Court Opinion

ID: 9901758
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-22 15:09:26.936163+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:38.516430
License: Public Domain

[J-36-2023]
                    IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                                MIDDLE DISTRICT

      TODD, C.J., DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, BROBSON, JJ.

 IN RE: NOMINATION PETITION OF                    :   No. 78 MAP 2022
 MICHAEL DOYLE AS CANDIDATE FOR                   :
 REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FOR                   :   Appeal from the Order of the
 THE TWELFTH CONGRESSIONAL                        :   Commonwealth Court at No. 119
 DISTRICT                                         :   MD 2022 dated June 23, 2022.
                                                  :
 OBJECTION OF: ERIC SLOSS AND                     :   SUBMITTED: April 19, 2023
 SANDOR ZELEKOVITZ                                :
                                                  :
 APPEAL OF: ERIC SLOSS AND SANDOR                 :
 ZELEKOVITZ                                       :

                                         OPINION
CHIEF JUSTICE TODD                                       DECIDED: November 22, 2023

       In this direct appeal we are asked to determine whether the Commonwealth Court

abused its discretion in ordering Appellants, Eric Sloss and Sandor Zelekovitz,

(“Objectors”) to pay the counsel fees of Appellee, Michael Doyle, a candidate for the

Republican nomination for Representative of Pennsylvania’s 12th Congressional District

(“Candidate”) in the May 17, 2022 Primary Election. These fees were incurred during the

litigation of Objectors’ petition to set aside Candidate’s nominating petitions for lack of a

sufficient number of legally valid signatures from Republican electors. After review, for

the reasons we explain herein, we conclude that the Commonwealth Court abused its

discretion in ordering Objectors to pay such fees. We therefore reverse its order in that

respect.

                    I. Factual Background and Procedural History
       Given the issue before us, our review of the background and procedural history of

this case, and in particular the hearings before the Commonwealth Court, is necessarily

detailed.

       Following the 2020 United States Census, the number of Representatives

Pennsylvania was entitled under the United States Constitution to send to Congress was

reduced from 18 to 17. This necessitated the implementation of a new congressional

districting plan for our Commonwealth’s remaining 17 congressional seats. Because the

Governor and the General Assembly failed to agree upon such a suitable districting plan,

the task fell to our Court to select a plan from among 13 proposed districting plans

submitted for our Court’s consideration, using the requirements for such districts

mandated by the Constitution and federal law. Ultimately, our Court issued an order on

February 23, 2022 selecting the present Congressional District Map, first used in the May

17, 2022 Primary Election. Carter v. Chapman, 273 A.3d 499 (Pa. 2022) (order).

       In order to guarantee an orderly election process for that approaching primary, our

order in Carter also modified the election calendar for that contest. In relevant part, the

order specified that candidates for office were permitted to circulate nominating petitions

from February 25, 2022 until March 15, 2022. Id. Our Court’s order also set March 22,

2022 as the deadline for any objections to be filed to those nominating petitions, and it

required the Commonwealth Court to schedule hearings on such objections to begin no

later than March 25, 2022, as well as required that tribunal to render a decision on all

objections by March 29, 2022. Id. The order further set April 2, 2022 as the last day for

county boards of elections to send remote military-overseas absentee ballots. Id.

       After the entry of our Carter order, Candidate began circulating nominating

petitions as a candidate for the Republican Party nominee for Representative in the newly

configured 12th Congressional District. He was required to obtain the “valid signatures”

                                     [J-36-2023] - 2
of 1,000 “registered and enrolled members” of the Republican Party in order to

accomplish this. 25 P.S. § 2872.1(12). On March 15, 2022, Candidate filed nominating

petitions containing 1,351 signatures with the Secretary of the Commonwealth.

       One week later, Objectors, who were registered Republican voters residing in the

12th Congressional District, filed in the Commonwealth Court a Petition to Set Aside

Candidate’s nominating petitions (“Petitions”), under 25 P.S. § 2937.1 Objectors alleged

1 Section 2937 provides, in relevant part:

            All nomination petitions and papers received and filed within
            the periods limited by this act shall be deemed to be valid,
            unless, within seven days after the last day for filing said
            nomination petition or paper, a petition is presented to the
            court specifically setting forth the objections thereto, and
            praying that the said petition or paper be set aside. A copy of
            said petition shall, within said period, be served on the officer
            or board with whom said nomination petition or paper was
            filed. Upon the presentation of such a petition, the court shall
            make an order fixing a time for hearing which shall not be later
            than ten days after the last day for filing said nomination
            petition or paper, and specifying the time and manner of notice
            that shall be given to the candidate or candidates named in
            the nomination petition or paper sought to be set aside. On
            the day fixed for said hearing, the court shall proceed without
            delay to hear said objections, and shall give such hearing
            precedence over other business before it, and shall finally
            determine said matter not later than fifteen (15) days after the
            last day for filing said nomination petitions or papers. If the
            court shall find that said nomination petition or paper is
            defective under the provisions of [25 P.S. § 2936] or does not
            contain a sufficient number of genuine signatures of electors
            entitled to sign the same under the provisions of this act, or
            was not filed by persons entitled to file the same, it shall be
            set aside. If the objections relate to material errors or defects
            apparent on the face of the nomination petition or paper, the
            court, after hearing, may, in its discretion, permit amendments
            within such time and upon such terms as to payment of costs,
            as the said court may specify. In case any such petition is
            dismissed, the court shall make such order as to the payment
            of the costs of the proceedings, including witness fees, as it
            shall deem just. If a person shall sign any nomination petitions
            or papers for a greater number of candidates than he is
(continued…)

                                     [J-36-2023] - 3
that, of the signatures Candidate submitted, only 634 were valid and that the remaining

717 signatures were “defective in at least one way—and often in multiple ways.” Petition

to Set Aside the Nomination Petitions of Michael Doyle, 3/22/22, at ¶ 11 (R.R. at 33a)

(emphasis omitted).2

       The next day, on March 23, 2022, the Commonwealth Court issued a “Scheduling

and Case Management Order” which set a hearing on the Petition for April 4, 2022.

(Scheduling and Case Management Order, 3/23/22, at 1 (R.R. at 251a)). The order

provided that “Objectors shall immediately arrange to meet with Candidate or Candidate’s

representative and, if appropriate, with a SURE system operator,3 to review before the

hearing each and every challenged signature line.” Id. at 3. The order additionally

directed Objectors and Candidate to file, prior to the scheduled hearing, a stipulation

identifying: the total number of completed signature lines submitted; the number of

uncontested completed signature lines; the total number of signature lines which were

              permitted under the provisions of this act, if said signatures
              bear the same date, they shall, upon objections filed thereto,
              not be counted on any petition or paper and if they bear
              different dates, they shall be counted in the order of their
              priority of date, for only so many persons as there are
              candidates to be nominated or elected.
Act of June 3,1937, P.L. 1333, No. 320, art. IX, § 977, as amended, 25 P.S. 2937. The
Commonwealth Court has “exclusive original jurisdiction of [c]ontested nominations.” 42
Pa.C.S. § 764(1).
2 R.R. denotes the Reproduced Record filed in this matter with our Court.
3 SURE is an acronym for the “Statewide Uniform Registry of Electors.” 25 Pa.C.S. §

1222. This registry is a “single, uniform integrated computer system” maintained by the
Pennsylvania Department of State which is “ a database of all registered electors in this
Commonwealth.” Id. § 1222(c)(1). The database contains individual information for each
registered elector collected during the voter registration process, i.e., the elector’s name,
address, party affiliation, the last four digits of their Social Security number, their driver's
license or state ID number if they have such documentation, and their signature. McLinko
v. Department of State, 279 A.3d 539, 575 (Pa. 2022). Registrars, employees, and clerks
of a commission who are responsible for voter registration in each Pennsylvania county
are required to undergo training by the Department of State and be certified in order to
operate the SURE System. 4 Pa. Code § 183.9.

                                       [J-36-2023] - 4
challenged; each and every signature line to which there was an objection and the basis

for such objection; and the total number of signature lines which the parties stipulated

should be stricken, or the objections thereto withdrawn. Id. The order also indicated that

failure to comply with any of its provisions “may result in the imposition of monetary

sanctions.” Id. at 4.

       After the entry of this scheduling order, due to the fact that the time scheduled for

the hearing was two days beyond the deadline set by our Court for county boards of

elections to send remote military-overseas absentee ballots, Objectors filed an application

for emergency relief with the Commonwealth Court requesting that the hearing be

rescheduled in accordance with the time deadlines established by our Court’s order in

Carter. That application was denied, and so Objectors turned to our Court for redress, by

filing an emergency application for a writ of mandamus and/or extraordinary relief on

March 25, 2022 to compel the Commonwealth Court to conduct all hearings and issue

any decisions within the time periods set forth in our Court’s order, which they viewed as

mandatory, and, if not complied with, could result in erroneous ballots being mailed to

remote military-overseas voters.

       While this emergency application was pending, on March 24-25, 2022, Objectors

and Candidate conferred with a SURE system operator. During this meeting, each of

Objectors’ challenged signature lines were jointly reviewed with the operator by counsel

for Objectors and Candidate. Case Management Report, 3/29/22 (R.R. at 399a).4 As a

4 In this Case Management Report, which was filed with the Commonwealth Court,
Objectors set forth their understanding of the parties’ agreement as to the status of
particular signature objections based on the completion of the review, and Candidate
does not dispute Objectors’ recounting therein of the timing and manner in which this
process was conducted. Moreover, the transcript of the hearing held in this matter
confirms that counsel for Objectors and Candidate reviewed the disputed signatures
during this time process. See, e.g., N.T., 3/29/22, at 197 (“[Counsel for Candidate]: This
is [a challenge] I distinctly remember seeing during the meet and confer.”); id. at 291
(continued…)

                                      [J-36-2023] - 5
result of this review, Objectors agreed to withdraw their challenges to 89 signature lines,

and Candidate agreed to stipulate that 148 signature lines were invalid.        Objectors’

Answer to Candidate’s Fee Petition, 4/12/22, at 3 (R.R. at 655a). However, the parties

could not reach agreement on the validity of the remaining signature lines which had been

challenged by Objectors. Objectors informed Candidate that they intended to “follow up”

on some of these challenges. Id.

