Court Opinion

ID: 6318394
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-01 16:04:51.1116+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:00:51.613057
License: Public Domain

2022 IL App (1st) 210268

No. 1-21-0268

                                                                              SECOND DIVISION
                                                                              March 1, 2022

DARRELL HORN,                                                 )       Appeal from the
                                                              )       Circuit Court of
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                                    )       Cook County.
                                                              )
v.                                                            )       No. 19 L 2002
NORTHEAST ILLINOIS REGIONAL COMMUTER                          )
RAILWAY CORPORATION, d/b/a Metra,                             )       Honorable
                                                              )       Moira S. Johnson,
       Defendant-Appellant.                                   )       Judge Presiding.

       JUSTICE HOWSE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Presiding Justice Fitzgerald Smith and Justice Lavin concurred in the judgment and
opinion.

                                             OPINION

¶1     In February 2019 plaintiff, Darrell Horn, filed a complaint against defendant, Northeast

Illinois Regional Commuter Railway Corporation, d/b/a Metra (Metra), pursuant to the Federal

Employers’ Liability Act (45 U.S.C. § 51 et seq. (2018)), seeking damages for injuries Horn

allegedly sustained in January 2019 in the course of his employment. While Horn was working

as a locomotive engineer, the seat he was sitting in while performing work for Metra broke. The

parties engaged in discovery. Metra refused to turn over documents generated by its investigator

related to surveillance of Horn after his alleged injuries, claiming the materials are privileged

under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 201(b)(3) (eff. July 1, 2014). The trial court disagreed and

held Metra in “friendly contempt” for the purposes of this appeal.

¶2     For the following reasons, we reverse in part and vacate in part.

¶3                                      I. BACKGROUND

¶4     During discovery, in June 2019, Metra answered Horn’s interrogatories. One

interrogatory asked Metra whether there had been surveillance of Horn’s activities from the date
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of the occurrence to the present and, if so, asked Metra to state the name and address of the

persons conducting the surveillance, whether Metra was in possession of surveillance reports and

the dates of any such reports, and whether Metra was in possession of any photographs or video

depicting Horn’s activities and, if so, the dates they were taken. Metra answered there had been

surveillance of Horn’s activities and identified Subrosa of Phoenix, Arizona, as the entity

conducting the surveillance. Metra also disclosed that it was in possession of surveillance reports

from March 1, 7, and 8, 2019, and that there were photographs or video of Horn’s activities on

those dates. Metra also responded to Horn’s request to produce “[a]ny and all surveillance

photos, videos, reports or other documents on [Horn] *** from any contractor performing

surveillance” with the surveillance videos, without objection, and with redacted reports from

Subrosa.

¶5     In July 2019, Horn subpoenaed Subrosa’s “entire file or other materials related to your

surveillance of Darrell Horn.” In August 2019, Metra filed a motion to quash Horn’s subpoena to

Subrosa. Metra’s motion to quash argued in part that pursuant to Rule 201(b)(3) Subrosa’s

reports are not subject to discovery absent exceptional circumstances and no exceptional

circumstances exist to justify disclosing the information Horn sought with the subpoena. In

October 2019, the trial court entered an order reserving ruling on Metra’s motion to quash,

ordering Subrosa to produce responsive documentation directly to Metra and ordering Metra to

raise written objections to specific documents. Metra submitted its objections and a privilege log

asserting that several Subrosa responses were privileged under Rule 201(b)(3). (The allegedly

privileged documents will hereinafter be referred to as the “Subrosa Documents.”) Metra

submitted Subrosa’s response to the trial court for an in camera inspection.

