Court Opinion

ID: 4512092
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-03-03 13:06:27.245414+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:48:03.154692
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                 No. COA19-283

                               Filed: 3 March 2020

Brunswick County, No. 15-CVS-1616

JAMES CUMMINGS and wife, CONNIE CUMMINGS, Plaintiffs,

            v.

ROBERT PATTON CARROLL; DHR SALES CORP. d/b/a RE/MAX COMMUNITY
BROKERS; DAVID H. ROOS; MARGARET N. SINGER; BERKELEY INVESTORS,
LLC; KIM BERKELEY T. DURHAM; GEORGE C. BELL; THORNLEY HOLDINGS,
LLC; BROOKE ELIZABETH RUDD-GAGLIE f/k/a BROOKE ELIZABETH RUDD;
MARGARET RUDD & ASSOCIATES, INC. and JAMES C. GOODMAN, Defendants.

      Appeal by Plaintiffs from order entered 31 July 2018 by Judge Alma L. Hinton

in Brunswick County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 17 October 2019.

      Chleborowicz Law Firm, PLLC, by Christopher A. Chleborowicz and Elijah
      A.T. Huston, for Plaintiffs-Appellants.

      Ward and Smith, P.A., by Ryal W. Tayloe and Alex C. Dale, for Defendants-
      Appellees Berkeley Investors, LLC, and George C. Bell.

      Crossley McIntosh Collier Hanley & Edes, PLLC, by Clay Allen Collier, for
      Defendants-Appellees Robert Patton Carroll and DHR Sales Corp. d/b/a
      Re/Max Community Brokers.

      Wallace, Morris, Barwick, Landis & Stroud, P.A., by Stuart L. Stroud and
      Kimberly Connor Benton, for Defendants-Appellees Brooke Elizabeth Rudd-
      Gaglie f/k/a Brooke Elizabeth Rudd, Margaret Rudd & Associates, Inc., and
      James C. Goodman.

      COLLINS, Judge.
                                    CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                          Opinion of the Court

       Plaintiffs James and Connie Cummings appeal from the trial court’s 31 July

2018 order granting summary judgment to Defendants Berkeley Investors, LLC,

George C. Bell, Robert Patton Carroll, DHR Sales Corp. d/b/a Re/Max Community

Brokers, Brooke Elizabeth Rudd-Gaglie f/k/a Brooke Elizabeth Rudd, Margaret Rudd

& Associates, Inc., and James C. Goodman (collectively, “Defendants”1). Plaintiffs

contend that material issues of fact exist that preclude summary judgment. We

affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.

                                     I.        Background

       In August 2014, Plaintiffs purchased a house located on Oak Island (the

“House”) from Berkeley Investors, LLC (“Berkeley”). Plaintiffs were represented in

the transaction by Margaret Rudd & Associates, Inc., (the “Rudd Agency”), and the

Rudd Agency’s agents Brooke Rudd-Gaglie and James Goodman.                        Berkeley was

represented in the transaction by DHR Sales Corp. d/b/a Re/Max Community Brokers

(“Re/Max”) and Robert Carroll, Re/Max’s agent in charge of listing the House. At all

times relevant to this litigation, George Bell owned a fifty-percent interest in

Berkeley, and Thornley Holdings, LLC, an entity owned by Kim Durham, owned the

other fifty-percent interest.

       1  Although they were initially named as defendants, David H. Roos, Margaret N. Singer, Kim
Berkeley T. Durham, and Thornley Holdings, LLC were voluntarily dismissed by Plaintiffs prior to
entry of the trial court’s order from which Plaintiffs have appealed.

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                                   Opinion of the Court

      The House was constructed in 2003. Berkeley purchased the House in 2005,

intending to use it as a rental property. Over the course of its ownership of the House,

Berkeley employed Oak Island Accommodations, Inc., (“OIA”) to manage the House’s

rental, cleaning, and maintenance. OIA records demonstrate that over the course of

Berkeley’s ownership of the House, there were various reports about problems at the

House requiring maintenance including, inter alia, damage to the roof, windows

which would not close, various internal leaks, mold and other “foreign substances”

growing within, and pests.

      Berkeley first hired Carroll to list the House for sale in January 2013. On 14

January 2013 (Durham’s signature) and 20 January 2013 (Bell’s signature), Berkeley

executed a State of North Carolina Residential Property and Owners’ Association

Disclosure Statement (the “Disclosure Statement”), which owners of certain

residential real estate are required to provide to prospective purchasers in connection

with a contemplated sale pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 47E. In the Disclosure

Statement, Berkeley (through Durham and Bell) marked “No” in response to the

following questions:

             Regarding the [House] . . . to your knowledge is there any
             problem (malfunction or defect) with any of the following:
             ....
             (1) FOUNDATION, SLAB, FIREPLACES/CHIMNEYS,
             FLOORS, WINDOWS (INCLUDING STORM WINDOWS
             AND SCREENS), DOORS, CEILINGS, INTERIOR AND
             EXTERIOR WALLS, ATTACHED GARAGE, PATIO,
             DESK OR OTHER STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS

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                                  Opinion of the Court

             including any modifications to them? . . .
             (2) ROOF (leakage or other problem)? . . .
             (3) WATER SEEPAGE, LEAKAGE, DAMPNESS OR
             STANDING WATER in the basement, crawl space or slab?
             ....
             (4) PRESENT INFESTATION, OR DAMAGE FROM PAST
             INFESTATION OF WOOD DESTROYING INSECTS OR
             ORGANISMS which has not been repaired?”

The “Instructions to Property Owners” section of the Disclosure Statement sets forth

that marking “No” on the form is a representation that the signatory has “no actual

knowledge of any problem” regarding the relevant characteristic or condition at the

time of signing. The instructions also charged Berkeley that if “something happens

to the property to make your Disclosure Statement incorrect or inaccurate (for

example, the roof begins to leak), you must promptly give the purchaser a corrected

Disclosure Statement or correct the problem.”

      Evidence in the record shows that Bell and Durham discussed various issues

with the House during Berkeley’s ownership including, inter alia, mold, various water

leaks, and ceiling leaks. Carroll was also party to certain of these communications,

including a 14 October 2013 email regarding issues with the House between Carroll,

Bell, and Durham, among others, in which Bell said they needed to “trace the source

of the water leakage evident on the ceiling” and “[f]ix the separated/rotted wood in

the guest room level from the water leakage. (it leaked while we were there last week

and it looks as though the water may be coming in through the half moon window on

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                                CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                   Opinion of the Court

the upper floor[,)]” and that he had “[f]ound a small plumbing leak in the kitchen”

which he had “fixed with tape.”

      On 20 January 2014, Bell sent Durham an email noting that they needed to:

(1) paint the exterior walls and the trim around the doors, as “the wooden trim around

the doors is in real danger of beginning to rot”; (2) paint the “living area on the lower

level” because “[t]here has been a lot of water intrusion that has come into that ceiling

from wind driven rain from above and has stained it badly about 15 feet into the room

ceiling. It’s right in the center of the room and seems to originate on the upper level

and flow down through the interior column between the doors”; and (3) “[f]ind and

repair the source of this leak that is causing the damage. We’ll need to get a few

boards replaced on the columns as well; they are buckled from the water intrusion.”

OIA records from 13 February 2014 entitled “Work for Owner” indicate that OIA was

seeking estimates to repair these issues, and indicated on 25 March 2014: “Owner is

having this work completed by another vendor.”

      Carroll hired a painter named Randy Cribb to paint the house at some point

in March 2014. In addition to painting a wall, the upper and lower decks, and the

living room, the work Cribb bid included repairing “cracks” and “cracked caulk” in

the living room ceiling. The record contains a screenshot of text messages exchanged

between Carroll and Cribb at an unspecified date prior to 24 March 2014 in which

Cribb said “I may have found that leak . . . I hope that was it. Everything else there

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                                 CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                    Opinion of the Court

is tight[.]” In his deposition, Cribb testified that he did not look behind any walls to

check for sources of water intrusion.

       The Rudd Agency began representing Plaintiffs in their efforts to purchase the

House on 26 June 2014, when Rudd-Gaglie (on the agency’s behalf) and Plaintiffs

executed an Exclusive Buyer Agency Agreement. That agreement set forth, inter

alia, that: (1) the Rudd Agency had the duty of “disclosing to [Plaintiffs] all material

facts related to the property or concerning the transaction of which [the Rudd Agency]

has actual knowledge”; (2) Plaintiffs “[are] advised to seek other professional advice

in matters of . . . surveying, wood-destroying insect infestation, structural soundness,

engineering, and other matters pertaining to any proposed transaction”; and (3) while

the Rudd Agency “may provide [Plaintiffs] the names of providers who claim to

perform such services, [Plaintiffs] understand[] that [the Rudd Agency] cannot

guarantee the quality of service or level of expertise of any such provider.” The

Exclusive Buyer Agency Agreement also provided that Plaintiffs agreed to “indemnify

and hold [] harmless” the Rudd Agency (and its agents Rudd-Gaglie and Goodman)

for any liability it might incur arising “either as a result of [Plaintiffs’] selection and

use of any such provider or [Plaintiffs’] election not to have one or more of such

services performed.”

       Berkeley accepted Plaintiffs’ offer to purchase the House for $1.25 million on

12 (Plaintiffs’ and Bell’s signatures) and 13 July 2014 (Durham’s signature). The

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                                 CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                   Opinion of the Court

Offer to Purchase and Contract (the “Contract”) contemplated a 30-day due diligence

period allowing Plaintiffs and their agents “to conduct all desired tests, surveys,

appraisals, investigations, examinations and inspections of the Property as

[Plaintiffs] deem[] appropriate,” without limitation, and expressly contemplated that

Plaintiffs were allowed to conduct “[i]nspections to determine . . . the presence of . . .

evidence of excessive moisture adversely affecting any improvements on the

Property” or “evidence of wood-destroying insects or damage therefrom[.]”            The

Contract also: (1) included an acknowledgment by Plaintiffs that they had received

the Disclosure Statement (which, as mentioned above, Berkeley had executed in

January 2013); (2) included an acknowledgement by Plaintiffs that “THE

PROPERTY IS BEING SOLD IN ITS CURRENT CONDITION”; and (3) set forth

that Berkeley was not providing Plaintiffs any warranty to Plaintiffs in connection

with the sale.

