Court Opinion

ID: 160688
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-08-14 06:49:29+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:32.438194
License: Public Domain

F I L E D
                                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                    Tenth Circuit
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                      FEB 2 2001
                          FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
                       _______________________________           PATRICK FISHER
                                                                        Clerk

GUSTAVO GALVEZ-LETONA,

      Petitioner-Appellee,
                                                   No. 99-4195
v.
                                                    (D. Utah)
WAYNE KIRKPATRICK, Acting Officer
in Charge, JOSEPH GREENE, District            (D.C. No. 99-CV-83-K)
Director, Immigration & Naturalization
Service, JANET RENO, United States
Attorney General,

      Respondents-Appellants,
________________________

AMERICAN IMMIGRATION
LAWYERS ASSOCIATION;
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
PROTECTION & ADVOCACY
SYSTEMS; DISABILITY LAW
CENTER; THE ARC OF THE UNITED
STATES; THE ARC OF UTAH; THE
ARC OF ALLEGHENY; THE ARC OF
MONTGOMERY COUNTY,
PENNSYLVANIA; AMERICAN
ASSOCIATION ON MENTAL
RETARDATION; BAZELON CENTER
FOR MENTAL HEALTH LAW;
DISABILITY RIGHTS EDUCATION &
DEFENSE FUND; DISABILITY
RIGHTS COUNCIL OF GREATER
WASHINGTON; NATIONAL SENIOR
CITIZENS LAW CENTER; NEW YORK
LAWYERS FOR THE PUBLIC
INTEREST; ACCESS LIVING OF
METROPOLITIAN CHICAGO;
PENNSYLVANIA COALITION OF
CITIZENS WITH DISABILITIES;
PENNSYLVANIA COUNCIL ON
INDEPENDENT LIVING;
PENNSYLVANIA STATEWIDE
INDEPENDENT LIVING COUNCIL;
PUBLIC INTEREST LAW CENTER OF
PHILADELPHIA; NORTHEAST
PENNSYLVANIA CENTER FOR
INDEPENDENT LIVING; VISION FOR
EQUALITY; AMERICAN JEWISH
CONGRESS; CATHOLIC CHARITIES
USA; UNITED JEWISH
COMMUNITIES; LUTHERAN
IMMIGRATION & REFUGEE
SERVICE; MEXICAN AMERICAN
LEGAL DEFENSE AND EDUCATION
FUND; ASIAN AMERICAN LEGAL
DEFENSE AND EDUCATION FUND;
FRIENDS COMMITTEE ON
NATIONAL LEGISLATION;
IMMIGRANT LEGAL RESOURCE
CENTER; IMMIGRATION AND
REFUGEE SERVICES OF AMERICA;
NATIONAL ASIAN PACIFIC
AMERICAN LEGAL CONSORTIUM;
NATIONAL CENTER ON POVERTY
LAW; NATIONAL IMMIGRATION
LAW CENTER; NATIONAL COUNCIL
OF LA RAZA; ASIAN PACIFIC
AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER OF
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; FUND FOR
IMMIGRANTS AND REFUGEES;
CAPITAL AREA IMMIGRANTS'
RIGHTS COALITION; FLORIDA
JUSTICE INSTITUTE; FLORIDA
IMMIGRANT ADVOCACY CENTER;
FLORIDA LEGAL SERVICES; UTAH
MINORITY BAR ASSOCIATION;

                             -2-
HEARTLAND ALLIANCE FOR
HUMAN NEEDS AND HUMAN
RIGHTS; HEBREW IMMIGRANT AID
SOCIETY AND COUNCIL
MIGRATION SERVICE OF
PHILADELPHIA; ILLINOIS
COALITION FOR IMMIGRANT AND
REFUGEE RIGHTS; INTERNATIONAL
INSTITUTE OF LOS ANGELES;
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
THE EAST BAY; COUNCIL OF
SENIOR CENTERS AND SERVICES
OF NEW YORK CITY; LEGAL
ASSISTANCE FOR SENIORS; NEW
YORK IMMIGRATION COALITION;
NORTHWEST IMMIGRANT RIGHTS
PROJECT; SOUTHEAST REGIONAL
IMMIGRATION AND CITIZENSHIP
COALITION; ALBUQUERQUE
BORDER CITY PROJECT; AMERICAN
ASSOCIATION OF JEWS FROM THE
FORMER USSR; AMERICAN
NETWORK OF COMMUNITY
OPTIONS AND RESOURCES; ASIAN
COMMUNITY AND CULTURAL
CENTER; ASIAN LAW ALLIANCE;
ASIAN PACIFIC DEVELOPMENT
CENTER; CABRINI IMMIGRANT
SERVICES; CARIBBEAN WOMEN'S
HEALTH ASSOCIATION; CATHOLIC
CHARITIES COMMUNITY AND
IMMIGRANT SERVICES; LINCOLN
INTERFAITH COUNCIL; CLARE'S
WELL; LUTHERAN SOCIAL
SERVICES OF MINNESOTA;
MASSACHUSETTS IMMIGRANT AND
REFUGEE ADVOCACY COALITION;
MONTAGNARD/DEGA
ASSOCIATION; KOREAN AMERICAN

