Court Opinion

ID: 4019094
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-26 22:10:50.64082+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:44:49.668812
License: Public Domain

J-A05019-16

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                      IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                        PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellee

                       v.

RONALD L. AKES

                            Appellant                 No. 1121 EDA 2015

           Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence December 19, 2014
               In the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County
              Criminal Division at No(s): CP-23-CR-0001777-2014

BEFORE: OLSON, J., OTT, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY OTT, J.:                                  FILED JULY 26, 2016

        Ronald L. Akes appeals from the judgment of sentence imposed

December 19, 2014, in the Delaware County Court of Common Pleas. The

trial court sentenced Akes to an aggregate term of 72 to 144 months’

imprisonment, plus three years of probation, made final by the denial of

post-sentence motions on March 3, 2015.         On November 7, 2014, a jury

convicted Akes of possession with intent to deliver, possession of drug

paraphernalia, and providing false identification to a police officer.1   On

____________________________________________

*
    Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1
  See 35 P.S. §§ 780-113(a)(30) and (a)(32), and 18 Pa.C.S. § 4914(a),
respectively.
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appeal, Akes raises various suppression, evidentiary, and jury instruction

challenges. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.

     The trial court set forth the facts and procedural history as follows:

           Officer Brian Jefferson is a patrolman with the Darby
     Borough Police Department and has been so employed for two
     and a half years.       Within that time, Officer Jefferson has
     conducted over 1,000 traffic stops. On the evening of February
     12, 2014, at approximately 8:30 p.m., Officer Jefferson was on
     routine patrol in the area of Main Street and MacDade Boulevard
     in Darby Borough, Delaware County. Officer Jefferson was in full
     uniform and patrolling in a marked police vehicle.

            Officer Jefferson observed a minivan traveling northbound
     on MacDade Boulevard. Officer Jefferson witnessed the van
     change from the left turn lane into the straight lane without a
     turn signal, cutting off another vehicle. Officer Jefferson turned
     on his lights and stopped the vehicle within the 200 block of
     MacDade Boulevard, approximately a block down from where he
     witnessed the violation. At this point, Officer Jefferson had his
     overhead lights, and a spotlight on, as well as takedown lights,
     which are two white lights that better illuminate the vehicle for
     officer safety. He could see that there were three occupants in
     the vehicle.

           Officer Jefferson approached the vehicle and spoke with
     the driver, herein [Akes].1 Although some people act nervously
     when pulled over, [Akes] was nervous beyond the threshold of
     the “normal nervousness” Officer Jefferson typically sees.
     [Akes’] hands were trembling violently and he was sweating
     despite it being snowy out. Officer Jefferson advised [Akes] why
     he stopped and asked for his license, registration, and insurance.
     As [Akes] was reaching into his glove box, a light came on within
     the glove box, and Officer Jefferson could see an orange pill
     container with no label containing multiple white pills.
        1
           The other occupants in the vehicle were identified as
        Bernard Debose and Andre Brand.

            Officer Jefferson asked [Akes] to hand him the unlabeled
     pill bottle; however, [Akes] handed him two other pill bottles
     from the glove box, one orange and another white that were not

                                    -2-
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     in Officer Jefferson’s view. The orange pill bottle was prescribed
     to an Erica Simmons for oxycodone, quantity of 120. The white
     pill bottle was also prescribed to Erica Simmons for amoxicillin in
     the quantity of 30. [Akes] gave Off[ic]er Jefferson a prescription
     that he took out from the center console and stated that he
     picked the pills up from Wal-Mart that evening. Officer Jefferson
     once again asked for the pill bottle he originally saw and [Akes]
     handed over the unlabeled orange pill bottle.2, 3
        2
           At the station, officers located a pill bottle[] prescribed
        to Andre Brand in Mr. Debose’s shoe. Andre Brand had a
        sole pill in his possession.
        3
          The pills were later submitted to the Pennsylvania State
        Police Bureau of Forensic Services, Lima Regional
        Laboratory and were confirmed to be oxycodone, a
        schedule II narcotic.

           When Officer Jefferson told [Akes] he was the subject of
     an official investigation and asked for his name, [Akes] replied
     “Ronald Premier” and gave an address in Maryland but a zip
     code in New Jersey. Officer Jefferson went back to his vehicle
     and tried to confirm [Akes’] identity; however, it yielded no
     result, which mean[t] he d[id] not have [an] ID in the state or
     he lied.

            Officer Jefferson went back to speak to [Akes] and advised
     him that he was under arrest for drugs and for lying about his
     name. When asked if there was anything in the vehicle that
     Officer Jefferson should know about, [Akes] said, “no, you can
     check it.”     In the rear, right side passenger seat, Officer
     Jefferson located a black notebook that contained “tally marks as
     if it were a drug ledger.” Officer Jefferson also found three
     Pennsylvania ID’s and insurance information for Erica Simmons,
     Valerie Sadler, and Lorraine Fielding. Officer Jefferson also took
     [Akes]’s cell phone that he was holding as well as $113 dollars
     that he had on his person. After the stop, Officer Jefferson
     placed all of the evidence into the evidence locker.

           [Akes] was arrested and charged with Possession with
     Intent to Deliver, Possession of a Controlled Substance,
     Possession of Drug Paraphernalia, and False Identification to Law
     Enforcement.

                                    -3-
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                                               …

               On July 2, 2014, [Akes] filed a motion to suppress as well
       as a motion for severance. Th[e trial c]ourt heard argument on
       the motion for severance and denied it because the issues raised
       by counsel could have been adequately addressed by cautionary
       instructions to the jury at the time of trial. In addition, prior to
       trial, both Bernard Debose and Andre Brand entered guilty pleas,
       leaving only [Akes] left to stand trial, thereby effectively
       reaching the very outcome sought by [Akes].

             With regard to the suppression motion, th[e trial c]ourt
       had to reschedule the motion two separate times because
       counsel for [Akes] was not fully prepared to proceed on the
       scheduled days. On October 1, 2014, counsel had mistakenly
       not subpoenaed the owner of the vehicle, Mr. Quran H. Lockett,
       to appear at the hearing. Counsel asked for a continuance to
       subpoena Mr. Lockett. This Court granted the continuance and
       rescheduled the suppression hearing for October 24, 2014.

             On October 24, 2014, [Akes] attempted to call Mr. Lockett
       to establish standing; however, counsel for [Akes] did not advise
       Mr Lockett prior to the hearing that he had the right to obtain
       the advice of counsel. Th[e trial c]ourt had to continue the
       suppression hearing until October 31, 2014, so that the witness
       could obtain counsel if he desired.

              On October 31, 2014, Mr. Lockett opted not to testify, and,
       as such [Akes] could not establish standing.[2] Therefore, th[e
       trial c]ourt properly denied the motion.

             On November 5, 2014, th[e trial c]ourt addressed [Akes’]
       Motion to Preclude Evidence and the Commonwealth’s Notice of
       Intention to Introduce Evidence of Other Crimes, Wrongs, or
       Acts Under [Pa.R.E.] 404(b). Th[e trial c]ourt granted the
       majority of [Akes’] motion with the exception of eleven (11) text
       messages.     Th[e trial c]ourt granted the Commonwealth[’]s
       [Rule] 404(b) motion allowing text message numbers 2371,
       2374, 2375, 2380, and 2381.         A jury was then selected;
____________________________________________

2
   As will be later discussed, we note that it was scrivener’s error to state
that Akes could not establish standing. See Footnote 6, infra.

                                           -4-
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     however, due to clerical error, the jury was dismissed and a new
     jury was selected on November 6, 2014.

