Court Opinion

ID: 166385
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-08-14 09:12:23+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:48:30.331121
License: Public Domain

F I L E D
                                                                       United States Court of Appeals
                                                                               Tenth Circuit
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                           September 2, 2005
                                  TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                          PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                   Clerk

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

              Plaintiff - Appellee,                         No. 04-5039

 v.                                                     (N. D. Oklahoma)
                                                    (D.C. No. CR03-CR-098-P)
 WALLACE DEAN VINSON,

              Defendant - Appellant.

                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before HENRY, Circuit Judge, LUCERO, Circuit Judge, and BRACK, ** District
Judge.

      Wallace Dean Vinson appeals the district court’s sentence of thirty months

of imprisonment, which also included seven supervised release conditions. Mr.

Vinson argues that the district court erred in (1) calculating the amount of loss for

his offense, and determining facts that increased the maximum sentence to which

he was subject under the Guidelines, in violation of the Supreme Court’s ruling in

      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10TH CIR. R. 36.3.
      **
        The Honorable Robert C. Brack, District Judge, United States District
Court for the District of New Mexico, sitting by designation.
Blakely v. Washington, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004), and (2) imposing special sex

offender conditions of supervised release that were not reasonably related to the

controlling statutory factors and were too restrictive upon his liberty. He asks us

to vacate his sentence, remand for re-sentencing, and remove the sex offender

conditions on his supervised release. Our jurisdiction arises under 28 U.S.C. §

1291. We conclude that (1) there is no violation of Blakely or its progeny and (2)

the district court did not abuse its discretion when it imposed the special offense

conditions. Thus, we affirm Mr. Vinson’s conviction and sentence.

                                I. BACKGROUND

      Mr. Vinson was hired as President of Rockland International in 1999.

Rockland International Corporation, based in Tulsa, Oklahoma, manufactured

environmentally safe products and published books on health and nutrition. In

2000, he transferred to the parent company, Rockland Corporation, as vice-

president of sales. With Mr. Vinson’s assistance, Rockland established a business

relationship with a company called Renaissance For Life (“RFL”). Mr. Vinson

became the primary contact person with RFL. During 2000 and 2001, Mr. Vinson

diverted approximately $159,990.72 in payments sent by RFL to Rockland into

his own accounts for personal use.

      The government issued a twelve-count indictment against Mr. Vinson for

                                         -2-
subscribing to a false tax return, wire fraud, and mail fraud. The indictment

against Mr. Vinson listed Rockland’s loss at approximately $77,000. On

September 26, 2003, Mr. Vinson pleaded guilty to all charges.

      At the change of plea hearing, the district court asked defense counsel for

his loss calculations, and he replied: “I think we have some issues . . . with the

amount of the actual loss to the company. I think [the government is] saying

about $208,000.00. We might wish to present the Court with some different

figures . . . , but other than that, it’s pretty close to what we are saying.” Change

of Plea Tr. (“COP”), at 14-15. The district court informed Mr. Vinson that it is

“not unusual when the Probation Office prepares a Presentence Report [“PSR”],

and that’s the report I rely on for the purpose of sentencing, that the guidelines

turn out to be different than has been estimated by the attorneys today . . . . Do

you understand that?” Id. at 17-18. Mr. Vinson replied: “Yes, I do, Your

Honor.” Id. at 18. Mr. Vinson then told the court that he would “like to state I

don’t agree with the amounts, but I’m sure we’ll settle that; but I do agree with

the charges and I take full responsibility for it.” Id. at 27. During the sentencing

hearing, when the district court gave Mr. Vinson the opportunity to make a

statement, he acknowledged “I did violate my trust or their trust.” Sent. Tr. at 16.

        In calculating Mr. Vinson’s sentence under the Guidelines, the district

court adopted the recommendations in the PSR and its addendum. The district

                                          -3-
court found the amount of loss was $159,990.72, and Mr. Vinson did not object to

this amount. Because the total loss was between $120,000 and $200,000, the

district court increased Mr. Vinson’s base offense level by ten points. It also

applied a two-level adjustment for his abuse of trust, under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3.

