Court Opinion

ID: 6330804
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-13 16:00:40.376899+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:23:06.231764
License: Public Domain

Appellate Case: 21-7016     Document: 010110670433   Date Filed: 04/13/2022   Page: 1
                                                                  FILED
                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS         Tenth Circuit

                              FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                   April 13, 2022
                          _________________________________
                                                                  Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                      Clerk of Court
  JESSI ISAACS, as personal representative
  for the Estate of Rhindi Kay Issacs,
  deceased and next of kin,

        Plaintiff - Appellant,

  v.                                                      No. 21-7016
                                                (D.C. No. 6:20-CV-00187-KEW)
  KONAWA PUBLIC SCHOOLS,                                  (E.D. Okla.)
  Independent School District I-004,
  KONAWA PUBLIC SCHOOLS BOARD
  OF EDUCATION; JOSEPH SCOGGINS,
  in his official capacity as employee of
  Konawa Public Schools and in his
  individual capacity,

       Defendants - Appellees.
  _______________________________

  NATHAN ISAACS, on behalf of Jaylyn
  Isaacs, a minor child; JEROME SNIDER,
  on behalf of Lilly Snider, a minor child,

        Plaintiffs - Appellants,

  v.                                                      No. 21-7039
                                                (D.C. No. 6:20-CV-00358-KEW)
  KONAWA PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICT                           (E.D. Okla.)
  I-004 and JOSEPH SCOGGINS, as
  employee of Konawa Public Schools,

        Defendants - Appellees.
Appellate Case: 21-7016     Document: 010110670433         Date Filed: 04/13/2022     Page: 2

                          _________________________________

                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                          _________________________________

 Before MATHESON, EBEL, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.
                   _________________________________

        This appeal consolidates two cases stemming from a tragic school bus crash that

 killed one student, Rhindi Isaacs, and injured five others, including Jaylyn Isaacs and

 Lilly Snider. In 21-7016, Jessi Isaacs—Rhindi’s mother and personal representative of

 her estate—sued the bus driver, Joseph Scoggins; the Konawa Public Schools,

 Independent School District (“the District”); and the Board of Education of Konawa

 Public Schools (“the Board”). In 21-7039, Nathan Isaacs and Jerome Snider, fathers of

 Jaylyn and Lilly, sued the same defendants for their daughters’ injuries. The parents in

 each case alleged (1) Fourteenth Amendment substantive due process claims under

 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and (2) state law claims.

        The district court granted the defendants’ motions to dismiss in both cases and

 denied the plaintiffs’ requests to amend their pleadings. Exercising jurisdiction under

 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

        *
          This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
 law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
 persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.

                                              2
Appellate Case: 21-7016     Document: 010110670433          Date Filed: 04/13/2022       Page: 3

                                    I. BACKGROUND

                                     A. Factual History

        In reviewing the grant of a motion to dismiss, we accept the facts alleged in the

 complaint as true and view them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Mayfield v.

 Bethards, 826 F.3d 1252, 1255 (10th Cir. 2016). The following summarizes the

 allegations in the two cases.1

    Isaacs - 21-70162

        On the evening of March 8, 2019, Joseph Scoggins, coach of the Konawa Junior

 High School softball team, was driving a school bus on a two-lane road with six student-

 athletes as the team returned from a softball game in Okemah, Oklahoma. The team

 members were all seated in the first three rows of the bus except for Rhindi. Mr.

 Scoggins “permitted [her] to sit alternately on the steps on the bus and on the floor

 adjacent to the driver’s seat.” 21-7016 App. at 42 ¶ 28.

        As the bus traveled down the road, the students and Mr. Scoggins spotted an SUV

 on the wrong side of the road traveling towards them. “Other drivers who had reported

        1
          We do not consider facts included in the Appellants’ briefs in 21-7016 and
 21-7039 that were not alleged in the pleadings. See Waller v. City & Cnty. of Denver,
 932 F.3d 1277, 1286 n.1 (10th Cir. 2019) (“The nature of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion tests the
 sufficiency of the allegations within the four corners of the complaint after taking those
 allegations as true, and we will not consider evidence or allegations outside the four
 corners of the complaint in reviewing the district court’s Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal.”
 (quotations and citations omitted)).
        2
         Ms. Isaacs initiated suit by filing a petition in Oklahoma state district court. The
 defendants removed the case to federal court, and Ms. Isaacs filed an amended complaint,
 the operative pleading in 21-7016.

