Court Opinion

ID: 2824065
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-08-11 04:26:43.585024+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:31:12.308367
License: Public Domain

Illinois Official Reports

                                Appellate Court

                  People v. Crutchfield, 2015 IL App (5th) 120371

Appellate Court    THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption            LEE CRUTCHFIELD, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No.     Fifth District
                   Docket No. 5-12-0371

Filed              June 29, 2015

Decision Under     Appeal from the Circuit Court of St. Clair County, No. 05-CF-2092;
Review             the Hon. Brian Babka, Judge, presiding.

Judgment           Affirmed in part; reversed and remanded in part with directions.

Counsel on         Michael J. Pelletier, Karen Munoz, Jacqueline L. Bullard, and John M.
Appeal             McCarthy, all of State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Springfield, for
                   appellant.

                   Brendan F. Kelly, State’s Attorney, of Belleville (Patrick Delfino,
                   Stephen E. Norris, and Rebecca E. McCormick, all of State’s
                   Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.

Panel              JUSTICE GOLDENHERSH delivered the judgment of the court, with
                   opinion.
                   Justices Welch and Stewart concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                                              OPINION

¶1       This direct appeal is taken from the trial court’s final judgment of conviction of defendant,
     Lee Crutchfield, in a criminal case in which defendant was sentenced to natural life in prison
     after a jury trial found him guilty of first-degree murder. Defendant raises two issues on appeal.
     Defendant first alleges the trial court erred when it failed to appoint counsel to investigate his
     claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. The second issue defendant raises alleges
     resentencing is required because the mandatory life sentence provision pursuant to section
     5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) of the Unified Code of Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) (West
     2010)) that the trial judge applied has been struck down by the Illinois Supreme Court.
¶2       For the following reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court concerning defendant’s
     ineffective assistance of counsel claims and remand to the trial court with directions to
     sentence defendant without applying the mandatory life sentence provision in section
     5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) of the Unified Code of Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) (West
     2010)).

¶3                                          BACKGROUND
¶4       Defendant, Lee Crutchfield, was sentenced to natural life in prison on August 21, 2012,
     after a jury trial found him guilty of first-degree murder in the death of Ryon Smith. The
     relevant facts to this appeal are as follows.
¶5       On December 25, 2005, at approximately 6:43 p.m., the body of 6-year-old Ryon Smith
     (victim) was found by authorities and medical responders in the house in which he had resided
     with his mother Starr Lohman, his 22-month-old brother, and defendant since October 2005.
     Defendant was Lohman’s 32-year-old boyfriend at the time.
¶6       Officer Larry Flinn responded to a call that night regarding an unresponsive child at 1311
     Upper Cahokia Road. Flinn arrived at the residence around the same time as the Medstar
     Ambulance. Lohman directed Flinn to the bedroom where the victim was lying unresponsive
     on the floor. Flinn testified in court that the victim’s body looked badly beaten and bruised.
     The victim’s body had lacerations and blood on his face, and had bruises on his head, face,
     chest, arms, hands, and abdomen.
¶7       Benjamin Koch, an Illinois State Police homicide investigator, was called to the residence
     at 7:30 p.m. Koch took several photographs of the bedroom where the victim’s body lay on the
     floor and collected other evidence, including a wooden board near the bedroom’s back closet
     area that appeared to be used to keep the closet door closed. There was a stained comforter on
     the floor inside the closet. Koch also noted that the thermostat at the residence was set to 90
     degrees.
¶8       Dr. Raj Nanduri conducted the autopsy of the victim on December 26, 2005. The victim
     was six years old, weighed 34 pounds, and was 45 inches tall. The body was already showing
     signs of decomposition, the victim’s torso was distended, and the body had a uniform green
     color to it. Rigor mortis had passed. Dr. Nanduri noted that the victim suffered from several
     blunt force trauma injuries and bruising covered both sides of the victim’s face. The internal
     portion of the autopsy confirmed mesenteric injuries, and the victim’s acute bleeding was
     determined to have occurred less than two hours prior to his death. Dr. Nanduri concluded with

