Court Opinion

ID: 4443115
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-10-01 14:07:49.283152+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:02:28.517565
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-2477-17T3

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

HASSON K. RICH,

     Defendant-Appellant.
__________________________

                    Submitted September 10, 2019 – Decided October 1, 2019

                    Before Judges Gilson and Rose.

                    On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                    Division, Essex County, Indictment Nos. 16-03-0832
                    and 16-03-0833.

                    Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
                    appellant (Laura B. Lasota, Assistant Deputy Public
                    Defender, of counsel and on the brief).

                    Theodore N. Stephens II, Acting Essex County
                    Prosecutor, attorney for respondent (Caroline C. Galda,
                    Special Deputy Attorney General/Acting Assistant
                    Prosecutor, of counsel and on the brief).

PER CURIAM
      A jury convicted defendant Hasson Rich of second-degree unlawful

possession of a handgun, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(b); disorderly persons resisting

arrest, N.J.S.A. 2C:29-2(a)(3); and fourth-degree obstruction, N.J.S.A. 2C:29-

1(a). Thereafter, defendant pled guilty to second-degree certain persons not to

possess a weapon, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-7(b).         Defendant was sentenced to an

aggregate prison term of seven years, with five years of parole ineligibility.

Specifically, he was sentenced to seven years in prison, with forty-two months

of parole ineligibility, for the unlawful possession conviction, four years for the

resisting arrest conviction, eighteen months for the obstruction conviction, and

five years, with five years of parole ineligibility, for the certain persons

conviction. All of those sentences were run concurrent to each other.

      Defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to sever

his trial from co-defendant Victorio Williams, his sentence for second-degree

unlawful possession of a weapon was excessive, and he was incorrectly

sentenced for third-degree resisting arrest. 1 We are not persuaded by defendant's

first two arguments and affirm his convictions and his sentence for unlawful

possession of a weapon. The State concedes that defendant was incorrectly

1
  Williams has filed a separate appeal, which we address in the unpublished
opinion in State v. Victorio Williams, No. A-2535-18 (App. Div. Oct. 1, 2019).
                                                                           A-2477-17T3
                                        2
sentenced for third-degree resisting arrest because the jury convicted him of the

lesser included disorderly person offense. Thus, we vacate that sentence and

remand for resentencing on the resisting arrest conviction.

                                     I.

      The charges against defendant and co-defendant Williams arose out of

events that took place on November 2 and 3, 2015. On the evening of November

2, 2015, nine members of the Newark Police Department's firearms interdiction

team conducted a proactive patrol in the area of Fourth Avenue and North 12th

Street in Newark. The officers were patrolling in four unmarked police vehicles.

When they turned on to North 12th Street at approximately 11 p.m., they noticed

a group of men standing on the side of the street. One officer observed that one

of the men appeared to be holding his waistband as if he had a gun. The officers

stopped, exited their vehicles, and two of the men began to run holding their

waistbands as if they had guns. The two men were later identified as defendant

and co-defendant Williams.

      Defendant was tackled by one of the officers and a struggle ensued. With

the assistance of other officers, defendant was arrested and found to be in

possession of a loaded handgun. Later, defendant stipulated that he did not have

                                                                         A-2477-17T3
                                          3
a gun permit. At trial, a qualified expert in the field of ballistics testified that

the gun was operable.

      Co-defendant Williams ran away and thereafter the police engaged in a

search that took several hours and involved numerous officers, a helicopter, and

a K-9 unit. During the chase, Williams encountered an officer and pointed his

gun at the officer. In response, several officers fired their guns at Williams, but

he was not hit. Eventually, Williams was apprehended under the porch of a

home on North 11th Street. During the search for Williams, the police found a

loaded handgun.

                                      II.

      On appeal, defendant makes three arguments, which he articulates as

follows:

            POINT I – THE COURT IMPROPERLY DENIED
            DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO SEVER HIS MATTER
            FROM    THAT    OF    HIS   CO-DEFENDANT,
            VIOLATING DEFENDANT'S RIGHTS TO DUE
            PROCESS AND A FAIR TRIAL. U.S. CONST.
            AMENDS. VI, XIV; N.J. CONST. ART. I, PARS. 1,
            10.

            POINT II – THE SENTENCE IMPOSED FOR THE
            SECOND-DEGREE UNLAWFUL POSSESION OF A
            WEAPON      CONVICTION   IS MANIFESTLY
            EXCESSIVE AND MUST BE REDUCED.

