Court Opinion

ID: 9391185
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-01 15:08:12.082174+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:39.863649
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued April 27, 2023

                                       In The

                               Court of Appeals
                                      For The

                           First District of Texas
                             ————————————
                               NO. 01-21-00587-CR
                            ———————————
                MICHAEL CHARLES HAMILTON, Appellant
                                         V.
                       THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                    On Appeal from the 174th District Court
                            Harris County, Texas
                        Trial Court Case No. 1643894

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      A jury convicted Appellant Michael Charles Hamilton (“Hamilton”) of the

first-degree felony of continuous sexual abuse of a child. He was sentenced to

fifty-six years in prison. In two issues, Hamilton argues (1) the trial court erred in

excluding evidence of alleged sexual abuse by two alternative suspects, and (2)
that the “ominous” presence of members of “Bikers Against Child Abuse” in the

courtroom intimated the jury, violating his right to a fair trial.

      We affirm.

                                     Background

      In 2015, Hamilton moved into the apartment where M.P. (“Mary”), her

mother, A.H. (“Mother”), and her brother D.W. (“David”) were living.1 Mother

was the breadwinner and Hamilton was a stay-at-home parent and disciplinarian.

In December 2016, seven-year-old Mary, Mother, David, and Hamilton all moved

into a house with Lynn Ann Snodgrass, Mother’s mother.2 Mother’s brother,

Andrew Snodgrass, also lived in the house.

      Early one morning in November 2018, 9-year-old Mary told Mother that

Hamilton had sexually abused her. She told Mother that she and Hamilton were in

the backyard pool when he dared her to put her mouth on his penis, he made her

watch as he masturbated, and he put his mouth on her vagina. Mother did not

contact the police. Instead, she and Mary went for a long walk and returned to the

house at around 6 a.m. Mother, who testified that Mary can be untruthful, did not

believe Mary when she told her about the abuse.

      Later that day, Mary’s uncle, Aaron Snodgrass (“Aaron”), who heard Mary’s

1
      To protect the identity of the minors, we use “Mary” and “David” as pseudonyms.
      “Mother” refers to their biological mother.
2
      At some point, Hamilton and Mother married. The record does not indicate when.

                                            2
allegations of sexual abuse, took Mary to his apartment and called the police.

Aaron testified that he believed Mary’s story because he “could see the fear in

her.” The police spoke with Mary, and later that same day, Children’s Protective

Services (“CPS”) spoke with her. Mary’s father and stepmother picked her up the

next day and she spent the next few months moving between her father’s house

and her stepmother’s parents’ house. A few months later Mary went to live with

her godparents, with whom she lived for two months.

      Ultimately, Mary went to live with Karen and Jim Bailor (“the Bailors”),

who have since adopted her. By the time of trial, Mary had been living with the

Bailors for three years. After Mary went to live with Karen Bailor (“Karen”), a

third cousin, Mary made frequent disclosures to her about Hamilton’s alleged

sexual abuse. Twelve days after moving in with the Bailors, Mary told Karen that

Hamilton forced her to perform oral sex on him frequently, something Mary had

not disclosed to anyone before. Mary told Karen that Hamilton forced her to do it

nearly every day. She told Karen that the abuse started in December 2016 and

lasted until November 2018, when Mary told Mother about the abuse in the pool.

Karen contacted CPS and told them what Mary said. Karen also contacted the

officer investigating the case.

      Mary, then 11 years old, testified at length during trial about the alleged

sexual abuse and physical abuse inflicted by Hamilton. She testified that she and

                                       3
Hamilton discussed sex a lot—such as the positions women can be in or how

ejaculation works or about his sex life with her mother—and that he sometimes

showed her pornographic videos. She testified that he licked her vagina that night

in the backyard pool and forced her to give him oral sex. After the pool incident,

he did not touch her again but made her perform oral sex frequently—more than

one hundred times. He also once forced her to put an air pump up her anus. Mary

testified that Hamilton disciplined her with something he made and called an

“attituder,” a “wooden paddle full of duct tape that had holes in it.” He would

“whoop” her with it as punishment when necessary. Mary testified that Hamilton

hit her so many times one week that she could not sit at school because she was so

bruised.

       Mary spoke with numerous professionals between the time of her initial

outcry and trial.    Clara Rivers, a forensic interviewer for the Children’s

Assessment Center, testified that she interviewed Mary when she was nine years

old. She said Mary told her that she was sexually abused and provided details

about the abuse. She said Mary was certain as to what happened and who abused

her.

       Hanna Scism (“Scism”), a therapist at Children’s Safe Harbor, worked with

Mary and diagnosed her with post-traumatic stress disorder.          Mary made

disclosures to Schism about Hamilton’s alleged sexual abuse. Mary and Scism had

                                        4
forty-six sessions together. During those sessions, Mary told Scism that Hamilton

put his mouth on her vagina.

      Alicia Sandoval-Alexander, a nurse practitioner with Texas Children’s

Hospital, had a sexual assault consultation with Mary in 2018. Mary described the

abuse to the nurse practitioner. Mary discussed being forced to watch pornography

and Hamilton’s masturbation and said that he licked her “business” once. The

nurse practitioner testified that the history Mary provided was consistent with

sexual abuse.

      James Mulheran (“Mulheran”), a forensic interviewer/caseworker at the

Children’s Assessment Center for Harris County, met with the family. When he

first met with Mother, Mother was dismissive and did not believe Mary’s

allegations. When he spoke to Mary, Mary disclosed Hamilton’s alleged sexual

abuse to Mulheran. Mulheran found Mary consistent and he believed her. He

explained Mary was removed from her home with Mother and Hamilton because it

was not a safe environment. Mulheran was concerned and feared for Mary’s safety

because Mother did not believe Mary and because she and Hamilton were still

together. Mulheran suspected that Mother might have been in the same room at

least some of the time while Hamilton assaulted Mary.

