Court Opinion

ID: 4563584
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-09-08 17:00:41.020036+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:21:32.596379
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 _____________

                                      No. 19-2462
                                     _____________

               NAVIGATORS SPECIALTY INSURANCE COMPANY,
                                                 Appellant

                                             v.

    INVENTIV HEALTH CLINICAL, INC., f/k/a PHARMANET DEVELOPMENT
       GROUP, INC.; INVENTIV CLINICAL, LLC, f/k/a PHARMANET, LLC

                                             v.

                 LANDMARK AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY
                            ______________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                              for the District of New Jersey
                            (D.C. Civil No. 3-15-cv-06285)
                      District Judge: Honorable Peter G. Sheridan
                                     ______________

                      Submitted under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                     July 1, 2020
                                    ____________

       Before: GREENAWAY, JR., SHWARTZ, and RENDELL, Circuit Judges.

                           (Opinion Filed: September 8, 2020)
                                   ______________

                                        OPINION ∗
                                     ______________

       ∗
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does
not constitute binding precedent.
GREENAWAY, JR., Circuit Judge.

       Despite its contentions to the contrary, Plaintiff-Appellant Navigators Specialty

Insurance Company (“Navigators”) had a duty to defend Defendants-Appellees inVentiv

Health Clinical, Inc. and inVentiv Clinical, LLC, f/k/a PharmaNet Development Group,

Inc. and PharmaNet, LLC (collectively “PharmaNet”) in an underlying arbitration dispute

(the “Underlying Arbitration”) based on the terms of a professional services liability

policy PharmaNet had purchased from Navigators. For the reasons provided below, we

will affirm the District Court’s Order entered on June 18, 2019. 1

                I.   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       There are three key aspects to this appeal: (1) the insurance policy (the “Policy”)

purchased by PharmaNet from Navigators, (2) the claims made by CEL-SCI Corporation

(“CEL-SCI”) against PharmaNet in the Underlying Arbitration, 2 and (3) Navigators’s

assertion, after a professional malpractice claim was dismissed from the Underlying

       1
        The District Court’s Order, dated June 17, 2019 and entered on June 18, 2019,
CM/ECF No. 105, made final the District Court’s prior: (1) Memorandum and Order
entered on March 29, 2016 (“March 29 Order”) denying Navigators’s Motion for
Judgment on the Pleadings and granting PharmaNet’s Motion for Partial Summary
Judgment on Navigators’s duty to defend PharmaNet in the Underlying Arbitration, see
CM/ECF No. 29, (2) Order entered on March 1, 2017 (“March 1 Order”) granting
PharmaNet’s Motion to Enforce Judgment, see CM/ECF No. 69, and (3) Opinion on
insurance disbursement entered on February 22, 2017 (“February 22 Opinion”), see
CM/ECF No. 72. Navigators thus appeals from the March 29 Order, the March 1 Order,
and the February 22 Opinion, all of which were finalized by the Order entered on June
18, 2019. See J.A. 1.
       2
         We note at the outset that this case contains partially sealed briefs and records, so
as to protect arbitration-related materials. See Appellate Dkt. No. 29. To the extent we
must discuss the claims in the Underlying Arbitration, we will do so in generalized terms.
                                              2
Arbitration, that the remaining claims were barred by an exclusion provision in the

Policy.

         First, PharmaNet purchased a Life Sciences Products-Completed Operations and

Professional Services Liability Coverage Policy (i.e., the Policy) from Navigators. The

Policy provides, in part, “B. Professional Services Coverage,” which reads:

         Subject to paragraph C. below, [Navigators] will pay all amounts in
         excess of the deductible up to the limit of liability that [PharmaNet]
         becomes legally obligated to pay as damages as a result of a covered
         professional liability claim by reason of a wrongful act by
         [PharmaNet] or by someone for whom [PharmaNet] is liable.

