Court Opinion

ID: 4650817
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-01-12 19:02:15.724925+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:01:45.092390
License: Public Domain

Filed 1/12/21 McMillan v. Holstrom, Block & Parke CA4/3

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION THREE

 SCOTT R. McMILLAN,

    Plaintiff, Cross-defendant and                                     G058723
 Appellant,
                                                                       (Super. Ct. No. 30-2018-00980001)
           v.
                                                                       OPINION
 HOLSTROM, BLOCK & PARKE, APLC
 et al.,

    Defendants, Cross-complainants and
 Respondents.

                   Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, Thomas
A. Delaney, Judge. Affirmed.
                   Richard V. McMillan for Plaintiff, Cross-defendant and Appellant.
                   Collins Collins Muir + Stewart, Howard Franco, Jr., David C. Moore and
Rada Feldman for Defendants, Cross-complainants, and Respondents.
                                              INTRODUCTION
                  Writers in training are often told to “show, don’t tell” – allow the reader to
experience the story through action rather than being spoon-fed it in narrative. “Show,
don’t tell” is also good advice for lawyers. Indeed, “show, don’t tell” is a defining skill
in trial advocacy and especially important in plaintiff’s civil litigation. A plaintiff cannot
merely say he has a claim; he must actually prove it. He must “show” his evidence,
rather than “tell” through his allegations.
                  One area in which “show, don’t tell” becomes especially important is legal
malpractice. When a legal malpractice plaintiff premises his claim on negligence in
litigation, he cannot merely allege that he would have gotten a favorable outcome but for
the attorney’s negligence, he must show he would have achieved a better result in the
underlying litigation; this is done via the “case-within-a-case” methodology. (See
Marshak v. Ballesteros (1999) 72 Cal.App.4th 1514, 1519; see also Orrick Herrington &
Sutcliffe v. Superior Court (2003) 107 Cal.App.4th 1052, 1057.)
                  In this malpractice case, the plaintiff failed to “show” rather than “tell,” and
the trial court consequently granted summary judgment against him. We affirm.
                                                      FACTS
                  Appellant Scott R. McMillan and Liyan McMillan (née Liu) married in
October 1999. The couple had one child together, a daughter born in 2002. Scott1
occasionally worked abroad, in places such as Iraq, Kuwait, and China, where he and
Liyan met.2 During the course of their marriage, the couple acquired two residences, a
condominium in Rancho Santa Margarita and a home in Norco used for rental income.

         1          We refer to appellant and his ex-wife by their first names only for ease of reference. No disrespect
or familiarity is intended.
         2          Appellant apparently works in the aerospace industry.

                                                           2
                 They began experiencing problems and decided to separate at some point
around 2008-2010.3 Scott moved into the home in Norco, while Liyan stayed on in the
condominium. On January 29, 2014, Liyan filed for divorce in Orange County Superior
Court based on irreconcilable differences. She sought physical custody of their daughter
(then 11 years old) with appellant to get visitation rights. Appellant was initially
represented by Attorney Ralph Hansen but then substituted himself in propria persona in
November 2014.
                 An initial stipulation was reached – and order entered – regarding custody
and child support on March 17, 2014. Appellant, represented by Hansen, agreed to pay
child support in the amount of $780 per month in bi-weekly payments of $390, starting
April 1, 2014. There was also a child support arrearage at the time of $1,360, which
appellant was to pay at the rate of $75 per month beginning the same date. The couple
agreed to joint custody of their daughter.
                        Braun’s Representation of Scott in the Divorce Case
                 On January 13, 2015, Scott signed a retainer agreement with respondent
Marie Braun of the Law Offices of Marie I. Braun, which required a retainer fee of
$5,0004 and designated a $300 hourly rate. More than two weeks later, on January 29,
2015, Braun substituted in as Scott’s attorney in the marital dissolution case.
                 Scott retained Braun right around the time he was seeking a modification of
his child support payments. On January 8, 2015, the Orange County Department of Child
Support Services filed a notice of motion for modification of child support in the family
law case, averring that Scott had notified the department of a material change in his
financial circumstances. A hearing on the motion was scheduled for February 11, 2015.

         3        Appellant claims he decided to take a job in Iraq in 2008 because he and his wife had agreed to
take a break from one another. Ultimately, the two agreed on a separation date of February 14, 2010.
         4        Scott claimed the retainer fee was $2,500, but this is not what was provided in the written
agreement.

