Court Opinion

ID: 6342795
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-05-20 19:09:38.382992+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:19:19.444917
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Kelly, 2022-Ohio-1696.]

                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                      LUCAS COUNTY

State of Ohio/City of Toledo                       Court of Appeals Nos. L-21-1069
                                                                         L-21-1070
       Appellee                                                          L-21-1071

                                                   Trial Court No. CRB-20-09133

v.

Anthony C. Kelly                                   DECISION AND JUDGMENT

        Appellant                                  Decided: May 20, 2022

                                            *****

        David L. Toska, City of Toledo Chief Prosecuting Attorney, and
        Christopher D. Lawrence, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.

        Laurel A. Kendall, for appellant.

                                            *****

        MAYLE, J.

        {¶ 1} In this consolidated appeal, defendant-appellant, Antony Kelly, appeals the

April 1, 2021 judgment of the Toledo Municipal Court, convicting him of obstructing

official business, resisting arrest, and aggravated menacing. For the following reasons,

we affirm the trial court’s judgment, in part, and reverse, in part.
                                       I. Background

       {¶ 2} On October 25, 2020, criminal complaints were filed in the Toledo

Municipal Court, charging appellant with obstructing official business, a violation of

R.C. 2921.31(A), a misdemeanor of the second degree, resisting arrest, a violation of

R.C. 2921.33(A), a misdemeanor of the second degree, and aggravated menacing, a

violation of R.C. 2903.21(A), a misdemeanor of the first degree. In a separate case,

Kelly was also charged with driving under suspension, a violation of R.C. 4510.11(A), a

first-degree misdemeanor, and the following minor misdemeanors: failure to wear a

safety belt, a violation of R.C. 4513.263(B)(1); window tint restrictions, a violation of

R.C. 4513.241; and failure to register vehicle, a violation of R.C. 4503.11. The matters

were consolidated and tried together to the bench, where the following evidence was

produced.

       {¶ 3} Toledo Police Patrolman Nicole Tucker testified that on October 25, 2020,

she observed appellant driving with an expired registration sticker on his vehicle. Tucker

began to follow the vehicle, and initiated a traffic stop as appellant was parking his car in

the parking lot of the Oak Hills Apartment complex.

       {¶ 4} Tucker testified that she approached the vehicle and asked appellant to

present his driver’s license and insurance, and he refused. Tucker asked several more

times for his license and insurance information, and appellant responded that he was not

going to give it to her because he was home, and there was nothing that she could do.

Tucker testified that appellant’s act of refusing to produce his driver’s license or

2.
insurance information impeded her lawful duties to conduct an investigation at that traffic

stop. Tucker did note, however, that once she ran the vehicle registration, she was able to

determine that appellant had a suspended driver’s license.

       {¶ 5} Tucker then ordered appellant to step out of the vehicle, and appellant

replied that he was not going to get out of the vehicle. Tucker informed appellant that if

he did not exit the vehicle, then he was going to go to jail. Appellant continued to refuse

to get out of the vehicle, so Tucker used force to remove him.

       {¶ 6} Tucker stated that appellant did not comply with her efforts to get him out of

the vehicle, and that he tried to pull himself back into the vehicle. Appellant wrapped his

hand around the door of the car and attempted to pull away from Tucker. Tucker testified

that she was able to pry appellant’s fingers off of the door frame, and then her partner,

Officer James Schroeder, assisted in placing appellant’s hands behind his back so that he

could be handcuffed. Tucker testified that appellant was actively pulling away and

resisting while she was placing the handcuffs on him.

       {¶ 7} Tucker’s bodycam video was entered into evidence and played for the court.

The video shows Tucker approaching the passenger’s side of appellant’s vehicle and

asking him how he is doing. Appellant responds that he is “bored.” Tucker then asks for

his license and insurance, and appellant replies “I’m at home.” Tucker asks again, and

appellant looks down at the middle console and replies, “something right here.” Tucker

then walks around to the driver’s side of the vehicle, and while walking, she comments

that “this isn’t going to go well.”

3.
         {¶ 8} Once at appellant’s driver’s side window, she says “Give me your driver’s

license and insurance please.” Appellant begins looking in his console again, and can be

heard saying something that sounds like “it’s in a card, ma’am.” Tucker tells appellant to

keep his hands where she can see them, so he stops looking through the console and puts

his hands up by the wheel. Tucker then asks, “Do you even have a license, and don’t lie

to me because I already know the answer to this.” Appellant responds, “You know

everything about me.” Tucker then opens the driver’s side door, and instructs appellant

to come out of the vehicle.

