Court Opinion

ID: 9450823
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-04 16:58:42.844693+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:32:28.112626
License: Public Domain

JOHN R. BROWN, Circuit Judge:
The substantive problem presented by this case is whether imported English automobiles are immune from Texas ad valorem taxation under the Import-Export Clause1 *of the Constitution. But, that question is now secondary for the appeal turns on whether the District Court should have entertained the declaratory judgment suit at all. On that score we hold in the negative, vacate the. judgment and remand the case.
The facts may be here severely capsulated since these, together with the legal issues involved, are set forth with clarity in the able opinion of the District Judge. Standard-Triumph Motor Co. v. City of Houston and Houston Ind. School Dist., S.D.Tex., 1963, 220 F.Supp. 732. The suit was filed by the Importer,2 the importer of British Triumph automobiles, many of which are in the popular sports class. The automobiles involved were on T-day 3 still the property, and in the physical custody, of Importer. Ex*196cept for filling of batteries and putting in a small amount of gasoline to facilitate transfer from dock side to Importer’s storage area in the city, each of the automobiles was in substantially the same condition as when shipped from England and discharged from the vessel. An automobile seldom remained more than 90 days in pre-sale storage. When and as Importer sold a car to one of its distributor-dealers, it was withdrawn from storage, any marine transportation damage repaired, the automobile cleaned of protective coatings, and certain equipment such as bumpers, hubcaps, windscreens, and the like installed in place. This procedure took ordinarily not more than three to four hours. It being conceded by stipulation that the automobiles were imported and the Importer was the importer, the controversy raged about whether they were still imports or whether by reason of these activities of Importer, they had ceased to be imports. Quite understandably, the antagonists took as gospel and scripture, good for attack and defense, the celebrated opinion by Chief Justice Marshall in Brown v. The State of Maryland, 1827, 12 Wheat 419, 25 U.S. 419, 6 L.Ed. 678. The taxing authorities, faced with the inescapable fact that the automobiles were imported, not for use by the importer, but for resale by it, stressed heavily the concept articulated in Hooven & Allison Co. v. Evatt, 1945, 324 U.S. 652, 65 S.Ct. 870, 89 L.Ed. 1252, and applied in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Bowers, 1958, 358 U.S. 534, 79 S.Ct. 383, 3 L.Ed.2d 490, to sustain state taxation, that the importer “have so acted upon the imported materials as to cause them to lose their distinctive character as ‘imports’ by irrevocably committing them, after their importation journeys have definitely ended,”4 to the use for which they had been imported.
On the facts and stipulations, the District Judge concluded that the automobiles were still imports. In response to the express prayer of the complaint, the Court entered a declaratory judgment decreeing that the “assessment of” the specified automobiles for each of the three years 1961-1962-1963 “was and is an invalid assessment on imports” and “was and is an unconstitutional tax on imports” and therefore “was and is illegal and null and void.” 5
By this appeal, the taxing authorities make a dual attack which, apart from the intrinsic merits, brings seriously into question for the first time in this litigation the propriety of the Federal Court entertaining the declaratory judgment suit at all. Because we think this first— albeit completely new — ground is decisive, we do not reach the second question concerning the merits.
For the challenge of the propriety of a Federal declaratory suit, the taxing authorities stand squarely on the Johnson Act which, as it now appears in the Judicial Code as revised in 1948, reads as follows:
“The district courts shall not enjoin, suspend or restrain the assessment, levy or collection of any tax under State Law where a plain, speedy and efficient remedy may be had in the courts of such State.” 6
*197To this the Importer makes a triple response. First, the contention comes too late and was effectually waived below. Second, the Johnson Act, whether in prohibitory or jurisdictional terminology, proscribes injunctive, restraining orders only, not declaratory judgments. And third, Texas court remedies are not “plain, speedy and efficient.”
As to the first, we think in fact that the taxing authorities acquiesced without objection to the Federal declaratory judgment proceeding. There might, just barely possibly might, be a paper denial.7 But certainly the taxing authorities registered no real opposition. The detailed pretrial order, F.R.Civ.P. 16, made no mention of it as even a remote possible issue and it is not surprising, therefore, that the Judge’s opinion is completely silent on the point. The upshot of it is that were the Johnson Act not a restraint upon the Court itself but a mere matter left to the parties, we would readily conclude that there had been a waiver.
 A consideration of the second argument — inapplicability of the Johnson Act to declaratory suits — demonstrates two things. First, the policies proscribing injunctive suits forbid declaratory actions as well. And second, this congressional adjustment of comity considerations is not a matter left to private parties to waive or assert as their interests might dictate.
