Court Opinion

ID: 24179
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 08:18:43+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:57:31.828780
License: Public Domain

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

                             No. 00-60364

                          Summary Calendar

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                             Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                 versus

ANDRE JORDAN JOHNSON, also known as Byrd,

                                             Defendant-Appellant.

            Appeal from the United States District Court
              For the Northern District of Mississippi
                            (3:96-CR-1-S)

                            April 18, 2001

Before HIGGINBOTHAM, WIENER, and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

     Andre Jordan Johnson was convicted of conspiracy to possess

and aiding and abetting possession with intent to distribute more

than 200 pounds of marijuana.1     Johnson raises several challenges

to his sentence.    We affirm.

     *
      Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that
this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except
under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.
     1
         See 21 U.S.C. §§ 841, 846.
                                          I

     Johnson asserts that the district court erred in applying the

career-offender     enhancement        under      U.S.S.G.     §    4B1.1.       This

enhancement     requires     two     prior      convictions        for   “controlled

substance offenses.”         Johnson argues that neither of the prior

offenses forming the basis for this enhancement supports its

imposition.     Since Johnson did not object to the enhancement at

sentencing, we review for plain error.2

                                          A

     First, Johnson argues that his 1992 Tennessee conviction for

solicitation to commit a sale of cocaine is not a controlled

substance offense within the meaning of § 4B1.2 of the Sentencing

Guidelines, which defines “controlled substance offense.” He cites

the Sixth Circuit case United States v. Dolt,3 which held that the

Florida    solicitation      statute      was    not    a   controlled      substance

offense.      The   court    in    Dolt    distinguished       solicitation      from

attempt,     conspiracy,     and   aiding       and    abetting,    which    §   4B1.2

explicitly    includes      within   the      scope    of   controlled      substance

offenses.4     This circuit, however, has not ruled on the issue

     2
       See Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b). Even purely legal rulings by
the district court, if not objected to, are reviewed for plain
error. See United States v. Calverley, 37 F.3d 160, 162-63 (5th
Cir. 1994) (en banc).
     3
         27 F.3d 235 (6th Cir. 1994).
     4
         Id. at 238-39; see also U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2 cmt.1 (2001).

                                          2
presented    in   Dolt;   whether   solicitation   can   be   a   controlled

substance offense remains an open question.5             No other circuit

besides the Sixth has ruled on this precise question.             Indeed, no

circuit has followed Dolt when addressing related questions;6 and

one has suggested that Dolt’s reasoning is flawed.7               The Sixth

Circuit itself has distinguished Dolt when holding that Tennessee’s

solicitation statute is a “crime of violence” within the meaning of

§ 4B1.2 when the defendant was convicted of soliciting armed

robbery.8

     We are thus faced with a district court ruling on a question

of first impression in this circuit where there is no authority

from other circuits that would tend to compel, or even suggest, a

holding by this circuit.9      Under these circumstances, and assuming

     5
       Cf. United States v. Williams, 120 F.3d 575, 579 (5th Cir.
1997) (distinguishing Dolt). No court has ruled on whether the
Tennessee solicitation statute is a controlled substance offense.
     6
       See United States v. Shabazz, 233 F.3d 730, 733-34 (3d Cir.
2000); United States v. Williams, 176 F.3d 714, 717 n.4 (3d Cir.
1999); United States v. Williams, 120 F.3d 575, 579 (5th Cir.
1997); United States v. Cox, 74 F.3d 189, 190 (9th Cir. 1996).
     7
         See Cox, 74 F.3d at 190.
     8
         See United States v. Walker, 181 F.3d 774, 780-81 (6th Cir.
1999).
     9
      Compare this case to United States v. Leonard, 157 F.3d 343,
345-46 (5th Cir. 1998), where this court found plain error in a
district court’s error on a legal question of first impression when
the language of the sentencing guideline was clear and the other
circuits to address the issue had all reached the same conclusion.

                                      3
without deciding that the district court erred, we cannot say that

any error was plain.

                                       B

      Second, Johnson argues that his January 19, 1996 federal

conviction for aiding and abetting possession of cocaine with

intent to distribute cannot be used to support the career-offender

enhancement.      He argues that the Guidelines’ requirement of “two

prior felony convictions” requires that those two convictions

become final before the defendant commits the crime to which the

enhancement applies.     Johnson argues that his 1996 conviction was

not final because he had not been sentenced in that case when he

committed the crime for which he was convicted in the instant

case.10     This argument has no merit.       The Guidelines explicitly

state that “the defendant [must have] committed the instant offense

of   conviction    subsequent     to   sustaining   at   least   two   felony

convictions of . . . a controlled substance offense . . . .              The

date that a defendant sustained a conviction shall be the date that

the guilt of the defendant has been established, whether by guilty

plea, trial, or plea of nolo contendere.”11 There is no requirement

that the defendant have been sentenced for his “two prior felony

convictions.”     Johnson had pleaded guilty before he committed the

crimes in the instant case.

      10
        The government presented evidence at trial of Johnson’s
involvement in the alleged conspiracy starting April 22, 1996.
      11
           U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(c).

                                       4
                                           II

     Johnson     contends         that    by    failing    to   comply     with    the

requirements of 21 U.S.C. § 851, the district court could not

enhance Johnson’s sentence based on his prior convictions.                         The

government replies that the prior convictions were used only for

enhancements     under      the    Sentencing      Guidelines,       not   statutory

enhancements     to   the    maximum      sentence   under      21   U.S.C.   §   841.

Section    851   only    applies     to    statutory      enhancements.12         Thus,

compliance with section 851 was not required in this case.

                                          III

     Johnson argues that the district court erred in increasing his

offense level under the Guidelines for obstruction of justice and

as a leader or organizer of criminal activity.13 These enhancements

would have the effect of increasing Johnson’s offense level from 26

to 30.     Although the presentence report did list both of these

enhancements as possible enhancements to Johnson’s sentence, it

noted that under the career-offender provision of the Sentencing

Guidelines,14 Johnson’s offense level is increased to 34, regardless

     12
          See United States v. Marshall, 910 F.2d 1241, 1245 (5th Cir.
1990).
     13
       Each of these factors justifies a two-level enhancement in
the offense level under the Sentencing Guidelines. See U.S.S.G. §§
3B1.1(c); 3C1.1.
     14
          U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1.

                                           5
of the obstruction of justice or leader/organizer enhancements.15

The district court accepted the PSR’s recommendation to sentence

under the career-offender provision.   Thus, the district court did

not consider the other enhancements, and any assertions of error

regarding those enhancements is irrelevant.

                                IV

     Johnson argues that the PSR was inadequate to establish that

he was responsible for 542 pounds of marijuana.    He did not object

to the quantity as found by the trial court.   Thus, this court will

accept the facts in the PSR as “true and reliable” and ask only if

those facts are “legally [ ]adequate” to support the enhancement.16

Further, we review only for plain error.17     In this case, the PSR

stated that several shipments of marijuana were made in addition to

the intercepted shipment of 211 pounds.      Johnson argues that the

court failed to make any finding of reasonable foreseeability for

the other shipments of drugs attributed to Johnson.     But the PSR

states that Johnson, in addition to the crime of conviction, was

directly involved in at least one other shipment of marijuana.   No

     15
       “If the offense level for a career criminal [dictated by
this section] is greater than the offense level otherwise
applicable, the offense level [under this section] shall apply.”
Id. Because the maximum sentence to which Johnson could have been
sentenced was greater than 25 years, section 4B1.1 required an
offense level of 34.
     16
       United States v. Martinez-Cortez, 988 F.2d 1408, 1415 (5th
Cir. 1993).
     17
          See id. at 1410-11.

                                6
foreseeability finding is necessary for amounts that Johnson was

personally involved in possessing. Even if Johnson was involved in

only one other shipment, and it was the smallest shipment alleged

in the PSR, 40 pounds, he was personally involved in the possession

of 251 pounds of marijuana.18        Assuming arguendo that the district

court erred in holding Johnson responsible for 542 pounds, we note

that the offense level for 542 or 251 pounds of marijuana is the

same.19    Thus, any error would be harmless.

                                      V

     Johnson finally invokes Apprendi v. New Jersey,20 arguing that

the use in sentencing of drug amounts not proven to the jury

violates the Constitution.       Johnson concedes, however, that this

argument is foreclosed by Fifth Circuit precedent holding that the

constitutional rule announced in Apprendi “does not invalidate a

court’s    factual   finding   for   the   purposes   of   determining   the

applicable Sentencing Guidelines”21 as long as the court-imposed

     18
        Adding 40 pounds to the amount of the shipment he was
convicted of aiding and abetting, 211 pounds, yields 251 pounds.
     19
       Converting to the metric system, we find that 251 pounds is
approximately 114 kilograms; 542 pounds is approximately 246
kilograms. Possession with intent to distribute marijuana in any
amount between 100 and 400 kilograms is subject to an offense level
of 26. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c).
     20
          530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 1248 (2000).
     21
          United States v. Doggett, 230 F.3d 160, 166 (5th Cir. 2000).

                                      7
sentence does not exceed the statutory maximum authorized by the

jury’s verdict.22       This contention therefore lacks merit.

                                     VI

     Johnson’s sentence is AFFIRMED.

     22
          Id. at 165.

                                     8