Court Opinion

ID: 7799906
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-11 19:01:42.483721+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:29:00.682162
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

TORRENT PHARMA, INC.,                        )
QBE UNDERWRITERS LTD.,                       )
LIBERTY CORPORATE CAPITAL                    )
LTD., HAMILTON MANAGEMENT                    )
AGENCY LTD., RIVERSTONE                      )
MANAGING AGENCY LTD., BRIT                   )
SYNDICATES LTD., and ARGO                    )
MANAGING AGENCY LTD.,                        )     C.A. No. N18C-05-094 CEB
                                             )
                 Plaintiffs,                 )
                                             )
                v.                           )
                                             )
PRIORITY HEALTHCARE                          )
DISTRIBUTION, INC., d/b/a                    )
CURASCRIPT SD SPECIALTY                      )
DISTRIBUTION, and DENALI OHIO                )
SOUTHPARK INDUSTRIAL LLC,                    )
                                             )
                 Defendants.                 )

                               Submitted: June 10, 2022
                               Decided: August 11, 2022

       Upon Consideration of Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment,
             GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART.

Upon Consideration of Defendant Priority Healthcare Distribution, Inc.’s Motion
                  for Summary Judgment Against Plaintiffs,
              GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART.
Upon Consideration of Defendant Priority Healthcare Distribution, Inc.’s Motion
for Summary Judgment Against Defendant Denali Ohio Southpark Industrial LLC,
                                 DENIED.

Upon Consideration of Defendant Priority Healthcare Distribution, Inc.’s Motion
                                 in Limine,
                                 DENIED.

Upon Consideration of Defendant Denali Ohio Southpark Industrial LLC’s Motion
              for Summary Judgment On the Issue of Causation,
               GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART.

Upon Consideration of Defendant Denali Ohio Southpark Industrial LLC’s Motion
              for Summary Judgment On the Issue of Damages,
                                 DENIED.

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

Michael B. McCauley, Esquire, PALMER BIEZUP & HENDERSON LLP,
Wilmington, Delaware; Kevin G. O’Donovan, Esquire, PALMER BIEZUP &
HENDERSON LLP, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Attorneys for Plaintiffs.

Elizabeth A. Sloan, Esquire, and Brittany M. Giusini, Esquire, BALLARD SPAHR
LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Matthew D. Knepper, Esquire, and Tanya M. Maerz,
Esquire, HUSCH BLACKWELL LLP, St. Louis, Missouri. Attorneys for Defendant
Priority Healthcare Distribution, Inc.

Sarah B. Cole, Esquire, MARSHALL DENNEHEY WARNER COLEMAN &
GOGGIN, P.C., Wilmington, Delaware. Attorney for Defendant Denali Ohio
Southpark Industrial LLC.

BUTLER, R.J.

                                      2
      Plaintiff Torrent Pharma, Inc. is an India-based pharmaceutical manufacturer

that entered a product distribution contract with Defendant Priority Healthcare

Distribution, Inc. (“CuraScript”).      CuraScript agreed to manage Torrent’s

prescription drug products at a warehouse in Ohio (the “Warehouse”). CuraScript

leased the Warehouse from Defendant Denali Ohio Southpark Industrial LLC. This

litigation concerns the fallout from a leaking Warehouse pipe.

      A few years ago, one of the Warehouse’s overhead sprinklers leaked water

onto 19 pallets of Torrent’s products. The leaks allegedly caused over $200,000 in

damage. Torrent and its insurers (collectively, “Underwriters”) have brought this

tort and contract action against the Defendants to recover their losses.          The

Defendants, in turn, have asserted indemnification crossclaims for full coverage of

any award the Plaintiffs receive.

      The parties now move for summary judgment.1 After culling a herd of issues,

the Court concludes that the Defendants are entitled to summary judgment as to the

Plaintiffs’ tort and third-party beneficiary claims and the Plaintiffs are entitled to

summary judgment as to CuraScript’s contractual liability. No party is entitled to

summary judgment as to the Plaintiffs’ damages. And neither Defendant is entitled

1
 CuraScript also has moved in limine. The motion is based on the same arguments
CuraScript makes in support of summary judgment. Accordingly, it is resolved—
and denied—consistent with this decision. See infra Analysis § C.

                                          3
to summary judgment as to its indemnification crossclaim. The parties’ motions are

granted and denied accordingly.

                                  BACKGROUND2

A. The Agreements

      The parties’ arrangements are expressed through two separate agreements.

Torrent and CuraScript executed a services contract (the “Logistics Agreement”)3

that operated at the Warehouse. CuraScript rented the Warehouse under a lease (the

“Lease”)4 that CuraScript’s corporate predecessor entered with the Warehouse’s

previous owner. Denali assumed the Lease when it acquired the Warehouse. Denali

is not a party to the Logistics Agreement and Torrent is not a party to the Lease.

      Each agreement contains several terms that govern the issues in this case.

      1. The Logistics Agreement

      Under the Logistics Agreement, CuraScript agreed to “store, handle, and

transport” Torrent’s products.5 CuraScript’s duties are measured by three provisions

set out in the Logistics Agreement. The Logistics Agreement required CuraScript

to render its services consistent with (i) a dozen “Key Performance Indicators”

2
  The Court draws the relevant facts from the exhibits attached to the parties’
motions. The Court has construed the record in the light most favorable to each non-
movant. See infra Standard of Review.
3
  Ex. A to D.I. 101 (Third-Party Logistics Agreement) [hereinafter “LA”].
4
  Ex. 1 to D.I. 97 (Lease Agreement) [hereinafter “Lease”].
5
  LA § 2.1.

                                          4
(“KPI”);6 (ii) rules promulgated by the United States Food and Drug Administration

(“FDA”);7 and (iii) responsibilities listed in the “Operating Guidelines.”8

             a. KPI #9

      The KPI are bilaterally negotiated performance standards incorporated in the

Logistics Agreement that use task-specific metrics to determine whether the parties

are meeting each other’s expectations. One of them—KPI #9—is relevant here.

      KPI #9 is directed to product damage.9 It imposes liability for “any [product

damage] claim arising out of . . . poor handling while on CuraScript’s premises.”10

In contrast to other provisions in the Logistics Agreement, KPI #9 is not tied to a

standard of care.11

      The parties were contractually required to carry insurance coverage to

mitigate any liability for product damage. KPI #9 requires the parties to carry

insurance at a policy cap greater than the products’ “total value” or “replacement

cost.”12 But the Logistics Agreement does not contain language barring an insurer

from bringing a subrogation claim to recoup its payments for covered losses.

6
  Id. § 2.5 (incorporating Ex. D to id. [hereinafter “KPI[#]”]).
7
  Id. § 8.
8
  Id. § 3.2 (incorporating Ex. A to id. [hereinafter “Operating Guidelines”]).
9
  Id. § 2.1, 2.5; KPI #9.
10
   KPI #9.
11
   See, e.g., LA § 3.2 (articulating a “gross negligence or willful misconduct”
standard); LA § 13 (articulating a “negligence” standard).
12
   KPI #9.

                                          5
             b. Reg 211.208

      The field of FDA regulation is vast. Unhelpfully, the Logistics Agreement

generally references FDA’s regulations, but does not identify any particular rule that

CuraScript must obey. The parties, however, agree that FDA’s “drug product

salvaging” rule (“Reg 211.208”) is the applicable rule.13 So the Court starts there.

      Reg 211.208 is part of FDA’s “good manufacturing practices” or “GMP.”14

It regulates the sale of “drug products” that have been “subjected to improper storage

conditions.”15   Improper storage conditions are defined to include “extreme”

exposures to chemical and environmental forces caused by “equipment failures.”16

      Under Reg 211.208, improperly stored drug products must be discarded.17

This mandate is consistent with GMP. FDA regulations provide that any “failure to

comply with” GMP “in the manufacture, processing, packing, or holding of a drug

shall render such drug . . . adulterated[.]”18 In other words, a drug product that

13
   Drug Product Salvaging, 21 C.F.R. § 211.208 (2016).
14
   See 21 C.F.R. § 211.1(a) (2015).
15
   Id. § 211.208.
16
   Id.
17
   Id.
18
   Id. § 210.1(b) (2009).

                                          6
violates GMP “is presumed adulterated.”19 FDA may sue drug makers who sell

improperly stored drug products.20

      Reg 211.208 does give drug makers an option to “salvage” their improperly

stored products.    Before salvaging improperly stored products, however, the

manufacturer must first subject the products to scientific testing.        Under Reg

211.208, “salvaging operations may be conducted only if” there is evidence

      [i] from laboratory tests and assays . . . that the drug products meet all
      applicable standards of identity, strength, quality, and purity[;] and [ii]
      from inspection of the premises that the drug products and their
      associated packaging were not subjected to improper storage conditions
      as a result of the disaster or accident.21

            c. The Operating Guidelines

      Finally, CuraScript also must follow the Operating Guidelines. The Operating

Guidelines are incorporated into the Logistics Agreement and allocate a list of

product management functions to CuraScript.            For example, the Operating

Guidelines designate CuraScript as the party “responsible” for all “physical

inventory,” including “packing” and “putting away” Torrent’s products.22

19
   Patricia I. Carter, Federal Regulations of Pharmaceuticals in the United States
and Canada, 21 Loy. L.A. Int’l & Compar. L.J. 215, 239 (1999) (citing 21 C.F.R. §
210.1(b)). See also United States v. Richlyn Labs., Inc., 827 F. Supp. 1145, 1150–
51 (E.D. Pa. 1992).
20
   See 21 C.F.R. § 210.1(b); see also Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C §
331(c) (2018) (prohibiting introduction of “adulterated” drugs into the market).
21
   21 C.F.R. § 211.208 (emphasis added).
22
   Operating Guidelines.

