Court Opinion

ID: 2662066
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-03 11:42:21.799297+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:52:13.775655
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

JOE L. WILLS,

                       Plaintiff,

                       v.
                                                     Civil Action No. 11-01464 (BAH)
UNITED STATES PAROLE COMMISSION                      Judge Beryl A. Howell
and COURT SERVICES AND OFFENDER
SUPERVISION AGENCY FOR THE
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,

                       Defendants.

                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiff Joe Wills has never been convicted of a sex offense. Yet, after serving time in

prison following a conviction for two misdemeanor drug offenses, he was informed that the

United States Parole Commission (“Parole Commission”) had imposed a “Special Sex Offender

Aftercare Condition” (“SOA”) on his supervised release. The SOA, which he was given no

opportunity to appeal, required him to participate in mental health treatment, with a focus on

long-term sex offender testing and treatment. A requirement of the SOA was that the plaintiff

was “expected to acknowledge [his] need for treatment.” Compl. ¶ 37. While undergoing sex

offender treatment as part of his supervised release, the plaintiff was convicted of drug

possession and served additional time in prison. Following his release from prison, the Parole

Commission re-imposed the SOA at the request of the Court Services and Offender Supervision

Agency for the District of Columbia (“CSOSA”). The plaintiff then brought suit against the

Parole Commission and CSOSA (collectively, “the defendants”) alleging violations of the

“reasonably related” standards for supervised release conditions set forth in D.C. Code § 24-

403.01(b)(6) and 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d) as well as the plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment right to

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substantive and procedural due process and his First Amendment right to refrain from speaking.

The plaintiff also sought preliminarily and permanently to enjoin enforcement of the SOA, which

he argues is “not only unnecessary to [his] rehabilitation, but is actively impeding it.” Compl. ¶

10.

       Shortly after the plaintiff filed his Complaint, the Parole Commission withdrew the SOA

from the plaintiff’s supervised release. The plaintiff then moved for partial summary judgment

on his claim that the Parole Commission violated his Fifth Amendment right to procedural due

process by imposing the SOA without providing the plaintiff adequate process. The defendants

subsequently moved to dismiss this action for lack of jurisdiction, arguing that the case is now

moot following the withdrawal of the SOA. For the reasons explained below, the Court denies

the defendants’ Motion to Dismiss and grants the plaintiff’s Motion for Partial Summary

Judgment.

I.     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       A.      Supervised Release in the District of Columbia

       Individuals, like the plaintiff, who are subject to supervised release in the District of

Columbia are “subject to the authority of the United States Parole Commission until completion

of the term of supervised release.” D.C. CODE § 24-403.01(b)(6). The Parole Commission has

“the same authority” over the District of Columbia’s supervised releasees “as is vested in the

United States District Courts by 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d)-(i).” Id.

       The Parole Commission may impose special conditions on a period of supervised release,

so long as those conditions meet four requirements: “(1) the conditions must be ‘reasonably

related’ to the nature and circumstances of the supervisee’s instant offense; (2) they must be

‘reasonably related’ to the supervisee’s history and characteristics; (3) they must be ‘reasonably

related’ to the sentencing goals of deterrence, protection of the public, and rehabilitation; and (4)

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they must ‘involve[ ] no greater deprivation of liberty than is reasonably necessary’ to achieve

those same sentencing goals.” Compl. ¶ 25 (citing 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d)).

       CSOSA is responsible for “supervis[ing] any offender who is released from

imprisonment for any term of supervised release imposed by the Superior Court of the District of

Columbia.” D.C. CODE § 24-133(c)(2).

       B.      Special Conditions Imposed on the Plaintiff’s Supervised Release

       The plaintiff is an indigent and unemployed resident of the District of Columbia serving a

52-month period of supervised release, set to expire on or about April 1, 2015. Compl. ¶¶ 3, 9,

19.

       The plaintiff, who has no home of his own and depends on his mother and brother for

support, has never been convicted of a sex offense. In 1984, 28 years ago, when the plaintiff was

26 years of age, he was accused, but not convicted, of sexual misconduct when he was charged

in the D.C. Superior Court with assault with intent to rape. In that case, the plaintiff entered a

guilty plea to two misdemeanor offenses: attempted second degree burglary and theft of property

of a value less than $250. Id. ¶ 28. The government, in turn, dismissed the greater counts of

second degree burglary and felony theft, and dismissed entirely the count for assault with intent

to rape. Id. The plaintiff claims that, since 1984, he “has never again been accused of any

charge that even hinted at sexual misconduct or sexual deviance.” Id. ¶ 30.

       Over 20 years after the government dropped the assault with intent to rape charge, on

November 29, 2007, the plaintiff pled guilty in D.C. Superior Court to two misdemeanor counts:

one count of possession with intent to distribute cocaine and one count of possession with intent

to distribute marijuana. Id. ¶ 32. The misdemeanor offenses in no way related to sexual

misconduct. For those drug offenses, the plaintiff was sentenced to 14 months of incarceration

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followed by 5 years of supervised release. Id. As noted, this lawsuit relates to a condition

imposed on the plaintiff’s supervised release, namely the SOA.

                 1.       Notice of the SOA Imposed on Supervised Release

        On January 30, 2009, the day he was released from the halfway house, the plaintiff was

informed in writing that the Parole Commission was imposing a SOA as a condition of his

supervised release. Id. ¶¶ 36, 38. Although the notice informed the plaintiff of the SOA, he was

unable to read the notice at the time due to his illiteracy. Id. ¶ 38. While the Parole Commission

provided the plaintiff written notice of the SOA, CSOSA was also apparently still not aware of

the condition. Upon his release from the halfway house, CSOSA placed the plaintiff into a

“General Supervision Unit” rather than the “Sex Offender Unit,” which is for individuals subject

to the SOA. Id. ¶ 36.

        In February of 2009, CSOSA transferred the plaintiff to its Sex Offender Unit for his

supervised release supervision. Id. ¶ 40. This transfer allegedly came as a surprise to the

plaintiff, who had not been able to read the notice given to him on January 30, 2009. Id. ¶ 41

(quoting Ex. 7) (“Mr. Wills is confronted with his NOA dated 1/6/09 and the special conditions

added. He was unaware of any other than drug aftercare.”). The plaintiff had not received an

earlier Notice of Action (“NOA”) issued by the Parole Commission informing him of the SOA. 1

1
 The Parole Commission had attempted to inform the plaintiff of the imposition of the SOA prior to January 30,
2009. Less than a month before the plaintiff was to begin supervised release, on January 6, 2009, the Parole
Commission issued a NOA stating that, upon release from incarceration later that month, the plaintiff would be
subject to the “Special Sex Offender Aftercare Condition.” Compl. ¶ 37. The NOA explained that:

        In the case of the above-named, the following action was ordered: . . . [Y]ou shall be subject to the
        Special Sex Offender Aftercare Condition. You shall participate in an in-patient or out-patient
        mental health program as directed by your [CSOSA] Supervision Officer, with special emphasis
        on long-term sex offender testing and treatment. You are expected to acknowledge your need for
        treatment and to participate in good faith in achieving the program goals that will be established
        for you.

