Court Opinion

ID: 4393407
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-05-02 17:40:22.308425+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:23:36.629206
License: Public Domain

J-S12002-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

 S.W.                                     :     IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                          :          PENNSYLVANIA
                                          :
              v.                          :
                                          :
                                          :
 L.W.                                     :
                                          :
                    Appellant             :     No. 1744 MDA 2018

                Appeal from the Order Entered June 12, 2018
               In the Court of Common Pleas of Centre County
                      Civil Division at No(s): 2013-3292

BEFORE: BOWES, J., DUBOW, J., and MUSMANNO, J.

MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.:                  FILED: MAY 2, 2019

      L.W. (“Father”) appeals from the June 12, 2018 custody order

concerning his daughter, E.W., born in October of 2012. Upon careful review,

we affirm.

      The relevant factual and procedural history is as follows. Father resides

in Centre County with his fiancée, C.S.       In contrast, S.W. (“Mother”) lives

approximately forty minutes away in Clearfield County, with her husband

(“Stepfather”), their eighteen-month-old son, and their three-month-old

daughter.

      Father equated his relationship with Mother with “the Cold War as in

there is not a whole lot of face-to-face battles but you have to constantly be

prepared to jump under your desk.” N.T., 5/31/18, at 199-200. Mother’s

characterization is less antagonistic: “I don’t feel there’s a level of conflict
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[with Father]. I feel there’s a lack of communication and a lack of willing[ness]

to co[-]parent.” Id. at 61.

      In the fall of 2016, when E.W. had just turned four years old, the parties

filed cross-petitions to modify the existing custody order, wherein they both

requested primary physical custody.          In anticipation of the custody

proceedings, Father filed a petition for the appointment of a guardian ad litem

(“GAL”) “who can talk to the child and ascertain if either parent is making

inappropriate statements to the child [about the other parent].”        Petition,

2/14/17, at ¶ 6. Mother agreed to the appointment of a GAL, and on March

29, 2017, the trial court appointed Bobbie Rabuck, Esquire, as GAL and

directed her to file a report and recommendation.

      The GAL filed her report on October 19, 2017, wherein she

recommended that Father have primary physical custody during the school

year and that Mother exercise partial physical custody every weekend. During

the summer months, the GAL recommended that the parties share physical

custody on an alternating weekly basis. In addition, the GAL recommended,

inter alia, that E.W. participate in counseling, and that Father and Mother

engage in co-parenting counseling.

      The custody trial occurred on May 31, 2018, when E.W. was five years

old, and prior to her entering kindergarten. Mother testified and presented

the testimony of Stepfather and L.Q., Stepfather’s mother. Father countered

by testifying on his own behalf and calling his fiancée, C.S., and the paternal

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grandmother, N.W. The GAL was subjected to examination in relation to her

report by both parties and the trial court.

      The trial court announced its custody decision and delineated its best-

interest analysis on the record in open court, and entered a written order on

June 12, 2018.    The court declined to follow the GAL’s recommendation.

Instead, it awarded Mother primary physical custody of E.W. during the school

year and granted Father partial physical custody on alternating weekends and

on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 4:30 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. During the summer,

the parties were directed share physical custody on alternating weeks. The

court also ordered that the parties engage in co-parenting counseling. In a

separate parenting plan issued simultaneously with the custody order, the

court held that the parties were to “facilitate the child’s private individual

counseling as may be recommended by the child’s therapist[.]” Parenting

Plan, 6/12/18, at ¶ 15.

      Father timely filed a motion for reconsideration of the June 12, 2018

custody order.    The trial court expressly granted Father’s motion and,

pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1701(b)(3)(ii), scheduled oral argument. Prior to the

hearing, Father filed a request for additional testimony pursuant to Pa.R.C.P.

1930.2(e), which provides “If the court grants the motion for reconsideration

and files its order within the 30-day appeal period, the court may issue an

order during the applicable 120-day period directing that additional testimony

be taken[.]”   Specifically, Father petitioned that the court hear additional

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testimony concerning Mother’s “lack of candor” during the evidentiary hearing,

Father’s and Mother’s respective school districts, and a recent incident

between E.W. and Stepfather. Motion, 8/14/18, at ¶ 8(a)–(c). The trial court

granted Father’s request for supplemental testimony solely as to the alleged

incident between E.W. and Stepfather.