                                                         3
                 On January 21, 2015, Scott, in propria persona5, filed an income and
expense declaration, indicating he had been unemployed since finishing a job for SpaceX
Technologies (SpaceX) in July 2014. His only listed income was $3,706.30 per month in
workers’ compensation benefits with only $100 in cash in his bank accounts. His listed
monthly expenses totaled just over $3,500 per month.
                 Scott’s workers’ compensation claim was based on plantar fasciitis in his
right foot from climbing ladders at SpaceX. The foot pain became severe enough to
require a visit to the company clinic in June 2014, and he was laid off shortly thereafter.
He received temporary disability payments, which ended in December 2014 when
SpaceX’s workers’ compensation carrier, Chubb, notified him that his condition had
reached maximum medical improvement. A qualified medical examination (QME)
report issued May 12, 2015, would later show Scott had zero percent impairment.6
                 A hearing on the request for modification was held on June 24, 2015 with
Braun representing Scott. Scott testified he was receiving money from his parents as a
loan. According to Braun, Scott had never told her the money he was receiving from his
parents was a loan, and he had never provided her with documentation demonstrating his
inability to work.
                 It turned out Scott’s parents were helping their son in more ways than one.
Scott’s father, Richard, a lawyer, assisted him through the divorce, accompanying him to
meetings with Hansen and then Braun and reviewing documents Scott brought to his
attention. Scott stated that when he took the job in Iraq after separating from Liyan, he
established a separate bank account at Washington Mutual and made his father a

        5        The record is unclear as to why Braun did not file this document given that she had been retained
by him eight days prior.
        6        The QME reports indicated Scott was still complaining of pain despite the usual treatments, and
he claimed he could no longer walk, stand, or climb ladders like he used to without pain. The examining physician
recommended use of orthotics and additional treatments, though he did not think these treatments would be
necessary for more than another year or two. Presumably, there was nothing preventing Scott from pursuing
employment that did not involve being on his feet.

                                                         4
signatory. He also changed his power of attorney from Liyan to Richard. But because
the couple still had joint expenses which required his income, Scott instructed Richard to
pay Liyan the sums she needed on a monthly basis through the Washington Mutual
account. He also told Richard to continue his efforts to cause a lot split on the Norco
property in order to construct a residence there and otherwise act on his behalf while he
was overseas.
                 The family court ordered a reduction in Scott’s child support payment –
from $780 to $605 per month, along with $10 per month on his arrears. The court used
$3,505 as Scott’s monthly income, presumably because of the money he was receiving
from his parents.
                 The trial was set for January 6, 2016. In August 2015, Scott gave Braun
$5,000 to retain a forensic accountant in order to trace certain funds that he claimed
Liyan had transferred from the Washington Mutual account without his knowledge or
permission.7 However, Braun did not actually retain the expert, certified public
accountant Jack M. White of White, Zuckerman, Warsavsky, Luna & Hunt, LLP, until
January 4, 2016, just two days prior to trial. When the trial date came, Braun advised
Scott she was ill and the trial date was continued to July 20, 2016.
                 In the months prior to the new trial date, Scott attempted to contact Braun,
but he did not feel progress was being made. He asked Richard to send letters to Braun,
which Richard did on May 2 and May 25. In the letters, Richard seems very concerned
as to whether Braun is committed to the case. He inquires as to whether Braun has
retained a forensic accountant and expresses interest in knowing the findings. Richard
sent another letter on June 7, 2016, seeking a meeting in preparation for the upcoming
trial date. It does not appear Braun ever wrote any responses to these letters, but she
finally granted Scott and Richard a meeting in late June 2016.

          7        Liyan denied doing any such thing, and said Scott only mentioned the missing funds after she had
filed for divorce.

                                                         5
                  Braun had, in the ensuing time, joined the law firm of respondent Holstrom,
Block and Parke, APLC (HBP) as an associate. She asked Scott and Richard to meet her
at HBP’s office where she presented Scott with a new representation agreement, which he
reviewed and signed. The representation agreement provided for an hourly rate between
$300 and $600 with $20,000 retainer. Scott and Richard paid $2,500 up front toward the
retainer. The balance was to be paid “by way of a Family Law Attorney Real Property
Lien,” or FLARPL, against the Norco property. The lien was for the full $20,000. The
agreement also contained a provision by which Scott would waive any objections to
monthly billing if he did not raise them in writing within 20 days of receiving bills.
                  Scott claimed he signed the new retention agreement because he did not
want to have to look for new counsel so close to trial.8 He also claims he asked Braun
prior to signing whether she was ready for trial and how much it would cost him to go
through one. He says she responded that it would cost between $5,000 and $7,000 and
she was ready.
                  Braun disputes this. She claims she never made any statements to him that
the case would be ready for trial on July 20, 2016 or any other date, and she never
represented that Scott would pay a rate different from what was provided in the
representation agreement.
                  Scott was called to the HBP offices on June 24, 2016 and there, he signed
the FLARPL, which was to be recorded against the Norco property, a notice of FLARPL,
and a FLARPL agreement. Richard was not present at this meeting and Scott did not ask
him to review the documents because he believed he would only have to pay $7,000 for
the representation.

          8         One issue remains disputed – did Scott have to sign the agreement on the spot or did he have time
to review it? Scott claims he was presented with the new retention agreement on June 23, 2016, and was told he had
to sign that day or Braun would withdraw. Braun claims Scott had the new agreement by June 20, 2016, so he could
review it prior to signing. Scott’s signature on the agreement is dated June 23, 2016.

