Court Opinion

ID: 4034244
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-16 03:06:10.231484+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:29:39.027662
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Mills v. Westlake, 2016-Ohio-5836.]

                    Court of Appeals of Ohio
                               EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                       No. 103643

                                     BARBARA MILLS
                                                        PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT

                                                  vs.

                          CITY OF WESTLAKE, ET AL.
                                                        DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES

                                               JUDGMENT:
                                                AFFIRMED

                                      Civil Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                    Case No. CV-14-826449

             BEFORE:           Blackmon, J., McCormack, P.J., and Celebrezze, J.

             RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED:                      September 15, 2016
FOR APPELLANT

Barbara Mills, pro se
22465 Brookpark Road
Fairview Park, Ohio 44126

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES

For City of Westlake and Keenan Cook, Officer

Tami Z. Hannon
Frank H. Scialdone
John T. McLandrich
Mazanec Raskin, Ryder Co., L.P.A.
100 Franklin’s Row
34305 Solon Road
Cleveland, Ohio 44139

For Ellen Hartrup

Robert J. Koeth
Anne E. Leo
Koeth Rice & Leo Co., L.P.A.
1280 West Third Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113

For Arthur and Beth Hohman

Ronald V. Rawlin
Kimberly A. Brennan
Terrance P. Gravens
Rawlin Gravens Co., L.P.A.
1422 Euclid Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44115
PATRICIA ANN BLACKMON, J.:

       {¶1} Barbara Mills (“Mills”) appeals pro se from the trial court’s journal entries

granting summary judgment to defendants Arthur Hohman (“A. Hohman”), individually

and in his capacity as a Westlake auxiliary police officer; Beth Hohman (“B. Hohman”);

Ellen Hartup (“Hartup”); and Westlake Police Officer Keenan Cook (“Officer Cook”).

Additionally, Mills appeals the court’s award of sanctions for frivolous conduct against

her and in favor of the Hohmans. Mills assigns four errors1 for our review.

       {¶2} Having reviewed the record and pertinent law, we affirm the trial court’s

decision. The apposite facts follow.

       {¶3} In August 2010, the Westlake City School District moved a school bus stop

to the corner of Primrose Lane and Canterbury Road, and determined that the “designated

place of safety” for this stop was the driveway apron located at 3823 Canterbury Road.

According to Jonathan Perkins (“the bus driver”), who was the Westlake bus driver

assigned to this route, a “designated place of safety * * * is a place away from

the road where [the children] are out of danger, to where they can stand there until the bus

leaves.” At the time, Mills’s mother owned the house located on this property.

       {¶4} The Hohman’s eight-year-old son B.H. and the Hartup’s eight-year-old son

P.H. were assigned to this bus stop. Early in the school year 2010,2 B. Hohman was

       See appendix.
       1

       B. Hohman and A. Hohman testified that the incident between Mills and B.
       2

Hohman occurred early in the school year. Mills, on the other hand, argues that it
occurred in December. Although the parties disagree on the time frame, there is
waiting for her son at the bus stop when Mills pulled out of her mother’s driveway,

stopped, and yelled out of her car window, “I don’t want my driveway used as a bus

stop.” According to B. Hohman, Mills was “very angry” at the time. B. Hohman told

Mills that they used the driveway only for a short time and that B. Hohman did not choose

the bus stop location. Mills said, “I have a dying mother, and if the bus is in front of my

house, an ambulance can’t get in.” B. Hohman told Mills that she was “not having this

discussion with” her.

      {¶5} On December 9, 2010, an incident occurred between Mills and B.H. when

he got off the bus. According to Mills, as she was leaving her mom’s house she saw

B.H. in the apron of the driveway. Mills alleges that she “told him that she’d already

spoken to his mom and the school system and needed for him to stay out of to keep from

blocking [sic] the driveway.” According to Mills, she did not yell at B.H.