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¶6     In December 2019, the trial court initially ordered Metra to produce a redacted copy of

the Subrosa Documents to Horn, but seven days later, following a hearing, the trial court ordered

Metra to produce unredacted Subrosa Documents to Horn. Metra filed a motion to stay the order

directing Metra to provide Horn with the unredacted documents so that it could file a motion to

reconsider. The trial court denied the motion to stay but granted Metra a date by which to file a

motion to reconsider. In January 2020, Metra filed its motion to reconsider. At that time Metra

had not complied with the trial court’s order to produce the unredacted documents, and Horn

filed a petition for a rule to show cause why Metra should not be held in contempt. Metra’s

motion to reconsider cited Rule 201(b)(3) but argued that “the attorney work product privilege

extends to an investigator” and the reports at issue “are communications between Metra’s

consultant and Metra’s Risk Management and Law Department and was prepared in anticipation

of litigation,” therefore the trial court erred in ordering Metra to produce the documents.

¶7     Following briefing on Metra’s motion to reconsider and Horn’s petition for rule to show

cause and a hearing on both pleadings, in August 2020, the trial court entered its orders. The

court ordered the petition for rule to show cause would be considered a motion to compel and

ordered Metra to produce the unredacted Subrosa Documents. In December 2020, Metra filed a

second motion to reconsider based on the November 2020 opinion by the Illinois Supreme Court

in Dameron v. Mercy Hospital & Medical Center, 2020 IL 125219. Metra’s motion asserted that

Dameron expressly overruled the caselaw that was the basis of Horn’s objection to Metra’s

motion to quash the subpoena to Subrosa (specifically, Shields v. Burlington Northern & Santa

Fe Ry., 353 Ill. App. 3d 506 (2004), and Neuswanger v. Ikegai America Corp., 221 Ill. App. 3d

280 (1991)). Alternatively, Metra asked that the court hold it “in friendly contempt for declining

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to produce the documents at issue, and allow Metra to file the disputed documents *** under

seal, in anticipation of an immediate appeal.”

¶8     In February 2021, the trial court issued an order denying Metra’s motion to reconsider

and ordering Metra to produce the unredacted Subrosa Documents to Horn. In March 2021, the

trial court entered an order granting Metra’s motion for an order finding Metra in friendly

contempt for its refusal to produce the Subrosa Documents to Horn and imposing a monetary

penalty of $50.

¶9     This appeal followed.

¶ 10                                       II. ANALYSIS

¶ 11   This case involves nothing more than a pretrial discovery order, and discovery orders

usually are not appealable. Dameron, 2020 IL 125219, ¶ 19 (citing Norskog v. Pfiel, 197 Ill. 2d

60, 69 (2001)). However, the correctness of a discovery order may be tested through a contempt

proceeding. Id. (citing Reda v. Advocate Health Care, 199 Ill. 2d 47, 54 (2002)). When, as in this

case, an individual is subject to a contempt sanction imposed for violating, or threatening to

violate, a discovery order, “the contempt finding is final and appealable and presents to the

reviewing court the propriety of that discovery order.” Reda, 199 Ill. 2d at 54. When a discovery

order is appealed, we usually afford considerable discretion to the trial court and disturb its

rulings only for an abuse of that discretion, such as when its ruling is arbitrary, fanciful, or

unreasonable. Carlson v. Michael Best & Friedrich LLP, 2021 IL App (1st) 191961, ¶ 75.

However, “the applicability of a statutory evidentiary privilege, and any exceptions thereto, are

matters of law subject to de novo review.” Reda, 199 Ill. 2d at 54. This case requires us to

determine whether the privilege afforded by Rule 201(b)(3) to a consultant’s work product

applies in this case as well as the scope of that privilege, i.e., whether there is an exception to the

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privilege for purely factual information such as video recordings. These are all questions of law

subject to de novo review. Id.; Norskog, 197 Ill. 2d at 70-71.

¶ 12   The only discovery rule at issue in this case is Rule 201(b)(3). Rule 201(b)(3) reads as

follows:

               “Consultant. A consultant is a person who has been retained or specially

       employed in anticipation of litigation or preparation for trial but who is not to be

       called at trial. The identity, opinions, and work product of a consultant are

       discoverable only upon a showing of exceptional circumstances under which it is

       impracticable for the party seeking discovery to obtain facts or opinions on the

       same subject matter by other means.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 201(b)(3) (eff. July 1, 2014).

