Court Opinion

ID: 2667320
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-04 13:43:01.753582+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:24:35.797534
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                      FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

______________________________
                              )
QATAR NATIONAL BANK,          )
                              )
     Plaintiff,               )
                              )
     v.                       )        Civil Action No. 06-1307 (GK)
                              )
WINMAR, INC.,                 )
d/b/a WINMAR CONSTRUCTION,    )
                              )
     Defendant and Third-     )
     Party Plaintiff.         )
______________________________)
                              )
WINMAR, INC.,                 )
d/b/a WINMAR CONSTRUCTION,    )
                              )
     Third-Party Plaintiff    )
     and Counterclaim         )
     Defendant,               )
                              )
     v.                       )
                              )
AL-JAZEERA INTERNATIONAL,     )
                              )
     Third-Party Defendant    )
     and Counterclaim         )
     Plaintiff.               )
______________________________)

                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiff Qatar National Bank (“QNB”) brings this action

against   Defendant     and   Third   Party   Plaintiff   Winmar,   Inc.

(“Winmar”).   QNB alleges that Winmar had no right to retain funds

that were mistakenly transferred to it (Count I), and that Winmar

was unjustly enriched as a result of the mistaken transfer (Count

II).    This matter is now before the Court on QNB’s Motion for
Summary Judgment [Dkt. No. 35].               Upon consideration of the Motion,

Opposition, Reply, Surreply, the entire record herein, and for the

reasons set forth below, QNB’s Motion for Summary Judgment is

granted.

I.       Background1

         A.       Plaintiff’s Statement of Material Facts Is Admitted

         Defendant submitted a Statement of Material Facts as to Which

There is No Genuine Dispute, but failed to submit a “separate

concise statement of genuine issues setting forth all material

facts as to which it is contended there exists a genuine issue

necessary to be litigated,” as required by Local Rule 7(h).                     See

LCvR 7(h).

         According to Local Rule 7(h), “the court may assume that facts

identified by the moving party in its statement of material facts

are admitted, unless such a fact is controverted in the statement

of genuine issues filed in opposition to the motion.”                Id.   As our

Court of Appeals has held, “[i]f the party opposing the motion

fails to comply with [Local Rule 7(h)], then the district court is

under no obligation to sift through the record and should [i]nstead

.    .       .   deem   as   admitted   the   moving   party’s   facts   that   are

         1
       Unless otherwise noted, the facts set forth herein are drawn
from Plaintiff’s Statement of Undisputed Material Facts submitted
pursuant to Local Civil Rule 7(h).      As noted infra, Defendant
failed to comply with Local Rule 7(h) because it did not submit a
response to QNB’s Statement of Material Facts as to Which There Is
No Genuine Dispute.

                                              2
uncontroverted by the nonmoving party’s Rule [7(h)] statement.”

Secs. & Exch. Comm’n v. Banner Fund Int’l, 211 F.3d 602, 616 (D.C.

Cir. 2000) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted); see

also Jackson v. Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner, 101

F.3d 145, 151 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (the local rules place “the burden

on the parties and their counsel, who are most familiar with the

litigation and the record, to crystallize for the district court

the material facts and relevant portions of the record”).

     Here, Defendant failed to comply with Rule 7(h) because it did

not file a statement of disputed facts. Instead, it submitted only

its own Statement of Material Facts as to Which There Is No Genuine

Dispute.   Therefore QNB’s facts are admitted because they have not

been controverted.

     B.    QNB’s Duplicate Payment and Refund Request

     On November 23, 2005,2 Winmar and Third Party Defendant Al-

Jazeera entered into a contract for the renovation of Al-Jazeera’s

office at 1627 K Street N.W. in Washington, D.C.   Under the terms

of the contract, Al-Jazeera agreed to submit payments by wiring

funds to an account at Citibank Federal Savings Bank in Washington

(“Citibank”).   On October 20, 2005, Winmar and Janson Design Group

(“Janson”), the architect on the project, certified that Winmar was

     2
       Both parties agree on this date, even though it would appear
from the following chronology that the correct date is 2004, not
2005.