                                                         6
              On July 19, 2016, White contacted Braun to give an initial report on his
findings. He noted a number of cash withdrawals from Scott’s bank account. He was
unable to opine as to whether there was anything wrong with the transactions. Braun
decided the best course was to appoint him as an impartial accountant in order to
streamline accounting issues in a less expensive and more efficient manner.
              Scott was surprised to learn on the day of trial that the forensic accounting
examination was not yet complete. Braun advised him that a continuance of trial was
necessary because the biggest issue in the case was the alleged money missing from the
Washington Mutual account.
              The parties stipulated to continue the trial to September 21, 2016; they
agreed the trial would resolve issues related to accounting, 401(k), visitation for the child,
and the disposition of marital real property. They further agreed to work to have the
Norco property appraised and to submit within 10 days any 401(k) accounts for
evaluation with an actuarial service in order to determine the separate and community
interests in those accounts. Scott agreed to make reasonable efforts to locate withdrawal
slips for the Washington Mutual (now Chase Bank) account between 2007 and 2009
when he was in Iraq.
              Braun stipulated with Liyan’s counsel, Anne Marie Healy, to submit the
accounting issues to White, and the family court appointed him a referee on the issue,
with a report due on August 19, 2016. Scott claims Braun never discussed this with him,
and he would have been uncomfortable with it had she done so. He did not like the idea
of paying for an expert knowing he would work with his former wife and her counsel.
But he says he was later told Healy had agreed to split White’s referee fees.
              This was not quite accurate. The appointment order indicated the parties
would agree on how to pay White and in the meantime, Scott would advance the fees
subject to a reallocation at trial. Braun said she did it this way because Scott would have

                                              7
a better argument to split the fees at the time of trial if White was a neutral. But when the
September trial date came, Healy filed a declaration opposing sharing White’s fees.
                  On August 19, 2016, White reported to Braun and Healy that he had looked
through all the documents he had collected thus far and narrowed the transactions
requiring further investigation to a short list of cash withdrawals. He understood
information had been requested from the bank and wanted to wait for it.9
                  On September 2, 2016, White again reached out to Braun and Healy to
report that he was still unable to opine that Liyan had “managed the funds under her
control inappropriately,” especially because Richard had power of attorney to withdraw
funds from the Washington Mutual/Chase account. Chase Bank produced the withdrawal
slips on September 20, 2016, which showed Richard had made the withdrawals White
had identified.
                  Richard says he received copies of the bank’s production on September 20,
2016, including the withdrawal slips with his name on them. Braun never asked him to
explain them, but his practice had been to go to the bank with Liyan whenever she
needed funds to pay family expenses so they could withdraw what was needed. Liyan
had testified to this in her deposition. He also withdrew $19,000 to pay for costs
involved in the lot-split in Norco.
                  Both sides filed trial briefs. Liyan sought the following: (1) half the fair
rental value of the Norco property for the six years that Scott had had been residing there,
or approximately $36,000, (2) sale of the Norco property and division of the proceeds, (3)
reimbursement of monies related to community vehicles, (4) $3,224 in cash from the
community bank accounts, and (5) attorney fees and costs incurred by continuances
purportedly caused by Scott. She also denied “taking” any money from the Washington

          9        As it played out, Liyan and Healy had to subpoena the bank’s records on the withdrawals. It’s
unclear why Scott did not obtain and produce those documents, given that he was the accountholder and the
stipulation required him to make efforts to do so. Braun says Scott “claimed he didn’t have these records,” but there
would presumably have been no obstacle to his requesting them from the bank.

                                                         8
Mutual/Chase account. She said Richard had withdrawn funds; she was merely paying
bills, and she had offered to prove as much to Scott.
              Liyan filed two property declarations prior to trial. The first, filed July 18,
2016, disclosed the following items – the Norco property, valued at $357,142, and a
401(k) account worth $9,673. The second, an amended property declaration filed July
19, 2016, showed the Norco property and changed the value in her 401(k) account to
$36,000. It also added several community bank accounts worth over $60,000. The
Norco property would ultimately be appraised at $323,000.
              Braun and HBP filed a brief on Scott’s behalf. It indicated he was
unemployed and “struggling with a work related condition,” presumably his foot issue.
The Norco property, which had been rented out during the couple’s marriage, was left in
an uninhabitable condition and required repairs. Once Scott moved in, around March
2010, he made nearly $20,000 in repairs and capital improvements, which he wished the
court to take into consideration. He sought division of furnishings valued at around
$3,000, three vehicles, nine bank accounts (including the Washington Mutual/Chase
account at issue), a Fidelity Investments account worth $5,000, three retirement accounts
totaling $20,673, and a division of community debts totaling approximately $175,000.
              The Rancho Santa Margarita condominium was also an issue for Scott.
After Scott moved out in 2010, he claimed Liyan had allowed the loan on it to go into
default, resulting in a May 2011 foreclosure sale and a nearly $172,000 deficiency
judgment that comprised the principal portion of the community debt. He wanted her to
be charged for her use of the residence from September 2010 (when he said she stopped
making mortgage payments), through May 2011, and he asked that she be held
responsible for the entire deficiency judgment.
              Scott also claimed the couple had accumulated nearly $200,000 in
community funds while he worked abroad, and Liyan controlled those funds before and
after the separation. He said she had failed to account for $100,000 of those funds. Scott

