Court Opinion

ID: 9469517
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 02:42:37.10786+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:41:25.692615
License: Public Domain

PELL, Circuit Judge,
concurring.
I concur in the result reached in the foregoing opinion.
APPENDIX
AN ORDINANCE AMENDING CHAPTER 130, GENERAL OFFENSES, OF THE CODE OF ORDINANCES OF THE VILLAGE OF ANTIOCH
BE IT ORDAINED BY THE MAYOR AND BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE VILLAGE OF ANTIOCH, ILLINOIS, as follows:
SECTION 1: That Chapter 130, entitled, “General Offenses”, of the Code of Ordinances of the Village of Antioch, Illinois, is amended by adding thereto the following sections:
(A) Short Title and Citation. This Ordinance shall be known and may be cited as the Paraphernalia Ordinance of the Village of Antioch.
(B) Definitions. The following words and phrases when used in this Ordinance shall, for the purposes of this Ordinance, have the meanings respectively ascribed to them in this Section, except where the context clearly indicates a different meaning:
(1) “Cocaine spoon”: A spoon with a bowl so small that the primary use for which it is reasonably adapted or designed is to hold or administer cocaine, and which is so small as to be unsuited for the typical, lawful uses of a spoon. A cocaine spoon may or may not be merchandised on a chain and may or may not be labeled as a “cocaine” spoon or “coke” spoon.
(2) “Controlled Substance”: Any drug, substance or immediate precursor enumerated in Schedules 1-5, Chapter 56V2, PA 79-454 of the Illinois Revised Stat[ut]es, as amended (commonly known as the Controlled Substances Act).
(3) “Cannabis”: As defined in Section 703 of Chapter 561/2, PA 79-1465 of the Illinois Revised Statutes, as amended.
(4) “Marijuana or hashish pipe”: A pipe characterized by a bowl which is so small that the primary use for which it is reasonably adapted or designed is the smoking of marijuana or hashish, rather than lawful smoking tobacco, and which may or may not be equipped with a screen.
(5) The term “Drug Paraphernalia” means all equipment, products and materials of any kind which are used, intended for use, or designed for use, in planting, propagating, cultivating, growing, harvesting, manufacturing, compounding, converting, producing, processing, preparing, testing, analyzing, packaging, repackaging, storing, containing, concealing, injecting, ingesting, *457inhaling, or otherwise introducing into the human body a controlled substance as defined in Schedules 1-5, Chapter 56V2, PA 79-454 of the Illinois Revised Statutes, as amended or cannabis as defined in Section 703 of Chapter 56%, PA 79-1465 of the Illinois Revised Statutes, as amended. It includes, but is not limited to:
(a) Kits used, intended for use, or designed for use in planting, propagating, cultivating, growing or harvesting of any species of plant which is a controlled substance or cannabis or from which a controlled substance or cannabis can be derived.
