Court Opinion

ID: 4127069
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-02-17 15:05:43.485257+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:19:16.651279
License: Public Domain

2017 IL 117720

                                       IN THE
                               SUPREME COURT
                                           OF
                         THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

                                   (Docket No. 117720)

         STONE STREET PARTNERS, LLC, Appellee and Cross-Appellant, v.
     THE CITY OF CHICAGO DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE HEARINGS
                     et al., Appellants and Cross-Appellees.

                             Opinion filed February 17, 2017.

        CHIEF JUSTICE KARMEIER delivered the judgment of the court, with
     opinion.

        Justices Thomas, Kilbride, and Garman concurred in the judgment and opinion.

        Justice Freeman dissented, with opinion, joined by Justices Burke and Theis.

                                        OPINION

¶1       Stone Street Partners, LLC (Stone Street), brought this action in the circuit
     court of Cook County to obtain administrative review and declaratory and other
     relief, including an award of damages, after discovering that a judgment had been
     recorded against one of its properties for failure to pay $1050 in fines and costs
     imposed by the city of Chicago’s department of administrative hearings (the
     Department) for violation of various provisions of the city’s building code more
     than a decade earlier. Stone Street’s complaint, which named as defendants the city
     of Chicago, the Department and its director, and the city of Chicago’s department
     of buildings and the commissioner of that department (collectively the City),
     asserted that the original administrative proceedings were a nullity and could not
     serve as the basis for the judgment subsequently recorded against its property
     because, inter alia, it had not been given the requisite notice and therefore had no
     opportunity to contest the violations alleged by the City before judgment was
     entered against it.

¶2       Following a motion filed by the City pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code of
     Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-619 (West 2012)), the circuit court rejected Stone
     Street’s cause of action in its entirety. The appellate court, with one justice partially
     dissenting, subsequently affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further
     proceedings. 2014 IL App (1st) 123654. We allowed the City’s petition for leave to
     appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. July 1, 2013). For the reasons that follow, the
     judgment of the appellate court is affirmed, and the cause is remanded to the circuit
     court for further proceedings.

¶3                                     BACKGROUND

¶4       The standards governing this appeal are well established. A motion to dismiss
     under section 2-619 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-619 (West
     2012)) admits the legal sufficiency of the complaint but asserts that some
     affirmative matter defeats the plaintiff’s claim. When reviewing whether a motion
     to dismiss under section 2-619 should have been granted, we may consider all facts
     presented in the pleadings, affidavits, and depositions found in the record. Doe A. v.
     Diocese of Dallas, 234 Ill. 2d 393, 396 (2009). All well-pleaded facts along with all
     reasonable inferences that can be drawn from those facts are deemed admitted, and
     all pleadings and supporting documents must be interpreted in the light most
     favorable to the nonmoving party. Bjork v. O’Meara, 2013 IL 114044, ¶ 21.
     Because section 2-619 motions present a question of law, we give no deference to

                                               -2-
     the determinations by the lower courts. Our review is de novo. Doe A., 234 Ill. 2d at
     396.

¶5        The record before us, when viewed according to the foregoing principles,
     establishes the following. Stone Street is a limited liability company created in
     1998 and duly registered with the Illinois Secretary of State. Its registered agent is
     and has always been William G. Daluga, Jr. Mr. Daluga’s address is 200 W. Adams
     Street, Suite 2500, Chicago, Illinois 60606. According to state records, Stone
     Street’s principal office is located at 1343 N. Wells Street, ground level, Chicago,
     Illinois 60610. These addresses have been on file with the Secretary of State since
     1998 and have never changed.

¶6        Stone Street owns real estate located at 44-46 E. Superior Street, Chicago,
     Illinois 60611. 1 On March 19, 2009, the City recorded a judgment against that
     property. The judgment so recorded had actually been entered 10 years earlier, on
     September 9, 1999, following a hearing on that same date, by an administrative law
     officer in the City’s department of administrative hearings. The judgment was in
     the amount of $1050 and was based on the administrative officer’s determination
     that “Stone Street Partners” was liable for violation of various provisions of the
     City’s building code. One thousand dollars of this sum was a fine. Fifty dollars was
     for costs.

¶7       There is no evidence that Stone Street or anyone with authority to act on behalf
     of Stone Street had ever been notified of the building code violations that resulted
     in the 1999 judgment or the judgment itself, at any time prior to 2009. The
     “communication transmittal form” on which the building inspector had listed the
     violations to be addressed at the September 9, 1999, hearing showed that during the
     inspection, the owner was not present. Moreover, the document incorrectly
     identified the property’s owner as “1st Real Estate and Development.”

¶8       Issuance of the foregoing document apparently resulted after code violations
     discovered by City inspectors in the previous months remained uncorrected.
     However, neither that document nor the prior reports of violations were mailed to

         1
          The record shows that these are actually two separate buildings, 44 E. Superior Street
     and 46 E. Superior Street.

                                                -3-
     Stone Street’s office or the office of its registered agent, Mr. Daluga. The City
     destroyed most of the records regarding this matter, but the surviving materials
     indicate that the notices were actually mailed to Supera Properties, 2001 N. Halsted
     Street, No. 301, Chicago, IL, 60614. Supera Properties was neither an agent nor a
     representative of Stone Street. Copies were apparently also sent to this address:
     Stone Street Partners, 44 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60614. Forty-four E.
     Superior Street, however, was not Stone Street’s principal place of business, and
     Stone Street Partners is not the company’s name. The company is registered as
     Stone Street Partners, LLC, and its address was on N. Wells Street. The street name
     and number listed on the notice were actually those of the property where the
     violations were alleged to be, but even at that, the address was inaccurate. The zip
     code listed, 60614, was incorrect. The property owned by Stone Street is located in
     the 60611 zip code area.

¶9       While notice was never given to or received by Stone Street or its agents or
     representatives, a person named Keith Johnson entered a written appearance in the
     administrative proceeding that culminated in the fine against Stone Street. Johnson
     represented that he was there on behalf of Stone Street, but the address and phone
     number he gave corresponded to those of a business called “First Real Estate,” not
     Stone Street, and he left blank the section of the appearance form in which he was
     asked to state under oath that he was either the respondent/owner, lessee, attorney,
     or authorized agent/representative of Stone Street. 2 Although Johnson died before
     this litigation arose and therefore could not be questioned, the reason he refrained
     from selecting any of the options seems apparent. He could not do otherwise
     without committing perjury. Johnson was not employed by Stone Street and had no
     affiliation of any kind with the company. He did not even live in the subject
     property. So far as can be ascertained, he was merely the private caretaker for
     Philip Farley, the father of an attorney named Brian Farley, who was one of the
     members of Stone Street.

         2
          The name “First Real Estate” is similar to “1st Real Estate and Development,” the
     entity erroneously listed by the City’s inspector in his “communication transmittal form”
     as being the owner of the subject property. Whatever relationship Johnson had to that
     company is unknown, and there is no evidence in the record before us that the company,
     whatever its precise name, had any relationship to Stone Street.