Compl. ¶ 37 (quoting Ex. 4). The NOA did not explain the basis for the Parole Commission’s imposing the SOA,
and, in any case, the plaintiff never received the NOA because the Parole Commission erroneously sent the NOA to

                                                         4
Instead, the plaintiff had only received notices from CSOSA about supervised release conditions,

and those notices did not inform him about the SOA. 2

         For at least a month after the Parole Commission imposed the SOA on the plaintiff,

neither the Parole Commission nor CSOSA were able to articulate a justification for the

imposition of the SOA. For example, a recorded entry by the plaintiff’s CSOSA supervisor

officer in February 2009 stated that:

         [Parole Commission] [c]ase analyst Corey Mitchell returns this officer’s
         telephone call concerning the [Parole Commission NOA] dated 1/6/09. He
         confirms that they too have the same conditions ordered but have no reasons
         listed just as this officer has no reasoning on the form.

Compl. ¶ 39 (quoting Ex. 5). In February 2009, the plaintiff’s supervising officer informed the

plaintiff for the first time of the possible basis for the special condition: the 1984 charge against

him of assault with intent to rape, which had been dismissed in 1986. Id. ¶¶ 27-28; id. ¶ 42

(quoting Ex. 7) (“Offender is informed that [the condition] may have been added due to past

‘assault with intent to rape’ charge that was dismissed. Mr. Wills is told that further contact will

be made to [the Parole Commission] to confirm these special conditions but that Mr. Mitchell

from [the Parole Commission] confirmed that they were in fact there.”).

the Federal Medical Center in Rochester, Minnesota, where the plaintiff had previously been imprisoned, rather than
to Hope Village, the halfway house where the plaintiff was living. Defs.’ Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss
(“Defs.’ Mem.”), ECF No. 14, at 3; Defs.’ Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for Partial Summ. J. (“Defs.’ Opp’n”), ECF No. 17,
at 31. Thus, the plaintiff did not learn of the SOA until he was already subject to the condition.
2
 On January 9, 2009, for example, three days after the Parole Commission issued the NOA, CSOSA provided the
plaintiff with a set of supervised release reporting instructions, which stipulated that the plaintiff would only be
subject to one special condition, namely drug testing. Compl. ¶ 34. These CSOSA instructions were consistent with
CSOSA’s presentence report filed with the sentencing court in that they made no mention of sex offender treatment
as a condition of the plaintiff’s release. Id. ¶ 33. Likewise, on January 29, 2009, CSOSA, one day prior to the
beginning of the plaintiff’s supervised release, issued a “Pre-Release Investigative Report” noting the absence of sex
offenses in the plaintiff’s record and not recommending mandatory sex offender treatment. Id. ¶ 35.

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                     2.        Requirements of the SOA Imposed on the Plaintiff

            The plaintiff alleges that, soon after his transition to supervised release and subsequent

transfer to the Sex Offender Unit, CSOSA “began to enforce” the SOA. Compl. ¶ 45.

            On March 9, 2009, the plaintiff’s supervising officer required the plaintiff to disclose the

“nature of [his] sexual offense” to his then-girlfriend, with whom he was residing at the time. Id.

¶ 43 (quoting Ex. 8). In May 2009, the supervising officer met the plaintiff’s girlfriend in person

to confirm that the plaintiff had complied with this directive. Id. ¶ 44. The plaintiff alleges that

this “compelled disclosure of inaccurate information caused a significant strain in Mr. Wills’

relationship with his girlfriend” and that he is no longer in a relationship with this woman. Id.;

Pl.’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for Partial Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mem.”), ECF No. 12, at 6.

            CSOSA also scheduled the plaintiff for an “assessment package,” consisting of six

sessions with a treatment provider at the Center for Clinical and Forensic Services (“CCFS”), as

well as two polygraph examinations. Compl. ¶ 46. The plaintiff was also expected to undergo

twelve additional sex offender treatment sessions with CCFS, which were intended to provide

the basis for the plaintiff’s “clinical diagnosis” and “comprehensive treatment plan.” Id. ¶¶ 46-

47.

            During the initial session with a treatment provider on September 14, 2009, the plaintiff,

who was forced to waive his right to therapist-patient confidentiality as part of the SOA, was

subject to a “psychosexual assessment,” which consisted of a series of questions about his sexual

history, desires, and practices. Id. ¶ 48. 3 Following this psychosexual assessment, on October

3
    In the course of the session, the plaintiff was asked, inter alia:

            a.       whether he describes himself as homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual;
            b.       what sexual experiences he had prior to the age of 10;
            c.       at what age he first masturbated, and the number of times per day and per week he masturbated at
                     the height of his masturbation;
            d.       at what age he first had sexual intercourse, and how many partners he has had;

                                                               6
27, 2009, after again waiving confidentiality, the plaintiff was forced to undergo a polygraph

examination regarding his answers to the questions posed in the psychosexual assessment. Id. ¶

49. 4

        The plaintiff thereafter attended numerous sex offender treatment sessions. Id. ¶ 51.

According to the plaintiff, the treatment providers “repeatedly pressured him” during those

sessions to acknowledge his need for the sex offender treatment, “saying that it would make him

feel better.” Id.

        C.       2011 Re-Imposition and Enforcement of the SOA

        On December 7, 2009, while under supervised release, the plaintiff was arrested for drug

possession. Id. ¶ 52. He was subsequently convicted in the D.C. Superior Court of misdemeanor

possession of cocaine and drug paraphernalia, and the Parole Commission revoked his

supervised release on June 18, 2010. Id. The plaintiff served a term of imprisonment until

December 1, 2010, when he began a new 52-month term of supervised release. Id.

        This time, the Parole Commission did not immediately impose the SOA. Id. ¶ 53.

CSOSA, however, immediately placed the plaintiff back into the Sex Offender Unit. Id. The

        e.       the level of sexual confidence he felt as an adolescent;
        f.       the varieties of sex he has engaged in, including vaginal, anal, oral, and sadomasochistic;
        g.       numerous aspects of his sexual interactions with consenting adult partners, done in private;
        h.       at what age he first viewed pornography, and how frequently he looks at pornography;
        i.       whether he has ever suffered from impotence, or from a sexually transmitted disease;
        j.       how stimulated he would be by fantasizing about, among other things, seeing an attractive boy
                 under age 12; engaging in anal sex; having sex with a prostitute; looking through a window at a
                 masturbating woman; and watching two men have sex;
        k.       the number of times that he has stolen underwear;
        l.       the number of times that he has cross-dressed; and
        m.       the number of times that he has had sexual contact with a dead animal or person.

