Court Opinion

ID: 9914187
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-29 19:04:06.273699+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:10:33.567062
License: Public Domain

2023 IL App (1st) 220424
                                           No. 1-22-0424
                                   Order filed December 29, 2023

                                                                    Sixth Division
 ___________________________________________________________________________
                                               IN THE
                                APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                          FIRST DISTRICT
     ___________________________________________________________________________
                                              )
 THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,         )     Appeal from the Circuit Court of
                                              )     Cook County.
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                    )
                                              )     No. 13 CR 7738
 v.                                           )
                                              )     Honorable
 ANTHONY JACKSON,                             )     Ursula Walowski,
                                              )     Judge Presiding.
       Defendant-Appellant.                   )
______________________________________________________________________________

        JUSTICE HYMAN delivered the judgment of the court.
        Presiding Justice Johnson and Justice C.A. Walker concurred in the judgment.

                                             ORDER

¶1      Held: Trial counsel failed to request a second-degree murder instruction; refused to allow
        defendant to testify, and argued self-defense to the jury without offering any supporting
        evidence. The cumulative effect of trial errors resulted in ineffective assistance of counsel
        and deprived defendant of a fair trial.

¶2      In 2015, Anthony Jackson was convicted by a jury of the murder of Sanchez Mixon. His

brother, George Jackson III, a private attorney, represented him, and another private attorney later

suspended from the practice of law. After the trial court granted Jackson’s third posttrial motion

for a new trial, Jackson’s brother continued to represent him. On retrial, a jury convicted Jackson

of first-degree murder. Subsequently, George Jackson was suspended from the practice of law.
No. 1-22-0424

¶3     Jackson argues ineffective assistance of trial counsel for failing to request a jury instruction

on second-degree murder, refusing to allow defendant to testify, and not presenting Lynch

evidence. See People v. Lynch, 104 Ill. 2d 194, 200 (1984) (“[W]hen the theory of self-defense is

raised, the victim’s aggressive and violent character is relevant to show who was the aggressor,

and the defendant may show it by appropriate evidence, regardless of when he learned of it.”).

¶4     We reverse and remand for a new trial. The cumulative effect of defense counsel’s actions

deprived Jackson of a fair trial. Defense counsel chose an “all-or-nothing” theory and did not

request a jury instruction on second-degree murder as an alternative verdict. The record reflects

Jackson’s purported waiver of his right to testify was prompted by George Jackson’s threat to

withdraw in mid-trial and, therefore, invalid. Regarding Lynch evidence, defense counsel argued

self-defense but presented no evidence at trial to support a self-defense theory. The trial exhibits

and the one eyewitness’s testimony do not necessarily negate the possibility that the victim was

the aggressor, and the defense decision to not produce evidence of the victim’s aggressive nature,

propensity for violence, or state of mind on the morning of the murder constituted ineffective

assistance of counsel.

¶5                                          Background

¶6     In 2015, after a jury trial before Judge Stanley J. Sacks, Jackson was found guilty of first-

degree murder. Jackson filed three motions for a new trial. See People v. Jackson, 2019 IL App

(1st) 171582-U. After the first two motions were denied, the trial judge granted the third, based on

co-counsel's ineffective assistance. Id. ¶ 2. A private attorney represented Jackson with George

Jackson III, Jackson’s brother, as second chair. The jury returned a guilty verdict. Shortly after, in

April 2016, the private attorney was suspended from the practice of law.
                                              -2-
No. 1-22-0424

¶7     George Jackson continued to represent Jackson. In a substitution of judge for cause motion

filed on May 10, 2017, denied by Judge Porter, and a motion for reconsideration filed on May 15,

George Jackson made numerous accusations against Judge Linn, among them “run[ing] amuck as

a judge,” being “broken,” “dishonest,” and engaged in “miscreant behavior.” Judge Porter found

him in direct criminal contempt based on statements maligning Judge Linn’s character and

intelligence. The case returned to Judge Linn, and on the same day, Judge Linn disqualified George

Jackson from representing Anthony Jackson. After an interlocutory appeal, arguing the trial court

abused its discretion in removing his counsel of choice, this court reversed, reinstating George

Jackson as attorney of record. Id. ¶ 24. Jackson’s case was set for retrial before Judge Walowski.

