Court Opinion

ID: 996861
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-07-04 00:56:49.873368+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:11:36.944262
License: Public Domain

UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.
                                                                      No. 97-4539
LARRY SMITH, a/k/a Sean Edward
Purdy, a/k/a Larry Kimble Smith,
Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria.
Claude M. Hilton, Chief District Judge.
(CR-96-457-A)

Argued: September 25, 1998

Decided: November 10, 1998

Before NIEMEYER and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges, and
MAGILL, Senior Circuit Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit,
sitting by designation.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Dale Warren Dover, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellant.
Heather Robin Epstein, Special Assistant United States Attorney,
OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Alexandria, Vir-
ginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Helen F. Fahey, United States Attor-
ney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Alexandria,
Virginia, for Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Larry Smith was convicted of possessing a burglarious tool in vio-
lation of 18 U.S.C.A. § 13 (West Supp. 1998), assimilating Virginia
Code § 18.2-94 (Michie 1996), and sentenced to four months
imprisonment.1 Smith now appeals his conviction on the grounds that
§ 18.2-94 is unconstitutional and, in the alternative, that there was
insufficient evidence that he possessed the tool in question, a slim
jim, with criminal intent. Finding no error, we affirm.

I.

On November 3, 1996, United States Park Police Officers Anthony
Ditoto and George Madden (the Officers) were on horseback patrol-
ling the parking lot at the Great Falls National Park (the Park), which
is located within the Eastern District of Virginia. Because a series of
larcenies had recently occurred in the Park's parking lot, the Officers
_________________________________________________________________
1 While his appeal was pending before this Court, Smith completed his
four-month term of imprisonment. This appeal, however, is not mooted
by the completion of Smith's sentence. See, e.g. , Carafas v. LaVallee,
391 U.S. 234, 237-38 (1968) (holding that the expiration of petitioner's
sentence while his conviction was awaiting appellate review did not
moot the appeal because petitioner had substantial interest in discharging
burdens that flowed from conviction). Because of the collateral conse-
quences of a conviction, e.g., loss of voting privileges, a defendant has
"a substantial stake in the judgment of conviction which survives the sat-
isfaction of the sentence imposed on him." Fiswick v. United States, 329
U.S. 211, 222 (1946).

                    2
paid particularly close attention to the people entering and exiting the
Park that day. At approximately 2:00 p.m., the Officers observed a
Ford Thunderbird occupied by Larry Smith and driven by Smith's
companion, Charles Fry, slowly enter the parking area. As the vehicle
drove past the mounted patrol, Smith and Fry waved at the Officers.
Unsure if he knew the individuals in the vehicle, Officer Ditoto made
a mental note of the vehicle's license plate number.

Shortly thereafter, the Officers stabled their horses and returned to
the parking lot -- where Fry's car was now parked-- in an unmarked
patrol car to investigate. Officer Ditoto approached the unoccupied
car and, looking through the window, observed opened and unopened
alcoholic beverage containers. The Officers then observed Fry walk-
ing in front of a row of parked cars, stopping to look inside the cars.
As Fry was looking inside the cars, he noticed one of the uniformed
Officers behind him. Fry nervously looked over his shoulder several
times at the Officers. The Officers then observed Fry walk over to
where Smith was standing, and while Fry and Smith talked, they
repeatedly glanced at the Officers.

Officer Ditoto decided to approach Smith and Fry and inform them
of the alcoholic beverage violation. The Officers called out to Smith
and Fry, requesting that Smith and Fry approach them. Fry complied
with the Officers' request, but Smith continued to walk away. Officer
Madden ran after Smith, who continued to ignore Officer Madden's
requests to stop. Finally, Officer Madden placed his hand on Smith's
shoulder in order to stop him. When Officer Madden finally stopped
Smith, Smith immediately stated that he was only jogging. Officer
Madden testified that he was taken aback by Smith's spontaneous
explanation.

Smith and Fry were instructed by the Officers to sit on a log and
produce identification. Neither Smith nor Fry had identification and,
when asked about their identity, both gave false names. In response
to questioning, Smith also gave a false address, date of birth, and
social security number. The Officers placed Smith and Fry under
arrest for possession of alcoholic beverages in the Park.2 See 36
C.F.R. § 4.14(b) (1998). The Officers then conducted a search of
_________________________________________________________________
2 This charge was ultimately dismissed.

