Court Opinion

ID: 4396790
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-05-15 14:49:39.739559+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:52:11.585957
License: Public Domain

In The
              Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

                  No. 06-18-00096-CV

             VICTOR ANTOLIK, Appellant

                           V.

              DENNIS ANTOLIK, Appellee

         On Appeal from the 345th District Court
                 Travis County, Texas
          Trial Court No. D-1-GN-17-000655

      Before Morriss, C.J., Burgess and Stevens, JJ.
      Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss
                                      MEMORANDUM OPINION
         Victor Antolik and his brother, Dennis, settled several lawsuits with Garrett Jennings for

$1.4 million, with the brothers agreeing to split the settlement proceeds. Under the brothers’ oral

agreement, Dennis was to receive $600,000.00, $200,000.00 of which he received. When Victor

failed to pay him the $400,000.00 balance, Dennis filed this suit alleging that Victor breached their

oral contract. After a bench trial, the 354th Judicial District Court of Travis County 1 entered

judgment in favor of Dennis for $250,000.00 and awarded him attorney fees. 2

         In this pro se appeal, Victor complains that the statute of frauds precludes Dennis’

recovery, the trial court abused its discretion by admitting an allegedly confidential document, the

trial court committed several errors in its evidentiary rulings, the trial court abused its discretion

1
 Originally appealed to the Third Court of Appeals, this case was transferred to this Court by the Texas Supreme Court
pursuant to its docket equalization efforts. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (West 2013). We are unaware of
any conflict between precedent of the Third Court of Appeals and that of this Court on any relevant issue. See TEX.
R. APP. P. 41.3.
2
 In its findings of fact, the trial court found that, during the course of the bankruptcy proceedings of Cheval Manor,
LLC (Cheval), an entity owned by Dennis, certain real property on which Cheval conducted business was sold to
Victory Cheval Holdings, LLC (Victory Cheval), an entity owned by Victor and Garrett Jennings. The trial court
entered a number of unchallenged findings of fact, which are supported by the evidence. See In re E.R.C., 496 S.W.3d
270, 288 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2016, pet. denied) (“Unchallenged findings of fact are binding unless there is no
evidence to support the finding or the contrary is established as a matter of law.” McElwrath v. McElwrath, No. 03-
14-00487-CV, 2016 WL 1566624, at *1 (Tex. App.—Austin Apr. 13, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing McGalliard
v. Kuhlmann, 722 S.W.2d 694, 696 (Tex. 1986))).
           Dennis was to receive a lease back on the property to continue equine activities. After disputes arose among
these parties, Victory Cheval, Jennings, Victor, and Dennis asserted claims against each other in an action filed in a
Travis County district court, and a separate action was filed by Victory Cheval to evict Dennis and Victor from the
property (the Victory Cheval Lawsuits).
           All the parties ultimately agreed to settle the Victory Cheval Lawsuits. The settlement was structured as a
purchase of Victor’s interest in Victory Cheval by Jennings for $1.4 million, with Dennis releasing all claims against
Jennings and Victory Cheval (the Settlement). The Settlement was documented in a mediation agreement and an
escrow agreement, both of which were signed by Victor and Dennis in late December 2015. Victor and Dennis agreed
to split the proceeds of the Settlement, with Dennis to receive $600,000.00, but their agreement was not reduced to
writing. Victor paid Dennis some amounts of money, including a $200,000.00 payment. Separately, Victor, who is
currently incarcerated for tax fraud, represented in a pre-sentencing disclosure of assets that he owed Dennis
$250,000.00.

                                                          2
by denying Victor’s motion for continuance, and one of the documents admitted into evidence was

fraudulent. Because we find that (1) the statute of frauds does not bar Dennis’ recovery,

(2) admitting the allegedly confidential document was not an abuse of discretion, (3) denying

Victor’s motion for continuance was not an abuse of discretion, and (4) Victor’s evidentiary

complaints and his complaint regarding the allegedly fraudulent document were not preserved, we

will affirm the trial court’s judgment.

(1)      The Statute of Frauds Does Not Bar Dennis’ Recovery

         Victor challenges the trial court’s finding that the agreement was performable within one

year and its conclusion that the oral agreement was not within the statute of frauds. 3 Within this

issue, Victor argues that the time for the performance of the contract was too indefinite to be

binding, 4 and if there was an agreement, certain testimony of Dennis shows that it was not to be

completed within one year of its making.