                                              3
Appellate Case: 21-7016     Document: 010110670433         Date Filed: 04/13/2022       Page: 4

 the erratic SUV had pulled over to avoid a collision.” Id. at 40 ¶ 14. Mr. Scoggins,

 however, told the students that he “plan[ned] to avoid the accident” by veering into the

 left lane just before impact “so that the [oncoming SUV] would hit the back of the bus.”

 Id. at 39 ¶ 13.

        As Mr. Scoggins steered the bus into the left lane, the SUV driver, John Tallbear,

 changed into the same lane. The two vehicles collided head-on. Rhindi was in the bus’s

 stairwell, the “very spot” where the two vehicles collided. Id. She died in the crash. Id.

 at 39 ¶¶ 12, 13.

        After the crash, Sean Walker, the school principal, arrived on scene and began

 searching for the students, locating every student but Rhindi. When Mr. Walker inquired

 about Rhindi, Mr. Scoggins first said she “was on the right side of the bus with two other

 student athletes,” then said she had been taken by ambulance to the hospital. Id. at 39

 ¶ 11. While en route to the hospital, Mr. Walker learned that Rhindi had died on the bus.

    Isaacs and Snider - 21-70393

        The allegations in the second suit largely overlapped those in the first. Mr. Isaacs

 and Mr. Snider alleged that on March 8, 2019, a bus carrying six students and driven by

 Mr. Scoggins collided head-on with an oncoming SUV. Before the crash, Jaylyn, seated

 in the third row, saw the oncoming vehicle and “dove toward the floor under the seat

        3
           Mr. Isaacs and Mr. Snider brought suit by filing a petition in Oklahoma state
 district court. They did not file a complaint or amended complaint after the defendants
 removed the case to federal district court. The petition is therefore the operative pleading
 in 21-7039.

                                              4
Appellate Case: 21-7016      Document: 010110670433          Date Filed: 04/13/2022      Page: 5

 before her.” 21-7039 App. at 10 ¶ 12. Lilly was standing behind Mr. Scoggins. Mr.

 Scoggins “chose at the last second to veer into the left lane to avoid collision, just as

 [Mr.] Tallbear . . . chose to correct back into the same lane. Many other vehicles in the

 path of [the SUV] simply chose to pull over and stop until it was safe to proceed.”

 Id. ¶ 14. “On impact, Jaylyn hit the seat post.” Id. at 10 ¶ 12. Lilly was thrown through

 the windshield. Both sustained injuries and still suffer “severe stress” due to trauma.

 Id. at 10 ¶¶ 9, 12-13.

                                    B. Legal Background

    Section 1983 and Qualified Immunity

        Title 42 U.S.C. § 1983 provides that a person acting under color of state law who

 “subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States . . . to the deprivation

 of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be

 liable to the party injured.” When a defendant raises a qualified immunity defense, the

 plaintiff bears the burden of overcoming it. Ashaheed v. Currington, 7 F.4th 1236, 1243

 (10th Cir. 2021). “To do so on a motion to dismiss, a plaintiff must (1) plead facts

 demonstrating the defendant violated a federal constitutional or statutory right, and (2)

 show that the right was clearly established at the time of the defendant’s conduct.” Id.

    Section 1983 Substantive Due Process Claims

        Two types of “[c]laims for ‘substantive due process’ find their basis in the

 Fourteenth Amendment’s protections against arbitrary government power,” Lindsey v.

 Hyler, 918 F.3d 1109, 1115 (10th Cir. 2019): “(1) claims that the government has

 infringed a ‘fundamental’ right; and (2) claims that government action deprived a person

                                               5
Appellate Case: 21-7016      Document: 010110670433          Date Filed: 04/13/2022        Page: 6

 of life, liberty, or property in a manner so arbitrary it shocks the judicial conscience.”

 Doe v. Woodard, 912 F.3d 1278, 1300 (10th Cir. 2019) (quotations and citations

 omitted). “[W]e apply the fundamental-rights approach when the plaintiff challenges

 legislative action, and the shocks-the-conscience approach when the plaintiff seeks relief

 for tortious executive action.” Halley v. Huckaby, 902 F.3d 1136, 1153 (10th Cir. 2018).

