Court Opinion

ID: 6353309
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-23 23:02:44.988625+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:14:02.652767
License: Public Domain

Filed 6/23/22 Haghighi v. Mercury Casualty Co. CA4/2
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
 California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
                                     or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                   FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION TWO

 AHMAD HAGHIGHI,

          Plaintiff and Appellant,                                       E074669

 v.                                                                      (Super.Ct.No. CIVDS1803392)

 MERCURY CASUALTY COMPANY,                                               OPINION

          Defendant and Respondent.

         APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Brian S.

McCarville, Judge. Affirmed.

         Law Office of Kaveh Keshmiri and Kaveh Keshmiri for Plaintiff and Appellant.

         Wesierski & Zurek, Christopher P. Wesierski, Laura J. Barns, and Mary H. Kim,

for Defendant and Respondent.

         Plaintiff and appellant Ahmad Haghighi owns and manages an apartment building.

He filed a claim with his insurance company, defendant and respondent Mercury

Casualty Company (Mercury), contending that the property had been vandalized.

Haghighi and Mercury disagreed about the appropriate amount to be paid on the claim,

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and Haghighi brought suit. The trial court granted nonsuit in favor of Mercury on two of

Haghighi’s three causes of action (the second and third causes of action asserted in his

complaint), and a jury returned a defense verdict on the remaining cause of action (the

first cause of action in the complaint).

       In this appeal, Haghighi contends the grant of nonsuit was erroneous and the

matter should be remanded for retrial of those two causes of action. We affirm, finding

that Haghighi failed to demonstrate prejudice, even if the nonsuit grant was erroneous,

because the jury’s defense verdict on the first cause of action necessarily precludes a

verdict in Haghighi’s favor on the other two.

                                      BACKGROUND

       Haghighi owns a two-story, four-unit apartment building in Barstow, California.

According to Haghighi, someone vandalized the property on August 3, 2016. At the

time, only one of the units was rented out, and that tenant had been out of town on that

date. Haghighi had managed the property himself beginning in January 2016, and he

testified that from that time he stayed in a second unit two or three days a week, when he

came to the property from his home in Los Angeles. According to Haghighi, the damage

from the August 3, 2016 vandalism was profound. In addition to substantial breakage

and theft, the vandals caused flooding, including by stealing dishwashers and copper

pipes for the water heater, leaving water “spewing all over the place.” The flooding

caused, among other things, the ceiling of one of the lower units to collapse.

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       Haghighi reported the damage and filed a claim with Mercury on September 29,

2016. Mercury, based on an inspection by an adjuster it hired, concluded most of the

claimed damage was not from a single incident of vandalism, but instead “long term

water damage, incomplete repairs, and wear and tear.” It found no evidence that

Haghighi in fact resided at the property, meaning that the policy’s vacancy provision

probably applied, such that no payments for damages from vandalism were required

under the policy. Nevertheless, Mercury initially made a payment to Haghighi of

$11,004.66. Haghighi objected, demanding $258,962, based on an estimate he obtained.

Although that estimate was purportedly for repairs needed “to return” the property to a

“pre vandalism state,” the adjuster viewed the estimate as representing a “complete

renovation” of the property, including improvements. After a reinspection with another

general contractor hired by Mercury—Haghighi was invited to also bring a contractor of

his own to the reinspection, but he did not do so—Mercury made an additional payment

to Haghighi, bringing the total payment to $19,330.98. Haghighi later provided Mercury

with a second estimate by a different company, for $238,850. Mercury was not

persuaded to make any additional payments on the claim, and Haghighi brought this

lawsuit.

       Haghighi’s complaint asserts three causes of action: (1) breach of contract; (2)

bad faith denial of insurance benefits; and (3) breach of the implied covenant of good

faith and fair dealing. At trial, after Haghighi had presented his evidence, Mercury

moved for nonsuit as to all three causes of action. The trial court granted the motion as to

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the second and third causes of action, finding that there was a “genuine dispute as to what

was covered and/or damaged,” but finding no evidence (“not even a scintilla”) of

“inappropriate conduct” that might justify a finding of bad faith. The jury found in favor

of Mercury on the first cause of action, for breach of contract.

                                        DISCUSSION

       Haghighi contends that the trial court’s grant of nonsuit on his second and third

causes of action was erroneous, so the matter should be remanded for retrial on those two

causes of action. Importantly, however, he has not attempted to articulate any reason

why the jury’s verdict in favor of Mercury on his first cause of action for breach of

contract should be disturbed. As such, any error by the trial court in granting nonsuit on

the second and third causes of action is harmless and could not justify reversal.

       To secure a reversal of the trial court’s ruling on the motion for nonsuit, Haghighi

would have to show it is reasonably probable that he would have received a more

favorable result had the error not occurred. (Cassim v. Allstate Ins. Co. (2004) 33 Cal.4th

780, 800 [error justifies reversal in a civil action only if it is reasonably probable a

different result would have been reached absent the error]; see Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13

“[n]o judgment shall be set aside, or new trial granted, in any cause . . . for any error as to

any matter of procedure unless, after an examination of the entire cause, including the

evidence, the court shall be of the opinion that the error complained of has resulted in a

miscarriage of justice”]; Code Civ. Proc., § 475 [“[n]o judgment, decision, or decree shall

be reversed or affected by reason of any error, ruling, instruction, or defect, unless it shall

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appear from the record that such error, ruling, instruction, or defect was prejudicial . . .

and that a different result would have been probable if such error, ruling, instruction, or

defect had not occurred or existed”].)

