Court Opinion

ID: 4119976
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-01-27 22:44:14.134067+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:37:31.321811
License: Public Domain

Authority of the State Department Office of Security to
              Investigate Passport and Visa Fraud

Section 209 o f the Foreign Service Act o f 1980 did not confer on the Inspector General o f the
  Departm ent o f State the authority to investigate passport and visa fraud by persons uncon­
   nected with the Department o f State, and, accordingly, did not limit any inherent or derivative
   authority the Secretary of State might have to investigate such fraud.

Special Agents assigned to the Office o f Security of the Department o f State may conduct
  consensual questioning o f individuals and may request that an individual consent to being
  questioned elsewhere, provided that a reasonable person would understand that compliance
  with such a request is voluntary.

                                                                                 August 17, 1984

           M e m o r a n d u m O p in io n f o r t h e D e p u t y L e g a l A d v i s e r ,
                                 D e pa r t m e n t o f Sta t e

   This responds to your request for our opinion on the following questions:
            1. Whether the Secretary’s derivative authority to conduct
         investigations which might lead to criminal prosecution (using
         Special Agents not assigned to the Inspector General’s Office)
         is in any way limited by the express statutory authority of the
         Inspector General of the Department of State to conduct similar
         investigations.
            2. If any such limitations are present, what restrictions apply
         to the Secretary’s independent authority to investigate visa and
         passport fraud through the Office of Security?
            3. Whether, and subject to what limitations, if any, Special
         Agents assigned to the Office of Security have legal authority to
         approach an individual suspected of engaging in visa or passport
         fraud and, after presenting their credentials, either request that
         the individual answer questions on the spot or accompany them
         to another location for questioning.

                                         I. Background

  The first question poses a very broad issue regarding congressional intent in
passing the Foreign Service Act of 1980, 22 U.S.C. § 3929 (FSA). Rather than
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address in a factual vacuum the many hypothetical instances in which the
relationship of the Inspector General’s authority to that of the Secretary might
be examined, we believe that it is more appropriate to confine our examination
to the specific factual situation described in your letter. Viewed in this light,
your first and second questions merge into a single question: whether the
powers conferred upon the Inspector General by § 209 of the FSA in any way
limit whatever “inherent authority” the Secretary may have to investigate
passport and visa fraud. We understand the term “passport and visa fraud” to
refer to criminal deceit in passport or visa acquisition by persons other than
Department of State employees. In contrast, the term “passport and visa mal­
feasance” describes malfeasance or criminal activity on the part of Department
of State employees in obtaining passports or visas for themselves or others. The
relevant criminal prohibitions appear to reflect a similar distinction. Compare
18 U.S.C. §§ 1542-1546 (fraud and misuse of passports and visas) with id.
§ 1541 (unauthorized issuance). In addressing your question, we have not
attempted to analyze the source, validity, or independent scope of the Secretary’s
asserted authority to investigate passport and visa fraud. Rather, in accord with
your request, we have focused our inquiry upon the effect that § 209 has on
whatever authority the Secretary may possess in this area.1

                                                 II. Analysis

A. The Foreign Service Act o f 1980

   We begin our analysis of the question whether the Inspector General pos­
sesses investigative authority in the area of passport and visa fraud by examin­
ing the FSA itself. Section 209 of the FSA, which established the Office of
Inspector General of the Foreign Service, centralized primary responsibility in
the Department of State’s Inspector General for “audit” and “investigative”
activities of the Department. E.g., H.R. Rep. No. 992, 96th Cong., 2d Sess.
(Part 1) 23 (1980). The FSA charged the Inspector General with responsibility
for examining:
             (1) whether financial transactions and accounts are properly
           conducted, maintained, and reported;
            (2) whether resources are being used and managed with the
           maximum degree of efficiency, effectiveness, and economy;
   1 As a general rule, o f course, violations o f Title 18 o f the U nited States C ode are statutorily com m itted to
the investigative ju risd ic tio n o f the A ttorney G eneral. See 28 U .S.C § 533(1) (A ttorney G eneral may appoint
officials to d etect crim es against United S tates); id. § 533(3) (other investigations regarding official matters
under the control o f D epartm ent of Justice and D epartm ent o f State as may be directed by the Attorney
G eneral). O th er departm ents and agencies m ay investigate federal crim es only “when investigative jurisdic­
tion has been assigned by law to such departm ents and agencies.” Id. § 533. In our view, 28 U.S.C. § 533
establishes that C ongress cannot be deem ed to have intended to confer investigative authority other than by
an exp ress provision to that effect in a statute. We exam ine the FSA, therefore, in order to determ ine whether
C ongress therein co n ferred authority upon th e Inspector G eneral to investigate the federal crim es o f passport
and visa fraud.

