Court Opinion

ID: 9469266
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 02:36:09.679778+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:41:18.390816
License: Public Domain

RANDALL, Circuit Judge, with whom RUBIN, POLITZ and JERRE S. WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges,
join, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
Because I think that the jury that convicted the defendant was fatally tainted by the improper exclusion of a juror for cause, I respectfully disagree with the majority and I would, on that ground alone, reverse the judgment of the district court denying the writ as to the sentencing phase and remand for a new sentencing hearing. That disposition would render it unnecessary to consider the remaining asserted constitutional errors in the sentencing phase. Since the majority is required to address those errors by virtue of its conclusion (and based on the premise) that the juror was properly excluded, I shall address the majority’s conclusions as to those errors. With respect to the asserted errors stemming from the lack of sufficient evidence to support two of the three aggravating circumstances found by the jury, I believe that this court is required by the Supreme Court’s decision in Zant v. Stephens,-U.S. -, 102 S.Ct. 1856, 72 L.Ed.2d 222 (1982), to certify to the Supreme Court of Louisiana the same question that the Supreme Court in Zant certified to the Supreme Court of Georgia. I respectfully disagree with the majority that the two cases can be distinguished on a principled basis, and I dissent from the implicit decision of the majority not to certify that question to the Supreme Court of Louisiana. I concur in the balance of the judgment rendered in Parts III and IV of the majority opinion although in one instance for a different reason than that set forth in the majority opinion.
I.
Veniremen with reservations about capital punishment may be excluded from jury service only if they make unmistakably clear that:
“(1) they would automatically vote against the imposition of capital punishment without regard to any evidence that might be developed at the trial of the case before them, or (2) their attitude toward the death penalty would prevent them from making an impartial decision as to the defendant’s guilt.”
Witherspoon v. Illinois, 391 U.S. 510, 522-23 n.21, 88 S.Ct. 1770, 1777 n.21, 20 L.Ed.2d 776 (1968) (emphasis in original).
There was nothing in the State-Brou colloquy to indicate that Ms. Brou’s attitude toward the death penalty would prevent her from making an impartial decision as to Williams’ guilt, and the State does not rely on that ground for her exclusion. The majority finds, however, that Ms. Brou voiced automatic opposition to imposition of capital punishment without regard to any evidence that might be developed at trial.1
*397The majority opinion sets forth a portion of the colloquy with Ms. Brou, underscoring one question and one response. Then, in three sentences, the majority construes that testimony to establish a “record of automatic opposition to the death penalty:”
If one examines the underscored portion of her statement, one clearly finds that *398she did state that she could not return a death sentence. When the prosecutor inquired again to assure that she could not consider this penalty, Ms. Brou responded that she did not think she could do it. When this response is viewed in conjunction with her previous statement of clear opposition to the death penalty, the record of automatic opposition to the death penalty is established.
Thus, the majority transforms Ms. Brou’s serious reservations about assessment of the death penalty in some circumstances, perhaps in the circumstances of this case, into automatic opposition to the death penalty regardless of any evidence developed at trial. This method of analysis is flawed; the conclusion, incorrect. Moreover, the majority’s focus on one sentence, rather than the whole colloquy, does violence to the mandate of Witherspoon and its inherently cautious approach to exclusion of jurors. The proper method of analysis, it seems to me, is to examine her responses as a whole, mindful of the analysis set forth in Witherspoon.
The essence of that analysis is, in the words of Witherspoon itself, that veniremen “cannot be excluded for cause simply because they indicate that there are some kinds of cases in which they would refuse to recommend capital punishment;” that a “prospective juror cannot be expected to say in advance of trial whether he would in fact vote for the extreme penalty in the case before him;” and that a venireman may be asked “that he be willing to consider all of the penalties provided by state law, and that he not be irrevocably committed, before the trial has begun, to vote against the penalty of death regardless of the facts and circumstances that might emerge in the course of the proceedings.” Witherspoon v. Illinois, 391 U.S. at 522 n. 21, 88 S.Ct. 1770, 1777 n. 21, 20 L.Ed.2d 776 (emphasis added).
The colloquy demonstrates that Ms. Brou thought that there were some cases where the death penalty should be returned and some where it should be refused. (“I know there is certain cases where you read about them and they are so hideous that you just think, oh, the death penalty would be the only good outcome....”) Thus, Ms. Brou, it seems to me, is the very embodiment of the venireman referred to in Witherspoon who cannot be excluded because she distinguishes between the types of cases in which she could recommend the death penalty from those in which she could not.2 A juror must be permitted to say, “I am willing to consider all the facts and circumstances of this case; but if all that emerges here is a murder committed during the course of a robbery, I do not think I could recommend the death penalty.” Ms. Brou said no more.
Furthermore, questions by the State to Ms. Brou, in contravention of the Supreme Court’s instruction in Witherspoon that a prospective juror cannot be expected to say in advance of trial whether he or she would, in fact, vote for the extreme penalty in the particular case, were improper; the majority’s reliance on her responses to support its finding of automatic opposition is equally so. (“Her unwillingness to do so here, however, is firm.”) No juror can be expected to decide, before trial, whether this is the type of case in which the death penalty can be assessed. To require such a commitment flies in the face of the teachings of Wither-spoon.
*399Even were the questions proper, her responses were not, as the majority states, “firm.” They were vacillating. (“Well, of course, I don’t know that much about the case. I always think in terms of how hideous the crime is because I don’t know that much about it. I don’t know. I don’t think I can do it.”) At most, Ms. Brou’s statements about the Williams case reflected uncertainty as to her decision because she had not been specifically apprised of the facts.3 This circuit’s precedent precludes her exclusion. Granviel v. Estelle, 655 F.2d 673, 678-80 (5th Cir. 1981), cert. denied,U.S. -, 102 S.Ct. 1644, 71 L.Ed.2d 875 (1982); Burns v. Estelle, 626 F.2d 396, 397-OS (5th Cir. 1980) (en banc).
In summary, the majority’s conclusion that the exclusion of Ms. Brou was proper cannot be justified under Witherspoon.
II.
Williams asserts several errors relating to two of the three aggravating circumstances found by the jury and the method by which his sentence was reviewed by the Supreme Court of Louisiana. The two challenged aggravating circumstances were: (1) the offender knowingly created a risk of death or great bodily harm to more than one person; and (2) the offense was committed in an especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel manner.4

*400
A. What Has the Majority Opinion Held?

