Court Opinion

ID: 9841200
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-21 16:08:22.442739+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:40:27.750209
License: Public Domain

J-S20024-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT OP 65.37

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  DAVID C. HOFMANN                             :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 2346 EDA 2022

        Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered April 25, 2022,
                in the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County,
            Criminal Division at No(s): CP-09-CR-0004018-2020.

BEFORE:      DUBOW, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY KUNSELMAN, J.:                       FILED SEPTEMBER 21, 2023

       David C. Hofmann appeals from the judgment of sentence imposed after

a jury found him guilty of multiple sex offenses against a minor. Upon review,

we affirm.

       The trial court detailed the evidence as follows:

       This case arises from [Hofmann], blatantly, repeatedly, and
       continuously, sexually assaulting a [male] minor, D.S. from on or
       around June 1, 1995 until approximately February 28, 2007.
       [Hofmann] was a friend of D.S.'s parents, initially meeting them
       at some point in 1994. [Hofmann], a friend of D.S.'s father, would
       continually come over to their house and do various odd jobs.
       D.S.'s mother described [Hofmann's] presence as "He ... just
       always seemed to be there."

       When [Hofmann] would visit the family, he would often stay over,
       sleeping in a sleeping bag on the floor of D.S.'s bedroom while
       D.S. slept in a bunkbed. [Hofmann] started sleeping in D.S.'s
       bedroom sometime in 1996 or 1997. Around 1998, D.S.'s older
____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S20024-23

     cousin moved in with the family due to the death of her mother,
     D.S.'s aunt. The older cousin would then sleep in the top bunk of
     the bunk bed, D.S. in the lower bunk, and [Hofmann] on the floor.
     [Hofmann] portrayed himself as a friend to the family, buying D.S.
     and his siblings’ gifts, spending holidays and going on vacations
     with D.S.'s family. Most of [Hofmann's] attention and gifts were
     focused on D.S.

     However, rather than being a simple family friend, "Uncle Dave"
     commenced an aggressive course of sexually assaultive predatory
     conduct of D.S, at every opportunity. ("Whenever we were alone
     it happened.”). D.S. was approximately six years old the first time
     [Hofmann] had sexual contact with him. As [Hofmann] began to
     sexually assault D.S. when he was very young, did so repeatedly,
     and for a long time, D.S. was not able to identify the exact first
     time it happened. However, D.S. was able to identify the period
     when the abuse started, as D.S. recalled it occurring after
     [Hofmann] carried a then six-year-old D.S. back home after D.S.
     was hit in the face with an aluminum T-Ball bat. [Hofmann] would
     be around D.S.'s family "almost every weekend" and "almost...
     every time [he] was around, it almost happened every time."

                                    ***

     By 2007, the [then] seventeen-year-old D.S. was sharing his
     bedroom with his fourteen[-]year[-]old sister.       When D.S.'s
     mother was cleaning his bedroom in late January or early February
     2007, she found a used condom in the trash. D.S's parents
     initially confronted the younger sister, who denied all knowledge
     of the condom. When they spoke to D.S., however, he explained
     that the condom was from him, and disclosed that he had been
     sexually assaulted for over a decade by [Hofmann]. Although
     D.S.'s mother had expressed suspicions about [Hofmann]
     previously, this was the first time D.S. had told anyone what
     [Hofmann] had done to him. D.S. was overwhelmed while telling
     his parents what had happened — D.S. was scared, confused, and
     crying.

     After D.S.'s disclosure, D.S.'s parents decided to confront
     [Hofmann] about what they had learned. In doing so, they made
     sure to record their conversation with him. The video was filmed
     in their kitchen with a "very big camera." During the video,
     [Hofmann] admit[ted] to D.S.'s parents what he had done to their
     child. Even after admitting his crimes in the video, [Hofmann]

                                    -2-
J-S20024-23

     almost immediately deflect[ed] any responsibility for his actions
     and instead [began] to reference sexual abuse that [he] had
     undergone when he was a minor. Despite making the video,
     D.S.'s parents did not reach out to the police. D.S.'s parents
     believed that D.S, was terrified of the police and just wanted to
     move on. D.S. stated at least part of his fear was that [Hofmann]
     had told D.S. that if he said anything, [Hofmann] would get in
     trouble.

     Years later and now with children of his own, D.S. decided he could
     no longer "keep living a lie" and approached the police in early
     2020. Only after D.S. decided to contact the police in 2020, did
     his mother speak to them about what [Hofmann] had done to her
     child. D.S. had not seen nor had any contact with [Hofmann]
     since D.S. told his parents about [Hofmann] in 2007.
     Arrangements for D.S. to speak with the police were made by the
     Network of Victims Assistance ("NOVA"), Bucks County's victim
     advocacy agency. D.S. came to the police station with his wife,
     his mother, one of his sisters, and a NOVA representative. D.S.
     initially spoke with Sergeant Christopher Clark of the Falls
     Township Police Department, who conducted a minimal fact
     interview. After the minimal fact interview, Sergeant Clark
     contacted Detective Steven Reeves, also of the Falls Township
     Police Department to take over the investigation. Detective
     Reeves conducted a more extensive interview of D.S. When being
     interviewed by Detective Reeves, D.S. physically shook, his voice
     quavered, and he appeared scared.

