Court Opinion

ID: 2657745
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-03-24 20:55:18.262772+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:00:33.462204
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/24/14 Caravayo v. Covert CA5

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

MITCHELL ANDREW CARAVAYO,
                                                                                           F066458
         Plaintiff and Appellant,
                                                                              (Super. Ct. No. CV-275425)
                   v.

JENNIFER COVERT,                                                                         OPINION
         Defendant and Respondent.

         APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Kern County. Sidney P. Chapin,
Judge.
         Mitchell Andrew Caravayo, in propria persona, for Plaintiff and Appellant.
         No appearance for Respondent.
                                                        -ooOoo-
         Plaintiff Mitchell A. Caravayo appeals from an order dismissing his case for
failure to serve the defendant with summons and a copy of the complaint within the time
required by the Trial Court Delay Reduction Act (Gov. Code, § 68600 et seq.) and
California Rules of Court, rule 3.110(b) & (f). After reviewing the record of the
proceedings, we conclude that it was within the trial court’s discretion to dismiss
Caravayo’s action, but it was error to dismiss with prejudice. We vacate the dismissal
and remand for entry of an order of dismissal without prejudice.
                                     BACKGROUND
       On November 17, 2011, Caravayo, a state prison inmate acting as his own
attorney, filed a complaint for damages. The only defendant named in the caption is
“Jennifer Covert, RN”; no Doe defendants are named. The first three pages of the
complaint are typewritten; immediately underneath the caption is the heading “General
Allegations,” under which are three sections with separate headings.
       In the first section, labeled “Introduction,” Caravayo alleges the complaint arises
from the defendant’s “intentional and general negligent act(s) or omission(s) . . . during
[plaintiff’s] confinement in the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitations
(“CDCR”), at Kern Valley State Prison (“KVSP”), . . . [,]” lists the issues to be decided,
and recites the duties of registered nurses. In the next section, labeled “Parties,”
Caravayo alleges that “Defendant Jennifer Covert, Registered Nurse is, and at all relevant
times herein was employed by the CDCR as a registered nurse at KVSP”; he “is informed
and believes” that “defendant J. Covert is a properly trained and licensed registered
nurse” responsible for the medical care of all prisoners at KVSP; and at all times, Covert
“acted under color of State law, in the course and scope of her employment, and is being
sued in her individual and official capacity(s).” In the last section, labeled “Exhaustion
of Administrative Remedies,” Caravayo alleges he exhausted his administrative remedies
as required by statute. Caravayo’s signature appears at the end of the third page.
       Attached to the three-page typewritten complaint is an eight-page Judicial Council
form complaint, PLD-PI. The form complaint names “Jennifer Covert, RN” as the only
defendant, with no Doe defendants named. In paragraph 5, which states that “[e]ach
defendant named above is a natural person[,]” the box under a.(4) is checked, which
states that “J. Covert, RN” is “a public entity (describe) Registered Nurse @ KVSP
employed by CDCR.” The form complaint alleges two causes of action – general

                                              2.
negligence (medical malpractice) and intentional tort (civil battery) – arising from
Covert’s act of giving him a hepatitis-C injection, which he asserts caused him nerve
damage and pain. A number of exhibits pertaining to his administrative appeal follow the
form complaint.
       On December 15, 2011, the trial court issued a notice of order to show cause,
which ordered Caravayo to appear on March 1, 2012, “to give any legal reason why
sanctions shall not be imposed for failure to serve the complaint on all named defendants
and file proof(s) of service with the court within sixty (60) days after the filing of the
complaint pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 3.110.” Caravayo was also notified
that a case management conference was set for May 15, 2012.
       In a letter to the court clerk filed on January 13, 2012,1 Caravayo stated he had not
received the file stamped copy of his complaint and therefore could not serve the
“defendants.” On February 6 the trial court directed the clerk to make a copy of the
entire case file for Caravayo. The court also ordered Caravayo to prepare and submit a
proposed summons for issuance by the clerk’s office and, once the summons issued, to
contact the sheriff’s civil office for assistance with completing service of the summons
and complaint.
       The court received an original and one copy of Caravayo’s proposed summons on
February 16. Caravayo asked the clerk to process the summons and return it to him. On
February 17, he filed an application for an order extending time to effect personal service
on “defendant Jennifer Covert, RN[,]” as well as a “return to show cause order.” In a
declaration, Caravayo said he needed an additional 60 days to serve the complaint and
file a proof of service since he did not receive the file stamped copy of the complaint
until February 9 and he had to work with the Kern County Sheriff to effect personal