         In reviewing a trial court’s conclusions of law, we determine whether the trial court

correctly applied the law to the facts. BMC Software Belgium, NV v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789,

3
 The parties disputed whether the statute of frauds was tried by consent. When the trial began, Victor’s live pleadings
did not assert the statute of frauds as an affirmative defense. During Dennis’ rebuttal testimony, Victor elicited
testimony, without objection, regarding when the agreement was formed and when the final payment by Victor was
due. At the conclusion of the evidence, Victor moved for directed verdict, arguing that the statute of frauds barred the
agreement since it could not be completed within one year. Dennis only argued that Victor’s partial performance was
sufficient to remove the agreement from the statute of frauds. Post-trial, Victor filed a motion to amend his answer to
include, inter alia, a statute of frauds affirmative defense. Although the trial court entered a finding that the statute of
frauds was not tried by consent, it also entered a finding that the agreement was performable within one year and
concluded that the agreement was not within the statute of frauds. Based on this record, we find that the statute of
frauds defense was before the trial court and tried by consent. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 67.
4
 It is unclear whether Victor argues on appeal that other terms of the contract were also indefinite. However, at trial,
he only argued that the time for repayment was indefinite. Consequently, by not arguing the indefiniteness of any
other terms at trial, he has not preserved any complaint regarding them for our consideration. See TEX. R. APP. P.
33.1(a).
                                                             3
794 (Tex. 2002); Monasco v. Gilmer Boating & Fishing Club, 339 S.W.3d 828, 834 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2011, no pet.). We review conclusions of law de novo. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d at 794;

Monasco, 339 S.W.3d at 834.

       Victor does not state whether he challenges the legal or factual sufficiency of the trial

court’s finding that the agreement was performable within one year. Therefore, we will review it

as a challenge to both. We conduct a “legal and factual sufficiency review of a trial court’s findings

by the same standards applied when reviewing evidence supporting a jury’s verdict.” Monasco,
339 S.W.3d at 830 (citing Catalina v. Blasdel, 881 S.W.2d 295, 297 (Tex. 1994)).

       A party who challenges the legal sufficiency of a trial court’s adverse finding on an issue

on which the party has the burden of proof “must demonstrate on appeal that the evidence

establishes, as a matter of law, all vital facts in support of the issue.” Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis,

46 S.W.3d 237, 241 (Tex. 2001) (citing Sterner v. Marathon Oil Co., 767 S.W.2d 686, 690 (Tex.

1989)). To make this determination, we “first examine the record for evidence that supports the

finding, while ignoring all evidence to the contrary.” Bowman v. Davidson, No. 06-14-00094-CV,

2015 WL 3988675, at *1 (Tex. App.—Texarkana July 1, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.) (quoting

Francis, 46 S.W.3d at 241). If the adverse finding is not supported by any evidence, we “then

examine the entire record to determine if the contrary proposition is established as a matter of

law.” Id. (quoting Francis, 46 S.W.3d at 241). We will sustain the issue “only if the contrary

proposition is conclusively established.”      Francis, 46 S.W.3d at 241 (citing Croucher v.

Croucher, 660 S.W.2d 55, 58 (Tex. 1983)).

                                                  4
        If the party challenges the factual sufficiency of the evidence on such an issue, he or she

“must demonstrate on appeal that the adverse finding is against the great weight and preponderance

of the evidence.” Id. at 242 (citing Croucher, 660 S.W.2d at 58). In our review, we “consider

and weigh all of the evidence, and [we] set aside a verdict only if the evidence is so weak or if the

finding is so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence that it is clearly wrong

and unjust.” Id. (citing Pool v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 635 (Tex. 1986), overruled on

other grounds by Crown Life Ins. Co. v. Casteel, 22 S.W.3d 378, 388 (Tex. 2000)).

        In our review, we must credit evidence favorable to the finding if a reasonable fact-finder

could and disregard contrary evidence unless a reasonable fact-finder could not. Hampden Corp.

v. Remark, Inc., No. 05-13-00529-CV, 2014 WL 2921655, at *6 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 25,

2014, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (citing City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005)).

In a bench trial, the trial court, as the fact-finder, alone decides the credibility of the witnesses and

the weight of their testimony. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 819 (Tex. 2005). As sole

arbiter of a witness’ demeanor and credibility, the trial court may believe all, part, or none of a

witness’ testimony. In re E.M., No. 06-17-00083-CV, 2017 WL 5586633, at *2 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana Nov. 21, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex.