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Smith and Fry incident to the arrest. When Officer Ditoto "patted
down" Smith, he found an open slim jim hidden in Smith's pants.

In December 1996, Smith was indicted by a federal grand jury on
one count of possessing burglarious tools in violation of 18 U.S.C.A.
§ 13 (West Supp. 1998), assimilating Virginia Code § 18.2-94
(Michie 1996). At trial, the Government introduced evidence that a
slim jim is a tool specifically used to gain entry into an automobile
without using a key. In fact, Officer Ditoto testified that because of
its special function, police officers, firemen, and automobile assis-
tance organizations, such as AAA, are authorized to carry and use
slim jims.

In his defense, Smith offered the testimony of his employer, John
Routzahn, who testified that Smith had worked for him as a roofer for
approximately eight years. Routzahn further testified that a slim jim,
if it had a handle, would be the functional equivalent of a slate ripper,
a tool used to pull slate shingles off of a roof for repair. Routzahn
stated, however, that his roofing company does not have a roofing
contract with the federal government or with the Great Falls National
Park.

After a jury trial, Smith was convicted of possession of a tool with
intent to commit burglary, in violation of 18 U.S.C.§ 13, assimilating
Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-94. Smith was sentenced to four months
imprisonment and ordered to pay a $10 special assessment. On
appeal, Smith contends that Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-94 is unconstitu-
tional and, in the alternative, that there was insufficient evidence that
he possessed the slim jim with criminal intent. 3 We address each
argument in turn.
_________________________________________________________________
3 Smith also contends that the Government impermissibly commented
during its closing argument on Smith's exercise of his Fifth Amendment
right not to testify. (Appellant's Br. at 10.) Other than Smith's cursory
assertion in his appellate brief, Smith failed to brief this argument on
appeal. As a result, the issue is not properly before the panel. See Canady
v. Crestar Mortgage Corp., 109 F.3d 969, 973 (4th Cir. 1997) (holding
that issues raised, but not briefed, are deemed waived on appeal). In any
event, because Smith did not raise this issue in the district court, appel-
late review would have been for plain error under Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b).
See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732-34 (1993) (finding that
error must be plain under current law, affect substantial rights, and seri-
ously affect fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceed-
ings). We cannot find anything in the Government's closing argument
that seriously affected the fairness of Smith's trial.

                     4
II.

Smith contends that Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-94 (Michie 1996) is
unconstitutional on two distinct grounds.4 First, Smith argues that
because § 18.2-94 contains a presumption that possession of a bur-
glary tool is prima facie evidence of intent to commit burglary, the
statute impermissibly relieves the Government of its burden to prove
each element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Second,
Smith argues that because § 18.2-94 fails to define the term "burglari-
ous tool," the statute is void for vagueness. For the reasons that fol-
low, we find both contentions to be without merit.

A.

Section 18.2-94 provides as follows:

          If any person have in his possession any tools, implements
          or outfit, with intent to commit burglary, robbery or larceny,
          upon conviction thereof he shall be guilty of a Class 5 fel-
          ony. The possession of such burglarious tools, implements
          or outfit by any person other than a licensed dealer, shall be
          prima facie evidence of an intent to commit burglary, rob-
          bery or larceny.

Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-94. Thus, although the Government must prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that Smith (1) possessed a burglarious
tool, and (2) intended to use that tool to commit a burglary, the statute
allows the jury to presume an intent to commit burglary from the
mere possession of burglarious tools. According to Smith, the issue
here is whether a statute may, consistent with the Constitution, make
proof of one element presumptive or prima facie evidence of another
element. Such a question is subject to de novo review. See Multi-
_________________________________________________________________
4 This Court, pursuant to 28 U.S.C.A. § 2403 (West 1994), notified the
Virginia Attorney General that Smith's appeal raised a challenge to the
constitutionality of a Virginia Statute. In response, the Commonwealth
of Virginia filed an amicus brief defending the constitutionality of Va.
Code Ann. § 18.2-94 (Michie 1996). We thank the Commonwealth for
its participation.

