Court Opinion

ID: 5128929
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-11-23 21:01:05.479569+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:09.825789
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                            FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        NOV 23 2021
                                                                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                        U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

PETER COOKS,                                    No.   20-17516

                Plaintiff-Appellant,            D.C. No. 4:20-cv-02695-PJH

 v.

CONTRA COSTA COUNTY,                            MEMORANDUM*

                Defendant-Appellee.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Northern District of California
               Phyllis J. Hamilton, Senior District Judge, Presiding

                          Submitted November 18, 2021**
                             San Francisco, California

Before: THOMAS, Chief Judge, MCKEOWN, Circuit Judge, and MOLLOY,***
District Judge.

      Following his termination, Peter Cooks sued his former employer, Contra

Costa County (the “County”), for violations of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
             The Honorable Donald W. Molloy, United States District Judge for the
District of Montana, sitting by designation.
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the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994

(“Uniformed Services Act”). The district court granted the County’s second motion

to dismiss, concluding that Cooks’s Rehabilitation Act was time barred and that he

failed to state a claim under the Uniformed Services Act. We have jurisdiction

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

      1. Cooks’s Rehabilitation Act claim is time barred. The federal four-year

statute of limitations under 28 U.S.C. § 1658 applies only to federal claims that were

“made possible by a post-1990 amendment.” Jones v. R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co.,

541 U.S. 369, 382 (2004). While amendments to the Rehabilitation Act in 1992 and

2008 did create new causes of action, Cooks’s alleged facts are insufficient to give

rise to a claim based on either amendment.

      The 1992 amendment incorporated the Americans with Disabilities Act

(“ADA”) “reasonable accommodations” standard, see 42 U.S.C. § 12112(b)(5)(A),

which includes “reassignment to a vacant position,” id. § 12111(9)(B); Pub. L. No.

102-569, 106 Stat. 4344 (1992). However, Cooks’s second amended complaint does

not allege that Cooks sought reassignment. While Cooks suggested his request “may

have meant being considered for transfer/reassignment” in his motion for leave to

amend, courts consider only factual allegations in the complaint that “plausibly give

rise to an entitlement to relief.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009). Absent

facts pled in support, his claim was not made possible by the 1992 amendment.

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      In 2008, Congress amended the Rehabilitation Act’s definition of “disability”

to align it with the ADA’s definition, meaning plaintiffs are no longer required to

prove an impairment was perceived to limit a major life activity. See 42 U.S.C.

§ 12102(3); Pub. L. No. 110-325, 122 Stat. 3553 (2008). However, Cooks’s claims

are based on an alleged disability arising out of his psychosis and paranoia, and

federal courts adjudicated Rehabilitation Act claims that stemmed from paranoia-

related disabilities prior to the enactment of the 2008 amendment, see, e.g.,

Fredenberg v. Contra Costa Cnty. Dep’t of Health Servs., 172 F.3d 1176 (9th Cir.

1999); Johnston v. Horne, 875 F.2d 1415 (9th Cir. 1989). The facts alleged by

Cooks do not distinguish his case from pre-2008 complaints.

      Because Cooks’s Rehabilitation Act claim was not made possible by either

the 1992 or 2008 amendments, the analogous state statute of limitations applies.

Sharkey v. O’Neal, 778 F.3d 767, 770 (9th Cir. 2015).           Even assuming that

California’s longer, three-year statute applies, see id. at 770–73, Cooks’s claims are

untimely.

      2. Under the Uniformed Services Act, current, former, and prospective

members of uniformed services “shall not be denied initial employment,

reemployment, retention in employment, promotion, or any benefit of employment

by an employer on the basis of that membership.” 38 U.S.C. § 4311(a). Employers

are in violation of the Act if an employee’s military service is a “motivating factor”

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for any of the aforementioned actions. Id. § 4311(c)(1). Cooks fails to state a claim

under the Act because he does not allege his military background was a motivating

factor behind the alleged discrimination. Simply put, § 4311 does not prohibit

discrimination based on a disability, which is what is alleged here. The district court

properly dismissed Cooks’s claim.

      3. The final inquiry is whether Cooks should have been given another

opportunity to amend his complaint. Denial of leave to amend is “proper only when

amendment would be clearly frivolous, unduly prejudicial, cause undue delay or a

finding of bad faith is made.” United Union of Roofers v. Ins. Corp. of Am., 919

F.2d 1398, 1402 (9th Cir. 1990). Despite a previous opportunity to amend Cooks

failed to include additional facts in support of either his Rehabilitation Act or

Uniformed Services Act claims. Moreover, Cooks did not seek further amendment

in response to the County’s second motion to dismiss. Accordingly, the district court

properly dismissed the Amended Complaint with prejudice.

      AFFIRMED.

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