Court Opinion

ID: 2979927
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 19:01:36.682486+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:44:19.210273
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 11a0524n.06

                                      Nos. 08-3948, 08-4011

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                                                        FILED
AMY KATHLEEN SMITH;                    )                                            Jul 29, 2011
DEMETRIOUS YARDIF SMITH,               )
                                       )                                     LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
       Plaintiffs-Appellants/          )
       Cross-Appellees,                )
                                       )
v.                                     )
                                       )                  ON APPEAL FROM THE
ABN AMRO MORTGAGE GROUP                )                  UNITED STATES DISTRICT
INC. et al.,                           )                  COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN
                                       )                  DISTRICT OF OHIO
       Defendants-Appellees,           )
                                       )
CHASE MANHATTAN                        )                          OPINION
MORTGAGE CORPORATION et al.,           )
                                       )
       Defendants-Appellees/           )
       Cross-Appellants.               )
_______________________________________)

       Before: MOORE and STRANCH, Circuit Judges; COHN, District Judge.*

       JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. Demetrious and Amy Smith brought this action

alleging that they were the victims of a fraudulent real estate flipping scheme. As discovery

commenced, the district judge initiated and personally facilitated settlement discussions between the

parties. The district court concluded that those discussions produced a binding and enforceable oral

settlement agreement. On appeal, the Smiths contend that no binding and enforceable settlement

agreement was reached. They also challenge the district judge’s failure to transfer the case or recuse

       *
       The Honorable Avern Cohn, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Michigan, sitting by designation.
Nos. 08-3948, 08-4011
Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

himself from considering the existence and enforceability of the agreement. For the following

reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

                                         BACKGROUND

       On January 26, 2006, Demetrious and Amy Smith filed this action in the United States

District Court for the Southern District of Ohio. Initially proceeding pro se, the Smiths asserted a

number of common-law and statutory claims against the defendants, a group of mortgage brokers,

real estate appraisers, title companies, and lending agencies.1 The Smiths allege that the defendants

conspired to operate a fraudulent real estate flipping scheme, in which the Smiths were induced into

purchasing three investment real estate properties at inflated prices based on fraudulent appraisals

and loan documents. Jeffrey Henry, a mortgage broker for defendant NMF, allegedly brokered the

transactions.2 As a result of the scheme, the Smiths claim that they suffered substantial monetary

losses and were forced to seek Chapter 13 bankruptcy protection. They also claim that all three of

the properties became the subject of foreclosure actions. Given their financial condition, the district

court allowed the Smiths to proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”) pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915.

       Defendants filed motions to dismiss the case. The magistrate judge recommended that the

case be dismissed in its entirety, concluding that the Smiths were estopped from raising their claims

       1
        The primary defendants in the case, and those represented on appeal, are Chase Home
Finance LLC (successor to Chase Manhattan Mortgage Corporation) (“Chase”), Mid America Land
Title Agency (“Mid America”), Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. (“MERS”), National
Mortgage Funding (“NMF”), and ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc. (“ABN AMRO”).
       2
        Public records establish that, in 2005, Jeffrey Henry pled guilty to criminal charges relating
to his role as the mortgage broker in a multi-million dollar mortgage flipping scheme in the
Cincinnati area. See United States v. Henry, No. 1:05-CR-00073 (S.D. Ohio 2005).

                                                  2
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Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

because they failed to disclose the claims as an asset in their Chapter 13 bankruptcy proceeding. The

district court, however, declined to accept the magistrate judge’s estoppel recommendation. The

court concluded that the Smiths’ failure to disclose was merely inadvertent and therefore did not

preclude the Smiths from bringing this lawsuit. The court did dismiss some of the Smiths’ claims

on other grounds. Soon thereafter, counsel entered an appearance for the Smiths and discovery

proceeded on the remaining claims.

       A.       The Settlement Conference

       The district judge personally facilitated a day-long settlement conference on May 1, 2008.

Although the record contains few details regarding the manner of the settlement discussions, the

district judge acknowledged that he functioned as a mediator, talking to each side separately

throughout the day and “go[ing] back and forth” between the parties to try to reach a settlement.

JA1010.

       At the end of the day, the district judge conducted a hearing on the record in his chambers.

As the district judge explained, “I think we have reached a settlement in this case, and we’re going

to go around and just talk to everybody about it.” JA655. The district judge then announced what

he thought were “the basic settlement terms.” JA656. The judge continued: “If anybody has any

comments in terms of additions or deletions, we can discuss them. Then after we hammer all that

out, we’ll go around the table one more time to see if everybody agrees with what we have agreed

to here.” Id.

       As summarized by the court, the settlement agreement awarded the Smiths specified sums

of money from defendants NMF (Jeffrey Henry’s former employer), Mid America, and MERS.

                                                 3
Nos. 08-3948, 08-4011
Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

Defendant ABN AMRO, mortgagee for two of the properties at issue, assumed ownership of those

properties, which were subject to foreclosure proceedings. In exchange, ABN AMRO forgave all

possible deficiency claims it had against the Smiths. Defendant Chase forgave all but a specified

portion of a deficiency judgment already pending against the Smiths arising from a foreclosure sale

on the third property. As a result of the settlement, all claims of any kind between the parties would

be released and the Smiths’ appeal of the bankruptcy case would be dropped. After concluding his

summary of the agreement, the district judge asked: “Did I say anything incorrectly or does anybody

want to add anything that’s germane or did I hit the key points?” JA658.

