Court Opinion

ID: 4432715
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-23 15:04:08.173268+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:53:01.289843
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                        No. 117,862

                                 BRENDA L. ROSENDAHL,
                                      Appellee,

                                             v.

                            KANSAS DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE,
                                      Appellant.

                              SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.
       In a driver's license suspension case, when the only issue before the court is
whether a law enforcement officer had reasonable grounds to request an evidentiary
breath test and the facts are undisputed, an appellate court has de novo review.

2.
       K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 8-1020(h)(2) sets forth an exclusive list of issues that may be
addressed at an administrative hearing on a driver's license suspension when the officer
certifies that a person has failed a breath test which includes whether a law enforcement
officer had reasonable grounds to believe the person was operating a vehicle while under
the influence of alcohol.

3.
       Kansas courts evaluate reasonable grounds by looking to probable cause
standards. Probable cause to arrest is the reasonable belief, drawn from the totality of
information and reasonable inferences available to the arresting officer, that the defendant
has committed or is committing a specific crime.

                                             1
4.
        An officer cannot insulate his or her assessment of the existence of reasonable
grounds from review or criticism by a district or appellate court by maintaining a posture
of willful ignorance on a suspect's post-driving alcohol consumption. Reasonableness is
key. If the situation is such that a reasonable law enforcement officer would investigate,
it behooves an actual officer to do so. This is particularly true when an officer's personal
observations of the scene or the suspect suggest the possibility of post-driving alcohol
consumption. Such consumption is a factor to be considered and evaluated. Reasonable
grounds to believe a driver is under the influence demands thoughtful examination of the
behavior of a driver before, during, and after he or she is behind the wheel.

5.
        Under the facts and circumstances of this case, the district court erred in giving
post-driving alcohol consumption evidence controlling weight on the issue of whether the
officer had reasonable grounds to request a breath test. The officer did not ignore or
maintain a posture of willful ignorance toward evidence suggesting the possibility of
post-driving alcohol consumption.

6.
        The imposition of a $50 administrative hearing fee under K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 8-
1020(d)(2) is unconstitutional as set forth in Creecy v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 310
Kan. ____, ____, P.3d ____ (2019) (No. 117,035, this day decided).

        Appeal from Miami District Court; STEVEN C. MONTGOMERY, judge. Opinion filed August 23,
2019. Affirmed in part and reversed in part.

        Joanna Labastida, of Legal Services Bureau, Kansas Department of Revenue, argued the cause,
and Dwight R. Carswell, assistant solicitor general, was with her on the brief for appellant.

                                                     2
        Ronald P. Wood, of Clyde & Wood, L.L.C., of Overland Park, argued the cause and was on the
brief for appellee.

The opinion of the court was delivered by

        MALONE, J.: The Kansas Department of Revenue (KDOR) appeals the district
court's decision reversing the administrative suspension of Brenda Rosendahl's driving
privileges and finding the statutorily required $50 fee for an administrative hearing to
challenge the suspension of driving privileges is unconstitutional. We reverse the district
court's reversal of Rosendahl's suspension and reinstate the suspension. We affirm the
district court's finding that the $50 hearing fee is unconstitutional for the reasons stated in
Creecy v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 310 Kan. ____, ____, P.3d ____ (2019) (No.
117,035, this day decided).

                           FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL OVERVIEW

        On December 12, 2015, at 5:35 p.m., Miami County Sheriff's Deputy Jacob Bell
was dispatched to a possible noninjury accident. Dispatch advised that the driver might
be intoxicated. Bell arrived at the scene at the same time as Sergeant Gray. Bell noticed a
car just off the side of the roadway and a pickup near where he pulled onto the scene.
Bell asked an unidentified man next to the pickup what happened, but the man just
mumbled something and left.

        Bell turned his attention to Rosendahl, who was speaking with Sergeant Gray.
According to Bell, Rosendahl said she drove off the road after missing her turn at a dark
curve. Bell did not know what time the accident occurred, but he assumed it happened
shortly before he was dispatched at 5:35 p.m. because it gets dark in December shortly

                                                 3
after 5:00 p.m. Bell noticed Rosendahl had bloodshot eyes, slurred her words, and had the
odor of alcohol coming from her breath.

       Bell asked Rosendahl what she had had to drink, and she admitted to having one
beer several hours earlier. Bell described the area of the accident as an industrial-type
with no visible restaurants, bars, or liquor stores nearby. Bell testified that he had no
indication that Rosendahl had consumed alcohol post-driving; however, he did not
explicitly ask Rosendahl about post-driving alcohol consumption.