       At 3:00 p.m. on March 28, 2022, the Commonwealth Court issued a new

scheduling order setting a hearing on the challenges for 10:00 a.m. the following day,

before the Honorable Patricia McCullough. As a result of that rescheduling decision, our

Court dismissed Objectors’ application for emergency relief as moot, given that the

Commonwealth Court would be timely holding the hearings pursuant to our Court’s order

in Carter. In re Avery & Doyle, 275 A.3d 946 (Pa. 2022) (order).5

       At the commencement of the Commonwealth Court hearing, and based on

Objectors’ completion of their promised follow-up investigation of some of their signature

line challenges, the parties stipulated that 148 of Objectors’ signature line challenges

were valid, and 239 other challenges would be withdrawn by Objectors. N.T., 3/29/22, at

53-54. This left 330 of Objectors’ original 717 challenges unresolved. In re Nomination

Petition of Michael Doyle, No. 119 MD 2022 (Pa. Cmwlth. filed April 5, 2022) (unpublished

memorandum) (“Doyle I”), slip op. at 7, 10.        Given these unresolved challenges,

Candidate possessed only 873 valid uncontested signatures, which was 127 less than

the statutorily required number of 1,000. Id. at 17. Both parties requested that the

(“[Counsel for Objectors]: I confirm that we did look at all of these [signatures] and we
had concerns at the meet and confer and could not reach an agreement with opposing
counsel.”).
5 Justice Wecht authored a concurring statement to this order, joined by this author,

Justice Donohue, and Justice Dougherty. See In re Avery & Doyle, 275 A.3d at 946-952
(Wecht, J., concurring). Justice Brobson also authored a separate concurring statement.
See id. at 952-956 (Brobson, J., concurring).

                                     [J-36-2023] - 6
Commonwealth Court rule on the validity of the remaining 330 signature line challenges.

Id.

       The grounds for each of these remaining challenges fell into one or more of the

following categories:   (1) the illegibility of the voter’s signature, or other required

nominating petition information, such as the voter’s home address or date of signing, so

as to render the signatory incapable of identification as a registered voter; (2) “In The

Hand of Another” (“IHA”) challenges, i.e., challenges alleging that a signature or other

required petition information was not actually entered on the petition by the signatory as

is required by the Election Code, but rather by another person; 6 (3) duplication of

signatures; (4) defects in the form of some signatures, such as not actually being the

signature of the voter, but rather a printing of his or her name, or improper use of a

nickname or initials; and (5) signatures not matching those on the voter’s registration

6 Section 2868 of the Election Code provides in relevant part:
               Each signer of a nomination petition shall sign but one such
               petition for each office to be filled, and shall declare therein
               that he is a registered and enrolled member of the party
               designated in such petition . . . He shall add his address where
               he is duly registered and enrolled, giving city, borough or
               township, with street and number, if any, and shall legibly print
               his name and add the date of signing, expressed in words or
               numbers[.]
 25 P.S. § 2868.
       If a voter’s signature, or entry of the other information required by this section on
a signature line of a nominating petition is determined not to be genuine, the
Commonwealth Court has ruled that the signature line must be stricken. In re Morrison-
Wesley, 946 A.2d 789, 796 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2008). However, in situations where one person
signs and supplies the requisite information for himself on a nominating petition, and also
does so on behalf of another, such as when a husband signs and completes a petition
signature line himself, and then does so on behalf of his wife, the validly signed and
completed line will be counted, and the other must be rejected. Id.

                                      [J-36-2023] - 7
cards. Case Management Report, 3/29/22, at 11-23.7 Two SURE system operators were

present in the courtroom for the hearing.

       Before the parties and the court addressed the outstanding challenges, Candidate

made an overarching due process challenge, contending that the expedited nature of the

hearing hindered his ability to prepare. N.T., 3/29/22 at 11, 14. More specifically,

Candidate averred that, because many of the objections as to the validity of signatures

necessitated the examination of a voter’s signature, expert testimony would be necessary

to make a proper handwriting analysis. Id. at 93-94. Alternatively, Candidate argued that

he should be permitted to offer the testimony of individual voters to verify they had, in fact,

signed the petition and entered all information required by the Election Code thereon. 8

Id.

       Objectors countered that such expert or witness testimony was not required and

that the court was competent to make the necessary “common sense” evaluations of the

signatures. Id. at 95. Ultimately, the court did not require either the testimony of an expert

or individual voters and it proceeded to adjudicate the challenges based on the

information in the SURE system as well as the nominating petitions; however, the court

also indicated it was reserving judgment on Candidate’s challenge to this procedure, and

noted its concern “that there is nothing else for the Court to look at a SURE card and a

petition, which I don’t know, they may sign their name differently”. Id. at 103.

7 Objectors also made a global challenge to invalidate signatures on page 56 of
candidate’s nominating petition because the signature of the circulator did not match the
one in the SURE database. However, based on the testimony of Candidate’s election
consultant and an affidavit of the circulator introduced at the hearing, the court concluded
that the circulator’s signature was valid; hence, the court rejected this global challenge.
Doyle I, slip op. at 28. All but five of those signature lines were also the subject of
individual challenges, and the court separately ruled on those signatures.
8 See supra note 1.

                                       [J-36-2023] - 8
       Candidate also challenged Objectors’ standing to maintain this action to set aside

his nominating petition. Specifically, he claimed that Objector Sloss was not a resident

of the 12th Congressional District, but, rather, the 17th Congressional District, and that

he could not confirm that Objector Zelekovitz was a registered elector in the 12th

Congressional District. Id. at 17. Further, Candidate contended that neither Objector

had standing because they lacked a substantial interest in the outcome of this case, given

that, if they were successful, there would be no one for them to vote for in the primary

election. Id. at 18.

       Objectors countered by asserting that all that was required for an individual to have

standing to bring a challenge to a nominating petition under our Court’s decision in In re

Samms, 674 A.2d 240 (Pa. 1996), is that the individual be registered in the district holding

the primary election and have membership in the political party for which the candidate is

seeking nomination.9 Thus, Objectors contended that consideration of the additional

factors Candidate suggested was irrelevant. N.T., 3/29/22, at 22.

       Although the court indicated it would reserve final judgment on this question as

well, pending further briefing of the parties, the court nevertheless took testimony from

both Sloss and Zelekovitz. Sloss testified that he was a registered Republican who

previously lived at an address in the 17th Congressional District, but that he had recently

moved with his family to a residence with an address in the 12th Congressional District

and changed his voter registration information to reflect this new address; however, he

remained a registered Republican. Id. at 82, 85-86. His current address in the 12th

Congressional District was confirmed by the SURE system operator, who likewise

9 See Samms, 674 A.2d at 242 (holding that “to have standing to challenge a nomination

petition, one must be registered to vote in the district holding the primary election and be
a member of the political party to which the nomination pertains. . . there are no other
requirements.”)

                                      [J-36-2023] - 9
confirmed Zelekovitz was a registered Republican living in the 12th Congressional

District. Id. at 68, 83.

       With respect to the court’s consideration of the remaining 330 contested

challenges, this process involved the retrieval of relevant voter registration information

from the SURE system, which was displayed on a viewing screen in the courtroom, along

with copies of the nominating petitions, after which counsel for Objector and Candidate

offered argument to the court regarding the merits of each particular challenge. 10 In the

course of this process, which lasted through the afternoon and evening hours of March

29, and resumed again the morning of March 30, the parties and the court sequentially

addressed these challenges.

       The first group of challenges involved the illegibility of the signatures and/or

required information on the petition and the voter’s registration card. However, the parties

also addressed other challenges to signatures in this group: that they were facially invalid

because they did not match those which appeared on the voter’s registration card — “a

signature mismatch”; that the writing of the signature or other information was done in the

hand of someone other than the putative signatory (IHA); that the voter improperly used

initials when signing; or that the signatures were duplicates appearing elsewhere on the

petition. For several signature lines there were multiple challenges on these various

grounds. Id. at 102-133.

       In order to verify that a petition signatory was a registered voter living at the

address entered on the petition, and who properly signed the petition and entered the

correct required information thereon, the SURE system operator looked up the signer’s

name and/or address in the SURE system. The operator often was directed, either by

10 During this examination, the court relied on the original nominating petitions, which it
possessed, the writing on which it described as “a little clearer” than the copies used by
the parties. N.T., 3/29/22, at 121.

                                     [J-36-2023] - 10
counsel for the parties or the court, to enter various permutations of proper name spellings

and addresses into the SURE system, in order to determine if a valid voter registration

card existed which corresponded to the signature and required information as entered on

the nominating petition.    During this process, if a registration card was found and

displayed by the SURE system operator which satisfied Objectors that a disputed

signatory was validly registered, and that he or she had properly signed the petition and

entered other required information thereon, the Objectors withdrew the objection and

stipulated to the signature’s validity. Likewise, if efforts to find a registered voter proved

fruitless, or the signature and information contained in the SURE system did not match

that which was entered on the petition, Candidate stipulated to the invalidity of the

signature. Id.

       When the search results yielded no conclusive evidence satisfactory to both

parties, the court heard often vigorous argument from respective counsel comparing

various structural features of the handwriting and printed information on the petition with

that in the SURE database. Id. At the conclusion of this phase of the hearing, due to the

stipulations of the Objectors and the Candidate as to the validity or invalidity of signatures

based on the information retrieved from the SURE system, as well as rulings of the court,

it was determined that Candidate had 896 valid signatures. Id. at 133.

       The parties next addressed a group of challenges to multiple pairs of signature

lines, which were based only on IHA grounds, although many of those signature lines

were also challenged on other bases as well, such as being duplicates, or signature

mismatches. Id. at 134-73. After visual inspection of the petition signatures and the

corresponding information in the SURE file for each of these pairings, Objectors and

Candidate once more stipulated to the results of some of the disputed challenges – i.e.,

that both, one, or none of the pairs of signatures should be counted – and, absent such

                                      [J-36-2023] - 11
stipulations, the court, after considering the parties’ competing arguments, again ruled on

the challenge, or deferred a final decision thereon. At the completion of this evaluation

process, because of the parties’ stipulations and court rulings, it was calculated by mutual

agreement of the parties and the court that Candidate had 926 valid signatures. Id. at

174-75.

       At this point, Objectors suggested that the court address the remaining signature

challenges on a line by line basis, inasmuch as many of them were the subject of multiple

challenges as this procedure would enable the court to consider these myriad challenges

“once and for all.” Id. at 176. The court heeded that suggestion, and the parties and the

court began to sequentially review all challenges made to the remaining disputed

signature lines, again utilizing the same procedures described above.

