Court Opinion

ID: 4518341
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-03-20 19:19:34.867363+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:49:47.599399
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                                  January 2020 Term

                               _____________________                       FILED
                                                                       March 20, 2020
                                    No. 18-0869                           released at 3:00 p.m.
                                                                      EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                               _____________________                  SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                           OF WEST VIRGINIA

                         LAWYER DISCIPLINARY BOARD,
                                  Petitioner

                                          v.

                           DANIEL R. GRINDO,
                A MEMBER OF THE WEST VIRGINIA STATE BAR,
                               Respondent

       ___________________________________________________________

                            Lawyer Disciplinary Proceeding
                                   No. 17-03-308

              TWO-YEAR SUSPENSION AND OTHER SANCTIONS
         _________________________________________________________

                               Submitted: March 4, 2020
                                Filed: March 20, 2020

Rachael L. Fletcher Cipoletti, Esq.              Eric B. Snyder, Esq.
Chief Lawyer Disciplinary Counsel                Steven R. Ruby, Esq.
Office of Disciplinary Counsel                   Bailey & Glasser, LLP
Charleston, West Virginia                        Charleston, West Virginia
Attorney for Petitioner                          Attorneys for Respondent

JUSTICE HUTCHISON delivered the Opinion of the Court.
                                        SYLLABUS

              1. “A de novo standard applies to a review of the adjudicatory record made

before the [Hearing Panel Subcommittee of the Lawyer Disciplinary Board] as to questions

of law, questions of application of the law to the facts, and questions of appropriate

sanctions; this Court gives respectful consideration to the [Hearing Panel Subcommittee’s]

recommendations while ultimately exercising its own independent judgment. On the other

hand, substantial deference is given to the [Hearing Panel Subcommittee’s] findings of

fact, unless such findings are not supported by reliable, probative, and substantial evidence

on the whole record.” Syl. Pt. 3, Comm. on Legal Ethics v. McCorkle, 192 W.Va. 286, 452

S.E.2d 377 (1994).

              2. “This Court is the final arbiter of legal ethics problems and must make the

ultimate decisions about public reprimands, suspensions or annulments of attorneys’

licenses to practice law.” Syl. Pt. 3, Comm. on Legal Ethics v. Blair, 174 W.Va. 494, 327

S.E.2d 671 (1984).

              3. “Rule 3.16 of the West Virginia Rules of Lawyer Disciplinary Procedure

enumerates factors to be considered in imposing sanctions and provides as follows: ‘In

imposing a sanction after a finding of lawyer misconduct, unless otherwise provided in

these rules, the Court [West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals] or Board [Lawyer

Disciplinary Board] shall consider the following factors: (1) whether the lawyer has

violated a duty owed to a client, to the public, to the legal system, or to the profession; (2)
                                               i
whether the lawyer acted intentionally, knowingly, or negligently; (3) the amount of the

actual or potential injury caused by the lawyer’s misconduct; and (4) the existence of any

aggravating or mitigating factors.’” Syl. Pt. 4, Office of Lawyer Disciplinary Counsel v.

Jordan, 204 W.Va. 495, 513 S.E.2d 722 (1998).

                                            ii
HUTCHISON, Justice:

              A Hearing Panel Subcommittee (“HPS”) of the Lawyer Disciplinary Board

has reported that the respondent Daniel R. Grindo, a member of the West Virginia State

Bar, violated multiple provisions of the West Virginia Rules of Professional Conduct

(sometimes “RPC” or “Rules”) by overbilling the West Virginia Public Defender Services

(“PDS”) and by providing false information to presiding circuit courts, the PDS, and the

Office of Lawyer Disciplinary Counsel (“ODC”). The HPS recommends that our Court

adopt its findings of fact and conclusions of law and then impose a sanction to include a

two-year suspension from the practice of law; additional continuing legal education;

payment of the costs of the disciplinary proceeding; and a restriction on the respondent’s

future practice of law.

              After a thorough review of the record developed before the HPS, and upon a

consideration of the parties’ briefs and oral argument, we conclude that the respondent has

violated multiple Rules of Professional Conduct and adopt the HPS’s recommended

sanction.

                          I. Facts and Procedural Background

              The respondent has been a licensed member of the West Virginia State Bar

since September 2002. On October 9, 2018, the Investigative Panel of the Lawyer

Disciplinary Board issued a formal Statement of Charges against the respondent for

misconduct surrounding vouchers the respondent submitted for payment of his time and

expenses on court-appointed representations of indigent criminal defendants. The HPS
                                            1
held an evidentiary hearing on February 25, 2019, where the following information was

adduced.

              Between 2013 and 2015, a large portion of the respondent’s private practice

of law was court-appointed criminal defense work. To be reimbursed for their time and

expenses by the State of West Virginia, lawyers in private practice who perform court-

appointed criminal defense work must comply with the provisions of West Virginia Code

§ 29-21-13a (2008).1 This statute requires the attorney to “maintain detailed and accurate

records of the time expended and expenses incurred on behalf of eligible clients[.]” Id. §

13a(a) (emphasis added). Claims for reimbursement in each case are made on vouchers

that are first submitted to the appointing circuit court judge for approval, and are then

forwarded to the PDS for review and payment. Id. In their vouchers, lawyers must

“specifically set forth the nature of the service rendered[.]” Id. § 13a(g). Pursuant to this

statute, attorneys are compensated by the PDS for “actual and necessary time expended for

services performed and expenses incurred[.]” Id. § 13a(d) (emphasis added).

              West Virginia Code § 29-21-13a also specifies rates of compensation.

