Court Opinion

ID: 4239506
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-01-26 10:14:42.744516+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:43:26.659474
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                             COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                      UNPUBLISHED
                                                                      January 25, 2018
                 Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                     No. 333492
                                                                      Macomb Circuit Court
DEANDRE LEE ARNOLD,                                                   LC No. 2015-001372-FC

                 Defendant-Appellant.

Before: TALBOT, C.J., and MURRAY and O’BRIEN, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       A jury acquitted defendant of an original charge of first-degree felony murder, MCL
750.316(1)(b), but convicted him of the lesser offense of second-degree murder, MCL 750.317.
Defendant was sentenced to a term of 375 to 600 months in prison. He now appeals as of right,
and we affirm.

        Defendant’s conviction arises from the February 21, 2015 stabbing death of Alexander
Burkhardt in a laundromat parking lot behind a gas station. In a statement to the police,
defendant said that he met the victim inside a gas station. Defendant and a codefendant, Jayvon
Cates,1 agreed to sell the victim pills and met him behind the gas station. Video surveillance
footage showed that after defendant took the victim’s money, the victim approached defendant,
and defendant then admittedly stabbed the victim. The victim died from a stab wound to his
chest.

                                        I. SELF-DEFENSE

        Defendant argues that the trial court erred by denying his request to instruct the jury on
self-defense. “We review a claim of instructional error involving a question of law de novo, but
we review the trial court’s determination that a jury instruction applies to the facts of the case for
an abuse of discretion.” People v Dupree, 486 Mich 693, 702; 788 NW2d 399 (2010). “An
abuse of discretion occurs when the court chooses an outcome that falls outside the range of

1
    Cates was tried separately and convicted by a jury of voluntary manslaughter, MCL 750.321.

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reasonable and principled outcomes.” People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 217; 749 NW2d 272
(2008).

        “A criminal defendant is entitled to have a properly instructed jury consider the evidence
against him.” Dupree, 486 Mich at 712 (quotations marks and citation omitted). “A trial judge
must instruct the jury as to the applicable law, and fully and fairly present the case to the jury in
an understandable manner.” People v Waclawski, 286 Mich App 634, 676; 780 NW2d 321
(2009). This Court considers jury instructions in their entirety to ascertain if error requiring
reversal occurred. People v Chapo, 283 Mich App 360, 373; 770 NW2d 68 (2009).

        The trial court denied defendant’s request for an instruction on self-defense because it
concluded that defendant was engaged in a crime at the time he stabbed the victim. When a
defendant facing a homicide charge asserts self-defense, the finder of fact must decide whether
“the accused, under all the circumstances of the assault, as it appeared to him, honestly [and
reasonably] believe[d] that he was in danger of [losing] his life, or great bodily harm, and that it
was necessary to do what he did in order to save himself from such apparent threatened
danger[.]” People v Riddle, 467 Mich 116, 126-127; 649 NW2d 30 (2002) (quotation marks and
citation omitted; third alteration in original). A defendant cannot claim statutory self-defense if
he was “engaged in the commission of a crime at the time he . . . uses deadly force.” MCL
780.972(1)(a). And pursuant to common-law self-defense principles, “[a] robber or other
wrongdoer engaged in felonious conduct has no privilege of self-defense[.]” People v Minor,
213 Mich App 682, 686 n 1; 541 NW2d 576 (1995).

        Because the evidence showed that defendant had assaulted the victim while committing a
felony, the trial court correctly concluded that defendant was not entitled to assert self-defense.
The record amply and unrebuttedly establishes that, at a minimum, defendant and Cates had
intended to, and did, commit a larceny, MCL 750.357,2 during which defendant stabbed the
victim.

       To establish a larceny-from-the-person charge . . . , the prosecution must prove
       (1) the taking of someone else’s property without consent, (2) movement of the
       property, (3) with the intent to steal or permanently deprive the owner of the
       property, and (4) the property was taken from the person or from the person’s
       immediate area of control or immediate presence. [People v Smith-Anthony, 296
       Mich App 413, 417; 821 NW2d 172 (2012), aff’d 494 Mich 669 (2013)
       (quotation marks and citation omitted).]

        Defendant’s statement to the police indicates that defendant and Cates took the victim’s
cash with the intent to steal it. Defendant told the police that he and Cates had agreed to sell the
victim some pills, but they had “no pills and [he and Cates] just went along with the plan to get a
few bucks.” The video surveillance footage and the officer’s testimony about the video, that
defendant and Cates approached the victim’s truck and took $5 from the victim’s hand while he

2
  MCL 750.357 provides, in pertinent part, that “[a]ny person who shall commit the offense of
larceny by stealing from the person of another shall be guilty of a felony[.]”

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sat in the truck, shows that “the property was taken from the person or from the person’s
immediate area of control or immediate presence.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted).