                                 3
due an initial deposit of $645,164, plus a first payment of

$474,677.

     On October 27, 2005, Al-Jazeera wired an initial deposit of

$645,161 to the Citibank account.              On December 7, 2005, Janson

certified   that   Winmar    was    owed   three    additional     payments     of

$115,872, $775,913, and $471,678, which totaled $1,363,463.

     On December 8, 2005, Al-Jazeera faxed a payment order to QNB,

requesting that QNB wire $474,677 to the Citibank account.                      On

December 12, 2005, QNB used the FedWire system to wire the funds to

JPMorgan Chase Bank, its correspondent bank, which in turn wired

the funds to the Citibank account.

     On   December   22,    2005,   Christopher      Condon,      Winmar’s    Vice

President, sent Al-Jazeera a letter reiterating that it owed Winmar

an additional $1,363,463.

     On January 4, 2006, Winmar informed Al-Jazeera that it planned

to suspend its performance of the contract unless it received a

payment of $1,363,463.

     On January 5 and January 6, 2006, Winmar received two letters

from Janson.   In the letters, Janson stated that it had erred in

certifying the $1,363,463 amount, and it requested that Winmar

provide   documentation     to   support   its     claim   that    it   was   owed

$1,363,463.    On    January     11,   2006,    Al-Jazeera     terminated      the

contract for convenience.

                                       4
     On January 18, 2006, Winmar submitted a revised certification,

claiming Al-Jazeera owed it $653,449 as a final payment under the

contract. On January 19, 2006, Janson rejected this certification.

On the same date, Al-Jazeera wrote a letter to Winmar, stating that

Winmar   was   not   entitled   to   any   additional   payments    until    it

provided supporting documentation.          On January 23, 2006, Winmar

submitted a revised certification in which it claimed that Al-

Jazeera owed it $355,297.

     On January 30, 2006, Al-Jazeera faxed a second copy of the

December 2005 payment order to QNB.        Pl.’s Mot., Ex. 4.      At the top

of the fax, there was a handwritten note stating that Al-Jazeera

had not “received any . . . transfer confirmation for this” and

requesting QNB to “please send the Confirmation.”           See id.

     QNB mistakenly understood this fax to constitute a second

payment order, rather than a request for confirmation that the

first payment order had been processed.         On January 30, 2006, QNB

wired a duplicate payment of $474,677 to the Citibank account. The

funds arrived in the Citibank account on January 31, 2006.                  Al-

Jazeera did not authorize this second payment.3

     3
       In its submissions, Winmar repeatedly refers to this mistake
as an “alleged error.” See, e.g., Def.’s Statement of Material
Facts as to Which There Is No Genuine Dispute ¶ 17.          In the
Surreply, it argues that the payment was not a mistake, claiming
that the January 30, 2006 request for confirmation “may well not
have been a confirmation request, but a further direction to affect
payment to Winmar.”    Def.’s Corrected Surreply at 4.     The sole
support for this argument is that Al-Jazeera had already sent
                                                          (continued...)

                                      5
     After it had wired the funds to the Citibank account, QNB

recognized that it had erred in sending the duplicate payment.   On

February 2, 2006, it wired the following instructions to JPMorgan

Chase Bank:

     URGENT . . . URGENT . . .
     THE ABOVE PAYMENT HAS BEEN WRONGLY DUPLICATED FROM OUR
     SIDE WITH REF 6202790001932 DATED 12.12.2005 WITH THE
     SAME AMOUNT AND THE SAME BENEFICIARY DETAILS
     KINDLY TREAT THE PAYMENT ORDER . . . DATED 30.01.2006 AS
     NULL AND VOID AND REFUND THE AMOUNT TO OUR ACCOUNT WITH
     YOU UNDER URGENT SWIFT ADVISE TO US.
     SORRY FOR THE INCONVENIENCE CAUSED

JPMorgan Chase responded on the same day, stating that it had

already processed the payment and that it would contact Citibank to

request the refund.

