Court Opinion

ID: 9692736
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-25 16:02:41.772064+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:29:03.989003
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

COWTOWN FOUNDATION, INC., et. al,                :
                                                 :
       Plaintiffs,                               :      Civil Action No.:      22-1258 (RC)
                                                 :
       v.                                        :      Re Document Nos.:      122, 123, 132, 133
                                                 :
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,                  :
et. al,                                          :
                                                 :
       Defendants.                               :

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

 DENYING PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION TO ALTER JUDGMENT; DENYING PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR
 LEAVE TO FILE AN AMENDED COMPLAINT; DENYING ASSOCIATION DEFENDANTS’ MOTION
                             FOR ATTORNEY’S FEES

                                     I. INTRODUCTION

       Plaintiffs Cowtown Foundation, Inc. (“Cowtown”) and Andrew Douglas on behalf of the

Estate of Ed and Odell Douglas (“Douglas Estate”) brought this action for declaratory and

injunctive relief based on alleged discrimination by the U.S. Department of Agriculture

(“USDA”) in administering financial assistance programs and a consent decree. Plaintiffs’

complaint made seven claims against USDA and Thomas J. Vilsack, in his role as Secretary of

Agriculture (collectively, “Federal Defendants”) for violations of the Equal Protection Clause. It

also made one claim for violation of the Equal Protection Clause against the Independent

Community Bankers of America, the American Bankers Association, and the National Rural

Lenders Association (collectively, “Association Defendants”). The Court granted both Federal

Defendants’ and Association Defendants’ motions to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. See

Cowtown Found., Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., No. 22-cv-1258, 2022 WL 16571189, at *1

                                                1
(D.D.C. Nov. 1, 2022). Plaintiffs now bring a motion pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) and 60(b)

to alter or amend that judgment. For the reasons set forth below, Plaintiffs’ motion is denied.

                                        II. BACKGROUND

       The Court presumes familiarity with the background laid out in its prior opinion. See id.

at *1–2. In that opinion, the Court held that Association Defendants are not state actors and

therefore that the Court does not have subject-matter jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ claims against

them under the Equal Protection Clause. See id. at *3. The Court further found that, even if it

had subject-matter jurisdiction over the Association Defendants, Plaintiffs failed to state a claim

that Association Defendants violated the Equal Protection Clause. Id. at *4. As to Plaintiffs’

claims against Federal Defendants, the Court found that Plaintiffs lacked Article III standing

because they failed to adequately allege that they suffered a concrete and particularized injury

caused by Federal Defendants. Id. at *5–7.

                                   III. LEGAL FRAMEWORK

                                            A. Rule 59(e)

       Under Rule 59(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a party may file “[a] motion to

alter or amend a judgment” within “28 days after the entry of the judgment.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

59(e). 1 Motions under Rule 59(e) are “disfavored and relief from judgment is granted only when

the moving party establishes extraordinary circumstances.” Niedermeier v. Off. of Baucus, 153

F. Supp. 2d 23, 28 (D.D.C. 2001); see Schoenman v. FBI, 857 F. Supp. 2d 76, 80 (D.D.C. 2012).

Reconsideration under Rule 59(e) “should be used sparingly,” Mohammadi v. Islamic Republic of

Iran, 782 F.3d 9, 17 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (quoting 11 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller,

       1
           The twenty-eight-day filing deadline is satisfied here.

                                                   2
Federal Practice and Procedure § 2810.1 (3d ed. 2012)), and only granted in “rare

circumstances,” Martin v. Omni Hotels Mgmt. Corp., 321 F.R.D. 35, 38 (D.D.C. 2017).

       Rule 59(e) does not permit the moving party to “relitigate old matters, or to raise

arguments or present evidence that could have been raised prior to the entry of judgment.”

Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker, 554 U.S. 471, 485 n.5 (2008) (quoting 11 Charles Alan Wright &

Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2810.1 (2d ed. 1995)); see also Niedermeier,

153 F. Supp. 2d at 28; Turner v. U.S. Capitol Police, No. 12-45, 2014 WL 169871, at *1 (D.D.C.

Jan. 16, 2014). This is because “Rule 59(e) motions are aimed at ‘reconsideration, not initial

consideration.’” Leidos, Inc. v. Hellenic Republic, 881 F.3d 213, 217 (D.C. Cir. 2018) (emphasis

added) (quoting District of Columbia v. Doe, 611 F.3d 888, 896 (D.C. Cir. 2010)); see also Doe 1

v. Buratai, No. 17-cv-1033, 2018 WL 5650015, at *3 (D.D.C. Oct. 31, 2018) (“[A] Rule 59(e)

motion is not the appropriate vehicle for relitigating questions the Court has already decided.”);

Patton Boggs LLP v. Chevron Corp., 683 F.3d 397, 403 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (“Rule 59(e) is not a

vehicle to present a new legal theory that was available prior to judgment[.]”).

       District courts have “considerable discretion in ruling on a Rule 59(e) motion.” Lair v.

Dep’t of Treasury, No. Civ.A. 03-827, 2005 WL 1330722, at *1 (D.D.C. June 3, 2005) (quoting

Rann v. Chao, 209 F. Supp. 2d 75, 78 (D.D.C. 2002)). A Rule 59 motion may be granted only

“(1) if there is an ‘intervening change of controlling law’; (2) if new evidence becomes available;

or (3) if the judgment should be amended in order to ‘correct a clear error or prevent manifest

injustice.’” Leidos, 881 F. 3d at 217 (quoting Firestone v. Firestone, 76 F.3d 1205, 1208 (D.C.

Cir. 1996)). And in the Rule 59(e) context, “clear error” is a “very exacting standard,” Bond v.

U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 286 F.R.D. 16, 22 (D.D.C. 2012) (citation omitted), “tantamount to a

requirement that the judgment be ‘dead wrong,’” McNeil v. Brown, No. 17-cv-2602, 2019 WL

                                                 3
1003583, at *2 (D.D.C. Feb. 28, 2019) (quoting Lardner v. FBI, 875 F. Supp. 2d 49, 53 (D.D.C.

2012)). Similarly, “manifest injustice” under Rule 59(e) exists only if “a result . . . is

fundamentally unfair in light of governing law.” Slate v. Am. Broad. Cos., 12 F. Supp. 3d 30, 35–

36 (D.D.C. 2013). The party seeking reconsideration bears the burden of establishing that relief

should be granted under Rule 59(e). See Elec. Priv. Info. Ctr. v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec.,

811 F. Supp. 2d 216, 226 (D.D.C. 2011).

                                           B. Rule 60(b)

       Under Rule 60(b), parties may seek relief from a final judgment “within a reasonable

time” following the entry of the judgment for any of six enumerated reasons. Fed. R. Civ. P.

60(b), (c); Oladokun v. Corr. Treatment Facility, 309 F.R.D. 94, 97 (D.D.C. 2015). The reasons

include, as relevant here, “mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect,” Fed. R. Civ. P.

60(b)(1), “newly discovered evidence that, with reasonable diligence, could not have been

discovered in time to move for a new trial under Rule 59(b),” id. 60(b)(2), and “any other reason

that justifies relief,” id. 60(b)(6). Rule 60(b) therefore “preserve[s] ‘the delicate balance between

the sanctity of final judgments . . . and the incessant command of the court’s conscience that

justice be done in light of all the facts.’” Smalls v. United States, 471 F.3d 186, 191 (D.C. Cir.

2006) (quoting Good Luck Nursing Home, Inc. v. Harris, 636 F.2d 572, 577 (D.C. Cir. 1980)).

The Rule “cannot . . . be employed simply to rescue a litigant from strategic choices that later

turn out to be improvident.” Id.

       “The D.C. Circuit allows Rule 60(b) motions to challenge alleged legal errors only in the

most extreme situations,” such as where “the district court based its legal reasoning on case law

that it had failed to realize had recently been overturned.” Ward v. Kennard, 200 F.R.D. 137, 139

(D.D.C. 2001) (citing D.C. Fed’n of Civic Ass’ns v. Volpe, 520 F.2d 451, 451–53 (D.C. Cir.

                                                  4
1975)). District courts enjoy “a large measure of discretion” in deciding Rule 60(b) motions.

