Court Opinion

ID: 4571496
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-09-30 21:01:44.193313+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:30:31.612128
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
                                       )
POMONA VALLEY HOSPITAL                 )
MEDICAL CENTER,                        )
                                       )
                      Plaintiff,       )
                                       )
       v.                              )    Civil Action No. 18-2763 (ABJ)
                                       )
ALEX M. AZAR II,                       )
Secretary, United States Department    )
of Health and Human Services,          )
                                       )
                      Defendant.       )
____________________________________)

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

       In this lawsuit against the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,

plaintiff Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center challenges certain payments it received for

Fiscal Years 2006 through 2008 under the Medicare statute. Specifically, it asserts that the

Secretary improperly calculated payments owed to it under the disproportionate share hospital

(“DSH”) adjustment, which provides an additional payment to hospitals that serve a

disproportionately large number of low-income patients. Plaintiff filed an administrative appeal

of the calculation to the Provider Reimbursement Review Board, which upheld the calculation.

The Secretary adopted the Board’s decision, and plaintiff has filed this lawsuit, arguing that since

the calculation was not based on the best available data, the decision to uphold the calculation did

not comport with the applicable statute and regulations. Because the Board’s decision is not

supported by substantial evidence, the Court will grant plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment

in part and remand the matter to the agency for further proceedings consistent with this decision.

                                                 1
                                       BACKGROUND

I.     Legal Framework

       A.      The Medicare Statue

       The Medicare Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1395 et seq., provides health insurance to elderly and

disabled individuals. The Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services administers

the Medicare program through the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”), a

component of the department, and CMS contracts with Medicare Administrative Contractors

(“MACs”), 1 typically private insurance companies, to determine amounts to be paid to Medicare

providers, including hospitals such as plaintiff. 42 U.S.C. § 1395kk; id. § 1395h(a); 42 C.F.R.

§ 413.24(f).

       Medicare is divided into five parts, Parts A through E. Ne. Hosp. Corp. v. Sebelius,

657 F.3d 1, 2 (D.C. Cir. 2011), citing 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395c–1395i–5. Among other things, Medicare

Part A provides payments to hospitals for inpatient services provided to Medicare beneficiaries.

42 U.S.C. § 1395c et seq. Hospitals are reimbursed for these services based on their operating

costs using standardized rates subject to certain adjustments, such as the DSH adjustment at issue

here. 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d); Baystate Med. Ctr. v. Leavitt, 545 F. Supp. 2d 20, 22 (D.D.C. 2008).

        B.     The DSH Adjustment

       The DSH adjustment provides additional payments to hospitals that serve a

disproportionately large number of low-income patients. 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(5)(F); Adena

Reg’l Med. Ctr. v. Leavitt, 527 F.3d 176, 177–78 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (explaining that Congress

1      MACs were formerly referred to as “fiscal intermediaries.” 42 U.S.C. § 1395h(a),
42 C.F.R. § 413.24(f).

                                                2
determined any hospital that serves a disproportionately large percentage of low-income patients

should be reimbursed at a higher rate “because the more low-income patients a hospital treats, the

more it costs on average to care for Medicare patients”). The Medicare statute provides that a

hospital’s DSH adjustment is established using the “disproportionate patient percentage” (“DPP”),

42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(5)(F)(v) and (vi), which is a “proxy” calculation of how many low-income

patients a hospital serves. Ne. Hosp. Corp., 657 F.3d at 3. The higher the DPP proxy, the larger

the DSH adjustment and the higher the DSH payment a hospital receives. See Cath. Health

Initiatives Iowa Corp. v. Sebelius, 718 F.3d 914, 916 (D.C. Cir. 2013).

                      1. The Disproportionate Patient Percentage

       DPP is the sum of two fractions. Cath. Health, 718 F.3d at 916. The first fraction seeks

to capture those patients served by a hospital who are eligible for Medicare and Supplemental

Security Income (“SSI”), which is income provided by the federal Social Security Administration

(“SSA”) to financially needy individuals who are aged, blind, or disabled. Smith v. Berryhill,

139 S. Ct. 1765, 1772 (2019); see 42 U.S.C. § 1381 et seq. This fraction is referred to as the

Medicare/SSI fraction or simply the SSI fraction. See Cath. Health, 718 F.3d at 916. The second

fraction seeks to account for patients who are not eligible for Medicare, but who receive Medicaid,

which is a state-administered program for low-income individuals and families. See id. The two

fractions provide separate indicators of low income that, when added together, serve as “an

indirect, proxy measure for low income.” Id.

       This lawsuit concerns the SSI fraction, specifically, the numerator of this fraction.

                                                 3
                       2. The SSI Fraction and Its Numerator

        The Medicare statute defines the SSI fraction as follows:

               [T]he numerator . . . is the number of such hospital’s patient days for such
               period which were made up of patients who (for such days) were entitled to
               benefits under part A of this subchapter and were entitled to supplementary
               security income benefits (excluding any State supplementation) under
               subchapter XVI of this chapter, and the denominator . . . is the number of
               such hospital’s patient days for such fiscal year which were made up of
               patients who (for such days) were entitled to benefits under part A of this
               subchapter . . . .

42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(5)(F)(vi)(I). This means that the numerator seeks to count the hospital’s

number of patient days – meaning, overnight stays – of patients who were entitled to benefits under

both Medicare Part A and SSI at the time they were receiving inpatient services at the hospital,

and the denominator is the total number of the hospital’s overnight stays for all patients, who for

such days, were entitled to Medicare Part A benefits. Id. The fraction “effectively asks, out of all

patient days from Medicare beneficiaries, what percentage of those days came from Medicare

beneficiaries who also received SSI benefits?” Cath. Health, 718 F.3d at 917 (emphasis in

original).