2006) (per curiam)). We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment and

presume the trial court resolved all conflicts in the evidence in support of the judgment. Wilson,
168 S.W.3d at 820.

                                                   5
         As applicable to this case, 5 the statute of frauds renders an oral agreement unenforceable

if it cannot be performed within one year from the date of making the agreement. Monasco, 339
S.W.3d at 838 (citing TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 26.01(a), (b)(6) (West 2015); Niday v.

Niday, 643 S.W.2d 919, 920 (Tex. 1982) (per curiam)). Whether an agreement is within the statute

of frauds is a question of law. Id. (citing Beverick v. Koch Power, Inc., 186 S.W.3d 145, 149 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied)). “[W]here the parties do not fix the time of

performance and the agreement itself does not indicate that it cannot be performed within one year,

the contract does not violate the statute.” Niday, 643 S.W.2d at 920 (per curiam) (citing Miller v.

Riata Cadillac Co., 517 S.W.2d 773 (Tex. 1974)). In that situation, the duration of the agreement

may be implied from extrinsic evidence. Id. Only if that evidence shows that the agreement cannot

be performed within one year will the agreement violate the statute of frauds. Id. “The fact that

the entire performance within one year is not required or expected will not bring an agreement

within the statute.” Monasco, 339 S.W.3d at 838 (citing Niday, 643 S.W.2d at 920); Walker v.

Tafralian, 107 S.W.3d 665, 668–69 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. denied).

         At trial, Dennis testified that, in the underlying lawsuits, he asserted claims against

Jennings and Victory Cheval for damages. These lawsuits were eventually settled by Victor selling

his shares of Victory Cheval to Jennings and Dennis relinquishing his claims against Jennings and

5
 On appeal, Victor also argues that the oral agreement was within the statute of frauds because it was either a contract
for the sale of real estate, a lease of real estate, or a loan agreement exceeding $50,000.00 See TEX. BUS. & COM.
CODE ANN. §§ 26.01(a), (b)(4), (5), 26.02(b) (West 2015). However, Victor did not request additional or amended
findings of fact relating to these issues after the trial court entered its original findings of fact that did not include
findings on these issues. As a result, Victor has forfeited his complaints related to these issues. Estate of Gibson,
No. 06-17-00059-CV, 2017 WL 4799013, at *4 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Oct. 25, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing
Friend v. Friend, No. 02-15-00166-CV, 2016 WL 7240596, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Dec. 15, 2016, no
pet.) (mem. op.); Villalpando v. Villalpando, 480 S.W.3d 801, 810 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.)).
                                                            6
Victory Cheval. The mediation agreement in the Victory Cheval Lawsuits provided that Jennings

would pay Victor and Dennis $1.4 million in exchange for Victor’s membership shares of Victory

Cheval and Victor and Dennis relinquishing their claims against Jennings and Victory Cheval and

vacating the leased property. It also provided that the $1.4 million was payable to Victor and

Dennis by $750,000.00 in cash and the delivery of a promissory note for $650,000.00 that provided

for $45,000.00 payments on the 90th, 180th, and 270th days after execution of the promissory note

and the remainder of the principal and interest one year after execution of the promissory note.

       Dennis testified that the settlement of the lawsuits was formalized with an escrow

agreement between Jennings and Victor and approved by Dennis sometime around the end of

December 2015. The escrow agreement contained substantially the same terms as the mediation

agreement. He also testified that, at about the same time, he and Victor made an oral agreement

that, in exchange for Dennis releasing his claims against Jennings and Victory Cheval at the closing

of the escrow agreement, Victor would pay Dennis $600,000.00 out of the settlement monies.

Victor paid Dennis $200,000.00 on January 3, 2016. Dennis’ testimony regarding when the

remaining $400,000.00 was to be paid was not entirely consistent. He testified that the balance

was to be paid “at the end of the year,” “within the year,” and by January 1, 2017.

       Victor denied that he had an agreement with Dennis to pay him $600,000.00 or that the

$1.4 million was to be paid jointly to Dennis and him. However, he admitted that he represented

to the federal government on a net worth statement that he owed Dennis $250,000.00, although he

claimed that that was related to a prior settlement of the lawsuits that he had previously rejected.

                                                 7
        Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s findings and presuming

that the trial court resolved all inconsistencies in the evidence in support of its judgment, we find

that there is some evidence supporting the trial court’s finding that the agreement was performable

within one year. We also find that this finding is supported by the preponderance of the evidence.