         In addition, [Navigators] will pay all claim expenses in excess of the
         deductible and up to the limit of liability. Claim expenses are included
         within and erode both the limits of liability and the deductible.

Sealed J.A. 326 (certain emphasis omitted); see also J.A. 19–20. 3 The Policy also

contains, in part, an exclusion for “Performance Delay,” which states that

“Coverage A and B [i.e., Professional Services Coverage] do not apply to any claim

. . . based on or arising out of delay in delivery of or failure to complete your product

or your work[.]” Sealed J.A. 331 (emphasis omitted); see also Redacted Appellant’s

Br. 9.

         Second, PharmaNet was hired by CEL-SCI as a professional contract research

         3
         A “[p]rofessional liability claim,” is that which “alleg[es] a wrongful act in the
rendering or failure to render professional services.” Sealed J.A. 340 (emphasis omitted);
see also Redacted Appellant Br. 8. A “[w]rongful act” is “any actual or alleged negligent
act, error or omission in the rendering of professional services by any Insured on your
behalf.” Sealed J.A. 341 (emphasis omitted); see also Redacted Appellant Br. 8.
“Professional services” includes that which is set forth in the “Professional Services
Endorsement,” which includes work as a contract research organization. Sealed J.A. 340,
364; see also Redacted Appellant Br. 8.
                                               3
organization to aid with the management and administration of a clinical trial. CEL-SCI

initiated the Underlying Arbitration against PharmaNet alleging breach of contract, fraud

in the inducement, and common law fraud, and seeking damages, in part, for failures and

delays. In an amended statement of claim, CEL-SCI added a claim for professional

malpractice, however, this claim was ultimately dismissed by the arbitrator as duplicative

of the breach of contract claim found in the original statement of claim.

       Third, while Navigators initially agreed to defend PharmaNet in the Underlying

Arbitration, after the professional malpractice claim was dismissed, Navigators

disclaimed coverage. Navigators argued that the remaining claims were based on delays,

which fell under the Policy’s exclusion provision.

       Navigators then filed a complaint in the District Court for declaratory relief,

“seek[ing] a declaration that it has no duty to defend or indemnify PharmaNet in” the

Underlying Arbitration based on the Policy’s delay exclusion. Sealed J.A. 45. After

PharmaNet filed an answer and counterclaim, and Navigators filed a motion for judgment

on the pleadings, which PharmaNet opposed, cross-moving for partial summary

judgment, the District Court granted PharmaNet’s motion for partial summary judgment

on the duty to defend issue and denied Navigators’s motion for judgment on the

pleadings. 4 Once the District Court entered partial final judgment certifying that “the

       4
        Additionally, after the District Court’s March 29 Order, PharmaNet filed a
motion to enforce judgment, which was granted and discussed in the March 1 Order and
the February 22 Opinion, and finalized in the June 18, 2019 Order. Navigators’s
appellate briefing is concerned only with whether, as a matter of law, it had a duty to
defend or whether the exclusion applied. See generally Redacted Appellant Br. 21–22.
                                             4
parties’ claims regarding Navigators’ duty to defend [PharmaNet] in the underlying

arbitration have been fully and finally adjudicated on the merits by way of the following

Orders[,]” J.A. 3–4, Navigators filed a timely notice of appeal. 5

                II.   JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

       The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332, and we have

jurisdiction pursuant to § 1291. We review both a district court’s grant of summary

judgment ruling and its denial of judgment on the pleadings de novo. See, e.g., Dwyer v.

Cappell, 762 F.3d 275, 279 (3d Cir. 2014); Sikirica v. Nationwide Ins. Co., 416 F.3d 214,

219 (3d Cir. 2005). A grant of summary judgment is appropriate when “the movant

shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.” Dwyer, 762 F.3d at 279 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)). A

motion for judgment on the pleadings “will not be granted unless the movant clearly

establishes there are no material issues of fact, and he is entitled to judgment as a matter

of law.” Sikirica, 416 F.3d at 220. “Interpretation of an insurance policy is a question of

law,” which we review de novo. Id.

