Court Opinion

ID: 4669309
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-18 21:02:07.352141+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:50.793260
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                     No. 20-1230C
                                Filed: February 7, 2021
                Redacted Version Issued for Publication: March 18, 20211

      * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **       *
                                                 *
     MORTGAGE CONTRACTING                        *
     SERVICES, LLC,                              *
                                                 *
                      Protestor                  *
                                                 *
     v.
                                                 *
     THE UNITED STATES,                          *
                                                 *
                      Defendant,                 *
                                                 *
     v.                                          *
                                                 *
                                                 *
    INFORMATION SYSTEMS &                        *
    NETWORKS CORPORATION,                        *
          Defendant-intervenor.                  *
                                                 *
          * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **   *

       Greg S. Jacobs, Polsinelli, PC, Washington, DC for protestor. With him was Erin
Felix, Polsinelli, PC.
      Ashley Akers, Department of Justice, Washington, DC, Trial Attorney,
Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for
defendant. With her were Robert E. Kirschman, Jr., Director, Commercial Litigation
Branch, and Brian Boynton, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division.
          Matthew T. Schoonover, Schoonover & Moriarty LLC, Olathe, KS for intervenor.

1 This Opinion was issued under seal on February 7, 2021. The parties were asked to
propose redactions prior to public release of the Opinion. This Opinion is issued with the
redactions that the parties proposed in response to the court’s request and other
conforming redactions. Words which are redacted are reflected with the notation:
“[redacted].”
                                        OPINION

HORN, J.

       In the above-captioned post-award bid protest, protestor Mortgage Contracting
Services, LLC (MCS) challenges the decision of the United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA) to award a contract to intervenor, Information System and Networks
Corporation (ISN), arguing that the award was “arbitrary and capricious” and should be
reversed. This Opinion memorializes the oral decision issued by the court which granted
protestor’s motion for injunctive relief, effective immediately at the time of the oral
decision.

                                    FINDINGS OF FACT
      The solicitation at issue in the above captioned protest, Solicitation No.
12SAD119R0003 (the Solicitation), explained that the National Account and Financial
Operations Center (NFAOC) is a unit within the USDA’s Rural Division (RD) and is
       charged with servicing mortgage loans and grants extended to individuals
       in rural areas throughout the United States, Puerto Rico, American Samoa,
       the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Pacific Trust Territories. Beginning
       operation in October 1996, NFAOC has serviced as many as 650,000
       government loans and grants originating with U.S. Treasury funds.
       NFAOC’s mission is to be a cost effective service provider that strives to
       keep individuals and families in their homes through the use of various
       servicing tools including payment subsidies, moratoriums on payments,
       partial payment agreements and other methods. Low and very low income
       families are provided this subsidized loan program through a network of field
       offices across the United States of America (USA), its territories, and
       commonwealths.

(capitalization in original). The Solicitation continued:

       The USDA, RD, NFAOC provides exceptional servicing to 258,020 Single
       Family Homes (SFH) Direct Loans (DL) made or insured by the Rural
       Housing Service (RHS). Currently the loans are valued at over $14 billion
       in unpaid principal balance. Under the DL program, individuals and families
       receive direct financial assistance from the RD Housing Programs in the
       form of home loans to eligible low, and very low-income households, at
       affordable interest rates to achieve homeownership. The agency is
       committed to providing an opportunity for rural Americans to become and
       remain successful homeowners.

(capitalization in original).

                                               2
        On April 27, 2019, the USDA issued the Solicitation for property preservation and
inspection services for its rural property portfolio. The Solicitation contemplated a single
award, indefinite-delivery, indefinite quantity contract to the offeror evaluated as the best-
value offeror. The indefinite-delivery, indefinite quantity contract was to be for a total of
18-months, and contemplated the work to be issued under two task orders: Task Order 1
was to be issued for the first 12 months, and was to be issued at the time of award of the
total contract, and Task Order 2 was to be issued for the remaining six months.
       Under the heading: “Relative Importance of Factors” the Solicitation stated:
       The award resulting from this solicitation will be made based on the best
       overall proposal that is determined to be the most beneficial to the
       Government (i.e., best value tradeoff process). The Technical Capability
       Factor is slightly more important than the Past Performance Factor.
       Technical Capability Subfactors, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5, are rated in
       descending order of importance. Overall, Non-Price Factors, when
       combined, are significantly more important than Price. Price is not an
       adjectivally rated Factor; however, the Price Factor will become the more
       dominant factor as technical proposals reach technical equality. In such
       cases, where all non-priced factors being evaluated are virtually the same,
       best value may be represented by the lowest-priced proposal. For each
       proposal received, the Government will evaluate the following factors:

       Factor 1:     Technical Capability (overall capabilities to encompass
       subfactors belows [sic]:

       Subfactor 1.1      Relevant Experience
       Subfactor 1.2      Nationwide Coverage, Geographic Service Area
       Subfactor 1.3      Management Approach, to include QASP [Quality
       Assurance Surveillance Plan]
       Subfactor 1.4      Staffing   Plan,    Key     Personnel   Resumes,
                          Subcontractors; Subcontracting Plan
       Subfactor 1.5      Property Management System

       Factor 2:     Past Performance

       Factor 3:     Price

       Contents of the written proposals will be evaluated to determine the degree
       and extent to which the requirements set forth in the RFP are satisfied. If a
       proposal is determined to be incomplete or fails to fully meet any material
       requirement of the RFP, that may render a proposal unacceptable and,
       thus, ineligible for award.
       In accordance with 52.215-1(f)(4), it is the Government’s intent to award
       without discussion; therefore, it is incumbent upon all offers to submit their
       best proposal. Award may not necessarily be made to the lowest price(s)

                                              3
       offered. As such, offerors are encouraged to submit their best proposal
       upon initial submission.
(capitalization and emphasis in original).

       The work to be performed under the contract was broken down into six separate
contract line items (CLINs): (1) “CLIN 0001: Property Inspections (REO [Real Estate
Owned] and Foreclosure Custodial Properties);” (2) “CLIN 0002: Property Preservation
(REO and Foreclosure Custodial Properties);” (3) “CLIN 003: Reports, NSP [Not
Separately Priced];” (4) “CLIN 004: Contingency Preservation, Pass Through Expenses
(Cost Reimbursable IAW Price List);” (5) “CLIN 005: Other Direct Costs – Travel, NTE
[Not to Exceed];” and (6) “CLIN 006: TRANSITION-IN/OUT.” (all capitalization original).
As reflected below, only CLIN 0001 (CLIN 1) and CLIN 0002 (CLIN 2) were priced.2
       For the Technical Factor, the Solicitation stated:
       FACTOR 1 – Technical Capability – Overall the Technical Capability will
       be evaluated based on the extent to which it is demonstrated a likelihood of
       successful performance of the requirements of the Performance Work
       Statement (PWS) (Attachment A). The effectiveness and feasibility of the
       proposed Technical Capability and the offerors understanding of the work
       will be considered as part of the assessing the likelihood of successful
       performance.

(capitalization and emphasis in original). The Solicitation explained:

       There are five technical capability subfactors that will be evaluated and
       considered in descending order of importance as follows and evaluated
       based on:

       Sub-factor 1.1 - Relevant Experience - Demonstration of experience in
       providing services to assist USDA, RD in providing a variety of
       property/asset management services associated with pre and post
       liquidation of SFH rural properties serving as security for rural housing loans
       and guarantees of equivalent portfolio size, as specifically listed in the PWS.

       Sub-factor 1.2 – Nationwide Coverage – Geographical Service Area
       Demonstration of the capacity to provide a nationwide “Heatmap” of
       available     personnel      for     property      preservation        services
       (vendors/subcontractors); displaying the ability, currently or in the future, to
       provide services to all 50 United States and the territories of Puerto Rico,
       the Virgin the Western Pacific U.S. Territories. To confirm this ability
       required, the Offeror must submit a service Heatmap, as discuss in the PWS
       [Performance Work Statement] (also see Heatmap Information, Attachment
       C1) that reflects coverage of all the states, counties, and territories, and

2The court notes the numbering of the CLINs was inconsistent. For example, CLIN 1 was
sometimes labeled as CLIN 0001 and other times labeled as CLIN 001 or CLIN 1.
                                              4
       must also include a plan with tentative timelines to provide 100% coverage
       for all USDA services areas.

       Sub-factor 1.3 – Management Approach - Demonstration that the offeror
       can provide all management, supervision, labor, tools, supplies, insurance,
       taxes, fees, permits to complete the services, including all reporting and
       documentation as explicitly set forth in the PWS. A demonstration of how
       offeror will manage RD’s large nationwide portfolio and an and all quality
       assurance implementation. A QASP must be submitted with this plan (see
       QASP Template Attachment C2).

       Sub-factor 1. 4 – Staffing Plan - Demonstration that current staff available
       along with planned staffing levels to meet the technical requirements and
       schedules identified in the PWS. Demonstration of ability to onboard and
       ramp-up staffing in a given service area. Demonstration of staffing (or a
       network of subcontractors (available to handle hazardous materials
       remediation (Meth/LB Paint/Mold). To minimally satisfy this sub-factor the
       submission must identify staff to be used to satisfy the scope of this
       requirement to include both prime and subcontracting staffs. Staffing levels
       that are deemed as unrealistic to satisfy the requirement scope will receive
       an “Unacceptable” rating. The Offeror is required to include resumes for key
       personnel positions and emergency points of contacts. Offeror’s
       subcontracting plan must be discussed in this section, and the
       subcontracting plan (see C5, Subcontracting Plan Template included with
       information submitted with Volume 4, Other Documents).

       Sub-factor 1.5 Property Management System – Demonstration that
       Offeror has a system that is able to identify real time status (ordering and
       tracking) of each RD property, and demonstrate the capability to timely
       exchange data with other clients’ loan servicing systems (i.e, USDA utilizes
       LoanServ); and must demonstrate that USDA personnel will have access
       to request work orders review documentation, and approve/reject items,
       etc.

(capitalization and emphasis in original). The Solicitation provided that the technical
aspect of each proposal would be evaluated using a “Combined Technical/Risk Rating,”
which included “consideration of risk in conjunction with the strengths, weaknesses,
uncertainties, and deficiencies in determining technical ratings.” The Solicitation provided
the following table on which the offerors’ technical capabilities would be evaluated:

                                             5
The Solicitation defined the terms strength, weakness, deficiency, and risk as:

       Strength - any aspect of a proposal when judged against a stated
       evaluation criterion enhances the merit of the proposal or increases the
       probability of successful performance of the contract. A significant strength
       appreciably enhances the merit of a proposal or appreciably increases the
       probability of successful contract performance.

       Weakness - A flaw in the proposal that increases the risk of unsuccessful
       contract performance. A significant weakness in a proposal is a flaw that
       appreciably increases the risk of unsuccessful contract performance.

       Deficiency -material failure of a proposal to meet a Government
       requirement or a combination of significant weaknesses in a proposal that
       increases the risk of unsuccessful contract performance to an unacceptable
       level.

       Risk – Assessment of risk considers potential for disruption of schedule,
       increased costs, degradation of performance, the need for increased
       Government oversight, or the likelihood of unsuccessful contract
       performance. Factor ratings can be adjusted based on a risk consideration.

(capitalization and emphasis in original). For the Past Performance Factor, the Solicitation
stated:
       FACTOR 2 – Past Performance
       The past performance confidence assessment rating is based on the
       offeror’s overall record of recency, relevancy, and quality of performance.
       In addition, for large business concerns, the Government will evaluate past

                                             6
      performance to determine the extent to which offeror has attained
      applicable goals for small business participation under prior contracts that
      required subcontracting plans. Relevant experience must be demonstrated
      within the last three years of providing property preservation and inspection
      services as required in the PWS. Specifically, a review of record of quality
      of service, personnel, adhering to contract schedule and cost contract, and
      attainment of subcontracting goals, if applicable. In accordance with FAR
      15.305(a)(2), the currency and relevance of the information, source of the
      information, context of the data, and general trends in contractor’s
      performance shall be considered. These are combined to establish one
      performance confidence assessment rating for each offeror. In addition, this
      assessment of offeror’s performance will contribute to the responsibility
      determination.

(capitalization and emphasis in original). Regarding the Past Performance Factor, each
proposal was to be evaluated under the following method:

      Regarding the Price Factor, the Solicitation stated:

      The base IDIQ 18-month effort as well as Task Order 1, CLINs 001 and
      002, will be evaluated for price reasonableness, realism and balance, as

                                           7
further described below. The total pricing, including the NTE [Not to Exceed]
plug-in CLINs 004, 005, and 006 will be totaled to come up with the total
IDIQ ceiling price.

CLINS 003 Reports is Not Separately Priced (NSP) and thus not be [sic]
evaluated.

CLINs 004, 005 and 006 also will not be evaluated. The amounts for these
CLINs are estimated plug-in amounts, as shown in C4 Pricing Worksheets.
As noted above, the plug-in amounts will be included in the ceiling total from
CLIN 001 and 002 for the total IDIQ ceiling price; and for Task Order 1, the
total task order price. . . .

7.1 Proposal Analysis

The Contracting Officer is responsible for evaluating price/cost proposals
using the methods of price and cost analysis in accordance with the Federal
Acquisition Regulations. The CO will use the processes of price and realism
analysis, and review service prices for balance in pricing as discussed
below.

7.2 Price Analysis

Price analysis is a process of examining and analyzing a proposed price
without evaluating separate cost elements and proposed profit/fee to
ensure that the proposed price is fair and reasonable. The CO may use the
following techniques in performing price analysis:

(a) Comparison of proposed prices received in response to the Solicitation;
(b) Comparison of previously proposed prices and contract prices with
current proposed prices for the same or similar services (labor categories)
in comparable quantities; and,
(c) Comparison of proposed prices with independent cost estimates.

7.3 Realism Analysis

The purpose of realism analysis is to ensure that proposed prices are not
so low such that contract performance is put at risk from either a technical
and/or cost perspective. It is separate from analyses performed to
determine price reasonableness. Realism analysis determines whether an
offeror’s proposed costs and/or prices:

(a) Are realistic for the work to be performed;
(b) Reflect a clear understanding of the requirements; and
(c) Are consistent with the various elements of the offeror's technical
proposal.

                                      8
       Price Realism analysis is an objective process that focuses on the proposed
       price and performance risks. Price realism is used when requirements may
       not be fully understood by the offeror, there are quality concerns, past
       experience indicates that contractors’ proposed prices have resulted in
       quality of service shortfalls. Results of the analysis may be used in
       performance risk assessments and responsibility determinations.

(capitalization and emphasis in original).

       Under section 8, the Solicitation explained the basis for the award:
       The award will be made based on the best overall (i.e., best value tradeoff
       process) proposal that is determined to be the most beneficial to the
       Government, with appropriate consideration given to three (3) evaluation
       factors on a trade-off basis: (1) Technical Capability, (2) Past Performance
       and (3) Price. All proposals shall be subject to evaluation by a Technical
       Evaluation Team (TET). Proposals will be evaluated according to the
       evaluation criteria stated above. In conducting its evaluation, the
       Government intends to determine which offer proposes the best value.
       Accordingly the Government may award any resulting contract to other than
       the offer proposing the lowest price or other than the offer achieving the
       highest rating. To receive consideration for award, a rating of no less than
       “Acceptable” must be achieved for the Technical Capability Factor. The
       Government is more concerned with obtaining superior technical features
       than with making an award at the lowest overall cost to the Government.
       However, the Government will not make an award at a significantly higher
       overall cost to the Government to achieve slightly superior technical or
       management features. No proposal shall be considered for award that fails
       to reflect the offeror’s clear intent to provide the full amount of work
       described in this solicitation.

       In addition, USDA intends to award a contract without discussions with
       offerors but reserves the right to conduct discussions and/or negotiations
       with any and/or all offerors, as determined by the Contracting Officer to be
       necessary.

(capitalization and emphasis in original).
         In response to the Solicitation, 11 offerors submitted proposals, including protester
MCS and intervenor ISN, each of which submitted their proposals on May 28, 2019. MCS’
initially offered price was $[redacted] for Task Order 1 (12 months), and $57,183,879.00
for the total IDIQ contract (18 months). According to the protestor’s complaint, however,
“[f]ollowing discussion questions received from USDA on August 29, 2019, MCS
submitted an updated price proposal on September 4, 2019. In its updated proposal,
MCS’ proposed prices were reduced to $[redacted] for Task Order 1 and $[redacted] for
the 18-month IDIQ.” After discussions, ISN’s final price proposals was $[redacted] for

                                              9
Task Order 1 and $38,213,017.00 for the total ceiling price. After the updated proposals
were received, the agency reached out to the ISN on January 2, 2020 with a request for
clarification on two issues. First, to confirm that ISN understood “that 100% of the
properties requiring Property Preservation Services will be located in Rural America?” to
which ISN responded “yes,” and second, to confirm that ISN fully understood “all of the
PWS requirements for each of the service line items in which you submitted pricing for?”
to which ISN responded “yes.”
       Regarding the technical capabilities and past performance factors of the offerors’
proposals, the Technical Evaluation Team (TET) for the USDA RD documented its
findings of the offerors’ proposals in a Consensus Narrative Report, dated January 21,
2020. The TET ranked each of the 11 offerors’ proposals for the Technical Capability
Factor and Past Performance Factor as follows:

As indicated in the above table, protestor MCS and intervenor ISN submitted the only
proposals to achieve both an “Outstanding” rating for the Technical Capability Factor, and
a “Substantial Confidence” rating for the Past Performance Factor. Specifically, according
to the TET, MCS submitted the best proposal for non-price factors, and the TET
summarized its ratings as:

                                           10
  OFFEROR: MORTGAGE CONTRACTING SERVICES (MCS)                       CONSENSUS RATING

  Factor 1: Technical Capability & Subfactors                          OUTSTANDING
   Subfactor 1 Relevant Experience                                       Outstanding
   Subfactor 2: Nationwide Coverage - Geographical Service Area          Outstanding
   Subfactor 3: Management Approach, w/QASP                              Outstanding
   Subfactor 4: Staffing, and Key Personnel Resumes                      Outstanding
   Subfactor 5: Property Management System                               Outstanding

  Factor 2: Past Performance Confidence Rating                       Substantial Confidence*

The TET ranked ISN was the second best proposal for non-price factors, and its ratings
were summarized as:

  OFFEROR: Information Systems & Networks Corporation (ISN)           CONSENSUS RATING

  Factor 1: Technical Capability & Subfactors                          OUTSTANDING
   Subfactor 1 Relevant Experience                                       Outstanding
   Subfactor 2: Nationwide Coverage - Geographical Service Area          Outstanding
   Subfactor 3: Management Approach, w/QASP                              Outstanding
   Subfactor 4: Staffing, and Key Personnel Resumes                      Outstanding
   Subfactor 5: Property Management System                               Outstanding

  Factor 2: Past Performance Confidence Rating                       Substantial Confidence

       After evaluation, the agency selected ISN for award and the contracting officer
Shelia Stoddard informed ISN that it had been selected for award on January 31, 2020.
Subsequently, on February 5, 2020, Ms. Stoddard informed MCS that it had not been
selected for award; and on February 11, 2020, the USDA RD issued a debriefing letter to
MCS. With regard to MCS’ price, the debriefing letter stated:
      CLIN 001 Inspections - Pricing is comparable to the Competition Price
      Results (CPR) and comparable to CLIN 001 pricing for other competitive
      proposals. Therefore CLIN 001 is found fair and reasonable. However, for
      CLIN 002 Property Preservation Services, the individual service items on
      the price list are higher, especially in the case of [redacted], which are in
      most instances [redacted]% over the CPR and on the higher side of the
      competitive prices offered by the other offerors. Offeror as the incumbent,
      indicated their pricing is based on their respective cost experience, their
      technical approach and the nature of the work for rural America. Therefore,
      MCS’s price is found realistic and in conformity for their proposed technical
      approach.

                                             11
      Summarily, CLIN 001 and 002 combined are higher than CPR (compared
      to other competitive prices) received with a technical rating of acceptable
      and above. In accordance with evaluation criteria set forth in Section M
      paragraph 4., “the Price Factor will become the more dominant factor as
      technical proposals reach technical equality. In such cases, where all non-
      priced factors being evaluated are virtually the same, best value may be
      represented by the lowest-priced proposal.” Therefore, notwithstanding,
      MCS’ price finding to be competitive in price, they are not determined to be
      the best value to the Government in accordance with the evaluation criteria.

       On February 18, 2020, MCS filed a protest of the award to ISN with the United
States Government Accountability Office (GAO). In MCS’ protest, MCS alleged that
      USDA made numerous errors in its evaluation and award process under the
      Solicitation, resulting in its unreasonable and unsupportable determination
      to make award to ISN. First, ISN has an ‘unequal access to information’
      organizational conflict of interest (“OCI”) stemming from its work as a
      support contractor to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
      Development (“HUD”), through which ISN receives extensive proprietary
      and confidential information regarding MCS and other property preservation
      and inspection field operators. The Agency unreasonably failed to disqualify
      ISN based on that OCI. In addition, USDA failed to recognize the unrealistic
      nature of ISN’s price proposal, which was apparently based on service
      pricing that would be appropriate for HUD’s urban property portfolio, but will
      create significant performance issues in the context of USDA’s rural
      properties. The Agency also unreasonably awarded ISN the highest
      possible ratings for Past Performance and Technical Capability. The
      information on ISN’s own website makes clear that, under the Solicitation’s
      stated evaluation criteria, ISN did not warrant the highest rating for either of
      those Factors. Finally, SDA incorrectly evaluated MCS’ original price
      proposal, and failed to account for the updated pricing that MCS provided
      on September 4, 2019.

On February 19, 2020, the USDA issued a Stop Work Order to ISN, and in a February
28, 2020 letter to the GAO, counsel for the USDA RD responded to MCS’ protest at the
GAO, stating:
      This letter is to notify GAO and the parties that the agency will take
      corrective action in the above-referenced bid protest. The agency has
      begun an investigation into the potential conflict of interest identified by the
      protester, the facts of which were unknown to the agency prior to the award.
      In addition, the agency identified errors in the evaluation process that could
      have affected the award decision. The agency will correct the errors and
      make a new and potentially different award decision, which will render moot
      the award decision now challenged by MCS. Accordingly, the agency
      requests that GAO dismiss the protest.

                                            12
Thereafter, the GAO dismissed MCS’ protest and the USDA RD took corrective action.
On March 23, 2020, the agency issued an OCI Memo for the Record which determined
that the employees at ISN who worked on the HUD contract who were alleged to have
provided unequal information “provided no input and were not a part of the proposed team
for this effort” and “[t]he quoted pricing by ISN provided under this procurement appears
to be in line with commercial pricing, and in line with the other commercial competitive
pricing of offeror’s that were rated ‘acceptable’ in this competition.” The March 23, 2020
OCI Memo for the Record concluded with the “Contracting Officer’s Determination,” which
stated: “After investigating this claim and reviewing the supporting information from ISN,
I have determined the OCI alleged by MSN does not exist, and I have not identified any
other OCI. As such, a conflict of interest does not preclude ISN from award/performance
of a contract with Rural Development for Property Preservation Services.”
      In addition to the OCI Memo for the Record, as part of the corrective action the
USDA re-evaluated the 11 proposals submitted in response to the Solicitation. On April
6, 2020, the agency issued a Proposal Analysis Report. Regarding the USDA evaluation
of MCS’ proposal, the Proposal Analysis Report stated:

      2.1 OFFEROR 1: MCS            Consensus Rating: Outstanding
      2.1.1 Offeror 1 – MCS - Key Technical Evaluation, Past Performance
      and Price Findings

      Summarily, MCS’s proposal received an Outstanding overall rating, that
      demonstrated a strong technical foundation, relevant experience,
      nationwide coverage reaches, management and staffing capabilities and a
      solid property management system that would exceed all performance
      expectations of requirements in the PWS. There were multiple “Strengths”
      in all the Subfactors.

