Court Opinion

ID: 1065766
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-09 19:21:40.39444+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:15:46.509200
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                                AT KNOXVILLE
                                            August 21, 2003 Session

                  LYNN RAITERI EX REL. MARY HELEN COX v. NHC
                     HEALTHCARE/KNOXVILLE, INC., ET AL.

                    Interlocutory Appeal from the Circuit Court for Knox County
                            No. 2-791-01    Harold Wimberly, Jr., Judge

                                              Filed December 30, 2003

                                         No. E2003-00068-COA-R9-CV

Lynn Raiteri, as the daughter and next friend of the late Mary Helen Cox (“Mrs. Cox”), sued NHC
Healthcare/Knoxville, Inc. (“the defendant”), as well as others,1 for the wrongful death of Mrs. Cox,
whose death allegedly resulted from improper care at the defendant’s nursing home. We granted the
plaintiff’s Tenn. R. App. P. 9 application for an interlocutory appeal in order to review the trial
court’s order granting the defendant’s motion to compel mediation and arbitration pursuant to the
dispute resolution procedures contained in the defendant’s nursing home admission agreement. We
reverse.

             Tenn. R. App. P. 9 Interlocutory Appeal; Judgment of the Circuit Court
                                    Reversed; Case Remanded

CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which HOUSTON M. GODDARD ,
P.J., and HERSCHEL P. FRANKS , J., joined.

Richard C. May and Loring E. Justice, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Lynn Raiteri.

Dan D. Rhea and F. Michael Fitzpatrick, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellees, NHC
Healthcare/Knoxville, Inc. and NHC Healthcare/Knoxville, LLC.

                                                       OPINION

         1
           For ease o f reference, we will refer to NH C H ealthca re/Knoxville, Inc., as if it were the sole defendant. The
identity of the other defendants is not critical to the resolution of this appeal. We note in passing, however, that the brief
filed in response to the appellant’s brief reflects that it was filed on behalf of the defendant mentioned in this footnote
as well as the defendant NHC H ealthcare/Knoxville, LLC. We do not know the relationship between these two
defendants; but it is not important to our disp osition of this appeal.
                                                            I.

                                                           A.

        Mrs. Cox, age 77, was admitted to St. Mary’s Hospital with chest pains and other symptoms.
Her husband, Charles E. Cox (“Mr. Cox”), age 75, anticipated that his wife would receive physical
therapy at St. Mary’s so she could regain some or all of her mobility; but apparently the hospital was
not prepared to render these services to her. Since Mr. Cox was physically unable to lift and
otherwise care for his wife at home, he made arrangements to admit her to the defendant’s nursing
home.2 On December 20, 2000, Mr. Cox met at the nursing home with the defendant’s admissions
coordinator. Mrs. Cox was not present at the meeting. The admissions coordinator asked Mr. Cox
to sign the nursing home’s “Admission and Financial Contract” (“the admission agreement”) on his
wife’s behalf, even though Mrs. Cox had not been diagnosed or adjudicated as mentally incompetent.
He complied with her request. It was the intention of the parties that Mrs. Cox would receive
physical therapy and vocational rehabilitation services at the nursing home.

        Sometime shortly after his wife’s admission to the defendant’s facility, Mr. Cox also was
admitted to the defendant’s nursing home. On March 8, 2001, Mr. Cox passed away. Mrs. Cox,
while still a resident at the nursing home, died on April 19, 2001. Following her mother’s death,
the plaintiff filed suit for Mrs. Cox’s wrongful death, alleging that the negligence, abuse, neglect,
and fraud of the defendant caused her mother’s death. In her complaint, the plaintiff seeks
compensatory and punitive damages. In response to the complaint, the defendant filed a motion
seeking to compel mediation and arbitration.

                                                           B.

        Before ruling on the defendant’s motion, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing. The
defendant’s admissions coordinator was the only witness for the defendant. She testified that she
met with Mr. Cox and that he read and signed the admission agreement as Mrs. Cox’s “legal
representative.” While acknowledging that she handled some 360 admissions a year, she claimed
that she remembered that Mr. Cox read the admission agreement. When asked if and how she could
remember at the time of the hearing – on September 4, 2002 – that Mr. Cox had read the admission
agreement some two years earlier, she responded, “I do because all of my admissions read the
contract. I see to that.”

