Court Opinion

ID: 4648805
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-01-04 17:00:21.83873+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:18.459023
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                             United States Court of Appeals
                                                                     Tenth Circuit

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS January 4, 2021
                                                                Christopher M. Wolpert
                                     TENTH CIRCUIT                  Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

        Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.                                                        No. 19-1055
                                               (D.C. No. 1:18-CR-00366-PAB-1)
JEREMY JAVAN WILSON,                                       (D. Colo.)

        Defendant - Appellant.

--------------------------------------------

THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER
FOR THE DISTRICTS OF COLORADO
AND WYOMING,

        Amicus Curiae.

                               ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before HOLMES, MATHESON, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.

       *
              This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 32.1 and 10th Circuit Rule 32.1. After examining the briefs and
appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would
not materially assist in the determination of this appeal. See F ED . R. A PP . P.
34(a)(2); 10 TH C IR . R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without
oral argument.
      Defendant-Appellant Jeremy Javan Wilson appeals his conviction of being

a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), and his

subsequent sentence of sixty-three months’ imprisonment. First, he challenges

the constitutional validity of his guilty plea, asserting that he was not advised of

the true nature of the charge. In this regard, Mr. Wilson claims that the district

court erred by accepting his guilty plea to the § 922(g)(1) offense without

advising him of a requisite offense element—specifically, that he must have

knowledge at the time of the firearm possession of his felon status, as the

Supreme Court required in Rehaif v. United States, --- U.S. ---, 139 S. Ct. 2191

(2019). Second, Mr. Wilson appeals his sentence of sixty-three months’

imprisonment on the grounds that it is procedurally and substantively

unreasonable. He argues that the district court failed to properly consider his

mental-health issues in its application of the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors and,

relatedly, did not adequately explain the basis for its sentencing decision.

      Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742, we

reject Mr. Wilson’s arguments and affirm the district court’s judgment.

                                          I

      On November 9, 2019, Mr. Wilson pleaded guilty to possession of a firearm

while a felon—a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). At the time he entered his

plea, the law of this circuit required the government to prove three elements to

                                          2
secure his conviction under § 922(g)(1): (1) that Mr. Wilson had previously been

convicted of a felony; (2) that Mr. Wilson thereafter knowingly possessed a

firearm or ammunition; and (3) that the possession was in or affecting interstate

commerce. See, e.g., United States v. Silva, 889 F.3d 704, 711 (10th Cir. 2018)

(citing United States v. Benford, 875 F.3d 1007, 1015 (10th Cir. 2017)).

      Consistent with then-extant law, Mr. Wilson admitted to the following

elements of § 922(g)(1) in his plea agreement:

             First: the Defendant knowingly possessed a firearm.

             Second: the Defendant was convicted of a felony, that is, a crime
             punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year,
             before he possessed the firearm; and

             Third: before the Defendant possessed the firearm, the firearm
             had moved at some time from one state to another.

R., Vol. I, at 25 (Plea Agreement, filed Nov. 9, 2018). The parties agreed to

recommend to the court a three-point reduction in the offense level for acceptance

of responsibility, and they agreed to request from the court a sentence of

sixty-three months’ imprisonment. In addition, the plea agreement stated, “[t]he

parties agree that there is no dispute as to the material elements which establish a

factual basis of the offense of conviction.” Id. at 26.

      At the change of plea hearing, Mr. Wilson detailed his mental-health and

medical history. He informed the court that he has been “diagnosed with PTSD

[i.e., Post Traumatic Stress Disorder], bipolar [disorder], [and] manic

                                          3
[depression].” Id., Vol. III, at 11 (Change of Plea Hr’g Tr., dated Nov. 9, 2018).

He also discussed a head injury that he suffered in 2009 and detailed the year in

which each mental-health-related diagnosis occurred. 1 The court then inquired

whether he had been taking psychiatric medications since being in custody and

about the presence of any ongoing mental-health and medical issues.

      While acknowledging the persistence of his depression, Mr. Wilson denied

taking any psychiatric medications. He also explained he was “able to focus on

[the plea agreement] without some of those [depressive] symptoms . . . interfering

with [his] ability to understand.” Id. at 13. When the court inquired as to

whether Mr. Wilson’s counsel observed signs of “Mr. Wilson not being able to

understand the nature of the proceedings due to what . . . could be some type of

psychiatric issue,” Mr. Wilson’s counsel definitively responded in the negative,

stating: “Never at all.” Id. at 15.

