Court Opinion

ID: 9897220
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-14 19:08:49.542509+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:15:39.748815
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                              Jun 08 2023, 10:47 am

                                                                    CLERK
                                                               Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                  Court of Appeals
                                                                    and Tax Court

                          IN THE

   Indiana Supreme Court
            Supreme Court Case No. 21S–LW–333

                  Donald R. Owen, Jr.,
                            Appellant,

                               –v–

                     State of Indiana,
                            Appellee.

         Argued: October 11, 2022 | Decided: June 8, 2023

Direct Appeal from the Elkhart Circuit Court, No. 20C01–1912–MR–6

          The Honorable Michael A. Christofeno, Judge

                  Opinion by Justice Slaughter
  Chief Justice Rush and Justices Massa, Goff, and Molter concur.
Slaughter, Justice.

    Defendant, Donald R. Owen, Jr., was an acknowledged gang leader in
Elkhart County. When members of the local Latin Kings gang believed a
woman among them was a police snitch, they interrogated her, roughed
her up, and eventually killed her—but not before contacting Owen, who
later arrived at the scene and both supervised and participated in
torturing and killing her brutally. Once she was dead, Owen oversaw
cleaning up the crime scene. Then he stuffed her corpse into a trash can,
drove it to Michigan, hid it in a ditch, and covered it with weeds and
camouflage.

    A jury convicted Owen of murder, felony robbery resulting in serious
bodily injury, and two counts of criminal confinement. During sentencing,
the jury found three statutory aggravators beyond a reasonable doubt and
recommended a sentence of life without parole for the murder conviction,
which the trial court adopted. In this direct appeal, Owen argues there
was insufficient evidence that he was a major participant in the murder
and insufficient evidence that he committed the murder in furtherance of
a criminal organization. He also argues the trial court abused its discretion
by declining to adopt his proposed jury instructions and by relying on
sentencing factors not supported by the record. We affirm.

                                              I

                                             A

    One evening in October 2019, Kim Dyer visited a house in Elkhart
County. She brought an acquaintance, Rob Porter, a known drug dealer,
who planned to sell marijuana to others at the house. Those others
included Mario Angulo and Matthew Murzynski, both members of the
Latin Kings gang. Everyone at the house that evening was socializing and
using drugs.

   At some point that night, the mood turned. Angulo, Murzynski, and
another woman named Hope Lowry suspected Dyer of associating with a
rival gang and began searching her possessions. They found a notebook
containing a diagram of the house and a list of names, including people at
the house who were Latin Kings members. Murzynski then directed Dyer

Indiana Supreme Court | Case No. 21S-LW-333 | June 8, 2023         Page 2 of 18
to the basement. There, they interrogated her, accused her of being a
police snitch, and began roughing her up.

   Angulo then contacted another Latin Kings member, Defendant,
Donald Owen, and asked him to come by because things were getting
“serious”. Angulo also told Owen that he may need to bring a weapon,
and that he had an opportunity to commit a robbery. Owen pressed
Angulo for more details, but Angulo was in over his head and needed
Owen’s help: “I wish I could tell you, but I can’t . . . I need your help”.

    After a few hours Tylor Saunders, the house’s owner, went to the
basement and saw that Dyer looked distraught, had puffy cheeks, a
busted lip, and a red face. She “looked like she had been roughed up.”
Dyer’s boyfriend, Jose Lopez, Jr., tried to get Angulo and Murzynski to
release Dyer, but they said they could not let her go for fear she would go
to the police. At that time, Porter was guarding Dyer in the basement and
holding a rifle. Lopez then left the house. Murzynski told Saunders the
situation with Dyer was a “big Latin King thing”.

   Later that night, Angulo and Lowry turned on Porter. They accused
him of raping Dyer while they were in the basement. Then they forced
Porter back downstairs, where he saw Dyer. She was zip-tied and looked
“like she got her ass kicked.” And her mouth was taped shut to muffle her
cries and screams.

      About this time, Owen arrived at the house, carrying a knife and
wearing surgical gloves as well as a bandana that covered his face. He
took control of the situation. According to Porter, “when [Owen] said
something to [Angulo and Murzynski], they listened. And they basically
. . . [looked] to him for guidance.” Owen later said he had been called to
“lay the house down”, which means to “show your authority” and that
“actions stop[ped]” when he came in. Owen acted “like he [was] the
boss.”