                                          7
CuraScript is liable for “Loss,” including for “product damage,”23 that results from

a failure to follow the Operating Guidelines.24

      2. The Lease

      The Lease governs CuraScript and Denali’s landlord-tenant relationship.

Relevant here, the Lease imposes on the Defendants maintenance duties and accords

them qualified indemnification rights.

                a. The Maintenance Provision

      Under Lease Section 5 (the “Maintenance Provision”), the Defendants divided

the duties to maintain the Warehouse’s “mechanical systems.”25             Under the

Maintenance Provision, CuraScript must “repair” all mechanical systems and Denali

must “replace” all mechanical systems:

      [CuraScript’s] maintenance obligation . . . include[s] the repair (but not
      the replacement) of all . . . mechanical systems located within the
      [Warehouse] . . . . [Denali] will . . . be responsible for replacing (but
      not repairing) all . . . mechanical systems located within the
      [Warehouse] . . . .26

      The Defendants agree that the Warehouse’s sprinklers qualify as mechanical

systems. The Lease, however, does not define “repair” or “replace” or specify the

circumstances under which a sprinkler would need to be repaired or replaced. It also

23
   LA § 15.
24
   Id. § 3.2.
25
   Lease § 5.
26
   Id.

                                          8
does not define the level of repair or replacement that must be achieved before

maintenance may be deemed adequate.

       Moreover, Denali’s replacement duties contain a caveat. The Maintenance

Provision declares that Denali is not required to replace a mechanical system that

needs replacement “due to the fault or negligence of [CuraScript] or its agents[.]”27

               b. The Hold Harmless Provision

       Under Lease Section 15 (the “Hold Harmless Provision”), the Defendants

enjoy a mutual right to indemnification “from any liability . . . associated with any

damage . . . to any . . . property” that was caused at the Warehouse. CuraScript

agreed to indemnify Denali for property damage that “arises directly from

[CuraScript’s] . . . acts or omissions in connection with [its] use or occupancy of”

the Warehouse.28 Denali agreed to indemnify CuraScript for property damage

“occasioned by [Denali’s] fault or negligence.”29

B. The Sprinklers

       The Warehouse contains overhead sprinklers. The sprinklers are structurally

integrated with a fire suppression system that the Warehouse shares with a nearby

facility.   The system feeds water from a municipal well to the Warehouse’s

sprinklers through a pump. The pump is located inside the nearby facility.

27
   Id.
28
   Id. § 15.
29
   Id.

                                          9
      Denali owns the facility housing the water pump, but CuraScript does not have

access to it. Accordingly, any work on the Warehouse’s sprinklers that involves

detaching the pipes would require CuraScript to enter property it does not own to

close the main valve.

C. The Problems with Riser 6

      Denali purchased the Warehouse in January 2016. One of the Warehouse’s

sprinklers, “Riser 6,” started leaking two months later. CuraScript had been storing

some of Torrent’s products underneath Riser 6.

      CuraScript told Denali about the leaks. After each leak, Denali would send a

contractor to patch or otherwise reinforce the pipes. Denali also replaced some, but

not all, of Riser 6’s piping. Either way, Denali’s solutions did not work. Even with

bandaging and partial replacements, Riser 6 leaked about eight to ten times.

      As early as March 2016, CuraScript began demanding that Denali replace

Riser 6 entirely. Denali, however, did not think a full replacement was necessary.30

The real problem, in Denali’s view, was not the pipes themselves, but rather the

potential presence of corrosive contaminants in the water.31 Despite Denali’s

position, CuraScript continued to call for Riser 6’s replacement. Indeed, CuraScript

warned that a failure to fully replace Riser 6 could cause serious damage one day.32

30
   Ex. L to D.I. 101 at 3 (E-mails) (Denali states that Riser 6 is “fine” as is).
31
   Id. at 4 (E-mails).
32
   Ex. 8 to D.I. 97 at 3 (E-mails).

                                           10
D. The May Leak

      That fear came true. On May 9, 2016, CuraScript reported another leak (the

“May Leak”). The May Leak happened overnight, i.e., when CuraScript personnel

were not there to intervene.     Consequently, more of Torrent’s products were

damaged than ever had been previously.33

      CuraScript sent photos of the damage to Torrent. The photos depicted exterior

water damage to the products’ packaging. Based on CuraScript’s photos, Torrent

concluded that 19 pallets of its prescription drugs were “unsalvageable” within the

meaning of Reg 211.208. Torrent did not conduct any further investigation into

whether the water penetrated the packaging or soaked or physically altered the pills

inside the boxes. Instead, Torrent directed CuraScript to discard them all.

      Having reviewed its “purchase register,” Torrent determined that the damaged

products were worth at least $215,110.34 Underwriters fully covered the loss after

Torrent paid a $50,000 deductible.

      After the May Leak, CuraScript reasserted its demand that Denali replace

Riser 6 entirely. In response, Denali retained an inspector to diagnose the pipes. At

the time, Riser 6 was long overdue for an inspection. The inspector’s analysis

revealed that the pipes were irreparably deteriorated. Additional consultants opined

33
   Riser 6’s leaks previously caused $20,000 in damage to Torrent’s products.
CuraScript paid Torrent for that damage.
34
   See Exs. N & O to D.I. 101 (Dep. & Spreadsheet).

                                         11
that the erosion likely was caused by age and wear-and-tear. Denali acknowledged

that this explanation effectively debunked its contaminated pipes theory.35

      Denali replaced Riser 6 in August 2016. No leaks were reported ever again.

E. This Litigation

      The Plaintiffs36 have sued the Defendants alleging torts and breaches of

contract based on the damage to Torrent’s products. Their complaint brings three

counts: (i) breach of a “bailment” against both Defendants (“Count I”); (ii) breach

of the Logistics Agreement against CuraScript (“Count II”); and (iii) breach of the

Lease against Denali (“Count III”).37 The Plaintiffs seek $265,110 in damages,

35
   Ex. 11 to D.I. 97 (E-mail).
36
       Initially, Torrent did not name Underwriters as co-plaintiffs. Nor was there
any suggestion that Underwriters were subrogating in Torrent’s name. And none of
the parties’ motions mentioned that Torrent received insurance coverage for its
claims. All this led to several months of letter briefing on Torrent’s right to recover
double damages as a compensated insured. D.I. 125, 127–28, 132–35. It turned out
that Delaware law permits a “partially compensated insured,” like Torrent, to seek a
deficiency judgment from the wrongdoer. See generally Catalfano v. Higgins, 188
A.2d 357, 358–59 (Del. 1962).
       Still, Torrent sought the entire loss—i.e., $265,110, not just the $50,000
deductible. Torrent explained that it could do this because it had an undisclosed
agreement with Underwriters to disgorge any award above $50,000. Given no good
reason to accept that representation, the Court ordered Torrent either to name
Underwriters as plaintiffs or docket an affidavit of ratification from them. D.I. 136
¶ 9 (Order); see generally Del. Super. Ct. Civ. R. 17(a). Torrent chose to name
Underwriters. Underwriters then joined Torrent’s summary judgment motion and
its oppositions. At a post-joinder hearing, the Defendants insisted that their
summary judgment motions applied equally against Underwriters. Accordingly, the
parties’ motions will be decided as originally submitted.
37
   D.I. 137 ¶¶ 20–31 (Pls.’ Am. Compl.).

                                          12
which allegedly represents the products’ “total value” or “replacement cost.”38 The

Defendants have denied liability, raised defenses, and asserted indemnification

crossclaims based on the Hold Harmless and Maintenance Provisions.

      While discovery was ongoing, the Defendants filed dispositive motions to

resolve their crossclaims. The Court denied the motions.39 Discovery proceeded

and then culminated in these five summary judgment motions. All the motions are

opposed. The motions are now ripe for decision.

                            STANDARD OF REVIEW

      The Court will grant summary judgment if “there is no genuine issue as to any

material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 40

In considering a motion for summary judgment, the Court construes the record in

the light most favorable to the non-movant.41 The movant bears the initial burden

of demonstrating “clearly the absence of any genuine issue of fact.”42 If that burden

is met, then the non-movant must offer “some evidence” of a material factual issue.43

“If the facts permit reasonable persons to draw but one inference, the question is ripe

38
   See KPI #9; D.I. 137 ¶¶ 22, 26, 31.
39
   See generally Torrent Pharma, Inc. v. Priority Healthcare Distrib., Inc., 2020 WL
6066275 (Del. Super. Ct. Oct. 15, 2020).
40
   Del. Super. Ct. Civ. R. 56(c).
41
   E.g., Merrill v. Crothall-Am., Inc., 606 A.2d 96, 99 (Del. 1992).
42
   Brown v. Ocean Drilling & Expl. Co., 403 A.2d 1114, 1115 (Del. 1979).
43
   Phillips v. Del. Power & Light Co., 216 A.2d 281, 285 (Del. 1966).