       Thus, once more, the parties reviewed the petition signatures and the

corresponding information after the operators located it in the SURE database and

displayed it on the viewing screen in the courtroom. As before, the SURE system operator

was frequently prompted by the parties’ counsel and the court to enter multiple proposed

spellings of the voter’s name and different suggested addresses in order to find and

display the SURE system information. Again, both parties conceded the validity or

invalidity of some of the signature line challenges based on the information located by the

operator, presented arguments on the ones they would not stipulate to, and the court

either issued a ruling or reserved judgment on them. Id. at 176-212.

       Notably, however, with respect to challenges based on the facial invalidity of a

signature, or the signatory using initials or otherwise not providing a full signature,

Candidate renewed his earlier due process objection that it would be “unfair” to have

signature lines declared invalid on these grounds because the truncated timing of the

hearing precluded him from offering rehabilitative evidence, such as affidavits or voter

                                     [J-36-2023] - 12
testimony.   Id. at 213.    While not expressly ruling on this objection, the trial court

seemingly accepted Candidate’s argument that due process required the opportunity for

the candidate to establish the validity of a signature via witness or affidavit, as, thereafter,

it rejected 14 such challenges in whole or in part on the basis of “due process,” reasoning

that the expedited timing of the hearing deprived Candidate of the opportunity to secure

such rehabilitative evidence. Id. at 213, 225, 232, 235-38, 240-43.

       Additionally, Objectors voluntarily withdrew 16 challenges to signature lines, based

on the voter having “flipped” his signature (signing in the box provided for the voter’s

printed name and printing his name in the signature box). Objectors agreed to do this

because of Candidate’s argument to the court, raised for the first time during the hearing,

that a signature line executed in this fashion had been previously ruled valid by the

Commonwealth Court. Id. at 210-11, 232 (citing In re Thompson, No. 500 C.D. 2014 (Pa.

Cmwlth. April 8, 2014) (unpublished memorandum)).

       Thus, by the close of the hearing on March 29, 57 additional challenged signature

lines were determined by stipulation of the parties or court rulings to be valid, leaving

Candidate with 973 valid signatures — 27 short of the required 1,000. Id. at 245.

       When the hearing resumed on March 30, this sequential evaluation of the

remaining disputed signature lines by the parties and the court continued as described

above. After the court made multiple rulings in Candidate’s favor regarding disputed

signature lines alleged to have been facially invalid, in whole or in part on the basis of due

process, and after Objectors withdrew three challenges which were based on the validity

of the voter’s registration information which had not been previously confirmed at the

initial meet and confer, but apparently located by the SURE system operator at the

hearing, the parties agreed that Candidate possessed the requisite 1,000 valid

signatures. Id. at 297. Nevertheless, given the compressed time frame under the revised

                                       [J-36-2023] - 13
election calendar, the court continued the hearing, opining that it was appropriate to afford

a sufficient “cushion” in the event its decisions on individual objections were overturned

on appeal. Id. at 385. Candidate agreed. Id. at 439.

       Consequently, for the balance of the hearing, which ended at 9:20 in the evening,

the court issued further rulings on outstanding challenges. As before, when the court

ruled on challenges based on facial validity, it rejected the majority of them in whole or in

part on the basis of due process. Id. at 298-532. Objectors also withdrew several

additional challenges which were based on various asserted grounds See, e.g., id. at

423, 427. At the completion of the hearing, according to the calculations of counsel and

the court, Candidate had 1,146 valid signature lines. Id. at 532.11

       At the close of the hearing, the court directed that the parties file briefs addressing

the issues raised by Candidate concerning Objectors’ standing to maintain an action to

set aside his nominating petition, and his due process challenge to the propriety of the

court ruling on facial challenges to signature lines in the absence of expert handwriting or

voter testimony. N.T., 3/30/22, at 521. At that time, counsel for Candidate informed the

court that he would be putting an additional issue in the brief relating to “costs,” and the

court responded, “[y]ou’ll have to file that.” Id. at 524.

       Objectors and Candidate both filed briefs with the Commonwealth Court on March

31, 2022. In his brief, Candidate included a section in which he argued that the court

should award “costs” under Section 2937,12 because, in his view, Objectors “should have

known that the chance of success on their Petition was remote” and that Objectors were

not prepared to meet their burden because they had allegedly failed to review their

11 This tally was ultimately the court’s final determination of the number of valid signature
lines possessed by the Candidate. Doyle I, slip op. at 32.
12 See 25 P.S. § 2937 (“In case any such petition is dismissed, the court shall make such

order as to the payment of the costs of the proceedings, including witness fees, as it shall
deem just.” (emphasis added)).

                                       [J-36-2023] - 14
objections before the hearing. Candidate’s Post-Hearing Memorandum of Law, 3/31/22,

at 29-30.

       In response to Candidate’s request for costs, Objectors filed an application for

emergency relief on April 1, 2022, asking that the court strike that section of Candidate’s

memorandum, given that they understood the court to have directed Candidate to file a

separate motion for costs, and, because they expected the issue to be raised by motion,

they did not address this issue in their own brief. Objectors asked the court to direct

Candidate to file a separate motion to address this issue, or, in the alternative, that they

be given leave to respond to Candidate’s arguments on this issue after receipt of the

transcript of the proceedings. Application for Emergency Relief, 4/1/22 (R.R. 599a).

       The next day, the Commonwealth Court issued an order denying Objectors’

Petition to Set Aside Candidate’s nominating petition. The order also denied Objectors’

application for emergency relief. The order further stated:

                Costs and attorneys fees [sic] incurred by Candidate Michael
                Doyle are assessed against Objectors Eric Sloss and Sandor
                Zelekovitz. See Section [2937] of the Pennsylvania Election
                Code, Act of June 3, 1937, P.L. 1333, as amended, 25 P.S.
                §2937 (authorizing the court to "make such order as to the
                payment of costs of the proceedings ... as it shall deem just").

Commonwealth Court Order, 4/2/22 (emphasis added). Additionally, the order directed

the Candidate to file a “bill of costs” within 5 days. Id.

       On April 5, 2022, the court filed an opinion, later amended that same day, in which

the court addressed the standing issue and stated its rationale for awarding costs and

counsel fees.

       On the issue of whether Objectors had standing to maintain their action to set aside

Candidate’s nominating petition, the court found that, while Candidate had made a

“notable argument that Objector Sloss failed to adduce sufficient, credible evidence to

                                       [J-36-2023] - 15
establish the fact that he ‘resided’ in the district on the date the Petition was filed,

Candidate admits that the other objector, Objector Zelekovitz, demonstrated that he had

standing as a matter of fact.” Doyle I, slip op. at 5. While the court recognized that it was

bound by our Court’s decision in In re Samms, supra, it nevertheless expressed

discomfort at what it perceived to be Objectors’ motivation for filing the Petition:

               [T]he fact that an objector seeks to disqualify the only
               candidate of his political party affiliation that is running in the
               primary provides this Court with grave concern that the
               objector can only be advancing the agenda and goals of the
               Democratic Party, thereby jeopardizing the bright line of
               demarcation in primary election voting between the
               Democratic and Republican Parties in Pennsylvania and
               implicating the rule that a registered Democrat lacks standing
               to challenge a nomination petition filed by a Republican.
Doyle, I, slip op. at 5-6.

       Regarding its decision to award costs and counsel fees, in a section of its opinion

entitled “Costs,” the court gave the following explanation for why it had awarded both

costs and counsel fees:

                       In Court and in his post-hearing memorandum of law,
               Candidate requested an award of costs and attorney’s fees,
               pursuant to section [2937] of the Election Code, on the ground
               that “Objectors should have known that the chance of success
               on their Petition was remote, as evidenced by the manner in
               which the proceedings unfolded.” (Candidate’s Mem. of Law
               at 29-30.)[13] By order dated April 2, 2022, this Court granted
               Candidate’s request and provides the following in support of
               its determination. . . .

                       Under section [2937] of the Election Code, in the event
               a petition to set aside “is dismissed, the court shall make such
               order as to the payment of the costs of the proceedings,
               including witness fees, as it shall deem just.” 25 P.S. §2937.
               Although the Election Code does not permit an automatic

13 Our independent review of the certified record indicates that Candidate made no such
request for counsel fees in his post-hearing memorandum, or at any other time prior to
the court’s award of such fees in its April 2 order.

                                       [J-36-2023] - 16
award of costs to the prevailing party on a petition to set aside
a nomination petition, costs may be awarded where fraud, bad
faith, or misconduct by the losing party is shown, or where it
is shown that the losing party should have known that the
chance of success was remote or that his legal position was
foreclosed by existing law. Morley v. Farnese, [infra].

       Here, after requesting an expedited trial, Objectors’
attorney represented to the Court that he was fully prepared
to present Objectors’ case, had reviewed the SURE cards,
and had a good faith basis for doing so. As the hearing
unfolded, however, it became readily apparent to the Court
that Objectors were not prepared to present those objections
which remained in dispute after the parties’ preliminary
consultation with the SURE System operator and the parties’
stipulation that was entered at the beginning of hearing.
Importantly, after the stipulations were entered into the record,
Candidate had 1,203 presumptively valid signatures and there
were only 330 signatures in dispute - not 717. During the
hearing, Objectors occupied an extremely considerable
amount of the Court’s and Candidate’s time in reviewing and
assessing the information on the SURE System and/or the
signatures on the Nomination Petition, which they were to
have done prior to the trial based on this Court’s Case
Management Order of March 23, 2022, only to concede to the
Court, after conducting such review, that another 112
signatures were indeed valid and withdrew their various
objections to those signature lines as meritless.
Consequently, Objectors withdrew approximately half of their
objections at trial, in essence, without the need for any ruling
on any signature line by the Court. Taking into account the
objections based on “in the hand of another” - Objectors
should have accounted for the additional valid lines as
discussed above and acknowledged that Candidate had
enough signatures to be on the ballot.

