Court Opinion

ID: 995616
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-07-04 00:39:58.8373+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:25:32.629075
License: Public Domain

UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

NATIONAL COUNCIL OF THE
CHURCHES OF CHRIST IN THE USA,
Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.                                                               No. 97-1851

FIRST UNION NATIONAL BANK OF
VIRGINIA,
Defendant-Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria.
Leonie M. Brinkema, District Judge.
(CA-96-1446-A)

Argued: May 6, 1998

Decided: July 22, 1998

Before WIDENER and MOTZ, Circuit Judges, and
HOWARD, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of North Carolina, sitting by designation.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Richard Francis Lawler, WHITMAN, BREED, ABBOTT
& MORGAN, L.L.P., New York, New York, for Appellant. Grady
Craven Frank, Jr., HAZEL & THOMAS, P.C., Alexandria, Virginia,
for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Philip M. Smith, WHITMAN, BREED,
ABBOTT & MORGAN, L.L.P., New York, New York; Michael
McGettigan, RICHARDS, MCGETTIGAN, REILLY & WEST, P.C.,
Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellant. Thomas C. Junker, HAZEL &
THOMAS, P.C., Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Appellant, The National Council of the Churches of Christ ("NCC"),1
argues the district court erred in granting judgment as a matter of law
for First Union National Bank of Virginia ("FUNB") as to NCC's
three state law claims pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a)(1). The district
judge found the state law claims were pre-empted by Regulation J.

I.

Rule 50(a) provides that, in actions tried before a jury, the district
court may grant a motion for judgment as a matter of law if "a party
has been fully heard on an issue and there is no legally sufficient evi-
dentiary basis for a reasonable jury to find for that party." Fed. R. Civ.
P. 50(a)(1). We review a district court's grant of judgment as a matter
of law de novo. See Marlone v. Microdyne Corp., 26 F.3d 471, 475
(4th Cir. 1994); Parker v. Prudential Ins. Co. , 900 F.2d 772, 776 (4th
Cir. 1990). Finding no error, we affirm the district court.

II.

NCC instituted this action on October 8, 1996, claiming that FUNB
wrongfully permitted approximately $8 million of NCC's funds to be
_________________________________________________________________
1 NCC is a non-profit corporation representing approximately thirty-
four Protestant and Orthodox churches.

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wire transferred out of an account at FUNB. NCC had an account at
FUNB which had been opened by NCC's director of human
resources, Emilio Carrillo ("Carrillo"). There was apparently a "scam"
orchestrated by an individual named Michael Crawford ("Crawford"),
a purported investment advisor and principal of Libra Investments,
Ltd. ("Libra"), who convinced Carrillo to transfer NCC's funds to the
First Union account.

Carrillo was authorized by NCC's governing board to pool and
administer NCC's funds for the payment of health insurance premi-
ums for NCC's retired employees. Carrillo discussed his plans for
investing the funds with various NCC employees, including several
of its senior officials. Sometime in November 1993, Carrillo met with
Crawford to discuss Crawford's proposals for investing the funds. On
December 21, 1993, Carrillo signed an escrow agreement with Craw-
ford, on behalf of Libra, which provided that Libra would act as
escrow agent and would manage monies of NCC in an escrow
account to be established at FUNB. The escrow agreement had the
corporate seal of both NCC and Libra.

On December 21, 1993, Crawford presented the escrow agreement
to the Reston Town Center Virginia Branch of FUNB and opened an
escrow account captioned "National Council of Churches of Christ,
Libra Investments, Ltd. Escrow Agent." Crawford, Carrillo, and two
other NCC executives later signed signature cards for that account.
The signature cards provided that FUNB would recognize any of
those signatures in the payment of funds or in the transaction of other
business in or for the escrow account.

