Court Opinion

ID: 2967157
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 02:02:55.795781+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:43:12.474208
License: Public Domain

PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

RUSSEL WILLIAM BURKET,
Petitioner-Appellant,

v.
                                                                   No. 99-7
RONALD ANGELONE, Director,
Virginia Department of Corrections,
Respondent-Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Norfolk.
Raymond A. Jackson, District Judge.
(CA-97-235-2)

Argued: November 30, 1999

Decided: March 27, 2000

Before LUTTIG and MOTZ, Circuit Judges,
and HAMILTON, Senior Circuit Judge.

_________________________________________________________________

Dismissed by published opinion. Senior Judge Hamilton wrote the
opinion, in which Judge Luttig and Judge Motz joined.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Mark Evan Olive, THE LAW OFFICES OF MARK E.
OLIVE, P.A., Tallahassee, Florida, for Appellant. Robert Quentin
Harris, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Richmond, Vir-
ginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Timothy P. Schardl, THE LAW
OFFICES OF MARK E. OLIVE, P.A., Tallahassee, Florida; Andrew
A. Protogyrou, KNIGHT, DUDLEY, CLARK & DOLPH, Norfolk,
Virginia, for Appellant. Mark L. Earley, Attorney General of Vir-
ginia, Robert H. Anderson, III, Assistant Attorney General, OFFICE
OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Richmond, Virginia, for Appel-
lee.

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

HAMILTON, Senior Circuit Judge:

On January 19, 1994, in the Circuit Court for Virginia Beach, Vir-
ginia, Russel William Burket (Burket) pled guilty to, inter alia, capi-
tal murder, see Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-31. For that crime, the state trial
court sentenced him to death. After exhausting his state remedies,
Burket filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus, see 28 U.S.C. § 2254,1
in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia,
which the district court dismissed.2 Burket appeals. Because Burket
has failed to make a substantial showing of the denial of a constitu-
tional right, see id. § 2253(c)(2), we deny his application for a certifi-
cate of appealability and dismiss the appeal.
_________________________________________________________________
1 Burket named Ronald Angelone, Director of the Virginia Department
of Corrections, as Respondent. For ease of reference, we will refer to
Respondent as "the Commonwealth" throughout this opinion.
2 Because Burket's petition for writ of habeas corpus was filed after the
April 24, 1996 enactment of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Pen-
alty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214, the
amendments to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 effected by section 104 of the AEDPA
govern the resolution of this appeal. See Mueller v. Angelone, 181 F.3d
557, 565-69 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 120 S. Ct. 37 (1999); Green v.
French, 143 F.3d 865, 868 (4th Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 119 S. Ct. 844
(1999); see also Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 336 (1997) (holding that
habeas petitions filed prior to the effective date of the AEDPA are not
governed by the Chapter 153 AEDPA amendments). The Common-
wealth does not maintain that the provisions of section 107 of the
AEDPA (including the more stringent procedural default provisions)
apply.

                   2
I

A

As found by the Virginia Supreme Court on direct appeal, the facts
of this case are as follows:

         On January 14, 1993, about 2:00 p.m., Terry Cain placed a
         telephone call to Barbara Pullman, who is Katherine Tafel-
         ski's mother. Cain informed Pullman that Cain's three-year
         old daughter, Chelsea Brothers, had spent the night with
         Katherine Tafelski and her children. Mrs. Tafelski had
         agreed to take Chelsea to school on the morning of January
         14, but had failed to do so. Pullman placed a telephone call
         to her daughter's home, but she received an answering
         machine recording, "which was not normal." Pullman
         decided to go to her daughter's residence to ascertain why
         she had not taken Chelsea to school.

         When Pullman arrived at her daughter's home, she was
         unable to gain entry because the front door was locked. Joan
         Poillon, who lived in the neighborhood, began to help Pull-
         man gain access to the residence. As they tried to enter the
         front door, they heard Chelsea crying. Chelsea was inside
         the home, but was unable to open the front door because of
         her age and diminutive stature.

         Pullman and Poillon went to the rear of the house and dis-
         covered that the back door was open. When they entered the
         house, Chelsea ran to them crying. They observed that Chel-
         sea had suffered a facial injury.

         Pullman and Poillon began to search the house in an attempt
         to locate Katherine Tafelski; her daughter, Ashley Tafelski,
         age five; and her son, Andrew J. Tafelski, Jr., age three.
         Pullman and Poillon found Katherine Tafelski's partially
         nude body, covered in blood, lying on her bed. It was appar-
         ent that she had been struck numerous times in the head and
         sexually assaulted with some type of object. The white

                   3
sweatshirt that she had been wearing was ripped in several
places and soaked with blood.

Pullman ran to the kitchen area of the residence and placed
a telephone call to the police. Poillon continued to search for
the children. Poillon entered Ashley Tafelski's bedroom,
and discovered Ashley's body lying in her bed with her
hand hanging over the side of the bed and a large pool of
blood beneath her. It appeared that Ashley had been struck
several times in the head with a hard object. A small piece
of bone fragment, "coupled with hair and blood," was near
the foot of Ashley's bed.

Poillon found Andrew Tafelski, Jr., in his bedroom, lying in
the top bunk bed. He was suffering from numerous head and
facial injuries, but he was still conscious.

After the police arrived at the residence, Detective Shawn
Hoffman and another officer conducted a search of the area
surrounding the residence. A trained dog located a track that
extended from the rear utility room of the house to a
wooded area behind the home. An officer found an old
double-barrel shotgun in the woods. The shotgun had been
removed from the Tafelski's [sic] residence.

The intruder's apparent point of entry was a door located in
the back of the Tafelskis' residence. The door contained
numerous fresh tool marks. These tool marks were of a sim-
ilar pattern and shape as marks found on the bodies of Kath-
erine and Ashley Tafelski.

The bodies of Katherine and Ashley Tafelski were taken to
the Norfolk Crime Lab for autopsies and forensic examina-
tion. Dr. Leah Linda Elizabeth Bush, assistant chief medical
examiner, performed the autopsies.

The autopsy of Katherine Tafelski's body revealed the fol-
lowing. Her head had been struck six or seven times with an
object of significant weight. The skull was completely

          4
        crushed, and it appeared that massive force had been
        applied.

        She had marks on her right upper inner thigh that, upon
        observation, appeared to resemble a belt buckle. She had
        suffered vaginal and anal penetration by an inanimate
        object. The vaginal penetration was made with an object
        ranging in diameter from one-half to two inches and pene-
        trating to a length of twenty-one inches. The object, later
        identified as an automotive tool3 about thirty inches long
        and containing a "screwdriver tip," perforated the victim's
        posterior vaginal wall, the left iliac artery, the left iliopsoas
        muscle, the small bowel mesentery, the omentum, the stom-
        ach, the left posterior hemidiaphragm, and the left periaortic
        soft tissue with intimal and medial aortic transection. A gray
        substance with a greasy consistency was found at the
        entrance of the victim's anal cavity.

        Dr. Bush found a small piece of "bark/wood" while examin-
        ing the victim's internal organs. Four or five abrasions, two
        of which contained small lacerations, were present on the
        victim's right side. Dr. Bush noted that either the blunt force
        trauma to the victim's head or the injury to her vaginal area
        and its related perforations would have been sufficient to
        cause death.

          The autopsy of Ashley Tafelski's body revealed the follow-
          ing. Ashley suffered massive head injuries that were
          inflicted by the same object that was used to kill her mother.
          She had four or five lacerations to her head. Two of the head
          wounds evidenced a "knurled" pattern on the skin. One of
          the wounds to Ashley's head did not break the skin, but
          crushed the skull underneath. Two of the wounds to Ash-
          ley's head evidenced markings consistent with the tool
          marks found at the point of entry at the residence. Dr. Bush
          determined that the cause of Ashley's death was blunt force
          trauma to her head.
_________________________________________________________________
3 The automotive tool is also described in the record as a "rusted metal
pry bar."

                   5
Andrew Tafelski, Jr., suffered a double break in his jaw, at
the joint and at the tip. He also had a wound above one of
his eyes. Chelsea Brothers suffered bruises to her head, face,
and body.

A blue washcloth was found in the room near Katherine
Tafelski's body. Lynn S. Baird, a forensic scientist, exam-
ined the washcloth and determined that spermatozoa were
present. Robert W. Scanlon, a forensic scientist, determined,
by using DNA tests, that the spermatozoa found on the
washcloth stain were consistent with Russel Burket's DNA
profile. Approximately 7.8 percent of the Caucasian popula-
tion possess the same HLA DQa type as found in the exam-
ined stain.

Chelsea Brothers told Officer M.C. Stewart that"the bad
man had a gun and a dog." Chelsea stated, while being
transported to the ambulance for treatment of her injuries,
that she was afraid of "the dog, the big dog. There is a dog
out there." Chelsea added that the dog was "out there on the
house, on the roof." Burket and his parents, who live next
door to the Tafelski residence, had several large dogs in
their backyard that frequently peered over a privacy fence
surrounding their property. Numerous police personnel
observed these dogs sitting on the roofs of their pens.

As several officers began to search the Tafelski residence
for physical evidence, they noticed that a man, later identi-
fied as Burket, looked at them for several minutes before
entering his residence. This occurred several times. On one
occasion, Burket began to walk toward two of the police
officers, and he was advised to return to his home.

Later that day, Detective K.P. Rexroad spoke with Burket in
his home. During this discussion, Burket said that he was
frequently in Mrs. Tafelski's home to perform odd jobs for
the family whenever her husband was out of town. Burket
stated that he was outside of his residence around midnight
on January 13, 1993, but that he had not seen anything
unusual.

          6
Burket v. Commonwealth, 450 S.E.2d 124, 126-28 (Va. 1994).

B

On July 6, 1993, a City of Virginia Beach grand jury returned two
indictments against Burket. The first indictment charged Burket with
statutory burglary, see Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-90; capital murder, that
is, the willful, deliberate, and premeditated killing of Katherine and
Ashley Tafelski during the same act or transaction, see id. § 18.2-31;
and sexual penetration with an inanimate object, see id. § 18.2-67.2.
In the other indictment, Burket was charged with two counts of mali-
cious wounding, see id. § 18.2-51, one for the malicious wounding of
Andrew Tafelski, Jr., the other for the malicious wounding of Chelsea
Brothers.