                                          13
for summary judgment.”44 Conversely, summary judgment is inappropriate “if there

is any reasonable hypothesis by which the opposing party may recover, or if there is

a dispute as to a material fact or the inferences to be drawn therefrom.”45

      On summary judgment, the Court “cannot try issues of fact . . . but only is

empowered to determine whether there are issues to be tried.”46 “[T]he function of

the judge in passing on a motion for summary judgment is not to weigh evidence

and to accept that which seems . . . to have the greater weight.”47 “The test is not

whether the judge considering summary judgment is skeptical that [the non-movant]

will ultimately prevail.”48

      “There is no ‘right’ to a summary judgment.”49 The Court may, in its

discretion, deny summary judgment if it determines further factual development

would clarify the law or its application.50 Summary judgment also may be denied

“even if its technical requirements seem to be met” if the Court finds “a trial record

is necessary in the interests of justice.”51

44
   Brzoska v. Olson, 668 A.2d 1355, 1364 (Del. 1995).
45
   Vanaman v. Milford Mem’l Hosp., Inc., 272 A.2d 718, 720 (Del. 1970).
46
   GMG Cap. Invs., LLC v. Athenian Venture Partners I, L.P., 36 A.3d 776, 783
(Del. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted).
47
   Cont’l Oil Co. v. Pauley Petroleum, Inc., 251 A.2d 824, 826 (Del. 1969).
48
   Cerberus Int’l, Ltd. v. Apollo Mgmt., L.P., 794 A.2d 1141, 1150 (Del. 2002).
49
   Telxon Corp. v. Meyerson, 802 A.2d 257, 262 (Del. 2002).
50
   E.g., Alexander Indus., Inc. v. Hill, 211 A.2d 917, 918–19 (Del. 1965); Ebersole
v. Lowengrub, 180 A.2d 467, 468–69 (Del. 1962).
51
   Unbound Partners Ltd. P’ship v. Invoy Holdings Inc., 251 A.3d 1016, 1024 (Del.
Super. Ct. 2021) (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                               14
      “[C]ross-motions for summary judgment are not the procedural equivalent of

a stipulation for a decision on a ‘paper record.’”52 As a result, the mere presence of

cross-motions for summary judgment “does not act per se as a concession” that there

are no material facts in dispute.53 Civil Rule 56 permits the Court to deem cross

motions for summary judgment “to be the equivalent of a stipulation for decision on

the merits based on the record submitted with the motions” only if the parties “have

not presented argument” on the existence of a material factual issue.54 In this case,

the parties have presented such argument. So the Court must evaluate each motion

independently to determine whether factual issues exist.55

                                    ANALYSIS

A. The Defendants are entitled to summary judgment as to Counts I & III.

      The parties have cross-moved for summary judgment as to Counts I & III. As

explained below, Counts I & III fail as a matter of law and undisputed fact because

Torrent (1) cannot bring tort claims against CuraScript; (2) did not enter a bailment

with Denali; and (3) is not an intended beneficiary of the Lease. Accordingly, as to

52
   Empire of Am. Relocation Servs., Inc. v. Com. Credit Co., 551 A.2d 433, 435 (Del.
1988).
53
   United Vanguard Fund, Inc. v. TakeCare, Inc., 693 A.2d 1076, 1079 (Del. 1997).
54
   Del. Super. Ct. Civ. R. 56(h).
55
   E.g., Cont’l Airlines Corp. v. Am. Gen. Corp., 575 A.2d 1160, 1164 n.5 (Del.
1990); accord Eagle Indus., Inc. v. DeVilbiss Health Care, Inc., 702 A.2d 1228,
1233 n.9 (Del. 1997).

                                         15
Counts I & III, the Defendants’ summary judgment motions are granted and the

Plaintiffs’ summary judgment motion is denied.

      1. Torrent cannot bring tort claims against CuraScript.

      Count I alleges that CuraScript “negligently” breached a “bailment” by

accepting Torrent’s products and then returning them in damaged condition.

Negligent breach of bailment is a tort claim.56 A tort claim must be dismissed if it

is based on the same duty asserted in a breach of contract claim.57 Here, the Plaintiffs

concede that they have not stated a duty independent of the obligations imposed on

CuraScript by the Logistics Agreement.58 Accordingly, Count I fails as a matter of

law as to CuraScript.

      2. Torrent and Denali did not enter a bailment.

      Count I also asserts a negligent bailment claim against Denali. According to

the Plaintiffs, Denali became a bailee when Torrent’s products arrived at the

Warehouse.     This argument fails because Torrent delivered its products to

CuraScript, not Denali.

56
   See Lee Tire & Rubber Co. v. Dormer, 108 A.2d 168, 172 (Del. 1953); see also
Devincentis v. Eur. Performance, Inc., 2012 WL 1646347, at *4 (Del. Super. Ct.
Apr. 17, 2012); see generally 8A Am. Jur. 2d Bailments §§ 206–07, Westlaw (2d
ed. database) (last updated May 2022).
57
   E.g., Cornell Glasgow, LLC v. La Grange Props., LLC, 2012 WL 2106945, at *8–
9 (Del. Super. Ct. June 6, 2012); Kuroda v. SPJS Holdings, L.L.C., 971 A.2d 872,
889 (Del. Ch. 2009).
58
   D.I. 111 at 2.

                                          16
      “A bailment arises when one party delivers property to another for some

purpose after which the property will be returned to the original party.”59 “In other

words, an essential element of a bailment is that the property be taken into the

possession of the bailee[] or that custody of the property be entrusted to her.”60

Accordingly, “Delaware law requires either an express or implied contract before a

bailment will be found.”61

      Torrent did not deliver its products to Denali with the expectation that Denali

would return them. To the contrary, Torrent delivered its products to CuraScript

with the expectation that they would be shipped to buyers.62 The mere fact that

Denali owned the Warehouse does not mean Denali was responsible for Torrent’s

products. Finding otherwise would make commercial landlords bailees of whatever

items end up inside their properties. That is neither a logical policy nor supported

by anything in the Plaintiffs’ motion.

59
   Golt by Golt v. Sports Complex, Inc., 644 A.2d 989, 992 (Del. Super. Ct. 1994).
60
   8 C.J.S. Bailments § 20, Westlaw (May 2022 ed.) (citations omitted). See Beattie
v. Beattie, 786 A.2d 549, 555 (Del. Super. Ct. 2001) (“[A] bailment occurs only if
both possession and control of the property are transferred to the bailee.” (emphasis
omitted)); see also In re Wechsler, 121 F. Supp. 2d 404, 437 (D. Del. 2000)
(identifying voluntary acceptance as an element of a bailment).
61
   Manchester Equip. Co., Inc. v. Am. Way Moving & Storage, Inc., 176 F. Supp. 2d
239, 245–46 (D. Del. 2001).
62
   See LA § 2.1 (“CuraScript shall . . . receive, warehouse, and . . . ship [p]roducts
from the facilities . . . .” (cross-references and enumeration omitted)).

                                         17
      Torrent contracted with CuraScript, not Denali. So the Logistics Agreement,

if anything, supplies Torrent with remedies for product damage. The Plaintiffs

cannot use free-floating tort claims to secure more contractual protections than

Torrent bargained for. Accordingly, Count I fails as to Denali.

      3. Torrent is not a third-party beneficiary of the Lease.

      Unable to sue Denali under the Logistics Agreement, the Plaintiffs invoke the

Lease. But Torrent is not a party to the Lease. So Count III asserts a “third-party

beneficiary” claim.

      The Plaintiffs contend that they are entitled to enforce the Maintenance

Provision of the Lease against Denali because of its alleged failure to replace the

sprinklers caused damage to Torrent’s products. The Plaintiffs thus reason that the

mere act of shipping products to a tenant makes the shipper a tenant too. Unsound

as an idea, Count III also fails as a matter of law. The Defendants did not intend for

Torrent to benefit from the Lease.

      In general, only parties to a contract may enforce that contract.63 An exception

exists for non-parties who benefit from someone else’s contract. But not all

beneficiaries have enforcement rights. Only “intended beneficiaries” do.64

63
   E.g., Triple C Railcar Serv., Inc. v. City of Wilmington, 630 A.2d 629, 633 (Del.
1993).
64
   See, e.g., Manti Holdings, LLC v. Authentix Acquisition Co., Inc., 261 A.3d 1199,
1213 (Del. 2021); Envolve Pharm. Sols., Inc. v. Rite Aid Hdqtrs. Corp., 2021 WL
140919, at *10 (Del. Super. Ct. Jan. 15, 2021).

                                         18
      To create an intended beneficiary, the contracting parties must intend to

benefit the non-party and their intent to benefit the non-party “must be a material

part of [their] purpose in entering the contract.”65 Conversely, a non-party who

“happens to benefit from . . . a contract either coincidentally or indirectly” is an

incidental beneficiary.66 Unlike intended beneficiaries, “incidental beneficiaries

have no legally enforceable rights under a contract.”67

      Torrent is not an intended beneficiary of the Lease. The material purpose of

the Maintenance Provision is to keep the Warehouse in good repair.           Proper

maintenance promotes the point of the Lease. CuraScript is a distributor whose

business depends on undamaged freight. Denali is a landlord whose business

depends on tenants. Keeping the Warehouse in good repair thus would both protect

CuraScript from liability for damaged cargo and ensure current and future rents for

Denali. In performing the Maintenance Provision, the Defendants intended to

benefit themselves, not Torrent.