Pursuant to the 2008 version of the statute, an attorney’s work performed outside of court

was compensated at the rate of forty-five dollars per hour; an attorney’s work performed

       1
        Although West Virginia Code § 29-21-13a was amended in 2019, we rely upon
the 2008 version that was in effect when the respondent committed his misconduct.
                                             2
in court was compensated at sixty-five dollars per hour; and a paralegal’s work performed

outside of court was compensated at the paralegal’s regular rate of hourly compensation

not to exceed twenty dollars per hour. Id. § 13a(d).2

                By early 2015, the PDS had acquired new computer software and sufficient

electronic data to generate reports that tracked payments to individual lawyers for the time

billed on any particular day, regardless of which case or cases the lawyer reported working

on. These reports revealed that several lawyers, including the respondent, had submitted

       2
           West Virginia Code § 29-21-13a(d)(1) and (2) (2008) provide as follows:

                       (d) In each case in which a panel attorney provides legal
                representation under this article, and in each appeal after
                conviction in circuit court, the panel attorney shall be
                compensated at the following rates for actual and necessary
                time expended for services performed and expenses incurred
                subsequent to the effective date of this article:
                       (1) For attorney’s work performed out of court,
                compensation shall be at the rate of forty-five dollars per hour.
                For paralegal’s work performed out of court for the attorney,
                compensation shall be at the rate of the paralegal’s regular
                compensation on an hourly basis or, if salaried, at the hourly
                rate of compensation which would produce the paralegal’s
                current salary, but in no event shall the compensation exceed
                twenty dollars per hour. Out-of-court work includes, but is not
                limited to, travel, interviews of clients or witnesses,
                preparation of pleadings and prehearing or pretrial research.
                       (2) For attorney’s work performed in court,
                compensation shall be at the rate of sixty-five dollars per hour.
                No compensation for paralegal’s work performed in court shall
                be allowed. In-court work includes, but is not limited to, all
                time spent awaiting hearing or trial before a judge, magistrate,
                special master or other judicial officer.
                                               3
vouchers containing information that was obviously wrong. The PDS discovered that

between January 1, 2013 and early 2015, the respondent submitted vouchers claiming that

he had worked on appointed criminal cases for more than thirty hours in a single day on

five different dates; more than twenty-four hours a day on sixteen dates; more than twenty

hours a day on forty-seven dates; and more than fifteen hours a day on ninety-six dates. In

addition, the PDS determined that the respondent had submitted duplicate mileage claims

constituting $1,927.86 in overpayments.

              PDS Executive Director Dana Eddy, Esq., contacted the respondent about his

vouchers. The respondent cooperated with Mr. Eddy, and on June 4, 2015 they entered into

a “Conciliation Agreement” where the respondent admitted that he had billed work

performed by his non-attorney staff at the attorney rate. The Conciliation Agreement

provides, inter alia, as follows:

              WHEREAS, PDS’s audit of the vouchers submitted by Grindo
              found that, since January 1, 2013, Grindo has exceeded thirty
              (30) hours of billing on five (5) dates; twenty-four (24) hours
              of billing on sixteen (16) dates; twenty (20) hours of billing on
              forty-seven (47) dates; and fifteen (15) hours of billing on
              ninety-six (96) dates;

              WHEREAS, PDS’s audit did not include the time that was
              billed by Daniel K. Armstrong [another lawyer in the
              respondent’s office] for these same dates;

              WHEREAS, Grindo willingly met with PDS to discuss the
              findings in the audit;

              WHEREAS, Grindo disclosed that the business model for the
              law firm consisted of the utilization of non-attorneys to deliver
              legal services to clients under the supervision and direction of

                                             4
              attorneys and that the time devoted by the non-attorneys to the
              performance of legal tasks was billed at the rates of
              compensation for “attorney work” under the Governing Act
              because, Grindo claims that, otherwise, his office loses money
              when using staff to perform such services at the rates permitted
              for paralegal services under the provisions of the Governing
              Act;

              WHEREAS, Grindo’s recordkeeping assures the recording
              and documenting of services contemporaneously with the
              performance of the services and accurately reflects the
              personnel who performed the tasks related to these services and
              the time expended in performing the tasks;

              WHEREAS, Grindo explained that he consulted with other
              members of the bar when he commenced his legal practice and,
              accordingly, Grindo believed that his billing procedures were
              acceptable to PDS;

              WHEREAS, Grindo asserts that PDS’s guidelines are not
              compiled in a manner that readily permits compliance by panel
              attorneys;

              WHEREAS, Grindo believes that the circuit court understood
              his business model and understood the method by which the
              compensation for handling an eligible client’s case was
              calculated[.]

Thus, the respondent admitted that his “business model” was to report to circuit court

judges and to the PDS that work by his nonlawyer staff was performed by himself, and

then to bill for this work at the higher lawyer rate.3 Although he asserted in the Conciliation

Agreement that judges understood his billing practice, he presented no evidence during the

HPS hearing to prove that any judge, let alone a judge who had approved one of the

       The record does not disclose the job titles or qualifications of the respondent’s
       3

nonlawyer staff who worked on his court-appointed cases. The parties refer to these
employees as paralegals, so we will accept that characterization.
                                              5
vouchers at issue, was aware of this practice. The respondent signed the Conciliation

Agreement in two places.

              As part of the Conciliation Agreement, the respondent agreed to reimburse

the PDS by accepting a one-third reduction of the total amount of fees claimed on all of his

vouchers that were being held by the PDS at that time. The total amount of this reduction

amounted to $40,425.90. Mr. Eddy explained that this was a negotiated settlement; he

testified that “if we had grossed it up to account for all historical [improper] billing, it

would’ve exceeded the amount of the vouchers that we were holding and I’m quite sure he

[the respondent] didn’t have the wherewithal to pay it.” In addition, the respondent agreed

to directly repay the PDS the $1,927.86 in duplicate mileage claims within one calendar

month. Thereafter, the PDS adjusted its voucher payments to the respondent to account for

the one-third reduction in fees. However, the respondent did not repay the $1,927.26 until

May 2017, almost two years after it was due.