Mr. Vinson does not challenge this adjustment.

      The district court calculated Mr. Vinson’s total offense level to be 17, with

a criminal history category II and an applicable Guidelines range of 27 to 33

months’ imprisonment. The district court sentenced Mr. Vinson to 30 months’

imprisonment and ordered payment of restitution in the amount of $159,990.72.

When it announced the sentence, the district court noted that “[a] sentence in the

middle of the guideline range is being imposed because there are no aggravating

or mitigating circumstances that have not been taken into account in determining

the guideline range for the instant offense.” Sent. Tr. at 18.

      The district court also imposed three years of supervised release and

several special sex offender conditions based on Mr. Vinson’s prior criminal

history. The district court instructed Mr. Vinson (1) to register as a sex offender

in accordance with state law; (2) to participate in sex offender and/or mental

health treatment as directed by the probation officer, including submission to a

risk assessment and psychological testing; (3) not to have contact with children

under the age of eighteen without the prior written permission of the probation

                                          -4-
officer; (4) not to engage in any occupation, business, or profession where he

would have access to children under the age of eighteen without prior written

approval of the probation officer; (5) not to loiter within one hundred feet of

schools, parks, playgrounds, arcades, or other places frequented by children; (6)

not to possess sexually stimulating or sexually oriented material as deemed

inappropriate by the probation officer; and (7) not to subscribe to or use any

Internet service without first receiving written permission from his probation

officer.

      Mr. Vinson pleaded guilty in 1994 in California to three felony sex crimes:

two counts of a lewd act with a minor and one count of sexual intercourse with a

minor. The convictions were based on a single event in which Mr. Vinson had

sexual relations with an underage hitchhiker. He served six months in jail and

was placed on probation for five years, during which time he registered as a sex

offender in California and reportedly underwent psychological testing. The

record does not indicate that he registered as a sex offender in Oklahoma or

Texas, where he resided before being sentenced in this matter.           .

      On appeal, Mr. Vinson argues that (1) his sentence should be vacated in

light of Blakely, and (2) the district court abused its discretion in imposing special

sex offender conditions during his supervised release.

                                          -5-
                                     II. DISCUSSION

       A.     Booker error

       Mr. Vinson was sentenced before the Supreme Court’s decisions in Blakely

and United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005). “When the defendant raised

Blakely before this court, the Supreme Court had not yet issued Booker. We

nonetheless apply both cases.” United States v. Dalton, 409 F.3d 1247, 1249 n.1

(10th Cir. 2005).

        In Booker, the Supreme Court applied its holding in Blakely to the federal

Sentencing Guidelines and reaffirmed its holding in Apprendi, stating that “[a]ny

fact (other than a prior conviction) which is necessary to support a sentence

exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts established by a plea of guilty or

a jury verdict must be admitted by the defendant or proved to a jury beyond a

reasonable doubt.” 125 S. Ct at 756. Moreover, the holding in Booker “makes

the Guidelines effectively advisory.”       Id. at 757. In other words,   Booker “requires

a sentencing court to consider Guidelines ranges, . . . but it permits the court to

tailor the sentence in light of other statutory concerns as well,     see [18 U.S.C.] §

3553(a) (Supp. 2004).”      Id.

       In addition, the Supreme Court in Booker held that “both the Sixth

Amendment holding and our remedial interpretation of the Sentencing Act [apply]

to all cases on direct review.” Id. at 769. After Booker, we have analyzed cases

                                              -6-
on direct review in terms of non-constitutional and constitutional error. See

United States v. Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d 727, 731-32 (10th Cir. 2005) (en

banc). “[A] court could err by relying upon judge-found facts, other than those of

prior convictions, to enhance a defendant’s sentence mandatorily. As Booker

makes clear, the Sixth Amendment prohibits this practice.” Id. at 731.