 The Appellants “seek[] relief for tortious executive action” and therefore tried to assert a

 shocks-the-conscience claim. Id. (quotations and emphasis omitted).

        Some of the Appellants’ claims allege harm from Mr. Tallbear’s private conduct.

 As a general rule, “a State’s failure to protect an individual against private violence

 simply does not constitute a violation of the Due Process Clause.” DeShaney v.

 Winnebago Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 489 U.S. 189, 197 (1989). But there are two

 exceptions to this rule. First, the danger-creation exception applies “when a state actor

 affirmatively acts to create, or increase a plaintiff’s vulnerability to, danger from private

 violence.” T.D. v. Patton, 868 F.3d 1209, 1221 (10th Cir. 2017) (quotations and

 alterations omitted).4 Second, the special-relationship exception applies “when the state

        4
          To invoke this exception, a plaintiff must initially show (1) “affirmative conduct
 on the part of the state in placing the plaintiff in danger” and (2) private violence. Est. of
 B.I.C. v. Gillen, 710 F.3d 1168, 1173 (10th Cir. 2013) (quotations omitted). The plaintiff
 then must demonstrate that “(1) the [defendants] created the danger or increased
 plaintiff’s vulnerability to the danger in some way; (2) plaintiff was a member of a
 limited and specifically definable group; (3) defendants’ conduct put plaintiff at
 substantial risk of serious, immediate, and proximate harm; (4) the risk was obvious or
 known; (5) defendants acted recklessly in conscious disregard of that risk; and (6) such
 conduct, when viewed in total, is conscience shocking.” Currier v. Doran, 242 F.3d 905,
 918 (10th Cir. 2001).

                                               6
Appellate Case: 21-7016     Document: 010110670433          Date Filed: 04/13/2022     Page: 7

 assumes control over an individual sufficient to trigger an affirmative duty to provide

 protection to that individual” from private violence. Schwartz v. Booker, 702 F.3d 573,

 579 (10th Cir. 2012) (quotations omitted).5 A plaintiff alleging a claim under either

 exception must prove the defendant’s actions shocked the conscience. Hubbard v. Okla.

 ex rel. Okla. Dep’t of Hum. Servs., 759 F. App’x 693, 708 (10th Cir. 2018)

 (unpublished).6

    Shocks the Conscience Standard

        Executive action that shocks the conscience requires much more than negligence.

 Halley, 902 F.3d at 1155. “Conduct that shocks the judicial conscience . . . is deliberate

 government action that is ‘arbitrary’ and ‘unrestrained by the established principles of

 private right and distributive justice.’” Seegmiller v. LaVerkin City, 528 F.3d 762, 767

 (10th Cir. 2008) (quoting Cnty. of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 845 (1998)). “To

 show a defendant’s conduct is conscience shocking, a plaintiff must prove a government

 actor arbitrarily abused his authority or employed it as an instrument of oppression.”

        5
          A plaintiff asserting a special-relationship claim must establish (1) “the existence
 of a special relationship, meaning that the plaintiff completely depended on the state to
 satisfy basic human needs”; (2) “that the defendant knew that the plaintiff was in danger
 or failed to exercise professional judgment regarding that danger”; (3) “that the
 defendant’s conduct caused the plaintiff’s injuries”; and (4) “that the defendant’s
 actions . . . shock the conscience.” Dahn v. Amedei, 867 F.3d 1178, 1185-86
 (10th Cir. 2017).
        6
         We cite this unpublished decision only for its persuasive value. See Fed. R.
 App. P. 32.1(a); 10th Cir. R. 32.1.(A).

                                               7
Appellate Case: 21-7016     Document: 010110670433          Date Filed: 04/13/2022       Page: 8

 Hernandez v. Ridley, 734 F.3d 1254, 1261 (10th Cir. 2013) (quotations and alterations

 omitted).

        When deciding whether conduct shocks the conscience, “we must bear in mind

 three basic principles highlighted by the Supreme Court in evaluating substantive due

 process claims: (1) the need for restraint in defining their scope, (2) the concern

 that § 1983 not replace state tort law, and (3) the need for deference to local

 policymaking bodies in making decisions impacting upon public safety.” Uhlrig v.

 Harder, 64 F.3d 567, 573 (10th Cir. 1995) (citations omitted).

