Court Opinion

ID: 5128913
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-11-23 20:03:10.865488+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:09.448470
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

BRIAN RAY AND MICHELLE     )
RAY,                       )
On behalf of M.R.          )
             Appellant,    )
                           ) C.A. No.: N20A-09-001-VLM
     v.                    )
                           )
 STATE OF DELAWARE HUMAN )
 RELATIONS COMMISSION, and )
 DELAWARE DEPARTMENT OF )
 STATE, DIVISION OF HUMAN  )
 RELATIONS, and MEDEXPRESS )
 URGENT CARE, INC.         )

             Appellees.

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

                        Submitted: November 4, 2021
                        Decided: November 22, 2021
              Upon Consideration of Appellant’s Appeal from
              Decision of State Human Relations Commission,
                     REVERSED and REMANDED.
Anthony M. Sierzega, Esquire, Community Legal Aid Society, Wilmington,
Delaware. Attorney for Appellants.

David C. Mulveny, Esquire, and Kemba S. Lydia-Moore, Esquire, Deputy
Attorneys General, Delaware Department of Justice, Wilmington, Delaware.
Attorneys for Appellees State of Delaware.

Maria R. Granaudo Gesty, Esquire, Wilmington, Delaware. Attorney for Appellee
Medexpress Urgent Care, Inc.

MEDINILLA, J.
                                     1
                              I.     INTRODUCTION

      Appellant (“M.R.”) sought to participate in the 2019 Special Olympics. As is

required of all athletes, he needed to pass a sports physical examination and went to

a local medical center that offered this medical service.       The medical center

determined that due to his difficulty verbalizing oral responses during the vision

portion of the physical exam, he failed the vision test. The center elected not to

administer the remaining tests and M.R. did not pass the sports physical exam.

      After an allegedly upsetting comment was also made to him and his family

about his diagnosis of Down Syndrome, the young athlete asked for an opportunity

to be heard by the Delaware Human Relations Commission (the “Commission”) on

whether a discriminatory practice had been committed under the Delaware Equal

Accommodations Law (“DEAL”).            His Complaint was dismissed after the

Commission determined that a place of public accommodation is not required to

make reasonable accommodations based on disability under 6 Del. C. § 4504(a).

He filed this appeal. For the reasons set forth below, upon consideration of the

submissions of the parties and the record in this case, the Commission’s decision is

REVERSED and REMANDED.

                                         2
              II.    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       On February 15, 2019, then fifteen-year-old M.R. went to the MedExpress on

Concord Pike in Wilmington with his mother and sister to undergo a required

physical examination in order to participate in the 2019 Special Olympics.1 After

MedExpress took payment for the service,2 a nurse practitioner employed by

MedExpress began to conduct the vision portion of the physical exam.

       M.R. is diagnosed with Down Syndrome and apraxia of speech.3 This latter

speech disorder made it difficult for him to verbalize his responses during the visual

examination and the employee did not complete the test.4 A physician entered the

examination room thereafter and informed M.R. and his family that M.R. could not

pass the physical examination because he failed the vision test.5 This news was

followed by an allegedly upsetting comment from the physician that M.R. “had

Down Syndrome” and the rest of the physical examination was not completed.6 At

1
  Equal Accommodations Complaint Attachment 6a [hereinafter Complaint].
2
  See id. (noting receipt of a refund when leaving MedExpress).
3
  “Apraxia of speech (AOS)—also known as acquired apraxia of speech, verbal apraxia, or
childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) when diagnosed in children—is a speech sound disorder.
Someone with AOS has trouble saying what he or she wants to say correctly and consistently.
AOS is a neurological disorder that affects the brain pathways involved in planning the sequence
of movements involved in producing speech. The brain knows what it wants to say, but cannot
properly plan and sequence the required speech sound movements.” Apraxia of Speech,
NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DEAFNESS AND OTHER COMMUNICATION DISORDERS (Oct. 31, 2017),
https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/apraxia-speech.
4
  Complaint.
5
  Id.
6
  Id.
                                               3
his mother’s request, M.R. received a refund.7 Following the appointment, his