        It is undisputed that Mr. Cox can read. Although the admission agreement specifically
defines the term “legal representative” as “anyone authorized by the [patient] to act on the [patient’s]

       2
           W hen asked what her mo ther’s condition was in late 20 00, the plaintiff respond ed as follows:

                   It was no t good. The ma in problem was she had had a lo t of illnesses that they
                   didn’t know what was wrong w ith her. . . . [S]he got to the p oint where she was so
                   weak she co uld not move – well, she could move but she couldn’t stand up. She
                   wasn’t mobile.

                                                           -2-
behalf,” the admissions coordinator admitted that she did not receive any indication from either of
the Coxes that Mr. Cox was authorized to sign on Mrs. Cox’s behalf. She stated that she did not
know if Mr. Cox had his wife’s authorization to act on her behalf. She testified that she allowed him
to sign the admission agreement simply because he was Mrs. Cox’s husband. The admissions
coordinator went on to testify that she believed Mrs. Cox was competent when Mr. Cox signed the
admission agreement. Despite Mrs. Cox’s unquestioned mental capacity, the admissions coordinator
did not discuss the admission agreement with her; furthermore, she did not give Mrs. Cox a copy of
that document. She stated that she did not know whether Mrs. Cox was ever made aware of the
terms and conditions of the admission agreement. Significantly, the admissions coordinator
acknowledged that Mrs. Cox “was capable of understanding it,” i.e., the admission agreement. One
of her children described her as “fine mentally” and “very competent.”

        The admissions coordinator confirmed that Mrs. Cox would not have been admitted if Mr.
Cox had refused to sign the admission agreement or had refused to assent to the terms of the dispute
resolution procedures in the agreement, which provisions included one waiving Mrs. Cox’s right to
a jury trial. The admissions coordinator also testified that she informed Mr. Cox of his right to
revoke the entire admission agreement within 30 days; however, the witness admitted that Mr. Cox
could only revoke the entire agreement, not just the provisions dealing with the dispute resolution
procedures. She claimed that she explained the admission agreement to Mr. Cox and encouraged
him to ask questions; in response to a question, she stated that she did not tell Mr. Cox that he had
the right to consult with an attorney before signing the admission agreement. The admissions
coordinator also admitted that she told Mr. Cox that any claim would be settled quickly if it was
handled via the dispute resolution procedures in the admission agreement.

       At the evidentiary hearing, Mrs. Cox’s three children3 testified for the plaintiff. All three
children stated that they believed their mother was fully competent when Mr. Cox signed the
admission agreement.4 None of Mrs. Cox’s three children were aware of any document signed by
Mrs. Cox or any other conduct on her part authorizing her husband to act on her behalf or to sign
documents for her. The three children agreed that their mother was “sharp” mentally. It is clear
from the testimony that the children considered her more mentally competent than her husband.

        Contrary to the admissions coordinator’s testimony that Mr. Cox was aware of what he was
doing, the plaintiff testified that her stepfather “was very upset, very agitated, [and] very confused”
after he signed the agreement. The plaintiff also testified that her stepfather told her that his “only
choice” was to have his wife admitted to the nursing home because he was physically unable to take
care of her. Sandra Nelson, the plaintiff’s sister, also testified that she saw Mr. Cox after he signed
the admission agreement and that he “was very upset,” “distraught,” and “was just absolutely

         3
             Two of the children were from M rs. Cox’s earlier marriage. The third child, Da vid Cox, is the son of Mr. and
Mrs. Cox.

         4
           Neither party called an expert witness to testify as to Mrs. Cox’s competence, and the trial court did not make
a finding regarding Mrs. Cox’s compe tency. The evidence preponderates in favor of a finding that she was competent
to und erstand the admission agreement. See Tenn. R. App . P. 13(d).

                                                             -3-
bawling.” David Cox also spoke to his father that day and confirmed that his father was crying and
upset about his inability to care for his wife and the necessity for admitting her to a nursing home.