      Plaintiffs hired Jeff Williams, a licensed home inspector, to conduct an

inspection of the House on 19 July 2014, which Carroll, Rudd-Gaglie, and Goodman

also attended. In the inspection report he provided to Rudd-Gaglie (to be provided to

Plaintiffs), Williams set forth the scope of his inspection, including that he “shall[,]”

inter alia: (1) “[r]eport signs of abnormal or harmful water penetration into the

building or signs of abnormal or harmful condensation on building components”; and

(2) “[p]robe structural components where deterioration is suspected[.]”          But the

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                                 CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                    Opinion of the Court

Williams report also set forth that: (1) “[t]he inspection did not involve . . . inspecting

behind furniture, area rugs or areas obstructed from view”; (2) Williams was “not

required to: [e]nter any area or perform any procedure that may damage the property

or its components” or “[d]isturb insulation, move personal items, panels, furniture,

equipment, plant life, soil, snow, ice, or debris that obstructs access or visibility”;

(3) Williams was not required to “report on . . . [t]he presence or absence of pests such

as wood damaging organisms, rodents, or insects”; and (4) “[w]hile the inspector

makes every effort to find all areas of concern, some areas can go unnoticed[.] Our

inspection makes an attempt to find a leak but sometimes cannot. . . .               It is

recommended that qualified contractors be used in your further inspection or repair

issues as it relates to the comments in this inspection report.”

      The Williams report noted a variety of issues with the House requiring repairs,

including, inter alia: (1) minor damage to the roof; (2) areas on the exterior of the

House needing “to be sealed to keep water and insect [sic] from entering the home”;

(3) doors that failed to close or otherwise seal properly; (4) windows that exhibited

rust stains and would not open; and (5) minor leaks causing mold to grow. Williams

did not report that the House exhibited significant water-intrusion issues. At his

deposition, Williams testified that he did not see any evidence of moisture intrusion

during his inspection of the House, and therefore did not conduct any moisture

testing, which would have involved intruding behind the walls.             Williams also

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                                CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                   Opinion of the Court

testified that he was not made aware of any history of water intrusion, which would

have caused him to either conduct moisture testing or turn down the job. James

Cummings (“Cummings”) testified at his deposition that following Williams’

inspection, he asked Carroll: “Is this a good, watertight, sound house?” and that

Carroll responded “Jim, if I had the money, I’d buy it.”

      Rudd-Gaglie sent Plaintiffs the Williams report via email on 21 July 2014. In

her email, Rudd-Gaglie said that Williams had told her the issues included “mostly

small items” and that “the bigger items were the doors and windows[,]” and said that

she and Plaintiffs should review the report in-depth and then “discuss how [Plaintiffs]

would like to proceed with repairs.”

      On 11 August 2014 (Bell’s signature) and 12 August 2014 (Durham’s

signature), Berkeley and Plaintiffs amended the Contract to require Berkeley to pay

$4,500 of Plaintiffs’ “expenses associated with the purchase of the Property[.]”

Cummings testified at his deposition that the amendment was intended to

compensate Plaintiffs for the cost of repairing the issues identified by Williams during

his inspection, primarily replacing certain door locks and window cranks.           The

transaction closed on 15 August 2014.

      Cummings testified that Plaintiffs and their family went to the House for

Thanksgiving in 2014. Just before the holiday, there was a storm, and water began

entering the House from the first-floor ceiling. Cummings and his son-in-law cut

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                                 CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                    Opinion of the Court

away a section of the wall with a knife, and noticed a nest of termites and mold.

Cummings then called Rudd-Gaglie and apprised her of the problem. Rudd-Gaglie

suggested Cummings call Craig Moore, a licensed general contractor, to come to

inspect the House, and Cummings did so.

         At his deposition, Moore testified that upon his first visit to the House soon

thereafter, the ocean-side wall showed signs of flooding and “massive rot,” which he

testified was a “structural issue” that would have “take[n] quite a while” to develop.

Moore also testified that he witnessed an active termite infestation causing damage

to the House, and that in his experience such damage “doesn’t happen in a couple of

days.”

         Moore testified that the damage he witnessed showed that, in his opinion, the

House had not been properly maintained, although “work had been done to make the

house look better[,]” i.e., that the “previous damage to the house, wherever it was,

was carefully painted and hidden so that the only way to discover that there was an

ongoing water intrusion problem would have been to do extensive intrusion testing

into the walls[.]” Moore also disagreed that “there [would] have been any reason for

you if you went and looked at this house to cut a hole in the wall before you bought it

to do intrusive testing[,]” although Moore testified that he would have identified the

water-intrusion issues had he inspected the House for Plaintiffs, and told Plaintiffs

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                                     CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                        Opinion of the Court

that “this is why you should have a general contractor do your inspection instead of

a home inspector because [general contractors] know what the repairs look like.”

       Moore testified that he did not believe that someone performing aesthetic work

could have done their job without suspecting that they were covering up a major

problem, but expressed his opinion that “[t]here would be no way to tell the extent of

the condition without exposing the framing of the house,” i.e., conducting moisture

testing by intruding into the walls. Later, once the interior sheetrock walls were

removed, Moore observed extensive moisture intrusion and rot, and that there had

been newspaper shoved into holes in the walls and then caulked over.                         Moore

ultimately contracted with Plaintiffs to repair much of the damage he found.

       Plaintiffs initially filed suit in this case on 2 September 2015. The trial court

subsequently granted Plaintiffs’ motion to amend the complaint, which was filed on

12 September 2016. Plaintiffs’ amended complaint brought the following causes of

action against Defendants:2 (1) negligence, against Re/Max, Carroll, the Rudd

Agency, Rudd-Gaglie, and Goodman; (2) negligent misrepresentation, against all

Defendants; (3) breach of fiduciary duty, against the Rudd Agency, Rudd-Gaglie, and

Goodman; (4) unfair and deceptive trade practices within the meaning of N.C. Gen.

Stat. § 75-1.1, against Berkeley, Bell, Re/Max, and Carroll; (5) breach of contract,

       2Plaintiff’s amended complaint also brought causes of action against the voluntarily dismissed
defendants, see supra note 1, which are not relevant for purposes of this appeal.

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                                        Opinion of the Court

against Berkeley and Bell; (6) breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair

dealing, against Berkeley and Bell; (7) fraud and fraud in the inducement, against

Berkeley, Bell, Re/Max, and Carroll; (8) fraud by concealment, against Berkeley, Bell,

Re/Max, and Carroll; and (9) personal liability against Bell.                  In their amended

complaint, Plaintiffs alleged that Defendants facilitated their purchase of the House

in a defective condition—namely, that the House was damaged by undisclosed water-

intrusion issues and was infested with termites—in derogation of various duties, and

sought damages.

        Defendants answered the amended complaint, asserted various affirmative

defenses, and moved to dismiss on 18 October 2016, 14 November 2016, and 30

November 2016. Discovery ensued, after which Defendants moved for summary

judgment pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 56, on 24 May 2018 and 31 May

2018.

        Defendants’ motions for summary judgment came on for hearing on 11 June

2018.3 On 12 July 2018, the trial court emailed counsel for the parties indicating that

she intended to grant Defendants’ motions for summary judgment on all of Plaintiffs’

        3 During the hearing, Berkeley and Bell’s counsel objected to Plaintiffs’ reliance upon a
document reflecting OIA maintenance records for the House from 2005 to 2010 on the basis that the
document had not been authenticated in any deposition, and the trial court overruled the objection.
The purportedly unauthenticated records—which Berkeley and Bell urge in their brief on appeal that
we not consider in reviewing the trial court’s order—are not material to our conclusions regarding
whether summary judgment was appropriately granted on Plaintiffs’ various causes of action, and we
therefore need not analyze the trial court’s ruling on Berkeley and Bell’s objection to those records.

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                                          Opinion of the Court

causes of action, and requested that counsel prepare proposed orders reflecting that

ruling, as well as various findings of fact she said the proposed orders “should

include[.]” The parties responded with various proposed orders over the next week,

and suggested to the trial court that findings of fact were not necessary.

        On 31 July 2018, the trial court entered an order granting Defendants’ motions

for summary judgment on all of Plaintiffs’ causes of action, without any findings of

fact. The trial court dismissed Plaintiffs’ causes of action with prejudice and taxed

Plaintiffs with costs.

        Plaintiffs timely noticed appeal from the 31 July 2018 order.4

                                         II.      Discussion

        Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred by granting Defendants summary

judgment because genuine issues of material fact exist that require trial. After

stating the standard of review, we address each of Plaintiffs’ causes of action in turn.

                                   a.          Standard of Review

        This Court has said:

                Summary judgment is a somewhat drastic remedy, that
                must be used with due regard to its purposes and a
                cautious observance of its requirements in order that no

        4  In their notice of appeal, Plaintiffs also purported to appeal from the trial court’s ruling
sustaining Berkeley and Bell’s objection to the introduction of certain evidence at the hearing on
Defendants’ motions for summary judgment. However, Plaintiffs make no arguments regarding that
ruling in their brief on appeal, and as such, that aspect of Plaintiffs’ appeal has been abandoned. N.C.
R. App. P. 28(b)(6) (“Issues not presented in a party’s brief, or in support of which no reason or
argument is stated, will be taken as abandoned.”).

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                  CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                     Opinion of the Court

person shall be deprived of a trial on a genuine disputed
factual issue. The purpose of summary judgment is to
eliminate formal trials where only questions of law are
involved by permitting penetration of an unfounded claim
or defense in advance of trial and allowing summary
disposition for either party when a fatal weakness in the
claim or defense is exposed.

Summary judgment is proper if the pleadings, depositions,
answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together
with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine
issue as to any material fact and that any party is entitled
to a judgment as a matter of law. The party moving for
summary judgment ultimately has the burden of
establishing the lack of any triable issue of fact.

A defendant may show entitlement to summary judgment
by
      (1) proving that an essential element of the
          plaintiff’s case is non-existent, or

      (2) showing through discovery that the plaintiff
          cannot produce evidence to support an essential
          element of his or her claim, or

      (3) showing that the plaintiff cannot surmount an
          affirmative defense.

