Court Opinion

ID: 1612946
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-30 06:56:06.576164+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:18:34.517362
License: Public Domain

513 F.Supp.2d 139 (2007)
Anna BOYCE and Nicholas J. Salamone, Plaintiffs,
v.
Jamey EGGERS, et al., Defendants.
Civil Action No. 05-2431 (JBS).
United States District Court, D. New Jersey.
June 25, 2007.
F. Michael Daily, Jr., Esq., Westmont, NJ, for Plaintiffs.
*140 Michael O. Kassak, Esq., White & Williams, Esqs., Cherry Hill, NJ, for Defendants Brian Conte, Brian Beppel and Borough of Mount Ephraim.

OPINION
JEROME B. SIMANDLE, District Judge.
I. INTRODUCTION
This matter is before the Court on the motion for summary judgment by Defendants Brian Conte, Brian Beppel and Borough of Mount Ephraim ("the moving defendants" or "the Mount Ephraim Defendants"), pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 56. For the reasons explained below, the Court shall grant the motion.
II. BACKGROUND
This case arises out of Plaintiffs' distribution of flyers to residents of Mount Ephraim and a criminal complaint filed against, them by Jamey Eggers, a defendant who has not appeared in this action. Plaintiffs allege that the moving defendants encouraged Eggers to file a complaint against them in retaliation for Plaintiffs' political activities, in violation of the First Amendment. The Mount Ephraim defendants filed this motion for summary judgment, arguing that they have no culpability for the complaint a private citizen filed.
II. SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARD
Summary judgment is appropriate when the materials of record "show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(c). A dispute is "genuine" if "the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A fact is "material" only if it might affect the outcome of the suit under the applicable rule of law. Id. Disputes over irrelevant or unnecessary facts will not preclude a grant of summary judgment. Id.
In deciding whether there is a disputed issue of material fact, a court must view the evidence in favor of the non-moving party by extending any reasonable favorable inference to "that party; in other words, "the nonmoving party's evidence `is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in [that party's] favor.'" Hunt v. Cromartie, 526 U.S. 541, 552, 119 S.Ct. 1545, 143 L.Ed.2d 731 (1999) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)). The threshold inquiry is whether there are "any genuine factual issues that properly can be resolved only by a finder of fact because they may reasonably be resolved in favor of either party." Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505; Brewer v. Quaker State Oil Ref Corp., 72 F.3d 326, 329-30 (3d Cir. 1995) (citation omitted). The moving party always bears the initial burden of showing that no genuine issue of material fact exists, regardless of which party would have the burden of persuasion at trial. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); Country Floors v. P'ship of Gepner and Ford, 930 F.2d 1056, 1061-63 (3d Cir.1991). "The burden on the moving party may be discharged by `showing'  that is, pointing out to the district court  that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party's case." Id. at 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548.
"[T]he nonmoving party may not, in the face of a showing of a lack of a genuine issue, withstand summary judgment by resting on mere allegations or denials in *141 the pleadings; rather, that party must set forth `specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial,' else summary judgment, If appropriate,' will be entered." U.S. v. Premises Known as 717 S. Woodward St., Allentown, Pa., 2 F.3d 529, 533 (3d Cir.1993) (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e)) (citations omitted).
Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary judgment, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion; against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. In such a situation, there can be "no genuine issue as to any material fact," since a complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party's case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial.
Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548 (citation omitted).
III. QUALIFIED IMMUNITY
Defendants' motion for summary judgment includes a claim that the individual officers (Beppel and Conte) are entitled to qualified immunity.
"Government officials performing discretionary functions generally are shielded from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known." Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). The qualified immunity standard "gives ample room for mistaken judgments by protecting all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law." Hunter v. Bryant, 502 US. 224, 229, 112 S.Ct. 534, 116 L.Ed.2d 589 (1991) (internal quotations omitted). In determining qualified immunity, we first ask whether "the facts alleged, viewed in the light most favorable to the party asserting the injury, show that the officer's conduct violated a constitutional right." Curley v. Klem, 298 F.3d 271, 277 (3d Cir.2002). If so, we then ask whether it "would be clear to a reasonable officer that his conduct was unlawful in the situation he confronted." Id. (quoting Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 202, 121 S.Ct. 2151, 150 L.Ed.2d 272 (2001)).
