Court Opinion

ID: 8773513
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-26 12:53:15.169694+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:02:23.346524
License: Public Domain

LURTON, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above). The plaintiffs’ claim of title to the lumber taken under the writ of replevin had its origin in a contract -in these words :
“Belding, Michigan, January 8, 1907.
“Mercer & Ferdon Lumber Company, Grand Rapids, Mich.—Gentlemen:' Referring to our recent correspondence in regard to lumber, we will sell you *337our 1907 out of hemlock lumber at Ely, Mich., upon the following basis: (Then follow prices for different grades and lengths.)
“Vhe guarantee to give you as good a grade as we have formerly made, stock all to be shipped by August 1, 1008, terms sixty days net or two per cent, cash ten days from date of shipment f. o. b. Bogardus, Mich.
“In caso we desire, we may require an advance of from $6,000 to $8,000 about the first of August. 1907, but to be optional with yon whether or not you give us a note or cash, but we to pay the interest or discount on the advance and you can have the benefit of the 2 per cent, cash discount ten days from the date of shipment.
"in piling this stock, the merchantable piece stock we will pile each length and width separate and the No. 9, boards we pile widths separate. In the merchantable boards, widths to be piled separate and In the No. 2 piece stock widths are to be piled separate, No. 4 hoards lengths and widths together.
‘‘Yours truly, Belding-Hall Manufacturing Company.
“Die. by B. F. Hall.
“Accepted. Mercer & Ferrton Lumber Company.”
The vendor exercised the privilege of requiring advance payment, as provided, and on July 22, 1907, they received on account of this sale -$3,000, and on July 29th a further payment of $5,000. During July they shipped 115,000 feet of the cut lumber, and continued to cut and saw until they had cut some 800,000 feet additional. This somewhat exceeded in value the payments received. Date in August the BeldingHa Company became financially embarrassed, and sent out a circular letter in these words :
“Belding, Mich., August 28, 1907,
“To the Creditors of the Belding-Hall Mfg. Co.: Owing to the present condition of the money market and our liability to secure immediately sufficient ready money to meet our maturing obligations, it lias been thought best, after consult alion with the principal creditors, to suspend payment temporarily, at least until a thorough investigation of the company’s affairs can be made. Auditors are now at work preparing a statement of the condition of the company which will be sent to you as soon as prepared. In the meantime no preference will be given to any creditor of the company and no new liabilities incurred, except for labor necessary in finishing up goods now in process of construction. The principal creditors comprising over seventy-five per cent, of the indebtedness are favorable to this plan. The company is solvent and can liquidate its indebtedness in full if given a reasonable time.
“Mr. II. H. Hitchcock, vice president of the First National Bank of Chicago ; Mr. D. A. Moulton, vice president of the Corn Exchange National Bank of Chicago; and Mr. A. G. Becker of the banking firm of A. G. Becker & Company of Chicago—have consented to act as a creditors’ committee and will communicate with you in due season.
“Kindly favor us with your views and suggestions.
“Yours truly, Belding-ilall Manufacturing Co.,
“By B. F. Hall, Vice President.”
A copy of this was received by the defendants in error. They thereupon took steps to save themselves by taking advice of counsel. On the morning of August 30th, Mr. McAllister, attorney at law, acting for the defendants in error, saw Mr. Hall, vice president and principal manager for the Belding-Hall Company, at Belding, where their principal office was located. As a result of the conversation which then occurred Mr. McAllister, together with Mr. Derdon, of the vendee company. and a Mr. Attwood, a lumber buyer for that company, went to Ely, where the sawmill and lumber yard of the Belding-Hall Company was situated. The evidence in respect of what was said and done upon *338the occasion of’the meeting of Mr. McAllister and Mr. Hall, and after-wards at the lumber yard of the Belding-Hall Company, at Ely, Mich., is the evidence relied upon to show a change in the contract, whereby the purchaser waived delivery “free on board the cars at Bogardus, Mich.,” and agreed to accept delivery in the yard at Ely, and the consent of the seller to such immediate delivery and passage of title on August 31,1907. We will have more to say about this later.
The undisputed facts to which this evidence had application were these:
First, that the contract was for the sale of “all of our cut 1907 of hemlock lumber at Ely, Mich.,” at the prices mentioned.
Second, it was a sale upon credit of 60 days, with a discount of 2 per cent, for cash, with privilege of vendor to require .an advance of $8,000, which was in fact made.
Third, the lumber as cut was piled separate from other kinds and each length and width separate, as per the contract.
It must be conceded that although the sale included the entire cut of this particular sort of lumber for the season of 1907, and although there had been a payment made on account of the contract of a sum largely in excess of the lumber which had been shipped and nearly equal to the price of the entire cut up to August 31, 1907, the title to the lumber cut to fill this order had not passed prior to August 31st, because the contract provided for delivery free on board cars at Bogardus, the railway station nearest the mill. If before that had been done bankruptcy had ensued, the title would have passed to the bankrupt’s trustee, and the buyers remitted to their rights as creditors by reason of this advance payment. So if the lumber had been seized under execution, the execution creditor would have at law the better claim. So, also, if the lumber had been destroyed by fire or flood, the loss would have fallen upon the vendor.
