Court Opinion

ID: 5124145
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-11-08 16:13:10.867395+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:02:18.414899
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Walton, 2021-Ohio-3958.]

                                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                            TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO

                                             BUTLER COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO,                                    :

        Appellee,                                  :         CASE NO. CA2020-12-124

                                                   :              OPINION
     - vs -                                                        11/8/2021
                                                   :

 MARCQUAN D. WALTON,                               :

        Appellant.                                 :

       CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM BUTLER COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                          Case No. CR2020-05-0599

Michael T. Gmoser, Butler County Prosecuting Attorney, and Stephen M. Wagner, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.

Repper-Pagan Law, Ltd., and Christopher J. Pagan, for appellant.

        PIPER, P.J.

        {¶1}     Appellant, Marcquan Walton, appeals a decision of the Butler County Court

of Common Pleas denying his motion to suppress evidence related to his convictions for

trafficking in a fentanyl-related compound, possession of a fentanyl-related compound, and

illegal possession of drug paraphernalia.

        {¶2}     Police received a call that a robbery occurred behind the U.S. Market in

Hamilton, Ohio. The information obtained by police indicated that the robbery involved a
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firearm and was perpetrated by five teenage African American males. A police sergeant

was patrolling the area nearby with his partner and responded to the U.S. Market location

within one to two minutes after receiving the dispatch. The sergeant and his partner began

to search for the reported suspects.

      {¶3}   Approximately 30 seconds after arriving at U.S. Market, and one block away

from the market itself, the officers observed two African American males walking. One of

the males, later identified as Walton, looked like a teenager. The sergeant asked Walton

to raise his hands and then approached him. The sergeant asked Walton whether he had

weapons or illegal items on his person, and Walton replied that he had marijuana in his

pocket. Walton then reached for his right pocket, and the sergeant reminded him to keep

his hands in the air. Even then, Walton reached again toward his right pocket.

      {¶4}   The sergeant and his partner performed a pat down of Walton and located

marijuana, fentanyl, a digital scale, as well as approximately $2,300 in cash. Walton was

indicted for trafficking and possession of a fentanyl-related compound, as well as

possession of drug paraphernalia. Walton filed a motion to suppress, arguing that the police

lacked reasonable articulable suspicion to stop him and that police lacked legal grounds to

search his person. The trial court denied the motion, and Walton pled no contest to the

charges. The trial court found Walton guilty, merged the allied offenses, and sentenced

Walton to community control. Walton now appeals the trial court's denial of his motion to

suppress, raising the following assignment of error:

      {¶5}   THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN OVERRULING THE MOTION TO

SUPPRESS.

      {¶6}   Walton argues in his assignment of error that the trial court erred by denying

his motion to suppress.

      {¶7}   Appellate review of a ruling on a motion to suppress presents a mixed

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question of law and fact. State v. Gray, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2011-09-176, 2012-Ohio-

4769, ¶ 15. When considering a motion to suppress, the trial court, as the trier of fact, is in

the best position to weigh the evidence to resolve factual questions and evaluate witness

credibility. State v. Vaughn, 12th Dist. Fayette No. CA2014-05-012, 2015-Ohio-828, ¶ 8.

       {¶8}   This court is therefore bound to accept the trial court's findings of fact if they

are supported by competent, credible evidence. State v. Cyrek, 12th Dist. Butler No.

CA2019-02-037, 2019-Ohio-4515, ¶ 9.          "An appellate court, however, independently

reviews the trial court's legal conclusions based on those facts and determines, without

deference to the trial court's decision, whether as a matter of law, the facts satisfy the

appropriate legal standard." State v. Cochran, 12th Dist. Preble No. CA2006-10-023, 2007-

Ohio-3353, ¶ 12.

       {¶9}   Both the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I,

Section 14 of the Ohio Constitution protect individuals from unreasonable searches and

seizures. State v. Jimenez, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2011-09-103, 2012-Ohio-3318, ¶ 9;

Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351, 88 S.Ct. 507 (1967). Any searches or seizures

that occur "outside the judicial process, without prior approval by judge or magistrate are

per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment — subject only to a few specially

established and well-delineated exceptions." Id. at 357. An investigative stop, or a Terry

stop, by a police officer is a common exception to the Fourth Amendment warrant

requirement. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 20-22, 88 S.Ct. 1868 (1968).