father, Brian Ray, contacted MedExpress’s corporate office to understand the

grievance procedure. It is alleged he was told by a MedExpress employee, “[C]ome

on, we both know that they should not have done that.”8

       On May 16, 2019, with the assistance of counsel and acting on his behalf,

Guardians Brian and Michelle Ray (the “Rays”) filed his Complaint with the State

of Delaware Human Relations Commission (the “Commission”). Specifically, they

filed their claims with the Division of Human Relations (the “Division”) against

MedExpress alleging violations of the Delaware Equal Accommodations Law

(“DEAL”) under 6 Del. C. § 4500 et seq.9 The Rays alleged that MedExpress denied

M.R. access to a public accommodation on the basis of his mental disability, namely

that he was not given a reasonable accommodation in the form of communication

assistance during the visual examination.10 A second claim included that “[w]hile

discussing the failed examination” a MedExpress employee made an upsetting

comment that M.R. “had Down Syndrome.”11

7
  Id.
8
  Id.
9
  Appellant’s Opening Brief, D.I. 9, at 1 [hereinafter Opening Brief].
10
   See Complaint.
11
   Id.
                                                 4
       On August 23, 2019, the Director of the Division made a recommendation to

the Commission that the Complaint be dismissed for failure to state a claim (the

“Application”) because it did not allege facts that stated a violation of the law.12 A

Response to the Application was filed by the Rays requesting that the Chairperson

of the Commission (the “Chairperson”) deny the Application.13

       On February 24, 2020, the Chairperson ruled on behalf of the Commission.14

She found against M.R. in a vague one-line “Final Order of Dismissal” that

dismissed the Complaint because it “fails to state a claim upon which relief is

available . . . because the complaint does not state a claim for which relief is

available.”15 The Rays filed a timely Request for Reconsideration of the Final

Order.16

       On July 16, 2020, the Chairperson again—acting on behalf of the

Commission—issued an Order of Dismissal Following Request for Reconsideration

(the “Commission’s Order”) and again determined that M.R.’s Complaint failed to

state a claim upon which relief is available. This time, the Complaint was dismissed

12
   See Application for Dismissal of the Complaint.
13
   See Response to Application for Dismissal of the Complaint, at 1.
14
   The Commission Chairperson may consider an application for dismissal in lieu of a panel. See
1 Del. Admin. C. § 601-5.1.5.8.
15
   Order of Dismissal.
16
   See Request for Reconsideration of the Final Order of Dismissal.
                                               5
with a ruling that DEAL requires “a ‘reasonable accommodation’ may be made . . .

based on gender identity only.”17

       On September 11, 2020, the Rays filed this appeal.18                   Appellees, the

Commission and the Division (collectively the “State”) filed their Response on June

21, 2021. MedExpress joined the State’s filing on June 24, 2021. The matter was

assigned to this Court on August 23rd and the Court requested oral arguments, which

were heard on November 4, 2021. Upon consideration of the pleadings, the matter

is ripe for decision.

                           III.   STANDARD OF REVIEW

       On an appeal from the Commission, this Court must determine whether the

Commission’s decision is supported by substantial evidence and the conclusions are

free from legal error.19 Questions of law are reviewed de novo.20 Where the

Commission dismissed M.R.’s Complaint as a matter of law, this review is de novo.

17
   Order of Dismissal Following Request for Reconsideration, at 2.
18
   See 6 Del. C. §4511; 29 Del. C. §10142; 1 Del. Admin. C. § 601-5.1.10 (granting the Superior
Court jurisdiction over appeals from the Commission’s decisions).
19
   Quaker Hill Place v. State Human Relations Comm’n, 498 A.2d 175, 178 (Del. Super. 1985)
(citing 29 Del. C. §§ 10142, 10161(5)).
20
   Boscov’s Dept. Store v. Jackson, 2007 WL 542159, at *9 (Del. Super. Feb. 12, 2007) (citing
Anchor Motor Freight v. Ciabattoni, 716 A.2d 154, 156 (Del. 1998)).
                                               6
                              IV.    PARTY CONTENTIONS

       M.R. contends it was legal error for the Commission to determine that his

Complaint failed to state a claim upon which relief is available where the facts

asserted therein satisfied the elements of a prima facie case of discrimination.21 Both

the State and MedExpress request the Court affirm the decision below, arguing a de

novo review supports the conclusion that the ruling is free from legal error.22 I

disagree.