Part II of the majority opinion begins by setting forth Williams’ claim that his death sentence is violative of the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment because of the insufficiency of the evidence to support two of the three aggravating circumstances found by the jury. The opinion then focuses on whether the two challenged aggravating circumstances suffer constitutional defects under Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 96 S.Ct. 2909, 49 L.Ed.2d 859 (1976), and Godfrey v. Georgia, 446 U.S. 420, 100 S.Ct. 1759, 64 L.Ed.2d 398 (1980). It holds that, because the Louisiana Supreme Court did not review the two challenged circumstances, it cannot be said to have adopted an unconstitutionally broad construction of them in violation of Gregg and Godfrey. This facile distinction between what might be called an act of commission (Godfrey) and an act of omission (Williams) misses the point of Gregg and Godfrey. The issue which Gregg and Godfrey present for Williams is whether appellate affirmance of a death penalty based in part on jury findings of two aggravating circumstances that are the product of unchanneled and open-ended constructions of those circumstances can constitutionally be sustained.
The majority turns to the issue whether the jury’s sentencing discretion was properly channeled.5 The majority begins by distinguishing Stephens v. Zant, 631 F.2d 397 (5th Cir. 1980), cert. granted sub nom. Zant v. Stephens, 454 U.S. 814, 102 S.Ct. 90, 70 L.Ed.2d 82 (1981), certifying a question of state law to the Supreme Court of Georgia, sub nom. Zant v. Stevens, - U.S. -, 102 S.Ct. 1856, 72 L.Ed.2d 222 (1982), on the ground that in Stephens the unconstitutionally vague aggravating circumstance found by the jury was one that required the jury to assess the import of facts and circumstances not before the jury as a part of the proof of the crime, whereas in this case, the jury had only to weigh the facts of the crime itself in arriving at its decision. The former requires proper jury guidance per Stephens. The majority states that the latter does not, citing no authority. The presence of a properly found aggravating circumstance cannot be used to distinguish the two cases because such a circumstance existed in each of them. The majority then goes on to assess the impact of the two potentially flawed *401aggravating circumstances found by the jury. Those circumstances are described as going to the gravity of Williams’ crime and as material to deciding whether the aggravating and mitigating circumstances weighed together indicate that the death penalty should be imposed. I agree. Why, then, since the jury may have assigned a degree of gravity or weight to Williams’ crime that was erroneous under Louisiana law, are we not compelled to vacate his sentence? Because, according to the majority opinion, the jury assigned that weight simply by “reviewing] the facts they properly knew. The jury necessarily focused on what Williams had done, not on how Louisiana classified his actions, since they were not instructed on the legal meaning of the terms involved.” The majority tells us that the very absence of adequate, narrowing instructions on the two challenged aggravating circumstances means that the jury did not in fact classify Williams’ actions in the manner contemplated by Louisiana law. They couldn’t have done so, because they weren’t told how to do it. This analysis of what the jury did cannot be squared with the facts. The only hard evidence we have of what the jury did is the Jury Recommendation, signed by the foreman and delivered to the court, all as required by Louisiana law.6 It is set forth in full below:
JURY RECOMMENDATION
Filed April 19, 1979
Article 905.7 Form of recommendations
Having found the below listed statutory aggravating circumstance or circumstances and, after consideration of the mitigating circumstances offered, the jury recommends that the defendant be sentenced to- death.
Aggravating circumstance or circumstances found:
Article 905.4
The offender was engaged in the prepetration or attempted perpetration of aggravated rape, aggravated kidnapping, aggravated burglary, or armed robbery.
The offender knowingly created a risk of death or great bodily harm to more than one person.
The offense was committed in an especially heinous, atrocious or cruel manner.
s/ Claude H. Sims. Jr.
Foreman
April 19, 1979
or
The jury unanimously recommends that the defendant be sentenced to life imprisonment without benefit of probation, parole or suspension of sentence.
s/ _
Foreman
The portion of the Recommendation beginning with “Article 905.4 ...” through the signature of the foreman is written in the handwriting of the foreman. The jury clearly thought they were finding the existence of three aggravating circumstances set forth in Article 905.4, as they were instructed to do. Though they were not required to do so, they carefully gave the court a statutory reference for good measure. The jury did focus on how Louisiana classified Williams’ actions, albeit wrongly in the case of two of the aggravating circumstances.7 As we shall see below, there is simply no way to tell whether the jury’s mistaken classification of Williams’ actions changed the weights the jury assigned in its balancing of aggravating and mitigating circumstances. The majority, however, focuses on what it declares to be “the meaningful portions of this verdict, (1) that at least one aggravating circumstance was present and (2) that under the totality of aggravating and *402mitigating circumstances the death penalty should be imposed.” But why are judges qualified to say what were the meaningful portions of the Recommendation insofar as the members of the jury were concerned? Furthermore, as will also be developed below, the notion that once having found one valid aggravating circumstance, the jury should be and is permitted to evaluate the circumstances of the offense free of guided or channeled discretion ignores the requirements of capital sentencing law as it has developed during the last ten years.
The majority then moves on to announce a new principle of habeas review. The majority states: “The aggravating circumstances which were not considered and limited by the appellate court do not serve as the basis for the death sentence.” Although it is somewhat unclear, what the majority appears to be saying is that, under Louisiana law (no citations provided), the aggravating circumstances not reviewed by the Louisiana Supreme Court “do not serve as the basis for the death sentence.” The majority then goes on to say “[w]e base the sentence” on the one circumstance which that court did review. Since we are not assessing the sentence, what the majority must be saying is that this court, in reviewing the constitutionality of the petitioner’s sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, will review only the aggravating circumstance reviewed by the Louisiana Supreme Court. The majority cites as support for this method of habeas review three Supreme Court cases in each of which certiorari was granted to review the decision of the supreme court of a state affirming a conviction and sentence on direct appeal — Gregg v. Georgia, supra, Godfrey v. Georgia, supra, and Eddings v. Oklahoma,- U.S. -, 102 S.Ct. 869, 71 L.Ed.2d 1 (1982). The cases cited by the majority do not support the majority’s rule of habeas review, nor do they support a similar rule of appellate review. The text accompanying note 53 to the Supreme Court’s opinion in Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. at 200, 96 S.Ct. at 2938, is addressed simply to the construction placed by the Supreme Court of Georgia on the (b)(7) aggravating circumstance — that the offense was “outrageously or wantonly vile, horrible and inhuman.” The Supreme Court addressed in the text the one reported case in which the Supreme Court of Georgia had affirmed a death sentence based solely on a (b)(7) finding and noted that it was a horrifying torture-murder. Note 53 to the opinion canvasses the only two other reported cases of sentences based in whole or in part on (b)(7) and notes that the Supreme Court of Georgia did not contribute to the gloss on (b)(7) in those cases because it did not rely on (b)(7) when it upheld the death sentences. There is no discussion or analysis in note 53 of the propriety of this method of appellate review; that was not the focus of the note.
In Godfrey v. Georgia, supra, the Supreme Court vacated a death sentence based solely on (b)(7). It had no occasion in Godfrey itself to consider the method of appellate review of a sentence based on multiple aggravating circumstances.
In Eddings v. Oklahoma, supra, the Supreme Court vacated a death sentence because it found that the Oklahoma trial court and Court of Criminal Appeals placed limitations on the mitigating evidence they would consider in violation of Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 98 S.Ct. 2954, 57 L.Ed.2d 973 (1978). Having done so, it had no occasion to consider the method of appellate review of a sentence based on multiple aggravating circumstances. To the extent that any conclusion can be drawn from notes 3 and 4 (Eddings v. Oklahoma, - U.S. at-nn. 3 & 4, 102 S.Ct. at 873 nn. 3 & 4) to the Supreme Court’s opinion in Eddings about the Court’s position on appellate review, it seems to me that the Court is suggesting that the trial court on resentencing should reconsider its “heinous, atrocious or cruel” finding; it is noteworthy that reconsideration is suggested in a case in which there were two other aggravating circumstances found by the sentencing judge.

