Court Opinion

ID: 3200398
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-05-04 17:01:04.227787+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:24:46.839456
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                      File Name: 16a0237n.06

                                                     No. 15-3043

                                 UNITED STATES COURTS OF APPEALS                                           FILED
                                      FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                                   May 04, 2016
                                                                                               DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                             )
                                                                      )
            Plaintiff-Appellant,                                      )
                                                                      )        ON APPEAL FROM THE
v.                                                                    )        UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                                      )        COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN
PAUL DAVID MUSGRAVE,                                                  )        DISTRICT OF OHIO
                                                                      )
            Defendant-Appellee.                                       )                      OPINION
                                                                      )
                                                                      )

            BEFORE:           GRIFFIN and STRANCH, Circuit Judges; GWIN, District Judge.*

            STRANCH, Circuit Judge. A jury convicted Paul David Musgrave on four counts of

white-collar crimes. At the original sentencing hearing, the district court granted a downward

variance from Musgrave’s Sentencing Guidelines range of 57 to 71 months’ imprisonment and

sentenced him to one day of imprisonment with credit for the day of processing, three years of

supervised release without home confinement, and no fine. The government appealed, and this

court vacated the sentence as substantively unreasonable. United States v. Musgrave, 761 F.3d
602 (2014) (Musgrave I). On remand, the district court, again granting a downward variance,

resentenced Musgrave to one day of imprisonment with credit for the day of processing, five

years of supervised release with 24 months of home confinement, and a $250,000 fine. The

*
    The Honorable James Gwin, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
No. 15-3043
United States v. Musgrave

government appeals the sentence as substantively unreasonable for the second time.            We

AFFIRM the district court’s sentence.

                                    I.     BACKGROUND

        In 2008, Musgrave, a certified public accountant, became involved in a tire-recycling

venture with his co-defendant, Raymond Goldberg.         The two men agreed to form Dayton

International Tire Recycling, which was to build, own, and operate the tire recycling facility in

Ohio. Rubber Solutions, an Australian company owned by Goldberg, was to provide necessary

equipment for the venture. Pursuant to Dayton International’s Operating Agreement, 81% of the

company was owned by Musgrave and the remaining 19% by Intercontinental Trading of the

British Virgin Islands (ITBVI), a shell corporation wholly owned by Goldberg. The Agreement

disclosed Goldberg as the manager, but not the owner, of ITBVI. Unbeknownst to Musgrave at

the time of the Agreement, Goldberg had failed in nine previous tire-recycling ventures.

        Musgrave invested around $300,000 into Dayton International, while Goldberg gave the

company a $350,000 “cost reduction” on the equipment provided by Rubber Solutions. To

finance the remainder of the purchase, Musgrave applied for and secured a loan, guaranteed by

the Small Business Administration (SBA), through Mutual Federal Savings Bank. Musgrave had

to obtain an international letter of credit through U.S. Bank in order for the loan proceeds to be

disbursed to Goldberg’s Australian bank. In selecting the terms for the letter of credit, Musgrave

specified that the equipment should be sent in a single shipment from Australia. The loan

proceeds were disbursed in April 2009.

        In May 2009, the tire shredder—a “vital” piece of equipment—did not arrive with the

rest.   Rubber Solutions had ordered the shredder from Oregon, not Australia, but never

completed the purchase due to a “cash flow problem.” Goldberg’s Australian bank had seized

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No. 15-3043
United States v. Musgrave

the majority of the funds sent by Musgrave to offset an overdraft, and Goldberg used the

remainder to pay his own creditors. In July 2009, Musgrave contacted the FBI, the SBA Office

of Inspector General, the SEC, and Australian authorities, which prompted the FBI to commence

an investigation.    The business eventually failed, without any profit, and the SBA lost

approximately $1.7 million.

       In December 2011, Musgrave and Goldberg were indicted for scheming to defraud

Mutual Federal and the SBA through concealment or misrepresentation of certain facts,

including Goldberg’s status as owner of ITBVI; that ITBVI provided Dayton International a cost

reduction instead of a cash injection; Goldberg’s falsification of a packing list to indicate that the

shredder had been shipped from Australia; and the source of Musgrave’s cash injection.

