Court Opinion

ID: 2651642
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-01-29 22:11:23.431375+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:33:46.874690
License: Public Domain

Filed 1/29/14 P. v. Chavez CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                         (Yuba)
                                                            ----

THE PEOPLE,                                                                                  C073018

                   Plaintiff and Respondent,                                     (Super. Ct. No. CRF12509)

         v.

MARIAH ANN MARIE CHAVEZ,

                   Defendant and Appellant.

         Defendant Mariah Ann Marie Chavez pled no contest to assault by means of force
likely to produce great bodily and received four years of formal probation, including 180
days in county jail. Her probation conditions included the following: “You shall not be
adjacent to any school campus during school hours unless you are enrolled or with prior
written permission of the school administration or probation.”1

1      The sentencing minute order cites to “item #14” of the probation report, where this
condition appears as stated above. However, the trial court orally amended it to “prior

                                                             1
       Relying on People v. Barajas (2011) 198 Cal. App. 4th 748, 760-763 (Barajas),
defendant contends that “adjacent to” is unconstitutionally vague and should be replaced
by “within 50 feet of.” The People contend that “adjacent to” is not vague, but suggests
that if we conclude otherwise we should modify the condition in a manner consistent with
Barajas.
       We agree with defendant and Barajas that “adjacent to,” in the context of this
probation condition, is impermissibly vague. But on this record we cannot say whether
defendant’s proposed modification is appropriate. Furthermore, because the record does
not show that defendant has ever committed an offense on or near a school campus, we
cannot determine whether the probation condition was appropriately imposed. We
therefore remand with directions that the trial court reconsider whether this condition
should be imposed, and if so, to modify the condition in light of the facts of the case and
the purpose of the restriction to be imposed on defendant.
                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       The present crime is defendant’s first adult offense. However, defendant has an
extensive juvenile record, including two misdemeanor batteries (one on a juvenile, the
other on a young adult), and a misdemeanor resisting an officer offense stemming from a
reported fight among a number of juveniles, including defendant.2 A search of her
residence over a year before the present crime found terms associated with the Norteño
street gang written on her bedroom walls.
       According to the probation report, the present offense and the prior battery on a
juvenile occurred on the street in Yuba City where defendant lives. The mass

written permission of your probation officer and the school administrator.” (Italics
added.) If the trial court reimposes this condition on remand, it will need to decide
whether it intends to modify the condition in this respect.
2      Defendant’s juvenile record also includes shoplifting offenses at local stores.

                                             2
fight/resisting incident occurred at an address in Marysville. The location of the other
prior battery is not given. It is not stated whether any of the identified locations are on or
near a school campus.
       In the present case, according to the probation report, the victim was walking
down the street with another person at around 9:00 p.m. on August 6, 2012. Defendant
and her sisters came out of their home. Defendant yelled obscenities at the victim,
walked up behind her, grabbed her by the hair, and started punching her in the face. The
victim lost consciousness and fell to the ground. Defendant started kicking her in the ribs
and abdomen. Regaining consciousness, the victim tried to get up. Defendant kneed her
in the face, again knocking her out, and continued the assault. In an attempt to stop the
attack, the victim told defendant falsely that she was pregnant. Defendant ceased kicking
her, but said she would “fuck [the victim] up” again when the victim was no longer
pregnant. After the victim reported the incident to the police, defendant admitted the
offense but claimed the victim had threatened to attack defendant first.
       The probation report recommended that if defendant received probation,
conditions barring association with gangs and gang members should be imposed.3 In the
middle of the paragraph setting out those conditions is the following provision (the only

3       These conditions include: “You are not to possess, wear, or display any clothing
or insignia, tattoo, emblem, button, badge, cap, hat, scarf, bandanna, jacket, or other
article of clothing that you know or the probation officer informs you is evidence of,
affiliation with, or membership in a criminal street gang. You are not to associate with
any person you know to be or the probation officer informs you is a member of a criminal
street gang. You are not to visit or remain in any specific location which you know to be
or which the probation officer informs you is an area of criminal-street-gang-related
activity . . . . You shall not be present at any Court proceeding where you know or the
probation officer informs you that a member of a criminal street gang is present or that
the proceeding concerns a member of a criminal street gang unless you are a party, you
are a defendant in a criminal action, you are subpoenaed as a witness, or you have the
prior written permission of your probation officer.”