        In these circumstances, the Court finds that Objectors
contravened the Court’s Order that the parties, in a good faith
effort, were to meet and confer with the SURE System
operator before the hearing in order to winnow down needless
objections that had no basis in fact or law. In the Court’s view,
this was not a close case. The Court finds Objectors did not
exercise good faith in this challenge based on their failure to
concede before trial that Candidate undisputedly had 985
valid signatures, only 15 short of the 1,000 signatures he
needed to be on the ballot, based on Objectors’ own

                        [J-36-2023] - 17
              stipulations and withdrawals. Moreover, as explained above,
              Objectors should have known that if the Court sustained
              challenges to all 24 sets of their “in the hand of another
              challenges,” at the very least, 24 more valid signature lines
              would be added to Candidate’s total number of valid
              signatures, bringing the total to 1,009 valid signatures.
              Objectors could have, and should have, winnowed down their
              objections before trial, instead of compelling the attendance
              of multiple Court staff, two SURE operators, a court reporter,
              and sheriff and Candidate, his witness and his attorneys while
              they did so. Objectors should have known that their Petition
              to Set Aside was frivolous and their chance of success nearly
              (if not) non-existent[.]

                       That said, the Court reiterates its finding that Objectors
              unnecessarily expended a vast amount of judicial resources.
              Given the lack of any legal foundation for the Petition to Set
              Aside, and the fact that if successful there would be no
              Republican candidate on the ballot for the primary, the Court
              is left with the impression that Objectors sole motive in
              pursuing this matter was to disqualify the only potential
              Republican candidate for the 12th District that they could vote
              for in the primary election, even though Objectors, quite
              curiously, testified that they intended to vote for a Republican
              candidate in the primary. [] Paradoxically, the goal of this
              litigation appears to the Court to be nothing more than a futile
              attempt by Objectors to negate their own right to vote in the
              upcoming primary election.

                     For these reasons, the Court granted Candidate’s
              request for attorney’s fees and costs under section [2937] of
              the Election Code.

Doyle I, slip op., at 29-32 (emphasis and alterations original).

       The court made no specific ruling on the questions of whether Objectors were

required to present expert testimony to establish their facial validity challenges to

signature lines, or whether the court was required, as a matter of due process, to provide

Candidate with the opportunity to respond to such challenges through the use of expert

or witness testimony, and the court’s opinion included no discussion of these questions.

                                      [J-36-2023] - 18
Nevertheless, the court twice observed in its opinion that Objectors did not present any

expert testimony on any category of signature challenge. Id. at 4, 26.

       On April 7, 2022, Candidate filed a “Fee Petition” rather than the bill of costs

ordered by the Commonwealth Court. Therein, he requested, for the first time in this

litigation, that he be awarded counsel fees under 42 Pa.C.S. § 2503(7), which establishes

the entitlement of a participant in a matter to “payment of a reasonable counsel fee” if he

or she “is awarded counsel fees as a sanction against another participant for dilatory,

obdurate or vexatious conduct during the pendency of [the] matter.” Candidate averred

that the court had discretion to award such fees because the Petition was denied, and

that he was entitled to $78,117 in counsel fees “as a direct result of having to defend this

matter on behalf of Candidate.” Doyle Fee Petition, 4/7/22, at 2 (R.R. at 643a). Candidate

also sought the award of $4,515.50 in costs for travel expenses, meals, and mileage. Id.

Candidate later filed an Amended Fee Petition seeking an additional $3,898.35 in

transcription costs. Amended Fee Petition, 4/18/22.

       Objectors filed an answer to the Fee Petition on April 12, 2022, in which they

contended that, under 42 Pa.C.S. § 1726(a)(1), counsel fees are not recoverable as

taxable costs by a litigant, except in the limited circumstances enumerated in the section,

one of which is when they are authorized by 42 Pa.C.S. § 2503.               42 Pa.C.S. §

1726(a)(1).14 Objectors noted that 42 Pa.C.S. § 2503(10) permits recovery “in such

14 This section provides in relevant part:
              (a) Standards for costs.--The governing authority shall
              prescribe by general rule the standards governing the
              imposition and taxation of costs, including the items which
              constitute taxable costs, the litigants who shall bear such
              costs, and the discretion vested in the courts to modify the
(continued…)

                                     [J-36-2023] - 19
circumstances as may be specified by statute,” but the statute relied on by the court,

Section 2937 of the Election Code, did not authorize the imposition of such fees.

       Objectors also responded to Candidate’s claim raised in his Fee Petition that

imposition of counsel fees was warranted under Section 2503(7). Objectors averred that

the record did not support a finding that their conduct in the litigation was dilatory,

obdurate, or vexatious as required to justify the award of such fees.

       On June 23, 2022, the Commonwealth Court issued an order awarding Candidate

$78,117.00 in counsel fees and $3,898.35 in costs “pursuant to Section [2937] of the

Pennsylvania Election Code and sections 2503 (7) and (9) of the Pennsylvania Judicial

Code, 42 Pa.C.S. § 2503(7) and (9).” Commonwealth Court Order, 6/23/22. Objectors

appealed this order to our Court.

       The Commonwealth Court authored a supplemental opinion in support of its June

23, 2022 order. In re Nomination Petition of Michael Doyle, No. 119 MD 2022 (Pa.

Cmwlth. filed June 23, 2022) (unpublished memorandum) (“Doyle II”). Therein, the court

concluded that, because Objectors failed to appeal its April 2, 2022 order, Objectors

waived any challenge to its imposition of counsel fees “and are now barred from

challenging the imposition of fees.” Doyle II, slip op., at 8. The court further opined that

             amount and responsibility for costs in specific matters. All
             system and related personnel shall be bound by such general
             rules. In prescribing such general rules, the governing
             authority shall be guided by the following considerations,
             among others:
                    (1) Attorney's fees are not an item of taxable
                    costs except to the extent authorized by section
                    2503 (relating to right of participants to receive
                    counsel fees).
42 Pa.C.S. § 1726(a)(1).

                                     [J-36-2023] - 20
Objectors could have appealed its determination that they acted in bad faith after it issued

its amended opinion on April 5 explaining the rationale for its order, but they did not.

        Because of its finding of waiver, the court explained its rationale for making its

award for counsel fees “by way of background only.”                Id.   Although the court

acknowledged that the Commonwealth Court had previously determined, in In re

Nomination Paper of Rogers, 942 A.2d 915 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2008), that Section 2937 of the

Election Code did not authorize the imposition of counsel fees, the court noted that

counsel fees had been awarded in that case under Section 2503(7) because of the

conduct of the candidate. Doyle II, slip op., at 9. The court concluded that an award of

counsel fees was likewise warranted in the instant matter under Section 2503(7) and 42

Pa.C.S. § 2503(9)15 and cited some of the prior findings made in its April 5 opinion, as

factors supporting its award:

               (1) Objectors did not have a reasonable factual or legal basis
               to file the petition to set aside; (2) Objectors failed to comply
               with this Court’s direction that they adequately review the
               SURE System and advise candidate’s counsel of the
               necessary withdrawal of invalid challenges, and ended up
               withdrawing over 100 challenges in open court in addition to

15   These provisions state in relevant part:
              § 2503. Right of participants to receive counsel fees
              The following participants shall be entitled to a reasonable
              counsel fee as part of the taxable costs of the matter:

                                         * * *
             (7) Any participant who is awarded counsel fees as a sanction
             against another participant for dilatory, obdurate or vexatious
             conduct during the pendency of a matter.
                                         * * *
             (9) Any participant who is awarded counsel fees because the
             conduct of another party in commencing the matter or
             otherwise was arbitrary, vexatious or in bad faith.
42 Pa.C.S. § 2503(7), (9).

                                       [J-36-2023] - 21
              the 239 challenges withdrawn as the result of pre-trial
              stipulations; and (3) Objectors ultimately conceded that over
              1,000 signatures were valid, which meant Candidate had
              more than enough valid signatures to remain on the ballot and
              indicated that no objection should have been made to these
              signatures. Objectors’ failure to make these concessions
              before filing the petition to set aside, or withdrawing it per
              stipulation, thus necessitated Candidate spending an
              additional two full days in court until almost 10:00 p.m., and
              incurring unnecessary costs for legal counsel and transcripts,
              let alone the resultant necessity of participation by the court
              reporter, SURE System operators, deputy sheriffs, court crier
              and other staff, during an intensely busy election season. In
              this Court’s view, this clearly constitutes dilatory, obdurate,
              and vexatious conduct and bad faith during the pendency of
              and in commencing this matter.

Doyle II, slip op. at 10-11.

       The court rejected Objectors’ argument that they withdrew many of their

challenges only after the court had issued rulings which it had made earlier in the hearing,

something that they could not do before trial. In the court’s view, even if this were the

basis for their withdrawal, “that means Objectors ultimately agreed with the Court that

there was no initial basis for the challenge.” Id. at 11.

       Additionally, the court found that Objectors had acted in bad faith merely by filing

the Petition, opining:

              Candidate is the only candidate in the Republican party who
              is running for the Office of Representative in Congress for the
              12th Congressional District in Pennsylvania. Both Objectors
              testified that they intended to vote in the primary election. Both
              Objectors admitted at the hearing, if their petition to set aside
              were successful, there would be no candidate for the
              Republican Party in the May primary. One Objector even
              admitted that he changed his voter registration from
              Democratic to Republican on the day the petition to set

                                      [J-36-2023] - 22
              aside was filed.[16] Thus, by their own admissions, Objectors’
              proposed remedy for the primary election would result in no
              Republican candidate on the ballot to vote for. As stated in our
              prior opinion, we have serious concerns about whether
              Objectors filed their petition to set aside in good faith[.]

Id. at 11-12 (emphasis original).

       On appeal to our Court, Objectors now assert that the Commonwealth Court

abused its discretion by awarding counsel fees under Sections 2503(7) and (9) of the

Judicial Code. Objectors Brief at 2.17

                                         II. Waiver

       Before turning to the merits of this issue, we must first determine whether it has

been properly preserved for our review, inasmuch as the Commonwealth Court found,

and Candidate presently argues, that it has been waived due to Objectors’ failure to file

an appeal from the Commonwealth Court’s April 2, 2022 order in which it awarded costs

as requested by Candidate, and sua sponte awarded Candidate counsel fees.

       Objectors argue that they have not waived their claim by failing to appeal the

Commonwealth Court’s April 2, 2022 order, given that it was not a final appealable order:

while it awarded costs and counsel fees, it did not specify the amount of either. Objectors

stress that it was not until the court’s June 23, 2022 order that it specified these amounts.