        Ms. Nelson pointed out that she had to admit her stepfather to the nursing home soon after
he had signed the admission agreement for his wife. At the time of his admission, he was diagnosed
with “pneumonia, malnutrition, dehydration, and [high blood sugar].” Ms. Nelson also met with the
admissions coordinator, who told Ms. Nelson that she could legally sign for her stepfather, even
though Ms. Nelson did not have explicit authority to do so. Only after Ms. Nelson signed the
admission agreement did the admissions coordinator arrange to have powers of attorney executed
by the Coxes so Ms. Nelson could act on behalf of her mother and stepfather.

         Ms. Nelson testified that, when she commented that reading the admission agreement would
take a long time, the admissions coordinator said “That’s quite all right. I will explain [the admission
agreement] to you.” Despite the admissions coordinator’s assurances, Ms. Nelson claimed that the
admissions coordinator never mentioned mediation or arbitration or pointed out to her that, by
signing the document, she was waiving Mr. Cox’s right to a jury trial. Instead, Ms. Nelson claimed
that the admissions coordinator gave one sentence explanations while quickly flipping through the
document.
                                                  C.

        The admission agreement was admitted into evidence. The dispute resolution procedures
read as follows:

                   DISPUTE RESOLUTION PROCEDURE:

                   1. Initial Grievance Procedure:5 The parties agree to follow the Grievance
                   procedure described in the Patient Rights Booklet for any claims or disputes
                   arising out of or in connection with the care rendered to Patient by Center
                   and/or its employees. Patient should know that Center is prepared to mediate
                   any concerns at any time upon patient request (paragraph 2 below)

                   2. MEDIATION: In the event there is a dispute and/or disputes arising out
                   of or relating to (i) this contract or the breach thereof or any tort claim; or (ii)
                   whether or not there had been a violation of any right or rights granted under
                   state law, and the parties are unable to resolve such dispute through
                   negotiation, then the parties agree in good faith to attempt to settle the dispute
                   by mediation administered by the Alternative Dispute Resolution Service of
                   the American Health Lawyers Association before resorting to arbitration.
                   The Administrative Fee and mediator’s compensation shall be paid by the
                   center.

       5
           This pa ragraph caption is not in all capital letters.

                                                              -4-
                3. ARBITRATION: Any disputes not settled by mediation within 60 days
                after a mediator is appointed shall be resolved by binding arbitration
                administered by the Alternative Dispute Resolution Service of the American
                Health Lawyers Association, and judgment may be entered in any court
                having jurisdiction thereof. The arbitrator(s) shall be selected from a panel
                having experience and knowledge of the health care industry. The same
                person shall not serve as both the mediator and the arbitrator. The place of
                arbitration shall be where the Center is located, or, if that is not practical, then
                as close to the Center as practical. This agreement shall be governed by and
                interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State. The award shall be made
                within nine months of the commencement of the arbitration proceedings and
                the arbitrators shall agree to comply with this schedule before accepting
                appointment. However, this time limit may be extended by agreement of all
                the parties or by the arbitrator(s) if it is absolutely necessary, but not to
                exceed six months. The arbitrator(s) may award compensatory and punitive
                damages, and with respect to punitive damages arising under State statutes
                shall comply with the provisions of State statute. By agreeing to arbitration
                of all disputes, both parties are waiving a jury trial for all contract, tort,
                statutory and other claims. The award of attorneys’ fees and costs of the
                arbitration shall be determined by the arbitrator(s) in accordance to state law.
                The Administrative Fee and Arbitrator’s compensation shall be paid for by
                the center.

(Bold print and capitalization in original). Immediately following these provisions is the signature
of Mr. Cox dated December 20, 2000.

        The admission agreement is eleven pages long. The mediation and arbitration provisions
begin at the bottom of page nine and continue on page ten. The dispute resolution procedures are
printed in the same color ink, font size, and font type as the rest of the admission agreement. The
mediation and arbitration provisions do not include a statement to the patient encouraging him or
her to ask questions. However, as in several other areas in the admission agreement, the patient or
the patient’s legal representative is required to sign immediately following the text, in addition to
his or her signature at the end of the document.

