Court Opinion

ID: 4430246
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-20 19:38:12.129952+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:58:19.196771
License: Public Domain

RECORD IMPOUNDED

                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                            SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                            APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                            DOCKET NO. A-4892-15T2

NEW JERSEY DIVISION OF CHILD
PROTECTION AND PERMANENCY,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

N.M.,

          Defendant-Appellant,

and

J.W.,

     Defendant.
_________________________________________

IN THE MATTER OF THE GUARDIANSHIP
OF A.W., P.W. and M.W.,

     Minors.
_________________________________________

                    Submitted September 25, 2018 – Decided October 22, 2018

                    Before Judges Yannotti and Natali.
            On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
            Chancery Division, Family Part, Passaic County,
            Docket No. FG-16-0065-16.

            Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
            appellant (Patricia A. Nichols, Assistant Deputy
            Public Defender, of counsel and on the briefs).

            Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney for
            respondent (Jason W. Rockwell, Assistant Attorney
            General, of counsel; Julie B. Colonna, Deputy
            Attorney General, on the brief).

            Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, Law Guardian,
            attorney for minors (Todd S. Wilson, Designated
            Counsel, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      N.M. (Natalie) appeals from a June 28, 2016 Family Part order

terminating her parental rights to her three minor daughters, A.D.W. (Amy),

P.S.W. (Paula), and M.S.W. (Michelle).1 The children's father, J.W. (Joe), has

not appealed from the termination of his parental rights.

      Natalie argues that plaintiff Division of Child Protection and

Permanency (Division) failed to prove all four prongs of the "best interests of

the child" test under N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a) by clear and convincing evidence.

Natalie also argues that the trial court committed error by admitting and

1
   We use fictitious names for N.M., J.W., A.D.W., P.S.W., and M.S.W. to
protect their privacy and for ease of reference.

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considering hearsay allegations of sexual abuse against Joe in terminating her

parental rights. Finally, Natalie contends that her due process rights were

violated and she was denied a fair hearing based upon the court's improper

evidentiary rulings and the ineffective assistance of her trial counsel. Having

considered these arguments in light of the record and applicable legal

principles, we affirm.

                                        I.

      Natalie and Joe have three daughters together, Amy, Paula, and

Michelle. Amy, the eldest, was born in St. Joseph’s Hospital in early July

2009. The next day, St. Joseph's made a referral to the Division reporting that

Natalie acted erratically after Amy's birth and stated she did not have sufficient

supplies for the newborn.      The Division investigated the allegations and

determined they were unfounded but opened a case for Natalie, who

acknowledged a history of heroin use, to provide her with services. Natalie

also informed hospital staff that she was not taking any medication for her

bipolar disorder.

      Natalie’s second daughter, Paula, was born in late December 2010. For

the next three and one-half years, Natalie, Amy and Paula lived in hotels and a

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series of shelters for homeless women. A number of the shelters discharged

Natalie because she failed to comply with their rules.

      At one shelter, Natalie was cited for inadequately supervising her

children, failing to obey curfew, and for talking with a male believed to be Joe.

At another, she was discharged for failing to pay her monthly dues and

because of her acrimonious relationship with other residents. At two other

shelters, she was discharged because she improperly permitted Joe on the

property. Natalie admitted she briefly relapsed on heroin while at one of the

shelters.

      On May 28, 2014, in part because Natalie had no plans for the children

after her removal from the last shelter, the Division executed a Dodd 2 removal

of Amy and Paula and placed them in a resource home. On May 30, 2014,

after the Division filed a verified complaint and order to show, the court

awarded custody of Amy and Paula to the Division.

      Natalie’s youngest child, Michelle, was born in June 2014. One month

before Michelle was born, Natalie admitted to taking opiates from a friend to

deal with stress. The Division executed a second Dodd removal for Michelle

2
  A "Dodd removal" refers to the emergency removal of a child from a home
without a court order as authorized by N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.29 of the Dodd Act,
N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21 to -8.82.

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on June 16, 2014, after a social worker from St. Joseph's Hospital informed the

Division that Natalie had given birth. Michelle was placed with Amy and

Paula in their resource home shortly after the removal.