   Owen promptly robbed Porter of his jewelry, beat him, and zip-tied
him. Owen then began questioning Dyer about being an informant.
During the questioning, Owen removed his bandana and said “there was
no point in having it on now because [Dyer knew she was] gonna die.”

Indiana Supreme Court | Case No. 21S-LW-333 | June 8, 2023           Page 3 of 18
After his questioning, Owen returned upstairs to the kitchen. Murzynski
took Porter up to the kitchen, where Owen beat him again. Then
Murzynski took out a cellphone and made Porter record a video in which
he accepted blame for what happened to Dyer. After the forced
confession, Owen made Porter crawl into a nearby dog cage and ordered
him to put out a cigarette on his own tongue. Finally, Owen had Porter
write down the names of his children and threatened to kill his family if
he ever told anyone what happened that night. While in the kitchen,
Porter saw Owen and Murzynski perform the Latin Kings handshake,
forming a crown with their hands.

    Porter was then sent back to the basement. He heard Owen tell
Murzynski to “[m]ake him [Porter] go to sleep and make her [Dyer] go to
sleep.” In the basement, Porter saw that Dyer was still zip-tied, beaten,
duct-taped, and her head was shaved. Porter also overheard Murzynski
and Angulo discussing they had cut off some of her toes. Murzynski and
Angulo then began pouring bleach down Dyer’s throat with a hose, and
they duct-taped her body from her head to her shoulders until she looked
like a “mummy”. Angulo told Porter he would need to help strangle Dyer
if he ever wanted to leave the house alive. As Porter helped Angulo
strangle Dyer with the hose, Owen entered the basement. Porter
eventually let go and saw Dyer gasp for air. As Porter tried to leave the
house, Owen followed him outside and cut his wrist with a bowie knife,
leaving a deep cut.

    Owen returned to the basement and was there when Angulo grabbed a
broken beer bottle and slit Dyer’s throat. She fell to the ground and
“flop[ped] like a fish”. Owen never intervened. After the murder, Owen
“tagged” the room by spraying his name, “King Duke”, and other Latin
Kings symbols on the basement walls. He then led the effort to clean up
the messy crime scene. He put Dyer’s body into a trash can, moved the
trash can into a car, and helped drive it to Michigan, where he hid it in a
ditch and covered it in weeds and camouflage.

   Lopez, Dyer’s boyfriend, later heard that she had been killed. He
returned to Saunders’s house, where he found all the carpeting and
furniture removed and the walls still covered in graffiti. Lopez told

Indiana Supreme Court | Case No. 21S-LW-333 | June 8, 2023          Page 4 of 18
officers that Dyer had been killed and directed them to Saunders’s house.
The officers found Dyer’s body in Michigan. The autopsy revealed she
had sustained as many as eighty-three distinct, gruesome injuries. From
the autopsy results, the medical examiner concluded Dyer died as a result
of multiple, contributing injuries, “including the blunt force injuries, the
sharp force injury to the neck, and the asphyxia”.

                                             B

   Following Dyer’s murder, Owen fled to Texas, where he was later
arrested, and then transported back to Elkhart County for trial. The State
charged him with murder, Level 2 felony robbery resulting in serious
bodily injury, and two counts of Level 3 felony criminal confinement. The
State also notified Owen of its intent to seek life imprisonment without
parole. The jury ultimately found Owen guilty of all charges.

    Between the guilt and penalty phases of the trial, Owen asked the trial
court to give two non-pattern jury instructions involving “major
participant” status. The trial court declined to give either proposed
instruction because “none of the instructions [were] pattern instructions”
and “the proposed instructions [were] already part of the cumulative
instructions, which the Court [was going to] give on phase II of the trial.”

    During the penalty phase, the State introduced testimony from two
witnesses. The first was Julie Koets, who worked with Michiana
Community Corrections. She testified that during October 2019, Owen
was serving out a sentence through the Elkhart County Jail for unrelated
crimes. The Elkhart County sheriff controls the jail. But rather than serve
his sentence in custody, Owen had qualified for in–home detention
through the local community corrections and was on this detention when
he killed Dyer.

