Court Opinion

ID: 5141827
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-30 20:03:17.062224+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:31.059531
License: Public Domain

Filed 12/30/21 P. v. Astarita CA1/2
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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          IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                      FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                   DIVISION TWO

 THE PEOPLE,
     Plaintiff and Respondent,
 v.                                                                     A157034

 THOMAS JAMES ASTARITA,                                                 (Solano County Super.
     Defendant and Appellant.                                            Ct. No. FCR331959)

         Defendant Thomas James Astarita appeals from his conviction by a
jury of second degree murder under a theory of implied malice for his killing
of a motorist in a vehicle collision he initiated after spending the day
drinking in a local bar. Astarita, relying heavily on the fact that the jury was
not also instructed to consider whether he had committed gross vehicular
manslaughter while intoxicated, argues his murder conviction is not
supported by sufficient evidence of implied malice, and that the prosecutor
engaged in misconduct in closing argument and by objecting to the court
instructing the jury on the charge of gross vehicular manslaughter while
intoxicated, the latter misconduct amplified by the court’s decision not to
provide that instruction.
         We reject Astarita’s claims because substantial evidence supports his
murder conviction, the prosecutor did nothing improper and California
Supreme Court case law makes clear that the trial court could not instruct

                                                               1
the jury on the charge of gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated in
the face of the prosecutor’s objection because it is a lesser related charge to
murder, not a lesser included one. We affirm the judgment, except that we
agree with Astarita that he is entitled to one additional day of custody credit.
                               BACKGROUND
      In April 2018, the Solano County District Attorney filed an information
charging Astarita with one count of murder (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a)1)
related to his causing a car collision on July 31, 2017, that resulted in the
death of a motorist, Cynthia Clay. A trial followed, at which the following
evidence was presented.
      A. Astarita’s Drinking on the Day of the Incident
      On July 31, 2017, Astarita, then 65 years old, entered a bar located in a
restaurant in Vacaville, California at 11:30 a.m. The bartender testified that
during her shift, which ended at 3:00 p.m., Astarita ingested approximately
four rounds of “a beer and a shot [of whiskey] at the same time,” or eight
drinks total. He bought a total of 18 drinks, most of which the bartender
recalled and thought were for other bar patrons; she did not recall if other
patrons bought Astarita drinks, but said it was possible.
      Astarita remained at the bar as another bartender began his shift
around 3:00 p.m. That bartender testified that he served Astarita three
rounds of beer and whiskey, for a total of six drinks over about three hours.
This was a usual amount for Astarita, who “could probably go further and
hold himself together very well”; the bartender did not remember “very many
times” when he “had to be worried about him.” Astarita was a regular who
often bought drinks for other patrons. The bartender did not recall if other

      1All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless
otherwise indicated.
                                        2
patrons bought Astarita drinks that day, but thought there was “definitely a
chance” that they did.
      The bartender further testified that Astarita frequently took a taxi or
got a ride from his grandson when he left the bar. As Astarita prepared to
leave on this day, another regular “offered him a ride to save him money from
a taxi.” Initially, the bartender testified that Astarita “just said he was okay
from what I remember” and left the bar. After reviewing his statement to an
investigating officer a couple of days after the incident, the bartender recalled
that Astarita said he had a ride. The bartender testified that, based on the
number of drinks he served to Astarita and the blood alcohol legal limit for
driving, “for sure, [Astarita] was not able to drive. But physically, mentally,
he was carrying himself pretty well.”
      B. Astarita Kills Cynthia Clay in a Vehicle Collision.
      At 5:55 p.m. that same day, a married couple, a man and a woman, and
their daughters were in the first car in the left turn lane on Marshall Road at
the intersection of Marshall and Nut Tree Road in Vacaville, California.
They were stopped at a red light next to a Honda Accord. The intersection
was about a mile and a half away from the bar where Astarita had been
drinking that day. The man and woman testified that when the light turned
green, they and the Accord began moving into the intersection when a GMC
Yukon came through the red light in the second southbound lane on Nut Tree
Road. The man and woman testified that the Yukon’s driver, Astarita, did
not make any attempt to slow down and that his eyes were open and staring
straight ahead. The woman stopped their car but the Honda Accord
continued across the intersection. The Yukon crashed loudly into it and
became embedded in its side door.

                                        3
      Another driver at the intersection, whose first name was Lisa,2 testified
that hers was the second car in her lane stopped at the red light on Marshall
at the Nut Tree intersection that day. When the light turned green, she
started into the intersection when “a black streak” caught her side vision.
She looked and saw a large black SUV “approaching very quickly,” which was
driven by Astarita. As she stopped, the SUV “came really, really fast across
and hit [a] car,” and there was an “explosion.” Astarita’s SUV did not slow
down or skid or anything like that.
      Cynthia Clay drove the Honda Accord that Astarita struck with his
SUV. She was killed as a result of the multiple blunt force injuries she
suffered in the collision. She had severe trauma to the head, a skull fracture,
extensive fractures to the rib cage, severe damage to the cervical spleen,
abrasions, lacerations, bruised lungs and intestines, and tears to the heart
and liver.
      Lisa testified that she spoke to Astarita for about 20 minutes as he sat
in his SUV after the crash. His speech was extremely slurred and he smelled
of alcohol. Astarita said “he didn’t understand what had happened or how it
had happened” and that he had not seen the light turn red. At one point he
asked Lisa “if he had done that,” referring to the accident. He kept repeating
himself and slurring his words.
      A police officer responding to the scene spoke to Astarita soon after the
collision. The officer smelled a strong odor of alcohol coming from Astarita’s
breath and from the inside of his vehicle, and noticed Astarita’s eyes were
watery and his speech was slurred. In the course of the next hour or so,
Astarita told the officer he believed he was involved in a crash, was unable to

