Court Opinion

ID: 2791478
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-04-06 16:04:47.288553+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:24:51.450709
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT KNOXVILLE
                               November 18, 2014 Session

         STATE OF TENNESSEE v. PAUL JEROME JOHNSON, JR.

                   Appeal from the Criminal Court for Knox County
                      No. 90518    Jon Kerry Blackwood, Judge

                No. E2013-02437-CCA-R3-CD           - Filed April 6, 2015

The defendant, Paul Jerome Johnson, Jr., was convicted of felony murder in perpetration of
aggravated child abuse and aggravated child abuse, a Class A felony. He received concurrent
sentences of life imprisonment for the felony murder conviction and nineteen years for the
aggravated child abuse conviction. On appeal, he contends that the trial court erred by (1)
admitting photographs of the victim from the hospital and the autopsy because the
photographs had little probative value and were not relevant to material issues at trial; (2)
improperly restricting the cross-examination of a witness; and (3) failing to require the State
to make an election of offenses. After reviewing the record, the briefs of the parties, and the
applicable law, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

J OHN E VERETT W ILLIAMS, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which R OBERT W.
W EDEMEYER and T IMOTHY L. E ASTER, JJ., joined.

Mark Stephens, District Public Defender, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Paul
Jerome Johnson, Jr.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Renee W. Turner, Senior Counsel;
Randall Nichols, District Attorney General; and Charme P. Allen and Joanie Stewart,
Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                         OPINION
                        FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       This case arose after the eighteen-month-old victim was admitted to East Tennessee
Children’s Hospital and later passed away due to his injuries. The victim’s mother, Aja
McBayne, testified that the victim was born on January 14, 2007, and that he did not suffer
from any health problems. She met the defendant while both were attending Pellissippi State
Community College, and they became friends. This friendship progressed briefly to a sexual
relationship. After the sexual relationship “tapered off,” the relationship returned to a
friendship. In July of 2008, the sexual relationship was over, and the two “h[u]ng out” as
friends. The defendant would occasionally “hang out” at the victim’s mother’s residence,
and he would provide her with transportation when she needed rides.

        In July of 2008, the victim’s mother’s apartment complex discovered that she had
been convicted of a felony, and they gave her ten days to vacate the premises. At the time
of the incident, she still had access to her apartment and was in the process of moving. She
was convicted of conspiracy to counterfeit currency and was awaiting sentencing in July of
2008. The defendant offered to let the victim’s mother and her two children stay with him
until they found a permanent residence, and she accepted this offer. When she began staying
with the defendant, she and the defendant slept on the couch, and her children slept in the
front bedroom of the house.

        The defendant was frequently around the victim and his brother, and he initially
treated them well. However, around the beginning of July, the defendant’s attitude toward
the children began to change. He told the victim’s mother that she “bab[ied]” her children
too much and needed to discipline them. He said that the children “were too sensitive” and
“whine[d] too much.” He would say these things both to the victim’s mother privately and
in front of the children. He would insult the children, calling them “b****es and p***ies and
say they were going to be f****ts when they grew up.” The victim’s mother recalled that
during the time period right before the victim died, the name-calling “seemed to happen all
the time.” She would confront the defendant about his language, but she felt that at the time
she did not “have too many other options” in terms of residency. Her mother and two sisters
lived in Knoxville, but none of her relatives had room to take in both herself and her children
on a permanent basis. Several of her friends and the victim’s paternal grandmother would
watch the children.

       The defendant was “sometimes” alone with the children, but these periods were brief
and occurred only when the victim’s mother would “take a shower” or if she “had to run
across the street to the store for something.”

       The week of July 18th, the victim’s mother recalled that the victim had been behaving

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as though he had a cold. While nothing appeared physically wrong with the victim, she
observed that the victim, who was typically “full of energy,” now only had “bursts of
energy.” The victim became tired “quicker than normal,” would sleep for longer periods than
normal, and did not display much of an appetite. The victim’s mother gave the victim
Tylenol, which seemed to dissipate the cold symptoms, but the victim still appeared
“lethargic.” Initially, she believed that the victim was simply “going through a growth
spurt.”