        The Secretary, through his delegate the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, is

responsible for computing each hospital’s SSI fraction.        See 51 Fed. Reg. 31,454, 31,459

(Sept. 3, 1986) (making CMS responsible for this task because hospitals would have difficulty

identifying their Medicare patients who are also SSI recipients).

        Pursuant to a regulation issued in 2010, CMS computes the SSI fraction by matching data

from the Social Security Administration with Medicare inpatient data in CMS’s own files by

looking for one of three codes appearing in SSA’s files – C01, M01, and M02 – to identify a

patient’s entitlement to SSI benefits. See Medicare Program, Final Rule, 75 Fed. Reg. 50,041,

                                                 4
50,281 (Aug. 16, 2010) (stating that using SSI codes “C01, M01, and M02 accurately captures all

SSI-entitled individuals during the month(s) that they are entitled to receive SSI benefits”). 2 CMS

matches individuals appearing in the SSA data denoted with these three codes with individuals

appearing in its own Medicare Provider Analysis and Review (“MedPAR”) file, which contains

information for all Medicare beneficiaries using hospital inpatient services. See Baystate, 545 F.

Supp. 2d at 23–24; see also 75 Fed. Reg. at 50,276; 51 Fed. Reg. 16,772, 16,777. CMS identifies

the individuals appearing in both two data sets to determine the number of patients, and the

inpatient days for those patients at each hospital, for the applicable fiscal year to calculate the

hospital’s SSI numerator. See Cath. Health, 718 F.3d at 916.

       The Medicare Administrative Contractor then uses the SSI fraction calculated by CMS to

determine what a hospital will receive under the DSH adjustment, which is a component of the

total Medicare payment to a given hospital. See 42 C.F.R. § 412.106(b)(2)–(5).

        C.     Providers’ Access to SSA Data

       The Medicare statue requires the Secretary to “arrange to furnish . . . hospitals . . . the data

necessary for such hospitals to compute the number of patient days used in computing the

disproportionate patient percentage . . . for that hospital for the current cost reporting year.”

2       The 2010 Final Rule was the product of the 2008 ruling in Baystate Medical Center v.
Leavitt, amended by 587 F. Supp. 2d 37 (D.D.C. 2008), in which the court held that CMS’s process
for matching Medicare and SSA data failed to use “the best available data” to determine the
number of patients entitled to SSI benefits. 545 F. Supp. 2d at 58–59 (finding CMS failed to use
superior data readily available to it, including updated SSA data available before the end
of the settlement period that would have reflected retroactive SSI eligibility determinations,
forced pay SSI records, and inactive or “stale” SSI records omitted from the SSI fractions
for two fiscal years). After that ruling, the Secretary issued a new regulation that revised CMS’s
matching process. Final Rule, 75 Fed. Reg. at 50,277 (explaining that Final Rule was based on
the “revised match process used to implement the Baystate decision [which] addressed all of the
concerns found by the court”).

                                                  5
Medicare Modernization Act, Pub. L. No. 108-173, § 951, 117 Stat. 2066, 2427 (2003) (codified

at 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww Note); see 70 Fed. Reg. 47,278, 47,439 (explaining that a hospital will be

provided this data “to calculate and verify its Medicare fraction, and to decide whether it prefers

to have the fraction determined on the basis of its fiscal year rather than a Federal fiscal year” and

that it “will be the same data set CMS uses to calculate the Medicare fractions for the Federal fiscal

year”). To accomplish this, CMS gives hospitals data from its MedPAR Limited Data Set 3

“contain[ing] the matched patient-specific Medicare Part A inpatient days/SSI eligibility data on

a month-to-month basis.” 70 Fed. Reg. at 47,440.

       But given the confidentiality of information retained by the Social Security Administration,

CMS does not give the hospital the complete SSI eligibility file that it receives from SSA. See id.

(rejecting proposal that CMS release the data file of SSI eligibility information that the Social

Security Administration gives CMS because CMS is prohibited from disclosing SSI eligibility

information).

        D.      Administrative Review

       A hospital may obtain administrative review of a MAC’s payment determination by

requesting a hearing before the Provider Reimbursement Review Board (“PRRB” or the “Board”).

See 42 U.S.C. § 1395oo(a). A decision of the Board must be

3       The MedPAR Limited Data Set or MedPAR LDS “contains a summary of all services
furnished to a Medicare beneficiary, from the time of admission through discharge, for a stay in
an inpatient hospital or skilled nursing facility, or both; SSI eligibility information; and enrollment
data on Medicare beneficiaries.” 70 Fed. Reg. at 47,439.
        The MedPAR LDS is protected under the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552a, and the Health
Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-191, 110 Stat. 1936 (1996),
but these disclosures are permissible under an applicable routine use. See id. at 47,439.

                                                  6
                  based upon the record made at such hearing, which shall include the
                  evidence considered by the intermediary and such other evidence as may be
                  obtained or received by the Board, and shall be supported by substantial
                  evidence when the record is viewed as a whole.

42 U.S.C. § 1395oo(d). A hospital bears the “burden of production of evidence and burden of

proof by establishing, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the provider is entitled to relief on

the merits of the matter at issue.” 42 C.F.R. § 405.1871(a)(3).