      A sentencing court commits “non-constitutional Booker error” by “applying

the Guidelines in a mandatory fashion, as opposed to a discretionary fashion, even

though the resulting sentence was calculated solely upon facts that were admitted

by the defendant . . . or based upon the fact of a prior conviction.” Id. at 731-32.

Although this type of sentence does not violate the defendant’s Sixth Amendment

rights, it is “nonetheless impermissible because the Court [in Booker] severed the

portion of the Sentencing Reform Act that required the mandatory application of

the Guidelines.” Id. at 732. Because Mr. Vinson briefed his appeal before

Booker was decided, we shall consider both constitutional and non-constitutional

Booker error.

             1.     Constitutional Booker error

      Mr. Vinson argues that the district court’s determination of the amount of

loss is constitutional Booker error because the district court engaged in fact-

finding, based upon a preponderance of evidence, to support the loss calculation.

He suggests that the amount of loss should be $77,000, as alleged in the

                                          -7-
indictment. This lower loss calculation would result in an eight-level (rather than

ten-level) adjustment under Section 2B1.1 of the Guidelines, and would reduce

his Guidelines range to 21 to 27 months. Because Mr. Vinson did not raise a

constitutional challenge to the judge’s finding of the loss amount at sentencing,

we review the district court’s finding for plain error. See Gonzalez-Huerta, 403

F.3d at 732. The Supreme Court has outlined four factors to determine whether

the district court committed plain error: 1) whether there was error; 2) whether

the error was plain, that is clear or obvious at the time of appeal; 3) whether the

error was prejudicial, that is, it affected the substantial rights of the defendant;

and 4) whether the error seriously affected the fairness, integrity or public

reputation of judicial proceedings. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732

(1993); Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d at 732.

      Mr. Vinson satisfies the first two prongs of plain error review because “the

Booker Court excised 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b)(1), thereby rendering the Guidelines

discretionary,” which made the district court’s mandatory application of the

Guidelines “plain” error that is clear and obvious on appeal. Gonzalez-Huerta,

403 F.3d at 732. The primary issue in this case, therefore, is whether Mr. Vinson

can meet the third and fourth prongs of plain error review.

      To satisfy the third prong, the appellant bears the burden of showing that

the error affected his “substantial rights.” Id. “[T]he appellant must show ‘a

                                           -8-
reasonable probability that, but for the error claimed, the result of the proceeding

would have been different.’” Id. (citing United States v. Dominguez Benitez, 124

S. Ct. 2333, 2339 (2004)).

      In a case of constitutional Booker error, there are at least two ways a
      defendant can make this showing. First, if the defendant shows a
      reasonable probability that a jury applying a reasonable doubt standard
      would not have found the same material facts that a judge found by a
      preponderance of the evidence, then the defendant successfully
      demonstrates that the error below affected his substantial rights. This
      inquiry requires the appellate court to review the evidence submitted at
      the sentencing hearing and the factual basis for any objection the
      defendant may have made to the facts on which the sentence was
      predicated. Second, a defendant may show that the district court’s error
      affected his substantial rights by demonstrating a reasonable probability
      that, under the specific facts of his case as analyzed under the
      sentencing factors of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the district court judge would
      reasonably impose a sentence outside the Guidelines range.

United States v. Dazey, 403 F.3d 1147, 1175 (10th Cir. 2005) (footnotes omitted)

(emphasis added).

      We first inquire whether there is a reasonable probability that a jury,

applying a beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard, would not have found that the

amount of loss was at least $120,000, as the district court did when applying a

preponderance-of-the-evidence standard. At the change of plea colloquy, Mr.

Vinson’s counsel suggested that he “might wish to present the Court with some

different figures” with respect to the $208,000 loss calculation provided by the

government. COP, at 14-15. Mr. Vinson’s counsel went on to state that “[the

government’s figure is] pretty close to what we are saying.” Id. The district

                                         -9-
court informed Mr. Vinson that “what I hear is that there is essentially an

agreement as to what the calculations are, except for perhaps the amount involved

in the mail and wire fraud, and perhaps what I would call minor issue in regard to

the income tax violations charges.” Id. at 15. Mr. Vinson did not object to the

PSR’s calculation of the amount of loss of $169.990.72, nor did he object at the

sentencing hearing. We also note that restitution was set at $159,990.72. We

hold that the record indicates there is little likelihood that a jury would not reach

the same conclusion beyond a reasonable doubt.

