Court Opinion

ID: 7212428
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-24 22:07:30.174291+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:16:53.606643
License: Public Domain

MEMORANDUM **
William Devine (“Devine”) appeals his sentence and conviction. Devine was convicted of one count of sexual abuse of a minor in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1153, 2243(a) and sentenced to 48 months im*250prisonment. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.
I
There is sufficient evidence to support Devine’s jury-trial conviction if, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979); United States v. Wright, 215 F.3d 1020, 1025 (9th Cir.2000).
The elements of the offense of sexual abuse of a minor within Indian country are that: (1) the defendant is an Indian; (2) the offense occurred on an Indian Reservation; (3) the defendant knowingly engaged in a sexual act with another person; (4) the other person is between the ages of 12 and 16; and (5) the other person is four or more years younger than the defendant. 18 U.S.C. §§ 1153, 2243(a).
The only element of the crime that Devine contests on appeal is whether he knowingly engaged in a sexual act with the victim. See 18 U.S.C § 2243(a). Before trial, Devine confessed to police that he had engaged in a sexual act with the victim. The victim also made several consistent statements to medical staff, police and at trial stating that she had engaged in a sexual act with Devine. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, we affirm Devine’s conviction. Devine’s challenge to the substantiality of the evidence of a knowing sexual act between him and the victim is without merit.
II
Devine also appeals two separate two-level upward departures made by the district court pursuant to the United States Sentencing Guidelines. We review the district court’s interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo and the factual findings at sentencing for clear error. United States v. Foppe, 993 F.2d 1444, 1452 (9th Cir.1993).
Devine contends that: (1) he did not have “custody, care, or supervisory control” of the victim to warrant a two-level upward departure under U.S.S.G § 2A3.2(b)(1); and (2) he did not use “physical restraint” to warrant a two-level departure under U.S.S.G § 3A1.3. We disagree, concluding that both upward departures were warranted by the evidence admitted at trial.
A. Upward adjustment for “custody, care or supervisory control” of the victim under § 2A3.2(b)(1).
The sentencing judge found that the victim was in Devine’s care because he invited the victim to his home unaccompanied by her mother for a period of five days, because the victim viewed Devine like a stepfather, and because Devine had a continuing relationship with the victim prior to commission of the crime. The district court’s factual findings with respect to Devine’s relationship with the victim are supported by the record and are not clearly erroneous.
We must consider whether § 2A3.2(b)(1) supports the two-level upward departure, based on the factual findings of the district court, as a matter of law. The district court found that the record supported the existence of a stepfather to stepdaughter relationship between Devine and the victim. Devine lived at times with the victim and her mother when the victim was a younger child. Indeed, he was engaged to marry her mother at one point. After a five-year absence due to incarceration, Devine returned to the victim’s life, taking her and her brother camping five months before the incident. *251Most importantly, the victim considered Devine to be like a stepfather, a perception crucial to the “actual relationship” determination referred to in the commentary to the Sentencing Guideline. U.S.S.G. § 2A3.2, cmt. 2 (2001). Under these circumstances, it was not error to consider that Devine acted in loco parentis when he took the child into his residence for five days without the child’s mother. Under the total circumstances, the presence of the victim in Devine’s home, without her mother and with Devine’s permission, placed the victim in Devine’s “custody, care, or supervisory control” withing the meaning of the guideline. See U.S.S.G. § 2A3.2(b)(1). The district court correctly applied a two-level increase to the base offense level under § 2A3.2(b)(1) of the Sentencing Guidelines.
B. Upward Adjustment for “Restraint of Victim” under § 3A1.S
The district court also applied a two-level upward adjustment under § 3A1.3, which allows such an adjustment “[i]f a victim was physically restrained in the course of the offense.” The sentencing judge found that Devine physically restrained the victim on at least one occasion, using force of some degree while attempting to have sexual intercourse with her. The district court’s factual findings with respect to Devine’s restraint of the victim are supported by the record and not clearly erroneous.
Devine argues that holding the victim’s arms or hands down during sexual intercourse does not restrain the victim in a more severe manner than a similar offense which was committed without this restraint as a matter of law.
It is not clear from the record whether the victim initially consented to the sexual intercourse during her sojourn at Devine’s residence. Even if she did, she certainly had the right to say no subsequently and Devine’s force in response was a restraint of the victim. When Devine held the victim’s arms down during sexual intercourse, against her will, the restraint was more severe than an act of sexual intercourse which did not involve holding down the victim’s arms. United States v. Vought, 69 F.3d 1498 (9th Cir. 1995). The district court properly applied a two-level increase to Devine’s base offense level under § 3A1.3 of the Sentencing Guidelines.
AFFIRMED.

 This disposition is not appropriate for publication and may not be cited to or by the courts of this circuit except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.