Court Opinion

ID: 3132681
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-19 22:04:33.074839+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:27:07.783330
License: Public Domain

Illinois Official Reports

                                     Appellate Court

                  McHale v. Kiswani Trucking, Inc., 2015 IL App (1st) 132625

Appellate Court          STEVEN McHALE, Special Administrator of the Estate of Stacey
Caption                  Lynn McHale, Deceased, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. KISWANI
                         TRUCKING, INC., a Corporation, RUSSELL A. KLEPPE and
                         TRANSFREIGHT, LLC, Defendants-Appellants (W.D. Trucking,
                         Inc., a Corporation, Defendant).–TRANSFREIGHT, LLC,
                         Third-Party Plaintiff-Appellee, v. RUSSELL A. KLEPPE and
                         KISWANI TRUCKING, INC., an Illinois Corporation, Third-Party
                         Defendants-Appellants (W.D. Trucking, Inc., Third-Party Defendant).

District & No.           First District, Fifth Division
                         Docket Nos. 1-13-2625, 1-13-2626, 1-13-3067 cons.

Filed                    August 14, 2015

Decision Under           Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 10-L-2934-F; the
Review                   Hon. William Haddad, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                 Affirmed.

Counsel on               Lewis Brisbois Bisgaard & Smith LLP, of Chicago (James B. Tobin,
Appeal                   of counsel), for appellants Russell A. Kleppe and Kiswani Trucking,
                         Inc.

                         Knight Hoppe Kurnik & Knight, Ltd., of Rosemont (Elizabeth A.
                         Knight and Michael J. Atkus, of counsel), and Grant & Fanning, of
                         Chicago (Patrick J. Fanning, of counsel), for appellant Transfreight,
                         LLC.

                         Corboy & Demetrio, P.C., of Chicago (Philip Harnett Corboy, Jr., and
                         Matthew T. Jenkins, of counsel), for appellee.
     Panel                    PRESIDING JUSTICE PALMER delivered the judgment of the court,
                              with opinion.
                              Justices McBride and Gordon concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                                OPINION

¶1         Stacey Lynn McHale was killed when a tractor-trailer driven by Russell A. Kleppe hit her
       as she stood at the side of the road beside her automobile. Stacey’s husband Steven McHale, as
       the special administrator of Stacey’s estate, filed a wrongful death action against Kleppe,
       Kleppe’s employer Kiswani Trucking, Inc. (Kiswani), and Transfreight, LLC (Transfreight).
       Kleppe and Kiswani admitted negligence in Stacey’s death. The trial court entered judgment
       on an $8 million jury verdict in favor of plaintiff in the wrongful death action. It also entered
       judgment in favor of Transfreight in its third-party indemnification action against Kiswani.
¶2         Kiswani and Kleppe appeal from the court’s entry of judgment on the jury verdict, arguing
       the court erred in denying their motion for a new trial as the court’s failure to enforce its
       decisions on various motions in limine denied them a fair trial. Transfreight appeals from the
       same order, arguing the trial court erred in failing to grant its motion for (1) a judgment
       notwithstanding the verdict as it had no liability for Stacey’s death as a matter of law and (2) a
       new trial as the jury’s verdict was against the manifest weight of the evidence and the court
       committed multiple trial errors. Kiswani also appeals from the judgment against it in
       Transfreight’s indemnification action, arguing the court’s finding that Transfreight did not
       modify the indemnification clause in the agreement between the parties was against the
       manifest weight of the evidence. We have consolidated the three appeals for review. We
       affirm.

¶3                                          BACKGROUND
¶4         Transfreight, Inc., a Canadian corporation, and Transfreight, LLC, a Delaware
       Corporation, (collectively Transfreight) entered into a written agreement with Toyota Motor
       Manufacturing North America (Toyota), a Kentucky corporation, to act as a “logistics
       provider.” Under the agreement, Transfreight agreed to provide to Toyota or to arrange for the
       provision of “transportation and coordination of various commodities” as set forth in detail in
       the “scope of work” appendix attached to the agreement.
¶5         Toyota operated the production lines at its manufacturing plants throughout the United
       States on a “just in time” basis, meaning auto parts were delivered to the production lines only
       as the production lines needed them. Since the manufacturing plants shared suppliers, Toyota
       arranged to have auto parts destined for multiple plants picked up at one time from each
       supplier by truck. Each truck picked up auto parts from several suppliers and delivered the
       parts to a “cross-dock,” where the parts were unloaded, sorted and consolidated into full truck
       loads that would then be delivered to a particular manufacturing plant.
¶6         In the agreement, Transfreight acknowledged that time was of the essence in the
       performance of the transportation services and, if it or its subcontractors were unable to meet
       Toyota’s logistics schedule, Transfreight was to notify Toyota immediately. Transfreight
       could subcontract any portion of the transportation services and would “have sole and

                                                   -2-
       exclusive control over the manner in which [it] and its employees and subcontractor(s) perform
       the Transportation Services,” with the understanding that any subcontractors “shall be
       considered to be solely the employees or subcontractor(s)” of Transfreight. The agreement
       provided “[t]he relationship between the parties shall, at all times, be that of independent
       Logistics Providers and such status shall govern all relations among Logistics Provider and any
       third parties.”
¶7         Relevant here is Transfreight’s role as a logistics provider for Toyota at the Toyota Tsusho
       Bedford Park cross-dock. The cross-dock was managed and staffed by Toyota Tsusho. 1
       Transfreight was one of several logistics providers for Toyota at the cross-dock and managed a
       portion of Toyota’s inbound material flow there. It had three employees on site. Although
       Transfreight was itself a certified motor carrier and could pick up and deliver the Toyota parts,
       it did not operate in this capacity at the Bedford Park cross-dock. Instead, it contracted with
       other motor carriers to perform the Toyota “runs.”
¶8         Transfreight received route specifications from Toyota for the supply runs. Each route
       specification included the supplier stops to be made on the route, the number of miles to be
       traveled and the number of days per week the route was to be run. It also included the time
       windows during which a driver was to start the route, arrive at each supplier, load supplies and
       depart the supplier and end the route back at the cross-dock. When Transfreight received the
       route specifications, it provided them to its approved carriers, who would then bid on the
       routes. Transfreight selected one of the carriers to run each route, paying the carrier according
       to the rate presented in the bid.
¶9         A subcontracted carrier fulfilling a Toyota route for Transfreight would dispatch a driver
       and truck to the cross-dock to pick up a trailer and begin the route. The Toyota Tsusho
       personnel at the cross-dock prepared the paperwork for each route, including pre- and
       post-route inspection reports and the route specifications, and assigned a trailer to each driver
       on a route. The driver would pick up the paperwork packet, hook up the assigned trailer,
       complete a preinspection of the empty trailer and start the route. After fulfilling the designated
       pickups at the parts suppliers on the route, the driver would return with the filled trailer to the
       cross-dock and complete the postinspection report. Transfreight required that it be notified by
       Kiswani or the driver when the driver left the cross-dock to start a route and when the driver
       returned to the cross-dock at the completion of a route. It also required that it be notified if an
       “exception” such as delay or accident occurred on a route. As required by its agreement with
       Toyota, Transfreight would then notify Toyota regarding the delay. As Toyota operated its
       production lines in a just-in-time manner, any delay in a production line’s receipt of auto parts
       could negatively impact production, thus requiring Toyota to adjust the affected route or the
       manufacturing schedules for which the parts were intended.
¶ 10       One of the motor carriers Transfreight used for the Toyota runs was Kiswani. Pursuant to
       an October 2006 written “agreement for transportation services” between Transfreight and
       Kiswani, Kiswani agreed “to act as a sub-contract carrier for Transfreight for Transfreight’s
       performance under its Master Agreement with [Toyota], or arrange for the provision of, the
       transportation and coordination of various commodities” as provided in the agreement.
       Kiswani would provide “transportation services” “at all times required by Transfreight to

          1
              It is unclear from the record whether Toyota Tsusho is a subsidiary of Toyota.

                                                       -3-
       support” Toyota’s “North American Manufacturing Companies” and as set forth in the “scope
       of work” appendix attached to the agreement.
¶ 11       The “scope of work” appendix provided that Kiswani was responsible for the “just in time
       *** delivery of auto parts” to designated locations “to be assigned by Transfreight” and would
       “manage all assigned [Transfreight] routes based on the monthly regional route design
       specifications as provided by Transfreight.” Kiswani was to monitor “all freight delivery flow”
       and inform Transfreight “of all abnormal situations” through the channels set forth in
       Transfreight’s “operating procedures.” It was to load and deliver all trailers based on Toyota’s
       standards and follow the freight verification procedures established by Toyota’s North
       American logistics network. The appendix set forth in detail the services Kiswani was to
       perform to provide the transportation services, including the requirement that it monitor the
       driver’s progress on the routes, report any abnormal conditions to Transfreight and supervise
       the loading and offloading of the trailers to endure the integrity of the shipments.
¶ 12       The Transfreight-Kiswani agreement provided that “[t]he relationship between the parties
       hereto shall, at all times, be that of Independent Carriers and such status shall govern all
       relations among Carrier [Kiswani] and any third parties.” Kiswani’s provision of the
       transportation services would include, at Kiswani’s expense, provision “of the [necessary]
       facilities, equipment, materials, labor (including any overtime), related overhead and all other
       items.” Kiswani could, “[o]nly with the prior written consent of Transfreight, as a part of the
       Transportation Services,” provide or arrange for its subcontractor(s) to provide drivers and
       equipment necessary to perform the required transportations services. Kiswani was to have
       “sole and exclusive control over the manner in which [it] and its employees and
       subcontractor(s) perform[ed] the Transportation Services.” It could “engage and employ ***
       and subcontract” with any persons it deemed necessary, with the understanding that “such
       person(s) shall be considered to be solely the employees and subcontractor(s)” of Kiswani.
¶ 13       The agreement provided that Kiswani was to procure and maintain not less than $5 million
       each in both comprehensive liability insurance and vehicle liability insurance and name
       Toyota, Transfreight and their affiliates as additional insureds on the insurance policies.
       Kiswani agreed “[t]he purchase of such insurance coverage *** shall not be deemed to satisfy
       [Kiswani’s] liability as set forth herein or in any way modify [Kiswani’s] obligation to
       indemnify Transfreight or its Affiliates hereunder.” The indemnification clause in the
       agreement provided:
                “[Kiswani] agrees to indemnify and save harmless Transfreight, [Toyota] and its
                Affiliates from and against any and all claims for loss, damage or injury, any suit,
                actions or legal proceedings brought against Transfreight, [Toyota] and its Affiliates
                for or on account of any loss or damage to the property of Transfreight, [Toyota] and its
                Affiliates, or for [or] on account of any injuries received or sustained by any person ***
                to the extent caused by, or arise [sic] out of any act or omission, or willful misconduct
                of [Kiswani] or its employees, agents or subcontractor(s) or their employees, agents or
                subcontractors in performing the Transportation Services provided for under this
                agreement.”
       The agreement further provided that no waiver of a breach of any provision in the agreement
       would constitute the waiver of any other breach of the agreement and Transfreight’s failure to
       require strict performance of any term in the agreement would not be deemed a waiver of
       Transfreight’s rights under the agreement. The agreement would be construed in accordance

                                                    -4-
       with the laws of the province of Ontario or the Commonwealth of Kentucky and was
       automatically renewed on a yearly basis.
¶ 14       Although the Transfreight-Kiswani agreement required Kiswani to carry $5 million in both
       comprehensive liability insurance and vehicle liability insurance, Transfreight had determined
       sometime before August 6, 2009, that carriers such as Kiswani did not need to maintain this
       level of insurance. Instead, Transfreight required its carriers, including Kiswani, to carry only
       $1 million of each insurance. In 2010, Kiswani therefore maintained $1 million in
       comprehensive liability insurance and $1 million in vehicle liability insurance under policies
       naming Transfreight as an additional insured as required by Transfreight.
¶ 15       On February 15, 2010, truck driver Russell Kleppe drove a tractor owned by W.D.
       Trucking (W.D.) to the Bedford Park cross-dock to start a Toyota route assigned to Kiswani by
       Transfreight. Kiswani had a contract with W.D. pursuant to which W.D. was to haul freight for
       Kiswani. At the cross-dock, Kleppe picked up an empty trailer owned by Transfreight for the
       15-hour route to pick up Toyota parts at various suppliers. He left the cross-dock and started
       driving the tractor-trailer to a gas station in Indiana, where he was to pick up his “team”
       codriver for the route. This stop was not listed in the route specifications. On his way to the gas
       station, Kleppe crossed the safety line in the road with the tractor-trailer and struck and killed
       Stacey McHale, who was standing beside her disabled vehicle on the shoulder of the highway.
¶ 16       Plaintiff, Stacey’s husband Steven McHale, as the special administrator of Stacey’s estate,
       filed a wrongful death action against Kleppe, W.D. and Kiswani. He then filed a second
       amended complaint adding a wrongful death count against Transfreight, alleging that Kleppe
       was an authorized agent of Transfreight and that Transfreight and Kleppe were negligent in the
       operation of the tractor. Plaintiff subsequently dismissed his claim against W.D.
¶ 17       Transfreight filed a third-party action against W.D., Kiswani and Kleppe. In its amended
       third-party complaint, it sought contribution from W.D., Kleppe and Kiswani and, citing the
       Transfreight-Kiswani agreement, full indemnification from Kiswani. The court entered an
       agreed order dismissing with prejudice the contribution counts and Transfreight’s action
       proceeded on the indemnification count against Kiswani. Plaintiff’s wrongful death action
       would be heard by a jury. Transfreight’s indemnification action would be heard by the trial
       court in a bench trial after the conclusion of the jury trial on plaintiff’s action.
¶ 18       On March 14, 2013, the day before trial was scheduled to start, the trial court granted
       plaintiff leave to file a third amended complaint over Transfreight’s objections. In the new
       complaint, plaintiff alleged that “Kiswani/Kleppe” were both agents of Transfreight and that
       Transfreight, Kiswani and Kleppe were negligent in the operation of the tractor, causing the
       death of Stacey McHale.2 Kleppe and Kiswani admitted their negligence and that it
       proximately caused Stacey’s death. They also admitted that Kleppe was Kiswani’s
       “employee/agent.” The case against them went to the jury solely on damages. The case against
       Transfreight focused on whether Kiswani and/or Kleppe were agents of Transfreight.
¶ 19       At trial, the jury heard several days of testimony regarding, inter alia, the contracts
       between the parties and Transfreight’s and Kiswani’s roles and responsibilities under those
       contracts, Transfreight’s role and responsibilities under its contract with Toyota,

          2
            In his second amended complaint, plaintiff had alleged Kleppe was Transfreight’s agent. In his
       third amended complaint, he changed the allegation to claiming “Kiswani/Kleppe” were agents of
       Transfreight.

