Court Opinion

ID: 6495842
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-28 17:00:42.752876+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:48:17.391377
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                 File Name: 22a0257n.06

                                            No. 21-3330

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                          FILED
                                                                                    Jun 28, 2022
                                                    )                           DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
IN RE: OHIO EXECUTION PROTOCOL LITIGATION.
                                                    )
_______________________________________________
                                                    )
BENNIE ADAMS,                                       )
     Plaintiff,                                     )                  ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                    )                  UNITED STATES DISTRICT
STANLEY T. ADAMS, et al.,                           )                  COURT     FOR      THE
                                                    )                  SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF
     Plaintiffs - Appellees,                        )                  OHIO
                                                    )
ASHFORD THOMPSON; VON CLARK DAVIS; CALVIN )                                                 OPINION
MCKELTON,                                           )
     Intervening Plaintiffs - Appellees,            )
                                                    )
     v.                                             )
                                                    )
RICHARD MICHAEL DEWINE, Governor, State of Ohio, et )
al.,                                                )
                                                    )
     Defendants - Appellants.
                                                    )

Before: SUTTON, Chief Judge; CLAY and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

       CLAY, Circuit Judge. Defendants, Ohio Governor Michael DeWine and named and

anonymous personnel involved in Ohio’s execution process (“the State”), appeal from the district

court’s order denying their motions for a protective order and to seal part of the record in this long-

running litigation brought by death-row inmates challenging Ohio’s lethal-injection protocol, filed

pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM.
No. 21-3330, In re Ohio Execution Protocol Litig.

                                              I.     BACKGROUND

         This litigation involves challenges by Ohio capital prisoners to the constitutionality of

Ohio’s lethal-injection protocol and has been pending for over a decade. In re Ohio Execution

Protocol, 860 F.3d 881, 884–86 (6th Cir. 2017) (en banc). However, the focus of this appeal is

narrow and involves only the issue of protecting the anonymity of one of the State’s former

employees of the Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (“DRC”), namely, DRC Employee

No. 1.

         After one of the named Plaintiffs deposed DRC Employee No. 1 in support of a motion for

preliminary injunction, the State moved for a protective order requiring Plaintiffs to file a redacted

version of the deposition testimony replacing all references to DRC Employee No. 1’s identity

with his pseudonym. Specifically, it moved to exclude information that “identifies or reasonably

would be likely to identify any person or entity who participates in the acquisition or use of drugs

used to carry out court-ordered executions in Ohio.” (Mot. for Protective Order, R. 2430, PageID

# 116572). The magistrate judge granted the protective order but noted that the State would need

more compelling justifications should the deposition later be used as substantive evidence.

         Soon thereafter, an Associated Press Reporter, Andrew Welsh-Huggins, sought a copy of

a witness list, which bore DRC Employee No. 1’s name, for a news article “on Ohio’s ongoing

lethal injection litigation.” (Mot. Requesting Copies, R. 2569). The State responded by asking to

seal that witness list. In November 2019, the magistrate judge reaffirmed1 in a substituted decision

that the State had forfeited its confidentiality interest in protecting the link between DRC

1
  Prior to the State’s filing of the motion to seal, several Plaintiffs moved to admit the deposition testimony of DRC
Employee No. 1 as substantive evidence in support of their motions for preliminary injunction. The magistrate judge
granted the motion, finding that the testimony contained information relevant to the motions, and observing that DRC
Employee No. 1’s name “appears 885 times in the record in this case, the vast majority of times in public filings before
any request for anonymity was made.” (Order, R. 2566, PageID # 129681). The State appealed, and the district court
recommitted the matter to the magistrate judge for reconsideration.

                                                         -2-
No. 21-3330, In re Ohio Execution Protocol Litig.

Employee No. 1 and the procurement of execution drugs, granted Welsh-Huggins’ request, and

denied the State’s motion to seal. The State objected, and the district court again recommitted the

matter to the magistrate judge for further consideration.

        In early 2020, DRC Employee No. 1 retired and no longer was involved in procuring

execution drugs for the State. The magistrate judge issued a supplemental order2 and again

concluded that the State had forfeited its interest in preserving DRC Employee No. 1’s anonymity.

It noted that the State provided only “speculation belied by the evidence” on how disclosure might

limit its ability to obtain execution drugs and, accordingly, that it had failed to carry its burden.

(Order, R. 3469, PageID ## 162733–35). The State appealed to the district court. The court first

concluded that the order was a non-dispositive pretrial matter and thus subject to the “clearly

erroneous or contrary to law” standard of Rule 72(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

Agreeing with the magistrate judge, the court affirmed the denial of the State’s motion for

protective order and request to seal documents. This timely appeal followed.

