Court Opinion

ID: 65846
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-26 06:03:52+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:57:38.751523
License: Public Domain

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT  United States Court of Appeals
                                                    Fifth Circuit

                                                 FILED
                                                                                    April 30, 2009

                                            No. 07-30706                     Charles R. Fulbruge III
                                                                                     Clerk

IN RE: KATRINA CANAL BREACHES LITIGATION
--------------------------------------------------------------

COLLEEN BERTHELOT, Etc; ET AL

                                                            Plaintiffs
MAUREEN O’DWYER, ET AL

                                                            Plaintiffs-Appellants
v.

B & K CONSTRUCTION CO INC; BOH BROTHERS CONSTRUCTION CO
LLC

                                                            Defendants-Appellees

                                    CONSOLIDATED WITH

                                            No. 07-30771

In Re: Katrina Canal Breaches Litigation
---------------------------------------------------------

COLLEEN BERTHELOT; ET AL

                                                            Plaintiffs

v.
B & K CONSTRUCTION CO INC; BOH BROTHERS CONSTRUCTION CO
LLC; BURK KLEINPETER INC; MODJESKI & MASTERS INC

                                      Defendants-Appellees

MAUREEN O’DWYER; SALLY EGERTON RICHARDS; STEPHANIE
PORTER, doing business as Interior Specialties LLC; EVELYN JORDAN
JORDAN; CHARLES EDWARD JORDAN; ET AL

                                      Plaintiffs-Appellants

v.

EUSTIS ENGINEERING COMPANY INC; MODJESKI & MASTERS INC; B
& K CONSTRUCTION COMPANY INC; BURK KLEINPETER INC;
GEOTECH INC
                              Defendants-Appellees

MAUREEN O’DWYER; HAROLD GAGNET; SALLY EGERTON RICHARDS;
SHANE PORTER; STEPHANIE PORTER; ET AL

                                      Plaintiffs-Appellants

v.

EUSTIS ENGINEERING CO INC; MODJESKI & MASTERS INC; B & K
CONSTRUCTION CO INC; BURK KLEINPETER INC; GEOTECH INC;
BOH BROTHERS CONSTRUCTION CO LLC

                                      Defendants-Appellees

MAUREEN O’DWYER, ET AL
                                      Plaintiffs-Appellants

v.

                                  2
EUSTIS ENGINEERING INC; MODJESKI & MASTERS INC; BOH
BROTHERS CONSTRUCTION CO LLC; B & K CONSTRUCTION CO INC;
BURK KLEINPETER INC; GEOTECH INC

                                                            Defendants-Appellees

PONTCHARTRAIN BAPTIST CHURCH; ARTHUR C SARGENT; LUCY T
SARGENT; PAMELA YOUNG SMALLPAGE; RICHARD MAITLAND
SMALLPAGE, JR; MR H J BOSWORTH; MRS H J BOSWORTH; ROTHFOS
CORPORATION; INTERAMERICAN COFEE INC; NOBLES AMERICAS
CORPORATION
                                Plaintiffs-Appellants

v.

MODJESKI & MASTERS INC; BOH BROTHERS CONSTRUCTION CO

                                                            Defendants-Appellees

                                            No. 07-31141

In Re: Katrina Canal Breaches Litigation
---------------------------------------------------------

COLLEEN BERTHELOT, Wife of JACKIE BERTHELOT; HEBER
DUNAWAY; ERIC ANDERSON; AMY JANUSA; Wife of; ET AL

                                                            Plaintiffs-Appellants

v.