     Ultimately, D.S. agreed to a consensual electronic intercept of
     calls made between himself and [Hofmann]. Detective Reeves,
     along with Detective Robert Gorman of the Bucks County District
     Attorney's Office at County Detectives, first attempted to call
     [Hofmann] in February of 2020. The calls were unsuccessful, and
     eventually D.S. reconsented to the interception, and attempts at
     calling [Hofmann] resumed on June 8th, 2020.            Calls to
     [Hofmann's] cell phone and home were both unsuccessful, and
     eventually the tactic was changed and they decided to have D.S.
     leave a voicemail on [Hofmann] device. "A few seconds" after
     D.S. had left a voicemail, he received an incoming call from
     [Hofmann]. Although the police were unable to do their standard
     prefatory actions, they told D.S. to answer to not miss the
     opportunity.

     During the phone call, D.S. stated that he needed to talk with
     [him] as there were "things I want to get off my chest" and he

                                    -3-
J-S20024-23

       "can't move on . . . ." As in the 2007 video recording, [Hofmann]
       once again admit[ted] to what he had done to D.S. After
       [Hofmann] asked D.S. to clarify what "messed him up," when D.S.
       said "the sex, and . . ." [Hofmann] remarked, "But you liked that
       at the time" before chuckling. [Hofmann] also admitted to his
       attempts to anally penetrate D.S. [Hofmann] also specifically
       discussed when he sexually assaulted D.S. in the pool. When D.S.
       suggested that he was five or six years old during at least some
       of the assaults, [Hofmann] agreed. At one point in the call,
       [Hofmann] corrected D.S. that rather than being seven years old
       during one of the incidents, he was rather nine, about to turn ten
       years old. [Hofmann] also suggested multiple times that D.S.
       could "come over" and appear[ed] to have been suggesting that
       they resume sexual relations.

Trial Court Opinion, 1/20/23, at 1-6.

       Hofmann was ultimately arrested in June 2020. He was charged with

rape of a child, involuntary deviate sexual intercourse with a child, involuntary

deviate sexual intercourse with a person less than sixteen years of age,

statutory sexual assault, corruption of minors, indecent assault of a person

less than thirteen years of age, indecent assault of a person less than sixteen

years of age.1 Following trial, a jury convicted Hofmann of all charges.

       Due to the nature of his convictions, Hofmann was subsequently

assessed by the Sex Offenders Assessment Board ("SOAB") in order to

determine if he qualified as a Sexually Violent Predator ("SVP").        An SVP

hearing was held on April 25, 2022. An expert testified that Hofmann met the

criteria of an SVP. As a result, the trial court determined that Hofmann was

____________________________________________

1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3121(c), 3123(b), 3123(a)(7), 3122.1, 6301(a)(1),
3126(a)(7), 3126(a)(8), and 3123(a)(7).

                                           -4-
J-S20024-23

an SVP. The court then sentenced Hofmann to 25 to 50 years’ incarceration.

Hofmann filed a post-sentence motion, which the court denied.

      Hofmann filed this timely appeal. Hofmann and the trial court complied

with Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925.

      Hofmann raises the following four issues for our review, which we have

reordered for ease of disposition:

      A. [Did] the trial court [err] in admitting a photograph of the
      complaining witness as a child?

      B. Did the trial court err permitting detective Gorman to testify
      regarding the reason for consensual interceptions [of phone
      calls]?

      C. Did the Commonwealth fail to establish by clear and convincing
      evidence that [Hofmann] meets the statutory criteria for
      designation as a sexually violent predator?

      D. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in sentencing [Hofmann]
      by failing to consider all relevant factors, by imposing a manifestly
      excessive sentence, and by relying solely on the nature of the
      offense and other improper factors?

See Hoffman’s Brief at 9.

                                       A.

      In his first and second issues, Hofmann claims that the trial court erred

in making certain evidentiary rulings.      Our standard of review regarding

evidentiary issues is well settled. “The admissibility of evidence is at the

discretion of the trial court and only a showing of an abuse of that discretion,

and resulting prejudice, constitutes reversible error.” Commonwealth v.

Sanchez, 36 A.3d 24, 48 (Pa. 2011) (citations omitted). “To constitute

reversible error, an evidentiary ruling must not only be erroneous, but also

                                      -5-
J-S20024-23

harmful or prejudicial to the complaining party.” Commonwealth v. Lopez,

57 A.3d 74, 81 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citation omitted).

      In determining whether evidence should be admitted, the trial court

must weigh the relevant and probative value of the evidence against the

prejudicial impact of that evidence. Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to

establish a material fact in the case or tends to support a reasonable inference

regarding a material fact. Commonwealth v. Storey, 167 A.3d 750, 758

(Pa. Super. 2017) (citation omitted); Pa.R.E.401. Although a court may find

that evidence is relevant, the court may nevertheless conclude that such

evidence is inadmissible due to its prejudicial impact. Id.; Pa.R.E. 403.