      Prior to the Dodd removals, Natalie Diaz (Diaz), a Division permanency

worker, offered Natalie assistance with housing and shelter, recommended

drug abuse treatment, and tried to get her into a Mommy and Me program.

After the Dodd removals, Diaz made extensive efforts to secure housing for

Natalie and the children, and to address Natalie's substance abuse issues.

Among other efforts, Diaz called several shelters, referred Natalie for a

substance abuse evaluation, arranged a psychological evaluation, and

recommended her to domestic violence counseling at a women's center.

      In June 2014, Dr. Robert Kanen conducted a psychological evaluation of

Natalie. He reported a history of mental health issues and unstable housing.

Dr. Kanen recommended Natalie attend long-term inpatient drug treatment, a

psychiatric evaluation, individual psychotherapy, and parenting skills classes,

and suggested that she obtain stable housing.

      In August 2014, Dr. Alvaro Gutierrez conducted a psychiatric evaluation

of Natalie.   Dr. Gutierrez also recommended in-patient drug treatment,

psychotherapy, and medication for her mental health issues.

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      During the Division's involvement, Natalie repeatedly failed to complete

her substance abuse treatment. For example, after Diaz referred Natalie to an

inpatient program at Straight and Narrow for a higher level of substance abuse

treatment, Natalie was discharged on October 10, 2014 for rule violations.

Natalie was re-admitted but did not successfully complete the program.

      In the spring of 2015, the Division received a referral from the girls' pla y

therapist reporting that Paula disclosed Joe had sexually abused her.          The

Division investigated and substantiated the sexual abuse allegation. During

the investigation, the Division had Paula, Amy, and Natalie evaluated at the

Audrey Hepburn Children's House (AHCH).

      Dr. Anthony D'Urso, the supervising psychologist at AHCH, reviewed,

completed, and approved their evaluation reports. At trial, Dr. D'Urso testified

that Amy disclosed she also was abused by Joe and that she witnessed the

abuse of her sister Paula. Dr. D'Urso further testified that although his team of

professionals does not act in a fact-finding role, the allegations of abuse were

clinically supported, so AHCH referred the allegations to the Division.

      The Division informed the prosecutor's office of the allegations but no

criminal charges were filed against Joe. However, on March 6, 2015, the trial

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court entered an emergent order suspending Joe's visitation.           Natalie's

visitation continued after she completed a parenting evaluation.

      Natalie did not believe the children's sexual abuse disclosures nor did

she alter her relationship with Joe. Dr. D'Urso testified that Amy said Natalie

was present when the abuse of Paula occurred, and Diaz testified to a phone

conversation with the girls in which they disclosed that Natalie had told them

to tell Diaz the sexual abuse never happened.

      In July 2015, Diaz referred Natalie for an updated substance abuse

evaluation, which Natalie completed.       Natalie went to Bergen Regional

Medical Center for treatment, but she was discharged two weeks later without

successfully completing the program.

      In December 2015, the Division assigned the case to adoption worker

Francesca Giordano (Giordano) and, around that time, referred Natalie and the

children to therapeutic supervised visitation. Beginning in January 2016, Scott

Nelson (Nelson), a licensed professional counselor, supervised the visitations.

      Around April 2016, the Division referred Natalie and the children to Dr.

Mark Singer, a licensed psychologist, for psychological and bonding

evaluations. Dr. Singer found Natalie was not a viable parenting option for the

children because of her lack of stable housing, her substance abuse problems

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and long history of non-compliance with services. Dr. Singer also stated that

whether or not the sexual abuse allegations against Joe were true, Natalie

lacked empathy and the skills to respond appropriately to the children's needs

and the reasons why the children would make the statements. Dr. Singer also

performed bonding evaluations of the children and their resource parents.

