Court Opinion

ID: 4581805
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-10-29 16:10:04.391758+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:45:35.971936
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Sanders, 2020-Ohio-5081.]

                               COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                              EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                 COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

STATE OF OHIO,                                      :

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,                :
                                                             No. 108953
                 v.                                 :

GARY L. SANDERS,                                   :

                 Defendant-Appellant.               :

                                JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                 JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
                 RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: October 29, 2020

          Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                              Case No. CR-18-632701-A

                                              Appearances:

                 Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
                 Attorney, and Jeffrey Maver and Nora Bryan, Assistant
                 Prosecuting Attorneys, for appellee.

                 Edward M. Heindel, for appellant.

RAYMOND C. HEADEN, J.:

                   Defendant-appellant Gary L. Sanders (“Sanders”) appeals from his

convictions for involuntary manslaughter, felonious assault, and having weapons

while under disability. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
Procedural and Substantive History

               On October 30, 2018, the Cuyahoga County Grand Jury indicted

Sanders on one count of murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(A), one count of

murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(B), one count of involuntary manslaughter in

violation of R.C. 2903.04(A), one count of felonious assault in violation of

R.C. 2903.11(A)(1), one count of carrying a concealed weapon in violation of

R.C. 2923.12(A)(2) with a furthermore specification, one count of having weapons

while under disability in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(3), and one count of having

weapons while under disability in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(2). The first four

counts carried three-year firearm specification.

               Sanders initially entered a plea of not guilty to all charges. On

June 24, 2019, Sanders waived his right to a jury trial on the having weapons while

under disability charges, and a jury trial on all other counts and specifications began.

               These charges arose from a shooting that took place at approximately

5:25 p.m. on February 23, 2018.           Earlier that afternoon, Charles Calhoun

(“Calhoun”) was smoking crack cocaine in his apartment with Jennifer McMillan

(“McMillan”). Calhoun testified at trial that around the time of the incident in this

case, Sanders would sometimes stay at his apartment and regularly kept some of his

belongings there. Calhoun also testified that he used to sell crack out of his

apartment, and several months before the shooting in this case, his apartment was

raided.
              McMillan testified at trial that at the time of the incident, she was

addicted to crack and regularly prostituted herself. Earlier in the afternoon on

February 23, McMillan testified that she had gotten into an altercation with a man

with whom she had a prostitution arrangement, and then arrived at Calhoun’s

apartment at around 4:40 p.m. The victim, Phylicia Mitchell (“Mitchell”), was

present at the apartment when McMillan arrived. Shortly before 5 p.m., Sanders

arrived at the apartment.

              Sanders, who had been arguing with Mitchell over the phone for

several minutes before he arrived at the apartment, started arguing with Mitchell

upon arriving. Sanders accused Mitchell of taking a gift card from him, and Mitchell

denied this. While Sanders and Mitchell were arguing, Robert Flores (“Flores”), and

James Watkins (“Watkins”) arrived separately at the apartment. McMillan testified

that Sanders ultimately started to choke Mitchell. McMillan went on to testify that

Sanders went to a closet where he had previously kept some of his belongings and

then appeared to have a small silver gun. At this point, according to McMillan,

Flores and Watkins ran out the back door of the apartment.

              A physical struggle between Sanders and Mitchell ensued, causing

McMillan to run into the dining room. When McMillan and Calhoun were in the

dining room, and Calhoun yelled at Sanders and Mitchell to stop fighting, McMillan

testified that she heard a gunshot, and the struggle between Sanders and Mitchell

continued for a short time after she heard the shot. McMillan also testified that

when she was hiding in the dining room, she heard Mitchell say, “I’ve been shot, I’m
dying.” According to McMillan, Sanders came into the dining room, said, “I wasn’t

here,” and then left through the front door. McMillan testified that she called 911

while Calhoun went to Mitchell and tried to hold her up.