       1   Unless otherwise stated, all references to dates are to the year 2012.

                                               3.
service. Caravayo appeared telephonically at the March 1 hearing on the order to show
cause, which the trial court continued to April 30.
       On March 5, the court issued and filed the summons, which listed “Jennifer
Covert, RN” as the defendant. In the boxes at the bottom of the summons which state in
what capacity the person is being served, two boxes were checked, box one, that Covert
was being served as an individual defendant, and box 3, that she was being served on
behalf of “[t]he CDCR, CCP, § 416.50 (Public Entity).”
       On March 26, the court clerk received a letter from Caravayo, in which he
explained he was returning the summons because it was not issued under the seal of the
court, as the clerk failed to affix the court’s seal as required by Code of Civil Procedure
sections 153, subdivision (b) and 412.20, subdivision (a). Caravayo asked the clerk to
affix the seal and return the summons to him. Caravayo also filed an ex parte motion to
correct the defective summons.
       On April 27, Caravayo filed a return to the show cause order, in which he argued
the imposition of sanctions for failing to personally serve the defendant was unjust
because he had not yet received the valid summons. Caravayo asked the court to order
the clerk to reissue a valid summons and extend the time to effect personal service on
“defendant Jennifer Covert, RN.” Caravayo appeared telephonically at the April 30
hearing. The court continued both the hearing on the order to show cause, and the case
management conference set for May 15, to June 29.
       On June 7, the court filed a letter from Caravayo in which he stated his address
had changed because the CDCR had reassigned him from Ironwood State Prison to
KVSP. On June 14, Caravayo filed a case management statement in which he stated the
defendant had not been served because the clerk issued a “facially defective summons
where the seal of the court was not affixed” on March 5, and a valid summons had not
been issued. On June 29, Caravayo filed a return to the show cause order, in which he
argued sanctions should not be imposed because he did not receive the corrected

                                             4.
summons until June 8, when CDCR staff, who had opened the mail containing the
summons by mistake, delivered it to him.
       Caravayo appeared at the June 29 hearing on the order to show cause by
telephone. Caravayo confirmed that he received a copy of the summons bearing the
court’s seal. The trial court continued the order to show cause hearing to August 28 and
the case management conference to September 27. The court authorized telephone
appearances for Caravayo at both hearings, and ordered the civil fast track clerk to notify
court call regarding this authorization. The clerk did so and notified the KVSP litigation
coordinator about the order to appear.
       On August 8, Caravayo filed objections that he said “arise from a change in
circumstances” related to his case management statement filed on June 14 and heard on
June 29. Caravayo complained about the failure of prison officials to deliver the
summons to him for 74 days, and stated he did not mail his summons and complaint to
the Kern County Sheriff between June 8 and June 29 because he was afraid prison
officials would open his mail and arbitrarily obstruct or destroy it. Caravayo asked the
court to read his objections into the record and rule on them as soon as possible.
       Caravayo’s return to the show cause order was filed on August 17, in which he
argued that sanctions should not be imposed because he had asked the Kern County
Sheriff to serve the complaint, but they refused. Caravayo declared that on July 11, he
submitted his summons and complaint to the Kern County Sheriff to effect personal
service on defendant Jennifer Covert, RN; on July 23, the sheriff returned the summons
and complaint to him, asserting technical irregularities; on August 1, he resubmitted the
summons and complaint to the sheriff stating that any technical irregularity was not the
sheriff’s concern, and absolved the sheriff from liability in the execution of process or
return; and as of August 11, the sheriff had not returned either the summons and
complaint, or the proof of service.