As the basis of Metra’s second motion to reconsider, which the trial court denied leading to the

imposition of the finding of contempt, and because it is the most recent, and to some extent only,

pronouncement on the questions raised by this appeal, this case is controlled by our supreme

court’s holdings in Dameron.

¶ 13   In Dameron, the plaintiff disclosed a doctor as a controlled expert witness pursuant to

Illinois Supreme Court Rule 213(f)(3) (eff. Jan. 1, 2007). Dameron, 2020 IL 125219, ¶ 4. The

disclosure of the doctor as a controlled expert included only the doctor’s identity but not the

results of testing the doctor would later perform on the plaintiff. Id. After the doctor performed

the tests, the plaintiff sought to withdraw the doctor as a controlled expert and to redesignate him

a consultant within the meaning of Rule 201(b)(3). The plaintiff also affirmatively sought to

preclude discovery of the doctor’s opinions and facts known by the doctor absent a showing of

exceptional circumstances under Rule 201(b)(3). Id. ¶ 6. The trial court denied the plaintiff’s

motion to redesignate the doctor as a consultant and ordered the plaintiff to produce the doctor’s

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records. Id. ¶ 8. The appellate court reversed. Id. ¶ 9. Our supreme court affirmed the appellate

court’s order reversing the trial court. Id. ¶ 53.

¶ 14    First, our supreme court held the doctor was not the plaintiff’s treating physician. See id.

¶¶ 21-26. Our supreme court relied on this court’s decision in Cochran v. Great Atlantic &

Pacific Tea Co., 203 Ill. App. 3d 935 (1990), for the proposition that “ ‘[w]hether a physician is

a treating physician or an expert depends on the physician’s relationship to the case, not the

substance of his testimony. *** A treating physician is one consulted for treatment. An expert is

one consulted for testimony.’ ” Dameron, 2020 IL 125219, ¶ 24 (quoting Cochran, 203 Ill. App.

3d at 940-41). The court found that the doctor in Dameron “was consulted for testimony,” not

treatment. Id. ¶ 25. Having found the doctor was not the plaintiff’s treating physician our

supreme court turned to the question of whether the plaintiff could redesignate the doctor from a

Rule 213(f)(3) controlled expert witness to a Rule 201(b)(3) “expert consultant.” Id. ¶ 28.

¶ 15    Our supreme court held that the plaintiff could redesignate the doctor “as an expert

consultant.” Id. ¶ 34. The court found that the rules do not prohibit changing “a witness’s

designation” and caselaw has found that a party may abandon a prior designation of a disclosed

expert witness if done so in a reasonable amount of time before trial. Id. ¶ 29. The court rejected

the argument that once the plaintiff disclosed the doctor as a controlled expert the plaintiff was

required to turn over his test results and opinions before abandoning him as an expert. See id.

¶ 30. The court found that such disclosure was not a prerequisite to the plaintiff’s ability to

abandon the expert and that the redesignation would not cause the defendant unfair surprise at

trial because the defendant “had almost a year of advance notice” the doctor would not be

testifying as an expert witness. Id. ¶ 31.

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¶ 16   More importantly to this case, our supreme court also held the plaintiff could redesignate

the doctor as a consultant because the plaintiff never disclosed the doctor’s report. The court held

that “because [the plaintiff] never disclosed [the doctor’s] report to [the] defendants, it cannot be

said that [the] defendants came to rely upon [the doctor] being called as a witness or were

prejudiced by his withdrawal.” Id. ¶ 32. This is true regardless of whether the expert’s name has

been disclosed. Our supreme court relied on the federal district court’s decision in Davis v.

