Court Opinion

ID: 4565472
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-09-15 13:06:52.167984+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:43:41.158948
License: Public Domain

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
09/15/2020 08:06 AM CDT

                                                         - 820 -
                             Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
                                  28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
                                                  STATE v. BARBER
                                                Cite as 28 Neb. App. 820

                                        State of Nebraska, appellee, v.
                                          Jesse D. Barber, appellant.
                                                     ___ N.W.2d ___

                                        Filed September 8, 2020.   No. A-18-1097.

                 1. Motions for New Trial: Appeal and Error. The standard of review for
                    the denial of a motion for new trial is whether the trial court abused its
                    discretion in denying the motion.
                 2. Jury Instructions: Judgments: Appeal and Error. Whether jury
                    instructions given by a trial court are correct is a question of law. When
                    dispositive issues on appeal present questions of law, an appellate court
                    has an obligation to reach an independent conclusion irrespective of the
                    decision of the court below.
                 3. Jury Instructions: Appeal and Error. Jury instructions are subject
                    to the harmless error rule, and an erroneous jury instruction requires
                    reversal only if the error adversely affects the substantial rights of the
                    complaining party.
                 4. Verdicts: Appeal and Error. Harmless error review looks to the basis
                    on which the trier of fact actually rested its verdict; the inquiry is
                    not whether in a trial that occurred without the error a guilty verdict
                    surely would have been rendered, but, rather, whether the actual guilty
                    verdict rendered in the questioned trial was surely unattributable to
                    the error.
                 5. Effectiveness of Counsel: Appeal and Error. Appellate review of a
                    claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of law and
                    fact. When reviewing a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, an
                    appellate court reviews the factual findings of the lower court for clear
                    error. With regard to the questions of counsel’s performance or prejudice
                    to the defendant as part of the two-pronged test articulated in Strickland
                    v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984),
                    an appellate court reviews such legal determinations independently of
                    the lower court’s decision.
                                    - 821 -
          Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
               28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
                             STATE v. BARBER
                           Cite as 28 Neb. App. 820

 6. Criminal Law: Words and Phrases. The corpus delicti of a crime
    is the body or substance of a crime—the fact that a crime has been
    committed.
 7. Criminal Law. The corpus delicti may be proved by circumstantial
    evidence.
 8. ____. Extrajudicial admissions or a voluntary confession is insufficient
    to prove that a crime has been committed, but either or both are compe-
    tent evidence of the fact and may, with corroborative evidence of facts
    and circumstances, establish the corpus delicti and guilty participation of
    the defendant.
 9. Criminal Law: Proof: Confessions. The rule that the corpus delicti
    cannot be proved by the extrajudicial admission of the defendant is
    true as a general proposition, yet confessions or admissions may be
    considered in connection with the other evidence to establish the cor-
    pus delicti. It is not necessary to prove the corpus delicti by evidence
    entirely independent and exclusive of the confession or admissions.
10. ____: ____: ____. While a voluntary admission tending to prove a crime
    is insufficient standing alone to prove the corpus delicti, it is competent
    evidence, and may with slight corroborating circumstances be sufficient
    to warrant a conviction.
11. Pleadings: Evidence: Waiver: Words and Phrases. A judicial admis-
    sion, as a formal act done in the course of judicial proceedings, is a
    substitute for evidence and thereby waives and dispenses with the pro-
    duction of evidence by conceding for the purpose of litigation that the
    proposition of fact alleged by an opponent is true.
12. Pleadings: Waiver. A judicial admission waives all right to deny the
    fact admitted.
13. Circumstantial Evidence: Words and Phrases. Circumstantial evi-
    dence is evidence which, without going directly to prove the existence
    of a fact, gives rise to a logical inference that such fact exists.
14. Sexual Assault. Under the statutory provision governing the commis-
    sion of first degree sexual assault when an alleged attacker knew or
    should have known the alleged victim was mentally or physically inca-
    pable of resisting or appraising the nature of his or her conduct, analysis
    in determining if such provision was violated requires the existence of a
    significant abnormality, such as severe intoxication or other substantial
    mental or physical impairment, on the part of the alleged victim, and
    knowledge of the abnormality on the part of the alleged attacker.
15. Jury Instructions: Appeal and Error. The failure to object to a jury
    instruction after it has been submitted to counsel for review precludes
    raising an objection on appeal absent plain error.
16. Appeal and Error. Plain error may be found on appeal when an error
    unasserted or uncomplained of at trial, but plainly evident from the
                                      - 822 -
           Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
                28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
                               STATE v. BARBER
                             Cite as 28 Neb. App. 820