Randall v. Merrill Lynch, 820 F.2d 1317, 1320 (D.C. Cir. 1987); see also 11 Charles Alan Wright

& Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2857 (3d ed. 2012). “The party seeking

relief under Rule 60(b) bears the burden of showing that he or she is entitled to relief.”

Oladokun, 309 F.R.D. at 97; see also Green v. AFL-CIO, 287 F.R.D. 107, 109 (D.D.C. 2012);

Jarvis v. Parker, 13 F. Supp. 3d 74, 77 (D.D.C. 2014).

                                          IV. ANALYSIS

       As an initial matter, Plaintiffs make no argument challenging the Court’s judgment as to

Association Defendants. Indeed, Association Defendants are not mentioned at all in Plaintiffs’

motion. Therefore, to the extent Plaintiffs intended to make any motion as to Association

Defendants under either Rule 59(e) or Rule 60(b), they did not meet their burden.

       As to Federal Defendants, Plaintiffs argue that relief under Rule 59(e) or Rule 60(b) is

appropriate based on overlapping arguments that (1) the Court misapplied the rules of standing in

its earlier opinion, see Pls.’ Mot. Alter J. at 2, ECF No. 122; and (2) Plaintiffs have standing to

bring a conspiracy claim under the District of Columbia Human Right Act (DCHRA), see id. at

3. Although Plaintiffs do not clearly separate out their arguments under Rule 59(e) and Rule

60(b), the Court nonetheless reviews their allegations under both sets of standards.

                                           A. Rule 59(e)

                                         1. No Clear Error

       Plaintiffs argue that “this Court’s ruling [on November 1, 2022,] constituted clear error.”

Id. at 2. It bears repeating that, in the Rule 59(e) context, “clear error” is “a very exacting

standard,” Bond, 286 F.R.D. at 22 (quoting Lightfoot v. District of Columbia, 355 F. Supp. 2d

414, 422 (D.D.C. 2005)), only met when the judgment is “dead wrong” Lardner, 875 F. Supp. 2d

                                                  5
at 53 (quoting Parts & Elec. Motors, Inc. v. Sterling Elec., Inc., 866 F.2d 228, 233 (7th Cir.

1988)).

          In its previous opinion, the Court found that “Plaintiffs lack standing because they have

failed to adequately allege that they suffered a concrete and particularized injury caused by

Federal Defendants.” Cowtown, 2022 WL 16571189, at *5. Specifically, the Court first

explained that Plaintiff the Douglas Estate “is mentioned in just one of the 145 paragraphs in the

complaint,” which included “no factual allegations whatsoever . . . indicating that Mr. Douglas or

the decedents whose estate he represents are affiliated with Cowtown or that the Douglas Estate

was harmed by Defendants.” Id. Turning to Plaintiff Cowtown, the Court explained, with

respect to organizational standing, that the Complaint “makes no allegation that Cowtown was

harmed as an organization by Defendants.” Id. at *6. With respect to associational standing, the

Court found that “Cowtown fails to demonstrate that the interest it seeks to protect are germane

to its purpose” and also “fails to show that any member of its organization has standing to sue”

because “the complaint fails to identify or allege facts about any specific members at all.” Id.

          Nothing in Plaintiff’s motion reveals the Court’s findings to be erroneous. Plaintiffs offer

no evidence for their conclusory argument that the Court’s holding was a “clear error.” Rather

than focus their arguments on the Court’s reasoning, Plaintiffs make disconnected assertions of

fact and law without explaining how they should change the standing analysis. See McNeil,

2019 WL 1003583, at *4 (rejecting plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration because plaintiffs

“fail[ed] to clearly identify why the Court’s decision on standing was incorrect”). For example,

in the text under their first heading—labeled, “The Court Misapplied Standing For Plaintiffs

Cowtown and Douglas”—Plaintiffs mention standing only once, in a parenthetical citation from

a case that simply repeats the general elements of standing without any argument that the Court

                                                   6
misapplied these elements. See Pls.’ Mot. Alter J. at 2–3. Plaintiffs therefore fail to meet their

burden to show that the Court’s earlier decision was “dead wrong” on standing.