        A Board decision is final “unless the Secretary, on his own motion, and within 60 days

after the provider . . . is notified of the Board’s decision, reverses, affirms, or modifies the Board’s

decision,” after which time a hospital may obtain judicial review of the decision by filing a civil

action with a district court. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395oo(f)(1).

II.     Factual and Procedural History

        A.        CMS’s Calculation of Plaintiff’s DSH Adjustment

        Plaintiff Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center is a nonprofit general acute-care hospital

in Pomona, California that furnished hospital services to patients, including Medicare

beneficiaries, during the fiscal years 2006 through 2008, the years at issue in this case. Compl.

[Dkt. # 1] ¶ 6.

        CMS calculated plaintiff’s SSI fractions for those fiscal years as follows:

                                       FY 2006         14.74%
                                       FY 2007         14.73%
                                       FY 2008         14.40%

See Pl.’s Post-Hearing Brief, Exs. P-40, P-41, and P-42, AR 00119, 00121, 00123; see also

AR 00135, 00152, 00170. 4

4       Citations to the Administrative Record will use “AR” and the Bates numbers appearing at
the bottom right of each page of the record.

                                                   7
        B.     Plaintiff’s Efforts to Verify the Calculation

       Plaintiff sought to verify CMS’s calculation of the SSI fraction that was used in

determining its total DSH adjustment because it thought that the fraction was lower than it should

be. See PRRB Hr’g Tr., AR 00339–476 (“Tr.”) at 143–44, AR 00374; see also id. at 145–46, AR

00375 (explaining that over the years the hospital sought to validate the fraction because the

fraction fluctuated while its patient population remained consistent). Plaintiff requested and

obtained CMS’s MedPAR data for federal FYs 2006 and 2007 – the data CMS used to calculate

the FY 2006 SSI fraction. See Pl.’s Final Position Paper, AR 01830; see also 70 Fed. Reg. at

47,440 (CMS gives hospitals data “contain[ing] the matched patient-specific Medicare Part A

inpatient days/SSI eligibility data”).

       Plaintiff also sought the underlying SSA data from CMS, so it could review both the

matched and unmatched data against its own patient files. See PRRB Decision No. 2018-D50

(Oct. 1, 2018), AR 0006–15 (“Board Decision”) at 6, AR 00011 (plaintiff “made numerous efforts

to obtain the source SSA data”); see Compl. ¶ 34. CMS declined the request. Answer [Dkt. # 7]

¶ 19 (admitting that “CMS generally does not share the underlying SSA data that it uses in the

revised matching process and refused Plaintiff’s request related to such data in connection with

the Medicare/SSI fractions at issue”).

       Plaintiff then sought to have either CMS or the Social Security Administration review a

sample of thirty to fifty “unmatched” patients and days and compare that sample against SSA’s

data to ascertain whether they had been correctly excluded. See Letter from Candice Le-Tran to

Tzvi Hefter (Jan. 21, 2016), AR 01058–59 (seeking assistance to communicate with CMS and

SSA about carrying out the review); see also Tr. at 97–113, AR 00363–67 (testifying about

plaintiff’s efforts to obtain the review of the sample records). It offered to abide by the results of

                                                  8
the review if it confirmed the accuracy of the CMS calculation. See Tr. at 97–113, AR 00363–67

(testifying about plaintiff’s willingness to abide by the result of the review); Pl.’s Post-Hr’g Brief

at 17, AR 00059 (asserting that “if the review showed an overwhelming result of no matches,

Pomona would have dropped the challenge.”). Plaintiff also enlisted the help of a Member of

Congress to try to persuade the agencies to cooperate with this effort. See Letter from U.S. Senator

Dianne Feinstein to Christina Walters, SSA (May 20, 2016), Ex. P-25, AR 01360–62; Letter from

U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein to Carolyn W. Colvin, SSA (Oct. 26, 2016), Ex. P-26, AR 01365–

66. But this request was declined as well. Tr. at 238–239, AR 00398; Letter from Carol L.

Blackford, CMS, to U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein (June 23, 2017), Ex. P-32, AR 01452–53.

        C.     Plaintiff’s Recalculation of the SSI Numerator

       Unsuccessful in obtaining either the underlying SSA data or a review of sample data,

plaintiff set out to recalculate its SSI fraction numerator using data to which it did have access

from the State of California Department of Health Care Services Medi-Cal program. 5 See Board

Decision at 6, AR 00011. Plaintiff matched individuals appearing in its own patient files and

CMS’s MedPAR data files with individuals appearing in Medi-Cal’s files.

       Plaintiff identified individuals in Medi-Cal’s files designated with “aide codes” 10, 20, and

60 – codes that indicate that an individual is eligible for federal SSI. See Tr. at 309, AR 00416

(explaining that an aide code indicates how an individual became eligible for Medi-Cal, the source

of eligibility, the source of the benefits, and how much money the state can claim from the federal

5       Medi-Cal is California’s Medicaid program. Asante v. Azar, 436 F. Supp. 3d 215, 220
(D.D.C. 2020), citing Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 14000, et seq. Medicaid is a cooperative federal-
state program authorized by Title XIX of the Social Security Act that finances medical care for
people who cannot afford medical services. Id.

                                                  9
government). The record shows that Medi-Cal aide code 10 denotes “aged,” aide code 20 denotes

“blind,” and aide code 60 denotes “disabled,” and these codes are used to indicate patients in each

category who are eligible for federal SSI or state supplementary payments (“SSP”) benefits. 6 Tr.

at 73, AR 00357; id. at 311, AR 00416. Medi-Cal assigns these codes to individuals appearing in

its files using information from the Social Security Administration – the source of the data used

by CMS. Tr. at 313–314, AR 00417; see also Rosenstein Decl. ¶ 3, AR 00104; Pl.’s Post-Hearing

Brief, Exs. P-47 and P-48, AR 00180–84.

