Court Opinion

ID: 3003476
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-24 22:04:36.787718+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:48:54.141932
License: Public Domain

Illinois Official Reports

                              Appellate Court

                    People v. Seal, 2015 IL App (4th) 130775

Appellate Court   THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption           MICHAEL SEAL, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No.    Fourth District
                  Docket No. 4-13-0775

Filed             August 24, 2015

Decision Under    Appeal from the Circuit Court of Sangamon County, No. 09-CF-998;
Review            the Hon. Leo J. Zappa, Judge, presiding.

Judgment          Reversed and remanded.

Counsel on        Michael J. Pelletier, Alan D. Goldberg, and Rachel Moran, all of State
Appeal            Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.

                  John Milhiser, State’s Attorney, of Springfield (Patrick Delfino,
                  David J. Robinson, and David E. Mannchen, all of State’s Attorneys
                  Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.

Panel             PRESIDING JUSTICE POPE delivered the judgment of the court,
                  with opinion.
                  Justice Knecht concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                  Justice Steigmann specially concurred, with opinion.
                                             OPINION

¶1        In an August 2012 bench trial, the trial court found defendant, Michael Seal, guilty of
     first degree murder. In July 2013, the court sentenced defendant to 40 years in prison.
¶2        On appeal, defendant argues he is entitled to a new trial because the trial court failed to
     correctly admonish him as to the waiver of counsel. We reverse and remand for a new trial.

¶3                                       I. BACKGROUND
¶4        In November 2009, by complaint, the State charged defendant with three counts of first
     degree murder for allegedly stabbing and killing his mother, Darla Key (720 ILCS
     5/9-1(a)(1), (2) (West 2008)). At defendant’s first appearance in November 2009, defendant
     was furnished with a copy of the complaint and advised of the nature of the charges and
     possible penalties. At that time, the public defender’s office was appointed to represent
     defendant.
¶5        On December 3, 2009, the State filed a three-count information charging defendant with
     first degree murder. Defendant’s appointed counsel, Brian Otwell, waived formal reading of
     the charges and potential penalties. Defendant waived his right to a preliminary hearing.
¶6        At a September 2010 hearing, the trial court advised defendant new counsel would have
     to be appointed to represent him due to Otwell becoming a judge. Thereafter, Bob
     Scherschligt became defendant’s appointed counsel.
¶7        In February and March 2011, among other pro se filings, defendant filed a series of
     letters, affidavits, and motions regarding his representation by Scherschligt. These included
     an “Affidavit of Requested Legal Services,” a “Motion to Compel Legal Services,” an
     “Affidavit Requesting to Issue Warrant for Immediate Arrest,” and a “Motion of Ineffective
     Assistance of Counsel.”
¶8        At a March 2011 hearing, the trial court advised defendant he had the right to be
     represented by counsel or represent himself, but not both. The court considered defendant’s
     ineffective assistance claims. Defendant stated he could not get along with Scherschligt. He
     knew he was facing 60 years in prison. Therefore, he stated he would prefer to represent
     himself. Scherschligt advised the court he was doing all he could to meet the demands of
     defendant regarding discovery; however, defendant wanted Scherschligt to file motions he
     deemed frivolous and Scherschligt refused to file them. Scherschligt also indicated defendant
     refused to assist him and mentioned defendant had the same problems with Otwell.
     Scherschligt was willing to continue representing defendant along with cocounsel, Lindsay
     Evans. The court acknowledged defendant had issues with Otwell’s representation and
     admonished defendant about the qualifications of the public defenders and the fact they
     would not file frivolous motions, nor would the court entertain frivolous motions. After
     further discussion, the court appointed James Elmore to represent defendant with assistance
     from Evans.
¶9        In June and August 2011, defendant again filed several pro se motions. At an August
     2011 hearing, Elmore advised the trial court he had done everything to gain defendant’s trust
     but defendant wanted to make decisions that were Elmore’s to make as defendant’s counsel.
     Elmore sought confirmation about his continued representation of defendant. The court again