       Mr. Vinson also has not met his burden to demonstrate a reasonable

probability that, under the specific facts of his case as analyzed under the

sentencing factors of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), 3 the district court would have

       3
         Factors to be considered in imposing sentence. The court shall impose a
sentence sufficient, but not greater than necessary, to comply with the purposes set forth
in paragraph (2) of this subsection. The court, in determining the particular sentence to
be imposed, shall consider–

(1)    the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of
       the defendant;

(2)    the need for the sentence imposed–

       (A)    to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the
              law, and to provide just punishment for the offense;

       (B)    to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct;

       (C)    to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant; and

                                            -10-
reasonably imposed a sentence outside the Guidelines range under a post-Booker

advisory regime. The district court’s comment when it imposed Mr. Vinson’s

sentence makes this clear. The district court recognized its discretion to sentence

within the Guidelines range when it sentenced Mr. Vinson to thirty months of

imprisonment: “[a] sentence in the middle of the guideline range is being

imposed because there are no aggravating or mitigating circumstances that have

not been taken into account in determining the guideline range for the instant

offense.” Sent. Tr. at 18; see United States v. Nguyen, 413 F.3d 1170, 1184 (10th

      (D)    to provide the defendant with needed educational or vocational
             training, medical care, or other correctional treatment in the most
             effective manner;

(3)   the kinds of sentences available;

(4)   the kinds of sentence and the sentencing range established for–

      (A)    the applicable category of offense committed by the applicable
             category of defendant as set forth in the guidelines . . . .

(5)   any pertinent policy statement–

      (A)    issued by the Sentencing Commission . . . .

(6)   the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with similar
      records who have been found guilty of similar conduct; and

(7)   the need to provide restitution to any victims of the offense.

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).

                                           -11-
Cir. 2005) (noting that the district court’s “generalized comments” about

sentencing discretion were “more an acknowledgment of his desire to exercise

discretion within a Guideline range generally appropriate for the crime

committed; it is not a clear expression of a desire or willingness to depart

downward”). As in Nguyen, the district court’s statement here is not “linked to

any § 3553(a) factor to indicate the court would exercise additional discretion if it

could to impose a lower sentence.” Id. at 1184-85.

      We conclude that judicial fact-finding of the amount of loss did not affect

Mr. Vinson’s substantial rights under the third prong of the plain error test.

Therefore, we need not consider whether he satisfies the fourth prong of the test.

Mr. Vinson fails to satisfy the plain error test for constitutional Booker error.

             2.     Non-constitutional Booker error

      Mr. Vinson’s arguments, when construed as non-constitutional Booker

error, similarly fail. To satisfy the third prong of Olano, Mr. Vinson must show

that the district court’s mandatory application of the Guidelines affected his

substantial rights based on the record on appeal. Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d at

733. We need not decide whether Mr. Vinson can demonstrate that his substantial

rights were affected, because he is unable to satisfy the more daunting fourth

prong of Olano. Under Olano, he must establish that the sentence offended the

“core notions of justice,” thus requiring us to exercise our discretion to notice the

                                         -12-
plain error under the fourth prong. Gonzalez-Huerta. 403 F.3d at 739. “Our

analysis under this fourth prong when an error is non-constitutional is not flippant

or perfunctory; the standard is formidable, as we will only exercise our discretion

when an error is ‘particularly egregious’ and the failure to remand for correction

would produce a ‘miscarriage of justice.’” United States v. Trujillo-Terrazas, 405

F.3d 814, 820 (10th Cir. 2005) (quoting Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d at 736). This

demanding standard is not met here.

      Even in applying the Guidelines in a mandatory way, the district court

retained discretion to impose a sentence on Mr. Vinson anywhere in that

applicable Guidelines range. The district court exercised that discretion by

imposing a sentence of 30 months’ imprisonment, which fell in the middle of the

applicable range of 27 to 33 months. In doing so, the district court rejected Mr.

