Court Opinion

ID: 3217105
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-06-24 22:08:08.86179+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:37:25.955433
License: Public Domain

2016 IL App (2d) 150360
                                  No. 2-15-0360
                           Opinion filed March 31, 2016
______________________________________________________________________________

                                             IN THE

                               APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                              SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

RICHARD P. NAUGHTON,                   ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
                                       ) of McHenry County.
      Plaintiff-Appellant,             )
                                       )
v.                                     ) No. 10-LA-28
                                       )
BRUCE R. PFAFF and PFAFF & GILL, LTD., ) Honorable
                                       ) Thomas A. Meyer,
      Defendants-Appellees.            ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

          JUSTICE SPENCE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
          Justices Hutchinson and Hudson concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                            OPINION

¶1        Plaintiff, Richard P. Naughton, appeals from a grant of summary judgment in favor of

defendants, Bruce R. Pfaff and Pfaff & Gill, Ltd. Naughton argues that the trial court erred in

ruling that an attorney who refers an individual to another attorney may not prevail on a claim of

breach of fiduciary duty against the receiving attorney if the client did not sign a contract

complying with Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct Rule 1.5(f) (eff. Aug. 1, 1990). We

affirm.

¶2                                      I. BACKGROUND

¶3        Naughton filed a complaint on January 19, 2010, alleging as follows. Both he and Pfaff

were attorneys. He was a general practitioner focusing on wills and estate planning, business
2016 IL App (2d) 150360

incorporation, and similar matters. Pfaff’s field of practice was personal injury. Since about

2003, they had a relationship in which Naughton would refer various individuals who had

sustained personal injuries to Pfaff as potential clients. In return, Pfaff agreed to pay a referral

fee of one-third of any fee Pfaff received from representing a client. As part of the agreement

and under Rule 1.5(f), Pfaff agreed and was obligated to prepare and have the client sign a

contract detailing that Naughton, as the referring attorney, would receive one-third of any fee

generated by the representation. Further, although the two agreed that Naughton would not

exercise control over Pfaff’s representation of the client, Naughton agreed to assume the same

legal responsibility for the performance of Pfaff’s services as would a partner of Pfaff’s.

¶4        Pursuant to this agreement, Naughton referred several individuals to Pfaff as potential

clients. For example, in October 2004, Naughton referred a man named S.A. 1 to Pfaff with

respect to injuries that S.A.’s father had sustained in an accident. Pfaff accepted the case, and

per the agreement with Naughton and Rule 1.5(f), Pfaff detailed in his written retainer agreement

that Naughton, as the referring attorney, would receive one-third of the attorney fees generated

by the case and that Naughton had agreed to assume the same legal responsibility that Pfaff &

Gill had assumed for the performance of legal services. Pfaff settled the case around August

2006 and subsequently sent Naughton a check for his share of the fees generated by the case.

¶5        Similarly, in October 2007 Naughton referred an individual named J.K. to Pfaff with

respect to personal injuries sustained by J.K.’s son. Pfaff had J.K. sign the same type of written

retainer agreement as in the prior case.        Pfaff subsequently filed suit, and to Naughton’s

knowledge, Pfaff continued to represent J.K. in the case.

          1
              We use initials to refer to certain clients whose names are redacted in parts of the

record.

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¶6     Before March 2003, Naughton had represented his friend, Pete Mateljan, in various legal

matters. In March 2003, he referred Mateljan to Pfaff regarding personal injuries sustained by

Mateljan’s daughter, Elizabeth Frankenfield, following a medical procedure. Pfaff declined to

accept the case. In 2006, Mateljan asked Naughton to refer a medical malpractice attorney for

injuries sustained by Elizabeth’s daughter, Julianna Frankenfield, during Julianna’s birth.

Naughton again referred Mateljan to Pfaff.

¶7     Based on that referral, Mateljan and Elizabeth met with Pfaff to discuss the case. At that

time, Mateljan told Pfaff that he and Elizabeth had been referred by Naughton. Pfaff accepted

the case, but contrary to his agreement with Naughton and in violation of Rule 1.5(f), he failed to

disclose in his written retainer agreement with Elizabeth that Naughton would receive one-third

of the attorney fees and had agreed to assume the same legal responsibility as Pfaff & Gill.

Instead, Pfaff presented Elizabeth with the firm’s standard retainer agreement.

¶8     In early December 2008, Mateljan called Naughton, thanked him for the referral to Pfaff,

and said that Pfaff had settled the case for $7.9 million. Naughton then called Pfaff to confirm

the settlement and inquire about the status of the referral fee. Pfaff confirmed the settlement,

which, upon information and belief, generated attorney fees of $1,422,000. Pfaff said that he

was embarrassed by omitting Naughton from the retainer agreement and that he would “ ‘make it

right.’ ” He asked Naughton what would be appropriate. Naughton said that he should receive

one-third of the attorney fees, as they had previously agreed. Pfaff said that his firm had

received only an 18% contingency fee for the case and that the referral fee would therefore have

to be 18% of the firm’s fee. However, Pfaff later said that Naughton was not entitled to any

referral fee, because he was not identified as the referring attorney in Elizabeth’s retainer

agreement.

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¶9      Count I of Naughton’s complaint alleged breach of contract against defendants for failing

to pay him one-third of the attorney fees.        Count II alleged breach of fiduciary duty.

Specifically, count II alleged that the agreement between Naughton and Pfaff regarding referrals

constituted a joint venture and that Pfaff breached his fiduciary duty to Naughton by failing to

include Naughton as the referring attorney in the retainer agreement with Elizabeth. Naughton

requested damages in an amount equal to one-third of the attorney fees generated by Julianna’s

case.

¶ 10    Naughton attached to the complaint affidavits from Mateljan and Elizabeth. Mateljan

averred as follows, as pertinent here. Naughton had referred him to Pfaff regarding Julianna’s

injuries, and but for that referral, Elizabeth would not have hired Pfaff. Mateljan was present at

Elizabeth’s home when she retained Pfaff. At the beginning of that meeting, Mateljan advised

Pfaff that Naughton had previously referred him to Pfaff and that they were there because

Naughton had again referred them to Pfaff.

¶ 11    Elizabeth averred that she first met with Pfaff when she was referred to him through

Mateljan. When she again needed the services of a medical malpractice attorney, Mateljan asked

Naughton if they should again speak to Pfaff. Elizabeth would not have hired Pfaff if it had not

been for Naughton’s referral to her father, both initially and for Julianna’s medical malpractice

case. The retainer agreement should have included Naughton as the referring attorney, and it

should now be amended to indicate this information, as Naughton was the reason she retained

Pfaff. She understood that any referral fee paid to Naughton would be paid by Pfaff and would

not cost her or Julianna’s estate any money.

