Court Opinion

ID: 4645099
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-21 15:08:55.234653+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:49.805647
License: Public Domain

SYLLABUS

This syllabus is not part of the Court’s opinion. It has been prepared by the Office of the
Clerk for the convenience of the reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the
Court. In the interest of brevity, portions of an opinion may not have been summarized.

                 Brian Delaney v. Trent S. Dickey (A-30-19) (083440)

Argued September 15, 2020 -- Decided December 21, 2020

ALBIN, J., writing for the Court.

       In this appeal, the Court considers whether the arbitration provision in the retainer
agreement plaintiff Brian Delaney signed when he engaged the representation of Sills
Cummis & Gross P.C. is enforceable in light of the fiduciary responsibility that lawyers
owe their clients and the professional obligations imposed on attorneys by the Rules of
Professional Conduct (RPCs).

        On September 16, 2015, Delaney, a sophisticated businessman, retained Sills to
represent him in a lawsuit. He met with a Sills attorney who presented him with a four-
page retainer agreement. It was understood that Trent Dickey, who was not in the office
that day, was slated to be the attorney primarily responsible for representing Delaney.
During the meeting, the Sills attorney told Delaney that he should take his time reviewing
the retainer agreement and ask any questions he had about its contents.

        The third page of the retainer agreement contained an arbitration provision stating
that any dispute about the firm’s legal services or fees would be determined by arbitration
and that, by agreeing to arbitration, Delaney waived his right to trial by jury; the
agreement also advised Delaney that the arbitral result would be final and non-
appealable. The fourth page of the retainer agreement indicated that the arbitration
proceeding would be conducted through a private arbitration and mediation organization
called JAMS and contained a hyperlink to thirty-three pages of JAMS rules governing the
arbitral forum. The Sills attorney did not provide Delaney with a hard copy of the thirty-
three pages of JAMS rules, offer an explanation of the arbitration provisions in the
agreement or the hyperlink, or advise Delaney of the advantages and disadvantages of an
arbitral forum in the event of a future fee dispute with or legal malpractice action against
the Sills firm. Delaney reviewed and signed the retainer agreement in the presence of the
Sills attorney without asking any questions.

        After the representation was terminated, a fee dispute arose and, in August 2016,
Sills invoked the JAMS arbitration provision in the retainer agreement. While the
arbitration was ongoing, Delaney filed a legal malpractice action against Dickey and the
Sills firm. The complaint alleged that Dickey and Sills negligently represented him. The
                                             1
complaint also alleged that the mandatory arbitration provision in the retainer agreement
violated the Rules of Professional Conduct and wrongly deprived him of his
constitutional right to have a jury decide his legal malpractice action.

       The court held that the retainer agreement’s arbitration provision was valid and
enforceable. The court specifically found that the provision’s language -- “any dispute
with respect to the Firm’s legal services and/or payment by you of amounts to the Firm”
will be submitted to arbitration -- was sufficiently broad to encompass a claim of legal
malpractice. Additionally, the court determined that Delaney waived his right to trial by
jury by agreeing to the unambiguously stated arbitration provision, citing Atalese v. U.S.
Legal Services Group, L.P., 219 N.J. 430 (2014), and further observed that a law firm has
no obligation to explain to a client the terms of a clearly written retainer agreement that
“can be understood by a layperson.” Finally, the court noted that Delaney had sufficient
time to consider the import of the retainer agreement.

        The Appellate Division disagreed, stressing that Sills should have provided the
thirty-three pages of JAMS arbitration rules incorporated into the agreement, that Sills
did not explain the costs associated with arbitration, and that the retainer included a fee-
shifting provision not permissible under New Jersey law.

       The Court granted defendants’ petition for certification. 240 N.J. 194 (2019).

HELD: For an arbitration provision in a retainer agreement to be enforceable, an
attorney must generally explain to a client the benefits and disadvantages of arbitrating a
prospective dispute between the attorney and client. Such an explanation is necessary
because, to make an informed decision, the client must have a basic understanding of the
fundamental differences between an arbitral forum and a judicial forum in resolving a
future fee dispute or malpractice action. See RPC 1.4(c). That information can be
conveyed in an oral dialogue or in writing, or by both, depending on how the attorney
chooses best to communicate it. The Court refers the issues raised in this opinion to the
Advisory Committee on Professional Ethics, which may propose further guidance on the
scope of an attorney’s disclosure requirements. The new mandate will apply
prospectively, except as to Delaney, who must be allowed to proceed with his
malpractice action in the Law Division.

1. Unlike the vendor in a typical commercial transaction, a lawyer serves in a fiduciary
role to a client or prospective client. All fiduciaries are held to a duty of fairness, good
faith and fidelity, but an attorney is held to an even higher degree of responsibility in
these matters than is required of all others. Above all else, a lawyer’s fiduciary role
requires that the lawyer act fairly in all dealings with the client and provide the client
with not only complete and undivided loyalty, but also with advice that will protect the
client’s interests. Lawyers typically prepare retainer agreements, and clients rely on the
integrity of their lawyers who fashion the agreements. The attorney bears the burden of
                                              2
establishing the fairness and reasonableness of the transaction given the special
considerations inherent in the attorney-client relationship. One of the paramount duties
of a lawyer is to make necessary disclosures to the client so that the client can make
informed decisions. That duty is expressed in RPC 1.4(c), which states that “[a] lawyer
shall explain a matter to the extent reasonably necessary to permit the client to make
informed decisions regarding the representation.” (pp. 23-24)

2. The American Bar Association (ABA) has issued a formal opinion construing the
model rule on which RPC 1.4(c) is patterned. The ABA found that a provision in a
retainer agreement requiring “the binding arbitration of disputes concerning fees and
malpractice claims” did not violate the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct,
“provided that the client has been fully apprised of the advantages and disadvantages of
arbitration and has given her informed consent to the inclusion of the arbitration
provision in the retainer agreement.” Additionally, the ABA opinion recognized that a
mandatory arbitration provision in a retainer agreement that insulates the lawyer from
liability which she otherwise would be exposed under common or statutory law would
contravene ABA Model Rule of Professional Conduct 1.8(h), which is substantially
similar to New Jersey’s RPC 1.8(h). Professional ethics committees and courts in other
jurisdictions have reached conclusions similar to those in the ABA opinion. (pp. 25-32)

3. Noting that the advisory ethics opinions and judicial opinions from other jurisdictions
require attorneys, at the very least, to explain the advantages and disadvantages of
arbitrating a future fee dispute or malpractice action in light of the substantial differences
between adjudicating a dispute in a judicial and arbitral forum, the Court reviews some of
the differences between the arbitral JAMS forum in this case and a judicial forum. The
Court makes no value judgment whether a judicial or arbitral forum is superior in
resolving a legal malpractice action, which is a determination to be made by the lawyer
and client, after the lawyer explains to the client the differences between the two forums
so the client can make an informed decision. (pp. 32-36)

4. The arbitration provision at issue in this case -- on its face -- would be enforceable if
the Sills retainer agreement were a typical contract between a commercial vendor and a
customer. See Atalese, 219 N.J. at 444-45. But a retainer agreement is not an ordinary
contract -- it must conform not only to the legal principles governing contracts, but also
to the ethical obligations imposed on attorneys by the RPCs. Requiring attorneys to
explain to a client the advantages and disadvantages of arbitration so that the client can
make an informed decision whether to arbitrate a future fee dispute or legal malpractice
claim against the firm does not single out a retainer agreement’s arbitration provision for
disparate treatment and therefore does not run afoul of the Federal Arbitration Act or the
New Jersey Arbitration Act. (pp. 36-39)

5. The client comes to a lawyer for assistance in addressing a particular issue and is not
likely anticipating a day when he may have to do battle with the lawyer, who is retained
                                              3
to promote his interests and protect his rights. Yet, the insertion of an arbitration
provision in a retainer agreement indicates that the attorney has given thought to the
prospect that the client may be a future adversary and has selected the forum in which
potential disputes, whether about the attorney’s fees or services, will be resolved. Not
even a shadow of a conflict of interest should be cast over the attorney-client relationship
at its inception. To dispel that shadow, lawyers should make the necessary disclosures in
a disinterested manner to allow clients to make an informed decision, as required by the
RPCs. Consistent with the ABA opinion, the weight of authority as expressed in
professional advisory opinions and judicial case law in other jurisdictions, and this
Court’s interpretation of its own RPCs, the Court holds that attorneys who insert
provisions in their retainer agreements to arbitrate future fee disputes or legal malpractice
claims must explain the advantages and disadvantages of the arbitral and judicial forums.
Attorneys can fulfill that requirement in writing or orally -- or by both means. The Court
provides examples of information that may be disclosed. (pp. 39-43)

