Court Opinion

ID: 3008590
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-08 14:06:52.058167+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:03:20.121907
License: Public Domain

RENDERED : MARCH 18, 2010
                                                           TO BE PUBLISHED

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                               2007-SC-000278-MR
                               2007-SC-000853-MR

 KELLY MARQUETTE STEWART

                  ON APPEAL FROM FAYETTE CIRCUIT COURT
V                 HONORABLE PAMELA R . GOODWINE, JUDGE
                             NO. 06-CR-01658

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                               APPELLEE

             OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE CUNNINGHAM

                AFFIRMING IN PART AND VACATING IN PART

       On October 6, 2006, Sergeant Clay Combs of the Lexington Fayette

County Metro Police Department pulled over a truck being driven by Appellant,

Kelly Marquette Stewart, for improper traffic signals and failure to illuminate

the license plate. When Combs asked to see Appellant's operator's license,

Stewart presented a suspended driver's license in the name of Terry L. Jones.

Combs arrested Stewart for driving on a suspended license and conducted a

search of the truck incident to the arrest. Combs located a bag of cocaine, a

bag of marijuana, and a small digital scale in the vehicle .

       Stewart was taken to the Fayette County Detention Center where it was

determined that, although he had presented another person's driver's license to
 the officer, his own operator's license was valid. Accordingly, the charge of

 driving on a suspended license was dropped and he was rearrested on the

charge of representing another's operator's license as his own . Prior to an

intake search of Stewart's person, he expressly denied possessing any

contraband . However, a small bag of crack cocaine was found in his right pant

leg during the intake search .

        Stewart was ultimately tried by a jury and found guilty of possession of a

controlled substance (first degree)' ; promoting contraband (first degree) ;

possession of drug paraphernalia (second or subsequent offense) ; possession of

marijuana; giving a police officer a false name; representing as one's own

another's operator's license ; improper signal; and failure to illuminate a license

plate . Stewart was also found guilty of being a persistent felony offender in the

first degree . The jury's recommended sentence of five years for the possession

of a controlled substance charge was enhanced to twenty years by virtue of his

persistent felon status . He now appeals the convictions as a matter of right.

Ky. Const. § 110(2)(b) .

Double Jeopardy

       Stewart first argues his convictions for both possession of a controlled

substance and promoting contraband violate principles of double jeopardy .

The issue was not preserved. This Court continues to consider appellate

claims of double jeopardy despite inadequate preservation . Clark v.

i The Amended Final Judgment, entered April 6, 2007 in the Fayette Circuit Court, states
  that Appellant was found guilty of First-Degree Trafficking in a Controlled Substance;
  however, Appellant was found guilty of First-Degree Possession of a Controlled Substance
  under Jury Instruction No. 3 .
 Commonwealth, 267 S .W.3d 668, 674-75 (Ky. 2008) . See also Baker v.

 Commonwealth, 922 S.W .2d 371, 374 (Ky. 1996) .

         "The applicable rule is that, where the same act or transaction

 constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the test to be

 applied to determine whether there are two offenses or only one, is whether

 each provision requires proof of a fact which the other does not ." Blockburger

 v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932) ; KRS 505 .020(2)(a) . In applying the

Blockburger test, the focus is on the proof necessary to prove the statutory

elements of each offense rather than on the actual evidence which would be

presented at trial. Mack v. Commonwealth, 136 S .W.3d 434, 438 (Ky. 2004) .

         Stewart was convicted of promoting contraband pursuant to KRS

520 .050(1)(a) : "A person is guilty of promoting contraband in the first degree

when he knowingly introduces dangerous contraband into a detention facility

or a penitentiary ." He was also convicted of possession of cocaine pursuant to

KRS 218A. 1415(l) : "A person is guilty of possession of a controlled substance

in the first degree when he knowingly and unlawfully possesses . . . a narcotic

drug."

