Court Opinion

ID: 4366106
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-02-08 18:38:16.116177+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:21:07.931832
License: Public Domain

J-S78013-18

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    RAHMEEN JONES                              :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 3014 EDA 2017

            Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence August 11, 2017
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                       No(s): CP-51-CR-0004901-2016

BEFORE:      LAZARUS, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and STEVENS*, P.J.E.

MEMORANDUM BY LAZARUS, J.:                          FILED FEBRUARY 08, 2019

        Raheem Jones appeals from the judgment of sentence, entered in the

Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia, following his convictions of robbery

(F-3)1 and conspiracy.2 After review, we affirm on the well-reasoned opinion

authored by the Honorable Glynnis D. Hill.

        On the evening of February 24, 2016, as the victim walked down 17 th

Street in South Philadelphia, she was shoved to the ground and her purse was

stolen by her attacker. The victim, who suffered bruises and scrapes from the

incident, immediately turned and saw a tall man with dreadlocks running with

her purse towards Fitzwater Street. The victim got up and chased after her

attacker.    At the same time, Officer John Drozdowski, a member of the

Philadelphia Police Department’s Seventeenth District, who was driving his
____________________________________________

1   18 Pa.C.S. § 3701(a)(1)(v).

218 Pa.C.S. 903(a).
____________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S78013-18

police cruiser, saw a group of males run across Fitzwater Street from 17 th

Street and jump into an orange Mitsubishi. The vehicle drove away at a high

rate of speed, with the tires screeching. Officer Drozdowski then noticed the

victim run out into the middle of Fitzwater Street from 17th Street, waving her

arms and screaming. Officer Drozdowski immediately activated his lights and

sirens and stopped the car after it turned right onto Colorado Street. As the

officer exited his police vehicle, the victim ran up to him screaming that she

had just been robbed.         Officer Drozdowski approached the Mitsubishi and

noticed a handbag on the driver’s side backseat.        He removed the driver

(Jones’ co-conspirator) from the vehicle, arrested him and searched him.3

Officer Mark Trani, who was following Officer Drozdowski in his own police

cruiser, approached the car and removed, searched and arrested the front-

seat passenger, another co-conspirator. Jones was sitting in the passenger-

side seat in the back of the vehicle next to the handbag. He was removed

and arrested. The victim identified the handbag found in the vehicle as her

stolen purse. Officers also recovered a black .22 caliber revolver from the

back passenger-side floor where Jones was seated.

        On September 16, 2016, Jones filed a motion to suppress all

identifications of him, his statements, physical evidence taken from him at the

time of his arrest, and his prior convictions. The court denied the motion.

After a two-day jury trial, Jones was convicted of the above-stated offenses.

Jones moved for a judgment of acquittal on both offenses, which the court
____________________________________________

3   The police recovered drugs in the driver’s groin area.
                                           -2-
J-S78013-18

denied. On August 11, 2017, Judge Hill sentenced Jones to an aggregate term

of 11½-23 months’ incarceration with immediate parole on house arrest,

followed by two years of reporting probation. Jones filed a timely notice of

appeal4    and    court-ordered     Pa.R.A.P.    1925(b)   concise   statement   and

supplemental statement of errors complained of on appeal. Jones presents

the following issue for our consideration:            Whether the evidence was

insufficient to sustain a conviction for robbery and conspiracy. Appellant’s

Brief, at 6.