                                                    -5-
       Transfreight’s control over or right to control Kiswani and/or Kleppe, the operations
       procedures at the cross-dock, the procedures Transfreight required Kiswani and its drivers to
       follow, how Kiswani obtained the routes and fulfilled them and Kleppe’s actions on the day of
       the accident. It heard testimony regarding Stacey’s life, education, and job history and
       regarding the McHale’s marital difficulties, subsequent reconciliation and money troubles.
       The jury also heard testimony regarding the emotional impact of Stacey’s death on her
       husband and children as well as conflicting expert testimony regarding the economic impact of
       Stacey’s death on her family.
¶ 20       The jury heard Kiswani general manager Jehad Mohammed testify, over objections, to his
       understanding that Kiswani was acting as an agent of Transfreight at the time of the accident
       and that Kleppe was an employee of Kiswani. It heard plaintiff’s trucking industry expert
       witness Lew Grill testify, over objections, that, under various rules and regulations of the
       United States Department of Transportation, Transfreight was an “employer” and Kleppe an
       “employee” of both Transfreight and Kiswani at the time of the accident, with Transfreight
       being Kleppe’s “ultimate employer.” The jury heard the opposite opinion from Transfreight’s
       trucking industry expert witness Michael Napier, who testified the motor carrier rules and
       regulations relied on by Grill did not apply to Transfreight in the action, Kleppe was Kiswani’s
       “employee” under the regulations at the time of the accident and could not be Transfreight’s
       “employee” as Transfreight could not be an “employer” under the regulations.3
¶ 21       On March 22, 2013, the jury entered a verdict in favor of plaintiff and against Transfreight,
       Kiswani and Kleppe, awarding damages of $8 million. On the verdict form, the damages were
       itemized on separate lines as follows: $1 million each to plaintiff, Stacey’s son and Stacey’s
       daughter for loss of society, $1 million to plaintiff and $1.75 million each to Stacey’s son and
       daughter for “grief[,] sorrow and mental suffering” and $500,000 to “family” for loss of
       money, goods and services. The jury answered “yes” to a special interrogatory asking whether
       Kiswani or Kleppe was “acting as an agent” of Transfreight at the time of the accident. The
       court entered judgment on the jury verdict.
¶ 22       On July 17, 2013, the court denied Kiswani and Kleppe’s posttrial motion for a new trial
       and Transfreight’s posttrial motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (judgment n.o.v.)
       or a new trial. Kiswani and Kleppe (appeal No. 1-13-2625) and Transfreight (appeal No.
       1-13-2626) filed notices of appeal from the court’s orders.
¶ 23       In April 2013, after entry of the jury verdict, Kiswani had moved for summary judgment or
       a directed verdict on Transfreight’s indemnification claim, arguing its duty to indemnify was
       capped at $1 million. It asserted Transfreight had orally modified the insurance provision in the
       contract by reducing the amount of insurance to be held by Kiswani from $5 million to $1
       million and, by this modification, also had modified the indemnification clause under which
       Kiswani was to hold Transfreight harmless against all claims. On July 17, 2013, the trial court
       denied Kiswani’s motion, finding the contract specifically provided that the purchase of
       insurance coverage would not be deemed to satisfy Kiswani’s liability under the contract or its
       obligations to indemnify Transfreight. The court stated there was no evidence to show that the

           3
            Transfreight informed the trial court it was calling its defense expert Napier to testify solely to
       respond to Grill’s testimony and that, by having Napier testify, it was not waiving its objections to
       Grill’s testimony “or the testifying as to any rules and regulations or laws or interpretation of them” by
       a nonlawyer.

                                                       -6-
       insurance was to be the sole source of indemnification and, although the insurance and
       indemnification provisions were related, they were not dependent upon each other.
¶ 24       Transfreight then moved for entry of judgment against Kiswani on the indemnification
       claim. The court granted the motion, entering judgment for Transfreight against Kiswani on
       the “contractual” indemnification claim under section 13 of the transportation services
       agreement between the parties. On September 3, 2013, it denied Kiswani’s posttrial motion for
       reversal of judgment and/or a judgment n.o.v., stating there was no reason to delay
       enforcement of the order. Kiswani filed a timely notice of appeal on September 27, 2013
       (appeal No. 1-13-3067).
¶ 25       For review, we have consolidated the three appeals, Nos. 1-13-2625 (Kiswani and
       Kleppe’s appeal from the $8 million jury verdict in the wrongful death action), 1-13-2626
       (Transfreight’s appeal from the same jury verdict), and 1-13-3067 (Kiswani’s appeal from the
       court’s entry of judgment in favor of Transfreight in the indemnification action). We first
       consider the two appeals in the wrongful death action and then consider the appeal in the
       indemnity action.

¶ 26                                              ANALYSIS
¶ 27            I. KISWANI AND KLEPPE’S APPEAL IN THE WRONGFUL DEATH ACTION
¶ 28       Kiswani and Kleppe argue the trial court erred in denying their motion for a new trial in the
       wrongful death action. They assert they suffered prejudice and were denied a fair trial when the
       court allowed the introduction of evidence regarding plaintiff’s poverty and Kiswani’s
       financial condition in violation of the court’s orders granting motions in limine barring such
       evidence. The admission of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court and we
       will not reverse the court “unless that discretion was clearly abused.” Gill v. Foster, 157 Ill. 2d
304, 312-13 (1993). An abuse of discretion occurs when the court’s ruling is arbitrary, fanciful
       or unreasonable or where no reasonable person would adopt the court’s view. TruServ Corp. v.
       Ernst & Young LLP, 376 Ill. App. 3d 218, 227 (2007). If the trial court commits an abuse of
       discretion in allowing the admission of evidence, we will order a new trial only if admission of
       the evidence appears to have affected the outcome of the trial. Calloway v. Bovis Lend Lease,
       Inc., 2013 IL App (1st) 112746, ¶ 126.
¶ 29       Prior to trial, the court granted plaintiff’s motion in limine No. 15, barring defendants from,
       in any way, referring to or inferring “that Steven McHale once filed bankruptcy or suffered
       financial hardship.” It granted Kiswani and Kleppe’s motion in limine No. 7, barring any
       reference to or inference regarding “the wealth of Kiswani Trucking, Inc.,” including
       Kiswani’s size, its employees, the number of tractors it owned or leased, its revenues or any
       financial data. The court also granted Transfreight’s motions in limine Nos. 12 and 16, barring
       any evidence or inference regarding the poverty, wealth or helplessness of the parties or
       Transfreight’s financial status or condition.
¶ 30       As Kiswani and Kleppe assert, the court’s orders and its discussion of the motions were
       clear: the wealth and poverty of any party was not to be referred to or inferred at trial. When, as
       here, only compensatory damages are recoverable, the financial condition of the parties is
       irrelevant and often prejudicial as it appeals to the sympathy of the jury, which presumably will
       favor those least able to bear the loss. Rush v. Hamdy, 255 Ill. App. 3d 352, 362 (1993).
       Therefore, reference to the parties’ financial condition is impermissible. Thomas v. Johnson
       Controls, Inc., 344 Ill. App. 3d 1026, 1036 (2003). However, not every reference which

                                                    -7-
       touches on a party’s financial status constitutes reversible error. Lagoni v. Holiday Inn
       Midway, 262 Ill. App. 3d 1020, 1033 (1994). “The reference must be reasonably understood to
       refer to the financial status of the parties and must also be so harmful and prejudicial that it
       resulted in an improper verdict.” Id. Only if undue emphasis is placed on the irrelevant
       evidence, or if the jury’s verdict is affected by it, is reversal warranted. Rush, 255 Ill. App. 3d
       at 362.
¶ 31       Kiswani and Kleppe argue a new trial is warranted as it was prejudiced when the trial court
       allowed plaintiff to violate the court’s orders on the motions in limine on three occasions: (1)
       during the testimony of Kiswani’s general manager Mohammad, (2) during plaintiff’s
       testimony and (3) during plaintiff’s closing argument.

¶ 32                                     A. Mohammad’s Testimony
¶ 33        Kiswani and Kleppe first argue the court erred by allowing plaintiff, over their objections
       and in violation of their motion in limine No. 7, to elicit testimony from Kiswani’s general
       manager Mohammad that (1) Kiswani owned approximately 15 trailers and leased another 10
       trailers and (2) Kiswani’s “gross sales were above 1 million” and it “made millions of dollars”
       over the course of its contract with Transfreight. We find no reversible error in the admission
       of this testimony.
¶ 34        Mohammad’s testimony regarding the number of trailers Kiswani owned and leased and
       the “millions” Kiswani earned under the Transfreight contract did violate the court’s order
       granting motion in limine No. 7, which explicitly barred mention of or inference regarding
       Kiswani’s revenues or size and “reference to the number of tractors it owns or leases.” It also
       could reasonably be understood to refer to Kiswani’s financial status. However, improper
       comments that also violate a motion in limine are not necessarily reversible error. Willaby v.
       Bendersky, 383 Ill. App. 3d 853, 862 (2008) (“ ‘Violation of a motion in limine is not per se
       reversible error.’ ” (quoting Magna Trust Co. v. Illinois Central R.R. Co., 313 Ill. App. 3d 375,
       395 (2000))). Although improper, a reference to a party’s corporate wealth does not require
       that the verdict be set aside if it appears that no actual prejudice resulted. Ruffiner v. Material
       Service Corp., 134 Ill. App. 3d 747, 758 (1985), rev’d on other grounds, 116 Ill. 2d 53 (1987).
       “On appeal, the question is not whether the trial was error free, but whether error occurred
       which prejudiced the appellant or unduly affected the outcome.” Id. at 758-59. The references
       to Kiswani’s revenues and truck fleet in Mohammad’s testimony do not rise to the level of
       reversible error.
¶ 35        Looking at the challenged testimony in context, Mohammad made the statements during
       questioning regarding the volume of business Kiswani did for Transfreight under the
       Transfreight-Kiswani agreement. He explained that, although the agreement provided Kiswani
       could do business with other companies, most of its work was for Transfreight, from which it
       earned “millions.” Although Mohammad’s testimony could lead the jury to speculate
       regarding Kiswani’s wealth, it was also relevant to the question of agency between
       Transfreight and Kiswani. The thrust of plaintiff’s questions to Mohammad was to show that
       the majority of Kiswani’s business came from Transfreight, leading to the inference that
       Transfreight had leverage and control over Kiswani. Control by the principal over an agent is

                                                    -8-
       the crux of any agency determination. 4 Therefore, Mohammad’s testimony was entirely
       relevant to one of the questions before the jury: whether Transfreight had the right to control
       Kiswani such that Kiswani was an agent of Transfreight. Further, the record shows plaintiff’s
       counsel did not improperly stress Kiswani’s financial condition during his questioning of
       Mohammad. His questions regarding the size of Kiswani’s fleet and the amount of business
       Kiswani did for Transfreight were not solely intended to demonstrate Kiswani’s wealth to the
       jury. Accordingly, we find the admission of this evidence did not seriously prejudice Kiswani
       and Kleppe.
¶ 36       Further, a trial court rules on a motion in limine before hearing the full evidence at trial that
       may justify admission or require exclusion of the evidence. People v. Drum, 321 Ill. App. 3d
1005, 1008 (2001). Therefore, the court’s ruling on a motion in limine is an interlocutory order
       and always subject to reconsideration during trial. Id. at 1008-09; People v. Hansen, 327 Ill.
       App. 3d 1012, 1027 (2002). “ ‘A court should make whatever correction or interpretation of an
       in limine order is necessary during the trial.’ ” Davis v. City of Chicago, 2014 IL App (1st)
122427, ¶ 93 (quoting Cunningham v. Millers General Insurance Co., 227 Ill. App. 3d 201,
       205 (1992)). Here, having heard the context of the questioning, the court overruled Kiswani
       and Kleppe’s objections to Mohammad’s testimony and allowed admission of this evidence.
       We find no error in the court’s admission of this evidence.

