Court Opinion

ID: 4508114
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-02-18 15:07:03.905382+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:37:40.405431
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-2608-18T4
EVELYN JEFFERSON,

         Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

THE COMMUNITY HOSPITAL
GROUP d/b/a JFK MEDICAL
CENTER, and JEAN LANDEN,

     Defendants-Respondents.
____________________________

                   Argued January 23, 2020 – Decided February 18, 2020

                   Before Judges Koblitz, Whipple and Gooden Brown.

                   On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                   Division, Union County, Docket No. L-1751-16.

                   Michael G. Kane argued the cause for appellant
                   (Cashdan & Kane, LLC, attorneys; Michael G. Kane, of
                   counsel and on the brief).

                   Lawrence Bluestone argued the cause for respondent
                   (Genova Burns LLC, attorneys; John C. Petrella and
                   Lawrence Bluestone, of counsel and on the brief).

PER CURIAM
      Plaintiff Evelyn Jefferson appeals the January 18, 2019 order granting

summary judgment to defendants The Community Hospital Group, Inc., d/b/a JFK

Medical Center (JFK) and its human resources manager, Jean Landen, dismissing

plaintiff's complaint with prejudice. Plaintiff's conditional offer for a registered

nurse position at the United States Department of Veteran Affairs New Jersey Health

Care System (VA) was revoked when Landen informed the VA that plaintiff, who

worked on a per diem basis at JFK, was involuntarily terminated for failing to

comply with occupational health requirements. Although plaintiff authorized the

disclosure of her employment information and released from liability all those who

provided such information in good faith, she asserts the defendants are not protected

by a qualified privilege. We disagree and affirm.

                               I. Factual background.

      Plaintiff's amended four-count complaint against defendants asserts: (1)

defamation; (2) negligent or reckless misrepresentation; (3) negligence or

recklessness in omitting relevant facts; and (4) tortious interference.

      In early 2015, plaintiff applied for a registered nurse position at the VA. In

April of that year, the VA made a conditional offer of employment to her, subject to

a background check. Plaintiff completed the "Application for Nurses and Nurse

Anesthetists" form on which she certified that she had not been discharged from

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employment within the last five years. She also signed and dated the "Credentialing

Release of Information Authorization" and "Authorization for Release of

Information" forms authorizing the VA to obtain information about her educational

and professional background from entities such as her former and current employers.

Both of these forms included the language that plaintiff "release[d] from liability all

those who provide information to the [VA] in good faith and without malice in

response to such inquiries."

      Plaintiff was employed sporadically at JFK from 2012 to 2013 as a per diem

registered nurse. In June 2015, the VA sent JFK an inquiry about plaintiff's

employment and included her signed "Credentialing Release of Information

Authorization" form. While the VA attached a document, titled "Inquiry Concerning

Applicant for Employment," for JFK to complete, JFK used its own "employee

verification" form (EVF), which stated that the information was disclosed "pursuant

to the Health Care Professional Responsibility and Reporting Enhancement Act,"

commonly referred to as the Cullen Law, N.J.S.A. 26.2H-12.2a to -12.2d. Landen

responded to the VA's request the next day by reviewing JFK's payroll system and

plaintiff's personnel file. Landen testified that she only completed part of the EVF

and an unknown person wrote plaintiff's name, hire date and separation date, and

"per diem" under the category "[v]oluntary [r]easons" for separation.

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      Landen also checked the EVF line indicating plaintiff was "eligible for

rehire."   In response to the question about when plaintiff received her last

performance evaluation, Landen wrote that plaintiff was "not here long enough for

[a] full evaluation." Landen testified that at the time she submitted the EVF, no

evaluation existed in the system, but after receiving plaintiff's counsel's demand

letter, a full evaluation was found.

      While the EVF indicated that plaintiff was employed from October 8, 2012 to

September 14, 2013, after receiving a demand letter from plaintiff's counsel months

later, Landen learned that plaintiff's last day at JFK was in October 2013. While the

payroll listed the reason for plaintiff's termination with "a generic code, like 'other,'"

her personnel file explained that she was terminated for "[n]on[-]compliance [with]

flu shot." Landen testified that because receiving a flu shot was an occupational

health requirement, she included that language on the EVF under the category

"[i]nvoluntary [r]easons" for separation. Thus, the EVF included a reason for both

a voluntary and involuntary separation.

      JFK's flu shot policy, mandating all healthcare personnel to be vaccinated and

to "provide written documentation of receipt of the vaccine or an approved

declination," became effective in September 2013. Andrew Kuziemski testified that

at the time he had oversight of the "occupational medicine and employee health"

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department and was responsible for ensuring employees complied with the flu shot

policy. Plaintiff's name remained on an employee list as non-compliant. On

December 23, 2013, the vice president of patient care services signed a personnel

action form, terminating plaintiff from JFK for not complying with the flu policy.

The form listed plaintiff's last day of work as September 14, 2013.

      In July 2015, the VA informed plaintiff by letter that because she did not

disclose her involuntary termination from JFK, her conditional offer was revoked.

Plaintiff then contacted JFK's human resources department, which informed her that

if the VA sends it a letter explaining why it revoked her conditional offer it will make

"the corrections." In August 2015, plaintiff shared this information via email with

the VA's human resources specialist who then forwarded plaintiff's message to her

colleagues, but the VA refused to reconsider.

