Court Opinion

ID: 9396060
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-19 14:05:37.892093+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:13.843115
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA

                                  No. 22–0581

              Submitted February 21, 2023—Filed May 19, 2023

JOSHUA VENCKUS,

      Appellant,

vs.

CITY OF IOWA CITY and ANDREW RICH,

      Appellees.

      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Johnson County, Chad A. Kepros,

Judge.

      An individual who filed a civil action against county prosecutors and a city

police detective following his acquittal on a sexual assault charge appeals the

summary judgment granted to the city and the police detective on his remaining

common law and constitutional tort claims. AFFIRMED.

      Mansfield, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which all justices

joined.

      Martin Diaz (argued) of Martin Diaz Law Firm, Swisher, and M. Victoria

Cole of M. Victoria Cole Law Firm, P.C., Cedar Rapids, for appellant.

      Elizabeth J. Craig (argued) and Jennifer L. Schwickerath, Assistant City

Attorneys, Iowa City, for appellees.
                                         2

MANSFIELD, Justice.

      I. Introduction.

      Claiming that he was ill-served by Iowa’s justice system, an individual who

was acquitted of a sexual assault charge brought suit against county prosecutors

and city police for allegedly pursuing a groundless case as to which he had an

airtight alibi—even though his DNA was found on the victim. In 2019, we

reviewed whether the allegations stated a claim for relief. See generally

Venckus v. City of Iowa City (Venckus I), 930 N.W.2d 792 (Iowa 2019). We held

that the county prosecutors, with the exception of one claim related to the filing

of an ethics complaint, were entitled to dismissal from the case based on judicial

process immunity. Id. at 805. However, we generally rejected the investigating

detective’s arguments for dismissal on the pleadings, concluding that the claims

were not well-enough developed to determine whether judicial process immunity

or the statute of limitations applied. Id. at 806.

      Following remand and dismissal of the remaining claim against the county

prosecutors, the focus of the case became the role of the detective. The plaintiff

maintains that the detective engineered the prosecution against him despite

being convinced that the plaintiff was actually in Chicago during the weekend in

question.

      After discovery and lengthy summary judgment submissions, the district

court granted summary judgment to the detective and his employer, the city. The

plaintiff appeals. We conclude that summary judgment was properly granted.

The plaintiff’s continuing malicious prosecution claim cannot succeed because
                                       3

the sexual assault charge was supported by probable cause throughout the

criminal proceeding, the prosecutors had the same facts and evidence as the

detective had, and the prosecutors made the decision to continue the

prosecution. The plaintiff’s constitutional tort claims cannot go forward for the

reasons set forth in Burnett v. Smith, ___ N.W.2d ___, ___, 2023 WL 3261944, at

*3–16 (Iowa May 5, 2023), decided earlier this term. Therefore, we affirm the

district court judgment.

      II. Background Facts and Proceedings.

      A. The Sexual Assault, Investigation, and Criminal Trial. Early on the

morning of Saturday, February 16, 2013, at around 4:30 a.m., L.M. was brutally

raped and assaulted at a house in Iowa City. The house had been rented by

several individuals, including Joshua Venckus. That night a party had taken

place at the house; L.M. had been invited and became intoxicated. She fell asleep

on a couch in the main living room, only to be awakened by the horrible

sensation of someone pinning her down and cutting off her breathing. When later

interviewed, she remembered two distinct attacks, about ten seconds apart from

each other.

      L.M. ran out of the house screaming for help. Nearby, John Munn had

been working on his son’s car to get it thawed out and running. Munn heard

L.M.’s cries for help and went to her. Munn also saw a man leave via the same

door that L.M. had exited and then go back in that door. L.M. grabbed Munn and

said, “[P]lease help me. They raped me.”
                                        4

      Munn started walking L.M. in the direction of the Iowa City Police

Department. En route, they ran into an officer who had been dispatched on an

unrelated call. More officers were summoned. L.M. was badly bruised and

bleeding, and she had been bitten on her back. At the scene, L.M. told a police

officer that there had been an attacker, followed by a pause of about two minutes,

and then the attacker had jumped on her again, going for her throat. L.M. fought

back, kicking and hitting until her attacker got up and ran out the door.