     On February 3, 2006, Al-Jazeera notified Winmar that it owed

nothing on the contract and that in fact, it was owed $200,000 from

Winmar.

     3
      (...continued)
Winmar a confirmation letter on December 19, 2005. See id. (“If
[Al-Jazeera] already had confirmation of the December payment, it
does not stand to reason that they would seek re-confirmation a
month later.”). In contrast, QNB provides an actual copy of the
January 30, 2006 fax. See Pl.’s Mot., Ex. 4. The handwritten note
on the fax clearly indicates that it was intended to be a request
for confirmation and not a second payment order.       Thus, QNB’s
assertion that the second transfer was a mistake may be admitted
because it has not been adequately controverted. See Hussain v.
Nicholson, 435 F.3d 359, 365 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (“In deciding whether
there is a genuine issue of material fact, the court must assume
the truth of all statements proffered by the non-movant except for
conclusory allegations lacking any factual basis in the record.”)
(emphasis in original).

                                6
      On the same date, Winmar’s President informed a subcontractor

that it had been notified by Al-Jazeera about the termination of

the   contract,      that   it    had   submitted     a   “final   requisition     of

payment,” that it had not yet received the payment, and that it had

been “advised” that Al-Jazeera denied the requisition for payment.

      On February 8, 2006, JPMorgan Chase informed QNB that it had

contacted Citibank about receiving a refund from Winmar, but that

Winmar had refused to refund the money.                   QNB did not receive any

additional response from Winmar regarding its February 2, 2006

refund request.

      On February 24, 2006, Al-Jazeera submitted a formal claim to

Janson   in   which    it     stated    that    the   $474,677     payment   was   an

overpayment.

      On March 9, 2006, Winmar responded by letter.                 It stated that

it was “unaware until your [February 24, 2006 claim] was received

that any wire had been accomplished on January 31st [2006].” Pl.’s

Mot., Ex. 6.        It acknowledged that it had received a payment of

$474,677,     and    stated      that   the    “excess    over   the   amount   last

requisitioned by Winmar is reflected in the enclosed check for

$119,380.”     Id.

      On March 12, 2006, Al-Jazeera informed QNB by letter that QNB

was responsible for the mistaken transfer.                       It threatened to

initiate legal proceedings if QNB did not refund the money.                        On

March 20, 2006, QNB refunded $474,677 to Al-Jazeera.

                                          7
      On March 28, 2006, Winmar wrote a letter to Janson in which it

stated that the “February 24, 2006 letter was the first notice

Winmar received that [Al-Jazeera] had wired money into Winmar’s

account.   Prior to February 24, 2006, Winmar received no request

from [Al-Jazeera] to return the wired funds.”    Pl.’s Statement of

Material Facts ¶ 24.

      On April 12, 2006, QNB sent a second refund request to Winmar.

QNB received no response.

      QNB filed a Complaint against Winmar in this Court on July 24,

2006.   QNB alleged that Winmar has no right to retain money it

received by mistake (Count I) and that Winmar has been unjustly

enriched as a result of retaining the money (Count II).          On

November 9, 2006, Winmar filed a Third Party Complaint against Al-

Jazeera [Dkt. No. 19].     On February 1, 2007, Al-Jazeera filed a

Counterclaim against Winmar [Dkt. No. 20].    On June 16, 2008, QNB

filed a Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. No. 35].       On July 7,

2008, Winmar filed an Opposition [Dkt. No. 37], on July 21, 2008,

QNB filed a Reply [Dkt. No. 38], and on August 4, 2008, Winmar

filed a Surreply [Dkt. No. 40].

II.   Standard of Review

      Summary judgment may be granted “only if” the pleadings, the

discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show

that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the

moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.   See Fed.