        The evidence also showed that defendant committed an armed robbery of the victim that
also precluded his ability to argue self-defense. In People v Gibbs, 299 Mich App 473, 490-491;
830 NW2d 821 (2013), we summarized the elements necessary to prove armed robbery, MCL
750.529:

       (1) [T]he defendant, in the course of committing a larceny of any money or other
       property that may be the subject of a larceny, used force or violence against any
       person who was present or assaulted or put the person in fear, and (2) the
       defendant, in the course of committing the larceny, . . . possessed a dangerous
       weapon[.] [Quotation and citation omitted.]

“ ‘[I]n the course of committing a larceny’ includes acts that occur in an attempt to commit the
larceny, or during commission of the larceny, or in flight or attempted flight after the
commission of the larceny, or in an attempt to retain possession of the property.” MCL
750.530(2). With respect to the larceny component of the statute defining both armed robbery
and unarmed robbery in MCL 750.530, the elements of larceny are “(1) an actual or constructive
taking of goods or property, (2) a carrying away or asportation, (3) the carrying way must be
with a felonious intent, (4) the subject matter must be the goods or personal property of another,
(5) the taking must be without the consent and against the will of the owner.” People v Cain,
238 Mich App 95, 120; 605 NW2d 28 (1999) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Felonious
intent means a specific intent “to steal another person’s property.” Id.; see also People v
Harverson, 291 Mich App 171, 177; 804 NW2d 757 (2010).

        As noted above, ample evidence established that defendant committed a larceny from the
victim. It was also undisputed that defendant used a knife to stab the victim. Thus, the evidence
showed that defendant used a knife “during the commission of the larceny,” MCL 750.530(2), or
“in flight or attempted flight after the commission of the larceny, or in an attempt to retain
possession of the property.” MCL 750.530(2). This evidence indicates that defendant “used
force or violence against” the victim, and, “in the course of committing the larceny, . . .
possessed a dangerous weapon.” Gibbs, 299 Mich App at 490-491 (quotation marks and citation
omitted).3

3
  The trial court did err to the extent that it found defendant was not entitled to assert self-defense
because he had engaged in felonious drug selling at the time of the assault. Although defendant
told the police that Cates had thrown “something” at the victim, defendant also stated that “there
were no pills and [he and Cates] just went along with the plan to get a few bucks.” No other
evidence indicated that defendant or Cates were actually involved in the sale of drugs. But
because the evidence showed that defendant was involved in other criminal activity at the time
he used deadly force, we affirm the result reached by the trial in refusing to instruct the jury on
self-defense. People v Powell, 303 Mich App 271, 279 n 1; 842 NW2d 538 (2013).

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           II. DENIAL OF DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR A DIRECTED VERDICT

        Defendant next argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a directed
verdict on the original charge of felony murder. Defendant argues that the prosecutor neglected
to prove that he participated in a larceny, an element necessary to support a felony-murder
conviction predicated on the underlying crime of robbery.

         Even if we assume that the trial court erred in allowing the jury to consider the felony-
murder charge, defendant was not prejudiced by the jury’s consideration of that charge. MCL
769.26; 4 People v Schaefer, 473 Mich 418, 442-443; 703 NW2d 774 (2005) (pursuant to MCL
769.26, a presumption exists that “a preserved, nonconstitutional error is not a ground for
reversal unless after an examination of the entire cause, it shall affirmatively appear that it is
more probable than not that the error was outcome-determinative” and “undermined the
reliability of the verdict”) (quotation marks and citation omitted). The jury acquitted defendant
of felony murder, and convicted him of the intermediate offense of second-degree murder.
Because defendant does not challenge his conviction of second-degree murder, and because he
was acquitted of felony murder, any error in submitting that charge to the jury was harmless.
People v Moorer, 246 Mich App 680, 682; 635 NW2d 47 (2001).

                                         III. SENTENCING

        Lastly, defendant argues that the trial court erred in assessing 25 points for offense
variable (OV) 6 and assessing 15 points for OV 8 of the sentencing guidelines. He also argues
that judicial fact-finding in scoring the offense variables violated his Sixth Amendment right to a
jury trial. Defendant preserved his scoring challenges by objecting to the scoring of the OVs at
sentencing. However, because defendant did not raise his Sixth Amendment argument below, it
is unpreserved and reviewed only for plain error affecting defendant’s substantial rights. People
v Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, 392-393; 870 NW2d 502 (2015).

        We reject defendant’s argument that the trial court violated his Sixth Amendment rights
by relying on judge-found facts to score the OVs. In Lockridge, 498 Mich at 364, our Supreme
Court held that “the rule from Apprendi v New Jersey, 530 US 466; 120 S Ct 2348; 147 L Ed 2d
435 (2000), as extended by Alleyne v United States, 570 US ___; 133 S Ct 2151; 186 L Ed 2d
314 (2013), applies to Michigan’s sentencing guidelines and renders them constitutionally
deficient” because of “the extent to which the guidelines require judicial fact-finding beyond
facts admitted by the defendant or found by the jury to score offense variables (OVs) that

4
    MCL 769.26 provides:
                 No judgment or verdict shall be set aside or reversed or a new trial be
         granted by any court of this state in any criminal case, on the ground of
         misdirection of the jury, or the improper admission or rejection of evidence, or for
         error as to any matter of pleading or procedure, unless in the opinion of the court,
         after an examination of the entire cause, it shall affirmatively appear that the error
         complained of has resulted in a miscarriage of justice.

