Court Opinion

ID: 9376587
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-03 06:05:32.10756+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:07.685914
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                   revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

CHAMAR AVERY,                                                        FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                     March 2, 2023
                Plaintiff-Appellant,                                 9:35 a.m.

v                                                                    No. 359535
                                                                     Court of Claims
STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                                   LC No. 17-000245-MZ

                Defendant-Appellee.

Before: JANSEN, P.J., and REDFORD and YATES, JJ.

REDFORD, J.

        Plaintiff, Chamar Avery, appeals by right the Court of Claims verdict of no cause of action
respecting his Wrongful Imprisonment Compensation Act (WICA), MCL 691.1751 et seq., claim.
We affirm.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

       Following a trial in 2000, a jury convicted plaintiff of second-degree murder related to the
January 15, 2000 robbery and murder of Geoffrey Stanca. The trial court sentenced plaintiff to
20-50 years’ imprisonment. Plaintiff appealed and this Court remanded for a Ginther1 hearing at
which the trial court heard testimony and arguments and held that plaintiff’s trial counsel provided
him effective assistance. This Court affirmed his conviction and sentence. 2 Our Supreme Court
denied leave to appeal.3

1
    People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).
2
 People v Avery, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals issued October 8, 2002
(Dkt No 229324).
3
    People v Avery, 468 Mich 891 (2003).

                                                -1-
        After plaintiff exhausted his appeals, in 2004 he petitioned the United States District Court
for the Western District of Michigan for a writ of habeas corpus on grounds that his trial counsel
provided him ineffective assistance. The federal court granted plaintiff’s petition on the ground
that plaintiff’s trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by not investigating and presenting an
alibi defense at his criminal trial. The federal court entered a writ of habeas corpus and instructed
the State of Michigan to release plaintiff from custody and afford him a new trial.4 The Department
of Corrections released plaintiff and the prosecution never retried him for the Stanca murder.
Plaintiff filed his WICA complaint in 2017 claiming wrongful incarceration entitling him to
statutory compensation of $382,859.10 for 2,795 days’ time served, plus attorney fees and costs.

        The trial court conducted a bench trial at which plaintiff testified that he did not participate
in the Stanca murder with Recho Burns and Terrance Holmes, but had been with Lavelle Crimes,
Damar Crimes, and Darius Boyd the afternoon and night of January 15, 2000, when the Stanca
murder occurred. Lavelle and Damar testified on behalf of plaintiff similar to their testimonies at
plaintiff’s 2001 Ginther hearing. Lavelle testified that he worked on plaintiff’s car at Crimes
Towing, and that his brother Damar came to the shop, and plaintiff left with him and returned later
after he completed plaintiff’s auto repairs. Damar testified that he and plaintiff walked to Boyd’s
house where they stayed until they received a call from Lavelle regarding the completed repairs.
He testified that he and plaintiff walked back to the shop, picked up plaintiff’s car, then drove to a
female friend’s house, and later back to Boyd’s house where plaintiff left him.

        Defendant called Jacklyn Barker who testified that, on January 15, 2000, she heard a car
arrive in front of her house so she went to the door, looked out its windows and saw a car parked
the wrong way on her one-way street. She turned away briefly but heard a gunshot and turned
back to see the car door opening and three men get out one by one. One of them pushed a body
out to the ground. Two of them ran off in the same direction and one ran the opposite way. She
did not recognize plaintiff at first. He started toward Central at the end of her street, but he then
turned around and kneeled down by the rear passenger back door tire area and seemed to pick
something up. When he kneeled down, he looked in the direction of Barker’s door where she
stood, paused and retrieved something, then turned and ran toward Central. When Barker saw
plaintiff look at her house, she recognized him because she saw his face and knew him from the
neighborhood. Barker testified that she also recognized the other two men as Holmes and Burns.

