Court Opinion

ID: 3159159
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-12-01 22:07:10.810092+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:47:20.282515
License: Public Domain

J-A28040-15

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

ANASTASIA BOCHKAREVA A/K/A                       IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
BOCHKAREV,                                             PENNSYLVANIA

                            Appellant

                       v.

VIATCHESLAV BOCHKAREV,

                            Appellee                  No. 2924 EDA 2014

                 Appeal from the Order Entered August 28, 2014
             In the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County
           Civil Division at No(s): 2009-05232 PACSES #285110953

BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., PANELLA, and SHOGAN, JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.:                        FILED DECEMBER 01, 2015

       Appellant, Anastasia Bochkareva, also known as Anastasia Bochkarev1

(“Mother”), appeals from the order entered on August 28, 2014, that

disposed of her motion for modification of child support. We affirm.

       Mother and Viatcheslav Bochkarev (“Father”) were born in Russia,

were married in Russia in 2003, and later moved to the United States. N.T.,

5/2/14, at 165; Trial Court Memorandum, 8/28/14, at 2. Two children were

born of the marriage.        Trial Court Memorandum, 8/28/14, at 2.    In 2008,

Father lost his job at Morgan Stanley in the United States. Id. The parties

planned to return to Russia with their two children.     Id.   Father obtained
____________________________________________

1
  “Bochkareva” is the feminine form of the family name “Bochkarev.” N.T.,
5/2/14, at 22-23.
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employment at Penta Investments in Russia, and he returned to Russia in

August of 2008. Id. While Mother had planned on returning to Russia with

the children, Mother instead filed for divorce in Montgomery County in

February of 2009. Id. Mother and Father are now divorced. Id. Father

continues to reside in Russia, and Mother and the children continue to reside

in the United States. Id. Father intends to remain in Russia, and Mother

concedes this point. Id.

            On September 17, 2009, Mindy A. Harris, Esquire,
     conference officer in support, found [F]ather, a resident of
     Russia, considering his background, education and experience,
     with a net earning capacity of $2,176 per month and [M]other
     with a net income, after legal deductions, of $1,841 per month.
     Ms. Harris[’] recommendation was [Father] to pay child support
     for two children in the amount of $618 per month, plus $81 per
     month for medical insurance contribution, for a total of $699 per
     month. Unreimbursed medical expenses were to be paid 54% by
     [F]ather and 46% by [M]other. The recommendation became an
     order on September 21, 2009. Neither side filed exceptions from
     this order.

           On July 10, 2012, [M]other filed a petition to modify the
     September 21, 2009 order based on a change of circumstances.
     Mindy A. Harris, Esquire, addressed the matter again and found,
     on April 17, 2013, [F]ather with a net income of $1,383.70 per
     month and [M]other with a net income of $4,720.52 per month.
     Ms. Harris’ recommendation was an order against father of $485
     per month for two children, $35.23 per month for medical
     insurance contribution, and $223.60 per month for child care, for
     a total support of $743.83 per month. Unreimbursed medical
     expenses were to be paid 23% by [F]ather and 77% by
     [M]other. The recommendation became an order on April 22,
     2013. Mother filed exceptions from the support order on May 8,
     2013.

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Trial Court Memorandum, 8/28/14, at 1-2.          Following a hearing, the trial

court entered an order on August 28, 2014, which provides, in relevant part,

as follows:

           AND NOW, this 28th day of August, 2014, after hearing
      and briefs, the following is ORDERED:

      1. For the period of July 10, 2012 through December 31, 2012

              (1) Father’s net income is $1,214 net per month.

              (2) Mother’s net income is $3,716 net per month.

              (3) Father shall pay child support as follows:

                    (i) $336.00 per month for 2 children;

                    (ii) $49.20 per month for medical
                    insurance contribution $385.20 per
                    month TOTAL

              (4) Mother shall provide medical insurance for the
              children.

              (5) Mother shall pay the first $250 annually for
              unreimbursed medical expenses incurred for each
              child.

              (6) Unreimbursed medical expenses that exceed
              $250 annually for each child shall be paid 24.6% by
              father and 75.4% by mother.

      2. For the period of January 1, 2013 through December 31, 2013

              (1) Father’s net income is $1,214 net per month.

              (2) Mother’s net income is $5,949 net per month.