              Calhoun’s testimony largely corroborated McMillan’s testimony

summarized above. Calhoun testified that he and McMillan were in his bedroom

near the back of the apartment when they heard gunshots. Several minutes later, he

went into the front room and saw that Mitchell had been shot. He told McMillan to

call 911 and attempted to hold Mitchell and calm her down. Calhoun also testified

that at some point, McMillan’s 911 call ended and dispatch called back and spoke

with him. Calhoun testified that he did not tell the police about Sanders’s argument

with Mitchell because he was shocked, he was afraid that Sanders would come and

shoot him, and he did not want anyone to say that he was a snitch. Calhoun also

testified that he heard Sanders repeatedly say, “oh shi*” in the living room, and he

confirmed that he saw Sanders leave the apartment. Calhoun could not confirm

which door Sanders went through, and he testified that he had not seen him with a

gun at any point that day.

              Calhoun also testified that he had been asleep for most of the day

prior to the shooting, and he started smoking crack when he woke up, so he was not

sure how long Sanders had been in the apartment prior to the shooting. Calhoun

testified that later that day, Sanders called him and asked what was going on.

Calhoun responded that someone had shot Mitchell and then ended the call.

Subsequently, Calhoun spoke with Shane Mitchell (“Shane”), Mitchell’s boyfriend.
Calhoun testified that Shane told him that Sanders had reached out to Shane and

said that Mitchell tried to take his gun from him during their argument when it went

off. At trial, Shane testified that he and Mitchell had known each other since 1988,

and he was one of the first people Mitchell met in Cleveland. Shane testified that

Mitchell had legally changed her last name because they had plans to marry

eventually.

              During a second interview with police when he was in prison, Calhoun

reviewed photographs and surveillance footage and identified Sanders and Watkins.

              Watkins testified that earlier in the day on February 23, 2018, he had

gone to Calhoun’s house to buy drugs. According to Watkins, when he left the

apartment, Calhoun, McMillan, Sanders, and Mitchell remained at the apartment.

Shortly before 5:30 p.m., Watkins testified that he received a call from Sanders, and

then ran into him leaving the apartment and said that Sanders said he needed to go

home so that he could “call his people.” Surveillance footage from a camera near

Calhoun’s apartment showed Sanders and Watkins walking toward Watkins’s

apartment at 5:26 p.m., very shortly after the shooting. Watkins testified that when

they got to his apartment, he left to go get drugs and Sanders was left to talk to

Watkins’s girlfriend, Louise Mays (“Mays”). Watkins testified that while he had

previously seen Sanders with a small gun, he did not see Sanders with a gun that

day.

              At trial, Mays testified that she and Watkins regularly use crack

cocaine, and she had been addicted for decades. She testified that she was not at
Calhoun’s when Mitchell was killed because she was with Watkins in the apartment

they shared, but she heard about the incident. Mays testified that at some point on

the afternoon of February 23, 2018, Watkins left to go to the corner store and then

returned with Sanders. According to Mays, she knew Sanders and had often seen

him at Calhoun’s apartment, but this was the first time she had seen him in her

apartment. She testified that Sanders appeared nervous. Mays offered Sanders a

coat, and he left the apartment. Several hours later, Mays heard that someone had

shot Mitchell.

                 During the state’s direct examination of Mays, the following exchange

took place:

      PROSECUTOR: Do you remember talking to Cleveland Police about
      this case?

      MAYS: Yeah.

      PROSECUTOR: Do you remember telling them that you heard
      [Sanders] say, I f***ed up. I f***ed up?

      MAYS: No. I didn’t hear him say that. I don’t remember me saying —
      me saying that he f***ed up. I don’t remember me saying that.

      PROSECUTOR:          If I can play the video, would that refresh your
      recollection?

      MAYS: Can you? You can go ahead. But if I said that, then I said that
      he f***ed up. He probably did say that though. It was — how many
      months ago was this, of me saying that he said he f***ed up?

The state then requested to play the footage of Mays’s March 2019 interview with

the police in an attempt to refresh her recollection. Defense counsel objected, and

the trial court overruled the objection. The video was played outside of the presence
of the jury, and then the state resumed direct examination in the presence of the

jury.

