Court Opinion

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Date Created: 2015-10-13 21:53:18.570352+00
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Opinions of the United
2003 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit

7-7-2003

Graw v. Fantasky
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 02-3812

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Recommended Citation
"Graw v. Fantasky" (2003). 2003 Decisions. Paper 386.
http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2003/386

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                                                              NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                                      No. 02-3812

                              CHRISTINE GRAW, et al.,
                                                Appellants

                                            v.

                              PAUL FANTASKY, et al.,
                                                Appellees
                                  ___________

                 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
                    MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                                D.C. Civ. No. 01-1935
                   District Judge: The Honorable John E. Jones, III
                                   _____________

                                  Argued: June 2, 2003
                                    _____________

   Before: BARRY, FUENTES, Circuit Judges, and MCLAUGHLIN,* District Judge.

                             (Opinion Filed: July 7, 2003)

Donald A. Bailey, Esq. (Argued)
4311 North 6th Street
Harrisburg, PA 17100

Attorney for Appellants

      *
        Honorable Mary A. McLaughlin, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
James D. Young, Esq. (Argued)
Frank J. Lavery, Jr.
Lavery, Faherty, Young & Patterson
225 Market Street
Suite 304
Harrisburg, PA 17101

Attorneys for Appellees Paul Fantaskey, Robert Kelly, and Borough of Renovo

David L. Schwalm, Esq. (Argued)
Thomas, Thomas & Hafer
305 North Front Street
P.O. Box 999
Harrisburg, PA 17108

Attorney for Appellee John Keeler

Patrick S. Cawley, Esq. (Argued)
D. Michael Fisher
Patrick S. Cawley
Calvin R. Koons
John G. Knorr, III
Office of Attorney General of Pennsylvania
Strawberry Square
Harrisburg, PA 17120

Attorneys for Appellee Shawn Fischer

                             OPINION OF THE COURT
MCLAUGHLIN, District Judge

       Appellants Christine Graw, Charles Graw, James Graw, Alice Shank, and Samuel

Eisenhower appeal the dismissal of their complaint. The plaintiffs alleged that defendants

Paul Fantaskey, Robert Kelly, John Keeler, Shawn Fischer, and the Borough of Renovo

violated their civil rights and state tort law.1 Because we conclude that the District Court

erred in dismissing the entire complaint, we will reverse in part, affirm in part, and

remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                              I.

       The facts from the complaint that the Court must accept as true for purposes of this

appeal are as follows. The plaintiffs are Christine Graw, Charles Graw, James Graw,

Alice Shank, and Samuel Eisenhower. These individuals are members of "Concerned

Citizens." This group is concerned with public affairs.

       The defendants are the Borough of Renovo, Paul Fantaskey, Robert Kelly, John

Keeler, and Shawn Fischer. The Borough of Renovo is in Clinton County, Pennsylvania.

Fantaskey is the police chief of Renovo and a Borough councilman. Kelly is a police

       1
         Many of the defendants' names are spelled differently in different places in the
pleadings. For example, in the caption of the plaintiffs' complaint, there are defendants
identified as "Paul Fantasky," "Detective Keeler," and "Sean Fisher." Based on the
defendants' filings in this case, the proper spelling of these defendants' names is "Paul
Fantaskey," "John Keeler," and "Shawn Fischer."

                                              3
officer in Renovo. Keeler is a county detective for Clinton County. Fischer is a state

police officer. Concerned Citizens has been openly critical of the defendants.

       On October 11, 1999, Alice Shank attended a Borough of Renovo council meeting

and videotaped the proceedings. During a break in the meeting, Fantaskey grabbed her

videocamera from underneath her arm. The videocamera was thrust upward into Shank's

face, damaging the eyeglasses she was wearing. The replacement cost of the glasses was

$50.

       After the incident at the council meeting, Shank complained to Shawn Fischer. In

the past, Fischer lied for Fantaskey. Fischer also disliked "Concerned Citizens." In

reporting the incident between Shank and Fantaskey, Fischer told his supervisor that

Shank did not know who approached her from behind. Fischer knew that his statement to

his supervisor was a lie.

