Court Opinion

ID: 4063324
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-29 20:49:09.683535+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:33:48.700759
License: Public Domain

ACCEPTED
                                                                          03-14-00806-CR
                                                                                 4423128
                                                                THIRD COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                           AUSTIN, TEXAS
                                                                      3/9/2015 2:35:25 PM
                                                                        JEFFREY D. KYLE
                                                                                   CLERK

                No. 03-14-00806-CR
                                                          FILED IN
                                                   3rd COURT OF APPEALS
          IN THE THIRD COURT OF APPEALS                AUSTIN, TEXAS
                 AT AUSTIN, TEXAS                  3/9/2015 2:35:25 PM
                                                     JEFFREY D. KYLE
                                                           Clerk

                   DELANE DUMAS

                                  Defendant – Appellant
                           vs.

                THE STATE OF TEXAS

                                  Plaintiff – Appellee

         On Appeal from the County Court at Law
           Number Five of Travis County, Texas
         Hon. Nancy Wright Hohengarten Presiding
         Trial Court Cause No. C-1-CR-13-219171

                 APPELLANT’S BRIEF

                                              Gregory Sherwood
                                                         Attorney
                                                P.O. Box 200613
                                      Austin, Texas 78720-0613
                                                  (512) 484-9029
                                    Email: gsherwood@mail.com
                                         State Bar No. 18254600

                                    Court-Appointed Attorney on
                                       Appeal for Delane Dumas

Oral argument requested
                      Identity of Parties and Counsel

No. 03-14-00806-CR; Delane Dumas v. The State of Texas

Delane Dumas (Defendant – Appellant):

Delane Dumas
c/o attorney Gregory Sherwood

Trial Counsel:                               Appellate Counsel:

Adam Reposa (retained)                       Gregory Sherwood (appointed)
1106 San Jacinto Street, Suite A             P.O. Box 200613
Austin, Texas 78701                          Austin, Texas 78720-0613

McKinley Melancon (2 nd chair)
1307 Nueces Street
Austin, Texas 78701

The State of Texas (Plaintiff – Appellee):

Brandy Gann
Christyne Harris Schultz
Travis County Assistant County Attorneys
P.O. Box 1748
Austin, Texas 78767-1748

                                       i
                                            Table of Contents

Identity of Parties and Counsel ....................................................................... i

Table of Contents .......................................................................................... ii

Index of Authorities ...................................................................................... iv

Statement of the Case .................................................................................... vi

Statement Regarding Oral Argument .......................................................... vii

Issues Presented .......................................................................................... vii

         Issue 1: The trial court erred in admitting the two 911
         calls on State’s Ex. 4 because the probative value of the
         calls was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
         prejudice, confusion of the issues, and misleading the jury ............. vii

         Issue 2: The traffic stop video (State’s Ex. 3) should have
         been suppressed because the officer did not have reasonable
         suspicion to stop appellant’s vehicle. The officer did not
         observe any reckless driving, speeding or traffic violations
         by appellant, and the trial court’s reasoning that the officer
         had reasonable suspicion to stop based on reckless driving
         or driving while intoxicated based on the prior 911 calls is
         incorrect because the officer did not know the substance of
         those calls, and did not sufficiently corroborate what was
         reported to him by the dispatcher .................................................... viii

Statement of Facts .......................................................................................... 1

Summary of the Argument ............................................................................. 5

Argument and Authorities .............................................................................. 6

         Issue 1 .................................................................................................. 6

                                                         ii
                  Facts Relevant to this Issue ....................................................... 7

                  Standard of Review and Legal Authorities ............................. 13

         Issue 2 ................................................................................................ 17

                  Facts Relevant to this Issue ..................................................... 17

                  Standard of Review and Legal Authorities ............................. 21

Conclusion and Prayer for Relief ................................................................. 24

Certificate of Service ................................................................................... 24

Certification of Compliance ......................................................................... 24

                                                        iii
                                       Index of Authorities

Cases

Bagheri v. State, 119 S.W.3d 755 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) ......................... 13

Brother v. State, 166 S.W.3d 255 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) ......................... 22

Castro v. State, 227 S.W.3d 737 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) ........................... 22

Davis v. State, 989 S.W.2d 859
(Tex. App. – Austin 1999, pet. ref’d) .......................................................... 22

Mahaffey v. State, 316 S.W.3d 633 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) ......................... 2

Mahaffey v. State, 364 S.W.3d 908 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) ......................... 2

Miller v. State, 335 S.W.3d 847
(Tex. App. – Austin 2011, no pet.) .............................................................. 21

Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372
(Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (op. on reh’g) ........................................................ 13

Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) ............................ 13

Potier v. State, 68 S.W.3d 657 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) .............................. 13

Constitutional Provision, Statutes, and Rules

Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b) ................................................................................ 13

Tex. R. App. P. 9.4(i)(1) .............................................................................. 24

Tex. R. Evid. 403 ....................................................................... 10, 13, 14, 16

Tex. Transp. Code § 545.104(a) .................................................................... 2

                                                    iv
Tex. Transp. Code § 545.104(b) .................................................................. 20

U.S. Const. Amend. IV ................................................................................ 22

                                                   v
                          No. 03-14-00806-CR

                   IN THE THIRD COURT OF APPEALS
                          AT AUSTIN, TEXAS

                              DELANE DUMAS

                                             Defendant – Appellant

                                      vs.