B. What is the Import of Zant v. Stephens?

The majority does not address or even advert to the Supreme Court’s opinion in *403Zant v. Stephens,-U.S.-, 102 S.Ct. 1856, 72 L.Ed.2d 222 (1982). It is clear from the manner in which the Court defined the question posed to it in Zant that Williams cannot be distinguished on the basis that the Zant jury had to assess the import of facts and circumstances not before the jury as part of the proof of the crime, whereas in Williams, the jury had to weigh only the facts of the crime itself.8 The question was defined in Zant as: “whether a reviewing court constitutionally may sustain a death sentence as long as at least one of a plurality of statutory aggravating circumstances found by the jury is valid and supported by the evidence.” Id. -U.S. at-, 102 S.Ct. at 1858 (emphasis added). The Georgia Supreme Court had consistently stated that it could constitutionally sustain a death sentence in those circumstances. Gates v. State, 244 Ga. 587, 261 S.E.2d 349, 358 (1979), cert. denied, 445 U.S. 938, 100 S.Ct. 1332, 63 L.Ed.2d 772 (1980). The Court stated that the Georgia Supreme Court had never articulated the state law premise for that conclusion. Zant v. Stephens,-U.S. at-, 102 S.Ct. at 1858. Such articulation, according to the Court, would be relevant to its analysis of the case. Id.-U.S. at-, 102 S.Ct. at 1859.
The Court then suggested several possible bases for the Georgia rule.9
It may be that implicit in the rule is a determination that multiple findings of statutory aggravating circumstances are superfluous, or a determination that the reviewing court may assume the role of the jury when the sentencing jury recommended the death penalty under legally erroneous instructions. In this Court, the Georgia Attorney General offered as his understanding the following construction of state law: The jury must first find whether one or more statutory aggravat*404ing circumstances have been established beyond a reasonable doubt. The existence of one or more aggravating circumstances is a threshold finding that authorizes the jury to consider imposing the death penalty; it serves as a bridge that takes the jury from the general class of all murders to the narrower class of offenses the state legislature has determined warrant the death penalty. After making the finding that the death penalty is a possible punishment, the jury then makes a separate finding whether the death penalty should be imposed. It bases this finding “not upon the statutory aggravating circumstances but upon all the evidence before the jury in aggravation and mitigation of punishment which ha[s] been introduced at both phases of the trial.”
Zant v. Stephens, - U.S. at -, 102 S.Ct. at 1858.
The Court concluded:
In view of the foregoing uncertainty, it would be premature to decide whether such determinations, or any of the others we might conceive as a basis for the Georgia Supreme Court’s position, might undermine the confidence we expressed in Gregg v. Georgia, supra, that the Georgia capital-sentencing system, as we understood it then, would avoid the arbitrary and capricious imposition of the death penalty and would otherwise pass constitutional muster.
Id. - U.S. at -, 102 S.Ct. at 1859.
The Court then certified the following question to the Supreme Court of Georgia.
What are the premises of state law that support the conclusion that the death sentence in this case is not impaired by the invalidity of one of the statutory aggravating circumstances found by the jury.
Id. - U.S. at -, 102 S.Ct. at 1859.
In view of the importance of the state-law premises for the Georgia Supreme Court’s rule to the constitutional issue in Zant and the resulting decision of the Supreme Court to certify to the Georgia Supreme Court an inquiry into those premises, we must in Williams consider what the Louisiana rule is and what the state-law premises for that rule are.
The Louisiana Supreme Court has apparently borrowed the Georgia Supreme Court’s rule on aggravating circumstances.
At the present we know of no constitutional requirement that a death sentence be vacated whenever the jury errs in its finding of a statutory aggravating circumstance. We note that the Georgia legislature has directed the Georgia Supreme Court to determine whether “the evidence supports the jury’s or judge’s finding of a statutory aggravating circumstance ...,” Ga.Code Ann. § 27-2537(e) (emphasis added), and that this provision was quoted with approval in Gregg v. Georgia, supra. As stated by the Georgia Supreme Court in Gates v. State, 244 Ga. 587, 599, 261 S.E.2d 349, 358 (1979):
“Where two or more statutory aggravating circumstances are found by the jury, the failure of one circumstance does not so taint the proceedings as to invalidate the other aggravating circumstance found and the sentence of death based thereon. Gregg v. State, 233 Ga. 117, 127-128, 210 S.E.2d 659 (1974); Gregg v. Georgia, supra, 428 U.S. [153] at 161, 162 [96 S.Ct. 2909 at 2919-2920, 49 L.Ed.2d 859] ... The erroneous application of the statutory aggravating circumstance of ‘depravity of mind to the victim’ .. . does not invalidate the valid parts of the verdict of the jury.”
State v. Monroe, 397 So.2d 1258, 1276 (La. 1981). The Louisiana court has restated this rule in the context of review of death sentences.
[I]f the jury finds more than one statutory aggravating circumstance and one is clearly supported by the record, it is unnecessary to overturn the sentence because one (or more) of the additional statutory aggravating circumstances are not supported. State v. Monroe, 397 So.2d 1258 (La.1981); State v. Williams, 383 So.2d 369 (La.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1103, 101 S.Ct. 899 [66 L.Ed.2d 828]; *405State v. Martin, 376 So.2d 300 (La.1979), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 998, 101 S.Ct. 540 [66 L.Ed.2d 297].
The jury properly found that at least one statutory aggravating circumstance existed, that is, defendant was engaged in the perpetration of armed robbery when the victim was murdered; therefore, we consider it unnecessary to inquire whether the jury correctly found that the other aggravating circumstances existed.
State v. Mattheson, 407 So.2d 1150 at 1166 (La.1981) (emphasis added).
The citation in Monroe to the Georgia rule as construed in Gates and the Louisiana Supreme Court’s own restatement of that rule in Mattheson demonstrate that Louisiana has adopted the Georgia rule. This is not surprising considering that Louisiana had previously adopted, in large part, the Georgia capital sentencing procedure. “The Georgia sentencing scheme ... serves as a model for our sentencing procedure (C.Cr.P. 905-905.9).” State v. Culberth, 390 So.2d 847, 849 (La.1980). Compare La.Code Crim.Proc.Ann. art. §§ 905.4, 905.5 (West 1976) and Rule 28, La. Supreme Court Rules, with Ga.Code Ann. § 27-2534.1 (Supp.1975).
But while the Louisiana Supreme Court has adopted the same rule as the Georgia Supreme Court, it has provided us with no more guidance as to the state law premises for that rule than the Georgia Supreme Court has provided. The majority has itself supplied a number of what must be classified as state-law premises for the Louisiana rule, without benefit of a single citation to Louisiana law. We have no warrant to do for Louisiana what the Supreme Court has refused to do for Georgia. If the majority has correctly disposed of the Witherspoon issue (which I doubt, see Part I, supra), then we are compelled by Zant to certify to the Louisiana Supreme Court10 the same question as the United States Supreme Court certified to the Georgia Supreme Court. I dissent from the implicit decision of the majority not to do that.
C. What Are the Implications of Zant for Our Habeas Review?
Zant involves more than a procedural detour to permit the state court to fill in the rationale for its action. Instead, the reason for the certification appears to be the Court’s concern both with the way in which under Georgia law the jury arrives at a decision to assess the death penalty and with the function of the Georgia Supreme Court in reviewing the sentence.11 Williams relies on both as grounds for habeas relief. The dual prongs of the Supreme Court’s inquiry stem, at least in part, from the jury-appellate review process contemplated by Gregg v. Georgia, supra. In Gregg, the opinion of Justices Stewart, Powell and Stevens asserts that the death penalty “could not be imposed under sentencing procedures that created a substantial risk that it would be inflicted in an arbitrary and capricious manner.” 428 U.S. at 188, 96 S.Ct. at 2932. That opinion goes on to say:
Furman mandates that where discretion is afforded a sentencing body on a matter so grave as the determination of *406whether a human life should be taken or spared, that discretion must be suitably directed and limited so as to minimize the risk of wholly arbitrary and capricious action.
Id. at 189, 96 S.Ct. at 2932. The opinion declares that a carefully drafted statute pointing to the main circumstances of aggravation and mitigation that should be weighed and weighed against each other provides guidance to the sentencing authority and reduces the likelihood that the sentencing authority will impose a sentence that is capricious or arbitrary. The opinion of Justice White in Gregg, concurred in by The Chief Justice and Justice Rehnquist, also placed strong emphasis on the role of statutory aggravating circumstances in limiting jury discretion. Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. at 222, 96 S.Ct. at 2947. A majority of the Court, therefore, emphasizes the critical importance of channeling jury discretion, i.e., of providing the jury with standards to guide its use of the information relevant to the imposition of sentence. Id. at 195, 96 S.Ct. at 2935. Finally, the opinion of Justices Stewart, Powell and Stevens also emphasizes the “further safeguard of meaningful appellate review” of “the factors [the jury] relied upon in reaching its decision” as a further safeguard against the arbitrary or capricious imposition of the death penalty. Id. (emphasis added). In Georgia (as in Louisiana, see note 6, supra), the jury is required by statute to list those factors, thereby facilitating appellate review.12
Within that general framework of guided jury discretion and meaningful appellate review, the opinion of Justices Stewart, Powell and Stevens in Gregg then addresses specifically the claim that the aggravating circumstance there involved (the offense was “outrageously or wantonly vile, horrible and inhuman”) was so broad and vague as to leave juries free to act as arbitrarily and capriciously as they wish in deciding whether to impose the death penalty. The opinion agrees that it is arguable that this circumstance could be found in any murder, but concludes that there is no reason to assume that the Supreme Court of Georgia would adopt such an open-ended construction. By looking to the Supreme Court of Georgia to weed out those cases in which an overly broad construction of the aggravating circumstance is applied by the jury, the opinion again made “meaningful appellate review” an integral part of the constitutionality of the death penalty provided for in the Georgia sentencing scheme. This critical function of appellate review may help to explain why it is that the Court has thus far declined to adopt Justice Marshall’s position, as expressed in his concurring opinion in Godfrey v. Georgia, 446 U.S. at 436-37, 100 S.Ct. at 1769, that the jury instructions must themselves include the narrowing construction of potentially overbroad aggravating circumstances. It seems to me, therefore, that a habeas court assessing the constitutionality of a death sentence imposed under a statutory scheme such as either of the Georgia-Louisiana twins must review both the degree to which the jury’s discretion was suitably channeled and the *407meaningfulness of the appellate review of that sentence.