      Mr. Wilson entered his guilty plea, after testifying that he had read the

agreement, spoken with his counsel, and understood the charge. In accepting his

plea, the court found that Mr. Wilson is “alert, sober and competent . . . . that [he]

understands the charge that he has pled guilty to, including the nature,

circumstances, factual basis, and essential elements of the charge. . . . [and] that

      1
            Mr. Wilson’s diagnosis of PTSD was made in 2009 as a result of the
aforementioned head injury. The State Department of Corrections diagnosed him
as a manic depressant and having bipolar disorder in 2010.

                                          4
[he] has thoroughly discussed his Plea Agreement with his attorney.” Id. at 26.

And the court accepted Mr. Wilson’s plea and adjudged him guilty of the

§ 922(g)(1) offense.

      With a total offense level of seventeen and a criminal history category of

VI, the probation officer calculated Mr. Wilson’s advisory U.S. Sentencing

Guidelines range to be fifty-one to sixty-three months’ imprisonment. Id., Vol. II,

at 71 (Sent’g Recommendation, filed Jan. 23, 2019). In the Presentence

Investigation Report (“PSR”), 2 the probation officer noted, “the defendant knows

he is not permitted to be in possession of firearms, but continues to possess them,

even while under supervision.” Id. at 73. The probation officer also noted that

Mr. Wilson had a prior state-court conviction for possession of a weapon by a

previous offender, and while on parole, he committed the instant offense. Id. In

that prior case, Mr. Wilson “admitted to [an] undercover officer that he did not

like meeting at a public place to sell firearms due to being a convicted felon.” Id.

      Two addendums were included with the PSR prior to sentencing.

Particularly relevant to Mr. Wilson’s arguments on appeal is the second

addendum—a brief two-page document, filed shortly before sentencing, that

contained certain additional information regarding Mr. Wilson’s mental-health

      2
             In preparing the PSR, the probation officer used the 2018 edition of
the Guidelines to calculate the advisory Guidelines sentence. Mr. Wilson does
not challenge that decision on appeal. Therefore, we also refer to the 2018
edition, as needed, in resolving the sentencing issues in this appeal.

                                         5
history, including a “patient report” from Mr. Wilson’s admission to the

emergency room on May 5, 2010. Id., Vol. II, at 77 (Second Add. to PSR, filed

Jan. 30, 2019) (the “Second Addendum”). Apparently in connection with this

admission, Mr. Wilson was diagnosed as having a mood disorder (not otherwise

specified) and antisocial personality traits. The Second Addendum also

referenced records indicating that a physician at the halfway house where Mr.

Wilson resided had diagnosed him with bipolar disorder and PTSD. The Second

Addendum also mentioned Mr. Wilson had a Global Assessment of Function

(“GAF”) score of 45. 3

      At sentencing, the district court noted that the parties did not object to

either the sentencing recommendation or the PSR. The district court mentioned

the recent filing of the Second Addendum and commented that it did not appear to

have “anything material in it.” Id., Vol. III, at 33 (Sent’g Hr’g Tr., dated Feb. 1,

2019). Defense counsel agreed. Id. (“[Defense Counsel: The Second Addendum]

doesn’t materially affect anything I am going to say to the Court . . . .”); id.

(“[Defense Counsel: The Second Addendum] looks like it was just a little more of

an elaboration of what was summarized before.”).

      3
            The Second Addendum notes that “[t]he GAF scale is used to rate
how serious a mental illness may be[; i]t measures how much a person’s
symptoms affect his or her day-to-day life on a scale of 0 to 100.” R., Vol. II at
77 n.1. According to the Second Addendum, “[a] score of 45 indicates serious
symptoms or any serious impairment [of] day-to-day functioning.” Id.

                                           6
      The court then applied the statutory factors set forth in 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553(a). Without objection from the parties, the court adopted the factual

findings and Guidelines applications in the PSR as the court’s findings of fact

concerning sentencing. Id. at 42. The court then spoke about Mr. Wilson’s

background—describing his troubled upbringing, his “broken home,” and other

“tragedies” that he had suffered. Id. at 42–43. The court also noted his history of

head trauma and, in particular, the 2009 head injury. The court explained, “there

hasn’t been a great diagnosis of what potential effects [Mr. Wilson] might have

from some of these head injuries.” Id. at 43. As a result, the court “strongly

urge[d] Mr. Wilson, while he is in custody, to see whether he can get some

medical services related to figuring out whether there is any type of brain injury.”

