Court Opinion

ID: 5140668
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-27 15:09:05.042381+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:24.839216
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NOS. A-2036-17
                                                                    A-2038-17

NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION,
THE COMMISSIONER OF THE
NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION,
and THE ADMINISTRATOR OF
THE NEW JERSEY SPILL
COMPENSATION FUND,

          Plaintiffs,

v.

OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL
CORPORATION,

          Defendant-Appellant,

and

MAXUS INTERNATIONAL ENERGY
COMPANY, YPF, S.A., YPF HOLDINGS,
INC., YPF INTERNATIONAL S.A. (f/k/a
YPF INTERNATIONAL LTD.) and
CLH HOLDINGS,

          Defendants,
and

REPSOL, S.A.,

      Defendant-Respondent,

and

JOSEPH J. FARNAN, JR., as Liquidating
Trustee for the Maxus Liquidating Trust,

      Defendant/Intervenor-Appellant,

and

MAXUS ENERGY CORPORATION and
TIERRA SOLUTIONS, INC.,

      Defendants-Third-Party
      Plaintiffs,

v.

3M COMPANY, A.C.C., INC., ACH
FOOD COMPANIES, INC., ACTIVE
OIL SERVICE, ADCO CHEMICAL
COMPANY, AGC CHEMICALS
AMERICAS, INC., ALDEN-LEEDS,
INC., ALLIANCE CHEMICAL, INC.,
ALUMAX MILL PRODUCTS, INC.,
AMCOL REALTY, INC., AMERICAN
INKS AND COATINGS CORPORATION,
APEXICAL, INC., APOLAN INTERNATIONAL,
INC., ARKEMA INC., ASHLAND, INC.,
ASHLAND INTERNATIONAL, HOLDINGS
INC., ASSOCIATED AUTO BODY
& TRUCKS, INC., ATLAS REFINERY,
INC., AUTOMATIC ELECTRO-PLATING

                                            A-2036-17
                                        2
CORP, AKZO NOBEL COATINGS, INC.,
BASF CATALYSTS, LLC, BASF
CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS, INC.,
BASF CORPORATION, BAYER CORPORATION,
BEAZER EAST, INC., BELLVILLE INDUSTRIAL
CENTER, BENJAMIN MOORE & COMPANY,
BEROL CORPORATION, B-LINE TRUCKING,
INC., BORDEN & REMINGTON CORP., C.S.
OSBORNE & CO., CAMPBELL FOUNDRY
COMPANY, CASCHEM INC., CBS CORPORATION,
CELANSE, LTD, CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, INC.,
COSMOPOLITAN GRAPHICS CORPORATION,
CIDA CORPORATION, COLTEC INDUSTRIES
INC., COLUMBIA TERMINALS, INC., COMO
TEXTILE PRINTS, INC., CONAGRA PANAMA,
INC., CONOPCO, INC., CONSOLIDATED RAIL
CORPORATION, COOK & DUNNPAINT
CORPORATION, COSAN CHEMICAL CORPORATION,
COVANTA ESSEX COMPANY, CRODA, INC.,
CRUCIDLE MATERIALS CORPORATION,
CURTIS WRIGHT CORPORATION, CWC INDUSTRIES,
INC., DARLING INERNATIONAL, INC., DAV ANNE
REALTY CO., DELEET MERCHANDISING
CORPORATION, DELVAL INK AND COLOR,
INCORPORATED, DILORENZO PROPERTIES
COMPANIES, L.P., E.I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS
 AND COMPANY, EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY,
EDEN WOOD CORPORATION, ELAN CHEMICAL
COMPANY, INC., EM SERGEANT PULP & CHEMICAL,
CO., EMERALD HILTON DAVIS, LLC, ESSEX
 CHEMICAL CORPORATION, EXXON MOBIL,
F.E.R. PLATING, INC., FINE ORGANICS CORPORATION,
FISKE BROTHERS REFINING COMPANY, FLEXON
INDUSTRIES CORPORATION, FLINT GROUP
INCORPORATED, FORT JAMES INCOPORATED,
FOUNDRY STREET CORPORATION,
FRANKLIN-BURLINGTON PLASTICS, INC.,
GARFIELDMOLDING COMPANY, INC.,
GENERAL CABLE INDUSTRIES, INC.,

