Court Opinion

ID: 4416370
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-07-12 16:00:25.526123+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:49:58.109574
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                          For the Eighth Circuit
                      ___________________________

                              No. 18-1735
                      ___________________________

                    Acuity, A Mutual Insurance Company

                      lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellant

                                         v.

Rex, LLC; Tab Robert Barks; Ronald Lee Gean; Estate of Jean Carol Gean; Swift
 Transportation Company of Arizona, LLC; Gaganjot Singh Virk; Auto-Owners
 Insurance Company; Air EVAC EMS, Inc., also known as Air Evac Lifeteam;
  Deaconess Hospital, Inc.; Heartland Regional Medical Center, also known as
      Marion Hospital Corporation; Zurich American Insurance Company

                    lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees
                                    ____________

                   Appeal from United States District Court
             for the Eastern District of Missouri - Cape Girardeau
                                ____________

                         Submitted: January 16, 2019
                            Filed: July 12, 2019
                               ____________

Before GRUENDER, WOLLMAN, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                       ____________

GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.
      Acuity appeals the district court’s1 orders requiring it to deposit $21 million in
disputed insurance proceeds to maintain its federal statutory interpleader claim and
dismissing Ronald Gean and the Estate of Jean Carol Gean (“the Geans”) for lack of
personal jurisdiction in its declaratory judgment claims. We affirm.

       On August 5, 2016, a truck operated by Rex, LLC struck a vehicle driven by
Ronald Gean, injuring him and killing his passenger Jean Carol Gean. Rex and its
driver were covered by a business auto insurance policy issued by Acuity with a
stated liability limit of $1 million for “each accident.”

       On December 30, 2016, Acuity filed a two-count complaint in the U.S. District
Court for the Eastern District of Missouri against the Geans and several other parties
affected by the accident. Count I sought to distribute the $1 million policy proceeds
among potential claimants using federal statutory interpleader. See 28 U.S.C. § 1335.
Count II sought a declaratory judgment that the applicable policy limit was in fact
$1 million per accident. Acuity also moved to deposit the stated policy limit of
$1 million into the registry of the court as required by § 1335(a), the district court
granted the motion, and Acuity submitted the funds to the court’s registry.

      Meanwhile, on January 4, 2017, the Geans brought suit in Illinois state court
for personal injury, wrongful death, and a declaratory judgment that Acuity’s
$1 million policy limit “stacked” for each of the twenty-one vehicles covered by the
policy, providing total coverage of $21 million. The Geans also filed a motion in
federal court to dismiss Acuity’s federal action, arguing that the district court lacked
subject-matter jurisdiction under the federal interpleader statute unless Acuity
deposited the disputed $21 million, rather than the $1 million in the court’s registry.

      1
       The Honorable Audrey G. Fleissig, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Missouri.

                                          -2-
The Geans also alleged that the district court lacked personal jurisdiction over them
and that venue was improper in the Eastern District of Missouri.

       The district court held the motion to dismiss in abeyance. Agreeing with the
Geans that § 1335(a) requires an interpleader plaintiff to deposit the full disputed
sum, it “granted [Acuity] leave to post the appropriate amount of $21 million or
dismiss Count I” and warned that “[f]ailure to post the appropriate amount or dismiss
Count I may result in the Court dismissing Count I for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction.” In response, Acuity filed an amended complaint dismissing its
interpleader claim and adding an additional claim for declaratory judgment under
Missouri state law.

      The district court next concluded that it lacked personal jurisdiction over the
Geans because they did not have sufficient minimum contacts with Missouri,
dismissed them from the lawsuit, and ordered Acuity to show cause why the lawsuit
could proceed in their absence. Acuity conceded that the Geans were necessary and
indispensable parties, and the district court dismissed the lawsuit without prejudice.
Acuity appealed and challenges the district court’s orders concerning subject-matter
and personal jurisdiction.