         {¶ 9} Appellant remains seated in the vehicle for about seven seconds while

Tucker tells him four times to come out. When Tucker tells appellant to come out of the

car and put his hands on top of the car, appellant raises both hands as if to surrender

while still seated in the driver’s seat. Tucker again tells appellant to come out of the car,

her voice becoming more assertive in tone. Appellant looks at Tucker and asks “Who

told you all this?” Tucker then warns appellant, “Don’t make me pull you out of this

car,” to which appellant responds, “Lady if you was to kill me I wouldn’t get a

(unintelligible).” Tucker replies “Did I say that?” and then forcefully yells at appellant to

get out of the car. Appellant says “I’m getting out the car,” but is not making any

movements to do so. Appellant then asks Tucker if her camera is on, and she replies

“Yes.”

         {¶ 10} Appellant only begins to slowly move his legs as Tucker begins pulling on

his left arm. Appellant then exclaims, “You ain’t gotta grab me like this,” and Tucker

4.
replies, “Apparently, I do.” Appellant repeats that “You ain’t gotta grab me cause you

know I was gonna get out.” While appellant was saying that, he can be seen getting out

of the car. As he gets out of the car, appellant grabs the top of the car door with both

hands. The camera shows Tucker putting appellant’s left hand behind his back. As this

is happening, appellant’s right hand can be seen loosening its grip on the car door, but

then the view of appellant’s right hand becomes obscured. About four seconds later,

Tucker demands that appellant put his right hand behind his back, because he had not yet

done so. Tucker then handcuffs appellant and walks him over to her police cruiser,

informing him that he is being arrested for “obstructing” and “resisting.”

       {¶ 11} We note that Tucker ordered appellant out of the car after approximately 22

seconds of questioning regarding his license and insurance, and the entire encounter from

when Tucker first approached appellant to when she secured the handcuffs on him took

approximately 80 seconds. Appellant remained calm and composed the whole time. He

did not yell or raise his voice. He did not utter profanities. He did not make any verbal

threats. He did not make any menacing gestures or sudden movements with any part of

his body. Although appellant’s verbal answers were not directly responsive to Tucker’s

questions regarding his license and insurance, and although appellant moved slowly when

ordered out of the vehicle, it is clear from the video that appellant did not exhibit any

belligerent, argumentative, or obstreperous behavior at any time during the stop.

       {¶ 12} Schroeder also testified about the incident. Schroeder testified that he

observed appellant driving on Hill Avenue with an expired registration sticker. Once the

5.
stop had been initiated, Schroeder heard Tucker ask appellant several times for his

driver’s license and insurance information, but appellant failed to provide it. Schroeder

claimed that appellant’s actions of refusing to produce his license and insurance, and

staying in the car, impeded Schroeder’s lawful duty to conduct an investigation into the

stop.

        {¶ 13} Schroeder testified that Tucker opened the driver’s side door and escorted

appellant out of the car by grabbing his left arm and applying pressure to a point on the

back of his right shoulder. Schroeder described that when they got appellant’s left hand

behind his back, appellant clutched the door frame of the car with his right hand, and

would not give his right hand to the officers. Schroeder detailed that appellant “had a full

grip on the -- it was not resting, it was more of a grip onto the door.” Schroeder testified

that Tucker “pried his fingers off of the door where he had gripped it. And each time he

kind of made a movement like he was trying to, you know, pull away.” Schroeder further

testified that appellant “pulled away a couple times,” but because of where appellant was

positioned between the car door and the body of the car he really could not go anywhere.

According to Schroeder, although appellant did not engage in any wild movements, he

nonetheless actively resisted his arrest.

        {¶ 14} Schroeder’s body camera video was also entered into evidence and played

for the court. In the video, Tucker can be seen grabbing appellant’s left arm with her left

arm, and placing her right arm inside the vehicle, presumably on appellant’s back.

Although appellant initially grabs the top of the car door with both hands, he quickly

6.
allows his left hand to be placed behind his back. Officer Schroeder can be seen holding

appellant’s left arm, but the video is obscured and does not show any of Tucker’s struggle

with appellant’s right arm.