      2We refer to the witness by her first name to respect her privacy and
mean no disrespect by doing so.
                                       4
describe the car he struck or say whether there were other cars around him
at the time, did not know the color of his traffic light, was just “cruising,
listening to music” at the time of the collision and did not lose consciousness
while he was driving. He said he had had some drinks at a restaurant but
could not recall exactly how many. He also said he had not eaten since
earlier in that day, in the morning.
      The officer used a preliminary alcohol screening device to test two
breath samples from Astarita. The blood alcohol results were 0.193 percent
and 0.198 percent. He arrested Astarita for driving under the influence and
took him to a local hospital.
      Blood drawn from Astarita at the hospital at 7:09 p.m. that day had an
ethanol concentration of 0.20 percent or 0.22 percent. An expert in alcohol
analysis and the effects of alcohol on driving ability testified that such a blood
alcohol level for a man of Astarita’s size represented “approximately 15
standard drinks in their bloodstream.” The expert opined that all individuals
are impaired for the purposes of driving at a 0.08 percent blood-alcohol
concentration. Further, he said, “in terms of .20 [blood alcohol
concentration], your risk of getting into a crash significantly increases. So at
.08, your risk increases by about two and a half percent. By the time you
reach a .20, your probability of getting in a crash goes up over a hundred, or
over a hundred times, basically.” A criminalist with expertise in the field of
alcohol analysis and the effects of alcohol on the human body testified that a
person who has developed some tolerance to alcohol could possibly mask
physical impairment, but “they’re still mentally impaired.”
      Another officer investigating the scene determined that the
intersection’s traffic lights were functioning well and the intersection had no
visual obstructions. The weather was clear and the sun was not positioned to

                                         5
be a factor in the collision. There was no evidence of skid marks. Based on
the information available to him, he estimated that speed was not a factor in
the collision and that Astarita was “going near or around the speed limit.”
       C. Astarita’s Previous Driving Under the Influence Conviction
       Another witness testified that about four and a half years before the
present incident, at around 6:00 p.m. on January 3, 2013, she was stopped at
a red light on Nut Tree Road in Vacaville when a car hit hers from behind.
She exited her car and walked back to the driver of the car behind her, who
was Astarita, and insisted that he had hit her, to which he repeatedly said, “
‘No, I didn’t.’ ” She smelled a strong odor of alcohol coming from inside his
car.
       Astarita left the scene but was soon stopped by a police officer who had
seen Astarita’s car “bump” into the other car. The officer detected a strong
odor of alcoholic beverage on Astarita’s breath and observed that his eyes
were bloodshot and glassy and his speech was slurred. Astarita did not
appear to understand what had happened.
       Another investigating officer contacted Astarita as he was seated in his
pickup truck and observed that he had slurred speech and red, glassy eyes
and smelled of alcohol. Astarita stated that he had drunk “three shots of
Patron and four beers.” The officer performed three field sobriety tests on
Astarita, concluded he was too impaired to drive and arrested him.
Subsequent testing determined Astarita had a blood alcohol concentration of
0.22 percent. Astarita pleaded guilty to driving under the influence and
executed a plea form, which was entered into evidence in this case.
According to the plea form, which the prosecutor read during closing
argument without objection, Astarita acknowledged that it was extremely
dangerous to human health to drive under the influence of alcohol, and that if

                                       6
he continued to drive under the influence of alcohol and someone was killed,
he could be charged with murder. He was convicted of driving under the
influence and ordered to attend a program for first-time driving-under-the-
influence offenders.
      A drug and alcohol counselor testified that Astarita completed the
three-month program in June 2013. It consisted of six two-hour weekly
classes and nine two-hour group sessions in which participants learned about
the effects of alcohol and the consequences of driving under the influence.
The counsellor did not have knowledge of what Astarita himself did, but said
program participants were asked at the end of the program to confirm in
writing that they were aware they could go to jail for another driving under
the influence conviction and be charged with manslaughter or murder if they
killed someone with their vehicle while under the influence.
      D. Further Trial Proceedings
      Astarita presented the testimony of a psychiatrist who was an expert in
brain scan analysis and diagnosis. He testified that Astarita suffered a
closed head injury in January 2017 and was hospitalized in May 2017. Based
on a SPECT scan of Astarita’s head, the expert concluded that his frontal
lobes might not be operating at the level they should be.
      Astarita requested that the court instruct the jury not only on murder,
the charge brought by the prosecution, but also on the lesser related charge of
gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated, which requires only a
showing of gross negligence.3 The prosecution opposed this request, arguing

      3  “Gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated is the unlawful
killing of a human being without malice aforethought, in the driving of a
vehicle, where the driving was in violation of Section 23140, 23152, or 23153
of the Vehicle Code, and the killing was either the proximate result of the
commission of an unlawful act, not amounting to a felony, and with gross
negligence, or the proximate result of the commission of a lawful act that
                                       7
there was no evidence of gross negligence and that, regardless, charging a
lesser related offense was solely within the prosecution’s discretion and
beyond the power of the court to instruct on without the consent of both
parties. The court at first indicated it had the authority to give, and would
give, the instruction because substantial evidence supported it doing so.
However, after a break in the proceedings, the court concluded it did not have
the authority to instruct on the lesser related charge without the consent of
both parties and denied Astarita’s request. The court decided to instruct on
involuntary manslaughter, which is a lesser included offense to murder,
based on the evidence of Astarita’s head injury.
      Subsequently, the court instructed the jury regarding implied malice
murder and involuntary manslaughter. It told the jury, “In order to prove
murder, the People have the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt
that the defendant acted with conscious disregard for human life. If the
People have not met this burden, you must find the defendant not guilty of
murder.” The court further instructed that Astarita acted with the implied
malice if he intentionally committed an act, the natural and probable
consequences of which were dangerous to human life, knew his act was
dangerous to human life and deliberately acted with conscious disregard for
human life. The court also instructed, “An unlawful killing resulting from a
willful act committed without intent to kill and without conscious disregard
of the risk to human life is involuntary manslaughter.” As for unlawful acts,
the jury was to consider whether “defendant committed the misdemeanor of
“driving while under the influence of alcohol,” committed the misdemeanor of