Gilles v. Davis, 427 F.3d 197, 203-04 (3d Cir.2005). The first step of the qualified immunity analysis, therefore, is to determine whether the conduct alleged, when the facts are viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, states" a claim for a violation of a constitutional right. Accordingly, the Court shall integrate its qualified immunity analysis into its discussion of each of Plaintiffs claims on which Defendants seek summary judgment, below.
IV. FACTS
The facts set forth here are admitted facts and other facts that will be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving parties, the plaintiffs. The plaintiffs are Anna Boyce ("Boyce") and Nicholas Salamone, Jr. ("Salamone"), residents of Mount Ephraim who had been engaged in distributing information critical of the Mount Ephraim administration shortly before an election. The moving defendants are patrolman Brian Conte, Police Captain Brian Beppel and the Borough of Mount Ephraim. At the time of these incidents, Beppel was acting Captain and the head of the police department. (Beppel Dep. at 26.)
On the evening of Friday, May 9, 2003, Salamone was driving Boyce around residential neighborhoods so they could deliver flyers to residents prior to the Tuesday, May 13 municipal election. Boyce *142 delivered two flyers to the home of Jamey Eggers, as well as to several other residents on her block. Each flyer was printed on the letterhead of the "Mount Ephraim Civic Association" and addressed matters of public concern. The first alleged that hazardous waste was present on a public softball field and the second, "Our Current Issues with the Borough of Mount Ephraim Mayor & Commissioners," included a lengthy list of complaints against the Borough's administrators. At the time, Jamey Eggers was the Borough Clerk of Mount Ephraim and her father, William Eggers, was a Commissioner of the Borough.
Earlier that evening Defendant Conte had observed Plaintiffs driving through a municipal park after hours. He then followed them in his cruiser from street to street. At about 11:00 p.m. Conte observed Anna Boyce approach Jamey Eggers's home and the truck Boyce had been in drive off. After Boyce left flyers under Eggers's mailbox, Conte approached the home and informed the residents that Boyce had delivered something to them. He did not approach the residents of any of the other homes to which Boyce had delivered her flyers. Kelly Eggers, Jamey's sister, retrieved the flyers, looked at them, was not concerned, and handed them to Conte.
The Monday after the incident Eggers went to the police station. Beppel testified that he spoke with her and explained how she could file criminal charges. Beppel also claims that he told her the police department did not think the conduct of Plaintiffs was sufficient for the police to charge them with any crime. Plaintiffs point out that no one in the police department discouraged Eggers from filing the criminal complaint on her own. Eggers then wrote out a statement in Beppel's presence, which he signed to indicate he saw her prepare it.
Eggers proceeded to the office of municipal court clerk Joan Dallas, who accepted the criminal complaint and issued process. Later that day, Beppel served the criminal complaints and summonses on Plaintiffs. There was no arrest. Those charges were eventually dismissed by Mount Ephraim Municipal Court. Plaintiffs then filed this one-count Complaint, alleging generally that Defendants violated their First Amendment rights to free speech. The Complaint does not articulate a more particular theory.
Boyce said at her deposition that she was unsure whether the receipt of the summons and the criminal charges actually caused her to refrain from any political activity:
Q: Did the receipt of these complaints cause you not to go out and distribute flyers that night?
A: No, I don't think so. No  oh, wait a minute. I think I was  I think I was a little scared. Was it that night? I thought maybe I was doing something wrong. Can I  did I  I think I gave some that night. I don't remember, honey, really, you know.
(Boyce Dep. at 67.)[1] On the other hand, Salamone clearly indicated that he refrained from distributing flyers that evening, the night before the election, because of the criminal charges against him. (Salamone Dep. at 42 in Pl.'s Ex. N.)
IV. DISCUSSION
A. Whether Statements Allegedly Made by Eggers are Admissible
Prior to considering the moving defendants' arguments in support of their *143 motion for summary judgment, the Court must resolve a dispute over what evidence is admissible at this stage. The moving defendants have attempted to use an out of court statement, allegedly made by absent defendant Eggers, to support their argument that she filed a criminal complaint against Plaintiffs solely because she felt Plaintiffs were harassing her and not because the moving defendants coerced her into filing it. If the Court determines that the statement is inadmissible hearsay, it will not consider the statement in support of this motion. See Pamintuan v. Nanticoke Mem'l Hosp., 192 F.3d 378, 387 n. 13 (3d Cir.1999) (noting that District Courts should not rely on evidence inadmissible at trial to aid summary judgment decisions).
