Court Opinion

ID: 9382856
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-28 20:37:59.208995+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:47.866684
License: Public Domain

MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT                                                   Reporter of Decisions
Decision:  2023 ME 19
Docket:    Pen-21-362
Argued:    October 5, 2022
Decided:   March 9, 2023

Panel:          STANFILL, C.J., and MEAD, JABAR, HORTON, CONNORS, and LAWRENCE, JJ.

                                       STATE OF MAINE

                                                 v.

                                       DAMIEN OSBORN

STANFILL, C.J.

         [¶1]    Damien Osborn appeals from a judgment of conviction for

aggravated       trafficking      of   scheduled        drugs     (Class     A),    17-A      M.R.S.

§ 1105-A(1)(B)(1) (2022), and unlawful possession of scheduled drugs

(Class C), 17-A M.R.S. § 1107-A(1)(B)(8) (2022), entered by the trial court

(Penobscot County, Anderson, J.) following a jury trial.1 Osborn argues on

appeal that the court erred in (A) allowing a confidential informant (CI) to

testify about the CI’s prior drug purchases from Osborn, (B) failing to give a

curative instruction in response to improper prosecutorial argument about the

   1 A third count of criminal forfeiture was not submitted to the jury but was decided by the court;
a judgment of criminal forfeiture was entered at the same time as the criminal judgment. See
15 M.R.S. § 5826 (2018). Title 15 M.R.S. § 5826 has since been amended, though not in any way that
affects the present case. See P.L. 2021, c. 454, § 13 (effective Oct. 18, 2021) (codified at 15 M.R.S.
§ 5826 (2022)).
2

social value of CIs, (C) treating the language “one continuing scheme or course

of conduct” in Count 1 of the indictment as surplusage, and (D) instructing the

jury on specific unanimity for Count 1. We disagree and affirm.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

        [¶2] Viewing the evidence admitted at trial in the light most favorable to

the State, the jury rationally could have found the following facts beyond a

reasonable doubt. See, e.g., State v. Athayde, 2022 ME 41, ¶ 2, 277 A.3d 387.

        [¶3] On August 22, 2019, at the direction of agents of the Maine Drug

Enforcement Agency (MDEA), a CI sent a text message to Osborn about

purchasing drugs. That same day, an MDEA agent drove the CI to a parking lot

in Bangor, where the CI, fitted with an electronic monitoring device, entered

Osborn’s truck, placed $100 cash on the console, and took from the adjacent

cup holder a small baggie that contained 999 milligrams of fentanyl, acetyl

fentanyl, cocaine, and 4-ANPP.2

        [¶4] On September 12, 2019, the MDEA conducted another controlled

buy, during which the CI similarly entered Osborn’s truck and returned with a

small baggie containing 977.6 milligrams of fentanyl and acetyl fentanyl.

    2A chemist for the Maine Health and Environmental Testing Laboratory testified that 4-ANPP is
a “precursor in the manufacture of fentanyl.”
                                                                             3

        [¶5] On December 5, 2019, Osborn was stopped in his truck by the

Bangor Police Department and arrested by MDEA agents. The officers searched

Osborn incident to the arrest and recovered two small baggies; one contained

1.1798 grams of cocaine base and the other contained 960.6 milligrams of

fentanyl, 4-ANPP, and xylazine.3 Officers also seized $4,290 cash during the

search of Osborn and the truck.

        [¶6] Osborn was charged with the following five counts by complaint and

then by indictment dated February 26, 2020:

  • Count 1: Aggravated trafficking of scheduled drugs (Class A), 17-A M.R.S.
    § 1105-A(1)(B)(1), for the controlled buy of fentanyl on August 22, 2019.

  • Count 2: Aggravated trafficking of scheduled drugs (Class A), id., for the
    controlled buy of fentanyl on September 12, 2019.

  • Count 3: Unlawful possession of scheduled drugs (Class C), 17-A M.R.S.
    § 1107-A(1)(B-1)(2), for Osborn’s possession of cocaine on December 5,
    2019.

  • Count 4: Unlawful possession of scheduled drugs (Class C), id.
    § 1107-A(1)(B-1)(3), for Osborn’s possession of cocaine base on
    December 5, 2019.