Summary judgment is not appropriate where matters of
credibility and determining the weight of the evidence
exist. Once the party seeking summary judgment makes
the required showing, the burden shifts to the nonmoving
party to produce a forecast of evidence demonstrating
specific facts, as opposed to allegations, showing that he
can at least establish a prima facie case at trial. To hold
otherwise . . . would be to allow plaintiffs to rest on their
pleadings, effectively neutralizing the useful and efficient
procedural tool of summary judgment.

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                                    Opinion of the Court

Draughon v. Harnett Cty. Bd. of Educ., 158 N.C. App. 208, 211-12, 580 S.E.2d 732,

735 (2003) (internal quotation marks, brackets, and citations omitted).

      “Our standard of review of an appeal from summary judgment is de novo. The

evidence produced by the parties is viewed in the light most favorable to the non-

moving party. If the evidentiary materials filed by the parties indicate that a genuine

issue of material fact does exist, the motion for summary judgment must be denied.”

Nationstar Mortg. LLC v. Curry, 822 S.E.2d 122, 125-26 (N.C. Ct. App. 2018) (internal

quotation marks, brackets, and citations omitted).

                                    b.     Negligence

      “[U]nder established common law negligence principles, a plaintiff must offer

evidence of four essential elements in order to prevail: duty, breach of duty, proximate

cause, and damages.” Estate of Mullis v. Monroe Oil Co., 349 N.C. 196, 201, 505
S.E.2d 131, 135 (1998).

      Plaintiffs brought their negligence cause of action against Re/Max and Carroll

(collectively, “Berkeley’s agents”) and the Rudd Agency, Rudd-Gaglie, and Goodman

(collectively, “Plaintiffs’ agents”), and we address these two groups separately.

                               1.        Berkeley’s agents

      Plaintiffs alleged that Berkeley’s agents owed them duties to, inter alia:

(1) “take all reasonable steps to ascertain all known and readily available material

facts about the condition” of the House, including by making inquiries of Berkeley,

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                                   Opinion of the Court

OIA, and their representatives regarding the House, and to disclose all known and

ascertainable material facts regarding the House to Plaintiffs; (2) ensure that the

water-intrusion issues at the House were effectively repaired by a proper

professional; and (3) ensure that Berkeley’s Disclosure Statement was materially

accurate and fully disclosed any material defects to the House before providing the

same to Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs alleged that Berkeley’s agents breached those duties by:

(1) failing to discover any ascertainable material defects to the House and disclose

those defects to them; (2) hiring Cribb, a painter, to repair the water-intrusion issues;

(3) allowing Berkeley to provide Plaintiffs with the Disclosure Statement in which

Berkeley represented that it had no actual knowledge of defects to the House; and

(4) failing to disclose the known history of water-intrusion issues at the House and

any other known material facts about the House to them. Berkeley’s agents’ alleged

negligence was a proximate cause of Plaintiffs closing on the House, the theory

continues, which caused Plaintiffs injury when they repaired the defects to the House

once they were discovered, and resulted in other damages.

      We have described the duties a seller’s agent owes to the buyer in a real-estate

transaction as follows:

             It is well-settled that a broker who makes fraudulent
             misrepresentations or who conceals a material fact when
             there is a duty to speak to a prospective purchaser in
             connection with the sale of the principal’s property is
             personally liable to the purchaser notwithstanding that the
             broker was acting in the capacity of agent for the seller.

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                                  Opinion of the Court

             Further, a broker has a duty not to conceal from the
             purchasers any material facts and to make full and open
             disclosure of all such information. This duty applies,
             however, to material facts known to the broker and to
             representations made by the broker.

Clouse v. Gordon, 115 N.C. App. 500, 508, 445 S.E.2d 428, 432-33 (1994) (emphasis

added) (internal quotation marks, brackets, and citations omitted).

      First, Plaintiffs’ theory that Berkeley’s agents were negligent because they

failed to discover defects and disclose “ascertainable” material facts is misguided,

because a seller’s agent only has a duty to disclose material facts that are known to

him. Id. Second, Berkeley’s agents could not have become liable in negligence to

Plaintiffs by failing to ensure that proper repair work at the House took place,

because Berkeley’s agents owed Plaintiffs no duty to ensure that the House was in

any particular condition at the time of closing. And third, Berkeley’s agents were not

negligent by merely passing along Berkeley’s Disclosure Statement to Plaintiffs,

where the Disclosure Statement (1) was not signed by Berkeley’s agents, (2) expressly

set forth that “the representations are made by the owner and not the owner’s

agent(s) or subagent(s)[,]” and (3) only set forth representations regarding Berkeley’s

(and its representatives’) actual knowledge. Plaintiffs have not directed our attention

to any authority setting forth that a seller’s agent has a duty to challenge or correct

the statements made by its principal to a prospective buyer under such

circumstances, and we are aware of no such authority.

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                                         Opinion of the Court

       However, the facts that Berkeley’s agents owed Plaintiffs no duties to discover

defects at the House, repair the House, or correct the Disclosure Statement does not

mean that Berkeley’s agents owed no duty to Plaintiffs to speak regarding the water-

intrusion issues at the House, the circumstances surrounding Cribb’s purported

repair work to those issues, or the substance of Berkeley’s Disclosure Statement, of

which the record demonstrates Berkeley’s agents had knowledge. As mentioned

above, “a broker has a duty not to conceal from the purchasers any material facts and

to make full and open disclosure of all such information.” Clouse, 115 N.C. App. at

508, 445 S.E.2d at 432-33. Berkeley’s agents do not dispute that they did not tell

Plaintiffs about the previous water-intrusion issues or the circumstances

surrounding Cribb’s purported repairs, and so the question is whether those facts

were material such that Berkeley’s agents were required to disclose them, and were

negligent by failing to do so.

       The materiality of the past water-intrusion issues and Cribb’s purported

repairs to them depends upon whether Cribb’s work was sufficient to justify a

reasonable belief that the issues had been successfully repaired,5 and thus that the

       5  See 2008-2009 Update Course, “Material Facts” 28 (N.C. Real Estate Comm’n, 2009),
https://www.ncrec.gov/Pdfs/bicar/MaterialFacts.pdf (“Where the broker is reasonably certain that the
repair was successful and cured the problem, then it may not need to be disclosed, such as a leaky
faucet which has been fixed, or the purchase of a new water heater to replace the old one, etc.”); see
also Friebel v. Paradise Shores of Bay Cty., LLC, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 36384, at *9 (N.D. Fla. Mar.
19, 2012) (“Here, the only issue is whether the structural problems and the subsequent repairs were
material facts which should have been disclosed. . . . Plaintiffs have not met their burden because the
evidence in the record demonstrates that Defendant was reasonable in relying on the assurances of

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                                          Opinion of the Court

facts of the issues and the repairs—which would be material in the absence of

successful repairs—were rendered no longer material such that the failure to disclose

them to Plaintiffs was not negligence (or fraud, see infra Section II(h)). Because none

of the Defendants have directed our attention to any authority tending to support the

proposition that where a painter states that he “may have found” a leak at a residence

and “hope[s]” that he repaired it, the facts of the previous water-intrusion issues at

the residence and the efforts that were undertaken to repair them are rendered

immaterial as a matter of law, we conclude that the question of the materiality of

those facts must be answered by a jury following trial. See Latta v. Rainey, 202 N.C.

App. 587, 599, 689 S.E.2d 898, 909 (2010) (“A misrepresentation or omission is

‘material’ if, had it been known to the party, it would have influenced the party’s

judgment or decision to act. Materiality is generally a question of fact for the jury.”

(citations omitted)).

        Berkeley’s agents argue, however, that the economic-loss rule bars Plaintiffs’

negligence cause of action against them. This Court has explained the economic-loss

rule as follows:

                [A] tort action does not lie against a party to a contract who
                simply fails to properly perform the terms of the contract,

the engineer of record, the architect, their retained certified general contractor, the engineers at ECM,
and the city issued certificate of occupancy. . . . Defendants were reasonable to believe that the repairs
were adequate and that no disclosures had to be made.”); cf. Clouse, 115 N.C. App. at 509, 445 S.E.2d
at 433 (defendant “would have no reason to question [surveyor]’s affirmative representation and make
her own independent investigation when [surveyor]’s expertise was specifically in the area of
conducting surveys and when he was paid to specifically conduct such survey”).

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                                CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                   Opinion of the Court

              even if that failure to perform was due to the negligent or
              intentional conduct of that party, when the injury resulting
              from the breach is damage to the subject matter of the
              contract. It is the law of contract and not the law of
              negligence which defines the obligations and remedies of
              the parties in such a situation. Where parties were privy
              to a contract, a viable tort action must be grounded on a
              violation of a duty imposed by operation of law, and the
              right invaded must be one that the law provides without
              regard to the contractual relationship of the parties, rather
              than one based on an agreement between the parties.

Boone Ford, Inc. v. IME Scheduler, Inc., 822 S.E.2d 95, 99 (N.C. Ct. App. 2018)

(internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

       However, Berkeley’s agents did not have direct contractual privity with

Plaintiffs.   And as described below in Section II(f), we conclude that Berkeley’s

Contract with Plaintiffs did not impose a contractual duty upon Berkeley (or others)

to (1) discover defects to the House and disclose them to Plaintiffs, (2) repair any

known defects to the House for Plaintiffs, or (3) provide a Disclosure Statement free

from misrepresentations to Plaintiffs, meaning that such alleged acts and omissions

by Berkeley’s agents could not breach the Contract. It follows, therefore, that the

economic-loss rule is not applicable to Plaintiffs’ negligence cause of action brought

against Berkeley’s agents: i.e., because neither Berkeley, Bell, nor Berkeley’s agents

are adequately alleged to have acted or failed to act in a way implicating any

contractual duties Berkeley owed to Plaintiffs under the Contract—namely, to sell

the House to Plaintiffs “IN ITS CURRENT CONDITION”—the economic-loss rule

                                          - 20 -
                               CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                    Opinion of the Court

cannot bar Plaintiffs’ causes of action alleged in tort against Berkeley, Bell, or

Berkeley’s agents.

      For these reasons, we conclude that the trial court erred by granting Berkeley’s

agents summary judgment on the negligence cause of action Plaintiffs brought

against them.

                               2.      Plaintiffs’ agents

      Plaintiffs alleged that Plaintiffs’ agents had duties to: (1) discover material

defects to the House, including the water-intrusion issues, and to disclose those

defects to them; and (2) make proper recommendations regarding home inspectors.

