Court Opinion

ID: 4669585
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-19 16:10:56.91119+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:59:43.637294
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Reed, 2021-Ohio-858.]

                                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                    DELAWARE COUNTY, OHIO
                                    FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

STATE OF OHIO                                :       JUDGES:
                                             :       Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, P.J.
        Plaintiff-Appellee                   :       Hon. John W. Wise, J.
                                             :       Hon. Earle E. Wise, Jr., J.
-vs-                                         :
                                             :
JUAN E. REED                                 :       Case No. 20 CAA 04 0021
                                             :
        Defendant-Appellant                  :       OPINION

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                             Appeal from the Court of Common
                                                     Pleas Case No. 19 CR I 02 0116

JUDGMENT:                                            Affirmed

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                                    March 18, 2021

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee                               For Defendant-Appellant

R. JOSEPH VARVEL                                     APRIL F. CAMPBELL
145 North Union Street                               46 ½ North Sandusky Street
Dealware, OH 43015                                   Dealware, OH 43015
Delaware County, Case No. 20 CAA 04 0021                                                 2

Wise, Earle, J.

        {¶ 1} Defendant-Appellant Juan E. Reed appeals October 28, 2019 judgment of

conviction and sentence of the Delaware County Court of Common Pleas. Plaintiff-

Appellee is the state of Ohio.

                         FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        {¶ 2} Before the events in this matter, Reed and A.S. had known one another for

eight years. They lived together on and off, cared for each other's children, worked

together, shared household duties, and had an on-again, off-again intimate relationship.

Reed was without transportation, and used A.S.'s truck for work. A.S. often worked with

Reed.

        {¶ 3} On February 12, 2019, the two woke up at Reed's home. After dropping

their children off at school, Reed drove A.S's truck to their job for the day, painting

apartment interiors at a complex in New Albany.

        {¶ 4} They stared work at 8:00 a.m., and were the sole workers at the site that

day. During the afternoon, Reed took A.S.'s truck several times over her objection, staying

away for longer periods of time on each occasion. On the final occasion, A.S. asked Reed

to return her keys and an argument ensued. Reed refused to return the keys, and then

began taunting her with the keys. He then grabbed A.S. by the neck and slammed her to

the floor twice. Reed then straddled A.S. and began strangling her. A.S. fought her way

free and tried to get away. Reed tried to trip her, but instead ended up kicking her in the

left leg with his steel-toed work boots. He then once again grabbed her by the throat,

slammed her to the floor, and dragged her into a closet where she lost consciousness.

A.S. believed Reed was going to kill her.
Delaware County, Case No. 20 CAA 04 0021                                                3

       {¶ 5} When A.S. regained consciousness, Reed was gone. She ran outside to

her truck and sat inside, but Reed still had her keys. When he showed up, she demanded

her keys and told him he was not allowed in her truck. Reed ignored her, packed up his

tools, got in the truck and began driving towards home. A.S, unfamiliar with the area

where they were working, chose to remain with Reed.

       {¶ 6} But as he drove, Reed continued his assault on A.S. He grabbed her by the

neck with his right hand and slammed her head against the passenger side window, the

dashboard and the console cup holders. A.S. tried to call 911, but Reed took her phone

from her. Once back home, as Reed got out of the truck, A.S. slid into the driver's seat

and left.

       {¶ 7} The following day, A.S. had numerous bruises, a headache, nausea, and

sensitivity to light. Additionally, her throat hurt and she was hoarse. She reported the

incidents of the day before to Deputy Wooten of the Delaware County Sheriff's

Department. Although she had not initially desired to seek medical attention, after Wooten

advised A.S. that strangulation can cause serious injury, A.S. agreed to do so.