        Barker admitted on cross-examination that she did not inform the police and that later she
did not pick out plaintiff in a line-up or photo identifications. She explained that she had been
afraid. Plaintiff’s counsel cross-examined Barker regarding her preliminary examination and trial
testimony. Barker acknowledged some discrepancies and did not deny her preliminary
examination or trial testimonies, and testified as she had done in both of those instances that she
saw plaintiff and recognized him as one of the perpetrators of the Stanca murder. On further direct
examination, Barker testified that she had no doubt in her mind that she saw plaintiff outside her
house on January 15, 2000.

4
 Avery v Prelesnik, 524 F Supp 2d 903, 906-911 (WD Mich, 2007). The United States Court of
Appeals for the Sixth Circuit affirmed. Avery v Prelesnik, 548 F Supp 3d 434 (CA 6, 2008).

                                                  -2-
        Defendant called Holmes to testify. Holmes affirmed that on November 8, 2000, he
pleaded guilty to Stanca’s murder. The defense had the transcript of Holmes’s plea testimony
marked as Defense Exhibit B and announced that defendant would seek admission of the exhibit
under MRE 801(d)(1)(a). Plaintiff’s counsel stated that she had no objection. The trial court,
therefore, admitted the transcript of Holmes’s previous testimony.

        Holmes denied that he previously stated that Burns shot and killed Stanca but agreed that
he testified under oath at his plea hearing. Defense counsel had Holmes review the transcript of
his plea hearing where the court asked him what happened and he answered that Burns “got in the
car, shot him in the head.” Holmes affirmed that he testified in November of 2000 when he pleaded
guilty to armed robbery. He admitted that he testified that, on the night of January 15, 2000, near
the location of 7733 Dayton Street in Detroit, he, Burns, and plaintiff were together. He affirmed
that he testified that he, Burns, and plaintiff arranged to rob Stanca, the pizza delivery man. After
feigning lack of memory, Holmes reviewed the transcript of his plea testimony and affirmed that
he testified that plaintiff was in the car with Burns. After reviewing his testimony regarding
running to Central Street, Holmes testified: “I don’t remember none of this. But that’s what it’s
saying, so, I guess I did. I don’t remember none of this.” During cross-examination, Holmes
denied killing Stanca, denied involvement with the people who killed him, denied being on Dayton
Street on January 15, 2000, and denied being with plaintiff or even seeing him that day. On further
direct examination, Holmes affirmed that at the plea hearing the court asked if he had been
promised anything or been forced to plead guilty, and he answered no. Holmes also affirmed that,
when asked by the court whether he pleaded guilty freely and voluntarily, he answered yes.
Defense counsel asked Holmes regarding his plea testimony which asked with whom he had been,
to which he had answered Burns and plaintiff; and when asked what the three of them did, he had
answered, “Went to rob the pizza man.” When later asked if he remembered apologizing to the
victim’s family, he affirmed that he remembered.

        The trial court asked Holmes how at the time of his plea hearing he could testify in such
great detail regarding the plan to set up the robbery and the details of Stanca’s murder. Holmes
stated that he heard the story on the streets and repeated it for his plea deal. On further cross-
examination, plaintiff’s counsel sought to develop how Holmes knew the details of the crime, but
Holmes denied hearing the details of the crime in the neighborhood and only that he heard that
Stanca had been shot in an apparent robbery.

         The trial court issued a written opinion and order in which it stated its findings of fact and
conclusions of law. The trial court explained the applicable law regarding WICA claims, including
that plaintiff must prove by clear and convincing evidence that he did not commit the crimes for
which he was imprisoned. The trial court found that plaintiff proved by clear and convincing
evidence that he was convicted of second-degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment for
which he served eight years of the sentence. The court also found that plaintiff proved by clear
and convincing evidence that his conviction was vacated and he had not been retried by the
prosecution. The trial court, however, found that plaintiff failed to meet his burden of proving by
clear and convincing evidence that he did not perpetrate the crime and was not an accomplice or
accessory to the acts that were the basis of his conviction. The trial court explained that it came
to its conclusion for two reasons: (1) Barker testified credibly to seeing plaintiff’s face at the crime
scene on the night of the January 15, 2000, and nothing indicated any motive for her to accuse
plaintiff or lie about his being there; and (2) Holmes testified under oath in great detail at his plea