Musgrave I, 761 F.3d at 605–06. Goldberg agreed to cooperate and pled guilty to one count of

misprision of felony, and the government recommended a sentence of three years’ probation,

restitution, and a special assessment. Soon after, Goldberg voluntarily left the country, which

terminated his probation, and he never paid any restitution. Musgrave proceeded to trial, where

the jury found him guilty of one count of conspiracy to commit wire and bank fraud and make

false statements to a financial institution, two counts of wire fraud, and one count of bank fraud.

       At Musgrave’s original sentencing, the district court calculated Musgrave’s Guidelines

range as 57 to 71 months’ imprisonment. Granting Musgrave’s motion for a downward variance,

the district court sentenced him to one day of imprisonment with credit for the day of processing,

three years of supervised release without home confinement, and no fine.              Following the

government’s appeal, we identified two defects in the district court’s reasoning: the court (1)

relied on impermissible considerations (the collateral consequences of the defendant’s

prosecution and conviction) and (2) “failed to address adequately how what amounted to a non-

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No. 15-3043
United States v. Musgrave

custodial sentence afforded adequate general deterrence in this context.” Id. at 609. We did not

determine that Musgrave’s sentence inherently failed to promote general deterrence; we

emphasized the lack of explanation, concluding that it is not our job “to second guess the

individualized sentencing discretion of the district court when it appropriately relies on the

[18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors.” Id. (quoting United States v. Davis, 537 F.3d 611, 618 (6th Cir.

2008)). We remanded to the district court to impose, within its discretion, “a sentence sufficient

but not greater than necessary to serve the § 3553(a) factors.” Id.

       On remand, the district court granted a less significant variance, increasing Musgrave’s

sentence to one day of imprisonment with credit for the day of processing, five years of

supervised release with 24 months of home confinement, and a $250,000 fine. The district court,

both at the resentencing hearing and in a subsequent Statement of Reasons, gave an exhaustive

explanation of the factors outlined for consideration by § 3553(a) and how those factors

supported a downward variance.

                                  II.    LEGAL STANDARD

       For the second time, the government appeals Musgrave’s sentence as substantively

unreasonable. “The reasonableness of a sentence is reviewed for abuse of discretion, regardless

of whether the sentence is inside or outside the Guidelines range.” Id. at 607–08 (citing Gall v.

United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007)). On abuse of discretion review, “due deference” is given

to the district court’s “reasoned and reasonable decision that the § 3553(a) factors, on the whole,

justified the sentence.” United States v. Vowell, 516 F.3d 503, 512 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting Gall,
552 U.S. at 59–60). “A sentence may be considered substantively unreasonable when the district

court selects a sentence arbitrarily, bases the sentence on impermissible factors, fails to consider

relevant sentencing factors, or gives an unreasonable amount of weight to any pertinent factor.”

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No. 15-3043
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Musgrave I, 761 F.3d at 608 (quoting United States v. Conatser, 514 F.3d 508, 520 (6th Cir.

2008)). A variance is a relevant consideration on review of a sentence’s reasonableness, and

“[t]he more significant the variance, the more compelling the justification based on the § 3553(a)

factors must be.” Id. (citing Gall, 552 U.S. at 50).

                                              III.     ANALYSIS

         The government argues that Musgrave’s sentence is substantively unreasonable because

it fails to promote general deterrence, was based on the impermissible consideration of

socioeconomic status,1 and is not justified by the § 3553(a) factors as a whole. We address each

of these arguments in turn.