      Furthermore, even if a trial court erroneously admitted evidence, the

error may be considered harmless.        “Harmless error exists if the record

demonstrates [that] ... the error did not prejudice the defendant or the

prejudice was de minimis . . . .” Commonwealth v. Hairston, 84 A.3d 657,

671 (Pa. 2014) (citations and quotation marks omitted). “An error may be

deemed harmless . . . where the properly admitted and uncontradicted

evidence of guilt was so overwhelming and the prejudicial effect of the error

was so insignificant by comparison that the error could not have contributed

to the verdict.” Commonwealth v. Moore, 937 A.2d 1062, 1073 (Pa. 2007).

      Hofmann first claims that the court erred in allowing the Commonwealth

to introduce a photograph of D.S. when he was 8 years old.              Hofmann

maintains that the photograph was highly inflammatory, and any probative

value was clearly outweighed by the prejudice.          According to Hofmann,

                                      -6-
J-S20024-23

because he did not contest that D.S. was a child at the time of the alleged

offenses,   the   photograph    was    irrelevant   and   inadmissible,   citing

Commonwealth v. Vucich, 194 A.3d 1103 (Pa. Super. 2018).              Hofmann

further maintains that the court’s erroneous admission of the picture was not

harmless.   Hofmann’s Brief at 11, 34, 37.     We agree the photograph was

irrelevant and inadmissible, but we conclude that its admission was harmless.

      At trial, the Commonwealth sought to introduce three photographs of

D.S. at ages 7, 8, and 10, for the purpose of establishing D.S.’s age at the

time of the assaults, which was an element of several of the offenses. The

Commonwealth also sought to introduce the photographs to rebut Hofmann’s

attack on D.S.’s credibility. Hofmann objected. The trial court overruled the

objection, in part, and allowed only the photograph of D.S. at age 8 to be

admitted into evidence.

      Regarding the admission of photographic evidence, as with other types

of evidence, “[t]he determinative inquiry is whether the photos have

evidentiary value that outweighs the possibility of inflaming the minds and

passions of the jurors.” Commonwealth v. Jacobs, 639 A.2d 786, 788 (Pa.

1994).   Here, the trial court conducted the requisite analysis and concluded

that the one photograph was probative and any prejudice de minimis.

      In ruling on the admission of the photographs, the trial court noted that

one picture was sufficient, instead of all three. The court reasoned that the

photograph it allowed was a “school photograph which would have been posed

just for school like every other kid in America . . . back then.” N.T., 12/7/21,

                                      -7-
J-S20024-23

at 71.     The photograph did not reveal or interject anything else about D.S.’s

life, personality, or interests like the other two photographs. The court further

stated:

         I find that it has absolute probative value. This jury needs to
         know, being asked to guess and things of that nature. As I’ve
         said, the age issues are smack-dab in [the middle of] this case
         and I think it’s fair. And to only introduce one versus three is also
         more fair to Mr. Hofmann . . . . [T]o the extent there’s some
         prejudice from a photograph of a young child and it might
         engender some sympathy from a jury, I recognize that could
         happen[,] but it’s far outweighed by the idea that this jury needs
         a picture in their brain of what [D.S.] looked like 20 some years
         ago.

Id. at 72.

         The court further explained that the photograph helped “anchor D.S.’s

statements around a certain time period” given that the assaults happened

over a long period of time. It also helped to establish the age of D.S. at the

time of the offenses, one of the elements at issue. The photograph was not

the sort of depiction that would generate an inflammatory emotional response

from the jury. Trial Court Opinion, 1/20/23 at 13. As such, the photograph

was not more prejudicial than probative and therefore was admissible.

         Hofmann’s argument that Vucich renders the photograph of him as a

child irrelevant and inadmissible is correct. In Vucich, the Commonwealth

sought to introduce two photographs of the victim when he was between 9

and 11 years old when the sexual abuse occurred. The Commonwealth felt

this was necessary because the victim was 20 years old at the time of trial.

As in this case, the victim had not disclosed the assaults until many years

                                         -8-
J-S20024-23

later.     Id. at 1106.      Vucich objected, but the trial court admitted the

photographs into evidence.

         On appeal, Vucich argued that the photographs were irrelevant. Id. at

1109. This Court agreed. Id. at 1109-10. Because Vucich did not dispute

that the victim was a child at the times when the abuse occurred, there was

no need to prove to the jury what the victim looked like as a child, rendering

the evidence irrelevant and thus, inadmissible. Id.

         The facts here are identical to Vucich. Under the factual circumstances

“where photographs were displayed for no purpose other than establishing the

victim’s appearance at the time of the crimes,” such photographs are

inadmissible. 2 Id. at 1111. Thus, we conclude that the trial court abused its

discretion when it admitted the photograph of D.S. into evidence.