      True, Torrent benefits from Denali’s maintenance too. Working pipes do not

leak. But those trickle-down benefits are incidental. They flow indirectly from the

repairs the Defendants intended for their own business models. Plus, the Lease was

65
   Madison Realty Partners 7, LLC v. Ag ISA, LLC, 2001 WL 406268, at *5 (Del.
Ch. Apr. 17, 2001).
66
   Insituform of N. Am., Inc. v. Chandler, 534 A.2d 257, 269 (Del. Ch. 1987).
67
   NAMA Holdings, LLC v. Related World Mkt. Ctr., LLC, 922 A.2d 417, 434 (Del.
Ch. 2007).

                                         19
drafted before Torrent contracted with CuraScript. Indeed, the Lease existed even

before CuraScript and Denali did. The Maintenance Provision therefore could not

have been drafted with Torrent in mind.        Accordingly, Torrent is an incidental

beneficiary and so the Plaintiffs are not entitled to enforce the Lease against Denali.

        The Plaintiffs, however, are entitled to enforce the Logistics Agreement

against CuraScript. Torrent contracted with CuraScript to obtain the very type of

remedies it seeks from Denali. And as explained below, that recourse attaches

regardless of who caused the loss. So Denali’s negligence, if any, is CuraScript’s

problem, not Torrent’s problem. Count III fails as a matter of law.

B. The Plaintiffs are entitled to summary judgment as to Count II’s liability
element.

        The Court now turns to the Plaintiffs’ principal theory: Count II. Count II

alleges a breach of contract claim against CuraScript. To state a breach of contract

claim, the Plaintiffs must allege (1) a contractual obligation; (2) a breach of that

obligation; and (3) resulting damage.68 Determining whether CuraScript breached

the Logistics Agreement involves contract interpretation. Although the parties give

68
     E.g., VLIW Tech., LLC v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 840 A.2d 606, 612 (Del. 2003).

                                          20
little attention to the contractual language,69 the proper construction of a contract is

a question of law that the Court must decide on its own.70

      The principles of contract interpretation are well-established and grounded on

the parties’ objective intent at the time of contracting as expressed by the plain

language contained within their agreement’s four corners.71 The Court construes a

contract as a whole, giving purpose to each provision.72 And the Court accords a

contract’s “clear and unambiguous terms . . . their ordinary meaning.”73 “If a writing

is plain and clear on its face, i.e., its language conveys an unmistakable meaning, the

writing itself is the sole source for gaining an understanding of intent.”74

      “Absent some ambiguity, Delaware courts will not destroy or twist [contract]

language under the guise of construing it.”75 Ambiguity exists only if a contract

term “is fairly or reasonably susceptible of more than one meaning.”76 So a contract

69
   The Plaintiffs consider CuraScript’s liability self-evident, D.I. 101 at 12–13, and
CuraScript focuses solely on the question of damages, D.I. 99 at 6–13.
70
   E.g., Exelon Generation Acquisitions, LLC v. Deere & Co., 176 A.3d 1262, 1266–
67 (Del. 2017); see also Sunline Com. Carriers, Inc. v. CITGO Petroleum Corp.,
206 A.3d 836, 847 n.68 (Del. 2019).
71
   E.g., Fletcher v. Feutz, 246 A.3d 540, 555 (Del. 2021).
72
   E.g., Elliott Assocs., L.P. v. Avatex Corp., 715 A.2d 843, 854 (Del. 1998).
73
   Leaf Invenergy Co. v. Invenergy Renewables LLC, 210 A.3d 688, 696 (Del. 2019)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
74
   City Investing Co. Liquidating Tr. v. Cont’l Cas. Co., 624 A.2d 1191, 1198 (Del.
1993).
75
   Rhone-Poulenc Basic Chems. Co. v. Am. Motorists Ins. Co., 616 A.2d 1192, 1195
(Del. 1992).
76
   Alta Berkeley VI C.V. v. Omneon, Inc., 41 A.3d 381, 385 (Del. 2012).

                                          21
term “is not ambiguous simply because the parties disagree on its meaning.”77 “Even

if the bargain they strike ends up a bad deal for one or both parties, the court’s role

is to enforce the agreement as written.”78 “It is not the court’s role to rewrite the

contract . . . [or] allocat[e] the risk of an agreement after the fact . . . .”79

       To obtain summary judgment, the movant’s contract interpretation must be

the only reasonable one.80 A contract interpretation is reasonable when the contract

is “read in full and situated in the commercial context between the parties.”81 Even

so, “background facts cannot be used to alter the language chosen by the parties

within the four corners of their agreement.”82 “[I]t is not the job of a court to relieve

. . . parties of the burdens of contracts they wish they had drafted differently but in

fact did not.”83

       “Summary judgment is an effective tool to resolve unambiguous contracts

because there is no need to resolve material disputes of fact.”84 As explained below,

77
   E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 693 A.2d 1059, 1061 (Del.
1997).
78
   Glaxo Grp. Ltd. v. DRIT LP, 248 A.3d 911, 919 (Del. 2021).
79
   Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. AIG Life Ins. Co., 872 A.2d 611, 624 (Del. Ch. 2005),
rev’d in part on other grounds, 901 A.2d 106 (Del. 2006).
80
   E.g., GMG Cap., 36 A.3d at 783–84.
81
   Chi. Bridge & Iron Co. N.V. v. Westinghouse Elec. Co. LLC, 166 A.3d 912, 926–
27 (Del. 2017); accord OptiNose AS v. Currax Pharms., LLC, 264 A.3d 629, 638
(Del. 2021).
82
   Town of Cheswold v. Cent. Del. Bus. Park, 188 A.3d 810, 820 (Del. 2018).
83
   DeLucca v. KKAT Mgmt., L.L.C., 2006 WL 224058, at *2 (Del. Ch. Jan. 23, 2006).
84
   Sycamore Partners Mgmt., L.P. v. Endurance Am. Ins. Co., 2021 WL 4130631, at
*10 (Del. Super. Ct. Sept. 10, 2021) (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                             22
the Logistics Agreement is not ambiguous. Under the Logistics Agreement’s plain

language, CuraScript is liable for the damage to Torrent’s products.

      1. CuraScript is liable for “any” product damage “arising out of” “poor
      handling” at the Warehouse, not just product damage it personally
      causes and even if Denali ultimately is found responsible for the damage.

      The Plaintiffs contend that CuraScript breached the Logistics Agreement by

mishandling Torrent’s products. Under the Logistics Agreement, CuraScript must

“store, handle, and transport” Torrent’s products.85 CuraScript’s handling duties are

repeated in KPI #9—an obligation to which CuraScript also agreed to be bound.86

Under KPI #9, CuraScript is liable for “any [product damage] claim arising out of .

. . poor handling while on CuraScript’s premises[,]” i.e., the Warehouse.87

      This language is unconditional. Unlike neighboring provisions, KPI #9 is not

qualified by a standard of care.88 Where one contract section omits a term present

in another, the omission is presumed intentional.89 Moreover, KPI #9 applies to

85
   LA § 9.3 (emphasis added).
86
   Id. § 2.5.
87
   KPI #9 (emphases added).
88
    See, e.g., LA § 3.2 (“gross negligence or willful misconduct”); LA § 13
(“negligence or misconduct”).
89
   See, e.g., McDonald’s Corp. v. Easterbrook, 2021 WL 351967, at *5 (Del. Ch.
Feb. 2, 2021). See also Fortis Advisors LLC v. Shire US Holdings, Inc., 2017 WL
3420751, at *8 (Del. Ch. Aug. 9, 2017) (analogizing counterparties’ omission of
specific terms to the statutory canon of expresio unius est exclusio alterius, which
provides that an omission presumptively is intentional when other terms are included
instead); cf. NAMA Holdings, LLC v. World Mkt. Ctr. Venture, LLC, 948 A.2d 411,
419 (Del. Ch. 2007) (“Contractual interpretation operates under the assumption that
the parties never include superfluous verbiage in their agreement, and that each word

                                         23
“any” claim. So it does not depend on a specific wrongdoer or type of wrongdoing.

Given the breadth of KPI #9, and the absence of a negligence or analogous standard

of care, the parties plainly intended that CuraScript be strictly liable for product

damage sustained inside the Warehouse.

      Although strict liability may seem extreme, the parties accepted it. The

Logistics Agreement—and KPI #9 itself—is replete with mandatory insurance

provisions.   CuraScript thus offloaded the risk of product damage, making

insurers—not CuraScript—the targets of this unqualified liability. As observed,

however, CuraScript did not secure a subrogation waiver. Nevertheless, contracts

executed by sophisticated counterparties must be enforced as written.90

      To be sure, the Logistics Agreement does not make strict liability automatic.

