Court Opinion

ID: 4568544
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-09-22 23:05:50.499891+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:27:52.992784
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: JULY 9, 2020
                                                                      SHI

                             2019-SC-000379-DG

MICHAEL GREENE                                                      APPELLANT

                  ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
V.                     CASE NO. 2018-CA-000225
                 OLDHAM CIRCUIT COURT NO. ll-CI-00810

ELIZBETH BOYD (FORMERLY GREENE)                                        APPELLEE

           opinion of the court by chief justice minton

                                 AFFIRMING

      A family court order denied the father’s, Michael Greene’s, motion to

modify the parenting schedule for the two minor children of his former

marriage to Elizabeth Boyd. In Greene’s appeal of that order, the Court of

Appeals found error in the family court’s admission and reliance upon certain

statements by the court-appointed Friend-of-Court investigator (FOC) but

affirmed the family court’s decision because the error was harmless.

      We granted Greene’s petition for discretionary review to consider the

following two issues: (1) whether statements and information contained within

investigative reports generated by court-appointed FOCs under Kentucky

Revised Statute (KRS) 403.300 are admissible in domestic custody proceedings

and (2) whether the FOC offered opinions in the present case concerning the

parents’ mental health that would otherwise require expert qualification.
      We affirm the result reached by the Court of Appeals, but we hold that

first and second-level hearsay statements contained within an FOC’s

investigative report that do not fall within a recognized hearsay exception are

nonetheless admissible as evidence in a domestic custody proceeding where

the notice and procedural requirements comply with KRS 403.300(3). We also

hold that a family court’s appointment of an FOC to investigate and generate a

report under KRS 403.300 amounts to a determination that the FOC is

sufficiently qualified to offer opinion evidence concerning the fitness of a parent

and child’s custody arrangements.

                               I. BACKGROUND.

      Greene and Boyd were married for twelve years. Their marriage produced

two children, E.G. and A.G., who are minors. Since Greene and Boyd’s divorce

in 2012, the children have resided with Boyd in Kentucky. Greene currently

resides in St. Louis, Missouri. Both Greene and Boyd have remarried. Boyd is

currently the primary residential custodian, and Greene has parenting time on

alternating weekends.

      On January 30, 2015, Greene filed a motion for modification of the

parenting schedule, requesting that he become the primary residential

custodian of E.G. and A.G. The primary basis for Greene’s request was his

belief that Boyd’s mental health interfered with her ability to remain primary

residential custodian.

                                        2
      The family court originally interpreted Greene’s motion as seeking a

change in custody and summarily denied it without a hearing. The Court of

Appeals reversed and directed on remand that the family court hold a hearing

on whether Greene could establish that a modification of the timesharing to

make him the primary residential parent was in the best interest of the

children.

      On remand, the family court appointed Briana Abbott, a licensed

attorney in Kentucky, to serve as an FOC to investigate the custody

circumstances of the parents and children and generate a report under KRS

403.300(2).1 The family court also appointed Dr. David Feinberg, a

psychologist, to perform an “issue focused assessment” on the parenting

schedule.

      The FOC filed her initial report on July 26, 2016, and the report was

hand-delivered to Greene’s and Boyd’s attorneys on the same day. After several

continuances, a bench trial was held almost a year later, on July 3 and 5,

2017. Because of the time lapse between the FOC’s original report and the time

the bench trial was held, the family court requested by order dated June 27,

2017, that the FOC provide an updated report. The FOC filed the updated

report with the court on June 30, 2017, the Friday before the bench trial was

scheduled to begin the following Monday.1

      1 FOC investigators are generally paid by the parents or custodians pursuant to
Family Court Rules of Procedure and Practice (FRCPP) 6(2).

                                          3
      In conducting her investigation, the FOC met with the following people:

the parties and their spouses; the children; Boyd’s health-care providers

including Dr. Mohamed Khodeir, a psychiatrist, and Dr. Jacquelin Graven, a

therapist; the children’s therapist, Melanie Young; E.G.’s counselor at school,

Maura Mason; A.G.’s counselor at school, Paula Moore; one of the children’s

teachers, Krista Hanke; the parties’ attorneys; and Dr. Feinberg. The FOC also

reviewed the following documents: email communications from the parties,

their spouses, and their attorneys; the entire court file; a 2011 and 2013

psychologist report of E.G.; and medical records from Boyd’s health-care

providers.