              Mays confirmed that upon reviewing the video, her recollection was

refreshed. She went on to testify that when Sanders was at her apartment, he was

pacing back and forth and saying that he messed up and needed to “call his people.”

During defense counsel’s cross-examination of Mays, she testified that she has

schizophrenia and at the time of her interview in this case, she was not taking her

medication.

              EMS arrived at the apartment and tested McMillan and Calhoun for

gun residue. Detectives arrived at the scene and collected a spent .22 caliber shell

casing. No weapon was recovered from a search of the apartment.

              Responding Police Officer Darin Gessino (“Officer Gessino”) testified

at trial. The state also introduced footage from his body camera into evidence.

Officer Gessino arrived at the scene at 5:37 p.m. and observed Mitchell slumped over

in the living room and Calhoun and McMillan sitting on the couch. While Officer

Gessino secured the scene, EMS were attempting to assist Mitchell and his partner

took Calhoun and McMillan into another room. Officer Gessino testified that when

EMS removed Mitchell’s sweatshirt, he observed both the gunshot wound and burn

marks on the shirt that could indicate that Mitchell was shot at close range.

              The state also called Tom Ciula (“Ciula”), a forensic video specialist

with the Cleveland Police, to testify at trial.    Ciula testified that he analyzed

surveillance footage from the investigation in this case and prepared a report. Ciula
testified that he put together a list of suspects in this case based on his analysis of

surveillance footage from a corner store and city video cameras.

               Next, the state called Lisa Przepyszny (“Przepyszny”), a forensic

scientist in trace evidence, who testified that she collected gunshot residue from

Mitchell’s hands and collected swabs from her fingernails. Przepyszny also testified

that she examined gunshot residue kits that had been collected from Calhoun and

McMillan. She testified that based on her analysis, Mitchell was likely shot at close

range. Finally, she testified that Calhoun and McMillan both had gunshot residue

on their hands, which could mean that they had fired a gun, were in close proximity

to a fired gun, or handled an object that had gunshot residue on it.

               Cleveland Police Detective Walter Emerick (“Detective Emerick”)

testified that on February 23, 2018, he responded to a call for a homicide at

Calhoun’s apartment around 7 p.m. Detective Emerick testified that officers had

received a search warrant for the apartment, and he subsequently took photos of the

scene and marked and collected evidence. He testified that he recovered a spent

cartridge casing in the living room, on the floor between the couch and the coffee

table. Detective Emerick also collected cell phones. Finally, he testified that he

tested Calhoun and McMillan for gunshot residue.

               The state called Dr. Dan Galita (“Dr. Galita”), a forensic pathologist

and medical examiner with the Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner’s office. Dr.

Galita testified that he conducted an autopsy of Mitchell and prepared a

corresponding report. He testified that Mitchell suffered a gunshot wound in her
chest, and a small caliber bullet was recovered during the autopsy. The wound

resulted in extensive internal bleeding. Dr. Galita testified that Mitchell died as a

result of a gunshot wound to the chest, and the manner of death was a homicide.

               Calhoun and McMillan both testified that Flores was present at the

time of the shooting. Prior to their testimony, the state was not aware of this fact

and, therefore, did not include him on its witness list. Midway through the trial, the

state informed the court and defense counsel that in response to learning of Flores’s

presence at the apartment, it had identified him and issued a subpoena for him to

appear at trial. Defense counsel argued that because the state was only unaware of

Flores’s identity as a result of its own failure to investigate, the court should not allow

Flores to testify at trial. The parties were able to question Flores outside of the

presence of the jury. Flores testified that he regularly bought drugs from Sanders

and Calhoun. On February 23, 2018, he was at Calhoun’s apartment to buy drugs

from Sanders. Flores testified that he was in the dining room when a fight broke out

between Sanders and Mitchell. Flores testified that Calhoun and McMillan were

also in the apartment at this time. Flores testified that he heard gunshots, saw that

Mitchell had been shot, and “took off for fear” of his life. He testified that he had not

seen Sanders with a gun that day.

