Court Opinion

ID: 4512179
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-03-03 16:21:28.100153+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:48:42.907833
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                       MARCH 3, 2020
                                                                In the Office of the Clerk of Court
                                                               WA State Court of Appeals, Division III

            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                               DIVISION THREE

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION                          )
COMPANY, a Delaware corporation,              )         No. 37044-5-III
                                              )         (consolidated w/
                     Respondent,              )         No. 37045-3-III)
                                              )
       v.                                     )
                                              )
PUBLIC UTILITY DISTRICT NO. 2 of              )         UNPUBLISHED OPINION
GRANT COUNTY, a Washington                    )
municipal corporation,                        )
                                              )
                     Petitioner.              )

       SIDDOWAY, J. — This opinion concerns Public Utility District No. 2 of Grant

County’s (PUD) second attempt at interlocutory review of this decade-old construction

contract dispute concerning work done on the Wanapum Dam. In the first appeal of this

lawsuit, this court accepted interlocutory review of a certified question from the superior

court concerning quantum meruit and waiver of contractual provisions. See generally

Gen. Constr. Co. v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 2 of Grant County, 195 Wash. App. 698, 380 P.3d
636 (2016) (opinion published in part). In its current motion for discretionary review, the

PUD asks this court to accept review of a denial of a summary judgment motion.
No. 37044-5-III (consolidated w/ No. 37045-3-III)
Gen. Constr. Co. v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 2 of Grant County

Because the PUD has not met the standards for acceptance of discretionary review, this

court denies review.

                                          FACTS

       In our prior review of this case, we considered what remedies are available in a

government construction contract dispute when one party fails to abide by the contract’s

notice and claim provisions. See generally id. We held that the contract’s notice and

claim provisions did not apply to a claim sounding in quantum meruit that sought

payment for additional work performed outside the scope of the contract. Id. at 709

(discussing Bignold v. King County, 65 Wash. 2d 817, 399 P.2d 611 (1965)). For additional

work done within the contract’s scope, we held that compliance with the contract’s notice

and claim provisions may be excused upon “unequivocal evidence of an intent to waive”

the provisions. Id. (discussing Mike M. Johnson, Inc. v. Spokane County, 150 Wash. 2d
375, 78 P.3d 161 (2003)).

       In the unpublished portion of our opinion, Court of Appeals cause no. 32305-6-III

(Wash. Ct. App. Sept. 1, 2016) (http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/323056

_pub.pdf), we also considered what evidence would suffice to prove a waiver. We held

that waiver could only be shown through the actions of someone with actual authority to

waive contractual provisions, or an agent with apparent authority. Id., slip op. at 20-21.

Regarding apparent authority, we noted the well-settled principle that an agent’s apparent

                                             2
No. 37044-5-III (consolidated w/ No. 37045-3-III)
Gen. Constr. Co. v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 2 of Grant County

authority can only be found through the objective manifestations of the principal, and that

the agent’s actions and representations are irrelevant to that determination. Id. at 20 n.19.

       Following remand, the parties continued to engage in discovery, and eventually

proceeded to another round of summary judgment proceedings. The PUD sought

dismissal of General Construction Company’s remaining claims through summary

judgment, citing the recent opinion in NOVA Contracting, Inc. v. City of Olympia as a

basis for renewing its earlier motion. 191 Wash. 2d 854, 426 P.3d 685 (2018). The trial

court denied the motion, and ordered the remaining claims to proceed to trial. Although

NOVA discussed the same cases at issue in our prior opinions (Bignold and Johnson), the

trial court found that NOVA’s treatment of those cases did not materially alter our prior

understanding of those cases.1

       The PUD then filed a notice and motion for discretionary review. Our

commissioner denied discretionary review, and the PUD filed a motion to modify the

commissioner’s ruling.2 We now deny the motion to modify, and affirm the

commissioner’s denial of discretionary review.

       1
          In its briefing to this court, the PUD agrees that NOVA did not alter the validity
of this court’s prior opinion. Pet’r’s Mot. to Modify Comm’r’s Ruling at 6.
        2
          Our commissioner also denied discretionary review of a sanctions issue
presented by the PUD. The PUD does not seek to modify the commissioner’s denial of
review of that order.

                                              3
No. 37044-5-III (consolidated w/ No. 37045-3-III)
Gen. Constr. Co. v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 2 of Grant County

                                        ANALYSIS

       In a motion to modify, this court reviews de novo the ruling of its commissioner.

State v. Nolan, 98 Wash. App. 75, 78, 988 P.2d 473 (1999), aff’d, 141 Wash. 2d 620, 8 P.3d
300 (2000). Although ordinarily decided by an order, we exercise our discretion under

RAP 17.6(b) to explain our reasoning in this opinion. Minehart v. Morning Star Boys

Ranch, Inc., 156 Wash. App. 457, 460, 232 P.3d 591 (2010).

