Court Opinion

ID: 6337013
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-05-02 18:14:23.959651+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:59.295296
License: Public Domain

J-A05021-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    IN RE: ADOPTION OF: G.A.C., A              :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
    MINOR                                      :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                                               :
    APPEAL OF: J.C., FATHER                    :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :   No. 1248 MDA 2021

                Appeal from the Decree Entered August 25, 2021,
                  in the Court of Common Pleas of York County,
                      Orphans' Court at No(s): 2021-0004A.

    IN RE: H.H.C., A MINOR                     :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
    APPEAL OF: J.C., FATHER                    :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :   No. 1249 MDA 2021

                Appeal from the Decree Entered August 25, 2021,
                  in the Court of Common Pleas of York County,
                      Orphans' Court at No(s): 2021-0005a.

BEFORE:      OLSON, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY KUNSELMAN, J.:                   FILED: MAY 2, 2022

        In this consolidated matter, Appellant J.C. (Father) appeals from the

respective decrees involuntarily terminating his rights to 6-year-old daughter

G.A.C. and 5-year-old son H.H.C. (collectively, the Children), pursuant to the
____________________________________________

*   Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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Adoption Act. See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1), (5), (8), and (b). The petition

to terminate Father’s rights was brought by K.S. (Mother) and S.S.

(Stepfather). After careful review, we conclude Father waived his challenges

to the decrees, and we affirm.

      Given our disposition, we summarize the relevant factual and procedural

history as follows: Mother and Father married in 2012 and they had the two

subject Children.   In March 2017, Mother became concerned that Father

sexually abused their then-2½-years-old daughter, G.A.C.       The apparent

disclosure occurred while Mother and G.A.C. were visiting the Maternal

Grandmother’s home. G.A.C. had become upset while talking about a game.

Mother and Maternal Grandmother asked the Child about the game, and

G.A.C. pantomimed male masturbation. Mother tried to ask more questions,

but G.A.C. became embarrassed and would not answer.

      Mother then questioned whether G.A.C.’s previous behavior was a result

of sexual abuse. A few weeks earlier, G.A.C. had screamed out in her sleep,

“don’t touch my bum.” When Mother asked the Child who touched her bum,

she indicated that Father does.      The Child had also become violent when

playing with her cousins. G.A.C. also regressed in her potty training. Mother

and the Children subsequently moved in with the Maternal Grandparents, and

Father left the marital residence.

      After the separation, Father exercised his custody irregularly. Father

would see the Children as much as an hour twice per week, but sometimes he

would not see the Children for weeks.       Meanwhile, Mother put G.A.C. in

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counseling, after G.A.C. displayed further acts of aggression, anxiety, and

began acting out sexually.

        Mother filed a custody complaint in October 2018, and Father received

interim supervised physical custody. The Child had done well in therapy, but

regressed after Father received interim custody, at which point the therapy

resumed.     In March 2019, after the final custody hearing, the trial court

awarded Mother sole physical and legal custody, but directed Father to petition

for modification if he participated in the G.A.C.’s trauma therapy.       Father

appealed, and this Court vacated the custody order and remanded the case

back to the trial court for its failure to consider all the custody factors under

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5328(a).1 After remand, the court considered all the relevant

factors and reinstituted its order on October 28, 2019. Father filed another

appeal (docket at 1922 MDA 2019), but we dismissed that appeal for Father’s

failure to submit a brief. See Per Curiam Order, dated 2/07/20.2 Father has

had no contact with the Children since March 2019.

       Father filed a petition to modify custody in October 2020. At the ensuing

conciliation, Father was notified that Mother and Stepfather intended to file a

petition to involuntarily terminate his rights. The orphans’ court held a hearing

on the petitions on May 6 and August 24, 2021.
____________________________________________

1See K.A.C. v. J.W.C., 637 MDA 2019, 2019 WL 5491365 (Pa. Super. 2019)
(non-precedential decision).

2At the termination hearing, Father explained that his brief was never filed
because, unbeknownst to him, his attorney died during the pendency of the
appellate litigation.