Plaintiffs alleged that Plaintiffs’ agents breached those duties by (1) failing to

discover and disclose the water-intrusion issues and (2) negligently recommending

Williams, who did not perform moisture testing.

      However, the scope of Plaintiffs’ agents’ duties which Plaintiffs alleged were

breached were bargained for and set forth within the Exclusive Buyer Agency

Agreement that the Rudd Agency executed with Plaintiffs, and Plaintiffs have not

argued that the Exclusive Buyer Agency Agreement, or any term therein, was invalid.

See Andrews v. Fitzgerald, 823 F. Supp. 356, 378 (M.D.N.C. 1993) (upholding

exculpatory clause in contract for the sale of securities: “Under North Carolina law,

parties to a contract may agree to limit liability for ordinary negligence. Exculpatory

provisions are not favored by the law and are strictly construed against parties

                                           - 21 -
                                      CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                         Opinion of the Court

relying on them. Exculpatory clauses will be held void if the agreement is (1) violative

of a statute, (2) contrary to a substantial public interest, or (3) gained through

inequality of bargaining power.” (citations omitted)). Because Plaintiffs agreed to

limit the scope of Plaintiffs’ agents’ duties within a valid contract, Plaintiffs’

negligence cause of action against Plaintiffs’ agents is barred by the economic-loss

rule.6 See Lord v. Customized Consulting Specialty, Inc., 182 N.C. App. 635, 639, 643
S.E.2d 28, 30 (2007) (in the products-liability context, noting that the economic-loss

rule “encourages contracting parties to allocate risks for economic loss themselves,

because the promisee has the best opportunity to bargain for coverage of that risk or

of faulty workmanship by the promisor”).

       The Exclusive Buyer Agency Agreement specifically (1) described the Rudd

Agency’s duties regarding the disclosure of material facts about the House,

(2) advised Plaintiffs to seek professional advice regarding inspections of the House,

and (3) set forth that Plaintiffs understood that the Rudd Agency was not responsible

for the quality of services provided by any professionals it recommended to Plaintiffs.

Accordingly, because Plaintiffs are in privity of contract with the Rudd Agency

       6 The fact that Plaintiffs did not bring a breach-of-contract claim against Plaintiffs’ agents in
the amended complaint does control the application of the economic-loss rule here, as a holding to that
effect would create an avenue by which litigants could effectively avoid the effect of bargained-for
contractual terms where unfavorable by simply not bringing a claim for breach of contract and suing
their counterparty in tort instead.

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                                CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                   Opinion of the Court

regarding the bases for the negligence cause of action Plaintiffs brought against the

Rudd Agency, that cause of action is barred by the economic-loss rule.

      Moreover, although Rudd-Gaglie and Goodman were not parties to the

Exclusive Buyer Agency Agreement and therefore lacked privity of contract with

Plaintiffs, we have held that the economic-loss rule bars negligence actions brought

against a defendant acting on behalf of another with whom the plaintiff was in

contractual privity where the defendant’s acts and the harm suffered by the plaintiff

were related to the essence of the contract. See Beaufort Builders, Inc. v. White Plains

Church Ministries, Inc., 246 N.C. App. 27, 37-38. 783 S.E.2d 35, 42 (2016) (rejecting

the plaintiff’s argument that the president/co-owner could not avail himself of the

economic-loss rule because he lacked contractual privity with the plaintiff, who had

contracted with the construction company, rather than the president/co-owner in his

individual capacity).

      So here, where Rudd-Gaglie and Goodman’s purported negligence in

discovering and disclosing the purported defects to the House to Plaintiffs was clearly

related to the essence of the Rudd Agency’s contract with Plaintiffs to represent them

in their efforts to purchase the House, and the harm Plaintiffs allegedly suffered was

that they did not get the benefit of their bargain with the Rudd Agency, Plaintiffs

may not avoid the application of the economic-loss rule to its claims against Rudd-

Gaglie and Goodman in their individual capacities.

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                                  CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                    Opinion of the Court

      We accordingly conclude that the trial court did not err by granting Plaintiffs’

agents summary judgment on the negligence cause of action Plaintiffs brought

against them.

                             c.   Negligent misrepresentation

      This Court has said:

             The tort of negligent misrepresentation occurs when a
             party [1] justifiably relies [2] to his detriment [3] on
             information prepared without reasonable care [4] by one
             who owed the relying party a duty of care. If the plaintiff
             could have discovered the truth upon inquiry, the
             complaint must allege that he was denied the opportunity
             to investigate or that he could not have learned the true
             facts by exercise of reasonable diligence.

Songwooyarn Trading Co. v. Sox Eleven, Inc., 213 N.C. App. 49, 54, 714 S.E.2d 162,

166 (2011) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

      Plaintiffs brought their cause of action for negligent misrepresentation against

all Defendants, alleging that Defendants breached their duties to discover and

disclose material defects to the House to Plaintiffs, and that Plaintiffs justifiably

relied to their detriment upon Defendants’ representations that did not include

disclosure of the defects.

      As a threshold matter, this Court has said that the economic-loss rule can bar

negligent-misrepresentation causes of action. E.g., Boone Ford, 822 S.E.2d at 99.

Accordingly, and for the same reasons described above in Section II(b) regarding

Plaintiffs’ negligence cause of action, the economic-loss rule bars Plaintiffs’ negligent-

                                           - 24 -
                               CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                  Opinion of the Court

misrepresentation claims concerning the discovery and disclosure of defects to the

House brought against Plaintiffs’ agents, but does not apply to Plaintiffs’ negligent-

misrepresentation claims brought against Berkeley, Bell, or Berkeley’s agents.

      The purportedly false representations attributed to Berkeley, Bell, or

Berkeley’s agents alleged by Plaintiffs in the negligent-misrepresentation count of

the amended complaint are: (1) a statement “that the house was well built[,]”

attributed elsewhere in the amended complaint to Carroll; and (2) the representation

“NO” in the response to Question 1 on the Disclosure Statement, i.e., whether “to your

knowledge is there any problem (malfunction or defect) with . . . [the] FOUNDATION,

SLAB, FIREPLACES/CHIMNEYS, FLOORS, WINDOWS (INCLUDING STORM

WINDOWS AND SCREENS), DOORS, CEILINGS, INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR

WALLS, ATTACHED GARAGE, PATIO, DESK OR OTHER STRUCTURAL

COMPONENTS including any modification to them?”

      Carroll’s statement that the House was well built could not have been

justifiably relied upon on by Plaintiffs in deciding whether to purchase the House, as

the amended complaint establishes that Plaintiffs knew that Carroll was a real-estate

agent, and does not allege that Plaintiffs thought that Carroll had helped build the

House or otherwise possessed peculiar knowledge regarding the House’s construction.

See Libby Hill Seafood Rests., Inc. v. Owens, 62 N.C. App. 695, 698, 303 S.E.2d 565,

                                         - 25 -
                                CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                   Opinion of the Court

568 (1983) (vague statements of those lacking “peculiar knowledge” of the facts are

not actionable misrepresentations).

      Regarding the Disclosure Statement, any false representation made therein

cannot be attributed to Berkeley’s agents, who did not sign the Disclosure Statement,

which expressly set forth that “the representations are made by the owner and not

the owner’s agent(s) or subagent(s)[.]” Misrepresentations within the Disclosure

Statement can, however, be attributed to Berkeley and Bell, who signed the

document. See Wilson v. McLeod Oil Co., 327 N.C. 491, 518, 398 S.E.2d 586, 600

(1990) (“Corporate officers are liable for their torts, although committed when acting

officially.” (quotation marks and citation omitted)).

      In its response to the Disclosure Statement’s Question 1, Berkeley (through

Bell and Durham) represented that as of January 2013 it was without actual

knowledge of any defects to, inter alia, the House’s windows, doors, ceilings, walls, or

roof, and elsewhere within the Disclosure Statement expressly represented that it

was not aware of any current issues with water leakage. In the event the Disclosure

Statement became “incorrect or inaccurate[,]” the Disclosure Statement required

Berkeley to furnish potential buyers with another, updated statement or to “correct

the problem.” The record reflects that Bell and Durham discussed significant water

intrusion into the House flowing from the upper level and causing damage to the

second-floor ceiling on 20 January 2014, and that Berkeley subsequently hired Cribb

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                                CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                   Opinion of the Court

to paint the House; Cribb told Carroll that he might have fixed a leak in the House.

The record does not reflect that anyone else was hired to repair the water-intrusion

issues identified in Bell and Durham’s January 2014 correspondence, and does not

reflect that an updated Disclosure Statement was ever completed and furnished to

Plaintiffs.

       The record thus tends to show that Berkeley and Bell: (1) were aware of

significant water-intrusion issues; (2) did not hire anyone besides Cribb, a painter, to

repair those issues; and (3) thereafter represented to Plaintiffs that they were not

aware of any water-intrusion issues at the House before closing on the sale thereof.

Although Berkeley and Bell argue that Cribb “fully repaired” the water-intrusion

issues, we conclude that the record, viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs,

raises a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether hiring a painter to repair

the water-intrusion issues was unreasonable such that Berkeley and Bell negligently

misrepresented, in their response to Disclosure Statement Question 1, that they did

not have actual knowledge of any problems with the House.

       Berkeley and Bell counter that the fact that Plaintiffs were able to inspect and

discover the water-intrusion issues themselves means that Plaintiffs did not

justifiably rely upon the Disclosure Statement as a matter of law. As mentioned

above, “[i]f the plaintiff could have discovered the truth upon inquiry, the complaint

must allege that he was denied the opportunity to investigate or that he could not

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                               CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                  Opinion of the Court

have learned the true facts by exercise of reasonable diligence.”        Songwooyarn

Trading, 213 N.C. App. at 54, 714 S.E.2d at 166.

      The amended complaint alleges that Cribb was hired to conceal the water-

intrusion issues, which is effectively an allegation that Plaintiffs could not have

learned of the water-intrusion issues through the exercise of reasonable diligence.