On August 3, 1993, Burket moved to suppress his videotaped con-
fession. On September 13 and 14, 1993, the state trial court held a
hearing on Burket's motion. At the conclusion of the hearing, the
state trial court denied the motion.

On January 19, 1994, Burket pled guilty to all counts, reserving the
right to challenge on appeal the admissibility of his confession. At the
plea hearing, the state trial court found that Burket's pleas of guilty
were made voluntarily, intelligently, and knowingly.

At sentencing, the state trial court heard evidence in aggravation
and mitigation of the capital murder count. Based on findings of Bur-
ket's future dangerousness and the vileness of the murders, the state
trial court sentenced Burket to death on the capital murder count.4

On direct appeal, the Virginia Supreme Court affirmed Burket's
convictions and sentences. See Burket v. Commonwealth, 450 S.E.2d
at 135.5 On April 3, 1995, the United States Supreme Court denied
_________________________________________________________________
4 The state trial court sentenced Burket to life on the statutory burglary
and sexual penetration with an inanimate object counts, and to twenty
years on each of the malicious wounding counts.
5 On direct appeal, Burket raised the following claims: (1) his confes-
sion was inadmissible under Miranda v. Arizona , 384 U.S. 436 (1966),

                    7
Burket's petition for writ of certiorari. See Burket v. Virginia, 514
U.S. 1053 (1995).

On June 7, 1995, Paul Ray was appointed as counsel to represent
Burket on state habeas. On August 30, 1995, Burket filed his state
habeas petition in the Virginia Supreme Court.6 On September 29,
1995, the Commonwealth moved to dismiss Burket's state habeas
petition. In November 1995, Ray became seriously ill. Thereafter,
Burket filed a motion requesting that an attorney from the Virginia
Capital Representation Resource Center be appointed to represent
him. On March 8, 1996, the Virginia Supreme Court granted the
motion.

On July 19, 1996, Burket filed an amended state habeas petition.
The amended petition alleged the following ten claims: (1) trial coun-
_________________________________________________________________
because he was "in custody" when he stated"I'm gonna need a lawyer"
and the police failed to advise him of his Miranda rights; (2) his right to
counsel was violated when he invoked his right to counsel by stating "I
think I need a lawyer" and the police failed to cease the interrogation; (3)
the police violated his Miranda rights when they continued to converse
with him after he had been advised of his Miranda rights; (4) the state
trial court erred in finding that his waiver of his Miranda rights was vol-
untary, knowing, and intelligent; (5) his rights under Miranda and Michi-
gan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96 (1975), were violated when the police failed
to cease the interrogation after he stated "I just don't think that I should
say anything" and "I need somebody that I can talk to"; (6) the imposi-
tion of the death penalty violates the Cruel and Unusual Punishments
Clause of the Eighth Amendment and the Due Process Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment; (7) his right to a jury trial was denied because
he could not tell the jury how much time he would serve if given a life
sentence; (8) the state trial court erred in finding the Commonwealth's
expert witness, Dr. Paul Mansheim, more credible than his expert wit-
nesses; (9) the state trial court failed to properly consider his mitigating
evidence; and (10) the state trial court erred in allowing Andrew Tafel-
ski, Sr., the husband of Katherine Tafelski and the father of Ashley and
Andrew Tafelski, Jr., to testify during the penalty phase of his trial.
6 The Virginia Supreme Court has exclusive original jurisdiction over
habeas corpus petitions filed by prisoners "held under the sentence of
death." Va. Code Ann. § 8.01-654(c)(1).

                     8
sel operated under several conflicts of interest in violation of Burket's
Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights; (2)
trial counsel abdicated his role to investigate, prepare, and defend
Burket in violation of Burket's Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Four-
teenth Amendment rights; (3) Burket's guilty pleas were not know-
ingly, intelligently, and voluntarily made in violation of his Fifth,
Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights; (4) the state trial
court failed to inquire about Burket's competency and to conduct a
competency hearing in violation of Burket's Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and
Fourteenth Amendment rights; (5) Burket was incompetent during all
critical stages of his trial, and, therefore, his Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and
Fourteenth Amendment rights were violated; (6) the state trial court's
refusal to suppress Burket's confession violated his rights under
Miranda, and his Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendment
rights; (7) Burket was deprived of effective assistance of counsel in
violation of his Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendment
rights; (8) trial counsel unreasonably utilized mental health experts;
(9) Burket was deprived of his right to the effective assistance of
competent mental health experts in violation of his Fifth, Sixth,
Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights; and (10) the prosecution
engaged in various forms of misconduct, including the manner in
which Burket's confession was obtained and the Commonwealth's
introduction of expert testimony regarding Burket's future dangerous-
ness, in violation of Burket's Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth
Amendment rights.

On August 26, 1996, the Commonwealth moved to dismiss Bur-
ket's amended state habeas petition. Numerous exhibits were attached
to the Commonwealth's motion. On September 30, 1996, Burket filed
a reply to the Commonwealth's motion to dismiss. Two affidavits
were attached to Burket's reply. The first affidavit, six pages in
length, was never executed by the affiant. This unexecuted affidavit
apparently was drafted for Burket's father's signature. The unexe-
cuted affidavit describes events concerning Burket's trial counsel's
representation, Burket's guilty pleas, and Burket's mental compe-
tency at the time of his guilty pleas. The other affidavit, one page in
length, was executed by the affiant, Susan Brown, a paralegal in the
Virginia Capital Representation Resource Center. In her affidavit,
Brown states that Burket's father, Lester Burket, Jr. (Lester, Jr.), told
her that the facts set forth in his unexecuted affidavit were true, but

                     9
that Lester, Jr. did not want to sign the affidavit because "his wife
read the affidavit and became very upset, that she thought it would
hurt their son Lester, and that he did not want to do anything that
would further upset her."

On October 4, 1996, Burket filed a motion to strike certain exhibits
that were attached to the Commonwealth's motion to dismiss, or, in
the alternative, for discovery and an evidentiary hearing. On October
8, 1996, the Commonwealth moved to strike the two affidavits
attached to Burket's reply to the Commonwealth's motion to dismiss.

On November 20, 1996, in a two-paragraph order, the Virginia
Supreme Court dismissed Burket's state habeas petition.7 With
respect to claims (1), (2), and (3), the Virginia Supreme Court dis-
missed them under the authority of Anderson v. Warden, 281 S.E.2d
885, 888 (Va. 1981) (holding that a petitioner is not permitted to chal-
lenge on state habeas the truth and accuracy of representations made
by him as to the adequacy of his court-appointed counsel and the vol-
untariness of his guilty plea unless the petitioner offers a valid reason
why he should be permitted to controvert his prior statements). With
respect to claims (3), (4), (5), the portion of claim (6) challenging the
voluntariness of Burket's confession, claim (9), and the portion of
claim (10) challenging the voluntariness of Burket's confession, the
Virginia Supreme Court dismissed them under the authority of Slay-
ton v. Parrigan, 205 S.E.2d 680, 682 (Va. 1974) (holding that a claim
that could have been raised at trial or on direct appeal, but was not,
is not cognizable on state habeas). With respect to that portion of
claim (6) that asserted a violation of Miranda and that portion of
claim (10) that alleged prosecutorial misconduct in obtaining Burket's
confession, the Virginia Supreme Court dismissed these claims under
the authority of Hawks v. Cox, 175 S.E.2d 271, 274 (Va. 1970) (hold-
ing that a claim decided against the petitioner on direct appeal is not
cognizable on state habeas). With respect to claims (7) and (8), the
Virginia Supreme Court dismissed these claims on the basis that they
lacked merit. With respect to the parties' motions to strike, the Vir-
_________________________________________________________________
7 On state habeas, no evidentiary hearing was provided. Sections 8.01-
654(c)(1) & (2) of the Virginia Code permit an evidentiary hearing in the
circuit court only by order of the Virginia Supreme Court, and then only
on the issues enumerated in the order of the Virginia Supreme Court.

                    10
ginia Supreme Court granted the Commonwealth's motion and denied
Burket's. Burket's petition for rehearing was denied by the Virginia
Supreme Court on January 10, 1997.

On June 26, 1997, Burket filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus
in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia.
In his federal habeas petition, Burket asserted claims (1) through (10)
of his amended state habeas petition and requested an evidentiary
hearing.

On September 5, 1997, Burket filed a pro se motion to abandon
further review of his death sentence and to schedule his execution.
After receiving Burket's pro se motion of September 5, 1997, Bur-
ket's counsel conferred with Burket and advised the district court on
September 24, 1997 that Burket did not want to withdraw his federal
habeas petition. However, on October 24 and November 5, 1997, Bur-
ket filed pro se motions to withdraw his federal habeas petition and
to schedule his execution.

On November 6, 1997, the district court held a hearing on Burket's
motions to withdraw his federal habeas petition and to schedule his
execution. At the hearing, Burket expressed his desire to withdraw his
federal habeas petition and to be executed. After Burket testified, Bur-
ket's counsel questioned Burket's mental capacity to make the deci-
sion to withdraw his federal habeas petition. On November 13, 1997,
Burket made yet another motion to withdraw his federal habeas peti-
tion and to schedule his execution.

On January 29, 1998, the district court appointed Dr. Paul Man-
sheim, the psychiatrist that testified for the Commonwealth at Bur-
ket's sentencing, to evaluate Burket and to prepare a report
concerning whether Burket was competent to withdraw his federal
habeas petition. On February 13, 1998, Dr. Mansheim attempted to
meet with Burket and conduct a psychiatric evaluation of him. Burket
refused on the ground that Dr. Mansheim had testified against him at
his sentencing. Thereafter, on February 19, 1998, Burket filed a pro
se motion to appoint another psychiatric expert to evaluate him. On
March 5, 1998, the district court denied Burket's pro se motion to
appoint another psychiatric expert to evaluate him, denied his pro se
motions to withdraw his federal habeas petition and to schedule his

                     11
execution, and directed a United States Magistrate Judge to consider
Burket's federal habeas petition and to issue a report and recommen-
dation.