              Mr. Eddy testified that although he believed the respondent and his

employees had performed the work, it was his opinion that these billing practices

nonetheless constituted a form of fraud as well as a violation of West Virginia Code § 29-

21-13a. He also explained that overbilling of PDS by various attorneys had contributed to

a negative opinion held by the Legislature and other State officials, which in turn impeded

Mr. Eddy’s ability to convince the Legislature to increase the hourly rates for all court-

appointed attorneys.

                                             6
              The Conciliation Agreement also required the respondent to seek

independent legal counsel on the question of whether his conduct should be reported to the

ODC. The Conciliation Agreement provided that if within one month the respondent had

not notified the PDS that he had either self-reported to the ODC or received advice that

reporting was not required, then Mr. Eddy would determine whether to make such a report.4

The respondent wrote Mr. Eddy on August 10, 2015, and said “I am self-reporting to ODC.

This should be complete by the end of the week.” Mr. Eddy testified that when he later

spoke with the respondent, the respondent said that he had already reported this matter to

the ODC. However, the HPS found no record that the respondent ever reported this matter

to the ODC.5 Mr. Eddy believes that the respondent lied about self-reporting in order to

dissuade Mr. Eddy from filing an ethics complaint. When the ODC began investigating

this matter, the respondent claimed that he did not recall ever telling Mr. Eddy that he had

already self-reported. After hearing the evidence and weighing witness credibility, the HPS

determined that the respondent’s claim about this lack of recollection was false.

       4
         RPC 8.3(a) (2015) requires that “[a] lawyer who knows that another lawyer has
committed a violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct that raises a substantial
question as to that lawyer’s honesty, trustworthiness or fitness as a lawyer in other respects,
shall inform the appropriate professional authority.”
       5
         The hearing transcript reflects that the ODC initiated this ethics complaint against
the respondent upon receiving subpoenaed information from the PDS about lawyers who
overbilled.
                                              7
              The respondent testified during the HPS’s evidentiary hearing. However, he

did not present any other witnesses and did not offer any exhibits.6 He explained that he or

his employees had performed all of the work reported on the vouchers, and that some of

the work had been performed by another lawyer in his office but billed under the

respondent’s name. However, the respondent admitted that paralegal work had been billed

to the PDS as out-of-court attorney time. The respondent acknowledged that he had used

“an improper method to track staff time and such.” He denied committing any intentional

wrongdoing, and asserted that he had thought his accounting methodology was correct.

              After considering the evidence and arguments, the HPS submitted its report

to this Court on August 22, 2019. The HPS concluded that by submitting vouchers where

he claimed he billed thirty hours on five dates, twenty-four hours on sixteen dates, twenty

hours on forty-seven dates, and fifteen hours on ninety-six dates, the respondent violated

the Rule of Professional Conduct requiring that a lawyer’s fees shall be reasonable, RPC

1.5(a).7

       6
       Because the respondent missed the deadline to disclose his witnesses and exhibits,
the ODC moved to exclude presentation of the same. During a pre-trial hearing, the
respondent indicated that he did not have any witnesses or exhibits to offer beyond what
the ODC had already disclosed. Accordingly, the HPS granted the ODC’s motion.
       7
          The respondent’s misconduct was committed prior to the January 1, 2015,
amendments to the Rules of Professional Conduct. The version of the Rule applicable to
this case, RPC 1.5(a) (1990), provides:

              Rule 1.5. Fees.
                                             8
                The HPS also concluded that because the respondent should have known how

to properly submit billing vouchers under the statute, but he nonetheless submitted

inaccurate and improper vouchers representing time for paralegals as attorney time to the

circuit court for approval, he violated the ethics rule requiring candor toward a tribunal,

RPC 3.3(a)(1) (1989).8

                Furthermore, the HPS concluded that the respondent engaged in a pattern and

practice of submitting vouchers and claims for fees wherein he knowingly billed paralegal

                (a) A lawyer’s fee shall be reasonable. The factors to be
                considered in determining the reasonableness of a fee include
                the following:
                (1) the time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the
                questions involved, and skill requisite to perform the legal
                service properly;
                (2) the likelihood, if apparent to the client, that the acceptance
                of the particular employment will preclude other employment
                by the lawyer;
                (3) the fee customarily charged in the locality for similar legal
                services;
                (4) the amount involved and results obtained;
                (5) the time limitations imposed by the client or by the
                circumstances;
                (6) the nature and length of the professional relationship with
                the client;
                (7) the experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyer or
                lawyers performing the services; and
                (8) whether the fee is fixed or contingent.
       8
           RPC 3.3(a)(1) (1989) provides:

                Rule 3.3. Candor toward the tribunal.
                (a) A lawyer shall not knowingly:
                (1) make a false statement of material fact or law to a
                tribunal[.]
                                                9
services at an attorney rate, and he therefore failed to accurately comply with West Virginia

Code § 29-21-13a. The HPS concluded that these actions were misconduct prejudicial to

the administration of justice in violation of RPC 8.4(d) (1995).9

                In addition, the HPS found that “in an effort to avoid inquiry into his over-

billing to PDS that would subject him to disciplinary action, Respondent knowingly

deceived and intentionally made false statements to PDS regarding” self-reporting his

conduct to the ODC. The HPS also concluded that the respondent made an initial

representation to the ODC regarding the self-report clause of the Conciliation Agreement

that was misleading. For this conduct, the HPS concluded that the respondent violated RPC

       9
           RPC 8.4(d) (1995) provides:

                Rule 8.4. Misconduct
                It is professional misconduct for a lawyer to:
                . . . (d) engage in conduct that is prejudicial to the
                administration of justice[.]
                                                10
8.1(a),10 which prohibits false statements to the ODC, and RPC 8.4(c), which prohibits

dishonesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresentation.11

              Finally, the HPS rejected one of the charges set forth in the Statement of

Charges against the respondent. The Investigative Panel had alleged that “[b]ecause

Respondent committed criminal acts of fraudulent schemes in violation of W.Va. Code §

61-3-24d [(1995)], Respondent violated Rule 8.4(b) of the Rules of Professional Conduct.”

