Court Opinion

ID: 9790693
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-31 01:57:40.374262+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:35:37.695348
License: Public Domain

SUPPLEMENTAL OPINION
WEISBERG, Presiding Judge.
After we filed our original opinion in this case, 150 Ariz.Adv.Rep. 47, 179 Ariz. 5, 875 P.2d 1310 (App. October 26,1993), PlaintiffsAppellees petitioned the Arizona Supreme Court to grant review. The supreme court granted review and remanded the matter to this court with directions to reconsider our opinion in light of the recent United States Supreme Court decision in Dolan v. City of Tigard, 512 U.S.--, 114 S.Ct. 2309, 129 L.Ed.2d 304 (1994). See Ariz.R.Civ.App.P. 23(i)(2). We now expressly consider whether Dolan has any effect on our prior opinion.1
I. DOLAN V. CITY OF TIGARD
In Dolan, the United States Supreme Court faced the issue of whether a condition placed on the granting of a redevelopment permit was an unconstitutional taking.
As required by the State of Oregon, the City of Tigard adopted a land management program entitled the Community Development Code (the “CDC”). To minimize flood damage, the CDC required the preservation of greenways within the city’s floodplain. For property within this area, the CDC required the city to condition development permits upon a dedication of “sufficient open land” to establish these greenways. To minimize traffic congestion, the CDC also required new developers within a delineated area to dedicate land for pedestrian/bicycle pathways.
Florence Dolan owned a store on property partly within the floodplain. She wanted to enlarge her store and parking lot and applied to the city for a redevelopment permit. Pursuant to the CDC, the city granted the permit on the condition that Dolan dedicate to the city for greenway all of that portion of her land within the floodplain, and an additional portion of land for a pedestrian/bicycle path.
After requesting and being denied a variance, Dolan brought suit against the city, arguing that its conditions were an unconstitutional taking under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. The Oregon state courts upheld the city’s conditions, finding that they were “reasonably related” to the city’s interests in minimizing flooding and traffic congestion. The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari and reversed.
The Court analyzed the conditions under a two-step approach. First, it considered whether an “essential nexus” existed between the legitimate state interest and the conditions exacted by the city. 512 U.S. at -, 114 S.Ct. at 2317. The Court had previously developed this step of the analysis in Nollan v. California Coastal Comm’n, 483 U.S. 825, 107 S.Ct. 3141, 97 L.Ed.2d 677 (1987). In Dolan, the Court readily found an essential nexus between the city’s interests and the conditions. 512 U.S. at-, 114 S.Ct. at 2318.
Having found an essential nexus, the Court moved beyond Nollan to consider “the required degree of the connection between the exactions and the projected impact of the proposed development.” Id. at -, 114 S.Ct. at 2317. The Court determined that the required degree of connection was “rough proportionality,” which is similar to the “reasonable relationship” standard adopted by the majority of state courts. Id. at-, 114 S.Ct. at 2319. The Court ruled in favor of Dolan because the city had failed to show that its conditions were “roughly proportional” in nature and extent to the burdens imposed by Dolan’s proposed development. Id. at-, 114 S.Ct. at 2321.
II. DEVELOPMENT FEES IMPLICATE THE TAKINGS CLAUSE . OF THE U.S. CONSTITUTION
In analyzing the effect of Dolan on this court’s opinion, we must first consider whether the fees charged by Scottsdale in this case *246even implicate the power of eminent domain.2 If the fees constitute a land-use regulation, eminent domain is implicated. If the fees are a tax, however, they are not subject to the Takings Clause.3
Development fees, according to Arizona’s enabling statute, are fees charged by the municipality to the developer of land “to offset costs to the municipality associated with providing necessary public services to [the] development.” Ariz.Rev.Stat.Ann. (“A.R.S.”) § 9-463.05 (1990). Development fees are generally considered regulatory fees if they are reasonably related to the needs created by the new development and are used to benefit the land on which they are imposed. On the other hand, they are considered taxes if the fees are not related to the new development and are used to benefit other property. See, e.g., Russ Bldg. Partnership v. City & County of San Francisco, 234 Cal.Rptr. 1, 5-6 (Ct.App.1987); Contractors & Builders Ass’n v. City of Dunedin, 329 So.2d 314, 317-20 (Fla.1976); see also Susan M. Denbo, Development Exactions: A New Way to Fund State and Local Government Infrastructure Improvements and Affordable Housing?, 23 Real EstiL.J. 7, 12 (1994); Brian W. Blaesser & Christine M. Kentopp, Impact Fees: “The Second Generation”, 38 Wash.U.J.Urb. & Contemp.L. 55, 64 (1990); Gus Bauman & William H. Ethier, Development Exactions & Impact Fees: A Survey of American Practices, 50 Law & Contemp.Probs. 51, 54 (1987).
In the instant case, the payment of the fee was a condition to the city’s issuance of a building permit. The fee charged by Scottsdale was for the express purpose of providing future water to the subject property. Thus, the fee was to be used to benefit the property on which the fee was imposed, rather than for general revenue. Also, the extent of the property’s need for future water was directly related to the new development. We therefore conclude that Scottsdale’s development fee is a regulatory fee rather than a tax.
We also note that development fees are distinguishable-from special assessments which are not subject to a takings analysis. See, White v. Kaibab Road Improvement Dist., 24 Ariz.App. 258, 537 P.2d 986 (1975) (“White II”), disapproved on other grounds, 113 Ariz. 209, 550 P.2d 80 (1976) (“White II”); City of Tucson v. Rickles, 15 Ariz.App. 244, 488 P.2d 180 (1971), vacated on other grounds, 109 Ariz. 82, 505 P.2d 253 (1973). Although both are monetary fees to fund public improvements, and are charged to the benefitted landowners, they differ in several significant respects.
Development fees are imposed by the government upon property-owners who wish to develop their land. Special assessments, however, generally are imposed only after the affected property-owners have petitioned for the creation of an improvement district. See White II, 113 Ariz. at 210, 550 P.2d at 81. The creation of the improvement district is for the express purpose of making the desired improvements. White I, 24 Ariz.App. at 261, 537 P.2d at 989. Given this process, there can be little concern that the government is “forcing some people alone to bear public burdens which, in all fairness and justice, should be borne by the public as a whole.” Dolan, 512 U.S. at-, 114 S.Ct. at 2316 (quoting Armstrong v. United States, 364 U.S. 40, 49, 80 S.Ct. 1563, 1569, 4 L.Ed.2d 1554 (1960)).