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mandatorily increase the floor of the guidelines minimum sentence range[.]” To remedy this
violation, the Court severed MCL 769.34(2) to the extent that it makes a sentencing guidelines
range based on judge-found facts mandatory, and held that a guidelines range calculated in
violation of Apprendi and Alleyne is advisory only. Lockridge, 498 Mich at 364-365. As this
Court explained in People v Biddles, 316 Mich App 148, 158; 896 NW2d 461 (2016), “[t]he
constitutional evil addressed by the Lockridge Court was not judicial fact-finding in and of itself,
it was judicial fact-finding in conjunction with required application of those found facts for
purposes of increasing a mandatory minimum sentence range.” Indeed, the Court in Lockridge
expressly stated that its holding “does nothing to undercut the requirement that the highest
number of points possible must be assessed for all OVs, whether using judge-found facts or not.”
Lockridge, 498 Mich at 392 n 28.

         Defendant was sentenced almost a year after Lockridge was decided. A trial court is
presumed to know the law unless the contrary is clearly shown. People v Alexander, 234 Mich
App 665, 675; 599 NW2d 749 (1999). Defendant does not contend that the trial court was
unaware of Lockridge, and nothing in the record suggests that the court did not understand that
the guidelines were only advisory. Accordingly, there is no merit to defendant’s argument that
the trial court erred by relying on judge-found facts to score the guidelines.

        Turning to defendant’s scoring challenges, we review for clear error the trial court’s
factual findings and to ascertain if the findings are “supported by a preponderance of the
evidence.” People v Hardy, 494 Mich 430, 438; 835 NW2d 340 (2013). “Whether the facts, as
found, are adequate to satisfy the scoring conditions prescribed by statute, . . . the application of
the facts to the law, is a question of statutory interpretation, which an appellate court reviews de
novo.” Id.

        MCL 777.36(1)(b) authorizes the court to assess 25 points for OV 6 when “[t]he offender
had unpremeditated intent to kill, the intent to do great bodily harm, or created a very high risk of
death or great bodily harm knowing that death or great bodily harm was the probable result.”
Pursuant to MCL 777.36(2)(b), the trial court shall score 10 points “if a killing is intentional
within the definition of second degree murder or voluntary manslaughter, but the death occurred
in a combative situation or in response to victimization of the offender by the decedent.”

        A preponderance of the evidence supports the trial court’s assessment of 25 points for
OV 6. The jury convicted defendant of second-degree murder, which required the prosecutor to
prove the intent necessary for a 25-point score for OV 6. See People v Werner, 254 Mich App
528, 531; 659 NW2d 688 (2002). Defendant admitted having a knife when he and Cates planned
to steal the victim’s money during a phony drug sale. Defendant also acknowledged that he
retrieved the knife during the assault and pushed it toward the victim. Video surveillance also in
large part supports defendant’s statements. This evidence supports the trial court’s finding that
defendant acted with the “unpremeditated intent to kill, the intent to do great bodily harm, or
created a very high risk of death or great bodily harm knowing that death or great bodily harm

                                                -5-
was the probable result.” MCL 777.36(1)(b). Accordingly, the trial court properly assessed 25
points for OV 6.5

        Defendant argues that the trial court should not have assessed any points for OV 8. The
trial court assessed 15 points for OV 8 on the basis that defendant and Cates enticed the victim
behind the gas station where the assault occurred. MCL 777.38(1)(a) authorizes the scoring of
15 points for OV 8 when “[a] victim was asported to another place of greater danger or to a
situation of greater danger or was held captive beyond the time necessary to commit the
offense.” “Asportation” can take place “without the employment of force against the victim.”
People v Spanke, 254 Mich App 642, 647; 658 NW2d 504 (2003), overruled in part on other
grounds by People v Barrera, 500 Mich 14, 17 (2017)..

        We conclude that a preponderance of the evidence established that defendant and Cates
persuaded the victim to meet at a “place of greater danger or . . . a situation of greater danger”
behind the gas station. MCL 777.38(1)(a). The surveillance footage revealed that defendant and
the victim conversed inside the gas station. Defendant and Cates then walked behind the gas
station, and the victim drove his truck from the gas pump to the more secluded area behind the
gas station. The robbery occurred behind the gas station. The trial court properly scored 15
points for OV 8 because the victim was “moved, even if voluntarily, to” the more secluded area
behind the gas station where the assault happened. Spanke, 254 Mich App at 648.

       Affirmed.

                                                            /s/ Michael J. Talbot
                                                            /s/ Christopher M. Murray
                                                            /s/ Colleen A. O’Brien

5
  The trial court properly rejected defendant’s argument that a combative situation had existed,
considering the lack of an injury on defendant after the assault, and his apparent lack of
knowledge whether the victim possessed a weapon during the assault. Moreover, the
surveillance footage showed defendant stabbed the victim while he sat in his truck. In light of
the lack of evidence substantiating the existence of a combative situation, the trial court did not
err in overruling defendant’s request that it assess 10 points for OV 6.

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