         However, as in Vucich, we conclude that the trial court’s error was

harmless. In Vucich, this Court ultimately concluded that any prejudice was

de minimis and the error was harmless because the photographs were

referenced briefly, and the Commonwealth did not revisit or otherwise draw

attention to the photographs following their introduction. Id. at 1110.

         Here, the Commonwealth did not unduly reference the photograph after

its admission. Further, as the trial court observed, the evidence of Hofmann’s

guilt was overwhelming—D.S. credibly testified to the assaults, which occurred
____________________________________________

2 As in Vucich, we do not hold that the appearance of a child victim is per se

irrelevant. Commonwealth v. Vucich, 194 A.3d 1103, 1111 (Pa. Super.
2018).

                                           -9-
J-S20024-23

over many years, in detail, and Hofmann himself admitted to the crimes on

multiple occasions prior to trial. Any prejudicial effect was de minimis and did

not affect the outcome of the trial. Thus, Hofmann’s first issue fails.

                                           B.

      Hofmann next claims that the trial court erred in permitting Detective

Gorman to testify about why consensual interceptions of phone calls are used

by police. Specifically, Hofmann argues Detective Gorman’s testimony that

this process is “used to get to the truth,” improperly bolstered D.S.’ credibility.

Hofmann’s Brief at 12, 40. He further maintains that the curative instruction

given by the trial court was inadequate because the court merely reiterated

the detective’s statement. Id. at 41-42.

      At trial, Detective Gorman testified regarding the purpose of consensual

interceptions, and noted that "[t]he number one reason" to use such

interceptions is "to get to the truth of the matter . . . ." N.T., 12/17/21, at

138. The court overruled Hofmann’s objection, and Detective Gorman

continued: "[w]e want to have the person call another person and talk on the

phone. And when they usually talk to this person on the phone, the two people

are talking whether they did something together or they know something,

they're usually truthful with each other." Id. at 138-139.

      A side bar followed.    The trial court indicated that it understood the

objection and that it would give a curative instruction.         Defense counsel

agreed. Thereafter, the court told the jury:

                                      - 10 -
J-S20024-23

      I just wanted to comment that at one point Detective Gorman
      indicated that the police conduct—intercept phone calls and such
      to get to, quote/unquote, [the] truth of the matter. And I just
      want you folks to realize what I've said to you I think three times
      in my earlier instructions. You folks are the ones who decide what
      the truth of the matter is. That's an expression that the detective
      used for purposes of explaining to you why he does what he does.
      But I just want to emphasize that you folks will be the determiners
      of what the truth is.

Id. at 155-56.      The Commonwealth then continued its examination of

Detective Gorman.

      As the Commonwealth observes, this issue is waived. After objecting,

defense counsel agreed to the curative instruction. Furthermore, after the

instruction was given, Hoffman did not object or ask for additional instructions.

Where a party does not object to the trial court’s curative instruction at the

time it is given, the curative instruction is presumed to be satisfactory,

presumed to cure any prejudice, and the jury is presumed to follow the court’s

instructions. Tabernacle Church v. Edwin l. Mount Olivet Wiegand Div.,

781 A.2d 1263, 1275 n.12 (Pa. Super. 2001), aff'd without op., 811 A.2d 565

(Pa. 2002) (stating that failure to object indicates that the party “is satisfied

with the curative instruction and that any prejudice is cured” because the jury

is presumed to follow the court's instruction).    And, as such, any claim in

relation to the adequacy of the instruction is waived. See Commonwealth

                                     - 11 -
J-S20024-23

v. Page, 965 A.2d 1212, 1222 (Pa. Super. 2009). Thus, Hofmann waived any

objection that the curative instruction was inadequate.3

                                                 C.

       In his third issue, Hofmann challenges the trial court's sexually violent

predator (“SVP”) determination on the basis that there was insufficient

evidence to establish his SVP designation by clear and convincing evidence.

Specifically, Hofmann argues that the evidence did not show that he had an

increased likelihood of reoffending.           Hoffman further maintains the expert

found that several factors used to assess SVP status did not apply in his case.

Therefore, according to Hofmann, the Commonwealth did not satisfy its

burden in establishing that he was an SVP. Hofmann’s Brief at 11, 31, 33.

       In considering an appeal of an SVP determination, our standard of

review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary. Commonwealth v.

Meals, 912 A.2d 213, 218 (Pa. 2006).

       The determination of a defendant's SVP status may only be made
       following an assessment by the [SOAB] and [a] hearing before the
       trial court. In order to affirm an SVP designation, we, as a
       reviewing court, must be able to conclude that the fact-finder
       found clear and convincing evidence that the individual is a
       sexually violent predator. As with any sufficiency of the evidence
       claim, we view all evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom
       in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the prevailing
____________________________________________

3 Even if the objection was not waived and the testimony was admitted
erroneously, the error was harmless. As discussed above the evidence of
Hofmann’s guilt was significant. This brief statement was unlikely to have
contributed to the guilty verdict compared to all the other testimony and
evidence.