                                       V.     DISCUSSION

       Delaware law prohibits discrimination based on disability.                    Statutory

safeguards against such discriminatory practices are set out in Chapter 45, Title 6 of

the Delaware Code, entitled Equal Accommodations, and known as the Delaware

Equal Accommodations Law or DEAL.23 The primary purpose of DEAL is to

eliminate “‘the daily affront and humiliation involved in discriminatory denials of

access to facilities ostensibly open to the general public.’”24 It is undisputed that

MedExpress is a place of public accommodation that may not “directly or indirectly

21
   See Opening Brief, at 7.
22
   See Appellee’s Answering Brief, D.I. 11, at 4–10; Letter from MedExpress Joining the
Appellee’s Answering Brief.
23
   See 6 Del. C. § 4500 et seq.
24
   Stewart v. Human Relations Comm’n, 2010 WL 2653453, at *3 (Del. Super. July 6, 2010),
aff’d sub nom. Boggerty v. Stewart, 14 A.3d 542 (Del. 2011) (quoting Daniel v. Paul, 395 U.S.
298, 307-08 (1969) (quoting H.R.Rep. No. 914, 88th Cong., 1st Sess., 18).
                                               7
refuse, withhold from, or deny to any person. . . any of the accommodations,

facilities, advantages or privileges thereof.”25

       M.R. filed a Complaint against MedExpress alleging he was “aggrieved by a

discriminatory public accommodation practice.”26                 He did so by filling out a

Complaint Form from the Commission that provides three options for an averment

that asks:

       (1) Were you refused, withheld or denied accommodations, facilities,
           advantages, or privileges of a place of public accommodation;

       (2) Did the person against whom the complaint was filed directly or indirectly
           publish, issue, circulate, post or display any radio communication, notice
           or advertisement indicating that public accommodation in the classes listed
           in block No. 4 below is not welcomed, desired, or solicited; and

       (3) Did someone assist, induce or coerce another person to commit any
           discriminatory public accommodations practice prohibited by Equal
           Accommodations Law?27
       These three options on the Complaint Form mirror the statutory provisions

under 6 Del. C. § 4504.28 The Rays checked off option number one that references

25
   6 Del. C. § 4504(a) (emphasis added).
26
   Opening Brief, at 1.
27
   Complaint Form.
28
   6 Del. C. § 4504(a) reads “No person…may directly or indirectly refuse, withhold from, or
deny to any person . . . any of the accommodations, facilities, advantages, or privileges thereof,”
mirrored in the first claim option on the Complaint Form. The second claim option follows the
language under § 4504(b), “No person . . . shall directly or indirectly publish, issue, circulate,
post, or display any written, typewritten, mimeographed, printed, television, Internet, or radio
communication notice or advertisement to the effect that any of the accommodations, facilities,
advantages and privileges of any place of public accommodation shall be refused [or] withheld.”
Finally, the third claim option follows the language under § 4504(c) which renders it “unlawful
                                                 8
“accommodations.” Notably, the word “reasonable” is not found on the Complaint

Form—only the term “accommodations.”                  Thus, what prompted a review for

dismissal appears to be based solely on the Rays’ interjection of the word

“reasonable” on their accompanying affidavit.29

   A. The Commission Failed to Consider All Allegations as True

       MedExpress did not file an Answer.30 Instead, the Division director sought to

dismiss. Under Delaware law the Division director may recommend dismissal31

“when . . . the facts alleged do not state a violation of the law.” 32 The Commission

may dismiss the claim if it agrees that the complaint does not state a claim for which

relief is available.33 The Commission must properly consider the application for

dismissal such that it “consider[s] only the facts alleged in the pleadings or any

related submissions and any reasonable inferences from those facts” and such

alleged facts are “considered true for the purpose of the dismissal proceeding.”34