                                               -4-
¶ 10       When Johnson was working for Philip in 1999, Philip, who is now also
       deceased, had suffered a stroke, was in ill health, and lacked the mental capacity to
       manage his own affairs. Due to his diminished mental capacity, Philip was not
       involved in the management or affairs of Stone Street and therefore could not have
       authorized Johnson to act on Stone Street’s behalf. 3 Moreover, there is no evidence
       that Stone Street or anyone associated with Stone Street ever took any action or
       made any representations that would indicate to others that Johnson had any
       authority to act on Stone Street’s behalf with respect to this or any other matter. To
       the contrary, Brian Farley, Philip’s son, stated unequivocally that he served as
       attorney for the company at the time and that if the company had been sent proper
       notice, he would have been the one to appear on the company’s behalf. According
       to Brian’s uncontested affidavit, Johnson had no authority to represent Stone Street,
       and the company “would not have sent a caretaker to defend the charges had it been
       properly provided with notice of this case.”

¶ 11        After Stone Street learned that a judgment had been recorded against the
       company’s property in 2009 based on the 1999 administrative judgment imposing
       the $1050 in fines and costs on “Stone Street Partners,” Brian Farley wrote to the
       City’s counsel in his capacity as Stone Street’s attorney to request that the judgment
       be released and that title to the property be cleared. When that effort proved
       unsuccessful, Stone Street sought relief from the City’s department of

           3
            The record does contain a document signed by Philip and dated August 26, 1999,
       accepting a proposal from a company called Ace Electric to perform some electrical work
       at 44-46 E. Superior Street. Putting aside the question of Philip’s competency to execute
       the document, nothing in the document references Stone Street, directly or indirectly. The
       circumstances of the transaction are unknown. It is possible that testimony from the
       September 9, 1999, administrative hearing or from an earlier hearing held in the case the
       previous month would have shed useful light on this. Unfortunately, no transcripts were
       made of those hearings, and the audio recordings of the hearings were destroyed by the
       City. Consistent with both the standards governing review of judgments granting motions
       under 2-619, which we discussed earlier, and longstanding principles of evidence and trial
       procedure governing situations where a party has destroyed evidence (see 89 C.J.S. Trial
       § 592 (2012); Miller v. People, 39 Ill. 457, 466 (1866); Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions,
       Civil, No. 5.01 (2011)), we infer that this missing evidence would not have supported the
       City’s position.

                                                  -5-
       administrative hearings. Specifically, the company asked the Department to vacate
       and set aside the September 9, 1999, judgment on the grounds that the company had
       never received notice of the charges or of any orders entered in the case. The
       company further contended that the proceedings leading to the 1999 administrative
       judgment were fatally flawed because regardless of Johnson’s relationship (or lack
       thereof) with Stone Street, he was not a lawyer and could not appear for the
       company without violating the prohibition against the unauthorized practice of law.

¶ 12       By order dated December 9, 2011, the administrative law officer for the
       Department “struck” Stone Street’s request for relief with prejudice on the grounds
       that the Department no longer had jurisdiction to set aside the September 9, 1999,
       judgment. Thus rebuffed again, Stone Street turned next to the circuit court of Cook
       County. There, Stone Street filed the complaint that gave rise to this appeal.

¶ 13       Stone Street’s complaint contained four counts. Count I sought administrative
       review of the December 9, 2011, decision by the Department striking with
       prejudice its motion to vacate and set aside the 1999 administrative judgment. That
       count, which was predicated on the provisions of the Administrative Review Law
       (735 ILCS 5/3-101 et seq. (West 2012)), asserted, among other things, (1) that
       there was no legal or factual support for the Department’s decision and (2) that the
       Department erred in failing to consider, on the merits, its claims that the September
       9, 1999, judgment was fatally flawed because Stone Street had not been given the
       requisite notice and opportunity to be heard in violation of the state and federal
       constitutions and because the judgment resulted from proceedings involving the
       unauthorized practice of law.

¶ 14       Count II of Stone Street’s complaint requested a declaratory judgment that the
       judgment recorded against its property in 2009 is null and void because the
       September 9, 1999, administrative judgment on which it is based (1) had expired,
       was not revived, and therefore was unenforceable under sections 12-101, 12-108,
       and 12-183 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/12-101, 12-108, 12-183
       (West 2012)); (2) was the product of proceedings involving the unauthorized
       practice of law; and (3) was entered against a nonexistent entity, namely, Stone
       Street Partners rather than Stone Street Partners, LLC. Stone Street also
       complained that in the 2011 administrative proceedings rejecting its efforts to
       vacate and set aside the 1999 judgment, the City was improperly represented by a

                                               -6-
       private law firm rather than its own corporation counsel. Stone Street further
       contended that the City’s unlawful actions placed a cloud on its title to the subject
       property and that it should receive monetary compensation, including an award of
       attorney fees, for the resulting damages it sustained.

¶ 15       Count III of Stone Street’s complaint incorporated by reference the previous
       allegations but sought recovery for slander of title based on the additional charge
       that in recording the September 9, 1999, administrative judgment and then refusing
       to take the necessary corrective action after being asked to do so by Brian Farley,
       the City had acted maliciously. Count IV claimed that the September 9, 1999, order
       imposing the $1050 in fines was void and unenforceable because the administrative
       complaint culminating in that order was neither drafted nor prosecuted by a
       licensed attorney and, in pursuing the complaint, the City was therefore engaged in
       the unauthorized practice of law.

¶ 16       The City moved to dismiss Stone Street’s cause of action in its entirety pursuant
       to section 2-619 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-619 (West 2012)).
       Following a hearing, the circuit court entered an order granting the City’s motion as
       to the claims asserted in counts II, III, and IV of the complaint. With respect to
       count I, which sought administrative review, the court affirmed the December 9,
       2011, judgment by the Department striking, for lack of jurisdiction, Stone Street’s
       challenge to the September 9, 1999, judgment imposing $1050 in fines and costs.

¶ 17       Stone Street appealed. As noted at the outset of this opinion, the appellate court
       affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings. 2014 IL
       App (1st) 123654. After reviewing the record and the applicable law, the appellate
       court concluded that Stone Street had not, in fact, been afforded the necessary
       notice and opportunity to be heard prior to entry of the September 9, 1999,
       judgment against it. Id. ¶ 13. It further opined that Stone Street cannot be deemed to
       have waived its objection to proper notice based on Johnson’s participation at the
       September 9 hearing. As grounds for this conclusion, the appellate court relied
       primarily on the fact that Johnson was not a licensed attorney. Citing a range of
       authorities, including this court’s recent decision in Downtown Disposal Services,
       Inc. v. City of Chicago, 2012 IL 112040, the appellate court held that nonattorneys
       cannot represent corporations in administrative hearings, particularly hearings of
       the type at issue here, “which involve testimony from sworn witnesses,

                                               -7-
       interpretation of laws and ordinances, and can result in the imposition of punitive
       fines ***.” 2014 IL App (1st) 123654, ¶ 16. It further noted, however, that even if
       Johnson had been a licensed attorney, the result would have been the same because
       the record affirmatively showed that Johnson lacked authority to represent Stone
       Street in any capacity. Id. ¶ 21.