Development fee ordinances are also more akin to land-use regulations than are special assessments because the fees are a condition on the ability to develop one’s property. In addition, the fees are directly necessitated by the needs created by the new development. By comparison, special assessments are neither conditions on development, nor are they necessarily caused by new development. Thus, development fees, unlike special as*247sessments, can be considered land-use regulations.
Moreover, the fact that the Scottsdale ordinance merely requires the payment of a fee does not preclude the application of a takings analysis. Courts have frequently applied a takings analysis to regulations that exact only money. See, e.g., Commercial Builders of N. Cal v. City of Sacramento, 941 F.2d 872 (9th Cir.1991) (applying a takings analysis to an ordinance conditioning building permits on payment of fee to offset burdens of providing low-income housing for workers at such developments), cert. denied, 504 U.S. 931, 112 S.Ct. 1997, 118 L.Ed.2d 593 (1992); Blue Jeans Equities W. v. City and County of San Francisco, 3 Cal.App.4th 164, 4 Cal.Rptr.2d 114 (1992) (applying a takings analysis to an ordinance conditioning building permit on payment of fee for traffic control programs). Also, the United States Supreme Court’s remand of Ehrlich v. City of Culver City, 15 Cal.App.4th 1737, 19 Cal.Rptr.2d 468 (1993), indicates that the Supreme Court would apply a takings analysis to a purely monetary condition. See Ehrlich v. City of Culver City, — U.S.-, 114 S.Ct. 2731, 129 L.Ed.2d 854 (1994). In Ehrlich, the developer wished to rezone his property. The city conditioned approval on the payment of a $280,000 “mitigation fee” to compensate for the community’s loss of recreational facilities. The appellate court applied a takings analysis but determined that the condition was constitutional under the Takings Clause. The United States Supreme Court vacated the judgment and remanded for reconsideration in light of Dolan. This remand implies that monetary fees may be subject to a takings analysis.4
Because Scottsdale’s development fee ordinance is more akin to a land-use regulation than a tax, we conclude that it is subject to the Takings Clause.
III. APPLICATION OF DOLAN
The Court in Dolan stated that a land-use regulation ordinarily would not violate the Takings Clause if it “ ‘substantially advance[s] legitimate state interests’ and does not ‘den[y] an owner economically viable use of his land.’ ” 512 U.S. at-, 114 S.Ct. at 2316 (quoting Agins v. Tiburon, 447 U.S. 255, 260, 100 S.Ct. 2138, 2141, 65 L.Ed.2d 106 (1980)). The Court concluded, however, that this standard did not apply to the case before it for two reasons:
First, [the cases applying the traditional standard] involved essentially legislative determinations classifying entire areas of the city, whereas here the city made an adjudicative decision to condition petitioner’s application for a building permit on an individual parcel. Second, the conditions imposed were not simply a limitation on the use petitioner might make of her own parcel, but a requirement that she deed portions of the property to the city.
Id. Scottsdale argues, and we agree, that Dolan has no bearing upon its development fee ordinance because the special circumstances of Dolan are not present here.
First, the Dolan Court recognized the distinction between a legislative decision affecting entire areas of a city and an adjudicative decision affecting only an individual parcel. Clearly, the Scottsdale ordinance involves a legislative, rather than adjudicative, determination. While Dolan also involved a city ordinance, the crucial distinction lies in the amount of adjudicative, staff-level discretion permitted by each ordinance.
In Dolan, Tigard’s ordinance allowed the City Planning Commission to determine the extent of the conditions to be placed upon the grant of a building permit. The Tigard ordinance merely required that “sufficient open land for greenway” be dedicated, and allowed the staff to determine what was “sufficient.” Dolan, 512 U.S. at-, 114 S.Ct. at 2314 (emphasis added).
*248Conversely, the Scottsdale ordinance specifies the amount of the fee to be charged for each type of development. Unlike Tigard’s ordinance, Scottsdale’s allows its staff no discretion in setting the fees which are based upon a standardized schedule. The fees are tailored to the type of development involved and are uniform within each class of development. Because the fees are standardized and uniform, and because the ordinance permits no discretion in its application, a prospective developer may know precisely the fee that will be charged. The Scottsdale ordinance, therefore, does not permit a DoZtm-like ad hoc, adjudicative determination.5
The Dolan court was concerned with arbitrary, non-legislative conditions being placed upon landowners. Dolan is implicated when an administrator or commission exacts conditions from individual property-owners with little or no legislative guidance. This concern, however, is simply not present when the legislature, after undertaking sufficient analysis, has determined a policy and then mandated uniform and specific means of accomplishing that policy, as Scottsdale has done here.
Second, the Dolan court distinguished between a dedication of land and a mere limitation on the use of property. See Dolan, 512 U.S. at-, 114 S.Ct. at 2316. Scottsdale argues that development fees are more akin to use limitations because they do not pose the danger of “shifting public burdens to fortuitously situated individual property owners.” Appellees respond that the United States Supreme Court’s remand of Ehrlich indicates that development fees are more similar to land dedications. While we agree that the Ehrlich remand implies that a monetary fee is subject both to a takings analysis, see supra, and, in the appropriate case, to a Dolan analysis, this second prong is not determinative here. Because we find that Scottsdale’s development fees involve a legislative, rather than adjudicative, determination, we conclude that Dolan does not control the outcome of this case.6
CONCLUSION
Because the Scottsdale development fee ordinance is a legislative determination affecting the entire city, we conclude that the ruling in Dolan does not affect our prior opinion in this matter.
EHRLICH, J., concur.