Compl. ¶ 48.
4
  While the polygraph indicated “deception” in the plaintiff’s answers to two out of three questions “regarding
sexual contact via force or non-consent,” the polygraph examiner reported that Mr. Wills attributed his difficulty
with polygraph examinations to “hypervigilance (as a result of illiteracy and serious medical concerns)” and noted
that “Mr. Wills’ report on hypervigilance seems reasonable.” Compl. ¶ 50 (quoting Ex. 14). The plaintiff has
denied forcing anyone to have sexual contact with him. Id.

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plaintiff’s supervising officer at CSOSA then informed the plaintiff that CSOSA was going to

petition the Parole Commission to again impose the SOA. Id. ¶ 54.

         The plaintiff, with the help of his reading instructor, wrote a letter to the Parole

Commission on June 2, 2011, objecting to the re-imposition of the SOA, stating that, “I do not

believe that I should be subject to this condition because I have never been convicted of a sex

crime and am therefore not in need of treatment for sex offenders.” Id. ¶ 55 (quoting Ex. 16).

         The plaintiff’s supervising officer at CSOSA, meanwhile, petitioned the Parole

Commission to add the SOA as a condition of the plaintiff’s supervised release. See Compl. ¶ 56

(excerpting the CSOSA officer’s recommendation):

         Mr. Wills was released to supervision on December 1, 2010 and was assigned to
         the Special Sex Offender Supervision Unit due to his being charged with Assault
         with Intent to Rape [in 1984]. This charge was dismissed on January 30, 1986.
         However, according to CSOSA policy, he will be supervised in the Sex Offender
         Unit until a complete risk and needs assessment can be conducted.

Compl. ¶ 56 (quoting Ex. 16).

         In a NOA dated June 24, 2011, the Parole Commission granted CSOSA’s request,

thereby re-imposing the SOA. Id. ¶ 57. On July 25, 2011, the plaintiff was informed by his

CSOSA supervising officer that his sex offender treatment would begin again and would include,

inter alia, another psychosexual assessment (over the course of three sessions), followed by one

or more polygraph examinations and thirteen individual treatment sessions. Id. at 58. 5

5
  According to CSOSA’s Policy Manual, the prescribed “comprehensive treatment” for the plaintiff may also
include “[c]ognitive behavioral group therapy,” “[u]se of techniques for reducing deviant sexual arousal, such as
covert sensitization, aversive conditioning and/or hormonal therapy,” and forced “physiological monitoring,”
including a device placed on his sexual organ to monitor changes in blood flow, and polygraphs. Compl. ¶ 60
(quoting Ex. 13, at 14-15). In addition, after the plaintiff undergoes sex offender treatment, CSOSA’s Policy
Manual states that he “shall be placed into aftercare for an indefinite period of time,” which shall “consist minimally
of maintenance polygraph exams every 12 months.” Id. ¶ 61 (quoting Ex. 13, at 13-14).

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       The Parole Commission informed the plaintiff that the Parole Commission’s decision to

re-impose the SOA “is not appealable to the Commission’s National Appeals Board.” Id. ¶¶ 57,

62.

       With no other administrative appeal possible, the plaintiff filed suit in the U.S. District

Court for the District of Columbia, claiming that the defendants violated his Fifth Amendment

procedural and substantive due process rights, his First Amendment protection against compelled

speech, and the “reasonably related” standard that governs conditions of supervised release in the

District of Columbia under D.C. Code § 24-403.01(b)(6) and 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d). Id. ¶¶ 11-14.

In his Complaint, the plaintiff requested that the Court preliminarily and permanently enjoin

enforcement of the SOA. Compl. at 18; Pl.’s Mot. for Prelim. Inj., ECF No. 2. Soon after the

plaintiff filed his Complaint, the Parole Commission unilaterally removed the SOA on

September 7, 2011, whereupon the plaintiff withdrew his Motion for Preliminary Injunction.

See Pl.’s Notice of Withdrawal of Mot. for Prelim. Inj., ECF No. 6. The plaintiff then moved for

partial summary judgment on his Fifth Amendment procedural due process claim, through which

he seeks a declaratory judgment that the Parole Commission imposed the SOA in violation of his

procedural right to due process. See Pl.’s Mot. for Partial Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mot”), ECF No. 12.

The defendants subsequently moved to dismiss the claim as moot. Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss

(“Defs.’ Mot.”), ECF No. 14. Those two motions are now pending before the Court.

II.    STANDARD OF REVIEW

       A.      Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Subject-Matter Jurisdiction

       A court must dismiss a case when it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction. McManus v.

District of Columbia, 530 F. Supp. 2d 46, 62 (D.D.C. 2007); FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(1). The

“[p]laintiff bears the burden of proving subject matter jurisdiction by a preponderance of the

evidence.” Am. Farm Bureau v. U.S. EPA, 121 F. Supp. 2d 84, 90 (D.D.C. 2000); accord Lujan

                                                 9
v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992). The Court must be assured that it is acting

within the scope of its jurisdictional authority and therefore must give the plaintiff’s factual

allegations closer scrutiny when resolving a Rule 12(b)(1) motion than would be required for a

Rule 12(b)(6) motion for failure to state a claim. See Macharia v. United States, 334 F.3d 61,

64, 67 (D.C. Cir. 2003); Westberg v. FDIC, 759 F. Supp. 2d 38, 41 n.1 (D.D.C. 2011); Dubois v.

Wash. Mut. Bank, No. 09-2176, 2010 WL 3463368, at *2 (D.D.C. Sept. 3, 2010); Hoffman v.

District of Columbia, 643 F. Supp. 2d 132, 135-36 (D.D.C. 2009); Grand Lodge of Fraternal

Order of Police v. Ashcroft, 185 F. Supp. 2d 9, 13-14 (D.D.C. 2001). In evaluating subject-

matter jurisdiction, the Court, when necessary, may look beyond the complaint to “undisputed

facts evidenced in the record, or the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts plus the court’s

resolution of disputed facts.” Herbert v. Nat’l Acad. of Sciences, 974 F.2d 192, 197 (D.C. Cir.

1992); see also Alliance for Democracy v. Fed. Election Comm’n, 362 F. Supp. 2d 138, 142

(D.D.C. 2005).