           At trial, the Commonwealth presented the testimony of
     Officer Jefferson, who testified to the facts mentioned above.

            The Commonwealth then presented Detective Corey
     Cooper who is employed with the Borough of Darby Police
     Department and has been so employed for the past two years.
     Prior to being a detective, he was a patrolman in Darby Borough
     as well as Darby Township. In his capacity as a detective,
     Detective Cooper has executed at least fifty search warrants on
     cellular devices. Detective Cooper prepared and executed a
     search warrant for [Akes’] Samsung Note 3 that Officer Jefferson
     seized at the time of [Akes’] arrest. Following the standard
     procedure for extracting data from a cellular device, Detective
     Cooper was able to retrieve the contents of the phone and
     download it onto a compact disc.

           As a result from the search, Detective Cooper observed
     several text messages, the following were outgoing messages
     that [Akes] sent on the day he was arrested:

       Outgoing message #2463 sent on February 12, 2014, @
       2:16 p.m.: “nobody called for no p’s.”

       Outgoing message #2464 sent on February 12, 2014, @
       2:17 p.m.: “blues on deck.”

       Outgoing message #2466 sent on February 12, 2014, @
       2:19 p.m.: “Remember I need all the money to be right.
       Did you sell the four?”

       Outgoing message #2496 sent on February 12, 2014, @
       8:47 p.m.: “The police just pulled me over. I told them
       my name is Ronald Premier Lockett.”

           Detective Cooper also observed the following text message
     conversation between [Akes] and an individual named Quran
     which occurred on February 7, 2014 between 12:24 p.m.,
     through 5:10 p.m.:

       Outgoing message #2371: “Yo I just found out we’re
       going out tomorrow. They want to do it today but I don’t

                                  -5-
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        have time to put anything together if you got a young girl
        like 25 for some zans.”

        Incoming message #2372: “Yea, I got a girl that’s 25.”

        Outgoing message #2373: “ask her if she got insurance
        and Id that will be for some zans.”

        Outgoing message #2374: “And if she can be ready early
        tomorrow.”

        Incoming message #2375: “All right.”

        Incoming message #2380: “The Joan I got, she want to
        know too much.”

        Outgoing message #2381: “That’s up to you.[] You have
        to decide. She only going to get z’s, maybe some 512 or
        the cheap percs. You gotta figure out what you’re going to
        make and pay the people that grab for you. I only pay 25
        for z and 50 for p unless they your people and then you
        got to look out.”

            In addition, the Commonwealth also presented testimony
     from Lieutenant Michael Boudw[]in, who is currently employed
     with the Delaware County Criminal Investigation Division,
     Narcotics Unit and has been so employed for the last thirty
     years. Lieutenant Boudwin was offered and accepted as an
     expert in the field of illegal drugs, drug distribution, drug
     investigations, and drug jargon. After viewing the evidence in
     [Akes’] case, Lieutenant Boudwin determined the pills were
     possessed with the intent to deliver.           Lieutenant Boudwin
     testified that the amount of pills, the notes in the notebook, and
     the text message[s] were all indicative of selling and not
     possessing for mere personal use.             Contained within the
     notebook, was a list of different medications and a list of doctors
     from where they were getting the medications. Coupled with the
     text in reference to finding a female to go to the doctor’s office,
     Lieutenant Boudwin described the following situation: “They’re
     basically just pill mills. We send undercovers in; we make buys
     off them. Word gets out in the community, user community, so
     when you see doctors written down, and by the text messages
     they’re recruiting people that fit the profile to go into the doctors
     to shop for the pills. You go in to get the pills, if you’re using an

                                     -6-
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     insurance card; it costs nothing except a $2 copay. You come
     out with the zannies or Xanax or alprazolam is the legal name of
     the medication, and the [P]erco[c]ets or the oxycodone, and you
     come out and you sell them for a large profit margin.” In
     reference to the text messages, Lieutenant Boudwin pointed out
     the “p’s” means Percocet and “bls on deck” means Xanax and
     that the rest of the text messages were all indicative of selling
     drugs.

            The defense presented testimony from [Akes]. [Akes]
     testified that on the evening of February 12, 2014, at
     approximately 8:30 p.m., he was driving Andre Brand to get
     groceries and Bernard Debose to go shopping. [Akes] testified
     that he does this because it’s how he makes some extra money
     and described it as being a taxi hack. When he was pulled over
     by Officer Jefferson, [Akes] stated that he told Officer Jefferson
     his name was Ronald Akes and that Officer Jefferson kept asking
     him “what’s going on, where’s the weed?[” Akes] said his glove
     compartment was broken at the time and that it lacked an
     interior light and that Debose knocked two pill bottles out of the
     glove box and that’s when Officer Jefferson asked to see them.
     [Akes] testified that he borrowed the vehicle and that up until
     that point, he had never seen the pill bottles before; it was a
     shock to him that they were in the vehicle. In addition, [Akes]
     testified that the name Valerie Sadler was wholly unfamiliar to
     him. [Akes] also testified that he didn’t have any cell phones on
     him, rather all the phones were in between the two seats.

          After deliberating, [Akes] was found guilty of Possession
     with Intent to Deliver:       Oxycodone, Possession of Drug
     Paraphernalia, and False Identification to Law Enforcement.10
        10
            The Commonwealth did not go forward on the lesser
        included offense, Possession of a Controlled Substance and
        counsel for [Akes] opted not to send it to the jury.

            On December 19, 2014, th[e trial c]ourt sentenced [Akes]
     as follows: Count 1: 72 months to 144 months in SCI with one
     year consecutive state probation; Count 3: 1 year probation
     consecutive to Count 1; Count 4: one year state probation
     consecutive to Count 1 and Count 3.

          On December 27, 2014, counsel for [Akes] filed a post-
     sentence motion. Th[e trial c]ourt scheduled a hearing date of

                                   -7-
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       January 13, 2015; however, [Akes] was unavailable due to a
       prison transfer. On February 3, 2015, th[e trial c]ourt held a
       hearing and denied the motion via order on March 3, 2015,
       which was served on March 4, 2015, and sent to counsel as
       evidenced by the docket.

Trial Court Opinion, 5/27/2015, at 1-8 (record citations and some footnotes

omitted). This timely appeal followed.3

       In Akes’ first argument, he asserts his constitutional rights were

violated because the trial court erred in (1) denying his motion to suppress

for lack of standing and (2) granting the Commonwealth’s motion to

introduce evidence of crimes, wrongs, and other acts under Pa.R.E. 404(b)

without allowing him to challenge the telephonic records authorship and

authentication. See Akes’ Brief at 11-12.

       With respect to Akes’ standing contention, he states the court

incorrectly found he lacked standing to challenge the search and seizure and

that as a result, he was denied the opportunity to introduce evidence that he

had a privacy interest in the car. Id. at 14. He points to the following:

             At [Akes’] preliminary hearing on October 31, 2014, the
       vehicle [Akes] was arrested operating, owner, was Quran Akes-
       Lockett was called to testify as to the car’s usage permissions.
       Before testifying Mr. Lockett spoke with investigator Christopher
       Lah[m]eman, about who had permission to utilize it.           On
       September 8, 2014, Mr. Lockett told Mr. Lah[m]eman, and
       provided a signed statement, “I Quran Lockett of 1113 South
____________________________________________

3
  On April 14, 2015, the trial court ordered Akes to file a concise statement
of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). Akes
complied with the court’s directive, and filed a concise statement on May 4,
2015.

