Court Opinion

ID: 6330922
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-13 16:12:21.630758+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:23:06.619131
License: Public Domain

J-S35015-21

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    CARLOS MARTINEZ-DIAZ                       :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 371 MDA 2021

          Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered June 8, 2018
       In the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County Criminal Division at
                        No(s): CP-06-CR-0005162-2017

BEFORE:      OLSON, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.:                               FILED: APRIL 11, 2022

        Appellant, Carlos Martinez-Diaz, appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered on June 8, 2018 in the Criminal Division of the Court of Common Pleas

of Berks County, as made final by the denial of his initial post-sentence motion

on December 22, 2020, together with the denial of his supplemental

post-sentence motion on February 16, 2021. We affirm.

        In its opinion filed pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a), the trial court

prepared a thorough summary of the historical facts established at trial in this

case. See Trial Court Opinion, 5/19/21, at 3-19. We adopt the trial court’s

recitation of these facts and incorporate it herein as if set forth at length.

        At the conclusion of trial on June 7, 2018, a jury found Appellant guilty

of two counts of corrupt organizations (18 Pa.C.S.A. § 911(b)(2) and (b)(3)),

____________________________________________

*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S35015-21

one count of criminal use of a communication facility (18 Pa.C.S.A. § 7512(a)),

two counts of conspiracy (18 Pa.C.S.A. 903(a)(1)), and six counts of delivery

of a controlled substance (35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30)). On June 8, 2018, the

trial court ordered Appellant to serve 18½ to 60 years’ imprisonment in a state

correctional facility.

       Thereafter, Appellant filed a pro se post-sentence motion on June 20,

2018. The trial court, however, did not adjudicate this submission, as counsel

was still attached to the case. See Commonwealth v. Ellis, 626 A.2d 1137,

1139 (Pa. 1993) (“[T]here is no right to hybrid representation either at trial

or on appeal.”). Appellant’s sentence was thereafter amended on June 25,

2018 to include additional credit for time served before sentencing.

Appellant’s sentence was again amended on August 21, 2018 to reduce his

maximum sentence by 10 years and to impose a new aggregate sentence of

18½ to 50 years. Appellant filed a pro se notice of appeal on November 9,

2018, which this Court quashed on June 6, 2019 as untimely.

      While the untimely appeal remained pending before this Court,

Appellant, on June 3, 2019, filed a petition for collateral relief pursuant to the

Post-Conviction Relief Act (PCRA), 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-9546.          The PCRA

court appointed counsel, who filed an amended petition on October 22, 2019,

after this Court quashed Appellant’s untimely appeal. The petition alleged that

trial counsel was ineffective in failing to file a direct appeal and requested

reinstatement of Appellant’s post-sentence and direct appeal rights. After a

hearing, the PCRA court denied the petition on January 29, 2020. Appellant

                                      -2-
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appealed the dismissal of his collateral relief claims and, on November 30,

2020, this Court reinstated his rights to file post-sentence motions and pursue

a direct appeal.

       With the assistance of new counsel, Appellant filed a post-sentence

motion on December 18, 2020. The trial court denied the motion on December

22, 2020 but gave Appellant 45 days to file a supplemental post-sentence

motion. Appellant filed a supplemental post-sentence motion on February 5,

2021, which was denied on February 16, 2021. Appellant filed a notice of

appeal on March 22, 20211 and, after extension, a concise statement of errors

pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) on April 19, 2021. The trial court issued its

Rule 1925(a) opinion on May 19, 2021.

       Appellant’s brief raises the following issues for our review.

       [Did the trial court err] and abuse its discretion in overruling
       Appellant’s objection to the introduction of documents with
       statements attributed to Appellant without presenting any direct
       witness to the alleged statements?

____________________________________________

1 The trial court docketed Appellant’s March 22, 2021 notice of appeal on the
30th day following service of the order denying Appellant’s supplemental
post-sentence motion (February 18, 2021). Hence, we shall treat this appeal
as timely filed. See Pa.R.A.P. 903(a) (“notice[s] of appeal ... shall be filed
within 30 days after the entry of the order from which the appeal is taken”);
Pa.R.A.P. 108(a) and (d) (where a post-sentence motion has been filed in a
criminal case, any period of time computed under the appellate rules involving
the date of entry of an order by a court or other government unit, the day of
entry shall be the day the clerk of the court or the office of the government
unit mails or delivers copies of the order to the parties); Pa.R.Crim.P. 720
(A)(2)(a) (notice of appeal is due within 30 days of order denying timely
post-sentence motion).

                                           -3-
J-S35015-21

       [Did the trial court] abuse its discretion at sentencing where the
       sentencing court relied on improper factors to justify an aggregate
       sentence that is tantamount to a life sentence and [where the
       court failed to] consider [Appellant’s] rehabilitative needs?

Appellant’s Brief at 4.

       In his first issue, Appellant argues that the admission of two exhibits

offered by the Commonwealth to connect him to a telephone number used to

make and/or forward incriminating calls and text messages violated his right

to cross-examine the witnesses against him under the Confrontation Clause

of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution.2 See U.S. Const.

____________________________________________

2  Commonwealth’s Exhibit 83 (“Exhibit 83”) consists of Appellant’s
arraignment information sheet, which was completed following an exchange
between Appellant and a magistrate district judge during Appellant’s
preliminary arraignment.         See N.T. Trial, 6/5/18, at 9-14.         The
Commonwealth presented Exhibit 83 at trial without witness testimony
pertaining to its creation after the trial court agreed, at the Commonwealth’s
request, to take judicial notice of the document. See id. at 11; see also
Trial Court Opinion, 5/19/21, at 26-28, citing Pa.R.E. 201(b)(2) (permitting
judicial notice of facts that “can be accurately and readily determined from
sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned”).

Commonwealth’s Exhibit 86 (“Exhibit 86”) consists of Appellant’s prisoner
information report, which attributed a telephone number targeted during the
relevant police investigation to Appellant. See N.T. Trial, 6/7/18, at 285 and
400. At trial, the Commonwealth presented the testimony of Michael Mullen,
a supervisor of pretrial services at Berks County Prison, to address the nature
of the information included within an inmate information report, the process
by which such reports are prepared, and confirmation that information used
to prepare such reports comes from inmates directly. See id. at 283. Mullen
neither prepared nor reviewed Appellant’s intake report but stated that
Edward Hartzell, a correctional officer at Berks County Prison, created
Appellant’s prisoner intake form. See id. at 401. Hartzell was not available
to testify at Appellant’s trial and there is no indication in the certified record
that defense counsel had an opportunity to cross-examine Hartzell.

                                           -4-
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amend. VI (“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right ...

to be confronted with the witnesses against him”). Appellant asserts that the

Confrontation clause barred admission of Exhibits 83 and 86 since the

individuals who prepared those documents were not made available at trial

and because he had no prior opportunity to cross-examine them.                        See

Appellant’s Brief at 19. Appellant also claims that the primary purpose of the

challenged exhibits is to establish facts relevant to prosecution since the

documents were created under circumstances that would lead a neutral

witness reasonably to conclude that the materials would be available for use

at a later trial. See id., quoting Commonwealth v. Brown, 139 A.3d 208,

212 (Pa. Super. 2016).           Appellant observes that the challenged exhibits

constituted    testimonial     statements      since   “it   is   common   practice   for

prosecutors to use preliminary arraignment and other such paperwork to

establish a criminal defendant’s contact information where such information is

potentially incriminating.” Appellant’s Brief at 19-20. We conclude that this

claim merits no relief.3

____________________________________________

3 Both the trial court and the Commonwealth contend that Appellant waived
appellate review of his challenge to Exhibits 83 and 86 since he articulated
different objections at trial. See Trial Court Opinion, 5/19/21, at 44;
Commonwealth’s Brief at 14-15. After careful review of the certified record,
we disagree. While it is correct that defense counsel offered several reasons
to reject admission of Exhibits 83 and 86, he relied heavily, if not primarily,
upon the claim that these materials were unreliable in linking Appellant to the
targeted telephone number, a contention in which he emphasized the need to
confront the creators of the respective forms. See e.g. N.T. Trial, 6/5/18, at
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

                                           -5-
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       We ordinarily review a trial court's evidentiary rulings for an abuse of

discretion; however, whether the admission of evidence violates an appellant's

rights under the Confrontation Clause is a question of law subject to our

plenary, de novo review.         In re N.C., 105 A.3d 1199, 1210 (Pa. 2014);

Commonwealth v. Cheng Jie Lu, 223 A.3d 260, 264 (Pa. Super. 2019);

Commonwealth v. Williams, 103 A.3d 354, 358 (Pa. Super. 2014).

       The Confrontation Clause bars admission of out-of-court testimonial

statements of an unavailable witness when the defendant has not had an

opportunity for cross-examination. Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. 344, 354

(2011); Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 821 (2006); Commonwealth

v. Allshouse, 36 A.3d 163, 171 (Pa. 2012); Cheng Jie Lu, 223 A.3d at 264.

The preclusive sweep of the Confrontation Clause extends only to testimonial

statements and does not prohibit out-of-court statements which are

nontestimonial.       Bryant, 562 U.S. at 354; Davis, 547 U.S. at 821;

Allshouse, 36 A.3d at 173.

____________________________________________

11 (defense counsel asking whether Commonwealth would subpoena
magistrate who prepared Appellant’s arraignment information form); see also
id. at 400-401 (noting that correctional officer who performed Appellant’s
prison intake interview would not be available for defense examination). While
it would be preferable if counsel had expressly invoked the Confrontation
Clause when he raised his evidentiary objections, it is evident that he placed
the need to examine the declarants before the trial court for its consideration.
Under these circumstances, we conclude that Appellant adequately preserved
his claim for appellate review.

                                           -6-
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      The law in Pennsylvania is reasonably clear that statements are

nontestimonial when made during police interrogation under circumstances

objectively indicating that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable

the police to meet an ongoing emergency. See Allshouse, 36 A.3d at 172,

quoting Davis, 547 U.S. at 822.         Statements are deemed testimonial,

however, when circumstances objectively indicate that no ongoing emergency

exists and that the primary purpose of interrogation is to prove or disprove

past events with potential relevance to subsequent criminal prosecution. See

Allshouse, 36 A.3d at 172, quoting Davis, 547 U.S. at 822.

      In considering the testimonial nature of a statement, the foregoing

decisions (and much, if not all, of Pennsylvania appellate case law addressing

the Confrontation Clause) focus upon police interrogation, the primary

purpose of such interrogations, and whether an ongoing public safety

emergency exists. These precedents do not consider whether prison intake

forms, and similar administrative materials such as preliminary arraignment

forms, fall within the category of nontestimonial statements. In addition, our

own research efforts have been unsuccessful in locating Pennsylvania

appellate authority relevant to the precise issue before us.

      Nevertheless, at least one federal district court has considered and

rejected the claim that admission of administrative materials like prison intake

forms violates a criminal defendant’s rights under the Confrontation Clause.

That court offered the following rationale for its conclusion.

                                      -7-
J-S35015-21

     In Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 68 (2004), the
     [United States] Supreme Court reiterated that[,] “[w]here
     testimonial evidence is at issue ..., the Sixth Amendment
     demands what the common law required: unavailability and a
     prior opportunity for cross-examination.”             As such, a
     Confrontation Clause violation occurs where a court allows the
     admission of “testimonial” statements against a criminal
     defendant who did not have an opportunity to cross-examine the
     witness. Id. The [United States] Supreme Court in Crawford
     did not, however, give lower courts a precise definition of the term
     “testimonial.” See Crawford, 541 U.S. at 68. According to
     Crawford, in its broadest formulation, testimonial statements are
     “statements that were made under circumstances which would
     lead an objective witness reasonably to believe that the statement
     would be available for use at a later trial.” Crawford, 541 U.S. at
     52 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

     Since Crawford, the United States Supreme Court has continually
     refined and clarified the meaning of “testimonial,” but the [] Court
     has never specifically addressed the situation presented by
     [defendant’s claim that the admission of a prison intake form
     violated his rights under the Confrontation Clause].              In
     Melendez–Diaz v. Massachusetts, [557 U.S. 305 (2009)] the
     [Court] concluded that forensic lab certificates are testimonial for
     the purpose of Crawford, but nonetheless emphasized the
     following:

        Business and public records are generally admissible absent
        confrontation not because they qualify under an exception to
        the hearsay rules, but because - having been created for the
        administration of an entity's affairs and not for the purpose
        of establishing or proving some fact at trial - they are not
        testimonial.

