anna was very protective of the boys and involved in their

welfare. The July 26, 2023 permanency report states the Department’s primary

permanency goal for Anthony and Adrian is relative adoption and the Department’s

concurrent permanency goal for the boys is relative conservatorship. The report

states that both boys are in relative placements with Anna, and that Anna is a licensed

foster parent who had been verified by a licensed child-placing agency to qualify for

permanency care assistance benefits.

      In accordance with the goals of its permanency plan, the Department asked

the trial court to terminate Mother’s and Aaron’s parental rights to Anthony and

Adrian and to appoint the Department as the boys’ permanent managing conservator

to allow Anna to adopt Anthony and Adrian. After hearing closing arguments from

the other parties, the Department argued that if the court appointed Anna as

Anthony’s and Adrian’s sole managing conservator and Mother and Aaron as their

possessory conservators, the court should place certain limitations on Mother’s and

Aaron’s rights. The appointment of Anna as the boys’ sole managing conservator is

in accordance with the Department’s concurrent permanency goal for the boys,

relative conservatorship. Anna has attended all the hearings in this case and testified

at the January 26, 2023 permanency hearing and at trial. See In re C.S., 264 S.W.3d

864, 869 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, no pet.) (holding trial court did not err by

                                          74
appointing nonparents as joint managing conservators when Department had

initiated proceedings and properly identified nonparents as relative caregivers).

      As the petitioner, the Department was also required to prove it was in

Anthony’s and Adrian’s best interests to have Anna appointed as their permanent

managing conservator. TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.3026(a)(3). Courts consider the non-

exhaustive factors identified in Holley when assessing whether a conservatorship

decision is in the child’s best interest. See In re K.M.L., 443 S.W.3d 101, 116 (Tex.

2014); see also Gillespie, 644 S.W.2d at 451 (stating trial court has “wide latitude”

in determining best interest). The evidence need not prove all statutory or Holley

factors to demonstrate that the conservatorship decision is in a child’s best interest.

See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 372; see also In re D.M., 58 S.W.3d 801, 814 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2001, no pet.) (“‘Best interest’ does not require proof of any

unique set of factors, nor does it limit proof to any specific factors.”).

      Mother, whose best interest argument does not address the Holley factors,

argues that “[i]n what appears to be an analysis of best interest,” the Beaumont Court

of Appeals’ opinion in In re G.B., No. 09-15-00285-CV, 2016 WL 157842, at *5

(Tex. App.—Beaumont Jan. 14, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.) “sets out a quasi-due

process analysis by taking into account the participation of the nonparty” when

determining whether a court abuses its discretion by appointing a nonparty relative

as a conservator. We understand Mother to argue that a nonparty’s degree of

                                           75
participation in the legal proceeding is a relevant factor courts should consider when

assessing whether the appointment of the non-party as a conservator is in the child’s

best interest. According to Mother, the court in In re G.B. noted that (1) the

Department asked the trial court to name a relative as the child’s managing

conservator in its pleadings, (2) the Department indicated in its opening statement

that it wanted the court to name the nonparty relative as G.B.’s permanent managing

conservator, (3) the Department’s recommendation was based in part on the

nonparty relative’s favorable home study, (4) the nonparty relative testified that she

wanted to be given custody, (5) the evidence supported the trial court’s implied

finding that naming the nonparty relative as the managing conservator offered a

“safe and stable placement,” and (6) the Department’s permanency plan supported

naming the nonparty relative as G.B’s permanent managing conservator. Mother

argues that unlike in In re G.B.,

      There is no indication that a home study was done on [Anna] after the
      filing of this suit on March 17, 2022. There was no mention of [Anna]
      being named as the sole managing conservator of the children in any
      opening statement made by the Department or any other party. None of
      the parenting plans filed by the Department indicated that [Anna]
      should be named as the sole managing conservator of the children.

      We do not find Mother’s arguments persuasive. By all accounts, Anna is

protective of Adrian and Anthony, she has provided the boys with a loving, safe, and

stable home, and she has been able to meet the boys’ physical and emotional needs.

See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 372 (identifying child’s present and future physical and

                                         76
emotional needs, present and future emotional and physical danger to child, and

stability of home or proposed placement as best interest factors). The evidence

reflects the boys love Anna, they are bonded with her, and they want to continue

living with her. Anthony and Adrian also told their ad litem that they wanted Anna

to adopt them. See id. (identifying desires of child as best interest factor). Mother

agrees that Anna has done a good job caring for the boys.

      The record reflects Anthony and Adrian lived with Anna from the time they

were born until Mother moved out of Anna’s home when the boys were two and

three years old. Although Anna attempted to stay in contact with the boys after

Mother moved out, Anna was not able to see her grandsons for about two years

because Mother stopped allowing Anna and Aaron to visit the boys a few months

after Mother began dating Alan.

      In March 2019, Anna became involved in the boys’ lives again when Anthony

and Adrian were placed in her care after Alan kidnapped the boys at gunpoint. Aside

from the four months the boys were either in Mother’s care or in foster care in

California, Anna’s home is the only place Anthony and Adrian lived from March

2019 until trial. After she had not heard from the boys in a while, Anna, who was

worried about Anthony and Adrian after they were returned to Mother in November

2021, figured out where the boys had been attending school. When she and Aaron

went to the boys’ schools, however, they learned that Mother had withdrawn them

                                         77
from the school. Anna continued to search for the boys, and she knew before the

Department did that the boys had been taken into care by CPS in California after

Mother was arrested for child endangerment.