Id. After discussing his criminal history, the court then sentenced Mr. Wilson to

sixty-three months’ imprisonment—consistent with Mr. Wilson’s request. Id. at

46.

       The district court entered judgment on February 5, 2019, and Mr. Wilson

filed a timely notice of appeal.

                                          II

      We now consider Mr. Wilson’s arguments on appeal. He first challenges

the constitutional validity of his guilty plea, asserting that he was not advised of

the true nature of the charge. In this regard, Mr. Wilson contends that the district

                                          7
court erred by accepting his guilty plea to the § 922(g)(1) charge because the

court failed to advise him of the requisite Rehaif element—that is, his knowledge

of his prohibited status, as a felon, at the time of the firearm possession.

Specifically, approximately four months after the district court entered its final

judgment, the Court in Rehaif held that to obtain a conviction “under 18 U.S.C. §

922(g) . . . the Government must prove both that the defendant knew he possessed

a firearm and that he knew he belonged to the relevant category of persons barred

from possessing a firearm.” Rehaif, 139 S. Ct. at 2200 (emphasis added). 4

      And, second, Mr. Wilson appeals his sentence of sixty-three months’

imprisonment on the grounds that it is procedurally and substantively

unreasonable. He argues that the district court failed to properly consider his

mental-health issues in its application of the § 3553(a) factors and, relatedly, that

it did not adequately explain the basis for his sentence. In particular, Mr. Wilson

asserts that his mental illnesses were only “superficially recognized by the court”

and that “the [c]ourt failed to address his diagnosis of head trauma and bipolar

      4
              Indeed, in Rehaif’s wake, we have ruled that the Court’s decision
“changed the established law such that, now, to secure a conviction under 18
U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), the Government must also prove that the defendant knew ‘he
had the relevant status’ as a felon when he possessed the firearm.” United States
v. Trujillo, 960 F.3d 1196, 1201 (10th Cir. 2020) (quoting Rehaif, 139 S Ct. at
2194); see also United States v. Fisher, 796 F. App’x 504, 510 (10th Cir. 2019)
(unpublished) (acknowledging that the government must now prove defendant
“knew he had the relevant status” (quoting Rehaif, 139 S. Ct. at 2194)).

                                           8
illness and PTSD.” Aplt.’s Opening Br. at 16. We consider Mr. Wilson’s two

challenges in turn.

                                       9
                                          A

      Mr. Wilson first attacks the validity of his conviction. Id. at 6. He

explains that “the United States Supreme Court [in Rehaif] has rendered a

decision . . . that changes the rules all have been playing by . . . with respect to

prosecuting felon in possession cases.” Id. And the district court erred by failing

to inform him of the element of his crime of conviction that Rehaif

announced—specifically, that he must possess knowledge that he was a felon

when he possessed the firearm. Mr. Wilson supports this argument by noting that

“[n]owhere in the Plea Agreement [that he signed] is any statement that [he] knew

he was such a prohibited person.” Id. at 9 (emphases omitted).

      To be sure, before Mr. Wilson entered his guilty plea, there is no record

evidence that he had been informed that a requisite element of his felon-in-

possession charge is the defendant’s knowledge of his felon status at the time of

his firearm possession. But it is equally true that Mr. Wilson failed to raise any

objection to his conviction on this basis before the district court.

      Consequently, Mr. Wilson forfeited this objection and is entitled, at most,

to plain-error review on appeal. See United States v. Tignor, 981 F.3d 826,

827–28 (10th Cir. 2020) (“Invoking Rehaif, Mr. Tignor urges vacatur of his guilty

plea because he wasn’t told about the newly recognized element. For this issue,

the parties agree that the plain-error standard applies.”); see also Richison v.

                                          10
Ernest Grp., Inc., 634 F.3d 1123, 1128 (10th Cir. 2011) (noting that “if the theory

simply was [not] raised before the district court, we usually hold it forfeited”).

We need not pause, however, to delineate the components of the plain-error

standard now 5 because Mr. Wilson has failed to argue plain error.