¶ 18       Once it reached this conclusion, the appellate court next considered how the
       lack of notice affected the viability of the various counts asserted by Stone Street in
       its complaint. No discussion was needed regarding count IV, which alleged
       unauthorized practice of law by the City, because Stone Street had decided not to
       pursue its challenge to the dismissal of that count.

¶ 19        With respect to count I, the court opined that notwithstanding the fatal defect in
       the September 9, 1999, proceedings and judgment, the Department had no
       authority to revisit that judgment and its 2011 order striking Stone Street’s motion
       to vacate was therefore properly upheld on review by the circuit court. Id. ¶ 25. The
       appellate court also concluded that the circuit court had correctly dismissed count
       III of Stone Street’s complaint, which alleged slander of title. The appellate court
       held that this claim was barred by section 2-107 of the Local Governmental and
       Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act (745 ILCS 10/2-107 (West 2012)),
       which immunizes local public entities from liability for injury caused by any action
       of its employees that is libelous or slanderous. 2014 IL App (1st) 123654, ¶ 31.

¶ 20       The appellate court reached a different result with respect to count II, which
       sought declaratory and other relief. It held that Stone Street could not recover
       money damages under that count to the extent that such damages were premised on
       slander of title principles. As noted, the appellate court believed that the City was
       cloaked in statutory immunity with respect to such claims. Id. ¶ 28. At the same
       time, however, the appellate court concluded that because Stone Street’s complaint
       and related materials supported its claim that the 1999 administrative judgment was
       void because the requisite notice had not been given, Stone Street should be
       permitted to pursue equitable relief under count II in the circuit court. It therefore
       reversed in part as to that count and remanded to the circuit court for further
       proceedings.

¶ 21      One justice concurred in part and dissented in part. In her view, the circuit
       court’s dismissal of count II should have been affirmed in its entirety. Id. ¶¶ 43-45

                                                -8-
       (Connors, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). She also disagreed with the
       majority’s discussions regarding the unauthorized practice of law by Johnson and
       the City. In addition, contrary to a view expressed by the majority, the partially
       dissenting justice believed that this case warranted issuance of a certificate of
       importance pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 316 (eff. Dec. 6, 2006). 2014
       IL App (1st)123654, ¶ 51 (Connors, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).

¶ 22        The City petitioned our court for leave to appeal, which we allowed. Ill. S. Ct.
       R. 315 (eff. July 1, 2013). We have also permitted various parties to file friend of
       the court briefs under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 345 (eff. Sept. 20, 2010). The
       Illinois State Bar Association has filed a brief supporting Stone Street. The
       Attorney General of Illinois, the American Automotive Association, and a group
       including the Society for Human Resource Management have filed three separate
       briefs supporting the City. In addition, after the case was taken under advisement,
       we ordered supplemental briefing on the question of whether the notice of the
       building code violations and the 1999 administrative hearing was “adequate to
       acquire personal jurisdiction over Stone Street Partners, LLC, and satisfy due
       process.” That briefing has now been completed, and the matter is ready for a
       decision by this court.

¶ 23                                       ANALYSIS

¶ 24        The sole issue presented by the City’s appeal is whether the appellate court
       erred in concluding that count II of Stone Street’s should not have been dismissed
       in its entirety and that Stone Street should, instead, be permitted to proceed on the
       portions of count II that sought declaratory relief and elimination of the cloud on
       Stone Street’s title to its property on 44-46 E. Superior Street. As we have
       discussed, the basis for the appellate court’s ruling was that Stone Street had never
       been properly served with notice of the proceedings that resulted in the
       administrative judgment against it and that Johnson’s appearance at the September
       9, 1999, administrative hearing could not cure that defect. In assailing the appellate
       court’s decision, the City focuses on the court’s holding that Johnson’s appearance
       could not operate as a waiver of the City’s failure to provide Stone Street with
       proper notice because he was a layperson and his participation in the proceedings
       violated the prohibition against the unauthorized practice of law.

                                               -9-
¶ 25        The City urges us to reject that holding because, in its view, administrative
       proceedings conducted by the Department do not require specialized legal skill and
       training and the rationale for the general rule that corporations must be represented
       by attorneys in legal proceedings is inapplicable to administrative proceedings such
       as those conducted by the Department. The City argues, in the alternative, that even
       if the representation of corporations in proceedings before the Department does
       involve the practice of law and Johnson’s conduct here would otherwise run afoul
       of the prohibition against the unauthorized practice of law, this court should invoke
       its inherent authority to regulate the practice of law and hold that lay representation
       of corporations in administrative proceedings of the type conducted by the
       Department is permissible. If we are not disposed to take that view and instead
       agree with the appellate court that lay representation of corporations in proceedings
       before the Department is prohibited, the City asks that we give that holding only
       prospective effect.

¶ 26        The City is entirely correct that Johnson’s status is central to the viability of the
       claims asserted by Stone Street in count II of its complaint. But for Johnson’s
       presence at the September 9, 1999, hearing, there would be no basis for holding that
       Stone Street had been given adequate notice and an opportunity to be heard with
       respect to the building code violations that were the predicate for the $1050
       judgment recorded against its property. As we have indicated, the record is devoid
       of evidence that the City undertook the measures necessary to notify Stone Street of
       those violations in the manner and within the time required by law. Without such
       notice, the only way the subsequent proceedings could be given effect is if the lack
       of notice could be deemed to have been waived by someone with authority to waive
       it, and the only person who could possibly have effectuated such a waiver in this
       case is Johnson.

¶ 27       While Johnson’s role in the case is therefore critical, we disagree with the City
       that the viability of Stone Street’s cause of action turns on whether laypersons may
       represent corporations in administrative proceedings before the Department
       without violating the prohibitions against the unauthorized practice of law. In our
       view, resolving the issues of whether Johnson’s representation violated the ban on
       the practice of law by lay persons and, if so, whether such conduct should
       nevertheless be permitted in administrative proceedings before the Department is
       unnecessary for resolution of this case. The reason these issues need not be

                                                 - 10 -
       addressed was actually identified by the appellate court majority itself in its
       opinion: Johnson did not represent Stone Street in any capacity. 4

¶ 28        A defendant does not waive objection to a tribunal’s exercise of jurisdiction
       based on the participation of a person who has not been authorized by the
       defendant, expressly or impliedly, to appear on its behalf, and there is no proof of
       ratification. That is so even if the purported representative is a licensed attorney.
       When the facts show a lack of authorization, the representative’s acts are a nullity
       against the party for whom the appearance was entered. 2014 IL App (1st) 123654,
       ¶ 21 (citing Gray v. First National Bank of Chicago, 388 Ill. 124, 129 (1944)).

¶ 29       That is precisely the situation we have in this case. Not only is there no
       evidence—none—that Stone Street had authorized Johnson to represent it at the
       administrative hearing, there is no evidence that he had any relationship with Stone
       Street at all. To be sure, Johnson did fill out a form supplied by the Department on
       which he claimed to appear on behalf of the corporation. As we have previously
       noted, however, the Department’s form required the person completing it to
       specify, under oath, his relationship to the person or entity on whose behalf he
       purported to appear. Four choices were given: representative/owner, lessee,
       attorney, or authorized agent/representative. Mr. Johnson did not check any of
       these four options.