       Under Article III of the United States Constitution, this Court “may only adjudicate

actual, ongoing controversies.” District of Columbia v. Doe, 611 F.3d 888, 894 (D.C. Cir. 2010)

(citation omitted). The mootness doctrine “prohibits [this Court] from deciding a case if ‘events

have so transpired that the decision will neither presently affect the parties’ rights nor have a

more-than-speculative chance of affecting them in the future.’” Id. (quoting Clarke v. United

States, 915 F.2d 699, 701 (D.C. Cir. 1990) (en banc)).

       There are, however, two well-recognized exceptions to mootness. “The first pertains to

situations in which ‘the challenged action was in its duration too short to be fully litigated prior

to its cessation or expiration,’ yet there is a ‘demonstrated probability that the same controversy

will recur involving the same complaining party.’” Am. Bar Ass’n v. FTC, 636 F.3d 641, 647

(D.C. Cir. 2011) (quoting Murphy v. Hunt, 455 U.S. 478, 482 (1982) (per curiam)). “The second

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exception involves a party’s ‘voluntary cessation’ of the challenged activity[,]” which generally

“does not deprive [a court] of power to hear and determine the case.” Id. at 648 (citation

omitted).

       The first exception, sometimes referred to as the “capable of repetition, yet evading

review” exception, applies where: “(1) the challenged action was in its duration too short to be

fully litigated prior to its cessation or expiration, and (2) there was a reasonable expectation that

the same complaining party would be subjected to the same action again.” Weinstein v.

Bradford, 423 U.S. 147, 149 (1975). When these “two circumstances [are] simultaneously

present,” the plaintiff has demonstrated an “exceptional situation[ ],” in which the exception will

apply. Spencer v. Kemna, 523 U.S. 1, 17 (1998). “[T]he exception is well established[,]” with

the “‘evading review’ aspect . . . suggesting justiciability by necessity” and the “‘capable of

repetition’ aspect assuring that the parties have a sufficient interest in the result.” Del Monte

Fresh Produce Co. v. United States, 570 F.3d 316, 322 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (citation omitted).

       Under the second exception, sometimes referred to as the “voluntary cessation”

exception, cases will be found moot only when: (1) “there is no reasonable expectation . . . that

the alleged violation will recur,” and (2) “interim relief or events have completely and

irrevocably eradicated the effects of the alleged violation.” County of Los Angeles v. Davis, 440

U.S. 625, 631 (1979) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); Larsen v. U.S. Navy, 525

F.3d 1, 4 (D.C. Cir. 2008). In these cases, a defendant’s “voluntary cessation of allegedly illegal

conduct does not deprive [a court] of power to hear and determine the case.” County of Los

Angeles, 440 U.S. at 631. “If it did, the courts would be compelled to leave the defendant . . .

free to return to his old ways.” Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc.,

528 U.S. 167, 189 (2000) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

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       “The defendant carries the burden of demonstrating that there is no reasonable

expectation that the wrong will be repeated,” and “[t]he burden is a heavy one.” Am. Bar Ass’n,

636 F.3d at 648 (citation omitted); see also Friends of the Earth, 528 U.S. at 189 (“A case might

become moot if subsequent events made it absolutely clear that the allegedly wrongful behavior

could not reasonably be expected to recur.” (emphasis added) (citation omitted)).

       B.      Motion for Partial Summary Judgment

       The Court “shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine

dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” FED.

R. CIV. P. 56(a). Pursuant to the mandatory language of Rule 56, the “[s]ummary judgment

procedure is properly regarded not as a disfavored procedural shortcut, but rather as an integral

part of the Federal Rules as a whole, which are designed to secure the just, speedy, and

inexpensive determination of every action.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 327 (1986)

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). The burden is on the moving party to

demonstrate that there is an “absence of a genuine issue of material fact” in dispute. Id. at 323.

Thus, at the summary judgment stage, all justifiable inferences must be drawn in favor of the

non-moving party to the extent supportable by the record. Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 381 n.8

(2007); see also United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655 (1962) (per curiam). “The

mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the [non-movant’s] position[, however,]

will be insufficient; there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find” in favor of

the non-moving party. Talavera v. Shah, 638 F.3d 303, 308 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (quoting Anderson

v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986)).

                                                12
III.     DISCUSSION

         A.       The Plaintiff’s Challenge Is Not Moot.

         The defendants contend that “the Court is unable to grant Plaintiff any meaningful relief”

because “[t]he case and controversy upon which Plaintiff seeks relief . . . has been resolved”

because the Parole Commission has removed the SOA from the plaintiff’s supervised release.

Defs.’ Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss (“Defs.’ Mem.”), ECF No. 14, at 7. The plaintiff

argues, however, that the case is not moot, and the Court retains jurisdiction, under “[t]he

voluntary cessation exception to the mootness doctrine [which] precludes Defendants from so

easily escaping judgment.” Pl.’s Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss (“Pl.’s Opp’n”), ECF No. 19,

at 2. The plaintiff also characterizes the special condition of his supervised release as an action

“capable of repetition, yet evading review.” Id. at 27. If either of these two exceptions, as

described supra, applies, this Court must deny the defendants’ motion to dismiss. The Court, as

explained below, concludes that the voluntary cessation exception applies and the Court has

subject-matter jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s claims. 6

         To escape the voluntary cessation exception, the defendants must rebut “an evidentiary

presumption that the controversy reflected by the violation of alleged rights continues to exist.”

Friends of the Earth, 528 U.S. at 213. The case will be rendered moot only if defendants can

demonstrate both (1) that “there is no reasonable expectation . . . that the alleged violation will

recur” and (2) that “interim relief or events have completely and irrevocably eradicated the

effects of the alleged violation.” County of Los Angeles, 440 U.S. at 631 (citations and internal

quotation marks omitted). As explained below, the defendants cannot demonstrate that both of

these conditions are satisfied.

6
  Since the Court finds that the voluntary cessation exception applies, it need not address whether the “capable of
repetition, yet evading review” exception also applies.

                                                         13
               1.      The Defendants Cannot Demonstrate that There is No Reasonable
                       Expectation that the Alleged Violation Will Recur.