                    5
Channel TV Cable Co. v. Charlottesville Quality Cable Corp., 65
F.3d 1113, 1123 (4th Cir. 1995).

We need not decide whether the presumption contained in § 18.2-
94 is constitutional, however, because the Government proved its case
without the benefit of the presumption.5 Indeed, the jury was never
instructed that possession of a burglarious tool was prima facie evi-
ence of an intent to commit burglary. Rather, the district court
instructed the jury that it must find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that
Smith (1) possessed a burglarious tool and (2) intended to use that
tool to commit a burglary. See Carter v. Commonwealth, 290 S.E.2d
865, 866 n.2 (Va. 1982) (noting that the statute may be enforced with-
out the use of the presumption). The validity of the presumption,
therefore, has no bearing on Smith's conviction. See, e.g., United
States v. Posey, 864 F.2d 1487, 1491 (9th Cir. 1989) (noting that a
criminal defendant is not entitled to relief simply because some possi-
ble application of the statute violates the Constitution).

Although Smith concedes, as he must, that the jury was not specifi-
cally instructed on the presumption here, he contends that the Govern-
ment's closing argument was the functional equivalent of the burden
shifting instruction found in the statute. (Appellant's Br. at 9-10.)
Despite Smith's contentions, the Government did not inform the jury
of the presumption during closing arguments. During closing argu-
ment, the Government simply posed a series of questions to the jury,
including: "Why did Smith have the slim jim? Why did he go jogging
with a slim jim? . . . Why would he have it out there? Why did he
provide a false name to the officers? Why did he give the officers a
false birth date, a false Social Security number, and a false place of
residence?" (J.A. at 122.) Because intent may be inferred from a
defendant's conduct, the Government simply reminded the jury of
those facts from which it could reasonably conclude that Smith pos-
sessed the slim jim with the intent to commit a larceny.
_________________________________________________________________

5 As both the Government and the Commonwealth note, the constitu-
tionality of § 18.2-94 was squarely addressed and sustained in Burnette
v. Commonwealth, 75 S.E.2d 482, 485 (Va. 1953), and Nance v.
Commonwealth, 124 S.E.2d 900, 903-04 (Va. 1962).

                    6
B.

Smith also argues that the statute's failure to define the term "bur-
glarious tool" renders the provision void for vagueness. In particular,
Smith contends that the term could apply to several everyday, com-
monplace items, thus exposing law-abiding citizens to criminal liabil-
ity. This result would be constitutionally impermissible, Smith argues,
because it would subject citizens to the unbridled discretion of the
police. Whether Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-94 is void for vagueness is a
legal question subject to de novo review. See Roach v. West Va.
Regional Jail & Correctional Facility Auth., 74 F.3d 46, 48 (4th Cir.
1996).

"Due process requires that a criminal statute provide adequate
notice to a person of ordinary intelligence that his contemplated con-
duct is illegal, for `no man shall be held criminally responsible for
conduct which he could not reasonably understand to be proscribed.'"
Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 77 (1976) (quoting United States v.
Harriss, 347 U.S. 612, 617 (1954)). Thus, "the void-for-vagueness
doctrine requires that a penal statute define the criminal offense with
sufficient definiteness that ordinary people can understand what con-
duct is prohibited and in a manner that does not encourage arbitrary
and discriminatory enforcement." Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352,
357 (1983); see also Grayned v. City of Rockford , 408 U.S. 104, 108-
09 (1972).

We cannot say that § 18.2-94 is unconstitutionally vague. In fact,
the statute is rather specific as to what conduct is prohibited: the pos-
session of a tool coupled with the intent to use the tool to commit a
burglary, robbery, or larceny. As such, a person of ordinary intelli-
gence would understand what conduct is illegal. Similarly, law
enforcement is simply not vested with the unrestrained power to arrest
anyone possessing tools that could be used in a legal trade or busi-
ness. The police may only make an arrest under the statute if the tool
is possessed with the requisite criminal intent. Not surprisingly, other
courts have upheld similar statutes against vagueness challenges. See,
e.g., Hogan v. Atkins, 411 F.2d 576, 577-78 (5th Cir. 1969) (per
curiam); People v. Gurule, 924 P.2d 1164, 1166-67 (Colo. Ct. App.
1996); State v. Emery, 610 S.W.2d 698, 699 (Mo. Ct. App. 1980);
State v. Briner, 255 N.W.2d 422, 423 (Neb. 1977); Hogan v. Atkins,