Defendant Beppel testified at his deposition about a conversation he allegedly had with Eggers before she filed her complaint. The moving defendants rely on Beppel's characterizations of Eggers's out-of-court statements to support their motion for summary judgment. (Def. St. of Undisp. Mat. Facts at ¶¶ 14-15.) According to Beppel, Eggers told him that she wanted to file a criminal complaint against Plaintiffs because they were harassing her. (Id.) Defendants offer the statement to prove that Eggers wanted to file the complaint because Plaintiffs were harassing her and not because she was coerced by the moving defendants; that is to say, the out-of-court statement is offered for the truth of the matter asserted and is, therefore, generally inadmissible as hearsay. See Fed.R.Evid. 801(c).
The moving defendants argue that the statement is nevertheless admissible under the hearsay exceptions for admissions by a party opponent, Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(2), and statements of declarant's then-existing state of mind, Fed.R.Evid. 803(3). (Def. Reply at 2.) The moving defendants are mistaken. While Rule 801(d)(2) would permit, as non-hearsay, any statement by Eggers to be admissible against Eggers, this motion for summary judgment is not asserted against Eggers. Therefore the 801(d)(2) exception does not apply to her out-of-court statement.
Similarly, the record indicates that Eggers's statement was not a statement of her then-existing state of mind that would be permitted under the 803(3) exception to the hearsay rule. That rule provides that a statement is not excluded by the hearsay rule if it is a "statement of the declarant's then existing state of mind, emotion, sensation, or physical condition (such as intent, plan, motive, design, mental feeling, pain, and bodily health), nut not including a statement of memory or belief to prove the fact remembered or believed. . . ." Beppel testified that Eggers came to the police station to file a harassment complaint three days after her last encounter with Plaintiffs. (Beppel Dep. at 45.) Further, Beppel testified that Eggers was motivated by a continuing course of conduct that had been "ongoing for some time." (Id. at 37.) Therefore, any indication that she felt harassed is better characterized as a memory of how she had felt in the past, rather than of her then-existing state of mind as she sat in the police station that Monday morning. The moving defendants have not convinced the Court that the content of Eggers's conversation with Beppel would be admissible at trial. Therefore, the Court will not consider those statements in connection with the motion.
B. Whether the Mount Ephraim Defendants Can be Liable for Eggers's Complaint
Plaintiffs argue that the institution of criminal charges against them violated their First Amendment Rights and that because Eggers was the Borough's Clerk, her institution of charges against them *144 constituted state action for which the moving defendants can be held liable. This argument conflates four separate issues: first, whether Eggers was acting under color of law when she filed a complaint; second, if so, whether she was acting pursuant to a policy or custom such that the Borough can be liable for that conduct; third, Whether Conte or Beppel can be liable for failing to intervene to prevent the filing and service of Eggers's complaint; and fourth, if Eggers was not acting as a public official, whether Beppel and Conte can nevertheless be liable for inducing her into filing the complaint.[2]
1. Whether Eggers was Acting under Color of Law
Under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a defendant must have caused a constitutional violation "under color of law" to be civilly liable for that violation. Because the Constitution's state action requirement is identical to the "under color of law" requirement in 42 U.S.C. § 1983, Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922, 929, 102 S.Ct. 2744, 73 L.Ed.2d 482 (1982), the analysis of whether Eggers was acting under color of law will inform both whether she is suable under § 1983 and whether any violation of the Constitution occurred.
There is not merit to. Plaintiff's argument that Eggers was acting under color of law when she filed her complaint merely because she was employed by the Borough at the time. It is clear that she was complaining to the police and filing a complaint in the same manner as would any private citizen. There is no allegation that she was under the direction of her employer or used her position in any way to effectuate the filing. There is no allegation, nor any evidence, that her usual job duties involved any of the tasks she performed to file the criminal complaint. Nor is there evidence indicating that any power associated with her position enabled Eggers to file the complaint. As such, no reasonable jury could find that she was acting under color of law.
Therefore, there is no need to examine whether Eggers was acting pursuant to a custom or policy of the Borough such that it could be liable for her conduct. However, the Court notes that Plaintiffs have not provided any evidence of a custom or policy that could have directed her conduct. See n. 2, supra. Further, to hold the municipality liable for Eggers's conduct would require that the municipality engaged in particularly egregious coercion, as explained below, and none has been alleged.
