Court Opinion

ID: 9838557
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-06 20:01:14.677391+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:16:56.431160
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 22-11459    Document: 32-1      Date Filed: 09/06/2023   Page: 1 of 20

                                                              [PUBLISH]
                                    In the
                 United States Court of Appeals
                         For the Eleventh Circuit

                           ____________________

                                 No. 22-11459
                           ____________________

        ROBERT SHAWN INGRAM,
                                                     Petitioner-Appellant,
        versus
        WARDEN, HOLMAN CORRECTIONAL FACILITY,

                                                   Respondent-Appellee.

                           ____________________

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of Alabama
                      D.C. Docket No. 1:17-cv-01464-LSC
                           ____________________
USCA11 Case: 22-11459     Document: 32-1      Date Filed: 09/06/2023    Page: 2 of 20

        2                     Opinion of the Court                 22-11459

        Before JORDAN, BRANCH, and GRANT, Circuit Judges.
        JORDAN, Circuit Judge:
              When Robert Shawn Ingram was charged in Alabama with
        the 1993 capital murder of Gregory Huguley, he immediately be-
        gan cooperating. Acting without an attorney, he secured a plea
        agreement with the state. He agreed to plead guilty to a lesser
        charge of murder and receive a parole-eligible sentence of life im-
        prisonment. In exchange, he would testify against his three co-de-
        fendants.
               After Mr. Ingram obtained counsel, one of the co-defend-
        ants convinced him that they would all be acquitted if they re-
        mained silent: “Nobody talks, everybody walks.” Against the ad-
        vice of his attorneys, Mr. Ingram refused to perform his part of the
        plea agreement and testify at the trial of one of his co-defendants.
        The state then declared the agreement void and tried him for capi-
        tal murder. The jury found him guilty, and the trial court—follow-
        ing the jury’s recommendation—sentenced him to death.
                After his conviction and sentence were upheld on direct ap-
        peal, Mr. Ingram sought state post-conviction relief. As relevant
        here, he asserted that his attorneys rendered ineﬀective assistance
        by failing to properly advise him about the risks of not following
        through with his plea agreement and by not doing enough to per-
        suade him to testify against his co-defendant. The Alabama courts
        rejected this ineﬀectiveness claim, ruling in part that Mr. Ingram
        could not show prejudice resulting from his attorneys’ conduct.
USCA11 Case: 22-11459      Document: 32-1      Date Filed: 09/06/2023     Page: 3 of 20

        22-11459               Opinion of the Court                         3

               The district court denied Mr. Ingram’s federal habeas corpus
        petition, concluding that the decision of the Alabama courts was
        not an unreasonable application of applicable Supreme Court prec-
        edent and was not based on an unreasonable determination of the
        facts. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 2254(d)(1)-(2). Following our review of the
        record, and with the beneﬁt of oral argument, we agree and aﬃrm.
                                          I
                On July 31, 1993, Mr. Ingram and three others—Anthony
        Boyd, Moneek Ackles, and Dwinaune Quintay Cox—kidnapped
        Mr. Huguley at gunpoint from a public street in Anniston, Alabama
        because he had failed to pay $200 for crack cocaine that they had
        sold to him. See Ingram v. State, 779 So. 2d 1225, 1238 (Ala. Crim.
        App. 1999). Mr. Ingram and his co-defendants took Mr. Huguley
        to a baseball field in a rural area and, while he was pleading for his
        life, they “taped him to a bench, doused him with gasoline, set him
        on fire, and burned him to death.” Id. Mr. Ingram was a principal
        actor in the murder—he wielded the gun, used force to effect the
        kidnapping, poured the gasoline, and lit it with a match. See id.
        After Mr. Huguley had been set on fire, Mr. Ingram and his co-de-
        fendants stood around for approximately 20 minutes and watched
        him burn to death. See id.
              Mr. Huguley’s body was found the next morning. Shortly
        thereafter, Mr. Ingram and his three co-defendants were identified
        as having been involved in the murder. Mr. Ingram immediately
        began cooperating with the authorities and gave a number of state-
        ments admitting his involvement in the murder. Mr. Ingram was
USCA11 Case: 22-11459      Document: 32-1     Date Filed: 09/06/2023     Page: 4 of 20