       On July 18th, the victim’s mother dropped her oldest son off at her mother’s house
and then went to see a movie with the defendant and the victim. After the movie, the three
returned to the victim’s mother’s apartment, where the defendant sat on the porch while the
victim played on the porch. The victim was within his mother’s eyesight while he was on
the porch, and she witnessed him fall while starting to walk down the porch steps. She went
to check on the victim, and she observed that the skin on his back was slightly red but not
broken. Later that evening, the victim’s mother placed an ice pack on the victim. When a
friend of hers visited the apartment to see the victim, the defendant went to the porch “and
kind of had an attitude.”

       The victim’s mother, the victim, and the defendant left her apartment and returned to
the defendant’s residence, where she prepared dinner. She placed the victim on the couch
next to the defendant while she cooked. She prepared a plate for herself and one for the
victim, and she sat down on the couch between the victim and the defendant. The defendant
made a comment about the victim’s mother “babying” the victim by giving him food off of
her plate that caused her to lose her appetite. When the victim finished his dinner, he laid his
head down on his mother’s lap and fell asleep, and she soon fell asleep herself. The
defendant was still on the couch when the victim and his mother went to sleep, and his
mother recalled the defendant waking her up to tell her that he was taking the victim to the
bedroom so that she could “stretch out” on the couch. The victim’s mother assumed the
defendant was taking the victim to the front bedroom, but she did not see the defendant after
he walked around the couch. The victim appeared normal at this point, and she fell back
asleep after the defendant exited the room with the victim.

       Sometime later, the defendant woke the victim’s mother and was holding the victim.
The victim’s mother could not remember exactly what time the defendant woke her or how
long she had been asleep. She recalled that the victim appeared “limp” and that the
defendant was asking her what was wrong with the victim because he was not breathing.
The defendant was “hysterical,” “pacing back and forth” and telling her “not to let [the
victim] die.” The victim’s mother began questioning the defendant and asking what he had
done because there was nothing wrong with the victim when the defendant took him. The
victim was “gasping for air,” and his eyes were “half open, but his pupils were dilated.” She

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felt the victim’s chest and discovered that his “heart was beating so fast, but it wasn’t
strong.” She breathed into the victim’s mouth, believing that he may have been choking on
something. When she saw the victim’s chest fill with air, she realized that the victim was not
choking.

        The victim’s mother used the defendant’s phone to call her mother, who told her to
call 911. She informed the defendant that they needed to take the victim to the hospital, and
she called 911 from the defendant’s vehicle while he drove to the hospital. During the ride
to the hospital, the victim was “gasping” and his lips were “turning dry.”

        Dr. Robert Dickson was the treating physician in the emergency room when the victim
was admitted to the hospital. Dr. Dickson testified that the victim arrived around 1:30 a.m.
on July 19th in “in full cardiopulmonary arrest,” which meant that the victim was not
breathing and did not have a pulse or heart rate. The victim’s pupils were fixed and dilated,
which was a sign of severe neurologic injury. When the victim was first admitted, Dr.
Dickson did not notice any visible signs of trauma on the victim’s body. As Dr. Dickson
continued to treat the victim, he noticed that “some bruising” began to appear, and he
recalled that there was a large retinal hemorrhage in the victim’s right eye. He testified that
retinal hemorrhaging was often caused by trauma. Doctors performed a neurological exam,
which revealed no neurological activity and that the victim was brain-dead. Dr. Dickson was
not able to establish how the victim was injured, but he believed that the victim’s prognosis
was “bleak” based on his neurologic exam.

        Debra Nuchols testified that she was an investigator in the family crimes unit of the
Knoxville Police Department. She arrived at East Tennessee Children’s Hospital around
4:30 or 4:45 a.m. on July 19th after receiving a call of suspected child abuse. Investigator
Nuchols went to the victim’s hospital room in the Intensive Care Unit (“ICU”), and she
observed several “bruises or marks” visible on the victim’s face. Shortly after she arrived,
she contacted the crime lab to take photographs of the victim. She identified photographs
of the injuries of the victim and confirmed that she was present when the photographs were
taken.