      In order to secure plain-error review, a litigant must make an argument

under that rubric on appeal. See Richison, 634 F.3d at 1131 (noting that a

litigant’s “failure to argue for plain error [review] and its application on

appeal—surely marks the end of the road for an argument for reversal not first

presented to the district court”); accord United States v. Wright, 848 F.3d 1274,

1281 (10th Cir. 2017) (“[W]e have repeatedly declined to consider arguments

under the plain-error standard when the defendant fails to argue plain error.”).

      Yet, Mr. Wilson has failed to argue for plain-error review in connection

with his Rehaif challenge. Instead, he elides any mention of his forfeiture before

the district court and asserts that the appropriate standard for consideration of the

Rehaif issue “should be de novo since [it] concerns a change in a statutory legal

definition,” citing United States v. Orr, 567 F.3d 610 (10th Cir. 2009). Aplt.’s

Opening Br. at 5. However, Orr is wholly inapposite, as to whether Mr. Wilson is

subject to plain-error review under these circumstances; that case merely stands

      5
             We do so infra in Part II.B.2.

                                          11
for the well-settled proposition that legal questions in the sentencing context

ordinarily are reviewed de novo. See Orr, 567 F.3d at 614.

      Because of his failure to argue for plain-error review, Mr. Wilson must

confront the “cold reality” that similarly situated litigants have repeatedly faced.

Havens v. Colo. Dep’t of Corrs., 897 F.3d 1250, 1260 (10th Cir. 2018). That is,

he must make his peace with our decision to decline to consider the Rehaif issue

at all, deeming it “effectively waived.” Fish v. Kobach, 840 F.3d 710, 729–30

(10th Cir. 2016) (noting that litigant failed to “make an argument for plain error

review on appeal” and, as a consequence, defendant’s “argument has come to the

end of the road and is effectively waived”). 6

                                          B

      Mr. Wilson next argues that his “sentenc[e] is invalid.” Aplt.’s Opening

Br. at 10. While he acknowledges that the sentence was “consistent with the Plea

Agreement and the Sentencing Guidelines,” he claims that “his sentence should

nonetheless be reduced or even reversed since his mental health issues were

      6
             In light of this effective-waiver resolution of Mr. Wilson’s Rehaif-
based challenge, we have no need to examine, and determine the applicability of,
the merits argument that the Federal Public Defender for the Districts of Colorado
and Wyoming advanced—in the role of amicus curiae in favor of
reversal—concerning the proper standard to measure prejudice in cases presenting
similar Rehaif issues. See Amicus Br. at 8 (“A guilty plea entered without
advisement of an essential element of the crime can be salvaged only if the record
shows that the defendant nevertheless was aware of the omitted element or
contains an admission by the defendant of the facts necessary to prove that
element.” (bold face font omitted)).

                                          12
incorrectly considered by the District Court.” Id. at 11. Mr. Wilson presents both

procedural and substantive challenges to his sentence. After providing an

overview of our standard of review, we address these challenges in turn. 7

      7
              Mr. Wilson attached to his Opening Brief—as Attachment C—a letter
that he wrote to the district court approximately two weeks after the court
imposed its sentence on him. See Aplt.’s Opening Br. at Attach. C (Wilson
Letter, filed Feb. 14, 2019). In that letter, Mr. Wilson claimed that he asked his
lawyers “to request a full mental and psychological evaluation” prior to
sentencing but it “was never done” and asserted that his lawyers had provided
“ineffective assistance of counsel.” Id. at 1. Mr. Wilson makes brief and oblique
references to the contents of this letter in his Opening Brief, at least arguably in
support of his challenges to both the procedural and substantive reasonableness of
his sentence. In this regard, he notes that the letter “cites many mental health
issues which the Court did not adequately consider for sentencing” and that Mr.
Wilson’s counsel was “deficient in failing to investigate and verify his mental
illness history,” consequently leaving the district court without “a reasonable
record before it to evaluate the significance of Mr. Wilson’s mental illness.”
Aplt.’s Opening Br. at 12, 15. Because Mr. Wilson’s letter was not before the
district court at the time that the court imposed Mr. Wilson’s sentence, its
contents cannot properly factor into our decisional calculus. See, e.g., United
States v. Dachman, 743 F.3d 254, 261 n.3 (7th Cir. 2014) (“On appeal, we only
consider evidence that was properly and timely introduced before the district
court. Consequently, we confine our review of the procedural soundness of
Dachman’s sentence to the record and the arguments he advanced in the district
court through the conclusion of his January 17, 2013 sentencing hearing.”); cf.
United States v. Mendoza, 543 F.3d 1186, 1196 (10th Cir. 2008) (noting that “a
sentencing court may not alter a sentence for substantive reasons after it has been
verbally imposed”); United States v. Warner, 23 F.3d 287, 290 (10th Cir. 1994)
(“Once the district court has heard objections to the [PSR] and has imposed
sentence, the district court’s jurisdiction over the defendant becomes very
limited.”). Moreover, even Mr. Wilson appears to recognize that his concern
about his counsel’s performance during his sentencing proceeding is a matter to
address “at another time.” Aplt.’s Opening Br. at 15; see United States v.
Galloway, 56 F.3d 1239, 1242 (10th Cir. 1995) (en banc) (“The rule in this
circuit, then, is that claims of constitutionally ineffective counsel should be
brought on collateral review, in the first petition filed under 28 U.S.C. § 2255.”);
                                                                         (continued...)