       Counsel for several of the parties raised a handful of issues requiring clarification. After

addressing those issues, the district court asked the parties if they had “anything else they want[ed]

to add.” JA665. When nobody responded, the court continued:

       COURT:                  So let’s start with the Smiths. You’ve heard everything I have
                               discussed. Are you in agreement with that?

       MS. SMITH:              Um, yes. Um, I got—if I wanted to write a book, could I
                               change the names and just, you know, don’t name anybody by
                               name?

       [DEF. COUNSEL]:         The answer would be no.

       COURT:                  The way the thing is set up now, probably not.

       MR. SMITH:              I’m good with the terms.

       THE COURT:              Mr. Smith is good with the terms. Mrs. Smith?

       MS. SMITH:              Okay.

       THE COURT:              Okay. Counsel?

                                                  4
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Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

        [PLS.’ COUNSEL]: If my clients are happy, I’m happy.

JA665–JA666.

        Counsel for the defendants and the bankruptcy trustee indicated their agreement. The court

stated that it would “retain jurisdiction to enforce any terms of the settlement agreement” and asked

counsel for defendant NMF to “take the first cut” at drafting the agreement and circulate it “so that

it’s ready to go in 30 days.” JA667. The district judge scheduled a telephone status call for the

following month “to find out if there are any problems,” and concluded by stating his opinion that

“[t]his is a good resolution of a thorny problem, and . . . we are all better off having it handled this

way.” JA668–JA669. The district court’s docket entry for the hearing stated that the “matter has

been resolved.” DE166.

        B.      Motions for Modification and Enforcement of Oral Settlement Agreement

        Less than two weeks after the settlement conference, the Smiths filed a “Request for

Modification of the Settlement Agreement.” Attached to the request were two virtually identical

affidavits, one from each of the Smiths, stating their intention to withdraw from the settlement

agreement. The affidavits acknowledged that the Smiths “made a settlement agreement on May 1,

2008,” but claimed that they “can no longer agree to the terms of the settlement considering the

damages [they] suffered,” JA420, JA423. The Smiths alleged that they entered into the agreement

under financial duress and had not realized the true financial consequences of the agreement. They

requested ownership of the real estate properties at issue (or an equivalent value for the property that

had already been sold in foreclosure), along with “fix-up money” allegedly promised by Jeffrey

Henry as part of the flipping scheme. JA421, JA424.

                                                   5
Nos. 08-3948, 08-4011
Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

        On June 2, the defendants responded with a motion to enforce the alleged settlement and a

separate sealed motion for sanctions against the Smiths. The motion to enforce argued that the

parties reached an enforceable settlement agreement in the presence of the district judge and on the

record, and that the Smiths’ alleged duress and change of heart were not valid bases to modify the

terms of the agreement. The motion for sanctions requested the district court to exercise its inherent

authority to sanction the Smiths’ litigation conduct by awarding attorneys’ fees, costs, and expenses

incurred as a result of the Smiths’ attempt to modify or set aside the settlement agreement.

        While the motions to modify and enforce were pending before the district court, the Smiths

filed a pro se motion for change of venue and recusal. The Smiths stated that they were “seeking

a ‘Change of Venue’ in hopes of being able to have a fair and equitable trial,” JA800, which they

thought was necessary because “too much racial prejudice exists in the Southern District Court of

Ohio,” JA799. They sought recusal of the district judge because they claimed it was inappropriate

for him to adjudicate the existence and enforceability of the settlement agreement that he helped

facilitate. They also sought recusal based on the judge’s purported racial bias, pointing to his alleged

statement “that mediation was better than a jury trial because [the Smiths] may get a jury from rural

counties,” from which the Smiths “inferr[ed] that [the jury] would be prejudice[d] to an Afro-

American.” JA801.3

        3
          The Smiths offer various summaries of the district judge’s alleged statement. See, e.g.,
Appellants’ 1st Br. at 25 (claiming that the judge “persuaded [the Smiths] that they could not get a
fair trial . . . because the population in the majority of counties . . . which constituted the jury pool
. . . was white”); id. at 37 (the Smiths “did not want a jury trial because . . . the counties from which
the jury pool would be drawn were largely white”); id. at 38 (district judge spoke of “the difficulty
that the Smiths might have getting an essentially ‘white’ jury to be sympathetic to the Smiths’

                                                   6
Nos. 08-3948, 08-4011
Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

        On June 25, the court conducted a hearing on the Smiths’ motion for change of venue or

recusal. At the conclusion of the hearing, the district judge denied the motion without explanation.

The following week, the court conducted a hearing on the existence and enforceability of the oral

settlement agreement. At the hearing, the Smiths generally reiterated their arguments that they

wanted the agreement modified or set aside because they did not enter into the agreement voluntarily

and because it did not award them enough money. Mrs. Smith testified that her husband pressured

her to agree to the settlement because of the trial judge’s statements that “he couldn’t get any more

money” from the defendants, JA995, and “that [the] jury pool [would] probably be from citizens of

Highland or Switzerland County, which are basically all-white counties,” JA971. She also testified

that she did not feel there was a binding agreement because “there were a lot of issues that hadn’t

been discussed during the Settlement Agreement.” JA971. Mr. Smith agreed, testifying that he “felt

coerced” and “pressured” to agree because the trial judge kept “saying ‘[w]ell, I can’t get nothing

else for you’” and “‘[t]hey won’t budge.’” JA1015–JA1016.

