Court Opinion

ID: 9952064
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-19 17:02:49.537542+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:37:59.420615
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/19/24 Seth v. Stater Bros. Markets CA4/2

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
 California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
                                     or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                   FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION TWO

 NEERU SETH,

          Plaintiff and Appellant,                                       E080176

 v.                                                                      (Super.Ct.No. CIVDS2013739)

 STATER BROS. MARKETS,                                                   OPINION

          Defendant and Respondent.

         APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Michael A. Sachs,

Judge. Affirmed.

         Pius Joseph and Pius Joseph for Plaintiff and Appellant.

         Varner & Brandt, Angelica A. Samaniego and Grant A. Reader for Defendant and

Respondent.

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                                   I. INTRODUCTION

       Plaintiff and appellant Neeru Seth filed a complaint for personal injuries alleging a

single cause of action for negligence after falling while inside a grocery store operated by

defendant and respondent Stater Bros. Markets. The trial court granted defendant’s

motion for summary judgment, and plaintiff appeals from the judgment. On appeal,

plaintiff argues (1) the trial court erred because evidence offered in opposition to

defendant’s motion showed a triable dispute of material fact, and (2) the trial court erred

when it sustained evidentiary objections to an expert declaration offered in opposition to

summary judgment. We conclude that the appellate record is inadequate to review the

merits of plaintiff’s claims and, as a result, affirm the judgment.

                                    II. BACKGROUND

       In June 2020, plaintiff filed a complaint for personal injury alleging a single cause

of action for negligence against defendant. Plaintiff clarified the nature of her allegations

in response to interrogatories by stating that she incurred an injury when she slipped and

fell while inside defendant’s grocery store because the floor was “over-waxed.”

       In November 2021, defendant filed a motion for summary judgment on the ground

that the undisputed facts showed (1) plaintiff lacked any evidence to show defendant had

actual or constructive notice of a dangerous condition on its property, and (2) plaintiff

lacked evidence to show any failure by defendant to take reasonable precautions, even

assuming the existence of a dangerous condition. In support of its motion, defendant

submitted a separate statement of undisputed material facts consisting of 15 facts,

surveillance video, photographs depicting plaintiff’s incident, excerpts from plaintiff’s

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responses to interrogatories, excerpts from the transcript of plaintiff’s deposition

testimony, two expert declarations, and copies of defendant’s internal policy documents

related to maintenance of its store. Each of these items was included as part of the record

on appeal with the exception of the surveillance video depicting the incident.

       In May 2022, plaintiff filed an opposition to the motion for summary judgment.

The register of actions indicates that plaintiff’s opposition included a memorandum of

points and authorities, a responsive separate statement, objections to defendant’s

evidence, and a compendium of exhibits. In June 2022, plaintiff filed a separate

statement of additional disputed facts in support of her opposition. However, only

plaintiff’s memorandum, objections, and statement of additional disputed facts are

included as part of the record on appeal. In August 2022, the trial court held a hearing on

defendant’s motion for summary judgment. At the hearing, the trial court sustained

evidentiary objections to portions of the expert declaration offered by plaintiff, as well as

portions of plaintiff’s deposition testimony purportedly consisting of improper opinion

testimony; provided the parties with an extensive tentative ruling from the bench; and

invited counsel to argue the matter.

       The trial court granted defendant’s motion and entered judgment in favor of

defendant. Plaintiff appeals from the judgment.

                                       III. DISCUSSION

A. General Legal Principles and Standard of Review

       “ ‘The purpose of the law of summary judgment is to provide courts with a

mechanism to cut through the parties’ pleadings in order to determine whether, despite

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their allegations, trial is in fact necessary to resolve their dispute.’ ” (Mayes v. La Sierra

University (2022) 73 Cal.App.5th 686, 696.) “ ‘The trial court properly grants a motion

for summary judgment “if all the papers submitted show that there is no triable issue as to

any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of

law.” ’ ” (Mosley v. Pacific Specialty Insurance Company (2020) 49 Cal.App.5th 417,

422; Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (c).)

       “ ‘Appellate review of summary judgment is limited to the facts presented in

documents submitted to the trial court. [Citations.] The appellate court exercises its

independent judgment regarding the legal effect of undisputed facts disclosed by the

parties’ papers, utilizing the same three-step analysis required of the trial court. . . .

“ ‘We first identify the issues framed by the pleadings . . . . Secondly, we determine

whether the moving party has established facts which negate the opponents’ claim and

justify a judgment in the movant’s favor. Finally, if the summary judgment motion prima

facie justifies a judgment, we determine whether the opposition demonstrates the

existence of a triable, material factual issue.’ ” ’ ” (Antonopoulos v. Mid-Century Ins. Co.

