Court Opinion

ID: 6429605
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-25 12:07:00.280261+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:52:08.175658
License: Public Domain

Knowlton, C. J.
This is a real action in which the demand-ant seeks to establish a title to certain land. He acquired the title through a foreclosure of a mortgage under a power of sale. By agreement of the parties the case was tried before a jury on the single issue, “ Whether at the time of the foreclosure of the mortgage given by George L. Phelps to Mary E. Phelps, there was a breach of the condition of the mortgage.” This instrument “ was dated August 27,1888, and was in the usual form of power of sale mortgages and was given to secure the payment of seventy dollars to the said Mary E. Phelps, each and every year during the term of her natural life.” It was foreclosed by a sale of the premises on February 17,1896.
An important question arises on the charge of the judge in regard to the burden of proof. He said to the jury: “When the defendant comes in and says that he has paid, or, as in this case, when he comes in and says that he has complied with certain conditions, the compliance of which would prevent the plaintiff from maintaining his action the burden of proof shifts over on to the defendant to establish that particular proposition.” He further instructed them that if the tenant satisfied them by a fair preponderance of the evidence that his mother, the mortgagee, had been paid in full all that was due her under the mortgage up to the time of the foreclosure, there was no breach of the condition, and the foreclosure would be void, and the tenant would be entitled to a verdict. But if the tenant failed to satisfy them of that fact, then there was a breach of the condition, and the demandant.would be entitled to a verdict. To this part of the charge the tenant excepted.
It is clear that, to establish his title, the burden of proof was on the demandant to show that there was a breach of the condition of the mortgage at the time of the foreclosure; otherwise the attempted foreclosure would be of no effect. Rogers v. Barnes, 169 Mass. 179, 184. Burke v. Burke, 170 Mass. 499. New England Ins. Co. v. Wing, 191 Mass. 192. Strictly and technically this burden did not shift during the trial, even if evidence was introduced which made a prima facie case in favor of the demandant. But when aprima facie case is made in favor *302of a party at a trial, he is entitled to recover unless affirmative evidence is introduced to meet this prima facie case. Where the evidence relied on to meet the prima fade case is an independent fact which, if established, controls the case, and, if not established, is of no effect, the result is practically the same as if the original burden of proof changed. Unless the particular fact is established, the prima fade case prevails. It fairly may be said, therefore, that the burden is upon the party relying upon the particular fact to prove it. When existing overdue indebtedness is shown a cause of action is proved, and a subsequent payment in discharge of it is a particular fact in avoidance, which must be pleaded and proved in order to meet the claim of liability. In such a case it may well be held that the burden of proof is on the defendant; but if the question is whether there was a failure to pay a debt when it became due, the burden of proof is on the plaintiff who claims the money.' If he produces a promissory note, or other evidence of indebtedness, which ordinarily would be given up if paid at maturity, he thereby makes a prima fade case which entitles him to recover unless something is shown to meet it. If evidence is introduced tending to show payment at maturity and this is the only defence, the question logically would seem to be whether, on the whole evidence, the plaintiff shows that the debt remained unpaid after it became due, so that a cause of action accrued.
Where an action is founded upon an alleged breach of a bond or recognizance given to secure the performance of an act, it is distinctly held that the burden- of proof is on the plaintiff to show a failure to perform. Blake v. Mahan, 2 Allen, 75. Toll v. Merriam, 11 Allen, 395. Thornton v. Adams, 11 Gray, 391. In the last of these cases the court declined to express an opinion as to whether the rule in regard to the burden of proof would be the same if the instrument was a bond or a mortgage given to secure the payment of money. In principle there is no logical distinction, as to how far the plaintiff should go to show a liability, between a case where the breach consists of a failure to pay a sum of money and one where the breach is a failure to perform any other act. We think it plain that in an action of contract founded on an alleged breach of the condition of a bond to' pay money, or of a mortgage to secure the payment of *303money, the burden of proof is upon the plaintiff who alleges the breach.
In the case last cited it is said, although the remark is not involved in the decision, that the production of such a bond, like the pi’oduction of an overdue promissory note, would be prima facie evidence of non-fulfilment of the contract. We doubt the correctness of this statement. A bond or mortgage to secure the payment of money is not usually given up by the holder on the performance of the condition. A mortgage is commonly recorded, and possession of the original instrument, either before or after its maturity, is not usually regarded as very important.
In the present case it does not appear whether the mortgage was put in evidence otherwise than by the record of it, or where it was at the time of the foreclosure, or afterwards, nor does it appear whether any note was given, or other promise to pay besides the statement in the condition of the mortgage. It is only in case the failure to pay according to the terms of the mortgage is established by the plaintiff, or prima facie evidence of it is introduced, the effect of which he seeks to avoid by proof of a subsequent payment, that the burden is on the defendant to establish the payment.
The contract with a condition, in Gray v. Gardner, 17 Mass. 188, was treated by the court as different from a bond or recognizance, in regard to the burden of proof. Unless there is such a difference, the decision is inconsistent with Blake v. Mahan, 2 Allen, 75, Toll v. Merriam, 11 Allen, 395, and Thornton v. Adams, 11 Gray, 391. If there is not such a difference, these cases should be treated as overruling the earlier one. The per curiam opinion in McGregory v. Prescott, 5 Cush. 67, contains language at variance with the true rule, when the only question is whether there was a failure to pay at maturity. The facts stated show that the decision of the case was correct. This language is made the foundation of a similar statement in Jewett v. Draper, 6 Allen, 434, which is also objectionable. See 16 Encyc. of Pl. & Pr. 167, 170, 172, 178, and cases cited in the notes. We are of opinion that the instructions upon the burden of proof in the present case were inaccurate.
The tenant excepted to the admission of the testimony of Mr. Hibbard as to what he told the tenant in regard to the testimony *304of his mother," at a hearing before a master, at which the tenant was not present. This was objected to as a confidential communication between an attorney and his client. We are of opinion that the evidence was properly admitted, and that there was nothing of a private or confidential nature in it. In Foster v. Hall, 12 Pick, 89, 98, 99, the court says: “ The privilege does not extend to matters not communicated by his client as confidential, but facts known of his own knowledge; . . . and so of other collateral facts, not confidentially communicated.” See Hatton v. Robinson, 14 Pick. 416, 422; Day v. Moore, 13 Gray, 522; Commonwealth v. Bacon, 135 Mass. 521; Brandt v. Klein, 17 Johns. 335; Levers v. Van Buskirk, 4 Penn. St. 309, 316; Hager v. Shindler, 29 Cal. 47; Alden v. Goddard, 73 Maine, 345, 348; Snow v. Gould, 74 Maine, 540, 543; Aultman v. Ritter, 81 Wis. 395,398. All the statements made by Mr. Hibbard to his client were of facts testified to in a public hearing, and no testimony was given of anything of a confidential nature said by either of them.
The bill of exceptions does not show that the stenographic copy of the testimony of Lucy Phelps, taken at a former trial, contained anything material to the present case. The exception to the ruling must be overruled because it does not appear that the tenant was injured by it. If, upon another trial, it should appear that the testimony is material, we are of opinion that it should be received. In most courts such evidence is admitted. See 1 Greenl. Ev. (16th ed.) § 163g; Wigmore, Ev. § 1408. See also Le Baron v. Crombie, 14 Mass. 234; Holbrook v. Gay, 6 Cush. 215; Commonwealth v. McKenna, 158 Mass. 207.

Exceptions sustained.