       Shank complained to Keeler after Fischer refused to investigate. Keeler refused to

investigate because Shank would not drop a criminal complaint that she filed against

Fantaskey. Keeler believed the criminal complaint might cost Fantaskey his job.

       On November 2, 1999, which was Election Day, there was some unspecified

incident involving Christine Graw, Charles Graw, and Fantaskey at a polling place. On

November 29, 1999, Fantaskey charged Christine and Charles Graw with misdemeanors

and summary offenses stemming from the November 2, 1999 incident. These charges

were dismissed on February 17, 2000 by a judge in state court.

                                            4
       In July 2000, Fantaskey filed criminal charges against James Graw because James

Graw took a picture of another person who was outside. When he took the picture, James

Graw was on private property and across the street from the person being photographed.

James Graw wanted to report the person for a violation of welfare regulations. The

charges against Mr. Graw were dismissed in state court as baseless because there was no

law or regulation that prohibited people from taking a public picture.

       On July 18, 2000, defendant Fantaskey told David Cohick that Christine Graw was

a "slut," a "whore," and a "bastard." Fantaskey made these remarks in an effort to harm

or injure Christine Graw's reputation.

       Fantaskey would not allow anyone who the police department had deemed a "slut,"

a "whore," or a "bastard" to speak out publicly. Fantaskey also harassed and attempted to

intimidate Christine Graw on numerous other occasions. Fantaskey prohibited members

of "Concerned Citizens" from speaking out publicly because of their association with

Christine Graw. At some point, Christine Graw filed a criminal complaint against

Fantaskey.

       Robert Kelly, with the encouragement of Fantaskey, filed a harassment charge

against Samuel Eisenhower. The harassment charge was based on Eisenhower's

videotaping of young girls in the street. Fantaskey and Kelly confiscated Eisenhower's

videocamera. A state court judge found the charges to be without merit and dismissed

these charges on August 18, 2000.

                                             5
       The Borough of Renovo knowingly allowed, permitted, and ratified Fantaskey’s

behavior. As a Borough Council member and as the Police Commissioner for the

Borough, Fantaskey sets policy for the Borough.

       The plaintiffs filed their complaint on October 9, 2001 alleging violations of their

civil rights and of state tort law. The plaintiffs sued Fantaskey for violating their First

Amendment right to speak, to associate, and not to be retaliated against for exercising

their First Amendment rights. Eisenhower also sued Kelly for violating his First

Amendment rights. Each plaintiff except for Shank sued Fantaskey for violating their

Fourth Amendment right to be free of malicious prosecution. Eisenhower also sued Kelly

for malicious prosecution and Kelly and Fantaskey for violating his Fourth Amendment

rights by confiscating his videocamera. Shank and Christine Graw sued Fantaskey for

unspecified Fourteenth Amendment violations. Shank sued Keeler and Fischer for

violating her Fourteenth Amendment rights by refusing to investigate the incident she had

with Fantaskey. All of the plaintiffs sued the Borough of Renovo for violating their

rights under the First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendments. Various state tort law claims

were brought by the plaintiffs against Fantaskey.

       In December 2001, the defendants moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to

state a claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). In September 2002,

the District Court dismissed the complaint, holding that the federal claims failed to state a

claim. The District Court also declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the

                                               6
pendent state law claims.

                                               II.

       The District Court had subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331.

We have appellate jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

       Our review of the District Court’s dismissal for failure to state a claim is plenary.

Emerson v. Thiel Coll., 296 F.3d 184, 188 (3d Cir. 2002). We apply the same standard to

determine if the complaint should be dismissed for failure to state a claim that the District

Court should have used initially. Holder v. City of Allentown, 987 F.2d 188, 193-94 (3d

Cir. 1993). A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim may be granted only if,

accepting all well-pleaded allegations in the complaint as true and viewing them in the

light most favorable to the plaintiff, the plaintiff is not entitled to relief. Bd. of Trs. of

Teamsters Local 863 Pension Fund v. Foodtown, Inc., 296 F.3d 164, 167 (3d Cir. 2002).