On July 7, 1998, the magistrate judge to whom the case was
referred recommended that Burket's request for an evidentiary hear-
ing be denied and his federal habeas petition be dismissed. On Febru-
ary 23, 1999, the district court agreed with the magistrate judge's
report and recommendation; accordingly, the district court denied
Burket's request for an evidentiary hearing and dismissed Burket's
federal habeas petition. The district court entered its judgment the fol-
lowing day.

On March 9, 1999, Burket moved to set aside, or, in the alternative,
to alter or amend, the district court's judgment. On April 12, 1999,
the district court denied the motion and entered its judgment the fol-
lowing day. On May 11, 1999, Burket noted a timely appeal. On
August 25, 1999, Burket filed a certificate of appealability in this
court.

II

As noted earlier, because Burket filed his federal habeas petition
after the effective date of the AEDPA, we review his claims under the
AEDPA. See Mueller, 181 F.3d at 565-69; Green, 143 F.3d at 868;
see also Lindh, 521 U.S. at 336. Under § 2254(d)(1), federal courts
are prohibited from granting habeas relief on "any claim that was
adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings unless the adjudi-
cation of the claim . . . resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or
involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal
law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States." See
Green, 143 F.3d at 868-76 (explaining application of § 2254(d)(1)).8
Application of this standard requires a thorough review of the law
_________________________________________________________________
8 In October 1999, the Supreme Court heard argument in a case involv-
ing the proper interpretation of § 2254(d)(1). See Williams v. Taylor, No.
98-8384, 1999 WL 813784 (U.S. October 4, 1999) (transcript of argu-
ment). Although we apply § 2254(d)(1) as interpreted by Green in decid-
ing this case, we note that we would reach the same result even if we
were to apply the de novo standard of review to Burket's claims.

                     12
applicable to each claim in order to determine whether the decision
of the state court was contrary to, or an unreasonable application of,
that law. See, e.g., Sexton v. French , 163 F.3d 874, 880-89 (4th Cir.
1998), cert. denied, 120 S. Ct. 139 (1999).

A

Burket contends that his trial counsel, William McGraw (McGraw),9
had a conflict of interest which rendered his representation constitu-
tionally ineffective. The Virginia Supreme Court rejected this claim
under the authority of Anderson, which holds that a petitioner is not
permitted to challenge on state habeas the truth and accuracy of repre-
sentations made by him as to the adequacy of his court-appointed
counsel and the voluntariness of his guilty plea unless the petitioner
offers a valid reason why he should be permitted to controvert his
prior statements. See 281 S.E.2d at 888. The Virginia Supreme
Court's application of Anderson brings into play the federal rules of
procedural default.

Under the doctrine of procedural default, absent cause and preju-
dice or a miscarriage of justice,10 a federal habeas court may not
review constitutional claims when a state court has declined to con-
sider their merits on the basis of an adequate and independent state
procedural rule. See Harris v. Reed, 489 U.S. 255, 262 (1989). Such
a rule is adequate if it is regularly or consistently applied by the state
court, see Johnson v. Mississippi, 486 U.S. 578, 587 (1988), and is
independent if it does not "depend[ ] on a federal constitutional rul-
ing," Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68, 75 (1985).11
_________________________________________________________________
9 McGraw also served as Burket's counsel on direct appeal.
10 Before this court, Burket has not attempted to establish that our
refusal to address his procedurally defaulted claims would result in a
"miscarriage of justice." Accordingly, we do not address the "miscarriage
of justice" exception in this opinion.

11 A distinct but related limit on the scope of federal habeas review is
the doctrine of exhaustion. In the interest of giving the state courts the
first opportunity to consider alleged constitutional errors occurring in a
petitioner's trial and sentencing, the petitioner must exhaust all available
state remedies before he can apply for federal habeas relief. See Mat-

                     13
Under federal habeas law, we are not at liberty to question a state
court's application of a state procedural rule because a state court's
finding of procedural default is not reviewable if the finding is based
upon an adequate and independent state ground. See Harris, 489 U.S.
at 262; Barnes v. Thompson, 58 F.3d 971, 974 n.2 (4th Cir. 1995). In
Royal v. Taylor, 188 F.3d 239 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 120 S. Ct. 465
(1999), we noted that we were "uncertain of the true scope of the
Anderson rule and, consequently, whether it can be properly consid-
ered an adequate and independent state procedural rule." Royal, 188
F.3d at 248. In this case, we are equally uncertain as to the true scope
of the Anderson rule, and, therefore, decline under the authority of
Royal to apply it in this case. Accordingly, we address the merits of
Burket's conflict of interest claim.

The Sixth Amendment provides in relevant part: "[i]n all criminal
prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have the Assis-
tance of Counsel for his defence." U.S. Const. amend. VI. The
Supreme Court has held that the Sixth Amendment guarantees to all
criminal defendants the right to effective assistance of counsel. See
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686 (1984). A necessary cor-
ollary to the right to effective assistance of counsel is the "right to
representation that is free from conflicts of interest." Wood v. Geor-
gia, 450 U.S. 261, 271 (1981); see also Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S.
335, 345-50 (1980).

In general, claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are covered
by the familiar two-part test established in Strickland. Under that test,
the petitioner first must show that his counsel's performance fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness. See Strickland, 466
_________________________________________________________________
thews v. Evatt, 105 F.3d 907, 910-11 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct.
102 (1997); see also 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b). To exhaust state remedies, the
petitioner must fairly present the substance of his claim to the state's
highest court. See Matthews, 105 F.3d at 911. Thus, a procedural default
occurs when the petitioner fails to exhaust available state remedies and
"the court to which the petitioner would be required to present his claims
in order to meet the exhaustion requirement would now find the claims
procedurally barred." Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 735 n.1
(1991).

                    14
U.S. at 687. Second, the petitioner must establish prejudice by show-
ing "a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional
errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different." Id. at
694.

When an ineffective assistance of counsel claim is premised on an
allegation that the petitioner's counsel labored under a conflict of
interest, the Strickland inquiry is slightly different. The performance
element of the Strickland inquiry is met when the petitioner estab-
lishes that his counsel was involved in an actual conflict of interest,
as "[t]he effective performance of counsel requires meaningful com-
pliance with the duty of loyalty and the duty to avoid conflicts of
interest, and a breach of these basic duties can lead to ineffective rep-
resentation." United States v. Tatum, 943 F.2d 370, 375 (4th Cir.
1991); see also Strickland, 466 U.S. at 692 (When burdened by a con-
flict of interest, counsel "breaches the duty of loyalty, perhaps the
most basic of counsel's duties" and, therefore, fails to provide effec-
tive assistance of counsel.). With respect to the prejudice element,
"[w]hen counsel for a defendant in a criminal case has an actual con-
flict of interest when representing the defendant and the conflict
adversely affects counsel's performance in the defense of the defen-
dant, prejudice to the defense is presumed," thus entitling the defen-
dant to a new trial or sentencing. Tatum, 943 F.2d at 375; see also
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 692; Cuyler, 446 U.S. at 348-50.

"The two requirements, an actual conflict of interest resulting in an
adverse effect on counsel's performance, are often intertwined, mak-
ing the factual analyses of them overlap." Tatum, 943 F.2d at 375. We
have said that counsel has "an actual conflict when he actively repre-
sents conflicting interests." See id. Counsel's

          representation of conflicting interests, however, is not
          always as apparent as when he formally represents two par-
          ties who have hostile interests. He may harbor substantial
          personal interests which conflict with the clear objective of
          his representation of the client, or his continuing duty to for-
          mer clients may interfere with his consideration of all facts
          and options for his current client. When the attorney is
          actively engaged in legal representation which requires him
          to account to two masters, an actual conflict exists when it

                     15
          can be shown that he took action on behalf of one. The
          effect of his action of necessity will adversely affect the
          appropriate defense of the other. Moreover, an adverse
          effect may not always be revealed from a review of the
          affirmative actions taken. Rather, the failure to take actions
          that are clearly suggested from the circumstances can be as
          revealing. Thus, the failure of defense counsel to cross-
          examine a prosecution witness whose testimony is material
          or the failure to resist the presentation of arguably inadmis-
          sible evidence can be considered to be actual lapses in the
          defense. . . . Likewise, a failure to act on behalf of a client
          before trial has representational significance.

Id. at 376.

The gist of Burket's conflict of interest claim is that McGraw had
a pre-existing ethical duty to his brother, Lester Burket, III (Lester,
III), which conflicted with his duty to defend Burket.12 According to
Burket, McGraw's loyalty to Lester, III prevented him from pursuing
evidence that would have implicated Lester, III in the Tafelski mur-
ders.

In support of his claim, Burket relies on the two affidavits that
were stricken by the Virginia Supreme Court on state habeas. The
first affidavit, six pages in length, was never executed by the affiant,
Lester, Jr. The unexecuted affidavit describes events concerning
McGraw's representation, Burket's guilty pleas, and Burket's mental
competency at the time of his guilty pleas. Of particular note, the
unexecuted affidavit states that: (1) McGraw did not ask Lester, Jr.,
Lester, III, or Burket to waive any conflict of interest; (2) Burket did
not want to plead guilty; (3) Burket was going to tell the police that
Lester, III committed the murders; (4) the deputies in the jail told
Burket that they knew that Lester, III had committed the murders; (5)
McGraw and Lester, Jr. discouraged Burket from accusing Lester, III;
(6) Burket tried to fire McGraw, but McGraw and Lester, Jr. con-
_________________________________________________________________
12 McGraw represented Lester, III in a 1991 criminal case in which
Lester, III pled guilty to attempted forcible sodomy. At the time Burket
was arrested in connection with the Tafelski murders, Lester, III was on
probation for this offense.

                    16
vinced Burket that the state trial court would not relieve McGraw as
counsel; (7) Lester, Jr. could not explain Miranda to Burket; (8)
McGraw did not investigate who should testify at the penalty phase
of the trial; (9) Burket reported hallucinations in jail, was seeing his
dog Rebel, and was seeing demons; and (10) Burket was confused,
was not making any sense, and was unable to assist in his defense.

The other affidavit, one page in length, was executed by the affiant,
Susan Brown, a paralegal in the Virginia Capital Representation
Resource Center. In her affidavit, Brown states that Lester, Jr. told her
that the facts set forth in his unexecuted affidavit were true, but that
he did not want to sign the affidavit because "his wife read the affida-
vit and became very upset, that she thought it would hurt their son
Lester, and that he did not want to do anything that would further
upset her."