        “When governmental officials face a situation ‘calling for fast action,’ only

 official conduct done with an intent to harm violates the Fourteenth Amendment.” Perez

 v. Unified Gov’t of Wyandotte Cnty./Kansas City, 432 F.3d 1163, 1166 (10th Cir. 2005)

 (quoting Lewis, 523 U.S. at 853). “The intent to harm standard is not limited to situations

 calling for split-second reactions. Rather, it applies whenever decisions must be made ‘in

 haste, under pressure, and frequently without the luxury of a second chance.’” Id.

 (quoting Lewis, 523 U.S. at 853).

    Municipal Liability Under § 1983

        “A municipality or other local government may be liable under [§ 1983] if the

 governmental body itself ‘subjects’ a person to a deprivation of rights or ‘causes’ a

 person ‘to be subjected’ to such deprivation.” Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 60

 (2011) (quoting Monell v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 692 (1978)). “[T]o

 establish municipal liability, a plaintiff must show 1) the existence of a municipal policy

 or custom, and 2) that there is a direct causal link between the policy or custom and the

                                               8
Appellate Case: 21-7016      Document: 010110670433         Date Filed: 04/13/2022      Page: 9

 injury alleged.” Bryson v. City of Okla. City, 627 F.3d 784, 788 (10th Cir. 2010)

 (quotations omitted); see Monell, 436 U.S. at 690-92; Waller, 932 F.3d at 1283-84. The

 plaintiff must also “show that the policy was enacted or maintained with deliberate

 indifference to an almost inevitable constitutional injury.” Schneider v. City of Grand

 Junction Police Dep’t, 717 F.3d 760, 769 (10th Cir. 2013). “But a municipality may not

 be held liable for the actions of its employees if those actions do not constitute a violation

 of a plaintiff’s constitutional rights.” Lindsey, 918 F.3d at 1117 (quotations and

 alterations omitted).

                                   C. Procedural History

    Isaacs - 21-7016

        Ms. Isaacs sued in Oklahoma state court, naming as defendants the District, the

 Board, and Mr. Scoggins in his official and individual capacities. The defendants

 removed the case to the Eastern District of Oklahoma. The amended complaint tried to

 allege a substantive due process violation on the grounds that the defendants (1) deprived

 Rhindi of life in a manner that shocked the conscience or (2) created danger of harm from

 Mr. Tallbear’s tortious conduct. The amended complaint also alleged state law claims.

 Mr. Scoggins moved to dismiss all claims, asserting qualified immunity as to the § 1983

 claims. The Board and District moved to dismiss all claims other than a state law

 negligence claim against the District.

        In granting the motions, the district court:

            dismissed the Board, determining it was not a proper party because it
             lacked statutory authority to sue and be sued;

                                               9
Appellate Case: 21-7016      Document: 010110670433         Date Filed: 04/13/2022     Page: 10

              held that neither Mr. Scoggins nor the District deprived Rhindi of life in a
               manner that violated her substantive due process rights because the
               amended complaint failed to allege their conduct shocked the conscience;
              held that Ms. Isaacs had not stated a danger-creation claim against Mr.
               Scoggins or the District because the amended complaint did not allege
               (1) their affirmative conduct placed Rhindi in danger, (2) private violence,
               or (3) that their conduct shocked the conscience—all necessary elements
               for establishing such a claim;
              held that Mr. Scoggins was entitled to qualified immunity because he had
               not violated Rhindi’s substantive due process rights under either theory of
               § 1983 liability;
              dismissed the official capacity claims against Mr. Scoggins because they
               were duplicative of the § 1983 claims against the District; and

              denied Ms. Isaacs’ informal request seeking leave to amend the pleadings.

  The court also declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining state

  claims and remanded them to state court. The court entered final judgment, and Ms.

  Isaacs timely appealed.

     Isaacs and Snider - 21-7039

         Mr. Isaacs and Mr. Snider filed suit in Oklahoma state court, alleging (1) that Mr.

  Scoggins, the Board, and the District were “deliberately indifferent” to student safety, in

  violation of their daughters’ Fourteenth Amendment rights and (2) state law tort claims.

  21-7039 App. at 9-13. The defendants removed the case to the Eastern District of

  Oklahoma and moved to dismiss all claims other than a state law negligence claim

  against the District.