¶ 37                                      B. Plaintiff’s Testimony
¶ 38       Kiswani and Kleppe next argue the court erred in allowing plaintiff, over their objections
       and the court’s orders on their motion in limine No. 7 and Transfreight’s motion in limine No.
       12, to elicit testimony from plaintiff regarding the McHale’s financial status, specifically their
       “poverty” or “financial hardship.” For example, plaintiff was allowed to testify, over
       objections, that Stacey worked two jobs, McHale was unemployed, Stacey and plaintiff
       separated as a result of financial pressures in the relationship and, when they reunited,
       Christmas had been “lean as far as presents and stuff.” Kiswani and Kleppe claim plaintiff
       purposely elicited the testimony that Christmas was “lean” and “tough” in a direct play for
       sympathy from the jury for Stacey’s children. In Illinois, the wealth, poverty, health or
       helplessness of the beneficiary cannot be considered in determining the damages in an action
       for wrongful death. Exchange National Bank of Chicago v. Air Illinois, Inc., 167 Ill. App. 3d
1081, 1089 (1988). We find no error in the court’s admission of this testimony.
¶ 39       It is unquestionable that, standing alone, the challenged testimony might reasonably be
       understood to refer to the McHales’ financial status, i.e., their lack of financial resources or
       “poverty.” However, a review of the entire direct examination of plaintiff shows that plaintiff’s
       counsel did not ask the questions which elicited the challenged testimony in an effort to
       highlight the family’s financial status for the jury. Rather, counsel’s questions of plaintiff were
       directed to the relationship between Stacey and plaintiff, focusing on the fact that they almost

           4
             A principal is liable for the actions of an agent but generally not for the actions of an independent
       contractor, unless the independent contractor is also an agent. Lawlor v. North American Corp. of
       Illinois, 2012 IL 112530, ¶¶ 42-43. It is the principal’s right or duty to supervise and control the manner
       in which the agent performs his work (rather than its exercise of the right) which determines whether a
       principal-agent relationship exists. Powell v. Dean Foods Co., 2013 IL App (1st) 082513-B, ¶ 70;
       Lawlor, 2012 IL 112530, ¶ 44.

                                                       -9-
       divorced but reconciled and were very happy together. Plaintiff’s testimony that Christmas
       was “lean” after the reconciliation was peripheral to the central point of his testimony, which
       was that the McHale’s were so happy to be reunited that they did not care about the lack of
       presents that year, Stacey worked hard to support the family since plaintiff was unemployed
       and Stacey was the glue that held the family together. The challenged testimony showed the
       role Stacey played in the “happy” family and the economic and personal losses the family
       suffered as a result of Stacey’s death. Thus, the court did not err in allowing the admission of
       plaintiff’s testimony.
¶ 40        Moreover, the trial court gave the jury Illinois Pattern Jury Instruction 31.7, which
       expressly prohibits the jury in a wrongful death action from considering “[t]he poverty or
       wealth of the next of kin” in determining damages. Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, No.
       31.07 (2011) (hereinafter, IPI Civil (2011)). “The jury is presumed to follow the instructions
       given to it by the court.” People v. Fields, 135 Ill. 2d 18, 53 (1990). Therefore, even if
       plaintiff’s testimony improperly led the jury to speculate regarding the McHale’s financial
       status, the instruction cured any prejudice from that testimony.
¶ 41        Kiswani and Kleppe assert the court improperly allowed plaintiff to use the McHales’
       financial information as a shield and a sword when it allowed plaintiff to show the McHales
       suffered financial hardship but barred defendants from countering this information with
       evidence of a bankruptcy petition plaintiff had filed. The court had granted plaintiff’s motion
       in limine No. 15, barring introduction of or reference to the fact that plaintiff once filed
       bankruptcy or suffered financial hardship. Kiswani and Kleppe claim the bankruptcy petition
       would have showed the lean times were self-inflicted and the McHales “had brought on their
       own financial ruin” as Stacey had incurred huge debts well before plaintiff lost his job. As held
       above, plaintiff’s testimony regarding the McHales’ financial hardships was not improper
       evidence of their financial status but rather was evidence of the personal and economic losses
       the family suffered as a result of Stacey’s death. As plaintiff’s testimony regarding the
       McHales’ reduced financial circumstances was admissible for purposes other than to show
       financial hardship, there was no reason to allow Kiswani and Kleppe to introduce the
       bankruptcy petition to show the lean times were self-inflicted. The court did not err in granting
       plaintiff’s motion in limine barring introduction of the bankruptcy petition.
¶ 42        In sum, the court did not err in allowing admission of the challenged testimony and
       denying Kiswani and Kleppe’s motion for a new trial on this basis.

¶ 43                                       C. Closing Argument
¶ 44       Kiswani and Kleppe lastly argue “the final nail was put into the coffin” during plaintiff’s
       closing argument, when the court overruled Kiswani and Kleppe’s objection to the following
       statement:
               “Mr. Mohammad signed the contract and went to work for Transfreight. It was a pretty
               good living. He testified over the years that they had that contract with Transfreight,
               that there were millions of dollars.”
       There is no question this statement reasonably could be understood to refer to Kiswani’s
       financial status, specifically to its wealth. Reference to the parties’ financial condition is
       impermissible during closing argument. Thomas, 344 Ill. App. 3d at 1036. Further, the
       statement violated the motions in limine expressly prohibiting reference to or inference
       regarding the parties’ financial condition.

                                                  - 10 -
¶ 45       “An improper insinuation during closing argument that violates an in limine order can be
       the basis for a new trial.” Boren v. The BOC Group, Inc., 385 Ill. App. 3d 248, 257 (2008).
       However, improper comments during closing argument are not reversible error unless
       substantial prejudice is shown. LID Associates v. Dolan, 324 Ill. App. 3d 1047, 1065 (2001).
       Where the trial court sustains a timely objection and instructs the jury to disregard the improper
       comment, the court sufficiently cures any prejudice. Willaby, 383 Ill. App. 3d at 862.
¶ 46       Here, the court initially overruled Kiswani and Kleppe’s objection to the “millions of
       dollars” statement plaintiff made during his closing argument. However, immediately after the
       conclusion of plaintiff’s closing argument, the court addressed the jury as follows:
                    “Before we take a break, folks, a little housekeeping. Mr. Tobin [Kiswani and
               Kleppe’s counsel] made an objection and that’s sustained. You heard the Plaintiff refer
               to the financial status of Jay Mohammad and Kiswani Trucking. Although there’s some
               evidence Kiswani owned several trucks and had a few employees, I think he said five,
               any reference to millions of dollars or the wealth or poverty of any party is absolutely
               irrelevant and immaterial. You’re instructed to disregard the financial status of the
               Defendant or Plaintiffs [sic]. The wealth or poverty is absolutely irrelevant in this case.
               You are to put all parties on a level playing field and not allow any sympathy or
               prejudice one way or the other regarding that issue.” (Emphasis added.)
¶ 47       In other words, although the court initially overruled Kiswani and Kleppe’s objection to
       the “millions of dollars” closing statement, it shortly thereafter reversed its ruling and
       sustained the objection. It also immediately gave the jury a limiting instruction reflecting the
       rule that the wealth and poverty of the parties should not be considered. Again, “[t]he jury is
       presumed to follow the instructions given to it by the court.” Fields, 135 Ill. 2d at 53. “A circuit
       court’s instruction to disregard certain evidence can cure prejudice resulting from the jury’s
       exposure to that evidence.” Kim v. Evanston Hospital, 240 Ill. App. 3d 881, 891 (1992). Thus,
       by correctly admonishing the jury that wealth or poverty was absolutely irrelevant in the case
       and to disregard the financial status of the parties, the court cured any prejudice to Kiswani and
       Kleppe arising from the improper statement. Accordingly, the statement was not so harmful
       and prejudicial as to constitute reversible error.
¶ 48       In sum, we find no reversible error in (1) the admission of Mohammad’s testimony
       regarding Kiswani’s “millions” of dollars and the size of its trucking fleet, (2) the admission of
       plaintiff’s testimony regarding his family’s “lean” Christmas and the financial stress his family
       suffered due to his unemployment or (3) plaintiff’s counsel’s statement in closing argument
       that Kiswani had made a “pretty good living,” “millions of dollars.” The court did not err in
       denying Kiswani and Kleppe’s motion for a new trial on these bases.

¶ 49                II. TRANSFREIGHT’S APPEAL IN THE WRONGFUL DEATH ACTION
¶ 50       Transfreight argues the trial court erred in failing to grant its motion for (1) a judgment
       n.o.v. in the wrongful death action as it had no liability for Stacey’s death as a matter of law and
       the case should never have gone to the jury and (2) a new trial as the jury’s verdict was against
       the manifest weight of the evidence and the court committed assorted trial errors. For the
       following reasons, we find that the trial court did not err in denying Transfreight’s motions for
       judgment n.o.v. or a new trial.

                                                    - 11 -
¶ 51                              A. Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict
¶ 52        Transfreight first argues the court erred in denying its motion for a judgment n.o.v.. A court
       may enter a judgment n.o.v. only where “all of the evidence, when viewed in its aspect most
       favorable to the opponent, so overwhelmingly favors movant that no contrary verdict based on
       that evidence could ever stand.” Pedrick v. Peoria & Eastern R.R. Co., 37 Ill. 2d 494, 510
       (1967). A motion for a judgment n.o.v. presents “a question of law as to whether, when all of
       the evidence is considered, together with all reasonable inferences from it in its aspect most
       favorable to the plaintiffs, there is a total failure or lack of evidence to prove any necessary
       element of the plaintiffs’ case.” Merlo v. Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois, 381 Ill. 300,
       311 (1942). We review the court’s denial of Transfreight’s motion for judgment n.o.v. de novo.
       McClure v. Owens Corning Fiberglas Corp., 188 Ill. 2d 102, 132 (1999).
¶ 53        Transfreight asserts plaintiff presented no evidence to the jury establishing that either
       Kleppe or Kiswani was an agent of Transfreight and, therefore, plaintiff failed to show
       Transfreight was liable for Kleppe’s and/or Kiswani’s negligent acts or omissions under the
       doctrine of respondeat superior. Although a person injured by the tortious action of another
       must generally seek his or her remedy from the person who caused the injury, the
       principal-agent relationship is an exception to this rule. Lawlor v. North American Corp. of
       Illinois, 2012 IL 112530, ¶ 42. “ ‘Under the doctrine of respondeat superior, a principal may
       be held liable for the tortious actions of an agent which cause a plaintiff’s injury, even if the
       principal does not himself engage in any conduct in relation to the plaintiff.’ ” Id. (quoting
       Woods v. Cole, 181 Ill. 2d 512, 517 (1998)). An employer usually is not vicariously liable for
       the tortious actions of an independent contractor. Id. However, the fact that someone is an
       independent contractor does not bar the attachment of vicarious liability for the independent
       contractor’s actions if he or she is also an agent. Id. ¶ 43. The determination of whether a
       person is an agent or independent contractor rests upon the particular facts and circumstances
       of each case. Id. ¶ 44. “The burden of proving the existence and scope of an agency
       relationship is on the party seeking to impose liability on the principal.” Id.
¶ 54        Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, we find the evidence does not
       so overwhelmingly favor Transfreight that no contrary verdict could ever stand. In fact, as
       discussed in section II(B)(1), the jury’s verdict in favor of plaintiff and its finding that Kiswani
       or Kleppe was an agent of Transfreight at the time of the accident was not against the manifest
       weight of the evidence. Infra ¶¶ 60-71. The trial court did not err in denying Transfreight’s
       motion for judgment n.o.v.

¶ 55                                            B. New Trial
¶ 56       Transfreight argues that the trial court erred in denying its motion for a new trial. On a
       motion for a new trial, the trial court will set aside the jury verdict and order a new trial only if
       (1) the jury verdict is contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence or (2) serious and
       prejudicial errors were made at trial in the exclusion or admission of evidence. Favia v. Ford
       Motor Co., 381 Ill. App. 3d 809, 815-16 (2008). We will not reverse the trial court’s ruling on
       a motion for a new trial unless “it is affirmatively shown that it clearly abused its discretion.”
       Maple v. Gustafson, 151 Ill. 2d 445, 455 (1992).
¶ 57       Transfreight argues a new trial was warranted as the jury’s verdict was against the manifest
       weight of the evidence. It also argues the trial court committed prejudicial trial errors by (1)
       allowing into evidence Grill’s legal conclusions on the issue of agency, (2) allowing into

                                                    - 12 -
       evidence the contract between Transfreight and Toyota into evidence, (3) allowing into
       evidence Mohammad’s opinion testimony regarding agency, (4) allowing plaintiff to file a
       third amended complaint on the eve of trial, (5) allowing the verdict form which called for
       apportionment of the wrongful death damages, and (6) failing to submit Transfreight’s
       proposed instruction regarding Mohammad’s admission of agency to the jury. Transfreight
       lastly argues the accumulation of serious errors deprived it of a fair trial.
¶ 58        For the following reasons, we find the jury’s verdict was not against the manifest weight of
       the evidence and the alleged trial errors did not deny Transfreight a fair trial such that a new
       trial was warranted.