Objectors posit that, under In re Nader, 905 A.2d 450, 457 (Pa. 2006) (where

Commonwealth Court issued two orders, one assessing costs against a litigant and the

16 Our independent review of the record does not support this finding. As we recounted
earlier, Objector Sloss testified that he had changed his registration on his voter
registration card to reflect the fact that he had moved into a new residence in the 12th
Congressional District, but he testified that he did not change his party affiliation, as he
remained a registered Republican.
17 Objectors do not challenge the portion of the court’s order awarding $3,898.35 for the

costs of the hearing below.

                                      [J-36-2023] - 23
second directing the litigant to pay a specific dollar amount based on invoices submitted

to the court after the issuance of the first order, only the second order is final and

appealable), only the Commonwealth Court’s June 23, 2022 order was a final appealable

order. Objectors Brief at 14.

       Objectors submit that an appeal from the April 2 order would have been

interlocutory, and they were under no obligation to seek permission to file an appeal from

an interlocutory order, particularly when our Court has made plain that such piecemeal

litigation is disfavored. Id. (citing Basile v. H and R Block, 973 A.2d 417 (Pa. 2009) (failure

to file permissive interlocutory appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1311 does not result in

waiver of issue in appeal from final order); Pa. Bankers Association v. Pa. Department of

Banking, 948 A.2d 790, 798 (Pa. 2008) (emphasizing Pennsylvania’s policy of

discouraging piecemeal litigation)).

       Moreover, Objectors highlight the fact that the April 2, 2022 order made no

reference to awarding counsel fees under Section 2507, but rather the court therein

improperly awarded such fees under Section 2937 of the Election Code. Objectors note

that Candidate only sought such fees pursuant to Section 2503(7) in his Fee Petition,

which was filed after the entry of the court’s April 2 order, and the court first ruled that

such an award was appropriate under that provision, as well as Section 2503(9), in its

June 23, 2022 order.       Thus, Objectors contend, this appeal represents their first

opportunity to contest those statutory grounds for the award, as well as the specific dollar

amount fixed by the court.

       Candidate responds by averring that, typically, counsel fees are sought only after

a court issues a final order resolving the merits of the case, and concedes that, in such

                                       [J-36-2023] - 24
instances, the order awarding fees is not final until the Court specifies the amount of the

fees, given that, when the request for fees is made by motion after the entry of an order

adjudicating the merits of the case, it is treated as a separate or ancillary matter from the

underlying action. Candidate Brief at 20 (citing Old Forge School District v. Highmark,

924 A.2d 1205 (Pa. 2007) (treating appeal from counsel fees order as a separate,

ancillary matter because question of counsel fees was not disposed of in prior order

dismissing underlying matter)). However, Candidate contends that this case is unlike Old

Forge or In re Nader, supra, because, in Candidate’s view, the question of the

appropriateness of the imposition of counsel fees was not addressed by a separate order,

but rather was fully adjudicated by the Court’s April 2 order, and that, in its April 5 opinion,

the court “made the requisite findings of fact and conclusions of law . . . to support its fee[]

award.” Candidate Brief at 21. Thus, Candidate argues that the merits of the court’s

counsel fee decision should have been challenged in an appeal from the April 2 order,

and so he agrees with the Commonwealth Court’s conclusion that Objectors’ present

claim is waived.

       Our Court “has only that jurisdiction as is provided by law.” In re Nader, 905 A.2d

at 457 (internal quotation marks omitted).         Our jurisdiction over appeals from the

Commonwealth Court is conferred by 42 Pa.C.S. § 723, which limits our jurisdiction to

“appeals from final orders . . . entered in any matter which was originally commenced in

the Commonwealth Court.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 723 (emphasis added). Thus, our Court has no

jurisdiction to review an order of the Commonwealth Court in matters such as this one

unless it constitutes a final order, as defined by Pa.R.A.P. 341(d)(1) – that is, unless it

“disposes of all claims and all parties.” In re Nader, 905 A.2d at 457 (quoting Rule

                                       [J-36-2023] - 25
341(d)(1)). Stated another way, the order must completely dispose of all claims raised in

the entire case. Id.

       In this matter, the court’s April 2, 2022 order denied Objectors’ Petition but did not

completely dispose of Candidate’s claim for counsel fees, which Candidate had

theretofore not made.      As discussed previously, the court sua sponte raised and

interjected the counsel fees issue into the case in that order. While the April 2 order

generically “assessed” counsel fees on Objectors, it quite plainly did not establish the

amount of such fees, which was presumably to be fixed by the court at a later point in

time; thus, because that order did not finally dispose of that claim, it was interlocutory in

nature. Consequently, Objectors could not have appealed that order as a matter of right

to our Court at that time. Pa.R.A.P. 341(d); 42 Pa.C.S. § 723.18 Moreover, Objectors

were not obligated to seek permission to appeal the April 2 order under Pa.R.A.P. 1311

in order to preserve their challenges to it, given that, as we have made clear, such review

is permissive not mandatory. Basile, 973 A.2d at 422 n.6.

18 We also reject Candidate’s assertion that the Commonwealth Court’s April 5, 2022

opinion fully addressed his entitlement to counsel fees and furnished a basis for Objectors
to appeal at that time. First, Section 2937 of the Election Code which the court relied on
therein as its basis for assessing counsel fees does not, by its plain terms, confer any
authority on a court to impose such fees. In re Nomination Paper of Rogers, 942 A.2d
915, 927-28 (Pa. Cmwlth 2008); City of Wilkes-Barre v. Urban, 915 A.2d 1230, 1234 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2007). Additionally, the court’s April 5, 2022 opinion does not reference, nor
discuss, the specific statutory grounds for the court’s subsequent award of those fees,
Sections 2503(7) and (9) of the Judicial Code. Most importantly, however, Candidate’s
argument contravenes the fundamental principle that an appeal cannot be taken from an
opinion authored by a court, but only from an order. Cohen v. Jenkintown Cab Company,
446 A.2d 1284, 1290 n.4 (Pa. Super. 1982) (an appeal to a higher court is from the order
of the lower court, not its opinion); White v. W.C.A.B. (Denny), 648 A.2d 361, 365 n.4 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 1994) ("It is always the judgment of the lower court or order of the administrative
agency that is appealed, not the opinion or rationale underlying the judgment or order.”).

                                      [J-36-2023] - 26
       Accordingly, it was not until the court’s June 23, 2022 order which directed

Objectors to pay $78,117.00 in counsel fees (and $3,898.35 in costs) that the counsel

fees issue was finally disposed of. See In re Nader, 905 A.2d at 457 (order “which

established the amount that the Appellants were required to pay [] ended the litigation

and is a final order from which an appeal was permitted”). Thus, given that the June 23,

2022 order was the final order in this matter, it was appealable as of right by Objectors

and, having timely filed such an appeal, they are entitled to appellate review of their claim,

arising out of that order, that the Commonwealth Court’s imposition of $78,117 in counsel

fees constituted an abuse of discretion. We will therefore proceed to consider this issue.

                               III. Arguments of the Parties

       Objectors aver that the imposition of counsel fees by the Commonwealth Court

was an abuse of discretion, as the evidence of record did not support its award of such

fees under either Section 2503(7), or Section 2503(9).             First, Objectors reject the

Commonwealth Court’s conclusion that they somehow acted in bad faith by filing this

Petition for an improper political purpose. Objectors note that, under our caselaw, a

litigant can be charged with filing a lawsuit in bad faith if they file the suit “for purposes of

fraud, dishonesty, or corruption,” Objectors Brief at 18 (quoting Thunberg v. Strause, 682

A.2d 295, 299 (Pa. 1996)), and they contend that the record demonstrates no such

improper purposes in their bringing of this lawsuit. To the contrary, they maintain that the

Commonwealth Court’s conclusion that they acted in bad faith rests on findings it made

which are “erroneous and legally irrelevant to the bad faith analysis.” Id. at 19.

       Specifically, they point to the court’s erroneous finding that Objector Sloss had

changed his voter registration from Democratic to Republican on the day the Petition was

                                       [J-36-2023] - 27
filed, which they aver was plainly wrong, as both his testimony and that of the SURE

System operator confirmed that he had only changed his registration to reflect his current

address in the 17th Congressional District, and that he remained, as he always had been,

a registered Republican. Thus, Objectors contend that this error undermined the court’s

conclusion regarding Objectors’ putative bad faith motive in bringing this action — to

disqualify the only Republican candidate on the ballot and to “advanc[e] the agenda and

goals of the Democratic Party.” Id. at 18

       Further, according to Objectors, the court’s contention that if Objectors were

successful they would have no candidate to vote for is misplaced. Objectors point out

that nomination petition challenges serve an important interest, which is to ensure that a

candidate has demonstrated an adequate level of support from party members to be

placed on the ballot. They assert that the Election Code does not require a party’s voters

to accept a nominee who cannot meet the Election Code’s legal requirements, nor does

it guarantee a right to vote for or against a particular candidate. Additionally, Objectors

note that the court failed to acknowledge that, in the event Candidate was disqualified

from the ballot, primary voters retained the option to write in a qualified person of their

choice.

       Most importantly, according to Objectors, the allegation of their purported motive

is legally irrelevant to the question of whether they acted in bad faith by filing the petition

to challenge Candidate’s nominating petition. Objectors point out that our Court has

specifically held in In re Samms, that factors, such as “the challenger’s underlying

intentions and motivations . . . are simply not relevant when the requirements of standing

. . . have been met.” Objectors Brief at 21 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting In

                                      [J-36-2023] - 28
re Samms, 674 A.2d at 242). Thus, in that case, even though there was credible evidence

that the challenge to the Democratic candidate was done at the behest of members of the

Republican Party, we deemed that evidence insufficient to defeat the challenger’s suit to

set aside the nominating petition. Objectors reason that, if evidence that a challenger

sued at the direction of the opposing party is insufficient to defeat the challenger’s

standing to bring and maintain the suit, such a motive certainly cannot support a finding

that the challenger, in bringing the suit, was acting in bad faith so as to justify the award

of counsel fees.

       Objectors next aver that their conduct was not vexatious as our Court has defined

that term – namely, that the litigant bringing the suit filed it “without sufficient grounds in

either law or in fact and if the suit served the sole purpose of causing annoyance.”