      {¶6} However, B.H. testified that Mills yelled at him to “get the hell off my

driveway and stay off.” All other witnesses’ testimonies and statements corroborated

B.H.’s testimony. According to B. Hohman, B.H. came home from the bus stop that day

“crying. He was hysterical * * * because the lady yelled at him.” P.H. witnessed the

incident and testified that Mills yelled at B.H. According to Hartup, her son P.H. came

home from the bus stop that day “visibly upset,” because Mills yelled at him and B.H. to

“get the hell out of my driveway.” Additionally, a neighbor, Monica Peters (“Peters”),

no dispute that the event occurred.
testified that she heard noise outside, opened her front door, and saw Mills “standing in

the apron of her driveway yelling at the kids.”

       {¶7} That evening, A. Hohman reported the matter to the police. Officer Cook

spoke with the Hohmans and the Hartups, and then spoke with Mills. According to

Officer Cook, Mills became agitated and irate, accused the boys of trespassing, and

denied yelling at B.H. Officer Cook ended the conversation because Mills was “being

unreasonable and unwilling to try to find a solution.” He advised her not to yell at the

boys again and to call the police if there were any future problems.

       {¶8} The next day, on December 10, 2010, A. Hohman and Hartup were waiting

for their boys to get off the school bus when Mills came speeding down the road in her

vehicle. According to A. Hohman, Hartup, B.H., P.H., and the bus driver, it appeared

that Mills was not going to slow down or stop at the bus’s stop sign. The driver honked

his horn to alert the children not to cross the street. Mills stopped her car in the street,

got out of her vehicle, and began yelling at A. Hohman for contacting the police.

       {¶9} A. Hohman testified that Mills “was driving at a high rate of speed. The

bus driver had to get the stop signs out, had to actually physically blow the horn before

she abruptly stopped * * *.” According to A. Hohman, Mills “drove * * * her vehicle

towards the bus and then when she jumped out of the car she came walking towards me.

What she was going to do at that point I have no idea. She is out of her vehicle. My

concern at that point is basically for everybody.”
       {¶10} B.H. testified that “a car came speeding by and then it was the same lady

and she got out of the car and started yelling at my dad. * * * I don’t know if she was

driving it at me or not [but] she seemed very close to almost hitting us.”

       {¶11} P.H. stated that “all of a sudden a car came screeching down the street and it

was [Mills]. * * * She came out of her car and started yelling at my [mom].” According

to Hartup, Mills “came speeding north-bound on Canterbury and the bus driver blew his

horn as it looked like she was going to blow right threw [sic] the bus ‘stop’ sign. She

came within 2 feet of the bus, and got out of her car, stood in the middle of Canterbury,

screaming at us * * *.” While Mills was yelling, Hartup escorted B.H. and P.H. across

the street because she feared for their safety.

       {¶12} The bus driver testified that after the boys got off the bus that day, a vehicle

came down the street

       and it sped up — it looked to me like it was going about 45 miles an hour.
       It was increasing speed and the vehicle crossed the center line, and I
       thought it was a drunk driver and it was going to hit me. * * * Honestly, I
       was terrified * * *.

       I kept my hand in the air so the children wouldn’t cross, * * * and I saw the
       vehicle coming very fast, and I blared the horn for a good two, three
       seconds, to let the children know, you need to be looking at me, you need to
       stay where you are, and the oncoming vehicle, I was trying to get it through
       to them, hey I’m stopped, I’m making a student drop.

       The vehicle didn’t slow down until the last 30 feet, and pulled halfway into
       the driveway where the place of safety was, and she, the driver, [Mills], got
       out of her vehicle, started yelling at the parents — I couldn’t hear what she
       was saying, but I could hear her yelling at the parents.
       I didn’t know what to do, because I didn’t want the kids in danger. The
       place of safety was blocked, and there was something going on, something
       that, you know, I can’t let these kids cross.

       {¶13} Peters witnessed this incident from her front porch and gave the following

statement to the police:

       On Friday 12/10/10, the bus stopped again at the corner of Primrose and
       Canterbury around 2:30 p.m. The bus was stopped with the stop sign out.
       A beige car kept coming northbound. My husband and I thought it wasn’t
       going to stop as the same two boys started to walk in front of the bus to
       cross Canterbury. The car was about two feet from the bus bumper. At
       that point our neighbor Barbara Mills got out of her car and stood in the
       street yelling at the boys and the mother of one * * * and the father of the
       other. Ms. Mills has a horrible temper which my husband and I can attest
       to. * * * She scared us and we’re adults. I can just imagine how those 2
       young boys felt.
       {¶14} According to Mills, however, she was trying to get into her mom’s driveway

on December 10, 2010, but A. Hohman and Hartup were blocking it and would not move.