        The arbitration provisions do not expressly state who is responsible for choosing the
arbitrator; instead, the text only states that the “arbitrator(s) shall be selected from a panel having
experience and knowledge of the health care industry.” The arbitration provisions state that “[b]y
agreeing to arbitration of all disputes, both parties are waiving a jury trial . . . .” (Emphasis added).

        According to the admission agreement, the term “parties” refers to the patient and/or the
patient’s legal representative and the defendant. As previously noted in this opinion, the term “legal
representative” is defined in the admission agreement as “anyone authorized by the [patient] to act
on the [patient’s] behalf.” The dispute resolution procedures do not explain in any detail how

                                                    -5-
mediation or arbitration works; however, the provisions do explain where the process will occur and
who will administer it. In the event of mediation or arbitration, the defendant is required to pay the
fees associated with the process.

                                                         D.

       Following the evidentiary hearing, the trial court granted the defendant’s motion to compel
mediation and arbitration. In its order, the trial court did not address witness credibility; nor did it
make specific findings of fact. In relevant part, the order provides as follows:

                  After having considered . . . the other case involving the same type of
                  agreement,6 the Court feels . . . that[,] unlike the Court’s previous
                  decision which was based upon the fact that the man who signed the
                  paper was illiterate and obviously so and was not told about the
                  consequences of what he was signing[] even though the people
                  undertook to tell him and explain it to him, in this particular case
                   . . . , based upon the rulings of the Supreme Court and the law, the
                  Court rules that arbitration is required . . . . No use to go into
                  philosophy that the Court feels the Supreme Court has adopted, but
                  that’s my conclusion.

                  So . . . , this obviously needs to be presented to the Court of Appeals
                  also and we’d hope that could be done as quickly as possible so we
                  can determine what to do on this and other cases.

The trial court subsequently granted the plaintiff’s motion for an interlocutory appeal.

                                                         II.

       Tennessee has adopted a version of the Uniform Arbitration Act. The Tennessee version
provides, in relevant part, that “a provision in a written contract to submit to arbitration any
controversy thereafter arising between the parties is valid, enforceable and irrevocable save upon
such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-
5-302(a) (2000); see also Buraczynski v. Eyring, 919 S.W.2d 314, 318 (Tenn. 1996); Howell v.
NHC Healthcare-Fort Sanders, Inc., 109 S.W.3d 731, 733 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003).

       The Supreme Court in Buraczynski v. Eyring held that arbitration agreements between
physicians and their patients are “not void as against public policy, and are therefore enforceable

         6
          Judge Wimberly was obviously referring to Ho well v. NH C/H ealthcare -Fort Sanders, Inc., 109 S.W.3d 731
(Tenn. Ct. App . 2003 ), which case was pending on appeal when he decided the issue now on appeal in the instant case.
In Ho well, Judge W imbe rly refused to ord er mediation and arbitration on the ground that the agreement was
unenforceable. Id. at 732-33. We affirmed. Id. at 735. On June 30, 2003, the Tennessee Supreme C ourt denied the
defendant’s application fo r perm ission to appeal Id. at 731.

                                                         -6-
under the Tennessee Arbitration Act.” Id. at 316. The High Court pointed out that “under the terms
of the [Tennessee Arbitration Act], arbitration agreements generally are enforceable unless grounds
for their revocation exist in equity or in contract law.” Id. at 318. The court noted a word of caution:

               We caution, however, that such agreements may constitute contracts
               of adhesion which must be closely scrutinized to determine if
               unconscionable or oppressive terms are imposed upon the patient
               which prevent enforcement of the agreement.

Id. at 316.

       After determining that no “facial features,” in the arbitration agreement under discussion
would prevent enforcement, the court stated that this did not end the inquiry. Id. The court
explained what it meant by this comment:

                We must examine the agreements in question to determine whether
                they are contracts of adhesion, and if so, whether they contain such
                unconscionable or oppressive terms as to render them unenforceable.

Id. Alluding to cases from other jurisdictions, the court indicated that it had to decide whether “such
[arbitration] agreements are unenforceable contracts of adhesion.” Id. (emphasis added). Quoting
directly from Black’s Law Dictionary 40 (6th ed. 1990), the Supreme Court defined a contract of
adhesion as

                a standardized contract form offered to consumers of goods and
                services on essentially a “take it or leave it” basis, without affording
                the consumer a realistic opportunity to bargain and under such
                conditions that the consumer cannot obtain the desired product or
                service except by acquiescing to the form of the contract.