West Virginia Code § 61-3-24d is a criminal statute, and Rule 8.4(b) prohibits a lawyer

from committing criminal acts that reflect adversely on the lawyer’s honesty,

       10
         The HPS concluded that the respondent’s violation of Rule 8.1(a) occurred both
before and after the January 1, 2015, amendments to the RPC. However, both the 1989 and
2015 versions of Rule 8.1(a) are the same:

              Rule 8.1. Bar admission and disciplinary matters.
              An applicant for admission to the bar, or a lawyer in connection
              with a bar admission application or in connection with a
              disciplinary matter, shall not:
              (a) knowingly make a false statement of material fact[.]
       11
         The HPS concluded that the respondent’s violation of Rule 8.4(c) occurred both
before and after the January 1, 2015, amendments to the RPC. However, both the 1995 and
2015 versions of Rule 8.4(c) are the same:

              Rule 8.4. Misconduct.
              It is professional misconduct for a lawyer to:
              . . . (c) engage in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit
              or misrepresentation[.]
                                            11
trustworthiness or fitness. The HPS found no merit to this charge because the respondent

had not been convicted of any crimes.12

              After hearing the evidence, the HPS found that the respondent had acted

intentionally and knowingly, but not deceitfully or fraudulently, when he wrongly

submitted vouchers to the presiding courts and to the PDS that claimed paralegal time as

lawyer time. However, the HPS found that the respondent’s false statements to Mr. Eddy

and to the ODC regarding self-reporting were intentional, knowing, fraudulent, deceitful,

and for the purpose of misleading.

              For his violations of the Rules, the HPS recommended that this Court

suspend the respondent from the practice of law for two years; require him to comply with

Rule of Lawyer Disciplinary Procedure (“RLDP”) 3.28 specifying the duties of a lawyer

who is suspended; require that prior to filing a petition for reinstatement, the respondent

shall complete six additional hours of continuing legal education in the area of ethics;

require that prior to filing a petition for reinstatement, the respondent shall pay the costs of

       12
          Initially, the ODC notified the Court that it had no objection to the HPS Report.
However, in its brief, the ODC now states that the HPS’s decision regarding the application
of Rule 8.4(b) was incorrect. The ODC does not cite any authority for this position, and
makes only the vaguest of legal arguments about this. Under the specific facts of this case,
we accept the HPS’s recommendation to dismiss the charge accusing the respondent of
violating Rule 8.4(b). See Lawyer Disciplinary Bd. v. Kupec, 202 W.Va. 556, 505 S.E.2d
619 (1998) (recognizing that only Supreme Court, and not Hearing Panel Subcommittee,
has authority to dismiss formal lawyer disciplinary charge).
                                              12
this disciplinary proceeding; and order that if the respondent should be reinstated to the

practice of law, he be prohibited from engaging in work compensated through PDS. The

ODC filed a notice with our Court indicating that it had no objection to the HPS’s report.

However, the respondent objected and this matter was set for oral argument.

                                  II. Standard of Review

              The standards we use to decide a lawyer disciplinary matter are well settled:

                      A de novo standard applies to a review of the
              adjudicatory record made before the [Hearing Panel
              Subcommittee of the Lawyer Disciplinary Board] as to
              questions of law, questions of application of the law to the
              facts, and questions of appropriate sanctions; this Court gives
              respectful     consideration   to    the    [Hearing      Panel
              Subcommittee’s]       recommendations      while     ultimately
              exercising its own independent judgment. On the other hand,
              substantial deference is given to the [Hearing Panel
              Subcommittee’s] findings of fact, unless such findings are not
              supported by reliable, probative, and substantial evidence on
              the whole record.

Syl. Pt. 3, Comm. on Legal Ethics v. McCorkle, 192 W.Va. 286, 452 S.E.2d 377 (1994).

While we respectfully consider the HPS’s recommendations on the appropriate sanction to

impose, “[t]his Court is the final arbiter of legal ethics problems and must make the ultimate

decisions about public reprimands, suspensions or annulments of attorneys’ licenses to

practice law.” Syl. Pt. 3, Comm. on Legal Ethics v. Blair, 174 W.Va. 494, 327 S.E.2d 671

(1984). Finally, we are mindful that RLDP 3.7 requires the ODC to prove the allegations

in a Statement of Charges by clear and convincing evidence. Syl. Pt. 1, Lawyer

                                             13
Disciplinary Bd. v. McGraw, 194 W.Va. 788, 461 S.E.2d 850 (1995). With these

considerations in mind, we address this lawyer disciplinary matter.

                                      III. Discussion

              It is not entirely clear from the respondent’s brief13 whether he challenges

only the sanction recommended by the HPS, or both the sanction and the HPS’s

conclusions of law regarding the violations of specific Rules of Professional Conduct.

Accordingly, we will address both.