     At the ensuing evidentiary hearing, Father presented evidence that,

during mother’s custodial period, Stepfather slapped E.W. and clutched her

with such force so as to leave handprints on her arms. He introduced two

photographs that he claimed depicted the marks on E.W.’s arms. Id. at 6-7;

see also Exhibit D-1.    Father testified that, upon discovering the alleged

abuse, Father took E.W. to the emergency room, where E.W. informed the

doctor that the injury occurred while she was at Delgrosso’s amusement park

in Blair County with Mother and Stepfather. Father recalled her statement as,

“they were going to leave or what not or go over to the water park[,] and

[E.W.] wanted to get on a ride and [Stepfather] grabbed her and slapped her

mouth.” Id. at 8-9. Father also alleged that Mother subsequently encouraged

E.W. to believe that she sustained the marks by falling off the trampoline at

their house. Id. at 11-13, 29-30.

     In his defense, Stepfather testified that he did not grab E.W. as a result

of her desire to get on a ride in the amusement park.       Id. at 47-48, 56.

Rather, he explained that on one occasion at the amusement park, when E.W.

was exiting the train ride that involves stepping over a gap, he held both of

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her arms so that “she didn’t fall. . . .” Id. at 48-49. He testified, “literally the

rides [were] the only thing [that] I could come up with [to explain] how I

would’ve put those [marks on E.W.’s arms] . . . .” Id. at 57.

      Rebecca Claar, a caseworker from Blair County Children and Youth

Services (“CYS”), testified that she investigated the incident and determined

that it was unfounded for child abuse. Id. at 27-28. In addition, the GAL and

Mother testified.

      The trial court denied Father’s motion for reconsideration, and Father

timely filed a notice of appeal and a concise statement of errors complained

of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) and (b). He presents the

following issues for our review:

      I.     Did the trial court violate 23 Pa.C.S. § 5323(d) by failing to
             adequately delineate its reason for the custody award in a
             timely fashion?

      II.    Did the trial court commit an error of law or an abuse of
             discretion in limiting the additional testimony to be
             presented at the time of the reconsideration hearing?

      III.   Did the trial court commit an error of law and/or an abuse
             of discretion by failing to attach any weight to the [GAL]’s
             report?

      IV.    Did the trial court commit an error of law and/or an abuse
             of discretion in that its findings pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.
             § 5328(a) (in determining the best interests of the child)
             were unreasonable and/or not supported by the record?

Father’s brief at 6.

      We review Father’s issues according to the following scope and standard

of review:

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         [T]he appellate court is not bound by the deductions or
         inferences made by the trial court from its findings of fact,
         nor must the reviewing court accept a finding that has no
         competent evidence to support it. . . . However, this broad
         scope of review does not vest in the reviewing court the
         duty or the privilege of making its own independent
         determination. . . . Thus, an appellate court is empowered
         to determine whether the trial court’s incontrovertible
         factual findings support its factual conclusions, but it may
         not interfere with those conclusions unless they are
         unreasonable in view of the trial court’s factual findings;
         and thus, represent a gross abuse of discretion.

     R.M.G., Jr. v. F.M.G., 986 A.2d 1234, 1237 (Pa.Super. 2009)
     (quoting Bovard v. Baker, 775 A.2d 835, 838 (Pa.Super. 2001)).

     Moreover,

         on issues of credibility and weight of the evidence, we defer
         to the findings of the trial [court] who has had the
         opportunity to observe the proceedings and demeanor of
         the witnesses.

        The parties cannot dictate the amount of weight the trial
        court places on evidence. Rather, the paramount concern
        of the trial court is the best interest of the child. Appellate
        interference is unwarranted if the trial court’s consideration
        of the best interest of the child was careful and thorough,
        and we are unable to find any abuse of discretion.

     R.M.G., Jr., supra at 1237 (internal citations omitted). The test
     is whether the evidence of record supports the trial court’s
     conclusions. Ketterer v. Seifert, 902 A.2d 533, 539 (Pa.Super.
     2006).

A.V. v. S.T., 87 A.3d 818, 820 (Pa.Super. 2014). In addition,

     the discretion that a trial court employs in custody matters should
     be accorded the utmost respect, given the special nature of the
     proceeding and the lasting impact the result will have on the lives
     of the parties concerned. Indeed, the knowledge gained by a trial
     court in observing witnesses in a custody proceeding cannot
     adequately be imparted to an appellate court by a printed record.

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Ketterer, supra at 540 (Pa.Super. 2006) (quoting Jackson v. Beck, 858
A.2d 1250, 1254 (Pa.Super. 2004)).

         The primary concern in any custody case is the best interests of the

child.     “The best-interests standard, decided on a case-by-case basis,

considers all factors that legitimately have an effect upon the child’s physical,

intellectual, moral, and spiritual wellbeing.” Saintz v. Rinker, 902 A.2d 509,

512 (Pa.Super. 2006).

         The Child Custody Act (“Act”), 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 5321-5340, provides the

following enumerated list of factors a trial court must consider in determining

the best interests of a child when awarding any form of custody:

         § 5328. Factors to consider when awarding custody.

               (a) Factors. – In ordering any form of custody, the court
         shall determine the best interest of the child by considering all
         relevant factors, giving weighted consideration to those factors
         which affect the safety of the child, including the following:

             (1) Which party is more likely to encourage and permit
             frequent and continuing contact between the child and
             another party.

             (2) The present and past abuse committed by a party or
             member of the party’s household, whether there is a
             continued risk of harm to the child or an abused party and
             which party can better provide adequate physical safeguards
             and supervision of the child.

             (2.1) The information set forth in section 5329.1(a)(1) and
             (2) (relating to consideration of child abuse and involvement
             with protective services).

             (3) The parental duties performed by each party on behalf of
             the child.

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          (4) The need for stability and continuity in the child’s
          education, family life and community life.

          (5) The availability of extended family.

          (6) The child’s sibling relationships.

          (7) The well-reasoned preference of the child, based on the
          child’s maturity and judgment.

          (8) The attempts of a parent to turn the child against the
          other parent, except in cases of domestic violence where
          reasonable safety measures are necessary to protect the
          child from harm.

          (9) Which party is more likely to maintain a loving, stable,
          consistent and nurturing relationship with the child adequate
          for the child’s emotional needs.

          (10) Which party is more likely to attend to the daily physical,
          emotional, developmental, educational and special needs of
          the child.

          (11) The proximity of the residences of the parties.

          (12) Each party’s availability to care for the child or ability to
          make appropriate child-care arrangements.

          (13) The level of conflict between the parties and the
          willingness and ability of the parties to cooperate with one
          another. A party’s effort to protect a child from abuse by
          another party is not evidence of unwillingness or inability to
          cooperate with that party.

          (14) The history of drug or alcohol abuse of a party or
          member of a party’s household.

          (15) The mental and physical condition of a party or member
          of a party’s household.

          (16) Any other relevant factor.

23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a).

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      This Court has stated that, “All of the factors listed in [§] 5328(a) are

required to be considered by the trial court when entering a custody order.”

J.R.M. v. J.E.A., 33 A.3d 647, 652 (Pa.Super. 2011) (emphasis in original).

Further,

      [s]ection 5323(d) provides that a trial court “shall delineate the
      reasons for its decision on the record in open court or in a written
      opinion or order.” 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5323(d). Additionally, “section
      5323(d) requires the trial court to set forth its mandatory
      assessment of the sixteen factors prior to the deadline by which a
      litigant must file a notice of appeal.” C.B. v. J.B., 65 A.3d 946,
      955 (Pa.Super. 2013), appeal denied, 70 A.3d 808 (Pa. 2013).

A.V., supra at 822-823.      Moreover, this Court has stated, “[t]here is no

required amount of detail for the trial court’s explanation; all that is required

is that the enumerated factors are considered and that the custody decision

is based on those considerations.”      M.J.M. v. M.L.G., 63 A.3d 331, 336

(Pa.Super. 2013).

      In his first issue on appeal, Father argues that the court failed “to

adequately and timely delineate its reasons for the custody award.” Father’s

brief at 14. Father recites the trial court’s findings made on the record in open

court on June 1, 2018, but he asserts that the court “provided very little

specifics as to various factors and how they weighed in the [c]ourt’s

determination.” Id. at 15. Father states that the court adequately addressed

the § 5328(a) custody factors in its Rule 1925(a) opinion, but that this was

after the appeal deadline; therefore, he asserts that the court erred pursuant

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to C.B., supra.     Father requests that we remand the case for further

proceedings.

      In C.B., this Court interpreted § 5323(d) of the Act providing that trial

courts “shall delineate the reasons for its decision on the record in open court

or in a written opinion or order.”       23 Pa.C.S. § 5323(d).       We stated,

“Interpreting [§] 5323(d) in a manner that permits a trial court to delay

addressing the Act’s sixteen custody factors until the preparation of its

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion yields an absurd and unreasonable result.” C.B.,

supra at 953 (also stating, “Courts . . . must not interpret a statute in a

manner that leads to an absurd result.”) (citation omitted). We explained:

      Such an interpretation would leave litigants in the untenable
      position of having to navigate the initial stages of the appellate
      process blind. A custody litigant must first decide whether to
      appeal at all, a decision that involves potentially significant
      commitments of financial resources and time, as well as emotional
      and psychological stress. . . .      Similarly, attorneys cannot
      intelligently advise their clients whether to pursue an appeal
      without first knowing how the court assessed the sixteen statutory
      factors in reaching its decision.