The Supreme Court in Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co. v. Huffman, 1943, 319 U.S. 293, 63 S.Ct. 1070, 87 L.Ed. 1407, made the answer crystal clear. What was done parallels in importance what was said. Our Court had affirmed, on the merits, a declaratory judgment of the Federal District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana declaring that a Louisiana unemployment tax was constitutionally applicable to crew members of dredges notwithstanding the uniformity of admiralty concept. Although, on the same day, the Supreme Court sustained the validity of that type of unemployment tax statute,8 the Supreme Court affirmed our judgment “but solely on the ground that, in the appropriate exercise of the court’s discretion, relief by way of a declaratory judgment should have been denied without consideration of the merits.” 319 U.S. at 301, 63 S.Ct. at 1074. The Court, therefore, just as we are doing here, extinguished altogether the adjudication of the merits even though the judicial travail had been incurred and the offspring was robust and legitimate, that is right.
In taking this strong stand, the Court first emphasized the pre-Johnson Act judicial equitable principles to maintain *198comity. “This Court,” it stated, “has recognized that the federal courts, in the exercise of the sound discretion which has traditionally guided courts of equity in granting or withholding the extraordinary relief which they may afford, will not ordinarily restrain state officers from collecting state taxes where state law affords an adequate remedy to the taxpayer. Matthews v. Rodgers, 284 U.S. 521, 52 S.Ct. 217, 76 L.Ed. 447.” 319 U.S. at 297, 63 S.Ct. at 1072.
The Court went on to state that “Congress recognized and gave sanction to this practice of federal equity courts by the” Johnson Act (note 6, supra). This earlier equity practice and, the Court continued, “the confirmation of that practice by.Congress, have an important bearing upon the appropriate use of the declaratory judgment procedure by the federal courts as a means of adjudicating the validity of state taxes.” 319 U.S. at 299, ■63 S.Ct. at 1073.
The Court looked at the problem in practical terms. It recognized that the Johnson Act speaks only in terms of injunction and “that the declaratory judgment procedure may be, and in this case was, used only to procure a determination of the rights * * * without an injunction * * At the same time it was aware that the “procedure may in every practical sense operate to suspend collection of the state taxes until the litigation is ended.” But the Court found it unnecessary to determine whether the Act itself should be construed “to prohibit a declaration by federal courts concerning the invalidity of a state tax.” It was unnecessary, the Court stated, because “we are of the opinion that those ■considerations which have led federal ■courts of equity to refuse to enjoin the ■collection of state taxes, save in exceptional cases, require a like restraint in the use of the declaratory judgment procedure ” 319 U.S. at 299, 63 S.Ct. at 1073. After examining the purpose of the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S. C.A. § 2201, and the discretion to withhold declaratory relief upon equitable principles, the Court then rephrased it this way. “The considerations which persuaded federal courts of equity not to grant relief against an allegedly unlawful state tax, and which led to the enactment of the [Johnson Act] are persuasive that relief by way of declaratory judgment may likewise be withheld in the sound discretion of the court.” 319 U.S. at 300, 63 S.Ct. at 1074. But this general language about discretion is then translated into tangible specific terms: “With due regard for these considerations, it is- the court’s duty to withhold such relief when, as in the present case, it appears that” the taxpayer has “an adequate remedy” through a state court proceeding in which “he may assert his federal rights and secure a review of them by this Court.” 319 U.S. at 300-301, 63 S.Ct. at 1074. (emphasis added)
 Wide as a Court’s power must be in the exercise of its discretion whether to grant declaratory relief,9 the Supreme Court makes clear that “it is the court’s duty to withhold such relief” when, in the words of the Johnson Act, there is “a plain, speedy and efficient remedy * * * in the courts of” the state. 319 U.S. at 300-301, 63 S.Ct. at 1074. This is the decision that the Sixth Circuit has twice reached. Helmsley v. City of Detroit, Mich., 6 Cir., 1963, 320 F.2d 476; Wyandotte Chemicals Corp. v. City of Wyandotte, 6 Cir., 1963, 321 F.2d 927. The critical turning point is the adequacy of the state court remedies. See Township of Hillsborough, Somerset County, New Jersey v. Cromwell, 1946, 326 U.S. 620, 66 S.Ct. 445, 90 L.Ed. 358; Georgia Railroad & Banking Co. v. Redwine, 1952, 342 U.S. 299, 72 S.Ct. 321, 96 L.Ed. 335; George F. Alger & Co. of Detroit, Mich. v. Peck, S.D.Ohio, 1954, 119 F.Supp. 812, *199affirmed, 1954, 347 U.S. 984, 74 S.Ct. 853, 98 L.Ed. 1120, 1148; Livingston v. United States, E.D.S.C., 179 F.Supp. 9, affirmed, 1960, 364 U.S. 281, 80 S.Ct. 1611, 4 L.Ed.2d 1719. Certainly, after emphasizing the pre-Johnson Act equitable limitations congressionally approved and strengthened by that enactment, it is inconceivable that the Supreme Court intended to allow any discretion to grant declaratory relief where adequate state remedies were available.
The propriety of the District Court’s consideration of this case turns, therefore, on whether state remedies in Texas are adequate. The answer is simple. Texas has a vast arsenal to assure orderly adjudication of the serious federal constitutional question here presented.