       We rely upon the Judge Hill’s opinion in affirming Jones’ judgment of

sentence. See Trial Court Opinion, 6/18/18, at 9-13. There was sufficient

evidence to prove Jones was guilty of both robbery and conspiracy where: the

____________________________________________

4 We note that Jones’ trial attorney, Vincent D. Roggio, was on administrative
suspension at the time he filed Jones’ notice of appeal – clearly an
unauthorized practice of law under Pa.R.D.E. 217. Roggio failed to not only
notify his client of his status with the bar, but also demonstrated lack of candor
to the court. See Pa.R.Prof.C. 3.3(a)(1) (candor to court); Pa.R.D.E. 217(a)
(duty to notify clients being represented in pending matters of administrative
suspension and inability to act as attorney after effective date of suspension);
Pa.R.D.E. 217(b) (duty to notify clients involved in pending litigation or
administrative proceedings as well as attorney for adverse party in such
matters or proceedings of administrative suspension and inability to act as
attorney after effective date of suspension). Thus, we equate this situation to
one where a fraud was perpetrated upon the court, through no fault of Jones.
In the interest of fairness, we will consider Jones’ notice of appeal as being
properly filed. See Pa.R.A.P. 105 (b) (“An appellate court for good cause
shown may upon application enlarge the time prescribed by these rules or by
its order for doing any act, or may permit an act to be done after the expiration
of such time, but the court may not enlarge the time for filing a notice of
appeal[.]”); but see Note to Pa.R.A.P. 105 (“Subdivision (b) of this rule is not
intended to affect the power of a court to grant relief in the case of fraud or
breakdown in the processes of a court.”).

                                           -3-
J-S78013-18

victim saw a man flee from the crime scene; within moments of the attack,

the officer saw an individual with two other men jump into an orange

Mitsubishi down the street from the site of the robbery; the vehicle fled the

scene at a high rate of speed; and, the vehicle was stopped within a block of

the crime scene, with Jones in the backseat sitting next to the victim’s purse.

See 18 Pa.C.S. § 3701(a)(1)(v) (robbery requires proof that in course of

committing theft, defendant threatened another with or intentionally put

another in fear of immediate serious bodily injury); 18 Pa.C.S. § 903(a)

(conspiracy requires proof that defendant entered into agreement with

another to commit or aid in commission of crime; defendant shared criminal

intent with other person; and overt act was committed in furtherance of

conspiracy).

      Moreover, Jones’ argument that the victim never saw his face and did

not positively identify him does not mean that the jury could not have found

sufficient circumstantial evidence to prove that Jones was the perpetrator of

the robbery. Finally, Jones’ assertion that there were “major discrepancies in

[the victim’s] version of events and Officer Drozdowski’s version” amounts to

a weight of the evidence claim. Commonwealth v. Tejada, 107 A.3d 788

(Pa. Super. 2015) (witness credibility includes questions of inconsistent

testimony which go to weight of the evidence, not sufficiency). Weight of the

evidence issues must be preserved below in the trial court. See Pa.R.Crim.P.

607(A).   Jones failed to preserve this issue; thus, we find it waived.

Commonwealth v. Ford, 141 A.3d 547 (Pa. Super. 2016).

                                     -4-
J-S78013-18

     Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 2/8/19

                                 -5-
                                                                                                                         Circulated 01/17/2019 03:24 PM

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     RAHMEEN JONES, APPELLANT                                                        No. 3014 EDA 2017

                                                                 OPINION
            This opinion addresses the issues Appellant Rahrneen Jones raises in his appeal. The

     Appellant's claims lack merit for the following reasons.

                                                           I. CASE HISTORY

            On February 24, 2016, police arrested the Appellant.. On May 20, 2016, the

 Commonwealth filed a complaint and the Honorable Craig M. Washington held the following

 charges for court: Robbery (F3), Theft by Unlawful Taking (Fl), Receiving Stolen Property

 (RSP)(F 1 ), Carrying a Firearm Without a License (VUFA § 6106)(F3 ), Carrying a Firearm in

 Public (VUFA § 6 I 08)(M I), and Simple Assault (M2). 1

            On September 16, 2016, the Appellant filed an Omnibus Pre-Trial Motion requesting a

 Motion to Suppress hearing.2 On June 2, 2017, the Honorable Glynnis D. Hill denied the

 Appellant's Motion to Suppress Evidence.3 On June 5, 2017, the Appellant had a jury trial." On

 June 7, 2017, the jury found the Appellant guilty of Robbery (F3) and Conspiracy (F3). On August

 1 I, 2017, the Court sentenced the Appellant to 11 Yi to 23 months incarceration on the Robbery

 offense with immediate parole to house arrest, plus two years consecutive probation.5

