Court Opinion

ID: 8407284
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-01 21:03:19.690668+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:47:25.906026
License: Public Domain

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except
            in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).

                                         2022 IL App (3d) 190470-U

                                 Order filed November 1, 2022
      ____________________________________________________________________________

                                                   IN THE

                                    APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                              THIRD DISTRICT

                                                     2022

      THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF             )     Appeal from the Circuit Court
      ILLINOIS,                              )     of the 10th Judicial Circuit,
                                             )     Peoria County, Illinois,
            Plaintiff-Appellee,              )
                                             )     Appeal Nos. 3-19-0470 and 3-19-0471
            v.                               )     Circuit Nos. 18-CF-391 and
                                             )     18-CF-392
                                             )
      MICHAEL S. MONTOYA,                    )     Honorable
                                             )     Kevin W. Lyons,
            Defendant-Appellant.             )     Judge, Presiding.
      ____________________________________________________________________________

            JUSTICE PETERSON delivered the judgment of the court.
            Presiding Justice O’Brien and Justice Hauptman concurred in the judgment.
      ____________________________________________________________________________

                                                  ORDER

¶1          Held: Defendant’s statutory right to a speedy trial was not violated. Counsel did not
                  provide ineffective assistance.

¶2          Defendant, Michael S. Montoya, argues that the Peoria County circuit court erred in

     denying his motion to dismiss based upon a violation of his statutory right to a speedy trial. He

     further argues that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance by: (1) surrendering his bond
     in case No. 18-CF-349; (2) joining case Nos. 18-CF-391 and 18-CF-392 for trial; and

     (3) admitting in opening statements that defendant possessed drugs. We affirm.

¶3                                           I. BACKGROUND

¶4          The State charged defendant in case No. 18-CF-391 with: (1) armed violence (720 ILCS

     5/33A-2(a) (West 2018)) alleging that while armed with a handgun he unlawfully possessed

     cocaine; (2) unlawful possession of a weapon by a felon (UPWF) (id. § 24-1.1(a)); and

     (3) unlawful possession of a controlled substance (720 ILCS 570/402(c) (West 2018)). In case

     No. 18-CF-392, the State charged defendant with: (1) attempted first degree murder (720 ILCS

     5/8-4(a), 9-1(a)(1) (West 2018)) alleging he personally discharged a firearm at Rex Monroe; and

     (2) aggravated discharge of a firearm (id. § 24-1.2(a)(2)). The charges in case No. 18-CF-392

     arose out of defendant’s alleged act of shooting at Monroe. The charges in case No. 18-CF-391

     arose out of defendant’s encounter with the police shortly after he allegedly shot at Monroe

     wherein an officer saw defendant with a gun and found drugs on him after he was apprehended.

¶5          Defendant was out of custody on bond in case No. 18-CF-349 on July 3, 2018, when he

     was arrested in case Nos. 18-CF-391 and 18-CF-392. On July 5 the court appointed the public

     defender to represent defendant. The matters were set for arraignment on July 18, but were

     continued at the defense’s request because defendant had hired private counsel who was not

     available that day. At the continued hearing on July 23 the matter was again continued on

     defense counsel’s motion, as the defense had several outstanding motions to substitute judge in

     the cases. On July 26, due to defendant’s motions for substitution of judge, the court indicated it

     was referring the matters to the chief judge for reassignment. The chief judge assigned a new

     judge on July 30 and the parties appeared before that judge for arraignment on August 2. On that

     date, defense counsel surrendered defendant’s bond in case No. 18-CF-349 and the court

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     explained to defendant that counsel wanted to surrender the bond “so that from this day forward,

     at least any time that you’re doing, counts toward this case too; otherwise, it looks like you’re

     not getting any time on this.” The court further explained that if bond was not surrendered and

     the other charges “went away” it would look like he did not spend any time in jail for case No.

     18-CF-349. Defendant replied “Okay. Thank you.” Defense counsel did not express any

     disagreement with the court’s explanation.