                           THE STATE OF TEXAS

                                             Plaintiff – Appellee

                  On Appeal from the County Court at Law
                    Number Five of Travis County, Texas
                  Hon. Nancy Wright Hohengarten Presiding
                  Trial Court Cause No. C-1-CR-13-219171

                            APPELLANT’S BRIEF

TO THE HONORABLE THIRD COURT OF APPEALS:

      NOW COMES DELANE DUMAS, who files Appellant’s Brief, and

respectfully states as follows:

                             Statement of the Case

      This is an appeal from a jury verdict finding Delane Dumas guilty of

driving while intoxicated (“DWI”). Clerk’s Record (“CR”) 43 (jury

                                      vi
verdict). Appellant waived his right to have the jury assess punishment,

pleaded true to one prior DWI conviction, and the trial court sentenced Mr.

Dumas to one year in the county jail and a $4,000 fine, but suspended that

sentence and placed appellant on community supervision for 20 months,

including 80 hours of community service, installing an ignition interlock

device for ten months, and serving five days in jail as a condition of

community supervision. CR 44-47. Reporter’s Record (“RR”) vol. 3, pp.

191-195 and CR 80-82 (judgment).

                     Statement Regarding Oral Argument

      Although Mr. Dumas’ court-appointed appellate counsel believes that

the facts and argument are adequately presented in the briefs, oral argument

is requested to answer any questions that this court may have which are not

answered by the parties’ briefs.

                               Issues Presented

      Issue 1: The trial court erred in admitting the two 911 calls
      on State’s Ex. 4 because the probative value of the calls was
      substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice,
      confusion of the issues, and misleading the jury.

      Issue 2: The traffic stop video (State’s Ex. 3) should have
      been suppressed because the officer did not have reasonable
      suspicion to stop appellant’s vehicle. The officer did not
      observe any reckless driving, speeding or traffic violations
      by appellant, and the trial court’s reasoning that the officer

                                      vii
      had reasonable suspicion to stop based on reckless driving
      or driving while intoxicated based on the prior 911 calls is
      incorrect because the officer did not know the substance of
      those calls, and did not sufficiently corroborate what was
      reported to him by the dispatcher.

                                Statement of Facts

      This appeal presents two questions, the first being whether the trial

court erred in admitting audio of two 911 calls which stated that appellant’s

vehicle was driving 90 miles per hour, nearly sideswiped a vehicle, and that

the driver was texting while driving, when the arresting officer admitted that

he did not know the substance of those calls, only that a reckless driving or

driving while intoxicated call had been made to the dispatcher. The second

issue presented is whether reasonable suspicion existed to conduct a traffic

stop to perform field sobriety tests of Mr. Dumas when the officer knew

only that a 911 call for reckless driving was made (but not all the details of

those calls which the jury heard), observed appellant “weaving” inside his

lane, but never crossing into another lane, and then initiated the stop for

failure to use a turn signal to enter the freeway, which was a mistake of law

because a turn signal was not required since that was a lane dedicated to

entering the freeway only, with no option for traveling into another lane.1

      1
             The arresting officer mistakenly stated in his testimony that Dumas did
             not use a turn signal to move from the center lane of the freeway to the

                                          1
      On November 9, 2013, the Austin Police Department (“APD”)

received two 911 calls, one from an unnamed female stating that she

observed a vehicle in northern Hays County traveling approximately 90

miles an hour, and a second from a male who gave his name, stated that the

vehicle nearly sideswiped him, was driving erratically from lane to lane and

had erratic speed, and that the driver was texting while driving. The details

of those calls contained on State’s Ex. 4, with record citations, is contained

in the argument section for Issue 1. APD Officer Manuel Delgado Eberhardt

learned of the 911 calls through the dispatcher, but did not know all of what

was said on those calls. Eberhardt first observed appellant’s vehicle

traveling northbound on Interstate 35 near Ben White. Officer Eberhardt

followed this vehicle and initiated a traffic stop just north of Lady Bird Lake

and the Holly Street exit after the officer believed that he saw Mr. Dumas

             exit lane, but State’s Ex. 3 shows appellant using a turn signal to exit the
             freeway from the middle lane at 10:56:20, and not using a turn signal to
             enter the freeway from the dedicated lane at 10:56:50. After State’s Ex. 3
             was played at the suppression hearing outside the jury’s presence, both the
             trial court and the officer agreed that appellant used a turn signal to exit
             the freeway. RR vol. 3, p. 69, l. 24 to p. 70, l. 6 (pdf 71, l. 24 to pdf 72, l.
             6). Since using a dedicated lane to enter the freeway is not a change from
             one lane to another, a turn signal is not required under Tex. Transp. Code
             § 545.104(a). See Mahaffey v. State, 316 S.W.3d 633 (Tex. Crim. App.
             2010) and Mahaffey v. State, 364 S.W.3d 908 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (no
             turn signal needed when two lanes merge into one, so no reasonable
             suspicion to initiate traffic stop; reversed and remanded since trial court
             erred in failing to suppress evidence obtained from the stop).