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       a reasonable degree of scientific certainty that the victim died as a result of a homicide due to
       blunt force trauma to the abdomen.
¶9         Koch attended the autopsy of the victim and collected DNA, fingerprints, hair, and
       clothing. Koch also took pictures of defendant’s hands, which showed swelling in the right
       hand and an abrasion with some blood near a nail on the left hand. Pictures of Lohman’s hands
       did not show any injuries.
¶ 10       Evidence at trial established the following altercation took place between defendant and
       the victim. Only a brief summary of the altercation is necessary for the purpose of this appeal.
       The victim, who was very small at 34 pounds and underweight for a six-year-old, was beaten
       by defendant at the residence where the two resided on the morning of December 24, 2005,
       until he was lying unresponsive on the floor.
¶ 11       On that morning, the victim had urinated in his bedroom’s closet and defendant was yelling
       at him about it. The victim bit down on defendant’s finger during the altercation, and defendant
       responded by hitting the victim at least 5 to 10 times in an attempt to allegedly get his finger
       released from the victim’s mouth. Defendant claimed the victim had called him the “N” word
       in addition to biting down on his finger, to which defendant responded by hitting the victim in
       his chest area.
¶ 12       Lohman, the victim’s mother, placed the victim on his bed after the beating. The victim did
       not move or talk again despite Lohman shaking his body. Lohman testified that she believed
       the victim was still breathing, and did not call for medical assistance until approximately 36
       hours after the beating.
¶ 13       Lohman pled guilty to aggravated battery of a child, but it was stipulated she never struck
       the victim. Lohman testified that she did not beat the victim, but did fail to protect him.
¶ 14       During defendant’s trial, the defense introduced a forensic pathologist who testified that
       the victim’s death was the result of seizures caused by epilepsy rather than defendant’s beating
       of the victim. The State rebutted the defense’s claim by introducing a different forensic
       pathologist who testified he found no credible evidence that the victim had epilepsy. After
       hearing all the evidence, the jury convicted defendant of first-degree murder.
¶ 15       Defendant’s sentencing began with the trial court inquiring into defendant’s claims of
       ineffective assistance of counsel. Defendant complained that he asked counsel to impeach
       Lohman’s testimony concerning a prior statement made to police during the trial, but counsel
       responded that “she looked bad enough.” Defendant also complained that counsel failed to
       impeach Lohman’s testimony indicating she did not perform CPR by not presenting the 9-1-1
       tape, which defendant alleged would suggest that she did perform CPR and explain the tear to
       the victim’s mesentery. Defendant alleged his counsel told him he could not find the tape.
       Lastly, defendant claimed he had numerous witnesses available to testify on his behalf, but
       none of these witnesses were presented in court or contacted by counsel.
¶ 16       The trial court denied defendant’s claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, ruling that it
       observed trial counsel’s performance and believed it was excellent. The trial court then
       proceeded with the sentencing hearing. After reviewing evidence and hearing the arguments of
       counsel, the trial court determined that section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) of the Unified Code of
       Corrections required a mandatory natural life sentence without the possibility of parole.
¶ 17       Defense counsel then filed a motion to reconsider the sentence, arguing the Illinois
       Supreme Court in People v. Wooters, 188 Ill. 2d 500, 722 N.E.2d 1102 (1999), found that the

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       enactment of section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) was unconstitutional and, relying on People v.
       Quevedo, 403 Ill. App. 3d 282, 932 N.E.2d 642 (2010), the statute had never been reenacted.
       After hearing argument from both parties, the trial court determined that Quevedo did not
       apply and affirmed that the statute required a natural life sentence without the possibility of
       parole. Defendant now appeals his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel and motion to
       reconsider the sentence.

¶ 18                                              ANALYSIS
¶ 19        Defendant first alleges the trial court erred when it failed to appoint counsel to investigate
       his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. The State contends the trial court made a proper
       inquiry of defendant personally in court, and the trial court’s determination that defendant’s
       claims of ineffective assistance of counsel lacked merit and pertained to trial strategy is not
       manifestly erroneous. We agree with the State.
¶ 20        A trial court’s decision to not appoint new counsel for a defendant based on a judgment that
       the ineffective assistance claim is spurious shall not be disturbed on appeal unless the decision
       is manifestly erroneous. People v. McCarter, 385 Ill. App. 3d 919, 941, 897 N.E.2d 265, 285
       (2008) (citing People v. Woodson, 220 Ill. App. 3d 865, 877, 581 N.E.2d 320, 329 (1991)).
¶ 21        Regarding a defendant’s pro se posttrial motion challenging the competence of his attorney
       at trial, the following rule has been developed from the Illinois Supreme Court’s decision in
       People v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181, 464 N.E.2d 1045 (1984). In Krankel, the defendant’s trial
       counsel failed to contact an alibi witness or present an alibi defense at trial, and the defendant
       raised a pro se posttrial challenge to his attorney’s competence at trial. The trial court refused
       to appoint new counsel to represent the defendant on his ineffective assistance of counsel
       claim, but allowed the defendant to argue his motion.
¶ 22        Defendant appealed, and the appellate court held that the trial court erred in denying the
       defendant’s pro se motion for a new trial based on the fact that his counsel failed to contact or
       present an alibi witness. People v. Krankel, 113 Ill. App. 3d 992, 447 N.E.2d 1379 (1983). The
       State then filed a petition for leave to appeal with the Illinois Supreme Court, which was
       granted.
¶ 23        In their briefs, both parties agreed that the trial court should have appointed new counsel to
       represent the defendant at the posttrial hearing concerning his ineffective assistance of counsel
       claim. The Illinois Supreme Court concluded that the failure to appoint new counsel to argue a
       defendant’s pro se posttrial motion alleging ineffective assistance of counsel was error and
       remanded the cause for a new hearing on the claim.
¶ 24        The Illinois Supreme Court has since expanded the court’s finding in Krankel and has
       determined that new counsel is not automatically required in every case in which a defendant
       presents a pro se posttrial motion alleging ineffective assistance of counsel. People v. Moore,
       207 Ill. 2d 68, 77, 797 N.E.2d 631, 637 (2003). Rather, the trial court must first examine the
       factual basis of the defendant’s claim before determining whether new counsel should be
       appointed. Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 77-78, 797 N.E.2d at 637.
¶ 25        The trial court is not required to appoint new counsel and may deny the defendant’s pro se
       motion if it determines the claim lacks merit or pertains only to matters of trial strategy. Moore,
207 Ill. 2d at 78, 797 N.E.2d at 637. However, new counsel should be appointed if the
       defendant’s allegations show possible neglect of the case, in which case the newly appointed