might produce death, in an unlawful manner, and with gross negligence.”
(§ 191.5, subd. (a).)
                                       8
“driving while having a blood alcohol content of 0.08 percent or higher, or the
infraction of failing to stop at a red traffic light . . . .”
      The jury found Astarita guilty of second degree murder. The trial court
sentenced him to 15 years to life in prison.
      Astarita filed a timely notice of appeal.
                                    DISCUSSION
                                            I.
   There Was Sufficient Evidence That Astarita Committed Murder.
      Astarita first argues there was insufficient evidence that he acted with
the implied malice needed to convict him of murder. We disagree.
      “To assess the evidence’s sufficiency, we review the whole record to
determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime or special circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt.
[Citation.] The record must disclose substantial evidence to support the
verdict—i.e., evidence that is reasonable, credible, and of solid value—such
that a reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt. [Citation.] In applying this test, we review the evidence in
the light most favorable to the prosecution and presume in support of the
judgment the existence of every fact the jury could reasonably have deduced
from the evidence.” (People v. Ramon (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 843, 850.) We
“must accept logical inferences that the jury might have drawn from the
circumstantial evidence.” (People v. Maury (2003) 30 Cal.4th 342, 396.) “A
reversal for insufficient evidence ‘is unwarranted unless it appears “that
upon no hypothesis whatever is there sufficient substantial evidence to
support” ’ the jury’s verdict.” (People v. Zamudio (2008) 43 Cal.4th 327, 357.)
      As for implied malice, “[m]urder is the unlawful killing of a human
being, or a fetus, with malice aforethought.” (§ 187, subd. (a).) Such malice

                                            9
may be express or implied. It is express when there is manifested a
deliberate intention unlawfully to take away the life of a fellow creature. It is
implied when no considerable provocation appears, or when the
circumstances attending the killing show an abandoned and malignant heart.
(§ 188, subd. (a)(1), (2).)
      Case law further instructs that “[m]alice is implied when the killing is
proximately caused by ‘ “an act, the natural consequences of which are
dangerous to life, which act was deliberately performed by a person who
knows that his conduct endangers the life of another and who acts with
conscious disregard for life.” ’ ” (People v. Knoller (2007) 41 Cal.4th 139, 152.)
The facts must demonstrate the defendant had a subjective awareness of the
risk. (People v. Watson (1981) 30 Cal.3d 290, 298 (Watson).) “Phrased in
everyday language, the state of mind of a person who acts with conscious
disregard for life is, ‘I know my conduct is dangerous to others, but I don’t
care if someone is hurt or killed,’ ” a more culpable state of mind than that of
a person who “acts with conscious indifferences to the consequences,” who
simply thinks, “ ‘I don’t care what happens.’ ” (People v. Olivas (1985)
172 Cal.App.3d 984, 987-988 (Olivas).)
      In Watson, the court held the defendant could be held over for second
degree murder charges based on the defendant’s implied malice in the killing
of a child while driving under the influence (Watson, supra, 30 Cal.3d at
pp. 293, 300), establishing the so-called “Watson murder” in cases involving
vehicular killings. (People v. Wolfe (2018) 20 Cal.App.5th 673, 677 (Wolfe).)
The Watson court concluded that the “defendant’s conduct was sufficiently
wanton to hold him on a second degree murder charge.” (Watson, at p. 300.)
The court explained, “Defendant had consumed enough alcohol to raise his
blood alcohol content to a level which would support a finding that he was

                                       10
legally intoxicated. He had driven his car to the establishment where he had
been drinking, and he must have known that he would have to drive it later.
It also may be presumed that defendant was aware of the hazards of driving
while intoxicated. As we stated in Taylor v. Superior Court (1979) 24 Cal.3d
890, 897: ‘One who willfully consumes alcoholic beverages to the point of
intoxication, knowing that he thereafter must operate a motor vehicle,
thereby combining sharply impaired physical and mental faculties with a
vehicle capable of great force and speed, reasonably may be held to exhibit a
conscious disregard of the safety of others.’ Defendant drove at highly
excessive speeds through city streets, an act presenting a great risk of harm
or death. Defendant nearly collided with a vehicle after running a red light;
he avoided the accident only by skidding to a stop. He thereafter resumed his
excessive speed before colliding with the victims’ car, and then belatedly
again attempted to brake his car before the collision (as evidenced by the
extensive skid marks before and after impact) suggesting an actual
awareness of the great risk of harm which he had created. In combination,
these facts reasonably and readily support a conclusion that defendant acted
wantonly and with a conscious disregard for human life.” (Id. at pp. 300-
301.)
        Appellate courts have since followed Watson. As one observed,
“Following the Supreme Court’s ruling in Watson, appellate courts have
upheld numerous murder convictions in cases where defendants have
committed homicides while driving under the influence of alcohol. (See, e.g.,
People v. Lima (2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 259; People v. Autry (1995)
37 Cal.App.4th 351; People v. Murray (1990) 225 Cal.App.3d 734; People v.
McCarnes (1986) 179 Cal.App.3d 525; [Olivas, supra,] 172 Cal.App.3d 984.)
Generally, these opinions ‘have relied on some or all of the following factors’