      record, prejudicially affects a litigant’s substantial right and, if uncor-
      rected, would result in damage to the integrity, reputation, and fairness
      of the judicial process.
17.   Sexual Assault. A victim’s lack of consent is not an element of the
      crime of sexual assault when the victim is incapable of resisting or
      appraising the nature of his or her conduct.
18.   Jury Instructions: Appeal and Error. Alleged errors in a jury instruc-
      tion are examined using a two-step process. First, the court reviews the
      case based on the errors assigned and argued, or it may find plain error.
      Second, when an error is identified, the court considers whether the
      error was harmless or prejudicial.
19.   ____: ____. Jury instructions are subject to the harmless error rule, and
      an erroneous jury instruction requires reversal only if the error adversely
      affects the substantial rights of the complaining party.
20.   Verdicts: Appeal and Error. Harmless error review looks to the basis
      on which the trier of fact actually rested its verdict; the inquiry is not
      whether in a trial that occurred without the error a guilty verdict surely
      would have been rendered, but, rather, whether the actual guilty verdict
      rendered in the questioned trial was surely unattributable to the error.
21.   Jury Instructions: Evidence: Appeal and Error. When examining for
      harmless error, the court may look at a variety of factors including the
      jury instructions as a whole, the evidence presented at trial, and the clos-
      ing arguments.
22.   ____: ____: ____. The court may consider the facts of the case when
      determining whether a jury instruction was confusing or misleading.
23.   Verdicts: Juries: Jury Instructions: Presumptions. Absent evidence
      to the contrary, it is presumed that a jury followed the instructions given
      in arriving at its verdict.
24.   Effectiveness of Counsel: Postconviction: Records: Appeal and
      Error. When a defendant’s trial counsel is different from his or her
      counsel on direct appeal, the defendant must raise on direct appeal any
      issue of trial counsel’s ineffective performance which is known to the
      defendant or is apparent from the record. Otherwise, the issue will be
      procedurally barred in a subsequent postconviction proceeding.
25.   Effectiveness of Counsel: Records: Appeal and Error. The fact that
      an ineffective assistance of counsel claim is raised on direct appeal does
      not necessarily mean that it can be resolved. The determining factor is
      whether the record is sufficient to adequately review the question.
26.   Effectiveness of Counsel: Postconviction: Records: Appeal and
      Error. In order to avoid a procedural bar to a future postconviction
      proceeding, a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel must be pre-
      sented with enough particularity for (1) an appellate court to make a
      determination of whether the claim can be decided upon the trial record
                                     - 823 -
          Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
               28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
                              STATE v. BARBER
                            Cite as 28 Neb. App. 820

    and (2) a district court later reviewing a petition for postconviction relief
    to be able to recognize whether the claim was brought before the appel-
    late court.
27. Effectiveness of Counsel: Appeal and Error. The trial record reviewed
    on appeal is devoted to issues of guilt or innocence and does not usually
    address issues of counsel’s performance.

  Appeal from the District Court for Dawes County: Travis P.
O’Gorman, Judge. Affirmed.

   Mark E. Rappl for appellant.

   Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Nathan A. Liss
for appellee.

   Pirtle, Riedmann, and Welch, Judges.

   Pirtle, Judge.
                       INTRODUCTION
   Jesse D. Barber was found guilty of first degree sexual
assault following a jury trial in Dawes County, Nebraska, on
September 6 and 7, 2018. In this direct appeal, we affirm the
judgment of the district court as to errors raised. With the
exception of the ineffective assistance claim relating to the jury
instructions, we cannot reach the ineffective assistance of coun-
sel claims for the reason that the trial record is insufficient.