                                                                            A-2477-17T3
                                            4
            POINT III – THE MATTER MUST BE REMANDED
            FOR RESENTENCING ON COUNT THREE.
            BECAUSE THE JURY ONLY FOUND DEFENDANT
            GUILTY OF DISORDERLY PERSONS RESISTING
            ARREST,       THE    THIRD-DEGREE-RANGE
            SENTENCE IMPOSED ON COUNT THREE IS
            ILLEGAL.

We will address each of these arguments in turn.

      A.    The Motion to Sever

      Defendant and co-defendant Williams were each charged with four

separate crimes in the same indictment. Before trial, defendant moved to sever

his trial from the trial of Williams. Defendant argued that because he and

Williams were charged with separate crimes, he would be prejudiced in a joint

trial given that the evidence against Williams would involve extensive testimony

about the chase, Williams pointing a gun at an officer, and officers firing their

weapons at Williams. The trial court denied defendant's motion to sever. Before

us, defendant contends that the joint trial, involving evidence against Williams,

violated his right to due process and a fair trial. We disagree.

      Generally, a "joint trial is preferable because it fosters the goal of judicial

economy and prevents inconsistent verdicts." State v. Weaver, 219 N.J. 131,

157 (2014) (citing State v. Brown, 118 N.J. 595, 605 (1990) (Brown I)). If,

however, it appears that a defendant could be prejudiced by a joint trial with a

                                                                             A-2477-17T3
                                         5
co-defendant or co-defendants, the court may order separate trials or a severance

of defendants. R. 3:15-2(b).

      To show prejudice, a defendant seeking severance must either (1)

demonstrate that there is some "central or core antagonism" between the

positions of co-defendants, Brown I, 118 N.J. at 605-06, or (2) show that he or

she would be unfairly prejudiced by a joint trial by restrictions on the

admissibility of exculpatory evidence, such as proof of a co-defendant's prior

bad acts under evidence Rule 404(b), State v. Sterling, 215 N.J. 65, 73 (2013).

      The concept of central or core antagonism is sometimes referred to as the

"mutual exclusivity of defenses." Brown I, 118 N.J. at 606. "When . . . the jury

can reasonably accept the core of the defense offered by either defendant only

if it rejects the core of the defense offered by his co-defendant, the defenses are

sufficiently antagonistic to mandate separate trials." Ibid. (quoting State v.

Vinal, 504 A.2d 1364, 1368 (Conn. 1986)). Conversely, "[i]f the jury can return

a verdict against one or both defendants by believing neither, or believing

portions of both, or, indeed, believing both completely, the defenses are not

mutually exclusive." Ibid.

      The test for assessing prejudice is "whether, assuming the charges were

tried separately, evidence of the offenses sought to be severed would be

                                                                           A-2477-17T3
                                        6
admissible under [N.J.R.E. 404(b)] in the trial of the remaining charges."

Sterling, 215 N.J. at 73 (quoting State v. Chenique-Puey, 145 N.J. 334, 341

(1996)). Evidence of other crimes or bad acts excluded at the joint trial must be

"relevant to prove a fact genuinely in dispute 'and the evidence is necessary as

proof of the disputed issued.'" State v. Darby, 174 N.J. 509, 518 (2002) (quoting

State v. Hernandez, 170 N.J. 106, 118-19 (2001)). At its core, a motion for

severance involves balancing "the potential prejudice to defendant's due process

rights against the State's interest in judicial efficiency." Brown I, 118 N.J. at

605 (quoting State v. Coleman, 46 N.J. 16, 24 (1965)).

      Defendant made no showing that Williams' defenses were antagonistic to

his defenses, nor did defendant establish that a joint trial would be unfairly

prejudicial. Indeed, the evidence at trial shows that neither ground for severance

existed. Defendant did not argue that his defenses were mutually exclusive or

antagonistic to the defenses of co-defendant Williams.         Instead, defendant

focuses his argument on a showing of unfair prejudice. In making that argument,

defendant does not contend that the joint trial restricted the admissibility of any

evidence he sought to offer. Indeed, defendant did not attempt to offer proof of

Williams' prior bad acts.

