Court Opinion

ID: 4120126
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-01-27 22:45:26.104402+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:47:48.607904
License: Public Domain

Restrictions on Canadian Ownership of Federal Mineral
         Leases Under the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920

T he provisions o f 30 U.S.C. § 181, which bar ownership o f leases under the Mineral
   Leasing A ct of 1920 by citizens o f a foreign country w henever the laws o f that country
   deny “similar o r like privileges” to U.S. citizens, reflect a reciprocity principle under
   w hich the United States w ould be able to respond in kind when another country
   restricts American investment in its minerals. Accordingly, the United States may take
   responsive steps ‘‘mirroring” Canadian restrictions on foreign investment in its mineral
   resources, so as to restore “similar or like privileges” between U.S. and Canadian
   citizens for purposes of § 181.

                                                                        August 11, 1981
          MEMORANDUM OPINION FOR THE
 ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL, ANTITRUST DIVISION

   You have informed us that the Administration is contemplating possi­
ble action responding to Canadian restrictions on foreign investment in
its mineral resources. A principal legal question arising in this context is
whether, consistent with 30 U.S.C. § 181, the United States may take
responsive steps “mirroring” the Canadian restrictions on American
investment in Canada by similarly restricting Canadian investment in
American mineral resources, primarily by limiting Canadian ownership
of federal mineral leases under the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920, 41
Stat. 437 (Act). Section 181 provides in pertinent part:
         Citizens of another country, the laws, customs, or regula­
         tions of which deny similar or like privileges to citizens or
         corporations of this country, shall not by stock owner­
         ship, stock holding, or stock control, own any interest in
         any lease acquired under the provisions of this chapter.
   It might be argued that whenever another country like Canada places
restrictions on foreign ownership of interests in its mineral resources,
§181 permanently bars the citizens of the other country from owning
any interest in any lease under the Act. Support for this inflexible
interpretation might be sought in § 181’s prohibition on ownership of
“any interest in any lease” by the citizens of another country whose
laws deny Americans “similar or like privileges.”
   We do not believe this to be the proper construction of § 181. Under
that provision, the bar on “any” ownership of “any” lease under the
Act does not apply unless “the laws, customs, or regulations” of an­
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other country “deny similar or like privileges to citizens or corpora­
tions of this country.” The fact that another country takes steps to
eliminate “similar or like privileges” does not, by itself, mean that this
country would be barred from taking responsive action to restore
“similar or like privileges” for purposes of § 181.1 To read § 181 as
preventing such responsive action would require the United States to
adopt the rather draconian measure of cutting off all ownership inter­
ests of another country’s citizens in federal mineral leases regardless
how minimal the other country’s restriction on foreign ownership of
mineral resources may be, so long as the foreign restriction eliminated
“similar or like” privileges. This interpretation disregards the apparent
underlying purpose of § 181 to permit reciprocal relations between the
United States and another country concerning ownership of each
other’s mineral resources.
   Furthermore, the inflexible interpretation of § 181 disregards the prin­
ciple that, under the Mineral Leasing Act, the Secretary of Interior has
a “broad power” to manage federal mineral leases. See Udall v.
Tollman, 380 U.S. 1, 4 (1965). Indeed, the Secretary is specifically
delegated authority, inter alia, “to do any and all things necessary to
carry out and accomplish the purposes of this chapter.” 30 U.S.C.
§ 189. It seems plain that if another country were to eliminate “similar
or like,” responsive action to re-establish such a balance of privileges in
a particular case may well effectuate the statute’s purposes.
   An interpretation of § 181 allowing “mirroring” action is consistent
with the legislative history 2 and with what we understand to have been
the Act’s construction by the Department of the Interior, the agency
charged with implementing it.3 The sentence in § 181 dealing with
“similar or like privileges” originated in the bill which became the
Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 reported out by the House Committee on
the Public Lands. The House Committee noted that its bill substituted