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       admonished defendant about his right to be represented or to represent himself, but not both,
       and advised defendant Elmore was the most experienced public defender in Sangamon
       County. The court struck defendant’s pro se motions. After further discussion, the court
       asked Elmore to get his investigator involved and Elmore’s representation was continued.
¶ 10       In January 2012, defendant filed a pro se “Request for Remedies,” alleging, inter alia,
       issues with Elmore’s representation. In February 2012, defendant filed a pro se “Request for
       Legal Services,” stating “Elmore must abide by the client[’]s [(defendant)] decision as to
       how the representation is handled” and defendant “[would] not negotiate his defense with
       *** Elmore.” Defendant sought sanctions against Elmore along with a list of 19 demands for
       Elmore to perform. In March 2012, defendant filed a pro se “Motion of Ineffective
       Assistance of Counsel,” containing numerous complaints about Elmore’s representation. At a
       March 2012 hearing on the motion, Elmore advised the trial court he had met with defendant
       on numerous occasions, defendant had told Elmore he wanted to represent himself, and
       Elmore asked to be discharged from the case. The court noted Elmore was defendant’s third
       or fourth attorney and the court was not going to appoint another; therefore, defendant must
       choose to continue with Elmore or represent himself. Defendant inquired about appointment
       of advisory counsel and the court responded Elmore could be stand-by counsel. After a
       lengthy discussion about defendant’s allegations and Elmore’s response thereto, defendant
       agreed to have Elmore continue as his attorney.
¶ 11       In April 2012, defendant filed a “Motion to Proceed Pro Se,” alleging he and Elmore
       could not see eye-to-eye. He sought immediate termination of Elmore and his investigator.
       He alleged he was forced to represent himself since the court had refused to appoint new
       counsel, cocounsel, or advisory counsel. In May 2012, the trial court heard defendant’s
       motion to proceed pro se. Defendant indicated he and Elmore could not get along. He asked
       for appointment of another attorney. The court noted this was defendant’s third appointment
       and Elmore was one of the best attorneys around for his case. The court relieved Elmore of
       his duties. Thereafter, referring to People v. Williams, 277 Ill. App. 3d 1053, 1056-57, 661
N.E.2d 1186, 1189 (1996), the court admonished defendant as follows:
                   “I am going to read you the pro se issues *** regarding representing yourself and
               they are as follows:
                   Presenting the defense is not a simple matter of telling one’s story but requires
               adherence to various technical rules governing the conduct of a trial.
                   A lawyer has substantial experience and training in legal procedure, and the
               [p]rosecution will be represented by experienced attorneys.
                   A person unfamiliar with legal procedures as yourself (a) may allow the
               [p]rosecutor an advantage by failing to make objections to inadmissible evidence, (b)
               may not make effective usage of such rights as the voir dire of [j]urors, and (c) may
               make tactical decisions that produce unintended consequences.
                   The [d]efendant proceeding pro se will not be allowed to complain on appeal
               about the competency of his representation.
                   The effectiveness of his defense may well be diminished by his dual role as
               attorney and accused.
                   Defendant will receive no special consideration from the [c]ourt.
                   Defendant will receive no extra time for preparation or greater library time.