                                                   A-2036-17
                              3
GENERAL DYNAMICS CORPORATION,
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, GENTEK
HOLDING LLC, GIVAUDAN FRAGRANCES
CORPORATION, G.J. CHEMICAL CO.,
GOODY PRODUCTS, INC., GORDON TERMINAL
SERVICE CO., OF N.J., INC., HARRISON SUPPLY
COMPANY, HARTZ MOUNTAIN CORPORATION,
HAVENICK ASSOCIATES, L.P., HEXCEL
CORPORATION, HEXION SPECIALTY CHEMICALS,
INC., HOFFMAN-LA ROCHE INC., HONEYWELL
INTERNATIONAL, INC., HOUGHTON INTERNATIONAL,
INC., HUDSON TOOL & DIE COMPANY, INC.,
HY-GRADE ELECTROPLATING CO., ICI AMERICAS
INC., INNOSPEC ACTIVE CHEMICALS LLC,
INX INTERNATIONAL INK CO., ISP CHEMICALS
INC., IT CORPORATION, KEARNY SMELTING
& REFINING CORP., KAO BRANDS COMPANY,
KOEHLER-BRIGHT STAR, INC., LINDDE, INC.,
LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES, INC., MACE ADHESIVES
& COATINGS COMPANY, INC., MALLINCKRODT INC.,
MERCK & CO., INC., METAL MANAGEMENT
NORTHEAST, INC., MI HOLDINGS, INC., MILLER
ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP, INC., MORTON
INTERNATIONAL, INC., N L INDUSTRIES, INC.,
NAPPWOOD LAND CORPORATION, NATIONAL
FUEL OIL, INC., NATIONAL-STANDARD, LLC,
NELL-JOY INDUSTRIES, INC., NESTLE U.S.A., INC.,
NEW JERSEY TRANSIT CORPORATION, NEWS
AMERICA INC., NEWS PUBLISHING AUSTRALIA
LIMITED, NORPAK CORPORATION, NOVELIS
CORPORATION, ORANGE AND ROCKLAND
UTILITIES, INC., OTIS ELEVATOR COMPANY,
PASSAIC PIONEERS PROPERTIES COMPANY,
PFIZER INC., PHARMACIA CORPORATION,
PHELPS DODGE INDUSTRIES, INC., PHILBRO,
INC., PITT-CON SOL CHEMICAL COMPANY,
PIVITAL UTILITY HOLDINGS, INC., PPG
INDUSTRIES, INC., PRC-DESOTO INTERNATIONAL,
INC., PRAXAIR, INC., PRECISION MANUFACTURING