                                           -8-
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     53rd Street, I swear and affirm my father Ronald Akes and I
     purchased the 2002 Oldsmobile Silhoutte [sic], and I placed the
     vehicle in my name as a favor for him. The vehicle was in my
     name but it was for his use.” [Akes] subpoenaed Mr. Lockett to
     appear and testify before the trial court for proceedings on
     October 24, 2014 and October 31, 2014.

            Mr. Lockett on October 31, 2014, asserted his Fifth
     Amendment privilege against self-incrimination and declined to
     testify about the car’s ownership or who had permission to
     operate it. Mr. Lockett was unavailable to testify at [Akes’] trial
     as the court determined a privilege applied. Pa.R.E. 804(a)(1).
     When [Akes] sought to have Mr. Lah[m]eman testify and
     introduce signed documents by Mr. Lockett describing the
     vehicle’s ownership and usage permissions, as a statement
     against interest hearsay exception, the trial court denied [Akes’]
     request and reasoned Mr. Lah[m]eman’s testimony would be
     impermissible hearsay.       The suppression court utilized Mr.
     Lockett’s privilege assertion as the reason to demonstrate [Akes]
     lacked standing and denied in its entirety [Akes’] motion.

Id. at 14-15.    Akes complains the court erred in finding Lahmeman’s

testimony about Lockett’s statements was inadmissible hearsay. Id. at 15.

     This conflated issue deals with a mix of suppression and evidentiary

issues. Accordingly, we begin with our standard of review of a denial of a

motion to suppress evidence, which is as follows:

           An appellate court’s standard of review in addressing a
     challenge to the denial of a suppression motion is limited to
     determining whether the suppression court’s factual findings are
     supported by the record and whether the legal conclusions
     drawn from those facts are correct. Because the Commonwealth
     prevailed before the suppression court, we may consider only
     the evidence of the Commonwealth and so much of the evidence
     for the defense as remains uncontradicted when read in the
     context of the record as a whole. Where the suppression court’s
     factual findings are supported by the record, the appellate court
     is bound by those findings and may reverse only if the court’s
     legal conclusions are erroneous. Where ... the appeal of the
     determination of the suppression court turns on allegations of

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     legal error, the suppression court’s legal conclusions are not
     binding on the appeal court, whose duty it is to determine if the
     suppression court properly applied the law to the facts. Thus, the
     conclusions of law of the courts below are subject to plenary
     review.

Commonwealth v. Jones, 121 A.3d 524, 526-527 (Pa. Super. 2015)

(internal citation omitted), appeal denied, 135 A.3d 584 (Pa. 2016).

     “The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article

I, Section [8] of the Pennsylvania Constitution guarantee individuals freedom

from unreasonable searches and seizures.”      Commonwealth v. El, 933

A.2d 657, 660 (Pa. Super. 2007), aff'd, 977 A.2d 1158 (Pa. 2009).         “The

concept of standing in a criminal search and seizure context empowers a

defendant to assert a constitutional violation and thus seek to exclude or

suppress the government’s evidence pursuant to the exclusionary rules

under the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution or Article I,

Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution.”   Commonwealth v. Bostick,

958 A.2d 543, 550-551 (Pa. Super. 2008), appeal denied, 987 A.2d 158 (Pa.

2009).   “A defendant moving to suppress evidence has the preliminary

burden of establishing standing and a legitimate expectation of privacy.”

Commonwealth v. Maldonado, 14 A.3d 907, 910 (Pa. Super. 2011).

Moreover,

     [t]he traditional formulation for standing requires a defendant to
     demonstrate one of the following personal interests: (1) his
     presence on the premise at the time of the search and seizure;
     (2) a possessory interest in the evidence improperly seized; (3)
     that the offense charged includes as an essential element of the
     prosecution’s case, the element of possession at the time of the

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       contested search and seizure; or (4) a proprietary or possessory
       interest in the searched premises.

Bostick, 958 A.2d at 551 (internal citation omitted). “[G]enerally under

Pennsylvania law, a defendant charged with a possessory offense has

automatic standing to challenge a search.” Maldonado, 14 A.3d at 910.

       A defendant must separately establish a legitimate expectation
       of privacy in the area searched or thing seized.         Whether
       defendant has a legitimate expectation of privacy is a component
       of the merits analysis of the suppression motion. The
       determination whether defendant has met this burden is made
       upon evaluation of the evidence presented by the
       Commonwealth and the defendant.

       With more specific reference to an automobile search, this Court
       has explained as follows: generally under Pennsylvania law, a
       defendant charged with a possessory offense has automatic
       standing to challenge a search. However, in order to prevail, the
       defendant, as a preliminary matter, must show that he had a
       privacy interest in the area searched.

Commonwealth v. Burton, 973 A.2d 428, 435 (Pa. Super. 2009) (en

banc).4

____________________________________________

4
  “[U]nder both our state and the federal constitutions, a defendant cannot
prevail upon a suppression motion unless he demonstrates that the
challenged police conduct violated his own, personal privacy interests.”
Commonwealth v. Powell, 994 A.2d 1096, 1108 (Pa. Super. 2010)
(quotation omitted), appeal denied, 13 A.3d 477 (Pa. 2010).               “The
constitutional legitimacy of an expectation of privacy is not dependent on the
subjective intent of the individual asserting the right but on whether the
expectation is reasonable in light of all of the surrounding circumstances.”
Commonwealth v. Caban, 60 A.3d 120, 126 (Pa. Super. 2012), appeal
denied, 79 A.3d 1097 (Pa. 2013).

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       Here, it is uncontested that the officers possessed probable cause to

stop the van driven by Akes based on an observed motor vehicle violation. 5

Akes was subsequently charged with possessory offenses, and therefore,

had standing to challenge the search.6 See Maldonado, supra. As such,

we must determine whether Akes has established that he has a legitimate

expectation of privacy in the area searched or drugs seized. See Burton,

supra.

       As indicated above, Akes claims he was denied the opportunity to

introduce Lockett’s written statement to Investigator Lahmeman, which he

claims would have established that he had a privacy interest in the vehicle.

See Akes’ Brief at 14-15. Specifically, he argues the court erred in finding

the statements were inadmissible               hearsay because (1) Lockett was

“unavailable” pursuant to Pa.R.E. 804(a)(1); (2) his statements were

“inculpatory and against his penal interests as purchasing a vehicle for an

uninsured driver without properly disclosing this fact could be construed as

insurance fraud among other crimes including conspiracy,” id. at 15; and (3)
____________________________________________

5
   Akes does not challenge the initial stop or his consent to search the
vehicle.
6
  We note that in its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial court erroneously stated
Akes could not establish standing for the vehicle he was driving. Trial Court
Opinion, 5/27/2015, at 10. However, it is clear this statement was a
scrivener’s error because in its October 31, 2014, order, the court denied
Akes’ motion to suppress based on the following: “[Akes] was unable to
establish a privacy interest in the vehicle that was searched by police.”
Order, 10/31/2014, at 1 (emphasis added).

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the statements were corroborated as Lockett made them “of his own free

will, while not subject to arrest or any other adverse consequence, to a

court-appointed investigator who explained to Mr. Lockett why he was being

interviewed   during   the   course   of   his   investigation[.]”   Id.   at   16.

Furthermore, Akes asserts Lockett’s statements were exculpatory to Akes’

case because it demonstrated Akes “had a legitimate privacy interest in the

vehicle[,]” and therefore, the drugs found in the glove compartment of the

car should have been suppressed. Id.