      An ambulance took L.M. to the hospital, where she was examined and

treated for her injuries. L.M. told the sexual assault nurse examiner at the

hospital that she had been assaulted by one or two unknown male assailants.

Examiners took swabs from her fingernails, her cervix, her back where she had

been bitten, and other areas of her body and clothing.

      Andrew Rich of the Iowa City Police Department was the detective on call

and became the lead investigator on the case. He arrived at the house and met

there with other police. Together they found Venckus’s roommates asleep in their

rooms. Their bedrooms were adjacent to the room where the attack had occurred.

When they went in, the officers shouted that police were entering the building.

The roommates did not wake up immediately. Upstairs, a door was locked, so

officers had to break in to enter. It wasn’t until the residents were physically

shaken by officers that they finally got up. When interviewed, the roommates

explained that they didn’t know what had happened. They also said that

Venckus—their friend and roommate—had been in Chicago that weekend. One
                                        5

of the roommates initially said “Josh” had been at the party, but later took back

that statement.

      The residence also contained a basement apartment that could be entered

only through a separate outdoor entrance. Venckus and another man used that

apartment. The other man was found asleep when police entered. Police

discovered that a window to that basement apartment had been opened and

found a handprint on the window, a boot print on a chair inside the window, and

a wallet just outside in the window well. The wallet belonged to Ryan Markley.

When investigators searched Markley’s residence, they found that his boot

matched the print they had found. They also recovered a marijuana pipe in

Markley’s apartment that had been taken from the basement apartment.

      Initially, the police focused their investigation solely on Markley. However,

DNA testing on the samples taken from L.M.’s body and clothing returned two

different male DNA profiles as contributors: Markley’s and an unknown second

person’s. This unknown male’s DNA was found in skin cells in L.M.’s underwear,

as a contributor to DNA from the fingernail swabs, and as a contributor to the

bite mark. Additionally, a sperm from this unknown male was microscopically

identified in L.M.’s underwear, and a sperm fraction was found on her dress.

Sperm from this individual was later found on the victim’s cervix. Investigators

tested DNA from all males known to have attended the party, but couldn’t find a

match.

      Detective Rich turned his attention to getting a sample from Venckus. By

now, it was late August 2013. Detective Rich went to the house again and was
                                       6

told by one of the roommates that Venckus was no longer living there and that

they did not know where he was living. On October 21, Detective Rich was able

to reach Venckus on the phone. Venckus said that he had been out of town when

the sexual assault took place but that he would come in and talk to Detective

Rich. For about three weeks after that, Detective Rich was unable to reach

Venckus. Then, on November 12, Detective Rich spoke with Venckus again. He

came in for an interview later that day. Venckus told Detective Rich he had been

in Chicago with his parents when the assault happened and consented to

providing a DNA sample. In early January 2014, testing confirmed that he was

the second unknown male contributor.

      Detective Rich and another detective arranged for Venckus to come into

the police department for further questioning on January 24, 2014—almost one

year after the assault. Venckus stood by his story and told investigators that he

had been in Chicago that weekend visiting family. He said that he saw a movie

with them on Friday night at around 9 p.m. Venckus told investigators that he

wasn’t sure how he got to Chicago that weekend—either he took a bus or got a

ride from a friend. As he explained, he didn’t have a car. Venckus offered his

bank card and cell phone to the detectives as ways to verify that he was not in

Iowa City that weekend.

      Venckus had purchased a new phone on February 17, 2013, the day after

the attack. He said that he used cheap, prepaid cell phones but kept the same

SIM card so his phone number didn’t change. Bank card records later showed
                                        7

that a food purchase and a movie ticket purchase had been made in the Chicago

area on February 15, 2013.

      At the end of the interview, Venckus was arrested based on a warrant that

Detective Rich had obtained that same day. Venckus was jailed following the

arrest, but six days later he was released on bond. At the January 30, 2014 bond

modification hearing, a sheriff’s deputy overheard Venckus’s mother tell

someone on her cell phone that “they made me say he was in Chicago.”

      Venckus was charged by trial information on February 5, 2014, with

second-degree sexual abuse, a class “B” felony. See Iowa Code § 709.3 (2013).

Venckus pleaded not guilty and asserted an alibi defense.