¶ 59                                 1. Manifest Weight of the Evidence
¶ 60       Transfreight argues the jury’s verdict finding Transfreight liable for Kiswani and Kleppe’s
       negligence was against the manifest weight of the evidence as the evidence pointed to a
       conclusion directly at odds with the evidence, showing that neither Kleppe nor Kiswani were
       Transfreight’s agents. “A verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence only where the
       opposite result is clearly evident or where the jury’s findings are unreasonable, arbitrary and
       not based upon any of the evidence.” Lawlor, 2012 IL 112530, ¶ 38. It is for the jury to weigh
       the evidence, determine the credibility of witnesses and resolve any conflicts in expert
       testimony and we cannot substitute our judgment for that of the jury in such determinations.
       Dabros v. Wang, 243 Ill. App. 3d 259, 264 (1993); Becht v. Palac, 317 Ill. App. 3d 1026, 1035
       (2000). The jury’s verdict in favor of plaintiff was not against the manifest weight of the
       evidence.
¶ 61       Kiswani and Kleppe admitted their liability for the accident and that Kleppe was the
       “employee/agent” of Kiswani. The jury found Transfreight liable for Kiswani and/or Kleppe’s
       negligence under the doctrine of respondeat superior, finding Kiswani or Kleppe was
       Transfreight’s agent at the time of the accident. Under the doctrine, a principal may be liable
       for the tortious actions of its agent. Lawlor, 2012 IL 112530, ¶ 42. An agency is a fiduciary
       relationship in which a principal has the right to control the manner in which the agent
       performs his work and the agent has the power to act on the principal’s behalf and subject the
       principal to liability. Saletech, LLC v. East Balt, Inc., 2014 IL App (1st) 132639, ¶¶ 14-15. In
       contrast, an independent contractor is not under the orders or control of the person for whom
       he/she does work. Lawlor, 2012 IL 112530, ¶ 43. Instead, an independent contractor seeks to
       produce a given result for that person and may use his own discretion in matters not otherwise
       specified and is not subject to the orders of the person for whom the work is done in respect to
       the details of the work. Id. Although a principal is not generally vicariously liable for the
       actions of an independent contractor, such liability may arise if the independent contractor is
       also an agent. Id. ¶¶ 42-43.
¶ 62       “[N]o precise formula exists for deciding when a person’s status as an independent
       contractor is negated.” Id. ¶ 44. “ ‘[T]he cardinal consideration is whether that person retains
       the right to control the manner of doing the work.’ ” Id. (quoting Petrovich v. Share Health
       Plan of Illinois, Inc., 188 Ill. 2d 17, 46 (1999)). It is the right or duty to supervise and control,
       not the exercise of the right, which determines whether a principal-agent relationship exists.
       Powell v. Dean Foods Co., 2013 IL App (1st) 082513-B, ¶ 70. In considering whether a person
       is an agent or an independent contractor, courts should also consider the following factors: “(1)
       the question of hiring; (2) the right to discharge; (3) the manner of direction of the servant; (4)

                                                    - 13 -
       the right to terminate the relationship; and (5) the character of the supervision of the work
       done.” Lawlor, 2012 IL 112530, ¶ 44.
¶ 63       The presence of one or more of these factors is “ ‘not necessarily conclusive’ ” of whether
       the person is an agent or an independent contractor. Id. ¶ 44 (quoting Petrovich, 188 Ill. 2d at
       47). Rather, the factors “ ‘merely serve as guides to resolving the primary question of whether
       the alleged agent is truly an independent contractor or is subject to control.’ ” Id. (quoting
       Petrovich, 188 Ill. 2d at 47). In addition to the above factors, courts can also consider the
       method of payment for the worker’s services, whether the employer provides the tools,
       materials or equipment for the worker, the level of skill required to perform the work and
       whether the employer deducts or pays for insurance, social security, and taxes on the
       employee’s behalf. Dowe v. Birmingham Steel Corp., 2011 IL App (1st) 091997, ¶ 30. “The
       burden of proving the existence and scope of an agency relationship is on the party seeking to
       impose liability on the principal.” Lawlor, 2012 IL 112530, ¶ 44.
¶ 64       Transfreight argues plaintiff submitted no evidence to support a finding that either Kleppe
       or Kiswani was its agent. It first asserts plaintiff submitted no evidence to establish
       Transfreight retained any right to control the manner in which Kleppe performed his work,
       specifically the manner in which he drove the tractor-trailer on the day of the accident. It
       claims, to the contrary, that the evidence showed the sole and exclusive control over the
       manner in which Kleppe performed his work rested with Kleppe’s coemployers Kiswani and
       W.D. and did not show any of the secondary factors in determining an agency relationship,
       specifically that Transfreight had the right to hire or discharge Kleppe or that it had provided
       him with the tools necessary to perform his work. Transfreight then asserts plaintiff submitted
       no evidence to the jury to establish Transfreight retained any right to control the methods
       Kiswani used to perform its obligations under the parties’ agreement. It claims, to the contrary,
       that the evidence showed Kiswani had the sole and exclusive control over the manner in which
       it fulfilled its contractual obligations to Transfreight. Specifically, it asserts the evidence
       showed Kiswani had the sole responsibility for any trailers in its possession and to ensure
       Department of Transportation compliance, to hire and train its drivers and to assign and
       remove its drivers from the Toyota routes. We find plaintiff met its burden to show that an
       agency relationship existed between Transfreight as the principal and Kiswani (and Kiswani’s
       own agent Kleppe) as the agent.
¶ 65       Transfreight is correct that the jury heard ample evidence showing Transfreight did not
       have the right to control Kleppe’s performance under the parties’ agreement. For example, the
       Transfreight-Kiswani agreement for transportation services provides Kiswani “shall have sole
       and exclusive control over the manner in which *** its employees and subcontractor(s)
       perform Transportation Services.” Kiswani admitted Kleppe was its employee. Kleppe
       testified he drove for Kiswani, was paid by W.D., received his instructions regarding how to
       pick up a trailer at the cross-dock and what route to run from Kiswani and drove tractors owned
       by W.D. Except for the time windows specified in the route for start and end times and vendor
       pickups, Kleppe was free to run the route as he chose, selecting the roads to take and when and
       where to stop to refuel. Kleppe stated Kiswani directed him on where to pick up the route
       specification envelope at the cross-dock and a Kiswani dispatcher dispatched him. He had
       never had person-to-person communication with anyone at Transfreight and received no
       instructions from Transfreight. Kiswani assigned Kleppe the routes and trained him on the
       cross-dock procedures such as where to pick up the paperwork packet for the route, filling out

                                                  - 14 -
       route reports and performing pre- and post-run inspections of the trailer. Kiswani provided
       Kleppe with the tractor, W.D. assigned him his team driver and Kleppe turned his completed
       driving logs in to Kiswani or W.D. Further, Napier, Transfreight’s trucking industry expert
       witness, testified Kleppe was an “employee” of Kiswani not Transfreight as defined in the
       Federal Transportation Safety Regulations applicable in the trucking industry.
¶ 66        The jury also heard evidence showing Transfreight did not have the right to control
       Kiswani. For example, the Transfreight-Kiswani agreement provided Kiswani’s provision of
       the transportation services would include, at Kiswani’s expense, provision “of the [necessary]
       facilities, equipment, materials, labor (including any overtime), related overhead and all other
       items.” Kiswani was to have “sole and exclusive control over the manner in which [it] and its
       employees and subcontractor(s) perform[ed] the Transportation Services” and could “engage
       and employ *** and subcontract” with any persons it deemed necessary, with the
       understanding that “such person(s) shall be considered to be solely the employees and
       subcontractor(s)” of Kiswani. Transfreight did not pay Kiswani a salary or hourly wage but
       rather paid it based on the per-mile bid Kiswani had made on each route. Mohammad,
       Kiswani’s general manager, testified Kiswani had the sole responsibility to hire or discharge
       drivers without Transfreight’s involvement and was free to do business with other companies.
       He stated Kiswani assigned a driver to a route, had sole responsibility for any trailer in its
       possession, had sole authority to move a driver off a route and operated its business without
       Transfreight’s interference.
¶ 67        Debra Fulkerson Soper, a longtime Transfreight employee, testified Toyota planned all its
       integrated routes and provided the routes to Transfreight, who would then provide the routes to
       its approved carriers for bidding.5 Soper testified Transfreight had three employees at the
       Bedford Park cross-dock but the Toyota Tsusho personnel at the cross-dock assigned the
       trailers to the various routes, prepared all the documents to be given to the driver of a route and
       placed the document packet in the “bin” for a driver to pick up at the start of his route. John
       Back, Transfreight’s former general manager of purchase transportation, testified the
       determination regarding window times and flow of parts through the Toyota delivery system
       was outside Transfreight’s knowledge and came directly from Toyota, which supplied
       Transfreight with the route specifications such as start and end times, supplier stops, supplier
       time windows and packaging requirements. He testified Transfreight required its
       subcontractors to report any delays while on a route only so that Transfreight could
       communicate this to Toyota, as it was required under its contract with Toyota to inform Toyota
       of any delays. Back testified under Transfreight’s agreement with Kiswani, Transfreight was
       to provide the trailers but Kiswani was to provide the tractors, tools and drivers and that
       Transfreight left it to the carriers and drivers to decide which roads to take on a route.
¶ 68        However, the jury also heard evidence from which it could determine that Transfreight did
       retain the right to control Kiswani’s manner of fulfilling the agreement and Kleppe’s conduct

           5
            Soper testified she had been the “contract manager” responsible for the “Toyota integrated routes”
       and had at one time been a service center manager at the Bedford Park cross-dock. She explained an
       integrated route provides for the pickup of goods from multiple plants on one truck, delivery by the
       truck of the goods to a cross-dock, separation of the goods at the cross-dock into other trucks and
       delivery of the sorted parts to a particular plant.

                                                     - 15 -
       in driving a route under the agreement. For example, the Transfreight-Toyota contract
       provided:
                “[Transfreight] shall have sole and exclusive control over the manner in which [it] and
                its employees and subcontractor(s) perform the Transportation Services, and [it] shall
                engage and employ such persons, and subcontract with person(s) approved by [Toyota]
                ***, it being understood and agreed that such person(s) shall be considered to be solely
                the employees or subcontractor(s) of [Transfreight].”
       It provided Transfreight was responsible for ensuring the Toyota routes were fulfilled
       according to the specifications in the contract by ensuring its subcontractor complied with all
       Toyota’s requirements. Back testified that, if a carrier violated any of its material obligations
       under the Transfreight-Kiswani agreement, Transfreight had the right to cancel the agreement.
¶ 69       Further, Grill, Transfreight’s trucking industry expert witness, testified that, under the
       Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations applicable in the trucking industry, a driver could
       have multiple employers and, under the regulations, Kleppe was the “employee” of both
       Kiswani and Transfreight. Kiswani general manager Mohammad testified it was his
       understanding that Kiswani was acting as an agent of Transfreight at the time of the accident
       and Kleppe became an employee of Kiswani pursuant to the federal regulations since he was
       working for Kiswani at the time of the accident. Mohammad stated Transfreight determined
       the route and time windows, whether a route was a solo or team run and which trailer to pick up
       at the cross-dock. He stated that, at the beginning of the Transfreight-Kiswani relationship,
       Transfreight required Kiswani to report its drivers’ progress within 15 minutes to an hour of
       the time window specified in a route. Although, over time, Transfreight “became looser” and
       only required a phone call when the driver left and returned to the cross-dock, Mohammad
       stated Transfreight could still require the multiple phone calls although it did not exercise this
       control. If a delay occurred on a route, Kiswani was to notify Transfreight. Mohammad
       testified Kiswani reported to Transfreight “all monthly performance indicators” so that
       Transfreight could track the percentage of times Kiswani was on time for its deliveries.
       Mohammad knew Kiswani’s business with Transfreight was in furtherance of Transfreight’s
       contract with Toyota but had not seen the Toyota contract and did not know Transfreight’s
       obligations thereunder. Mohammad also testified the scope of work appendix attached to the
       Transfreight-Kiswani agreement for transportation services made Kiswani responsible for the
       “just in time” pickup and delivery of auto parts to locations to be assigned by Transfreight.
       Kiswani was to follow the Toyota standards for loading, delivering and freight verification,
       track and follow a driver’s progress and report abnormal conditions to Transfreight.
¶ 70       The jury’s finding that Transfreight was liable for Kiswani and/or Kleppe’s actions under
       the doctrine of respondeat superior was neither unreasonable nor arbitrary. The jury heard
       days of conflicting testimony regarding the relationship between the parties and the factors to
       be considered in determining whether an agency relationship exists such as right to control,
       right to hire and fire, right to supervise and provision of tools and supplies. In part, it heard
       Grill testify Kleppe was an “employee” of Transfreight under the federal regulations and
       Napier testify Kleppe was not Transfreight’s employee under the regulations. It heard
       Mohammad testify that Kiswani was an agent of Transfreight and assorted other witnesses
       testify Kiswani was an independent contractor of Transfreight. The jury heard Mohammad
       testify Transfreight determined all the route specifications while Soper and Back testified
       Toyota designed the routes and gave them to Transfreight. It heard Mohammad testify that

                                                   - 16 -
       Transfreight set the procedures at the cross-dock while Soper testified the Toyota Tsusho
       personnel set the procedures and prepared the paperwork. The jury considered the
       Transfreight-Kiswani agreement, in which Kiswani agreed it was an independent contractor
       and had sole control over the manner in which its subcontractors ran the Toyota routes but in
       which the scope of work appendix set out the requirements for Kiswani’s performance in
       precise detail and arguably showed an entirely different relationship, that of an agent. It heard
       Mohammad testify he ran Kiswani without Transfreight’s interference but also heard
       Mohammad’s litany of the requirements set by Transfreight with which Kiswani needed to
       comply.
¶ 71       The jury was instructed in the common law of agency, weighed all the evidence,
       determined the credibility of the witnesses and resolved the conflicts in expert testimony in
       plaintiff’s favor, finding the evidence supported finding an agency relationship existed
       sufficient to impose liability on Transfreight for the accident under the doctrine of respondeat
       superior. We cannot substitute our judgment for that of the jury in such determinations.
       Dabros, 243 Ill. App. 3d at 264. The jury’s finding was based upon credible evidence showing
       Transfreight had the right to control the manner in which Kiswani and/or Kiswani’s admitted
       employee and agent Kleppe drove the Toyota route at the time of the accident. Its verdict was,
       therefore, not against the manifest weight of the evidence and the court did not err in denying
       the motion for a new trial on this basis.