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¶ 12    On April 21, 2010, defendants moved to dismiss the complaint. On July 20, 2010,

Naughton voluntarily dismissed count I, and the trial court denied the motion to dismiss as to

count II.

¶ 13    Defendants filed an answer to the complaint on October 21, 2010. They admitted that

Naughton referred some clients to Pfaff whom Pfaff agreed to represent. They further admitted

that they had distributed attorney fees to Naughton in accordance with the fee agreement signed

by S.A.’s father and that J.K. had signed a similar fee agreement. They denied that the fee

arrangements were per any generalized agreement. Defendants admitted that Mateljan called

Pfaff on February 2, 2003, for a potential case regarding Elizabeth, and that Mateljan said that

Naughton had referred him to Pfaff. Defendants declined to represent Elizabeth in June 2003.

Defendants admitted that they later agreed to represent Julianna. They agreed that after the case

settled they received a reduced 18% contingency fee and that Naughton demanded that they pay

him one-third of their fee. They denied that they ever offered any payment to Naughton for the

case.

¶ 14    Defendants asserted the following six affirmative defenses: (1) Naughton forfeited any

attorney-fee claim by failing to assert the claim during or immediately following the hearing on

the order of distribution and dismissal; (2) this same omission estopped Naughton from asserting

his claim for fees; (3) in the absence of an attorney-client relationship between Naughton and

Elizabeth or her husband, Andrew Frankenfield, 2 as guardian and/or next friend of Julianna,

Naughton was barred from recovering fees; (4) if Naughton had such an attorney-client

relationship, he breached his fiduciary duty to his client to fully disclose any fee-sharing

        2
            Andrew was named as a plaintiff in Julianna’s case, along with Elizabeth, as Julianna’s

guardian and/or next friend, but only Elizabeth signed Pfaff’s retainer agreement.

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arrangement, barring him from recovering such fees; (5) Naughton could not recover fees due to

his violations of Rule 1.5; and (6) if the court found that there was a joint venture between Pfaff

and Naughton, Naughton violated his fiduciary duties to Pfaff by failing to disclose the fee

arrangement to the clients and by failing to assert his claim before the order approving the

settlement and distributing fees became final.

¶ 15   Naughton testified in his deposition as follows, in relevant part. He met Pfaff playing

golf at a country club, and Naughton probably brought up the possibility of referring cases to

him. At some later date Pfaff told him that his firm normally provided one-third of the attorney

fees to the referring attorney, and Naughton said that this was fine with him. Pfaff indicated that

he would prepare the client contracts and take care of all referral issues. Naughton called Pfaff

about some cases, including Elizabeth’s case.

¶ 16   Regarding Julianna’s case, Naughton saw Mateljan in a social setting, and Mateljan said

that his granddaughter had a potential medical malpractice issue. He asked if Naughton still

recommended Pfaff, and Naughton said that Mateljan should definitely call him. In December

2008, Mateljan called to thank Naughton for the referral and said that the case had been settled.

In the meantime, Naughton had had no interaction with the case, and he had not known that

Elizabeth had hired Pfaff to represent Julianna.

¶ 17   Naughton called Pfaff and said that he wanted to congratulate him on the settlement for

their mutual client. Pfaff said that he was embarrassed because he did not know that Naughton

was part of the case. He said that he would look into the case and call him back. Pfaff called

back and apologized for not putting him on the contract as the referring attorney. He said that he

had talked to his partners, who agreed that they had to “take care of [their] good friend, Rich

Naughton.” Pfaff said that he would “make it right for” Naughton. Seven to ten days later,

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Naughton and his wife attended Pfaff’s firm’s Christmas party. Pfaff talked about what a great

settlement they had received and how easy it was. He again said that he was embarrassed for not

listing Naughton as the referring attorney and that he would be sure to correct the situation.

¶ 18   We next summarize the relevant testimony from Pfaff’s deposition. He met Naughton at

a country club, and they talked about their work. Naughton asked if he could contact Pfaff if he

ever needed a personal injury lawyer, and Pfaff agreed. At some point, Pfaff told Naughton

about his firm’s usual practice for referral fees. The referring attorney would receive the same

percentage of fees that the firm received from the settlement or recovery, so if the firm received

20%, the referring attorney would get 20% of that 20%. The firm would include this information

in the retainer agreement, and the agreement would also state that both lawyers were

professionally responsible for the case. For prior cases that Naughton referred, Naughton called

Pfaff, discussed the case with him, and asked if Pfaff’s firm wanted to take it. Naughton

received referral fees for two cases.

¶ 19   When Elizabeth called regarding Julianna’s condition in January 2006, she said that she

had previously talked to Pfaff regarding her own case, which he had declined. Pfaff discussed

Julianna’s injuries with Elizabeth and then set up a time to meet at her house. Elizabeth,

Julianna, and Andrew were home; Pfaff did not believe that Mateljan was present. Pfaff was

certain that no one mentioned Naughton in the initial phone call or during the meeting, and

Naughton’s name was not in Pfaff’s notes. Only Elizabeth signed the retainer agreement,

because Pfaff had not previously asked about a spouse and had not included Andrew’s name on

the printed contract.

¶ 20   On December 12, 2008, Naughton called, said that he heard that Julianna’s case had

settled, and said that he wanted to congratulate Pfaff on behalf of their mutual client. Pfaff

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“almost dropped the phone.” Pfaff told Naughton that he was very surprised because no one had

ever mentioned Naughton’s interest in the case and that he was embarrassed if Naughton had

referred the case and Pfaff had not taken account of it. Pfaff said that he would review the file.

When he did, he found no record of Naughton’s involvement. Pfaff disputed discussing the case

with Naughton at the firm’s holiday party. He told Naughton in mid-January 2009 that he did

not believe that Naughton was entitled to a referral fee.

¶ 21   The firm had a right to collect 22% to 30% of Julianna’s settlement as a fee, but because

the case had not required large expenses before settlement, the firm reduced its fee to 18% so

that an extra $900,000 could go to Julianna’s estate. There was “no way the fees would have

been 18 percent if there’d been a referring lawyer in [the] case.”