Id. The court noted that the “distinctive feature” of a contract of adhesion “is that the weaker party
[i.e., the consumer] has no realistic choice as to its terms.” Id. (quoting Broemmer v. Abortion
Servs. of Phoenix, Ltd., 173 Ariz. 148, 840 P.2d 1013, 1016 (1992)); see also Leong v. Kaiser
Found. Hosp., 71 Haw. 240, 788 P.2d 164, 168 (1990); Wheeler v. St. Joseph Hosp., 63 Cal. App.
3d 345, 356, 133 Cal. Rptr. 775, 783 (1976). The Supreme Court emphasized, however, that a
contract of adhesion is not automatically unenforceable. Eyring, 919 S.W.2d at 320.

       The court in Eyring concluded that the two identical arbitration agreements before it were
contracts of adhesion. It gave its rationale for this conclusion:

                The agreements are standardized form contracts prepared by the
                contracting party with superior knowledge of the subject matter – the
                rendition of medical services. The agreements, by Eyring’s own

                                                  -7-
                    admission, were offered to the patients on a “take it or leave it” basis.
                    Had these patients refused to sign the agreements, Eyring would not
                    have continued rendering medical care to them. Although the
                    patients could have refused to sign the arbitration agreements and
                    sought out another physician in the area, that action would have
                    terminated the physician-patient relationship (ordinarily one of trust)
                    and interrupted the course of the patient’s treatment. To make any
                    choice would be difficult; but to choose not to sign would result in
                    the loss of the desired service – medical treatment from Eyring.

Id. (emphasis in original). The court next turned to the question of whether contracts of adhesion
are enforceable, stating that

                    [e]nforceability generally depends upon whether the terms of the
                    contract are beyond the reasonable expectations of an ordinary
                    person, or oppressive or unconscionable.

Id. (citation omitted). After reviewing cases from other jurisdictions, the court stated that,

                    in general, courts are reluctant to enforce arbitration agreements
                    between patients and health care providers7 when the agreements are
                    hidden within other types of contracts and do not afford the patients
                    an opportunity to question the terms or purpose of the agreement.
                    This is so particularly when the agreements require the patient to
                    choose between forever waiving the right to a trial by jury or
                    foregoing necessary medical treatment, and when the agreements give
                    the health care provider an unequal advantage in the arbitration
                    process itself.

Id. at 321.

        The Supreme Court in Eyring determined that the agreements before it were enforceable.
Id. The High Court reasoned that nothing in the agreements was unconscionable, oppressive, or
outside the reasonable expectations of the parties in that case. Id. The court mentioned the
following facts as supportive of its conclusion: (1) the agreement was a “separate, one page
document[] . . . entitled ‘Physician-Patient Arbitration Agreement’”; (2) the agreement had an
attached “short explanation” that encouraged the patient to ask questions; (3) the physician did not
have an unfair advantage in the arbitration procedure; (4) the patient was clearly informed in “ten-
point, capital letter red type” that “by signing this contract you are giving up your right to a jury or
court trial”; (5) the terms of the agreement are clearly “laid out” and are not buried, including the

         7
             W hile Eyring involved a medical doctor, its language is broad enough to encompass other health care
providers.

                                                        -8-
term that binds the patient’s spouse and heirs to the agreement; (6) a patient may revoke the
agreement within 30 days and “regain” the right to a trial by jury; and (7) the arbitration agreement
“merely [shifts] the disputes to a different forum,” rather than limiting liability. Id.