                                          13
                                         1

      “[W]e review sentences for reasonableness under a deferential

abuse-of-discretion standard.” United States v. Alapizco-Valenzuela, 546 F.3d

1208, 1214 (10th Cir. 2008); accord United States v. Cookson, 922 F.3d 1079,

1090 (10th Cir. 2019). “A district court abuses its discretion when it renders a

judgment that is arbitrary, capricious, whimsical, or manifestly unreasonable.”

United States v. Friedman, 554 F.3d 1301, 1307 (10th Cir. 2009) (quoting United

States v. Munoz-Nava, 524 F.3d 1137, 1146 (10th Cir. 2008)). Reasonableness

has both procedural and substantive components. “The procedural component

concerns how the district court calculated and explained the sentence, whereas the

substantive component concerns whether the length of the sentence is reasonable

in light of the statutory factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” United States v.

Adams, 751 F.3d 1175, 1181 (10th Cir. 2014) (citing Alapizco-Valenzuela, 546

F.3d at 1214–15).

                                          2

      We turn first to Mr. Wilson’s procedural challenge, which focuses on the

nature and extent of the district court’s consideration of his mental-health history

      7
       (...continued)
see also United States v. Battles, 745 F.3d 436, 457 (10th Cir. 2014)
(“Ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claims on direct appeal are generally
disfavored in this circuit.”). Therefore, we do not further address the contents of
Mr. Wilson’s post-sentence letter to the district court.

                                         14
in imposing its within-Guidelines sentence. It is well understood that a district

court commits procedural sentencing error by “failing to consider the [18 U.S.C.]

§ 3553(a) factors” or by “failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence.” Gall

v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007); accord United States v. Gordon, 710

F.3d 1124, 1160 (10th Cir. 2013); Alapizco-Valenzuela, 546 F.3d at 1214–16.

According to Mr. Wilson, certain § 3553(a) factors are particularly implicated by

the circumstances of his mental health—that is, those pertaining to “the

defendant’s history and characteristics and needed medical care.” Aplt.’s

Opening Br. at 11; see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1) (noting that the court must consider

“the history and characteristics of the defendant”); id. § 3553(a)(2)(D) (providing

that the court must consider “the need for the sentence imposed . . . to provide the

defendant with . . . medical care, or other correctional treatment in the most

effective manner”). And he contends that the district court did not adequately

consider these sentencing factors or discuss their relevance in explaining its

chosen sentence.

      More specifically, Mr. Wilson contends that “his mental illnesses were

superficially recognized by the [district] court” and that “the court failed to

address his diagnosis of head trauma and bipolar illness and PTSD.” Aplt.’s

Opening Br. at 16. In connection with this contention, Mr. Wilson places fault on

the district court for not giving adequate attention to the information that the

                                          15
PSR’s Second Addendum reported; he said that this document “sounded the

alarm” in noting that Mr. Wilson’s GAF score was only 45, but the court did not

discuss this document “in substance” with counsel at the hearing. Id. at 12. He

further reasons that “[i]n referring to these issues[, presumably the issues that the

Second Addendum detailed,] as not ‘material’ the District court failed its duty to

provide an explanation and to adequately consider those issues.” Id. at 16.