6. The Court sets forth in this opinion the rudimentary requirements expected of
attorneys who include a provision in a retainer agreement that mandates the arbitration of
a future fee dispute or malpractice action. Noting that the issues raised here would
benefit from further study and discussion, the Court refers those issues to the Advisory
Committee on Professional Ethics. (pp. 43-44)

7. Although the Court’s opinion does not break with established precedent, the
retroactive application of its ruling may not have been reasonably anticipated and would
disturb the settled expectations of many lawyers throughout New Jersey, who genuinely
believed that an arbitration provision that met the standards of such cases as Atalese
would satisfy the requirements of the RPCs. Therefore, the Court’s holding will apply
prospectively from the day of the issuance of this opinion, except as to Delaney, in
keeping with the general practice whereby the plaintiff receives the benefit of the rule
established in the opinion. Here, because Delaney was not given an explanation of the
advantages or disadvantages of arbitration, the present malpractice action is not subject to
the arbitration provision of the Sills retainer agreement. Delaney therefore must be
allowed to proceed with this malpractice action in the Law Division. The Court stresses
that it makes no finding that Sills or its attorneys violated the Rules of Professional
Conduct, and it accepts their representations that they acted good faith. (pp. 44-47)

      The judgment of the Appellate Division is AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED. The
matter is remanded to the Law Division.

CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER and JUSTICES LaVECCHIA, PATTERSON,
FERNANDEZ-VINA, SOLOMON, and PIERRE-LOUIS join in JUSTICE
ALBIN’s opinion.

                                              4
       SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
             A-30 September Term 2019
                        083440

                    Brian Delaney,

                 Plaintiff-Respondent,

                           v.

  Trent S. Dickey and Sills Cummis & Gross, P.C.,

               Defendants-Appellants.

         On certification to the Superior Court,
                  Appellate Division.

       Argued                        Decided
  September 15, 2020             December 21, 2020

Peter G. Verniero argued the cause for appellants (Sills
Cummis & Gross, attorneys; Peter G. Verniero, Richard
H. Epstein, and Joshua N. Howley, of counsel and on the
briefs).

Glenn A. Bergenfield argued the cause for respondent
(Glenn A. Bergenfield, on the briefs).

William E. Denver argued the cause for amicus curiae
New Jersey State Bar Association (New Jersey State Bar
Association, attorneys; Kimberly A. Yonta, President, of
counsel, and Andrea J. Sullivan and Kersten Kortbawi,
on the brief).

Michael S. Stein argued the cause for amicus curiae
Bergen County Bar Association (Pashman Stein Walder

                           1
            Hayden, attorneys; Michael S. Stein and Janie Byalik, on
            the brief).

            Michael J. Epstein argued the cause for amicus curiae
            New Jersey Association for Justice (The Epstein Law
            Firm, attorneys; Michael J. Epstein, of counsel and on the
            brief, and Michael A. Rabasca, on the brief).

               JUSTICE ALBIN delivered the opinion of the Court.

      An attorney serves in a fiduciary role with a client at the very inception

of the attorney-client relationship. In that fiduciary role, an attorney has a

professional obligation to explain the content of a retainer agreement “to the

extent reasonably necessary to permit the client to make informed decisions

regarding the representation.” RPC 1.4(c). Thus, a retainer agreement is not

an ordinary contract governed by the rules of the marketplace but is a contract

that must meet the high standards of the Rules of Professional Conduct (or

RPCs). An attorney’s professional and fiduciary obligations require

scrupulous fairness and transparency in dealing with clients -- requirements

different from the typical norms that regulate arm’s-length commercial

transactions between vendors and customers.

      Through the lens of those basic principles, we view the issue before us:

whether a lawyer has a duty to explain the benefits and disadvantages of a

                                         2
provision in a retainer agreement that binds the client to arbitrate a future fee

dispute or legal malpractice action in a non-judicial forum.

      In this case, plaintiff Brian Delaney, a sophisticated businessman, sought

the representation of Sills Cummis & Gross P.C. (Sills), a prominent law firm,

in an ongoing commercial lawsuit with his estranged business partners.

      At the Sills office, an attorney handed Delaney a four-page retainer

agreement, including a one-page attachment (fourth page). The retainer

agreement stated that any dispute about the firm’s legal services or fees would

be determined by arbitration and that, by agreeing to arbitration, Delaney

waived his right to trial by jury. The agreement also advised Delaney that the

arbitral result would be final and non-appealable. The one-page attachment

indicated that the arbitration proceeding would remain confidential and would

be conducted through a private arbitration and mediation organization called

JAMS pursuant to its rules and procedures. The attachment, moreover,

contained a hyperlink to thirty-three pages of JAMS rules governing the

arbitral forum. 1 On the day Delaney reviewed and signed the retainer

agreement, the Sills attorney did not provide a hard copy of the JAMS rules,

1
  The thirty-three pages of JAMS rules include the cover page and table of
contents.
                                      3
although he offered to answer any questions Delaney might have about the

agreement.

      Delaney later terminated his relationship with Sills. When Delaney

refused to pay the outstanding fees allegedly owed to Sills, the firm invoked

the arbitration provision. Delaney later sued Sills for professional malpractice

and moved before the Chancery Division to stay the fee dispute that was

already in arbitration, pending the outcome of the malpractice action. The

Chancery Division ruled that the fee dispute and the malpractice claim were

subject to the retainer agreement’s arbitration provision.

      The Appellate Division reversed. It found that Sills’s failure to provide

Delaney with the thirty-three pages of JAMS rules referenced in the retainer

agreement before Delaney signed the agreement or to explain to him the JAMS

rules, “some of which were material to the arbitration clause and the client’s

decision to retain Sills,” rendered the arbitration provision unenforceable

under the Rules of Professional Conduct.

      We now hold that, for an arbitration provision in a retainer agreement to

be enforceable, an attorney must generally explain to a client the benefits and

disadvantages of arbitrating a prospective dispute between the attorney and

client. Such an explanation is necessary because, to make an informed

decision, the client must have a basic understanding of the fundamental

                                        4
differences between an arbitral forum and a judicial forum in resolving a future

fee dispute or malpractice action. See RPC 1.4(c).

      An arbitration provision in a retainer agreement is an acknowledgement

that the lawyer and client may be future adversaries. That the retainer

agreement envisions a potential future adverse relationship between the

attorney and client -- and seeks to control the dispute-resolution forum and its

procedures -- raises the specter of conflicting interests. An arbitral forum and

judicial forum, and their accompanying procedures, are significantly different.

      We do not make any value judgment about whether an arbitral or a

judicial forum would be more beneficial to a client if the client and attorney

part as adversaries. We conclude, however, that an attorney’s fiduciary

obligation mandates the disclosure of the essential pros and cons of the

arbitration provision so that the client can make an informed decision whether

arbitration is to the client’s advantage. See RPC 1.4(c). That obligation is in

keeping with an attorney’s basic responsibility to explain provisions of a

retainer agreement that may not be clear on their face. Accordingly, the

disclosures required of an attorney in explaining an arbitration provision in a

retainer agreement stand on an equal footing with the disclosures required in

explaining other material provisions in the agreement. Such comparable

                                        5
treatment does not offend the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), 9 U.S.C. §§ 1 to

16, or the New Jersey Arbitration Act (NJAA), N.J.S.A. 2A:23B-1 to -36.

      The arbitration provision in this case satisfies the requirements for a

typical consumer or commercial agreement. The heightened professional and

fiduciary responsibilities of an attorney, however, demand more -- an

explanation of the differences between an arbitral and judicial forum. That

explanation may include, for example, that in arbitration the client will not

have a trial before a jury in a courtroom open to the public; the outcome of the

arbitration will not be appealable and will remain confidential; the client may

be responsible, in part, for the costs of the arbitration proceedings, including

payments to the arbitrator; and the discovery available in arbitration may be

more limited than in a judicial forum. 2

      That information can be conveyed in an oral dialogue or in writing, or by

both, depending on how the attorney chooses best to communicate it. We refer

the issues raised in this opinion to the Advisory Committee on Professional

Ethics for its review. The Committee may make recommendations to this

Court and propose further guidance on the scope of an attorney’s disclosure

requirements.