A. Rule Violations

              As explained herein, upon reviewing the record and considering the parties’

arguments, we agree with the HPS’s conclusion that the respondent has violated multiple

Rules. The respondent’s misconduct can be categorized into two general areas that we will

separately discuss: the submission of false billing vouchers to circuit courts and the PDS,

and the making of false representations of fact to Mr. Eddy and the ODC about self-

reporting his misconduct.

              Several of the respondent’s billing vouchers are obviously false, if not

impossible. There were many dates when he billed the PDS for twenty or twenty-four hours

       13
         The respondent filed his brief with this Court pro se, but obtained counsel for the
oral argument.
                                            14
in a single day, and on five dates he billed for more than twenty-four hours in a single day.

The volume of days with extreme billable hours belies any notion that these charges were

mere errors. There is undisputed evidence to establish that when the respondent’s non-

attorney employees performed work, the respondent would bill the PDS for this work by

representing that he had performed the work and by charging the attorney hourly rate of

pay. The respondent’s billing practices were in direct violation of West Virginia Code §

29-21-13a(d), which specifies different reimbursement rates for attorney time and for

paralegal time. They were also violative of the requirement in § 29-21-13a(a) that attorneys

maintain “accurate” records of time and expenses, and of the provision in § 29-21-13a(d)

allowing an attorney to be compensated by the PDS for “actual” time and expenses.

              Unfortunately, these were not isolated instances of inaccurate billing. In his

Conciliation Agreement with the PDS, the respondent acknowledged that this was his

“business model” in order to make enough money on court-appointed cases.14 In the

Conciliation Agreement, he admitted that he billed paralegal time at the higher attorney

rate because otherwise, “his office loses money when using staff to perform such services

       14
          In this disciplinary case, the respondent asserts that the term “business model”
was used by his staff member, and not by himself, during their initial meeting with Mr.
Eddy. However, the Conciliation Agreement expressly provides that “Grindo disclosed that
the business model for the law firm consisted of” billing for non-attorney work “at the rates
of compensation for ‘attorney work’ . . . because, Grindo claims that, otherwise, his office
loses money[.]” The respondent signed the Conciliation Agreement in two places. Thus,
while he may not have personally spoken the words “business model,” he has assented to
this characterization.
                                             15
at the rates permitted for paralegal services under the provisions of the Governing Act.”

Because the out-of-court attorney rate of forty-five dollars per hour was more than double

the maximum paralegal rate of twenty dollars per hour, the respondent received a

significant financial benefit from this illegal practice. The respondent agreed to reimburse

the PDS a substantial amount, forty thousand dollars, for overbilling his paralegals’ time

over a two-year period. This amount was reached pursuant to a negotiated settlement, and

Mr. Eddy indicated that the actual amount of false billing was certainly higher.

              This overbilling constituted misrepresentations of fact to both the circuit

court judges who reviewed and approved the vouchers, and to the PDS who paid the

vouchers with taxpayer money. Because the respondent billed his daily time across

different cases, the overbilling would not have been evident to a circuit court judge when

reviewing a voucher for a single case. The overbilling was not discovered by the PDS until

it acquired new software.

              In his brief to this Court, the respondent argues that his actions do not

constitute willful violations of the Rules. He contends that he and his staff performed the

work on the appointed criminal cases, but as the result of “an unfortunate mistake,” his

office used incorrect billing procedures. We reject this argument and the characterization

of his practices as simply a “mistake.” The respondent, an experienced attorney, was

                                            16
obligated to follow the statutory law regarding billing the PDS, and West Virginia Code §

29-21-13a(d) very clearly establishes different rates for attorney time and paralegal time.15

Moreover, we find it incredible that an attorney would think that billing for staff work at

an attorney’s higher hourly rate would be an acceptable practice.

                The fact that work may have been performed on the clients’ cases, albeit by

nonlawyers, does not excuse the respondent’s unethical billing practices. In Lawyer

Disciplinary Board v. Cooke, 239 W.Va. 40, 799 S.E.2d 117 (2017), we considered a

lawyer disciplinary case where a lawyer overbilled the PDS by engaging in “value billing.”

In other words, the lawyer performed the work but instead of billing for the actual time

spent, he reported a larger amount of time on his PDS vouchers in order to be compensated

more closely to what he considered the value of each task. See id. at 45, 799 S.E.2d at 122.

In concluding that Mr. Cooke violated the Rules, our Court “emphatically” rejected the

excuse that the work had actually been performed. See id. at 52 n.39, 799 S.E.2d at 129

n.39. We emphasized that the statute only authorizes compensation for “actual and

necessary time expended for services performed and expenses incurred[.]” Id. (quoting

W.Va. Code § 29-21-13a(a)).

                In the case before us, the “actual” work performed was work by paralegals,

not by lawyers. Indeed, there is no effective difference between the “value billing” in Cooke

       15
            See supra n. 2.
                                             17
and the respondent’s “business model” of billing his paralegals’ time at a higher rate. In

both scenarios, the work may have been performed, but the taxpayers are being charged

substantially more than the law allows. The respondent even admitted in the Conciliation

Agreement that this “business model” was for financial gain; otherwise, his firm would

lose money.