      Investigator Cheyanne Velez (“Velez”) works in the child abuse unit of the

Harris County Sheriff’s Office. Velez was the lead detective on the case. She met

                                       5
with Mary, Karen, Mother, the families that had temporarily housed Mary, Mary’s

teachers and counselors, and CPS. She reviewed Mary’s therapy, medical, school,

and CPS records, and she watched an interview with Hamilton.                   After the

interviews and her review of records, she presented everything to the district

attorney’s office and charges were filed against Hamilton.

      Hamilton was charged with continuous sexual abuse of a child.3 He pleaded

not guilty and the case proceeded to trial.

Evidence of Alternate Suspects

      At some time before disclosing Hamilton’s alleged abuse, Mary had accused

two men, Zane Smith (“Smith”) and James Frattarola (“Frattarola”), of sexual

assault.4 The State sought to exclude evidence concerning the alleged assaults by

Smith and Frattarola, but Hamilton argued the evidence was relevant because Mary

was conflating the assaults and accusing Hamilton of abuse that had occurred at the

hands of Smith or Frattarola.

      On October 18, 2021, the State filed a Motion in Limine that sought to

exclude:

      Any reference regarding sexual misconduct or illegal acts performed
      by a person other than the Defendant towards or with the Complainant
3
      At the time of trial, Mother was in the process of divorcing Hamilton.
4
      According to the State’s Motion in Limine, James Frattarola “was found guilty to
      the prior allegation made by [Mary].” Hamilton states that Frattarola was
      convicted of indecency with a child and that Mary was the complainant in that
      case.

                                              6
      in this case. This includes any sexual misconduct or illegal acts
      performed by James Frattarola, who has already been convicted of the
      offense of Indecency with a Child and about whom [Mary] previously
      disclosed multiple acts of sexual abuse, and Zane Smith, who is
      deceased.

The State argued that admission of evidence of any acts by Smith or Frattarola was

precluded by Texas Rules of Evidence 401, 402, and 403, and 412.5,6 The State

requested that the parties be required to “approach and conduct a hearing outside

the presence of the jury before any such evidence [was] proffered, as required

under [Texas Rule of Evidence] 412.”

      Hamilton filed a “Motion to Admit Evidence of Prior Nonconsensual Sexual

Activity of the Alleged Victim” (“Motion to Admit Evidence”) in response to the

State’s Motion in Limine. Hamilton requested that the trial court allow admission

of evidence regarding “sexual misconduct or illegal acts performed by Zane

Edward Smith and Jimmy Frattarola towards or with the complainant.” Hamilton

argued the evidence was admissible because his defense “relies in significant part

on the complainant being confused about which man, if any, committed the

5
      Texas Rules of Evidence 401 and 402 define relevant evidence and establish the
      rules for the general admissibility of relevant evidence. TEX. R. EVID. 401, 402.
      Rule 403 allows the trial court to exclude relevant evidence “if its probative value
      is substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice, confusing the
      issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, or needlessly presenting cumulative
      evidence.” TEX. R. EVID. 403.
6
      Texas Rule of Evidence 412 is also known as the “Rape Shield Law,” which
      governs the admissibility of a victim’s past sexual behavior in a prosecution for
      sexual assault. TEX. R. EVID. 412. Given our disposition in this appeal, we need
      not determine whether Rule 412 is applicable.

                                           7
continuous sexual assault made the basis” of this case. He asserted the evidence of

acts performed by Smith and Frattarola “towards or with the complainant in this

case [] has considerable probative value in that it offers a plausible alternative

explanation for the complainant’s behavior and eventual outcry.” Hamilton argued

that precluding evidence of the illegal acts performed by Smith and Frattarola

would violate his Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights and his right to due course of

law pursuant to the Texas Constitution. Hamilton’s Motion to Admit Evidence did

not identify the witness(es) from whom Hamilton sought to elicit testimony

regarding other instances of abuse, nor did it describe the evidence it sought to

elicit, other than “[e]vidence of sexual misconduct or illegal acts performed by

Zane Edward Smith and Jimmy Frattarola towards or with the complainant.”

Hamilton’s Motion to Admit Evidence was apparently a request for the trial court

to overrule the State’s Motion in Limine as to evidence concerning Smith and

Frattarola.7

7
      In the Motion to Admit Evidence, Hamilton argued Rule 412’s Rape Shield Law
      was inapplicable because the prior sexual activity Hamilton sought to admit was
      not consensual.

                                         8
       The trial court granted the State’s Motion in Limine and denied Hamilton’s

Motion to Admit Evidence. The trial court’s Order denying Hamilton’s motion

contained the following language:

       ___ GRANTED

       ___ DENIED, to which the Accused respectfully objects.

The trial court checked the “DENIED” blank and wrote on the order, “Approach

the bench if you believe the State has opened the door.” And on the first day of

trial, the court stated:

       So, Mr. Hamilton, we have – the Court’s heard your attorney’s
       motions in limine . . . . And the State’s motion in limine was granted
       as it relates to Defense not mentioning any prior sexual conduct
       between the complainant and Jimmy [Frattarola] and Zane [Smith].
       Unless there’s some reason the door gets opened by the State, the
       attorney will approach, and then the Court will rule on that issue. I
       think that’s it.

       Hamilton points to testimony during the trial where he claims the State

opened the door. During Karen’s direct testimony, she was asked how she would

describe Mary’s behavior today.

       The State:    What is your relationship with [Mary] today?

       Karen:        I’m Mom. She’s really a spectacular child. She has – we
                     have a bond. I got grown kids. And my bond with this
                     child is tighter than my other kids. It’s just something
                     about our connection and her – her zest for life and
                     optimistic attitude, and she cares about people. She has a
                     huge heart. She has a fun sense of humor. She’s
                     hilarious. We – we have a very wonderful, loving bond.

                                           9
                  And I talk to her. I’m about to talk to her –8

                  ...