     The admissibility of evidence is within the sound discretion of the
     trial court, and this Court will not reverse a trial court’s decision
     concerning admissibility of evidence absent an abuse of the trial
     court's discretion. Commonwealth v. Flor, 606 Pa. 384, 998
     A.2d 606, 623 (Pa. 2011). An abuse of discretion will not be
     found based on a mere error of judgment, but rather exists
     where the court has reached a conclusion which overrides or
     misapplies the law, or where the judgment exercised is
     manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice,
     bias or ill-will. Commonwealth v. Eichinger, 591 Pa. 1, 915
     A.2d 1122, 1140 (Pa. 2007). To the extent that this case
     presents a question of law, our standard of review is de novo,
     and our scope is plenary.

Commonwealth v. Alicia, 92 A.3d 753, 760 (Pa. 2014).

     Here, a review of the record reveals that Akes did not raise a

“statement against interest” hearsay argument at the suppression hearing

when he attempted to introduce Lockett’s written statement to Investigator

Lahmeman.     See N.T., 10/1/2014, at 9-10, 13.          He also did not respond

when the Commonwealth objected to the statement as hearsay. Therefore,

to this extent, his argument is waived. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (“Issues not

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raised in the lower court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time

on appeal.”).

      Additionally, even if Akes had properly preserved this issue, he has not

demonstrated or explained that he has a legitimate expectation of privacy in

the area of the car that was searched or that the search was unreasonable.

Further, nothing in the record indicated the pill bottles were exclusively in

Akes’ possession or that that the other occupants of the vehicle did not have

common access to the bottles. Akes merely states that Lockett’s statements

were exculpatory because the statements established Akes had a legitimate

privacy interest in the vehicle. Given the fact that Akes does not challenge

his consent to the search, in which he voluntarily handed the pill bottles to

the officer, we would find Akes has failed to meet his burden and the court

did not err in denying his motion to suppress.

      With regard to the seizure of Akes’ cell phone, Akes claims he “sought

to have any information obtained from the cellular phone suppressed

pursuant to his Commonwealth and federal Constitutional rights to be secure

in his person.” Akes’ Brief at 16. Akes contends, “By denying [his] motion

to suppress without allowing testimony regarding the cell phone on [his]

person the suppression court denied his right via Rule 581(H) to have the

Commonwealth bear the burden of establishing the challenged evidence was

not obtained in violation of [his] rights.” Id. at 17. Furthermore, he states:

      [B]y denying [him] a suppression hearing regarding the phone
      on his person, the suppression court failed to enter onto the

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      record a statement of findings and conclusions of law as to
      whether the evidence was obtained in violation of his rights, the
      rules of criminal procedure, or any statute as required in Rule
      581. Pa.R.C.P. 581(I).

Id.

      Contrary to Akes’ claim, a review of the record reveals that in Akes’

various omnibus motions, he did not seek suppression of his cell phone.

See Omnibus Pre-Trial Motion, 6/27/2014, at ¶ 53; Omnibus Pre-Trial

Motion, 7/2/2014, at ¶ 62. Likewise, at the suppression hearings, he did not

attempt to elicit testimony about the seizure of the phone.       See N.T.,

10/1/2014; N.T., 10/24/2014; and N.T. 10/31/2014.          Moreover, at the

October 31, 2014, hearing, Akes’ counsel only indicated that he would be

filing a motion in limine to preclude the cell phone records, not to suppress

the evidence.   See N.T., 10/31/2014, at 7-8.      Accordingly, Akes has not

properly preserved this argument and we conclude that it is waived for

purposes of appellate review. See Pa.R.A.P. 302.

      Akes also argues the court erred in granting the Commonwealth’s

motion to introduce evidence of crimes, wrongs, and other acts under

Pa.R.E. 404(b) without allowing him to challenge the telephonic records

authorship and authentication pursuant to Pa.R.E. 901.     Akes’ Brief at 17.

Akes states the “Commonwealth’s only means of authenticating these

messages was to rely upon Officer Jefferson’s testimony” and “Officer

Jefferson never testified to witnessing [him] utilizing the cell phone, and

neither did Officer Cooper or Officer Boudwin.” Id. at 18. Additionally, he

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states no evidence was presented, which identified any person who sent or

received the messages. Id. at 20.

      Our well-settled standard of review is as follows:

      When ruling on a trial court’s decision to grant or deny a motion
      in limine, we apply an evidentiary abuse of discretion standard of
      review. The admission of evidence is committed to the sound
      discretion of the trial court, and a trial court’s ruling regarding
      the admission of evidence will not be disturbed on appeal unless
      that ruling reflects manifest unreasonableness, or partiality,
      prejudice, bias, or ill-will, or such lack of support to be clearly
      erroneous.

Commonwealth v. Moser, 999 A.2d 602, 605 (Pa. Super. 2010), quoting

Commonwealth v. Minich, 4 A.3d 1063 (Pa. Super. 2010) (citations

omitted).

      By way of background, the phone was seized from Akes’ person

incident to his arrest. The police officers then executed a search warrant for

the phone. The result of the search was numerous phone records, including

text messages. Prior to trial, the Commonwealth filed a notice of intent to

use Rule 404(b) evidence, which alleged that Akes sent text messages to an

individual named “Quran” describing his mode of operation or common plan

with respect to how he engaged in drug trafficking. On the first day of trial,

November 5, 2014, an off-the-record discussion was held regarding the

motion.     Based on the discussion, the trial court then permitted Akes to

present evidence of the outgoing call log from the phone and allowed the

Commonwealth to present only five drug-related text messages obtained

from the phone.       N.T., 11/5/2014, at 3-6.      Defense counsel sought

                                    - 16 -
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clarification that the five messages were the only ones to be admitted “for

mimic evidence regarding a comprehensive plan,” but did not object to their

admission. Id. at 5-6. Subsequently, defense counsel did object at the time

the first message was admitted into evidence. N.T., 11/6/2014, at 278.

      Relying on the parties’ discussion that the text messages were being

introduced to show a comprehensive plan, the trial court found Akes waived

the issue because he “did not object to the messages being admitted for the

[Rule] 404(b) purpose[.]” Trial Court Opinion, 5/27/2015, at 11.

      We note that even though it appears counsel for Akes did object at the

time the evidence was admitted, though it could be considered tardy

because he previously had acquiesced to the evidence being admitted for

purposes of a comprehensive plan, Akes never argued before the trial court

that the evidence was improperly authenticated.      Accordingly, Akes again

has waived this part of his argument for failure to raise specific objection at

trial. See Commonwealth v. Baumhammers, 960 A.2d 59, 84 (Pa. 2008)

(stating “the absence of a specific contemporaneous objection renders the

appellant’s claim waived”), cert. denied, 558 U.S. 821 (2009).      Therefore,

Akes’ first argument fails in its entirety.

                                      - 17 -
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       In Akes’ second issue, he contends the court erred when it prohibited

statements made by Brand and Debose, and Sadler7 to Officer Jefferson and

Investigator Lahmeman.          Akes’ Brief at 20.   Specifically, he asserts that

even though these witnesses made out-of-court statements, the statements

were made against their penal interests and therefore, should have been

admitted. Id.

       Keeping in mind our standard of review regarding the admissibility of

evidence, we note that Rule 804, which governs exceptions to the rule

against hearsay when a declarant is unavailable as a witness, provides, in

pertinent part:

       (a) Criteria for Being Unavailable. A declarant is considered
       to be unavailable as a witness if the declarant:

       (1) is exempted from testifying about the subject matter of the
       declarant’s statement because the court rules that a privilege
       applies;

       (2) refuses to testify about the subject matter despite a court
       order to do so;

                                               …

       (b) The Exceptions. The following are not excluded by the rule
       against hearsay if the declarant is unavailable as a witness:

                                               …

       (3) Statement Against Interest. A statement that:
____________________________________________

7
   Brand and Debose, Akes’ co-defendants, were riding in the van at the time
of the incident at issue. Sadler’s ID and insurance information were found in
the car during the search.