                                       11
that were present in Watson: ‘(1) blood-alcohol level above the .08 percent
legal limit; (2) a predrinking intent to drive; (3) knowledge of the hazards of
driving while intoxicated; and (4) highly dangerous driving.’ (People v. Autry,
supra, 37 Cal.App.4th at p. 358.)” (Wolfe, supra, 20 Cal.App.5th at pp. 682-
683, accord, People v. Munoz (2019) 31 Cal.App.5th 143, 152.) The Wolfe
court noted, that, as another appellate court observed, “ ‘nowhere does the
opinion in Watson state that all of the factors present in that case are
necessary to a finding of second degree murder. Rather, the opinion states
that the presence of those factors was sufficient in that case . . . .” (Wolfe, at
p. 683, quoting Olivas, at p. 988, fn. omitted.)4
      Taking into account the factors outlined in Wolfe and other cases as
well as the particular facts of this case, we conclude there is substantial
evidence that Astarita acted with implied malice. On the day of the incident,
Astarita drove to the bar, thereby evidencing an intent to consume alcohol
and then drive. There was testimony that he was a regular patron at the bar
and typically consumed a lot of alcohol, arranging to get to and from the bar
without driving himself. On the day in question, he consumed over the
course of about six and a half hours at least the 14 drinks he purchased for
himself and possibly more if other patrons purchased additional drinks for
him. His drinking raised his blood alcohol level, as measured at the hospital

      4  The Watson court stated, “We do not suggest that the foregoing facts
conclusively demonstrate implied malice, or that the evidence necessarily is
sufficient to convict defendant of second degree murder. On the contrary, it
may be difficult for the prosecution to carry its burden of establishing implied
malice to the moral certainty necessary for a conviction. Moreover, we
neither contemplate nor encourage the routine charging of second degree
murder in vehicular homicide cases. We merely determine that the evidence
before us is sufficient to uphold the second degree murder counts in the
information, and to permit the prosecution to prove, if it can, the elements of
second degree murder.” (Watson, supra, 30 Cal.3d at p. 301.)
                                        12
after the collision, to a level that approached three times the legal limit,
meaning 0.20 percent or 0.22 percent. According to a testifying expert, there
was a very high risk that a person driving with a blood alcohol level of .20
would cause a car accident.
      And indeed, there is substantial evidence that Astarita knew about this
high level of risk, knew it could result in death and consciously disregarded
this knowledge. Four and a half years earlier, he had similarly driven on Nut
Tree Road after drinking what he described as fewer drinks than he
consumed in this case, his consumption resulting in a blood alcohol level of
0.22 percent. In that incident, he had hit another car from behind at a stop
light. Eyewitness testimony indicated he was so intoxicated at the time that,
as in the present case, he did not know what he had done, repeatedly denied
hitting the car and appeared to not understand what had happened. The
knowledge Astarita gained that day regarding the risk of driving while under
the influence is indicated by his acknowledgment on the plea form he signed
in 2013 that driving under the influence posed a danger to others. The
acknowledgements in the plea form were supplemented by his completion of a
three-month program that focused on the dangers of drunk driving and
required participants to confirm their awareness that if they killed someone
while doing so they could be charged with manslaughter or murder. (See
Wolfe, supra, 20 Cal.App.5th at p. 683 [“a jury can infer defendant’s
knowledge from exposure to drinking and driving educational programs”].)
      Besides the evidence that he knew of the danger, there is also
substantial evidence that Astarita deliberately chose to drive that day while
consciously disregarding the risk. He had frequently taken a taxi or asked
his grandson to drive him home when he had been drinking at the bar. On
the day of the incident, he rejected an offer of a ride from another patron and

                                       13
told the bartender he already had a ride, thus hiding his intention to drive
from those concerned about his intoxicated state. Astarita concedes that it
can be reasonably inferred from this evidence that he knew it was dangerous
for him to drive in the state of intoxication he was in at the time.
      A witness, Lisa, and an investigating officer testified that in the period
immediately after the deadly collision, Astarita was in a confused and highly
intoxicated condition, slurred his words and indicated that he did not know
what had just happened. Also, Lisa and two other eyewitnesses indicated
that despite staring straight ahead, Astarita made no effort to slow down
before he crashed into the Accord, killing Cynthia Clay. This testimony was
corroborated by the absence of any skid marks at the scene. This is further
evidence that he chose to drive with a conscious disregard for the safety of
others.
      Finally, there is substantial evidence that Astarita was driving at a
dangerous rate of speed. Lisa recalled that Astarita’s car first appeared to
her as “a black streak” and that she saw it come “really, really fast” and hit a
car. It can be reasonably inferred that Astarita was driving faster than the
normal flow of traffic and thereby creating a hazard, whether or not he was
exceeding the speed limit. Further, he ran a red light and failed to slow down
at all before hitting the car crossing through the intersection in front of him.
      Astarita’s arguments that there was insufficient evidence of his implied
malice are unpersuasive and ignore the evidence we have just described. He
contends the evidence showed only gross vehicular manslaughter while
intoxicated, a theory on which the jury was not instructed; his references to
the requirements for such a charge are not relevant to whether substantial
evidence supports the jury’s finding of implied malice. Astarita minimizes
the evidence of his extreme intoxication at the time of the collision (as