  • Count 5: Criminal forfeiture, 15 M.R.S. § 5826 (2018),4 of the cash found
    in Osborn’s car on December 5, 2019.

  3   Xylazine is a sedative designed for use with large animals.

  4   Title 15 M.R.S. § 5826 has since been amended. See supra n.1.
4

Each of Counts 1 through 4 also alleged that Osborn had a previous conviction

for similar conduct in the U.S. District Court for the District of Connecticut. That

allegation increased the sentencing class for each offense.

       [¶7] On November 25, 2020, the State filed a superseding indictment

charging Osborn with three counts:

    • Count 1: Aggravated trafficking in scheduled drugs (Class A), 17-A M.R.S.
      § 1105-A(1)(B)(1), alleging trafficking of fentanyl powder “[p]ursuant to
      one continuing scheme or course of conduct beginning on or about
      August 22, 2019[,] and continuing through December 5, 2019.”

    • Count 2: Aggravated trafficking in scheduled drugs (Class A), id., alleging
      trafficking of cocaine base on December 5, 2019.

    • Count 3: Criminal forfeiture, 15 M.R.S. § 5826, of the cash found in
      Osborn’s car on December 5, 2019.

Counts 1 and 2 continued to allege that Osborn had a previous conviction for

similar conduct, increasing the sentencing class for each offense.             The

superseding indictment essentially made two changes.             First, it charged

aggravated trafficking in the new Count 2 rather than possession of the cocaine

base on December 5, 2019. Second, it combined into one count the original

Count 1, the original Count 2, and the fentanyl seizure on December 5, 2019, by

alleging a single “course of conduct” pursuant to 17-A M.R.S. § 1106-A(1)

(2022), which provides as follows:
                                                                                5

      Quantities of scheduled drugs involved in violations of section . . .
      1105-A . . . committed pursuant to one scheme or course of conduct
      and confiscated within a 6-month period may be aggregated to
      charge a single violation of appropriate class. Subject to the
      requirement that the conduct of the defense may not be prejudiced
      by lack of fair notice or by surprise, the court may at any time order
      that a single aggregate count be considered as separate violations.

      [¶8] On June 7, 2021, Osborn filed a motion for a bill of particulars,

requesting that the State clarify its “generic allegations” of Osborn’s conduct

having occurred “[p]ursuant to one continuing scheme or course of conduct

beginning on or about August 22, 2019[,] and continuing through December 5,

2019.” The court granted the motion in an order dated June 16, 2021. The State

filed its bill of particulars the next day, stating that it intended “to prove the

elements of Count 1 (the indicted continuing course of conduct) based upon the

controlled purchase of fentanyl on August 22, 2019, the controlled purchase of

fentanyl on September 12, 2019, and the fentanyl recovered from the

Defendant upon his arrest on December 5, 2019.” The State also stated that

Count 2 was based on “the cocaine base recovered from the Defendant upon his

arrest on December 5, 2019.”

      [¶9] Osborn had moved for relief from prejudicial joinder in response to

the original indictment; that motion became moot upon return of the

superseding indictment. At the hearing on June 16, 2021, Osborn pressed for
6

severance of Counts 1 and 2 of the superseding indictment from each other,

arguing that they should be tried separately. Notably, Osborn did not argue that

the violations aggregated in Count 1 should be considered or tried as separate

violations or counts.          See 17-A M.R.S. § 1106-A(1) (dictating that when

quantities of drugs are aggregated because violations are committed pursuant

to one scheme or course of conduct, “the court may at any time order that a

single aggregate count be considered as separate violations”). In an order dated

June 18, 2021, the court refused to sever the two counts for trial, determining

that the prejudice to Osborn of trying the cocaine and fentanyl counts together

would be minimal.