¶ 30       The form is straightforward and unambiguous. If Mr. Johnson left the four
       spaces blank because he did not understand what they meant, his capacity to
       understand the rest of the proceedings would be open to serious question. Even if
       one agreed with the City that the proceedings were so rudimentary that no “trained
       legal mind” was required, the bar for adequate representation is not so low that we

           4
            Because resolution of the unauthorized practice of law issue is not necessary to the
       disposition of the case, any statements or holdings by the appellate court with respect to
       whether laypersons may represent corporations in proceedings before the Department
       without violating the prohibition against the unauthorized practice of law were wholly
       advisory, as would be any statements made by this court on the issue. We therefore vacate
       those portions of the appellate court’s opinion which addressed that issue. See Oliveira v.
       Amoco Oil Co., 201 Ill. 2d 134, 157 (2002); Italia Foods, Inc. v. Sun Tours, Inc., 2011 IL
110350, ¶¶ 41-42.

                                                 - 11 -
       will deem it satisfied by someone who cannot make a check mark on the simplest of
       forms.

¶ 31       While Johnson is now deceased and cannot be questioned regarding his
       conduct, it seems evident that the reason he left the form incomplete is that
       checking any of the choices would have opened him to charges of perjury. The
       evidence in the record clearly shows that Johnson was not, in fact, the
       respondent/owner of the subject property; he was not the lessee—the address he
       gave for himself was down the street from the subject property; he was not a lawyer
       at all, much less a lawyer for Stone Street; and he was not the corporation’s
       agent/representative. In fact, he did not work for Stone Street in any capacity. His
       only connection with the corporation was through Philip Farley, the now deceased
       elderly father of Brian Farley, the LLC’s lawyer and one of its members. The senior
       Mr. Farley was in ill-health, having suffered from a stroke, and he was not involved
       in the management or affairs of Stone Street due to his diminished mental capacity.
       Mr. Farley lacked sufficient mental capacity to manage even his own affairs. That
       is where Mr. Johnson came in. He served as Mr. Farley’s personal caretaker. To be
       clear, he was not the caretaker of the building. He was only the caretaker for Mr.
       Farley.

¶ 32       Why Mr. Johnson, a personal caretaker, would take it upon himself to appear at
       the September 1999 hearing on building code violations is unknown. Whatever
       responsibilities Johnson had with respect to the personal care of Mr. Farley, there is
       nothing in the record that would support a finding that he had any actual authority
       to act on behalf of Stone Street, the property’s owner.

¶ 33       Nor is there any basis for concluding that Johnson possessed even apparent
       authority to bind Stone Street. Apparent authority arises where a principal creates,
       through words or conduct, the reasonable impression that the putative agent has
       been granted authority to perform certain acts. State Security Insurance Co. v.
       Burgos, 145 Ill. 2d 423, 431-32 (1991). The idea behind the doctrine is that if the
       principal created the appearance of authority, it should be estopped from denying
       that authority where doing so would operate to the detriment of a third party. Id. at
       432; O’Banner v. McDonald’s Corp., 173 Ill. 2d 208, 213 (1996). Nothing like that
       occurred here. At no time did Stone Street ever take any action, overtly or even
       through acquiescence, that could reasonably have been construed as conferring

                                               - 12 -
       authority on Johnson to act on its behalf at the hearing or for any other purpose.
       And while a principal can ratify and thereby retroactively authorize an agent’s
       action by accepting the benefits of that action (Christopher B. Burke Engineering,
       Ltd. v. Heritage Bank of Central Illinois, 2015 IL 118955, ¶ 24), no such thing
       happened here either.

¶ 34       In the context of administrative hearings, due process of law specifically
       requires a definite charge, adequate notice, and a full and impartial hearing. Ellison
       v. Illinois Racing Board, 377 Ill. App. 3d 433, 444-45 (2007). These threshold
       requirements have been incorporated into the Illinois Municipal Code (65 ILCS
       5/1-1-1 et seq. (West 2012)), which provides: “[p]arties shall be given notice of an
       adjudicatory hearing which includes the type and nature of the code violation to be
       adjudicated, the date and location of the adjudicatory hearing, the legal authority
       and jurisdiction under which the hearing is to be held, and the penalties for failure
       to appear at the hearing.” 65 ILCS 5/1-2.1-5(b) (West 2012). The Chicago
       Municipal Code likewise provides that “[b]efore any administrative adjudication
       proceeding may be conducted, the parties shall be afforded notice in compliance
       with this section” (Chicago Municipal Code § 2-14-074(a) (amended Apr. 29,
       1998)) and that the issuer of the notice specify

          “his or her name and department; where known, the name and address of the
          person or entity charged with the violation; the date, time and place of the
          violation; and the section of the code or departmental rule or regulation which
          was allegedly violated; and shall certify the correctness of the specified
          information by signing his or her name to the notice. A notice of hearing shall
          also include the date, time and location of the hearing and the penalties for
          failure to appear at the hearing.” Chicago Municipal Code § 2-14-074(b)
          (amended Apr. 29, 1998).

¶ 35       To reiterate what we have already said, there is no dispute that Stone Street
       received no such notice with respect to the building code violations that gave rise to
       this litigation. The notice issued by the City was never served on the corporation’s
       registered agent or sent to the corporation’s principal place of business as required
       by section 2-14-074(c) of the Chicago Municipal Code (Chicago Municipal Code
       § 2-14-074(c) (amended Apr. 29, 1998)). As the appellate court correctly
       recognized (2014 IL App (1st) 123654, ¶ 14), the only possible way this

                                               - 13 -
       fundamental lapse could be cured is if the lack of proper notice was subsequently
       waived by Johnson’s appearance at and participation in the hearing. As we have
       already explained, however, no such waiver can be imputed to Stone Street.
       Because it is manifest from the record before us that Johnson’s actions were neither
       authorized nor ratified by Stone Street, anything he did or failed to do at the hearing
       did not cure the City’s failure to properly serve the corporation. Issues regarding
       the unauthorized practice of law are immaterial. Even if Johnson had been an
       attorney, his lack of actual or apparent authority to act on Stone Street’s behalf and
       the absence of after-the-fact ratification of his conduct by Stone Street precludes
       any claim by the City that Johnson’s conduct operated as a waiver by Stone Street
       of the company’s objections to the City’s failure to notify it of the violations or the
       hearing thereon as required by law.