¶ 72                             2. Admission of Grill’s Legal Conclusions
¶ 73       Transfreight argues it was denied a fair trial when the trial court allowed into evidence the
       testimony of Lew Grill, plaintiff’s retained trucking industry expert witness, that, under section
       390.5 of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (49 C.F.R. § 390.5 (2012)), Kleppe was
       an “employee” of Transfreight at the time of the accident. The court had denied Transfreight’s
       motion in limine No. 33 seeking to bar Grill from testifying to this opinion and overruled
       Transfreight’s objections to Grill’s testimony at trial.
¶ 74       The admission of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court and we will not
       reverse the trial court “ ‘unless that discretion was clearly abused.’ ” Calloway v. Bovis Lend
       Lease, Inc., 2013 IL App (1st) 112746, ¶ 82 (quoting Gill v. Foster, 157 Ill. 2d 304, 312-13
       (1993)). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s ruling is arbitrary, fanciful or
       unreasonable, or where no reasonable person would adopt the court’s view. Id. If the trial court
       did commit an abuse of discretion in admitting evidence, a new trial should be ordered only if
       the admission of evidence substantially prejudiced the aggrieved party and affected the
       outcome of the trial. Id. ¶ 126; Ramirez v. FCL Builders, Inc., 2014 IL App (1st) 123663,
       ¶ 198. The party seeking reversal bears the burden of showing such prejudice. Id.
¶ 75       Transfreight argues Grill’s testimony was inadmissible for four reasons: (1) section 390.5
       had no application to the issues presented at trial, (2) by allowing Grill to testify that section
       390.5 did apply, the court “usurp[ed]” its own role to construe a statute or administrative rule,
       (3) even if the regulation did apply to the facts of the case, the statutory definition of
       “employee” referenced in Grill’s testimony was irrelevant to the issue of common law agency
       and necessarily included “a category of persons who would, as a matter of law, lie outside the
       traditional concept of agent,” and (4) Grill’s testimony that Kleppe was “an agent” of
       Transfreight at the time of the accident was a legal conclusion on the ultimate issue in the case,

                                                   - 17 -
       thus improperly invading the province of the jury. We find no prejudicial error in the
       admission of Grill’s testimony.
¶ 76       First, Grill did not testify that Kleppe was Transfreight’s agent. He limited his testimony to
       stating Kleppe was an “employee” of Transfreight under the Federal Motor Carrier
       Regulations. Granted, under common law, an employee is generally an agent, however, Grill
       did not specifically testify to this.
¶ 77       Second, Grill’s opinions were not legal conclusions. “[E]xperts cannot offer legal
       conclusions that infringe on the jury’s duties.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Todd W.
       Musburger, Ltd. v. Meier, 394 Ill. App. 3d 781, 800 (2009). “ ‘[E]xpert testimony as to legal
       conclusions that will determine the outcome of the case is inadmissible.’ ” Id. (quoting Good
       Shepherd Manor Foundation, Inc. v. City of Momence, 323 F.3d 557, 564 (7th Cir. 2003)).
       Grill stated his opinions regarding the application of the Federal Motor Carrier Regulations to
       the facts of the case were based on “how we apply [the regulations] in the [trucking] industry.”
       He testified he based his opinions on his own education, experience and background, his
       knowledge of industry customs and practice and “how we apply [the regulations] for practical
       purposes.” Applying those regulations in order to define the roles of the parties, Grill
       concluded Transfreight was a “motor carrier” and “employer” at the time of the accident and
       Kleppe was its “employee.”
¶ 78       Expert testimony should be admitted if:
               “(1) the proffered expert has knowledge and qualifications uncommon to laypersons
               that distinguish him as an expert; (2) the expert’s testimony would help the jury
               understand an aspect of the evidence that it otherwise might not understand, without
               invading the province of the jury to determine credibility and assess the facts of the
               case; and (3) the expert’s testimony would reflect generally accepted scientific or
               technical principles.” People v. Simpkins, 297 Ill. App. 3d 668, 681 (1998).
       As the trial court stated in denying Transfreight’s renewed motion to bar Grill’s testimony,
       “[a]n industry expert can come in and talk about how [the regulations apply], not in a legal
       sense, but in an industry custom usage sense as to motor carriers under the federal regulations.”
       Grill, a trucking industry expert, provided the jury with his specialized knowledge regarding
       the relationship of the parties in the context of the trucking industry in which they operated. He
       did not state an opinion regarding the ultimate issue in the case, whether Kleppe was an agent
       of Transfreight. He did not opine that an “employee” under the regulations is an agent or an
       employee at common law. Grill merely determined that, under section 390.5 of the regulations,
       as a result of Transfreight’s ownership of the trailer involved in the accident, Transfreight was
       a “motor carrier” and thus the “ultimate employer” of “employee” Kleppe as understood in the
       trucking industry. Napier, Transfreight’s own trucking industry expert witness, similarly used
       his background and experience with trucking industry custom and practice to interpret the
       regulations in support of his determination that Kleppe was not an employee of Transfreight.
       Neither expert stated a legal conclusion.
¶ 79       Further, immediately before plaintiff’s counsel began his direct examination of Grill, the
       court gave the jury the following admonishment at Transfreight’s request:
               “[F]olks, when a witness uses terminology, and I’ve told you this before, that you are
               going to have to determine, issues of agency, employment and so on, he’s doing so only
               in a conventional sense of the words and is referring to them in a laymen’s common
               definition in the trade or industry that they claim expertise in.

                                                   - 18 -
                    In no way is a witness using any terms such as agent, employee and so on in a legal
                sense nor is he giving an opinion of the term from a legal standpoint. You will make the
                determination of those issues as to what is an agent or employee or other such issues at
                the end of this case and you will be given instructions of law and we will tell you some
                of that information.
                    Whether an individual is an agent or employee of another is for you to decide after
                the evidence at the end of the case and my instructions, I want you to hear this as well
                as Mr. Grill and make sure he understands it as well.”
       The court previously had given a similar admonishment during Mohammad’s testimony and
       subsequently repeated the admonishment a third time during Napier’s testimony. As a result,
       the jury had been reminded repeatedly that Grill’s opinions, as well as those of the other
       witnesses, were not legal conclusions and it was for the jury, not the witnesses, to decide
       whether Kleppe was an agent or employee of Transfreight. Any inference that Grill’s opinions
       were legal conclusions was cured by this repeated admonishment.
¶ 80       Third, Grill did not usurp the function of the court by his interpretation of the federal
       regulations. Transfreight asserts it is the role of the judge to construe a statute or administrative
       rule and, by allowing Grill to state legal conclusions, the court allowed him to usurp the court’s
       role. See Northern Illinois Automobile Wreckers & Rebuilders Ass’n v. Dixon, 75 Ill. 2d 53, 59
       (1979) (“[i]t is a court’s task to construe a statute or rule, if consistent with the legislative
       intent, in a manner compatible with constitutional limitations”); Mejia v. White GMC Trucks,
       Inc., 336 Ill. App. 3d 702, 707 (2002) (“[t]he meaning of federal regulations is a question of
       law, to be resolved by the court”).
¶ 81       “It is the duty of the trial court to decide the legal issues; while the role of the jury is to
       decide factual issues. The trial court instructs the jury as to the law and no expert can opine as
       to the law.” Todd W. Musburger, Ltd., 394 Ill. App. 3d at 800-01. However, as held above,
       Grill did not resolve issues of law or state legal conclusions. He applied the federal regulations
       to the facts of the case to define the roles of the parties in the trucking industry. He did not state
       Kleppe was an agent of Transfreight or perform a legal analysis of the regulation and did not
       usurp the court’s role by his testimony. There was no error in allowing Grill to apply the
       regulation to the facts of the case.
¶ 82       Fourth, assuming arguendo that Transfreight is correct that section 390.5 does not apply in
       the case, the admission of Grill’s testimony did not substantially prejudice Transfreight or
       affect the outcome of the trial as the jury heard contrary evidence from Napier, Transfreight’s
       trucking industry expert witness. Grill had told the jury that, pursuant to section 390.3 of the
       Federal Motor Carrier Regulations, the regulations applied to the case as, under the definitions
       in section 390.5, Transfreight was an “employer” at the time of the accident and Kleppe was
       Transfreight’s “employee.”6 He testified Transfreight was an “employer” under section 390.5
       as it was a “motor carrier,” a business engaged in interstate commerce that owned a
       commercial motor vehicle, specifically the trailer involved in the accident. Grill explained
       Kleppe met the section 390.5 definition of “employee” as he was the driver operating the
       commercial motor vehicle, the trailer, at the time of the accident. He told the jury a driver could

           6
            Section 390.3 provides the regulations apply to “all employers, employees, and commercial motor
       vehicles, which transport property or passengers in interstate commerce.” 49 C.F.R. § 390.3 (2012).

                                                    - 19 -
       have multiple employers under the regulation and, while Kiswani was Kleppe’s employer,
       Transfreight was Kleppe’s “ultimate employer.”
¶ 83        The jury then heard the opposite opinion from Napier, who told the jury the federal
       regulations did not apply to Transfreight as the section 390.5 definition of “employer” did not
       apply to Transfreight. Napier explained the definition applied only to firms transporting
       property, and Transfreight was not transporting property at the time of the accident. He told the
       jury section 390.3 applied only to motor carriers doing the physical driving of the commercial
       motor vehicle involved in an accident and here that was “only Kiswani,” the “motor carrier
       Kiswani driven by its employee driver Mr. Kleppe.” Contradicting Grill’s opinion, Napier
       stated Transfreight was not an “employer” under the regulations as, although it was certified as
       a motor carrier, it was not operating as a motor carrier in the transaction even though it owned
       the trailer, a commercial motor vehicle. Transfreight had executed a written “trailer
       interchange agreement” with Kiswani under which Kiswani assumed all liability arising from
       operation of the trailer, the commercial motor vehicle involved in the accident. It was Napier’s
       opinion that, as a result of this agreement, Kiswani had sole responsibility to operate the trailer
       and Kiswani, not Transfreight, was the “motor carrier” involved in the accident and the
       “employer” of Kleppe in the transaction. Napier pointed out that, although Grill had ample
       experience as a truck driver and owner of trucking schools, he, unlike Napier, had no
       experience in logistics and freight forwarding and did not understand the nuances of the
       regulations as applied to freight forwarders such as Transfreight.
¶ 84        The jury heard Grill’s and Napier’s completely contradictory opinions regarding whether
       the trucking industry regulations applied to the Transfreight such that Kleppe was an employee
       of Transfreight. If Grill was wrong that section 390.5 applied to Transfreight, his error was
       balanced by the “correct” opinion espoused by Napier, that section 390.5 did not apply to
       Transfreight. It was for the jury to decide which of the two conflicting trucking industry
       experts to credit and how much weight to give their testimony in making its final decision
       regarding agency. There was no prejudice to Transfreight if Grill was wrong in his
       interpretation of section 390.5.
¶ 85        Lastly, Transfreight argues the question of whether Kleppe was Transfreight’s “employee”
       under the federal regulations has nothing to do with the common law question at bar: whether
       Transfreight had the right to control the manner in which Kleppe performed his work. It asserts
       it was forced to put Napier on the stand to rebut Grill’s testimony and, thereby, to create a “trial
       within a trial on a wholly irrelevant issue,” the federal regulations, rather than focusing on
       whether Transfreight had the right to control the manner in which Kleppe hauled the freight.
       Grill testified that, in the case at bar, the ownership of the trailer determined the roles of the
       parties under the federal regulations which, in turn, defined the roles of the parties for the
       trucking industry. His expert testimony regarding how the trucking industry viewed the
       relationship between the parties was relevant to the jury’s understanding of that relationship,
       which lay at the core of the common law agency question before the jury. Accordingly, Grill’s
       testimony was relevant to the question before the jury.
¶ 86        The court did not err in allowing Grill’s testimony and Transfreight suffered no prejudice
       from its admission. The court, therefore, did not err in denying Transfreight’s motion for a new
       trial on this basis.