Needham v. Whitener, No. 5:13-cv-104-FDW, 2013 WL 5636746, *5-6

(W.D.N.C. Oct. 15, 2013), quoting Melendez–Diaz, 557 U.S. at 324.

     We conclude that the content of Exhibits 83 and 86 were not

“testimonial” under Crawford's general definition of that term, as both the

arraignment information form and the prisoner information form were created

                                    -8-
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for routine administrative purposes, i.e., the collection of contact information

and the acquisition of prison census and identification data.            These

administrative materials, which appear to have been created in the ordinary

course of administration by a magistrate judge and a correctional officer, were

not created by investigative law enforcement personnel in anticipation of later

use at a criminal trial to prove or disprove facts. Compare Melendez-Diaz,

557 U.S. at 309-311 (forensic lab certificates fell within core class of

testimonial statements covered by the Confrontation Clause since they were

essentially synonymous with affidavits, created for the sole purpose of

establishing the composition, quality, and net weight of a submitted drug

sample, and, as such, prepared under circumstances which would lead an

objective witness reasonably to believe that the certificates would be available

for use at a later trial).       Moreover, we reach this conclusion despite the

Commonwealth’s use of Exhibits 83 and 86 to connect Appellant to a targeted

telephone number at trial since Crawford’s definition of “testimonial” turns

more so on the anticipated use and primary purpose of a particular

statement, not the ultimate or actual use to which the statement is put. 4

____________________________________________

4 Our decision to treat routine, biographical forms prepared for administrative
purposes as nontestimonial statements receives support from appellate cases
that address the scope of the Fifth Amendment’s right against
self-incrimination and conclude that biographical inquiries are not ordinarily
undertaken with the expectation that they will elicit incriminating responses.
Pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), a criminal defendant
is entitled to a recitation of his rights against self-incrimination prior to
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

                                           -9-
J-S35015-21

Because Exhibits 83 and 86 do not trigger Confrontation Clause protections

under the circumstances in this case, we hold that Appellant is not entitled to

relief.

          In his second claim, Appellant forwards a challenge to the discretionary

aspects of his sentence, arguing that the trial court abused its discretion in

considering improper factors, failing to consider Appellant’s rehabilitative

needs and mitigating factors, and imposing an excessive aggregate

punishment. This claim is devoid of merit.

          We have carefully reviewed the certified record, the submissions of the

parties, and the thorough discussion of Appellant’s discretionary sentencing

challenge authored by the trial court. We are satisfied that the trial court has

____________________________________________

custodial interrogation. Nevertheless, while statements obtained in violation
of Miranda are subject to suppression, a statement uttered in a custodial
setting is not suppressed when it constitutes a response to biographical
questioning. See Commonwealth v. Garvin, 50 A.3d 694, 698 (Pa. Super.
2012). “Generally speaking,[] information such as name, height, weight,
residence, occupation, etc. is not the kind of information which requires
Miranda warnings since it is not information generally considered as part of
an interrogation.” Garvin, 50 A.3d at 698, quoting Commonwealth v.
Jasper, 587 A.2d 705, 708–709 (Pa. 1991). Such questions are not
“calculated to, expected to, or likely to elicit an incriminating response, or ...
asked with [the] intent to extract or an expectation of eliciting an incriminating
[response].” Garvin, 50 A.3d at 698 (citations omitted). Moreover, we have
held that there is no requirement that a suspect be given Miranda warnings
where the police seek only biographical, general information for completion of
prison intake forms. See Garvin, 50 A.3d at 699, citing Commonwealth v.
Friedman, 602 A.2d 371, 378 (Pa. Super. 1992). Because biographical intake
materials such as Exhibits 83 and 86 are generated for administrative
purposes, and are not calculated to elicit incriminating responses, they are not
made under circumstances which would lead an objective witness reasonably
to believe that the materials would be available for use at a later trial.

                                          - 10 -
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adequately and accurately addressed each of the claims raised by Appellant.

As such, we reject Appellant’s discretionary sentencing claim for the reasons

set forth by the trial court and adopt is rationale as our own. See Trial Court

Opinion, 5/19/21, at 30-40.      Since we have adopted a portion of the trial

court’s opinion as our own, we direct the parties to attach a copy of the trial

court’s opinion to all future filings pertaining to the disposition of this appeal.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 04/11/2022

                                      - 11 -
                                                                                               Circulated 03/21/2022 03:38 PM

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                                      IN THE
                                                                  IN THE COURT
                                                                         COURT OF
                                                                               OF COMMON
                                                                                  COMMON PLEAS
                                                                                          PLEAS
                                                                  OF BERKS
                                                                  OF BERKS COUNTY,  PENNSYLVANIA
                                                                           COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
                                                                  CRIMINAL DIVISION
                                                                  CRIMINAL DIVISION
                             VS.
                             VS.
                                                                  No. CP-06-CR-5162-2017
                                                                  No. CP-06-CR-5162-2017

 CARLOS
 CARLOS MARTINEZ-DIAZ
        MARTINEZ-DIAZ                                             Assigned to: Judge
                                                                  Assigned to:       M. Theresa
                                                                               Judge M. Theresa Johnson
                                                                                                Johnson

 Edward
 Edward C.
        C. Meehan, Jr., Esquire
           Meehan, Jr., Esquire
           Attorney for Appellant
           Attorney for Appellant

Alisa
Alisa R.
      R. Hobart, Esquire
         Hobart, Esquire
          Attorney for the
          Attorney for     CommonwealthAppellee
                       the CommonwealthAppellee

Memorandum Opinion
Memorandum Opinion                                      19, 2021
                                                    May 19, 2021                            M. Theresa
                                                                                            M. Theresa Johnson, J.
                                                                                                       Johnson, J.

                                          PROCEDURAL HISTORY
                                          PROCEDURAL HISTORY

          The
          The defendant in the
              defendant in the above-captioned case, Carlos
                               above-captioned case, Carlos Martinez-Diaz ("Diaz), was
                                                            Martinez-Diaz ("Diaz), was charged
                                                                                       charged

with
with various drug-related offenses
     various drug-related offenses arising out of
                                   arising out of incidents
                                                  incidents alleged to have
                                                            alleged to have occurred
                                                                            occurred between
                                                                                     between May
                                                                                             May

31,
31, 2017,
    2017, and August 2,
          and August 2, 2017.
                        2017. On
                              On June
                                 June 7,
                                      7, 2018,
                                         2018, aa jury found Diaz
                                                  jury found Diaz guilty of two
                                                                  guilty of two counts
                                                                                counts of
                                                                                       of corrupt
                                                                                          corrupt

organizations,' one count
organizations,' one count of
                          of criminal
                             criminal use
                                      use of
                                          of communication
                                             communication facility, two counts
                                                           facility, two counts of
                                                                                of conspiracy to
                                                                                   conspiracy to

commit
commit delivery of aa controlled
       delivery of    controlled substance'
                                 substance' and
                                            and six
                                                six counts
                                                    counts of
                                                           of delivery of aa controlled
                                                              delivery of    controlled substance.'
                                                                                        substance.'

On
On June
   June 8,
        8, 2018, Diaz was
           2018, Diaz was ordered
                          ordered to
                                  to serve
                                     serve an
                                           an aggregate          of 18%
                                                        sentence of
                                              aggregate sentence    18% years to 60
                                                                        years to 60 years in aa
                                                                                    years in

state
state correctional facility. On
      correctional facility. On June
                                June 20, 2018, Diaz
                                     20, 2018, Diaz filed
                                                    filed aa pro se post-sentence
                                                             pro se               motion which
                                                                    post-sentence motion which this
                                                                                               this

court
court declined to address
      declined to address as
                          as Diaz
                             Diaz was
                                  was represented
                                      represented by counsel. On
                                                  by counsel. On June
                                                                 June 25,
                                                                      25, 2018, Diaz's sentence
                                                                          2018, Diaz's sentence

was
was amended to include
    amended to include credit
                       credit for
                              for the
                                  the 124
                                      124 days he had
                                          days he had previously served which
                                                      previously served which was
                                                                              was mistakenly
                                                                                  mistakenly

omitted
omitted from the original
        from the original sentencing         On August
                                     orders. On
                          sentencing orders.           21, 2018,
                                                August 21, 2018, Diaz's
                                                                 Diaz's sentences
                                                                        sentences on two counts
                                                                                  on two counts

   18Pa.CS.A.
   18Pa.CS.A. $911()(2)      and 18PA.C.S.A.
                 $911()(2) and      PA.C.S.A. $911(b)(3)
                                                $911(b)(3)
  18
   18 Pa.CS.A.
      Pa.CS.A. $7512(a)
                 $7512(a)
  18Pa.CS.A.
   18Pa.CS.A. $903(a)(2)        commit 35P,S.
                             to commit
                 $903(a)(2) to           35P,S. $780-113(a)630)
                                                 $780-113(a)630)
'35P.S.
'35P.S. $780-113(a)030)
          $780-113(a)030)
''TJhere is
''TJhere    is no constitutional right
               no constitutional right to
                                       to hybrid
                                          hybrid r~presentation
                                                 r~presentation either at trial
                                                                either at trial or
                                                                                or on
                                                                                   on appeal." Commonwealth •• Ellis,
                                                                                      appeal." Commonwealth    Ellis, 626
                                                                                                                      626
A.2d
A. 2d 1137,
       1137, 1139  (Pa. 1993).
              1139 (Pa.  1993).

                                                            11
                                                                                                                                    C
                                                                                                                                /
of delivery of a controlled substance were amended to remedy an illegal sentence.° As a result,

Diaz's total sentence was
                      was reduced to a term of 18%
                                               I8% years to 50 years in a state correctional facility.
                                                                                             facility.

          On November 9, 2018, Diaz filed a notice of appeal to the Pennsylvania Superior Court

from this court's order of October 11, 2018. On June 3, 2019, Diaz filed a Motion for Post-

Conviction Collateral Relief ("Motion"). Diaz's direct appeal was quashed on June 6, 2019.

Lara Hoffert, Esquire ("Attomey
                      ("Attorney Hoffert") was appointed to represent Diaz on June 11, 2019, in

his PCRA matter. Attorney Hoffert was subsequently granted permission to withdraw her

appearance due to a conflict of interest and David Long, Esquire
                                                         Esquire ("Attorney Long"), was

appointed to represent Diaz. On October 22, 2019, Attorney Long filed an Amended PCRA

Petition ("Amended Petition") on behalf of Diaz. Diaz claimed within the Amended Petition that

his trial counsel, Jacob Gurwitz, Esquire ("Attomey
                                          ("Attorney Gurwitz"), was ineffective when he failed to

file a direct appeal. A hearing was held on December 3, 2019, to address Diaz's claims. At that

time, both Diaz and Attorney Gurwitz presented testimony.

         On January 29, 2020, this court entered an order dismissing the Motion and Amended

Petition. Diaz filed a pro se Notice of Appeal on February 12, 2020. On November 30, 2020,

the Pennsylvania Superior Court reversed this Court's order denying PCRA relief and held that

Diaz was entitled to the reinstatement of                                            munc pro tuunc.
                                              post·sentence and direct appeal rights nnc
                                       of his post-sentence                                   tunc.

On December 8, 2020, this Court entered an order reinstating those rights. On December I8,

2020, Diaz filed a post-sentence motion which was denied by this Court on December 22, 2020.