¶ 36        The notice requirements were jurisdictional prerequisites that the Department
       was required to follow in order for it to have authority to hear the case and
       adjudicate the charges against Stone Street. In re Abandonment of Wells Located in
       Illinois, 343 Ill. App. 3d 303, 307 (2003); see Newkirk v. Bigard, 109 Ill. 2d 28, 36
       (1985). Because Stone Street was never properly served with notice and because
       Johnson had no authority to appear on the company’s behalf, the Department failed
       to acquire personal jurisdiction over it. The Department’s 1999 judgment imposing
       fines on Stone Street was therefore void ab initio and could be attacked at any time,
       either directly or collaterally. See In re Abandonment of Wells Located in Illinois,
343 Ill. App. 3d at 307; City of Chicago v. Fair Employment Practices Comm’n, 65
Ill. 2d 108, 112-13 (1976); Siddens v. Industrial Comm’n, 304 Ill. App. 3d 506, 511
       (1999); People v. Smith, 275 Ill. App. 3d 844, 850-51 (1995). Accordingly,
       regardless of whether the Department could itself have set aside the void judgment
       in the context of the 2011 administrative proceeding, the judgment could have been
       set aside by the circuit court as Stone Street requested. The appellate court was
       therefore correct when it held that Stone Street should have been permitted to
       pursue its claims to quiet title and obtain declaratory relief to invalidate all
       proceedings premised on the void 1999 judgment and that the portions of count II
       seeking such relief should therefore not have been dismissed by the circuit court.

¶ 37      Stone Street has cross-appealed, arguing that the appellate court’s judgment
       should be affirmed for the additional reason that the 2009 judgment recorded
       against its property was null and void because the 1999 judgment on which it was

                                               - 14 -
       based had expired by the time the City attempted to enforce it. Because we have
       already determined that the 1999 judgment was void and unenforceable for lack of
       notice, resolution of Stone Street’s additional basis for challenging that judgment
       would not alter the outcome of this case. Whether or not Stone Street’s argument is
       meritorious, the company may, on remand, pursue its claims to quiet title and
       obtain declaratory relief as set forth in count II of its complaint. The issue raised by
       Stone Street in its cross-appeal is therefore moot. See Commonwealth Edison Co. v.
       Illinois Commerce Comm’n, 2016 IL 118129, ¶ 10.

¶ 38                                      CONCLUSION

¶ 39       For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the appellate court is affirmed, and
       the cause is remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings consistent with
       this opinion.

¶ 40      Appellate court affirmed.

¶ 41      Cause remanded.

¶ 42      JUSTICE FREEMAN, dissenting:

¶ 43       We granted the City’s petition for leave to appeal in this case to address the
       appellate court’s holding and the conflict it created regarding the representation of
       corporations in administrative proceedings. The majority does not address the
       unauthorized practice of law issue, finding it “immaterial” to the resolution of this
       case. Supra ¶ 35. I disagree. Not only does the majority not address this issue, it
       invalidates a final administrative order based on an incomplete and inadequate
       record. I cannot agree with this either. For the following reasons, I respectfully
       dissent.

¶ 44       The majority holds that, since the Department’s notice of the building code
       violations to Stone Street was deficient and Johnson’s appearance at the
       administrative hearing did not waive jurisdiction because Johnson was not
       authorized to represent Stone Street in any capacity, the Department’s 1999

                                                - 15 -
       judgment was void ab initio, and Stone Street could pursue its claims to quiet title
       and obtain declaratory relief. Supra ¶¶ 29, 36.

¶ 45       I would hold that this court should not invalidate a final administrative order
       based on an incomplete and inadequate record such as the one here. Additionally, I
       would address the unauthorized practice of law issue and hold that the
       representation of a corporation at Department proceedings does not constitute the
       practice of law.

¶ 46       As the majority notes, personal jurisdiction, unlike subject-matter jurisdiction,
       can be waived. Belleville Toyota, Inc. v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc., 199 Ill.
2d 325, 333 (2002); State Bank of Lake Zurich v. Thill, 113 Ill. 2d 294, 308 (1986).
       I disagree with the majority that we are able to discern from the record here that
       there was no waiver of jurisdiction. Its finding is based on a record that can only be
       described as woefully inadequate. The majority acknowledges that the City
       destroyed “most” of the administrative record, yet it is willing to invalidate a final
       administrative order based on the incomplete record that remains. 5 The majority’s
       conclusion is not only unwarranted but unwise. If we permit or even endorse such a
       practice here, the message we send to future litigants is that they can void an
       administrative agency’s final order based on an incomplete and inadequate record.
       This should not be.

¶ 47       I set forth below some additional facts to explain why I believe the record is
       inadequate to conclusively establish that no waiver of jurisdiction occurred. In June
       1999, a City building inspector found numerous building code violations at Stone
       Street’s property at 44-46 East Superior Street in Chicago. To remedy the
       violations, Stone Street needed to install carbon monoxide detectors, remove
       garbage and debris from the rear of the building and from the ground floor rear
       hallway, install adequate lighting and exit signs in exit areas, recharge fire
       extinguishers, repair the rear door, and make arrangements to reinspect the
       property. The administrative law officer’s order from the August 12, 1999, hearing
       indicated that someone appeared on Stone Street’s behalf and that person claimed

          5
            The administrative record was destroyed in accordance with the Local Records Act
       (50 ILCS 205/1 et seq. (West 2000)).

                                               - 16 -
       the violations had been corrected. 6 The property was reinspected, and the next
       hearing occurred on September 9, 1999. Keith Johnson appeared at that hearing,
       purportedly on behalf of Stone Street, and submitted two exhibits: a picture of a
       carbon monoxide detector that had been installed at the property and a copy of a
       contract for electrical work to be performed at the property. The contract was dated
       August 26, 1999, and was signed by “Phil Farley.” The administrative law officer’s
       order indicated that liability was contested and found Stone Street liable for five of
       the seven violations, resulting in a $1050 fine. 7

¶ 48       On March 23, 2009, the Law Offices of Talan & Ktsanes, as special assistant
       corporation counsel for the City, sent a letter to Stone Street indicating that the City
       had recorded a lien against the property as a result of the Department’s 1999
       judgment. The letter was addressed to Stone Street Partners, LLC, and sent to its
       principal place of business at 1343 N. Wells Street in Chicago. A copy of the
       Department’s 1999 judgment was included with the letter. An affidavit from
       Robert Talan indicated that he recorded the lien with the Cook County recorder of
       deeds on March 19, 2009, and notified Stone Street in a letter dated March 23,
       2009.

¶ 49       Notwithstanding the 2009 letter from the Law Offices of Talan & Ktsanes,
       Stone Street claimed that it learned of the Department’s judgment in 2011. Stone
       Street then sought to invalidate the judgment, first with a motion to vacate and
       subsequently by filing a complaint in the circuit court of Cook County. Its motion
       to vacate was supported by an affidavit from Brian Farley, a member of Stone
       Street. The affidavit indicated, as the majority notes, that Johnson was neither an
       attorney nor an employee of Stone Street and was not authorized to represent Stone
       Street. 8 It further indicated that Johnson was a caretaker for Philip Farley and that
       in 1999, Philip did not have the mental capacity to manage his own affairs and was
       not a manager or involved in the management or affairs of Stone Street because of
       his diminished mental capacity. 9 Brian further averred that “[i]f Stone Street had

           6
             It is unknown who appeared on behalf of Stone Street at the August hearing, and the
       audio recording of the hearing was destroyed with most of the record.
           7
             The audio recording of the hearing was destroyed with most of the record.
           8
             Johnson died in 2004.
           9
             According to Stone Street, Philip died in 2009.

