Court Opinion

ID: 4436967
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-09-10 21:00:25.498217+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:25:07.645089
License: Public Domain

Case: 18-11333       Date Filed: 09/10/2019       Page: 1 of 32

                                                                                  [PUBLISH]

                     IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                              ________________________

                                    No. 18-11333
                              ________________________

                      D.C. Docket No. 1:16-cr-00407-TCB-JSA-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                          Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                           versus

ALPHONSO I. WATERS, JR.,

                                                                      Defendant-Appellant.

                              ________________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Northern District of Georgia
                            ________________________

                                   (September 10, 2019)

Before ED CARNES, Chief Judge, JULIE CARNES, and CLEVENGER,∗ Circuit
Judges.

ED CARNES, Chief Judge:

       ∗   Honorable Raymond C. Clevenger, III, United States Circuit Judge for the Federal
Circuit, sitting by designation.
              Case: 18-11333     Date Filed: 09/10/2019     Page: 2 of 32

      In this wire fraud case, we are once again confronted with the question of

when a lie is just a lie and when it is a federal crime. “It is conceded that there is a

class of lies, voluntary, aimless, yet weak and wicked lies,” Green’s Adm’r v.

Bryant, 2 Ga. 66, 68 (1847), that our law does not forbid. And the federal wire

fraud statute “forbids only schemes to defraud, not schemes to do other wicked

things, e.g., schemes to lie, trick, or otherwise deceive.” United States v.

Takhalov, 827 F.3d 1307, 1310 (11th Cir.), as revised (Oct. 3, 2016), opinion

modified on denial of reh’g, 838 F.3d 1168 (11th Cir. 2016). “The difference,” we

have explained, “is that deceiving does not always involve harming another

person; defrauding does.” Id.

      Alphonso Waters, Jr., relies on that distinction to argue that the lies he told

in the process of obtaining a $6 million loan did not amount to fraud. He sought

that loan in 2013 from a private lender who discovered that Waters had several

years’ worth of federal tax liens outstanding. To calm the lender’s concerns,

Waters sent it a letter that appeared to be from the IRS approving him for a

payment plan to pay off the tax liens. Then he sent the lender another letter stating

that, as far as he knew, the first letter really was from the IRS. Both of those letters

were lies –– lock, stock, and barrel; stem to stern, top to bottom. But, Waters

argues, they weren’t statutorily damned lies; they weren’t lies constituting wire

fraud because they didn’t affect the bargain between the parties. He reasons that

                                           2
              Case: 18-11333    Date Filed: 09/10/2019    Page: 3 of 32

any lie he told about his creditworthiness was harmless because the collateral for

the loan was worth $8.4 million, which is more than the total amount of the loan.

We are not convinced.

                                I. BACKGROUND

                                  A. The Scheme

      Waters was the CEO of Family Practice of Atlanta, a medical practice he

owned and operated with his wife, Dr. Sondi Moore-Waters, a physician. He ran

the business side of things, she ran the medical side. [Id.] Sometime around 2011

they decided they needed a bigger building for the growing practice. They formed

Sondial Properties, LLC (a portmanteau of the couple’s names, Sondi and Al), and

the company borrowed about $4 million in the form of two different construction

loans from JP Morgan Chase Bank. Those loans matured on October 18, 2013,

and Sondial immediately defaulted on them because of delays and cost overruns

with the construction.

      Waters sought the help of a commercial mortgage broker in finding a $6

million transitional loan so he could pay back the $4 million to Chase and also

finish construction. Waters’ broker, Tony Baldwin, contacted Chesterfield Faring,

Ltd., a real estate services and investment firm that specialized in finding funding

for lapsing or lapsed loans. Chesterfield’s CEO was a man named Larry Selevan.

Selevan and his company helped borrowers find loans by researching the financial

                                          3
              Case: 18-11333     Date Filed: 09/10/2019    Page: 4 of 32

viability of a proposed project and packaging that information so potential lenders

could easily decide whether to provide financing.

      Selevan proposed the loan project to Colony Capital, LLC. Colony was a

private equity firm and real estate investment trust that provided financing for

commercial realty projects deemed to exceed a bank’s normal risk profile.

Michael Sanchez, the senior vice president of Colony, oversaw Sondial’s loan

application. He understood that the loan “had to be closed very quickly” so Waters

could pay off Chase and meet construction deadlines. On October 25, 2013,

Sanchez sent Chesterfield a term sheet outlining the terms and conditions that

Colony proposed for the loan. Under the proposal Colony would lend Sondial $6

million and, in exchange, it would receive a first priority mortgage on the new

building and rights to all leases and rents there, as well as about a 7% interest rate

for the two-year initial term. Al Waters signed the term sheet on behalf of Sondial.

      With the terms of the loan all set, the due diligence phase began. Waters and

Moore-Waters filled out a personal financial statement for Colony, listing their

assets, income, liabilities, and things of that nature. To say the least, they weren’t

as forthcoming as they should have been. The couple left blank the line asking

them about any unpaid income taxes, and they listed “0” as the amount or value of

outstanding liens and other “assessments payable.” Truth be told, the couple had

nearly half a million dollars of outstanding federal tax liens filed against them.

                                           4
               Case: 18-11333      Date Filed: 09/10/2019     Page: 5 of 32

And the truth was told, or at least uncovered, when Colony ran a background check

a few weeks later that turned up the tax liens. 1

       As you can imagine, that discovery wrenched the lending process to a halt.

When he found out about the liens Sanchez was “very very angry” because it “was

an item that absolutely should have been disclosed” earlier in the process. He saw

the lack of disclosure as a “deal killer” because he didn’t want “to close a

transaction with [those] outstanding liens.” Sanchez explained:

              This [sort of thing] is disclosed up front. This is something that
       when you find out during when you run a background check and hear
       for the first time, that that [sic] is a huge red flag in terms of whether or
       not, you know, this borrower has been disclosing and been forthright
       on what his financial condition is.

