Court Opinion

ID: 164666
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-08-14 08:30:53+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:45.258589
License: Public Domain

F I L E D
                                                                   United States Court of Appeals
                                                                           Tenth Circuit
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                           June 21, 2005
                                TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                      PATRICK FISHER
                                                                               Clerk

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

       Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v.                                                      No. 03-1482
                                                          (D. Colo.)
 JOSE SALVADOR CHAVEZ,                              (D.Ct. No. 02-CR-300)

       Defendant-Appellant.

           ORDER ON REMAND FROM THE SUPREME COURT
                     OF THE UNITED STATES

Before TACHA, Chief Circuit Judge, and PORFILIO and BRORBY, Senior
Circuit Judges.

      Appellant Jose Salvador Chavez was found guilty by a jury of one count of

distribution of fifty grams or more of a mixture or substance containing

methamphetamine, one count of distributing a mixture of cocaine, one count of

possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine, and one count of

possession with intent to distribute cocaine, all in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841.

See United States v. Chavez, 98 Fed. Appx. 806, 2004 WL 1157780 at *1 (10th

Cir. May 25, 2004) (unpublished op.) (Chavez I), vacated and remanded, Chavez

v. United States, 125 S. Ct. 1039 (2005) (Chavez II). The district court sentenced
him to 108 months imprisonment on each of the four counts, to run concurrently,

after determining Mr. Chavez possessed a firearm in conjunction with his

offenses, for the purpose of enhancing his sentence under United States

Sentencing Guidelines (U.S.S.G.) § 2D1.1(b)(1) and declining to reduce his

sentence for acceptance of responsibility under U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1. Chavez I, 2004

WL 1157780 at *2.

      Mr. Chavez appealed his four 108-month concurrent sentences based solely

on the grounds the district court erred by declining to reduce his sentence for

acceptance of responsibility. Id. On May 25, 2004, we affirmed his convictions

and sentences. Id. at **1, 6. Thereafter, the United States Supreme Court

decided Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. ___, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004). In his

appeal to the Supreme Court, Mr. Chavez raised an issue different from the

acceptance of responsibility issue this court addressed. For the first time, he

raised a Sixth Amendment Blakely argument, asserting the district court erred in

making a factual determination he possessed a firearm in conjunction with his

offenses for the purpose of enhancing his sentence under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1).

The Supreme Court then decided United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. ____, 125 S.

Ct. 738 (2005), and thereafter summarily vacated and remanded our decision in

Mr. Chavez’s case for further consideration in light of Booker. Chavez II, 125 S.

                                         -2-
Ct. at 1039. The parties filed supplemental pleadings on the applicability of

Booker and related cases and on whether Mr. Chavez abandoned the issue he now

raises by failing to previously appeal it to this court. Based on the following

discussion, we reinstate our previous Order and Judgment and affirm Mr.

Chavez’s sentences.

                               I. Factual Background

      We first recite facts presented to the jury and discussed in our prior

decision, as well as evidence concerning the newly-raised firearm enhancement

issue which was not addressed in our prior decision. A government informant

with whom Mr. Chavez was acquainted told Mr. Chavez his “boss” wanted to

purchase large quantities of cocaine and methamphetamine and then asked Mr.

Chavez if he could supply them. Chavez I, 2004 WL 1157780 at *1. Mr. Chavez

told him he could obtain them, and later gave him a methamphetamine sample to

give to his “boss.” Id. The informant set up a meeting between Mr. Chavez and

his “boss”—Dave Storm, a special agent with the Drug Enforcement Agency. Id.

Later, during a recorded conversation, Mr. Chavez agreed to sell Agent Storm

five ounces of methamphetamine. Id.

      A day later, Mr. Chavez, Agent Storm, and the informant met outside Mr.

                                         -3-
Chavez’s home, during which time their conversations were recorded. Id. Mr.

Chavez offered to sell Agent Storm two ounces of methamphetamine and two

ounces of cocaine. Id. Agent Storm saw Mr. Chavez retrieve the drugs from

bushes behind his house, after which Agent Storm paid Mr. Chavez $3,400 and

left. Id.