                                            2
fail to use a turn signal to exit the freeway, and fail to use a turn signal to re-

enter the highway from a dedicated lane which was for entry onto the

freeway only. Officer Eberhardt performed the HGN test on Dumas, but he

did not perform the one-leg stand or walk and turn test because he was

unable to walk without a cane due to recent injuries, and Mr. Dumas could

not balance for 30 seconds on one leg because of those same injuries.

State’s Ex. 3 at time index 11:08:20 to 11:17:10. Officer Eberhardt arrested

Dumas for driving while intoxicated, and during an inventory search of the

vehicle, found a flask which contained a few drops of alcohol, which the

officer poured onto the ground as shown in State’s Ex. 4 at time index

11:26:20 p.m. This video is discussed in more detail below in the argument

section of this brief.

       Appellant was tried on the charge of driving while intoxicated (2 nd

offense), with the jury hearing from Officer Eberhardt and the APD 911

operator who authenticated the 911 calls. The jury also heard the two 911

calls (State’s Ex. 4) and viewed the traffic stop video (State’s Ex. 3), after

the trial court overruled appellant’s objections to both exhibits, which

included a hearing outside the jury’s presence on Mr. Dumas’ oral motion to

suppress State’s Ex. 3, the traffic stop video. RR vol. 3, pp. 2-8 (pdf 4-10)

                                         3
and 59-70 (pdf 61-72). Dumas’ case-in-chief consisted of a person who had

known him for many years who testified that Mr. Dumas’ voice on State’s

Ex. 3 was the same as his normal voice, and this did not indicate that he was

intoxicated. RR vol. 3, pp. 143-148 (pdf 145-150). The State in rebuttal

played a jail phone call (State’s Ex. 5) from several hours after the stop in an

effort to show that appellant’s voice on the traffic stop video was different

than his voice on the later-recorded jail phone call. RR vol. 3, pp. 168-169

(pdf 170-171).

      The jury deliberated from 5:27 p.m. to 7:48 p.m., RR vol. 3, p. 200, l.

24-25 (pdf 202), and found Mr. Dumas guilty of driving while intoxicated.

CR 43 and RR vol. 3, p. 201 (pdf 203). The jury did not hear punishment

evidence, as the parties negotiated an agreement on punishment. RR vol. 3,

pp. 201-206 (pdf 203-208). Dumas gave up his right to have the jury assess

punishment and pleaded true to the prior DWI conviction listed in the

information. RR vol. 3, pp. 206-208 (pdf 208-210). The trial court stated

that formal sentencing would occur the next day in the class A misdemeanor

punishment range when the probation office would be present. RR vol. 3,

p. 208, l. 15-18 (pdf 210). The trial court’s written judgment sentenced Mr.

Dumas to one year in the county jail and a $4,000 fine, but suspended that

                                        4
sentence and placed Dumas on 20 months community supervision, with

terms of 80 hours of community service, installing an ignition interlock

device for ten months, and serving five days in jail as a condition of

community supervision. CR 44-47.

      The trial court signed a certification of defendant’s right of appeal, CR

73, and Mr. Dumas timely filed his pro se notice of appeal. CR 57. This

writer was appointed to represent Dumas on appeal. CR 54 and 56.

                          Summary of the Argument

      The two 911 calls contained on State’s Exhibit 4 should not have been

admitted into evidence because the jury heard details in those calls that the

arresting officer was not aware of the night of the incident, including that

appellant’s vehicle nearly sideswiped one caller’s vehicle and that appellant

was texting while driving. The arresting officer did not observe any

excessive speed by appellant, whose vehicle did not make any lane changes

without signaling. The probative value of these calls was substantially

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues and

misleading the jury.

      The trial court erred in denying appellant’s verbal motion outside the

jury’s presence to suppress State’s Ex. 3, the video of the traffic stop. The

                                       5
officer did not have reasonable suspicion to stop the appellant because the

officer mistakenly thought appellant needed to use his turn signal to re-enter

the freeway from a dedicated lane which only permitted vehicles to re-enter

the highway. A turn signal is not required in that instance, and the officer

made a mistake of law in believing that was a traffic violation which

permitted his stop of Mr. Dumas. Additionally, the officer did not

sufficiently corroborate the facts that were relayed to him from the 911 calls

by the dispatcher – that the vehicle had been driving 90 miles per hour and

making unsafe lane changes. Dumas’ vehicle was traveling at 50 miles per

hour in a 60 mile per hour zone when the officer first observed him, and the

vehicle did not increase its speed while the officer pursued. There were also

no observations by the officer (or on State’s Ex. 3) of any lane changes by

Mr. Dumas, and the officer admitted that a vehicle drifting in its lane, but

not crossing over to another lane, was not a traffic offense. As a result, the

officer did not have reasonable suspicion to stop Mr. Dumas, and any

evidence obtained from that stop should have been suppressed.