(2021) 63 Cal.App.5th 580, 593; Mosley, supra, 49 Cal.App.5th at pp. 422-423; Mayes,

supra, 73 Cal.App.5th at p. 697.)

       In this case, plaintiff’s complaint asserts a single cause of action for negligence

based upon the allegation that she incurred injury as the result of a dangerous condition

on defendant’s property. “The elements of a negligence claim and a premises liability

claim are the same: a legal duty of care, breach of that duty, and proximate cause

resulting in injury.” (Kesner v. Superior Court (2016) 1 Cal.5th 1132, 1158; Nicoletti v.

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Kest (2023) 97 Cal.App.5th 140, 145.) Defendant moved for summary judgment on the

ground that the undisputed material facts negated the element of duty,1 and plaintiff does

not argue on appeal that defendant’s evidence was insufficient to establish a prima facie

case for judgment in its favor.2

       Instead, the only arguments asserted by plaintiff in her opening brief are that

(1) the trial court erred in sustaining objections to an expert declaration offered in

opposition; and (2) the trial court erred in concluding that the evidence submitted in

       1 Specifically, defendant’s notice of motion asserted two grounds for summary
judgment: (1) it did not owe plaintiff a duty of care because it lacked actual or
constructive notice of a dangerous condition or (2) that it took reasonable precautions
with respect to the specific condition alleged to constitute a danger in this case. In the
context of a premises liability claim, both arguments are directed toward the essential
element of duty. (Ortega v. Kmart Corp. (2001) 26 Cal.4th 1200, 1203 [“The cases
require that an owner must have actual or constructive notice of the dangerous condition
before incurring liability.”]; Joshi v. Fitness Internat., LLC (2022) 80 Cal.App.5th 814,
832 [same]; Delgado v. Trax Bar & Grill (2005) 36 Cal.4th 224, 247, fn. 27 [“It is well
established that the scope of a defendant’s duty . . . is premised upon the danger that the
defendant knows or reasonably should anticipate, and that the defendant’s duty is simply
to take reasonable steps in light of those circumstances.”]; Constance B. v. State of
California (1986) 178 Cal.App.3d 200, 209 [“[T]he duty of the landowner is only to take
reasonable precautions against risks which are or should be recognized.”].)

       2 Because plaintiff’s opening brief does not assert any argument regarding the
sufficiency of defendant’s evidence to make an initial prima facie showing and shift the
burden on summary judgment, we need not analyze this issue on appeal. (Hodges v.
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (2023) 91 Cal.App.5th 894, 904 [On summary judgment,
“our review is limited to contentions adequately raised and supported in plaintiff’s
brief.”]; Schmidt v. Bank of America, N.A. (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 1489, 1511
[“ ‘Although our review of a summary judgment is de novo, it is limited to issues which
have been adequately raised and supported in plaintiffs’ brief. . . . Issues not raised in an
appellant’s brief are deemed waived or abandoned.’ ”]; Fritelli, Inc. v. 350 North Canon
Drive, LP (2011) 202 Cal.App.4th 35, 41 [“Although we independently review the grant
of summary judgment to determine the existence of triable issues of fact,” we “assess the
propriety of summary judgment in light of the contentions raised in [appellant’s] opening
brief.”].)

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opposition failed to show a material dispute of fact. Because both of these arguments

involve only the determination of whether a material dispute of fact exists, our review on

appeal concerns only the third step of the summary judgment analysis. However, for

reasons set forth below, we conclude that plaintiff has failed to provide an appellate

record adequate to review the merits of her claims and, as a result, we affirm the

judgment.

B. The Record Is Inadequate To Determine Whether Plaintiff’s Evidence Showed a

Triable Dispute of Material Fact

       “ ‘ “[A]lthough we use a de novo standard of review [on an appeal from summary

judgment], we do not transform into a trial court.” ’ [Citation.] We approach a summary

judgment appeal, as with any appeal, with the presumption the appealed judgment is

correct. [Citation.] Therefore, ‘ “ ‘[o]n review of a summary judgment, the appellant has

the burden of showing error, even if he did not bear the burden in the trial court.’ ” ’ ”

(Meridian Financial Services, Inc. v. Phan (2021) 67 Cal.App.5th 657, 684; 640

Octavia, LLC v. Pieper (2023) 2023 WL 4759217.) “This is so because it is a

fundamental principle of appellate procedure that a trial court judgment is ordinarily

presumed to be correct and the burden is on an appellant to demonstrate, on the basis of

the record presented to the appellate court, that the trial court committed an error that

justifies reversal of the judgment.” (Jameson v. Desta (2018) 5 Cal.5th 594, 608-609.)

“ ‘ “A necessary corollary to this rule is that if the record is inadequate for meaningful

review, the appellant defaults and the decision of the trial court should be affirmed. . . .