    1 All § 181 provides is that if another country does deny “similar or like privileges” to United States
citizens, a bar on ownership of federal mineral leases takes effect. This leaves open the question
whether, once another country takes such action, the United States may take responsive action
restoring “similar or like privileges.”
    2See United States v. American Trucking Ass'n, 310 U.S. 534, 542-44 (1940) (for the principle that
reliance on the purposes and history o f a statute is appropriate in determining a statute's meaning).
   3See, e.g.. R ed Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, 395 U.S. 367 381 (1969) (“[T]he construction of a
statute by those charged with its execution should be followed unless there are compelling indications
that it is wrong. . .”); Udall v. Tollman, 380 U.S. 1, 16 (1968) (‘‘[wjhen faced with a problem of
statutory construction, this Court shows great deference to the interpretation given the statute by the
officers or agency charged with its administration”). An interpretation allowing “ mirroring” respon­
sive action is also consistent with the approach of 38 O p A tt'y Gen. 476 (1936), which concluded that
England should be regarded as a country in a “reciprocal” relationship with the United States for
purposes of the Mineral Leasing Act. The Attorney General, while noting that certain requirements
governing foreign investment under British law had no exact parallels in American federal law,
reasoned that these special British restrictions “are not unduly restrictive or harsh, ” and some o f them
might even be matched in some state corporation statutes. Thus, the Attorney General, in adopting a
practical approach to the statute's interpretation, refused to embrace the extreme view that any
restriction in foreign law not matched in American law necessarily prompts application of an absolute
bar on foreign ownership o f mineral leases.

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language essentially identical to the present § 181 for a different Senate
version 4 because, in its view, the Senate bill was too harsh and would
be too likely to prompt retaliatory action by other countries:
         The House amendment to this clause seeks to avoid retalia­
         tory action against American investors in foreign countries
         and provides that no citizen o f any foreign country shall, by
         stock ownership, stock holdings, or stock control, own any
         interest in any lease acquired under the provisions o f this act
         where such foreign country, by its laws, customs, or regula­
         tions, denies similar or like privileges to citizens or corpora­
         tions o f this country. The main argument for the Senate
         draft was that foreign control of domestic corporations
         operating a lease under the act would result in large
         exportations of oil, coal, and other minerals covered by
         the act, and thereby deplete the domestic supply. Under
         the House reciprocal clause above mentioned it is obvious
         that the citizens o f the United States could largely offset
         such a result by their own operations in foreign countries,
         or, if an acute situation ever developed, a general embar­
         go against exportation would be a sufficient remedy.
H.R. Rep. No. 398, 66th Cong., 1st Sess. 11 (1919) (emphasis added).
During floor debate on the House bill, its sponsor, Congressman
Sinnott, engaged in the following colloquy with Congressman Snell:
         Mr. Snell: As I understand it, the British Government
          does not allow any alien to own any oil lands under the
          control of that Government. According to this act,
          what would be the result if a British subject owned
          stock in any one of our oil companies? What would be
          the situation in which he would find himself?
         Mr. Sinnott: I f the British Government discriminates against
             us, we meet that discrimination by denying to its citizens
             the rights that are withheld from us.
          Mr. Snell: If I were a British subject and held some stock
           in one of these oil companies, would I be forced to sell
           it?
          Mr. Sinnott: The stock could be declared forfeited, under
           the forfeiture clause in the bill.
          Mr. Snell: There is no protection then fo r any foreigner who
             happens to own stock in one o f our oil companies, is there?

   ‘ T he language in the Senate bill that was rejected by the House Committee had provided that “ no
alien shall . . . ow n any interests in a lease” under the Act “except with a specific provision in such
lease authorizing the President, in his discretion, to take over and operate such lease, paying just
com pensation” to its owner, and provided further that “the Secretary of the Interior may require the
sale for consumption in the United States of all or any portion of the products of any leased property
in which it appears that any alien has an interest by stock ownership or otherwise.” 58 Cong. Rec.
4160(1919).

