Court Opinion

ID: 9941272
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-16 14:09:23.970128+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:46:28.792226
License: Public Domain

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
02/16/2024 08:09 AM CST

                                                         - 951 -
                               Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                                        315 Nebraska Reports
                                                   STATE V. MILLER
                                                   Cite as 315 Neb. 951

                                        State of Nebraska, appellee, v.
                                         Jordon J. Miller, appellant.
                                                     ___ N.W.2d ___

                                         Filed February 16, 2024.   No. S-23-124.

                 1. Pleas: Courts. A trial court has discretion to allow defendants to with-
                    draw their guilty or no contest pleas before sentencing.
                 2. Pleas: Appeal and Error. An appellate court will not disturb the trial
                    court’s ruling on a presentencing motion to withdraw a guilty or no con-
                    test plea absent an abuse of discretion.
                 3. Effectiveness of Counsel: Constitutional Law: Statutes: Records:
                    Appeal and Error. Whether a claim of ineffective assistance of trial
                    counsel can be determined on direct appeal presents a question of law,
                    which turns upon the sufficiency of the record to address the claim
                    without an evidentiary hearing or whether the claim rests solely on the
                    interpretation of a statute or constitutional requirement.
                 4. Effectiveness of Counsel: Appeal and Error. In reviewing a claim
                    of ineffective assistance of trial counsel on direct appeal, an appellate
                    court determines as a matter of law whether the record conclusively
                    shows that (1) a defense counsel’s performance was deficient or (2)
                    a defend­ant was or was not prejudiced by a defense counsel’s alleged
                    deficient performance.
                 5. Sentences: Appeal and Error. A sentence imposed within statutory
                    limits will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion by
                    the trial court.
                 6. ____: ____. An abuse of discretion takes place when the sentencing
                    court’s reasons or rulings are clearly untenable and unfairly deprive a
                    litigant of a substantial right and a just result.
                 7. Pleas. When a defendant moves to withdraw his or her plea before
                    sentencing, a court, in its discretion, may sustain the motion for any fair
                    and just reason, provided that such withdrawal would not substantially
                    prejudice the prosecution.
                                    - 952 -
            Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                     315 Nebraska Reports
                              STATE V. MILLER
                              Cite as 315 Neb. 951

 8. Pleas: Proof. A defendant moving to withdraw his or her plea before
    sentencing has the burden to show the grounds for withdrawal by clear
    and convincing evidence.
 9. Pleas. A defendant’s change of mind alone is not a fair and just reason
    to withdraw a guilty or no contest plea.
10. Effectiveness of Counsel: Postconviction: Records: Appeal and
    Error. When a defendant’s trial counsel is different from his or her
    counsel on direct appeal, the defendant must raise on direct appeal any
    issue of trial counsel’s ineffective performance which is known to the
    defendant or is apparent from the record; otherwise, the issue will be
    procedurally barred in a subsequent postconviction proceeding.
11. ____: ____: ____: ____. An ineffective assistance of counsel claim is
    raised on direct appeal when the claim alleges deficient performance
    with enough particularity for (1) an appellate court to make a determina-
    tion of whether the claim can be decided upon the trial record and (2)
    a district court later reviewing a petition for postconviction relief to
    recognize whether the claim was brought before the appellate court.
12. Effectiveness of Counsel: Proof: Appeal and Error. When a claim of
    ineffective assistance of counsel is raised in a direct appeal, the appel-
    lant is not required to allege prejudice; however, an appellant must make
    specific allegations of the conduct that he or she claims constitutes defi-
    cient performance by trial counsel.
13. Effectiveness of Counsel: Records: Appeal and Error. Once raised, an
    appellate court will determine whether the record on appeal is sufficient
    to review the merits of the ineffective performance claims. The record
    is sufficient if it establishes either that trial counsel’s performance was
    not deficient, that the appellant will not be able to establish prejudice as
    a matter of law, or that trial counsel’s actions could not be justified as a
    part of any plausible trial strategy.
14. Effectiveness of Counsel: Proof. To prevail on a claim of ineffective
    assistance of counsel under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
    104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984), the defendant must show that
    counsel’s performance was deficient and that this deficient performance
    actually prejudiced the defendant’s defense.
15. ____: ____. To show that counsel’s performance was deficient, the
    defendant must show counsel’s performance did not equal that of a law-
    yer with ordinary training and skill in criminal law.
16. ____: ____. To show prejudice from counsel’s deficient performance,
    the defendant must demonstrate a reasonable probability that but for
    counsel’s deficient performance, the result of the proceeding would have
    been different.
                                    - 953 -
            Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                     315 Nebraska Reports
                              STATE V. MILLER
                              Cite as 315 Neb. 951

17. Convictions: Effectiveness of Counsel: Pleas: Proof. When a convic-
    tion is based upon a plea of no contest, the prejudice requirement for an
    ineffective assistance of counsel claim is satisfied if the defendant shows
    a reasonable probability that but for the errors of counsel, the defendant
    would have insisted on going to trial rather than pleading no contest.
18. Effectiveness of Counsel. The viability of any defense goes to the
    likelihood of whether a rational defendant would have insisted on going
    to trial.
19. Double Jeopardy: Speedy Trial: Indictments and Informations.
    When an amended information is filed, the relevant question for statu-
    tory speedy trial purposes under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-1207 (Reissue
    2016) is whether any count charged in the amended information is
    the same “offense” charged in the original information (and therefore
    whether the speedy trial clock should run from the filing of the origi-
    nal information) or whether it is a new “offense” charged for the first
    time in the amended information (and therefore whether the speedy
    trial clock should run from the filing of the amended information).
    The question whether a count in an amended information is a new
    “offense” should be determined based on principles applied to deter-
    mine whether it would violate double jeopardy if a new prosecution on
    the count were commenced after completion of the prosecution for a
    count charged in the original information.
20. Double Jeopardy. The Double Jeopardy Clauses of the U.S. and
    Nebraska Constitutions are coextensive and protect against three distinct
    abuses: (1) a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal,
    (2) a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction, and (3)
    multiple punishments for the same offense.
21. Double Jeopardy: Statutes: Proof. Where the same act or transaction
    constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the test to be
    applied to determine whether, for double jeopardy purposes, there are
    two offenses or only one, is whether each provision requires proof of a
    fact which the other does not.
22. Sentences. When imposing a sentence, a sentencing judge should con-
    sider the defendant’s (1) age, (2) mentality, (3) education and experi-
    ence, (4) social and cultural background, (5) past criminal record or
    record of law-abiding conduct, (6) motivation for the offense, as well as
    (7) the nature of the offense, and (8) the amount of violence involved in
    the commission of the crime.
23. ____. The sentencing court is not limited to any mathematically applied
    set of factors, but the appropriateness of the sentence is necessarily a
    subjective judgment that includes the sentencing judge’s observations
                                - 954 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  315 Nebraska Reports
                          STATE V. MILLER
                          Cite as 315 Neb. 951

   of the defendant’s demeanor and attitude and all the facts and circum-
   stances surrounding the defendant’s life.