        [¶10] In the same June 18, 2021 order, the court addressed the effect of

the allegation of “one continuing scheme or course of conduct” in Count 1. At

the time of these events, the definition of “trafficking” included possession of

“2 grams or more of fentanyl powder.” 17-A M.R.S. § 1101(17)(F) (2018).5 The

court ordered that the State could not use section 1106-A to aggregate the drug

quantities seized on each of the three dates in Count 1 to reach a quantity of

    5The definition of “trafficking” in 17-A M.R.S. § 1101(17)(F) (2018) was later repealed at the same
time that 17-A M.R.S. § 1103(3)(C-2) (2022) was enacted, providing that possession of four or more
grams of fentanyl powder gives rise to a permissible inference of trafficking. See P.L. 2021, ch. 396,
§§ 1, 3 (effective Oct. 18, 2021).
                                                                                                    7

two grams or more, construing 17-A M.R.S. § 1101(17)(F) as requiring that two

or more grams be possessed at one point in time in order to meet that

definition.6     The court then noted that, because each instance of alleged

trafficking was already a Class A offense due to Osborn’s prior convictions, the

“reason for aggregation”—“determining the class or grade of the offense”—was

“not present in this case,” making “one continuing scheme or course of conduct”

mere surplusage.

       [¶11] The court held a two-day jury trial on June 21 and 22, 2021. At

trial, the CI testified that he had known Osborn before the controlled buys, that

he had previously purchased drugs from Osborn, and that the purchases

happened “[p]retty much the same every time.” The State introduced audio

recordings of the controlled buys as well as images of text conversations

between the CI and Osborn purporting to schedule the controlled buys. Both

pieces of evidence are relatively vague without further context; in the texts the

CI asks Osborn “Yo where you at” and “Hey need 1 d got 100 can we meet mall,”

and the audio recordings capture little specific to the alleged transaction. The

   6 Otherwise, the court noted, “if the State could prove that an accused personally used .2 grams of
fentanyl on 10 occasions, that person would be guilty of class A trafficking, a result undoubtedly not
contemplated by the legislature in creating the definition.” Neither the State nor Osborn argues that
the court erred in that determination.
8

State argued before trial that the “only way that [it was] able to essentially

translate the text messages and make it clear” how the CI knew to enter the

truck and not discuss drugs “is from the fact that he had a course of dealing with

this defendant.”

      [¶12] In its closing, the State discussed the CI and argued as follows:

      He’s a person that the defense called interchangeably, I believe, a
      mole, a rat, and any number of other vaguely derogatory terms. I
      submit to you that the only person who would call a confidential
      informant a rat or mole is someone who is guilty of something.
      From the perspective of any ordinary citizen, a confidential
      informant is doing something that we all want to see happen as a
      society. They’re helping catch the people that are out there actually
      moving illicit drugs and selling them to people on the street.
      Without the cooperation of people like that who are admittedly
      drug addicts themselves, drug users—if you weren’t already an
      addict, you weren’t already a drug user, you wouldn’t have ties to
      drug dealers.

Osborn objected, arguing that this “type of public policy argument” is

prohibited. The State responded that it was simply rebutting statements made

by Osborn’s attorney during cross-examination of a witness, in which Osborn’s

attorney referred to CIs as “moles,” “rats,” “drug addicts,” and “felons.” The

court declined Osborn’s request to provide a curative instruction to the jury,

but the court instructed the jury both before and after the presentation of

evidence that the attorneys’ closing arguments were not evidence for the jury

to consider in determining the facts.
                                                                                 9

      [¶13] At the conclusion of the trial, the court instructed the jury as to the

elements of Count 1 (trafficking fentanyl) and Count 2 (trafficking cocaine

base). The court then instructed the jury that Count 1 required specific

unanimity:

      Concerning this count, it has been argued that there is more than
      one incident described in the testimony that could satisfy the
      elements of trafficking during this time period. To return . . . a
      guilty verdict that is unanimous in this context, all 12 of you must
      agree that the State has proved all required elements of trafficking
      with regard to at least one incident, and it must be the same
      incident for all of you.

Osborn requested that the court instruct the jury on the definition of “one

continuing scheme or course of conduct,” asserting that it was an element of the

offense. The court denied the request, reiterating its view that the language

was surplusage on the facts of the case. Thus, although the charge was read to

the jury, the instructions did not provide any definition of “one continuing

scheme or course of conduct.”