¶8     Sometime before the second trial began, the Cook County State’s Attorney ‘s petitioned

for and obtained an order of protection prohibiting George Jackson from entering the George N.

Leighton Criminal courthouse. This order was later modified to allow George Jackson to enter the

courthouse for business purposes if Cook County Sheriff’s deputies accompanied him.

¶9     In early May 2021, Jackson moved for a change of venue, then filed an amended motion

and a second amended motion, which Judge Walowski denied. A few weeks later, Judge Walowski

entered two orders holding George Jackson in direct criminal contempt of court for inflammatory

language both in the motions for a change of venue and in open court. George Jackson continued

to represent Jackson. On several occasions in the next several months, George Jackson was late to

court or failed to appear.

¶ 10   George Jackson was held in direct criminal contempt by four different judges. Both pretrial

and in the course of this jury trial, George Jackson filed written motions and made oral motions in

court, characterized by Judge Walowski as “conclusory,” “inflammatory,” and “contemptuous,”
                                            -3-
No. 1-22-0424

which were denied. The inflammatory content of the motions, as well as comments made by

George Jackson at the motion hearings, resulted in another order of contempt of court.

¶ 11                                    Pretrial Proceedings

¶ 12    On March 6, 2020, the State moved in limine to preclude the defense from introducing

Lynch material not properly presented and argued in a pre-trial motion, and should no pre-trial

Lynch motion be filed, the State requested that the court question George Jackson on his

understanding and agreement with that decision. In addition, the motion sought to bar George

Jackson from mentioning Lynch-related evidence, as the State would not be presenting evidence

that Mixon was the initial aggressor. Further, as an affirmative defense, the issue of self-defense,

if not raised by the State, requires the defendant to present some evidence on each element of the

defense. The trial court granted the State’s motion.

¶ 13                                 Waiver of Right to Testify

¶ 14    Before trial, the trial judge had this exchange on Jackson’s decision not to testify (slightly

edited for clarity):

        THE COURT: Mr. Andrew Jackson, this is a decision you will make tomorrow, but you
        understand that testifying at your own trial is your own decision. You make that decision,
        okay. And I will go over that with you again tomorrow whether or not you decide to testify
        or not to testify, but that is your decision and your decision alone. So tomorrow I will go
        through that with you as well, okay.

        MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: Understood.

¶ 15    The discussion continued the next day (edited for clarity):

        THE COURT: We are outside the presence of the jury. Okay, Mr. Anthony Jackson, I just
        want to go over with you just to clarify your decision not to testify. So you understand that
        your attorney has rested the case, correct?

        MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: Yes.
                                                -4-
No. 1-22-0424

      THE COURT: And I’m sure your attorney discussed with you, but I want to assure myself
      that you understand. You have the right to testify or not to testify in your case. Do you
      understand that?

      MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: Yes.

      THE COURT: It is a decision that belongs to you and that you make. Clearly, you have the
      right to discuss testifying with your attorney, however, it is up to you to decide whether to
      testify, all right. Okay. So it is up to you. It’s your decision whether to testify. Do you
      understand that?

      MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: Yes.

      THE COURT: Have you discussed this with your attorney?

      MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: Yes.

      THE COURT: And after speaking with your attorney, is it your decision not to testify?

      MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: Yes.

      THE COURT: All right. And are you making this decision freely and voluntarily? Nobody
      is forcing you to make this decision, correct?

      MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: No one is forcing me.

      THE COURT: Okay. So did you make that decision on your own, is what I’m asking you?

      MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: Yes.

      THE COURT: Okay. Anyone threaten you, force you, promise you anything, direct you
      against testifying?

      MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: No.

      THE COURT: And you understand that this is your decision alone whether to testify?

      MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: Yes.

      THE COURT: And you’re choosing not to testify, is that correct?

      MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: Yes.
                                              -5-
No. 1-22-0424

       THE COURT: All right. The Court finds the defendant knowingly and voluntarily has
       given up his right to testify.

       MR. GEORGE JACKSON: Your Honor, I have an obligation to share—

       THE COURT: Pardon me?