¶6          Also on August 2, the State elected to proceed on case No. 18-CF-392 first, but on

     September 27, it changed its election to case No. 18-CF-349. Defense counsel objected to the

     State’s change of election. The matter was set for November 13 for trial. The court noted that

     “[t]he parties agree that [the] State will have 75 days tallied against them as of October 1st ***,

     Of your 120 days, 75 days will be used up by October 1st against the State. So your November

     13th will be barely but it’ll be within the 120 days then.” The court further noted that once case

     No. 18-CF-349 concluded, the State would have 160 days to bring defendant to trial on the other

     charges.

¶7          On November 13, trial commenced on case No. 18-CF-349. The jury found defendant

     guilty of several of the charges.

¶8          Subsequently, defense counsel moved to join case Nos. 18-CF-391 and 18-CF-392 for

     trial. The motion argued that the charges in both cases occurred in the same vicinity, within 23

     minutes of each other and that it was most likely the cases would have the same arresting officer,

     and similar testimony and evidence.

¶9          The court sentenced defendant in case No. 18-CF-349 on December 19. On the same day,

     the court addressed defendant’s motion to join case Nos. 18-CF-391 and 18-CF-392. In

     presenting argument, defense counsel stated “it’s the same gun in both. It’s the same evidence in

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       both; that’s why the cases overlap. *** [so] I felt it was best to keep them together rather than

       split them up and give them two shots to force my client to defend himself on two cases rather

       than one.” 1 The court granted the motion.

¶ 10           On April 29, 2019, the day set for trial on case Nos. 18-CF-391 and 18-CF-392,

       defendant filed a motion to dismiss alleging a violation of his statutory right to speedy trial. He

       argued that the State’s change of election was subterfuge to gain more time to prosecute

       defendant on case Nos. 18-CF-391 and 18-CF-392. Defense counsel agreed that the State had

       brought defendant to trial within 120 days on one of defendant’s pending cases, but he argued

       that the time during which the State had elected on case No. 18-CF-392 counts against the time

       within which the State must take him to trial following the conclusion of case No. 18-CF-349,

       such that the State missed the deadline. The State argued that it did not engage in subterfuge and

       changed its election because it “wasn’t going to get the labs back in time.” The court denied the

       motion and the matter proceeded to a jury trial on that date. During opening statements, defense

       counsel stated “[t]he only thing we’ll admit to of the five charges is my client will admit when he

       was searched by the police there at the intersection of Peoria and Nebraska he did have some

       drugs on his person,” but that he believed the jury would find defendant not guilty of the

       remaining four charges.

¶ 11           Officer Nicholas Mason testified that he witnessed another officer search defendant and

       find suspected drugs on him. Mason turned the suspected drugs over to Sergeant Erin Barisch.

               1
                 This information comes from a transcript that is contained in the record on appeal for case No.
       18-CF-349, which is appellate court case No. 3-19-0469, and we take judicial notice of it. See In re
       Marcus S., 2022 IL App (3d) 170014, ¶ 46, n.4 (stating that “[w]e may take judicial notice of the record
       in another case involving the same party or of public documents contained in the record of any other
       judicial proceeding if doing so would aid us in deciding the instant appeal” and noting the court may take
       judicial notice sua sponte).
                                                           4
¶ 12          Officer Lance Skaggs testified that he learned from Barisch that drugs were found on

       defendant. Skaggs transported the drugs to, and picked them up from, the Morton crime

       laboratory. Skaggs identified People’s exhibit No. 1 as a package in evidence. Skaggs noted

       “[i]t’s got the case number on it. The tag number as you can see. There’s a number here that tells

       us by the report and what the tag number is, and it says plastic knotted baggy with two smaller

       plastic knotted baggies inside, suspect crack cocaine.” Skaggs filled out the tag. His name and

       badge number were on the tag.

¶ 13          Julie Edwards testified she was employed with the Springfield forensic laboratory.

       Edwards had seen People’s exhibit No. 1 previously and could identify it because her initials

       were on the sticker, and the bag contained purple markings that she had made. She received the

       evidence from Joanne Liu, the director of the Morton crime laboratory, who routinely

       transported items between the laboratories. When Edwards received the evidence, it was in a bag

       that was heat sealed. It was in substantially the same condition at trial as when she last saw it.