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      At the termination hearing, Mother claimed Father essentially admitted

to abusing G.A.C., when he told Mother that “he had spoken with demons

while he was in Montana, and they were the ones responsible for abusing

[G.A.C.].” See N.T., 5/6/21 (Day 1) at 58. She also alleged that Father had

done nothing for the Children since losing custody – specifically, that he had

not engaged in trauma therapy with G.A.C. to resume custody, per the

operating custody order. She explained that Father only paid child support

after it was apparent that she sought to terminate Father’s rights.

      Father’s position was that he did all he could for the Children, while

being deprived of custody. He noted that he bought gifts for the Children and

prepared bedrooms for them for when he resumed custody. He argued that

the delay in child support payments was due to the backlog of unemployment

claims during the Covid-19 pandemic.      Father also denied the abuse ever

occurred. He noted that the York County District Attorney’s Office declined to

pursue criminal charges, and the York County Office of Children and Youth

Services determined that the allegations were unfounded.

      As to why Father never engaged in G.A.C.’s therapy, Father claimed that

he was unaware that he could do so, because his former attorney never

provided him with the custody order. He also argued that that he did not

realize his appeal from the custody order had been denied, until he called his

attorney’s office and discovered that his attorney had died.

      The orphans’ court was not persuaded by Father’s testimony, and it

ultimately terminated his rights. The court stated its reasons on the record.

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See generally N.T., 8/26/21 (Day 2) at 252-264. First, the court denied

Mother’s request for termination under Section 2511(a)(2) and Section

2511(a)(10).3 The court then analyzed the three remaining grounds Mother

alleged under Section 2511(a).           Regarding Section 2511(a)(1), the court

concluded that Father did not evince a settled purpose to relinquish his

parental claim, but that he refused or failed to perform his parental duties.

The court determined that Father only paid child support and prepared to

resume custody after he received notice of the termination petition.

____________________________________________

3   These sections provide:

           (a) General rule.--The rights of a parent in regard to a
           child may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the
           following grounds:

              (2) The repeated and continued incapacity, abuse,
              neglect or refusal of the parent has caused the child to
              be without essential parental care, control or subsistence
              necessary for his physical or mental well-being and the
              conditions and causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect
              or refusal cannot or will not be remedied by the parent.

                                          [***]

              (10) The parent has been found by a court of competent
              jurisdiction to have committed sexual abuse against the
              child or another child of the parent based on a judicial
              adjudication as set forth in paragraph (1)(i), (ii), (iii) or
              (iv) or (4) of the definition of “founded report” in section
              6303(a) (relating to definitions) where the judicial
              adjudication is based on a finding of “sexual abuse or
              exploitation” as defined in section 6303(a).

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(2), (10).

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      Regarding Section 2511(a)(5) and (a)(8), the orphans’ court observed,

as a threshold matter, that the Children had been “removed from the care of

the parent” by virtue of the custody order awarding Mother sole custody. See

id. at 257; see also 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(5), (a)(8). The orphans’ court

also noted the custody court’s prior finding of abuse, but indicated that its

larger concern was Father’s refusal to take the necessary steps – i.e.,

participate in trauma therapy – to resume custody.        The court determined

further that Father’s refusal to parent or remedy the conditions that led to

Mother’s sole custody award applied equally to his son H.H.C., not just to his

daughter G.A.C.

      Regarding Section 2511(b), the court found that the Children have not

had contact with Father for 29 months, that termination would best serve the

Children’s needs and welfare, and that termination would not adversely affect

the Children. Thus, the orphans’ court granted the termination petitions under

Section 2511(a)(1), (a)(5), (a)(8) and (b).

      Father filed timely notices of appeal. He presents the following issues

for our review:

            A. Whether the [orphans’] court erred as a matter of law
               and/or abused its discretion by terminating Father’s
               rights under [Section] 2511(a)(1) where Father had
               satisfied all parental duties he could satisfy after being
               granted no legal or physical custody rights, and not
               having knowledge that he could participate in trauma
               therapy due to [his prior] deceased lawyer never
               providing him with custody orders giving him the right
               to participate in trauma therapy?