        In Howell v. NHC/Healthcare – Fort Sanders, Inc., 109 S.W.3d 731 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003),
we applied the holding in Eyring and determined that a mediation and arbitration provision
contained in a nursing home’s admission agreement was unenforceable. See Howell, 109 S.W.3d
at 734-35. The husband in Howell executed an admission agreement for his wife before she was
admitted to the defendant’s nursing home. Id. at 732. The wife had to be placed in the nursing home
quickly, and the admission agreement had to be executed before she could be admitted. Id. Because
the patient’s husband could not read, the admissions coordinator undertook to explain the terms of
the agreement to him. Id. The estate of the patient subsequently sued the nursing home, claiming
abuse and neglect, as well as “infliction of physical suffering and mental anguish.” Id. at 731. The
nursing home filed a motion to compel mediation and arbitration. Id. Before ruling, the trial court
conducted an evidentiary hearing where the admissions coordinator, the patient’s husband, and the
patient’s children testified. Id. at 732.

        The trial court in Howell, which, as previously noted, is the same court as in the instant case,
refused to order mediation or arbitration. Id. Its refusal was based upon its determination that the
admission agreement was unenforceable because (1) the patient’s husband could not read and (2) the
admissions coordinator failed to explain that by signing the agreement he was waiving his wife’s
right to a jury trial. Id. at 735. We affirmed the trial court in Howell because the nursing home
“ha[d] not demonstrated that the parties bargained over the arbitration terms, or that it [sic] was
within the reasonable expectations of an ordinary person.” Id.

        We held in Howell that the party seeking to enforce an alternative dispute resolution
agreement must show that the parties “‘actually’ bargained over the arbitration provision or that it
was a reasonable term considering the circumstances.” Id. at 734 (quoting Brown v. Karemor Int’l,
Inc., C/A No. 01A01-9807-CH-00368, 1999 WL 221799, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. M.S., filed April
19, 1999)).

        In Howell, we relied upon the following facts in deciding the agreement there was not
enforceable: (1) the agreement was eleven pages long and the mediation and arbitration provisions
were on page ten; (2) the arbitration and mediation provisions were “‘buried’” in the larger
admission agreement, “[r]ather than being a stand-alone document”; (3) the arbitration and mediation
provisions were printed in the same font size as the other text in the agreement; (4) “the arbitration
paragraph does not adequately explain how the arbitration procedure would work, except as who
would administer it”; (5) the patient had to be admitted in a nursing home “expeditiously” and the
admission agreement had to be signed first; (6) the admission agreement was presented to the
patient’s husband on a “take-it-or-leave-it” basis; (7) the patient’s husband “had no real bargaining
power”; and (8) the patient’s husband could not read and the nursing home representative did not
“adequately” explain the provision that waived the patient’s right to a jury trial. Id. at 734-35.

                                                  -9-
                                                           III.

        The plaintiff in the instant case makes numerous arguments on appeal. She asserts that the
mediation and arbitration language in the instant case is identical to the language that was declared
unenforceable in Howell.8 Next, she argues that the mediation and arbitration provisions in this case
contain terms that the Supreme Court declared unenforceable in Eyring. She further argues that the
agreement is not enforceable because Mr. Cox did not have authority to waive any of his wife’s
rights or bind her to the dispute resolution procedures. She contends that Mr. Cox did not have
authority or capacity to consent to arbitration because he did not “knowingly and intelligently” waive
his wife’s right to a jury trial. She also argues that the admission agreement is void and
unenforceable because it violates federal law prohibiting “a nursing home from taking any additional
consideration apart from Medicare/Medicaid reimbursement as part of the admissions process for
residence.” See 42 U.S.C. § 1396r(c)(5)(A)(iii); 42 C.F.R. §§ 483.12(d)(3), 489.30. Lastly, she
argues that the “presumption in favor of arbitration” does not apply when there is a “question of
whether a valid arbitration agreement exists.” We find persuasive the plaintiff’s arguments that Mr.
Cox did not have the express or apparent authority to sign the admission agreement for his wife and
that the alternative dispute resolution provisions are otherwise unenforceable. We will address the
latter of these two arguments first.

        We hold that the admission agreement in the instant case is a contract of adhesion because
the admissions coordinator offered it to Mr. Cox on a take-it-or-leave-it basis, i.e., Mr. Cox had to
sign the agreement as written or his wife would not be admitted. See Eyring, 919 S.W. 2d at 320.
Mr. Cox, as the weaker party, was not afforded an opportunity to bargain over the terms of the
agreement. He certainly had no opportunity to bargain over the mediation and arbitration provisions.
He was handed a form contract, under, what was for him, very trying circumstances, i.e., his need
to quickly find accommodations for his ailing wife. It is clear he had two options: sign the form
contract as presented to him by the defendant, thereby clearing the way for his wife’s admission to
the defendant’s facility or refuse to sign the contract and thereafter try to make arrangements for his
wife’s shelter and related accommodations. This is a classic case of a contract of adhesion.