   Appeal from the District Court for Douglas County: Peter
C. Bataillon, Judge. Affirmed.
  Gregory A. Pivovar for appellant.
  Michael T. Hilgers, Attorney General, and Teryn Blessin for
appellee.
  Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.
   Miller-Lerman, J.
                      NATURE OF CASE
   Jordon J. Miller appeals his plea-based conviction and sen-
tence in the district court for Douglas County for second
degree murder. Miller generally claims that the district court
erred when it overruled his motion to withdraw his plea, that
his statutory right to a speedy trial was violated, and that the
court imposed an excessive sentence. He also contends that he
was provided ineffective assistance of trial counsel in various
respects. We affirm Miller’s conviction and sentence.
                   STATEMENT OF FACTS
   On May 6, 2020, the State filed an information charging
Miller with one count of criminal conspiracy to promote or
facilitate the commission of the felony of discharging a firearm
at an occupied motor vehicle. The charge against Miller arose
from an incident that occurred on March 9 after a codefendant
fired shots from an address in Omaha, Nebraska, at a pass-
ing black Dodge Dart occupied by Jade Lea. Miller and other
codefendants entered a black Jeep that had just pulled up to the
address in a hurried fashion. The Jeep took off in pursuit of
the Dart. After the Jeep caught up to the Dart, shots were fired
from the Jeep toward the Dart. Lea suffered a gunshot wound,
and he later died from the injury.
                              - 955 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  315 Nebraska Reports
                        STATE V. MILLER
                        Cite as 315 Neb. 951

   On May 20, 2020, Miller filed a plea in abatement request-
ing dismissal of the information on the basis that the State
adduced insufficient evidence at the preliminary hearing to
show probable cause to support the charge. After a hearing, on
September 24, the court overruled Miller’s plea in abatement.
On November 30, Miller filed a motion for a bill of particulars,
and the court overruled the motion on December 17.
   The district court held a status hearing on January 29, 2021,
to set the matter for a jury trial. At the hearing, the State’s
attorney stated that he had taken “a look at our speedy trial
clock” and noted “a number of motions by the defense,”
specifically, the plea in abatement and the motion for a bill
of particulars. The State’s attorney asserted that his calcula-
tions showed that “we have about two and a half months
left of speedy trial.” The State’s attorney stated that he had
not “looked at that number exactly” and that it was a “rough
calculation.” The State’s attorney then noted that although
the current information charged only a criminal conspiracy,
“[t]he State has the intention to file murder in the first degree
and use charges,” and the State’s attorney therefore estimated
that it would “take about a week to try this case” as a first
degree murder.
   In response, Miller’s counsel stated that “given the State’s
intention to amend the information” from a conspiracy charge
to premeditated murder and firearm charges, it was premature
to schedule the case for trial. Miler’s counsel stated that if the
State amended the information, Miller intended to request a
preliminary hearing, as well as file pretrial motions and con-
duct additional discovery related to the new charges in the
amended information. Miller’s counsel noted that there would
likely be new discovery materials related to potential testi-
mony of alleged coconspirators and that the “defense would
need to analyze and investigate those materials.”
   The district court responded that “the clock’s still running”
and that “we’ve got to have a trial.” The court therefore
                              - 956 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  315 Nebraska Reports
                        STATE V. MILLER
                        Cite as 315 Neb. 951

stated that it would set a jury trial for April 5, 2021. Miller’s
counsel inquired whether the court was setting a trial on the
current information rather than on the expected amended
information. The court stated that it was “setting this for trial
whatever it may be” and that “even if [the State] files an
amended information putting it at first degree murder, if there
are no motions thereafter the clock still runs.” Miller’s coun-
sel asked whether the court would be “willing to entertain
defense motions that relate to pretrial litigation as well as the
likely need to continue the April 5th trial date” in the event
the State filed an amended information. The court stated that
if Miller “want[ed] to file some type of motion,” the court
would change the trial date but that “until a motion is filed,
it’s set for trial April 5th.” The hearing concluded, and the
court filed an order setting a jury trial for April 5.
    The State filed an amended information on February 26,
2021. The State again charged the count of criminal conspiracy
and added charges of first degree murder based on a theory of
deliberate and premeditated malice, discharging a firearm at
an occupied motor vehicle, and two counts of use of a deadly
weapon (firearm) to commit a felony.
    The court held a preliminary hearing on the amended
information on April 1, 2021. In support of the amended
information, the State presented testimony by a detective who
had investigated the shooting of Lea, which testimony supple-
mented testimony the detective had provided in support of the
original information. Regarding the new charges, the detec-
tive testified that investigators had obtained video surveil-
lance related to the incident, including video from the address
where Miller and his codefendants entered the Jeep and video
from the address where shots were fired from the Jeep at the
Dart. The detective testified that the videos showed that when
Miller and his codefendants entered the Jeep, “Miller entered
into the rear passenger seat behind the driver,” and that when,
less than 10 minutes later, shots were fired from the Jeep at
the Dart, the shooter’s position in the Jeep was “the driver’s
                              - 957 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  315 Nebraska Reports
                        STATE V. MILLER
                        Cite as 315 Neb. 951

side rear passenger.” The detective further testified that she
had interviewed one of Miller’s codefendants, Trevian Harris,
who identified Miller as the shooter. Harris told her that he
had given a gun to Miller and that “Miller then came out of
the window” and “up over the vehicle and fired at what ended
up being . . . Lea.”
   At the conclusion of the April 1, 2021, preliminary hear-
ing, the court ruled that probable cause was shown for each
count in the amended information, and it therefore stated that
the matter should be bound over for further hearings or for
trial. Miller’s counsel then made an oral motion to continue
the trial from the previously set date of April 5 “based on the
volume of materials that we received in this case and the cir-
cumstances surrounding the limitations that Douglas County
Corrections has placed on attorneys in terms of communica-
tion directly with clients, sharing media directly with clients,
and the restrictions that have impeded that.” Miller’s counsel
stated that the first available date that had been given that
would allow sufficient time to prepare was October 25. The
court questioned Miller’s counsel and then addressed Miller
directly and asked whether it was his request to continue the
trial until October 25. Miller replied that it was. The court
then asked Miller whether he understood that “this will take
the trial period out of the six-month period for a speedy pub-
lic trial,” and Miller replied that he did. Miller also stated in
response to questioning by the court that no one was forcing
or coercing him to request a continuance and that he believed
the continuance was in his best interests. The court granted
Miller’s request and continued the trial to October 25.
   At a hearing on October 19, 2021, the parties announced
that a plea agreement had been reached pursuant to which
the State would file an amended information charging Miller
with one count of second degree murder and Miller would
plead no contest to that charge. Prior to accepting Miller’s
plea, the court engaged in a colloquy with Miller regarding
his understanding of his constitutional rights. Miller generally
                             - 958 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  315 Nebraska Reports
                       STATE V. MILLER
                       Cite as 315 Neb. 951