  The Commonwealth and Diaz,
• Te                            and through counsel, agreed tthat
                       Diaz, by and                                                     I7, Delivery of a
                                                             hat the sentences on Count 17,
Controlled Substance -- Methamphetamine, and Count 19,    I9, Delivery of a Controlled Substance --   Met[amphetamine,
                                                                                                    -Methamphetamine,
were illegal. At sentencing, Diaz had two prior convictions for possession with intent                      was sentenced
                                                                                    intent to deliver and was
                           years on both counts. However.the statutory maximum on these offenses was 20 years and
to serve 90 months to 30 vears                                                                                          and
not 30 years. See 35P.S.
                   35 PS. $780-113(f(1.1)                          iiaxirum sentenck
                            $780-113((1.1) (ten-year statutory ii~axirum               for'the delivery of
                                                                             sentendl for'the
methamphetamine); 35    P.S. $780-115(a) ([a]ny person convicted of a second or subsequent offense under clause
                     35P.S.
                                                                off~bse under any statute 3f
(30) of subsection (a) of section 13 of this actor of a similar off~ise                     pf the United States or of any
state may be imprisoned for a t                  the term otherwise authorized[.]). Therefore, this count reduced the
                                  e up to twice the
                                term
                                 rm
                                                    months,' to 30 years down to 90 months to 20
term of Diaz's sentences on those counts from 90 months            '
                                                                                                  20 years.
                                                                                                     years

                                                             2
 Diaz subsequently filed a supplemental post-sentence motion which was denied on February 16,

 2021.

          On March22, 2021, Diaz filed an untimely notice of appeal to the Pennsylvania Superior

 Court. On March 24, 2021, this Court ordered Diaz to file a concise statement of matters

 complained of on appeal within 21 days from the date of the order's entry on the docket, On

 April 26, 2021, Diaz filed his statement of errors. On April 26, 2021, Diaz filed a request to

 extend the deadline to file a statement of errors acknowledging that his concise statement was

untimely. Alternatively, Diaz requested that this Court accept his statement of errors rune pro

tune. On April 27, 2021, this Court granted Diaz's request and extended the filing deadline for

his concise statement by 21 days.

                                           DISCUSSION

                                         Statement of Facts

         Due to the extensive nature of the drug investigation in this case, this Court has

summarized the relevant events and listed them in chronological order. Some of those events

include text messages and telephone calls. During trial, the Commonwealth called Trooper Jay

Lownsbery ("Trooper Lownsbery") of the Pennsylvania State Police to testify. Id. at 410. He

was qualified as an expert in the field of narcotics trafficking and drug culture in Berks County.

Id. at 414-415. The Commonwealth played the audio recordings, presented text conversations

from their wiretap investigation and displayed a visual transcription of the calls and messages for

the jury. Id. at 417. All calls and texts listed below were interpreted by Trooper Lownsbery.

         In 2017, members of the Pennsylvania State Police were conducting a drug investigation

in Berks County when they arrested an individual in possession of a large amount of

methamphetamine. Notes of Testimony, Jury Trial, June 5-7, 2021 (N,T") at 110-111. That

                                                  3
I

     individual cooperated with law enforcement and became a confidential informant ("Confidential

     Informant") used to further that investigation. Id. at I11, The Confidential Informant introduced

     undercover officers to other individuals identified as targets of the investigation. Id. at 112. One

     of those officers, Scott Fidler of the Pennsylvania State Police ("Corporal Fidler"), acting in an

     undercover capacity, used the Confidential Informant for a period of time before transitioning to

     direct contact with those targets. Id. at 112-113.

            In April of2017, Corpora! Fidler came into contact with one of those targets, an

     individual named Luis Irizary ("Irizarry"). Id. at 113. Corporal Fidler obtained Irizarry's phone

    number during their interactions and Irizarry told Corporal Fidler that he could contact him if he

    needed something. Id. at 114. As a result, Corporal Fidler began buying methamphetamine

    directly from Irizarry. Id. The quantity of methamphetamine being purchased exceeded the

    amount typically acquired for personal use. Id, Corporal Fidler informed Irizary that he was a

    middleman trafficker trying to make money throughout the state. Id.

            On June 1, 2017, at 6:39 p.m., Irizarry used telephone number 484-336-0442 to call Diaz

    at 484-599-0187. Id. at 418. Trooper Lownsbery testified that this was a conversation where

    Diaz stated that he had sold off product and he was looking for more crack cocaine to sell. Id. at

    419.

           On June 1, 2017, Corporal Fidler, acting in an undercover capacity, sent a text message to

    Irizarry at 484-336-0442 asking him if "he was going to be good." Id. at 115, 117. Corporal

    Fidler testified that this meant he was asking Irizany if he had the drugs. Id.

           On June 2, 2017, Corporal Fidler texted Irizany letting him know he was on his way to

    Reading, Pennsylvania, and had money to buy cocaine from him. Id. at 115, 123-124, 422,

    Irizarry called Corporal Fidler at 2:33 p.m. and directed him to the Speedway off of Lancaster

                                                     4
Avenue. Id. at 115, 116, 124, 422-423. At2:41
                                       At2:41 p.m, Diaz called Irizany seeking to purchase 3

grams of cocaine. Id. at 423. Irizarry then
                                       then told Diaz that he just added   5   grams of baking soda to

20 grams of cocaine to sell to Corporal Fidler. Id. at 423.

        On June 2, 2017, Corporal Fidler was acting in an undercover capacity and accompanied

by surveillance units. Id. at 116. One of those units observed a Nissan Armada depart from the

area near Irizany 's residence at the intersection of Birch and Green Street. Id. at 168-169.
     near Irizanry's

Corporal Fidler, dressed in civilian attire, arrived at the Speedway and waited several minutes in

the parking lot before Irizarry arrived. Id. at 116, 117, 147, Irizarry and another male individual
                                                          147. Irizany

                                                 Arnada"). Id. at 147, 148-149, 167,
arrived in a Nissan Amada, tag #ISM9768 ("Nissan Amada").                       167.

Irizarry exited the Nissan Amada and entered Corporal Fidler's vehicle where Corpora!
                                                                             Corporal Fidler

purchased 25 grams of cocaine from Irizary
                                   Irizany for S1,000.00. Id. at 117-119. Irizarry then exited

Corporal Fidler's vehicle and walked to the passenger side of a Nissan Armada. Id. at 119-120,

148. Corporal Fidler exited the parking lot and noticed the Nissan Armada behind him. Id.
                                                                                      Id, at

120, Corporal Fidler observed that Diaz was the operator of the Nissan Armada. Id. at 120, 142.

Corporal Fidler provided the cocaine to another trooper
                                                trooper which concluded his role in the

                  hat day. Id. at 121.
investigation on tthat

       On June 2, 2017, at 9:10 p.m., Irizarry contacted Diaz
          June2,                                         Diaz and told him that he had cooked up

3
13 grams of cocaine into
                    into crackfor
                               for someone as Diaz's request. Id. at 424. Irizary told Diaz that

he was going to deliver it to him and asked Diaz for some marijuana. Id. at 424-425, Diaz

informed Irizany                                       and only had lower quality product. Id. at
         Irizary that he was out of his best marijuana and                                     at

425.

       On June 5, 2017, at 1H:00
                           11:00 a.m., Diaz called Irizarry to let him know that the Percocets

    arrived. Id. at 426. They discussed how the pill's consistency was a little bit harder. Id.
had arived.

                                                 5
 Trooper Lownsbery explained that users will crush the pills into a fine powder and it is more

 difficult with a harder pill. Id. There was also some confusion during the conversation due to

 Diaz's belief that Irizarry was going to be obtaining Percocet from his supplier even though

 Irizarry stated that he already had the Percocets in his possession. Id. at 426-427. Trooper

 Lownsbery described the relationship between Irizarry and Diaz as a limited partnership" where

 they each had their own controlled substances that they assisted one another in acquiring and

 delivering. Id. at 427.

        On June 5, 2017, at 11.39 a.m., Diaz called Irizarry to pick up the Percocets. Id. at 428.

Diaz was calling to let Irizarry know that he was close by and coming to the house to get them.

Id. They agreed to meet at Diaz's garage at Sauls Court. Id.

        On June 5, 2017, Trooper Teresa Cloman of the Pennsylvania State Police ("Trooper

Cloman") was advised that Irizarry was going to meet with a blackmale at Mulberry Street near

Walnut Street. Id, at 151. She set up surveillance nearby at 10" Street and Elm Street in

Reading near Saul's Court. Id. While conducting surveillance, Trooper Cloman observed

Irizarry's vehicle exit Saul's Court. Id. at 152. It was fllowed
                                                           o     by a Nissan Armada. Id. They

were in tandem together. Id. at 159. Trooper Cloman was part of the surveillance team on June

2, 2017, and recognized this Nissan Armada as the same Nissan Armada that was present at the

drug transaction on June 2, 2017. Id. Trooper Cloman identified Diaz as the operator of the

Nissan Amada on June 5, 2017. Id. at 152-153, 159.

        Irizarry and Diaz traveled together to New York in the late aftermoon on June 5, 2017. Id.

at 428. While in New York, Diaz sent a text message to Irizany letting him know he would be

                                              o I take it." Id. at 428. Irizarry then responded
out shortly and he was "checking this bud befre

"ok." I.

                                                6
        On June 6, 2017, at 1237a.m, a text message was sent to Irizany from an unknown

 individual (#904-860-5319)asking if Irizarry was around because he needed to see him. Id. at

 429-430. Irizarry responded that he wasn't in town yet. Id. at 430. In response, the unknown

 individual asked how long and if Irizarry's partner was around. Id. Irizary texted "he is with

me." Id, Irizarry instructed the unknown individual to come to Birch and Green with a pack of

cigars. Id. The cigars would be used to smoke marijuana. Id. at 431. The unknown individual

asked if Irizarry had the same stuff to which Irizary responded "yeah." Id. The unknown

individual asked Irizany fr a 16" «which is known to be a small amount of marijuana for

personal use, Id, at 430-431. The unknown individual asked Irizary how long and told him he

needed a "hundo" which meant that he wanted $100.00 of crack cocaine. Id, at 430-431.

Irizarry and the unknown individual exchanged a few more texts where Irizany explained that he

was on his way from New York. Id. at 430. Trooper Lownsbery believed that this unknown

individual was the person who supplied the Percocets to Irizarry and was now looking to obtain

controlled substances. Id. at 430-431.

       In the evening'morning hours of June 5" and June   6",   surveillance units observed the

Nissan Armada traveling on Interstate 78 returning from the New York area. Id. at 178-179,

198, 356-357. Irizary was present in the vehicle based on cell phone pings from his phone, Id.

at 180, 188-189, 357. The Nissan Armada entered the city of Reading and parked in the 700

block of Washington Street in the early morning hours of June 6, 2017. Id. at 181, 193, 199,

357. Diaz was observed exiting the driver's side of the Nissan Armada and retrieving a black

duffel bag from the Nissan Armada before entering the address at 735 Washington Street. Id. at

193, 199. Another individual also exited the Nissan Amada and stood outside. Id. at 199. Diaz

exited 735 Washington Street 10 minutes later without the bag and drove away in the Nissan

                                                7
 Annada with the other individual. Id. at 199-200. The Nissan Annada was then observed at the

 intersection of Birch Street and Greet Street approximately 20 minutes later. Id. at 181, 200-201.

The Nissan Armada then continued to Cotton Street and Chapel Terrace where the other

individual who had previously stood outside of the Nissan Armada exited the vehicle and walked

on Chapel Terrace. Id. at 201

          On June 6, 2017, at 4:.09 p.m., Irizary sent out 27 text messages all to different numbers

with the word "Fire." Id. at 431. These 27 separate numbers were Irizarry's customers, Id,

This text meant that Irizarry had freshly cooked cocaine into crack and it was available and ready

for purchase. Id.

          On June 6, 2017, Corporal Fidler, acting in an undercover capacity, sent a text message to

Irizarry requesting to obtain some crystal methamphetamine. Id at 126. At that time, Corporal

Fidler was purchasing + ounces at a time fr $3,000.00. Id.

          On June 7, 2017, a text conversation occurred between Corporal Fidler and Irizarry

where Corporal Fidler let Irizarry know that he was looking to come down and purchase more

methamphetamine around 6:00 p.m. Id. at 432-433. They agreed that Corporal Fidler would

buy the usual amount of 4 ounces. Id. at 433.

          On June 7, 2017, after talking with Corporal Fidler, Irizarry called Rivera to place an

order for 4 ounces of methamphetamine. Id. at 434. They agreed to meet at the Saul's Court

parking lot. Id. Rivera provided Irizarry with 8 ounces of methamphetamine when they met. Id.

at 437.