      Anne Lahey, Assistant Johnson County Attorney, was the lead prosecutor

assigned to Venckus’s case. She was an experienced prosecutor who had tried

many sexual assault cases. Two other prosecutors—Dana Christiansen and

Naeda Elliot—assisted Lahey on the case.

      Detective Rich followed up on Venckus’s alibi. Venckus’s claim of having

been in Chicago for the weekend was supported by his roommates and family.

In addition, a Chicago-area attorney later testified in deposition that he had met

with Venckus in his law office at about 2 p.m. on Friday afternoon, February 15,

2013. However, Detective Rich couldn’t find any records of Venckus having taken

a bus to Chicago. He also interviewed the friend who would have driven Venckus

had he not taken the bus. The friend told police he had driven Venckus that

weekend, but he failed a polygraph test.
                                        8

      Venckus’s counsel provided a web-based file-sharing service to Detective

Rich and to prosecutors. Venckus’s counsel uploaded information they viewed

as exculpatory that they might use as exhibits onto this shared drive. Every time

Venckus’s counsel would upload a document, Detective Rich and the

prosecutors received notice and access to the document.

      In addition to his alibi, Venckus’s defense centered on the theory of

transferred DNA. That is, Venckus’s expert opined that DNA from Venckus’s

blanket—which had been used to cover L.M. when she went to sleep in the living

room—had transferred from Markley’s wet penis or finger to L.M. during the

attack. Venckus’s blanket had been “replete” with his DNA, and Venckus claimed

he would use it to clean up after sex or masturbation. Meanwhile, Venckus’s

expert witness noted that the quantity of Venckus’s sperm found on L.M. was

not consistent with ejaculation. She additionally emphasized that L.M.’s blood

had been found on the inside of Markley’s jeans, her skin cells had been found

in the fly of his jeans, and Markley’s skin cells had been found in her cervix.

Lahey, however, recalled being told by her experts that it was “almost impossible”

for transferred DNA to have ended up on a cervical swab, as it had in this case.

Detective Rich recalled the same.

      Venckus and Markley were set for a joint trial. Detective Rich was deposed

for a second time on April 1, 2016. At that time, Detective Rich made admissions

that there was no evidence that more than one person committed a sex act with

L.M. He also testified that based on the evidence, it leaned more heavily toward

Venckus being the person who had committed the sex act. Detective Rich also
                                        9

admitted that he had not found any connection between Markley and Venckus.

On April 15, the district court granted Markley’s motion for severance. This

meant that Markley’s trial was set to proceed as scheduled on May 17; a new

date was ordered for Venckus’s trial.

      Markley’s counsel had been pressing the Johnson County Attorney’s Office

to enter into a plea agreement with their client. On May 4, a plea deal was

reached in which Markley entered a guilty plea to second-degree burglary, a

class “C” felony, and an Alford guilty plea to assault with intent to commit sexual

abuse without injury, an aggravated misdemeanor. See Iowa Code § 708.1; id.

§§ 709.1, .11; id. §§ 713.1, .5(1)(b), (2). Sentencing was held open, and Markley

agreed to make himself available to Detective Rich for a proffer interview and to

testify at Venckus’s trial if requested. Detective Rich was present at the meeting

where the plea agreement was discussed and supported it. Lahey was opposed

to the agreement but was overruled by her superiors. She ended up signing the

agreement.

      Venckus went to trial beginning September 6. Lahey did not believe

Markley was credible and did not call him as a witness. After the State rested its

case-in-chief, Venckus moved for a judgment of acquittal; the motion was denied.

He moved again at the conclusion of evidence; this motion was also denied. The

case was submitted to the jury at the end of the day on September 20. At

3:30 p.m. the next day, the jury returned a verdict of not guilty. Venckus’s record

was expunged the following day.
                                           10

      B. Civil Proceedings. After his acquittal, Venckus filed a petition asserting

claims against Detective Rich and the City of Iowa City, collectively the “city

defendants,” for defamation, abuse of process, and malicious prosecution. He

asserted claims against Lahey, Elliott, Christiansen, and Johnson County,

collectively the “county defendants,” for abuse of process. Against all defendants,

Venckus alleged claims arising directly under the Iowa Constitution. These

included violations of the right to freedom of movement and association under

article I, section 1; the right to liberty under article I, section 1; the right to due

process, a fair trial, and equal protection under article I, sections 6 and 9; and

the right against unreasonable seizure under article I, section 8.