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         (3) whether the administration of activities and operations
       meets the requirements of applicable laws and regulations and,
       specifically, whether such administration is consistent with the
       requirements of section 3905 of this title [the provision govern­
       ing personnel practices];

          (4) whether there exist instances o f fraud or other serious
       problems, abuses, or deficiencies and whether adequate steps
       for detection, correction, and prevention have been taken; and

         (5) whether policy goals and objectives are being effectively
       achieved and whether the interests of the United States are being
       accurately and effectively represented.
22 U.S.C. § 3929(b) (emphasis added).
   The FSA explicitly incorporated that portion of the Inspector General Act of
1978, Pub. L. No. 95-452, 92 Stat. 1101 (1978 Act), which grants Inspectors
General of various agencies certain powers to carry out their statutory duties:
(1) to have access to records, reports and other materials; (2) to make investiga­
tions and reports; (3) to request assistance from other government agencies; (4)
to subpoena documents, except from Federal agencies; (5) to have access to the
agency head; (6) to appoint employees; (7) to obtain expert and consultant
services; and (8) to enter into contracts. 22 U.S.C. § 3929(e)(1); see 5 U.S.C.
app. § 6(a) (Inspector General Act of 1978). In addition to those powers, the
Inspector General of the Foreign Service also has authority to request that
Department of State employees be assigned to him, provided that all individu­
als so assigned, as well as those appointed under item (6) above, “be respon­
sible solely to the Inspector General.” 22 U.S.C. § 3929(e)(2).