       The plaintiffs' civil rights claims are brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. A plaintiff

may be entitled to relief in the context of a Section 1983 claim if the complaint

“sufficiently alleges a deprivation of any right secured by the Constitution.” Higgins v.

Beyer, 293 F.3d 683, 688 (3d Cir. 2002). A complaint alleges sufficient facts if it is

adequate to put the proper defendants on notice of the essential elements of the plaintiffs’

cause of action. Langford v. City of Atlantic City, 235 F.3d 845, 857 (3d Cir. 2000). The

notice pleading standard of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a) requires only that a

                                                7
complaint contain a short and plain statement showing a right to relief, “not a detailed

recitation of the proof that will in the end establish such a right.” Pryor v. Nat'l Collegiate

Athletic Ass'n, 288 F.3d 548, 564 (3d Cir. 2002).

       Applying these principles to the plaintiffs' complaint, the District Court erred by

dismissing the First Amendment and Fourth Amendment claims against Fantaskey, Kelly,

and the Borough of Renovo because it does not appear beyond doubt that the plaintiffs

can prove no set of facts that would entitle them to relief against these defendants on

these claims. The District Court, however, correctly dismissed the claims against Keeler

and Fischer, and the unspecified Fourteenth Amendment claims against Fantaskey.

       Each plaintiff alleges violations of various facets of their First Amendment rights:

the right to speak; the right to associate; and the right to be free of retaliatory action

motivated by the individual's exercise of First Amendment rights. For a right to speak

claim, a plaintiff must allege that: (1) the speech was protected by the First Amendment

and (2) the government excluded the plaintiff's speech in a public or non-public forum

without justifying its actions to the standard required for the particular forum. See

Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Def. & Educ. Fund, Inc., 473 U.S. 788, 797 (1985). For a

right to associate claim, a plaintiff must allege that: (1) the group engaged in protected

activities such as expressing its views on political, economic, cultural, and social affairs;

(2) the state action at issue significantly infringed the group's ability to advocate its

viewpoints; and (3) the state’s interest in its action was outweighed by the burden

                                                8
imposed on the associational expression. See Pi Lambda Phi Fraternity v. Univ. of

Pittsburgh, 229 F.3d 435, 438, 446-47 (3d Cir. 2000). For a First Amendment retaliation

claim, a plaintiff must allege that: (1) the plaintiff engaged in protected activity; (2) the

government responded with retaliation; and (3) the protected activity was the cause of the

retaliation. See Estate of Smith v. Marasco, 318 F.3d 497, 512 (3d Cir. 2003).

       The complaint alleges facts sufficient to state a claim on behalf of each plaintiff

with respect to one or more theories of a First Amendment violation. Fairly read, the

complaint states that the plaintiffs are members or supporters of Concerned Citizens, a

group that has been openly critical of the defendants on questions of public interest. This

type of activity is protected by the First Amendment.

       Fantaskey allegedly interfered with the rights of the members of Concerned

Citizens, that includes the plaintiffs, to associate and to speak out publicly. The plaintiffs,

therefore, stated a claim against Fantaskey for violating their First Amendment rights to

associate and to speak.

       In retaliation for speaking on public issues, Fantaskey charged Christine and

Charles Graw with certain offenses that were later dismissed. Implicit in the claims of

James Graw is the charge that Fantaskey filed charges against him for conduct that was a

prelude to reporting violations of welfare regulations. Eisenhower’s First Amendment

claim is similar to that of James Graw. Kelly, with Fantaskey's encouragement, filed a

harassment charge against Eisenhower for conduct that could have been a prelude to

                                               9
reporting some type of illegal conduct. Shank alleges that she was retaliated against for

videotaping a Borough of Renovo Council meeting. Although these First Amendment

claims could have been articulated more clearly and more specific facts alleged, we

cannot say that under no circumstances could the plaintiffs establish a First Amendment

retaliation claim.