      Subfactor 1.1 Experience:
      Strength(s)
      •     Demonstrated extensive experience property preservation and
      inspection services, [redacted]
      Weaknesses: None
      Deficiency(ies) None

      Subfactor 2.2 Nationwide Coverage:
      Strength(s)
      •     [redacted] that can do both property preservation and inspections;
      •     ability to retain rural vendors with a [redacted] % turnover rate;
      •     [redacted]

      Weaknesses: None
      Deficienc(ies) None

                                           13
Subfactor 1.3 Management Approach/QASP:
Strength(s)
•       Demonstrated a management approach [redacted], ensures
effective, cost-efficient work performance.
•       Proven management processes ensure continued emphasis on
customer-focused services [redacted];
•       PM has [redacted] years of experience supporting the USDA-RD in
all aspects of Property Preservation and Property Inspections program
execution
Weaknesses: None
Deficienc(ies) None

Subfactor 1.4 Staffing Plan, Key Personnel, Resumes Subcontractors;
Subcontracting Plan
Strength(s)
•      Demonstrated maintenance of a strong national vendor network of
approximately [redacted] vendors that are experienced in all areas of
property preservation and inspections and includes an inspections network
consisting of [redacted] vendors as well as a network of over [redacted]
vendors [redacted]
•      Dedicated [redacted]
•      Demonstrated a subcontracting plan, that provides [redacted]%
small business subcontracting opportunities, exceeding the mandated of
[redacted]%.
•      Demonstrated [redacted]
Weaknesses: None
Deficienc(ies) None

Subfactor 1.5 Property Management System
Strength(s):
•      Demonstrated [redacted] an enhanced feature in its PMS, that uses
[redacted] that have helped to [redacted] in a cost-effective manner.
•      Demonstrated [redacted] – MCS has conducted [redacted]
Weaknesses: None
Deficienc(ies) None

2.1.2 PAST PERFORMANCE

2.1.2.1 Performance Confidence Assessment - Observations and
Conclusions

Past Performance was rated as Substantial Confidence, with findings
indicating that as the incumbent contractor, MCS had an overall record of
[redacted], and several other contracts relevant in size and scope. There
were no [redacted] reported. There were two Past Performance

                                   14
             Questionnaires received for review, in which it indicated MCS exceeded and
             met performance standards (Ref. PPET Report, Contract File Index B20).

             2.1.3 PRICE FACTOR

             2.1.3.1 Summary of Proposed and Evaluated Cost/Price
               (MCS) – Task Order 1 Price Compared to Competition Price Results
                                            (CPR)

      Task Order 1              CLIN            PROPOSED PRICE                   TO CLINs 1 & 2      CPR CLINs 1 & 2
      Inspections               CLIN 001                  [redacted]                      [redacted]           3,395,537.00
      Property Preservations    CLIN 002                  [redacted]                      [redacted]         23,054,219.00

      Reports/NSP               CLIN 003                       [redacted]                            0
      Contingency PropPres      CLIN 004                       [redacted]
      ODC's-Travel              CLIN 005                       [redacted]
      Transition In/Out         CLIN 006                       [redacted]                            0
      TOTAL TO CEILING          PRICE                          [redacted]
      COMPARISON CLIN
      TASK ORDER /CPR           PRICE                                                        [redacted]               $[redacted]

       COMPETITIVE PRICE CHART
                                ISN        [redacted]       [redacted            [redacted          MCS         [redacted]     [redacted]

CLIN 001 TOTAL IDIQ 18     $[redacted]   $[redacted]    $[redacted]         $[redacted]         $[redacted]   $[redacted]    $[redacted]
CLIN 001 TOTAL TASK        $[redacted]   $[redacted]    $[redacted]         $[redacted]         $[redacted]   $[redacted]    $[redacted]
ORDER

CLIN 002 TOTAL IDIQ 18     $[redacted]   $[redacted]    $[redacted]         $[redacted]         $[redacted]   $[redacted]    $[redacted]
CLIN 002 TOTAL TASK        $[redacted]   $[redacted]    $[redacted]         $[redacted]         $[redacted]   $[redacted]    $[redacted]
ORDER

BOTH CLINS TOTAL IDIQ $[redacted]        $[redacted]    $[redacted]         $[redacted]         $[redacted]   $[redacted]    $[redacted]
18
BOTH CLINS TOTAL      $[redacted]        $[redacted]    $[redacted]         $[redacted]         $[redacted]   $[redacted]    $[redacted]
TASK
ORDER 12 MONTH

             CLIN 001 Inspections - Pricing is below the CPR, and comparable to CLIN
             001 pricing for ISN, [redacted] and [redacted]. Therefore CLIN 001 is found
             fair and reasonable.

             CLIN 002 Property Preservation Services - The individual services items on
             the price list are higher, especially in the case of [redacted], which are in
             most instances [redacted]% TO [redacted]% over the CPR and on the
             higher side of the competitive prices offered by the offerors indicated in the
             competitive chart above, and found to be unreasonably high. Offeror as the
             incumbent, indicated their pricing is based on their respective cost
             experience, their technical approach and the nature of the work for rural
             America.

                                                                  15
      Summarily, CLIN 001 and 002 combined are higher than the CPR as shown
      in the table above and compared to other competitive prices received with
      a technical rating of acceptable or above. In accordance with evaluation
      criteria set forth in section M paragraph 4., “the Price Factor will become the
      more dominant factor as technical proposals reach technical equality. In
      such cases, where all non-priced factors being evaluated are virtually the
      same, best value may be represented by the lowest-priced proposal.”

      Therefore, even though MCS’s pricing is found to be realistic and in
      conformity for their proposed technical approach, their pricing is
      unreasonably high based on the comparative analysis performed for this
      solicitation. Therefore, MCS is not determined to be the best value in
      accordance with the evaluation criteria. MCS tied ISN in their technical
      rating with an “outstanding” but had an overall higher price. *Competition
      Price Results (Ref. B19 Price Proposal Evaluation-Price Competition
      Memo).

(capitalization and emphasis in original). Regarding ISN’s proposal, the Proposal Analysis
Report stated:

      3.1 OFFEROR 2 – ISN                Consensus Rating: Outstanding

      3.1.1 Offeror 2 – ISN- Technical Evaluation, Past Performance and
      Price Findings

      ISN strongly demonstrated that they have the overall technical
      understanding and capabilities to successfully exceed the performance
      requirements of the solicitation’s PWS. ISN demonstrated experience in all
      phases of property preservation services with a leadership team with over
      50 year of property preservation and inspection services experience;
      Nationwide coverage was comprehensively demonstrated; a management
      plan and QASP that were premised on their being a Capability Maturity
      Model Integration (CMMI) Level 3 company; a thorough staffing plan was
      provided; with a PMS that surpass the requirements of the PWS. ISN
      consensus ranking was “Outstanding” in all the Factor 1 Subfactors; and
      their Past Performance Confidence Assessment was “Satisfactory
      Confidence.” The multiple “Strengths” in Subfactors 1.1 to 1.5 “Strengths”
      are synopsized below

      Subfactor 1.1 Experience:
      Strength(s):
      •      Robust Quality Control (QC) processes to review and confirm the
      quality and accuracy of inspection reports and photographs to determine
      necessary repairs and other work

                                            16
•      Subcontractor [redacted] experience to include their vendor network
to cover all 50 states to include the needed territories
•      Demonstrated experience on other federal contracts (USMS and
HUD) providing services in most rural and remote areas
•      Leadership team with over 50 years of PPIS experience
•      Demonstrated a detailed experience in all phases of property
preservation services
•      Provided mitigation solutions for the challenges pertaining to
property preservation in rural areas
Weaknesses: None
Deficienc(ies) None

Subfactor 1.2 Nationwide Coverage:
Strength(s):
•      Demonstrated strong nationwide coverage; with a network of
[redacted] geographically disbursed inspectors and contractors
•      Provided multiple Heatmaps to clearly demonstrate available
personnel for current and future USDA PPIS requirements in all 50 US
States and Territories
Weaknesses: None
Deficienc(ies) None

Subfactor 1.3 Management Approach/QASP:
Strength(s)
•      Offeror appraised as a Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI)
Level 3 company, signifying their expertise in the best practices used to
deliver continuous and reliable support services through structured
management solutions
•      Quality assurance: indicated staffing Independent QA team headed
by a dedicated QA Manager
•      Training and Ongoing Support delivered to nationwide staff that
would cover RD’s scope of work and administrative roles, responsibilities,
policies and procedures
•      Continuous Process Improvement (CPI )process to learn from
previous mistakes
•      Data Monitoring to ensure assigned timelines and quality metrics are
met
•      [redacted]
Weaknesses: None
Deficienc(ies) None

Subfactor 1.4 Staffing Plan, Key Personnel, Resumes
Subcontractors; Subcontracting Plan
Strength(s)
•      Comprehensive training provided to all employee Offeror provided
a rational on how it would manage nationwide coverage by [redacted]

                                    17
        Weaknesses: None
        Deficienc(ies) None

        Subfactor 1.5 Property Management System
        Strength(s):
        •     [redacted] to keep timelines on track
        •     [redacted]
        •     Demonstrated a [redacted]
        Weaknesses: None
        Deficienc(ies) None

        3.1.2 PAST PERFORMANCE FACTOR

        3.1.2.1 Performance Confidence Assessment - Observations and
        Conclusions

        ISN is assigned as Substantial Confidence. Summarily, Offeror provided
        substantial past performance both for ISN and its major subcontractor
        [redacted]. The proposal indicated three contracts for past performance,
        two performed by the prime and one performed by major subcontractor
        [redacted]. There were no CPARs or PIPRs [Past Performance Information
        Retrieval System] reported. The team received only one Past Performance
        Questionnaire for review. The questionnaire from HUD reflected a rating of
        “Five” (exceeds) in the areas of delivery performance and problem solving
        and a rating of “four” (meets and occasionally exceeds) in overall quality,
        quality of service, and quality of personnel (Ref. B20 Performance
        Evaluation Report).

3.1.3 PRICE FACTOR

3.1.3.1 Summary of Proposed and Evaluated Cost/Price

                           (ISN) – Task Order 1 Price Compared to CPR

 Task Order 1             CLIN       PROPOSED PRICE           TO CLINs 1 & 2         CPR CLINs 1 & 2
 Inspections              CLIN 001             [redacted]              [redacted]             [redacted]
 Property Preservations   CLIN 002               [redacted]             [redacted]             [redacted]

 Reports/NSP              CLIN 003               [redacted]                     0
 Contingency PropPres     CLIN 004               [redacted]
 ODC's-Travel             CLIN 005               [redacted]
 Transition In/Out        CLIN 006               [redacted]                     0
 TOTAL TO CEILING         PRICE                  [redacted]
 COMPARISON CLIN
 TASK ORDER /CPR          PRICE                                         [redacted]          $26,449,756.00

                                                     18
    COMPETITIVE PRICE CHART
                              ISN        [redacted]        [redacted]          [redacted]        MCS        [redacted]      [redacted]
CLIN 001 TOTAL IDIQ 18   $[redacted]   $[redacted]    $[redacted]        $[redacted]        $[redacted]    $[redacted]     $[redacted]
CLIN 001 TOTAL TASK      $[redacted]   $[redacted]    $[redacted]        $[redacted]        $[redacted]    $[redacted]     $[redacted]
ORDER

CLIN 002 TOTAL IDIQ 18   $[redacted]   $[redacted]    $[redacted]        $[redacted]        $[redacted]    $[redacted]     $[redacted]
CLIN 002 TOTAL TASK      $[redacted]   $[redacted]    $[redacted]        $[redacted]        $[redacted]    $[redacted]     $[redacted]
ORDER

BOTH CLINS TOTAL IDIQ $28,418,630.00 $31,648,267. $35,921,357.00         $40,811,827.00     $[redacted]   $50,631,272.00 $60,270,725.00
18                                   00
BOTH CLINS TOTAL
TASK                  $[redacted]    $[redacted]  $[redacted]            $[redacted]        $[redacted]    $[redacted]     $[redacted]
ORDER 12 MONTH

            CLIN 001 Inspections - Pricing is below the CPR, and comparable to CLIN
            001 pricing for MCS, [redacted] and [redacted]. Therefore CLIN 001 is found
            fair and reasonable.

            CLIN 002 Property Preservation Services - The individual service items on
            the price list are lower than the CPR and is competitive with prices received
            as shown in the chart above. The Offeror indicated in their Vol 3 Price
            Proposal, that their pricing was “well researched, and was 100 percent
            compliant, based on existing rates, other Government work similar in
            nature, numerous independent surveys and market data which lower
            staffing in their approach.” Further justification for pricing is that the offeror
            indicated through a clarification that they are aware this requirement is for
            rural America and that their pricing reflects that fact. Therefore, their price
            is found realistic and in conformity with their proposed technical approach.

            The offerors combined CLIN 001 and 002 price is competitive with other
            offered prices, and in accordance with evaluation criteria set forth in section
            M paragraph 4., “the Price Factor will become the more dominant factor as
            technical proposals reach technical equality. In such cases, where all non-
            priced factors being evaluated are virtually the same, best value may be
            represented by the lowest-priced proposal.”

            ISN tied MCS in their technical rating with an “outstanding” but had an
            overall lower price. ISN is found to be fair and reasonable and has been
            determined to be the best value with an outstanding technical rating and
            lowest price out of the two offerors whom received an outstanding
            rating*Competition Price Results (Ref. B19 Price Proposal Evaluation-Price
            Competition Memo).

   (capitalization and emphasis in original).
         After noting the 11 proposals, the Proposal Analysis Report focused on the two
   proposals submitted by MCS and ISN:

                                                                    19
Both MCS and ISN were rated technically “Outstanding” but are as for
pricing were at opposite ends of the CPR price spectrum, high to low
respectively. MCS’ pricing for the Task Order 1 at $[redacted] is [redacted]%
higher than CPR; whereas ISN is significantly lower than CPR by 30%
lower. Both MCS and ISN indicated their pricing was based on their
respective historical pricing charges to their clients, both Government and
private sector. Both Offerors having technically “Outstanding” ratings
demonstrated clear understanding of the requirements, and their respective
pricing is consistent with their technical approaches in their proposals.

Technical Rating: Outstanding– ISN, MCS

MCS pricing for Task Order 1 at $[redacted] is [redacted]% over the CPR,
and not in line with the competitive price proposals received in response to
the solicitation, which made its overall price a high outlier. MCS pricing is
based on their historical pricing provided to USDA-RD for the past seven
years; and their proposal indicated that their price proposal has been kept
consistent with their existing USDA-contract. MCS pricing is found to be fair,
reasonable, and realistic for the work to be performed when you take into
consideration their exceptional technical approach. They offered a superior
technical proposal with an overall Outstanding rating, as well as outstanding
in all the subfactors and was assessed as Substantial confidence rating for
past performance. However, their offer, as a high outlier, is not determined
to be the best value to the Government under this solicitation.

ISN pricing on the Task Order 1 at $[redacted] was [redacted]% lower than
the CPR, closer in line with the competitive price proposals received in
response to the solicitation. ISN indicated that their pricing was based on
their historical experience, research, and their technical approach using
industry standard technology. ISN pricing was found to be fair, reasonable,
and realistic for the work to be performed under the solicitation and in
accordance with their exceptional technical approach. ISN offered a
technical superior proposal with Outstanding ratings overall and in all the
subfactors. They also were assessed a Substantial Confidence rating in
Past Performance. With a superior technical proposal and comparative
competitive pricing, the Contracting Officer founds and recommends ISN as
providing the best overall value to the Government for this solicitation. (See
(Ref. B19 Cost/Price Proposal Evaluation – Price Competition
Memorandum).

4.1.2 Adequate Price Competition Determination
As discussed above four(4) of the eleven(11) offerors competing for the
Property Preservation and Inspection contract were determined not to have
submitted technical acceptable proposals: CWIS (Marginal); IEI, NHC, UFS
(all “Unacceptable”). That left remaining seven(7) that were considered to
have a technically “Acceptable” proposals that rated from Acceptable-

                                     20
Good-Outstanding. Of the seven(7), technical acceptable proposal, their
pricing for Task Order 1, has a CPR of approximately $25M to $28M, on the
CPR price spectrum.

Therefore, based on the foregoing findings, and because multiple offers
were received from several offerors that were considered responsible and
were competing independently for the subject contract, the Technical
Evaluation Team (TET) and the Source Selection Authority (SSA)
determined that, in accordance with the provisions of FAR 15.403-1,
Adequate Price Competition did exist for the procurement.

In evaluating price, it was indicated in the solicitation, Attachment C-4,
Instructions to Offerors, Evaluation and Basis for Award, par. 4, that “Price
is not an adjectivally rated Factor; however, the Price Factor will become
the more dominant factor as technical proposals reach technical equality.
In such cases, where all nonprice factors being evaluated are virtually the
same, best value may be represented by the lowest-priced proposal.

Upon information above, and upon performing an integrated assessment of
technical (including past performance) and price this competition came
down to ISN and MCS, both providing technical exceptional proposals, and
competitive pricing as being in line for award. However, in accordance with
the solicitation and the CO’s determination and recommendation in the
Price Competition Memorandum, of the two exceptionally technically equal
offerors, ISN, as the lowest price, provides the best overall value to the
Government, with a technically superior proposal at a price that is
comparatively competitive, fair and reasonable, balanced and realistic for
the work.

Therefore, there is no need for establishing a competitive range and going
into discussions, because two highly rated exceptional proposals were
received and there are no improvements required from either a technical or
cost standpoint. There is no basis for a tradeoff between ISN and MCS due
to MCS did not supply any features which would warrant the premium in
price offered over the lower price offered from ISN. Best value has been
established with a superior technical proposal, with substantial past
performance confidence rating, and reasonable, balanced and realistic
pricing, all resulting in no risk to contract performance.

                                    ...

5. AWARD RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Source Selection Recommendation

                                     21
       After performing an integrated analysis, the TET Chair & the Contracting
       Officer hereby recommend to the SSA, awarding to the offeror, Information
       Systems & Networks Corporation (ISN), the offeror that submitted a
       proposal under the solicitation that was rated technically superior with an
       “Outstanding” with pricing that is considered both reasonable, balanced and
       realistic for the work.

       Therefore, IAW the terms and conditions set forth in the Property
       Preservation and Inspection Services, Request for Proposal (RFP),
       Solicitation 12SAD119R0003, the SSB [Source Selection Board]
       determined that the proposal submitted by ISN offered the best overall value
       for satisfying the Government’s stated requirements. The RFP if award
       would be made to the offeror whose proposal represented the best value to
       the government using a competitive combination source selection
       approach. Proposals were evaluated for “Technical Merit” and was rated
       “Outstanding” and with past performance was assessed as “Substantial
       Confidence” and the pricing was considered reasonable, balanced and
       realistic for the work. In adhering to RFP instructions, terms and conditions,
       the SSB is recommending to the SSA Panel that, “INFORMATION
       SYSTEMS & NETWORKS CORPORATION” be selected as the contract
       awardee based on a “Best Value Decision.” It is imperative that this Source
       Selection Competitive contract be awarded to an offeror that has proven
       technical capabilities to ensure no interruptions in property preservation and
       inspections service to occur. Since INFORMATION SYSTEMS &
       NETWORKS exceeds the technical criteria established in the RFP and
       offered a fair and reasonable for the Total Evaluated Price for the 12-month
       Task Order 1, of $[redacted] and the 18-month base IDIQ ceiling at
       $34,983,380.58, as determined by “Adequate Price Competition,
       INFORMATION SYSTEMS & NETWORKS CORPORATION is clearly the
       offeror representing the Best Value to the USDA-RD for the Property
       Preservation and Inspection Services acquisition. Therefore, the TET Chair
       and the Contracting Officer puts forward, as a recommendation to the SSA,
       that INFORMATION SYSTEMS & NETWORKS be awarded this contract.

(capitalization and emphasis in original).
       The contracting officer, Shelia Stoddard, also issued a Price Competition Memo,
dated May 29, 2020, which explained that “[a]s part of a Corrective Action Plan, the
original cost proposals where [sic] re-evaluated.” With regard to MCS’ pricing, the Price
Competition Memo stated:
       CLIN 001 Inspections - Pricing is below the CPR, and comparable to CLIN
       001 pricing for ISN, [redacted], [redacted] and [redacted]. Therefore CLIN
       001 is found fair and reasonable.

       CLIN 002 Property Preservation Services - The individual services items on
       the price list are higher, especially in the case of [redacted], which are in

                                             22
       most instances [redacted]% to [redacted]% over the CPR and on the higher
       side of the competitive prices offered by the offerors indicated in the
       competitive chart above. The offeror as the incumbent offered their
       historical pricing, which have been used the past four years. The offeror
       maintains the realism of their pricing based on their respective cost
       experience, their technical approach and the nature of the work for rural
       America. Summarily, CLIN 001 and 002 combined are higher than the CPR
       as shown in the table above and compared to other competitive prices
       received with a technical rating of acceptable or above. This results in their
       Task Order 1 pricing of $[redacted] approximately $[redacted] higher than
       the CPR, and for the IDIQ priced at $[redacted] is approximately $[redacted]
       over the estimated CPR of $[redacted]. Although MCStechincal [sic] rating
       is outstanding, pricing is at the higher end of the CPR, and is much higher
       than other similar ranked proposals which precludes them from being in line
       for an award. Note, in accordance with evaluation criteria set forth in Section
       M paragraph 4., “the Price Factor will become the more dominant factor as
       technical proposals reach technical equality. In such cases, where all non-
       priced factors being evaluated are virtually the same, best value may be
       represented by the lowest-priced proposal.”

(capitalization in original).
       With regard to ISN’s pricing, the Price Competition Memo stated:
       CLIN 001 Inspections - Pricing is in line with the CPR, and comparable to
       CLIN 001 pricing for MCS, [redacted] and [redacted]. Therefore CLIN 001
       is found fair and reasonable.

       CLIN 002 Property Preservation Services - The individual service items on
       the price list are lower than the CPR, however, are competitive with prices
       received as shown in the chart above. The Offeror indicated in their Vol 3
       Price Proposal, that their pricing was “well researched, and was 100 percent
       compliant, based on existing rates, other Government work similar in
       nature, numerous independent surveys and market data which lower
       staffing in their approach.” Further justification for pricing is that the offeror
       indicated through a clarification that they are aware this requirement is for
       rural America and that their pricing reflects that fact.

       The offerors combined CLIN 001 and 002 price is competitive with other
       offered prices, and in accordance with evaluation criteria set forth in section
       M paragraph 4., “the Price Factor will become the more dominant factor as
       technical proposals reach technical equality. In such cases, where all non-
       priced factors being evaluated are virtually the same, best value may be
       represented by the lowest-priced proposal.”

       ISN tied MCS in their technical rating with an “outstanding” but had an
       overall lower price. ISN pricing at $[redacted] for Task Order 1; and, IDIQ

                                              23
       18-month ceiling of $$34,983,380.00 is found to be fair and reasonable.
       Their pricing is also determined to be realistic in accordance with their
       technical approach and understanding of the work, as demonstrated in their
       “outstanding” technically rated proposal and through clarification, as stated
       above.

(capitalization in original).

       Under the heading labeled “CONTRACTING OFFICER RECOMMENDATION,”
the Price Competition Memo stated:

       Best Value/Trade-Off. It is found that a trade-off analysis is not required
       based on my findings in the technical and pricing received from all offerors
       which had a lower technical rating and higher price than the recommended
       awardee. Technically, two offerors were rated “outstanding” and there were
       no discriminators in their technical ratings to lean towards performing a
       tradeoff.

       The only discriminator, as indicated below is the divergent pricing, with MCS
       on the higher spectrum of the CPR, and ISN on the lower side. Note, the
       solicitation indicated that where all “non-price factors being evaluated are
       virtually the same, best value may be represented by the lowest-priced
       proposal.” That is the case as noted below in this competition, where CLINs
       one and two were evaluated for the task order.

(capitalization and emphasis in original). The Price Competition Memo concluded that
ISN’s proposal was “the best value with an outstanding technical rating and lowest price
out of these two offerors who both received outstanding ratings,” and recommended to
the Source Selection Authority that ISN be awarded the contract.
      On May 29, 2020, the agency issued the Source Selection Decision Document
which stated, in part:

       4. INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS – FACTORS 1 AND 2

       I have accomplished an independent analysis of the information provided in
       order to accomplish an integrated assessment of the findings of my TET.
       As noted in the above chart in paragraph 3.1, Factor 1 Overall Ratings
       indicated that out of the eleven offerors competing for the Property
       Preservation and Inspection Services solicitation, two were rated rating
       “Outstanding,”, MCS and ISN. Three Offerors rated as “Good”, namely,
       [redacted]; and then two rated “Acceptable”, [redacted]. CWIS rating was
       “Marginal” and lastly, [redacted] were all rated “Unacceptable”.

