Court Opinion

ID: 2716501
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-08 18:00:58.420483+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:24:18.359912
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                      For the First Circuit

No. 13-2059

               CLAUDIA NINETH BEDOYA LOPEZ DE ZEA,

                           Petitioner,

                                v.

              ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney General,

                           Respondent.

                PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM AN ORDER
               OF THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS

                              Before

                       Lynch, Chief Judge,
                Howard and Lipez, Circuit Judges.

     Randy Olen on brief for petitioner.
     Jesse M. Bless, Trial Attorney, Office of Immigration
Litigation, Civil Division, Stuart Delery, Assistant Attorney
General, Civil Division, and Anthony C. Payne, Senior Litigation
Counsel, on brief for respondent.

                          July 30, 2014
             LYNCH, Chief Judge.      Claudia Nineth Bedoya Lopez de Zea

("Bedoya")    petitions   for    review     of   the   Board   of   Immigration

Appeals' ("BIA") decision, challenging only the determination that

she was not eligible for withholding of removal.                    We deny the

petition because substantial evidence supports the BIA's findings

that Bedoya had established neither past persecution nor a clear

probability of future persecution.

                                      I.

             Bedoya, a native and citizen of Guatemala, came to the

United States on a tourist visa on March 26, 2002, and has

overstayed.     It is now almost ten years after her 2004 Notice to

Appear.   With the benefit of generous continuances, she did not

concede removability until September 2006, and she later sought

relief, including withholding of removal.

             Her merits hearing before an Immigration Judge ("IJ") was

not until April 2, 2010.       Bedoya testified that she "had a problem

with [a] group of people" in Guatemala known as "guerillas."

Specifically, the guerillas started to threaten her father after he

was elected as the mayor of a small community in 1974, during the

Guatemalan civil war.     They    also once "broke the window of [her]

father's car"; he did not pay much attention to the threats.

             In 1991, Bedoya joined a club that was dedicated to

improving the local community; her father was also a member, and

the   organization   engaged     in   fundraising      activities    for   local

                                      -2-
schools and donated Christmas gifts to neighborhood children.   The

same year that Bedoya joined this club, she testified that the

guerillas shot at the gates of her home.        Nobody was harmed.

Bedoya was associated with this club for six years, until 1997.

          Bedoya said that the guerillas also called her house and

told her family that something might happen to them because they

were not supposed to help improve the community.      The guerillas

other times knocked on the door of her family's home and then fled.

Bedoya testified that these threats happened about once a month.

She reported them to the police, who never made an arrest.

          Bedoya testified that in September 2001, another car hit

hers while she was on her way to work.    She did not recognize the

male driver from the car accident.       The accident occurred four

years after she had stopped her work with the community-improvement

club, but the man told Bedoya that he was not pleased that she had

partaken in activities to improve the town.    He broke the windows

of her car, threatened her, and hit her upper arm, bruising it.

          Bedoya had written down the man's license plate and

reported the incident to the police.      The police later told her

that they had not identified the man and had lost the incident

report.

          Bedoya also testified that she had visited the United

States about six or seven times between 1980 and 1999 and always

returned to Guatemala because she had not "pa[id] much attention"

                               -3-
to the guerillas' threats.         Bedoya visited the United States on

December 17, 2001, three months after the car accident.                 She

returned to Guatemala about a month later because she thought a

month was sufficient time for things to calm down.          Bedoya was not

physically attacked when she returned to Guatemala.

           She continued to receive threatening phone calls before

her final trip to the United States in March 2002, when she finally

decided not to return to Guatemala.        She was afraid that if she

returned   to   Guatemala,   the   guerillas   would   make   extortionate

threats against her children who are American citizens because of

Guatemalans' perception that Americans are wealthy.1

           Bedoya's father still lives in Guatemala.             He is no

longer the mayor of his community, but still supports his political

party.     Bedoya   explained   that   since   she   left   Guatemala   the

guerillas have continued to threaten her father over the phone

every "once in a while," but that no other incidents have occurred.

Bedoya was the only witness at her merits hearing.