The record shows that Plaintiffs hired Williams to inspect the House, who testified at

his deposition that he did not conduct moisture testing and did not discover the water-

intrusion issues. But the record also reflects Moore’s testimony disagreeing that

“there [would] have been any reason for you if you went and looked at this house to

cut a hole in the wall before you bought it to do intrusive testing” and agreeing that

“previous damage to the house, wherever it was, was carefully painted and hidden so

that the only way to discover that there was an ongoing water intrusion problem

would have been to do extensive intrusion testing into the walls[.]”

      This evidence, taken in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs demonstrates a

genuine issue of material fact as to whether Williams’ inspection amounted to the

exercise of “reasonable diligence[,]” particularly because Defendants’ alleged efforts

to conceal the water-intrusion issues might have caused Plaintiffs to forego moisture

testing and more reasonably rely upon the Disclosure Statement where Plaintiffs

otherwise might not have. See Songwooyarn Trading, 213 N.C. App. at 55, 714 S.E.2d

at 166 (rejecting justifiable reliance argument in negligent misrepresentation

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                                   CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                     Opinion of the Court

context: “A plaintiff is not barred from recovery because he had a lesser opportunity

to investigate representations made by someone with superior knowledge.”); Willen

v. Hewson, 174 N.C. App. 714, 719-20, 622 S.E.2d 187, 191 (2005) (rejecting

reasonable reliance argument in fraud context where “defendant deliberately

concealed” material facts).

      The question of whether a party’s reliance was justifiable for purposes of a

negligent-misrepresentation claim is “one for the jury, unless the facts are so clear as

to permit only one conclusion.” Marcus Bros. Textiles, Inc. v. Price Waterhouse,

L.L.P., 350 N.C. 214, 225, 513 S.E.2d 320, 327 (1999). Because a jury could reach

more than one conclusion on this issue, summary judgment for Berkeley and Bell was

not appropriate on Plaintiffs’ negligent-misrepresentation cause of action.

      In summary, we conclude that the trial court (1) did not err by granting

Plaintiffs’ agents and Berkeley’s agents summary judgment but (2) erred by granting

Berkeley and Bell summary judgment on the negligent-misrepresentation cause of

action brought against them.

                              d.    Breach of Fiduciary Duty

      This Court has said:

             A real estate agent has the fiduciary duty to exercise
             reasonable care, skill, and diligence in the transaction of
             business entrusted to him, and he will be responsible to his
             principal for any loss resulting from his negligence in
             failing to do so. The care and skill required is that
             generally possessed and exercised by persons engaged in

                                            - 29 -
                                    CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                       Opinion of the Court

               the same business. This duty requires the agent to make
               a full and truthful disclosure to the principal of all facts
               known to him, or discoverable with reasonable diligence
               and likely to affect the principal. The principal has the
               right to rely on his agent’s statements, and is not required
               to make his own investigation.

Brown v. Roth, 133 N.C. App. 52, 54-55, 514 S.E.2d 294, 296 (1999) (internal

quotation marks, brackets, and citations omitted).

       Plaintiffs brought their cause of action for breach of fiduciary duty against

Plaintiffs’ agents,7 alleging that Plaintiffs’ agents breached their fiduciary duties “by

failing to take all necessary steps to ascertain the history and status of the [House]

and by referring a home inspector whom [sic] [Plaintiffs’ agents] knew did not

undertake the usual and customary testing and investigations which would have or

could have independently disclosed and discovered the substantial water intrusion

issues and damages” to the House.

       Plaintiffs’ agents argue that their duties regarding discovery and disclosure of

any defects to the House were defined by their contract with Plaintiffs.8 While we

agree as discussed in Section II(b)(2) above that the Exclusive Buyer Agency

Agreement contemplates those duties, a real-estate agent’s fiduciary duty is not

       7Plaintiffs’ agents concede in their brief on appeal that the Exclusive Buyer’s Agency
Agreement “create[ed] a contractual and fiduciary relationship between” Plaintiffs and Plaintiffs’
agents.

       8   Plaintiffs’ agents do not argue in their brief on appeal that the economic-loss rule bars
Plaintiffs’ fiduciary-breach claims, so we do not reach that question.

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                                 CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                    Opinion of the Court

prescribed by contract, but is instead imposed by operation of law. See Lockerman v.

S. River Elec. Membership. Corp., 250 N.C. App. 631, 635-36, 794 S.E.2d 346, 351

(2016) (noting that de jure fiduciary duties, which “arise by operation of law” between

“legal relations[,]” include those between “principal and agent” (citation omitted)).

Plaintiffs’ agents have not directed our attention to any authority setting forth that

a party who undertakes to act as a fiduciary may limit the scope of that duty by

contract, and we are aware of no such authority.           Accordingly, the scope of the

Exclusive Buyer Agency Agreement is not dispositive as to the scope of Plaintiffs’

agents’ duties that were owed to Plaintiffs.

      While the Exclusive Buyer Agency Agreement sets forth that Plaintiffs’ agents

must only “disclos[e] to [Plaintiffs] all material facts related to the property or

concerning the transaction of which [they] ha[ve] actual knowledge” (emphasis

added), Plaintiffs’ agents’ fiduciary duty is not as limited: as noted above, a real-estate

agent is required to “make a full and truthful disclosure to the principal of all facts

known to him, or discoverable with reasonable diligence and likely to affect the

principal.” Brown, 133 N.C. App. at 54-55, 514 S.E.2d at 296 (1999) (emphasis added)

(internal quotation marks, brackets, and citations omitted). Further, “[t]he principal

has the right to rely on his agent’s statements, and is not required to make his own

investigation.” Id. (emphasis added).

                                           - 31 -
                                 CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                   Opinion of the Court

      Plaintiffs do not allege in the amended complaint that Plaintiffs’ agents had

actual knowledge of the water-intrusion issues or other defects to the House.

Accordingly, the question is whether Plaintiffs’ agents have established that the

record reflects no genuine issue of material fact regarding Plaintiffs’ agents’ exercise

of reasonable diligence in attempting to investigate and discover defects to the House

and disclose the results of their investigation to Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs focus upon two

acts that allegedly breached the fiduciary duty owed to them: (1) Plaintiffs’ agents’

failure to request and obtain OIA maintenance records for the House, which allegedly

demonstrate a history of moisture intrusion and other defects to the House; and

(2) Plaintiffs’ agents’ hiring of Jeff Williams to inspect the House, because Williams

did not perform a moisture test, which Plaintiffs allege was “usual and customary.”

      Regarding the first allegation, Plaintiffs’ agents argue that: (1) there is no

“North Carolina Real Estate Commission ruling or advisory opinion that establishes

a duty to request maintenance records for the sale of a house”; (2) Plaintiffs did not

request that Plaintiffs’ agents ask for the OIA maintenance records; and

(3) Berkeley’s agents were in possession of those records and that, if they showed

material defects to the House, Berkeley’s agents were obligated to produce them to

Plaintiffs. But Plaintiffs’ agents direct our attention to no authority setting forth that

a real-estate agent’s duty to investigate and disclose is limited, as a matter of law, by

the North Carolina Real Estate Commission, the requests made by the agent’s client,

                                          - 32 -
                                     CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                         Opinion of the Court

or the fact that another who may owe the client a duty of disclosure is in possession

of the information at issue.

       Regarding the second allegation, Plaintiffs’ agents argue that the Exclusive

Buyer Agency Agreement “indemnifies [them] from any liability related to the

selection of the home inspector which was the [sic] explicitly the [Plaintiffs’] duty”

and that “[t]here is absolutely no evidence that Jeff Williams failed to do anything

during the inspection that should have been done or that he was otherwise failed [sic]

to adequately conduct a home inspection.” But as explained above: (1) we are aware

of no authority setting forth that the scope of a real-estate agent’s fiduciary duty may

be delineated or limited by contract;9 and (2) Moore testified at his deposition that he

would have identified the water-intrusion problem had he inspected the House.

Further, whether a moisture test is “usual and customary” for a home inspection is

not clear to us from any authorities cited by the parties, and we are therefore unable

to conclude that Williams’ failure to conduct such a test was unobjectionable.

       As mentioned above, Plaintiffs had the right to rely upon Plaintiffs’ agents’

investigation and were not required to conduct their own. Brown, 133 N.C. App. at

54-55, 514 S.E.2d at 296. Because of that fact, and based upon the authorities cited

by the parties and the record as viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, we

are unable to say whether, as a matter of law, Plaintiffs’ agents performed in keeping

       9Plaintiffs’ agents have directed our attention to no authority setting forth that a contractual
indemnification provision can extinguish a cause of action, and we are aware of no such authority.

                                                - 33 -
                                CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                    Opinion of the Court

with the standard of care “generally possessed and exercised by persons engaged in

the same business[,]” Brown, 133 N.C. App. at 54, 514 S.E.2d at 296, when they failed

to request the OIA maintenance records and hired Williams to inspect the House.

      Accordingly, we conclude that there exist genuine issues of material fact as to

whether Plaintiffs’ agents breached their fiduciary duties to Plaintiffs, and that the

trial court erred by granting Plaintiffs’ agents summary judgment on Plaintiffs’

fiduciary-breach cause of action.

                   e.     Unfair and/or Deceptive Trade Practices

      Although they mention the term, Plaintiffs make no argument in their brief

concerning unfair and/or deceptive trade practices. Moreover, they did not file a reply

brief to respond to Defendants’ arguments that this cause of action was abandoned.

See N.C. R. App. P. 28(h). We accordingly deem that aspect of Plaintiffs’ appeal

abandoned. N.C. R. App. P. 28(b)(6); see Comstock v. Comstock, 244 N.C. App. 20, 25

n.2, 780 S.E.2d 183, 186 n.2 (2015) (holding “cursory reference” insufficient to satisfy

Appellate Rule 28(b)(6) where party “offers no actual substantive argument with

regard to [an] issue”); First Charter Bank v. Am. Children’s Home, 203 N.C. App. 574,

580, 692 S.E.2d 457, 463 (2010) (“It is not the role of the appellate courts to create an

appeal for an appellant, nor is it the duty of the appellate courts to supplement an

appellant’s brief with legal authority or arguments not contained therein.” (internal

quotation marks, ellipsis, and citations omitted)).

                                           - 34 -
                                   CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                     Opinion of the Court

                              f.       Breach of Contract

      “The elements of a claim for breach of contract are (1) existence of a valid

contract and (2) breach of the terms of that contract.” Supplee v. Miller-Motte Bus.

