Court Opinion

ID: 9555565
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-14 14:05:39.740971+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:36:42.753537
License: Public Domain

2023 IL App (1st) 220032

                                                                                       FIRST DISTRICT,
                                                                                        FIRST DIVISION
                                                                                          August 14, 2023
                                                No. 1-22-0032

      THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,                  )       Appeal from the
                                                            )       Circuit Court of
              Plaintiff-Appellee,                           )       Cook County
                                                            )
      v.                                                    )       No. 04 CR 20952
                                                            )
      DONTRIUS WILSON,                                      )       Honorable
                                                            )       Charles P. Burns,
              Defendant-Appellant.                          )       Judge Presiding.

            JUSTICE COGHLAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
            Presiding Justice Lavin concurred in the judgment and opinion.
            Justice Hyman dissented, with opinion.

                                                     OPINION

¶1          Defendant Dontrius Wilson appeals from the denial of his motion for leave to file a

     successive postconviction petition. Following a jury trial, defendant was found guilty of first

     degree murder and sentenced to 75 years in prison. Defendant’s conviction and sentence were

     upheld on direct appeal. People v. Wilson, 383 Ill. App. 3d 1146 (2008) (table) (unpublished order

     under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23). Defendant’s initial postconviction petition was dismissed

     and the dismissal affirmed on appeal. People v. Wilson, 405 Ill. App. 3d 1204 (2011) (table)

     (unpublished order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23). The trial court denied defendant leave

     to file a successive postconviction petition.

¶2          In October 2021, defendant’s wife and power of attorney, Angela Barron-Wilson, signed

     and filed the following pleadings in defendant’s name: leave to file a successive postconviction

     petition, a successive petition for postconviction relief, and a supporting affidavit from defendant.
     No. 1-22-0032

     On appeal, defendant alleges that “the power of attorney statute expressly authorizes [an] agent to

     institute [a] legal claim.” As a nonlawyer, Barron-Wilson lacked authority to institute a legal action

     on behalf of anyone other than herself. The postconviction proceedings filed by Barron-Wilson

     are a nullity, and the judgment entered in the trial court is void. Accordingly, the judgment of the

     trial court is vacated, and this appeal is dismissed.

¶3                                             BACKGROUND

¶4          Defendant was charged with the murder of Gregory Lowe and attempted first degree

     murder of four other individuals following a shooting on August 1, 2004. After a jury trial,

     defendant was found guilty of first degree murder and of personally discharging a firearm that

     proximately caused Lowe’s death. Defendant was sentenced to a total term of 75 years’

     imprisonment: 50 years for the murder with a 25-year firearm enhancement.

¶5          Defendant’s conviction was affirmed on direct appeal. People v. Wilson, 383 Ill. App. 3d

     1146 (2008) (table) (unpublished order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23).

¶6          In January 2009, defendant filed a postconviction petition, asserting several ineffective

     assistance of trial and appellate counsel claims. The postconviction petition was summarily

     dismissed at the first stage. This court affirmed the dismissal. People v. Wilson, 405 Ill. App. 3d

     1204 (2011) (table) (unpublished order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23).

¶7          On August 17, 2020, defendant filed a motion for leave to file a successive petition for

     postconviction relief asserting (i) actual innocence based on newly discovered evidence and

     (ii) that he was unlawfully arrested pursuant to an investigative alert. The trial court denied leave

     to file the petition for failure to satisfy the cause and prejudice requirements. Defendant’s notice

     of appeal was stricken for untimeliness on January 29, 2021.

¶8          On May 27, 2021, Barron-Wilson filed a second successive postconviction petition on

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       defendant’s behalf. Although Barron-Wilson is not a lawyer, she signed defendant’s name on the

       petition along with her own initials.

¶9            On December 14, 2021, the trial court entered a written order denying leave to file the

       successive postconviction petition. On December 17, 2021, Barron-Wilson signed and filed a

       notice of appeal on defendant’s behalf.

¶ 10                                              ANALYSIS

¶ 11          The State argues that defendant’s pleadings are a “nullity” because the pleadings (including

       defendant’s affidavit) were admittedly prepared, signed, and filed by a nonlawyer.

