Court Opinion

ID: 4355982
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-01-03 23:08:15.585668+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:43:19.804647
License: Public Domain

2019 IL App (3d) 170258

                                Opinion filed January 3, 2019
     _____________________________________________________________________________

                                                  IN THE

                                   APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                             THIRD DISTRICT

                                                   2019

     THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF             )     Appeal from the Circuit Court
     ILLINOIS,                              )     of the 12th Judicial Circuit,
                                            )     Will County, Illinois.
           Plaintiff-Appellee,              )
                                            )     Appeal No. 3-17-0258
           v. 	                             )     Circuit No. 16-CM-384 

                                            )

     LINDA M. SHOEVLIN,                     )

                                            )     Honorable Edward Burmila, Jr.,
           Defendant-Appellant.             )     Judge, Presiding.
     _____________________________________________________________________________

            PRESIDING JUSTICE SCHMIDT delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
            Justices Carter and Lytton concurred with the judgment and opinion.

                                                  OPINION

¶1          The State charged defendant, Linda M. Shoevlin, with two counts of domestic battery

     (720 ILCS 5/12-3.2(a)(2) (West 2016)), and the case proceeded to a jury trial. After both the

     State and defense counsel gave their closing arguments, but prior to the State’s rebuttal

     argument, the trial court declared a mistrial. After the trial court set a date for a new trial,

     defendant filed a motion to dismiss on double jeopardy grounds. The court denied the motion.

     Defendant appeals, asserting that the trial court erred in denying her motion to dismiss the

     subsequent criminal complaint on double jeopardy grounds because no manifest necessity

     existed to declare a mistrial. We reverse.
¶2                                               FACTS

¶3          In February 2016, the State charged defendant with two counts of domestic battery (id.),

     alleging that she knowingly and without justification made physical contact of an insulting or

     provoking nature against her husband, Edward, when she struck him “about the head” (count I)

     and “scratched [him] about the body” (count II). The case proceeded to a jury trial in February

     2017, in which both the State and the defense presented evidence.

¶4          During opening statements, defense counsel told the jury that Edward had a “very

     powerful reason” to accuse his wife of battering him because the two of them were in the middle

     of divorce proceedings and Edward wanted custody of their two young children.

¶5          Edward then testified as follows. He and defendant were separated; they have two

     children together. On January 21, 2016, after being separated for approximately 45 days, he gave

     defendant permission to spend a couple of nights sleeping on the couch at the house. Defendant

     “often came over to the marital residence and had dinner with [him] and the children.” They had

     dinner as a family that night. After the children went to bed, they sat on the couch and talked

     “pretty much [about] how our status was, because we were separated at the time.” He became

     upset when defendant told him she did not want to reconcile. At some point during their

     conversation, Edward asked defendant if he could take the children to his brother’s house to

     visit, which would “be like only a six, seven hour, you know, journey back and forth.” He felt

     that he should ask permission because he already told defendant she could see the children that

     weekend. At that point, defendant “got aggravated” and an argument ensued. Edward asked

     defendant to leave when the argument became “heated.” He grabbed her keys from the counter to

     hand them to her, but instead of taking the keys, defendant grabbed his throat with both hands

     and dug her fingernails into it. He managed to pull away, but defendant followed him to the next

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     room where she picked up her keys and struck him in the forehead with them. As Edward called

     911, defendant took “one last swing” at his face, leaving a mark with her nails. The children’s

     babysitter, not defendant, put the children on the bus the next morning and picked them up from

     the bus stop later that afternoon. Edward next saw defendant “probably over a week” later.

¶6          On cross-examination, Edward testified that he and defendant were in the process of

     divorcing and that he asked for custody of the parties’ children in the petition for dissolution of

     marriage. The following colloquy then occurred:

                   “Q. And at the time of this alleged incident, you guys hadn’t decided who

            would get custody yet, correct?

                    A. She left.

                    Q. Let me repeat my question. Maybe you didn’t understand. At the time

            of this incident you guys hadn’t decided who would get custody of the children

            there, correct?

                    A. To answer, I would say I decided I was going to take—

                    Q. You—

                    A. The custody.

                    Q.—decided?