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                     A lawyer can render important assistance (a) by determining the existence of
                possible defenses to the charge against the [d]efendant, (b) through consultations with
                the [p]rosecutor regarding possible reduced charges or lesser penalties, and (c) in the
                event of a conviction, by presenting to the [c]ourt matters which might lead to a lesser
                sentence.
                     In the event that the [c]ourt accepts the [d]efendant’s decision to represent
                himself, this [d]efendant will not be given an opportunity to change his mind during
                trial.
                                                    ***
                     [Defendant], so, if you do not want Mr. Elmore, that is what you are looking at by
                law. Those are the things that you must consider for representing yourself. I didn’t
                make them up. I didn’t write them. That’s in the case law. Do you understand?”
       Defendant indicated his understanding. Defendant also indicated his desire to have the
       investigator terminated, knowing the court would not hire anyone else.
¶ 12        At a June 2012 pretrial hearing, the trial court noted it had written to defendant in
       response to a letter defendant sent to the court. Defendant advised he had received the court’s
       letter. In its letter, the court asked defendant to consider allowing the court to appoint two
       new attorneys (one who had done numerous murder cases) to represent him. Defendant
       declined the offer.
¶ 13        In July 2012, defendant waived his right to a trial by jury. The trial court did not
       admonish defendant of the nature of the charges nor the penalties therefor.
¶ 14        At the August 2012 bench trial, the State introduced a 9-1-1 call made on November 16,
       2009, in which defendant identified himself by name and informed the dispatcher he had
       killed his mother, Darla Key, by putting “a knife through her chest.”
¶ 15        Springfield police officer Mark Marinelli testified he was one of the officers who
       responded to the 9-1-1 call and helped take defendant into custody. Marinelli transported
       defendant to the police department. En route to the police department, defendant asked
       Marinelli “if there was a death penalty in the State of Illinois.” After Marinelli put defendant
       in an interview room at the police station, he asked Marinelli to shut the door “because I
       killed my mom.”
¶ 16        Defendant’s former girlfriend, Terri Merrel; his sister, Stephanie Martin; and Key’s
       former coworker, Debra Zehr, all testified they had heard defendant get upset and threaten to
       kill his mother at various times in the months prior to Key’s death. Defendant’s brother,
       stepmother, aunt, and uncle all testified defendant called them on the night of Key’s death.
       Defendant’s brother, John Seal, testified defendant sounded “real weird” and was talking
       about killing himself. Seal asked defendant what he had done, but defendant would not say.
       Defendant asked to speak to his stepfather, who lived in the same house as John Seal.
       Defendant’s stepfather, Leslie Schuck, and his stepmother, Julie Seal, testified defendant told
       them he had killed his mother by stabbing her in the chest. Defendant’s aunt, Suzan
       Englemann, testified defendant called her and said he had “done the unthinkable” but would
       not say what. Defendant’s uncle, Michael Engelmann, also testified defendant admitted
       killing his mother.

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¶ 17       The various law enforcement officers and medical personnel who responded to the 9-1-1
       call found Key lying on the floor in her trailer home. She had a stab wound to the chest and
       was dead.
¶ 18       Forensic pathologist Dr. John Denton testified he reviewed Key’s autopsy, including the
       autopsy report of Dr. Jessica Bowman and several other items. Denton stated the cause of
       Key’s death was a stab wound to the chest.
¶ 19       The State and defendant stipulated neither defendant’s blood nor fingerprints were found
       on the knife determined to be the murder weapon. Further defendant’s deoxyribonucleic acid
       was not found under Key’s fingernails.
¶ 20       Defendant did not testify.
¶ 21       The trial court found defendant guilty of first degree murder.
¶ 22       In October 2012, the trial court appointed counsel to assist defendant with posttrial
       motions and at sentencing. In July 2013, the court denied defendant’s amended motion for
       new trial and sentenced him to 40 years in the Department of Corrections (DOC) with 1,349
       days of sentence credit. In September 2013, the court denied defendant’s motion to
       reconsider his sentence.
¶ 23       This appeal followed.

¶ 24                                           II. ANALYSIS
¶ 25        On appeal, defendant argues his pretrial waiver of counsel was invalid because the trial
       court did not provide him with the admonitions required by Illinois Supreme Court Rule
       401(a) (eff. July 1, 1984) before accepting his waiver of counsel. The State admits the court
       did not admonish defendant pursuant to Rule 401(a) but argues he waived his right to counsel
       “by conduct” and the court substantially complied with the requirements of Rule 401(a)
       where the record shows the wavier was made knowingly and voluntarily and the
       admonishments given did not prejudice defendant’s rights. We reverse and remand for a new
       trial.
¶ 26        Initially, we note defendant failed to object to the lack of Rule 401(a) admonishments at
       trial or in a posttrial motion, and therefore the issue was forfeited and cannot be considered
       on appeal unless it was plain error. Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(a) (eff. Jan. 1, 1967). The plain-error
       doctrine bypasses forfeiture principles and allows a reviewing court to consider unpreserved
       error when: (1) the evidence is close, regardless of the seriousness of the error; or (2) the
       error is serious, regardless of the closeness of the evidence. People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167,
       186-87, 830 N.E.2d 467, 479 (2005). This court has consistently held the right to counsel is
       so fundamental that we will review as plain error a claim there was no effective waiver of
       counsel although the issue was not raised in the trial court. See People v. Robertson, 181 Ill.
       App. 3d 760, 763, 537 N.E.2d 1036, 1039 (1989); People v. Langley, 226 Ill. App. 3d 742,
       749, 589 N.E.2d 824, 829 (1992); People v. Stoops, 313 Ill. App. 3d 269, 273, 728 N.E.2d
1241, 1244 (2000). We therefore address defendant’s claim on appeal.
¶ 27        The United States and Illinois Constitutions guarantee a criminal defendant the right to
       counsel at every critical stage of the proceedings against him. U.S. Const., amends. VI, XIV;
       Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8. A defendant may waive this right and proceed without counsel
       only if he voluntarily and intelligently elects to do so. People v. Campbell, 224 Ill. 2d 80, 84,
       862 N.E.2d 933, 936 (2006).