In federal habeas actions, we do not sit to review the admissibility
of evidence under state law unless erroneous evidentiary rulings were
so extreme as to result in a denial of a constitutionally fair proceed-
ing. See Spencer v. Murray, 5 F.3d 758, 762 (4th Cir. 1993); see also
Little v. Johnson, 162 F.3d 855, 862 (5th Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 119
S. Ct. 1768 (1999); Sellers v. Ward, 135 F.3d 1333, 1342 (10th Cir.),
cert. denied, 119 S. Ct. 557 (1998); Clark v. Groose, 16 F.3d 960, 963
(8th Cir. 1994); Bueno v. Hallahan, 988 F.2d 86, 87 (9th Cir. 1993);
Cooper v. Sowders, 837 F.2d 284, 286 (6th Cir. 1988).

In this case, the Virginia Supreme Court's decision to strike the
two affidavits was not erroneous. We are aware of no authority under
federal or Virginia law that permits the admission of an unexecuted
affidavit, and Brown's affidavit is obviously inadmissible hearsay.
Furthermore, even if the Virginia Supreme Court's evidentiary ruling
was erroneous, the ruling was not so extreme as to result in the denial
of a constitutionally fair proceeding. See Spencer, 5 F.3d at 762.
Accordingly, we cannot consider these affidavits in our review of
Burket's claims.

Based on the evidentiary record properly before us, we conclude
that Burket has failed to establish that an actual conflict of interest
adversely impacted on McGraw's performance. A review of that
record, in particular the police's investigation and McGraw's perfor-

                     17
mance at trial, confirms that McGraw zealously defended Burket and
pursued all available defenses and trial strategies which were of help
to Burket.

From the beginning of the police's investigation, Burket was the
main target of the investigation. On the day the bodies were discov-
ered, January 14, 1993, several officers saw Burket look at them for
several minutes on several occasions. On one occasion, Burket
approached the officers, but was told to return to his residence. On
that same day, Burket told the police that he was outside of his resi-
dence around midnight, but that he had not seen anything. Burket also
told the police that he was frequently in the Tafelskis' residence per-
forming odd jobs for the Tafelskis. Finally, the police determined that
there had been a forced entry at the back door of the Tafelskis' resi-
dence. Near the door, a footprint was discovered, which later that eve-
ning, the police determined was Burket's.

In the days that followed, it became apparent that Burket was a
more viable suspect than Lester, III. First, the police determined that
the murders probably occurred between midnight and 6:00 a.m. How-
ever, Burket's parents told the police that Lester, III had gone to bed
about 10:00 p.m. and had gone to work early the next morning. Sec-
ond, the police determined that Lester, III apparently had never been
in the Tafelskis' residence and had limited contact with the Tafelski
family. Third, a search of Lester, III's place of employment revealed
that no tools consistent with the length of the device used to commit
the murders were found. Fourth, the police executed a search warrant
at Burket's residence and recovered a pair of Burket's tennis shoes in
which the soles had been tampered with. Thus, by the time the Burket
brothers were questioned at police headquarters, all of the evidence,
other than the fact that Lester, III was previously convicted of a sex-
ual offense, pointed more toward Burket than to Lester, III.

On January 20, 1993, Burket's parents called McGraw and told
him that Lester, III was in police custody. McGraw then went to the
Virginia Beach Police Department to meet with Lester, III. At the
police station, McGraw discovered that both Lester, III and Burket
were being questioned about the Tafelski murders. The police refused
McGraw's request to speak with the Burket brothers. Shortly thereaf-
ter, the Commonwealth's Attorney held a press conference announc-

                    18
ing that Burket had been arrested, had confessed, and that Lester, III
had been released.13 Following this announcement, Burket's parents
hired McGraw to represent Burket. Burket's parents did not hire
McGraw to represent Lester, III because McGraw was given assur-
ances from the police that Lester, III was not a suspect.14

At the beginning of his representation, McGraw determined that
Burket's mental health was an issue. McGraw retained two clinical
psychologists, who reviewed approximately 1100 pages related to
Burket's medical background since preschool. These medical experts
did not opine that Burket was incompetent, either at present or at the
time the offenses were committed, but did opine that Burket had cer-
tain intellectual and emotional limitations that could be used to create
a case in mitigation.

The admissibility of Burket's confession was also a critical issue
at trial. McGraw moved to suppress Burket's confession, raising
numerous issues. McGraw vigorously challenged the admissibility of
Burket's confession during a lengthy suppression hearing. Despite his
efforts, the state trial court denied the motion. 15

McGraw also had his investigator conduct an extensive pre-trial
investigation. However, this lengthy investigation did not lead to
exculpatory evidence or plausible defenses, including a defense impli-
cating Lester, III.
_________________________________________________________________
13 Prior to his release, the police took hair and blood samples from Les-
ter, III.
14 Burket contends that Lester, III remained a suspect after his release.
In support of this contention, he directs our attention to several forensic
reports which list both Burket and Lester, III as"suspects." Burket's reli-
ance on these forensic reports is misplaced. The forensic reports list only
"suspects" and "victims" in referring to the person whose sample has
been analyzed. Thus, Lester, III's designation as a"suspect" was routine
and does not reflect whether the police viewed him as a suspect.
15 Burket contends that McGraw's conflict of interest prevented him
(McGraw) from calling Lester, III as a witness at the suppression hear-
ing. We have reviewed this contention and reject it because we fail to see
how Lester, III's testimony at the suppression hearing would have been
of any help to Burket.

                    19
In the face of the Commonwealth's case against Burket, Burket, in
consultation with McGraw, decided to plead guilty. McGraw and
Burket agreed that Burket's best chance of avoiding the death penalty
was to plead guilty and allow the state trial court to decide the issue
of the appropriate penalty. Burket pled guilty, and the case proceeded
to sentencing.

In preparation for sentencing, McGraw contacted numerous indi-
viduals, including Burket's friends, associates, and former teachers. In
addition to the two mental health experts he hired, McGraw contacted
numerous mental health professionals that had treated Burket over
time.

At sentencing, Burket's mental health experts testified on his
behalf. McGraw also vigorously cross-examined the Common-
wealth's mental health expert. Every person willing to testify on
behalf of Burket testified. This included members of Burket's hunting
club, his parents, and a woman who testified to her willingness to
allow Burket to watch her children.

Notwithstanding the evidence described above which conclusively
demonstrates that McGraw did not have an actual conflict of interest,
Burket insists that he has a viable conflict of interest claim. Reduced
to its essence, Burket's conflict of interest claim rests on the conten-
tion that McGraw intentionally overlooked four critical pieces of evi-
dence that allegedly implicated Lester, III in the Tafelski murders,
thus creating a case of reasonable doubt for Burket. First, Burket con-
tends that McGraw overlooked the fact that the blue washcloth found
near Katherine Tafelski's body contained seminal fluid consistent
with HLA DQa types of both him and his brother. Second, Burket
contends that McGraw overlooked the facts that several casts of foot-
prints found in the Tafelskis' yard were smaller than Burket's shoe
size and Lester, III's shoe size is three sizes smaller than Burket's.
Third, Burket contends that McGraw overlooked the facts that the
murder weapon was a mechanic's tool and Lester, III was a master
mechanic. Finally, Burket contends that McGraw overlooked the fact
that Lester, III was previously convicted of a crime involving a sexual
offense.

The flaw in Burket's argument is that this evidence would not have
created a reasonable doubt as to Burket's guilt. That Burket and Les-

                    20
ter, III have similar HLA DQa types is of no particular import. Burket
and Lester, III are brothers, and it is not unusual that brothers have
similar HLA DQa types. Second, the fact that other footprints were
found in the Tafelskis' yard is not surprising when one considers the
fact that many police officers were around the Tafelskis' residence
during the initial stages of the investigation. Third, the facts that the
murder weapon was a mechanic's tool and Lester, III was a master
mechanic are of no particular import because the record reflects that
the Burkets had automotive tools in their residence and in their shed,
and some of these tools were similar to the tools used to inflict the
injuries to the victims. Finally, that Lester, III was previously con-
victed of a crime involving a sexual offense does not, when coupled
with the evidence described above, create a reasonable doubt as to
Burket's guilt. The Commonwealth's case against Burket was over-
whelming. Burket gave a detailed confession concerning the crimes,
and this confession was consistent with the forensic evidence devel-
oped by the investigative team. We have no doubt that the evidence
Burket contends McGraw overlooked would not have created a rea-
sonable doubt as to Burket's guilt.

This case does not involve Lester, III. Other than Burket's conclu-
sory allegations, there is no evidence that suggests that Lester, III
committed the murders in question, or that McGraw did not pursue
available leads implicating Lester, III; none existed. Moreover, Bur-
ket not only confessed to the crimes, he later discussed his offenses
and what motivated him with the Commonwealth's mental health
expert. Thus, that Burket committed the murders was never in doubt.
The outcome of the case turned on the admissibility of Burket's con-
fession and his mental state. Thus, Burket's interests never diverged
from Lester, III's. In short, Burket has failed to show that McGraw
did not pursue a plausible defense strategy or tactic on account of an
actual conflict of interest. Accordingly, we reject Burket's conflict of
interest claim.

B

Burket contends that his guilty pleas were not made knowingly and
voluntarily. On state habeas, the Virginia Supreme Court rejected this
claim under the authority of Anderson, which holds that a petitioner
is not permitted to challenge on state habeas the truth and accuracy

                     21
of representations made by him as to the adequacy of his court-
appointed counsel and the voluntariness of his guilty plea unless the
petitioner offers a valid reason why he should be permitted to contro-
vert his prior statements. See 281 S.E.2d at 888. The Virginia
Supreme Court also rejected this claim under the authority of Slayton,
which holds that a claim that could have been raised at trial or on
direct appeal, but was not, is not cognizable on state habeas. See 205
S.E.2d at 682. As we noted earlier, we are uncertain as to the true
scope of the Anderson rule, and, therefore, decline under the authority
of Royal to apply it in this case. However, the Virginia Supreme
Court's rejection of this claim under Slayton brings back into play the
federal rules of procedural default.