(b) Kits used, intended for use, or designed for use in manufacturing, compounding, converting, producing, processing, or preparing controlled substance[s] or cannabis;
(c) Isomerization devices used, intended for use, or designed for use in increasing the potency of any species of plant which is a controlled substance or cannabis;
(d) Testing equipment used, intended for use, or designed for use in identifying, or in analyzing the strength, effectiveness or purity of controlled substances or cannabis;
(e) Scales and balances used, intended for use, or designed for use in weighing or measuring controlled substances or cannabis;
(f) Diluents and adulterants, such as quinine hydrochloride, manitol, mannite, dextrose and lactose, used, intended for use, or designed for use in cutting controlled substances or cannabis;
(g) Separation gins and sifters used, intended for use or designed for use in removing twigs and seeds from, or in otherwise cleaning or refining marijuana;
(h) Blenders, bowls, containers, spoons and mixing devices used, intended for use, or designed for use in compounding controlled substances or cannabis;
(i) Capsules, ball[o]ons, envelopes and other containers used, intended for use, or designed for use in packaging small quantities of controlled substances or cannabis;
(j) Containers and other objects used, intended for use, or designed for use in storing or concealing controlled substances or cannabis;
(k) Objects used, intended for use, or designed for use in ingesting, inhaling, or otherwise introducing marijuana, cocaine, hashish, or hashish oil into the human body, such as:
(l) Metal, wooden, acrylic, glass, stone, plastic, or ceramic pipes with or without screens, permanent screens, hashish heads, or punctured metal bowls;
(2) Water pipes;
(3) Carburetion tubes and devices;
(4) Smoking and carburetion masks;
(5) Roach clips: meaning objects used to hold burning material, such as a marijuana cigarette, that has become too small or too short to be held in the hand;
(6) Chamber pipes;
(7) Carburetor pipes;
(8) Electric pipes;
(9) Air-driven pipes;
(10) Chillums;
(11) Bongs;
(12) Ice pipes or chillers;
In determining whether an object is Drug paraphernalia, a court or other authority should consider in addition to all other logically relevant factors, the following:
(a) Statements by an owner or by anyone in control of the object concerning its use;
(b) Prior convictions, if any, of an owner, or of anyone in control of the object, under any State or Federal law relating to any controlled substance;
(c) The proximity of the object, in time and space, to a direct violation of this Act;
(d) The proximity of the object to controlled substances;
(e) The existence of any residue of controlled substances on the object;
(f) Direct or circumstantial evidence of the intent of an owner, or of anyone in control of the object, to deliver it to persons whom he knows, or should -reasonably know, *458intend to use the object to facilitate a violation of this Act; the innocence of an owner, or of anyone in control of the object, as to a direct violation of this Act shall not prevent a finding that the object is intended for use, or designed for use as Drug paraphernalia;
(g) Instructions, oral or written, provided with the object concerning its use;
(h) Descriptive materials accompanying the object which explain or depict its use;
(i) National and local advertising concerning its use;
(j) The manner in which the object is displayed for sale;
(k) Whether the owner, or anyone-in-con■trol-of-the-objecty is-a-legitimate supplier of like or related items to the co[m]munity7 such as-a licensed distributor or dealer of tobacco-products;
(7) Direct or circumstantial evidence of the ratio of sales of the object(s) to the total sales of the business enterprise;
(m) The existence and scope of legitimate uses for the object in the community;
(n) Expert testimony concerning its “use.”
(6) “Person”: An individual, corporation, government or governmental subdivision or agency, business trust, estate, trust, partnership or association.
(C) It shall be unlawful for any person to sell, offer for sale, display, furnish, supply or give away any cocaine spoon, marijuana pipe, hashish pipe, or any drug paraphernalia.
The prohibition contained in this section shall not apply to manufacturers, wholesalers, jobbers, licensed medical technicians, technologists, nurses, hospitals, research teaching institutions, clinical laboratories, medical doctors, osteopathic physicians, dentists, chiropodists, veterinarians, pharmacists, or embalmers in the normal lawful course of their respective businesses or professions, nor to common carriers or warehouses or their employees engaged in the lawful transportation of such paraphernalia, nor to public officers or employees while engaged in the performance of their official duties, nor to persons suffering from diabetes, asthma, or any other medical condition requiring self injection.
(D) Penalties. A person who violates any provision or provisions of this Ordinance, upon conviction, shall be punished with a fine not exceeding Five Hundred ($500.00) Dollars and not less than Twenty Five ($25.00) Dollars. Each day of the violation shall be considered a separate offense.
(E) Construction; Severability. It is the legislative intent that all provisions and sections, clauses and sentences of the Ordinance be liberally construed, and should any provision, section, clause or sentence be held unconstitutional or invalid, such holding shall not be construed as affecting the validity of any of the remaining provisions, sections, clauses, or sentences, it being the intent that this Ordinance shall stand notwithstanding of the validity of any provision, section, clause or sentence.
SECTION 2: All Ordinances or parts of Ordinances in conflict herewith are expressly repealed.
SECTION 3: This Ordinance shall be in full force and effect after its passage, approval and publication in pamphlet form.