                          Argument and Authorities

      Issue 1: The trial court erred in admitting the two 911 calls on
      State’s Ex. 4 because the probative value of the calls was
      substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice,
      confusion of the issues, and misleading the jury.

                                       6
                          Facts Relevant to this Issue

      Appellant objected outside the jury’s presence to State’s Ex. 4, a CD

containing two recorded phone calls made to an APD 911 operator

concerning the substance of what was stated on those calls, stating that

Dumas had the right to confront the callers on the substance of what they

stated to the 911 operator. RR vol. 3, pp. 3-4 (pdf 5-6). State’s Ex. 4, which

is a two minute audio recording of two 911 calls, was played aloud outside

the jury’s presence. RR vol. 3, p. 4 (pdf 6), l. 15-16.

      The first caller informed the APD 911 operator that she was reporting

a reckless driver traveling on “I-35 northbound past the 220 exit about to

enter your jurisdiction.” State’s Ex. 4 at 00:05 to 00:12. The caller provided

the vehicle’s description and license plate number, and stated that “the

vehicle is unable to maintain [a] single lane. It is in the middle lane at this

time going approximately 90 miles an hour.” Id. at 00:15 to 00:38. The

female caller’s name is not identified on the CD. According to the website,

www.mapquest.com, accessed March 4, 2015, exit 220 on Interstate 35 is in

Hays County, near Buda.

      The second 911 call on State’s Ex. 4 begins at 00:39 with a male

caller identifying himself as J.D. Hines, who provided his phone number.

                                        7
Id. at 00:39 to 00:54. Mr. Hines stated that “he almost sideswiped us, and so

we were, we called 911, and he’s real erratic on the speed.” Id. at 00:55 to

1:12. Hines confirmed the vehicle’s license plate number when asked by the

911 operator, including the license plate number. Id. at 1:12 to 1:25. Mr.

Hines advised that, “We’re at exit 225. He’s in the right hand lane. But he’s

been everywhere from the left-hand lane to the middle lane to sideswiping

us. Oh, he’s looking down and texting!” Id. at 1:30 to 1:45. The operator

said, “Just to confirm, you’re not following the vehicle intentionally, are

you?” and Mr. Hines replied, “No, no, good gravy, we’re trying to stay the

heck away from him.” Id. at 1:47 to 1:52. The call concluded with Hines

stating, “All right, we’re coming across exit 226, he’s in the right-hand lane.

Good luck.” Id. at 1:56 to 2:01. Exits 225 and 226 of Interstate 35 are in

southern Travis County, just south of Slaughter Lane, based on this writer’s

review of the road map on www.mapquest.com, accessed March 4, 2015.

      After the trial court listened to State’s Ex. 4, the court asked the State

to explain why it was admissible. RR vol. 3, p. 4 (pdf 6), l. 17-18. The State

responded that the calls were in response to an ongoing emergency, making

them non-testimonial statements not subject to a confrontation clause

objection, that the calls were excluded from the hearsay rule as present sense

                                        8
impressions, and that the call taker would testify, presumably to authenticate

the recordings. RR vol. 3, pp. 4-5 (pdf 6-7).

      Appellant responded that it was said on the recording, “No, we’re

behind him; we’re trying to stay away from him,” and that prior to the call,

“He almost sideswiped us. Now, he’s looking down at his phone and

texting,” and that these were not “direct observations of a crime as it’s

occurring.” RR vol. 3, p. 5 (pdf 7), l. 16-25. The court asked if these calls

described reckless driving, and appellant responded that the callers were

describing how appellant was driving, which “could very easily be taken as

substantive evidence in this case. [¶] So without any opportunity to cross-

examine them, certainly we have a confrontation objection. . . . [¶] The

whole idea of confrontation is you want your own lawyer to be able to ask

the questions and not a person working for the courts. Here, law

enforcement/call taker asking questions, getting the information they want.

And that’s the only side presented to the jury.” RR vol. 3, pp. 6-7 (pdf 8-9).

The trial court overruled Mr. Dumas’ objections outside the jury’s presence,

and informed trial counsel that “you can definitely renew your objection

when we – before we play it to the jury.” RR vol. 3, p, 8 (pdf 10), l. 20-22.