                       BACKGROUND
   The charges against Barber arose out of a sexual assault
of A.N. in Barber’s home. In 2017, Barber was charged as
follows:
        On or about June 29, 2013, . . . Barber, the Defendant,
     then and there being, in Dawes County, Nebraska, did
     subject another person to sexual penetration without con-
     sent of the victim, or knew or should have known that the
     victim was mentally or physically incapable of resisting
     or appraising the nature of her conduct, in violation of
     Section 28-319, a Class II Felony.
                              - 824 -
        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
                        STATE v. BARBER
                      Cite as 28 Neb. App. 820

Barber was acquainted with A.N. because he had been dating
her mother since May 2013. Barber lived in a house by himself
in Chadron, Nebraska. A.N. lived in Chadron with her father.
A.N.’s mother lived near Omaha, Nebraska. At the time of the
incident, A.N. was 17 years old and had just finished her junior
year of high school. Barber was 27 years old and employed by
his family’s landscaping and floral business.
   On the evening of June 28, 2013, A.N. was drinking vodka
and wine coolers at a party at a friend’s house. A.N. ultimately
vomited in the bathroom, and at that point, she decided she
wanted to leave the party and go to sleep. A.N. was afraid to
go home to her father’s house because she knew he would be
angry and disappointed about her behavior. A.N. was not as
worried about her mother’s reaction, so she called her mother
for ideas about what to do. A.N.’s mother suggested that A.N.
go to Barber’s house, so A.N. set off on foot. In the meantime,
A.N.’s mother called Barber to let him know A.N. was on
her way and that it was all right with her that A.N. sleep at
his house.
   While A.N. was walking to Barber’s house, she came to the
attention of a neighbor who noticed her struggling to walk down
the street. The neighbor observed A.N. losing her balance and
walking out of her sandals, so he left his porch and approached
her to ask if she needed help. The neighbor believed A.N. to be
under the influence of alcohol, so he walked with her because
he was afraid that if she fell down, she might pass out on the
sidewalk. While they were walking, the neighbor overheard
A.N. call Barber a total of four times to get directions to his
house. During the fourth call, Barber’s house was visible and
the neighbor observed the front door open and a man standing
against the doorjamb. As he watched A.N. approach Barber’s
house, he decided this situation had the potential to go very
badly, so he decided to notify law enforcement about the situa-
tion and suggest they perform a welfare check.
   Officer Aron Chrisman responded and was dispatched to
Barber’s house in response to a call about a highly intoxicated
                              - 825 -
        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
                        STATE v. BARBER
                      Cite as 28 Neb. App. 820

female. Barber answered the door and acknowledged that
his girlfriend’s daughter was inside and that she was drunk.
Chrisman found A.N. lying on the bed in the bedroom, awake
and fully clothed, and determined she was intoxicated, due to
her slurred speech. Chrisman was the school resource offi-
cer at A.N.’s school, so he was familiar with her as a high
school student. Chrisman learned from A.N. that she had her
mother’s permission to sleep at Barber’s house, so he told her
to stay put and he left after 2 or 3 minutes. Chrisman did not
follow up with either of A.N.’s parents nor did he investigate
the party.
   A.N. went to sleep and has no memory of the overnight
hours. When A.N. woke up in the morning, she was fully
clothed and all her clothes were in the proper places. By this
time, Barber was in the kitchen “on the phone” with A.N.’s
mother, cooking breakfast and doing laundry. A.N. noticed
blood on the bedding, and when she asked Barber about it, he
said, “‘Don’t you remember last night? Last night was crazy.’”
Barber then told A.N. he had performed oral sex on her. A.N.
did not believe Barber’s account until Barber showed her naked
pictures of herself which he had stored on his cell phone. A.N.
asked Barber to delete the pictures, and he complied. After
they ate breakfast together, Barber drove A.N. back to her car
that had been parked near the site of the party.
   Barber’s version of the facts differs only in that he claims
A.N. initiated oral sexual contact after several hours of sleep,
so he reciprocated. Barber also testified that they then pro-
ceeded to have “sex in a missionary style.” Barber denied that
A.N. ever told him to stop and stated that because she initiated
the encounter, he believed she had the capacity to consent to
the sexual activity.
   At the end of the State’s evidence and again at the close
of Barber’s case, Barber moved for a directed verdict on the
theory that there was no evidence that A.N. lacked the ability
to consent at the time of the act nor was there proof of pen-
etration without consent. The court concluded whether or not
                               - 826 -
        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
                         STATE v. BARBER
                       Cite as 28 Neb. App. 820