         A.       General Deterrence

         Pursuant to § 3553(a)(2)(B), district courts must consider both specific and general

deterrence in imposing a sentence. Id. at 609 (citing United States v. Camiscione, 591 F.3d 823,

834 (6th Cir. 2010)).          We noted in Musgrave I that white-collar crimes “are especially

susceptible to general deterrence” and “there is a general policy favoring incarceration for these

crimes.” Id. Because the district court’s view of the seriousness of Musgrave’s crimes appeared

“at odds with that of Congress and the Sentencing Commission,” we expected the district court

to “explain how its sentence nevertheless affords adequate general deterrence.” Id. (citing Davis,

537 F.3d at 617; Camiscione, 581 F.3d at 834). We vacated Musgrave’s original sentence on

this issue because the district court failed to provide such an explanation. Id.

1
 We have not clarified whether a district court’s consideration of impermissible factors is more properly considered
procedurally or substantively unreasonable. United States v. Romanini, 502 F. App’x 503, 507 (6th Cir. 2012). A
practical consequence of this distinction is that, to avoid plain-error review, only a challenge to procedural
reasonableness must be “raised before the district court to be preserved for appeal.” Id. (quoting United States v.
Freeman, 640 F.3d 180, 185–86 (6th Cir. 2011)). However, because the government made the appropriate
objections before the district court, that distinction is inconsequential here. See Musgrave I, 761 F.3d at 607–08 n.1
(citing United States v. Chowdhury, 438 F. App’x 472, 476 (6th Cir. 2011)).

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No. 15-3043
United States v. Musgrave

        On remand, the district court began the resentencing hearing by reviewing the case law

cited in Musgrave I, acknowledging that general deterrence “is a valid concern,” and assuring

that it intended “to be responsive in imposing its sentence today.” The district court then broadly

examined the need to provide general deterrence, explored the legislative history of § 3553(a),

and correctly explained that “[t]here is no justice in imposing a sentence merely to make an

example out of a defendant.”        Other § 3553(a) factors must be considered, including the

particular circumstances of the defendant and crime, because “[t]he punishment should fit the

offender and not merely the crime.”          Williams v. New York, 337 U.S. 241, 247 (1949).

Following announcement of its sentence, the district court addressed at length how the sentence

satisfied the need for general deterrence in this context:

        As to general deterrence, when a would-be white-collar criminal looks to the
        sentence imposed in this case, what he will find is that Musgrave, who the judge
        found was the lesser culpable defendant, was nonetheless punished by being
        required to serve two years on home incarceration, where the sashaying about and
        attending to children’s dogs and the likes will simply not occur. Your liberty has
        been restrained, and properly so, and very significantly.

        So, in general deterrence, when a would-be white-collar criminal looks to the
        Musgrave sentence, he got sentenced to a day in prison, five years of supervised
        release, two years of home incarceration. Start to think about what it would be
        like to live for two years incarcerated in your home with no absences outside the
        home but for the preapproved stuff I have indicated.

        Moreover, he got fined a quarter of a million dollars and is required to pay back
        the 1.7 million in restitution, and the court imposed an aggressive payment plan.

        If 30 percent of the fraud defendants get a sentence with no imprisonment, here
        Musgrave is punished significantly in order to send the adequate general
        deterrence message, because he ends up with two years of home incarceration, a
        quarter-of-a-million-dollar fine, his liberty extraordinarily restrained.

(R. 228, Resentencing Tr., PageID 4415–16.) The district court concluded by quoting Gall’s

acknowledgement that “[o]ffenders on probation are . . . subject to several standard conditions

that substantially restrict their liberty.” Gall, 552 U.S. at 48.

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No. 15-3043
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       The government argues that the sentence fails to promote general deterrence in two

respects. The government first asserts that there is an inconsistency in the district court’s

rationale. In compliance with the legislative history of § 3553(a), the district court stated that it

did not “intend to create the impression that economic crimes are punished by nothing more than

financial inconvenience,” but it later opined that “a severe financial penalty is often one of the

more effective ways to deter a greedy white-collar criminal.” See Richard A. Posner, Optimal

Sentences for White-Collar Criminals, 17 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 409, 410, 418 (1980) (positing that

white-collar criminals are more effectively punished by severe monetary penalties than by

imprisonment (citing Gary Becker, Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach, 76 J. Pol.

