Court Opinion

ID: 9641217
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-22 17:25:28.714537+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:10:35.823742
License: Public Domain

EDGERTON, Associate Justice
(dissenting)
The defendants were indicted January 3, 1944 and brought to trial April 17, 1944. The trial was interrupted by the death of Chief Justice Eicher in November 1944. A few days later, on December 7, the court asked each defendant “Do you consent to the trial continuing with another judge presiding?” One answered yes. Three declined to answer, and twenty-two defendants answered no. A mistrial was therefore declared. It is a fair inference that the trial would have continued if the defendants had consented. In that case it would of course have been concluded long ago.
Between December 7, 1944 and March 1945 a few defendants asked for a speedy or immediate trial and a few asked for delay. Most did neither. On March 1, 1945 the prosecutor, Mr. Rogge, announced in open court that the government did not oppose a speedy trial and suggested that the court’s Chief Justice be asked to set a trial date. The court said that although it had authority to set the case for trial there were “several considerations — very compelling considerations” that satisfied the court it should not do so at that time. These related to the state of the criminal docket, which had 480 cases awaiting trial, the long time it would take to try this case, and the difficulty of trying it without subjecting other cases to excessive delay.
Nothing more occurred for ten months, except that two of the defendants moved for trial during the summer of 1945.
In January 1946 several defendants moved to dismiss the indictment for want of prosecution. None asked for trial. On February 2, 1946, Mr. Rogge stated in his answer to the motions to dismiss that “the United States has at all times been ready for trial.” On February 8, 1946 the court asked Mr. Rogge “are you in position to tell me now as to whether you expect and wish to prosecute this case?” Mr. Rogge asked for two weeks to answer that question, but expressly agreed with the court that the court should set a trial date if the government did not. The following colloquy occurred: "The Court. * * * as you know, we have a tremendous problem of appointed counsel in the case — we have had a bill in Congress, as I understand it, for several months to compensate those who were appointed — but I do think, if the Government doesn’t move to set it down, the Court should do it himself. Mr. Rogge. I agree with you. The Court. I did not set it down, and it was not the Assignment Commissioner’s fault, but my fault. I did not think it was fair to take counsel away from their business for eight months and not compensate them; nevertheless, I understand there has been a bill brought in Congress to compensate them. I do not know where to turn for counsel. It is my full responsibility for not setting it down * * Mr. Rogge then informed the court that he was ready to go *698to trial at once: “I would like to amplify my answer a little to say this, that I am ready to proceed, as I said, with my opening statement and ready to call witnesses. However, after reconsidering certain Supreme Court decisions in the light of the Keegan case, not that the indictment is not sufficient, I think it is, but whether the Supreme Court would sustain it, I don’t know whether I should.”
On March 1, 1946 Mr. Rogge asked for a 30-day postponement of decision on the pending motions to dismiss in order that the government might make an investigation in Germany. On March 15 the court granted a postponement until April 30. On April 30 Mr. Rogge and his staff were carrying on the investigation in Germany. The government then filed a memorandum stating that it desired to prosecute the case provided the investigation produced additional evidence of guilt. The government expressed the opinion that the evidence it already had “together with that which it may reasonably be expected will be secured * * * will warrant the sustaining of a conviction of the defendants, if one is obtained, under controlling decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States.” The government asked for 45 additional days to complete the investigation, which' had been delayed by conditions in Germany and the large numbers of witnesses and of documents to be examined.
On May 18, 1946 the court overruled the pending motions to dismiss. The court said: “ * * * two months after the mistrial was declared * * * the Court adopted a new practice whereby it assumed to assign all criminal cases to trial dates. Such practice still is in effect. In such a practice no greater duty is enjoined upon the prosecution to proceed with or to demand a trial than upon the defendants. Under these circumstances, the Court would not be justified in dismissing these cases for want of prosecution. No trial date thus far has been set by the Court. The reasons appear to me to be valid. However, if any party desires that a trial date be now assigned, the Court will act promptly upon written application being made.” In my opinion these views were correct and the court erred when it abandoned them.
On May 29, 1946 one defendant moved for immediate trial.