indicated that he understood his rights and the nature of
the plea and that he wished to enter a plea of no contest.
However, after Miller responded affirmatively that he had
sufficient time to discuss the plea and his available defenses
with his attorney, the court asked Miller whether he was satis-
fied with his attorney and whether he believed that his attor-
ney had properly represented him throughout the case. Miller
responded, “No.” When the court asked Miller the reason
for his response, Miller stated, “Because I haven’t seen any
of my discovery,” and he specifically stated that he had not
seen the videos or “any statements made against” him. Miller
stated that “this stuff is coming fast” and that he was “really
getting rushed.” The court then told Miller that he did not
have to enter a plea that day, but “[i]f you don’t enter a plea
to the amended charge, the State of Nebraska can withdraw
the plea agreement and you would be proceeding to trial on
the original charges.” The court asked Miller what he wanted
to do, and Miller stated he wanted to “[p]lead no contest.”
Miller indicated in response to questioning by the court that
no one was forcing or coercing him to enter the plea and that
it was his voluntary act.
   The plea hearing continued with the State’s presentation of
a factual basis for the plea to second degree murder. After the
factual basis had been presented, the court again asked Miller
how he wanted to plead, and Miller replied, “Not guilty.” The
court responded that the plea of not guilty would conclude
the hearing and that “[w]e will proceed then with the trial on
Monday then.” The State’s attorney stated that the amended
information charging only second degree murder would be
withdrawn and that the State would add a new charge of pos-
session of a weapon by a prohibited person to the charges in
the first amended information.
   Miller’s counsel asked for and was granted a 5-minute
recess to speak with Miller outside the courtroom. After the
recess, Miller’s counsel stated Miller now wished to plead
no contest to the agreed-upon amended information charging
                              - 959 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  315 Nebraska Reports
                        STATE V. MILLER
                        Cite as 315 Neb. 951

second degree murder. The State stated that it was willing
to proceed with the plea agreement. The court asked Miller
whether he wished to withdraw his plea of not guilty, and
Miller responded that he did. The court stated to Miller that if
he entered a plea of no contest, the court would find him guilty
of the charge, but that if he did not enter a plea of no contest,
the court would “enter a plea of not guilty, . . . set this matter
for a jury trial, [and] start the jury trial on Monday,” with the
plea agreement being withdrawn. The court then asked Miller
how he plead to the amended charge of second degree murder,
and Miller responded, “No contest.” The court then stated its
findings, including that Miller’s “plea was made freely, know-
ingly and voluntarily” and that there was a factual basis for
the plea. The court accepted the plea and found Miller guilty
of the charge of second degree murder.
   On November 1, 2021, Miller filed a pro se motion to
withdraw his plea. A hearing was held on December 7 to con-
sider the motion and Miller’s motion to appoint new counsel.
Miller’s counsel appeared at the hearing and stated that he
and Miller had discussed the motions and the potential legal
risks of proceeding with the motions, but that Miller had
advised counsel that he wished to proceed with the motions
and to do so pro se. Miller’s counsel noted for the record that
he did not believe that it was in Miller’s best interests to pro-
ceed with the motions.
   The court then addressed Miller and asked him why he
should be allowed to withdraw his plea. Miller responded by
stating, as he had stated at the October 19, 2021, plea hear-
ing, that he had not been allowed to examine the discovery
evidence, including videos and statements made against him.
Miller stated that at the time of the October 19 hearing, he did
not know that it was his right to examine the discovery evi-
dence. The court asked Miller whether it would not be more
prudent for Miller to examine the discovery evidence before
he moved to withdraw his plea; the court explained that if
Miller withdrew his plea but later reviewed the evidence and
                              - 960 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  315 Nebraska Reports
                        STATE V. MILLER
                        Cite as 315 Neb. 951

decided it would be better to plead to the amended charge
of second degree murder, the State might not agree and
instead decide to go to trial on the various charges in the first
amended information. Miller generally replied that he could
not trust his counsel to provide the discovery evidence for
Miller to review.
   The court engaged with Miller’s counsel regarding the extent
of the discovery evidence Miller would need to review and the
time it would take for Miller to review it personally. During
this discussion, Miller’s counsel noted “barriers” that had been
put into place by the correctional facility “since approximately
March of 2020” in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and
that such barriers made it difficult for attorneys to convey
materials to clients in custody. The court brought the State’s
attorney into further discussion of this issue.
   The court addressed Miller and stated that he had a choice
to proceed with his motion to withdraw his plea that day but
that the court strongly suggested that Miller choose to wait
until he had a chance to review the discovery evidence before
deciding whether to proceed with the motion. Miller stated
that he wished to continue consideration of his motion to
a later date. After further discussion with Miller’s counsel,
the court ordered the motion continued until the next month
with the understanding that counsel would remain and assist
Miller’s review of the discovery evidence.
   The court thereafter granted continuances of Miller’s sen-
tencing to allow Miller to review the discovery evidence.
At a hearing on March 28, 2022, Miller’s counsel informed
the court that he and Miller had proceeded with, but not
yet completed, Miller’s review of the discovery evidence.
Miller’s counsel also informed the court that Miller wished to
withdraw his motion for appointment of new counsel and for
counsel to prepare an amended motion to withdraw his plea.
The court granted Miller leave to amend the motion to with-
draw his plea.
                              - 961 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  315 Nebraska Reports
                        STATE V. MILLER
                        Cite as 315 Neb. 951

   On July 7, 2022, Miller filed an amended motion to with-
draw plea prepared by counsel. In the amended motion, Miller
asserted two bases for withdrawal of the plea: (1) The cor-
rectional facility’s COVID-19 protocols had prevented Miller
from personally reviewing the discovery evidence and from
adequately preparing for trial, and (2) the prosecution failed
to disclose to Miller that it had reached a plea agreement with
one of his codefendants, Harris, and that it intended to have
Harris testify against Miller.
   At a hearing on the amended motion held on August 1,
2022, in addition to presenting other evidence in support of
the motion, Miller personally addressed the court to explain
why he entered the plea. Miller stated that on the day he
entered his plea he did not want to enter a plea because he
had not been able to review the discovery evidence. However,
Miller stated, after he raised that issue to the court in the
hearing, the court told him he “had probably about six days
until [he] had to be to trial” and he “knew that wasn’t enough
time.” Miller thought “it would be stupid . . . to go into this
trial” without having reviewed the discovery evidence, but
he knew that the discovery evidence was extensive and that
“there was no way for [him] to get through it.” Miller stated
that now that he had reviewed the discovery evidence, it was
clear that there was “evidence that proves [his] innocence”
and that it was evidence he had never been able to see before
he entered his plea because of the COVID-19 restrictions that
were in place. Miller stated that the only reason he entered a
plea of no contest was because, after taking the recess with
his counsel at the October 19, 2021, hearing, he felt it was the
only thing he could do “because it wouldn’t have been smart
for [him] to go to trial in five or six days when the county jail
still at that time was shut down” and he could not “come in
contact with [counsel] to go over these things.”
   After the hearing, on October 21, 2022, the court entered
an order overruling Miller’s amended motion to withdraw
his plea. The court found that Miller freely, knowingly, and
                              - 962 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  315 Nebraska Reports
                        STATE V. MILLER
                        Cite as 315 Neb. 951