                                            24
5. INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT AND SOURCE SELECTION

The solicitation indicated that to be considered for award, Offerors must be
rated overall as “Acceptable”. Since [redacted] were rated below
“Acceptable,” and had pricing issues ranging from not fair, reasonable,
realistic or balanced, incompliant with the solicitation, their proposals were
found to be un-awardable for this solicitation requirement. Five of the
Offerors ([redacted]) were rated “Acceptable” to “Good”. Overall, my review
concurs with the finding that their respective ratings ranging from
“Acceptable” and “Good”, does not demonstrate the highest understanding
of the requirement, and therefore un-awardable for this solicitation
requirement. Two of the Offerors, ISN and MCS, both rated “Outstanding”
demonstrating that their technical proposals provided the highest
understanding of the requirement. In addition, both Offerors were assessed
Past Performance Confidence rating of “Substantial. However, the greatest
discriminator between the Offeror’s proposal was in their pricing. MCS
pricing was higher and outside of the competitive pricing of other acceptable
offerors; whereas, ISN’s pricing was the lowest, and comparable to the
competitive pricing from other CPR range Offerors. Below is an integrated
assessment for both MCS and ISN proposals.

Information Systems and Network Corporation
ISN submitted a superior technical proposal with an overall rating of
“Outstanding” in Technical Factor 1, as well as for Subfactor 1.1 thru 1.5.
Substantial Confidence was their past performance assessment. As for
pricing, their price proposal was found to be fair, reasonable, balanced and
realistic for the work to be performed in rural America, in addition to being
aligned with their technical approach. Also, it is noted that ISN provided an
affirmative response to the clarification question as to their understanding
that their pricing was realistic for rural America.

ISN’ [sic] proposal demonstrated their relevant experience that far
exceeded the solicitation requirement needs. Under Subfactor 1.1,
Experience, they have extensive experience in property preservation and
Inspection services – REO and foreclosure, to rural and remote areas. ISN
contracted with the U.S. Marshals Service (USMS) for 6-years delivering
asset management services to a portfolio of over [redacted] seized or
forfeited to the Department of Justice (DOJ) Assets Forfeiture Fund and
been working with the Department of Housing and Urban Development
(HUD) National Servicing Center’s Mortgagee Compliance Manager (MCM)
since 2015, servicing over [redacted] properties per year. For Subfactor 1.2,
Heatmap, ISN demonstrated thoroughly their capability to provide the
available personnel and used multiple heatmaps indicating
vendor/subcontractor coverage to all the United States and its Territories.
ISN also provided a plan for servicing properties located in Western Pacific
US Territories, if needed. Under Subfactor 1.3, ISN’s management

                                     25
approach was strongly demonstrated via and extensive Project
Management Plan, that [redacted]. One of their strong attributes is that they
are a Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) Level 3 company, which
indicates ISN are experts and efficient at using best practices to deliver
continuous and reliable support service through structured management
solutions. Their proposal also indicated a robust QA team which would have
a dedicated QA Manager. Subfactor 1.4, Staffing, Key Personnel, etc. it was
demonstrated that the ISN had a thorough staffing plan that would provide
nationwide staffing coverage [redacted]. The staffing plan included a
detailed narrative on their ability to identify, recruit, screen, onboard, train
and retain quality candidates with relevant property preservation
experience, including proposed head count at all levels to ensure they can
meet the requirements of the PWS. Also, their plan demonstrated ramp-up
capabilities. [redacted] ISN’s subcontracting plan at [redacted]% for small
businesses, exceeds the 22% RD/SBA [Small Business Administration]
goal as stipulated in the solicitation. Subfactor 1.5 Property Management
System (PMS), it was demonstrated that the Offeror’s PMS exceeds the
requirement’s needs. ISN utilize the software tool “Salesforce” which will
fully integrate with USDA LoanServe. ISN system was noted as being able
to be [redacted]

ISN Past Performance Confidence rating of “Substantial” was reviewed and
assessed on information reviewed by the TET on three contracts. Two of
the contracts ISN was the Prime and with the third contract performed by
their major proposed subcontractor [redacted]. The ISN prime contract
values ranged from $22M to 42M, which is comparable in size and scope
to this solicitation requirement. There were no CPARs on record. A Past
Performance Questionnaire from HUD was received reflecting “Five”
(exceeds) in the areas of delivery performance and problem solving and a
rating of “four” (meets and occasionally exceeds) in overall quality, quality
of service, and quality of personnel.

Overall pricing for the Task Order 1 of $[redacted], is aligned with the CPR,
and other comparatively priced offerors submitted in response to this
solicitation requirement. Further, pricing for some of the individual service
items appear to be aligned with the corrective action Attachment 2, Unit
Price Analysis, which was an average of other agency’s public price lists.
Therefore, their pricing was deemed fair, reasonable, realistic and balanced
for the work under this requirement with the unique feature different from
other property preservation contracts in that in the commercial market this
work is most often in rural areas that are oftentimes difficult to reach.
Therefore, I concur with the TET, and the Contracting Officer’s
recommendation that ISN’s proposal is determined to be the best value in
accordance with the evaluation criteria discussed in the solicitation.

                                      26
Management Contracting Services, LLC (MCS)
MCS submitted a superior technical proposal with an overall rating of
“Outstanding” in Technical Factor 1, with Subfactor 1.1 thru 1.5
Outstanding; Substantial Confidence past performance assessment.
Although a high outlier, their pricing was found to be fair, reasonable,
balanced and realistic for the work to be performed in rural American and
aligned with their technical approach.

MCS’ proposal demonstrated they had the relevant experience that
exceeded the requirement needs. MCS is presently the incumbent
contractor. Under Subfactor 1.1, Experience, they have successfully
provided property preservation and Inspection services to [redacted]
properties. For Subfactor 1.2, Heatmap, MCS’s provided a [redacted] areas
stipulated in the solicitation. The Subfactor 1.3, their [redacted]; and their
QASP was thorough and comprehensive. Findings under Subfactor 1.4,
their Staffing information indicated that there is [redacted]. The
subcontracting plan exceeded the [redacted]% SBA goal, indicating
[redacted]%. Their PMS exceeds what is required by the solicitation
[redacted].

MCS’s Past Performance Confidence rating of “Substantial” was based on
their successfully performing the requirement as the incumbent contractor;
and two other contracts in the private sector.

MCS’s Pricing for both the Task Order 1 and IDIQ are well over the
respective CPR: Task Order 1 of $[redacted] ( CPR, $28,794,738.00); IDIQ
ceiling $[redacted] (CPR $43,239,629.00) and even though deemed fair,
reasonable, realistic and balanced in accordance with their technical
approach, and historical pricing, their pricing is not competitive for this
solicitation.

MCS’ price for Task Order 1, at $[redacted] is approximately $[redacted]
over ISN price of $21,288,840.00; and for the overall IDIQ is approximately
$[redacted] higher. Therefore, I concur with the TET, and the Contracting
Officer’s evaluation that MCS’s proposal is not determined to be the best
value in accordance with the evaluation criteria discussed in the solicitation.

The solicitation, under Attachment C4, par. 4, entitled Competition
Instructions, Evaluation and Basis for award, it is [sic] stated that:

       “Overall, Non-Price Factors, when combined, are significantly
       more important than Price. Price is not an adjectivally rated
       Factor; however, the Price Factor will become the more
       dominant factor as technical proposals reach technical
       equality. In such cases, where all nonprice factors being

                                      27
             evaluated are virtually the same, best value may be
             represented by the lowest-priced proposal”.

      Upon reviewing the information provided by the TET, as summarized above
      for the two technically highest rated Offerors, it is determined that Offeror,
      Information Systems and Network Corporation clearly provided the best
      value proposal, all factors considered. Their proposal was technically
      outstanding as well as appropriately priced and aligned with their technical
      approach to the solicitation requirement.

      In my integrated assessment, I reviewed, in detail, both the merits and
      confidence ratings achieved by the highest rated offerors across the
      spectrum of evaluation factors and subfactors to select, with certainty, the
      most highly rated and qualified offeror, given the importance of the
      individual factors, for this solicitation requirement.

      In summary, the integrated assessment revealed that INFORMATION
      SYSTEMS AND NETWORK CORPORATION provided a proposal that
      generated the best overall value to the Government and yielded the greatest
      level of confidence that successful performance of the Property
      Preservation and Inspection Services will be realized.

(capitalization and emphasis in original). The Source Selection Decision Document
concluded:

      6. RECOMMENDATION FROM THE SSB

      In accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in the “Property
      Preservation and Inspection Services” Request for Proposal
      RFP12SAD119R0003, the SSB determined that the proposal submitted by
      INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND NETWORK CORPORATION offered the
      best overall value for satisfying the USDA’s stated requirements.

      7. SUMMARY DETERMINATION

      The RFP if award would be made to the offeror whose proposal represented
      the best value to the government using a competitive combination source
      selection approach. It also indicated, as noted above, “where all non-priced
      factors being evaluated are virtually the same, best value may be
      represented by the lowest-priced proposal”.

      ISN and MCS’ proposals were both rated as superior proposals with both
      having key attributes that will successfully meet the Government’s needs
      with no risk for this solicitation requirement. Their proposals were evaluated
      and found virtually the same, with no real differentiators between them
      technically that would require any tradeoff. However, the Offeror’s were on

                                           28
       divergent ends in their respective pricing. ISN, is lower, for the Task Order
       1 at $[redacted]; and MCS is higher, at $[redacted], which is a $[redacted]
       difference. And for the IDIQ, ISN overall pricing at $34,983,380.58, is
       approximately $[redacted] less than MCS overall pricing at $[redacted].
       Therefore, the proposal from MCS did not supply any features which would
       warrant the significantly higher premium in price.

       Therefore, after a thorough consideration it is determined that
       INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND NETWORK CORPORATION superior
       technical solution combined with the cost/price savings of $14.8M on the
       Task Order 1 and overall on the IDIQ of $22.2M, and past performance
       assessment of “Substantial Confidence” is a better value to the Government
       than MCS’s higher priced technical proposal.

       In summary, based on my integrated assessment of the proposals, and in
       accordance with the evaluation criteria, set forth in the solicitation, for the
       “Property Preservation and Inspection Service” it is my decision that the
       proposal submitted by INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND NETWORK
       CORPORATION represents the best overall value to the Government. I
       direct contract award to INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND NETWORK
       CORPORATION.

(capitalization and emphasis in original).

       On May 29, 2020, the contracting officer sent a letter to ISN, which stated in part,
“the stay of contract has been lifted. The agency has resolved the corrective action for
the issues alleged in the protest that was filed. As of this date your company can proceed
with work under this contract.” The same day, May 29, 2020, the contracting officer sent
MCS a letter which stated:
       The Agency has completed the corrective actions described in its
       submission to GAO dated February 28, 2020, in bid protest B-418483, and
       has determined that no Organizational Conflict of Interest (OCI) existed with
       respect to awardee ISN. In addition, the Agency determined that errors
       identified in the evaluation process had no effect on the award decision.
       Accordingly, the stay of performance imposed on ISN that was triggered by
       your bid protest has been lifted and the transition of services will resume.

(capitalization in original).3 Also on May 29, 2020, MCS requested a debriefing after the
revised award to ISN, but the contracting officer declined, explaining in a May 29, 2020
email:

3 It is unclear what the errors during the initial evaluations or why the “errors identified in
the evaluation process no effect on the award decision.”
                                              29
       Consistent with its corrective action notice, the agency has revised its award
       documentation to reflect the results of the OCI investigation and the
       correction of identified errors, none of which resulted in a different award
       decision. Because the decision to award the contract to ISN was merely
       confirmed, and no new award decision was made, you are not entitled to a
       debriefing. The information provided in your original debriefing remains
       unchanged. Except that in the original debrief there was a typographical
       error in IDIQ Ceiling Price for ISN where it said $[redacted] , and it should
       have been $34,983,380.58.

(capitalization in original).

       On June 5, 2020 MCS filed a second protest with the GAO, and alleged, “[t]his
Protest follows corrective action that USDA took in response to a previous bid protest that
MCS filed with your Office, B-418483. USDA informed MCS of its decision to again make
award to ISN following the completion of its corrective action process on May 29, 2020.”
MCS also stated that “rather than remedy the mistakes in its original evaluation through
corrective action, the Agency has repeated and compounded its errors.” MCS alleged
that
       USDA’s new determination to once again make award to ISN is
       unreasonable and unsupportable. First, ISN has an ‘unequal access to
       information’ organizational conflict of interest (“OCI”) stemming from its
       work as a support contractor to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
       Development (“HUD”), through which ISN receives extensive proprietary
       and confidential information regarding MCS and other property preservation
       and inspection field operators. The Agency unreasonably failed to disqualify
       ISN based on that OCI and ISN’s failure to disclose that it had an actual or
       potential OCI. In addition, USDA failed to recognize the unrealistic nature
       of ISN’s price proposal, which was apparently based on service pricing that
       would be appropriate for HUD’s urban property portfolio, but will create
       significant performance issues in the context of USDA’s rural properties.
       The Agency also unreasonably awarded ISN the highest possible ratings
       for Past Performance and Technical Capability. The information that was
       on ISN’s own website at the time of award makes clear that, under the
       Solicitation’s stated evaluation criteria, ISN did not warrant the highest
       rating for either of those Factors. Finally, USDA incorrectly evaluated MCS’
       original price proposal, and failed to account for the updated pricing that
       MCS provided on September 4, 2019.

(capitalization and quotation marks in original).

       On September 10, 2020, the GAO issued its decision and denied all MCS protest
grounds. See generally Mortg. Contracting Servs., B-418483.2, B-418483.3, 2020 WL
6625956 (Comp. Gen. Sept. 10, 2020). Regarding the organizational conflict of interest,
the GAO found that “the agency meaningfully investigated the alleged OCI and, based on
that investigation, reasonably concluded that the invoice information at issue did not

                                             30
provide ISN with an unfair competitive advantage,” and noted that “the contracting officer
also determined that access to the invoice information was restricted to certain ISN
personnel that had no involvement in the proposal effort,” the GAO determined “that the
agency reasonably concluded that ISN did not derive an unfair competitive advantage
from its role on the HUD contract.” Id. at *4-5. With regard to MCS’ Past Performance
allegations, the GAO explained:

      While the protester notes aspects of two of ISN's contracts that were
      dissimilar to the instant effort, the evaluation record demonstrates that ISN's
      overall past performance and experience supports the agency's assigned
      ratings. In this respect, ISN submitted two contract references involving
      property management services, including a contract performed by ISN's
      subcontractor with a value of $425 million. The third contract, the HUD
      contract, involved the provision of portfolio management services for
      approximately 60,000 properties per year. While such services were merely
      “related to” property preservation and inspection services, we find that the
      agency nonetheless acted reasonably in considering the HUD contract as
      part of ISN's overall past performance and relevant experience. In sum, we
      find that the agency reasonably found that ISN's overall experience and
      past performance were relevant and merited the high ratings assigned to
      ISN under those factors.

Id. at *8 (internal references omitted). Regarding price, the GAO likewise found “the
agency's evaluation to be reasonable,” explaining:

      In this regard, the agency compared ISN's prices to two benchmarks, the
      CPR and the AAP. For CLIN 0002, ISN's task order and IDIQ contract prices
      were more than [DELETED] percent lower than the CPR, but this gap was
      reduced for the overall IDIQ and task order ceiling prices (19 percent and
      26 percent respectively). And, ISN's total prices were largely in line with the
      AAP pricing index, a benchmark created based on similar federal agency
      price lists. The protester argues that ISN's pricing is only in line with the
      AAP because the benchmark is based on the same flawed HUD data set
      used to create ISN's pricing. We note, however, that the AAP was not based
      only on prices from HUD properties but was also based on price lists from
      the Department of Veteran Affairs, FannieMae and FreddieMac. While the
      protester contends that these other agency pricing lists also do not reflect
      the realistic costs associated with servicing the rural properties involved in
      this procurement, we find this assertion to be largely unsupported.

      In addition to these price comparisons, the agency considered the
      explanation provided by ISN for its pricing, which was that the pricing was
      “well researched, and was 100 percent compliant, based on existing rates,
      other Government work similar in nature, [and] numerous independent
      surveys and market data.” The agency further issued a clarification asking
      ISN if it was aware that the requirement is for rural America and if their
      pricing reflects that fact, to which ISN responded in the affirmative.

                                            31
       We conclude that this analysis was reasonable. While the protester asserts
       that the agency should have examined ISN's pricing with more scrutiny, we
       find that the depth of the USDA's analysis fell within the sound exercise of
       its discretion. See Citywide Managing Servs. of Port Washington, Inc.,
       supra. We also find that the agency's use of a second benchmark (the AAP)
       was a reasonable further step to consider and compare the pricing received
       to the pricing received by other agencies for similar services, and find no
       support for the protester's assertion that this extra step was arbitrary or
       unnecessary. The protest is denied.

Mortg. Contracting Servs., LLC, B-418483.2, B-418483.3, 2020 WL 6625956, at *9-10
(capitalization and brackets in original) (internal references omitted).

       On September 18, 2020, the protestor filed the above captioned bid protest in the
United States Court of Federal Claims and alleged four counts: First, “USDA
unreasonably evaluated ISN’s Past Performance Factor,” second, “USDA unreasonably
evaluated ISN’s relevant experience subfactor,” third, “the agency unreasonably
evaluated ISN’s price realism,” and fourth, “the agency made an unreasonable award
determination.”4 Additionally, MCS asserts it has standing to bring the bid protest as an
“interested party” upon an allegation of the “USDA’s unreasonable evaluation of ISN’s
proposal and the USDA’s arbitrary and capricious determination that ISN represented the
best value in accordance with the Solicitation,” and that but for the USDA’s “unreasonable
actions, MCS would have had a substantial likelihood of receiving award.”
        After an initial hearing with the parties, on October 1, 2020, protestor filed a motion
for preliminary and permanent injunctive relief. Consistent with the complaint, protestor
alleged that the “USDA unreasonably gave ISN a Substantial Confidence rating for Past
Performance,” the “USDA Unreasonably Rated ISN as Outstanding for [Technical] Factor
1, Subfactor 1,” and the “USDA failed to properly evaluate ISN’s unrealistically low
pricing.” Additionally, regarding protestor’s claim in the amended complaint, that the
USDA irrationally failed to assign a deficiency to ISN’s proposal, MCS alleged the
“Solicitation included a clear requirement that PWS Tasks 1-6 be performed in
accordance with the following AQL [Acceptable Quality Levels]: ‘95% of tasks will be
completed within 10 days. The remaining 5% will be completed within 21 days unless
there is an exception granted by the Government.’” Protestor argued that “ISN did not
meet the AQL requirement to perform 95% of each of PWS Tasks 1-6 within 10 days.
Instead, for each of those Tasks, ISN proposed to perform 95% of the work within 14
days,” and the “USDA should have assigned ISN a Deficiency in accordance with the
Solicitation’s stated evaluation criteria.”

      On October 3, 2020, defendant responded to protestor’s claims, first arguing that
MCS lacks standing to bring the protest as “the agency determined that because MCS’s
proposal price was unreasonably high, MCS could not be in line for the award,” and “there

4Protestor did not raise the issue of organizational conflict of interest at the United States
Court of Federal Claims as it had in both GAO protests.
                                              32
is no substantial chance that MCS would have received the contract award, and the Court
should dismiss this protest for lack of standing.” On the merits defendant argued that
       [a]s it relates to MCS’s challenge of the agency’s evaluation of ISN’s
       technical and past performance proposal, MCS contends that ISN does not
       meet the “Relevant Experience” and “Past Performance” requirements.
       MCS reads into the solicitation language that is not there. MCS complains
       that ISN’s past performance examples did not involve precisely the same
       type and quantity of work as the present contract. But those requirements
       are absent from the solicitation, and MCS’s argument is meritless in that
       absence.
Defendant further argued, “[a]s it relates to MCS’s challenge of ISN’s pricing proposal,
MCS complains that ISN’s pricing was unrealistically low. MCS cites nothing in support
of this argument beyond its own assessment that performing the scope of work would
cost more than ISN’s proposed price.” Regarding protestor’s additional claim, defendant
argued that “MCS ignores that the solicitation required the agency to evaluate an offeror’s
Technical Approach under five sub-factors. MCS fails to identify the relevant sub-factor
(Management Approach) under which the agency evaluated the narrative and fails to cite
the evaluation criteria for the relevant sub-factor.”

         Also on October 3, 2020 intervenor filed its opposition to protestor’s motion for
injunctive relief, first alleging that MCS does not have standing to bring suit for the
injunction, and, second, if MCS does have standing, MCS would not succeed on the
merits because the USDA’s past performance evaluation was reasonable, the USDA
properly evaluated the ISN proposal in Technical Capacity subfactor 1.1, the USDA
properly evaluated the price realism of the ISN proposal, and that evaluation should be
upheld. Regarding protestor’s additional claim in the amended complaint, ISN argued that
“[a] full and fair read of ISN’s proposal” “shows that ISN repeatedly confirmed it would
meet all required timeframes,” and the “USDA reasonably determined that ISN’s proposal
met the Solicitation’s requirements.”
       After all the submissions were reviewed, and in response to the agency’s request
that a decision be made as soon as possible, the court issued an oral decision to the
parties, and explanation of its decision. The court’s oral decision granted protestor’s
motion for injunctive relief, effective immediately. As noted above, this decision
incorporates and memorializes the oral decision.
                                   DISCUSSION

       Rule 52.1(c)(1) (2020) of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims
(RCFC) governs motions for judgment on the administrative record. The court’s inquiry is
directed to “‘whether, given all the disputed and undisputed facts, a party has met its
burden of proof based on the evidence in the record.’” Mgmt. & Training Corp. v. United
States, 115 Fed. Cl. 26, 40 (2014) (quoting A & D Fire Prot., Inc. v. United States, 72 Fed.
Cl. 126, 131 (2006) see also Superior Optical Labs, Inc. v. United States, 150 Fed. Cl.
681, 691 (2020) (citing Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1356-57 (Fed. Cir.
2005)); see also AAR Manufacturing, Inc. v. United States, 149 Fed. Cl. 514, 522 (2020);
                                            33
Glocoms, Inc. v. United States, 149 Fed. Cl. 725, 731 (2020); Centerra Grp., LLC v.
United States, 138 Fed. Cl. 407, 412 (2018) (citing Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404
F.3d at 1356-57); Informatics Applications Grp., Inc. v. United States, 132 Fed. Cl. 519,
524 (2017) (citation omitted); Strategic Bus. Sols., Inc. v. United States, 129 Fed. Cl. 621,
627 (2016), aff’d, 711 F. App’x 651 (Fed. Cir. 2018); Rotech Healthcare Inc. v. United
States, 118 Fed. Cl. 408, 413 (2014); Eco Tour Adventures, Inc. v. United States, 114
Fed. Cl. 6, 21 (2013); DMS All-Star Joint Venture v. United States, 90 Fed. Cl. 653, 661
(2010). Pursuant to RCFC 52.1, in a bid protest, the court reviews the agency’s
procurement decision to determine whether it is supported by the administrative record.
See CW Gov’t Travel, Inc. v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. 462, 481 (2013); see also
CR/ZWS LLC v. United States, 138 Fed. Cl. 212, 223 (2018) (citing Bannum, Inc. v.
United States, 404 F.3d at 1353-54).
        The Administrative Dispute Resolution Act of 1996 (ADRA), Pub. L. No. 104-320,
§§ 12(a), 12(b), 110 Stat. 3870, 3874 (1996) (codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1)–(4)),
amended the Tucker Act to establish a statutory basis for bid protests in the United States
Court of Federal Claims. See Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United
States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1330-32 (Fed. Cir. 2001); see also Sys. Application & Techs., Inc.
v. United States, 691 F.3d 1374, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (explaining that the Tucker Act
expressly waives sovereign immunity for claims against the United States in bid protests).
The statute provides that protests of agency procurement decisions are to be reviewed
under APA standards, making applicable the standards outlined in Scanwell Labs., Inc.
v. Shaffer, 424 F.2d 859 (D.C. Cir. 1970), and the line of cases following that decision.
See, e.g., Per Aarsleff A/S v. United States, 829 F.3d 1303, 1309 (Fed. Cir. 2016)
(“Protests of agency procurement decisions are reviewed under the standards set forth
in the Administrative Procedure Act (‘APA’), see 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(4) (citing 5 U.S.C.
§ 706), ‘by which an agency’s decision is to be set aside only if it is arbitrary, capricious,
an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law[.]’” (quoting NVT Techs.,
Inc. v. United States, 370 F.3d 1153, 1159 (Fed. Cir. 2004)) (citing PAI Corp. v. United
States, 614 F.3d 1347, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2010))); Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico
Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d at 1332; Res. Conservation Grp., LLC v. United States,
597 F.3d 1238, 1242 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (“Following passage of the APA in 1946, the District
of Columbia Circuit in Scanwell Labs., Inc. v. Shaffer, 424 F.2d 859 (D.C. Cir. 1970), held
that challenges to awards of government contracts were reviewable in federal district
courts pursuant to the judicial review provisions of the APA.”); Galen Med. Assocs., Inc.
v. United States, 369 F.3d 1324, 1329 (Fed. Cir.) (citing Scanwell Labs., Inc. v. Shaffer,
424 F.2d at 864, 868, for its “reasoning that suits challenging the award process are in
the public interest and disappointed bidders are the parties with an incentive to enforce
the law”), reh’g denied (Fed. Cir. 2004). In Banknote Corp. of Am., Inc. v. United States,
365 F.3d 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2004), the Federal Circuit explained that “[u]nder the APA
standard as applied in the Scanwell line of cases, and now in ADRA cases, ‘a bid award
may be set aside if either (1) the procurement official’s decision lacked a rational basis;
or (2) the procurement procedure involved a violation of regulation or procedure.’” Id. at
1351 (quoting Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d
at 1332)); see also Palantir USG, Inc. v. United States, 904 F.3d 980, 990 (Fed. Cir.
2018); AgustaWestland North Am., Inc. v. United States, 880 F.3d 1326, 1332 (Fed. Cir.