As we noted earlier, under the doctrine of procedural default,
absent cause and actual prejudice or a miscarriage of justice, a federal
habeas court may not review constitutional claims when a state court
has declined to consider their merits on the basis of an adequate and
independent state procedural rule. See Harris , 489 U.S. at 262. Such
a rule is adequate if it is regularly or consistently applied by the state
court, see Johnson, 486 U.S. at 587, and is independent if it does not
"depend[ ] on a federal constitutional ruling," Ake, 470 U.S. at 75.

Burket does not dispute, nor could he, that Slayton is an indepen-
dent and adequate state ground. Accordingly, we only can consider
whether cause and prejudice exists to excuse the procedural default,
not whether the state court correctly applied its own law. See Harris,
489 U.S. at 262.

Burket's cause argument is premised on the inadequacy of
McGraw's performance at trial and on direct appeal. Burket claims
that McGraw was constitutionally ineffective for failing to raise his
guilty plea claim at trial and/on direct appeal. 16

If attorney error amounts to constitutionally ineffective assistance
of counsel under the standard established in Strickland, the Sixth
_________________________________________________________________
16 To the extent that Burket suggests that McGraw's alleged conflict of
interest constitutes cause for his failure to raise this claim on direct
appeal, we reject this argument. As explained earlier, McGraw did not
operate under any conflict of interest.

                     22
Amendment dictates that the attorney's error must be imputed to the
state. See Coleman, 501 U.S. at 754. Burket is constitutionally enti-
tled to the effective assistance of counsel on direct appeal. See Evitts
v. Lucey, 469 U.S. 387, 396 (1985). Accordingly, he may establish
cause to excuse his procedural default by showing attorney error that
satisfies the standard set forth in Strickland . See Coleman, 501 U.S.
at 752-54.17

The Strickland ineffective assistance of counsel standard is some-
what different in the context of a guilty plea. In the context of a guilty
plea, the petitioner must demonstrate that his trial counsel's perfor-
mance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and "that
there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's errors, he
would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to
trial." Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59 (1985).

With respect to McGraw's performance at trial, we must presume
his conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional
assistance. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688-89. We must be highly
deferential in scrutinizing McGraw's performance and must filter the
distorting effects of hindsight from our analysis. See id.; see also
Bunch v. Thompson, 949 F.2d 1354, 1363 (4th Cir. 1991). With
respect to McGraw's performance on direct appeal, we note that
appellate counsel is given significant latitude to develop a strategy
that may omit meritorious claims in order to avoid burying issues in
a legal jungle. See Griffin v. Aiken, 775 F.2d 1226, 1235 (4th Cir.
1985). "[W]innowing out weaker arguments on appeal and focusing
on those more likely to prevail, far from being evidence of incompe-
tence, is the hallmark of effective appellate advocacy." Smith v. Mur-
ray, 477 U.S. 527, 536 (1986) (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted). The standard is therefore not what later courts with the ben-
_________________________________________________________________
17 It is not clear whether the showing of prejudice required to excuse
a procedural default is identical to the showing of prejudice required to
establish ineffective assistance of counsel, namely, that "there is a rea-
sonable probability that, but for [the errors], the result of the proceeding
would have been different," Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. See Williams v.
French, 146 F.3d 203, 210 n.10 (4th Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 119 S. Ct.
1061 (1999). However, we need not decide this issue because Burket has
satisfied neither standard in this case.

                     23
efit of hindsight believe should have been accomplished in earlier
proceedings, but instead whether counsel at the time acted within the
liberal bounds of competent representation.

Burket's ineffective assistance of counsel argument relies heavily
on Lester, Jr.'s unexecuted affidavit which was stricken by the Vir-
ginia Supreme Court on state habeas. As we noted earlier, Burket can-
not rely on this unexecuted affidavit in support of his claims. Thus,
we must review his ineffective assistance of counsel argument in light
of the remaining evidence in the record.

In this case, the state trial court conducted an extensive plea collo-
quy. In the colloquy, Burket acknowledged that he: (1) understood the
charges against him; (2) discussed the charges and their elements with
McGraw; (3) understood what the Commonwealth had to prove
before he could be found guilty of the charges against him; (4) had
enough time to discuss with McGraw any possible defenses; (5)
decided for himself, after consulting with McGraw, to plead guilty;
(6) was pleading guilty because he was in fact guilty of the crimes
that he was charged with; (7) was, by pleading guilty, waiving his
right to a jury trial, his right not to incriminate himself, his right to
confront and cross-examine witnesses, and his right to defend him-
self; (8) had the right to appeal the denial of his motion to suppress
and discussed this strategy with McGraw; (9) could be sentenced to
death, two life terms, and forty years in prison; and (10) understood
all of the state trial court's questions and answered them truthfully.

The state trial court also conducted an extensive colloquy with
McGraw. During this colloquy, McGraw stated that he discussed with
Burket the nature of the charges and their elements. He also stated
that he discussed with Burket the consequences of his guilty pleas and
his right to a jury trial. Based on Burket and McGraw's representa-
tions, the state trial court found that Burket "understands the nature
of all of these charges, the consequences of his pleas and he's entered
his pleas of guilty knowingly, intelligently, freely and voluntarily."

The standard for determining whether a guilty plea is constitution-
ally valid is whether the guilty plea represents a voluntary and intelli-
gent choice among the alternative courses of action open to the
defendant. See North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 31 (1970). In

                     24
applying this standard, courts look to the totality of the circumstances
surrounding the guilty plea, see id., granting the defendant's solemn
declaration of guilt a presumption of truthfulness. See Henderson v.
Morgan, 426 U.S. 637, 648 (1976) (plurality opinion).

We conclude that Burket has failed to meet either prong of the Str-
ickland standard. With respect to the performance prong, in light of
the overwhelming evidence of guilt, which included Burket's confes-
sion, forensic evidence linking him to the crime, the reports of the
psychological experts indicating only a mild impairment, and
McGraw's diligent efforts in pursuing available defenses, we cannot
conclude that McGraw's conduct fell outside the wide range of rea-
sonableness afforded attorneys under the Strickland standard when he
recommended that Burket plead guilty.

With respect to the prejudice prong, Burket has not demonstrated
that but for the assertedly ineffective assistance, a reasonable defen-
dant would have insisted on proceeding to trial. See Hill, 474 U.S. at
59. Given the Commonwealth's powerful evidence against Burket,
the circumstances of the crime, and the lack of available defenses, we
conclude that, even absent McGraw's asserted errors, it is likely that
a jury would have convicted Burket and that the state trial court
would have given him the maximum sentence. We cannot conclude
that a reasonable defendant in these circumstances would not have
pled guilty.

Moreover, the record reflects that Burket's guilty pleas were volun-
tary and intelligent. The state trial court conducted an extensive collo-
quy with both Burket and McGraw to ensure that Burket's pleas of
guilty were made knowingly and intelligently. Absent clear and con-
vincing evidence to the contrary, Burket is bound by the representa-
tions he made during the plea colloquy. See Fields v. Attorney
General of State of Maryland, 956 F.2d 1290, 1299 (4th Cir. 1992).
Burket has presented no evidence of sufficient evidentiary force, e.g.,
evidence that he was forced, coerced, threatened, or improperly
induced into pleading guilty, see Brady v. United States, 397 U.S.
742, 755 (1970) (holding that a guilty plea is made knowingly and
intelligently if the defendant is fully aware of the direct consequences
of his guilty plea and was not induced by threats[or promises to dis-
continue improper harassment], misrepresentation, including unful-

                     25
filled or unfulfillable promises, or by promises that are by their nature
improper as having no relationship to the prosecutor's business, e.g.,
bribes), to demonstrate that his representations were untruthful or
involuntary. Burket is, therefore, bound by his representations. See
Fields, 956 F.2d at 1299.

In summary, McGraw's performance did not fall below an objec-
tive standard of reasonableness when he decided not to raise the vol-
untariness of Burket's guilty pleas at trial and/or on direct appeal; nor
was Burket prejudiced by McGraw's decision not to raise this claim
at trial and/or on direct appeal. Accordingly, Burket's guilty plea
claim is procedurally defaulted.

C

Burket raises two related competency claims. First, he raises a pro-
cedural competency claim, contending that the state trial court was
required to hold a competency hearing on its own initiative. In the
alternative, Burket raises a substantive competency claim, contending
that he was incompetent to stand trial. On state habeas, the Virginia
Supreme Court held that these claims were procedurally defaulted
under the authority of Slayton, which holds that a claim that could
have been raised at trial or on direct appeal, but was not, is not cogni-
zable on state habeas. See 205 S.E.2d at 682. Because Slayton is an
independent and adequate state ground, we only can consider whether
cause and prejudice exists to excuse the procedural default, not
whether the state court correctly applied its own law. See Harris, 489
U.S. at 262.

Burket's cause argument is premised on his claim that McGraw
was constitutionally ineffective for failing to raise his procedural and
substantive competency claims at trial and/or on direct appeal.18

The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits
states from trying and convicting mentally incompetent defendants.
_________________________________________________________________
18 To the extent that Burket suggests that McGraw's alleged conflict of
interest constitutes cause for his failure to raise Burket's competency
claims on direct appeal, we reject this argument. As explained earlier,
McGraw did not operate under any conflict of interest.

                     26
See Pate v. Robinson, 383 U.S. 375, 384-86 (1966). The test for deter-
mining competence is whether "[a defendant] has sufficient present
ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational
understanding . . . and whether he has a rational as well as a factual
understanding of the proceedings against him." Dusky v. United
States, 362 U.S. 402, 402 (1960). Competency claims can raise issues
of both procedural and substantive due process.

For example, a petitioner may make a procedural competency
claim by alleging that the trial court failed to hold a competency hear-
ing after the defendant's mental competency was put in issue. To pre-
vail, the petitioner must establish that the state trial court ignored facts
raising a "bona fide doubt" regarding the petitioner's competency to
stand trial. Pate, 383 U.S. at 384-86; see also Medina v. Singletary,
59 F.3d 1095, 1106 (11th Cir. 1995). Even if a petitioner is mentally
competent at the beginning of the trial, the trial court must continually
be alert for changes which would suggest that he is no longer compe-
tent. See Drope v. Missouri, 420 U.S. 162, 180 (1975). Although there
are "no fixed or immutable signs which invariably indicate the need
for further inquiry to determine fitness to proceed," "evidence of a
defendant's irrational behavior, his demeanor at trial, and any prior
medical opinion on competence to stand trial are all relevant." Id.