                                                  -3-
hearing without leading questions that he, plaintiff, and Burns, pursuant to an elaborate plan,
committed the robbery and killing of Stanca, fled the scene, then met to split the money. The trial
court found that Holmes’s plea hearing testimony supported the proposition that plaintiff
perpetrated the crime. The trial court explained further that the other witnesses’ testimonies did
not tip the scales toward clear and convincing evidence that plaintiff did not perpetrate the crime.
The court, therefore, concluded that clear and convincing evidence did not establish that plaintiff
did not perpetrate the crime because the court was in no way left “with ‘a clear conviction, without
hesitancy, of the truth’ that plaintiff did not perpetrate the crime.” Accordingly, the trial court
ordered entry of a judgment of no cause of action and dismissed plaintiff’s case with prejudice.
Plaintiff now appeals.

                                  II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

       Issues regarding statutory interpretation present questions of law that this Court reviews de
novo. Buhl v City of Oak Park, 507 Mich 236, 242; 968 NW2d 348 (2021). We also review de
novo the WICA’s compensation provisions. Ricks v State, 507 Mich 387, 396; 968 NW2d 428
(2021). We review de novo questions of law, including which party bears the burden of proof.
Pierron v Pierron, 282 Mich App 222, 243; 765 NW2d 345 (2009). The applicability of a legal
presumption is a question of law for the trial court to determine. Widmayer v Leonard, 422 Mich
280, 288; 373 NW2d 538 (1985); Isabella Co Dept of Social Servs v Thompson, 210 Mich App
612, 615; 534 NW2d 132 (1995).

        We review a trial court’s findings of fact at a bench trial for clear error and review its
conclusions of law de novo. Knight Enterprises, Inc v RPF Oil Co, 299 Mich App 275, 279; 829
NW2d 345 (2013). Although plaintiff argues that the trial court’s findings are contrary to the great
weight of evidence, in the context of a bench trial, a great weight argument is addressed under the
“clearly erroneous” standard. Ambs v Kalamazoo Co Rd Comm, 255 Mich App 637, 652 n 14;
662 NW2d 424 (2003). “A finding is clearly erroneous if there is no evidentiary support for it or
if this Court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Chelsea
Investment Group, LLC v City of Chelsea, 288 Mich App 239, 251; 792 NW2d 781 (2010). “An
appellate court will give deference to the trial court’s superior ability to judge the credibility of the
witnesses who appeared before it.” Ambs, 255 Mich App at 652 (quotation marks and citation
omitted).

                                           III. ANALYSIS

                    A. THE USE OF A TRIAL PROCESS IN A WICA CASE

        Plaintiff first argues that the trial court erred by ordering a trial and basing its decision on
evidence other than the evidence presented at the 2001 Ginther hearing, which ultimately led to
the vacating of his conviction and release from prison. Plaintiff made no objection to the trial
court’s decision to conduct a trial, nor did he object to the scope or type of evidence that could be
presented by the parties except to the extent that such would be inadmissible under the rules of
evidence, which the trial court addressed to the parties’ satisfaction. Therefore, plaintiff failed to
preserve this issue for appeal.

                                                  -4-
        Unpreserved errors are reviewed for plain error. Total Armored Car Serv, Inc v Dep’t of
Treasury, 325 Mich App 403, 412; 926 NW2d 276 (2018). “To establish an entitlement to relief
based on plain error, the injured party must show (1) that an error occurred, (2) that the error was
plain, and (3) that the plain error affected [its] substantial rights.” Id. (quotation marks and citation
omitted; alteration in original). “To merit relief, the injured party must show prejudice, i.e., that
the error affected the outcome of the . . . proceedings.” Id. (citation omitted).