                                             34
2018); Info. Tech. & Applications Corp. v. United States, 316 F.3d 1312, 1319 (Fed. Cir.),
reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2003).
       When discussing the appropriate standard of review for bid protest cases, the
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit addressed subsections (2)(A) and
(2)(D) of 5 U.S.C. § 706, see Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United
States, 238 F.3d at 1332 n.5, but focused its attention primarily on subsection (2)(A). See
Croman Corp. v. United States, 724 F.3d 1357, 1363 (Fed. Cir.) (“‘[T]he proper standard
to be applied [to the merits of] bid protest cases is provided by 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A)
[(2006)]: a reviewing court shall set aside the agency action if it is “arbitrary, capricious,
an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.”’” (alterations in original)
(quoting Banknote Corp. of Am. v. United States, 365 F.3d at 1350-51 (citing Advanced
Data Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 216 F.3d 1054, 1057-58 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied
(Fed. Cir. 2000)))), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2013). The statute says that
agency procurement actions should be set aside when they are “arbitrary, capricious, an
abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law,” or “without observance of
procedure required by law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), (D) (2018);5 see also Veterans

5 The   language of 5 U.S.C. § 706 provides in full:
        To the extent necessary to decision and when presented, the reviewing
        court shall decide all relevant questions of law, interpret constitutional and
        statutory provisions, and determine the meaning or applicability of the terms
        of an agency action. The reviewing court shall—
           (1) compel agency action unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed;
               and

           (2) hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings, and conclusions
               found to be—
               (A) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in
                   accordance with law;
               (B) contrary to constitutional right, power, privilege, or immunity;
               (C) in excess of statutory jurisdiction, authority, or limitations, or short
                   of statutory right;
               (D) without observance of procedure required by law;
               (E) unsupported by substantial evidence in a case subject to sections
                   556 and 557 of this title or otherwise reviewed on the record of
                   an agency hearing provided by statute; or
               (F) unwarranted by the facts to the extent that the facts are subject
                   to trial de novo by the reviewing court.

        In making the foregoing determinations, the court shall review the whole
        record or those parts of it cited by a party, and due account shall be taken
        of the rule of prejudicial error.
5 U.S.C. § 706.

                                               35
Contracting Grp., Inc. v. United States, 920 F.3d 801, 806 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (“In a bid
protest, we follow Administrative Procedure Act § 706 and set aside agency action ‘if it is
arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.’”
(quoting Palladian Partners, Inc. v. United States, 783 F.3d 1243, 1252 (Fed. Cir. 2015));
Tinton Falls Lodging Realty, LLC v. United States, 800 F.3d 1353, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2015);
Orion Tech., Inc. v. United States, 704 F.3d 1344, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2013); COMINT Sys.
Corp. v. United States, 700 F.3d 1377, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (“We evaluate agency
actions according to the standards set forth in the Administrative Procedure Act; namely,
for whether they are ‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in
accordance with law.’” (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A); and Bannum, Inc. v. United States,
404 F.3d at 1351)); Savantage Fin. Servs. Inc., v. United States, 595 F.3d 1282, 1285-86
(Fed. Cir. 2010); Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d 1352, 1358 (Fed. Cir.
2009); Axiom Res. Mgmt., Inc. v. United States, 564 F.3d at 1381 (noting arbitrary and
capricious standard set forth in 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), and reaffirming the analysis of
Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d at 1332); Blue
& Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States, 492 F.3d 1308, 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (“‘[T]he inquiry
is whether the [government]’s procurement decision was “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse
of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.”’” (quoting Bannum, Inc. v. United
States, 404 F.3d at 1351 (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) (2000)))); NVT Techs., Inc. v.
United States, 370 F.3d at 1159 (“Bid protest actions are subject to the standard of review
established under section 706 of title 5 of the Administrative Procedure Act (‘APA’), 28
U.S.C. § 1491(b)(4) (2000), by which an agency’s decision is to be set aside only if it is
‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law,’ 5
U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) (2000).” (internal citations omitted)); Info. Tech. & Applications Corp.
v. United States, 316 F.3d at 1319 (“Consequently, our inquiry is whether the Air Force’s
procurement decision was ‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not
in accordance with law.’ 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) (2000).”); Synergy Sols., Inc. v. United
States, 133 Fed. Cl. 716, 734 (2017) (citing Banknote Corp. of Am. v. United States, 365
F.3d at 1350); Eco Tour Adventures, Inc. v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. at 22; Contracting,
Consulting, Eng’g LLC v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 334, 340 (2012). “In a bid protest
case, the agency’s award must be upheld unless it is ‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of
discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.’” Turner Constr. Co. v. United States,
645 F.3d 1377, 1383 (Fed. Cir.) (quoting PAI Corp. v. United States, 614 F.3d at 1351),
reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2011); see also Tinton Falls Lodging Realty, LLC v. United
States, 800 F.3d at 1358 (“In applying this [arbitrary and capricious] standard to bid
protests, our task is to determine whether the procurement official’s decision lacked a
rational basis or the procurement procedure involved a violation of a regulation or
procedure.” (citing Savantage Fin. Servs., Inc. v. United States, 595 F.3d at 1285-86));
Glenn Def. Marine (ASIA), PTE Ltd. v. United States, 720 F.3d 901, 907 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g
en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2013); McVey Co., Inc. v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. 387, 402
(2013) (“The first step is to demonstrate error, that is, to show that the agency acted in an
arbitrary and capricious manner, without a rational basis or contrary to law.”);
PlanetSpace, Inc. v. United States, 92 Fed. Cl. 520, 531-32 (“Stated another way, a
plaintiff must show that the agency’s decision either lacked a rational basis or was
contrary to law.” (citing Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d at 1358)),
subsequent determination, 96 Fed. Cl. 119 (2010).

                                             36
       The United States Supreme Court has identified sample grounds which can
constitute arbitrary or capricious agency action:
       [W]e will not vacate an agency’s decision unless it “has relied on factors
       which Congress has not intended it to consider, entirely failed to consider
       an important aspect of the problem, offered an explanation for its decision
       that runs counter to the evidence before the agency, or is so implausible
       that it could not be ascribed to a difference in view or the product of agency
       expertise.”
Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife, 551 U.S. 644, 658 (2007) (quoting
Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983)); see
also F.C.C. v. Fox Television Stations, Inc., 556 U.S. 502, 552 (2009); Tinton Falls
Lodging Realty, LLC v. United States, 800 F.3d at 1358; Ala. Aircraft Indus., Inc.-
Birmingham v. United States, 586 F.3d 1372, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2009), reh’g and reh’g en
banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2010); In re Sang Su Lee, 277 F.3d 1338, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2002)
(“[T]he agency tribunal must present a full and reasoned explanation of its decision. . . .
The reviewing court is thus enabled to perform meaningful review . . . .”); Textron, Inc. v.
United States, 74 Fed. Cl. 277, 285-86 (2006), appeal dismissed sub nom. Textron, Inc.
v. Ocean Technical Servs., Inc., 223 F. App’x 974 (Fed. Cir. 2007). The United States
Supreme Court also has cautioned, however, that “courts are not free to impose upon
agencies specific procedural requirements that have no basis in the APA.” Pension
Benefit Guar. Corp. v. LTV Corp., 496 U.S. 633, 654 (1990).
        Under an arbitrary or capricious standard, the reviewing court should not substitute
its judgment for that of the agency, but should review the basis for the agency decision to
determine if it was legally permissible, reasonable, and supported by the facts. See Motor
Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. at 43 (“The scope of
review under the ‘arbitrary and capricious’ standard is narrow and a court is not to
substitute its judgment for that of the agency.”); see also Dell Fed. Sys., L.P. v. United
States, 906 F.3d 982, 990 (Fed. Cir. 2018); Turner Constr. Co., Inc. v. United States, 645
F.3d at 1383; R & W Flammann GmbH v. United States, 339 F.3d 1320, 1322 (Fed. Cir.
2003) (citing Ray v. Lehman, 55 F.3d 606, 608 (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 916
(1995)); Synergy Sols., Inc. v. United States, 133 Fed. Cl. at 735 (citing Impresa
Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d at 1332-33). “‘“If the
court finds a reasonable basis for the agency’s action, the court should stay its hand even
though it might, as an original proposition, have reached a different conclusion as to the
proper administration and application of the procurement regulations.”’” Weeks Marine,
Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d at 1371 (quoting Honeywell, Inc. v. United States, 870
F.2d 644, 648 (Fed. Cir. 1989) (quoting M. Steinthal & Co. v. Seamans, 455 F.2d 1289,
1301 (D.C. Cir. 1971))); Limco Airepair, Inc. v. United States, 130 Fed. Cl. 544, 550 (2017)
(citation omitted); Jordan Pond Co., LLC v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 623, 631 (2014);
Davis Boat Works, Inc. v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. 342, 349 (2013); Norsat Int’l
[America], Inc. v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. 483, 493 (2013); HP Enter. Servs., LLC v.
United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 230, 238 (2012); Vanguard Recovery Assistance v. United
States, 101 Fed. Cl. 765, 780 (2011).

                                            37
       Stated otherwise by the United States Supreme Court:
       Section 706(2)(A) requires a finding that the actual choice made was not
       “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance
       with law.” To make this finding the court must consider whether the decision
       was based on a consideration of the relevant factors and whether there has
       been a clear error of judgment. Although this inquiry into the facts is to be
       searching and careful, the ultimate standard of review is a narrow one. The
       court is not empowered to substitute its judgment for that of the agency.
Citizens to Pres. Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 416 (1971) (internal citations
omitted), abrogated on other grounds by Califano v. Sanders, 430 U.S. 99 (1977); see
also U.S. Postal Serv. v. Gregory, 534 U.S. 1, 6-7 (2001); Bowman Transp., Inc. v.
Arkansas-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 285 (1974), reh’g denied, 420 U.S. 956
(1975); Co-Steel Raritan, Inc. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 357 F.3d 1294, 1309 (Fed. Cir. 2004)
(In discussing the “arbitrary, capricious, and abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in
accordance with the law” standard, the Federal Circuit stated: “the ultimate standard of
review is a narrow one. The court is not empowered to substitute its judgment for that of
the agency.”); In re Sang Su Lee, 277 F.3d at 1342; Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v.
United States, 216 F.3d at 1058 (“The arbitrary and capricious standard applicable here
is highly deferential. This standard requires a reviewing court to sustain an agency action
evincing rational reasoning and consideration of relevant factors.” (citing Bowman
Transp., Inc. v. Arkansas-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. at 285)); Lockheed Missiles &
Space Co. v. Bentsen, 4 F.3d 955, 959 (Fed. Cir. 1993); Sys. Studies & Simulation, Inc.
v. United States, 146 Fed. Cl. 186, 199 (2019); By Light Prof’l IT Servs., Inc. v. United
States, 131 Fed. Cl. 358, 366 (2017); BCPeabody Constr. Servs., Inc. v. United States,
112 Fed. Cl. 502, 508 (2013) (“The court ‘is not empowered to substitute its judgment for
that of the agency,’ and it must uphold an agency’s decision against a challenge if the
‘contracting agency provided a coherent and reasonable explanation of its exercise of
discretion.’” (internal citations omitted) (quoting Keeton Corrs., Inc. v. United States, 59
Fed. Cl. 753, 755, recons. denied, 60 Fed. Cl. 251 (2004); and Axiom Res. Mgmt., Inc. v.
United States, 564 F.3d at 1381)), appeal dismissed, 559 F. App’x 1033 (Fed. Cir. 2014);
Supreme Foodservice GmbH v. United States, 109 Fed. Cl. at 382; Alamo Travel Grp.,
LP v. United States, 108 Fed. Cl. 224, 231 (2012); ManTech Telecomms. & Info. Sys.
Corp. v. United States, 49 Fed. Cl. 57, 63 (2001), aff’d, 30 F. App’x 995 (Fed. Cir. 2002).
       According to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit:
       Effective contracting demands broad discretion. Burroughs Corp. v. United
       States, 223 Ct. Cl. 53, 617 F.2d 590, 598 (1980); Sperry Flight Sys. Div. v.
       United States, 548 F.2d 915, 921, 212 Ct. Cl. 329 (1977); see NKF Eng’g,
       Inc. v. United States, 805 F.2d 372, 377 (Fed. Cir. 1986); Tidewater
       Management Servs., Inc. v. United States, 573 F.2d 65, 73, 216 Ct. Cl. 69
       (1978); RADVA Corp. v. United States, 17 Cl. Ct. 812, 819 (1989), aff’d, 914
       F.2d 271 (Fed. Cir. 1990). Accordingly, agencies “are entrusted with a good
       deal of discretion in determining which bid is the most advantageous to the
       Government.” Tidewater Management Servs., 573 F.2d at 73, 216 Ct. Cl.
       69.

                                            38
Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. v. Bentsen, 4 F.3d at 958-59; see also Res-Care, Inc. v.
United States, 735 F.3d 1384, 1390 (Fed. Cir.) (“DOL [Department of Labor], as a federal
procurement entity, has ‘broad discretion to determine what particular method of
procurement will be in the best interests of the United States in a particular situation.’”
(quoting Tyler Constr. Grp. v. United States, 570 F.3d 1329, 1334 (Fed. Cir. 2009))), reh’g
en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2014); Grumman Data Sys. Corp. v. Dalton, 88 F.3d 990, 995
(Fed. Cir. 1996); Geo-Med, LLC v. United States, 126 Fed. Cl. 440, 449 (2016); Cybertech
Grp., Inc. v. United States, 48 Fed. Cl. 638, 646 (2001) (“The court recognizes that the
agency possesses wide discretion in the application of procurement regulations.”);
Furthermore, according to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit:
       Contracting officers “are entitled to exercise discretion upon a broad range
       of issues confronting them in the procurement process.” Impresa
       Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d 1324,
       1332 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly,
       procurement decisions are subject to a “highly deferential rational basis
       review.” CHE Consulting, Inc. v. United States, 552 F.3d 1351, 1354 (Fed.
       Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted).
PAI Corp. v. United States, 614 F.3d at 1351; see also AgustaWestland N. Am., Inc. v.
United States, 880 F.3d at 1332 (“Where, as here, a bid protester challenges the
procurement official’s decision as lacking a rational basis, we must determine whether
‘the contracting agency provided a coherent and reasonable explanation of its exercise
of discretion,’ recognizing that ‘contracting officers are entitled to exercise discretion upon
a broad range of issues confronting them in the procurement process.’” (quoting Impresa
Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d at 1332-33 (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted))); Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d at
1368-69 (“We have stated that procurement decisions ‘invoke [ ] “highly deferential”
rational basis review.’ Under that standard, we sustain an agency action ‘evincing rational
reasoning and consideration of relevant factors.’” (alteration in original) (quoting CHE
Consulting, Inc. v. United States, 552 F.3d at 1354 (quoting Advanced Data Concepts,
Inc. v. United States, 216 F.3d at 1058))).
       “Contracting officers ‘are entitled to exercise discretion upon a broad range of
issues confronting them in the procurement process,’” PAI Corp. v. United States, 614
F.3d at 1351 (quoting Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States,
238 F.3d at 1332), and “[a]ccordingly, procurement decisions are subject to a ‘highly
deferential rational basis review.’” Id. (quoting CHE Consulting, Inc. v. United States, 552
F.3d at 1354 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       When the contracting officer’s discretion grows, so does the burden on the
protestor. As noted in D & S Consultants, Inc. v. United States:
       The protestor’s burden becomes more difficult the greater the degree of
       discretion vested in the contracting officer. DynCorp Int’l v. United States,
       76 Fed. Cl. 528, 537 (2007). Negotiated procurements afford the contracting
       officer a “breadth of discretion;” “best-value” awards afford the contracting

                                              39
       officer additional discretion. Id. Therefore, in a negotiated, best-value
       procurement, the “protestor’s burden is especially heavy.” Id.
D & S Consultants, Inc. v. United States, 101 Fed. Cl. 23, 33 (2011), aff’d, 484 F. App’x
558 (Fed. Cir. 2012); see also Galen Med. Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 369 F.3d at
1330 (noting that contracting officers have great discretion in negotiated procurements
but even greater discretion in best-value determinations than in procurements based on
cost alone); PHT Supply Corp. v. United States, 71 Fed. Cl. 1, 11 (2006) (“It is critical to
note that ‘a protestor’s burden is particularly great in negotiated procurements because
the contracting officer is entrusted with a relatively high degree of discretion, and greater
still, where, as here, the procurement is a “best-value” procurement.’” (citations omitted)).
“It is well-established that contracting officers have a great deal of discretion in making
contract award decisions, particularly when, as here, the contract is to be awarded to the
bidder or bidders that will provide the agency with the best value.” Banknote Corp. of Am.
Inc. v. United States, 365 F.3d at 1355 (citing TRW, Inc. v. Unisys Corp., 98 F.3d 1325,
1327-28 (Fed. Cir. 1996); E.W. Bliss Co. v. United States, 77 F.3d 445, 449 (Fed. Cir.
1996); Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. v. Bentsen, 4 F.3d at 958–59); see also Am. Tel.
& Tel. Co. v. United States, 307 F.3d 1374, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2002); Lockheed Missiles &
Space Co. v. Bentsen, 4 F.3d at 958; Brooks Range Contract Servs., Inc. v. United States,
101 Fed. Cl. 699, 707 (2011) (“[A] plaintiff’s burden ‘is elevated where the solicitation
contemplates award on a “best value” basis.’” (internal citations omitted)); Matt Martin
Real Estate Mgmt. LLC v. United States, 96 Fed. Cl. 106, 113 (2010); Serco v. United
States, 81 Fed. Cl. 463, 496 (2008) (“To be sure, as noted at the outset, plaintiffs have a
significant burden of showing error in that regard because a court must accord
considerable deference to an agency’s best-value decision in trading off price with other
factors.”).
        A disappointed bidder has the burden of demonstrating the arbitrary and capricious
nature of the agency decision by a preponderance of the evidence. See Tinton Fall
Lodging Realty, LLC v. United Sates, 800 F.3d at 1364; see also Grumman Data Sys.
Corp. v. Dalton, 88 F.3d at 995-96; Enhanced Veterans Sols., Inc. v. United States, 131
Fed. Cl. 565, 578 (2017); Davis Boat Works, Inc. v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. at 349;
Contracting, Consulting, Eng’g LLC v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. at 340. The Federal
Circuit has indicated that “[t]his court will not overturn a contracting officer’s determination
unless it is arbitrary, capricious, or otherwise contrary to law. To demonstrate that such a
determination is arbitrary or capricious, a protester must identify ‘hard facts’; a mere
inference or suspicion . . . is not enough.” PAI Corp. v. United States, 614 F.3d at 1352
(citing John C. Grimberg Co. v. United States, 185 F.3d 1297, 1300 (Fed. Cir. 1999)); see
also Turner Constr. Co., Inc. v. United States, 645 F.3d at 1387; Sierra Nevada Corp. v.
United States, 107 Fed. Cl. 735, 759 (2012); Filtration Dev. Co., LLC v. United States, 60
Fed. Cl. 371, 380 (2004).
       A bid protest proceeds in two steps. First . . . the trial court determines
       whether the government acted without rational basis or contrary to law when
       evaluating the bids and awarding the contract. Second . . . if the trial court
       finds that the government’s conduct fails the APA review under 5 U.S.C.
       § 706(2)(A), then it proceeds to determine, as a factual matter, if the bid
       protester was prejudiced by that conduct.

                                              40
Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d at 1351; T Square Logistics Servs. Corp. v.
United States, 134 Fed. Cl. 550, 555 (2017); FirstLine Transp. Sec., Inc. v. United States,
119 Fed. Cl. 116, 126 (2014), appeal dismissed (Fed. Cir. 2015); Eco Tour Adventures,
Inc. v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. at 22; Archura LLC v. United States, 112 Fed. Cl. at
496. To prevail in a bid protest case, the protestor not only must show that the
government’s actions were arbitrary, capricious, or otherwise not in accordance with the
law, but the protestor also must show that it was prejudiced by the government’s actions.
See 5 U.S.C. § 706 (“[D]ue account shall be taken of the rule of prejudicial error.”); see
also Glenn Def. Marine (ASIA), PTE Ltd. v. United States, 720 F.3d at 907 (“In a bid
protest case, the inquiry is whether the agency’s action was arbitrary, capricious, an
abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law and, if so, whether the error
is prejudicial.”); IT Enter. Sols. JV, LLC v. United States, 132 Fed. Cl. 158, 173 (2017)
(citing Bannum v. United States, 404 F.3d at 1357-58); Linc Gov’t Servs., LLC v. United
States, 96 Fed. Cl. 672, 694-96 (2010). In describing the prejudice requirement, the
Federal Circuit also has held that:
      To prevail in a bid protest, a protester must show a significant, prejudicial
      error in the procurement process. See Statistica, Inc. v. Christopher, 102
      F.3d 1577, 1581 (Fed. Cir. 1996); Data Gen. Corp. v. Johnson, 78 F.3d
      1556, 1562 (Fed. Cir. 1996). “To establish prejudice, a protester is not
      required to show that but for the alleged error, the protester would have
      been awarded the contract.” Data General, 78 F.3d at 1562 (citation
      omitted). Rather, the protester must show “that there was a substantial
      chance it would have received the contract award but for that error.”
      Statistica, 102 F.3d at 1582; see CACI, Inc.-Fed. v. United States, 719 F.2d
      1567, 1574-75 (Fed. Cir. 1983) (to establish competitive prejudice, protester
      must demonstrate that but for the alleged error, “‘there was a substantial
      chance that [it] would receive an award--that it was within the zone of active
      consideration.’” (citation omitted)).
Alfa Laval Separation, Inc. v. United States, 175 F.3d 1365, 1367 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied
(Fed. Cir. 1999); see also Glenn Def. Marine (ASIA), PTE Ltd. v. United States, 720 F.3d
at 912; Allied Tech. Grp., Inc. v. United States, 649 F.3d 1320, 1326 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g en
banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2011); Info. Tech. & Applications Corp. v. United States, 316 F.3d
at 1319; Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d at
1332-33; OMV Med., Inc. v. United States, 219 F.3d 1337, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2000);
Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 216 F.3d at 1057; Stratos Mobile
Networks USA, LLC v. United States, 213 F.3d 1375, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2000).
Past Performance
       Regarding the agency’s evaluation of ISN’s past performance, MCS argued that
the “USDA failed to follow the Solicitation’s stated criteria in evaluating ISN’s Past
Performance submission. In particular, USDA failed to recognize that two out of ISN’s
three Past Performance examples did not meet the Solicitation’s established criteria for
relevance.” Defendant responded that the USDA’s Past Performance evaluation was
reasonable and in accordance with the Solicitation,” and intervenor similarly argued that
the “USDA’s past performance evaluation was reasonable.”