              (3) Father shall pay child support as follows:

                    (i) $279 per month for 2 children

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                (ii) $33.88 per month for medical
                insurance contribution $312.88 per
                month TOTAL

          (4) Mother shall provide medical insurance for the
          children.

          (5) Mother shall pay the first $250.00 annually for
          unreimbursed medical expenses incurred for each
          child.

          (6) Unreimbursed medical expenses that exceed
          $250.00 annually for each child shall be paid 16.94%
          by [F]ather and 83.06% by [M]other.

     3. For the period January 1, 2014 forward:

          (1) Father’s net income is $1,214 net per month.

          (2) Mother’s net income is $5,298 net per month.

          (3) Father shall pay child support as follows:

                (i) $291.00 per month for 2 children

                (ii) $37.28 per month for medical
                insurance contribution $328.28 per
                month TOTAL

          (4) Mother shall provide medical insurance for the
          children.

          (5) Mother shall pay the first $250.00 annually for
          unreimbursed medical expenses incurred for each
          child.

          (6) Unreimbursed medical expenses that exceed
          $250.00 annually for each child shall be paid 18.64%
          by [F]ather and 81.36% by [M]other.

          (7) Any and all arrears are due and payable
          immediately and obligor shall pay $31.00 per month
          on arrears with each periodic payment. All terms of
          this order are subject to collection and/or

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              enforcement by contempt proceedings, credit bureau
              reporting, tax refund offset certification, driver’s
              license revocation, and the freeze and seize of
              financial   assets.    These     enforcement/collection
              mechanisms will not be initiated as long as the
              obligor does not owe overdue support. Failure to
              make each payment on time and in full will cause all
              arrears to become subject to immediate collection by
              all of the means listed above. On and after the date
              it is due, by operation of law, each unpaid support
              payment shall constitute a judgment against you,
              [as] well as a lien against real property.

              [(]8[)] This order is effective July 10, 2012. Arrears
              adjustments resulting from this effective date will be
              calculated by the DRO and set as of the entry date of
              this order.

Order, 8/28/14. This timely appeal followed.2

       On appeal, Mother raises the following issues for this Court’s

consideration:

       1. Whether the trial court erred by not applying an earning
       capacity pursuant to Pa.R.C.P. 1910.16-2(d)(4)?

       2. Whether the trial court erred by not considering Father’s
       present employment a voluntary reduction of income pursuant to
       Pa.R.C.P. 1910.16-2(d)(1)?

       3. Whether the trial court erred by not considering the standard
       of living of the parties and children, as well as their unusual
       needs pursuant to Pa.R.C.P. 1910.16-5?
____________________________________________

2
   It does not appear as though the trial court directed Mother to file a
concise statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b), and the filing of a statement of errors complained of was not
mandatory in this matter as it is not a Children’s Fast Track appeal as
defined in Pa.R.A.P. 102. However, the trial court, on October 20, 2014,
filed a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion incorporating the aforementioned August
28, 2014 Trial Court Memorandum.

                                           -5-
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Mother’s Brief at 7.

      We review an appeal from an order of child support under the

following standard:

      When evaluating a support order, this Court may only reverse
      the trial court’s determination where the order cannot be
      sustained on any valid ground. We will not interfere with the
      broad discretion afforded the trial court absent an abuse of the
      discretion or insufficient evidence to sustain the support order.
      An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment; if, in
      reaching a conclusion, the court overrides or misapplies the law,
      or the judgment exercised is shown by the record to be either
      manifestly unreasonable or the product of partiality, prejudice,
      bias or ill will, discretion has been abused. In addition, we note
      that the duty to support one’s child is absolute, and the purpose
      of child support is to promote the child’s best interests.

Morgan v. Morgan, 99 A.3d 554, 556-557 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation and

quotation marks omitted). The reviewing court does not weigh the evidence

or determine credibility as these are functions of the trial court. Doherty v.

Doherty, 859 A.2d 811, 812 (Pa. Super. 2004).

      In Mother’s first issue on appeal, she claims that the trial court erred

by not imputing an earning capacity to Father pursuant to Pa.R.C.P.

1910.16-2(d)(4). Section 1910.16-2(d)(4) provides as follows:

      (d) Reduced or Fluctuating Income.