 I  Docket Sheet for CP-51-CR-0004901-2016.
 2  See the Appellant's Pretrial Omnibus Motions, filed September 16, 2016. Included were Motions to Suppress all
  identifications of the Appellant, the Appellant's statements, physical evidence taken from the Appellant at the time
 of the arrest, and the Appellant's prior convictions.
 3 See Docket Sheet for CP-5J-CR-0004901-2016.
 4
    The Appellant moved for a Judgement of Acquittal on June 6, 2017. The Court denied the motion.
 5 The Appellant was also sentenced to 11 Yi to 23 months incarceration and two years probation on the Conspiracy
 conviction, set to run concurrently to the Robbery sentence.
             On September 1 I, 2017, the Appellant filed a Notice of Appeal to the Pennsylvania

    Superior Court. On October 4, 2017, the Court asked the Court Appointment Unit to assign the

    Appellant new counsel since trial counsel was administratively suspended.6 On October 10, 2017,

    the Court vacated prior counsel and appointed new appellate counsel. On December 29, 2017, the

    Court ordered the Appellant to file a Statement of Errors Complained of on Appeal pursuant to

    Pa.RAP. 1925(b). On January 19, 2018, the Appellant filed a l925(b) Statement requesting an

    extension to file a Supplemental Statement following receipt of the Notes of Testimony. On

    February 1, 2017, the Appellant filed a Supplemental Statement of Errors Complained of on

    Appeal raising the following issues:7

            l. The suppression court erred and abused its discretion in failing to allow Appellant to
                 introduce the testimony of the complainant at suppression hearing where the
                complainant previously testified and her prior testimony was in direct conflict with the
                officer who pulled over the vehicle Appellant was in. The evidence went to whether
                the officer had reasonable suspicion to pull over vehicle Appellant was in. Appellant
                was prejudiced by this decision as it prevented him from discrediting the officer where
                complainant's testimony was in direct conflict with the officer's testimony.
           2. The court erred in denying the motion to suppress where the officer did not have
                reasonable suspicion to pull over vehicle that Appellant was in.
           3. Any and all contraband recovered from that vehicle was a fruit of the poisonous tree
               and should be suppressed.
           4. The evidence was insufficient to sustain a conviction for robbery and conspiracy where
               complainant was pushed from behind and did not see the face(s) of her attacker(s) and
               all of the other evidence against Appellant was wholly circumstantial and so
               contradictory that a reliable verdict could not have been reached.
           5. The evidence was insufficient to sustain a conviction of robbery where complainant
               was pushed from behind and her purse fell to the ground and her purse was later taken
               from the ground without force or the threat of force. Complainant did not know nor
               did the evidence prove that the person who pushed her was the same person who took
               her purse.

6
  The Superior Court issued an Order on September 26, 2017, requiring the Court to detenninc whether appointed
counsel Vincent Reggio, Esq., was reinstated from his August 26, 2017, suspension when he filed the Appellant's
Notice of Appeal on September I 1, 20 I 7. The Order also required the Court lo determine whether Roggio was
representing the Appellant in connection with this appeal and, if not, to appoint new appellate counsel.
'Copied verbatim from the Appellant's Supplemental Statement of Errors Complained of onAppeal.

                                                        2
                                               II. FACTS

             On February 24, 2016, the Complainant, April Buscio, was walking on 17th Street between

    10:00 and 11 :00 p.m. when she was shoved to the ground from behind and her purse was taken. 8

She turned and saw a tall man with dreadlocks running with her purse towards Fitzwater Street.9

Buscio then got up and chased after him."

             Officer John Drozdowski was driving west on Fitzwater Street when he saw a group of

males run across Fitzwater from l 71h street and jump into an orange Mitsubishi.11 The driver of

the car drove away, tires screeching, at a high rate of speed.12 Officer Drozdowski then saw the

Complainant run out into the middle of Fitzwater Street from 17th Street waving her arms and

screaming as she chased the Mitsubishi.13 Drozdowski activated his lights and sirens. 14 After the

Mitsubishi turned right on Colorado Street, Drozdowski stopped the vehicle.15 As Drozdowski

got out of his patrol vehicle, the Complainant ran up to him screaming that they had just robbed

her.16

             When Officer Drozdowski approached the driver, he saw a handbag on the driver's side

back seat.!? He then removed the driver from the vehicle, arrested him, and searched him.18 The

driver was identified as Rasheed Royster (the Appellant's co-defendant).19 Officer Mark Trani

approached the vehicle on the passenger side before he removed, searched, and arrested the front