                                            41
        Consistent with the above arbitrary or capricious standard, a Judge of the United
States Court of Federal Claims explained, “[i]n the bid protest context, the assignment of
a past performance rating is reviewed ‘only to ensure that it was reasonable and
consistent with the stated evaluation criteria and applicable statutes and regulations,
since determining the relative merits of the offerors’ past performance is primarily a matter
within the contracting agency’s discretion.’” Todd Constr., L.P. v. United States, 88 Fed.
Cl. 235, 247 (2009) (quoting Clean Venture, Inc., B-284176, 2000 WL 253581, at *3
(Comp. Gen. Mar. 6, 2000)), aff’d, 656 F.3d 1306 (Fed. Cir. 2011); see also Glenn Def.
Marine (ASIA), PTE Ltd. v. United States, 720 F.3d at 911 (citing E.W. Bliss Co. v. United
States, 77 F.3d at 449); Vanguard Recovery Assistance v. United States, 101 Fed. Cl. at
785 (It is a “‘well-recognized’ principle that ‘an agency’s evaluation of past performance
is entitled to great deference.’” (quoting Al Andalus Gen. Contracts Co. v. United States,
86 Fed. Cl. 252, 264 (2009) (citing Westech Int’l, Inc. v. United States, 79 Fed. Cl. 272,
293 (2007)))); SP Sys., Inc. v. United States, 86 Fed. Cl. 1, 23 (2009) (A “past
performance evaluation ‘will not be disturbed unless it is unreasonable or inconsistent
with the terms of the solicitation or applicable statutes or regulations.’” (quoting Consol.
Eng’g Servs., Inc. v. United States, 64 Fed. Cl. at 637)). “‘When the Court considers a bid
protest challenge to a past performance evaluation conducted in the course of a
negotiated procurement, “the greatest deference possible is given to the agency.”’”
FirstLine Transp. Sec., Inc. v. United States, 100 Fed. Cl. 359, 396 (2011) (quoting Univ.
Research Co. v. United States, 65 Fed. Cl. 500, 505 (2005) (quoting Gulf Grp., Inc. v.
United States, 61 Fed. Cl. at 351)); see also Plasan N. Am., Inc. v. United States, 109
Fed. Cl. 561, 572, appeal dismissed (Fed. Cir. 2013); Fort Carson Support Servs. v.
United States, 71 Fed. Cl. 571, 598 (2006) (“Evaluation of past performance is ‘within the
discretion of the contracting agency and will not be disturbed unless it is unreasonable or
inconsistent with the terms of the solicitation or applicable statutes or regulations.’”)
(quoting Consol. Eng’g Servs. v. United States, 64 Fed. Cl. 617, 637 (2005))). Likewise,
the court in Seaborn Health Care, Inc. v. United States, wrote:
       A similar deferential standard applies when the Court is reviewing an
       agency's assessment of past performance evaluations. Commissioning
       Solutions Global, LLC v. United States, 97 Fed. Cl. 1, 9 (2011) (“[I]n cases
       such as this, when a negotiated procurement is involved and at issue is a
       performance evaluation, the greatest deference possible is given to the
       agency—what our Court has called a ‘triple whammy of deference.’”)
       (quoting Gulf Grp., Inc. v. United States, 61 Fed. Cl. 338, 351 (2004))); see
       also Blackwater Lodge & Training Center Inc. v. United States], 86 Fed. Cl.
       488, 493 (2009) (“mere disagreement” with past performance evaluations
       is insufficient to disturb agency's decision).
Seaborn Health Care, Inc. v. United States, 101 Fed. Cl. 42, 48 (2011). Continuing, the
court stated:
       In evaluating an offeror's past performance, FAR 15.305(a)(2) affords
       agencies considerable discretion in deciding what data is most relevant.
       PlanetSpace Inc. v. United States, 92 Fed. Cl. 520, 539 (2010). “Thus, when
       evaluating an offeror's past performance, the [contracting officer] ‘may give
       unequal weight,’ or no weight at all, ‘to different contracts when [the

                                             42
       contracting officer] views one as more relevant than another.’” Linc Gov't
       Servs., LLC v. United States, 96 Fed. Cl. 672, 718 (2010) (quoting SDS Int'l,
       Inc. v. United States, 48 Fed. Cl. 759, 769 (2001)).
Seaborn Health Care, Inc. v. United States, 101 Fed. Cl. at 51 (modifications in original);
see also Fluor Intercontinental, Inc. v. United States, 147 Fed. Cl. 309, 329 (2020); Torres
Advanced Enter. Sols., LLC v. United States, 133 Fed. Cl. 496, 531 (2017) (“When a
protestor challenges a procuring agency's evaluation of past performance, the court's
review is limited to ensuring that the evaluation was reasonable and performed in
accordance with the solicitation; in other words, the procuring agency's evaluation is
entitled to great deference.”); Vanguard Recovery Assistance v. United States, 101 Fed.
Cl. at 787. “The court must especially defer to the agency's technical evaluations, past
performance ratings, and other ‘minutiae of the procurement process . . . which involve
discretionary determinations of procurement officials.’” J.C.N. Constr., Inc. v. United
States, 107 Fed. Cl. 503, 510 (2012) (quoting E.W. Bliss Co. v. United States, 77 F.3d at
449), subsequent determination, 2013 WL 593479 (Fed. Cl. Feb. 15, 2013). A Judge of
this court also has determined that, in a negotiated performance, a protestor must
overcome a “triple whammy of deference by demonstrating by a preponderance of the
evidence that the SSA lacked any rational basis” to assign a given past performance
rating. Overstreet Elec. Co., Inc. v. United States, 59 Fed. Cl. 99, 117 (2003), appeal
dismissed, 89 F. App’x 741 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (emphasis in original); see also CGS Adm’rs,
LLC v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. 431, 450 (2013) (stating that “past performance
evaluations in this type of procurement are accorded a ‘triple whammy of deference’”
(quoting Overstreet Elec. Co., Inc. v. United States, 59 Fed. Cl. at 117)); Plasan N. Am.,
Inc. v. United States, 109 Fed. Cl. at 572; Tech Sys., Inc. v. United States, 98 Fed. Cl.
228, 243 (2011). Despite the foregoing, although highly deferential, the court’s review of
an agency’s past performance evaluation is neither an automatic endorsement of the
agency’s actions nor tolerant of observable mistakes and each past performance
evaluation must be reviewed on a fact-specific basis.
       As indicated above, in the above captioned protest, for the Past Performance
Factor, the Solicitation stated:

       FACTOR 2 – Past Performance
       The past performance confidence assessment rating is based on the
       offeror’s overall record of recency, relevancy, and quality of performance.
       In addition, for large business concerns, the Government will evaluate past
       performance to determine the extent to which offeror has attained
       applicable goals for small business participation under prior contracts that
       required subcontracting plans. Relevant experience must be demonstrated
       within the last three years of providing property preservation and inspection
       services as required in the PWS. Specifically, a review of record of quality
       of service, personnel, adhering to contract schedule and cost contract, and
       attainment of subcontracting goals, if applicable. In accordance with FAR
       15.305(a)(2), the currency and relevance of the information, source of the
       information, context of the data, and general trends in contractor’s
       performance shall be considered. These are combined to establish one

                                            43
          performance confidence assessment rating for each offeror. In addition, this
          assessment of offeror’s performance will contribute to the responsibility
          determination.

(capitalization and emphasis in original).6 Regarding the Past Performance Factor, each
proposal was to be evaluated under the following method:

6   Additionally, the instructions to the offerors indicated:

          The offeror shall submit a list of the last three contracts completed during
          the past three years or currently being performed that are similar to the
          solicitation size, scope, and complexity, and that are specifically related to
          property preservation and inspection services. Work that is of particular
          relevance to this solicitation and PWS includes, but is not limited to:

      •   Nationwide Property Inspections (REO and Foreclosure Custodial)
      •   Nationwide Property Preservation (REO and Foreclosure Custodial)

                                                44
The USDA’s evaluation of ISN’s past performance in the Proposal Analysis Report states:

      3.1.2 PAST PERFORMANCE FACTOR

      3.1.2.1 Performance Confidence Assessment - Observations and
      Conclusions

      ISN is assigned as Substantial Confidence. Summarily, Offeror provided
      substantial past performance both for ISN and its major subcontractor
      [redacted]. The proposal indicated three contracts for past performance,
      two performed by the prime and one performed by major subcontractor
      [redacted]. There were no CPARs or PIPRs reported. The team received
      only one Past Performance Questionnaire for review. The questionnaire
      from HUD reflected a rating of “Five” (exceeds) in the areas of delivery
      performance and problem solving and a rating of “four” (meets and
      occasionally exceeds) in overall quality, quality of service, and quality of
      personnel (Ref. B20 Performance Evaluation Report).

(capitalization and emphasis in original). The Source Selection Decision Document
concluded, regarding ISN’s Past Performance:
      ISN Past Performance Confidence rating of “Substantial” was reviewed and
      assessed on information reviewed by the TET on three contracts. Two of
      the contracts ISN was the Prime and with the third contract performed by
      their major proposed subcontractor, [redacted]. The ISN prime contract
      values ranged from $22M to 42M, which is comparable in size and scope
      to this solicitation requirement. There were no CPARs on record. A Past
      Performance Questionnaire from HUD was received reflecting “Five”
      (exceeds) in the areas of delivery performance and problem solving and a
      rating of “four” (meets and occasionally exceeds) in overall quality, quality
      of service, and quality of personnel.
      As noted above, protestor MCS alleged that “[t]wo out of three of ISN’s Past
Performance examples did not meet the Solicitation’s definition of how offerors would
demonstrate relevance,” and, therefore, the agency’s Substantial Confidence rating for
ISN’s past performance was unreasonable.7 MCS first cites to the Nationwide Asset
Management Services for the United States Marshalls Service (USMS) contract.

7  Regarding the third past performance contract submitted by ISN for the Past
Performance Factor, the contract by subcontractor [redacted] Nationwide Asset
Management Services for [redacted], MCS conceded that “[u]nder the terms of the
Solicitation, the Agency properly considered” the contract to be relevant, but argued that
“ISN only proposed that [redacted] perform 30% of the contract work.” (internal references
omitted). Additionally, MCS argued it “would be irrational for USDA to find that one out of
three relevant contract examples entitled ISN to the highest Past Performance rating.”
                                            45
       Regarding the USMS contract, ISN’s proposal stated in part:
       ISN supported the USMS by delivering an array of asset management
       services to a revolving portfolio of approximately [redacted] nationwide
       residential, commercial, and multi-family properties that were in the process
       of receiving Preliminary Order of Forfeiture (POF) or Final Order of
       Forfeiture (FOF) status to become REO in the DOJ AFF. ISN provided
       property maintenance and management services, routine inspections for
       condition assessment, vendor management, tenant rents and lease
       administration, data quality assurance, reporting, and much more.
       Property Management and Maintenance: For this effort, ISN managed a
       wide range of properties, to include vacant and occupied residential and
       commercial buildings. ISN performed regular site visits to assess
       conditions, photograph property, and verify compliance with local code
       regulations. For properties with tenants, ISN performed lease and rent
       administration services, eviction proceedings, and the handling of
       delinquencies in rent. For properties without tenants, our management team
       worked with an expansive network of vendors to obtain bids and perform all
       recurring and emergency maintenance services.

       Staffing: In order to properly staff the USMS contract, ISN utilized existing
       knowledgeable property management personnel, reallocated personnel,
       and hired approximately 8 additional staff members. Our teams of
       professionals worked hand and hand with USMS personnel daily to ensure
       the properties were properly preserved in order to fast track them for sale.
       We were able to use our nationwide, readily available field staff to provide
       personnel to support the management and maintenance of assets within
       the United States and all U.S. territories. Additionally, ISN demonstrated
       strong capability to minimize staff augmentation and other expense
       increases even as the scope of work was expanded throughout the course
       of the contract.

(capitalization and emphasis in original). Regarding the size of the USMS contract, which
included a “revolving portfolio of approximately [redacted] nationwide residential,
commercial, and multi-family properties,” protestor noted that
       [b]y contrast, USDA’s portfolio consists of approximately [redacted]
       properties, a difference in magnitude of over [redacted]%. Similarly, the total
       contract price for ISN’s USMS contract was $22.5M over six years, or
       approximately $3.75M per year. Even at ISN’s unrealistically-low pricing [for
       the Solicitation at issue in the above captioned protest], the present
       procurement would be approximately [redacted]% greater in annual value
       than ISN’s USMS contract.
(internal reference omitted).

                                             46
        The Source Selection Decision Document noted for ISN’s three Past Performance
references: “The ISN prime contract values ranged from $22M to 42M, which is
comparable in size and scope to this solicitation requirement.” The Source Selection
Decision Document did not note, as protestor did, that the $22 million contract for USMS
was a 6 year contract, and, therefore, did not explain how it would comparable in size and
scope to this solicitation requirement.” Similarly, the Proposal Analysis Report stated, in
part: “ISN is assigned as Substantial Confidence. Summarily, Offeror provided substantial
past performance both for ISN and its major subcontractor [redacted]. The proposal
indicated three contracts for past performance, two performed by the prime and one
performed by major subcontractor [redacted]. There were no CPARs or PIPRs reported.
The team received only one Past Performance Questionnaire for review.” The court notes
that the Past Performance Questionnaire was not for the USMS contract, but for the
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development contract discussed below.
It is unclear how the Proposal Analysis Report could have determined that ISN could meet
the requirements of the Solicitation based on the USMS contract, much less reach that
conclusion with substantial confidence, which required that “the Government has a high
expectation that the offeror will successfully perform the required effort.”
      Intervenor responded that the “USDA acted within its (considerable) discretion in
evaluating this effort, and stated:
       Under this [USMS] contract, ISN delivered “an array of asset management
       services to a revolving portfolio of approximately [redacted] nationwide
       residential, commercia, and multi-family properties” that were in the process
       of becoming REO assets. AR 409. This included “property maintenance and
       management services, routine inspections for condition assessment,
       vendor management, tenant rents and lease administration, data quality
       assurance, reporting, and much more.” Id. These services were performed
       “in all 50 U.S. States and its Territories,” and specifically involved
       “performing weekly, biweekly, and monthly property inspections with
       photographs; . . . completing emergency repairs; . . . inspecting, reporting,
       and abating/remediating environmental hazards;” and more. AR 413.
       Moreover, as part of this effort, ISN “developed a network of approximately
       [redacted] geographically dispersed inspectors to deliver high quality, timely
       property inspections.” Id. Considering the totality of this effort—and ISN’s
       high performance marks under it (AR 413–14)—USDA considered this
       project as part of its Substantial Confidence past performance score.

(capitalization, emphasis and alterations in original). Intervenor, however, only quoted its
own proposal, and aside from highlighting the deference owed the agency, does not
attempt to explain how the agency determined the “Substantial Confidence” rating was
warranted.
       Defendant argued that
       MCS highlights the “difference” between the USMS contract and the USDA
       contract, by contraposing the quantity of properties serviced under each
       contract. MCS contends that, under the USMS contract, the portfolio is
                                            47
       [redacted] properties whereas the current USDA contact requires service of
       [redacted] properties. Thus, MCS suggests that ISN did not fulfill the past
       performance requirement. MCS’s argument has no merit.
(internal references omitted). Furthermore, defendant reasoned “the solicitation does not
identify or define what constitutes ‘similar in size, scope, and complexity,’ and, thus, that
determination is left to the broad discretion of the agency.” Like intervenor, defendant
does not rely on any documented rationale of the agency, or offer an explanation for why
the difference in scope and price for the USMS contract would warrant a strong past
performance evaluation. Defendant simply defaults to the deference to the agency
argument. Although agency decisions are entitled to deference under APA review, see
also Glenn Def. Marine (ASIA), PTE Ltd. v. United States, 720 F.3d at 911 (citing E.W.
Bliss Co. v. United States, 77 F.3d at 449), the deference is not absolute, and courts will
reject an agency’s determinations if they are unreasonable. See SP Sys., Inc. v. United
States, 86 Fed. Cl. at 23. The court finds that with respect to the Past Performance
evaluation for the USMS contract, the agency’s determination was unreasonable. The
agency provided no explanation for why the USMS contract met the past performance
requirements, did not attempt to justify the difference in the size and scope of the contract,
or explain why a past performance questionnaire was not obtained for the USMS
reference. Given the difference, in the size and scope for the USMS contract versus the
anticipated contract to be award under the Solicitation, it was incumbent on the agency
to document some rationale for giving ISN the highest past performance rating.
       As noted above, only MCS and ISN were given Technical Factor ratings of
Outstanding and Past Performance ratings of Substantial Confidence. As the Solicitation
explained in the “Relative Importance of Factors:”
       The award resulting from this solicitation will be made based on the best
       overall proposal that is determined to be the most beneficial to the
       Government (i.e., best value tradeoff process). The Technical Capability
       Factor is slightly more important than the Past Performance Factor.
       Technical Capability Subfactors, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5, are rated in
       descending order of importance. Overall, Non-Price Factors, when
       combined, are significantly more important than Price. Price is not an
       adjectivally rated Factor; however, the Price Factor will become the more
       dominant factor as technical proposals reach technical equality.
Had ISN not received a Substantial Confidence rating like MCS, the agency may have
determined MCS was entitled to contract award. Given the requirement, the paucity of
information about the USMS contract in the agency’s evaluations is glaring.
      MCS also questions a second contract that ISN included for its past performance,
Mortgagee Compliance Management for the United States Department of Housing and
Urban Development (HUD). As indicated in the Administrative Record, as Mortgagee
Compliance Manager
       ISN is responsible for assigned Mortgagee
       Compliance Manager functions including:
   •   [redacted]

                                             48
   •   [redacted]
   •   [redacted]
   •   [redacted]
   •   [redacted]
   •   [redacted]
   •   [redacted]
   •   [redacted]

MCS notes that for Past Performance submissions, the Solicitation required “[r]elevant
experience must be demonstrated within the last three years of providing property
preservation and inspection services as required in the PWS.” Protestor argued that “ISN
provided financial and title-related services to HUD, while MCS and other field service
organizations performed the property preservation work,” and “[b]ecause ISN’s HUD
contract did not involve ‘providing property preservation and inspection services’ for any
period of time, it is not relevant under the terms of the Solicitation.”

       Regarding the HUD contract, defendant argued: “[A]s noted by the agency, the
HUD contract involved providing services in rural and remote areas (similar to USDA’s
contract), AR 1586, performance involved servicing [redacted] properties per year
(exceeding USDA’s contract), AR 1586, and performance involved pre and post
foreclosure services (similar to USDA’s contract), AR 1586.” The court notes, however,
all three of defendant’s citations are to the exhibits at the GAO. Moreover, the exhibits
defendant refers to are from the past performance evaluation of the HUD contract prior
to the corrective action, and not to the one currently before the court. Similarly,
intervenor, citing to its proposal in the Administrative Record, argued the HUD contract
involved

       “pre- and post-foreclosure services to approximately [redacted] properties
       per year,” including “processing property preservation requests on behalf of
       HUD; reviewing property inspections conducted on defaulted single family
       (SF) FHA properties; submitting contingency preservation requests to the
       COR for emergency repairs or environmental hazard abatement; providing
       daily, weekly, and monthly reporting on property volume, revenue
       recovery/expenditures, and contract performance.”
Additionally, intervenor argued that “though USDA recognized that this work did not
involve actually performing the services, it did ‘indicate[] experience with pre- and post-
foreclosure services, and detailed support that [redacted].” The court notes, however, like
with defendant’s argument, the agency’s past performance evaluation of the HUD
contract is from the first evaluation, prior to the corrective action. It does not appear again
in the agency’s evaluation after the corrective action. Moreover, ISN left out an important
part of the evaluation in its quotation. The sentence ISN quoted states in full: “The team
noted that past performance record number two supporting HUD which indicated
experience with pre- and post-foreclosure services, [redacted] as opposed to performing
the services.” (emphasis added) Moreover, the intervenor does not contradict protestor’s
claim that “ISN provided financial and title-related services to HUD, while MCS and other

                                              49
field service organizations performed the property preservation work,” and admits that the
USDA “recognized that this work did not involve actually performing the services.” ISN’s
work for the HUD contract appears to be substantially different than the work ISN would
be expected to perform for the USDA, and raises questions as to why the HUD contract
would warrant a past performance rating of Substantial Confidence from the agency’s
evaluation of ISN’s proposal.
      As noted above, regarding ISN’s past performance, the agency in the Proposal
Analysis Report indicated:
      ISN is assigned as Substantial Confidence. Summarily, Offeror provided
      substantial past performance both for ISN and its major subcontractor
      [redacted]. The proposal indicated three contracts for past performance,
      two performed by the prime and one performed by major subcontractor
      [redacted]. There were no CPARs or PIPRs reported. The team received
      only one Past Performance Questionnaire for review. The questionnaire
      from HUD reflected a rating of “Five” (exceeds) in the areas of delivery
      performance and problem solving and a rating of “four” (meets and
      occasionally exceeds) in overall quality, quality of service, and quality of
      personnel (Ref. B20 Performance Evaluation Report).

(capitalization and emphasis in original). The Source Selection Decision Document
concluded, regarding ISN’s Past Performance:
      ISN Past Performance Confidence rating of “Substantial” was reviewed and
      assessed on information reviewed by the TET on three contracts. Two of
      the contracts ISN was the Prime and with the third contract performed by
      their major proposed subcontractor, [redacted]. The ISN prime contract
      values ranged from $22M to 42M, which is comparable in size and scope
      to this solicitation requirement. There were no CPARs on record. A Past
      Performance Questionnaire from HUD was received reflecting “Five”
      (exceeds) in the areas of delivery performance and problem solving and a
      rating of “four” (meets and occasionally exceeds) in overall quality, quality
      of service, and quality of personnel.
(capitalization in original).8 The agency provides no insight for why the HUD contract
warranted the strong past performance reference. Moreover, the USDA did not explain

8The court notes, in the original evaluation by the agency before the corrective action,
which the defendant and intervenor cite to, the USDA determined with regard to ISN’s
past performance:

      ISN provided past performance information on three contracts, two
      performed by the prime and one performed by major subcontractor
      [redacted]. The first record, performed by ISN, cited a contract value of
      approximately $22M and supported the USMS by delivering asset
      management services to a revolving portfolio of approximately [redacted]

                                           50
why the HUD contract met the requirements of “[r]elevant experience must be
demonstrated within the last three years of providing property preservation and inspection
services as required in the PWS.” The agency did not even describe if the HUD contract
had involved performance of “preservation and inspection services.” Instead, the agency
simply stated that ISN’s HUD contract had a strong reference with its Past Performance
Questionnaire.
      In its brief, protestor argued that “[t]his case is similar to FFL Pro LLC, 124 Fed.
Cl. 536, 555 (2015), in which the Court set aside an agency’s past performance
evaluation,” and the court agrees. In FFL Pro LLC v. United States, the United States
Department of State's Office of Antiterrorism Assistance (ATA) issued a solicitation for
the acquisition of overseas cyber security training services and supplies. See id. at 539.
In FFL Pro LLC, a Judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims explained that
“proposals would be evaluated according to five factors; in descending order of
importance, these factors were: (1) Technical Compliance With all of the Terms and
Conditions of the Solicitation (‘Technical Compliance’); (2) Corporate Experience; (3) Past
Performance; (4) Status of Property Management; and (5) Price.” Id. at 540 (footnote
omitted). Regarding Past Performance, the solicitation in In FFL Pro LLC stated that:

      Offerors are advised to use references from projects involving relevant IT
      supplies and IT training services within the scope of this solicitation and in
      compliance with [Federal Acquisition Regulation (“FAR”) ] 52.212–1. (i)
      Provide a description of the offeror's experience in the professional
      information technology services and cyber training services industries
      referenced in the [request for proposals]. Describe three completed or on-
      going project(s), similar in size and complexity to the effort contemplated
      herein and in sufficient detail for the Government to perform an evaluation.

      nationwide residential, commercial, and multi-family properties (occupied
      and vacant). The second record, performed by ISN, cited an awarded value
      of $42M over the period 06/01/2015 to 5/31/2020 and supports the current
      Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) National Servicing
      Center’s (NSC’s) Mortgagee Compliance Manager (MCM). The third
      record, performed by [redacted], cited a contract value of $425M from
      08/2009 to present. This effort provides nationwide Real Estate Owned
      (REO) asset management, title services, field services, valuations,
      brokerage, online marketing, and settlement services in support of
      [redacted]. The team noted that past performance record number two
      supporting HUD which indicated experience with pre- and post-foreclosure
      services, [redacted] as opposed to performing the services.