[Citation.] ‘Consequently, [the appellant] has the burden of providing an adequate

                                              6
record. [Citation.] Failure to provide an adequate record on an issue requires that the

issue be resolved against [the appellant].’ ” (Id. at p. 609.)

       In this case, the first two arguments advanced in the opening brief argue that the

trial court erred because the evidence presented in opposition showed triable dispute of

material fact precluding summary judgment. However, the record on appeal does not

include plaintiff’s responsive separate statement. Thus, we have no basis to determine

which of defendant’s facts plaintiff disputed in the trial court or what evidence she

identified for the trial court as a basis to dispute any specific fact.3

       Further, the record on appeal does not include any of the evidence submitted as

part of the compendium of exhibits plaintiff submitted in opposition to the motion for

summary judgment.4 Plaintiff has provided us with a copy of the opposition

memorandum and separate statement of additional disputed facts that she submitted to the

trial court, but both of these documents cite almost exclusively to the declaration of

plaintiff’s expert and excerpts from the deposition testimony of defense experts as the

       3 The record on appeal includes the reply brief submitted by defendant to the trial
court, which purports to summarize the facts disputed by plaintiff in her responsive
separate statement. The reply suggests that plaintiff conceded some of the 15 facts
proffered by defendant in support of summary judgment while purporting to dispute other
facts. However, the reply brief does not disclose the specific evidence cited by plaintiff
in order to dispute any of the facts.

       4 When electing to proceed with a clerk’s transcript as the record on appeal, “all
exhibits admitted in evidence, refused, or lodged are deemed part of the record, but a
party wanting a copy of an exhibit included in the transcript must specify that exhibit by
number or letter in its notice of designation.” (Rules of Court, rule 8.122(a)(3).)
Plaintiff’s notice designating the record on appeal requested the inclusion of “Plaintiff’s
Evidence in Opposition to MSJ” but did not otherwise identify the specific exhibits to be
included as required by the Rules of Court.

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evidence showing a purported dispute of material fact. Because the declaration and

deposition testimony have not been provided for our review, we cannot assess the merits

of plaintiff’s claim that this evidence was sufficient to preclude summary judgment.

       Without a copy of plaintiff’s responsive separate statement or any of the evidence

submitted by plaintiff in opposition to the motion for summary judgment, this court

cannot determine what facts were actually disputed in the trial court proceedings and

cannot determine whether plaintiff’s evidence showed a material dispute of fact

precluding summary judgment. It was plaintiff’s burden, as the appellant, to provide an

appellate record adequate to review the merits of her claims. Absent an adequate record,

the appellant defaults and we presume the trial court’s judgment is correct.

C. The Record Is Inadequate To Review Plaintiff’s Claim of Error Regarding the Trial

Court’s Evidentiary Rulings

       We also conclude that the record is inadequate to review plaintiff’s contention that

the trial court erred in sustaining objections to her expert’s declaration. We briefly note

that the standard of review applicable to a trial court’s evidentiary rulings in the context

of summary judgment is unsettled. “[M]ost appellate courts apply an abuse of discretion

standard of review to the trial court’s evidentiary rulings . . . in the context of a summary

judgment motion.” (Strobel v. Johnson & Johnson (2021) 70 Cal.App.5th 796, 816; Serri

v. Santa Clara University (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 830, 852 [“According to the weight of

authority, appellate courts ‘review the trial court’s evidentiary rulings on summary

judgment for abuse of discretion.”].) However, some courts have concluded that the

independent or de novo standard of review is more appropriate. (Strobel, at p. 817;

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Pipitone v. Williams (2016) 244 Cal.App.4th 1437, 1451 [Because evidentiary issues on

summary judgment are “decided on papers alone,” de novo review should apply.].) We

need not resolve this split of authority because regardless of which standard of review

applies, we conclude the record is inadequate to review the merits of plaintiff’s claim.

       As we have already pointed out, the expert declaration submitted by plaintiff in

opposition to summary judgment was not included as part of the record on appeal. In

fact, the respondent’s brief expressly argued that this expert declaration was not included

as part of the record on appeal. Despite this, plaintiff ignored this point in her reply brief.

Regardless of the applicable standard of review, this court cannot assess the merits of

plaintiff’s claim the trial court erred in its evidentiary ruling absent a copy of the

declaration for review. Because the record is inadequate to review this claim, we

presume the trial court’s evidentiary ruling was correct and the claim must be resolved

against plaintiff on appeal.

                                     IV. DISPOSITION

       The judgment is affirmed. Respondent to recover its costs on appeal.

       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

                                                                  FIELDS
                                                                                             J.

We concur:

MILLER
                 Acting P. J.

RAPHAEL
                           J.

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