      Consistent with our precedent, however, Mr. Wilson acknowledges that,

because he “did not object to the procedure by which his sentence was determined

and explained, his sentence may only be reversed [] in the presence of plain

error.” Id. at 10; see, e.g., United States v. Romero, 491 F.3d 1173, 1178 (10th

Cir. 2007) (“[B]ecause Romero did not object on procedural grounds . . . after the

district court imposed his sentence, he has forfeited his right to appeal this issue

and our review is only for plain error.”); accord United States v. Yurek, 925 F.3d

423, 445 (10th Cir. 2019).

      Our plain-error standard is a familiar one:

             To obtain relief under this [plain-error] doctrine, Mr. [Wilson]
             “must show: (1) an error, (2) that is plain, which means clear or
             obvious under current law, and (3) that affects substantial rights.
             If he satisfies these criteria, this Court may exercise discretion to
             correct the error if it seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or
             public reputation of judicial proceedings.”

                                              16
United States v. Goode, 483 F.3d 676, 681 (10th Cir. 2007) (quoting United States

v. Kimler, 335 F.3d 1132, 1141 (10th Cir. 2003)); accord United States v.

Bustamante-Conchas, 850 F.3d 1130, 1137 (10th Cir. 2017) (en banc).

       We conclude that Mr. Wilson cannot satisfy this plain-error standard;

indeed, he cannot even establish that the district court erred at all (i.e., the first

prong of the plain-error standard). “Where, as here, a district court imposes a

sentence falling within the range suggested by the Guidelines, [18 U.S.C.] Section

3553(c) requires the court to provide only a general statement of ‘the reasons for

its imposition of the particular sentence.’” United States v. Ruiz-Terrazas, 477

F.3d 1196, 1199 (10th Cir. 2007) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c)); accord United

States v. Fraser, 647 F.3d 1242, 1246 (10th Cir. 2011); see United States v.

Wireman, 849 F.3d 956, 958 (10th Cir. 2017) (“[W]e have held time and time

again that a district court does not run astray of its duty to ‘consider[ ] the parties’

arguments’ simply because it does not directly address those arguments

head-on—assuming, that is, that the district court imposes a within-Guidelines

sentence” (quoting Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 339 (2007))). Based on

our review of the record, it is patent that the district court provided such a general,

adequate statement of reasons—and then some. More specifically, the court

expressly considered the § 3553(a) factors as they pertained to Mr. Wilson’s

mental-health circumstances.

                                            17
      To begin, the district court generally acknowledged its consideration of the

advisory Guidelines and the § 3553(a) factors:

             The United States Sentencing Commission Guidelines are now
             advisory. The Court, while not required to sentence within the
             guidelines, has taken the guidelines into account in
             determining an appropriate sentence. The Court has also taken
             into account the statutory factors that are set forth at . . .
             Section 3553(a).

R., Vol. III, at 41–42. And, more specifically, the court considered Mr. Wilson’s

history and characteristics and focused significant attention on his mental-health

circumstances.

      For example, the court discussed “a couple of things – actually, a lot of

things” about “his upbringing.” Id. at 42. The court mentioned the “tremendous

amount of baggage” of his youth, from his “broken home” to other “tragedies”

like having to “work[] in the carnival to earn money for the family.” Id. And,

contrary to Mr. Wilson’s argument on appeal, the district court specifically

discussed his “trauma to the head.” Id. at 43. This discussion specifically

included a reference to his head injury from 2009 and, consistent with §

3553(a)(2)(D), assessed Mr. Wilson’s potential need for additional medical

services. Id. In relevant part, the court explained:

             As far as I know, there hasn’t been a great diagnosis of what
             potential effects that [Mr. Wilson] might have from some of
             these head injuries, but when you look over his behavior, his hair
             trigger, anger management problems, possible drug use, it makes
             me worried that Mr. Wilson may have some brain trauma that

                                             18
               may be behind some of this and may be problematic for him, so
               I strongly urge Mr. Wilson, while he is in custody, to see whether
               he can get some medical services related to figuring out whether
               there is any type of brain injury.

Id. at 43. 8

       And the district court clearly took his mental illness into account in

imposing a term of imprisonment—albeit not in the manner that Mr. Wilson

hoped—noting that “what I just described [concerning Mr. Wilson’s difficult

upbringing and mental illness] may seem like kind of sympathetic, even

mitigating-type factors,” but in “combination [with Mr. Wilson’s prior history

with the law, reflecting his ‘anger management issues’ and ‘violent conduct’] they

are not.” Id. at 44. And, contrary to Mr. Wilson’s suggestion, the court did not

err in failing to discuss at length the contents of the Second Addendum.