    The State:    And you mentioned when you first had [Mary], she had
                  some anger issues, maybe some behavior issues. How
                  would you describe her behavior today?

    Hamilton’s counsel objected to the State’s question.

    DuPont:9      Your Honor, objection. We’re getting into victim impact
                  at this point.

    The Court. Approach the bench.

    (Bench conference)

    The State:    Shows change of behavior when she’s become abused.

    The Court: How is that relevant?

    The State:    Because it’s showing –

    DuPont:       Let me tell you something, Judge. This entire line of
                  questioning is opening up a need for me to bring in, at the
                  very minimum, who, in fact, sexually abused [Mary] and
                  [is] in prison for this conduct and PTSD, all these things
                  [Karen] is talking about contributed to this.

    The State:    Two years.

    The Court: Because all this? So I would have to agree.

    DuPont:       All of that can be trauma.

8
    Hamilton’s trial counsel objected to this testimony as narrative and the trial court
    sustained the objection.
9
    Todd DuPont was Hamilton’s trial counsel.

                                         10
The Court: What was the objection again? I can’t hear you.

DuPont:      Should we take the jury out?

The Court: Well, what was the issue?

DuPont:      I want to be able to cross her about this dude.

The Court: That wasn’t the reason I made you approach.

DuPont:      No. The initial reason I said.

The Court: Oh, okay. So now you’re saying it goes towards because
           she said someone abused her, so. What’s the State’s
           response? Because he has a point, if that’s your angle.

The State:   Well, the change in the behavior, is that what you’re
             asking?

The Court: Right.

The State:   [Hamilton] abusing her and two years after. The other
             guy was abusing her. And that’s changed –

The Court: I don’t know because you don’t have a pinpoint. So how
           are you going to show, I mean, that’s kind of what I don’t
           know, when was this first period of time? Do you know
           when that was?

The State:   Gradual change.

The Court: When was that?

The State:   When did she start behaving –

The Court: No. Remove the jury.

(End of bench conference.)

                                   11
When the jury returned, Karen was not asked about Smith or Frattarola.10

      Hamilton points out that during trial, Mary also made two apparent

inadvertent allusions to previous assaults by other people. First, while testifying

about Hamilton forcing her to perform oral sex in the pool, the following exchange

occurred between the State prosecutor and Mary:

      The State:    Okay. What was going through your head as he was
                    doing this?

      Mary:         Well, it wasn’t the first time it’s happened. So it was
                    very scary ‘cause I knew – I knew the gist of it. Like I
                    knew it wasn’t the right thing, but at that age, I thought I
                    couldn’t do anything, so I just went along with it.

      The State:    You’re saying that’s not the first time that he had made
                    you do that?

      Mary:         No. That’s not the first time it’s happened. Not just –

      The State:    Oh, I see.

      Mary:         – him.

And soon after, the following transpired:

      The State:    Looking back, do you think you know why you didn’t
                    tell [Mother] at that time?

      Mary:         Yes, sir.

      The State:    Why do you think that is?

      Mary:         I thought maybe because – I think that I was a child, and
                    he was the adult. And there wasn’t really anything I
10
      No witness testified at trial about Smith or Frattarola.

                                            12
                    could do because the first time it happened when I told
                    her, she didn’t really take that much responsibility. So I
                    thought it wouldn’t really matter because it will still
                    happen.

A few minutes after Mary’s testimony, the following exchange occurred between

the trial court and counsel outside the presence of the jury:

      DuPont:       Well, I mean, it seems to me [Mary’s] opened the door
                    to, at least, the prior incident of sexual abuse.

      The Court: So he wants to follow up with the statement when she
                 said not–when I say, “she,” the complainant, in the case.
                 You asked her a question about him–her having to, I
                 guess, put her mouth on his privates. And she made a
                 statement about it, and you tried to clarify it. And she
                 said–to summarize it, she’s basically, saying not him,
                 when it happened before. It was somebody else, is,
                 basically, the implication that she made–that she stated.
                 Do you have that? Can we go over that? So I can hear
                 exactly what she said.

      Reporter:     Yes, Judge. Let me find it.

      DuPont:       And there should be a second one behind it. I think there
                    are two in the same area. The way I have it in quotes is,
                    it’s not the first time it’s happened.

      (Discussion off the record)

The jury then returned and the State continued with its direct examination of Mary.

There was no mention of Smith or Frattarola during Mary’s cross-examination.

Other Witnesses

      Dr. Whitney Crowson (“Dr. Crowson”), a staff psychologist at the

Children’s Assessment Center, observed the trial. She had not met Mary before
                                          13
trial, and she testified only as to opinions she formed while watching Mary testify.

She testified that Mary’s delayed or partial outcry may have been attributed to fear

and anxiety, which she observed while Mary testified. In Dr. Crowson’s opinion,

Hamilton groomed Mary. Dr. Crowson said it is possible Mary only partially

disclosed the abuse at first so she could gauge others’ reaction, to see if she would

be believed. She also may have engaged in a delayed or partial outcry because she

felt like she was to blame for the behavior and felt ashamed. Dr. Crowson testified

that Mary’s recollection of events was not unusual. Mary first described anal

penetration on the stand, and Dr. Crowson said it is not uncommon for a child to

get on the stand and then share new details of abuse. Dr. Crowson testified that

Mary did not seem confused while testifying and gave age-appropriate details

about the abuse.

      The defense called seven character witnesses, all of whom testified that

Hamilton treats children morally and ethically. Those who knew Mary testified

that she is untruthful.

Verdict and Punishment

      During Mary’s testimony and closing arguments, member of “Bikers

Against Child Abuse” watched the proceedings in the courtroom.11 There was no

11
      Bikers Against Child Abuse is a non-profit, tax-exempt organization “that exists to
      provide aid, comfort, safety, and support for children that have been sexually,
                                          14
objection to their presence. After three days of testimony, the jury found Hamilton

guilty. The court assessed his punishment at fifty-six years’ incarceration in the

Texas Department of Criminal Justice Institutional Division. This appeal ensued.

