Court Opinion

ID: 8205817
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-12 20:03:23.436289+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:11.073744
License: Public Domain

2022 IL App (1st) 210949-U

                                            No. 1-21-0949

                                    Order filed September 12, 2022.

                                                                                       First Division

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the
limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
______________________________________________________________________________
                                               IN THE
                                  APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                          FIRST DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,                            )   Appeal from the
                                                                )   Circuit Court of
           Plaintiff-Appellee,                                  )   Cook County.
                                                                )
     v.                                                         )   No. 15 CR 11354
                                                                )
CHERISE MORRIS,                                                 )   The Honorable
                                                                )   Carl B. Boyd,
           Defendant-Appellant.                                 )   Judge Presiding.

           PRESIDING JUSTICE LAVIN delivered the judgment of the court.
           Justices Pucinski and Hyman concurred in the judgment.

                                              ORDER

¶1        Held: The trial court committed plain error by failing to exercise its discretion when it
                accepted a stipulated finding that defendant was fit to stand trial. The cause is
                remanded for a retrospective fitness hearing.
No. 1-21-0949

¶2      Following a 2019 jury trial, defendant Cherise Morris was found guilty of aggravated

unlawful use of a weapon (AUUW) (720 ILCS 5/24-1.6(a)(1), (3)(B-5) (West 2014)). 1 The trial

court imposed a sentence of two years of probation. On appeal, defendant contends that the trial

court committed reversible plain error by failing to exercise discretion when it accepted a stipulated

finding that she was fit to stand trial. For the reasons that follow, we reverse and remand for a

retrospective fitness hearing.

¶3      Defendant’s conviction arose from the events of May 13, 2015. Following arrest, she was

charged by indictment with two counts of AUUW. Prior to trial, the State nol-prossed one of the

counts. The case proceeded on the count alleging that on the day in question, she knowingly carried

in a vehicle an uncased, unloaded firearm with immediately accessible ammunition, and that she

had not been issued a currently valid license under the Firearm Concealed Carry Act (430 ILCS

66/1 et seq. (West 2014)). Because defendant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence

to sustain her conviction, we recount the facts here to the extent necessary to resolve the issue

raised on appeal.

¶4      After a jury was selected on July 16, 2018, defendant told the trial court, “I’m on pain

management. I’m on pain management. I’m on a doctor’s care on the pain management. I’m on

heavy meds. I’m on heavy meds.” In response, the court indicated that the defense team should

speak with defendant and continued the case.

        1
         The jury also found defendant guilty of one count of misdemeanor aggravated assault (720 ILCS
5/12-2(a) (West 2014)). The charge was based on the same incident underlying defendant’s AUUW
conviction, but was charged separately in a misdemeanor complaint. Prior to trial, the trial court granted
the State’s motion for joinder over defendant’s objection. It does not appear from the record that the trial
court imposed a sentence on the guilty finding for aggravated assault, and defendant did not list the
offense or include the trial court number for the misdemeanor charge, No. 15 MC 6003347, in her notice
of appeal.

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No. 1-21-0949

¶5     Two days later, defense counsel reported that after speaking with defendant and a

supervisor, the defense had determined defendant should be given a behavioral clinical

examination (BCX). Counsel explained that “there were some things that were a little bit odd

before—before this week; but at this point, it’s just really deteriorated to the point where I don’t

think she would be effective in assisting us in her defense.” The court asked counsel whether there

was a bona fide doubt as to defendant’s fitness to stand trial, and counsel said there was. The court

concluded that given counsel’s representation, the need for a BCX was “unavoidable at this time.”

The court dismissed the jury and continued the matter for completion of a BCX.

¶6     When the case was called on September 17, 2018, the trial court stated the matter had been

set for a fitness hearing. The State stated it would be “a stipulated fitness hearing,” and defense

counsel indicated the defense was ready to proceed. The State then read the following stipulation

into the record:

                “Judge, it is hereby stipulated by and between the parties that an order was entered

       on August 17, 2018, for Cherise Morris, defendant in this case, to be evaluated by the

       Forensic Clinical Services of the State of Illinois for the purposes of—for the purpose of

       assessing her fitness to stand trial, fitness to stand trial with medications, sanity at the time

       of the alleged offense, and the ability to understand Miranda.