                                             5.
       Caravayo attached the document he received from the sheriff’s office. The
“Notice of Action Taken” states that they were unable to process his request because:
(1) only one of the three boxes at the bottom of the summons should be marked; (2) he
needed to submit a copy of the documents for the sheriff’s file; (3) he must “[r]etain one
of the complaints. If the PLD form is submitted it will need to be filed with the court
first”; and (4) “[t]he instructions need to state the name of all the documents to be served
and the last date for service.”
       At the August 28 hearing on the order to show cause, at which Caravayo appeared
telephonically, the trial court denied his proposed order on the objections and continued
the hearing to September 27, to be held concurrently with the case management
conference. The court authorized a telephonic appearance for Caravayo on that date.
The court instructed Caravayo to submit the documents returned from the sheriff’s office,
including the letter of instruction regarding the inability to serve the summons and
complaint, to the court for its review.
       Caravayo did so on September 10. Caravayo informed the court that the sheriff
refused to serve the complaint unless there was a file stamp affixed to the face of the
“optional” judicial council form complaint, even though his papers had been filed with
the court. Included in the submitted documents was a July 12 letter from Caravayo to the
Kern County Sheriff, in which Caravayo stated he had enclosed copies of his “PIC,
summons & copy of the fee waiver, and other associated documents”; asked the sheriff to
serve Jennifer Covert, RN at her last known place of business at KVSP; and stated it was
personal service, only Covert was to be served, and substitute service was not authorized.
       Caravayo also included his August 1 letter to the sheriff, in which he asserted the
reasons given for refusing to serve the documents were “meritless” as the Lassen County
Sheriff had served an identical summons without any difficulties. Caravayo explained
the defendant was being sued in both her individual and official capacities, therefore she
was being served on behalf of a public entity, and service of process was dual. Caravayo

                                             6.
also explained that the judicial council form complaint was part of the entire complaint,
which the court accepted for filing. Caravayo asserted that any technical irregularities
was for the court, not the sheriff’s office, to decide. Caravayo questioned why the
sheriff’s office needed a copy of the summons and complaint, as he was not litigating
against them, and asserted the additional documents were ancillary to the complaint and
“of no concern to the Sheriff.” Caravayo excused the sheriff from liability in the service
of the court’s process and stated he would subpoena the sheriff if they continued to assert
“nonexistent technical irregularities of no concern to the Sheriff.” Caravayo asked the
sheriff to execute personal service of the summons and complaint on the defendant as
soon as possible.
       On August 22, the sheriff’s office returned the documents to Caravayo, stating
they were unable to process the request. The “Notice of Action Taken” explained that
while they could accept the “notice to person served” on the summons as marked and did
not need a “file copy due to you stated you do not want the documents subserved[,]”
(1) pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 411.10, they needed “only one complaint
and it must be filed with the court,” (2) pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 262
and “proof of service Judicial form your instructions must state the name of the
documents to be served,” and (3) they would not have a “time limit for service for a
Summons unless you specify a last date for service.”
       On September 20, Caravayo filed a case management statement in which he stated
that he had not served the defendant because the sheriff first returned the papers
“asserting nonexistent technical irregularities”; he had resubmitted the summons and
complaint “refuting the technical irregularities asserted” as they do not affect the
substantive rights of the parties or the sheriff; and the sheriff returned the summons and
complaint a second time conceding the summons was issued by valid authority but his
“optional use” of the judicial council form needed to be filed even though the complaint
had been filed since November 17, 2011. Caravayo claimed the sheriff did not have

                                             7.
standing to assert technical irregularities that do not affect the substantial rights of the
parties or the sheriff, and the sheriff could only refuse to serve the documents if the court
clearly did not have jurisdiction.
        Caravayo did not appear at the September 27 hearing on the order to show cause.
The court took the matter under submission and stated it would review the documents
regarding service. The case management conference was to be set pending the ruling on
the order to show cause. On October 18, the court received a “Ltr of Concern” from
Caravayo, in which he explained he did not appear at the September 27 hearing because
prison staff at KVSP did not provide him with his Court Call appearance. Caravayo
asked the court to reschedule the hearing.
       On November 8, the court issued a minute order dismissing the action with
prejudice. The court explained its ruling as follows: “The plaintiff has created ambiguous
and confusing forms of pleadings, i.e. attaching together a non form complaint and form
complaint without separate endorsements. Either complaint only names a single
defendant, Covert, individually. There is no other defendant, including Doe defendants,
named as a party for whom Covert would be an authorized agent for service of process.
The plaintiff insists on arguing with the civil division of the Sheriff’s Office and the court
clerk concerning the processing of his confusing papers which do not conform to the
California Rules of Court, nor the pleading or process statutes. It has now been almost
twelve (12) months since plaintiff filed his action, far exceeding the allowable time for
service of properly conforming, appropriate papers on the defendant.” The court further
stated that the case management conference would not be reset. An order dismissing the
action with prejudice was filed on November 12.
                                        DISCUSSION
       In this appeal, Caravayo challenges the trial court’s dismissal of his case with
prejudice. The California Supreme Court has instructed that an order dismissing an
action is presumed correct, and may not be reversed on appeal unless the appellant meets