         In granting the motion, the district court:

              held that the plaintiffs sued Mr. Scoggins only in his official capacity and
               dismissed the § 1983 claims against him because they were duplicative of
               the § 1983 claims against the District;

                                               10
Appellate Case: 21-7016       Document: 010110670433           Date Filed: 04/13/2022        Page: 11

              dismissed the Board, concluding it was not a proper party to the suit;

              held that the plaintiffs failed to allege substantive due process claims
               against the District under either a danger-creation or a special-relationship
               theory; and

              rejected plaintiffs’ “informal request for leave to amend their petition”
               because they never formally moved to do so, id. at 87-88.

  The court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over plaintiffs’ state law claims

  and entered judgment. Plaintiffs timely appealed.

                                        II. DISCUSSION

         “We review de novo the grant of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for failure to

  state a claim.” Schell v. Chief Just. & Justs. of Okla. Supreme Ct., 11 F.4th 1178, 1186

  (10th Cir. 2021) (quotations omitted). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must

  contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is

  plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl.

  Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)).

                                            A. Analysis

     Isaacs - 21-7016

         The district court properly dismissed the danger-creation claim against Mr.

  Scoggins—the only substantive due process claim against him preserved on appeal7—

  because the amended complaint failed to allege that his conduct shocked the conscience.

         7
            Ms. Isaacs has abandoned her claim that Mr. Scoggins’s conduct deprived Rhindi
  of life in manner that violated the Fourteenth Amendment. Even had she preserved this
  claim, we would affirm dismissal of it because the amended complaint did not plausibly
  allege that Mr. Scoggins’s actions shocked the conscience. See Moore, 438 F.3d at 1040.

                                                 11
Appellate Case: 21-7016      Document: 010110670433          Date Filed: 04/13/2022      Page: 12

  He is therefore entitled to qualified immunity. Because the amended complaint did not

  allege that Mr. Scoggins or any other municipal employee committed a constitutional

  violation, the district court correctly dismissed the § 1983 municipal liability claims

  against the District.8

         a. Section 1983 danger-creation claim against Mr. Scoggins

         Ms. Isaacs argues the amended complaint adequately alleged that Mr. Scoggins

  created or increased the danger to Rhindi by (1) allowing Rhindi to “stand or sit in the

  stairwell of the bus while the bus was in motion,” (2) crashing into Mr. Tallbear’s vehicle

  instead of slowing down and pulling over, and (3) “stepp[ing] over [Rhindi’s] body to

  exit the bus” and “purposely misle[ading] the Principal about her location.” 21-7016

  Aplt. Br. at 16-18.

         Ms. Isaacs needed to allege facts demonstrating that Mr. Scoggins’s actions

  shocked the conscience. See Patton, 868 F.3d at 1222. She has not done so. In an

  emergency, conduct shocks the conscience only when it is “done with an intent to harm.”

  Perez, 432 F.3d at 1166; Radecki v. Barela, 146 F.3d 1227, 1230 (10th Cir. 1998).

         Here, the students spotted the SUV “approaching from over the hill in their lane.”

  21-7016 App. at 39 ¶ 13. Although the amended complaint did not allege how much

  time elapsed between spotting the SUV and the collision, the “intent to harm” standard

  applies because it “is not limited to situations calling for split-second reactions. Rather, it

         8
           We do not decide whether the district court erred in dismissing the § 1983 claims
  against the Board. Even if it did, those claims would fail for the same reasons the claims
  against the District fail.

                                                12
Appellate Case: 21-7016        Document: 010110670433        Date Filed: 04/13/2022       Page: 13

  applies whenever decisions must be made ‘in haste, under pressure, and frequently

  without the luxury of a second chance.’” Perez, 432 F.3d at 1163 (quoting Lewis,

  523 U.S. at 853). That is what the amended complaint alleged here.

         In the lead-up to the accident, the students on the bus “could see a vehicle

  approaching from over the hill in their lane.” 21-7016 App. at 39 ¶ 13. Mr. Scoggins

  “communicated his plan to avoid the accident to the student athletes,” which involved

  “veer[ing] into the left lane” “just prior to the moment of impact . . . so that the vehicle

  would hit the back of the bus.” Id. But as Mr. Scoggins steered the bus into the left lane

  “the driver of the SUV was attempting to return to his lane,” and the two vehicles

  collided “head-on” with the “impact occur[ing] at the very spot where Rhindi [] was

  standing.” Id. at 40 ¶ 15.