8
   N.T. 6/6/17 at 29-31.
9
   Id. at 29-31, 45.
10
    Id. at 33.
II
    N.T. 6/5/17 at 95-97.
12 Id. at 95-97, 144.
13 Id. at 98-100, 147, 149, 173.
14Jd.at 100.
is Id. at 100, 155, 213.
16
   td. at 107, 176, 215-216.
17
     Id. at I 08.
18
     Id. at I 09.
19   Id,

                                                   3
seat passenger (Jason Guy).20 The Appellant was sitting in the back seat on the passenger's

side next to the handbag.21 He was also removed and arrested. The Complainant identified

the handbag in the backseat as her stolen purse.22 Officers also recovered a black .22 caliber

revolver from the floor where the Appellant was seated.23

                                                III. DISCUSSION

       I,       The Appellant's Claims Arising From the Suppression Hearing Lack Merit

                Because the Appellant Did Not Have a Privacy Interest In the Stopped Vehicle.

            The Appellant raises three claims relating to the Suppression Hearing. First, the Appellant

claims that the Court erred when it denied him an opportunity to present the Complainant's

testimony.24 As for this claim, the Appellant alleges that the Complainant's testimony would have

contradicted Officer Drozdowski's. He further alleges that the Complainant's testimony would

have dispelled that Drozdowski had reasonable suspicion to stop the Mitsubishi. Second, the

Appellant claims that the Court erred when it denied the Appellant's Motion to Suppress Evidence

because the officer did not have reasonable suspicion to stop the Mitsubishi. Finally, the Appellant

claims that contraband recovered from that vehicle should be suppressed as fruits of the poisonous

tree. However, each of these claims should be dismissed because Officer Drozdowski acted within

the scope of his authority when pulling over the Mitsubishi and the Appellant lacked both standing

and a privacy interest in the vehicle.

            It is well-settled that individuals are protected from unwarranted seizures under Article I

§ 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution and the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.

201d.at     110-111.
21   Id.
22   Id. at 115.
23   Id. at 115, 240, 242.
24   See the Appellant's Supplemental I 925(b) Statement.

                                                            4
However, the police are authorized to temporarily seize an individual where "there is a reasonable

police belief that criminal activity is afoot." Commonwealth v. Melendez, 676 A.2d 226, 28 (Pa.

1996). Moreover, the police officer must point to specific and articulable facts, in conjunction

with rational inferences the officer derives from those facts, to warrant the initial stop.

Commonwealth v. Arch, 654 A.2d 1141, 1144 (Pa. Super, 1995).                                  Furthermore, In

Commonwealth v. Sell, 470 A.2d 457 (Pa. 1983), the Pennsylvania Supreme Court held that a

defendant charged with a possessory offense has automatic standing to litigate a motion to suppress

evidence where evidence from that offense may have been the fruit of an unlawful seizure.

         However, in order to prevail on the motion, the defendant must separately demonstrate a

personal privacy interest in the area searched or the effects seized. Commonwealth v. Millner, 888

A.2dd 680, 691-92 (Pa. 2005). For example, in Commonwealth v. Powell, 994 A.2d 1096, 1099

(Pa. Super. 2010), the Superior Court held that the defendant did not have a reasonable expectation

of privacy in the trunk of a vehicle because he was not the owner, driver, or connected to the car.

Since the defendant could not demonstrate a privacy interest in the area searched or the effects

seized, the Court denied the Motion to Suppress.

         In our case, the Appellant was merely a backseat passenger in the vehicle." Hence, he was

not the owner, nor related to the owner of the vehicle. 26 Since the Appellant was not the owner,

driver, or otherwise connected to the vehicle, he did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy

Powell demands. Without a reasonable expectation of privacy in the area searched, the Appellant

did not have standing, and his Motion to Suppress was properly denied.

isN.T.6/2/2017 pg. 17, 21.
26Jd. at 47, 50-51. See also Exhibit C-2, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation record showing the registered
owner of the vehicle as Angel Lathore.

                                                        5
           However, even if the Appellant had a privacy interest in the vehicle, his Motion to Suppress

 should be denied for the following reasons.

          A. Testimony from April Buscio at the Suppression Hearing would have been irrelevant
             as to whether Officer Drozdowski had reasonable suspicion to pull over the Mitsubishi.