       Selevan, the CEO of Chesterfield, encouraged Sanchez not to walk away

from the deal and to work with Waters while they tried to come up with a solution

to the tax liens. Sanchez agreed to wait and see. He considered the liens a “gating

issue” that had to be resolved before the loan could be closed. Waters’ attorney,

David Gentry, understood that. Because he did, on December 13, 2013, he sent the

IRS Taxpayer Advocate a letter asking for approval of a payment plan and

requesting that the IRS provide “immediate assistance” so Waters could close the

loan with Colony by December 18.

       1
        Those liens were for $32,917.77 from tax year 2007; $37,109.61 from 2008; $68,111.60
from 2009; and $328,656.00 from 2010, for a total of $466,794.98.

                                             5
              Case: 18-11333     Date Filed: 09/10/2019    Page: 6 of 32

      Also on December 13, Waters himself called his Congressman’s office to

ask for help getting the tax liens removed. The constituent services representative

told him that the lien removal process typically took 30–45 days, but that it would

take longer for him because the IRS had already closed for the holidays and would

not begin processing any new requests until January. Waters told the

representative to send the request to the IRS anyway, which she did.

Paraskevidekatriaphobics would note that December 13 was a Friday.

      The following Monday, December 16, Waters emailed Gentry a letter that

seemed to be from the IRS. It was also dated December 16, 2013, and appeared to

be on “Department of the Treasury: Internal Revenue Service” letterhead and bore

the seal of the IRS Office of the Chief Counsel. It stated in full:

      December 16, 2013

      VIA US MAIL AND FACSIMILE

      Re: Case No. 5684374

      Dear Taxpayers:

      We are in receipt of your letter submitted to us by the office of The
      Honorable Hank Johnson, Member, U.S. House of Representative[s]
      regarding Case No. 5684374 dated December 13, 2013.

      The letter dated December 13, 2013 referencing Financial Hardship —
      Immediate Assistance needed was a request to expedite your form
      433A which was received in our office December 2, 2013.

      In accordance with Section 5.14.2.1 your request for Partial Payment
      Installment Agreement (PPIA) has been approved.              A field

                                           6
               Case: 18-11333     Date Filed: 09/10/2019    Page: 7 of 32

        representative will contact you in 60–90 days to discuss in further detail
        the financial agreement.

        I hope you find this letter helpful in the resolution of your immediate
        requirements. Please maintain copies of this letter for your permanent
        records.

        Sincerely,

        Rebecca Langford
        District Director

        Four minutes after receiving the letter, Gentry forwarded it to Colony’s

attorney, Beau Baker, and asked if it resolved Colony’s concerns. It did not.

Baker worried that the details of the IRS payment plan the letter referred to were

months away, while the parties were trying to close the loan in the next couple of

weeks. Sanchez, the senior vice president for Colony, also concluded that the

letter was insufficient because it did not contain any specifics of the IRS payment

plan.

        Then there was the question of authenticity. After talking with tax experts at

his law firm, Baker became concerned that the letter might not really be from the

IRS at all. He did a Google search for “Rebecca Langford District Director” and

learned that the IRS had phased out the “District Director” position nine years

before, sometime around 2004. Baker wrote to the IRS to verify the letter, and

Tony Baldwin, the initial mortgage broker, asked Waters if he had the contact

                                            7
              Case: 18-11333     Date Filed: 09/10/2019    Page: 8 of 32

information for Rebecca Langford. Waters responded that he did not.

Undeterred, Waters sent this letter to Baldwin, Gentry, and Selevan:

      December 30, 2013

      RE: IRS Letter

      To Whom It May Concern:

      To the best of my knowledge the letter from Rebecca Langford IRS
      District Director and dated December 16 2013 with the subject matter
      “Partial Payment Installment Agreement” is from Rebecca Langford
      IRS District Director.

      A copy of the letter is attached to this email. Thank you.

      Kind Regards,

      Al Waters

      Waters’ letter didn’t appease Colony. A few days into the new year, in

response to an email from Baldwin that the delay in financing was putting Waters

“in a very bad position,” Sanchez (the Colony VP) emailed Baldwin, Waters, and

others working on the deal: “With all due respect, we were not expecting to deal

with IRS liens in the hundreds of thousands of dollars with no plan in place. I am

not comfortable with a ‘to be determined’ plan with no clear documentation.”

Sanchez later testified that the tax liens were “absolutely critical things to resolve

before . . . getting even close to approving this loan for closing.”

      It turned out, of course, that the IRS letter was “outrageously bogus,” as

Waters’ trial attorney would later put it. Nobody at the IRS had approved a

                                           8
              Case: 18-11333     Date Filed: 09/10/2019    Page: 9 of 32

payment plan for Waters; the IRS Office of Chief Counsel did not have district

directors in 2013; and there was no one at the IRS named Rebecca Langford. The

letter was as phony as Piltdown Man, although it did not take forty-one years to

disprove. Baker soon confirmed that the letter was false, and Colony killed the

transaction in January 2014. Waters eventually got a loan from a different lender.

That was not all he got.

                               B. Trial And Sentencing

      Waters also got indicted on two counts of wire fraud in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 1343. One count was for sending the fraudulent IRS letter and the other

one was for sending the email stating that letter was authentic. Waters pleaded not

guilty and went to trial in November 2017. He moved for a judgment of acquittal

at the conclusion of the government’s case in chief, arguing that there was

insufficient evidence for the jury to find that he had created the fraudulent

documents and that, in any event, the deceptive documents were not material to the

proposed loan agreement. The district court denied the motion and Waters failed

to renew it at the end of his case.