       {¶ 15} Appellant, in his own defense, testified that he was not driving that day,

and was simply listening to music in his car. Appellant described that when Tucker

approached him she was aggressive and in a hurry to “beat [him] down,” but he was

calm. Appellant testified, in effect, that he was complying with Tucker, but that he was

moving slowly and she wanted to rush him.

       {¶ 16} Once appellant was arrested and in the back of the police cruiser, appellant

began making threatening comments, and continued doing so after they arrived at the jail.

According to Tucker, appellant told the officers that “he should have just killed us when

he had the chance and that he should have fought us much more than he did.” Appellant

also threatened to cut the heads off of white people, and threatened to shoot Tucker with

an AK-47. Tucker testified that while some of appellant’s threats were general

comments, others were personal to her, and caused her to fear for her own safety.

       {¶ 17} Video from Tucker’s body camera was again entered into evidence and

played for the court. The video showed the officers and appellant arriving at the jail.

Appellant refused to exit the cruiser, and insisted that Tucker grab him out, just like she

grabbed him out of his car. As appellant was being escorted into the jail, he began a

long, expletive-filled tirade, in which he repeated over and over that he “hate[s] white

people.” Appellant also threatened, “I wish I could cut ‘em by the motherf***in neck,”

7.
and “You can do completely nothin’ until you stab ‘em, right where the f*** they work

at, nig***. * * * And if you could vote for Trump, nig***, kill that nig***. F*** white

people, nig***.”

       {¶ 18} Schroeder likewise testified that as they were driving appellant to the jail,

appellant was making statements about how he should have fought them more, and that

he should have killed them when he had the chance. Once they arrived at the jail,

Schroeder testified that appellant told Tucker that he had an AK-47 with her name on it

and that she should get a TPO against him.

       {¶ 19} Schroeder’s body camera video was also entered into evidence, and

recorded much of the same threats made by appellant as Tucker’s video.

       {¶ 20} Upon the conclusion of the trial, the trial court found appellant not guilty of

the traffic charges against him—i.e., tinted glass violation, expired registration, seatbelt

violation, and driving under suspension. The trial court specifically noted that the state

failed to meet its burden to prove these violations beyond a reasonable doubt. The trial

court explained that the state did not produce any evidence beyond the testimony of the

officers to prove that appellant was operating a motor vehicle with excessively tinted

glass or expired plates, and it found that the officer testimony, alone, did not satisfy the

state’s high burden of proof. Similarly, the trial court noted that although the officers

testified that appellant did not have his seat belt on, the state did not produce any

evidence beyond that “conclusory statement” to demonstrate “what led [the officers] to

that conclusion.” Finally, on the charge of driving under suspension, the trial court found

8.
that the state did produce a LEADS report, but that the report was not certified, and there

was no testimony as to the type of driver’s license suspension, the length, the date that it

started, or the date that it ended.

       {¶ 21} The trial court then addressed the criminal charges against appellant, and

found him guilty on all counts. Specifically, the trial court found appellant guilty of the

offense of obstructing official business, reasoning:

               [T]aking the totality of the circumstances that occurred within that

       time, the defendant’s not answering her question in a reasonable way when

       she asked for his license; he said I’m bored. Asked again for his license; he

       said I’m at home. He refused to exit the vehicle in the parking lot. His

       body language, according to the officer, was tensing up, you know,

       hunkering down. The footage from her camera shows clearly that she’s

       grabbing the suspect’s left arm. She testified that there was a pressure point

       that is off the camera. You know, the body cameras aren’t perfect, you

       only see a very limited view. We can’t see what’s outside of the view of

       that camera. But her testimony indicated that she had a pressure point on

       him and was pulling him out of the car, that he was not exiting the car upon

       her reasonable command. And then he grabbed the door, and her testimony

       revealed that he had -- she had to pry his hand off of the doorframe.

               And, again, looking at his conduct and the totality of the

       circumstances, the Court is aware he was already under arrest for

9.
      obstructing when he got down to the sally port at the jail, but certainly that

      obstructive conduct continued in the sally port, refusing to exit there and,

      again, having them having to delay and having to take extra steps to simply

      get him out of the car.

      {¶ 22} In finding appellant guilty on the offense of resisting arrest, the court

commented:

             As to the resisting, some of the conduct overlaps; pulling away from

      the officer, refusing to put his hand behind his back and as a consequence

      Officer Schroeder that he had to assist her in getting both hands behind his

      back. Officer Schroeder indicated he had to grab his left wrist while

      Officer Tucker was prying his fingers off of the doors. And, again, this

      conduct is somewhat fluid in going from the obstructing into the point

      where they’re asking you to put your hands behind your back because

      you’re now under arrest. The act of grabbing the door to get out of the car,

      I could see that, but when she’s literally prying your fingers off. You

      weren’t letting go, you were resisting, you were pulling away. It was

      quick. It’s not the worst resisting I’ve seen. It’s certainly not the worst

      resisting they’ve experienced, but it was there.”

      {¶ 23} Finally, on the offense of aggravated menacing, the court found appellant

guilty based upon his specific threat to Tucker that he had an AK-47 with her name on it

and that she needed to get a TPO.

10.
       {¶ 24} Following the trial, the court proceeded immediately to sentencing, and

ordered appellant to serve 180 days in jail on the charge of aggravated menacing, and 90

days in jail, each, on the charges of resisting and obstructing. The court suspended all of

the days of the sentence, and ordered appellant to serve one year of probation, with the

conditions that he have no more criminal convictions, and that he be fully compliant with

his treatment at the Zepf Center.

                                    II. Law and Analysis

       {¶ 25} Appellant has appealed his judgment of conviction, and now asserts three

assignments of error for our review:

              1. The trial court abused its discretion and erred to the prejudice of

       appellant by convicting him of aggravated menacing pursuant to R.C.

       2903.21A.

              2. Appellant’s conviction for resisting arrest pursuant to R.C.

       2921.33A was not supported by the manifest weight of the evidence.

              3. Appellant’s conviction for obstructing official business pursuant

       to R.C. 2921.31A was not supported by the manifest weight of the

       evidence.

11.
       {¶ 26} Appellant’s assignments of error all pertain to whether his convictions were

against the manifest weight of the evidence.1 When reviewing the claim that a verdict is

against the manifest weight of the evidence, “we sit as a ‘thirteenth juror’ and scrutinize

‘the factfinder’s resolution of the conflicting testimony.’” State v. Robinson, 6th Dist.

Lucas No. L-10-1369, 2012-Ohio-6068, ¶ 15, quoting State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d

380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). “The court, reviewing the entire record, weighs the

evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and

determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the [trier of fact] clearly lost its

way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be

reversed and a new trial ordered.” Thompkins at 387, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio

App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). Reversal on manifest weight grounds

is reserved for “the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the

conviction.” Id.

       {¶ 27} For ease of reading, we will discuss appellant’s assignments of error in

reverse order so as to maintain the chronological order of the offenses as well as the order

in which the trial court addressed them.

1
 Although appellant uses the terminology “abuse of discretion” in his first assignment of
error, it is clear from the substance of his argument that he is challenging the propriety of
his conviction on manifest weight.

12.
                             A. Obstructing Official Business

       {¶ 28} In his third assignment of error, appellant challenges his conviction for

obstructing official business in violation of R.C. 2921.31(A), which provides, “No

person, without privilege to do so and with purpose to prevent, obstruct, or delay the

performance by a public official of any authorized act within the public official’s

capacity, shall do any act that hampers or impedes a public official in the performance of

the public official’s lawful duties.” “To support a conviction for obstructing official

business, the state must prove that the accused engaged in an unprivileged affirmative

act, that the act was done with a purpose or intent to hamper or impede the performance

of a public official’s duties, and that the act did, in fact, substantially hamper or impede

the public official in the performance of his or her duties.” Toledo v. Dandridge, 6th

Dist. Lucas No. L-10-1333, 2013-Ohio-317, ¶ 16, citing State v. Mignard, 6th Dist.

Ottawa Nos. OT-10-007, OT-10-008, 2010-Ohio-5177, ¶ 22.

       {¶ 29} Appellant argues that a conviction for obstructing official business requires

an affirmative act, and that his conduct of “hunkering down” in the car does not

constitute an affirmative act. We note that although appellant’s assignment of error

challenges his conviction based upon manifest weight, he effectively argues that his

conviction is not supported by sufficient evidence. While appellant did not specifically

assign error challenging the sufficiency of the evidence, “a review of the weight of the

evidence necessarily involves an evaluation of the sufficiency of the evidence in that, in

order for this Court to weigh the evidence, there must be evidence to weigh.” State v.

13.
Frum, 9th Dist. Wayne No. 12CA0039, 2013-Ohio-1096, ¶ 4. See also State v. Short,

2017-Ohio-7200, 144 N.E.3d 1037, ¶ 22 (2d Dist.) (“Where there is insufficient evidence

to support a conviction, it will also necessarily be against the manifest weight of the

evidence.”).2

       {¶ 30} When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, “[t]he relevant inquiry is

whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a

reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph

two of the syllabus.

       {¶ 31} The state argues that appellant engaged in several affirmative acts that

hampered and impeded the officers’ lawful duties. Specifically, the state identifies

appellant’s non-responsive answers to Tucker’s request for appellant’s identification and

insurance, appellant’s act of “hunkering down” in the car, and appellant’s act of grabbing

onto the door frame, as acts that would support his conviction.

       {¶ 32} The circumstances in this case are similar to the circumstances in

Dandridge, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-10-1333, 2013-Ohio-317. In that case, the defendant

was pulled over for not having a visible license plate on the vehicle.   The officer then

asked the defendant for his driver’s license, to which the defendant responded “I don’t

2
 Of course, the reverse is not true. “[A]lthough there may be sufficient evidence to
support a judgment, it could nevertheless be against the manifest weight of the evidence.”
State v. Wilson, 113 Ohio St.3d 382, 2007-Ohio-2202, 865 N.E.2d 1264, ¶ 25.

14.
have to give it to you.” Dandridge at ¶ 2. The defendant eventually revealed that the car

was registered to him, and that his name was Keith. When the officer ran the license

plate number he learned that the defendant’s driver’s license was expired. The officer

again asked the defendant for his driver’s license, and the defendant refused. The officer

then opened the car door and informed the defendant that he was under arrest. The

defendant refused to exit the car. When the officers attempted to physically remove the

defendant, he wrapped his arms around the back of the seat and hooked his knees under

the steering wheel. The officers ultimately sprayed mace in the defendant’s face and

removed him from the car. Id.

       {¶ 33} The defendant was charged and convicted of obstructing official business,

and challenged that conviction on appeal. In reversing the conviction, we recognized that

“[i]t is well-settled that ‘a defendant’s refusal to provide his drivers’ license to an officer

upon request [does] not constitute obstructing official business.’” Id. at ¶ 18, quoting

Middletown v. Hollon, 156 Ohio App.3d 565, 2004-Ohio-1502, 807 N.E.2d 945, ¶ 32

(12th Dist.). “Similarly, the mere refusal to answer a police officer’s questions regarding

one’s identity cannot support a conviction for obstructing official business.” Id., citing

Cleveland Hts. v. Lewis, 187 Ohio App.3d 786, 2010-Ohio-2208, 933 N.E.2d 1146, ¶ 37

(8th Dist.). The rationale behind these cases is that “one cannot be guilty of obstructing

official business by doing nothing.” Hollon at ¶ 30, quoting Hamilton v. Hamm, 33 Ohio

App.3d 175, 176, 514 N.E.2d 942 (12th Dist.1986). However, “[a]lthough simply

refusing to provide one’s information to a police officer may not constitute obstruction of

15.
official business, when one takes overt acts to impede or obstruct the officer’s

investigation or business, one may be found guilty of obstructing official business.” Id.

at ¶ 33, quoting State v. Merz, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA97-05-108, 2000 WL 1051837

(July 31, 2000).

       {¶ 34} Of course, this does not mean that motorists are free to refuse to produce a

driver’s license to an officer during a lawful stop. Indeed, R.C. 4507.35(A) provides that

motorists have an affirmative duty to produce a driver’s license when requested by law

enforcement. And, under R.C. 4507.35(B)(1), a motorist’s refusal to produce a license is

punishable as an unclassified misdemeanor, except that the offender shall not be

sentenced to a jail term, a community residential sanction, a fine of more than one

thousand dollars, or more than five hundred hours of community service.

       {¶ 35} Here, however, the state did not charge appellant with a violation of R.C.

4507.35(A). Instead, the criminal complaint charged appellant with obstructing official

business in violation of R.C. 2921.31(A) for failing to comply with Tucker’s request to

produce his driver’s license and insurance. As a second-degree misdemeanor, the charge

of obstruction carries the potential for various penalties that are not available under R.C.

4507.35, including a jail term of up to 90 days under R.C. 2929.24, and community

residential sanctions under R.C. 2929.26. Simply put, while a motorist’s failure to

provide a driver’s license to an officer upon request may constitute an unclassified

misdemeanor violation of R.C. 4507.35, Dandridge recognizes that the same conduct

does not constitute obstructing official business under R.C. 2921.31(A).