Carmel Clay Schools, No. 1:11-cv-00771-SEB-MJD, 2013 WL 2159476, at *5-7 (S.D. Ind. May

17, 2013), interpreting the corresponding federal discovery provision, for the proposition that

both the disclosure of the name of the expert as well as the expert’s required report is necessary

to fully disclose a testifying expert. Dameron, 2020 IL 125219, ¶ 32 (citing Davis, 2013 WL

2159476, at *7). However, “once an expert’s report is disclosed to the opposing party, that expert

may no longer be shielded from discovery.” Id. (citing Davis, 2013 WL 2159476, at *5-7). The

court concluded that, “[b]ecause [the doctor] was only partially disclosed as an expert witness,

[the plaintiff’s] timely redesignation of [the doctor] as an expert consultant does not run afoul of

our rules, offend the aims of discovery, or cause defendants unfair surprise. Thus, [the plaintiff’s]

redesignation of [the doctor] is permissible.” Id. ¶ 34.

¶ 17   Next, the Dameron court rejected the defendants’ argument that Rule 201(b)(3) only

protects “core work product” that “reveals the consultant’s mental impressions, opinions, or

strategy,” but that “any objective factual information generated” is discoverable. See id. ¶ 37.

The defendants relied on two cases from this court: Shields and Neuswanger. Id. ¶ 38. Both of

those cases held that “videotapes made by a consulting expert did not constitute work product

and thus were subject to disclosure.” Id. Our supreme court expressly overruled those cases and

rejected the rationale used that distinguished between “the objective evidence relied upon” by the

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consultant and the consultant’s mental impressions, opinions, or other material containing the

consultant’s “conceptual input.” See id. ¶¶ 37-40, 45. In other words, the court rejected

interpreting “work product” for purposes of Rule 201(b)(3) in the same manner as attorney work

product. See id. ¶ 40.

¶ 18   The Dameron court found that Rule 201(b)(3) “protects more than ordinary work

product.” Id. ¶ 41. The court noted that both the language of the rule and the committee

comments to the rule state that the rule contemplates protection of not only a consultant’s

opinions in the first instance but also the facts informing the consultant’s opinions, i.e., objective

data. Id. ¶¶ 40, 43. The court also found that the examples of exceptional circumstances cited by

the committee comments demonstrate that “Rule 201(b)(3) contemplates an interpretation more

in line with federal law” (emphasis added) (id. ¶ 43), and under the federal rule, “ ‘a party may

not *** discover facts known or opinions held by an expert who has been retained or specially

employed by another party *** who is not expected to be called as a witness at trial.’ ” Id.

(quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(4)(D)).

¶ 19   On the question of extraordinary circumstances, our supreme court stated that “the issue

is *** whether ‘it is impracticable for the party seeking discovery to obtain facts or opinions on

the same subject matter by other means.’” Id. ¶ 48 (quoting Ill. S. Ct. R. 201(b)(3) (eff. July 1,

2014)). The burden is on the party seeking the discovery to show exceptional circumstances. See

id. ¶¶ 47-48. A conclusory statement the party is unable to obtain the same information is not

enough. Id. ¶ 48. It is impracticable to obtain the same information when the information is

destroyed by testing by the consultant or where no other source for the information readily exists.

See id. The court rejected the assertion that its holding would promote impermissible

gamesmanship because to hold otherwise on that basis would require speculation by the court as

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to the opposing party’s motive and because the party seeking the discovery is free to attempt to

show that exceptional circumstances warrant disclosure of the information. Id. ¶¶ 49-50. The

court concluded that the doctor was properly redesignated as a Rule 201(b)(3) consultant and the

plaintiff was not required to turn over the concrete factual data contained in the doctor’s report

because “Rule 201(b)(3) protects not only conceptual data but also factual information.” Id. ¶ 52.