      In her report, the FOC opined that, based on her investigation, she

believed Boyd functioned well as the primary residential custodian. The FOC’s

recommendation was the same in both the original and updated report: she

recommended keeping primary residential custodian status with Boyd but

granting more time for Greene during summer and vacation breaks.

      During the bench trial, the family court heard testimony from the

parties, the FOC, Tara Greene, and Melanie Young. The depositions of Dr.

Michael Jenuwine (Boyd’s expert), Krista Hanke, and Dr. Khodeir were

submitted into evidence.

      The state of Boyd’s mental health is undisputed. She has a history of

depression, was diagnosed with bipolar disorder, and has tried many forms of

treatment and medication. In January 2016, Boyd checked herself into the

Brook Hospital, a mental-health hospital, when she was having difficulty

                                       4
coping with the stress of this litigation. After her discharge, Boyd continued

treatment with Dr. Khodeir.

      Much of the dispute centered around Boyd’s ability to parent the

children as their primary residential custodian. Dr. Kohdeir opined that Boyd’s

mental-health condition was stable and did not affect her ability to parent.

Melanie Young likewise testified that Boyd’s mental health seemed stable with

respect to the children.

      Dr. Feinberg, however, expressed concerns about Boyd’s ability to parent

given her hospitalization and history of stopping medications. He also opined

that her years of mental-health treatment had produced little improvement. Dr.

Feinberg’s opinion was based on his review of mental-health records and the

testimony of Boyd’s treating physicians. He also met with Boyd for one hour.

      The FOC testified to her observations and findings from her investigation

and report. She testified that she believed Boyd functioned well as the primary

residential custodian and the children generally seemed to be doing well with

Boyd in Kentucky. She also relayed several statements and information from

sources with whom she consulted during her investigation. Notably, the FOC

relayed the opinion of Dr. Graven that Boyd’s mental health was stable, that it

did not affect her ability to parent, and that she was compliant with her

treatment schedule.

      In its findings of fact and order, the family court discussed extensively

the testimony and report of the FOC and noted that the court often used

Abbott as an FOC and found her “to be thorough, trustworthy, unbiased and

                                        5
places great weight on her insights and recommendations.” The family court

relied on the FOC’s opinion that “she had no concerns regarding [Boyd’s]

mental health at present time, that she is compliant with her medication and

therapy, and that she has a good support system in place” and that the FOC

“did not believe [Boyd’s] mental health conditions had any effect upon the

children.”

      The family court also noted that Melanie Young, Dr. Khodeir, and Dr.

Graven all concurred that Boyd’s mental health was not an impediment to her

ability to remain the primary residential custodian. And the court discounted

the opinion of Dr. Feinberg, noting that the court perceived inconsistencies

with respect to Dr. Feinberg’s overall treatment and consideration of the parties

and that Dr. Feinberg spent only one hour with Boyd. For that reason, the

family court stated that it was placing less weight on Dr. Feinberg’s opinion

than that of Boyd’s treating physicians.

      The family court ultimately agreed with the recommendation of the FOC,

finding that it would be in the best interest of A.G. and E.G. to remain living

with Boyd. The court denied Greene’s request to make him the primary

residential custodian but ordered additional parenting time for him during

summer and vacation breaks.

      Greene appealed to the Court of Appeals, which affirmed the family

court’s ruling. The appellate panel held that the family court erred in admitting

and relying upon hearsay statements contained within the FOC report and

testimony from the sources the FOC interviewed. The appellate panel also

                                        6
found error in the family court’s admitting and relying upon the FOC’s own

opinion concerning Boyd’s mental-health condition and its effect on her

children. But a majority of the appellate panel ultimately held those errors to

be harmless, so the court affirmed the family court’s decision.

                                   II. ANALYSIS.

      “Custody disputes have long been recognized as not fitting neatly into

our primarily adversarial system of dispute resolution.”2 In typical civil

proceedings “the court relies and is expected to rely solely on the evidence

presented by the parties.”3 But because of the danger that parties in a custody

proceeding will not develop fully an accurate picture of the custody conditions

of each home, our system allows by design a number of ways for a court to

seek out information on its own.4 One of those ways is through the

appointment of “an officer of the court to investigate the child’s and parents’

situations, to file a report summarizing his or her findings, and to make

recommendations as to the outcome of the proceeding—in Kentucky statutoiy

terminology a sort of ‘friend of the court[.]’”5

      The statute authorizing the use of FOC investigators in custody

proceedings, KRS 403.300, has been in place since 1972, when the General

      2 Morgan v. Getter, 441 S.W.3d 94, 103 (Ky. 2014) (citing Janet Weinstein, And
Never the Twain Shall Meet; The Best Interests of Children and the Adversary System.
52 U. Miami L. Rev. 79 (1997)).
      3 Id. at 104.
      4 See id.
      5 Id. at 111.