B. Inspector G eneral’s Authority to Investigate Passport and Visa Fraud

   On its face, the FSA confers some type of investigative authority on the
Inspector General of the Foreign Service. What remains to be determined is
whether that authority encompasses the investigation of passport and visa
fraud. Although one of the Inspector General’s primary responsibilities is to
conduct “investigations,” that term is not defined in the FSA. Most signifi­
cantly for our purposes, the language of the FSA does not expressly indicate
whether the investigative authority which it conferred was limited to cases of
malfeasance committed by Department employees or whether that authority
also extended to crimes committed by non-employees. In seeking to resolve
this issue, we have identified several passages from the legislative history of
the FSA which are of assistance in determining Congress’ intent. In addition,
we have examined the legislative history of the 1978 Act, after which the office
of Inspector General of the Foreign Service was “patterned.” See H.R. Rep. No.
992 (Part 2), 96th Cong., 2d Sess. 22 (1980). The incorporation of part of the
1978 Act into the FSA renders that part of the 1978 Act and its history an
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appropriate source of further guidance in interpreting the FSA. See Engel v.
Davenport, 271 U.S. 33, 38 (1926) (adoption of earlier statute by reference
 makes it fully a part of later statute); 2A Sutherland Statutory Construction
 §51.08 (Sands 4th ed. 1973).
    The bill considered by the Senate Committee that reported the 1978 Act
defined “investigation” to include “inquiries and examinations made to detect,
or in response to allegations of, irregularities or violations of law, including
misconduct, malfeasance, misfeasance, nonfeasance, fraud, or criminal activ­
ity on the part of any employee, person, or firm directly or indirectly connected
with the establishment, or operations financed by the establishment.” E.g.,
H.R. 8588, §11, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. (1978). This definition was later deleted
from the bill before passage, not because it was inaccurate, but because
“ ‘investigation’ is a term with a generally well understood meaning.” 124
Cong. Rec. 30954 (1978) (statement of Sen. Eagleton). It is apparent that the
deletion was effected solely to remove surplus language, so that the deleted
definition can be appropriately used as a guide to determine the scope of the
authority that Congress intended to confer upon Inspectors General in the 1978
Act, and, by incorporation, upon the Inspector General of the Foreign Service
in the FSA. See Diamond Crystal Salt Co. v. P. J. Ritter Co., 419 F.2d 147,148
(1st Cir. 1969) (rule inferring legislature’s disapproval of provision deleted
from bill does not apply when omitted provision would have been surplusage).
Although the language of the definition is ambiguous in some respects, to the
extent that it requires a connection between the person committing the miscon­
duct and the Department, it strongly suggests that Congress intended that the
focus of the Inspector General’s authority be on the conduct of Department
employees or contractors as opposed to the conduct of outside persons who
may have occasion to deal with the Department. Thus, this definition suggests
that Congress intended to authorize the Inspector General to investigate only
passport and visa “malfeasance,” as opposed to passport and visa “fraud.”
   This suggestion is borne out by several aspects of the legislative history of
the FSA. Although none alone is dispositive, the several statements in combi­
nation provide a persuasive indication that the Inspector General’s powers
were directed at the internal conduct of the Department and the Foreign
Service. First, the House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service ex­
plained that Chapter 2, in which § 209 is found, “deals with the management of
the Foreign Service generally .. . . ” E.g., H.R. Rep. No. 992, 96th Cong., 2d
Sess. (Part 2) 22 (1980). That report further declared that a purpose of estab­
lishing the office of Inspector General would be to “provide leadership and
coordination and recommend policies for activities designed to promote effi­
ciency and to prevent and detect fraud and abuse in such programs and
operations.” Id. (emphasis added). That Committee, therefore, also appears to have
contemplated that the Inspector General would confine his investigative activities to
the administration of operations as conducted by the Department of State.
   The House Committee on Foreign Affairs reported that the objectives to be
met by the Inspector General “include systematic examinations of whether
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financial transactions are properly conducted, whether resources are being used
efficiently, whether requirements of law are being met (including the antidis­
crimination and antireprisal provisions of section 105 of this bill), and whether
there are instances of fraud or other irregularities.” E.g., H.R. Rep. No. 992,
96th Cong., 2d Sess. (Part 1) 23 (1980). The phrasing of this list of objectives
places an emphasis on employee behavior. For example, the Committee’s
parenthetical elaboration of its term “requirements of law,” which refers to
§ 105 of the bill, specifies laws applicable solely to Department employees.
Further, the reference to “fraud or other irregularities” suggests that the fraud
mentioned is a species of a broader class of “irregularities” — a term which, by
referring to departure from established norms, connotes derelictions of official
duty, rather than deceit worked upon Department officials by non-employees.
This Committee, therefore, evidently understood the grant of authority to apply
to the investigation of acts committed by employees of the Department of State.
   Finally, § 209 empowers the Inspector General to “receive and investigate
complaints or information from a member o f the Service or employee o f the
Department concerning the possible existence of an activity constituting a
violation of laws or regulations, constituting mismanagement, gross waste of
funds, or abuse of authority, or constituting a substantial and specific danger to
public health or safety.” 22 U.S.C. § 3929(f) (emphasis added). Of the enumer­
ated derelictions, only the first is capable of general applicability outside the
Department. Its context, however, suggests that its purpose, once again, was to
facilitate investigations of employees. The articulation of this complementary
power in terms of complaints of employees is further evidence that Congress
was conferring authority over intra-departmental malfeasance, to which em­
ployees would be the most likely witnesses.
   In light of these considerations and evaluated against the general rule that the
Attorney General will investigate violations of Title 18 in the absence of a
statute expressly delegating authority to another department, see supra note 1,
we believe that Congress should not be regarded as having conferred on the
Inspector General, in the FSA, the authority to investigate passport and visa
fraud that is, fraud committed in passport application or use by persons not
connected with the Department of State. Far from constituting an express
delegation of such investigative authority, § 209 and its legislative history
persuasively suggest that the power to investigate passport and visa fraud was
not embraced at all by the statutory grant. It follows that if the Secretary has
 some derivative source of authority to investigate passport and visa fraud, then
that authority was not supplanted, transferred, or limited by the FSA.2