                                                    - 20 -
¶ 87                          3. Admission of the Transfreight-Toyota Contract
¶ 88        Transfreight argues it was severely prejudiced when the trial court, over Transfreight’s
       motion in limine and subsequent objections, allowed into evidence the contract between
       Transfreight and Toyota.7 It asserts the Transfreight-Toyota contract should not have been
       admitted as it is entirely irrelevant to the questions before the jury, specifically whether
       Transfreight had an agency relationship with either Kleppe or Kiswani, and the resulting
       prejudice to Transfreight compels reversal of the jury verdict and a new trial.
¶ 89        “ ‘The rule is stark and absolute: “Irrelevant evidence is not admissible.” ’ ” Ramirez, 2014
IL App (1st) 123663, ¶ 208 (quoting Downey v. Dunnington, 384 Ill. App. 3d 350, 387 (2008),
       quoting Maffett v. Bliss, 329 Ill. App. 3d 562, 574 (2002)). “ ‘ “[E]vidence is relevant if it has
       any tendency to make the existence of a fact that is of consequence to the determination of the
       action either more or less probable [than] it would be without the evidence.” ’ ” Id. (quoting In
       re Estate of Bitoy, 395 Ill. App. 3d 262, 277 (2009), quoting Downey, 384 Ill. App. 3d at 387).
       It is in the trial court’s discretion to admit or exclude evidence and we will not disturb its
       decision unless the court abused its discretion. Id. ¶ 198. Further, we will not reverse a verdict
       based upon the trial court’s evidentiary rulings unless the court’s error substantially prejudiced
       the aggrieved party and affected the outcome of the case. Id. We find the trial court did not
       abuse its discretion in allowing the admission of the Transfreight-Toyota contract as it was
       relevant to the question of agency between Transfreight and Kiswani and/or Kleppe.
¶ 90        Although the Transfreight-Toyota contract binds only the parties thereto and Kiswani was
       not a party to that contract, the contract is relevant to the question of agency between
       Transfreight and Kiswani as it set forth the control Transfreight agreed to maintain over its
       subcontractors in order to fulfill its obligations to Toyota under the contract. Specifically, in a
       section titled “control of transportation services,” the contract provided:
                “[Transfreight] shall have sole and exclusive control over the manner in which [it] and
                its employees and subcontractor(s) perform the Transportation Services, and [it] shall
                engage and employ such persons, and subcontract with person(s) approved by [Toyota]
                ***, it being understood and agreed that such person(s) shall be considered to be solely
                the employees or subcontractor(s) of [Transfreight].”
¶ 91        On its face, the Transfreight-Toyota contract shows that, although Transfreight could hire
       others to fulfill its transportation services obligations under the agreement, it was to retain
       control over how those transportation services were performed. This leads to the inference that,
       if Transfreight failed to retain full control of the manner in which its subcontractors performed
       the transportation services, then it would be in breach of the Toyota contract. Grill explained to
       the jury that, under the Toyota contract, Transfreight had the right to have other motor carriers
       pull the freight, but only as long as the other carriers were subcontractors to Transfreight “who
       would have sole and exclusive control over that truck and that driver,” i.e., over how the
       Toyota routes were run by the subcontractors. He testified that, in the trucking industry, “sole
       and exclusive control” of transportation services means the party with the control could not

           7
             The court had denied Transfreight’s motion in limine No. 19 seeking to exclude the contract as
       irrelevant to the question of whether Kleppe and Kiswani were agents of Transfreight. At trial, it
       overruled Transfreight’s objections to plaintiff’s questioning Transfreight’s general manager of
       outsource transportation John Back and plaintiff’s expert witness Grill regarding the contract and to
       plaintiff’s use of the contract in closing argument.

                                                    - 21 -
       delegate it and had to control the operations and ensure they ran correctly. Accordingly, the
       contract was relevant to the main issue the jury had to decide in the case against Transfreight,
       the question of Transfreight’s control over the manner in which its subcontractor Kiswani
       and/or Kiswani’s employee Kleppe ran the Toyota routes. The trial court did not abuse its
       discretion in allowing admission of the Transfreight-Toyota agreement and Transfreight
       suffered no prejudice from its admission.

¶ 92                         4. Admission of Mohammad’s Opinion Testimony
¶ 93       Transfreight argues its right to a fair trial was seriously impaired by the trial court’s
       admission of Kiswani general manager Mohammad’s testimony that, at the time of the
       accident, Kiswani was acting as an agent of Transfreight. The court had denied Transfreight’s
       motion in limine seeking to bar the testimony. At trial, Mohammad first testified at length
       regarding the numerous requirements Transfreight imposed on Kiswani under the parties’
       agreement, such as requiring phone reports at the start and end of a route and at every supplier
       stop, pre- and post-route truck inspections and specific cross-dock procedures. He then
       acknowledged he had “been in the trucking industry for sometime [sic] now” and stated, over
       Transfreight’s objection, that it was his “understanding” that, at the time of the accident,
       “Kiswani was acting as the agent of Transfreight.”
¶ 94       Transfreight argues the trial court abused its discretion in admitting this evidence as a lay
       witness should not be allowed to testify to a legal conclusion at issue, here the question
       whether Kiswani or Kleppe was an agent of Transfreight. It asserts that by allowing
       Mohammad’s testimony regarding the central legal issue in the case, the court invited the jury
       to allow Mohammad’s judgment of the issue to substitute for their own. Transfreight argues
       the error was compounded by “the sheer irrelevance” of Mohammad’s opinion on the issue, as
       a purported agent’s statement that he was acting as an agent for a purported principal does not
       substantively prove that an agency relationship existed. It asserts the error was further
       compounded by the fact that Mohammad’s testimony formed the only basis for liability under
       the claim that Kiswani was Transfreight’s agent, first raised in the third amended complaint
       filed on the eve of trial. It claims the jury “undoubtedly substituted Mohammad’s judgment on
       the issue for [its] own” as there was no other evidence to suggest an agency relationship
       between Transfreight and Kiswani.
¶ 95       “[A] lay witness should not be permitted to testify to a legal conclusion at issue ***.”
       Klingelhoets v. Charlton-Perrin, 2013 IL App (1st) 112412, ¶ 44. Nevertheless, “a lay witness
       can express an opinion on an issue in a cause if that opinion will assist the trier of fact.” Id.
       “Accordingly, as long as this opinion is based on the witness’s personal observation, is one that
       a person is generally capable of making, and is helpful to a clear understanding of an issue at
       hand, it may be permitted at trial.” Id.
¶ 96       The question of agency is not a legal conclusion. Rather, when, as here, there is some
       dispute as to the extent of the parties’ relationship, the existence and scope of an agency
       relationship are questions of fact for the jury to determine. Pantaleo v. Our Lady of the
       Resurrection Medical Center, 297 Ill. App. 3d 266, 277 (1998). Further, pursuant to Illinois
       Rule of Evidence 701 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011) (opinion testimony by lay witnesses) and Illinois Rule
       of Evidence 704 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011) (opinion on ultimate issue), laymen may testify regarding
       an ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact.

                                                  - 22 -
¶ 97        Mohammad was Kiswani’s general manager and had worked with Transfreight under the
        Transfreight-Kiswani agreement for years, since the inception of the contract. As a result, he
        was intimately familiar with the requirements Transfreight imposed on Kiswani under the
        agreement and the relationship between the parties. Mohammad’s opinion regarding the
        parameters of that relationship, his overall impression that Transfreight sufficiently controlled
        Kiswani such that Kiswani was Transfreight’s agent in the transaction, was valuable to the jury
        in understanding Transfreight’s right to control Kiswani. Accordingly, as Mohammad’s
        opinion that Kiswani was Transfreight’s agent was based on his extensive personal
        observation, was one he was amply capable of making and was helpful to the jury’s clear
        understanding of the alleged right to control between Transfreight and Kiswani, his opinion
        was permitted at trial. Klingelhoets, 2013 IL App (1st) 112412, ¶ 44.
¶ 98        Further, immediately after Mohammad made the challenged statement, the court gave the
        jury the following admonishment:
                     “When a witness or a lawyer in a situation like with Mr. Mohammad uses the term
                 employee or agent, words like that, in the testimony, he’s doing so only in a
                 conversational sense of the word, and he’s referring to a layman’s common definition.
                 In no way is a witness using the term in a legal sense, nor is he giving an opinion of the
                 term from a legal standpoint. Whether an individual is an agent or an employee of
                 another, well, that’s for you to decide at the end of this cases after you’ve heard all of
                 the evidence and my instructions. So that’s why learned counsel made that objection,
                 because I think he wanted to kind of remind me to let you know that.”
        By the admonishment, the court remediated any inference by the jury that Mohammad’s
        opinion that Kiswani was Transfreight’s agent was a legal conclusion. We disagree with
        Transfreight assertion that the admonishment is confusing and demonstrates the irrelevance of
        Mohammad’s layman’s opinion. Mohammad’s layman’s testimony regarding his personal
        observations of Kiswani’s role under the Transfreight-Kiswani agreement was relevant to the
        issue before the jury.
¶ 99        “It is equally well settled that where the existence of an agency is an issue in a case where
        the alleged principal is a party, the mere statements of the agent made out of the presence of the
        principal and not subsequently approved by him are not admissible to establish the existence of
        such relationship.” City of Evanston v. Piotrowicz, 20 Ill. 2d 512, 518-19 (1960). “But this
        principle which bars the admission of the agent’s statement is not to be confused with the rule
        which permits an alleged agent to be called as a witness for the purpose of establishing the
        existence of an agency.” Id. at 519. The court did not err in allowing Mohammad to testify that
        Kiswani was an agent of Transfreight and Transfreight suffered no prejudicial error from his
        testimony.

¶ 100                                     5. Third Amended Complaint
¶ 101        Transfreight argues the court erred in allowing plaintiff to file a third amended complaint
        on the eve of trial over Transfreight’s objections. It asserts the third amended complaint
        alleged for the first time in the litigation that Kiswani was an agent of Transfreight and thereby
        sought to hold Transfreight liable on the new theory that it was liable for Kiswani’s negligence
        under the doctrine of respondeat superior. In the second amended complaint, plaintiff’s theory
        of liability against Transfreight was solely that Kleppe was an agent of Transfreight.

                                                    - 23 -
¶ 102       Section 2-616(a) of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-616(a) (West
        2012)) provides amendments to pleadings may be allowed at any time prior to final judgment.8
        Loyola Academy v. S&S Roof Maintenance, Inc., 146 Ill. 2d 263, 273 (1992). Section 2-616(c)
        provides “[a] pleading may be amended at any time, before or after judgment, to conform the
        pleadings to the proofs.” 735 ILCS 5/2-616(c) (West 2012). The trial court has broad
        discretion in deciding motions to amend pleadings prior to entry of final judgment. Loyola
        Academy, 146 Ill. 2d at 273. We will not find that the court’s decision on a motion to amend is
        prejudicial error warranting a new trial unless there has been a manifest abuse of the court’s
        discretion. Id. at 273-74. In order to determine whether the trial court has abused its discretion
        in deciding a motion for leave to file an amended complaint, we look at the following four
        factors: “(1) whether the proposed amendment would cure the defective pleading; (2) whether
        other parties would sustain prejudice or surprise by virtue of the proposed amendment; (3)
        whether the proposed amendment is timely; and (4) whether previous opportunities to amend
        the pleading could be identified.” Id. at 273.
¶ 103       Transfreight argues application of each factor shows the court abused its discretion in
        allowing plaintiff to file the third amended complaint as: (a) the complaint did not cure any
        defective pleading and the parties had been proceeding on the second amended complaint for
        two years, (b) Transfreight sustained prejudice and surprise as a result of the proposed third
        amended complaint as it set forth an entirely new action against Transfreight based on
        Kiswani’s alleged agency, especially given that Kiswani admitted negligence, and (c) the third
        amended complaint was not timely, as plaintiff had 2½ years after the filing of the second
        amended complaint to file a third amended complaint and no newly discovered evidence
        changed plaintiff’s theory of the case. Transfreight asserts the trial court abused its discretion
        in allowing plaintiff to proceed on the third amended complaint as plaintiff’s filing the third
        amended complaint on the eve of trial was a “bait-and-switch, taken for no other reason than to
        prejudice” Transfreight and its ability to take discovery on the Transfreight-Kiswani agency
        relationship and prepare a trial defense or strategy on the new claim. We find that the trial court
        properly exercised its discretion in allowing plaintiff to file its third amended complaint.
¶ 104       The complaint did not cure a defective pleading. It did, however, as the trial court found in
        the hearing on the motion for leave to amend, conform the pleading to the proof, specifically to
        the evidence Mohammad would present by his testimony that Kiswani was an agent of
        Transfreight. Mohammad had testified in his discovery deposition that Kiswani was
        Transfreight’s agent and, given Kiswani’s and Kleppe’s recent admission that, as their counsel
        told the court, “Kleppe was the employee/agent of Kiswani,” plaintiff sought to conform its
        complaint to this proof. The motion for leave to amend was timely, as it was filed before entry
        of judgment and a pleading may be amended at any time before or after judgment to conform
        the pleadings to the proofs. 735 ILCS 5/2-616(c) (West 2012).