Under KPI #9, strict liability attaches only if product damage “arises out of” “poor

handling.” The Logistics Agreement does not define “arising out of” or “handling,”

but dictionaries do. And “[u]nder well-settled law,” the Court may use the dictionary

to ascertain the meaning of undefined contract terms.91

should be given meaning and effect by the court.”), aff’d, 2008 WL 571543 (Del.
Mar. 4, 2008).
90
   See W. Willow-Bay Ct., LLC v. Robino-Bay Ct. Plaza, LLC, 2007 WL 3317551,
at *9 (Del. Ch. Nov. 2, 2007) (“The presumption that the parties are bound by the
language of the agreement they negotiated applies with even greater force when the
parties are sophisticated entities that have engaged in arms-length negotiations.”),
aff’d, 2009 WL 4154356 (Del. Nov. 24, 2009).
91
   Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Am. Legacy Found., 903 A.2d 728, 740 (Del. 2006).

                                         24
      Dictionaries define “arise” as “to originate; to stem (from)” and “to result

(from).”92 Delaware courts also have “approved a number of synonyms” for arise,

including “originating from, having its origin in, growing out of, and flowing

from.”93 In short, arising language embodies a loose conception of causation.94

       “Handle” has many definitions, but its most natural meaning for supply chain

parties would relate to product management.95 Contextualized, “handle” means “to

engage in the . . . distributing of (a commodity),”96 “especially the packaging and

shipping of an object or a material[.]”97 Similarly, “handle” also means “to deal with

. . . goods that pass through . . . [a] port or other center[.]”98 The logistics industry

92
   Arise, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019).
93
   Sycamore, 2021 WL 4130631, at *12 (internal quotation marks omitted).
94
   See Pac. Ins. Co. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 956 A.2d 1246, 1257 (Del. 2008).
95
   See, e.g., Aveanna Healthcare, LLC v. Epic/Freedom, LLC, 2021 WL 3235739, at
*33 (Del. Super. Ct. July 29, 2021) (selecting among competing definitions using a
context-specific approach); see also E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Admiral Ins.
Co., 711 A.2d 45, 59 (Del. Super. Ct. 1995) (“If the mere existence of different
dictionary definitions constitutes an ambiguity, drafting unambiguous contractual
language would be impossible without defining almost every word. Standing alone,
multiple dictionary definitions do not prove all differing definitions are reasonable.”
(citation omitted)).
96
       Handle,     Merriam-Webster         (online     ed.),    https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/handle (last visited July 29, 2022).
97
    Handling, in id., https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/handling (last
visited July 29, 2022).
98
                Handle,              Macmillan                (online             ed.),
https://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/dictionary/american/handle_1               (last
visited July 29, 2022).

                                           25
defines handling in these ways too.99 And when a contract term “has no ‘gloss' in

the [relevant] industry it should be construed in accordance with its ordinary

dictionary meaning.”100

      The Logistics Agreement’s Operating Guidelines support adoption of the

dictionary definitions of handling. The Operating Guidelines, in turn, illumine

CuraScript’s KPI #9 duties.

      Under the Operating Guidelines, CuraScript is the party “responsible” for all

“physical inventory.”101      That includes “packing” and “putting away” the

inventory.102 And, like KPI #9, the Operating Guidelines do not depend on a

standard of care. As a consequence, CuraScript is liable for damage to Torrent’s

inventory regardless of CuraScript’s diligence in attempting to prevent it.103

      Read as a whole, the Logistics Agreement supports only one reasonable

interpretation of KPI #9. Under KPI #9, “poor handling” is any failure by CuraScript

99
    See generally, e.g., What is Material Handling?, REB Storage Sys. Int’l,
https://rebstorage.com/articles-white-papers/what-is-material-handling/ (last visited
July          29,          2022);         Material         Handling,           MHI,
https://www.mhi.org/fundamentals/material-handling (last visited July 29, 2022).
100
    USA Cable v. World Wrestling Fed’n Ent., Inc., 766 A.2d 462, 474 (Del. 2000).
101
    Operating Guidelines.
102
    Id.
103
    See LA § 3.2 (requiring Torrent to submit Loss caused by CuraScript’s gross
negligence or willful misconduct to insurance unless the Loss derives from
CuraScript’s failure to follow the Operating Guidelines).

                                         26
to protect Torrent’s products from damage stemming from or originating in the

distribution process even if CuraScript is not the underlying cause of the damage.

      The parties’ basic commercial context confirms this interpretation. Torrent is

based overseas. It shipped its products to CuraScript—no one else. From Torrent’s

perspective, then, CuraScript is the only party positioned to protect Torrent’s

products. By the same token, CuraScript is the only party who reasonably could be

expected to cover any damage.

      In all this, it would not make sense, as CuraScript suggests, for a foreign

manufacturer to pursue tortfeasors to recover the value of its saturated products when

its domestic contract party is the one who was supposed to keep those products dry.

By putting its products in CuraScript’s hands, Torrent reasonably expected

CuraScript to ensure that the products would not be poorly handled. They were.

      2. Torrent’s product damage arose from “poor handling” at the
      Warehouse.

      CuraScript agreed to handle Torrent’s products. It put some of those products

underneath Riser 6. Then Riser 6 leaked on them. CuraScript took photos of the

damage, dispelling any doubt that some damage occurred.

      The only reasonable inference to draw from these facts is that Torrent’s

products were damaged by events stemming from CuraScript’s decision to place

Torrent’s products underneath a leaking sprinkler. It does not matter if the sprinkler

leaked because of Denali or something or someone else. As far as KPI #9 is

                                         27
concerned, CuraScript’s decision to situate the products underneath Riser 6—which

had leaked many times before May—was poor handling “on CuraScript’s premises.”

Accordingly, CuraScript will be liable for the product damage unless the Plaintiffs

fail to prove damages.

      3. CuraScript’s contrary arguments do not support summary judgment.

      CuraScript breached the Logistics Agreement. CuraScript tries to muddy this

conclusion with three unsuccessful arguments.

      CuraScript first argues that the parties agreed to resolve product damage

claims exclusively through insurance. This interpretation is not reasonable. The

parties did not include any anti-subrogation language in the Logistics Agreement.104

So the Plaintiffs did not waive their right to pursue CuraScript directly.105 Had

CuraScript wanted to bar subrogation claims, it could have said so. It did not.

CuraScript cannot assert insurance as an exclusive remedy in court when it did not

negotiate insurance as an exclusive remedy in the first place.106

104
    See generally 16 Couch on Insurance § 224:1, Westlaw (3d ed. database) (last
updated June 2022) (providing background on waivers of subrogation).
105
    Cf. Del. Ins. Coverage Off. v. DiSabatino Constr. Co., 2022 WL 811167, at *4–8
(Del. Super. Ct. Mar. 17, 2022) (enforcing anti-subrogation clause against insurance
parties); St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Elkay Mfg. Co., 2003 WL 139775, at
*4–5 (Del. Super. Ct. Jan. 15, 2003) (same).
106
    See Urdan v. WR Cap. Partners, LLC, 244 A.3d 668, 675 (Del. 2020) (The Court
must “interpret . . . contracts as written and not as hoped for by litigation-driven
arguments.”); see also Nemec v. Shrader, 991 A.2d 1120, 1126 (Del. 2010) (“Parties
have a right to enter into good and bad contracts, the law enforces both.”).

                                         28
      CuraScript next argues that it cannot be liable because (it believes) Denali

caused the product damage. CuraScript thus seeks to cabin KPI #9’s reach only to

damage that CuraScript personally inflicts. But this position is contradicted by the

Logistics Agreement. As explained, KPI #9 is indifferent to who caused the product

damage. The May Leak very well may be Denali’s fault as a matter of the Lease.

But that does not mean CuraScript is faultless as matter of the Logistics Agreement.

CuraScript cannot wield the Lease both as a shield from Denali and as a sword

against Torrent.107

      Finally, CuraScript contends that, because Torrent cannot prove loss, KPI #9

is inapplicable. This “damages” argument is a prelude to others, all of which the

Court will address—and reject—below. For now, it suffices to say that CuraScript

conflates the question of its liability with the question of damages. A failure to

adduce evidence of contractual damages does not mean the breach did not happen.

      CuraScript, as a sophisticated entity, could have drafted the Logistics

Agreement to include all the terms and conditions it advances today. It did not.

Accordingly, the Plaintiffs’ summary judgment motion is granted and CuraScript’s

summary judgment motion is denied.

107
   See Aspen Advisors LLC v. United Artists Theatre Co., 843 A.2d 697, 707 (Del.
Ch. 2004) (Contact parties cannot use litigation to extract “contractual protections
they failed to secure for themselves at the bargaining table.”), aff’d, 861 A.2d 1251
(Del. 2004).

                                         29
C. No party is entitled to summary judgment on Count II’s damages element.

      CuraScript is liable for Torrent’s product damage. CuraScript’s liability, in

turn, triggers the Hold Harmless Provision, putting one Defendant at risk for the loss.

Recognizing this, the Defendants devote the bulk of their efforts to attacking the

Plaintiffs’ damages.     The Defendants’ arguments fall into two categories:

inadmissible evidence of damages and failure to mitigate damages. Neither supports

summary judgment.