      Waters did not testify at trial, but through his counsel he argued to the jury

that the prosecution had not proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Waters was

responsible for the false IRS letter or that he had intentionally lied in his email

about the letter. He also argued that the IRS letter wasn’t material to the loan

                                           9
             Case: 18-11333     Date Filed: 09/10/2019    Page: 10 of 32

transaction because well into January 2014, a month after the IRS letter had been

circulated, the two mortgage brokers (Baldwin and Selevan) tried to find other

ways for Waters to pay off the tax liens and make the loan work.

      One issue that came up at trial was how to charge the jury on wire fraud.

Waters requested a jury instruction on the difference between a scheme to deceive

and a scheme to defraud based on this Court’s decision in United States v.

Takhalov, 827 F.3d 1307, 1312–13 (11th Cir. 2016). He asked the judge to

instruct the jury that: “to defraud, one must intend to use deception to cause some

injury; but one can deceive without intending to harm at all”; and “if a Defendant

does not intend to harm the victim — to obtain, by deceptive means, something to

which the Defendant is not entitled — then he has not intended to defraud the

victim.” Doc. 45 at 12 (quoting Takhalov, 827 F.3d at 1312–13).

      The government opposed Waters’ proposed instruction as unnecessary and

incomplete — unnecessary because the case was a “straightforward scheme to

defraud,” and incomplete because the proposed instruction did not instruct the

jurors how to tell if a scheme caused harm or not, which happened only if the lie

affected the “nature of the bargain itself.” See Takhalov, 827 F.3d at 1313.

      The judge told the parties that he was not inclined to give Waters’ proposed

instruction, but that if he did give it, he would include an explanation about how to

tell if the lie caused harm and affected the nature of the bargain itself. Waters did

                                          10
                 Case: 18-11333        Date Filed: 09/10/2019     Page: 11 of 32

not agree to that solution. 2 The judge then overruled Waters’ proposal and gave

the jury a charge based on the pattern instruction, without any language about the

difference between defrauding and deceiving. See Pattern Crim. Jury Instr. 11th

Cir. OI O51 (2016).3 The jury found Waters guilty on both counts of wire fraud.

        2
            Here’s the exchange:

        The Court: I am not inclined to give [Waters’ proposed instruction], but if I did
        give it I would add the government’s instruction. How would you feel about that,
        Mr. Kish [the attorney for Waters]?

        Mr. Kish: Having never heard this until this moment, the government’s instruction,
        I would need to look at it. But my thinking is that the reason I structured my
        instruction in the manner in which I did was because it is the essence of the
        [Takhalov] decision, it is what the Court said the rule of law was. All of these
        examples —

        The Court: Read the instruction again, the proposed defendant’s instruction?

        Mr. Kish: I have just described what is needed to prove a scheme to defraud;
        however, quote, there is a difference between deceiving and defrauding. To
        defraud . . . one must intend to use deception to cause some injury. But one can
        deceive . . . without intending to harm at all. Put another way, one who defrauds
        always deceives, but one can deceive without defrauding. A defendant schemes to
        defraud only if he schemes to deprive someone of something of value by trick,
        deceit, chicane, or over-reaching. . . . But if a defendant does not intend to harm
        the victim to obtain by deceptive means something to which the defendant is not
        entitled, then he has not intended to defraud the victim. Furthermore, a schemer
        who tricks someone into a transaction has not schemed to defraud so long as he
        does not intend to harm the person he intends to trick. And this is so, even if the
        transaction would not have occurred but for the trick. For if there is no intent to
        harm, there can only be a scheme to deceive, but not one to defraud.

        The Court: I think that is overly confusing, and the subject is adequately covered
        by the charge as given now. So I respectfully overrule the defendant’s request for
        inclusion of his proposed charge no. 9.

(Italics omitted.)
         3
           This is the charge the district court gave:

                                                   11
       Case: 18-11333        Date Filed: 09/10/2019       Page: 12 of 32

       It is a federal crime to use interstate wire, radio, or television
communications to carry out a scheme to defraud someone else. The defendant can
be found guilty of this crime only if all the following facts are proved beyond a
reasonable doubt. One, the defendant knowingly devised or participated in a
scheme to defraud, or to obtain money or property by using false pretenses,
representations, or promises. Two, the false pretenses, representations, or promises
were about a material fact. Three, the defendant acted with the intent to defraud.
And four, defendant transmitted or caused to be transmitted, by wire or some
communication in interstate commerce, to help carry out the scheme to defraud.

        The phrase scheme to defraud includes any plan or course of action intended
to deceive or cheat someone out of money or property by using false or fraudulent
pretenses, representations, or promises. A statement or representation is false or
fraudulent if it is about a material fact that the speaker knows is untrue, or makes
with reckless indifference to the truth, and makes with the intent to defraud. A
statement or representation may be false or fraudulent when it is a half truth, or
effectively conceals a material fact, and is made with the intent to defraud.

        A material fact is an important fact that a reasonable person would use to
decide whether to do or not do something. A fact is material if it has the capacity
or natural tendency to influence a person’s decision. It doesn’t matter whether the
decision maker actually relied on the statement or knew or should have known that
the statement was false; however, not all misrepresentation or omissions constitute
a scheme to defraud. The misrepresentation or omission must be material, and it
must be one on which a person of ordinary prudence would rely.

        The intent to defraud is the specific intent to deceive or cheat someone,
usually for personal financial gain or to cause financial loss to someone else. To
prove intent, the government must establish that the defendant believed that the
supposed victim would act or refrain from acting in reliance upon that
representation. The government does not have to prove all of the details alleged in
the indictment about the precise nature and purpose of the scheme. It also doesn’t
have to prove that the material transmitted by interstate wire was itself false or
fraudulent, or that using the wire was intended as the specific or exclusive means
of carrying out the alleged fraud, or that the defendant personally made the
transmission over the wire, and it doesn’t have to prove that the alleged scheme
actually succeeded in defrauding anyone.