                            -3-
 COALITION; NATIONAL
 EVANGELICAL SLAVIC
 ASSOCIATION; NATIONAL
 FEDERATION OF FILIPINO
 AMERICAN ASSOCIATIONS;
 OFICINA LEGAL/IMMIGRANT LAW
 CENTER; SISTERS OF ST. JOSEPH OF
 ORANGE; UTICA CITIZENS IN
 ACTION; VERMONT REFUGEE
 RESETTLEMENT PROGRAM,

         Amici Curiae.
                          _______________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                          _______________________________

Before MURPHY and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges, and KANE, District Judge.**
                   _______________________________

        Respondents-Appellants Wayne Kirkpatrick, Joseph Greene and Janet Reno

(collectively the Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”)) seek reversal of the

district court order granting the application for naturalization of Petitioner-Appellee

Gustavo Galvez-Letona (“Galvez”) and ordering the INS to naturalize him forthwith.

The INS had denied Galvez’s application for citizenship because he could not

demonstrate that he was attached to the principles of the Constitution, understood the oath

   *
    This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law
of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation
of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the
terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

    Honorable John L. Kane, Jr., United States District Judge for the District of
   **

Colorado, sitting by designation.

                                             -4-
of allegiance and was willing to take the oath as provided in sections 316(a) and 337(a) of

the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. §§ 1427(a), 1448(a). There is no dispute

that the only reason Galvez could not make this showing was because of physical

disabilities and mental impairment resulting from severe Downs Syndrome. It is

undisputed that Galvez otherwise met all qualifications for citizenship.

       The district court ordered the INS to grant Galvez’s request for naturalization upon

finding that the INS had violated section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, which prohibits

any executive agency from denying a government benefit to an “otherwise qualified

individual . . . solely by reason of her or his disability.” 29 U.S.C. § 794(a). In the

district court and on appeal, the INS argued against this result on the ground that the oath

of allegiance and attachment are essential requirements for naturalization that cannot be

waived pursuant to the Rehabilitation Act or otherwise.

       After this appeal was submitted for decision, Congress amended the Immigration

and Nationality Act expressly to grant the Attorney General discretion to waive the oath

and attachment requirement if, in the opinion of the Attorney General, the applicant was

unable to understand or comply with this requirement as a result of a disability or mental

impairment. Pub. L. 106-448, 114 Stat. 1939 (2000) (amending 8 U.S.C. § 1448(a)). In

supplemental briefing, the INS represented to the Court that Galvez is qualified for

waiver of the oath and attachment requirements under this provision and that it had

decided to waive these requirements for Galvez and approve his application for

                                              -5-
naturalization. The INS further asserted that these representations moot this appeal and

require us to vacate the district court judgment.

       We disagree. Pursuant to the district court’s order, the INS issued Galvez a

certificate of citizenship in November, 1999. The INS maintains that this certificate will

terminate and Galvez’s right to citizenship pursuant to it will be void ab initio if this Court

vacates or reverses the district court’s order. Conversely, if we affirm the district court’s

judgment, the INS has stated that it will acknowledge Galvez’s citizenship for all purposes

as conferred by the November, 1999 certificate and will formally notify Galvez of such

acknowledgment. In its supplemental briefing to this Court, the INS indicated that,

notwithstanding its recent decision to waive the oath and attachment requirement for

Galvez and approve his request for naturalization, it will require Galvez to obtain a new

certificate of naturalization rather than affirm the validity of Galvez’s existing certificate

and any benefits he has obtained in reliance on it. Under these circumstances, the validity

of Galvez’s November, 1999 certificate of naturalization remains at issue and this case is

not moot. See City of Albuquerque v. Browner, 97 F.3d 415, 420 (10th Cir. 1996)(case is

not moot unless effects of alleged misconduct are “completely and irrevocably

eradicated.”).

       Turning to the merits of the appeal, we affirm the district court’s judgment, but on

                                              -6-
grounds other than those stated by that court.1 As described above, Congress’ recent

amendment of the Immigration and Naturalization Act grants the INS discretion to waive

the oath and attachment requirement for disabled persons. This amendment applies to all

persons applying for naturalization “before, on, or after the date of the enactment of this

Act.” Pub. L. 106-448, § 2. The INS has informed the Court that Galvez is eligible for

this waiver and that it would exercise its discretion to approve Galvez’s application for

naturalization if the application was newly presented to it. This INS determination is

applicable to the Galvez naturalization application acted upon by the district court. As the

INS has determined that the oath and attachment requirement should be waived for Galvez

and that he is otherwise entitled to naturalization, we AFFIRM on this basis the district

court order directing the INS to grant Galvez’s application for naturalization.

       In light of this decision, we deny the INS’s Motion to Vacate the Judgment of the

District Court and to Remand With Direction to Dismiss, and deny as moot Galvez’s

Motion for Summary Affirmance.

                                                   Entered for the Court

                                                   John L. Kane, Jr.
                                                   District Judge

   1
      As a result, we do not address the district court’s holding that the INS violated
section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act when it denied Galvez’s application for
naturalization.

                                             -7-