D. Was the Jury’s Discretion Channeled?

The Louisiana legislature paid careful heed to Gregg and its companion cases. The statutory scheme lists nine aggravating circumstances directed to the circumstances of the offense and the character and propensities of the offender. The jury is permitted to consider only the nine aggravating circumstances listed. As noted above, the jury is required to make its recommendation on a statutorily prescribed form which calls for the jury to list the aggravating circumstances which it finds, thereby facilitating review by the Supreme Court of Louisiana, which is mandated to review every sentence of death to determine if it is excessive.
Insofar as channeled jury discretion is concerned, the majority opinion holds that in Louisiana the jury had only to find the existence of one valid statutory aggravating circumstance, under properly channeled discretion, to impose the death penalty. Having done so, the jury is thereafter free to consider the circumstances of the crime (but not facts not before the jury as a part of the proof of the crime) free of any “standards to guide its use of that information.” Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. at 195, 96 S.Ct. at 2935. Let us consider what that means in this case. The jury found the existence in this case of two aggravating circumstances — the offender knowingly created a risk of death or great bodily harm to more than one person, and the offense was committed in an especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel manner — that would not qualify as statutory aggravating circumstances as the Louisiana Supreme Court has construed them. What that means is that the list of the aggravating circumstances which the jury was permitted to consider was increased in this case to eleven, having been augmented by two circumstances that would not qualify as statutory aggravating circumstances. This flies in the teeth of the Louisiana statute which limits the jury to consideration of the nine aggravating circumstances listed in the statute. Conspicuously missing from Article 905.4, which lists the statutory aggravating circumstances, is the language found in Article 905.5(h)— “Any other relevant mitigating circumstance” — which is commonly viewed as giving the jury broad discretion to consider mitigating circumstances that might not qualify under the balance of 905.5. Lockett v. Ohio, 436 U.S. at 605, 98 S.Ct. at 2965. The majority’s interpretation also means that the same behavior that would not support a finding of a statutory aggravating circumstance (and therefore the death penalty) if it were the only potential aggravating circumstance in the case will support a finding of a nonstatutory aggravating circumstance (and therefore contribute to the death penalty) if there is another validly found statutory aggravating circumstance in the case. None of this finds any support in Louisiana law, and if it accurately describes the process by which Williams’ sentence was assessed, that fact alone may constitute a denial of due process. In any event, this process lacks the specific guidance of jury discretion in evaluating the circumstances of the crime mandated by Gregg.

E. Is Louisiana Appellate Review “Meaningful?’’

As noted above, key to analysis of the constitutionality of Williams’ sentence is the question whether that sentence received meaningful appellate review. The Louisiana Supreme Court considered only whether the first aggravating circumstance was properly found and refused to review the other two under the court’s rule that, even if the other two were unsupported by the evidence, the sentence would be affirmed. This procedure must be premised on the proposition that as a matter of law the jury’s finding of the other two aggravating circumstances did not affect the jury’s decision to recommend the death penalty. On this point, the reasoning of our decision in Stephens, as derived from Stromberg v. California, 283 U.S. 359, 51 S.Ct. 532, 75 L.Ed.2d 1117 (1931), is helpful to a determination of the adequacy of appellate review. *408Stephens v. Zant, 631 F.2d at 406. How can a reviewing appellate court know the degree to which improper aggravating circumstances interacted with the proper aggravating circumstance and affected the jury decision to impose death? Id. As Justice Dennis of the Louisiana Supreme Court stated in reviewing a case similar to the one before us:
On this record, if the jury believed the state’s evidence, defendant’s death sentence could constitutionally have rested on a finding that he was engaged in aggravated burglary, or that he knowingly created a risk of death or great bodily harm to more than one person. Since the finding of an aggravating circumstance is a necessary ground for, but does not require, the death penalty, however, it is impossible to say whether these grounds alone were the basis for the verdict. On the contrary, so far as we can tell, it is equally likely that the jury would have recommended life imprisonment if it had not thought that the defendant was guilty of killing in an especially heinous, atrocious or cruel manner.
Several United States Supreme Court decisions have clear and forceful application here. In Bachellar v. Maryland, 397 U.S. 564, 90 S.Ct. 1312, 25 L.Ed.2d 570 (1970); Street v. New York, 394 U.S. 576, 89 S.Ct. 1354, 22 L.Ed.2d 572 (1969); Yates v. United States, 354 U.S. 298, 77 S.Ct. 1064, 1 L.Ed.2d 1356 (1957); Stromberg v. California, 283 U.S. 359, 51 S.Ct. 532, 75 L.Ed. 1117 (1931), the high court held that a criminal conviction must be reversed if the jury could have based the verdict on an unconstitutional statutory ground, even though there were other valid statutory grounds which the jury in fact may have employed. In those cases, since the defendants’ convictions “may have rested on an unconstitutional ground,” [emphasis added] Bachellar v. Maryland, supra, 397 U.S. at 571, 90 S.Ct. at 1316, they were set aside.
A verdict based upon evidence insufficient for a finding beyond a reasonable doubt is just as unconstitutional as one based on a facially unconstitutional statute. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979).
State v. Monroe, 397 So.2d at 1281 (La.1981) (Dennis, J., dissenting).
In the case before us, it was impossible for the Louisiana Supreme Court, just as it is impossible for this court, to determine satisfactorily that the verdict was not affected by the jury’s mistaken impression that this crime qualified under Article 905.4 (which the jury cited as authority for its Recommendation) as especially heinous, atrocious or cruel and that Williams’ actions had presented the threat of death or great bodily harm to more than one person.
The majority seems to believe that, because “[t]he extra findings went to the gravity of his crime, not to the jury’s power to impose the death penalty,” the invalid aggravating circumstances had no impermissible effect on the juiy’s decision to recommend the death penalty. I submit that it is precisely the evaluation of the gravity of a crime which is the Supreme Court-mandated basis for any jury’s decision to assess the death penalty. If the jury holds an erroneous impression of the gravity of the crime, its discretion may not be effectively channeled as commanded by Gregg and its progeny, nor can a reviewing court know how that misconception affected its decision.