      [¶14] The jury found Osborn guilty of Count 1, trafficking in fentanyl; the

parties stipulated to Osborn’s prior conviction and the judgment reflects that

he was convicted of Class A aggravated trafficking pursuant to 17-A M.R.S.

§ 1105-A(1)(B)(1). On Count 2, the jury found Osborn not guilty of aggravated

trafficking but found him guilty of unlawful possession of scheduled drugs
10

(cocaine base),7 and the judgment reflects that he was convicted of Class C

possession pursuant to 17-A M.R.S. § 1107-A(1)(B)(8).

        [¶15] The court thereafter sentenced Osborn on Count 1 to twelve years’

imprisonment, with all but six years suspended, together with four years of

probation and a $400 fine. On Count 2, the court sentenced Osborn to four

years’ imprisonment concurrent with Count 1 and a noncumulative $400 fine.8

The court also ordered a judgment of forfeiture on Count 3. Osborn timely

appealed the convictions. See 15 M.R.S. § 2115 (2022); M.R. App. P. 2B(b)(1).

                                         II. DISCUSSION

A.      The evidence of the CI’s prior interactions with Osborn was
        admissible.

        [¶16] Osborn argues that the court erred when it allowed the CI to testify

about his “prior uncharged transactions” with Osborn because such testimony

constituted inadmissible character evidence under Maine Rule of Evidence

    7 The court instructed the jury that it could find Osborn guilty of the “lesser included offense” of

possession. Unlawful possession is not a lesser included offense of unlawful trafficking in scheduled
drugs, however, because one need not "possess" the drugs in order to "traffick" in them. State v.
Hardy, 651 A.2d 322, 325 (Me. 1994). Pursuant to 17-A M.R.S. § 13-A(3) (2022), an instruction on
the alternative offense of possession is nonetheless appropriate if it is justified by the evidence, as it
was here, and both the State and the defendant consent to its being given. There is nothing specific
in the record to show such consent, but we infer it given that neither party objected to the instruction
and Osborn referenced possession in his opening.

   8 Although neither the docket record nor the judgment and commitment form reflects that

Osborn's sentences were to run concurrently, the audio recording of the proceeding establishes that
the court actually imposed concurrent sentences. We direct an amendment of the docket and the
judgment and commitment form to correctly reflect the concurrent nature of the sentences imposed.
                                                                                 11

404(b) and because its probative value was substantially outweighed by a

danger of unfair prejudice, rendering it inadmissible under Maine Rule of

Evidence 403. We disagree.

      [¶17] “We review a trial court’s decision to admit evidence of prior bad

acts pursuant to M.R. Evid. 404(b) for clear error . . . .” State v. Pillsbury, 2017

ME 92, ¶ 22, 161 A.3d 690. “Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is not

admissible to prove a person’s character in order to show that on a particular

occasion the person acted in accordance with the character.” M.R. Evid. 404(b).

However, evidence of prior bad acts may be admissible “for any other

permissible purpose, such as motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,

knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.” Pillsbury, 2017 ME 92,

¶ 22, 161 A.3d 690 (quotation marks omitted).

      [¶18] Here, the trial court did not commit clear error in admitting the

CI’s testimony regarding the manner in which he had previously met with

Osborn to obtain drugs. As the court ruled in advance of trial, such evidence

was probative of the relationship between the CI and the defendant—a

relationship that “might cause [the CI] to call [Osborn] to purchase drugs.” That

the CI and Osborn had a prior course of communicating via text message to

coordinate exchanges for drugs, which took place in Osborn’s truck, is relevant
12

to Osborn’s knowledge that the CI was requesting drugs in his cryptic August 22

and September 12, 2019, text messages to Osborn. Evidence of the CI’s prior

transactions with Osborn is also relevant to Osborn’s intent to sell drugs to the

CI on August 22 and September 12, 2019, because the jury could have

concluded that on those dates, after receiving the text messages from the CI, the

CI similarly met inside Osborn’s truck, where they did not speak about drugs

but where drugs were exchanged.          See State v. Anderson, 2016 ME 183,

¶¶ 12-15, 152 A.3d 623 (explaining that references to the defendant’s prior

involvement selling drugs was not improper 404(b) evidence when it was

probative of whether the defendant intended to aid in the trafficking of drugs

at the later date of the charged conduct).