EUSTIS ENGINEERING COMPANY INC; MODJESKI & MASTERS INC;
BOH BROTHERS CONSTRUCTION CO LLC
                                  Defendants-Appellees

                                                     3
                   Appeals from the United States District Court
                       for the Eastern District of Louisiana
                              USDC No. 2:05-CV-4181

Before SMITH, BARKSDALE, and PRADO, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       Primarily at issue is a summary judgment rejecting Appellants’ asserted
admiralty jurisdiction over a claimed tort. The basis for that jurisdictional claim
is a drainage canal’s being dredged years before Hurricane Katrina. AFFIRMED.
                                              I.
       Following Hurricane Katrina in 2005, thousands of claims seeking $400
billion in damages were filed against the United States Army Corps of Engineers
(the Corps) and various private engineering (Engineers) and construction
(Contractors) entities. Plaintiffs claimed Defendants were responsible for the
negligent design, construction, and maintenance of the levees that were
breached and caused the flooding of New Orleans, Louisiana.
       At issue is the breach along the 17th Street Canal. Also known as the
Metairie Relief Canal or Metairie Outfall Canal, it is a 2.4-mile-long, 220-foot-
wide drainage canal whose levees separate New Orleans from Lake
Pontchartrain. The canal is the main storm-water drainage outlet for both
Orleans and Jefferson Parishes. It starts at Pump Station No. 6 at Highway 610
and empties into Lake Pontchartrain. Its northern part is filled with lake water

       *
         Pursuant to 5TH CIR . R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR .
R. 47.5.4.

                                              4
and has been used as a mooring location for small fishing vessels. Its southern
part is generally dry, but occasionally fills with rain water.
      In 1974, the Sewerage and Water Board of New Orleans (the Board)
initiated the 17th Street Drainage Canal Improvement Project, by applying to
the Corps for a permit to dredge the canal to improve the stability of its existing
levees. The Corps rejected the application in 1977.
      Between 1981 and 1982, Defendants Eustis Engineering Company, Inc.,
and Modjeski & Masters, Inc., furnished the Corps with engineering and
geotechnical reports on the canal’s levee stability and possible consequences of
its being dredged. The Board reapplied for a permit in 1983; and, after extensive
debate between state and local authorities, experts, and the general public, the
permit was issued in 1984.
      Modjeski & Masters was retained to prepare drawings and specifications
for the project, as well as to oversee its construction. Eustis Engineering was
retained to conduct additional geotechnical analysis of the canal’s walls. After
the drawings and specifications were submitted in 1990, Boh Brothers was
retained to execute the construction phase of the project.
      Boh Brothers dredged the canal south of the Hammond Highway Bridge
by using a “flexi float” barge trucked to the site and assembled with a crane on
board. Boh Brothers then installed walls the entire length of the dredging
project. The engineering and construction services were either completed,
recorded, or accepted by the Corps at least five years prior to Hurricane Katrina
(2005).
      Several weeks after Hurricane Katrina, numerous actions began being
filed in federal district court against the United States, federal governmental
entities (such as the Corps), the State of Louisiana, Louisiana state and local
agencies and officials (in their official and individual capacities), and others.

                                        5
Most of the claims were either abandoned or dismissed based on sovereign
immunity, or pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) (failure to
state a claim) and 56(c) (summary judgment). This appeal involves only the
private engineering and construction entities that participated in the 17th Street
Canal project. Plaintiffs claim negligent design, construction, and maintenance
of those improvements.
      In June 2006, Engineers moved for dismissal, asserting Plaintiffs’ claims
were barred by the five-year peremption provisions of L A. R EV. S TAT. A NN. §
9:5607 (five-year peremptive period for actions against engineers), because any
work on the levees had taken place at least five years prior to the hurricane.
Plaintiffs responded that the state peremption statute was not retroactive, and
that further discovery was necessary to reveal possible fraud (the peremptive
period does not apply where fraud is committed, see § 9:5607(E)). One Plaintiff
claimed maritime jurisdiction.
      Noting that the state peremption provision extinguished all rights to a
claim arising from Engineers’ conduct that took place more than five years prior
to Hurricane Katrina, the district court concluded there was no genuine issue of
material fact regarding when the services were performed:
      Plaintiffs argue that there are genuine issues of material fact as to
      when certain work was completed and if other work was performed
      and not revealed in preliminary discovery. Plaintiffs have not
      submitted any affidavits or other competent evidence indicating
      that the information submitted by the Engineering Defendants that
      the services and the acceptance of those services is incorrect.
      Plaintiffs hypothesize and speculate but do not overcome the prima
      facie evidence submitted by the engineers. Based upon the extensive
      documentary evidence submitted by the engineers, and the amount
      of public information available to plaintiffs as well as information
      supplied to them by defendants, the Court finds that further
      discovery is not warranted.