                As such, we agree with the HPS that the respondent’s billing practices

violated Rules 1.5(a), 3.3(a)(1), and 8.4(d) of the Rules. The respondent violated Rule

1.5(a)16 because it is unreasonable to charge an hourly rate for more hours than a person

has actually worked, and it is unreasonable to charge a fee contrary to state law. The

respondent displayed a lack of candor toward the tribunal in violation of Rule 3.3(a)(1)17

by submitting inaccurate vouchers to circuit courts for approval. His pattern and practice

of knowingly billing paralegal services at an attorney rate, in clear violation of state law,

was prejudicial to the administration of justice in violation of Rule 8.4(d).18

                As to the remaining charges, the respondent promised Mr. Eddy that he

would self-report his misconduct to the ODC. Subsequently, he falsely told Mr. Eddy that

he had already reported himself to the ODC. These actions were obviously made for the

       16
            See supra n. 7.
       17
            See supra n. 8.
       18
            See supra n. 9.
                                             18
purpose of deceiving Mr. Eddy so that Mr. Eddy would not file an ethics complaint.19 In

addition, when the ODC became aware of this matter and contacted the respondent, his

initial response mischaracterized what had occurred. Instead of acknowledging that he had

lied to Mr. Eddy, the respondent falsely told the ODC that he simply “didn’t recall” saying

that he had self-reported. The evidence supports the HPS’s finding that the respondent’s

misrepresentations were intentional, knowing, fraudulent, deceitful, and for the purpose of

misleading.

                Accordingly, we agree with the HPS’s conclusion that the respondent

engaged in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresentation in violation of

Rule 8.4(c)20, and that he knowingly provided false information in connection with a

disciplinary matter in violation of Rule 8.1(a).21

B. Sanction

                Having concluded that the respondent violated multiple Rules of Professional

Conduct for his improper and dishonest billing and for his misrepresentations, we turn to

the question of what sanction should be imposed. As set forth above, the HPS recommends

       19
          As a licensed attorney himself, Mr. Eddy is subject to RPC 8.3(a) regarding
reporting unethical conduct. See supra, n. 4.
       20
            See supra n. 11.
       21
            See supra n. 10.
                                             19
a two-year suspension from the practice of law, along with other penalties. The ODC

supports this recommendation. The respondent asks our Court to impose a less-severe

sanction that does not include a suspension from the practice of law. He does not

specifically challenge other aspects of the recommended sanction, such as the provision

that would prohibit him from engaging in future work compensated by the PDS.

              Our goal in imposing lawyer discipline is not simply the punishment of the

offending lawyer; a sanction must also be designed to deter the conduct of other lawyers

and to restore the public’s confidence in our system.

                     In deciding on the appropriate disciplinary action for
              ethical violations, this Court must consider not only what steps
              would appropriately punish the respondent attorney, but also
              whether the discipline imposed is adequate to serve as an
              effective deterrent to other members of the Bar and at the same
              time restore public confidence in the ethical standards of the
              legal profession.

Syl. Pt. 3, Comm. on Legal Ethics v. Walker, 178 W.Va. 150, 358 S.E.2d 234 (1987). The

determination of an appropriate sanction is guided by syllabus point four of Office of

Lawyer Disciplinary Counsel v. Jordan, 204 W.Va. 495, 513 S.E.2d 722 (1998):

                     Rule 3.16 of the West Virginia Rules of Lawyer
              Disciplinary Procedure enumerates factors to be considered in
              imposing sanctions and provides as follows: “In imposing a
              sanction after a finding of lawyer misconduct, unless otherwise
              provided in these rules, the Court [West Virginia Supreme
              Court of Appeals] or Board [Lawyer Disciplinary Board] shall
              consider the following factors: (1) whether the lawyer has
              violated a duty owed to a client, to the public, to the legal
              system, or to the profession; (2) whether the lawyer acted
              intentionally, knowingly, or negligently; (3) the amount of the

                                            20
              actual or potential injury caused by the lawyer’s misconduct;
              and (4) the existence of any aggravating or mitigating factors.”

              With regard to the first Jordan factor, the HPS found that the respondent

violated his duties to his clients, the public, the legal system, and the legal profession. The

HPS correctly observed that members of the public are entitled to expect that lawyers will

exhibit the highest standards of honesty and integrity and will not engage in illegal or

improper conduct. Moreover, public money was used to pay for the respondent’s

overbilling. “This Court considers the protection of the public and the State coffers of

paramount importance, particularly as pertains to lawyer disciplinary matters.” Cooke, 239

W.Va. at 55, 799 S.E.2d at 132. As to the second Jordan factor, the HPS found “no

question” that the respondent had acted intentionally and knowingly as it relates to the

submission of the improper vouchers to circuit courts and the PDS. The HPS concluded

that the respondent “acted with the intent to submit non-attorney staff time at a rate nearly

triple the compensable amount for his own financial gain.” With regard to the false

representations about reporting his conduct to the ODC, the HPS found that these actions

were intentionally made for the purpose of misleading Mr. Eddy and the ODC. When

addressing the third Jordan factor, the HPS found that there is potential injury to the

respondent’s former criminal clients because it is possible they could be ordered to

reimburse the State for amounts that were over-billed. Moreover, the HPS found that

overbilling by the respondent and other lawyers has caused real injury to the legal system

by contributing to the bad reputation of court-appointed attorneys. We agree with the

HPS’s application of the first three Jordan factors.

                                              21
              The fourth Jordan factor takes into account any aggravating or mitigating

evidence relevant to the issue of what sanction should be imposed. “Aggravating factors in

a lawyer disciplinary proceeding are any considerations or factors that may justify an

increase in the degree of discipline to be imposed.” Syl. Pt. 4, Lawyer Disciplinary Bd. v.