¶ 20    With this analytical framework as our guide we now turn to Horn’s arguments in support

of discovery of the Subrosa Documents in this case. First, Horn argues that the privilege does not

apply because Subrosa does not qualify as a consultant under Rule 201(b)(3) and, second, Horn

argues that if Subrosa is a consultant under Rule 201(b)(3), Horn has demonstrated exceptional

circumstances to justify disclosure of the Subrosa Documents. We address each argument in

turn.

¶ 21                     A. Subrosa Is a Consultant Under Rule 201(b)(3)

¶ 22    Horn argues Subrosa is not a consultant within the meaning of Rule 201(b)(3) because

Metra has disclosed its identity and provided Metra with the videos and photographs Subrosa

made in its investigation, which Horn asserts is inconsistent with Metra’s claim Subrosa is a

consultant subject to the Rule 201(b)(3) privilege. (We note, however, on appeal Metra has

explained its disclosure as consistent with then-applicable caselaw that our supreme court

expressly overruled in Dameron.) Horn cites no legal support for this position and cites only to

Metra’s discovery responses that it was in possession of photographs and videos depicting

Horn’s activities and who made them and disclosing the videos and photographs in response to

Horn’s request to produce. On the specific question of whether the party is a consultant within

the meaning of Rule 201(b)(3), Horn argues the partial disclosure indicates Metra did not

consider Subrosa a “consultant,” Metra’s clear intent is to use the facts in the Subrosa

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Documents at trial, and that this (somehow) “eliminate[s] any privilege and permit[s] disclosure

of the summaries and reports.” Horn argues the partial disclosure “makes it impossible to claim

Subrosa is merely a consultant.” Horn also argues Metra cannot claim a privilege for “some of a

file while producing other parts of the file it wants to use at trial.” Horn argues that the partial

disclosure and clear intent to use the partially disclosed materials at trial results in Metra being

unable to claim the privilege.

¶ 23    Horn’s argument that Metra’s “partial” disclosure of information Subrosa generated

destroys the Rule 201(b)(3) privilege is belied by our supreme court’s holdings in Dameron. In

Dameron, our supreme court found “compelling” the Davis court’s holding that “ ‘ “both the

disclosure of the name of the expert as well as the expert’s required report is necessary to fully

disclose a testifying expert.” ’ ” Id. ¶ 32 (Dameron v. Mercy Hospital & Medical Center, 2019 IL

App (1st) 172338, ¶ 25, quoting Davis, 2013 WL 2159476, at *7). Because there was no

disclosure of any testimony or opinions of the witness and the party seeking the discovery in

Davis had not shown any reliance on the disclosure of the witness as a testifying expert that

would result in any prejudice, the Davis court held that the only means by which the party

seeking discovery would be entitled to conduct discovery of the witness would be the

exceptional circumstances exception. Id. The Dameron court found the defendants in that case

similarly “never received [the doctor’s] report” and “could not have come to meaningfully rely

on [the doctor’s] participation at trial.” See id.

¶ 24    In this case, Horn does not, and cannot, argue that the disclosure of the videos and

photographs are equivalent to disclosure of a required Rule 213(f)(3) report. Rule 213(f)(3)

requires disclosure of “the conclusions and opinions of the witness and the bases therefor.” Ill. S.

Ct. R. 213(f)(3)(ii) (eff. Jan. 1, 2018). The videos and photographs might constitute the bases for

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any impressions or opinions of Subrosa, but they are not its “conclusions and opinions.” The

Davis court held that once an expert’s report is disclosed that expert may no longer be shielded

from discovery. Dameron, 2020 IL 125219, ¶ 32. Our supreme court held that “a party should be

able to change its mind regarding who it presents as an expert witness where the requisite Rule

213(f)(3) report has not yet been disclosed.” Id. ¶ 33. The Davis court recognized that where

there has been no disclosure of any testimony or opinions by the expert in the form of a report,

once the expert is redesignated as a consultant the only means by which the opposing party may

obtain discovery is through the exceptional circumstances exception. Id. In this case, we find

there has been no disclosure of any impressions or conclusions by Subrosa and it has at most

only been “partially disclosed.” Therefore, Horn’s designation of Subrosa as a consultant “does

not run afoul of our rules, offend the aims of discovery, or cause defendants unfair surprise” and

is, therefore, permissible. See id. ¶ 34.