       {¶10} Pursuant to Terry, a police officer may detain an individual without probable

cause when the officer has reasonable suspicion based on specific, articulable facts, that

criminal activity is afoot. Id. at 21. "An investigatory stop does not violate the Fourth

Amendment to the United States Constitution if the police have reasonable suspicion that

'the person stopped is, or is about to be, engaged in criminal activity.'" State v. Jordan, 104

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Ohio St.3d 21, 2004-Ohio-6085, ¶ 35.

       {¶11} Reasonable articulable suspicion is "something more than an undeveloped

suspicion or hunch" but is less than the level of suspicion required for probable cause. State

v. Hinkston, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2020-03-012, 2020-Ohio-6903, ¶ 18; United States

v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7, 109 S.Ct. 1581 (1989). "Reasonable articulable suspicion exists

when there are specific and articulable facts which, taken together, with rational inferences

from those facts, reasonably warrant the intrusion." State v. Hill, 12th Dist. Warren No.

CA2015-05-044, 2015-Ohio-4655, ¶ 10.

       {¶12} Reasonable and articulable suspicion is determined by evaluating the totality

of the circumstances "through the eyes of a reasonable and prudent police officer on the

scene who must react to events as they unfold." State v. Popp, 12th Dist. Butler No.

CA2010-05-128, 2011-Ohio-791, ¶ 13. "This process allows officers to draw on their own

experience and specialized training to make inferences from and deductions about the

cumulative information available to them that might well elude an untrained person." United

States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273, 122 S.Ct. 744 (2002).

       {¶13} An assessment of the totality of the circumstances "does not deal with hard

certainties, but with probabilities." United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 418, 101 S.Ct.

690, (1981). As such, this court will consider the cumulative facts "not in terms of library

analysis by scholars, but as understood by those versed in the field of law enforcement."

Id.

       {¶14} After an officer makes a lawful Terry stop, the officer may conduct a limited

protective search, or a pat down, for weapons if the officer has "reason to believe that he is

dealing with an armed and dangerous individual, regardless of whether he has probable

cause to arrest the individual for a crime." Terry, 392 U.S. at 27; Popp at ¶ 12. "The officer

need not be absolutely certain that the individual is armed; the issue is whether a reasonably

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prudent man in the circumstances would be warranted in the belief that his safety or that of

others was in danger." Terry at 27. "The rationale behind the protective search is to allow

the officer to take reasonable precautions for his own safety in order to pursue his

investigation without fear of violence." State v. Andrews, 57 Ohio St.3d 86, 89 (1991).

       {¶15} Based on the totality of the circumstances presented in the present case, we

find that law enforcement had reasonable and articulable suspicion to effectuate a Terry

stop on Walton in order to investigate the possibility of criminal activity and that the officers

acted lawfully in conducting a protective pat down of Walton for weapons.

       {¶16} At the time law enforcement encountered Walton, they had just received

notice that a robbery occurred at the U.S. Market location and that such robbery involved a

firearm. The officers encountered Walton within 30 seconds of arriving on the scene and

only one block away from the reported location of the robbery. See State v. Hairston, 156

Ohio St.3d 363, 2019-Ohio-1622 (finding Terry stop valid where the stop occurred "very

close in time" and in location to where officers heard gunshots and appellant was the only

person officers saw after they heard the shots).

       {¶17} The officers were also told that a firearm was used in the commission of the

robbery, which gave the sergeant reason to be on alert for weapons. The sergeant had

been told that multiple African American teenagers were the perpetrators of the crime, and

Walton matched the description of the suspects. While Walton was not accompanied by

exactly four others at the time the sergeant observed him, the sergeant testified that he was

not necessarily looking for a group of five because the perpetrators would "spread" after

commission of the crime and "they usually don't stay together if it happens."1

1. The foregoing paragraphs support a Terry stop and investigation. Obviously, when Walton was stopped,
and the sergeant began his investigation by confronting Walton, the Terry stop was initiated. The precise
moment the Terry stop was initiated was not raised on appeal, nor was it briefed by the parties.