Vinson’s request for a sentence at the lowest end of the range. There is, then, no

“reason to think that the district judge would have imposed a less severe sentence

in the exercise of his post-Booker discretion.” United States v. Riccardi, 405 F.3d

852, 876 (10th Cir. 2005). Furthermore, there is no indication in the sentencing

transcript that the district court would have sentenced Mr. Vinson to a lesser term

if the Guidelines were not mandatory at that time.

      Thus, because Mr. Vinson’s sentencing error does not constitute plain error,

we need not remand for resentencing in light of Booker.

                                        -13-
      B.     The supervised release conditions

             1.    Standard of review

      Our review of the imposition of supervised release conditions is a

complicated one. Although the Sentencing Guidelines are now “effectively

advisory,” the Sentencing Reform Act as modified “requires a sentencing court to

consider Guidelines ranges, see 18 U.S.C.A. § 3553(a)(4) (Supp. 2004), but it

permits the court to tailor the sentence in light of other statutory concerns as

well.” Booker, 125 S. Ct. at 757. This language suggests that the Guidelines and

§ 3553 still have major relevance in determining the reasonableness of sentences.

Of course, § 3553 already applied to conditions of supervised release. 18 U.S.C.

§ 3583(d). “District courts enjoy broad discretion in fashioning conditions of

supervised release.” United States v. Bartsma, 198 F.3d 1191, 1200 (10th Cir.

1999). Yet, our deference to the district court is not wholesale:

      A sentence for supervised release should be, at minimum, remanded if
      a district court fails to give its reasons for imposing the sentence on the
      record. When the district court has not given its reasons for the
      imposition of a sentence on the record, we decline to enter the zone of
      appellate speculation in reviewing for abuse of discretion.

United States v. Kravchuk, 335 F.3d 1147, 1159 (10th Cir. 2003) (internal

quotation marks and citations omitted).

      [The] conditions must “involve no greater deprivation of liberty than is
      reasonably necessary” to deter criminal conduct, protect the public, and
      provide the defendant with needed educational or vocational training,
      medical care, or other correctional treatment. . . . [T]he conditions must

                                          -14-
      [also] be “reasonably related to the nature and circumstances of the
      offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant.”

United States v. Fabiano, 169 F.3d 1299, 1307 (10th Cir. 1999) (quoting 18

U.S.C. §§ 3553(a)(1)-(2), 3583(d)(1)). “The § 3553(a) factors are fairly broad,

but they do impose a real restriction on the district court’s freedom to impose

conditions on supervised release.” United States v. Pruden, 398 F.3d 241, 248

(3d Cir. 2005). “An appellate court should not be left to speculate about the

nexus between the condition and the nature and circumstances of the offense.”

Bartsma, 198 F.3d at 1200.

      Furthermore, a special condition must also involve “no greater deprivation

of liberty than is reasonably necessary for the purposes” of sentencing, and it

must be “consistent with any pertinent policy statements” in the Guidelines. 18

U.S.C. § 3583(d)(2)-(3); U.S.S.G. § 5D1.3(b). Accordingly, the district court’s

“broad discretion in tailoring conditions of supervised release to meet the specific

circumstances of a given case” is not “untrammelled,” United States v. Germosen,

139 F.3d 120, 131 (2d Cir. 1998) (internal quotation marks omitted), and we

should “carefully scrutinize unusual and severe conditions,” United States v.

Sofsky, 287 F.3d 122, 126 (2d Cir. 2002) (quotation marks omitted).