16.
       {¶ 36} Moreover, not only did the criminal complaint specifically allege that the

obstruction charge was based upon appellant’s mere refusal to produce a license, this was

the state’s theory throughout trial. When asked by the prosecutor whether “the

defendant’s acts of refusing to produce the license or any documentation * * * impede[d]

your lawful duties to conduct an investigation at that traffic stop,” both Tucker and

Schroeder confirmed that it did. The state’s theory of the case, however, does not

constitute the offense of obstructing official business. See State v. Williams, 6th Dist.

Lucas No. L-17-1071, 2017-Ohio-8344, ¶ 9 (allegations in the criminal complaint that the

defendant refused to respond to police questioning did not constitute an overt act to

support a conviction of obstructing official business).

       {¶ 37} Alternatively, the trial court relied upon other facts to justify its conviction

for obstructing official business; namely, appellant’s act of “hunkering down” in the car,

his grabbing of the top of the car door, and his refusal to get out of the patrol cruiser in

the sally port of the jail. Similar alternative justifications were raised and rejected in

Dandridge, and we likewise do so here. As we reasoned in Dandridge, “The charge was

clearly based on appellant’s refusal to provide officers with his driver’s license or reveal

his identity. The evasive actions taken by appellant occurred only after the officers

decided to arrest him for obstructing official business. While those actions supported the

conviction for resisting arrest, they could not support a conviction for obstructing.”

Dandridge, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-10-1333, 2013-Ohio-317, at ¶ 20. In the same way,

17.
appellant’s conduct in “hunkering down” or grabbing the door only occurred after he was

already being arrested for obstructing official business.

         {¶ 38} Furthermore, as stated, the criminal complaint clearly identifies that

appellant was being charged for failing to provide his driver’s license and insurance.3

Crim.R. 3 states, “The complaint is a written statement of the essential facts constituting

the offense charged.” “[T]he purpose of a criminal complaint is to inform the accused of

the identity and essential facts constituting the offense charged.” State v. Broughton, 51

Ohio App.3d 10, 11, 553 N.E.2d 1380 (12th Dist.1988); State v. Hadley, 6th Dist. Fulton

No. F-09-007, 2009-Ohio-4595, ¶ 8 (“The purpose of a criminal complaint is to inform

the accused of the crime for which he is charged.”). Here, the essential facts constituting

the offense of obstructing official business were that appellant failed to provide his

driver’s license and insurance. The complaint did not describe or allude to appellant’s

physical conduct subsequent to the initiation of his arrest as essential facts. Therefore,

we hold that the trial court could not use appellant’s physical response as an alternative

basis to support appellant’s conviction for obstructing official business.

3
    The criminal complaint describes the facts of the offense as:

         While working unit 837 with Officer Tucker 2577 conducted a traffic stop.
         Defendant Mr. Kelly did delay and obstruct the performance of this officer
         and Officer Tucker 2577 during the traffic stop. Defendant after several
         requests to produce his drivers license and insurance did not. Defendant
         refused to produce stating he was in a parking lot and we could not do
         anything. Due to defendant not complying to produce his license impeded
         officers duty. This officer and Officer Tucker are the source of this
         information. This occurred in Toledo, Lucas County, OH.

18.
       {¶ 39} To be clear, we recognize that the criminal rules do not require “fact

pleading,” and a criminal complaint may be amended, even during the trial, pursuant to

Crim.R. 7(D). Here, however, appellant was notified in the complaint that the essential

facts supporting the obstruction charge were that he refused to provide his driver’s

license and insurance. Although the prosecution was not limited to the facts recited in the

complaint—and was free to pursue additional theories at trial—the trial proceeded upon

the theory as alleged in the complaint, and the complaint was never amended. Thus,

appellant did not have notice either before or during trial that additional facts—

particularly his conduct that occurred after he was already arrested for obstruction—

could be essential to support his conviction for obstruction.

       {¶ 40} Accordingly, appellant’s conviction for obstructing official business is not

supported by sufficient evidence, and his third assignment of error is well-taken.

                                    B. Resisting Arrest

       {¶ 41} In his second assignment of error, appellant challenges his conviction for

resisting arrest. Under R.C. 2921.33(A), “[n]o person, recklessly or by force, shall resist

or interfere with a lawful arrest of the person or another.”