                    A. Yes.

                    Q. It’s your decision to make?

                    A. At the time with the [Department of Children and Family Services]

            cases, yes.”

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¶7             On redirect-examination, Edward contradicted his earlier testimony that defendant “often

       came over to the marital residence and had dinner” with the entire family, stating that during

       their 45-day separation, defendant “wouldn’t come” visit the children.

¶8             Felipe Flores, a patrol officer with the Crest Hill Police Department, testified that he was

       dispatched to the Shoevelins’ home for a domestic disturbance. He described Edward as being

       “in a hysterical state, as if an argument just occurred.” Flores observed scratches on Edward’s

       face and neck, which he photographed. These photographs were admitted into evidence.

¶9             Defendant testified as follows. Although she did not live with them during her separation

       from Edward, she went to the marital home after work each morning to wake the children up and

       get them ready for school. She also picked them up from the bus stop every afternoon. On

       January 21, 2016, she picked the children up from the bus stop and took them back to the marital

       residence. Once there, she cooked dinner and helped with homework. After the children went to

       bed, she and Edward got into an argument about rekindling their marriage. Edward wanted to

       rekindle the relationship, but she did not. When she told him she was not interested, Edward

       raised his voice and yelled at her. He then told her “he was going to take the kids for the

       weekend,” even though she made arrangements to have the kids for that weekend. After he told

       her she could not have the kids, she became upset and left the house. She denied scratching

       Edward or making any physical contact with him at all. The next morning, she went back to the

       marital residence, woke the children, and took them to the bus stop. Edward did not mention

       anything about the night before or that he called the police. Defendant could not recall any marks

       or other injuries to his face or neck.

¶ 10           On rebuttal, Edward testified that since their separation, defendant “sometimes” took the

       children to the bus stop in the morning and occasionally picked them up from the bus stop in the

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       afternoon. According to him, defendant did not pick the children up from the bus stop on January

       21, 2016. She did not arrive at the house until 5 p.m. that evening. Edward further denied that

       defendant returned to the home the next morning to take the children to the bus stop. Following

       the incident, Edward did not see defendant for “probably over a week.” On cross-examination,

       Edward clarified that he, not the children, next saw defendant approximately one week after the

       incident. He stated, “she contacted me because she wanted to see the kids. And then at that time I

       had an order of protection out on her so she couldn’t see me or the kids. So that’s why she stayed

       away.”

¶ 11            The closing arguments were not transcribed. According to the bystander’s report, which

       summarized defense counsel’s closing argument but not the State’s, defense counsel told the jury

       that Edward had a “very powerful reason” to lie. Counsel stated that defendant

                “had been scorned and he wanted to break [defendant’s] heart; he wanted to

                break her as a person and ruin her life. That’s why after January 21, 2016[,] he

                came to this courthouse and filed dissolution of marriage. He wants to take the

                house from her, he wants to take her kids from her, and he wants to ruin her life.

                He knows that if she gets a conviction in this case, her kids are going to be taken

                away.”

       Counsel continued, “That’s why he’s making all of this up and why the State can’t prove this

       case beyond a reasonable doubt. It didn’t happen.”

¶ 12            After defense counsel’s closing argument, but before the State’s rebuttal, the trial court

       addressed the parties outside the presence of the jury. The court expressed concerns that

       counsel’s statement regarding defendant having her children taken away if she is convicted

       prejudiced the jury. According to the bystander’s report, the court asked defense counsel:

                                                         5

              “[W]hy would you say that her kids are going to be taken away? Why would you

              say that? The jury now thinks that if she gets a conviction that as a function of law

              her kids will be taken away. I can’t think of anything more prejudicial.”

       Immediately thereafter, the State moved for a mistrial.

¶ 13          The trial court then asked defense counsel on suggestions to remedy the situation.

       Counsel responded:

              “[Ii]n the context of my closing argument, where I made no other statements of

              law except that the State has to prove the case beyond a reasonable doubt, the jury

              will understand that I was referring only to [Edward’s] state of mind in making up

              this story and not making an accurate statement of law.”