      2.     Special Sex Offender Conditions

      Here, the U.S. Probation Office asked the district court to impose “Special

Sex Offender Conditions” upon Mr. Vinson. These conditions required, among

                                         -15-
others things, (1) registration as a sex offender in accordance with state law; (2)

participation in sex offender treatment and payment for the treatment, conducted

by therapists approved by the probation office; (3) no contact with children

younger than eighteen, and a requirement that any contact with children be

reported to the probation office; (4) a restriction on occupation, including one

with access to children, without prior approval of the probation office; (5)

prohibition from being in parks, schools, or playgrounds; (6) prohibition from

possessing any reading or viewing material that the probation office deems is

inappropriate; (7) certain clothing restrictions that apply in public and at home, if

another person is present; (8) prohibition from being around the “victim,” except

as approved by the probation office; (9) deference to the probation office to

require that the defendant post a sign on the door of his home stating that he can

have no contact with people under the age of eighteen; (10) deference to the

probation office to require the defendant to be incarcerated in a Community

Corrections Center for up to one year or until the probation officer will release

him; (11) prohibition of access to Internet service without approval by the

probation office; and (12) prohibition from drinking or possessing alcohol or any

intoxicating beverages.

      After the district court heard arguments regarding Mr. Vinson’s objections

to the sex offender conditions, it modified the proposed sex offense conditions

                                         -16-
and deleted conditions (7), (8), (9), (10), and (12). The district court overruled

Mr. Vinson’s objections as to the remaining seven conditions, and determined

these to be appropriate based on his prior conviction for a sex offense. It stated:

      The Court recognizes that the proposed “Special Sex Offender
      Conditions” are unrelated to the instant offense. However, they are
      appropriate due to the defendant’s prior conviction for a sex offense.
      The special sex offender conditions bear a reasonable relationship to the
      defendant’s history and characteristics. Therefore, the Court will
      impose some of the standard sex offender conditions or a modified
      version of those conditions.

Sentencing Tr. at 11-12. The district court did not appear to address the

conditions’ relationship to Mr. Vinson’s deprivation of liberty.

      Mr. Vinson objects to the imposition of sex offender conditions for two

reasons: (1) “the history and characteristics were remote and nothing existed to

support a legitimate concern that Mr. Vinson will be a sex offender at the time of

release from imprisonment,” and (2) the conditions involve a greater deprivation

of liberty than is reasonably necessary. Aplt’s Br. at 18-22. Mr. Vinson argues

that he does not have the extensive history of sex offenses that would trigger the

imposition of these conditions. His sex offense conviction stemmed from a single

incident that occurred more than a decade ago. Furthermore, he has received

treatment in California as part of his sentence, and he has not committed any sex

offenses since that time.

      In imposing the sex offender conditions, the district court relied upon

                                         -17-
United States v. Barajas, 331 F.3d 1141 (10th Cir. 2003), where a court imposed

conditions based upon the history and characteristics of the defendant. There, the

defendant pleaded guilty to a firearms offense, and the district court imposed two

conditions on his supervised release that were not related to the offense of

conviction: (1) the defendant had “to make regular monthly child support

payments in accordance with [any] payment plan established by state authorities,

and to pay the $7,890 he owed in child support arrearages,” and (2) the defendant

had to “participate in an approved program for mental health, which may include

psychological counseling . . . at the direction of the U.S. Probation Officer.” Id.

at 1143 (quotation marks omitted).

      We noted that the requirement to pay child support was reasonably related

to the history and characteristics of the defendant since the defendant had failed

to pay child support in the past. Id. at 1147. Moreover, we upheld the imposition

of psychological testing as a condition due to the “defendant’s history of incidents

involving threats and violence,” which included five prior convictions for assault,

battery, domestic violence, and other violent incidents that did not result in

conviction. Id. at 1143, 1147. Though the conditions imposed did not relate to

the firearms conviction, the district court did not abuse its discretion because the

conditions related to the history and characteristics of Mr. Barajas.

      Here, the first condition the district court imposed on Mr. Vinson required

                                         -18-
him to register as a sex offender in accordance with state law. The district court

expressed concern that Mr. Vinson apparently had not registered as a sex offender

in either Oklahoma or Texas, where he had lived since moving from California.

This condition appears to relate to the history and characteristics of Mr. Vinson

since many state laws require sex offenders to register with the State when they

move from one state to another.