 Mills alleges that she “got partway out” of her car and “said in a normal tone of voice to

[A. Hohman] that she was * * * going to tell the mayor he was blocking the driveway.”

Mills testified that there was neither a school bus nor children present at the time. Mills

further stated that Hartup’s, A. Hohman’s, B.H.’s, P.H.’s, and the bus driver’s statements

to the police were false and that they perjured themselves in various legal proceedings.

       {¶15} That same day, A. Hohman, B. Hohman, Hartup, B.H., and P.H. gave

written statements to the police. Per Hartup’s request, on December 14, 2010, Westlake

moved the bus stop a few houses down the road; however, B.H. and P.H. still had to walk

on the sidewalk past Mills’s mother’s house to get home.
       {¶16} After the bus stop was moved, Mills began parking her car in the apron of

her mother’s driveway blocking pedestrian sidewalk traffic around the time the bus

dropped the children off. Mills remained in the car with the vehicle running. According

to Mills, she was using her cell phone, which had spotty reception in areas other than the

apron of her mother’s driveway.

       {¶17} The bus driver testified that “I noticed that [Mills’s] vehicle was parked on

the actual sidewalk, * * * she parked the vehicle across the sidewalk * * *. I was

worried about the children because they would have to go around the parked car and

sidewalk and they would either have to walk on to the property or closer to the road.”

       {¶18} On January 3, 2011, Hartup and Peters reported Mills’s behavior to Officer

Cook. According to Officer Cook, Hartup “was concerned for the safety of the children”

because “a person would have to either walk in the road or onto the residential property”

to get around Mills’s running car. Hartup also supplied the police with photographs of

Mills’s vehicle parked blocking the public sidewalk. Hartup noted in her statement to

the police that as soon as the bus dropped the boys off, Mills moved her vehicle.

       {¶19} On January 4, 2011, A. Hohman reported Mills’s behavior to Officer Cook,

and Hartup and Peters reported it for the second day in a row. According to A. Hohman,

he and his son had to either walk around Mills’s running vehicle or walk in the drainage

ditch to avoid Mills’s mother’s property. A. Hohman stated that given Mills’s odd

behavior, he was concerned for his son’s safety and thought Mills might suddenly drive

her car in reverse while they were behind it. A. Hohman and B. Hohman stated that B.H.
“is scared to death” to go to the bus stop and asks his parents everyday, “Who is going to

meet me at the bus?” B.H. will not walk by himself past Mills’s mother’s house.

       {¶20} According to Hartup, “[P.H.] is afraid of [Mills] and does not want to ride

the bus anymore. I will continue to meet that bus everyday as I am afraid [Mills] might

do something to one of the boys.” P.H. stated that he asked his mom to wait for him at

the bus stop “just to make sure that it didn’t happen again.”

       {¶21} The Westlake prosecutor reviewed the police reports and witness statements

at issue and interviewed Officer Cook, Hartup, and A. Hohman. On January 5, 2011, the

prosecutor determined there was probable cause to charge Mills with menacing and

instructed the police to issue an arrest warrant. That same day, Officer Cook went to

Mills’s mother’s house to arrest Mills. Mills was not there at the time, but Mills’s

mother let the police into her home to wait for Mills. When Mills arrived, Officer Cook

arrested her.

       {¶22} Mills’s menacing case went to trial, and she was acquitted. Mills filed a

civil case, which she voluntarily dismissed after summary judgment was briefed. Mills

refiled her case, and on July 24, 2014, amended her complaint to assert claims for

malicious prosecution, abuse of process, and civil conspiracy against A. Hohman, B.