       MR. GEORGE JACKSON: I said I have an obligation to share this with the court. Two
       things, one, I’ve instructed my client to stop challenging you and to answer your questions
       directly. But we did have a discussion, a very spirited discussion in back regarding whether
       he would testify. And I told him, look, if you testify, it won’t be with me as your attorney.
       So whether that amounts to a threat—

       THE COURT: No, no, no, no.

       MR. GEORGE JACKSON: I don’t know, Judge.

       THE COURT: Mr. Jackson, that’s improper. He has a right to testify. If your client chooses
       to testify, that you are his lawyer, okay. So I just went through the questions with Mr.
       Anthony Jackson. Mr. Anthony Jackson, do you understand, do you want to testify or do
       you not want to testify?

       MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: I do not want to testify.

       THE COURT: You do not.

       MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: Yes.

¶ 16                                     Trial Evidence

¶ 17   At Jackson’s retrial, the evidence showed that in March 2013, at about 11:30 a.m., Sanchez

Mixon and Jackson had a physical altercation on the northbound CTA platform at the 43rd St.

station. Surveillance cameras captured video (without audio) showing Jackson and Mixon on the

platform, Jackson punching Mixon, and Mixon on the ground with Jackson kicking him in the

head. The video also shows people on the opposite (southbound) platform yelling at Jackson and

Jackson answering them. At this point, Mixon lies on the platform, moving slightly, until Jackson

                                               -6-
No. 1-22-0424

stomps Mixon’s head. Jackson then “engages” with the passengers on the other platform, returns

to look at Mixon, and runs down the stairs. Mixon died a short time later.

¶ 18                                     State’s Witnesses

¶ 19   Retired Chicago police officer Francis Higgins testified that at the time of the murder, he

worked as an investigator for CTA Security. He reviewed video the same day, pulled the segments

showing what happened, and gave the footage to the Chicago Police Department.

¶ 20   Police investigators matched the assailant’s face with photographs of Anthony Jackson.

The video shows Jackson going through the turnstiles and the events on the platform. Chicago

police detective Kevin Kilroy searched the police database and identified Jackson. Kilroy went to

Jackson’s mother’s house on March 16, but Jackson was not there. He and his partner left word

that they were looking for Jackson. Two days later, Jackson turned himself in at the police station.

¶ 21   Retired nurse Georgia Lindsey was on the southbound platform. She identified Jackson,

holding a briefcase, on the northbound platform. She saw another man talking to him, looked away,

and people on her platform began screaming, “Stop, stop, stop.” She turned back and saw Jackson

hitting the other man who fell. Jackson started kicking, walked away, and came back, stomping

him before picking up his briefcase and leaving. Lindsey made two recorded calls to 911.

¶ 22   That night, police detectives showed Lindsey a photo array that included Jackson, but she

could not identify him because, she said, the incident had traumatized and frightened her. The next

day, Lindsey viewed an in-person lineup and, again, could not identify Jackson, stating she still

felt traumatized.

¶ 23    Former Chicago police homicide detective Timothy Cerven interviewed Lindsey about

the lineup and photo array. He testified that “Ms. Lindsey became upset when we spoke with her,
                                                -7-
No. 1-22-0424

myself and the state’s attorney, and she then related that she did see the individual who fought Mr.

Mixon on the date of March 16.”

¶ 24   According to the Medical Examiner, the primary cause of death was “the multiple blunt

force trauma injuries to the head due to an assault.”

¶ 25                                    Defense Witnesses

¶ 26   Before presenting the defense witnesses, George Jackson informed the trial judge and the

State that he would not present the testimony of an employee at the facility where Mixon had been

staying and this discussion ensued:

       THE COURT: Okay. So Mr. Anthony Jackson, you have spoken with your lawyer, Mr.
       George Jackson, regarding not calling this witness from the Community Care Center,
       which was proffered that this is where Mr. Sanchez Mixon, the deceased in the case,
       where he was residing at the time of his death. You're agreeing with your lawyer that, as
       a matter of trial strategy, I guess, you're agreeing with that, that your lawyer is not going
       to be calling that witness, correct?

       MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: My understanding is that when he showed up and said that
       he was homicidal and suicidal it won't be incorporated in this trial.

       THE COURT: Correct.

       MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: I agree with my attorney.

       THE COURT: And so no witness from the Community Care Center is going to be
       testifying regarding anything regarding Sanchez Mixon that you understand.

       MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: Because the Court won't let in he's homicidal and suicidal -
       -

       THE COURT: No, that's not why. That's not why.

       MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: I agree.

       THE COURT: Okay. Sorry.

       MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: I agree.
                                                -8-
No. 1-22-0424

¶ 27   Eunita Taylor, Jackson’s sister, testified she drove him to “L” station, dropped him off,

parked, and checked her GPS. Ten minutes later, Jackson knocked on her van window and got

inside. He was agitated and said, “I had to defend myself,” and “he was crazy. He looked crazy.

Something was wrong with him.”

¶ 28   Shacara Ledbetter, a lip reader, testified she attempted to analyze the video but could not

discern anything Jackson or Mixon said on the tapes.

¶ 29                              Jury Instructions Conference

¶ 30   In the middle of the trial, during conferences regarding matters including jury instructions,

George Jackson was asked about lesser-included offense instruction and stated, “No. We're not

doing less included, it's murder or nothing.” Regarding the defense witnesses, the trial court and

George Jackson had the following exchange:

       THE COURT: *** Mr. Jackson, yesterday we spoke of some witnesses that the parties
       agreed to have testify out of order. So Mr. Jackson, I'll now give you the floor as to what
       witnesses you have available and who, if anyone, you're agreeing to call before the State
       rests its case.

       MR. GEORGE JACKSON: There are two witnesses, Judge. We spoke yesterday about a
       third witness. That third witness was from the Community Care Center. And I've made a
       decision not to use the Community Care Center for fear of the fact that the history of Mr.
       Sanchez Mixon coming out. So we've elected not to use him. It is our decision.

       THE COURT: Okay. So and Mr. Anthony Jackson you have spoken with your lawyer
       about that witness and I think you're referring to some background of Mr. Mixon that you
       are choosing not to bring up in this case, is that right, Mr. Jackson?

       MR. GEORGE JACKSON: That's correct, Judge.

       THE COURT: And Mr. Anthony Jackson, you have discussed this with your lawyer and
       you agree with that strategy?

       MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: I need to talk to my attorney.
                                     -9-
No. 1-22-0424

       ***

       THE COURT: So you can talk to him about that when we break. So let's move on. That is
       a witness that you could discuss with your client that you're telling me that you have chosen
       not to call.

¶ 31   After the defense rested, the trial court addressed Jackson (slightly edited for clarity):

       THE COURT: Now, Mr. Anthony Jackson, as you’re aware the State has charged you with
       first-degree murder. The lesser included offense of second-degree—the lesser included
       offense of first-degree murder. Your attorney has not asked for a second-degree murder
       instruction, do you understand that?

       MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: Yes.

       THE COURT: You have pled and your attorney has asked for and the State incorporated
       in the jury instructions self-defense, so that jury instruction regarding what the State needs
       to prove regarding self-defense is being given. However, the lesser included offense of
       second-degree murder is not being requested of me by your attorney. Do you understand
       that?

       MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: Yes.

       THE COURT: Now, it is your decision once again whether or not to submit the lesser
       offense of second-degree murder instruction to the jury. Do you understand that?

       MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: Yes.

       THE COURT: And have you discussed that with your lawyer?

       MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: Yes.

       THE COURT: Now, the offense of first-degree murder, as you know, carries a possible
       sentence from 20 to 60 years in the Illinois Department of Corrections with a period of
       three years of parole. Do you understand that?

       MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: Now I do.

       THE COURT: Okay. You could be found guilty of this offense, or you could be found not
       guilty. Do you understand that?

       MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: Yes.
                                               - 10 -
No. 1-22-0424

      THE COURT: So the murder charges are 20 to 60 years at a hundred percent time. Do you
      understand that?

      MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: Yes.

      THE COURT: The second-degree murder charges are Class 1 felonies, the sentencing
      range is 4 to 20 years in the Illinois Department of Corrections, and that is 50 percent time
      case, it’s not a hundred percent time case. Do you understand that?

      MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: Yes.

      THE COURT: [S]o if you ask for the second-degree murder instruction, a jury could find
      that you had not committed murder, but that you were guilty of second-degree murder, so
      you could be found not guilty first-degree murder, but guilty of second-degree murder if
      that instruction is—would be asked for and is given. Do you understand that?

      MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: Yes.

      THE COURT: And you do not want or even discussed this with your lawyer, correct?

      MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: Yes.

      THE COURT: And do you want me to instruct on second-degree murder?

      MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: No.

      ***

      THE COURT: Have you been threatened, forced, promised in any way not to submit the
      second-degree instruction?

      MR. ANTHONY JACKSON: No.

      THE COURT: I find that the defendant knows that it is his decision whether to submit the
      lesser offense instruction of second-degree murder, that he is not requesting it, that Mr.
      George Jackson, his lawyer, has not requested it, and he is doing so freely and voluntarily,
      and I will accept that decision and find that it is reasonable in this case. So, I will not give
      the second-degree jury instruction.

                                               - 11 -
No. 1-22-0424

¶ 32   After deliberating about one-and-a-half hours, the jury returned a guilty verdict. The trial

court granted George Jackson leave to withdraw and appointed the public defender’s office to

represent Jackson posttrial. Jackson was sentenced to 25 years’ imprisonment.

¶ 33                                          Analysis

¶ 34   Jackson argues trial counsel was ineffective because of his errors “which had the

cumulative effect of depriving [Jackson] of the opportunity to have his case decided by a jury that

had been presented with a full, viable defense.” Jackson argues that if the jury heard the available

Lynch evidence and Jackson’s testimony and had been instructed as to self-defense, the jury would

more likely have found him guilty of second degree murder. The State responds that Jackson

waived his right to testify and asserts his jury instruction argument. Moreover, the State asserts

Jackson suffered no prejudice.

¶ 35   The sixth amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees assistance of counsel to

all criminal defendants. U.S. Const. amend VI. The Illinois Constitution provides the same right.

Ill. Const., art I, section 8. Under Strickland v. Washington, a successful ineffective assistance of

counsel claim must establish counsel’s conduct fell below an objective standard of reasonableness,

and prejudice resulted from counsel’s conduct; that is, “but for” counsel’s deficient performance,

there exists a reasonable probability the outcome of the proceedings would have been different.

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-94. A reasonable probability means “counsel’s

deficient performance rendered the result of [the proceedings] unreliable or fundamentally unfair.”

People v. Evans, 209 Ill. 2d 194, 220 (2004). See People v. Patterson, 192 Ill. 2d 93, 122 (2000)

(“reasonable probability” must undermine confidence in outcome).

¶ 36                             Self Defense and Jury Instructions
                                               - 12 -
No. 1-22-0424

¶ 37   Jackson first argues that his attorney “performed deficiently when he failed to request

second degree murder instructions,” which constitutes prejudice. The State responds that under

People v Wilmington, 2013 IL 112938, ¶ 48, no right to submit a second degree murder instruction

exists because, rather than a lesser-included offense of murder, second degree murder involves a

“lesser mitigated offense.” According to the State, Jackson knowingly and intelligently waived the

right to second degree murder instructions and suffered no prejudice

¶ 38   For a second degree murder conviction based on imperfect self-defense, a defendant must

show by a preponderance of evidence that at the time of the murder, he or she believed the

circumstances to justify the use of force, but this belief was unreasonable. 720 ILCS 5/9-2(a)(2)

(West 2013). See People v. Jeffries, 164 Ill. 2d 104, 113 (1995) (“The imperfect self-defense form

of second degree murder occurs when there is sufficient evidence that the defendant believed he

was acting in self-defense, but that belief is objectively unreasonable.”). In his reply brief, Jackson

cites People v. Thornton, 26 Ill. 2d 218, 222 (1962) (right of self-defense does not permit “pursuit

and killing of even an original aggressor after the aggressor abandons the quarrel”) for the

proposition that his counsel was ineffective when he argued self-defense under these

circumstances.