                                          - 12 -
J-S20024-23

      party on this issue. We will reverse a trial court's determination of
      SVP status only if the Commonwealth has not presented clear and
      convincing evidence that each element of the statute has been
      satisfied.

Commonwealth v. Fuentes, 991 A.2d 935, 941-942 (Pa. Super. 2010) (en

banc) (citation omitted), appeal denied, 12 A.3d 370 (Pa. 2010). The clear

and convincing standard governing a determination of SVP status “requires

evidence that is so clear, direct, weighty, and convincing as to enable the [trier

of fact] to come to a clear conviction, without hesitancy, of the truth of the

precise facts in issue.” Meals, 912 A.2d at 219 (citations omitted, original

brackets).

      Section 9799.12 of the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act

(“SORNA”) defines the term SVP as:

      [a]n individual who committed a sexually violent offense on or
      after December 20, 2012, for which the individual was convicted,
      [ ] who is determined to be a [SVP] under section 9799.24
      (relating to assessments) due to a mental abnormality or
      personality disorder that makes the individual likely to engage in
      predatory sexually violent offenses.

42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9799.12; see also Commonwealth v. Butler, 226 A.3d 972,

992 (Pa. 2020) (stating, an SVP, in addition to having been convicted of a

sexually violent offense, is a person “who [has] been individually determined

to suffer from a mental abnormality or personality disorder such that they are

highly likely to continue to commit sexually violent offenses”).

      A “sexually violent offense” is defined by SORNA as “[a]n offense

specified in section 9799.14 (relating to sexual offenses and tier system) as a

                                     - 13 -
J-S20024-23

Tier I, Tier II[,] or Tier III sexual offense committed on or after December 20,

2012, for which the individual was convicted.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9799.12.

“Predatory” is defined by SORNA as “[a]n act directed at a stranger or at a

person with whom a relationship has been initiated, established, maintained

or promoted, in whole or in part, in order to facilitate or support victimization.”

Id.

      Under Section 9799.24 of SORNA, after a defendant is convicted of a

sexually violent offense but before sentencing, the trial court shall order the

SOAB to conduct an “assessment of the individual to determine if the

individual should be classified as [an SVP].” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9799.24(a) and

(b). In performing its assessment, the SOAB examines, inter alia the

following:

      (1) Facts of the current offense, including:

         (i) Whether the offense involved multiple victims.

         (ii) Whether the individual exceeded the means necessary
         to achieve the offense.

         (iii) The nature of the sexual contact with the victim.

         (iv) Relationship of the individual to the victim.

         (v) Age of the victim.

         (vi) Whether the offense included a display of unusual
         cruelty by the individual during the commission of the crime.

         (vii) The mental capacity of the victim.

      (2) Prior offense history, including:

         (i) The individual's prior criminal record.

         (ii) Whether the individual completed any prior sentences.

                                      - 14 -
J-S20024-23

         (iii) Whether the individual          participated   in    available
         programs for sexual offenders.

      (3) Characteristics of the individual, including:

         (i) Age.

         (ii) Use of illegal drugs.

         (iii) Any mental      illness, mental disability      or    mental
         abnormality.

         (iv) Behavioral characteristics that contribute to              the
         individual's conduct.

      (4) Factors that are supported in a sexual offender assessment
      field as criteria reasonably related to the risk of reoffense.

42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9799.24(b) (1-4).

      This Court further summarized:

      The precise line of inquiry for the [SOAB’s] expert, as well as any
      other expert who testifies at an SVP hearing, is whether the
      defendant satisfied the definition of sexually violent predator set
      out in the statute, that is, whether he or she suffers from a mental
      abnormality or personality disorder that makes him or her more
      likely to engage in predatory sexually violent offenses. The salient
      inquiry to be made by the trial court is the identification of the
      impetus behind the commission of the crime and extent to which
      the offender is likely to reoffend.

Fuentes, 991 A.2d at 943.

      Here, Hofmann committed multiple sexually violent offenses and was

convicted. At the SVP hearing, Dr. Stein testified that he diagnosed Hofmann

with pedophilic disorder and that there was overwhelming evidence for this

disorder. Dr. Stein also diagnosed Hofmann with specified paraphilic disorder:

non-consent. Dr. Stein further stated that Hofmann demonstrated predatory

behavior. He explained:

                                      - 15 -
J-S20024-23

      With the first molestation of this child, the relationship was
      established that at least in part was victimizing that child. With
      many assaults over a 10 to 12-year period, the relationship was
      established and maintained and promoted, in whole or in part, in
      order to support or facilitate sexual victimization. There is
      overwhelming evidence for predatory behavior as the statute
      defines it.

N.T., 4/25/22, at 16-17, 19. As a result, Dr. Stein opined that Hofmann met

the SVP criteria. Based upon Dr. Stein’s testimony, the trial court determined

that Hofmann was an SVP.

      Upon review of the record and viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the Commonwealth, we agree that the Commonwealth

established that Hofmann satisfied the statutory definition of an SVP by clear

and convincing evidence. We reach this conclusion despite Hofmann’s claims.