        4                      Opinion of the Court                22-11459

        then charged with the capital murder of Mr. Huguley during a kid-
        napping.
                                         A
               Before his trial, Mr. Ingram entered into a self-negotiated
        plea agreement with the state. Pursuant to the agreement, Mr. In-
        gram would plead guilty to a lesser-included offense of murder and
        receive a parole-eligible life sentence. In exchange, he would co-
        operate with the state’s investigation and testify against his co-de-
        fendants.
                The plea agreement provided that it would become “null
        and void” if Mr. Ingram did not testify against his co-defendants or
        failed to cooperate with the state’s investigation. Given what later
        transpired, that language in the agreement proved to have signifi-
        cant consequences.
                Mr. Ingram and his co-defendants were incarcerated to-
        gether at the county jail. During jailhouse conversations, one of
        the co-defendants, Mr. Ackles—who had not given a statement to
        the police—convinced the others, including Mr. Ingram, that the
        state’s case against them was weak, and that if they did not testify,
        none of them would be convicted. Mr. Ackles’ advice was simple:
        “Nobody talks, everybody walks.”
               Mr. Boyd’s trial was the first to go forward. When the time
        came for Mr. Ingram to fulfill his plea agreement by testifying
        against Mr. Boyd, he refused. At that time, Mr. Ingram was repre-
        sented by Jeb Fannin and Mark Nelson, who did not learn of his
USCA11 Case: 22-11459         Document: 32-1        Date Filed: 09/06/2023         Page: 5 of 20

        22-11459                  Opinion of the Court                                5

        decision to not testify until he took the stand on the second day of
        Mr. Boyd’s trial. 1
                Once Mr. Ingram announced his refusal to testify, the trial
        court gave him the opportunity to meet with his attorneys to dis-
        cuss his decision to renege on his plea agreement. Mr. Ingram told
        his attorneys that Mr. Ackles had come up with a plan—if they all
        remained quiet they would “all go home.” He also explained that
        he did not want to testify against Mr. Boyd because he did not want
        to be labeled a “snitch”—“you don’t last in the penitentiary when
        you get a label like that.” The attorneys advised and urged Mr.
        Ingram to honor the plea agreement and “explained to him what
        could happen to him if he did not testify against [Mr.] Boyd—i.e.,
        that he could receive the death penalty.” The attorneys also
        “warned him that one of his [co-defendants] would take the
        [s]tate’s offer if he did not want to take it[.]”
              Mr. Ingram, however, was “adamant in his decision” and
        Mr. Fannin explained that he and Mr. Nelson could not “twist his
        arm and make him testify.” The attorneys told Mr. Ingram that it
        was his decision whether to follow through with his plea agree-
        ment and testify against Mr. Boyd.

        1 At the state post-conviction evidentiary hearing, Mr. Ingram testified that he

        had informed his attorneys ahead of time about his decision to not testify
        against Mr. Boyd. The state post-conviction court, however, credited the tes-
        timony of Mr. Fannin that he and Mr. Nelson first learned of Mr. Ingram’s
        decision at Mr. Boyd’s trial.
USCA11 Case: 22-11459      Document: 32-1      Date Filed: 09/06/2023      Page: 6 of 20