2
  The nature of the disclosure requirements will depend on the particular rules
of the arbitral forum chosen by the attorney.
                                        6
         Because the professional obligation we now impose may not have been

reasonably anticipated and would unsettle expectations among lawyers, we apply

this new mandate prospectively, with one exception. Applying the holding of our

opinion here is “consistent with the usual rule that the prevailing party who

brings a claim that advances the common law should receive the benefit of his

efforts.” See Estate of Narleski v. Gomes, 244 N.J. 199, 204 (2020). To be

clear, however, we do not find that Sills or its attorneys violated the Rules of

Professional Conduct, and we accept their representations that they acted in good

faith.

         Therefore, Delaney must be allowed to proceed with his malpractice action

in the Law Division. We affirm and modify the judgment of the Appellate

Division and remand to the Law Division for proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

                                          I.

                                          A.

         This appeal comes before us on facts essentially undisputed in the

parties’ pleadings.

         In November 2014, Delaney filed a lawsuit in Morris County against his

business partners in two limited liability companies involved in real estate

development. In January 2015, one of those business partners filed a lawsuit

                                          7
against Delaney in Sussex County. The law firm of Trenk DiPasquale

represented Delaney in both actions.

      On September 16, 2015, Delaney retained Sills to represent him in the

Morris County lawsuit, replacing Trenk DiPasquale. That day, Delaney met

with a Sills attorney who presented him with a four-page retainer agreement.

It was understood that Trent Dickey, who was not in the office that day, was

slated to be the attorney primarily responsible for representing Delaney. The

Sills attorney signed Dickey’s name to the agreement and affixed his own

initials below the signature. During the meeting, the Sills attorney told

Delaney that he should take his time reviewing the retainer agreement and ask

any questions he had about its contents.

      The third page of the retainer agreement contained the following

arbitration provision:

            [I]n the event that we and you are unable to come to
            amicable resolution with respect to any dispute
            (including, without limitation, any dispute with respect
            to the Firm’s legal services and/or payment by you of
            amounts to the Firm), we and you agree that such
            dispute will be submitted to and finally determined by
            Arbitration in accordance with the provisions set forth
            on attachment 1 to this retainer letter. In such case, you
            would need to engage separate counsel to represent
            your interests and you would incur additional expense
            in connection with such arbitration. The decision of the
            Arbitrator will be final and binding and neither the Firm
            nor you will have the right to appeal such decision,
            whether in a court or in another arbitration proceeding.
                                        8
            You understand that, by agreeing to arbitrate disputes
            as provided in this retainer letter, you are waiving any
            and all statutory and other rights that you may have to
            a trial by jury in connection with any such dispute,
            claim or controversy. Notwithstanding the provisions
            of this paragraph and Attachment 1, the Company will
            retain the Company’s absolute right to proceed under
            the Fee Arbitration Rules set forth in New Jersey Court
            Rule 1:20A, which will take precedence.

      A one-page attachment entitled “Attachment 1 to Engagement Letter -

Arbitration Provisions” -- the fourth page of the agreement -- gave a general

description of some of the arbitration rules and provided a hyperlink to thirty-

three pages of JAMS rules governing any dispute between the law firm and the

client. The attachment stated:

            Any disputes arising out of or relating to this
            engagement agreement or the Firm’s engagement by
            you will be conducted pursuant to the JAMS/Endispute
            Arbitration Rules and Procedures (the “JAMS Rules”)
            then in effect (see http://www.jamsadr.com), except
            that, notwithstanding those rules, the following
            provisions will apply to the arbitration:

            Panel. The arbitration will be conducted by one
            impartial arbitrator (who may be a former judge,
            practicing attorney or person who is not an attorney),
            selected by mutual agreement or, if we and the
            Company cannot agree, the arbitrator will be selected
            in accordance with the JAMS Rules.

            Process. The arbitrator will not award punitive
            damages to either party, and we and the Company will
            each be deemed to have waived any right to such
            damages. The arbitrator will, in rendering his or her
            decision, apply the substantive law of the State of New
                                        9
            Jersey (excluding its choice of law rules that would
            require the application of the laws of another
            jurisdiction). The place of arbitration will be Newark,
            New Jersey. The award of the arbitrator will include a
            written explanation of his or her decision and specify
            the basis for any damages. The written decision of the
            arbitrator will be final, binding and non-appealable and
            may be enforced in any court of competent jurisdiction.
            The Firm and You will pay an equal share of all costs
            and expenses related to compensation of the arbitrator,
            the site and any administrative fees, except that the
            award rendered by the arbitrator may include the costs
            and expenses of arbitration, reasonable attorneys’ fees
            and reasonable costs for expert and other witnesses.

            Confidentiality. The arbitration proceeding will be
            confidential. The existence of any matter submitted to
            arbitration, and the award, will be kept in confidence
            by you, the Firm and the arbitrator, except as required
            in connection with the enforcement of such award or as
            otherwise required by applicable law.

      The Sills attorney did not provide Delaney with a hard copy of the

thirty-three pages of JAMS rules, offer an explanation of the arbitration

provisions in the agreement or the hyperlink, or advise Delaney of the

advantages and disadvantages of an arbitral forum in the event of a future fee

dispute with or legal malpractice action against the Sills firm. Delaney

reviewed and signed the retainer agreement in the presence of the Sills

attorney without asking any questions.

      In an October 7, 2015 supplemental retainer letter forwarded to Delaney,

Dickey confirmed that Sills would substitute as counsel for Trenk DiPasquale

                                       10
in the Sussex County lawsuit. The supplemental letter -- signed by Delaney

and returned to Sills the next day -- advised that an additional retainer was

required and that the firm’s “fees will likely exceed $300,000 up to trial, and

could be substantially higher.” That letter made no reference to arbitration.

      At some point, Dickey and Delaney agreed that Sills would withdraw

from the Sussex County lawsuit, allowing another attorney, who agreed to cap

Delaney’s fees, to substitute as counsel. In April 2016, Delaney allegedly

agreed to accept a financial settlement in the Morris County litigation sub ject

to the parties’ agreement to negotiate additional terms. After a final agreement

was purportedly reached, Delaney terminated his relationship with Sills on

July 21, 2016. At the time, Delaney refused to pay the almost $440,000 in

legal fees that Sills asserted it was owed.3

      By letter dated July 25, 2016, Sills forwarded a pre-action notice to

Delaney advising him of his right to elect fee arbitration with the Essex

County Fee Arbitration Committee under the New Jersey Court Rules. 4

Delaney did not avail himself of that right.

3
  According to Delaney, the Sills firm billed him nearly $1,000,000 in legal
fees.
4
  Rule 1:20A-6 provides that “[n]o lawsuit to recover a fee may be filed until
the expiration of the 30 day period herein giving Pre-action Notice to a client,”
advising the client of the right to seek fee arbitration under the New Jersey
                                         11
      On August 29, 2016, Sills invoked the JAMS arbitration provision in the

retainer agreement. The parties postponed the arbitration as they attempted to

resolve the fee dispute through mediation. After mediation failed, on April 6,

2017, Sills restarted the arbitration process, and the parties selected an

arbitrator. In the ensuing months, the parties skirmished over discovery and

procedural matters.

      On August 31, 2017, Delaney filed a legal malpractice action against

Dickey and the Sills firm in the Superior Court, Law Division, Essex County. 5

The complaint alleged that Dickey and Sills negligently represented him. The

complaint also alleged that the mandatory arbitration provision in the retainer

agreement violated the Rules of Professional Conduct and wrongly deprived

him of his constitutional right to have a jury decide his legal malpractice

action. Afterwards, the arbitrator stated that arbitration, scheduled for October

10-12, 2017, would not be postponed on account of the filing of the

malpractice case.

Court Rules. In the scenario before us, under our Court Rules, Delaney, not
Sills, could request arbitration of a fee dispute before a court-appointed fee
arbitration committee. See R. 1:20A-3.
5
  The malpractice lawsuit also named as defendants Delaney’s prior attorneys,
the Brach Eichler firm and one of its lawyers.
                                       12
      On September 19, 2017, Delaney filed an Order to Show Cause and

verified complaint in the Superior Court, Chancery Division, Essex County ,

seeking a declaratory judgment that the retainer agreement’s arbitration

provision was unenforceable. Alternatively, Delaney requested that the

Chancery Division stay the arbitration pending the outcome of the legal

malpractice action, explaining that to do otherwise would result in the

“likelihood of inconsistent rulings and piecemeal litigation.” In the verified

complaint, Delaney asserted that Sills did not make him “aware of the

inequities and costs associated with proceeding with arbitration.” More

specifically, he asserted that Sills did not explain to him that he might be

responsible for arbitration fees that could greatly exceed the filing fees in a

comparable court action and for the firm’s attorneys’ fees and costs, depending

on how the arbitrator ruled. Finally, he alleged that he would not have signed

the retainer agreement if he had been told that he was giving up his right to a

jury trial in the event he had to bring a legal malpractice claim against Sills .