         Following the teachings of Eyring and Howell, we hold that the mediation and arbitration
provisions are unenforceable. In so holding, we rely upon the following facts: unlike Eyring, the
dispute resolution procedures in this case are a part of an eleven page contract dealing with many
issues, including financial arrangements and consent to care, rather than being set forth in a separate
stand-alone document; the dispute resolution procedures do not contain any type of “short
explanation” encouraging patients to ask questions; essential terms in the mediation and arbitration
provisions are “buried” and not clearly “laid out”; there are no provisions addressing how mediation
and arbitration work; most significantly, the provision waiving a patient’s right to a jury trial is

         8
           W e note that “NH C Healthcare” is a part of the name of the defendant in Ho well and also a part of the name
of one of the appellees in the instant case. The agreements in both cases are eleven pages long; the alternative disp ute
resolution provisions are on page ten of each agreement; and neither agreement contains an explanation of how mediation
and arbitration wo rk. W e suspect that we are d ealing with the sam e con tract in both cases. However, we cannot be sure
because the opinion in Ho well does not state the precise mediation and arbitration language in that case.

                                                          -10-
buried – and in no way highlighted – in the third paragraph of the mediation and arbitration
provisions; the dispute resolution procedures seem to imply that the defendant alone is responsible
for choosing the arbitrator; and, unlike the arbitration agreement in Eyring, the dispute resolution
procedures before us, including the provision waiving a jury trial, are printed in the same font size,
type, and color as the rest of the agreement.

        As a stand-alone basis for our decision, we conclude that the evidence before us
preponderates against the trial court’s implicit decision that Mr. Cox had authority to sign the
admission agreement on behalf of his wife. There is absolutely no evidence that he had her express
authority to sign for her. We also hold that the defendant cannot rely upon the concept of apparent
authority. The evidence reflects that Mrs. Cox had her mental faculties, was “sharper” than her
husband, and was otherwise in a position to indicate whether she assented to the terms of these
significant contract provisions. The record is also devoid of any exigent circumstances that would
clothe Mr. Cox with apparent authority to bind his wife to the admission agreement, particularly the
alternative dispute resolution provisions. We certainly find nothing in the record before us, either
factually or legally, warranting a holding that Mr. Cox had the right to waive his wife’s very valuable
constitutional right to a jury trial to adjudicate her rights in this matter. As the admissions
coordinator acknowledged, Mrs. Cox “was capable of understanding” the admission agreement. The
admissions coordinator did not adequately explain why she did not insist upon Mrs. Cox signing the
admission agreement, or, at a minimum, why she did not ask Mrs. Cox to ratify what her husband
had purported to do on her behalf.

                                                 IV.

         In summary, we hold that Mr. Cox did not have the actual or apparent authority to bind Mrs.
Cox to the alternative dispute resolution provisions in the admission agreement. Furthermore, these
provisions, especially the waiver of the right to a jury trial, are outside the reasonable expectations
of a reasonable consumer, and, hence, unenforceable. Following Eyring and Howell, we hold that
the trial court erred when it decreed that the mediation and arbitration terms were enforceable.
Therefore, we conclude that the judgment below must be reversed.

       In view of our holding, we do not find it necessary to reach the plaintiff’s argument based
upon her interpretation of 42 U.S.C. § 1396r(c)(5)(A)(iii) and 42 C.F.R. §§ 483.12(d)(3), 489.30.

                                                  V.

        The order of the trial court granting the defendant’s motion to compel mediation and
arbitration pursuant to the dispute resolution procedures in the nursing home admission agreement
is reversed. Costs on appeal are taxed to the appellees, NHC Healthcare/Knoxville, Inc. and NHC
Healthcare/Knoxville, LLC. This case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.

                                                 -11-
       _______________________________
       CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., JUDGE

-12-