Hohman, Hartup, and Officer Cook. Additionally, Mills included a claim for false arrest

against Officer Cook and A. Hohman in his capacity as an auxiliary police officer. The

Hohmans asserted a counterclaim for frivolous conduct.
       {¶23} On May 27, 2015, the court granted all of the defendants’ motions for

summary judgment. The Hohman’s counterclaim remained pending, and on June 11,

2015, the Hohmans also filed a motion for sanctions. The court ruled that, in lieu of a

trial on the frivolous conduct counterclaim, it would hold a hearing on the motion for

sanctions. On July 29, 2015, the court held this hearing, but after listening to opening

statements, the court found that it had “enough here * * * to make a decision as to

whether the actions of plaintiff and plaintiff’s counsel justify an award at all as to

frivolous conduct under Rule 11 or 2323.51.”          Neither party objected to the court

deciding the issue on the documents and evidence submitted.

       {¶24} On August 3, 2015, the court granted the Hohmans’ motion for sanctions

against Mills pursuant to R.C. 2323.51, finding that Mills engaged in frivolous conduct,

and denied the motion for sanctions against Mills’s attorneys under Civ.R. 11. On

October 8, 2015, the court held a hearing to determine the amount of sanctions and

awarded the Hohmans $33,672.68 for legal fees and expenses. This appeal followed.

                                   Summary Judgment

       {¶25} Appellate review of granting summary judgment is de novo. Pursuant to

Civ.R. 56(C), the party seeking summary judgment must prove that (1) there is no

genuine issue of material fact; (2) they are entitled to judgment as a matter of law; and (3)

reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to the

nonmoving party. Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 662 N.E.2d 264 (1996).
       {¶26} To succeed on a motion for summary judgment, the “moving party carries

an initial burden of setting forth specific facts that demonstrate its entitlement to”

judgment as a matter of law. Huntington Natl. Bank v. Blout, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

98514, 2013-Ohio-3128, ¶ 13. “If the party fails to meet this burden, summary judgment

is not appropriate; if the moving party meets this burden, summary judgment is

appropriate only if the nonmoving party fails to establish the existence of a genuine issue

of material fact.” Id.

                                  Malicious Prosecution

       {¶27} To succeed on a malicious prosecution claim, a plaintiff must show the

following: “(1) malicious institution of prior proceedings against the plaintiff by

defendant, (2) lack of probable cause for the filing of the prior lawsuit, (3) termination of

the prior proceedings in plaintiff’s favor, and (4) seizure of plaintiff’s person or property

during the course of the prior proceedings.” (Citations omitted.) Crawford v. Euclid

Natl. Bank, 19 Ohio St.3d 135, 139, 483 N.E.2d 1168 (1985).

       {¶28} Underlying the case at hand are four counts of menacing brought against

Mills pursuant to Westlake Codified Ordinance 537.06, which states that “No person shall

knowingly cause another to believe that the offender will cause physical harm to the

person * * * or a member of the * * * person’s family.”

       {¶29} In the defendants’ motions for summary judgment, they argue that the

Westlake prosecutor made the decision to charge Mills with menacing; therefore, they are

insulated from liability.   However, the Ohio Supreme Court has recognized that a
malicious prosecution action may be brought against an individual who is not a

government employee. A “private person who initiates or procures the institution of

criminal proceedings against another is not subject to liability unless the person against

whom the criminal proceedings were initiated proves all * * * of the above-listed

elements” of malicious prosecution. Ash v. Ash, 72 Ohio St.3d 520, 522, 651 N.E.2d 945

(1995).

      {¶30} It is undisputed that proceedings were instituted against Mills, and she was

arrested, tried, and ultimately acquitted. The focus of our inquiry is not who initiated

these proceedings; rather, our focus is whether there was probable cause to indict Mills,

which in turn indicates whether there was malice. See, e.g., Mecher v. O’Brien, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga Nos. 89008 and 89626, 2007-Ohio-6633, ¶ 34 (in a claim for malicious

prosecution, “the determinative issue is * * * whether there was a reasonable ground

of suspicion, supported by circumstances sufficiently strong in themselves to warrant a

cautious man in the belief that the person accused was guilty of the offense with which he

or she was charged”). “The absence of probable cause is the gist of an action for

malicious prosecution, and malice may be inferred from the absence of probable cause.”

Brand v. Geissbuhler, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 70565 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 709 (Feb.

27, 1997).