    The State’s other witness, Lieutenant Kyle Dombrowski of the South
Bend Police Department, testified about criminal organizations in Indiana
generally and the Latin Kings specifically. He explained that factors such
as self-admission, hand signs or handshakes, tattoos, and graffiti are used
to identify if someone is affiliated with a criminal organization. After
testifying that the Latin Kings is a criminal organization, Dombrowski

Indiana Supreme Court | Case No. 21S-LW-333 | June 8, 2023          Page 5 of 18
explained that the Latin Kings view talking to law enforcement as a
“cardinal sin”.

   Dombrowski also discussed the symbols spray-painted on the walls of
Saunders’s basement. He confirmed that the paint’s color, the name “King
Duke”, and the crown symbol are all “particularly associated” with the
Latin Kings. The purpose of this “tagging” was “to broadcast that
association, whether or not only for themselves or whoever’s involved in
doing it, but for the organization itself.”

    Under Indiana Code section 35-50-2-9(a), the State may seek a life-
without-parole sentence for murder by proving beyond a reasonable
doubt the existence of at least one of the aggravating circumstances listed
in subsection 9(b). Here, the jury found the State had proved the existence
of several such aggravating circumstances: (1) that Owen committed the
murder by aiding, inducing, or causing the intentional killing of the victim
while committing or attempting to commit criminal confinement; (2) that
Owen committed the murder by aiding, inducing, or causing the
intentional killing of the victim while committing or attempting to commit
criminal organization activity; and (3) that Owen was under the custody
of a county sheriff when he committed the murder. The jury also found
that the aggravating circumstances outweighed any mitigating
circumstances and recommended a life-without-parole sentence.

    Upon the jury’s recommendation, the trial court sentenced Owen to
life without parole for murder, thirty years for robbery resulting in serious
bodily injury, and sixteen years for each count of criminal confinement, all
of which the trial court ordered to be served consecutively. The court
considered mitigating circumstances for all four convictions but
considered only the statutory aggravators for the murder charge. For
mitigating circumstances, the court found that Owen showed remorse,
committed the crime at a young age, grew up without good parents, and
had a history of addiction. For the statutory aggravators, the court agreed
with the jury and found the State had proved them beyond a reasonable
doubt and they outweighed any mitigating circumstances.

   As for Owen’s non-murder convictions, the court found numerous
aggravating circumstances, including his litany of juvenile adjudications,

Indiana Supreme Court | Case No. 21S-LW-333 | June 8, 2023         Page 6 of 18
felony offenses that were waived into adult court, and community-
corrections violations. Other aggravating circumstances the court found
were Owen’s affiliation with the Latin Kings; the torture of Kim Dyer
while she was alive, including over eighty brutal injuries; his torture of
Porter; his failure to stop Dyer’s murder; his disposal of Dyer’s body in a
trash can and later attempt to hide her body in a remote area; and his
attempt to escape justice by fleeing to Texas. Together, these “heinous,
horrific, and depraved” actions “indicate[d] to the Court that [Owen was]
not likely going to be rehabilitated” and that he had “a total disregard for
the law, authority and society.” The court reasoned that these
“aggravators taken alone or in conjunction with the others” warranted the
imposition of an enhanced sentence.

    Owen appealed, and his life-without-parole sentence means the appeal
comes directly to us, bypassing the court of appeals. Ind. Appellate Rule
4(A)(1)(a). After we heard argument, Owen sought from us a writ in aid of
our jurisdiction. His counsel represented that she learned belatedly the
trial court had recorded but not transcribed the trial’s sidebar conferences.
Counsel asked us to stay proceedings so the court reporter could
transcribe the sidebars and to give her adequate time to review the
amended transcript before deciding whether those sidebars revealed any
additional grounds to obtain appellate relief for Owen. We ordered the
trial court to produce an amended transcript of the sidebars and told
Owen to either file a supplemental brief or notify us that he would not file
a further brief within thirty days of the date the court reporter filed the
amended transcript. The court reporter filed the amended transcript with
the trial-court clerk on February 13, 2023—meaning Owen had until
March 15 to make either of the required filings with us. Owen did not file
his supplemental brief until March 20. His untimely brief means any
supplemental arguments are waived.