At the outset, Texas has and enthusiastically employs a Declaratory Judgment Act of its own. Tex.Rev.Stat.Ann. art. 2524-1; United Services Life Ins. Co. v. Delaney, 5 Cir., en banc, 1964, 328 F.2d 483, at 489 (concurring). Almost in words which forecast this very suit, Texas recognizes that this procedure may be used to determine whether specified property is “exempt from ad valorem taxes assessed by the City of Houston and Houston Independent School District.” River Oaks Garden Club v. City of Houston, 1963, Tex., 370 S.W.2d 851, 852. Likewise, a Texas taxpayer has the right to injunctive relief from illegal tax assessments.10 Dallas County v. Dallas National Bank, 142 Tex. 439, 179 S.W.2d 288; City of Houston v. Baker, Tex.Civ. App., 1915, 178 S.W. 820, writ refused; City of Orange v. Levingston Shipbuilding Co., 5 Cir., 1958, 258 F.2d 240, 241. For all practical purposes, therefore, the Importer could have brought the very same suit which it asserted in the Federal Court in the District Courts of Harris County. The relief could have expressly requested a declaration, an injunction, or both.
In addition while there is no precise statutory machinery for a payment and a suit to recover back ad valorem taxes, the Courts of Texas recognize the existence of such a remedy. The Texas Courts hold that where a legislative act by its terms provides for penalty and interest on taxes (as is the case for ad valorem taxes), the taxpayer may pay the taxes and recover them back if the tax is illegal and in many instances there is not even a requirement of a payment under formal protest. See, e. g., Crow v. City of Corpus Christi, 1948, 146 Tex. 558, 209 S.W.2d 922, 924; National Biscuit Co. v. State, 1940, 134 Tex. 293, 135 S.W.2d 687, 692, 693. And finally, a Texas taxpayer can stand fast. Property is not subject to distraint by taxing authorities. To coerce payment, a court judgment is required. Despite the literal limitations in Art. 7329,11 in the suit brought by the taxing authority, the taxpayer may urge the defense that the property is constitutionally exempt from taxation. Whelan v. State, 1955,155 Tex. 14, 282 S.W.2d 378;12 54 Tex.Jur.2d *200Taxation § 174. And, of course, when the taxpayer’s contention is that specifically identified property is exempt from taxation, not the more difficult claim that the property of others has been ignored or undervalued, it is easy for the taxpayer to meet the Texas burden “to show in dollars that he is worse off.” City of Orange, Texas v. Levingston Shipbuilding Co., 5 Cir., 1958, 258 F.2d 240, 246, 248, approved, State v. Federal Land Bank of Houston, 1959, 160 Tex. 282, 329 S.W.2d 847, 850. But whatever shortcomings might be urged13 as to the procedure of defending a suit for taxes, or payment and suit to recover back, this Court, ever since Norton v. Cass County, 5 Cir., 1940, 115 F.2d 884, rejecting our earlier decision in City of Fort Worth v. Southwestern Bell Telephone Co., 5 Cir., 1936, 80 F.2d 972, 974, because of the intervening Johnson Act has recognized that the remedy by injunction in the Courts of Texas is plain, speedy, efficient, and complete.14
The record is plain. The remedies available in the State Courts of Texas are plain, speedy, efficient, and altogether complete. Nothing the Federal Court can grant by way of declaratory judgment or otherwise affords to this Importer a single right which it may not assert with confidence in the Courts of Texas.15 What are we to do? The easy route, of course, on the very narrow substantive constitutional question here posed in the light of the uniquely limited body of law16 is to examine into the merits as did the District Judge and then either affirm or reverse as that study requires. For such a procedure, a beguiling argument is urged — the question being, after all, one solely of federal constitutionality, no court is better equipped than a Federal Court for that important decision. But important and sweeping as is the Import-*201Export Clause, we regard it as no more vital than, say, the Fifth Amendment and its requirement of due process, or the Fourteenth Amendment with its like requirement and that of equal protection. These were the usual frequent grounds asserted in invoking federal jurisdiction in the pre-Johnson Act days. Despite the judge-made equitable principles which restricted federal equitable relief and thus ameliorated the likelihood of state-federal clashes, Congress was of the view that these actions were both too disturbing to federal-state relations and worked an obvious discrimination as between small, local taxpayers and larger ones who could satisfy the dollar limitations on the amount in controversy for suits grounded on the laws or Constitution of the United States17 as well as diversity,18 likewise often a favorable advantage of corporate taxpayers. Livingston v. United States, S.D.S.C. (3-Judge), 1959, 179 F.Supp. 9, 11, affirmed 1960, 364 U.S. 281, 80 S.Ct. 1611, 4 L.Ed.2d 1719;19 Norton v. Cass County, 5 Cir., 1940, 115 F.2d 884.
To this sort of discrimination generally, we would be discriminating particularly were we to ignore the plain requirement of the statute and the duty, articulated in the Great Lakes case “to withhold such relief” by declaratory judgment when the State remedy is adequate. That would give this Importer as a. litigant an advantage not available to any other taxpayer in Harris County or Houston. More seriously, that would leave congressional policy to the desires of private litigants. The congressional policy is a restraint, not upon the parties, but upon the Court. Although, as must so often be the case in today’s complex litigation, a Court must be dependent to a large extent upon the specific contentions, pro and con, of the parties and the indispensable help of earnest, vigorous advocates, see W. R. B. Corp. v. Geer, 5 Cir., 1963, 313 F.2d 750, 753, it was the Court after all which had the obligation of effectuating this congressional will. We are confident that had this vital issue been brought to his attention, the District Judge would have declined to entertain the suit. Since what he would have done is what we hold he had to do, the declaratory judgment has to be vacated and the cause remanded for dismissal.20
Judgment vacated and remanded.