               Following this voir dire, the state called Flores as a witness to testify

in the presence of the jury. After answering preliminary questions about his name

and address, Flores stated that he wished to invoke his right not to testify pursuant

to his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. The court subsequently
instructed the jury that Flores invoked this privilege and thereby made himself

unavailable as a witness. The court excused Flores as a witness and, subsequently,

the court permitted the state to enter Flores’s former testimony into the record over

defense counsel’s objection.

               At the close of the state’s case, defense counsel made a Crim.R. 29

motion for acquittal as to all counts. The court denied Flores’s motion.

               Defense counsel called Richard Cerny (“Cerny”) as a witness. Cerny

is an investigator with the Cuyahoga County Public Defender’s office. Prior to that

position, he worked for the Cleveland Division of Police’s accident investigation unit.

Cerny testified that he timed himself walking from Calhoun’s apartment to the point

at which Sanders was identified on nearby surveillance footage and that it took two

minutes and forty seconds. During closing arguments, defense counsel argued that

based on the time at which Sanders was observed on the surveillance footage and

the timing of the 911 calls, he had left Calhoun’s apartment before Mitchell was shot.

               On July 8, 2019, the jury returned a verdict of guilty on the

involuntary manslaughter and felonious assault counts and corresponding firearm

specifications, and not guilty of the counts of murder and carrying a concealed

weapon. The trial court found Sanders guilty of both counts of having weapons

while under disability.

               Sanders filed a motion for a new trial, primarily based on the Flores

testimony. Following a hearing, the trial court denied this motion.
              On August 8, 2019, the court held a sentencing hearing. The court

merged the involuntary manslaughter and felonious assault offenses for sentencing

and merged the having weapons while under disability offenses for sentencing. The

court proceeded to sentence Sanders to 10 years for involuntary manslaughter, 3

years for the firearm specification, and 30 months for having weapons while under

disability. The court ordered the sentences to run consecutively for a total sentence

of 15 years and 6 months.

              Sanders appeals, presenting the following assignments of error for

our review:

      I. The trial court erred in the manner it permitted the state to refresh
      the recollection of Louise Mays about a conversation she had with the
      police more than a year after the crime.

      II. The trial court erred when it permitted the testimony of Robert
      Flores. The state did not disclose this witness prior to the start of trial.

      III. The trial court erred when it permitted Robert Flores to assert a
      Fifth Amendment privilege claim without further inquiry into the
      validity of the claim.

      IV. The trial court erred when it admitted the former testimony of
      Robert Flores after his faulty assertion of a Fifth Amendment privilege
      claim.

      V. The convictions were against the manifest weight of the evidence.

      VI. The convictions were not supported by sufficient evidence.

Law and Analysis

I.   Mays’s Testimony

              In his first assignment of error, Sanders argues that the trial court

erred in the manner by which it permitted the state to refresh the recollection of
Mays about her conversation with the police more than a year after the crime.

Specifically, Sanders argues that because the recorded recollection was made

approximately one year after the shooting, there are serious questions regarding the

reliability of her initial statement. Further, Sanders argues that based on Mays’s

untreated schizophrenia and certain comments she made at the end of her

testimony, her “refreshed recollection” was not reliable.

               A trial court has broad discretion over the admission of evidence.

State v. Conner, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 75773, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 884, 13

(Mar. 9, 2000), citing State v. Long, 53 Ohio St. 2d 91, 98, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978).

An abuse of discretion implies that the court’s decision was unreasonable, arbitrary

or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St. 3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d
1140 (1983).

               A party may refresh the recollection of a witness under Evid.R. 612 by

showing the witness their prior statement while testifying. State v. Webb, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 100487, 2014-Ohio-2644, ¶ 25. Under the doctrine of present

recollection refreshed, the witness reviews the prior statement to refresh their

memory, but then proceeds to testify from their present, independent knowledge.
Id., citing State v. Powell, 132 Ohio St. 3d 233, 2012-Ohio-2577, 971 N.E.2d 865,

¶ 57, citing State v. Scott, 31 Ohio St. 2d 1, 5-6, 285 N.E.2d 344 (1972).