         Possession of a controlled substance does not require proof of an

additional fact that promoting contraband does. Implicit in the requirement

that the defendant "knowingly introduces" contraband is the defendant's

possession of that contraband. "Promoting contraband in the first degree
requires possession of dangerous contraband . . . ." Tyler v. Commonwealth,

805 S .W.2d 126, 127 (Ky. 1991) . See also Hampton v. Commonwealth, 231
 S.W .3d 740, 751 (Ky. 2007) (proof that defendant "knowingly possessed"

 contraband at time he was taken to jail considered circumstantial evidence

 that he "knowingly introduced" the contraband for purposes of KRS 520 .050) .

       Nonetheless, the Commonwealth argues that no double jeopardy

violation occurred in this case because the possession and promotion

convictions were based on two separate quantities of cocaine. Indeed, the

Commonwealth argued at trial that the charges were based on distinct

quantities of cocaine, and each quantity was introduced as a separate exhibit.

The larger bag of cocaine was found in Stewart's vehicle, while the smaller bag

was found hidden in his pant leg following his arrest .

      Continued possession of contraband is a single course of conduct that

gives rise to .a single offense . See Fulcher v. Commonwealth, 149 S.W .3d 363,

376 (Ky. 2004) (approving other jurisdictions' conclusion that "uninterrupted

possession of the same contraband over a period of time is but one offense

constituting a continuing course of conduct, precluding convictions of multiple

offenses for possession of the same contraband on different dates") . See also

Henry v. Commonwealth, 275 S.W.3d 194, 202 (Ky. 2008) . However, KRS

505 .020(1) (c) provides that separate convictions for possession may arise when

the continued possession has been interrupted by the "legal process." "`Legal

process' would include an arrest warrant, an indictment, or an arraignment."

149 S .W.3d at 377 .

      A quantity of cocaine was discovered in a small bag in the vehicle before

Stewart arrived at the detention facility. A second quantity of cocaine was
 ultimately found on his person following his arrest. His arrest constitutes

 "legal process" such as to interrupt his possession of cocaine; and his

 continued concealment of the second quantity once he arrived at the detention

 facility - and after specifically denying any additional contraband - constitutes

 a second, distinct offense . Accordingly, there was no double jeopardy violation.

 Sufficiency of the Evidence : Persistent Felony Offender Conviction

       Stewart next argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his

conviction of being a persistent felony offender in the first degree . He does not

challenge the validity of his prior convictions, but merely the Commonwealth's

explanation of one of the prior convictions to the jury. As part of its proof

during the PFO stage of the trial, the Commonwealth's Attorney was permitted

to read from court records . These records were introduced as exhibits, but not

published to the jury, due to prejudicial information contained therein. In

referring to the records, the Commonwealth's Attorney stated:

            "In case number 00-CR-369 of the Fayette Circuit
            Court [inaudible] the defendant Kelly M. Stewart
            charged with trafficking in a controlled substance and
            possession of drug paraphernalia first degree. Date of
            offense was December 28th of 1999 . He was convicted
            on June 13th of 2000 . He received a sentence of five
            years probated for five years ."

Stewart argues this evidence was insufficient because the prosecutor did not

expressly state that he was convicted of both charges, only that he was

convicted on June 13, 2000. Stewart argues that it was unclear whether he

was convicted of one or both of these charges .
       This issue is not preserved for appellate review and we review the claim

 solely for palpable error. RCr 10.26; Schoenbachler v. Commonwealth, 95

 S .W .3d 830, 836-37 (Ky. 2003) .

             "[T]he standard of review required by the Due Process
             Clause with respect to the sufficiency of the evidence
             to support a criminal conviction . . . is whether, after
             viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
             prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found
             the essential elements of the crime beyond a
             reasonable doubt."

Potts v. Commonwealth, 172 S .W.3d 345, 349 (Ky. 2005) (citing Jackson v.