Scott, 213 W.Va. 209, 579 S.E.2d 550 (2003). In contrast, “[m]itigating factors in a lawyer

disciplinary proceeding are any considerations or factors that may justify a reduction in the

degree of discipline to be imposed.” Id. at 209, 579 S.E.2d at 550, syl. pt. 2. Mitigating

factors may include any of the following:

                     Mitigating factors which may be considered in
              determining the appropriate sanction to be imposed against a
              lawyer for violating the Rules of Professional Conduct include:
              (1) absence of a prior disciplinary record; (2) absence of a
              dishonest or selfish motive; (3) personal or emotional
              problems; (4) timely good faith effort to make restitution or to
              rectify consequences of misconduct; (5) full and free
              disclosure to disciplinary board or cooperative attitude toward
              proceedings; (6) inexperience in the practice of law; (7)
              character or reputation; (8) physical or mental disability or
              impairment; (9) delay in disciplinary proceedings; (10) interim
              rehabilitation; (11) imposition of other penalties or sanctions;
              (12) remorse; and (13) remoteness of prior offenses.

Id. at 210, 579 S.E.2d 551, syl. pt. 3.

              The HPS found the presence of several aggravating factors in this case, and

we agree. Most notably, the respondent has been the recipient of prior lawyer discipline.

In June 2013, this Court publically reprimanded him for his conduct in two separate cases

where he failed to act diligently, failed to expedite his clients’ cases, and failed to comply

with court orders requiring him to file briefs. See Lawyer Disciplinary Bd. v. Grindo, 231

                                             22
W.Va. 365, 745 S.E.2d 256 (2013). The Court recognized the presence of case law that

would support imposing a thirty-day suspension, but the sanction was reduced to a public

reprimand because of the presence of mitigating factors. These factors included that the

respondent’s time had been occupied with a seriously ill family member, he had already

hired additional employees to work in the firm, and he had hired a law office management

expert to improve firm practices. Id. at 371, 745 S.E.3d at 262.22

                Additionally, on December 16, 2009, the Investigative Panel admonished the

respondent regarding his conduct in four separate cases. An Investigative Panel

admonishment is “aggravating just like any other disciplinary action.” Lawyer Disciplinary

Bd. v. Sturm, 237 W.Va. 115, 128, 785 S.E.2d 821, 834 (2016). In a complaint filed by

Linda M. Steen, the Investigative Panel admonished the respondent for charging an

unreasonable non-refundable retainer, failing to promptly return the unearned fee, and

failing to respond to the ODC. See Investigative Panel Closing Order, No. 08-03-018 (Dec.

16, 2009). In a complaint filed by Charles E. Ball, the Investigative Panel warned the

respondent of his duty to appear at all duly noticed hearings, and admonished the

respondent for failing to respond to the ODC. See Investigative Panel Closing Order, No.

08-01-070 (Dec. 16, 2009). With regard to the complaint filed by Robin L. Goodrich, the

respondent was admonished for failing to keep his client reasonably informed, delaying the

client’s case, and failing to respond to the ODC. See Investigative Panel Closing Order,

       22
            Those mitigating factors are not present in the current case.
                                               23
No. 08-04-234 (Dec. 16, 2009). Finally, in the complaint of Jesse A. Lynch, the respondent

was admonished for failing to respond to the ODC. See Investigative Panel Closing Order,

No. 08-04-413 (Dec. 16, 2009).

              Other aggravating factors include that the respondent was experienced in the

practice of law when he committed these violations, and there were multiple offenses

constituting a pattern of misconduct. The respondent had a duty to understand and follow

the billing statute, which he failed to do. Moreover, the respondent benefitted financially

from his actions, although he did rectify this, at least in part, by eventually complying with

the Conciliation Agreement. Finally, his statements to Mr. Eddy and the ODC regarding

self-reporting were found to be deceitful.

              Although the HPS found the presence of some mitigating factors in this case,

we do not agree. The HPS credited the respondent for cooperating with Mr. Eddy and

entering into the Conciliation Agreement. However, as we observed in another case

involving the submission of false PDS vouchers, entering into a conciliation agreement

with the PDS under these circumstances “amounts to compelled restitution.” Lawyer

Disciplinary Bd. v. Hassan, 241 W.Va. 298, 305, 824 S.E.2d 224, 231 (2019) (refusing to

credit as mitigation a lawyer’s entry into, and compliance with, PDS conciliation

agreement). We also reject the HPS’s consideration of remorse as a mitigating factor in

this case. While claiming remorse, the respondent continues to argue that his illegal billing

practice amounted to nothing more than an “unfortunate mistake.” Finally, we reject the

                                             24
HPS’s recommendation that the respondent should receive any benefit from the fact that

the billed work was actually completed by his staff. Although the work may have been

completed by his paralegal(s), that does not justify his charging the considerably higher

attorney hourly rate in direct violation of state law.

              While no two lawyer disciplinary matters ever present the exact same

circumstances, we nonetheless endeavor to impose similar discipline for similar

misconduct. Unfortunately, this Court has had the opportunity to consider other PDS

overbilling cases in recent years. As discussed above, in Cooke an attorney was “value

billing” his work to the PDS. Cooke, 239 W.Va. 40, 799 S.E.2d 117. Like the respondent,

Mr. Cooke had many days where he billed an obviously false number of hours to the PDS,

including five days with over twenty hours of billable time and two days that were over

twenty-four hours of billable time. Id. at 50, 799 S.E.2d at 127. Mr. Cooke also had

instances of billing for the same travel in multiple cases. Id. Also similar to the respondent,

Mr. Cooke’s billing practices were intentional and conducted for the purpose of financial

gain. Id. Furthermore, Mr. Cooke committed unethical acts in two others other matters. In

an abuse and neglect case, he ignored a court order to file his guardian ad litem brief. Id.

at 43, 799 S.E.2d at 120. In a property case, he failed to communicate with his client, failed

to properly terminate the representation, failed to hold client money in a client trust

account, and failed to promptly refund the client’s retainer. Id. at 47, 799 S.E.2d at 124.