        The WICA, MCL 691.1751, et seq., governs this appeal. “The primary goal of statutory
interpretation is to give effect to the Legislature’s intent. To do that, we read a statute’s provisions
reasonably and in context.” Ricks, 507 Mich at 397 (quotation marks and citations omitted). “A
statute’s language ‘offers the most reliable evidence of the Legislature’s intent.’ ” Id. (citation
omitted). “When the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, judicial construction is limited
to enforcement of the statute as written.” Sanford v State, 506 Mich 10, 15; 954 NW2d 82 (2020)
(citation omitted).

        MCL 691.1753 permits:

               An individual convicted under the law of this state and subsequently
        imprisoned in a state correctional facility for 1 or more crimes that he or she did
        not commit may bring an action for compensation against this state in the court of
        claims as allowed by this act.

MCL 691.1754 provides in relevant part:

              (1) In an action under this act, the plaintiff shall attach to his or her verified
        complaint documentation that establishes all of the following:

                (a) The plaintiff was convicted of 1 or more crimes under the law of this
        state, was sentenced to a term of imprisonment in a state correctional facility for
        the crime or crimes, and served at least part of the sentence.

                (b) The plaintiff’s judgment of conviction was reversed or vacated and
        either the charges were dismissed or on retrial the plaintiff was found to be not
        guilty.

                (c) New evidence demonstrates that the plaintiff was not the perpetrator of
        the crime or crimes and was not an accessory or accomplice to the acts that were
        the basis of the conviction and resulted in a reversal or vacation of the judgment of
        conviction, dismissal of the charges, finding of not guilty, or gubernatorial pardon.

MCL 691.1752(b) defines “new evidence” as follows:

                “New evidence” means any evidence that was not presented in the
        proceedings leading to plaintiff’s conviction, including new testimony, expert
        interpretation, the results of DNA testing, or other test results relating to evidence
        that was presented in the proceedings leading to plaintiff’s conviction. New
        evidence does not include a recantation by a witness unless there is other evidence
        to support the recantation or unless the prosecuting attorney for the county in which

                                                  -5-
       the plaintiff was convicted or, if the department of attorney general prosecuted the
       case, the attorney general agrees that the recantation constitutes new evidence
       without other evidence to support the recantation.

In Maples v State, 507 Mich 461, 475-477; 968 NW2d 446 (2021), our Supreme Court clarified
that “new evidence” under the WICA is evidence that was not presented to the trier of fact at a
proceeding that adjudicated guilt even if the convicted person knew of the evidence at the time of
trial.

       MCL 691.1755 in relevant part provides:

               (1) In an action under this act, the plaintiff is entitled to judgment in the
       plaintiff’s favor if the plaintiff proves all of the following by clear and convincing
       evidence:

               (a) The plaintiff was convicted of 1 or more crimes under the law of this
       state, was sentenced to a term of imprisonment in a state correctional facility for
       the crime or crimes, and served at least part of the sentence.

               (b) The plaintiff’s judgment of conviction was reversed or vacated and
       either the charges were dismissed or the plaintiff was determined on retrial to be
       not guilty. However, the plaintiff is not entitled to compensation under this act if
       the plaintiff was convicted of another criminal offense arising from the same
       transaction and either that offense was not dismissed or the plaintiff was convicted
       of that offense on retrial.

              (c) New evidence demonstrates that the plaintiff did not perpetrate the
       crime and was not an accomplice or accessory to the acts that were the basis of the
       conviction, results in the reversal or vacation of the charges in the judgment of
       conviction or a gubernatorial pardon, and results in either dismissal of all of the
       charges or a finding of not guilty on all of the charges on retrial.

       This Court has explained that:

       [t]he clear and convincing evidence standard is the most demanding standard
       applied in civil cases. Evidence is clear and convincing if it

               produces in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction
               as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established, evidence
               so clear, direct and weighty and convincing as to enable the
               factfinder to come to a clear conviction, without hesitancy, of the
               truth of the precise facts in issue.