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       {¶18} Upon commencement of the investigation, Walton immediately admitted to

the sergeant that he had illegal marijuana on his person. Walton continued to make multiple

movements toward his right pocket even after the sergeant instructed him to stop. This

court has previously recognized that "the need for a protective pat-down becomes more

urgent where drugs are involved." Jimenez, 2012-Ohio-3318 at ¶ 15. See also State v.

Bales, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24897, 2012-Ohio-4968, ¶ 23. The nexus between drugs

and guns can create a reasonable suspicion of danger to the officer. State v. Wyatt, 12th

Dist. Warren No. CA2020-11-076, 2021-Ohio-3146, ¶ 18-25.

       {¶19} Based on the officers' understanding of the reported crime, the short response

time, Walton's matching the description of the purported assailants, Walton's admission of

having marijuana on his person, as well as Walton's behavior of continually reaching toward

his pocket, we find that the officers had sufficient reasonable suspicion to conduct a pat

down of Walton in order to complete an investigative stop pursuant to Terry.

       {¶20} Despite the circumstances as they existed at the time of the stop, Walton

challenges the reliability of the dispatch in support of his argument that the stop was invalid.

However, Walton did not raise the reliability issue to the trial court or in his motion to

suppress, and thus has waived the issue on appeal. State v. J.A.C., 12th Dist. Warren Nos.

CA2017-04-044 and CA2017-04-045, 2018-Ohio-361, ¶ 22.

       {¶21} Pursuant to Crim.R. 47, in filing a motion to suppress in a criminal proceeding,

a defendant "shall state with particularity the grounds upon which it is made and shall set

forth the relief or order sought." This requires a defendant to "state the motion's legal and

factual bases with sufficient particularity to place the prosecutor and the court on notice of

the issues to be decided." State v. Orr, 12th Dist. Brown No. CA2015-08-019, 2016-Ohio-

1148, ¶ 9. A defendant's motion to suppress must clearly identify the grounds upon which

he challenges the constitutionality of a warrantless seizure. Xenia v. Wallace, 37 Ohio St.3d

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216, 218 (1988). Failure on the part of the defendant to adequately raise the basis of his

challenge constitutes a waiver of that issue on appeal. State v. Peagler, 76 Ohio St.3d 496,

500 (1996).2

        {¶22} Walton's failure to challenge the reliability of the dispatch denied the sergeant

the ability to testify to the details of the dispatch, and also denied the state an ability to

demonstrate the reliability of the information at the suppression hearing. We agree with the

concurring opinion, "Walton needed to raise his arguments regarding the reliability of the

dispatch earlier, specifically in his motion to suppress, in order to impose a burden on the

state to prove the reliability of the dispatch." (Citation omitted).

        {¶23} After reviewing the record, considering all of Walton's arguments, and viewing

the circumstances through the eyes of a reasonable and prudent police officer on the scene

who must react to events as they unfold, we find that the sergeant had reasonable

articulable suspicion to perform a Terry stop of Walton so that the trial court properly denied

the motion to suppress. Walton's single assignment of error is therefore, overruled.

        {¶24} Judgment affirmed.

        HENDRICKSON, J., concurs.

        BYRNE, J., concurs separately.

        BYRNE, J., concurring separately.

        {¶25} I agree with the majority opinion's statement of the facts and procedural

history, as well as its description of the key legal principles at issue in this case, as set forth

2. When raising suppression issues to be litigated, the Ohio Supreme Court has upheld the importance of
notice to the prosecutor, stating, "[t]o suppress evidence obtained pursuant to a warrantless search or seizure,
the defendant must (1) demonstrate the lack of a warrant, and (2) raise the grounds upon which the validity
of the search or seizure is challenged in such a manner as to give the prosecutor notice of the basis for the
challenge." (Emphasis added.) City of Xenia v. Wallace, 37 Ohio St. 3d 216 (1988), paragraph one of the
syllabus

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in ¶ 1-14 above. However, I write separately and concur in the judgment, rather than fully

joining the majority opinion, because I analyze certain issues in a different manner than the

majority.