                                     Discussion

      In his first issue, Hamilton argues the trial court erred in excluding evidence

of Mary’s allegations of sexual abuse by Smith and Frattarola which, according to

Hamilton, occurred prior to and during the time Hamilton allegedly abused Mary.

In the second issue, Hamilton complains of the presence of “Bikers Against Child

Abuse” in the courtroom during Mary’s testimony, during closing arguments, and

during Mary’s victim impact statement at the punishment phase of trial. The State

argues that Hamilton failed to preserve error with respect to both issues.

A.    Standard of Review & Applicable Law

      We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for an abuse

of discretion. Osbourn v. State, 92 S.W.3d 531, 537 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002);

Henley v. State, 493 S.W.3d 77, 82–83 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016); Wilson v. State,

473 S.W.3d 889, 899 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, pet. ref’d). In

reviewing for an abuse of discretion, we will not disturb the trial court’s ruling

unless it is outside “the zone of reasonable disagreement.” Salazar v. State, 38

S.W.3d 141, 153-54 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); see also Taylor v. State, 268 S.W.3d

      physically, and emotionally abused.” https://bacaworld.org/faqs/ (last viewed on
      February 1, 2023).

                                         15
571, 579 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (stating trial court abuses its discretion only if its

decision is “so clearly wrong as to lie outside the zone within which reasonable

people might disagree”) (citing Zuliani v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589, 595 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2003)).

      Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 33.1 governs preservation of error on

appeal. It states:

      (a) In General. As a prerequisite to presenting a complaint for
          appellate review, the record must show that:

            (1)      the complaint was made to the trial court by a timely
                     request, objection, or motion that:

                     (A) stated the grounds for the ruling that the complaining
                         party sought from the trial court with sufficient
                         specificity to make the trial court aware of the
                         complaint, unless the specific grounds were apparent
                         from the context; and

                     (B) complied with the requirements of the Texas Rules of
                         Evidence or the Texas Rules of Civil or Appellate
                         Procedure; and

            (2) the trial court:

                     (A) ruled on the request, objection, or motion, either
                         expressly or implicitly; or

                     (B) refused to rule on the request, objection, or motion,
                         and the complaining party objected to the refusal.

TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a).

                                           16
B.    Preservation of Error

      Hamilton argues that he should have been allowed to introduce evidence

“about [Smith and Frattarola,] two alternate suspects[,] as well as [Mary’s] similar

allegations of sexual abuse against these suspects. Further, the defense should

have been permitted to cross examine the State’s witnesses about these suspects

and allegations.” The State argues that Hamilton failed to preserve error because

he did not “cite an adverse ruling where evidence [regarding Smith or Frattarola]

was excluded.”

      1.    Evidence of Alternate Suspects

      Hamilton argues that his Motion to Admit Evidence “outlined in detail the

evidence the defense was seeking to introduce before the jury.” He states that the

Motion to Admit Evidence preserved error about Smith and Frattarola because it

described two prior instances of Mary’s nonconsensual sexual activity with both

men and provided legal arguments as to why the State’s Motion in Limine should

be overruled and why exclusion of evidence concerning the alleged prior abuse by

Smith and Frattarola violated Hamilton’s constitutional rights.

      Hamilton’s Motion to Exclude Evidence did not preserve error. His motion

was merely a response to the State’s Motion in Limine, which argued that evidence

                                         17
of alleged abuse by Smith or Frattarola should be excluded.12 Indeed, the Motion

to Admit Evidence specifically requested that the trial court overrule the State’s

Motion in Limine as to testimony regarding Smith and Frattarola. As the State

correctly notes, motions in limine and other preliminary rulings on the admission

or exclusion of evidence are not appealable. “A trial judge’s grant or denial of a

motion in limine is a preliminary ruling only and normally preserves nothing for

appellate review.” Geuder v. State, 115 S.W.3d 11, 14–15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)

(emphasis in original); see also Thierry v. State, 288 S.W.3d 80, 87 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. ref’d) (“It is axiomatic that motions in limine do not

preserve error.”) (quoting Harnett v. State, 38 S.W.3d 650, 655 (Tex. App.—

Austin 2000, pet. ref’d)). A motion in limine “is not a ruling that excludes

evidence; rather, it merely requires the parties to approach the trial court for a

definitive ruling before attempting to put on evidence within the scope of the

motion in limine order.” Thierry, 288 S.W.3d at 86–87 (citing Bobo v. State, 757

S.W.2d 58, 61 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1988, pet. ref’d)); see also

Warner v. State, 969 S.W.2d 1, 2 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (“[W]e have held that a

ruling on a State’s motion in limine that excludes defense evidence is subject to

12
      The State’s Motion in Limine was filed on October 18, 2021. The order granting
      the State’s Motion in Limine, Hamilton’s Motion to Admit Evidence, and the
      order denying the Motion to Admit Evidence are dated October 19, 2021. The
      order in which the pleadings were filed that day is unclear.

                                         18
reconsideration throughout trial and that to preserve error an offer of the evidence

must be made at trial.”).13

      Hamilton’s Motion to Admit Evidence alone does not preserve error. See

Ransom v. State, 630 S.W.2d 904, 907 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1982, no pet.) (“The

specific activity to which the motion [in limine] is directed must actually be

attempted and either permitted or prohibited by the court, and a proper record

thereof made, before there is anything for the appellate court to review.”); see also

Norman v. State, 523 S.W.2d 669, 670–71 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975) (holding

nothing was preserved for review where trial court granted state’s motion in limine

and instructed defense to offer evidence outside jury’s presence, but record did

“not reflect a tender and exclusion of particular evidence”). In Norman, the Court

of Criminal Appeals held that the granting of a motion in limine does not

“constitute the basis for complaint on appeal, particularly since such disposition of

the motion is subject to reconsideration upon tender of admissible evidence[.]” Id.

at 671. Similarly, the order denying Hamilton’s Motion to Admit Evidence was

subject to reconsideration per the trial court’s instruction in the order for the parties
13
      The order denying Hamilton’s Motion to Admit Evidence states that Hamilton
      should “[a]pproach the bench if you believe the State has opened the door.” And
      before trial testimony began, the court stated:
             And the State’s motion in limine was granted as it relates to Defense
             not mentioning any prior sexual conduct between the complainant
             and Jimmy [Frattarola] and Zane [Smith]. Unless there’s some
             reason the door gets opened by the State, the attorney will approach,
             and then the Court will rule on that issue.