                     7
162 S.E.2d 395, 396 (Ga. 1968); State v. Jerrel , 436 P.2d 973, 975
(Kan. 1968); State v. McDonald, 445 P.2d 345, 348 (Wash. 1968);
Shafer v. State, 381 S.W.2d 254, 261 (Tenn. 1964); Goldstine v. State,
126 N.E.2d 581, 583 (Ind. 1955); Mahar v. Lainson, 72 N.W.2d 516,
519 (Iowa 1955). Because the statute neither leaves an individual of
ordinary intelligence with difficulty in discerning the prohibited con-
duct, nor encourages arbitrary enforcement by the police, it is not
impermissibly vague.

III.

Finally, Smith contends that there was insufficient evidence that he
possessed the slim jim with criminal intent. Instead, Smith argues that
the evidence established that he used the slim jim in his employment
as a roofer. When assessing the sufficiency of the evidence of a crimi-
nal conviction on direct review, "[t]he verdict of a jury must be sus-
tained if there is substantial evidence, taking the view most favorable
to the Government, to support it." See Glasser v. United States, 315
U.S. 60, 80 (1942).

Under the statute, the Government must prove beyond a reasonable
doubt that Smith: (1) had in his possession any tool, implement, or
outfit that might be used to commit burglary, robbery, or larceny; and
(2) intended to use such tools, implements, or outfit to commit bur-
glary, larceny, or robbery. See Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-94 (Michie
1996). At issue here is the second element, whether Smith intended
to use the slim jim to commit larceny. We conclude, for the reasons
that follow, that there was sufficient evidence for the jury to find that
Smith possessed the slim jim with the intent to commit larceny.

The Officers observed Smith and his companion, Fry, in a parking
lot where numerous larcenies had occurred in the recent past. Smith's
companion was observed looking into the windows of parked vehicles
while Smith looked on with a slim jim -- a tool designed specifically
to gain entry into a locked vehicle without using keys -- secreted
down his pants. When Smith realized that he and his companion were
being observed by the Officers he began to act nervously. Smith
attempted to evade the Officers when they asked him to stop. After
finally being stopped, and prior to any questioning by the Officers,
Smith stated that he was jogging. Smith was unable to produce identi-
fication and, when questioned by the officers, gave a false name,

                     8
address, date of birth, and social security number. See United States
v. D'Anjou, 16 F.3d 604, 609 (4th Cir. 1994) (providing a false name
reveals consciousness of guilt).

Although the evidence of intent is entirely circumstantial, intent is
rarely proven by direct evidence. Rather, the factfinder must draw
reasonable inferences from the available facts. This is so because
intent concerns a defendant's state of mind, which-- absent a confes-
sion -- can only be inferred from conduct. Given Smith's conduct at
the Park, as described above, the jury properly could have inferred
that he intended to commit a larceny. Indeed, the jury's verdict could
be sustained based solely on Smith's unsolicited statement that he was
jogging. Although a slim jim may be put to a lawful use, it would not
be unreasonable for a jury to conclude that an individual would not
go jogging with a slim jim hidden in his pants.

Smith contends that the jury heard evidence that the slim jim in
question was used as a roofing tool and, therefore, could not have
rationally concluded that he intended to commit a larceny. We dis-
agree. It is well established that circumstantial evidence may support
a verdict of guilty even if it does not exclude every reasonable theory
consistent with innocence. See United States v. George, 568 F.2d
1064, 1069 (4th Cir. 1978). In any event, it was never established that
the slim jim in question was used as a roofing tool. In fact, when
Smith's employer was asked to identify the tool at trial, he initially
stated that it was a tool used to open a car when the keys were locked
inside. When asked if the tool had any application in roofing, Smith's
employer stated that the tool in question, if it had a handle, would be
the functional equivalent of a slate ripper. Thus, despite Smith's con-
tentions to the contrary, there was no clear evidence that the slim jim
was used as a roofing tool.

In sum, the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the
Government, was sufficient to support the jury's finding that Smith
possessed the slim jim with the requisite criminal intent.

IV.

For the foregoing reasons, Smith's conviction is affirmed.

AFFIRMED

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