      We acknowledge that the definition of SVP includes an inquiry into the

likelihood of reoffense. However, contrary to Hofmann’s argument, the risk

of reoffense is not an independent element of the SVP classification. Instead,

the risk of reoffense is but one factor to be considered when making an SVP

assessment. Commonwealth v. Morgan, 16 A.3d 1165 (Pa. Super. 2011).

The statute requires “an inquiry into the likelihood of reoffense,” it does not

require an “assessment of the likelihood of reoffense,” or “personal risk

assessment.” Morgan, 16 A.3d at 1170, 1173 (quoting Commonwealth v.

Dixon, 907 A.2d 533, 539 (Pa. Super. 2006) and Commonwealth v. Geiter,

929 A.2d 648, 651 (Pa. Super. 2007)). Thus, the Commonwealth must show

that the defendant has a mental disorder that makes him more likely to

                                    - 16 -
J-S20024-23

engage in predatory sexually violent offenses--that the person suffers from a

condition that makes him likely to reoffend.    Morgan, 16 A.3d at 1171.

      Clearly, this inquiry was made here.           Moreover, the evidence

demonstrated that Hofmann suffered from two mental abnormalities or

personality disorders and was likely to reoffend. As the trial court noted:

      Pedophilic Disorder (or pedophilia) has been recognized by the
      courts of this Commonwealth for years as a condition in which the
      afflicted bears an extreme risk of predatory sexually violent
      offenses. See Commonwealth v. Meals, 912 A.2d 213 (Pa.
      2006); Commonwealth v. Geiter, 929 A.2d 648, 653 (Pa.
      Super. Ct. 2007) (concurring opinion of Judge Klein) ("all
      pedophiles are likely to engage in predatory sexually violent
      offenses in the future"); Commonwealth v. Leddington, 908
      A.2d 328, 332 n.9 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2006) ("The inherent and apt
      assumption in [our Supreme Court's] statement is that pedophilia
      is always a risk to the community--even if there is only a .0001
      chance a pedophile will recidivate.").

Trial Court Opinion, 1/20/23, at 18.

      The trial court also observed:

      Dr. Stein testified that [Hofmann’s] behavior pattern
      demonstrates his interest in the victimization of another through
      non-consenting sexual acts, particularly the fact that [Hofmann]
      victimized a child past the prepubescent years and into the
      postpubescent years.

      Dr. Stein testified that both Pedophilic Disorder and Other
      Specified Paraphilic Disorder: Non-Consent are acquired,
      uncurable, lifetime conditions. Further, [Hofmann’s] repeated
      inability to resist the urge to commit sexual offenses demonstrates
      that either he decided to not control them or was incapable of
      doing so — meaning the conditions overrode his emotional or
      volitional controls. Further, based on the extreme length of
      [Hofmann’s] abuse of D.S. and the fact that the offenses involved
      a male victim, Dr. Stein concluded that should [Hofmann] have

                                       - 17 -
J-S20024-23

      unsupervised access to underage or young boys, he would
      reoffend.

Id. at 18 (citations omitted). Furthermore, Dr. Stein testified that Hofmann’s

conditions were the impetus behind his conduct. Thus, the relevant inquiry

required by the statute was made, and in fact, the evidence demonstrated

that Hofmann was likely to reoffend.

      As to Hoffmann’s argument that all the various assessment factors listed

in Section 9795.4 were not present, we observe that there is no statutory

requirement that all the factors or any particular number of them be present

or absent in order to support an SVP designation.        Commonwealth v.

Feucht, 955 A.2d 377, 381 (Pa. Super. 2008).      The assessment factors are

not a checklist with each one weighing in some necessary fashion for or

against SVP designation. Id. Rather, the presence or absence of one or more

factors might simply suggest the presence or absence of one or more

particular types of mental abnormalities. Id.

      Here, Dr. Stein determined that the following statutory factors

contributed to Hofmann’s diagnoses: the nature of the sexual contact,

Hofmann’s relationship to the victim, the ages of the victim and Hofmann, and

the behaviors contributing to Hoffman’s conduct. N.T., 4/25/22, at 13-17, 20.

Dr. Stein noted that it would be rare for someone to meet all or even most of

the fifteen factors evaluated by the SOAB. Instead, those factors are reviewed

to consider issues of predatory behavior and mental abnormality. Id. at 13.

                                    - 18 -
J-S20024-23

Thus, as discussed above, despite the absence of certain factors, Dr. Stein

opined that Hofmann met the SVP criteria.

      We conclude that the trial court did not err in determining that the

Commonwealth presented clear and convincing evidence that supports a

finding that Hofmann was an SVP. Accordingly, Hofmann's claim has no merit.

                                         D.

      In his fourth and final issue, Hofmann challenges the discretionary

aspects of his sentence.      “It is well settled that, with regard to the

discretionary aspects of sentencing, there is no automatic right to appeal.”