¶ 12          In Illinois, “[t]he power to regulate and define the practice of law is a prerogative of [our

       supreme court] under the Illinois Constitution.” King v. First Capital Financial Services Corp.,

       215 Ill. 2d 1, 12 (2005). This regulatory power has been codified in the Attorney Act. See 705

       ILCS 205/1 (West 2020) (“No person shall be permitted to practice as an attorney or counselor at

       law within this State without having previously obtained a license for that purpose from the

       Supreme Court of this State.”). “[M]inimum levels of education, training, and character” are

       required before receiving a license to practice law. King, 215 Ill. 2d at 12. The court closely

       regulates the practice of law in order to “protect the public from potential injury resulting from

       laypersons performing acts that require the training, knowledge, and responsibility of a licensed

       attorney.” Id.

¶ 13          Pursuant to the pro se exception, a layperson who does not have the requisite legal training

       or law license may appear in court on his or her own behalf. 705 ILCS 205/11 (West 2020)

       (“Plaintiffs shall have the liberty of prosecuting, and defendants of defending in their proper

       persons.”). The exception applies “to the preparation of documents in situations where the party

       preparing the legal documents does so for his or her own benefit in a transaction to which the

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       preparer is a party.” (Emphases added.) King, 215 Ill. 2d at 14. It is well recognized that every

       criminal defendant has a constitutionally guaranteed right to self-representation. See U.S. Const.,

       amend. VI; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8; People v. Simpson, 204 Ill. 2d 536, 573 (2001). In addition,

       “the Post-Conviction Hearing Act *** (725 ILCS 5/122-1 (West 2010)) itself establishes a right

       to proceed pro se.” People v. Gray, 2013 IL App (1st) 101064, ¶ 21. Although the right of self-

       representation authorizes a person to appear on his or her own behalf, this privilege does not extend

       to representing others “unless he is admitted to the practice of law.” Janiczek v. Dover

       Management Co., 134 Ill. App. 3d 543, 545 (1985).

¶ 14          Generally, if an unlicensed person attempts to represent another party in a legal proceeding,

       the action should be dismissed; if the action proceeded to a judgment, then the judgment is void

       and treated as a nullity. Applebaum v. Rush University Medical Center, 231 Ill. 2d 429, 435 (2008);

       Pratt-Holdampf v. Trinity Medical Center, 338 Ill. App. 3d 1079, 1083 (2003); Janiczek, 134 Ill.

       App. 3d at 545. If a nonlawyer attempts to bring an action on behalf of another without obtaining

       the assistance of licensed counsel, the proceedings are void and have “no effect.” Blue v. People,

       223 Ill. App. 3d 594, 597 (1992). The nullity/voidness rule “ ‘is grounded in the fact that there are

       risks to individual clients and to the integrity of the legal system inherent in representation by an

       unlicensed person.’ ” Applebaum, 231 Ill. 2d at 435 (quoting Ford Motor Credit Co. v. Sperry, 214

       Ill. 2d 371, 389-90 (2005)). As our dissenting colleague recognized in In re Mattson, 2019 IL App

       (1st) 180805, our supreme court has explained that “the purpose of the nullity—or voidness—

       rule—‘is *** to protect litigants against the mistakes of the ignorant and the schemes of the

       unscrupulous and to protect the court itself in the administration of its proceedings from those

       lacking requisite skills.’ ” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. ¶ 15 (Hyman, J., dissenting)

       (quoting Applebaum, 231 Ill. 2d at 435).

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¶ 15           In this case, Barron-Wilson “sign[ed] and filed” a successive postconviction petition on

       defendant’s behalf without the assistance of licensed counsel. The dissent claims that there is “an

       affidavit from a licensed attorney [that] describes his supervision of the preparation of the

       pleadings.” Infra ¶ 40. A reading of attorney Larry Redmond’s affidavit confirms that the dissent

       is mistaken. The record is devoid of any evidence that Redmond or any other attorney was involved

       in the preparation of the pleadings at issue in this case. In her affidavit, Barron-Wilson attested:

       “We have contacted Paralegal/Investigator Eugene Horton *** requesting his assistance.”