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¶ 28        Illinois Supreme Court Rule 401(a) (eff. July 1, 1984) states as follows:
                 “Any waiver of counsel shall be in open court. The court shall not permit a waiver of
                 counsel by a person accused of an offense punishable by imprisonment without first,
                 by addressing the defendant personally in open court, informing him of and
                 determining that he understands the following:
                        (1) the nature of the charge;
                        (2) the minimum and maximum sentence prescribed by law, including, when
                     applicable, the penalty to which the defendant may be subjected because of prior
                     convictions or consecutive sentences; and
                        (3) that he has a right to counsel and, if he is indigent, to have counsel
                     appointed for him by the court.”
¶ 29        Our supreme court has held, “The language of Rule 401(a) could not be clearer: a trial
       court ‘shall not permit a waiver of counsel by a person accused of an offense punishable by
       imprisonment without first *** informing him of and determining that he understands ***
       that he has a right to counsel and, if he is indigent, to have counsel appointed for him by the
       court.’ [Citation.]” Campbell, 224 Ill. 2d at 84, 862 N.E.2d at 936. Further, “substantial
       compliance with Rule 401(a) is required for an effective waiver of counsel.” Id. “Rule 401(a)
       admonishments must be provided at the time the court learns that a defendant chooses to
       waive counsel, so that the defendant can consider the ramifications of such a decision.”
       People v. Jiles, 364 Ill. App. 3d 320, 329, 845 N.E.2d 944, 952 (2006). “There can be no
       effective waiver of counsel without proper admonitions.” Langley, 226 Ill. App. 3d at 749,
       589 N.E.2d at 829.
¶ 30        In the case sub judice, there was no compliance, substantial or otherwise, with Rule
       401(a). Defendant made his first appearance in November 2009 where he was provided with
       a copy of the complaint and advised of the nature of the charges and possible penalties. At
       that time, the public defender’s office was appointed to represent defendant. In December
       2009, defense counsel appeared with defendant and waived formal reading of the charges and
       potential penalties.
¶ 31        Although defendant had repeatedly found fault with his various appointed counsel and
       had at times expressed the desire to represent himself, the trial court never admonished him
       pursuant to Rule 401(a) on those occasions. Nearly two and a half years after defendant was
       initially advised about the charges against him, the potential penalties he faced, and was
       appointed counsel, defendant actually moved to proceed pro se and Elmore was relieved of
       his duties as defense counsel. At that time, the court only advised defendant of the problems
       he would likely face as a pro se defendant as set forth in Williams, 277 Ill. App. 3d at
       1056-57, 661 N.E.2d at 1189 (quoting People v. Ward, 208 Ill. App. 3d 1073, 1081-82, 567
N.E.2d 642, 647-48 (1991)). The court did not admonish defendant in accordance with Rule
       401(a). It did not relate to defendant the nature of the charges, the minimum and maximum
       sentences defendant faced, nor did the court tell defendant he was entitled to counsel and
       counsel would be appointed to represent him if he was indigent. “The admonishments
       pursuant to Rule 401(a) must be provided when the court learns defendant chooses to waive
       counsel so that defendant can consider the ramifications of such a decision. Prior
       admonishments and defendant’s decision to discharge counsel do not somehow cause
       defendant to forgo the right to be fully informed of the ramifications of acting on his own
       behalf.” Langley, 226 Ill. App. 3d at 750, 589 N.E.2d at 830.

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¶ 32       We reverse defendant’s conviction and remand for a new trial, “before which defendant
       should be given the requisite admonishments and the opportunity to be represented by an
       attorney or to make a voluntary, knowing, and intelligent waiver of that right.” Jiles, 364 Ill.
       App. 3d at 330, 845 N.E.2d at 953.
¶ 33       Also, because we are remanding for a new trial, we must consider whether another trial
       would violate the double-jeopardy clause. If the evidence presented at the first trial was
       sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find the essential elements of the crime had been
       proved beyond a reasonable doubt, no double jeopardy violation is created on retrial. See
       People v. Ward, 2011 IL 108690, ¶ 50, 952 N.E.2d 601. We find the record contains
       sufficient evidence from which the trial court could have found defendant guilty of first
       degree murder beyond a reasonable doubt. Therefore, no double jeopardy violation will occur
       upon retrial.