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          Mr. Sinnott: N ot i f his Government denies us the same
             rights.
58 Cong. Rec. 7528 (1919) (emphasis added). Although the specific
question posed above by Congressman Snell dealt with England, a
country described as not allowing “any alien” to own “any oil lands,”
and thus presented an example of the type of case in which a flat ban
would logically apply, Congressman Sinnott did not say that English
citizens would be denied “any” rights to own federal mineral resources
under the legislation. Rather, he explained that “we meet that discrimi­
nation [by a foreign nation] by denying to its citizens the rights that are
withheld from us.” This statement reflects a reciprocity principle under
which the United States would be able to respond to another country’s
restrictive practices by “meeting” the other country’s discrimination, in
short, by responding in kind.
   We also understand from conversations with legal staff of the De­
partment of Interior that § 181 has not been read in the past as barring,
and the Mineral Leasing Act as a whole has been read as authorizing,
responsive “mirroring” action by the Secretary when another country
restricts foreign investment in its mineral resources. For instance, we
have been told that after Sweden and the Philippines placed restrictions
on the percentages of permissible foreign ownership of their mineral
resources, the Secretary imposed corresponding restrictions on the per­
missible percentages of Swedish and Philippine ownership of any cor­
poration having a federal mineral lease. The courts have acknowledged
that the interpretation of a statute by the agency charged with imple­
menting it is entitled to some independent weight, barring contrary
legislative language, purpose, or history. See, e.g., Red Lion Broadcast­
ing Co. v. FCC, 395 U.S. 367, 381 (1969); see also General Electric Co. v.
Gilbert, 429 U.S. 125, 141 (1976). In this case, there is no such contrary
indication regarding § 181 of which we are aware.
                                             Conclusion

  We conclude that the Mineral Leasing Act, including § 181, permits
the Secretary to respond in kind when another country restricts Ameri­
can investment in its minerals.5 In concrete terms, this principle would

    *We do not believe an equal protection argument could be successfully raised against this interpre­
tation Distinctions may be made on the basis of nationality by Congress or the Executive Branch so
long as they rest on a sufficient rational foundation. See, e.g., Narenji v. Civiletti, 617 F.2d 745 (D.C.
Cir. 1979), cert, denied. 446 U.S. 957 (1980), and cases cited therein. Moreover, we do not believe that
treaties in force would present a serious problem. It is our understanding that the Secretary would act
only in cases in which a foreign power already had imposed restrictions of a similar kind. If there
were an outstanding treaty o f friendship, commerce, and navigation with the country of concern, the
initial imposition of a restriction by our treaty partner would presumably be based on one of two
possible assumptions. (1) that such action does not violate the treaty, in which case this country could
act similarly without violating the treaty, or (2) that such action violates the treaty, in which case the
breach by our treaty partner would leave us free to act reciprocally. See Vienna Convention on the
Law of Treaties, S. Ex. L , 92d Cong., 1st Sess. (1971), A rt 60.

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not appear difficult to apply in most cases, for instance in cases involv­
ing another country’s restriction on the percentage of foreign owner­
ship o f corporations having interests in its mineral resources, or a
restriction on any investment at all in a certain type of mineral covered
by the Act. There may be other kinds of restrictions—for instance,
changes in a foreign country’s tax laws that would discourage invest­
ment in mineral resources by corporations having a certain percentage
of foreign stockholders—that would be more difficult for the Secretary
to “mirror,” if only because the Secretary may lack authority to take
the necessary “mirroring” action {e.g., changing the tax laws of the
United States in parallel fashion). In such cases, a question would arise
whether other actions could be taken by the Secretary that would, in
substance if not precisely in form, correspond sufficiently with the
foreign nation’s restrictions to permit the conclusion that “similar or
like privileges” would be restored by such actions. Each situation must
be approached on a case-by-case basis. However, we believe that the
Secretary would be recognized by a reviewing court as having a
reasonable degree of discretion in applying § 181 in a practical, flexible
manner. See 38 Op. Att’y Gen. 476 (1936).6

                                                     T heodore        B. O l s o n
                                                   Assistant Attorney General
                                                    Office o f Legal Counsel

   ‘ T his discussion has focussed on the application of § 181 to new mineral leases or changes in
existing mineral leases. Additional issues would be raised if the Secretary sought to seek judicial
cancellation o f existing leases because of action by a foreign country denying "similar or like
privileges” to American investors. We would be glad to provide advice in such situations should the
occasion arise. See generally 30 U.S.C. §§ 184(hXl) & 188(a); Dames & Moore v. Regan, 453 U.S. 654
(1981).

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