      APD 911 operator Christian Davis testified that he was on duty on

                                       9
November 9, 2013, that he took the calls on State’s Ex. 4, which occurred at

about 10:45 p.m., stated that the title code of those calls was “DWI/Reckless

Driving,” that he reviewed the audio and confirmed that the recordings were

accurate, and that the calls were taken in the normal course of business of

the police department. RR vol. 3, pp. 57-58 (pdf 59-60). The State offered

State’s Ex. 4, and appellant objected to its admission in front of the jury on

hearsay, violation of confrontation clause because appellant could not

confront the callers on Ex. 4 by cross-examination, and under Tex. R. Evid.

403 because, “I think there is a very high danger of unfair prejudice, given

the fact that these people are going to give just one rendition, without the

jury hearing the whole story.” RR vol. 3, p. 59 (pdf 61), l. 3-16. The trial

court overruled appellant’s objections, the witness was excused, and State’s

Ex. 4 was played to the jury. RR vol. 3, pp. 59-60 (pdf 61-62).

      APD Officer Manuel Delgado Eberhardt, who conducted the traffic

stop of appellant, responded to a call at about 10:56 p.m. on November 9,

2013 concerning a 911/reckless driving call, and told the jury, “The call was

on 35, quite a bit further south than where I was. And the call text that

shows up on my computer screen said that they were driving very fast,

somewhere around 90 miles an hour, and they were swerving[,]” and Officer

                                       10
Eberhardt waited for appellant’s vehicle at Interstate 35 and Ben White. RR

vol. 3, pp. 19-20 (pdf 21-22) (italics added). More details concerning the

traffic stop are discussed below in Issue 2, but for purposes of this issue,

Officer Eberhardt did not personally observe any acts of reckless driving or

excessive speed by appellant. RR vol. 3, p. 22, l. 23 to p. 23, l. 8 (pdf 24-25)

and p. 121, l. 25 to p. 122, l. 8 (pdf 123-124). Additionally, Eberhardt

admitted that he did not know the substance of the 911 calls contained on

State’s Ex. 4 when he stopped appellant, only that there was a call relating to

a DWI or reckless driving, involving someone driving 90 miles per hour and

swerving. RR vol. 3, p. 20, l. 1-12 (pdf 22). Thus, the jury heard more

information concerning the offense than the arresting officer, and appellant

was unable to cross-examine either of the two 911 callers concerning the

accuracy of their observations.

      During the State’s closing argument, the prosecutor stated, “We had

the 911 call, where you hear the person that’s, you know, watching him,

that’s been driving near him, talk about how he’s driving erratically,

recklessly, speeding. How he almost sideswiped the caller. Describing very

dangerous driving.” RR vol. 3, p. 174, l. 1-5 (pdf 176) (italics added).

During appellant’s closing argument, trial counsel informed the jury that the

                                       11
officer did not know what was said on the 911 calls, “He told you he did not

have the call text; just some 911 call about a possible drunk driver, possible

reckless driver attached to this car. If that was enough to form reasonable

suspicion to stop him, guess what he would have done? Stopped him. He

would have stopped him. Game over. We’re done.” RR vol. 3, p. 185, l. 2-

7 (pdf 187).

      In the state’s final closing argument, during the portion discussing

whether the officer had reasonable suspicion to stop appellant’s vehicle, the

prosecutor again told the jury of the substance of the 911 calls (which the

officer admitted he did not know), as a reason for the traffic stop:

             So in this case, there were numerous things that you
      could look to as to why there was facts that support that he had
      been, is currently, or is going to engage in a criminal activity.
      Criminal activity being reckless driving. Reckless driving is a
      crime. Speeding, driving 90 miles per hour, like we heard on
      the 911 call, that was a crime. Almost colliding with another
      vehicle, unsafe, you know, unsafe –

RR vol. 3, p. 196, l. 4-11 (pdf 198) (italics added). After appellant objected

and the court ruled that the jury could determine whether there was

reasonable suspicion to stop appellant’s vehicle, RR vol. 3, pp. 196-197 (pdf

198-199), the prosecutor continued discussing the substance of the 911 calls,

“Point being, officer has a tip from this 911 call, which you all got to hear

                                       12
what the content of that was. That person was driving recklessly.” RR vol.

3, p. 197, l. 13-15 (pdf 199) (italics added).

                  Standard of Review and Legal Authorities

      An appellate court reviews the trial court’s decision to admit evidence

for an abuse of discretion. Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 390-392

(Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (op. on reh’g). A violation of the rules of evidence

is generally non-constitutional error. Potier v. State, 68 S.W.3d 657, 662-

663 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). This type of error must be disregarded if it

does not affect appellant’s substantial rights. Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b). The

error is harmless if the appellate court has “fair assurance that the error did

not influence the jury, or had but a slight effect.” Bagheri v. State, 119
S.W.3d 755, 763 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). To analyze harm, this court

considers the entire record, including testimony, physical evidence, the

nature of the evidence supporting the verdict, the character of the alleged

error, the State’s theory, the defensive theory, and closing arguments.

Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).