On the other hand, a petitioner may make a substantive compe-
tency claim by alleging that he was, in fact, tried and convicted while
mentally incompetent. See Pate, 383 U.S. at 384-86; Dusky, 362 U.S.
at 402. In contrast to a procedural competency claim, however, a peti-
tioner raising a substantive claim of incompetency is entitled to no
presumption of incompetency and must demonstrate his incompe-
tency by a preponderance of the evidence. See Medina, 59 F.3d at
1106. "Not every manifestation of mental illness demonstrates incom-
petence to stand trial; rather, the evidence must indicate a present
inability to assist counsel or understand the charges." United States ex
rel. Foster v. DeRobertis, 741 F.2d 1007, 1012 (7th Cir. 1985). Like-
wise, neither low intelligence, mental deficiency, nor bizarre, volatile,
and irrational behavior can be equated with mental incompetence to
stand trial. See Medina, 59 F.3d at 1107. Moreover, the fact that the
petitioner has been treated with anti-psychotic drugs does not per se
render him incompetent to stand trial. Id.

                     27
McGraw's decision not to raise the two competency claims at trial
and/or on direct appeal was an eminently reasonable decision; nor
was Burket prejudiced by McGraw's decision not to raise these
claims. In fact, a review of the record leads to the inescapable conclu-
sion that there was never a bona fide doubt as to Burket's compe-
tency.

First, the circumstances surrounding Burket's confession suggest
that he was competent to stand trial. A review of his confession
reveals that Burket gave rational, responsive answers to the police's
questions and was able to recall and describe events in detail. As the
state trial court found, "[t]he defendant's demeanor [on the videotape]
was that of an alert, composed, even knowledgeable individual." Bur-
ket v. Commonwealth, 450 S.E.2d at 132. Moreover, the Virginia
Supreme Court on direct appeal found that Burket's waiver of his
Miranda rights, the validity of which we discuss later, was "made
knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently." Id. at 133.

Second, throughout the trial proceedings, Burket acted in a manner
exhibiting competence. For example, when Burket entered his guilty
pleas, the state trial court conducted an extensive colloquy concerning
the voluntariness and intelligence of his guilty pleas. Burket's replies
were lucid and responsive. Burket repeatedly demonstrated his under-
standing of the charges and the trial proceedings. In particular, Burket
recognized that even though he was pleading guilty, he was retaining
his right to appeal the state trial court's ruling on the suppression
motion. Burket stated: "I understand I can appeal the confession and
nothing else." This statement reflects a sophisticated understanding of
the proceeding.

Third, throughout the time leading up to Burket's guilty pleas, Bur-
ket acted normal and did nothing to lead McGraw or the state trial
court to question his competency. See United States v. Caicedo, 937
F.2d 1227, 1232-33 (7th Cir. 1991) (that counsel did not raise compe-
tency issue was probative of fact that defendant was competent);
United States v. West, 877 F.2d 281, 285 n.1 (4th Cir. 1989) (district
court properly exercised discretion in denying competency motion of
defendant whom it had observed and spoken with in many prior hear-
ings). In particular, when Burket pled guilty, McGraw stated that he
had explained the charges to Burket "in detail for almost a year now"
and expressed confidence "that he today understands them and he has

                    28
for several months now." And, throughout the remainder of the trial,
Burket did not express any uncertainty as to what was then occurring
and did not act incoherently.

Fourth, neither of the defense's mental health experts nor the pros-
ecution's mental health expert indicated that Burket was not compe-
tent to stand trial or assist in his defense. Burket's trial counsel
retained the services of two mental health experts, Dr. Gary Hawk
and Dr. Thomas Ryan, who testified on Burket's behalf in the penalty
phase of the trial.

Dr. Ryan is a clinical psychologist specializing in neuropsy-
chology. Dr. Ryan testified that he conducted neurological testing on
Burket in November 1993. Based on his test results, Dr. Ryan testi-
fied that Burket had a mild cognitive impairment overall, but severe
impairment in relation to learning functions, such as reading, writing,
and simple calculation skills.19

Dr. Hawk, a clinical psychologist and the director of psychology
at The Institute of Law, Psychiatry and Public Policy at the University
of Virginia, testified that he met with Burket in March 1993 and,
thereafter, in April 1993, and two more days in the following Novem-
ber. Dr. Hawk estimated that he saw Burket for about sixteen hours
during those various meetings. Additionally, Dr. Hawk spoke on sev-
eral occasions with Mr. and Mrs. Burket.

In December 1993, Dr. Hawk prepared a report of his evaluation
of Burket. In his clinical summary, Dr. Hawk did not describe Burket
as one who was incompetent to stand trial or unable to assist with his
defense. Rather, he described Burket

           as a 25 year old individual with a significant history of
           depression and suicidal behavior. He was moderately
           depressed, and in the course of the present evaluation,
           reported disturbed sleep, dysphoric mood and suicidal ide-
           ation. There was some suggestion of perceptual abnormali-
           ties which were judged by the present evaluator to be of
           questionable validity. Neuropsychological examination
           revealed a pattern of mild cerebral dysfunction consistent
_________________________________________________________________
19 According to Dr. Ryan, in neuropsychology, an individual's cogni-
tive functions are characterized as either above average, normal, mildly
impaired, moderately impaired, or severely impaired.

                    29
          with Mr. Burket's long standing history of verbal learning
          disability. Mr. Burket's history also suggested a chronic pat-
          tern of dependency, inadequate occupational and social
          behavior, and passive resistance to demands for more ade-
          quate performance. These features in sum suggest a substan-
          tial personality disorder, i.e., a long standing pattern of
          maladaptive personal and behavioral traits which have sub-
          stantially impaired Mr. Burket's adult adjustment.

In addition, in his clinical summary, Dr. Hawk diagnosed Burket as
suffering from dysthymia, a mood disorder. At the penalty phase of
the trial, Dr. Hawk testified that dysthymia refers to a persistent
chronic level of mild to moderate depression and involves a depressed
or distraught mood over a period of time, appetite disturbance, sleep
disturbance, low self-esteem, and suicidal ideas.

Furthermore, in his clinical summary, Dr. Hawk diagnosed Bur-
ket's personality as having features of two different personality disor-
ders, dependence and passive aggressiveness. At the penalty phase of
the trial, Dr. Hawk testified that Burket's dependence features
included his "persistent inability to make decisions for himself, to
take care of very basic life activities for himself, looking to others,
relying on others to do things such as that for him, deferring his own
considerations of himself often for considerations of others." Accord-
ing to Dr. Hawk, Burket's passive aggressive features included active
resistance to the demands of adequate functioning.

In his report, Dr. Hawk recognized that several factors were poten-
tially mitigating:

          Russell [sic] Burket is a young man whose life from early
          childhood has been marked by emotional disturbance and
          educational failure. The shame and stigma of his poor edu-
          cational achievement, due to a severe learning disability,
          was sufficiently severe that a protracted hospitalization of
          several months was necessary in early adolescence to treat
          depression. As a young adult, he was hospitalized repeatedly
          after suicidal episodes. These incidents were precipitated by
          occupational failure, family conflict and personal despon-
          dency. As a young man, he was evaluated as so emotionally

                    30
          and cognitively handicapped that he was unable to engage
          in employment and was awarded disability income. He has
          remained a dependant and unhappy young man, unable to
          perform many of the most simple activities of daily living
          that might allow for an independent existence. Activities as
          simple as reading street signs or negotiating relatively sim-
          ple personal business represent a formidable challenge to
          him.

          His recent existence prior to the alleged offense was rela-
          tively solitary and isolated, with his enthusiasm reserved for
          very few activities such as hunting. In spite of his difficul-
          ties, prior to the alleged offense, his adjustment evidenced
          an absence of antisocial activities such as substantial drug
          abuse, criminal activity or predatory violence. There is
          every indication that his long term adjustment to incarcera-
          tion would be stable, however he would be at substantial
          risk for victimization by other inmates because of his pas-
          sive and inadequate personality.

Like the testimony of Burket's mental health experts, the testimony
of the Commonwealth's mental health expert, Dr. Paul Mansheim,
does not indicate that Burket was incompetent to stand trial or unable
to assist with his defense. Based on his review of Burket's history, the
facts surrounding the offenses, and his evaluation of Burket, Dr. Man-
sheim testified that

          [Burket is] a man whose had a long history of learning dis-
          ability. He's had a great deal of frustration [about not] being
          able to accomplish very much with his life, and he's had a
          number of bad things happen to him in response to which
          he's acted out some--usually in a self destructive way.

Fifth, the state trial court made several findings at sentencing
which belie any claim that Burket was incompetent at the time of the
crimes or at trial, or was unable to assist with his defense. The state
trial court found that Burket was not "insane, . . . mentally retarded,
. . . or emotionally disturbed." The state trial court further found that
Burket was "an articulate, knowledgeable, logical person. . . . You

                     31
have your limitations; but the court is aware or convinced that you are
aware of what you did and what you do."

In summary, we have carefully reviewed the evidence pertaining to
Burket's competency at the time of the offenses and at the time of his
trial, including the transcripts of the suppression hearing, the guilty
plea hearing, and the penalty phase of the trial. This record reflects
that Burket suffered from some mild mental impairments during the
course of his life. Nonetheless, the evidence in the record overwhelm-
ingly suggests that there was never a bona fide doubt as to his compe-
tency to stand trial, and it follows, necessarily, that Burket was
competent to stand trial. Consequently, McGraw's performance did
not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness when he
decided not to put Burket's competency in dispute at trial and/or on
direct appeal; nor was Burket prejudiced by McGraw's decision not
to raise these claims. Accordingly, Burket's competency claims are
procedurally defaulted.