      {¶31} B.H. and P.H. testified that they were afraid of Mills, and the boys’ parents

testified that they feared Mills might cause physical harm to their children.      Peters

testified that she and her husband were scared of Mills and “you could tell the boys were
scared” of her as well. Officer Cook testified that B.H. and P.H. were visibly “upset”

when he spoke with them, and based on his interviews with the Hohmans, the Hartups,

and Mills, he had evidence “that led me to believe that [Mills] possibly had yelled at the

boys.” Officer Cook testified that it was his understanding that Mills’s conduct and the

boys’ reactions exhibited the crime of menacing, and he reported this information to the

prosecutor.

      {¶32} The Westlake prosecutor’s affidavit reads, in part, as follows:

      As prosecutor, I reviewed the police reports and witness statements for the
      complaints against Barbara Mills relative to her conduct on December 9,
      2010 and December 10, 2010 involving Art Hohman and the minor
      children, [B.H.] and [P.H.]. In this case, we attempted to resolved the
      matter without filing criminal charges. * * * I was concerned due to the
      continuing nature of Ms. Mills’s conduct, despite Officer Cook having
      spoken to her regarding her behavior. I was further concerned that the
      behavior had not stopped despite a change in location of the school bus
      stop. Based on Ms. Mills’s continuing conduct, I determined that criminal
      charges were necessary in this situation in order to prevent any further
      instances. I determined that probable cause existed to pursue criminal
      charges against Barbara Mills for menacing.

      {¶33} The appellees have pointed to ample evidence in the record that there was

probable cause to charge Mills with menacing, which would negate the “malice” element

of her malicious prosecution claim. To overcome summary judgment, Mills would have

had to provide evidence that created a genuine issue of material fact regarding the

allegations at hand. In her oppositions to summary judgment, as well as her appellate

brief, Mills points to inconsistent testimony that she argues should be enough to defeat

summary judgment.      Our review of the record, however, shows that the testimony
brought to our attention is neither in conflict with other evidence in the record nor

material to the issues at hand.

       {¶34} For example, Mills argues that there is conflicting testimony regarding the

events that occurred on December 10, 2010. According to Mills, the Westlake City

School District’s Director of Transportation’s testimony contradicts the “trial testimony

from school bus driver J. Perkins who said he witnessed Mills driving toward his stopped

school bus.” However, the director simply testified that he did not recall off the top of

his head the name of the bus driver who reported “[t]hat the students were standing on a

sidewalk at the corner and a car came basically barreling off the street into the driveway.”

       {¶35} A second example of Mills arguing that a genuine issue of material fact

exists is her allegation that B. Hohman’s testimony is inconsistent in that she first stated

that B.H. “walked” home crying on December 9, 2010, then subsequently testified that he

“ran” into the house crying that day. According to Mills, “[s]uch material testimony

change precludes dismissal on Summary Judgment.”              We disagree.     A witness’s

testimony that their child a) walked home crying, and b) ran into the house crying does

not amount to a credibility-challenging inconsistency.

       {¶36} Upon review, we find that Mills has failed to show a genuine issue of

material fact, and the defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law on Mills’s

malicious prosecution charge.

                                     Abuse of Process
       {¶37} “[T]he three elements of the tort of abuse of process are: (1) that a legal

proceeding has been set in motion in proper form and with probable cause; (2) that the

proceeding has been perverted to attempt to accomplish an ulterior purpose for which it

was not designed; and (3) that direct damage has resulted for the wrongful use of the

process.” Yaklevich v. Kemp, Schaeffer & Rowe Co., L.P.A., 68 Ohio St.3d 294, 298,

626 N.E.2d 115 (1994).

       {¶38} This court has held that “the ulterior motive contemplated by an abuse of

process claim generally involves an attempt to gain an advantage outside the proceeding,

using the process itself as the threat. * * * Conversely, abuse of process does not occur

when a party uses the court to pursue a legal remedy that the court is empowered to give.”

 Sivinski v. Kelley, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94296, 2011-Ohio-2145, ¶ 36-37.

       {¶39} Upon review, we find that Mills has failed to set forth competent, credible

evidence to support an abuse of process claim. Specifically, Mills argues that the ulterior

motive behind the menacing charges was for the defendants to retaliate against her for

complaining to the mayor that they were blocking her mother’s driveway. Mills offers

no evidence to support this allegation. Rather, the evidence in the record suggests that

menacing charges were investigated and brought against Mills as a result of her behavior

and to protect the children. This is a proper use of the justice system. See Terry v.

Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 22, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968) (a general governmental

“interest is of course that of effective crime prevention and detection”).
       {¶40} This court has held that “a nonmovant’s own self-serving assertions,

whether made in an affidavit, deposition, or interrogatory responses, cannot defeat a

well-supported summary judgment motion when not corroborated by any outside

evidence.” Lucas v. Perciak, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96962, 2012-Ohio-88, ¶ 16.

       {¶41} Looking at the evidence in a light most favorable to Mills, as we must, we

find no genuine issues of material fact relating to an abuse of process claim.

Accordingly, the defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and Mills’s first

assigned error is overruled.

                                  False Imprisonment

       {¶42} “False imprisonment has been succinctly defined in the following manner:

‘* * * to confine one intentionally without lawful privilege and against his consent with a

limited area for any appreciable time, however short.’ 1 Harper and James, The Law of

Torts, 226, Section 3.7 (1956).” Feliciano v. Kreiger, 50 Ohio St.2d 69, 71, 362 N.E.2d

646 (1977).

       {¶43} In the case at hand, Mills’s false imprisonment claim is based on her

allegation that Officer Cook arrested her on January 5, 2011, without a warrant. The

municipal court docket for Mills’s menacing case shows that a search warrant was issued

on January 5, 2011. Westlake v. Mills, Rocky River Mun. Court Nos. 11CRB0037 and

11CRB0038. However, Officer Cook’s testimony on this issue is somewhat ambiguous.

       {¶44} He testified that the warrant issued was “a type of warrant form saying she’s

already been arrested.” He further explained that “[i]n lieu of waiting for the warrant we
make the arrest based on the complaints, the signed complaints and then we fill out that

form.” Asked why the police did not wait until a judge issued a warrant for Mills’s

arrest, Officer Cook replied, “There was nothing preventing me from waiting for a

warrant but we chose not to wait because of the safety of the children.” Officer Cook

further testified that the basis for Mills’s arrest was the written witness complaints and the

determination of probable cause.

         {¶45} Whether a valid warrant was issued, however, is not dispositive of Mills’s

false imprisonment claim. “[A] warrantless arrest by a law officer is reasonable under

the Fourth Amendment where there is probable cause to believe that a criminal offense

has been or is being committed.” Devenpeck v. Alford, 543 U.S. 146, 152, 125 S.Ct. 588,

160 L.Ed.2d 537 (2004). In the case at hand, Officer Cook went to Mills’s mother’s

house to arrest Mills as a result of Mills being indicted for menacing. We have already

determined previously in this opinion that there was probable cause for the menacing

charges, and we use the same analysis to conclude that there was probable cause to arrest

Mills.

         {¶46} Accordingly, Mills’s claim for false imprisonment against Officer Cook is

without merit, and the court properly granted his motion for summary judgment on this

issue. Mills’s third assigned error is overruled.

                                     Civil Conspiracy

         {¶47} The elements of a claim for civil conspiracy are “1) a malicious

combination; 2) two or more persons; 3) injury to person or property; [and] 4) existence
of an unlawful act independent from the actual conspiracy.” Scanlon v. Gordon F.

Stofer & Bro. Co., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 55467 and 55472, 1989 Ohio

App. LEXIS 2528 (June 22, 1989).

       {¶48} As we have found that the court properly granted summary judgment to all

defendants on all of Mills’s claims, Mills necessarily has failed to show the “existence of

an unlawful act independent from the actual conspiracy.” This failure is fatal to her civil

conspiracy claim.    Lowry-Greene v. Brighton Hotel Corp., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

60838, 1992 Ohio App. LEXIS 5596 (Aug. 10, 1992) (“Without the existence of the

underlying unlawful acts * * * there can be no claim for civil conspiracy.”).

                              Frivolous Conduct Sanctions

       {¶49} Pursuant to R.C. 2323.51, a court may award attorney fees against a party

for frivolous conduct committed in a civil case. Conduct is frivolous when: “(i) It

obviously serves merely to harass or maliciously injure another party to the action * * *.