        Plaintiff’s expert witness testified that this method accurately identified SSI and SSP

patients from Medi-Cal’s files, see Tr. at 320–321, AR 00418–19, and a former Director of the

CMS Division of Acute Care testified that Medi-Cal received SSI/SSP entitlement data directly

from the SSA and that the data was reliable. Tr. at 216–217, AR 00392–93 (testifying that the

data “seems to be a reliable basis for determining whether or not those patients truly were getting

SSI or not”). 7

        Plaintiff compared the results of its matching using the Medi-Cal data and codes with the

results of CMS’s match of MedPAR and SSA data and found that the patient days between the

two data sets either a) matched, meaning CMS’s data and plaintiff’s data were in agreement; b) did

6      “State supplementary payments” refers to the payments that some states, including
California, make to supplement the federal payment benefits of the SSI program. See 42 U.S.C.
§ 1382e; see also Soc. Sec. Admin., Understanding Supplemental Security Income SSI Benefits –
2020 Edition, https://www.ssa.gov/ssi/text-benefits-ussi.htm (last visited Sept. 30, 2020).

7       In comparing its patient records to the Medi-Cal data, plaintiff excluded patient days if it
could not locate an aide code to substantiate that a particular patient had been receiving SSI and/or
SSP benefits. See Tr. at 68, AR 00355. And it only counted patient days when an aide code
appeared for only a portion of a patient’s admission to the hospital. See id. at 65–66, AR 00355;
id. at 68, AR 00355.

                                                 10
not match, meaning plaintiff found aide code 10, 20, or 60 for all days of a patient’s stay, but CMS

did not include the patient and days in its data; or c) partially matched, meaning some but not all

of a patient’s overnight stays were in CMS’s data. See Tr. at 76–77, AR 00357–58; see also

PVHMC Summary of SSI Days by Aid Code, Ex. P-27, AR 01369–406. The result of plaintiff’s

analysis using publicly available data was that there were additional Medicare/SSI patients in the

hospital, and a greater number of patient days, than CMS had included in its calculation of the SSI

fraction. See PVHMC Summary of SSI Days by Aid Code, Ex. P-27, AR 01369–406.

        D.     Plaintiff’s Administrative Appeal of the DSH Adjustment Calculation

       With that analysis in hand, plaintiff filed a timely appeal of the MAC’s calculation of its

DSH adjustment for fiscal years 2006, 2007, and 2008 with the Provider Reimbursement Review

Board, and the parties each submitted briefs. MAC’s Final Position Paper, AR 01600–16; Pl.’s

Final Position Paper, AR 01823–38.

       The issue before the Board was “[w]hether the Medicare Administrative Contractor

properly calculated Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center’s disproportionate share hospital

reimbursement with respect to the Provider’s Supplemental Security Income percentage.” Board

Decision at 2, AR 00007.

                       1. The Board’s Hearing

       On August 17, 2017, the PRRB held a hearing on the matter. See, e.g., Tr. At the hearing,

plaintiff presented three witnesses: Candice Le-Tran, plaintiff’s Director of Reimbursement and

Analytics; Tzvi Hefter, former Director of CMS’s Division of Acute Care; and Stan Rosenstein,

former Director of Medi-Cal. Tr. at 3–4, AR 00339. The Board accepted Mr. Rosenstein as an

expert witness on the Medi-Cal program in general and Medi-Cal eligibility. Tr. at 294, AR 00412.

                                                11
       The MAC presented no evidence or testimony at the hearing. See Tr. 3–4, AR 00339

(showing that the MAC presented no witnesses and submitted only its final position paper with its

exhibits 8 at the hearing). In its position paper, it argued that plaintiff’s recalculation of the SSI

numerator was unreliable because it did not document that it excluded patients who received only

state supplemental income, MAC’s Final Position Paper at 9, AR 01612; and that CMS gave the

hospital the SSI data it was required to provide by regulation. See MAC’s Final Position Paper

at 10, AR 01613. At the hearing, the MAC argued that plaintiff improperly relied on Medi-Cal

data to recalculate the SSI fraction when Medicare regulations require the numerator to be

determined using data from the SSA and CMS, Tr. at 40–41, AR 00348–49, 9 and that the interest

of administrative finality should bar any effort by plaintiff to recalculate the SSI numerator using

later data. Tr. at 42–43, AR 00349. 10

8       Although the MAC’s exhibits do not appear to be included in the Administrative Record,
its Final Position Paper states that the exhibits were its calculations of the DSH adjustment and the
legal authorities it relied upon in its paper. See MAC Final Position Paper at 14 (listing exhibits
I-1 and I-2 as its August 20, 2012 Notice of Program Reimbursement and applicable pages of its
Audit Adjustment Report and exhibits I-6–I-10 as 42 C.F.R. § 412.106, 70 Fed. Reg. 47,438-47,
439 (August 12, 2005); Baystate Medical Center v. Leavitt, 545 F. Supp. 2d 20 (D.D.C. 2008), as
amended by 587 F. Supp. 2d 37 (D.D.C. 2008); 75 Fed. Reg. 50,275–286 (Aug. 16, 2010), and
CMS Ruling 1498-R (April 28, 2010). Exhibits I-3–I-5 were exhibits showing that issues not
pertaining to plaintiff’s SSI fraction were transferred to other appeals pending before the Board.
See id.; see also id. 2–3.