       The victim’s mother and the defendant were in the hospital room with the victim after
he was admitted, and the victim’s mother recalled the defendant talking loudly. He would
alternate between telling medical personnel to ensure that the victim was treated and telling
the victim that “he can come out of it, he’s going to be okay.” The defendant paced around
the room, appearing “frantic” and “panicked.” Doctors transferred the victim to the ICU and
informed his mother that the victim was brain-dead and needed to be placed on life support.
After the victim was transported to the ICU, his mother left the hospital around 7:00 a.m. to
return to her apartment to take a shower and change her clothes. The defendant drove her

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to her apartment.

        The victim’s mother returned to the hospital later that morning, and the defendant was
with her. Upon her return, she voluntarily spoke with the Department of Child Services
(“DCS”) and the Knoxville Police Department, who showed her photographs of bruises on
the victim’s body. She did not recognize the bruises or know how the victim became bruised.
She stated that she did not hit the victim or cause the bruises. When she gave the victim a
bath on the evening of July 18th, she did not observe any bruises on the victim’s body. She
recalled that he had a scratch above his eye that he received after crawling to retrieve a ball
and a mark under his eye from hitting the corner of a table. She observed “a whole lot more
marks” on the victim in the photographs than the two cuts above and below his eye. The last
time that she saw the defendant, he was in the hospital room with herself and the victim. The
defendant exited the room after the victim’s godfather instructed him to leave.

        Before he left the hospital, the defendant spoke with Investigator Nuchols.
Investigator Nuchols recalled that the defendant “seemed very nervous, almost on edge.” In
his statement to Investigator Nuchols, the defendant said that he returned to his apartment
with the victim and his mother around 10:00 p.m. on July 18th and that the three fell asleep
on the couch about an hour later. Investigator Nuchols testified that the defendant told her
that after the victim and his mother fell asleep, he took the victim to the bedroom to give her
more room on the couch. He returned to the couch and received a page from a friend, and
he went to pick up the victim. When he picked up the victim, the victim appeared “lifeless,”
and the defendant heard the victim making “some noise.” The defendant went to wake the
victim’s mother and inform her that “there was something wrong with” the victim. The
defendant did not offer an explanation for the victim’s injuries, but he recalled seeing a small
bruise on the victim earlier in the day, and he mentioned the incident where the victim fell
down the stairs at his mother’s apartment.

       On cross-examination, Investigator Nuchols agreed that her written report of the
defendant’s statement did not say that the defendant took the victim to the bedroom and later
picked him up off of the bed. She testified that her report stated that the defendant informed
her that he picked the victim up from the couch after receiving a page from a friend.

       Dr. Matthew Hill testified that he was assigned to the victim’s case around 8:00 or
9:00 a.m. the morning of July 19th. Dr. Hill performed a neurological exam, which “showed
no evidence of neuro[logical] function.” At the time of the exam, the victim’s body
temperature had dropped to ninety-two degrees. The low body temperature indicated that the
victim could not regulate his own body temperature, so doctors warmed his body over the
course of the day in order to conduct a second neurological exam in the afternoon.

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       Dr. Hill also conducted a physical examination of the victim, and he testified that the
exam revealed retinal hemorrhaging on the victim’s eye. He stated that retinal hemorrhaging
was “a sign of shaken baby or some sort of excessive trauma.” He also observed that the
victim began “putting out a lot of urine” around twelve or one p.m., which indicated that “the
area of the brain that controls urine output was shut down.”

        Doctors were able to raise the victim’s body temperature to a sufficient level to
conduct a second neurological exam, and the victim did not respond to any of the tests.
Doctors also conducted an apnea test to assess the victim’s ability to breathe on his own.
Doctors “preoxygenated” the victim and then removed him from the ventilator, recording the
length of time that it took for the victim to breathe on his own. After the victim went seven
minutes without taking a breath, doctors placed him back on the ventilator. Dr. Hill testified
that the results of the apnea test indicated that the victim was legally brain dead.