       Anna enrolled the boys in therapy after they returned from California and she

and Tanya arranged for all six kids to have regular sibling visits. Anna also knows

that the boys love their parents, and they want to stay in contact with them, and Anna

testified she will allow Aaron and Mother to communicate with the boys as long as

it is in the boys’ best interest.

       Although there is no evidence the Department prepared a home study for

Anna, there is evidence that Anna is a licensed foster parent who has been through

the verification process. She has attended every hearing and meeting in the boys’

case, and she has been in a regular contact with the Department since the boys were

placed with her in March 2019.

       Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to trial court’s finding, we

conclude the trial court could have formed a firm belief or conviction that appointing

Anna as Anthony’s and Adrian’s permanent managing conservator was in the boys’

best interest. See In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. Further, in view of the entire

record, we conclude that the disputed evidence is not so significant as to prevent the

trial court from forming a firm belief or conviction that appointing Anna as

                                         78
Anthony’s and Adrian’s permanent managing conservator was in the boys’ best

interest. Id.; see also In re Commitment of Stoddard, 619 S.W.3d at 674.

      Because there is some evidence of a substantive and probative character to

support the trial court’s decision to appoint Anna as the boys’ permanent managing

conservator, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by doing so.

      To the extent Mother argues that Anna’s appointment as the boys’ managing

conservator violates Mother’s right to due process, Mother did not preserve this issue

for our review. To preserve a complaint for appellate review, an appellant must

show (1) she made the complaint to the trial court by a timely request, objection, or

motion, and (2) the trial court ruled on the request or refused to rule on the request

and appellant objected to the refusal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); see also In re

B.L.D., 113 S.W.3d 340, 350 (Tex. 2003) (observing, in context of parental rights

termination, that “applying our preservation rules” generally does not deprive parties

of due process rights); In re M.J.M.L., 31 S.W.3d 347, 352 (Tex. App.—San Antonio

2000, pet. denied) (“Constitutional issues must be properly raised in the trial court

or they are waived on appeal.”). Notably, Mother did not object when, during

closing arguments, the children’s attorney ad litem expressly asked the trial court to

consider appointing Anna as the boys’ sole managing conservator and the parents as

possessory conservators. Mother is raising this issue for the first time on appeal.

Because Mother did not object in the trial court that Anna’s appointment as the boys’

                                          79
sole managing conservator violated Mother’s rights to due process or otherwise raise

this issue in the trial court, Mother has not preserved this issue for our review. See

TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); see also In re B.L.D., 113 S.W.3d at 350; In re M.J.M.L., 31

S.W.3d at 352.

      Even if Mother had preserved this issue for our review, she still would not

prevail on appeal. Mother argues that because Anna was not named as a formal

party or expressly identified as the relative the Department requested be appointed

as the boys’ conservator in the event the trial court did not terminate Mother’s and

Aaron’s rights, Mother was not able to fully litigate whether Anna’s appointment

would be in the boys’ best interest. According to Mother, “it was never made clear

until the end of the litigation after evidence was presented that [Anna] would be a

choice for sole managing conservatorship of the children.” We disagree.

      As previously discussed, the Department’s primary permanency goal for

Anthony and Adrian was relative adoption and its concurrent permanency goal for

the boys was relative conservatorship. The Department repeatedly identified Anna

as the boys’ current placement and caregiver. Anna testified at trial that she wanted

to adopt the boys if Mother’s and Aaron’s parental rights were terminated, and the

Department asked the trial court to appoint the Department as the children’s

managing conservator so that Anna could adopt the boys. Mother testified at trial

that she had a good relationship with Anna in the past and she wanted to “build a

                                         80
relationship” with Anna going forward. Mother also acknowledged that Anna had

done a good job caring for the boys and she stated that she would let the boys live

with Anna, if that is what they wanted to do.

      Furthermore, the record reflects that Mother’s counsel cross-examined Anna

at trial regarding the people Anthony and Adrian would be exposed to at her home

and her ability to protect the boys. Mother’s counsel introduced evidence that

Anna’s brother had been charged with assaulting a family member and inquired

whether Anna’s brother visited her home.           Mother’s counsel also introduced

evidence that Anna’s son, Aaron, had two pending criminal cases and counsel

elicited testimony as to whether Anna allowed Aaron to have unsupervised visitation

with the boys in contravention of the court’s orders. These areas of inquiry were

relevant to determine whether Anna’s appointment as conservator would be in the

boys’ best interest and they reflect that contrary to Mother’s argument on appeal,

Mother was able to litigate this issue in the trial court.

      We overrule Mother’s sole issue with respect to Anna’s appointment as the

boys’ sole managing conservator.

                                           81
                                   Conclusion

      We affirm the trial court’s final decree terminating Mother’s parental rights

to Jayla and Pia and we affirm the trial court’s order appointing Anna as Anthony’s

and Adrian’s sole managing conservator.

                                             Veronica Rivas-Molloy
                                             Justice

Panel consists of Justices Kelly, Countiss, and Rivas-Molloy.

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