                                          7
Assembly adopted the Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act.6 That statute

provides that a court may order an investigation and report concerning the

custodial arrangements for the child and that the investigator may interview a

wide range of persons in conducting its investigation.7 The statute also

contemplates the report coming into evidence, provided that the parties are

given sufficient notice and the right to call the investigator or any sources of

information contained in the report for cross-examination.8 The full text of the

statute is as follows:

   (1) In contested custody proceedings, and in other custody proceedings if a
       parent or the child's custodian so requests, the court may order an
       investigation and report concerning custodial arrangements for the child.
       The investigation and report may be made by the friend of the court or
       such other agency as the court may select.

   (2) In preparing his report concerning a child, the investigator may consult
       any person who may have information about the child and his potential
       custodial arrangements. Upon order of the court, the investigator may
       refer the child to professional personnel for diagnosis. The investigator
       may consult with and obtain information from medical, psychiatric, or
       other expert persons who have served the child in the past without
       obtaining the consent of the parent or the child's custodian; but the
       child’s consent must be obtained if he has reached the age of 16, unless
       the court finds that he lacks mental capacity to consent. If the
       requirements of subsection (3) are fulfilled, the investigator's report may
       be received in evidence at the hearing.

   (3) The clerk shall mail the investigator’s report to counsel and to any party
       not represented by counsel at least 10 days prior to the hearing. The
       investigator shall make available to counsel and to any party not
       represented by counsel the investigator's file of underlying data, and
       reports, complete texts of diagnostic reports made to the investigator
       pursuant to the provisions of subsection (2), and the names and

      6 See id. (referring to UNIF. MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE ACT § 401-10 (1974)).
      7 KRS 403.300(2).
      8 Id. at (2), (3).

                                        8
      addresses of all persons whom the investigator has consulted. Any party
      to the proceeding may call the investigator and any person whom he has
      consulted for cross-examination. A party may not waive his right of
      cross-examination prior to the hearing.9
                             * clarified the role of FOCs appointed under KRS
      In Morgan v. Getter,10 we

403.300 to assist the family court in contested custodial disputes. We

addressed a common practice in family courts across the Commonwealth in

conflating the roles of FOCs and guardians ad litem, and we made clear that

the two roles were separate.11 We also held that it was error for the family court

to deny the parties the right to cross-examine the FOC when its report is

admitted as evidence.12

      We now confront two more issues related to FOC investigator reports in

custody proceedings: (1) whether statements appearing in the FOC report that

constitute hearsay are nevertheless admissible in custody proceedings, and (2)

whether the FOC may offer certain opinions concerning the mental health of

the parents that would otherwise require expert qualification to be admissible

in trial proceedings. But we begin by noting a fundamental separation-of-

powers issue that underlies our analysis.

      9 Id.
      10 441 S.W.3d 94 (Ky. 2014).
      11 Id. at 113.
      12 Id. at 112.

                                        9
   A. KRS 403.300 contemplates the FOC report being admitted into
      evidence, but that does not decide these issues.

      Although not briefed by either party, we find it necessary to explain why

KRS 403.300(2)’s direction that “the investigator’s report may be received in

evidence at the hearing” does not decide the issues in this case.

      “Section 27 of the Constitution of Kentucky creates three distinct

departments of government, and Section 28 precludes one department from

exercising any power properly belonging to either of the others.”13 Section 116

gives to this Court the exclusive authority to prescribe “rules of practice and

procedure for the Court of Justice.”14 With this principle in mind, in 1992 both

the General Assembly and this Court adopted KRE15 1102, which provides that

“the General Assembly . . . may not adopt amendments or additions to the

Kentucky Rules of Evidence that constitute rules of practice and procedure

under Section 116 of the Constitution of Kentucky.”16 And even before “the

1975 adoption of the Judicial Article, which included Section 116, the General

Assembly had formally recognized the authority of the judiciary over matters of

practice and procedure[.]”17 *So even at the time KRS 403.300 was enacted, this

Court was the final arbiter of rules of “practice and procedure.”