               Here, the witness remembered being interviewed by the police at her

apartment following the shooting, but it was established that at the time of trial, she

did not remember exactly what she told the police that Sanders had said at her
apartment. This sufficiently established that Mays lacked a present recollection of

her statement to the police. Her recollection was then refreshed when she viewed

the footage of her statement to the police, and she testified as to what she told police

that Sanders said when he was at her apartment. The way in which Mays’s testimony

was elicited was in accordance with Evid.R. 612.

               Sanders argues that Mays’s initial statement was not reliable

pursuant to Evid.R. 803(5), which provides a hearsay exception for recorded

recollection as follows:

      A memorandum or record concerning a matter about which a witness
      once had knowledge but now has insufficient recollection to enable him
      to testify fully and accurately, shown by the testimony of the witness to
      have been made or adopted when the matter was fresh in his memory
      and to reflect that knowledge correctly.

               Upon seeing the video, Mays confirmed that her recollection was

refreshed. Sanders argues that because Mays’s interview in this case took place

approximately one year after the incident, and her schizophrenia was untreated

when she gave that statement, it does not meet the Evid.R. 803(5) standard for

reliability. We are not persuaded.

               “Evid.R. 803(5) must be distinguished from Evid.R. 612, which

permits a witness to refer to a writing to refresh his memory for the purpose of

testifying.” Barhorst v. Sonoco Prods. Co., 2d Dist. Miami No. 96CA28, 1997 Ohio

App. LEXIS 4190, 12 (Sept. 12, 1997).          If evidence is admitted pursuant to

Evid.R. 803(5), “the memorandum or record may be read into evidence.”

Evid.R. 803(5). Under Evid.R. 612, however, the evidence in issue is the witness’s
testimony at trial rather than their recorded recollection.          We acknowledge

Sanders’s argument that the rules are analogous. Because the evidence in question

does not consist of Mays’s past recollection, however, Sanders’s attempt to question

the reliability of a statement not in evidence is not persuasive.

               Further, the essence of Sanders’s argument that Mays’s initial

statement to the police was not reliable is her untreated schizophrenia.

Evid.R. 601(A) provides that every person is competent to be a witness except as

otherwise provided in these rules. The argument that Mays’s testimony included

“bizarre comments” indicative of schizophrenia does not on its own indicate that

either her 2019 statements to the police or her trial testimony was unreliable.

Moreover, Sanders has not shown that admission of this testimony constituted an

abuse of discretion. Therefore, Sanders’s first assignment of error is overruled.

II. Flores’s Testimony

               Sanders’s second, third, and fourth assignments of error all concern

the Flores testimony. For ease of discussion, we will address them together. Sanders

argues that the trial court erred by permitting Flores to testify in general, permitting

him to assert a Fifth Amendment privilege claim, and admitting his voir dire

testimony after he asserted privilege.

      A. Discovery Violation

               Sanders’s initial argument is that because the state committed a

discovery violation by failing to disclose Flores as a witness until midway through

trial. According to Sanders, the state knew, or should have known, about Flores’s
involvement in the case months before trial when they received surveillance video

evidence showing Flores. According to the state, none of their witnesses mentioned

that Flores was present in the apartment at the time of the shooting until McMillan

and Calhoun testified to that effect at trial.

               Crim.R. 16(I) provides that “each party shall provide to opposing

counsel a written witness list, including names and addresses of any witness it

intends to call in its case-in-chief, or reasonably anticipates calling in rebuttal or

surrebuttal.” Crim.R. 16(L)(1) provides that where a trial court has determined that

a party has committed a discovery violation, “the court may order such party to

permit the discovery or inspection, grant a continuance, or prohibit the party from

introducing in evidence the material not disclosed, or it may make such other order

as it deems just under the circumstances.”