        C.      Final Opinion & Order

        The district court issued an Opinion and Order on July 15, granting the defendants’ motion

to enforce the settlement agreement and denying the Smiths’ motion to modify it. Applying Ohio

contract law, the district court concluded that the Smiths were bound by the terms of the oral

settlement agreement reached at the May 1 conference. According to the court, “the Smiths were

represented by competent counsel . . . prior to and during the entire settlement process,” JA636, and

allegations”). At oral argument, counsel alleged for the first time that the district judge also referred
to a possible jury as consisting of “white red necks.”

                                                   7
Nos. 08-3948, 08-4011
Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

“[a]fter review of the essential negotiated terms of agreement, all parties acknowledged their

acceptance of the terms,” JA637. Because “the Smiths knowingly, intentionally and voluntarily

entered into the settlement agreement,” the district court concluded that the Smiths were bound by

its terms. JA639. The Opinion and Order incorporated by reference an accompanying Order, which

set forth the terms of the May 1 agreement as understood by the district court. The district court also

denied the defendants’ motion for sanctions without explanation.

       D.      Post-Judgment Matters

       On July 28, the Smiths filed a timely notice of appeal. Defendants (with the exception of

ABN AMRO) timely cross-appealed from the denial of their motion for sanctions. On August 7, the

defendants also filed in the district court a motion to revoke the Smiths’ IFP status on appeal. They

argued that the appeal was “manifestly frivolous,” JA480, and not taken in good faith, JA487. The

Smiths opposed. On December 11, the district court granted the motion to revoke the Smiths’ IFP

status, finding “no factual or legal basis for [an] appeal” because the Smiths “entered into the

settlement agreement knowingly, intentionally, and voluntarily.” JA628.

                                            ANALYSIS

I.     EXISTENCE AND ENFORCEABILITY OF ORAL SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT

       A.      Standard of Review and Choice of Law

       On appeal, the Smiths challenge the existence and enforceability of the oral settlement

agreement. We review the district court’s factual determination that the parties agreed to settlement

for clear error. Re/Max Int’l, Inc. v. Realty One, Inc., 271 F.3d 633, 645 (6th Cir. 2001). We review

a district court’s decision to enforce the agreement for an abuse of discretion. Id.; Therma-Scan, Inc.

                                                  8
Nos. 08-3948, 08-4011
Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

v. Thermoscan, Inc., 217 F.3d 414, 419 (6th Cir. 2000). Because settlement agreements are a type

of contract, the formation and enforceability of a purported settlement agreement are governed by

state contract law. Bamerilease Capital Corp. v. Nearburg, 958 F.2d 150, 152 (6th Cir. 1992). The

pertinent events in this case occurred in Ohio, and the parties agree that Ohio contract law applies.

       B.        Existence of Settlement Agreement

       Under Ohio law, “a valid settlement agreement is a contract between parties, requiring a

meeting of the minds as well as an offer and acceptance.” Rulli v. Fan Co., 683 N.E.2d 337, 338

(Ohio 1997) (syllabus). Although “[i]t is preferable that a settlement be memorialized in writing,

. . . an oral settlement agreement may be enforceable if there is sufficient particularity to form a

binding contract.” Kostelnik v. Helper, 770 N.E.2d 58, 61 (Ohio 2002). “To constitute a valid

settlement agreement, the terms of the agreement must be reasonably certain and clear.” Rulli, 683
N.E.2d at 339.

       1.        Preliminary Negotiations

       The Smiths first argue that no enforceable settlement agreement was reached during the May

1 settlement discussions because the discussions were “merely a set of preliminary negotiations

leading up to a written, binding contract.” Appellants’ 1st Br. at 24. In support, the Smiths point

out that the district judge’s initial oral summary of the settlement agreement was not

exhaustive—counsel for both sides engaged in a give-and-take discussion with the judge on a variety

of issues that were not contained in his initial summary. They also note that, at the hearing’s

conclusion, defense counsel agreed to prepare a draft agreement for circulation and execution.

                                                 9
Nos. 08-3948, 08-4011
Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

        The Smiths’ claim is belied by the record in this case. Soon after going on the record at the

May 1 conference, the district judge summarized the “basic settlement terms,” which included

specified monetary awards to the Smiths from NMF, Mid America, and MERS, minus a specified

portion of a deficiency judgment for Chase. The judge also explained that all pending actions would

be dismissed. The parties then discussed several additional issues requiring clarification. After the

parties concluded their discussion, all of the parties, including the Smiths and their counsel,

expressly assented to the terms as stated on the record. The terms of this agreement as set forth in

the record of the district court are “reasonably certain and clear,” Rulli, 683 N.E.2d at 339, and are

therefore enforceable under Ohio law.4

        After the parties assented to the agreement, all that remained was to sort out the “general

recital-type things that are standard to settlement agreements” and to put the agreement in writing.

JA662. As this Court explained in a similar case applying Ohio contract law, “[t]he existence of a

valid agreement is not diminished by the fact that the parties have yet to memorialize the agreement.

When parties have agreed on the essential terms of a settlement, and all that remains is to

memorialize the agreement in writing, the parties are bound by the terms of the oral agreement.”