       (Emphases added.) In his affidavit, Redmond attested that he is “the supervising attorney for the

       independent contractor Eugene Horton, a paralegal/investigator, and Nina Johnson-Horton, a

       former social worker/researcher/investigator, who work with [his] law firm and are doing legal

       business under [his] supervision as independent contractors.” Redmond further attested that he

       relies on both of them in “cases [he is] involved in.” (Emphasis added.) Significantly, Redmond

       did not attest that he was “involved in” Wilson’s case or that he supervised the preparation of

       Wilson’s pleadings.

¶ 16           Barron-Wilson, “[a]s a nonlawyer who is not a party to this suit,” had no authority to file

       this action. See, e.g., Blue, 223 Ill. App. 3d at 595-96. Signing and filing the petition and affidavits

       on behalf of defendant constituted the unauthorized practice of law. The fact that Barron-Wilson

       labeled the pleading “pro se” “does not bring this case within the right of a party to represent

       himself.” Id. at 596. Since defendant did not prepare and sign the petition on his own behalf, it is

       not a pro se filing.1 The pleadings signed by Barron-Wilson, who is “not licensed to practice law

       in this State,” are “a nullity” and have no legal effect. Id.

               1
                We also note that defendant did not “verif[y] by affidavit” the postconviction petition, as required
       by the Post-Conviction Hearing Act. 725 ILCS 5/122-1(b) (West 2020).

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¶ 17           For the same reasons, the notice of appeal that Barron-Wilson signed and filed in this case

       is void. See People v. Vara, 2018 IL 121823, ¶ 30 (“Where the appellate court has addressed the

       merits of a case over which it had no jurisdiction, we must vacate that court’s judgment and dismiss

       the appeal.”); People v. Flowers, 208 Ill. 2d 291, 308 (2003) (“If a court lacks jurisdiction, it cannot

       confer any relief, even from prior judgments that are void” because “[a]bsent jurisdiction, an order

       directed at the void judgment would itself be void and of no effect.”). It follows that this court

       lacks jurisdiction to consider the merits of defendant’s claims and the appeal must be dismissed.

¶ 18           Regarding defendant’s argument that his wife was authorized to file pleadings on his behalf

       because she was his power of attorney, the Illinois Power of Attorney Act (755 ILCS 45/1-1 et seq.

       (West 2020)) does not permit a nonlawyer to practice law. The Power of Attorney Act only

       authorizes an individual to “appoint an agent to make property, financial, personal, and health care

       decisions” for him or her. Id. § 2-1. The “Statutory Short Form Power of Attorney for Property

       Law,” executed by defendant in this case, authorized Barron-Wilson to act as defendant’s agent in

       “dealing with [his] property and financial affairs.” Id. §§ 3-1, 3-2. As defendant’s agent, Barron-

       Wilson had the authority to act as his attorney-in-fact but not his attorney-in-law. Id. § 2-3(b).

¶ 19           Authorized agents may “institute, prosecute, defend, abandon, compromise, arbitrate, settle

       and dispose of any claim in favor of or against the principal.” (Emphasis added.) Id. § 3-4(j).

       Defendant argues that preparing, signing, and filing a petition is how one “institute[s]” a successive

       postconviction petition. 725 ILCS 5/122-1(a), (f) (West 2020).

¶ 20           The Power of Attorney Act provides that an agent is authorized to “employ attorneys ***

       as necessary in connection with litigation.” 755 ILCS 45/3-4(j) (West 2020). The Power of

       Attorney Act also provides that

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                 “[t]he statutory short form power of attorney for property does not authorize the agent to

                 appear in court or any tribunal as an attorney-at-law for the principal or otherwise to engage

                 in the practice of law without being a licensed attorney who is authorized to practice law

                 in Illinois under applicable Illinois Supreme Court Rules.” (Emphasis added.) Id.