                                               8.
his or her burden of showing that the trial court abused its discretion. (Howard v. Thrifty
Drug & Discount Stores (1995) 10 Cal.4th 424, 443.)2
         The trial court acted within its discretion in imposing a sanction of dismissal.
Government Code section 68608, subdivision (b)3 permits a trial judge to dismiss an
action for failure to comply with provisions of the Trial Delay Reduction Act “if it
appears that less severe sanctions would not be effective after taking into account the
effect of previous sanctions or previous lack of compliance in the case.” As suggested by
that language, in deciding whether to impose the sanction of dismissal, “judges are
required to consider the history of the conduct of the case.” (Tliche v. Van Quathem
(1998) 66 Cal.App.4th 1054, 1061.) Dismissal of an action is appropriate only if less
severe sanctions would be ineffective. (Id. at pp. 1061-1062.)
         The trial court dismissed Caravayo’s personal injury action because he failed to
timely serve his complaint in compliance with California Rules of Court, rule 3.110(b),4
which provides that a “complaint must be served on all named defendants and proofs of
service on those defendants must be filed with the court within 60 days after the filing of
the complaint.” Since Caravayo is self-represented, it was his responsibility to timely
serve his complaint in compliance with rule 3.110. Therefore, dismissal of his action for
noncompliance with that rule is appropriate unless less severe sanctions would have been
effective.

         There was no respondent’s brief filed in this case. Even in the absence of a
         2
respondent’s brief, however, an appellant has the burden of showing reversible error.
(See County of Lake v. Antoni (1993) 18 Cal.App.4th 1102, 1104; Cal. Rules of Court,
rule 8.220(a)(2).)
         3   Subsequent statutory references are to the Government Code unless otherwise
noted.
         4   Subsequent references to rules are to the California Rules of Court.

                                                 9.
       The record reflects that lesser sanctions would not have been effective in this case.
Although there were delays in service that were not Caravayo’s fault, such as the court’s
initial failure to issue a summons with a seal and the prison’s delay in delivering the
corrected summons to him, once Caravayo received the correct summons, the trial court
gave him an additional 60 days to serve the defendant. During that time, Caravayo
submitted the summons and complaint to the sheriff for personal service, but the sheriff
was unable to attempt service until Caravayo corrected the summons to reflect the
capacity in which the defendant was being served, to submit a copy of the documents for
the sheriff’s file, to list the name of all the documents to be served and the deadline for
completion of service, and to submit only one complaint for filing – either the non-form
complaint or the judicial council form complaint – and if the judicial council form
complaint was to be served, to obtain a file stamp thereon.
       Instead of attempting to correct the deficiencies pointed out, Caravayo returned the
documents to the sheriff for service, telling the sheriff to accept the summons for service
without question, refusing to provide a copy of the complaint or to list the documents to
be served, and explaining that the complaint was comprised of both the non-form
complaint and the judicial council form complaint, both of which had been filed with the
court. While the sheriff thereafter was willing to serve the summons as marked and
agreed it did not need a file copy of the complaint, it still insisted on being given only one
complaint, a list of the documents to be served, and a time limit for service. Again,
instead of supplying the information and attempting to correct the complaint, Caravayo
asserted the sheriff had no standing to raise these “technical irregularities.”
       Based on Caravayo’s refusal to provide the sheriff with the information needed to
effect service, the court reasonably could have concluded that a sanction less than
termination of the action would not have been effective in compelling Caravayo to
comply with the rules for service. Caravayo complains that he did not have notice and an
opportunity to be heard before his case was dismissed. But the trial court issued an order