A.N. had the capacity to consent was a jury question, because
there was ample evidence she was very intoxicated and suffi-
cient evidence of penetration.
   The jury returned a guilty verdict, and Barber immediately
filed a motion for a new trial that was considered and denied
at the sentencing hearing. Barber was sentenced to a term of
incarceration of 10 to 12 years in the custody of the Nebraska
Department of Correctional Services. This direct appeal fol-
lowed, filed by different counsel than the counsel representing
Barber at trial.

                  ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   Barber raises three distinct errors. First, the district court
erred in denying his motion for new trial, because the only
evidence of penetration was Barber’s admission, which is
insufficient and uncorroborated. Second, the district court erred
in instructing the jury as to “without consent” and failing to
instruct the jury that the burden of proof never shifts to Barber.
And third, Barber received ineffective assistance of counsel
before trial and during trial.

                   STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1] The standard of review for the denial of a motion for
new trial is whether the trial court abused its discretion in
denying the motion. State v. Briggs, 303 Neb. 352, 929 N.W.2d
65 (2019).
   [2] Whether jury instructions given by a trial court are cor-
rect is a question of law. When dispositive issues on appeal
present questions of law, an appellate court has an obligation
to reach an independent conclusion irrespective of the decision
of the court below. State v. Dady, 304 Neb. 649, 936 N.W.2d
486 (2019).
   [3] Jury instructions are subject to the harmless error rule,
and an erroneous jury instruction requires reversal only if the
error adversely affects the substantial rights of the complaining
party. Id.
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
                        STATE v. BARBER
                      Cite as 28 Neb. App. 820

   [4] Harmless error review looks to the basis on which
the trier of fact actually rested its verdict; the inquiry is not
whether in a trial that occurred without the error a guilty ver-
dict surely would have been rendered, but, rather, whether the
actual guilty verdict rendered in the questioned trial was surely
unattributable to the error. Id.
   [5] Appellate review of a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel is a mixed question of law and fact. State v. Filholm,
287 Neb. 763, 848 N.W.2d 571 (2014). When reviewing a
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, an appellate court
reviews the factual findings of the lower court for clear error.
Id. With regard to the questions of counsel’s performance
or prejudice to the defendant as part of the two-pronged test
articulated in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.
Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984), an appellate court reviews
such legal determinations independently of the lower court’s
decision. State v. Filholm, supra.
                           ANALYSIS
               Denial of Motion for New Trial
   [6-8] Barber argues the district court erred in denying his
motion for new trial, because the evidence was insufficient to
support his conviction. Barber argues the State failed to prove
the corpus delicti of first degree sexual assault. The corpus
delicti of a crime is the body or substance of a crime—the fact
that a crime has been committed. See State v. Torwirt, 9 Neb.
App. 52, 607 N.W.2d 541 (2000). The corpus delicti may be
proved by circumstantial evidence. Id. Extrajudicial admis-
sions or a voluntary confession is insufficient to prove that a
crime has been committed, but either or both are competent
evidence of the fact and may, with corroborative evidence of
facts and circumstances, establish the corpus delicti and guilty
participation of the defendant. Hoffman v. State, 160 Neb. 375,
70 N.W.2d 314 (1955). See, also, State v. Scott, 200 Neb. 265,
263 N.W.2d 659 (1978).
   [9,10] Other than his own admission to A.N. in his kitchen,
Barber argues there was no evidence establishing that
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
                        STATE v. BARBER
                      Cite as 28 Neb. App. 820