      The defendants filed a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, which

the Johnson County District Court initially granted. Venckus then filed a motion

for reconsideration, and on reconsideration, the district court denied the motion

to dismiss in its entirety.

      The defendants sought interlocutory appeal. We granted the application

and retained the appeal. We issued an opinion where we affirmed in part,

reversed in part, and remanded. Venckus I, 930 N.W.2d at 810.

      We found that the Iowa Municipal Tort Claims Act (IMTCA) applied to

Venckus’s claims. Id. at 807–09. On the merits, we determined that—with one

exception—all    claims    against   the   county    defendants    related   to   their

prosecutorial roles and therefore were barred by judicial process immunity. Id.

at 805. The exception was a claim that the county defendants had filed an ethics
                                        11

complaint against Venckus’s defense attorney solely to bully and distract her. Id.

As to that claim, we held that dismissal had been properly denied. Id.

      With respect to the city defendants, we ordered dismissal of the defamation

claim on the ground it was time-barred. Id. at 807–09; see Iowa Code § 670.5

(2018). However, we affirmed the district court’s refusal to dismiss the

malicious-prosecution and abuse-of-process claims because the record was not

well-enough developed to determine whether they might be time-barred or

covered by judicial process immunity. Venckus I, 930 N.W.2d at 809–10.

      On remand, the case continued. The district court ordered Venckus to file

a second amended petition to clarify the legal and factual bases for his remaining

claims. In Venckus’s second amended petition, he limited his claims against the

city defendants to “continuing” malicious prosecution and constitutional tort

claims. Thereafter, the district court granted the county defendants’ motion to

dismiss the remaining claim against them arising out of their filing of an ethics

complaint. The court determined that this claim was foreclosed by the

disciplinary-process immunity set forth in Iowa Court Rule 34.12.

      Subsequently, the city defendants filed a motion for summary judgment

on the remaining claims. The district court granted the motion in full. Regarding

the continuing malicious prosecution claim, the district court concluded that it

was not recognized by Iowa law. Additionally, the court noted that even if it were

recognized, the claim would be barred on other grounds:

      [T]he Johnson County Attorney’s Office staff . . . continued the
      prosecution of Plaintiff after the criminal charges had been filed, not
      Defendant Rich. Plaintiff has offered no specific evidentiary fact to
      show that Defendants’ basis for probable cause should have
                                        12

      changed throughout the course of the investigation and prosecution,
      particularly where the DNA evidence that initially brought Plaintiff
      into light as a suspect did not change throughout the proceedings
      and even was found to have been inside the victim. The State’s trial
      information naming Plaintiff was approved by the Johnson County
      District Court. . . . [A]t no point in the criminal proceedings did any
      order from the Court or any evidence in general exclude the
      likelihood of Plaintiff’s DNA being found on the victim. Even if he
      had reason to do so, Defendant Rich did not have the ability to tell
      the prosecution to stop their case against Plaintiff, once it had been
      initiated and as it continued. Then-Assistant Johnson County
      Attorney Anne Lahey’s testimony has been that she continued to
      believe throughout the course of the case that Plaintiff was guilty.

      The district went on to hold that Venckus’s constitutional claims were

invalid for several independent reasons. To begin, the court concluded that direct

constitutional claims under Godfrey v. State, 898 N.W.2d 844 (Iowa 2017), were

not available against municipalities or municipal employees. The court also

found that article I, section 1 of the Iowa Constitution was not self-executing,

and that as for the remaining claims, the city defendants were absolutely

immune from suit because their conduct fell within the judicial process

immunity. Additionally, the court determined that the claims would also be

barred by discretionary function immunity, the “all due care” immunity

articulated in Baldwin v. City of Estherville, 915 N.W.2d 259, 279–81 (Iowa

2018), and qualified immunity. Accordingly, the district court granted summary

judgment in favor of the city defendants on all remaining claims.

      Venckus appealed, and we again retained the appeal.