                                        6
      Likewise, the district court concluded there was no genuine issue of
material fact regarding the work performed by Engineers within the peremptive
period in areas other than where the breach occurred because Plaintiffs failed
to submit “competent evidence to indicate that any work performed on the
remote area would have any bearing on any of the areas that failed”. Because
some Plaintiffs failed to assert fraud in their complaints, and others failed to
submit competent evidence to support fraud claims, Plaintiffs’ request for
further discovery was also denied.
      Finally, regarding the one Plaintiff claiming maritime jurisdiction, the
district court ruled that the complaint was “indecipherable”, and the claims
invoking maritime jurisdiction were “conclusory, non-specific, and without
context”.
      Therefore, Engineers’ dismissal motions were granted on 8 December
2006, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b) (permitting a district
court to enter a final judgment on multiple claims or involving multiple parties
“if the court expressly determines that there is no just reason for delay”). That
same day, and essentially for the same reasons, the district court granted similar
relief to Contractors, pursuant to    L A. R EV. S TAT. A NN. § 9:2772 (five-year
peremptive period for actions “arising out of an engagement of planning,
construction, design, or building immovable or movable property”). A final
judgment in favor of all Defendants was also entered 8 December 2006.
      Subsequently, new claims were filed against Defendants. The district court
ordered additional motions submitted concerning those new claims. Defendants
again filed joint dismissal motions, including asserting res judicata/collateral
estoppel. To manage the numerous claims presenting essentially the same
issues, the district court ordered a court-approved Plaintiffs Liaison Committee
(PLC) to file a Superseding Master Consolidated Class Action Complaint. That

                                        7
complaint was filed on 15 March 2007. (Some Plaintiffs objected to this
complaint, asserting that neither PLC nor the district court had authority to
supersede original filings. Those Plaintiffs appeal separately from PLC. Both
groups, however, raise the same claims.)
      To avoid state-law peremption, PLC claimed admiralty jurisdiction
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1333(1) and the Admiralty Extension Act, 46 U.S.C.
App. § 740 (current version at 46 U.S.C. § 30101). That jurisdiction would allow
the action, inter alia, to proceed under the maritime doctrine of laches. In its
consolidated complaint, PLC alleged: Eustis Engineering Company, Modjeski
& Masters, and Boh Brothers contributed to negligent dredging that created a
deeper channel, allowing seepage of water to weaken the 17th Street Canal and
cause subsequent flooding. As discussed, each of those Defendants had been
dismissed in December 2006, pursuant to the Louisiana peremption statutes.
      In response to Defendants’ joint dismissal motions, and regarding
admiralty jurisdiction, Plaintiffs asserted they satisfied both the location and
connection-to-maritime-activity tests for admiralty jurisdiction, discussed infra.
They maintained the location test was satisfied because the canal was a
navigable waterway governed by the Inland Navigation Rules, 33 U.S.C. §§
2001-2073 (applying to all vessels upon the inland waters of the United States)
and 33 C.F.R. §§ 329.1 and 329.4 (generally defining “navigable waters” as those
that have been used “to transport interstate or foreign commerce”). Plaintiffs
also claimed the canal was navigable because one could travel from it to Lake
Pontchartrain to the Gulf of Mexico and because the canal had hosted a
commercial fishing fleet. According to Plaintiffs, the second test, connection-to-
maritime-activity, was satisfied because Defendants engaged in such activity –
design and construction of flood walls for a navigable waterway system.