       Later, Mr. Chavez and the informant met at Mr. Chavez’s residence, where

Mr. Chavez showed him three ounces of methamphetamine, but said he had five

ounces of methamphetamine and two ounces of cocaine for sale. Id. Later that

day, pursuant to a search warrant, agents knocked, announced, and entered Mr.

Chavez’s home. Id. Once arrested and asked where the drugs were, Mr. Chavez

denied all knowledge of any drugs but later led agents to the backyard and some

trees, where he showed them a sack containing approximately five ounces of

methamphetamine and two ounces of cocaine under a tree. Id. The drugs were

found approximately seventy-five to 100 yards from the house. In the course of

their search, agents also found a Beretta 9 mm semi-automatic handgun under a

pile of clothes in Mr. Chavez’s bedroom. Id. At the time of his arrest, Mr.

Chavez admitted the room in which the gun was found was his bedroom.

       During the trial, Mr. Chavez attempted to rebut the government’s evidence

                                        -4-
he possessed the gun. He testified the gun was not his, but belonged to an illegal

immigrant couple who stayed with him a few months before they were sent back

to Mexico. When asked whether he put the gun in his bedroom, he stated, “[i]t

wasn’t there where I slept exactly because my bed is over in one corner, and I put

it away over there with some clothes. ... It’s there in the corner in there where

the clothes are. That’s where I put it.” (Emphasis added.)

      After the jury convicted Mr. Chavez of all four drug-related counts, the

probation officer prepared the presentence report, recommending a two-level

enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 because he possessed a firearm in

conjunction with the offenses. Applying various other sentencing factors, the

probation officer calculated Mr. Chavez’s total offense level at 30 and his

criminal history category at III, for a final Guidelines range of 121 to 151 months

imprisonment. Chavez I, 2004 WL 1157780 at *2. Through counsel, Mr. Chavez

objected to the recommendation not to apply a two-level reduction for acceptance

of responsibility under U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 and to over-representation of his

criminal history, but did not object to the two-level firearm enhancement. Id.

      At the sentencing hearing, the district court determined the two-level

reduction for acceptance of responsibility did not apply. Id. Nonetheless, the

                                         -5-
district court granted Mr. Chavez a downward departure for over-representation

of his criminal history, thereby reducing his criminal history from III to II. Id.

Despite the government’s request for a sentence in the middle of the Guidelines

range, the district court applied the bottom of the sentencing range, as requested

by Mr. Chavez, for a sentence of 108 months imprisonment on each of the four

counts, to run concurrently. Id.

                                    II. Discussion

      We begin by discussing the issue of whether Mr. Chavez abandoned or

waived the issue he now presents on remand. Mr. Chavez admits he never raised

an objection during sentencing on any grounds concerning the firearm

enhancement and, similarly, did not raise it as an issue on appeal. However, Mr.

Chavez contends he is not precluded from raising the issue now, as the Supreme

Court’s remand to this court is still part of his direct appeal and because during

his appeal to the Supreme Court it decided both Blakely and Booker, which must

now be applied on remand.

      The government counters Mr. Chavez waived or abandoned his claim by

failing to object to the enhancement at sentencing or on appeal and asserts the

fact he raised a Blakely Sixth Amendment claim for the first time to the Supreme

                                          -6-
Court does not change the status of his claim. In support, it relies on the Eleventh

Circuit's decision in United States v. Dockery, where that court determined the

Supreme Court’s remand, in light of Booker, did not require it to treat a

constitutional challenge not raised in the initial brief as either timely or not

abandoned. 401 F.3d 1261, 1262-63 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam) (relying on

United States v. Ardley, 242 F.3d 989 (11th Cir. 2001)). 1

      In determining whether Mr. Chavez properly raised the argument for our

consideration, we look to the Supreme Court’s instructions in Booker on when to

apply the rule contained therein, where it repeated the principle that “‘a new rule