  2 W e have exam ined only the statutory grant o f investigative authority to the Inspector General and,
therefore, express no view on the existence o r scope o f independent investigative authority in the Secretary
with regard to either “fraud” o r “m alfeasance.’* W e do note, how ever, that if there w ere som e overlap o f
authority betw een the Inspector G eneral and the Secretary in the area o f passport or visa m alfeasance, the
Secretary would not necessarily be ousted o f all such pow er by the FSA. As this O ffice previously stated
generally with respect to the 1978 Inspector G eneral Act, “there is no indication in the A ct that C ongress
intended th e agency head to perform [his supervisory] functions at all times through the Inspector G eneral.”
                                                  Continued

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C. A uthority o f Special Agents

   Your inquiry whether Special Agents may conduct questioning and request
that an individual accompany them to another spot raises two issues: whether
the Office of Security has any authority to investigate passport and visa fraud
and whether the type of confrontation described in your letter falls within the
scope of that authority. Any authority possessed by the Office of Security is
derived either from the Inspector General or from the Secretary, as there does
not, to our knowledge, exist any independent grant to that Office concerning
passport and visa fraud. We have concluded above that the Inspector General
does not have authority under the FSA to conduct investigations of passport
and visa fraud. Thus, any investigative authority possessed by the Office of
Security in this area must flow from the Secretary. Further, the FSA prohibits
the Inspector General’s subordinates from serving two masters by providing
that both the employees appointed by the Inspector General and the employees
of the Department of State assigned to the Inspector General are to be respon­
sible “solely” to the Inspector General. 22 U.S.C. § 3929(e)(2). This require­
ment was intentionally imposed to establish an Inspector General staff inde­
pendent of the Secretary. See S. Rep. No. 913, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. 26 (1980).
Consequently, Special Agents of the Office of Security assigned to the Inspec­
tor General, like the Inspector General himself, would possess no authority to
investigate passport and visa fraud. Special Agents not so assigned, and thus
responsible to the Secretary, would be able to implement whatever investiga­
tive authority the Secretary possesses.
   The second issue raised by this particular inquiry involves the contours of
permissible investigative activities. We address this question on the assump­
tion that some derivative authority to investigate passport and visa fraud
resides in the Secretary and is validly delegated to the Office of Security.
Authority to investigate, however, even if granted expressly by statute, would
not automatically confer other specific law enforcement powers. Postal inspec­
tors, for example, were held not to derive powers of arrest from the Post Office
Department’s general statutory authority to investigate postal offenses. Alexander
v. United States, 390 F.2d 101, 105 (5th Cir. 1968). Similarly, the Attorney
General’s authority to appoint “investigative officials” under 28 U.S.C. § 533
was understood by the Attorney General and the Congress as not sufficient to
give FBI agents the power to make arrests or carry firearms, prompting Con­
gress to provide for such powers explicitly fifteen years later. E.g., H.R. Rep.
No. 1824, 73d Cong., 2d Sess. 1-2 (1934); see Act of June 18, 1934, Pub. L.
No. 73-402, 48 Stat. 1008.

  2 (. . . continued)
L etter to G eneral C ounsel, General Services A dm inistration from Ralph W. Tarr, D eputy Assistant Attorney
G eneral, O ffice o f Legal Counsel (Mar. 2 4 , 1983). Any lim its on the S ecretary’s existing pow er to investigate
m alfeasance that m ight be inferred from th e FSA would h ave to be determ ined on the facts and circum stances
involved in a p articu lar class o f investigations. The questions raised in your letter do not appear to us to
require an analysis o f the Secretary’s investigative ju risd ictio n over em ployee malfeasance.

