Court Opinion

ID: 4909826
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-09 01:23:39.058126+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:13:21.186596
License: Public Domain

09/08/2021
         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT JACKSON
                                Assigned on Briefs June 1, 2021

                  TOMMY TAYLOR v. JOHNNY FITZ, WARDEN

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court for Lauderdale County
                        No. 7169    Joseph H. Walker III, Judge

                                 No. W2020-01294-CCA-R3-HC

The Petitioner, Tommy Taylor, appeals as of right from the Lauderdale County Circuit
Court’s summary dismissal of his petition for writ of habeas corpus, in which he contended
that his thirteen-year sentence was illegal and that his guilty plea was void because the
affidavit of complaint and arrest warrant were not signed by a magistrate or a neutral and
detached court clerk. On appeal, the Petitioner contends that summary dismissal was
improper and that the petition stated a cognizable claim for habeas corpus relief.
Discerning no error, we affirm the judgment of the habeas corpus court.

    Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ROBERT W.
WEDEMEYER and J. ROSS DYER, JJ., joined.

Tommy Taylor, Whiteville, Tennessee, Pro Se.1

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter, and Jonathan H. Wardle, Assistant
Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                              OPINION

       Following a traffic stop on October 5, 2018, the Petitioner fled on foot from the
front passenger’s side of the vehicle, and the police gave chase. When the Petitioner was
apprehended nearby, an officer found twelve individually-wrapped packages of cocaine in

1
 Since the filing of his habeas corpus petition, the Petitioner has been transferred to a penal facility in
Whiteville, Tennessee, located in Hardeman County. However, at the time of filing, the Petitioner was
housed in a facility in Henning, Tennessee, located in Lauderdale County.
the front pocket of the Petitioner’s pants. Thereafter, on May 9, 2019, the Petitioner pled
guilty as a Range II, multiple offender to possession of 0.5 grams or more of cocaine with
the intent to deliver, a Class B felony, and evading arrest, a Class A misdemeanor. See
Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-17-417, -16-603. For those convictions, the Petitioner received
concurrent terms of thirteen years and eleven months and twenty-nine days, respectively.

       On September 3, 2020, the Petitioner filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus,
arguing that he was illegally restrained because the affidavit of complaint and the arrest
warrant were not signed and dated by a magistrate or a neutral and detached court clerk as
required by Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure 3 and 4. He further alleged that the
prosecutor and defense counsel coerced him into signing an illegal and void guilty plea,
knowing that this documentation was not properly signed. In support of his petition, the
Petitioner attached what appeared to be a copy of an electronically filled-out affidavit of
complaint and arrest warrant, neither of which bore the date or signature from a magistrate
or clerk. The Petitioner requested that the charges against him be dismissed.

       The habeas corpus court summarily dismissed the petition by written order filed
September 9, 2020. The court questioned how the Petitioner “got a copy [of the affidavit
of complaint and arrest warrant] before it was signed.” Nonetheless, the court noted the
case was presented to the grand jury and that the grand jury issued an indictment, “which
cured any defect.” The court also noted that objections to a charging instrument are waived
if not raised before trial. Accordingly, the court held the trial court had jurisdiction to
sentence the Petitioner and that he was not entitled to relief. The Petitioner filed a timely
notice of appeal.

       On appeal, the Petitioner again claims that the arrest warrant and affidavit of
complaint, which were not signed, violated the mandatory requirements of Tennessee
Rules of Criminal Procedure 3 and 42 and were, therefore, defective. The Petitioner
submits that the unsigned document could not serve to commence a valid prosecution
against him. According to the Petitioner, the indictment “is only a notice of charges,” and
the habeas corpus court, by determining that a valid indictment cured any defects in the
arrest warrant and affidavit of complaint, contravened the authority of the legislature
because the legislature made “no mention of an indictment curing defects in an affidavit of

2
  Rule 3 states that the affidavit of complaint “is a statement alleging that a person has committed an
offense” and that it must be in writing, made on oath before a magistrate or a neutral and detached court
clerk authorized by Rule 4 to make a probable cause determination, and allege the essential facts
constituting the offense charged. Tenn. R. Crim. P. 3(a). In addition, Rule 4 provides that “[i]f the affidavit
of complaint and any supporting affidavits filed with it establish that there is probable cause to believe that
an offense has been committed and that the defendant has committed it, the magistrate or clerk shall issue
an arrest warrant to an officer authorized by law to execute it or shall issue a criminal summons for the
appearance of the defendant” and that the “arrest warrant shall . . . be signed by the magistrate or clerk.”
Tenn. R. Crim. P. (a), (c)(1).
                                                    -2-
complaint or warrant” when it drafted the Rules of Criminal Procedure. He further
contends that an indictment secured by an “unauthenticated affidavit of complaint and
warrant” violates due process. The Petitioner also explains that he received the unsigned
copy from defense counsel.

        The State responds by initially asserting that this court does not have a sufficient
record to conclude that the arrest warrant and affidavit of complaint were never signed,
noting that a “file-stamped” copy of the document does not appear anywhere in the record.
The Petitioner states that at some point in these proceedings, the State produced a document
reflecting the necessary signatures, though the Petitioner claims it was forged. However,
we are unable to find any such document in the record. The habeas corpus court’s order
seems to suggest that a signed copy does, in fact, exist. However, because the record is not
entirely clear, and because the habeas corpus court did not base its ruling on this fact, we
will proceed to address the claim on its merits.3

       The State also contends that the habeas corpus court aptly reasoned that any defect
in the affidavit of complaint and arrest warrant were cured by the return of a valid
indictment from the grand jury. We agree with the State.

