Court Opinion

ID: 4659933
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-02-12 15:05:53.256557+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:09:01.574743
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: FEBRUARY 5, 2021; 10:00 A.M.
                       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                          Court of Appeals

                             NO. 2019-CA-1796-MR

RUSSELL THOMPSON                                                    APPELLANT

              APPEAL FROM MCCRACKEN CIRCUIT COURT
v.            HONORABLE TIMOTHY KALTENBACH, JUDGE
                     ACTION NO. 18-CR-00673-002

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                              APPELLEE

                            OPINION
      AFFIRMING IN PART, VACATING IN PART, AND REMANDING

                                  ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE; COMBS AND JONES, JUDGES.

JONES, JUDGE: Following a jury trial in McCracken Circuit Court, the

Appellant, Russell Thompson, was convicted of first-degree possession of a

controlled substance and possession of drug paraphernalia. He was sentenced to

serve one year and, among other things, ordered to pay a $200.00 partial public

advocate fee. On direct appeal before us, Thompson challenges the denial of his

suppression motion as well as imposition of the $200.00 public advocate fee. The
Commonwealth agrees with Thompson that the trial court erred when it imposed

the public advocate fee; however, it maintains that the suppression motion was

correctly decided by the trial court because Thompson lacked a reasonable

expectation of privacy in the home police searched.

             Having reviewed the record and being otherwise sufficiently advised,

we affirm the trial court with respect to denial of Thompson’s motion to suppress,

we vacate the judgment with respect to imposition of the public advocate fee, and

remand this matter for entry of a new judgment of conviction.

                                 I. BACKGROUND

             On August 6, 2018, McCracken County Sherriff’s Deputy Dustin

Awbery obtained and executed a search warrant for 2728 Tennessee Street in

Paducah, Kentucky. The property was owned by Monte Turner. Thompson did

not live at the property; however, Mr. Turner was allowing Thompson and another

individual, Rebecca Cole, to keep a dog and ten puppies in part of the house.

Thompson and/or Ms. Cole would go over to the house to tend to the dogs and

clean up after them. Ms. Cole testified that the dogs were kept in the back part of

the house and this was where she mostly stayed when she would come over to tend

to them.

                                         -2-
               When officers arrived at the Tennessee Street home to execute the

warrant, Mr. Turner was not home. However, Thompson, Ms. Cole, and another

individual, Stephen Cotton, were at the home. Police found the three in the living

room. Thompson was sitting on a couch, with Ms. Cole and Mr. Cotton on the

other side of the living room across from Thompson. Pursuant to the warrant,

Deputy Awbery set about searching the house. During the search, he found a blue

bank bag. The bag was located on the couch to the right of Thompson’s leg.

Plastic baggies containing methamphetamine residue, a small amount of

methamphetamine, pipes, digital scales, a spoon, and a prescription bottle with Ms.

Cole’s name on it containing two grams of methamphetamine along with a

“buycrash.com” ticket with Thompson’s name on it1 were found inside the blue

bank bag. During the search, Deputy Awbery also found a torch lighter next to

Thompson on the couch.2 Based on the items located and seized during the search,

Thompson was charged with first-degree possession of a controlled substance

(methamphetamine) and possession of drug paraphernalia.

1
  A “buycrash.com” ticket is given to the parties involved in an accident as a way to get the
accident report online. This ticket involved an accident on July 2018, in which Thompson was
the driver of a car that hit a police cruiser. Thompson disclaimed that the bag belonged to him
and said he did not know how his buycrash.com ticket came to be inside the bag.
2
  During Thompson’s trial, Deputy Awbery testified that a torch lighter is more powerful than a
regular lighter and could be used for smoking methamphetamine.

                                               -3-
             Prior to trial, Thompson moved the trial court to suppress the items

found during the search. Thompson argued that the search warrant was not

supported by probable cause; specifically, he asserted that the affidavit upon which

the finding of probable cause was based did not describe or corroborate the

informants’ reliability, veracity, and basis of knowledge. The Commonwealth

objected to suppression of the evidence. The trial court held a suppression hearing

on March 13, 2019.

              During the suppression hearing, Thompson testified that

he lived at 4340 Contest Road, but that his residence was not suitable to house the

dogs, which belonged to him and Ms. Cole. He explained that Mr. Turner had

agreed to allow him and Ms. Cole to keep the dogs at the Tennessee Street

property until they could get rid of them. Thompson and/or Ms. Cole would come

to the residence daily to tend to the dogs. There was no evidence presented that

Thompson ever stayed overnight at the residence or kept any other belongings

there. Neither Thompson nor Ms. Cole testified that Mr. Turner had given them a

key to the residence or that they had any possessory interest in the home.