   Were we even to consider the additional arguments Owen raised in his
supplemental brief, we would find them to be without merit. Owen
argues he is owed a new trial because the sidebar transcripts are
inadequate and do not comply with Indiana Criminal Rule 5. That rule
requires trial courts to keep an adequate record of the proceedings to
ensure a proper, accurate, and complete record for appeal. The trial court

Indiana Supreme Court | Case No. 21S-LW-333 | June 8, 2023         Page 7 of 18
violated due process, he believes, by failing to abide by Criminal Rule 5.
But, as the State notes, the trial court explained from the outset that
courtroom acoustics made it a challenge to record sidebar conversations
effectively. The court’s proposed solution was for the parties to approach
the bench if they had an objection. At their sidebar, the objecting lawyer
would discuss the objection briefly and the proffering counsel would
respond. Once the sidebar concluded, the trial court would state the
objection and announce its ruling on the record. The trial court also
invited the parties to object on the record if the court misstated the
substance of a party’s objection. For more complicated objections, the
court suggested holding hearings outside the presence of the jury, where
the proceedings would be recorded and transcribed. Owen’s counsel
agreed to this procedure.

    By accepting the trial court’s procedure for dealing with objections,
Owen waived any objection to its application here. Owen failed to object
to this procedure below despite the court’s invitation and the opportunity
to do so. The only exception to this waiver is to review the trial court’s
actions for fundamental error. But Owen waived any claim of
fundamental error by not arguing it in his supplemental brief. See Curtis v.
State, 948 N.E.2d 1143, 1148 (Ind. 2011) (failure to allege fundamental error
in principal appellate brief results in waiver of issue). Because Owen’s
supplemental briefing preserved no valid issues for our review, we
proceed to the merits of the dispute, as set forth in the parties’ original
briefing.

                                             II

   Owen asserts three arguments in this direct appeal: one challenges
both his murder conviction and the corresponding life-without-parole
sentencing aggravator; two other arguments challenge his sentence. The
first argument is that (1) there was insufficient evidence that Owen was a
“major participant” in the murder of Dyer, and (2) there was insufficient
evidence that Owen murdered Dyer while also satisfying one of the
statutory aggravators for imposing a life-without-parole sentence. We
hold there was sufficient evidence both to find that Owen was a major
participant and to support two of the statutory aggravators. The second

Indiana Supreme Court | Case No. 21S-LW-333 | June 8, 2023          Page 8 of 18
argument is that the trial court abused its discretion in declining to
instruct the jury as Owen proposed. We hold there was no abuse of
discretion. The third argument is that the other aggravating factors, not
relating to the life-without-parole sentence, were not supported by the
record. We hold the record supports these other aggravators and thus
affirm the trial court’s judgment in all respects.

                                             A

   Sufficiency-of-the-evidence arguments trigger a deferential standard of
appellate review, in which we “neither reweigh the evidence nor judge
witness credibility, instead reserving those matters to the province of the
jury.” Brantley v. State, 91 N.E.3d 566, 570 (Ind. 2018) (citing Drane v. State,
867 N.E.2d 144, 146–47 (Ind. 2007)). We consider only “the probative
evidence and reasonable inferences supporting the verdict”. Matheney v.
State, 583 N.E.2d 1202, 1208 (Ind. 1992) (citing Braswell v. State, 550 N.E.2d
1280, 1284 (Ind. 1990)). From this posture, “we determine whether the
evidence constitutes substantial evidence of probative value from which a
reasonable trier of fact could find the existence of the aggravator beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Washington v. State, 808 N.E.2d 617, 626 (Ind. 2004)
(citing Fleenor v. State, 622 N.E.2d 140, 151 (Ind. 1993)).

    Owen argues there was insufficient evidence that he was a major
participant because he did not actually kill Dyer himself and was not there
for each and every event leading up to her murder. He further argues
there was insufficient evidence that he murdered Dyer to further the
interests of the Latin Kings gang. We disagree and address each argument
in turn.

                                              1

    Indiana Code section 35-50-2-9(b)(1) permits a life-without-parole
sentence only if “the defendant has committed a murder by ‘intentionally’
killing a victim while committing another crime”. Pittman v. State, 885
N.E.2d 1246, 1257 (Ind. 2008) (quoting I.C. § 35-50-2-9(b)(1)). In Ajabu v.
State, we reviewed the findings required to support aggravating
circumstances where the defendant was convicted under an accomplice
theory of criminal liability. 693 N.E.2d 921, 936 (Ind. 1998). Drawing on