As Justice Dennis so succinctly reasoned in State v. Monroe, supra:
Moreover, I do not see how it rationally may be contended that a jury which erroneously believes it has legally found three aggravating circumstances to exist will not be more apt to recommend that the defendant be sentenced to death than a jury which correctly believes that the defendant is guilty of a crime involving two aggravating circumstances. To think otherwise is to ignore the realities of a capital sentencing hearing. .. . [I]t is highly unrealistic and purely artificial to think that a jury which believes three aggravating circumstances exist will not be more likely to impose a death penalty *409than a jury which finds only [one]. Ordinary citizen jurors are likely to be led to the common sense conclusion that, if a defendant can be put to death for a murder involving just one aggravating circumstance found to exist the more likely it is that any mitigating circumstances are outweighed and that the death penalty is appropriate.
Id. at 1281-82 (Dennis, J., dissenting). Furthermore, Justice Stewart has echoed Justice Dennis’ dissent in his dissent to the denial of certiorari in Martin v. Louisiana:
The Louisiana jury that imposed the death penalty upon the petitioner found two aggravating circumstances: (1) the petitioner had knowingly created a risk of death or great bodily harm to more than one person; and (2) he had committed the offense in an especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel manner. 376 So.2d 300, 311-312. In affirming the death sentence, the Louisiana Supreme Court held that the jury had properly found the first aggravating circumstance. Id., at 312. It then reasoned that since the jury had the power to sentence the petitioner to death on the basis of a single aggravating circumstance, there was no need for it to review the correctness of the jury’s finding of the second aggravating circumstance. Ibid.
Under the state death penalty statute, however, while the jury was permitted to impose capital punishment where it found only a single aggravating circumstance, it was not required to do so. La.Code Crim. Proc.Ann., Art. 905.3 (West Supp. 1980). The Louisiana court’s reasoning, therefore, ignores the possibility that some of the jurors may have voted for the death sentence because of the existence of the second aggravating circumstance alone, or that others may have voted for the death penalty only because of the existence of the two aggravating circumstances.
The jury’s verdict thus makes it impossible to determine whether some or all of the jurors may have relied on the existence of the second aggravating circumstance in reaching their decision to impose the sentence of death.
Martin v. Louisiana, 449 U.S. 998, 998-99, 101 S.Ct. 540, 541, 66 L.Ed.2d 297 (1980) (Stewart, J., dissenting from denial of certiorari).
Since the Louisiana Supreme Court could not hold that, as a matter of law, the challenged aggravating circumstances did not affect William’s sentence, the failure of the Louisiana court to review those circumstances did not constitute the meaningful appellate review of the sentence that is critical to the constitutionality under the eighth and fourteenth amendments of Williams’ sentence. If the majority is free under Zant to pass on the constitutionality of Williams’ sentence at this point, which I doubt, then I dissent from the refusal of the majority to hold that sentence unconstitutional.
III.
While I concur with the majority in its holding that Williams did not suffer ineffective assistance of counsel at the guilt or sentencing stage, I am constrained to disagree with one aspect of the majority’s reasoning as to the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel at the sentencing phase.
One of Williams’ claims of error was that his counsel failed to request limiting instructions on the statutory aggravating circumstances that were considered by the jury. The majority reasons that, because counsel stated the limitations in his argument to the jury, he mitigated any failure of the trial court to give limiting instructions. Suppose the jury instructions had left out an element of the crime, and Williams’ lawyer failed to object. Is it now to be the law in this circuit that, if his lawyer told the jury that they needed to find that element in order to convict, he effectively mitigated the failure of the trial court to give the necessary instruction and he was therefore not ineffective?
I would, instead, hold that there was no need for an evidentiary hearing on the question because the apposite United States Supreme Court and Louisiana Supreme *410Court law did not, in 1976, require the trial court to give any limiting instructions. As recently as three months prior to Williams’ trial, the Louisiana Supreme Court, in State v. English, 367 So.2d 815, 823-24 (La.1979), gave its construction of the limitations on the aggravating circumstances before us (heinous, atrocious and cruel and risk of harm to more than one person). That court, however, did not explicitly find error in the trial court’s failure to give limiting instructions nor did it establish the requirement that it do so.
Additionally, as set out in Part II above, the United States Supreme Court has never mandated that limiting instructions be given to the jury, but has implicitly adopted the position that it is in appellate review that limitation of aggravating- circumstances is to be accomplished. Thus, under the analysis developed by this court, the failure of the district court to grant Williams an evidentiary hearing was not error. There were no facts which could be developed at such a hearing that would have aided Williams’ case.
IV.
Finally, the majority gives little attention to Williams’ other grounds. One of Williams’ main claims throughout his appeal is that no federal court has in this habeas corpus action addressed all his grounds for relief. I believe, in any habeas case, but especially in a capital case, each ground affecting the granting or denial of relief should be addressed. Thus I summarize the claims I have addressed or in which I concur with the majority:
Ground # 1 (Witherspoon) — a basis for reversal
Ground # 2 (ineffective counsel — sentencing phase) — I concur with the majority’s conclusion, though in one case for a different reason
Grounds # 3-6 (errors relating to findings of invalid aggravating circumstances) — bases for reversal
Ground # 8 (failure to review on district basis) — I concur
Ground # 13 (ineffective counsel — guilt phase) — I concur
This leaves grounds seven, ten and eleven. While Williams was entitled to a district court determination of these grounds, he has not briefed these issues to this court. Thus, I believe findings as to these grounds are inappropriate.13