       We must first address whether Acuity waived appellate review of the district
court’s order concerning subject-matter jurisdiction by amending its complaint to
dismiss its interpleader claim in response to the district court’s threat to dismiss if
Acuity did not deposit $21 million. Generally, “an amended complaint supercedes
an original complaint and renders the original complaint without legal effect.” Tolen
v. Ashcroft, 377 F.3d 879, 882 n.2 (8th Cir. 2004). Thus, a plaintiff who amends his
complaint and dismisses certain claims waives his right to appeal them. Id. But we
have refused to find waiver where the court’s involuntary dismissal of the original
counts “struck a vital blow to a substantial part of plaintiff’s cause of action.”
Williamson v. Liverpool & London & Globe Ins. Co., 141 F. 54, 57 (8th Cir. 1905);

                                         -3-
see also Karnes v. Poplar Bluff Transfer Co. (In re Atlas Van Lines, Inc.), 209 F.3d
1064, 1067 (8th Cir. 2000); Hayward v. Cleveland Clinic Found., 759 F.3d 601, 617-
18 (6th Cir. 2014). The Geans nonetheless argue that Tolen controls and that
Acuity’s dismissal of its interpleader claim was not truly involuntary because the
court gave Acuity a choice other than dismissal, namely depositing $21 million.

        We conclude that Acuity did not waive its right to appeal the district court’s
ruling concerning the deposit requirement. In giving Acuity the option of depositing
the full $21 million or dismissing its interpleader claim, the district court rejected
Acuity’s interpretation of the requirements of § 1335.2 Rather than continuing to
advance an argument that the district court had rejected, Acuity proceeded with the
remainder of its case. As the Seventh Circuit has pointed out, “It is not waiver—it
is prudence and economy—for parties not to reassert a position that the trial judge has
rejected.” Bastian v. Petren Res. Corp., 892 F.2d 680, 683 (7th Cir. 1990). These
factors support the conclusion that Acuity did not waive its arguments concerning the
deposit required under § 1335. As we have indicated in the removal context, a
motion to amend is involuntary where the plaintiff “faced the Hobson’s choice of
amending his complaint or risking dismissal.” In re Atlas Van Lines, Inc., 209 F.3d
at 1067 (footnote omitted and emphasis added). While Acuity could have avoided
such a choice by depositing $21 million, the requirement to deposit such a large sum
still confronted the company with “a patently coercive predicament.” Id.

      2
        While the district court said that “[f]ailure to post the appropriate amount or
dismiss Count I may result in the Court dismissing Count I for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction,” the court’s order left no doubt that it believed it lacked subject-matter
jurisdiction. Its use of the word “may” is therefore not dispositive. Cf. Meierhenry
Sargent LLP v. Williams, 915 F.3d 507, 509 (8th Cir. 2019) (noting that labels do not
trump the substance of an order for the purpose of determining appellate jurisdiction
over an interlocutory appeal).

                                          -4-
       To be sure, Acuity could have stood on its original complaint and forced the
district court to dismiss its interpleader claim. But, as the concurring opinion
acknowledges, Acuity “would have arrived at the same place on appeal” had it done
so.3 Post, at 12. Given that nothing of substance turns on the distinction, enforcing
waiver under these circumstances “merely sets a trap for unsuspecting plaintiffs with
no concomitant benefit to the opposing party.” See Davis v. TXO Prod. Corp., 929
F.2d 1515, 1518 (10th Cir. 1991) (footnote omitted); 6 Charles Alan Wright et al.,
Federal Practice & Procedure § 1476 (3d ed. 2019) (“It therefore is not logical to
deny a party the right to appeal simply because the party decides to abide by the
court’s order and amend the pleading rather than allowing an adverse judgment to be
entered and taking an immediate appeal.”). Thus, we may review the district court’s
order concerning subject-matter jurisdiction over Acuity’s interpleader claim.

       We review the existence of subject-matter jurisdiction de novo. Iowa League
of Cities v. EPA, 711 F.3d 844, 861 (8th Cir. 2013). Federal statutory interpleader
allows a party holding money or property to join the various parties asserting
mutually exclusive claims, thereby avoiding the threat of multiple liability or multiple
lawsuits. Gaines v. Sunray Oil Co., 539 F.2d 1136, 1141 (8th Cir. 1976). A district
court has jurisdiction over a statutory interpleader claim if there are adverse claimants
to money or property worth at least $500 and diverse citizenship between at least two
of the adverse claimants. 28 U.S.C. § 1335(a). In addition, the plaintiff must deposit
the money or property in the registry of the district court. Id.

      3
        It is true, as the concurring opinion points out, that Acuity’s strategy forced
us “to wade into our jurisprudence concerning the Atlas/Humphrey exception to the
amended-complaint rule.” Post, at 12. But had Acuity prevailed on its alternative
claims after it amended its complaint, it would have had no reason to appeal the
difficult questions surrounding interpleader. Thus, it is not clear that a strict
application of Tolen in this context advances judicial economy.