      Tex. R. Evid. 403 states, “Although relevant, evidence may be

excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of

unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by

                                        13
considerations of undue delay, or needless presentation of cumulative

evidence.” In the case at bar, appellant’s objection to the 911 calls contained

on State’s Ex. 4 should have been granted on Rule 403 grounds, because the

probative value of those calls was substantially outweighed by the danger of

unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury. The first

caller, an unnamed female, reported a reckless driving offense in Hays

County, since the vehicle was traveling 90 miles per hour. But this Hays

County offense could not have been prosecuted in Travis County because of

lack of venue. Officer Eberhardt admitted that when he first saw appellant’s

vehicle and pulled behind the vehicle, it was traveling 50 miles per hour in a

60 mile per hour zone, and Eberhardt never observed appellant’s vehicle

traveling 90 miles per hour. RR vol. 3, p. 20 (pdf 22). Yet, in the State’s

closing argument, it emphasized that the jury could consider the 911 caller’s

report that appellant was traveling 90 miles per hour, which had to have

occurred in Hays County, and which did not occur during the time Officer

Eberhardt followed and then stopped appellant’s vehicle.

      The second caller, a man who identified himself as J.D. Hines,

reported being nearly sideswiped by appellant’s vehicle, that the speed of

that vehicle was erratic, that the vehicle was changing lanes, and that the

                                       14
driver was texting while driving, with all of this occurring in southern Travis

County. The State discussed the sideswiping report in its closing argument,

which was an event that Officer Eberhardt did not know about when he

stopped appellant, since that was not included in the dispatcher’s text of the

911 call. The State did not discuss the texting while driving offense in its

closing argument, but the jury could have considered this extraneous offense

in determining whether to convict appellant of driving while intoxicated.

When Officer Eberhardt first observed appellant’s vehicle and then followed

it, he did not observe any erratic speed or unsafe lane changes as had been

reported by Mr. Hines.

      Officer Eberhardt admitted that he did not know what was stated in

the 911 calls, only that the call text displayed to him was of a report of a

possible driving while intoxicated or reckless driving offense involving

someone driving more than 90 miles per hour and swerving. RR vol. 3, p.

20, l. 1-12 (pdf 22). Yet, the jury was told more than the arresting officer

knew when the jury heard the 911 calls, including the texting while driving

offense and the vehicle nearly sideswiping Mr. Hines’ vehicle, both in

southern Travis County, and the 90 mile per hour offense, which actually

occurred in Hays County as reported by the unknown female caller. Even if

                                       15
these additional facts were probative of whether appellant was driving while

intoxicated in the Travis County portion of Interstate 35, the relevance was

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the

issues, or misleading the jury, because the State emphasized portions of the

substance of the 911 calls in its closing argument, discussed above, and

because the jury was also informed of the texting while driving offense, and

the vehicle nearly sideswiping another vehicle, both reported by caller

Hines. Harmful error is shown because the traffic stop video itself (State’s

Ex. 3) did not show any traffic offenses by Mr. Dumas, the speed his vehicle

was traveling was not 90 miles per hour, but in the 50 mile per hour range

described by the officer, and appellant did not appear intoxicated to this

writer during the traffic stop video, which will be discussed in more detail in

Issue 2, below. If the 911 calls not been admitted, the jury may have

acquitted Dumas since the traffic stop video did not show someone

obviously intoxicated. Additionally, without the 911 calls, the jury would

not have known of the texting while driving offense observed by Hines, and

that appellant allegedly sideswiped another vehicle. State’s Ex. 3 should

have been excluded under Evidence Rule 403, the error was harmful, and

this court should grant this issue, and reverse and remand for a new trial.

                                       16
      Issue 2: The traffic stop video (State’s Ex. 3) should have been
      suppressed because the officer did not have reasonable
      suspicion to stop appellant’s vehicle. The officer did not
      observe any reckless driving, speeding or traffic violations by
      appellant, and the trial court’s reasoning that the officer had
      reasonable suspicion to stop based on reckless driving or
      driving while intoxicated based on the prior 911 calls is
      incorrect because the officer did not know the substance of
      those calls, and did not sufficiently corroborate what was
      reported to him by the dispatcher.

                          Facts Relevant to this Issue

      The traffic stop video, State’s Ex. 4, is approximately one hour long,

beginning on November 9, 2013 at time index 10:54:43 p.m. and ending at

11:53:48 p.m. At the 10:55:45 time index mark, State’s Ex. 4 shows a dark

colored car moving to the right of the lane in which it is traveling, but not

moving into the next lane. At 10:56:00, the vehicle moves to the left of the

lane, but again does not travel into the next lane. At 10:56:20, the vehicle’s

right turn signal activates as it travels from the middle lane to the right lane,

and then exits the Interstate 35 at the Holly Street exit. The vehicle stays in

this left lane of the frontage road, which is a dedicated lane that re-enters the

highway, and the vehicle re-enters Interstate 35 from that dedicated lane

without activating a left turn signal at 10:56:50. Officer Eberhardt activated

his vehicle’s police lights at 10:57:03, and once Mr. Dumas’ vehicle

stopped, the officer told Dumas that he was being pulled over because he

                                        17
failed to exit intent when he exited 35 and got back onto 35. State’s Ex. 4

from 10:57:03 to 10:58:45.