. The majority does not contend that Williams is barred, under the holding of Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 97 S.Ct. 2497, 53 L.Ed.2d *397594 (1977), from asserting his challenge, in this habeas corpus proceeding, to the exclusion of Ms. Brou because of his trial counsel’s failure to object to her exclusion. I agree.
This court has recently discussed the reason why the Sykes bar cannot now be raised:
First, the State did not contend in the district court that Washington’s Lockett [438 U.S. 586, 98 S.Ct. 2954, 57 L.Ed.2d 973] claim is barred by Mississippi’s contemporaneous objection rule and Sykes. As such, the State itself is precluded from raising at this late date any claim that Washington should be barred under a state-law theory of procedural default, for “[a]s a general principle of appellate review, this court will not consider a legal issue or theory that was not presented to the [federal district court].” Noritake v. M/V Hellenic Champion, 627 F.2d 724, 732 (5th Cir. 1980). See, e.g., Smith v. Estelle, 602 F.2d 694, 708 n. 19 (5th Cir. 1979) (State waived its Sykes argument by failing to raise it in the federal habeas hearing prior to its motion for a new trial), aff'd, 451 U.S. 454, 101 S.Ct. 1866, 68 L.Ed.2d 359 (1981); La-Roche v. Wainwright, 599 F.2d 722, 724 (5th Cir. 1979) (State waived its Sykes argument by failing to raise it in habeas proceedings in federal district court).
Washington v. Watkins, 655 F.2d 1346, 1368 (1981), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 102 S.Ct. 2021, 72 L.Ed.2d 474 (1982).
In this case the State has never alleged a Wainwright v. Sykes bar to this claim despite the following facts. Williams’ trial counsel did not object to Ms. Brou’s exclusion for cause; neither did his counsel argue that point in his direct appeal to the Louisiana Supreme Court. (Indeed, Williams elsewhere assigns this failure as one respect in which his trial counsel rendered constitutionally ineffective assistance.) After that court affirmed his conviction and sentence, Williams changed lawyers. The Witherspoon issue appears to have been raised for the first time in Williams’ petition for certiorari. After the Supreme Court denied certiorari, Williams urged his Witherspoon grounds in a petition for post-conviction relief in the Louisiana state court in which he was convicted. The State, in response, did not argue that Williams had waived this argument; rather, it contended simply that there had been no Witherspoon violation. Nonetheless, in rejecting this argument when it denied Williams’ requests for post-conviction relief and a stay of execution pending appeal, the state court concluded without citation of authority that “[t]his matter deals with jury selection and was or should have been considered on appeal. It is not the proper subject for post-conviction relief.” When the Louisiana Supreme Court then refused to stay Williams’ execution, no member of that court addressed either the waiver issue or the merits of Williams’ Witherspoon argument, although some of the justices indicated that they thought others of Williams’ arguments had some merit.
When Williams filed this action in federal district court, he again raised his Witherspoon argument as his first ground for habeas relief. In his initial pleading, he argued at some length, and with considerable citation of authority, that as a matter of Louisiana law, his trial counsel’s failure to object to Ms. Brou’s exclusion had not waived this point. In responding to his habeas .petition, however, the State again did not argue waiver and Wainwright v. Sykes; rather, it again contended that there had been no Witherspoon violation. Neither did the State claim that Williams had failed to exhaust his state remedies. The district court did not mention waiver, but went directly to the merits of this claim in concluding, without any further discussion or visible analysis, that “[a] careful review of pages 83, 84, 185 and 186 of the trial transcript which sets [sic ] forth the voir dire examination of the three jurors in question clearly shows that the mandates set forth by the United States Supreme Court in the Witherspoon and Adams decisions were strictly adhered to and followed by the trial court.”
In briefing this argument for the panel, Williams again contended that as a matter of Louisiana law, his trial counsel’s failure to object had not waived his Witherspoon claim. Again, the State made no mention whatsoever of waiver in its response, although it did quote the portions of the transcript that indicated the failure to object. The panel opinion nowhere mentions waiver, but instead adopted in full the conclusion of the district court on the merits of this issue.
The State, even in its post en banc brief to this court stated: “The State is not arguing that the defense should be precluded from alleging a Witherspoon error simply because no objection was raised at trial.” Thus, there is no procedural bar to a decision, on the merits, of Williams’ Witherspoon claim.
Finally, the Supreme Court’s recent decisions in United States v. Frady,-U.S.-,-- -, 102 S.Ct. 1584, 1591-1595, 71 L.Ed.2d 816 (1982) (§ 2255 actions); Engle v. Isaac,U.S. -, -, 102 S.Ct. 1558, 1575, 71 L.Ed.2d 783 (1982) (§ 2254 actions), dealing with Wainwright v. Sykes do not address a situation in which the State elects not to assert a Wainwright v. Sykes bar.