       As defendant’s power of attorney, his wife was entitled to make certain decisions for him,

       including obtaining the assistance of an attorney, but she was not authorized to sign and file a

       petition for postconviction relief or a notice of appeal on his behalf. In other words, Barron-Wilson

       was not authorized to act as defendant’s attorney-at-law based on a statutory power of attorney.

       The dissent’s theory that a nonattorney “exercising a power of attorney may initiate legal claims

       on behalf of the principal” is not supported by the plain language of the Power of Attorney Act.

       Infra ¶ 28.

¶ 21             We reject defendant’s argument that vacating the trial court’s judgment and dismissing this

       appeal will “defeat the ends of justice” and “thwart[ ] this Court’s interests in judicial economy.”

       Only the Illinois Supreme Court has the authority to regulate and define the practice of law. This

       court has no authority to grant a nonattorney the right to practice law based on the Power of

       Attorney Act. See People ex rel. Chicago Bar Ass’n v. Goodman, 366 Ill. 346, 349 (1937) (“The

       power to regulate and define the practice of law is a prerogative of the judicial department as one

       of the three divisions of the government created by article 3 of our constitution. The legislative

       department may pass acts declaring the unauthorized practice of law illegal and punishable. Such

       statutes are merely in aid of, and do not supersede or detract from, the power of the judicial

       department to control the practice of law.”); see also Perto v. Board of Review, 274 Ill. App. 3d

       485, 493 (1995) (“The legislature has no authority to grant a nonattorney the right to practice law

       ***.”).

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¶ 22           The postconviction petition filed by Barron-Wilson on defendant’s behalf is a nullity.

       Therefore, the judgment entered below is void for lack of jurisdiction, and this court lacks

       jurisdiction to consider the claims raised on appeal. 2

¶ 23                                               CONCLUSION

¶ 24           For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is vacated, and

       the appeal is dismissed.

¶ 25           Judgment vacated.

¶ 26           Appeal dismissed.

¶ 27           JUSTICE HYMAN, dissenting:

¶ 28           Only attorneys may practice law. But nonattorneys exercising a power of attorney may

       initiate legal claims on behalf of the principal. Until today.

¶ 29           The majority has carved an exception to the Illinois Power of Attorney Act in

       postconviction proceedings, holding that Dontrius Wilson’s wife, Angela Barron-Wilson, engaged

       in the unauthorized practice of law by exercising the authority granted to her under a valid power

       of attorney. As permitted by the power of attorney, Barron-Wilson signed Wilson’s name to his

       successive postconviction pleadings and a notice of appeal and sent them for filing.

¶ 30           Not only does the majority misconstrue the facts, which establish that Barron-Wilson

       provided no legal advice and undertook no act requiring legal skill, but it misinterprets both the

       Illinois Power of Attorney Act and the rules on the unauthorized practice of law. In doing so, the

       majority erects systemic barriers to one of the law’s most essential remedies: ensuring the innocent

               2
                The State filed a motion for summary disposition during the pendency of this appeal, which was
       taken with the case. In light of the issuance of this opinion, the motion for summary disposition is denied
       as moot.

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       do not suffer. People v. Reed, 2020 IL 124940, ¶ 32. Because the majority bars an incarcerated

       person seeking to present newly discovered evidence of innocence, I dissent.

¶ 31                              Barron-Wilson Acted at Wilson’s Direction

¶ 32          The majority defines the issue before us as whether Barron-Wilson lawfully prepared

       postconviction pleadings as a nonattorney. Supra ¶¶ 11-15. In analyzing Wilson’s pleadings, the

       majority claims they “were admittedly prepared, signed, and filed” by a nonattorney, relying on

       the State’s argument as support. (Emphasis added.) Supra ¶ 11. But nothing in the record supports

       that Barron-Wilson prepared the pleadings alone or that Wilson admitted she did.

¶ 33          Indeed, the record shows Barron-Wilson never acted on her own. She signed Wilson’s

       name at his direction, added her initials in parentheses, and sent the pleadings for filing. Simply

       put, Wilson admitted that Barron-Wilson assisted him. At no point has Wilson argued that his wife

       as a nonattorney could have lawfully acted without his consent.