      In the first part of December 2015, plaintiff sent a letter to the VA asking it to

reinstate her offer. She explained that JFK erred in stating that she was terminated

involuntarily for not complying with the flu shot policy, because she had received a

flu shot. She enclosed a revised EVF completed by JFK in November 2015. The

revised form corrected her hire date to October 6, 2012 and separation date to

October 25, 2013. Although the form still mentioned plaintiff was not employed

long enough to complete an evaluation, it indicated she was terminated voluntarily

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                                           5
only, listing the reason again as "per diem." Plaintiff also enclosed her flu shot

records from East Orange General Hospital, her then full-time employer, which

demonstrated she got a flu shot on October 1, 2013.              After reviewing this

information, the VA refused to reconsider.

      Later in December 2015, Landen sent a letter to the VA clarifying that the

notation on its original submission indicating plaintiff was involuntarily terminated

for "non[-]compliance with Occupational Health requirements," referenced its flu

shot policy, which "[s]ubsequent to [its] submission . . . Ms. Jefferson submitted

documentation . . . that she received the flu vaccination." The VA still did not change

its decision.

                                II. Standard of review.

      We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same standard

as the trial court. Templo Fuente De Vida Corp. v. Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. of

Pittsburgh, 224 N.J. 189, 199 (2016). Summary judgment must be granted "if the

pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories and admissions on file, together

with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact

challenged and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment or order as a matter

of law." Ibid. (quoting R. 4:46-2(c)).

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      Without making credibility determinations, the court considers the evidence

"in the light most favorable to the non-moving party" and determines whether it

would be "sufficient to permit a rational factfinder to resolve the alleged disputed

issue in favor of the non-moving party." Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142
N.J. 520, 540 (1995). If the evidence presented "show[s] that there is no real material

issue, then summary judgment should be granted."            Walker v. Atl. Chrysler

Plymouth, Inc., 216 N.J. Super. 255, 258 (App. Div. 1987). "[C]onclusory and self-

serving assertions by one of the parties are insufficient to overcome the [summary

judgment] motion." Puder v. Buechel, 183 N.J. 428, 440–41 (2005).

                               III. Waiver of liability.

      Plaintiff argues that because the EVF states that JFK provided information

pursuant to the Cullen Law, defendants waived the protection of common law

qualified privilege. Claiming to disclose information pursuant to an inapplicable

theory, however, does not bar application of other valid disclosure waivers. Our

courts afford an "employer . . . a qualified privilege to provide a negative reference

in response to an inquiry from a prospective employer." Senisch v. Carlino, 423 N.J.

Super. 269, 278 (App. Div. 2011); Erickson v. Marsh & McLennan Co., Inc., 117
N.J. 539, 564 (1990). A prospective employer has "a legitimate and obvious interest

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in the professional qualifications, skills, and experience of [a candidate], including

the reasons for . . . termination." Erickson, 117 N.J. at 564.

       If a statement made in furtherance of this policy is discovered to be untrue,

qualified privilege will protect against liability, unless the privilege was abused by

the speaker who "act[ed] in reckless disregard of its truth," the public policy was not

served, or "the statement is excessively published." Feggans v. Billington, 291 N.J.

Super. 382, 394 (App. Div. 1996)

       "The public policy underlying . . . [the] qualified privilege is 'that it is essential

that true information be given whenever it is reasonably necessary for the protection

of one's own interests, the interests of third persons or certain interests of the public.'"

Id. at 392 (quoting Erickson,117 N.J. at 563). This is particularly true in the health

field where patients' welfare is at stake.

       The court "will examine the relationship of the parties, the persons to whom

the statement is communicated, the circumstances attendant to the statement, and the

manner in which the statement is made." Id. at 393. "A communication 'made bona

fide upon any subject-matter in which the party communicating has an interest . . .

to a person having a corresponding interest,'" will be privileged. Erickson, 117 N.J.

at 563 (quoting Coleman v. Newark Morning Ledger Co., 29 N.J. 357, 375 (1959)).

Defendants met their burden to prove the existence of a qualified privilege when

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providing the reasons for terminating plaintiff as a per diem registered nurse at JFK,

serving both a public and private interest that outweighed plaintiff's reputational

interest.

       In connection with the JFK employment disclosure, plaintiff also twice

expressly "release[d] from liability all those who provide information to the [VA] in

good faith and without malice in response to such inquiries." The motion court

found "no evidence of malice on [the] part of the [d]efendant[s], and that they acted

in good faith."

       Based on the evidence, the mistakes made in JFK's initial EVF were

inadvertent, though perhaps negligent. JFK twice responded to plaintiff's requests,

attempting to correct the information, evidencing a lack of ill intent. JFK clarified

that plaintiff had taken the flu shot and had not been involuntarily terminated. The

fact that the VA was stubbornly unrelenting does not establish malice on the part of

defendants.

       We regret the seemingly harsh resolution of this matter, especially when

plaintiff did not know the JFK records reflected she was involuntarily terminated

until after she certified she had never been involuntarily terminated. As a per diem

employee, she was not informed of the termination and had no opportunity to present

evidence to JFK to rectify the situation. Undoubtedly, JFK made several mistakes

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in reporting plaintiff's employment records to the VA. Thus, we have a wrong

without a remedy provided by this litigation. The greater public good of encouraging

employers to report negative information about employees to future employers,

especially in the crucial healthcare industry, must take precedence.

      Affirmed.

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