      At 11:00:45 of State’s Ex. 4, the officer asked Mr. Dumas to step out

of the car, and Dumas is seen standing straight for a time, and he then leaned

against the car while waiting for the officer at 11:01:40.2 Mr. Dumas told

the officer that he was coming from a friend’s house on Riverside, State’s

Ex. 4 at 11:03:00, which Officer Eberhardt knew to be false since he had

observed Dumas traveling northbound on Interstate 35 from the Ben White

area. Eberhardt asked Mr. Dumas if he had been drinking, and Dumas

replied no. State’s Ex. 4 at 11:04:20.3 Mr. Dumas informed the officer that

he had a right leg injury and a spine injury, and that he had taken some

hydrocodone around 7 p.m. that same evening. State’s Ex. 4 from 11:04:40

to 11:06:08. The officer asked to perform the HGN field sobriety test, and

Mr. Dumas initially refused saying that it had no validity (11:08:40), but the

      2
             Officer Eberhardt testified that appellant immediately leaned on his
             vehicle for support, RR vol. 3, pp. 133-134 (pdf 135-136), but this writer’s
             view of State’s Ex. 4 does not support that conclusion. The officer also
             testified that his notes indicated that Mr. Dumas had a side-to-side sway in
             his stance, but Eberhardt also stated that he could not recall if this was
             apparent on the video. RR vol. 3, p. 123, l. 16-24 (pdf 125). This writer
             could not see any side-to-side sway by Dumas on State’s Ex. 4.
      3
             Officer Eberhardt informed the jury that he did not believe appellant’s
             statement that he had not been drinking because appellant smelled of
             alcohol and had slurred speech. RR vol. 3, p. 33, l. 8-17 (pdf 35).

                                          18
officer conducts the test anyway. Dumas’ back is to the camera, so his eye

movement cannot be observed; however, this writer did not see any swaying

or leaning, nor did Mr. Dumas’ head appear to be moving during this test.

State’s Ex. 4 from 11:09:05 to 11:12:17. According to Officer Eberhardt’s

testimony, Dumas showed 6 out of 6 possible clues on the HGN test. RR

vol. 3, p. 47, l. 5-7 (pdf 49). This cannot be confirmed by viewing the video,

since Dumas’ back is to the camera.

      Eberhardt informed Mr. Dumas of the instructions to perform the

walk and turn test, but when Dumas asked if he could use his cane during

this test and the officer said no, Mr. Dumas stated that he could not perform

the test since he needed to use the cane and there would be irregularity in his

steps. State’s Ex. 4 from 11:12:17 to 11:15:55. The officer told Dumas the

instructions for the one-leg stand test, and that he would have to stand on

one leg for 30 seconds, but Mr. Dumas stated that his injuries prevented him

from performing that test. Id. from 11:16:30 to 11:17:10.

      Officer Eberhardt informed Dumas that “we got a call about your

driving,” that Eberhardt did not remember the text of the call, “probably

swerving, maybe speeding,” the officer stated that he saw Mr. Dumas

swerving, which was not necessarily a crime, but might be a sign of

                                       19
intoxication, and that Dumas was stopped because he exited and entered the

freeway without using a turn signal. Id. from 11:17:50 to 11:18:25. The

officer then placed Mr. Dumas under arrest for driving while intoxicated at

11:18:50. Dumas refused to give a specimen of his blood or breath. Id.

from 11:22:10 to 11:24:35. Officer Eberhardt searched appellant’s vehicle,

which contained a cane in the passenger area (11:25:45), and a flask which

the officer emptied and described as containing a couple of drops and

smelling like alcohol. State’s Ex. 4 at 11:26:20. Mr. Dumas asked the

officer what bearing the flask had on this situation because it was a week

old, and Eberhardt replied that it was “just another factor in the arrest.” Id.

from 11:29:20 to 11:30:00.

      Outside the jury’s presence, appellant moved to suppress the evidence

obtained as a result of the traffic stop shown on State’s Ex. 4 because no turn

signal was required to re-enter Interstate 35 from the dedicated left lane on

the frontage road, and therefore, Officer Eberhardt had no reasonable

suspicion to conduct a traffic stop. RR vol. 3, pp. 62-63 (pdf 64-65).