      In May 2016, the court conducted a three-day trial on the Division's

guardianship complaint. At trial, the Division relied on documentary evidence

and the testimony of Diaz, Giordano, and three expert witnesses: Dr. Singer,

who was qualified as an expert in psychology, parenting and bonding; Nelson,

who qualified as an expert in family counseling; and Dr. D'Urso, who was

qualified as an expert in psychology and child sexual abuse. Neither parent

testified, and Natalie offered only one item of evidence. The Law Guardian

presented no witnesses.

      In a detailed thirty-four page written decision, Judge Daniel J.

Yablonsky found the Division proved by clear and convincing evidence all

four prongs of N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a).       The judge entered a judgment

terminating Natalie's and Joe's parental rights to Amy, Paula, and Michelle and

awarded the Division guardianship of the children. Natalie's appeal followed.

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                                       II.

      On appeal, Natalie argues that the Division failed to satisfy its burden

under the statutory “best interests of the child” test and that the trial court

failed to make appropriate factual findings in accordance with Rule 1:7-4.

Natalie next argues that the trial court improperly admitted and considered the

sexual allegations against Joe. Natalie also claims she was denied due process

and a fair proceeding based on the following grounds: 1) the trial court

allowed plaintiff's main fact-witnesses to have their recollections refreshed

improperly with materials not admitted in evidence; 2) documents "riddled

with inadmissible hearsay" were improperly admitted into evidence; and 3) she

was denied effective assistance of trial counsel because counsel failed to

provide her with "faithful and robust representation," and instead abandoned

"any notion of partisan representation.”

      We disagree with each of Natalie's arguments and affirm substantially

for the reasons set forth by Judge Yablonsky in his well-reasoned and

thoughtful written opinion. We address the best interest test in section III,

Natalie's argument regarding the trial court's admission and consideration of

the sexual abuse allegations against Joe in section IV, her additional

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evidentiary arguments in section V, and her ineffective assistance of counsel

claim in section VI.

                                      III.

      As to Natalie's first point, because all of the trial judge's findings were

supported by evidence the judge found to be clear, convincing, and credible,

they are entitled to our deference. N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. F.M.,

211 N.J. 420, 448-49 (2012); Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 413 (1998).

      Parents have a constitutionally protected right to the care, custody and

control of their children. Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753 (1982); In re

Guardianship of K.H.O., 161 N.J. 337, 346 (1999).          The right to have a

parental relationship, however, is not absolute. N.J. Div. of Youth & Family

Servs. v. R.G., 217 N.J. 527, 553 (2014); N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs.

v. A.W., 103 N.J. 591, 599 (1986). At times, a parent's interest must yield to

the State's obligation to protect children from harm. N.J. Div. of Youth &

Family Servs. v. G.M., 198 N.J. 382, 397 (2009); In re Guardianship of J.C.,

129 N.J. 1, 10 (1992). To effectuate these concerns, the Legislature codified

the test for determining when a parent's rights must be terminated in a child's

best interests. N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a) requires that the Division prove by clear

and convincing evidence the following four prongs:

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                                     10
            (1) The child's safety, health, or development has been
            or will continue to be endangered by the parental
            relationship;

            (2) The parent is unwilling or unable to eliminate the
            harm facing the child or is unable or unwilling to
            provide a safe and stable home for the child and the
            delay of permanent placement will add to the harm.
            Such harm may include evidence that separating the
            child from his resource family parents would cause
            serious and enduring emotional or psychological harm
            to the child;

            (3) The [D]ivision has made reasonable efforts to
            provide services to help the parent correct the
            circumstances which led to the child's placement
            outside the home and the court has considered
            alternatives to termination of parental rights; and

            (4) Termination of parental rights will not do more
            harm than good.

See also A.W., 103 N.J. at 604-11.

      A.    Prong One

      As to the first prong, the judge concluded that Natalie's "lack of stable

housing" and her lack of parenting capabilities endangered the children's safety

and development. Specifically, the trial court found that Natalie "was unable

to provide a home for her children due to her ongoing substance abuse and

failure to comply with multiple programs offered by the Division." The record

amply supports these conclusions.

