Court Opinion

ID: 9678597
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-24 06:25:01.735874+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:17:06.066187
License: Public Domain

ELSA ALCALA, Justice,
dissenting.
Can a business that creates a dangerous condition escape responsibility by claiming that it did not know about the condition? Because I believe that the answer to this question should be no, I respectfully dissent. I disagree with the majority opinion, which states that, “there is no evidence in the record that the sign was a dangerous condition from the moment it was installed,” and, on that basis, further states that, there is “no evidence that Rice had actual knowledge that the sign on the kiosk posed an unreasonable risk of harm.”
*614To prevail in a premises liability case, an invitee like Hicks must prove that the premises occupier or owner had actual or constructive knowledge of a dangerous condition on the premises. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Reece, 81 S.W.3d 812, 813 (Tex.2002). In my opinion, Hicks established with more than a scintilla of evidence that Rice had actual knowledge of the dangerous condition.
The Charge
The charge complied with the requirements of Keetch v. Kroger Company by asking the jury to make a factual determination about whether Rice knew or should have known about the danger. See Keetch v. Kroger Co., 845 S.W.2d 262, 264-65 (Tex.1992). The jury charge included an instruction that a fact is established by circumstantial evidence when it may be fairly and reasonably inferred from the facts proved and included the following single, broad form question to determine negligence:
Did the negligence, if any, of the Defendants named below proximately cause the occurrence in question? With respect to the condition of the premises, Defendant was negligent if — (a) The condition posed an unreasonable risk of harm, and (b) Defendant knew or reasonably should have known of the danger, and (c) Defendant failed to exercise ordinary care to protect Plaintiff from the danger, by both failing to adequately warn Plaintiff of the condition and failing to make that condition reasonably safe.
(Emphasis added.)
The jury answered “yes” to this broad-form premises-liability question and thus made a factual determination that Rice had actual or constructive knowledge of the dangerous condition. The issue in this case is whether there is sufficient evidence in the record to uphold the jury’s finding that Rice knew or should have known of the dangerous condition.
Actual Knowledge
The issue in this case is whether there is more than a scintilla of evidence to support the jury’s “yes” answer that Rice had actual knowledge of the dangerous condition. Premises liability cases often involve slip- and-fall accidents and manner of display of goods. I will discuss each in turn.
A slip-and-fall plaintiff satisfies the knowledge element by establishing that (1) the defendant placed the substance on the floor, (2) the defendant actually knew that the substance was on the floor, or (3) it is more likely than not that the condition existed long enough to give the premises owner a reasonable opportunity to discover it. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 81 S.W.3d at 814. A slip-and-fall plaintiff can satisfy the knowledge element by establishing that a defendant actually placed the injury-producing substance on the floor. Id. When the plaintiff cannot prove that a defendant actually caused the dangerous condition or actually knew about the dangerous condition, the plaintiff can establish a defendant’s liability by proving that the premises owner should have known of the danger through a reasonably careful routine inspection. Id.
A plaintiff can also satisfy the knowledge element by establishing that the manner of the display used by the premises occupier or owner created the dangerous condition from the inception. Corbin v. Safeway Stores, Inc., 648 S.W.2d 292, 296 (Tex.1983). In Corbin, the plaintiff slipped and fell on a grape that was on the floor in front of a grape display. The court held that a jury could conclude from the evidence presented that the manner of displaying grapes — -in a slanted bin over a linoleum tile floor with no protective floor *615mat — posed an unusually high risk of injury, and that because the store was responsible for placing a mat in front of the grape display, the absence of a mat was some evidence that Safeway had knowledge of the unreasonable risk. Id. at 297; see also CMH Homes, Inc. v. Daenen, 15 S.W.3d 97, 101 (Tex.2000) (“The [Corbin ] display constituted a dangerous condition from the moment it was used.”).
CMH Homes, Inc. reiterated the distinction between conditions that are dangerous from their inception, such as the Corbin situation, and conditions on premises that are not dangerous at the inception but become unsafe over time. CMH Homes, Inc., 15 S.W.3d at 101. Reversing the jury’s verdict, the court said, “There is no evidence that the step and platform on which [the plaintiff] was injured was a dangerous condition from the inception of its use.” Id.
Did Rice have actual knowledge of the dangerous condition where the undisputed evidence shows that Rice created the injury-producing condition? Assuming for the moment that the evidence shows that the manner of the display of the sign was dangerous, how can Rice claim to have no actual knowledge of the dangerous condition when Rice created that condition? Was the sign on the kiosk a dangerous condition from the inception of its use?
Whether there is more than a scintilla of evidence to support the jury’s finding of a vital fact is often a close question. See Seideneck v. Cal Bayreuther Assoc., 451 S.W.2d 752, 755 (Tex.1970). In my opinion, considering the evidence and inferences in the light most favorable to the jury’s finding, more than a scintilla of evidence supports the conclusion that Rice had actual knowledge that the sign on the kiosk posed an unreasonable risk of harm from the moment it was installed. Additionally, the evidence is not so weak or the verdict so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust.
The Evidence
Rice called no defense witnesses at the jury trial. The evidence is thus largely undisputed. While Hicks was standing at a kiosk attempting to purchase candy, a sign fell from the kiosk. The sign struck her on the head and body and injured her. Greg Belsheim, a Rice corporate representative, testified that Rice installed the sign, which was attached with Velcro. An issue at trial was whether the sign was also attached with screws in addition to the Velcro. Belsheim initially stated that he did not know whether there were screws on the sign at the time of the incident, but later testified as follows:
Question: You say you know that it was attached by a screw or more?
Answer: Well.
Question: No, No, Sir. You are under oath. Tell us what you know. Was it or was it not?
The Court: Overruled.
Answer: No.
Belsheim further admitted that the photos depicting the sign show the mount for the screws but no screws. He also admitted that the photos showed that the canvas on the kiosk where the sign was mounted had not been pierced by a screw. The sign weighed three and one-half pounds. Belsheim stated that he never checked the sign personally after it was installed and did not know of anyone who had ever checked it.
The jury could have determined, from this circumstantial evidence, that the manner of the display of the sign was dangerous from the inception. One end of the sign swung down from the kiosk and struck Hicks. Belsheim testified that Vel*616cro is not permanent and that it does not give away evenly. Regardless of how long the sign had been in place, the jurors, using their life experiences with Velcro and common sense understanding of how Velcro works, could have found that attaching a three and one-half pound sign with Velcro rather than screws was unreasonable and dangerous. I would defer to the jury’s determination of this issue and believe that more than a scintilla of evidence supports the jury’s assessment of the evidence.
Belsheim further testified that he was not aware of any other kiosks in the store where Velcro was used in place of screws. As in Corbin, in which the absence of a mat, combined with the manner of the display, gave the defendant notice of the dangerous condition, 648 S.W.2d at 297, Belsheim’s knowledge that no other signs were affixed with Velcro alone was further circumstantial evidence that Rice knew the manner of the display was dangerous.
Hicks established that Rice created the dangerous condition by affixing the sign onto the kiosk in the manner that it did. The jury had circumstantial evidence to determine that the manner of the display was dangerous from the inception. Because there is more than a scintilla of evidence to uphold the jury’s finding of actual knowledge, I dissent.
En banc review denied July 31, 2003.