       Bell conducted standardized field sobriety tests which indicated that Rosendahl
was impaired, and she failed the preliminary breath test (PBT). Bell arrested Rosendahl
for driving under the influence and transported her to the police station. Rosendahl
submitted to an Intoxilyzer 8000 breath test which showed her breath alcohol
concentration was 0.209. On the Officer's Certification and Notice of Suspension Form
(DC-27), Bell certified that reasonable grounds existed to believe Rosendahl had been
operating a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol and her test results showed an
alcohol concentration of .08 or greater.

       Rosendahl requested an administrative hearing to challenge her license suspension
and paid the $50 fee for the hearing. The administrative hearing officer affirmed the
suspension, finding Bell had reasonable grounds to believe Rosendahl was operating a
vehicle under the influence of alcohol.

       Rosendahl filed an amended petition for trial de novo and judicial review of her
license suspension alleging inter alia that 1) she was arrested and tested without
reasonable grounds; and 2) submission of the required $50 administrative hearing fee
before the hearing was a denial of due process and equal protection.

                                              4
       At trial de novo before the district court, Bell testified as summarized above.
Rosendahl and an acquaintance, Alan Macek, testified that her intoxication was due to
alcohol consumption after her car left the roadway and before law enforcement made
contact with her.

       According to Rosendahl, she lived about two miles outside Osawatomie. Between
4 and 4:30 p.m., she was driving home from running errands in Osawatomie. She saw a
deer out of the corner of her eye that caused her to jerk and drive into the ditch. She could
not get her car out of the ditch and had left her phone at home, so she walked to a nearby
auto body shop operated by Macek to call her husband Gary. Macek offered Rosendahl a
drink which she accepted because she was shaken up from the accident and did not plan
to drive home. Macek gave Rosendahl a 16-ounce cup of straight raspberry vodka, which
she finished before her husband arrived at her car.

       Rosendahl testified she saw officers coming down the road after Macek and her
husband got her car positioned where Macek could pull it out of the ditch. She told her
husband to return home. Rosendahl said she "vaguely" remembered talking with the
officers about how dark the corner was but stated that she "had a pretty good buzz on" at
that time. When the officers asked her if she had been drinking, she thought they meant
before her car went into the ditch, so she said she had consumed a beer several hours
earlier. Rosendahl admitted she did not tell the officers that a deer caused her to go in the
ditch or that she had consumed alcohol after the accident. She testified that the only way
Bell would have learned about her post-driving alcohol consumption was by talking to
Macek.

       Macek corroborated Rosendahl's account that she had arrived at his body shop
after her car went into the ditch, that he gave her a 16-ounce Solo cup of raspberry vodka,
and that he helped Gary pull Rosendahl's car out of the ditch. Macek testified he was still
                                              5
there when the police arrived, but he returned to his body shop shortly thereafter. Macek
did not tell the officers that he gave Rosendahl vodka after the accident at that time.

       With Rosendahl's and Macek's testimony in mind, Bell testified that he did not
know whether Rosendahl had gone to Macek's body shop. Bell also testified that he did
not recall seeing Rosendahl with a red Solo cup in her hands.

       Because of a recording malfunction, a portion of the district court trial transcript
was unavailable, so the parties prepared a statement of proceedings in lieu of the balance
of the transcript. See Supreme Court Rule 3.04(a) (2018 Kan. S. Ct. R. 23). The statement
of proceedings provides that after the parties presented evidence, during a recess and off
the record, the district court opined about a possible estoppel issue. After the recess,
KDOR argued Rosendahl should be estopped from claiming for the first time at the
administrative hearing and subsequently in the district court that she had consumed
alcohol post-driving.

       The district court reversed the administrative agency decision based on
Rosendahl's intervening alcohol consumption, finding Swank v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue,
294 Kan. 871, 281 P.3d 125 (2012), and the later Court of Appeals' decision in that case
on remand from this court, Swank v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, No. 102,223, 2012 WL
4676985 (Kan. App. 2012) (unpublished opinion), controlled.