      Second, the district court required Mr. Vinson to “participate in sex

offender and/or mental health treatment as directed by the probation officer.”

Aple’s Br., ex. E, at 3 (Judgment, filed Mar. 10, 2004). Section 5D1.3(d)(7) of

the Guidelines indicates that such a condition is appropriate “[i]f the instant

offense of conviction is a sex offense.” (emphasis supplied). The government

argues that, apart from one exhibit, Mr. Vinson presented no evidence that he

actually participated in any psychological counseling after the California

conviction. See Aple’s Br., ex. D (Order Granting Probation and Judgment for

Monetary Penalties, filed May 20, 1994). In addition, the government asserts that

the district court, having considered Barajas, has already tailored the sexual

offender conditions by striking five of the recommended conditions. Finally, the

government cites factors from § 3553(a), including deterrence, education,

vocational training, and other correctional treatment, to support the sex offender

and/or mental health treatment condition.

                                         -19-
      We recognize that Mr. Vinson’s prior conviction in California was for a

nearly decade-old sex offense. As noted, the district court was concerned with

Mr. Vinson’s apparent failure to register as a sex offender in either Oklahoma or

Texas, the states in which he had resided since moving from California.

Furthermore, he presented no evidence that he completed or participated in the

California sex offender program. Finally, the condition requires “sex offender

and/or mental health treatment as directed by the probation officer including

submission to a risk assessment and psychological testing.” Aple’s Br., ex. E, at

3. Mr. Vinson must therefore participate in treatment only if, after appropriate

assessment and testing, the probation officer so directs. The district court was

aware of the need for and purpose of rehabilitation, if deemed necessary after

testing. We presume that the probation officer will enforce this condition with

appropriate discretion and, if necessary, direct treatment that involves no more

deprivation of liberty than is reasonably necessary. In sum, the district court

considered the public safety implications of Mr. Vinson’s previous conduct and

did not abuse its discretion in imposing the second condition.

      The third, fourth, and fifth conditions prevent Mr. Vinson from having

contact with children under the age of eighteen, engaging in any business where

he could have access to children under the age of eighteen, and from being within

100 feet of parks, schools, or playgrounds frequented by children under the age of

                                         -20-
eighteen, without prior permission from his probation officer. Although removed,

we agree that these three conditions appear reasonably related in a “tangible way”

to Mr. Vinson’s particular history and characteristics. United States v. Evans, 155

F.3d 245, 249 (3d Cir. 1998); but cf. United States v. T.M., 330 F.3d 1235, 1240

(9th Cir. 2003) (striking several sex offender conditions, including one restricting

interaction with anyone under the age of eighteen, noting that “[s]upervised

release conditions predicated upon twenty-year-old incidents, without more, do

not promote the goals of public protection and deterrence” and “[t]he fact that

[the defendant] has lived the last twenty years without committing a sex offense

suggests that he no longer needs to be deterred or shielded from the public”).

Moreover, these restrictions, although a liberty infringement, are not a wholesale

deprivation of Mr. Vinson’s liberty. We again presume that Mr. Vinson’s

probation officer will be reasonable in exercising discretion and will not prevent

him from seeing his grandchildren, who are under the age of eighteen. These

conditions, therefore, do not constitute an unreasonable deprivation of liberty and

the district court did not abuse its discretion when it imposed these conditions.

      The sixth condition prevents Mr. Vinson from possessing “sexually

oriented” material as deemed inappropriate by the probation officer. Although

this limitation may be vague, it does not unduly restrict his liberty and is an

appropriate basis to protect the public and to promote rehabilitation. See United

                                         -21-
States v. Wise, 391 F.3d 1027, 1034 (9th Cir. 2004) (urging that conditions be

tailored on remand “[b]ecause the prohibition on sexually oriented and sexually

stimulating materials might arguably include women’s magazines with sexual

how-to articles and bodice-ripper romance novels available at any grocery store”);

United States v. Bee, 162 F.3d 1232, 1235 (9th Cir. 1998) (holding that a

restriction on possession of sexually oriented material “was designed to promote

[the defendant’s] rehabilitation and to protect the public”). We presume that the

probation officer will act reasonably so as not to deprive Mr. Vinson of his

liberty.