                                                  A-2036-17
                             4
GROUP, LLC, PRENTISS INCORPORATED, PROCTOR
& GAMBLE MANUFACTURING COMPANY,
PRYSMIAN COMMUNICATION CABLES AND
SYSTEMS USA LLC, PSEG FOSSIL LLC, PUBLIC
SERVICE ELECTRIC AND GAS COMPANY,
PURDUE PHARMA TECHNOLOGIES, INC., QUALA
SYSTEMS, INC., QUALITY CARRIERS, INC.,
RECKITT BENCKISER, INC., REICHOLD, INC.,
REVERE SMELTING & REFINING CORPORATION,
REXAM BEVERAGE CAN COMPANY, ROMAN
ASPHALT CORPORATION, ROYCE ASSOCIATES,
A LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, R.T. VANDERBILT
COMPANY, INC., RUTHERFORD CHEMICALS LLC,
S&A REALTY ASSOCIATES, INC., SCHERING
CORPORATION, SEQUA CORPORATION, SETON
COMPANY, SIEMENS WATER TECHNOLOGIES
CORP., SINGER SEWING COMPANY, SPECTRASERV,
INC., STWB, INC., SUN CHEMICAL CORPORATION,
SVP WORLDWIDE, LLC, TATE & LYLE INGREDIENTS
AMERICAS, INC., TEV A PHARMACEUTICALS USA, INC.,
TEVAL CORP., TEXTRON, INC., THE DIAL CORPORATION,
THE DUNDEE WATERPOWER AND LAND COMPANY,
THE NEWARK GROUP, INC., THE OKONITE COMPANY,
INC., THE SHERWIN-WILLIAMS COMPANY, THE
STANLEY WORKS, THE VAL SPAR CORPORATION,
THIRTY-THREE QUEEN REALTY, INC., THREE
COUNTY VOLKSWAGEN CORPORATION, TIDEWATER
BALING CORP., TIFFANY & CO., TIMCO, INC.,
TRIMAX BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC., TROY
CHEMICAL CORPORATION, UNIVERSAL OIL
PRODUCTS COMPANY, V. OTTILIO & SONS, INC.,
VELSICOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION, VEOLIA
ES TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS, L.L.C., VERTELLUS
SPECIALTIES, INC., VITUSA CORP., VULCAN
MATERIALS COMPANY, WAS TERMINALS
CORPORATION, WAS TERMINALS, INC., W.C.
INDUSTRIES, WHITTAKERCORPORATION,
WIGGINS PLASTICS, INC., ZENECA INC.,
AMERICAN CYANAMID, BAYER CORPORATION,

                                                    A-2036-17
                             5
BAYONNE INDUSTRIES, INC., BP MARINE AMERICAS,
INC., CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.,
DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY, DURAPORT REALTY
ONE LLC, DURAPORT REALTY TWO LLC, EPEC
POLYMERS, INC., GAESS ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
INC., GATX TERMINALS CORPORATION, GOODRICH
CORPORATION, HESS CORPORATION, IMTT-BAYONNE,
KINDER MORGAN ENERGY, PARTNERS, L.P.,
MCKESSON CORPORATION, MCKESSON ENVIROSYSTEMS,
CO., SAFETY-KLEEN CORPORATION, SHULTON,
INCORPORATED, USA, SUN PIPELINE CO.,
SUN REFINING & MARKETING CO., SUN OIL CO.,
SUPERIOR MPM LLC, THOMAS & BETTS CORP.,
WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC., WYETH TRMI-H LLC,
POWER TEST REALTY CO., GETTY PROPERTIES, CORP.,
GENERAL MOTORS CORP., CYTEC INDUSTRIES,
INC., LEGACY VULCAN CORP., BAYONE MUNICIPAL
UTILTIES AUTHORITY, BOROUGH OF CARTERET,
BOROUGH OF EAST NEWARK, BOROUGH OF EAST
RUTHERFORD, BOROUGH OF ELMWOOD PARK,
BOROUGH OF FAIR LAWN, BOROUGH OF FANWOOD,
BOROUGH OF FRANKLIN LAKES, BOROUGH OF
GARWOOD, BOROUGH OF GLEN RIDGE, BOROUGH OF
GLEN ROCK, BOROUGH OF HALEDON, BOROUGH OF
HASBROUCK HEIGHTS, BOROUGH OF HAWTHORNE,
BOROUGH OF KENILWORTH, BOROUGH OF LODI,
BOROUGH OF MOUNTAINSIDE, BOROUGH OF NEW
PROVIDENCE, BOROUGH OF NORTH ARLINGTON,
BOROUGH OF NORTH CALDWELL, BOROUGH OF
NORTH HALEDON, BOROUGH OF PROSPECT PARK,
BOROUGH OF ROSELLE PARK, BOROUGH OF
RUTHERFORD, BOROUGH OF TOTOWA,
BOROUGH OF WALLINGFORD, BOROUGH OF
WEST PATERSON, BOROUGH OF WOOD-RIDGE,
CITY OF BAYONNE, CITY OF CLIFTON, CITY OF
EAST ORANGE, CITY OF ELIZABETH, CITY OF
GARFIELD, CITY OF HACKENSACK, CITY OF
JERSEY CITY, CITY OF LINDEN, CITY OF NEWARK,
CITY OF ORANGE, CITY OF PASSAIC, CITY OF