(ii) It is not warranted under existing law * * *. (iii) The conduct consists of allegations

or other factual contentions that have no evidentiary support * * *. (iv) The conduct

consists of denials or factual contentions that are not warranted by the evidence * * *.”

R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a).

       {¶50} Prior to awarding attorney fees for frivolous conduct, the court must conduct

a hearing that “allows the parties and counsel of record involved to present any relevant

evidence * * *.” R.C. 2323.51(B)(2)(c). The court must then make a determination
“that the conduct was frivolous and that a party was adversely affected by it” and

determine the amount of the award.

        {¶51} Ultimately, the decision whether to impose sanctions for frivolous conduct

lies within the trial court’s discretion. However, “[o]n review a trial court’s findings of

fact are given substantial deference and are reviewed under an abuse of discretion

standard, while legal questions are subject to de novo review by an appellate court.”

ABN Amro Mtge. Group, Inc. v. Evans, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98777, 2013-Ohio-1557,

¶ 14.

        {¶52} In the case at hand, the court held a hearing on the Hohmans’ motion for

sanctions on July 29, 2015. The Hohmans and their counsel were present, and Mills and

her three attorneys were present. The court heard opening statements and arguments

from the Hohmans’ and Mills’s attorneys, and asked questions regarding the alleged

conduct. The court then stated the following:

        I had initially anticipated that counsel would want to present testimony.
        I’m not certain that testimony would be called for at this juncture. We
        have the pleadings, we have the briefs on the summary judgment, we have
        the motion and briefs on the sanctions question, which I think are fairly
        voluminous as to not only the facts, but also the positions of the individuals
        involved.

        {¶53} On August 3, 2015, the court issued a journal entry granting in part and

denying in part the Hohmans’ motion for sanctions. The court stated that, at the hearing,

“counsel of record and parties appeared. Testimony was taken. The court notes that

evidence was presented in the previously filed briefs.” The court denied the sanctions

motion as to Mills’s attorney, reasoning that “[t]he statements made by [Mills’s attorney]
in open court support a finding that he did not simply rely upon the claims of plaintiff, but

that he acted in good faith in attempting to confirm the veracity of her assertions.”

       {¶54} The court granted the motion for sanctions regarding Mills, making the

following findings:

       The Court finds Ms. Mills’s conduct more troubling. She claims that she
       was a victim of inappropriate action, indeed a civil conspiracy, on the part
       of the Hohmans. When viewed objectively, as this Court must do, the
       Court finds that these assertions are unsupported by fact, and thus are
       unwarranted. Other than pure conjecture, plaintiff offers no tangible
       evidence whatsoever to support her claim.

       The Court is left with the inescapable conclusion that Ms. Mills’s

       maintenance of this action, even though re-filed by counsel, was intended to

       harass or maliciously injure the Hohmans. The Court further finds that her

       claims were not warranted under existing law, nor corroborated with any

       evidentiary support.    Even if the first filing of this case was justified,

       plaintiff’s subsequent re-filing and ensuing behavior in pursuing her

       vendetta against defendants were not.

       {¶55} Subsequently, the court granted Mills’s attorneys’ motions to withdraw as

counsel, based on their “deteriorated” relationship with Mills. The court afforded Mills

time to retain new counsel, but she did not do so. The court held a second hearing on

October 8, 2015, to determine the amount of the sanctions awarded against Mills. Two

of the attorneys who represented the Hohmans in an insurance defense capacity testified

as to the work performed and billed at a rate of $115.00 to $140.00 per hour.

Additionally, an expert witness testified as to the reasonableness of the fees, and the
litigation specialist from Nationwide Insurance who handled the Hohmans’ claim testified

as to the reasonableness of the amount of legal work performed in this case.

       {¶56} Mills refused her opportunity to cross-examine the first two witnesses and

had limited questions on cross-examination for the expert and the insurance

representative. For example, Mills questioned the expert’s objectiveness implying that

he was “very much working together” with the Hohmans’ attorney “because they told

everyone how much they hated me * * *.” This “question” was stricken from the record.

 As to the insurance witness, Mills asked her the following question: “So you don’t —

you’re not really the person that would authorize payment, that would be someone above

you, you just coordinate?” The witness answered, “No, I actually authorize the payment.