Commonwealth v. Austin, 66 A.3d 798, 807-08 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citation

omitted). This Court has explained that, to reach the merits of a discretionary

sentencing issue, we must conduct a four-part analysis of the following

factors:

      (1) whether the appeal is timely; (2) whether [a]ppellant
      preserved his issue; (3) whether [a]ppellant's brief includes a
      concise statement of the reasons relied upon for allowance of
      appeal with respect to the discretionary aspects of sentence [in
      accordance with 2119(f)]; and (4) whether the concise statement
      raises a substantial question that the sentence is appropriate
      under the sentencing code. . . . [I]f the appeal satisfies each of
      these four requirements, we will then proceed to decide the
      substantive merits of the case.

Commonwealth v. Colon, 102 A.3d 1033, 1042–43 (Pa. Super. 2014)

(quoting Austin, 66 A.3d at 808).

                                    - 19 -
J-S20024-23

      Here, Hofmann satisfied the first and third requirements under Colon.

Accordingly, we must determine whether he preserved his issues and raised

a substantial question in accordance with the second and fourth requirements.

      In his Rule 2119(f) statement, Hofmann sets forth several reasons why

he should be permitted to appeal the discretionary aspects of his sentence.

Hofmann claims that the trial court abused its discretion by: 1) imposing a

manifestly excessive and unreasonable sentence, 2) sentencing him above the

aggravated range without stating its reasons on the record; 3) failing to

consider mitigating factors and his rehabilitative needs, and 4) relying on

improper factors to determine his sentence, i.e., that Hofmann exercised his

right to a jury trial and suggesting that he likely abused other children after

D.S. but was not caught. Hofmann’s Brief at 14, 15.

      Upon review of the record, we observe that Hofmann did not preserve

his argument regarding the court’s failure to state on the record the reasons

for imposing a sentence above the aggravated range.         This issue was not

raised with the trial court.   We therefore will not consider this sentencing

claim.

      However, Hofmann preserved the remaining claims, and they raise a

substantial question. See Commonwealth v. Caldwell, 117 A.3d 763, 770

(Pa. Super. 2015) (en banc) (citing Commonwealth v. Raven, 97 A.3d 1244,

1253 (Pa. Super. 2014), appeal denied, 105 A.3d 736 (2014) (stating that “an

excessive sentence claim—in conjunction with an assertion that the court

failed to consider mitigating factors—raises a substantial question”)) (internal

                                     - 20 -
J-S20024-23

citation omitted); Commonwealth v. Ali, 197 A.3d 742, 760 (Pa. Super.

2018) (recognizing claim that sentencing court relied on impermissible factors

raises a substantial question). We therefore will address the merits of

Hofmann’s remaining issues.

      Our standard of review of a sentencing claim is as follows:

      Sentencing is a matter vested in the sound discretion of the
      sentencing judge, and a sentence will not be disturbed on appeal
      absent a manifest abuse of discretion. In this context, an abuse
      of discretion is not shown merely by an error in judgment. Rather,
      the appellant must establish, by reference to the record, that the
      sentencing court ignored or misapplied the law, exercised its
      judgment for reasons of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will, or
      arrived at a manifestly unreasonable decision.

Commonwealth v. Shugars, 895 A.2d 1270, 1275 (Pa. Super. 2006).

      Hofmann first claims that the trial court imposed an excessive sentence

and did not consider various mitigating factors, in particular his age and family

history, or his rehabilitative needs. Hofmann’s Brief at 13.

      Upon review of the record, we first note that the trial court had two

psychological evaluations. These reports detailed Hofmann’s history and

background, character, and condition. Before sentencing Hofmann, the court

reviewed these reports. And the court specifically acknowledged that they

contained evidence of mitigation. N.T., 4/25/22, at 96. In fact, in its opinion,

the trial court highlighted each mitigating factor it considered with specific

reference to the record. It noted:

      This [c]ourt considered [Hofmann’s] age and health. This [c]ourt
      considered [Hofmann’s] lack of a criminal record — as do the
      Sentencing Guidelines themselves. This [c]ourt noted that it is

                                     - 21 -
J-S20024-23

        difficult to credit Hofmann for his lack of a criminal record when
        considering 12 to 13 years of ongoing, substantial sexual abuse of
        a child. Hofmann’s mental health issues were considered in
        imposing [s]entence. His upbringing was considered. Hofmann’s
        good conduct in jail — although of limited value when compared
        to his offenses — was considered. The [c]ourt considered the
        impact of consecutive maximum sentences based on Hofmann’s
        age and as it noted then, and reemphasizes yet again, that the
        fact that [Hofmann] had nearly 15 years of freedom after D.S.
        escaped his abuse is not the fault of this [c]ourt. As this [c]ourt
        explained, the fact that [Hofmann] faces such a significant
        sentence at an advanced age is solely due to [his] own actions.

Trial Court Opinion, 1/20/23, at 37 (citations to record omitted). Thus, the

trial   court   clearly   considered   Hofmann’s   mitigating   factors   and   his

rehabilitative needs.