                                          -5-
        Several courts have held that a district court lacks jurisdiction over an
interpleader action unless the stakeholder deposits the sum claimed by the claimants.
See, e.g., Metal Trans. Corp. v. Pac. Venture S.S. Corp., 288 F.2d 363, 365 (2d Cir.
1961); Miller & Miller Auctioneers, Inc. v. G. W. Murphy Indus., 472 F.2d 893, 895
(10th Cir. 1973); N.Y. Life Ins. Co. v. Lee, 232 F.2d 811, 815 (9th Cir. 1956); 7
Wright et al., § 1716. But Acuity points to a Third Circuit case and suggests that the
district court should first peek ahead to the merits of its declaratory judgment claim
contesting the Geans’ stacking argument before setting the deposit requirement. See
U.S. Fire Ins. Co. v. Asbestospray, Inc., 182 F.3d 201, 210 (3d Cir. 1999). In an
opinion by then-Judge Samuel Alito, the court explained that the deposit requirement
“is not a mechanical process under which the court uncritically searches for the
highest amount claimed by the adverse claimants,” and it held that “[a]mounts that
are not realistically within the scope of the interpleader as pleaded are not required
to be deposited or bonded to sustain federal jurisdiction.” Id. Acuity therefore argues
that it needed to deposit only the $1 million it believes it owes, not the $21 million
claimed by the Geans.

       We agree with the district court that subject-matter jurisdiction is lacking
because Acuity did not deposit the disputed amount into the court’s registry. First,
we previously held that a “stakeholder may not compel a party to litigate his claim in
interpleader unless he deposits with the court an amount equal to the sum claimed by
that party.” Gaines, 539 F.2d at 1142 (emphasis added). “It is a cardinal rule in our
circuit that one panel is bound by the decision of a prior panel.” Mader v. United
States, 654 F.3d 794, 800 (8th Cir. 2011) (en banc).

       Second, it is not clear that Acuity would prevail even under the Third Circuit’s
“less mechanical” framework. The Third Circuit stated that the “stakeholder invoking
interpleader must deposit the largest amount for which it may be liable in view of the
subject matter of the controversy.” Asbestospray, 182 F.3d at 210. Because only a
limited sum remained in unexhausted policy proceeds, the claimants in Asbestospray

                                         -6-
could have recovered a greater amount only had there been a claim of collusion or
fraud regarding the previous insurance settlements that had depleted the policy. Id.
at 210-11. Thus, a greater sum was “not realistically part of the interpleader action
as it was pleaded.” Id. at 211 (emphasis added). But here, by pairing its interpleader
claim with one for declaratory judgment, Acuity itself admitted that $21 million was
in controversy and that Acuity would be liable for more than the $1 million it
deposited if the district court concluded that coverage stacked.

       Third, considerations of fairness also support the conclusion that Acuity must
deposit the full disputed amount. If the district court peeked ahead to the merits and
decided that coverage stacked, Acuity’s $1 million deposit would not satisfy the
requirements of § 1335(a) and the court would lack subject-matter jurisdiction over
both the interpleader and declaratory judgment counts. Acuity could then presumably
get a second bite at the apple on its declaratory judgment claim in another proceeding
notwithstanding the district court’s initial ruling. Moreover, the personal jurisdiction
requirements are relaxed for interpleader actions. See 28 U.S.C. § 2361 (allowing
nationwide service of process). While scholars have questioned the value of the
deposit requirement, it arguably protects claimants who may be “summoned to the
chosen forum from a substantial distance under the statute’s nationwide-process
provision.” 7 Wright et al., § 1716. Although Congress intended that federal
statutory interpleader “broadly . . . remedy the problems posed by multiple claimants
to a single fund,” interpleader does not provide “an all-purpose ‘bill of peace’” for
“multiparty litigation arising out of a mass tort.” See State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v.
Tashire, 386 U.S. 523, 530, 535-37 (1967); see also 7 Wright et al., §§ 1707, 1709.
Because Congress has set aside many of the traditional limitations on interpleader,
we are reluctant to disregard remaining limitations under these circumstances.