voluntarily entered his plea of no contest to second degree
murder. The court reviewed the terms of the plea agreement,
which included the State’s dismissal of several charges. The
court determined that Miller’s “reasons for withdrawing his
plea of no contest [did] not rise to the level of granting his
request.” The court reasoned that Miller “knew what the cir-
cumstances of this crime were as his [sic] was in the vehicle
from which the shots came, which killed the victim in this
matter, and he is alleged to be the shooter.”
   Thereafter, the court granted Miller’s counsel’s motion to
withdraw as counsel, and Miller’s new counsel entered an
appearance. Miller’s new counsel moved for continuance of
Miller’s sentencing, and the court continued sentencing to
January 17, 2023. On that day, Miller’s new counsel filed a
second amended motion to withdraw the plea. In the second
amended motion, Miller resubmitted the arguments from his
first amended motion. Miller added allegations that during
the recess at the October 19, 2021, plea hearing, his original
counsel advised him that if he proceeded to trial, he would be
found guilty of all the charges in the first amended informa-
tion and the additional charge then being offered by the State.
Miller further alleged that his counsel told him he would
be sentenced to a mandatory life sentence without the pos-
sibility of parole. Miller continued, saying that the reason he
would receive a life sentence was because his counsel was
not prepared to go to trial and could not adequately prepare
for trial in 6 days and that therefore, Miller would be found
guilty. Miller stated that these facts were not presented by his
original counsel when his original counsel argued his first
amended motion to withdraw plea to the court on August
1, 2022.
   As noted, the court heard Miller’s second amended motion
to withdraw plea at the sentencing hearing on January 17,
2023. Miller’s new counsel stated, inter alia, that after the
hearing on Miller’s pro se motion to withdraw plea, Miller’s
original counsel had shown Miller some, but not all, of the
                              - 963 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  315 Nebraska Reports
                        STATE V. MILLER
                        Cite as 315 Neb. 951

evidence. Miller’s new counsel stated that the small amount of
discovery evidence Miller saw was enough for him to ask orig-
inal counsel to file the first amended motion to withdraw plea.
Miller’s new counsel asserted that to date, Miller had “seen
a smattering of the evidence, [and] he has determined from
the smattering that he has a defense, a viable defense in this
case.” In response, the State argued in part that Miller’s claims
regarding ineffective assistance of original counsel seemed
“more appropriately placed in a motion for postconviction
relief” than in a motion to withdraw his plea.
   After hearing further argument, the court overruled Miller’s
second amended motion to withdraw his plea. Before making
its ruling, the court first noted the felony charges that were
dismissed by the State pursuant to the plea agreement and the
potential sentences Miller might have received if convicted
of those charges. The court also noted the colloquy in which
it had engaged with Miller at the plea hearing to determine
whether Miller was freely, knowingly, and voluntarily enter-
ing his plea. The court stated that it did not know of “any
rule that the defendant has to review all the discovery” and
stated that instead it was “the responsibility of the attorney.”
The court stated that the facts as presented by the State in its
factual basis to support the plea to second degree murder were
not complicated. The court stated that it needed “to rely upon
the statements by the defendants when they enter their pleas”
and that Miller either “did or he didn’t do it,” that “he was in
the car or he wasn’t in the car,” and that “either he shot the
person or he didn’t shoot the person.” Based on this reasoning,
the court concluded that Miller’s second amended motion to
withdraw his plea should be overruled.
   Having overruled Miller’s motion to withdraw his plea,
the court proceeded to sentencing Miller for second degree
murder. Miller’s counsel stated that because Miller was main-
taining that he had a defense and should be allowed to with-
draw his plea, Miller’s ability to argue regarding sentencing
was “kind of handcuffed.” However, Miller’s counsel argued
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         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  315 Nebraska Reports
                        STATE V. MILLER
                        Cite as 315 Neb. 951

that the court should consider Miller’s “horrible youth” and
Miller’s limited criminal history as an adult. Miller’s counsel
also stated that Miller was sorry that the events underly-
ing this case had occurred but also noted that Miller had to
walk an “ethical tightrope” between showing he was taking
responsibility for his action but not admitting responsibility
for crime charged. Miller also spoke to the court and stated
that he was “sorry something like this happened.”
   In response, the State noted Miller’s criminal history,
including his juvenile history, and it noted that Miller’s earlier
felony conviction as an adult also involved a shooting. The
State encouraged the court to consider victim impact state-
ments submitted by Lea’s family and the results of testing
performed by probation.
   After hearing arguments from Miller and the State, the court
expressed condolences to the victim’s family and generally
commented on the social implications of violence such as that
involved in the present case. The court stated that based on
the evidence in this case, “this is a very serious matter,” and
that it therefore would sentence Miller to imprisonment for 65
years to life.
   Miller appeals his conviction and sentence.

                 ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   Miller claims that the district court erred when it overruled
his second amended motion to withdraw his plea. Related to
this claim, Miller claims that the State’s failure to allow him
to personally review the discovery evidence constituted pros-
ecutorial misconduct. He further claims that the district court
abused its discretion when it forced him to enter his plea at
the October 19, 2021, hearing by threatening that he would
have to go to trial in 6 days without having personally seen
the discovery evidence. Miller also claims that his statutory
right to a speedy trial was violated and that the district court
imposed an excessive sentence. Miller further claims that his
original counsel provided ineffective assistance when such
                               - 965 -
          Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                   315 Nebraska Reports
                         STATE V. MILLER
                         Cite as 315 Neb. 951

counsel (1) failed to request a continuance of the October
19, 2021, plea hearing to allow him to share the discovery
evidence with Miller and prepare a defense; (2) recommended
that Miller plead no contest to second degree murder when
Miller had not personally reviewed the discovery evidence;
(3) failed to fully comply with the district court’s order to
share all the discovery evidence with Miller; and (4) failed
to calculate the statutory time for speedy trial and to bring a
timely motion for absolute discharge on speedy trial grounds.

                    STANDARDS OF REVIEW
    [1,2] A trial court has discretion to allow defendants to with-
draw their guilty or no contest pleas before sentencing. State v.
Warner, 312 Neb. 116, 977 N.W.2d 904 (2022). An appellate
court will not disturb the trial court’s ruling on a presentencing
motion to withdraw a guilty or no contest plea absent an abuse
of discretion. Id.
    [3,4] Whether a claim of ineffective assistance of trial
counsel can be determined on direct appeal presents a ques-
tion of law, which turns upon the sufficiency of the record to
address the claim without an evidentiary hearing or whether
the claim rests solely on the interpretation of a statute or
constitutional requirement. State v. Warner, supra. In review-
ing a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel on direct
appeal, an appellate court determines as a matter of law
whether the record conclusively shows that (1) a defense
counsel’s performance was deficient or (2) a defendant was
or was not prejudiced by a defense counsel’s alleged deficient
performance. Id.
    [5,6] A sentence imposed within statutory limits will not be
disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion by the trial
court. State v. Earnest, ante p. 527, 997 N.W.2d 589 (2023).
An abuse of discretion takes place when the sentencing court’s
reasons or rulings are clearly untenable and unfairly deprive a
litigant of a substantial right and a just result. Id.
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                        STATE V. MILLER
                        Cite as 315 Neb. 951