As to the Mount Ephraim Defendants' potential liability for Eggers's conduct, the Supreme Court has indicated that liability can attach to private conduct when a private individual is a willful participant in unconstitutional state activity. Lugar, 457 U.S. at 941, 102 S.Ct. 2744. However, in that situation, it is the private individual who may be liable for her participation in unlawful state conduct and not a governmental actor who can be liable for the conduct of the private party. Id. In other words, a private person colluding with state actors to deprive individuals of constitutional rights may be deemed to be acting under color of law and thus may be liable. But that doctrine provides no recourse as to claims against other governmental *145 actors who did not themselves deprive individuals of constitutional rights. Cf. Adickes v. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 26 L.Ed.2d 142 (1970) (restaurant that refused to serve white customer who was dining with black customers was acting under color of law as was police-officer who arrested white customer for "vagrancy"). Therefore, whether or not Eggers was acting under color of law, Plaintiffs must provide evidence of the Mount Ephraim Defendants' unlawful conduct to hold them liable. No such evidence has been provided. The plain language of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 requires that plaintiffs show the targeted defendants actually caused the alleged constitutional violations. See Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 692, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978); DeShaney v. Winnebago County Dep't of Soc. Servs., 489 U.S. 189, 197, 109 S.Ct. 998, 103 L.Ed.2d 249 (1989)("[A] State's failure to protect an individual against private violence simply does -not constitute a violation of the Due Process Clause.").
2. Whether Public Defendants Could be Liable for Procuring Eggers's Conduct
Plaintiffs seek "to hold public officials liable for the actions of a private defendant. Under these circumstances, state action may be found, but only if `there is such a close nexus between the State and the challenged action that seemingly private behavior may be fairly treated as that of the State itself.'" Downey v. Coalition Against Rape & Abuse, Inc., 143 F.Supp.2d 423, 438 (D.N.J.2001), aff'd, 142 Fed.Appx. 645 (3d Cir.2005) (quoting Brentwood Acad. v. Tenn. Secondary Sch. Ath. Ass'n, 531 U.S. 288, 295, 121 S.Ct. 924, 148 L.Ed.2d 807 (2001)).
When a public official is sued for allegedly causing a third party to take some type of adverse action against plaintiff's speech, [the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit has] held that defendant's conduct must be of a particularly virulent character. It is not enough that defendant speaks critically of plaintiff or even that defendant directly urges or influences the third party to take adverse action. Rather, defendant must "threaten" or "coerce" the third party to act.
McLaughlin v. Watson, 271 F.3d 566, 573 (3d Cir.2001), cert. denied, 535 U.S. 989, 122 S.Ct. 1543, 152 L.Ed.2d 469 (2002).
No reasonable fact-finder could determine on the record before the Court that Defendants threatened or coerced Eggers into filing her complaint. There is no evidence of any threat and there are merely bald allegations of "acquiescence" (Pl. Br. at 18)[3], which do not suffice. While Plaintiffs have argued that the officers' testimony is self-serving, there is no record of a deposition from Ms. Eggers, who could provide further illumination as to her motivations. On the contrary, Plaintiffs have alleged that Eggers had her own interests in filing claims against them, as the flyers targeted her father and his friends, upon whom she depended for her position. As Plaintiffs have the burden to show threats or coercion at trial, their failure to provide any evidence of such conduct is fatal.
Further, "a State normally can be held responsible for a private decision only *146 when it has exercised coercive power or has provided such significant encouragement, either overt or covert, that the choice must in law be deemed to be that of the State." Blum v. Yaretsky, 457 U.S. 991, 1004, 102 S.Ct. 2777, 73 L.Ed.2d 534 (1982) (emphasis added). Taking the evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, it is undisputed that the moving defendants refused to file the complaint themselves. This, taken together with the complete absence of any evidence of coercion, let alone "particularly virulent" conduct, and Plaintiffs' admissions that Eggers had a personal interest in suppressing their expressions, require finding that Eggers; s conduct can not be deemed to be the conduct of the government.
Because Plaintiffs cannot establish that Defendants committed any constitutional violation when Eggers filed her criminal complaint, Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity for that aspect of the case.
C. Whether the Mount Ephraim Defendants Can be Liable for Following Plaintiffs While they Distributed Flyers
The undisputed facts show that Defendant Conte followed Plaintiffs around town while they were distributing flyers and that on at least one occasion he alerted a homeowner to their presence. That homeowner, Ms. Eggers, subsequently filed a criminal complaint against Plaintiffs. Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, the Court finds that Conte's surveillance did not violate Plaintiffs' First Amendment Rights of free expression because there is no evidence that the surveillance itself chilled Plaintiffs' activities; thus, the surveillance did not rise to the level of coercive or intimidating conduct.