       Evidence may be uncontroverted, and yet not be “clear and convincing.”
       Conversely, evidence may be “clear and convincing” despite the fact that it has
       been contradicted.” [In re Pederson, 331 Mich App 445, 472; 951 NW2d 704
       (2020) (quotation marks, citations, and brackets omitted); see also In re Brody
       Conservatorship, 321 Mich App 332, 337; 909 NW2d 849 (2017).]

                                                -6-
       In Ricks, our Supreme Court explained the WICA’s purpose and two-step inquiry as
follows:

               The WICA was enacted “to provide compensation and other relief for
       individuals wrongfully imprisoned for crimes; to prescribe the powers and duties
       of certain state and local governmental officers and agencies; and to provide
       remedies.” 2016 PA 343, title. It waives sovereign immunity and allows a person
       who was wrongfully convicted and imprisoned to seek compensation by bringing
       an action against the state in the Court of Claims. MCL 691.1753.

               The WICA has two steps. The first determines whether a claimant is
       eligible for compensation. See MCL 691.1755(1). The second calculates the
       precise amount of compensation that must be awarded to eligible claimants. See
       MCL 691.1755(2).

       Step one: The WICA defines who is eligible for compensation at MCL
       691.1755(1). A successful WICA claimant must have been convicted of at least
       one crime under Michigan law, must have been sentenced to a term of
       imprisonment in a state correctional facility, and must have served at least part of
       the sentence for that crime. MCL 691.1755(1)(a). The claimant’s conviction must
       have been reversed or vacated, and the claimant must prove that their charges were
       subsequently dismissed or that they were acquitted upon retrial. MCL
       691.1755(1)(b). Finally, the claimant must prove by clear and convincing evidence
       that the reason they can satisfy the requirements set forth in Subdivision (b) is
       because new evidence shows that they “did not perpetrate the crime and [were] not
       an accomplice or accessory to the acts that were the basis of the conviction . . . .”
       MCL 691.1755(1)(c). If the claimant satisfies all of these requirements, they are
       “entitled to judgment” in their favor. MCL 691.1755(1).

       Step two: Subject to two exceptions, once a court finds that a plaintiff was
       wrongfully convicted and imprisoned, it “shall award compensation” according to
       the provisions set forth in MCL 691.1755(2). The court must award $50,000 “for
       each year from the date the plaintiff was imprisoned until the date the plaintiff was
       released from prison . . . .” MCL 691.1755(2)(a). [Ricks, 507 Mich at 395-396.]

       Under MCL 691.1753, an action brought under the WICA is a civil action that must be
brought in the Court of Claims. MCL 600.6422 provides in relevant part:

               (1) Practice and procedure in the court of claims shall be in accordance with
       the statutes and court rules prescribing the practice in the circuit courts of this state,
       except as otherwise provided in this section.

               2) The supreme court may adopt special rules for the court of claims.

MCR 1.103 specifies that the Michigan Court Rules govern practice and procedure in all Michigan
courts. The WICA does not prohibit the Court of Claims from conducting a trial for purposes of
determining whether the plaintiff was wrongfully imprisoned and entitled to compensation under
the act. Our Supreme Court has not adopted special rules for the Court of Claims respecting actions

                                                  -7-
brought under the WICA. No statute, rule, or case prohibits the Court of Claims from conducting
a trial in an action brought under the WICA. Plaintiff has not cited any law that supports his
position. Accordingly, plaintiff has failed to establish that the Court of Claims committed plain
error by conducting a trial.

        Moreover, the record reflects that plaintiff agreed and did not object to the trial court’s
conducting a trial in this case. He participated fully in pretrial procedures all geared toward a trial
on the merits. “A waiver consists of the intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known
right.” Patel v Patel, 324 Mich App 631, 634; 922 NW2d 647 (2018) (citation omitted). Plaintiff’s
failure to object and his conduct indicating his approval to have a trial conducted on his claim,
demonstrates that plaintiff waived any objections respecting conducting a trial in this matter.