Coll., Inc., 239 N.C. App. 208, 216, 768 S.E.2d 582, 590 (2015) (quotation marks and

citation omitted).

      Plaintiffs brought their breach-of-contract cause of action against Berkeley and

Bell, alleging breach of the Contract because Bell and Durham represented (on

Berkeley’s behalf) in the attached Disclosure Statement that they had no actual

knowledge of any defects to the House, when they allegedly knew or should have

known of water-intrusion issues rendering certain of those representations false.

      As a threshold matter, Bell is correct that because he did not contract in his

individual capacity with Plaintiffs, he cannot be held individually liable for any

breach of the Contract. See Keels v. Turner, 45 N.C. App. 213, 218, 262 S.E.2d 845,

847 (1980) (“[W]here individual responsibility is demanded, the nearly universal

practice in the commercial world is that the corporate officer signs twice, once as an

officer and again as an individual.” (quotation marks and citation omitted)).

      Regarding the remaining claim against Berkeley, our Supreme Court has said

that “‘[i]t is elementary that where a contract or transaction was induced by false

representations, the representations and the contract are distinct and separable --

that is, the representations are usually not regarded as merged in the contract.’” Fox

                                            - 35 -
                               CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                  Opinion of the Court

v. S. Appliances, Inc., 264 N.C. 267, 270, 141 S.E.2d 522, 525 (1965) (quoting 23 Am.

Jur., Fraud and Deceit, § 23, pp. 775-76). Plaintiffs have cited no authority where

any of our courts have held that a false representation in an N.C. Gen. Stat. § 47E

disclosure statement furnished to a prospective buyer of a residence was sufficient to

support a cause of action against the seller for breach of the sales contract, and we

are aware of no such authority. Further: (1) the Disclosure Statement expressly sets

forth that Plaintiffs understand that Berkeley’s representations do not comprise

warranties regarding the facts represented, and that the representations were not

intended to be substitutes for Plaintiffs’ own investigation; and (2) the Contract

expressly provides that Berkeley was selling the House “IN ITS CURRENT

CONDITION” and that Berkeley would not provide Plaintiffs with any warranties

regarding the House as part of the sale. Neither Plaintiffs’ amended complaint nor

their brief on appeal direct our attention to any particular provision in the Contract

setting forth that the representations made within the Disclosure Statement are

terms of the Contract, and after a careful review of the Contract, we discern no

provision reasonably read as creating such terms.

      We therefore conclude that while a false representation within the Disclosure

Statement may give Plaintiffs a basis for their cause of action alleging fraud—a tort

which, if proven, allows for rescission of the contract and/or damages, see Kee v.

Dillingham, 229 N.C. 262, 265-66, 49 S.E.2d 510, 512 (1948)—such a false

                                         - 36 -
                                      CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                         Opinion of the Court

representation cannot support Plaintiffs’ cause of action alleging breach of the

Contract, and that the trial court did not err by granting Berkeley and Bell summary

judgment thereupon.10

        g.      Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

        As with their cause of action alleging unfair and/or deceptive trade practices,

Plaintiffs make no argument regarding the implied covenant of good faith and fair

dealing in their initial brief, and did not file a reply brief. We therefore deem that

aspect of Plaintiffs’ appeal abandoned as well. N.C. R. App. P. 28(b)(6); Comstock,
244 N.C. App. at 25 n.2, 780 S.E.2d at 186 n.2.

                                            h.      Fraud

        Plaintiffs purported to bring separate causes of action for “Fraud and Fraud in

the Inducement” and “Fraud by Concealment[.]” Because: (1) the purportedly distinct

causes of action each allege false representations or omissions in inducing Plaintiffs

to purchase the House; and (2) the respective elements of fraud, fraud in the

inducement, and fraudulent concealment overlap on these facts, compare Broughton

v. McClatchy Newspapers, Inc., 161 N.C. App. 20, 31, 588 S.E.2d 20, 29 (2003)

        10 Because Plaintiffs (1) have abandoned their appeal regarding the trial court’s ruling on their
cause of action alleging breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, see infra Section
II(g), and (2) make no arguments regarding the breach of any other implied terms within the Contract,
we have no occasion to consider (a) the impact the breach of any implied contractual terms might have
upon the trial court’s ruling on Plaintiffs’ breach-of-contract cause of action or (b) the impact such a
breach might have upon the application of the economic-loss rule to Plaintiffs’ tort claims. First
Charter Bank, 203 N.C. App. at 580, 692 S.E.2d at 463.

                                                 - 37 -
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                                   Opinion of the Court

(elements of fraud), with Harton v. Harton, 81 N.C. App. 295, 298-99, 344 S.E.2d 117,

119-20 (1986) (elements of fraud in the inducement), with Friedland v. Gales, 131
N.C. App. 802, 807, 509 S.E.2d 793, 797 (1998) (elements of fraudulent concealment),

we analyze Plaintiffs’ causes of action alleging fraud as separate theories of a single

cause of action alleging fraud in the inducement.

      This Court has said:

             The essential elements of fraud in the inducement are:
             (i)     that defendant made a false representation or
                     concealed a material fact he had a duty to disclose[;]
             (ii)    that the false representation related to a past or
                     existing fact;
             (iii)   that defendant made the representation knowing it
                     was false or made it recklessly without knowledge of
                     its truth;
             (iv)    that defendant made the representation intending
                     to deceive plaintiff;
             (v)     that    plaintiff     reasonably   relied   on    the
                     representation and acted upon it; and
             (vi)    plaintiff suffered injury.

Harton, 81 N.C. App. at 298-99, 344 S.E.2d at 119-20.

      Plaintiffs brought their fraud cause of action against Berkeley, Bell, and

Berkeley’s agents, alleging that those four Defendants “made false representations

and/or concealments of a material fact regarding the existence of long-standing,

chronic and substantial water intrusion and damages as well as the history of not

properly repairing the same.” Plaintiffs alleged that all four Defendants were, by

virtue of Plaintiffs’ offer to purchase the House, under a duty to disclose all material

                                          - 38 -
                                 CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                    Opinion of the Court

facts regarding the House to them, and that: (1) Carroll defrauded Plaintiffs by

saying that he would buy the House if he could; (2) Berkeley and Bell defrauded

Plaintiffs by filling out the Disclosure Statement representing that they had no

knowledge of water-intrusion issues at the House; and (3) all four Defendants

defrauded Plaintiffs by failing to disclose the history of water-intrusion issues and

the fact that the issues had not been properly repaired. Rather than properly repair

the water-intrusion issues, Plaintiffs alleged that these four Defendants took active

steps to conceal the issues and thereby deceived them, which both made Plaintiffs’

reliance upon the alleged false representations reasonable and excused Plaintiffs’

own failure to discover the issues. Plaintiffs acted upon the four Defendants’ alleged

fraud by closing on the House at full price, and suffered injury by, inter alia, repairing

the House once the defects to the House became evident.

                               1.     Carroll’s statement

      Carroll’s statement that he would buy the House if he could is vague “puffing”

that is not material and could not be reasonably relied upon by Plaintiffs in deciding

whether to purchase the House, and accordingly is inadequate as an allegation of

fraud. See Rowan Cty. Bd. of Educ. v. United States Gypsum Co., 332 N.C. 1, 17, 418
S.E.2d 648, 659 (1992) (“mere puffing, guesses, or assertions of opinions” are not

actionable as fraud).

                                           - 39 -
                                 CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                    Opinion of the Court

               2.     Representations within the Disclosure Statement

       As discussed above in Section II(b)(1), the record tends to show that Berkeley

and Bell (1) were aware of water-intrusion issues at the House, (2) hired only a

painter to address those issues, and (3) thereafter represented to Plaintiffs that they

were not aware of any water-intrusion issues at the House.

       Berkeley and Bell argue that: (1) the economic-loss rule bars Plaintiffs’ fraud

claims; (2) the record does not contain any evidence that any representation in the

Disclosure Statement was made with knowledge of the representation’s falsity; and

(3) Plaintiffs cannot establish that they reasonably relied upon any of the alleged

false representations.

       The economic-loss rule does not apply to Plaintiffs’ fraud causes of action,

because the alleged false representations within the Disclosure Statement (like the

alleged omissions discussed supra Section II(f)) could not have breached the terms of

the Contract. Moreover, this Court has expressly set forth that the economic-loss rule

does not bar fraud claims, even where the alleged fraud also breaches a contractual

term between the parties. See Bradley Woodcraft, Inc. v. Bodden, 251 N.C. App. 27,

34, 795 S.E.2d 253, 259 (2016) (“while claims for negligence are barred by the

economic loss rule where a valid contract exists between the litigants, claims for fraud

are not so barred and, indeed, the law is, in fact, to the contrary: a plaintiff may assert

both claims.” (internal quotation marks, brackets, and citation omitted)).

                                           - 40 -
                                CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                   Opinion of the Court

      Regarding Berkeley and Bell’s second argument that the record does not

contain any evidence that any representation in the Disclosure Statement was made

with knowledge of the representation’s falsity, we do not agree. The evidence in the

record, viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, reflects a genuine issue of

material fact regarding whether Berkeley and Bell were aware of unrepaired water-

intrusion issues at the House at the time Berkeley furnished the Disclosure

Statement to Plaintiffs representing that Berkeley (through Bell and Durham) was

unaware of such issues. Because Defendants have not directed our attention to

authority setting forth otherwise, the question of whether a painter’s purported

repair of a leak eliminated Bell and Durham’s knowledge regarding the water-

intrusion issues is appropriate for a jury to decide as a matter of fact, not a judge as

a matter of law. Cf. Clouse, 115 N.C. App. at 509, 445 S.E.2d at 433 (defendant “would

have no reason to question [surveyor]’s affirmative representation and make her own

independent investigation when [surveyor]’s expertise was specifically in the area of

conducting surveys and when he was paid to specifically conduct such survey”).

Indeed, even if Bell were to testify that he had no such knowledge, the jury would

still be free to not credit that testimony and find otherwise in light of the other

evidence in the record. See Smith v. Beasley, 298 N.C. 798, 801, 259 S.E.2d 907, 909

(1979) (“It is the function of the jury alone to weigh the evidence, determine the

                                          - 41 -
                                 CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                    Opinion of the Court

credibility of the witnesses and the probative force to be given their testimony, and

determine what the evidence proves or fails to prove.”).