        6                      Opinion of the Court                  22-11459

                After Mr. Ingram had an opportunity to meet with his attor-
        neys, everyone appeared before the trial court. One of the prose-
        cutors told the trial court that the state was viewing Mr. Ingram’s
        failure to testify against Mr. Boyd as a breach of the plea agreement.
        The prosecutor also informed the trial court that the state would
        try Mr. Ingram for capital murder, that Mr. Ingram had given a
        “confession” admitting his involvement in the crime, and that the
        prosecution intended to use his statements against him at trial. Mr.
        Nelson told the trial court that he and Mr. Fannin had met with
        Mr. Ingram and had gone “over all the options and all the possible
        punishments,” and that Mr. Ingram said he understood but “did
        not wish to testify.”
               The trial court then engaged in a colloquy with Mr. Ingram
        to ensure that he knew what he was doing and understood the con-
        sequences of his decision. The trial court asked him whether he
        understood that murder carried with it a sentence of life imprison-
        ment with the possibility of parole, while capital murder carried
        with it either a sentence of life in prison without the possibility of
        parole or a sentence of death. The trial court also explained that
        the state was going to view his decision to not testify as a breach of
        the plea agreement and was going to prosecute him for capital
        murder.
                  Mr. Ingram repeatedly said that he understood and main-
        tained that he wanted to exercise his right to remain silent. The
        trial court specifically cautioned him that he was “deciding [his] fate
        . . . to some extent” by breaching the plea agreement, and gave him
USCA11 Case: 22-11459         Document: 32-1        Date Filed: 09/06/2023         Page: 7 of 20

        22-11459                  Opinion of the Court                                7

        a final chance to change his mind, but he continued to refuse to
        testify against Mr. Boyd. The trial court determined that he under-
        stood what he was doing and what he was giving up.
              At the end of the day, Mr. Ingram did not testify against Mr.
        Boyd. As a result, the state rescinded the plea agreement. 2
               The state subsequently tried Mr. Ingram for capital murder.
        See Ingram, 779 So. 2d at 1237. The state presented overwhelming
        evidence of his guilt at trial, and the jury found him guilty. The
        jury recommended a sentence of death, and the trial court followed
        that recommendation.
               On direct appeal, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals
        affirmed Mr. Ingram’s conviction and death sentence. See id. at
        1282–83. So did the Alabama Supreme Court. See Ex parte Ingram,
        779 So. 2d 1283, 1285 (Ala. 2000), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1193 (2001).
                                               B
               After his direct appeal concluded, Mr. Ingram ﬁled a petition
        for post-conviction relief under Rule 32 of the Alabama Rules of
        Criminal Procedure. He alleged, in part, that his attorneys had ren-
        dered ineﬀective assistance of counsel under Strickland v. Washing-
        ton, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984), and its progeny by failing to properly

        2 Mr. Ingram’s attorneys proved to be prophetic. Mr. Cox, one of Mr. Ingram’s

        co-defendants, agreed to testify on behalf of the state and did so at Mr. Boyd’s
        trial. A jury convicted Mr. Boyd of capital murder and the trial court sen-
        tenced him to death. See Boyd v. Commissioner, 697 F.3d 1320, 1325–26 (11th
        Cir. 2012). Mr. Cox received a sentence of life with the possibility of parole,
        and he is no longer in prison.
USCA11 Case: 22-11459     Document: 32-1      Date Filed: 09/06/2023    Page: 8 of 20

        8                     Opinion of the Court                 22-11459

        advise him about the risks of not following through with his plea
        agreement and by not doing enough to persuade him to testify
        against Mr. Boyd.
               Following a series of appeals and remands, the state post-
        conviction court held an evidentiary hearing. With respect to the
        ineffectiveness claim, it heard testimony from Mr. Fannin (one of
        Mr. Ingram’s former attorneys), Mr. Ingram, and several of Mr. In-
        gram’s family members.
               Mr. Fannin testified that, leading up to Mr. Boyd’s trial, he
        had hoped that Mr. Ingram would uphold his plea agreement. He
        explained that he had conversations with Mr. Ingram about testify-
        ing against Mr. Boyd. Although he could not specifically remem-
        ber those conversations from 29 years ago, he said that he “would
        have made [Mr. Ingram] aware of the evidence and his chances so
        to speak.”
               In addition, Mr. Fannin testified that he and Mr. Nelson
        were not aware that Mr. Ingram was going to renege on his plea
        agreement until he took the stand at Mr. Boyd’s trial. He described
        how he and Mr. Nelson then met with Mr. Ingram, explained the
        consequences of his decision, and tried to persuade him to honor
        the plea agreement. For example, they told him that if he chose
        not to testify against Mr. Boyd one of his co-defendants would ac-
        cept the state’s plea offer. They also told him he could receive the
USCA11 Case: 22-11459       Document: 32-1       Date Filed: 09/06/2023      Page: 9 of 20