                                        8
      On 29 June 2007, the district court ruled there was no admiralty
jurisdiction because the canal was not a “navigable body of water”; instead, it
was a “drainage ditch”. The court reasoned that “the concept of navigability is
inexorably tied to the concept of the body of water in question being susceptible
of being used for commercial purposes”. It did so pursuant to The Daniel Ball,
77 U.S. 557, 564 (1870), superseded by statute, Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C. §§
1311(a) & 1362(7) (prohibiting discharge of pollutants into navigable waters and
defining “navigable waters” as “waters of the United States, including the
territorial seas”), as stated in Rapanos v. United States, 547 U.S. 715, 731 (2006)
(noting that the meaning of “navigable waters” in CWA was broader than “the
traditional understanding of that term”).
      In so ruling, and under Federal Rule of Evidence 201, the district court
took judicial notice of the following:
      While there might exist a fishing fleet at the reach of the canal,
      commercial activity is blocked in the canal by virtue of the Old
      Hammond Bridge. That bridge acts . . . like [a dam because] it is so
      low that no commercial vessel would ever be able to traverse from
      the reach into the canal proper; indeed, the bridge substantially
      limits the amount of recreational traffic on the canal by virtue of the
      height restriction caused by that bridge. Also, . . . the property
      values around the canal would be adversely affected if there were an
      attempt to open the waters to commercial traffic. Moreover, the sole
      purpose of this waterway is to provide an outlet for drainage water
      being pumped from New Orleans and Jefferson Parish to be emptied
      into Lake Pontchartrain. There is simply no commercial activity
      involved along this body of water. Furthermore, the location of the
      dredging at issue is substantially farther inland than the location
      of the bridge, making it even more remote in character. Likewise,
      the breaches were substantially to the south of the Old Hammond
      Highway Bridge.

Having found that the Old Hammond Highway Bridge effectively bars
commercial navigation of the canal, the court concluded it is not a navigable

                                         9
body of water, relying on the rationale of LeBlanc v. Cleveland, 198 F.3d 353,
359 (2d Cir. 1999) (holding that subsequent damming of a previously navigable
waterway rendered it non-navigable). And, having concluded that the canal is
non-navigable, the district court did not reach the connection-to-maritime-
activity test, discussed infra.
      Accordingly, the district court dismissed all actions claiming admiralty
jurisdiction related to the 17th Street Canal; granted Defendants’ dismissal
motions based on peremption; granted, for lack of competent evidence,
Defendants’ dismissal motions regarding the claims for fraud or failure to
disclose the risks posed by the 17th Street Canal’s levee system; and, because
the court dismissed all actions against Defendants, it ruled that summary-
judgment motions based on res judicata/collateral estoppel were moot. The final
judgment was entered 11 September 2007.
                                        II.
      A summary judgment is reviewed de novo, applying the same legal
standards as the district court. E.g., Mayo v. Hartford Life Ins. Co., 354 F.3d 400,
403 (5th Cir. 2004). Such judgment is proper when “there is no genuine issue as
to any material fact and . . . the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law”. F ED. R. C IV. P. 56(c). All evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to
the non-movant. E.g.,Coleman v. Houston Indep. Sch. Dist., 113 F.3d 528, 533
(5th Cir. 1997). Summary judgment may be affirmed “on any ground supported
by the record, even if it is different from that relied on by the district court”.
E.g., Gray Law LLP v. Transcont’l Ins. Co., 560 F.3d 361, 365 (5th Cir. 2009) (per
curiam) (citation omitted).
      Primarily at issue is whether admiralty jurisdiction exists. Not at issue is
the district court’s conclusion that, under state law, Plaintiffs’ claims are barred
by peremption. (In November 2008, some Plaintiffs moved for leave to file a

                                        10
supplemental brief, claiming newly-discovered documents establishing that
Defendants committed a continuing tort under Louisiana law preclude dismissal
“on a summary basis”. The motion was denied 14 November 2008. Oral
argument was held on 5 December 2008, and the motion for reconsideration of
the 14 November 2008 order was denied 15 January 2009.)
                                       A.
      The claimed admiralty jurisdiction flows from Article III of the
Constitution. See U.S. C ONST. art. III, § 2. Pursuant to it, Congress vested
federal courts with original and exclusive jurisdiction over “admiralty or
maritime” matters. See 28 U.S.C. § 1333(1). In 1948, Congress extended
admiralty jurisdiction to “all cases of damage or injury, to person or property,
caused by a vessel on navigable water, notwithstanding that such damage or
injury be done or consummated on land”. See 46 U.S.C. App. § 740 (current
version at 46 U.S.C. § 30101 (“cases of injury or damage, to person or property,
caused by a vessel on navigable waters, even though the injury or damage is
done or consummated by land”)). As discussed supra, for admiralty jurisdiction
over the tort claim at issue, both the location and the connection-to-maritime-
activity tests must be satisfied. E.g., Jerome B. Grubart, Inc. v. Great Lakes
Dredge & Dock Co., 513 U.S. 527, 534 (1995).
      The location test requires the tort to have occurred on navigable water or,
for an injury suffered on land, to have been caused by a vessel on navigable
water. Id. (citing 46 U.S.C. App. § 740); see also Egorov, Puchinsky, Afanasiev
& Juring v. Terriberry, Carrol & Yancey, 183 F.3d 453, 456 (5th Cir. 1999). An
artificial canal can constitute a navigable body of water, provided it is used as
“a highway for commerce between ports and places in different states”. In re
Boyer, 109 U.S. 629, 632 (1884).