      Finally, we also reject Berkeley and Bell’s argument that the fact that

Plaintiffs were able to inspect and discover the water-intrusion issues themselves

means that Plaintiffs did not reasonably rely upon the Disclosure Statement as a

matter of law, for the same reasons we reject Berkeley and Bell’s argument regarding

justifiable reliance above in Section II(c).

      We have said that “[i]n an arm’s-length transaction, when a purchaser of

property has the opportunity to exercise reasonable diligence and fails to do so, the

element of reasonable reliance is lacking and the purchaser has no action for fraud.”

RD&J Props. v. Lauralea-Dilton Enters., LLC, 165 N.C. App. 737, 746, 600 S.E.2d
492, 499 (2004) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). But even if the

plaintiff fails to make its own investigation, the plaintiff’s fraud claim will not fail

where “(1) it was denied the opportunity to investigate the property, (2) it could not

discover the truth about the property’s condition by exercise of reasonable diligence,

or (3) it was induced to forego additional investigation by the defendant’s

misrepresentations.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

      As discussed in more detail above in Section II(c), the record reflects that:

(1) Plaintiffs hired Williams to inspect the House; Williams testified that he did not

conduct moisture testing or discover the water-intrusion issues; and (2) Moore

                                           - 42 -
                               CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                  Opinion of the Court

testified that he saw no reason to conduct moisture testing based upon a visual

inspection of the House, and that he believed previous damage to the house had been

carefully hidden so that the damage was only discoverable if such testing was

undertaken.    This evidence, taken in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs,

demonstrates that genuine issues of material fact exist regarding whether

(1) Williams’ inspection amounted to the exercise of “reasonable diligence” and

(2) whether Defendants induced Plaintiffs to forego moisture testing and rely upon

their allegedly-false representations within the Disclosure Statement. See Willen,
174 N.C. App. at 719-20, 622 S.E.2d at 191 (rejecting reliance argument where

“defendant deliberately concealed” material facts); Libby Hill, 62 N.C. App. at 698,

303 S.E.2d at 568 (“An action in fraud for misrepresentations regarding realty will

lie . . . where the purchaser has been fraudulently induced to forego inquiries which

he otherwise would have made. . . . Thus, where material facts are available to the

vendor alone, he or she must disclose them.” (citations omitted)).

      In the fraud context, “[t]he reasonableness of a party’s reliance is a question

for the jury, unless the facts are so clear that they support only one conclusion.”

Forbis v. Neal, 361 N.C. 519, 527, 649 S.E.2d 382, 387 (2007). Because, for the

aforementioned reasons, the record reasonably supports more than one conclusion,

we conclude that genuine issues of material fact exist regarding whether Berkeley

and Bell defrauded Plaintiffs by providing them with the Disclosure Statement, and

                                         - 43 -
                                 CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                     Opinion of the Court

that the trial court erred by granting Berkeley and Bell summary judgment on

Plaintiffs’ fraud cause of action.

                 3.     Non-disclosure of water intrusion and repairs

      Finally, Plaintiffs argue that Berkeley, Bell, and Berkeley’s agents defrauded

them by failing to disclose the history of water-intrusion issues and the fact that the

issues had not been properly repaired.

      This Court has said:

             A duty to disclose material facts arises where material
             facts are accessible to the vendor only, and he knows them
             not to be within the reach of the diligent attention,
             observation and judgment of the purchaser. In other
             words, in order to establish fraud based upon a seller’s
             failure to disclose material defects, a buyer must, in part,
             show that the material defects were not discoverable in the
             exercise of the buyer’s diligent attention or observation.

Everts v. Parkinson, 147 N.C. App. 315, 325, 555 S.E.2d 667, 674 (2001) (internal

quotation marks, emphasis, and citations omitted). Moreover, a seller’s real-estate

agent has a duty to disclose known material facts to a prospective buyer, or else he

may be personally liable for fraud. Johnson v. Beverly-Hanks & Assocs., Inc., 328
N.C. 202, 210, 400 S.E.2d 38, 43 (1991) (reversing summary judgment for defendant

broker on fraud claim because of conflicting testimony regarding whether defendant

concealed material fact from buyer); Clouse, 115 N.C. App. at 508, 445 S.E.2d at 432-

33. (“A broker has a duty not to conceal from the purchasers any material facts and

to make full and open disclosure of all such information. This duty applies, however,

                                            - 44 -
                                  CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                     Opinion of the Court

to material facts known to the broker and to representations made by the broker.”

(internal quotation marks, brackets, and citation omitted)).

         Because the four Defendants dispute neither (1) that they were aware of the

previous water-intrusion issues at the House and the circumstances surrounding

Cribb’s purported repair work nor (2) that they did not disclose those facts to

Plaintiffs, the question is whether the four Defendants had a duty to disclose those

facts.    That question itself requires consideration of whether those facts were

(1) material and (2) “not discoverable in the exercise of the [Plaintiffs’] diligent

attention or observation.” Everts, 147 N.C. App. at 325, 555 S.E.2d at 674.

         As set forth above in Sections II(b)(1) and II(c), these are questions for a jury

to decide. First, because Defendants have not directed our attention to any authority

setting forth that because a painter said he might have fixed a leak at a residence,

the fact of previously-material water-intrusion issues at the residence and the

circumstances surrounding the painter’s work are rendered immaterial as a matter

of law, we conclude that such a question presents a genuine issue of material fact.

Second, we are also unable to say as a matter of law that the water-intrusion issues

were discoverable in the exercise of Plaintiffs’ diligent attention. Although Plaintiffs

may have been able to but did not obtain the full OIA maintenance records or conduct

moisture testing at the House, whether taking such steps is necessary for a buyer to

be diligent for reasonable reliance purposes is less than clear from the authorities

                                            - 45 -
                                     CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                          Opinion of the Court

cited by the parties. Therefore, the questions of whether the four Defendants (1) owed

Plaintiffs a duty to disclose the facts of the previous water-intrusion issues and what

they undertook to repair those issues and (2) defrauded Plaintiffs by omission by

failing to disclose those facts11 depend upon the resolution of genuine issues of

material fact, and we accordingly conclude that Plaintiffs must be given the

opportunity to persuade a jury that the answers to those questions require that they

be given relief on their alleged injuries.

       In sum, we conclude that the trial court erred by granting the four Defendants

summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ fraud cause of action.

                                    i.          Personal Liability

       Finally, Plaintiffs make no argument regarding their cause of action brought

against Bell for personal liability, and we also deem that aspect of Plaintiffs’ appeal

abandoned. N.C. R. App. P. 28(b)(6).

                                         III.     Conclusion

       For the aforementioned reasons, we affirm the grant of summary judgment as

to Plaintiffs’ causes of action alleging: (1) negligence, against Plaintiffs’ agents;

       11  It is worth noting the interplay between Plaintiffs’ fraud theories. The fact that Berkeley
and Bell made affirmative representations about the House in the Disclosure Statement may mean
that their failure to disclose the water-intrusion issues and Cribb’s purported repairs—which they
might not have been required to disclose in the absence of such affirmative representations—
amounted to fraud by omission. See Ragsdale v. Kennedy, 286 N.C. 130, 139, 209 S.E.2d 494, 501
(1974) (“even though a vendor may have no duty to speak under the circumstances, nevertheless if he
does assume to speak he must make a full and fair disclosure as to the matters he discusses.”).

                                                   - 46 -
                                CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                                   Opinion of the Court

(2) negligent misrepresentation, against Plaintiffs’ agents and Berkeley’s agents;

(3) unfair and/or deceptive trade practices, against Berkeley, Bell, and Berkeley’s

agents; (4) breach of contract, against Bell; (5) breach of the implied covenant of good

faith and fair dealing, against Berkeley and Bell; and (6) personal liability, against

Bell.

        For the aforementioned reasons, we reverse the grant of summary judgment

as to Plaintiffs’ causes of action alleging: (1) negligence, against Berkeley’s agents;

(2) negligent misrepresentation, against Berkeley and Bell; (3) breach of fiduciary

duty, against Plaintiffs’ agents; (4) fraud and fraud in the inducement, against

Berkeley, Bell, and Berkeley’s agents; and (5) fraud by concealment, against

Berkeley, Bell, and Berkeley’s agents, all of which we remand for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

        AFFIRMED IN PART. REVERSED AND REMANDED IN PART.

        Judge HAMPSON concurs.

        Judge ARROWOOD concurs in part and dissents in part per separate opinion.

                                          - 47 -
 No. COA19-283 – Cummings v. Carroll

      ARROWOOD, Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

      I concur fully with that portion of the opinion in so far as it affirms the grant

of summary judgement to the defendants on any claims. I also concur with that

portion of the opinion which reverses summary judgment with respect to negligent

misrepresentation, and the fraud claims in whatever form pled against defendants

Berkeley and Bell.

      However, for the reasons set forth below, I dissent from that portion of the

majority’s opinion that reverses summary judgement with respect to any claim

against either plaintiffs’ or Berkeley’s real estate agents.

      The majority reversed the grant of summary judgment with respect to: (1)

breach of fiduciary duty against plaintiffs’ agents; (2) negligence against Berkeley’s

agents; (3) fraud and fraud in the inducement, against Berkeley, Bell, and Berkeley’s

agents; and (4) fraud by concealment, against Berkeley, Bell, and Berkeley’s agents.

I address the claims against plaintiffs’ agents first, and then defendant-Berkeley’s

agents.

                           1.        Breach of Fiduciary Duty

      I first address plaintiffs’ claim against their real estate agents for breach of

fiduciary duty. As the majority noted, in Brown v. Roth, we described a real estate

agent’s fiduciary duty as follows:

             A real estate agent has the fiduciary duty to exercise
             reasonable care, skill, and diligence in the transaction of
             business [e]ntrusted to him, and he will be responsible to
                                CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                             Arrowood, J., Concurrence-Dissent

             his principal for any loss resulting from his negligence in
             failing to do so. The care and skill required is that
             generally possessed and exercised by persons engaged in
             the same business. This duty requires the agent to make
             a full and truthful disclosure [to the principal] of all facts
             known to him, or discoverable with reasonable diligence
             and likely to affect the principal.