      1
          We note our resolution of the issue of abandonment or waiver is not fully
answered by the Eleventh Circuit’s decision in Dockery. Not only are we not
bound by Eleventh Circuit precedent, but we note this court’s approach regarding
past remands under Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), differed from
the Eleventh Circuit's, which previously declined to consider Apprendi issues for
the first time in supplemental briefings on remand from the Supreme Court.
Compare Ardley, 242 F.3d at 990 (declining to apply Apprendi on remand, even
though direct appeal preceded Supreme Court’s Apprendi decision, and basing its
decision on its well-established rule that issues not raised in initial brief are
considered abandoned) with United States v. Jackson, 240 F.3d 1245, 1247-48 &
n.3 (10th Cir. 2001) (addressing Apprendi issues for plain error on remand where
our disposition of the case on direct appeal, like here, preceded the Supreme
Court’s Apprendi decision). See also United States v. Carrington, 301 F.3d 204,
208 (4th Cir. 2002) (addressing remanded Apprendi issue not raised in opening
brief for plain error); United States v. Randle, 304 F.3d 373, 376 (5th Cir. 2002)
(same). For these reasons, the Eleventh Circuit’s decision in Dockery is not
completely dispositive of the issue at hand.

                                           -7-
for the conduct of criminal prosecutions is to be applied retroactively to all cases

... pending on direct review or not yet final.’” 125 U.S. at 769 (quoting Griffith v.

Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 328 (1987)) (alteration omitted and emphasis added).

The Supreme Court defines “final” to mean “a case in which a judgment of

conviction has been rendered, the availability of appeal exhausted, and the time

for a petition for certiorari elapsed or a petition for certiorari finally denied.”

Griffith, 479 U.S. at 321 n.6. See also Johnston v. Cigna Corp., 14 F.3d 486, 489

n.4 (10th Cir. 1993). Booker also instructs us “to apply ordinary prudential

doctrines, determining, for example, whether the issue was raised below and

whether it fails the ‘plain-error’ test.” 543 U.S. at ____, 125 S. Ct. at 769.

      When addressing a prior Apprendi remand where this court’s disposition of

the direct appeal preceded the Supreme Court’s issuance of Apprendi, this court

retroactively applied Apprendi, relying on the Supreme Court's determination “‘“a

new rule for the conduct of criminal prosecutions,” ‘Apprendi,’ “is to be applied

retroactively to all cases ... pending on direct review or not yet final.”’” Jackson,

240 F.3d at 1248 n.3 (quoting, in part, Griffith, 479 U.S. at 328). Hence, in a

similar situation to the one here, we did not consider the issue waived. But in this

case, we need not resolve the waiver issue as it will not affect the outcome of this

appeal. This is because even if we determine Mr. Chavez did not waive or

                                           -8-
abandon his Blakely claim he cannot prevail.

      Admittedly, Mr. Chavez presents a Sixth Amendment constitutional error

argument based on judicially-found facts because the district court found facts

supporting the enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1), which provides for a

defendant’s offense level to be increased by two levels if a dangerous weapon,

including a firearm, was possessed in connection with a drug offense. See United

States v. Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d 727, 731 (10th Cir. 2005). However,

because Mr. Chavez did not previously challenge his enhancement, we review it

for plain error. See United States v. Ambort, 405 F.3d 1109, 1118 (10th Cir.

2005). Where, as here, the claim is constitutional, we conduct our plain error

analysis “‘less rigidly’” than nonconstitutional errors. United States v. Dazey,

403 F.3d 1147, 1174 (10th Cir. 2005) (quoting United States v. James, 257 F.3d

1173, 1182 (10th Cir. 2001)).

      “Plain error occurs when there is (1) error, (2) that is plain, which (3)

affects substantial rights, and which (4) seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or

public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d at 732

(quotation marks and citation omitted). Applying Booker, the first two factors in

our plain error analysis are easily resolved because the district court clearly

                                          -9-
committed an error when it determined the facts supporting the enhancement, and

the error is plain. Id.