But the legal landscape shifts somewhat when a police officer gives information to a private citizen, developed from his surveillance, with an intent that the citizen use the information to retaliate against the Plaintiff for exercising First Amendment rights. Although "the Government's surveillance of individuals in public places does not, by itself, implicate the Constitution . . . an individual has a viable claim against the government when he is able to prove that the government took action against him in retaliation for his exercise of First Amendment rights." Anderson v. Davila, 125 F.3d 148, 160 (3d Cir.1997). Plaintiffs have presented evidence from which a reasonable juror could find that Conte's surveillance caused Eggers to file these criminal charges and chilled Plaintiffs' political speech. Plaintiffs were charged with a crime as a result of Conte's surveillance and Conte's sharing of surveillance information with Eggers. Plaintiffs claim he acted with intent to thwart their political speech. Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, a reasonable juror could find that Conte, whom Plaintiffs claim was a political ally of the targeted administration, informed Eggers of the flyers in the hopes that she would retaliate against Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs pointed to evidence that Conte viewed the leaving of a political flyer as harassment of Eggers and that he regarded the flyer itself as evidence of a crime.[4] When he was able to provide her with information about who had left the flyers and she filed a criminal complaint, his surveillance was no longer the type of permissible conduct that might only subjectively chill speech. *147 Cf. Laird v. Tatum, 408 U.S. 1, 92 S.Ct. 2318, 33 L.Ed.2d 154 (1972) (police surveillance is not actionable by Plaintiffs who merely fear enforcement or retaliation). His conduct actually chilled speech, according to Salamone[5], and provided a civilian with the necessary evidence to use the state's criminal powers against Plaintiffs.
In Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Religious Soc. of Friends v. Tate, 519 F.2d 1335, 1339 (3d Cir.1975), the Third Circuit found that police disclosure of names of political dissidents gathered during surveillance of public rallies violates rights protected by the First Amendment. Similarly, in the present case, it is conceivable that- Plaintiffs' complaint states a viable cause of action for violation of First Amendment rights of political expression, if information gathered in an otherwise lawful police surveillance was shared with a private citizen with the intent that the information be used to retaliate against the Plaintiffs for their exercise of First Amendment rights. Thus, the facts as pled could state a cognizable claim that Conte violated Plaintiffs' First Amendment rights through retaliation.[6]
Under the second prong of the qualified immunity analysis, supra, however, a reasonable officer in his situation might have thought his conduct was lawful. The Third Circuit has held that, in general, police surveillance of speech in public places is not unlawful. Id. at 1337-38. "[S]uch activity by law enforcement authorities, without more, is legally unobjectionable and creates at best a so-called subjective chill which the Supreme Court has said is not a substitute for a claim of specific present harm or a threat of specific future harm." Id. (referring to Tatum, 408 U.S. 1, 92 S.Ct. 2318, 33 L.Ed.2d 154). In the present circumstances, Detective Conte could reasonably have believed that his conduct was proper. He was investigating suspicious activity after dark on his patrol, when he noticed Plaintiffs' black Ford Explorer driving down a road into a park that closes at dusk. (Conte Dep. at 21:1-8.) He was reasonably suspicious why the vehicle would be driving into the park at 11:45 p.m. (Id. at 27:1-3.) Because the vehicle continued moving through the park, he did not stop it, but he ran the registration number and found it was registered to Ms. Boyce. A few minutes later when he saw the vehicle again, he saw the male driver, Mr. Salamone, cover his face with his hand, according to the investigative report. (Ex. A at 2) and Conte's deposition testimony (Conte Dep. at 46:13-20). Close to midnight he observed Ms. Boyce walk up the stairs to Eggers's porch while Mr. Salamone drove away and apparently waited elsewhere, as Conte saw Ms. Boyce lift up the Eggers mailbox on the porch to place an object under it. (Ex. A. at 2.) This activity, near midnight in a residential area, could be deemed suspicious activity by a reasonable officer, and his action in alerting the Eggers family to the presence of a rather stealthy-appearing visitor was not unreasonable. (See Conte Dep. at 47:21 to 49:25 and 51:2-23.) There is no dispute to these facts. Because a reasonable officer in Conte's position could reasonably take each of these *148 steps, including notifying the homeowner of the midnight presence of a visitor to the premises, as part of a lawful investigation of suspicious activity[7], Officer Conte is entitled to qualified immunity from § 1983 liability for this conduct.