                                              9
believed the loss of the condominium and the $100,000 still unaccounted for represented
breaches of Liyan’s fiduciary duty. He requested Liyan assume responsibility for half his
attorney fees and costs, including the cost of forensic accountants.
              On September 21, 2016, Braun says she appeared for trial and the parties
began settlement negotiations, resulting in the signing of a stipulation and order for
judgment. But according to Scott, she was not at all herself that day. She seemed
frightened and sat in a corner with her arms crossed, telling Scott that White had not
completed his report and they were out of time. She said because they could not get
another trial continuance, Scott would have to agree to a settlement or risk paying
Liyan’s attorney fees.
              Healy drafted a settlement stipulation. Scott did not want to accept it
because it did not give him any of the separate or community funds or 401(k) funds, it
required him to pay White’s fees, and it did not compensate him at all for the
condominium or its loss. He wanted to go to trial but it was clear they were not ready.
              He called Richard in a panic and asked him to come right away. When
Richard arrived at the courthouse, he described Braun as being “literally wedged into a
corner in the hall, with her arms crossed across her chest.” She did not want to talk to
him. He felt “there was [definitely] something wrong with her.” When Scott described
the situation regarding the case to his father in Braun’s presence, she did not dispute his
characterization.
              Richard was asked to review the draft stipulation prepared by Healy and
noticed the same issues Scott had noticed. However, because he believed, based on what
his son and Braun were telling him, that there would be no further trial continuances and
the referee’s report was not complete, he felt there was no choice but to sign the draft
stipulation if there was no way to go to trial that day. Scott took his advice and signed
off.

                                             10
              The stipulation was entered into the court record. It provided: (1) Scott
would get the Norco property and had to buy out Liyan’s interest for $95,000 within 60
days or the property would be sold; (2) the FLARPL would remain on the Norco property
but would not encumber Liyan’s interest; (3) the issues related to the condominium
foreclosure and any tax liability premised on that property would be reserved to the
court’s jurisdiction; (4) the court would also retain jurisdiction over the issues relating to
disputed community funds; (5) the amounts Scott invested in the Norco property were
accounted for in determining Liyan’s buyout amount; (6) each party would receive their
respective 401(k) accounts accrued through employment; (7) each party would bear its
own attorney fees and costs; (8) Scott would serve a final declaration of disclosure and
file proof of service of same within 24 hours; and (9) all prior orders would remain in
effect and be incorporated into a formal final judgment to be prepared by Braun. The
trial judge signed off on the stipulation, indicating no final judgment would be entered
until Scott’s final disclosure form was filed.
              According to Richard, Scott’s final disclosure form was never served
(Healy ultimately agreed to waive it) and Braun never prepared the final judgment.
According to Braun, she had trouble communicating with Scott and ultimately, she and
HBP moved to withdraw as counsel. Richard substituted in.
              Richard ultimately prepared and filed the final judgment on June 27, 2017.
The division of community assets was to be pursuant to the parties’ settlement. Scott was
to continue paying $605 per month in child support. Liyan, Scott, Healy, and Richard all
signed on.
              Scott was clearly unhappy with the result. He requested mandatory fee
arbitration sometime around September 2017 contesting the attorney fees he had paid to
HBP. The arbitration was held on February 2, 2018, at which time it was adjudged that
Scott owed HBP almost $27,000 in reasonably incurred attorney fees. The panel also
found Scott benefited by not having to pay the outstanding fees to Braun’s solo practice.

                                              11
                       Scott Files a Lawsuit against Braun and HBP
              Rejecting the fee arbitration award, Scott (again represented by Richard)
filed a complaint for legal malpractice against Braun, HBP, and respondent Dayn
Holstrom, HBP’s managing partner, on March 16, 2018. The complaint contained a
cause of action for legal malpractice against all three respondents and a cause of action
for rescission against HBP.
              Scott’s malpractice claim was premised on several alleged missteps by
Braun. First, she was allegedly unprepared to present evidence of Scott’s inability to pay
child support at the modification hearing, and as a result, he was left on the hook for child
support as well as arrears. Second, Braun had not been diligent in securing White’s
services or tracing community funds or 401(k) accounts, thus placing Scott in a
disadvantageous position with respect to the division of these assets and making him
liable for all of White’s fees. Finally, Braun’s failure to prepare adequately for trial dates
forced him to enter into the settlement stipulation when he could have obtained his
rightful share of the community assets if the case had gone to trial.
              Scott sought rescission of the HBP retention agreement based on
misrepresentation – namely, Braun’s assurance that she was ready to take the case to trial
in June 2016 for $7,000 – and alleged Braun and HBP had misrepresented this in order to
obtain the FLARPL. He requested punitive damages against HBP.