       The complaint also adequately pleads a violation of the Fourth Amendment's

prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures. To sustain a Fourth Amendment

claim, there must be allegations sufficient to show a search or a seizure. Gallo v. City of

Philadelphia, 161 F.3d 217, 223 (3d Cir. 1998); see California v. Hodari D., 499 U.S.

621, 625-27 (1991); Brower v. County of Inyo, 489 U.S. 593, 595-96 (1989). In the

present case, the alleged seizures related to the seizure of Eisenhower's videocamera and

the malicious prosecution of each plaintiff except Alice Shank. Eisenhower's allegation

that his videocamera was seized without probable cause is sufficient to state a claim for a

Fourth Amendment violation.

       We also conclude that the complaint adequately alleges a seizure for purposes of

the malicious prosecution claims of Christine Graw, Charles Graw, James Graw, and

Samuel Eisenhower. They allege that they were forced to defend themselves against

baseless criminal charges. In order to prove these charges, they will have to show that

they were seized as a consequence of a legal proceeding. We have interpreted the

concept of seizure broadly for purposes of a malicious prosecution claim. In Gallo, it was

                                             10
enough that the plaintiff was indicted by a grand jury, arraigned, released on a personal

recognizance bond, and instructed to remain within the boundaries of Pennsylvania and

New Jersey. Analogizing the imposition of these restrictions to a Terry stop, we held that

“[w]hen [the plaintiff] was obliged to go to court and answer the charges against him, [the

plaintiff], like the plaintiff in Terry, was brought to a stop.” Gallo, 161 F.3d at 223; see

Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 16-18 (1968). Given the broad approach taken in Gallo, the

plaintiffs sufficiently allege a seizure for the purpose of surviving a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.

See Gallo, 161 F.3d at 223-25.

       We disagree with the conclusion of the District Court that the complaint does not

allege “any facts that could tend to prove liability on the part of the Borough.” Under

Section 1983, municipalities and other local government units are among those persons to

whom Section 1983 applies. Monell v. New York City Dep't of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S.

658, 690 (1978). To determine whether a municipality can be held liable under Section

1983, there must be: (1) a municipal policy and (2) a causal link between the municipal

policy and the violation of the plaintiff's constitutional rights. Bd. of County Comm'rs v.

Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 403-05 (1997).

       The complaint alleges that Fantaskey is a council member of the Borough and that

the Borough has “consistently approved, ratified, in all ways supported, and encouraged

the misconduct of Paul Fantasky as directed at the plaintiffs knowing he sets policy for

the Borough as Police Commissioner and Council member and knowing he blatantly

                                              11
violated peoples rights.” The plaintiffs also allege that the Borough has a custom,

practice, and usage of committing unlawful acts against political critics such as

Concerned Citizens. With its allegations that Fantaskey violated several of the plaintiffs'

constitutional rights and that Fantaskey set municipal policy, a Section 1983 claim has

been stated against the Borough of Renovo.

       The state law claims will also be reinstated. These claims were dismissed because

the federal claims were dismissed and not for failure to state a claim. With the

reinstatement of several federal claims, the basis for dismissing the state law claims has

been eliminated.

       The dismissal of the claims against Fischer and Keeler, however, will be affirmed.

That claim in essence is that Fischer and Keeler did not investigate Shank’s claim that

Fantaskey violated her First and Fourteenth Amendment rights. We agree with the

District Court that “an allegation of a failure to investigate, without another recognizable

constitutional right, is not sufficient to sustain a section 1983 claim.” See DeShaney v.

Winnebago County Dep't of Soc. Servs., 489 U.S. 189, 195-96 (1989). We will also

affirm the dismissal of any Fourteenth Amendment claims against Fantaskey. The

plaintiff does not articulate clearly the basis for such a claim and we can discern none in

the complaint.

       Having determined that the plaintiffs' complaint stated a claim for various First

and Fourth Amendment violations, we REVERSE in part, AFFIRM in part, and

                                             12
REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

TO THE CLERK OF THE COURT:

      Kindly file the foregoing Opinion.

                                 _____      /s/ Mary A. McLaughlin___________
                                           District Judge

                                           13