                                       11
      The connection-to-maritime-activity test has two sub-parts:
      A court, first, must assess the general features of the type of
      incident involved to determine whether the incident has a
      potentially disruptive impact on maritime commerce. Second, a court
      must determine whether the general character of the activity giving
      rise to the incident shows a substantial relationship to traditional
      maritime activity.

Grubart, 513 U.S. at 534 (emphasis added; internal citations and quotation
marks omitted); see also, e.g., Texaco Exploration & Prod. v. AmClyde
Engineered Prods. Co., 448 F.3d 760, 770-71 (5th Cir. 2006); Strong v. B.P.
Exploration & Prod., Inc., 440 F.3d 665, 669 (5th Cir. 2006). “The key inquiry is
whether the allegedly tortious activity is so closely related to activity
traditionally subject to admiralty law that the reasons for applying special
admiralty rules would apply in the suit at hand.” Strong, 440 F.3d at 669
(citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
      In claiming the district court erred in concluding that the canal is not a
navigable body of water, Plaintiffs assert: the court based summary judgment
on its own subjective beliefs, rather than facts not subject to reasonable dispute,
see F ED. R. E VID. 201; and, the canal is a navigable waterway because one can
travel from it to Lake Pontchartrain to the Gulf of Mexico, and because it hosts
a fishing fleet. (Along this line, Plaintiffs claim their request for further
discovery should have been granted.)
      Next, Plaintiffs claim the connection-to-maritime-activity test is met
pursuant to the earlier-cited Grubart v. Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co., 513
U.S. 527 (1995), because the instant actions involve injuries on land caused by
the dredging activities of a barge on a navigable waterway. Pursuant to their
claim that admiralty jurisdiction exists, Plaintiffs contend, inter alia, that the

                                        12
doctrine of laches applicable to maritime torts, rather than the state peremption
law, applies.
      Defendants counter there is no admiralty jurisdiction because: regarding
the location test, the canal is not a navigable body of water, due to the lack of
any commercial activity; and, even if it can be considered navigable, its being
dredged for flood-control purposes, without more, does not satisfy the connection-
to-maritime-activity test. Concerning the latter, Defendants claim admiralty law
should not preempt state law because the dredging project implicated only state
and local interests. Finally, Defendants assert that, to the extent the district
court’s 8 December 2006 ruling was not appealed as to Engineers, all subsequent
claims against them are subject to res judicata.
      We will assume, arguendo, that the location test is met, see, e.g., Egorov,
183 F.3d at 456 (assuming, without deciding, that the claims had a sufficient
connection-to-maritime activity to satisfy the “connection” prong of the
admiralty-jurisdiction test, but concluding the “location” prong was not met). We
will also assume, arguendo, that the first element of the connection-to-maritime-
activity test is met: dredging and subsequent flooding had a potentially
disruptive impact on maritime commerce. Nevertheless, for the second element
of the connection-to-maritime-activity test, and as discussed below, Plaintiffs fail
to establish that Defendants’ actions bore a substantial (sometimes referred to
in opinions as “significant”) relationship to traditional maritime activity. This
second element is not “easily analyzed”. See Egorov, 183 F.3d at 456 (loss of a
potential recovery of attorney’s fees).
      Our analysis for this second element is guided by four Supreme Court
maritime-connection decisions. The requirement that a tort bear a substantial
relationship to traditional maritime activity was first articulated in Executive