                                              II.   DISCUSSION

        A. Appellate Jurisdiction

        Plaintiffs contend that this Court lacks jurisdiction to consider this appeal. However, this

Court deems orders on motions to seal immediately appealable collateral orders. Rudd Equip. Co.,

Inc. v. John Deere Constr. & Forestry Co., 834 F.3d 589, 592 (6th Cir. 2016). The present appeal

satisfies the requirements of the collateral-order doctrine. The district court’s order conclusively

2
  In March 2020, after DRC Employee No. 1’s retirement, the magistrate judge issued an order to show cause
“question[ing] whether there is still a live controversy as to the continued claims of anonymity as to DRC Employee
No. 1, and whether Defendants have standing to assert such claims on behalf of Employee No. 1.” (Order to Show
Cause, R. 2893, PageID # 152693). After briefing on the order was complete, approximately nine months elapsed
without further action by the magistrate judge with respect to that order, due in part to delays generated by the
pandemic. Then, in November 2020, the magistrate judge issued a second order to show cause directing the State to
provide evidence to substantiate its concerns about potential harm to DRC Employee No. 1 “beyond mere speculation”
and using “properly-authenticated evidence.” (Order to Show Cause, R. 3453, PageID # 162606).

                                                       -3-
No. 21-3330, In re Ohio Execution Protocol Litig.

determined the disputed issue—whether references to DRC Employee No. 1’s identity should be

sealed—thereby resolving a question separate from the merits of the Plaintiffs’ constitutional

challenge to Ohio’s lethal-injection protocol; the order on the motion to seal would be effectively

unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment since a decision to unseal a document is not easily

undone once information is made public. Vantage Health Plan, Inc. v. Willis-Knighton Med. Ctr.,

913 F.3d 443, 449 (5th Cir. 2019) (noting that information cannot be made secret again once

published and sealing and unsealing orders are effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final

judgment). This Court has appellate jurisdiction to review the district court’s order on the motion

to seal.

           B. Standard of Review

           This Court reviews a district court decision concerning the sealing of court documents or

records for an abuse of discretion. Rudd Equip. Co., 834 F.3d at 593. The State suggests that the

denied motion to seal should be construed as a “dispositive” order, and the magistrate judge’s order

should have been subject to de novo review by the district court. Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b); 28 U.S.C.

§ 636(b)(1)(B). This argument is mistaken. Rule 72(b) is limited by its language to dispositive

motions or prisoner challenges to the conditions of confinement, neither of which applies to the

State’s request to seal the identity of DRC Employee No. 1. The district court correctly applied

the clearly erroneous standard of review in Rule 72(a) for objections to a magistrate judge’s

decision on non-dispositive matters. See Chesher v. Allen, 122 F. App’x 184, 187 (6th Cir. 2005)

(per curiam). We review for an abuse of discretion.

           C. Merits Analysis

           In denying the State’s motion to seal, the district court concluded that the State had forfeited

any interest in maintaining the confidentiality of DRC Employee No. 1’s identity. We agree.

                                                     -4-
No. 21-3330, In re Ohio Execution Protocol Litig.

Courts recognize a “strong presumption in favor of openness” regarding court records. Brown &

Williamson Tobacco Corp. v. FTC, 710 F.2d 1165, 1179 (6th Cir. 1983). A district court’s

discretion to seal its records is limited by the “presumptive right of the public” to access judicial

documents, and only the most compelling reasons justify non-disclosure of such records. Rudd

Equip. Co., 834 F.3d at 593. Even when a party shows a compelling need to seal a document, the

order sealing the document must be narrowly tailored to serve that justification. Shane Grp., Inc.

v. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Mich., 825 F.3d 299, 305 (6th Cir. 2016).

        In this case, the district court reasonably concluded that the State forfeited its

confidentiality interest when it voluntarily disclosed and failed to protect the information it now

seeks to seal from the public eye. DRC Employee No. 1’s role in procuring execution drugs for

Ohio has been identified in publicly accessible documents, including filings made by the State

itself, throughout this litigation. The former employee testified in a deposition without objection

or pseudonym that he was the “responsible pharmacist” at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility,

which administered Ohio’s death penalty, and was in charge of “procurement and distribution[]

[and] storage” of the drugs. (Dep. Tr., R. 1073-5, PageID # 41591; see Tr., R. 2117, PageID

## 104542–44, 104548).

        More examples abound. In a 2016 deposition, the DRC Managing Director identified DRC

Employee No. 1 by name as one of the individuals involved in collecting the drugs for the State’s

lethal-injection protocol. In another witness list that it has never moved to seal, the State identified