         These allegations fail to demonstrate that Mr. Scoggins intended to harm Rhindi.9

  First, the amended complaint characterizes Mr. Scoggins’s plan to veer into the left lane

  as a “plan to avoid the accident,” id. at 39 ¶ 13, hardly a plan to harm Rhindi. Second,

  Mr. Scoggins expected the SUV to hit the back of the bus to avoid direct impact to the

         9
           Ms. Isaacs also appears to argue that Mr. Scoggins should be liable because he
  violated federal regulations by (1) driving while Rhindi was not in a seat and (2) crossing
  the center line. 21-7016 Aplt. Br. at 25. She does not specify which regulations Mr.
  Scoggins may have violated. But even if she had, this argument would fail because, as
  alleged, Mr. Scoggins’s conduct did not shock the conscience. See Ruiz v. McDonnell,
  299 F.3d 1173, 1178, 1184 (10th Cir. 2002) (failure to follow regulations did not amount
  to a substantive due process violation because defendants’ conduct did not shock the
  conscience). And any suggestion that Mr. Scoggins committed a substantive due process
  violation through non-compliance with state traffic laws lacks merit. See Pavatt v. Jones,
  627 F.3d 1336, 1341 (10th Cir. 2010) (“A violation of state law does not by itself
  constitute a violation of the Federal Constitution.” (quotations omitted)).

                                                13
Appellate Case: 21-7016      Document: 010110670433          Date Filed: 04/13/2022   Page: 14

  students—again, hardly an intent to harm. Although Mr. Scoggins should not have

  allowed Rhindi to ride on the floor and steps, he did not intend for the SUV to hit the bus

  where Rhindi stood. Third, when Mr. Scoggins decided to change into the left lane, the

  SUV was still in the right lane. He may have risked that the SUV would return to its

  proper lane, but it was not a risk taken with intent to harm.10

         Based on the allegations in the amended complaint, we cannot conclude Mr.

  Scoggins intended to harm Rhindi. His conduct therefore did not shock the conscience.11

  Thus, we affirm the district court’s conclusion that Mr. Scoggins did not violate Rhindi’s

  Fourteenth Amendment rights under a danger-creation theory. And because Mr.

  Scoggins did not commit an underlying constitutional violation, we affirm the grant of

  qualified immunity to Mr. Scoggins.

         10
           The amended complaint also failed to allege that Mr. Scoggins’s conduct was
  “directed at” Rhindi, Gray v. Univ. of Colo. Hosp. Auth., 672 F.3d 909, 926 (10th Cir.
  2012) (quotations omitted) (emphasis removed), another requirement for stating a
  danger-creation claim.
         11
            Ms. Isaacs also argues that Mr. Scoggins violated Rhindi’s Fourteenth
  Amendment rights by “stepp[ing] over her body to exit the bus” and “purposely
  misle[ading] the Principal about her location.” 21-7016 Aplt. Br. at 17-18. But
  according to the amended complaint, Rhindi died before Mr. Scoggins took these actions.
  See 21-7016 App. at 45 ¶ 39 (Mr. Scoggins “recklessly disregarded [Rhindi’s] bodily
  integrity by failing to remove her from the bus and by further intentionally failing to
  inform the principal of her whereabouts and actively deceiving the princip[al] concerning
  her whereabouts which resulted in the remains of Rhindi Isaacs to be consumed by the
  fire.”). “[T]he civil rights of a person cannot be violated once that person has died.”
  Silkwood v. Kerr-McGee Corp., 637 F.2d 743, 749 (10th Cir. 1980).

                                               14
Appellate Case: 21-7016      Document: 010110670433          Date Filed: 04/13/2022      Page: 15

         b. Section 1983 claims against the District

         Ms. Isaacs argues the district court erred in dismissing the claim that the District

  violated Rhindi’s substantive due process rights through its policies of (1) requiring bus

  drivers to work in excess of fifteen hours per day and (2) failing to provide a chaperone

  on “activity trips.” 21-7016 Aplt. Br. at 7. She also contends the court erred in

  dismissing a separate, purported substantive due process claim alleging that the District

  was “deliberately indifferent to the safety needs of Rhindi.” Id. at 24. We disagree.