       Edwards placed the evidence inside the drug chemistry vault until she was ready to work on it

       and then she moved it to her desk. Edwards analyzed the evidence and concluded it was cocaine.

       When she was finished with her analysis she placed it in a new plastic bag, then the original

       evidence bag and sealed it.

¶ 14          The State moved to admit exhibit No. 1, and defense counsel objected, arguing that the

       State did not present a sufficient chain of custody. The court admitted the evidence. It stated

                      “The witness testifies that she’s an expert *** at the Springfield office and

                      followed the protocol that allows for that.

                              When evidence is transferred, it doesn’t have to be person to person to

                      person, but it could be place to place to place so long as it’s secured, and it

                                                         5
                      appears that there was no interruption in the evidence from Ms. Liu from the

                      crime lab to this witness and it circulated back.”

¶ 15          During the course of trial, defense counsel made objections, cross-examined witnesses,

       and presented a defense witness.

¶ 16          During closing argument, when arguing that it had proved the offense of armed violence,

       the State noted that one proposition it needed to prove was that defendant unlawfully possessed a

       controlled substance and that defense counsel admitted that in opening statements. Defense

       counsel objected stating that what he said during opening statements is not evidence. The court

       noted that counsel had conceded it in opening statements.

¶ 17          The jury found defendant guilty on all charges. Defendant filed a motion for new trial

       arguing, among other things, that the court erred by (1) allowing People’s exhibit No. 1 into

       evidence over defense’s objection regarding chain of custody, and (2) denying defendant’s

       motion to dismiss due to a violation of his statutory right to speedy trial. The court denied the

       motion. It sentenced defendant to concurrent terms of imprisonment of 28 years for attempted

       first degree murder, 15 years for armed violence, and 6 years for UPWF. It did not enter a

       judgment for unlawful possession of a controlled substance or aggravated discharge of a firearm.

       Defendant appealed and case No. 18-CF-391 was docketed as appellate case No. 3-19-0470 and

       case No. 18-CF-392 was docketed as appellate case No. 3-19-0471. On defendant’s motion, this

       court consolidated the appeals.

¶ 18                                             II. ANALYSIS

¶ 19                                             A. Speedy Trial

¶ 20          Defendant argues that the court erred in denying his motion to dismiss based upon a

       violation of his statutory right to a speedy trial. He argues that when the State changed its

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       election, the clock did not reset to zero in case No. 18-CF-392 and that it was instead tolled until

       case No. 18-CF-349 concluded on December 19. At that time, he argues, the State already had 56

       days against its 160-day clock to bring defendant to trial, and when it then took another 131 days

       to bring him to trial on April 29, it exceeded the 160-day time period.

¶ 21          Section 103-5(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Code) provides that

       “[e]very person in custody *** for an alleged offense shall be tried *** within 120 days from the

       date he or she was taken into custody unless delay is occasioned by the defendant.” 725 ILCS

       5/103-5(a) (West 2018). Pursuant to section 103-5(e),

                      “[i]f a person is simultaneously in custody upon more than one charge pending

                      against him in the same county, or simultaneously demands trial upon more than

                      one charge pending against him in the same county, he shall be tried, or adjudged

                      guilty after waiver of trial, upon at least one such charge before expiration relative

                      to any of such pending charges of the period prescribed by subsections (a) and (b)

                      of this Section. Such person shall be tried upon all of the remaining charges thus

                      pending within 160 days from the date on which judgment relative to the first

                      charge thus prosecuted is rendered.” Id. § 103-5(e).

¶ 22          Per the statute, because defendant was in simultaneous custody on more than one pending

       charge, the State needed to bring him to trial on one charge before expiration relative to any of

       such pending charges of the period prescribed by subsection (a), which is 120 days. The parties

       do not dispute that defendant was brought to trial on case No. 18-CF-349 prior to the expiration

       of the 120-day period. Additionally, the record reveals that defendant was brought to trial within

       120 days, regardless of whether the 120-day period was calculated from the time defendant was

       taken into custody for case Nos. 18-CF-0391 and 18-CF-392 on July 3, 2018, or from when he

                                                        7
       surrendered bond for case No. 18-CF-349 on August 2, 2018. Specifically, the time period from

       August 2 to the November 13, 2018, trial date was 103 days, clearly within 120 days. The time

       period from July 3 to November 13, 2018, was 133 days. However, when delays attributable to

       defendant—the 15 days when he sought continuances so that private counsel could appear and

       moved to substitute judge—are removed, the days attributable to the State total 118. Notably, the

       court’s statement that the parties agreed that 75 days were tallied against the State as of

       October 1, 2018, recognizes that there were 15 days of delay attributable to defendant. Based on

       the foregoing, it is clear that defendant was brought to trial on one charge before the expiration

       of the period prescribed by subsection 103-5(a).