                                             12
              The respondents filed answers. HBP also filed a motion to strike the
punitive damages allegations and a cross-complaint for breach of contract and quantum
meruit based on the unpaid fees.10 The trial court granted HBP’s motion to strike with
leave to amend.
              Scott timely filed his first amended complaint on August 27, 2018. It
contained the same causes of action, but this time, the allegations supporting Scott’s
request for punitive damages were included under the malpractice cause of action. He
also threw in an allegation that HBP had billed him for $30,000 worth work that was
either not done or was duplicative. Otherwise, the first amended complaint was
substantially similar to his previous complaint. Again, HBP filed a motion to strike the
punitive damages allegations, and again the trial court granted the motion, this time
without leave to amend, finding insufficient facts to suggest fraud, oppression, or malice.
              Several months later, respondents jointly filed a motion for summary
judgment or alternatively, summary adjudication as to each of the two causes of action.
They contended Scott’s was a “settle and sue” malpractice case, in the style of Namikas
v. Miller (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 1574 (Namikas). In such a case, the client alleges
malpractice because he believes he could have gotten a better settlement or a better result
at trial. To prove causation and damages in a settle and sue case, Scott would have to
establish to a legal certainty that he would have received a better outcome but for the
negligence.
              This he could not do, respondents said. Braun and Holstrom submitted
declarations in support of the motion. Liyan and Healy also both submitted declarations
averring they would not have agreed to a different settlement. And because Scott’s only
evidence in support of his desired division of community assets was speculative, there
was no certainty a trial judge would have ordered any different judgment. Moreover,

       10     It would later dismiss the cross-complaint.

                                                     13
Scott and Richard had failed to pursue the funds-tracing and 401(k) issues after HBP
substituted out of the case.
              Scott opposed the motion by submitting his declaration and that of Richard.
He did not present any new evidence regarding the child support, accounting, or
community property issues. And when the day came for the hearing on the motion, he
did not appear. The trial court ultimately granted summary judgment in defendants’
favor, concluding that any breaches by respondent did not ultimately cause Scott any
damages, and the rescission claim was defective because Scott could not restore
consideration to respondents and, in any event, their alleged misrepresentations to him
were non-actionable, good faith promises to perform in the future.
                                      DISCUSSION
              Scott seeks review of the grant of summary judgment against him as well as
the grant of the respondents’ motion to strike punitive damages without leave to amend.
We believe the trial court was correct to grant summary judgment, and consequently, the
appeal as to the motion to strike is moot.
I.            Standard of Review
              When a trial court has granted summary judgment in favor of a defendant,
our review is de novo, whereupon we undertake a three-step process: “‘“First, we identify
the issues raised by the pleadings, since it is these allegations to which the motion must
respond; secondly, we determine whether the moving party’s showing has established
facts which negate the opponent’s claims and justify a judgment in movant’s favor; when
a summary judgment motion prima facie justifies a judgment, the third and final step is to
determine whether the opposition demonstrates the existence of a triable, material factual
issue.”’ [Citation.]” (Claudio v. Regents of University of California (2005) 134
Cal.App.4th 224, 229 (Claudio).)

                                             14
II.           Motion for Summary Judgment or Alternatively, Summary
              Adjudication
              “The complaint limits the issues to be addressed at the motion for summary
judgment.” (Laabs v. City of Victorville (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 1242, 1258.) A
defendant moving for summary judgment or summary adjudication has the burden to
show that a cause of action has no merit or that a complete defense exists to that cause of
action. (See Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (p)(2).) If that burden is met, the plaintiff
must demonstrate the existence of an issue of material fact which requires trial. (Ibid.)
While we strictly construe the moving party’s evidence and liberally construe the
opposing party’s evidence, we presume the judgment is correct. (See Shiver v. Laramee
(2018) 24 Cal.App.5th 395, 400.) Thus, the burden is on the appellant “‘“to affirmatively
demonstrate error and, therefore, to point out the triable issues the appellant claims are
present by citation to the record and any supporting authority . . . .” [Citation.]’” (Id. at p.
400, quoting Claudio, supra, 134 Cal.App.4th at p. 240.)
              A.             Legal Malpractice Claim
              A legal malpractice cause of action requires four elements: (1) attorney-
client relationship giving rise to professional duty, (2) breach of that duty, (3) causation
and (4) damages. (See Kurinij v. Hanna & Morton (1997) 55 Cal.App.4th 853, 863.)
Here, we are concerned with the last two elements of the claim. We must determine
whether “‘but for the lawyer’s negligence, the client would have prevailed in the
underlying action.’ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 864.)
              “To win a legal malpractice action, the plaintiff must prove damages to a
legal certainty . . . . Thus, a plaintiff who alleges an inadequate settlement in the
underlying action must prove that, if not for the malpractice, []he would certainly have
received more money in settlement or at trial. (Id. at p. 1463.) Such claims are likely to
be speculative, as even the most skillful attorneys can seldom know whether they
obtained the best possible result; thus they are held only to the standard of whether the