D

Burket lodges several attacks on the state trial court's decision to
decline to suppress his confession. As found by the Virginia Supreme
Court on direct appeal, the facts surrounding Burket's confession are
as follows:

          On January 20, 1993, Detectives Shawn Hoffman and Rob-
          ert Sager went to Burket's home about 2:00 p.m. Hoffman
          and Sager did not go to Burket's home to arrest him, but to
          interview Burket there or ask if he would accompany them
          to police headquarters for an interview. Detective Hoffman
          advised Burket and his mother, Ardyth Burket, that he
          would like Russel Burket to accompany Hoffman to the
          police headquarters to help with the investigation. Russel
          Burket stated that he "didn't have a problem with that."
          Hoffman advised Burket and his mother that Russel Burket
          was not under arrest and that he was "certainly free to leave
          at any time."

          Burket rode with Detective Hoffman and another detective
          to the police station in an unmarked police car. He was nei-

                    32
ther handcuffed nor restrained. There was no type of shield
in the car. On the way to the police station, Hoffman and
Burket stopped at a convenience store. The officers testified
that they would have offered Burket a ride home had he
changed his mind about participating in the interview.

The detectives and Burket arrived at the police headquarters
at 2:30 p.m., and they went to an interview room. Hoffman
closed the door to the interview room and informed Burket
that he had done so to ensure their privacy. The detectives
did not want the noise in the adjacent offices to interfere
with the interview. Burket was not restrained or handcuffed
in any way. The closed door was not locked. Hoffman
advised Burket again that he was not under arrest and that
he was free to leave at any time.

The interview commenced at 2:40 p.m. A video-audio tape
was made of the interview. At 3:20 p.m., the detectives
falsely informed Burket that the children inside the Tafelski
home had seen him in the house on the night of the murders.
Burket denied that he was in the house at any time on that
night. At 3:22 p.m., the officers created another ruse by tell-
ing Burket that hair samples similar to his hair were found
in the victims' residence. Then, Burket admitted that he had
been in the victims' residence on the day of the murders.

At 3:24 p.m., Burket stated, "I'm gonna need a lawyer." The
detectives immediately advised Burket that he was not under
arrest and that he was free to leave at any time if he so
desired. Burket continued to talk with the detectives, stating
that on the night of the murders, he had entered the resi-
dence when he noticed the rear door had been broken. He
stated that he walked in, observed the victims, and immedi-
ately left the house. Later, Burket said that he had lost con-
trol of his emotions and had accidentally killed the victims.

Burket stated at 3:36 p.m., "I think I need a lawyer." The
detectives frisked Burket, placed him in custody, and Detec-
tive Sager advised Burket of his Miranda rights. Burket
stated he understood his Miranda rights at that time.

          33
          Detective Hoffman reentered the interview room and began
          to illicit from Burket biographical data necessary for "book-
          ing" purposes. Burket initiated several questions to Detec-
          tive Hoffman, which did not relate to personal information.
          Detective Hoffman once again informed Burket of his
          Miranda rights. Burket stated that he understood his rights,
          and he wanted to talk with Detective Hoffman. Burket con-
          tinued to talk with the detectives, and he ultimately gave a
          detailed confession of the murders of Kathy and Ashley
          Tafelski and the assaults upon Andrew J. Tafelski, Jr., and
          Chelsea Brothers.

Burket v. Commonwealth, 450 S.E.2d at 128-29 (footnote omitted).

The state trial court denied Burket's motion to suppress, finding
that

          Burket was not in custody until the police officers asked him
          to stand and frisked him, therefore, his Miranda rights did
          not attach until that time; Burket understood his Miranda
          rights that the detective read to him and he was willing to
          talk with the police and the detectives were placed in a posi-
          tion of asking further questions because of Burket's persis-
          tence; and that Burket knowingly, intelligently, and
          voluntarily waived his constitutional privilege against self-
          incrimination and his right to counsel.

Id. at 129.

Burket contends his confession should have been suppressed
because the police violated Miranda and some of its progeny. More
specifically, Burket contends that: (1) his confession was inadmissible
under Miranda because he was "in custody" when he stated "I'm
gonna need a lawyer" and the police failed to advise him of his
Miranda rights at that time; (2) his Miranda rights were violated
when he invoked his right to counsel by stating"I think I need a law-
yer" and the police failed to cease the interrogation; (3) the police vio-
lated his Miranda rights when they continued to converse with him
after he had been advised of his Miranda rights; (4) the state trial
court erred in finding that his waiver of his Miranda rights was volun-

                     34
tary, knowing, and intelligent; and (5) his rights under Miranda and
Mosley were violated when the police failed to cease the interrogation
after he stated "I just don't think that I should say anything" and "I
need somebody that I can talk to." On state habeas, the Virginia
Supreme Court dismissed these claims under the authority of Hawks,
which holds that a claim decided against the petitioner on direct
appeal is not cognizable on state habeas. See 175 S.E.2d at 274.
Because these claims were decided on the merits on direct appeal, we
shall review these claims under § 2254(d)(1).

1

Burket claims that his confession was inadmissible under Miranda
because he was "in custody" when he stated"I'm gonna need a law-
yer" and the police failed to advise him of his Miranda rights. On
direct appeal, the Virginia Supreme Court rejected this claim, holding
that Burket was not "in custody" under Miranda and its progeny, and,
therefore, no Miranda warnings were required after Burket stated
"I'm gonna need a lawyer." See Burket v. Commonwealth, 450 S.E.2d
at 129-30.

In order to protect the right granted by the Fifth Amendment that
"[n]o person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a wit-
ness against himself," U.S. Const. amend. V, the Supreme Court in
Miranda adopted prophylactic procedural rules that must be followed
during custodial interrogations. See 384 U.S. at 444. The Court held
that a suspect in custody "must be warned that he has a right to
remain silent, that any statement he does make may be used as evi-
dence against him, and that he has a right to the presence of an attor-
ney, either retained or appointed." Id. In general, any statements
elicited from a suspect in violation of these rules are inadmissible in
the prosecution's case-in-chief. See Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S.
318, 322 (1994) (per curiam). The procedural safeguards prescribed
by Miranda only apply "where there has been such a restriction on a
person's freedom as to render him `in custody.'" Oregon v. Mathia-
son, 429 U.S. 492, 495 (1977) (per curiam )). A person is "in custody"
for purposes of Miranda if the person has been arrested or if his free-
dom of action has been curtailed to a degree associated with arrest.
See Stansbury, 511 U.S. at 322. The proper perspective for determin-
ing whether a suspect is "in custody" at the time of questioning is

                    35
whether "a reasonable [person] in the suspect's position would have
understood his situation . . . as the functional equivalent of formal
arrest." Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 442 (1984).

Applying these principles, it is clear that Burket was not "in cus-
tody" at the time he said "I'm gonna need a lawyer." Burket voluntar-
ily went to the police station upon request. Prior to the interview,
Burket was advised that he was not under arrest and free to leave at
any time. And after Burket said, "I'm gonna need a lawyer," Detec-
tive Hoffman again informed Burket that he was not under arrest and
free to leave. In light of these facts, Burket was not entitled to
Miranda warnings after he stated "I'm gonna need a lawyer." See
California v. Beheler, 463 U.S. 1121, 1125 (1983) (holding that
defendant was not "in custody" for purposes of Miranda even though
the police questioned him in the station house and considered him the
main suspect); Mathiason, 429 U.S. at 495 (holding that defendant
was not entitled to Miranda warnings because he went to the police
station voluntarily, was informed that he was not under arrest, and left
the station after police questioning). Accordingly, the Virginia
Supreme Court's rejection of this claim was not contrary to, or an
unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law as deter-
mined by the Supreme Court of the United States.

2

Burket also contends that his Miranda rights were violated when
he invoked his right to counsel by stating "I think I need a lawyer"
and the police failed to cease the interrogation at that point. On direct
appeal, the Virginia Supreme Court rejected this claim, holding that
Burket's Miranda rights were not violated because no Miranda warn-
ings were required until the police officers searched him and placed
him under arrest, and Burket's statement "I think I need a lawyer"
occurred before he was searched and placed under arrest. See Burket
v. Commonwealth, 450 S.E.2d at 131.

For two independent reasons, Burket's claim fails. First, Burket's
claim fails because he was not "in custody" at the time he stated "I
think I need a lawyer." As noted above, a person is "in custody" for
purposes of Miranda if the person has been arrested or if his freedom
of action has been curtailed to a degree associated with arrest. See

                     36
Stansbury, 511 U.S. at 322. At the time Burket stated "I think I need
a lawyer," he was neither arrested, nor was his freedom of action cur-
tailed to a degree associated with arrest. See Beheler, 463 U.S. at
1125; Mathiason, 429 U.S. at 495. Under such circumstances, Burket
could not invoke the protections provided by Miranda. See United
States v. Wyatt, 179 F.3d 532, 537 (7th Cir. 1999)("The Fifth Amend-
ment right to counsel safeguarded by Miranda cannot be invoked
when a suspect is not in custody."); United States v. Bautista, 145
F.3d 1140, 1147 (10th Cir.) ("Thus, in order to implicate the
Miranda-Edwards right to counsel prophylaxis, both a custodial situa-
tion and official interrogation are required."), cert. denied, 119 S. Ct.
255 (1998).

Second, Burket's claim fails because, even if he was being sub-
jected to a custodial interrogation at the time he stated "I think I need
a lawyer," he did not invoke his right to counsel. Under Miranda, a
suspect in custody who invokes his right to counsel cannot be sub-
jected to further police interrogation until counsel is present or the
suspect initiates further conversation. See Edwards v. Arizona, 451
U.S. 477, 484-85 (1981). However, to invoke the right to counsel and
prevent further interrogation, a suspect must unambiguously request
the assistance of counsel. See Davis v. United States, 512 U.S. 452,
458-60 (1994). In Davis, the defendant's statement "Maybe I should
talk to a lawyer" did not invoke the right to counsel because the state-
ment was not clear enough to alert a reasonable police officer that he
was requesting an attorney. Id. at 458-62.

In this case, Burket said to the officers "I think I need a lawyer."
This statement does not constitute an unequivocal request for counsel.
In fact, Burket's statement is quite similar to the defendant's state-
ment in Davis ("Maybe I should talk to a lawyer"), which the
Supreme Court found ambiguous. Id.; see also Mueller, 181 F.3d at
573-74 (petitioner's question to officer, "Do you think I need an attor-
ney here," did not constitute unambiguous request for counsel).