¶ 34          Properly construed, then, the actual issue is whether Barron-Wilson could exercise a valid

       power of attorney to sign Wilson’s name and her initials and send for filing a successive

       postconviction pleading and a notice of appeal.

¶ 35                                   The Illinois Power of Attorney Act

¶ 36          The Illinois Power of Attorney Act gives Barron-Wilson the power to “institute, prosecute,

       defend, abandon, compromise, arbitrate, settle and dispose of any claim in favor of or against the

       principal.” 755 ILCS 45/3-4(j) (West 2020). Before these proceedings, Wilson married Barron-

       Wilson (then-named Angela M. Barron) and delegated her power of attorney. The majority does

       not question the validity of the power of attorney. See supra ¶ 18. Rather, the majority reads into

       this statute an exception of its own creation, ignoring record facts undermining its assertions.

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¶ 37          Without reasoned explanation or justification, the majority asserts that Barron-Wilson’s

       actions were beyond the statute’s scope and constituted the unauthorized practice of law. The

       majority does not question whether the Power of Attorney Act permits her to “institute *** any

       claim” on behalf of Wilson. See 755 ILCS 45/3-4(j) (West 2020). Instead, the majority declares

       that the Act mandates the result it reaches. End of inquiry. End of case. Supra ¶ 20.

¶ 38          But let us back up. A fair reading of the record shows Barron-Wilson did precisely what

       she had the power to do. “[A] petitioner seeking to institute a successive postconviction proceeding

       must first obtain ‘leave of court.’ ” (Emphasis added.) People v. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 24

       (quoting People v. Tidwell, 236 Ill. 2d 150, 157 (2010)). Here, Wilson sought to institute

       successive postconviction proceedings with Barron-Wilson performing nonlegal functions by

       signing her husband’s name as permitted under the power of attorney and sending the papers for

       filing. See 725 ILCS 5/122-1(a), (f) (West 2020) (explaining how petitioners “may institute”

       successive proceedings under Post-Conviction Hearing Act); see also Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(d) (eff. July

       1, 2017) (“The procedure for an appeal in a post-conviction proceeding shall be in accordance with

       the rules governing criminal appeals.”); People v. Lewis, 234 Ill. 2d 32, 37 (2009) (“The timely

       filing of a notice of appeal is the only jurisdictional step required to initiate appellate review.”).

       To say, as does the majority (supra ¶ 20), that Barron-Wilson improperly instituted these

       proceedings means legal secretaries and paralegals can no longer send pleadings to a court for

       filing because they too would be practicing law.

¶ 39          To reach its result, the majority makes two unfounded assumptions about the absence of

       Wilson’s personal signature: (i) Wilson had no hand in preparing the pleadings or notice of appeal

       and (ii) Barron-Wilson acted without Wilson’s consent. Both assumptions contravene record

       evidence and the plain language of the Illinois Power of Attorney Act.

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       No. 1-22-0032

¶ 40          An affidavit from Barron-Wilson thoroughly explains the extent of her involvement, and

       an affidavit from a licensed attorney describes his supervision of the preparation of the pleadings.

       Barron-Wilson asserted in her affidavit, “We have contacted Paralegal/Investigator Eugene Horton

       of ‘To Seek and To Save’ Assn., Inc.’ *** requesting his assistance ***.” The first page of the

       successive petition shows it was prepared “with the assistance of Eugene Horton.” And attorney

       Larry Redmond states in his affidavit that he is “an attorney at law, authorized to practice law in

       the State of Illinois” and “the supervising attorney for the independent contractor Eugene Horton.”

       See Ill. R. Prof’l Conduct (2010) R. 5.5 cmt. 3) (eff. Jan. 1, 2016) (lawyer may provide professional

       advice and instruction to nonlawyers whose employment requires knowledge of law); Ill. S. Ct. R.

       137(e) (eff. Jan. 1, 2018) (attorney may assist self-represented person in drafting or reviewing

       pleading, motion, or other document without making general or limited scope appearance and

       without signing document).