       The law generally does not favor discretionary review of orders denying summary

judgment. Sea-Pac Co. v. United Food & Comm. Workers Local Union 44, 103 Wash. 2d
800, 801-02, 699 P.2d 217 (1985). But this court may grant review where the moving

party meets one or more of the standards set forth in RAP 2.3(b). Here, the PUD seeks

review of the denial of its renewed summary judgment motion under RAP 2.3(b)(1)

(obvious error standard) and RAP 2.3(b)(2) (probable error standard). Explicit in both

standards is a requirement that the moving party carry a burden of production

demonstrating some degree of error.

       In denying discretionary review, our commissioner, like the parties, looked to the

reasoning in the superior court’s letter decision that explained why the court was again

denying summary judgment. But we do not do so because “[f]indings of fact on

summary judgment are not proper, are superfluous, and are not considered by the

appellate court.” Kries v. WA-SPOK Primary Care, LLC, 190 Wash. App. 98, 117, 362
P.3d 974 (2015). Instead, we look to the letter decision only to the extent that it informs

                                             4
No. 37044-5-III (consolidated w/ No. 37045-3-III)
Gen. Constr. Co. v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 2 of Grant County

us of what evidence, briefs, and other materials were before the trial court. From there,

we view that evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id.

       In other words, the obvious or probable error that we look for in this context is

whether the superior court’s ultimate result was erroneous, not whether its reasons for

doing so were flawed. This is in keeping with the rule that this court may affirm on any

grounds supported in fact and law, even if different than those stated by the trial court.

RAP 2.5(a). This is also inherent in the standards for discretionary review, requiring the

error be one that renders further proceedings useless (RAP 2.3(b)(1)) or substantially

alter the status quo (RAP 2.3(b)(2)). Further proceedings are not useless and the status

quo is not substantially altered if this court accepts review only to affirm on the same or

other grounds. Accordingly, for this court to properly consider a motion for discretionary

review, the moving party must provide this court not just with the decision of the trial

court, but also with the evidence presented to that court.

       Here, the PUD has not provided this court with all of the materials relied on by the

trial court to reach its decision. Without that information, this court cannot determine

whether the trial court committed any error, let alone obvious or probable error, when it

denied summary judgment. Accordingly, the PUD has not met its burden of production

under RAP 2.3(b)(1) and (2).

       While we do not consider the letter decision, the PUD urges us to make an

exception because the PUD believes the court contradicted the law of the case in that

                                              5
No. 37044-5-III (consolidated w/ No. 37045-3-III)
Gen. Constr. Co. v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 2 of Grant County

decision. Thus, the PUD argues review is necessary for this court to enforce its prior

judgment. Such a scenario might be grounds for looking to a court’s letter decision on

summary judgment, but only if the purported error meets all of the requirements of RAP

2.3(b)(1) and/or (2).

       Specifically, the PUD points to pages 3 and 4 of the Grant County Superior

Court’s letter decision. Pet’r’s Mot. to Modify Comm’r’s Ruling, App. G, at 66-70.

There, the court appears to state that a reasonable jury could find that the PUD’s agent

had apparent authority to waive the contract’s notice and claim provisions based on the

actions and representations of that agent concerning his own authority. If true, that view

of the law would violate our prior holding that apparent authority is to be found in the

objective manifestations of the principal. But we doubt that the trial court actually

intended to violate the law of the case. This is because, as the PUD points out, the same

court in an earlier summary judgment decision from this case correctly stated that

“[p]laintiff may not rely on the acts and words of [the agent] alone to establish a waiver

of the notice claim provisions of the contract.” Pet’r’s Mot. to Modify Comm’r’s Ruling,

App. E, at 25.

       Even if the lower court had incorrectly changed its view of the law in violation of

our prior opinion, discretionary review is not warranted because the PUD has not shown

that the error would render further proceedings useless, substantially alter the status quo,

or substantially limit the freedom of a party to act. The court’s statement was one of

                                              6
No. 37044-5-III (consolidated w/ No. 37045-3-III)
Gen. Cons tr. Co. v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 2 of Grant County

multiple alternative bases for summary judgment. Because the PUD has not provided all

of the evidence relied on by the trial court, we cannot make a determination that the

decision to deny summary judgment was wrong in its entirety.

                                     CONCLUSION

       The motion to modify the commissioner's ruling of November 15, 2019, is denied.

The case is remanded to the superior court for further proceedings in accordance with this

opinion and our prior opinion filed September 1, 2016.

      A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW

2.06.040.

WE CONCUR:

Q_
Pennell, A.CJ.

                                             7