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   It is well established that the authority to exercise law enforcement powers
must be conferred expressly by statute. In the absence of a federal statute,
federal officers have the powers of arrest conferred by the law of the State in
which the arrest occurs. M iller v. United States, 357 U.S. 301, 305 (1958);
United States v. Di Re, 332 U.S. 581, 589 (1948). If state law makes no
provision for arrests by federal officers, they have only the authority of a
private citizen. Coplon v. United States, 191 F.2d 749, 753 (D.C. Cir. 1951);
accord United States v. Chapman, 420 F.2d 925,926 (5th Cir. 1969). It is clear
that the Special Agents of the Office of Security have the statutory power to
arrest only in their capacity as protectors of certain statutorily specified per­
sons. 22 U.S.C. §§ 2666-2667 (heads of foreign states, official representatives
of foreign governments, the Secretary of State, the Deputy Secretary of State,
official representatives of the U.S. Government, and families thereof). If an
interrogation such as you have described, not involving this protective role,
constitutes an arrest, therefore, a Special Agent would not have the authority to
conduct it under a general grant of investigative jurisdiction.
   There are limits that an investigation may not exceed without acquiring the
attributes of an arrest. “In the name of investigating a person who is no more
than suspected of criminal activity, the police may n o t . . . seek to verify their
suspicions by means that approach the conditions of arrest.” Florida v. Royer,
460 U.S. 497, 499 (1983) (plurality opinion). In attempting to determine
whether particular conduct crosses the line between investigative questioning
and arrest, courts generally look at all of the circumstances and the context in
which the issue has arisen. See United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544,554
(1980) (opinion of Stewart, J.). Addressing a tort claim of false imprisonment,
for example, one court found that no arrest had occurred when an agent touched
the plaintiffs arm and encouraged him to head toward an office for question­
ing. The court reasoned that the plaintiff was subject neither to custody nor to
control, nor was he constrained by the authority or official capacity of the
agents. Belcher v. United States, 511 F. Supp. 476, 483 (E.D. Pa. 1981).
   Cases decided on the basis of the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution
provide the richest source of judicial analysis of the point at which an arrest
occurs. “A person is not arrested or seized under the Fourth Amendment if he is
free to choose whether to enter or continue an encounter with police and elects
to do so.” United States v. Brunson, 549 F.2d 348, 357 (5th Cir.), cert, denied,
434 U.S. 842 (1977). Generally, the inquiry involves an objective test of
whether the average, reasonable person would have thought that he had been
arrested. United States v. Scheiblauer, 472 F.2d 297, 301 (9th Cir. 1973);
Coates v. United States, 413 F.2d 371, 373 (D.C. Cir. 1969). Thus, if Special
Agents ask an individual to accompany them for the purpose of answering
some questions and tell the subject that he is not under arrest and that he is free
to leave, he will be deemed to have consented to the questioning and not
arrested. United States v. Vita, 294 F.2d 524, 528 (2d Cir. 1961).
   Although the above principles have been developed for purposes of deter­
mining such matters as the legality of detention, searches, and seizure of
                                        181
evidence, they also furnish a benchmark from which to measure the limits of
activities that fall within the general purview of “investigation.” On the basis of
our research, we believe that consensual questioning is within a grant of
investigative authority. Whether such questioning is consensual will depend
upon whether the subject believes that he is free to refuse to answer questions
in any location and, therefore, that he is not in custody. It would be helpful in
this regard if the credentials that Special Agents display before initiating
questioning were revised to reveal these limitations on the authority of the
investigating officers and if the agents informed their subjects of these limitations.

                                               Conclusion

   Without analyzing the source, validity, or scope of the authority of the
Secretary of State to conduct investigations of passport and visa fraud, we have
concluded that the FSA does not change the scope of that claimed authority.
The FSA does not confer upon the Inspector General of the Foreign Service
express power to investigate passport and visa fraud, and consequently does
not withdraw from the Secretary any residual powers he may have over such
investigations. We have not attempted to resolve what those residual powers
may include. When acting under investigative authority delegated by the
Secretary. Special Agents may conduct consensual questioning of individuals
and may request that an individual consent to being questioned elsewhere,
provided that a reasonable person would understand that compliance with such
a request is voluntary.3

                                                                     L a r r y L. S im m s
                                                        Deputy Assistant Attorney General
                                                            Office o f Legal Counsel

  3 N O TE: A fter this opinion was issued by the O ffice o f Legal C ounsel, (1) the Inspector G eneral Act of
1978 w as am ended to include the In sp ecto r G eneral o f the D epartm ent o f State, see Pub. L. No. 99-93,
§ 150(a), 99 Stat. 405, 427 (1985), and (2 ) Special A gents o f the D epartm ent of State were granted specific
statutory authority to investigate and m ake arrests with respect to illegal visa and passport issuance, see id.
§ 125(a), 99 Stat. at 4 1 5 -1 6 (codified at 2 2 U.S.C. § 2709(a)(1)).

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