       The parties' prepared statement of proceedings provides:

               "The district court summarized its factual findings; specifically that the Petitioner
       had run off the road in or near her hometown so she was, therefore, familiar with her
       surroundings. She had gone to Alan Macek's mechanic shop, and had been offered
       alcohol, which she consumed. When the police arrived, she was clear[ly] intoxicated.
       However, the police did not specifically investigate whether she had consumed alcohol
                                                    6
       post-driving, and that should have factored into their reasonable grounds determination.
       The officers knew the Petitioner had left her vehicle and did not inquire as to where she
       had been after the car had gone into the ditch. The court believed that the officer should
       have inquired more about her opportunity to drink with persons in the area, including Mr.
       Macek and anyone else who might have intervened since the accident.

               "The district court held that it appeared from the Swank opinion that if there was
       any opportunity to consume alcohol post-driving that the officer must consider that in his
       or her reasonable grounds determination."

       The statement of proceedings further provides that the district court speculated
about the estoppel issue, but did not rule on it, suggesting that if the case was appealed,
the Court of Appeals might direct the parties on the issue.

       The district court also found the $50 filing fee for an administrative hearing
required by K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 8-1020(d)(2) is unconstitutional, but that this issue was
moot as to Rosendahl because she paid the fee.

       KDOR timely appeals to this court. Based on the district court's finding that
K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 8-1020(d)(2) is unconstitutional, this court has jurisdiction under
K.S.A. 60-2101(b) ("An appeal from a final judgment of a district court in any civil
action in which a statute of this state or of the United States has been held
unconstitutional shall be taken directly to the supreme court.").

                                                    7
    OFFICER'S REASONABLE GROUNDS TO REQUEST AN EVIDENTIARY BREATH TEST

Standard of Review

       The district court's journal entry concluded the facts were not in dispute. Neither
party challenges this finding on appeal. We agree that the facts are not in dispute;
therefore, this court has de novo review. See Swank, 294 Kan. at 881 ("Only when there
is no factual dispute does an appellate court exercise de novo review.").

Analysis

       K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 8-1020(h)(2) sets forth an exclusive list of issues that may be
addressed at an administrative hearing on a driver's license suspension when the officer
certifies that a person has failed a breath test. See Swank, 294 Kan. at 875. That list
includes "whether . . . [a] law enforcement officer had reasonable grounds to believe the
person was operating a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol." K.S.A. 2015 Supp.
8-1020(h)(2)(A). See also K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 8-1001(b) (providing that law enforcement
officer shall request a person to submit to a breath or other bodily substance test to
determine the presence of alcohol or drugs if certain conditions exist and "at the time of
the request, the officer has reasonable grounds to believe the person was operating or
attempting to operate a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol . . . .").

       Following an administrative hearing, when a licensee challenges the agency's
decision in district court "the licensee shall have the burden to show that the decision of
the agency should be set aside." K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 8-1020(q). Rosendahl did not argue
in the district court or before this court that evidence of her post-driving alcohol
consumption was relevant to other issues enumerated in K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 8-1020(h)(2).

                                              8
Indeed, the only issue presented to us for decision is whether Bell had reasonable grounds
to request that Rosendahl submit to an evidentiary breath test.

       Nevertheless, the dissent argues we should hold the district court was right for the
wrong reason, under an issue not presented to or decided by the district court. We decline
this course, as our Legislature has directed that judicial review of driver's license
suspensions "shall be in accordance with the Kansas judicial review act" (KJRA). K.S.A.
2018 Supp. 8-259. Under the KJRA, "[a] petition for judicial review shall set forth: . . .
the petitioner's reasons for believing that relief should be granted." (Emphasis added.)
K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 77-614(b)(6).

       "'In other words, a petition for judicial review must set forth the specific issues that will
       be raised before the district court. [Citation omitted.] This court has indicated this
       requirement serves two purposes: (1) It puts the district court and administrative agency
       on notice as to what issues will be reviewed, and (2) it assures that only issues that were
       raised at the administrative hearing will be considered on appeal.'" Bd. of Cherokee
       County Comm'rs v. Kansas Racing & Gaming Comm'n, 306 Kan. 298, 320, 393 P.3d 601
       (2017) (quoting Kingsley v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 288 Kan. 390, 405, 204 P.3d 562
       [2009]).

See also Huelsman v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 267 Kan. 456, 462-63, 980 P.2d 1022
(1999) ("The burden to produce evidence is on the State in the DUI criminal case,
whereas the burden is on the licensee in the administrative action and subsequent appeal
of that action."); Henke v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 45 Kan. App. 2d 8, 13, 246 P.3d 408
(2010) ("In other words, the licensee bears the initial burden of putting on evidence
showing that at least one of the issues listed in the applicable subsection of K.S.A. 2008
Supp. 8-1020(h) has not been satisfied."); cf. State v. Kelly, 298 Kan. 965, 971, 318 P.3d
987 (2014) ("[T]his argument is raised for the first time on appeal and should fail on that
basis alone.").