      [¶19] Likewise, the court did not err or abuse its discretion in admitting

the evidence after weighing its probative value against the danger of unfair

prejudice under Rule 403. A court may exclude relevant evidence “if its

probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice.”

M.R. Evid. 403. We review a trial court’s weighing of probative value against

the danger of unfair prejudice for an abuse of discretion. Pillsbury, 2017 ME 92,

¶ 22, 161 A.3d 690.
                                                                                           13

         [¶20] Here, the court permitted the State to inquire only generally into

the nature of the CI’s prior dealings with Osborn so as to establish the basis for

how the CI would know how to contact Osborn for drugs. Given the vague

nature of the text messages sent from the CI to Osborn and the limited

conversation recorded between the CI and Osborn, the CI’s testimony regarding

how he previously obtained drugs—by texting Osborn and meeting him in his

truck—was not cumulative of other less prejudicial evidence and in fact

demonstrated the relevance of other evidence presented. See State v. Michaud,

2017 ME 170, ¶ 8, 168 A.3d 802 (explaining that a court must weigh the

probative value of the evidence when “its value is merely cumulative of other

less prejudicial evidence” (quotation marks omitted)); State v. Smith, 612 A.2d

231, 235 (Me. 1992) (concluding that the trial court correctly exercised its

discretion to admit evidence of the defendant’s prior assaults on the victim

when the testifying victim did not relate any specific details or instances of

those prior assaults).

B.       Any prosecutorial error did not affect Osborn’s substantial rights.

         [¶21] Osborn challenges the comments9 made by the prosecutor during

his closing argument about the role of CIs in society. Because Osborn objected

     9Osborn argues that the comments amount to prosecutorial misconduct. However, as we
explained in State v. White, 2022 ME 54, ¶ 19 n.9, 285 A.3d 262, a discussion of prosecutorial
14

to the prosecutor’s argument, we review the preserved claim of prosecutorial

error for harmless error. See Pillsbury, 2017 ME 92, ¶ 18, 161 A.3d 690.

“Harmful error is error that affects the criminal defendant’s substantial rights,

meaning that the error was sufficiently prejudicial to have affected the outcome

of the proceeding.” Id. (quotation marks omitted).

       [¶22] We analyze claims of prosecutorial error “in the overall context of

the trial.” State v. Ayotte, 2019 ME 61, ¶ 13, 207 A.3d 614 (quotation marks

omitted). “This includes taking into account the statements, comments, and

strategy of the defense, especially when the prosecutor’s statements are made

in response to the theory, argument, or provocation of the defendant or defense

counsel.” State v. Dolloff, 2012 ME 130, ¶ 44, 58 A.3d 1032.

       [¶23] A prosecutor’s statements cannot “invite the jury to make its

decision based on something other than the evidence.” Pillsbury, 2017 ME 92,

¶ 21, 161 A.3d 690. Because jurors “should not be invited to arrive at a verdict

for any reason other than their evaluation of the evidence,” we have “long

criticized prosecutors’ appeals to public perception or other social issues that

go beyond the evidence produced at trial,” State v. Woodard, 2013 ME 36, ¶ 34,

misconduct focuses on the subjective intent of the prosecutor, while a discussion of prosecutorial
error focuses on the impact of the prosecutor’s behavior on the due process rights of the defendant.
Here, Osborn does not allege that the prosecutor’s statements were made in bad faith and instead
focuses on the impact the prosecutor’s statements had on his trial.
                                                                                15

68 A.3d 1250, and have likewise concluded that the use of “the authority or

prestige of the prosecutor’s office to shore up the credibility of a witness,

sometimes called ‘vouching,’” constitutes prosecutorial error, Dolloff, 2012 ME

130, ¶ 42, 58 A.3d 1032.

      [¶24] Here, the prosecutor’s statements may be viewed in isolation as

vouching and improperly appealing to social norms, which are facts not in

evidence. In the context of the entire trial and in particular Osborn’s defense

strategy, the prosecutor’s comments appear targeted at rebutting Osborn’s

theory that the CI was not credible and could have framed him. See State v.