             Following the suppression hearing, the trial court entered a written

order denying Thompson’s motion. Noting that Thompson’s “only evidence was

that the owner of the premises allowed him to keep his dogs there until he could

get rid of them,” the trial court concluded that Thompson did not have standing to

                                         -4-
contest the search of the Tennessee Street residence because he failed to establish

he had a reasonable expectation of privacy with respect to the residence and its

contents. Alternatively, the trial court determined that even if Thompson did have

standing, the motion to suppress would be denied because the search warrant was

supported by probable cause. Furthermore, the trial court found even if probable

cause did not support issuance of the search warrant, it would have been

admissible pursuant to the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule.

             Thereafter, the matter proceeded to trial. Following the presentation

of evidence, the jury found Thompson guilty of first-degree possession of a

controlled substance and possession of drug paraphernalia. On November 14,

2019, the trial court entered its final judgment and sentence. Thompson was

sentenced to one year for the count of first-degree possession of a controlled

substance, methamphetamine, and fined $250.00 for the offense of possession of

drug paraphernalia. Along with other costs, the trial court ordered Thompson to

pay a $200.00 partial public advocate fee.

             This appeal followed.

                                     II. ANALYSIS

             Thompson’s primary argument on appeal is that the trial court erred

in denying his motion to suppress. We begin by noting that the parties as well as

the trial court couched this argument in terms of whether Thompson had

                                         -5-
“standing” to contest the search of the Tennessee Street residence. Our Supreme

Court recently reminded “the bench and bar that a ‘standing’ analysis is improper

under Fourth Amendment substantive law.” Warick v. Commonwealth, 592

S.W.3d 276, 280 (Ky. 2019). The logic is that all criminal defendants subjected to

a search or seizure by law enforcement officials technically have “standing” to

bring a Fourth Amendment challenge. Whether such a claim is successful is a

different matter. That determination requires consideration of the substance of the

claim. Rawlings v. Commonwealth, 581 S.W.2d 348, 349 (Ky. 1979), aff’d sub

nom., 448 U.S. 98, 100 S.Ct. 2556, 65 L.Ed.2d 633 (1980). The first step in the

analysis is to determine whether the person has a legitimate expectation of privacy

in the place searched. Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 143, 99 S.Ct. 421, 430, 58

L.Ed.2d 387 (1978). Accordingly, hereinafter we will evaluate Thompson’s

standing argument in terms of whether he had a legitimate expectation of privacy

in the Tennessee Street residence where he was keeping his dogs.

              The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution, as applied

to the states under the Fourteenth Amendment, and Section 10 of the Kentucky

Constitution provide safeguards against unreasonable searches and seizures.3 “The

3
 Section 10 of the Kentucky Constitution “provides no greater protection than does the federal
Fourth Amendment.” Artis v. Commonwealth, 360 S.W.3d 771, 774 (Ky. App. 2012) (quoting
LaFollette v. Commonwealth, 915 S.W.2d 747, 748 (Ky. 1996), abrogated on other grounds by
Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27, 121 S.Ct. 2038, 150 L.Ed.2d 94 (2001)).

                                              -6-
basic purpose of [the Fourth] Amendment, as recognized in countless decisions of

[the United States Supreme Court] is to safeguard the privacy and security of

individuals against arbitrary invasions by governmental officials. The Fourth

Amendment thus gives concrete expression to a right of the people which ‘is basic

to a free society.’” Singleton v. Commonwealth, 364 S.W.3d 97, 101 (Ky. 2012)

(quoting Wolf v. Colorado, 338 U.S. 25, 27, 69 S.Ct. 1359, 1361, 93 L.Ed. 1782

(1949), overruled on other grounds by Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 81 S.Ct. 1684,

6 L.Ed.2d 1081 (1961)).

             “[P]roperty rights are not the sole measure of Fourth Amendment

violations.” Carpenter v. United States, ––– U.S. ––––, 138 S.Ct. 2206, 2213, 201

L.Ed.2d 507 (2018) (quoting Soldal v. Cook County, 506 U.S. 56, 64, 113 S.Ct.

538, 545, 121 L.Ed.2d 450 (1992)). “Instead of focusing on property ownership or

the lack thereof, we engage in a multi-step analysis predicated on the expectation

of privacy from governmental intrusion.” Bolin v. Commonwealth, 592 S.W.3d

305, 310 (Ky. App. 2019). The individual must establish both that he had an

actual, subjective expectation in the area searched and that that expectation is one

that society is prepared to recognize as reasonable. Id.; see also Smith v.