       The defendants assure the Court that “there is nothing in the record to demonstrate . . .

that Plaintiff will be subjected to the SOA treatment provisions again once this case is

dismissed[,]” Defs.’ Mem. at 16, and that they “[do] not expect the Commission to re-impose the

SOA special condition of release based on the information concerning Plaintiff’s 1984 arrest for

Assault with Intent to Rape, and on the current state of Plaintiff’s criminal history.” Id. at 8. In

support of this contention, they rely on two declarations, one from CSOSA’s Associate Director

for Community Supervision Services, Thomas Williams, and the other from a Parole

Commission Deputy Case Services Administrator, Kenneth Holland, that state that the SOA will

not be re-imposed. See Declaration of Kenneth Holland, dated Oct. 17, 2011, ECF No. 14-11

(“Holland Decl.”) ¶ 8 (“[B]ecause the Commission determined that it was not necessary to

continue imposing the sex offender condition, based on its review of the information relating to

his 1984 charge of assault with intent to commit rape, and because Mr. Wills has not committed

any sex-related offenses since that time, I do not expect that the Parole Commission will re-

impose the special sex offender condition unless new sexual misconduct by Mr. Wills were to

raise a legitimate concern that such condition would become newly necessary.”); Declaration of

Thomas H. Williams, dated Oct. 17, 2011, ECF No. 14-12 (“Williams Decl.”) ¶ 9 (“Based on

Mr. Wills’ current criminal record, CSOSA will not recommend re-imposition of the Sexual

Offender Aftercare special condition of release. However, if CSOSA learns of new sexual

misconduct being committed by Mr. Wills, CSOSA will recommend the re-imposition of this

condition to the Parole Commission.”).

       Mere assurances that challenged conduct will not recur, however, have never been

enough to sustain the “heavy” burden borne by defendants in invoking the mootness doctrine.

                                                 14
United States v. W. T. Grant Co., 345 U.S. 629, 633 (1953) (“[D]isclaim[ing] any intention . . .

does not suffice to make a case moot”); In re Ctr. for Auto Safety, 793 F.2d 1346, 1352 (D.C.

Cir. 1986) (applying the voluntary cessation exception and holding case not to be moot when

“[t]he only assurance we have that the agency has permanently ceased its pattern of tardy fuel

economy standards” is the agency’s own “bald assertion”). The plaintiff suggests in particular

that this Court’s voluntary cessation ruling in Goings v. Court Servs. & Offender Supervision

Agency, 786 F. Supp. 2d 48 (D.D.C. 2011), and a similar ruling by another Judge in this Circuit

in Jackson v. U.S. Parole Comm’n, 806 F. Supp. 2d 201 (D.D.C. 2011), are guiding precedent on

this mootness point. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 8. The Court agrees.

       In Goings, this Court concluded that voluntarily withdrawn probation conditions were not

moot because they could be re-imposed at will by CSOSA. Goings, 786 F. Supp. 2d at 63

(“CSOSA remains free to re-impose conditions . . . at any point in the future.”). In that case,

CSOSA had imposed seventeen special conditions of release on the plaintiff, including

conditions ordering the plaintiff “to undergo sex offender therapy, to wear a GPS tracking

device, not to possess a computer without CSOSA permission, not to loiter near places trafficked

by minors, and not to seek employment or participate in activities that involve minors.” Id. at

53, 59 n.4. CSOSA also “ban[ned] him from any contact with his children.” Id. at 53. After the

plaintiff challenged these conditions, the defendant agency revoked the condition banning the

plaintiff from owning and using a computer and modified the condition banning him from

contacting his children. Id. at 58. Notwithstanding these rescissions, this Court held that the

voluntary cessation exception to mootness applied. Id. at 61-63.

       The defendants’ attempts to distinguish Goings are unpersuasive. First, the defendants

attempt to differentiate the instant case on the basis that the single, challenged parole condition

has been “unconditionally lifted” in this case while many were left in place in Goings, where

                                                 15
“CSOSA only modified some of the challenged conditions of release.” Defs.’ Mem. at 17-18.

But this Court plainly anticipated and rejected that argument in Goings, finding that case

justiciable “because the defendant only modified a portion of the Challenged Conditions, and,

even with respect to the modified conditions, the Court is authorized to adjudicate the plaintiff’s

claims because the defendant’s subsequent modification of the conditions amounts to a voluntary

cessation.” Goings, 786 F. Supp. 2d at 61 (emphasis added); see also Jackson, 806 F. Supp. 2d

at 207 (noting that “the Court in Goings was clear that even those conditions that had been

altered could be ‘re-impose[d],’ and, therefore, the defendants had failed to show that there was

‘no reasonable expectation that the alleged violation will recur.’”) (quoting Goings, 786 F. Supp.

2d at 63). Second, the defendants argue that the officials in Goings left open the possibility of

re-imposing the challenged conditions at any time, while the defendants in the instant case, to the

contrary, maintain that they have “unconditionally lifted the single condition of release that

Plaintiff is challenging” and removed the plaintiff’s case from the Sex Offender Unit. Defs.’

Mem. at 18. The “unconditional” nature of that rescission, however, is belied in the very next

sentence of their motion, where defendants concede that there are conditions which would result

in the SOA being re-imposed on the plaintiff. The defendants note, for example, that the

“Deputy Case Administrator[ ] attests that the Commission will not seek to re-impose this

condition unless Plaintiff commits a new act of sexual misconduct.” Id. (emphasis added). Not

only does the attestation leave undefined what would constitute a “new act of sexual

misconduct,” but also it does not indicate what bearing, if any, information from the plaintiff’s

1984 arrest would have on making this evaluation. The employees’ conditional assurances are

simply insufficient to distinguish the instant case from Goings.

       Finally, and notably, even if such assurances were sufficient to sustain the burden that the

challenged conduct will not recur, the declarations from CSOSA and the Parole Commission

                                                 16
officials containing the declarations are utterly unpersuasive. As to the CSOSA declaration, the

plaintiff argues persuasively that Mr. Williams lacks the requisite authority to make such a

guarantee. Since, in this case, CSOSA is merely the administrator of parole conditions

“impose[d] and modif[ied]” under the “plenary authority” of the Parole Commission, CSOSA

employee Mr. Williams cannot speak to “the Parole Commission’s position on the matter.” Pl.’s

Opp’n at 7 (citing D.C. CODE § 24-403.01(b)(6); Denson v. United States, 918 A.2d 1193, 1195

(D.C. 2006)). 7 Therefore, “the [most] pertinent declaration comes from Mr. Holland.” Id. at 8.

Mr. Holland’s declaration, however, is also not persuasive as he is a Deputy Case Services

Administrator whose duties include “making recommendations to the Parole Commission

concerning conditions of supervision for releasees under the Commission’s jurisdiction.”

Holland Decl. ¶ 2. Since his role is to “make recommendations to the Parole Commission,”

rather than to make the decision about whether special conditions are imposed as a condition of

an individual’s supervised release, his assurances are not sufficient to sustain the heavy burden

required of defendants to invoke the mootness doctrine.