      13 Marins v. Commonwealth, 80 S.W.3d 439, 443 (Ky. 2002).
      14 Ky. Const. § 116.
      15 Kentucky Rule of Evidence.
      16 KRE 1102(b).
       17 Manns, 80 S.W.3d at 443. See 1962 Ky. Acts, ch. 234 (Preamble), which
provides, in part, the following:
      It is therefore declared to be the policy of the General Assembly, insofar
      as the Legislative Department is empowered to express policy on matters

                                          10
       Statutes purporting to address what evidence is admissible or

inadmissible generally amount to rules of practice and procedure18 and

therefore “invade the rule-making prerogative”19 of the Court. As such, even if

we construed KRS 403.300 as directing Kentucky family courts to receive the

report into evidence, such a direction would likely be invalid.20

       But even still, “it has not been the policy of this court to nullify as a

matter of course all legislation which infringes to some extent upon a proper

function of the judiciary.”21 Instead, we have often upheld the infringing

mandate, particularly where it is not inconsistent with our rules, as a matter of

comity.22

       of judicial procedure, that prescription of rules governing details of
       procedure will be left to the discretion of the Judicial Department after
       the effective date of this Act.
        18 See, e.g., O’Bryan v. Hedgespeth, 892 S.W.2d 571, 573-76 (invalidating a
statute as prescribing practice or procedure where it directed that “collateral source
payments . . . shall be an admissible fact in any civil trial” because the “[responsibility
for deciding when evidence is relevant to an issue of fact which must be judicially
determined . .. falls squarely within the parameters of ‘practice and procedure’
assigned to the judicial branch by the separation of powers doctrine and Section
116.”).
       19 Commonwealth v. Reneer, 734 S.W.2d 794, 796 (Ky. 1987).
       20 We avoid construing this provision either way, in part because the
separation-of-powers issue was not argued by the parties and in part because at least
a colorable argument exists that the statute anticipates that the court still has
authority to exclude the evidence, as expressed using the word “may.” See Caneyville
Volunteer Fire Dept v. Greene’s Motorcycle Salvage, Inc. 286 S.W.3d 790, 808 (Ky.
2009) (“[I]f there are two ways to reasonably construe a statute, one upholding the
validity and the other rendering it unconstitutional, we ‘must adopt the construction
which sustains the constitutionality of the statute.’” (quoting Flynt v. Commonwealth,
105 S.W.3d 415, 423 (Ky. 2003)).
      21 Commonwealth v. Reneer, 734 S.W.2d 794,796 (Ky. 1987).
      22 See, e.g., Glenn v. Commonwealth, 436 S.W.3d 186, 188 (Ky. 2013) (“We
conclude that, although KRS 29A.290(2)(b) ‘constitutes an encroachment by the
General Assembly upon the prerogatives of the Judiciary,’ it is not inconsistent with

                                            11
      Concluding below that the admitting of statements contained within the

FOC’s report that would otherwise constitute hearsay is not inconsistent with

our rules, we would nevertheless find no issue with KRS 403.300 even if

challenged on separation-of-powers grounds. But the point is that the fact that

the statute contemplates the report’s being admitted into evidence does not

decide the issues in this case.

   B. The family court did not err in modifying timesharing.

       Having clarified that KRS 403.300’s direction to admit the investigator’s

report into evidence does not decide this case, we now consider whether the

family court erred in modifying the parties’ timesharing schedule. KRS

403.320(3) applies to requests for modification of visitation and allows for

modification “of an order granting or denying visitation rights whenever

modification would serve the best interests of the child; but the court shall not

restrict a parent’s visitation rights unless it finds that the visitation would

endanger seriously the child’s physical, mental, moral, or emotional health.”

      The court has broad discretion in modifying timesharing.23 As such, “we

will only reverse a circuit court’s determinations as to visitation if they

constitute a manifest abuse of discretion or were clearly erroneous in light of

our rules and is, therefore, upheld as a matter of comity.” (citing Reneer, 734 S.W.2d
at 797); Reneer, 734 S.W.3d at 797-98 (holding that truth in sentencing statute
violated separation of powers doctrine but leaving it in place under principles of comity
because it did not result in an “unreasonable interference with orderly procedure”).
        23 See Pennington v. Marcum, 266 S.W.3d 759, 769 (Ky. 2008) (“Every case will
present its own unique facts, and the change of custody motion or modification of
visitation/timesharing must be decided in the sound discretion of the trial court.”).