      The Chancery Division granted Delaney’s Order to Show Cause and

heard oral argument.

                                         B.

      On November 9, 2017, the Chancery Division denied Delaney’s

application to stay the arbitration proceeding and held that the retainer

                                        13
agreement’s arbitration provision was valid and enforceable. The court

specifically found that the provision’s language -- “any dispute with respect to

the Firm’s legal services and/or payment by you of amounts to the Firm” will

be submitted to arbitration -- was sufficiently broad to encompass a claim of

legal malpractice. Additionally, the court determined that Delaney waived his

right to trial by jury by agreeing to the unambiguously stated arbitration

provision, citing Atalese v. U.S. Legal Services Group, L.P., 219 N.J. 430

(2014), and further observed that a law firm has no obligation to explain to a

client the terms of a clearly written retainer agreement that “can be understood

by a layperson.” Finally, the court noted that Delaney had sufficient time to

consider the import of the retainer agreement. 6

      The Chancery Division and Law Division entered separate orders

directing that Delaney’s malpractice action proceed in arbitration and

dismissing his malpractice complaint filed in the Law Division.

6
  The Chancery Division incorrectly concluded that Delaney had twenty-two
days to ponder the retainer agreement handed to him by the Sills attorney on
September 16, 2015. In fact, Delaney signed the agreement on that date. The
Chancery Division believed that Delaney did not sign and return the initial
agreement until October 8, 2015, but it was Dickey’s supplemental retainer
letter that Delaney signed and returned on that date.
                                       14
                                        C.

      In an unpublished opinion, the Appellate Division declared that the

arbitration provision in the Sills retainer agreement was unenforceable because

Sills did not fulfill its fiduciary responsibility under the Rules of Professional

Conduct to explain to its client the effect of arbitrating a future malpractice

action. The Appellate Division primarily focused its analysis on RPC 1.4(c),

which requires that a lawyer “explain a matter to the extent reasonably

necessary to permit the client to make informed decisions regarding the

representation.” In doing so, it noted that “[t]he potential effect of an

agreement to arbitrate must be clear to the client to be binding upon him .”

(alteration in original) (quoting Kamaratos v. Palias, 360 N.J. Super. 76, 87

(App. Div. 2003)).

      The Appellate Division held that, when presenting the retainer

agreement to Delaney for his signature, Sills should have provided the thirty-

three pages of JAMS arbitration rules incorporated into the agreement, “some

of which were material to the arbitration clause and the client’s decision to

retain Sills.” The court emphasized that Sills did not explain the arbitration

provision or the JAMS rules to Delaney and that, without having a copy of the

rules when he signed the agreement, Delaney could not have agreed to the

                                        15
limitation on his right to discovery or to forgo other benefits available in an

action filed in a court.

      The Appellate Division observed that although the arbitration provision

informed Delaney that “he would be required to pay an equal share of all costs

and expenses related to compensation of the arbitrator,” without an

explanation from Sills, “the client had no way of gauging whether the

arbitrator’s fee would be closer to $10,000, $50,000 or $100,000.” The court

also pointed out that the text of the retainer agreement allowed for the

arbitrator to impose “reasonable attorneys’ fees and reasonable costs” on the

client in the malpractice action -- fee-shifting not permissible under New

Jersey law.

      In conclusion, the Appellate Division stressed that it was not holding

that retainer agreements mandating arbitration of legal malpractice claims were

per se invalid or that the “reasonable explanation” required by RPC 1.4(c)

could not be provided in writing. Rather, it determined only that when an

attorney does not provide to the client, at the time of the signing of a retainer

agreement with an arbitration provision, a document incorporated into the

agreement containing material terms concerning arbitration and gives no

explanation of the import of those material terms, the arbitration provision

cannot stand.

                                        16
                                        D.

      We granted defendants’ petition for certification. 240 N.J. 194 (2019).

We also granted the motions of the New Jersey State Bar Association, the

Bergen County Bar Association, and the New Jersey Association for Justice to

participate as amici curiae.

                                        II.

                                        A.

      Sills argues that the clear and unambiguous four-page written retainer

agreement handed to Delaney by one of its attorneys, who offered to answer

any questions Delaney might have concerning the agreement’s contents,

satisfied the firm’s obligations under the Rules of Professional Conduct. Sills

rejects the notion that it had a duty under existing law to provide the client

with any additional explanation about arbitration, such as opining on the

benefits or disadvantages of arbitrating a future fee dispute or legal

malpractice claim. Sills contends that the Appellate Division violated this

Court’s jurisprudence by failing to place the arbitration provision on an equal

footing with other contracts or to view arbitration as a favored means for

resolving disputes. Sills also maintains that the Appellate Division erred by

retroactively imposing on it new disclosure requirements under the RPCs and

by trespassing on the domain of the bodies responsible for promulgating new

                                        17
ethical obligations -- the Advisory Committee on Professional Ethics, the

Professional Responsibility Rules Committee, and this Court. Sills asks this

Court to reverse and remand the fee dispute and legal malpractice claim for

arbitration.

                                        B.

      Delaney counters that Sills breached its fiduciary duty to him by

including an arbitration provision in the retainer agreement and then by failing

to explain the parts that did not benefit him in the event the firm committed

malpractice. That he asked no questions about the retainer agreement is of no

moment, he argues, because under RPC 1.4(c) the firm had a duty to disclose

that the language about arbitrating “any dispute with respect to the Firm’s

services” would encompass a malpractice claim against the firm. Delaney

maintains that he came to Sills to engage its services in his contract dispute

with business partners -- not as the firm’s sophisticated and wary adversary.

He insists that Sills had an ethical duty to disclose to him how -- in the event

Sills committed malpractice -- he benefitted by waiving his rights to sue and

publicly air his dispute in court before a New Jersey judge and jury, to

expansive discovery, to appeal, and not to be bound by an automatic

confidentiality requirement.

                                        18
      Delaney also asserts that, in violation of RPC 1.8(h)(1), the arbitration

provision impermissibly made him potentially liable for Sills’s legal fees and

shielded Sills from a claim for punitive damages. He argues that the

conflicting interest between Sills and its client made the firm incapable of

giving him disinterested guidance. He therefore urges this Court to hold that

retainer agreements, like this one, requiring mandatory arbitration of legal

malpractice claims are against public policy and our ethics rules.

                                       C.

      Amicus New Jersey State Bar Association asks this Court to reverse that

part of the Appellate Division’s judgment that imposes new professional

obligations on attorney-client communications and attorney retainer

agreements and to allow the ethical issues raised to be vetted through the

formal rulemaking process. The State Bar Association expresses concern that

the Appellate Division’s interpretation of RPC 1.4(c) will require lawyers to

engage in “an in-depth review of legal services agreements with prospective

clients” beyond the present requirement that lawyers provide “a reasonable

explanation” about a retainer agreement sufficient for clients to make an

informed decision about the representation.

      The Bergen County Bar Association recognizes that retainer agreements

mandating arbitration for disputes, such as malpractice claims, raise “novel”

                                       19
and “important” questions about disclosures that lawyers are required to make

to clients. It recommends that any proposed disclosure requirements be

evaluated by the appropriate Supreme Court committees and through the

rulemaking process, and that any new disclosure requirements should be

imposed prospectively only.

      The New Jersey Association for Justice posits that in light of the

imbalance of power between a lawyer and client and the lawyer’s fiduciary

obligation to the client, “mandatory arbitration clauses in attorney -client

retainer agreements [are] inherently unfair and unreasonable.” It urges this

Court to prohibit mandatory arbitration provisions in retainer agreements to

protect against “unwitting and uninformed prospective waivers of significant

rights” by clients at the very moment they retain counsel.

                                       III.

                                        A.

      We must determine what disclosures an attorney must make to a

potential client about a provision included in a retainer agreement that

mandates arbitration of a future fee dispute or legal malpractice claim.

Typically, a retainer agreement addresses the terms governing an attorney’s

representation of the matter for which the client has sought the attorney’s

counsel. Here, the retainer agreement provides for the terms governing a quite

                                        20
different matter, a future event -- a time when the attorney and the client might

become adversaries, a time when the client might file a malpractice lawsuit

against the lawyer for money damages. The planning for that discordant event

-- for an adversarial relationship with a client to whom the attorney owes a

fiduciary duty -- signals that the interests of the lawyer and client may be

divergent even at the inception of the attorney-client relationship.