                                                - 17 -
       been sent proper notice of this case, I would have appeared in 1999 on behalf of
       Stone Street and defended the charges,” and that Stone Street “would not have sent
       a caretaker to defend the charges.”

¶ 50       I first find problematic the fact that a hearing occurred on August 12, 1999, and
       the administrative law officer’s order indicated that someone appeared on behalf of
       Stone Street and claimed the building code violations had been corrected. The
       majority briefly acknowledges the August hearing in a footnote but does not
       consider the hearing in its analysis. It only determines that Johnson’s appearance at
       the September hearing did not waive jurisdiction. We do not know who appeared at
       the August hearing, what was said at the hearing, and whether that person waived
       jurisdiction. 10 We do know that the administrative law officer permitted someone
       to appear on Stone Street’s behalf, and there is nothing to call into question the
       officer’s determination that the appropriate parties were present to conduct the
       hearing.

¶ 51       Second, it is unknown how Johnson came to appear at the September 9, 1999,
       hearing and how he came to possess the exhibits he submitted at the hearing that
       corresponded to the building code violations. Since the audio recording of the
       hearing no longer exists, we do not know whether Johnson informed the
       administrative law officer of any purported relationship he might have had to Stone
       Street. I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that the only reason Johnson did
       not check any of the boxes on the appearance form was because in doing so he
       would be committing perjury. We simply do not know why Johnson did not check
       any of the boxes or whether a discussion occurred at the hearing addressing the
       issue. Additionally, the contract for electrical work that was performed at the
       property, which was signed by “Phil Farley,” raises more questions. Even Stone
       Street acknowledges that it does not know how Philip became aware of the building
       code violations. And, as the majority notes, there is a question as to Philip’s
       competency to execute the document, if indeed he lacked the mental capacity to
       manage his own affairs or those of Stone Street, as Stone Street alleged.

          10
            The person who did appear may not have been Johnson, since Johnson’s appearance
       form was dated September 9, 1999. If Johnson had already appeared at the August hearing,
       it would have been unnecessary to file another appearance.

                                                - 18 -
¶ 52       Next, we do not know why Stone Street was unaware of the 2009 letter from the
       Law Offices of Talan & Ktsanes. As it was addressed to Stone Street Partners,
       LLC, and mailed to its principal place of business, Stone Street should have
       received the letter. Though this fact does not shed light on the issue of whether
       Stone Street waived jurisdiction, it is another unanswered question due to the
       incomplete record in this case.

¶ 53       Lastly, I disagree with the majority’s characterization of Brian Farley’s
       affidavit as “uncontested.” Supra ¶ 10. Brian claimed that had Stone Street been
       sent proper notice of the building code violations, he would have personally
       appeared to defend the charges. However, as alleged by Stone Street in its class
       action complaint, Stone Street sent a nonattorney to defend against a building code
       violation for an overflowing dumpster in 2013. 11 Shortly after the appellate court’s
       opinion in this case, Stone Street filed a class action lawsuit against the City and the
       Department seeking to invalidate all of the Department’s judgments, including
       fines, penalties, and costs, which resulted from Department proceedings where
       nonattorneys represented corporations. Brian also claimed that Stone Street would
       not have sent a caretaker to defend the charges. However, we do not know from the
       record the scope of Johnson’s caretaking duties, the extent of his relationship with
       Philip and the Farley family, and his knowledge about real estate matters. The
       majority states that it is “unknown” why Johnson “would take it upon himself” to
       appear at the hearing. Supra ¶ 32. I agree that it is unknown what led to Johnson’s
       appearance at the hearing, but I disagree with the conclusion that Johnson must
       have taken it upon himself to appear. It does not seem plausible that Johnson took it
       upon himself to appear at an administrative hearing to defend against building code
       violations for a property he knew nothing about and for a corporation with which he
       had no association. What is unknown here is the person or persons who became
       aware of the building code violations at the property and what steps were taken and
       by whom to attempt to remedy the violations.

¶ 54       I point out the above facts to show why I find problematic the majority’s
       conclusion that no waiver of jurisdiction occurred here. The majority’s conclusion
       is based on an incomplete record, which requires the majority to engage in

          11
            See Class Action Complaint, ¶ 17, Stone Street Partners, LLC v. City of Chicago,
       No. 2014 CH 07058 (Cook Co., Apr. 24, 2014).

                                                - 19 -
       speculation, conjecture, and assumptions to arrive at its conclusion. Frankly, the
       minimal record we do have raises more questions than it answers. In challenging
       the Department’s judgment, Stone Street bears the burden of establishing a lack of
       jurisdiction. See Cullen v. Stevens, 389 Ill. 35, 37-38 (1944) (in the case of a
       collateral attack on a judgment, all presumptions are in favor of the validity of the
       judgment attacked, and want of jurisdiction must appear on the face of the record).
       I disagree that Stone Street has met that burden based on the incomplete record
       here.

¶ 55       Additionally, I would address the unauthorized practice of law issue and hold
       that the representation of a corporation at Department proceedings does not
       constitute the practice of law. Further, I would find that Johnson was not engaged in
       the unauthorized practice of law at the Department’s hearing.

¶ 56       The majority does not address the unauthorized practice of law issue. However,
       that issue was part of the appellate court’s reasoning for invalidating the 1999
       judgment. The appellate court held that Johnson did not waive jurisdiction because
       he was not authorized to represent Stone Street and because a nonattorney could not
       represent a corporation at Department proceedings. The appellate court also seems
       to have invalidated the Department’s rule that permitted parties to be represented
       by “an attorney or authorized representative.” The unauthorized practice of law
       issue and the validity of the Department’s rule are squarely before us, having been
       adjudicated by the appellate court and now having been fully briefed in this court.
       Not only is it appropriate for this court to address, it is advisable. As a result of the
       appellate court’s opinion, the Department’s website includes a section titled “Stone
       Street Corporation Notice,” which advises corporations that they must be
       represented by an attorney. 12 Even though the majority vacates those portions of
       the appellate court opinion that concerned the unauthorized practice of law, the
       Department will still wonder whether it must require an attorney to represent a
       corporation. We should not pass on addressing the issue today when it is properly
       before us only to have to revisit it in the future. I note that this case has consumed
       the time of numerous attorneys for the City and Stone Street, several administrative

           12
                See       City     of    Chicago,   Stone    Street    Corporation     Notice,
       https://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/ah/supp_info/Stone_Street_Corporation_Not
       ice.html (last visited Feb. 14, 2017).

                                                - 20 -
       law judges, and all three levels of this state’s judicial system over a period of 17
       years. I would address the issue as follows.