        Along with the second neurological test, doctors performed a second “head CT scan”
in the afternoon. The victim had received an initial “head CT scan” when he arrived at the
hospital “that was read essentially as normal.” The second CT scan was performed about
twelve hours later, and Dr. Hill testified that the scan “showed marked edema on the brain.”
Dr. Hill said that the second scan revealed swelling “everywhere” in the victim’s brain,
which indicated a “lack of oxygen and perfusion for an extended period of time.” Dr. Hill
stated that the test also revealed a “relatively small” subdural hematoma on the left side of
the victim’s brain.

        Around 1:00 a.m. on the morning of July 20th, the victim began to show signs that he
was not receiving an adequate flow of blood to his heart. The victim went into cardiac arrest,
and doctors continuously applied epinephrine and CPR for “20-some-odd minutes,” and they
were unable to restore the victim’s heart rate. His mother was in the hospital room while
doctors attempted to resuscitate the victim. Dr. Hill told her that because neurological exams
indicated that the victim was brain-dead, further efforts to resuscitate him were not likely to
restore his brain function. He offered to stop the CPR treatments so that the victim’s mother
could hold the victim, and she indicated that she wished for the treatments to stop. The
victim did not regain a heartbeat, and he was pronounced dead at 2:12 a.m. Dr. Hill stated
that the likely cause of the victim’s death was a brain injury, and he estimated that the degree
of edema that the victim displayed indicated that he received his injuries ten to twelve hours
before Dr. Hill arrived at the hospital.

       The victim’s mother attempted to contact the defendant to inform him that the victim
had died and to tell him the date of the funeral. The defendant did not answer, and he did not
attend the funeral. He contacted her later in the summer from a blocked phone number and
told her that she needed “to keep [her] mouth shut, that [she] was trying to throw him under

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the bus by telling people that he killed” the victim.

       Dr. Mary Palmer testified as an expert in child abuse pediatrics. She stated that on
July 19th, she received a call from Dr. Hill regarding the potential maltreatment of the victim.
Upon hearing that while a CT scan of the victim’s brain “had not shown anything
remarkable,” the victim was not showing any brain activity, Dr. Palmer posited that the
victim may have been strangled. She believed strangulation may have been used to abuse
the victim because it would have stopped the victim’s heartbeat and normal brain function
without directly causing an injury to the brain that would have been visible on the first CT
scan.

        Dr. Palmer examined the victim around 5:00 on the evening of July 19th. As part of
her examination, Dr. Palmer attempted to view and document the bruises on the victim’s
body. Dr. Palmer used eight photographs taken while the victim was in the ICU to assist her
in explaining the victim’s injuries. The photographs showed the victim in his hospital bed,
along with bruises on his neck, chin, jawline, lower back, buttocks, and leg. Although she
did not take the photographs herself, Dr. Palmer testified that the photographs were an
accurate depiction of the victim at the time he was in the ICU. She identified petechiae in
the photographs of the bruises on the victim’s neck, which she testified was consistent with
choking. She agreed that the victim’s injuries to his chin and jawline were consistent with
choking. Dr. Palmer testified that the injuries were of the type where the bruising may not
have been immediately apparent. She believed that because the color pattern of the bruises
on the victim’s lower back, buttocks, and leg were consistent, the injuries were inflicted at
the same time as the injuries to his neck and jaw area as part of one episode of injury. Dr.
Palmer estimated that the injuries had been inflicted within twenty-four hours of her
examination of the victim. She testified that the bruises were not consistent with those that
a child would receive during a normal course of play. She also testified that she believed that
to a medical degree of certainty that blunt force trauma to the victim’s body and strangulation
caused the victim’s injuries and that the injuries were not accidental.

       Dr. Darinka Mileusnic-Polchan testified that she was the medical examiner who
performed the autopsy on the victim. Thirty-one pictures from the autopsy were admitted
into evidence. Dr. Mileusnic-Polchan testified that the photographs would be beneficial in
explaining the victim’s injuries to the jury, primarily because the victim suffered from
multiple injuries that would be difficult to verbalize to the jury. She stated that the primary
cause of the victim’s death was strangulation and that blunt head trauma due to child abuse
was a significant contributing condition in his death.