       {¶ 8} Physician's Assistant (PA) Janel Scarbrough saw A.S. at the Grady Hospital

emergency room. Scarbrough gathered a history from A.S. and performed a head-to-toe

examination. She noted A.S.'s voice was hoarse and raspy and that A.S. had difficulty

swallowing. A.S. further had bruising around her eyes, under her chin, and on her left

shin, as well as abrasion marks on her face and neck. Scarbrough believed the bruises

were recent, having been inflicted within the past 24 hours. Given A.S.'s report of

experiencing light sensitivity, a headache and nausea, Scarbrough believed A.S. had also

suffered a concussion.
Delaware County, Case No. 20 CAA 04 0021                                                     4

       {¶ 9} As a result of these events, on February 22, 2019, the Delaware County

Grand Jury returned an indictment charging Reed with one count each of kidnapping, a

felony of the first degree, felonious assault, a felony of the second degree, domestic

violence, a felony of the fourth degree due to Reed's previous conviction for domestic

violence, menacing by stalking, a felony of the of the fourth degree due to Reed's history

of violence toward A.S. and others, and disrupting public services, a felony of the fourth

degree.

       {¶ 10} Reed pled not guilty to the charges and elected to proceed to a jury trial

which began September 10, 2019.

       {¶ 11} Before trial, however, the trial court held a hearing to address numerous

motions filed by Reed. Relevant here, Reed filed a motion to prohibit the state from

admitting other acts evidence including misconduct or criminal convictions which were

not the subject of the instant indictment. The trial court denied this motion finding the other

acts the state intended to introduce pertained to the elements of menacing by stalking

specifically, establishing a pattern of conduct against A.S. and additionally establishing

Reed's history of violence in order to enhance the level of the offense. As such, the trial

court found the evidence was not subject to Evid.R 404(B).

       {¶ 12} Reed also filed a motion to compel the state to comply with Crim.R. 16(K)

by providing written reports for its expert witnesses. The experts Reed referred to included

PA Scarbrough. The trial court denied the motion, finding treating medical professionals

may be called at trial to testify as to their personal observations and need not provide

written report.
Delaware County, Case No. 20 CAA 04 0021                                               5

      {¶ 13} Following a 3-day trial, the jury found Reed guilty of domestic violence and

menacing by stalking and acquitted him of the balance of the charges. Reed was

sentenced to a term of community control.

      {¶ 14} Reed filed an appeal and the matter is now before this court for

consideration. Reed raises four assignments of error as follow:

                                             I

      {¶ 15} "REED'S CONVICTIONS SHOULD BE REVERSED BECAUSE HIS TRIAL

COUNSEL WAS INEFFECTIVE IN A MANNER THAT PREJUDICED REED.

A. CONSISTENT FAILURE TO OBJECT TO ARGUMENT AND TESTIMONY

CONCERNING INADMISSIBLE PRIOR BAD ACTS.

B.    FAILURE TO OBJECT TO JANEL SCARBROUGH TESTIFYING AS AN EXPERT

WITHOUT BEING QUALIFIED BY THE TRIAL COURT AS UNDER EVID.R. 104(A),

WITHOUT A REPORT UNDER CRIM.R. 16(K), AND TESTIFYING SUBSTANTIVELY

ABOUT PRIOR ACTS OF VIOLENCE THAT WERE INADMISSIBLE EVID.R. 403."

                                            II

      {¶ 16} "THE JURY'S DECISION TO FIND REED GUILTY OF FELONY

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND MENACING BY STALKING SHOULD BE VACATED,

BECAUSE THE EVIDENCE WEIGHED MANIFESTLY AGAINST CONVICTING REED

OF EACH COUNT."

                                            III

      {¶ 17} "PLAIN ERROR OCCURRED WHEN THE TRIAL COURT ALLOWED THE

STATE TO SATURATE REED'S TRIAL WITH EVIDENCE BOTH IRRELEVANT AND

UNFAIRLY PREJUDICIAL TO THE OFFENSES FOR WHICH REED WAS TRIED."
Delaware County, Case No. 20 CAA 04 0021                                                    6

                                             IV

       {¶ 18} "REED WAS DENIED HIS RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL THROUGH

CUMULATIVE ERROR."

                                                  I

       {¶ 19} In his first assignment of error, Reed argues his counsel rendered

ineffective assistance by failing to object to inadmissible prior bad acts, and for failing to

object to PA Scarbrough testifying as an expert without being qualified and tendered as

such by the state, and without having submitted a written expert witness report before

trial. We disagree.

