Court Opinion

ID: 9479295
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 07:13:39.286036+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:46:55.843957
License: Public Domain

COFFEY, Circuit Judge,
concurring in the opinion and the judgment.
I fully agree with the well-reasoned analysis presented in the majority opinion. I write separately to emphasize the propriety of the majority’s suggestion that Con- . gress give consideration to creating an exclusive administrative remedy for federal inmates’ small tort claims such as the one involved in this case. Further, I write to express my disagreement with Judge Cu-dahy’s concurrence, which states that “it is doubtful that the suggested limitations should be imposed exclusively on prisoners.... To classify prisoners separately with respect to procedures for securing specified categories of statutory and constitutional rights is a slippery slope.”
As an initial matter, it seems obvious that the suggestion of the majority and my concurrence is necessarily targeted at those confined in penal institutions because this is a- prisoner case. It would be inappropriate for the majority to suggest that Congress consider creating exclusive administrative remedies in areas of the law other than the problem facing the court in this particular factual situation. Further, prisoner litigation is probably the area with the largest increase in case filings in the federal judiciary. In 1987, the federal circuit courts of appeals received 8,852 prisoner complaints, 683 of which were filed in this court. In 1988, the nationwide figures rose to 9,409 inmate complaints, 779 of which were in this circuit and with the numerous challenges we can expect under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, the number of prisoner complaints will increase at a greater degree in the future. Because of the tremendous influx of prisoner cases in the federal courts recently, it seems obvious that Congress should give serious consideration to controlling the influx through a redefining of our jurisdiction over these cases should they determine it to be feasible.
In support of his position that prisoner litigation is “hardly the only area where there aré good arguments for some limitation of the federal courts’ jurisdiction,” Judge Cudahy discusses the plethora of cases filed in the federal system based on diversity of citizenship and then goes on to state that “Congress must take note that it is not only the prisoner who is contributing to the caseload.” Surprisingly, Judge Cu-dahy’s discussion fails to note that Congress recently considered the problem of the increasing number of diversity cases filed in the federal courts and amended 28 U.S.C. § 1332 to increase the amount in controversy required for diversity of citizenship cases from $10,000 to $50,000. See Judicial Improvements and Access to Justice Act, Pub.L. No. 100-702, Title II, § 201, 102 Stat. 4642, 4646 (1988). Indeed, Congress justified its effort to further limit federal diversity jurisdiction partly on the federal judiciary’s increasing caseload and *1539the potential for reduction thereof through the increase in the threshold jurisdictional amount, predicting that “[t]he increase in the amount in controversy to $50,000 should reduce the Federal diversity caseload by up to 40%.” H.R.Rep. No. 889, 100th Cong., 2d Sess. 45 (1988) U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1988, pp. 5982, 6005. It is apparent that Congress recognized the problem of the ever increasing caseload of the federal courts and took measures strikingly similar to the suggestion proposed in the majority opinion (i.e., restricting federal courts’ jurisdiction over relatively “small” claims in an area where the number of claims is increasing) toward alleviating the problem. The suggestion the majority proposes is no different. That is, the majority informs Congress of an area of litigation where the number of cases filed continues to increase at an alarming rate and suggests that they consider some type of administrative remedy for prisoners’ small, often frivolous claims, to diminish the profusion of such litigation in the federal courts.
In the eyes of federal litigants, the problem of the increasing number of prisoner complaints filed in the federal system is further exacerbated by the fact that the vast majority of prisoners are indigent, necessitating the filing of their complaints in forma pauperis and shifting the cost of litigating their claims to the public. Thus, the public is doubly affected by the increase in prisoner litigation. In addition to being forced to wait an inordinate amount of time for the courts to hear their cases, the same law-abiding citizens also bear the burden of underwriting the very costs associated with the filing and processing of prisoner small tort complaints, often alleging constitutional violations of dubious merit. The United States Supreme Court, in Neitzke v. Williams, — U.S. -, -, 109 S.Ct. 1827, 1831, 104 L.Ed.2d 338 (1989), stated the purpose of allowing indigent litigants to proceed informa pauper-is:
“The federal in forma pauperis statute, enacted in 1892 and presently codified as 28 U.S.C. § 1915, is designed to ensure that indigent litigants have meaningful access to the federal courts. Adkins v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 335 U.S. 331, 342-343, 69 S.Ct. 85, 90-91, 93 L.Ed. 43 (1948). Toward this end, § 1915(a) allows a litigant to commence a civil or criminal action in federal court in forma pauperis by filing in good faith an affidavit stating, inter alia, that he is unable to pay the costs of the lawsuit. Congress recognized, however, that a litigant whose filing fees and court costs are assumed by the public, unlike a paying litigant, lacks an economic incentive to refrain from filing frivolous, malicious, or repetitive lawsuits. To prevent such abusive or captious litigation, § 1915(d) authorizes federal courts to dismiss a claim filed in forma pauperis ‘if the allegation of poverty is untrue, or if satisfied that the action is frivolous or malicious.’ Dismissals on these grounds are often made sua sponte prior to the issuance of process, so as to spare prospective defendants the inconvenience and expense of answering such complaints.”
Despite the provision of § 1915, which was “designed largley to discourage the filing of, and waste of judicial and private resources upon, baseless lawsuits that paying litigants generally do not initiate,” Neitzke, — U.S. at -, 109 S.Ct. at 1832-33, the federal judiciary continues to be inundated with frivolous complaints from federal prisoners. As Chief Justice Rehnquist stated in his dissent to Cruz v. Beto: “The inmate stands to gain something and lose nothing.... Though he may be denied legal relief, he will nonetheless have obtained a short sabbatical in the nearest federal courthouse.” 405 U.S. 319, 327, 92 S.Ct. 1079, 1084, 31 L.Ed.2d 263 (1972) (Rehnquist, J., dissenting). While there is no dispute that prison inmates are entitled to relief in a court of law for true violations of their constitutional rights, I do believe it is becoming more evident every day that the efficient administration of justice is not served with the filing of highly questionable complaints alleging constitutional violations intermingled with the loss of various articles of *1540clothing (e.g., sweatshirts, tennis shoes and shoelaces) or personal effects (e.g., toothpaste, combs and baby powder), prison meals in which the main course is pork, sleep allegedly disrupted due to the sound of a train whistle at 2:30 a.m., and United States Marshals who refused to assist in carrying a prisoner’s box of legal documents onto an airplane, to name only a few of the frivolous cases recently addressed by this court. Indeed, the Supreme Court has recognized this “surfeit of meritless in forma pauperis complaints” as an impediment to efficient judicial administration. Neitzke, — U.S. at -, 109 S.Ct. at 1832.
Given the tremendous increase in prisoner cases in the federal courts and the projected increase in prisoner population, as well as the vast amount of court time directed toward the imposition of these appeals that could be used to address other, more substantial controversies, singling out prisoners’ unmeritorious small tort claims for relegation to an administrative remedy is clearly a logical step toward reducing the caseload of the federal judiciary, Judge Cudahy’s doubts notwithstanding. These cases are “typically brought for their nuisance value by persons on whose hands time hangs heavy,” Savage v. CIA, 826 F.2d 561, 563-64 (7th Cir.1987), and who having nothing else constructive to occupy their unproductive hours.
In expressing my agreement with the majority’s suggestion that Congress consider creating an administrative remedy to consider the merits of these claims, I emphasize that the majority does not advocate “cutting off all normal routes of access by prisoners to the courts,” as Judge Cudahy characterizes the majority’s recommendation; rather, we suggest only a screening process to weed out unmeritorious claims, possibly similar to those hearings conducted by a hearing examiner or an administrative law judge.1 Indeed, there is no dispute that all people — prisoners, as well as “those of us outside the walls” — with meritorious claims are entitled to an opportunity to be heard in a timely fashion in the federal court system. We suggest only that instead of further burdening our judicial manpower and resources with these matters, and thus delaying justice to those filing meritorious claims, an administrative hearing, conducted by one expertly trained and schooled in the area of prison administration and prisoners’ rights, would be a far more efficient method of addressing this problem. As the majority aptly states, “The issue is the optimal remedy.” Ante at 3. Congress might provide for this type of hearing on a trial basis, to afford the courts and Congress an opportunity to determine if this method of addressing prisoner complaints is feasible. I am confident that if the majority’s suggestion is considered, and possibly accepted, it will be a step forward in alleviating the overburdened federal court system. Thus, I support without hesitation the majority’s recommendation that “Congress ... give serious consideration to creating an exclusive rather than merely a preliminary administrative remedy for small tort claims by federal prisoners.” Id.

. Hearings similar to those recommended herein are conducted by Administrative Law Judges within the Social Security Administration, the Securities Exchange Commission, and the National Labor Relations Board, to name a few.