      However, in determining the third factor on whether the error affected

substantial rights, the burden is on Mr. Chavez to show the error is prejudicial;

i.e., the error “‘must have affected the outcome of the district court

proceedings.’” Ambort, 405 F.3d at 1118 (quoting United States v. Olano, 507

U.S. 725, 734 (1993)). In meeting this burden, he must show “‘a reasonable

probability that, but for the error claimed, the result of the proceeding would have

been different.’” Id. (quotation marks and citations omitted).

      This circuit has announced at least two ways a defendant can meet this

burden, by either: 1) showing a reasonable probability a jury applying a

reasonable doubt standard would not have found the same material facts a judge

found by a preponderance of the evidence; or 2) demonstrating a reasonable

probability that, under the specific facts of the case as analyzed under the

sentencing factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the district court would reasonably

impose a sentence outside the Guidelines range. See Dazey, 403 F.3d at 1175.

      Mr. Chavez fails to meet his burden under either scenario. First,

                                         -10-
overwhelming evidence established he possessed the gun in conjunction with his

drug dealings. Substantial evidence was offered, including tape recordings of Mr.

Chavez’s drug dealings, to establish his distribution of drugs from his home,

where the gun was found. Furthermore, he admitted he placed the gun in a pile of

clothes in his bedroom, and it is significant to note the gun was found on the same

day he transacted drugs and then ultimately lead the police to his stash of drugs

only seventy-five to 100 yards from his house. While Mr. Chavez claimed the

gun belonged to others, he nevertheless admitted he placed it in his clothes in the

room where he slept and, thereby, admittedly possessed it. Based on the

overwhelming evidence in the record supporting the enhancement, Mr. Chavez

fails to show a reasonable probability a jury evaluating the same evidence under a

reasonable doubt standard would not have found the same material facts as found

by the district court. Accordingly, he fails, under the first scenario, to establish

his substantial rights were violated by the district court’s mandatory enhancement

of his offense level.

      In addition, under the second scenario, Mr. Chavez has not demonstrated a

reasonable probability that, under the specific facts of his case as analyzed under

the sentencing factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the district court would reasonably

impose a sentence outside the Guidelines range. See Dazey, 403 F.3d at 1175 &

                                          -11-
n.5. In so doing, we recognize the Supreme Court, in Booker, held the Guidelines

are now only advisory. 543 U.S. at ____, 125 S. Ct. at 768-69. Thus, we

determine whether there is a “‘reasonable probability that if the district judge had

not thought himself bound by the mandatory Guidelines to sentence in accordance

with ... judge-found, preponderance-of-the-evidence facts,’” he might have

determined a lower sentence should be imposed. See Ambort, 405 F.3d at 1120

(quoting Dazey, 403 F.3d at 1177). In Dazey, we explained a defendant might

make such a showing “if during sentencing the district court expressed its view

that the defendant’s conduct, based on the record, did not warrant the minimum

Guidelines sentence.” 403 F.3d at 1175.

      In this case, nothing in the record indicates the district court would not

impose the firearm enhancement under an advisory, rather than a mandatory,

sentencing scheme or that it preferred to give Mr. Chavez a sentence lower than

within the Guidelines range. While it declined the government’s request for a

sentence in the middle of the Guidelines range and, instead, sentenced him at the

bottom of the sentencing range, it did not express a view Mr. Chavez's conduct

did not warrant the minimum Guidelines sentence. Id. On remand, Mr. Chavez

summarily suggests:

      Because the court sentenced Mr. Chavez to the minimum amount
      prescribed by law, it cannot be said with any degree of certainty that

                                         -12-
      if given the opportunity to impose a shorter sentence, the court would
      not do so. To the contrary, it is more likely that, at the very least, the
      court would have sentenced Mr. Chavez to a period of incarceration
      less than the maximum prescribed by the applicable offense level.

This perfunctory argument, with nothing more to establish the district court would

have imposed a lesser sentence under the advisory Guidelines, is insufficient for

the purposes of this remand. Under these circumstances, Mr. Chavez has failed to

establish a reasonable probability the district court would have imposed a lower

sentence if it had not been under pre-Booker mandatory constraints. Because Mr.