                                        12
               Case: 18-11333       Date Filed: 09/10/2019       Page: 13 of 32

      Before sentencing, the probation office prepared a presentence report and

recommended the application of an 18-level enhancement under U.S.S.G.

§ 2B1.1(b)(1)(J) for an intended loss amount of more than $3.5 million but less

than $9.5 million. That would have made Waters’ total offense level 25 and his

guidelines range 57 to 71 months in prison. Waters objected to the enhancement

on the basis that there was no actual or intended loss. He pointed out that the

building, which was to serve as collateral for the loan, had been appraised in April

2014 to be worth $8.4 million, $2.4 million more than the amount of the proposed

loan from Colony. The government agreed that this meant the enhancement should

not apply. That concession brought Waters’ guidelines range down to zero to six

months, and the district court sentenced him to six months in prison and one year

of supervised release.

      Waters appeals his convictions and sentence. 4

                              II. THE TAKHALOV ISSUES

      Waters contends that the district court abused its discretion by not giving his

proposed jury instruction on the difference between fraud and deceit. He also

contends that there was insufficient evidence for the jury to find him guilty of wire

fraud because the government did not show that he intended to harm Colony. Both

contentions rely on our decision in Takhalov. Since that case came out, a judge of

      4
          Waters is currently out on bond and has not begun serving his sentence.

                                               13
             Case: 18-11333     Date Filed: 09/10/2019   Page: 14 of 32

our Court has questioned some of the statements in that opinion. See United States

v. Feldman, 931 F.3d 1245, 1265–74 (11th Cir. 2019) (W. Pryor, J., concurring).

We need not get into that here. Even assuming that every statement in our

Takhalov opinion is correct, this case is distinguishable.

                               A. The Takhalov Case

      The federal wire fraud statute makes criminal any “scheme or artifice to

defraud.” 18 U.S.C. § 1343. The statute does not define what that is, but we have.

See United States v. Bradley, 644 F.3d 1213, 1239–40 (11th Cir. 2011). And one

thing we’ve recognized, tautologically perhaps, is that to be convicted under the

§ 1343 fraud statute a defendant’s “scheme must be a scheme to defraud rather

than to do something other than defraud.” Takhalov, 827 F.3d at 1312. What is

essential to a scheme to defraud is a question we confronted in Takhalov.

      The Takhalov defendants were a group of bar owners who had hired women

to pose as tourists and lure visiting businessmen into the defendants’ bars and

nightclubs. Id. at 1310. Then bartenders at the clubs would trick the unsuspecting

businessmen into buying ridiculously overpriced alcohol by misrepresenting the

prices of drinks or forging the men’s signatures on their credit card receipts. See

id. at 1310–11. The defendants admitted that they had hired the “B-girls” to lure

the men into the clubs and that the women did not tell the men that they had been

hired to do so. Id. But the defendants denied knowing about the fraud that took

                                          14
              Case: 18-11333     Date Filed: 09/10/2019    Page: 15 of 32

place once the men went into the clubs. Id. The defendants claimed that as far as

they knew, once the men came to the clubs they “got what they paid for.” Id. at

1311.

        The Takhalov defendants asked the district court to instruct their jury that

“failure to disclose the financial arrangement between the B-girls and the Bar, in

and of itself, is not sufficient to convict a defendant” of wire fraud. Id. at 1314

(brackets and quotation marks omitted). The district court refused to give that

instruction, the government argued that the jury could return a verdict based on

that initial trickery alone, and the jury did. Id. at 1310–11. We reversed the

defendants’ convictions. Id. at 1324.

        Our reasoning proceeded in three main steps. First, we noted that “there is a

difference between deceiving and defrauding: to defraud, one must intend to use

deception to cause some injury; but one can deceive without intending to harm at

all.” Id. at 1312. Second, that distinction meant that “if a defendant does not

intend to harm the victim — to obtain, by deceptive means, something to which the

defendant is not entitled — then he has not intended to defraud the victim.” Id. at

1313 (brackets and quotation marks omitted). And third, “[f]rom that conclusion, a

corollary follows: a schemer who tricks someone to enter into a transaction has not

‘schemed to defraud’ so long as he does not intend to harm the person he intends to

trick.” Id. “[T]his is so,” we said, “even if the transaction would not have

                                           15
             Case: 18-11333     Date Filed: 09/10/2019    Page: 16 of 32

occurred but for the trick. For if there is no intent to harm, there can only be a

scheme to deceive, but not one to defraud.” Id.

      To tell the difference between a scheme to deceive and a scheme to defraud,

we instructed courts to look at “the nature of the bargain itself.” Id. at 1313. And

a lie about the nature of the bargain can take two primary forms. Id. First, “the

defendant might lie about the price (e.g., if he promises that a good costs $10 when

it in fact costs $20).” Id at 1313–14. Or second, “he might lie about the

characteristics of the good (e.g., if he promises that a gemstone is a diamond when

it is in fact a cubic zirconium).” Id. at 1314. “In each case, the defendant has lied

about the nature of the bargain and thus in both cases the defendant has committed

wire fraud.” Id.