It follows therefore that, unless there was a change in the contract on August 31st by reason of the occurrences of that day, the plaintiff in the writ of replevin should have failed in his suit, because unable to show title and right of possession.
The construction of the contract and the determination of the matter of when title passed were questions of general law. And so was the question as to whether the parties had changed the contract, so as to pass the title at the yard; without delivery on the cars or preliminary inspection or measurement. The contract made no provision in respect to inspection to determine grade, nor as to measurement. If the parties elected to deliver without inspection or measurement, the title would pass if so accepted. The one essential thing was that the hemlock lumber then cut and piled should be then and there appropriated to'this contract. In the absence of conditions to the contrary, the title would pass’upon such appropriation subject to grading and measurement later as a preliminary to settlement of the price according- to the written agreement. McElwee v. Metropolitan Lumber Co., 69 Fed. 302, 305, 16 C. C. A. 232, 235.
To repeat, the one thing in’the way of the passage of the title to the lumber in question, before August 31st, was the obligation of the *339Belding-TIall Company to deliver the lumber free on board the cars at Bogardus. This was a clause for the benefit of the buyer alone.
In McElwee v. Metropolitan Lumber Company, cited above, this court said:
“Neither did the provision that the vendor should deliver at Chicago prevent the title from passing before such delivery. Undoubtedly, the general rule is that, if the seller obligates himself as a part of his contract to deliver the property to the buyer at some specified place, title will not pass until such delivery. The Venus, 8 Cranch, 275 [3 L. Ed. 553]; Sneathen v. Grubbs, 88 Pa. 147; Benj. Sales, §§ 325, 377: Com. v. Greenfield, 121 Mass. 40. ‘Slight evidence,' says Mr. Benjamin, ‘is, however, accepted as sufficient to show that title passes immediately on the sale, though the seller is to make a delivery. The question, at last, is one of intent, to be ascertained by a-consideration of all the circumstances.’ Benj. Sales, § 320.”
In the case at hand, the lumber, which was the subject of this sale, was completely identified. The price had nearly all been paid. To the extent that it had not been paid, the sale was upon an agreed credit of 60 days. An implied lien of the vendor would not prevent passage of title, for such an implied lien only gives the vendor the right to retain possession until the price is paid. See the case cited above. But that right might be waived if there was consent to deliver upon a credit. Selling upon a credit implies that the buyer is to take possession, and that the seller is to rely upon the buyer’s promise to pay.
The question as to whether the title passed upon August 31st depended upon whether there was evidence from which the jury might reasonably find that on that day the vendor agreed that the buyer might take possession in the yard and then and there accept delivery.
Lpoti this question there was conflicting evidence.
But there was evidence from which the jury might and did infer that there was then an agreement that the lumber was to he accepted in the yard. That what was said by Mr. Hall, the vice president of the Belding-llall Company, to Air. McAllister on August 30th, and by Air. Duncan on August 31st, induced the fagging of each pile and the immediate counting of the number, lengths, and sizes of the pieces in each pile and the commencement of delivery on cars, is plain. The authority of Mr. Duncan, in view of what was said by Mr. Hall the day before and the powers which he assumed or appeared to exercise as the general manager at the mill and yard, was evidence, in connection with that of Mr. Hall, as to the limitations upon his authority to make or consent to a delivery without a special order from the general office at Belding, to go to the jury upon the question of the effect of his assent to immediate delivery to and acceptance by the buyers. The charge upon this subject was sufficiently plain, viewed as a whole, and the judgment, unless affected by another question, must he affirmed.
The other defense was this: It was and is claimed that a delivery of this lumber under the contract above referred to was a preference under section 00 of the bankrupt law, and that the court erred in not submitting this question, under proper instructions, to the jury. The court denied a number of requests based upon this contention.
A conveyance of property by a bankrupt within four months before bankruptcy, which would be fraudulent at the common law, is a *340void conveyance under the sixty-seventh section of the bankrupt law, and the title would vest in the bankrupt’s trustee. But it is otherwise, as to a conveyance which is a mere preference under section 60 of the same act, and would be merely voidable at the suit of the trustee. This is not a suit by the trustee, but by an assignee of the trustee. If the delivery was a preference, the trustee .only could maintain a suit to avoid it. He may not transfer to another this right of avoidance. Bryan v. Madden, 15 Am. Bankr. Rep. 388, 109 App. Div. 876, 96 N. Y. Supp. 465, has been cited to the contrary.' We cannot agree to the conclusion of the Supreme Court of New York. See section 60 of the Bankrupt Act (Act July 1, 1898, c. 541, 30 Stat. 562 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3445]), and the comment upon it by Mr. Loveland in the third edition of his work upon Bankruptcy (page 472), and seventh edition of Collier upon Bankruptcy (page 672 et seep).
Judgment affirmed.

For other cases see same topic & § number- in Dec. & Am. Digs. 1907 to date, & Rep’r Indexes