Re/Max Int’l, Inc., 271 F.3d at 646. For these reasons, the district court did not err in concluding that

the parties reached an oral settlement agreement.

        4
         The Smiths’ claims to the contrary are further undermined by the fact that, in their motion
to modify the agreement filed in the district court, they expressly acknowledged that they had “made
a settlement agreement on May 1, 2008,” but simply claimed that they could “no longer agree to the
terms of the settlement.” JA420, JA423.

                                                   10
Nos. 08-3948, 08-4011
Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

       2.      Meeting of the Minds

       The Smiths also argue that there was no meeting of the minds because they were not aware

that the agreement required ABN AMRO and Chase to forgive any deficiency claims they had

against the Smiths. We are not persuaded. At the settlement conference the district court

summarized the proposed agreement as providing for the compromise of Chase’s deficiency claim

on one property and the total forgiveness of any deficiency claims held by ABN AMRO on the other

two properties. It also subsequently clarified at the conference that the two properties financed by

ABN AMRO “would be conveyed to [ABN AMRO] in [their] entirety” in lieu of foreclosure and

ABN AMRO would “releas[e] any and all claims o[f] deficiency or anything else [it] would have

against [the Smiths].” JA658–JA659. As noted above, the Smiths and their counsel agreed to the

terms of the agreement. Objectively, the parties reached a meeting of the minds.5

       3.      Defendants’ Failure to Submit Evidence

       Reversal of the district court’s decision is also required, the Smiths argue, because the

defendants did not introduce any evidence to establish that the parties reached an agreement.

Similarly, they contend that the defendants failed to introduce evidence demonstrating that the court-

entered agreement contains the same terms as those actually agreed to by the parties during the May

1 conference. In support of their argument, they rely on Powers v. MagiTech Corp., No. 2001-L-

       5
         In a related argument, the Smiths argue that Chase’s and ABN AMRO’s waiver of their
deficiency claims is insufficient consideration to support the agreement. The Smiths have not cited,
and we have not found, any authority suggesting that the promise to forgo pursuit of the deficiency
claims was insufficient consideration under Ohio law. See, e.g., Mathis v. St. Alexis Hosp., 650
N.E.2d 141, 144 (Ohio Ct. App. 1994) (explaining that a promise to forbear pursuit of a legal claim
is generally sufficient consideration provided the promisor subjectively believes the claim is valid).

                                                 11
Nos. 08-3948, 08-4011
Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

015, 2002 WL 445045 (Ohio Ct. App. Mar. 22, 2002), where the court reversed a trial court’s grant

of a motion to enforce a settlement agreement because there was no evidence in the record

establishing that the movant’s drafted agreement reflected the oral agreement reached between the

parties.

           Unlike Powers, the evidence of a binding oral settlement agreement in the present case is

contained in the district court record, particularly in the transcript of the May 1 settlement

conference. Consequently, the district court did not err by failing to require defendants to introduce

additional evidence to establish the existence of an agreement. Moreover, the Smiths do not point

to any material differences between the oral agreement reached at the May 1 hearing and the district

court’s Order memorializing the agreement.

           For all of these reasons, the district court did not err in finding that the parties reached an oral

settlement agreement.

           C.      Enforceability of Settlement Agreement

           Assuming that the parties reached an oral settlement agreement, the Smiths alternatively

argue that the agreement should be modified or set aside on a number of other grounds.

           1.      Undue Pressure From District Judge

           The Smiths contend that the agreement is unenforceable because they were subject to undue

pressure during the settlement mediation process from the district judge. In support, the Smiths point

to two statements allegedly establishing judicial coercion. First, they allege that the district judge

told them “that they stood a better chance to get an award of money in a settlement agreement rather

than in a jury trial because of the nature of the jury pool.” Appellants’ 1st Br. at 42. Second, they

                                                       12
Nos. 08-3948, 08-4011
Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

claim that the district judge told them “that he [could] not get any more money from the

Defendants.” Appellants’ 1st Br. at 42–43.

       We agree with the Smiths that, “[a]lthough judges should encourage and aid early settlement,

. . . they should not attempt to coerce that settlement.” In re NLO, Inc., 5 F.3d 154, 157 (6th Cir.

1993); accord Code of Conduct for United States Judges Cannon 3A(4) (Commentary) (“A judge

may encourage and seek to facilitate settlement but should not act in a manner that coerces any party

into surrendering the right to have the controversy resolved by the courts.”). As the Seventh Circuit

has explained, coercion generally “occurs when a judge threatens to penalize a party that refuses to

settle.” Gevas v. Ghosh, 566 F.3d 717, 719 (7th Cir. 2009). The alleged statements in the present

case evidence no judicial threat, express or implied, that the Smiths should settle the case or suffer

court-imposed repercussions. Nor has our independent review of the record uncovered any conduct

resembling coercion. Accordingly, the settlement agreement is not unenforceable on this ground.6

       2.      Economic Duress

       Second, the Smiths argue that the settlement agreement is unenforceable because of

economic duress. They contend that as a result of defendants’ fraudulent actions, they were put in

an economic situation in which they had no choice but agree to the terms of the agreement. As

Appellees correctly point out, the Smiths have forfeited any right to have this argument considered

       6
        At oral argument, counsel for the Smiths argued that the district judge’s coercive statements
and actions constituted fraud upon the court. Because this argument was neither raised in the court
below nor in the Smiths’ appellate briefs, we decline to consider it in the first instance. See, e.g.,
Precaj v. Holder, 376 F. App’x 553, 563 (6th Cir. 2010).