       The defendant testified that he never had discussions with the victim’s mother
regarding her parenting and that he was never critical of her for “babying” her children. He

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stated that he fell asleep on his couch on the evening of the incident with the victim and his
mother. He awoke to the sound of his phone beeping, and the victim’s mother was beside
him on the couch with the victim in her lap. He picked the victim up and noticed that “he
was breathing heavy, like something was wrong with him.” He told the victim’s mother to
call 911, and she insisted that they take the victim to the hospital instead. He drove the
victim to the hospital, and he recalled that the victim’s mother was performing chest
compressions on the victim as they drove. He testified that he never told Investigator
Nuchols that he took the victim from the couch and placed him in the bedroom. He stated
that he spoke with the victim’s mother on the telephone after he left the hospital and that he
saw her “random[ly]” a day after the victim’s death.

       At the conclusion of the trial, the jury found the defendant guilty as charged of felony
murder committed in the perpetration of aggravated child abuse and of aggravated child
abuse. The defendant filed a motion for new trial, which the trial court denied. He filed a
timely notice of appeal, and we proceed to consider his claims.

                                         ANALYSIS

                               I. Admission of Photographs

       The defendant argues that the trial court erred in admitting photographs of the victim
while he was alive in the hospital and photographs of the victim’s autopsy. He contends that
for some of the photographs, the prejudicial value outweighed the probative value and that
others were not relevant to material issues at trial.

       Tennessee courts follow “a policy of liberality” regarding the admission of
photographs as evidence during a criminal trial. State v. Banks, 564 S.W.2d 947, 949 (Tenn.
1978). In order to admit the photographs, the trial court must first determine whether the
photographs are relevant. Tenn. R. Evid. 401; Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 949. “‘Relevant
evidence’ means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of
consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would
be without the evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 401. If the photograph is relevant, the trial court
must next determine whether the probative value of the photograph is substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Tenn. R. Evid. 403; Banks, 564 S.W.2d at
951. “Unfair prejudice” is defined as “‘[a]n undue tendency to suggest decision on an
improper basis, commonly, though not necessarily, an emotional one.’” Banks, 564 S.W.2d
at 951 (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 403, Adv. Comm. Note).

       “Graphic, gruesome, or even horrifying photographs of crime victims may be admitted
into evidence if they are relevant to some issues at trial and probative value is not outweighed

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by their prejudicial effect.” State v. Brock, 327 S.W.3d 645, 694 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2009).
Autopsy photographs are not admissible “solely to inflame the jury and prejudice them
against the defendant.” Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 951. The photographs must be relevant to
prove some part of the State’s case. Id. “Photographs of a corpse are admissible in murder
prosecutions if they are relevant to issues at trial, notwithstanding their gruesome and
horrifying character, and photographs are not necessarily rendered inadmissible because they
are cumulative of other evidence or because descriptive words could be used.” State v.
Derek Williamson, No. M2010-01067-CCA-R3-CD, 2011 WL 3557827, at *9 (Tenn. Crim.
App. Aug. 12, 2011), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Dec. 14, 2011). The trial court possesses the
sound discretion to determine the admissibility of photographs and will not be overturned on
appeal absent a clear showing of an abuse of discretion. Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 949.

        The State attempted to admit nine photographs of the victim depicting him while still
alive in the hospital. The photographs showed the victim in his hospital bed connected to
various tubes, along with various bruises on the victim’s head, neck, jawline, back, and legs.
After a jury-out hearing, the trial court ruled that eight of the photographs were admissible.
The trial court excluded one photograph because it showed older bruising that may not have
been inflicted during the abuse. In admitting the other eight photographs, the trial court
found that their probative value substantially outweighed the danger of unfair prejudice,
noting that the photographs depicted bruising that Dr. Palmer testified occurred during the
time frame the State alleged that the abuse occurred. The court found that they would
substantially assist the jury in determining the issues relevant to the cause of the injuries.