                                           19
to approach the bench if Hamilton believed the State opened the door to the

admissibility of evidence of Mary’s alleged prior abuse. Thus, Hamilton’s Motion

to Admit Evidence did not preserve error. See Duff-Smith v. State, 685 S.W.2d 26,

36 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (noting general rule that “the litigation of a pretrial

motion does not automatically preserve error”).14

      2.    Implicit Rulings

      Hamilton also argues that he requested that evidence about Smith and

Frattarola be admitted during trial but that his request was denied. He claims the

trial court implicitly ruled on his objections when testimony regarding abuse by

Smith and Frattarola was excluded.      The record does not support Hamilton’s

argument or reflect any objection or ruling from the court on these particular

issues.

      Hamilton first points to a bench conference during Karen’s testimony as an

attempt by him to seek admission of evidence of Smith and Frattarola’s alleged

prior sexual abuse of Mary. Karen was asked by the State:

      The State:   And you mentioned when you first had [Mary], she had some
                   anger issues, maybe some behavior issues. How would you
                   describe her behavior today?

      Karen:       She –

14
      Hamilton concedes that the granting or denying “of a motion in limine or
      preliminary ruling, without more, does not preserve issues for review.”

                                        20
DuPont:      Your Honor, objection. We’re getting into victim impact at this
             point.

The Court: Approach the bench.

(Bench conference)

The State:   Shows change of behavior when she’s become abused.

The Court: How is that relevant?

The State:   Because it’s showing –

DuPont:      Let me tell you something, Judge. This entire line of
             questioning is opening up a need for me to bring in, at the
             very minimum, who, in fact, sexually abused this woman
             [Mary] and [is] in prison for this conduct and PTSD, all
             these things this lady [Karen] is talking about contributed
             to this.

The State:   Two years.

The Court: Because all this? So I would have to agree.

DuPont:      All of that can be trauma.

The Court: What was the objection again? I can’t hear you.

DuPont:      Should we take the jury out?

The Court: Well, what was the issue?

DuPont:      I want to be able to cross her about this dude.

The Court: That wasn’t the reason I made you approach.

DuPont:      No. The initial reason I said.

The Court: Oh, okay. So now you’re saying it goes towards because
           she said someone abused her, so. What’s the State’s
                                   21
                   response? Because he has a point, if that’s your angle.

      The State:   Well, the change in the behavior, is that what you’re
                   asking?

      The Court: Right.

      The State:   Michael abusing her and two years after. The other guy
                   was abusing her. And that’s changed –

      The Court: I don’t know because you don’t have a pinpoint. So how
                 are you going to show, I mean, that’s kind of what I don’t
                 know, when was this first period of time? Do you know
                 when that was?

      The State:   Gradual change.

      The Court: When was that?

      The State:   When did she start behaving –

      The Court: No. Remove the jury.

      (End of bench conference.)

Hamilton argues that “[w]hile the trial court did not expressly rule on the record

following defense counsel’s objection, the trial court instead goes off the record,

returns, and the remainder of [Karen’s] testimony makes no mention of either of

the two prior nonconsensual sexual acts.” Thus, he argues, “it can reasonably be

inferred that the trial court overruled defense counsel’s objection and barred

admission of the two prior nonconsensual sexual acts for the remainder of

[Karen’s] cross-examination.”

                                        22
      Without an objection on the challenged issue on appeal, there can be no

ruling and nothing is preserved for our review. “A failure to object timely waives

any error in the admission of evidence and presents nothing for review.” Sullivan

v. State, 678 S.W.2d 162, 169 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1984, pet. ref’d)

(citing Boulware v. State, 542 S.W.2d 677, 682 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976); TEX. R.

APP. P. 33.1. During Karen’s direct testimony, Hamilton did not object to the

exclusion of evidence concerning Smith and Frattarola. Hamilton’s articulated

objection at best was that Karen’s testimony was getting into “victim-impact”

evidence,15 prompting the trial court to call for a bench conference. During the

bench conference, Hamilton argued that “[t]his entire line of questioning is

opening up a need . . . to bring in, at the very minimum, who, in fact, sexually

abused [Mary] and [is] in prison for this conduct and PTSD . . . .” Even were we

to construe this explanation as an objection to the exclusion of evidence regarding

Smith and Frattarola, Hamilton waived the issue because he did not secure a ruling

from the trial court on any purported objection.

      At some point during the bench conference, the parties went off the record.

Subsequently, trial resumed and the State continued with its direct examination of

15
      ‘“Victim-impact’ evidence . . . is evidence concerning the effect of the crime after
      the crime occurs.” Reynolds v. State, 371 S.W.3d 511, 525 (Tex. App.—Houston
      [1st Dist.] 2012, pet. ref’d). Relevant victim-impact evidence is admissible during
      the punishment phase of a trial. Aguilar v. State, No. 01-15-00972-CR, 2017 WL
      3634248, at *14 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 24, 2017, pet. ref’d) (mem.
      op.).