      Although, presumably, Sills concluded that arbitration would be a more

favorable dispute-resolution forum for the firm and its client in the event of a

malpractice action, it is at least reasonably debatable whether the client would

be best served by substituting an arbitral forum for a judicial forum to litigate

an attorney’s malpractice. See Kamaratos, 360 N.J. Super. at 89 (Fuentes,

J.A.D., concurring) (“The insertion of a commercial arbitration clause in a

retainer agreement . . . pit[s] the lawyer’s interests against the client’s. The

terms and features of an arbitration clause are designed, not for the client’ s

benefit, but to protect and advance the lawyer’s interest in a forum of his or

her choosing.”).

      In an arm’s-length transaction, ordinarily, a vendor and purchaser are

free to agree to mutually acceptable contractual terms in pursuit of their

individual best interests. But the formation of the attorney-client relationship

                                        21
is not an ordinary commercial transaction, and “a retainer agreement is not an

ordinary contract.” Balducci v. Cige, 240 N.J. 574, 580 (2020).

      “[A]n attorney’s freedom to contract” is subject to this Court’s exercise

of its constitutional authority to regulate the practice of law. Cohen v. Radio-

Elecs. Officers Union, 146 N.J. 140, 155 (1996); N.J. Const. art. VI, § 2, ¶ 3.

In exercising our constitutional authority, we have promulgated Rules of

Professional Conduct and issued decisions setting forth the “ethical duties that

attorneys owe their clients and potential clients.” Balducci, 240 N.J. at 591-

92. The RPCs and case law make clear “that a retainer agreement [must]

satisfy not only ordinary principles governing contracts, but also the

professional ethical standards governing the attorney-client relationship.” Id.

at 592. Unlike the vendor in a typical commercial transaction, a lawyer serves

in a fiduciary role to a client or prospective client. Id. at 580, 592.

“[P]reserving the fiduciary responsibility that lawyers owe their clients” is a

principle to which this Court is firmly committed. State in Interest of S.G.,

175 N.J. 132, 139 (2003) (quoting Cohen, 146 N.J. at 155).

      It is the scope of the duties that Sills owed to Delaney in that fiduciary

relationship -- as well as the tensions arising from the inclusion of the

arbitration provision in the retainer agreement -- that is the preeminent issue in

                                        22
this case. Therefore, we must first delineate the lawyer’s role as fiduciary to a

client or potential client.

                                        B.

      “All fiduciaries are held to a duty of fairness, good faith and fidelity, but

an attorney is held to an even higher degree of responsibility in these matters

than is required of all others.” In re Honig, 10 N.J. 74, 78 (1952). Above all

else, a lawyer’s fiduciary role requires that the lawyer act fairly in all dealings

with the client. Balducci, 240 N.J. at 592; see also Black’s Law Dictionary

770 (11th ed. 2019) (stating that a fiduciary owes the beneficiary of his or her

concern the duty “of good faith, loyalty, due care, and disclosure”). In that

fiduciary role, a lawyer must provide the client with not only “complete and

undivided loyalty,” but also with advice that will “protect the client’s

interests.” S.G., 175 N.J. at 139 (quoting In re Dolan, 76 N.J. 1, 9 (1978)).

The foundation of the attorney-client relationship, like any fiduciary

relationship, is trust and confidence. Ibid. The client places trust and

confidence in the attorney, expecting that the attorney will use his or her

superior expertise, knowledge, training, and judgment for the client’s benefit.

See ibid.; F.G. v. MacDonnell, 150 N.J. 550, 563 (1997). A lawyer is never

“privileged to exercise an advantage which will in any respect prove

detrimental to his client’s interests.” Honig, 10 N.J. at 78.

                                        23
      “We also must be mindful that lawyers typically prepare retainer

agreements [and] that clients rely on the integrity of their lawyers who fashion

the agreements . . . .” Balducci, 240 N.J. at 594. In reviewing the fairness of a

retainer agreement, “a court may consider the circumstances related to the

making of the agreement, including whether the parties ‘actually negotiated

the agreement,’ ‘the client’s level of sophistication or experience in retaining

and compensating lawyers,’ and other relevant factors.” Id. at 593 (quoting

Cohen, 146 N.J. at 160); see also Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing

Lawyers § 18 cmt. h (Am. Law Inst. 2000). The attorney, however, bears the

burden of “establishing the fairness and reasonableness of the transaction”

given the “special considerations inherent in the attorney-client relationship.”

Cohen, 146 N.J. at 156.

      One of the paramount duties of a lawyer is to make necessary

disclosures to the client so that the client can make informed decisions. See

Dolan, 76 N.J. at 9. That duty is expressed in RPC 1.4(c), which states that

“[a] lawyer shall explain a matter to the extent reasonably necessary to permit

the client to make informed decisions regarding the representation.”

      Sills claims that its attorney fulfilled his professional obligation when he

handed the client the retainer agreement, which contained an arbitration

provision and a hyperlink to the JAMS rules, and asked the client if he had any

                                       24
questions. Delaney, on the other hand, contends that, at a minimum, the Sills

attorney had an affirmative duty to advise him of the advantages and

disadvantages of arbitrating a malpractice claim before he signed the retainer

agreement. Although interpreting RPC 1.4(c) to address this issue is a novel

undertaking for our Court, courts and professional ethics committees in other

jurisdictions already have trod this terrain. Also, importantly, the American

Bar Association (ABA) has spoken on this issue in a formal opinion construing

the model rule on which RPC 1.4(c) is patterned.

                                       C.

      In 2002, the ABA issued Formal Opinion 02-425, Retainer Agreement

Requiring the Arbitration of Fee Disputes and Malpractice Claims (ABA

Opinion), which held that a provision in a retainer agreement requiring “the

binding arbitration of disputes concerning fees and malpractice claims” did not

violate ABA Model Rule of Professional Conduct 1.4(b), “provided that the

client has been fully apprised of the advantages and disadvantages of

arbitration and has given her informed consent to the inclusion of the

arbitration provision in the retainer agreement.” 7 ABA Opinion at 1 (emphasis

added). According to the ABA Opinion, under Model Rule 1.4(b), a lawyer’s

7
  The language of ABA Model Rule of Professional Conduct 1.4(b) is
identical to New Jersey’s RPC 1.4(c).
                                      25
fiduciary “duty to explain matters to a client” encompasses “the duty to advise

clients of the possible adverse consequences as well as the benefits that may

arise from the execution of an agreement” that includes an arbitration

provision. Id. at 4-5. Thus, the lawyer must “‘explain’ the implications of the

proposed binding arbitration provision ‘to the extent reasonably necessary to

permit the client to make (an) informed decision’ about whether to agree to the

[provision’s] inclusion” in the retainer agreement. Id. at 5 (quoting Model

Rule 1.4(b)). The scope of the disclosure will depend on “the sophistication of

the client.” Ibid. The lawyer, however, “should make clear that arbitration

typically results in the client’s waiver of significant rights, such as the waiver

of the right to a jury trial, the possible waiver of broad discovery, and the loss

of the right to appeal.” Ibid. A lawyer “also might explain that the case will

be decided by an individual arbitrator or panel of arbitrators and inform the

client of any obligation that the lawyer or client may have to pay the fees and

costs of arbitration.” Id. at 6.

      Additionally, the ABA Opinion recognized that a mandatory arbitration

provision in a “retainer agreement [that] insulates the lawyer from liability . . .

to which she otherwise would be exposed under common or statutory law”

                                        26
would contravene ABA Model Rule of Professional Conduct 1.8(h).8 Id. at 3-

4. To illustrate that point, the ABA Opinion explains that “if the law of the

jurisdiction precludes an award of punitive damages in arbitration but permits

punitive damages in malpractice lawsuits, the provision would violate Rule

1.8(h) unless the client is independently represented in making the agreement.”

Id. at 4.