133 N.C. App. 52, 54-55, 514 S.E.2d 294, 296 (1999) (quotation marks and citations

omitted). Plaintiffs contend that their real estate agents failed to exercise reasonable

care because they did not provide plaintiffs with information that plaintiffs assert

would have been discoverable with reasonable diligence. Specifically, plaintiffs allege

that their agents, the Rudd agency, Rudd-Gaglie, and Goodman, violated their

fiduciary duties when they (1) failed to discover and disclose water intrusion issues

in the House and (2) negligently recommended Williams, who did not perform

moisture testing. The majority asserts that whether the real estate agents acted with

reasonable diligence is a question for the jury. However, the facts of this case reveal

that while the plaintiffs’ real estate agents did not take every possible action they

could to discover every single piece of information about the House, they certainly

took reasonable actions to do so.

      This is not a case where a buyer’s agent failed to disclose material information

or failed to take actions usually taken by competent real estate agents. On the

contrary, plaintiffs’ agents obtained all information and documents requested by

plaintiffs, procured a qualified home inspector to inspect the home prior to purchase,

                                            2
                               CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                            Arrowood, J., Concurrence-Dissent

connected plaintiffs with various repairmen, and obtained a termite inspection.

Although the home inspector, Williams, ultimately decided not to conduct a moisture

test based upon his professional opinion that it was not necessary to perform one, this

decision cannot be attributed to plaintiffs’ agents. Plaintiffs have not presented any

evidence Williams was incompetent or otherwise not qualified to perform the

inspection. Thus, plaintiffs’ agents’ fiduciary duty to plaintiffs was satisfied upon

their suggestion to plaintiffs of a home inspector and general contractor who was well-

qualified to perform the inspection. Plaintiffs’ agents, who are not licensed and

experienced home inspectors or general contractors, exercised reasonable diligence to

discover any defects in the House by suggesting a qualified home inspector, and they

reasonably relied on Williams’ assessment of the home. See Clouse v. Gordon, 115
N.C. App. 500, 509, 445 S.E.2d 428, 433 (1994) (holding it was reasonable for real

estate agent to rely on expert opinion of independent surveyor of property).

      The one action plaintiffs’ agents failed to take was one that plaintiffs have

failed to show was either customary or necessary – requesting the OIA maintenance

records. While the maintenance records would have revealed past issues with the

House that had presumably been dealt with, it was reasonable for plaintiffs’ agents

to arrange for a home inspection because the home inspection was expected to reveal

present issues with the House that needed to be fixed. Thus, the home inspection

should have, and in fact did, reveal the same type of information that the

                                           3
                                CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                             Arrowood, J., Concurrence-Dissent

maintenance reports contained. Though the home inspection did not reveal the

significant water intrusion issues, this was only because Williams did not believe a

moisture test was necessary.

      In addition, as plaintiffs’ own expert, Moore, testified, there would have been

no reason for a home inspector to conduct intrusive moisture testing because the

water damage was not readily apparent. Neither the plaintiffs nor the majority is

able to provide any support for the proposition that a real estate agent who took

reasonable actions to discover material information about the House at issue

breached their fiduciary duty by not taking every action possible to obtain

information about the House. Moreover, plaintiffs’ agents also complied with the

Rules of Real Estate Commission throughout their dealings with plaintiffs and met

all of the duties set forth in the Exclusive Buyer’s Agency Agreement with plaintiffs.

I therefore respectfully disagree with the majority that the trial court erred in

granting summary judgment for plaintiffs’ agents on this issue.

                 2.     Negligence and Fraud by Berkeley’s Agents

      Plaintiffs additionally contend defendants Carroll and RE/MAX, Berkeley’s

real estate agents, were negligent. To establish negligence, plaintiffs must show that

defendants (1) owed them a duty, (2) breached that duty, (3) plaintiffs suffered injury,

and (4) the breach of duty was the proximate cause of the injury to plaintiffs. Id. at

508, 445 S.E.2d at 432 (quoting Simpson v. Cotton, 98 N.C. App. 209, 211, 390 S.E.2d
4
                               CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                            Arrowood, J., Concurrence-Dissent

345, 346 (1990)). As the majority explained, “[a] broker has a duty not to conceal from

the purchasers any material facts and to make full and open disclosure of all such

information.” Johnson v. Beverly-Hanks & Assoc., 328 N.C. 202, 210, 400 S.E.2d 38,

43 (1991) (citing Spence v. Spaulding and Perkins, Ltd., 82 N.C. App. 665, 347 S.E.2d
864 (1986)). “This duty [only] applies, however, to material facts known to the broker

and to representations made by the broker.” Clouse, 115 N.C. App. at 508, 445 S.E.2d

at 432-33. In addition, the purchaser also has a duty to protect their own interests,

as “it is the policy of the courts not to encourage negligence and inattention to one’s

own interest.” Id. at 509, 445 S.E.2d at 433.

      In the present case, Carroll had a duty to disclose all material facts known to

him. After Carroll listed the property, he was made aware that the House had a

water leakage problem which left a stain on the living room ceiling and caused some

rotting in one of the guest bedrooms. Carroll hired Cribb to perform work on the

House which included painting various areas of the House and repairing cracks.

After completing the requested work on the House, Cribb represented to Carroll that

he thought he found the leak causing the water intrusion problems and repaired it as

well. The majority believes there is a question as to whether the water intrusion

issue was successfully repaired such that it was no longer a material fact that Carroll

needed to disclose. However, the evidence shows Carroll was told that the leak was

repaired and he did not see any signs of water intrusion thereafter. Plaintiffs’ own

                                           5
                                CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                            Arrowood, J., Concurrence-Dissent

professional inspection of the House, which occurred three days after it had rained in

the area, also did not reveal any significant water intrusion issues.

      As we noted in Clouse, a real estate agent would have no reason to question

the expert opinion of a professional surveyor, or in this case, inspector. Id. Thus,

even if Carroll had initially not been completely certain the water leak had been

repaired, it would have been reasonable for him to rely on the inspection report as an

accurate assessment of the present condition of the House. Furthermore, plaintiffs

also had a duty to preserve their own interests. Id. Though the inspection report did

not reveal any significant water intrusion, it did, however, alert plaintiff to the

presence of minor leaks and areas on the exterior of the House that needed to be

sealed in order to keep out water and insects. Plaintiffs were thus made aware of

leaks and potential water intrusion problems in the House prior to their purchase,

further rendering Carroll’s knowledge of the prior leak immaterial. The report also

advised plaintiffs to conduct additional inspection with respect to the recommended

repairs, yet they neglected to do so. This Court has recognized that contributory

negligence is a complete bar to a plaintiff’s negligence claim. Swain v. Preston Falls

East, L.L.C., 156 N.C. App. 357, 361-62, 576 S.E.2d 699, 702-703 (2003). Berkeley’s

real estate agents should not be held responsible for plaintiffs’ own negligence.

      I am thus unable to conclude Berkeley’s agents were negligent as a matter of

law and would affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment on the matter. I

                                           6
                               CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                            Arrowood, J., Concurrence-Dissent

also note that the majority does not cite to any authority supporting the proposition

that a real estate agent’s duty should extend so far. In my view, the proper party to

sue for negligence here would be the home inspector, who neglected to conduct a

moisture test despite discovering minor leaks in the House.

      Furthermore, I am also unable to concur with the majority’s opinion that

Berkeley’s agents committed fraud in the inducement and by concealment by not

informing plaintiffs of prior water intrusion issues. “A broker who makes fraudulent

misrepresentations or who conceals a material fact when there is a duty to speak . . .

is personally liable to the purchaser notwithstanding that the broker was acting in

the capacity of agent for the seller.” Johnson, 328 N.C. at 210, 400 S.E.2d at 43

(emphasis in original) (citation omitted). For the same reasons I would hold Carroll

and RE/MAX were not negligent, I also find they did not commit fraud.

      Carroll did not conceal a material fact that he had a duty to disclose, and also

made no false representations.     Carroll did not inform plaintiffs of prior water

intrusion issues in the House because he reasonably believed the source of the water

leak had been repaired. Thus, his nondisclosure did not amount to concealing a

material fact in order to induce plaintiffs to purchase the House. Rather, there is

evidence in the record showing that Carroll did not mention the water leak because

he simply believed it was no longer an issue, and was thus immaterial. As such,

Carroll was under no duty to disclose that information.

                                           7
                                CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                             Arrowood, J., Concurrence-Dissent

      This Court addressed a similar issue in MacFadden v. Louf, 182 N.C. App. 745,

643 S.E.2d 432 (2007). There, we rejected the home-purchaser’s fraud claim based

on a lack of reasonable reliance, holding that “[p]laintiff failed to establish that her

reliance was justifiable because she conducted a home inspection before closing and

that inspection report put her on notice of potential problems with the home.” Id. at

748, 643 S.E.2d at 434.      We reasoned that the inspection report pointed out

potentially serious problems and advised the plaintiff to conduct an additional

inspection.   Id. at 749, 643 S.E.2d at 435.       Similarly, in the present case, the

inspection report noted a variety of issues with the House requiring repairs,

including: (1) minor damage to the roof; (2) areas on the exterior of the House needing

“to be sealed to keep water and insect [sic] from entering the home”; (3) doors that

failed to close or otherwise seal properly; (4) windows that exhibited rust stains and

would not open; and (5) minor leaks causing mold to grow. The report also provided

that “[i]t is recommended that qualified contractors be used in your further inspection

or repair issues as it relates to the comments in this inspection report.”

      As the majority correctly noted, this Court has said that “[i]n an arm’s-length

transaction, when a purchaser of property has the opportunity to exercise reasonable

diligence and fails to do so, the element of reasonable reliance is lacking and the

purchaser has no action for fraud.” RD&J Props. v. Lauralea-Dilton Enters., LLC,

165 N.C. App. 737, 746, 600 S.E.2d 492, 499 (2001) (citing Calloway v. Wyatt, 246

                                            8
                              CUMMINGS V. CARROLL

                           Arrowood, J., Concurrence-Dissent

N.C. 129, 134, 97 S.E.2d 881, 885-86 (1957)). Because plaintiffs were made aware of

water leakage issues and were advised to have the House undergo further inspection

but neglected to do so, I would hold they did not exercise reasonable diligence and

cannot now claim they were fraudulently induced by Berkeley’s agents. Accordingly,

I would affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment on the matter, and

respectfully dissent.

                                          9