                            ANALYSIS
District Did Not Abuse Its Discretion
When It Overruled Miller’s Motion
to Withdraw His Plea.
   Miller first claims that the district court erred when it over-
ruled his second amended motion to withdraw his plea. In
the absence of evidence of attorney-client communications
and the theory of Miller’s alleged defense, we conclude that
based on the record before it, the district court did not abuse
its discretion.
   Miller claims that the State’s failure to allow him to person-
ally review the discovery evidence constituted prosecutorial
misconduct and that this contributed to the district court’s
alleged abuse of discretion when the court forced him to enter
his plea at the October 19, 2021, hearing by threatening that he
would have to go to trial in 6 days without having personally
seen the discovery evidence. Miller’s claim of prosecutorial
misconduct in the nature of limiting his access to investiga-
tive materials was not explicitly presented to or ruled on by
the district court. We therefore do not consider it as a separate
claim of error, but, instead, we read it as part of Miller’s claim
that he should have been allowed to withdraw his plea and we
analyze it in that context.
   Concerning the withdrawal of plea, Miller claims that the
district court forced him to enter his plea when it threatened
him that he would go to trial the next week. We do not read
the district court’s comments at the plea hearing as threats;
rather, it was stating the consequences of Miller’s decision to
plead or not to plead. The validity of Miller’s plea is consid-
ered below in connection with the district court’s consider-
ation of whether Miller had a fair and just reason to withdraw
the plea.
   [7,8] The right to withdraw a plea previously entered is
not absolute. State v. Warner, 312 Neb. 116, 977 N.W.2d 904
(2022). When a defendant moves to withdraw his or her plea
before sentencing, a court, in its discretion, may sustain the
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                        STATE V. MILLER
                        Cite as 315 Neb. 951

motion for any fair and just reason, provided that such with-
drawal would not substantially prejudice the prosecution. Id.
The defendant has the burden to show the grounds for with-
drawal by clear and convincing evidence. Id.
   Miller filed three motions to withdraw his plea: a pro
se motion, a first amended motion prepared by his original
trial counsel, and a second amended motion prepared by his
replacement counsel. The district court granted Miller’s request
to continue consideration of his pro se motion, and the court
overruled the first amended motion. Miller’s assignment of
error on appeal relates to the second amended motion, which
the court also overruled.
   The reasons for withdrawal that Miller asserted in support of
the second amended motion repeated reasons he had asserted
in his earlier motions to the effect that he had not been able to
personally review the discovery evidence before he entered his
plea. Additionally, Miller asserted that he should be allowed
to withdraw his plea because he had entered the plea based
on deficient advice given to him by his original counsel and
that after having personally reviewed some, but not all, of
the evidence, he had determined that he had a viable defense
and that therefore, his original counsel’s advice was not in his
best interests.
   When it overruled Miller’s second amended motion, the
district court generally repeated the reasoning it had given
when it overruled his first amended motion. The court noted
the benefit Miller received because of the plea agreement, and
it also noted its colloquy with Miller at the plea hearing, which
convinced the court that he was freely, knowingly, and volun-
tarily entering his plea. The court stated that when accepting
Miller’s plea, it had to rely on the factual basis presented by
the State and that it had to rely on Miller’s statements at the
plea hearing because Miller would have personal knowledge of
whether the asserted factual basis was accurate.
   Miller’s stated reasons for withdrawing his plea were sup-
ported only by his own allegations. Without knowing the
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                       STATE V. MILLER
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contents of Miller’s communications with his original counsel,
the evidence that Miller alleged would provide him a defense,
or the specific defense Miller alleged he could assert, the
district court could not assess whether that purported defense
provided a fair and just reason to allow Miller to withdraw
his plea. Therefore, the court properly focused on the benefit
of the plea and Miller’s representations when he made his
plea. On appeal, the record does not provide us with any more
information regarding the alleged defense than that which was
before the district court.
   [9] Without a record to support Miller’s assertions that his
original counsel’s advice to enter a plea was not in Miller’s
best interests and that he had a viable defense, we can only
read Miller’s asserted reason to withdraw his plea as being
that he changed his mind about the plea. We have held that “a
defendant’s change of mind alone is not a fair and just reason
to withdraw a guilty or no contest plea,” and we reasoned that
“[i]f second thoughts alone could constitute a fair and just
reason to withdraw a plea, the requirement that a defendant
demonstrate a fair and just reason before being permitted to
withdraw a plea would be rendered completely hollow.” State
v. Warner, 312 Neb. 116, 126, 977 N.W.2d 904, 912 (2022).
Without more than Miller’s bare assertion that he had a viable
defense, Miller has not demonstrated a fair and just reason to
withdraw his plea.
   We conclude that based on the record before it, the district
court did not abuse its discretion when it overruled Miller’s
second amended motion to withdraw his plea. We reject this
assignment of error.

Miller’s Claims of Ineffective Assistance of
Counsel Related to Entry of Plea Cannot
Be Reviewed on Direct Appeal.
   Miller makes four claims of ineffective assistance of coun-
sel, three of which relate to the entry of his plea and with-
drawal of the plea that we consider in this section of our
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                        STATE V. MILLER
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analysis. These include claims that his original counsel pro-
vided ineffective assistance when such counsel (1) failed to
request a continuance of the October 19, 2021, plea hearing
to allow him to share the discovery evidence with Miller and
prepare a defense; (2) recommended that Miller plead no
contest to second degree murder when Miller had not person-
ally reviewed the discovery evidence; and (3) failed to fully
comply with the district court’s order to share all the discovery
evidence with Miller. We conclude that the record on direct
appeal is not sufficient to review these claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel.
   [10] On direct appeal, Miller has new counsel who is nei-
ther his original trial counsel nor the replacement counsel who
represented Miller in connection with the second amended
motion to withdraw his plea and at sentencing. When a
defendant’s trial counsel is different from his or her counsel
on direct appeal, the defendant must raise on direct appeal
any issue of trial counsel’s ineffective performance which is
known to the defendant or is apparent from the record; oth-
erwise, the issue will be procedurally barred in a subsequent
postconviction proceeding. State v. Dap, ante p. 466, 997
N.W.2d 363 (2023).
   [11,12] An ineffective assistance of counsel claim is raised
on direct appeal when the claim alleges deficient performance
with enough particularity for (1) an appellate court to make
a determination of whether the claim can be decided upon
the trial record and (2) a district court later reviewing a peti-
tion for postconviction relief to recognize whether the claim
was brought before the appellate court. Id. When a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel is raised in a direct appeal,
the appellant is not required to allege prejudice; however, an
appellant must make specific allegations of the conduct that
he or she claims constitutes deficient performance by trial
counsel. Id.
   [13] Once raised, an appellate court will determine whether
the record on appeal is sufficient to review the merits of the
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                        STATE V. MILLER
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ineffective performance claims. The record is sufficient if it
establishes either that trial counsel’s performance was not defi-
cient, that the appellant will not be able to establish prejudice
as a matter of law, or that trial counsel’s actions could not be
justified as a part of any plausible trial strategy. Id.
   [14-16] To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.
Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984), the defendant must show
that counsel’s performance was deficient and that this defi-
cient performance actually prejudiced the defendant’s defense.
State v. Dap, supra. To show that counsel’s performance was
deficient, the defendant must show counsel’s performance did
not equal that of a lawyer with ordinary training and skill in
criminal law. Id. To show prejudice from counsel’s deficient
performance, the defendant must demonstrate a reasonable
probability that but for counsel’s deficient performance, the
result of the proceeding would have been different. Id.
   [17,18] When a conviction is based upon a plea of no con-
test, the prejudice requirement for an ineffective assistance of
counsel claim is satisfied if the defendant shows a reasonable
probability that but for the errors of counsel, the defendant
would have insisted on going to trial rather than pleading
no contest. State v. Thomas, 311 Neb. 989, 977 N.W.2d 258
(2022). The viability of any defense goes to the likelihood of
whether a rational defendant would have insisted on going to
trial. State v. Jaeger, 311 Neb. 69, 970 N.W.2d 751 (2022).
   Applying these standards to Miller’s three claims related
to the entry of his plea, we determine that the record on
direct appeal is not sufficient to review these claims. Each
of the claims involves counsel’s advice, actions, or lack of
action relating to the entry of the plea and counsel’s alleged
failure to advise Miller accurately or completely regarding
the evidence against him. The record on direct appeal does
not contain evidence of the conversations between Miller
and his counsel, nor does it contain the evidence that Miller
asserts would have been helpful to his defense. Without such
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                        STATE V. MILLER
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evidence, the record does not inform us regarding the reason-
ing behind counsel’s advice to Miller or counsel’s actions or
lack of action regarding the plea. The record also does not
establish the evidence Miller asserts would have provided
him a defense and therefore does not allow us to assess the
viability of such defense and whether it provides a reasonable
probability that Miller would have insisted on going to trial
rather than entering the plea.
   We cannot conclusively determine on this record whether
counsel provided deficient performance or whether Miller was
prejudiced by the alleged deficient performance, and therefore,
the record is insufficient to review these claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel on direct appeal.