           After the hearing, the IJ denied Bedoya's application for

asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention

Against Torture in an oral decision. As to Bedoya's withholding of

     1
        When Bedoya came to the United States in March 2002, she
had two children. Her first child was born in Guatemala. Her
second child, however, is a United States citizen and was born in
May 2001 during one of Bedoya's visits to the United States.
Bedoya later gave birth to a third child in the United States in
July 2003.

                                    -4-
removal claim, the IJ found that she had not established a clear

probability that she would face future persecution if she were to

return to Guatemala.2     The IJ, however, did not make a specific

finding as to whether Bedoya had established past persecution.

             Bedoya appealed to the BIA.   On December 23, 2011, the

BIA remanded the case to the IJ so that he could determine in the

first instance whether or not Bedoya had been subjected to past

persecution.     Such a finding would create a presumption of future

persecution, which the Department of Homeland Security would have

to rebut.    See Orelien v. Gonzales, 467 F.3d 67, 71 (1st Cir. 2006)

(explaining that a showing of past persecution based on a protected

ground entitles a petitioner to a rebuttable presumption of future

persecution).

             On remand, the IJ determined that Bedoya was not entitled

to a presumption of future persecution because there was no nexus

between a protected ground and the harm that she suffered in

Guatemala.    As to the 2001 car accident, the IJ specifically found

that the man who hit Bedoya's car had acted outrageously, but that

his remarks about Bedoya's efforts to improve the community did not

establish that his conduct was on account of a protected ground.

The IJ also held that even if Bedoya had suffered past persecution,

the Guatemalan civil war had "long since been over and [Bedoya] is

     2
        Only Bedoya's withholding of removal claim is at issue
here. She has not petitioned for review of the denial of her other
claims.

                                  -5-
not likely to suffer any future persecution on account of her

family's real or perceived status as [a] pro-government[,] anti-

guerilla faction."         In addition, Bedoya's travel to the United

States and voluntary return to Guatemala shortly after the car

accident undermined her claim of a well-founded fear of future

persecution.       The IJ denied Bedoya's withholding of removal claim

and ordered her removed to Guatemala.3          Bedoya appealed to the BIA

a second time.

               On July 30,2013, the BIA dismissed Bedoya's appeal.          The

BIA explained that "the totality of a petitioner's experiences

[must] add up to more than mere discomfiture, unpleasantness,

harassment, or unfair treatment" to constitute past persecution.

(quoting Nikijuluw v. Gonzales, 427 F.3d 115, 120 (1st Cir. 2005))

(internal quotation marks omitted).           The BIA determined that "the

gunshots at [Bedoya's] house, the threats [that Bedoya's] family

received as a result of her father's position as mayor, and finally

the 2001 car accident in which [Bedoya] was apparently struck on

her arm and threatened, do not satisfy this standard."

               The BIA also found that Bedoya had not established a

clear       probability   of   future   persecution   because   she   had   not

presented any evidence that she would be targeted based on her

father's former position as mayor and her former membership in the

        3
       The IJ noted that Bedoya was a good candidate for voluntary
departure but that she had withdrawn her request for voluntary
departure at a previous hearing.

                                        -6-
community improvement group.          In addition, the BIA held "there is

no evidence that [Bedoya had] suffered harm on th[e] return [to

Guatemala] prior to her most recent entry in the United States in

March 2002."     Indeed, the BIA agreed with the IJ that Bedoya's

frequent travel to the United States and voluntary return to

Guatemala before March 2002 undermined her claim of a likelihood of

future persecution.        As a result, Bedoya was not eligible for

withholding of removal.       This petition for review followed.

                                        II.

            Where, as here, "the BIA affirmed the IJ's decision and

added its own analysis," we can review both decisions.                  Ang v.

Holder, 723 F.3d 6, 10 (1st Cir. 2013).                We review the BIA's

findings    of   fact    under    the    substantial    evidence   standard,

"reversing only if a 'reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to

conclude to the contrary.'" Id. (quoting Khan v. Mukasey, 549 F.3d
573, 576 (1st Cir. 2008)).

            To be eligible for withholding of removal, Bedoya must

prove it is more likely than not that she would be subjected to

persecution on account of a statutorily protected ground should she

be repatriated to Guatemala.          Mazariegos-Paiz v. Holder, 734 F.3d
57, 64 (1st Cir. 2013).      Proof of past persecution on account of a

protected   ground      creates   a   rebuttable   presumption     of   future

persecution.     Id.