       {¶ 20} To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must

demonstrate: (1) deficient performance by counsel, i.e., that counsel's performance fell

below an objective standard of reasonable representation, and (2) that counsel's errors

prejudiced the defendant, i.e., a reasonable probability that but for counsel's errors, the

result of the trial would have been different. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687–

688, 694, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984); State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St. 3d 136,

538 N.E.2d 373 (1989), paragraphs two and three of the syllabus. "Reasonable

probability" is "probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." Strickland

at 694, 104 S. Ct. 2052.

       {¶ 21} Because there are countless ways to provide effective assistance in any

given case, judicial scrutiny of a lawyer's performance must be highly deferential.

Strickland, 466 U.S. 668 at 694, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674. "Decisions on strategy

and trial tactics are granted wide latitude of professional judgment, and it is not the duty
Delaware County, Case No. 20 CAA 04 0021                                                    7

of a reviewing court to analyze trial counsel's legal tactics and maneuvers." State v.

Quinones, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100928, 2014-Ohio-5544, ¶ 18.

                                       Prior Bad Acts

       {¶ 22} Reed first faults his counsel for failing to object to the state's use of a 2012

conviction for disorderly conduct which involved Reed pushing and strangling his then

girlfriend K.L., and threatening to burn her house down. Reed further faults counsel for

failing to object to the state's use of Reed's history of violence with A.S. Reed argues all

of this testimony amounted to inadmissible 404(B) evidence. We disagree.

       {¶ 23} Evidence Rule 404(B) provides,

              (B) Other crimes, wrongs or acts. Evidence of other crimes, wrongs,

              or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order

              to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be

              admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity,

              intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake

              or accident. In criminal cases, the proponent of evidence to be

              offered under this rule shall provide reasonable notice in advance of

              trial, or during trial if the court excuses pretrial notice on good cause

              shown, of the general nature of any such evidence it intends to

              introduce at trial.

       {¶ 24} As noted by the state, Reed was charged with menacing by stalking, a

fourth degree felony, which required the state to prove Reed engaged in a pattern of
Delaware County, Case No. 20 CAA 04 0021                                                  8

conduct which caused A.S. to believe that Reed would cause her physical harm or mental

distress AND that Reed had a history of violence against A.S. or any other person. It is

the history of violence against the victim or any other person which enhances the level of

the offense to a fourth degree felony. Thus neither evidence of Reed's 2012 conviction,

nor his patterns of conduct against A.S. were introduced as prior bad acts, but rather as

elements of the crime with which Reed was charged and therefore which the state was

required to prove. Nor was the state required, as Reed argues, to choose between the

pattern of behavior conduct and the historical conduct as it had to prove both. We

therefore find counsel was not ineffective for failing to object to the admission of this

evidence.

                                Expert Witness Testimony

       {¶ 25} Reed makes several arguments in regard to PA Scarbrough's testimony.

He first faults counsel's failure to object to Scarbrough testifying as an expert when the

state never qualified nor tendered her as such. Next he faults counsel for failing to object

to Scarbrough's testimony regarding the age of A.S.'s bruises without first having provided

and expert witness report to the defense per Crim.R. 16(K). Finally, Reed faults his

counsel for failing to object to portions of Scarbrough's testimony which were unrelated

to medical diagnosis and treatment.

       {¶ 26} Before testifying regarding A.S.'s emergency room visit, Scarbrough

testified she has been a physician's assistant for 15 years with 14 of those years spent

working in emergency medicine. She outlined her education, including a bachelor's

degree in science as a physician's assistant and a master's degree in emergency

medicine. She further testified she is required to engage in yearly continuing education.
Delaware County, Case No. 20 CAA 04 0021                                                  9

Transcript of trial, volume II, (T.(II) ) 261-262. During her time in emergency medicine she

has treated approximately 90 people presenting for strangulation. T.(II) 300.