Econ. 169 (1968))). The district court’s imposition of and rationale for a “severe financial

penalty” ($1.7 million in restitution plus a $250,000 fine, in addition to five years of supervised

release with 24 months of home confinement) does not conflict with its earlier reference to

punishment of mere “financial inconvenience.” See United States Sentencing Commission,

Guidelines Manual, §5F1.2 (Nov. 2014) (providing that home confinement may be used “as a

substitute for imprisonment”).

       The government also argues that the district court, in fashioning Musgrave’s sentence,

relied on an “incorrect understanding” of custodial and non-custodial sentences that conflated the

severity of imprisonment and supervised release, as evidenced by the court’s statement that Gall

“recognizes that a non-imprisonment sentence is a custodial sentence that is a significant and

severe punishment.” The district court, however, clearly recognized that imprisonment is more

severe than supervised release: “While a term of imprisonment is undoubtedly more severe, that

is not to say that an appropriately restrictive term of supervised release, along with the

imposition of fines and restitution, won’t serve to deter criminal conduct.” And the district

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No. 15-3043
United States v. Musgrave

court’s recognition extended to home confinement: “We know that if I sentence him to home

incarceration rather than time in prison, that that is going to be a significant variance. That’s true

any time the sentence is non-imprisonment related.” Thus, as instructed by Musgrave I, the

district court adequately addressed how supervised release joined with home confinement and a

severe financial penalty, though not imprisonment, nevertheless afforded adequate general

deterrence in this context.

       B.      Socioeconomic Status

       In § 3553(a)(7), Congress instructs sentencing courts to consider “the need to provide

restitution to any victims of the offense.”      At the same time, the Sentencing Commission

cautions, through Guidelines §5H1.10, that socioeconomic status is “not relevant in the

determination of a sentence.” See also 28 U.S.C. § 994(d) (directing the Sentencing Commission

to “assure that the [G]uidelines and policy statements are entirely neutral as to the . . .

socioeconomic status of offenders”). We have interpreted the policy statement at §5H1.10 to

“preclude[] a district court from determining that a defendant’s prominence, or lack thereof,

weighs in favor, or against, a departure.” United States v. Ferguson, 456 F.3d 660, 665 (6th Cir.

2006) (quoting United States v. Holz, 118 F. App’x 928, 935 (6th Cir. 2004)), abrogated on

other grounds by Kimbrough v. United States, 552 U.S. 85, 110 (2007). Because the prohibition

“does not extend to prohibit all considerations that are correlated with socio-economic status,”

consideration of “various expressly enumerated permissible factors” (e.g., education and

vocational skills, employment record, or military, civic, charitable, or public service) do not run

afoul of §5H1.10. Holz, 118 F. App’x at 935–36 (citing USSG §§5H1.2, 5H1.5, 5H1.11). This

is also true of the factors expressly enumerated for consideration by § 3553(a), including “the

need to provide restitution to any victim of the offense.” See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(7).

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       The government cites United States v. Harpst, 949 F.2d 860 (6th Cir. 1991), and United

States v. DeMonte, 25 F.3d 343 (6th Cir. 1994), as instructive on the harmonization of

§ 3553(a)(7) and Guidelines §5H1.10. But these two cases were decided before two fundamental

changes to the sentencing framework were made by the Supreme Court. Koon v. United States

instructed appellate courts to review district court decisions to depart from the Guidelines range

under an abuse of discretion standard.     518 U.S. 81, 91 (1996).      More important for our

consideration of §5H1.10, United States v. Booker established the Guidelines as advisory.

543 U.S. 220, 246 (2005). “After Booker, . . . that a factor is discouraged or forbidden under the

[G]uidelines does not automatically make it irrelevant when a court is weighing statutory factors

apart from the [G]uidelines.” United States v. Husein, 478 F.3d 318, 326 (6th Cir. 2007)

(quoting United States v. Aitoro, 446 F.3d 246, 255 n.9 (1st Cir. 2006)). Harpst and DeMonte

reviewed downward departures made pursuant to mandatory Guidelines provisions under a de

novo standard, omitting the deference to the district court that Koon requires. Because Harpst

and DeMonte did not review post-Booker variances from an advisory Guidelines range,

moreover, neither even mentioned the statutory § 3553(a) factors, much less envisioned that

factors discouraged or forbidden by the Guidelines may still be relevant. Accordingly, Harpst

and DeMonte are not persuasive here.