¶ 25    Pursuant to Dameron, Metra’s designation of Subrosa as a consultant is permissible and

effective to shield Subrosa from discovery. See id. ¶¶ 34, 52 (finding redesignation permissible

and, for that reason, holding the plaintiff was not required to turn over the factual data in the

doctor’s report). Because there has been no disclosure of any material from Subrosa such that the

witness may no longer be shielded from discovery pursuant to Rule 201(b)(3) (see id. ¶ 32

(citing Davis, 2013 WL 2159476, at *7)), like the defendants in Dameron who were not entitled

to the results of the doctor’s tests without a showing of exceptional circumstances (id. ¶ 45),

Horn is not entitled to discovery of the Subrosa Documents absent exceptional circumstances.

¶ 26    Horn also argues it would unfairly disadvantage him to permit Metra to utilize the

privilege because “there is undoubtedly information contained within the Subrosa Documents

which is discoverable and would be used to surprise Mr. Horn at trial.” Horn claims he seeks the

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summaries and communications by Subrosa “to have a full understanding of the impressions

created” by the already disclosed videos and without them use of the videos at trial creates a

substantial risk to Horn, which discovery is intended to avoid. Horn argues that nothing indicates

Metra intended to attempt to “claw back” the videos, which it could have, further evincing its

intent to use them at trial. Horn argues the privilege only applies if the videos are not used at

trial. See Wiker v. Pieprzyca-Berkes, 314 Ill. App. 3d 421, 429-30 (2000).

¶ 27   Having found the privilege applies, the issue is not whether the Subrosa Documents

contain facts or opinions but whether exceptional circumstances exist to justify an exception to

the privilege to require production. See Dameron, 2020 IL 125219, ¶ 48 (“Again, the issue is not

whether the information is of a concrete or conceptual nature but whether ‘it is impracticable for

the party seeking discovery to obtain facts or opinions on the same subject matter by other

means.’ ”). Our supreme court identified the pertinent issue with regard to whether exceptional

circumstances exist is “whether ‘it is impracticable for the party seeking discovery to obtain facts

or opinions on the same subject matter by other means.’ ” Id. (quoting Ill. S. Ct. R. 201(b)(3)

(eff. July 1, 2014)). We address this question separately below. Furthermore, whether Metra at

one time considered Subrosa a witness and not a consultant is of no moment. Our supreme court

found persuasive the finding that

       “to fully disclose a testifying expert under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26, ‘ “both the

       disclosure of the name of the expert as well as the expert’s required report is necessary.” ’

       [Citation.] Until such time, ‘ “parties are entitled to change their minds and decide not to

       use an expert to testify at trial.” ’ ” Id. ¶ 9 (quoting Dameron, 2019 IL App (1st) 172338,

       ¶ 25, quoting Davis, 2013 WL 2159476, at *7).

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¶ 28    Finally, Horn’s argument the privilege only applies if Metra does not use the facts on

which its consultant relied—in this case, the videos and photographs—at trial is premature. For

purposes of this appeal, following Dameron, Rule 201(b)(3) protects both a consultant’s opinions

as well as the facts—in this case videos and photographs—on which those opinions are based

from pretrial discovery if the consultant is not to be called to testify. Ill. S. Ct. R. 201(b)(3) (eff.