                                       14
indicated by his .20 percent or .22 percent blood alcohol concentration),
asserts there was no evidence that he was driving erratically or recklessly on
the day of the incident, contends that he was guilty of merely “[i]nadvertently
running a red light due to inattention,” dismisses his prior collision in 2013
as a “minor accident” and argues that, while he had knowledge of the dangers
of driving, this does not show that his decision to drive that day entailed
conscious disregard for human life. None of these contentions are borne out
by the substantial evidence we have just discussed.
      Astarita also argues that “wanton” driving behavior requires evidence
of “highly dangerous driving,” such as “driving excessively over the speed
limit, driving against oncoming traffic, driving erratically to evade police, or
continuing to drive erratically despite near misses.” Otherwise, he contends,
everyone who drives under the influence and kills someone would be guilty of
murder rather than gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated.
      This argument is unpersuasive. In considering different jury
instruction formulations regarding implied malice, our Supreme Court has
held that “wanton disregard” is essentially the same as “conscious disregard.”
(People v. Dellinger (1989) 49 Cal.3d 1212, 1221.) The court noted that
“wanton” has been defined “ ‘in the common law as involving an element of
“consciousness of one’s conduct” and “realization of the probable injury to
another.” ’ ” (Id. at p. 1220.) The court held that, because “wanton” is not a
term “in common use in contemporary daily speech,” “[t]he better practice . . .
is to charge juries solely in the straightforward language of the ‘conscious
disregard for human life’ definition of implied malice.” (Id. at p. 1221.) As we
have discussed, there is substantial evidence that Astarita engaged in such a
conscious disregard for human life.

                                       15
      Further, appellate courts after Watson have considered certain factors
based on that court’s discussion of the facts before it. (See, e.g., Wolfe, supra,
20 Cal.App.5th at pp. 682-683.) However, courts have also pointed out that
our Supreme Court in Watson “deliberately decline[ed] to prescribe a formula
. . . , instead requiring a case-by-case approach.” (People v. Olivas, supra,
172 Cal.App.3d at p. 989; see also People v. Johnigan (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th
1084, 1091 [“ ‘Watson . . . deliberately declin[ed] to prescribe a formula for
analysis of vehicular homicide cases, instead requiring a case-by-case
approach’ ”].) Here, as we have discussed, there is substantial evidence that
Astarita was engaging in dangerous driving by choosing to drive in an
extremely intoxicated state at a relatively high speed, running a red light and
failing to slow down despite looking straight ahead at a car crossing directly
in front of him, all of which caused him to hit Cynthia’s Clay’s Honda Accord
with an explosive force, killing her. Astarita fails to grapple with this
substantial evidence.
      Finally, Astarita is wrong that nothing sets this case apart from any
other case involving a death resulting from driving under the influence. The
fact that Astarita was convicted of driving under the influence in a similar
situation four and a half years prior to the incident in this case and was
required to acknowledge the risks of death to others and complete a course
focused on such dangers presumably brought those risks home to him in a
way that went beyond the kind of general knowledge of them that almost
everyone possesses. He was forced to think about them and, in effect, study
them, and must have understood that driving while highly intoxicated was
essentially a recipe for killing another person. That he well understood the
degree of risk he was taking is further evidenced by his getting others to
drive him home from the bar on prior occasions and his concealment from the

                                        16
bartender and a patron who offered him a ride of his intent to drive himself
home.
      In short, Astarita’s contentions are unpersuasive. Substantial evidence
shows he acted wantonly, that is, with a conscious disregard of human life.
                                       II.
 Astarita Has Forfeited His Prosecutorial Misconduct Claim, Which
                         Also Lacks Merit.
      Astarita next argues that the prosecution committed prejudicial
misconduct during closing argument by purportedly arguing that “the
difference between involuntary manslaughter and implied malice murder
was whether the driver was sober.” He further contends that the court, by its
murder instruction and failure to also instruct on gross vehicular
manslaughter while intoxicated, amplified the prosecutor’s invitation that
the jury convict Astarita “based solely on the fact that he deliberately drove
while under the influence.”
      The People argue that Astarita has forfeited this claim by not raising it
below and that the claim in any event lacks merit. We agree with the People
that Astarita’s claims provide no basis for reversal.
      A. The Prosecutor’s Purported Misconduct
      Astarita focuses his misconduct claims on two different categories of
remarks made by the prosecutor in closing argument. First, the prosecutor,
in his initial closing argument, referring to the requirement that he prove
Astarita’s subjective knowledge of the dangers his driving while under the
influence posed, said, “Did the defendant know that the act of driving while
intoxicated is dangerous to human life? Well, absolutely. First of all, we all
really all know that. You don’t have to be convicted of a DUI to know that
driving while intoxicated is dangerous to human life. [¶] We’ve seen a
generation of M.A.D.D. ads showing us pictures of how dangerous it is.

                                       17
Mangled cars. . . . We read in the paper about people getting killed all the
time. Unless the defendant has been living under a rock, he knows that
driving while intoxicated is dangerous.” Then, after referring to Astarita’s
previous conviction for driving under the influence and the 2013 court-
ordered programming he completed, the prosecutor said, “Did the defendant
know that driving while intoxicated is dangerous to human life? Absolutely
he did.” The prosecutor also argued the jury could infer Astarita deliberately
disregarded the risk of driving while intoxicated because he lied about having
a ride as he left the bar, indicating he knew it was dangerous to drive. There
was no objection by defense counsel to any of the prosecutor’s remarks.
      Astarita contends these remarks were misconduct because they
suggested that he was guilty of murder simply because he knew drunk
driving was dangerous and did it anyway and because they implied that
implied malice could be based on negligence rather than requiring conscious
disregard of the dangers to others.
      Second, in rebuttal, the prosecutor discussed involuntary
manslaughter, giving as an example a driver who is sober and becomes
momentarily distracted by a bird or fancy car and inadvertently drives
through a stop sign. Defense counsel objected, contending counsel had
misstated the law. The court overruled the objection and the prosecutor
completed his example, in which the driver, upon driving through the stop
sign, collides with another car, resulting in a death.
      The prosecutor then gave an example of a person driving while sober
but texting or emailing who drives through a stop sign and kills someone in a
collision, after causing a previous serious accident doing the same things.
The prosecutor concluded, “And so at the time this second time occurred, I
already knew that doing what I am doing, not paying attention to the road,