         “[A] municipality may not be held liable for the actions of its employees if those

  actions do not constitute a violation of a plaintiff’s constitutional rights.” Lindsey, 918

  F.3d at 1117 (quotations omitted). Because Ms. Isaacs did not allege that Mr. Scoggins

  or any other municipal employee committed an underlying constitutional violation, the

  District cannot be liable under § 1983. See Muskrat v. Deer Creek Pub. Schs., 715 F.3d

  775, 788 (10th Cir. 2013) (school district not liable under Monell because plaintiffs did

  not establish that any district employee committed a constitutional violation); Fenn v.

  City of Truth or Consequences, 983 F.3d 1143, 1150 (10th Cir. 2020).

         We affirm the district court’s dismissal of Ms. Isaacs’s claims that the District

  violated Rhindi’s substantive due process rights.12

         12
           The district court dismissed the danger-creation claim against the District
  because Ms. Isaacs did not allege (1) that the District’s affirmative conduct placed Rhindi
  in danger, and (2) private violence—different grounds than the one on which we affirm.
  See Hayes v. SkyWest Airlines, Inc., 12 F.4th 1186, 1201 (10th Cir. 2021) (“[W]e may
  affirm on any basis supported by the record, even if it requires ruling on arguments not
  reached by the district court or even presented to us on appeal.” (quotations omitted)).

                                               15
Appellate Case: 21-7016     Document: 010110670433            Date Filed: 04/13/2022   Page: 16

                                        *    *        *   *

         We affirm the district court’s order dismissing the substantive due process claims

  against Mr. Scoggins and the District and remanding the state law claims to the district

  court of Seminole County, Oklahoma. We do not address whether the district court erred

  in denying Ms. Isaacs’ request to amend the pleadings because she has waived that issue

  due to inadequate briefing. See Burke v. Regalado, 935 F.3d 960, 1014 (10th Cir. 2019).

     Isaacs and Snider - 21-703913

         To the extent Mr. Isaacs and Mr. Snider attempted to allege any substantive due

  process claims against Mr. Scoggins in his individual capacity, they did not plausibly

  allege that Mr. Scoggins’s conduct shocked the conscience. And because the petition did

  not allege that Mr. Scoggins or any other municipal employee committed a constitutional

  violation, we affirm dismissal of the substantive due process claims against the District.14

  Finally, the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Mr. Isaacs and Mr.

  Snider’s informal request to amend their pleadings.

         a. Section 1983 substantive due process claims against Mr. Scoggins

         On appeal, Mr. Isaacs and Mr. Snider appear to argue that they asserted

  substantive due process claims against Mr. Scoggins in his individual capacity based on

         13
           We affirm the district court’s dismissal of the § 1983 claims against Mr.
  Scoggins and the District but do so on the alternative grounds stated below. Hayes,
  12 F.4th at 1201.
         14
            We do not address whether the district court erred in dismissing the claims
  against the Board because even if it did, those claims would fail for the same reasons the
  claims against the District fail.

                                                 16
Appellate Case: 21-7016      Document: 010110670433           Date Filed: 04/13/2022      Page: 17

  (1) danger-creation, (2) special-relationship, and (3) shocks-the-conscience theories.

  21-7039 Aplt. Br. at 6-7. It does not appear they alleged any such claims in their petition.

  See 21-7039 App. at 9-13.15 But even assuming they did, the petition did not plausibly

  allege that Mr. Scoggins’s conduct shocked the conscience.

         To establish substantive due process liability, Mr. Isaacs and Mr. Snider needed to

  allege facts demonstrating that Mr. Scoggins’s actions shocked the conscience. See

  Patton, 868 F.3d at 1222; Dahn, 867 F.3d at 1185-86; Lindsey, 918 F.3d at 1115-16. As

  discussed above, the oncoming SUV created a fast-moving emergency and the “intent to

  harm” standard applies to decide whether Mr. Scoggin’s conduct shocked the conscience.

  Mr. Isaacs and Mr. Snider failed to allege Mr. Scoggins intended to harm Jaylyn and

  Lilly.16

         The petition alleged that Mr. Scoggins “chose at the last second to veer into the

  left lane to avoid collision, just as [Mr.] Tallbear . . . chose to correct back into the same

  lane,” 21-7039 App. at 10 ¶ 14, and that “instead of pulling to the shoulder of the road to

  stop in order to minimize the risk of impact or minimize the injuries at impact, [Mr.