                                              15
settlement was within the realm of reasonableness. [Citations.]” (Slovensky v. Friedman
(2006) 142 Cal.App.4th 1518, 1528.)
                  The Fifth District Court of Appeal recently concluded that a malpractice
plaintiff could still prove the “legal certainty” of damages by a preponderance of the
evidence standard – i.e., more likely than not. (See Masellis v. Law Office of Leslie F.
Jensen (2020) 50 Cal.App.5th 1077, 1094.) Nonetheless, to avoid summary judgment, a
malpractice plaintiff cannot merely assert he would have received a better outcome at
trial. He must “show ‘what that better outcome would have been.’ [Citation.]”
(Namikas, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at 1585, italics added.)11
                  With these principles in mind, we examine the four areas of potential
malpractice identified by the first amended complaint.
                                    1. Child Support Payments and Arrears
                  Scott’s first grievance is Braun’s alleged failure to prove his inability to pay
child support, leaving him with a $605 monthly payment and nearly $10,000 in arrears.
Respondents argue that Braun actually helped Scott, rather than damaged him, because he
was already liable for $780 per month in child support payments when Braun entered the
case. There were also over $1,000 in arrearages by that point. This evidence was
sufficient to shift the burden to Scott to show that respondents should have been able to
reduce his liability further.
                  Scott says he was out of work and receiving loaned money from his parents
at the time he requested a modification of his child support obligation. He told the family
court this information at the hearing, but he apparently produced no documents or other
evidence to prove the money was a loan, rather than a gift. Indeed, he told the family

         11       Scott seems to suggest this is not a settle and sue case because he would have gone to trial but for
the malpractice. We do not see how this changes the landscape. Theoretically, any settle and sue plaintiff would
have proceeded with the underlying litigation if he or she was unable to reach an agreeable settlement therein. That
does not negate the settle and sue plaintiff’s burden to show what the probable outcome of the trial would have been,
based on competent evidence.

                                                         16
court it was his assumption the money was on loan. Clearly, the family court was not
persuaded this was the case.12
                  In setting child support, a family court has the discretion to include in the
obligor’s income any money received as a gift on a regular basis from the obligor’s
parents. (See In re Marriage of Alter (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 718, 737.) In the absence
of any evidence Scott had to repay monies received from his parents – Braun claimed not
to have seen any, and examining the record before us, neither do we – we cannot say she
should have obtained any better result at the modification hearing.
                  Scott alleged in his pleading that Braun should have sought a continuance
of the modification hearing or reset a new hearing in order to present evidence of his
inability to pay. However, we see no evidence Scott was unable to pay child support.
Along with the money received from his parents, the record indicates Scott was able to
work – albeit not at a job where he would have to stand for long periods of time. He
recounts no efforts of looking for desk work or other types of work in order to support
himself. Given this evidence, it is not likely the family court would have changed its
decision on child support.
                                    2. Failure to Timely Retain Forensic Accountant
                  Scott’s second grievance is that Braun failed to retain White, the
accountant, until only two days before the January 2016 trial date, and they had to seek
continuances while White undertook his review. Because he was not through with his
review prior to the July 2016 trial date, Scott says, he was forced to allow White to serve
as referee which gave his former wife and her attorney influence over the opinion
ultimately rendered.

         12        And it appears to have been correct. When he gave deposition testimony in May of 2019, Scott
indicated, as of that very date, he was still receiving money from his father to support himself. By this time, he was
willing to acknowledge the money was a gift.

                                                         17
              Respondents never disputed that Braun was late (and in our view,
shockingly so) in retaining White, but they made two contentions on summary judgment.
First, they asserted Scott can still raise the funds tracing issue with the family court
because the issue was reserved to its jurisdiction in the September 2016 stipulation.
Second, they say Scott has no evidence that getting White’s report sooner would have
changed the outcome. Liyan would not have agreed to a different settlement, and
White’s investigation ultimately showed that all withdrawals from the Washington
Mutual/Chase account he flagged were made by Richard, not Liyan.
              The first argument is the less persuasive. Yes, the September 2016
stipulation noted the existence of an ongoing dispute about the community funds and
their whereabouts. But the stipulation is unclear as to the circumstances under which
Scott could return to court on the issue. The stipulation states: “The court shall retain
jurisdiction over the accounting of these bank accounts if respondent discovers additional
accounts or that petitioner has come into a large sum of money, respondent may return to
court on this issue.” It is unclear whether this stipulation allows Scott to return to court
on the accounting issue even if he does not discover additional bank accounts and even if
Liyan does not come into a large sum of money.13
              But we agree with respondents’ second argument, that Scott never
marshalled evidence to show he was damaged by the failure to timely retain White. First
of all, Scott and Richard were working at cross-purposes with respect to the Washington
Mutual/Chase account. When Scott returned from Iraq, he claims he went to withdraw
funds from the account in order to build a residence on the Norco property only to find