¶ 22   On December 3, 2012, defendants filed a motion for summary judgment. They argued

that there was insufficient evidence to show the existence of a joint venture. They further argued

that Naughton could not recover a fee, because: it would violate the rules of professional

conduct; Naughton violated his common-law fiduciary duties to his alleged client; he could not

prove that he had an attorney-client relationship with the Frankenfields; and if there was a joint

venture, Naughton breached his fiduciary duty to defendants. Naughton countered that the trial

court should deny summary judgment under Holstein v. Grossman, 246 Ill. App. 3d 719 (1993).

¶ 23   The trial court denied the motion for summary judgment on March 8, 2013. It stated that

there were questions of material fact because: (1) there was a pattern of prior dealings with

respect to referrals; (2) Naughton previously referred Elizabeth to Pfaff; (3) Elizabeth claimed

that Naughton referred her to Pfaff a second time; and (4) Naughton claimed that Pfaff later

admitted that he owed Naughton a referral fee, which could have ratified the agreement.

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¶ 24     The trial court denied defendants’ motion for reconsideration on July 9, 2013. The trial

court stated that what caused it the most concern were statements by Mateljan and Elizabeth

suggesting that they believed that they had a relationship with Naughton and that they disclosed

this to Pfaff. The trial court stated that, further, Pfaff allegedly assured Naughton that he would

take care of him, which could have implicitly ratified the existence of an agreement.

¶ 25     On October 24, 2013, the trial court granted an amended motion by defendants for

certification of a question of law pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308 (eff. Feb. 26,

2010).    The certified question dealt with whether the trial court properly denied summary

judgment under the facts of the case, based upon the applicable law. On February 26, 2014, this

court denied the application for leave to appeal.

¶ 26     On January 20, 2015, defendants filed a second motion for summary judgment.

Defendants argued that an opinion filed after the trial court’s ruling on the first motion for

summary judgment, Donald W. Fohrman & Associates, Ltd. v. Marc D. Alberts, P.C., 2014 IL

App (1st) 123351 (Fohrman), required a ruling in their favor as a matter of law.

¶ 27     The trial court granted the motion on March 11, 2015. It stated that Fohrman initially

appeared distinguishable because it was resolved on the public policy of protecting a client’s

interest, and here the client had sided with Naughton, the referring attorney. However, the trial

court stated that it must follow Fohrman’s clear holding that compliance with Rule 1.5 is

mandatory. It therefore granted summary judgment for defendants.

¶ 28     Naughton timely appealed.

¶ 29                                      II. ANALYSIS

¶ 30     Naughton contests the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in defendants’ favor on

his claim that Pfaff breached his fiduciary duty to Naughton arising from their joint venture.

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Summary judgment is appropriate only where the pleadings, depositions, admissions, and

affidavits on file, when viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, show that

there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law. Gurba v. Community High School District No. 155, 2015 IL 118332, ¶ 10. We

review de novo an order granting summary judgment. Id.

¶ 31    We begin by examining Holstein, the case on which Naughton primarily relies. There,

the plaintiff, as part of his law practice, operated a call-in service for legal advice and referrals.

Holstein, 246 Ill. App. 3d at 722. In his complaint, the plaintiff alleged as follows. He entered

an oral referral-fee agreement with the defendants, who were an attorney and his law firm. Id. at

721-22. Under the agreement, the plaintiff would refer personal injury cases to the defendants in

exchange for one-half of the attorney fees generated. Id. at 722. Further, the plaintiff would

assume responsibility for the clients as if he were a partner of the firm; the defendants would

make written disclosures of the referral-fee arrangement to the clients, in accordance with Rule

2-107 of the Illinois Code of Professional Responsibility (Code) (Ill. S. Ct. Code of Prof. Res. R.

2-107 (eff. July 1, 1980)); and the attorney fees would be reasonable. Holstein, 246 Ill. App. 3d

at 722. The plaintiff drafted a model attorney-client, contract which the defendant attorney

bound his firm to use. Id. The plaintiff referred 10 cases and received referral fees for half of

them. Id. at 723. However, the defendants then secretly settled the remaining cases and refused

to pay the plaintiff any referral fees. Id.

¶ 32    The plaintiff filed suit, alleging breach of contract and breach of a joint-venture

agreement. Id. The defendants moved for summary judgment, arguing that the alleged referral

agreement was illegal and unenforceable because it violated Rule 2-107—specifically, the

plaintiff never had an attorney-client relationship with any of the referred individuals and never

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disclosed the parties’ arrangement to them prior to any referral. Id. The defendants further

argued that the clients had never signed the model contract but rather had signed the firm’s

standard contingency contract, which did not disclose the parties’ arrangement.             Id.   The

defendants contended that, even if the plaintiff had an attorney-client relationship with the

referred clients, he violated his attorney-client relationship with them by not disclosing the

parties’ referral-fee arrangement. Id. at 723-24. The defendants argued that Rule 2-107 and the

plaintiff’s fiduciary duty prohibited any delegation of the plaintiff’s disclosure obligations. Id. at

724.

¶ 33   The defendants submitted affidavits of clients with large settlements, including one of

Danny Flynn, stating that they had never hired the plaintiff to represent them and that no one had

ever disclosed that he would share in any fee or had undertaken any responsibility for their cases.

Id. The defendants also referred to the plaintiff’s deposition testimony that he did not recall

speaking to Danny. Rather, the plaintiff claimed that he had a prior relationship with Danny’s

brother and was retained by either him or the Flynn family and that all disclosures were made to

the family. Id. For the other referred clients, the plaintiff believed, based solely on office

procedures, that he spoke to each of them, was retained, and made full disclosures. Id.

¶ 34   In response, the plaintiff argued that the defendants breached their fiduciary duties to him

regarding joint-venture matters by omitting him from the contingency agreements and failing to

pay him. Id. The plaintiff argued that the defendants should be estopped from raising Rule 2-

107 as a defense, because their conduct, rather than his, caused any violation of the rule. Id. The

trial court granted summary judgment for the defendants, reasoning that the fee-sharing

agreement violated Rule 2-107 and public policy because no referred client signed a writing

disclosing the agreement. Id. at 725.

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¶ 35   The appellate court affirmed the grant of summary judgment for the defendants on the

breach-of-contract claim. Id. It began by tracing the history of Illinois ethical rules regarding

fee sharing among attorneys, pointing out that the rules initially required that fees be divided

proportionately to the services performed and the responsibility assumed by each attorney. Id. at

726-28. It noted that a case from 1981 held that fee-splitting agreements premised on client

referrals were unenforceable because a contrary result would allow clients to be traded like

commodities and jeopardize their best interests by making it more profitable for attorneys to sell

the clients than provide legal services. Id. at 728-31 (citing Corti v. Fleisher, 93 Ill. App. 3d 517

(1981)).