Thunberg, 682 A.2d at 299. Objectors remind that our Court has mandated that, in order

for a court to conclude that conduct is vexatious, it must make specific findings that

support both prongs of the Thunberg test, and, thus, the court below needed to make a

specific finding that “the suit served the sole purpose of causing annoyance.” Old Forge,

924 A.2d at 1213. Objectors argue that, because the court in this matter did not make

this requisite finding, its conclusion that their conduct was vexatious is unsupported by

the record.

       Objectors then proceed to address the specific factors enumerated in the court’s

June 23, 2022 opinion, which it relied on to support its award of counsel fees. First,

Objectors argue that they had an adequate basis in law and fact to file the petition. They

submit that in election challenges of this nature, the reality that both parties must operate

under the compressed mandatory timing deadlines afforded by the Election Code must

                                      [J-36-2023] - 29
be acknowledged. Objectors Brief at 23-24 (citing In re Farnese, 17 A.3d 357 (Pa. 2011)).

They emphasize that, in the instant matter, those already short timelines were further

reduced as a result of this Court’s adoption of a congressional redistricting map following

the impasse between the legislative and executive branches, and concomitant adjustment

of the election calendar. They note that the time available to them was further reduced

because they were required to seek emergency and expedited relief in order to have their

Petition heard and adjudicated within the mandatory deadlines established by our Court’s

order in Carter, supra, and due to the Commonwealth Court’s decision to abruptly

reschedule the hearing in this matter with only hours’ notice.

       Objectors point out that, despite these “difficult circumstances,” they nonetheless

“conducted an extensive pre-filing review” of the 1,351 petition signatures; performed their

own review of the SURE system; and complied with the Commonwealth Court’s directive

that they meet and confer with counsel for Candidate and a SURE system operator for

nine hours over a two-day period, during which time they mutually reviewed the

challenged signature lines with Candidate’s counsel and “substantially” winnowed down

some of the challenges. Id. at 25-26. Objectors aver that this demonstrates that they

complied with the Commonwealth Court’s scheduling order to the fullest extent possible

under the accelerated time frame they were working under.

       Objectors therefore strenuously dispute the court’s conclusion that they had

contravened the court’s order directing them to do so, as they contend it is unsupported

by the record, which indicated that the parties “confirmed to the court that they met and

conferred and reviewed each challenged signature in the SURE system.” Id. at 26-27

(quoting N.T., 3/29/22, at 197 (“[Counsel for Candidate] . . . We went through nearly 1300

                                     [J-36-2023] - 30
of these lines.”); N.T. Hearing, 3/30/22, at 291 (“THE COURT: “Did you check the SURE

system before the hearing? [Counsel for Objectors]: We did. We’ve looked at every

signature line, Your Honor.”)). Moreover, Objectors highlight that, ultimately, as a result

of the meet and confer session, and their own follow-up review of some of the signature

lines on the SURE system, they and Candidate reduced the number of outstanding

challenges, and stipulated on the record at the hearing that 239 signatures were valid and

148 were invalid. Id. at 27.

       Objectors acknowledge that they withdrew 112 additional challenges during the

hearing; however, they argue that this does not indicate that those challenges had no

basis in law or fact, as the court below found. To the contrary, Objectors explain they did

so “based upon rulings made by the Commonwealth Court during the course of [the]

hearing on similar challenges . . . . Thus, rather than belabor the same legal questions

repeatedly, Objectors withdrew numerous challenges that were effectively resolved by

the Commonwealth Court’s legal rulings on similar signatures as the hearing progressed.”

Id. at 27-28. Objectors add that, during the course of the hearing, Candidate conceded

the invalidity of 31 signatures which he had previously defended as valid.

       Objectors cite as an example of valid reasons for withdrawing certain challenges

their withdrawal of signature challenges based on legibility grounds, because they were

previously unable to discern the handwritten name or address of the voter on the

nominating petition, and, thus, were unable to identify that person on the SURE system

prior to the hearing. However, they point out that, at the hearing, often in response to the

court’s direction, the SURE system operator entered multiple possible combinations of

names and addresses based on the court’s or the parties’ suggested interpretation of the

                                     [J-36-2023] - 31
handwriting.   Objectors aver that, “once the voter was located, [they] appropriately

withdrew the challenge.” Id. at 29.

       Objectors also highlight that the court indicated it would not invalidate signature

lines based on facial invalidity challenges such as signature mismatch, use of initials, or

printed signatures absent the testimony of a handwriting expert,19 and, further note that

the court was not going to require Candidate to provide evidence, such as voter testimony,

to rehabilitate challenged signatures, the lack of which the court found implicated due

process concerns.

       Objectors emphasize that these withdrawals did not establish the challenges had

no basis in law or fact, that they failed to previously review the challenged signatures in

the SURE system, or that they agreed there was no basis for the initial challenge, as the

court found. To the contrary, Objectors maintain that their “withdrawals were good faith

attempts to narrow the issues for decision in light of new information and streamline the

hearing given the Commonwealth Court’s repeated complaints about the length of the

proceedings.” Id. at 31 (quoting, e.g., N.T., 3/30/22, at 443 (“And I’m not going to stay

here until midnight tonight”); id. at 484 (“I'm not staying here until, you know, 10:00 o'clock,

midnight to get through this. Can you go -- if you tell the Court you can zip through these,

19  Objectors observe that the Commonwealth Court had not previously required expert
testimony in ruling on signature challenges and has, instead, relied on its own visual
comparison of signatures against voter registration cards. Objectors Brief at 30 (citing In
re Petition of Thompson, 516 A.2d 1278, 1283 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1984) (“After careful
examination and close scrutiny, the Court is of the opinion that by a comparison of the
signature on the registration card with the signature on the nominating petition, nineteen
of the signatures are not genuine and were in fact placed on the respondent's nomination
petition by persons other than the registered voters whose signatures they purport to
be.”)).

                                       [J-36-2023] - 32
we'll do it.”)). Objectors aver that, in sum, the majority of the signatures they withdrew —

61 — were after Candidate had passed the 1,000-vote signature mark, but the court, in

conjunction with Candidate, agreed to continue. Objectors Brief at 31.

       Objectors point out that, even if their withdrawals of signature challenges could

somehow be construed as concessions that no objection to those signatures should have

been made — which, again, they deny — Candidate had only 985 valid signatures after

these withdrawals, not 1,000 as the court found.

       Objectors note that the court could support its tally of 1,009 valid signatures only

by incorrectly concluding that Objectors should have known that 48 of their IHA

challenges would result in “at least 24 of these signatures [being] valid, because where

there are two lines filled out in the same handwriting, one of those two lines would be

valid.” Id. at 32 (quoting Doyle I, slip op., at 31). Objectors argue that this assumption

was unwarranted, given that, in addition to IHA challenges to pairs of signature lines, they

also challenged more than half of those individual signature lines on other grounds, such

as that there was no registered Republican in the SURE system associated with the name

on the petition, that the signatures were duplicates, that the signature and registration

cards were a mismatch, or that the handwriting of the signatures or other information on

the petition did not match the handwriting in the printed box on the petition, indicating one

person signed it and another printed the required information. Objectors contend that, if

both signatures in a signature pair challenged on IHA grounds were stricken on these

alternative grounds, none of the signatures would have counted, so the court erred in

assuming that at least one of the signatures in the challenged pairs would always be

counted.

                                      [J-36-2023] - 33
       Lastly, Objectors aver that their conduct was not “dilatory or obdurate.” Objectors

Brief at 36. Although acknowledging that our Court has never precisely defined those

terms, they contend the widely accepted meaning of the term “dilatory,” as reflected in

Black’s Law Dictionary, is “designed or tending to cause delay,” id. (quoting “dilatory” in

Black's Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (Westlaw)), and “obdurate” as defined by

Webster’s dictionary is “stubbornly persistent in wrongdoing,” id. (quoting Merriam-

Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/obdurate). Objectors argue their

conduct in this litigation meets neither of those two definitions, given that the record

reflects that they sought to expedite the hearing in the Commonwealth Court, and that

“far from ‘stubbornly persisting’ in pressing their already-rejected legal arguments, [they]

withdrew challenges to expedite proceedings rather than belabor the same legal

questions repeatedly.” Id. at 37 (emphasis original).

       In response Candidate first contends that the evidence of record supports the

court’s findings that Objectors’ conduct in filing the Petition was arbitrary since it had no

basis in law or fact. Candidate avers that this was established by the fact that Objectors

eventually conceded that the Petition had over 1,000 valid signatures.

       Candidate denies that the accelerated time frames we established in Carter

relieved Objectors of their duty to ensure that their signature challenges had a sufficient

factual and legal basis. Candidate reiterates that Objectors’ concessions before and

during trial that Candidate had over 1,000 valid signatures supports the lower court’s

conclusion that Objectors “filed their petition well beyond the point where they had any

prospect of succeeding.” Candidate Brief at 27 (quoting Doyle II, slip op. at 7 n.7).

Moreover, Candidate proffers that our Court’s order in Carter did not alter the 7-day time

                                      [J-36-2023] - 34
period afforded by the Election Code for filing objections to nominating petitions, and thus

did not absolve Objectors of their duty not to file such a petition lacking a sufficient factual

or legal basis.

       Candidate further contends, in this regard, that if Objectors were unprepared to

proceed, they should not have sought to expedite these proceedings. He avers that our

Court’s order in Carter was “an unavoidable adjustment intended to accommodate the

entities responsible for administering elections . . . [,] not a right of expedited hearing

granted to those seeking to interfere with the nomination of congressional candidates.”

Id. at 33. Candidate asserts that, because Objectors chose to seek an expedited hearing,

they cannot avoid the consequences of doing so, and, in any event, he quotes the court

denying that it would punish Objectors for seeking an expedited resolution:

                    This is a matter which was expedited after it was
              scheduled for next week. And it was at the request of the
              Objectors.

                      But the problem is that we are dealing with some very
              tight deadlines via the election code and the Supreme Court's
              schedule and getting ballots out to people, military et cetera.
              So some form of expediting this was necessary. I don’t want
              to penalize the party just for that.

N.T., 3/29/22, at 13-14; Candidate Brief at 34.

       Candidate continues that, because Objectors withdrew certain signature

challenges, they are now foreclosed from essentially relitigating questions of their validity.

Additionally, Candidate asserts that Objectors do not support their claim that they

withdrew the challenges in response to rulings of the court on similar challenges because

they did not cite to any specific instances in which they stated on the record they were

                                       [J-36-2023] - 35
doing so for that reason. Candidate maintains that, to the contrary, these challenges

were withdrawn because they were shown to be “baseless.” Id. at 37.