                                     III.   ANALYSIS

       The District Court was correct in finding that, as a matter of law, Navigators had a

duty to defend PharmaNet in the Underlying Arbitration, as at least some of CEL-SCI’s

damages claims were predicated on performance failures, existing separate and apart

       5
        Though Landmark American Insurance Company appears on the case caption,
the company was dismissed as a defendant from this case on May 2, 2019. See CM/ECF
No. 103.
                                              5
from delays, such that the Policy’s delay exclusion did not exempt Navigators from its

duty to defend (i.e., there were allegations made by CEL-SCI that were covered and not

excluded by the Policy).

       As the District Court noted, “New Jersey law controls in this case,” J.A. 9, and

under New Jersey law, an insurance company has a duty to defend when an underlying

complaint against the insured “states a claim constituting a risk insured against.”

Voorhees v. Preferred Mut. Ins. Co., 607 A.2d 1255, 1259 (N.J. 1992) (citation omitted).

The duty to defend is “determined by comparing the allegations in the complaint with the

language of the policy . . . [and it] arises, irrespective of the claim’s actual merit. If the

complaint is ambiguous, doubts should be resolved in favor of the insured and thus in

favor of coverage.” Id. (internal citation omitted); see also Abouzaid v. Mansard

Gardens Assocs., LLC, 23 A.3d 338, 346 (N.J. 2011) (“As a practical matter, the

determination of an insurer’s duty to defend requires review of the complaint with

liberality to ascertain whether the insurer will be obligated to indemnify the insured if the

allegations are sustained” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). If a complaint

contains multiple alternative causes of action, “the duty to defend will continue until

every covered claim is eliminated.” Voorhees, 607 A.2d at 1259; see also Hofing v. CNA

Ins. Cos., 588 A.2d 864, 867–68 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1991) (“If the pleadings state

facts bringing the injury within the coverage of the policy, the insurer must defend

regardless of the insured’s ultimate liability to the complainant. . . . The nature of the

damage claim . . . determines whether the insurer is obliged to defend.”).

       Here, in the Underlying Arbitration, CEL-SCI’s statement of claim and amended

                                               6
statement of claim contained multiple allegations. Though Navigators believes the

allegations of failures alleged by CEL-SCI “were inseparable from PharmaNet’s delays

and its ultimate failure to complete,” Redacted Appellant Br. 11, we disagree. The delays

and failures alleged by CEL-SCI are not all inexorably intertwined, indeed, there are

instances where CEL-SCI alleged failures by PharmaNet that appear to exist separate and

apart from allegations of delays and the failure to complete. See, e.g., Voorhees, 607

A.2d at 1259 (resolving ambiguities and doubts in a complaint in favor of the insured).

As such, the claims made by CEL-SCI can be read as including references to both delays

and failures that exist separately from one another. See, e.g., Sealed J.A. 140–141 ¶¶ 15-

16, 155 ¶ 68, 218 § IX, 237 ¶ 369, 248 ¶ 416; but see, e.g., Sealed 254 ¶ 434. Further,

though one of CEL-SCI’s claims was dismissed—a claim for professional malpractice—

it was noted as being essentially duplicative of allegations that remained. See Sealed J.A.

451. Thus, having considered the underlying allegations by CEL-SCI, and finding that

there were claims related to performance failures, existing separate and apart from the

delays—i.e., not just existing as but-for causation for the delays, see, e.g., Robert W.

Hayman, Inc. v. Acme Carriers, Inc., 696 A.2d 1125, 1127–29 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div.

1997)—we turn to the Policy itself to see if any claims are covered.

       The Policy provides coverage for “wrongful act[s],” Sealed J.A. 326 (emphasis

omitted), defined as “actual or alleged negligent act[s], error[s] or omission[s] in the

rendering of professional services,” Sealed J.A. 341 (emphasis omitted), i.e., services

performed by PharmaNet in its role as a contract research organization. See Sealed J.A.