Chavez fails to meet his burden with respect to the third prong, it is unnecessary

for us to address the last prong, given all four prongs must be met for successful

plain error resolution.

                                   III. Conclusion

      For the reasons set forth above, we REINSTATE our previous Order and

Judgment in this case and AFFIRM, once again, Mr. Chavez’s sentences after our

reconsideration in light of Booker, pursuant to the Supreme Court’s mandate.

                                        Entered by the Court:

                                        WADE BRORBY
                                        United States Circuit Judge

                                         -13-
                                                                        F I L E D
                                                                 United States Court of Appeals
                                                                         Tenth Circuit
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                        MAY 25 2004
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                    PATRICK FISHER
                                                                               Clerk

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

          Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v.                                                    No. 03-1482
                                                        (D. Colo.)
 JOSE SALVADOR CHAVEZ,                            (D.Ct. No. 02-CR-300)

          Defendant-Appellant.

                                ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before TACHA, Chief Circuit Judge, and PORFILIO and BRORBY, Senior
Circuit Judges.

      After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
      Appellant Jose Salvador Chavez, a federal prisoner represented by counsel,

appeals his four 108-month concurrent sentences for one count of distribution of

fifty grams or more of a mixture or substance containing methamphetamine, one

count of distributing a mixture of cocaine, one count of possession with intent to

distribute methamphetamine, and one count of possession with intent to distribute

cocaine, all in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841. He asserts the district court erred by

declining to reduce his sentences for acceptance of responsibility under United

States Sentencing Guideline (U.S.S.G.) §3E1.1. We exercise jurisdiction pursuant

to 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and affirm the district court’s

sentences.

                               I. Factual Background

      Evidence supporting the following facts was introduced at trial and is not in

dispute on appeal. A government informant, with whom Mr. Chavez was

acquainted, told Mr. Chavez his “boss” wanted to purchase large quantities of

cocaine and methamphetamine and then asked Mr. Chavez if he could supply

them. Mr. Chavez told him he could obtain them, and later gave him a

methamphetamine sample to give to his “boss.” The informant set up a meeting

between Mr. Chavez and his “boss” – Dave Storm, a special agent with the Drug

Enforcement Agency. Later, during a recorded conversation, Mr. Chavez agreed

                                          -2-
to sell Agent Storm five ounces of methamphetamine.

      A day later, Mr. Chavez, Agent Storm, and the informant met outside Mr.

Chavez’s home, during which time their conversations were recorded. Mr.

Chavez offered to sell Agent Storm two ounces of methamphetamine and two

ounces of cocaine. Agent Storm saw Mr. Chavez retrieve the drugs from bushes

behind his house, after which Agent Storm paid Mr. Chavez $3,400 and left.

      Later, Mr. Chavez and the informant met at Mr. Chavez’s residence, where

Mr. Chavez showed him three ounces of methamphetamine, but said he had five

ounces of methamphetamine and two ounces of cocaine for sale. Pursuant to a

search warrant, agents then arrested Mr. Chavez and searched his residence.

When one agent asked Mr. Chavez where the drugs were, he denied all knowledge

of any drugs. Later, the agent told Mr. Chavez if he would tell them where the

drugs were, the search would go much quicker, and Mr. Chavez again denied

knowing anything. About fifteen minutes later, after the same agent left the

room, Mr. Chavez asked to speak with him and told the agent he would show him

the location of some drugs. Mr. Chavez then led agents to the backyard and some

trees where he showed them a sack containing approximately five ounces of

methamphetamine and two ounces of cocaine under a tree. In the course of their

                                        -3-
search, agents also found a Beretta 9mm semi-automatic hand gun under a pile of

clothes in Mr. Chavez’s bedroom. During the trial, Mr. Chavez raised an

entrapment defense, which the jury rejected when it convicted Mr. Chavez of all

four drug-related counts in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841.