¶ 34                                      III. CONCLUSION
¶ 35      For the reasons stated, we reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand for a new trial.

¶ 36      Reversed and remanded.

¶ 37        JUSTICE STEIGMANN, specially concurring.
¶ 38        Defendant, convicted of first degree murder, gamed the system and got away with it.
       Although I agree with the majority opinion, I write this special concurrence to emphasize the
       mistakes the trial court made in this case. I do so in the hope that this discussion will keep
       other trial courts from committing the same errors.
¶ 39        The fundamental error the trial court committed was granting credence to defendant’s
       unceasing complaints about his court-appointed lawyers and then changing those lawyers in a
       predictably vain effort to somehow assuage defendant.
¶ 40        The record shows that after the Sangamon County public defender Brian Otwell,
       defendant’s initial counsel, was appointed to the bench, the trial court appointed Bob
       Scherschligt to be defendant’s counsel. A few months later, defendant began his pro se
       filings, which attacked Scherschligt’s representation. At the March 2011 hearing at which the
       court asked defendant about his ineffective assistance claims, defendant stated that he could
       not get along with Scherschligt. In response, Scherschligt advised the court that defendant
       wanted him to file motions he deemed frivolous and Scherschligt refused to file them.
       Scherschligt also indicated defendant refused to assist him and mentioned that defendant had
       the same problem with Otwell. Nonetheless, Scherschligt stated he was willing to continue to
       represent defendant along with cocounsel, Lindsay Evans.
¶ 41        The trial court acknowledged that defendant had problems with Otwell’s representation
       and explained to defendant that public defenders would not file frivolous motions.
       Nonetheless, for reasons that are far from clear, the court appointed James Elmore to
       represent defendant with assistance from Evans.
¶ 42        Entirely predictably, Elmore’s representation also failed to satisfy defendant. In June and
       August 2011, defendant continued to file pro se motions and continued to attack Elmore’s
       effectiveness. At an August 2011 hearing, the trial court struck defendant’s pro se motions,
       continued Elmore’s representation, but asked Elmore to get his investigator involved.

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¶ 43       Over the next several months, defendant continued to file pro se motions attacking
       Elmore’s representation. At a March 2012 hearing, Elmore advised the court that defendant
       told Elmore he wanted to represent himself, and Elmore asked to be discharged from the
       case. The court noted that Elmore was defendant’s third or fourth attorney, and the court was
       not going to appoint another. The court explained that the defendant must choose to continue
       with Elmore or represent himself. After a lengthy discussion, defendant agreed to have
       Elmore continue as his attorney.
¶ 44       Some months later, defendant filed a motion to proceed pro se, alleging that he could not
       get along with Elmore. He claimed he was forced to represent himself because the court had
       refused to appoint new counsel or advisory counsel.
¶ 45       In May 2012, the trial court conducted a hearing on defendant’s motion and noted that
       Elmore was defendant’s third attorney. Nonetheless, the court relieved Elmore of his duties
       and purported to admonish defendant in accordance with Rule 401(a).
¶ 46       Almost three years ago, in People v. Ames, 2012 IL App (4th) 110513, 978 N.E.2d 1119,
       this court addressed another case in which the defendant successfully gamed the system by
       expressing his repeated displeasure with his court-appointed counsel. In Ames, this court
       wrote the following regarding motions to withdraw:
                       “E. Dealing With Difficult Defendants Regarding Who Will
                                             Represent Them
                    We are not unsympathetic to the serious problem that this trial court and other
               trial courts encounter when dealing with difficult defendants regarding representation.
               The State’s suggestion in this case that defendant might be ‘playing the system’ by
               his claimed difficulty both in getting along with appointed counsel and in failing to
               hire an attorney of his own choice may have been right, but trial courts must still
               handle such situations with extreme care for at least two reasons: (1) a defendant’s
               right to counsel is a fundamental constitutional right and (2) if a court makes a
               mistake regarding this issue, it will constitute reversible error. ***
                    As a result of these concerns, we offer the following suggestions to trial courts
               dealing with difficult defendants regarding representation.