                                    Timing of Terry Stop

       {¶26} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects individuals

from unreasonable searches and seizures. ("The right of the people to be secure in their

persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall

not be violated * * *"). "Not all interactions between police officers and citizens are seizures

under the Fourth Amendment." State v. Keating, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2019-08-064,

2020-Ohio-2770, ¶ 13, citing State v. Brown, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2001-04-047, 2001

Ohio App. LEXIS 5476, *5 (Dec. 10, 2001).

              The United States Supreme Court has recognized three
              categories of police interactions with members of the public: (1)
              a consensual encounter, which requires no objective
              justification, (2) a brief investigatory detention, which must be
              supported by reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, and (3) a
              full arrest, which must be supported by probable cause.

Id. at ¶ 13, citing State v. Wynne, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 18AP-531, 2019-Ohio-1013, ¶ 12.

              In determining whether an encounter between a police officer
              and a citizen is a seizure and thus implicates the Fourth
              Amendment, the question is whether, in light of all the
              circumstances surrounding the encounter, a reasonable person
              would believe he or she was not free to leave.

Id. at ¶ 14, citing Wynne at ¶ 13. "Stated otherwise, the question is whether, taking into

account all the circumstances surrounding the encounter, a reasonable person would feel

free to decline the officer's request or terminate the encounter." Id., citing State v. Brown,

12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2001-04-047, 2001 WL 1567340, *5-6 (Dec. 10, 2001), in turn

citing Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 436-437, 111 S. Ct. 2382, (1991). "As long as a

reasonable person would feel free to disregard the officer, the encounter is consensual and

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no reasonable suspicion is required." Id., citing Bostick at 434. Under this objective test,

we consider not whether the individual believed he was being ordered to restrict his

movement, but whether the officer's words and actions would have conveyed that to a

reasonable person. Id., citing Columbus v. Body, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 11AP-609, 2012-

Ohio-379, ¶ 14.

              Circumstances indicating that a person has been seized include
              the threatening presence of several officers, the display of a
              weapon by an officer, some physical touching of the person, the
              use of language or tone of voice indicating that compliance with
              the officer's request might be compelled, and blocking the
              person's path.

Id., citing Brown at *6; United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554, 100 S.Ct. 1870

(1980); Wynne at ¶ 13.

       {¶27} In this case, after observing Walton and his companion walking on South

Monument Street in Hamilton, the sergeant, placing his hands on his own head and

approaching Walton, demanded that Walton place his hands on his head. I conclude that

the Terry stop occurred at this point in the encounter. An officer's verbal demand that an

individual place his hands on his head would convey to a reasonable person that the person

was not free to decline the officer's request or terminate the encounter. See id. As a result,

Walton was, at that point, seized for Fourth Amendment purposes. Id. This conclusion is

further supported by the fact that when Walton told the sergeant that he had marijuana on

his person and reached for his pocket, the officer reminded Walton that he must keep his

hands on his head. Walton was certainly not free to leave.

                          Reasonable Suspicion for Terry Stop

       {¶28} Having determined when the Terry stop occurred, I must next analyze

whether the officers had reasonable suspicion to conduct the Terry stop. At the point that

the Terry stop occurred, the only information known to the officers was the information

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relayed to them in the dispatch about a purported robbery behind the U.S. Market.

       {¶29} In his first issue presented for review, Walton argues that the officers lacked

reasonable suspicion for the Terry stop because they lacked "specific facts that a robbery

occurred behind the U.S. Market or that Walton participated in it." He cites a well-developed

line of cases holding that an anonymous tip (which he assumes was the basis of the

dispatch) is presumed unreliable, and requires independent police corroboration to support

reasonable suspicion. See Maumee v. Weisner, 87 Ohio St.3d 295, 298 (1999); State v.

Sexton, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2019-08-133, 2020-Ohio-4179, ¶ 29-30.

       {¶30} The majority concludes that Walton waived any argument regarding the

dispatch's reliability because he did not challenge the dispatch's reliability before the trial

court or in his motion to suppress. See ¶ 20-21 above. The majority also notes that, if

Walton had argued against the reliability of the dispatch in his motion to suppress, the state

would have had the burden to prove that the dispatch was reliable. I agree. The Ohio

Supreme Court has held that:

              To suppress evidence obtained pursuant to a warrantless
              search or seizure, the defendant must (1) demonstrate the lack
              of a warrant, and (2) raise the grounds upon which the validity
              of the search or seizure is challenged in such a manner as to
              give the prosecutor notice of the basis for the challenge.