Sometime around December 22, 1993, Carrillo met with NCC's
controller, Leo Lamb ("Lamb") and explained certain investments that
Carrillo had discussed with Crawford. During that meeting, Carrillo
requested that Lamb initiate a wire transfer of $8 million of NCC's
funds from NCC's account at Chemical Bank in New York to the
escrow account at FUNB in Virginia. Thereafter, Lamb approved the
transfer which occurred in two installments--$3 million on December
22, 1993, and $5 million on December 29, 1993.

On December 30, 1993, Crawford, the escrow agent and an autho-
rized signatory, directed FUNB to wire transfer $7.9 million to an

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account at Boston Private Bank, where the funds were to be used to
purchase "Prime Bank Guarantees." FUNB complied with that direc-
tive later in the day, transferring the money by"Fedwire."2 On Janu-
ary 3, 1994, FUNB transferred $80,000 from the escrow account to
an account at Crestar Bank, again pursuant to Carrillo's instructions
and again by Fedwire.

After discovering that the Prime Bank Guarantees were worthless
and that it had been defrauded by Crawford, NCC filed suit against
FUNB.3 NCC alleged four grounds for recovery: Count One claimed
that because the two wire transfers were unauthorized by NCC,
FUNB was liable under Va. Code Ann. § 8.4A-202 (the Regulation
J claim);4 Count Two alleged that FUNB breached an implied con-
tract by allowing the account to be opened and thereafter permitting
the wire transfer; Count Three claimed FUNB breached a duty to
NCC as a depositor and a customer; and Count Four alleged FUNB's
actions were negligent. FUNB's motion to dismiss and subsequent
motion for summary judgment were denied by the district court and
a jury trial commenced on May 20, 1997.

At the close of NCC's presentation of evidence, FUNB moved for
judgment as a matter of law on NCC's three state law claims, Counts
Two, Three and Four, arguing that those claims were pre-empted by
Regulation J under this court's analysis in Donmar Enters. v. South-
ern Nat'l Bank of N.C., 64 F.3d 944 (4th Cir. 1995). The district court
judge granted FUNB's motion finding that NCC's state law claims
_________________________________________________________________
2 Fedwire, or the Federal Reserve Wire Transfer Network, is a funds-
transfer system owned and operated by the twelve Federal Reserve
Banks. See 12 C.F.R. § 210.26(e). It is a computer-linked payment and
message system among Federal Reserve Banks and banks with Fedwire
privileges.
3 FUNB submits that beginning in March 1994, NCC initiated litigation
in England and elsewhere in which it alleged it had been defrauded by
several European entrepreneurs in connection with the use of the wire
transferred funds to purchase the Prime Bank Guarantees. NCC recov-
ered approximately $5.17 million from those actions.
4 Because the wire transfers were made by Fedwire, NCC's Count One
was deemed amended during trial to state a claim under Regulation J,
instead of Va. Code Ann. § 8.4A-204(a). J.A. p. 454.

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were pre-empted. The case then went forward on Count One, NCC's
claim under Regulation J. The jury deliberated approximately forty-
five minutes before returning a verdict for FUNB. NCC appeals the
trial court's decision to dismiss the three state law claims, contending
that these claims are not pre-empted by Regulation J because the
claims are directed towards FUNB's conduct prior to the wire trans-
fer.

III.

NCC's first cause of action is governed by Article 4A of the Uni-
form Commercial Code ("UCC") because FUNB's December 30,
1993, transfer of funds was sent by Fedwire. Moreover, Federal
Reserve Board Regulation J, also applies because Regulation J adopts
Article 4A of the UCC as the governing statute for funds transfers
within the Fedwire system. 12 C.F.R. § 210.25(b)(1). Although Regu-
lation J incorporates the provisions of Article 4A, the commentary to
Subpart B provides that any provisions of Article 4A that are incon-
sistent with Subpart B are expressly pre-empted. 12 C.F.R. § 210,
Subpt. B, App. A. Courts may resort to principles of law or equity
outside of Article 4A so long as these principles do not create rights,
duties and liabilities inconsistent with those stated in Article 4A. See
Donmar Enters. v. Southern Nat'l Bank of N.C., 64 F.3d 944, 949 (4th
Cir. 1995) (citing the Official Commentary to UCC§ 4A-102.)