      1. The Plaintiffs have admissible evidence of (nominal) damages.

      It is undisputed that Torrent’s products were at least superficially damaged by

the May Leak. CuraScript took photos that prove it. Nevertheless, the Defendants

insist that they are entitled to summary judgment because the Plaintiffs do not have

“admissible evidence” of their actual damages.108              But the Defendants’

inadmissibility arguments are based on an incomplete record. And the Plaintiffs’

nominal damages are enough to defeat summary judgment anyway.

             a. The spreadsheet is not necessarily inadmissible.

      To price the damaged products, the Plaintiffs proffered a spreadsheet detailing

the products’ wholesale cost.109 A Torrent representative testified at a deposition

108
    See generally Kennedy v. Giannone, 1987 WL 37799, at *1 (Del. June 16, 1987)
(stating general rule that a party opposing summary judgment cannot create a factual
dispute using inadmissible evidence).
109
    See Ex. O to D.I. 101 (Spreadsheet).

                                          30
that the spreadsheet was taken from Torrent’s purchase register.110 The purchase

register is a catalog that lists the wholesale value of Torrent’s products.

      The Defendants call the spreadsheet an inadmissible hearsay document that

was prepared solely for this litigation. Maybe it is; maybe it is not. No one knows

because the Defendants failed to ask any follow-up questions about the purchase

register.111 The Court will not grant a summary judgment motion that is premised

on “speculation or conjecture” or evidence “potentially possible.”112

      The Court also may deny summary judgment where the factual record

surrounding an issue is unclear.113 On these limited facts, the spreadsheet appears

to be a record kept in the ordinary course of Torrent’s business that may be

authenticated at trial by a Torrent witness.114 If the spreadsheet is not hearsay, then

its credibility would be a question of weight, not admissibility. “[I]ssues of the

weight of the evidence, as distinct from its admissibility, are for the jury.” 115 They

are not for summary judgment.

110
    See Ex. N to id. (Dep.).
111
    See id.
112
    Rochester v. Katalan, 320 A.2d 704, 708 n.7 (Del. 1974).
113
    E.g., Alexander Indus., 211 A.2d at 918–19; Ebersole, 180 A.2d at 468–69.
114
    See Del. R. Evid. 803(6). The Torrent representative testified, albeit somewhat
inarticulately, that the purchase register is kept in the ordinary course of business.
Ex. 2 to D.I. 98 at 118 (Dep.). The Defendants did not investigate this point.
115
    Hall v. State, 788 A.2d 118, 124 (Del. 2001).

                                          31
      At bottom, there is a “strong preference . . . for admitting evidence[,]” like the

spreadsheet, “that will assist the trier of fact.”116 The Defendants’ choice not to ask

questions at the deposition does not show otherwise.           The spreadsheet may

ultimately be inadmissible at trial. But the Court will not reward the Defendants’

strategic decision to avoid developing the record with a pre-trial ruling that assumes

the record is complete. The Defendants’ motions as to admissibility are denied.

             b. The Plaintiffs are not required to establish a precise amount of
             damages at this stage.

      Further, the Defendants’ admissibility arguments are beside the point.

Assuming the spreadsheet is inadmissible, it remains undisputed that Torrent

suffered at least nominal damages. That is enough to survive summary judgment.

      Expectation damages “should not act as a windfall.”117 But “the injured party

need not establish the amount of damages with precise certainty” if “the fact of

damages” is established instead.118 After all, “a plaintiff need not plead monetary

damages to sustain a breach of contract claim. The plaintiff need only plead causally

related harm, which the plaintiff can accomplish by pleading a violation of the

116
    Norman v. All About Women, P.A., 193 A.3d 726, 730 (Del. 2018).
117
    Paul v. Deloitte & Touche, LLP, 974 A.2d 140, 146 (Del. 2009) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
118
    Siga Techs., Inc. v. PharmAthene, Inc., 132 A.3d 1108, 1131 (Del. 2015) (first
emphasis added) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

                                          32
plaintiff's contractual rights.”119 Although mathematical uncertainty complicates

financial planning, “[p]ublic policy has led Delaware courts to show a general

willingness to make a wrongdoer bear the risk of uncertainty of a damages

calculation . . . .”120 Even where damages have not been quantified with precision,

a court still may infer nominal damages from a contractual injury.121

      “Doubts about the extent of damages are generally resolved against” the

breaching party.122 This principle operates on summary judgment. On summary

judgment, the non-movant “need only present some credible evidence . . . that

supports a claim for damages.”123 Even if damages will be “difficult to prove” at

trial, a lack of “precise damages [does] not justify summary judgment.”124

119
    See Garfield v. Allen, --- A.3d ----, 2022 WL 1641802, at *24 (Del. Ch. May 24,
2022).
120
    Beard Rsch., Inc. v. Kates, 8 A.3d 573, 613 (Del. Ch. 2010) (internal quotation
marks omitted), aff’d sub nom., ASDI, Inc. v. Beard Rsch., Inc., 11 A.3d 749 (Del.
2010).
121
    See Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 346(2) & cmt. b (Am. L. Inst. 1981).
122
    BTG Int’l, Inc. v. Wellstat Therapeutics Corp., 2017 WL 4151172, at *16 (Del.
Ch. Sept. 19, 2017) (alteration and internal quotation marks omitted).
123
    In re Cencom Cable Income Partners, 1997 WL 666970, at *12 (Del. Ch. Oct.
15, 1997).
124
    Unit, Inc. v. Ky. Fried Chicken Corp., 304 A.2d 320, 332 (Del. Super. Ct. 1973),
overruled on other grounds by Mann v. Oppenheimer & Co., 517 A.2d 1056 (Del.
1986). See Del. Super. Ct. Civ. R. 56(c) (“A summary judgment . . . may be rendered
on the issue of liability alone although there is a genuine issue as to the amount of
damages.” (emphasis added)); cf. Blue Cube Spinco LLC v. Dow Chem. Co., 2021
WL 4453460, at *14 (Del. Super. Ct. Sept. 29, 2021) (denying motion to dismiss
based on alleged failure to plead a specific amount of damages because “[i]n some
sense, all complained-of damages are ‘speculative’ until the true amount emerges in
discovery and ultimately is set at trial”).

                                         33
      The Plaintiffs have offered some credible evidence that, “though disputed,”

supports nominal damages.125 Courtesy of CuraScript, the Plaintiffs have photos

depicting water damage to the exterior of Torrent’s products.126         That damage

indisputably was caused by the May Leak.            Moreover, Underwriters offer a

document indicating that they paid Torrent’s insurance claim.127 The Plaintiffs’

damages “may be difficult to prove” at trial, but any inability to calculate a specific

dollar amount of damages at this stage does not support the Defendants’ motions.128

      Importantly, however, this ruling cuts both ways. If a plaintiff “establishes

the fact of loss in contract, but not its actual amount,” the plaintiff may recover only

nominal damages.129 Here, the Plaintiffs’ alleged damages figure—$265,110—is

disputed,130 based on potentially inadmissible evidence, and ultimately may be

125
    In re Cencom Cable Income Partners, 1997 WL 666970, at *12.
126
    CuraScript has argued that Torrent’s decision to discard its wet products after-
the-fact negates any inference that the products were damaged in the first place. See,
e.g., D.I. 99 at 7. This argument is difficult to follow and in any event, is refuted by
CuraScript’s own photography. The Court will not on summary judgment “draw
unreasonable inferences in favor of” CuraScript. Elenza, Inc. v. Alcon Labs. Holding
Corp., 183 A.3d 717, 721 (Del. 2018) (internal quotation marks omitted).
127
    Although this document was produced post-discovery, the Defendants did not
object to its presence in the record. To the contrary, when asked if Torrent’s
insurance claim impacted the case, CuraScript called the issue “irrelevant” and
Denali never responded. D.I. 135 at 1.
128
    Unit, Inc., 304 A.2d at 332.
129
    USH Ventures v. Glob. Telesys. Grp., Inc., 796 A.2d 7, 23 (Del. Super. Ct. 2000).
130
    The Plaintiffs also allude to damages “in excess of $265,110.” D.I. 137 ¶ 16.
CuraScript thinks this means that the Plaintiffs will seek additional “lost sales”
damages. The “in excess” language appears empty. There is no plain reference to
consequential damages anywhere in the complaint. Cf. Del. Super. Ct. Civ. R. 8(a).

                                          34
reduced to a nominal total or eliminated entirely by a failure to mitigate. So the

Plaintiffs are not entitled to summary judgment on their amount of damages either.

      2. Any failure by Torrent to mitigate its damages is a fact question that
      the Defendants, not the Plaintiffs, must prove at trial.

      As a separate basis for summary judgment, the Defendants argue that the

Plaintiffs cannot recover damages because Torrent discarded all its wet products

without first determining whether any of those products were salvageable. In other

words, the Defendants request summary judgment on the ground that the Plaintiffs

have not shown reasonable efforts to mitigate their losses.          This gets things

backwards. A failure to mitigate is a defense—not an affirmative element of proof—

and so the burden to establish a setoff rests on the Defendants, not the Plaintiffs.131

A party cannot be faulted for failing to meet a burden belonging to someone else.