       The court disagreed with counsel. After recessing for five minutes, the court returned and

       announced:

              “I’ve thought about this and there are only two other things I could do,

              potentially. First, I could give an instruction telling the jury to disregard that

              statement, but then they will think that [defense counsel] was correct when he

              made that statement. I could give an instruction telling the jury to completely

              disregard [defense counsel] because he doesn’t know what he’s talking about, but

              that would completely prejudice the jury against the defendant and if [she] were

              convicted in this case [defense counsel’s] ineffective assistance of counsel will be

              the first issue heard on appeal. I don’t think [defense counsel] intentionally said

              what he said or that he wanted to prejudice the jury. He was doing very well up

              until that statement. I’m granting the mistrial.”

                                                        6

¶ 14           After the trial court set a date for a new trial, defendant filed a motion to dismiss alleging

       that a new trial would violate the double jeopardy clause of the fifth amendment. He argued that

       the defense’s theory of the case throughout trial was that Edward possessed a motive to lie and

       that, when taken in context, the statement at issue went toward Edward’s intentions. Counsel also

       argued that the court failed to consider reasonable alternatives to granting a mistrial.

               “Another thing that we tell [the jury] is that they cannot have sympathy for one

               side or the other in a jury trial. You can’t get up there and say look at this poor

               woman, look what’s going to happen to her if she gets convicted, which was the

               sum total of what it was that you said when you told the jurors remember, she gets

               convicted, she loses her children. You made an iron clad statement as if it was an

               ipso facto thing, conviction, loses the children.

                       Now, I know what you meant, and that isn’t what you meant in a legal

               sense, but the jury couldn’t make that distinction. And another thing we tell them

               is don’t take the punishment into account, but you were telling them in advance

               take that into account. She gets convicted, she is losing her children.”

       The court did not believe that the instruction proffered by defense counsel could cure the error. It

       further announced, “the State’s entitled to a fair trial, okay? They couldn’t get up there and say

       whoa, whoa, whoa, wait a minute, she is not going to lose her kids, that’s not going to happen,

       don’t listen to that.”

¶ 15           Defendant appeals.

¶ 16                                               ANALYSIS

¶ 17           Defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying her motion to dismiss the

       subsequent criminal complaint on double jeopardy grounds because no manifest necessity

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       existed to declare a mistrial. In response, the State asserts that defendant cannot now claim

       double jeopardy where she failed to object to the court’s declaration of a mistrial or file a “more

       timely” motion to dismiss the subsequent criminal complaint. Alternatively, the State maintains

       that it demonstrated a manifest necessity for the mistrial.

¶ 18          A. Whether Defendant Acquiesced in the Trial Court’s Declaration of a Mistrial

¶ 19          We begin by considering the State’s contention that defendant acquiesced in the trial

       court’s declaration of a mistrial. In support, the State cites United States v. Smith, 621 F.2d 350,

       351 (9th Cir. 1980), for the proposition that “[a]n implied consent to a mistrial, like an express

       consent, removes any double jeopardy bar to retrial.” See also United States v. Gilmore, 454 F.3d
725, 729 (7th Cir. 2006) (“[A] defendant who fails to object to a mistrial gives his or her implied

       consent to it.”); People v. Hill, 353 Ill. App. 3d 961, 966-67 (2004) (“[A]cquiescence constitutes

       implicit consent to a mistrial and precludes a later double-jeopardy claim.” (citing People v.

       Camden, 115 Ill. 2d 369, 378-79 (1987)). While we agree that a defendant who consents to a

       mistrial, either explicitly or implicitly, generally may not assert that double jeopardy bars her

       subsequent retrial, that is not what happened here.

¶ 20          In this case, defendant never had an opportunity to object to the State’s request for a

       mistrial. Instead, as soon as the State requested the mistrial—immediately following the trial

       court’s “I can’t think of anything more prejudicial” remark—the court asked defense counsel,

       “what do you suggest I do to remedy this?” Defense counsel responded to the court’s question,

       essentially arguing against the request for a mistrial, by stating that the jury would understand he

       was referring to Edward’s state of mind rather than making a statement of law. This argument

       shows defendant neither explicitly nor implicitly agreed to the mistrial. The court interjected that

       it disagreed and immediately took a five minute recess. Following the recess, the court granted

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       the mistrial without seeking further comment from either party. It then brought the jury back to

       the room and discharged it. Based on the speed in which the below proceedings occurred, we

       find that defendant did not have an opportunity to object to the State’s request for mistrial.