                          2. No Intervening Change in Controlling Law

       Plaintiffs make no explicit argument that there has been an intervening change of

controlling law since the Court’s prior opinion issued. 2 However, Plaintiffs offer an incomplete

citation to a case they refer to as “Lea v. Vilsack, 21-cv-468, MDTN.” Pls.’ Mot. Alter J. at 3. To

the extent that this citation implies an argument that there has been an intervening change of law,

it fails at the threshold because the cited decision “predate[s] this Court’s opinion.” See

Habliston v. FINRA Disp. Resol., Inc., 251 F. Supp. 3d 240, 244 (D.D.C. 2017). As noted above,

Rule 59(e) does not entitle parties “to raise arguments or present evidence that could have been

raised prior to the entry of judgment.” Niedermeier, 153 F. Supp. 2d at 28 (citation omitted). By

Plaintiffs’ own admission, the cited order was issued September 30, 2022—more than a month

before the Court issued its opinion. See Pl.’s Mot. Alter J. at 3. Therefore, the decision in Lea v.

Vilsack is not an intervening change in controlling law. 3

       Plaintiffs also seek reconsideration on the basis that they have “Standing to Bring a

Conspiracy Claim Under the DC Human Right Act (DCHRA).” Pls.’ Mot. Alter J. at 3.

       2
          Plaintiffs also make no claim, nor provide any basis to infer an argument, that “new
evidence [has] become[] available” that would warrant reconsideration under Rule 59(e). See
Leidos, 881 F.3d at 217. Accordingly, the Court has no basis to alter its prior judgment on this
ground.
        3
          Even if the order in Lea v. Vilsack did not predate the Court’s opinion, it would not
support Plaintiffs’ claim. Remarkably, in the absence of support from the text of the order,
Plaintiffs’ counsel appears to have included in their motion a false quotation that does not appear
in the order. Compare Pl.’s Mot. Alter J. at 3 (“On September 30, 2022, the Lea Court held “as
admitted to by the Federal Defendants, the affected farmers (Black) are entitled to an
administrative hearing under [the American Rescue Plan Act].”) with Order at 2, Case No. 3:21-
cv-0468 (M.D. Tenn. Sept. 30, 2022), ECF No. 180 (finding that the plaintiff “ha[d] not
established any legal basis for a hearing under the American Rescue Plan Act . . . or the USDA
Food Safety and Inspection Services . . . investigation.”).

                                                  7
However, every case that Plaintiffs cite predates the Court’s earlier ruling, and indeed Plaintiffs’

complaint, by many years. 4 It is well established that “Rule 59(e) is not a vehicle to present a

new legal theory that was available prior to judgment.” Patton Boggs, 683 F.3d at 403; see also

Taylor v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 268 F. Supp. 2d 34, 36 (D.D.C. 2003); Kattan v. District of

Columbia, 995 F.2d 274, 276 (D.C. Cir. 1993)).

                                           B. Rule 60(b)

       As noted above, Rule 60(b) empowers a district court to “relieve a party or its legal

representative from a final judgment, order, or proceeding” on one of six enumerated grounds.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b). Plaintiffs do not specify which of these grounds they rely on in seeking

their relief from judgment. Given Plaintiffs’ heavy burden in this context, this failure itself may

preclude relief. Nevertheless, the Court liberally construes Plaintiffs’ scattered allegations as

arguments under Rule 60(b)(2), (b)(5), and (b)(6), but finds that Plaintiffs are not entitled to

relief on any of these grounds.

                                          1. Rule 60(b)(2)

       Under Rule 60(b)(2), a court may relieve a party of a final judgment on the basis of

“newly discovered evidence that, with reasonable diligence, could not have been discovered in

time to move for a new trial under Rule 59(b).” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(2). To obtain relief under

Rule 60(b)(2), the moving party must demonstrate that

       (1) the newly discovered evidence is of facts that existed at the time of the trial or
       merits proceeding; (2) the party seeking relief was “justifiably ignorant of the
       evidence despite due diligence”; (3) the evidence is admissible and is ”of such
       importance that it probably would have changed the outcome”; and (4) the evidence
       is not merely cumulative or impeaching.