                                    ***

      (4) Earning Capacity. If the trier of fact determines that a party
      to a support action has willfully failed to obtain or maintain
      appropriate employment, the trier of fact may impute to that
      party an income equal to the party’s earning capacity. Age,
      education, training, health, work experience, earnings history
      and child care responsibilities are factors which shall be

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      considered in determining earning capacity. In order for an
      earning capacity to be assessed, the trier of fact must state the
      reasons for the assessment in writing or on the record.
      Generally, the trier of fact should not impute an earning capacity
      that is greater than the amount the party would earn from one
      full-time position. Determination of what constitutes a
      reasonable    work regimen depends upon all relevant
      circumstances including the choice of jobs available within a
      particular occupation, working hours, working conditions and
      whether a party has exerted substantial good faith efforts to find
      employment.

Pa.R.C.P. 1910.16-2(d)(4).

      Clearly, before the trial court may impute an income equal to Father’s

earning capacity, the trial court must first conclude that Father “has willfully

failed to obtain or maintain appropriate employment[.]” Pa.R.C.P. 1910.16-

2(d)(4).   Here, the trial court, after considering the record and the

testimony, explained its decision as follows:

            After review of the record, the court [found] that [F]ather,
      who has lived for the last six years in Russia, and intends to
      reside in Russia, has the best employment he could obtain in
      Russia with TSFP (Center for Financial Support), obtaining that
      employment on April 1, 2013. Father’s salary there is 50,000
      rubles per month, with a tax rate of 13% (6,500 rubles per
      month), for a net of 43,500 rubles per month, which is
      $1,214.28 net per month U.S. currency. This $1,214.28 is not a
      change of circumstances from the September 21, 2009 order
      where [F]ather’s earning capacity was $2,176 net per month,
      unemployment compensation (U.S. Dollars). Indeed, it is less
      than the prior order.

            Prior to [F]ather obtaining employment on April 1, 2013 at
      TSFP, [F]ather was laid off in August-September 2009 at a
      Russian job at Penta, when Penta closed its Moscow office.
      Thereafter,     [F]ather   obtained    Russian   unemployment
      compensation      throughout     2010.  During   the     Russian
      unemployment compensation, [F]ather was offered a job as a
      cook for a company and a job as an industrial worker, both

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     positions at lower salaries than at his present job. From the time
     Penta closed its doors, until obtaining the April 1, 2013
     employment with TSFP, [F]ather was aggressive and diligent in
     attempting to obtain employment in Russia. Father spoke to
     clubs and organizations at schools where his resume was
     submitted, he looked for vacancies on the Internet, he was
     registered for online conferences on career search, he
     interviewed with various companies, and was proactive in
     networking and speaking to people.1
           1
             The reality is that [F]ather has been unemployed
           for years, has obtained a job in Russia after good
           faith efforts for the most money as has been offered,
           has resided in Russia for 6 years, and there has been
           no change in financial circumstances for [Father]
           since the September 2009 order to warrant an
           increase in said order. Arguments to the contrary by
           [M]other are rejected by the court.

           The court found [F]ather to be credible.2
           2
             The court also finds [F]ather’s excerpts from his
           brief to be accurate, as follows:

                 “After his loss of employment from
                 Penta, Father’s living was financed by a
                 combination of factors, including the fact
                 that he lives rent free with his mother,
                 he has borrowed money from his family,
                 lived on credit cards, and liquidated
                 assets. With respect to the credit cards,
                 he did cash advances and then balance
                 transfers from one credit card to pay
                 back another credit card, which he did
                 several times.” ([Father’s Post-Trial]
                 Brief, [8/15/14] p. 4).

                                  [* * *]

                 “Further, Mother’s argument that the
                 Court should give Father an earning
                 capacity has no basis in law or fact.
                 Mother    provided    no     evidence   to
                 contradict that Father’s income in Russia,

                                   -8-
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                 where he has lived for six (6) years, is
                 the highest income of any job he could
                 find or was offered, and his testimony
                 that this was the best income he could
                 get   was,     to   the    contrary,    not
                 contradicted.” ([Father’s Post-Trial] Brief,
                 [8/15/14] p. 5).

                                   [* * *]

                 “Father is employed. He lives in Russia.
                 His income is known, his ability to live in
                 Russia at that level of income (which as
                 noted is higher than the other job offers
                 he received) was explained as he is able
                 to live with his mother (he doesn’t even
                 own a car, he occasionally used his
                 mother’s but that no longer exists as it
                 was stolen as noted in the testimony).”
                 ([Father’s Post-Trial] Brief, [8/15/14] pp.
                 5-6).