Indiana Supreme Court | Case No. 21S-LW-333 | June 8, 2023            Page 9 of 18
Tison v. Arizona, we concluded that the “‘major participation’ required
by Tison as a matter of Eighth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment
law is also the requisite actus reus under subsection (b)(1).” Id. at 937
(citing Tison v. Arizona, 481 U.S. 137 (1987)). Although the actions and
intentions of confederates cannot be imputed to a defendant, “[a] person
who substantially participates but does not deliver the fatal blow may still
fall within the statute’s scope. Concerted action that produces death can
rise above simple accomplice liability and render the defendant eligible
for death or life without parole”. Ibid. (citing Miller v. State, 623 N.E.2d 403,
412–13 (Ind. 1993) (defendant’s role in planning and carrying out a plan to
kill and abduct victim was an intentional killing within subsection (b)(1)
even though a co-conspirator fired the fatal gunshot)). In Ajabu, we held
the trial court’s findings that the defendant “helped plan and substantially
participated in the robbery and burglary scheme that led to the murders
[and] was present and armed with a loaded handgun when the violence
escalated . . . . easily satisfie[d] the actus reus requirement of subsection
(b)(1).” Id. at 939.

   Additionally, by requiring that the killing be “intentional”, our general
assembly has imposed a higher degree of culpability than the Supreme
Court mandated in Tison, which required only that the killing be
committed with a “reckless indifference to human life”. Id. at 939 (quoting
Tison, 481 U.S. at 151). In contrast, our own caselaw emphasizes that the
9(b)(1) aggravating factors require a finding of intentional killing. Ibid.
(concluding that defendant’s awareness that “the probability of the
victims being killed was very high” was not sufficient to prove the killing
was intentional and satisfy 9(b)(1)’s mens rea requirement). “A person
engages in conduct ‘intentionally’ if, when he engages in the conduct, it is
his conscious objective to do so.” Id. at 938–39 (quoting I.C. § 35-41-2-2(a)
(1993)). To satisfy 9(b)(1), the defendant must have had the conscious
objective to murder the victim and to be a major participant in effectuating
the murder. Id. at 938–39.

    Such major participation in a murder requires, at least, the defendant’s
“(1) active involvement in any crimes surrounding the commission of the
murder; and (2) physical presence during the entire sequence of criminal
activity culminating in the murder and flight from the scene.” Id. at 937

Indiana Supreme Court | Case No. 21S-LW-333 | June 8, 2023            Page 10 of 18
(citing Tison, 481 U.S. at 158). While the perpetrator who delivers the fatal
blow is plainly a major participant, an accomplice need not be the “trigger
man” to qualify as a “major participant” in a murder. Ibid.

   The Supreme Court holds that the more an offender participated in the
antecedent crimes, the more likely he was a major participant in the
resulting murder. Tison, 481 U.S. at 151–52. In Tison, three brothers broke
their father and his cellmate out of prison. Id. at 139. The brothers entered
the prison with a chest full of guns, locked the guards in a storage closet,
and escaped with the prisoners, fleeing the grounds in their car. Ibid. After
the Tisons changed vehicles, their getaway car blew a tire, requiring them
to pull off to the side of the road and flag down another car for help. Id. at
139–40.

    The Tisons managed to flag down a car, which they later stole, and
kidnapped the family of four occupants. Id. at 140. After kidnapping the
family, the Tisons drove them into the desert, where the father and the
cellmate killed them. Id. at 140–41. The three brothers watched the killings
and did not intervene. Id. at 141. The police eventually stopped the group
at a roadblock. Ibid. One of the brothers was killed in a shootout, and the
father escaped into the desert where he died from exposure. Ibid. The
remaining three defendants were convicted of capital murder of the four
victims and of the associated crimes of armed robbery, kidnapping, and
car theft. Id. at 141–42

    The Supreme Court held that the brothers’ actions leading up to the
murder—specifically their significant involvement in the antecedent
crimes—made them major participants in the family’s murder: the
brothers brought the guns to the prison, armed the escapees, fully
participated in the kidnapping and robbery, passively watched the
killings, and aided the killers in their continuing criminal endeavors. Id. at
151–52.