       4
          See Pls. Mot. Alter J. at 3–5 (citing Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490 (1975); Dean v.
District of Columbia, 653 A.2d 307 (D.C. 1995); Evans v. United States, 682 A.2d 644(D.C.
1996); Trafficante v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 409 U.S. 205 (1972); and Katzenbach v.
McClung, 379 U.S. 294 (1964)).

                                                  8
Almerfedi v. Obama, 904 F. Supp. 2d 1, 3 (D.D.C. 2012) (quoting Duckworth v. United States,

808 F. Supp. 2d 210, 216 (D.D.C. 2011)). As the moving party, Plaintiffs have the burden of

proving that “the proffered evidence is ‘of such a material and controlling nature as will probably

change the outcome.’” Epps v. Howes, 573 F. Supp. 2d 180, 185 (D.D.C. 2008) (quoting In re

Korean Air Lines, 156 F.R.D. 18, 22 (D.D.C. 1994)).

       Plaintiffs claim that they are somehow entitled to relief because injunctions related to

USDA debt relief payments to farmers that were purportedly issued in a different suit filed in

2021 have now been lifted. See Pls.’ Mot. Alter J. at 2. However, Plaintiffs do not indicate when

these injunctions were lifted or offer any explanation as to why the lifting of these injunctions

would confer standing on Plaintiffs Cowtown or the Douglas Estate in this case. This falls far

short of meeting the heavy burden to proffer new evidence that probably would have changed the

outcome.

                                         2. Rule 60(b)(5)

       Rule 60(b)(5) provides for relief where, in relevant part, a final judgment “has been

satisfied, released, or discharged” or “is based on an earlier judgment that has been reversed or

vacated.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(5). The moving party “bears the burden of establishing that

changed circumstances warrant relief.” Horne v. Flores, 557 U.S. 433, 447 (2009).

       As noted above, Plaintiffs make vague insinuations that they are entitled to relief because

injunctions from a 2021 case concerning USDA debt relief payments were lifted. See Pls.’ Mot.

Alter J. at 2. But they make no claim that the Court’s prior judgment is “based on an earlier

judgment that has been reversed or vacated” within the meaning of Rule 60(b)(5) or offer

evidence that the authority relied on by the Court was unsound or has since been overruled.

There is no basis for relief under Rule 60(b)(5).

                                                    9
                                          3. Rule 60(b)(6)

       Finally, Rule 60(b)(6) is a catch-all provision that empowers a court to grant relief from a

final judgment for “any other reason that justifies relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(6). Relief may be

granted under Rule 60(b)(6) only if the motion for relief is “not premised on one of the grounds

for relief enumerated in clauses (b)(1) through (b)(5),” Salazar ex rel. Salazar v. District of

Columbia, 633 F.3d 1110, 1116 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (quoting Liljeberg v. Health Servs. Acquisition

Corp., 486 U.S. 847, 863 (1988)), and “should only be granted in ‘extraordinary

circumstances,’” Riley v. BMO Harris Bank, N.A., 115 F. Supp. 3d 87, 94 (D.D.C. 2015) (quoting

Ackermann v. United States, 340 U.S. 193, 199 (1950)). Extraordinary circumstances exist

“[w]hen a party timely presents a previously undisclosed fact so central to the litigation that it

shows the initial judgment to have been manifestly unjust.” Salazar, 633 F.3d at 1121 (citing

Good Luck Nursing Home, 636 F.2d at 577). This is a “high bar.” United States v. Philip Morris

USA Inc., 840 F.3d 844, 852 (D.C. Cir. 2016).

       The only “previously undisclosed fact” to which Plaintiffs cite is the alleged lifting of the

injunctions in the 2021 case discussed above. See Pls.’ Mot. Alter J. at 2. However, as also

noted above, Plaintiffs say nothing to establish a connection between the alleged lifting of those

injunctions and the Court’s jurisdictional analysis in its opinion dismissing Plaintiffs’ claims

here. Plaintiffs thus fail to show that they are entitled to relief under Rule 60(b)(6).