Wai Chan, 2020 ME 91, ¶ 25, 236 A.3d 471 (“A prosecutor is . . . permitted to

comment on the plausibility of the defendant’s theory.” (quotation marks

omitted)).     The    comments         were   responsive   to   defense   counsel’s

cross-examination of a witness, during which he suggested that CIs are “moles,”

“rats,” “drug addicts,” and “felons.” The comments were also isolated to one

instance in the prosecutor’s closing argument. See State v. White, 2022 ME 54,

¶ 40, 285 A.3d 262 (holding that prosecutorial errors called for vacating a

conviction in part because the errors “were not isolated but framed the trial

from its beginning to its closing”).
16

      [¶25] Finally, the court instructed the jury both before and after the

presentation of evidence that the attorneys’ opening statements and closing

arguments were not testimony for the jury to consider in determining the facts,

and it provided instruction on the burden of proof and the presumption of

innocence. See State v. Begin, 2015 ME 86, ¶ 28, 120 A.3d 97 (concluding that

the trial court remedied any prejudice resulting from prosecutorial error when

it instructed the jury on its role, the presumption of innocence, and the State’s

burden of proof); Pillsbury, 2017 ME 92, ¶¶ 19-21, 161 A.3d 690 (concluding

that there was no invitation to make a decision based on facts not in evidence

and noting that the court had instructed the jury that opening statements and

closing arguments were not facts in evidence). Thus, given the entire context

of the trial, we conclude that any prosecutorial error did not affect Osborn’s

substantial rights.

C.    In the particular circumstances of this case, the allegation in the
      indictment of “one continuing scheme or course of conduct” was
      surplusage.

      [¶26]   Osborn raises several arguments stemming from the court’s

treating as surplusage the phrase “one continuing scheme or course of conduct”

in Count 1 of the superseding indictment, including that the court should have

instructed the jury that the language was an element of the underlying offense
                                                                                17

and that the phrase is unconstitutionally vague. We agree with the trial court

that the allegation in Count 1 that Osborn trafficked in fentanyl “[p]ursuant to

one continuing scheme or course of conduct” is surplusage on the specific facts

of this case.

      [¶27] Language in an indictment is surplusage if it neither adds nor

detracts from the sufficiency of the indictment and, accordingly, may be

disregarded or stricken without affecting the legal substance of the count. See

State v. Grant, 266 A.2d 232, 234-35 (Me. 1970); see also State v. Mihill, 299 A.2d

557, 558 (Me. 1973) (holding that if an “allegation may be struck out of the

indictment without injury to the charge, it may be treated as surplusage”

(quotation marks omitted)). “The test for determining whether an indictment

is sufficient is whether an accused of reasonable and normal intelligence would,

by the language of the indictment, be adequately informed of the crime charged

and the nature thereof, so that the accused could properly prepare his defense

and be protected against a subsequent prosecution for the same cause.” State v.

Gauthier, 2007 ME 156, ¶ 17, 939 A.2d 77 (alterations and quotation marks

omitted); see also Me. Const. art. I, § 6. Further, “one must look not only to the

language of the indictment itself but to the accompanying Bill of Particulars . . .
18

to elucidate ambiguities appearing in the indictment.” State v. Toppi, 275 A.2d

805, 808 (Me. 1971).

          [¶28] Here, Count 1 of the superseding indictment is legally sufficient

because it includes all of the elements of a charge of aggravated trafficking in

violation of 17-A M.R.S. § 1105-A(1). Count 1 alleges that, on three separate

dates, Osborn “did intentionally or knowingly traffick in what he knew or

believed to be a scheduled drug, which was in fact fentanyl powder,” and that

he furthermore had a prior conviction in federal court in Connecticut for similar

conduct. These allegations assert the essential facts constituting a Class A

offense under 17-A M.R.S. § 1105-A(1)(B)(1).                     The indictment therefore

adequately informed Osborn of the charge in Count 1 and the nature of that

crime without reference to the language derived from 17-A M.R.S. § 1106-A.10

          [¶29]   Ordinarily, aggregation statutes are used to increase the

sentencing classification, so that the aggregated charge has a higher sentencing

classification than would each underlying charge prosecuted individually.