 Virginia, 443 U .S. 307, 318-19 (1979)) . Applying this standard, the evidence

here is sufficient to establish the fact of Stewart's prior felony conviction for

drug trafficking in 2000. When considered in context, the Commonwealth

Attorney's remarks are reasonably understood to mean that Stewart was

previously charged with trafficking in a controlled substance and possession of

drug paraphernalia and was convicted of both offenses . The prior judgment,

which was introduced as an exhibit, confirms this fact. It was not clearly

unreasonable for the jury to find Stewart was convicted of trafficking in a

controlled substance in 2000. Accordingly, there was no manifest injustice

warranting reversal . RCr 10 .26 .

Validity of Possession of Drug Paraphernalia (Second Offense) Conviction

      Stewart's final allegation of error challenges the validity of his possession

of drug paraphernalia (second offense) conviction and, like the preceding

arguments, is unpreserved for appellate review. He first argues that there was

insufficient evidence to support the conviction, again asserting that the
 Commonwealth's verbal explanation of the prior conviction to the jury was

 inadequate. For the reasons set forth above, we conclude that the evidence,

 when taken in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, was sufficient to

 support the conviction of possession of drug paraphernalia (second offense) .

       Stewart also attacks the jury instructions with respect to the possession

 of drug paraphernalia (second offense) conviction . He claims that the jury

 instructions were infirm in that they did not require the jury to make a specific

 finding of his intent or of his prior conviction . The guilt phase instruction

 regarding the possession of drug paraphernalia charge read, in pertinent part:

             You will find the Defendant, Kelly Stewart, guilty of
             Possession of Drug Paraphernalia under this
             Instruction if, and only if, you believe from the
             evidence beyond a reasonable doubt all of the
             following:

             A . That in Fayette County on or about October 6,
             2006 and within 12 months before the finding of the
             Indictment herein, he possessed a set of digital scales;
             AND
             B . That when he did so, he knew the digital scales
             would be used to measure or weigh cocaine.

      There was no error in this instruction . Under the Commonwealth's

theory of the case, KRS 218A .500(2) required the jury to believe that Stewart

possessed the digital scales with the intent to use them "for the purpose of . . .

processing, preparing, testing, analyzing, packaging, repackaging, [or] storing

. . . a controlled substance ." The phrase, "knew that the digital scales would be

used to measure or weigh cocaine," sufficiently embodies the "possession with

intent to use" requirement of the statute. We also note that this portion of the
 instruction is virtually identical to the specimen instruction recommended by

 Cooper and Cetrulo, Kentuc      Instructions to Juries, Criminal § 9 .34B (5th ed .

 2007) . See Mitchell v. Commonwealth, 231 S .W.3d 809, 813 (Ky.App. 2007) .

 Accordingly, there was no error in the guilt phase portion of the instruction .

       The penalty phase instructions present a different problem . When a

 prior misdemeanor conviction is used to enhance a subsequent offense to a

 felony, as purportedly occurred here, the jury must make the finding with

 respect to the prior conviction during the penalty phase . See Commonwealth v.

 Ramsey, 920 S .W .2d 526, 528-29 (Ky. 1996) (construing DUI statutes) . Here,

 however, the jury was never instructed to make a finding of guilt regarding

 Stewart's previous conviction for possession of drug paraphernalia. Rather, the

penalty phase instructions simply required the jury to "fix the Defendant's

punishment at confinement in the penitentiary for not less than one (1) year

nor more than five (5) years, in your discretion ." There was the element of the

misdemeanor conviction missing from the instruction . Neither party asserts

that a stipulation as to Stewart's prior conviction was agreed upon, and our

review of the record reveals none .

      While any error in jury instructions is presumptively prejudicial, we have

likewise acknowledged that such errors are subject to harmless error analysis,

though the Commonwealth bears the burden of this assertion . Harp v.

Commonwealth, 266 S .W .3d 813, 818 (Ky . 2008) . Here, the Commonwealth

argues that the error was harmless because the uncontroverted evidence

establishes that Stewart was previously convicted of possession of drug
 paraphernalia in 2000 . An erroneous jury instruction that omits an essential

 element of the offense is subject to the harmless error analysis. That test is

 whether it appears "beyond a reasonable doubt that the error . . . did not

 contribute to the verdict obtained." Neder v. United States, 527 U.S . 1, 2 (1999)

 (quoting Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24 (1967)) . However, harmless

 error analysis is inappropriate in this case because the error is unpreserved .