          On June 7, 2017, at 6:15 p.m., Corporal Fidler placed a call to Irizany to let him know he

was on his way. Id. at 435. They arranged to meet at a loeal 7-Eleven. Id. at 126, 435.' At6:24

 During his direct examination of Corporal Fidler, Assistant District Attorney Skayhan finished discussing the
events of June 2,2017, and told Corporal Fidler that he wanted "t move onto another date." NT. at 126. The

                                                         8
 p.m., Corporal Fidler arrived at the 7-Eleven and received a phone call from Irizary. Id. at 126,

 437. Irizarry asked Corporal Fidler if he wanted an additional 4 ounces of methamphetamine

 that he could pay back later. Id. at 126-127, 130, 437. They discussed the quality of the crystal

 methamphetamine and Irizarry directed Corporal Fidler to an area on Mercer Street

 approximately 3 blocks away. Id, at 127, 437.438. Corporal Fidler was alone in his vehicle but

 there were surveillance units present. Id. Trooper Cloman was conducting surveillance on that

 day and observed the Nissan Armada in the area of the 7-Eleven. Id. at 154-155, Corporal

 Fidler traveled to an apartment complex onMercer Street where he met with Irizarry. Id, at 128.

 Irizarry arrived on foot. Id. at 130. Corporal Fidler did not see how he was transported to that

 location but surveillance units observed that Diaz drove the Nissan Armada to and from the drug

transaction. Id. at 130, 202, Irizarry got into Corporal Fidler's vehicle and provided him with a

bag of crystal methamphetamine in exchange for S3,000.00. Id. at 128, 130. They discussed the

quality of the product and Irizarry directed Corporal Fidler out of the complex where he dropped

him off. Id. As Irizarry exited the vehicle, Corporal Fidler asked Irizarry if he brought him more

cocaine. Id. Irizarry then agreed to provide Corporal Fidler a free 8 ball" of cocaine as they

had previously had a text fight about the poor quality of the cocaine Irizanry had sold to Corporal

Fidler on June2". Id, at 128-129. Irizary left on foot. Id. at 130. Corpora! Fidler provided the

metharnphetamine to another trooper which concluded his role in the investigation on that day.

Id. at 130.

transcript identifies the other date as June 2, 2017, on line 6 and line 16 on page 126. Id. However, on pages 129 to
130 of the transcript, Assistant District Atomey Skayhan identifies this other date as June 7 and not June 2r',
Corporal Fidler also references the June 7 date on page 139, Trooper Cloman references June 7 on page 153.
Based on the testimony presented, the other day was June 7 and not June 2" as identified in the transcript on page
126.

                                                          9
         On June 7, at 7.06 p.m., Rivera called Irizarry   to let him know that the transaction with
 Corporal Fidler had been completed and he had the money so they agreed to meet up at the

 Saul's Count parking lot. Id. at 438.

        On June 8, 2017, at 7:33 p.m., Irizary called Diaz asking him for two Percocets for his

barber. Id. at 439.

        On June 8, 2017, surveillance units observed Irizarry's vehicle outside of 735

Washington Street. Id, at 218-219. Diaz was present and talking on his cell phone outside. Id

at 220. Irizarry was also there and talking on his cell phone, Id. Diaz entered into the driver's

side of his Nissan Armada. Id. at.221. Irizarry and a young boy who was with Irizarry entered

the Nissan Armada and they drove away. Id, at 221, 234.

        On June 9, 2017, at 5:41 p.m., Diaz called Irizarry asking him to prepare some crack

cocaine for him. Id. at 440. Irizarry said that he was available and Diaz agreed to go to

Irizarry's house. Id. Irizarry asked Diaz to bring marijuana over but Diaz informed him that he

ran out of some of it, Id. Irizarry then asked Diaz for fresh baking soda to prepare crack

cocaine. Id.

       On June 9, 2017, at 5:5l pm., Diaz called Irizarry asking if he needed a scale to weigh

the product. Id. at 440-441. Irizarry told Diaz that he had a scale and that they were just waiting

on Diaz to arrive with the baking soda so they could prepare the crack cocaine. Id. at 441. Diaz

said that he was on his way. Id.

       On June 10, 2017, at 10:15 p.m., Irizarry called Diaz on his business phone instead of his

personal phone. Id, at 441-442. They discussed how Irizarry didn't call on his usual phone and

then talked about hanging out later. Id, at 441-442.

                                                 10
         On June 12, 2017, Irizarry sent Diaz a text message placing an order for marijuana. Id. at

 442, On June 12, 2017, Trooper Cloman was informed of a drug transaction that was scheduled

 to occur between Diaz and Irizarry in the area of 1233 Green Street. Id. at 155. Irizarry resided

 in an apartment near this area at the intersection of Birch Street and Green Street. Id. at 156.

 While conducting surveillance, Trooper Cloman observed the Nissan Armada park on Birch

 Street and beep its horn. Id. Afer receiving no response, Trooper Cloman observed Diaz exit

the Nissan Amada and walk to the corner of 1233 Green Street and knock on the apartment's

door. Il. Irizarry opened the door and Diaz entered the apartment. Id. After a short time, both

Diaz and Irizarry exited the apartment. Id, Diaz departed in the Nissan Armada and Irizary

returned to his apartment. Id.

        On June 19, 2017, Corporal Fidler, acting in an undercover capacity, engaged in text

conversations with Irizarry about purchasing methamphetamine. Id. at 13I. Irizarry directed

Corporal Fidler to Pendora Park in Reading and they met at the basketball courts, Id. at 131-132.

Corporal Fidler observed that Irizarry was in the same Nissan Armada that he saw on June 2

Id. at 132. Irizarry exited the Nissan Armada and entered Corporal Fidler's vehicle. Id, Diaz

was also present in the Nissan Armada and seated in the driver's seat, Id. at 132, 142. After

Irizarry entered Corporal Fidler's vehicle, he provided Corporal Fidler with a bag of crystal

meth.amphetamine. Id. at 133. Corporal Fidler complained about the quality of the product and,

in response, Irizarry produced an additional bag of methamphetamine of lesser quality and

offered it to Corporal Fidler for a lower price of $2,800.00 that he could pay back later. Id. at

133-134. Corporal Fidler then talked with Irizarry about purchasing a pound of

                    Id.
methamphetamine.                       Irizarry               Corporal            that it         $10,000.00   for
                                                                                            was                      a
                          at   I 34.              infonned               Fidler

pound of methamphetamine. Id. Corporal Fidler and Irizarry agreed that Corporal Fidler could

                                                         11
pay $7,000.00 up front and pay off the remaining $3,000.00 later. Id. Irizarry exited Corporal

Fidler's vehicle and returned to the Nissan Armada. Id.

        On June 20, 2017, aa confidential informant met with Diaz at Saul's Court off of Mulberry

                                        arived in a Nissan Armada. Id. The confidential
Street and Elm Street. Id. at 392. Diaz arrived

informant purchased a quantity of methamphetamine from Diaz which was then turned over to

law enforcement. Id. at 392,
                        392, 395-396. Irizany was not involved in that transaction. Id. at 394.

                                  p.mn., Roberto Ortiz ("Ortiz")
        On June 25, 2017, at 2:42 pm.,                                    Irizary and asked him
                                                       (Ortiz") contacted Irizany

for powdered cocaine. Id. at 44.2 Irizarry informed Ortiz that he did not have any and directed

him to Diaz who knew someone who could supply powdered cocaine. Id. at 443. They

discussed the two phone numbers used by Diaz in order to contact him. Id.

                                                          text conversation with Irizary
       On June 27, 2017, Robert Undheim ("Undheim") had a text                   Irizany

requesting a $50.00 package of crack cocaine and agreeing to meet at Wawa. Id, at 445-446. On

June 27, 2017, the Pennsylvania State Police were notified of a potential drug deal that was to

take place in the Wawa parking lot off Route 6l and Reading Crest Boulevard. Id. at 183, 203.

On that date, Trooper Clint Long observed an unknown male, later identified as Undheim, in

front of the Wawa at that location. Id. at 183. Approximately 5 minutes later,
                                                                        later, Irizarry and Diaz

arrived in a Nissan Armada. Id. at 184, 203-205. Undheim entered the rear seat on the driver's

side of the Nissan Armada. Id. at 184, 205. After a few minutes, Undheim exited the Nissan

Amada and it left the parking lot. Id. at 185.

       On June 28, 2017, at 5:47 p.m., Irizarry called Corporal Fidler to let him know that his

phone died. Id. at 447. Corporal Fidler told him that he was on his way to Reading and he had

Irizarry's money plus an additional $3,000.00. Id. at 447-448. They agreed to meet at the 7-

Eleven. Id. at 448.

                                                 12
         On June 28, 2017, at 5:49 p.m., Irizarry called Rivera to place an order for

 methamphetamine to deliver to Corporal Fidler. Id. at 448. They agreed to meet at Saul's Court.

 Id. at 449.

         On June 28, 2017, at 5:50 p.m., Irizany called Diaz and talked to him about buying a

whole pound of methamphetamine from Rivera. Id. at 450. Irizarry told Diaz that Corporal

Fidler had the $2,800.00 owed from their previous deal plus another $3,000.00 and that this

money would allow him to buy more methamphetamine to sell to other people. Id. at 450.

Irizarry also talked about how he was concerned that all of his money was "out on the street" and

he didn't have any money available to buy cocaine to make crack. Id. at 450. Irizarry informed

Diaz that he was meeting Rivera at the Saul's Court parking lot. Id. at 451. Diaz offered to call

Rivera and tell him that Irizarry was good for the money and would repay him if he let him have

the whole pound, Id. at 451.

        On June 29, 2017, a text conversation occurred between Irizarry and Martinez where

Irizarry asked Diaz how much he owed him for the marijuana, Id. at 452. They discussed dollar

amounts and then agreed to settle the amount at the end of the conversation. Id.

        On July 9, 2017, at 4:20 p.m., Irizarry called Diaz asking if he was still dealing in ounces

of marijuana because someone was looking to buy an ounce. Id. at 453. Diaz replied that he was

not and is now only dealing in 1/8" ounce increments. Id. Irizarry told Diaz that he had an

ounce of good marijuana and didn't want to sell to this person but did want to keep him happy.

Id. at 453-454. Irizarry and Diaz then discussed numbers as Irizary was figuring out how many

eighth ounces of marijuana he would need to take care of the people he was supplying. Id. at

454, Irizarry came up with a number and Diaz told Irizarry that he needed to check with

someone to see if all of the marijuana is available. Id, at 454

                                                 13
        On July 9, 2017, at 4:28 p.m., Diaz called Irizarry directing him to go to the   stash

 location at 735 Washington Street. Id, at 454-455

        On July 11, 2017, at 3:19 p.m., Rivera called Diaz but Diaz didn't recognize his voice.

Id. at 465-466. Rivera identified himself by his street name to Diaz and put Irizarry on the

phone. Id. at 466. During the conversation, Rivera offered Irizarry 6 ounces of

methamphetamine at a discounted price. Id. Irizarry told him that he would think about it and

call him back to let him know if he would take it. Id.

        On July 12, 2017, at 2:32 p.m., Irizarry called Diaz about the 6 ounces of

methamphetarnine he obtained from Rivera. Id. at 467. Irizarry asked Diaz ifhe would reach

out to another individual to see if he would be interested in buying methamphetamine at $400.00

per ounce, Id. at 467. Irizarry told Diaz it was good quality and explained how he could sell it to

make a profit. Id. He gave Diaz a hard time about how Diaz had never given him product of this

high quality. Id. Diaz told Irizarry that he was going to check with his guy and get back to him

about it. Id.

        On July 12, 2017, at 2136 p.m,, Diaz called Irizarry and told him that a guy was over at

735 Washington Street and expecting Irizany to stop by, Id. at 468. Irizary sent Diaz a text

message 7 minutes later letting him know he was at Washington Street, Id.

        On July 12, 2017, at 10:55 pm., Irizarry sent a text message out to Mike Rowe saying

"New Fire" indicating that he had new crack cocaine available for sale. Id, at 468.