The case was called on September 20r 1946 for the purpose of setting a trial date. At this hearing the court said: “As far as. the Court has been advised, the case * * * is to be prosecuted again by the Government. Inasmuch as this Court has-taken over the assignment of trial dates,, rather than the Government, I think I should consider at this stage the fixing of a trial date.” The government suggested a trial date in December.' Mr. Rogge informed the court that the government had found additional evidence in Germany, and offered to summarize it. He said he still had his doubts whether the evidence met “the test of the Supreme Court cases” but that “those doubts could be resolved.”
Aside from the usual summer recess no substantial amount of time elapsed between May 18, when the court offered to assign a trial date, and September 20, when the government suggested a trial date in December. In my opinion the court should have adopted the government’s suggestion, or else set an earlier trial date as some of the defendants suggested. Instead of doing either, the court permitted the defendants to file new motions to dismiss. Several defendants did so. The government’s answer to these motions, filed on October 3, recited the fact that the government had suggested a trial date in December.
On November 21, 1946 the court held a hearing on the motions to dismiss. At this hearing Mr. Caudle, who had succeeded Mr. Rogge in charge of the government’s case, informed the court that “the Government is ready for .trial and it wants to insist that the cases be tried * * * We believe if a conviction is obtained in this case that it will be sustained. We are not in accord at all with the view that Mr. Rogge has taken as to what he contemplates the Supreme Court will do if the defendants are convicted.” The court asked why the government had a different view from Mr. Rogge. Mr. Caudle said he would like to give the court a memorandum in writing on that question. Without in*699quiring how much time would he required, the court in effect declined the offer because it would cause delay. The court declined to examine the government’s trial brief, and a report that Mr. Rogge had made to the Attorney General, because the government would not submit these documents to the defendants. On December 2 the court granted the motions to dismiss.
It is settled that “the constitutional guaranty of a speedy trial is a personal 'right which is waived by the accused’s failure to demand trial.” Collins et al. v. United States, 9 Cir., 1946, 157 F.2d 409, 410. Pietch v. U. S., 10 Cir., 110 F.2d 817, 129 A.L.R. 572, 587. Most of the defendants never demanded trial. Even the few who did were, I think, clearly outside the constitutional guaranty. For “the right of a speedy trial is necessarily relative. It is consistent with delays and depends upon circumstances.” Beavers v. Haubert, 198 U.S. 77, 87, 25 S.Ct. 573, 576, 49 L.Ed. 950; Bayless v. United States, 8 Cir., 1945, 147 F.2d 169. It is a right to be tried as soon as the interests of justice and the orderly conduct of the courts’ business fairly permit. The fact that a trial was promptly commenced and carried on for seven months; the fact that it would have been completed, despite the death of the trial judge, if the defendants had consented; the difficulty of assigning counsel for the many defendants who had none, and the pendency in Congress of a bill to compensate counsel; the large number of other criminal cases awaiting trial; the rights of the defendants and of the government to have those cases tried, and the delay to which the trial of this case would subject many of them; and above all, the importance of the investigation in Germany which became possible some time after the end of the war, which might have produced evidence favorable to either side and did produce evidence favorable to the government; all go to show, and taken together I think show conclusively, that no defendant’s constitutional rights were denied.
It is said to have been within the court’s discretion to dismiss the indictment under Rule 48(b) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure which provides that “if there is unnecessary delay in bringing a defendant to trial, the court may dismiss the indictment.” But the same facts which show that there was no denial of a “speedy trial” in the constitutional sense seem to me to show conclusively that there was no “unnecessary delay.” Moreover I do not think this appeal presents the question whether it would have been within the court’s discretion to dismiss the indictment on the theory of unnecessary delay. The question whether there was unnecessary delay did not turn upon the sufficiency of the government's evidence (except that the importance of getting evidence in Germany was one of the things that made delay necessary). No Rule of Criminal Procedure authorizes a court to dismiss an indictment before trial, over the government’s objection, because the court thinks the evidence inadequate. It is even clearer if possible that a court is not authorized to dismiss an indictment, without considering the evidence, because a former prosecutor had doubts of its adequacy. Yet the court clearly indicated in a memorandum opinion that in dismissing this indictment it was very largely influenced not only by the delays which had occurred but likewise by the personal doubts of a successful prosecution which Mr. Rogge had expressed when he was in charge of the government’s case. Dismissal because of those doubts was not, and would not have been even if the government had not repudiated them, an exercise of any discretion that may have been committed to the court. In my opinion the court exceeded its authority and its judgment should be reversed.