       13     Ambiguity is a common feature of run-on sentences.

                                                  18
that the money was gone. When he asked Liyan what happened to the money, she said
she did not know. Thus was born the couple’s dispute over the disappearing money.14
                 But apparently it did not occur to Scott to ask his father what happened to
the money. If he had, he might have discovered that Richard had made a number of large
withdrawals from the account, many of which were purportedly to assist Liyan with
living expenses. Indeed, we are somewhat perplexed as to why Scott did not undertake
an in-depth examination of his own bank account –including requesting documents from
the bank – in order to determine what had happened to the money. It should not have
required White’s investigation to discover that Richard withdrew much of the money.15
                 The real issue requiring a forensic accounting investigation would have
been tracing the use of the money withdrawn from the account. How were these monies
spent? Does any of the money remain unspent? We have very little evidence to answer
these questions, and it does not seem White ever got that far in his work before the
stipulation was signed. In our view, that is just as much the fault of Scott, the
accountholder, as it is his counsel’s. To be sure, Braun was late in retaining White, but
once retained, it does not appear he was given much in the way of assistance from the
client he was serving.
                 Moreover, after Braun and HBP’s withdrawal from the case, it was
incumbent upon Scott and Richard, his new counsel, to take up the White investigation
where it left off – to trace the funds withdrawn by Richard and given to Liyan. While
Richard testified he requested White’s file, he never contacted White and, it seems, never
hired or consulted a new expert to assist in tracing the missing money. As a result, Scott

         14        To the extent Scott’s earnings from Iraq were made prior to the agreed-upon date of separation,
they were presumptively part of the community estate. (See Fam. Code, §§ 760 & 771, subd. (a).) And, in any
event, he instructed Richard to give Liyan money from that account as needed for community expenses while he was
abroad.
         15        And we note again, White did not receive documents from the bank until early September 2016
because Scott failed to obtain them from the bank himself.

                                                       19
is unable to “show” that Liyan misappropriated any community funds at all, let alone that
a timely expert retainer would have uncovered it.
                                   3. Referee’s Fees
                 Scott’s third grievance is that he was on the hook for all of White’s
referee’s fees and Braun failed to get Liyan to pay half. White was appointed a referee
under Code of Civil Procedure section 638. Therefore, the payment of his fees was a
matter to be settled by agreement of the parties, and barring that, a ruling from the court.
(See Code Civ. Proc., § 645.1.) The appointment order indicated Scott would advance
the fees subject to a reallocation at trial. But the stipulation and final judgment make no
mention of the allocation of White’s fees. Even though Liyan may not have been willing
to stipulate to split his fees, the judgment reserves jurisdiction over “all other issues,” so
presumably, Scott could still go back to the family court and ask to split them. He has
certainly not been ordered to pay them from what we can see in the record. As such,
there is no damage from the referee’s fees that we can ascertain.16
                                   4. Division of Funds in Community Bank Accounts
                 Scott alleged he would have received his 50 percent share of the
community bank accounts but for respondents’ negligence. Respondents never squarely
addressed this precise question in their summary judgment motion. However, the issue
appears to have been left open by the September 2016 stipulation. That stated a dispute
existed as to the “use of community funds maintained in multiple bank accounts, the
tracing of the funds and the accounting of same.” To our reading, this language refers to
the dispute over the missing money Scott earned while in Iraq. It does not purport to
assign all of the community bank accounts to Liyan or foreclose Scott’s claim to any
divisible community funds in those accounts. No other reference is made to the division

         16        We also observe that White started out as Scott’s own expert, and Scott would have been required
to pay his fees anyway. However, we recognize that Scott’s concern was with White’s appointment as a referee,
which allowed him to communicate with Liyan and her counsel.

                                                        20
of the bank accounts in the stipulation or judgment. Thus the trial court’s jurisdiction as
to the division of community bank accounts would appear to be reserved, and Scott may
return to court to raise this issue. There has been no loss in this regard.
                             5. Division of 401(k) Accounts
              Finally, Scott claims he should have received half the funds in the couples’
401(k) accounts. The parties’ stipulation assigned each spouse “their respective 401k
accounts accrued through employment.” Respondents contend Liyan would never have
agreed to split the 401(k) accounts down the middle, and Scott has not provided evidence
to show that a 50 percent division of the 401(k) accounts would have been a more
advantageous disposition for him. We agree.
              Scott seemingly did not undertake any valuation of his and Liyan’s 401(k)
accounts to determine how much of them could have been characterized as community
property and how much each of their accounts was worth. Without doing that analysis, it
is impossible to determine whether it would have been worth incurring taxes and
penalties in withdrawing funds from any of the accounts as part of the division of assets.
The absence of such an analysis also makes it impossible to compare the value of his
community share of the 401(k) accounts with other community assets he did receive, for
example, the Norco property. Therefore, Scott is unable to “show” that he was damaged
by the term in the stipulated settlement assigning the respective spouses their own 401(k)
accounts.
              All of which leaves us in agreement with the trial court that the legal
malpractice claim was fatally lacking.
              B.             Rescission Claim
              Scott’s second cause of action, for rescission, is based on a claim of
intentional or negligent misrepresentation: Braun represented she was ready for trial in
July 2016 when she was not, and she told Scott it would not cost more than $7,000 to
take the case to trial. A party to a contract may rescind if his consent to the contract “was