                Courts regularly encounter indictments that may aggregate,
          in one count of the indictment, several identical crimes committed

      Though we have never formally held that to prevail on appeal a defendant must show prejudice
     10

arising from surplus language in an indictment, we note that Osborn has failed to show how the
inclusion of the surplusage has prejudiced him. See State v. Mihill, 299 A.2d 557, 558 (Me. 1973)
(affirming a conviction while noting that the defendant had “demonstrated no prejudice resulting
from th[e] superfluous allegation”). Even so, we caution that the inclusion of unnecessary language
in a charging instrument creates a potential for jury confusion and does not reflect good practice.
                                                                                                      19

        against one or more victims. Such charging practices are
        encountered most frequently when there are allegations of
        multiple drug transactions, multiple sex acts committed against a
        minor child, or multiple thefts and aggregation of the theft values
        enhances the seriousness of the charge.

State v. Fortune, 2011 ME 125, ¶ 26, 34 A.3d 1115; see also State v. Fournier, 617

A.2d 998, 1001 (Me. 1992) (Collins, J., dissenting) (noting that 17-A M.R.S.A.

§ 352(5)(E) (1983),11 a statute permitting aggregation of theft charges, “allows

the State to aggregate amounts of value involved in related thefts to achieve a

higher sentencing classification than if each theft were prosecuted separately”

and “give[s] the State flexibility in its charging decisions in theft cases to ensure

that the degree of the offense charged is ‘appropriate’ and bears a reasonable

relationship to the seriousness of the defendant’s conduct”). Here, each alleged

transaction was sufficient by itself to support a conviction of Class A aggravated

trafficking because of Osborn’s prior conviction and the scheduled drug

involved. The quantity of fentanyl trafficked was irrelevant to the charged

crime or the sentencing class in this case.12 The number of transactions did not

   11 Title 17-A M.R.S.A. § 352(5)(E) (1983) has since been amended, though the amendments are

not relevant in the present case. See P.L. 2001, ch. 383, § 32 (effective Jan. 1, 2003) (codified at 17-A
M.R.S. § 352(5)(E) (2022)).

   12 As noted above, see supra ¶ 10, the trial court did not permit the State to use 17-A M.R.S.
§ 1106-A(1) (2022) to aggregate the quantities of fentanyl seized on each of the three dates in
Count 1 because it construed 17-A M.R.S. § 1101(17)(F) as requiring that two or more grams be
possessed at one point in time in order to take advantage of that definition. We need not decide here
whether, if a jury was tasked with aggregating drug quantities pursuant to section 1106-A, the jury
20

change the sentencing class. Moreover, it was not necessary to formally strike

the surplus language, particularly where the court clearly advised the parties

in advance that this was how it viewed the charge.

          [¶30] We also note that 17-A M.R.S. § 1106-A(1) itself provides that “the

court may at any time order that a single aggregate count be considered as

separate violations.” Here, although Osborn moved to sever Count 1 from

Count 2 for trial, he did not ask that the single aggregate count be considered

as three separate violations. See Fortune, 2011 ME 125, ¶ 27, 34 A.3d 1115

(“[M]ost defendants might be loath to convert one count to several counts

charging an identical crime, with the consequent consecutive sentencing

possibilities.”).

          [¶31] Accordingly, on the specific facts of this case, when coupled with

the specific unanimity instruction as discussed below,13 the court did not err in

treating the “one continuing scheme or course of conduct” language as

surplusage. We therefore need not decide whether “one scheme or course of

would have to find that each instance of conduct that is part of the alleged “scheme or course of
conduct” by itself constituted trafficking.

      In construing the stalking statute, 17-A M.R.S. § 210-A(1)(A) (2022), which includes a “course
     13

of conduct” as an element of the offense, we have held that only general unanimity is required;
specific unanimity “among the jurors is not required . . . as to each act that makes up that course of
conduct.” State v. Elliott, 2010 ME 3, ¶ 27, 987 A.2d 513.
                                                                                                   21

conduct” is a discrete element in cases where it is not surplusage.14 Likewise,

the court did not err in failing to instruct the jury on its meaning. Finally, we

need not address Osborn’s argument that the phrase “one scheme or course of

conduct” in 17-A M.R.S. § 1106-A(1) is unconstitutionally vague because “[w]e

do not reach constitutional issues when it is unnecessary to do so.”