                                  8
R. Civ. P. 56(c), as amended December 1, 2007; Arrington v. United

States, 473 F.3d 329, 333 (D.C. Cir. 2006).    In other words, the

moving party must satisfy two requirements: first, demonstrate that

there is no “genuine” factual dispute and, second, that if there is

it is “material” to the case.   “A dispute over a material fact is

‘genuine’ if ‘the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could

return a verdict for the non-moving party.’” Arrington, (quoting

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986)).    A fact

is “material” if it might affect the outcome of the case under the

substantive governing law.   Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 248.

     In its most recent discussion of summary judgment, in Scott v.

Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007), the Supreme Court said,

     [a]s we have emphasized, “[w]hen the moving party has
     carried its burden under Rule 56(c), its opponent must do
     more than simply show that there is some metaphysical
     doubt as to the material facts. . . . Where the record
     taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact
     to find for the nonmoving party, there is no ‘genuine
     issue for trial.’” Matsushita Elec. Industrial Co. v.
     Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586-87 . . . (1986)
     (footnote omitted).     “[T]he mere existence of some
     alleged factual dispute between the parties will not
     defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary
     judgment; the requirement is that there be no genuine
     issue of material fact.” Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 247-
     48 (emphasis in original).

     However, the Supreme Court has also consistently emphasized

that “at the summary judgment stage, the judge’s function is not

. . . to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter,

but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.”

Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 248, 249.    In both Liberty Lobby and

                                 9
Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 150

(2000),   the   Supreme    Court    cautioned   that    “[c]redibility

determinations, the weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of

legitimate inferences from the facts, are jury functions, not those

of a judge” deciding a motion for summary judgment. Liberty Lobby,

477 U.S. at 255.   “To survive a motion for summary judgment, the

party bearing the burden of proof at trial . . . must provide

evidence showing that there is a triable issue as to an element

essential to that party’s claim. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477

U.S. 317, 322 (1986).”    Arrington, 473 F.3d at 335.

III. Analysis

     A.   QNB’s Motion for Summary Judgment May Be Decided Before
          the Dispute Between Winmar and Al-Jazeera Is Resolved

     Winmar argues that granting summary judgment for QNB would be

“premature” because QNB’s claim is “entirely derivative of the core

dispute” between Winmar and Al-Jazeera and because there are

“numerous issues of material fact” remaining in that dispute.

Def.’s Corrected Surreply at 2.     Winmar also alleges that summary

judgment would be “improper” because discovery is “ongoing” in the

dispute between Winmar and Al-Jazeera.     Def.’s Opp’n at 2.

     Winmar has cited to no case holding that a court may not

decide a plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment when a case

includes a third party and unresolved claims remain between the

defendant/third party plaintiff (here Defendant Winmar) and the

third party defendant (here Al-Jazeera). In fact, courts have

                                   10
granted a plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment even when a third

party remains in the case.   See, e.g., Jordan v. Can You Imagine,

Inc., 485 F. Supp. 2d 493 (S.D.N.Y. 2007).

     In addition, the Court’s Scheduling Order in this case clearly

established two different discovery schedules and two different

dispositive motion schedules: one for the dispute between QNB and

Winmar and one for the dispute between Winmar and Al-Jazeera [Dkt.

No. 34].   For example, the Corrected Scheduling Order set June 16,

2008 as the deadline for dispositive motions on QNB’s claims

against Winmar and October 8, 2008 as the deadline for “all other”

dispositive motions.   Corrected Scheduling Order (Apr. 2, 2008).

These separate schedules show that Winmar was on notice that the

issues between the three parties would not be resolved at the same

time.

     It is telling that in the Third-Party Complaint against Al-

Jazeera, Winmar acknowledges that Al-Jazeera’s liability to Winmar

derives from Winmar’s liability to QNB.   See Third-Party Complaint

Against Al-Jazeera International (Nov. 9, 2006) [Dkt. No. 19]

(“Third-party defendant Al-Jazeera is liable to defendant and

third-party plaintiff Winmar for all or part of the plaintiff’s

claim against the defendant . . . .”).       Thus, as Winmar itself

acknowledges, the claim that is derivative is Winmar’s Third-Party

Complaint, not QNB’s Complaint against Winmar.