      III. Standard of Review.

      “A motion for summary judgment is appropriately granted when ‘there is

no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to
                                       13

a judgment as a matter of law.’ ” Godfrey, 898 N.W.2d at 847 (quoting Iowa R.

Civ. P. 1.981(3)). “On motion for summary judgment, the court must: (1) view

the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, and (2) consider on

behalf of the nonmoving party every legitimate inference reasonably deduced

from the record.” Garrison v. New Fashion Pork LLP, 977 N.W.2d 67, 76 (Iowa

2022) (quoting Morris v. Legends Fieldhouse Bar & Grill, LLC, 958 N.W.2d 817,

821 (Iowa 2021)). We review a district court ruling on summary judgment for

correction of errors at law. Quality Plus Feeds, Inc. v. Compeer Fin., FLCA, 984

N.W.2d 437, 444 (Iowa 2023).

      IV. Analysis.

      A. Malicious Prosecution Claim. We begin by addressing Venckus’s

continuing malicious prosecution claim. Malicious prosecution is a common law

tort, and Venckus is asserting it against the City and Detective Rich—i.e., a

municipality and its employee acting within the scope of his employment. See

Iowa Code §§ 670.1, .2. Accordingly, this claim is governed by the IMTCA. Id.

§ 670.2; Venckus I, 930 N.W.2d at 807–09. The IMTCA, unlike the Iowa Tort

Claims Act (ITCA), permits malicious prosecution claims. Compare Iowa Code

§ 669.14(4), with id. § 670.4.

      “A malicious prosecution is one that is begun in malice, without probable

cause to believe it can succeed, and which finally ends in failure.” Liberty Loan

Corp. of Des Moines v. Williams, 201 N.W.2d 462, 465–66 (Iowa 1972) (quoting

Burt v. Smith, 73 N.E. 495, 496 (N.Y. 1905)). The elements of a malicious

prosecution claim are: “(1) a previous prosecution, (2) instigation of that
                                         14

prosecution by the defendant, (3) termination of that prosecution by acquittal or

discharge of the plaintiff, (4) want of probable cause, (5) malice on the part of

[the] defendant for bringing the prosecution, and (6) damage to [the] plaintiff.”

Linn v. Montgomery, 903 N.W.2d 337, 345 (Iowa 2017) (alterations in original)

(quoting Wilson v. Hayes, 464 N.W.2d 250, 259 (Iowa 1990) (en banc)).

      In the context of civil suits for malicious prosecution, we have adopted the

probable cause standard from the Restatement (Second) of Torts. See Sisler v.

City of Centerville, 372 N.W.2d 248, 251 (Iowa 1985). That standard provides,

            One who initiates or continues criminal proceedings against
      another has probable cause for doing so if he correctly or reasonably
      believes

            (a) that the person whom he accuses has acted or failed to act
      in a particular manner, and

            (b) that those acts or omissions constitute the offense that he
      charges against the accused, and

             (c) that he is sufficiently informed as to the law and the facts
      to justify him in initiating or continuing the prosecution.

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 662, at 423 (Am. L. Inst. 1977). Under this

standard, Detective Rich had probable cause sufficient to defeat a malicious

prosecution claim if he reasonably believed that Venckus had committed sexual

assault. See id.; Sisler, 372 N.W.2d at 251. “[It] is well settled that the discharge

of a defendant in a criminal prosecution does not raise even a presumption of

want of probable cause.” Gordon v. Noel, 356 N.W.2d 559, 562 (Iowa 1984)

(alteration in original) (quoting Philpot v. Lucas, 70 N.W. 625, 626 (Iowa 1897)).

      In asking us to affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment, the

defendants first argue that Venckus is relying on a tort of “continuing” malicious
                                       15

prosecution that does not exist under Iowa law. Venckus responds that limiting

malicious prosecution to the point of arrest would make that claim redundant to

false arrest. In his view, if probable cause dissipates at some point, yet the

prosecution continues, individuals responsible for continuing the criminal

proceedings may be held liable for malicious prosecution. In that connection,

Venckus urges us to adopt the Restatement (Second) of Torts section 655,

entitled, “Continuing Criminal Proceedings.” That provision says, “A private

person who takes an active part in continuing or procuring the continuation of

criminal proceedings initiated by himself or by another is subject to the same

liability for malicious prosecution as if he had then initiated the proceedings.”