                                       18
driving while texting, and Facebooking and emailing, I now know that that’s
dangerous to human life. And I know that because I was in a previous
accident. And if I know that it’s dangerous and I continue doing my bad
behavior, and it happens again, now that’s implied malice murder.
      Astarita contends these rebuttal remarks wrongly suggested that
involuntary manslaughter could not apply in this case. Specifically, he
contends the prosecutor improperly argued in effect that the difference
between implied malice murder and manslaughter was whether “the
defendant was intoxicated or sober when he ran the red light and that any
accident caused by a drunk driver was necessarily implied malice murder.”
      B. Astarita Has Forfeited Some of His Misconduct Claims.
      Astarita has forfeited his claims based on the prosecutor’s first category
of remarks by failing to first object on the same grounds below and request
that the trial court admonish the jury. However, he preserved his claims
regarding the second category.
      “Generally, ‘ “a defendant may not complain on appeal of prosecutorial
misconduct unless in a timely fashion—and on the same ground—the
defendant made an assignment of misconduct and requested that the jury be
admonished to disregard the impropriety.” ’ [Citation.] This general rule,
however, does not apply if . . . the trial court promptly overrules an objection
and the defendant has no opportunity to request an admonition.” (People v.
McDermott (2002) 28 Cal.4th 946, 1001, accord, People v. Samayoa (1997)
15 Cal.4th 795, 841 (Samayoa).)
      Here, Astarita did not object below at all to the first category of
remarks. Therefore, he has forfeited his claims regarding these remarks.
Astarita points out that his counsel was entitled to elect to address the first
category of the prosecutor’s remarks in his own closing argument, citing

                                       19
People v. Centeno (2014) 60 Cal.4th 659, 676. Centeno discusses this matter
regarding an ineffective assistance of counsel issue and, therefore, is
inapposite.
      As for the second category of remarks Astarita highlights, we agree
with him that his objection that the prosecutor was misstating the law
regarding involuntary manslaughter preserved his claims related to these
remarks. His objection was sufficient under the circumstances, and the
court’s immediate rejection of it released him from the obligation to seek an
admonishment.
      C. The Prosecutor Did Not Engage in Misconduct
      Even if Astarita had not forfeited his claims regarding the first
category of the prosecutor’s remarks, we would reject those claims because
they, as well as his claims regarding the second category of remarks, lack
merit.
      “The applicable federal and state standards regarding prosecutorial
misconduct are well established. ‘ “A prosecutor’s . . . intemperate behavior
violates the federal Constitution when it comprises a pattern of conduct ‘so
egregious that it infects the trial with such unfairness as to make the
conviction a denial of due process.’ ” ’ [Citations.] Conduct by a prosecutor
that does not render a criminal trial fundamentally unfair is prosecutorial
misconduct under state law only if it involves ‘ “ ‘the use of deceptive or
reprehensible methods to attempt to persuade either the court or the jury.’ ” ’
[Citation.] . . . Additionally, when the claim focuses upon comments made by
the prosecutor before the jury, the question is whether there is a reasonable
likelihood that the jury construed or applied any of the complained-of
remarks in an objectionable fashion.” (Samayoa, supra, 15 Cal.4th at p. 841.)

                                       20
     “ ‘[I]t is improper for the prosecutor to misstate the law generally
[citation], and particularly to attempt to absolve the prosecution from its
prima facie obligation to overcome reasonable doubt on all elements.’ ”
(People v. Hill (1998) 17 Cal.4th 800, 829-830.) However, “ ‘ “ ‘a prosecutor is
given wide latitude during argument. The argument may be vigorous as long
as it amounts to fair comment on the evidence, which can include reasonable
inferences, or deductions to be drawn therefrom.’ ” ’ ” (Id. at p. 819.)
Further, “ ‘the arguments of counsel, like the instructions of the court, must
be judged in the context in which they are made.’ ” (People v. Gonzalez
(1990) 51 Cal.3d 1179, 1224, fn. 21, superseded by statute on another ground
as stated in In re Steele (2004) 32 Cal.4th 682, 691.)
      Astarita’s claim that the prosecutor wrongly argued he was guilty of
murder simply because he drove under the influence knowing it was
dangerous is based on a couple of summary remarks by the prosecutor that
Astarita takes out of context. The prosecutor extensively reviewed the
evidence of Astarita’s very high blood alcohol level shortly after the incident,
his lying about having a ride from the bar and his highly dangerous driving
to contend that he acted with conscious disregard of other’s safety. The
prosecutor also highlighted Astarita’s 2013 arrest and conviction for driving
under the influence, contending that it “put the defendant on notice that he
cannot safely operate a vehicle after having 15 drinks.” To the extent the
prosecutor’s two summary remarks are ambiguous, we do not think they
misled the jury in any way. (See People v. Gonzalez, supra, 51 Cal.3d at
p. 1224, fn. 21 [“ ‘[A] court should not lightly infer that a prosecutor
intend[ed] an ambiguous remark to have its most damaging meaning or that
a jury, sitting through lengthy exhortation, will draw that meaning from the
plethora of less damaging interpretations’ ”].)