      By contrast, we explained, “if a defendant lies about something else — e.g.,

if he says that he is the long-lost cousin of a prospective buyer — then he has not

lied about the nature of the bargain, has not ‘schemed to defraud,’ and cannot be

convicted of wire fraud on the basis of that lie alone.” Id. And that is so even if

the buyer would not have bought anything but for the lie. Id. (citing United States

v. Shellef, 507 F.3d 82, 108 (2d Cir. 2007) (drawing “a fine line between schemes

that do no more than cause their victims to enter into transactions that they would

otherwise avoid — which do not violate the mail or wire fraud statutes — and

schemes that depend for their completion on a misrepresentation of an essential

                                          16
              Case: 18-11333     Date Filed: 09/10/2019     Page: 17 of 32

element of the bargain — which do violate the mail and wire fraud statutes”);

United States v. Starr, 816 F.2d 94, 98 (2d Cir. 1987) (“Misrepresentations

amounting only to a deceit are insufficient to maintain a mail or wire fraud

prosecution. Instead, the deceit must be coupled with a contemplated harm to the

victim . . . affect[ing] the very nature of the bargain itself.”) (internal quotation

marks omitted); United States v. Regent Office Supply Co., 421 F.2d 1174, 1182

(2d Cir. 1970) (“[W]e conclude that the defendants intended to deceive their

customers but they did not intend to defraud them, because the falsity of their

representations was not shown to be capable of affecting the customer’s

understanding of the bargain nor of influencing his assessment of the value of the

bargain to him, and thus no injury was shown to flow from the deception.”).

                      B. The District Court’s Jury Instructions

      With that background in mind, we turn to Waters’ contention that the district

court erred by refusing to give his Takhalov-based jury instruction. We review

that decision only for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Dohan, 508 F.3d

989, 993 (11th Cir. 2007). “The failure of a district court to give an instruction is

reversible error where the requested instruction (1) was correct, (2) was not

substantially covered by the charge actually given, and (3) dealt with some point in

the trial so important that failure to give the requested instruction seriously

                                           17
             Case: 18-11333     Date Filed: 09/10/2019    Page: 18 of 32

impaired the defendant’s ability to conduct his defense.” United States v.

Eckhardt, 466 F.3d 938, 947–48 (11th Cir. 2006).

      Waters requested that the district court give this instruction:

             I have just described what is needed to prove a scheme to
      defraud. However, there is a difference between deceiving and
      defrauding; to defraud, one must intend to use deception to cause some
      injury; but one can deceive without intending to harm at all. Put another
      way, one who defrauds always deceives, but one can deceive without
      defrauding.

            A Defendant schemes to defraud only if he schemes to deprive
      someone of something of value by trick, deceit, chicane or
      overreaching. But if a Defendant does not intend to harm the
      victim — to obtain, by deceptive means, something to which the
      Defendant is not entitled — then he has not intended to defraud the
      victim.

            Furthermore, a schemer who tricks someone to enter into a
      transaction has not schemed to defraud so long as he does not intend to
      harm the person he intends to trick. And this is so even if the transaction
      would not have occurred but for the trick. For if there is no intent to
      harm, there can only be a scheme to deceive, but not one to defraud.

(Alterations and quotation marks omitted).

      The district court did not abuse its discretion when it refused to give that

instruction. Though composed of quotations from our opinion in Takhalov,

Waters’ “proposed instruction was an incomplete statement of the law and would

have confused the jury.” United States v. Solomon, 686 F.2d 863, 876 (11th Cir.

1982). The proposal emphasized the requirement that a defendant have the intent

to harm, but it never defined what harm meant. And it introduced the distinction

                                          18
             Case: 18-11333     Date Filed: 09/10/2019    Page: 19 of 32

between a scheme to deceive and a scheme to defraud, but it didn’t tell the jurors

how to tell the difference between them. Without those tools the jury could hardly

have been expected to apply our Takhalov decision correctly.

      The government pointed all of that out at the charge conference when it

asked the district court to supply the missing link in Waters’ instruction. The

additional language proposed by the government would have instructed the jury

that “[t]he ‘scheme to defraud,’ as that phrase is used in the wire fraud statute,

refer[s] only to those schemes in which a defendant lies about the nature of the

bargain itself.” Doc. 89 at 5–6 (quoting Takhalov, 827 F.3d at 1313). That

addition would have enabled the jurors to tell the difference between the two kinds

of schemes because it would have defined for them what “harm” means. To recap:

In a scheme to deceive, the victim of the lie hasn’t been harmed because he still

received what he paid for. But in a scheme to defraud, the victim has been harmed

because the misrepresentation affected the nature of the bargain, either because the

perpetrator lied about the value of the thing (for example, promising something

costs $10 when it actually costs $20), or because he lied about the thing itself (for

example, promising a gemstone is a diamond when it is actually a cubic

zirconium). Takhalov, 827 F.3d at 1313–14. Either way, though, the victim didn’t

get what he paid for.

                                          19
             Case: 18-11333      Date Filed: 09/10/2019    Page: 20 of 32

      By not including that distinction, and then not accepting the government’s

proposal to add it, Waters asked the court to give an incomplete and misleading

jury instruction. The court did not abuse its discretion when it deemed the

instruction “overly confusing.” See United States v. Cooper, 926 F.3d 718, 736

(11th Cir. 2019) (affirming district court’s rejection of a defendant’s proposed

instruction “because it was misleading and confusing”) (quotation marks omitted);

United States v. Silverman, 745 F.2d 1386, 1396 (11th Cir. 1984) (noting that a

district court “is bound to refuse a requested instruction that is incomplete,

erroneous, or misleading”).

      Waters’ argument also fails for another reason. Unlike in Takhalov, his

proposed jury instruction did not concern a “point in the trial so important that

failure to give the requested instruction seriously impaired [his] ability to conduct

his defense.” Eckhardt, 466 F.3d at 947–48. Recall that Waters had two main

theories at trial. The first was that he didn’t create the IRS letter and didn’t know it

was fake when he sent it to Colony. The district court’s refusal to give the

proposed instruction did not impact the presentation of that theory at all.