9      This is not a serious objection because plaintiff was attempting to replicate or estimate what
the numerator should be since it did not have the SSA data. It was not asserting that the MAC
should use its calculation was but rather that its calculation revealed potential issues with CMS’s
matching.

10      Similarly, this objection is of little moment given the purpose of plaintiff’s calculation and
the fact that plaintiff was not given the data that CMS used, and at bottom, the administrative
finality argument is inconsistent with a provider’s statutory right to appeal.

                                                 12
       After the hearing and in response to questions from the Board, plaintiff submitted a

post-hearing brief and fact declarations. Pl.’s Post-Hearing Brief, AR 00038–00101; Rosenstein

Decl., AR 00103–08; Le-Tran Decl., AR 00109–14. In that brief, following questions from the

Board about how plaintiff accounted for patients who received only SSP benefits, plaintiff revised

its calculation to correct an error in how the hospital originally estimated SSP-only beneficiaries.

Pl.’s Post-Hearing Brief at 32, AR 00074; Le-Tran Decl. ¶ 6, AR 00112–13 (responding to Board

members’ request for “additional clarity regarding the derivation of the ‘14%’ SSP-only

population in California and how that number was derived” and correcting an error that increased

the estimate of SSP-only beneficiaries “to just over 16%”). 11

       Even as corrected, the calculation revealed a substantial divergence between CMS’s

calculation and plaintiff’s best efforts to derive a number without access to the actual Social

Security Administration data.

   Year CMS Days         Pl.’s Days % Difference CMS Patients         Pl. Patients   $ Difference
   2006  4,886           5,841        19.55%       748                 1,129         $ 770,837
   2007  4,153           5,553        25.00%       757                 1,197         $1,291,520
   2008  4,238           5,500        22.95%       729                 1,148         $1,232,627

11      Patients in Medi-Cal files assigned aide codes 10, 20 or 60 could be entitled to SSI-only
benefits, SSP-only benefits, or both SSI and SSP benefits simultaneously. Rosenstein Decl. ¶ 5,
AR 00105–06; Le-Tran Decl. ¶ 6, AR 00112–113; Tr. at 92–94, AR 00361–62. The Medicare
statute counts only hospital days of patients who are entitled to “supplementary security income
benefits (excluding any State supplementation),” see 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(5)(F)(vi)(I), but
Medi-Cal records do not identify a patient as SSP-only, so following questions from the Board
about the effect of SSP-only patients in plaintiff’s analysis, plaintiff reduced the total of patients
and days for each year by approximately16.5%, which it determined was the statewide average of
SSI/SSP patients having SSP-only benefits during California’s fiscal years 2006 to 2009. See Pl.’s
Post-Hearing Brief, Exs. P-51 and P-46, AR 00191–93, 00178–79); see also Rosenstein Decl. ¶5,
AR 00105–06.

                                                 13
Pl.’s Post-Hearing Brief, Exs. P-40, P-41, and P-42, AR 00118–123; see also Pl.’s Ex. P-27 at 501,

518, 535, AR 01370, 01387, 01404; Pl.’s Post-Hearing Brief at 8, AR 00050.

                       2.   The Board’s Decision

       On October 1, 2018, the Board issued its decision on plaintiff’s administrative appeal,

affirming the SSI fraction and DSH adjustment. See Board Decision; Letter from Lisa Ogilvie-

Barr to Laurence D. Getzoff and Wilson C. Leong (Oct. 1, 2018), AR 00004. The Board

acknowledged “Pomona’s difficulty in proving that CMS significantly understated Pomona’s SSI

fractions for the three fiscal years under appeal” without access to the underlying SSA data or

without the ability to test a sample of its data against the SSA data. Board Decision at 7, AR 00012.

But it found a number of flaws in plaintiff’s matching and recalculation, specifically, that:

   •   plaintiff assumed all individuals with a Medi-Cal aide code of 10, 20, or 60 would
       “map to an SSI code of C01, M01, or M02,” when plaintiff itself recognized that
       the Medi-Cal aide codes included individuals who receive SSP payments but not
       SSI payments, Board Decision at 7, AR 00012;

   •   individuals who are eligible for Medi-Cal and go into a nursing home remain Medi-
       Cal eligible with an aide code of 10, 20, or 60, and so would be counted as SSI-
       eligible by Pomona, when CMS excludes such individuals when determining SSI-
       eligible days, id.;

   •   there are differences in timing for when someone becomes eligible for Medi-Cal
       benefits and when someone becomes eligible for SSI benefits, affecting when an
       individual would appear with an aide code in the Medi-Cal file and when it would
       appear as entitled to SSI in the SSA data, Board Decision at 8, AR 00013; and

   •   plaintiff “did not explain or identify the potential reasons for differences between
       the data” from its own files, the Medi-Cal system data, the MedPAR SSI patient
       file, and other data sources plaintiff used, id.

       The Board concluded that because plaintiff did not provide a “crosswalk” that mapped the

Medi-Cal aide codes to the SSI codes; estimate the impact of the two issues identified by the Board;

or explain or identify the reasons for differences between the Medi-Cal aide codes and the SSI

                                                 14
codes, plaintiff “did not submit sufficient quantifiable data in the record to prove that the SSI

percentages calculated by CMS . . . were flawed.” Board Decision at 8–9, AR 00013–14. It found

then, that the “[SSI] percentages used by the Medicare Contractor for Pomona Valley Hospital

Medical Center’s . . . [DSH] adjustment for its 12/31/2006, 12/31/2007 and 12/31/2008 cost

reports were proper.” Id. at 2, AR 00007.