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      Diaz testified that the Division first became involved with Amy in July

2009, after Amy's birth when Natalie admitted to a history of heroin use. From

2010 through 2014, Natalie and Amy and Paula lived in a series of shelters for

homeless mothers and their children. While Natalie did well in her inpatient

substance abuse program, nothing in the record suggests that she would be able

to maintain sobriety outside a controlled environment.         Due to Natalie's

persistent substance abuse and failure to respond appropriately to the

allegations of sexual abuse, the children were removed and could not be

returned to her care. Thus, the children were harmed by the withdrawal of

Natalie's "solicitude, nurture and care for an extended period of time ," which

"is in itself a harm that endangers the health and development of the child."

See In re Guardianship of D.M.H., 161 N.J. 365, 379 (1999).

      B.    Prong Two

      As is often the case, the findings regarding the first prong inform and are

relevant to the second prong. See N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. R.L.,

388 N.J. Super. 81, 88 (App. Div. 2006).       The judge again observed that

Natalie's "past history of treatment with numerous relapses and failed attempts

shed doubt on her ability to eliminate the harm" and she "never demonstrated a

commitment to sobriety while living on her own . . . ." Based on the trial

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                                     12
testimony, the court concluded that Natalie's "history of substance abuse and

[lack of] stable housing . . . pose an enormous risk to the young children . . . ."

There was substantial credible evidence to support this finding. For example,

Dr. Singer testified that, based in part on Natalie's multiple failed attempts to

maintain sobriety outside of a controlled environment, she was not a viable

parenting option and it was unlikely she would be able to mitigate the harm

facing the children.

      C.    Prong Three

      The judge also found that the Division offered assistance to help Natalie

correct the circumstances which led to the children's removal. The Division

provided Natalie with innumerable services including substance abuse

treatment, psychological and bonding evaluations, transportation, housing

referrals and assistance, parenting skills classes and supervised visitation.

Natalie failed to comply with many of these services or was discharged for

failing to comply with program rules. In light of these facts, we agree with the

trial judge that the Division's efforts were reasonable.

      The Division also considered alternatives to termination of parental

rights. The Division considered and rejected various relatives recommended

by Natalie and Joe, including Joe's sister, mother and father, and Natalie's

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sister and brothers.   Further, because the resource parents were willing to

adopt all three children, kinship legal guardianship was not appropriate as

adoption was both feasible and likely.

      D.    Prong Four

      In considering the fourth prong, the trial judge relied on Dr. Singer's

unrebutted expert opinion and concluded that termination of parental rights

would not do more harm than good. Dr. Singer testified that the children have

bonded with their resource parents and consider them their psychological

parents. As stated previously, the resource parents are willing to adopt all

three children and provide them with a permanent home.

      Dr. Singer also testified that if separated from the resource parents, the

children would suffer a significant loss. Natalie cannot provide the children

with the permanency they need nor will she be able to mitigate the loss the

children will endure if separated from their resource parents. In sum, the trial

judge's findings establish that termination of Natalie's parental rights will not

do more harm than good.

                                         IV.

      Relying on New Jersey Division of Child Protection & Permanency v.

T.U.B., 450 N.J. Super. 210 (App. Div. 2017), Natalie contends, for the first

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time on appeal, that the trial judge committed reversible error by admitting

uncorroborated, hearsay allegations of sexual abuse of Amy and Paula by Joe.

We disagree.     T.U.B. is factually distinguishable and since the evidence

unrelated to Joe's sexual abuse that clearly and convincingly established that

termination of Natalie's parental rights was in the children's best interest, we

conclude any error was harmless.

      We apply the plain error standard here because Natalie did not object at

trial. R. 2:10–2. “Under that standard, '[a] reviewing court may reverse on the

basis of unchallenged error only if it finds plain error clearly capable of

producing an unjust result.'" State v. Bunch, 180 N.J. 534, 541 (2004) (quoting

State v. Afanador, 151 N.J. 41, 54 (1997)).

      In T.U.B., we concluded it was error for the trial court to admit and rely on

inadmissible hearsay allegations of sexual abuse in a Title 30 proceeding based

upon a hearsay exception applicable solely to Title 9 matters. In that case, the

defendant denied engaging in sexual abuse and was not criminally charged.