¶ 57        This court has the inherent power to define and regulate the practice of law in
       Illinois. Downtown Disposal Services, Inc. v. City of Chicago, 2012 IL 112040,
       ¶ 14; People ex rel. Chicago Bar Ass’n v. Goodman, 366 Ill. 346, 349-50 (1937).
       The purpose of our rules is to safeguard the public from individuals unqualified to
       practice law and to ensure the integrity of our legal system. Downtown Disposal,
       2012 IL 112040, ¶ 14. There is no mechanistic formula to define what is and is not
       the practice of law. Id. ¶ 15. The character of the acts themselves is examined to
       determine if the conduct constitutes the practice of law and each case is largely
       controlled by its own peculiar facts. Id. It is immaterial whether the acts are done in
       an office, before a court, or before an administrative body, since the character of the
       act done, and not the place where it is committed is the factor that is decisive of
       whether it constitutes the practice of law. Goodman, 366 Ill. at 357. We have said
       that the practice of law consists of “ ‘the giving of advice or rendition of any sort of
       service *** when the giving of such advice or rendition of such service requires the
       use of any degree of legal knowledge or skill.’ ” People ex rel. Chicago Bar Ass’n
       v. Barasch, 406 Ill. 253, 256 (1950) (quoting People ex rel. Illinois Bar Ass’n v.
       Schafer, 404 Ill. 45, 50 (1949)).

¶ 58       In Downtown Disposal, this court considered whether a corporation’s
       president, who was not an attorney, was engaged in the unauthorized practice of
       law when he filed a complaint for administrative review on behalf of the
       corporation. The corporation maintained that the president had not engaged in the
       unauthorized practice of law because to file the complaint for administrative
       review, he had merely filled in blanks on a simple form that did not require the use
       of any legal expertise. Before rejecting this argument, we noted the general rule that
       a corporation must be represented by counsel in legal proceedings. Downtown
       Disposal, 2012 IL 112040, ¶ 17. The rule stems from the fact that a corporation is
       an artificial entity that must always act through agents and there may be questions
       as to whether a particular person is an appropriate representative. Id. We further
       noted that since the interests of the corporate officers and those of the corporation
       may not always be the same, requiring an attorney to represent a corporation in
       legal proceedings mitigates this problem. Id. In concluding that the corporation’s
       president had engaged in the unauthorized practice of law, we reasoned that:

                                                - 21 -
              “A complaint for administrative review is essential to preserve one’s right
          to appeal an administrative decision and invokes the appellate review
          mechanism. The filing of the complaint affects the substantial legal rights of the
          party seeking administrative review, in this case, Downtown Disposal. As such,
          only an individual representing the corporation itself can ascertain whether it is
          best for a corporation to pursue review of an administrative decision and invoke
          the appellate mechanism.” Id. ¶ 18.

¶ 59       To determine whether a corporation must be represented by an attorney at
       administrative proceedings before the Department, we look to the character of the
       acts involved in the representation and whether those acts require the use of any
       degree of legal skill or knowledge. The Department is a municipal office created by
       chapter 2-14 of the Chicago Municipal Code (Chicago Municipal Code § 2-14-010
       et seq. (added July 10, 1996)). It is authorized to conduct administrative
       adjudication proceedings for departments and agencies of the city and for other
       units of government acting pursuant to intergovernmental agreements with the city.
       Chicago Municipal Code § 2-14-010. The Department is extensive and currently
       maintains four divisions: the buildings hearings division, the environmental safety
       and consumer affairs hearings division, the municipal hearings division, and the
       vehicle hearings division. City of Chicago Department of Administrative Hearings
       R. 1.1 (amended Nov. 8, 2011). 13 The director of the Department is charged with
       adopting the rules and regulations that govern proceedings at the Department. City
       of Chicago Department of Administrative Hearings Rs. 1.2–1.4. These rules and
       regulations differ greatly from the rules that govern proceedings in the circuit
       courts. Most notably, the Illinois Administrative Practice Act, the Illinois Code of
       Criminal Procedure, and the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure do not apply to
       Department proceedings. City of Chicago Department of Administrative Hearings
       R. 1.7 (citing City of Chicago v. Joyce, 38 Ill. 2d 368, 373 (1967), County of Macon
       v. Board of Education of Decatur School District No. 61, 165 Ill. App. 3d 1 (1987),
       and Desai v. Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, 125 Ill. App. 3d
1031, 1033 (1984)). There are other significant differences as well. Discovery is
       not permitted except by leave of an administrative law officer. City of Chicago

          13
               See     https://cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/dol/rulesandregs/DOAH
       ProceduralRules.pdf (last visited Feb. 14, 2017).

                                               - 22 -
       Department of Administrative Hearings R. 6.3 (amended Nov. 8, 2011). A
       subpoena may only be issued by an administrative law officer. City of Chicago
       Department of Administrative Hearings R. 6.4 (amended Nov. 8, 2011). A
       continuance may be granted only upon a finding of good cause. City of Chicago
       Department of Administrative Hearings R. 6.5. Prehearing motions are limited to
       motions for leave to request discovery, subpoenas, and continuances. City of
       Chicago Department of Administrative Hearings R. 6.2 (amended Nov. 8, 2011).
       Posthearing motions are limited to seeking enforcement of an administrative law
       officer’s order (Chicago Municipal Code § 2-14-103 (added Apr. 29, 1998)),
       setting aside a default order (Chicago Municipal Code § 2-14-108 (added Apr. 29,
       1998)), obtaining relief from a final order of liability entered in error (Chicago
       Municipal Code § 2-14-109 (added Apr. 29, 1998)), and obtaining review of fines
       of $10,000 or more (Chicago Municipal Code § 2-14-195 (amended Nov. 8,
       2012)). City of Chicago Department of Administrative Hearings R. 11.1. The
       “formal” and “technical” rules of evidence do not apply, and hearsay evidence may
       be admitted if it is of a type commonly relied upon by reasonably prudent persons
       in the conduct of their affairs. City of Chicago Department of Administrative
       Hearings R. 8.5. An administrative law officer may ask questions of the parties and
       witnesses, if necessary, to ensure the clarity and completeness of the testimony and
       the record. City of Chicago Department of Administrative Hearings R. 8.6
       (amended Nov. 8, 2011). Further, certain violations of the Chicago Municipal Code
       may be adjudicated by mail rather than at a hearing. City of Chicago Department of
       Administrative Hearings R. 9.6 (amended Oct. 29, 2013).

¶ 60        In fact, the Department’s rules and regulations are more akin to the rules that
       apply to small claims proceedings in the circuit court, which are governed by
       Illinois Supreme Court Rules 281 through 288. Small claims actions are
       commenced in the circuit court with the filing of a “short and simple complaint.”
       Ill. S. Ct. R. 282(a) (eff. July 1, 1997). Although a corporation may not appear as
       claimant, subrogee, or counterclaimant unless represented by counsel, a
       corporation may appear as a defendant through any officer, director, manager,
       department manager, or supervisor of the corporation. Ill. S. Ct. R. 282(b) (eff. July
       1, 1997). The rule broadly defines “officer” as the president, vice president,
       registered agent, or other person vested with the responsibility of managing the
       affairs of the corporation. Id. Small claims actions can be tried by a jury with only 6
       jurors, and no discovery is permissible except by leave of court. Ill. S. Ct. Rs. 285

                                               - 23 -
       (eff. Jan. 1, 1964), 287(a) (eff. Aug. 1, 1992). No motions other than those as
       provided for in sections 2-619 and 2-1001 of the Code of Civil Procedure are
       permitted without prior leave of court. Ill. S. Ct. R. 287(b) (eff. Aug. 1, 1992). The
       court may, on its own motion or on motion of any party, adjudicate the dispute at an
       informal hearing. At such a hearing, all relevant evidence is admissible and the
       court may relax the rules of procedure and the rules of evidence. Additionally, the
       court may call any person present at the hearing to testify and may conduct or
       participate in direct and cross-examination of any witness or party. Ill. S. Ct. R. 286
       (eff. Aug. 1, 1992).