        22-11459                Opinion of the Court                           9

        death penalty. But they could not “twist his arm and make him
        testify.” 3
                Mr. Ingram admitted that his attorneys had encouraged him
        to testify against Mr. Boyd, and that they had told him that if he did
        not, then one of his co-defendants would accept the state’s plea of-
        fer. But he explained that he refused to testify against Mr. Boyd for
        two reasons. First, he and his co-defendants had devised a plan to
        stay silent because they believed that if “everybody be quiet, we all
        go home.” He did not listen to his attorneys because he thought
        they were “bluffing.” Second, he chose not to testify because he
        did not want to be labeled a “snitch.” As he put it, “you don’t last
        in the penitentiary when you get a label like that.”
                According to Mr. Ingram, if his attorneys had sought out his
        sister or his aunt to talk to him, he would have listened to them
        and honored his plea agreement. This testimony was echoed by
        Mr. Ingram’s relatives. Mr. Ingram’s aunt testified that the attor-
        neys never asked her for help in persuading him to testify against
        Mr. Boyd. Had they done so, she would have gone to him and said:
        “Shawn, listen, and I want you to listen to me good . . . for the sake
        of your mother and for the sake of yourself, I want you to tell them
        the truth about what happened.” She explained that she believed
        he would have listened to her because “he’s scared of [her]” and
        because “[h]e’s scared he going to get a whooping.” Mr. Ingram’s
        older sister similarly testified that she “would have popped him on

        3 Mr. Fannin explained that if he thought anyone could have persuaded Mr.

        Ingram to change his mind he would have sought out that person.
USCA11 Case: 22-11459     Document: 32-1      Date Filed: 09/06/2023     Page: 10 of 20

        10                     Opinion of the Court                 22-11459

        the head, and then . . . told him he needed to do whatever it was to
        spare his life and to tell the truth.”
                After the evidentiary hearing, the state post-conviction court
        issued an order denying Mr. Ingram relief. With respect to the in-
        effectiveness claim at issue here, the court ruled that Mr. Ingram’s
        attorneys “did all that was constitutionally required of them when
        they attempted to persuade [Mr. Ingram] to honor his [plea] agree-
        ment[.]” The court concluded that Mr. Ingram’s attorneys did not
        render deficient performance because their actions were reasona-
        ble—when Mr. Ingram insisted he would not testify against Mr.
        Boyd, they met with him, advised him of the consequences of his
        decision, warned him that one of his co-defendants would take the
        deal offered by the state, and urged him to honor his plea agree-
        ment. The court further found that it was not “convinced that
        there was anything [the attorneys] could have done to persuade
        [Mr. Ingram] to change his mind.” Mr. Ingram was “adamant” that
        he would not testify against Mr. Boyd because he believed every-
        one would be acquitted if they all remained silent and because he
        did not want to be labeled a “snitch.” Even when the trial court
        informed him of the consequences of his decision, Mr. Ingram “in-
        sisted that he would not testify.”
               The state post-conviction court also concluded that Mr. In-
        gram had failed to prove that his attorneys had failed to enlist his
        family members to persuade him to honor the plea agreement:
        “[Mr.] Ingram presented no evidence that, given that his decision
        to not testify against [Mr.] Boyd occurred in the middle of [Mr.]
USCA11 Case: 22-11459     Document: 32-1      Date Filed: 09/06/2023     Page: 11 of 20