       On July 14, 2017. Mike Rowe responded to Irizarry asking if he could stop by his house.

Id. Irizarry agreed. Id.

       On July 14, 2017, at 6:28 p.m., Irizany calledMike Rowe ("Rowe") to confirm his order

of S 100.00 worth of crack cocaine. Id. at 469. Irizary confirmed that he would bring it over and

                                                14
Rowe asked about the quality of the product, Id. Irizary assured Rowe that it was good quality,

they agreed on a price and that Irizarry would deliver it. Id. Later that day, surveillance units

observed Diaz and Irizarry arrive at the apartment complex on State Hill Road in a Nissan

Armada. Id. at 206, 469. Irizarry exited the passenger side of the Nissan Annada and entered

into one of the apartments. Id. He was inside for approximately one minute before exiting the

apartment and leaving in the Nissan Armada. Id. Diaz was always the driver of the Nissan

Annada. Id. at 210.

        On July 16, 2017,at 12:22 p.m., Irizany contacted Diaz to try to get into touch with

another individual, Josh Manon. Id. at 469-470. Irizarry was selling marijuana with him and

was one of the few people in the area who had it. Id, at 470, Irizarry did meet with Josh Manon

on two occasions after this conversation to purchase marijuana oil. Id.

       On July 18, 2017, at 3:36 p.m., Diaz called Irizarry to purchase methamphetamine for his

own personal use. Id, at 47L. They agree on a price 0f$100.00 for an 8-ball of

methamphetamine. Id. at 4 7 l.

       On July 18, 2017, at 3:48 p.m., Diaz called Irizarry asking how soon he can have it. Id. at

471. They agreed to meet in 5 minutes at the Saul's Court garage. Id.

       On July 18, 2017, at 9:58 p.m., Diaz called Irizarry about getting 10 or 15 grams of crack

cocaine for another person. Id, at 472. Irizarry said he had 15 grams of powdered cocaine that

he hadn't put together yet. Id. Diaz left it up to Irizanry t decide whether he wanted to do it and

Irizarry said that he would since he was out of money and wanted to buy marijuana. Id, Irizarry

told Diaz that the cost was $38.00 per gram. Id,

       On July 18, 2017, at 10:02 p.m., Diaz called Irizarry saying that this other individual

wanted IO grams of crack cocaine at the agreed price of $38.00 per gram. Id. at 473. Irizarry

                                                15
 became upset because that would leave him with 5 grams which isn't very much for sale. Id.

 Diaz laughed and told Irizarry to just bag it up because he didn't care. Id, Irizarry told Diaz that

 the crack cocaine was almost done. Id.

        On July 21, 2017, at 10:04 p.m., Diaz called Irizarry and asked him to call another

marijuana dealer to find out how much it would cost to get one ounce. Id. at 4 73. Diaz had an

 individual who was seeking to buy one ounce of marijuana but, since it didn't make sense for

Diaz, a marijuana dealer, to call another marijuana dealer to buy an ounce, he asked Irizarry to

make the call. Id. Irizarry agreed to call to find out the price. Id. at 472-473.

        On July 21, 2017, at 12.52 p.m., Diaz called Irizarry to tell him not to call Rivera until

they were able to talk. id. at 474. Irizarry agreed and they decided that they were going to meet

at Saul's Court. Id.

        On July 24, 2017, there was a text conversation between DeanMoyer (Moyer") and

Irizarry. Id. at 474. In that conversation, Moyer asked Irizarry for crack cocaine in $20.00

amounts. Id. at 475. rizany said he is only selling it in $50.00 increments. Id. Moyer told

Irizarry he would buy S50.00 in crack cocaine. Id. Irizarry and Moyer agreed to meet at the

laundromat on Hampden Boulevard in Reading. Id, Dean Moyer said he would be on a bike.

Id.

       On July 24, 2017, law enforcement received information that there was going to be a

meet-up happening at the 2300 block of Hampden Boulevard across from a laundromat. Id. at

227. They were told that the suspect would be arriving on a motorcycle. Id. at 228. An

individual arrived on a motorcycle at that location and the Nissan Armada arrived approximately

10 minutes later. Id. at 228. The individual on the motorcycle approached the Nissan Armada's

passenger window and remained there for a few minutes interacting with an individual believed

                                                 16
 to be Irizarry. Id. at 228-230. After their interaction, both the Nissan Armada and motorcycle

 left that location. Id. at 230:

           On August 2, 2017, a search warrant was executed by law enforcement at 1233 Green

 Street, Reading, Pennsylvania, which was identified Irizany's residence. Id, at 242-243. Irizarry

was present with his girlfriend and two children. Id. at 243-244, Three phones were located

during the search, one of which ended with the numbers 0442. Id. at 244. In addition to the

phones, law enforcement discovered controlled substances, S1,800.00 in US. currency and a

handgun with an obliterated serial number. Id. at 244-243. Irizarry was taken into custody. Id.

at 245.

          A second search warrant was also executed at 735 Washington Street, Reading,

Pennsylvania. Id, at 250-251, 264. There were no individuals present when the warrant was

executed. Id. at 252. The apartment had very little furniture and no decorations. Id. at 252-253,

Law enforcement discovered packaging material, boxes of plastic bags, baking soda, acetone,

creatine, a digital scale, a coffee grinder and a vacuum sealer in the kitchen. Id. at253, 346.

There was also a duffel bag containing packaging material, another digital scale, suboxone, some

marijuana residue and an empty heroin packet. Id. at 253, 267. No food was located at that

location. Id. at 256.

          At trial, the Commonwealth called Nelson Rivera ("Rivera") to testify against Diaz. Id.

at 290-331, Rivera was facing criminal charges at the time of his testimony. Id. at 290,317.

Rivera testified that he sold methamphetamine to Irizarry twice in June and July of2017. Id. at

298. Diaz was always present during the drug sales. Id. Between January 2017 and August

2017, Rivera sold hundreds of pounds of methamphetamine in and around Reading. Id. at 321

                                                  7
        During the first of the two drug transact-ions, Irizarry called Rivera and told him he

 needed a half pound of methamphetamine. Id, at 300. They met on Cotton Street for the drug

 transaction. Id. Rivera walked up to a vehicle he described as a "truck" and saw Diaz in the

 driver's side. /d. at 300, 303, Diaz informed Rivera that Irizarry was "inside the house" and

 would be out shortly. Id. at 300, 303. Irizarry came out and Rivera gave him a half pound of

methamphetamine. Id. They agreed that Irizarry could pay Rivera after he delivered the drugs to

his customers. Id, At that time, a phone call was received from another individual alerting them

to the possible presence of law enforcement. Id. After making an attempt to determine whether

the police were actually present, Rivera later met with Irizary and Diaz at a separate location on

Mineral Spring Road and received payment for the half pound of methamphetamine. Id. at 300-

302, 327

        The second drug transaction between Irizarry and Rivera was initiated when irizanry

called Rivera and asked him to meet on Mulberry Street, Id. at 303. They met in a parking lot

owned by Diaz. Id. Once they arrived, Rivera said that he had a little over a half pound of

methamphetamine and needed a scale. Id, at 303-304. Diaz suggested that they go to his place

on Washington Street to open up the package. Id, at 304. They traveled to Washington Street in

a "truck" and entered a house at 735 Washington Street, Id. at 304, 325-326. Diaz and Rivera

went inside with a third individual identified by Rivera as a "crackhead." Id. at 304, 390. Diaz

retrieved a scale and vacuum sea. Id. Rivera cut open his bag and weighed the drugs on Diaz's

scale. Id, Rivera resealed his bag and they returned to their vehicle. Id. Diaz, Rivera and

Irizarry then traveled to an apartment complex near a 7-Eleven where Irizarry sold

methamphetamine for S3,000.00 to an individual Rivera subsequently learned was Corporal

Fidler acting in an undercover capacity. Id, at 304-306.

                                                18
         During the timeframe of June and July of2017, Rivera was selling methamphetamine to

 many pcopie other than Irizarry. Id. at 306. Rivera testified to his familiarity with how certain

 drugs are described by buyers and sellers of narcotics. Id. at 306-309, He also explained how

 dealers often have multiple phones that are used for certain individuals or groups of people. Id.

at 309. Rivera testified that he had a few stash houses and didn't keep his drugs at his residence.

Id. at 310. Rivera stated that he was receiving drugs from his supplier and then distributing them

to other individuals throughout Reading. Id. at 314. There were between 40 and 47 people

involved in this drug distribution network, Id. at 314, 315, 355.

        At trial, the Commonwealth presented testimony from Detective Sergeant Pasquale

Leporace of the Berks County District Attorney's Office ("Detective Leporace"). Id. at 336-

398. Detective Leporace was qualified as an expert in drug and narcotics law enforcement. Id.

at 340. Detective Leporace testified that he believed the address of 735 Washington Street was a

small to midlevel processing center used to break down bulk amounts of drugs into street and

midlevel quantities and as a possible stash location. Id. at 343-349, He also described the

wiretap investigation into this drug organization. Id. at 350-363. Detective Leporace stated that

law enforcement identified Irizarry as a drug dealer with two suppliers, Nelson Rivera and Angel

Concepcion. Id. at 354-355. Detective Leporace testified that Diaz utilized a phone number

ending in 0187 to conduct drug transactions. Id. at 356, 359, 375-376. Whenever that number

contacted Irizarry to schedule a meeting, surveillance units observed that it was only Diaz who

would show up to meet with Irizarry. Id. Also, when surveillance units observed Diaz with

Irizarry, there was very little communication between them. Id. The wiretap investigation

involved 11 phone numbers over the course of 60 days. Id. at 355

                                                19
                             Suffieieney of the Evidence - Generally

        Diaz claims that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his convictions for corrupt

 organizations, I8 Pa.C.S.A. $911(b)(2), corrupt organizations, 18 Pa.C.S.A.,, $911(b)(3),

 criminal use of communication facility, 18 Pa.C.S.A. $7512(a), possession of a controlled

 substance with intent to deliver, 35 P.S. $780-113(a)(30) and conspiracy to commit possession

with intent to deliver a controlled substance, 18Pa.C.S.A. 8903.

        When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a defendant's

conviction, an appellate court is required to evaluate the record "in the light most favorable to the

verdict winner giving the prosecution the benefit of all reasonable inferences to be drawn from

the evidence," Commonwealth v. Rahman, 75 A.3d 497, 500 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citation

omitted).

       The test for determining the sufficiency of the evidence is whether, viewing the evidence

       in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the verdict winner and drawing all

       proper inferences favorable to the Commonwealth, the jury could have determined that

       all of the elements of the crime have been established beyond a reasonable doubt. The

       Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime beyond a

       reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial evidence. The facts and

       circumstances established by the Commonwealth need not be absolutely incompatible

       with the defendant's innocence, but the question of any doubt is for the jury unless the

       evidence is so weak and inconclusive that, as a matter of law, no probability of fact can

       be drawn from the combined circumstances.

Commonwealth v. Smith, 848 A.24 973, 977 (Pa. Super. 2004) (citation omitted).

                                                20
                                                20
 An appellate court "may not substitute [its] judgment for that of the fact finder; thus, so long as

 the evidence adduced, accepted in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, demonstrates

the respective elements of a defendant's crimes beyond a reasonable doubt, the appellant's

convictions will be upheld." Rahman, 75 A.3d at 501.

                      Sufficiency of the Evidence-Corrupt Organizations

        Diaz argues that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his convictions on two counts of

corrupt organizations.

        The crime of corrupt organizations is defined, in relevant part, as follows:

        $911 Corrupt organizations

         (b) Prohibited activities.-

                (2) It shall be unlawful for any person through a patter of racketeering activity to

                acquire or maintain, directly or indirectly, any interest in or control of any

               enterprise.

               (3) It shall be unlawful for any person employed by or associated with any

               enterprise to conduet or participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of such

               enterprise's affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity.

18 Pa.C.S.A. $911(b)02), (3).

        Section 911(h) of the Crimes Code defines a "patter of racketeering activity"as "a

course of conduct requiring two or more acts of racketeering activity[.] 18 Pa.C.S.A.