       Moreover, the State acknowledges any objection by defendant would likely have been futile

       because it was the trial court that sua sponte found defense counsel’s argument to be prejudicial.

       Accordingly, we find defendant did not acquiesce to the mistrial.

¶ 21          We also reject the State’s assertion that defendant’s “failure to request a hearing on the

       day following the declaration of mistrial” and her “failure to file a motion to dismiss the new

       trial until *** three weeks after the first jury had been discharged” precludes her claim of double

       jeopardy because her actions somehow “assured that the original jury could not reasonably have

       been reconstituted to continue defendant’s trial after a very brief delay.” The State cites no

       authority, nor did our research reveal any authority, which stands for the proposition that a party

       can or should request a hearing the day after a mistrial is declared in hopes of reviving an already

       dismissed jury and continuing on with the trial as if nothing happened.

¶ 22                                          B. Double Jeopardy

¶ 23          Having found that defendant did not acquiesce in the trial court’s declaration of a

       mistrial, we now consider whether double jeopardy bars her retrial for the same offense.

¶ 24          The fifth amendment to the United States Constitution provides that no person shall “be

       subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.” U.S. Const., amend. V.

       The Illinois Constitution likewise provides that “[n]o person shall be compelled in a criminal

       case to give evidence against himself nor be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense.” Ill.

       Const. 1970, art. I, § 10; see also 720 ILCS 5/3-4(a)(3) (West 2016) (barring the State from

                                                        9

       prosecuting a defendant for the same offense if the former prosecution “was terminated

       improperly after the jury was impaneled and sworn”).

¶ 25          The constitutional protection against double jeopardy attaches once the jury is impaneled

       and sworn. People v. Bellmyer, 199 Ill. 2d 529, 538 (2002). This is so because a defendant is

       entitled to have his or her trial completed before a particular tribunal. Arizona v. Washington,

       434 U.S. 497, 503 (1978). A second trial “increases the financial and emotional burden on the

       accused, prolongs the period in which he [or she] is stigmatized by an unresolved accusation of

       wrongdoing, and may even enhance the risk that an innocent defendant may be convicted.” Id. at

       503-04. As such, the State is generally entitled to only one opportunity to prosecute a defendant.

       Id. at 505. Where a trial court declares a mistrial without the defendant’s consent, it deprives the

       defendant of his “ ‘valued right’ ” to have a particular tribunal decide her fate. United States v.

       Jorn, 400 U.S. 470, 484 (1971) (plurality opinion). Thus, when a trial court declares a mistrial

       without the defendant’s consent, a second trial is prohibited unless the State demonstrates a

       manifest necessity for the mistrial. Washington, 434 U.S. at 505.

¶ 26          “[I]n determining whether manifest necessity exists [for a mistrial], the trial court must

       balance the defendant’s interest in having the trial completed in a single proceeding, reserving

       the possibility of obtaining an acquittal before that ‘particular tribunal,’ against the strength of

       the justification for declaring a mistrial rather than attempting to continue the trial to a verdict.”

       People v. Street, 316 Ill. App. 3d 205, 211 (2000) (citing 5 Wayne R. LaFave, Jerold H. Israel &

       Nancy J. King, Criminal Procedure § 25.2(c), at 654 (2d ed. 1999)). “The circumstances must be

       ‘ “very extraordinary and striking” ’; the necessity [for a mistrial] must be ‘imperious.’” People

       v. Largent, 337 Ill. App. 3d 835, 840-41 (2003) (quoting Downum v. United States, 372 U.S.
10 

       734, 736 (1963), quoting United States v. Coolidge, 25 F. Cas. 622, 623 (D. Mass. 1815) (No.

       14,858)).