        22-11459               Opinion of the Court                        11

        Boyd’s trial, his family members could have arrived at the court-
        house in the short amount of time that [the attorneys] had to meet
        with [him] to persuade [him] to honor his agreement. . . . Addition-
        ally, there was nothing offered at the evidentiary hearing to
        demonstrate that the trial court would have waited for [Mr.] In-
        gram’s family to arrive to attempt to persuade him to testify against
        [Mr.] Boyd.”
                In an unpublished opinion, the Alabama Court of Criminal
        Appeals affirmed the state post-conviction court’s order on the
        ground that Mr. Ingram had failed to establish prejudice resulting
        from his attorneys’ allegedly deficient performance: “[T]he [state
        post-conviction] court found that [Mr.] Ingram failed to prove that
        any of the actions he asserted [the] trial [attorneys] should have un-
        dertaken would have made any difference in the outcome.” Ingram
        v. State, No. CR-17-0774, slip op. at 13 (Ala. Crim. App. Sept. 13,
        2019). Mr. Ingram did not want to be labeled a snitch, and because
        “serving time in prison was inevitable” it “was reasonable for the
        [post-conviction] court to conclude that [he] would not have hon-
        ored his plea agreement regardless of [the attorneys’] actions.” Id.
                                          C
                Mr. Ingram sought federal habeas corpus relief, but the dis-
        trict court rejected his ineffectiveness claim. It concluded that the
        Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals made a reasonable determina-
        tion of the facts when it held that Mr. Ingram could not demon-
        strate Strickland prejudice. Mr. Ingram’s contention that his attor-
        neys should have done more to persuade him to testify against Mr.
USCA11 Case: 22-11459      Document: 32-1      Date Filed: 09/06/2023     Page: 12 of 20

        12                     Opinion of the Court                  22-11459

        Boyd failed because it was “based on the pure speculation that, had
        his [attorneys] more persuasively warned him that he would al-
        ready be labeled a ‘snitch’ in prison . . . [he] would have heeded
        their advice. . . . The [Alabama] courts were entirely reasonable in
        finding that, because [Mr.] Ingram testified that he ‘never’ wanted
        to be labeled a ‘snitch’ in prison, nothing his [attorneys] could have
        done would have changed his mind.” In other words, the prejudice
        ruling of the Alabama courts was not an unreasonable application
        of applicable Supreme Court precedent and was not based on an
        unreasonable determination of the facts.
               We granted Mr. Ingram a certificate of appealability on
        whether his attorneys “rendered ineffective assistance when they
        failed to properly advise him on the risks of failing to follow
        through with his plea agreement and the cooperation it required.”
                                          II
               “[B]oth the performance and prejudice components of the
        ineffectiveness inquiry are mixed questions of law and fact.” Strick-
        land, 466 U.S. at 698. “Although a district court’s ultimate conclu-
        sions as to deficient performance and prejudice are subject to ple-
        nary review, we subject underlying findings of fact only to clear
        error review.” Cade v. Haley, 222 F.3d 1298, 1302 (11th Cir. 2000).
                The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996,
        which governs this case, provides a further limitation on the avail-
        ability of habeas relief. It establishes a “highly deferential standard
        for evaluating state-court rulings, [and] demands that state-court
        decisions be given the benefit of the doubt.” Cullen v. Pinholster, 563
USCA11 Case: 22-11459         Document: 32-1          Date Filed: 09/06/2023          Page: 13 of 20

        22-11459                    Opinion of the Court                                 13

        U.S. 170, 181 (2011) (quoting Woodford v. Visciotti, 537 U.S. 19, 24
        (2002) (per curiam)). When a state court has adjudicated a claim
        on the merits, habeas relief is available only if the state court’s de-
        cision was contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly
        established Supreme Court precedent, or was based upon an un-
        reasonable determination of the facts. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)-
        (2). This standard is “intentionally difficult to meet.” Woods v. Don-
        ald, 575 U.S. 312, 316 (2015) (internal quotation marks and citation
        omitted). 4
                                                III
                To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, a ha-
        beas petitioner must show both that his counsel’s performance was
        deficient and that the deficient performance prejudiced him. See
        Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. Unless a petitioner demonstrates both
        deficient performance and prejudice, “it cannot be said that the
        conviction or death sentence resulted from a breakdown in the ad-
        versary process that renders the result unreliable.” Id. Generally
        speaking, to establish prejudice a petitioner must demonstrate “a