                                           12
the facts and circumstances of the case.”24 The family court’s findings are not

clearly erroneous if supported by substantial evidence.25

      i. Out-of-court statements contained within the FOC’s report.

      Greene first argues that the family court erred in admitting and relying

on certain testimony by the FOC because it amounted to inadmissible, second-

level hearsay. Specifically, he argues that the family court erred in allowing the

FOC to testify regarding out-of-court-statements made by the children, Boyd’s

therapist, the children’s teachers, Boyd’s spouse, and others during the FOC’s

investigation because none of those witnesses appeared at the hearing for

cross-examination. Greene’s counsel objected to the FOC’s testimony during

the bench trial, but the family court overruled the objection because the

statements “were part of [the FOC’s] investigation.” It is undisputed that this

issue is preserved for our review.

      We note first that custody-investigation reports generated by FOCs will

almost unavoidably include hearsay statements of the investigator’s sources.

As another court put it:

      [T}hese reports consist largely of hearsay declarations often double-
      or triple-level hearsay as well as opinions of various social workers,
      medical or paramedical personnel, psychologists, teachers and the
      like, which may or may not have a reasonable basis. Statements
      contained in a custody investigation report have no special indicia
      of reliability. They are generally not under oath and often emanate
      from people having overt or covert bias. In many instances, the

      24 Layman v. Bohanon, 599 S.W.3d 423, 431 (Ky. 2020) (quoting Drury v. Drury,
32 S.W.3d 521, 525 (Ky. App. 2000)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
       25 D.G.R. v. Com., Cabinetfor Health and Human Services, 364 S.W.3d 106, 113
(Ky. 2012) (citing K.R.L. v. P.A.C., 210 S.W.3d 183, 187 (Ky. App. 2006)).

                                        13
      statements represent subjective feelings and perceptions rather
      than objective observations or empiric data.26

      The dangers of admitting such statements without proper due-process

protection is apparent. Parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care,

custody, and management of their child.27 And, pointing to due-process and

fundamental fairness concerns, this Court has already held that it is error for a

court to admit and consider an investigative custody report in domestic

custody proceedings without first affording the parties an opportunity to read

the report and challenge its author.28

      For the same reasons, we think it would also be error to admit and

consider statements contained within the FOC’s report without giving the

parties a meaningful opportunity to challenge the sources of those statements.

And such an opportunity to cross-examine the sources of these statements is

already available to parties in domestic custody proceedings under KRS

403.300(2). Recall that the statute purports to allow the investigator’s report

into evidence only if the report is made available to the parties at least 10 days

before the hearing, the sources of statements and information are identified in

      26 Denningham v. Denrungham, 431 A.2d 755, 759 (Md. Ct. App. 1981).
      27 See Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000) (“The liberty interest... of
parents in the care, custody, and control of their children—is perhaps the oldest of the
fundamental liberty interests recognized by this Court.")
        28 Morgan, 441 S.W.3d at 112 (“We conclude, therefore, that in domestic
custody proceedings, the parties' right to due process includes the right to cross-
examine the authors, including so-called GALs, of evidentiary reports upon which the
fact finder is entitled to rely.”).

                                          14
the report, and the parties can cross-examine the sources up until the time the

hearing begins:

       The clerk shall mail the investigator's report to counsel and to any
       party not represented by counsel at least 10 days prior to the
       hearing. The investigator shall make available to counsel and to
       any party not represented by counsel the investigator's file of
       underlying data, and reports, complete texts of diagnostic reports
       made to the investigator pursuant to the provisions of subsection
       (2), and the names and addresses of all persons whom the
       investigator has consulted. Any party to the proceeding may call
       the investigator and any person whom he has consulted for cross-
       examination. A party may not waive his right of cross-examination
       prior to the hearing.29

       We hold now that even where out-of-court statements appearing in the

FOC report do not fall within an existing hearsay exception—as Greene argues

the statements at issue in this case do not satisfy any hearsay exception—

adherence to the requirements of KRS 403.300(2) affords sufficient due-process

protection to allow the evidence to be admitted and relied upon by the court.