¶ 23          Per section 103-5(e) of the Code, at the point that case No. 18-CF-349 concluded when

       defendant was sentenced on December 19, the State had 160 days to bring defendant to trial on

       the joined case Nos. 18-CF-391 and 18-CF-392. The parties agree that the trial began 131 days

       later, on April 29. Therefore, defendant was tried on case Nos. 18-CF-391 and 18-CF-392 within

       160 days of the date on which the judgment in case No. 18-CF-349 was rendered. While

       defendant seems to argue that this does not account for the 56 days that the State had elected on

       case No. 18-CF-392 and that those 56 days should count against the 160-day time limit, those 56

       days applied to the first 120-day period in which the State needed to bring defendant to trial on

       any one of the pending charges and cannot be counted a second time. See, e.g., People v. Beard,

       271 Ill. App. 3d 320, 327-28 (1995) (noting, where the State changed its election three times,

       that defendant presented no authority that the State could not change its election more than once

       before the expiration of the statutory time period and that since defendant was tried 139 days

       after the verdict on the first charge brought to trial, there was no violation of the 160-day time

       period).

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¶ 24                                   B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

¶ 25          Defendant argues that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance by:

       (1) surrendering his bond in case No. 18-CF-349 which deprived him of his statutory right to a

       speedy trial on case No. 18-CF-392; (2) joining case Nos. 18-CF-391 and 18-CF-392 for trial

       because the jury learned prejudicial information that would not have been admissible in case No.

       18-CF-392; and (3) admitting in opening statements that defendant possessed drugs.

¶ 26          “Ordinarily, to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must

       show that (1) counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and

       (2) counsel’s substandard representation so prejudiced the defense as to deny the defendant a fair

       trial.” People v. Horton, 143 Ill. 2d 11, 23 (1991). “The failure to satisfy either the deficiency

       prong or the prejudice prong of the Strickland test precludes a finding of ineffective assistance of

       counsel.” People v. Enis, 194 Ill. 2d 361, 377 (2000). “To show actual prejudice, defendant must

       establish that ‘there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the

       result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability

       sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.’ ” Horton, 143 Ill. 2d at 23 (quoting

       Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694 (1984)). However, the two-part test need not be

       applied “[w]here ‘counsel entirely fails to subject the prosecution’s case to meaningful

       adversarial testing ***.’ ” People v. Hattery, 109 Ill. 2d 449, 461 (1985) (quoting United States

       v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 659 (1984)). Hattery’s ruling is to be narrowly construed and

       “defendant ‘faces a high burden before he can forsake the two-part Strickland test.’ ” Horton,

       143 Ill. 2d at 24 (quoting People v. Johnson, 128 Ill. 2d 253, 270 (1989)). “ ‘Matters of trial

       strategy are generally immune from claims of ineffective assistance of counsel.’ ” People v.

       Manning, 241 Ill. 2d 319, 327 (2011) (quoting People v. Smith, 195 Ill. 2d 179, 188 (2000)).

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¶ 27                          1. Decision to Surrender Bond on Case No. 18-CF-349

¶ 28          Defendant argues that the sentences on his charges were mandatorily consecutive, such

       that there was no strategic reason for counsel to surrender bond on case No. 18-CF-349 and that

       he was prejudiced by the surrender of bond because it deprived him of his statutory right to a

       speedy trial on case No. 18-CF-392. Specifically, he argues that had bond not been surrendered

       on case No. 18-CF-349, the State would have had to bring him to trial within 120 days on case

       No. 18-CF-392, which the State could not do because the reason it changed its election was that

       it would not get the laboratory results back in time for case No. 18-CF-392.