       {¶ 27} In State v. Drummond, 111 Ohio St. 3d 14, 2006-Ohio-5084, 854 N.E.2d
1038, ¶ 115, the Ohio Supreme Court held that “[w]hile the state never formally tendered

[a witness] as an expert, defense counsel never challenged his qualifications to testify

and thus waived all but plain error” under Crim.R. 52(B). The Drummond Court reasoned

that the witness “was qualified to testify as an expert about gang-related matters” under

Evid.R. 702, and therefore any error was harmless.

       {¶ 28} So too here. Because PA Scarbrough would have qualified as an expert

had the state proffered her as one, Reed cannot show prejudice and his counsel's failure

to object to her testimony was not ineffective.

                                       Crim.R. 16(K)

       {¶ 29} We next address Reed's Crim.R. 16(K) argument. That rule provides:

              An expert witness for either side shall prepare a written report

              summarizing the expert witness's testimony, findings, analysis,

              conclusions, or opinion, and shall include a summary of the expert's

              qualifications. The written report and summary of qualifications shall

              be subject to disclosure under this rule no later than twenty-one days

              prior to trial, which period may be modified by the court for good

              cause shown, which does not prejudice any other party. Failure to

              disclose the written report to opposing counsel shall preclude the

              expert's testimony at trial.
Delaware County, Case No. 20 CAA 04 0021                                                  10

       {¶ 30} It was not necessary for Scarbrough to testify as an expert witness. It is well

established that a treating medical professional may be called at trial to testify as an

observer of a patients' physical condition and not as expert retained in anticipation of

litigation. Henry v. Richardson, 193 Ohio App. 3d 375, 2011-Ohio-2098, 951 N.E.2d 1123

¶ 33; Fischer v. Dairy Mart Convenience Stores, Inc., 77 Ohio App. 3d 543, 602 N.E.2d
1204 (8th Dist.1991). Evid.R. 701, testimony by a lay witness, allows treating physicians

to render opinions based upon their personal observations and perceptions. See Williams

v. Reynolds Rd. Surgical Ctr., 6th Dist. No. L-02-1144, 2004-Ohio-1645, *3.

       {¶ 31} While the state argues Scarbrough testified as a fact witness and not an

expert witness, we note the trial court determined that based on Scarbrough's testimony,

it was required to provide the jury with an instruction regarding expert witnesses and the

state did not disagree. T. (III) 942.

       {¶ 32} Even if Scarbrough did testify as an expert, however, the medical records

pertaining to A.S.'s emergency room visit were provided to Reed and Reed does not

argue Scarbrough testified inconsistently with those records. Rather, Reed takes issue

with Scarbrough's testimony indicating the injuries on A.S.'s body, specifically the age of

the bruises and lack of major bruising to her neck, were consistent with the history

provided by A.S.

       {¶ 33} In a factually similar case, State v. Fetty, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2011-P-

0091, 2012-Ohio-6127, 2012 WL 6727343, the court found, "[b]ecause the victim's

medical records * * * had been provided to the defense, this appears to be a case where

the disclosure of the medical records in lieu of an expert report adequately provided the
Delaware County, Case No. 20 CAA 04 0021                                                   11

requesting party with the information it needed." Id. ¶ 45. The court found that the treating

medical professional testified consistently with the medical records and did not testify as

to the cause of the victim's injury. The court concluded the defendant "cannot claim he

was prejudiced by a lack of Crim.R. 16(K) report, as he was not ambushed or thwarted in

his ability to cross-examine the physician—a situation Crim.R. 16(K) is intended to

prevent." Id. at ¶ 46.

       {¶ 34} So too here. Reed was provided with A.S.'s medical records, pertaining to

her visit with A.S. Scarbrough. Scarbrough was called by the state to testify about her

personal observations while treating A.S., all of which were contained in the medical

record generated by Scarbrough. State's Exhibit 11. Scarbrough did not give any opinion

as to who or what caused A.S.'s injuries, only that the state of the injuries were consistent

with having taken place within the past 24 hours, and that based on her experience she

would not expect to see much neck bruising from strangulation. Trial counsel was

therefore not ineffective for failing to object to this testimony.

                                     Testimonial Hearsay

       {¶ 35} Finally, Reed argues counsel was ineffective for failing to object to portions

of Scarbrough's testimony that had nothing to do with the injuries sustained by A.S.