Consequently, we find that the trial court properly concluded that the agreement was not within

the statute of frauds.

        We also find that the trial court did not err in its conclusion that Victor and Dennis had an

enforceable agreement. An agreement is binding only when “its terms are sufficiently definite to

enable a court to understand the parties’ obligations.” Playoff Corp. v. Blackwell, 300 S.W.3d
451, 455 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, pet. denied) (citing Fort Worth ISD v. City of Fort Worth,

22 S.W.3d 831, 846 (Tex. 2000)). If a court is able to determine the legal obligations of the parties,

it is sufficiently definite. Id. (citing T.O. Stanley Boot Co. v. Bank of El Paso, 847 S.W.2d 218,

221 (Tex. 1992)). “Whether an agreement fails for indefiniteness is a question of law to be

determined by the court.” Id. (citing COC Servs., Ltd. v. CompUSA, Inc., 150 S.W.3d 654, 664

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, pet. denied)).

        In this case, the evidence showed that Victor was to pay Dennis his share of the proceeds

of the settlement when Victor received payment from Jennings. Victor paid Dennis $200,000.00

when he received Jennings’ initial payment. Jennings’ final payment was due one year from the

execution of the escrow agreement, making Victor’s final payment due at the same time. Thus,

the time for Victor’s performance was sufficiently definite to be enforceable.

        For the reasons stated, we overrule this contention.

                                                  8
(2)         Admitting the Allegedly Confidential Document Was Not an Abuse of Discretion

            Victor also complains that the trial court erred in admitting his statement of net worth

because it was confidential. At trial, Dennis offered the statement of net worth prepared by Victor

in connection with his federal post-conviction 6 presentence investigation report (PSIR). The trial

court admitted the statement over Victor’s objection that it was confidential.

            On appeal, Victor argues that, since the net worth statement was confidential under federal

caselaw, it was inadmissible in this action. Victor offers a number of federal cases to support his

contention that both the PSIR and the information gathered for the PSIR are confidential. Those

cases, however, concern the propriety of the federal district court releasing all or parts of a PSIR

to third parties. See, e.g., United States v. Huckaby, 43 F.3d 135 (5th Cir. 1995). While these

cases note that a PSIR is confidential and that “[t]here is a ‘general presumption that courts will

not grant third parties access to the presentence reports of other individuals,’” they do not support

the proposition that a PSIR may never be accessed by third parties. Id. at 138 (quoting United

States v. Smith, 13 F.3d 860, 867 (5th Cir.1994)). In addition, none of the cases cited by Victor

hold that the confidentiality of PSIRs, or the information gathered for PSIRs, bars their admission

into evidence in a separate proceeding.

            Although Victor has not cited anything that would bar the admission of his statement of

net worth based on confidentiality, we note that Rule 502 of the Texas Rules of Evidence provides

a person a privilege from disclosure when any law requires a report to be made and also provides

such a privilege. TEX. R. EVID. 502(a)(1). A PSIR is required under Rule 32 of the Federal Rules

6
    Victor was convicted of four counts of filing a false tax return.
                                                               9
of Criminal Procedure. FED. R. CRIM. P. 32. However, as the Fifth Circuit has noted, Rule 32

“does not expressly prohibit disclosure of the report after sentencing.” Huckaby, 43 F.3d at 137.

Further, Rule 32 does not provide that the person making the report has a privilege to prevent

disclosure of the report. Consequently, Rule 502 of the Texas Rules of Evidence does not give

Victor a privilege to prevent the admission of his net worth statement into evidence.

       Therefore, we find no abuse of discretion in the admission of Victor’s statement of net

worth over his confidentiality objection. We overrule this issue.

(3)    Denying Victor’s Motion for Continuance Was Not an Abuse of Discretion

       Victor further asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion for

continuance. The trial of this case was originally set for February 12, 2018. On January 10, 2018,

Victor filed a motion for continuance, which the trial court granted, resetting the trial for May 7,

2018. On February 28, 2018, the attorneys then representing Victor filed their motion to withdraw

as his attorneys for the stated reason that “the terms under which Counsel undertook representation

of [Victor] cannot be fulfilled.” The motion to withdraw was granted March 22, 2018.