Id. Therefore, this Court held that § 5323(d) “requires the trial court to set

forth its mandatory assessment of the sixteen factors prior to the deadline by

which a litigant must file a notice of appeal.” Id. at 955. We concluded:

      [T]he trial judge announced in open court “[t]wo of the key factors
      for me” which, along with “all the other factors,” led him to his
      decision. N.T., 10/24/11, at 23. Then, in its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)
      opinion, the court addressed all of the sixteen factors prescribed
      by [§] 5328. Because the trial court complied substantially with
      the Act as it was interpreted prior to our decision today, and
      because [the appellant] has not demonstrated that any of her
      issues were forfeited by virtue of the trial court’s approach in this

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      case, we discern no reason to remand this case to the trial court
      for further proceedings.

Id.

      In this case, we reject Father’s contention that the trial court failed to

adequately detail its reasons for the custody award on the record in open court

on June 1, 2018, within the appeal deadline. As discussed, infra, the court

set forth its assessment of the relevant statutory factors. In addition, similar

to the appellant in C.B., Father does not allege or demonstrate that any of his

issues was forfeited on appeal due to the asserted error by the court.

Therefore, we need not remand this case for further proceedings.

      Although, in addressing the factors, the court did not identify them by

statutory citation, it discussed the factors using the key language provided in

the statute for each of them. The hearing transcript reveals that the court

found determinative § 5328(a)(1), which party is more likely to encourage

and permit frequent and continuing contact between the child and another

party, and § 5328(a)(13), the level of conflict between the parties and the

willingness and ability of the parties to cooperate with one another. The court

weighed both factors in Mother’s favor. N.T., 6/1/18, at 302-03, 305-06.

      The court explained that it “heard some testimony from the [custody]

hearing” in February of 2015, and it found that Mother, more than Father, has

“mov[ed] forward” and is not “stuck” where the parties were three years ago

in their accusations against each other. Id. at 306. The court stated, “I heard

a lot of evidence about Dad’s need to document and photograph things

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because of a fear of retaliation from Mom. I am not really sure where that

comes from.”       Id.    Further, the court found “very concerning” evidence

regarding Father’s failure to communicate his concern to Mother that a

neighbor boy in Mother’s neighborhood inappropriately touched E.W., and that

Father explained his failure to communicate this to Mother as “that’s just our

relationship. . . .”1 Id. at 302-03.

       With respect to § 5328(a)(8), the attempts of a parent to turn the child

against the other parent, the court rejected Father’s allegations of alienation.

Id. at 304-305. Stressing that Father’s allegation is based on “what [E.W.]

says,” the court reasoned,

       [E.W. is] five. I’m not sure exactly how old she was when she
       was saying some of the things -- Daddy is a bad daddy, a mean
       daddy. . . . [W]ho knows where she might have gotten an idea
       like that. . . . You two have your own history. I understand that.
       I don’t know what all of it is, and I don’t need to know that because
       really the point is you need to move forward.
____________________________________________

1 Father acknowledged on cross-examination that, in August of 2017, he took
E.W. to the doctor to learn if she had a urinary tract infection. N.T., 5/31/18,
at 247-49. In doing so, he reported his concern to the doctor that an eleven-
year-old boy in Mother’s neighborhood inappropriately touched E.W. Id. at
248. Mother’s counsel inquired whether he discussed this with Mother before
taking E.W. to the doctor, and Father testified, “No, because we don’t
communicate. We’re unable to co[-]parent.” Id.

It is important to note there is no evidence in the record that E.W. was touched
inappropriately by the neighbor boy or by any other person. Indeed, the GAL
stated in her report that Centre County Children and Youth Services received
a referral by telephone regarding Father’s concern, but the call was “screened
out” by the agency after speaking to Father and E.W.’s doctor. GAL report,
10/19/17, at 11.

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       So, . . . you have to get yourself to a place where you don’t
       assume the worst in each other. . . .

Id. at 304-05.

       The court found inapplicable § 5328(a)(2), (7),2 and (14). Further, the

court noted, “so many of th[e] [factors] are intertwined.”          Id. at 299.

Moreover, “the evidence demonstrated that when [E.W.] is in either parent’s

care you both do an excellent job of caring for her.” Id. In addition, the court

observed, “the evidence showed that [E.W.] does very well with both of you.”

Id. at 300. It concluded that both parties “attend to [E.W.’s] needs” and that

their households provide stability in her family and community life. Id. at

301, 305.

       In addition, the court weighed equally between the parties § 5328(a)(5),

the availability of extended family, the court found that evidence exists “about

extended family on both sides. . . . [O]bviously, [E.W.] has love and support

all around her.” Id. at 307.

       With respect to § 5328(a)(6), the child’s sibling relationships, the court

stated, “I . . . heard a lot about the sibling relationships. They seem to be

wonderful. I know that Dad plans to grow his family as well, and I hope and

____________________________________________

2 There is no evidence in the record with respect to § 5328(a)(7), the well-
reasoned preference of the child, based on the child’s maturity and judgment.
The court did not interview E.W. in camera, and no witness testified regarding
her preference.