       For instance, Candidate claims that 42 of the challenges based on signature

illegibility, or because they did not match the voter registration information in the SURE

system, were withdrawn after the elector’s voter file was found in the SURE system, often

without any search prompts being given by the court or the parties. Id. at 38, 40. Other

challenges based on flipped signatures (where the voter signed in the area of the petition

for printed information and printed information in the signature area) were withdrawn on

the basis of Candidate’s citation to In re Thompson, No. 500 C.D. 2014 (Pa. Cmwlth. filed

April 8, 2014), and, thus, represented a concession by Objectors that this specific

challenge had no merit.

       Candidate notes that in many instances no reason was given for the withdrawal of

a challenge, so, in his view, this supported a finding that there was no basis for the

challenge. Regarding some of the facial validity challenges involving use of an initial,

Candidate claims they were rejected by the court based on its own visual inspection in

which the court claimed that it “had no difficulty” determining the identity of the signer,

that the signer was a registered elector, the signature did not contain an initial, or that the

signature was genuine. Candidate Brief at 43 (citing Doyle I, slip op. at 26-27). Thus,

Candidate reasons that Objectors should have known that these challenges were

meritless.

       Candidate also disputes Objectors’ contention that their withdrawal of challenges

after it was determined that he had exceeded the 1,000-valid signature requirement

demonstrated their intent to expedite the proceedings. Candidate notes that the court

                                      [J-36-2023] - 36
had already ruled that some of those challenges, based on instances where the candidate

printed their full name but rendered a signature using initials or a truncated version of

their name, was not a defect that was sufficient to invalidate a signature line. Yet,

Candidate argues, “Objectors continued to present their case on each such objection—

as was their right,” id. at 44, and pressed on with other challenges that Candidate claims

Objectors should have known were meritless, for example, where the voter signed well

outside of the box on the petition, or used improper abbreviations for required address

information. Candidate also defends the court’s inclusion of 24 of the 48 signatures

challenged on IHA grounds on the basis of his assertion that those signatures were

challenged only on IHA grounds, not on other grounds as Objectors claim. In sum,

according to Candidate, Objectors “knew or should have known that even if they

succeeded on every claim they pursued, [Candidate] would have finished with

approximately 1,023 signatures.” Id. at 48.20

20  Objectors respond to these arguments by highlighting the fact that they withdrew
challenges to many signature lines only after voter registration information was found for
the first time at the hearing in the SURE system, something Candidate acknowledged.
Moreover, they point out that many of their legibility challenges were based on the fact
that “they were unable to make out enough details to identify the voter prior to the
hearing.” Objectors Reply Brief at 22. Additionally, they point out that, in many instances,
despite the attempts of the court to categorize signatures as obviously valid, it took
multiple attempts by the SURE system operator to find a valid registered voter. Id. at 22-
23 (citing N.T., 3/29/22, at 122-23). As for flipped printed information and signature
information, Objectors observe that the case cited by Objectors for the first time at the
hearing, In re Thompson, was unpublished and non-precedential; however, they withdrew
the challenges based on their desire to not “litigate the issue on the fly.” Id. at 24. Even
so, they deny this was a concession that the initial challenges were frivolous, citing In re
Flaherty, 770 A.2d 327, 333 (Pa. 2001) (holding that printed name on petition is not to be
construed as a signature, absent substantial proof the person intended it to be such);
thus, they aver they had a good faith basis to contend that the printing in the signature
boxes were not valid signatures. Regarding the IHA challenges, once more Objectors
dispute Candidate’s assertion that the 48 challenged signature pairs were solely
(continued…)

                                     [J-36-2023] - 37
       Candidate also defends the Commonwealth Court’s finding that Objectors’ conduct

was vexatious. While conceding that the court did not expressly make a finding that

Objectors filed their petition for the sole purpose of causing annoyance, as required by

Thunberg, such a conclusion is nevertheless supported by “its finding that the petition

was frivolous, stood no chance of success, and cost a considerable amount of human

and monetary resources.” Id. at 49. In Candidate’s view, this demonstrated that “[t]he

only objective accomplished by Objectors was to annoy all participants.” Id.

       Candidate also contends that the record supports the court’s conclusion that suit

was filed for an improper purpose and, thus, in bad faith. While acknowledging that the

court erred in concluding that Objector Sloss had changed his party registration from

Democratic to Republican, Candidate nonetheless contends that the court was correct in

recognizing the effect of his last-minute change of address, namely, that it “reflected a

motive to deprive the Republican party of a candidate it could nominate in the 2022

General Election.” Id. at 56. This subjective intent may not be relevant to a standing

analysis, as our Court found in In re Samms, but Candidate proffers it does demonstrate

that Objectors’ actions were in derogation of what the challenge process is intended and

designed to accomplish: “a good faith review of nomination petitions to secur[e] the

probity of the electoral process.” Id. at 57.

       Candidate also claims that, even putting aside the issue of the alleged motive of

Objectors in filing the Petition focused on by the court and highlighted by Objectors, the

challenged on IHA grounds. They reiterate that they advanced other challenges to the
individual signatures as well which, had they been upheld, would have invalidated both
signatures.

                                      [J-36-2023] - 38
remainder of the court’s findings enumerated in its June 23, 2022 opinion, see Doyle II,

slip op. at 10-11, sufficiently support the court’s conclusion.

       Lastly, Candidate claims the record supports the court’s conclusion that Objectors

acted in a dilatory and obdurate fashion because they did not withdraw all of their

challenges at the first opportunity and, instead, forced the Commonwealth Court to spend

two full days until almost 10:00 p.m. reviewing them. Candidate Brief at 59. Candidate

cites additional examples of conduct which he claims was dilatory and obdurate, such as

Objectors filing a case management report at the start of the hearing rather than a joint

stipulation, forcing the court to read the stipulations into the record in a line by line fashion

which took “over an hour of the [c]ourt’s time,” id., as well as failing to supply the court

with a thumb drive containing its excel spreadsheet of objections. Candidate avers that

the net result of Objectors’ actions was that he and the court were forced to expend

valuable time examining the information on the SURE system and the nominating

petitions which should have been done before the hearing.21

                                       IV. Discussion

       Our review of a lower court’s order awarding counsel fees involves determining

whether the court “palpably abused its discretion” in making such an award. Thunberg,

682 A.2d at 299. As we have oft stated: “[a]n abuse of discretion is not merely an error

of judgment, but if in reaching a conclusion the law is overridden or misapplied, or the

21 Objectors acknowledge that they did not file a formal joint stipulation as required by
the scheduling order, but rather the aforementioned case management report. They
assert they did so only because the sudden change of the hearing date by the court to
the next morning precluded the preparation and filing of a stipulation within the three-
business-day period before the hearing as required by the court’s scheduling order.
Additionally, Objectors point out they provided a thumb drive to the court after the hearing
and before it had finalized its opinion. Objectors Reply Brief at 29-30.

                                       [J-36-2023] - 39
judgment exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias

or ill-will, as shown by the evidence or the record, discretion is abused.” In re Farnese,

17 A.3d at 367. If the record furnishes sufficient evidence to support the court’s findings

of fact that a litigant violated the conduct provisions of the relevant statute or statutes

under which it awarded counsel fees, the award will not be disturbed on appeal.

Thunberg, 682 A.2d at 299.

       As indicated, the two statutory provisions on which the Commonwealth Court relied

to award counsel fees are 42 Pa.C.S. § 2503(7) and (9), which provide:

               The following participants shall be entitled to a reasonable
               counsel fee as part of the taxable costs of the matter:

                                            ***

               (7) Any participant who is awarded counsel fees as a sanction
               against another participant for dilatory, obdurate or vexatious
               conduct during the pendency of a matter.

                                            ***

               (9) Any participant who is awarded counsel fees because the
               conduct of another party in commencing the matter or
               otherwise was arbitrary, vexatious or in bad faith.

42 Pa.C.S. § 2503 (7), (9).

       As a general matter, as our Court has explained recently, conduct by a party is

considered dilatory within the meaning of Section 2503(7) “where the record

demonstrates that counsel displayed a lack of diligence that delayed proceedings

unnecessarily and caused additional legal work.” County of Fulton v. Secretary of the

Commonwealth, 292 A.3d 974, 1062 (Pa. 2023). Obdurate conduct under this statutory

provision is when counsel stubbornly persists in a course of wrongdoing during the course

of the litigation. Id.

                                     [J-36-2023] - 40
        Additionally, under Section 2503(9), a litigant is deemed to have acted vexatiously

if he brought a legal action “without sufficient grounds in either law or in fact and if the suit

served the sole purpose of causing annoyance.” Thunberg, 682 A.2d at 299 (emphasis

added). As our Court subsequently underscored, a court which finds that a suit was

brought “vexatiously” under this statutory provision must have also made a specific finding

that the suit was brought with the “sole purpose of causing annoyance,” and articulated

its reasoning for this conclusion. Old Forge, 924 A.2d at 1213.22 Lastly, under Section

2503, a party will be found to have commenced a suit in bad faith if he filed it “for purposes

of fraud, dishonesty, or corruption.” Thunberg, 682 A.2d at 299.

        In accordance with these principles, we must determine whether the record in this

matter provides sufficient evidence to support the court’s findings of fact, enumerated in

its June 23, 2022 opinion, in support of its conclusion that Objectors’ conduct in bringing

and pursuing this litigation satisfied Sections 2503(7) and (9). See Doyle II, slip op. at

10-11 (concluding that Objectors engaged in “dilatory, obdurate, and vexatious conduct

and bad faith during the pendency of and in commencing this matter”).

        The court’s first finding was that “Objectors did not have a reasonable factual or

legal basis to file the petition to set aside.” Id. at 10. This was the equivalent of a finding

that the Objectors’ initial decision to file the Petition was “arbitrary,” as that term is used

in Section 2503(9) - that is, “based on random or convenient selection or choice rather

than on reason or nature.” Thunberg, 682 A.2d at 299; see also id. at 301 (“By definition,

where there is no basis in law or fact for the commencement of an action, the action is

22   The Commonwealth Court did not make such a finding in its opinion in this matter.

                                       [J-36-2023] - 41
arbitrary.”). As we made clear in Thunberg, however, such a finding will be justified only

if the allegations made in the complaint are “wholly unsubstantiated.” Id.