Specifically, Reed points to the narrative given by A.S. regarding the events of the

previous day as well as the tumultuous and violent nature of the relationship between her

and Reed.

       {¶ 36} The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

guarantees that "[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right * * * to be

confronted with the witnesses against him * * *." In Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36,
Delaware County, Case No. 20 CAA 04 0021                                                12

124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004), the United States Supreme Court held that

testimonial statements of a witness who does not appear at trial may not be admitted or

used against a criminal defendant unless the declarant is unavailable to testify, and the

defendant has had a prior opportunity for cross-examination.

       {¶ 37} In State v. Arnold, 126 Ohio St. 3d 290, 2010-Ohio-2742, 933 N.E.2d 775,

the Ohio Supreme Court applied the “primary purpose” test, in a case involving victim

statements made to a social worker at a child advocacy center. The Supreme Court

concluded that statements made primarily for forensic or investigative purposes are

testimonial and thus inadmissible under the Confrontation Clause when the declarant is

unavailable. However, the Court found statements made for diagnosis and treatment are

nontestimonial and thus admissible without offending the confrontation clause. Id. at

paragraphs one and two of the syllabus.

       {¶ 38} We find the portions of PA Scarbrough's testimony discussing A.S.'s

description of the previous day's events which had nothing to do with her injuries, as well

as the history of violence between Reed and A.S. were testimonial statements to which

counsel should have objected. It is well established, however, that the Confrontation

Clause does not bar admission of a statement so long as the declarant is present at trial

to defend or explain it. See State v. Bell, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2013-CA-00110, 2014-Ohio-

663 at ¶ 13 citing State v. Siler, 5th Dist. Ashland No. 02 COA 028, 2005-Ohio-6591, ¶

51, quoting State v. Marbury, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19226, 2004-Ohio-1817, ¶ 38,

citing Crawford at 59, f.n. 9.

       {¶ 39} Here, the declarant, A.S., was present at trial and was subject to cross

examination by Reed's counsel. We therefore find any error harmless. Because Reed
Delaware County, Case No. 20 CAA 04 0021                                                13

cannot demonstrate prejudice, we find his counsel was not ineffective for failing to object

to Scarbrough's testimony.

      {¶ 40} The first assignment of error is overruled.

                                            II

      {¶ 41} In his second assignment of error, Reed argues his convictions for domestic

violence and menacing by stalking are against the manifest weight of the evidence. We

disagree.

      {¶ 42} On review for manifest weight, a reviewing court is to examine the entire

record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of

witnesses and determine "whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly

lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must

be reversed and a new trial ordered." State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App. 3d 172, 175, 485
N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). See also, State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St. 3d 380, 678 N.E.2d
541 (1997). The granting of a new trial "should be exercised only in the exceptional case

in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction." Martin at 175.

      {¶ 43} Reed argues the evidence that he did not commit the acts was more

believable and persuasive than evidence that he did. Reed points to two specific reasons

supporting his argument.

      {¶ 44} First Reed points to the testimony of Dublin City Police Officer Larry Gatton

who was summonsed to Reed's home in February 2017 to remove A.S. from his house

for destroying property. Apparently A.S. was angry because she suspected Reed was
Delaware County, Case No. 20 CAA 04 0021                                                       14

seeing someone else. A.S. told Gatton Reed had attacked her. A third person present

told Gatton A.S. had punched herself. T(II) 342-353. No charges came of the incident.

       {¶ 45} Reed next points to the testimony of his boss Alejandro Roces Rodriquez

who was allegedly present during a February 2019 incident between Reed and A.S.

during which the two argued at a job site and Reed punched A.S. in the head. Rodriquez

testified he witnessed the entire incident and Reed never punched A.S. T(III) 605-628.

We note, however, that the state presented testimony from Jerry Jervis, a resident of the

trailer park where the three were working that day. Jervis testified he witnessed A.S.

running out of the trailer next door to him with Reed right behind her. He then watched as

Reed hit A.S., sending her rolling off the deck. According to Jervis, Rodriquez came out

of the trailer after Reed hit A.S. and split them up. T(II) 327-329.