to assist, induce, incite or coerce another person to commit any discriminatory public
accommodations practice prohibited by subsection (a) or (b) of this section.”
29
   See Complaint (“[M.R.] was not given a reasonable accommodation in the form of
communication assistance during the visual examination.”).
30
   Although not germane to this appeal, the record does not reflect that MedExpress filed a
written response. See Complaint (“MedExpress has not followed up regarding the Complaint”);
see also 1 Del. Admin. C. § 601-3.1 (noting that a respondent “shall file a written response…or a
notice of intention to pursue no-fault settlement” within 20 days of receiving the complaint).
31
   See 6 Del. C. § 4508(c); 1 Del. Admin. C. § 601-5.1.5.2.
32
   1 Del. Admin. C. § 601-5.1.5.2.
33
   6 Del. C. § 4508(c).
34
   1 Del. Admin. C. § 601-5.1.8.
                                                9
       Here, M.R.’s Complaint alleges two violations. First, that he was not given a

“reasonable accommodation in the form of communication assistance during the

visual examination” and that “[w]hile discussing the failed examination” a

MedExpress employee made a discriminatory or hostile comment that M.R. had

Down Syndrome.35 M.R. alleges denied access to a public accommodation and that

he was treated less favorably as a result of—either or both—the lack of

communication assistance and the disparaging comment. Though the Commission

fully explained its rationale for dismissal of the former, the Commission’s Order

says nothing about the latter.

       Delaware courts have recognized three elements to establish a prima facie

case for discrimination. These elements require a showing:

       (1) that he is a member of a protected class;
       (2) that he was denied access to a public accommodation; and
       (3) that non-members of the protected class were treated more favorably.36

       For the first element, it is undisputed that M.R. is a member of a protected

class.37 As to the second element, it is undisputed that MedExpress is a place of

public accommodation and is subject to the prohibitions against discrimination under

35
   Complaint.
36
   Hadfield’s Seafood v. Rouser, 2001 WL 1456795, at *3 (Del. Super. Aug. 17, 2001),
aff'd, 2002 WL 384415 (Del. 2002) (quoting Uncle Willie’s Deli v. Whittington, 1998 WL
960709, at *4 (Del. Super. Dec. 31, 1998)).
37
   This argument was never raised on appeal nor mentioned in the Commission’s findings.
                                             10
DEAL.38 Although MedExpress did assert at oral argument that the conduct in this

matter was not a denial of service, it would seem that this question should be

resolved upon further findings of the Commission.39

       As to the third element, Delaware courts have adopted two methods of

establishing disparate treatment.40 First, there is consideration of a traditional

subpart of whether the aggrieved person “[was] deprived of services while similarly

situated persons outside the protected class were not deprived of those services.” 41

The court also considers whether “[he] received services in a markedly hostile

manner and in a manner which a reasonable person would find objectively

reasonable.”42

       As to the alleged comment, the record is absent any findings as to whether the

MedExpress employee’s conduct was scrutinized under any such factors to warrant

dismissal. The State conceded during oral arguments that the Commission’s Order

38
   This argument was never raised on appeal nor mentioned in the Commission’s findings.
39
   See Stewart, 2010 WL 2653453, at *6 (“While it is well-established that an outright denial of
service is not necessary, there does not appear to be a precise legal rule which articulates what
does or does not constitute a denial of access. Such a question may be fact-intensive, depending
upon the circumstances of a particular case.”).
40
   See id. at *5; Dover Downs, Inc. v. Lee, 2012 WL 2370379, at *8 (Del. Super. 2012).
41
   Rouser, 2001 WL 1456795, at *3, aff'd, 2002 WL 384415 (Del. 2002).
42
   Id.; see also Lee, 2012 WL 2370379, at *9 (quoting Callwood v. Dave & Busters, Inc., 98
F.Supp.2d 694, 708 (D. Md. 2000) (Establishing that the “markedly hostile” test requires the
court to consider a variety of factors, including: “whether the conduct is so (1) profoundly
contrary to the manifest financial interests of the merchant and/or her employees; (2) far outside
of widely-accepted business norms; and (3) arbitrary on its face, that the conduct supports a
rational inference of discrimination.”).
                                                11
is inexplicably silent regarding this allegation and perhaps it would have been

reviewable under DEAL. Citing to case law, MedExpress took a different position,

arguing instead that the comment alone would be insufficient to support a claim.