                                     B. Amended Complaint

       In addition to their motion under Rules 59(e) and 60(b), Plaintiffs seek leave to file an

amended complaint. Plaintiffs argue that “it is settled that ‘an amended pleading ordinarily

supersedes the original and renders it of no legal effect.’” Pls.’ Mot. Alter J. at 3(quoting Young

v. City of Mount Ranier, 238 F.3d 567, 572 (4th Cir. 2001)). It is true that, under Fed. R. Civ. P.

                                                  10
15, leave to amend should be “freely give[n]” when “justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

15(a)(2). However, “it is well settled in the D.C. Circuit—and in virtually every circuit to have

considered the question—that ‘once a final judgment has been entered, a court cannot permit an

amendment unless the plaintiff first satisf[ies] Rule 59(e)’s more stringent standard for setting

aside that judgment.’” City of Dover v. U.S. Env’t Prot. Agency, 40 F. Supp. 3d 1, 4 (D.D.C.

2013) (quoting Ciralsky v. CIA, 355 F.3d 661, 673 (D.C. Cir. 2004)); see Osborn v. Visa Inc., 797

F.3d 1057, 1062 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (“As a technical matter, the District Court lack[s] authority to

rule on the merits of [a] 15(a) motion [when] it [does] not modify its final judgment.”). This

requirement applies when a court dismisses for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, see Odhiambo

v. Republic of Kenya, 947 F. Supp. 2d 30, 40 (D.D.C. 2013), and specifically for lack of standing,

see Ellis v. Comm’r, No. 14-0471, 2014 WL 12943158, at *7 (D.D.C. Dec. 3, 2014), aff’d, 622 F.

App’x 2, 3 (D.C. Cir. 2015). Accordingly, as Plaintiffs have not met their burden under Rule

59(e), leave to file an amended complaint is denied. 5

                    C. Association Defendants’ Motion for Attorney’s Fees

       Association Defendants argue that “Plaintiffs’ defiance of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure and judicial economy warrants attorneys’ fees.” Ass’n Defs.’ Opp’n to Pls.’ Mot. Alter

J. (“Ass’n Defs.’ Opp’n”) at 2, ECF No. 126. Association Defendants cite to 28 U.S.C. § 1927.

Id. Under § 1927,

       a court ‘may,’ but need not, tax (1) an “attorney or other person admitted to conduct
       cases” in federal court (2) who “multiplies the proceedings . . . unreasonably and
       vexatiously” (3) with “the excess costs, expenses and attorneys’ fees” (4)
       “reasonably incurred” by an opposing party “because of such conduct.”

       5
         Federal Defendants also oppose Plaintiffs’ motions on the basis of Local Civil Rule
7(m), which requires plaintiffs to discuss non-dispositive motions with opposing counsel before
filing. See Fed. Defs.’ Mem. Opp’n to Pls.’ Mot. Alter J. at 2 n.1, ECF No. 127. The Court does
not reach this alternative argument.

                                                 11
Alexander v. FBI, 541 F. Supp. 2d 274, 302 (D.D.C. 2008) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1927). 6

       The D.C. Circuit “has not yet established whether the standard for imposition of

sanctions under [§ 1927] should be ‘recklessness’ or the more stringent ‘bad faith.’” LaPrade v.

Kidder Peabody & Co., 146 F.3d 899, 905 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (citing United States v. Wallace, 964

F.2d 1214, 1218–19 (D.C. Cir. 1992)). However, even the lower standard of recklessness is a

“high threshold . . . and in general requires deliberate action in the face of a known risk, the

likelihood or impact of which the actor inexcusably underestimates or ignores.” Wallace, 964

F.2d at 1219–20. Regardless of whether the applicable standard is bad faith or recklessness,

sanctions under § 1927 demand clear and convincing evidence, see Alexander, 541 F. Supp. 2d at

303, and should be granted “only in instances of a serious and studied disregard for the orderly

process of justice,” Huthnance v. District of Columbia, 793 F. Supp. 2d 177, 181 (D.D.C. 2011)

(internal quotations omitted).