340, 364. This language is plain and unambiguous. See Voorhees, 607 A.2d at 1260.

                                              7
The Policy also includes an exclusion barring coverage for professional liability claims

due to wrongful acts “based on or arising out of delay in delivery of or failure to

complete your product or your work[.]” Sealed J.A. 331 (emphasis omitted). This

exclusion is likewise clear, exempting Navigators from having to provide coverage for

wrongful acts “based on or arising out of” PharmaNet’s potential delays or failure to

complete. Id.; see also Princeton Ins. Co. v. Chunmuang, 698 A.2d 9, 17 (N.J. 1997)

(explaining that exclusions are also “given effect if specific, plain, clear, prominent, and

not contrary to public policy” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)).

       Navigators thus argues that this delay exclusion exempts it from defending

PharmaNet in the Underlying Arbitration because the underlying claims were based on or

arose out of a delay or failure to complete. Though “[t]he phrase ‘arising out of’ has been

defined broadly in other insurance coverage decisions to mean conduct ‘originating

from,’ ‘growing out of’ or having a ‘substantial nexus’ with the activity for which

coverage is provided,” Princeton Ins. Co., 698 A.2d at 16 (citation omitted), “exclusions

must be narrowly construed,” and “the burden is on the insurer to bring the case within

the exclusion,” id. at 16–17. See also S.T. Hudson Eng’rs, Inc. v. Pa. Nat. Mut. Cas. Co.,

909 A.2d 1156, 1163 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2006) (noting that the burden is on the

insured to show a claim falls under a policy). Here, it is evident that at least some of

CEL-SCI’s claims are related to PharmaNet’s alleged delays. See J.A. 10 (referencing

and providing examples of CEL-SCI’s claims that detail alleged delays). Indeed, there

are instances where CEL-SCI’s claims could reasonably be read as suggesting delays

arising from PharmaNet’s mismanagement. See, e.g., Sealed J.A. 249 ¶ 418, 251 ¶ 424,

                                              8
252 ¶ 429, 254 ¶ 434. However, there are also claims that purely allege failures to

perform tasks as required by the contract. See, e.g., Sealed J.A. 252 ¶¶ 427, 428, 253 ¶¶

430, 431.

      Thus, given the ambiguities in the complaint—namely, whether CEL-SCI sought

damages due solely to delays, for delays caused by wrongful acts, or for both wrongful

acts and delays—it was correct of the District Court pursuant to New Jersey law to read

the complaint liberally in favor of PharmaNet. See J.A. 11–12 (citing the Amended

Statement of Claim, ¶ 416, which mentions “delays and failures” (emphasis added)); see

also Abouzaid, 23 A.3d at 346; Voorhees, 607 A.2d at 1259.

      CEL-SCI’s allegations and claims include, at the very least, both claims of delays

and claims of failures, which can be read independently at times. See, e.g., Salem Grp. v.

Oliver, 607 A.2d 138, 140 (N.J. 1992) (holding that when a complaint can be read as

alleging concurrent causation, the insurer “must honor its duty to defend”). Thus, while

the Policy contained a valid exclusion, Princeton Ins., 698 A.2d at 17, there were

underlying claims that did not fall into the Policy’s exclusion and remain covered under

the Policy, Voorhees, 607 A.2d at 1259, such that Navigators had a duty to defend. 6

                                 IV.    CONCLUSION

      For the reasons set forth above, we will affirm the Order entered by the District

Court on June 18, 2019, which finalized two prior orders and one oral decision, from

      6
        Having found that Navigators had a duty to defend, we need not reach the
question of whether the Policy’s exclusion was illusory. See, e.g., Redacted Appellant
Br. 41.
                                            9
March 29, 2016, March 1, 2017, and February 22, 2017.

                                         10