               While a trial court has broad discretion in regulating discovery and

determining a discovery violation, the court must impose the least severe sanction

consistent with the purpose of the rules of discovery when it determines that a

discovery violation has occurred. State v. Brown, 2019-Ohio-1235, 134 N.E.3d 783,

¶ 86 (8th Dist.), citing State v. Darmond, 135 Ohio St. 3d 343, 2013-Ohio-966, 986
N.E.2d 971, ¶ 33, Lakewood v. Papadelis, 32 Ohio St. 3d 1, 511 N.E.2d 1138 (1987),

paragraph two of the syllabus, and State v. Rucker, 2018-Ohio-1832, 113 N.E.3d 81

¶ 20 (8th Dist.). Specifically, in determining the appropriate sanction, a trial court

must consider three factors: (1) whether the failure to disclose was a willful violation

of Crim.R. 16; (2) whether foreknowledge of the undisclosed material would have
benefitted the accused in preparation of a defense; and (3) whether the accused was

prejudiced. Id. at ¶ 87.

               Upon review of the record, it is not clear that the state willfully failed

to disclose Flores as a witness. While Sanders argues that the state knew, or should

have known, that Flores was present at Calhoun’s house the day of the shooting, this

argument is not supported by the record. According to Sanders, the state should

have known or ascertained the identity of an unidentified individual walking down

the street near Calhoun’s apartment and determined that this individual was present

at the shooting.    We cannot conclude that what may have been a failure to

thoroughly investigate the identity of an additional witness was a willful discovery

violation.

               Moreover, it is not clear from the record that foreknowledge of the

state’s intention to call Flores as a witness would have benefitted Sanders, or that he

was prejudiced by the late disclosure. Although Sanders argues that defense counsel

was surprised by the late disclosure, the record reflects that the video footage he

argues should have alerted the state to Flores’s value as a witness was turned over

to Sanders’s defense in December 2018. Further, the record reflects that through

interviewing witnesses in the case before trial, defense counsel learned that an

individual named Robert was at Calhoun’s apartment prior to the shooting. Defense

counsel also had photos of Flores marked as exhibits in preparation for trial. All of

this indicates that foreknowledge of the state’s intention to call Flores as a witness

would not have significantly benefitted the preparation of Sanders’s defense.
               Similarly, Sanders has not sufficiently shown that he was somehow

prejudiced by the late disclosure. In addition to the foregoing, we note that Flores’s

version of events largely mirrored that of other witnesses, such as Calhoun and

McMillan. A defendant is not prejudiced when an undisclosed witness’s testimony

is cumulative to what has already been testified or does not come as a surprise to the

defense. Brown, 2019-Ohio-1235, 134 N.E.3d 783, at ¶ 87, citing State v. Thomas,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 81393, 2003-Ohio-2648, ¶ 12.

               Finally, we note that in response to the late disclosure, the court

provided defense counsel an opportunity to examine Flores outside of the presence

of the jury. Even if the state committed a discovery violation, this remedy was

appropriate. Because the trial court did not commit an abuse of discretion in

allowing Flores to testify, Sanders’s second assignment of error is overruled.

      B. Flores’s Fifth Amendment Privilege

               In his third assignment of error, Sanders argues that the trial court

erred when it permitted Flores to assert a Fifth Amendment privilege claim without

conducting a further inquiry into the validity of the claim. The privilege against self-

incrimination is accorded liberal construction in favor the right it was intended to

secure. State v. Arnold, 147 Ohio St. 3d 138, 2016-Ohio-1595, 62 N.E.3d 153, ¶ 31,

citing Counselman v. Hitchcock, 142 U.S. 547, 562, 12 S. Ct. 195, 35 L. Ed. 1110

(1892), overruled in part on other grounds, Kastigar v. United States, 406 U.S. 441,

92 S. Ct. 1653, 32 L. Ed. 2d 212 (1972).
                 Further, this court and the Ohio Supreme Court have repeatedly held

that an appellant lacks standing to challenge the trial court’s actions regarding

another person’s assertion of his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-

incrimination because that privilege is personal in nature. Arnold at ¶ 35; State v.