                                          13
Jet Aviation, Inc. v. City of Cleveland, 409 U.S. 249 (1972). Executive Jet
involved an airplane’s crashing on takeoff into navigable water. Id. at 250.
Recognizing “the fact that an aircraft happens to fall on navigable waters, rather
than on land, is wholly fortuitous”, and noting extensive criticism of the locality
rule as the sole test to determine admiralty jurisdiction, the Court held: the
airplane accident did not bear a significant relationship to traditional maritime
activity; and, therefore, it was not cognizable in admiralty. Id. at 253-68.
Particularly relevant to our analysis is the Court’s discussion on the
development of admiralty law:
      The law of admiralty has evolved over many centuries, designed and
      molded to handle problems of vessels relegated to ply the waterways
      of the world, beyond whose shores they cannot go. That law deals
      with navigational rules–rules that govern the manner and direction
      those vessels may rightly move upon the waters. When a collision
      occurs or a ship founders at sea, the law of admiralty looks to those
      rules to determine fault, liability, and all other questions that may
      arise from such a catastrophe. Through long experience, the law of
      the sea knows how to determine whether a particular ship is
      seaworthy, and it knows the nature of maintenance and cure. It is
      concerned with maritime liens, the general average, captures and
      prizes, limitation of liability, cargo damage, and claims for salvage.

Id. at 269-70.
      Subsequent Supreme Court decisions further clarified the maritime-
connection test. In Foremost Insurance Co. v. Richardson, 457 U.S. 668, 669
(1982), two pleasure boats collided on navigable waters. The Court ruled “there
is no requirement that the maritime activity be an exclusively commercial one”.
Id. at 674 (internal quotation marks omitted). Because the tort at issue involved
“negligent operation of a vessel on navigable waters”, it had “a sufficient nexus
to traditional maritime activity to sustain admiralty jurisdiction”. Id. The Court
explained:

                                        14
      Not every accident in navigable waters that might disrupt maritime
      commerce will support federal admiralty jurisdiction. In Executive
      Jet, for example, we concluded that the sinking of the plane in
      navigable waters did not give rise to a claim in admiralty even
      though an aircraft sinking in the water could create a hazard for the
      navigation of commercial vessels in the vicinity. However, when this
      kind of potential hazard to maritime commerce arises out of activity
      that bears a substantial relationship to traditional maritime
      activity, as does the navigation of the boats in this case, admiralty
      jurisdiction is appropriate.

Id. at 675 n.5 (emphasis added).

      Sisson v. Ruby, 497 U.S. 358 (1990), concerned a fire on a yacht moored at
a marina; it and neighboring non-commercial vessels were damaged. Id. at 360.
The Court provided additional guidance on how the connection-to-maritime-
activity test should be analyzed.
      First, “a court must assess the general features of the type of incident
involved to determine whether such an incident is likely to disrupt commercial
activity”. Id. at 363. In that regard, the relevant activity that gave rise to the
incident must be defined “by the general conduct from which the incident arose”.
Id. at 364. In Sisson, the relevant activity was defined as “the storage and
maintenance of a vessel at a marina on navigable waters”. Id. at 365.
      Second, the court must decide whether the relevant activity has a
“substantial relationship to a traditional maritime activity”. Id. (internal
quotation marks omitted). In addition to navigation, such traditional maritime
activities include “at least . . . any other activities traditionally undertaken by
vessels, commercial or noncommercial”. Id. at 367. The Court answered the
second inquiry in the affirmative. Id. (“Clearly, the storage and maintenance of
a vessel at a marina on navigable waters is substantially related to ‘traditional