       Professional ethics committees, which primarily operate under the

auspices of state bar associations, have issued advisory opinions reaching

conclusions similar to those in the ABA Opinion. 9 Those ethics opinions

8
  The Model Rule is substantially similar to New Jersey’s RPC 1.8(h), which
provides that

             “[a] lawyer shall not

                   (1) make an agreement prospectively limiting the
                   lawyer’s liability to a client for malpractice
                   unless the client fails to act in accordance with
                   the lawyer’s advice and the lawyer nevertheless
                   continues to represent the client at the client’s
                   request. Notwithstanding the existence of those
                   two conditions, the lawyer shall not make such an
                   agreement unless permitted by law and the client
                   is independently represented in making the
                   agreement . . . .”
9
  Unlike New Jersey’s Advisory Committee on Professional Ethics, which is
appointed by this Court, see R. 1:19-1, the ethics committees in many
jurisdictions that issue professional advisory opinions are creatures of their
                                        27
instruct attorneys in their jurisdictions that they must disclose the benefits and

disadvantages of arbitration when an arbitration provision is included in a

retainer agreement. See Ariz. Ethics Op. 94-05, at 5 (1994) (advising that an

arbitration clause in a retainer agreement is permissible if, among other things,

the attorney “fully discloses, in writing and in terms that can be understood by

the client, the advantages and disadvantages of arbitration”); Tex. Ethics Op.

586, 72 Tex. B.J. 128, 129 (2009) (advising that the lawyer must provide

“sufficient information about the differences between litigation and

arbitration” and “the significant advantages and disadvantages of binding

arbitration to the extent the lawyer reasonably believes is necessary for an

informed decision by the client”); 10 Conn. Ethics Op. 99-20 (1999) (expressing

concern over an arbitration provision in a retainer agreement in which the

lawyer noted the benefits but not the potential drawbacks of arbitration); Pa.

Ethics Op. 97-140, at 3 (1997) (advising that a retainer agreement’s arbitration

provision must be “fully disclosed in writing to the client, setting forth the

principal advantages and disadvantages of arbitration”); N.Y. Cty. Lawyers

state bar associations. The opinions referenced here are products of those
committees unless noted otherwise.
10
  This opinion was issued by the Texas Committee on Professional Ethics,
whose members are appointed by the Supreme Court of Texas.
                                    28
Ass’n Ethics Op. 723 (1997) (advising that an attorney must make a full

disclosure of the “material differences between arbitration and litigation in a

court of law” if an arbitration provision is included in a retainer agreement);

Okla. Ethics Op. 312 (2000) (same); Vt. Ethics Op. 2003-7, at 1 (advising that,

in the absence of the client seeking the advice of independent counsel

regarding a retainer agreement’s arbitration provision, the attorney “must (1)

fully apprise the client as to the advantages and disadvantages of binding

arbitration, and (2) obtain the client’s informed consent in writing to the

inclusion of the binding arbitration clause in the representation agreement”).

      Some jurisdictions require lawyers to advise their potential clients to

seek the advice of independent counsel before signing a retainer agreement

containing an arbitration provision. See, e.g., Pa. Ethics Op. 97-140, at 3

(1997) (“[T]he client [must] be advised and given an opportunity to seek the

advice of independent counsel.”); Va. Legal Ethics Op. 638, at 1 (1984)

(stating that an arbitration provision in a retainer agreement is permissible

“provided that the client consents after full disclosure of the effect of such a

provision and after the client is advised to seek independent counsel in regard

to the advisability of such a provision”). Going even further, Michigan Ethics

Opinion RI-257 (1996) bars a provision in a retainer agreement to arbitrate

future disputes unless “the client obtains independent counsel concerning the

                                        29
advisability” of agreeing to the arbitration provision. At the far end of the

spectrum, the Ohio Supreme Court’s Board of Commissioners on Grievances

and Discipline has advised that a client’s retainer agreement “should not

contain language requiring a client to prospectively agree to arbitrate legal

malpractice disputes.” 11 Ohio Advisory Op. 96-9, at 5 (1996) (emphasis

added).

      State courts have reached similar conclusions -- that lawyers have a

heightened duty of disclosure when they include a provision in a retain er

agreement requiring clients to arbitrate future disputes, including malpractice

claims against the law firm. In Snow v. Bernstein, Shur, Sawyer & Nelson,

P.A., the Supreme Judicial Court of Maine held that an attorney’s fiduciary

relationship with a client mandates informed consent when the attorney seeks

“to enforce a contractual provision that prospectively requires a client to

submit malpractice claims against the law firm to arbitration.” 176 A.3d 729,

736 (Me. 2017). The Maine high court set forth a “heightened standard” for an

attorney to secure the client’s informed consent: “the attorney must effectively

communicate to the client that malpractice claims are covered under the

11
   Now referred to as the Ohio Board of Professional Conduct, each member
of this “quasi-judicial body” is appointed by the Ohio Supreme Court. See
https://www.bpc.ohio.gov/copy-of-about-the-board.
                                       30
agreement to arbitrate”; “explain, or ensure that the client understands, the

differences between the arbitral forum and the judicial forum, including the

absence of a jury” as well as “costs” and “appealability”; and “take into

account the particular client’s capacity to understand that information and

experience with the arbitration process, as these factors may affect both the

breadth of information and the amount of detail the attorney is obligated to

provide.” Id. at 736-37.

      Similarly, the Louisiana Supreme Court has determined that a lawyer’s

fiduciary duty of loyalty and candor to a client requires a full explanation “to

the client [of] the possible consequences of entering into an arbitration clause,

including the legal rights the client gives up by agreeing to binding arbitration”

of future disputes. Hodges v. Reasonover, 103 So. 3d 1069, 1077 (La. 2012).

The lawyer’s duty of loyalty, the Court explained, “forbids a lawyer from

taking any action in his own self-interest which would have an adverse effect

on the client.” Ibid. To ensure that the client’s consent to a binding

arbitration clause in a retainer agreement is “truly ‘informed,’” ibid., at a

minimum, “an attorney must make full and complete disclosure of the potential

effects of an arbitration clause, including the waiver of a jury trial, the waiver

of the right to appeal, the waiver of broad discovery rights, and the possible

high upfront costs of arbitration,” id. at 1078. In addition, the retainer

                                        31
agreement “must explicitly list the types of disputes covered by the arbitration

clause, e.g., legal malpractice, and make clear that the client retains the right to

lodge a disciplinary complaint.” Ibid. Last, the attorney must advise the client

that he “has the opportunity to speak with independent counsel before signing

the contract.” Id. at 1077; see also Castillo v. Arrieta, 368 P.3d 1249, 1257

(N.M. Ct. App. 2016) (holding that if a retainer agreement includes a provision

requiring the arbitration of a future legal malpractice claim, to secure informed

consent, the attorney must provide “any explanation reasonably necessary to

inform the client . . . of the material advantages and disadvantages of

[arbitration]” and discuss with the client “options and alternatives”).

                                         D.

      Advisory ethics opinions and judicial opinions in many jurisdictions

make clear that, when a retainer agreement includes an arbitration provision,

attorneys acting in their fiduciary relationship with a client, at the very least,

must explain the advantages and disadvantages of arbitrating a future fee

dispute or malpractice action. That is so because of the substantial differences

between adjudicating a dispute in a judicial and arbitral forum. We cannot

presume that a person untrained and inexperienced in legal practices and

procedures would have a familiarity with those differences. The examples

                                         32
below highlight some of the differences between the arbitral JAMS forum in

this case and a judicial forum.

       In the arbitral forum, a single arbitrator presides over the disputed

issues. In a judicial forum, Delaney could bring his malpractice lawsuit in

Superior Court in the county where he resides or where Sills maintains its

offices, R. 4:3-2(a)(3), and have a jury representing a cross-section of the

county’s citizens sit in judgment of the case.

       In the arbitral forum, the arbitrator’s decision is final and binding with

no right of appeal. In the judicial forum, the non-prevailing party has a right

of appeal to challenge any errors made in the trial court proceedings. See R.

2:2.

       In the arbitral forum, the arbitration proceedings are conducted privately,

and those proceedings and the award of any damages must be kept

confidential. In a judicial forum, the proceedings are held in an open

courtroom, and the jury’s verdict and award of any damages is a matter of

public record. If there is a settlement of the malpractice claim, then any

confidentiality provision would be a negotiated term of the settlement.

       In this arbitral forum, there is no right to broad discovery. For example,

the JAMS rules limit each party to “one deposition of an opposing Party or of

one individual under the control of the opposing Party” and the “necessity of

                                        33
additional depositions” is determined by the arbitrator. In the judicial forum,

our Court Rules provide for broad discovery with no set limitation on the

number of depositions a party may take. 12 See R. 4:14; R. 4:15.

      In the arbitral forum, under JAMS procedures, both the party initiating

arbitration and the party filing a counterclaim must pay a $1,500 filing fee, and

the parties are jointly and severally liable for the costs of arbitration and the

arbitrator’s compensation. Notably, the attorney-client fee dispute submitted

to arbitration has already incurred $34,000 in JAMS costs, which include

payments to the arbitrator -- and a hearing has yet to be held. 13 In the judicial

forum, a plaintiff filing a civil complaint must pay a filing fee of $250, and a

party filing a counterclaim must pay a filing fee of $175. See R. 1:43. Neither

party pays for the services of the judge.