Perhaps this is true. But the record is clear that the claim was not addressed. In so

failing to consider these alleged facts as true or otherwise, this Court finds that the

Commission violated its directive under 1 Del. Admin. C. § 601-5.1.8.43 Thus it

seems appropriate to remand for the Commission to address this allegation and

conduct the proper analysis.

      B. The Commission Failed to Consider All Provisions Under DEAL
          As to the primary claim relating to “reasonable accommodations,” it appears

that the Commission traveled past the general provision of DEAL before it lands on

the “reasonable accommodations” language found in a situation-specific provision

under 6 Del. C. § 4504(a)(2) that reads:

                 A place of public accommodation may provide reasonable
                 accommodations based on gender identity in areas where
                 disrobing is likely, such as locker rooms or other changing
                 facilities, which reasonable accommodations may include
                 a separate or private place for the use of persons whose
                 gender-related identity, appearance or expression is
                 different from their assigned sex at birth, provided that
                 such reasonable accommodations are not inconsistent
                 with the gender-related identity of such persons.44

43
     See 1 Del. Admin. C. § 601-5.1.8.
44
     6 Del. C. § 4504(a)(2) (emphasis added).
                                                12
       Focusing solely on this specific gender identity statute, the Commission

determined     that    DEAL      expressly     limits    considerations   of   “reasonable

accommodations” for claims related only to gender-identity.45 It deduces that the

amendment’s express use of the term “reasonable accommodations” precludes

M.R.’s claims. Specifically, that “[b]ased on the clear wording of DEAL, a place

of public accommodation is not required to make a reasonable accommodation on

the basis of disability.”46 The Commission further concludes that “even if the

wording of [§ 4504(a)(2)] was not clear and unambiguous, statutory construction

mandates [dismissal] since the General Assembly chose to include a specific

requirement for a reasonable accommodation based on gender identity but chose not

to include the same requirement based on disability.”47

       The Commission traveled through the narrow rabbit hole of a specific and

non-germane statute.        Its journey then took several missteps that cannot be

reconciled with the clear path set out in DEAL’s roadmap. The Commission’s

myopic conclusions are incorrect for two reasons: First, the General Assembly did

not include a specific requirement for a reasonable accommodation based on gender

45
   See Order of Dismissal Following Request for Reconsideration, at 3.
46
   Id. at 5.
47
   Id. at 5–6 (emphasis added).
                                              13
identity. Second, statutory construction mandates against dismissal, not in favor of

it.

       1. DEAL Does Not Mandate Reasonable Accommodations Under § 4504
       Rules of statutory interpretation are well-established under Delaware law.48

A statute is ambiguous “if it is ‘reasonably susceptible of two interpretations or if a

literal reading of the statute would lead to an unreasonable or absurd result not

contemplated by the legislature.”’49 If the statute is not ambiguous, the Court should

apply the plain meaning of the statutory term which is determined “by considering

the term in a common or ordinary way.”50

       It is true that in 2013, the General Assembly amended DEAL to add its

provision regarding reasonable accommodations and gender identity.51 The law

speaks to specific situations when “disrobing is likely” and locker rooms or other

changing facilities may be provided for persons whose gender-related identity,

appearance or expression is different from their assigned sex at birth. The law is

wholly unrelated to the claims brought by the Rays.

48
   See, e.g., Delaware Bd. of Nursing v. Gillepsie, 41 A.3d 424, 427 (Del. 2012); Dewey Beach
Enters., Inc. v. Bd. of Adjustment of Dewey Beach, 1 A.3d 305, 307 (Del. 2010).
49
   Delaware Tech. and Cmty College v. State of Delaware Human Relations Comm’n, 2017 WL
2180544, at *2 (Del. Super. May 17, 2017) (quoting Taylor v. Diamond State Port Corp., 14
A.3d 536, 538 (Del. 2011)).
50
   See id.
51
   See 79 Del. Laws, c.47, § 5 (2013).
                                              14
       More importantly, the law is permissive in nature. Twice it states that “[a]