          The Appellant claims that the Court erred and abused its discretion when it denied the

defense an opportunity to introduce the Complainant's testimony at the suppression hearing. The

Court disagrees. It is true that defense counsel asserted at the hearing that the Complainant's

testimony would conflict with Officer Drozdowski's." However, the Complainant's testimony

would not have totally refuted whether Drozdowski had reasonable suspicion to pull over the

vehicle since he was authorized to stop the Mitsubishi.

          The Pennsylvania Superior Court has held that "a forcible. stop of a motor vehicle by a

police officer constitutes a seizure of a person and activates the protections of the Fourth

Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.'' Commonwealth v. Morris, 619 A.2d 709, 711 (Pa. Super.

1992); citing Commonwealth v. Swanger, 307 A.2d 875 (Pa. 1973); Commonwealth v. Brown,

565 A.2d 177 (Pa. Super. 1989). However, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court has further clarified

that "police are permitted to stop and briefly detain citizens whenever they have a reasonable

suspicion, based on specific and articulable facts, that criminal activity may be afoot."

Commonwealth v. Allen, 725 A.2d 737, 740 (Pa. 1999). Furthermore, under 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 6308,

an officer may stop a vehicle for a motor code violation. Morris, 619 A.2d at 711.

          At the suppression hearing, defense counsel wanted to dispute that Officer Drozdowski

saw the Complainant chasing the car.28 During the hearing, counsel argued that Drozdowski

"didn't make up his mind" to pull the Mitsubishi over until he actually saw the Complainant.29

27
   Id. at 48.
18
   Id. at 48-49.
19 Id.

                                                   6
     The Appellant wanted to contradict Drozdowski's testimony by calling the Complainant to testify

     at the suppression hearing. Defense counsel anticipated that the Complainant would have given

 the same testimony at the hearing that she gave at the trial. At the trial, the Complainant testified

 that she never saw the Mitsubishi on Fitzwater Street, that she only saw the vehicle after it was

 pulled over, that she did not hear a car screeching, and that she initially saw a police car on

                      °
 Colorado Street.3 Counsel sought to use this testimony to contradict Drozdowski's testimony that

 he saw the Complainant chasing after the Mitsubishi.

            However, as previously mentioned, the Appellant's first claim misses the mark. Even if

 Drozdowski had not actually seen the Complainant chasing the Mitsubishi, he still had reasonable

 suspicion to stop the vehicle. The major flaw in the Appellant's allegation is that Officer

 Drozdowski testified at the suppression hearing about specific and articulable facts that provided

 him with reasonable suspicion to stop the Mitsubishi regardless of whether he saw the

Complainant. Drozdowski testified that he saw several males running to a car and driving off

at a high rate of speed with its tires screeching.31 This observation alone provided him with

reasonable suspicion that the fleeing males may have been involved with criminality.

Furthermore, even if these males did not provide Drozdowski with reasonable suspicion, he had

authority to stop the vehicle based on the motor vehicle code violations alone. Since the

Mitsubishi illegally screeched out of a parking spot, Officer Drozdowski was authorized to stop

the driver for reckless driving.32 Therefore, even if Drozdowski had not seen the Complainant, he

had a valid reason to stop the vehicle. Since the Complainant's testimony was not dispositive (or

JO N.T. 6/6/17 pg. 50, 56, 76, 35.
lt Id. at 9, 12.
32
   During trial, Drozdowski noted that he had authority to stop the vehicle for careless or reckless driving and for not
using a tum signal to pull out of the parking spot. N.T. 6/5/17 pg. I 83.

                                                           7
 totally relevant) in dispelling whether Drozdowski had a justification for stopping the car, the

 Appellant's first claim should be dismissed.

              B. The Court properly denied the Appellant's Motion to Suppress.

              The Appellant next claims that the Court erred in denying his Motion to Suppress because

 Officer Drozdowski did not have reasonable suspicion. However, this claim also lacks merit.

              As previously stated, "police are permitted to stop and briefly detain citizens whenever

 they have a reasonable suspicion, based on specific and articulable facts, that criminal activity may

 be afoot." Allen, 725 A.2d at 740. Furthermore, under 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 6308, an officer may stop

a vehicle for a motor code violation. Morris, 619 A.2d at 71 l.