                                                 13
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Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

on appeal by not raising it in their opening brief. See, e.g., Golden v. Comm’r, 548 F.3d 487, 493

(6th Cir. 2008) (concluding that argument not raised in opening brief was forfeited).

       Even assuming that the argument is preserved, it would nevertheless be insufficient to

invalidate the agreement. Under Ohio law, “[a] person who claims to have been a victim of

economic duress must show that he or she was subjected to a wrongful or unlawful act or threat, and

that it deprived the victim of his unfettered will.” Blodgett v. Blodgett, 551 N.E.2d 1249, 1251 (Ohio

1990) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). As one Ohio court noted, “courts have

rejected the proposition that when one executes a settlement or satisfaction merely because one

cannot afford to wait for the outcome of the dispute, the settlement or satisfaction may be

subsequently avoided.” Wilkinson v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., No. CA99-10-181, 2000 WL 270044, at

*3 (Ohio Ct. App. Mar. 13, 2000). In the present case, the Smiths cite no evidence that the

defendants forced them into settling the dispute rather than continuing to pursue the legal action.

As a result, the district court correctly rejected the Smiths’ economic duress argument.

       3.      Defendants’ Failure to Circulate Drafted Agreement Within Thirty Days

       The Smiths argue that the settlement agreement is unenforceable because the defendants did

not circulate the settlement draft within thirty days, as requested by the district court at the May 1

hearing. We disagree. The oral settlement agreement became binding at the time the parties reached

the agreement during the May 1 hearing. There is no indication in the record that the effectiveness

of the settlement agreement was contingent on the circulation of a writing within thirty days. The

thirty-day period was a request from the district court so that the drafts would be “ready to go” upon

termination of the bankruptcy case and before a telephone status conference scheduled for June 5.

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Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

The expectation that the memorialized agreement would be executed within thirty days was dashed

by the Smiths’ intervening motion to modify or set aside the agreement. Thus, the defendants’

failure to circulate the proposed draft within thirty days does not excuse the Smiths from the

agreement.

       4.      Statute of Frauds

       The Smiths argue that the oral settlement agreement is unenforceable because it violates

Ohio’s statute of frauds, Ohio Rev. Code § 1335.05, which generally requires transactions involving

real estate to be reduced to writing. We decline to consider this issue because the Smiths did not

raise it in their opening brief in this Court. See Golden, 548 F.3d at 493. We note, however, that

the Smiths’ argument would likely fail because Ohio law generally treats settlement agreements that

are read into the record as outside the statute of frauds. See, e.g., Thomas v. Thomas, 449 N.E.2d
478, 484 (Ohio Ct. App. 1982).

       5.      Conclusion

       The district court transcript of the May 1 settlement conference establishes that the parties

reached a binding oral settlement agreement. The Smiths had the benefit of counsel both during and

outside of the settlement discussions. “Where the parties enter into a settlement agreement in the

presence of the court, such an agreement constitutes a binding contract. Neither a change of heart

nor poor legal advice is a ground to set aside a settlement agreement.” Walther v. Walther, 657
N.E.2d 332, 335 (Ohio Ct. App. 1995) (citation omitted). The district court’s decision on the

existence and enforceability of the oral settlement agreement is affirmed.

                                                15
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Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

II.    SMITHS’ MOTION FOR A CHANGE OF VENUE OR RECUSAL

       The Smiths also challenge the district court’s denial of their motion for a change of venue

or recusal. They argue that the district court should have granted their motion for a change of venue

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) on the ground that the jury pool in the Southern District of Ohio is

racially prejudiced. They also contend that the trial judge erred by not recusing himself pursuant to

28 U.S.C. § 455, based primarily on his personal involvement as a mediator during the settlement

discussions. Defendants argue that the district judge correctly denied both motions. Defendants also

contest this Court’s jurisdiction to consider these issues because the Smiths’ notice of appeal does

not specifically designate the district court’s denials of the recusal and transfer motions.

       A.      Appellate Jurisdiction

       This Court has jurisdiction over appeals from “final decisions of the district courts.” 28

U.S.C. § 1291. A district court decision generally is “final” for purposes of Section 1291 if it “ends

the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.” Catlin

v. United States, 324 U.S. 229, 233 (1945); accord In re Saffady, 524 F.3d 799, 802 (6th Cir. 2008).

The parties do not appear to dispute that the district court’s Opinion and Order, along with the

accompanying Order setting forth the terms of the binding settlement agreement, collectively

constitute a final decision of the district court appealable under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. The Opinion and

Order conclusively resolved the litigation by compelling adherence to the terms of the settlement

agreement set forth in the incorporated Order.

       The parties dispute, however, whether the Smiths’ notice of appeal referencing only these

two contemporaneously entered orders is sufficient to confer jurisdiction on this Court to consider

                                                 16
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Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

the district court’s earlier denial of the Smiths’ motion for recusal or change of venue.7 Defendants

rely primarily on Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 3(c)(1)(B), which requires a notice of appeal

to “designate the judgment, order, or part thereof being appealed.”