         On November 21, 2018, the CMS Administrator, as the Secretary’s delegate, notified

plaintiff that she had declined to review the Board’s decision, making the decision final for

purposes of judicial review under 42 U.S.C. § 1395oo(f). Letter from Jacqueline R. Vaughn to

Laurence D. Getzoff (Nov. 21, 2018), AR 00001.

         E.     Plaintiff’s Lawsuit

         On November 27, 2018, plaintiff filed this lawsuit. Compl. On May 29, 2019, plaintiff

filed a motion for summary judgment. Pl.’s Mot. for Summary J. [Dkt. # 11]; Mem. of P. & A. in

Supp. of Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 11-1] (“Pl.’s Mot.”). On August 9, 2019, defendant filed

a cross-motion and opposition brief. Def.’s Cross-Mot. for Summ. J.; Mem. in Supp. of Def.’s

Cross-Mot. and Opp. to Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 13] (“Def.’s Mot. and Opp.”).

On September 27, 2019, plaintiff filed its opposition and reply brief, Mem. of P. & A. in Opp. to

Def.’s Mot. and Reply [Dkt. # 16] (“Pl.’s Reply”), and on November 26, 2019, defendant filed his

reply brief.   Reply Mem. in Supp. of Def.’s Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 17].            The

Administrative Record was docketed with the Court on December 10, 2019. Joint Appendix [Dkt.

# 18].

                                  STANDARD OF REVIEW

         Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings and evidence show that “there is

no genuine dispute as to any material fact and [that] the movant is entitled to judgment as a

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matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). However, in cases involving review of agency action

under the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), Rule 56 does not apply due to the limited role

of a court in reviewing the administrative record. Select Specialty Hosp.-Akron, LLC v. Sebelius,

820 F. Supp. 2d 13, 21 (D.D.C. 2011). Under the APA, the agency’s role is to resolve factual

issues and arrive at a decision that is supported by the administrative record, and the court’s role

is to “determine whether or not as a matter of law the evidence in the administrative record

permitted the agency to make the decision it did.” Occidental Eng’g Co. v. INS, 753 F.2d 766,

769–70 (9th Cir. 1985), citing Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402,

415 (1971); see also Richards v. INS, 554 F.2d 1173, 1177 & n.28 (D.C. Cir. 1977).

       Under the APA, a court must “hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings, and

conclusions” that are “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in

accordance with law,” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), in excess of statutory authority, id. § 706(2)(C), or

“unsupported by substantial evidence in a case . . . reviewed on the record of an agency hearing

provided by statute.” Id. § 706(2)(E). However, the scope of review is narrow. See Motor

Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983). The

agency’s decision is presumed to be valid, see Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, 401 U.S. at

415, and the court must not “substitute its judgment for that of the agency.”         State Farm,
463 U.S. at 43. A court must be satisfied, though, that the agency has examined the relevant

data and articulated a satisfactory explanation for its action, “including a rational connection

between the facts found and the choice made.” Alpharma, Inc. v. Leavitt, 460 F.3d 1, 6 (D.C.

Cir. 2006) (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).

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                                           ANALYSIS

       Plaintiff contends that the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services made calculation

and/or matching errors in determining its DSH adjustment, and that the Board decision upholding

that determination, which was adopted by the Secretary, is not supported by substantial evidence

and is arbitrary and capricious. Compl. ¶¶ 2, 58–68.

I.     The Court must determine whether the Board’s decision is supported by substantial
       evidence.

       Defendant argues that it should be able to rely on the matching process established by its

2010 Final Rule to calculate plaintiff’s SSI numerator, asserting that the process is not arbitrary

and capricious. See Def.’s Mot. and Opp. at 20 (arguing that the process was described in the

Federal Register, see 75 Fed. Reg. at 24,002–06, and subjected to public notice and comment).

But this case challenges a decision of the PRRB, not the 2010 Final Rule. See Pl.’s Mot. at 25

(asking the Court to set aside the SSI fraction, not the rule); see also Pl.’s Reply at 7, n.8

(contending that plaintiff does not challenge the agency’s interpretation of a statute but “whether

[its] matching methodology has been applied accurately and whether the Secretary’s conclusions

were based on the best available data”).

       Courts review PRRB decisions pursuant to the standard of review set forth in the

Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 706. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395oo(f)(1); Thomas Jefferson

Univ. v. Shalala, 512 U.S. 504, 512 (1994). Under that standard, decisions “reviewed on the record

of an agency hearing provided by statute,” like the Board’s decision at issue in this case, must be

set aside if the agency’s “action, findings, and conclusions [are] found to be . . . unsupported by

substantial evidence.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(E); Biloxi Reg’l Med. Ctr. v. Bowen, 835 F.2d 345, 348–

49 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (“Our review in this case, like that of the District Court, is limited to

                                                17
determining whether, on the record as a whole, the PRRB’s decision is supported by substantial

evidence.”). The provider bears the burden of showing that the decision violates the APA standard.

See Diplomat Lakewood, Inc. v. Harris, 613 F.2d 1009, 1018 (D.C. Cir. 1979).

        A court’s “review in substantial-evidence cases calls for careful scrutiny of the entire

record” before the agency. Brown v. Bowen, 794 F.2d 703, 705 (D.C. Cir. 1986). It may not

uphold an agency decision based on post-hoc rationalizations offered by the agency or its counsel.