                That an evaluation was completed by Fidel Echevarria, F-i-d-e-l, E-c-h-e-v-a-r-r-i-

       a, M.D. Ph.D., a staff psychiatrist with the Forensic Clinical Services of the State of Illinois,

       Circuit Court of Cook County.

                For his evaluation, he reviewed a psychological history prepared by Ms. Anna, I’ll

       spell the last name, B-a-r-t-o-s-z-e-k, an LSW of Forensic Clinical Services, dated August

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No. 1-21-0949

       6, 2018. Additionally, he reviewed reports from the Harvey Police Department related to

       the alleged offenses.

                And in a letter dated August 20, 2018, completed by Fidel Echevarria, he found the

       following:

                As a result of completing this clinical evaluation and review of documents and

       records, it is the opinion of the evaluator that to a reasonable degree of medical certainty

       and psychiatric certainty Cherise Morris is mentally fit to stand trial.

                In her present state of mind, the Defendant verbalized understanding the charges

       she faces, the nature of the purpose of the court proceedings against her, the roles of various

       courtroom personnel, and if she chooses, she should be fully capable of assisting her

       counsel in her defense.

                The evaluator went on to state that Ms. Morris is not presently prescribed any

       psychotropic medications nor are there any current indications of the need for one to be

       administered.

                The evaluator further states that it is his opinion to a reasonable degree of medical

       and psychiatric certainty that Cherise Morris was legally sane at the time of the alleged

       offense. And then also the evaluator goes on to state that it is his opinion to a reasonable

       degree of medical and psychiatric certainty that Cherise Morris would have understood her

       Miranda rights at the time of her arrest. So stipulated.”

¶7     Defense counsel echoed, “So stipulated.” The trial court then stated, “The Court will reflect

that this is the stipulated fitness hearing of [defendant]. The State has proved by a preponderance

of the evidence that [defendant] is fit to stand trial pursuant to the findings or the report of Dr.

                                                -4-
No. 1-21-0949

Fidel Echevarria. The correspondence is dated August 20, 2018.” Thereafter, the court and the

parties discussed scheduling the next court date.

¶8     At trial, the State presented evidence that on the date in question, defendant, who had never

applied for or been issued a concealed carry license, pointed a handgun at her neighbor in front of

their building. She then entered a car and began to drive away. A responding officer curbed the

car, observed a handgun on the front seat, and recovered a magazine with nine live rounds from

defendant’s pants pocket. The jury found defendant guilty of AUUW.

¶9     Two presentence investigation (PSI) reports were prepared and filed. The first, filed on

October 11, 2019, indicated, among other things, that defendant was suffering from a spinal, neck,

and shoulder injury. Defendant reported that she was taking several medications and indicated that

she was scheduled to see a therapist for depression, stress, and anxiety. The second PSI report,

filed on August 4, 2021, reflected that defendant previously suffered from a neck injury, had been

diagnosed with skin cancer and colon cancer, and was taking prescribed pain medication, anti-

inflammatory medication, and muscle relaxer medication. Defendant reported meeting once with

a mental health professional for an assessment, but stated that counseling was never recommended

and she was never diagnosed with a mental health or behavioral disorder. Defendant denied

suffering from excessive anxiety or stress and expressed that she did not feel a need to meet with

a mental health professional.

¶ 10   On August 4, 2021, the trial court sentenced defendant to two years of probation. Defendant

filed a timely notice of appeal that same day.

¶ 11   On appeal, defendant contends that the trial court committed reversible error by failing to

exercise discretion when it accepted a stipulated finding that she was fit to stand trial. She asserts

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No. 1-21-0949

that the only evidence presented at her fitness hearing was a “bare-bones” stipulation to an expert’s

conclusion that she was fit to stand trial. She argues that when the court uncritically accepted the

stipulation, it failed to exercise the discretion required by due process and Illinois’s statutory

scheme. Instead, she asserts, the trial court’s “bare-bones” conclusion effectively amounted to no

fitness hearing at all. She maintains that the proper remedy in this case is a new trial, not a

retrospective fitness hearing.