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            B. Whether Father was denied due process by not being
               provided with notice of custody orders from his
               deceased lawyer who also failed to file a brief on his
               custody appeal that he could participate in trauma
               counseling with his [daughter G.A.C.] and that was
               the contributing factor leading to his parental rights
               being terminated under Section 2511(a)(1), (a)(5)
               and (a)(8).

            C. Whether Father’s rights to [son] H.H.C. were
               wrongfully terminated since the court only terminated
               his parental rights to H.H.C. because it terminated
               Father’s rights to G.A.C. which occurred because he
               failed to participate in trauma counseling in a
               reasonable period of time where Father was never
               made aware of having that right due to his lawyer
               passing away and not sharing said information with
               Father?

Father’s Brief at 5-6 (capitalization adjusted).

      We begin with the termination question, mindful of our well-settled

standard of review of such cases:

         The standard of review in termination of parental rights
         cases requires appellate courts to accept the findings of fact
         and credibility determinations of the trial court if they are
         supported by the record. If the factual findings are
         supported, appellate courts review to determine if the trial
         court made an error of law or abused its discretion. A
         decision may be reversed for an abuse of discretion only
         upon demonstration of manifest unreasonableness,
         partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will. The trial court's
         decision, however, should not be reversed merely because
         the record would support a different result. We have
         previously emphasized our deference to trial courts that
         often have first-hand observations of the parties spanning
         multiple hearings.

In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d 251, 267 (Pa. 2013) (citations and quotation marks

omitted).

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     Termination of parental rights is governed by Section 2511 of the

Adoption Act, which requires a bifurcated analysis.

        Initially, the focus is on the conduct of the parent. The party
        seeking termination must prove by clear and convincing
        evidence that the parent's conduct satisfies the statutory
        grounds for termination delineated in section 2511(a). Only
        if the court determines that the parent's conduct warrants
        termination of his or her parental rights does the court
        engage in the second part of the analysis pursuant to section
        2511(b): determination of the needs and welfare of the
        child[.]

In re C.M.K., 203 A.3d 258, 261-262 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citation omitted).

     It is well-settled that we may affirm the orphans’ court decision under

any one subsection of Section 2511(a) in conjunction with Section 2511(b).

See, e.g., In re Z.P., 994 A.2d 1108, 1117 (Pa. Super. 2010).

     Instantly, the orphans’ court terminated Father’s rights under Section

2511(a)(1), (5), (8) and (b), which provide:

        (a) General rule.--The rights of a parent in regard to a
        child may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the
        following grounds:

           (1) The parent by conduct continuing for a period of at
           least six months immediately preceding the filing of the
           petition either has evidenced a settled purpose of
           relinquishing parental claim to a child or has refused or
           failed to perform parental duties.

                                     […]

           (5) The child has been removed from the care of the
           parent by the court or under a voluntary agreement with
           an agency for a period of at least six months, the
           conditions which led to the removal or placement of the
           child continue to exist, the parent cannot or will not
           remedy those conditions within a reasonable period of

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            time, the services or assistance reasonably available to
            the parent are not likely to remedy the conditions which
            led to the removal or placement of the child within a
            reasonable period of time and termination of the parental
            rights would best serve the needs and welfare of the
            child.

                                      […]

            (8) The child has been removed from the care of the
            parent by the court or under a voluntary agreement with
            an agency, 12 months or more have elapsed from the
            date of removal or placement, the conditions which led
            to the removal or placement of the child continue to exist
            and termination of parental rights would best serve the
            needs and welfare of the child.

                                       […]

      (b) Other considerations.--The court in terminating the
      rights of a parent shall give primary consideration to the
      developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare of
      the child. The rights of a parent shall not be terminated solely
      on the basis of environmental factors such as inadequate
      housing, furnishings, income, clothing and medical care if
      found to be beyond the control of the parent. With respect to
      any petition filed pursuant to subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the
      court shall not consider any efforts by the parent to remedy the
      conditions described therein which are first initiated
      subsequent to the giving of notice of the filing of the petition.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1), (5), (8) and (b).