                                        21
      Also, the prosecutor’s statements about Astarita’s, and everyone’s,
general knowledge of the dangers of driving under the influence were
unlikely to mislead the jury into applying an objective reasonable person
standard in determining what Astarita knew on the day of the incident. The
prosecutor extensively argued that Astarita not only knew generally that
driving under the influence was dangerous, but that he had knowledge of the
dangers of his specifically doing so based on his own experience. This
included not only the facts of his previous conviction, but also the cautions he
received in the course of the 2013 legal proceedings and in the court-ordered
program he completed.
      Finally, the prosecutor’s rebuttal examples regarding involuntary
manslaughter and implied malice murder did not draw a line between a
person’s sober and drunken states. To the contrary, both examples given by
the prosecutor involved persons in sober states. Also, the prosecutor’s
remarks focused not on Astarita’s extreme intoxication per se, but on the
dangers it created and what it meant to act in conscious disregard of others’
safety. For example, the prosecutor said about Astarita, “When he says, I’ve
got a ride, he’s indirectly saying I know it’s dangerous . . . .” And the
prosecutor concluded, “Conscious disregard. Again, another legalese term.
‘Conscious’ means he’s aware. ‘Disregard’ means he’s choosing to ignore it.
He knew as he was leaving the bar that there were concerns about his ability
to drive, and he knew exactly what he was saying because he said I’ve got a
ride. So he knew of the risks because he had been advised over and over and
over again. [¶] And, again, we don’t have to be advised that driving while
intoxicated is dangerous, but he was advised. And he consciously—he
intentionally chose to disregard that knowledge that it’s dangerous. He got
in his car and he drove.” In short, there is no reasonable likelihood that the

                                        22
jury would have construed any of the prosecutor’s remarks in an improper
manner.
      As for the court’s jury instructions, Astarita fails to point out anything
improper about the instructions the court gave; rather, he contends that the
court’s failure to instruct on gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated,
combined with the prosecutor’s purported misconduct, amplified the
prosecutor’s misconduct and was thus erroneous. This argument lacks merit.
      A trial court has a sua sponte duty to instruct the jury on a lesser
included offense “when evidence exists that would justify a conviction on the
lesser offense.” (People v. Yoeman (2003) 31 Cal.4th 93, 129.) But “a
defendant has no unilateral right to an instruction on an uncharged offense
that is not necessarily included within the charged offense.” (Ibid.) Gross
vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated is not a lesser included offense to
murder because it “requires proof of elements that are not necessary to a
murder conviction. The use of a vehicle while intoxicated is not merely a
‘circumstance,’ but an element of proof when the charge is gross vehicular
manslaughter while intoxicated. Gross vehicular manslaughter while
intoxicated is not merely a degree of murder, nor is it a crime with a lengthy
pedigree as a lesser included offense within the crime of murder.” (People v.
Sanchez (2001) 24 Cal.4th 983, 991.) Therefore, it “should not be treated as a
lesser included offense to murder.” (Id. at p. 992.) Rather, gross vehicular
manslaughter is a “lesser related . . . offense” to murder (People v. Batchelor
(2014) 229 Cal.App.4th 1102, 1116 [citing Sanchez], disapproved on another
ground in People v. Hicks (2017) 4 Cal.5th 203, 214, fn. 3.)
      Unlike lesser included offenses, lesser related offenses are offenses that
“are not necessarily included in the stated charge, but merely bear some
conceptual and evidentiary ‘relationship’ thereto.” (People v. Birks (1998)

                                       23
19 Cal.4th 108, 112 (Birks).) Our Supreme Court has repeatedly held that a
defendant has no unilateral right to an instruction on lesser related offenses,
which instruction “is proper only upon the mutual assent of the parties.”
(People v. Taylor (2010) 48 Cal.4th 574, 622 [citing Birks]; People v. Rangel
(2016) 62 Cal.4th 1192, 1230 [quoting Taylor]; People v. Jennings (2010)
50 Cal.4th 616, 668 [no right to instructions on lesser related offenses even if
supported by substantial evidence “because California law does not permit a
court to instruct concerning an uncharged lesser related crime unless agreed
to by both parties”]; see also Birks, at pp. 112-113, 131 [“[o]nce the relative
precision of necessary inclusion is left behind, the parties and the courts are
cast adrift in a trackless sea,” having “no clear standards for determining”
what lesser offenses are related “for instructional purposes”].) Therefore,
Astarita’s claim that the trial court somehow erred by not instructing on
gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated or gross negligence is without
merit.
      Astarita also compares this case to People v. Medellin (2020)
45 Cal.App.5th 519. There, the appellate court held that a combination of the
prosecutor’s misstatement of law coupled with an ambiguous pattern
instruction resulted in invalid legal theory error. (Id. at pp. 532-535.) The
case is inapposite because the prosecutor here did not misstate the law, and
there was nothing ambiguous about the court’s instructions.
      In short, Astarita has forfeited some of his prosecutorial misconduct
claims and, regardless, they all are without merit.5

      5 In light of our conclusions, we do not discuss Astarita’s contentions
that the purported misconduct and court error were prejudicial.

                                        24
                                        III.
The Prosecution Did Not Engage in Misconduct by Objecting to a Jury
           Instruction on Gross Vehicular Manslaughter
                         While Intoxicated.
      Related to his contention that the trial court should have instructed the
jury regarding gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated, Astarita
makes the novel argument that the prosecutor also engaged in misconduct by
objecting to instructing the jury on gross vehicular manslaughter while
intoxicated after the defense requested it. Astarita contends that by doing so,
the prosecutor somehow violated his constitutional due process right to a fair
trial. This argument is also unpersuasive.6
      We have already reviewed in the previous subpart the law regarding
the kind of behavior necessary to constitute prosecutorial misconduct (see
Samayoa, supra, 15 Cal.4th at p. 841), as well as our Supreme Court’s
repeated directives that a trial court should not instruct the jury on the lesser
related charge of gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated without the
mutual assent of the parties. (See Birks, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 112; People
v. Taylor, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 622; People v. Rangel, supra, 62 Cal.4th at
p. 1230; People v. Jennings, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 668.) Further, as Astarita
acknowledges, “[i]n the ordinary case, ‘so long as the prosecutor has probable
cause to believe that the accused committed an offense defined by statute, the
decision whether or not to prosecute, and what charge to file or bring before a
grand jury, generally rests entirely in his discretion,’ ” “ ‘subject to
constitutional restraints,’ ” including “the equal protection component of the
Due Process clause of the Fifth Amendment.” (United States v. Armstrong
(1996) 517 U.S. 456, 464.)