¶ 27          A number of factors may be considered in determining whether a “manifest necessity”

       warranted a mistrial, including:

              “(1) whether the difficulty was the product of the actions of the prosecutor,

              defense counsel, or trial judge, or was events over which the participants lacked

              control; (2) whether the difficulty could have been intentionally created or

              manipulated by the prosecution to strengthen its case; (3) whether the difficulty,

              prejudice, or other legal complication might have been ‘cured’ by another

              alternative that would have preserved the trial’s fairness; (4) whether the trial

              judge actually considered the alternatives to a mistrial; (5) whether a subsequent

              conviction would be subject to reversal on appeal; (6) whether the trial judge

              acted in the heat of the trial confrontation; (7) whether the trial judge’s decision

              rested on an evaluation of the demeanor of the participants, the ‘atmosphere’ of

              the trial, or any other factors that similarly are not amenable to strict appellate

              review; (8) whether the trial judge granted the mistrial solely for the purpose of

              protecting the defendant against possible prejudice; (9) whether the evidence the

              State presented, prior to the mistrial, suggested a weakness in its case (e.g., a

              witness failed to testify as anticipated); (10) whether the jurors had heard enough

              of the case to formulate some tentative opinions; (11) whether the case had

              proceeded so far as to give the prosecution a substantial preview of the defense’s

              tactics and evidence; and (12) whether the composition of the jury was unusual.”

              Street, 316 Ill. App. 3d at 211-12.

                                                      11 

¶ 28          On review, we have an obligation to ensure that the trial judge exercised “ ‘sound

       discretion’ ” in declaring a mistrial. Washington, 434 U.S. at 514. It is of the utmost importance

       that a trial court carefully considers all reasonable alternatives prior to declaring a mistrial.

       People v. Bagley, 338 Ill. App. 3d 978, 982 (2003); Brady v. Samaha, 667 F.2d 224, 229 (1st Cir.

       1981). “Whether the trial judge gave counsel an opportunity to be heard regarding a mistrial is of

       major importance, as is ‘the amount of time devoted to the mistrial decision.’ ” People v.

       Dahlberg, 355 Ill. App. 3d 308, 315 (2005) (quoting Brady, 667 F.2d at 229). “A hasty decision,

       reflected by a rapid sequence of events culminating in a declaration of a mistrial, tends to

       indicate insufficient concern for the defendant’s constitutional rights.” Id.

¶ 29          As indicated, in this case the trial court sua sponte removed the jury from the room and

       questioned defense counsel regarding his closing argument—an argument to which the State did

       not object. While the State ultimately requested a mistrial, it did so only after the court

       announced that it could not “think of anything more prejudicial” than counsel’s statement.

       Although defense counsel attempted to explain why—in a case where the defense’s theory was

       that Edward made up the story as leverage in his pending divorce and custody battle—he felt the

       jury would understand his statement referred only to Edward’s state of mind. The court,

       however, disagreed and immediately recessed without allowing counsel further comment. A

       mere five minutes later, the court returned and announced, “I’ve thought about this and there are

       only two other things I could do.” The court then proceeded to reject each remedy it thought of

       during its five minute recess and immediately declared a mistrial without seeking further input

       from defense counsel or the State.

¶ 30          The trial court’s decision to grant the mistrial in this case after the jury heard all the

       evidence was clearly a hasty decision. We agree with the trial judge that defendant’s argument

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       was improper. However, based on the totality of the evidence presented in this case, the jury was

       well aware that the parties were divorcing, that Edward was seeking custody of the children, and

       that DCFS was involved in some manner. In fact, defense counsel’s theory of the case was that

       Edward fabricated the incident to give him an advantage in the dissolution and custody

       proceedings. Thus, we find that defense counsel’s closing statement in this case did not justify

       the trial court’s declaration of a mistrial. Because the State failed to demonstrate a manifest

       necessity for the mistrial, we reverse the trial court’s denial of defendant’s motion to dismiss the

       subsequent criminal complaint on double jeopardy grounds.

¶ 31                                            CONCLUSION

¶ 32          For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court of Will County.

¶ 33          Reversed.

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