         Plaintiff’s argument that the trial court could only consider the evidence presented at his
2001 Ginther hearing and nothing else lacks any legal support. Further, doing so would prevent
the trial court from fulfilling its legislatively mandated judicial responsibility to determine whether
plaintiff proved by clear and convincing evidence that he did not perpetrate the crime and was not
an accomplice or accessory to the acts that were the basis of his conviction. Plaintiff simply
misreads MCL 691.1752(b) and MCL 691.1755(1)(c) as limiting “new evidence” when the WICA
does not do that. We hold, the trial court had authority to conduct a trial in this matter and consider
all the evidence presented by the parties before rendering its decision. Accordingly, the trial court
did not plainly err. Plaintiff, therefore, has failed to establish any right to relief.

    B. WICA DOES NOT REQUIRE A TRIAL COURT TO PRESUME A PLAINTIFF IS
                               INNOCENT

         Plaintiff next argues that the trial court erred by failing to presume plaintiff innocent before
assessing whether he proved his innocence by clear and convincing evidence. He contends that
the trial court had to presume him innocent until defendant presented a preponderance of evidence
that overcame the presumption, and only then could the trial court proceed to analyze whether
plaintiff met his burden that a demonstration of innocence resulted in his charges being vacated.
We disagree.

        Unlike a criminal case in which the defendant is presumed innocent and therefore does not
bear the burden of persuasion, the WICA imposes an affirmative duty on the plaintiff to prove by
clear and convincing evidence that he did not perpetrate the crime and was not an accomplice or
accessory to the acts that were the basis of his conviction. MCL 691.1755. The WICA does not
impose a burden shifting proof structure. The WICA does not require the State to proffer any
proofs whatsoever but places the burden entirely on the plaintiff to plead and then prove with clear
and convincing evidence his innocence of the crimes for which he was incarcerated.

       Plaintiff’s reliance on Monaghan v Agricultural Fire Ins Co, 53 Mich 238, 255; 18 NW
797 (1884), is misplaced. Monaghan involved an insurance dispute in which the defendant insurer
refused to pay a claim of loss occasioned by a fire on the ground that the claimant submitted a false
claim to defraud the insurer. Id. at 242. In its defense, the insurer presented evidence tending to
prove that the claimant with help removed from the house and concealed personal property before
the house burned, and then submitted an affidavit listing the concealed items as lost in the fire. Id.
at 250. In support of its defense, the insurer introduced testimony that the claimant caused the

                                                  -8-
building to be burned. The trial court instructed the jury that the insurer contended that the
claimant committed arson, a serious crime, but cautioned the jury that the claimant was presumed
“innocent of crime, until it is established by competent proof” in the civil suit just as in a criminal
case. The court instructed, however, that the insurer making the charge had the burden of proof to
establish the truth of the charge by a preponderance of the evidence and the insurer bore the burden
of proof for its denial of the claim. Id. at 254. On appeal the insurer took exception to that portion
of the jury instructions. Our Supreme Court indicated that the trial court did not err by stating in
the instructions that the presumption of innocence attended the claimant, but it ruled that the trial
court failed to appropriately instruct the jury because they may have been misled to apply the
reasonable doubt burden of proof instead of the preponderance standard of proof applicable to civil
controversies. Id. at 255.

        Monaghan is distinguishable not only by its facts but by the law that applied to the case.
The insurer bore the burden of proof on its defense. In this case, plaintiff had been convicted by a
jury of a serious crime and incarcerated because of the finding of guilt. In the underlying criminal
case, the prosecution met its burden of proving defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. After
he exhausted all appeals, the federal courts granted plaintiff’s habeas corpus petition and ordered
his release from prison because his trial counsel failed to provide him effective assistance in
violation of his constitutional right to such. The federal courts did not exonerate plaintiff or make
any declaration that he was free from guilt.