. Witherspoon holds that a venireman may not be excluded for cause simply because he or she indicates that there are some kinds of cases in which he or she would refuse to recommend capital punishment. It seems to me that this is no less true where the class of cases in which a venireman would refuse to recommend capital punishment happens to be coextensive with a class of cases defined by one of the State’s statutorily-prescribed aggravating circumstances. Specifically, if it is the case that Ms. Brou would refuse to recommend capital punishment where the only aggravating circumstance was the co-existence of a murder and a robbery, the fact that she would refuse to recommend the death penalty in one class of cases where the State would permit her to recommend it is not grounds for her exclusion as a juror. This conclusion seems to me to be mandated by the fact that in Louisiana, the statutory scheme permits a juror to refuse to recommend the death penalty even if all jurors have found the existence beyond a reasonable doubt of one or more aggravating circumstances which outweigh any mitigating circumstances.

. Ms. Brou’s uncertainty about the death penalty is reflected not only in the colloquy between the State and Ms. Brou quoted in the majority opinion, but also in the following exchange between Ms. Brou and the trial judge which immediately preceded the State-Brou colloquy:
THE COURT: Do either of you know of any reason why you feel that you should not or could not serve on this jury?
MS. BROU: Well, I’m wondering about the question of capital punishment. Does that disqualify you if you don’t have a firm conviction about that?
THE COURT: I’m sure that the attorney for the State will ask you that question so I will defer that until later.
The State then commenced its voir dire examination of Ms. Brou, and the prosecutor began with a statement of the purpose of his questioning. Midway through that statement, the prosecutor made clear his aversion to a juror who is unable to give him, in advance of trial, the proper assurances about what the juror’s ultimate' decision in the case will be.
The State is entitled to have a juror that can say, yes, I can return a verdict requiring the death penalty, if the case is proven to me and if the aggravating circumstances are proven to me. So, if you don’t know at this point and you are not able to tell me, then that doesn’t really help me. Because I don’t know what your decision will be down the road. So, my question is also framed in this manner.
The prosecutor then asked the question that begins the portion of the State-Brou colloquy quoted at page 6 of the majority opinion.

. Although, as will be seen, the majority under its analysis does not have to address the question whether there was sufficient evidence to support the findings that the offender knowingly created a risk of death or great bodily harm to more than one person, and the offense was committed in an especially heinous, atrocious or cruel manner, it seems clear to me, after reviewing the record in this case and the decisions of the Supreme Court of Louisiana adopting narrowing constructions of aggravating circumstances 905.4(d) (knowing creation of risk of death or great bodily harm to more than one person) and 905.4(g) (offense committed in an especially heinous manner), that the petitioner is correct in his third claim for relief: no rational trier of fact could have found proof of either of these aggravating circumstances (as they are defined by the Louisiana Supreme Court) beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 324, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2791, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). Insofar as the heinousness of the crime is concerned, the victim was shot immediately after the defendant raised his gun; he died instantly. The defendant did not torture or inflict unnecessary pain on the victim. Insofar as the knowing creation of a risk of death or great bodily harm to more than one person is concerned, the focus is on whether the defendant contemplated and caused the creation of great risk of death or of great bodily harm to more than one person. The defendant shot the security guard at point blank range and although customers were nearby in the store, it could not be found beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant knowingly created a risk of death or great bodily harm to any of them. Two customers were hit in the foot by shot gun pellets when the defendant accidentally (to use the word employed by the majority opinion of the Louisiana Supreme Court) dropped the shotgun and the gun discharged when it hit the floor. Clearly the defendant did not contemplate injury to anyone when he dropped the gun. See State v. Monroe, 397 So.2d 1258 (La. 1981); State v. Culberth, 390 So.2d 847 (La. 1980); State v. English, 367 So.2d 815 (La. 1979).