$911()(4). The definition of "racketeering activity" includes "[a]n offense indictable under

section 13 of the act of April 14, 1972 (P.L. 233, No. 64), known as The Controlled Substance,

Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act (relating to the sale and dispensing of narcotic drugs)" and/'or

conspiracy to commit the same. 18 Pa.C.S.A. $911()((1(i), (ii). The term "enterprise" as

                                                  21
 used in this section is defined as "any individual, partnership, corporation, association or other

 legal entity, and any union or group of individuals associated in fact although not a legal entity,

 engaged in commerce and includes legitimate as well as illegitimate entities and governmental

 entities." 18 Pa.C.S.A. $911()63).

          In this case, when viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

Commonwealth as the verdict winner and drawing all proper inferences favorable to the

Commonwealth, the jury could have determined that all of the elements of corrupt organizations

had been established beyond a reasonable doubt. The evidence demonstrated that Diaz, Rivera

and Irizarry were involved in a drug distribution network in Berks County. They engaged in a

"pattern of racketeering activity" by orchestrating multiple drug deliveries to Corporal Fidler and

other individuals during the course of law enforcement's investigation. Although Rivera only

sold to Irizarry twice, he testified that he was part of a larger drug distribution network.

Regarding Diaz and Irizarry, Trooper Lownsbery described the relationship between Irizarry and

Diaz as a "limited partnership" where they each had their own controlled substances that they

assisted each other in acquiring and delivering, Id., at 427. During a June   6 text conversation,

Irizarry even acknowledged this partnership when an unknown individual asked Irizarry if his

partner" was around and Irizarry responded by texting "he is with me." Id. at 430. The

intercepted telephone calls and text messages provided additional evidence of the relationship

between Rivera, Irizarry and Diaz as they processed orders and relied on each other to further

their shared goal of distributing narcotics in Berks County. Diaz was intimately involved in this

illegal enterprise. He is not entitled to relief.

                                                    22
            Sufficienev of the Evidence -- Criminal Use of Communication Facility

        Diaz next claims that the evidence was insufficient to sustain the verdict for criminal use

of a communication facility.

        The crime of criminal use of a communication facility is defined as follows:

        $7512 Criminal use of a communication facility

        (a) Offense defined.--A person commits a felony of the third degree if that person uses a

            communication facility to commit, cause or facilitate the commission or the attempt

            thereof of any crime which constitutes a felony under this title or under the act of

            April 14, 1972(P.L. 233, No. 64), known as The Controlled Substance, Drug, Device

            and Cosmetic Act, Every instance where the communication facility is utilized

           constitutes a separate offense under this section.

18Pa.C.S.A, $7512(a)

        Section 7512(b) of the Crimes Code defines "communication facility" as "a public or

private instrumentality used or useful in the transmission of signs, signals, writing, images,

sounds, data or intelligence of any nature transmitted in whole or in part, including, but not

limited to, telephone, wire, radio, electromagnetic, photoelectronic or photo-optical systems or

the mail" I8Pa.C.S.A. $7512().

       In this case, when viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth

as the verdict winner and drawing all proper inferences favorable to the Commonwealth, the jury

could have detennined that all of the elements of criminal use of a communication facility had

been established beyond a reasonable doubt. The evidence showed that Diaz regularly used his

cell phone to communicate with Irizarry and other individuals to arrange for the acquisition and

distribution of narcotics in Berks County. Law enforcement's interception of Diaz's

                                                 23
communications established that he was engaging in drug distribution activity on an almost daily

basis. The details concerning the scheduling of drug deals contained in the text messages and

phone calls between Diaz and Irizarry were regularly corroborated by surveillance units. There

is no merit to Diaz's claim.

  Sufficieney of the Evidence-- Conspiracy to Commit Possession with Intent to Deliver a
    Controlled Substance and Possession with Intent to Deliver a Controlled Substance

       Diaz claims that the evidence was insufficient to sustain the jury's verdict for possession

with intent to deliver a controlled substance and conspiracy to commit the same. This Court

notes that Diaz was convicted of 6 counts of delivery of a controlled substance, not possession

with intent to deliver a controlled substance. Additionally, Diaz was convicted of conspiracy to

commit delivery of methamphetamine and conspiracy to commit delivery of cocaine, not

conspiracy to commit possession with intent to deliver those substances.

       The crime of delivery of a controlled substance is defined as follows:

       $ 780-113. Prohibited acts; penalties

       (a) The following acts and the causing thereof within the Commonwealth are hereby

          prohibited:

           (30) Except as authorized by this act. the manufacture, delivery, or possession with

           intent to manufacture or deliver, a controlled substance by a person not registered

          under this act, or a practitioner not registered or licensed by the appropriate State

          board, or knowingly creating, delivering or possessing with intent to deliver, a

          counterfeit controlled substance.

                                                24
35P.$. $780-113(a)(30). The terms "deliver" or "delivery" are defined as "the actual,

constructive, or attempted transfer from one person to another of a controlled substance, other

drug, device or cosmetic whether or not there is an agency relationship." 35 P.S. $780-102.

       The Crimes Code defines conspiracy as follows:

       $903. Criminal conspiracy

       (a) Definition of conspiracy.--A person is guilty of conspiraey with another person or

       persons to commit a crime if with the intent of promoting or facilitating its commission

       he:

              (l) agrees with such other person or persons that they or one or more of therm will

              engage in conduct which constitutes such crime or an attempt or solicitation to

              commit such crime; or

              (2) agrees to aid such other person or persons in the planning or commission of

              such crime or of an attempt or solicitation to commit such crime.

18 Pa.CS.A. $903(a)

      The essence of a criminal conspiracy is a common understanding, no matter how it came

      into being, that a particular criminal objective be accomplished. Therefore, a conviction

      for conspiracy requires proof of the existence of a shared criminal intent. An explicit or

      formal agreement to commit crimes can seldom, if ever, be proved and it need not be, for

      proof of a criminal partnership is aimost invariably extracted from the circumstances that

      attend its activities. Thus, a conspiracy may be inferred where it is demonstrated that the

      relation, conduct, or circumstances of the parties, and the overt acts of the co-conspirators

      sufficiently prove the formation of a criminal confederation. The conduct of the parties

      and the circumstances surrounding their conduct may create a web of evidence linking
        the accused to the alleged conspiracy beyond a reasonable doubt. Even if the conspirator

        did not act as a principal in committing the underlying crime, he is still criminally liable

        for the actions of his co-conspirators in furtherance of the conspiracy.

Commonwealth v. McCall, 91 A.2d 992, 996-997 (Pa. Super. 2006) (citation omitted).

        In this case, Diaz was charged with and convicted of conspiring to commit and

committing drug deliveries on six separate occasions: I) June 2, 2017; 2) June 7, 2017; 3) June

19, 2017; 4) June 27, 2017; 5) July 14, 2017; and July 24, 2017. At trial, there was no indication

that Diaz physically handed drugs to another person. However, as set forth above, Diaz was

clearly a co-conspirator with Irizarry and Rivera. The testimony established that Rivera supplied

Irizarry and Diaz with methamphetamine for distribution on two occasions and that he was part

of a large distribution network. Additionally, the evidence showed that Irizary and Diaz were

actively involved in the sale of methamphetamine and cocaine throughout Berks County which

included sales to Corporal Fidler. Even though Diaz did not act as a principal in committing the

drug deliveries, he is still criminally liable for the actions of Rivera and Irizarry in furtherance of

the conspiracy. SeeMcCall, supra. Therefore, when viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the Commonwealth as the verdict winner and drawing all proper inferences

favorable to the Commonwealth, the jury could have determined that all of the elements of

conspiracy to commit delivery of a controlled substance and delivery of a controlled substance

had been established beyond a reasonable doubt. Diaz's claim lacks merit.

       Denial of Diaz's Objection to the Commonwealth's Pretrial Motion in Limine

       Diaz claims that this Court erred and/or abused its discretion when it denied his

objections to the Commonwealth's pretrial motion in limine. Specifically, the Commonwealth

requested and this Court agreed to take judicial notice of Diaz's preliminary arraignment sheet

                                                  26
which included the phone numbers provided to theMagisterial District Judge by Diaz. NT. at9-

14.

        Rule 201 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence sets for the kind of facts that may be

judicially noticed as follows:

        The court may judicially notice a fact that is not subject to reasonable dispute because it;

        ()is generally known within the trial court's territorial jurisdiction; or

        (2) can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot

        reasonably be questioned.

Pa.R.E. 201(b). [A] court in appropriate circumstances may take judicial notice of court

records." Conchado    v.   Com., Dept.   of Transp., 941   A.2 792, 794 (Pa.CmwIth. 2008).

       In this case, the Commonwealth stated that, during Diaz's arraignment, the Magisterial

District Judge and Diaz had a conversation where certain information was provided by Diaz and

included on the preliminary arraignment form by the Magisterial District Judge. N.T. at 11

During that conversation, the Commonwealth stated that two phone numbers were provided by

Diaz which were relevant to the investigation and included on that form. Id. at 9. The

Commonwealth introduced a copy of the preliminary arraignment form at trial as Exhibit 83. Id

at 484, 640. The for is titled as "Arraignment Information" and states that it "shall be

completed by the Magisterial District Judge." Id, at 640. Diaz's name is listed in the caption.

Id. There are two telephone numbers listed on the arraignment for: 484-599-0178 and 484-

782-4636. Id. The signature of the Magisterial District Judge is on the bottomof the document

indicating that the form was completed by the Magisterial District Judge. Id. The facts

contained on this form were not subject to reasonable dispute because they can be accurately and

readily determined from a source. the Magisterial District Judge, whose accuracy cannot

                                                    27
 reasonably be questioned. Additionally, when the preliminary arraignment form was marked as

 Exhibit 83, Diaz joined in the motion requesting that this Court take judicial notice of the

document.    Id. at 336. Therefore, this Court did not err in taking judicial notice of the

preliminary arraignment form.

                 The Commonwealth's Obieetion to Diaz's Line of Questioning

        Diaz claims that this Court erred and/or abused its discretion when it sustained the

Commonwealth's objection to his questions posed to Trooper Steven Nesbit ("Trooper Nesbit")

about conversations Trooper Cloman had with other troopers following her testimony. Diaz

alleged that, after Trooper Cloman finished testifying, she exited into a hallway with other

troopers and discussed her testimony with them. N.T. at 212-213, Diaz was concerned that

Trooper Nesbit's testimony was influenced by Trooper Cloman, Id. at 215.

        At a party's request the court may order witnesses sequestered so that they cannot learn

of other witnesses' testimony." Pa.R.E. 615. "Once made, a sequestration order, like any order

of the court, should be diligently enforced." Commonwealth • Kaye, 335 A.2d 430, 433 (Pa

Super. 1975).

        In this case, no sequestration order was requested by Diaz prior to Trooper Nesbit's

testimony. N.T. at 214. Therefore, the Commonwealth witnesses were not prohibited from

discussing their testimonies with each other. Furthermore, Trooper Nesbit testified that he

[didn't] know exactly what [Trooper Cloman] was talking about" and that he was reading his

reports to refresh his memory of what occurred when she was having conversation n the

hallway. N.T. at 212, Therefore, further questioning of Trooper Nesbit concerning Trooper

Cloman's conversations was irrelevant. See Commonwealth • Wynn, 850 A.2d 730, 733 (Pa.

Super. 2004) (citation omitted) ("Evidence is admissible if it is relevant-that is, if it tends to

                                                  28
establish a material fact, makes a fact at issue more or less probable, or supports a reasonable

inference supporting a material fact."). Diaz is not entitled to relief,

                                 Testimony of Detective_Leporace

        Diaz claims that this Court erred and/or abused its discretion when it overruled his

objection to the testimony of Detective Leporace. He argued that Detective Leporace was not

permitted to testify as both a fact witnesses regarding voice analysis and an expert in the area of

drug and narcotics law enforcement. NT. at 341.