      Waters’ second theory was that the IRS letter “didn’t matter” because the

“deal was going forward with or without that letter.” His attorney made the point

this way in his closing argument:

      Did the Langford letter even make any difference, considering what
      happened over the course of time? We will go over it again, but I think

                                          20
             Case: 18-11333     Date Filed: 09/10/2019   Page: 21 of 32

      we pretty well established this at trial. . . . After the Rebecca Langford
      letter is sent on [December] 16th, minutes later, Larry Selevan,
      chomping at the bit, says, well, good enough for me. I am ready to go.
      Nobody cared about the Rebecca Langford Letter. Nobody cared about
      the taxes. . . . The Langford letter didn’t mean squat. And the reason
      it didn’t mean squat is because of what the witnesses told you. We
      wanted the deal to finalize. . . . Nobody worried about whether the
      Rebecca Langford letter was authentic. To use the words of the
      lawyers, it has to be material. It has to be important. It was not
      important.

      As Waters’ attorney told the jury, that is an argument about materiality. The

judge explicitly defined that term for the jurors (“A material fact is an important

fact that a reasonable person would use to decide whether to do or not do

something”) and instructed them that to be guilty of wire fraud Waters must have

omitted or misrepresented a fact that was material. See Pattern Crim. Jury Instr.

11th Cir. OI O51 (2016). So when Waters argued that the false IRS letter was not

material because the deal was going forward “with or without that letter,” and

when he said that the letter did not concern a material fact because “nobody cared

about the taxes,” his arguments were in accord with the court’s instructions. Of

course, the deal did not go forward “with or without that letter” and that may be

one reason the jury rejected his argument. But the jury’s rejection of Waters’

theory does not mean he was “seriously impaired” in his ability to present that

theory to the jury. Eckhardt, 466 at 948. He wasn’t.

      This is materially different from what happened in Takhalov. Unlike in

Waters’ case, the jury instruction the Takhalov defendants requested was integral

                                          21
             Case: 18-11333      Date Filed: 09/10/2019    Page: 22 of 32

to their argument. Their argument did not hinge on whether the businessmen still

would have gone into the clubs had they known of the true relationship between

the B-Girls and the bar owners. See 827 F.3d at 1310–11. Instead, the defendants

argued that their concealment of their relationship with the B-Girls did not

constitute wire fraud, regardless of whether that concealment was material to the

businessmen’s decisions to enter the clubs. That is why the defendants asked for

this jury instruction: “Failure to disclose the financial arrangement between the B-

Girls and the Bar, in and of itself, is not sufficient to convict a defendant of any

offense.” Id. at 1311 (alterations omitted). The Takhalov defendants did not get to

present their theory to the jury because the district court rejected their proposed

jury instruction that would have put that theory before the jury. As we explained,

“[w]ithout an instruction supporting the defendants’ theory, the jury was not

required to believe this theory . . . [and] the jury could believe what the

government argued in its closing: that the concealment was material and the

defendants acted with the intent to deceive or cheat the victims.” Id. at 1322–23.

      By contrast, Waters’ proposed jury instruction on the difference between

fraud and deceit did not propose either of his two defense theories. As a result, the

rejection of his jury instruction did not impair his presentation of a defense theory.

See Eckhardt, 466 F.3d at 947–48 (holding that defendant accused of violating the

Communications Decency Act was not impaired by trial court’s refusal to alter its

                                           22
                Case: 18-11333         Date Filed: 09/10/2019          Page: 23 of 32

jury instruction defining what constituted an “obscene” phone call because

defendant’s theory of the case was that he did not make the alleged phone calls).

Nor did Waters change a theory at trial in response to the court’s rejection of his

proposed jury instruction, as the Takhalov defendants did. Not until Waters got to

this Court did he argue that his misrepresentations weren’t wire fraud because they

did not affect the bargain between the parties. (More on that argument below.) He

did not consent to the government’s proposed instruction that would have

instructed the jury on that very topic. Given all of that, the district court did not

abuse its discretion when it declined to give Waters’ proposed jury instruction.5

                                C. Sufficiency Of The Evidence

        We turn now to Waters’ second Takhalov-based argument: that the district

court should have granted his motion for a judgment of acquittal because there was

insufficient evidence that he intended to harm Colony. “Ordinarily, we review de

novo whether sufficient evidence supports a conviction, viewing the evidence and

taking all reasonable inferences in favor of the jury’s verdict.” United States v.

Fries, 725 F.3d 1286, 1291 (11th Cir. 2013). But Waters did not renew his motion

        5
             One side point is worth addressing. At the final charge conference Waters argued that
his proposed jury instruction was needed “[b]ecause there is the chance that jurors could think
that . . . the failure to include all of the tax liens on . . . the personal financial statement by itself
would be sufficient to show fraud.” By not raising this point on appeal Waters has abandoned
any argument that the jury found him guilty based on the false financial statement instead of the
fraudulent IRS letter and the email Waters sent affirming the IRS letter. See AT&T Broadband
v. Tech Commc’ns, Inc., 381 F.3d 1309, 1320 n.14 (11th Cir. 2004) (“Issues not raised on appeal
are considered abandoned.”).

                                                   23
              Case: 18-11333     Date Filed: 09/10/2019     Page: 24 of 32

for acquittal at the close of all the evidence or present to the district court his

current theory of why there was insufficient evidence for the jury to find him

guilty. Because of his failure to renew the motion, “we will reverse [his]

conviction only where doing so is necessary to prevent a manifest miscarriage of

justice.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). Which means only if we find “either that

the record is devoid of evidence of an essential element of the crime or that the

evidence on a key element of the offense is so tenuous that a conviction would be

shocking.” Id. (quotation marks omitted).

      Relying on Takhalov, Waters argues that the tax liens were peripheral to the

proposed loan transaction and, as a result, any lies about those liens (including the

letters he sent about the make-believe payment plan with the IRS) could not

constitute wire fraud because they did not affect the bargain between the parties.

This is basically a repackaging of his jury charge argument, but with a twist: it

relies on the law in the instruction proposed by the government instead of the

instruction he suggested.