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       counsel represents the defendant at the hearing on the defendant’s pro se claim of ineffective
       assistance of counsel. Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 78, 797 N.E.2d at 637.
¶ 26        Moore involved a defendant convicted of first-degree murder and aggravated unlawful
       restraint who was sentenced to death. On appeal the defendant alleged the trial court erred in
       failing to consider his pro se posttrial motion for appointment of counsel other than the public
       defender, and requested that the cause be remanded to the trial court for an appropriate inquiry
       into his pro se posttrial motion.
¶ 27        The Illinois Supreme Court in Moore determined the trial court conducted no inquiry into
       the defendant’s allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel, and the record did not indicate
       whether the trial court ever read the defendant’s pro se posttrial motion. The Illinois Supreme
       Court stated that “[t]he law requires the trial court to conduct some type of inquiry into the
       underlying factual basis, if any, of a defendant’s pro se posttrial claim of ineffective assistance
       of counsel.” Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 79, 797 N.E.2d at 638. After finding no such investigation
       occurred, the Illinois Supreme Court remanded the cause to the trial court for that limited
       purpose. Specifically, the Illinois Supreme Court stated:
                “[W]e remand the cause for the limited purpose of allowing the trial court to conduct
                the required preliminary investigation. If the court determines that the claim of
                ineffectiveness is spurious or pertains only to trial strategy, the court may then deny the
                motion and leave standing defendant’s convictions and sentences. If the trial court
                denies the motion, defendant may still appeal his assertion of ineffective assistance of
                counsel along with his other assignments of error.” Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 81-82, 797
                N.E.2d at 640.
¶ 28        As noted in Moore, the primary concern for the reviewing court is whether the trial court
       conducted an adequate inquiry into the defendant’s pro se allegations of ineffective assistance
       of counsel. Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 78, 797 N.E.2d at 638. While an adequate inquiry is of
       primary concern, there is no set format for how an initial inquiry into a defendant’s pro se
       allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel should be conducted, and a trial court’s inquiry
       is somewhat flexible. People v. Fields, 2013 IL App (2d) 120945, ¶ 40, 997 N.E.2d 791.
¶ 29        Trial counsel may simply answer questions and explain the circumstances surrounding the
       defendant’s allegations, a brief discussion between the trial court and defendant may be
       sufficient, and the trial court may evaluate the defendant’s pro se allegations of ineffective
       assistance of counsel based on its knowledge of the defense counsel’s performance at trial and
       the insufficiency of the defendant’s allegations on their face. Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 78-79, 797
N.E.2d at 638. There is no case law suggesting “the State should be an active participant during
       the preliminary inquiry. In fact, typically, virtually no opportunity for State participation is
       offered during the preliminary inquiry.” Fields, 2013 IL App (2d) 120945, ¶ 40, 997 N.E.2d
791.
¶ 30        In the instant case, the trial court held a hearing on defendant’s claims of ineffective
       assistance of counsel. Defendant claimed his counsel was ineffective because he failed to: (1)
       present witnesses demonstrating the lack of frequency defendant was around the murder
       victim; (2) play the 9-1-1 recording to impeach Lohman’s claim that she did not perform CPR;
       and (3) present a closing argument with sufficient zealousness.
¶ 31        The trial court stated the following regarding defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel
       claims during the sentencing hearing:

                                                    -5-
                    “I saw Mr. Keefe’s performance during this trial. I didn’t think–I didn’t see
                anything that I thought was below par in any manner. I thought his performance was
                actually excellent. I think all the attorneys involved gave excellent representation. Mr.
                Keefe gave an excellent closing.
                    I see no neglect of the case. And I’m going to deny the claim. The claim lacks merit
                and pertains only to matters of trial strategy, if anything at all. So that claim is denied.”
¶ 32        The State asserts defendant has failed to demonstrate that the court’s finding defendant’s
       claims of ineffective assistance of counsel lacked merit and pertained to trial strategy is
       manifestly erroneous. We agree. The record indicates the trial court properly inquired of
       defendant and counsel concerning the factual basis of defendant’s allegations of ineffective
       assistance of counsel. For the following reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment denying
       defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claims.
¶ 33        In order to succeed on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, it must be shown that:
       (1) counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and (2) there is a
       reasonable probability that but for counsel’s professional errors, the result of the proceeding
       would have been different. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694 (1984). If no prejudice
       to the defendant is established, there is no need to separately determine whether counsel’s
       performance was deficient. People v. Albanese, 104 Ill. 2d 504, 527, 473 N.E.2d 1246, 1256
       (1984).
¶ 34        There is a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct fell within the wide range of
       reasonable professional assistance, and the challenged action or inaction was the product of
       sound trial strategy. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. Matters of trial strategy are generally immune
       from ineffective assistance of counsel claims and will not support such claims unless counsel’s
       strategy was so unsound that counsel completely failed to conduct any meaningful adversarial
       testing of the State’s case. People v. Patterson, 217 Ill. 2d 407, 441, 841 N.E.2d 889, 909
       (2005).
¶ 35        Decisions regarding which witnesses to call and what evidence to present at trial generally
       constitute matters of trial strategy that cannot form the basis of an ineffective assistance of
       counsel claim. People v. Leeper, 317 Ill. App. 3d 475, 482, 740 N.E.2d 32, 39 (2000). When a
       defendant’s claims are “conclusory, misleading, or legally immaterial, or do not bring to the
       trial court’s attention a colorable claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the trial court may
       be excused from further inquiry.” People v. Bobo, 375 Ill. App. 3d 966, 985, 874 N.E.2d 297,
       315 (2007).
¶ 36        Defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claims on appeal concern only Lohman’s
       testimony. Defendant claims he asked his counsel to impeach Lohman’s testimony with her
       prior statements made to police, but counsel responded that “she looked bad enough.”
       Defendant alleges counsel’s failure to impeach Lohman’s testimony in certain instances
       constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel. We disagree.
¶ 37        Defendant maintains Lohman’s testimony was critical to the State’s prosecution in three
       areas. The first issue concerns the number of times defendant hit the victim in an attempt to
       allegedly stop the victim from biting his finger. Defendant asserts that by the time trial
       commenced, Lohman claimed she attempted to stop defendant from striking the victim and
       that defendant had struck victim at least 15 to 20 times, but alleges Lohman was on tape in a
       police interview prior to trial claiming defendant hit the victim 4 or 5 times. Defendant alleges
       it was Detective Taylor who initially told Lohman that defendant struck the victim 10 to 15

                                                     -6-
       times, and Detective Taylor who later told Lohman that defendant struck the victim at least 20
       to 30 times.
¶ 38       Defense counsel’s decision to not impeach Lohman’s testimony concerning the number of
       times defendant struck the victim cannot be deemed ineffective assistance of counsel given
       that defendant admitted in a police interview played to the jury that he struck the victim several
       times in the chest and face. Defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim fails to pass the
       standard set in Strickland, as there is not a reasonable probability the result of defendant’s
       proceedings would have been different if Lohman’s testimony concerning the number of times
       defendant struck the victim had been impeached. Defendant’s admission to striking the victim
       informed the jury that the victim’s injuries were caused by defendant. Accordingly, this claim
       lacks merit and counsel’s decision to not impeach in this instance can be only deemed the
       product of sound trial strategy.
¶ 39       Defendant’s second issue regarding counsel’s failure to impeach Lohman’s testimony
       concerns the frequency with which the victim experienced what was believed to be “fake
       seizures” and the frequency with which the victim directed the “N” word toward defendant.
       Defendant indicates Lohman denied at trial that the victim would fake seizures and
       purposefully injure himself, but alleges Lohman told Officer Emery in a police interview that
       the victim did injure himself when he faked seizures.
¶ 40       Similar to defendant’s first issue concerning ineffective assistance of counsel, counsel’s
       decision to not impeach Lohman’s testimony regarding the frequency of the victim’s “fake
       seizures” and frequency with which the victim directed the “N” word toward defendant cannot
       be deemed ineffective assistance of counsel given that defendant admitted in a police interview
       played to the jury that he struck the victim several times in the chest and face.
¶ 41       It was determined at trial that the victim died from blunt force trauma injuries, not a
       seizure. The jury determined these injuries were caused by defendant. Defendant also fails to
       indicate how the failure to impeach Lohman’s testimony regarding the frequency with which
       the victim directed the “N” word toward defendant amounts to ineffective assistance of
       counsel. Accordingly, defendant fails to overcome the presumption that counsel’s action or
       inaction was the result of sound trial strategy.
¶ 42       Defendant’s third issue regarding counsel’s failure to impeach Lohman’s testimony
       concerns the failure to present the 9-1-1 tape at trial. Defendant indicates Lohman testified that
       she did not perform CPR on the victim. However, defendant alleges the 9-1-1 tape indicates
       Lohman did perform CPR on the victim while Lohman was on the phone with the 9-1-1
       operator, and that an improper administration of CPR could have explained the tear in the
       victim’s mesentery that contributed to the victim’s cause of death.
¶ 43       At trial the jury reviewed evidence that indicated the victim had been dead for several
       hours before medical assistance arrived, the body was cold to the touch, and the body was
       beginning to decompose. Rigor mortis had passed at the time Lohman dialed 9-1-1. It is
       undisputed that the victim was deceased at the time Lohman placed the body on the floor at the
       instructions of the 9-1-1 operator. Even if Lohman did perform CPR on the victim, it cannot
       explain the tear in the victim’s mesentery because the victim had already been deceased for
       several hours.
¶ 44       Accordingly, counsel’s decision to not impeach Lohman’s testimony concerning whether
       she performed CPR cannot form the basis for an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, as
       counsel had justifiable reason to believe the testimony would have no benefit to the defense