                                                     9
       Unlike the dissent, as an abstract proposition, we see no absurdity in recognizing
that a person can drink alcohol to the point of impairment both before and after operating
a vehicle. Therefore, we will not consider a statutory means for relief that Rosendahl
failed to request and then impugn the administrative agency for not presenting evidence
to rebut the unknown issue. In summary, under the procedural posture of this case, we
will not address the issue raised by the dissent sua sponte that has not been argued,
briefed, raised, or even considered by any party, and which could result in a ruling that
may have unforeseen consequences in future cases.

       Turning to the issue before us, "Kansas courts evaluate 'reasonable grounds' by
looking to probable cause standards." Swank, 294 Kan. 871, Syl. ¶ 3. See also Smith v.
Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 291 Kan. 510, 514, 242 P.3d 1179 (2010) ("This court has
found the term 'reasonable grounds' synonymous in meaning with 'probable cause,' but in
doing so has noted an officer may have reasonable grounds to believe a person is
operating a vehicle under the influence sufficient to request a test under the statute—but
not have the probable cause required to make an arrest under K.S.A. 8-1001."). "Probable
cause to arrest is the reasonable belief, drawn from the totality of information and
reasonable inferences available to the arresting officer, that the defendant has committed
or is committing a specific crime." State v. Johnson, 297 Kan. 210, 222, 301 P.3d 287
(2013) (citing Sloop v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 296 Kan. 13, 20, 290 P.3d 555 [2012]).

       The district court found that this court's opinion in Swank and the later Court of
Appeals opinion in that case after remand from this court controlled. The district court
reasoned that "it appeared from the Swank opinion that if there was any opportunity to
consume alcohol post-driving, that the officer must consider that in his or her reasonable
grounds determination." Therefore, the district court reversed the suspension because of

                                             10
Rosendahl's intervening alcohol consumption. We hold that the district court misapplied
Swank; therefore, we will review and apply that opinion to the undisputed facts here.

       Swank considered as a matter of first impression whether evidence of post-driving
alcohol consumption falls within the scope of K.S.A. 8-1020(h)(2). There, an officer
responded to a call reporting Swank for driving recklessly. The officer spoke to the caller,
who reported that Swank had chased the caller in her car and was highly intoxicated. The
officer left to look for Swank and found her a few blocks away pulled into a driveway.
Swank was already out of her car and the officer saw no alcohol in her hands as he
approached her. According to the officer, Swank admitted she had been drinking and
admitted following the other driver. The officer did not ask Swank if she consumed
alcohol post-driving. Swank testified before the district court that she consumed three
beers earlier in the evening. Swank also testified that when she got out of her car, she
drank from a half-pint bottle of "Hot Damn." She said she consumed no alcohol other
than the Hot Damn after driving, but admitted ownership of an open can of cold beer the
officer found in her car during a search conducted after she submitted to a breath test. 294
Kan. at 872-73.

       This court held that the Court of Appeals erred as a matter of law in refusing to
consider Swank's testimony about her post-driving alcohol consumption because that fact
was potentially relevant to the reasonable grounds issue under K.S.A. 8-1020(h)(2)(A).
Swank, 294 Kan. at 879-80. Swank recognized that another panel of the Court of Appeals
had so held, reasoning "'[t]he more alcohol a person drinks after driving but before
testing, the more unreasonable may be the officer's grounds for belief that the person
drove while under the influence of alcohol.'" 294 Kan. at 879 (quoting Katz v. Kansas
Dept. of Revenue, 45 Kan. App. 2d 877, 893-94, 256 P.3d 876 [2011]).

                                             11
       Swank also looked to courts in Missouri and Nevada which had likewise
recognized the potential relevance of post-driving alcohol consumption in similar
circumstances. Swank recognized that these courts were "careful to note that it is the
information known to the officer at the time that matters and that courts should avoid
giving post-driving alcohol consumption controlling weight." 294 Kan. at 880 (discussing
Warner v. Missouri Director of Revenue, 240 S.W.3d 745, 751 [Mo. App. 2007]; Weaver
v. State, Dept. of Motor Vehicles, 121 Nev. 494, 498-99, 117 P.3d 193 [2005]).