penetration occurred. Consequently, Barber claims his extra-
judicial statements cannot be sufficient to establish the corpus
delicti and his guilty participation. The rule that the corpus
delicti cannot be proved by the extrajudicial admission of the
defendant is true as a general proposition, yet confessions or
admissions may be considered in connection with the other
evidence to establish the corpus delicti. It is not necessary to
prove the corpus delicti by evidence entirely independent and
exclusive of the confession or admissions. See Limmerick v.
State, 120 Neb. 558, 234 N.W. 98 (1931). See, also, Egbert
v. State, 113 Neb. 790, 205 N.W. 252 (1925) (while voluntary
admission tending to prove crime is insufficient standing alone
to prove corpus delicti, it is competent evidence, and may
with slight corroborating circumstances be sufficient to war-
rant conviction).
   [11,12] Barber’s argument that the corpus delicti was not
proved is limited to his assertion that the evidence was insuf-
ficient to prove penetration. He claims that his extrajudicial
admission was not corroborated and is therefore insufficient to
establish the corpus delicti. However, Barber testified at trial
that he penetrated A.N. This goes beyond an extrajudicial state-
ment and constitutes a judicial admission. “[A] judicial admis-
sion, as a formal act done in the course of judicial proceedings,
is a substitute for evidence and thereby waives and dispenses
with the production of evidence by conceding for the purpose
of litigation that the proposition of fact alleged by an opponent
is true.” Anderson v. Cumpston, 258 Neb. 891, 897-98, 606
N.W.2d 817, 823 (2000). Accord State v. Canady, 263 Neb.
552, 641 N.W.2d 43 (2002). It waives all right to deny the fact
admitted. Kipf v. Bitner, 150 Neb. 155, 33 N.W.2d 518 (1948).
Therefore, Barber’s in-court testimony that he penetrated A.N.
is conclusive as to that fact.
   [13] Aside from the judicial admission, the circumstantial
evidence further corroborated Barber’s extrajudicial statement
that he penetrated A.N. Circumstantial evidence is evidence
which, without going directly to prove the existence of a fact,
gives rise to a logical inference that such fact exists. State v.
                              - 829 -
        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
                        STATE v. BARBER
                      Cite as 28 Neb. App. 820

Stubbendieck, 302 Neb. 702, 924 N.W.2d 711 (2019). A.N. tes-
tified she saw naked pictures of herself on Barber’s cell phone,
pictures including “up close” of her vagina, and she recalled
there being blood on the sheets. This evidence, coupled with
Barber’s admission to A.N., gives rise to the logical infer-
ence that penetration occurred. We reject Barber’s argument to
the contrary.
                      Jury Instructions
   Barber’s second assigned error raises two issues related to
the jury instructions. The first is that the district court erred
in instructing the jury in regard to “without consent.” Barber
takes issue with two instructions in particular: The instruction
on the elements of the crime, and an instruction defining “with-
out consent.” The elements of the crime instruction explained
in part as follows:
                             ELEMENTS
         The elements of first degree sexual assault are:
         1. That [Barber] subjected [A.N.] to sexual penetra-
     tion; and
         2. That [Barber] did so either (a) without [A.N.’s]
     consent, or (b) when he knew or should have known that
     [A.N.] was mentally or physically incapable of resisting
     or appr[a]ising the nature of [Barber’s] conduct; and
         3. That [Barber] did so on or about the date charged in
     Dawes County, Nebraska.
                      EFFECT OF FINDINGS
         If you decide the state proved each element of the
     crime beyond a reasonable doubt, then you must find
     [Barber] guilty of that crime. Otherwise, you must find
     [Barber] not guilty of that crime.
   The elements portion of the instruction tracked the language
of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-319(1) (Reissue 2016) and instructed
the jury on two theories—that Barber subjected A.N. to sex-
ual penetration without the consent of A.N., in violation of
§ 28-319(1)(a), or alternatively, when Barber knew or should
have known that A.N. was mentally or physically incapable of
                               - 830 -
        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
                         STATE v. BARBER
                       Cite as 28 Neb. App. 820