   Just as with the brothers in Tison, here, there is sufficient evidence to
conclude that Owen was a major participant in Dyer’s murder. His
significant participation and culpability are similar to those of the Tison
and Ajabu defendants: he actively participated in the antecedent crimes
leading to Dyer’s murder; confined her against her will; interrogated her;

Indiana Supreme Court | Case No. 21S-LW-333 | June 8, 2023          Page 11 of 18
gave the order to “make her go to sleep”; did not intervene as he watched
Angulo choke Dyer and slit her throat; and led the effort in covering up
the crime. These actions easily satisfy subsection 9(b)(1)’s actus reus
requirement. Ajabu, 693 N.E.2d at 939. Based on these circumstances, the
jury was entitled to find that Owen was a major participant in Dyer’s
murder. Thus, we affirm Owen’s conviction for murder.

                                              2

   Under Indiana Code section 35-50-2-9(a), the state may seek a life-
without-parole sentence for murder by proving beyond a reasonable
doubt the existence of at least one aggravating circumstance listed in
subsection 9(b). The LWOP-eligible circumstances include committing the
murder while also committing or attempting to commit criminal
organization activity, I.C. § 35-50-2-9(b)(1)(I), or doing so while under the
custody of a county sheriff, id. § 35-50-2-9(b)(9)(B). Our standard for
reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a statutory sentencing
aggravator is the same standard for assessing the sufficiency of the
evidence to convict—an abuse of discretion. Hall v. State, 177 N.E.3d 1183,
1193 (Ind. 2021) (citing Washington, 808 N.E.2d at 626).

                                              a

    We begin with the criminal-organization aggravator. It is an
aggravating circumstance if the defendant “commit[s] a felony or
misdemeanor that would cause a reasonable person to believe results in a
benefit to a criminal organization or a member of [that] criminal
organization; the promotion of a criminal organization; or furthering the
interests of a criminal organization”. I.C. § 35-45-9-3(a), (c)(1).

   For starters, it is undisputed that the Latin Kings are a criminal
organization. There is ample evidence that Owen, Murzynski, and Angulo
were affiliated with the Latin Kings. All three claimed to be members of
the Latin Kings. And Porter saw Owen and Murzynski perform the Latin
Kings handshake while he was in the kitchen with them.

    Likewise, there is specific evidence that Dyer’s confinement was
related to the Latin Kings. Murzynski claimed the decision to hold Dyer
was a “big Latin King thing”, and they feared Dyer would go to the police

Indiana Supreme Court | Case No. 21S-LW-333 | June 8, 2023         Page 12 of 18
if she were released. Talking to law enforcement is a “cardinal sin” to the
Latin Kings. Dyer’s notebook contained the names of people who were at
the house, some of whom were members of the Latin Kings. And her
captors specifically asked her why those names were in her notebook.

   Owen’s behavior at the house also connected the killing to the Latin
Kings. He “tagged” the basement after Dyer’s death, spraying his name,
“King Duke”, and other Latin Kings symbols on the walls. The State’s
expert witness, Lieutenant Kyle Dombrowski, explained the paint’s color,
the name “King Duke”, and the crown symbol were all “particularly
associated” with the Latin Kings. The purpose of this “tagging” was “to
broadcast that association . . . for the organization itself.” It is done to
“promote themselves, to sponsor oneself, to further the interest.” By tying
the murder of an alleged snitch to the Latin Kings, Owen was seeking to
“further the interest” of the Latin Kings by celebrating its triumph over a
threat to its members, or so a reasonable jury could find. The evidence was
sufficient to show that Owen’s directive to murder Dyer furthered the
interests of the Latin Kings and satisfied the criminal-organization
aggravator.

                                              b

    Next, we consider the under-custody aggravator. It is an aggravating
circumstance if the “defendant committed the murder by intentionally
killing the victim while [the defendant was] . . . under the custody of the
county sheriff”. I.C. § 35-50-2-9(b)(9)(B). It is undisputed that Owen was
under the custody of the county sheriff at the time of Dyer’s murder. Julie
Koets, who worked with Michiana Community Corrections, testified that
during October 2019, Owen was serving a sentence for unrelated crimes
through the Elkhart County Jail, which is controlled by the Elkhart
County sheriff. At the time, Owen was on in-home detention through the
local community corrections. He did not challenge this aggravating factor
in his appellate briefing and thus has waived any argument it does not
apply. Isom v. State, 170 N.E.3d 623, 645 (Ind. 2021) (citing Appellate Rule
46(A)(8)(a)) (concluding that failure to raise argument on appeal resulted
in waiver)).