                                          - 18 -
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      (A) a reasonable person in the declarant’s position would have
      made only if the person believed it to be true because, when
      made, it was so contrary to the declarant’s proprietary or
      pecuniary interest or had so great a tendency to invalidate the
      declarant’s claim against someone else or to expose the
      declarant to civil or criminal liability; and

      (B) is supported by corroborating circumstances that clearly
      indicate its trustworthiness, if it is offered in a criminal case as
      one that tends to expose the declarant to criminal liability.

Pa.R.E. 804(a)(1)-(2), b(3).

      With respect to Brand and Debose, Akes argues their communications

to Officer Jefferson, which he penned in an affidavit of probable cause,

qualified as statements against their interest and should have been admitted

as permissible hearsay evidence because the statements exposed Brand and

Debose to criminal liability, both men were unavailable to testify, and the

surrounding circumstances indicated a strong indicia of veracity and

reliability. Akes’ Brief at 25-27.

      In addressing this claim, the trial court found the following:

            [Akes] asserts that th[e trial c]ourt erred when it did not
      allow counsel to present to the jury exhibit D-1 (The Affidavit of
      Probable Cause) because the document contained information
      that was critical to his case.

            On cross examination of Officer Johnson, counsel for
      [Akes] marked the Affidavit of Probable Cause as D-1 and
      questioned Officer Jefferson using the document.         [N.T.,
      11/6/2014 p. 220-221]. Testimony was elicited that prior to
      removing the occupants from the vehicle, Officer Jefferson saw
      Brand and Debose making furtive movements and that when
      they were ordered out of the vehicle, Brand had a pill on him
      and Debose had a pill bottle labeled Andre Brand.         [N.T.
      11/6/2014 p. 223]. The jury heard the evidence that [Akes] is

                                     - 19 -
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      alleging he was unable to elicit due to this Court’s ruling. In
      addition, counsel for [Akes] insisted in eliciting testimony about
      Debose       and  Brand’s   guilty    pleas   even    despite  the
      Commonwealth and th[e trial c]ourt advising at sidebar that this
      could lead to the jurors finding guilt by association. [N.T.
      11/6/2014 p. 230]. In fact, th[e trial c]ourt gave a cautionary
      instruction to the jury after counsel elicited that both other
      individuals in the vehicle pled guilty to the drugs found on their
      person, that each case stands on its own merits and that [Akes]
      is not to be found guilty by association. [N.T., 11/6/2014 p.
      234] The jury heard all of the evidence that [Akes] was seeking
      to elicit from D-1.

             This Court does not permit documents to be published to
      the jury by passing out copies during trial. If counsel wished to
      utilize the document, he should have followed th[e trial c]ourt’s
      instruction that documents presented during trial are to be
      presented to the jury electronically, not by passing around
      copies of copious amounts of paper.         In fact, counsel was
      advised that the evidence presenter could be retrieved from
      legal audio visual located just down the hallway.12
         12
            In addition to verbally informing counsel for [Akes] of
         the evidence presenter, th[e trial c]ourt’s rules for the
         courtroom are published on the county webpage and, as
         such, this was not an unfair surprise to [Akes].

Trial Court Opinion, 5/27/2015, at 18.

      We agree with the trial court’s well-reasoned analysis.         All of the

relevant and admissible evidence from the affidavit of probable that Akes

now seeks to be admitted was actually disclosed at trial via Officer

Jefferson’s testimony.      Even Akes acknowledges that Officer Jefferson

specifically   testified   about   Brand’s     and   Debose’s   statements   and

                                      - 20 -
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involvement. See Akes’ Brief at 25.8 Furthermore, it is unclear from Akes’

argument what other evidence was improperly excluded.9            Moreover, a

review of the testimony reveals Akes never complained that the statements

made by Brand and Debose to Officer Jefferson were statements against

penal interest pursuant to Rule 804(b)(3). Accordingly, to the extent he has

not identified other improperly excluded evidence,         we conclude this

challenge is waived.

       Similar to his argument regarding Brand and Debose, Akes argues that

with respect to Sadler, her statements to Investigator Lahmeman qualified

as statements against her interest and should have been admitted as

permissible hearsay evidence because the statements exposed her to

criminal liability, she was unavailable to testify, and the surrounding

circumstances indicated a strong indicia of veracity and reliability.    Akes’

____________________________________________

8
  At trial, it appears counsel for Akes attempted to introduce evidence that
Brand and Debose were “sneaky” during processing at the police station,
and that more drugs were found on the two men. N.T., 11/6/2014, at 239-
240. Brand and Debose apparently made statements as to where these
other drugs came from. Id. The court precluded the evidence because
Brand’s and Debose’s convictions came in and because what happened at
the police station was irrelevant to what occurred in the van. Id. at 240.
Akes did not raise a claim that this evidence should have been admitted
pursuant to Rule 804 or for any other reason.
9
   Akes never explicitly states in his brief what evidence the court improperly
refused to admit though it appears the two potential statements are as
follows: (1) Brand stated to the officer that he gave the pills to Debose; and
(2) Debose told the officer he bought the pills from Brand and that one of
the substances found was syrup. Akes’ Brief at 25.

                                          - 21 -
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Brief at 27. Akes alleges Sadler told Investigator Lahmeman during a recess

at the October 24, 2014, proceeding that she had been in the car with only

Debose, she left her identification with him, and Akes did not know about

this.    Id.    He complains the court erred in preventing Investigator

Lahmeman from testifying about Sadler’s out-of-court statements.              Id.

Moreover, he states the “veracity of Ms. Sadler’s statements to Mr.

Lah[m]eman is corroborated by Officer Jefferson’s Affidavit of Probable

Cause and the black spiral notebook both of which were admitted into

evidence at [Akes’] trial in addition to the narcotics recovered from Mr.

Debose by Officer Jefferson.” Id. at 28. Likewise, he asserts a reasonable

person in Sadler’s place would not have made this statement to Investigator

Lahmeman unless she believed it to be true because it exposed her to

criminal liability for conspiracy. Id.

        In addressing this issue, the court found the following:

               [Akes] alleges that this court abused its discretion when it
        prohibited [Akes’] private investigator, Christopher Lahme[m]an
        to testify to statements allegedly made to him by Valerie Sadler
        when he served her with a subpoena for the defense. Counsel
        sought to have Mr. Lahme[m]an testify that Ms. Sadler told him
        “I left my Identification cards in the car when I was riding in it
        alone with Debose.” [Akes] alleges prohibiting this testimony
        created an “unbeatable bias” because Ms. Sadler’s statement
        could have exculpated [Akes].

              On November 6, 2014, after th[e trial c]ourt issued a
        subpoena and sent the sheriff’s to find Mr. Brand, counsel for
        [Akes] raised the issue of having Mr. Lahme[m]an testify. On
        the record, th[e trial c]ourt asked for an offer of proof, counsel
        responded:

                                         - 22 -
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              “I had raised two issues. This is why I had asked for
        the material – this is why I asked for the warrant to be
        served for Ms. Sadler because Ms. Sadler has made a
        statement regarding the identification and how her driver’s
        license and how her health insurance card ended up in the
        vehicle Mr. Lonaman [sic] also was able to obtain this
        statement from Ms. Sadler and this – and at this time –
        and at the time that Ms. Sadler was in the vehicle only Mr.
        Debose had been in the vehicle. And due to this, being a
        circumstantial matter, these would be important
        circumstances to be able to attack.”