                                           23
Karen.    While Hamilton acknowledges there was no express ruling on his

objection, he requests that we infer an implicit denial of his objection because after

the parties resumed their questioning of Karen, there was no discussion of Smith

and Frattarola. But the fact that the trial court went off the record “and the

remainder of [Karen’s] testimony [made] no mention of either of the two prior

nonconsensual sexual acts” does not lead to an inference that the trial court

implicitly overruled Hamilton’s objection.

      Absent an adverse ruling that appears on the record, we cannot speculate as

to the trial court’s rulings on the parties’ discussions off the record. See Darty v.

State, 709 S.W.2d 652, 655 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (“The conversation at the

bench could have been a discussion of any number of things, including . . . a

withdrawal of appellant’s objection. We decline to speculate on the subject of that

conversation.”).16 Thus, even if Hamilton lodged a proper objection, he waived the

issue on appeal because there was no explicit ruling on his objection, and the fact

that Karen’s testimony resumed after the parties’ bench conference concluded

without mention of Smith and Frattarola is not tantamount to an implicit ruling

overruling Hamilton’s objection. See, e.g., Grayson v. State, 192 S.W.3d 790, 793

16
      In Darty v. State, 709 S.W.2d 652, 653 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986), the issue was
      “whether the admission of evidence by the trial court over objection implies that
      the objection is overruled, and error is preserved, when no precise ruling by the
      trial court appears in the record.” The Court held that “absent an adverse ruling
      that appears of record, such an admission of evidence does not preserve error.”

                                          24
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (objection to improper jury

argument waived and no implicit ruling was made when court said, “Let’s

proceed” with argument); Murillo v. State, 839 S.W.2d 485, 492–93 (Tex. App.—

El Paso 1992, no pet.) (stating “You may proceed” in response to objection to

admission of extraneous offense evidence during questioning of witness “was an

attempt to ignore or avoid the objection and did not constitute a conclusory or

definite ruling adverse to the objection” and therefore error was not preserved)17;

but see Rey v. State, 897 S.W.2d 333, 336–37 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (holding that

record established implied ruling when defendant twice requested court to rule,

then stated on record that court had denied his motion, and neither court nor State

corrected statement); Dupree v. State, Nos. 05-00-00132-CR and 05-00-00133-CR,

2001 WL 328157, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Apr. 5, 2001, no pet.) (mem. op., not

designated for publication) (holding implicit ruling denying mistrial was

demonstrated when court told party to call its next witness).

      Hamilton next contends error was preserved during Mary’s cross-

examination because “it can reasonably be inferred that the trial court overruled

defense counsel’s objection and offer of evidence, and barred admission of the two

prior nonconsensual sexual acts[.]” Hamilton argues there is “no ambiguity” with

17
      See Welch v. State, No. 01-18-00223-CR, 2019 WL 1940640, at *6 (Tex. App.—
      Houston [1st Dist.] May 2, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
      publication) (‘“Proceed,’ does not constitute a ruling, either express or implicit, on
      appellant’s objection.”).

                                            25
respect to his objection during the following exchange, which arose in response to

Mary’s “explicit reference to suffering sexual abuse by individuals other than

Hamilton:”

      DuPont:      Well, I mean, it seems to me she’s [Mary] opened the
                   door to, at least, the prior incident of sexual abuse.

      The Court: So he wants to follow up with the statement when she
                 said not–when I say, “she,” the complainant, in the case.
                 You asked her a question about him–her having to, I
                 guess, put her mouth on his privates. And she made a
                 statement about it, and you tried to clarify it. And she
                 said–to summarize it, she’s basically, saying not him,
                 when it happened before. It was somebody else, is,
                 basically, the implication that she made–that she stated.

                   Do you have that? Can we go over that? So I can hear
                   exactly what she said.

      Reporter:    Yes, Judge. Let me find it.

      DuPont:      And there should be a second one behind it. I think there
                   are two in the same area. The way I have it in quotes is,
                   it’s not the first time it’s happened.

      (Discussion off the record)

Even if we accept this exchange as a proper objection to Hamilton’s inability to

question Mary about the “prior incident of sexual abuse,” there was no ruling,

implicit or explicit, on any such objection. Thus, any argument on appeal was

waived. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1.

      Hamilton quotes Trevino v. City of Pearland, 531 S.W.3d 290 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no pet.) in support of his argument that the trial court
                                        26
implicitly overruled his objection.     The court in Trevino stated, “An implicit

overruling is one that, though unspoken, reasonably can be inferred from

something else.” Id. at 299. Without further elaboration, Hamilton concludes that

he preserved error because there was an implicit ruling on his purported objection.

Hamilton’s reliance on Trevino is misplaced.

      In Trevino, the parties agreed to try the issue of attorney’s fees in a bench

trial. Id. at 295. Before the bench trial commenced, the Trevinos filed a motion to

exclude the City of Pearland’s evidence of attorney’s fees, and during the trial,

they objected to the admissibility of the City’s evidence on attorney’s fees. Id.

The trial court awarded the City of Pearland attorney’s fees in a final judgment. Id.

On appeal, the Trevinos argued, among other things, that the trial court erred by

awarding attorney’s fees to the City because the only evidence supporting the

award should have been excluded.         Id. at 299. The City responded that the

Trevinos had waived the issue for review because they had not secured a ruling

from the trial court on their motion to exclude or on their objections. Id.

      As is the case here, the trial court did not expressly rule on the Trevinos’

motion or objections.18 Nonetheless, the Trevinos argued that by awarding the

18
      The trial court did not make an express ruling on the Trevinos’ motion or
      objections. During the bench trial on attorneys’ fees, the trial court indicated it
      would take the Trevinos’ objections under advisement. Trevino v. City of
      Pearland, 531 S.W.3d 290, 299 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no pet.).