¶ 29          Contrary to defendant’s argument that there was no strategic reason to surrender bond,

       the strategic reason to do so was to ensure that defendant would receive credit for case No. 18-

       CF-349 for the time he spent in custody. While defendant asserts that he would not have been

       able to get credit for case No. 18-CF-349 because the sentence in that case would be mandatorily

       consecutive to case Nos. 18-CF-391 and 18-CF-392, that presupposes that he would be found

       guilty in those matters. If counsel did not surrender bond, and, as the court noted, case Nos. 18-

       CF-391 and 18-CF-392 “went away,” then defendant would not get any credit for case No. 18-

       CF-349. See People v. Arnhold, 115 Ill. 2d 379, 383 (1987) (concluding “that a defendant who is

       out on bond on one charge, and who is subsequently rearrested and returned to custody on

       another charge, is not returned to custody on the first charge until his bond is withdrawn or

       revoked”). Additionally, counsel’s decisions are to be judged at the time they are made instead of

       in hindsight, such that counsel here cannot be faulted for failing to foresee, at the time he

       surrendered bond, that the State would change its election and thereby delay the trial in case No.

       18-CF-392. See People v. Perry, 224 Ill. 2d 312, 344 (2007) (providing that counsel’s

       performance should be evaluated “from his perspective at the time, rather than through the lens

                                                        10
       of hindsight”). Notably, this court has indicated that counsel may provide ineffective assistance

       when he fails to surrender bond in situations like that involved here. See, e.g., People v. Nesbit,

       2016 IL App (3d) 140591, ¶ 47. In light of the foregoing, we conclude that counsel had a valid

       strategic reason to surrender bond at the time he did so. Therefore, his representation did not fall

       below an objective standard of reasonableness and defendant’s ineffective assistance claim fails.

       See Enis, 194 Ill. 2d at 377.

¶ 30                          2. Decision to Join Case Nos. 18-CF-391 and 18-CF-392 for Trial

¶ 31          Defendant argues that counsel provided ineffective assistance by moving to join the trials

       in case Nos. 18-CF-391 and 18-CF-392 because if they were tried separately the jury in case No.

       18-CF-392 would not have learned about his prior felony or that he possessed drugs.

¶ 32          Here, defense counsel’s decision to join the cases was clearly a matter of trial strategy,

       and counsel explained his reasoning that the same gun was involved in both cases, the cases

       overlapped, and he believed it was better to try the cases together rather than make defendant

       defend himself twice. See, e.g., People v. Poole, 2012 IL App (4th) 101017, ¶ 10 (“Generally, a

       defense decision not to seek a severance, although it may prove unwise in hindsight, is regarded

       as a matter of trial strategy. [Citation.] A major disadvantage of a severance is that it gives the

       State two bites at the apple. An evidentiary deficiency in the first case can perhaps be cured in

       the second.”). We cannot say that this strategy fell below an objective standard of reasonableness

       and therefore, defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim fails. See Perry, 224 Ill. 2d at

       344 (stating that “a reviewing court will be highly deferential to trial counsel on matters of trial

       strategy”).

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¶ 33                                           3. Opening Statement

¶ 34          Defendant argues that counsel provided ineffective assistance by admitting, during

       opening statements, that defendant possessed drugs, which undermined a “meritorious” argument

       that the State did not establish a continuous chain of custody regarding the cocaine evidence

       admitted as People’s exhibit No. 1 at trial.

¶ 35          Defendant first relies on Hattery to argue that because counsel admitted defendant

       possessed drugs, he failed to subject the State’s case to meaningful adversarial testing. But

       counsel vigorously defended defendant by making objections, cross-examining witnesses,

       presenting a witness on defendant’s behalf, and objecting to the admittance of People’s exhibit

       No. 1 into evidence. Thus, he did not fail to subject the State’s case to meaningful adversarial

       testing and this claim must be analyzed under Strickland. See Horton, 143 Ill. 2d at 23 (noting

       that it is not per se ineffectiveness when counsel concedes defendant’s guilt to an offense where

       there is overwhelming evidence and concluding that counsel did not entirely fail to subject the

       prosecution’s case to meaningful adversarial testing where counsel cross-examined a witness and

       filed a pretrial motion to suppress).