Indiana Supreme Court | Case No. 21S-LW-333 | June 8, 2023        Page 13 of 18
    A jury could reasonably find that Owen murdered Dyer both to
further the interests of the Latin Kings and while he was under the
custody of the county sheriff. For both reasons, we hold there was
sufficient evidence for the jury to recommend—and the trial court to
impose—a life-without-parole sentence.

                                             B

    Next, Owen argues that the trial court erred by declining to provide
two proposed instructions to the jury. We review a trial court’s manner of
instructing the jury for an abuse of discretion. Inman v. State, 4 N.E.3d 190,
201 (Ind. 2014) (citing Cline v. State, 726 N.E.2d 1249, 1256 (Ind. 2000)). To
determine if a trial court abused its discretion, we consider “(1) whether
the instruction correctly states the law; (2) whether there is evidence in the
record to support the giving of the instruction; and (3) whether the
substance of the tendered instruction is covered by other instructions that
are given.” Chambers v. State, 734 N.E.2d 578, 580 (Ind. 2000) (citing Wooley
v. State, 716 N.E.2d 919, 926 (Ind. 1999)). Jury instructions are to be
considered as a whole. Ibid. A trial court acts within its discretion if it
denies a request that would likely confuse the jury. Ludy v. State, 784
N.E.2d 459, 461–62 (Ind. 2003).

    Here, the trial court did not abuse its discretion because Owen’s
proposed instructions could have confused the jury. His first challenged
instruction, No. 2, concerned the State’s duty to prove Owen was a “major
participant”. It said:

        … because Indiana Code section 35–50–2–9(b)(1) permits a
        sentence of life without parole only if the defendant has
        committed a murder by “intentionally” killing a victim
        while committing another crime, the State must prove that
        the defendant was a major participant in the killing and the
        killing was intentional in order to impose a sentence of life
        without parole under subsection (b)(1).

The instruction’s first confusing element is the ellipsis at the beginning,
which could signal to the jury that some context is missing or omitted
from the instruction, thus leaving jurors to wonder what else should be

Indiana Supreme Court | Case No. 21S-LW-333 | June 8, 2023           Page 14 of 18
there. In addition, the instruction does not define “major participant”. This
lack of clarity could have led jurors to believe it meant something
narrower and more restrictive than what the law requires, i.e., that a
crime’s only “major participant” is the person who delivers the fatal blow.

   As to the second challenged instruction, No. 7, Owen argues the trial
court should have told the jury about the different levels of intent it had to
find in the penalty phase (“intentionally” killed Dyer) versus the guilt
phase (“knowingly” killed Dyer). This proposed instruction said:

        The burden of proof on the issue of intent changed
        dramatically during the penalty phase of the trial. In that
        portion of the trial, the State was required to prove (the
        defendant) had the intent to kill, Ind. Code § 35-50-2-
        9(b)(1)(G); (the defendant’s) confederate’s intent could not
        be imputed to (the defendant).

The trial court declined to give this instruction, in part, because “the
proposed instruction[] [was] already part of the cumulative instructions,
which the Court [was going to] give on phase II of the trial.” In instruction
No. 4, the trial court recited the statute explaining that before
recommending a sentence of life without parole, the jury must find Owen
“committed the murder by aiding, inducing, or causing the intentional
killing of the victim”. Later, in instruction No. 6, the trial court defined
both “Knowingly” and “Intentionally”:

                                     DEFINITIONS

        KNOWINGLY is defined as: A person engages in conduct
        ”knowingly” if, when he engages in the conduct, he is aware
        of high probability that he is doing so.

        INTENTIONALLY is defined as: A person engages in
        conduct intentionally if, when he engages in the conduct, it
        is his conscious objective to do so.

Based on these two instructions—Nos. 4 and 6, which the jury actually
heard, and which, along with the other given instructions, are to be
“considered as a whole”, Chambers, 734 N.E.2d at 580—the jury had all the

Indiana Supreme Court | Case No. 21S-LW-333 | June 8, 2023            Page 15 of 18
information it needed under Indiana law to make a life-without-parole
recommendation.