      6 In light of our conclusions, we again do not discuss Astarita’s
contentions that the purported misconduct was prejudicial.
                                         25
      Astarita does not contend that the prosecutor violated his right to equal
protection. Rather, he contends, without citing any relevant authority, that
the prosecutor’s objection to instructing the jury on gross vehicular
manslaughter while intoxicated “increase[d] the likelihood of a conviction of
murder by obfuscating the distinction between gross negligence [required for
a gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated conviction] and . . . implied
malice for Watson murder charges.” (Footnote omitted). According to
Astarita, the prosecutor thereby created an “all-or-nothing” dilemma for the
jury that “distort[ed] the fact-finding process.” He contends case law suggests
that “[a] jury who is not provide[d] with a charge of gross vehicular
manslaughter will be more likely to find implied malice than a jury who is
instructed on the principle of gross negligence, even when considering the
exact same evidence.” He concludes that a prosecutor’s “exercise of discretion
that lessens the burden of proof and causes an unfair trial . . . is
unconstitutional. The prosecutor cannot attempt to achieve a questionable
murder conviction by intentionally depriving the jury of the option to consider
whether the conduct only amounts to gross vehicular manslaughter.
Therefore, in DUI homicide case[s] generally, and particularly in this case,
the prosecutor abuses its discretion in violation of the defendant’s right to
due process by refusing to allow a charge of vehicular manslaughter where
the jury could find gross negligence while having a doubt as to implied
malice.”
      Astarita does not argue that the prosecutor lacked probable cause to
charge Astarita with murder or that the prosecutor or the trial court did
anything to lessen the prosecutor’s burden of proof regarding that charge
(other than, he contends, to limit the charges considered by the jury to
murder and involuntary manslaughter). Further, as we have also discussed,

                                        26
substantial evidence supports Astarita’s murder conviction. Rather, as he all
but acknowledges, Astarita’s argument constitutes a request for a judicial
rule that in all Watson murder cases, the People must consent to instructing
the jury on gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated. Such a rule
would be contrary to our Supreme Court’s holding that a trial court should
not instruct on lesser related charges without the mutual assent of the
parties. Therefore, we are prohibited from adopting it under Auto Equity
Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455.
      Further, we note the rejection by our colleagues in the Second
Appellate District of a similar claim by a defendant that “it was
fundamentally unfair for the prosecution to charge him with a Watson
murder, then deny him a [gross vehicular] manslaughter instruction as a
lesser included offense by omitting allegations of drinking and driving from
the information,” thereby engaging in a “ ‘manipulation of the charging
procedures.’ ” (People v. Munoz, supra, 31 Cal.App.5th at p. 163.) After
reviewing the law regarding a prosecutor’s broad discretion in charging a
defendant and our Supreme Court’s prohibition of a trial court’s instruction
on lesser related charges without the asset of both parties, the court
concluded, “[The defendant’s] argument asks us to cast ourselves into Birks’s
‘trackless sea’ to determine if, based on the evidence in a given case, the
prosecution in fairness should have charged additional crimes or consented to
additional instructions. This is no different than requiring trial courts to
review the record and instruct on uncharged but not necessarily included
offenses supported by the evidence, something clearly not permitted under
Birks.” (Id. at pp. 163-164.) Similarly, here, Astarita would have us ignore
clear Supreme Court precedent to establish a judicial rule that would create a

                                       27
tangle of questions generally in our jurisprudence regarding the charging and
instructing on lesser related offenses. This we cannot do.
                                       IV.
    Astarita Is Entitled to One Additional Day of Custody Credits.
      Finally, Astarita and the People both contend he is entitled to one
additional day of actual custody credit. We agree.
      “A defendant is entitled to actual custody credit for ‘all days in custody’
in county jail and residential treatment facilities, including partial days.”
(People v. Rajanayagam (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 42, 48; §§ 4019, 2900.5,
subd. (a).) “Calculation of custody credit begins on the day of arrest and
continues through the day of sentencing.” (Rajanayagam, at p. 48.) “ ‘The
law takes no notice of fractions of a day. Any fraction of a day is deemed a
day . . . .’ ” (People v. Smith (1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 523, 526.)
      Astarita was arrested and transported to the hospital for medical
clearance on July 31, 2017. His sentencing took place on March 15, 2019,
after he had spent 593 days in custody. However, at sentencing, the trial
court awarded him actual custody credits of only 592 days. Therefore, he is
entitled to one additional day of custody credit.
      Although section 1237.1 generally requires a defendant to seek
correction of credits in the trial court before the error may be raised on
appeal, a defendant may raise the issue directly in the appellate court first
where it is raised in addition to other non-credit issues for the sake of judicial
efficiency. (People v. Acosta (1997) 48 Cal.App.4th 411, 427.) Further, an
incorrect award of presentence custody credits is an unauthorized sentence
which may be corrected at any time. (People v. Gisbert (2012)
205 Cal.App.4th 277, 282.) We shall, therefore, order its correction.

                                       28
                               DISPOSITION
      We affirm the judgment, except that we modify the judgment to reflect
one additional day of custody credit. The trial court is directed to prepare an
amended abstract of judgment reflecting this modification and forward a copy
of this abstract to the California Department of Corrections and
Rehabilitation.

                                      29
                                    STEWART, J.

We concur.

RICHMAN, Acting P.J.

MILLER, J.

People v. Astarita (A157034)

                               30