       As for our cases decided under the modern framework, Ferguson declined to vacate a

district court’s above-Guidelines sentence based on §5H1.10. 456 F.3d at 665–66.      In

considering the history and characteristics of the defendant, persons similarly situated, and the

need for the sentence “to promote respect for the law,” as required by § 3553(a)(1), (2)(A), and

(6), the district court had opined that a more lenient sentence based on the defendant’s

background, such as his “educational and employment history and his standing in the

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United States v. Musgrave

community,” would “simply tend to set in concrete the public perception that the higher you are,

the less you have to fear from the law.” Id. In context, we reasoned, this statement did not

indicate an impermissible consideration of the defendant’s socioeconomic status but represented

the district court’s attempt to avoid a sentence that “would lead to precisely the type of disrespect

of the law that the Commission sought to avoid when it adopted § 5H1.10.”                Id. at 666.

Guidelines §5H1.10 was not implicated because the comment did not demonstrate that the

defendant’s “‘prominence, or lack thereof, weigh[ed] in favor’ of or against a longer term of

imprisonment.” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Holz, 118 F. App’x at 935). And because the

district court properly explained the exercise of its “independent reasoned judgment,” the

sentence was reasonable. Id. at 667–68.

       Our unpublished decision in Romanini is not at odds with our published precedent. It

found that the district court “impermissibly considered [the defendant’s] socioeconomic status in

determining his sentence” because, instead of “an isolated statement about the defendant’s status

during its discussion of a § 3553(a) factor,” as found in Ferguson, the Romanini district court

had “repeatedly mentioned [the defendant’s] wealth throughout the sentencing hearing.” 502 F.

App’x at 508–09; cf. United States v. Turner, 536 F. App’x 614, 621 (6th Cir. 2013) (concluding

that district court did not consider impermissible factors where it “merely considered required

factors that are correlated with socio-economic status” and where there was “no evidence

suggesting that [it] considered [the defendant’s] wealth and status as an independent factor

weighing in favor of or against a departure”).

       We turn to the circumstances of the instant case. While discussing the need for the

sentence to provide restitution, as required by § 3553(a)(7), and finding it “a compelling reason

for the consideration of not imposing a term of imprisonment,” the district court stated, “[T]he

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loss amount here is substantial. However, I don’t believe it has to be a permanent loss. I believe

the victims can be restored by Musgrave if he is sentenced in such a way as to facilitate payment

of restitution.” The district court explained that, with Musgrave “doing what he’s fully capable

of, he’s going to pay the restitution in an appropriate manner,” whereas imprisonment would

relegate him to 25 cents per hour for prisoner work. Responding to the government’s §5H1.10-

based objection at the resentencing hearing, the district court reasoned that it was required to

consider “the (a)(7) factor of restitution” and, although the imposed sentence “will promote the

payment of restitution,” Musgrave is “not staying out to pay restitution. It’s merely a factor.

The other factors favor his sentence as well.” The district court summarized the matter in its

Statement of Reasons:

       Accordingly, here, the goal of obtaining restitution for the victims is best served
       by a non-incarcerated and employed defendant. This does not mean that the
       employment or socio-economic status of the Defendant is the basis for the Court’s
       ultimate sentence. It is merely an observation as to the facts of this particular
       case, in light of the Court’s statutory requirement in imposing sentence to
       consider the need to provide restitution to any victim of the offense. Here, the
       Court can be responsive to the victim’s need to be made whole, while also
       imposing a sentence that is sufficient but not greater than necessary to satisfy all
       other purposes of sentencing, given the facts of this particular case.

(R. 210, Second Statement of Reasons, PageID 3549–50.)