             During the suppression hearing, Officer Drozdowski articulated specific facts that provided

reasonable suspicion that the occupants of the Mitsubishi may have been engaged in criminal

activity. Drozdowski testified that he saw several males running to an orange Mitsubishi that sped

off before turning onto Colorado Street.33                    Drozdowski further testified that he saw the

Complainant chasing them on Fitzwater Street.34 Drozdowski's testimony suggests that he had

reasonable suspicion to at least investigate the occupants of the vehicle.

             However, even if Drozdowski did not have reasonable suspicion that criminality was afoot,

he still had a justification to stop the car based on motor vehicle code violations.35 Simply put,

Drozdowski was authorized to stop the driver for reckless driving. 75 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3714, 3736.36

Moreover, after Drozdowski stopped the vehicle, he was authorized to take further action under

33   Id. at 9-12.
34   Id. at l l.
35   75 Pa.C.S.A. § 6308.
36Officer Drozdowski noted in his trial testimony that he could have pulled over the vehicle for careless or reckless
driving, or for the fact that the driver did not use his turn signals. 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3334. N.T. 6/5117 pg. l 83.

                                                          8
the plain view doctrine when he observed the Complainant's purse in the car next to the

Appellant.37 For all of these reasons, the Appellant's second claim should be dismissed.

           C. The Appellant's third claim must fail because the stop was not illegal.

           The Appellant's third claim is that «any and all contraband recovered from that vehicle was

a fruit of the poisonous tree and should be suppressed.v" However, aa fruit of the poisonous tree

argument requires an antecedent illegality" on the part of the state. Quoted in Commonwealth v.

Diggs, 506 A.2d 431, 437 (Pa. Super. 1986). The Appellant's claim that the evidence recovered

from the vehicle is "fruit of the poisonous tree" presupposes that Officer Drozdowski illegally

stopped the occupants of the Mitsubishi. .As previously explained, Drozdowski had reasonable

suspicion and authority to stop the Mitsubishi because the driver violated the traffic code.

Moreover, the Complainant's purse was in plain view on the back seat of the vehicle.39 As there

was no antecedent illegality, the Appellant has no grounds to raise a "fruit of the poisonous tree"

argument, Therefore, his third claim should be dismissed.

     II.      There Was Sufficient Evidence for a Jury to Find the Appellant Guilty of Robbery

               and Conspiracy.

           The Appetlant next alleges that the evidence was insufficient as a matter oflaw to find him

guilty of Robbery and Conspiracy.l" The Court disagrees.

           It is well settled that "[tjhe weight of the evidence is exclusively for the finder of fact who

is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence and to determine the credibility of the witnesses."

Commonwealth v. Hawkins, 701 A.2d 492 (Pa. 1997) [citing Commonwealth v. Jackson, 485 A.2d
37 N.T. 6/2/17 pg. J 6-17, 39-40. See Commonwealth v. Miller, 56 A.3d 424, 430-43 I (Pa. Super. 20 l 2) (the court
applied the plain view doctrine to a beer bottle in the defendant's vehicle) (Of course, in our case, the Appellant did
not even have a right 10 privacy in the vehicle.); Commonwealth v. Brown, 23 A.3d 544 (Pa. Super. 2011 ).
38 See the
           Appellant's Supplemental Statement of Matters Complained of On Appeal.
39 N.T. 6/2/17
               pg. 40. See Miller, 56 A.3d 430-431 supra.
40 See
       Appellant's I 925(b) Statement.