      In the arbitral forum here, the Sills retainer agreement provides that the

arbitrator “will not award punitive damages to either party” and that the parties

12
   Although many arbitrations are conducted with only limited discovery,
some arbitral settings allow for broader discovery. We also do not suggest that
a court is not authorized to limit depositions in appropriate circumstances.
13
   Because of Delaney’s challenge to the arbitration, Sills has had to cover the
entirety of those fees.

                                         34
“will each be deemed to have waived any right to such damages.” 14 In the

judicial forum, a prevailing plaintiff in a legal malpractice action may be

entitled to punitive damages. See Guatam v. De Luca, 215 N.J. Super. 388,

400 (App. Div. 1987).

      In the arbitral forum here, the Sills retainer agreement allows the

arbitrator to render an award that may include imposing “the costs and

expenses of arbitration, reasonable attorneys’ fees and reasonable costs”

against the non-prevailing plaintiff/client in the malpractice action. In the

judicial forum, imposing reasonable attorneys’ fees against a non-prevailing

client in a non-frivolous malpractice action is not permissible under our court

rules or case law.15

14
   That arbitral provision barring punitive damages in a legal malpractice
action evidently is contrary to substantive law. See, e.g., Osborne v. Keeney,
399 S.W.3d 1, 23 (Ky. 2012) (stating that punitive damages can be awarded in
a legal malpractice case against attorneys who have “acted with oppression,
fraud, or malice”); Ferguson v. Lieff, Cabraser, Heimann & Bernstein, 69 P.3d
965, 1053 n.3 (Cal. 2003) (same). See also RPC 1.8(h)(1); ABA Opinion at 3-
4. Delaney did not seek punitive damages in his complaint for legal
malpractice against defendants.
15
   The general rule, known as the American Rule, “prohibits recovery of
attorneys’ fees ‘by the prevailing party against the losing party.’” In re Estate
of Folcher, 224 N.J. 496, 507 (2016) (quoting In re Estate of Stockdale, 196
N.J. 275, 307 (2008)). A number of exceptions to that rule are set forth by
court rule, see R. 4:42-9(a), state statutes, and case law. In the realm of legal
malpractice cases, a prevailing plaintiff in a legal malpractice action may
recover attorneys’ fees and costs. Saffer v. Willoughby, 143 N.J. 256, 272
                                         35
      Significantly, not all arbitration provisions are alike, and many have

features different from those in the Sills retainer agreement and may include

more liberal discovery. To be sure, arbitration can be an effective means of

resolving a dispute in a low cost, expeditious, and efficient manner. The

parties may be afforded the opportunity to choose a skilled and experienced

arbitrator in a specialized field to preside over and decide the dispute. And the

proceedings may be conducted in a forum out of the public glare.

      We make no value judgment whether a judicial or arbitral forum is

superior in resolving a legal malpractice action, for that is a determination to

be made by the lawyer and client, after the lawyer explains to the client the

differences between the two forums so the client can make an informed

decision.

                                       IV.

      The arbitration provision at issue in this case -- on its face -- would be

enforceable if the Sills retainer agreement were a typical contract between a

commercial vendor and a customer. See Atalese, 219 N.J. at 444-45. In clear

and unambiguous language, the arbitration provision explains that Delaney “ is

(1996); see also Packard-Bamberger & Co., Inc. v. Collier, 167 N.J. 427
(2001) (allowing a prevailing plaintiff to recover attorneys’ fees and costs in
an action against an attorney for intentional violation of fiduciary duties).
                                        36
choosing to arbitrate disputes rather than have them resolved in a court of

law.” See id. at 447. But Delaney was not purchasing a telephone, a

refrigerator, or an automobile -- he was retaining the services of an attorney,

licensed to practice law in New Jersey and subject to the Rules of Professional

Conduct promulgated by this Court. As earlier discussed, a retainer agreement

is not an ordinary contract -- it must conform not only to the legal principles

governing contracts, but also to the ethical obligations imposed on attorneys

by the RPCs.

      RPC 1.4(c)’s mandate that a lawyer “explain a matter to the extent

reasonably necessary to permit the client to make informed decisions regarding

the representation” applies to every provision of a retainer agreement, not just

an arbitration provision. Neither the FAA, 9 U.S.C. §§ 1 to 16, nor the NJAA,

N.J.S.A. 2A:23B-1 to -36, stands as an obstacle to the neutral enforcement of

the RPCs.

      The FAA and “nearly identical” NJAA both “enunciate federal and state

policies favoring arbitration.” Atalese, 219 N.J. at 440 (citing AT&T Mobility

LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. 333, 339 (2011)). The main thrust of the FAA,

as well as the NJAA, is to ensure that states “place arbitration agreements on

an equal footing with other contracts,” id. at 441 (quoting Concepcion, 563

U.S. at 339), and do “‘[not] subject an arbitration agreement to more

                                       37
burdensome requirements than’ other contractual provisions,” ibid. (quoting

Leodori v. Cigna Corp., 175 N.J. 293, 302 (2003)). Under this scheme of

uncompromising neutrality, the FAA and NJAA grant courts the authority to

invalidate an arbitration provision “upon such grounds as exist at law or in

equity for the revocation of any contract.” 9 U.S.C. § 2; accord N.J.S.A.

2A:23B-6(a); see also Concepcion, 563 U.S. at 339; Martindale v. Sandvik,

Inc., 173 N.J. 76, 85 (2002). Our inquiry is twofold: “whether the agreement

to arbitrate all, or any portion, of a dispute is ‘the product of mutual assent, as

determined under customary principles of contract law,’” Flanzman v. Jenny

Craig, Inc., 244 N.J. 119, 137 (2020) (quoting Kernahan v. Home Warranty

Adm’r of Fla., Inc., 236 N.J. 301, 319 (2019)), and whether it satisfies “the

professional ethical standards governing the attorney-client relationship,”

Balducci, 240 N.J. at 592.

      For example, in Balducci, we made clear that an attorney has a duty to

provide the client with needed information about the fee provisions in a

retainer agreement to allow the client to make an informed decision whether to

engage the attorney’s services. Id. at 601-04. Thus, “an attorney has an

obligation to provide the client with meaningful information about the

potential aggregate hourly fees and costs that may be incurred during the

course of the litigation so that the client may make an intelligent assessment

                                        38
whether to retain the attorney and on what terms.” Id. at 603; see also Cohen,

146 N.J. at 157 (stating that to meet their fiduciary obligations to their clients,

lawyers “must explain at the outset the basis and rate of the fee” and “advise

the client of potential conflicts, the scope of representation, and the

implications of the agreement”).

      When viewed through the lens of the RPCs, arbitration provisions are

not treated differently from other provisions in a retainer agreement.

Requiring attorneys to explain to a client the advantages and disadvantages of

arbitration so that the client can make an informed decision whether to

arbitrate a future fee dispute or legal malpractice claim against the firm does

not single out a retainer agreement’s arbitration provision for disparate

treatment and therefore does not run afoul of the FAA or NJAA. See Snow,

176 A.3d at 739; see also Hodges, 103 So. 3d at 1077.

                                        V.

                                        A.

      We conclude that the professional and fiduciary obligation imposed on a

lawyer by RPC 1.4(c) -- to “explain a matter to the extent reasonably necessary

to permit the client to make informed decisions regarding the representation”

-- requires that the lawyer discuss with the client the basic advantages and

                                        39
disadvantages of a provision in a retainer agreement that mandates the

arbitration of a future fee dispute or malpractice claim against the attorney.

      We reach that conclusion for a number of reasons. Given the lawyer’s

fiduciary duties of loyalty and candor to the client, there should never be a

perception that a lawyer is exalting his own self-interest at the expense of the

client. The client comes to a lawyer for assistance in addressing a particular

issue -- such as representing the client in bringing or defending a claim, or in

purchasing a home or a business, or handling a matrimonial dispute involving

the custody of children and division of assets. The client is likely

concentrating on his legal situation or predicament and looking for help from

the attorney -- and not thinking that the lawyer may commit malpractice in

handling the case. The client is not likely anticipating a day when he may

have to do battle with the lawyer, who is retained to promote his interests and

protect his rights. See Jean Fleming Powers, Ethical Implications of Attorneys

Requiring Client to Submit Malpractice Claims to ADR, 38 S. Tex. L. Rev.

625, 647-48 (1997).