T.U.B., 450 N.J. Super. at 216. The alleged victims did not testify, and none

of the testifying witnesses had any personal knowledge regarding the truth of

the children's sexual abuse allegations. Id. at 215. The trial court admitted the

hearsay statements pursuant to a statutory provision codified at N.J.S.A. 9:6-

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                                      15
8.46(a)(4), which permits the admission of certain statements of minors in

Title 9 abuse or neglect proceedings, reasoning that Title 9 and Title 30 should

be "construed together as a unitary and harmonious whole." Id. at 222. We

reversed and concluded that N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(a)(4) was inapplicable in Title

30 guardianship cases. Id. at 244-45.

      Unlike in T.U.B., Natalie did not object to the admission of the sexual

abuse testimony. Moreover, the Division substantiated that Joe, not Natalie,

sexually abused the girls.      As to Natalie, the court based its decision

terminating her parental rights substantially on evidence unrelated to those

allegations.

      Further, the sexual abuse evidence was properly admitted for non-

hearsay purposes to show how the Division and Natalie reacted upon learning

of the allegations. N.J.R.E. 801(c); State v. Long, 173 N.J. 138, 152 (2002)

("if evidence is not offered for the truth of the matter asserted, the evidence is

not hearsay and no exception to the hearsay rule is necessary to introduce that

evidence at trial.") For example, Diaz testified that after she learned about the

allegations she referred Paula and Amy to AHCH for evaluations. Diaz and

Giordano testified that Natalie did not alter her relationship with Joe after

learning of the allegations and Nelson stated Natalie minimized or failed to

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acknowledge the children's sexual abuse concerns. Singer similarly referred to

the allegations in connection with Natalie's reaction to them, specifically, that

she lacked empathy.

      Thus, the evidence was probative not to prove that the abuse allegations

were true, but to show the Division's response and the services it provided and

further to demonstrate Natalie's lack of empathy, dismissiveness, and poor

judgment, which reflected negatively on her ability to effectively parent her

children.

      Finally, even assuming the admission of the sexual abuse testimony was

a mistaken exercise of the court's discretion, any error was not clearly capable

of producing an unjust result. As we have concluded, there is considerable

evidence in the record to support the judge's findings on the four prongs of the

best interests of the child standard, including Natalie's failure to provide stable

housing for her children despite extensive assistance by the Division, her

inability to address her substance abuse issues in a non-controlled setting, and

her failure to comply with services.

                                        V.

      We also reject Natalie's claim that the trial court committed reversible

error by permitting Diaz and Giordano to refer to documents and notes

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prepared in anticipation of their trial testimony.       Natalie argues it was

improper to permit the witnesses to rely upon notes or documents without

requiring the Division to first lay a foundation that their recollections needed

to be refreshed as required by N.J.R.E. 612.

      A court's evidentiary rulings are "entitled to deference absent a showing

of an abuse of discretion, i.e., there has been a clear error of judgment." State

v. Marrero, 148 N.J. 469, 484 (1997). On appellate review, a trial court's

evidentiary ruling must be upheld "unless it can be shown that the trial court

palpably abused its discretion, that is, that its finding was so wide of the mark

that a manifest denial of justice resulted." State v. Carter, 91 N.J. 86, 106

(1982).

      When a witness's memory is impaired and a foundation has been laid, he

or she may view a document to refresh memory.           Carter, 91 N.J. at 122;

N.J.R.E. 612. If the witness's memory has been refreshed after viewing the

document, he or she may testify according to that refreshed recollection. State

v. Williams, 226 N.J. Super. 94, 103 (App. Div. 1988). A trial court, in its

discretion, may disallow use of a document to refresh a witness's recollection

"where the danger of undue suggestion outweighs the probable value of the

evidence." Carter, 91 N.J. at 123. If the threshold requirement of impaired

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memory is not met, an appellate court reviews the use of a document to refresh

a witness's recollection for plain error. Williams, 226 N.J. Super. at 104.