        The Rules of Evidence do not preclude a single witness from testifying, or offering

        opinions, in the capacity as both a lay and an expert witness on matters that may embrace

        the ultimate issues to be decided by the fact-finder. Pa.R.E. 702 permits an expert to

       testify to scientific, technical or other specialized knowledge beyond that possessed by a

       layperson. Pa.R.E. 701 permits a layperson to testify in the for of an opinion, however,

       such testimony must be rationally based on that witness' perceptions. Thus, an expert

       must have additional specialized knowledge in rendering an opinion; whereas, a lay

       witness must form an opinion based on his or her rationally based perceptions. The Rules,

       however, do mot specifically delineate that a witness must be only one or the other.

       Instead, the witness' association to the evidence controls the scope of admissible evidence

       that he or she may offer. Furthermore, Pa.R.E. 704 clearly permits both expert and lay

       opinion testimony on issues that ultimately must be decided by the trier of fact, in this

       case, the jury.

Commonwealth v. Clemat, 218 A.3d 944, 955-.956 (Pa. Super, 2019) (citation and alterations

omitted).

                                                  29
         In this case, Detective Leporace was qualified and provided testimony as an expert in the

area of drug and narcotics law enforcement, NT. at 340, 342., As an expert, he testified that, in

his opinion, the 735 Washington Street address was a small to midlevel processing center used to

break down bulk amounts of drugs into street and midlevel quantities and as a possible stash

location, Id. at 343-349. He also described the wiretap investigation into this drug organization

and the steps taken to identify Diaz as a participant. ld, at 350-363. Detective Leporace testified

that he listened to samples of Diaz's voice and was able to identify his voice on phone calls

intercepted during the investigation. Id. at 359-360, Although he performed a dual function of

both expert and lay witness, "[t[he Rules of Evidence do not preclude a single witness from

testifying, or offering opinions, in the capacity as both a lay and an expert witness on matters that

may embrace the ultimate issues to be decided by the fact-finder." Clemat, supra. Therefore,

Detective Leporace was permitted to testify as both an expert and lay witness. Diaz is not

entitled to relief.

                                            Diaz's Sentence

        Diaz claims that this Court erred and/or abused its discretion when sentencing Diaz. Diaz

alleges that his sentence is manifestly excessive and unreasonable, this Court failed to consider

mitigating circumstances, this Court failed to balance the sentencing factors and failed to

adequately justify its sentence.

        ·When imposing a sentence, the sentencing court must consider the factors set out in 42

Pa.C.S. $ 9721(b), that is, the protection of the public, gravity of offense in relation to impact on

victim and community, and rehabilitative needs of the defendant. And, of course, the court must

consider the sentencing guidelines." Commonwealth • Caldwell, 117 A.3d 763, 768 (Pa. Super.

2015) (alterations and citation omitted).

                                                  30
        Sentencing is a matter vested in the sound discretion of the sentencing judge, and a

        sentence will not be disturbed on appeal absent a manifest abuse of discretion, In this

        context, an abuse of discretion is not shown merely by an error in judgment. Rather, the

        appellant must establish, by reference to the record, that the sentencing court ignored or

        misapplied the law, exercised its judgment for reasons of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill

        will, or arrived at a manifestly unreasonable decision. Commonwealth • Fllin, 892

        A.2d 843,847 (Pa. Super. 2006) (citation omitted)

        "There is no absolute right to appeal when challenging the discretionary aspect of a

sentence. Rather, an appeal is permitted only after this Court determines that there is a

substantial question that the sentence was not appropriate under the sentencing code,"

Commonwealth v. Dodge, 77 A.3d 1263, 1268 (Pa. Super. 2013) (alterations, quotation marks

and citations omitted). "An appellant making an excessiveness claim raises a substantial

question when he sufficiently articulates the manner in which the sentence violates either a

specific provision of the sentencing scheme set forth in the Sentencing Code or a particular

fundamental norm underlying the sentencing process." Commonwealth          v. Raven, 97 A.3d 1244,
1253 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

       A sentencing court has discretion to impose its sentence concurrently or consecutively to

other sentences being imposed at the same time or to sentences already imposed."

Commonwealth v. Pass, 914 A.2d 442, 446-447 (Pa. Super. 2006) (citation omitted). "Any

challenge to.the exercise of this discretion ordinarily does not raise a substantial question." Id.

A defendant should not be given a volume discount for his crimes by having them all run

concurrently. Commonwealth • Hoag, 665 A.2d 1212, 1214 (Pa. Super. 1995). However, "a

sentence can be so manifestly excessive in extreme circumstances that it may create a substantial

                                                  31
question." Commonwealth          Zirkle, 107 A.3d 127, 133 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation omitted). A

substantial question is raised when the decision to impose a consecutive sentence "raises the

aggregate sentence to, what appears upon its face to be, an excessive level in light of the criminal

conduct in this case." Id. at 133-134.

        The appellate court shall vacate the sentence and remand the case to the sentencing court

        with instructions if it finds:

        (I)the sentencing court purported to sentence within the sentencing guidelines but

        applied the guidelines erroneously;

        (2) the sentencing count sentenced within the sentencing guidelines but the case involves

        circumstances where the application of the guidelines would be clearly unreasonable; or

        G)the sentencing court sentenced outside the sentencing guidelines and the sentence is

        unreasonable.

        [n all other cases the appellate court shall affirm the sentence imposed by the sentencing

       court.

42Pa.C.S.A. $9781(¢)

       A trial court's standard-range sentence will only be reversed if the sentence is clearly

unreasonable when viewed in light of the four statutory factors outlined in 42 Pa.C.S. $9781()."

Commonwealth v. Corley, 31 A.Sd 293, 298 (PA. Super. 2011) (citations omitted). Specifically,

the appellate court evaluates (1) [t]he nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and

characteristics of the defendant; (2) [t]he opportunity of the sentencing court to observe the

defendant, including any presentence investigation; (3) [t]he findings upon which the sentence

was based; [and] (4) [t]he guidelines promulgated by the commission. 42 Pa.C.S. $9781()

                                                 32
        When imposing a sentence, a court is required to consider the particular circumstances of

        the offense and the character of the defendant. In particular, the court should refer to the

        defendant's prior criminal record, his age, personal characteristics and his potential for

        rehabilitation.

Commonwealth • Griffin, 65 A,3d 932, 937-938 (Fa. Super. 2013) (quotation marks and

citations omitted).

        In this case, Diaz argues that there were a number of factors that support his contention

that his sentence was excessive. Each one of those claims is addressed below.

        Diaz first argues that this Court erred and/or abused its discretion when it failed to

consider the mitigating factors present in this case. Specifically, he claims that this Court did not

consider his remorse or that he had children. However, the Pennsylvania Superior Court has

held that "an allegation that a sentencing court failed to consider or did not

adequately consider certain mitigating factors does not raise a substantial question that the

sentence was inappropriate." Commonwealth v. Pacheco, 227 A.3d 358, 375 (Pa. Super. 2020).

Therefore, Diaz's claim that this Court failed to consider his remorse or that he had children does

not provide a basis for appellate review of his sentence.

       Diaz next claims that this Court erred and/or abused its discretion by failing to consider

Diaz's rehabilitative needs or otherwise consider the sentencing standards listed in 42 Pa.C.SA.

$9721. During sentencing, this Court stated as follows:

       THE COURT:              All right. All right. In fashioning my sentence I have considered

                               the sentencing factors as I'm required to do under Title [42],

                               Section 9721, subsection B;

                                                 33
 I have specifically considered the protection of the public, the

 nature of the offense;

 I've considered the large quantity of drugs that was put out onto

 our streets over a considerable period of time;

 I've considered the Commonwealth's arguments;

 I've considered the statement by Mr. Diaz and by his defense

counsel;

I've considered the risk of recidivism. I believe that the defendant

has been given multiple opportunities, In 2008 he was convicted

of possession with the intent to deliver, he received a sentence of8

to 48 months. According to my calculations, he would have still

been under supervision when he received the next possession with

intent to deliver in 2010 of which he received another sentence of

27to.54 months. He currently has, I believe, a charge in another

county that he's serving a sentence on. So I believe that at the age

of 39 years he has already been given multiple opportunities to

change and has not;

I've considered the gravity of the offense as it relates on the impact

in the life of our community. Our community is in a crisis of drugs

that are being put out on our street and what is happening to

individuals who are using those drugs. When I consider the harm

to the victim, I consider the harm to the community. I consider the

large amount of cocaine that was being delivered and the large

                  34
                  34
                              amount of meth that was being delivered in bulk that could have

                              been broken down into thousands of packets delivered out onto the

                              street;

                              I've considered the rehabilitative needs of the defendant;

                             I've considered his prior criminal record. He has [a prior record]

                             score of5. He's 39 years of age;

                             Ive considered his potential for rehabilitation;

                             I've considered his, what I would consider a lack of remorse for

                             what he did;

                             Ive considered the nature of the offense. As I indicated, this is a

                             large amount of drugs. This was a large organization involving

                             multiple people throughout the County;

                             Ive considered the guidelines in my sentence, There are no

                             factors in favor of probation as the guidelines. There is nothing

                             within the guidelines that would favor probation under Title 42,

                             Section 9722;

                             Ive considered the basis for total confinement under Title 42,

                             Section 9725, and I believe that total confinement is appropriate. I

                             think that any lesser sentence is going to depreciate the seriousness

                             of this crime.

Notes of Testimony, Sentencing Hearing, June 8, 2018 (N.T.S."") at 11-13.

                                               35
         Diaz's claim is directly contradicted by the record, This Court considered his

rehabilitative needs as well as the sentencing factors contained in 42 Pa.C.SA. $9721(b). He is

 hot entitled to relief

         Diaz next argues that this Court erred and/or abused its discretion when it failed to

consider Diaz's rehabilitative needs by failing to elicit potential needs or adequately explain how

it had weighed his rehabilitative needs. He further claims that this Court failed to explain how

his needs would be best served by this sentence when his actual needs were for further education,

job training and career services. However, this Court was under no obligation to do so. The

Pennsylvania Superior Court has held that a sentencing judge may satisfy requirement of

disclosure on the record of his [or her] reasons for imposition of a particular sentence without

providing a detailed, highly technical statement." Commonwealth v. Huner, 868 A.2d 498, 514

(Pa. Super. 2005) (citation omitted). As set forth above, this Court considered Diaz's

rehabilitative needs during sentencing. This Court also notes that Diaz had the opportunity to

make a statement and failed to inform this Court of any specific rehabilitative need he sought to

have addressed. Diaz's dissatisfaction with quality of this Court's statement or a lack of inquiry

into all of his specific needs does not entitle him to relief

        Diaz next argues that this Court erred and/or abused its discretion by sentencing Diaz to

consecutive sentences amounting to a life sentence without adequate reasons.

        In Commonwealth • Bradley, 237 A.3d 13I (Pa. Super. 2020), the appellant entered a

guilty plea to various theft offenses and argued that his sentence of 17 to 34 years constituted a

de facto life sentence. Bradley, supra at 1139. He claimed that he would be 81 years old when

he was finished his maximum term which exceeded the life expectancy for men in the United

States of78.5 years. Id. at 1140. However, the Superior Court stated that the appellant

                                                  36
 incorrectly focused on the length of his total tenn and not the date of his potential release. Id.

 The appellant would be 64 years old on the date he could be released which was I years prior to

 the average life expectancy argued by the appellant. Id. Therefore, the appellant's sentence was

 not a de facto life term. Id. at 1140-1141.

        In this case, Diaz was 39 years old when he was sentenced on June 8, 2018, to serve a

 cumulative sentence of 18/ years to 50 years. He received credit for the 124 days he previously

 served. Diaz has the potential to be released as early as 2036 when he will be approximately 57

years old. Similar to the appellant in Bradley, Diaz appears to be incorrectly focusing on the

total length of his sentence in support of his argument that he received a de facto life sentence.

However, in accordance with Bradley, Diaz is clearly not serving such a sentence as he has the

potential to be released at the age of57 which is 21 years prior to the average life expectancy in

the United States of 78.7 years. Center for Disease Control, National Center for Health

Statistics, available at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/life-expectancy.htm (life expectancy in

the United States is 78.7 years) (last visited on May 14, 2021).