       {¶ 46} While this testimony put the credibility of A.S., Rodriquez, and Jervis at

issue, this court must afford the decision of the trier of fact concerning credibility issues

the appropriate deference. We will not substitute our judgment for that of the trier of fact

on the issue of witness credibility unless it is patently clear that the fact finder lost its way.

State v. Ahmed, 5th Dist. No. 2007-CA-00049, 2008-Ohio-389, 2008 WL 307711, ¶ 28

citing State v. Parks, 3rd Dist. No. 15-03-16, 2004-Ohio-4023, at ¶ 13, citing State v.

Twitty, 2nd Dist. No. 18749, 2002-Ohio-5595, at ¶ 114.

       {¶ 47} Upon review of the record it is not patently clear that this jury lost its way in

making its credibility determinations, nor was the result so unreliable as to create a

manifest miscarriage of justice. The second assignment of error is therefore overruled.

                                               III
Delaware County, Case No. 20 CAA 04 0021                                                    15

       {¶ 48} In his third assignment of error Reed again raises the admission of his 2012

conviction for disorderly conduct and PA Scarbrough's expert testimony and argues

admission of this testimony amounts to plain error. Reed also takes issue with a mention

by a state's witness that Reed was arrested on a warrant for the instant charges and taken

to jail for an interview. Reed argues the admission of this testimony is plain error.

       {¶ 49} An error not raised in the trial court must be plain error for an appellate court

to reverse. State v. Long, 53 Ohio St. 2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978) at paragraph one of

the syllabus; Crim.R. 52(B). In order to prevail under a plain error analysis, Reed bears

the burden of demonstrating that the outcome of the trial clearly would have been different

but for the error. Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus. Notice of plain error "is to be taken

with the utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a manifest

miscarriage of justice." Id. at paragraph three of the syllabus.

       {¶ 50} We have addressed the admission of Reed's 2012 conviction and PA

Scarbrough's testimony in Reed's first assignment of error. Having found no error in

counsel's failure to object to such testimony, we also find no plain error was committed in

its admission.

       {¶ 51} As for Reed's argument that the state elicited testimony concerning Reed's

arrest and the fact that he was in jail, we have examined Reeds transcript references and

find they pertain to testimony by Delaware County Sheriff's Detective Jeff Bessinger.

       {¶ 52} Bessinger testified because he could not immediately locate Reed, a

warrant issued for his arrest. He further testified after Reed had been arrested the

previous day he "was brought into the Delaware County Jail, and I interviewed him there."
Delaware County, Case No. 20 CAA 04 0021                                                   16

T (II) 520. The state further inquired if Reed had spent the night in the Delaware County

Jail and Bessinger stated he did not know. T (II) 521.

       {¶ 53} While we find this testimony wholly irrelevant, we cannot say it rises to the

level of plain error. Reed bears the burden of demonstrating the outcome of his trial clearly

would have been different but for the admission of this testimony, and has failed to explain

how this testimony impacted the verdict reached by the jury.

       {¶ 54} The third assignment of error is overruled.

                                             IV

       {¶ 55} In his final assignment of error, Reed argues he was denied a fair trial due

to cumulative error as set forth in his first three assignments of error.

       {¶ 56} In State v. Brown, 100 Ohio St. 3d 51, 2003-Ohio-5059, 796 N.E.2d 506, the

Ohio Supreme Court recognized the doctrine of cumulative error. However, where we

have found the trial court did not err, cumulative error is inapplicable. State v. Carter, 5th

Dist. Stark No. 2002CA00125, 2003-Ohio-1313 at ¶ 37.

       {¶ 57} We have found no error in Reed's preceding three assignments of error.

The doctrine of cumulative error is therefore inapplicable.

       {¶ 58} The final assignment of error is overruled.
Delaware County, Case No. 20 CAA 04 0021                                        17

      {¶ 59} The judgment of the Delaware County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.

By Wise, Earle, J.

Baldwin, P.J. and

Wise, John, J. concur.

EEW/rw