      There were no CPARs or PIPRs reported. The team received only one Past
      Performance Questionnaire for review. The questionnaire from HUD
      reflected a rating of “Five” (exceeds) in the areas of delivery performance
      and problem solving and a rating of “four” (meets and occasionally exceeds)
      in overall quality, quality of service, and quality of personnel.

                                            51
FFL Pro LLC v. United States, 124 Fed. Cl. at 541 (brackets in original). Awardee VariQ
Corporation (VariQ) was awarded an “Exceptional” past performance rating, and protestor
FFL Pro LLC challenged the past performance rating, among other claims at the Court of
Federal Claims. See id. at 546. The Judge in FFL Pro LLC recognized that the “evaluation
and rating of proposals is within the discretion of the procuring agency,” but in the FFL
Pro LLC case,

       the Technical Evaluation Team's evaluation of VariQ's past performance—
       twice endorsed by the contracting officer—does not meet these standards
       because it does not address any of the criteria set forth in the Past
       Performance factor description; in other words, it does not evince a
       consideration of relevant factors. Indeed, the narrative summary provided
       by the Technical Evaluation Team in support of its exceptional rating is little
       more than a copy-and-paste of the solicitation’s definition of “exceptional.”

FFL Pro LLC v. United States, 124 Fed. Cl. 536, 555–56 (2015) (footnote omitted).
Therefore, the Judge concluded “[i]n the absence of a coherent and reasonable
explanation from the ATA of its evaluation of VariQ's proposal under the Past
Performance factor, the court cannot ascertain whether the ATA's evaluation had a
rational basis.” Id. at 557 (footnote omitted). Similarly in the above captioned protest, the
court cannot determine how the agency determined the HUD contract warranted a past
performance rating of Substantial Confidence, or how the agency even determined that
the work performed by ISN was in line with the requirements for performance of the
contract to be award by the USDA. Despite the great deference afforded the agency for
its past performance evaluations, see Todd Constr., L.P. v. United States, 88 Fed. Cl.
247; Vanguard Recovery Assistance v. United States, 101 Fed. Cl. at 785, given the
USDA’s minimal explanation of how the agency evaluated ISN’s HUD past performance,
the court finds the agency’s conclusion was not reasonable.

        Having found that the USDA’s evaluations of two of ISN’s three past performance
references were not reasonable, and not performed in accordance within the
requirements of the Solicitation, the agency’s decision to award ISN a past performance
rating of Substantial Confidence rating, the highest possible rating and the rating which
requires the agency to determine that based on the relevant performance record, “the
Government has a high expectation that the offeror will successfully perform the required
effort,” the agency acted unreasonably, see Torres Advanced Enter. Sols., LLC v. United
States, 133 Fed. Cl. at 531, and the agency’s past performance evaluation of ISN,
therefore, was arbitrary and capricious.
      The court notes that the GAO reached the opposite conclusion about the USDA’s
past performance evaluation. As noted above, the GAO determined:
       While the protester notes aspects of two of ISN's contracts that were
       dissimilar to the instant effort, the evaluation record demonstrates that ISN's
       overall past performance and experience supports the agency's assigned
       ratings. In this respect, ISN submitted two contract references involving

                                             52
       property management services, including a contract performed by ISN's
       subcontractor with a value of $425 million. The third contract, the HUD
       contract, involved the provision of portfolio management services for
       approximately 60,000 properties per year. While such services were merely
       “related to” property preservation and inspection services, we find that the
       agency nonetheless acted reasonably in considering the HUD contract as
       part of ISN's overall past performance and relevant experience. In sum, we
       find that the agency reasonably found that ISN's overall experience and
       past performance were relevant and merited the high ratings assigned to
       ISN under those factors.

Id. at *8 (internal references omitted). With respect to the GAO,9 the GAO’s conclusions
regarding ISN’s past performance appear summary, and did not fully address the
differences in the size and scope of ISN’s past performance references. Most notably,
with regard to the HUD contract, the GAO indicated the services performed were “merely
‘related to’ property preservation and inspection services,” the GAO found “that the
agency nonetheless acted reasonably in considering the HUD contract as part of ISN's
overall past performance and relevant experience.” Id. As the solicitation at issue was for
property preservation and inspection services for USDA’s rural property portfolio the
GAO’s decision does not reflect sufficient analysis of the reasonableness by the agency
to find the HUD contract warranted a Past Performance rating of “Substantial
Confidence.”
      As the USDA’s evaluations of two of ISN’s past performance references were not
reasonable, this calls into question the agency’s evaluation of the Technical Factor’s first
sub-factor. As noted above, for the Technical Factor, the Solicitation stated:
       FACTOR 1 – Technical Capability – Overall the Technical Capability will
       be evaluated based on the extent to which it is demonstrated a likelihood of
       successful performance of the requirements of the Performance Work
       Statement (PWS) (Attachment A). The effectiveness and feasibility of the
       proposed Technical Capability and the offerors understanding of the work
       will be considered as part of the assessing the likelihood of successful
       performance.

(capitalization and emphasis in original). The Solicitation explained that

       [t]here are five technical capability subfactors that will be evaluated and
       considered in descending order of importance as follows and evaluated
       based on:

9
   Although Judges of the United States Court of Federal Claims, including the
undersigned, have high respect for the expertise of the GAO, and often consider the
reasoning included in GAO decisions when reaching their own opinions, GAO decisions
are not binding on the United States Court of Federal Claims. See Cleveland Assets, LLC
v. United States, 132 Fed. Cl. 264, 280 n.15 (2017); see also Centech Grp., Inc. v. United
States, 554 F.3d at 1038.

                                            53
        Sub-factor 1.1 - Relevant Experience - Demonstration of experience in
        providing services to assist USDA, RD in providing a variety of
        property/asset management services associated with pre and post
        liquidation of SFH rural properties serving as security for rural housing loans
        and guarantees of equivalent portfolio size, as specifically listed in the PWS.

(capitalization and emphasis in original). Therefore, the Technical Factor’s first sub-factor
was considered the most important technical sub-factor. The requirement required the
“[d]emonstration of experience in providing services to assist USDA,” however, as
determined above, the experience provided by ISN in its proposal was not sufficient to
demonstrate ISN had performed similar work to the work required by the agency for
successful performance of the contract. The agency should have more carefully
considered whether ISN’s insufficient past performance references warranted an overall
Technical rating of Outstanding, which requires that the “[p]roposal indicates an
exceptional approach and understanding of the requirements and contains multiple
strengths, and risk of unsuccessful performance is low.”
Price
       Additionally, protestor alleged that the “USDA failed to properly evaluate ISN’s
unrealistically low pricing,” and claimed that the “Agency performed an irrational price
realism evaluation of ISN.” In response, defendant argued that the “USDA’s price realism
analysis was reasonable and in accordance with the Solicitation.” Similarly, ISN claimed
the “USDA’s thorough price realism evaluation should be upheld.”
        A price realism analysis considers whether an offeror’s price is too low, such that
it indicates a risk of poor performance and a lack of understanding of the solicitation
requirements. See KWR Constr., Inc. v. United States, 124 Fed. Cl. 345, 356 (2015)
(“Generally, a price realism analysis examines the performance risk of proposals in a
fixed-price contract procurement, with particular attention to the risk of low-priced
proposals. . . .”) (internal citations removed). A price realism analysis differs from a price
reasonableness analysis because a price reasonableness analysis considers whether an
offeror’s price is too high.10 See Munilla Constr. Mgmt., LLC v. United States, 130 Fed.
Cl. 635, 649 (2017) (explaining that an agency’s concern in making a price
reasonableness determination is whether the prices are too high, and a “determination of
whether an offeror’s prices are too low is made when an agency conducts a cost or price
realism analysis”); see also EMTA Isaat, A.S. v. United States, 123 Fed. Cl. 330, 338 n.9
(2015) (“In general, a price reasonableness analysis has the goal of preventing the
government from paying too much for contract work. A price realism analysis, on the other
hand, investigates whether the contractor is proposing a price so low that performance of
the contract will be threatened.”). Price realism is not defined in the Federal Acquisition

10 FAR 15.404-1(a) requires a price reasonableness evaluation and provides that the
“contracting officer is responsible for evaluating the reasonableness of the offered prices”
in a negotiated procurement. 48 C.F.R. § 15.404-1(a)(1) (2019). The parties do not
dispute that the agency considered price reasonableness.

                                              54
Regulation (FAR). See Mil-Mar Century Corp. v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. 508, 541
n.36 (2013); DMS All-Star Joint Venture v. United States, 90 Fed. Cl. at 663 n.11 (quoting
Ralph C. Nash & John Cibinic, Price Realism Analysis: A Tricky Issue, 12 No. 7 Nash &
Cibinic Rep. ¶ 40 (July 1988) (citing 48 C.F.R. § 15.404–1(d)(1), (3)) (“A price realism
analysis ‘is analysis to determine if the offeror’s proposed prices are unrealistically
low.’”).11

        The Federal Circuit has explained that Judges of this court should determine
“whether the agency's price-realism analysis was consistent with the evaluation criteria
set forth in the RFP, see Galen Med. Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 369 F.3d 1324, 1330
(Fed. Cir. 2004), not to introduce new requirements outside the scope of the RFP.” See
Alabama Aircraft Indus., Inc.-Birmingham v. United States, 586 F.3d at 1375–76
(emphasis in original). The Federal Circuit in Agile Defense, Inc. v. United States, also
indicated, albeit with regard to cost realism:

      The regular view of the Court of Federal Claims, which we approve, is that
      contracting agencies enjoy wide latitude in conducting the cost realism
      analysis. See, e.g., Mission1st Grp., Inc. v. United States, 144 Fed. Cl. 200,
      211 (2019) (“It is well established that contracting agencies have broad
      discretion regarding the nature and extent of a cost realism analysis, unless
      the agency commits itself to a particular methodology in a solicitation.”
      (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)); Dellew Corp. v. United
      States, 128 Fed. Cl. 187, 194 (2016) (“The Agency has demonstrated that
      it considered the information available and did not make irrational
      assumptions or critical miscalculations. To require more would be infringing
      on the Agency’s discretion in analyzing proposals for cost realism.” (citation
      and internal quotation marks omitted)); United Payors & United Providers
      Health Servs., Inc. v. United States, 55 Fed. Cl. 323, 329 (2003)
      (emphasizing that the procuring “agency is in the best position to make [the]
      cost realism determination” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)).

Agile Def., Inc. v. United States, 959 F.3d 1379, 1385–86 (Fed. Cir. 2020); see also
Afghan Am. Army Servs. Corp. v. United States, 90 Fed. Cl. 341, 358 (2009) (“The nature
and extent of a price realism analysis is ultimately within the sound exercise of the
agency's discretion, unless the agency commits itself to a particular methodology in a
solicitation.”).

       Judges of this court have found that, in a fixed-price procurement, an agency is
required to perform a price realism analysis when the solicitation expressly provides that

11 Unlike price realism, FAR 15.404-1(d) defines a cost realism analysis as “the process
of independently reviewing and evaluating specific elements of each offeror's proposed
cost estimate to determine whether the estimated proposed cost elements are realistic
for the work to be performed; reflect a clear understanding of the requirements; and are
consistent with the unique methods of performance and materials described in the
offeror's technical proposal.” 48 C.F.R. § 15.404-1(d)(1).

                                           55
the agency will evaluate price realism or states that “[t]he Government may reject any
proposal that is . . . unreasonably high or low in price when compared to Government
estimates, such that the proposal is deemed to reflect an inherent lack of competence of
[sic] failure to comprehend the complexity and risks of the program.” ViON Corp. v. United
States, 122 Fed. Cl. 559, 573 (2015) (emphasis removed) (finding that such language
commits the agency to conducting a price realism analysis); see also EMTA Isaat, A.S.
v. United States, 123 Fed. Cl. at 338 (explaining that there “is no dispute that the plain
language of the RFP required the government to conduct a price realism analysis” when
the solicitation provided that “[a]ll offerors[’] proposed prices will be evaluated to ensure
they are realistic, reasonable, and complete”); D & S Consultants, Inc. v. United States,
101 Fed. Cl. at 33 (explaining that the parties agreed that the solicitation required a price
realism analysis because it stated “[t]he Government may evaluate the offeror's proposed
labor rates to determine if the proposed rates are unrealistically low in order to assess the
ability of the offeror to meet the PWS requirements and whether the proposal provides
the Government with a high level of confidence of successful performance”). In Afghan
American Army Services Corp. v. United States, another Judge on this court determined
that an agency was required to conduct a price realism evaluation because the solicitation
stated that the agency would “evaluate price proposals to determine whether the offered
price reflects a sufficient understanding of the contract requirements and the risk inherent
in the offeror's approach” and that proposals with “an unreasonable (high or low) price
may be deemed to be unacceptable and may not receive further consideration.” Afghan
Am. Army Servs. Corp. v. United States, 90 Fed. Cl. at 357 Similarly, in Rotech
Healthcare, Inc. v. United States, the court concluded that a price realism analysis was
required because the solicitation stated that an “unrealistically low price may be grounds
for eliminating a proposal.” Rotech Healthcare, Inc. v. United States, 121 Fed. Cl. 387,
404 (2015) (explaining that “the only reason any consideration of realism is necessary is
the language in the RFP stating that unrealistically low offers may be eliminated”).

       Regarding price, the Solicitation stated:
       Price analysis is a process of examining and analyzing a proposed price
       without evaluating separate cost elements and proposed profit/fee to
       ensure that the proposed price is fair and reasonable. The CO may use the
       following techniques in performing price analysis:

       (a) Comparison of proposed prices received in response to the Solicitation;
       (b) Comparison of previously proposed prices and contract prices with
       current proposed prices for the same or similar services (labor categories)
       in comparable quantities; and,
       (c) Comparison of proposed prices with independent cost estimates.
Specifically regarding a price realism analysis, the Solicitation indicated:
       The purpose of realism analysis is to ensure that proposed prices are not
       so low such that contract performance is put at risk from either a technical
       and/or cost perspective. It is separate from analyses performed to
       determine price reasonableness. Realism analysis determines whether an
       offeror’s proposed costs and/or prices:

                                             56
             (a) Are realistic for the work to be performed;
             (b) Reflect a clear understanding of the requirements; and
             (c) Are consistent with the various elements of the offeror's technical
             proposal.

             Price Realism analysis is an objective process that focuses on the proposed
             price and performance risks. Price realism is used when requirements may
             not be fully understood by the offeror, there are quality concerns, past
             experience indicates that contractors’ proposed prices have resulted in
             quality of service shortfalls. Results of the analysis may be used in
             performance risk assessments and responsibility determinations.

    The Solicitation, therefore, required a price realism analysis, but did not specify how the
    agency was to evaluate price realism, or mandate any specific approach.
           Regarding ISN’s price proposal, the Proposal Analysis Report included the
    following chart and discussion:

     COMPETITIVE PRICE CHART
                              ISN         [redacted]        [redacted]          [redacted]        MCS       [redacted]    [redacted]
CLIN 001 TOTAL IDIQ 18   $[redacted]   $[redacted]     $[redacted]        $[redacted]        $[redacted]   $[redacted]   $[redacted]
CLIN 001 TOTAL TASK      $[redacted]   $[redacted]     $[redacted]        $[redacted]        $[redacted]   $[redacted]   $[redacted]
ORDER

CLIN 002 TOTAL IDIQ 18   $[redacted]   $[redacted]     $[redacted]        $[redacted]        $[redacted]   $[redacted]   $[redacted]
CLIN 002 TOTAL TASK      $[redacted]   $[redacted]     $[redacted]        $[redacted]        $[redacted]   $[redacted]   $[redacted]
ORDER

BOTH CLINS TOTAL IDIQ $[redacted]      $[redacted]     $[redacted]        $[redacted]        $[redacted]   $[redacted]   $[redacted]
18
BOTH CLINS TOTAL
TASK                  $[redacted]      $[redacted]     $[redacted]        $[redacted]        $[redacted]   $[redacted]   $[redacted]
ORDER 12 MONTH

             CLIN 001 Inspections - Pricing is below the CPR, and comparable to CLIN
             001 pricing for MCS, [redacted] and [redacted]. Therefore CLIN 001 is found
             fair and reasonable.

             CLIN 002 Property Preservation Services - The individual service items on
             the price list are lower than the CPR and is competitive with prices received
             as shown in the chart above. The Offeror indicated in their Vol 3 Price
             Proposal, that their pricing was “well researched, and was 100 percent
             compliant, based on existing rates, other Government work similar in
             nature, numerous independent surveys and market data which lower
             staffing in their approach.” Further justification for pricing is that the offeror
             indicated through a clarification that they are aware this requirement is for
             rural America and that their pricing reflects that fact. Therefore, their price
             is found realistic and in conformity with their proposed technical approach.

                                                                     57
      The offerors combined CLIN 001 and 002 price is competitive with other
      offered prices, and in accordance with evaluation criteria set forth in section
      M paragraph 4., “the Price Factor will become the more dominant factor as
      technical proposals reach technical equality. In such cases, where all non-
      priced factors being evaluated are virtually the same, best value may be
      represented by the lowest-priced proposal.”

      ISN tied MCS in their technical rating with an “outstanding” but had an
      overall lower price. ISN is found to be fair and reasonable and has been
      determined to be the best value with an outstanding technical rating and
      lowest price out of the two offerors whom received an outstanding
      rating*Competition Price Results (Ref. B19 Price Proposal Evaluation-Price
      Competition Memo).

(capitalization and emphasis in original). With regard to ISN’s pricing, the agency’s Price
Competition Memo stated:
      CLIN 001 Inspections - Pricing is in line with the CPR, and comparable to
      CLIN 001 pricing for MCS, [redacted] and [redacted]. Therefore CLIN 001
      is found fair and reasonable.

      CLIN 002 Property Preservation Services - The individual service items on
      the price list are lower than the CPR, however, are competitive with prices
      received as shown in the chart above. The Offeror indicated in their Vol 3
      Price Proposal, that their pricing was “well researched, and was 100 percent
      compliant, based on existing rates, other Government work similar in
      nature, numerous independent surveys and market data which lower
      staffing in their approach.” Further justification for pricing is that the offeror
      indicated through a clarification that they are aware this requirement is for
      rural America and that their pricing reflects that fact.

      The offerors combined CLIN 001 and 002 price is competitive with other
      offered prices, and in accordance with evaluation criteria set forth in section
      M paragraph 4., “the Price Factor will become the more dominant factor as
      technical proposals reach technical equality. In such cases, where all non-
      priced factors being evaluated are virtually the same, best value may be
      represented by the lowest-priced proposal.”

      ISN tied MCS in their technical rating with an “outstanding” but had an
      overall lower price. ISN pricing at $[redacted] for Task Order 1; and, IDIQ
      18-month ceiling of $$34,983,380.00 is found to be fair and reasonable.
      Their pricing is also determined to be realistic in accordance with their
      technical approach and understanding of the work, as demonstrated in their
      “outstanding” technically rated proposal and through clarification, as stated
      above.

                                             58
(capitalization in original). Regarding ISN’s price, the Source Selection Decision
Document stated:
      Overall pricing for the Task Order 1 of $[redacted], is aligned with the CPR,
      and other comparatively priced offerors submitted in response to this
      solicitation requirement. Further, pricing for some of the individual service
      items appear to be aligned with the corrective action Attachment 2, Unit
      Price Analysis, which was an average of other agency’s public price lists.
      Therefore, their pricing was deemed fair, reasonable, realistic and balanced
      for the work under this requirement with the unique feature different from
      other property preservation contracts in that in the commercial market this
      work is most often in rural areas that are oftentimes difficult to reach.

        The justification for the price realism analysis came from the conclusion, referred
to in both the Proposal Analysis Report and the Price Competition Memo, that ISN’s prices
were “lower than the CPR,” competitive with other offerors, and ISN “indicated in their Vol
3 Price Proposal, that their pricing was ‘well researched, and was 100 percent compliant,
based on existing rates, other Government work similar in nature, numerous independent
surveys and market data which lower staffing in their approach.’”

       Protestor argued that the “USDA’s quantitative ‘analysis’ in support of these
conclusions consisted of a few spreadsheets with columns simply listing side-by-side the
pricing values for each offeror, the IGCE [Independent Government Cost Estimate], the
CPR, and the AAP.” (brackets added). ISN argued, however, that the “USDA’s thorough
price realism evaluation should be upheld,” and defendant takes issue with MCS’
characterization of the agency’s analysis, noting that “MCS states that the agency’s entire
determination was limited to a single ‘conclusory statement’ supported by an excel
spreadsheet.” According to ISN, “MCS’s argument is factually incorrect and legally
unsound,” arguing that “the agency’s assessment of ISN’s price was comprehensive. The
technical evaluation team, pricing evaluation team, contracting officer, and Source
Selection Authority reviewed and assessed ISN’s pricing proposal.” (internal references
omitted). Defendant also claims that protestor’s

      argument that each progressive level of review merely “parroted” the prior
      review, is wrong. Each level of review culminated in a narrative analysis that
      recited the record evidence demonstrating that ISN’s pricing proposal was
      realistic. That the evidence did not change over the course of the pricing
      realism analysis and that the multiple assessors found the same evidence
      persuasive does not reflect an insufficient assessment; the agreement
      amongst the assessors bolsters, rather than detracts from, the
      determination that ISN’s prices were realistic.

(internal references omitted). Defendant’s arguments notwithstanding, the court is not
clear why the agency believed ISN’s prices to have been realistic. The agency’s clearest
statement on ISN’s price is:

                                            59
       CLIN 001 Inspections - Pricing is in line with the CPR, and comparable to
       CLIN 001 pricing for MCS, [redacted] and [redacted]. Therefore CLIN 001
       is found fair and reasonable.

       CLIN 002 Property Preservation Services - The individual service items on
       the price list are lower than the CPR, however, are competitive with prices
       received as shown in the chart above. The Offeror indicated in their Vol 3
       Price Proposal, that their pricing was “well researched, and was 100 percent
       compliant, based on existing rates, other Government work similar in
       nature, numerous independent surveys and market data which lower
       staffing in their approach.” Further justification for pricing is that the offeror
       indicated through a clarification that they are aware this requirement is for
       rural America and that their pricing reflects that fact.

(capitalization in original). The agency’s simple statement that the prices are in line with
the CPR alone does not merit a finding that the price realism analysis is sufficient.
Although the evaluations included various charts, the charts are not given any context by
the agency. Likewise, the agency’s reliance on ISN’s own statement that their pricing was
“well researched, and was 100 percent compliant, based on existing rates, other
Government work similar in nature, numerous independent surveys and market data
which lower staffing in their approach,” does not alone merit a determination that the
agency performed an adequate price realism analysis. Similarly, insufficient is the
intervenor’s acknowledgment that ISN is “aware this requirement is for rural America and
that their pricing reflects that fact” cannot alone demonstrate that ISN’s prices were
realistic. In sum, the agency’s own evaluations do not reflect why the USDA found ISN’s
prices were realistic.