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 655, at 413.

      Other jurisdictions and legal encyclopedias have acknowledged the

viability of continuing malicious prosecution claims. See Zamos v. Stroud, 87

P.3d 802, 810 (Cal. 2004) (“[A]n attorney may be held liable for malicious

prosecution for continuing to prosecute a lawsuit discovered to lack probable

cause.”); Arquette v. State, 290 P.3d 493, 500 (Haw. 2012) (“We hold that

continuing to prosecute an action without probable cause is included in the tort

of malicious prosecution.”); Beaman v. Freesmeyer, 131 N.E.3d 488, 499 (Ill.

2019) (“[A] person can be liable for commencing or continuing a malicious

prosecution even if that person does not ultimately wield prosecutorial power or

actively deceive prosecutors.” (emphasis added)); 52 Am. Jur. 2d Malicious

Prosecution § 24, at 214 (2021) (“Even if there was probable cause for the

commencement of an action, if the person afterwards acquires the means of
                                        16

asserting the charge was not well founded, the failure to intervene and have the

prosecution discontinued or to sever his or her connection with it subjects that

person to malicious prosecution liability.”); 54 C.J.S. Malicious Prosecution § 13,

at 815 (2020) (“A cause of action for malicious prosecution is not limited to the

situation where the present defendant initiated the prior proceeding, and one

who plays an active role in continuing an unfounded criminal proceeding when

otherwise it would have been terminated may be liable for malicious

prosecution.” (footnotes omitted)). Furthermore, the reporter’s note to section

655 cites a nineteenth-century case from our court—Johnson v. Miller, 17 N.W.

34 (Iowa 1883)—“in support of the rule stated.” Restatement (Second) of Torts

Appendix § 655, reporter’s note, at 355 (Am. L. Inst. 1981).

      Notably, section 655 refers to “[a] private person,” although it has been

applied frequently to police and other public officials. Restatement (Second) of

Torts § 655, at 413; see Beaman, 131 N.E.3d at 490 (involving police officer

defendants); see also Pierce v. Gilchrist, 359 F.3d 1279, 1292 (10th Cir. 2004)

(applying section 655 to a claim against a police department forensic chemist for

“provid[ing] several false oral and written reports and withh[olding] exculpatory

evidence from [the police department] and the District Attorney’s office”);

Starks v. City of Waukegan, 123 F. Supp. 3d 1036, 1061 (N.D. Ill. 2015) (“[E]ven

if Waukegan Defendants had probable cause to arrest Starks, they still can be

liable for malicious prosecution if they ‘t[ook] an active part in the[] prosecution

after learning that there [wa]s no probable cause for believing the accused
                                                 17

guilty.’ ”) (first alteration added) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 655,

cmt. c, at 414).1

       Even assuming that we would recognize a tort of continuing malicious

prosecution against a police officer—which we do not decide today—Venckus’s

claim still falls short for at least two reasons. First, at all times from his arrest

until his acquittal, there remained probable cause to pursue the charge against

Venckus. The ongoing existence of probable cause is fatal to Venckus’s

continuing prosecution claim. See Limone v. United States, 579 F.3d 79, 91

(1st Cir. 2009) (explaining that continuing malicious prosecution requires “an

insistence that the prosecution go forward even after it has become clear that

probable cause is lacking”); Mitchell v. City of Boston, 130 F. Supp. 2d 201, 216

(D. Mass. 2001) (“[E]ven if [the defendant police officer’s] attempts to revivify a

faltering prosecution constitute malicious prosecution, the existence of probable

cause dooms this claim.”); Rodriguez v. City of Moses Lake, 243 P.3d 552, 555

(Wash. Ct. App. 2010) (finding that malicious prosecution claims against a city

and city fire marshal were properly dismissed where “probable cause continued

until the conflicting evidence was weighed at trial and resolved in favor of [the

plaintiff]”).