¶ 36   The appellate court noted that our supreme court subsequently changed public policy

when it adopted the Code, specifically Rule 2-107, which stated:

               “ ‘(a) A lawyer shall not divide a fee for legal services with another lawyer who is

       not a partner in or associate of his law firm, unless

                       (1) the client consents in a writing signed by him to employment of the

               other lawyer, which writing shall fully disclose (a) that a division of fees will be

               made, (b) the basis upon which the division will be made, including the economic

               benefit to be received by the other lawyer as a result of the division, and (c) the

               responsibility to be assumed by the other lawyer for performance of the legal

               services in question;

                       (2) the division is made in proportion to the services performed and

               responsibility assumed by each, except where the primary service performed by

               one lawyer is the referral of the client to another lawyer and (a) the receiving

               lawyer fully discloses that the referring lawyer has received or will receive

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               economic benefit from the referral and the extent and basis of such economic

               benefit and (b) the referring lawyer agrees to assume the same legal

               responsibility for the performance of the services in question as if he were a

               partner of the receiving lawyer; and

                      (3) the total fee of the lawyers does not exceed reasonable compensation

               for all legal services they rendered to the client.’ ” (Emphasis added.) Id. at 732

               (quoting Ill. S. Ct. Code of Prof. Res. R. 2-107 (eff. July 1, 1980)).

The Holstein court stated that our supreme court had moved away from prohibitions against

referral-fee agreements because requiring actual participation discouraged referrals of cases that

could be better-handled by other attorneys and created an incentive for referring attorneys to do

unnecessary tasks, which could make legal services less efficient and more costly. Id. at 733.

The Holstein court stated that, to address prior public-policy concerns, the supreme court

included an enhanced consent provision and a signed-writing requirement in Rule 2-107. Id. at

734.

¶ 37   The court stated that in the case before it there was a fee-sharing agreement based

primarily on client referrals to which no referred client ever consented in writing, so it was

unenforceable in a breach-of-contract action. Id. at 734-35. It stated, “The client’s right to

counsel of his choosing must be preserved, and the signed writing requirement guarantees this

result.” Id. at 735. In response to the plaintiff’s argument that the defendants should be estopped

from relying on Rule 2-107 because they were supposed to obtain the signed writing, the court

stated that its paramount concern was the effect of fee-sharing agreements on the clients, rather

than the attorneys, and “ ‘[i]t [did] not matter whose ox [was] gored.’ ” Id. at 737 (quoting

Schniederjon v. Krupa, 162 Ill. App. 3d 192, 195 (1987)).

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¶ 38   The court next addressed the plaintiff’s claim regarding breach of fiduciary duty arising

from a joint venture, stating as follows. Id. A jury could conclude that a joint venture existed,

because the jury could find that the parties entered some enterprise, as evidenced by the referral

of 10 cases from the plaintiff and checks from the defendants to the plaintiff. Id. at 739. The

jury could also find that the enterprise was a joint venture, with the defendants contributing legal

services, the plaintiff contributing clients and some responsibility for the services, and the parties

equally sharing the profits. Id. The jury could further find that the defendants breached their

fiduciary duties to the plaintiff by failing to have the clients sign the model contract, as allegedly

agreed by the parties. Id.

¶ 39   The court stated that the lack of a signed writing under Rule 2-107 did not require that the

parties’ joint-venture agreement be held unenforceable on public-policy grounds. Id. at 740. It

stated that breach-of-fiduciary-duty actions were not contract actions, so the focus was the effect

of the joint-venture agreement on the attorneys involved. Id. It stated that public policy could

not condone the defendants’ alleged misconduct, because receiving attorneys could not be

allowed to falsely induce referrals under the guise that the receiving attorneys would fulfill Rule

2-107’s signed-writing requirement. Id. The court stated, “Clearly, the profession will be better

served if attorneys are bound to their word.” Id. The court further reasoned that its result

satisfied Rule 2-107 because the rule did not require the referring attorney to have an attorney-

client relationship with the referred clients before the referral. It stated that, instead, the rule

required only that the client consent in writing to the retention of both attorneys before a fee

division. Id. The court additionally stated that Rule 2-107 did not require the referring attorney

to obtain the signed writing, but rather required the receiving lawyer to make this disclosure. Id.

at 741. The court stated that, based on the rule’s structure, the referring and receiving attorneys

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could agree in advance who would be responsible for obtaining the writing, though the referring

attorney might wish to do so before the referral because, without the writing, the fee-sharing

arrangement would not be enforceable on contractual grounds. Id.

¶ 40   In a supplemental opinion on denial of rehearing, the court disagreed with the defendants’

argument that its finding of unenforceability as to count I required that recovery under count II

be barred as well. Id. It stated that the parties’ alleged agreement under the breach-of-contract

claim was unenforceable on public-policy grounds because it was a fee-sharing agreement to

which the referred clients never consented in writing. Id. at 742. It stated that, in contrast, for

the breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim, it needed to find only that the parties’ alleged agreement

initially envisioned compliance with the applicable ethical rules. Id. It stated that the:

       “breach of fiduciary duty, which by its nature just so happens to render the underlying

       agreement unenforceable on public policy grounds, does not destroy the existence of the

       underlying agreement. It exists as do the fiduciary duties arising therefrom. Thus, a

       breach of fiduciary duty action may nonetheless lie.” Id.

¶ 41   The defendants also argued that the plaintiff breached his own fiduciary duties to the

referred clients, and the court agreed that the plaintiff had in fact alleged that he had an attorney-

client relationship with each client before the referrals. Id. The court therefore agreed that the

plaintiff had a fiduciary duty to disclose his referral-fee agreement to his own clients. Id. at 743.

It found that he had not satisfied this duty as to the majority of the clients, as he did not

specifically recall speaking to them. Id. at 745. The court found that there was a genuine issue

of material fact regarding whether the plaintiff satisfied his fiduciary duty to Danny Flynn by

making disclosures to his brother or other family members who were acting as authorized agents.

Id. at 744-45. Accordingly, it reversed summary judgment as to that client only. Id. at 745.

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¶ 42   We next set out the 1990 version of Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct Rule 1.5, as

there is a disagreement here about whether that version or the 2010 version of the rules applies.