       In sum, our precedent and other considerations dictate that Acuity deposit the
amount claimed by the Geans, see Gaines, 539 F.2d at 1142, or at the very least “the
largest amount for which it may be liable in view of the subject matter of the

                                          -7-
controversy,” Asbestospray, 182 F.3d at 210. As a result, the district court correctly
held that Acuity needed to deposit $21 million.

       Finally, we reject Acuity’s argument that the district court had personal
jurisdiction over the Geans. As noted, the personal jurisdiction requirements are
relaxed for interpleader actions. See 28 U.S.C. § 2361. But Acuity no longer enjoyed
this relaxed standard after dismissing its interpleader count, and it had to establish
personal jurisdiction over the Geans for its remaining declaratory judgment counts
under Missouri’s long-arm statute. See K-V Pharm. Co. v. J. Uriach & CIA, S.A., 648
F.3d 588, 592 (8th Cir. 2011). We review personal jurisdiction issues de novo. Id.
at 591. Acuity contends that the Geans “purposefully and intentionally availed
themselves of the benefits and protections of the laws of the State of Missouri” by
claiming that the Acuity insurance policy stacks to afford $21 million in coverage per
incident. The company claims that “instigat[ing] a ‘coverage controversy’” is
sufficient to confer specific personal jurisdiction.

       The due process clause requires that “the defendant purposefully established
‘minimum contacts’ in the forum State.” Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S.
462, 474 (1985) (quoting Int’l Shoe Co. v. State of Wash., Office of Unemployment
Comp. & Placement, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945)). A defendant’s contacts with the
forum state must be “such that he should reasonably anticipate being haled into court
there.” World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297 (1980).
“Sufficient minimum contacts requires some act by which the defendant purposely
avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum State, thus
invoking the benefits and protections of its laws.” Fastpath, Inc. v. Arbela Techs.
Corp., 760 F.3d 816, 821(8th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted). Under
our five-factor test for assessing the sufficiency of a defendant’s contacts, we
consider “(1) the nature and quality of contacts with the forum state; (2) the quantity
of such contacts; (3) the relation of the cause of action to the contacts; (4) the interest

                                           -8-
of the forum state in providing a forum for its residents; and (5) convenience of the
parties.” Burlington Indus. v. Maples Indus., 97 F.3d 1100, 1102 (8th Cir. 1996).

        The Geans are citizens of Michigan and were injured in an automobile accident
in Illinois by a truck operated by Rex, a Missouri company. They assert that Rex’s
insurance policy included $21 million in coverage, but the Geans have no other ties
to Missouri. In effect, Acuity argues that invoking Missouri law is in itself sufficient
to subject a party to personal jurisdiction in Missouri. But the Supreme Court has
rejected Acuity’s view by holding that choice-of-law provisions “standing alone
would be insufficient to confer jurisdiction.” Burger King, 471 U.S. at 482. A
choice-of-law provision presupposes that the parties to the agreement will invoke the
chosen state’s law should a dispute arise. Just as that act alone is insufficient to
confer personal jurisdiction, merely making an argument that an insurance contract
is subject to one interpretation rather than another is not enough. Having carefully
considered the five-part test, see Burlington, 97 F.3d at 1102, we agree that the
district court lacked personal jurisdiction over the Geans in the remaining declaratory
judgment action.

      For all these reasons, we affirm.

SHEPHERD, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and concurring in the judgment.

       I agree with the Court that the district court did not err in concluding that it
lacked personal jurisdiction over the Geans in the remaining declaratory-judgment
action. I also agree with the Court that, assuming Acuity did not waive its right to
appeal the district court’s ruling concerning the deposit requirement, we are bound
by Gaines v. Sunray Oil Co., 539 F.2d 1136, 1142 (8th Cir. 1976) (“A stakeholder
may not compel a party to litigate his claim in interpleader unless he deposits with the
court an amount equal to the sum claimed by that party.”), and, therefore, the district

                                          -9-
court did not err in concluding that it lacked subject-matter jurisdiction because
Acuity did not deposit the disputed amount into the court’s registry.