        “It has long been the rule ‘that an appeal of a final judgment draws into question all prior

non-final rulings and orders.’” Caudill v. Hollan, 431 F.3d 900, 904 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting

McLaurin v. Fischer, 768 F.2d 98, 101 (6th Cir. 1985)). As this Court succinctly explained in

Caudill, “our rule is that we will entertain arguments on all objections and asserted errors prior to

the final disposition of a case if a party indicates in its notice of appeal that it appeals either the final

judgment or the final order in the case.” 431 F.3d at 906 (emphasis added) (concluding that a notice

of appeal designating a final order was sufficient to give the Court jurisdiction to consider non-final

ruling leading up to final order); accord Gipson v. Vought Aircraft Indus., Inc., 387 F. App’x 548,

553 (6th Cir. 2010) (unpublished) (same).

        In the present case, the district court entered an Opinion and Order on July 15 that

conclusively resolved the litigation by compelling adherence to the terms of the settlement agreement

set forth in the accompanying Order. Although the Smiths’ notice of appeal does not explicitly

identify the district court’s earlier non-final entry denying the motion for a change of venue or

recusal, the notice of appeal specifically designates the simultaneously entered orders intended to

function as the final decision of the district court. Such a notice of appeal is sufficient to bring up

        7
       The Smiths’ notice of appeal designated, in relevant part, “the Opinion and Order (Sealed
Doc. 199), entered July 15, 2008” and the “accompanying Order (Sealed Doc. 200), entered
contemporaneously with its Opinion and Order.” JA38.

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Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

all non-final rulings upon which the court’s final decision is predicated. See Caudill, 431 F.3d at

906. As a result, this Court has jurisdiction to consider the propriety of the district court’s decision

denying the Smiths’ motion for change of venue or recusal.

        B.      Standard of Review

        This Court reviews the denial of a motion for a change of venue for abuse of discretion.

Zomba Enters., Inc. v. Panorama Records, Inc., 491 F.3d 574, 588 (6th Cir. 2007). A district

judge’s denial of a motion to recuse also is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Johnson v. Mitchell,

585 F.3d 923, 945 (6th Cir. 2009).

        C.      Motion for Change of Venue

        The Smiths argue that the district court should have granted their motion for a change of

venue pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) because they “do not believe that as African American[s] they

can get justice in the Southern District of Ohio.” Appellants’ 1st Br. at 36. Instead, “[t]he Smiths

want[] to be in a district of Ohio where the racial mix [i]s fairer,” Appellants’ 3d Br. at 30, in hopes

of having a more sympathetic jury, Appellants’ 1st Br. at 36. They specifically suggest the Northern

District of Ohio because that district “is more liberal in interpreting minority cases.” Id.

        Counsel for the defendants conceded at oral argument that the Smiths’ status as plaintiffs did

not preclude them from seeking a change of venue pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). As this Court

explained in Philip Carey Manufacturing Co. v. Taylor, 286 F.2d 782 (6th Cir. 1961), “[t]he right

to a transfer under [28 U.S.C. § 1404(a)] is available to a plaintiff as well as a defendant. A plaintiff

is not bound by his choice of forums, if he later discovers that there are good reasons for transfer.”

Id. at 784; accord 15 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Edward H. Cooper, Federal Practice

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Nos. 08-3948, 08-4011
Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

& Procedure § 3844 (3d ed. 1989) (recognizing the “very substantial authority,” including this

Court’s decision in Taylor, “for the proposition that [a] motion . . . may be made by the plaintiff”).

       Although the Smiths were not precluded from seeking a change in venue, the district court

did not abuse its discretion in denying the Smiths’ request. At the time the Smiths filed the request

for a change of venue based on the alleged bias of the jury pool, the parties were disputing the

existence and enforceability of the settlement agreement before the district judge. Consequently, at

that time, there was no allegedly biased jury to avoid. Moreover, an unsubstantiated claim of jury

bias, such as the one alleged here, is insufficient to compel a district court to transfer a case. The

district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the Smiths’ motion for a change of venue.

       D.      Motion for Recusal

       The Smiths also challenge the district judge’s denial of their motion for recusal under 28

U.S.C. § 455. They argue recusal was required because the district judge (i) harbored racial bias and

(ii) served as the judicial mediator of the settlement discussions that yielded the disputed settlement

agreement.

       1.      Alleged Racial Bias of the District Judge

       In their opening brief, the Smiths argue that the district judge should have recused himself

because “he is biased against African Americans.” Appellants’ 1st Br. at 37. In their reply brief and

at oral argument, however, the Smiths appeared to abandon the argument. To the extent the

argument is being asserted on appeal, its sole basis appears to be the district judge’s alleged

statement to the Smiths to the effect “that the Smiths did not want a jury trial because in

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Nos. 08-3948, 08-4011
Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

Southwestern Ohio the counties from which the jury pool would be drawn were largely white.”

Appellants’ 1st Br. at 37.8

        We have exhaustively reviewed the district court record and find it totally devoid of any

evidence that the district judge harbored racial bias or prejudice. The alleged statement, if made,

obviously was designed to clarify that any jury empaneled in the Southern District of Ohio would

be drawn from the entire district, not just the Cincinnati metropolitan area, and to share the judge’s

candid assessment of trial risks based on his judicial experience. In fact, counsel for the Smiths

acknowledged in the district court that even she “did not realize that the District Court chose its pool

from ten counties.” JA1189. Particularly in the context of a private mediation conference, such a

statement does not indicate that the district judge harbored any racial bias or prejudice.