In summary, the Virginia Supreme Court's rejection of this claim
was not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly estab-
lished federal law as determined by the Supreme Court of the United
States.

                     37
3

Burket also contends that his Miranda rights were violated when
the officers continued to converse with him after he had been advised
of his Miranda rights. On direct appeal, the Virginia Supreme Court
rejected this claim, holding that Burket waived his Miranda rights
when he indicated that he understood his Miranda rights and was
willing to talk to the police. See Burket v. Commonwealth, 450 S.E.2d
at 131.

To effectuate a waiver of one's Miranda rights, a suspect need not
utter any particular words. See United States v. Frankson, 83 F.3d 79,
82 (4th Cir. 1996). The Supreme Court has explained that "[t]he ques-
tion is not one of form, but rather whether the defendant in fact know-
ingly and voluntarily waived the rights delineated in the Miranda
case." North Carolina v. Butler, 441 U.S. 369, 373 (1979). "Thus, a
defendant's subsequent willingness to answer questions after
acknowledging his Miranda rights is sufficient to constitute an
implied waiver." Frankson, 83 F.3d at 82 (citation and internal quota-
tion marks omitted).

In this case, Burket impliedly waived his Miranda rights. After
Burket had been placed under arrest and advised of his Miranda
rights, Detective Hoffman returned to the interview room to get Bur-
ket to fill out a booking form. At that point, Burket initiated a conver-
sation with Detective Hoffman, and, once again, Burket was advised
of his Miranda rights. Burket stated that he understood his rights and
wanted to talk to Detective Hoffman. Even though Burket never said
"I waive my Miranda rights" or filled out a waiver of rights form, his
cooperation and desire to speak with Detective Hoffman, coupled
with his acknowledgment that he understood his Miranda rights, con-
stituted an implied waiver of his Miranda rights. See Frankson, 83
F.3d at 82. Accordingly, the Virginia Supreme Court's rejection of
this claim was not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of,
clearly established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court
of the United States.

4

In a related claim, Burket argues that his waiver of his Miranda
rights was not knowing, voluntary, and intelligent. The Virginia

                     38
Supreme Court rejected this claim on direct appeal, primarily relying
on the findings of the state trial court, which the Virginia Supreme
Court concluded were supported by substantial evidence. See Burket
v. Commonwealth, 450 S.E.2d at 132-33. In rejecting Burket's claim
that his waiver of his Miranda rights was not knowing, voluntary, and
intelligent, the state trial court found:

          This defendant's demeanor was that of an alert, composed,
          even knowledgeable individual. There was nothing unusual
          about his behavior. He appeared to understand all the ques-
          tions posed by the police officer. He responded appropri-
          ately. He never appeared confused or frightened. In fact as
          was commented on, it also struck me that the defendant's
          verbal ability was quite impressive--as I might add was his
          general knowledge of things legal. Two examples--he was
          the one who raised with Detective Sager that it was time for
          the rights. There was a statement somewhere in the tran-
          script in which the defendant made a very knowledgeable
          statement about not trying to construct an alibi. Throughout
          this defendant appeared to be unintimidated, responsive; and
          in fact at times he actually negotiated with the police offi-
          cers during the course of this interview. He never asked that
          the interview be stopped.

Burket v. Commonwealth, 450 S.E.2d at 132-33.

In order for a confession obtained during a custodial interrogation
to be admissible, any waiver of one's Miranda rights must be volun-
tary, knowing, and intelligent. See Miranda, 384 U.S. at 479. A valid
waiver depends upon the totality of the circumstances, including the
background, experience, and conduct of the defendant. See Butler,
441 U.S. at 374-75. We have considered the totality of the circum-
stances surrounding Burket's confession and conclude that he validly
waived his Miranda rights. Accordingly, the Virginia Supreme
Court's rejection of this claim was not contrary to, or an unreasonable
application of, clearly established federal law as determined by the
Supreme Court of the United States.

5

Burket claims that his rights under Miranda and Mosley were vio-
lated when the police failed to cease the interrogation after he stated

                     39
"I just don't think that I should say anything" and "I need somebody
that I can talk to." These statements were made after Burket twice was
advised of his Miranda rights. According to Burket, through these
statements, he invoked his right to remain silent. Burket further posits
that because the officers did not scrupulously honor his right to
remain silent, his confession should have been suppressed. On direct
appeal, the Virginia Supreme Court rejected this claim, holding that
Burket never invoked his right to remain silent. See Burket v. Com-
monwealth, 450 S.E.2d at 132.

In Mosley, the Supreme Court addressed an issue left open by
Miranda--the circumstances, if any, under which resumption of ques-
tioning is permissible after a person in custody has indicated that he
wishes to remain silent. See Mosley, 423 U.S. at 100-02. Rejecting an
interpretation of Miranda that would "create a per se proscription of
indefinite duration upon any further questioning by any police officer
on any subject, once the person in custody has indicated a desire to
remain silent," Mosley, 423 U.S. at 102-03, the Supreme Court con-
cluded "that the admissibility of statements obtained after the person
in custody has decided to remain silent depends under Miranda on
whether his `right to cut off questioning' was`scrupulously hon-
ored,'" Mosley, 423 U.S. at 104.20

In this case, the police neither violated Miranda nor Mosley
because Burket never invoked his right to remain silent. The Supreme
Court has held that if a suspect "indicates in any manner, at any time
prior to or during questioning, that he wishes to remain silent, the
interrogation must cease." Miranda, 384 U.S. at 473-74. In this case,
_________________________________________________________________

20 In Mosley, the Supreme Court set forth the following list of factors
for a court to consider in making this inquiry: (1) whether the police had
given the suspect Miranda warnings at the first interrogation and the sus-
pect acknowledged that he understood the warnings; (2) whether the
police immediately ceased the interrogation when the suspect indicated
that he did not want to answer questions; (3) whether the police resumed
questioning the suspect only after the passage of a significant period of
time; (4) whether the police provided a fresh set of Miranda warnings
before the second interrogation; and (5) whether the second interrogation
was restricted to a crime that had not been a subject of the earlier interro-
gation. See Mosley, 423 U.S. at 104-07.

                     40
it is not clear that Burket wished to remain silent. Indeed, considering
the circumstances as a whole, Detective Hoffman had every reason to
believe that Burket wished to talk.

The Supreme Court's most recent exposition on ambiguous invoca-
tions was in the context of whether a suspect invoked his Sixth
Amendment right to counsel. In Davis, the Court held that the deter-
mination of whether a suspect invoked his right to counsel is an
objective one. See 512 U.S. at 459. The question is whether the sus-
pect "articulate[d] his desire to have counsel present sufficiently
clearly that a reasonable police officer in the circumstances would
understand the statement to be a request for an attorney." Id. Other
circuits have held that this "objective inquiry" into ambiguity is appli-
cable to invocations of the right to remain silent. See, e.g., Medina,
59 F.3d at 1100 (applying Davis's objective inquiry to determine
whether suspect's invocation of the right to remain silent was ambigu-
ous or equivocal); United States v. Banks, 78 F.3d 1190, 1197-98 (7th
Cir.) (same), vacated on other grounds, 519 U.S. 990 (1996); cf.
Barnes v. Johnson, 160 F.3d 218, 224-25 (5th Cir. 1998) (in light of
Davis, trial court's admission of petitioner's fourth videotaped state-
ment following his ambiguous statement invoking the right to remain
silent was not contrary to clearly established federal law as deter-
mined by the Supreme Court), cert. denied, 119 S. Ct. 1768 (1999);
United States v. Ramirez, 79 F.3d 298, 305 (2d Cir. 1996) (assuming,
arguendo, that Davis applies to invocations of the right to remain
silent, but not holding that it definitely does); United States v. John-
son, 56 F.3d 947, 955 (8th Cir. 1995) (citing Davis while determining
whether right to remain silent had been invoked).

We have not determined whether Davis is applicable to invocations
of the right to remain silent. However, because§ 2254 is specifically
focused on federal law as determined by the Supreme Court, we need
not decide that issue here. See 28 U.S.C.§ 2254(d)(1). We only need
to decide whether the Virginia Supreme Court's decision to admit
Burket's statement was contrary to clearly established federal law as
determined by the Supreme Court. In light of the language and logic
of the Supreme Court's decision in Davis, we cannot say that it was.
Davis held that when faced with an ambiguous invocation of a right,
an interrogator was not required to ask clarifying questions. See 512
U.S. at 461. In this case, Burket said to the officers "I just don't think

                     41
that I should say anything" and "I need somebody that I can talk to."
These statements do not constitute an unequivocal request to remain
silent. In fact, Burket's statements are quite similar to the defendant's
statement in Davis ("Maybe I should talk to a lawyer"), which the
Supreme Court found ambiguous. Id.; see also Mueller, 181 F.3d at
573-74 (petitioner's question to officer, "Do you think I need an attor-
ney here," did not constitute unambiguous request for counsel).
Accordingly, the Virginia Supreme Court's rejection of this claim was
not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established
federal law as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.21

III

For the reasons stated herein, we conclude that Burket has failed
to make a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right
with respect to each of his assertions of error. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 2253(c)(2).22 Accordingly, we deny his request for a certificate of
appealability and dismiss the appeal.

DISMISSED
_________________________________________________________________

21 Burket raises two additional claims attacking the validity of his con-
fession. First, he claims that, under the totality of the circumstances, his
confession violated his Fifth Amendment rights and his alleged mental
illness vitiated his waiver of his Miranda rights. On state habeas, the Vir-
ginia Supreme Court held that this claim was barred under Slayton
because it could have been raised at trial and/or on direct appeal.
Because Burket has failed to establish cause for his failure to raise this
claim at trial and/or on direct appeal and prejudice, the claim is procedur-
ally defaulted. In the alternative, Burket claims that McGraw was consti-
tutionally ineffective for failing to introduce mental health evidence in
the suppression hearing. This claim was not raised in state court and,
therefore, is procedurally defaulted. See Coleman, 501 U.S. at 735 n.1.
In any event, we have reviewed both of these claims and find them to be
without merit.

22 We also conclude that Burket is not entitled to an evidentiary hearing
on any of his claims.

                    42