¶ 39   Jackson also relies on People v. King, 316 Ill. App. 3d 901, 915-16 (2000), where counsel

was ineffective for failing to call a witness to “bolster[] an otherwise uncorroborated defense”;

People v. O’Banner, 215 Ill. App. 3d 778, 790 (1991), explaining that when a defendant raises the

issue of self-defense, they can introduce violent acts by the alleged victim to show that the victim

had been the aggressor, even if the defendant was unaware of the acts.

                                                - 13 -
No. 1-22-0424

¶ 40   An employee from the Community Care Center where Mixon lived was a potential Lynch

witness. Initially, George Jackson intended to present testimony that Mixon had been agitated and

aggressive on the morning of the incident. Yet George Jackson decided not to call this witness and

stated on the record that he “made a decision not to use the Community Care Center for fear of the

fact that the history of Mr. Sanchez Mixon coming out.” This decision does not seem reasonable

under the circumstances.

¶ 41   George Jackson’s repeated insistence during trial that the jury would hear only one theory

was prejudicial. That the “all-or-nothing” strategy proved unsuccessful does not necessarily mean

counsel performed unreasonably and rendered ineffective assistance. People v. Walton, 378 Ill.

App. 3d 580, 589 (2007) (“Counsel’s decision to advance an “all-or-nothing defense” has been

recognized as a valid trial strategy (citations omitted) and is generally not unreasonable unless that

strategy is based upon counsel’s misapprehension of the law.”).

¶ 42   But George Jackson argued Jackson was acting in self-defense, using the video recording

showing an exchange of words and body language even without audio, and Jackson’s sister’s

testimony about how Jackson described Mixon’s actions. The defense in oral argument asserted

that George Jackson said Jackson believed he was in danger but did not produce evidence to

support this argument. The decision to forego calling the Community Care employee as a witness

contributed to the lack of evidence on this point.

¶ 43   Had the trier of fact been presented with the option of finding the defendant’s conduct

reckless, a reasonable probability existed for a different result. People v. Lemke, 349 Ill. App. 3d

391 (2004), presents prejudice resulting from trial counsel’s ineffective assistance of counsel and

supports Jackson’s argument on this point. The Lemke court reversed the defendant’s murder
                                           - 14 -
No. 1-22-0424

conviction and ordered a new trial because trial counsel used an “all-or-nothing approach,” arguing

the shooting was an accident. Id. at 402. But, the court found the reckless act of pointing a gun at

the victim could not be considered an accident, even viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the defendant. Id.

¶ 44    In his brief, Jackson asserts that George Jackson’s decision to pursue an all-or-nothing

claim of self-defense was objectively unreasonable, arguing:

       “Viewing the video, it is clear that [Jackson]’s actions exceeded the bounds of pure self-

       defense. Particularly, [his] act of re-approaching Mixon, who was on the ground

       incapacitated and seemingly unconscious, almost a full minute after the altercation

       concluded, and kicking and stomping him in the head, invalidates the claim that the amount

       of force [Jackson] used was necessary to defend himself. Indeed, the right to self-defense

       does not allow the pursuit and killing of even an original aggressor after the aggressor

       abandons the quarrel. [cases omitted]. * * *Put simply, no reasonable attorney would view

       this video and take the extreme, unreasonable risk of an all-or-nothing strategy in these

       circumstances.”

¶ 45   We agree that the jury would have had the guidance of the instruction and not been limited

to the “all-or-nothing” conclusion of conviction for murder or acquittal. Jackson’s actions in the

video virtually invalidated the possibility of a pure acquittal based on self-defense, and, therefore,

second degree murder instructions were vital.

¶ 46                                 Waiver of Right to Testify

¶ 47   Bolstering the argument that pursuing an “all or nothing” trial strategy was objectively

unreasonable, Jackson asserts that his waiver of his right to testify made this strategy more
                                            - 15 -
No. 1-22-0424

unreasonable. Again, in Lynch, although the defendant did not know of the victim's three

convictions for battery at the time he shot him, evidence of the victim's propensity for violence

tended to support the defendant's version of facts and was admissible. Lynch, 104 Ill. 2d at 199-

210. Under Lynch, Jackson’s testimony presumably would have apprised the jury of his own state

of mind as he encountered Mixon on the CTA platform.