       1The  Restatement confines the tort of malicious prosecution to “private persons” for the
following reasons:
       The rule stated in this Section is applicable only to private persons who initiate or
       procure the institution of criminal proceedings. It has no application to public
       officials charged with the enforcement of criminal law in the performance of their
       public duty. These officials are protected from civil liability by an absolute privilege
       that is incident to their official position. The absolute privilege of a public
       prosecutor is stated in § 656.
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 653 cmt. e, at 408.
                                        18

      Most importantly, DNA evidence linked Venckus directly to the crime;

indeed, his DNA was found in the victim’s cervix. Venckus contends that the

quality and quantity of his DNA evidence—particularly the absence of skin cells

and seminal fluid—indicate that DNA transfer from his blanket was the only

possible explanation for the presence of his DNA on L.M. Certainly, there was

more physical evidence connecting Markley to the rape than Venckus. However,

Lahey testified that although the DCI lab couldn’t totally rule out the defendant’s

transfer theory, it would be almost impossible for sperm to show up on a cervical

swab through a chain of transfer from Venckus to Venckus’s blanket to Markley

to L.M. In sum, Venckus’s DNA transfer theory does not defeat probable cause.

      Also, other than an attorney whose visit with Venckus occurred more than

twelve hours before the sexual assault, the individuals supporting Venckus’s

Chicago-area alibi defense were exclusively friends and family. Venckus could

not definitively say how he got to Chicago that weekend. No record of a bus ticket

was found, and the friend who purportedly drove Venckus failed a polygraph

test. Notably, Venckus replaced his cell phone the day after the attack.

      Lahey believed that Venckus’s roommates and family may have been trying

to protect him. None of the roommates recalled hearing the attack despite their

rooms being adjacent to the living room where it occurred. Munn described

L.M.’s screams as being so loud that he mistook them for cats howling. Still,

none of the roommates reported hearing anything. The morning following the

assault, officers had to physically shake the roommates to wake them up, even

after announcing “police” as they entered the house. When interviewed, one of
                                       19

the roommates initially said that “Josh” had been at the apartment. At the bond

modification hearing, a sheriff’s deputy overhead Venckus’s mother tell someone

on her cell phone that “they made me say he was in Chicago.”

      None of this is to question the jury verdict exonerating Venckus. But a

malicious prosecution claim—continuing or otherwise—requires a lack of

probable cause. Probable cause existed here. A close reading of Venckus’s

briefing suggests that Venckus’s real complaint has to do with Detective Rich’s

evolving and sometimes contradictory views about the case. Venckus points to a

“change of opinion” that Rich underwent at trial, where Rich conceded for the

first time that Venckus must have been in the Chicago area the weekend of

February 15–17 but could offer no explanation for how Venckus got back to Iowa

City in time to commit the crime.

      Detective Rich’s beliefs and opinions about the case may be relevant to the

element of malice, but they do not demonstrate a lack of probable cause.

Probable cause would depend on the evidence itself, not what one police officer

thought about it.

      We have said that for probable cause, “[t]he police need not have firm

evidence which might lead to a conviction, or even to an indictment, but merely

sufficient information to cause a reasonable man to believe that [the] defendant

was involved in [a crime].” State v. Horton, 625 N.W.2d 362, 365 (Iowa 2001) (en

banc) (alterations in original) (quoting State v. Freeman, 297 N.W.2d 363, 366

(Iowa 1980)).
                                         20

       In further support of his continuing malicious prosecution claim, Venckus

also criticizes Detective Rich over the plea deal with Markley. But the appropriate

person to complain about that deal is L.M., not Venckus. The fighting issue here

is not whether Markley received a favorable deal, but whether Venckus was

prosecuted without probable cause. We agree with the district court that he was

not.

       There is a second reason why Venckus’s continuing malicious prosecution

claim fails: Detective Rich did not, as a factual matter, cause the prosecution to

continue. Everything he knew, the prosecutors knew. All of the exculpatory

information provided by Venckus’s counsel on the file-sharing service went to

both Rich and the prosecutors. Lahey testified that even if Rich had wanted to

dismiss the case, he wouldn’t have been able to, since that decision rested within

the discretion of the prosecutors. And Lahey believed in the case. She thought

there was evidence that negated Venckus’s alibi, she believed that he had

attended the party, she found the DNA evidence compelling, and she personally

rejected an invitation to dismiss the charges against Venckus.