¶ 12   The State responds that defendant forfeited any challenge to the stipulated fitness hearing

where she affirmatively agreed to proceed via stipulation and also failed to preserve the issue for

appeal. The State further argues that the trial court committed no clear or obvious error where it

exercised its discretion in accepting the stipulation, which contained the basis for the expert’s

finding as well as his conclusion, and found that the State had met its burden of proof.

¶ 13   As an initial matter, we note, and the parties agree, that defendant failed to properly

preserve her claim of error for appellate review, as she did not object during the fitness hearing or

raise the issue in her posttrial motion. See People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176, 186 (1988).

Nevertheless, alleged errors concerning fitness to stand trial involve a fundamental right, thereby

making plain-error review appropriate. People v. Gipson, 2015 IL App (1st) 122451, ¶ 28.

¶ 14   The due process clause of the fourteenth amendment precludes the prosecution of a

defendant who is unfit to stand trial. People v. Holt, 2014 IL 116989, ¶ 51. A defendant is unfit to

stand trial if a mental or physical condition prevents her from understanding the nature and purpose

of the proceedings against her or assisting in her defense. 725 ILCS 5/104-10 (West 2018). The

issue of fitness to stand trial may be raised by the trial court, the defense, or the State at any time

before, during, or after trial, and the court may order a BCX of the defendant by a physician,

                                                 -6-
No. 1-21-0949

psychologist, or psychiatrist. Id. §§ 104-11(a), (b), 104-13(a). After the court has ordered a BCX

and received the corresponding report, it must hold a hearing to determine the defendant’s fitness.

Id. § 104-16(a). “On the basis of the evidence before it, the court *** shall determine whether the

defendant is fit to stand trial.” Id. § 104-16(d).

¶ 15    At the fitness hearing, “the trial court may consider an expert’s stipulated testimony to

assess a defendant’s fitness but may not rely solely on the parties’ stipulation to an expert’s

conclusion that the defendant is fit.” (Emphasis in original.) Gipson, 2015 IL App (1st) 122451,

¶ 30. “However, where the parties stipulate to what an expert would testify, rather than to the

expert’s conclusion, a trial court may consider this stipulated testimony in exercising its

discretion.” People v. Contorno, 322 Ill. App. 3d 177, 179 (2001). Although the court may utilize

an expert’s conclusion as to the defendant’s fitness, the ultimate decision is that of the court, not

the expert. People v. Shaw, 2015 IL App (4th) 140106, ¶ 26.

¶ 16    While a trial court is not required to make detailed findings regarding fitness, it should be

active, rather than passive, in assessing a defendant’s fitness. Gipson, 2015 IL App (1st) 122451,

¶ 29. Because the “ ‘issue is one of constitutional dimension, the record must show an affirmative

exercise of judicial discretion regarding the determination of fitness.’ ” Shaw, 2015 IL App (4th)

140106, ¶ 25 (quoting Contorno, 322 Ill. App. 3d at 179). The court must analyze and evaluate the

basis for an expert’s opinion, rather than merely rely on the expert’s ultimate opinion. People v.

Smith, 2017 IL App (1st) 143728, ¶ 86. The court’s finding of fitness will not be reversed absent

an abuse of discretion. Shaw, 2015 IL App (4th) 140106, ¶ 25.

¶ 17    The distinction between stipulations that are proper and improper “is a fine one.” Gipson,

2015 IL App (1st) 122451, ¶ 30. That distinction was drawn by our supreme court in People v.

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No. 1-21-0949

Lewis, 103 Ill. 2d 111, 115-16 (1984); see Gipson, 2015 IL App (1st) 122451, ¶ 30; People v.