                                             10.
to show cause why sanctions should not be imposed for Caravayo’s failure to serve the
defendant in December 2011. The order to show cause hearing was continued four times.
After each continuance, Caravayo was provided with notice that the next hearing was a
continuation of the order to show cause, and at each continued hearing, he was provided
with the opportunity to be heard. The case ultimately was dismissed, not because
Caravayo failed to appear at the final order to show cause hearing on September 27, but
because he failed to serve the complaint within 60 days of its filing.
       Caravayo asserts he could not furnish an adequate appellate record because he is
unable to pay the required fees for reporter’s transcripts, claiming a miscarriage of
justice. An indigent litigant is not entitled to a waiver of reporter’s transcript costs on
appeal. (City of Rohnert Park v. Superior Court (1983) 146 Cal.App.3d 420, 430-431.)
Neither this court nor the trial court could grant him a waiver of reporter’s fees. (See
Rules 3.55, 3.56, 8.26; Judicial Council Forms, form APP-015/FW-015 INFO,
Information Sheet on Waiver of Appellate Court Fees (Supreme Court, Court of Appeal,
Appellate Division).) Reimbursement of such fees may only be obtained in accordance
with Business and Professions Code, section 8030.2 et seq.
       We have reviewed Caravayo’s remaining arguments that dismissal is precluded as
a matter of law, including that the trial court should have liberally construed the
pleadings, allowed him to amend the complaint, directed the court clerk to correct what
he describes as a “clerical error,” or should not have accepted the complaint for filing.
We conclude those arguments are uniformly without merit.
       We note that Caravayo may not avoid compliance with the rules of civil procedure
because he is a self-represented inmate. The California Supreme Court has instructed
that “mere self-representation is not a ground for exceptionally lenient treatment.”
(Rappleyea v. Campbell (1994) 8 Cal.4th 975, 984.) “Except when a particular rule
provides otherwise, the rules of civil procedure must apply equally to parties represented
by counsel and those who forgo attorney representation.” (Id. at pp. 984-985.)

                                              11.
        Nonetheless, we agree with Caravayo that the trial court erred in dismissing the
lawsuit with prejudice. Although section 68608 permits a trial judge to dismiss an action
for failure to comply with provisions of the Trial Delay Reduction Act, dismissal with
prejudice is only to be imposed as a last resort. “‘In the absence of express statutory
authority, a trial court may, under certain circumstances, invoke its limited, inherent,
discretionary power to dismiss claims with prejudice.’ [Citation.] However, this inherent
power to dismiss with prejudice is circumscribed. [Citation.] In order to determine
whether a plaintiff’s actions warrant a dismissal of a claim with prejudice, a court must
first ‘discern whether the plaintiff’s pattern of conduct was so “severe [and] deliberate”
as to constitute extreme circumstances.’ [Citation.] Second, a court must ‘look to see
whether alternatives less severe than dismissal are available.’ [Citation.] ‘The “‘sound
exercise of discretion requires the judge to consider and use lesser sanctions’” unless the
court’s authority cannot possibly be otherwise vindicated.’” (People v. Lockwood (1998)
66 Cal.App.4th 222, 229-230.) Ordinarily, the sanction of dismissal with prejudice for
failure to effect service is imposed only after two years have elapsed without service.
(Code Civ. Proc., § 583.420, subd. (a); see Lyons v. Wickhorst (1986) 42 Cal.3d 911,
915.)
        The trial court’s dismissal of Caravayo’s action with prejudice was the first
sanction imposed for his failure to effect service of process. There was no reason to
conclude that the lesser sanction of dismissal without prejudice would have been
insufficient to accomplish the court’s purpose and “vindicate” “the court’s authority.”
Accordingly, we conclude it was an abuse of discretion to dismiss Caravayo’s action with
prejudice and remand for the limited purpose of entry of an order of dismissal without
prejudice.

                                             12.
                                    DISPOSITION
      The trial court’s dismissal order of November 12, 2012 is vacated and the matter
remanded for entry of an order dismissing Caravayo’s action without prejudice.

                                                              _____________________
                                                                           Gomes, J.
WE CONCUR:

 _____________________
Cornell, Acting P.J.

 _____________________
Peña, J.

                                          13.