      Before we reach the merits of Father’s appeal, we note that Father’s

statement of questions involved differs from his respective concise statement

of errors complained on appeal. This discrepancy has led to calls of waiver

from not only the Appellees (Mother and Stepfather, and the Children through

their counsel), but also the orphans’ court. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (“Issues not

raised in the trial court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on

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appeal.”). Thus, we must first identify whether Father has abandoned or

waived any issues.

      In his concise statement, Father claimed he was only served with the

petition concerning his daughter G.A.C., but not with a petition regarding his

son H.H.C. He argued that the failure to receive proper notice constituted a

violation of his right to due process. See Father’s Concise Statement, 1249

MDA 2021, at ¶7 and Father’s Concise Statement 1248, at ¶2. But on appeal,

Father has abandoned this issue. Similarly, Father raised several challenges

to the court’s evidentiary rulings as they relate to the custody court’s prior

finding of abuse. See Father’s Concise Statement, 1249 MDA 2021, at ¶¶2-5.

Father has abandoned these issues as well.

      We turn now to whether Father waived any issues. After review, we

conclude Father has ultimately waived his challenges to the termination

decrees. We reiterate that the orphans’ court terminated Father’s rights as to

both Children under Sections 2511(a)(1), (a)(5), (a)(8), and (b). Critically,

Father does not challenge the court’s determination under Section 2511(a)(8).

See Father’s Brief at 5; c.f. Father’s Concise Statement, 1249 MDA 2021, at

¶¶1-7 and Father’s Concise Statement 1248, at ¶¶1-3. And nowhere – in

either Father’s concise statement or in his statement of questions involved –

does Father challenge the court’s determinations under Section 2511(b), the

second prong of the bifurcated termination analysis. See In re C.M.K., 203

A.3d 258 at 261-62.

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       Again, we observe that we may affirm a termination decree under any

one subsection of Section 2511(a) in conjunction with Section 2511(b). Z.P.,

994 A.2d at 1117. Thus, Father’s failure to raise Section 2511(a)(8) and (b)

means Father has effectively waived his entire appeal as to both Children.4

Because we may affirm the decrees under these sections, Father’s remaining

issues are moot. See In re D.A., 801 A.2d 614, 616 (Pa. Super. 2002) (“An

issue before a court is moot if in ruling upon the issue the court cannot enter

an order that has any legal force or effect.”).5

____________________________________________

4 We question whether – as was the case here – a custody order awarding
sole custody to one parent constitutes the court’s “removal” of that child from
the other parent’s care, pursuant to Section 2511(a)(5) and (a)(8).
Ultimately, we may not address this question. Not only did Father waive his
challenge under Section 2511(a)(8), but he failed to make such an argument
under Section 2511(a)(5). “Where the parties fail to preserve an issue for
appeal, the Superior Court may not address that issue sua sponte.” Berry v.
Berry, 197 A.3d 788, 795 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citations omitted). “Parties may
waive rights, even due process rights and other rights of constitutional
magnitude.” Id. (citations omitted).

5  Even if we were to conclude that Father’s failure to preserve Section
2511(a)(8) had no bearing on his appeal of H.H.C.’s case, we would still find
that Father waived such a challenge. To explain, in Father’s third appellate
issue, Father argues the orphans’ court erred when it terminated his rights to
H.H.C., because the court’s only basis for doing so was the termination of his
rights to G.A.C. However, it is well-established that the failure to develop an
argument with citation to, and analysis of, pertinent authority results in waiver
of that issue on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 2119(b); see also C.H.L. v. D.H.L.,
214 A.3d 1272, 1276 (Pa. Super. 2019). Here, Father’s argument on this
point consists of three sentences with no citation to relevant authorities. Thus,
notwithstanding Father’s failure to raise a challenge under Section 2511(a)(8),
we would conclude that Father failure to develop an argument has impeded
our review, and thus we would find the issue waived.

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     Decrees affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 05/02/2022

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