       With respect to a traditional malicious prosecution claim, we require the

plaintiff to show the defendant instigated the prosecution. Sergeant v. Watson

Bros. Transp. Co., 52 N.W.2d 86, 90–91 (Iowa 1952). “To instigate the

prosecution means that the party against whom damages are sought was the

proximate and efficient cause of maliciously putting the law in motion.” Id. at 91.

       In order to charge a private person with responsibility for the
       initiation of proceedings by a public official, it must therefore appear
       that his desire to have the proceedings initiated, expressed by
       direction, request or pressure of any kind, was the determining
                                         21

      factor in the official’s decision to commence the prosecution, or that
      the information furnished by him upon which the official acted was
      known to be false.

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 653, cmt. g, at 409; see also Linn, 903 N.W.2d

at 346 (“[T]he plaintiff must prove the official would not have brought charges in

the absence of the false information the defendant knowingly supplied.”).

      Jurisdictions recognizing the continuing malicious prosecution tort

impose similar causation standards, which Venckus is unable to meet here. See

Mitchell v. Victoria Home, 434 F. Supp. 2d 219, 228 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (stating that

an investigator’s testimony “that he had ‘input’ with prosecutors” was

insufficient to indicate that he was “responsible for initiating or continuing

plaintiff’s prosecution” and pointing out that the investigator neither created

false information nor withheld material evidence); Walsh v. Eberlein, 560 P.2d

1249, 1252–53 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1976) (finding police officer not liable for malicious

prosecution where the prosecutor had access to the same information as the

officer and was in control of the case); Holt v. City of Chicago, ___ N.E.3d ___, ___,

2022 WL 2354880, at *19 (Ill. App. Ct. June 30, 2022) (rejecting malicious

prosecution claim where, among other things, the plaintiff “failed to prove that

[the defendant detective] played a significant role in causing his prosecution or

did anything that overcame prosecutorial independence” and noting that the

prosecutor “believed that the evidence supported [the plaintiff’s] prosecution to

a conviction”); 8 Stuart M. Speiser et al., The American Law of Torts § 28:6, at

553–54 (2011) (“A defendant has not ‘caused a prosecution’ in the sense that

renders him or her liable when the defendant acts only in subordination to the
                                          22

prosecuting attorney and under the latter’s directions nor when the defendant

states the bare facts as to the plaintiff’s conduct to the prosecuting attorney,

leaving the attorney to judge the propriety of proceeding with the charge . . . .”).

      This is not a case where Detective Rich knowingly provided false

information to the prosecutors or knowingly withheld material information. Cf.

Rasmussen Buick-GMC, Inc. v. Roach, 314 N.W.2d 374, 377 (Iowa 1982) (holding

that causation was established when “[t]he jury could have found there would

have been no prosecution absent the false information furnished by [the

defendant]”); see also Mut. Med. Plans, Inc. v. County of Peoria, 309 F. Supp. 2d

1067, 1081 (C.D. Ill. 2004) (“The [Plaintiffs] do not cite, nor is the Court aware

of any case in which a malicious prosecution claim against the investigating

officer has survived summary judgment when the record reflects that the

investigator disclosed all the fruits of his investigation to the prosecutor.”);

Johnson, 17 N.W. at 38–39 (indicating that the defendants could be legally

responsible for the prosecutor’s declining to dismiss the proceeding where the

prosecutor did so based on “information derived from the defendants, and the

jury . . . found [specifically] they did not state to such officer all the facts within

their knowledge”). Accordingly, we agree with the district court that Venckus’s

continuing malicious prosecution claim against Detective Rich also fails for lack

of causation.

      For these two reasons, we hold that the district court properly granted

summary judgment to the city defendants on Venckus’s continuing malicious
                                                23

prosecution claim. We do not reach whether the claim might be barred on other

grounds as well.

       B. Constitutional Tort Claims. We now turn to Venckus’s direct claims

for damages under article I, section 1; article I, section 8; and article I, section 9

of the Iowa Constitution. For the reasons stated in Burnett, ___ N.W.2d at ___,

2023 WL 3261944, at *3–16, we conclude that such claims are not available.

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of these claims as well.2

       V. Conclusion.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary

judgment to the city defendants.

       AFFIRMED.

       2The   city defendants in this case have also called for us to overrule Godfrey, 898 N.W.2d
844.