July 1, 2014); Dameron, 2020 IL 125219, ¶ 43 (“the rule contemplates protection of not only a

consultant’s opinions in the first instance but also the facts informing the consultant’s opinions,

i.e., objective data”). The argument is premature because, while we agree the videos and

photographs—which Horn already has in his possession—are discoverable under Illinois

Supreme Court Rule 213(f) (eff. Jan. 1, 2018) if Metra intends to use them at trial, at this stage of

proceedings whether or not Metra intends to do so is a matter of pure speculation. If and when

Metra decides to use the videos and photographs as substantive evidence, both its continuing

disclosure obligation under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 213(f)(3)(i) (eff. Jan. 1, 2018) and the

normal rules of evidence will apply to protect Horn from unfair surprise. See Velarde v. Illinois

Central R.R. Co., 354 Ill. App. 3d 523, 530 (2004) (“the court found that the standard two-prong

test for admissibility of evidence such as still photographs, when and if the plaintiff offered the

film into evidence at trial, would adequately protect the defendants”).

¶ 29    Next, Horn argues Dameron is distinguishable because that case addresses “expert

consultants” and Subrosa is not an “expert” under Illinois Rule of Evidence 702 (eff. Jan. 1,

2011). Horn also argues that the parallel federal rule only applies to “expert” consultants. To

distinguish Dameron on the basis of “expert” consultants compared with “consultants,” Horn

contends “[t]he clear intent of Dameron was to permit an expert consultant’s material to remain

confidential.” Horn relies on our supreme court’s labelling the consultant in that case an “expert

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consultant” and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(4)(D), which we recognize as the parallel

federal rule to our rule, and claims that the federal rule, “by its terms, only applies to ‘Expert[s]

Employed Only for Trial Preparation.’ Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(4)(D).”

¶ 30    Admittedly, the Dameron court repeatedly referred to the doctor in that case as an “expert

consultant.” However, nothing in its discussion of the rule itself designated the persons to whom

it applies as limited to “experts” as defined by the Illinois Rules of Evidence. In fact, the

substantive discussions of the rule do not refer to “expert consultants” but merely to

“consultants.” See Dameron, 2020 IL 125219, ¶¶ 36-52. Regardless, Horn’s argument fails

because Dameron does not support it. Nothing in Dameron suggests our supreme court intended

Illinois’s rule to be interpreted identically as the federal rule. The differences in the language of

the two rules counsels against such a conclusion. Compare Ill. S. Ct. R. 201(b)(3) (eff. July 1,

2014), with Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(4)(D); Western Illinois University v. Illinois Educational Labor

Relations Board, 2021 IL 126082, ¶ 48. (“Although we have noted that Pennsylvania’s

interpretation of its statute is relevant to our own analysis of the Act, we have also repeatedly

distinguished it where it departs from the Act’s language and structure.”). Most notably, Rule

201(b)(3) defines “consultant” for purposes of the rule whereas Rule 26 does not further define

what constitutes “an expert who has been retained *** to prepare for trial.” See Fed. R. Civ. P.

26(b)(4)(D). The definition of “consultant” for purposes of Rule 201(b)(3) broadly includes any

“person who has been retained or specially employed in anticipation of litigation or preparation

for trial.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 201(b)(3) (eff. July 1, 2014). We find that Rule 201(b)(3) is not limited in

its scope to consultants who could testify as expert witnesses pursuant to Illinois Rule of

Evidence 702 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011).

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¶ 31   We hold Subrosa is a consultant within the meaning of Rule 201(b)(3) and the privilege

afforded Subrosa’s work product by that rule applies in this case. Therefore, to obtain the

Subrosa Documents, Horn had to demonstrate exceptional circumstances.

¶ 32                B. Horn Has Not Demonstrated Exceptional Circumstances

¶ 33   Alternatively, Horn argues exceptional circumstances exist because it is “impossible for

him to obtain a factual record of all the actions listed in the summaries and communications

which were not recorded in the videos or photographs” because he did not “keep a diary of his

daily activities during that period.” Thus, he argues, this case is distinguishable from Dameron

because the facts, specifically evidence of his physical activities in Subrosa’s summaries, as

distinguished from his physical health, cannot be replicated. Horn claims his physical actions

may create “impressions” Metra could use at trial of which he is not aware. Finally, Horn argues

that those specific additional actions Subrosa observed and reported are not accessible in the

public domain nor equally available to both parties and are, therefore, discoverable under Wiker.