                                        -7-
            Bedoya first argues that the BIA's determination that she

had not suffered past persecution was erroneous.       Not so.     As the

BIA   correctly      stated,    persecution    requires     more     than

"unpleasantness, harassment, and even basic suffering."        Jorgji v.

Mukasey, 514 F.3d 53, 57 (1st Cir. 2008) (quoting Nelson v. I.N.S.,

232 F.3d 258, 263 (1st Cir. 2000)) (internal quotation mark

omitted).     It is relevant whether the harm is systematic or a

series of isolated events, as is the severity, duration, and

frequency of the harm.     Barsoum v. Holder, 617 F.3d 73, 79 (1st

Cir. 2010).

            Here, ten years separated the gunshots fired at the gates

of her home in 1991 and the 2001 car accident.       Not only were the

few incidents of mistreatment infrequent and sporadic, but the only

physical harm that Bedoya suffered in Guatemala was a bruise on her

arm. See Topalli v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 128, 132-33 (1st Cir. 2005)

(explaining that severity of physical harm, including whether or

not medical attention was required, is relevant to persecution

inquiry).     Neither the severity nor the frequency or duration of

the alleged mistreatment rises to the level of persecution.

            Bedoya also asserts that credible verbal death threats

can constitute persecution.     See Un v. Gonzales, 415 F.3d 205, 210

(1st Cir. 2005).     However, Bedoya ignores her own testimony that

neither she nor her father paid much attention to the guerillas'

threats,    undermining   any   inference   that   those   threats   were

                                   -8-
credible.   In short, the BIA reasonably concluded that the threats

and mistreatment that Bedoya and her family suffered in Guatemala

did not establish past persecution, and so Bedoya enjoyed no

presumption of future persecution.      See, e.g., Abdelmalek v.

Mukasey, 540 F.3d 19, 23 (1st Cir. 2008) (concluding that "[a]

series of somewhat vague verbal threats, seemingly unaccompanied by

any significant physical abuse and any government involvement or

acquiescence, simply does not rise to the level of persecution").

            As to the future persecution prong of her withholding

claim, Bedoya says the BIA erred in "assigning conclusive weight"

to the evidence that she had voluntarily returned to Guatemala

after several visits to the United States, including a trip shortly

after the 2001 car accident.    This argument simply misreads the

BIA's opinion.   The BIA's conclusion rested primarily on the lack

of record evidence that Bedoya would be targeted or harmed if she

were to return to Guatemala, and Bedoya's voluntary return to

Guatemala was only one factor relevant to that analysis. See Cabas

v. Holder, 695 F.3d 169, 174-75 (1st Cir. 2012) (a petitioner's

voluntary return to his homeland undermines his claim of future

persecution).

            Bedoya does not dispute that the guerillas have not

physically harmed her father since she came to the United States,

although her father has continued to support his political party.

Nor does she contest the BIA's finding that she did not suffer

                                -9-
physical harm during her return to Guatemala after her December

2001 trip to the United States but before her final departure to

this country in March 2002.       She points only to the intermittent

telephone threats that her father has received from guerillas,

which are, without more, insufficient to show that she would suffer

persecution   were   she   to   return   to   Guatemala.   As   a   result,

substantial evidence supports the BIA's conclusion that Bedoya has

not established a likelihood of future persecution, and Bedoya is

not eligible for withholding of removal.4

                                   III.

          For the reasons stated, the petition for review is

denied.

     4
          We note that Bedoya has also challenged aspects of the
IJ's decision denying her withholding of removal claim.       Here,
however, the BIA affirmed the IJ's decision after conducting its
own analysis as to why Bedoya had not established either past
persecution or a clear probability of future persecution.       The
BIA's findings, which are substantially supported by the record,
provide an independent basis for the denial of Bedoya's withholding
claim. So, we need not address her arguments directed at the IJ's
decision. See Pulisir v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d 302, 307-08 (1st Cir.
2008) (focusing judicial review on BIA's decision where BIA's
affirmance of the IJ's decision was on a "self-generated
rationale").

                                   -10-