       Review of the district court’s comments, in context, demonstrates that Musgrave’s

socioeconomic status, or his “prominence, or lack thereof,” was not considered as an

independent factor weighing in favor or against the variance given. See Ferguson, 456 F.3d at

666 (quoting Holz, 118 F. App’x at 935); Turner, 536 F. App’x at 621. Any remarks by the

district court touching on socioeconomic status or ability to pay restitution were, like the

comments in Ferguson, “isolated statement[s]” relevant to and made “during its discussion of a

§ 3553(a) factor.” See Romanini, 502 F. App’x at 509; see also Husein, 478 F.3d at 326. In

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United States v. Musgrave

exercising its discretion to impose a “reasoned and reasonable” sentence, the district court is

statutorily required to consider whether, on the whole, the § 3553(a) factors—including the need

to provide restitution to any victim of the offense—justify a sentence. See Vowell, 516 F.3d at

512 (quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 59–60). That is what the district court did here.

       C.      Remaining § 3553(a) Factors

       As we concluded above, the district court properly considered the need to promote

general deterrence and to provide restitution to any victims. With regard to the remaining §

3553(a) factors, the government quotes United States v. Bistline, 720 F.3d 631, 634 (6th Cir.

2013) (Bistline II), to argue that the district court “placed excessive weight on the few factors

that favor a lesser sentence, while minimizing or disregarding altogether the serious factors that

favor a more severe one.” Specifically, the government argues that the district court placed too

much weight on Musgrave’s personal history and characteristics and the need to provide the

defendant with necessary medical care, and too little on the need for the sentence to reflect the

seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, and to provide just punishment; the

Guidelines range; and the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities.

       Section 3553(a)(1) compels sentencing courts to consider the history and characteristics

of the defendant.    Here, the district court described Musgrave’s history as a successful

businessman and employer of 40 people, extensive work in the community, support from his

friends and family, and lack of criminal history. The district court, however, did not discuss

Musgrave’s history and characteristics at length and cited only Musgrave’s lack of criminal

history as a possible mitigating factor, while placing more emphasis on the nature and

characteristics of his offenses. The district court found the remaining circumstances regarding

Musgrave’s history and characteristics not compelling because the circumstances, some of which

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are discouraged from consideration by the Guidelines, could be found in most white-collar cases.

See United States v. Christman, 607 F.3d 1110, 1119 (6th Cir. 2010) (explaining that only in

“exceptional cases” should courts rely on discouraged facts, but that simply noting the existence

of discouraged facts, without relying upon them, is not an abuse of discretion).

       With regard to providing the defendant with necessary medical care, consideration of

which is required by § 3553(a)(2)(D), the government argues that the district court’s concern that

there would be “greater potential for complications if he’s ultimately incarcerated” was improper

because testimony at the resentencing hearing established that the Bureau of Prisons had policies

and programs in place to treat Musgrave’s conditions. The district court’s concern was not

clearly erroneous, however, as the government’s own audit report had concluded that the

Bureau’s policies and programs were ineffectively implemented.

       Section 3553(a)(2) also compels consideration of the need for the sentence imposed “to

reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, and to provide just

punishment for the offense.” In the lengthy analysis of these factors at the resentencing hearing

and in the Statement of Reasons, the district court acknowledged that Musgrave’s crimes were

“serious, serious, serious” but found the seriousness tempered by the nature and circumstances of

the offenses—particularly Musgrave’s intentions to start a business and not to “line his own

pockets with someone else’s hard-earned money,” that he received no profit from his crimes, and

that his criminal conduct included only one transaction. These findings are not clearly erroneous

and are appropriate mitigations. See United States v. Prosperi, 686 F.3d 32, 50 (1st Cir. 2012)

(affirming variance from Guidelines range of 87 to 108 months to three years of probation with

six months’ home confinement based in part on defendant’s operation of business and lack of

intent to cause harm or otherwise enrich themselves); United Sates v. Howe, 543 F.3d 128, 133

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(3d Cir. 2008) (affirming variance from Guidelines range of 18 to 24 months to three months’

home confinement based in part on crime being “isolated mistake” consisting of single-

transaction fraud conducted over many months).