        We conclude that the trial court properly admitted the photographs of the victim in the
hospital. The photographs were probative of the nature and extent of the victim’s injuries.
Dr. Palmer testified that the bruises on the victim’s neck, jawline, and head were indicative
of strangulation and blunt force trauma, which she posited were the primary causes of the
victim’s death. She testified that the bruises on the victim’s legs and backside shared the
same coloration pattern, indicating that they were inflicted simultaneously with the injuries
indicative of strangulation. She testified that the injuries were not accidental but were
evidence of the infliction of intentional trauma. Dr. Palmer opined that all of the injuries
were likely inflicted within a twenty-four hour period of her examination of the victim. The
photographs were relevant to show that the injuries were intentionally inflicted during one
continuous course of conduct, that they were not accidental injuries or incidental injuries
inflicted during the course of treating the victim, and that several of these injuries ultimately
caused the death of the victim. We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
in admitting the photographs of the victim in the hospital.

        The trial court also admitted twenty-one photographs of the victim’s autopsy. The
first photographs showed the victim’s fully-clothed body and depicted his appearance at the

                                               9
time of the autopsy. Subsequent photographs showed the various bruises on the victim’s
body. Dr. Mileusnic-Polchan testified that the primary cause of death was strangulation and
that a contributing cause was blunt force trauma to the head. She stated that all of the
injuries appeared to have been inflicted contemporaneously one to two days prior to the
victim’s death. She also testified that none of the injuries were of the kind received
accidentally or during the normal course of play for a child. The final two photographs
showed the interior of the victim’s scalp and his brain and depicted extensive bruising of the
brain. Dr. Mileusnic-Polchan testified that the exterior of the victim’s scalp showed some
bruising, but the bruises were somewhat obscured by the victim’s hair. She stated that she
did not discover the extent of the blunt force head trauma suffered by the victim until she
examined his brain.

       The trial court ruled that all of the autopsy photographs were admissible. The court
found that they were not overly bloody or graphic, as they depicted bruises on the victim’s
body. The court found that the probative value substantially outweighed the danger of unfair
prejudice. Because Dr. Mileusnic-Polchan testified that the injuries were inflicted
contemporaneously and were not accidental, the court found that the photographs were
beneficial in explaining the course of events that led to the victim’s death and would
“substantially assist the trier of fact” in the case.

        We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the autopsy
photographs. Similar to the hospital photographs, the autopsy photographs were probative
of the nature and extent of the victim’s injuries. They were relevant to show that all of the
victim’s injuries were inflicted within the same time period during the course of one
continuing episode and to show that the injuries were not inflicted accidentally. Save for the
photographs depicting the interior of the victim’s scalp and brain, the photographs were not
particularly bloody or gruesome. However, only two photographs of the brain were admitted,
and they did not show the victim’s face or any other identifying features. Further, they
illustrated the blunt force head trauma that the victim suffered, the extent of which Dr.
Mileusnic-Polchan testified was not visible when simply examining the exterior bruises on
the victim’s scalp. The defendant is not entitled to relief as to this claim.

                      II. Cross-Examination of the Victim’s Mother

       The defendant contends that the trial court improperly limited his cross-examination
of the victim’s mother, which prevented him from effectively presenting a defense.
Specifically, he argues that he should have been permitted to cross-examine her regarding
the fact that she had given birth to a child who tested positive for opiates four years after the
death of the victim. He also argues that pursuant to Tennessee Rules of Evidence 608 and
405, he should have been permitted to cross-examine the victim’s mother about the fact that

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she had initially been charged with aggravated child abuse and felony murder in conjunction
with the victim’s death. He further contends that he was denied the right to an effective
cross-examination when the cumulative effect of the previous two alleged errors was coupled
with the trial court’s failure to adopt his special jury instruction that the victim’s mother’s
felony conviction could be used to assess her credibility.

       The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution affords a defendant the right
to confront adverse witnesses. U.S. Const. amend. VI; see also Tenn. Const. art. I, § 9. This
includes “the right to establish bias or to otherwise impeach the credibility of a witness.”
State v. Echols, 382 S.W.3d 266, 284-85 (Tenn. 2012) (citations omitted). The trial court
possesses discretion over the propriety, scope, manner, and control of the examination of a
witness. State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 72 (Tenn. 1992). The trial court abuses this
discretion only “by unreasonably restricting a defendant’s right to cross-examine a witness
against him.” Echols, 382 S.W.3d at 285.