The 1990 version is very similar to Rule 2-107 and states, in relevant part:

               “(f) Except as provided in Rule 1.5(j), a lawyer shall not divide a fee for legal

       services with another lawyer who is not in the same firm, unless the client consents to

       employment of the other lawyer by signing a writing which discloses:

                         (1) that a division of fees will be made;

                         (2) the basis upon which the division will be made, including the

               economic benefit to be received by the other lawyer as a result of the division;

               and

                         (3) the responsibility to be assumed by the other lawyer for performance

               of the legal services in question.

               (g) A division of fees shall be made in proportion to the services performed and

       responsibility assumed by each lawyer, except where the primary service performed is

       the referral of the client to another lawyer and

                         (1) the receiving lawyer discloses that the referring lawyer has received or

               will receive economic benefit from the referral and the extent and basis of such

               economic benefit, and

                         (2) the referring lawyer agrees to assume the same legal responsibility for

               the performance of the services in question as would a partner of the receiving

               lawyer.

               (h) The total fee of the lawyers shall be reasonable.” (Emphases added.) Ill. R.

       Prof. Conduct (1990) R. 1.5(f)-(h) (eff. Aug. 1, 1990).

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¶ 43   The subsequent, 2010 version of Rule 1.5, which is currently in effect, is discussed in

Fohrman, the case on which the trial court relied in granting summary judgment for defendants.

We now turn to that case. In Fohrman, the plaintiff law firm, which specialized in workers’

compensation litigation, alleged in its amended complaint as follows. It had an oral referral-fee

agreement with the defendants, who specialized in personal injury litigation. Fohrman, 2014 IL

App (1st) 123351, ¶¶ 3, 7. In exchange for referrals from the plaintiff, the defendants agreed to

properly represent the clients; disclose the referral arrangement in accordance with applicable

supreme court rules; periodically update the plaintiff on case statuses; and pay the plaintiff 50%

of the attorney fees. Id. ¶ 7. The plaintiff agreed to equally share legal responsibility for the

cases. Id. The plaintiff alleged that the referral agreement created a joint venture, such that the

parties owed each other fiduciary duties. Id. The plaintiff alleged that over a six-year period it

was paid $733,512.83 for 87 referred cases, but that it subsequently did not receive its 50% of

fees on various other cases and was owed more than $100,000. Id. ¶ 14.

¶ 44   The defendants argued, in relevant part, that deposition testimony showed that the

plaintiff considered itself to have attorney-client relationships with the clients and that it received

copies of the attorney-client agreements. Id. ¶ 22. The defendants argued that those agreements

did not strictly comply with Rule 1.5 and that, since the plaintiff had notice of them and allowed

them to be used, it could not recover. Id. ¶¶ 21-22. The trial court agreed with the defendants.

Id. ¶¶ 24-25.

¶ 45   On appeal, the plaintiff, acknowledging that the attorney-client agreements did not

strictly comply with Rule 1.5(e), argued that substantial compliance with the rule allowed its

action to proceed because the parties were engaged in a joint venture. Id. ¶¶ 30, 36-37. The

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appellate court stated that it would consider the argument under the rule as it currently existed.

Id. ¶ 32. It looked at the version of Rule 1.5(e) that became effective in 2010, which provided:

               “ ‘(e) A division of a fee between lawyers who are not in the same firm may be

       made only if:

                       (1) the division is in proportion to the services performed by each lawyer,

               or if the primary service performed by one lawyer is the referral of the client to

               another lawyer and each lawyer assumes joint financial responsibility for the

               representation;

                       (2) the client agrees to the arrangement, including the share each lawyer

               will receive, and the agreement is confirmed in writing; and

                       (3) the total fee is reasonable.’ ” Id. ¶ 34 (quoting Ill. R. Prof. Conduct

               (2010) R. 1.5(e) (eff. Jan. 1, 2010)).

The court stated that “joint financial responsibility” meant that each lawyer assumed financial

responsibility for the representation as a whole, as if the lawyers were associated in a general

partnership. Id. The court stated that Rule 1.5 represented this state’s public policy to elevate

the rights of the clients above the lawyers’ remedies in seeking to enforce fee-sharing

agreements. Id. ¶ 35. After reviewing a series of cases, the court held that Rule 1.5(e) required

strict compliance and that without such compliance the plaintiff could not recover. Id. ¶ 44.

¶ 46   The court stated that Holstein’s determination that a client did not have to be informed of

the fee agreement before a referral appeared to be based on Rule 2-107’s language stating that

the receiving lawyer had to disclose that the referring lawyer would receive an economic benefit.

Id. ¶ 53. The court said that such language was not present in the 2010 version of Rule 1.5;

instead, Rule 1.5 did “not place the responsibility of disclosure solely on the receiving attorney,

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and provide[d] the disclosure must be made that the referring attorney will receive the fee.”

(Emphasis in original.) Id. The court stated that Holstein’s holding regarding joint-venture

claims arguably was no longer viable, because it was grounded on Rule 2-107’s plain language

rather than that of Rule 1.5. Id. ¶ 54. The court additionally stated that that holding was

inconsistent with Holstein’s own decision on the breach-of-contract count and its refusal to

enforce an agreement that violated public policy, as well as with holdings in later cases. Id. The

court went on to state that, even if this limited “ ‘exception’ ” to the standard of strict compliance

still had a foundation, it would not apply in the case before it, because the plaintiff had attorney-

client relationships with the referred clients, meaning that it had a duty to ensure that they were

informed of the referral agreement. Id. ¶ 55. The court noted that the plaintiff had notice of the

noncompliant attorney-client agreements but still allowed them to be used, contrary to Rule 1.5

and its common-law fiduciary duty. Id. The court went on to state that it would not find that the

agreements substantially complied with Rule 1.5(e), because they did not inform the clients (1)

of the fee-sharing agreement based on referrals, (2) of the exact division of fees, and (3) that the

parties had assumed equal financial responsibility. Id. The court concluded that, because there

was not strict compliance with Rule 1.5(e) and because the plaintiff failed to satisfy its own

fiduciary duty to disclose the referral agreement, the referral agreement and related liens were

unenforceable. Id. ¶ 56.

¶ 47   Naughton argues that the instant case is on all fours with Holstein, in that a jury could

find that there was a joint venture between the parties based on evidence that: the parties had an

oral referral agreement; Naughton referred eight potential clients to Pfaff over seven years; Pfaff

accepted three of the referrals, had those clients sign written contracts that complied with Rule

1.5, and paid Naughton the agreed-upon referral fee; and Naughton agreed to assume the same

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legal responsibility for the services Pfaff rendered to the referred clients as if Naughton were one

of Pfaff’s partners, as shown by the written contracts in the cases Pfaff accepted. Naughton

maintains that a jury could also conclude that Pfaff breached his fiduciary duties to Naughton

based on evidence that Pfaff was told of Naughton’s referral prior to accepting Julianna’s case

but did not give Elizabeth a contract that mentioned Naughton and disclosed the fee agreement.