Maryland, 442 U.S. 735, 740, 99 S.Ct. 2577, 2580, 61 L.Ed.2d 220 (1979)).

             We must now consider whether Thompson had a legitimate

expectation of privacy in the Tennessee Street residence. Thompson did not live at

                                         -7-
the residence. Nothing indicated he even stayed overnight there. Neither Ms. Cole

nor Thompson testified that the area in which the two kept their dogs was devoted

to their exclusive use. The evidence merely showed that Mr. Turner, the home’s

owner, allowed Thompson and Ms. Cole to come and go from the premises for the

purpose of caring for their dogs.

             In Ordway v. Commonwealth, 352 S.W.3d 584, 591 (Ky. 2011), the

Kentucky Supreme Court considered whether Larry Ordway had a reasonable

expectation of privacy in his girlfriend’s apartment. Id. at 592. Both before the

trial court and on appeal, Ordway attacked the search warrant for the apartment on

the grounds that it lacked probable cause; that it was an unauthorized general

warrant; and that the scope of the search exceeded the bounds of the warrant. Id. at

591-92. Ultimately, the Kentucky Supreme Court concluded that it did not have to

address any of Ordway’s challenges to the warrant because he failed to

demonstrate that he had a reasonable expectation of privacy with respect to the

apartment. Id. at 592. To this end, the Court noted that Ordway had failed to

produce any evidence that he “legally resided with [his girlfriend], enjoyed

unrestricted access to the apartment, had a key to the apartment, or paid bills

there.” Id.; see also Hawley v. Commonwealth, 435 S.W.3d 61 (Ky. App. 2014).

             “[A]n overnight guest in a home may claim the protection of the

Fourth Amendment, but one who is merely present with the consent of the

                                         -8-
householder may not.” Minnesota v. Carter, 525 U.S. 83, 90, 119 S.Ct. 469, 473,

142 L.Ed.2d 373 (1998). At best, Thompson merely established that he was at the

home with Mr. Turner’s consent. This fact alone, however, is insufficient to

establish that Thompson had a reasonable expectation in the entire home,

especially in areas of the home separate from where he was keeping the dogs.

Certainly, there was no showing by Thompson that he had a reasonable expectation

of privacy in the home’s living room where the search occurred. Accordingly, we

agree with trial court that Thompson failed to show that his Fourth Amendment

rights were violated.

                This brings us to Thompson’s second argument regarding the trial

court’s imposition of the $200.00 public advocate fee. KRS4 31.120(1)(c)

provides:

                A person who, after conviction, is sentenced while being
                represented by a public defender shall continue to be
                presumed a needy person, and the court, at the time of
                sentencing, shall enter an Order In Forma Pauperis for
                purposes of appeal without having to show further proof
                of continued indigency, unless the court finds good cause
                after a hearing to determine that the defendant should
                not continue to be considered an indigent person.

(Emphasis added.)

4
    Kentucky Revised Statutes.

                                           -9-
                The trial court found Thompson to be indigent and appointed DPA5

counsel to represent him. DPA counsel continued to represent Thompson at

sentencing, and the trial court granted Thompson in forma pauperis status on

appeal. As part of the final judgment entered against Thompson, the trial court

appended a completed AOC-form 590, “Costs/Fees & Fines List” to Thompson’s

judgment. Among other costs and fines, Thompson was ordered to pay $200.00

for his public advocate. However, there is nothing in the record to indicate that the

trial court conducted a hearing and found good cause to determine Thompson

should not continue to be considered an indigent person prior to imposing the

$200.00 fee. Citing Spicer v. Commonwealth, 442 S.W.3d 26, 35 (Ky. 2014),

Thompson asserts that without such findings, the trial court’s imposition of the

$200.00 attorney fee was improper.

                Thompson is correct. And, commendably, the Commonwealth

acknowledges in its appellee brief that the trial court’s imposition of the $200.00

public advocate fee runs afoul of KRS 31.120(1)(c). As such, we must vacate the

judgment with respect to imposition of the $200.00 public advocate fee.

                                     III. CONCLUSION

                For the aforementioned reasons, we affirm Thompson’s convictions

and sentences for first-degree possession of a controlled substance and possession

5
    Department of Public Advocacy.

                                          -10-
of drug paraphernalia. We vacate the imposition of the partial public advocate’s

fee and remand this matter to the McCracken Circuit Court for entry of a new

judgment consistent with this Opinion.

            ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:                      BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Robert Yang                                Daniel Cameron
Frankfort, Kentucky                        Attorney General of Kentucky

                                           E. Bedelle Lucas
                                           Assistant Attorney General
                                           Frankfort, Kentucky

                                         -11-