       Finally, the seventh condition prohibits Mr. Vinson from using any Internet

service without first receiving written permission from his probation officer.

Unlike a complete ban on access to the Internet, see United States v. White, 244

F.3d 1199, 1201 (10th Cir. 2001), the condition here “more readily accomplishes

the goal of restricting use of the Internet and more delicately balances the

protection of the public with the goals of sentencing.” United States v. Walser,

275 F.3d 981, 988 (10th Cir. 2001) (holding that a condition restricting use of the

Internet, requiring probation office approval, did not amount to plain error).

       In Walser, however, we noted that outside of a plain error inquiry,

       it may nevertheless be questionable whether the condition imposes “no
       greater deprivation of liberty than is reasonably necessary” to meet the
       goals referred to in 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d), since the vagueness of the
       special condition leaves open the possibility that the probation office

                                         -22-
      might unreasonably prevent [the defendant] from accessing one of the
      central means of information-gathering and communication in our
      culture today.

Id. (emphasis added).

      We note that most other circuit courts that have addressed the issue have

(1) either rejected total Internet bans as conditions of supervised release, see

United States v. Holm, 326 F.3d 872, 877-78 (7th Cir. 2003); United States v.

Sofsky, 287 F.3d 122, 126-27 (2d Cir. 2002), or (2) have allowed Internet bans

only where the ban can be lifted at the discretion of a probation officer, see

United States v. Fields, 324 F.3d 1025, 1027 (8th Cir. 2003); United States v.

Zinn, 321 F.3d 1084, 1093 (11th Cir. 2003); United States v. Crandon, 173 F.3d

122, 127-28 (3d Cir. 1999). But see United States v. Paul, 274 F.3d 155, 169-70

(5th Cir. 2001) (rejecting the Tenth Circuit’s approach in White and upholding a

strict ban on computer and Internet usage for a defendant convicted of possessing

a computer hard drive containing child pornography).

      We acknowledge that this condition may restrict Mr. Vinson’s access to a

mode of technology that has become essential to modern-day life. Modern

technology, however, allows the probation officer to grant Mr. Vinson limited

access to the Internet so that he can use the Internet for work or personal reasons

without viewing sexually explicit material. For instance, the probation officer

may order Mr. Vinson to install filters to block sexual material on his home and

                                         -23-
office computers.

      Despite the ability to provide limited and monitored access to the Internet,

we must reiterate that

      [t]he government presented no evidence that [Mr. Vinson] has a
      propensity to commit any future sexual offenses, or that [he] has
      repeated this behavior in any way since his [previous] conviction.
      Therefore, the special conditions seem unlikely to serve the goals of
      deterrence or public safety, since the behavior on which the special
      conditions are based, though highly reprehensible, has ceased.

United States v. Scott, 270 F.3d 632, 636 (8th Cir. 2001); see also United States v.

Peterson, 248 F.3d 79, 83 (2d Cir. 2001) (vacating Internet and sex offender

conditions imposed as part of bank larceny sentence because conditions were

vague and “[t]here [wa]s no indication that [the defendant’s] past incest offense

had any connection to computers or to the Internet”). Given these

admonishments, we do not conclude, however, that the district court abused its

“broad discretion” to impose this condition of supervised release. Germosen, 139

F.3d at 131. We leave the enforcement of this Internet-service condition to Mr.

Vinson’s probation officer and assume that, with the proper exercise of discretion,

the officer will implement this condition without a greater intrusion of Mr.

Vinson’s liberty than is necessary.

                                III. CONCLUSION

      We conclude that Mr. Vinson’s sentencing error does not constitute plain

                                        -24-
error, and he is not entitled to resentencing in light of Blakely and Booker. We

also conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion when it imposed

the sex offender supervised release conditions. We therefore AFFIRM Mr.

Vinson’s conviction and sentence.

                                 PER CURIAM.

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