                                          27
City attorney’s fees in the final judgment, the trial court had implicitly denied their

motion to exclude the City’s evidence on attorney’s fees and overruled their

objections. Id. at 300. The court of appeals disagreed, holding that because the

Trevinos had not secured a ruling from the trial court, they had waived their

objections. Id. The court held it was “not reasonable to conclude that the trial

court sustained or overruled the objections or granted or denied the motion to

exclude based on the trial court’s judgment on the merits.” Id. We similarly

conclude it is not reasonable to conclude that the trial court implicitly overruled

Hamilton’s objections to the exclusion of alternate suspect evidence based on his

exchanges with the trial court and Mary’s or Karen’s testimony following such

exchanges.

       Finally, Hamilton argues that he “was barred” during Dr. Crowson’s cross-

examination from “discussing the prior allegations of sexual abuse” and how

Mary’s trauma symptoms could be related to sexual abuse perpetrated by people

other than Hamilton. But Hamilton did not seek to admit evidence while Dr.

Crowson was testifying and the trial court did not issue any adverse evidentiary

rulings during her cross-examination.19 This argument thus lacks merit. See

Ramirez v. State, 815 S.W.2d 636, 643 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (“To preserve error

19
      The judge entertained a single objection during Dr. Crowson’s cross-examination.
      That occurred when she was asked whether she knew anything about this case and
      the judge sustained an objection as “asked and answered.”

                                          28
for review a defendant must receive an adverse ruling on his objection.”); see also

Sullivan, 678 S.W.2d at 169.

      3.     Constitutional Challenges

      Hamilton argues that the trial court’s exclusion of evidence regarding

Mary’s alleged abuse by Smith and Frattarola violated his constitutional right “to

be confronted with the witnesses against him.” See U.S. CONST. amend. VI; see

also U.S. CONST. amend. XIV. He states that the trial court’s exclusion of alternate

suspect testimony regarding the previous abuse violated his due process rights to

present a “vital defensive theory” and his right to cross examine the State’s

witnesses. Hamilton contends the trial court’s exclusion of testimony regarding

the prior abuse “thwarted [his] defensive theory of demonstrating to the jury that

[Mary] was familiar with the protocol of successfully alleging sexual abuse as she

had in two previous instances, and that she was using that knowledge to eradicate

Hamilton.” He argues that his confrontation rights were violated because he was

prevented “from cross-examining a witness concerning possible motives, bias, and

prejudice to such extent that he could not present a vital defensive theory.”

      As noted above, Hamilton’s Motion to Exclude Evidence did not preserve

error. Therefore, any constitutional arguments in the Motion to Exclude Evidence

do not preserve error. Moreover, the record does not reflect that Hamilton made a

constitutional argument in the trial court when he claims he objected to his

                                         29
inability to cross-examine Karen or Mary about Smith or Frattarola. That is, he

“did not argue that the Confrontation Clause demanded admission of the

evidence.” See Reyna v. State, 168 S.W.3d 173, 179 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).

Having failed to make a constitutional argument during trial, he is precluded from

raising it on appeal. Id. at 179-8020; see also Golliday v. State, 560 S.W.3d 664,

671 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018) (“Appellant did not clearly articulate a constitutional

basis supporting the admission of the excluded evidence at trial. Consequently, he

did not preserve a constitutional claim for appeal.”).21

20
      In Reyna v. State, 168 S.W.3d 173, 176, 179 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005), the Court of
      Criminal Appeals held that Reyna satisfied the requirements of Texas Rule of
      Evidence 103 by making an offer of proof but failed to satisfy the error-
      preservation requirements of Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 33.1. Id. at 177.
      The Court stated:
             “[B]oth Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 33.1 and Texas Rule of
             Evidence 103 are ‘judge-protecting’ rules of error preservation. The
             basic principle of both rules is that of ‘party responsibility.’” We
             recognized that “the party complaining on appeal (whether it be the
             State or the defendant) about a trial court’s admission, exclusion, or
             suppression of evidence must, at the earliest opportunity, have done
             everything necessary to bring to the judge’s attention the evidence
             rule or statute in question and its precise application to the evidence
             in question.” The issue, we said, “is not whether the appealing party
             is the State or the defendant or whether the trial court’s ruling is
             legally ‘correct’ in every sense, but whether the complaining party
             on appeal brought to the trial court’s attention the very complaint
             that party is now making on appeal.”
      Id. at 177 (quoting Martinez v. State, 91 S.W.3d 331, 335 (Tex. Crim. App. App.
      2002)).
21
      See also Brock v. State, 495 S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tex. App.—Waco 2016, pet. ref’d)
      (“Texas courts have held that points of error on appeal must correspond or
                                           30
      Reyna is instructive. In that case, the defendant (“Reyna”) was charged with

indecency with a child. 168 S.W.3d at 174. He sought to offer proof that the

complainant had made an allegation of sexual assault and later recanted. Id.

During an in-camera hearing, Reyna told the trial court what he would ask the

complainant and other witnesses to prove his defense. Id. at 174–75. He argued

the evidence should be admitted for “credibility” and to show “that as to prior

sexual activities, that she made allegations that there were prior sexual allegations,

and recanted.” Id. at 175. The State objected and the trial court sustained the

objection. Id. On appeal, Reyna argued he was “denied a fair and impartial trial

based upon the exclusion of evidence which was exculpatory in nature” and he

further argued he was denied his right to “fully cross-examine critical witnesses.”

Id. The court of appeals reversed the trial court, holding that evidence of a

complainant’s previous false allegations of sexual misconduct is admissible. Id.

      The State filed a petition for discretionary review arguing that even though

Reyna had only made an evidentiary argument to the trial court, the appellate court

had reversed the conviction on constitutional grounds. Id. at 176. The State

argued that because Reyna had not preserved his constitutional argument at trial, it

could not support reversal on appeal. Id. The Court of Criminal Appeals agreed.

It reversed, holding Reyna had not preserved the constitutional issue for appeal.

      comport with objections and arguments made at trial.”) (citing Dixon v. State, 2
      S.W.3d 263, 273 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)).