And the Plaintiffs’ prayers for relief demand no more than $265,110. D.I. 137 ¶¶
22, 26, 31. The $265,110 is the insured amount and seems to represent the
replacement value of the products calculated using an annual average. See Ex. 2 to
D.I. 98 at 108:18–23 (Dep.).
       KPI #9 allows replacement value. It does not speak to the proper methodology
for calculating replacement value. CuraScript is free to challenge Torrent’s
valuation model and the understanding with which Underwriters provided coverage.
Either way, these are questions of weight, not admissibility.
131
    E.g., Richardson v. Christiana Care Health Servs., Inc., 2021 WL 2566736, at *7
(Del. Super. Ct. June 21, 2021); BTG Int’l, 2017 WL 4151172, at *20; Tanner v.
Exxon Corp., 1981 WL 191389, at *4 (Del. Super. Ct. July 23, 1981); see also TIFD
III-X LLC v. Fruehauf Prod. Co., L.L.C., 883 A.2d 854, 860 n.15 (Del. Ch. 2004).

                                          35
      Moreover, mitigation is a fact issue.132 The Plaintiffs have presented some

evidence suggesting that Torrent had no choice but to discard all its products. And

the Defendants have presented some evidence suggesting that some of those

products could have been salvaged. The Defendants are free to argue to the jury that

“Torrent has no evidence that the product was actually unsalvageable[.]” 133 At this

stage, however, the Court merely detects factual disputes; it does not decide them.134

      3. CuraScript’s Reg 211.208 arguments lack merit.

      Undeterred, CuraScript last contends that the Plaintiffs cannot show that

Torrent’s decision to discard its products was reasonable because the Plaintiffs have

not proffered expert testimony on whether the products were improperly stored

within the meaning of Reg 211.208. CuraScript misreads the regulations.

      Recall that, under Reg 211.208, improperly stored drug products must be

discarded. Improper storage may result from environmental or chemical damage

caused by equipment failures.135 Here, Riser 6 leaked on Torrent’s products. This

indisputably was an equipment failure that caused Torrent’s products to become wet.

Under these circumstances, the record supports a reasonable inference that Torrent

would have faced regulatory liability if it chose to reintroduce its products into

132
    E.g., Gutridge v. Iffland, 2005 WL 3454129, at *4 (Del. Dec. 15, 2005).
133
    D.I. 99 at 8 (emphasis omitted).
134
    See, e.g., GMG Cap., 36 A.3d at 783.
135
    21 C.F.R. § 211.208.

                                         36
circulation.136 Drug makers are not required to play “Russian Roulette” with FDA

by selling unsanitary prescription drugs to consumers.137 A jury thus could find that

Torrent’s decision to discard its products was reasonable.

      The jury does not need an expert’s help to reach that conclusion. To contend

otherwise, CuraScript cites Eli Lilly & Co. v. Air Express International USA, Inc.138

for the proposition that expert testimony is required in all Reg 211.208 cases. But

Eli Lilly said no such thing. In Eli Lilly, the United States Court of Appeals for the

Eleventh Circuit merely noted that the plaintiff manufacturer called an expert to

explain the effects of sub-freezing temperatures on insulin.139 The Eleventh Circuit

did not hold that the manufacturer was required to produce an expert.

      Moreover, the manufacturer in Eli Lilly chose to undertake salvaging

operations. Under Reg 211.208, drug products “may be” salvaged if the owner so

chooses, but salvaging is not required.140 Nor could it be. Improperly stored drug

products violate GMP.141 And pharmaceuticals packed or held in violation of GMP

are presumed to be unfit for sale.142 Given the presumption of unmarketability, a

136
    Id. § 210.1(b).
137
    Am. Home Assur. Co. v. Merck & Co., Inc., 386 F. Supp. 2d 501, 519 (S.D.N.Y.
2005) (internal quotation marks omitted).
138
    615 F.3d 1305 (11th Cir. 2010).
139
    Id. at 1317.
140
    21 C.F.R. § 211.208 (emphasis added).
141
    See id. §§ 210.1(b), 211.1(a).
142
    See 21 U.S.C. § 333(c); 21 C.F.R. § 210.1(b); Carter, supra note 19, at 339.

                                         37
manufacturer cannot salvage improperly stored products unless those products first

pass laboratory testing. Put differently, only when salvaging is elected must the

products undergo a fitness test that may or may not require expert explanation.

      Here, Torrent chose not to salvage its products. Whether that decision was

reasonable is an issue of mitigation that the Defendants bear the burden to prove.

Indeed, CuraScript is the one who argues that product testing would have been

appropriate under these circumstances. CuraScript’s reasoning, if accepted, would

mean that CuraScript would need an expert, not the Plaintiffs.

      In addressing the question of salvageability, Torrent’s lay personnel are

permitted to testify as to the bases for their interpretations of and reliance on Reg

211.208.143 Although an expert probably would have strengthened the Plaintiffs’

case, “[n]umerous courts have refused” to prevent “private parties” from explaining

their own understanding of a “complex regulatory scheme[.]”144 Accordingly, a jury

will determine whether Torrent’s decision to discard its products was reasonable.

An expert is not necessary for proving the Plaintiffs’ damages.

      In sum, no one is entitled to summary judgment as to Count II’s damages

element. The parties’ motions are denied.

143
    See Am. Home Assur. Co. v. Merck & Co., Inc., 462 F. Supp. 2d 435, 453–54
(S.D.N.Y. 2006) (rejecting argument that expert testimony is required to explain the
proper application of Reg 211.208).
144
    Id. at 453 (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                         38
D. Neither Defendant is entitled to summary judgment as to its crossclaim.

      Finally, the Court turns to the Defendants’ indemnification dispute. This

dispute turns on the proper interpretation of the Lease. The Lease specifies that Ohio

law governs its terms.145 “Delaware courts will generally honor a contractually-

designated choice of law provision so long as the jurisdiction selected bears some

material relationship to the transaction.”146 The Court previously found a material

relationship between Ohio and this dispute because all the relevant events occurred

at the Warehouse.147 So Ohio law applies.

      Ohio courts give effect to contracting parties’ mutual intent by enforcing their

agreement according to its plain meaning.148 “When the language of a written

contract is clear,” Ohio courts “look no further than the writing itself . . . .” 149 Ohio

law deems a contract ambiguous only if its language is “susceptible to two or more

conflicting, yet reasonable interpretations.”150 “It is not the responsibility or function

145
    Lease § 28.
146
    J.S. Alberci Constr. Co., Inc. v. Mid-W. Conveyor Co., Inc., 750 A.2d 518, 520
(Del. 2000).
147
    Torrent, 2020 WL 6066275, at *1.
148
    E.g., Westfield Ins. Co. v. Galatis, 797 N.E.2d 1256, 1261 (Ohio 2003).
149
    Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co., 160 N.E.3d 701,
703 (Ohio 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted).
150
    Bluemile, Inc. v. Atlas Indus. Contractors, Ltd., 102 N.E.2d 579, 584 (Ohio Ct.
App. 2017).

                                           39
of [an Ohio] court to rewrite the parties’ contract to provide for a more equitable

result” or to prevent “a hardship upon one of the [contract] parties.”151

      Although Ohio law controls the substance of the Defendants’ dispute,

Delaware law applies to the procedural issues.152 On summary judgment, the Court

cannot choose between two reasonable interpretations of ambiguous contract

language.153 “[W]here reasonable minds could differ as to the contract’s meaning, a

factual dispute results and the fact-finder must consider admissible extrinsic

evidence. In those cases, summary judgment is improper.”154

      1. Determining whether either Defendant is the responsible for Torrent’s
      product damage involves factual issues related to causation and
      extrinsic evidence that are inappropriate for resolution on summary
      judgment.

      As they did earlier in the case, the Defendants focus their motions on the

Maintenance Provision. CuraScript contends that Denali must indemnify CuraScript

because Denali failed to replace Riser 6 entirely before the May Leak occurred.

151
    Foster Wheeler Enviresponse, Inc. v. Franklin Cnty. Convention Facilities Auth.,
678 N.E.2d 519, 526 (Ohio 1997) (internal quotation marks omitted).
152
    See, e.g., Chaplake Holdings, Ltd. v. Chrysler Corp., 766 A.2d 1, 5 (Del. 2001);
US Dominion, Inc. v. Fox News Network, LLC, 2021 WL 5984265, at *18 (Del.
Super. Ct. Dec. 16, 2021); see also Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 122
& cmt. a (1971). Delaware law also will govern the question of remedy unless the
appropriate remedy is bound closely to Ohio substantive law. See generally Naughty
Monkey LLC v. Marinemax Ne. LLC, 2010 WL 5545409, at *8 n.59 (Del. Ch. Dec.
23, 2010) (summarizing applicable principles and collecting authority).
153
    E.g., Riverbend Cmty., LLC v. Green Stone Eng’g, LLC, 55 A.3d 330, 334 (Del.
2012).
154
    GMG Cap., 36 A.3d at 783 (citations omitted).

                                          40
Denali counters that it had no duty to replace Riser 6 because its flaws were caused

by CuraScript’s own negligent repair work.

         The Defendants’ focus on the Maintenance Provision overlooks the language

of the Hold Harmless Provision. The Hold Harmless Provision sets the standards

under which a breach of the Maintenance Provision could trigger indemnification.

Those standards assume that one party is the proximate or but-for cause of the

product damage. A breach of the Maintenance Provision may amount to a but-for

cause. But the undisputed facts do not establish breach-based causation, let alone a

clear sense of what the parties meant by “repair” or “replace.”