resisting or appraising the nature of her conduct, in violation
of § 28-319(1)(b).
   The second instruction that Barber takes issue with defined
“without consent” as follows:
         Without consent means:
         a) (i) The victim was compelled to submit due to the
      use of force or threat of force or coercion, or (ii) the vic-
      tim expressed a lack of consent through words, or (iii) the
      victim expressed a lack of consent through conduct, or
      (iv) the consent, if any was actually given, was the result
      of the actor’s deception as to the identity of the actor or
      the nature or purpose of the act on the part of the actor;
         b) The victim need only resist, either verbally or physi-
      cally, so as to make the victim’s refusal to consent genu-
      ine and real and so as to reasonably make known to the
      actor the victim’s refusal to consent; and
         c) A victim need not resist verbally or physically where
      it would be useless or futile to do so.
         A victim may be found mentally or physically inca-
      pable of resisting or appraising the nature of their conduct
      if the victim experiences a significant abnormality, such
      as severe intoxication, and [Barber] knew or should have
      known of the victim’s severe intoxication.
   [14] The first part of this instruction defining “without
consent” tracked the language of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-318(8)
(Reissue 2016). The last paragraph of the instruction is a cor-
rect statement of the law regarding the incapacity to resist or
appraise the nature of the conduct. See State v. Rossbach, 264
Neb. 563, 650 N.W.2d 242 (2002) (under statutory provision
governing commission of first degree sexual assault when
alleged attacker knew or should have known alleged victim
was mentally or physically incapable of resisting or appraising
nature of his or her conduct, analysis in determining if such
provision was violated requires existence of significant abnor-
mality, such as severe intoxication or other substantial mental
or physical impairment, on part of alleged victim, and knowl-
edge of abnormality on part of alleged attacker).
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
                         STATE v. BARBER
                       Cite as 28 Neb. App. 820

   Barber argues the district court should not have instructed
the jury as to “without consent,” because the State failed to
present any evidence to support the theory that A.N. did not
consent and because it created a conflict with the lack of
capacity to consent theory, subjecting him to prejudice.
   [15,16] Barber concedes that he did not object to any of
the jury instructions at the time of trial. As such, we review
for plain error. The failure to object to a jury instruction after
it has been submitted to counsel for review precludes raising
an objection on appeal absent plain error. State v. Hinrichsen,
292 Neb. 611, 877 N.W.2d 211 (2016). Plain error may be
found on appeal when an error unasserted or uncomplained
of at trial, but plainly evident from the record, prejudicially
affects a litigant’s substantial right and, if uncorrected, would
result in damage to the integrity, reputation, and fairness of
the judicial process. State v. Mann, 302 Neb. 804, 925 N.W.2d
324 (2019).
   [17] Barber contends that the State’s entire case was based
on the theory that he committed first degree sexual assault
by subjecting A.N. to sexual penetration when Barber knew
or should have known that A.N. was mentally or physically
incapable of resisting or appraising the nature of her conduct.
A victim’s lack of consent is not an element of the crime of
sexual assault when the victim is incapable of resisting or
appraising the nature of his or her conduct. In re Interest of
K.M., 299 Neb. 636, 910 N.W.2d 82 (2018). Barber argues that
because the State did not present any evidence that he com-
pelled A.N. to submit due to threat of force or coercion, any
evidence that A.N. expressed a lack of consent through words
or conduct, or any evidence that he used deception to obtain
consent, the court erred in instructing the jury on the alterna-
tive sexual assault theory of “without consent.” We agree.
Combining the definition of “without consent” with “incapable
of resisting” in a single instruction, coupled with counsel’s use
of the two phrases interchangeably as explained below, made
the instructions ambiguous and capable of misleading the jury.
Accordingly, we conclude that the district court committed
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
                         STATE v. BARBER
                       Cite as 28 Neb. App. 820