                                                   -7-
       and the result of the proceeding would have been no different if the 9-1-1 tape had been
       introduced. Defendant again fails to overcome the presumption that counsel’s action or
       inaction was the result of sound trial strategy.
¶ 45        It should also be noted that defendant’s counsel thoroughly impeached Lohman’s
       testimony at trial. Defendant points to three specific instances in which counsel did not
       impeach Lohman’s testimony, which we find was the product of sound trial strategy. However,
       defendant fails to acknowledge the numerous instances in which counsel did impeach
       Lohman’s testimony.
¶ 46        On direct examination during trial, Lohman admitted she did not tell police the truth in her
       statement because she was afraid. On cross-examination, defense counsel elicited testimony
       from Lohman concerning what she claimed not to remember after examining her police
       statement and its inconsistencies. For example, in her testimony Lohman claimed she went to a
       gas station immediately after the altercation between defendant and the victim occurred, but
       the surveillance video at the gas station did not show her there at that time.
¶ 47        Additionally, the jury was instructed as to Lohman’s testimony:
                    “When a witness says she was involved in the commission of a crime with the
                defendant, the testimony of that witness is subject to suspicion and should be
                considered by you with caution. It should be carefully examined in light of the other
                evidence in the case.”
¶ 48        Counsel’s decision to not impeach three specific instances of Lohman’s testimony was
       sound trial strategy, especially considering counsel thoroughly impeached Lohman at trial by
       informing the jury of her inconsistent statements and lack of credibility.
¶ 49        The State asserts defendant’s claims of ineffective assistance of counsel should be waived
       because the claims are being made for the first time on appeal. We disagree, as defendant’s
       complaint that counsel failed to impeach Lohman regarding her statements made to police was
       discussed during the Krankel hearing. Therefore, defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel
       claims concerning Lohman’s testimony are not waived, but are still unsuccessful nonetheless.
¶ 50        The second issue raised by defendant on appeal concerns his sentencing. At defendant’s
       sentencing hearing, the State and defendant disagreed whether defendant was subject to a
       mandatory term of natural life pursuant to section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) of the Unified Code of
       Corrections. Defendant alleged resentencing is required because the mandatory life sentence
       provision that the trial judge applied was struck down as a single subject violation by the
       Illinois Supreme Court in People v. Wooters, 188 Ill. 2d 500, 722 N.E.2d 1102 (1999).
       Defendant relied on Quevedo, 403 Ill. App. 3d at 298, 932 N.E.2d at 656, which found that the
       legislature never reenacted section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) of the statute.
¶ 51        The State asserted section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) of the statute had been reenacted by the
       legislature several times, and defendant’s mandatory life sentence was appropriate. After
       hearing both parties’ arguments, the trial court determined the statute required a mandatory
       sentence of natural life in prison, which the trial court affirmed after a hearing on defendant’s
       motion to reconsider the sentence.
¶ 52        On appeal defendant again alleges resentencing is required because the mandatory life
       sentence provision that the trial judge applied was struck down as a single subject violation by
       the Illinois Supreme Court in Wooters. Defendant asserts the legislature has never reenacted
       the mandatory natural life sentence for a person 17 years or older who murders a child under 12