¶ 34   First, we find Horn’s reliance on Wiker misplaced. The Wiker court held that because a

videotape of the plaintiff was not in the public domain, the defendant would be obligated to

disclose the video in order to use it at trial. Wiker, 314 Ill. App. 3d at 430. However, Horn cites

to nothing beyond his own speculation Metra intends to use the video or Subrosa’s summaries of

those videos at trial to merit consideration of this issue at this stage. Moreover, the fact Horn’s

memories of his activities are not in the public domain is irrelevant. Wiker is inapposite because

the question of whether Metra intends to use the videos and photographs, or the summaries

thereof, at trial has not arisen. See id. (“In this case, however, the defendant did not use the

videotape as evidence. Accordingly, we do not think that she was obligated to disclose the

videotape [pursuant to Rule 201(b)(3)].”). For now, the video and summaries are privileged

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under Rule 201(b)(3) as the work product of Metra’s consultant. Supra ¶ 31. Additionally,

Subrosa’s reports and summaries reflect its mental impressions, opinions, or other material

containing the consultant’s “conceptual input” on the objective videos and photographs and are

privileged from disclosure. See Dameron, 2020 IL 125219, ¶¶ 37-40, 45. The fact these

summaries may reflect Subrosa’s “impressions” about Horn does not destroy the privilege, it is

the reason the privilege exists. See id. ¶ 44 (listing policy considerations for protecting the

information).

¶ 35   Second, we find it is not “impracticable” within the meaning of Rule 201(b)(3) for Horn

to obtain the information contained in the videos or summaries and communications. In

Dameron, our supreme court expressed “the great level of protection the rule is meant to afford.”

Id. ¶ 42. As a representative example of extraordinary circumstances that would give rise to the

exception to the Rule 201(b)(3) privilege, the Dameron court found that “where an item of

physical evidence would no longer be available due to destructive testing and a party could not

obtain information about the destroyed item from any other source but the adversary’s consultant

who performed the destructive testing, exceptional circumstances exist to justify discovery of the

information.” Id. ¶ 43. The court also noted several policy considerations that exist for protecting

the information. Id. ¶ 44. In light of these expressions of the degree of protection Rule 201(b)(3)

provides, we cannot find extraordinary circumstances in this case. Certainly, Horn’s activities on

the dates in question are known to Horn. His memory, while it might be tested, has not been

destroyed. Horn offers “nothing more than a conclusory statement that they are unable to obtain

the same information,” which is insufficient to demonstrate exceptional circumstances. Id. ¶ 48.

¶ 36   We hold Horn has not demonstrated exceptional circumstances and, therefore, Metra is

not obligated to disclose the Subrosa Documents.

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1-21-0268

¶ 37   Horn’s argument the record is insufficient because it does not contain the trial court’s

reasoning for enforcing Horn’s subpoena is unpersuasive in light of our standard of review.

¶ 38   The trial court’s judgment is reversed in part, the finding of contempt is vacated, and the

cause is remanded for further proceedings.

¶ 39                                   III. CONCLUSION

¶ 40   For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is reversed in

part, vacated in part, and remanded.

¶ 41   Reversed in part, vacated in part, and remanded.

                                              - 17 -
1-21-0268

                                  No. 1-21-0268

Cite as:                 Horn v. Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter Ry. Corp., 2022 IL
                         App (1st) 210268

Decision Under Review:   Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 19-L-2002;
                         the Hon. Moira S. Johnson, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys                Catherine B. Weiler, of Swanson, Martin & Bell, LLP, of Chicago,
for                      for appellant.
Appellant:

Attorneys                George T. Brugess and Sara M. Davis, of Cogan & Power, P.C., of
for                      Chicago, for appellee.
Appellee:

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