Widewaters Stillwater Co. v. Bangor Area Citizens Organized for Responsible Dev.,

2002 ME 27, ¶ 11, 790 A.2d 597.

D.     The instruction that the jury must unanimously agree on only one
       specific incident in order to convict Osborn on Count 1 was correct
       in the circumstances of this case.

       [¶32] Osborn contends that the court erred in instructing the jury that it

had to unanimously agree on only one of the three instances of alleged conduct

in order to convict Osborn of Count 1. We disagree.

       [¶33]      Unanimity in convictions is indispensable under the Maine

Constitution, and “[e]rrors in criminal cases that affect constitutional rights are

reviewed to determine that we are satisfied, beyond a reasonable doubt, that

the error did not affect substantial rights or contribute to the verdict.” Gauthier,

2007 ME 156, ¶ 14, 939 A.2d 77; see also Me. Const. art. I, § 7.

   14 See Buckwalter v. State, 23 P.3d 81, 85 (Alaska Ct. App. 2001) (Discussing aggregation of thefts

under the Model Penal Code and noting that other jurisdictions "have explicitly held that a finding of
one course of conduct is an element of theft that must be included in the indictment when the
government relies on aggregation to determine the degree of theft").
22

          [¶34] “A specific unanimity instruction explains to jurors that they are

required to unanimously agree that a single incident of the alleged crime

occurred that supports a finding of guilt on a given count.” State v. Rosario,

2022 ME 46, ¶ 34, 280 A.3d 199 (quotation marks omitted). Thus, if the State

alleges multiple instances of the charged offense, any one of which is

independently sufficient for a guilty verdict as to that charge, specific unanimity

instructions are proper. See Fortune, 2011 ME 125, ¶ 31, 34 A.3d 1115 (“When

separate, similarly situated victims or similar incidents such as thefts or drug

transactions are the evidence supporting a single charge, the jury must

unanimously find that one specific incident occurred . . . in order to convict.”).

          [¶35] Here, the instruction on specific unanimity was appropriate given

the allegations against Osborn and the evidence presented in this case. Because

the “scheme or course of conduct” language was surplusage, any one of the

three instances of drug sales alleged in Count 1 was sufficient to support a guilty

verdict on that count.15

     We need not decide today whether specific unanimity instructions are required when the State
     15

charges a defendant with a violation of 17-A M.R.S. § 1106-A and seeks to aggregate the quantities of
drugs sold across multiple instances of alleged conduct.
                                                                             23

                              III. CONCLUSION

      [¶36] The court did not err in allowing the CI to testify about his prior

history of drug interactions with Osborn because the testimony was limited and

relevant to motive, intent, plan, and knowledge.         With respect to the

prosecutor’s closing argument, any improper appeal to social mores did not

affect Osborn’s substantial rights. On the specific facts and circumstances of

this case, the allegation in the indictment of “one continuing scheme or course

of conduct” was surplusage and not an element of the crime requiring a jury

instruction. Finally, because the allegation of “one continuing scheme or course

of conduct” was surplusage and a single alleged transaction was sufficient to

support Osborn’s conviction of Class A aggravated trafficking in fentanyl, the

court properly instructed the jury that specific unanimity as to only one

incident was required to convict Osborn of Count 1.

      The entry is:

                  Judgment affirmed. The trial court is directed to
                  amend the docket and the judgment and
                  commitment to correctly reflect the concurrent
                  term of the sentences imposed.
24

Timothy E. Zerillo, Esq. (orally), Zerillo Law Firm, LLC, Portland, for appellant
Damien Osborn

Aaron M. Frey, Attorney General, and Jason Horn, Asst. Atty. Gen. (orally), Office
of the Attorney General, Augusta, for appellee State of Maine

Penobscot County Unified Criminal Docket docket number CR-2019-4468
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY