Court Opinion

ID: 9513839
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-06 22:41:17.068041+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:06:03.701402
License: Public Domain

SANDSTROM, Justice.
[¶ 1] Donald Schellpfeffer appeals the district court’s amended judgment ordering him to pay Choice Financial Group (“Choice”) $2,036,725.35 on a note he guaranteed for The R & D Group, LLC (“R & D”). Schellpfeffer also appeals the court’s order allowing Choice to dismiss $275,000 of its claim, which he contends was an attempt to block further discovery. Finally, he appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to amend his complaint to counterclaim that Choice fraudulently induced him into guaranteeing the loan. Holding summary judgment was improperly granted before Schellpfeffer had any opportunity for discovery, we reverse and remand.
I
[¶ 2] The facts of this case were outlined in Choice Financial Group v. Schellpfeffer, 2005 ND 90, 696 N.W.2d 504. We highlight those facts necessary for this opinion. In January 2003, R & D gave a promissory note for $2.2 million to Choice. Schellpfeffer and Michael Volk, both members of R & D, guaranteed the note. Schellpfeffer agreed only to guaranty the debt of R & D and no other entity associated with Volk. R & D defaulted on the note. Volk filed for bankruptcy and was protected by bankruptcy’s automatic stay.
[¶ 3] On March 3, 2004, Choice sued R & D and Schellpfeffer to recover on the defaulted note. Choice requested a judgment against R & D for $2.2 million plus interest and late charges. Choice requested Schellpfeffer be found jointly and severally liable on the note as a guarantor. R & D and Schellpfeffer served a joint answer on May 7, 2004. In the joint answer, Schellpfeffer individually admitted he executed the guaranty but affirmatively alleged Choice fraudulently induced him to sign the guaranty. According to Schellp-feffer, some of the debt allegedly owed by R & D was actually owed by another company, Plains Technology Ventures, LLC (“Plains Technology”), and he had refused to guaranty any loans made to Plains Technology; therefore, his guaranty did not cover any money advanced to Plains Technology.
[¶ 4] On May 13, 2004, approximately ten weeks after the lawsuit began and six days after the answer was. served, Choice moved for summary judgment. At the summary judgment hearing, Schellpfef-fer’s counsel argued more discovery was needed before summary judgment could be granted. The district court disagreed. It held no genuine issue of material fact existed as to a large part of the note and partially granted summary judgment, awarding Choice $2,036,725.35. The court denied summary judgment for $275,000 of the note because it concluded there were issues of fact as to that amount. Schellp-feffer secured new counsel and moved to alter, amend, or vacate the judgment. Counsel argued in the brief supporting the motion that more discovery was needed before summary judgment could be granted. He argued Schellpfeffer had requested documents from Choice detailing the *858loan transaction, but the discovery request was not answered before the summary judgment hearing. Schellpfeffer’s motion was denied.
[f 5] The district court certified the partial summary judgment as a final order as provided in N.D.R.Civ.P. 54(b), and Sehellpfeffer appealed the partial summary judgment. We dismissed the appeal, concluding the partial summary judgment was not a final order. Choice Fin. Group, 2005 ND 90, ¶ 1, 696 N.W.2d 504.
[¶ 6] On remand, Choice moved to voluntarily dismiss the remaining $275,000 of its claim to secure a final judgment. Sehellpfeffer moved to amend his answer to include a counterclaim against Choice and a cross-claim against R & D. In his reply to Choice’s voluntary dismissal motion and in support of his motion to amend, counsel argued additional discovery was needed. The district court denied Schellp-feffer’s motion to amend the answer, granted Choice’s motion to voluntarily dismiss part of its claim, and ordered final judgment be entered in favor of Choice.
[¶ 7] On appeal, Sehellpfeffer argues the district court erred when it granted summary judgment for Choice, granted voluntary dismissal of part of Choice’s claim, and denied his motion to amend the answer. Choice argues the district court properly resolved the motions before it.
[¶ 8] The district court had jurisdiction under N.D. Const. art. VI, § 8, and N.D.C.C. § 27-05-06. The appeal was timely under N.D.R.App.P. 4(a). This Court has jurisdiction under N.D. Const. art. VI, §§ 2, 6, and N.D.C.C. § 27-02-04 and §§ 28-27-01 through 28-27-02.
II
[¶ 9] The dispositive issue on appeal is whether summary judgment was properly granted. Summary judgment is appropriate only after the non-moving party has had a reasonable opportunity for discovery to develop his position. Aho v. Maragos, 1998 ND 107, ¶4, 579 N.W.2d 165 (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250 n. 5, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)). Rule 56(f), N.D.R.Civ.P., allows for additional discovery before summary judgment is granted:
Should it appear from the affidavits of a party opposing the motion that the party cannot for reasons stated present by affidavit facts essential to justify the party’s opposition, the court may refuse the application for judgment or may order a continuance to permit affidavits to be obtained or depositions to be taken or discovery to be had or may make such other order as is just.
Rule 56(f) is within the discretion of the district court, and the court will not be reversed unless it has abused its discretion. Aho, at ¶ 4. “A court abuses its discretion if it acts in an arbitrary, unreasonable, or unconscionable manner, or if it misinterprets or misapplies the law.” Sec. Nat’l Bank v. Wald, 536 N.W.2d 924, 928 (N.D.1995).
[¶ 10] In Johnson Farms v. McEnroe, this Court held that N.D.R.Civ.P. 56(f) should be applied liberally. 1997 ND 179, ¶ 27, 568 N.W.2d 920. Discussing Rule 56(f), this Court noted:
“[T]he purpose of subdivision (f) is to provide an additional safeguard against an improvident or premature grant of summary judgment and the rule generally has been applied to achieve that objective. Consistent with this purpose, courts have stated that technical rulings have no place under the subdivision and that it should be applied with a spirit of liberality.”
Id. at ¶27 (quoting 10A Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Mary Kay Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil § 2740 (2d ed.1984)). In Johnson Farms, approximately four months elapsed *859between the beginning of the lawsuit and the defendant’s motion for summary judgment. Id. at ¶¶ 11-12. The plaintiff had specifically invoked Rule 56(f) in its brief opposing summary judgment. Id. at ¶ 28. This Court held that if the reason the district court denied the plaintiffs request for additional discovery was because it was not made in affidavit form, the court’s decision “would be a technical application of a rule that should be applied with a spirit of liberality.” Id. at ¶ 29.
[¶ 11] In Aho v. Moragos, this Court reversed the district court’s grant of summary judgment because the court abused its discretion when it denied the defendant’s request for additional discovery. 1998 ND 107, ¶ 1, 579 N.W.2d 165. Twelve weeks had elapsed between the beginning of the lawsuit and the summary judgment motion. Id. at ¶ 3. Only six weeks had passed between the service of the defendant’s answer and the summary judgment motion. Id. Becausei this Court’s primary concern was that a party be afforded the opportunity to conduct discovery necessary to its position, the Court concluded the defendant’s oral request for additional discovery, made at the summary judgment hearing, was sufficient to invoke Rule 56(f). Id. at ¶¶ 6-8. This Court again emphasized that Rule 56(f) needed to be applied with “ ‘a spirit of liberality.’ ” Id. at ¶ 6 (quoting Johnson Farms, 1997 ND 179, ¶ 29, 568 N.W.2d 920).
[¶ 12] “Although not binding, federal court interpretations of a corresponding federal rale of civil procedure are highly persuasive in construing our rule.” Thompson v. Peterson, 546 N.W.2d 856, 860 (N.D.1996). Although failure to comply with the affidavit requirement of Rule 56(f) is not fatal to a request for additional discovery, a proponent of the request must still “identify with specificity ‘what particular information is sought; how, if uncovered, it would preclude summary judgment; and why it has not previously been obtained.’ ” Lunderstadt v. Colafella, 885 F.2d 66, 71 (3d Cir.1989) (quoting Dowling v. City of Phila., 855 F.2d 136, 140 (3d Cir.1988)).
[¶ 13] As in Aho, Schellpfeffer’s counsel argued at the summary judgment hearing that the discovery to that point had been insufficient to conclude whether money supposedly advanced to R & D under its note was actually advanced to Volk’s other entities. Specifically, Schellpfeffer’s counsel argued:
What I know is Mr. Volk has testified to some amount of money. Hey, this amount of money Choice says is due is not correct. Some of this money was advanced to Plains Technology Ventures and was then later characterized as R & D Group that once Dr. Schellpfeffer wouldn’t sign those loan documents.
I don’t believe this issue is ripe for summary judgment at this point. I think we need to find out what — what the facts were with regard to making of these documents and loan advances.
That either Choice Financial Group would advance money without a promissory note makes me — makes me question the transaction. I’d like the ability to go back and do some more discovery and find out exactly what happened here.
I don’t understand — I don’t understand how — what Mr. Volk tells me and what his business partner told me was the facts about how this transaction came to be.
But what I’m saying, Your Honor, is it appears that there’s some — it appears that all the facts aren’t on the table. There’s some amount of money here, and we don’t know what, that Dr. Schellpfeffer — that may have been more *860properly attributed to Plains Tech that Dr. Sehellpfeffer wasn’t informed about. So I don’t know what the amount of his guaranty should be. I don’t even know if that second guaranty is enforceable as a result of Choice’s failure to tell him.
That’s why I think summary judgment at this time is inappropriate. I think that further discovery is probably appropriate, Your Honor.
[¶ 14] Counsel’s argument was supported by Volk’s affidavit testimony that at least $275,000 had been advanced to Plains Technology. We conclude counsel’s argument was sufficient to invoke Rule 56(f). It identified what information was sought, specifically whether more than the $275,000 Volk specifically knew of was advanced to entities other than R & D. The argument outlined how those facts would preclude summary judgment by raising genuine issues of material fact concerning what amount of money Sehellpfeffer was responsible for because of his guaranty. Finally, the reason discovery had not been previously obtained was obvious: only six days had passed between the service of R <& D and Schellpfeffer’s joint answer and Choice’s motion for summary judgment. R & D and Sehellpfeffer were not given time to complete discovery. Counsel for Sehellpfeffer specifically stated, “I do not believe this issue is ripe for summary judgment at this point,” and “I think summary judgment at this time is inappropriate.”
[¶ 15] As in Aho and Johnson Farms, the district court ignored Schellp-feffer’s request for additional discovery on the note, other than the $275,000 still in dispute. Since the summary judgment hearing, Sehellpfeffer has consistently argued more discovery was needed before summary judgment could be properly granted. The accelerated time in the present case was shorter than the times in Aho and Johnson Farms. Choice moved for summary judgment a mere ten weeks after it first sued Sehellpfeffer and only six days after R & D and Sehellpfeffer served their joint answer. Furthermore, the facts Sehellpfeffer wished to discover were in possession of businesses and people other than himself, including Choice. “[W]here the facts are in possession of the moving party a continuance of a motion for summary judgment for purposes of discovery should be granted almost as a matter of course.” Costlow v. United States, 552 F.2d 560, 564 (3d Cir.1977). Sehellpfeffer is entitled to the spirit of liberality applied in Aho and Johnson Farms. We hold that in light of the short time between the beginning of the lawsuit and the summary judgment motion, additional discovery is needed before summary judgment can be appropriate. The district court abused its discretion when it granted summary judgment in favor of Choice.
[¶ 16] We note, however, that this Court has a strong preference for compliance with the affidavit requirement of N.D.R.Civ.P. 56(f). As we said in Hummel v. Mid Dakota Clinic, P.C.:
The possibility that discovery will yield evidence favorable to a party opposing summary judgment is not a ground to deny summary judgment where the party opposing the motion has failed to specifically invoke Rule 56(f) procedures. Because counsel did not comply with Rule 56(f), the alleged incomplete state of [the plaintiffs] discovery provides no basis to reverse the • summary judgment.
526 N.W.2d 704, 708 (N.D.1995) (citations omitted). In Hummel, only nine weeks had passed between the beginning of the lawsuit and the defendant’s summary judgment motion. Brief of Plaintiff and Appel*861lant at 1, Hummel v. Mid Dakota Clinic, P.C., 526 N.W.2d 704 (N.D.1995) (No. 940218). Only six weeks had passed from the time the defendant’s answer was served until the summary judgment motion. Id. Hummel is distinguishable, however, because the plaintiffs request for additional discovery was unspecific. 526 N.W.2d at 707. Counsel for the plaintiff had submitted two affidavits. Id. The first affidavit discussed events the decedent had told counsel about and vague information an unnamed informant had told counsel. Id. In the second affidavit, counsel tried to relay the distress the decedent had endured and stated that other people would be ready to testify at a trial. Id. The plaintiff argued these affidavits, along with a reference in her trial court brief claiming discovery would support the plaintiffs position, were sufficient to invoke Rule 56(f). Id. at 708. We held they were insufficient because the vague references to discovery did not state why the plaintiff could not present facts needed to oppose the motion and because the plaintiff failed to specifically invoke Rule 56(f). Id. In the present case, although Schellpfeffer’s counsel did not specifically cite Rule 56(f), he repeatedly requested more discovery, stating it was needed to learn what specific amounts of money were advanced to entities other than R & D and arguing the information would have raised an issue of fact concerning how much Schellpfeffer was actually liable for under his guaranty.
[¶ 17] As federal courts have noted, following the affidavit procedures of Rule 56(f) is beneficial to both the parties and the court. Affidavits give the parties’ arguments strength and supply the district court with the information needed to make a decision on the motion. See Lunderstadt, 885 F.2d at 70-71 (“Compliance with that provision by a party opposing summary judgment on Rule 56(f)[, Fed.R.Civ. P.,] grounds will also facilitate supplying the district court with the information needed to rule on the Rule 56(f)[, Fed. R.Civ.P.,] motion.”). From the court’s perspective, affidavits deter the parties from engaging in dilatory tactics or other bad faith strategies. See United States v. Five Parcels, 765 F.Supp. 1283, 1286 n. 2 (E.D.Mich.1991) (“Therefore, because Rule 56(f)[, Fed.R.Civ.P.,] presents an opportunity for parties to engage in dilatory tactics, the request for additional discovery time must be made in an affidavit, thereby subjecting the affiant to the penalties prescribed by Rule 56(g)[, Fed.R.Civ.P.].”). Although R & D and Schellpfeffer were tardy in filing an answer, interrogatory answers, and a response to Choice Financial’s motion for summary judgment, summary judgment was not granted as a sanction, nor do we suggest that it would have been appropriate.
[¶ 18] Therefore, following the affidavit procedure of Rule 56(f) rather than merely requesting additional discovery at a summary judgment hearing is the better practice. Simply requesting additional discovery at a summary judgment hearing will not guarantee the discovery continuance will be granted. The party requesting additional discovery must still explain to the district court what information is sought, how the information would preclude summary judgment, and why it has not been previously obtained. Affidavits will help meet that burden.
[¶ 19] Given the short time presented in this case, the district court abused its discretion by not allowing Schellpfeffer additional time for discovery. We reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment and remand the case to the district court.
Ill
[¶20] Because we conclude summary judgment was improperly granted, Choice’s motion to dismiss part of its claim *862and Schellpfeffer’s motion to amend his answer remain subject to revision. See Smith v. Vestal, 456 N.W.2d 502, 506 (N.D. 1990) (“Because we have concluded that Rule 54(b) certification was improvidently granted, the summary judgments at issue remain subject to revision.”). The parties may move for reconsideration in light of this opinion and the discovery to be conducted. Id
IV
[¶ 21] The district court abused its discretion when it did not allow additional discovery. We reverse the amended judgment and remand to the district court.
[¶ 22] GERALD W. VANDE WALLE, C.J., BRUCE E. BOHLMAN, S.J., and CAROL RONNING KAPSNER, JJ.
[¶ 23] The Honorable BRUCE E. BOHLMAN, Surrogate Judge, sitting in place of CROTHERS, J., disqualified.