      In Waters’ telling, the tax liens merely “went to the integrity of

management,” and the projected cash flow from the new medical building formed

the heart of the bargain. He says that cash flow combined with the $2.4 million

“over-collateralization” of the building itself “ensured repayment of the requested

                                            24
              Case: 18-11333     Date Filed: 09/10/2019     Page: 25 of 32

Loan in full.” And, as a result, “the removal of [the] tax liens was not ‘part of the

bargain.’”

      The jurors heard plenty of evidence that would cause them to disbelieve that

theory. For example, Sanchez, Colony’s senior vice president, called the discovery

of the tax liens “a deal killer” because he did not “want[] to close a transaction

with the[] outstanding liens.” And even after the folks at Chesterfield Faring

convinced Sanchez not to walk away from the deal when he first learned of the

liens, he still considered the tax liens a “gating issue” that had to be resolved

before he would consider making the loan. As he testified at trial: The liens were

“absolutely critical things to resolve before . . . getting even close to approving

th[e] loan for closing.”

      Colony’s attorney, Beau Baker, testified to much the same thing. Once he

discovered that the tax liens existed, he stopped working on the due diligence and

documentation for the loan until the liens could be resolved. He explained to the

jury: “[I]f there is a creditor out there, especially a super creditor like the Internal

Revenue Service, that creditor could come after your borrower later on or come

after the guarantor, and that could put the payment stream that is coming to my

client in jeopardy.” The attorney representing Waters in the deal, David Gentry,

also understood that Colony “required either the tax liens get paid off or that some

                                            25
             Case: 18-11333     Date Filed: 09/10/2019   Page: 26 of 32

sort of payment plan be in place with the IRS to pay it off over time” before the

loan could be closed.

      To all of that, Waters says: Doesn’t matter. He argues that Takhalov teaches

that there’s a difference between a scheme to deceive and a scheme to defraud.

And he says defrauding means that the material misrepresentation must affect the

nature of the bargain and not something else. Waters points to Takhalov’s

reasoning that “even if the transaction would not have occurred but for the trick,”

Takhalov, 827 F.3d at 1313, “a wire-fraud case must end in an acquittal if the jury

nevertheless believes that the alleged victims [would have] received exactly what

they paid for,” id. at 1314 (quotation marks omitted). Purporting to apply that

reasoning here, Waters argues that his case should have ended in an acquittal

because, as the government itself conceded at sentencing, the collateral was worth

$2.4 million more than the amount of the loan.

      There are three reasons why Waters’ conclusion does not follow from his

premise. The first is that it misconstrues the nature of the bargain with Colony. As

the government persuasively points out, the bargain was not for Colony to be

sucked into a time-consuming and expensive foreclosure to mitigate its losses if

Waters was unable to make the payments on the loan. The bargain was to make a

solid loan in the first place and to receive loan payments without the threat of

outstanding tax liens getting in the way.

                                            26
              Case: 18-11333     Date Filed: 09/10/2019     Page: 27 of 32

      That theory was supported by lots of testimony at trial. It’s why Sanchez

described the tax liens as a “gating issue,” and why Baker told the jury that he was

worried about the liens because they “could put the payment stream that [was]

coming to [Colony] in jeopardy.” So the jury was free to conclude that Waters’

creditworthiness, as the guarantor of the loan with Sondial, affected the value of

the transaction and was part of the bargain itself. See United States v. Appolon,

715 F.3d 362, 368–69 (1st Cir. 2013) (holding that misrepresentations in loan

applications used “to assess [a] borrower’s creditworthiness” were material

because they were “capable of influencing [the lender’s] decision”) (quotation

marks omitted); see also United States v. Rossomando, 144 F.3d 197, 201 (2d Cir.

1998) (“[W]here a defendant deliberately supplies false information to obtain a

bank loan . . . the defendant’s good-faith intention to pay back the loan is no

defense because he intended to inflict a genuine harm upon the bank — i.e., to

deprive the bank of the ability to determine the actual level of credit risk and to

determine for itself on the basis of accurate information whether, and at what price,

to extend credit to the defendant.”) (footnote omitted).

      The second reason why the appraised value of the collateral exceeding the

amount of the loan does not render the misrepresentations about the tax liens

immaterial is that the appraisal of the collateral did not exist until after the deal

with Colony fell through. Waters’ misrepresentations to Colony about the tax liens

                                           27
             Case: 18-11333     Date Filed: 09/10/2019    Page: 28 of 32

occurred in December of 2013. Colony learned in late January of 2014 that the

letter from the IRS was fake. It was at that point that Colony walked away from

the deal for good. Waters then courted another company for the loan, and it was

that other company, Thorofare, that had the property appraised in April of 2014.

The appraisal did not exist when Waters misrepresented the facts about the tax

liens, when Colony was considering Waters’ loan application, when Colony

discovered the misrepresentations, or when it walked away. Something that did

not exist at the time of the fraud cannot evidence a lack of intent to defraud.

      The third reason why the appraisal cannot figure into the sufficiency of the

evidence to prove intent to defraud is that sufficiency is judged based only on the

evidence before the jury. When deciding whether there was sufficient evidence to

convict, we may not consider evidence the jury never heard. See United States v.

DeSimone, 660 F.2d 532, 538–39 (5th Cir. Unit B Nov. 1981). No evidence of the

appraisal was ever put before the jury. None. The first time it was mentioned was

in Waters’ sentencing memoranda, six months after the jury had returned its

verdict and gone home. That was six months too late.