. Our prior opinion set forth the factual and procedural history of this matter in some detail. We therefore move directly to a consideration of Dolan.

. We note that Scottsdale does not make the argument in its supplemental brief that an eminent domain analysis is inappropriate. Rather, it simply argues that the particular takings analysis applied in Dolan does not apply or, if it does, that it does not change our prior opinion.

. The Takings Clause provides that "private property [shall not] be taken for public use without just compensation.” U.S. Const, amend. V.

. Scottsdale's development fee ordinance is also distinguishable from the ordinance at issue in Third & Catalina Assocs. v. City of Phoenix, 182 Ariz. 203, 895 P.2d 115 (App.1994). In Third & Catalina, this Court held that a fire safety ordinance was not a land-use regulation, and therefore was not a taking. Scottsdale’s development fee ordinance, however, is distinguishable from Third & Catalina because it is not a "safety regulation designed to protect human life,” but instead imposes conditions upon the issuance of a building permit. The Scottsdale ordinance simply regulates the use of land by preventing development without the payment of a fee.

. In our prior opinion, we remanded for a determination of the reasonable relationship between the amount of the development fee and the burden imposed upon Scottsdale by the new development, pursuant to A.R.S. section 9-463.05(B)(4). Of course, in determining whether such a relationship exists, the trial court must consider the costs of Scottsdale’s proposed plan to determine whether the fees bear a reasonable relationship to the burdens imposed.

. The Dissent’s discussion is primarily a restatement of its original position: that the trial court acted within its discretion when it found that the proposed expenditure would not result in a beneficial use to the property. We addressed this issue in our earlier opinion in this case. See 150 Ariz.Adv.Rep. 47. Briefly, we believe that the benefit question is an issue of fact involving broad policy or public welfare considerations. The trial court must therefore acquiesce to the legislature’s judgment "unless it is clearly erroneous, arbitrary and wholly unwarranted.” It may not merely apply a reasonableness test and thereby substitute its judgment for that of the legislature. Edwards v. State Bd. of Barber Examiners, 72 Ariz. 108, 113, 231 P.2d 450, 452 (1951).