                                         1. Motions To Withdraw
                  In most cases dealing with difficult defendants regarding representation, the
              difficulty manifests itself by a defendant’s claimed inability to hire counsel. Although
              that situation occurred at a later point in this case, the circumstances here are
              somewhat unusual because the trial court initially appointed two different attorneys
              *** at two different times to represent defendant. Defendant was unhappy with both
              of his two court-appointed attorneys. They, in turn, found their dealings with him to
              be unpleasant and unproductive, causing them to file motions to withdraw. We note
              that the court’s decision to force defendant to represent himself arose only after–and
              because–the court granted counsel’s motions to withdraw.
                  We do not question the various assertions that both court-appointed counsel made
              in their motions to withdraw; we merely note that the circumstances those motions
              describe ‘come with the territory.’ That is, attorneys appointed to represent indigent
              defendants in criminal cases will rarely find their clients mistaken for Rotary Club

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               members or other leading citizens of the community. Instead, their clients are
               frequently angry, ignorant, suspicious, and personally abusive toward their
               court-appointed counsel. Such is the reality of the criminal justice system. But, so
               what? Cases involving such clients must still go forward, and court-appointed counsel
               should understand that (1) they can do no more than their best under difficult
               circumstances and (2) in most instances, there is no reason to believe–as shown in
               this very case–that any other court-appointed attorney will be able to do better.
                   Trial courts should not hesitate to reject motions to withdraw filed by
               court-appointed counsel when those motions are based on the ground that the
               relationship between the defendant and counsel has become ‘poisonous’ or unpleasant
               due to the defendant’s bad behavior. Instead of granting such motions, the court
               should make clear to the defendant that (1) failing to cooperate with his counsel will
               hurt only the defendant and (2) the court will not replace counsel. Perhaps a graphic
               way of getting this point across is to explain that if the defendant is convicted and
               sentenced to prison, when the bus from the penitentiary comes to pick him up, only
               he will get on. His lawyer will go home.
                   Despite the difficulties court-appointed counsel may encounter representing an
               obstructionist defendant determined to interfere with an orderly and constructive
               attorney-client relationship, trial courts should almost never permit such counsel to
               withdraw from representing that defendant. A trial court’s doing so only rewards and
               enables bad behavior. Courts delude themselves by thinking an obstructionist
               defendant is somehow going to behave better when a new court-appointed counsel
               enters the picture.
                   The issue in this case could have–and should have–been avoided. The trial court
               could have denied the attorneys’ motions to withdraw. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 13(c)(3) (eff.
               Feb. 16, 2011) (a motion to withdraw ‘may be denied by the court if the granting of it
               would delay the trial of the case, or would otherwise be inequitable’); People v.
               Howard, 376 Ill. App. 3d 322, 342, 876 N.E.2d 36, 51 (2007) (when dealing with a
               motion to withdraw under Rule 13(c)(3), a trial court has ‘broad discretion’).”
               Id ¶¶ 43-51.
¶ 47       The trial court’s other key error in the handling of this difficult defendant was the court’s
       indulging him with regard to his spurious pro se motions. Having once explained to
       defendant that there was no such thing as hybrid representation and that he could either have
       the services of court-appointed counsel or represent himself, the court (at a hearing with
       defendant present) should have routinely stricken all pro se motions filed by defendant that
       his counsel did not adopt and pursue. The court was under no obligation to consider any of
       these motions and erred by doing so.
¶ 48       As a last matter, I note that the trial court’s obvious error of not complying with Rule
       401(a) should have been equally obvious to the prosecutors handling this first degree murder
       case. Particularly when dealing with obstreperous defendants, trial courts might become
       distracted and inadvertently omit taking actions–like Rule 401(a) admonishments–that the
       law requires. When this happens, prosecutors should step forward and respectfully remind
       the court about any necessary steps that had been overlooked. The prosecutors’ failure to do
       so in this case has resulted in a terrible waste of the limited resources of the criminal justice

                                                   -9-
       system, given that this defendant has now had his conviction vacated, with the matter going
       back to the trial court for retrial.
¶ 49       All of this was entirely unnecessary.

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