     [N.T., 11/6/2014 p. 145].

            This Court properly prohibited the testimony as
     inadmissible hearsay. Even assuming Ms. Sadler qualified under
     the definition of an unavailable witness, her statement that she
     left an ID card and insurance card in the vehicle with Mr. Debose
     at some unknown time prior to the day of the stop and arrest is
     completely irrelevant and in no way could have exculpated
     [Akes] from the charges and furthermore, the statement is not
     even supported by corroborating circumstance that clearly
     indicate its trustworthiness.

Trial Court Opinion, 5/27/2015, at 16-17.

     We agree with the trial court’s analysis.     Most importantly, we note

that even if Sadler could be considered an unavailable witness, Akes does

not explain how Sadler’s statement was relevant to the stop and search at

issue or how it could have exculpated Akes from the charges. Indeed, the

pill bottles did not have Sadler’s name on them; it was only the insurance

information.   N.T., 11/6/2014, at 8 (“The only thing of [Sadler’s] that’s in

the vehicle is her identification and a prescription that was not filled.”).

Accordingly, Akes’ second argument is meritless.

                                    - 23 -
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      In Akes’ third issue, he asserts the trial court erred and abused its

discretion when it granted the Commonwealth’s motion to charge the jury

regarding accomplice liability. Akes’ Brief at 29. Specifically, he argues the

two accomplice liability instructions should not have been given because

“there was not a conspiracy charge, the phone records were hearsay and not

properly authenticated, and because [Akes] never physically possessed

narcotics.” Id. at 30. Moreover, he states that the two instructions were

defective and prejudicial because neither instruction included the accomplice

liability exception pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S. § 306.    Id. at 33.   Section 306

provides, in pertinent part:

      (f) Exceptions. — Unless otherwise provided by this title or by
      the law defining the offense, a person is not an accomplice in an
      offense committed by another person if:

                                      …

      (2) the offense is so defined that his conduct is inevitably
      incident to its commission[.]

18 Pa.C.S. § 306(f)(2) (bold in original). Akes contends this “was a critical

missing factor as the jury could have determined that Mr. Debose’s and/or

Mr. Brand’s conduct in possessing narcotics could have qualified for this

exception.” Akes’ Brief at 33. Additionally, he states

      [B]y disallowing [the] statements against Mr. Debose’s and Mr.
      Brand’s interests … [Akes] had the best evidence to demonstrate
      he was not an accomplice improperly barred. If [Akes] was
      allowed to present evidence that Mr. Brand had given and/or
      sold narcotics to Mr. Debose, the jury could have reasonably
      concluded [Akes] was not acting as an accomplice, but was

                                    - 24 -
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      merely present when a crime occurred.                  Next, the
      Commonwealth never proved in any manner [that Akes]
      promoted,      facilitated,  asked,   solicited, agreed,    aided,
      encouraged, or attempted to do any of the following acts. The
      Commonwealth never introduced any testimony showing [Akes]
      agreed to in anyway assist with the crimes of possession with
      intent to distribute a controlled substance and possession of drug
      paraphernalia.

Id. at 33-34. Akes reiterates his previous argument that the only evidence

the Commonwealth did present was the “unauthenticated hearsay testimony

regarding text messages originating from a phone in [Akes’] hands and an

expert’s opinion about the detailed hearsay.” Id. at 34.

      Our standard of review for a challenge to a jury instruction is as

follows:

      [W]hen evaluating the propriety of jury instructions, th[e trial
      c]ourt will look to the instructions as a whole, and not simply
      isolated portions, to determine if the instructions were improper.
      We further note that, it is an unquestionable maxim of law in
      this Commonwealth that a trial court has broad discretion in
      phrasing its instructions, and may choose its own wording so
      long as the law is clearly, adequately, and accurately presented
      to the jury for its consideration. Only where there is an abuse of
      discretion or an inaccurate statement of the law is there
      reversible error.

Commonwealth v. Antidormi, 84 A.3d 736, 754 (Pa. Super. 2014)

(citation omitted), appeal denied, 95 A.3d 275 (Pa. 2014). “A trial court’s

denial of a request for a jury instruction is disturbed on appeal only if there

was an abuse of discretion or an error of law.”            Commonwealth v.

Johnson, 107 A.3d 52, 89 (Pa. 2014), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 43 (U.S.

2015).

                                    - 25 -
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     Here, the trial court found the following:

            [Akes] asserts that th[e trial c]ourt committed irreversible
     error by allowing the standard accomplice instruction because “it
     was prejudicial towards [Akes] because the Commonwealth had
     never charged him as an accomplice, another person had equal
     access to the illegal narcotics, [Akes] was charged with
     possessing, and it was never shown [he] in any way aided,
     abetted, encouraged, or assisted Brand, Debose, or anyone else
     with illegal narcotics possession with intent to distribute.”

           After a request from the Commonwealth, th[e trial c]ourt
     decided that it would read the standard jury instruction
     8.306(a)(1), accomplice liability. Counsel for [Akes] noted his
     objection on the record prior to the instructions being given:
     “we object to that, the accomplice charge given to the jury
     because Mr. Akes here is not being charged with conspiracy as
     well as Mr. Akes had no drugs found on him. So for those
     reasons, we’re asking the instruction no[t] be given to the jury.”
     [N.T., 11/7/2014 p.4].11
        11
            This Court instructed the jury the following: “There is a
        way that one defendant can be proved liable for the
        conduct of another person or persons. That is when the
        defendant is an accomplice of the person who actually
        commits the crime at issue. To be an accomplice, the
        person does not have to agree to help someone else. The
        person is an accomplice if he on his own to help the other
        person commits a crime. More specifically, you may find
        the defendant is an accomplice of another in this case if
        the following two elements are proved beyond a
        reasonable doubt. First, that the defendant had the intent
        of promoting or facilitating the commission of the offense
        of possession with the intent to deliver and secondly, the
        defendant solicits, commands, encourages, or requests the
        other person to commit it or aids, agrees to aid, or
        attempts to aid the other person in planning or committing
        it. Accomplice liability must be assessed separately for
        each crime charged. If two or more crimes are committed
        and the defendant before you [is] being charged an[d] as
        an accomplice to each of these crimes, he may not be
        found liable unless it is shown as each individual crime that
        this Defendant had the intent of promoting the specific
        crime and then solicited, commanded, encouraged,

                                    - 26 -
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        requested the other person to commit it or aided, agreed
        to aid, or attempted to aid the other person in planning or
        committing it. In other words, you must decide whether
        the prosecution proved beyond a reasonable doubt that
        this defendant was an accomplice to the first crime and to
        the second crimes charged. It is important to understand
        that a person is not an accomplice merely because he is
        present when a crime is committed or knows that a crime
        is being committed.      And this, ladies and gentlemen,
        applies to the possession with intent to deliver and
        possession of drug paraphernalia. To be an accomplice,
        the defendant must specifically intend to help bring about
        the crime by assisting another in its commission. A person
        who is an accomplice will be responsible for a crime if and
        only if the person, before the other person commits the
        crime, either stops his own efforts to promote or facilitate
        the commission of the crime and either wholly apprised his
        previous efforts of effectiveness in the commission of the
        crime and gives timely warning to the law enforcement
        authorities or otherwise makes a proper effort to prevent
        the commission of the crime. [N.T., 11/7/2014 p. 88-90].

           [Akes’] assertion that conspiracy was not charged and
     therefore the accomplice liability instruction could not be given is
     wholly inaccurate and disregards that the two are entirely
     separate concepts.