                                 11
     Finally, Winmar argues, at p. 5 of its Opposition, that a

summary judgment decision in favor of QNB “would be partially

determinative of the claims between Winmar and Al-Jazeera.”    That

is simply not true.   Nor is it true, as Winmar argues at p. 6, that

if the Court rules that QNB is entitled to summary judgment and

restitution, the Court will have “made a determination that Winmar

is not entitled to payment from Al-Jazeera in any amount, or in an

amount less than $474,677.”     As Judge Robertson of this Court

pointed out in Credit Lyonnais-New York v. Washington Strategic

Consulting Group, 886 F. Supp. 92, 93 (D.D.C. 1995), “the question

whether [Al-Jazeera] owed the money . . . is not material” to QNB’s

claim for restitution.

     For these reasons, it is appropriate to resolve QNB’s Motion

for Summary Judgment prior to resolving the dispute between Winmar

and Al-Jazeera.4

     B.   Winmar Has Not Shown that Requiring It to Refund the
          Mistaken Payment Would Be Inequitable

     Transfers of funds which use the FedWire system must comply

with the provisions set forth in the Code of Federal Regulations.

See 12 C.F.R. § 210.25 (2009).     According to these Regulations,

     4
       Winmar repeatedly tries to suggest that there are material
facts in dispute, without giving any specifics. It is noteworthy
that Winmar has failed to file any Rule 56(f) motion which requires
the opponent of such a motion to show by affidavit the specific
reasons why it is necessary to allow further discovery in order to
present sufficient facts it deems essential to justify its
opposition to the motion.

                                 12
also known as “Regulation J,” a bank that mistakenly issues a

duplicate order is “entitled to recover from the beneficiary of the

erroneous order the excess payment received to the extent allowed

by the law governing mistake and restitution.”          Id., Appendix B to

Subpart B, Section 4A-303; Pl.’s Mot. at 8-9; Def.’s Opp’n at 7.5

     In the District of Columbia, the law of mistake provides that

“one who pays money to another under an honest mistake of fact may,

in the absence of an equitable defense, recover the money so paid.”

Ass’n of Am. R.Rs. v. Connerton, 723 A.2d 858, 862 (D.C. 1999)

(quoting Lanston v. Am. Sec. & Trust Co., 32 A.2d 482, 483 (D.C.

1943)).     There is “no exception” to this rule.            Id. (quoting

Prowinsky v. Second Nat’l Bank, 49 App. D.C. 363, 364 (1920)).

When one party mistakenly transfers money to another, restitution

is equitable when it would “put the parties in the same position

that they would have been in had the error in transferring the

funds not occurred.”     In re Calumet Farm, Inc., 398 F.3d 555, 562

(6th Cir. 2005).

     Restitution is also required when one party has been unjustly

enriched.     Rapaport   v.   Dep’t    of   Treasury,   Office   of   Thrift

Supervision, 59 F.3d 212, 217 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (“[T]he fundamental

characteristic of unjust enrichment is that the defendant has been

unjustly enriched by receiving something that properly belongs to

     5
       This section of the Code of Federal Regulations is identical
to U.C.C. § 4A-303, which was enacted as § 28:4A-303 of the D.C.
Code.

                                      13
the plaintiff, thereby forcing restoration to the plaintiff.”)

(internal citations and punctuation omitted); Standard Ins. v.

Burch, 540 F. Supp. 2d 98, 104 (D.D.C. 2008) (“In such a case [of

unjust enrichment], the recipient of the benefit has a duty to make

restitution to the other person.”); Jordan Keys & Jessamy, LLP, v.

St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 870 A.2d 58, 63 (D.C. 2005)

(holding that the “modern law of unjust enrichment and restitution”

requires restitution when retention of a benefit would be unjust).