        Under the WICA, by statute, plaintiff bore the burden of establishing by clear and
convincing evidence his innocence of the crime for which he had been incarcerated. The WICA
nowhere imposes any burden of proof upon the defendant, sets up a rebuttable presumption the
defendant must overcome, or even requires the defendant to proffer any proof. Requiring a WICA
defendant to overcome the presumption of innocence is contrary to the legislative intent that the
plaintiff must prove his innocence to establish that his conviction and resulting incarceration were
wrongful, entitling him compensation. If a WICA plaintiff could claim the presumption of
innocence, the statutory burden of proof and the WICA procedure set forth in Ricks would be
rendered meaningless. Statutory provisions should not be construed in a manner that renders their
language meaningless and such construction must be avoided. Robinson v City of Lansing, 486
Mich 1, 17-18; 782 NW2d 171 (2010). The trial court, therefore, did not err by not adopting the
shifting burden of proof advocated by plaintiff.

   C. THE TRIAL COURT’S FACTUAL FINDINGS WERE NOT AGAINST THE GREAT
                         WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE

        Plaintiff also argues that the trial court’s finding that Barker testified credibly went against
the great weight of the evidence because he contends that her testimonies at the preliminary
examination and criminal trial and again in this case were inconsistent and failed to undermine
plaintiff’s testimony. We disagree.

        Following a bench trial, when a plaintiff argues that the trial court’s findings are contrary
to the great weight of evidence, such argument is addressed under the “clearly erroneous” standard.
Ambs, 255 Mich App at 652 n 14. “A finding is clearly erroneous if there is no evidentiary support
for it or if this Court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.”
Chelsea Investment Group, LLC, 288 Mich App at 251. We “give deference to the trial court’s

                                                  -9-
superior ability to judge the credibility of the witnesses who appeared before it”. Ambs, 255 Mich
App at 652 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

         The trial court’s credibility finding regarding Barker was not clearly erroneous because it
considered the entire record before it, including historical inconsistencies in Barker’s conduct and
inconsistencies in her various testimonies. The record indicates that plaintiff had adequate
opportunity to cross-examine Barker and attempt to discredit her and demonstrate her lack of
reliability. The record, however, establishes that Barker actually testified consistently regarding
her identification of plaintiff at the scene of Stanca’s robbery and murder. She unequivocally
testified that plaintiff participated in the commission of the crimes and she recognized him because
she knew him from the neighborhood. The various inconsistencies plaintiff brought to the trial
court’s attention do not leave us with a definite and firm conviction that the trial court made a
mistake in finding Barker’s testimony credible. Further, the trial court heard Holmes’s testimony
and his cross-examination which disclosed his plea hearing testimony in which he identified
plaintiff as a participant in the planning and perpetration of Stanca’s robbery and murder. The
record indicates that the trial court made findings supported by evidence in the record, made
necessary determinations regarding the credibility of the witnesses who testified before it, weighed
all of the evidence, and rendered a judgment supported by the evidence.

        We are not persuaded that the trial court erred in this case, given the deference that this
Court accords to the trial court’s superior ability to judge the credibility of the witnesses who
appeared before it. Further, the trial court provided a detailed explanation for its credibility
determinations in its opinion which guided its ultimate decision that plaintiff failed to establish by
clear and convincing evidence his innocence. The evidence in this case supports the trial court’s
ultimate decision, and the record does not establish that the trial court made a mistake. 5 Plaintiff
has failed to establish that the trial court committed plain error in any respect.

                                            IV. CONCLUSION

       For the reasons set forth above, we affirm.

                                                              /s/ James Robert Redford
                                                              /s/ Christopher P. Yates

5
  We respectfully note the dissent and its concerns regarding the trial below. We conclude the
proceeding was neither unfair nor violative of plaintiff’s rights. Plaintiff, in seeking to introduce
evidence to meet his burden of proving the elements of his claim by clear and convincing evidence,
introduced his new evidence as required by statute. In response, defendant sought to rebut that
evidence by lawfully admissible evidence. The trier of fact evaluated the evidence, found the
rebuttal evidence more credible, and accordingly concluded plaintiff had not met his burden.

                                                -10-