        2.      Challenge to Serving as Judge and Mediator

        The Smiths also argue that the district judge should have recused himself from considering

the motions on the existence and enforceability of the oral settlement agreement given the judge’s

personal participation in the settlement discussions that produced the agreement.

        Several provisions of the primary federal recusal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 455, are potentially

implicated by the Smiths’ argument. Section 455(b) requires disqualification in certain situations,

such as where the judge “has a personal bias or prejudice concerning a party, or personal knowledge

of disputed evidentiary facts concerning the proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 455(b)(1). Section

455(b)(5)(iv) requires a judge to recuse himself in those instances where the judge “know[s]” that

       8
        As noted above, the specifics of the alleged statement vary throughout the record. See supra
note 3 and accompanying text.

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Nos. 08-3948, 08-4011
Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

he is “likely to be a material witness in the proceeding.” Section 455(a) also requires a district judge

to “disqualify himself in any proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned.”

        We find it unnecessary to resolve the recusal question presented here, however, because

recusal error, if any occurred, was harmless. See Liljeberg v. Health Servs. Acquisition Corp., 486
U.S. 847, 862 (1988) (noting that “there is surely room for harmless error” in the recusal context

because “[t]here need not be a draconian remedy for every violation of § 455(a)”). Although we

apply the harmless-error doctrine with great caution, we are convinced it applies in this case given

the inescapable legal conclusion that the parties reached an enforceable oral settlement agreement.

See Morgan v. Money, No. 99-3251, 210 F.3d 372, 2000 WL 178421, at *2 (6th Cir. 2000)

(unpublished table decision) (holding that district judge’s failure to recuse was harmless error where

the underlying question was “patently clear” and so there was “no need to vacate the district court’s

decision and to remand to another district court judge to make the same clear determination”).

Accordingly, we decline to determine whether the district judge abused his discretion by failing to

recuse himself.

III.    IN FORMA PAUPERIS STATUS ON APPEAL

        Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 24(a)(3) generally allows parties permitted to proceed

in forma pauperis in the district court to proceed as such on appeal without further authorization,

unless the district court “certifies that the appeal is not taken in good faith or finds that the party is

not otherwise entitled to proceed in forma pauperis.” After the Smiths filed their notice of appeal

from the district court’s order compelling settlement, defendants moved the district court to revoke

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Nos. 08-3948, 08-4011
Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

the Smiths’ IFP status on appeal. The district court granted that motion on December 11, 2008,

certifying in a separate order that this appeal was meritless.

        To the extent the Smiths continue to seek IFP status, that issue is not before the Court for at

least two reasons. First, litigants denied IFP status on appeal by a district court generally must seek

relief in the court of appeals by filing a motion pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure

24(a)(5), rather than appealing from the district court’s order. As we explained in Callihan v.

Schneider, 178 F.3d 800 (6th Cir. 1999), “[o]nce the district court denies the pauper motion, the

litigant can file a motion for pauper status with this court in accordance with [Rule 24(a)(5)]. Any

appeal from an order denying pauper status on appeal will not be entertained and shall be dismissed

sua sponte.” Id. at 804; accord Fed. R. App. P. 24 (Advisory Committee Notes, 1967) (recognizing

that “[t]he simple and expeditious motion procedure” set forth in Fed. R. App. P. 24(a)(5), “rather

than an appeal from . . . the certification of lack of good faith, [is] the proper procedure for calling

in question the correctness of the action of the district court”). Because the Smiths did not file a

motion with this Court to proceed on appeal in forma pauperis in compliance with Rule 24(a)(5),

the Smiths’ IFP status is not properly before us.

        Second, even assuming that the Smiths procedurally could appeal from the district court’s

revocation order, this Court lacks jurisdiction to consider the issue because the Smiths’ notice of

appeal did not designate the post-judgment order revoking the Smiths’ IFP status. Unlike pre-

judgment orders that merge into the district court’s final judgment, post-judgment orders generally

do not do so. The Court, therefore, does “not . . . entertain issues raised in post-judgment motions

                                                  22
Nos. 08-3948, 08-4011
Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

if the notice of appeal states only that the appeal is from the final order or the final judgment.”

Caudill, 431 F.3d at 906.

        For these reasons, we are unable to consider the propriety of the district court’s order

revoking the Smiths’ IFP status on appeal.

IV.     DISTRICT COURT’S DENIAL OF SANCTIONS AGAINST THE SMITHS

        Cross-Appellants challenge the district court’s denial of their motion for sanctions against

the Smiths seeking “attorneys fees, costs, and expenses incurred as a result of the egregious

circumstances involving . . . Plaintiffs’ failure to abide by the terms of the settlement.” JA702. They

argue that the district court erred by not imposing sanctions pursuant to its inherent authority to

sanction litigation conduct, and particularly by not stating any reasons for its denial.

        We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s denial of sanctions. Jones v. Ill. Cen. R.R.

Co., 617 F.3d 843, 850 (6th Cir. 2010). Although a district court has inherent authority to sanction

a party for litigation conduct, Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 50 (1991), such an award

“requires a finding of bad faith or of conduct tantamount to bad faith,” BDT Prods., Inc. v. Lexmark

Int’l, Inc., 602 F.3d 742, 752 (6th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[T]he mere fact

that an action is without merit does not amount to bad faith. . . . [I]n order for a court to find bad

faith sufficient for imposing sanctions under its inherent powers, the court must find something more

than that a party knowingly pursued a meritless claim or action at any stage of the proceedings.” Id.

at 753 (internal quotation marks omitted).