Naughton contends that Pfaff’s subsequent apologies to him, which must be construed as

admissions at the summary-judgment stage, are consistent with that conclusion and further

support his claims against defendants.

¶ 48   Naughton argues that, as in Holstein, the fact that Elizabeth did not sign a written

contract complying with Rule 1.5 does not preclude enforcement of the parties’ joint-venture

agreement. Naughton notes that the Holstein court stated that, in contrast to breach-of-contract

claims, the “paramount concern” in a breach-of-fiduciary-duty action is the effect of the

agreement on the attorneys involved. Holstein, 246 Ill. App. 3d at 740. Naughton argues that, in

this regard, Pfaff cannot be rewarded for his misconduct in this case, as a matter of public policy.

¶ 49   Naughton maintains that this case is distinguishable from Fohrman because he did not

allege the existence of an attorney-client relationship with Elizabeth before he referred her to

Pfaff. Therefore, according to Naughton, he did not have an independent duty to ensure that she

was advised of the referral agreement. Naughton argues that, even if he had such a duty,

Elizabeth testified that she was aware that he had referred her to Pfaff and that her contract

should have included Naughton. Naughton argues that this situation is distinguishable from

Fohrman also because he believed that Pfaff would present Elizabeth with a contract that

complied with Rule 1.5, as Pfaff had done with other referrals, and as was the situation in

Holstein. He argues that in Fohrman, in contrast, the referring attorney knew that the contracts

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that the receiving attorney was using did not comply with the rule, yet he continued to allow

them to be used.

¶ 50   Naughton recognizes that Fohrman labeled as inconsistent Holstein’s different results for

the breach-of-contract claim and the joint-venture claim, stating that the holding might no longer

be viable due to changes in Rule 1.5. Naughton points out that Fohrman could not overrule

Holstein. See In re Marriage of Gutman, 232 Ill. 2d 145, 149 (2008) (one panel, division, or

district of the appellate court cannot overrule another). He further argues that the Holstein

court’s reasoning was sound, in that a breach-of-contract claim for a fee-sharing agreement

cannot be enforced absent strict compliance with Rule 1.5, because the client’s rights are of

primary concern. Naughton argues that, in contrast, a breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim does not

involve the client but rather involves the fiduciary duty one attorney owes the other upon

entering a joint-venture agreement. Naughton argues that Fohrman’s public-policy concerns are

also not at issue in this case. Specifically, enforcing the fee-sharing agreement here would not

subvert the client’s rights but rather would give effect to the client’s original intentions, as

Elizabeth confirmed that her contract with Pfaff should have included Naughton.

¶ 51   Naughton notes that the current version of Rule 1.5, which became effective in 2010, is

silent as to which attorney should obtain the signed writing required by the rule. See supra ¶ 45

(quoting Fohrman, 2014 IL App (1st) 123351, ¶ 34, quoting Ill. R. Prof. Conduct (2010) R. 1.5

(eff. Jan. 1, 2010)). Naughton argues that, although he believes that the 1990 version of Rule 1.5

should apply, the 2010 version is even more consistent with Holstein in that, whereas the prior

rule clearly put the onus of disclosure on the receiving attorney, the current rule does not say

which attorney has the obligation, thus leaving it to the parties to decide. Naughton argues that,

therefore, our result should not differ regardless of which version of the rule applies.

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¶ 52   Defendants argue that under Fohrman the current version of Rule 1.5 applies, which

requires that all fee-sharing agreements be in writing, with the client’s written consent, and that

each lawyer assume joint financial responsibility for the representation. Defendants argue that

Fohrman correctly distinguished Holstein on the basis that former Rule 2-107 required that the

receiving lawyer disclose the benefit whereas the 2010 version of Rule 1.5 does not contain that

language. Defendants also argue that Fohrman correctly concluded that Holstein’s exception for

certain joint-venture claims was inconsistent with its breach-of-contract analysis and with later

cases holding that strict compliance with Rule 1.5 was required. See Fohrman, 2014 IL App

(1st) 123351, ¶ 54.

¶ 53   Defendants argue that Holstein is a remnant of old cases requiring less than strict

compliance with the rules of professional conduct. Defendants further argue that the portion of

Holstein on which Naughton attempts to rely, relating to the referral of non-clients, was rendered

dicta by the court’s supplemental opinion stating that the plaintiff did claim to have attorney-

client relationships with the individuals. Defendants argue that Naughton takes the extraordinary

position that he did not have an attorney-client relationship with the Frankenfields, so as to avoid

the requirement that an attorney has a fiduciary duty to disclose referral fees to the client, but

even this would only place him within Holstein’s dicta regarding non-clients. Defendants

maintain that, even then, Holstein’s analysis of this issue is not persuasive, because it relied on a

Kansas case interpreting a rule with significantly different language. See Holstein, 246 Ill. App.

3d at 740 (citing Ryder v. Farmland Mutual Insurance Co., 807 P.2d 109 (Kan. 1991)).

Defendants argue that, in contrast, the necessity of an attorney-client relationship is axiomatic,

citing Phillips v. Joyce, 169 Ill. App. 3d 520 (1988). There, in discussing another case, the court

stated that, because the plaintiff apparently never had an attorney-client relationship with the

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clients, he was not entitled to a referral fee. Id. at 529. Defendants argue that this result is

supported by Rule 1.5’s language, as it refers to a situation in which “the primary service

performed by one lawyer is the referral of the client to another lawyer.” (Emphasis added.) Ill.

R. Prof. Conduct (2010) R. 1.5(e) (eff. Jan. 1, 2010).

¶ 54   Defendants argue that an even more fundamental criticism of Holstein’s analysis is that

the court relied on Rule 2-107(a)(2) and did not consider Rule 2-107(a)(1) (see supra ¶ 36),

which sets up the foundational requirement of a writing signed by the client and does not

distinguish between the referring and receiving lawyers, making the disclosures equally binding

upon both. Defendants cite Thompson v. Hiter, 356 Ill. App. 3d 574 (2005), where the court

stated that both parties involved “would be subject to the requirements of Rule 1.5(f) that when

lawyers entered into a fee-sharing arrangement, they must disclose the terms of the fee-sharing

arrangement and obtain the clients’ consent thereto in a written agreement” (id. at 589-90), and

the parties’ “failure to comply with Rule 1.5(f) preclude[d] enforcement of any oral fee-sharing

agreement” (id. at 590).