       The implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing is part of every contract,

requiring that neither party do anything to interfere with the other party’s right to receive

the benefits of the agreement. (See Howard v. American National Fire Ins. Co. (2010)

187 Cal.App.4th 498, 528.) Generally, compensation for breach of the implied covenant

is limited to contract remedies. (Foley v. Interactive Data Corp. (1988) 47 Cal.3d 654,

684.) In the context of insurance contracts, however, “for a variety of policy reasons,

courts have held that breach of the implied covenant will provide the basis for an action

in tort.” (Ibid.) “[A]n insurer’s denial of or delay in paying benefits gives rise to tort

damages only if the insured shows the denial or delay was unreasonable.” (Wilson v. 21st

Century Ins. Co. (2007) 42 Cal.4th 713, 723.) “‘[A]n insurer denying or delaying the

payment of policy benefits due to the existence of a genuine dispute with its insured as to

the existence of coverage liability or the amount of the insured’s coverage claim is not

liable in bad faith even though it might be liable for breach of contract.’” (Ibid.)

       Haghighi, it seems, conceives of his second cause of action as expressing a tort

claim, while his third cause of action expresses an alternative contract claim. Both the

second and third causes of action, however, are grounded in the same facts and the same

underlying primary right—the right to good faith and fair dealing by Mercury. Thus,

what Haghighi has framed as two separate causes of action is more properly a single

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cause of action, for which two types of remedies are potentially available. (See Crowley

v. Katleman (1994) 8 Cal.4th 666, 681 [“a ‘cause of action’ is comprised of a ‘primary

right’ of the plaintiff, a corresponding ‘primary duty’ of the defendant, and a wrongful act

by the defendant constituting a breach of that duty”]; Behnke v. State Farm General Ins.

Co. (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 1443, 1469 [treating “bad faith denial of insurance benefits”

and “covenant of good faith and fair dealing” as interchangeable].)

       A prerequisite for establishing a violation of that primary right (however framed)

is proof that the defendant insurer breached the insurance contract. “[T]here are at least

two separate requirements to establish breach of the implied covenant: (1) benefits due

under the policy must have been withheld; and (2) the reason for withholding benefits

must have been unreasonable or without proper cause.” (Love v. Fire Ins. Exchange

(1990) 221 Cal.App.3d 1136, 1151; see also Brodkin v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co.

(1989) 217 Cal.App.3d 210, 218 [“there could be no cause of action for breach of the

covenant of good faith or of any statutory duty” if the insurer properly denied the claim

under the policy]; California State Auto. Assn. Inter-Ins. Bureau v. Superior Court (1986)

184 Cal.App.3d 1428, 1433 [no award for bad faith can be made “without first

establishing that coverage exists”]; Behnke v. State Farm General Ins. Co., supra, 196

Cal.App.4th at p. 1470 [“as [plaintiff] has no viable breach of contract claim against [the

insurer] . . . , his claim for bad faith denial of insurance benefits fails as a matter of

law”].) As our Supreme Court has explained, “the covenant is implied as a supplement to

the express contractual covenants [....] Absent that contractual right, however, the

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implied covenant has nothing upon which to act as a supplement, and ‘should not be

endowed with an existence independent of its contractual underpinnings.’” (Waller v.

Truck Ins. Exchange, Inc. (1995) 11 Cal.4th 1, 36.)

       Applying these principles here, Haghighi cannot make the necessary showing that

the judgment would have been any different had the trial court ruled differently on

Mercury’s motion for nonsuit. The jury decided in favor of Mercury on Haghighi’s

breach of contract claim. That finding, unchallenged on appeal, is fatal to his contention

that Mercury acted in bad faith, no matter whether framed as a tort claim or contract

claim. If Haghighi’s second and third causes of action had also been allowed to go to the

jury, the result necessarily would have been the same; judgment in favor of the defense.

Similarly, the preclusive effect of the jury’s verdict on the contract claim would make

any remand futile, since Haghighi could not prevail in any retrial of the bad faith issue.

(See People v. Seldomridge (1984) 154 Cal.App.3d 362, 365 [we will not reverse for

further proceedings when to do so would be “a useless and futile act and would be of no

benefit to appellant”]; see also Lindeleaf v. Agricultural Labor Relations Bd. (1986) 41

Cal.3d 861, 876 [refusing to remand for futile act]; Charles H. Duell, Inc. v. Metro-

Goldwyn-Mayer Corp. (1932) 128 Cal.App 376, 385 [“it remains a rule of appellate

procedure that a reviewing court will not remand a case where further proceedings

therein would be futile”].)

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      Thus, we need not decide whether the trial court erred in granting nonsuit in favor

of Mercury on Haghighi’s second and third causes of action. Reversal would be

inappropriate, even assuming error.

                                      DISPOSITION

      The judgment is affirmed. Mercury is awarded costs on appeal.

      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED FOR OFFICIAL REPORTS

                                                              RAPHAEL
                                                                                        J.

We concur:

McKINSTER
               Acting P. J.

MENETREZ
                         J.

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