             II. Presentence Report, Objection Thereto, and Sentencing

      In preparing the presentence report, the probation officer determined a

downward adjustment for acceptance of responsibility under §3E1.1 did not

apply, stating:

            In this case, the probation officer is not aware of any pre-trial
      statements or conduct by the defendant that would support a
      determination that he accepted responsibility for the crimes of
      conviction. It does not appear that the defendant “clearly” has
      demonstrated acceptance of responsibility.

In so concluding, she noted that in rare situations a defendant may clearly

demonstrate acceptance of responsibility even though he exercises his

constitutional right to trial, but that in such instances, a determination of

acceptance of responsibility will be based primarily on pretrial statements and

conduct. The probation officer also acknowledged the government’s assertion no

reduction under U.S.S.G. §3E1.1 should apply based on Mr. Chavez’s testimony

at trial that the informant pushed him into selling the drugs; nevertheless, the

probation officer indicated she did not hear such testimony, noting it “may be an

                                           -4-
issue that the court may wish to address at sentencing.”Applying various other

sentencing factors, the probation officer calculated Mr. Chavez’s total offense

level at 30 and his criminal history category at III, for a final guideline range of

121-151 months imprisonment.

      Through counsel, Mr. Chavez objected to the recommendation not to apply

a two-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility under U.S.S.G. §3E1.1. In

response, the probation officer indicated the reduction was not applicable given

Mr. Chavez’s pretrial conduct in initially denying he knew anything about the

drugs, and the fact that providing information on the whereabouts of the drugs is

not the same as Mr. Chavez’s accepting responsibility for distributing or

possessing them with the intent to distribute them.

      In addressing the issue at the sentencing hearing, the district court

determined the two-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility did not apply.

Nonetheless, the district court granted Mr. Chavez a downward departure for

over-representation of his criminal history, thereby reducing his criminal history

from III to II. It then applied the bottom of the sentencing range of 108-135

months, for a sentence of 108 months imprisonment on each of the four counts, to

run concurrently.

                                          -5-
                                   III. Discussion

      On appeal, Mr. Chavez renews his Sentencing Guideline objection

concerning the district court’s failure to reduce his sentence under U.S.S.G.

§3E1.1 for acceptance of responsibility. Specifically, Mr. Chavez contends the

district court erred in not considering: 1) the fact he was “cooperative and

helpful” when agents searched his residence, leading them to the narcotics under

the tree, and 2) his acknowledgment of wrongful conduct at trial when he

admitted a) previously using drugs and receiving a prior drug possession offense;

and b) selling the drugs, not only because he felt “pushed,” but because he wanted

the money. Mr. Chavez asserts that instead of considering these criteria, the

district court based its decision not to apply §3E1.1 for acceptance of

responsibility solely on Mr. Chavez’s defense of entrapment. Mr. Chavez

contends the district court is precluded from relying solely on Mr. Chavez’s

entrapment defense but must consider his pretrial conduct in making the

determination and make express findings regarding that conduct.

      The government disagrees and contends the district court did assess Mr.

Chavez’s pretrial conduct in which he initially denied any knowledge of the

drugs. The government also points out that at trial Mr. Chavez testified

inconsistently as to whether he worked with one or two suppliers and denied

                                         -6-
possessing the gun found under his clothes, claiming a prior occupant left it. It

also claims Mr. Chavez’s testimony he sold the drugs because he felt pressured or

“pushed” in support of his entrapment theory, is not credible given his other

testimony he engaged in the criminal conduct for money and to keep the

informant from getting into trouble with his “boss.” It also claims Mr. Chavez

never showed remorse, indicated he was sorry for what he did, or mentioned he

understood the magnitude of his actions. Finally, it points out Mr. Chavez

refused to stipulate to any facts prior to trial, did not truthfully testify at trial, and

like the defendant in United States v. James, 257 F.3d 1173, 1185 (10th Cir.

2001), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 1106 (2002), “put the government to the task of

proving every element, every fact, every videotape and audiotape, every chemical

composition and every geographic detail.” For these reasons, the government

suggests the district court properly denied Mr. Chavez’ request for a sentence

reduction under U.S.S.G. §3E1.1.