For his unethical conduct, Mr. Cooke was suspended from the practice of law for two years,

among other sanctions. Id. at 55-56, 799 S.E.2d at 132-33. Critically, we explained in

                                              25
Cooke that “with respect to fraudulent billing, suspensions of years, rather than months are

the presumptive sanction. This Court considers the protection of the public and the State

coffers of paramount importance, particularly as pertains to lawyer disciplinary matters.”

Id. at 55, 799 S.E.2d at 132. As additional sanctions, Mr. Cooke was required to complete

extra continuing legal education; was required to pay the costs of the disciplinary

proceeding; and if he is reinstated, he must practice under the supervision of another

attorney for one year. Id. at 55-56, 799 S.E.2d at 132-33.

              In Hassan, a lawyer was suspended from the practice of law for six months

for overbilling the PDS on multiple dates—including several days where the number of

hours billed were in excess of twenty-four hours. 241 W.Va. at 301, 824 S.E.2d at 227. As

in the instant case, Mr. Hassan admitted using improper billing practices because,

otherwise, he would lose money on appointed cases. Id. at 305 n.22, 824 S.E.2d at 231

n.22. Nonetheless, there are critical distinctions between the Hassan case and that of the

respondent. Mr. Hassan self-reported his conduct to the ODC, did not lie to anyone about

self-reporting, and stipulated to his violations of the Rules of Professional Conduct.

Moreover, Mr. Hassan had not received any prior lawyer discipline and did not have any

instances of double-billing his travel expenses. Id. at 305-06, 824 S.E.2d at 231-32.

              In yet another case, we suspended a lawyer for two years for overbilling the

PDS. See Lawyer Disciplinary Bd. v. Jacovetty, No. 18-0365 (W.Va. Apr. 11, 2019)

(unpublished order). Mr. Jacovetty entered into a conciliation agreement to repay the PDS

                                            26
$127,772. He also failed to self-report his conduct, had a prior Investigative Panel

admonishment, and had substantial experience in the practice of law.

              During oral argument, the respondent’s counsel urged this Court to impose

the same sanction as was imposed in Lawyer Disciplinary Board v. Ahlborn, Nos. 18-0334

and 18-0589 (W.Va. Jan. 30, 2020) (unpublished order). The sanction in that case was a

six-month suspension, with all six months deferred while the lawyer serves two years of

probation with the State Bar; two years of supervised practice; compliance with a five-year

monitoring agreement with the West Virginia Judicial Lawyer Assistance Program

(“WVJLAP”); and costs. However, the circumstances underlying Ahlborn are drastically

different from the respondent’s case.23 In Ahlborn, the lawyer exhibited a lack of diligence

and a failure to communicate with clients, and she submitted PDS vouchers that contained

some days with an excessive number of billable hours. The HPS found that the lawyer had

fallen behind in completing her PDS vouchers and when re-constructing the time for work

that she had performed, she mistakenly double-billed some work or ascribed some work to

the wrong dates. Although the vouchers were improper and the lawyer had violated the

RPC, the HPS characterized the actions as “mistakes” and “unintentional errors” resulting

from being “disorganized, careless and negligent in maintaining time and billing

       23
          Because the respondent urges this Court to consider our unpublished Ahlborn
order as precedent, we refer to the “Finding of Fact, Conclusions of Law and
Recommended Sanctions of the Hearing Panel Subcommittee” that formed the basis for
the sanction in that case.
                                            27
records[.]” Moreover, after considering the evidence and the stipulations of the parties, the

HPS determined that the lawyer was suffering from a medical condition that could be

remedied through participation with WVJLAP. By contrast, the respondent had a business

model of billing paralegal work at illegal rates, he lied about self-reporting, and there are

no factors to mitigate his sanction.

              In our final analysis, we are persuaded to impose a significant period of

suspension in this case not only because the respondent overbilled the PDS, but also

because he lied to Mr. Eddy and the ODC in an effort to avoid facing the consequences of

his actions. “[N]o single transgression reflects more negatively on the legal profession than

a lie.” Lawyer Disciplinary Bd. v. Munoz, 240 W.Va. 42, 51, 807 S.E.2d 290, 299 (2017)

(quoting Astles’ Case, 594 A.2d 167 (N.H. 1991)). “Respect for our profession is

diminished with every deceitful act of a lawyer.” Munoz at 51, 807 S.E.2d at 299 (quoting

Disciplinary Counsel v. Fowerbaugh, 658 N.E.2d 237, 239 (Ohio 1995)). Because of this

dishonesty, we conclude that this case is more akin to Cooke than it is to Hassan or

Ahlborn.

              Upon consideration of all of the above, we determine that a two-year

suspension from the practice of law, along with the other recommendations, is appropriate.

Accordingly, we adopt the HPS’s recommended sanction.

                                             28
                                      IV. Conclusion

              For the foregoing reasons, we order the following:

              (1) The respondent is suspended from the practice of law for a period of two

years.24

              (2) The respondent shall comply with the provisions of Rule of Lawyer

Disciplinary Procedure 3.28 regarding the duties of a suspended lawyer.

              (3) Prior to filing a petition for reinstatement, the respondent shall complete

six additional hours of continuing legal education in the area of ethics.

              (4) Prior to filing a petition for reinstatement, the respondent shall pay the

costs of this disciplinary proceeding.

              (5) If the respondent should be reinstated to the practice of law, he shall be

prohibited from engaging in work compensated through West Virginia Public Defender

Services.

                                         Two-year suspension and other sanctions ordered

       24
          Because of the length of the suspension, the respondent must petition for
reinstatement to the practice of law in accordance with RLDP 3.32.
                                             29