        4 In some cases, such as those where AEDPA deference is unclear, we can ap-

        ply traditional standards of appellate review if the result is the denial of relief.
        This is because “‘a habeas petitioner will not be entitled to a writ of habeas
        corpus if his or her claim is rejected on de novo review.’” Reese v. Sec’y, Florida
        Dep’t of Corr., 675 F.3d 1277, 1291 (11th Cir. 2012) (quoting Berghuis v. Thomp-
        kins, 560 U.S. 370, 390 (2010)). See also Conner v. GDCP Warden, 784 F.3d 752,
        767 n.16 (11th Cir. 2015) (“This Court has previously affirmed the denial of §
        2254 relief after conducting de novo review without resolving whether AEDPA
        deference applies.”) (citing cases).
USCA11 Case: 22-11459      Document: 32-1       Date Filed: 09/06/2023      Page: 14 of 20

        14                      Opinion of the Court                   22-11459

        reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors,
        the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694.
               We may resolve the performance and prejudice prongs “in
        either order and need not address both when denying a[n] [ineffec-
        tiveness] claim.” Clark v. Comm’r, Alabama Dep’t of Corr., 988 F.3d
        1326, 1331 (11th Cir. 2021). Our analysis here begins and ends with
        the prejudice prong, as Mr. Ingram has failed to establish that he
        was harmed by his attorneys’ allegedly deficient performance.
                                           A
               In order to prove prejudice, a petitioner who claims that he
        did not plead guilty and proceeded to trial due to his counsel’s de-
        ficient performance must establish a reasonable probability that
        “the outcome of the plea process would have been different with
        competent advice.” Lafler v. Cooper, 566 U.S. 156, 163 (2012).
        Where, as here, “[h]aving to stand trial . . . is the prejudice alleged,”
        the petitioner must show that “but for the ineffective advice of
        counsel there is a reasonable probability that” he would have ac-
        cepted the plea offered, that the trial court would have accepted
        the plea, and that the conviction or sentence (or both) would have
        been less severe than what ultimately resulted after trial. See id. at
        163–64.
               The ineffectiveness claim in Lafler was admittedly somewhat
        different than Mr. Ingram’s—the petitioner there claimed that he
        had rejected a favorable plea offer due to his counsel’s deficient ad-
        vice that he could not be convicted at trial of assault with intent to
        murder, while Mr. Ingram contends that he breached the plea
USCA11 Case: 22-11459      Document: 32-1      Date Filed: 09/06/2023     Page: 15 of 20

        22-11459               Opinion of the Court                         15

        agreement he had signed due to his attorneys’ allegedly deficient
        efforts to persuade him to testify against Mr. Boyd. Despite this
        difference, we agree with Mr. Ingram that Lafler provides the basic
        framework for evaluating the prejudice prong of his ineffectiveness
        claim. In both Lafler and here the essential contention is that the
        petitioner did not accept or follow through on a favorable plea offer
        due to ineffective assistance of counsel and received a more severe
        sentence after being convicted at trial. The critical question then,
        adapted from Lafler, is whether Mr. Ingram has shown a reasonable
        probability that he would have honored his plea agreement and
        testified against Mr. Boyd if his attorneys had done more (i.e., pres-
        sured him more effectively to testify, told him in no uncertain
        terms that he would be convicted of capital murder at trial, and
        enlisted the help of his family members to convince him to honor
        his plea agreement).
                                          B
                Our sister circuits have generally held that a determination
        that a habeas petitioner or a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 movant would (or
        would not) have accepted a plea oﬀer or would (or would not) have
        gone to trial but for counsel’s deﬁcient advice and performance
        constitutes a ﬁnding of fact. See, e.g., Feliciano-Rodriguez v. United
        States, 986 F.3d 30, 36–37 (1st Cir. 2021); United States v. Gonzalez,
        943 F.3d 979, 982–83 (5th Cir. 2019); United States v. Peleti, 576 F.3d
        377, 382–85 (7th Cir. 2009); Cullen v. United States, 194 F.3d 401, 405
        (2d Cir. 1999); United States v. Thompson, 27 F.3d 671, 675 (D.C. Cir.
        1994). We have said the same thing in an unpublished opinion, see
USCA11 Case: 22-11459      Document: 32-1       Date Filed: 09/06/2023      Page: 16 of 20