        Nonetheless, considering the length, severity of the abuse, and

numerous instances of abuse in this case, the trial court found that a sentence

above the aggravated range was warranted. The court explained:

        [Hofmann] preyed on the victim in this matter for more than a
        decade commencing when the victim was approximately 5 years
        old and engaged in hundreds and hundreds of sexual assaults
        upon this young man.

        [Hofmann] engaged in significant predatory behavior of grooming
        this young man over a period of time, by purchasing him gifts and
        creating a relationship with the victim's family in which he could
        carry out his criminal assaults.

        The evidence in the case is overwhelming including the 100%
        credible and truthful testimony of the victim and two taped
        confessions from [Hofmann], one on video, and one via audio, and
        despite this overwhelming evidence, [he] would not accept
        responsibility for his actions and instead required the victim to re-
        live these assaults in front of a jury. [Hofmann] has expressed no
        remorse, nor any understanding of the enormity of what he
        perpetrated upon this young man and its effect.

                                       - 22 -
J-S20024-23

      Lastly, for all the reasons indicated in the record, including the
      need for protecting the public from [Hofmann] and the volume of
      crimes he engaged in, this [c]ourt has determined that imposing
      [s]entences only in the guidelines range would not adequately
      address the purposes and goals of our Sentencing Code, nor serve
      the interests of Justice.

N.T., 04/25/22, 98-99.     Thus, it is evident that the court considered all

relevant factors when it sentenced Hofmann. On appeal, “[w]e cannot re-

weigh the sentencing factors and impose our judgment in place of the

sentencing court.” Commonwealth v. Macias, 968 A.2d 773, 778 (Pa.

Super. 2009).

      Additionally,   Hoffman   claims   that   the   trial   court   impermissibly

considered that he exercised his right to a jury trial rather than plead guilty

when it sentenced him.          Hofmann argues that the court repeatedly

commented about this before issuing Hofmann’s sentence. Hofmann’s Brief

at 21-22.

      “[I]t is constitutionally impermissible for a trial court to impose a more

severe sentence because a defendant has chosen to stand trial rather than

plead guilty.” Commonwealth v. Bethea, 379 A.2d 102, 105 (Pa. 1977).

Thus, we must review whether the sentencing court relied on the defendant's

exercise of his right to trial, even if the court also considered other,

permissible factors. Id.

      In deciding whether a trial judge considered only permissible
      factors in sentencing a defendant, an appellate court must, of
      necessity, review all the judge's comments. Moreover, in making
      this determination it is not necessary that an appellate court be
      convinced that the trial judge in fact relied upon an erroneous
      consideration; it is sufficient to render a sentence invalid if it

                                    - 23 -
J-S20024-23

      reasonably appears from the record that the trial court relied in
      whole or in part upon such a factor.

Id. at 106–07.

      We make this determination presuming that a sentencing court is able

to disregard irrelevant evidence, such as an impermissible sentencing factor.

Commonwealth v. Smithton, 631 A.2d 1053, 1057 (Pa. Super. 1993)

(citing Bethea, 379 A.2d at 107). Further, we note that it is well-settled that

defendants who plead guilty and those who proceed to trial are not similarly

situated for sentencing purposes; therefore, a comparatively harsher sentence

does not demonstrate punishment for exercising constitutional rights.      Ali,

197 A.3d at 764 (citing Moury, 992 A.2d at 171).

      Here, based upon our review of the record, we observe that the trial

court referenced the fact that Hofmann did not plead guilty and refused to

accept responsibility. However, reading the sentencing transcript in its

entirety, it does not appear that the court relied on this fact in fashioning

Hofmann’s sentence. N.T., 4/25/22, at 88-93; cf. Moury, 992 A.2d at 172–

74 (finding no error from a colloquy about why a defendant went to trial).

Instead, the trial court explained that these comments were made while

addressing D.S. about what he had been subjected to and were intended to

temper the repeated instances of victim blaming that Hofmann and his family

engaged in. Trial Court Opinion, 1/20/23, at 37, 39-40

                                    - 24 -
J-S20024-23

      Hofmann also claims that the trial court improperly considered the

possibility that, despite the lack of a criminal record, Hofmann had abused

other children after he stopped abusing D.S. Hofmann’s Brief at 22-23.

      Our review of the record discloses that the court questioned the

possibility of Hofmann abusing others. However, the court noted that it did

not know if Hofmann did such acts and emphasized that it only sentenced

Hofmann on what was before the court i.e., more than a decade of sexual

abuse of one young boy.     N.T., 4/25/22, at 90.     Again, we conclude that

although the court made these comments, the record does not indicate that

the court relied on this when it sentenced Hofmann.

      Based upon our review of this case and the sentencing transcript, we

conclude that, contrary to Hofmann's allegations, it is evident that the trial

court considered all the sentencing factors, including the mitigating

circumstances of and Hofmann’s rehabilitative needs and did not rely on

impermissible factors when it sentenced Hofmann.       We therefore conclude

that the court did not abuse its discretion when it sentenced Hofmann.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 9/21/2023

                                    - 25 -