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have every reason to believe that [E.W.] will have those same relationships

[with Father’s future children, if any].” Id.

       Finally,   the    trial   court   addressed   the   GAL’s   testimony   and

recommendations that, during the school year, Father be awarded primary

physical custody and Mother partial physical custody, and that the parties

share physical custody on an alternating weekly basis during the summer. 3

The court concluded:

       I did hear from the [GAL] about her observations of the way
       [E.W.] expresses herself differently in each home setting. But in
       the context of everything else I have heard, that just tells me that
       she expresses different parts of herself differently with each
       parent. I don’t see anything inappropriate about that or that lends
       me to think . . . she’s more comfortable one place than another.

N.T., 6/1/18, at 303-304.

       Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court adequately

addressed the § 5328(a) factors on the record in open court before the

expiration of the appeal deadline. The court set forth its factual findings in

light of the custody factors and emphasized those it found significant. The

court concluded that Father is less capable than Mother of co-parenting, to

____________________________________________

3 The GAL testified that her recommendation was influenced by the differences
in E.W.’s level of interaction and demeanor in Father’s and Mother’s homes.
Specifically, the GAL testified that she visited E.W. on two occasions in both
households. In Father’s home, E.W. engaged with her and was “very
assertive.” N.T. 5/31/18, at 274. The GAL testified she “had a lovely
interaction” with E.W. Id. In contrast, in Mother’s home, the GAL testified
that E.W. was “a completely reserved child who would barely even kind of
acknowledge I was there.” Id.

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the detriment of E.W.     See M.J.M., supra at 336 (“There is no required

amount of detail for the trial court’s explanation; all that is required is that

the enumerated factors are considered and that the custody decision is based

on those considerations.”). Father’s first issue fails.

      In his second issue, Father argues that the trial court committed an

abuse of discretion and/or error of law during the October 4, 2018

reconsideration hearing by prohibiting additional testimony regarding “the

issue of credibility of [M]other or the respective school districts.” Father’s

brief at 19. As discussed above, the trial court granted Father’s request for

additional testimony solely as to the alleged incident between E.W. and

Stepfather, and when Father attempted to introduce evidence on a different

point during the hearing, the trial court sustained Mother’s objection.

      The decision to re-open the record for additional testimony following the

grant of reconsideration is a matter of the trial court’s discretion.      See

Pa.R.C.P. 1930.2(e) (“If the court grants the motion for reconsideration. . . it

may . . . issue an order directing that additional testimony be taken.”); see

also Middleton v. Middleton, 812 A.2d 1241, 1246-47 (Pa.Super 2002) (en

banc) (“There is no requirement . . . that mandates additional evidence before

the trial court undertakes reconsideration of its order.”).

      Instantly, the trial court limited the testimony at the reconsideration

hearing in order to streamline that proceeding and to focus on Father’s novel

allegation that Stepfather abused E.W. physically. The court reasoned,

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      [T]he [trial] [c]ourt granted Father’s request for additional
      testimony as [it] pertained to an incident of abuse that allegedly
      occurred subsequent to the full day custody [trial]. Permitting
      Father to reopen the record to present additional evidence
      regarding issues he had ample time to prepare for and address,
      including credibility challenges, would only encourage litigious
      behavior and the unnecessary expenditure of resources, further
      delay resolution of the [p]arties’ custody dispute, and deprive
      [E.W.] of the stability that comes with a final custody decision.

Trial Court Opinion, 11/26/18, at 12. We discern no abuse of discretion. See

Pa.R.C.P. 1915.4, Prompt Disposition of Custody Cases cmt—2000

(prompt resolution of custody disputes serves best interests of children and

delays should not be lightly countenanced).       As the trial court acted with

discretion in framing the scope of the evidentiary hearing pursuant to Rule

1930.2(e), no relief is due.

      In his third issue, Father asserts that the trial court erred by failing “to

discuss or provide any weight to the GAL’s [r]eport.” Father’s brief at 21.

Father’s issue is interrelated to his fourth issue insofar as he contends that

the record evidence does not support the physical custody award during the

school year. Therefore, he asserts that the court abused its discretion in

fashioning the subject order.

      Contrary to Father’s assertion, the trial court addressed the GAL’s

testimony on the record in open court on June 1, 2018. As discussed above,

the GAL based her recommendation for physical custody during the school

year on her observation that E.W. was less reserved in Father’s home than in

Mother’s home, which made for a better interaction between the GAL and E.W.

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in Father’s home. The court rejected this basis for the GAL’s recommendation.

Specifically, as previously noted, the court determined that any variance that

the GAL observed in E.W.’s expressiveness in the respective homes did not

bear upon which home suited her more. N.T., 6/1/18, at 303-04.