 It’s submitted through a system and I review the billing and I either approve or

disapprove.”

       {¶57} A. Hohman and B. Hohman also testified at the sanctions hearing as to the

expenses incurred in defending this lawsuit.      On cross-examination, Mills asked A.

Hohman and B. Hohman if they made any false statements in this case. The court

sustained defense counsel’s objection to this question.

       {¶58} Finally, defense counsel requested an award of $33,672.68, which was the

total amount of the Hohmans’ legal fees for defending this case.

       {¶59} Mills did not call any witnesses or present any evidence. Rather, at the

hearing to determine the amount of sanctions, she claimed that she did not get “a chance
to present any evidence” regarding the imposition of sanctions and that she “did not have

a chance to get an attorney * * *.”

       {¶60} The court responded to Mills as follows:

       You have had ample time to secure representation. If your motion * * * to
       continue the hearing had asserted, for example, you have contacted an
       attorney, but he or she was unavailable today, I certainly would have
       continued it to a date when that attorney could be present.

       If you had given the name of an attorney and said that you are in the process
       of retaining counsel, again, I would have cut you a break on that.

       ***

       This Court has — again, I’ll use the word ‘indulged’ your needs or claims

       repeatedly throughout this process. I think today’s hearing is just another

       example of the efforts that I have gone through to enable you to have every

       opportunity to present your defense.

       {¶61} On October 16, 2015, the court awarded the Hohmans “$33,672.68 for their

legal fees and expenses,” finding that “after reviewing the witness testimony, evidence

proffered, and plaintiff’s objections, [the] legal fees are reasonable and the work

performed was necessary.”      Upon review, we cannot say that the court abused its

discretion or misapplied the law in awarding sanctions against Mills for frivolous

conduct. Accordingly, her third and fourth assigned errors are overruled.

       {¶62} Judgment affirmed.

       It is ordered that appellees recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
      It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to the Cuyahoga County Common Pleas

Court to carry this judgment into execution.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

PATRICIA ANN BLACKMON, JUDGE

TIM McCORMACK, P.J., and
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J., CONCUR
                                       APPENDIX

Assignments of Error

I.     The trial court erred in granting all of Defendants’ Motions for Summary
       Judgment, where the Plaintiff’s Complaint and Ohio Civil Rule 56(C) materials
       filed with the trial court, demonstrate conflicting testimony and material/historical
       facts in dispute that are the province of the jury as triers of fact to wright and
       decide upon; and where the Complaint is based on valid case law and an adequate
       quantity of evidence to preclude Summary Judgment.

II.    The trial court erred in granting Defendant Keenan Cook’s Motion for Summary
       Judgment on Plaintiff’s False Imprisonment Cause of Action where the allegations
       in the Complaint and discovery materials produced, demonstrate conflicting
       witness testimony and disputed material facts regarding Plaintiff’s arrest that
       reasonable minds could find constitute a lack of probable cause for arrest.
       Therefore a jury could find implied malice, recklessness, and willful bad faith on
       the part of police officer Cook that preclude qualified immunity for him, and are
       issues for the jury as triers of fact to weight and decide upon, precluding summary
       judgment.

III.   The trial court erred in granting Defendants Arthur and Beth Hohman’s Motion for
       Frivolous Conduct Sanctions against Plaintiff without holding an evidentiary
       hearing where witness testimony and evidence could be presented to oppose the
       motion, as required by O.R.C. 2323.51(B)(2), and where Ohio case law
       demonstrates that the denial of such an evidentiary hearing is contrary to law and
       abuse of discretion.

IV.    The trial court erred in granting Defendants Arthur and Beth Hohman’s Motion for
       Frivolous Conduct Sanctions against Plaintiff by incorrectly ruling that the causes
       of action filed against the Hohman’s by Plaintiff’s attorneys were not supported by
       any case law or evidence. And erred in making a ‘subjective’ determination that
       Plaintiff must have filed her Complaint against the Hohmans to ‘obviously’ harass
       them when that ruling was not based on any actual facts or competent, credible
       evidence in the Complaint, and therefore was not an ‘objective’ determination and
       accordingly, was contrary to law and an abuse of process.