¶ 55   Defendants maintain that the fact that Elizabeth supports Naughton’s claim for a referral

fee does not excuse compliance with Rule 1.5. Defendants cite In re Storment, 203 Ill. 2d 378,

398 (2002), where the court found that a client’s knowledge of the fee terms and approval of the

fee after the work was done was not sufficient to comply with Rule 1.5. The court reasoned that

the client might be placed in a situation where he or she has to either rely on the attorney’s

recollection of the fee agreement or suffer a delay in receiving the litigation’s proceeds pending

resolution of the fee dispute. Defendants point out that, here, Naughton never met with the

Frankenfields, did not know that Elizabeth retained Pfaff, never contacted Pfaff about the case,

and did not advise Elizabeth that he wished to claim a fee until after the case was settled.

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Defendants note that in her deposition Elizabeth stated that she did not know how the referral in

this case was specifically supposed to work or what percentage of the fee Naughton was to

receive. Defendants assert that Elizabeth’s ignorance was caused by Naughton’s failure to

disclose and speaks to the courts’ concerns about protecting the clients’ interests.

¶ 56   We first note that, as this case was at the summary-judgment stage, we must take as true

for purposes of our analysis that Naughton and Pfaff had an oral fee-sharing agreement; that

Elizabeth initially told Pfaff that Naughton had referred her for Julianna’s case; and that Pfaff

later told Naughton that he was embarrassed for not listing him as the referring attorney and

would “make it right.”

¶ 57   We next address which version of Rule 1.5 applies. Elizabeth met with Pfaff regarding

Julianna’s case in 2006 and Pfaff denied any payment to Naughton in 2009, so all relevant events

occurred before the 2010 version of Rule 1.5 became effective. Still, Fohrman applied the

current version of the rule retroactively, citing Paul B. Episcope, Ltd. v. Law Offices of Campbell

& Di Vincenzo, 373 Ill. App. 3d 384 (2007). Fohrman, 2014 IL App (1st) 123351, ¶ 32.

Episcope cited Dowd & Dowd, Ltd. v. Gleason, 181 Ill. 2d 460, 481 (1998), where a supreme

court rule was applied retroactively based on the maxim that the law cannot enforce a contract

that it prohibits based on public policy. Episcope, 373 Ill. App. 3d at 394.

¶ 58   In determining whether a supreme court rule applies retroactively, we follow the rule’s

expressed intent regarding retroactivity, if any. In re Marriage of Duggan, 376 Ill. App. 3d 725,

728-29 (2007).     Otherwise, we apply procedural laws or changes retroactively, but not

substantive laws or changes. Id. at 729. Procedural laws relate to pleadings, evidence, and

practice, and these laws will apply retroactively unless they will impair a vested right that is so

perfected, complete, and unconditional that it can be equated with a property interest. Id. In

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Dowd & Dowd, 181 Ill. 2d at 481, the supreme court applied a rule of professional conduct

retroactively to a contract entered into prior to the rule’s effective date, reasoning that to

otherwise enforce the contract would violate the public-policy considerations underlying the

prohibition found in the rule.

¶ 59   The above analysis shows, at a minimum, that supreme court rules are not applied

retroactively as a matter of course. The changes to Rule 1.5 from the 1990 version to the 2010

can be labeled as substantive, as they affect an attorney’s professional obligations regarding fees,

as opposed to the conduct of court proceedings. Further, the portion of the rule relevant here

cannot be said to have significantly changed public policy to the extent that the prior version

cannot be applied, as they both have the same basic disclosure requirements for attorney fee-

sharing agreements. Compare Ill. R. Prof. Conduct (1990) R. 1.5 (eff. Aug. 1, 1990), with Ill. R.

Prof. Conduct (2010) R. 1.5 (eff. Jan. 1, 2010). Accordingly, we apply the 1990 version of Rule

1.5 in this case. We interpret supreme court rules in the same manner as statutes, with the goal

of ascertaining and giving effect to the intent of the rule’s drafters. In re Storment, 203 Ill. 2d at

390. The most reliable indicator of that intent is the language the drafters used, when given its

plain and ordinary meaning. People v. Salem, 2016 IL 118693, ¶ 11.

¶ 60   Looking at the language of the 1990 version of Rule 1.5 (see supra ¶ 42), we disagree

with defendants that the rule’s plain language requires that the referring attorney have an

attorney-client relationship with the referred individual prior to the referral. That is, while the

rule states that fees may not be divided “unless the client consents to employment of the other

lawyer,” and the rule discusses the situation where “the primary service performed by one lawyer

is the referral of the client to another lawyer” (emphases added) (Ill. R. Prof. Conduct (1990) R.

1.5(f)-(g) (eff. Aug. 1, 1990)), “client” can be understood to mean the individual who becomes

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the client of the receiving lawyer. While there might be unexplored public-policy reasons for

requiring that an attorney first have an attorney-client relationship with an individual before a

referral, such a result is not mandated by the rule’s language itself.

¶ 61   We now examine who has disclosure obligations under the rule. Naughton does not

dispute Fohrman’s determination that Rule 1.5 requires strict compliance, as opposed to partial

compliance. Fohrman, 2014 IL App (1st) 123351, ¶ 44. However, he argues that the 1990

version of Rule 1.5 requires the receiving attorney to make the relevant disclosures.            We

recognize that subsection (g) requires that the “receiving lawyer disclose[] that the referring

lawyer has received or will receive economic benefit.” Ill. R. Prof. Conduct (1990) R. 1.5(g)

(eff. Aug. 1, 1990). However, subsection (f), which requires that the client sign a writing in the

first place, does not put this burden solely on the receiving attorney. Ill. R. Prof. Conduct (1990)

R. 1.5(f) (eff. Aug. 1, 1990). Thus, it appears that both attorneys would be ethically obligated to

ensure that the client agrees in writing to a fee division. This is especially true when considering

that subsection (h), requiring that the “total fee of the lawyers shall be reasonable,” would clearly

apply to both attorneys. Ill. R. Prof. Conduct (1990) R. 1.5(h) (eff. Aug. 1, 1990); see also

Daniel v. Aon Corp., 2011 IL App (1st) 101508, ¶ 22 (where all parties to a fee arrangement

were attorneys, their conduct was subject to the Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct).