       {¶ 42} The only issue presented by appellant is whether he forcefully resisted his

arrest. He argues that there is no evidence that he recklessly or by force resisted arrest.

As we previously explained, a review of the weight of the evidence necessarily requires

us to evaluate the sufficiency of the evidence. State v. Cabrera, 9th Dist. Lorain No.

13CA010434, 2014-Ohio-3372, ¶ 6. Given our conclusion that appellant’s conviction for

19.
obstructing official business was not supported by sufficient evidence—and this is one of

the officers’ justifications for arresting appellant—we first address whether or not

appellant was subject to a “lawful arrest” for purposes of R.C. 2921.33(A).

       {¶ 43} Under Ohio law, a conviction for resisting arrest does not require that the

defendant be convicted of the offense for which he was arrested, so long as the arresting

officer had “probable cause or a reasonable basis to believe that the offense for which the

defendant was arrested did, in fact, occur.” State v. Rose, 75 Ohio App.3d 656, 658, 600

N.E.2d 382 (2d Dist.1991). It is well-established that a conviction for obstructing official

business requires an affirmative act, and the failure to produce one’s identification is not

an affirmative act sufficient to form the basis for an obstructing-official-business

conviction. Thus, where a resisting-arrest conviction is premised on an arrest for

obstruction that is based on the defendant’s refusal to produce identification, the officer

lacks a reasonable basis for the arrest. See Garfield Hts. v. Simpson, 82 Ohio App.3d

286, 292, 611 N.E.2d 892 (8th Dist.1992) (finding that in the absence of an affirmative

act, the officer lacked a reasonable basis for concluding that defendant obstructed official

business and defendant should have been acquitted of resisting arrest). Because the

officers testified that they arrested appellant for obstructing official business based on his

failure to produce his driver’s license, we find that they lacked a reasonable basis for

believing appellant committed that offense.

       {¶ 44} But, Officer Tucker told appellant she was arresting him because he was

driving “with no license” and had expired plates, and the criminal complaint here

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provides two reasons that officers decided to arrest appellant: the obstruction charge and

the charge for driving under a suspended license.

       {¶ 45} First, we note that appellant’s failure to produce a driver’s license was not

an arrestable offense in this case. As noted above, a violation of R.C. 4507.35(B)(1) is an

unclassified misdemeanor. Likewise, driving with expired license plates is also a minor

misdemeanor. See R.C. 4503.11(D). R.C. 2935.26(A) prohibits arrests for minor

misdemeanors unless certain exceptions apply—including “[t]he offender cannot or will

not offer satisfactory evidence of his identity.” Although a driver’s license is

“satisfactory evidence” of identity, R.C. 2935.26(A) does not “create a requirement that

citizens carry and produce ‘papers’ to prove who they are,” nor does it require drivers to

“produce ‘papers’ to prove they are validly licensed.” State v. DiGiorgio, 117 Ohio

App.3d 67, 70, 689 N.E.2d 1018 (2d Dist.1996). Instead, “satisfactory evidence” for

purposes of R.C. 2935.26(A) has been held to include information that is sufficient to

enable officers to verify the person’s identity—such as a name, address, and social

security number. Id.

       {¶ 46} Here, Officer Tucker never asked appellant for identification after she

determined he could not or would not produce a driver’s license. Instead she

immediately took appellant from his vehicle and arrested him. Because Officer Tucker’s

arrest preceded any attempt to elicit satisfactory evidence of identification from appellant,

the “evidence of identity” exception remained unsatisfied and Officer Tucker could only

issue a citation for appellant’s minor misdemeanors.

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       {¶ 47} Second, we find that the evidence makes clear that the officers lacked a

reasonable basis to believe that appellant could be arrested for driving under suspension.

This is because both Tucker and Schroeder testified that at the point they ordered

appellant to step out of the vehicle (after which they immediately arrested him), appellant

had not yet been identified. Both clearly testified that they “did not have any idea of who

he was at that point.” (“[W]e just didn’t know who we were talking to at that point once

he [refused to produce his identification].”) If neither officer knew who appellant was at

the point they arrested him, they necessarily could not have known that his license was

suspended and could not have reasonably believed that appellant had committed the

crime of driving under suspension. Accordingly, because the officers lacked a reasonable

belief that appellant committed either of the two crimes for which they had arrested him,

appellant was not lawfully arrested and appellant’s resisting conviction is not supported

by sufficient evidence.4

       {¶ 48} Appellant’s second assignment of error is well-taken.