Xenia v. Wallace, 37 Ohio St. 3d 216 (1988), paragraph one of the syllabus. A defendant

is required to give the prosecutor notice of the grounds on which the defendant challenges

a warrantless search or seizure, but this is not the same thing as the defendant having the

burden of proof. That burden is on the state. The Ohio Supreme Court in Wallace went on

to explain that:

              Once a defendant has demonstrated a warrantless search or
              seizure and adequately clarified that the ground upon which he
              challenges its legality is lack of probable cause, the prosecutor
              bears the burden of proof, including the burden of going forward
              with evidence, on the issue of whether probable cause existed

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                 for the search or seizure.

Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus. While Wallace referred to probable cause, rather than

reasonable suspicion, we have applied Wallace's burden of proof analysis when reviewing

the denial of motions to suppress alleging a lack of reasonable suspicion.                             State v.

Blatchford, 12th Dist. Preble, No. CA2015-12-023, 2016-Ohio-8456, ¶ 28, 35-36.

        {¶31} In his motion to suppress Walton entirely failed to mention or argue in any

way that the dispatch was not reliable, and therefore the state never had the burden of

proving that the dispatch was reliable. For this reason I agree with the majority that we may

not consider Walton's arguments regarding the reliability—or lack thereof—of the dispatch.3

        {¶32} Because Walton did not challenge the reliability of the dispatch in his motion

to suppress, the only question remaining regarding the reasonable suspicion analysis is

whether the officers could lawfully perform a Terry stop based on the very limited description

provided by the dispatch. Walton argues they could not, because, as he states in his

appellate brief, "race alone is not a reasonable factor when the suspect's race is the

predominant race for the area." Walton cites as his sole support United States v. Brignoni-

Ponce, 422 U.S. 873, 885-886, 95 S.Ct. 2574 (1975).

        {¶33} Walton raises a serious concern that merits careful consideration. Police

should not detain individuals based solely on their race. But that is not what happened

here. In fact, Walton and his companion were not stopped because of "race alone" (as

3. Walton's counsel briefly referenced concerns regarding the dispatch's reliability in his first closing argument
at the suppression hearing, without citing any applicable case law. (Suppression Hearing Tr., p. 23) ("If the
Hamilton Police Department's dispatch can only give out information of, there's five young black men that we
think are involved with a robbery, that's not enough information. Now, you get to the point of, three officers
arrive on scene, to where the alleged robbery took place. There is zero investigation that takes place on
scene. Nobody's questioned. They don't go inside the US Market to see if there's anybody there that has
any information. There's no witnesses there. There's no victim there on scene to ask and take anything else
from. All they have is five young black men as their target of suspects"). (Emphasis added.) However, Walton
needed to raise his arguments regarding the reliability of the dispatch earlier, specifically in his motion to
suppress, in order to impose a burden on the state to prove the reliability of the dispatch. Wallace, paragraphs
one and two of the syllabus. See Crim.R. 47.

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Walton contends), but based on five factors: (1) race, (2) age, (3) sex, (4) geographic

proximity, and (5) temporal proximity. The dispatch identified the alleged robbers of the

U.S. Market by three characteristics: race (black), age (teenagers), and sex (males). The

officers detained the only two individuals matching those three characteristics within a very

close geographic proximity to the U.S. Market (one and a half blocks)4 within very close

temporal proximity (two and a half minutes at most) to the issuance of the dispatch. The

fact that there were five factors tying Walton to the alleged robbery distinguishes this case

from Brignoni-Ponce, in which the United States Supreme Court held that it was

unconstitutional for police to rely on the "single factor" of Mexican ancestry to detain

individuals to determine if they were illegal aliens in an area where most people were of

Mexican ancestry. 422 U.S. at 885-86. And notably, Brignoni-Ponce stated that ancestry

may be a "relevant factor" in a reasonable suspicion analysis, just not when "standing

alone." Id. at 886. Brignoni-Ponce therefore does not support Walton's appeal.