¶ 48   Jackson claims that he could not present his state of mind because he did not testify.

Jackson’s sister testified that she had dropped Jackson off at the CTA station, and, minutes later,

he returned to her car agitated, telling her, “I had to defend myself,” and saying that Mixon “was

crazy. He looked crazy. Something was wrong with him.” The eyewitness on the opposite elevated

platform testified Jackson and Mixon had words that she could not hear. The jury viewed video

and still photographs.

¶ 49   The State concedes trial counsel’s comment that he would withdraw if Jackson testified

was “inappropriate” but argues Jackson properly waived his right. The State cites People v. Knapp,

2020 IL 124992, ¶ 54 and People v. Palmer, 2017 IL App(4th) 150020, ¶¶ 22-23, involving

postconviction claims of exchanges between the defendants and defense counsel influencing their

decision to waive their rights. Jackson distinguishes these cases, and we agree the circumstances

differ. Even though George Jackson’s inappropriate interjection occurred in the middle of the

judge’s admonishments to Jackson and was followed immediately by Jackson’s waiving his right

to testify, the admonishment does not cure the prejudicial effect of pressure from Jackson’s

attorney, his older brother, whose familial relationship adds an emotionally nuanced element

influencing the representation in unique ways.

                                              - 16 -
No. 1-22-0424

¶ 50   In closing argument, George Jackson reviewed the entire video, pausing and narrating the

events as the video played. The movements of the two men and their proximity to each other were

emphasized and argued as a provocation by Mixon to justify Jackson’s acting in self-defense.

Although attempting to bring attention to Mixon’s movements before and during the physical

confrontation, the repeated emphasis on the video without the testimony about Mixon’s earlier

aggression that morning or the benefit of a second degree murder instruction can only have

prejudiced Jackson in front of the jury. Based on the evidence at trial, in particular, the video

showing Jackson attacking Mixon without provocation and returning to beat him well after having

become incapacitated

¶ 51   But counsel did not call witnesses who could have testified about Mixon’s behavior that

morning, nor were witnesses presented to testify about the events on the platform—the words

exchanged or the physical bumping or touching. (One prosecution witness, Lindsey, testified about

the little she was able to hear and see part of the altercation.) Regarding the witness from Mixon’s

residential facility, the State accurately cites to the record for the trial court’s ruling that the

witness’s testimony was irrelevant. Still, the summary does not reflect the method George Jackson

used to proffer the witness minutes before closing arguments.

¶ 52   Finally, we take judicial notice that George Jackson’s license to practice law has been

suspended “for three years and until further order of the court, effective September 8, 2023. Case

Research Document (iardc.org). The suspension resulted from George Jackson’s actions

representing Anthony Jackson in this matter.

¶ 53   Because effective assistance refers to competent, not perfect representation, trial strategy

mistakes or judgments will not, by themselves, render the representation incompetent. People v.
                                            - 17 -
No. 1-22-0424

Calhoun, 404 Ill.App.3d 362, 383 (2010). But George Jackson’s behavior was not limited to trial

errors; throughout the years of proceedings during which he represented his brother, George

Jackson indulged in courtroom stunts that resulted in four judges holding him in contempt. Judge

Porter found George Jackson in direct criminal contempt based on statements maligning Judge

Linn’s character and intelligence. Judge Walowski entered two orders holding George Jackson in

direct criminal contempt of court for inflammatory language both in the motions for a change of

venue and in open court. These findings of contempt, along with the others, demonstrate a pattern

of behavior throughout the proceedings that began as soon as George Jackson returned to represent

his brother. The record is replete with examples of rude and bullying behavior, directed primarily

at the trial judge and prosecuting attorneys, but also hinted at in his interruptions on the record

while the trial judge addressed the defendant, his younger brother. He distracted and delayed and

interfered with Anthony Jackson’s rights.

¶ 54   No number of admonitions could have cured the prejudicial effect on the jury. We find

George Jackson’s deficient performance prejudiced Jackson.

¶ 55   Reversed and remanded.

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