4
  In City of Mentor-On-The-Lake v. Roberts, 11th Dist. Lake No. 88-L-13-168, 1989 WL
157244, *2 (Dec. 29, 1989), in the context of a motion to suppress evidence seized in
connection with a warrantless arrest, the court observed that an “arrest is still valid, even
though the offense later used to support it is different than the one used when the arrest
occurred.” The court found that “[t]he only requirement[] is that the conduct which
formed the basis of the arrest must support an objective finding of probable cause to
arrest under the subsequent charge and that a nexus must exist between the original
charge and the subsequent charge.” Id. Here, the state did not assert that any other
offense besides obstructing official business or driving under suspension supported
appellant’s arrest.

22.
                                 C. Aggravated Menacing

       {¶ 49} Finally, in his first assignment of error, appellant challenges his conviction

for aggravated menacing. R.C. 2903.21(A) provides, “No person shall knowingly cause

another to believe that the offender will cause serious physical harm to the person or

property of the other person, the other person’s unborn, or a member of the other person’s

immediate family.” Importantly, “[t]he state does not have to prove the offender’s ability

to carry out a threat, nor does the state have to show any movement by the offender

toward carrying out the threat.” State v. Yoder, 6th Dist. Erie No. E-19-031, 2020-Ohio-

4546, ¶ 12; State v. Schwartz, 77 Ohio App.3d 484, 486, 602 N.E.2d 671 (12th

Dist.1991) (“Neither aggravated menacing nor menacing requires that the offender be

able to carry out his threat or even believe himself capable of carrying it out. It is

sufficient if the offender knowingly causes the victim to believe the offender will carry

his threat into execution.”).

       {¶ 50} In support of his assignment of error, appellant argues that his statements

were those of a mentally ill person, made after he had been unjustly arrested for traffic

infractions that were ultimately dismissed. Appellant describes that he did not have any

weapons or contraband, that the majority of his statements were generalized statements

about “white people,” and that the statements were made while he was in custody in

handcuffs. Appellant concludes that his statements did not constitute a reasonable threat

that should cause Tucker to believe that she would be subject to serious physical harm.

23.
       {¶ 51} The state, on the other hand, argues that appellant’s specific threat that he

had an AK-47 with Tucker’s name on it, and that she should get a temporary protection

order against him, made Tucker’s subjective belief of harm reasonable. We agree with

the state. The evidence demonstrates that appellant made specific violent threats against

Tucker, which, according to her, caused her to be in fear of serious physical harm. We

find her testimony regarding her fear to be reasonable and credible in light of all the

circumstances of this case. Therefore, we hold that appellant’s conviction for aggravated

menacing is not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶ 52} Accordingly, appellant’s first assignment of error is not well-taken.

                                      III. Conclusion

       {¶ 53} Because merely refusing to provide identification upon an officer’s request

is not a sufficient basis to support a conviction for obstructing official business, we find

appellant’s third assignment of error well-taken. And because the officers lacked a

reasonable belief that appellant committed either of the two crimes for which they had

arrested him (obstructing official business and driving under suspension), appellant was

not lawfully arrested and his resisting-arrest conviction is not supported by sufficient

evidence. We, therefore, find his second assignment of error well-taken. We find,

however, that appellant’s challenge to his conviction for aggravated menacing is not

against the manifest weight of the evidence because appellant made a specific threat to

the officer, causing her to believe that she would be subject to serious physical harm. We

find his challenge to his first assignment of error not well-taken      .

24.
       {¶ 54} Therefore, we affirm the April 1, 2021 judgment of the Toledo Municipal

Court, in part, and reverse, in part. Appellant’s conviction for aggravated menacing is

affirmed. Appellant’s convictions for obstructing official business and resisting arrest are

reversed and vacated, and those charges are ordered dismissed. The parties are to share

the costs of this appeal evenly pursuant to App.R. 24.

                                                                Judgment affirmed, in part,
                                                                     and reversed, in part.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27.
See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.

Thomas J. Osowik, J.                           ____________________________
                                                       JUDGE
Christine E. Mayle, J.
                                               ____________________________
Gene A. Zmuda, J.                                      JUDGE
CONCUR.
                                               ____________________________
                                                       JUDGE

       This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of
  Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported
       version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at:
                http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.

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