         Further, the subject custody order was consistent with the GAL’s

recommendations insofar as it provided for shared physical custody during the

summer on an alternating weekly basis, for Father and Mother to engage in

co-parenting counseling, and for E.W. to participate in counseling.          Upon

careful review, we conclude that the trial court performed its duty to

determine the facts and apply those facts to the law. See C.W., v. K.A.W.,

774 A.2d 745, 749 (Pa.Super. 2001) (“In a non-jury trial such as this, the role

of the judge is to interpret the law, determine the facts and apply the facts to

the law for an eventual decision of the controversy.”). We discern no abuse

of discretion by the court in ascertaining the best interests of E.W. during the

school year, contrary to the recommendation of the GAL. Father’s third issue

fails.

         In his fourth issue, Father argues that the court abused its discretion in

assessing the custody factors with respect to its physical custody award during

the school year. Specifically, Father argues that the court abused its discretion

with respect to § 5328(a)(1), (2), (2.1), (4), (8)-(10), and (13), as set forth

in its Rule 1925(a) opinion. For the reasons discussed infra, this claim fails.

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       The court found § 5328(a)(1) among the determinative factors and

concluded that Mother is more likely than Father to engage and facilitate

frequent and continuing contact, and a meaningful relationship, with E.W. and

the other parent. The court cited Mother’s testimony that she willingly moved

her wedding date so that Father could take E.W. on a planned vacation. As

outlined, supra, the certified record supports the court’s findings. See N.T.,

5/31/18, at 9, 27-28. Further, the court noted Mother’s testimony that she

has driven E.W. to the their custody exchange meeting location, which is a

driving distance of approximately twenty minutes, to permit E.W. to say

goodbye to Father, which lasted only approximately five minutes, due to

Father’s departure for extended National Guard duty.4 The record supports

this finding as well. Id. at 39-40.

       Moreover, in addressing § 5328(a)(1), the court concluded, “Father has

a tendency to avoid responsibility for his role in the tensions between the

[p]arties and the custody disagreements that arise from time to time, and to

place the blame completely on Mother. This interferes with his ability to co-

parent and encourage the [c]hild’s relationship with Mother.”      Trial Court

Opinion, at 11/26/18, at 4. The court explained:

       In asserting that Mother does not encourage a relationship
       between Father and [E.W.], Father gave examples of desiring to
       switch custodial days so that he could have the child on Father’s
____________________________________________

4 The certified record reveals that Father is in the National Guard, which
requires him to serve one weekend every month and two to three weeks every
spring or summer. N.T., 5/31/18, at 13.

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      Day, not even bothering to ask Mother because he thought she
      would not agree. He also testified about a time when he initially
      told Mother he would be unavailable for his Father’s Day custody
      time due to military training [involving the National Guard], such
      that custody would be with Mother for that time.           Mother
      scheduled a vacation with [E.W.] during that period. Father’s
      military schedule subsequently changed, and he asked to have
      custody of [E.W.] for Father’s Day. Father felt it unreasonable
      that Mother refused to change her vacation at the last minute to
      accommodate him.

Trial Court Opinion, 11/26/18, at 3. The certified record confirms the court’s

findings. N.T., 5/31/18, at 36-40.

      Father’s   present   allegation    that    Mother   is   unsupportive   of   his

relationship with E.W. relates to Father’s Day of 2015. The timing tends to

uphold the court’s overall conclusion that Mother, more than Father, has

“mov[ed] forward” and is not “stuck” where the parties were three years ago

in their accusations against each other. N.T., 6/1/18, at 306. In addition,

Father cites Mother’s testimony from the February 13, 2015 custody hearing,

which he maintains demonstrates that Mother believes that he does not love

E.W., and that he “is a control freak.” Father’s brief at 27-28; see also N.T.,

5/31/18, at 76-84.

      In response, the trial court stated in its Rule 1925(a) opinion that it “did

not find the testimony, given more than three years prior [to the subject

proceeding,] and much closer in time to the [p]arties’ breakup, to be very

persuasive on these points.” Trial Court Opinion, 11/26/18, at 3. The court

explained:

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      The [c]ourt accepted that Mother and Father mistreated one
      another in the past, and that their unhealthy relationship and
      conduct toward one another undoubtedly impacted [E.W.].
      Although it is clear the [p]arties continue to have difficulty
      communicating and a troubled relationship, the evidence over all
      demonstrated some progress toward co-parenting since the initial
      custody hearing in 2015. . . . Mother’s testimony at the May 31,
      2018 hearing showed a change in attitude since the time of the
      prior custody hearing, as did her conduct as highlighted at the
      2018 hearing.

Id.