       Weaver, the Nevada case discussed in Swank, supports KDOR's position here.
There, an officer arrived at the scene of the accident and the driver exhibited signs of
intoxication. When the officer asked the driver how much he had had to drink, the driver
said he walked home after the accident and had two beers. At the administrative hearing,
the driver testified that he had several drinks at his home after the accident. The Nevada
Supreme Court held "[t]hat [the driver] chose later to modify his story and testify at the
hearing that when he returned home after the accident he consumed four or five shots of
tequila and five or six beers has no impact upon the inquiry into the reasonableness of the
officer's beliefs because this was not part of the information evaluated by [the officer] at
the scene." 121 Nev. at 499.

       Swank said this point was well taken, but it added that the reasonableness of the
officer's actions is key:

       "[A]n officer cannot insulate his or her assessment of the existence of reasonable grounds
       from review or criticism by a district or appellate court by maintaining a posture of
       willful ignorance on a suspect's post-driving alcohol consumption. Reasonableness is
       key. If the situation is such that a reasonable law enforcement officer would investigate, it
       behooves an actual officer to do so. This is particularly true when an officer's personal
       observations of the scene or the suspect suggest the possibility of post-driving alcohol
       consumption. Such consumption is a factor to be considered and evaluated, not ignored.

                                                    12
               ". . .'"Reasonable grounds to believe" a driver is under the influence . . . demands
       consideration of the behavior of a driver before, during, and after he or she is behind the
       wheel.' [Citation omitted.]" 294 Kan. at 880.

       Swank remanded to the Court of Appeals with directions that it was legally
permissible for the district court to consider the driver's testimony about her post-driving
alcohol consumption and any evidence that the officer did or did not investigate it
thoroughly. 294 Kan. at 882-83. On remand, the Court of Appeals affirmed the district
court's order that the officer lacked reasonable grounds. 2012 WL 4676985, at *4.

       Applying Swank here, Deputy Bell did not "insulate his . . . assessment of the
existence of reasonable grounds . . . by maintaining a posture of willful ignorance" with
respect to the possibility of post-driving alcohol consumption. See Swank, 294 Kan. at
880. When Bell arrived, Rosendahl was outside her vehicle at the scene of the accident.
The accident took place in an industrial-type area and Bell saw no restaurants, bars, or
liquor stores nearby. Rosendahl told Bell that she drove her car into the ditch after
missing her turn at a dark curve, so Bell reasonably inferred that the accident occurred
shortly before he was dispatched at 5:35 p.m. Bell noticed Rosendahl had bloodshot eyes,
slurred her words, and had the odor of alcohol coming from her breath. Bell asked
Rosendahl what she had had to drink, and Rosendahl told Bell she had one beer several
hours earlier. Standardized field sobriety tests indicated that Rosendahl was impaired,
and Rosendahl failed a PBT. Despite her undisputed intoxication, neither Rosendahl nor
Macek told Bell that she had consumed 16 ounces of straight vodka after the accident.
Bell testified that he had no indication that Rosendahl had consumed alcohol post-driving
nor that she had been at Macek's shop.

                                                    13
       Under the facts and circumstances of this case, we hold the district court erred in
giving post-driving alcohol consumption evidence controlling weight on the issue of
whether the officer had reasonable grounds to request a breath test. Bell did not ignore or
maintain a posture of willful ignorance toward evidence suggesting the possibility of
post-driving alcohol consumption. See Swank, 294 Kan. at 880.

       Considering the totality of the circumstances, when Bell asked Rosendahl to
submit to a breath test, Bell had reasonable grounds to believe Rosendahl was operating a
vehicle under the influence of alcohol. Based on this decision, we need not reach
KDOR's argument that Rosendahl should be equitably estopped from raising post-driving
alcohol consumption for the first time at her administrative hearing.

                  CONSTITUTIONALITY OF $50 ADMINISTRATIVE HEARING FEE

       KDOR argues the district court erred in finding K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 8-1020(d)(2)
unconstitutional. This issue was decided adversely to KDOR's position in Creecy v.
Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 310 Kan. ____, ____, P.3d ____ (2019) (No. 117,035, this day
decided). For the reasons set forth in Creecy, we hold the district court here reached the
correct result.