       In regard to petitions to set aside a candidate’s nominating petitions under the

Election Code, our Court has reminded:

              [R]equirements as to form and contents of nomination petitions
              are “not mere technicalities but are necessary measures to
              prevent fraud and to preserve the integrity of the election
              process.” The ability of a party to object to nomination papers
              when requirements are not met “provides an important check
              on the nomination process.”

In re Farnese, 17 A.3d at 372 (citations omitted). Further, we cautioned therein that

courts, in assessing a party’s decision to file such a petition, must be cognizant of the fact

that “prospective objectors often have a limited opportunity for extensive investigation of

signatures prior to expiration of the period for forwarding objections. Thus, objectors often

must determine whether to proceed at a point where the prospect of success is uncertain.”

Id. at 373.

       Here, the record reflects that, after Candidate filed his nominating petition,

Objectors undertook a review of the 1,351 signature lines thereon, and, that, based on

that examination, they reasonably believed that 717 of them did not conform to the legal

mandates of the Election Code. Specifically, Objectors claimed that the signatures

violated the requirements of 25 P.S. § 2868 (requiring voter to sign the petition, print his

or her name, and provide his or her party affiliation and address thereon), which

necessitated them being found invalid and not counted towards the 1,000-signature

requirement. Petition to Set Aside Nominating Petitions of Michael Doyle, 3/22/02, at 2-

3.

                                      [J-36-2023] - 42
       Our examination of the record simply does not support a conclusion that these

allegations were “based on random or convenient selection or choice rather than on

reason or nature,” and were “wholly unsubstantiated,” Thunberg, supra, given that the

subsequent joint review of the petitions conducted by counsel for Objectors and

Candidate, as well as the hearing before the court, determined that 205 of those signature

lines were, in fact, invalid for the reasons Objectors cited. We cannot find that, merely

because Objectors did not prevail on each and every one of the 717 initial challenges

they made, their petition lacked a sufficient factual or legal basis. Cf. In re Farnese, 17

A.3d at 373 (“simple fact that candidate prevailed” is not a just reason for the imposition

of costs on challenger); see also Morley v. Farnese, 178 A.3d 910, 917 (Pa. Cmwlth.

2018) (fact that challengers to nominating petition withdrew or were unsuccessful on

some of their challenges to circulator affidavits and signature lines did not show that there

was no valid basis to bring such challenges) (citing In re Farnese, 17 A.3d at 372-73).

Courts are obligated to acknowledge the practical reality that the initial review process of

a nominating petition relies on a visual examination of often inscrutable handwriting and

printing which, unsurprisingly, can yield multiple, reasonable interpretations. Thus, a

party challenging a nominating petition is not required to possess certitude of the outcome

of his challenges in order to avoid the severe penalty of payment of counsel fees if he is

ultimately unsuccessful; rather, the challenger must, at the time of filing the petition,

possess a good faith factual and legal basis to conclude that the candidate’s nominating

petition lacks the sufficient number of legally valid signatures required under the Election

Code. We conclude that the record in this matter simply does not establish that Objectors

lacked such a good faith basis to file their petition.

                                       [J-36-2023] - 43
       The second finding of fact the court made to support its award of counsel fees was

that “Objectors failed to comply with this Court’s direction that they adequately review the

SURE System and advise candidate’s counsel of the necessary withdrawal of invalid

challenges, and ended up withdrawing over 100 challenges in open court in addition to

the 239 challenges withdrawn as the result of pre-trial stipulations.” Doyle II, slip op. at

10. Once more, the record does not support the court’s finding in this regard.

       As recounted above, even counsel for Candidate acknowledged at the hearing that

the parties’ pretrial meet and confer session ordered by the court had taken place and

that they had jointly reviewed the SURE system information during that session. See

supra note 4 and accompanying text.           Indeed, by counsel for Candidate’s own

recollection, the parties jointly reviewed almost all of the signature lines on the petition

during that session — nearly 1,300. See N.T., 3/29/22, at 197. Moreover, the record also

establishes that, after this session ended, counsel for Objectors continued to review the

SURE system information on his own with respect to signatures that he had indicated he

would follow up on, and, based on that independent review, Objectors withdrew an

additional 150 challenges prior to the start of the hearing. Id. at 53-54. In our view, then,

the court’s conclusion that Objectors subsequent decision to withdraw some of their

remaining objections during the hearing was due to a failure to comply with its order to

review the challenged signatures in the SURE system prior to the hearing is altogether

unsubstantiated.

       The court’s next finding of fact in support of its decision to award counsel fees was

that “Objectors ultimately conceded that over 1,000 signatures were valid, which meant

Candidate had more than enough valid signatures to remain on the ballot and indicated

                                      [J-36-2023] - 44
that no objection should have been made to these signatures.” Doyle II, slip op. at 10. In

essence, the court treated Objectors’ decision to withdraw objections at the hearing, after

additional information was adduced therein by the SURE system operators, and after the

court made rulings on similar objections earlier during the hearing, as a de facto

admission by Objectors that they had no basis to bring the objections in the first place.

This novel proposition has been rejected previously by the Commonwealth Court, see

Morley, supra, and it finds no support in our caselaw. Moreover, the factual record in this

matter does not support such a finding.

       To the contrary, the record supports the conclusion that Objectors’ decision to

withdraw objections at the hearing was their reasonable response to events that

transpired therein. For instance, many of the objections that were withdrawn pertained

to illegible voter information, such as the signature and address, which precluded the

validity of the voter’s registration from being confirmed in the SURE system prior to the

hearing. Objectors were not required to abandon such objections at the hearing, as they

had a good faith basis to pursue them. See, e.g., In re Gales, 54 A.3d 855, 859-60 (Pa.

2012) (“[W]here it is not obvious that the signature on the nomination petition reflects the

same name that appears on the elector’s voter registration card, absent other evidence,

the signature should be stricken.”); In re Flaherty, 770 A.2d 327, 332-33 (Pa. 2001) (“[A]n

elector who prints her name on a nomination petition has not properly signed the petition,

as required by the plain language of . . . 25 P.S. § 2868.” (footnote omitted)). On this

                                     [J-36-2023] - 45
record, Objectors were entitled to receive a definitive resolution of these challenges

through the judicial process.23

       As related above, during the hearing, the SURE system operators were ultimately

able to confirm the registration information for these challenged signature lines, but often

only after they performed multiple searches using different criteria as directed by the court

or counsel.    Once this registration information was confirmed, and a valid voter

registration card found and displayed, then, lacking any further basis to pursue the

challenge, Objectors withdrew their objection. Such a withdrawal at that point in time, as

Objectors correctly perceived and explained to the court when it complained of some of

the withdrawals, was required by their duty of candor to the tribunal. N.T., 3/30/22, at

291.

       Further, the record supports Objectors’ assertion that their decision to withdraw

other challenges to signatures based on facial invalidity was based on the court’s rulings

regarding similar objections, and to accommodate its wishes to have the hearing conclude

at what it deemed a reasonable hour. Although the court did not explicitly rule that expert

testimony was required to prevail on such a challenge, the court nevertheless expressed

skepticism about being able to make such an assessment without it.               Id. at 103.

Moreover, and most importantly, the court, while not expressly endorsing Candidate’s

argument that due process required he be given the opportunity to confirm signatures

challenged on this basis through the introduction of rehabilitative evidence, nevertheless

rejected the majority of these challenges in whole or in part on the basis of due process,

23 It is noteworthy in this regard that, when it ruled on these challenges, the court had the
benefit of viewing the original filings in its possession, which it admitted were “clearer”
than the copies relied on by Objectors in preparing their Petition. N.T., 3/29/22, at 121.

                                      [J-36-2023] - 46
prior to the Candidate having established that he possessed 1,000 valid signatures. Id.

at 213-43; N.T., 3/30/22, at 262-297. Thus, given this pattern of adverse rulings, and the

court’s stated desire to bring the hearing to a close as rapidly as possible, it was not

unreasonable for Objectors to withdraw the majority of those remaining unresolved

objections after Candidate reached the required 1,000 vote threshold.

       Finally, we reject the court’s conclusion, endorsed by the Candidate, that

Objectors’ bad faith in commencing this challenge was evidenced by the fact that they

were motivated to do so in order to deprive the Republican Party of a candidate it could

nominate for the 2022 General Election. As we have previously held in In re Samms, an

individual’s motivation in bringing a challenge to a nominating petition is wholly irrelevant

to their right to do so. Consequently, given that a registered voter of a political party has

an unqualified right to bring such an action, for any reason, by virtue of their status as a

member of that political party, Objectors’ decision to commence this action, in and of itself,

cannot be deemed to be bad faith, regardless of the ultimate outcome of that legal

process.

       Furthermore, the court, in concluding that Objectors were acting in bad faith,

assigned great weight to its finding that one of the Objectors switched parties solely for

the purpose of challenging Candidate’s nominating petition. Doyle II, slip op. at 11.

However, as discussed above, this finding was plainly erroneous, and there is no

evidence in the record to support the court’s conclusion that Objectors’ intent in filing this

petition was to deprive the Republican Party of a candidate it could nominate for the 2022

General Election.

                                      [J-36-2023] - 47
       In this regard, we reiterate the foundational principles we emphasized in our

decision in In re Farnese that “[r]equirements as to form and contents of nomination

petitions are not mere technicalities but are necessary measures to prevent fraud and to

preserve the integrity of the election process. The ability of a party to object to nomination

papers when requirements are not met provides an important check on the nomination

process.” 17 A.3d at 372 (citations and internal quotations omitted).

                                      V. Conclusion

       The Commonwealth Court’s factual findings in support of its decision to award

counsel fees under 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 2503(7), and (9) are lacking in record support, and,

thus, its determination that Objectors’ conduct in commencing and pursuing this litigation

was dilatory, obdurate, vexatious, and in bad faith was unfounded.             We therefore

conclude that the Commonwealth Court abused its discretion in making such an award

and, accordingly, reverse the portion of the Commonwealth Court’s order of June 23,

2022 directing Objectors to pay such fees.

       Jurisdiction relinquished.

       Justices Wecht, Mundy and Brobson join the opinion.

       Justices Donohue and Dougherty did not participate in the consideration or

decision of this matter.

                                      [J-36-2023] - 48