¶ 62   Naughton argues that the attorneys could decide ahead of time who would take on the

disclosure obligations. Thompson, one of the cases on which defendants rely, is relevant to this

question. There, an attorney and his firm had an oral contract that the firm would receive two-

thirds of any fees the lawyer generated during his employment. Thompson, 356 Ill. App. 3d at

576. A client signed a contingency-fee agreement with the firm and attorney, but the contract

did not disclose the fee-sharing agreement. Id. at 589-90. After the lawyer left the firm, the

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client discharged the firm and continued to retain the attorney. Upon the resolution of the

client’s case, the attorney sought to resolve the firm’s lien, which sought two-thirds of the fees.

Id. at 576-77. The appellate court found that the firm and the attorney had been involved in a

joint venture as to the client’s representation, but this did not mean that the firm was entitled to

fees pursuant to the fee-sharing agreement after it was discharged, as the fee-sharing agreement

did not comply with Rule 1.5(f). Id. at 589-90. The court stated that the “Rules of Professional

Conduct apply to all claims for fee sharing, regardless of whether the claim is asserted against

the client or another attorney” (id. at 590), that both parties “would be subject to the

requirements of Rule 1.5(f) that when lawyers entered into a fee-sharing arrangement, they must

disclose the terms of the fee-sharing arrangement and obtain the clients’ consent thereto in a

written agreement” (id. at 589-90), and that the parties’ “failure to comply with Rule 1.5(f)

preclude[d] enforcement of any oral fee-sharing agreement” (id. at 590). 3

¶ 63   We recognize that Thompson presented a somewhat different situation in that it involved

an attorney and his firm, rather than referring and receiving attorneys. However, the court

clearly stated that Rule 1.5(f) applied to both parties, which, as discussed, is supported by the

rule’s structure.   In other words, even though Rule 1.5(g) gives the receiving attorney an

obligation to disclose the amount of money the referring attorney has received or will receive, it

does not remove the obligation of all involved attorneys under Rule 1.5(f) to ensure that the

client has signed a written document including such disclosures. Thus, Naughton’s failure to

       3
           Thompson noted that a discharged attorney may be compensated for the services

rendered before the discharge, on a quantum meruit basis. Here, Naughton did not perform any

legal services on Julianna’s case, so quantum meruit is not implicated.

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ensure that Elizabeth signed a written fee-sharing agreement precludes him from recovering on

the oral fee-sharing agreement with Pfaff.

¶ 64   We recognize that the application of Holstein to this situation would lead to a different

result, because the substance of Rule 2-107 is very similar to that of the 1990 version of Rule

1.5. Compare Ill. S. Ct. Code of Prof. Res. R. 2-107 (eff. July 1, 1980) with Ill. R. Prof. Conduct

(1990) R. 1.5 (eff. Aug. 1, 1990). However, we agree with Fohrman that the attorneys’ fee-

sharing agreement cannot be enforced without the client’s signed consent, whether the referring

attorney seeks to recover his or her share of the fees under a breach-of-contract theory or a

breach-of-fiduciary-duty theory arising from a joint venture. Holstein attempted to distinguish

the two causes of action by stating that it could not enforce a fee-sharing agreement to which the

client never consented in writing, but that it could compensate an attorney for a breach of

fiduciary duty arising from that agreement. See Holstein, 246 Ill. App. 3d at 742. However, as

Fohrman stated, Rule 1.5 as a whole embodies this state’s public policy of prioritizing clients’

rights over lawyers’ remedies in seeking to enforce fee-sharing agreements. Fohrman, 2014 IL

App (1st) 123351, ¶ 35. We agree with Fohrman that Holstein’s attempt to distinguish breach-

of-contract and breach-of-fiduciary-duty claims arising from the same fee-sharing agreement is

inconsistent with the strict-compliance standard set forth in case law and with the public policy

behind Rule 1.5. See id. ¶ 54. Moreover, as defendants point out (see supra ¶ 54), the Holstein

court took the position that its result for the breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim was compatible with

Rule 2-107 because the rule required only the receiving lawyer to disclose the fee division to the

client. Holstein, 246 Ill. App. 3d at 741. In doing so, Holstein relied only on language in Rule 2-

107(a)(2) and did not account for the fact that Rule 2-107(a)(1), which set forth the foundational

requirement that the client consent in writing to a fee division, did not distinguish between

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receiving and referring attorneys, making the requirement equally binding upon both. In sum,

Naughton sought to recover his share of the fees from Julianna’s case through a claim of breach

of fiduciary duty, but as these damages stem from a fee-sharing agreement that was subject to

Rule 1.5 but not in compliance with the rule, Naughton’s claim must fail.

¶ 65   That Elizabeth agrees that Naughton should obtain a portion of the fees as the referring

attorney does not change our result, especially considering that she was completely unaware of

how the fees were to be divided. In In re Storment, our supreme court stated that a writing

detailing the fee arrangement “ensures that the scope and terms of each lawyer’s representation

are defined, thus preventing or minimizing uncertainties and disputes.” In re Storment, 203 Ill.

2d at 398. The supreme court found that a client’s general understanding that both attorneys

would be compensated for their services did not fulfill the rule’s mandatory writing requirement.

Id. The fee arrangement had to be disclosed before the work was done, to avoid a potential

inequality of bargaining power between the attorney and the client. Id. The potential pitfalls of

a lack of a written fee-division disclosure can be illustrated by this case, most obviously as the

root of the instant litigation.   Further, we note that Elizabeth supported a referral fee for

Naughton as long as it would not cost her or Julianna’s estate any money. However, Pfaff

testified in his deposition that his firm had voluntarily reduced their attorney fees to 18% of the

settlement, which it would not have done had there been a referring attorney involved. We do

not take this statement as true for purposes of summary judgment, but we mention it to illustrate

the concrete effects that a fee-division arrangement can have on the clients themselves, further

supporting the long line of cases requiring that clients affirmatively consent in writing to fee

divisions. See also Woods v. Southwest Airlines, Co., 523 F. Supp. 2d 812, 822 (N.D. Ill. 2007)

(“a client demonstrates whether the fee arrangement is in his or her best interest by consenting to

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it, not consenting to it, or changing his or her mind about consenting to it”). Under Rule 1.5, the

obligation to ensure that the client signed such a disclosure could not be delegated to Pfaff alone,

and the lack of the signed disclosure precludes Naughton from recovering under the alleged fee-

sharing agreement underlying his breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim. Accordingly, the trial court

correctly granted summary judgment for defendants.

¶ 66                                   III. CONCLUSION

¶ 67   For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the McHenry County circuit court.

¶ 68   Affirmed.

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