Miller’s Claim That Trial Counsel Provided Ineffective
Assistance When Counsel Failed to Move for
Absolute Discharge on Speedy Trial Grounds
Cannot Be Reviewed in Its Entirety
on Direct Appeal.
   Miller’s fourth claim of ineffective assistance of counsel
asserts that his original counsel provided ineffective assistance
when counsel failed to calculate the statutory time for speedy
trial and to bring a timely motion for absolute discharge on
speedy trial grounds. We conclude that the record on direct
appeal is not sufficient to review the entirety of this claim
but that the record shows that Miller cannot show deficient
performance regarding certain counts that were not subject to
discharge on speedy trial grounds.
   In addition to the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel
related to speedy trial, Miller separately claims that “speedy
trial was violated.” He does not and cannot claim that the dis-
trict court erred with respect to a speedy trial ruling because
no motion for absolute discharge on speedy trial grounds was
filed. We cannot find error on an issue that was not presented
to or ruled on by the district court, and therefore, we do not
consider this separate claim that “speedy trial was violated.”
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                       STATE V. MILLER
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However, because he has new counsel on appeal, Miller
can claim ineffective assistance of original trial counsel for
alleged failure to present the issue to the district court, and
we therefore consider the speedy trial issue in the context of
Miller’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.
   Regarding speedy trial, Miller argues that under the 6-month
speedy trial statute, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-1207 (Reissue 2016),
the last day that he should have been brought to trial was
March 25, 2021. Miller calculates this date by starting with
May 5, 2020, which he asserts was the date the original infor-
mation was filed. We note for completeness that the origi-
nal information charging Miller with one count of criminal
conspiracy was filed on May 6, 2020. Miller contends that,
without any time being excluded, the last day to bring him
to trial would have been November 5, 2020. Miller concedes
that two periods should be excluded: (1) the period from May
20, when he filed his plea in abatement, until September 24,
when the court denied his plea in abatement, a total of 123
days; and (2) the period from November 30, when he filed his
motion for a bill of particulars, until December 17, when the
court overruled the motion, a total of 17 days. Miller contends
that adding the total of 140 days to the 6-month period end-
ing November 5, 2020, results in a last date for trial of the
original conspiracy charge on March 25, 2021. Miller does
not refer to the significance of the amended information filed
February 26, 2021.
   Miller claims that he received ineffective assistance of
counsel because, inter alia, his trial counsel “did not examine
the issue of speedy trial and bring a motion fo[r] dismissal on
[s]peedy trial grounds.” Miller generally argues that counsel
should not have simply accepted the State’s calculation at the
January 29, 2021, pretrial hearing that there were still “about
two and a half months” left on the speedy trial clock. Miller
contends that counsel should have done an independent cal-
culation and that had he done so, he would have realized that
the time for trial would have run prior to the April 5 date
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                        STATE V. MILLER
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that the court set for trial at that hearing. He also asserts that
counsel should have filed a motion for absolute discharge at
or prior to the April 1 hearing rather than asking for a contin-
uance. We observe that, insofar as they relate to the original
information charging conspiracy, the record is consistent with
the dates Miller used in his calculation of the speedy trial
period, including the two excludable periods he identified and
concedes extended the time for trial.
   The State does not directly challenge the March 25, 2021,
end date asserted by Miller and instead argues that the record
refutes Miller’s claim related to speedy trial because Miller
waived his right to speedy trial at the April 1, 2021, hearing.
The State notes that at that hearing, after the court found prob-
able cause for the new charges added by the State in the first
amended information, Miller’s counsel requested, and the court
granted, a continuance from the April 5 date to October 25 to
allow Miller to prepare a defense to the new charges. The State
cites § 29-1207(4)(b), which provides in part: “A defendant is
deemed to have waived his or her right to speedy trial when
the period of delay resulting from a continuance granted at the
request of the defendant or his or her counsel extends the trial
date beyond the statutory six-month period.” The State also
cites our decision in State v. Mortensen, 287 Neb. 158, 165,
841 N.W.2d 393, 400 (2014), in which we stated that under
§ 29-1207(4)(b), “if a defendant requests a continuance that
moves a trial date which has been set within the statutory
6-month period to a date that is outside the 6-month period,
that request constitutes a permanent waiver of the statutory
speedy trial right.” (Emphasis supplied.)
   As noted, the State’s argument does not appear to address
the circumstance that at the January 29, 2021, hearing, the
court set a trial date for April 5, which, assuming Miller’s
calculation of March 25 as the last date for trial is correct,
was beyond the statutory 6-month period. If Miller’s calcula-
tion is correct, his request for a continuance at the April 1
hearing was a request to move a trial date already outside the
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                        STATE V. MILLER
                        Cite as 315 Neb. 951

6-month period to a later date outside the 6-month period.
Furthermore, the State’s argument does not explicitly address
Miller’s claim that counsel was ineffective for failing to
calculate the speedy trial period and failing to file a timely
motion for absolute discharge, which under Miller’s calcula-
tion should have been filed prior to the April 1 hearing at
which he requested the continuance.
   However, we note that the speedy trial calculation in this
case requires a determination of whether the same speedy trial
clock applies to each, some, or all of the charges in the opera-
tive information. Miller’s calculation of the speedy trial period
begins simply with the filing of the May 6, 2020, original
information and calculates the last day for trial as being March
25, 2021. The only charge that was set forth in the May 6,
2020, information was the conspiracy to discharge a firearm
charge. On February 26, 2021, the State filed an amended
information in which it alleged conspiracy and added charges
of first degree murder, discharging a firearm at an occupied
motor vehicle, and two counts of use of a deadly weapon (fire-
arm) to commit a felony. Resolution of the speedy trial issue
requires a determination of whether a new speedy trial clock
began for the new charges when the State added those charges
in the amended information. See, State v. Hettle, 288 Neb. 288,
848 N.W.2d 582 (2014); State v. Gibilisco, 279 Neb. 308, 778
N.W.2d 106 (2010).
   In State v. Hettle, supra, we addressed the application of the
speedy trial statute under circumstances where, as in the pres-
ent case, an amended information adds new charges but also
includes charges from the original information. We cited and
agreed with the reasoning of cases from other jurisdictions to
state the proposition that “the original and new charges run on
different speedy trial clocks, so long as the ‘new’ charge was
not one required to be joined with the original charges under
double jeopardy principles,” and that the “original charges
continue with the same speedy trial clock, while the new
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                        STATE V. MILLER
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charges begin with their own new speedy trial clock.” State v.
Hettle, 288 Neb. at 297, 298, 848 N.W.2d at 591-92.
   We elaborated on the reasoning for this proposition as being
that “as to the charges the government is not required to join
with the offenses previously charged, the government could
easily obtain a ‘fresh speedy trial clock’ by simply waiting
until completion of the prosecution for the original charges
and beginning a new prosecution of the additional charges.”
Id. at 298, 848 N.W.2d at 592. We further reasoned that
there was
      “no logical basis for concluding that, when the govern-
      ment chooses to add[,] in a superseding indictment[,]
      charges that it is not required to join with the charges
      contained in the original indictment, it must bring the
      defendant to trial on the added charges within the time
      period remaining on the speedy trial clock applicable to
      the charges contained in the original indictment.”
Id. (quoting U.S. v. Alford, 142 F.3d 825 (5th Cir. 1998)).
   We note that the cases we relied on in Hettle were largely
federal cases that were applying the federal speedy trial statute
and that were informed by federal statutes regarding joinder
in criminal cases. Nebraska’s statutes regarding speedy trial
and joinder differ from their federal counterparts. While the
federal cases speak in terms of an “original indictment” and
a “superseding indictment,” under Nebraska law it would be
more proper to refer to counts in the original information and
counts added to an amended information.
   [19] Nevertheless, in Hettle, we applied the reasoning from
the federal cases to our speedy trial statute, § 29-1207, which
generally provides that a “person indicted or informed against
for any offense shall be brought to trial within six months”
and that the “six-month period shall commence to run from
the date the indictment is returned or the information filed.”
When an amended information is filed, the relevant ques-
tion for statutory speedy trial purposes is whether any count
charged in the amended information is the same “offense”
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                        STATE V. MILLER
                        Cite as 315 Neb. 951