     In the District of Columbia, a defendant has been unjustly

enriched and must pay restitution if “(1) the plaintiff confers a

benefit on the defendant; (2) the defendant retains the benefit,

and (3) under the circumstances, the defendant’s retention of the

benefit is unjust.”    Armenian Assembly of Am., Inc. v. Cafesjian,

597 F. Supp. 2d 128, 134 (D.D.C. 2009).

     To succeed on a claim for unjust enrichment, the plaintiff

need not show that the defendant is at fault, so long as he

demonstrates   that   in   spite   of    the   defendant’s   “innocence   in

receiving the benefit,” his retention of that benefit would be

unjust.   Burch, 540 F. Supp. 2d at 105 (internal citations and

quotation marks omitted).      When unjust enrichment occurs as the

result of a mistake of fact, the defendant bears the burden of

proving that restitution would be inequitable. Connerton, 723 A.2d

at 862 (“If there is any question, in a case of money paid by the

plaintiff under a mistake of fact, whether it would be inequitable

                                    14
to require the defendant to refund, the burden of proving the fact

rests upon him.”) (quoting Hibbs v. Beall, 41 App. D.C. 592, 598

(D.C. 1914)) (internal quotations marks and punctuation omitted).

     It is not disputed that QNB’s duplicate payment of $474,677

resulted from an honest mistake of fact,6 that it conferred a

benefit     on   Winmar,      or    that     Winmar      retained     this   benefit.

Therefore, the only issue in dispute is whether Winmar’s retention

of this benefit is unjust.           As the beneficiary of money paid as the

result of a mistake of fact, Winmar bears the burden of proving

that restitution would be unjust.

     Winmar argues that it is entitled to retain the mistakenly-

transferred      funds   in     accordance        with   the   discharge-for-value

defense. Def.’s Opp’n at 9. According to Winmar, summary judgment

is not appropriate because factual disputes remain as to whether

Winmar     rightfully    retained      the       mistaken   payment    in    order    to

discharge a portion of the debt owed it by Al-Jazeera.                       Id. at 5.

     The discharge-for-value defense is defined in the official

comment to Section 4A-303 of the Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”).

The defense has been adopted in the District of Columbia as Section

28:4A-303 of the D.C. Code.           See In re Calumet Farm, Inc., 398 F.3d

at   559    (stating     that      U.C.C.    §    4A-303(a)    “incorporates         the

discharge-for-value defense”); In re Calumet Farm, Inc., 1997 WL

253278, at *4 (6th Cir. 1997) (“[A] wire transfer effected via

      6
           See supra note 2.

                                            15
Fedwire is covered by the provisions of U.C.C. § 4A-303(a) and its

official         commentary,   and       is     therefore   subject    to      the

discharge-for-value rule.”).             In the Code of Federal Regulations,

the text of Section 4A-3037 is construed in light of the discharge-

for-value defense.         See 12 C.F.R. § 210.25, Appendix A to Subpart

B (“The official comments to Article 4A are not incorporated in

subpart B of this part or this Commentary to subpart B of this

part, but the official comments may be useful in interpreting

Article 4A.”).

       In describing the discharge-for-value defense, Section 4A-303

states that a bank that makes a mistaken payment to a beneficiary

would “normally have a right to recover the overpayment” from that

beneficiary.        D.C. Code § 28:4A-303.        However, it goes on to state

that       “in   unusual   cases   the    law   of   restitution   might     allow

Beneficiary to keep all or part of the overpayment.”                  Id.8     The

comment provides one example of an unusual case: if the bank’s

client “owed $2,000,000 to Beneficiary and Beneficiary received the

       7
       Section 4A-303 is located in Appendix B to Subpart B of 12
C.F.R. § 210.25.
       8
       The comment adds one clarifying statement about the rights
of the bank that made the error vis-a-vis the rights of the
beneficiary: “[i]n this case Originator’s Bank has paid an
obligation of Originator and under the law of restitution, . . .
Originator’s Bank would be subrogated to Beneficiary’s rights
against Originator on the obligation paid by Originator’s Bank.”
D.C. Code § 28:4A-303.