       However, I write separately because Acuity did waive its right to appeal the
district court’s ruling concerning the deposit requirement. In my view, Acuity did not
face a Hobson’s choice, as understood in our jurisprudence concerning the
Atlas/Humphrey exception to the amended-complaint rule. See Karnes v. Poplar
Bluff Transfer Co. (In re Atlas Van Lines, Inc.), 209 F.3d 1064, 1067 (8th Cir.
2000) (“[W]hen a district court orders a party to amend its complaint or when the
decision to amend is otherwise involuntary, the question of proper removal must be
answered by examining the original rather than the amended
complaint”) (citing Humphrey v. Sequentia, Inc., 58 F.3d 1238, 1241 (8th Cir.
1995) (holding motion to amend complaint was involuntary because the plaintiff
faced the Hobson’s choice of amending his complaint or risking dismissal)); see also
Bernard v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 674 F.3d 904, 909 (8th Cir. 2012) (“The Bernards
offer no authority indicating that the involuntariness exception to the amended
complaint rule applies outside of the removal context, and we conclude that it is not
applicable here.”); Blando v. Nextel W. Corp. (In re Wireless Tel. Fed. Cost Recovery
Fees Litig.), 396 F.3d 922, 929 (8th Cir. 2005) (refusing to “extend the Humphrey
exception beyond cases where the plaintiff faces dismissal”).

       As the Court notes, the district court did not grant the Geans’ motion to dismiss
for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction; it held the motion in abeyance and granted
Acuity leave to deposit the remaining funds or dismiss its interpleader count, which
is consistent with federal practice. See 7 Charles Alan Wright et al., Federal Practice
and Procedure, § 1716, at 646 (3d ed. 2001) (explaining that district courts “generally
will give the stakeholder a second opportunity to comply [with the jurisdictional bond
requirement] before dismissing the action”). Subsequently, Acuity chose to
voluntarily dismiss its interpleader count without prejudice, amend its complaint for
declaratory judgment (it added allegations supporting the court’s personal jurisdiction

                                         -10-
over the Geans), and add an additional count to its complaint for declaratory relief
under Missouri law. However, Acuity did not have to go down this path. Instead, it
could have stood on its original complaint and challenged the district court’s
decision—that it lacked subject-matter jurisdiction—on appeal in the first instance.

       If, as the Court states, “the district court rejected Acuity’s interpretation of the
requirements of [28 U.S.C.] § 1335” in the first instance, supra at 4, then Acuity
could have stood on its original complaint, not deposited the additional funds, and
appealed the district court’s inevitable dismissal without prejudice for lack of subject-
matter jurisdiction. See Jones v. United States, 727 F.3d 844, 846 (8th Cir.
2013) (“[T]his court has jurisdiction to determine whether the district court properly
dismissed the case for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction[.]”); List v. County of
Carroll, 240 F. App’x 155, 156 (8th Cir. 2007) (per curiam) (noting that a dismissal
for lack of subject matter jurisdiction is effectively “a dismissal without
prejudice”); County of Mille Lacs v. Benjamin, 361 F.3d 460, 464 (8th Cir. 2004) (“A
district court is generally barred from dismissing a case with prejudice if it concludes
subject matter jurisdiction is absent.”); see also Kowalski v. Boliker, 893 F.3d 987,
994-95 (7th Cir. 2018) (“[A] dismissal for want of subject-matter jurisdiction is
necessarily without prejudice because it does not preclude pursuit of the action in a
different forum. Such a dismissal is, however, appealable.” (citation omitted)).

       Indeed, at oral argument, counsel for Acuity acknowledged that, after the
district court granted Acuity leave to deposit the remaining funds or dismiss its
interpleader count, Acuity could have done neither and instead “could have allowed
the dismissal to happen.” Oral Argument at 38:29-30. Interestingly, had Acuity
stood on its original complaint and appealed the district court’s dismissal without
amending its complaint, it would have arrived at the same place on appeal, arguing
the merits of the subject-matter-jurisdiction issue. However, in that procedural
posture, we would not have to wade into our jurisprudence concerning the
Atlas/Humphrey exception to the amended-complaint rule.

                                           -11-
       Accordingly, because Acuity could have taken an entirely different and viable
course of action in this case, it did not face a Hobson’s choice, as understood in our
jurisprudence concerning the Atlas/Humphrey exception to the amended-complaint
rule and, therefore, has waived its right to appeal the district court’s ruling concerning
the deposit requirement when it amended its complaint voluntarily dismissing its
interpleader count. See Tolen v. Ashcroft, 377 F.3d 879, 882 n.2 (8th Cir. 2004).
                         ______________________________

                                          -12-