        In Jackson, another Judge in this Circuit held that a parolee’s challenge to the special

conditions of his parole was not rendered moot merely because the Parole Commission withdrew

the special conditions while the litigation was still pending. There, too, the Parole Commission

offered the assurances of a Case Services Administrator that the Commission would not re-

impose the challenged conditions. Jackson, 806 F. Supp. 2d at 206. The Jackson court rejected

those assurances:

             Defendants do not allege that they have altered their procedures for
             imposing special parole restrictions or that the type of restrictions they
7
 This is another way in which this case is distinguishable from Goings, where the plaintiff’s conditions of release
were determined by CSOSA. As this Court explained in Goings, “in contrast to in-state offenders whose conditions
of probation or supervised release are set by the Superior Court of the District of Columbia or the U.S. Parole
Commission, respectively, out-of-state offenders [in the District of Columbia, such as Goings] are subject to
conditions set by their original sentencing court and . . . by CSOSA.” Goings, 786 F. Supp. 2d at 69.

                                                        17
            impose have changed. Nor do they promise to refrain from imposing
            those restrictions on Jackson. All defendants offer is a declaration from a
            [Parole Commission] administrator stating that she “does not expect” the
            parole officer supervising Jackson to request that the special parole
            restrictions be re-imposed.

Id. at 208. The defendants’ attempts to distinguish Jackson are unavailing. In the defendants’

reading of Jackson, it was “the Parole Commission’s withdrawal of the SOA condition without

explanation, and the lack of comment by the agency regarding the circumstances under which it

would seek to re-impose the conditions” that defeated the Parole Commission’s mootness

challenge there. Defs.’ Mem. at 19. In the instant case, by contrast, the defendants assert that

the Parole Commission withdrew the special condition based on “information it received

concerning the facts of [the plaintiff’s] arrest in 1984,” and that they would only re-impose this

condition under narrow, explicitly defined circumstances. Id. The defendants also contend that

their “review[ of] Plaintiff’s record and new information regarding Plaintiff’s arrest in 1984”

undercuts any inference that their rescission was merely “a means for [the Parole Commission]

to avoid litigation in this case.” Id. at 19-20 n.5.

        The Parole Commission’s suggestion, however, that it is unlikely to re-impose the SOA

“because [the plaintiff] has not committed any sexual offenses since [1984],” Holland Decl. ¶ 8,

does not inspire confidence. After all, it is difficult to imagine how the Parole Commission

could have missed this fact the last two times it imposed the SOA on the plaintiff. While the

Court does not deny the propriety of agencies’ reviewing their own records to “correct [their]

own errors,” McKart v. United States, 395 U.S. 185, 195 (1969), none of the defendants’

assurances persuade the Court that the defendants’ rescission is anything other than an attempt to

avoid judicial review.

        Moreover, the defendants’ attempts to distinguish Jackson are especially unconvincing

given the very similar language that the Parole Commission used to provide assurances to the

                                                   18
plaintiffs in Jackson and the instant case. In Jackson, “Case Services Administrator” Deirdre

Jackson “attested that she ‘d[id] not expect’ that the parole officer supervising Mr. Jackson

would request that the Commission re-impose the challenged sex offender conditions ‘unless

new sexual misconduct by Mr. Jackson were to raise a legitimate concern that such condition(s)

have become newly necessary.’” Pl.’s Opp’n at 10-11 (citing Ex. 1, Declaration of Deirdre

Jackson, dated June 29, 2011, ECF No. 19-1 (“Jackson Decl.”) ¶ 2). Similarly, in the instant

case, Mr. Holland “attested that he ‘do[es] not expect’ that the Commission will re-impose the

Special Sex Offender Aftercare Condition ‘unless new sexual misconduct by [the plaintiff] were

to raise a legitimate concern that such condition ha[s] become newly necessary.’” Id. at 11. The

Court sees no basis for distinguishing these cases based on the assurances of the Parole

Commission.

       Accordingly, the Court concludes that the defendants have not met their “heavy burden of

persuading the court that the challenged conduct cannot reasonably be expected to start up

again.” Friends of the Earth, 528 U.S. at 189 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted), as

the defendants have offered nothing more than their employees’ “bald assertion[s],” In re Ctr. for

Auto Safety, 793 F.2d at 1352, that they will not re-impose the SOA absent a certain triggering

circumstance. Thus, the challenged SOA cannot escape judicial review simply because of the

Parole Commission’s withdrawal of the SOA in the face of pending litigation.

               2.      The Court Need Not Reach the Question of Whether the Interim
                       Relief or Events Have Completely and Irrevocably Eradicated the
                       Effects of the Alleged Violation.

       The plaintiff also contends that “the ‘stigmatizing effects’ of his classification and

treatment as a sex offender” have not been “completely and irrevocably eradicated.” Pl.’s Opp’n

at 27 (citing Am. Bar Ass’n v. FTC, 636 F.3d at 648). The defendants argue that “[t]he record

shows that this condition is no longer being imposed in Plaintiff’s case, and he is no longer under

                                                19
the supervision of the sex offender unit,”; consequently, the “[p]laintiff has not successfully

established that the harm he suffered – being ordered to participate in sex offender treatment

while under supervision in CSOSA’s Sex Offender Unit – has not been eradicated.” Defs.’

Reply to Pl.’s Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss (“Defs.’ Reply”), ECF No. 22, at 8. The Court

need not reach this question.

       “When both conditions [of the voluntary cessation doctrine] are satisfied it may be said

that the case is moot because neither party has a legally cognizable interest in the final

determination of the underlying questions of fact and law.” County of Los Angeles, 440 U.S. at

631 (emphasis added). Since the defendants have failed to meet their burden of demonstrating

that the alleged violation has no reasonable likelihood of recurrence, they cannot satisfy both

conditions necessary to render this case moot. While the Court finds, infra, that the plaintiff has

indeed suffered injury to a legally cognizable liberty interest, whether that injury has been

“completely and irrevocably eradicated” in the interim is immaterial to the disposition of this

motion.

       B.      Partial Summary Judgment in Favor of the Plaintiff is Appropriate.

       The Court now turns to the plaintiff’s request for partial summary judgment on his Fifth

Amendment procedural due process claim. The plaintiff contends that the SOA “has stigmatized

him with the inaccurate label of ‘sex offender’” and that “the Parole Commission imposed the

condition without providing [him] a meaningful explanation for its alleged necessity or a

meaningful opportunity to contest it.” Pl.’s Mem. at 2. The defendants counter that the

“[p]laintiff has not established that his procedural due process rights were implicated pursuant to

the facts of this case, or that the current procedural framework used by the Parole Commission to

impose a condition of release and to allow Plaintiff the opportunity to challenge its imposition is

                                                 20
constitutionally deficient.” Defs.’ Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for Partial Summ. J. (“Defs.’ Opp’n”),

ECF No. 17, at 2.

        For the reasons explained below, the Court will grant the plaintiff’s motion for partial

summary judgment. The Court will first examine the “threshold question” of whether the

government action “implicates a liberty interest that is protected by the Due Process Clause.”

Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480, 487 (1980). Since this Circuit has yet to consider a due process

challenge by a parolee on stigmatization grounds, the Court will look to the consensus among

other circuits for guidance. The Court will then turn to the second step of due process analysis

and “examine[ ] whether the procedures attendant upon that deprivation were constitutionally

sufficient.” Ky. Dep’t of Corr. v. Thompson, 490 U.S. 454, 460 (1989) (citation omitted). The

Court, as explained below, concludes that the Parole Commission’s imposition of the SOA

implicates a liberty interest, and that the procedures attendant upon the plaintiff’s deprivation of

his liberty interest were not constitutionally sufficient.

                1.      The Parole Commission’s Actions Implicated a Liberty Interest.

        “To maintain a procedural due process claim, the plaintiff must establish that the

government has deprived him of a liberty interest.” Goings, 786 F. Supp. 2d at 73. Individuals

on probation or parole “do not enjoy the absolute liberty to which every citizen is entitled, but

only . . . conditional liberty properly dependent on observance of special [probation]

restrictions.” Griffin v. Wisconsin, 483 U.S. 868, 874 (1987) (citation and internal quotation

marks omitted). Nevertheless, “a parolee’s liberty involves significant values within the

protection of the Due Process Clause.” Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 471 (1972). In Vitek

v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480 (1980), the Supreme Court held that, “[w]hile a conviction and sentence

extinguish an individual’s right to freedom from confinement for the term of his sentence,”

additional procedures are necessary before the government can impose “stigmatizing

                                                  21
consequences.” 445 U.S. at 481 (restricting the state’s ability to “to classify [a prisoner] as

mentally ill and to subject him to involuntary psychiatric treatment without affording him

additional due process protections.”).

         Whether the stigmatizing consequences of sex offender classification and therapy for sex

offenders implicate a liberty interest, as the plaintiff argues, is a question not yet addressed by

the D.C. Circuit. See Chandler v. James, 783 F. Supp. 2d 33, 43 (D.D.C. 2011) (“Several courts,

although none yet in this circuit, have found that a prisoner or parolee has a liberty interest in not

being classified as a sex offender and required to undergo psychological treatment designed for

sex offenders; consequently, before he can be so classified and ordered to submit to treatment,

the prisoner/parolee must be afforded due process.”); Defs.’ Opp’n at 8 (“Plaintiff is raising an

issue of first impression regarding the liberty interest possessed by those who are not convicted

sex offenders, yet who are required to undergo sex offense therapy.”). 8

         While this question has not yet been directly addressed by this Circuit, other circuits

considering this issue have found a protected liberty interest in avoiding at least those

stigmatizing consequences arising jointly from sex offender classification or labeling and its

corresponding conditions. The Third Circuit, for example, has held, in the case of a prisoner

labeled as a sex offender, that “the stigmatizing effects of being labeled a sex offender, when

coupled with mandatory behavioral modification therapy, triggers an independent liberty

interest.” Renchenski v. Williams, 622 F.3d 315, 328 (3d Cir. 2010). The Fifth Circuit agrees

that “the combination of stigma and compelled behavior modification treatment” implicates a

liberty interest. Coleman v. Dretke, 395 F.3d 216, 222 (5th Cir. 2004). The Ninth Circuit

8
  This Court addressed a companion issue in Goings, holding that mandatory sex offender treatment, which is
substantially indistinguishable from that in the instant case, did not “implicate[ ] the plaintiff’s privacy rights” as
those had been articulated by the Supreme Court in Whalen v. Roe, 429 U.S. 589 (1977), and construed in this
Circuit. Goings, 786 F. Supp. 2d at 74 (emphasis added). The plaintiff’s concern about his privacy rights in Goings,
however, is a different matter from the plaintiff’s purported liberty interest in avoiding stigmatization by sex
offender classification and conditions here.

                                                          22
identified “stigmatizing consequences” in a program that both “label[ed] a prison inmate as a sex

offender” and mandated an “extensive” sex offender treatment program. Neal v. Shimoda, 131

F.3d 818, 829 (9th Cir. 1997). The Tenth Circuit has found a liberty interest where a prisoner

not previously convicted of a sex offense is “classified as a sex offender for purposes of a prison

treatment” and where “classification as a sex offender reduced the rate at which [a prisoner]

could earn good time credits.” Gwinn v. Awmiller, 354 F.3d 1211, 1218-19 (10th Cir. 2004)

(citing Chambers v. Colo. Dep’t of Corr., 205 F.3d 1237 (10th Cir. 2000)). The Eleventh Circuit

has also concluded that “the stigmatizing effect of being classified as a sex offender constitutes a

deprivation of liberty under the Due Process Clause,” where the consequence of being classified

as a sex offender included, inter alia, “participat[ion] in group therapy sessions of Sexual

Offenders Anonymous as a prerequisite for parole eligibility.” Kirby v. Siegelman, 195 F.3d

1285, 1288, 1292 (11th Cir. 1999).

       Guided by this precedent, the Court finds in this case that the Parole Commission’s

imposition of the SOA on the plaintiff’s supervised release implicated the plaintiff’s liberty

interest by (1) classifying the plaintiff as a sex offender, (2) publicizing his sex offender status,

and (3) mandating sex offender therapy. These three factors jointly constitute “stigmatizing

consequences,” as initially articulated by the Supreme Court in Vitek and subsequently applied to

sex offender classification and conditions by five other circuits.

       First, the Parole Commission essentially “classified” the plaintiff as a sex offender and

CSOSA complied with that classification. The defendants’ contention that the plaintiff was

never “formally classified as a sex offender prior to being ordered to undergo sex offender

therapy,” Defs.’ Opp’n at 14, is belied by the record. The defendants assigned the plaintiff to

CSOSA’s Sex Offender Unit; repeatedly coerced him to admit his “need” for the mandated sex

offender treatment; routinely generated “Adult Sex Offender Treatment Services Progress

                                                  23
Reports” for the plaintiff; and compelled the plaintiff to disclose the nature of his “sex offense”

to his then-girlfriend. Pl.’s Reply in Supp. of Mot. for Partial Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Reply”), ECF No.

20, at 5. While individual jurisdictions may have requirements for formally “classifying” an

individual as a sex offender, the defendants are government agencies that classified the plaintiff

as a sex offender for the purposes of the SOA.

       Second, the defendants deliberately publicized the plaintiff’s sex offender label by

mandating that he disclose his “sex offense” to his then-girlfriend, with whom he was

cohabitating at the time. Compl. ¶ 43. The defendants concede that the plaintiff “may have

suffered harm to his reputation” from the compelled disclosure, but argue that reputation alone

“does not implicate a liberty interest implicated by the Due Process Clause.” Defs.’ Opp’n at 18

(citing Gunderson v. Hvass, 339 F.3d 639, 644 (8th Cir. 2003), for the proposition that

“[d]amage to reputation is not sufficient to invoke the procedural protections of the due process

clause”). Yet, the defendants also acknowledge that courts have found that such a disclosure

would be sufficient to create a stigma with an employer or within a prison population. Id. at 17.