¶ 36          Here, even if defendant could establish counsel’s admission was not a reasonable trial

       strategy (see, e.g., People v. Brown, 197 Ill. App. 3d 907, 914 (1990) (noting that “courts have

       recognized the legitimacy of admitting guilt to less than all counts in a multicount indictment or

       less than all elements of the crime(s) charged where evidence of defendant’s guilt is

       overwhelming and counsel’s strategy is to win a reduced sentence” and stating “[s]uch a tactical

       decision is not objectionable per se, and may even be viewed as good defense strategy when

       appropriate”), he cannot establish prejudice. Defendant’s claim of prejudice is that counsel’s

       admission “undermined the legitimate foundational challenge to the admission of People’s

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       Exhibit 1” and “[t]he court may have paid more careful attention to the chain of custody, or lack

       thereof, if defense counsel had not already conceded the issue in opening statements.” He further

       asserts that exclusion of People’s exhibit No. 1 would have left the jury without the evidence of

       cocaine necessary to establish armed violence or unlawful possession of a controlled substance

       such that it is reasonably likely he would have been acquitted absent counsel’s admission.

¶ 37           This convoluted argument misses the mark. The court’s ruling regarding the admissibility

       of People’s exhibit No. 1 did not rely on counsel’s admission. Rather, the court simply found that

       a sufficient chain of custody had been established, such that there is no indication that counsel’s

       admission had any bearing on the court’s decision to admit People’s exhibit No. 1 into evidence.

       Thus, there is no reasonable probability that People’s exhibit No. 1 would have been excluded

       absent counsel’s admission and therefore, no reasonable probability that the outcome of the

       proceedings would have been different absent the admission. Based on the foregoing, defendant

       has failed to establish prejudice and his ineffective assistance claim fails. See Horton, 143 Ill. 2d

       at 23; Enis, 194 Ill. 2d at 377.

¶ 38           Notably, while defendant attempts to tie the chain of custody issue in with counsel’s

       opening statement admission, he does not clearly make a separate argument that the matter

       should be reversed due to the purportedly improper admission of People’s exhibit No. 1. To the

       extent defendant was attempting to do so, the argument lacks merit.

¶ 39           The circuit court’s ruling on the sufficiency of the chain of custody is reviewed for an

       abuse of discretion. People v. Anderson, 2013 IL App (2d) 111183, ¶ 22. In establishing the

       chain of custody,

                       “[t]he State must show that the police took reasonable protective measures to

                       ensure that the substance recovered from the defendant was the same substance

                                                        13
                      tested by the forensic chemist. [Citation.] Unless the defendant produces evidence

                      of actual tampering, substitution or contamination, a sufficiently complete chain

                      of custody does not require that every person in the chain testify, nor must the

                      State exclude every possibility of tampering or contamination; the State must

                      demonstrate, however, that reasonable measures were employed to protect the

                      evidence from the time that it was seized and that it was unlikely that the evidence

                      has been altered.” People v. Woods, 214 Ill. 2d 455, 467 (2005).

¶ 40          Here, Officer Skaggs testified that he transported the suspected drugs recovered from

       defendant to and from the Morton crime laboratory. He identified People’s exhibit No. 1 as the

       suspected drugs and noted that he filled out the tag for the evidence, which included his name,

       badge number, and case number. Edwards, who tested People’s exhibit No. 1, identified it by her

       initials and purple markings she had made and noted that it was in substantially the same

       condition as when she last saw it. She further testified that she received the evidence from

       Director Liu who routinely transported items between the Morton and Springfield laboratories.

       Additionally, People’s exhibit No. 1 was sealed when Edwards received it, and she resealed it

       when she was done with her analysis. In light of Skaggs’ and Edwards’ testimony the State

       demonstrated that reasonable measures were employed to protect the evidence, and we cannot

       say the court abused its discretion in determining that the State established a sufficient chain of

       custody and allowing People’s exhibit No. 1 to be admitted into evidence.

¶ 41                                           III. CONCLUSION

¶ 42          For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Peoria County.

¶ 43          Affirmed.

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