      Yet, the insertion of an arbitration provision in a retainer agreement

indicates that the attorney has given thought to the prospect that the client may

be a future adversary and has selected the forum in which potential disputes,

whether about the attorney’s fees or services, will be resolved. Presumably,

                                       40
the attorney has concluded that an arbitral forum is in his best interests -- and

maybe in the best interests of the client as well -- if there is a later falling out.

But whether the client’s interests are best served by agreeing in advance to

submit a future malpractice claim to an arbitral forum will be a reasonably

debatable issue. We will not find universal agreement among members of the

bar that a client is better served arbitrating a malpractice claim as opposed to

submitting the case to our judicial system, which guarantees, among other

things, the right to broad discovery and the right to a jury trial. Not even a

shadow of a conflict of interest should be cast over the attorney-client

relationship at its inception. To dispel that shadow, lawyers should make the

necessary disclosures in a disinterested manner to allow clients to make an

informed decision, as required by the RPCs.

      Consistent with ABA Formal Opinion 02-425, the weight of authority as

expressed in professional advisory opinions and judicial case law in other

jurisdictions, and this Court’s interpretation of its own RPCs, we hold that

attorneys who insert provisions in their retainer agreements to arbitrate future

fee disputes or legal malpractice claims must explain the advantages and

disadvantages of the arbitral and judicial forums. Attorneys can fulfill that

requirement in writing or orally -- or by both means.

                                          41
      Attorneys may explain, for example, that in arbitration the client will not

have a trial before a jury in a courtroom open to the public; the outcome of the

arbitration will not be appealable and will remain confidential; the client may

be responsible, in part, for the costs of the arbitration proceedings, including

payments to the arbitrator; and the discovery available in arbitration may be

more limited than in a judicial forum.

      Additionally, a lawyer who drafts a retainer agreement that channels any

future legal malpractice action into an arbitral forum must say so directly in

the written agreement. The client should not be left to discern the meaning of

language that is clothed in ambiguity.

      In Snow, the Supreme Judicial Court of Maine found that, in context, a

retainer agreement’s language that “any other dispute that arises out of or

relates to this agreement or the services provided by the law firm shall also . . .

be subject to binding arbitration” was insufficient to place the client on notice

that a future malpractice action was within the scope of the agreement. 176

A.3d at 737. Here, the Sills retainer agreement states that “any dispute

(including, without limitation, any dispute with respect to the Firm’s legal

services and/or payment by you of amounts to the Firm), . . . will be submitted

to and finally determined by Arbitration” and “[a]ny disputes arising out of or

relating to this engagement agreement or the Firm’s engagement by you will

                                         42
be conducted pursuant to the JAMS/Endispute Arbitration Rules and

Procedures.”

      We acknowledge that if this were an ordinary commercial contract, the

term “any dispute” is broad enough to encompass a dispute about whether the

attorney committed legal malpractice. But again, we emphasize that the

retainer agreement is not an ordinary contract and that the attorney has a

fiduciary duty to make clear the retainer agreement’s terms so that the meaning

of those terms is readily apparent to the client. See Balducci, 240 N.J. at 594

(“[C]lients rely on the integrity of their lawyers who fashion [retainer]

agreements, and . . . , as such, an agreement susceptible to two reasonable

interpretations should be construed in favor of the client.”). We can well

imagine that an attorney might not be eager to discuss legal malpractice at the

beginning of an attorney-client relationship, but if the retainer agreement

intends to cover that potential scenario, then the attorney must directly and

clearly address the subject.

                                        B.

      In this opinion, we have set forth the rudimentary requirements expected

of attorneys who include a provision in a retainer agreement that mandates the

arbitration of a future fee dispute or malpractice action. We do not pretend

that this opinion is or should be the last word on this subject. We believe that

                                       43
the issues raised here would benefit from further study and discussion. We

refer the issues raised in this opinion to the Advisory Committee on

Professional Ethics. The Committee may make recommendations to this Court

and propose further guidance on the scope of an attorney’s disclosure

requirements.

                                       VI.

                                       A.

      We now address the relevant facts of the case before us.

      Delaney came to the Sills law firm for representation in a commercial

lawsuit against his business partners. A Sills attorney presented him with a

four-page retainer agreement. The third page of the agreement contained an

arbitration provision, and the fourth page generally described some of the rules

governing arbitration and provided a hyperlink to thirty-three pages of JAMS

procedures. A hard copy of those procedures, which detailed the limitations

on pre-arbitration discovery and the inapplicability of the rules of evidence at

the arbitration proceeding, was not given to Delaney. The Sills attorney

advised Delaney to take his time reading the engagement letter and ask any

questions he had about it.

      The Sills attorney did not explain to Delaney that, in the event of a

future malpractice action against the firm, the retainer agreement’s provisions

                                       44
barring an arbitrator from awarding punitive damages to the plaintiff and

allowing the arbitrator to award the costs and expenses of arbitration against

the plaintiff were unenforceable because RPC 1.8(h)(1) forbids a lawyer from

making “an agreement prospectively limiting the lawyer’s liability to a client

for malpractice.” 16 The Sills attorney did not explain the advantages and

disadvantages of arbitrating a malpractice action. He did not explain, for

example, that in the judicial forum Delaney would have access to broad

discovery, the right to a jury trial in an open courtroom, the right to speak

freely on the subject matter without confidentiality restrictions, and the right to

appeal an erroneous ruling. He did not explain that in a judicial forum

Delaney would not have to pay a high filing fee or for the services of the

judge.

      We acknowledge that Delaney was a sophisticated businessman and not

unfamiliar to litigation, but we cannot ascribe to him the knowledge of

attorneys whose training and experience make them keenly aware of the fine

distinctions between an arbitral and judicial forum. To be sure, the detailed

arbitration provisions in the Sills retainer agreement easily meet the standard

16
   Sills agreed at oral argument before this Court that the parts of the
arbitration provision at odds with RPC 1.8(h) were severable from the
agreement.
                                       45
for an arbitration provision in a typical commercial contract. But, as we have

repeatedly noted in this opinion, lawyers are held to a higher standard under

the RPCs in the fulfillment of their fiduciary obligations to their clients.

                                         B.

      The opinion we issue today is not a break with established precedent,

and the professional principles we apply to the unique facts of this case are not

foreign to our jurisprudence. Our ruling is foreshadowed by ABA Formal

Opinion 02-425 and opinions issued by courts and professional ethics

committees in many other jurisdictions that have addressed the issue.

Nevertheless, the retroactive application of our ruling today may not have been

reasonably anticipated and would disturb the settled expectations of many

lawyers throughout our state, who genuinely believed that an arbitration

provision that met the standards of such cases as Flanzman, Kernahan, and

Atalese would satisfy the requirements of our RPCs. Therefore, our holding

will apply prospectively from the day of the issuance of this opinion, with one

exception.

      The general approach in our jurisprudence is that the plaintiff receives

the benefit of the rule established in the opinion -- even if it is a new rule --

because “to do otherwise would not only deprive the plaintiff of any benefit

resulting from her own efforts but would also make it less likely that, in the

                                         46
future, individuals will be willing to claim rights, not yet established, that they

believe are just.” See Narleski, 244 N.J. at 228-29 (quoting Kelly v. Gwinnell,

96 N.J. 538, 551 (1984)). In light of that recognized practice, it would be

unfair to deprive plaintiff, who has helped clarify the application of our RPCs

in his and all future cases, of the relief he has sought -- a judicial forum in

which to air his claims.

      Because Delaney was not given an explanation of the advantages or

disadvantages of arbitration, we hold that the present malpractice action is not

subject to the arbitration provision of the Sills retainer agreement. Delaney

therefore must be allowed to proceed with this malpractice action in the Law

Division.

      We realize that Sills did not have the benefit of the clarity of this

opinion in interpreting a lawyer’s professional obligation under RPC 1.4(c). In

reaching this holding, we do not find that Sills or its attorneys violated the

Rules of Professional Conduct, and we accept their representations that they

acted good faith.

                                        VII.

      We affirm and modify the judgment of the Appellate Division and

                                        47
remand to the Law Division for proceedings consistent with this opinion. 17

      CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER and JUSTICES LaVECCHIA,
PATTERSON, FERNANDEZ-VINA, SOLOMON, and PIERRE-LOUIS join
in JUSTICE ALBIN’s opinion.

17
   Delaney did not challenge the validity of submitting the fee dispute to
arbitration until a year after Sills invoked the arbitration provision. An issue
to be resolved on remand is whether the arbitration proceeding relating to the
fee dispute should be stayed pending the outcome of the malpractice action.
We offer no opinion on that subject.
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