plain error by instructing the jury on the theory of “with-
out consent.”
   [18-21] However, our analysis does not end there. Alleged
errors in a jury instruction are examined using a two-step
proc­ess. State v. Dady, 304 Neb. 649, 936 N.W.2d 486 (2019).
First, the court reviews the case based on the errors assigned
and argued, or it may find plain error. Second, when an error is
identified, the court considers whether the error was harmless
or prejudicial. Id. Jury instructions are subject to the harm-
less error rule, and an erroneous jury instruction requires rever-
sal only if the error adversely affects the substantial rights of
the complaining party. Id. Harmless error review looks to the
basis on which the trier of fact actually rested its verdict; the
inquiry is not whether in a trial that occurred without the error
a guilty verdict surely would have been rendered, but, rather,
whether the actual guilty verdict rendered in the questioned
trial was surely unattributable to the error. Id. When examining
for harmless error, the court may look at a variety of factors
including the jury instructions as a whole, the evidence pre-
sented at trial, and the closing arguments. Id.
   We find State v. Dady, supra, instructive in determining
whether the jury instruction error was harmless. In that case,
the defendant was convicted of first degree sexual assault and
on appeal alleged, among other errors, that the trial court erred
in giving a jury instruction that incorrectly stated the law. The
Nebraska Supreme Court concluded that although the instruc-
tion at issue contained essentially correct definitions of appli-
cable terms, it was ambiguous and capable of misleading the
jury and thus, erroneous.
   The Dady court further determined that the potentially mis-
leading ambiguity of the instruction did not in fact mislead
the jury. It concluded that the jury’s verdict was surely unat-
tributable to the erroneous instruction, because the instructions,
taken as a whole, combined with the evidence and arguments
presented at trial, clarified the ambiguity and the jury was not
misled by the ambiguous instruction.
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        Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
             28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
                        STATE v. BARBER
                      Cite as 28 Neb. App. 820

   [22] In the present case, we look to the remarks made in
the opening statements and closing arguments, as well as the
manner in which the evidence was presented. During opening
statements, the prosecutor seemed to equate lack of consent
with the lack of capacity to consent due to intoxication. He
stated, “[A.N.] was not capable of consenting. In fact, she
didn’t consent. In fact, she doesn’t even know exactly what
happened to her other than what [Barber], the defendant, told
her that morning.” Barber’s position was that she did consent
and that in fact, she initiated the encounter. Barber’s counsel
stated, “And at the end of this trial — the issue is consent.”
During closing arguments, the prosecutor told the jury, “You
have had absolutely no evidence that that was consensual
in any manner whatsoever. [A.N.] didn’t know it had taken
place. She didn’t even know what happened and was hav-
ing a hard time believing what had happened until he shows
this photo.” The prosecutor further stated, “The evidence is
overwhelming [Barber] knew or should have known [A.N.’s]
state. And the evidence is overwhelming that he perpetrated
a sexual assault on her.” Barber’s counsel continued to con-
verge the two concepts during closing arguments. Barber’s
counsel stated, “When the judge tells you the elements of
the crime, it’s without her consent. And without her consent
means she had to do something or be unable to do something,
such as from her conduct. And that’s what you have to look at
here.” (Emphasis supplied.) Both parties were using “without
consent” synonymously with a lack of capacity to consent.
We conclude, therefore, that the jury was not misled by any
ambiguity created by the inclusion of “without consent” in the
jury instructions, because it was clear the State’s theory was
incapacity to consent, not that she did not consent. As stated
above, Barber agrees that the State’s case was based on the
theory of incapacity to consent. The court may consider the
facts of the case when determining whether a jury instruction
was confusing or misleading. State v. Dady, 304 Neb. 649, 936
N.W.2d 486 (2019).
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                         STATE v. BARBER
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   We conclude that the jury could not have been misled by the
erroneous inclusion of “without consent” in the instructions,
because the instructions, when taken as a whole, combined
with the evidence and arguments presented at trial, clarified
any ambiguity such that the jury understood the parties’ use
of the phrase “without consent” to include the incapacity to
consent. Given the manner in which the case was presented,
the jury’s verdict was surely unattributable to the erroneous
inclusion of “without consent,” and thus, the erroneous jury
instructions were harmless error.
   [23] Barber next argues that he was prejudiced by the court’s
failure to instruct the jury that “the burden of proof never shifts
to [Barber],” because this may have caused the jury to believe
Barber had a duty to prove A.N. did in fact consent. Brief for
appellant at 23. The final instructions delivered by the court
specifically instructed the jury that Barber was presumed to be
innocent and must be acquitted unless the State proved his guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt. Further, the elements instruction
included an instruction that the jury must find that the State
proved each and every element of the crime beyond a reason-
able doubt before it could find Barber guilty of the crime.
Admonitions given during the trial reminded the jurors that the
charges against Barber are “simply an accusation and nothing
more” and “[Barber] has plead [sic] not guilty. He is presumed
innocent . . . unless and until you decide that the State has
proved him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” Absent evi-
dence to the contrary, it is presumed that a jury followed the
instructions given in arriving at its verdict. State v. Henderson,
301 Neb. 633, 920 N.W.2d 246 (2018). Barber has failed to
overcome this presumption.
                   Ineffective Assistance of
                        Counsel Claims
   [24-26] When a defendant’s trial counsel is different from
his or her counsel on direct appeal, as is the case here, the
defendant must raise on direct appeal any issue of trial coun-
sel’s ineffective performance which is known to the defendant
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                         STATE v. BARBER
                       Cite as 28 Neb. App. 820