      The certified record ratifies the court’s findings in favor of Mother in this

regard. Specifically, concerning Father’s assertion that Mother believes he

does not love E.W., Mother testified that she no longer holds that belief. N.T.,

5/31/18, at 83. Likewise, as it relates to Father’s control issues, the testimony

of both parties lends credence to the court’s finding that Father tries to

maintain control at “certain points” in their shared custody of E.W. We discern

no abuse of discretion by the court regarding § 5328(a)(1). See A.V., supra

at 820 (“[O]n issues of credibility and weight of the evidence, we defer to the

findings of the trial [court] who has had the opportunity to observe the

proceedings and demeanor of the witnesses.”) (citation omitted).

      We next turn to § 5328(a)(2), the present and past abuse committed

by a party or member of the party’s household, and (2.1), the information set

forth in § 5329.1(a)(1) and (2) (relating to consideration of child abuse and

involvement with protective services). Father argues that the court abused

its discretion in its credibility determinations in favor of Mother and Stepfather

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and against Father regarding the marks on E.W.’s arms. In its Rule 1925(a)

opinion, the court explained:

      This incident allegedly occurred just before Father took [E.W.] on
      vacation that day. There was no emergency custody petition filed
      in connection with the incident, and the issue was not raised in
      the instant litigation until August 14, 2018, the date initially
      scheduled for argument on Father’s petition for reconsideration[.]

      The [c]ourt scheduled a hearing for October 4, 2018 to address
      the alleged abuse issue only. Evidence presented at the hearing
      on reconsideration established that this issue was thoroughly
      investigated by Blair County Children and Youth Services and the
      allegation was determined to be unfounded due to a lack of any
      substantial injury. Father, Mother and Stepfather all testified at
      the hearing. Mother and Stepfather denied any incidents of abuse
      had occurred, and denied allegations by Father that they had
      encouraged [E.W.] to lie about how she incurred bruises on her
      arm. The [c]ourt found Mother and Stepfather’s testimony
      credible.

Trial Court Opinion, 11/26/18, at 4. Upon careful review, we conclude that

the certified record sustains the court’s credibility findings in favor of Mother

and Stepfather. N.T., 10/4/18, 5-23, 25-39, 47-59, 59-77. Accordingly, we

do not disturb it. See A.V., supra at 820.

      With respect to § 5328(a)(4), the need for stability and continuity in the

child’s education, family life, and community life, the court weighed this factor

equally between the parties. Father argues that the court abused its discretion

by not weighing this factor in his favor because of E.W.’s relationship with her

paternal grandparents, E.W.’s participation in the choir at her paternal

grandmother’s church, Father’s practice of praying with E.W., Father enrolling

E.W. in a horseback riding lesson, and E.W. playing the piano with her paternal

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grandmother.5       Father fails to demonstrate that E.W. will not be able to

participate in these activities while in his partial physical custody during the

school year.

       In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial court observed that both Father

and Mother “contribute to stability for [E.W.] when she is in their care. [E.W.]

participates in community life and family life with both parents, albeit in

separate communities and with separate families.”          Trial Court Opinion,

11/26/18, at 5. The court found that Stepfather and Father’s fiancée have

been in E.W.’s life since she was approximately two years old, and that she

has a good relationship with both of them. Id. The court also stated that

E.W. attends church with both parties, and that she spends time with both

extended families.       Id.   The court’s findings regarding § 5328(a)(4) are

supported in their entirety by the testimony of all of the witnesses in this case.

       With respect to § 5328(a)(8), the attempts of a parent to turn the child

against the other parent, Father asserts as follows, in part:

       [M]other’s opinion related to [F]ather at a prior hearing in
       February of 2015 (whereafter [F]ather was granted joint physical
       custody) clearly illustrates that [M]other believed that [F]ather
       had no quality as a father. Despite the fact that this was in
       February of 2015, it is relevant, given the fact that there was
       testimony to establish that [M]other was likely harboring some of
       these same feelings related to [F]ather, given the fact that the
       child was coming back from [M]other’s residence indicating that
____________________________________________

5 Father testified, “I had [E.W.] have a horse riding lesson.” N.T., 5/31/18,
at 212. In addition, Father did not testify that E.W. takes piano lessons, but
that his mother “is an excellent pianist. . . . She plays with [E.W.] on the
piano.” Id. at 209.

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      [F]ather was a “bad daddy” and that [M]other still believed that
      [F]ather was a control freak.

Father’s brief at 31 (citations to record omitted). In addition, Father asserts

that E.W. refers to him by his first name. Father argues that the court abused

its discretion by finding Mother credible that she corrects the child for

identifying Father by name.