       On April 16, 2018, Victor filed his pro se emergency motion for trial continuance, in which

he stated that he had been in lockdown at his prison facility and had been unaware of his attorneys’

motion to withdraw until April 6, 2018, when he received the order granting their withdrawal.

Because of his attorneys’ withdrawal and his difficulty in obtaining new counsel, Victor requested

a continuance until December 10, 2018. Victor’s pro se motion for continuance was not supported

by an affidavit.

                                                10
       On May 4, 2018, Victor’s new counsel entered his appearance. On the first day of trial,

Victor’s counsel made an oral motion for continuance based on his recent hire, his unfamiliarity

with the file, and the absence of Victor as a result of his imprisonment. The new counsel also

asserted Victor’s pro se motion for continuance. After discussions with counsel, the trial court

overruled the motions for continuance, but advised counsel that, at the conclusion of Dennis’ case,

he would recess the proceedings to give Victor’s counsel an opportunity to arrange for Victor to

give his testimony by telephone and to put on other witnesses he may have.

       On appeal, Victor argues that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motions

for continuance. A trial court’s ruling on a motion for continuance is reviewed for a clear abuse

of discretion. Pjetrovic v. Home Depot, 411 S.W.3d 639, 644 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, no

pet.) (citing Marchand, 83 S.W.3d at 800). “A trial court ‘abuses its discretion when it reaches a

decision so arbitrary and unreasonable as to amount to a clear and prejudicial error of

law.’” Marchand, 83 S.W.3d at 800 (citing Johnson v. Fourth Court of Appeals, 700 S.W.2d 916,

917 (Tex. 1985), disapproved on other grounds by In re Columbia Med. Ctr. of Las Colinas, L.P.,

290 S.W.3d 204 (Tex. 2009) (orig. proceeding)).

       A motion for continuance must be in writing and supported by an affidavit. In re T.C.H.,

No. 06-16-00054, 2016 WL 7175291, at *6 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Dec. 8, 2016, no pet.) (mem.

op.) (citing TEX. R. CIV. P. 251; Villegas v. Carter, 711 S.W.2d 624, 626 (Tex. 1986); In re J.D.R.,

No. 04-16-00076-CV, 2016 WL 3797137, at *2 (Tex. App.—San Antonio, July 13, 2016, no

pet.) (mem. op.); In re M.R.R., No. 10-15-00303-CV, 2016 WL 192583, at *7 (Tex. App.—Waco

Jan. 14, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.)). We presume the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

                                                11
denying the motion for continuance that is not in writing and not supported by an affidavit. Id.

(citing J.D.R., 2016 WL 3797137, at *2; M.R.R., 2016 WL 192583, at *7). Since Victor’s oral

motion for continuance asserted on the first day of trial did not comply with Rule 251, we cannot

conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in denying the motion. See id.

       Further, as a general rule, when a motion for continuance is in writing but not supported

by an affidavit, we presume that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying the motion.

Villegas v. Carter, 711 S.W.2d 624, 626 (Tex. 1986). However, this general rule is not applied to

pro se movants who, without fault, have had their attorney withdraw. Id. Nevertheless, when the

basis of the pro se motion for continuance is the withdrawal of his attorney, the movant must show

that the withdrawal was not due to the movant’s own fault or negligence. Id.; Pjetrovic, 411
S.W.3d at 645. In this case, Victor offered no evidence that his first attorneys’ withdrawal was

not due to his own negligence or fault. In such a case, the record supports the presumption that

the trial court did not abuse its discretion. Pandozy v. Shamis, 254 S.W.3d 596, 601 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2008, no pet.).

       Therefore, based on this record we cannot say that the trial court clearly abused its

discretion in denying Victor’s pro se motion for continuance. We overrule this issue.

(4)    Victor’s Evidentiary Complaints and His Complaint Regarding an Allegedly Fraudulent
       Document Were Not Preserved.

       Victor also contends that the trial court abused its discretion in several of its evidentiary

rulings. Victor complains that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting testimony regarding

his PSIR, admitting an affidavit executed by Dennis, admitting an unexecuted disbursement

                                                 12
agreement, 7 and in refusing to admit Dennis’ entire deposition. Victor argues that these cumulative

errors caused the rendition of an improper judgment.

        To preserve an issue for appellate review, the record must show that the appellant raised

the complaint at the trial court by a timely objection, request, or motion that stated the grounds of

the complaint with sufficient specificity, and that the trial court either ruled, or refused to rule, on

the complaint. Jaimes v. Mersha, No. 06-15-00079-CV, 2016 WL 2609291, at *5 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana May 6, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.); see TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a). “An objection at trial

that does not comport with a point of error on appeal preserves nothing for review.” Anderson v.