         15
            Mr. Isaacs and Mr. Snider did not raise a special relationship claim until their
  brief in response to the Defendants’ motion to dismiss, and they have not tried to amend
  their complaint to add such a claim. They have therefore failed to allege such a claim.
  See Waller, 932 F.3d at 1286. And the facts alleged do not establish a special
  relationship under DeAnzona v. City & County of Denver, 222 F.3d 1229, 1234-35
  (10th Cir. 2000).
         16
           The petition lists Mr. Scoggins as a defendant in his individual and official
  capacities. On appeal, Mr. Isaacs and Mr. Snider do not contest the district court’s
  dismissal of the official capacity claims.

                                                17
Appellate Case: 21-7016      Document: 010110670433         Date Filed: 04/13/2022     Page: 18

  Scoggins] veered into oncoming traffic, thereby increasing the possibility that he would

  encounter numerous oncoming vehicles,” id. at 11-12 ¶ 24. The petition also alleged that

  “[m]any other vehicles in the path of [Mr.] Tallbear simply chose to pull over and stop

  until it was safe to proceed.” Id. at 10 ¶ 14.

         As in 21-7016, these allegations do not show that Mr. Scoggins intended to harm

  Jaylyn or Lilly.17 Indeed, the petition alleged that Mr. Scoggins “veer[ed] into the left

  lane to avoid collision.” Id. (emphasis added). Although the petition alleged that Mr.

  Scoggins “veered into oncoming traffic,” id. at 11 ¶ 24, it also stated that Mr. Tallbear did

  not return to his lane until the moment that Mr. Scoggins veered into that same lane, see

  id. at 10 ¶ 14. Thus, when Mr. Scoggins decided to change into the left lane, he did so to

  avoid the SUV. He may have run the risk that Mr. Tallbear would return to his lane, but

  the allegations in no way support that Mr. Scoggins intended to cause the crash.

         Because Mr. Isaacs and Mr. Snider did not plausibly allege that Mr. Scoggins

  intended to harm Jaylyn and Lilly, we conclude that his conduct fell short of shocking the

  conscience. They therefore did not state a substantive due process claim against Mr.

  Scoggins.

         17
            Mr. Isaacs and Mr. Snider argue that Mr. Scoggins’s actions shocked the
  conscience because he “illegally cross[ed] the center line.” 21-7039 Aplt. Br. at 25. But
  even if crossing the center line violated Oklahoma law, “[a] violation of state law does
  not by itself constitute a violation of the Federal Constitution.” Pavatt, 627 F.3d at 1341
  (quotations omitted).

                                                   18
Appellate Case: 21-7016      Document: 010110670433         Date Filed: 04/13/2022      Page: 19

         b. Section 1983 claims against the District

         As in 21-7016, because Mr. Isaacs and Mr. Snider have not alleged that that Mr.

  Scoggins or any other municipal employee committed an underlying constitutional

  violation, we affirm the dismissal of the § 1983 claims against the District. See Muskrat,

  715 F.3d at 788.

         c. Request to amend the pleadings

         Mr. Isaacs and Mr. Snider argue the district court abused its discretion when it

  denied their informal request to amend their pleadings. “We review the district court’s

  denial of leave to amend for an abuse of discretion.” Quintana v. Santa Fe Cnty. Bd. of

  Commissioners, 973 F.3d 1022, 1033 (10th Cir. 2020).

         Mr. Isaacs and Mr. Snider did not move to amend their complaint. Instead, in

  their opposition to the motion to dismiss, they requested the court to grant them “leave to

  amend their complaint so as to comply with the Court’s concerns and the movants’

  concerns about its legal and factual sufficiency” if “this Court interprets the pleading

  requirement in any way different from the Plaintiffs.” 21-7039 App. at 55. “We have

  long held that bare requests for leave to amend do not rise to the status of a motion and

  do not put the issue before the district court.” Brooks v. Mentor Worldwide LLC, 985

  F.3d 1272, 1283 (10th Cir. 2021). The district court therefore did not abuse its discretion

  by denying Mr. Isaacs and Mr. Snider’s request.

                                               19
Appellate Case: 21-7016   Document: 010110670433    Date Filed: 04/13/2022   Page: 20

                                III. CONCLUSION

        We affirm.

                                         Entered for the Court

                                         Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
                                         Circuit Judge

                                        20