       Without approving of Plaintiffs’ litigation conduct, 7 the Court finds that Association

Defendants have not pled enough to meet this high bar. In a few short sentences, Association

       6
          Association Defendants “request that the Court award them attorneys’ fees against
Plaintiffs.” See Ass’n Defs.’ Opp’n at 3 (emphasis added). An award under § 1927 may be made
“only against attorneys or other persons authorized to practice before the courts,” Schlaifer
Nance & Co. v. Estate of Warhol, 194 F.3d 323, 336 (2d Cir. 1999), and “does not provide for the
imposition of sanctions against parties,” Alexander v. FBI, 541 F. Supp. 2d 274, 299 (D.D.C.
2008). The Court therefore understands Association Defendants to be requesting relief against
Plaintiffs’ attorney.
        7
          For example, it appears that Plaintiffs’ counsel included a false quotation from the
September 30, 2022 order in Lea v. Vilsack. See supra note 3. The Court also notes that much of
Plaintiffs’ motion appears to be substantially copied from briefs and opinions in unrelated
matters not involving Plaintiffs’ counsel. For example, Plaintiffs’ counsel appears to copy,
without citation, language in the first-person plural from a decision of a panel of the D.C. Court
of Appeals in Executive Sandwich Shoppe, Inc. v. Carr Realty Corp., 749 A.2d 724 (D.C. 2000).
See Pls.’ Mot. Alter J. at 4 (“Although we have noted that the Council did not intend the DCHRA
to prohibit every discriminatory practice . . . .”). While the Court does not have a sufficient
record to determine whether this conduct is the product of bad faith or merely negligence, the
Court admonishes Plaintiffs’ counsel that it is unacceptable. The Court reminds Plaintiffs’

                                                 12
Defendants argue that they are entitled to attorneys’ fees because “Plaintiffs filed a meritless

complaint followed by numerous, similarly flawed motions while the [Association Defendants’]

ultimately-granted Motion to Dismiss [ECF No. 9] was pending.” Ass’n Defs.’ Opp’n at 3.

Association Defendants further claim that the present motion is “emblematic of Plaintiffs’

continued multiplicative filings.” Id.

       While Plaintiffs’ filings tend to be long and disorganized and often lack citation to

appropriate authority, “[c]ourts are unanimous that unintended, inadvertent, or even negligent

conduct [will not] support an assessment of fees and costs under Section 1927.” Huthnance, 793

F. Supp. 2d at 181. Courts have declined to award fees even where an attorney

“mischaracterized the record multiple times and unsuccessfully injected immaterial facts to avoid

summary judgment.” See Herron v. Fannie Mae, No. 10-943, 2016 WL 10733991, at *1 (D.D.C.

June 27, 2016). In the absence of the necessary clear and convincing evidence to support an

award, the Court denies Association Defendants’ request for attorney’s fees. 8

                                         V. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiffs’ Motion to Alter Judgment, ECF No. 122 is

DENIED and Association Defendants’ Motion for Attorney’s Fees, ECF No. 126, is DENIED.

Plaintiffs’ Motion to Amend Complaint, ECF No. 123, Plaintiff’s Motion for Declaratory

Judgment, ECF No. 132, and Federal Defendants’ Motion to Stay Deadlines, ECF No. 133, are

counsel that she owes a duty of candor to the Court under D.C. Rule of Professional Conduct 3.3
and Fed. R. Civ. P. 11.
        8
          Association Defendants also request “attorneys’ fees against Plaintiffs under [the
Court’s] inherent equitable authority.” Ass’n Defs.’ Opp’n at 3. However, because “the standard
for a fee award under § 1927 is at least as broad as the court's authority to issue sanctions for
attorney misconduct under its inherent powers,” the Court “has no ‘need or justification’ to
invoke its inherent power.” Animal Welfare Inst. v. Feld Ent., Inc., 944 F. Supp. 2d 1, 18 (D.D.C.
2013) (quoting Fidelity Nat’l Title Ins. Co. v. Intercounty Nat’l Title Ins. Co., 412 F.3d 745, 752
(7th Cir. 2005)).

                                                 13
DENIED as moot. An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and

contemporaneously issued.

Dated: August 25, 2023                                     RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
                                                           United States District Judge

                                           14