Snoddy, No. 06-14-00096-CV, 2015 WL 5634564, at *11 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Sept. 25, 2015,

pet. denied) (mem. op.).

        On appeal, Victor complains that the trial court allowed Dennis to refresh his memory with

Victor’s PSIR and to testify regarding his criminal convictions. At trial, Dennis sought to

introduce Victor’s PSIR, Victor objected, and the trial court refused to admit the PSIR into

evidence. Without further objection, Dennis then used the PSIR to refresh his memory and

testified regarding Victor’s convictions. Since Victor did not object to this testimony at trial, he

has not preserved this complaint for our review. Jaimes, 2016 WL 2609291, at *5.

        Victor also complains about the admission of an affidavit executed by Dennis that was used

in an unrelated arbitration. At trial, although Victor initially objected, he never specifically stated

the basis of his objection and ultimately asked if he would be able to ask questions about the

7
 Although Victor also purports to complain about the admission of his net worth statement as part of this issue, we
have addressed this complaint in our prior discussion.
                                                        13
affidavit. After granting Victor such permission, the trial court admitted the affidavit. Since it is

not clear from the record that Victor objected to the admission of the affidavit or specified any

basis of such an objection, Victor has not preserved this complaint for our review. See id.

       Victor also complains about the admission into evidence of an unexecuted disbursement

agreement. At trial, Victor objected that the document was neither signed nor dated. On appeal,

Victor claims that the document is hearsay, not a business record, and not admissible under Rules

802, 803, 804, 902, or 1001 of the Texas Rules of Evidence. Since Victor’s complaints on appeal

do not comport with his objection at trial, he has not preserved his complaints for our review.

Snoddy, 2015 WL 5634564, at *11.

       Victor also complains that the trial court erred in refusing to admit Dennis’ entire

deposition. In order to preserve a complaint about the exclusion of evidence for appellate review,

       a party must: (1) attempt to introduce the evidence; (2) if an objection is made,
       specify the purpose for which the evidence is offered and give the trial court reasons
       why the evidence is admissible; (3) obtain a ruling from the court; and (4) if the
       court rules the evidence inadmissible, make a record, either through an
       informal offer of proof or a formal bill of exceptions, of the evidence the party
       desires admitted.

Culver v. Culver, 360 S.W.3d 526, 531 n.9 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, no pet.) (citing TEX. R.

APP. P. 33.2; TEX. R. EVID. 103; Bobbora v. Unitrin Ins. Servs., 255 S.W.3d 331, 335 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.); Fletcher v. Minn. Mining & Mfg. Co., 57 S.W.3d 602 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. denied)). Victor did not give the trial court any reasons why the

deposition was admissible. Also, since Victor did not make an offer of proof, we are unable to

determine whether the deposition, or any part of it, was admissible. Consequently, Victor has not

preserved this complaint for our review. See id.
                                                 14
         Victor also alleges that a fraud was perpetrated on the trial court by the introduction of

Plaintiff’s Exhibit 34. In support of his allegation, Victor included in his Appendix a report by a

handwriting expert who concluded that there was evidence that Victor’s signature on Exhibit 34

was probably not genuine. 8 However, at trial, Victor did not challenge the genuineness of Exhibit

34 or the genuineness of his signature on Exhibit 34, whether by objection or in his motion for

new trial. Rather, Victor objected only that Exhibit 34 was a copy and not an original document.

Since Victor did not assert his fraudulent-document complaint in the trial court and since his

complaint on appeal does not comport with his objection asserted at trial, he has not preserved this

complaint for our review. Jaimes, 2016 WL 2609291, at *5; Snoddy, 2015 WL 5634564, at *11.

         Since Victor did not preserve these complaints, we overrule these issues.

         For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                      Josh R. Morriss III
                                                      Chief Justice

Date Submitted:            April 26, 2019
Date Decided:              May 15, 2019

8
 Attachments in a party’s appendix, but not appearing in the appellate record, are not part of the record and cannot be
considered on appeal. High Mountain Ranch Group, LLC v. Niece, 532 S.W.3d 513, 520 n.16 (Tex. App.—Texarkana
2017, no pet.); see TEX. R. APP. P. 34.1 (describing contents of appellate record).
                                                         15