                                        15
maritime activity’ given the broad perspective demanded by the second aspect
of the test.”). Therefore, admiralty jurisdiction existed.
      The most recent of the Court’s maritime-activity decisions concerns an
activity somewhat similar to the one at issue here – repair and maintenance
work performed from a vessel. In Grubart (1995), a dredge and dock construction
company used a crane positioned on its barge to replace wooden pilings around
the piers of several bridges across the Chicago River. 513 U.S. at 530. Seven
months after the work had been completed, the walls of a freight tunnel running
under the river collapsed, allowing river water to run through the tunnel and
flood buildings in downtown Chicago. Id. Replacing the pilings was claimed to
have weakened the tunnel structure. At issue was whether admiralty
jurisdiction existed. Id.
      In Grubart, the location test was, of course, easily satisfied: the work was
performed from a barge stationed in navigable water. Id. at 534. Turning to the
maritime-connection test, and for the first of the two elements, the Court
generally described the activity at issue as “damage by a vessel in navigable
water to an underwater structure”, and concluded that such activity had “a
potentially disruptive impact on maritime commerce”. Id. at 539 (reasoning that
the incident “could lead to restrictions in the navigational use of the waterway
during required repairs” and to “disruption of the watercourse itself”).
      Concerning the second element of the maritime-connection test, the Court
determined that replacing pilings was substantially related to traditional
maritime activity, “for barges and similar vessels have traditionally been
engaged in repair work similar to what [the dredge and dock construction
company] contracted to perform here”. Id. at 540 (also noting “many cases hold[]
that a dredge, or a barge with a pile driver, employed on navigable waters, is
subject to maritime jurisdiction”).

                                        16
      This circuit’s maritime-connection decisions show we have properly
exercised admiralty jurisdiction with caution. See, e.g., Woessner v. Johns-
Manville Sales Corp., 757 F.2d 634, 648-49 (5th Cir. 1985) (“Since exercise of
admiralty jurisdiction may preempt state regulation of matters traditionally
committed to local resolution, courts are to interpret congressional grants of
admiralty jurisdiction restrictively.”). Woessner, a pre-Grubart decision, held
that tort claims of workers exposed to asbestos while aboard vessels did not bear
a significant relationship to maritime activity because “[r]esolution of [those]
claims [did] not require the expertise of an admiralty court as to navigation or
water-based commerce”. Id. at 649. Woessner also concluded there was no
unique federal interest in uniform treatment of asbestos claims. Id. at 648.
      Our post-Grubart decision in Scarborough v. Clemco Industries, 391 F.3d
660 (5th Cir. 2004), involved a seaman who claimed that the hoods he wore when
sandblasting vessels were defective and caused him to inhale silica and develop
silicosis. Id. at 662. After the activity at issue was defined as an “injury to a
. . . seaman due to the negligence of a non-employer”, our court analyzed whether
the incident had a substantial relationship to maritime activity. Id. at 665
(internal quotation marks omitted). Scarborough concluded that it did for
several reasons:   the seaman’s employer had already been found liable for
negligence under the Jones Act; the employer failed to provide safe and
protective gear to the seaman; and at least one of the tortfeasors (employer) was
engaged in traditional maritime activity (sandblasting). Id. at 665-66.
      Similarly, the earlier-referenced Strong v. B.P. Exploration, 440 F.3d 665
(5th Cir. 2006), held that failure to provide a safe workplace aboard a vessel was
“a maritime tort”. Id. at 669. In Strong, a wireline worker on an offshore oil-well
platform was injured while loading equipment onto a liftboat jacked up next to

                                        17
the platform. Id. at 667. Noting that “a shipowner, or a charterer in control of a
vessel, owes a duty of care to those working on the vessel”, and citing the
Supreme Court’s decisions that “applied maritime law to actions arising out of
a failure adequately to satisfy that duty”, our court concluded that, by alleging
an unsafe condition on the liftboat, a maritime tort claim was stated. Id. at 669-
70. Accordingly, our court found it unnecessary to analyze whether the activity
of loading equipment onto a vessel constituted a traditional maritime activity.
Id. at 670.
      In Texaco Exploration & Production v. AmClyde Engineered Products Co.,
448 F.3d 760 (5th Cir. 2006), our court declined to exercise admiralty jurisdiction
over a products-liability action against a crane manufacturer. Id. at 765. There,
a defective crane allegedly caused a deck section to fall into the Gulf of Mexico
as it was being placed on a support frame. Id. at 766. The activity at issue was
part of a development project for the production of oil on the Outer Continental
Shelf. Id. at 765. Our court held that, under Grubart, the claims were
insufficiently connected to traditional maritime activity. Id. at 771. Unlike
Grubart, where the alleged damage was “inextricably tied to the navigable
waterway”, the complaint in AmClyde arose “from the development of the
resources of the Outer Continental Shelf, and [the] complaint would not exist but
for the construction of [the development project]”. Id. Therefore, “[t]o the extent
that maritime activities surround[ed] the construction work underlying the
complaint, any connection to maritime law [was] eclipsed by the construction’s
connection to the development of the Outer Continental Shelf”. Id.
      The above-cited authorities support our conclusion that Defendants’
activity is not substantially related to traditional maritime activity. Plaintiffs’
claims do not raise issues of navigation or other more traditional maritime