That is, statements contained within the FOC’s report that would otherwise

amount to hearsay are admissible, so long as the parties are given sufficient

notice of the report and its sources and the opportunity to refute them as

contemplated by KRS 403.300(2).30 The remedy is not to exclude the

       29 KRS 403.300(2).
       30 While Boyd called the FOC to testify at the bench trial and presumably moved
to admit the reports in evidence, we note the possibility that judges may take it upon
themselves to rely on the report even when it is not introduced in evidence by the
parties. When this occurs, the requirements of KRS 403.300(2) still apply, but in
addition we think it would be sound practice for the trial court to also give notice of its
intention to rely on the report in advance of the hearing. A warning by the judge would
avoid any assumption by the parties that the report would not be considered and
prompt them to determine whether they should call the report’s author or sources for
cross-examination. See Custody of Two Minors, 476 N.E.2d 235 (Mass Ct. App. 1985)
(issuing same cautionary guidance).

                                            15
statements when they are identified as hearsay but instead to provide the

parties with an opportunity to challenge their sources. This view is consistent

with other courts that have considered this issue.31

      We disagree with Greene’s argument that certain information from the

FOC’s sources was inadmissible because “it was only supported by the FOC’s

recollection of her conversations with third parties.” As explained above, those

statements may be relayed to the court through the FOC’s testimony and

report, provided that each party has sufficient notice of the report and an

opportunity to cross-examine the sources.32

        31 See, e.g., Adoption of Luc, 139 N.E.3d 337, 350 (Mass. 2020) (“Under what we
will refer to as the Luc criteria, first- and second-level hearsay contained within DCF
reports and official DCF records is admissible for statements of primary fact, so long
as the hearsay source is specifically identified in the document and is available for
cross-examination, should the party challenging the evidence request to do so. If the
source is not already present in court, the party challenging the evidence may
subpoena him or her. And once again, the hearsay need not meet the Luc criteria if it
satisfies another, preexisting hearsay exception.”); see also Care and Protection of Leo,
646 N.E.2d 1086, 1090 (Mass. Ct. App. 1995) (“[T]fact that statements also appear in
an investigator's report does not ipso facto render them admissible for their truth. For
such admissibility, what is required is that there be []an opportunity to []refute the
investigator and the investigator's sources through cross-examination and other
means. . . . The opportunity to refute the report and to cross-examine the investigator
and his sources is sufficient to protect the father's rights.”); Custody of Michel, 549
N.E.2d 440, 443 (Mass. Ct. App. 1990) (“The remedy is not to attempt to purge
secondary hearsay from [custody] reports but to afford an opportunity to refute the
investigator and the investigator’s sources through cross-examination and other
means.”).
        32 Greene cites in passing two cases from the Court of Appeals for the
proposition that allowing hearsay statements into evidence may amount to error in
custody proceedings. See V.S. vs. Com. Cabinetfor Health and Family Sves., 706
S.W.2d 420 (Ky. App. 1986) (finding error, though harmless, where a family court in
termination of parental rights proceeding admitted second-level hearsay statements
contained in the Cabinet for Human Resource’s case file because it amounted to the
“unrestricted infusion of materials not otherwise admissible under our rules of
evidence” (citing G.E.Y. v. Cabinetfor Human Resources, 702 S.W.2d 713 (Ky. App.
1985)); See also Baldwin v. MoUette, 27 S.W.3d 830 (Ky. App. 2017) (finding family
court in a child custody proceeding erred in admitting and relying upon hearsay
statements contained in the testimony of the children’s uncle who attempted to act as

                                           16
      Turning to the facts of this case, we find that Greene did have sufficient

notice and an opportunity to cross-examine the FOC’s sources. The family

court on April 15, 2016, appointed an FOC to investigate and generate a report

concerning the custodial circumstances of the child.33 The FOC filed her report

with the court on July 26, 2016, and the report was hand-delivered to Greene’s

and Boyd’s attorneys on the same day. But because the bench trial was

ultimately continued for almost a year—until July 3, 2017—the family court

ordered on June 27, 2017, an updated report from the FOC, detailing any new

information she gleaned since her first report and updating her

recommendation accordingly. The updated report was filed and delivered to

counsel on Friday, June 30, 2017, allowing only the weekend before the bench

trial began on Monday, July 3, 2017.

      Although this updated report was not filed at least 10 days before the

bench trial as required by KRS 403.300(3), the family court appears to have left

the record open after the early-July bench trial. Notably, the family court

allowed the testimony of Dr. Jenuwine and Krista Hanke to be taken by

deposition and submitted into the record after the bench trial ended because

an “attorney-in-fact” for the father). We do not question that position, but we note our
holding now that statements contained in FOC reports cany a sufficient degree of
reliability to allow their use in custody proceedings where the parties are given a
meaningful opportunity to challenge the sources of those statements. Specifically, such
an opportunity exists where KRS 403.300 has been complied with, and so the
statements are admissible in such a case even where a recognized hearsay exception
does not apply.
       33 Greene originally moved for the appointment of an FOC to assist the court on
April 8, 2016.