       The court found that the information contained in the Second Addendum

did not add anything “material” to the information already known about Mr.

Wilson’s mental-health circumstances. Id. at 32–33. And it is worth noting that

the court’s assessment of the significance of the information was even shared by

Mr. Wilson’s counsel. See id. Ultimately, after carefully reviewing the relevant

       8
              Indeed, the court specified, as a condition of his post-incarceration
supervised release, that “Mr. Wilson must participate in and successfully
complete a program of mental health treatment as approved by the probation
officer until such time as he is released from the program by the probation
officer.” R., Vol. III, at 48.

                                           19
portions of the record, we do not believe that the district court’s view of the

immateriality of this brief two-page document (i.e., the Second Addendum) is

clearly erroneous, especially in light of the other available information bearing on

Mr. Wilson’s mental illness. See Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S.

564, 574 (1985) (noting that the deferential clearly erroneous standard applies

“even when the district court’s findings do not rest on credibility determinations,

but are based on physical or documentary evidence or inferences from other

facts”); United States v. Wagner, 994 F.2d 1467, 1472 (10th Cir. 1993)

(“Although the district court acted within its discretion in relying on the

presentence report, we nevertheless still determine whether findings of fact are

clearly erroneous by the standard articulated by the Supreme Court in Anderson v.

City of Bessemer City[.]” (citations omitted)), abrogated on other grounds as

recognized by United States v. Smith, 433 F.3d 714, 716–17 (10th Cir. 2006).

      In sum, Mr. Wilson fails to satisfy even the first prong of plain-error

review: he neither demonstrates that the district court committed procedural error

by failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors relating to his mental-health

circumstances, nor by inadequately explaining its within-Guidelines sentence.

                                          3

      We turn now to Mr. Wilson’s challenge to the substantive reasonableness of

his sentence. To be preserved for appellate review, “[g]enerally, claims of

                                          20
substantive reasonableness need not be raised in district court.” United States v.

Walker, 844 F.3d 1253, 1256 (10th Cir. 2017); accord United States v.

Torres-Duenas, 461 F.3d 1178, 1183 (10th Cir. 2006). However, ordinarily, we

do not consider a claim of substantive reasonableness when the alleged error was

invited; in that situation, we deem the claim to be waived. See, e.g., United

States v. Mancera-Perez, 505 F.3d 1054, 1059 (10th Cir. 2007) (“When the

appellate argument for a lower sentence was not raised at any time before the

district court, and when, to the contrary, the defendant affirmatively endorses the

appropriateness of the length of the sentence before the district court, we

conclude that if, there was error, it was invited and waived.”); see also United

States v. Zubia-Torres, 550 F.3d 1202, 1205 (10th Cir. 2008) (noting that “[w]e

typically find waiver in cases where a party has invited the error that it now seeks

to challenge” on appeal). And that doctrine of waiver applies with full force here.

      Specifically, we decline to consider Mr. Wilson’s challenge to the

substantive reasonableness (i.e., length) of his sentence because he invited any

error related to his sentence’s length. This is not a situation where the defendant

simply failed to object before the district court to the length of his sentence.

Instead, as part of his plea agreement, Mr. Wilson affirmatively—and on the

record—agreed to accept a sentence of the length that the district court imposed

on him, that is, sixty-three months’ imprisonment.

                                          21
      As such, Mr. Wilson invited any error related to that sentence’s length, and

we accordingly consider his challenge to the substantive reasonableness of his

sentence to be waived. See Mancera-Perez, 505 F.3d at 1057 n.3 (explaining it

would be “unjust and a perversion of the integrity and proper administration of

justice to allow a defendant affirmatively to support the reasonableness of his

sentence before the district court and then to challenge the reasonableness of that

sentence on appeal”); accord United States v. Chacon, 800 F. App’x 638, 641

(10th Cir. 2020) (unpublished) (deeming defendant’s substantive-reasonableness

challenge waived “because [he] received the sentence he requested”).

                                         III

      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment,

upholding the court’s rulings as to Mr. Wilson’s conviction and sentence.

                                       ENTERED FOR THE COURT

                                       Jerome A. Holmes
                                       Circuit Judge

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