                             III. THE OTHER ISSUES

      Waters has two more contentions, neither of which has merit. First, he

contends that the district court committed reversible error by not making an “on-

                                          28
                Case: 18-11333        Date Filed: 09/10/2019        Page: 29 of 32

the-record waiver inquiry” about his decision not to testify at trial. 6 Waters was

represented by an able defense attorney whom the trial judge complimented several

times for doing a good job. And Waters acknowledges that there is no “per se

requirement that the district court advise the defendant of his right to testify and

conduct an on-the-record inquiry into whether a non-testifying defendant

knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently waived the right to testify.” United States

v. Van De Walker, 141 F.3d 1451, 1452 (11th Cir. 1998). So why does he contend

that the district court committed reversible error? Because he was the “only person

in a position to refute the prosecution’s case,” thereby making his situation

“exceptional.”

       6
           The parties disagree about what standard of review applies to this claim. The
government argues that plain error review applies because Waters did not object at trial, and that
seems right. But Waters relies on our decision in United States v. Hung Thien Ly, 646 F.3d
1307, 1318 (11th Cir. 2011), to argue that the standard of review is “unsettled” and that
structural error analysis may apply.
         In Hung Thien Ly, the pro se defendant failed to object at trial to the district court’s
failure to correct his misunderstanding of his right to testify. We rejected the government’s
argument that we should review only for plain error. Id. at 1312 & n.5. We explained: “The
Government contends that plain-error review must apply because Ly never objected to the
district court’s alleged denial of his right to testify. In the context of Ly’s claim, this argument is
absurd. Ly’s argument on appeal is that his confusion regarding his right to testify was so
apparent during the court-initiated colloquy that the district court was obligated to correct his
misunderstanding. By definition, Ly could not have objected to the district court’s actions, for
his claim lies in his ignorance of the law.” Id. at 1312 n.5. Looking at the issue de novo, we
held that the district court had erred by not correcting the pro se defendant’s misunderstanding of
his right to testify, and then we assumed without deciding that harmless-error analysis applied
and held that the error was harmful. Id. at 1318.
         There are significant differences between this case and Hung Thien Ly. The most
obvious of them is that Waters was represented by able counsel while the defendant in Hung
Thien Ly had no counsel. But even if we assume that de novo review applies, Waters still cannot
prevail on his claim that the district court should have inquired about his decision not to testify.

                                                  29
              Case: 18-11333     Date Filed: 09/10/2019     Page: 30 of 32

      We don’t accept that as a ground for relief. While being in a position to

refute the prosecution’s case may have been a good reason for Waters to take the

stand (though we doubt it’s all that “exceptional”), it certainly isn’t enough to

establish that his decision not to testify was unknowingly and unintelligently made.

See Hung Thien Ly, 646 F.3d at 1317 (“[A]bsent evidence to the contrary, district

courts should presume that the defendant, even a pro se defendant, has made a

knowing and intelligent decision about whether to testify.”).

      Second, Waters also contends that the district court made an erroneous

factual finding that impacted his sentence. We normally review the procedural

reasonableness of a sentence under an abuse-of-discretion standard, and a court

abuses its discretion if it “select[s] a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts.”

Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). Because Waters did not object at the

sentence hearing, however, we review the alleged error only for plain error. See

United States v. Vandergrift, 754 F.3d 1303, 1307 (11th Cir. 2014) (using plain

error review because defendant failed to object on procedural reasonableness

grounds at sentencing). “Under plain error review, we can correct an error only

when (1) an error has occurred, (2) the error was plain, (3) the error affected

substantial rights, and (4) the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public

reputation of judicial proceedings.” Dupree v. Warden, 715 F.3d 1295, 1301 (11th

Cir. 2013).

                                           30
             Case: 18-11333      Date Filed: 09/10/2019    Page: 31 of 32

      Waters’ contention is based on a comment the judge made at the end of the

sentence hearing, after he had announced Waters’ six-month sentence:

            I don’t think this man is ever going to commit another crime. It
      may not feel like it, but he got a break. I mean, what a break. If that
      loan had not been repaid, we are looking at about a five-year sentence,
      so he got that break.

      That was a misstatement. Waters had not paid back a loan to Colony

because there never was a loan from Colony to repay. But Waters has not shown

that the misstatement constituted a clearly erroneous factual finding because he has

not shown that it was a factual finding at all. Earlier in the hearing the district

court formally adopted the unobjected-to factual findings in the PSR. Those

findings made clear that although Waters had applied for a loan from Colony, he

had not received one. The judge said that the fact that Colony had not lost any

loaned money “ma[de] a big difference” for sentencing purposes. That is literally

true. Viewed in this context, we can’t say that the judge’s slip up about the loan

having been repaid — as opposed to never having been made — was a relevant

fact finding instead of a stray comment at the end of a long hearing. And it is one

to which there was no objection.

      Even if we were to consider the comment a clearly erroneous factual finding,

Waters has still not shown that it affected his sentence, as required to establish

plain error. See Vandergrift, 754 F.3d at 1312 (“In order for an error to have

affected substantial rights, it must have affected the outcome of the district court

                                           31
             Case: 18-11333    Date Filed: 09/10/2019   Page: 32 of 32

proceedings.”) (quotation marks omitted). According to Waters, the misstatement

affected his sentence because it showed that the judge “did not believe that [he]

deserved any leniency because he already had received the benefit of the Loan

being repaid.” But the judge himself gave three reasons for why he thought that

Waters did deserve leniency: (1) there was no economic harm to Colony,

(2) Waters’ conduct had otherwise been lawful and upstanding, and (3) Waters had

a lot of community support. Not only that, but after the judge had commented at

the beginning of the sentence hearing that he did not think that the government’s

proposed sentence of a year and a day would be long enough, he ended up

sentencing Waters to only six months. That indicates the judge had an open mind

and gave consideration to Waters’ arguments at sentencing. Waters’ speculation

about a single comment that the judge made after he had imposed the sentence is

not enough to show that it affected Waters’ sentence.

      AFFIRMED.

                                         32