                                           17
those witnesses were unavailable to testify at that time. In fact, Greene asked

for and was permitted to have Dr. Feinberg submit an affidavit responding to

Dr. Jenuwine’s criticism of his report well after the July bench trial. So

presumably Greene could have requested the similar opportunity to cross-

examine the sources mentioned in the updated FOC report during and even

after the bench trial, and we suspect that trial court would have granted that

request. But we find no instance in the record where Greene made such a

request, nor has he directed us to any.

      While we stress that KRS 403.300 requires the FOC report to be

submitted at least 10 days before the hearing on the custody determination, we

recognize that in some cases that may not be feasible. In those cases, the

family court should allow ample opportunity for the parties to challenge the

sources of the FOC even after the hearing is held, as we suspect the family

court in this case would have allowed. And given the significant due-process

concerns involved, in all cases the family court should strive to allow the

parties reasonable time to exercise the ability to challenge the report’s sources.

      But even assuming Greene was not given the opportunity to cross-

examine the sources of the updated report, we believe the family court’s

admission into evidence and reliance upon that report does not require

reversal. We review the family court’s findings for clear error, and we will not

set them aside if supported by substantial evidence.34 In this case, we find that

      34 Layman v. Bohanon, 599 S.W.3d 423, 431 (Ky. 2020) Citing Drury v. Drury,
32 S.W. 3d 521,525 (Ky. App. 2000)).

                                        18
more than enough evidence existed in the record to support the family court’s

conclusion that Boyd’s mental health did not affect her ability to parent and

that it was in the children’s best interest for her to remain the primaiy

residential custodian.

      Aside from any information contained in the updated FOC report, the

family court heard from multiple sources that Boyd’s mental health did not

negatively affect her ability to parent. Dr. Khodeir, Boyd’s treating physician,

testified that Boyd’s mental health did not affect her ability to parent and that

he did not have any concerns about her ability to care for her children. Melanie

Young, the children’s therapist, also testified that she found Boyd to be

meeting her children’s needs and that she further believed Boyd’s mental

health was stable with respect to her children. In fact, only Dr. Feinberg’s

testimony reflected negatively on Boyd’s mental health, and the court properly

discounted his opinion because his contact with Boyd was relatively minimal

and because the court perceived inconsistencies in his treatment and

consideration of the parties.

      The court also considered testimony from multiple witnesses that the

children are generally happy with Boyd and their home life in Kentucky.

Melanie Young testified that she believed the children had more of a support

system in Kentucky than they did in Missouri and that they both considered

Boyd’s home to be their home.35 She also testified that the children had

       35 Greene suggests that Young’s testimony was not supportive of the family
court’s determination and notes that Young “stated that E.G. felt [Greene’s] home was
more stable, and that A.G. behaved better whenever [Greene] took her to an

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primarily bonded with Boyd. The family court noted that Greene acknowledged

that the children were happy and seemed to be doing well with school, friends,

and extracurricular activities. While the court heard testimony from Greene

that the children had been emotionally affected in a negative way by Boyd’s

mental health, it noted that Greene could not offer specific examples.

      Greene primarily complains of the family court’s reliance on statements

made by Dr. Graven, Boyd’s psychologist, that were relayed to the court

through the FOC’s report and testimony. We find the testimony of Dr. Khodeir

and Melanie Young sufficient to support the court’s finding that Boyd’s mental

health did not negatively affect her ability to parent. But we note additionally

that the FOC’s original report included the fact that Dr. Graven believed Boyd

was stable and compliant with her treatment recommendations. While the

court also relied on Dr. Graven’s opinion that Boyd coping well with the

ongoing litigation and was proactive, compliant, and wants to get better—

information that we must assume was gleaned only from the updated FOC

report—we are certain the family court’s determination would be the same even

without considering these facts.

      Greene adds that the family court’s reliance on the FOC’s

recommendations and testimony was particularly prejudicial because it placed

“great weight on her insights and recommendations.” We disagree that the

appointment.” But based upon our own review of the record, Young’s testimony was
overall supportive of primary custody remaining with Boyd. She testified that the
children’s “sense of home” was in Kentucky and that she had concerns about A.G.’s
ability to transition to a new setting.