                                                   -8-
       years old, while the State asserts section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) of the statute has been reenacted by
       the legislature several times. For the following reasons, we reverse the trial court’s
       determination that the statute required a mandatory sentence of natural life in prison and
       remand with directions to sentence defendant without applying the mandatory life sentence
       provision of section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii).
¶ 53       Section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) mandates a term of natural life for persons 17 years or older who
       are found guilty of murdering an individual under 12 years of age. This portion of the statute
       reads the same today as it did on December 24, 2005, the date of the offense in the instant case.
       In pertinent part, section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) states:
                   “(a) Except as otherwise provided in the statute defining the offense ***, a sentence
               of imprisonment for a felony shall be a determinate sentence set by the court under this
               Section, according to the following limitations:
                       (1) for first degree murder,
                                                     ***
                           (c) the court shall sentence the defendant to a term of natural life
                       imprisonment when the death penalty is not imposed if the defendant,
                                ***
                                (ii) is a person who, at the time of the commission of the murder, had
                           attained the age of 17 or more and is found guilty of murdering an
                           individual under 12 years of age; or, irrespective of the defendant’s age at
                           the time of the commission of the offense, is found guilty of murdering
                           more than one victim[.]” 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) (West 2010).
¶ 54       In the case at issue, defendant alleges the mandatory life sentence provision that the trial
       judge applied was struck down as a single subject violation by the Illinois Supreme Court in
       Wooters and the provision has never been reenacted. We agree. Recent case law supports this
       position.
¶ 55       In Wooters, the 20-year-old defendant was charged by information with the first-degree
       murder of her 19-day-old son. The defendant was subsequently sentenced to a term of 25
       years’ imprisonment after the trial court determined that section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii), which
       mandated life imprisonment for any offender 17 years or older who is convicted of murdering
       a child less than 12 years of age if the offender is not sentenced to death, was unconstitutional.
¶ 56       The State appealed, and the Illinois Supreme Court affirmed. On appeal, the defendant
       argued for the first time that section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii), as amended, violated the single subject
       rule found in article IV, section 8, of the Illinois Constitution, which provides in relevant part:
       “Bills, except bills for appropriations and for the codification, revision or rearrangement of
       laws, shall be confined to one subject.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. IV, § 8. The State conceded that
       the constitutional dimension of the question allowed the court to address the question even
       though it was being raised for the first time on appeal. The Illinois Supreme Court proceeded to
       analyze the legislative history of section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii).
¶ 57       Section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) became law as 1 of 10 sections contained in Public Act 89-203
       (Pub. Act 89-203 (eff. July 21, 1995)). The Illinois Supreme Court noted that the legislature
       entitled Public Act 89-203, “An Act in relation to crime.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
       Wooters, 188 Ill. 2d at 511, 722 N.E.2d at 1109.

                                                    -9-
¶ 58        After analyzing Public Act 89-203, the Illinois Supreme Court found one section that was
       unrelated to crime. In addition to the sections that amended the criminal code, Public Act
       89-203 also amended sections 15-1508 and 15-1701 of the Illinois Mortgage Foreclosure Law
       codified in the Code of Civil Procedure. The court determined these amendments were
       distinctly noncriminal in nature and, as such, violated article IV, section 8, of the Illinois
       Constitution. The Illinois Supreme Court determined that without a “natural, logical
       connection of all provisions of Public Act 89-203 to a single subject, the enactment is
       unconstitutional as violative of article IV, section 8.” Wooters, 188 Ill. 2d at 514, 722 N.E.2d at
       1110.
¶ 59        The mandatory term of natural life imprisonment pursuant to section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) was
       more recently addressed by the appellate court in Quevedo, 403 Ill. App. 3d at 298, 932 N.E.2d
       at 656. In Quevedo, the trial court imposed a mandatory term of life imprisonment after finding
       the 23-year-old defendant guilty of first-degree murder of his 8-month-old son. On appeal, the
       defendant argued the sentence was void and must be vacated because Public Act 89-203,
       which had made the sentence mandatory by amending the statute under which the defendant
       was sentenced, had been declared unconstitutional by the Illinois Supreme Court in Wooters.
       The defendant alleged a 20-year term, the statutory minimum in effect before Public Act
       89-203 was enacted, should be imposed because the trial judge indicated he would have done
       so if section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) as amended did not mandate a term of natural life.
¶ 60        The appellate court in Quevedo concluded the legislature never reenacted section
       5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) of the statute after the State conceded that “the statutory language mandating
       a term of natural life imprisonment under section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) is void and was not
       reenacted after Wooters.” Quevedo, 403 Ill. App. 3d at 298, 932 N.E.2d at 656. The State
       advocated remanding the cause for a new sentencing hearing at which the trial court could
       impose a term according to the statutory language in effect when the defendant committed the
       offense or when his sentence was imposed, and the court agreed. Prior to its amendment by
       Public Act 89-203, defendants convicted of first-degree murder were subject to a sentencing
       range of 20 to 60 years of imprisonment. 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(1)(a) (West 1994). The
       defendant was subsequently sentenced to a 35-year term of imprisonment rather than the initial
       life sentence imposed by the trial court.
¶ 61        The court’s findings in Wooters and Quevedo indicate the provision mandating life
       imprisonment pursuant to section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) is unconstitutional, and no recent case law
       suggests the statute has been formally reenacted. Accordingly, we remand defendant’s
       resentencing request to the trial court with directions to sentence defendant without applying
       the mandated life sentence provision of section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii).
¶ 62        The State alleges the mandated life sentence provision of section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) has
       been successfully reenacted by the legislature several times. While several public acts have
       been passed since Public Act 89-203 was ruled unconstitutional in Wooters, we find nothing
       that indicates anything has been tendered to the contrary of the 2010 holding in Quevedo.
¶ 63        A statute that violates the single subject clause is void in its entirety. Quevedo, 403 Ill. App.
3d at 298, 932 N.E.2d at 656. As a result, all of the amendment’s provisions, including the
       specific provision under which the defendant was sentenced, are void ab initio as if they had
       never been passed. Quevedo, 403 Ill. App. 3d at 298, 932 N.E.2d at 656. “The effect of
       enacting an unconstitutional amendment to a statute is to leave the law in force as it was before