D. Whether Mount Ephraim Can Be Liable Based on Municipal Code
Plaintiffs argue that the existence of municipal ordinances that also infringe First Amendment rights can subject the Borough of Mount Ephraim to liability in this case because "what occurred was consistent with" that code. The offending ordinances banned election signs and the distribution of "seditious or unpatriotic written materials." (Pl. Br. at 21-22.) Plaintiffs concede, however, that they were not charged with violating these ordinances, nor did any Defendant threaten them with such charges. Defendants correctly point out, therefore, that neither ordinance actually caused the alleged violations. , Thus, even assuming, for purposes of this claim, that one of the defendants had infringed Plaintiffs' First Amendment rights, the Borough of Mount Ephraim could not itself be liable under a custom or policy theory, pursuant to Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 698, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978). "[A] municipality may be held liable only if its policy or custom is the `moving force' behind a constitutional violation." Sanford v. Stiles, 456 F.3d 298, 314 (3d Cir.2006). Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim for municipal liability because they have failed to identify any municipal policy or custom that actually caused the conduct, at issue in this case. Therefore, in addition to the qualified immunity granted above, the Borough is entitled to summary judgment on all claims against it.
V. CONCLUSION
For the reasons explained above, the Court shall grant the motion for summary judgment as to all claims asserted against Defendants Brian Conte, Brian Beppel and the Borough of Mount Ephraim. An appropriate Order shall be entered.

ORDER
This matter is before the Court on the motion for summary judgment by Defendants Brian Conte, Brian Beppel and Borough of Mount Ephraim, pursuant to Fed. R.Civ.P. 56 [Docket Item 14]; for the reasons stated in the Opinion of today's date; and for good cause shown;
IT IS this 25th day of June, 2007 hereby
ORDERED that the motion for summary judgment shall be, and hereby is GRANTED on all claims against Defendants Brian Conte, Brian Beppel and Borough of Mount Ephraim.
NOTES
[1]  Elsewhere Boyce indicated that her age impaired her memory (Boyce Dep. at 68) and that she was intoxicated during her deposition (id. at 29:12-13).
[2]  If so, then a fifth issue could arise: whether Conte's or Beppel's conduct could subject the Borough to liability under Monell. There is no merit to Plaintiffs' argument that because there were municipal ordinances in place at the time that also chilled First Amendment conduct, any violation of the First Amendment is attributable to that established policy. Rather, the infringing policy must have been the moving force behind the conduct on which the complaint is based.
[3]  Similarly, that the officers failed to discourage Eggers from filing the complaint and "did nothing to intervene and convince her that as a public official she shouldn't be filing such charges," (Pl. Br. at 18.) does not suffice to hold the officers liable for Eggers's conduct. Plaintiffs cite no case to the contrary and attempt to rely on the bystander liability doctrine in excessive force cases, where both the bystander and the principal actor are government officials acting under color of law. (Id. at 19.)
[4]  (Conte Dep. at 52:10-53:5); (Conte Patrol Log at Ex. K of Daily Aff.) (stating Salamone and Boyce "involved in suspicious activity, later found to be harassment"); (Conte Investigation Rpt. at Ex. A of Daily Aff.) (labeling matter as crime of "harassment" in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4C).
[5]  Plaintiff Salamone testified that he and Boyce were planning to cover the Northeast section of the Borough but that plan was abandoned after service of the criminal charges. (Salamone Dep. at 41:23 to 42:14).
[6]  In Hill v. Borough of Kutztown, 455 F.3d 225, 241 (3d Cir.2006), the Third Circuit held that a prima facie claim of retaliation is established when: (1) the activity in question is protected by the First Amendment; (2) the defendant responded with retaliation; and (3) the protected activity was a substantial factor in the alleged retaliation.
[7]  Informing the Court's decision on qualified immunity is the fact that the line is murky between permissible and impermissible police activities when public political speech is involved. While the surveillance of activity occurring in public was lawful, Officer Conte may have made a misstep when he informed the homeowner of the speakers' identities, as this information was subject to misuse. Compare Laird v. Tatum, 408 U.S. 1, 92 S.Ct. 2318, 33 L.Ed.2d 154 (1972) with Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Religious Soc. of Friends v. Tate, 519 F.2d 1335, 1339 (3d Cir. 1975). Nevertheless, a reasonable officer might have also thought that such suspicious activity near one's home should be reported to the homeowner and that such conduct by him was lawful.