See Dep’t. of Homeland Sec. v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal., 140 S. Ct. 1891, 1908–09 (2020); see

also Indus. Union Dep’t, AFL-CIO v. Am. Petroleum Inst., 448 U.S. 607, 631 n.31 (1980). When

a court reviews the final decision of an administrative tribunal like the PRRB that follows an

evidentiary hearing, “[t]he reviewing court must take the [tribunal’s] findings into account as part

of the record,” and “the significance to be ascribed to them depends largely on the importance of

credibility in the particular case.” Baystate, 545 F. Supp. 2d at 35–36, quoting Morall v. DEA,

412 F.3d 165, 179 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). “The final

decision must ‘consider relevant contradictory evidence, including evidence that led the [tribunal]

to contrary findings of fact and credibility,’ and failure to do so may result in reversal.” Id., quoting

Morall, 412 F.3d at 180.

II.     Plaintiff presented evidence that CMS’s matching process excluded patient days that
        should have been included in its SSI numerator.

        Plaintiff presented evidence to the Board that supplied grounds to question whether CMS’s

matching of MedPAR and SSA data undercounted the patient days used in the challenged SSI

numerator. It presented evidence that aide codes 10, 20, and 60 denote patients in Medi-Cal’s files

who are eligible for California state supplemental payments and/or federal supplemental security

income, Tr. at 73, AR 00357; id. at 311, AR 00416, and that its matching of its own patient records

                                                   18
against Medi-Cal’s data showed that CMS failed to include hundreds of patients denoted with aide

codes 10, 20, and 60, and thousands of patient days, in calculating plaintiff’s SSI numerator. Pl.’s

Post-Hearing Brief, Exs. P-40, P-41, and P-42, AR 00118–123; Pl.’s Ex. P-27 at 501, 518, 535,

AR 01370, 01387, 01404. The record also shows that although plaintiff’s original estimate of the

average number of patients who were only SSP-eligible was incorrect, which resulted in an

overcount of SSI beneficiaries in plaintiff’s original analysis, plaintiff submitted revised figures

after the hearing. Le-Tran Decl. ¶ 6, AR 00112–13. Finally, the record shows that the MAC

presented no evidence of its own to the PRRB to counter plaintiff’s evidence, relying only on its

final position paper and exhibits at the hearing. Tr. at 3–4, AR 00339; see also Tr. at 16, AR 00342

(admitting the final position paper and exhibits).

III.   The Board upheld the SSI calculation even though the MAC presented no evidence
       to contradict plaintiff’s evidence.

       Based on this record, the Board agreed with the MAC that the DSH adjustment was

properly calculated based on the CMS’s determination of plaintiff’s SSI numerator. Although the

Board acknowledged that plaintiff would have “difficulty” proving that CMS understated its SSI

fractions without the underlying SSA data or a sample tested against that data, Board Decision

at 7, AR 00012, it found plaintiff’s showing, which was based on Medi-Cal data, to be insufficient.

       The Board found that plaintiff wrongly “assume[d] that all individuals with an ‘aide code’

of 10, 20, or 60, will map to an SSI code of C01, M01, or M02,” but that plaintiff did attempt to

adjust for SSP-only beneficiaries in its calculation. Board Decision at 7, AR 00012. It also noted

evidence of other variances between the aide codes and SSA’s codes, including that plaintiff’s

witness acknowledged that someone who goes into a nursing home would still remain Medi-Cal

eligible denoted with an aide code of 10, 20, or 60 and counted as SSI eligible by the plaintiff,

                                                 19
when CMS does not count such a person as SSI-eligible in its calculations. Id. And it cited

testimony from plaintiff’s witness that “Medi-Cal eligibility is month-specific” and begins on the

first day of the month of the application, whereas SSI eligibility begins on either the first day of

the month after an application is filed or the first day of the month after the applicant is determined

to be eligible, whichever is later. Id. at 8, AR 00013. The Board recognized that plaintiff

considered the effect of both these variances to be minimal, but it found that it could not know the

extent of their effect because plaintiff failed to quantify their impact. Id. Finally, it found that

although plaintiff “performed a detail comparison of its internal data, the Medi-Cal system data,

the MedPAR SSI patient file, and multiple other data sources, it did not explain or identify the

potential reasons for differences” among those sources. Id.; see also id. at 8–9, AR 00013–14

(stating that plaintiff could have reviewed the definitions of the SSI codes and aide codes and “built

a crosswalk or diagram” to identify if there were other situations in which an individual would be

assigned aide code 10, 20, or 60 but would not be assigned SSA code C01, MO1, or M02); id.

citing Tr. 334–38, AR 00422 (testimony by plaintiff’s witness that he did not know if there was a

one-to-one correlation between the Medi-Cal and SSA codes). Given this, the Board concluded

that plaintiff failed to “submit sufficient quantifiable data in the record to prove that the SSI

percentages calculated by CMS . . . were flawed.” Id.

IV.    The Board’s decision is not supported by substantial evidence.

       But the question before the Court is not whether plaintiff presented sufficient quantifiable

data to prove that CMS’s calculation was flawed, or whether plaintiff had ascertained the reasons

for the discrepancies. The question is whether upon review of the entire record, there was

substantial evidence to support the Board’s decision that plaintiff’s SSI fraction had been properly

determined by CMS. 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(E); Biloxi Reg’l Med. Ctr., 835 F.2d at 348–49.