. The majority states that Williams’ attorney waived, at the en banc oral argument, Williams’ ground six: the failure of the trial court to instruct the jurors on the proper scope of the statutory aggravating circumstances obviated the constitutionally required “guided discretion” that is a hedge against the arbitrary and capricious imposition of a death sentence.
I question the propriety of a claim of waiver at oral argument where there is no official transcript of the proceeding. In any event, a review of the oral argument tape indicates that the attorney made no such waiver:
THE COURT: Do I understand you to tell us that the trial judge errs when he reads to the jury the articles or sections of the code or statute involved and said this is the law in this area. Now you apply what evidence you heard ... to the extent it fits this law and give us a decision. If he speaks to one thing, its an aggravating circumstance for which there was no evidence entered that that’s a tainted jury?
COUNSEL: I submit, your honor, that that’s an issue that’s unresolved in Louisiana, but I do think that if the trial judge submits erroneous aggravating — the jury returns erroneous aggravating circumstances even though the trial judge may properly submit a list, the jury returns an erroneous aggravating circumstance indicating that it considered that factor in reaching a sentencing decision. That’s where the error rises.
THE COURT: That’s different from him taking the article and reading 905 and says here’s what the law says?
COUNSEL: I submit, I misspoke before, your honor. I think that its the juror’s return of the aggravating circumstance indicating that it took that improper factor into account when it returned the death sentence. That is the error.
It is clear that the attorney was distinguishing a jury’s consideration of aggravating circumstances as grounds for error from a jury’s finding of aggravating circumstances as grounds for error. The question to which the attorney responded was not whether the trial judge erred in failing to give instructions which limited the application of each of the aggravating circumstances contained in any list read to the jury. Additionally, the attorney specifically reiterated this ground number six in his post en banc argument supplemental brief. There was no waiver.

. I note that the Jury Recommendation is in the form specified by La.Code Crim.Proc.Ann. art. 905.7 (West 1976), which requires the jury to list all the statutory aggravating circumstances that they find. Article 905.7 is doubtless constructed to facilitate the appellate review contemplated by Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. at 195, 96 S.Ct. at 2935 (“Where the sentencing authority is required to specify the factors it relied upon in reaching its decision, the further safeguard of meaningful appellate review is available to ensure that death sentences are not imposed capriciously or in a freakish manner.”).

. See note 4, supra.

. The majority opinion appears to distinguish Stephens on the ground that the flawed aggravating circumstance in Stephens was “facially unconstitutional,” whereas the two challenged aggravating circumstances in Williams are not facially unconstitutional per Gregg but are only alleged to be unconstitutional as applied. I fail to see why that distinction makes any sense at all, and no explanation is offered by the majority. As Justice Dennis said, dissenting in State v. Monroe, 397 So.2d 1258, 1281: “A verdict based upon evidence insufficient for a finding beyond a reasonable doubt is just as unconstitutional as one based on a facially unconstitutional statute. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 [,314, 320-24], 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979).”

. The different assumptions held by members of the Supreme Court as to the meaning and constitutionality of the Georgia Supreme Court’s position were illustrated in the Court’s opinion in Zant.
In Drake v. Zant, 449 U.S. 999, 101 S.Ct. 541, 66 L.Ed.2d 297 (1980), the Court declined to grant certiorari and vacate the judgments in two Georgia cases in which the death sentences — premised in part on the (b)(7) aggravating circumstance — were imposed prior to our decision in Godfrey v. Georgia, 446 U.S. 420, 100 S.Ct. 1759, 64 L.Ed.2d 398 (1980). Justice Stevens, concurring in the disposition, expressed the opinion that the Georgia Supreme Court’s position was so clear that there was no need to remand the cases for reconsideration in light of Godfrey. Id., at 1000, 101 S.Ct. at 542. Dissenting from the denial of certiorari, Justice Stewart stated that if one aggravating circumstance found by the jury “could not constitutionally justify the death sentence, Georgia law would prohibit a further finding that the error was harmless simply because of the existence of the other aggravating circumstance.” Id., at 1001, 101 S.Ct. at 542. He believed that the Georgia Supreme Court’s position on the issue was inconsistent with the Georgia capital punishment scheme because “only the trial judge or jury can know and determine what to do when upon appellate review it has been concluded that a particular aggravating circumstance should not have been considered in sentencing the defendant to death.” Ibid. JUSTICE WHITE, also dissenting, would have remanded for reconsideration in light of Godfrey, a disposition that “would allow the Georgia Supreme Court in the first instance to determine whether the death penalty should be sustained without regard to the validity of the Godfrey circumstance.” Id., at 1002, 101 S.Ct. at 543. He did “not understand the Georgia cases ... to hold either that the Georgia Supreme Court is without power to set aside a death penalty if it sustains only one of the aggravating circumstances found by the jury or that, although the court has that power, it invariably will not disturb the death penalty in such situations.” Ibid.
Zant v. Stephens, — U.S. at -, n.2, 102 S.Ct. at 1857 n.2.

. The Louisiana certification rule provides:
When it appears to the Supreme Court of the United States, or to any circuit court of appeal of the United States, that there are involved in any proceedings before it questions or propositions of law of this state which are determinative of said cause independently of any other questions involved in said case and that there are no clear controlling precedents in the decisions of the supreme court of this state, such federal court before rendering a decision may certify such questions or propositions of law of this state to the Supreme Court of Louisiana for rendition of a judgment or opinion concerning such questions or propositions of Louisiana law. This court may, in its discretion, decline to answer the questions certified to it.
The provisions of this rule may be invoked by the Supreme Court of the United States or any circuit court of appeal of the United States upon its own motion or upon the suggestion or motion of any interested party.
Louisiana Supreme Court Rule 12 (West 1981).

. Presumably since Zant is a habeas case, the Court will also be concerned with the role of a habeas court in reviewing the constitutionality of Stephens’ sentence.

. While the Court in Gregg did not specifically address the issue presented in Zant and Wi7-liams, since that issue (“nuance,” per Zant) was not presented in Gregg, it seems to me that the explicit reference in the opinion of Justices Stewart, Powell and Stevens (Gregg, 428 U.S. at 195, 96 S.Ct. at 2935) to the existence of meaningful appellate review of the factors relied upon by the jury in reaching its decision and specified by the jury in its Recommendation suggests that those Justices may have thought that the Georgia Supreme Court would, as a matter of state law, not to mention generally accepted principles of appellate review, review all those factors and vacate the sentence if any was unsupportable. In Gates v. State, 244 Ga. 587, 261 S.E.2d 349, 358 (1979), cert. denied, 445 U.S. 938, 100 S.Ct. 1332, 63 L.Ed.2d 772 (1980), the Georgia court has declined as a matter of state law to do that, just as in Monroe v. State, 397 So.2d 1258, 1276 (La. 1981), the Louisiana Supreme Court has declined as a matter of state law both to review all the factors relied on and to vacate the sentence if any is unsupportable. In Zant, the Court is asking, inter alia, for a more explicit statement of the principles of appellate review followed by the Georgia court. Depending upon what the Georgia court comes up with, the Court has indicated that it may have to reassess the constitutionality of the Georgia statute, at least as applied to multiple aggravating circumstances cases.

. The Louisiana Supreme Court determined there was no error as to claims nine and twelve. The majority agreed with the state court determination. I concur.