        Both “[t]he Sixth Amendment and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment clearly guarantee a criminal defendant the right to present a defense which
includes the right to present witnesses favorable to the defense.” State v. Brown, 29 S.W.3d
427, 432 (Tenn. 2000). However, this right to present witnesses is not absolute. Id. Instead,
“[i]n the exercise of this right, the accused, as is required of the State, must comply with
established rules of procedure and evidence designed to assure both fairness and reliability
in the ascertainment of guilt and innocence.” Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 302
(1973). In order to determine whether the exclusion of evidence violated a defendant’s right
to present a defense, courts “should consider whether: (1) the excluded evidence is critical
to the defense; (2) the evidence bears sufficient indicia of reliability; and (3) the interest
supporting the exclusion of evidence is substantially important.” Brown, 29 S.W.3d at 433-
34.

                                      A. Birth of Child

        Prior to trial, the State filed a motion in limine to prohibit the defendant from cross-
examining the victim’s mother about the fact that she gave birth to a child who tested
positive for opiates. The trial court properly conducted an in camera review of the DCS file
of the mother and her child. See State v. Middlebrooks, 840 S.W.2d 317, 333 (Tenn. 1992)
(stating that trial court erred in denying defendant access to confidential medical records
without first conducting an in camera review “to determine what, if any, probative
information they contained.”), superseded by statute as stated in State v. Pruitt, 415 S.W.3d
180 (Tenn. 2013). After conducting the review, the trial court denied the defendant access
to the victim’s mother’s confidential file. The court found that the allegations were
“unfounded” and that the file did not contain “any evidence that could be deemed

                                              11
exculpatory or relevant.”

        Having reviewed the records, we conclude that the restriction of the cross-examination
of the victim’s mother did not violate the defendant’s right to present a defense. The DCS
records indicated that there was an open file on the victim’s mother and that she gave birth
to a child who tested positive for opiates, which may have resulted from prescription drugs
that the victim’s mother was taking during the pregnancy. The case was closed as
“unfounded” because the victim’s mother had valid prescriptions for the medication and
received sufficient prenatal care. Contrary to the defendant’s contention, the records do not
contain evidence that the victim’s mother committed child abuse, and they were neither
exculpatory nor relevant to attack the credibility of the victim’s mother. Therefore, the
evidence was not critical to the defense. See Brown, 29 S.W.3d at 434. We conclude that
the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the evidence of the DCS file, and the
defendant is not entitled to any relief.

                                   B. Dismissed Charges

       The State also filed a motion in limine to prevent the defendant from cross-examining
the victim’s mother about the fact that she was initially charged with the same crimes as the
defendant. The State argued that the charges against the victim’s mother were dismissed by
a former prosecutor and were not dismissed in exchange for her testimony at trial. The State
included a transcript of the colloquy between the prosecutor and the trial judge where the
charges were dismissed as an exhibit to the motion.

       During the colloquy, the prosecutor explained that the victim’s mother was initially
charged under a theory that the victim had prior injuries that would have been obvious to his
mother and under the theory that she had failed to take adequate steps to protect the victim.
As the investigation continued, prosecutors learned that due to the nature of the victim’s
injuries, they may not have been readily apparent to his mother. After willingly submitting
to a third police interview, an interview with the prosecutor, and a polygraph test, the
prosecutor “became pretty convinced” that the victim’s mother had no knowledge of the
victim’s injuries that would cause her to be guilty of neglect. The prosecutor explicitly stated
that the charges were not being dropped against the victim’s mother in exchange for her
testimony at trial.

       In a written order, the trial court prohibited the defense from referencing the fact that
the charges against the victim’s mother were dismissed until after her testimony. The order
further stated that the court would rule after her direct examination whether the defendant
could address the dropped charges on cross-examination. At the conclusion of the victim’s
direct examination, the defendant did not raise the issue, and he did not attempt to cross-

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examine her about the dismissed charges. He now argues that the evidence should have been
permitted during cross-examination pursuant to Tennessee Rules of Evidence 608 and 405
and that the exclusion of the evidence prevented him from establishing his theory that the
victim’s mother may have been responsible for the abuse.