           In addition, [Akes] states that th[e trial c]ourt re-reading
     the accomplice liability instruction to the jury when they had a
     question was also prejudicial. During deliberations on November
     7, 2014, at 1:23 p.m., the jury wrote a note that they were
     struggling to reach an agreement on Count 1: PWID and needed
     further instruction with regards to accomplice liability. This
     Court again explained accomplice liability. [N.T., 11/7/2014
     p.105-106].       Afterwards, in light of the explanation of
     accomplice liability, th[e trial c]ourt asked counsel if there was
     anything else they would like to elaborate on or explain, counsel
     for [Akes] answered in the negative. Counsel for [Akes] did not
     object to th[e trial c]ourt’s explanation of accomplice liability and
     is therefore waived; however, even if the Court finds that it is
     not, [Akes] was not prejudiced by th[e trial c]ourt clarifying
     accomplice liability.

Trial Court Opinion, 5/27/2015, at 13-14.

                                    - 27 -
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       We again agree with the trial court’s determination. It merits mention

that Akes only objected to the instruction being given to the jury because he

was not charged with conspiracy and no drugs were found on him.               N.T.,

11/7/2014, at 4. In his argument, Akes still appears to believe that because

he was not charged with conspiracy, the theory of accomplice liability cannot

be applied to his case. As the trial court points out, this is incorrect as the

two concepts are entirely separate and distinct.             Moreover, Akes was on

notice from the time the complaint and information were filed that the

Commonwealth intended to show Akes acted in concert with Brand and

Debose.10

       Additionally, counsel for Akes did not object to the content of the

accomplice     liability   instruction.        The   Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal

Procedure indicate that “[n]o portions of the charge nor omissions from the

charge may be assigned as error, unless specific objections are made

thereto before the jury retires to deliberate.”                Pa.R.Crim.P. 647(C).

Furthermore, "the mere submission and subsequent denial of proposed

points for charge ... will not suffice to preserve an issue, absent a specific

objection or exception to the charge or the trial court’s ruling respecting the

points.”    Commonwealth v. Sanchez, 82 A.3d 943, 978 (Pa. 2013)

(citation omitted); see also Pa.R.A.P. 302(b) (“Charge to jury. A general
____________________________________________

10
   Indeed, the Commonwealth filed a notice of intent to try the three men
together pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 582. See Information, 4/16/2014.

                                          - 28 -
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exception to the charge to the jury will not preserve an issue for appeal.

Specific exception shall be taken to the language or omission complained

of.”).    As such, any challenge to the specific language of the accomplice

liability jury instruction in the present matter has been waived. Accordingly,

Akes’ third argument fails.

         In Akes’ penultimate issue, he claims:

         [His] federal rights to confront his accusers, due process, and
         equal protection of the laws were violated where the court
         abused its discretion and impermissibly limited [his] cross
         examination of arresting Officer Jefferson regarding statements
         made to him by Mr. Brand and Mr. Debose[,] and where the trial
         court prevented [him] from asking opinion based questions of
         the Commonwealth’s witness[,] Officer Boudwin[,] who was
         certified as an expert in controlled substance investigations,
         illegal drug operations, and related terminology.

Akes’ Brief at 34-35 (some capitalization removed).

         With respect to Officer Jefferson, Akes mainly reiterates his prior

argument that he was prohibited from questioning the officer about Brand

and Debose’s actions and statements after they were processed in the police

station.    Id. at 36-37.    Akes states the court’s determination that these

statements were inadmissible hearsay curtailed his right to confrontation

and violated his right to introduce statement against another’s interest. Id.

at 37.     Moreover, he states the court prevented him from asking Officer

                                      - 29 -
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Jefferson his opinion regarding individuals with Xanax on their person and

money in multiple pockets. Id. at 41.11

       With regard to Officer Boudwin, who was testifying as an expert

witness regarding Akes’ narcotics operation, Akes complains the court

impermissibly limited his cross-examination.       Id. at 40.   Specifically, the

court erred in barring him from asking whether Akes was under investigation

prior to his participation in the case and if the officer found any person Akes

was alleged to have recruited. Akes states the court’s ruling preventing him

from demonstrating bias, lack of knowledge, and lack of corroboration. Id.

Akes argues he had a right to question Officer Boudwin about Brand’s and

Debose’s conduct. Id. at 42.

       We are governed by the following:

             The Confrontation Clause in the Sixth Amendment to the
       United States Constitution provides that all criminal defendants
       enjoy “the right to confront and cross-examine adverse
       witnesses.” Commonwealth v. Laird, 605 Pa. 137, 988 A.2d
       618, 630 (Pa. 2010). Moreover, “the exposure of a witness’
       motivation in testifying is a proper and important function of the
       constitutionally    protected    right   of   cross-examination.”
       Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 678, 106 S. Ct. 1431,
       89 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1986).

              Although the right of cross-examination is a fundamental
       right, it is not absolute. The trial court may place reasonable
       limits on defense counsel’s cross-examination of a prosecution
       witness “based on concerns about, among other things,
       harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, the witness'
____________________________________________

11
   Akes was attempting to show that the officer found money from multiple
pockets of Debose but from only one pocket of Akes.

                                          - 30 -
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      safety, or interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally
      relevant.” Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. at 679. “Generally speaking,
      the Confrontation Clause guarantees an opportunity for effective
      cross-examination, not cross-examination that is effective in
      whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish.”
      Delaware v. Fensterer, 474 U.S. 15, 20, 106 S. Ct. 292, 88 L.
      Ed. 2d 15 (1985).

Commonwealth v. Rosser, __ A.3d __, 2016 PA Super 51 [3258 EDA

2013] (Feb. 26, 2016) (en banc).

      With respect to Officer Jefferson’s testimony, we note that as indicated

above, the jury heard both Brand and Debose made furtive movements

outside the car, both had pill bottles on their person, and both entered guilty

pleas in related matters.   Therefore, any additional testimony would have

been repetitive or marginally relevant.

      Moreover, as the trial court properly found in addressing his claim

regarding the questioning of Officer Jefferson about his opinion as to finding

Xanax on the person and money in multiple pockets:

             First, counsel’s question was in relation to Debose and not
      [Akes]. The objection from the Commonwealth was sustained
      because the question was outside the scope of direct and solely
      related to Debose. In addition, when counsel rephrased the
      question and asked “it is a common practice for people who are
      selling narcotics to keep money in different pockets” the
      Commonwealth’s expert stated that it was common to keep
      money in different pockets and included an entire explanation as
      to why. The jury heard the evidence that [Akes] is alleging he
      was unable to elicit.

Trial Court Opinion, 5/7/2015, at 20.        Accordingly, based on the court’s

explanation, we find Akes’ argument is unavailing.

                                    - 31 -
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       With respect to Officer Boudwin’s testimony, we find Akes has failed to

include this issue in his Rule 1925(b) concise statement. 12       It is well-

established that in order “to preserve their claims for appellate review,

appellants must comply whenever the trial court orders them to file a

Statement of [Errors] Complained of on Appeal pursuant to [Rule] 1925.

Any issues not raised in a [Rule] 1925(b) statement will be deemed waived.”

Commonwealth v. Castillo, 888 A.2d 775, 780 (Pa. 2005), quoting

Commonwealth v. Lord, 719 A.2d 306, 309 (Pa. 1998).                 See also

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii); Commonwealth v. Dozier, 99 A.3d 106, 110

(Pa. Super. 2014), appeal denied, 104 A.3d 523 (Pa. 2014) (appellant’s

issues waived for failure to present them in his concise statement).

Therefore, this issue is waived.