place of public accommodation may provide reasonable accommodations based on

gender identity . . . which reasonable accommodations may include a separate or

private place . . . .”52 Given this language, it is unclear how the Commission

concludes that “…the General Assembly chose to include a specific requirement for

a reasonable accommodation based on gender identity but chose not to include the

same requirement based on disability.”53

       Focusing on what it believes was the legislative intent of both 2013 and 2014

General Assemblies, the Commission interprets the existence of a mandate that is

neither expressed nor inferred in law. And it further finds that the legislature

“chose” not to add the “reasonable accommodations” language to disability “despite

the provision . . . requiring the consideration of a reasonable accommodation based

on gender identity.”54 These conclusions are unfounded.

       The gender-identity statute does not require nor mandate anything. The plain

meaning of the term “may” in the statute is clear. Thus, any assertion by the

Commission that 6 Del. C. § 4504(a)(2) requires a reasonable accommodation is

incorrect. This erroneous finding then bound the Commission to make another

52
   6 Del. C. § 4504(a)(2) (emphasis added).
53
   Order of Dismissal Following Request for Reconsideration, at 5–6 (emphasis added).
54
   Id. at 5 (emphasis added).
                                              15
incorrect conclusion that “even if the wording of [the gender-identity statute] was

not clear and unambiguous, statutory construction mandates [dismissal]. . . .”55

Such a narrow interpretation serves to modify the obligations expressly found under

DEAL.

       2. DEAL Mandates Against Dismissal Under § 4501

       By focusing on the narrow and permissive language in the gender identity

statute, the Commission not only finds a requirement in the law that does not exist,

it fails to zoom out and consider three important provisions that speak to DEAL’s

purpose and construction under 6 Del. C. § 4501

       First, DEAL’s vision is 20/20. Its purpose is straightforward. “This chapter

is intended to prevent, in places of public accommodations, practices of

discrimination against any person because of race, age, marital status, creed,

religion, color, sex, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity, or national

origin.”56 Delaware case law has interpreted this established purpose under both §

4501 and § 4504, which is to “implement reasonable accommodations to ensure

equal access to all Delaware citizens.”57 Contrary to the Commission’s ruling,

Delaware courts have been reluctant to limit the provision of “reasonable

55
   Id. at 5–6 (emphasis added).
56
   6 Del. C. § 4501 (emphasis added).
57
   Delaware Tech. and Cmty College, 2017 WL 2180544, at *3 (citing 6 Del. C. §§ 4501,
4504(a)-(d)).
                                             16
accommodations” under DEAL only to circumstances involving gender identity.

Such near-sightedness would be counter to its purpose and violative of the provisions

under 6 Del. C. § 4501.

       Second, DEAL’s pronouncement is clear. It expressly mandates that “[t]his

chapter shall be liberally construed to the end that the rights herein provided for all

people, without regard to race, age, marital status, creed, religion, color,

sex, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity, or national origin, may be

effectively safeguarded.”58 The law is unequivocal. Yet the Commission’s Order

fails to cite, consider, or follow it, concluding instead that “statutory construction

mandates” dismissal.59 Where the resounding language of § 4501 says otherwise,

the Commission erred in failing to speak of it.

       Third, DEAL’s last provision signals us to do more. Section 4501 tells us to

consider —not disregard— “higher or more comprehensive obligations established

by otherwise applicable federal, state, or local enactments.”60                  Instead, the

Commission redirects the Rays to pursue M.R.’s claims through the Federal

Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) under 42 U.S.C. § 12182(a) 61 and

58
   6 Del. C. § 4501 (emphasis added).
59
   Order of Dismissal Following Request for Reconsideration, at 5.
60
   6 Del. C. § 4501; see also Rouser, 2001 WL 1456795, aff'd, 2002 WL 384415 (Del. 2002)
(looking to Callwood v. Dave & Busters, Inc., 98 F. Supp. 2d 694 (D. Md. 2000) as a source of
persuasive authority).
61
   See Order of Dismissal Following Request for Reconsideration, at 2–3.
                                              17
dismisses M.R.’s claims following a review of our sister state laws.                         This is

problematic for several reasons.