Thompson, 158 Ill. App. 3d 860, 864 (1987). In Lewis, 103 Ill. 2d at 115-16, our supreme court

held that it is proper to stipulate that psychiatrists who had examined defendants would testify that,

in their opinions, the defendants were fit to stand trial, but improper to stipulate “to the conclusion”

or “to ‘the findings’ ” that the defendants were fit. Beyond the propriety of the stipulation, this

court has held that where the trial court’s determination of fitness is based not only on stipulations,

but also on the court’s review of a psychological report and its own observations of the defendant,

due process is generally satisfied. Gipson, 2015 IL App (1st) 122451, ¶ 30 (citing People v. Cook,

2014 IL App (2d) 130545, ¶ 15; People v. Esang, 396 Ill. App. 3d 833, 839 (2009)).

¶ 18   Here, the parties stipulated that Dr. Echevarria completed an evaluation of defendant and

reviewed relevant police reports and a psychological history prepared by a licensed social worker.

They further stipulated that “in a letter dated August 20, 2018,” Dr. Echevarria stated his opinion

that defendant was mentally fit to stand trial and, “in her present state of mind,” should be fully

capable of assisting her counsel in her defense. In our view, this stipulation falls on the improper

side of the line drawn by our supreme court in Lewis. The parties did not stipulate that, if called to

testify, Dr. Echevarria would state his opinion on defendant’s fitness. Rather, they simply

stipulated to his conclusion that she was fit. See Lewis, 103 Ill. 2d at 115-16; Thompson, 158 Ill.

App. 3d at 864.

¶ 19   Moreover, the trial court was passive in assessing defendant’s fitness. See Gipson, 2015 IL

App (1st) 122451, ¶ 29 (“the court should be active, not passive, in assessing a defendant’s

fitness”). Following the stipulation, the trial court simply stated, “The State has provided by a

preponderance of the evidence that [defendant] is fit to stand trial pursuant to the findings or the

                                                 -8-
No. 1-21-0949

report of Dr. Fidel Echevarria. The correspondence is dated August 20, 2018.” Its determination

appears to have been based solely on the stipulation. It did not question defendant or the attorneys

about the evaluation, and it does not appear from the record that it reviewed any report prepared

by Dr. Echevarria. See Thompson, 158 Ill. App. 3d at 865-66. We are mindful that the court

referenced “correspondence” dated August 20, 2018, in its findings and that the stipulation

referenced a “letter” with that same date. There is, however, no letter or correspondence with that

date in the record on appeal.

¶ 20    The record does contain, as a supplemental record, a psychiatric summary by Dr.

Echevarria dated August 17, 2018.2 However, this summary is not formatted as a “letter” or

“correspondence.” We decline to speculate that the stipulation and the court were referring to this

six-page summary report. While it is possible that the court made its fitness determination without

relying solely on the stipulation, the record fails to show that it made an independent inquiry and

affirmatively exercised its judicial discretion in concluding defendant was fit to stand trial. See

Smith, 2017 IL App (1st) 143728, ¶ 87.

¶ 21    Based on the record before us, we find that the fitness hearing failed to meet the minimal

due process standards necessary to find defendant fit to stand trial. In such circumstances, “ ‘[I]t

appears that retrospective fitness hearings are now the norm.’ ” Gipson, 2015 IL App (1st) 122451,

¶ 38 (quoting People v. Mitchell, 189 Ill. 2d 312, 339 (2000)); see also Smith, 2017 IL App (1st)

143728, ¶ 81 (“the appropriate remedy would be a retrospective fitness hearing”). Accordingly,

        2
         Finding no psychiatric report or summary included in the circuit court’s files, defendant
requested that this court order Forensic Clinical Services to release the report or summary prepared by Dr.
Echevarria on or around August 17, 2018. We granted the motion and defendant subsequently filed the
summary as a supplemental record. Nothing in the record on appeal (or defendant’s motions in this court),
demonstrates this summary was presented to the trial court.

                                                   -9-
No. 1-21-0949

we remand this matter to the trial court for a retrospective fitness hearing, at which the parties may

present the testimony of Dr. Echevarria regarding the opinion he held at the time of the fitness

hearing. See Gipson, 2015 IL App (1st) 122451, ¶ 38. The trial court may then decide whether

defendant is entitled to a new trial or if her conviction may be affirmed. See id.

¶ 22   For the reasons explained above, we reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent

with this order.

¶ 23   Reversed and remanded.

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