           8
            Section 616(a) provides:
           “At any time before final judgment amendments may be allowed on just and reasonable terms,
           introducing any party who ought to have been joined as plaintiff or defendant, dismissing any
           party, changing the cause of action or defense or adding new causes of action or defenses, and in
           any matter, either of form or substance, in any process, pleading, bill of particulars or proceedings,
           which may enable the plaintiff to sustain the claim for which it was intended to be brought or the
           defendant to make a defense or assert a cross claim.” 735 ILCS 5/616(a) (West 2012).

                                                      - 24 -
¶ 105       The record supports the trial court’s finding that defendants suffered no prejudice of
        surprise from the amended complaint as the factual allegations underlying the third amended
        complaint were the same as those Transfreight had been defending throughout the
        proceedings. Further, Transfreight declined the opportunity to conduct additional discovery to
        ameliorate any prejudice. After finding there was no prejudice to defendants from the amended
        complaint, the court told the defendants that, if they believed there was severe prejudice of
        surprise, they should “put it to” the court and it would consider allowing them “to voir dire any
        witness they wish to voir dire before they testify on this if they need to discover more.” Neither
        defendant accepted this offer. Transfreight cannot now complain of prejudice.
¶ 106       The third amended complaint was timely, conformed the pleading to the proof and caused
        no prejudice of surprise to Transfreight. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in allowing
        plaintiff to file the third amended complaint.

¶ 107                                          6. Verdict Form
¶ 108       Transfreight argues the trial court committed prejudicial error when, over Transfreight’s
        objection, it submitted to the jury a verdict form containing separate lines calling for
        apportionment of wrongful death damages to each beneficiary.9 It asserts section 2 of the
        Wrongful Death Act (740 ILCS 180/2 (West 2012)) provides for distribution of damages by
        the judge based on a certain statutory formula, and the court, by failing to apportion the
        damages itself, seriously prejudiced Transfreight’s right to a fair trial. Transfreight argues, by
        allowing the jury to determine the amount of damages suffered by each beneficiary through the
        use of the multi-lined verdict form, the form inflated the jury’s award as the form circumvented
        the “sticker shock” a jury faces when it must determine a single award. It asserts IPI Civil
        (2011) No. 45.04A, a verdict form for claims under the Wrongful Death Act that does not
        itemize the damages by beneficiary, should have been used in lieu of the form submitted to the
        jury.10

            9
             The trial court submitted to the jury a verdict form providing, in relevant part:
                 “We assess the total damages in the sum of $ _________ itemized as follows:
                 Loss of society to Steven McHale                               $_______
                 Loss of society to Steve McHale, Jr.                           $_______
                 Loss of society to Emily McHale                                $_______
                 Grief, sorrow and mental suffering to Steven McHale            $_______
                 Grief, sorrow and mental suffering to Steve McHale, Jr.        $_______
                 Grief, sorrow and mental suffering to Emily McHale             $_______
                 Loss of money goods and services to family                     $_______.”
        On the verdict form, the jury awarded $8 million in total damages, $1 million in each to plaintiff, Steve
        and Emily for loss of society, $ 1 million to plaintiff and $1.75 million each to Steve and Emily for
        grief, sorrow and mental suffering and $500,000 to the family for loss of money goods and services.
            10
               The IPI Civil (2011) No. 45.04A verdict form provides, in relevant part:
                 “First: We find that the total amount of damages suffered by the Estate of ___________,
            deceased, is $______, itemized as follows:
                 [Loss of money, benefits, goods and services]:                 $__________
                 [Grief, sorrow and mental suffering]:                          $__________

                                                       - 25 -
¶ 109       Plaintiff argues Transfreight’s objection to the verdict form is forfeited as it did not object
        to the verdict form during the instruction conference or tender a copy of the remedial verdict
        form to the court. “On appeal, a litigant waives the right to object to instructions or verdict
        forms that are given to a jury when the party fails to make a specific objection during the
        jury-instruction conference or when the form is read to the jury.” Compton v. Ubilluz, 353 Ill.
        App. 3d 863, 869 (2004). Further, “[e]ven if the litigant properly objects to an instruction or
        verdict form, the litigant must still submit a remedial instruction or verdict form to the trial
        court.” Id.
¶ 110       Transfreight’s objection to the verdict form is not forfeited. Although it did not object to
        the verdict form during the instruction conference, it raised the objection the next day, shortly
        before the court was to open court and read the instructions to the jury. Further, although it did
        not tender a paper copy of the IPI Civil (2011) No. 45.04A form to the court, the record shows
        the trial court would not have submitted IPI Civil (2011) No. 45.04A to the jury even if
        Transfreight had provided a copy. A party’s failure to tender a paper copy of a proposed
        instruction or verdict form is not a forfeiture if the record shows the trial court would not have
        submitted the instruction or verdict form even if it had been provided with a copy. See People
        v. Rosario, 166 Ill. App. 3d 383, 395 (1988) (failure to tender the proposed instruction did not
        result in forfeiture of the issue on appeal “since the trial court expressly stated that such an
        instruction would be refused even if formally tendered”); In re Estate of Payton, 79 Ill. App. 3d
732, 739 (1979) (respondent did not forfeit her objection to the petitioner’s verdict form by her
        failure to tender her proposed forms to the court; given the court’s “unequivocal decision” that
        it would not give separate verdict forms as the respondent requested, her tender of the proposed
        forms “would have been a futile endeavor”).
¶ 111       Here, Transfreight objected to the verdict form and argued IPI Civil (2011) No. 45.04A
        was the proper form, asserting there should only be single lines for each type of damages on a
        wrongful death verdict form and it was for the court, not the jury, to divide “who gets what
        from the estate.” Plaintiff responded there were multiple lines on the verdict form “because the
        defendants had made an issue as to Mr. McHale’s relationship with his wife that has nothing to
        do with the children” and, as a result, the children’s losses were different from plaintiff’s “and
        should be acknowledged as such by the jury on the verdict form.” The court agreed, telling
        Transfreight “[t]here was an issue put to the jury for separate consideration by the Defendants
        in this case that the loss of society as to the husband should be viewed differently than the
        children because of a divorce and other questions with regard to their relationship. Now you
        ask that it be done as to one item on the verdict form.” The court asked Transfreight for “a case
        on this that would enlighten the court other than what it reads in the IPI verdict form.” When
        Transfreight did not have one, the court informed the parties “I’m going to leave it as it was
        yesterday when we closed our conference and not alter the instructions substantively.” In short,
        the court considered the objection to the verdict form, found a basis existed for submitting that
        verdict form to the jury and thus denied the objection. Given this decision, the court would not

               [Loss of society] and [loss of sexual relations]:           $__________
               [(Other damages: insert from 30.04, 30.04.01,
               30.05, 30.05.01, 30.06, 30.07, 30.09
               or as applicable)]                                          $__________
               PLAINTIFF’S TOTAL DAMAGES                                   $__________.”

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        have submitted the IPI Civil (2011) No. 45.04A verdict form even if it had been tendered.
        Therefore, Transfreight’s failure to tender a copy of IPI Civil (2011) No. 45.04A to the court
        did not result in forfeiture of its objection.
¶ 112       The jury should not have received a verdict form providing for individual awards to each of
        Stacey’s survivors as it allowed the jury to apportion the wrongful death damages. Section 2 of
        the Wrongful Death Act provides for distribution of wrongful death damages by the judge, not
        the jury. Jones v. Chicago Osteopathic Hospital, 316 Ill. App. 3d 1121, 1137 (2000). It
        provides:
                     “The amount recovered in any such action shall be distributed by the court in which
                the cause is heard *** to each of the surviving spouse and next of kin of such deceased
                person in the proportion, as determined by the court, that the percentage of dependency
                of each such person upon the deceased person bears to the sum of the percentages of
                dependency of all such persons upon the deceased person.
                                                       ***
                     The trial judge shall conduct a hearing to determine the degree of dependency of
                each beneficiary upon the decedent. The trial judge shall calculate the amount of
                damages to be awarded each beneficiary, taking into account any reduction arising
                from either the decedent’s or the beneficiary’s contributory fault.” 740 ILCS 180/2
                (West 2012).
        “The statute clearly envisions a single jury award, with the judge who heard the case to
        distribute the money to the survivors based on a certain statutory formula.” Barry v.
        Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., 282 Ill. App. 3d 199, 205 (1996). Submitting the form to the
        jury was error.
¶ 113       Nevertheless, even though the jury should not have received the verdict form providing for
        individual awards to Stacey’s husband and children, use of the incorrect form does not warrant
        a new trial. We cannot know how the verdict form impacted the jury’s damage award.
        Transfreight argues that the form inflated the jury’s award by circumventing the “sticker
        shock” a jury faces when it must determine a single award, but this is pure speculation. Further,
        plaintiff requested $15 million in damages and the jury awarded only $8 million, slightly more
        than half the compensation sought. We therefore cannot conclude that use of the verdict form
        apportioning the damages between the survivors inflated the total wrongful death award.
        Accordingly, we find no support for Transfreight’s claim that it suffered prejudice by
        submission of the erroneous verdict form. See Jones, 316 Ill. App. 3d at 1137 (holding there
        was no support for claim of prejudice from verdict form that provided for individual awards as
        there was “no evidence the separate lines inflated the overall award, especially since, *** the
        amount[ ] awarded *** was significantly less than the amount requested” (following Barry,
282 Ill. App. 3d at 205 (holding no prejudice resulted from verdict form providing for
        individual awards to each survivor as “all [the court was] left with [was] speculation” since it
        could not “know how the jury determined the amounts it placed on the separate lines” and there
        was “no reason to conclude that the use of separate lines somehow inflated the total wrongful
        death award”))). The court’s submission of the verdict form to the jury was not prejudicial
        error warranting a new trial.

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¶ 114                            7. Transfreight’s Proposed Jury Instruction
¶ 115       Transfreight argues the trial court committed prejudicial error when it refused to submit to
        the jury Transfreight’s proposed instruction No. 42 regarding Kiswani general manager
        Mohammad’s testimony that, at the time of the accident, Kiswani was acting as Transfreight’s
        agent. Transfreight had tendered to the court the following instruction:
                     “You have heard testimony from an alleged agent with respect to his beliefs and
                 opinion regarding agency relationship. You may not consider this testimony when
                 deciding the agency issues in this case.
                     This evidence does not prove an agency relationship exists under Illinois law.”
¶ 116       The trial court has the discretion to grant or deny a jury instruction and we will not reverse
        a court’s decision unless, taken as a whole, the instructions did not fully, fairly and
        comprehensively inform the jury of the relevant legal principles, considering the instructions
        in their entirety. Leonardi v. Loyola University of Chicago, 168 Ill. 2d 83, 100 (1995); Sanders
        v. City of Chicago, 306 Ill. App. 3d 356, 364 (1999). “The test in determining the propriety of
        tendered instructions is whether the jury was fairly, fully, and comprehensively informed as to
        the relevant principles ***.” Leonardi, 168 Ill. 2d at 100. “ ‘As a general rule, a judgment will
        not be reversed where the jury instructions are faulty unless they mislead the jury and the
        complaining party suffered prejudice.’ ” Calloway, 2013 IL App (1st) 112746, ¶ 130 (quoting
        Hudson v. City of Chicago, 378 Ill. App. 3d 373, 403 (2007).
¶ 117       Transfreight asserts its proposed instruction No. 42 is a modified version of IPI Civil
        (2011) No. 3.08 based on Yugoslav-American Cultural Center, Inc. v. Parkway Bank & Trust
        Co., 289 Ill. App. 3d 728, 735 (1997), and Jones v. Beker, 260 Ill. App. 3d 481, 484-85 (1994),
        which stand for the rule that an alleged agent’s statement that he was acting as an agent for the
        purported principal does not substantively show the existence of an agency relationship. It
        argues the court’s failure to give the instruction prejudiced its right to a fair trial as the
        instruction would have placed Mohammad’s testimony regarding Kiswani’s agency
        relationship, which it asserts was improperly admitted, in a more appropriate context for the
        jury. Transfreight asserts that, by failing to give the instruction, the jury was left to rely on
        Mohammad’s belief of an agency relationship to determine the only liability issue before the
        jury. As held in section II(B)(4), Mohammad’s testimony was not improperly admitted and
        was not prejudicial as his testimony was not the only evidence of the agency relationship
        between Transfreight and Kiswani and did not form the only basis for liability on plaintiff’s
        claim that Kiswani was Transfreight’s agent. Supra ¶¶ 93-99. Accordingly, Transfreight
        suffered no prejudice from the court’s refusal to give instruction No. 42 and a new trial is not
        warranted on this basis.