       Section 3553(a)(4) instructs sentencing courts to consider the sentencing range

established by the Guidelines. Although the Guidelines are now advisory, Gall admonished

courts to “begin all sentencing proceedings by correctly calculating the applicable Guidelines

range,” which remains the “starting point” and the “initial benchmark” for crafting a defendant’s

sentence. 552 U.S. at 49. Here, the district court, at the resentencing hearing, acknowledged

Gall’s admonition and the import of the Guidelines range, began by correctly calculating the

Guidelines range “so it is stated of record as a starting point,” and repeatedly noted the range

thereafter. The government, by recommending 30 months’ imprisonment for Musgrave, agreed

that the Guidelines range exceeded an appropriate sentence under § 3553(a), but now faults the

district court for giving too little weight to that range. As support, the government cites Bistline

II, where we vacated the district court’s sentence in part because the district court “never

mentioned [the defendant’s] [G]uidelines range.” 720 F.3d at 633. But here the district court not

only mentioned the Guidelines range, it made it the initial benchmark and a reference point

throughout.

       Section 3553(a)(6) directs consideration of the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing

disparities. To do so, the district court looked to the sentence of Musgrave’s co-defendant

Goldberg and studied sentencing statistics nationally and in the Southern District of Ohio. With

regard to Goldberg’s sentence, the district court made clear that it considered Goldberg, despite

his cooperation and plea deal, the more culpable of the two: Goldberg had an extensive prior

history of failed tire-recycling plants (initially hidden from Musgrave) and had falsified

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documents so that the money, the bulk of which he used to pay his own creditors, would be

disbursed. Despite the government’s more lenient treatment of Goldberg, allowing him to

voluntarily leave the country and terminate his probation before paying any restitution, the

district court concluded that “a significant sentencing disparity between the two defendants

would seem fundamentally unfair and unwarranted.” This conclusion is not clearly erroneous.

See United States v. Presley, 547 F.3d 625, 631 (6th Cir. 2008) (affirming downward variance

based on co-defendant’s reduced, plea-based sentence).

       Based on the district court’s review of statistics and other cases, of all white-collar

defendants in our circuit, nearly 30% receive no prison time, and approximately one-third of that

30% receive some form of home confinement instead. The government asserts that the district

court should have limited its review to cases involving losses between $1 million and

$2.5 million, where “nearly 90% of defendants were sentenced to an average of 40 months in

prison.” But there is reason to believe that, because the loss Guidelines were not developed

using an empirical approach based on data about past sentencing practices, it is particularly

appropriate for variances. See United States v. Corsey, 723 F.3d 366, 379 (2d Cir. 2013)

(Underhill, J., concurring) (citing Kimbrough, 552 U.S. at 109–10 (same for crack cocaine)); see

also Mark H. Allenbaugh, “Drawn from Nowhere”: A Review of the U.S. Sentencing

Commission’s White-Collar Sentencing Guidelines and Loss Data, 26 Fed. Sent’g Rep. 19, 19

(2013) (“[T]he data suggest that loss is an unsound measure of the seriousness of many offenses,

with the result that judges are increasingly willing to go below the Guidelines when they impose

sentences in white-collar cases.”).    And even within the limited group proposed by the

government, 10% of defendants with similar loss amounts receive no prison time, while the 40-

month average for defendants who did receive prison time includes both lower and higher loss

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figures. A sentence does not result in unwarranted disparities simply because it deviates from

the average.

       To summarize, instead of placing excessive weight on Musgrave’s history and

characteristics, the district court relied on all of the § 3553(a) factors, as a whole, to justify the

sentence by concluding that none “weigh heavily in favor of a lengthy term of imprisonment”

and that the need to provide restitution weighs against it.        We find that the district court

adequately explained its appropriate reliance on the § 3553(a) factors and did not abuse its

individualized sentencing discretion.

                                      IV.     CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM Musgrave’s sentence.

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