NCC concedes that the "wrongful" wire transfer on December 30,
1993, is covered by Regulation J and that if all its claims were
directed to this wrongful transfer, the state law claims would be pre-
empted. NCC argues, though, that their state law claims are not incon-
sistent with Regulation J because they are directed at FUNB's con-
duct prior to the wire transfer and not merely the transfer itself. For
example, NCC claims that FUNB should not have allowed the
account to be opened. NCC also claims FUNB was negligent and
breached certain implied duties to NCC both in allowing Crawford to
effect his defrauding scheme and ignoring all of the blatant signs that
Crawford was a con man.

The most comprehensive discussion of Regulation J occurred in a
district court case in this circuit under facts similar to the present case.
In Donmar Enters. Inc. v. Southern Nat'l Bank of North Carolina,

                     5
828 F. Supp. 1230 (W.D.N.C. 1993) (Potter, J.) ("Donmar I"), aff'd,
64 F.3d 944 (4th Cir. 1995) ("Donmar II"), the district court found
that any legal remedies provided for by state law which contradict or
are duplicative of the remedies afforded by Regulation J and its pur-
poses are "inconsistent provisions" within the meaning of 12 C.F.R.
§ 210.25(a), and are thus displaced by the pre-emptive effect of Regu-
lation J from furnishing either a contradictory or"additional remedy
for losses resulting from transactions within the FedWire system." Id.
at 1236.

As to duplicative causes of action, such as wrongful payment and
negligence, the district court found pre-emption of state law because
"[these causes of action] do not relate exclusively to `governing funds
transfers. . . .'" and "[o]nly those provisions of state law which are
compatible with Regulation J and are directed solely at `governing
funds transfers' are expressly declared free from pre-emption by Reg-
ulation J." Id. (citing Commentary, 12 C.F.R. § 210.25(a)). The court
also addressed the issue of pre-emption of plaintiff's negligence claim
and found the claim pre-empted because Regulation J contains its
own standards of care.

In affirming the district court, this court concurred that inconsistent
provisions of state law are pre-empted, but state law which does not
conflict with Regulation J is not pre-empted. Donmar II, 64 F.3d at
949. An example of such a non-conflicting state law is one governing
funds transfers that applies to parties to which the federal Article 4A
does not apply. Id. (citing Appendix A to Subpart B to Part 210, 12
C.F.R. § 210.25). However, in Donmar as in the case sub judice, Arti-
cle 4A does apply.

This court determined in Donmar that because the bank had com-
plied with, and therefore had no liability under, Subpart B, "any lia-
bility founded on state law of negligence or wrongful payment would
necessarily be in conflict with the federal regulations and is pre-
empted." See id. By the same reasoning, this court is unpersuaded by
NCC's contention that FUNB's actions occurring before the wire
transfer are actionable in addition to the remedy provided under Reg-
ulation J. NCC's state law claims all arise out of their losses suffered
when FUNB transferred the $7.9 million. Were it not for the alleged

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unauthorized transfer, NCC could not be heard to complain as they
would have suffered no damages.

After being fully instructed on the law concerning Regulation J, the
jury determined that FUNB was not liable to NCC for damages. The
jury found FUNB properly transferred the money under Regulation J.
Thus, this court's imposition of additional state liabilities on FUNB
would result in an inconsistent, and therefore pre-empted, outcome.
NCC cannot compartmentalize and detach its state causes of action
simply because certain of FUNB's activities occurred before the
transfer when such causes of action would not have been available
minus the resulting transfer. FUNB's December 30 transfer is the
action which allegedly injured NCC, and that transfer is covered by
Regulation J. Accordingly, Regulation J pre-empts NCC's state
causes of action, and those claims were properly dismissed by the trial
court judge.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district
court.

AFFIRMED

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