¶ 41          To conclude Barron-Wilson practiced law, the majority attacks the final link in an

       unbroken chain of events beginning with petitioner Wilson, connecting Barron-Wilson and

       Horton, and ending with attorney Redmond. The majority scours the Redmond affidavit and

       concludes something must be missing. To wit, “Redmond did not attest that he was ‘involved in’

       Wilson’s case.” Supra ¶ 15. Respectfully, the majority protests too much. Attorneys do not

       generally sign affidavits in cases sight unseen, and the majority offers no reason why we should

       presume Redmond did so. Likewise, not even the State questions the good faith of Barron-Wilson,

       so the majority may not (falsely) accuse her of sending Redmond’s affidavit for filing without his

       consent. What is more, even if we assume Redmond’s affidavit contains some formal defect,

       counsel for Wilson may cure that at the second stage of proceedings. See People v. Allen, 2015 IL

       113135, ¶ 34 (noting, formal defect like lack of notarization provides no ground for summary

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       dismissal). Lastly, if the majority harbors some doubt about the veracity of Redmond’s affidavit,

       the third stage of proceedings will permit the circuit court to resolve credibility issues. See People

       v. Domagala, 2013 IL 113688, ¶ 46 (circuit court weighs credibility at third stage).

¶ 42          Accordingly, the provisions of the Illinois Power of Attorney Act authorize Barron-Wilson

       to engage in the actions she took on Wilson’s behalf.

¶ 43                                             The Nullity Rule

¶ 44          The majority invokes the nullity rule to dismiss Wilson’s appeal and petition. Even

       assuming the nullity rule applies, Barron-Wilson’s clerical acts do not compel its application.

¶ 45          A court should only impose the nullity rule after considering the factors in Downtown

       Disposal Services, Inc. v. City of Chicago, 2012 IL 112040, ¶ 31. There, our supreme court

       cautioned that “there is no automatic nullity rule.” Id. In Downtown Disposal, the supreme court

       found a per se nullity rule unreasonable, holding sanctions for violating the rule against the

       unauthorized practice of law should be commensurate with the gravity of the violations’

       consequences. Id. ¶ 30.

              “[B]ecause the consequences of applying the nullity rule to a case can be harsh, it should

              be invoked only where it fulfills the purposes of protecting both the public and the integrity

              of the court system from the actions of the unlicensed, and where no other alternative

              remedy is possible.” Id. ¶ 30 (citing Applebaum v. Rush University Medical Center, 231

              Ill. 2d 429, 439 (2008)).

¶ 46          Under Downtown Disposal, a court must consider “whether the nonattorney’s conduct is

       done without knowledge that the action was improper, whether the [party] acted diligently in

       correcting the mistake by obtaining counsel, whether the nonattorney’s participation is minimal,

       and whether the participation results in prejudice to the opposing party.” Id. ¶ 31.

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¶ 47          In Holloway v. Chicago Heart & Vascular Consultants, Ltd., 2017 IL App (1st) 160315,

       ¶ 26, we followed Downtown Disposal, finding the trial court erred when it applied the nullity rule

       to dismiss a pro se complaint, where the plaintiff filed her complaint for the limited purpose of

       timely preserving her legal rights. The Holloway court found that plaintiff acknowledged the

       limitations of her authority as a nonattorney and asserted she did not perform her actions in the

       general prosecution of the lawsuit. Id.

¶ 48          Review of the guidelines set out in Downtown Disposal, as applied in Holloway, weighs

       against imposing the nullity rule as punishment for Barron-Wilson’s effort to expedite the filing

       process for her incarcerated husband.

¶ 49          First of all, at oral argument, the State acknowledged that Barron-Wilson served in good

       faith as Wilson’s agent under the power of attorney, admitting Barron-Wilson was “obviously well

       intentioned” and “there is no allegation of nefarious or unscrupulous behavior whatsoever.”

       Barron-Wilson carefully documented her power of attorney in the record and added her initials

       whenever she signed Wilson’s name. Thus, she met the Downtown Disposal factor regarding

       “whether the nonattorney’s conduct is done without knowledge that the action was improper.”

       Downtown Disposal, 2012 IL 112040, ¶ 31.