¶ 61       Considering the character of the acts involved in the representation of a
       corporation at Department proceedings and whether those acts require the use of
       legal skill or knowledge, I would find that such representation does not constitute
       the practice of law. As noted above, the practice of law consists of the giving of
       advice or rendering of a service when doing so requires the use of any degree of
       legal knowledge or skill. See Barasch, 406 Ill. at 256. The character of the acts
       involved in proceedings before the Department do not require the use of legal
       knowledge or skill. When a person appears at Department proceedings, that person
       need not have any knowledge of procedural or evidentiary rules and the
       Department’s administrative law officer can ask questions of the parties and
       witnesses to ensure the clarity and completeness of the testimony and the record. A
       person need only know factual information relevant to the ordinance violation at
       issue. Municipal ordinance violations do not involve the interpretation of complex
       legal concepts or terminology and are easily understood by laypersons. For
       example, it does not require a “trained legal mind” to comprehend and defend
       against the building code violations at issue here (failure to install carbon monoxide
       detectors, remove garbage and debris from the building, install lighting and exit
       signs in exit areas, recharge fire extinguishers, and repair the rear door). Cf.
       Goodman, 366 Ill. at 355-56 (interpreting the Workers’ Compensation Act (now
       codified at 820 ILCS 305/1 et seq. (West 2014)) and holding that appearing before
       the Industrial Commission requires a high degree of legal skill and a “trained legal
       mind”). Appearing on behalf of a corporation before the Department to contest
       such violations or to present evidence that the violations have been remedied does
       not constitute the practice of law.

                                               - 24 -
¶ 62       When a corporation defends itself against municipal violations at Department
       proceedings, it is in much the same position as when it appears as a defendant in a
       small claims proceeding, where it can be represented by a nonattorney. As noted
       above, the rules that apply to small claims proceedings and the rules and
       regulations that apply to Department proceedings are very similar. The fact that we
       have authorized the representation of corporations as defendants in small claims
       proceedings by nonattorneys lends support to the conclusion that a corporation may
       be represented at Department proceedings by a nonattorney.

¶ 63       I also find Grafner v. Department of Employment Security, 393 Ill. App. 3d 791
       (2009), and Sudzus v. Department of Employment Security, 393 Ill. App. 3d 814
       (2009), instructive. Both cases concluded that a nonattorney’s representation of a
       corporation at an unemployment compensation hearing before the Department of
       Employment Security did not constitute the unauthorized practice of law. In
       Grafner, the defendant church was represented at the hearing by a nonattorney
       representative. The appellate court noted that the representative’s participation
       during the hearing merely consisted of asking fact-clarifying, follow-up questions
       that did not require the use of legal knowledge or skill. Grafner, 393 Ill. App. 3d at
       800. Noting that simplicity and informality are the intended features of such
       hearings, the court reasoned that the representative was not engaged in the
       unauthorized practice of law because his fact-clarifying questions were not of the
       nature requiring complex legal analysis and his actions did not require a lawyer’s
       training for their proper performance. Id. at 801.

¶ 64       In Sudzus, the defendant corporation was represented at the unemployment
       compensation hearing by the corporation’s owner, a nonattorney. The appellate
       court noted that the owner’s actions consisted of giving simple, fact-based answers
       to questions and of asking clarifying questions at the hearing referee’s request.
       Sudzus, 393 Ill. App. 3d at 823-24. The court reasoned that the owner had not
       engaged in the unauthorized practice of law because the character of his actions did
       not require legal knowledge or skill nor had he provided legal opinions or advice.
       Id. at 824.

¶ 65      I find the reasoning in Grafner and Sudzus persuasive. Similar to the
       nonattorney representative’s actions in those cases, Department proceedings
       involve the presentation of fact-based information that does not require complex

                                               - 25 -
       legal analysis. Since the appellate court’s opinion is at odds with Grafner and
       Sudzus, we should address the conflict.

¶ 66        I also find Downtown Disposal distinguishable and the appellate court’s
       reliance on it misplaced. In Downtown Disposal, we considered whether the act of
       filing a complaint for administrative review in the circuit court constituted the
       practice of law. We found that such an act was the practice of law since determining
       whether to file an appeal affects the substantial legal rights of the party seeking
       administrative review and only an attorney representing a corporation can ascertain
       whether an appeal is in the corporation’s best interest. Downtown Disposal, 2012
IL 112040 ¶¶ 18-19. We did not in any way consider the issue presented in the case
       at bar—whether the representation of a corporation at Department proceedings
       constitutes the practice of law. Our statement that a corporation must be
       represented by counsel in legal proceedings should not be read so broadly or taken
       out of context. See Touhy v. State Board of Elections, 62 Ill. 2d 303, 310 (1976)
       (each opinion must be read in the context of the specific problem that was before
       the court). That statement preceded an explanation of the nature of corporations and
       how they must always act through agents. See Downtown Disposal, 2012 IL
112040, ¶ 17. If this court intended to bar nonattorneys from representing
       corporations in every legal proceeding, we would not have authorized such
       representation in small claims actions. I would conclude that the appellate court
       erred in holding that a corporation must be represented by an attorney at
       Department proceedings.

¶ 67       Having reached the above conclusion, I would also address whether Johnson’s
       actions at the hearing constituted the unauthorized practice of law. Johnson
       submitted two exhibits at the hearing: a picture of a carbon monoxide detector that
       had been installed at the property and a copy of a contract for electrical work to be
       performed at the property. These acts did not require the expertise that only a
       lawyer is qualified to provide. In fact, no legal knowledge or skill was necessary to
       present the exhibits. Accordingly, I would find that Johnson was not engaged in the
       unauthorized practice of law at the hearing.

¶ 68       Regarding Stone Street’s request for cross-relief, I would remand the cause to
       the appellate court for consideration of Stone Street’s remaining contentions. See
       Standard Mutual Insurance Co. v Lay, 2013 IL 114617, ¶ 36.

                                              - 26 -
¶ 69       In conclusion, I would hold that the record is insufficient for Stone Street to
       invalidate the 1999 judgment, the representation of a corporation at Department
       proceedings does not constitute the practice of law, and Johnson was not engaged
       in the unauthorized practice of law. I would reverse the appellate court’s judgment
       and remand the cause to the appellate court for consideration of Stone Street’s
       remaining contentions.

¶ 70      JUSTICES BURKE and THEIS join in this dissent.

                                             - 27 -