charged in the original information (and therefore whether
the speedy trial clock should run from the filing of the origi-
nal information) or whether it is a new “offense” charged
for the first time in the amended information (and therefore
whether the speedy trial clock should run from the filing of
the amended information). The reasoning we adopted in Hettle
was that the question whether a count in an amended informa-
tion is a new “offense” should be determined based on prin-
ciples we apply to determine whether it would violate double
jeopardy if a new prosecution on the count were commenced
after completion of the prosecution for a count charged in the
original information.
   The reasoning set forth in Hettle guides the procedure that
we use to determine in this case whether the new charges
added in the amended information are subject to the speedy
trial clock of the original information or to a new speedy
trial clock based on the filing of the amended information.
Because our reasoning in Hettle focuses on double jeopardy
principles, particularly those principles related to a subsequent
prosecution, we apply relevant double jeopardy principles to
determine that question.
   [20] We have recognized that the Double Jeopardy Clauses
of the U.S. and Nebraska Constitutions are coextensive and
protect against three distinct abuses: (1) a second prosecution
for the same offense after acquittal, (2) a second prosecution
for the same offense after conviction, and (3) multiple pun-
ishments for the same offense. State v. Lewis, 313 Neb. 879,
986 N.W.2d 739 (2023). In certain cases, new counts are not
the “same offense” for speedy trial purposes because they
arose from different incidents that occurred on different dates
from the counts alleged in the original information. See State
v. Gibilisco, 279 Neb. 308, 778 N.W.2d 106 (2010) (noting
that additional first degree sexual assault counts contained
in amended information, which State alleged occurred dur-
ing same timeframe and against same victim as was alleged
in original information, nevertheless constituted separate and
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                         Cite as 315 Neb. 951

distinct crimes and required State to present different evi-
dence to prove each crime, so speedy trial clock restarted
upon filing of amended information).
   [21] In the instant case, however, the four counts added in
the amended information were related to the same incident or
were committed simultaneously with the conspiracy alleged in
the original information. In Blockburger v. United States, 284
U.S. 299, 304, 52 S. Ct. 180, 76 L. Ed. 306 (1932), the U.S.
Supreme Court held that “where the same act or transaction
constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the
test to be applied to determine whether there are two offenses
or only one, is whether each provision requires proof of a fact
which the other does not.” See, State v. Lewis, supra; State v.
Smith, 294 Neb. 311, 883 N.W.2d 299 (2016). The question in
this case is whether, as to each of the new counts added in the
amended information, criminal conspiracy and the new charge
each require proof of a fact which the other does not.
   The State initially charged Miller on May 6, 2020, with
criminal conspiracy to commit the felony of discharging a
firearm at an occupied motor vehicle. Conspiracy was charged
as a violation of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-202 (Cum. Supp. 2022),
which provides in part:
         (1) A person shall be guilty of criminal conspiracy if,
      with intent to promote or facilitate the commission of
      a felony:
         (a) He agrees with one or more persons that they or one
      or more of them shall engage in or solicit the conduct or
      shall cause or solicit the result specified by the definition
      of the offense; and
         (b) He or another person with whom he conspired com-
      mits an overt act in pursuance of the conspiracy.
In the amended information filed on February 26, 2021, the
State added a charge of first degree murder, a charge of dis-
charging a firearm at an occupied motor vehicle, and two
charges of use of a deadly weapon (firearm) to commit a
felony, one related to each of the new charges.
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                         STATE V. MILLER
                         Cite as 315 Neb. 951

   Criminal conspiracy requires proof of an agreement with
one or more persons to engage in the commission of a felony
and an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy. None of the
new charges added in the amended information requires an
agreement with another person or persons, and therefore, crim-
inal conspiracy requires proof of a fact or element that each
of the new charges does not. Also, each of the new charges
requires proof of facts or elements beyond the requirement in
a conspiracy of committing an overt act toward the commis-
sion of a felony. A conviction for the substantive offense of
discharging a firearm at an occupied motor vehicle requires
proof that the defendant discharged the firearm, while criminal
conspiracy to commit that offense requires only proof of an
overt act toward commission of that offense. Similarly, first
degree murder requires proof of killing a person with deliber-
ate and premeditated malice, which are facts not required to
prove criminal conspiracy.
   Regarding the two counts of use of a deadly weapon, we
have stated that “the Blockburger test does not apply when
there is clear legislative intent regarding whether conduct
involves a single offense or multiple offenses.” State v. Ballew,
291 Neb. 577, 590, 867 N.W.2d 571, 582 (2015) (noting
Blockburger test is aid to statutory interpretation and is not
controlling where there is clear indication of legislative intent).
We have held that because Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-1205 (Reissue
2016) provides that use of a weapon to commit a felony “shall
be treated as separate and distinct offenses from the felony
being committed,” conviction for the offense and for the
underlying offense does not violate double jeopardy rights.
See State v. Mata, 273 Neb. 474, 730 N.W.2d 396 (2007).
Moreover, because the use charges are related to the two new
counts that we determined are not the same offense as the con-
spiracy charge, the use charges are also not the same offense
as conspiracy.
   In summary, conspiracy requires proof of a fact that none
of the new charges requires, and each of the new charges
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requires proof of a fact or facts that conspiracy does not.
Therefore, double jeopardy would not bar successive prosecu-
tion for any of the new charges, and under our reasoning in
State v. Hettle, 288 Neb. 288, 848 N.W.2d 582 (2014), a new
speedy trial clock applies to the four new counts that were
added to the amended information. That is, as compared to the
original conspiracy count, the four new counts run on “differ-
ent speedy trial clocks.” Id. at 297, 848 N.W.2d at 591.
   The speedy trial clock for the four new counts added in
the amended information began running on the date the dis-
trict court ruled that probable cause was shown for each of
the counts in the amended information, April 1, 2021. See
State v. Boslau, 258 Neb. 39, 601 N.W.2d 769 (1999). That
same day, Miller requested and was granted a continuance of
the April 5 date that had been set for trial on all charges so
that he could prepare for the four new charges. In request-
ing the continuance to a date in October, Miller knowingly
requested a continuance to a date outside the expiration of the
6-month statutory speedy trial clock that, as to the four new
counts, began running on April 1, and he therefore waived his
statutory speedy trial right as to those four counts. See State
v. Mortensen, 287 Neb. 158, 841 N.W.2d 393 (2014). Miller’s
trial counsel therefore was not ineffective for failing to file
a motion to discharge the four new counts because such a
motion would not have been successful in having those four
counts discharged.
   Under the Hettle analysis, however, the speedy trial clock
for the criminal conspiracy charge would continue to run
from the filing of the original information in May 2020,
even though the same charge was included in the amended
information. Assuming that Miller’s calculation of the speedy
trial clock for that charge is correct, we determine the last
day Miller could have been brought to trial on the charge
was March 25, 2021, and if Miller’s counsel had moved
for absolute discharge, that count presumably could have
been discharged.
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         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  315 Nebraska Reports
                        STATE V. MILLER
                        Cite as 315 Neb. 951