 As we explained in Martin v. Commonwealth, 207 S .W .3d 1, 5 (Ky . 2006) :

 "[R]eviewing courts should endeavor to avoid mixing the concepts of palpable

error and harmless error . One is not the opposite of the other." The proper

inquiry, therefore, is whether the erroneous instruction at hand is a palpable

error under RCr 10.26.

       We have recently been beset by numerous cases posing questions

concerning erroneous or defective jury instructions. More especially, we have

attempted to create the proper standard in applying the harmless and/or

palpable error analysis to these errant instructions .

      In Commonwealth v. McCombs, No . 2007-SC-000127-DG, 2010 WL

           (Ky., March 18, 2010), we deemed as harmless instructions wherein

the trial court did not submit to the jury the question as to whether a crowbar

was a dangerous instrument. In effect, the trial court held as a matter of law

that it was a dangerous instrument . However, the elements given were

consistent with the crime charged, i.e., that the burglary was committed with

threat of, or while armed with, a crowbar.
        We held differently, however, in the cases of Carver v. Commonwealth,

 No . 2007-SC-000428-MR, 2010 WL 274557 (Ky ., January 21, 2010) ; and

 Sanders v. Commonwealth, No . 2008-SC-000118-MR, 2010 WL 254258 (Ky .,

 January 21, 2010) . Carver resulted in a conviction for first-degree persistent

 felony offender when one of the prior convictions in the instructions was, in

 fact, a misdemeanor. In Sanders, the jury instruction allowed the crime of

 possession of drug paraphernalia to be enhanced to a first-degree persistent

 felony conviction when the statute specifically prohibits such use. We held the

 instructions in those cases constituted palpable error because they allowed the

jury to find the defendants guilty under instructions which, on their face, did

not constitute the crimes charged.

       We find this case falls more under the dictates of Carver and Sanders .

An essential element of the defendant being convicted of a prior misdemeanor

was missing from the instructions . With that missing element, under the

penalty phase instructions given, Appellant could have only been found guilty

of possession of drug paraphernalia (first offense) - a misdemeanor. See Varble

v. Commonwealth, 125 S .W.3d 246 (Ky. 2004) ; Cobb v. Commonwealth, 105

S .W .3d 455 (Ky. 2003) .

      Therefore, with the exception herein noted, we affirm the underlying

convictions and the judgment and sentence as to the first-degree persistent

felony offender count, but vacate and remand the conviction for possession of

drug paraphernalia (second offense), for further proceedings, if any, consistent

with this opinion .

                                        10
       Minton, C .J . ; Abramson, Noble, Schroder and Venters, JJ ., concur.

Scott, J ., concurs in part and dissents in part by separate opinion.

       SCOTT, J ., CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART:

Although I concur on the other issues, I must respectfully dissent as to the

harmfulness of the drug paraphernalia instruction . Because the evidence of

Stewart's prior conviction of possession of drug paraphernalia is

uncontroverted and uncontrovertable, I believe the Commonwealth has

satisfied its burden of establishing that the instructional error was harmless .

"In a case such as this one, where a defendant did not, and apparently could

not, bring forth facts contesting the omitted element, answering the question

whether the jury verdict would have been the same absent the error does not

fundamentally undermine the purposes of the jury trial guarantee." Neder v.

U.S., 527 U.S . 1 (1999) . As, I believe the trial court's failure to instruct the jury

as to the element of Stewart's prior conviction was harmless, no manifest

injustice requiring reversal occurred . RCr 10 .26.
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:

Thomas More Ransdell
Assistant Public Advocate
Department of Public Advocacy
100 Fair Oaks Lane, Suite 302
Frankfort, KY 40601

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:

Jack Conway
Attorney General

Gregory C . Fuchs
Assistant Attorney General
Office of Attorney General
Criminal Appellate Division
1024 Capital Center Drive
Frankfort, KY 40601-8204