. Art. 1 § 10, Clause 2 of the Constitution:
“No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection Laws * *

. Standard-Triumph Motor Company, Inc.

. Tax day January 1 of 1961, 1962, 1963.

. 358 U.S. 543, 79 S.Ct. 388.

. The final decree dismissed with prejudice the taxing authorities counterclaim for taxes as assessed.

. 28 U.S.C.A. § 1341. As originally enacted, Act of August 21, 1937, c. 726, 50 Stat. 738, amending § 24 of the Judicial Code, 28 U.S.C.A. § 41(1), it provided that “No district court shall have jurisdiction of any suit to enjoin, suspend, or restrain the assessment, levy, or collection of any tax imposed by or pursuant to the laws of any State where a plain, speedy, and efiicient remedy may be had at law or in equity in the courts of such State.”
The Reviser offered these explanations of the 1948 changes:
“This section restates the last sentence of said section 41(1). * * * Words ‘at law or in equity’ before ‘in *197the ecrarts of such State’ were omitted as unnecessary.
“Words ‘civil action’ were substituted for ‘suit’ in view of rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
“Words ‘under State law’ were substituted for ‘imposed by or pursuant to laws of any State’ for the same reason.” 28 U.S.C.A. § 1341, quoting from, H.Rep. No. 308, 80th Cong.

. Art. Ill of the complaint, headed up “Statement of Case,” had subparagraphs (1) through (10). Subpar. (10) categorically alleged that the Importer did not have “an adequate and speedy remedy in the Courts of Texas” for the reason that (a) in the threatened tax suits against the Importer, penalties and interest would continue to accrue, (b) under Art. 7329 [note 12, infra], defenses which may be pleaded do not comprehend the Importer’s constitutional claim and (c) there is no local law question. To this in Art. II of the answer, the taxing authorities made this ambiguous response:
“Defendants are without information or knowledge sufficient to form the basis of a belief as to the truth of the allegations contained in subparagraphs (4), (5), (6), (8), (9) and (10), insofar as such subparagraphs allege matters peculiarly within the knowledge of plaintiff or insofar as such subparagraphs allege legal conclusions; the remainder of the complaint is denied.”

. Standard Dredging Corp. v. Murphy, 1943, 319 U.S. 306, 63 S.Ct. 1067, 87 L. Ed. 1416. The Court refers to this in Great Lakes, see 319 U.S. 293, at 296, 63 S.Ct. 1070.

. Byers v. Byers, 5 Cir., 1958, 254 S’.2d 205; American Fid. & Cas. Co. v. Pennsylvania Threshermen & Farmers’ Mut. Cas. Ins. Co., 5 Cir., 1960, 280 F.2d 453; Seniors v. Arnold, 9 Cir., 1960, 284 F.2d 106. See also Public Service Comm’n of Utah v. Wycoff Co., 1952, 344 U.S. 237, 73 S.Ct. 236, 97 L.Ed. 291; Wright, Federal Courts § 100 (1963).