                                        20
family court’s reliance on the FOC’s recommendations requires a reversal

because even without the FOC’s report there was sufficient evidence to support

the court’s finding. But we note also that the FOC’s recommendation that the

children would benefit from Boyd’s remaining the primary residential custodian

was the same between the original and updated report. As such, the family

court was entitled to rely on that recommendation at least insofar as it came,

from the original report.

      Taken together, this evidence is sufficient to uphold the family court’s

determination. We conclude that even assuming the family court erred in

admitting in evidence and relying upon the FOC’s updated report without

complying with the notice requirement in KRS 403.300, such an error is

harmless, considering all the evidence before the family court.

      ii. Expert opinion, testimony of the FOC.

      Greene also argues that the family court erred in admitting and

considering certain statements of the FOC concerning Boyd’s mental condition

and whether it had any effect on her children. It is undisputed that this issue

is preserved for our review.

      Specifically, Greene appears to take issue with the following opinion of

the FOC, as summarized in the family court’s Finding of Fact section:

      Ms. Abbott testified that she had no concerns regarding [Boyd’s]
      mental health at the present time, that she is compliant with her
      medication and therapy, and that she has a good support system
      in place. Ms. Abbott testified she did not believe [Boyd’s] mental
      health conditions had any [e]ffect upon the children.

                                       21
       The Court of Appeals agreed with Greene that the FOC’s testimony

contained “expert opinions which she was not qualified to provide),]” and that

the FOC’s ability to testify to her opinions about a child’s custody conditions

are still constrained by the requirements of KRE 701 despite her status as an

FOC.

       We agree that an FOC’s ability to render opinions is constrained by the

requirements of KRE 701 and 702. That is, an FOC must still properly be

qualified as a medical expert to render medical opinions about the mental

health of the parents in a custody proceeding, as Greene argues the FOC did in

this case. We reiterate that FOC investigators simply serve the purpose of

“investigatfing] the child’s and parents’ situations, [filing] a report summarizing

his or her findings, and [making] recommendations as to the outcome of the

proceeding.”36

       At the same time, this Court has long recognized that trial courts have

broad discretion in determining whether expert testimony is admissible.37 And

given the role of an FOC—to investigate and make custodial recommendations

to the family court—we think the appointment of an FOC is simultaneously a

determination that the FOC possesses the knowledge, skill, and experience

       36 Morgan, 441 S.W.3d at 111.
      37 See Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. u. Thompson, 11 S.W.3d 575, 583 (2000)
(“KRE gives the trial court the discretionary authority, reviewable for its abuse, to
determine the admissibility of expert testimony in light of the particular facts and
circumstances of the particular case. The discretion given to a trial court in
determining the admissibility of expert testimony is ‘discretion to choose among
reasonable means of excluding expertise that is fausse and junky.’”).

                                           22
sufficient to render credible opinions about the fitness of a parent and child’s

custody arrangements and the ability of parents to care for their child. Such a

determination is within the wise discretion of the trial court and may be

challenged as such.

      But we caution that family courts must be careful to admit those

opinions only where they do not cross into the realm of medical-expert

testimony, and judges should be particularly vigilant in guarding against those

opinions when the medical experts that appeared in the FOC’s report do not

themselves testify. In this case, although it is close, we believe the FOC’s

opinion does not cross that line. Specifically, the FOC’s testimony that she had

no concerns about Boyd’s mental health and that she did not believe Boyd’s

mental health had any effect on her children was not an opinion that required

specialized medical knowledge, skill, or experience. Instead, the FOC’s opinion

was simply a judgment on Boyd’s ability to care for her children—an opinion

within the realm of a competent FOC’s knowledge and experience and one that

was rationally based on the FOC’s observations of the parties and review of the

medical expert’s opinions over the course of her investigation.

      Accordingly, we hold that the family court did not err in admitting and

considering the FOC’s statements concerning the mental health of Boyd.

                               III. CONCLUSION.

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the Court of Appeals.

   All sitting. All concur.

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COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:

Allison Spencer Russell
Simms Russell Law, PLLC

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:

James Kennedy Murphy
Hoge Partners, PLLC

COUNSEL FOR AMICUS CURIAE: ATTORNEYS/FOCS REBECCA SMITHER
AND ASHLEY FRANK

James Gregory Troutman
Troutman Law Office, PLLC.

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