       The Tennessee Constitution guarantees a convicted criminal defendant the right to
seek habeas corpus relief. Tenn. Const. art. I, § 15. However, the “grounds upon which
habeas corpus relief may be granted are very narrow.” Taylor v. State, 995 S.W.2d 78, 83
(Tenn. 1999). The writ will issue only where the petitioner has established: (1) a lack of
jurisdiction for the order of confinement on the face of the judgment or in the record on
which the judgment was rendered; or (2) that he is otherwise entitled to immediate release
because of the expiration of his sentence. See State v. Ritchie, 20 S.W.3d 624, 630 (Tenn.
2000); Archer v. State, 851 S.W.2d 157, 164 (Tenn. 1993). The purpose of the habeas
corpus petition is to contest a void, not merely a voidable, judgment. State ex rel. Newsom
v. Henderson, 424 S.W.2d 186, 189 (Tenn. 1968).

        A void, as opposed to a voidable, judgment is “one that is facially invalid because
the court did not have the statutory authority to render such judgment.” Summers v. State,
212 S.W.3d 251, 256 (Tenn. 2007). A sentence imposed in direct contravention of a statute
is illegal and, thus, void. Stephenson v. Carlton, 28 S.W.3d 910, 911 (Tenn. 2000). A
petitioner bears the burden of establishing a void judgment or illegal confinement by a
preponderance of the evidence. Hogan v. Mills, 168 S.W.3d 753, 755 (Tenn. 2005). A

3
  Our supreme court has concluded that in the event a petitioner fails to comply with the mandatory
procedural requirements of section 29-21-107, a trial court “may . . . afford the petitioner an opportunity to
comply with the procedural requirements, or . . . choose to adjudicate the petition on its merits.” Hickman
v. State, 153 S.W.3d 16, 21 (Tenn. 2004). Here, the habeas corpus court gave no indication that it was
summarily dismissing the petition for any sort of procedural deficiency.
                                                    -3-
habeas corpus court may summarily dismiss a petition without a hearing when the petition
“fails to demonstrate that the judgment is void.” Hickman v. State, 153 S.W.3d 16, 20
(Tenn. 2004); see Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-21-109. The determination of whether to grant
habeas corpus relief is a question of law and our review is de novo. Summers, 212 S.W.3d
at 262.

       As for any constitutional claims pertaining to separation of powers or due process,
these claims, even if true, would render the Petitioner’s judgments voidable, not void. See
Hickman, 153 S.W.3d at 19-20 (articulating the difference between petitions for habeas
corpus, which may attack void sentences imposed in contravention of statute, and post-
conviction petitions, which attack sentences that are void or voidable “because of the
abridgement of constitutional rights”). In addition, this court has previously held that an
“[a]rrest without a warrant does not per se violate any constitutional right entitling the
defendant to post-conviction relief by habeas corpus where he is subsequently convicted
upon a valid indictment.” Nelson v. State, 470 S.W.2d 32, 33 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1971).
The Petitioner’s contention that he was arrested on a defective affidavit of complaint and
warrant, therefore, would render his judgment voidable, rather than void. See, e.g., James
Thomas v. Randy Lee, Warden, No. E2015-02427-CCA-R3-HC, 2016 WL 3996488, at *2
(Tenn. Crim. App. July 21, 2016).

        Further, as the State argues, this court has also held that a valid indictment cures any
defect in a warrant. See Bobby Scales v. Dwight Barbee, Warden, No. W2012-00163-
CCA-R3-HC, 2012 WL 4017375, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 12, 2012). There is
nothing in the record that indicates that the indictments were not timely issued in this case.
See James Thomas v. Randy Lee, Warden, No. E2015-02427-CCA-R3-HC, 2016 WL
3996488, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 21, 2016) (denying habeas relief on the petitioner’s
claim that the arrest warrant was void when the indictment was issued within the statute of
limitations). The Petitioner has failed to establish that his judgments are void or his
sentence expired. See Antonio D. Idellfonso-Diaz v. Russell Washburn, Warden, No.
M2018-02233-CCA-R3-HC, 2019 WL 3782163, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 12, 2019)
(finding no merit to the petitioner’s habeas corpus claim that the trial court lacked
jurisdiction to convict or sentence him because there was no arrest warrant issued for his
arrest and the indictment was accordingly void); Bruce Elliott v. State, No. M2018-00808-
CCA-R3-HC, 2018 WL 6528712, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 12, 2018) (affirming
summary dismissal, reasoning that the petitioner’s assertion that the trial court lacked
jurisdiction to convict or sentence him because the affidavit of complaint and arrest warrant
were never valid due to the missing signature of the magistrate and the affiant was not a
cognizable claim for habeas corpus relief). A valid indictment confers jurisdiction on the
trial court. Hart v. State, 21 S.W.3d 901, 903 (Tenn. 2000).

                                             -4-
        Accordingly, we agree with the habeas corpus court that the Petitioner has failed to
state a cognizable claim for relief. The judgment of the habeas corpus court summarily
dismissing the petition is affirmed.

                                                 ______________________________
                                                 D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., JUDGE

                                           -5-