Aside from a simple assertion that “this level of disclosure does not rise to the level that one

labeled as a sex offender must show,” the defendants offer no compelling distinction between

disclosure to employers or fellow inmates as opposed to friends or loved ones, and particularly

one with whom the plaintiff was residing at the time. Id. at 16-17.

       Third, neither party disputes that the SOA “required” that the plaintiff, who was not a sex

offender, “undergo sex offender treatment.” See Defs.’ Opp’n at 15.

       The Court concludes that these three factors – plaintiff’s classification, disclosure, and

mandated treatment as a sex offender – jointly created stigmatizing consequences implicating a

liberty interest. If the Parole Commission can classify a parolee, who has not committed a sex

offense, as a sex offender, mandate intrusive psychosexual therapy, and compel embarrassing

                                                 24
revelations to the parolee’s friends – all without rising to the level of “stigmatizing

consequences” – then that well-established phrase has lost all meaning as a threshold for due

process protection. This Court will not let it be so.

                  2.       The Procedures Attendant Upon the Deprivation Were Not
                           Constitutionally Sufficient.

         Having identified a liberty interest, the Court proceeds to the second step of due process

analysis and “examines whether the procedures attendant upon that deprivation were

constitutionally sufficient.” Ky. Dep’t of Corr., 490 U.S. at 460 (citation omitted). If nothing

else, “the opportunity to be heard ‘at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner’” – what the

Supreme Court has characterized as “the fundamental requirement of due process” –

encompasses at least the opportunity to be heard at all. Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 333

(1976) (citing Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545, 552 (1965)). The plaintiff was not given that

opportunity in this case: he “was provided no notice of any sort prior to the Commission’s initial

imposition of the condition[ ] in January 2009” and only “cursory process” in the form of

“permi[ssion] to file a written objection to CSOSA’s June 2011 request that the Parole

Commission re-impose the condition.” Pl.’s Mem. at 17. In the absence of any meaningful

process 9, the Court must grant the plaintiff’s motion for partial summary judgment.

         The litigants offer differing interpretations of the Parole Commission’s regulations

regarding the right to appeal conditions of supervised release. The defendants contend, for

example, that, had the plaintiff initially received the NOA, the plaintiff would have been entitled

to “submit to the National Appeals Board a written appeal,” within 30 days of the NOA’s

9
 In a time of fiscal austerity and strained resources, meaningful process to determine whether the plaintiff should
have been subject to the SOA would not only have saved the plaintiff from this ordeal, but saved the Parole
Commission precious resources expended on Mr. Wills’ unnecessary treatment. Providing procedures in order to
more carefully target resources on individuals who need them would be more practical.

                                                         25
issuance, pursuant to 28 C.F.R. §§ 2.220, 2.26. 28 C.F.R. § 2.26(a); Defs.’ Opp’n at 3, 21-22,

31. The plaintiff disputes the defendants’ interpretation of the regulations, noting, for example,

that “28 C.F.R. § 2.220, which Defendants say ‘enables a person on supervised release to appeal

the Parole Commission’s decision to impose a condition of release,’ actually does not mention

imposition or modification of release conditions at all; it refers only to a right to appeal ‘a

decision to revoke supervised release, impose a term of imprisonment, or impose a new term of

supervised release after revocation.’” Pl.’s Reply at 15 n.11 (citation omitted). While the

plaintiff acknowledges that “[n]otwithstanding the plain language of the regulation, it does

appear to be the [Parole] Commission’s informal practice to allow supervised releasees to appeal

initial imposition of conditions,” id., the plaintiff requests that this Court explicitly delineate

appropriate procedures that the Parole Commission should have used in this case – namely,

“advance written notice that it intended to impose the condition; disclosure of any evidence

against [the plaintiff]; a hearing at which he could call and cross-examine witnesses and present

documentary evidence; and a written statement of the Commission’s findings.” Pl.’s Mem. at 2,

27-28.

         While these suggested procedures appear sensible, the plaintiff requests summary

judgment only on the narrow question of whether he was due more process than he received. 10

The Court finds that the plaintiff is entitled to summary judgment on that basis. The Court need

10
   In his Opposition to the Motion to Dismiss, the plaintiff implied that he was challenging the defendant agencies’
procedures both facially and as applied to himself. Pl.’s Opp’n at 29 (“[The plaintiff] has not just challenged the
application of that policy to himself; he has complained of its ongoing impact on the many others situated similarly
to him.”). The plaintiff, however, stated in his Complaint, with respect to his Fifth Amendment procedural due
process claim, that he was requesting a judgment against the Parole Commission “declaring that the Parole
Commission imposed the Special Sex Offender Aftercare Condition in violation of Mr. Wills’ Fifth Amendment
right to procedural due process.” Compl. at 18. Furthermore, the plaintiff has moved the Court only for “summary
judgment on his claim . . . that the Parole Commission has violated his Fifth Amendment right to due process.” Pl.’s
Mem. at 2. The Court thus grants the plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment on his Fifth Amendment right to due
process, and will not prescribe the specific procedures that the Parole Commission must employ in imposing the
SOA.

                                                        26
not prescribe the exact set of procedures that the Parole Commission should have employed in

this case. After all, the “plaintiff is not entitled to perfect procedures or the procedures of his

choice.” Bagenstose v. District of Columbia, 503 F. Supp. 2d 247, 257 (D.D.C. 2007) aff'd, 07-

5293, 2008 WL 2396183 (D.C. Cir. May 27, 2008); see also Mitchell v. W. T. Grant Co., 416

U.S. 600, 610 (1974) (“The very nature of due process negates any concept of inflexible

procedures universally applicable to every imaginable situation.”) (citation omitted); Inland

Empire Dist. Council, Lumber & Sawmill Workers Union, Lewiston, Idaho, v. Millis, 325 U.S.

697, 710 (1945) (“The requirements [of due process] are not technical, nor is any particular form

of procedure necessary.”). That said, the plaintiff cannot be stripped of process altogether, as he

evidently was in this case.

III.   CONCLUSION

       For the reasons explained above, the defendants’ motion to dismiss is DENIED, and the

plaintiff’s motion for partial summary judgment is GRANTED. An order consistent with this

opinion shall be issued.

DATED: July 31, 2012
                                                               /s/ Beryl A. Howell_
                                                               BERYL A. HOWELL
                                                               United States District Judge

                                                  27