                                              3
one that does not mention gangs): “You shall not be adjacent to any school campus
during school hours unless you are enrolled or with prior written permission of the school
administration or probation.”
       At defendant’s sentencing hearing, her counsel objected to the anti-gang
conditions in general, asserting that the present offense was not gang-related and the anti-
gang conditions were not rationally related to her probation. Counsel did not specifically
mention the “adjacent to any school campus” provision.
       The trial court found the anti-gang conditions appropriate in light of defendant’s
history of gang ties. The court then orally recited them as stated in the probation report,
including the “adjacent to any school campus” provision.
                                       DISCUSSION
                                              I
           Defendant’s Challenge To The Probation Condition Is Not Forfeited
       A probation condition may be challenged on constitutional grounds for the first
time on appeal if the challenge presents a pure question of law. (Barajas, supra,
198 Cal.App.4th at p. 753, citing In re Sheena K. (2007) 40 Cal. 4th 875, 888-889.) The
parties agree that defendant’s vagueness challenge falls within this rule. So do we.
Therefore, even though trial counsel did not object specifically to the “adjacent to any
school campus” provision, defendant’s challenge to that condition is properly before us.
                                             II
   “Adjacent To,” As Used In This Probation Condition, Is Unconstitutionally Vague
       In Barajas, supra, 198 Cal. App. 4th 748, which is directly on point and
dispositive, the court concluded that the term “adjacent to,” as used in a probation
condition, is impermissibly vague. The court reasoned under general constitutional
principles, a statutory phrase is vague or overbroad if it is “subject to a number of
interpretations,” contains no standard for determining what a person must do in order to
comply with it, and “vests virtually complete discretion in the hands of [the enforcing

                                              4
authorities]” to determine whether the person has done so. (Barajas, at p. 760; see In re
Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 890 [probation conditions].) According to dictionary
definitions, “ ‘adjacent’ ” generally means “ ‘close to,’ ” “ ‘lying near,’ ” “ ‘next to,’ ” or
“ ‘adjoining’ ”; however, it can also mean merely “ ‘not distant: nearby.’ ” (Barajas, at
pp. 760-761.) Thus, “where to draw the line in the continuum from adjacent to distant is
subject to the interpretation of every individual probation officer charged with enforcing
this condition.” (Id. at p. 761.) “While a person on the sidewalk outside a school is
undeniably adjacent to the school, a person on the sidewalk across the street, or a person
in a residence across the street, or two blocks away could also be said to be adjacent.”
(Ibid.) Therefore, the probation condition required modification “[t]o avoid inviting
arbitrary enforcement and to provide fair warning of what locations should be avoided.”
(Ibid.)
          The court concluded that the People’s alternative proposal (“Do not knowingly be
on or within 50 feet of a school campus . . . .”) would give the defendant sufficient
guidance and ordered the condition to be so modified. (Barajas, supra, 198 Cal.App.4th
at pp. 761-763.) The court noted, however, that the 50-foot distance was not “a
constitutional threshold” and that other modifications might work as well (e.g., “ ‘30
feet,’ ” “ ‘20 yards,’ ” “ ‘on,’ ” “ ‘one block away,’ ” or “ ‘the 1200 block of Main Street’
”). (Id. at p. 762, fn. 10.)
          The People assert here that, when viewed in context, the term “adjacent to” is
reasonably specific and gives adequate notice of what conduct is prohibited. However,
they do not cite any cases on point. They also do not address Barajas’s observation that
in the context of the probation condition at issue, “adjacent to” could reasonably be taken
to mean anything from next to a campus to two blocks away” (Barajas, supra,
198 Cal.App.4th at p. 761.)

                                               5
                                               III
            The Trial Court Must Determine Whether The Probation Condition
                  At Issue Is Appropriately Imposed And Act Accordingly
       The parties agree that if we decide the probation condition at issue needs to be
modified, the modification adopted in Barajas, supra, 198 Cal.App.4th at page 763 --
replacing “adjacent to” by “within 50 feet of” -- would be appropriate. But on this
record, we cannot say whether this modification or some other would best serve the
purpose of the probation condition, because we cannot tell what that purpose is supposed
to be. As we have explained, the record does not show that defendant has ever
committed an offense on or near a school campus. So far as the condition at issue was
meant to relate to the anti-gang conditions that surround it, it does not appear to add
anything material that those conditions do not already cover.
       We remand the matter to the trial court with directions to reconsider whether the
probation condition at issue is appropriate on the facts of this case. If the court finds that
the condition is appropriate, the court is directed to modify it in keeping with Barajas,
supra, 198 Cal.App.4th at pages 762-763 and footnote 10. If the court finds that the
condition is not appropriate, the court is directed to delete it.
                                        DISPOSITION
       The matter is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion.

                                                          ROBIE                 , J.

We concur:

      HULL                   , Acting P. J.

      MAURO                  , J.

                                               6