¶ 50          Next, as a nonattorney, she had a properly executed power of attorney that allowed her to

       institute the proceedings by mailing the pleadings, some of which she signed. 755 ILCS 45/3-4(j)

       (West 2020). Any failings may be cured during the second stage, a stage designed for that exact

       purpose. See People v. Spivey, 2017 IL App (2d) 140941, ¶ 17 (defects in pleadings and supporting

       evidence may be fixed during second stage of postconviction proceedings). Third, Barron-

       Wilson’s participation was nominal, involving no activity beyond signing her husband’s name as

       authorized by the power of attorney and placing the pleadings for filing. Thus, she was only a

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       conduit. Finally, the State could not have been prejudiced, as the law bars the State from

       participating at this stage. See People v. Bailey, 2017 IL 121450, ¶ 20 (“[I]t is premature and

       improper for the State to provide input to the court before the court has granted a defendant’s

       motion for leave to file a successive petition.”).

¶ 51          Furthermore, the majority cites Applebaum for the proposition that, “[g]enerally, if an

       unlicensed person attempts to represent another party in a legal proceeding, the action should be

       dismissed; if the action proceeded to a judgment, then the judgment is void and treated as a nullity.”

       Supra ¶ 14 (citing Applebaum, 231 Ill. 2d at 435). But its reliance on Applebaum is misplaced.

       Barron-Wilson never attempted to represent Wilson. That is a fiction created by the State. Like

       Downtown Disposal, Applebaum confined the nullity rule to situations involving “the protection

       of the public and the integrity of the court system from the harm presented by representation by

       unlicensed individuals.” Applebaum, 231 Ill. 2d at 446. As in Downtown Disposal, Applebaum,

       and Holloway, applying the nullity rule serves no remedial purpose here.

¶ 52          Equally important, unlike in a civil proceeding, the court must keep uppermost in its mind

       that persons claiming innocence under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act have been denied their

       liberty and the ability to conduct personal business freely. I believe the individual rights of

       petitioners deserve priority against the specter of some vague future risks from nonattorneys

       facilitating legal claims on behalf of principals.

¶ 53          Barron-Wilson did nothing more than sign and file Wilson’s petition for leave to file and

       the notice of appeal. She asserted that she had sought the advice of Eugene Horton. And attorney

       Redmond attested that Horton was under his supervision. Dismissing this appeal and the

       underlying petition amounts to a disproportionately harsh result, as is the frivolous filing fee the

       trial court imposed. Supra ¶¶ 4-9, 24-25.

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¶ 54          In Pratt-Holdampf v. Trinity Medical Center, 338 Ill. App. 3d 1079, 1083-86 (2003), also

       cited by the majority, the trial court erred by finding the plaintiff’s complaint a nullity that could

       not be amended and in not setting a suitable date for filing an amended complaint. The reviewing

       court noted that the risks to individual clients and the integrity of the legal system “inherent in

       representation by a person who has never qualified to practice law” were not present, particularly

       where plaintiff had sought the advice of counsel before filing pro se and counsel later appeared on

       her behalf. Id. at 1085. The court found it “fundamentally unjust to hold plaintiff foreclosed from

       an opportunity to file an amended complaint.” Id. at 1087. The result here is surely no less unjust,

       particularly where Wilson petitioned under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act to litigate newly

       discovered evidence of his innocence.

¶ 55          To invoke the nullity rule in a postconviction case without applying the Downtown

       Disposal factors is antithetical to a fair justice system. While the State suffered no harm, Wilson

       must deal with systemic barriers to one of the law’s most essential remedies. See Reed, 2020 IL

       124940, ¶ 32. Because Wilson’s harm continues until his petition is adjudicated, I dissent.

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No. 1-22-0032

                     People v. Wilson, 2023 IL App (1st) 220032

Decision Under Review:     Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 04-CR-
                           20952; the Hon. Charles P. Burns, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys                  James E. Chadd, Douglas R. Hoff, and Jennifer L. Bontrager, of
for                        State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.
Appellant:

Attorneys                  Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Enrique
for                        Abraham, Joseph Alexander, and Douglas P. Harvath, Assistant
Appellee:                  State’s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.

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