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       the adoption of the amendment.” People v. Gersch, 135 Ill. 2d 384, 390, 553 N.E.2d 281, 283
       (1990).
¶ 64        When the Illinois Supreme Court declares a statute unconstitutional, the only way in which
       the legislature may remedy the statute’s infirmity is by amending or reenacting that statute.
       People v. Blair, 2013 IL 114122, ¶ 31, 986 N.E.2d 75. When a statute is held unconstitutional
       because it was adopted in violation of the single subject rule, the legislature may revive the
       statute by reenacting the same provision, but in a manner that does not offend the single subject
       rule. People v. Blair, 2013 IL 114122, ¶ 31, 986 N.E.2d 75 (citing People v. Ramsey, 192 Ill.
2d 154, 157, 735 N.E.2d 533, 534 (2000)).
¶ 65        The State first alleges that the finding in Wooters of Public Act 89-203 to be
       unconstitutional created a discretionary life sentence, and the penalty of life imprisonment
       itself was not unconstitutional. The State indicates the court in Wooters stated that to “impose
       lifetime imprisonment on an adult convicted of murdering a child is commensurate with the
       state’s dedication to protecting children.” Wooters, 188 Ill. 2d at 509, 722 N.E.2d at 1108.
¶ 66        While the State correctly cites what the Wooters court stated regarding its view of the crime
       of murdering children, which the court notes is an especially heinous crime, the State fails to
       indicate how a discretionary natural life sentence was created from the Wooters finding that
       Public Act 89-203 is unconstitutional. In fact, the Wooters court held that Public Act 89-203
       violated the single subject clause of the Illinois Constitution and affirmed the trial court’s
       sentence of 25 years for a 20-year-old defendant who murdered her 19-day-old son. There is no
       indication in Wooters that a discretionary life sentence was created from finding Public Act
       89-203 unconstitutional.
¶ 67        We do note, however, that section 5-8-1(a)(1)(b) provides “the court may sentence the
       defendant to a term of natural life imprisonment” for the crime of first-degree murder if the
       trier of fact finds beyond a reasonable doubt that “the murder was accompanied by
       exceptionally brutal or heinous behavior indicative of wanton cruelty.” 730 ILCS
       5/5-8-1(a)(1)(b) (West 2010). The trial court does have discretion to sentence a defendant to
       life imprisonment, just not pursuant to the mandated life sentence provision of section
       5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii).
¶ 68        The second issue raised by the State on appeal asserts the legislature revived subsection
       5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) by reenacting all of section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c) in a manner that did not offend the
       single subject rule. The State proceeds to analyze legislative history in support of its argument.
       We disagree.
¶ 69        The legislature amended Public Act 89-203 (Pub. Act 89-203 (eff. July 21, 1995)) by
       enacting Public Act 89-428 (Pub. Act 89-428 (eff. Dec. 13, 1995)) to provide for mandatory
       natural life sentences. However, Public Act 89-428 was found violative of the single subject
       rule in Johnson v. Edgar, 176 Ill. 2d 499, 680 N.E.2d 1372 (1997). In Johnson, the Illinois
       Supreme Court addressed whether the legislature violated the single subject rule of the Illinois
       Constitution in its enactment of Public Act 89-428.
¶ 70        The Illinois Supreme Court noted that the legislature “must indeed go very far to cross the
       line to a violation of the single subject rule.” Johnson, 176 Ill. 2d at 515-16, 680 N.E.2d at
       1380. The Illinois Supreme Court determined that by enacting Public Act 89-428, “the
       legislature clearly crossed that line. No matter how liberally the single subject rule is
       construed, Public Act 89-428 violates that rule.” Johnson, 176 Ill. 2d at 516, 680 N.E.2d at