       Section 3E1.1(a) directs the sentencing court to “decrease the offense level

by 2 levels” if “the defendant clearly demonstrates acceptance of responsibility

for his offense.” See U.S.S.G. §3E1.1(a). Acceptance of responsibility is a

factual question and our review of the court’s determination is limited to clear

error. See United States v. Spedalieri, 910 F.2d 707, 712 (10th Cir. 1990). We

                                            -7-
review the district court’s legal conclusions under the Sentencing Guidelines de

novo, “affording great deference to the district court’s application of the

Guidelines to the facts.” United States v. Eaton, 260 F.3d 1232, 1237 (10th Cir.

2001). The defendant has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the

evidence he accepted responsibility. See Spedalieri, 910 F.2d at 712. We have

recognized the district court is “in a better position than the appellate court to

weigh the defendant’s sincerity of remorse and contrition.” United States v.

Ochoa-Fabian, 935 F.2d 1139, 1143 (10th Cir. 1991). Thus, the district court “is

in a unique position to evaluate a defendant’s acceptance of responsibility,” and

its determination “is entitled to great deference on review.” U.S.S.G. §3E1.1,

cmt. n.5.

      In applying this standard of review, we recognize U.S.S.G. §3E1.1

generally does not apply in instances, like here, where a defendant elects to go to

trial. Specifically, the reduction for acceptance of responsibility “is not intended

to apply to a defendant who puts the government to its burden of proof at trial by

denying the essential factual elements of guilt, is convicted, and only then admits

guilt and expresses remorse.” U.S.S.G. §3E1.1, cmt. n.2. Nevertheless, we also

recognize that putting the government to its burden of proof does not

automatically preclude consideration of a reduction, where, in rare instances, the

                                          -8-
defendant “clearly” demonstrates an acceptance of responsibility for his criminal

conduct. Id.

      Similarly, we have held an assertion of entrapment as a defense does not

necessarily bar a defendant from receiving a two-level reduction for acceptance of

responsibility so long as the defendant demonstrates an affirmative acceptance of

responsibility for his criminal conduct. See Eaton, 260 F.3d at 1237; United

States v. Garcia, 182 F.3d 1165, 1173-74 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 987

(1999). However, in instances where a defendant goes to trial and asserts an

entrapment defense, “a determination that a defendant has accepted responsibility

will be based primarily upon pre-trial statements and conduct.” U.S.S.G. §3E1.1,

cmt. n.2. See also Eaton, 260 F.3d at 1237. Moreover, we have emphasized that

the “simple assertion of the entrapment defense coupled with acknowledgment of

the underlying criminal activity” does not mean a defendant is automatically

entitled to a two-point reduction for acceptance of responsibility. Garcia, 182

F.3d at 1173.

      In this case, the same judge who presided over the trial also presided over

the sentencing hearing. During the trial, he heard evidence from various

witnesses, including Mr. Chavez, and was able to assess the credibility of those

                                        -9-
witnesses and weigh Mr. Chavez’s sincerity with respect to any remorse or

contrition. At the sentencing hearing, both counsel outlined Mr. Chavez’s pre-

trial conduct, acknowledging he initially denied knowing anything about the

drugs, but later directed agents to the drugs. They also recounted Mr. Chavez’s

testimony he sold the drugs for money and because he felt pushed or badgered

into selling the drugs. The probation officer also testified at the sentencing

hearing, stating she did not attend Mr. Chavez’s trial, but given the pre-trial

information, she did not think a reduction for acceptance of responsibility was

appropriate.

      After listening to counsels’ sentencing arguments and the probation

officer’s testimony, the district court expressly acknowledged Mr. Chavez was not

precluded from a reduction for acceptance of responsibility because he went to

trial. Nevertheless, it stated:

      [A]s pointed out by [the] Government, I am to consider principally
      his pretrial statements and conduct, but I also consider in this case
      the fact that this was a defense raised and the jury rejected that
      defense.