Worley, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103105, 2017-Ohio-649, ¶ 10, citing State v. Ramjit,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 77337, 2001 Ohio App. LEXIS 562 (Feb. 15, 2001). Because

Sanders does not have standing to challenge the trial court’s determination

regarding a witness’s Fifth Amendment privilege, his third assignment of error is

overruled.

      C. Admission of Flores’s Voir Dire Testimony

                 In Sanders’s fourth assignment of error, he argues that, upon

determining that Flores was an unavailable witness pursuant to Evid.R. 804(A)

based on the invocation of his Fifth Amendment privilege, the trial court erred in

admitting Flores’s former testimony pursuant to Evid.R. 804(B)(1).

                 Evid.R. 804(A)(1) provides that a witness may be deemed unavailable

when they are “exempted by ruling of the court on the ground of privilege from

testifying concerning the subject matter of the declarant’s statement.” Likewise,

Evid.R. 804(B) provides that certain forms of testimony are not excluded by the

hearsay rule if the declarant is unavailable as a witness.              Specifically,

Evid.R. 804(B)(1) provides that former testimony is not excluded, defining “former

testimony” as:

      Testimony given as a witness at another hearing of the same or a
      different proceeding, or in a deposition taken in compliance with law
      in the course of the same or another proceeding, if the party against
      whom the testimony is not offered * * * had an opportunity and similar
      motive to develop the testimony by direct, cross, or redirect
      examination. Testimony given at a preliminary hearing must satisfy
      the right to confrontation and exhibit indicia of reliability.

Sanders argues that because the former testimony in question here was the result of

a voir dire of Flores. Therefore, he argues that he did not have the motive to develop

the testimony on cross-examination.

              We reiterate that because the trial court has broad discretion to admit

or exclude evidence, its evidentiary decisions will not be disturbed on appeal absent

an abuse of discretion and a showing of material prejudice. State v. Ortiz-Vega, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107694, 2019-Ohio-2918, ¶ 52, citing State v. Hart, 2018-Ohio-

3272, 118 N.E.3d 454, ¶ 28 (8th Dist.), citing State v. Noling, 98 Ohio St. 3d 44,

2002-Ohio-7044, 781 N.E.2d 88, ¶ 43.

              Sanders does not dispute that he had the opportunity to question

Flores in a prior proceeding before he was declared unavailable. According to

Sanders, though, the purpose of questioning Flores during that prior proceeding was

merely to achieve a basic understanding of his testimony before he testified in the

presence of the jury. Sanders argues that the cross-examination of Flores was brief

and cursory, and there was much more about which he could have been questioned.

Finally, Sanders argues that Flores’s former testimony was not reliable.

              Although we acknowledge that the initial cross-examination of Flores

was brief, the relevant inquiry is not whether defense counsel effectively cross-

examined the witness, but whether they had an opportunity to do so. State v.
Howard, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19413, 2003-Ohio-3235, ¶ 33, citing State v.

Madison, 64 Ohio St. 2d 322, 331, 415 N.E.2d 272 (1980). Here, the record reflects

that defense counsel was provided an adequate opportunity to cross-examine

Flores. Moreover, as discussed above, the substance of Flores’s testimony regarding

the shooting was largely cumulative. As to Sanders’s argument that Flores’s former

testimony was not reliable, he supports this argument by reiterating that it was

elicited by a cursory cross-examination. It is unclear how the length or intensity of

questioning has any bearing on the reliability of the corresponding testimony. The

fact that defense counsel did not question Flores as to particular details about the

incident does not render his testimony in response to questions they did ask

unreliable. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting

Flores’s former testimony into evidence. Sanders’s fourth assignment of error is

overruled.

III. Manifest Weight of the Evidence

              In his fifth assignment of error, Sanders argues that his conviction is

against the manifest weight of the evidence. Specifically, Sanders argues that there

was no indication from the evidence that Sanders was assaulting Mitchell, or

committing a separate felony, when the gun went off. Therefore, Sanders argues

that he should not have been convicted of involuntary manslaughter under

R.C. 2903.04(A), which provides that “no person shall cause the death of another or

the unlawful termination of another’s pregnancy as a proximate result of the

offender’s committing or attempting to commit a felony.” Sanders also argues that
he should not have been convicted of having weapons while under disability because

the gun he allegedly used to shoot Mitchell was never recovered.