      The trial court explained as follows:

      The [c]ourt did not find credible evidence that either [p]arent
      engaged in conduct with the deliberate intent of alienating the
      other [p]arent. Father testified that [E.W.] told him that Mother
      told [E.W.] he was a “mean daddy.” It was not clear what
      timeframe Father’s testimony was referencing, and Father did not
      describe the precise circumstances, making it difficult for the
      [c]ourt to assess this hearsay statement attributed to [E.W.].
      Mother denied having ever told [E.W.] that Father was a “mean”
      or “bad” daddy. There was no indication from the GAL’s testimony
      of an issue in this regard.

      There was evidence that [E.W.] refers to Father by his first name,
      rather than “dad or daddy,” and that she calls Stepfather “daddy.”
      The [c]ourt agrees this is not appropriate, and that Mother needs
      to be part of the solution to remedy the situation. It was not clear
      whether [E.W.] addressing Father and Stepfather in this manner
      was due to confusion on the part of [E.W.], or some other factor.
      The court notes that [E.W.]’s siblings are the biological children of
      Stepfather, and that in Father’s family, [p]aternal grandmother is
      referred to by her first name, even by Father. The [c]ourt credited
      testimony by Mother that she corrects [E.W.] and reinforces that
      [Stepfather] is her stepfather and that Father is her dad.

Trial Court Opinion, 11/26/18, at 7. The certified record confirms the court’s

finding that neither Mother nor Father sought to alienate E.W. from the other.

N.T. 5/31/18, at 74-75, 87, 96-97.

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As such, we discern no abuse of discretion by the court with respect to

§ 5328(a)(8).

      Regarding § 5328(a)(9), which party is more likely to maintain a loving,

stable, consistent, and nurturing relationship with the child adequate for the

child’s emotional needs, and (a)(10), which party is more likely to attend to

the daily physical, emotional, developmental, educational, and special needs

of the child, Father asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in weighing

them in favor of Mother. The court explained, “The evidence regarding these

factors was interwoven. Both parents have a loving and nurturing relationship

with [E.W.].”    Trial Court Opinion, 11/26/18, at 7.        However, the court

specifically opined, “looking at the evidence as a whole, the [c]ourt concluded

that Father is at times guided by his negative impression of Mother and his

need to exert control than his concern for [E.W.]’s best interest and overall

welfare.” Id. at 8.

      The court referenced Father’s testimony, discussed above, regarding his

failure to inform Mother of his concern regarding the neighbor boy

inappropriately touching E.W. The court found that this was a “very significant

issue.” Id. It reasoned,

      that Father’s failure to communicate a concern of such a grave
      nature to Mother and to inform her of his concern about a potential
      significant threat to [E.W.]’s safety and well-being, shows an
      inability on Father’s part to make [E.W.]’s welfare paramount
      when it comes to the issue of communicating with Mother.
      Father’s demeanor in testifying about the subject further
      demonstrated his lack of appreciation of the issue.

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Id. In short, the court ruled that the parties “will be required to increase their

level of cooperation to allow room for [E.W.] to grow and develop socially and

emotionally, as well as in all other aspects of life. The court concluded that

Mother’s conduct, and her testimony and demeanor, shows she is more

equipped to do this at present than Father.” Id. at 9.

      With respect to § 5328(a)(9) and (10), Father’s assertions are based on

the court’s credibility findings in favor of Mother and against Father.         As

credibility determinations are within the ambit of the factfinder and because

the certified record verifies the trial court’s findings, we will not disturb them.

See A.V., supra at 820.

      Finally, Father challenges the court’s analysis concerning § 5328(a)(13),

the level of conflict between the parties and the willingness and ability of the

parties to cooperate with one another. This factor weighed in favor of Mother.

The court reasoned

      that the evidence showed Mother demonstrates greater ability
      than Father to put aside their differences for the sake of co-
      parenting [E.W.]. By and large, Mother has acceded to Father’s
      desire the communication between them be by email. In addition,
      testimony demonstrates that Mother seeks Father’s input before
      making decisions on issues such as preschool enrollment and
      activities, but that Father does not. . . . Father also unilaterally
      enrolled [E.W.] in a preschool program offered by the YMCA
      (where she was attending daycare when in Father’s custody),
      despite having denied consent to Mother when she asked about
      enrolling the [c]hild in preschool in Mother’s home area.

Trial Court Opinion, 11/26/18, at 10. Again, our review of the certified record

corroborates the court’s findings.      See N.T., 5/31/18, at 184, 237-38;

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N.T.6/1/18, at 15-20.     Accordingly, we discern no abuse of discretion

regarding the court’s assessment of § 5328(a)(13).

      For all of the foregoing reasons, the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in awarding Mother primary physical custody of E.W. during the

school year. The court carefully considered E.W.’s best interests and entered

its order accordingly.

      Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 5/2/2019

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