       Protestor also claimed that

       ISN’s combined CLIN 001 and 002 price for Task Order 1 was lower than
       the IGCE by over [redacted] percent, lower than the CPR by over [redacted]
       percent, lower than the next highest offeror by over [redacted] percent, and
       lower than the Agency’s own revised AAP by over [redacted] percent. Any
       meaningful analysis – regardless of the method used – would have flagged
       ISN’s proposal as being unrealistically low, or at the very least prompted
       further inquiry and evaluation of potential risks.

(capitalization and emphasis in original). Protestor also argued that “the lowest of the
technically acceptable and reasonably priced offers (i.e., those included in the CPR) also
belonged to the awardee, but ISN’s IDIQ and Task Order ceiling bids were nearly
[redacted] percent below the highest price proposal in the CPR.” (capitalization and
emphasis in original). ISN somewhat confusingly responded that “the evaluation
confirmed that a low price was not, in and of itself, a basis to not award a contract to an
offeror; indeed, the Solicitation encouraged low pricing, noting that ‘where all non-priced
factors being evaluated are virtually the same, best value may be represented by the
lowest-priced proposal.” (emphasis in original). Furthermore, intervenor argued that “[t]his

                                              60
cherry-picked data point [that ISN’s ceiling bids were nearly [redacted]% below the
highest price proposal] does not, however, show that ISN’s price was unrealistically low.”

       The pricing analysis by the agency consisted of the CPR, which “established
average prices for CLINs 001 and 002, both for an 18-month and 12-month (task order)
period, using only the proposals rated Acceptable and better,”12 and the Averaged Agency
Pricing (AAP). The agency explained that, after the corrective action:

       A comparison price chart was created in order to compare the pricing of
       individual service items against the Offeror’s price proposals. Also, for this
       corrective action, we had the RD Price Estimator, put together an estimate
       of pricing for individual service line items. The estimate was based on
       pricing from publicly available price lists of other agencies with similar
       requirement, namely, HUD, VA, Fannie Mae, and Freddie Mac, hereafter,
       “Averaged Agency Pricing” (AAP). Under the AAP, Attachment 2, the IDIQ
       ceiling price is $33,717,020.00 (CPR $43,242,629.00) and the Task Order
       1 ceiling is $23,530,544.00 (CPR $28,794,738.00).

The agency concluded: “Therefore, what is demonstrated that [sic] even though certain
services items are comparable to the pricing submitted by a number of the Offerors,
predominately, the AAP’s service item prices are lower than the comparative CPR service
item prices. Note, however, this information is for reference only and is not incorporated
in the writeup for this report.” This statement, “this information is for reference only and is
not incorporated in the writeup for this report,” is unclear as to its meaning or its use in
the evaluations. Unstated in the above, or in the evaluation documents, was why the
agency determined there was a need to create another price comparison tool, why there
was a difference between the two benchmarks of the CPR and the AAP, where the
difference came from, and why the differences were significant. Based on the information
in the Administrative Record, the CPR for the Task Order 1 ceiling was $28,794,738.00,
and the AAP for the Task Order 1 ceiling was $23,530,544.00, a difference of
$5,264,194.00. For the ceiling for the entire requirement, the CPR was calculated at
$43,242,629.00, and the AAP was calculated at $33,717,020.00, a difference of
$9,525,609.00. Despite the large disparity between the CPR and the AAP, the agency
did not explain which was a better assessment of the offeror’s prices, and why either the
CPR or the AAP would better evaluate if the offeror’s prices were realistic. Although
intervenor stated “[t]he AAP was well researched, AR 917–943, and, moreover, helped
to confirm the agency’s analysis. AR 921. USDA’s consideration of this information was

12 The agency’s evaluation documents further refer to the IGCE, but without any
explanation or context for how the price proposals relate to IGCE. The Administrative
Record included internal USDA emails which indicated that IGCE was “based on avg.
cost(s) from HUD, VA, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac,” but neither the emails nor the
agency’s evaluation documents explained if the IGCE was used as a metric for price
realism.
                                              61
appropriate,” the Administrative Record at those citations do not support ISN’s
arguments.13 Furthermore, as protestor argued,

       it is unclear from what specific sources the Agency gathered the data
       included in the AAP backup or if USDA took any steps to verify their
       reliability and currency. The Agency cost estimator merely asserted without
       further explanation that the AAP “is based on [average] cost(s) from HUD,
       VA, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac,” and the Contracting Officer stated post-
       hoc that “[t]he pricing Estimator found the agencies price lists on their
       respective websites and through Google searches.” But the record is silent,
       for example, as to the effectivity or validity dates of the pricing obtained.

(internal reference omitted). Moreover, because the agency did not articulate whether the
AAP evaluated prices or the CPR evaluated prices were more realistic for the services in
the Solicitation, or if the same benchmarks should be applied to both the first task order
and the entire contract, the court remains uncertain how the agency determined whether
ISN’s pricing, which was similar to the AAP and lower than the CPR was realistic, or the
methodology used by the USDA to reach that conclusion.

        Both defendant and intervenor accuse protestor of asking the court to conduct its
own price realism analysis, as intervenor states, “MCS asks the Court to conduct its own
price realism evaluation (or, better yet, to simply latch onto MCS’s analysis),” (footnote
omitted), and defendant states that “MCS’s invitation to the Court to rewrite the solicitation
and require USDA to assess the range that the proposals fall within, and provide certain
calculations, analyses, or assessments, is inappropriate and far beyond the scope of
judicial review.” (internal references omitted). Further both defendant and intervenor
argue that “the unstated premise of MCS’s argument is that it wished USDA had utilized
a different methodology to assess pricing realism.” As noted above, “the nature and extent
of a price realism analysis is ultimately within the sound exercise of the agency's
discretion, unless the agency commits itself to a particular methodology in a solicitation.”
Afghan Am. Army Servs. Corp. v. United States, 90 Fed. Cl. at 358. Additionally, the
Judge in Afghan American Army explained, “[t]he agency's ‘discretion is even more
pronounced when the Solicitation is silent regarding the methodology to be used in
conducting a “price realism analysis,”’” as was the case with the Solicitation in the above
captioned protest. Afghan Am. Army Servs. Corp. v. United States, 90 Fed. Cl. at 358
(quoting Info. Scis. Corp. v. United States, 73 Fed. Cl. 70, 101 (2006), recons. in part, 75
Fed. Cl. 406 (2007)). The court also is cognizant of the Supreme Court’s instruction that
“[t]he scope of review under the ‘arbitrary and capricious’ standard is narrow and a court
is not to substitute its judgment for that of the agency.” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State

13 The Administrative Record at the citations offered by intervenor does not demonstrate
the AAP was well researched, as the pages include how the IGCE was established, and
included a document titled: “This page provides examples of key activities, this DOES
NOT provide any approval to do work. But if work is approved this is what we mean,” and
included examples of “Clean Toilet,” “Dryer Vent Cover,” “Fungicidal Protective
Coating,” and “Roof Components.” (capitalization and emphasis in original).

                                             62
Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. at 43. The court does not seek to substitute its
judgment for the agency. The court, however, already found the agency was arbitrary and
capricious with regard to the past performance evaluation of ISN. Regarding price, the
agency has failed to explain why it found ISN’s price was realistic, why it chose the various
metrics to evaluate price realism, and which metric the agency applied to determine price
realism. Despite the documentation provided by the agency quoted above, there remains
insufficient explanation of why the agency found ISN’s price realistic for the requirements
of the Solicitation.

       The court notes that although, the GAO found the USDA’s price realism analysis
was reasonable, the GAO did not attempt to determine why the agency used both the
CPR and the AAP, and just concluded: “[W]e find that the agency's use of a second
benchmark (the AAP) was a reasonable further step to consider and compare the pricing
received to the pricing received by other agencies for similar services, and find no support
for the protester's assertion that this extra step was arbitrary or unnecessary.” Mortg.
Contracting Servs., LLC, B-418483.2, B-418483.3, 2020 WL 6625956, at *10
(capitalization and brackets in original) (internal references omitted). The court believes
the GAO did not critically examine why the agency used two different benchmarks or why
the benchmarks produced differing results, and if that would have raised questions about
the agency’s price realism analysis.

Additional Claim
        In its amended complaint, protestor raised another claim, that the USDA irrationally
failed to assign a deficiency to ISN’s proposal, MCS alleged the “Solicitation included a
clear requirement that PWS Tasks 1-6 be performed in accordance with the following
AQL: ‘95% of tasks will be completed within 10 days. The remaining 5% will be completed
within 21 days unless there is an exception granted by the Government,’” and argued that
“ISN did not meet the AQL requirement to perform 95% of each of PWS Tasks 1-6 within
10 days. Instead, for each of those Tasks, ISN proposed to perform 95% of the work
within 14 days,” and the “USDA should have assigned ISN a Deficiency in accordance
with the Solicitation’s stated evaluation criteria.”14
       The Solicitation required that PWS Tasks 1-6 be performed in accordance with the
following AQL: “95% of tasks will be completed within 10 days. The remaining 5% will be
completed within 21 days unless there is an exception granted by the Government.”
evaluation of an offeror’s proposal for Tasks 1-6 would occur pursuant to Technical Factor
1, Subfactor 3, “Management Approach,” which the Solicitation stated would be evaluated
and rated according to the following criteria:
         Demonstration that the offeror can provide all management, supervision,
         labor, tools, supplies, insurance, taxes, fees, permits to complete the
         services, including all reporting and documentation as explicitly set forth in
         the PWS. A demonstration of how offeror will manage RD’s large nationwide
         portfolio an and all quality assurance implementation. A QASP must be
         submitted with this plan (see QASP Template Attachment C2).

14   This additional claim was not raised at the GAO.
                                              63
       Intervenor argued that as submitted, “[a]lthough ISN’s proposal mistakenly
referenced a 14-day completion timeline for these tasks, this did not make ISN’s proposal
noncompliant.” Citing IBM Corp. v. United States 119 Fed. Cl. 145, 157 (2014), intervenor
argued that the “[p]rinciples of interpretation suggest that the Court should read the
proposal as a whole in order to discern the meaning of any individual parts.” Additionally,
ISN asserted:
      USDA gave wholistic effect to ISN’s proposal by assuming (as was true)
      that the reference to 14 days for these Tasks was inadvertent and that ISN
      intended to perform these tasks within 10 days — as the totality of its
      proposal indisputably guaranteed. This conclusion was more than
      reasonable because ISN’s proposal overwhelmingly affirmed that it would
      provide timely compliance for Tasks 1 through 6.
       The court notes that although Tasks 1-6 require “95% of tasks will be completed
within 10 days. The remaining 5% will be completed within 21 days unless there is an
exception granted by the Government,” a number of the other Tasks in the Performance
Work Statement do allow for the offeror to complete 95% of the work within 14 days, as
offered by ISN’s proposal. For example, Task 7 - Automobile Removal requires “95% of
tasks will be completed within 14 days; remaining 5% will be completed within 21 days
unless an exception is granted by RD,” and likewise, Task 10 - Code Violations requires
“95% of tasks will be completed within 14 days; remaining 5% will be completed within 21
days unless an exception is granted by RD.” By specifying that Tasks 1-6 require “95%
of tasks will be completed within 10 days,” compared to the 14 days for other tasks in
PWS, the agency intentionally was seeking to have the overwhelming majority of Tasks
1-6 completed in the 10 day timeframe. Despite this, in its evaluation of ISN’s Technical
proposal, the agency overlooked, or ignored, the mistake in ISN’s proposal and,
nonetheless, awarded ISN an “Outstanding” rating for Technical Factor 1, Subfactor 3. It
is not clear to the court if the agency overlooked or ignored the inconsistency as the
agency did not document or explain its decision. Included in ISN’s proposal was a
“Proposed Quality Assurance Surveillance Plan,” which indicated that “[u]pon receipt of
task orders from USDA RD, [redacted]. Expected completion dates will be based on
USDA RD requirements,” and unlike the portion of the Technical proposal which indicated
that 95% of Tasks 1-6 would be completed within 14 days, the Proposed Quality
Assurance Surveillance Plan reflected that for Tasks 1-6, “95% of tasks will be completed
within 10 days.” The agency did not emphasize that the Proposed Quality Assurance
Surveillance Plan indicated the correct timeframe, or contrasted the Proposed Quality
Assurance Surveillance Plan with the rest of ISN’s Technical proposal. Nor is there any
explanation that the agency assumed, as ISN argued, “that the reference to 14 days for
these Tasks was inadvertent.”
      Defendant contends that
      the narrative that indicates a 14-day timeframe was part of ISN’s
      Management Approach. The evaluation criteria for Management Approach
      do not specifically require the agency to evaluate whether Tasks 1-6 would
      be completed within the timeframe set forth in the Performance

                                            64
       Requirement Summary. Therefore, the agency’s evaluation of ISN’s
       Management Approach narrative did not entail an assessment of ISN’s
       ability to timely complete Tasks 1-6, and, therefore, ISN’s reference to 14
       days (rather than 10 days) had no effect on ISN’s Management Approach
       rating.
(capitalization and emphasis in original). The government appears to be suggesting that,
although the ten day requirement was part of the Solicitation and the Performance Work
Statement requirements, because the agency’s evaluation “did not entail an assessment
of ISN’s ability to timely complete Tasks 1-6, and, therefore, ISN’s reference to 14 days
(rather than 10 days) had no effect on ISN’s Management Approach rating.” ISN’s failure
meet the requirement, however, renders ISN’s proposal non-responsive to the
Solicitation.
        The Federal Circuit has stated that “‘a proposal that fails to conform to the material
terms and conditions of the solicitation should be considered unacceptable and a contract
award based on such an unacceptable proposal violates the procurement statutes and
regulations.’” Allied Tech. Grp., Inc. v. United States, 649 F.3d at 1329 (quoting E.W. Bliss
Co. v. United States, 77 F.3d at 448); see also Centech Grp., Inc. v. United States, 554
F.3d 1029, 1039 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (holding that a proposal that did not offer to provide
what the request for proposals requests was not responsive to the request for proposals);
Gen. Dynamics Mission Sys., Inc. v. United States, 137 Fed. Cl. 493, 521-22 (2018);
Prescient, Inc. v. United States, 125 Fed. Cl. 475, 491 (2016). In Centech, the Federal
Circuit further explained,“[t]o be acceptable, a proposal must represent an offer to provide
the exact thing called for in the request for proposals, so that acceptance of the proposal
will bind the contractor in accordance with the material terms and conditions of the request
for proposals.” Centech Grp., Inc. v. United States, 554 F.3d at 1037. “‘A solicitation term
is material where it has more than a negligible impact on the price, quantity, quality, or
delivery of the subject of the [proposal].’” Transatlantic Lines, LLC v. United States, 122
Fed. Cl. 624, 632 (2015) (quoting Blackwater Lodge & Training Ctr., Inc. v. United States,
86 Fed. Cl. 488, 505 (2009)) (brackets in original).
        ISN’s proposal on its face did not “represent an offer to provide the exact thing
called for in the request for proposals,” by proposing to complete 95% of Tasks 1-6 of the
PWS in 14 days rather than the 10 days required in the Solicitation. ISN’s after the fact
representation that it was inadvertent and it that “ISN intended to perform these tasks
within 10 days,” cannot not change the terms of its proposal. Despite defendant’s
argument, the Federal Circuit’s guidance regarding non-compliant proposals is not limited
by an agency’s choice for how consider the non-complaint submission in an agency’s
evaluation of proposals. Consistency and proper responses to the Solicitation regarding
timely performance of individual task in the statement of work are important elements of
responsiveness and meeting the stated requirements of the Solicitation. Therefore, if the
failure to correctly and consistently meet the timing requirements of the Tasks in the
Performance Work Statement rendered ISN’s proposal noncompliant, the defendant’s
and intervenor’s arguments are without merit.

                                             65
Standing and Prejudice
       As noted above, the court has determined that the USDA was arbitrary and
capricious in its evaluation of ISN’s proposal, and the court must also determine if MCS
was prejudiced by the agency’s actions. Intervenor ISN argued that “MCS is not in line
for an award, so its protest should be dismissed,” and contends that “[t]he Administrative
Record confirms that MCS is not in line for the award due to its unreasonably high price.
Therefore, MCS’s protest should be dismissed (and its request for injunctive relief denied
as moot).” Similarly, defendant argued that “MCS lacks standing to challenge the award
to ISN. The agency determined that MCS’s price was too high to receive an award.” More
specifically, defendant cited the USDA’s determination that “MCS’s ‘pricing is
unreasonably high based on the comparative analysis performed for this solicitation,’” and
argued “MCS’s unrealistically high price ‘precludes them from being in line for the award,’”
and concludes that “the Court should dismiss this protest for lack of standing.” In
response, protestor states that the “USDA expressly determined MCS’ pricing to be fair
and reasonable, and MCS was the second offeror in line for award after ISN. Accordingly,
MCS is an interested party with standing in this case.”
        It is well established that “‘subject-matter jurisdiction, because it involves a court’s
power to hear a case, can never be forfeited or waived.’” Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546
U.S. 500, 514 (2006) (quoting United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 630 (2002)).
“[F]ederal courts have an independent obligation to ensure that they do not exceed the
scope of their jurisdiction, and therefore they must raise and decide jurisdictional
questions that the parties either overlook or elect not to press.” Henderson ex rel.
Henderson v. Shinseki, 562 U.S. 428 (2011); see also Hertz Corp. v. Friend, 559 U.S. 77,
94 (2010) (“Courts have an independent obligation to determine whether subject-matter
jurisdiction exists, even when no party challenges it.” (citing Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546
U.S. at 514)); Special Devices, Inc. v. OEA, Inc., 269 F.3d 1340, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2001)
(“[A] court has a duty to inquire into its jurisdiction to hear and decide a case.” (citing
Johannsen v. Pay Less Drug Stores N.W., Inc., 918 F.2d 160, 161 (Fed. Cir. 1990)));
View Eng’g, Inc. v. Robotic Vision Sys., Inc., 115 F.3d 962, 963 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (“[C]ourts
must always look to their jurisdiction, whether the parties raise the issue or not.”). “The
objection that a federal court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction . . . may be raised by a party,
or by a court on its own initiative, at any stage in the litigation, even after trial and the
entry of judgment.” Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546 U.S. at 506; see also Hymas v. United
States, 810 F.3d 1312, 1317 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (explaining that a federal court must satisfy
itself of its jurisdiction over the subject matter before it considers the merits of a case);
Cent. Pines Land Co., L.L.C. v. United States, 697 F.3d 1360, 1364 n.1 (Fed. Cir. 2012)
(“An objection to a court's subject matter jurisdiction can be raised by any party or the
court at any stage of litigation, including after trial and the entry of judgment.” (citing
Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546 U.S. at 506)); Rick’s Mushroom Serv., Inc. v. United States,
521 F.3d 1338, 1346 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (“[A]ny party may challenge, or the court may raise
sua sponte, subject matter jurisdiction at any time.” (citing Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546
U.S. at 506; Folden v. United States, 379 F.3d 1344, 1354 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g and reh’g en
banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2004), cert. denied, 545 U.S. 1127 (2005); and Fanning, Phillips
& Molnar v. West, 160 F.3d 717, 720 (Fed. Cir. 1998))); Pikulin v. United States, 97 Fed.
Cl. 71, 76, appeal dismissed, 425 F. App’x 902 (Fed. Cir. 2011). In fact, “[s]ubject matter

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jurisdiction is an inquiry that this court must raise sua sponte, even where . . . neither
party has raised this issue.” Metabolite Labs., Inc. v. Lab. Corp. of Am. Holdings, 370
F.3d 1354, 1369 (Fed. Cir.) (citing Textile Prods., Inc. v. Mead Corp., 134 F.3d 1481,
1485 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied and en banc suggestion declined (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied,
525 U.S. 826 (1998)), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2004), cert. granted in
part sub. nom Lab. Corp. of Am. Holdings v. Metabolite Labs., Inc., 546 U.S. 975 (2005),
cert. dismissed as improvidently granted, 548 U.S. 124 (2006).
      This court has jurisdiction to hear bid protests pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1)
(2018) of the Tucker Act, which provides that this court has

       jurisdiction to render judgment on an action by an interested party objecting
       to a solicitation by a Federal agency for bids or proposals for a proposed
       contract or to a proposed award or the award of a contract or any alleged
       violation of statute or regulation in connection with a procurement or a
       proposed procurement.

28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1); see also Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d at 1359
(Fed. Cir. 2009). The Administrative Dispute Resolution Act of 1996, codified at 28 U.S.C.
§ 1491(b)(1)–(4), amended the Tucker Act to establish a statutory basis for bid protests
in the United States Court of Federal Claims. See Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico
Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d at 1330–32.
        The Tucker Act grants the United States Court of Federal Claims “jurisdiction to
render judgment on an action by an interested party objecting to a solicitation by a Federal
agency for bids or proposals for a proposed contract or to a proposed award or the award
of a contract or any alleged violation of statute or regulation in connection with a
procurement or a proposed procurement.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1). In order to have
standing to sue as an “interested party” under this provision, a disappointed bidder must
show that it suffered competitive injury or was “prejudiced” by the alleged error in the
procurement process. See Todd Constr., L.P. v. United States, 656 F.3d 1306, 1315 (Fed.
Cir. 2011) (To prevail, a bid protester must first “‘show that it was prejudiced by a
significant error’ (i.e., ‘that but for the error, it would have had a substantial chance of
securing the contract).’” (quoting Labatt Food Serv., Inc. v. United States, 577 F.3d 1375,
1378, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2009)); see also Eskridge & Assocs. v. United States, 955 F.3d
1339, 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (“In a post-award bid protest, the relevant inquiry is whether
the bidder had a ‘substantial chance’ of winning the award—specifically, whether a
protestor ‘establish[ed] not only some significant error in the procurement process, but
also that there was a substantial chance it would have received the contract award but
for that error.’” (quoting Statistica, Inc. v. Christopher, 102 F.3d at 1582)) (alteration in
original); Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States, 492 F.3d at 1317; AECOM Mgmt.
Servs., Inc. v. United States, 147 Fed. Cl. 285, 290 (2020); Sci. Applications Int’l Corp. v.
United States, 108 Fed. Cl. 235, 281 (2012); Linc Gov’t Servs., LLC v. United States, 96
Fed. Cl. at 693 (“In order to establish standing to sue, the plaintiff in a bid protest has
always needed to demonstrate that it suffered competitive injury, or ‘prejudice,’ as a result
of the allegedly unlawful agency decisions.” (citing Rex Serv. Corp. v. United States, 448
F.3d 1305, 1308 (Fed. Cir. 2006); Statistica, Inc. v. Christopher, 102 F.3d at 1580–81;

                                             67
Vulcan Eng’g Co. v. United States, 16 Cl. Ct. 84, 88 (1988); Morgan Bus. Assocs., Inc. v.
United States, 223 Ct. Cl. 325, 332 (1980))). In order to establish what one Judge on this
court has called “allegational prejudice” for the purposes of standing, the bidder must
show that there was a “substantial chance” it would have received the contract award, but
for the alleged procurement error. See Linc Gov’t Servs., LLC v. United States, 96 Fed.
Cl. at 675; Hyperion, Inc. v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 541, 550 (2014) (“The government
acknowledges that proving prejudice for purposes of standing merely requires
“allegational prejudice,” as contrasted to prejudice on the merits . . . .”); Bannum, Inc. v.
United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 148, 153 (2014); see also Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404
F.3d at 1358; Galen Med. Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 369 F.3d at 1331; Info. Tech. &
Applications Corp. v. United States, 316 F.3d at 1319; Statistica, Inc. v. Christopher, 102
F.3d at 1581; Archura LLC v. United States, 112 Fed. Cl. 487, 497 (2013); Lab. Corp. of
Am. v. United States, 108 Fed. Cl. 549, 557 (2012). Because standing is a jurisdictional
issue, this showing of prejudice is a threshold issue. See Corus Grp. PLC. v. Int’l Trade
Comm'n, 352 F.3d 1351, 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2003); Myers Investigative & Sec. Servs., Inc.
v. United States, 275 F.3d 1366, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2002).
       In a post-award bid protest, such as the above-captioned bid protest, the “protestor
must ‘establish that it (1) is an actual or prospective bidder, and (2) possesses the
requisite direct economic interest.’” Mgmt. & Training Corp. v. United States, 137 Fed. Cl.
780, 783-84 (2018) (quoting Rex Serv. Corp. v. United States, 448 F.3d at 1307); see
also Digitalis Educ. Sols., Inc. v. United States, 664 F.3d 1380, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (“An
interested party is an actual or prospective bidder whose direct economic interest would
be affected by the award of the contract. Thus, a party must show that it is 1) an actual
or prospective bidder and 2) that it has a direct economic interest.”); Glocoms, Inc. v.
United States, 150 Fed. Cl. 258, 264 (2020); AECOM Mgmt. Servs., Inc. v. United States,
147 Fed. Cl. at 290; PAE-Parsons Global Logistics Servs,. LLC v. United States, 145 Fed.
Cl. 194, 198 (2019); Timberline Helicopters, Inc. v. United States, 140 Fed. Cl. 117, 120
(2018); Contract Servs., Inc. v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 261, 269 (2012).
       As noted above, protestor alleged that MCS is an interested party with standing to
bring this protest because it is an actual bidder with a substantial chance of receiving the
award but for USDA’s evaluation errors,” ISN claimed that “MCS is not in line for an award,
so its protest should be dismissed,” and defendant argued that “MCS lacks standing to
challenge the award to ISN. The agency determined that MCS’s price was too high to
receive an award.”