        As Cross-Appellants correctly point out, this Court has “held, particularly in the ‘close’ or

serious sanction cases, that the district court should set out its ‘analysis and discrete findings’ with

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Nos. 08-3948, 08-4011
Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

respect to its decision on the allowance or rejection of sanctions.” Palmer v. Nationwide Mut. Ins.

Co., 945 F.2d 1371, 1377 (6th Cir. 1991) (quoting In re Ruben, 825 F.2d 977, 991 (6th Cir. 1987)).

Although the district court “was remiss in not providing some explanation for” denying sanctions,

the issue of sanctions in this case “is not so close . . . that the district court’s lack of explanation

constitutes an abuse of discretion.” Moross Ltd. P’ship v. Fleckenstein Capital, Inc., 466 F.3d 508,

520 (6th Cir. 2006).

        We agree that the Smiths’ motion to modify or set aside the oral settlement agreement lacked

legal merit, but we can find no evidence in the record that the Smiths proceeded in bad faith or

engaged in conduct tantamount to bad faith. The only evidence cited by Cross-Appellants in support

of their claim for sanctions is the Smiths’ motion to modify or set aside the oral settlement

agreement.9 As noted above, the fact that the Smiths may have filed a meritless motion does not,

without more, establish the bad faith required to impose sanctions on litigants in this context. See

BDT Prods., 602 F.3d at 753. And our review of the record convinces us that the Smiths genuinely

believed that they were not bound by the oral settlement agreement and that the agreement’s

enforceability and terms should be determined by another judge. Accordingly, we conclude that the

district court did not abuse its discretion by denying the motion for sanctions against the Smiths.

        9
          Cross-Appellants try to support their claim for sanctions by pointing to the district court’s
revocation of the Smiths’ IFP status. The district court’s sanctions order, however, must be reviewed
in light of the record that was before the district court at the time the order was issued. The fact that
the district court subsequently revoked the Smiths’ IFP status does not establish that the district court
abused its discretion in denying sanctions five months earlier. Moreover, the exclusive basis of the
district court’s finding of bad faith in its revocation order was the meritless nature of the Smiths’
claims on appeal, a finding that is insufficient to demonstrate the requisite bad faith for sanctions
imposed pursuant to the court’s inherent powers. See BDT Prods., 602 F.3d at 753.

                                                   24
Nos. 08-3948, 08-4011
Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

V.      MOTIONS FOR SANCTIONS FOR CONDUCT DURING APPEAL

        Shortly after oral argument was heard in this case, Appellees NMF, Chase, MERS, Mid

America, and ABN AMRO filed a motion seeking sanctions against the Smiths’ counsel for conduct

during appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1927. They allege counsel should be sanctioned for taking

two actions. First, counsel notarized a pro se affidavit filed in this Court by her clients, after this

Court had previously entered an order noting the impropriety of such filings and striking a similar

pro se affidavit filed by her clients. Second, counsel erroneously filed in this Court (rather than the

district court) a motion for relief from the district court’s judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 60(b). In response, counsel for the Smiths claims that she did not realize the Smiths

intended to make the pro se filing, and points out that she (on behalf of her clients) subsequently

moved for its withdrawal, a request that this Court granted. She also claims that she was unaware

that the Rule 60(b) motion would be improper if filed in this Court.

        Section 1927 of Title 28 of the United States Code provides that an attorney “who so

multiples the proceedings in any case unreasonably and vexatiously may be required by the court to

satisfy personally the excess costs, expenses, and attorneys’ fees reasonably incurred because of such

conduct.” “The purpose of § 1927 is to deter dilatory litigation practices and to punish aggressive

tactics that far exceed zealous advocacy.” Garner v. Cuyahoga Cnty. Juvenile Court, 554 F.3d 624,

644 (6th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[U]nlike sanctions imposed under a court’s

inherent authority, § 1927 sanctions require a showing of something less than subjective bad faith,

but something more than negligence or incompetence.” Red Carpet Studios Div. of Source

Advantage, Ltd. v. Sater, 465 F.3d 642, 646 (6th Cir. 2006). Although our review of the record

                                                  25
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Smith, et al. v. ABN AMRO Mortgage Group, Inc., et al.

suggests that counsel’s well-intentioned zeal in representing her clients may have affected her

judgment at times during this litigation, we believe that the challenged conduct during this appeal

is not sufficiently “unreasonabl[e] and vexatious[]” to justify sanctions under § 1927.

       Several months after filing their first sanctions motion, the same Appellees moved the Court

for leave to file, under seal, another already-prepared motion for sanctions, this time pursuant to

Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 38. To the extent Appellees remain intent on filing their motion

for sanctions pursuant to Rule 38, they may do so under seal within five days of the filing of this

opinion. Opposition briefs to any motion would be due ten days thereafter, with no replies. We

remind the parties, however, that the awarding of sanctions under Rule 38 “is a matter entrusted to

our discretion,” Dubay v. Wells, 506 F.3d 422, 432 (6th Cir. 2007), and we do not exercise that

discretion simply because an appellant’s argument “may indeed be quite weak,” Uhl v. Komatsu

Forklift Co., 512 F.3d 294, 308 (6th Cir. 2008).

                                         CONCLUSION

       For the aforementioned reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

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