¶ 118                                         8. Accumulation of Errors
¶ 119       Pointing to the “serious errors” addressed above, Transfreight argues the trial was “riddled
        with error” and it is entitled to a new trial as the accumulation of these errors deprived it of a
        fair trial. It asserts it is “very likely” the jury verdict would have been different if: (a) only the
        Transfreight-Kiswani contract had been discussed, (b) Grill had not been allowed to offer legal
        conclusions and create a trial-within-a-trial on the issue of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety
        Regulations, (c) Mohammad had not been allowed to testify on the ultimate issue, (d) the
        correct jury verdict form had been used, (e) the jury was instructed regarding Mohammad’s
        purported “admission” of agency and (f) the case had been tried on the second amended

                                                     - 28 -
        complaint. “ ‘A new trial is necessary when the cumulative effect of trial errors so deprives a
        party of a fair trial that the verdict might have been affected.’ ” Ramirez v. FCL Builders, Inc.,
        2014 IL App (1st) 123663, ¶ 225 (quoting Netto v. Goldenberg, 266 Ill. App. 3d 174, 184
        (1994)). However, as set forth supra, we found only a single error by the trial court and no
        prejudice to Transfreight from that error. Transfreight was not denied a fair trial.
¶ 120       In sum, as the jury’s verdict was not against the manifest weight of the evidence and
        Transfreight was not prejudiced by any trial court error, the trial court did not err in denying
        Transfreight’s motion for a new trial.

¶ 121                III. KISWANI’S APPEAL IN THE INDEMNIFICATION ACTION
¶ 122        Kiswani argues the court erred in denying its motion for a summary judgment or a directed
        verdict and in entering judgment in favor of Transfreight in Transfreight’s action seeking full
        indemnification from Kiswani. The evidence shows that Transfreight did not enforce the
        contract provision requiring Kiswani to maintain $5 million in both general liability and auto
        liability coverage and instead, by oral agreement, required Kiswani to maintain only $1 million
        each in general liability coverage and auto liability coverage. Kiswani argues its liability to
        Transfreight under the indemnification provision in the Transfreight-Kiswani agreement was
        not unlimited as, by modifying the contractual insurance requirement from $5 million to $1
        million, Transfreight also modified the contractual “save harmless” indemnification provision
        to cap indemnification at $1 million. Kiswani asserts, in the alternative, that Transfreight
        waived the indemnification provision by continuing to do business with Kiswani as an
        approved carrier even though Kiswani provided a certificate of insurance for only $1 million in
        insurance coverage.
¶ 123        Summary judgment is proper where there are no disputed questions of fact and the moving
        party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Kennedy v. Four Boys Labor Services, Inc., 279
Ill. App. 3d 361, 365 (1996). Where only the construction of a contract is at issue, “the legal
        effect and interpretation of the contract is a question of law, and summary judgment is proper.”
        Kennedy, Ryan, Monigal & Associates, Inc. v. Watkins, 242 Ill. App. 3d 289, 295 (1993). We
        review de novo the trial court’s denial of Kiswani’s motion for summary judgment. Kennedy,
279 Ill. App. 3d at 366. We also review de novo the trial court’s denial of Kiswani’s motion for
        a directed verdict. Lawlor, 2012 IL 112530, ¶ 37. A motion for a directed verdict should be
        granted only where all of the evidence, when viewed in its aspect most favorable to the
        opponent, so overwhelmingly favors the movant that no contrary verdict based on that
        evidence could ever stand. Id.
¶ 124        Pursuant to the Transfreight-Kiswani agreement, matters arising under the agreement are
        to be decided by the law of either Kentucky or the Canadian province of Ontario. As the trial
        court and the parties applied Kentucky law rather than Ontario law in deciding the
        indemnification issue, we presume this was by agreement of the parties and will apply
        Kentucky law to our interpretation of the contract. “The primary object in construing a contract
        *** is to effectuate the intentions of the parties.” Cantrell Supply, Inc. v. Liberty Mutual
        Insurance Co., 94 S.W.3d 381, 384 (Ky. Ct. App. 2002). Agreements must be construed as a
        whole, giving weight to all of the parts and every word contained therein. Id. at 384-85. If an
        agreement is ambiguous or silent on a particular matter, the court may consider extrinsic
        evidence regarding the circumstances and the execution of the agreement. Id. at 385. However,
        if there is no ambiguity in the agreement, the intentions of the parties must be derived from the

                                                    - 29 -
        four corners of the agreement without the use of extrinsic evidence. Id. “The fact that one party
        may have intended different results, however, is insufficient to construe a contract at variance
        with its plain and unambiguous terms.” Id.
¶ 125       Under Kentucky law, the oral modification of an agreement is allowed even when the
        agreement requires that any modification must be in writing. Glass v. Bryant, 194 S.W.2d 390,
        391 (Ky. Ct. App. 1946). The party claiming that a written agreement was orally modified
        bears the burden to show the oral modification by “clear and convincing evidence.” (Internal
        quotation marks omitted.) Id. at 393; Cassinelli v. Stacy, 38 S.W.2d 980, 983 (Ky. Ct. App.
        1931). “Clear and convincing” in this context “means that the evidence in support of the oral
        agreement is not vague, ambiguous or contradictory, and comes from a credible source.”
        Glass, 194 S.W.2d at 393. The evidence need not be established beyond a reasonable doubt or
        be uncontradicted. Id. Rather, “ ‘[i]t is sufficient if there is proof of a probative and substantial
        nature carrying the weight of evidence sufficient to convince ordinarily prudent minded
        people.’ ” Id. (quoting Rowland v. Holt, 70 S.W.2d 5, 9 (Ky. Ct. App. 1934)). If evidence of
        the oral modification is not clear and convincing, the written agreement stands. Id. at 391.
¶ 126       It is uncontested that Transfreight orally amended the insurance requirement in its
        agreement with Kiswani. Back, Transfreight’s general manager of purchase transportation at
        the time the Transfreight-Kiswani agreement was executed, testified in his evidence deposition
        that Transfreight determined sometime in 2006 that the contract provision requiring its carriers
        to maintain $5 million in both general and auto coverage was too onerous and it would require
        its carriers to carry only $1 million in both general liability and auto liability, as was the
        industry standard. Back testified he or someone in his department informed Kiswani of this
        modification and Kiswani complied with it. Although the agreement between Transfreight and
        Kiswani required that any modification of the agreement must be “in writing signed by the
        parties,” it is uncontested that the oral modification reducing the insurance requirement from
        $5 million to $1 million each for general and auto liability was valid. Further, Back’s probative
        and substantial testimony regarding the oral modification of the insurance requirement is clear
        and convincing evidence of the modification, showing Transfreight communicated the
        modified insurance requirement to Kiswani and Kiswani complied with it.
¶ 127       Kiswani argues Back’s testimony also presents clear and convincing evidence that the
        indemnification provision in the agreement was modified to cap Kiswani’s potential liability at
        $1 million. Under the written indemnification provision in the agreement, Kiswani “agree[d]
        to indemnify and save harmless Transfreight *** from any and all claims,” i.e., Kiswani
        agreed to accept unlimited liability. Pointing to the following colloquy during Back’s evidence
        deposition, Kiswani asserts Back specifically testified that Kiswani was only required to
        provide Transfreight indemnification up to $1 million:
                     “Q. (Counsel for Kiswani): So *** after this agreement was entered into and during
                the days between February 5, 2009, in February of 2010, the requirements were to have
                one $1,000,000 of insurance in place in order to indemnify Transfreight for any type of
                lost [sic], is that correct?
                     A. (John Back): One million auto and one million general, that’s correct.
                     Q. And that’s in case a person brought a claim against Transfreight, is that correct?
                     A. Correct.

                                                     - 30 -
                     Q. All right. *** one more question in that area. And it was the change in that
                 contract was something that Transfreight decided to do of its own accord, is that
                 correct?
                     A. Yes.
                     Q. And that would apply to all the terms within the contract that there would be a
                 million dollars to indemnify Transfreight solely, correct?
                     A. Yes.”
¶ 128       Kiswani asserts Back’s above-quoted testimony “set the limits of indemnification to
        Transfreight in case of an accident” and demonstrated the oral modification of the
        indemnification terms by Transfreight. We disagree. Back’s testimony shows his
        understanding that the modified insurance requirement was intended by Transfreight to
        provide $1 million each in general and auto liability insurance coverage which Kiswani would
        have available to indemnify Transfreight. Back did not testify, in this colloquy or anywhere
        else in his 92-page evidence deposition, that $1 million was to be the extent of that
        indemnification or that the intent of modifying the insurance requirement was to
        concomitantly cap the indemnification requirement at the $1 million.
¶ 129       Although the insurance provision in the agreement limits the amount of insurance Kiswani
        is required to carry, the indemnification provision does not similarly limit the extent of
        Kiswani’s potential liability as it provides, without restriction, that Kiswani will hold
        Transfreight “harmless.” Further, the agreement does not condition the indemnification
        provision on the insurance requirement. In fact, the insurance provision states: “[t]he purchase
        of such insurance coverage *** shall not be deemed to satisfy [Kiswani’s] liability as set forth
        herein or in any way modify [Kiswani’s] obligation to indemnify Transfreight or its Affiliates
        hereunder.” In other words, under the insurance provision, Kiswani specifically agreed that its
        potential liability under the indemnification provision would not be affected in any way by the
        amount of insurance it was required to purchase under the agreement. Back’s testimony does
        not show otherwise. Moreover, Kiswani presented no evidence or argument that anyone at
        Transfreight informed Kiswani that the indemnification provision was modified to cap
        indemnity at $1 million.
¶ 130       Kiswani argues “[i]t makes no sense that the insurance requirements would be lowered for
        an accident and subcontractors told *** of the lower limit but then there would be complete
        indemnification for an accident.” However, nothing in the parties’ written agreement or verbal
        modification of the insurance requirement somehow placed the burden on Transfreight to
        ensure Kiswani could meet its obligation under the indemnification provision. In that
        provision, Kiswani agreed to hold Transfreight harmless without limitation. In order to protect
        Kiswani’s business entity, it was for Kiswani, not Transfreight, to ensure Kiswani had
        sufficient resources, whether through insurance or other means, to cover the potentially
        unlimited loss it had agreed to indemnify. Transfreight’s insurance requirement ultimately
        provided Kiswani would have $1 million in coverage for an indemnified loss. We find that the
        amount of insurance Transfreight required Kiswani to carry was unrelated to the amount of
        liability to which Kiswani might be subjected pursuant to the unlimited liability provision.
¶ 131       Kiswani argues that the trial court erred in ruling against its affirmative defense that
        Transfreight waived the indemnification provision when it continued to engage in business
        with Kiswani despite the fact that Kiswani provided only $1 million in general and auto
        liability insurance. “Waiver is the intentional relinquishment of a known right. It may be

                                                   - 31 -
        implied from conduct inconsistent with the assertion of that right.” FS Investments, Inc. v.
        Asset Guaranty Insurance Co., 196 F. Supp. 2d 491, 505 (E.D. Ky. 2002). Under Kentucky
        law, “[a] party may waive or relinquish rights to which he is entitled under a contract, and
        having done so may not reverse his position to the prejudice of another party to the contract.”
        Stamper v. Ford’s Adm’x, 260 S.W.2d 942, 943 (Ky. Ct. App. 1953).
¶ 132       Transfreight did not waive performance of the indemnification provision. First, the parties’
        agreement specifically provided that (1) a waiver of a breach of any provision in the agreement
        would not constitute the waiver of any other breach of the agreement and (2) Transfreight’s
        failure to require strict performance of any term in the agreement would not be deemed a
        waiver of Transfreight’s rights under the agreement. Second, Kiswani presented no evidence
        that Transfreight acted in a manner inconsistent with its enforcement of the indemnification
        provision. As held above, Transfreight’s reduction of its insurance requirement from $5
        million each to $1 million each for general liability and auto liability was a valid oral
        modification of the insurance provision in the parties’ agreement that did not impact the
        indemnification provision. Throughout the years Kiswani did business with Transfreight, it
        consistently complied with the insurance provision, maintaining the required $1 million in
        insurance coverages and naming Transfreight as an additional insured on the policies. As
        Kiswani was in compliance with the insurance provision and the insurance provision had no
        impact on the indemnification provision, Transfreight did not waive enforcement of either
        provision when it continued to do business with Kiswani. Further, as required by the
        agreement, Transfreight sent Kiswani a letter seeking indemnification as soon as it was named
        in plaintiff’s action and it sought enforcement of the indemnification provision at trial.
        Transfreight did not waive enforcement of the indemnification provision.
¶ 133       As the agreement shows Kiswani’s liability under the indemnification provision is not
        affected by the modification in the insurance requirement and Back’s testimony does not
        support Kiswani’s assertion that its liability under the agreement was to be capped at $1
        million, the court did not err in denying Kiswani’s motion for summary judgment or a directed
        verdict in the indemnification action and entering judgment in favor of Transfreight.

¶ 134                                         CONCLUSION
¶ 135       For the reasons stated above, we affirm the orders of the trial court entering judgment on
        the jury verdict in favor of plaintiff in the wrongful death action and judgment in favor of
        Transfreight on its third-party indemnification action.

¶ 136      Affirmed.

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