        Diaz also claims that there were inadequate reasons placed on the record to justify

consecutive sentences. At sentencing. this Court exercised its discretion and imposed

consecutive sentences on Diaz. As set forth above, a challenge to the exercise of this discretion

does not ordinarily raise a substantial question unless the aggregate sentence appears to be

excessive in light of the criminal conduct. In this case, Diaz was involved in an illegal enterprise

that distributed large amounts of controlled substances throughout Berks County. The sentence

was not excessive in light of his criminal conduct. Contrary to Diaz's assertion, he did not

receive a life sentence for these offenses. This Court included numerous reasons on the record in

support of Diaz's sentence. He is not entitled to relief.

                                                 37
         Regarding Diaz's claim that this Court abused its discretion by focusing solely on Diaz's

 criminal record and nature of his criminal offenses during sentencing, the record contradicts his

 assertion. This Court specifically stated at sentencing that it was considering the sentencing

 factors as set forth in 42 Pa.C.S.A. $9721(b). NT.S. at11. In addition to Diaz's criminal record

 and the offenses in this case, this Court considered, inter alia, the protection of the public, the

statements of Diaz and the attorneys, Diaz's risk of recidivism, the gravity of the offense as it

relates to the impact on the community and Diaz's rehabilitative needs. N.T.S. at 11-12.

Therefore, Diaz is not entitled to relief

        Diaz next claims that this Court erred and/or abused its discretion by imposing an

unreasonable sentence, a violation of due process and the Sentencing Code. He alleges that this

Court unreasonably applied the statutory maximum when sentencing Diaz.

        In this case, Diaz was convicted of two counts of corrupt organizations, one count of

criminal use of communication facility, two counts of conspiracy to commit delivery of a

controlled substance and six counts of delivery of a controlled substance. Diaz had a prior

record score of 5. NT.S. at 2. On the corrupt organizations counts, the offense gravity score

was 8 on both offenses with a standard range of27 t0 33 months, plus or minus 9 months. Id, at

2. Diaz was sentenced to serve a standard range sentence of27 to 54 months on each charge. Id.

at 14. On the count of criminal use of communication facility, the offense gravity score was      5

with a standard range of 12 to 18 months, plus or minus 3 months. Id. at 2. Diaz was sentenced

to serve a standard range sentence of 12 months to 24 months on that offense. Id. at 14. On the

count of conspiracy to commit delivery of methamphetamine, the offense gravity score was 1I

with a standard range of 72 to 90 months, plus or minus 12 months, Id. at 2. Diaz was sentenced

to serve a mitigated range sentence of 60 months to 120 months on that offense. Id. at 13. On

                                                  38
 the count of conspiracy to commit delivery of cocaine, the offense gravity score was 10 with a

 standard range of 60 to 72 months, plus or minus 12 months. Id. at 3. Diaz was sentenced to

 serve a standard range sentence of 60 months to 120 months on that offense. Id. at 14. On the 4

counts of delivery of cocaine, the offense gravity score was IO with a standard range of 60 to 72

months, plus or minus 12 months. Id. at 3. Diaz was sentenced to serve a standard range

sentence of 72 months to 20 years on each of the 4 counts. Id. at 14-15. On the 2 counts of

delivery of methamphetamine, the offense gravity score was 11 with a standard range of 72 to 90

months, plus or minus 12 months. Id. at 3. Diaz was sentenced to serve a standard range

sentence of 90 months to 30 years on both counts. Id, at 15-16. Diaz's aggregate sentence was

18 % to 50 years.

        Pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A. 8$9781(c), this Court's standard range sentences imposed on

Diaz will only be vacated if the application of the guidelines was clearly unreasonable. 42

Pa.C.S.A. $9781(e)(2). In making that determination, an appellate court will review the factors

outlined in 42 Pa.CS.A. $9781().

       The first factor, the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and

characteristics of the defendant, support a finding that the standard range sentence was clearly

reasonable. The evidence established that Diaz was involved in the large-scale distribution of

narcotics within Berks County. He was working with other individuals in this illegal enterprise,

Diaz had two prior convictions for possession with intent to deliver, possession of a small

amount of marijuana and a charge of driving under the influence, N.T,S. at 3-7, This Court also

had the opportunity to learn about Diaz's characteristics during the course of both the trial and

senteneing hearing.

                                                 39
         Regarding the second factor, this Court had ample opportunity to observe Diaz during the

 trial and sentencing hearing. This Court observed Diaz's personality, demeanor and conduct

 during his trial and sentencing. This factor also supports a finding of clear reasonableness.

         The third and fourth factors, the findings upon which the sentence was based and the

 guidelines, also support a finding that the standard range sentences imposed were clearly

 reasonable. This Court set forth its findings and reasons for imposing standard range sentences

 on Diaz and incorporates them by reference herein. Additionally, this Court was aware of and

considered the guidelines when imposing the sentence.

        Based on the above analysis, Diaz's standard range sentences were clearly reasonable

under the circumstances. Although Diaz cites Commonwealth v. Cotlerson, 34 A.3d 135(Pa.

Super. 2011), in support of his argument, this case is distinguishable. In Colverson, the trial

court sentenced the defendant to serve 18 to 90 years of incarceration for rape and burglary.

Colverson, supra at 138. Here, Diaz was sentenced to serve 18 % to 50 years for his

involvement in the mass distribution of narcotics. Second, the defendant in Colverson had no

prior record and cooperated with the police. Id. at 140, 143. Here, Diaz had a prior record score

of 5 which consisted of, inter «lid, two prior charges for possessing controlled substances with

intent to deliver. There was no indication that Diaz was cooperative with law enforcement.

Lastly, the trial court in Colverson only considered the victim impact and acted on its impulse

to obtain retribution for the victim when imposing its sentence. Id. at 148. Here, this Court set

forth numerous factors and justifications for the imposition of its sentence, Therefore, Diaz is

not entitled to relief pursuant to Coulverson.

                                                 40
                                    Testimonv ofMichaelMullen

         Diaz next claims that this Court erred and/or abused its discretion when it overruled

 Diaz's objections to the testimony of MichaelMullen. At trial, the Commonwealth sought to

call MichaelMullen, Jr, (Mullen"), of the Berks County Prison System to testify regarding

Diaz's prison intake sheet. NT. at283. The intake sheet listed a phone number for Diaz as 484-

599-0187. Id. at 285, 400. The Commonwealth intended to call Mullen to testify that Diaz

would have provided this number to the prison at his intake. Id. at 283, 286, 400. Diaz objected

to the admission of the intake sheet and to Mullen's testimony regarding that intake sheet due to

lack of notice ofa witness and a discovery violation. Id. at 284, 399. I response, the

Commonwealth stated that they were not previously in possession of the intake sheet and were

not aware that it was relevant until Diaz raised the issue at trial. Id. at 285. The discussion of

Mullen's testimony and the production of the intake sheet occurred a day prior toMullen

actually being called to testify. Id. at 287.

       Rule 573 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure sets forth the items that must

be provided by the Commonwealth in discovery. The Rule states, in relevant part, as follows:

       Rule 573. Pretrial Discovery and Inspection

       (B) Disclosure by the Commonwealth

       (L)Mandatory. I all court cases, on request by the defendant, and subject to any

       protective order which the Commonwealth might obtain under this rule, the

       Commonwealth shall disclose to the defendant's attorney all of the following requested

       items or information, provided they are material to the instant case. The Commonwealth

                                                4
        shall, when applicable, permit the defendant's attorney to inspect and copy or photograph

        such items.

                (a) Any evidence favorable to the accused that is material either to guilt or to

               punishment, and is within the possession or control of the attorney for the

               Commonwealth;

               (b) any written confession or inculpatory statement, or the substance of any oral

               confession or inculpatory statement, and the identity of the person to whom the

               confession or inculpatory statement was made that is in the possession or control

               of the attorney for the Commonwealth;

               (c) the defendant's prior criminal record;

               (d) the circumstances and results of any identification of the defendant by voice,

               photograph, or in-person identification;

               (e) any results or reports of scientific tests, expert opinions, and written or

               recorded reports of polygraph examinations or other physical or mental

               examinations of the defendant that are within the possession or control of the

               attorney for the Commonwealth;

               (f) any tangible objects, including documents, photographs, fingerprints, or other

               tangible evidence; and

               (g) the transcripts and recordings of any electronic surveillance, and the authority

               by which the said transcripts and recordings were obtained.

Pa.R.CmHm.P. 57303)(1).

       In Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 820 A.2d 795 (Pa. Super. 2003), the defendant was

convicted after a trial by jury of voluntary manslaughter. Sullivan, 820 A.2d at 798. During the

                                                 42
 trial, one of the Commonwealth's witnesses testified to a previously undisclosed inculpatory

 statement made by the defendant. Id. at 801. The defendant moved for a mistrial and, during

 argument on the motion, the Commonwealth stated that they were unaware of the statement until

 the witness testified. Id. The Superior Court held that there was no discovery violation as the

 Commonwealth had no/obligation to provide a statement to the defense that it did not possess.

Id. at 804.

        In the case at bar, the Commonwealth informed this Court that they were not in

possession of the intake sheet or aware of its relevance until Diaz disputed his utilization of cell

phone number 484-599-0187 during trial. The Pennsylvania Superior Court has held that a

"defendant may request and the Commonwealth is required to produce inculpatory evidence that

is relevant and within its possession." Commonwealth • Dent, 837 A.2d 571, 585 (Pa. Super.

2003) (citation omitted) (emphasis in original). Since the intake sheet only became relevant at

trial and was not previously in the possession of the Commonwealth, the Commonwealth was

not required to produce the intake sheet. Therefore, this Court overruled Diaz's objection as

there was no discovery violation. Additionally, this Court further notes that Mullen was called to

testify on the day following Diaz's objection. Diaz had a full day to prepare for Mullen's

testimony, See Commonwealth v. Smith, 416 A.2d 494 (Pa. 1980) (new trial not required when

Commonwealth failed to disclose witness identity until mid-trial where defendant

given time to prepare and no prejudice shown).

                     Diaz's Objections to the Commonwealth's Exhibits

       Diaz alleges that this Court erred and/or abused its discretion when it overruled his

objections to Commonwealth Exhibits 83, 84 and 86. Exhibit 83 was Diaz's arraignment

information sheet. Exhibit 84 was Diaz's affidavit of tights. Exhibit 86 was Diaz's intake

                                                 43
 sheet/prisoner information report. He claims that the exhibits were inadmissible hearsay and

 their use constituted a discovery violation due to the Commonwealth's late production of these

documents.

        Regarding Exhibit 83, Diaz's objection at trial was to this Court's decision to take

judicial notice of Diaz's preliminary arraignment sheet as previously addressed in this opinion.

Diaz did not raise a claim that this evidence was inadmissible hearsay or that the Commonwealth

committed a discovery violation. Therefore, Diaz has waived this issue. See Commonwealth v.

Stolt:fis, 337 A.2d 873, 881 (Pa. 1975) (it has long been the rule in this jurisdiction that if the

ground upon which an objection is based is specifically stated, all other reasons for its exclusion

are waived, and may not be raised post-trial."). Additionally, when the preliminary arraignment

form was marked as Exhibit 83, Diaz joined in the motion requesting that this Court take judicial

notice of the document. Id. at 336. Diaz is not entitled to relief.

        Regarding Exhibit 84, Diaz's affidavit of rights, Diaz did not raise any objection to this

exhibit during trial and, again, joined with the Commonwealth to request that this Court take

judicial notice of the exhibit. N.T. at 336. Diaz has waived this issue. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a)

("Issues not raised in the trial court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on

appeal.").

       Regarding Exhibit 86, this Court incorporates by reference its previous discussion

regarding the admissibility of Diaz's prison intake sheet.

      Denial of Diaz's Post-Sentence Motion and Supplemental Post-SentenceMotion

       Diaz argues that this Court erred and abused its discretion when it denied his post-

sentence motions, The issues raised in Diaz's post-sentence motions were all raised in Diaz's

concise statement and addressed by this Court within this memorandum opinion. This Court

                                                 44
incorporates by reference the discussion contained within this opinion as the justification for

denying Diaz's post-sentence motions.

       For the foregoing reasons, we respectfully request that Diaz's appeal be DENIED and his

sentence AFFIRMED.

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