or is apparent from the record. See State v. Sinkey, 303 Neb.
345, 929 N.W.2d 35 (2019). Otherwise, the issue will be pro-
cedurally barred in a subsequent postconviction proceeding.
Id. The fact that an ineffective assistance of counsel claim is
raised on direct appeal does not necessarily mean that it can
be resolved. The determining factor is whether the record is
sufficient to adequately review the question. Id. In order to
avoid a procedural bar to a future postconviction proceeding,
a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel must be presented
with enough particularity for (1) an appellate court to make a
determination of whether the claim can be decided upon the
trial record and (2) a district court later reviewing a petition for
postconviction relief to be able to recognize whether the claim
was brought before the appellate court. Id.
   Barber raises several claims of ineffective assistance of trial
counsel, both before and during trial. Specifically, the claims
include his trial counsel’s failure to locate, interview, and
depose 11 specifically identified material witnesses prior to
trial; failure to obtain specifically identified material evidence
prior to trial; ineffective assistance during voir dire; failure to
call specific witnesses during trial; failure to impeach A.N. and
other specifically identified witnesses during trial; failure to
impeach three specifically identified witnesses during trial; and
failure to object to jury instructions.
   [27] In concluding Barber did not suffer any prejudice as a
result of the court’s instruction error, we have disposed of this
posttrial ineffective assistance claim. See State v. McDaniel,
17 Neb. App. 725, 771 N.W.2d 173 (2009) (court found record
adequate to address counsel’s failure to object to erroneous
instruction on prejudice prong of test for ineffective assistance
of counsel, and given resolution of instruction issue, it fol-
lowed that defendant was not prejudiced by any shortcoming
of trial counsel concerning instruction). But that is the only
claim we are able to resolve at this stage of the proceedings.
Although we believe all the claims are sufficiently stated to
permit a district court to recognize whether the claim was
raised in this court, the trial record simply does not permit our
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                        STATE v. BARBER
                      Cite as 28 Neb. App. 820

review. As in most cases raising ineffective assistance of coun-
sel claims on direct appeal, the trial record reviewed on appeal
is “‘devoted to issues of guilt or innocence’” and does not usu-
ally address issues of counsel’s performance. State v. Filholm,
287 Neb. 763, 769, 848 N.W.2d 571, 578 (2014).
                     CONCLUSION
  For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Barber’s conviction
and sentence.
                                               Affirmed.