         Under the Hold Harmless Provision, CuraScript must indemnify Denali for

product damage that “arises directly from” CuraScript’s “acts or omissions in

connection with [its] use or occupancy of the” Warehouse.155 At first blush, the Hold

Harmless Provision uses the same term—arising from—as KPI #9. But one thing

stands out. Unlike KPI #9, the Hold Harmless Provision applies only if the product

damage arises directly from CuraScript’s conduct.

         That difference matters. Under Ohio law, the term “arising out of” “affords

very broad coverage” and “does not require that conduct be the proximate cause of

155
      Lease § 15.

                                          41
the injury[.]”156   But “‘direct cause’ and ‘proximate cause’ are regarded as

equivalents” by Ohio law.157 So by inserting the word “directly,” the parties added

a ”but for” causation requirement.158 It is not sufficient under the Hold Harmless

Provision for CuraScript’s conduct to bear only some loose connection to the harm.

      The same is true for Denali. Under the Hold Harmless Provision, Denali must

indemnify CuraScript for product damage that is “occasioned by” Denali’s “fault or

negligence.”159 “Occasioned” means “caused.”160 Negligence requires proof of but-

for causation.161 So Denali’s conduct must be the but-for cause of the damage too.

      The Maintenance Provision confirms the parties’ intent to condition their

indemnification duties on but-for causation. Under the Maintenance Provision,

Denali must replace all mechanical systems unless the basis for the replacement

156
    Stickovich v. Cleveland, 757 N.E.2d 50, 69 (Ohio Ct. App. 2001), appeal denied,
758 N.E.2d 1148 (Ohio 2001). As discussed earlier, Delaware law understands
“arising” language the same way. See supra Analysis § B.
157
    McNees v. Cincinnati St. Ry. Co., 89 N.E.2d 138, 143 (Ohio 1949).
158
    See Tye v. Beausay, 156 N.E.3d 331, 339 (Ohio Ct. App. 2020) (“Causation is
established using the but for test . . . .” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Directly,
Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (defining “directly” as ““in a
straightforward manner,” “in a straight line or course,” and “immediately”); see
generally Athens v. McClain, 168 N.E.3d 411, 419 (Ohio 2020) (“In determining the
common or ordinary meaning of [undefined] words,” Ohio courts “may look to
dictionaries.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
159
    Lease § 15.
160
        Occasion,     Merriam-Webster           (online    ed.),   https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/occasion (last visited Aug. 1, 2022).
161
    See Mussivand v. David, 544 N.E.2d 265, 270 (Ohio 1989); Cincinnati Bell Tel.
Co. v. J.K. Meurer Corp., 185 N.E.3d 632, 639 (Ohio Ct. App. 2022).

                                           42
“arises due to” CuraScript’s “fault or negligence.”162 The same “fault or negligence”

language qualifies Denali’s indemnification duties, which also hinge on but-for

causation. The Court must interpret identical terms the same way.163

      A proximate or but-for cause requirement may have narrowed the field of

indemnifiable claims. But it also precludes summary judgment for two reasons.

      First, proximate cause is “almost always” a jury issue.164 Indeed, proximate

cause is “fact-driven” and so “is to be determined, on the facts, upon mixed

considerations of logic, common sense, justice, policy and precedent.”165 The Court

cannot grant summary judgment on an issue reserved for the jury.

      And second, undisputed facts do not show that one of the Defendants was the

but-for cause of the May Leak. CuraScript has presented evidence that, for example,

(i) CuraScript timely notified Denali of each leak; (ii) Denali repeatedly ignored its

requests to replace Riser 6 entirely; (iii) Denali’s plumber said that Riser 6 needed a

full replacement; (iv) inspection was long overdue; and (v) CuraScript could not

162
    Lease § 5.
163
    See, e.g., Honeywell Int’l, Inc. v. Air Prods. & Chems., Inc., 872 A.2d 944, 956
(Del. 2005) (“[T]he record contains no persuasive evidence that the parties intended
that identical terms in their contract would be given disparate meanings. Generally,
and absent evidence calling for a different result, all parts of a contract must be read
in harmony to determine the contract's meaning, with one portion of a contract not
being read to negate a different portion.”).
164
    Mazda Motor Corp. v. Lindahl, 706 A.2d 526, 533 (Del. 1998).
165
    Duphily v. Del. Elec. Coop., Inc., 662 A.2d 821, 830 (Del. 1995) (internal
quotation marks omitted).

                                          43
inspect Riser 6 without disabling a pump located in a facility only Denali may access.

Denali responds with evidence that, for example, (i) CuraScript failed to conduct

routine repairs on Riser 6, causing it to deteriorate; (ii) Denali timely addressed each

leak; and (iii) Denali replaced whole segments of Riser 6 before the May Leak.

         Some of this evidence seems strong, some less so. But the Court cannot grant

summary judgment just because it is “skeptical that [one side] will ultimately

prevail.”166 All that matters is whether there is evidence that, if proven, would show

one or both Defendants acted negligently. There is.

         Nor does the Maintenance Provision, by itself, support summary judgment.

The Maintenance Provision says that CuraScript must repair the sprinklers and

Denali must replace the sprinklers. But it does not define the terms repair or replace.

And it does not specify the times when a mechanical system would need

maintenance at all.

         The Defendants effectively concede these ambiguities. Instead of construing

the Maintenance Provision, the Defendants concentrate on their course of

performance. CuraScript stresses the number of e-mails it sent to Denali about fully

replacing Riser 6 and the fact that Denali’s plumber recommended a full

replacement. For its part, Denali points to evidence in which CuraScript appears to

166
      Cerberus Int’l, 794 A.2d at 1150.

                                          44
acknowledge that CuraScript could have done more to maintain Riser 6 before it

started leaking.

      All this is extrinsic evidence. On summary judgment, the Court cannot

consider extrinsic evidence of contractual intent or select among two reasonable

interpretations of disputed contract language. The Defendants may argue their

expectations for, and understandings of, their respective duties to the jury. They are

not entitled judgment as a matter of law. Accordingly, their motions are denied.

      2. Expert testimony is not required to prove general negligence.

      In a last gasp, Denali argues that the CuraScript’s negligence cannot be proven

without expert testimony, which CuraScript did not secure. The Court disagrees.

      “There is no rule requiring expert testimony and a [claimant] is not required

to present expert testimony in all cases in order to prevail.”167 Expert testimony is

permitted when it is relevant and will be helpful.168 But expert testimony is not

required unless the matter “is not within the common knowledge of laymen[.]”169

167
    Brown v. Dollar Tree Stores, Inc., 2009 WL 5177162, at *3 (Del. Super. Ct. Dec.
9, 2009) (alteration and internal quotation marks omitted). See 1 McCormick on
Evidence § 12, Westlaw (8th ed. database) (last updated July 2022) (“On some
subjects . . . expert testimony is required . . . . [M]ore commonly the question is
whether expert testimony is permissible on a certain subject.” (citations omitted)).
168
    E.g., Pavey v. Kalish, 2010 WL 3294304, at *3 (Del. Aug. 23, 2010).
169
    Money v. Manville Corp. Asbestos Disease Comp. Tr. Fund, 596 A.2d 1372, 1375
(Del. 1991) (internal quotation marks omitted). See Del. R. Evid. 702(a).

                                         45
General negligence typically is not one of those matters.170 And this case is no

exception. It does not take an engineering degree to determine whether a leaking

pipe needs to be repaired or replaced. The jury will review all the evidence

surrounding the May Leak and determine whether someone was at fault. Denali’s

motion is denied.

                                  CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons: (1) the Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment is

GRANTED IN PART (i.e., as to CuraScript’s liability under Count II) and

DENIED IN PART (i.e., as to Count II’s damages element and Counts I & III); (2)

CuraScript’s motion for summary judgment against the Plaintiffs is GRANTED IN

PART (i.e., as to Count I) and DENIED IN PART (i.e., as to Count II); (3)

CuraScript’s motion for summary judgment against Denali is DENIED; (4)

CuraScript’s motion in limine is DENIED; (5) Denali’s motion for summary

judgment “on the issue of causation” is GRANTED IN PART (i.e., as to Counts I

170
    E.g., Polaski v. Dover Downs, Inc., 2012 WL 3291783, at *2 (Del. Aug. 14, 2012)
(stating rule); Ward v. Shoney’s, Inc., 817 A.2d 799, 802–03 (Del. 2003) (reversing
trial court on ground that expert testimony is not required to state a prima facie case
of ordinary negligence); see Donovan v. Wawa, Inc., 2017 WL 4675755, at *2–3
(Del. Super. Ct. Oct. 17, 2017) (applying rule and finding expert not required); Yancy
v. Tri State Mall Ltd. P’ship, 2014 WL 2538805, at *3–4 (Del. Super. Ct. May 29,
2014) (same); Small v. Super Fresh Food Mkts., Inc., 2010 WL 530071, at *3–4
(Del. Super. Ct. Feb. 12, 2010) (same).

                                          46
& III) and DENIED IN PART (i.e., as to indemnification); and (6) Denali’s motion

for summary judgment “on the issue of damages” is DENIED.

      IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                           Charles E. Butler, Resident Judge

                                      47