       A passive acknowledgment that these federal laws exist and that the Rays

should go elsewhere is insufficient where DEAL clearly signals us to examine our

efforts and consider the obligations established by both federal and state systems.62

Guidance from the U.S. Department of Justice requires that “[p]ublic

accommodations must comply with basic nondiscrimination requirements…[and]

also must comply with…reasonable modifications to policies, practices, and

procedures, [including] effective communication with people with hearing, vision,

or speech disabilities; and other access requirements.”63 Our sister states serve as

examples also.

62
   For example, for M.R. and persons similarly situated, the ADA explicitly provides that
discrimination includes: “the imposition or application of eligibility criteria that screen out or
tend to screen out an individual with a disability . . . ; a failure to make reasonable modifications
in policies, practices, or procedures, . . . ; a failure to take such steps as may be necessary to
ensure that no individual with a disability is excluded, denied services, segregated or otherwise
treated differently than other individuals because of the absence of auxiliary aids and services . . .
; [and] a failure to remove architectural barriers, and communication barriers that are structural
in nature . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 12182(b)(2)(A)(i)-(iv).
63
   U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Civil Rights Div., Disability Rights Section, A Guide to Disability
Rights Laws (last updated Feb. 24, 2020).
                                                 18
       As noted by the Commission, Maryland64 and Pennsylvania65 have included

the reasonable accommodation language for persons with disabilities within their

Equal Accommodations Statutes.66 Although Delaware’s General Assembly may

not have chosen to include similar language in DEAL, § 4504(e) further mandates

that nothing in this section “shall be an abrogation of any requirements otherwise

imposed by applicable federal or state laws or regulations.” 67                  This statutory

language, in tandem with § 4501’s nod to look beyond the statute for additional

guidance68 imposes on the Commission to look at both federal and state laws for

guidance to interpret the duties and obligations under DEAL.

       Any interpretation to suggest the legislature made a choice to narrow DEAL’s

protection ignores both the express mandates and comprehensive guidance under

DEAL. It takes away the right of a protected class member to be heard. As

interpreted, Delaware law would need to reject what has been universally accepted

64
   Maryland has specifically required that reasonable accommodations be made for a person with
a disability unless it would cause “(1) danger to the individual’s health or safety; and (2) undue
hardship or expense to the person making the accommodation.” See Md. Code Ann., State Gov’t
§ 20-305(a)(1)-(2) (West).
65
   Pennsylvania’s Equal Accommodations Statute similarly establishes a disabled individual
cannot be denied “the opportunity to use, enjoy or benefit from employment and public
accommodations…where the basis for the denial is the need for reasonable accommodations,
unless the making of reasonable accommodations would impose an undue hardship. See 16 Pa.
Code § 44.5(b).
66
   See Order of Dismissal Following Request for Reconsideration, at 4 (citing Md. Code Ann.,
State Gov’t § 20-305(a)(1)-(2) (West); 16 Pa. Code § 44.5(b)).
67
   6 Del. C. § 4504(e).
68
   See 6 Del. C. § 4501.

                                               19
under federal and state laws—that discrimination based on disability does include

the failure or refusal to make reasonable accommodations, adjustments, or

modifications. This Court cannot reject what has universally been accepted as just.

                                        CONCLUSION

      Twice, M.R. tried to play. The first time, he was told that his speech

impairment affected his ability to see. When he asked for a legal review of the play,

he was legally ejected from the field and told his disability affected his ability to be

heard. Perhaps the results will be the same if the case is heard on its merits, but this

Court finds that we should give M.R. a chance to participate.

      Under this de novo review, the Court finds that in dismissing the Rays’

Complaint, the Commission conducted an overly narrow analysis of the protections

afforded to individuals under DEAL, failed to consider relevant persuasive authority

for interpretive guidance, and ultimately erred in determining reasonable

accommodations under DEAL are required only for gender identity.                   The

Commission committed legal error when it dismissed the Rays complaint for failure

to state a claim. The Commission’s decision is REVERSED and REMANDED for

the reasons set forth in this ruling.

      IT IS SO ORDERED.
                                                      /s/ Vivian L. Medinilla
                                                      Judge Vivian L. Medinilla

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