        16                      Opinion of the Court                   22-11459

        Millan v. Sec’y, Florida Dep’t of Corr., 663 F. App’x 753, 755 (11th Cir.
        2016), and now expressly come to the same conclusion.
                As the Second Circuit has persuasively explained, “the deter-
        mination of the likelihood that [the petitioner] would have ac-
        cepted the plea bargain if he had been fully informed of its terms
        and accurately advised of the likely sentencing ranges under the
        plea bargain and upon conviction after trial [is], like all predictions
        of what might have been, a factual issue, albeit a hypothetical one.”
        Cullen, 194 F.3d at 405. See also Gonzalez, 943 F.3d at 982–83 (“Be-
        cause of conﬂicting evidence, whether there [is] a reasonable prob-
        ability that [the petitioner] would have pleaded guilty but for his
        constitutionally deﬁcient counsel is ultimately a question of fact.”).
        So the determination by the Alabama courts that Mr. Ingram
        would not have testiﬁed against Mr. Boyd no matter what his attor-
        neys did is a factual one.
                                           C
                In our criminal justice system, the decision as to “whether
        to plead guilty” or “insist on maintaining . . . innocence” belongs to
        the defendant. See McCoy v. Louisiana, 138 S.Ct. 1500, 1508 (2018).
        The state post-conviction court and the Alabama Court of Crimi-
        nal Appeals found that there wasn’t anything that the attorneys
        could have done to make Mr. Ingram change his mind, honor his
        plea agreement, and testify against Mr. Boyd. In other words, they
        found that, regardless of what more the attorneys might have
        done, Mr. Ingram would not have testiﬁed against Mr. Boyd. This
        is a factual ﬁnding, and even if we were only applying traditional
USCA11 Case: 22-11459      Document: 32-1       Date Filed: 09/06/2023      Page: 17 of 20

        22-11459                Opinion of the Court                          17

        standards of appellate review it would not be clearly erroneous. See
        Cooper v. Harris, 581 U.S. 285, 293 (2017) (“A ﬁnding that is ‘plausible’
        in light of the full record—even if another is equally or more so—
        must govern.”).
                At the state evidentiary hearing, Mr. Fannin testiﬁed about
        the discussion that he and Mr. Nelson had with Mr. Ingram after he
        announced he would not testify against Mr. Boyd. Mr. Ingram told
        them that “he felt like nobody was going to testify against anybody
        else.” Additionally, Mr. Ingram explained that he was reluctant to
        testify because he did not want to be labeled a “snitch.” Mr. Fannin
        and Mr. Nelson advised Mr. Ingram that he should honor his plea
        agreement, but he was “so adamant in his decision” that they could
        not just “twist his arm and make him testify.” Mr. Fannin and Mr.
        Nelson told Mr. Ingram that if he did not follow through on his
        plea agreement one of his co-defendants would accept the state’s
        oﬀer and testify. They also warned him that he could receive the
        death penalty. But Mr. Ingram thought they were “bluﬃng” and
        did not follow their advice. This evidence makes the factual ﬁnding
        of the Alabama courts plausible.
               Mr. Ingram, of course, testified that he would have honored
        his plea agreement and testified against Mr. Boyd if only his attor-
        neys had told him that he would undoubtedly be convicted of cap-
        ital murder at trial and enlisted his family members to get him to
        change his mind. And his relatives testified that they could have
        gotten him to honor his plea agreement if only they had been able
        to speak to him.
USCA11 Case: 22-11459      Document: 32-1      Date Filed: 09/06/2023     Page: 18 of 20