             And from the evidence that I heard, the defendant did engage
      in the criminal activity, and I would likewise have concluded that he
      was not induced improperly to that conduct, but rather had the
      motivation to make money. Of course, he didn’t want to get caught,
      but once caught, his remorse of being caught or finding an excuse of
      why he did it rather than admitting that it was his own decision
      would not allow me to give him the benefit of accepting

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      responsibility, because indeed he doesn’t accept responsibility or
      wants to blame others’ circumstances for why he engaged in the
      criminal activity.

            So I agree with the jury he was not entrapped and he should
      assume responsibility for his own conduct, which he has not done.
      Therefore, I think it is appropriate that he not be given the benefit of
      the two-level reduction under Section 3E1.1.

(Emphasis added.)

      While the district court primarily discussed Mr. Chavez’s testimony at trial

in support of his entrapment defense and motivations for selling drugs, we view

the district court’s ruling as one not based solely on that testimony, but also based

on Mr. Chavez’s pretrial conduct. First, the district court expressly recognized its

obligation to consider Mr. Chavez’s pretrial conduct in making an acceptance of

responsibility determination. While the district court did not expressly outline the

facts of Mr. Chavez’s pretrial conduct, it is clear the district court was aware of

that conduct, which Mr. Chavez acknowledged at the sentencing hearing and

which included his initial denials of knowledge of any drugs and eventual act of

leading agents to the drugs.

      Next, in making its determination, it is apparent the district court implicitly

rejected Mr. Chavez’s counsel’s argument that, by eventually leading the agents

to the drugs, Mr. Chavez sufficiently met his burden of proving by a

                                         -11-
preponderance of the evidence that he “clearly” accepted responsibility for his

criminal conduct. See U.S.S.G. §3E1.1, cmt. n.2. This, taken together with the

district court’s express observation Mr. Chavez failed to accept responsibility for

his own criminal conduct, is certainly sufficient to determine a reduction for

acceptance of responsibility was not warranted.

      Thus, contrary to Mr. Chavez’s contentions, it is clear the district court did

not base its §3E1.1 determination solely or per se on the fact Mr. Chavez raised

an entrapment defense. Moreover, the district court carefully considered Mr.

Chavez’s testimony in support of his entrapment defense and his stated reasons

for selling the drugs. In addition to Mr. Chavez’s testimony he felt induced to

sell the drugs, the district court considered his testimony he felt motivated to

make money. Under the circumstances, the district court expressly made a factual

assessment that Mr. Chavez’s real motivation was money, and therefore, his

entrapment testimony was merely an attempt to switch the blame to another party

and not accept responsibility for his greed or criminal conduct. Thus, the mere

fact Mr. Chavez raised the entrapment defense was not the reason the district

court denied the §3E1.1 reduction.

      Finally, Mr. Chavez contends he admitted the essential elements of each

                                         -12-
offense, including the drug weights or quantities, and only went to trial in an

effort to raise the entrapment defense; therefore, he claims he should receive an

acceptance of responsibility reduction based on his admissions. However, we

note Mr. Chavez declined to stipulate to any facts before trial, causing the

government to carry its burden of proving the essential elements of guilt,

including presentation of expert testimony to establish the type, quantity and

quality of the drugs Mr. Chavez sold or possessed, which had nothing to do with

his entrapment theory or defense. See James, 257 F.3d at 1185. Similarly, while

Mr. Chavez admitted at trial to selling or intending to sell the drugs, his

admissions came only after he declined to stipulate to such facts and caused the

government to first put forth evidence he sold or intended to sell drugs. While

this alone may not support the district court’s §3E1.1 reduction decision, it is

certainly another factor supporting denial of a §3E1.1 reduction for acceptance of

responsibility. See U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1, cmt. n. 2.

      Given the circumstances of this case, the standard of review we apply, and

the deference given to a sentencing judge’s evaluation of Mr. Chavez’s

acceptance of responsibility, we sustain the district court’s conclusion a

downward reduction for acceptance of responsibility under U.S.S.G. §3E1.1 did

not apply in this case.

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                         IV. Conclusion

For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM Mr. Chavez’s sentences.

                              Entered by the Court:

                              WADE BRORBY
                              United States Circuit Judge

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