                                              21
given by mistake, or obtained through duress, menace, fraud, or undue influence,
exercised by or with the connivance of the party as to whom he rescinds, or of any other
party to the contract jointly interested with such party.” (See Civ. Code, § 1689, subd.
(b)(1).) However, “to effect a rescission a party . . . must, promptly upon discovering the
facts which entitle him to rescind,” unless he is under duress, menaced, or otherwise
unaware or unable to invoke his right to rescind, give notice and “[r]estore to the other
party everything of value which he has received from him under the contract or offer to
restore the same upon condition that the other party do likewise, unless the latter is
unable or positively refuses to do so.” (See Civ. Code, § 1691, subd. (b).)
                  Respondents argued rescission was not available because Scott could not
“restore” to them the legal services rendered, citing case law discussing so-called “partial
rescission” 17 and also the case of Olson v. Cohen (2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 1209, 1216
(Olson). They further argued there was no actionable misrepresentation of existing fact
regarding Braun’s readiness for trial or what it would cost.18
                  We are skeptical of respondents’ argument regarding restoration of
consideration. In Olson, the plaintiff could not make a rescission claim against his
attorney because he could not restore services rendered. (Olson, supra, 106 Cal.App.4th
at p. 1216.) But he was not suing for malpractice; he was suing for claims based on the
lawyer’s failure to register with the State Bar. (Id. at p. 1212.) The Olson court found
this fact relevant: “. . . the equities of the present case do not support disgorgement of
fees . . . . Appellant does not challenge the services as negligently rendered.” (Id. at p.
1216.) Here, the appellant does indeed challenge the services as negligently rendered.

          17        On appeal, respondents have seemingly dropped their argument from the trial court that rescinding
the fee agreement would amount to an improper partial rescission, and thus we do not address the cases cited in the
trial court for that proposition.
          18        In their brief on appeal, respondents add a new argument – rescission is not a cause of action itself,
but rather an equitable remedy. This was not respondents’ argument before the trial court; we will not address it
here. (See In re Marriage of Nassimi (2016) 3 Cal.App.5th 667, 695 [generally, “theories not raised in the trial court
cannot be asserted for the first time on appeal[.]”].)

                                                           22
Rescission seems inequitable where competent services are rendered; not so much where
services are sub-optimal. There is at least an argument to be made here that they were the
latter.
              Additionally, Scott directs us to California Farm & Fruit Co. v. Schiappa-
Pietra (1907) 151 Cal. 732, in which the California Supreme Court recounts exceptions
to the rule of restoration. These include circumstances in which an accounting is required
in order to determine the relative rights of the parties, or where one party is unable to
restore what is received (as would seemingly be the case here). (Id. at pp. 740-741.) We
cannot see that rescission is an impossible remedy in this case – otherwise, no
malpractice plaintiff could ever seek rescission of a fee agreement.
              However, respondents’ second argument carries the day. Scott has not
shown that he was damaged by Braun’s representation in June 2016 that she would be
ready for trial in July, because the matter was continued from that date. Indeed, we
cannot say whether this representation was false when it was made. The July trial date
had to be continued because White’s review was not complete. But there is no indication
Braun knew this would be the case beforehand. Indeed, in his July 19, 2016 e-mail,
White indicated he had “examined a large volume of bank statements and expense
information.” He had clearly been preparing for trial.
              As to the alleged misrepresentation that Braun could try the case for
$7,000, Scott has provided no evidence of what a reasonable estimated cost of trial
should have been. But even if it was not a reasonable estimate, Scott admitted in his
deposition that he received invoices exceeding that amount in August – only two months
later – and never objected. And Braun stated she never heard any objections from Scott
after sending him bills. For this reason, Scott’s attempt now to take issue with the bills is
a fruitless endeavor. The fee agreement required him to raise such objections within 20

                                             23
days or they would be waived. “The law helps the vigilant, before those who sleep on
their rights.” (Civ. Code, § 3527.)19
                 We conclude the trial court was correct to enter judgment in respondents’
favor.
                                               DISPOSITION
                 The judgment is affirmed. Respondents to recover their costs on appeal.

                                                              BEDSWORTH, ACTING P. J.

WE CONCUR:

FYBEL, J.

THOMPSON, J.

        19        Here, we cannot help noting with some measure of concern that Scott failed to make any
appearance at the hearing on the summary judgment motion. Nor did he, apparently, contact the trial court to either
submit on the tentative or continue the hearing so he could appear.

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