                                                                           A-2477-17T3
                                        7
      The only potential prejudice faced by defendant was the danger by

association that inheres in every joint trial.      Such danger of association,

however, is not in itself sufficient to justify severance provided that the separate

status of co-defendants can be preserved with proper instructions to the jury.

State v. Freeman, 64 N.J. 66, 68-69 (1973). Here, the trial court instructed the

jury that they were to consider the separate counts against each of the defendants

separately. In that regard, the trial court used the model jury charge for joint

co-defendants, which the court modified to incorporate references to defendant

and co-defendant Williams.        Those instructions eliminated any potential

prejudice to defendant.

      Defendant did not object to the instructions given to the jury. On appeal

before us, however, defendant argues that the charge was plain error because the

court should have tailored the charge more specifically to the facts of the case.

The charge here explained that there were three charges against defendant and

four charges against co-defendant Williams. 2 The court then instructed the jury

that they had to consider each of those charges separately. We discern no plain

error in that charge. R. 2:10-2 (under the plain error standard, we disregard any

2
  The State dismissed the charge of possession of a weapon for unlawful purpose
against defendant.
                                                                            A-2477-17T3
                                         8
alleged error "unless it is of such a nature as to have been clearly capable of

producing an unjust result[.]").

      B.    The Sentence for Unlawful Possession of a Handgun

      As already noted, on his conviction for second-degree unlawful

possession of a handgun, defendant was sentenced to seven years in prison with

forty-two months of parole ineligibility. Defendant contends that sentence is

excessive. We reject this argument.

      We review sentencing determinations "under a deferential standard."

State v. Grate, 220 N.J. 317, 337 (2015) (quoting State v. Lawless, 214 N.J. 594,

606 (2013)). We do not substitute our "judgment for the judgment of the

sentencing court." Lawless, 214 N.J. at 606. Instead, we will affirm a sentence

unless

            (1) the sentencing guidelines were violated; (2) the
            aggravating and mitigating factors found by the
            sentencing court were not based upon competent and
            credible evidence in the record; or (3) "the application
            of the guidelines to the facts of [the] case makes the
            sentence clearly unreasonable so as to shock the
            judicial conscience."

            [State v. Miller, 237 N.J. 15, 28 (2019) (alteration in
            original) (quoting State v. Fuentes, 217 N.J. 57, 70
            (2014)).]

                                                                         A-2477-17T3
                                       9
      The sentencing judge found aggravating factors three, the risk of re-

offense; six, the nature and extent of the defendant's prior record; and nine, the

need for deterrence. N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(3), (6), and (9). The judge also found

mitigating factor twelve, defendant's willingness to cooperate with law

enforcement authorities, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(b)(12). The judge then balanced

those factors and found that the aggravating factors substantially outweighed the

one mitigating factor. In finding the aggravating factors, the judge focused on

defendant's convictions and his criminal record. Thus, the aggravating factors

found by the sentencing court were based on competent and credible evidence

in the record.

      The range for a prison term for a crime of the second-degree is between

five and ten years. N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6(a)(2); State v. Thomas, 253 N.J. Super.
368, 370 (App. Div. 1992). When the crime involves a firearm, the Grave's Act

applies. N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6(c). The Grave's Act imposes a minimum term, which

is fixed at either half the length of the sentence or forty-two months, whichever

is greater. Ibid. Here, the sentencing court imposed a seven-year prison term

with forty-two months of parole ineligibility. That term was in the mid-range

of a second degree crime and we discern no abuse of discretion.

                                                                          A-2477-17T3
                                       10
      C.    The Sentence for Resisting Arrest

      Defendant was charged with third-degree resisting arrest, N.J.S.A. 2C:29-

2(a)(1). A third-degree charge requires that defendant used or threatened to use

physical force or violence against a law enforcement officer. At trial, the jury

did not find that the State had proven the element of use or threat to use physical

force or violence. Thus, the State concedes that defendant was only convicted

of the lesser included offense of disorderly persons resisting arrest.

Accordingly, we vacate defendant's sentence on the charge of resisting arrest

and remand for resentencing on that charge only. We note that all of defendant's

other sentences are either being affirmed or were not challenged on appeal.

Accordingly, this remand will have no actual effect on the amount of time

defendant spends in prison because defendant's sentences run concurrently.

      Affirmed and remanded for resentencing on the resisting arrest conviction.

We do not retain jurisdiction.

                                                                           A-2477-17T3
                                       11