DRC Employee No. 1 by name and noted that he “will testify regarding ODRC procedures for

procurement, licensing, handling, transfer, transportation, delivery, storage and maintenance of

drugs used in executions.” (Notice, R. 1974, PageID # 87976; see also Notice, R. 1975, PageID

# 88068). By contrast, some other names on the witness list were pseudonymized. At the resulting

                                                  -5-
No. 21-3330, In re Ohio Execution Protocol Litig.

hearing on a motion for a preliminary injunction, DRC Employee No. 1 testified, without

anonymity, that he was involved in the process of obtaining execution drugs for the State. Other

documents—including the State’s opposition to a motion in limine seeking to exclude or limit

DRC Employee No. 1’s testimony, invoices for lethal injections, and emails inquiring about the

importation of drugs for executions—identify DRC Employee No. 1 by name and reflect his

knowledge of and involvement in the drug procurement process.

       The State cannot maintain that this individual’s identity in drug-procurement activities

should be made secret when, in open court, the same information has been disclosed time and

again. Gambale v. Deutsche Bank AG, 377 F.3d 133, 144 n.11 (2d Cir. 2004) (“Once [information]

is public, it necessarily remains public.”). While the State seeks to protect the identity of DRC

Employee No. 1 due to the potential for harassment, this concern is inconsistent with its previous

repeated and public identification of him as a procurer of lethal-injection drugs. Accordingly, the

district court did not abuse its discretion in relying on the State’s forfeiture to deny its request to

seal these records.

       Defendants offer little else to challenge the district court’s forfeiture conclusion. What

responses they do put forth fall short.

       First, while the State contends that the prior references to DRC Employee No. 1 did not

specifically tie him to the process of procuring lethal-injection drugs, this contention is belied by

the employee’s testimony in the district court and the many other references to him in the record.

       Second, the State invokes an earlier decision from this litigation, Fears v. Kasich (In re

Ohio Execution Protocol Litig.), 845 F.3d 231, 240 (6th Cir. 2016), to prove it has a confidentiality

interest in protecting the identity of those who procure the execution drugs. In Fears, we affirmed

the district court’s entry of a protective order, which precluded disclosing identifying information

                                                 -6-
No. 21-3330, In re Ohio Execution Protocol Litig.

of those involved in supplying or obtaining lethal-injection drugs. Id. at 233. In a general sense,

the case recognizes the State’s confidentiality interest related to the death-penalty process and

those involved in it. Nevertheless, Fears does not control the instant matter. For one, that case

involved a discovery protective order, and a motion to seal a court record is held to a much higher

standard. Shane Grp., 825 F.3d at 305 (“[T]here is a stark difference between so-called ‘protective

orders’ entered pursuant to . . . discovery . . . and orders to seal court records[.]”). Additionally,

the State has not demonstrated how obtaining relief in Fears compels a similar conclusion in the

current appeal, given the strong presumption in favor of openness for court records. See Lipman

v. Budish, 974 F.3d 726, 753 (6th Cir. 2020). Most importantly, the Fears case did not implicate

the question of forfeiture of relevant interests.

        Third, the State argues that Ohio’s Execution Secrecy Bill, codified at Ohio Revised Code

§§ 2949.221, 2949.222, supports the conclusion that DRC Employee No. 1’s identity should be

sealed. That statute, which provided for the confidentiality of information concerning state

employees who participated in the administration of a lethal-injection execution, is inapposite; it

lapsed in March 2017, so it cannot apply to information that arose thereafter. See Ohio Rev. Code

§ 2949.221(B). Even if this statute applied in federal court, it protected from disclosure only

information or records possessed by any agency or office “established by the laws of [Ohio].”

Ohio Rev. Code § 117.01(D). Ohio law did not establish federal courts, so that law could not

prohibit such courts from disclosing federal court documents.

        Fourth, the State obliquely contends that the litigation has shifted over time, which has led

to more focus on DRC Employee No. 1’s role and augmented the State’s interest in protecting his

identity. This response does nothing to rebut the fact that the information has already been made

                                                    -7-
No. 21-3330, In re Ohio Execution Protocol Litig.

public. More to the point, the State has not shown that its desire for confidentiality overcomes the

presumption of openness of court records.

       Fifth, the State questions the inmates’ motivations for opposing the anonymity of DRC

Employee No. 1. But again, this does nothing to overcome the public interest in the transparency

of court records.

                                      III.   CONCLUSION

       For these reasons, this Court AFFIRMS the district court’s order denying the State’s

motion to seal.

                                                -8-