   Assuming without deciding that the conspiracy count could
have been discharged and that therefore, counsel’s perform­
ance was deficient for failing to move for discharge, under
the Strickland framework, we consider whether Miller can
show prejudice. Because Miller’s conviction for second degree
murder was based upon a plea of no contest, in order to show
prejudice, Miller needs to show a reasonable probability that
but for the errors of counsel, he would have insisted on going
to trial rather than pleading no contest. See State v. Thomas,
311 Neb. 989, 977 N.W.2d 258 (2022). Viewing Miller’s claim
of ineffective assistance of counsel relating to speedy trial in
isolation, we determine it appears unlikely Miller could show
a reasonable probability that if the conspiracy count had been
discharged, he would have insisted on going to trial on the
remaining four counts rather than pleading no contest to sec-
ond degree murder.
   However, as discussed above, Miller makes additional
claims of ineffective assistance of counsel relating to the
entry of his plea in which he generally asserts that counsel’s
advice to accept the plea agreement was in error. It is pos-
sible that Miller could show that such advice was in error and
that part of the reason the advice was in error was because
the conspiracy count could have been discharged. Because
discharge of the conspiracy count is potentially relevant to his
showing of prejudice related to his other claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel related to the plea, we cannot say on
this record on direct appeal that Miller cannot show preju-
dice related to his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel
for failing to move for discharge of the conspiracy count on
speedy trial grounds.
   In summary, we determine that to the extent Miller’s claim
of ineffective assistance of trial counsel related to speedy trial
concerns the four counts added in the amended information,
the record on direct appeal is sufficient to demonstrate that he
cannot show that counsel was ineffective for failing to move
for absolute discharge of those four counts. However, we
                              - 981 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  315 Nebraska Reports
                        STATE V. MILLER
                        Cite as 315 Neb. 951

determine that the record on appeal is not sufficient to review
the merits of the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel to
the extent it relates to discharge of the original criminal con-
spiracy count on speedy trial grounds.

The District Court Did Not Abuse Its
Discretion When It Sentenced Miller.
   Miller finally claims that the district court imposed an
excessive sentence. We determine that the district court did
not abuse its discretion in the sentence it imposed.
   Miller pled no contest to and was convicted of second degree
murder, a Class IB felony under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-304(2)
(Reissue 2016). A Class IB felony is punishable by a sentence
of imprisonment for a minimum of 20 years and a maximum
of life. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-105 (Cum. Supp. 2022). Therefore,
Miller’s sentence of imprisonment for 65 years to life was
within the statutory limits, and it will not be disturbed on
appeal absent an abuse of discretion.
   [22,23] When imposing a sentence, a sentencing judge
should consider the defendant’s (1) age, (2) mentality, (3)
education and experience, (4) social and cultural background,
(5) past criminal record or record of law-abiding conduct,
(6) motivation for the offense, as well as (7) the nature of
the offense, and (8) the amount of violence involved in the
commission of the crime. State v. Cooke, 311 Neb. 511, 973
N.W.2d 658 (2022). The sentencing court is not limited to
any mathematically applied set of factors, but the appropriate-
ness of the sentence is necessarily a subjective judgment that
includes the sentencing judge’s observations of the defend­
ant’s demeanor and attitude and all the facts and circum-
stances surrounding the defendant’s life. Id.
   Miller generally argues that the district court “should have
exercised more discretion in fashioning a sentence.” Brief for
appellant at 26. Miller reviews mitigating factors argued by
his counsel at the sentencing hearing, including his age and
background. He also notes that he expressed that he was sorry
                              - 982 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  315 Nebraska Reports
                        STATE V. MILLER
                        Cite as 315 Neb. 951

the victim had been shot, although he did not admit that he had
fired the shots. Miller contends that the evidence in this case
indicates that the shooting was done recklessly rather than in
a “thought out manner,” id., and he argues that this warrants a
shorter sentence of imprisonment within the range of 20 years
to life applicable to a Class IB felony.
   The district court’s comments at sentencing generally
focused on the nature of the offense and the loss of the victim’s
life. While the court did not discuss all the relevant factors or
the mitigating factors urged by Miller, we have “rejected the
notion that a sentencing court is required to articulate on the
record that it has considered each sentencing factor and to
make specific findings as to the facts that bear on each of those
factors.” State v. Earnest, ante p. 527, 534, 997 N.W.2d 589,
595 (2023).
   The State notes various factors, in addition to those spe-
cifically stated by the court, that were presented to the court in
the presentence investigation report and that support the sen-
tence imposed. Such factors include Miller’s criminal history,
which included numerous juvenile incidents and offenses as
an adult that involved firearms; various rules violations while
Miller was serving a prison sentence; and risk assessments
that showed Miller to be at a high or very high risk of recidi-
vism. The State also notes the benefit Miller received from
the plea agreement, pursuant to which several felony charges
were dismissed.
   We have considered the entire record, and considering all
the relevant factors, we cannot say the district court abused
its discretion when it sentenced Miller. There were factors in
the record to support the sentence, and there was no indication
that the court relied on irrelevant matters or based its sentence
on improper factors. The record provides a sound basis for
the sentence imposed, and we find no abuse of discretion. We
therefore conclude that the sentence was not excessive.
                              - 983 -
         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  315 Nebraska Reports
                        STATE V. MILLER
                        Cite as 315 Neb. 951

                         CONCLUSION
   We determine that the district court did not abuse its dis-
cretion when it overruled Miller’s second amended motion
to withdraw his plea. We further determine that the record on
direct appeal is not sufficient to consider Miller’s three claims
of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. We determine that
Miller’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel related to
absolute discharge on speedy trial grounds cannot be reviewed
based on the record on direct appeal to the extent the claim
involves the criminal conspiracy count, but we determine
that the record demonstrates that counsel’s failure to move
for discharge of the four new counts added in the amended
information was not deficient performance. We finally deter-
mine that the district court did not abuse its discretion in its
sentencing of Miller. We therefore affirm Miller’s conviction
and sentence.
                                                     Affirmed.