       The judgment of the district court reversing the administrative suspension of
Rosendahl's driving privileges is reversed. The judgment of the district court holding
K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 8-1020(d)(2) is unconstitutional is affirmed, but this judgment does
not impact Rosendahl's suspension. KDOR's suspension of Rosendahl's driving privileges
is reinstated.

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       BILES, J., not participating.

       MICHAEL J. MALONE, Senior Judge, assigned.1

                                            ***

       STEGALL, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part: I agree with the majority
that the officer had reasonable grounds to request a breath test from Rosendahl. I also
agree with our holding that the administrative hearing fee set forth in K.S.A. 2015 Supp.
8-1020(d)(2) is unconstitutional. See Creecy v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 310 Kan. ___,
___ P.3d ___, (No. 117,035, this day decided) (Stegall, J., concurring in the result). I
disagree, however, with the result. I would reverse the Court of Appeals and affirm the
district court as being right for the wrong reason.

       The basic problem with the majority's holding is that while the officer did have
reasonable grounds to request the test, the inquiry under K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 8-1020(h)(2)
should not stop there. Critical facts surfaced at the administrative hearing that were
unavailable to the officer when he reasonably requested the breath test. Importantly, the
fact that Rosendahl consumed a significant amount of alcohol after driving is now
undisputed. This, together with the lack of any evidence of intoxication while driving,
means there is no probable cause to believe that Rosendahl was driving under the
influence. Instead, the totality of the evidence suggests that Rosendahl failed the breath
test because she consumed alcohol after the accident.

1
 REPORTER'S NOTE: Senior Judge Malone was appointed to hear case No. 117,862
vice Justice Biles under the authority vested in the Supreme Court by K.S.A. 20-2616.

                                             15
       In my view, reading K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 8-1020(h)(2) as a whole requires the
Department of Revenue to prove that the driver was operating or attempting to operate a
vehicle while impaired. Whether "the person was operating or attempting to operate a
vehicle" is a fact to consider within "the scope of the hearing." K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 8-
1020(h)(2)(H). For subsection (h)(2)(H) to have relevance during an administrative
license suspension hearing, it must mean whether the person was operating or attempting
to operate a vehicle while impaired. Otherwise, subsection (h)(2)(H) has no meaning. The
only alternative meaning—that the person was operating or attempting to operate a
vehicle at some time before becoming impaired—is absurd. But we must interpret
statutes to avoid absurd results. Northern Natural Gas Co. v. ONEOK Field Services Co.,
296 Kan. 906, 918, 296 P.3d 1106 (2013) ("[W]e must construe statutes to avoid
unreasonable or absurd results, and we presume the legislature does not intend to enact
useless or meaningless legislation.").

       In fact, the outcome today is just such an absurd result. Rosendahl's license is
being suspended even though the undisputed facts make it clear she was not driving
under the influence. By effectively reading K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 8-1020(h)(2)(H) out of the
statute, we have approved a license suspension solely because the officer had reasonable
grounds to request a breath test at the scene of the accident—even though everyone now
knows that Rosendahl failed the test because she consumed alcohol after the accident.
The Legislature did not intend this result. A conclusion supported by a plain reading of
K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 8-1020(h)(2), aided by a reasonable interpretation of the statute as a
whole so as to avoid an absurd result.

       The majority is at great pains to justify ignoring the substance of the case on
preservation grounds. My colleagues object that I have reached out to grab an issue "not
presented to or decided by the district court," which also "has not been argued, briefed,
                                             16
raised, or even considered by any party" on appeal. Slip op. at 9-10. But in my view, this
puts form over substance in a way courts should avoid. See State v. Tafoya, 304 Kan.
663, 670, 372 P.3d 1247 (2016) ('"The law of this state is realistic. Substance prevails
over form.'"). Rosendahl's argument has always been that she was not driving while
intoxicated, and all the evidence in the record supports her contention. So we should not
ignore this central fact of the case because Rosendahl's attorney framed the argument in
terms of reasonable suspicion rather than as a failure of proof under K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 8-
1020(h)(2)(H). The issue was raised, albeit under a different theory of relief. Finally, the
majority insists that it has merely reached the common-sense conclusion that "a person
can drink alcohol to the point of impairment both before and after operating a vehicle."
Slip op. at 10. Well, yes. So what? That case is not this case. Here, there is no evidence
Rosendahl was impaired before driving.

       For this reason, I would affirm the district court's reversal of the agency's decision
to suspend Rosendahl's license.

       ROSEN and JOHNSON, JJ., join in the foregoing concurring and dissenting opinion.

                                             17