                                         31
Id. at 179–80. The Court observed that although Reyna made an offer of proof and

obtained a ruling from the trial court, he “did not cite to any rules of evidence,

cases, or constitutional provisions” in his evidentiary proffer. Id. at 176, 179. The

Court stated that Reyna’s assertion that he wanted to offer the evidence for

“credibility” indicated he was relying either on the Texas Rules of Evidence or the

Confrontation Clause.     Id. at 179.     “When a defendant’s [single] objection

encompasses complaints under both the Texas Rules of Evidence and the

Confrontation Clause, the objection is not sufficiently specific to preserve error.”

Id. (citing Cantu v. State, 939 S.W.2d 627, 634 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)). The

Court stated, “Because Reyna ‘did not clearly articulate’ that the Confrontation

Clause demanded admission of the evidence, the trial judge ‘never had the

opportunity to rule upon’ this rationale.” Id.

      Golliday also is illustrative. That case stemmed from a sexual assault trial in

which the defendant (“Golliday”) sought to cross-examine the complainant and a

sexual assault nurse examiner to allow the jury to “get the whole picture of the

situation.” 560 S.W.3d at 665–66. Golliday questioned the complainant outside

the jury’s presence and sought to introduce the testimony he elicited to prove the

alleged assault had been consensual sex. Id. at 666. The State objected to the

testimony as hearsay, irrelevant, and inadmissible under Texas Rule of Evidence

404. Id. The court sustained the State’s objections and Golliday was convicted.

                                          32
Id. at 667. The court of appeals reversed, holding the trial court had violated

Golliday’s rights to confrontation and due process and to offer a defense by

limiting his cross-examination of the complainant and the nurse examiner. Id. at

668. The Court of Criminal Appeals reversed the appellate court holding that

nothing in the record reflected Golliday “properly put the trial judge on notice that

he was making a Confrontation Clause argument in support of admitting the

excluded evidence.” Id. at 670. The Court stated, “Parties are not permitted to

‘bootstrap a constitutional issue from the most innocuous trial objection.’” Id.22

      Like Reyna and Golliday, Hamilton failed to “clearly articulate” to the trial

court during trial that the Confrontation Clause or any other constitutional

provision “demanded admission of the evidence” he sought to admit. See Reyna,

168 S.W.3d at 179 (citing Clark v. State, 881 S.W.2d 682, 694 (Tex. Crim. App.

1994)). The trial court thus did not have the opportunity to rule on Hamilton’s

constitutional arguments regarding the admissibility of evidence about Smith and

Frattarola. Hamilton “did not do ‘everything necessary to bring to the judge’s

22
       The court stated in Golliday v. State, 560 S.W.3d 664 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018):
             While no “hyper-technical or formalistic use of words or phrases” is
             required in order to preserve error, the proffering party must “let the
             trial judge know what he wants, why he thinks he is entitled to it,
             and to do so clearly enough for the judge to understand him at a time
             when the judge is in the proper position to do something about it.
      Id. at 670 (quoting Clark v. State, 365 S.W.3d 333, 339 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012)).

                                           33
attention the evidence rule or statute in question and its precise and proper

application to the evidence in question.’” Id. at 179–80 (citing Clark, 881 S.W.2d

at 694). Hamilton’s constitutional arguments were waived.

      We conclude Hamilton did not preserve error with respect to his inability to

question Karen, Mary, or Dr. Crowson about Smith and Frattarola. The pretrial

ruling on his Motion to Exclude Evidence did not preserve error, he did not

properly object and secure a ruling from the trial court on his inability to question

these witnesses about Smith and Frattarola, and he did not raise his constitutional

challenges during trial.

      We overrule Hamilton’s first issue.23

C.    Presence of Certain Spectators

      In his second issue, Hamilton argues that “a group of imposing men and

women” associated with an organization called “Bikers Against Child Abuse”

(“BACA”) were present in the courtroom during Mary’s testimony, closing

arguments, and Mary’s victim impact statement during the punishment phase of

trial.24 He asserts his right to a fair trial, as guaranteed by the Sixth and Fourteenth

Amendment, was violated by the BACA members’ presence in the courtroom. He
23
      Because we hold that the trial court did not rule on Hamilton’s objections, we need
      not determine whether Hamilton made a proper offer of proof.
24
      Hamilton states that because of COVID social distancing restrictions, four jurors
      were seated in the jury box during trial and the remaining jurors were dispersed
      through the central and right side of the courtroom gallery, “in close proximity to
      BACA members.”

                                          34
states, “The pronounced labels donned by the BACA members sent a clear

message that they believed abuse had in fact occurred, invading the province of the

jury and depriving Hamilton of his constitutional right to an impartial jury and fair

trial.”

          The record does not reflect that Hamilton objected to the presence of the

BACA members in the courtroom during trial. Hamilton objected to the BACA

members’ presence for the first time in his motion for new trial.              This is

insufficient to preserve the issue for appeal. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1; see also Unkart

v. State, 400 S.W.3d 94, 98 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (“Most appellate complaints

must be preserved by a timely request for relief at the trial level.”); Colone v. State,

573 S.W.3d 249, 260 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019) (“A defendant may not raise a matter

for the first time in a motion for new trial if he had the opportunity to raise it at

trial.”); State v. Herndon, 215 S.W.3d 901, 909 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (observing

that if trial court denies motion for new trial, losing party must have preserved that

error in trial court before he can “claim it as a basis for reversing the trial judge

once he moves into the appellate court”); Alexander v. State, 137 S.W.3d 127, 131

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet. ref’d) (holding defendant failed to

preserve error for appellate review when he first asserted constitutional objections

in motion for new trial).

                                          35
      Because the record reflects that Hamilton did not object to the presence of

the BACA members during trial, we hold Hamilton waived his objection to their

presence. We overrule Hamilton’s second issue.

                                   Conclusion

      We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                Veronica Rivas-Molloy
                                                Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Adams and Justices Countiss and Rivas-Molloy.

Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

                                           36