        {¶34} Walton also argues that "proximity to a crime is not a reasonable factor that

particularizes the detainee to the crime." Walton cites State v. Hairston, 156 Ohio St.3d

363, 2019-Ohio-1622, ¶ 26. But Walton's citation is to Justice Donnelly’s concurrence in

the judgment in Hairston, not to the majority opinion, and the majority held that the Terry

stop in that case—which involved facts very similar to this case—was based on reasonable

suspicion. Id. at ¶ 23. Furthermore, the concurrence cited by Walton goes on to state that

"Given how close Hairston was to the crime, in both time and place, I would hold that the

trial court's determination of reasonable suspicion was legally justified." Id. at ¶ 27. As with

Brignoni-Ponce, Hairston does not support Walton's appeal.5

4. The majority and the briefs repeatedly refer to "one block." However, later in the transcript the location
where Walton and his companion were stopped was clarified as being one and a half blocks from the U.S.
Market.
5. The officers in Hairston heard gunshots and rushed to the area where they believed the gunshots to have

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        {¶35} For these reasons I agree with the majority that the officers had reasonable

suspicion to stop Walton. But this is a very close case, and my conclusion is highly

dependent on Walton's waiver of any challenge to the reliability of the dispatch and the very

small amount of time between the dispatch and the Terry stop. My conclusion does not at

all suggest that a dispatch identifying a suspect's race, and nothing else, would give police

carte blanche to detain everyone of that race; other identifying factors are required, and

they were present here.

                                            Pat Down Search

        {¶36} I agree with the majority's analysis regarding the pat down search.

                     Walton's Argument Based on the Ohio Constitution

        {¶37} One final note. Walton argues that the Ohio Supreme Court has found the

Ohio Constitution to be "more rights protective than the Fourth Amendment" and that this

court should therefore rule for him on Ohio state constitutional grounds. He cites State v.

Brown, 99 Ohio St. 3d 323, 2003-Ohio-3931, in which the Ohio Supreme Court held that

"Section 14, Article I of the Ohio Constitution provides greater protection than the Fourth

Amendment to the United States Constitution against warrantless arrests for minor

misdemeanors." Id. at ¶ 22.

        {¶38} Ohio courts should be open to arguments that, in some instances, the Ohio

originated, arriving in 30 to 60 seconds. Id. at ¶ 2-3. The officers confronted and conducted a Terry stop on
the only individual they found in the area. Id. at ¶ 3. The Ohio Supreme Court concluded that, based on the
totality of the circumstances, the officers had reasonable suspicion to stop Hairston. Id. at ¶ 11. Immediately
after finding that the officers in Hairston had reasonable suspicion, the Hairston majority opinion stated that
"First, Officer Moore personally heard the sound of gunshots—the gunshots were not faint and sounded close-
by. This is not a case in which the officers relied on a radio dispatch or other secondhand information about
shots being fired, * * * but one in which they heard and immediately reacted to the sound of nearby gunfire."
(Emphasis added.) Id. at ¶ 11, citing In re D.W., 184 Ohio App.3d 627, 2009-Ohio-5406, ¶ 32 (2d Dist.). The
italicized language suggests that Hairston may have come out differently if the police had relied on a dispatch.
The supreme court's distinction between a case where officers personally heard gunshots from one in which
they relied on a dispatch regarding gunshots seems to be based on the relative reliability of personal
observation as opposed to the potential unreliability of a dispatch. Because Walton waived the argument that
the dispatch was not reliable, the language in ¶ 11 of Hairston does not support a ruling for Walton in this
case.

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Constitution may provide greater protections to individuals (whether in the criminal context

or otherwise) than those provided by the United States Constitution, and I welcome Walton's

effort. However, Walton failed to raise this argument until his appellate reply brief, and the

argument is therefore waived. State v. Bullard, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2012-09-064,

2013-Ohio-3313, ¶ 8. Even if the argument were not waived, Walton has not pointed to any

language in the text of the Ohio Constitution supporting his argument.

       {¶39} For all of these reasons I concur in the judgment.

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