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       1380. The Illinois Supreme Court held that Public Act 89-428 was unconstitutional because it
       violated the single subject clause of the constitution.
¶ 71       The State points out that prior to the supreme court’s decision in Johnson, the legislature
       realized that Public Act 89-428 violated the single subject rule and enacted Public Act 89-462
       (Pub. Act 89-462 (eff. May 29, 1996)), which provided that certain offenses would be subject
       to mandatory natural life sentences. The State contends Public Act 89-462, unlike Public Act
       89-428, has never been found unconstitutional for violating the single subject rule. The State
       indicates the Illinois Supreme Court has recognized that “Public Act 89-462 also recodified the
       provisions of article 2 of Public Act 89-428,” and asserts this recodification cured any single
       subject rule infirmity. We disagree.
¶ 72       After careful review of the legislative history, we find no indication that Public Act 89-462
       addressed the single subject rule violation in Public Act 89-203. Public Act 89-462 merely
       reenacted the change from discretionary to mandatory natural life sentences for certain
       offenses, and we find nothing further to suggest otherwise. Accordingly, Public Act 89-462 did
       not cure the single subject rule infirmity of Public Act 89-203.
¶ 73       The State also asserts that a statute found unconstitutional does not cease to exist, and the
       legislature does not have to formally reenact a statute that has been found unconstitutional by
       the inclusion of language within symbols such as “<<+ +>>” or by highlighting in a public act,
       citing to People v. Hauschild, 226 Ill. 2d 63, 871 N.E.2d 1 (2007), and People v. Blair, 2013 IL
114122, 986 N.E.2d 75. However, these two cases do not involve a statute that has been found
       unconstitutional based on a single subject violation and are irrelevant to the instant case.
¶ 74       In Hauschild, the court found that the 15-year statutory enhancement to the sentence for
       armed robbery while armed with a firearm, which resulted in a sentencing range of 21 to 45
       years, violated the proportionate penalties clause. The court determined that “when an
       amended sentencing statute has been found to violate the proportionate penalties clause, the
       proper remedy is to remand for resentencing in accordance with the statute as it existed prior to
       the amendment.” Hauschild, 226 Ill. 2d at 88-89, 871 N.E.2d at 15.
¶ 75       Blair involved a defendant who was convicted of armed robbery while armed with a
       firearm and appealed. The issue on appeal concerned whether Public Act 95-688 (Pub. Act
       95-688 (eff. Oct. 23, 2007)), which amended the armed violence statute, revived the
       sentencing enhancement in the armed robbery statute that the court held unconstitutional in
       Hauschild. The Illinois Supreme Court determined Public Act 95-688 did revive the armed
       robbery sentencing enhancement after finding the “legislature revived the unconstitutional
       statute by curing the proportionality violation through amendment of the comparison statute.
       Appellate court cases which hold to the contrary are overruled.” Blair, 2013 IL 114122, ¶ 35,
       986 N.E.2d 75.
¶ 76       The State indicates the Illinois Supreme Court in Blair found that the void ab initio
       doctrine does not mean that a statute held unconstitutional never existed. The court in Blair
       stated:
                   “The power to enact laws, and the concomitant power to repeal those laws, reside in
               the General Assembly. [Citations.] Our function is to interpret those laws, determining
               and giving effect to the legislature’s intent. [Citations.] Although we are obligated to
               declare an unconstitutional statute invalid and void [citations], such a declaration by
               this court cannot, within the strictures of the separation of powers clause, repeal or
               otherwise render the statute nonexistent. Accordingly, when we declare a statute

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               unconstitutional and void ab initio, we mean only that the statute was constitutionally
               infirm from the moment of its enactment and is, therefore, unenforceable. As a
               consequence, we will give no effect to the unconstitutional statute and instead apply the
               prior law to the parties before us.” Blair, 2013 IL 114122, ¶ 30, 986 N.E.2d 75.
¶ 77       While the State is correct in its assertion that a statute found unconstitutional does not cease
       to exist, it is still nevertheless unenforceable. Concerning an act that violates the single subject
       rule and is found unconstitutional, the court in Blair instructed:
                     “Ordinarily, when this court declares a statute unconstitutional, or otherwise
               invalid, the only way in which the legislature may remedy the statute’s infirmity is by
               amending or reenacting that statute. For example, when a statute is held
               unconstitutional because it was adopted in violation of the single subject rule, the
               legislature may revive the statute by reenacting the same provision, but in a manner that
               does not offend the single subject rule. [Citations.] When a statute is found to violate
               the proportionate penalties clause under the identical elements test, however,
               amendment or reenactment of that statute is not the legislature’s only recourse. This is
               so because of the unique nature of an identical elements proportionality violation.”
               (Emphases in original.) Blair, 2013 IL 114122, ¶ 31, 986 N.E.2d 75.
¶ 78       Unlike the Hauschild and Blair cases that involve violations of the proportionate penalties
       clause, the instant case involves a violation of the single subject rule. As such, the only way the
       legislature may remedy the statute’s infirmity is by reenacting that statute. Curative legislation
       must “exhibit on its face evidence that it is intended to cure or validate defective legislation.”
       People v. Reedy, 186 Ill. 2d 1, 15, 708 N.E.2d 1114, 1120 (1999). In the instant case, we fail to
       find that the legislature has successfully reenacted the provision of Public Act 89-203
       mandating life imprisonment.

¶ 79                                        CONCLUSION
¶ 80       The Illinois Supreme Court invalidated the provision mandating life imprisonment for
       adult murderers of children in Wooters. The State has proposed that this provision has been
       reenacted, but it has been unsuccessful to date. Accordingly, defendant’s mandatory life
       sentence is remanded to the trial court with directions to sentence defendant without applying
       the mandatory life sentence provision in section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) of the Unified Code of
       Corrections, but instead under the appropriate guidelines in effect prior to the enactment of
       Public Act 89-203.

¶ 81      Affirmed in part; reversed and remanded in part with directions.

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