       In Akes’ final argument, he asserts Officer Jefferson made remarks

about defense counsel being a public defender, which “was prejudicial and

created irreparable harm for which a sua sponte mistrial should have been

granted, and the trial court abused its discretion when it failed to grant one

as the substantial ends of justice could not be attained and manifest

necessity required such an order.” Akes’ Brief at 43.

____________________________________________

12
    A review of the concise statement reveals that Akes only attacked the
limitation on his cross-examination of Officer Jefferson and not Officer
Boudwin. See Concise Statement of Errors Complained of on Appeal,
5/4/2015, at ¶¶ 45-48.

                                          - 32 -
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       A review of the record reveals the following. On direct examination,

Officer Jefferson was asked if he saw the person driving the vehicle at issue

in the courtroom. N.T., 11/6/2014, at 179. He replied in the affirmative as

to Akes and stated, “Sitting next to the public defender, white shirt, blue

tie.” Id. Counsel for Akes subsequently said, “And, Your Honor, could you

instruct the witness that I am not a public defendant; I’m actually a private

attorney[.]”     Id. at 179-180.        The court agreed and gave the following

instruction, “Yes. Ladies and gentlemen, strike that reference. [Prosecutor],

caution your witness they’re not to comment on the attorneys.” Id. at 180.

       Counsel for Akes did not object or ask for a mistrial. Likewise, he did

not object after the trial court instructed the jury to strike the reference.13

Accordingly, for all practical purposes, Akes has waived this claim.        See

Pa.R.A.P. 302.

       Moreover, we are guided by the following:

       It is within a trial judge’s discretion to declare a mistrial sua
       sponte upon the showing of manifest necessity, and absent an
       abuse of that discretion, we will not disturb his or her decision.
       Commonwealth v. Leister, 712 A.2d 332, 334 (Pa. Super.
       1998), (citing Commonwealth v. Gains, 383 Pa. Super. 208,
       556 A.2d 870 (Pa. Super. 1989)); Pa.R.Crim.P. 1118(b)
       (amended and renumbered as Rule 605, effective April 1, 2001).
       Where there exists manifest necessity for a trial judge to declare
       a mistrial sua sponte, neither the Fifth Amendment to the United
       States Constitution, nor Article I, § 10 of the Pennsylvania
____________________________________________

13
  We also note that while Akes raised the issue in his December 29, 2014,
post-sentence motion, he did not pursue the claim at the February 3, 2015,
hearing on the motion.

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     Constitution will bar retrial. Leister, 712 A.2d at 335, (citing
     Commonwealth ex rel. Walton v. Aytch, 466 Pa. 172, 352
     A.2d 4 (Pa. 1976)).

           In Commonwealth v. Diehl, 532 Pa. 214, 615 A.2d 690,
     691 (Pa. 1992), our Supreme Court, when considering whether
     manifest necessity for the trial court’s sua sponte declaration of
     a mistrial existed, stated:

             Since Justice Story’s 1824 opinion in United States
       v. Perez, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 579, 580, 6 L. Ed. 165, it
       has been well settled that the question whether under the
       Double Jeopardy Clause there can be a new trial after a
       mistrial has been declared without the defendant’s request
       or consent depends on where there is a manifest necessity
       for the mistrial, or the ends of public justice would
       otherwise     be    defeated.        Commonwealth         v.
       Bartolomucci, 468 Pa. 338, 362 A.2d 234 (1976), citing
       United States v. Dinitz, 424 U.S. 600, 96 S.Ct. 1075, 47
       L. Ed. 2d 267 (1976). It is important to note that in
       determining whether the circumstances surrounding the
       declaration of a mistrial constitute manifest necessity, we
       apply the standards established by both Pennsylvania and
       federal decisions. Commonwealth v. Mitchell, 488 Pa.
       75, 410 A.2d 1232 (1980).

             Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 1118(b)
       provides that:

                 When an event prejudicial to the defendant
          occurs during trial only the defendant may move for
          a mistrial; the motion shall be made when the event
          is disclosed. Otherwise, the trial judge may declare
          a mistrial only for reasons of manifest necessity.

             In accordance with the scope of our review, we must
       take into consideration all the circumstances when passing
       upon the propriety of a declaration of mistrial by the trial
       court. The determination by a trial court to declare a
       mistrial after jeopardy has attached is not one to be lightly
       undertaken, since the defendant has a substantial interest
       in having his fate determined by the jury first impaneled.
       Commonwealth v. Stewart, 456 Pa. 447, 452, 317 A.2d
       616, 619 (1974), citing United States v. Jorn, 400 U.S.

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        470, 91 S.Ct. 547, 27 L. Ed. 2d 543 (1971). Additionally,
        failure to consider if there are less drastic alternatives to a
        mistrial creates doubt about the propriety of the exercise
        of the trial judge’s discretion and is grounds for barring
        retrial because it indicates that the court failed to properly
        consider the defendant’s significant interest in whether or
        not to take the case from the jury. Commonwealth, ex
        rel. Walton v. Aytch, 466 Pa. 172, 352 A.2d 4 (1976).
        Finally, it is well established that any doubt relative to the
        existence of manifest necessity should be resolved in favor
        of the defendant. Bartolomucci, 468 Pa. at 347, 362 A.2d
        234.

            We do not apply a mechanical formula in determining
     whether a trial court had a manifest need to declare a mistrial.
     “Rather, ‘varying and often unique situations arise during the
     course of a criminal trial . . . [and] the broad discretion reserved
     to the trial judge in such circumstances has been consistently
     reiterated . . . .’” Leister, 712 A.2d at 335, quoting Illinois v.
     Somerville, 410 U.S. 458, 462, 93 S. Ct. 1066, 1069, 35 L. Ed.
     2d 425 (1973); Commonwealth v. Morris, 2001 PA Super 112,
     773 A.2d 192, 194 (Pa. Super. 2001). The trial judge, who is
     the foremost authority in his or her courtroom, is usually in the
     best position to determine the necessity of recusal in any
     individual case. Leister, 712 A.2d at 335, citing Wade v.
     Hunter, 336 U.S. 684, 69 S. Ct. 834, 93 L. Ed. 974 (1949) and
     In Interest of Morrow, 400 Pa. Super. 339, 583 A.2d 816, 818
     (Pa. Super. 1990); Morris, 773 A.2d at 194. This principle
     assumes great weight when the issue involves how the
     presentation of evidence or the conduct of parties affects a trial's
     fact-finder.    Leister, 712 A.2d at 335, citing Arizona v.
     Washington, 434 U.S. 497, 514, 98 S. Ct. 824, 834-35, 54 L.
     Ed. 2d 717 (1978) and Commonwealth v. Smith, 321 Pa.
     Super. 51, 467 A.2d 888, 891 (Pa. Super. 1983); Morris, 773
     A.2d at 194.

Commonwealth v. Kelly, 797 A.2d 925, 936-37 (Pa. Super. 2002).

     Based on the record presented above, we find the circumstances do

not demonstrate a manifest necessity that would have compelled the court

to declare a mistrial sua sponte. The reference to defense counsel’s status

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was extremely brief, it was immediately corrected, and the court instructed

the jury to strike the comment. We find any prejudice suffered by Akes was

mitigated by the court’s instructions to the jury. See Commonwealth v.

Passarelli, 789 A.2d 708, 713 (Pa. Super. 2001) (“Furthermore, our law

presumes that juries follow the trial court’s instructions as to the applicable

law. Thus, any prejudicial effect from the prosecutor’s statement was cured

by the trial court’s general cautionary instruction to the jury.”) (citation

omitted), aff’d, 825 A.2d 628 (Pa. 2003). Accordingly, Akes’ final argument

fails.

         Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 7/26/2016

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