    Further, the trial court also could have concluded that instruction No.
7 was confusing. This instruction was taken directly from Landress v. State,
600 N.E.2d 938, 940 (Ind. 1992). Although trial courts may use language
from appellate opinions to instruct a jury, the “mere fact that certain
language or expression [is] used in the opinions of this Court to reach its
final conclusion does not make it proper language for instructions to a
jury.” Ludy, 784 N.E.2d at 462 (brackets in original) (quoting Drollinger v.
State, 408 N.E.2d 1228, 1241 (Ind. 1980)). Extracting specific language from
a judicial opinion out of context can confuse the jury. Ibid. Jury
instructions are meant to be neutral statements of the law. The trial court’s
definitional instruction (No. 6) did a better job than proposed instruction
No. 7 of telling the jurors evenhandedly the differences between
“knowingly” and “intentionally”.

   For these reasons, we hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
choosing not to instruct the jury as Owen proposed.

                                             C

   Lastly, concerning his non-murder convictions, Owen argues the trial
court relied on several aggravating factors not supported by the record.
Specifically, he argues there was insufficient evidence that (1) he was
involved in beating and torturing Dyer for being a snitch; (2) he allowed
Dyer to have her head shaved, to be treated in a demeaning manner, to be
waterboarded, and to be duct-taped; and (3) he was present when Dyer
was strangled and killed.

   Sentencing decisions are within the “sound discretion of the trial court
and are reviewed on appeal only for an abuse of discretion.” Anglemyer v.
State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 490 (Ind. 2007) (citing Smallwood v. State, 773 N.E.2d
259, 263 (Ind. 2002)). “An abuse of discretion occurs if the decision is
‘clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before
the court, or the reasonable, probable, and actual deductions to be drawn
therefrom.’” Ibid. (quoting K.S. v. State, 849 N.E.2d 538, 544 (Ind. 2006)). A
court does not abuse its discretion if the record supports its reasons for

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imposing a sentence and those reasons are proper as a matter of law. Id. at
490–91.

    As for Owen’s claim that he had nothing to do with Dyer’s torture, the
record shows it happened on his watch and under his supervision. Owen
was the “boss”; he was “holding court”; and when he arrived at the house,
the action stopped. The trial court was allowed to consider all the
circumstances surrounding Dyer’s unlawful confinement, mistreatment,
and eventual death, and these included Owen’s role in them. Bradley v.
State, 770 N.E.2d 382, 388 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (“Indiana Code § 35-38-1-7.1
. . . requires the trial court to consider the nature and circumstances of the
crime committed in imposing a sentence.”) (footnote omitted). This same
rationale applies to Owen’s claim that he had nothing to do with the
demeaning treatment of Dyer (i.e., head shaved, waterboarded, duct-
taped). Moreover, the record shows Owen was in the basement both when
Angulo attempted to strangle Dyer and when he slit her throat and that
Owen did nothing to stop Angulo from doing these things. Thus, the
record supports the trial court’s consideration and application of these
aggravating factors.

    But even were Owen right about one or more of these aggravators, any
such error would not warrant resentencing him. In McDonald v. State, we
held that when a defendant challenges some, but not all, of the
aggravating circumstances found by the trial court, we will not remand
for resentencing if we can say with confidence the trial court would have
imposed the same sentence had it not considered the purportedly
erroneous aggravators. 868 N.E.2d 1111, 1114 (Ind. 2007). Specifically, we
noted in McDonald that “in imposing sentence the trial court declared any
one of the aggravating circumstances taken alone or in conjunction with
others substantially outweigh all of the mitigating circumstances
considered as a whole.” Ibid. (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted). There, we held the record was clear that the trial court “would
have imposed the same sentence without regard to the challenged
aggravators.” Ibid.

   Here, Owen challenges some, but not all, of the aggravating factors
found by the trial court. At sentencing, the trial court said: “With respect

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to Counts II, III and IV, the Court finds that the aggravators taken alone or
in conjunction with the others would warrant the imposition of an
enhanced sentence.” Thus, even if Owen were correct that the judge
improperly found some aggravators to be present, the record is clear that
the trial court “would have imposed the same sentence without regard to
[the] challenged aggravators.” McDonald, 868 N.E.2d at 1114.

   We hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing Owen
with respect to his other, non-murder offenses.

                                     *        *       *

    For all these reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

Rush, C.J., and Massa, Goff, and Molter, JJ., concur.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT DONALD R. OWEN, JR.
Marielena Duerring
Duerring Law Offices
South Bend, Indiana

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE STATE OF INDIANA
Theodore E. Rokita
Attorney General of Indiana

Samuel J. Dayton
Evan Matthew Comer
Deputy Attorneys General
Indianapolis, Indiana

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