       Under the heading: “Relative Importance of Factors” the Solicitation stated:
       The award resulting from this solicitation will be made based on the best
       overall proposal that is determined to be the most beneficial to the
       Government (i.e., best value tradeoff process). The Technical Capability
       Factor is slightly more important than the Past Performance Factor.
       Technical Capability Subfactors, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5, are rated in
       descending order of importance. Overall, Non-Price Factors, when
       combined, are significantly more important than Price. Price is not an
       adjectivally rated Factor; however, the Price Factor will become the more
       dominant factor as technical proposals reach technical equality. In such

                                             68
       cases, where all non-priced factors being evaluated are virtually the same,
       best value may be represented by the lowest-priced proposal.
The Administrative Record makes clear that as evaluated ISN and MCS were the two
strongest offerors for the Technical Factor and the Past Performance Factor. The
Proposal Analysis Report listed the ratings for MCS’ proposal as “Outstanding” for each
Factor and each subfactor, and found the same for ISN’s proposal. ISN and MCS were
the only two offerors to receive “Outstanding” ratings. In discussing price competition, the
Proposal Analysis Report determined:
       As discussed above four(4) of the eleven(11) offerors competing for the
       Property Preservation and Inspection contract were determined not to have
       submitted technical acceptable proposals: CWIS (Marginal); IEI, NHC, UFS
       (all “Unacceptable”). That left remaining seven(7) that were considered to
       have a technically “Acceptable” proposals that rated from Acceptable-
       Good-Outstanding. Of the seven(7), technical acceptable proposal, their
       pricing for Task Order 1, has a CPR of approximately $25M to $28M, on the
       CPR price spectrum.

       Therefore, based on the foregoing findings, and because multiple offers
       were received from several offerors that were considered responsible and
       were competing independently for the subject contract, the Technical
       Evaluation Team (TET) and the Source Selection Authority (SSA)
       determined that, in accordance with the provisions of FAR 15.403-1,
       Adequate Price Competition did exist for the procurement.

       In evaluating price, it was indicated in the solicitation, Attachment C-4,
       Instructions to Offerors, Evaluation and Basis for Award, par. 4, that “Price
       is not an adjectivally rated Factor; however, the Price Factor will become
       the more dominant factor as technical proposals reach technical equality.
       In such cases, where all nonprice factors being evaluated are virtually the
       same, best value may be represented by the lowest-priced proposal. Upon
       information above, and upon performing an integrated assessment of
       technical (including past performance) and price this competition came
       down to ISN and MCS, both providing technical exceptional proposals, and
       competitive pricing as being in line for award. However, in accordance with
       the solicitation and the CO’s determination and recommendation in the
       Price Competition Memorandum, of the two exceptionally technically equal
       offerors, ISN, as the lowest price, provides the best overall value to the
       Government, with a technically superior proposal at a price that is
       comparatively competitive, fair and reasonable, balanced and realistic for
       the work.

       Therefore, there is no need for establishing a competitive range and going
       into discussions, because two highly rated exceptional proposals were
       received and there are no improvements required from either a technical or
       cost standpoint. There is no basis for a tradeoff between ISN and MCS due

                                            69
      to MCS did not supply any features which would warrant the premium in
      price offered over the lower price offered from ISN. Best value has been
      established with a superior technical proposal, with substantial past
      performance confidence rating, and reasonable, balanced and realistic
      pricing, all resulting in no risk to contract performance.

Regarding the MCS proposal, the Proposal Analysis Report stated, “even though MCS’s
pricing is found to be realistic and in conformity for their proposed technical approach,
their pricing is unreasonably high based on the comparative analysis performed for this
solicitation,” and determined, “[t]herefore, MCS is not determined to be the best value in
accordance with the evaluation criteria. MCS tied ISN in their technical rating with an
‘outstanding’ but had an overall higher price.” Under the heading labeled,
“CONTRACTING OFFICER RECOMMENDATION,” the Price Competition Memo stated:
      Best Value/Trade-Off. It is found that a trade-off analysis is not required
      based on my findings in the technical and pricing received from all offerors
      which had a lower technical rating and higher price than the recommended
      awardee. Technically, two offerors were rated “outstanding” and there were
      no discriminators in their technical ratings to lean towards performing a
      tradeoff.

      The only discriminator, as indicated below is the divergent pricing, with MCS
      on the higher spectrum of the CPR, and ISN on the lower side. Note, the
      solicitation indicated that where all “non-price factors being evaluated are
      virtually the same, best value may be represented by the lowest-priced
      proposal.” That is the case as noted below in this competition, where CLINs
      one and two were evaluated for the task order.

(capitalization and emphasis in original). The Source Selection Decision Document was
consistent with the conclusions of the Proposal Analysis Report and Price Competition
Memo:
      The solicitation indicated that to be considered for award, Offerors must be
      rated overall as “Acceptable”. Since [redacted] were rated below
      “Acceptable,” and had pricing issues ranging from not fair, reasonable,
      realistic or balanced, incompliant with the solicitation, their proposals were
      found to be un-awardable for this solicitation requirement. Five of the
      Offerors ([redacted]) were rated “Acceptable” to “Good”. Overall, my review
      concurs with the finding that their respective ratings ranging from
      “Acceptable” and “Good”, does not demonstrate the highest understanding
      of the requirement, and therefore un-awardable for this solicitation
      requirement. Two of the Offerors, ISN and MCS, both rated “Outstanding”
      demonstrating that their technical proposals provided the highest
      understanding of the requirement. In addition, both Offerors were assessed
      Past Performance Confidence rating of “Substantial. However, the greatest
      discriminator between the Offeror’s proposal was in their pricing. MCS

                                           70
       pricing was higher and outside of the competitive pricing of other acceptable
       offerors; whereas, ISN’s pricing was the lowest, and comparable to the
       competitive pricing from other CPR range Offerors.
(capitalization in original).
       The Source Selection Decision Document concluded:
       MCS’s Pricing for both the Task Order 1 and IDIQ are well over the
       respective CPR: Task Order 1 of $[redacted] ( CPR, $28,794,738.00); IDIQ
       ceiling $[redacted] (CPR $43,239,629.00) and even though deemed fair,
       reasonable, realistic and balanced in accordance with their technical
       approach, and historical pricing, their pricing is not competitive for this
       solicitation. MCS’ price for Task Order 1, at $[redacted] is approximately
       $[redacted] over ISN price of $21,288,840.00; and for the overall IDIQ is
       approximately $[redacted[ higher. Therefore, I concur with the TET, and the
       Contracting Officer’s evaluation that MCS’s proposal is not determined to
       be the best value in accordance with the evaluation criteria discussed in the
       solicitation.

       The solicitation, under Attachment C4, par. 4, entitled Competition
       Instructions, Evaluation and Basis for award, it [sic] is stated that:

               “Overall, Non-Price Factors, when combined, are significantly
               more important than Price. Price is not an adjectivally rated
               Factor; however, the Price Factor will become the more
               dominant factor as technical proposals reach technical
               equality. In such cases, where all nonprice factors being
               evaluated are virtually the same, best value may be
               represented by the lowest-priced proposal”.

       Upon reviewing the information provided by the TET, as summarized above
       for the two technically highest rated Offerors, it is determined that Offeror,
       Information Systems and Network Corporation clearly provided the best
       value proposal, all factors considered. Their proposal was technically
       outstanding as well as appropriately priced and aligned with their technical
       approach to the solicitation requirement.

       In my integrated assessment, I reviewed, in detail, both the merits and
       confidence ratings achieved by the highest rated offerors across the
       spectrum of evaluation factors and subfactors to select, with certainty, the
       most highly rated and qualified offeror, given the importance of the
       individual factors, for this solicitation requirement.

(capitalization and emphasis in original). The Proposal Analysis Report, Price
Competition Memo, and the Source Selection Decision Document all agreed that only
ISN and MCS offered “Outstanding” proposals, and were the only two considered for
award, and the Source Selection Decision Document labeled every other proposal “un-

                                            71
awardable for this solicitation requirement.” All three agency evaluations emphasized that
“Non-Price Factors, when combined, are significantly more important than Price,” and that
Price was “not an adjectivally rated Factor.” The documents quoted above specifically
note that ISN was awarded the contract over MCS only because of ISN’s lower price. As
the court has determined that the agency committed errors in the evaluation of ISN’s
proposal, it is not clear that ISN would have achieved the same Outstanding ratings as
MCS, and, therefore, there is a “substantial chance” that MCS “would have received the
contract award but for that error.” Eskridge & Assoc. v. United States, 955 F.3d at 1345
(quoting Statistica, Inc. v. Christopher, 102 F.3d at 1582); see also Glenn Def. Marine
(ASIA), PTE Ltd. v. United States, 720 F.3d at 912.
        Defendant and intervenor referred to the documents that reference MCS’ higher
price. In the Proposal Analysis Report, MCS’ pricing is described as “unreasonably high,”
and “unreasonably high based on the comparative analysis performed for this
solicitation.” The agency’s Proposal Analysis Report, however, also stated “MCS’s pricing
is found to be realistic and in conformity for their proposed technical approach.”
Additionally, the agency in the Price Competition Memo indicated:
      Although MCStechincal [sic] rating is outstanding, pricing is at the higher
      end of the CPR, and is much higher than other similar ranked proposals
      which precludes them from being in line for an award. Note, in accordance
      with evaluation criteria set forth in Section M paragraph 4., “the Price Factor
      will become the more dominant factor as technical proposals reach
      technical equality. In such cases, where all non-priced factors being
      evaluated are virtually the same, best value may be represented by the
      lowest-priced proposal.”

(capitalization in original). Despite this statement in the Price Competition Memo, the
conclusion of the Price Competition Memo did not indicate that MCS was not eligible for
award, nor did the Source Selection Decision Document, which determined that MCS’
pricing was “deemed fair, reasonable, realistic and balanced in accordance with their
technical approach, and historical pricing,” but that MCS’ “pricing is not competitive for
this solicitation.” As noted above, the Proposal Analysis Report, Price Competition Memo,
and the Source Selection Decision Document were in agreement that the only two
proposals considered for award were only ISN and MCS as ISN and MCS were the only
proposals rated offered “Outstanding” for Technical and “Substantial Confidence” for Past
Performance. The Price Competition Memo noted that price was the determining factor
in recommending ISN for award and that:
      Technically, two offerors were rated “outstanding” and there were no
      discriminators in their technical ratings to lean towards performing a
      tradeoff.

      The only discriminator, as indicated below is the divergent pricing, with MCS
      on the higher spectrum of the CPR, and ISN on the lower side. Note, the
      solicitation indicated that where all “non-price factors being evaluated are
      virtually the same, best value may be represented by the lowest-priced

                                            72
       proposal.” That is the case as noted below in this competition, where CLINs
       one and two were evaluated for the task order.

(capitalization in original). The Proposal Analysis Report also determined, “[u]pon
information above, and upon performing an integrated assessment of technical (including
past performance) and price this competition came down to ISN and MCS, both providing
technical exceptional proposals, and competitive pricing as being in line for award,”
despite previously indicating MCS’ price proposals was “unreasonably high based on the
comparative analysis performed for this solicitation.” MCS higher price, although the basis
for not receiving the award, based perhaps on the faulty evaluations, did not eliminate it
from consideration. MCS has demonstrated standing, and has proven prejudice.
Injunctive Relief
        After concluding the agency’s evaluation of ISN was arbitrary and capricious, and
that MCS was prejudiced by the agency’s actions, the court considered whether MCS is
entitled to the requested injunctive relief. In Centech Group, Inc. v. United States, the
Federal Circuit set out the test for a permanent injunction, stating:
          To determine if a permanent injunction is warranted, the court must
          consider whether (1) the plaintiff has succeeded on the merits of the
          case; (2) the plaintiff will suffer irreparable harm if the court withholds
          injunctive relief; (3) the balance of hardships to the respective parties
          favors the grant of injunctive relief; and (4) the public interest is served
          by a grant of injunctive relief.

Centech Grp., Inc. v. United States, 554 F.3d at 1037 (citing PGBA, LLC v. United States,
1228–29 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (citing Amoco Prod. Co. v. Vill. of Gambell, Alaska, 480 U.S.
531, 546 n.12 (1987))); see also Nat’l Steel Car, Ltd. v. Canadian Pacific Ry., Ltd., 357
F.3d 1319, 1325 (Fed. Cir.) (finding that a plaintiff who cannot demonstrate actual
success on the merits cannot prevail on its motion for permanent injunctive relief), reh’g
and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2004); MVM, Inc. v. United States, 149 Fed. Cl. 478,
492 (2020); Kiewit Infrastructure West Co. v. United States, 147 Fed. Cl. 700, 712 (2020);
Remington Arms Co., LLC v. United States, 126 Fed. Cl. 218, 232 (2016). Success on
the merits has been said to be “the most important factor for a court to consider when
deciding whether to issue injunctive relief.” Dellew Corp. v. United States, 108 Fed. Cl.
357, 369 (2012) (citing Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States, 492 F.3d at 1312). While
success on the merits is necessary, it is not sufficient for plaintiff to establish that it is
entitled to injunctive relief. See Contracting, Consulting, Eng’g LLC v. United States, 104
Fed. Cl. at 353 (“Although plaintiff’s entitlement to injunctive relief depends on its
succeeding on the merits, it is not determinative because the three equitable factors must
be considered, as well.”) (citing PGBA, LLC v. United States, 389 F.3d 1219, 1228-29
(Fed. Cir. 2004)). The four factors are to be considered collectively, rather than
individually, such that
       “[n]o one factor, taken individually, is necessarily dispositive. . . . [T]he
       weakness of the showing regarding one factor may be overborne by the
       strength of the others.” FMC Corp. [v. United States], 3 F.3d [424] at 427
                                             73
       [(Fed. Cir. 1993)]. Conversely, “the absence of an adequate showing with
       regard to any one factor may be sufficient” to deny injunctive relief. Id.

Sheridan Corp. v. United States, 94 Fed. Cl. 663, 668 (2010); see also Computer World
Servs. Corp. v United States, 147 Fed. Cl. 584, 595 (2020); Wallace Asset Mgmt., LLC v.
United States, 125 Fed. Cl. 718, 727 (2016); Amidon, Inc. v. United States, 124 Fed. Cl.
517, 522 (2015).
      In the above captioned bid protest, as discussed above, MCS established success
on the merits by demonstrating that the agency acted arbitrarily and capriciously
regarding the agency’s evaluation of ISN’s proposal. Having concluded that protestor had
succeeded on the merits of its bid protest, the court considered the additional factors to
determine whether protestor was entitled to injunctive relief.
          Regarding whether or not the protestor will suffer irreparable harm if injunctive
relief is not granted, “[w]hen assessing irreparable injury, ‘[t]he relevant inquiry in
weighing this factor is whether plaintiff has an adequate remedy in the absence of an
injunction.’” Insight Sys. Corp. v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. 564, 582 (2013) (quoting
Magellan Corp. v. United States, 27 Fed. Cl. 446, 447 (1993)); see also Rush Constr.,
Inc. v. United States, 117 Fed. Cl. 85, 101 (2014); CW Gov’t Travel, Inc. v. United States,
110 Fed. Cl. at 494; Overstreet Elec. Co. v. United States, 47 Fed. Cl. 728, 743 (2000).
“As to the second factor, irreparable harm exists when an offeror has lost the opportunity
to compete fairly for a contract.” Kiewit Infrastructure West Co. v. United States, 147 Fed.
Cl. at 712 (citing HP Enter. Servs., LLC v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 230, 245 (2012)).
“The Court of Federal Claims has repeatedly held that a protester suffers irreparable harm
if it is deprived of the opportunity to compete fairly for a contract.” CW Gov’t Travel, Inc.
v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. at 494 (citing CRAssociates, Inc. v. United States, 95 Fed.
Cl. 357, 390–91 (2010); Serco, Inc. v. United States, 81 Fed. Cl. at 501–02; Impresa
Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 52 Fed. Cl. 826, 828 (2002)); see
also Remington Arms Co., LLC v. United States, 126 Fed. Cl. at 232 (explaining that the
loss of potential work and profits from a government contract constitutes irreparable
harm); BINL, Inc. v. United States, 106 Fed. Cl. 26, 48 (2012) (“Irreparable harm is
established by a lost opportunity to fairly compete.”); HP Enter. Servs., LLC v. United
States, 104 Fed. Cl. at 245 (citing several cases); Magnum Opus Techs., Inc. v. United
States, 94 Fed. Cl. 512, 544 (2010) (“‘A lost opportunity to compete in a fair competitive
bidding process for a contract is sufficient to demonstrate irreparable harm.’”), motion to
amend denied, 94 Fed. Cl. 553 (2010) (internal citations omitted). The loss of a valuable
business opportunity “deriving from a lost opportunity to compete in a fair competitive
bidding process for a contract,” can be sufficient to constitute irreparable harm. See
Overstreet Elec. Co. v. United States, 47 Fed. Cl. at 744 (citing United Int’l Investigative
Servs., Inc. v. United States, 41 Fed. Cl. 312, 323 (1998)); see also KWR Constr., Inc. v.
United States, 124 Fed. Cl. at 363 (agreeing with protestor that the lost opportunity to
compete for a future contract will cause irreparable harm); Impresa Construzioni Geom.
Domenico Garufi v. United States, 52 Fed. Cl. at 828; United Int’l Investigative Servs.,
Inc. v. United States, 41 Fed. Cl. at 323 (“[T]he opportunity to compete for a contract and
secure any resulting profits has been recognized to constitute significant harm.”).

                                             74
According to a judge of this court, “[t]he court has repeatedly held that ‘the loss of potential
profits’ from a government contract constitutes irreparable harm.” BINL, Inc. v. United
States, 106 Fed. Cl. at 49 (quoting Furniture by Thurston v. United States, 103 Fed. Cl.
505, 520 (2012) (citing BayFirst Sols., LLC v. United States, 102 Fed. Cl. 677, 696
(2012))); see also MORI Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 102 Fed. Cl. 503, 552–53 (2011).
Additionally, Judges of the United States Court of Federal Claims have determined that
a protester suffers irreparable injury when it has been deprived the opportunity to compete
fairly for a contract. See Wackenhut Servs., Inc. v. United States, 85 Fed. Cl. 273, 311
(2008) (citing Cardinal Maint. Serv., Inc. v. United States, 63 Fed. Cl. 98, 110 (2004));
see also Info. Scis. Corp. v. United States, 73 Fed. Cl. at 127.
       Defendant argued that “MCS’s failure to establish likelihood of success on the
merits and irreparable harm warrants denial of its request.” Protestor argued that “MCS
was not given the opportunity to compete fairly in the procurement process based on the
USDA’s unreasonable evaluation errors,” and argued that immediate injunctive relief was
“necessary to prevent the loss of anticipated profits from performance of the contract,”
and concluded, “[t]he loss of this opportunity is irreparable because MCS has no
adequate remedy at law, which would merely provide for bid preparation costs.” The court
agrees with protestor that it would have faced irreparable harm if an injunction was not
granted.
        Regarding the third factor, the balancing of the hardships, protestor claimed that
“[t]he USDA faces no apparent hardship, as there will be no delay in performance if the
injunctive relief is granted, and any inconvenience caused to ISN by a delayed contract
award and transition is minimal.” Protestor also claimed “MCS will face significant
hardship if the Agency goes forward with its award to ISN. MCS will face lost profits from
performance while the legal action is ongoing and will have to re-transition into its role as
the contractor if it is later granted the award based on a reasonable evaluation of the
proposals.” Defendant responded that the “agency suffers significant financial harm while
MCS protests this award (for the second time on the merits),” and claimed, “the daily
average cost difference to the agency while MCS, rather than ISN, performs is
$26,310.14,” and “[m]oreover, the agency will continue to suffer financial harm the longer
that ISN’s performance is delayed.” Although there could be some hardship and cost for
the government to revisit a procurement, including this one, that hardship is outweighed
by the hardship to protestor when a flawed procurement evaluation is allowed to stand.
        As to the public interest factor, “‘[t]he public interest in honest, open, and fair
competition in the procurement process is compromised whenever an agency abuses its
discretion.’” CW Gov’t Travel, Inc. v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. at 495 (quoting PGBA,
LLC v. United States, 57 Fed. Cl. 655, 663 (2003)); see also Cohen Fin. Servs., Inc. v.
United States, 110 Fed. Cl. 267, 289 (2013); United Int’l Investigative Servs., Inc. v. United
States, 41 Fed. Cl. at 323 (“[T]he public has a strong interest in preserving the integrity of
the procurement process.”) (citing Parcel 49C Ltd. P’ship v. United States, 31 F.3d 1147,
1153 (Fed. Cir. 1994)); Am. Safety Council, Inc. v. United States, 122 Fed. Cl. 426, 444
(2015) (holding that “the public interest will be served by an injunction by preserving the
integrity of the procurement process”); Applied Bus. Mgmt. Sol., Inc., LLC v. United
States, 117 Fed. Cl. 589, 608 (2014); BINL, Inc. v. United States, 106 Fed. Cl. at 49 (“With
regard to the public interest, it is well-settled that there is a public interest in remedying

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violations of law.”). An important public interest is served through conducting “honest,
open, and fair competition” under the FAR, because such competition improves the
overall value delivered to the government in the long term. See CW Gov’t Travel, Inc. v.
United States, 110 Fed. Cl. at 495. “[T]he public interest is served by injunctive relief
where the court has concluded that the government violated an applicable regulation and
related provisions in the solicitation, and ‘maintenance of the integrity of the procurement
process weighs heavily in favor of granting a permanent injunction.’” Q Integrated Cos.
LLC v. United States, 126 Fed. Cl. 124, 147 (2016) (quoting Springfield Parcel C, LLC v.
United States, 124 Fed. Cl. 163, 193 (2015)).
       MCS argued that it is in the public interest to grant protestor’s injunctive relief
“[b]ecause the Agency’s evaluations in the present procurement did not conform to the
requirements of the FAR or Solicitation.” As the court has found that the USDA’s improper
evaluation of ISN’s proposal was arbitrary and capricious, the court finds that it was in the
public interest to enjoin the agency from continuing with contract performance with ISN.
On balance, the injunctive factors weighed in favor of protestor and in favor of granting
an injunction of ISN’s performance of the contract with the USDA.

                                      CONCLUSION
       As described above, based on the urgency described by the defendant, and as
indicated to the parties previously in an oral decision, the court found that the agency’s
actions were arbitrary and capricious and protestor’s motion for injunctive relief was orally
granted, effective immediately. Defendant’s motion for judgment on the Administrative
Record was denied.15 The Clerk of the Court shall enter JUDGMENT consistent with this
Opinion.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.
                                                         s/Marian Blank Horn
                                                         MARIAN BLANK HORN
                                                                  Judge

15 The parties, however, requested a written memorialization of the decision, which is
reflected above.
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