                                                  20
       The Board did not make a serious effort to address this question. It concluded that because

it could poke holes at what plaintiff provided, it did not need to examine the accuracy of what

CMS did. Indeed, CMS, through the MAC, did not even bother to produce evidence at the hearing

to justify its SSI fraction. Further, the Board’s decision fails to explain why the various potential

flaws with plaintiff’s calculation undermined plaintiff’s conclusion so thoroughly that there was

no reason to peek behind CMS’s methodology at all, even though it was CMS’s matching that was

under review, not plaintiff’s.

       The record shows that plaintiff used Medi-Cal data and aide codes 10, 20, and 60 to try to

recalculate its SSI numerator and identify patient days that CMS may have missed in matching

SSA data with Medicare files. It also shows that aide codes 10, 20, and 60 do not overlap precisely

with SSA codes C01, M01, and M02, so the aide codes do not definitively indicate that a patient

is SSI-eligible for purposes of determining the SSI fraction.

       The Board highlighted these differences in reaching its conclusion, emphasizing that

plaintiff either failed to explain the differences in the data sets and codes with sufficient detail or

failed to estimate the impact of some of these differences. But even when plaintiff estimated

differences in the codes and data – such as when it sought to quantify the effect of SSP-only

patients in its calculations – rather than credit the estimate, the Board found that a minor error in

the original estimate simply proved that plaintiff’s matching effort was flawed. See Board

Decision at 7–8, AR 00012–13. So the Board made its decision not based on evidence presented

by the agency but on its conclusion that plaintiff’s evidence was insufficient “to prove that the SSI

percentages calculated by CMS . . . were flawed.”          Board Decision at 8–9, AR 00013–14

(emphasis added).

                                                  21
       While that may be a reasonable way to assess the data, there is not enough evidence in this

record for the Court to conclude that “substantial evidence” supports the Board’s decision that the

SSI numerators “were proper.” Board Decision at 2, AR 00007. “[W]here an agency is in sole

possession of the records necessary to prove a party’s claim, the agency may not reject the

aggrieved party’s allegations as insufficiently proven unless the agency comes forward with

‘countervailing evidence or a reason, not based on the insufficiency of the [movant’s] showing,

that explains why the . . . allegations have not been accepted.’” Baystate, 545 F. Supp. 2d at 51

(edits, omissions, and emphasis in original), quoting Atlanta Coll. of Med. & Dental Careers, Inc.

v. Riley, 987 F.2d 821, 830–31 (D.C. Cir. 1993). “[T]he burden of bringing forward evidence

generally shifts when the defendant has greater access to information on a particular issue.” Id.,

quoting Atlanta Coll. of Med., 987 F.2d at 831.

       The record here shows that the agency had the data that would have answered plaintiff’s

allegations and that proving the allegations without it would be “difficult[ ],” Board Decision at 7,

AR 00012, if not impossible. Nevertheless, the agency declined to provide plaintiff with any of

the underlying SSI data or to conduct or facilitate a test of sample data, even though plaintiff agreed

it would abide by the result of such a test. See Board Decision at 6, AR 00011. 12 And it declined

to present any of that data to the Board on appeal. Without that evidence, the Board improperly

rejected plaintiff’s allegations, Atlanta Coll. of Med., 987 F.2d at 830–31, and the Court finds that

its decision is “unsupported by substantial evidence.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(E).

12      The data CMS did provide to plaintiff pursuant to the statute, 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww Note,
only included the “matched patient-specific Medicare Part A inpatient days/SSI eligibility data,”
not the data for unmatched patients. 70 Fed. Reg. at 47,440. So that data would not allow plaintiff
to determine whether CMS failed to match any patient or patient days it thought should have been
included in its SSI numerator.

                                                  22
V.     The Court will not impose an adverse inference against the defendant but will order
       remand of the matter.

       Plaintiff asks the Court to impose an adverse inference against defendant given the

agency’s failure to present evidence to the Board, Pl.’s Reply at 23, and argues that remand “is not

necessary because a full administrative record has been provided to the Court.” Pl.’s Mot. at 44.

It asks the Court to set aside the Board’s decision, issue a writ of mandamus, and order the

Secretary to recalculate its SSI fraction using the correct SSI data, provide plaintiff the data and

the programs CMS used to accomplish the recalculation, and pay the additional amounts due to it.

Compl. ¶¶ 70, 72; id. at Request for Relief ¶ 1.

       But that would be contrary to the law of this Circuit. In this circumstance, the burden is

on the agency “to produce countervailing evidence or a reason, not based on the insufficiency of

the [plaintiff’s] showing” that explains why the SSI numerator is accurate, but the ultimate burden

of persuasion remains with plaintiff. See Atlanta Coll. of Med., 987 F.2d at 831 (emphasis in

original), citing Texas Dep’t of Cmty. Affs. v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253 (1981). Mindful that it

must not “substitute its judgment for that of the agency,” State Farm, 463 U.S. at 43, the Court

finds that remand is the appropriate remedy at this stage of the proceedings. See PPG Indus., Inc.

v. United States, 52 F.3d 363, 366 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (noting that an agency may reopen proceedings

to take new evidence if a reviewing court finds the agency’s original findings invalid).

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                                        CONCLUSION

       For the reasons set forth above, the Court will grant plaintiff’s motion for summary

judgment in part and deny it in part [Dkt. # 11], deny defendant’s cross-motion [Dkt. # 13], and

remand the matter to the agency for further proceedings consistent with this ruling.

                                             AMY BERMAN JACKSON
                                             United States District Judge

DATE: September 30, 2020

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