                                          16
extra       $1,000,000   in    good    faith    in    discharge     of     the   debt,

Beneficiary may be allowed9 to keep it.”                Id.

     The       Restatement     of     Restitution      provides     the     following

definition of the discharge-for-value defense:

     A creditor of another or one having a lien on another’s
     property who has received from a third person any benefit
     in discharge of the debt or lien, is under no duty to
     make restitution therefor, although the discharge was
     given by mistake of the transferor as to his interests or
     duties, if the transferee made no misrepresentation and
     did not have notice of the transferor’s mistake.

Restatement (First) of Restitution § 14(1) (1937).

     Thus, it is clear that the discharge-for-value defense allows

a transferee to keep mistakenly transferred funds only when it has

received       no     notice    of     the     mistake        and   has     made    no

misrepresentations.        In re Calumet, 398 F.3d at 559.                However, as

the court pointed out in In re Calumet, few authorities have

“specif[ied] the point in time by which notice of mistake must be

received.”      Id.   Previous cases addressing the discharge-for-value

defense examined “whether the discharge-for-value rule applies in

this setting, not how it applies.”                   Id. (discussing Gen. Elec.

Capital Corp. v. Cent. Bank, 49 F.3d 280 (7th Cir. 1995) and Banque

Worms v. BankAmerica Int’l, 570 N.E.2d 189 (N.Y. 1991)) (emphasis

        9
       “[T]he ‘usual presumption is that “may” confers discretion,
while “shall” imposes an obligation to act.’” Consumer Fed’n of Am.
v. Dep’t of Health and Human Servs., 906 F. Supp. 657, 664-65
(D.D.C. 1995) (quoting Int’l Union, UAW v. Dole, 919 F.2d 753, 756
(D.C. Cir. 1990)).

                                          17
in   original).     For   this   reason,     those   cases   do    not    offer

substantial guidance in determining when notice must be received.

      In re Calumet does provide a detailed analysis of this issue.

See Def.’s Opp’n at 10 (“The only authority which addresses the

‘timing issue’ is derived from . . . In re Calumet”).             It rejected

two possible interpretations of the notice rule: (1) that notice

must occur before “a payment order . . . is accepted by the

beneficiary’s bank” and (2) that notice must be actual, rather than

constructive.     398 F.3d at 560.

      Instead, the court reached two key conclusions.               First, it

reasoned   that   the   “most    desirable    option”   is   to    apply   the

discharge-for-value defense “unless the beneficiary receives notice

of a mistake before the beneficiary of the transfer credits the

debtor’s account.”      Id.   This approach is desirable because it is

“consistent with one of the underlying principles of the discharge-

for-value rule; namely, that the creditor has given value for the

mistaken payment.”      Id.   Second, it reasoned that “[a]ny sensible

application of the discharge-for-value rule . . . must account for

constructive as well as actual notice of a mistake.”              Id.10

      10
        This approach is consistent not only with the language in
the Restatement but also with the official comment to § 4A-303(a).
The official comment states that the discharge-for-value defense
applies if a mistaken payment is received “in good faith in
discharge of the debt.” D.C. Code § 28:4A-303. It is clear that
when a beneficiary receives actual or constructive notice that
funds were mistakenly transferred before he credits a debtor’s
account, he has not received the payment “in good faith in
                                                         (continued...)

                                     18
       In the present case, Winmar has provided no reason to reject

the Sixth Circuit’s conclusions.                  Accordingly, the discharge-for-

value        rule    applies     only   if   Winmar    did    not   have    actual   or

constructive notice before Winmar credited Al-Jazeera’s account.

       Here, QNB wired the second payment to the Citibank account on

January 30, 2006, and the funds arrived in the account on the next

day.     On February 24, 2006, Al-Jazeera wrote a letter to Janson in

which it stated that the $474,677 payment was a “mistake.”                      Pl.’s

Mot.,        Ex.    6.      In   Winmar’s    response    on    March   9,    2006,   it

acknowledged that it had been “unaware” prior to the receipt of

this letter that “any wire had been accomplished on January 31st

[2006].”       Id.       Winmar does not dispute that it did not become aware

of the mistake until February 24, 2006, nor does it present any

evidence that it credited Al-Jazeera’s account prior to that date.