      Here, our review of the record reveals that the court permitted Diaz and

Giordano to refer to documents or notes after the court or counsel established

an appropriate foundation or the witnesses first informed the court and all

parties that they were referring to the notes. As to those instances when the

court permitted Diaz and Giordano to refer to documents without a proper

foundation, any error did not result in a "manifest denial of justice," see Carter,

91 N.J. at 106, because, as Natalie concedes, the contact sheets and case

history were in evidence. Further, the notes were made available to Natalie

and her counsel who thoroughly cross-examined Diaz and Giordano.

      Next, we reject Natalie's claim of error in the trial court's admission of

the documentary evidence as either invited or waived. See N.J. Div. of Youth

& Family Servs. v. M.C., III, 201 N.J. 328, 339-42 (2010). Further, any error

was harmless as the vast majority of the documents to which she now objects

were Division records admissible as business records pursuant to Rule 5:12-

4(d) (permitting the Division "to submit into evidence, pursuant to N.J.R.E.

803(c)(6) and 801(d), reports by staff personnel or professional consultants").

Therefore, subject to removing any embedded and inadmissible hearsay, the

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DCPP's case contact sheets and reports would have been admissible upon a

foundational showing that they were made in the ordinary course of the

DCPP's business, or by DCPP's consultants made in the ordinary course of

their businesses.

      Here, our review of the record reveals that many of the statements

contained in the admitted contact sheets were made by Natalie and are clearly

admissible under N.J.R.E. 803(b)(1). As noted, Natalie failed to object. Had

she done so, the Division could have established the necessary foundation or

addressed any specific claim of embedded hearsay.

                                      VI.

      Finally, Natalie claims her trial counsel was ineffective because he

"failed to investigate or present a defense," insufficiently prepared for trial,

and was "ignorant of the law" relating to the Division's "duty to provide

reasonable efforts to reunify the family" and the admissibility of evidence. We

disagree.

      In N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. B.R., 192 N.J. 301, 305-07

(2007), our Supreme Court adopted the two-prong standard established in

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), and State v. Fritz, 105 N.J. 42

(1987), for evaluating ineffective assistance of counsel claims in termination

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                                     20
of parental rights matters. A defendant alleging ineffective assistance of

counsel must prove:

         (1) counsel's performance must be objectively deficient -
         i.e., it must fall outside the broad range of professionally
         acceptable performance; and

         (2) counsel's deficient performance must prejudice the
         defense - i.e., there must be "a reasonable probability that,
         but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the
         proceeding would have been different."

         [B.R., 192 N.J. at 307 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694).]

      The record supports the conclusion that Natalie received zealous

representation throughout the litigation and at trial. During trial, Natalie's

counsel objected to the Division witnesses' testimony and evidence when

appropriate. Furthermore, he cross-examined all of the Division's witnesses

and his cross-examinations were not "de minimis" as claimed by Natalie.

Rather, counsel's cross-examinations highlighted that Natalie had made

significant progress in her substance abuse treatment program, that she had not

tested positive for illicit drugs, her visitations with her children were going

well, the Division did not refer her to all the services recommended, and that

although the Division substantiated Joe for sexual abuse, Joe was not

criminally charged.     He also challenged Dr. D'Urso's and Dr. Singer's

evaluation procedures, as well as the facts underlying their opinions.

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      Furthermore, trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to object to the

admission of Amy's and Paula's disclosures. The evidence was admissible for

non-hearsay purposes and any error was harmless. With respect to counsel's

failure to object to the admission of the documentary evidence, as we noted,

many of the Division's records would have been admissible as business records

pursuant to Rule 5:12-4(d). Further, it is likely that trial counsel strategically

failed to object to avoid facing the direct testimony of adverse witnesses. See

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690 (explaining that "strategic choices made after

thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to plausible options are

virtually unchallengeable").

      Finally, even assuming that trial counsel's failures satisfy the first prong

under Strickland, Natalie fails to establish that any deficiency of counsel

prejudiced her as there was overwhelming admissible evidence proving clearly

and convincingly that termination of her parental rights to Amy, Paula and

Michelle was in their best interest.

      To the extent not addressed, defendant's remaining arguments lack

sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

      Affirmed.

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