        We conclude that the defendant has waived this issue. The trial court explicitly
reserved its ruling regarding cross-examination until the conclusion of the victim’s mother’s
direct testimony. After her direct examination, the defendant did not ask the court to rule on
the State’s motion or attempt to cross-examine the victim’s mother about the dismissed
charges. Because the defendant did not ask the trial court to rule on the admissibility of the
testimony and did not attempt to introduce the testimony, the issue is waived. See Tenn. R.
App. P. 36(a) (“Nothing in this rule shall be construed as requiring relief be granted to a party
responsible for an error or who failed to take whatever action was reasonably available to
prevent or nullify the harmful effect of an error.”); see also State v. Gary Thomas Reed, No.
E2009-02238-CCA-R3-CD, 2011 WL 1842711, at *8-9 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 12, 2011)
(concluding that a defendant arguing that the prohibition of testimony regarding a co-
defendant’s guilty plea deprived him of his right to present a defense had waived the issue
when he did not attempt to elicit the information at trial or request a definitive ruling on the
record as the trial court instructed), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Aug. 24, 2011). The defendant
has not asked this court to review the issue for plain error, and we do not discern a basis for
plain error review given the facts of this case. The defendant is not entitled to any relief.

                                     C. Jury Instruction

       The defendant argues that the failure to charge the jury with his proposed special
instruction regarding the use of the victim’s mother’s felony conviction to assess her
credibility had the cumulative effect of depriving him of his right to an effective cross-
examination when coupled with the limitations on cross-examination. This section of the
brief does not contain any citations to the record or to any authorities. Therefore, this issue
is waived. See Tenn. Ct. Crim. App. R. 10(b) (stating that “[i]ssues which are not supported
by argument, citation to authorities, or appropriate references to the record will be treated as
waived in this court”). The defendant is not entitled to any relief as to this claim.

                                         III. Election

       The defendant argues that the State was required to make an election as to which
specific injury constituted aggravated child abuse and felony murder based upon aggravated
child abuse. He claims that the failure to elect between the different injuries resulted in “a
grab-bag verdict,” of which the unanimity was in question.

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       The doctrine of election requires the State to elect a set of facts when it charges a
defendant with one offense, but there is evidence of multiple offenses. State v. Brown, 992
S.W.2d 389, 391 (Tenn. 1999). This doctrine is applied to ensure that the defendant can
prepare for the specific charge, to protect the defendant from double jeopardy, and to allow
an appellate court to review the legal sufficiency of the evidence. Id. Most importantly,
election ensures that some jurors do not convict the defendant of one offense and other jurors
of another. State v. Shelton, 851 S.W.2d 134, 137 (Tenn. 1993).

        Here, the State alleged that the aggravated child abuse and felony murder occurred as
the result of a continuing course of conduct. The proof at trial reflected that the multiple
injuries were part of a single criminal episode rather than separate, discrete events. “When
the evidence does not establish that multiple offenses have been committed, however, the
need to make an election never arises.” State v. Adams, 24 S.W.3d 289, 294 (Tenn. 2000).
In a factually similar case, this court concluded that the State was not required to make an
election of offenses when the proof indicated that the victim suffered multiple injuries
inflicted during one criminal episode. State v. Aaricka Biley, No. W2012-00414-CCA-R3-
CD, 2013 WL 3131002, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 14, 2013), perm. app. denied (Tenn.
Oct. 16, 2013). In Aaricka Biley, the defendant was charged with one count of aggravated
child abuse committed during a five-day period. Id. The State presented evidence of
multiple injuries, and the majority of the proof indicated that the injuries occurred during one
criminal event the evening before the victim’s hospitalization. Because the State indicated
that the injuries were part of a single criminal episode, the defendant “was aware of the acts
upon which the State relied to support the charge for aggravated child abuse,” and there was
no need for an election of offenses. Id. Similarly to Aaricka Biley, the proof here established
that the multiple injuries that the victim suffered were inflicted during one criminal event.
Therefore, we conclude that the State was not required to make an election of offenses. The
defendant is not entitled to any relief as to this claim.

                                       CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                    _________________________________
                                                    JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, JUDGE

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