        18                     Opinion of the Court                  22-11459

               Contrary to Mr. Ingram’s assertion, see Br. for Appellant at
        29, the Alabama courts did not fail to consider that evidence. In-
        stead, they did not credit it. For example, as the Alabama Court of
        Criminal Appeals explained, “[t]he [state post-conviction] court, as
        the finder of fact, was free to reject [Mr.] Ingram’s self-serving tes-
        timony[.]” Ingram, slip op. at 13. See Williams v. Smith, 591 F.2d
        169, 173–74 (2d Cir. 1979) (a finding that the defendant would have
        pled guilty even if he had “been given accurate sentencing infor-
        mation” was a factual one subject to clear error review because it
        “relate[s] to such intangibles as motivation and intent [and] de-
        pend[s] especially upon . . . credibility assessments”) (second alter-
        ation in original) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
               As noted, AEDPA places an even higher hurdle for Mr. In-
        gram when it comes to challenging factual findings made by the
        Alabama courts. It provides that a “determination of a factual issue
        made by a [s]tate court shall be presumed to be correct” and that
        the petitioner has the “burden of rebutting the presumption of cor-
        rectness by clear and convincing evidence.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).
        As we have explained in a habeas case governed by AEDPA, clear
        and convincing evidence consists of proof that a claim is “highly
        probable.” Fults v. GDCP Warden, 764 F.3d 1311, 1314 (11th Cir.
        2014) (alterations adopted). And “[t]he credibility of a witness is a
        question of fact entitled to a presumption of correctness under
        AEDPA.” Jenkins v. Comm’r, Alabama Dep’t of Corr., 963 F.3d 1248,
        1272 (11th Cir. 2020).
USCA11 Case: 22-11459      Document: 32-1      Date Filed: 09/06/2023     Page: 19 of 20

        22-11459               Opinion of the Court                         19

                On this record, the Alabama courts’ factual ﬁnding that Mr.
        Ingram would not have changed his mind no matter what more his
        attorneys might have done is entitled to a presumption of correct-
        ness. And that presumption has not been overcome by clear and
        convincing evidence. First, the concern that he would be labeled a
        “snitch” provided a ﬁrm reason for Mr. Ingram refusing to testify
        against Mr. Boyd, and that concern would not have gone away
        even if the attorneys tried to exert more pressure. Second, this is
        not a case in which the attorneys gave Mr. Ingram false hope of an
        acquittal if he went to trial. They told him that if he did not testify
        against Mr. Boyd one of his co-defendants would accept the state’s
        plea oﬀer. And they told him that he could receive the death pen-
        alty if he proceeded to trial. Nevertheless, Mr. Ingram thought his
        attorneys were “bluﬃng” and was convinced that if no one talked,
        he and his co-defendants would get oﬀ “scot-free.” Third, even if
        his attorneys did not suﬃciently convey the likely consequences to
        Mr. Ingram, the trial court told him that if he breached his plea
        agreement the state would try him for capital murder and use his
        confession against him. The trial court also told him that he was
        “deciding [his] fate . . . to some extent” by refusing to testify. De-
        spite these warnings, Mr. Ingram stuck to his decision and refused
        to testify against Mr. Boyd.
               As for the attorneys’ alleged failure to seek the help of Mr.
        Ingram’s relatives, the state post-conviction court explained that
        “[Mr.] Ingram presented no evidence that, given that his decision
        to not testify against [Mr.] Boyd occurred in the middle of [Mr.]
        Boyd’s trial, his family members could have arrived at the
USCA11 Case: 22-11459     Document: 32-1      Date Filed: 09/06/2023    Page: 20 of 20

        20                     Opinion of the Court                22-11459

        courthouse in the short amount of time that [the attorneys] had to
        meet with [him] to persuade [him] to honor his agreement. . . . Ad-
        ditionally, there was nothing offered at the evidentiary hearing to
        demonstrate that the trial court would have waited for [Mr.] In-
        gram’s family to arrive to attempt to persuade him to testify against
        [Mr.] Boyd.” Mr. Ingram does not offer anything in his brief to
        challenge these determinations.
               In sum, the Alabama courts’ factual finding that Mr. Ingram
        would have refused to testify against Mr. Boyd, no matter what
        more his attorneys did, stands. And based on that finding, their
        ultimate conclusion that Mr. Ingram was not prejudiced by his at-
        torneys’ allegedly deficient performance—which constitutes a rul-
        ing on a mixed question of law and fact—is not unreasonable under
        § 2254(d)(2). See Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 103 (2011) (a
        state court decision is unreasonable under AEDPA if it is “so lack-
        ing in justification that there was an error well understood and
        comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fair-
        minded disagreement”).
                                         IV
               We aﬃrm the district court’s denial of Mr. Ingram’s ineﬀec-
        tive assistance of counsel claim for failure to establish prejudice.
              AFFIRMED.