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activities. See Executive Jet, 409 U.S. at 270. Similarly, Plaintiffs do not allege
injuries to seamen, see Scarborough, 391 F.3d at 665, nor do they claim a
violation of a duty to provide a safe workplace aboard a vessel, see Strong, 440
F.3d at 669-70.
      Examining the “general character” of Defendants’ activity, the dredging
of the canal should be characterized as construction/repair work performed from
a vessel to allow proper drainage of the City’s flood water. Along that line,
Plaintiffs’ claim that Grubart is factually analogous is unpersuasive.
      In Grubart, the repair and maintenance work was done to improve a
navigable river. See Grubart, 513 U.S. at 540. Here, the canal-improvement
project was carried out in essentially a drainage ditch, to improve local drainage
and prevent local flooding. Indeed, the record reflects that dredging could have
been performed from the levees.
      Therefore, the improvement project implicated only local, land-based
interests, and the connection, if any, to admiralty law is “wholly fortuitous”.
Executive Jet, 409 U.S. at 267. To the extent that Defendants’ dredging
implicates connection to maritime law, that connection is overshadowed greatly
by the canal project’s connection to the local interest of drainage and flood-
prevention. See AmClyde, 448 F.3d at 771.
      In this regard, Plaintiffs’ claims raise questions traditionally governed by
state law. As noted supra, Engineers’ and Contractors’ activities are amply
regulated by such law. The resolution of those claims does not require, inter alia,
“the expertise of an admiralty court as to navigation or water-based commerce”.
Woessner, 757 F.2d at 649. Therefore, we conclude that Defendants’ activity
involving local drainage cannot be said to be “so [substantially] related to

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activity traditionally subject to admiralty law” that imposing admiralty
jurisdiction would be warranted. Strong, 440 F.3d at 669.
                                         B.
      Some Plaintiffs contest the district court’s case-management and discovery
rulings. They are reviewed for abuse of discretion, see Mayo v. Tri-Bell Indus.,
Inc., 787 F.2d 1007, 1012 (5th Cir. 1986) (discovery rulings); Davis v. Duplantis,
448 F.2d 918, 921 (5th Cir. 1971) (case management rulings), and the record
reveals none. In any event, the contentions were inadequately briefed, and are,
therefore, deemed abandoned. See Cinel v. Connick, 15 F.3d 1338, 1345 (5th Cir.
1994).
                                         C.
      Because Plaintiffs’ other contentions hinge on the issue of admiralty
jurisdiction, we need not address them. We also need not address whether the
district court’s use of judicial notice was inappropriate. In that regard, however,
we note that Rule 201 should be exercised with caution. See Note to Subdivision
(b) of F ED. R. E VID. 201 (“[T]he tradition has been one of caution in requiring
that the matter be beyond reasonable controversy”.); see also United States v. Rio
Grande Dam & Irrigation Co., 174 U.S. 690, 698 (1899) (“It is reasonable that
the courts take judicial notice that certain rivers are navigable and others not,
for these are matters of general knowledge. But it is not so clear that it can fairly
be said, in respect to a river known to be navigable, that it is, or ought to be, a
matter of common knowledge at what particular place between its mouth and
its source navigability ceases.”).
                                        III.
      For the forgoing reasons, the judgment is AFFIRMED; all pending
motions are DENIED as moot.

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