In fact, it is clear that Winmar could not have credited Al-

Jazeera’s account prior to February 24, 2006 if it did not even

know of the transfer until that date.                 Therefore Winmar’s March 9,

2006 letter provides undisputed evidence that Winmar received

actual notice of QNB’s mistake before it credited Al-Jazeera’s

account.11

        10
      (...continued)
discharge of the debt.”
        11
        In its Opposition, Winmar argues that “for all practical
intents and purposes, [Al-Jazeera’s] account, such as it was, was
immediately credited upon receipt of the funds.” Def.’s Opp’n at
                                                        (continued...)

                                             19
     Even if Winmar did not have actual notice that the payment was

a mistake, it had constructive notice of the error.           Less than two

months after it received a payment of $474,677, it received a

second payment of the exact same amount.             That second payment

substantially exceeded the $355,297 that Winmar had claimed it was

owed in its January 23, 2006 certification.          These two undisputed

facts show that Winmar had constructive notice that the second

payment had to have been a mistake.       See In re Calumet, 398 F.3d at

560 (“[C]onstructive notice of a mistake may also occur simply as

a result of the size of the transfer.”).             Winmar received this

constructive notice at the moment the payment arrived in its

account, which occurred prior to February 24, 2006.           As discussed

supra, Winmar could not have credited Al-Jazeera’s account prior to

February 24, 2006.       Therefore, it had constructive notice prior to

crediting Al-Jazeera’s account.       For these reasons, the discharge-

for-value defense does not apply to QNB’s mistaken payment to

Winmar.

     In Credit Lyonnais, a case remarkably similar to the present

one, the plaintiff bank received a request to confirm a previous

payment   made    four   days   earlier   of   $171,821.30.     Instead   of

responding   to    the    confirmation    request,   the   plaintiff   bank

     11
      (...continued)
11. Winmar offers no evidence to support this argument or to rebut
QNB’s argument that it could not have credited Al-Jazeera’s account
before February 24, 2006. Therefore Winmar fails to create a
genuine dispute of material fact on this issue.

                                     20
mistakenly -- as in this case -- made a second wire transfer of the

same amount to its affiliate.    In that case, it took nearly six

months for the plaintiff bank to discover its mistake and demand

return of the funds.    Despite the substantial passage of time,

Judge Robertson ruled for the plaintiff bank on the basis of

“settled law:   where one person receives money that in equity and

good conscience belongs to another, action will lie for ‘money had

and received.’”   Credit Lyonnais, 886 F. Supp. at 93 (citations

omitted).

     Accordingly, Winmar has not shown that it would be inequitable

to require it to refund QNB’s mistaken payment.12    See D.C. Code

§ 28:4A-303 (stating that in the case of a mistaken payment, a bank

would “normally have a right to recover the overpayment” from the

beneficiary); In re Calumet, 393 F.3d at 561 (“It is difficult to

see what is unfair about requiring a bank to return money if it was

notified of the mistaken payment before it gave value for the

payment.”) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

     12
         Winmar argues that the present case is similar to Chase
Manhattan Bank v. Burden, 489 A.2d 494 (D.C. 1985), in which the
court held that the defendant was not unjustly enriched, and he was
not required to pay restitution. However, as QNB correctly states,
Burden is distinguishable because the debtor authorized the payment
and because Burden spent the money “[s]everal months]” before he
received notice of the mistake.     Id. at 495-96.    In addition,
Burden had no reason to know that the money was transferred in
error.

                                21
IV.   Conclusion

      For the reasons set forth above, QNB’s Motion for Summary

Judgment [Dkt. No. 35] is granted.   An Order shall accompany this

Memorandum Opinion.

                                      /s/
September 3, 2009                    Gladys Kessler
                                     United States District Judge

Copies to: Attorneys of record via ECF

                               22