. To test legality of an occupation, gross receipt, franchise, license or other privilege tax or fee, Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat'.Ann. art. 7057b, prescribes a statutory scheme for payment under protest and suit for recovery back thus eliminating the necessity for, and probably the availability of, an equitable injunctive remedy. Cobb et al. v. Harrington, 1945, 144 Tex. 360, 190 S.W.2d 709, 172 A.L.R. 837.

. “There shall be no defense for a suit for collection of delinquent taxes, as provided for in this chapter except:
“1. That the defendant was not the owner of the land at the time the suit was filed.
“2. That the taxes sued for have been paid, or
“3. That the taxes sued for are in excess of the limit allowed by law, but this defense shall apply only to such excess.”

. The Supreme Court of Texas stated: “Article 7329 limits the defenses which may be interposed to suits for delinquent taxes. Subdivision 3 of that article reads as follows: ‘That the taxes sued for are in excess of the limit allowed by the law, but this defense shall apply only to such excess.’ The language of the subdivision 3 cannot be construed to mean that a taxpayer may defend against a suit for taxes only when his property *200is assessed at more than its fair market value or when the rate levied is in excess of that allowed by law. To so hold would require that the statute be held unconstitutional for it would operate to deny to the taxpayer his constitutional right to be taxed on an equal and uniform basis with others. The legislature has no power to sanction discrimination between taxpayers by taking away defenses. • * *; Howth v. French Independent School Dist., Tex. Civ.App., 115 S.W.2d 1036, 1038, affirmed, 134 Tex. 211, 134 S.W.2d 1036.” Without any extraordinary prescience, we forecasted in 1940 that the Texas Courts would so hold, Norton v. Cass County, 5 Cir., 1940, 115 F.2d 884, 886.

. We find nothing helpful to the Importer’s position in these cases so heavily stressed by it. Republic Ins. Co. v. Highland Park Independent School Dist., Tex.Civ.App., 1938, 123 S.W.2d 784, writ denied, W.O.J., judgment correct; Sharp v. Womack, 1939, 132 Tex. 507, 125 S.W.2d 270; Willis et al. v. State, 1940, Tex.Civ.App., 142 S.W.2d 385, writ dism’d, judgment correct; State v. Hoffman, 1918, 109 Tex. 133, 201 S.W. 653. To escape ultimate liability for interest or other statutory penalties, a tender of taxes, when that route is followed, must be for an amount not less than that found ultimately to be legally due.

. In City of Fort Worth v. Southwestern Bell Telephone Company, we expressed what we later described as perhaps “partly dictum when uttered” the view that “the practice in Texas apparently is to be liberal with injunctions before payment but opposed to recoveries afterward.” The significant change wrought by the Johnson Act was to make the test of adequacy depend, not on whether the legal remedy in the Federal Court was adequate, but whether under any State Court remedy, legal or equitable, legality could adequately be tested.

. Within the very recent past in determining cases in which Federal Three-Judge District Courts have entered abstention orders, Texas Courts have held Texas statutes invalid under the Federal Constitution. See Texas Liquor Control Board v. Ammex Warehouse Co., Tex.Civ.App., writ of error pending, 1964, 384 S.W.2d 768; Miskell v. Termplan, Inc. of Houston, Tex.Civ.App., 1964, 381 S.W.2d 129.

. Justice Frankfurter points out in his dissent in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Bowers, 1959, 358 U.S. 534, 551, 79 S.Ct. 383, 3 L.Ed.2d 490, that this question has been before the Supreme Court less than a dozen times in the 132 years from Brown v. State of Maryland, 1824, 12 Wheat. 419, 25 U.S. 419, 6 L.Ed. 678, down to that date.

. 28 U.S.C.A. § 1331(a).

. 28 U.S.C.A. § 1332(a).

. We said as much in Norton. “Congress has clearly expressed its intention to deprive the federal courts of jurisdiction of suits of this character where a plain, speedy, and efficient remedy may be had at law or in equity in the courts of the state.” 115 F.2d at 886.

. Once the District Court entertained the suit, as it did, the taxing authorities were, or at least reasonably felt themselves, obliged to file a compulsory counterclaim for the taxes as assessed. F.R. Civ.P. 13. Since the complaint should have been dismissed, there was no claim pending to which counterclaim was compelled. Under these peculiar circumstances it, likewise, falls. Cf. Lawhorn v. Atlantic Refining Co., 5 Cir., 1962, 299 F.2d 353.