           On the other hand, there has been a substantial change of
     circumstance concerning [M]other’s income. Mother’s net income
     in the September, 2009 order was $1,841 net per month.

           Mother’s W-2 income for 2012 is $52,981 gross per year.
     Father’s attempt to impute $1,000 per month additional rental
     income is rejected by the court based on the record. The issue of
     [M]other’s income from January 1, 2014 going forward,
     according to [F]ather, would be to extend [M]other’s 2013
     $94,246 gross income into 2014. The court rejects this approach
     as [M]other’s base salary is $77,000 gross per year. Her bonuses
     are discretionary. However, the record shows that [M]other has
     received $3,750 bonus thus far in 2014, so that sum will be
     added to [M]other’s $77,000 salary for gross income going
     forward for [M]other of $80,750 gross per year. As to [M]other’s
     receiving further bonuses, [F]ather can always address that
     issue when and if it occurs.

           Lastly, [M]other admits there is no child care after June 1,
     2013. However, the issue remains if [M]other has proved a child
     care expense from July 10, 2012 to June 1, 2013. The court
     finds she has not. Mother presented no testimony on this issue.

                                    -9-
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      The court is left to speculate and guess about child care,
      concerning the amount and frequency and the very child care
      itself. Mother’s exhibit M-A-5 shows a copy of one check for 60
      and a 3 page “account detail” that does not reflect any specific
      child care payment whatsoever and is of no probative value
      regarding child care.

Trial Court Memorandum, 8/28/14, at 2-4.

      The trial court found that Father’s testimony was credible and that

Father was employed in the best job he could obtain. Nothing in Mother’s

argument causes this Court to conclude there was any error or abuse of

discretion in the trial court’s conclusion. Therefore, because the trial court

did not find that Father willfully reduced his income, there was no error in

refusing to impute a greater income to Father pursuant to Pa.R.C.P.

1910.16-2(d)(4). Accordingly, Mother is entitled to no relief.

      Next, mother claims that the trial court erred by not considering

Father’s present employment a voluntary reduction of income.              The

applicable Rule of Civil Procedure concerning a voluntary reduction of income

is Rule 1910.16-2(d)(1), which reads as follows:

      (d) Reduced or Fluctuating Income.

      (1) Voluntary Reduction of Income. When either party voluntarily
      assumes a lower paying job, quits a job, leaves employment,
      changes occupations or changes employment status to pursue
      an education, or is fired for cause, there generally will be no
      effect on the support obligation.

Pa.R.C.P. 1910.16-2(d)(1).

      Again, we point out that the trial court found that Father’s testimony

was credible.   Trial Court Memorandum, 8/28/14, at 2.       Father’s reduced

                                    - 10 -
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income was not voluntary. As the trial court noted, the parties decided to

move to Russia, but Mother ultimately chose to remain in the United States

with the children and file for divorce. Id. The trial court was satisfied that,

while living in Russia, Father made good faith efforts to obtain suitable

employment for the greatest income he could find, and there was no change

in Father’s financial circumstances since the September 2009 order that

warrant an increase in Father’s support obligation. Id. at 3 n.1. Similar to

our analysis of Mother’s first issue, we discern no error of law or abuse of

discretion.   The trial court’s conclusion is supported by the record, and

because we will not disturb the trial court’s credibility determinations, we

conclude that Mother is entitled to no relief.

      Finally, Mother argues that the trial court erred by not considering the

parties’ standard of living and their unusual needs pursuant to Pa.R.C.P.

1910.16-5 in determining Father’s support obligation.            However, after

reviewing Mother’s argument on this issue, it is apparent that Mother is, in

fact, challenging only the trial court’s credibility determinations. Specifically,

Mother asserts that Father’s ability to travel belies his alleged financial

status. Mother’s Brief at 26-27.

      Mother is baldly asking this Court to substitute its credibility

determinations for that of the trial court. However, Mother has provided no

authority for her argument, and this Court will not reweigh the trial court’s

credibility determinations. Doherty, 859 A.2d at 812.

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     For the reasons set forth above, we conclude that Mother is entitled to

no relief. Accordingly, we affirm the August 28, 2014 support order.

     Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 12/1/2015

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