Eberhardt admitted that at the time he stopped Mr. Dumas, he believed that

Dumas had committed a violation of Tex. Transp. Code § 545.104(b)4 by not

      4
             “An operator intending to turn a vehicle right or left shall signal
             continuously for not less than the last 100 feet of movement of the vehicle

                                          20
signaling a lane change 100 feet before a turn, but the trial court ruled that

this statute only pertained to turns, not lane changes. RR vol. 3, pp. 68-69

(pdf 70-71). The trial court noted that Mr. Dumas used a turn signal to exit

the highway, but not for re-entering the highway from the dedicated lane

which only permits vehicles to re-enter the highway, and stated that no turn

signal was required for that, RR vol. 3, pp. 69-70 (pdf 71-72). The court

denied appellant’s motion to suppress in spite of the officer’s mistake of law

because “there was reasonable suspicion to stop the vehicle to investigate

either a reckless driving or a driving while intoxicated charge based upon the

evidence that’s been admitted.” RR vol. 3, p. 70, l. 12-16 (pdf 72). Findings

of fact and conclusions of law were not requested.

                  Standard of Review and Legal Authorities

      An appellate court reviews a trial court’s ruling on a suppression

motion under an abuse of discretion standard. Miller v. State, 335 S.W.3d
847, 853-854 (Tex. App. – Austin 2011, no pet.). As summarized by the

Court of Criminal Appeals:

             When the police conduct a warrantless search and
      seizure, the burden is on the State to show that the officer had
      reasonable suspicion to believe that an individual was violating
      the law. Reasonable suspicion exists if the officer has specific,

             before the turn.”

                                       21
      articulable facts that, when combined with rational inferences
      from those facts, would lead him to reasonably conclude that a
      particular person actually is, has been, or soon will be engaged
      in criminal activity. [Citation omitted]. A reasonable-suspicion
      determination is made by considering the totality of the
      circumstances, giving almost total deference to the trial court’s
      determination of historical facts and reviewing de novo the trial
      court’s application of the law to facts not turning on credibility
      and demeanor. [Citation omitted]. Because the trial court did
      not make explicit findings of fact in this case, we review the
      evidence in a light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling and
      assume that the trial court made implicit findings of fact
      supported by the record. [Citation omitted].

Castro v. State, 227 S.W.3d 737, 741 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

      An anonymous tip from a 911 call alone is insufficient to establish

probable cause or reasonable suspicion. Davis v. State, 989 S.W.2d 859,

863-865 (Tex. App. – Austin 1999, pet. ref’d). A stop based on facts

supplied by a citizen-eyewitness, which are adequately corroborated by the

arresting officer, does not run afoul of the Fourth Amendment. Brother v.

State, 166 S.W.3d 255, 259 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).

      The facts stated in the 911 calls are not sufficiently corroborated by

Officer Eberhardt because he did not observe Mr. Dumas driving 90 miles

per hour when Eberhardt first observed Dumas’ vehicle at Ben White and

Interstate 35. In fact, appellant was driving 50 miles per hour in a 60 mile

per hour zone. State’s Ex. 4 does not show appellant exceeding the speed

                                      22
limit or making unsafe lane changes, and while the vehicle is seen traveling

to the left or right of the lane it is traveling in, Dumas’ vehicle never drifts

into another lane. Officer Eberhardt admitted that a vehicle failing to stay in

the center of the lane, without drifting into another lane, was not a traffic

offense. The officer was mistaken about appellant committing a traffic

offense by not using his turn signal to exit the freeway at the Holly Street

exit, because State’s Ex. 4 shows the turn signal activated as the vehicle

moves from the center lane to the right lane to exit. Eberhardt was

additionally mistaken that appellant’s failure to use a turn signal to re-enter

the highway from a dedicated lane was a traffic offense, since a signal is not

required because there was no lane change in the dedicated lane which only

permitted vehicles to re-enter the freeway. In short, there was no reasonable

suspicion that Mr. Dumas had committed any traffic offenses which would

justify the traffic stop in the case at bar based on the officer’s direct

observations of appellant. Additionally, the information in the 911 calls

were not sufficiently corroborated. Therefore, the trial court should have

granted the motion to suppress, and all evidence obtained from the traffic

stopped should have been excluded from the jury’s consideration.

                                        23
                       Conclusion and Prayer for Relief

      WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, appellant DELANE

DUMAS respectfully prays that this court sustain one or both of the issues

presented, reverse the judgment of conviction and sentence, and remand this

case to the trial court for further proceedings.

                                                           Respectfully submitted,
                                                    /s/   Gregory Sherwood
                                                     GREGORY SHERWOOD
                                                                        Attorney
                                                               P.O. Box 200613
                                                     Austin, Texas 78720-0613
                                                                 (512) 484-9029
                                                   Email: gsherwood@mail.com
                                                        State Bar No. 18254600

                                                   Court-Appointed Attorney on
                                                      Appeal for Delane Dumas

                             Certificate of Service

       I hereby certify that a true copy of this document was served on
March 9, 2015 by email upon Assistant County Attorney Giselle Horton,
Travis County Attorney’s Office, at the following email address:
giselle.horton@traviscountytx.gov.
                                                    /s/   Gregory Sherwood
                          Certification of Compliance

       According to the WordPerfect program used to create this document,
there are 5,685words in this brief, excluding the portions listed in Tex. R.
App. P. 9.4(i)(1).
                                                    /s/   Gregory Sherwood
                                        24