Court Opinion

ID: 4367116
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-02-12 21:00:46.731822+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:29:35.350856
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                                  FILED
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                                FEB 12 2019
                                                                                MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                                  U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                              Nos. 17-50315, 17-50316

                  Plaintiff-Appellee,                  D.C. Nos. 12CR0623-LAB,
                                                       17CR1213LAB
  v.

DIANGELO JOHNSON AKA DiAngelo                          MEMORANDUM*
Keith Johnson,

                  Defendant-Appellant.

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Southern District of California
                      The Honorable Larry Alan Burns, Presiding

                               Submitted February 7, 2019**
                                  Pasadena, California

Before: WARDLAW and BEA, Circuit Judges, and MURPHY,*** District Judge.

       After a jury trial on May 23, 2017, DiAngelo Johnson was convicted of being

a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). He was also

       *
              This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as
provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
       **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
       ***
               The Honorable Stephen J. Murphy, III, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Michigan, sitting by designation.
                                                1
charged with violating the terms of his supervised release. The district court

sentenced him to 90 months’ imprisonment on the felon in possession charge, and

12 months’ imprisonment for violating the terms of his supervised release. Johnson

timely appealed. Fed. R. App. P. 4(b)(1). Jurisdiction is proper under 28 U.S.C. §

1291.

                                             I.

        We review the district court’s decision not to recuse itself for abuse of

discretion. See United States v. Silver, 245 F.3d 1075, 1078 (9th Cir. 2001). In 2012,

when sentencing Johnson for a prior felon in possession conviction, the district court

explained the conditions of supervised release, noted that Johnson could not possess

guns or ammunition, and warned: “If you come back here with another gun, it’ll be

Katy bar the door. I am going to put you away for a long time. Don’t do that.” At the

recusal hearing in this case, the district court explained that his 2012 comments were

meant to underline the consequences of violating the conditions of supervised

release. Because those comments “did not reveal such a high degree of favoritism or

antagonism as to make fair judgment impossible,” they did not require the district

court to recuse himself at his later trial, and the district court’s failure to do so was

not an abuse of discretion. United States v. Wilkerson, 208 F.3d 794, 797–98 (9th

Cir.2000).

                                             2
                                          II.

      We review de novo the district court’s ruling on a motion to suppress; we

review the district court’s underlying factual findings for clear error. See United

States v. Turvin, 517 F.3d 1097, 1099 (9th Cir. 2008). Police seized the firearm at

issue in this case during a traffic stop that police conducted after noticing

Johnson’s vehicle had a suspended registration. According to body-camera footage

of the traffic stop, police ran Johnson’s name through their system and discovered

that there was an active warrant for his arrest within minutes of pulling him over.

Police then asked Johnson to step out of the vehicle, and discovered a firearm in

his jacket during a search incident to his arrest on the outstanding warrant.

      The traffic stop based on the vehicle’s suspended registration was reasonable

under the Fourth Amendment, Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 819 (1996),

and the outstanding warrant check was an ordinary inquiry incident to that stop.

Rodriguez v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 1609, 1616 (2015); United States v. Garcia,

205 F.3d 1182, 1187 (9th Cir. 2000). Further, the warrant check did not

measurably extend the stop. See Rodriguez, 135 S. Ct. at 1614. After discovering

the outstanding arrest warrant, officers properly searched Johnson and discovered

the firearm. The district court therefore properly denied Johnson’s motion to

suppress.

                                           3
                                         III.

      Finally, we review the district court’s decision to limit the scope of cross

examination for abuse of discretion. United States v. Lo, 231 F.3d 471, 482 (9th

Cir. 2000). At trial the government offered a firearms expert who testified on the

issue of whether the firearm in question had previously traveled in interstate

commerce. He testified that the firearm was a “Ruger” brand weapon, and that

Ruger has never had any manufacturing facilities in California—which he

determined by consulting a “reference collection” of books on firearms

manufacturers. He concluded that the firearm at issue must have traveled across

state lines before arriving in California. On cross-examination, defense counsel

confirmed that one of the sources the expert used to determine Ruger’s

manufacturing locations was a book called “Ruger and His Guns, a History of the

Man, the Company, and Their Firearms,” written by RL Wilson. Defense counsel

then attempted to introduce evidence that the author of that book had been

convicted of wire fraud in 2005. The district court sustained objections to this line

of questioning based on relevance and Federal Rule of Evidence 403. The expert

clarified that the part of “Ruger and His Guns” that he relied on was a serialization

table located in the back of the book showing when Ruger manufactured certain

firearms, which was compiled by Ruger, not the book’s author. Given how little

bearing the questions had on whether the expert correctly identified the firearm as

                                          4
a Ruger, whether Ruger had any manufacturing facilities in California, or whether

the firearm had travelled in interstate commerce, see Fed. R. Evid. 401—and given

the outsized potential for prejudice, confusion, and waste of time, see Fed. R. Evid.

403—the district court did not abuse its discretion in sustaining objections to the

questions about the criminal history of the author of one of the books in the

expert’s reference collection.

      AFFIRMED.

                                          5