              A manifest weight challenge attacks the quality of the evidence and

questions whether the state met its burden of persuasion at trial. State v. Hill, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99819, 2014-Ohio-387, ¶ 25, citing State v. Bowden, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 92266, 2009-Ohio-3598, ¶ 13. When reviewing a manifest weight

challenge, a court reviews the entire record, weighing all evidence and reasonable

inferences and considering the credibility of the witnesses, to determine whether the

trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice

that the conviction must be reversed. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St. 3d 380, 387,

678 N.E.2d 541 (1997).

              The record contains testimony from multiple witnesses that not only

were Sanders and Mitchell arguing immediately prior to the shooting, but that they

were engaged in a physical struggle that was initiated by Sanders. Further, the

record contains evidence indicating that Mitchell was shot at close range, and

surveillance footage showing Sanders outside of Calhoun’s apartment immediately

prior to McMillan calling 911 to report the shooting. All of this evidence supports

the jury’s finding that Sanders caused Mitchell’s death when he shot her during a

struggle that amounted to felonious assault.

              With respect to Sanders’s conviction for having weapons while under

disability, the record contains testimony from McMillan that she saw Sanders with

a small gun almost immediately prior to the shooting. Testimony from Watkins that
he had previously seen Sanders with a small gun corroborates McMillan’s testimony.

Further, as discussed above, the evidence shows that Mitchell was shot at some point

during her struggle with Sanders, and the record contains no evidence that anyone

else was in the room at the time, let alone anyone carrying a weapon. Ohio courts

have consistently held that a defendant may be convicted solely on the basis of

circumstantial evidence. State v. Nicely, 39 Ohio St. 3d 147, 151, 529 N.E.2d 1236

(1988), citing State v. Kulig 37 Ohio St. 3d 157, 309 N.E.2d 897 (1974).

Circumstantial evidence is equally probative as direct evidence. Id., citing State v.

Griffin, 13 Ohio App. 3d 376, 377, 469 N.E.2d 1329 (1st Dist.1979). Here, there is

ample evidence in the record supporting Sanders’s conviction for having weapons

while under disability.

               Therefore, we do not find that this is the exceptional case in which the

jury lost its way. Sanders’s convictions are not against the manifest weight of the

evidence, and his fifth assignment of error is overruled.

IV. Sufficiency of the Evidence

               In his sixth and final assignment of error, Sanders argues that his

convictions were not supported by sufficient evidence. Sanders does not set forth

an independent basis for this assignment of error and instead refers to the reasons

set forth in his fifth assignment of error.

               App.R. 16(A) requires a party to separately argue each assignment of

error.   Pursuant to App.R. 12(A)(2), an appellate court may disregard any
assignment of error, or portion thereof, if the appellant fails to make a separate

argument. State v. Wells, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98388, 2013-Ohio-3722, ¶ 55.

               “Sufficiency” and “manifest weight” challenges present two distinct

legal concepts. Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St. 3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, 972
N.E.2d 517, ¶ 23. Unlike a manifest weight challenge, the test for sufficiency requires

a determination of whether the prosecution met its burden of production at trial.

Bowden, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92266, 2009-Ohio-3598, at ¶ 12. The relevant

inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the

crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St. 3d at 386, 678
N.E.2d 541. In light of our analysis in the foregoing assignment of error, we cannot

conclude that Sanders’s convictions were not supported by sufficient evidence.

Therefore, Sanders’s sixth assignment of error is overruled.

               Judgment affirmed.

      It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the

common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.            The defendant’s

conviction having been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated. Case

remanded to the trial court for execution of sentence.
      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

RAYMOND C. HEADEN, JUDGE

PATRICIA ANN BLACKMON, P.J., and
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J., CONCUR