                                                           9
       J 102, 1104 (Pa. 1984)]. Furthermore, "when reviewing a sufficiency claim[,] the court is required

      "1.:<1View the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict winner[,] giving the prosecution the

      boefit of all reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence." Commonwealth v. Widmer,

      74 A.2d 745, 751 (Pa. 2000); see also Commonwealth v. Torres, 766 A.2d 342, 344 (Pa. 2001).

     -rrerefore, for there to be sufficient evidence to convict the Appellant, the Commonwealth must

     c::::::sablish that each element of the crimes was met. In our case, the jury heard all the evidence and

 fomd the Appellant guilty of Robbery and Conspiracy.41 We will now consider whether there was

 .s ufticient evidence to support each of these crimes.
              The first crime the Appellant was convicted of was Conspiracy. In Pennsylvania, it is

 "......,-ell-settled law that a conspiracy conviction requires proof of (t) an intent to commit or aid in

a..n. unlawful act, (2) an agreement with a co-conspirator, and (3) an overt act in furtherance of the
c<::>nspiracy. Commonwealth v. Spotz, 7 I 6 A.2d 580, 592 (Pa. 1998).42 Although the existence of

ari       agreement is an essential element of conspiracy, it is generally difficult to prove an explicit or

fe>rmal agreement. Commonwealth v. Dolfi, 396 A.2d 635, 638 (Pa. 1979). Therefore, such an

agreement may be established inferentially by circumstantial evidence. Courts have inferred an

agreement by looking at the relationships between the parties, the conduct or circumstances of

the parties, or the overt acts of co-conspirators. Id. Furthermore, the requisite overt act need not

be committed by the defendant. It need only be committed by a co-conspirator. Commonwealth

y. Hennigan, 753 A.2d 245 (Pa. Super. 2000); Commonwealth v. Johnson, 719 A.2d 778 (Pa.

Super. 1998). See also Commonwealth v. Finn, 496 A.2d 1254 (Pa. Super. 1985).

             Likewise, an individual who engages in a criminal conspiracy is responsible for all

actions that the co-conspirators commit in furtherance of the criminal endeavor. Commonwealth

41   N _ T. 617/17 pg. 30-31.
42   See also 18 Pa.C.S. § 903

                                                        10
v. Lambert, 795 A.2d IO l O (Ra. Super. 2002)al denied). See also Commonwealth v. Burdell,

 110 A.2d 193 (Pa. 19 55) (" A conspirator is criminally responsible for the acts of his co-

conspirators which are committed in furtherance of the common design even though he was not

present when the acts were committed.") [citing Commonwealth v. Strantz, 195 A. 75, 79 (Pa.

 1937)]. Pennsylvania Courts have found sufficient evidence to establish a conspiracy where: 1)

a defendant came to a robbery scene together with two other robbers, left with them, and

positioned himself so that he could see the robbery in progress;43 2.) where a defendant and co-

conspirator entered a store, fled together, and were apprehended with stolen items;44 and 3.)

where a defendant had been drinking all day with a co-conspirator and was found leaning over

the coin receptacle of a jukebox into which a screwdriver had been forced, in a tavern which had

its door pried away."

           The second crime the Appellant was convicted of was Robbery. "A person is guilty of

robbery if, in the course of committing a theft, he ... inflicts bodily injury upon another or

threatens another with or intentionally puts him in fear of immediate bodily injury."46 HAn act

.shall be deemed 'in the course of committing a theft' if it occurs in an attempt to commit theft or

in flight after the attempt or omlssion.?" "A person is guilty of theft ifhe unlawfully takes, or

exercises unlawful control over, movable property of another with intent to deprive him

thereof.;'48

           We will now determine whether the Appellant robbed or conspired to rob the

Complainant when applying the law to the facts of our case. During trial, the Complainant

43
   Commonwealth v. Carter, 414 A.2d 361 (Pa. Super. 1979).
44
   Commonwealth v. Gibson, 668 A.2d 552 (Pa. Super. 1995).
4s Commonwealth v.
                       Tingle, 419 A.2d 6 (Pa. Super. 1980).
46 18 Pa.C.S. § 370 I (a)( I )(iv).
47   18 Pa.c.s. § 370l(a)(2).
48   18 Pa.C.S. § 3921 (a).

                                                       11
testified that she was pushed to the ground from behind before her purse was pulled off of her

shoulder." She immediately got up and saw a tall man with dreadlocks running towards

Fitzwater Street with her purse. so The Complainant also stated that she scraped her knee and was

bruised when she was pushed to the ground.51 Therefore, it is clear that the perpetrator who took

her purse and ran towards Fitzwater committed Robbery.

         However, while there was no direct evidence that the Appellant was the person who

pushed the Complainant and took her purse, there are several reasons why the Complainant's and

Drozdowski's testimonies were circumstantially sufficient enough for the jury to convict him of

robbery via conspiratorial liability. First, Drozdowki saw "several" men run across Fitzwater

Street and get into a car, and the Appellant was one of the three men in the car when it was

pulled over. 52 Thus, the jury, no doubt, inferred that the Appellant was one of the men who was

running. It is well settled that flight is evidence of a guilty conscience, and "may form the basis

in connection with other proof from which guilt may be inferred." Commonwealth v. Coyle, 203
A.2d 782, 789 (Pa. 1964). Second, since the stolen purse was in the backseat of the car, it was

not unreasonable for the jury to infer that one of the fleeing men had just robbed the

Complainant. 53 Third, the Appellant was the only one in the back seat of the car next to the

purse.54 Fourth, and most importantly, the jury believed that the Appellant was part of a

conspiracy to rob the Complainant. In summary, since the Appellant was one of the men running

on Fitzwater Street, and the only person seated next to the stolen purse, the jury most likely

inferred that the Appellant either robbed or conspired with the others to rob the Complainant.

49
   N.T. 6/6/17 pg. 29-33.
so Id. at 31-32, 41.
51 Id. at 43.

Sl N.T. 6/5/17 pg. 95-98, 108.
53 Id. at 114-115.
54
   Id. at 110·1 I 1.

                                                 12
            In closing, the actual robbery may serve as the "overt act" in furtherance of the

 conspiracy to commit robbery, since an overt act may be committed by any of the co-

 conspirators. Hennigan, 753 A.2d at 253, supra. As previously explained, an agreement can

 be inferred from the conduct, circumstances, or overt acts of the co-conspirators. Dolfi,
396 A.2d at 638, supra. Three men fleeing across a street after one of them had just committed a

robbery, jumping into a car, and pulling the car away with such force as to make the tires screech

arguably provided enough circumstantial evidence in this case for the jury to infer an agreement

between the parties. This is especially true if one considers the fact that the Complainant's purse

was found right next to the Appellant. In the end, while the Complainant did not know who

robbed her, given the totality of the circumstances, the jury believed there was sufficient

evidence to convict the Appellant of Robbery through conspiracy liability.ss For these reasons,

the Appellant's fourth and fifth claims should be dismissed.

55   See Commonwealth v. Lambert, 795 A.2d 10 IO (Pa. Super. 2002), supra.

                                                        13
                                            CONCLUSION

        First, the Court did not err when it denied the Appellant's request to introduce the

Complainant's testimony at the suppression hearing. The Appellant argued that the Complainant's

testimony would have contradicted that Officer Drozdowski had reasonable suspicion to stop the

Mitsubishi that three males (including the Appellant) got into after the robbery. However,

Drozdowski gave several reasons why he had reasonable suspicion to stop the vehicle regardless

of what the Complainant's testimony may have added.            Therefore, any testimony that the

Complainant would have added would not have been dispositive or totally relevant to the Motion

to Suppress hearing.

        Second, the Court did not err when it denied the Appellant's Motion to Suppress Evidence

because Officer Drozdowski had reasonable suspicion to stop the Mitsubishi and the stolen purse

was in plain view on the back seat next to the Appellant.

        Third, the Appellant's fruit of the poisonous tree argument fails because there was no

antecedent police illegality. Furthermore, all of the Appellant's suppression claims lack merit

because the Appellant does not have standing to challenge the car stop. The Appellant lacked

standing because he did not own, drive, or have any other connection to the car. In short, he lacked

a privacy interest to support his motion.

       Finally, the evidence was sufficient to convict the Appellant of Robbery and Conspiracy.

The Appellant and his co-conspirators fled across the street and jumped into a car after one of them
                                                                I

had robbed the Complainant. The Appellant's conduct suggests that either he himselfrobbed the

Complainant or that he was part of an agreement to rob the Complainant. His fleeing the scene

with other perpetrators showed an intent to aid in the commission of the act, and the robbery itself

by one of the co-conspirators served as an "overt act" in furtherance of the conspiracy. Hence,

                                                14
regardless of who took the Complainant's purse, the jury apparently believed that the Appellant

was responsible via conspiratorial liability.

       For these reasons, the Appellant's claims should be denied.

                                                           By the Court,

                                                15