                                                  A-2036-17
                           6
PATERSON, CITY OF RAHWAY, CITYOF SUMMIT,
CITY OF UNION CITY, HOUSING AUTHORITY
OF THE CITY OF NEWARK, JERSEY CITY
MUNICIPAL UTILITIES AUTHORITY, JOINT MEETING
OF ESSEX AND UNION COUNTIES, LINDEN ROSELLE
SEWERAGE AUTHORITY, PASSAIC VALLEY
SEWERAGE COMMISSIONERS, PORT AUTHORITY OF
NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY, RAHWAY VALLEY
SEWERAGE AUTHORITY, THE NEW JERSEY
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, THE NEW JERSEY
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, THE STATE OF
NEW JERSEY, TOWNSHIP OF BELLEVILLE, TOWN
OF HARRISON, TOWN OF KEARNY, TOWN OF
NUTLEY, TOWN OF WOODBRIDGE, TOWNSHIP
OF BERKELY HEIGHTS, TOWNSHIP OF BLOOMFIELD,
TOWNSHIP OF CEDAR GROVE, TOWNSHIP OF CLARK,
TOWNSHIP OF WESTFIELD, TOWNSHIP OF CRANFORD,
TOWNSHIP OF HILLSIDE, TOWNSHIP OF IRVINGTON,
TOWNSHIP OF LITTLE FALLS, TOWNSHIP OF
LIVINGSTON, TOWNSHIP OF LYNDHURST,
TOWNSHIP OF MAPLEWOOD, TOWNSHIP OF MILLBURN,
TOWNSHIP OF MONTCLAIR, TOWNSHIP OF ORANGE,
TOWNSHIP OF SADDLE BROOK, TOWNSHIP OF SCOTCH
PLAINS, TOWNSHIP OF SOUTH HACKENSACK, TOWNSHIP
OF SOUTH ORANGE VILLAGE, TOWNSHIP OF SPRINGFIELD,
TOWNSHIP OF UNION, TOWNSHIP OF WEST ORANGE,
TOWNSHIP OF WINFIELD PARK, TOWNSHIP OF WYCOFF,
VILLAGE OF RIDGEWOOD,

    Third-Party Defendants.

         Argued December 16, 2020 – Decided December 27, 2021

         Before Judges Fuentes, Rose and Firko.

         On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
         Division, Essex County, Docket No. L-9868-05.

                                                                A-2036-17
                                  7
            Kathy D. Patrick (Gibbs & Bruns, LLP) of the Texas
            and District of Columbia bars, admitted pro hac vice,
            argued the cause for appellant Occidental Chemical
            Corporation (Archer & Greiner, Kathy D. Patrick,
            Anthony N. Kaim (Gibbs and Bruns, LLP) of the Texas
            bar, admitted pro hac vice, Denise L. Drake (Gibbs and
            Bruns, LLP) of the Texas and California bars, admitted
            pro hac vice, and Ashley McKeand Kleber (Gibbs &
            Bruns, LLP) of the Texas bar, admitted pro hac vice,
            attorneys; Kathy D. Patrick and William J. Stack, of
            counsel and on the brief; Anthony N. Kaim, Denise L.
            Drake, Ashley McKeand and John J. McDermott, on the
            briefs).

            J. Christopher Shore (White & Case, LLP) of the New
            York and Rhode Island bars, admitted pro hac vice,
            argued the cause for appellant Joseph J. Farnan, Jr., as
            liquidating trustee for the Maxus Liquidating Trust,
            (Pashman Stein Walder Hayden, and J. Christopher
            Shore, attorneys: Michael S. Stein, of counsel and on
            the briefs; David Cinotti and Timothy P. Malone on the
            briefs).

            Diane P. Sullivan argued the cause for Repsol, S.A.,
            (Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP, attorneys; Diane P.
            Sullivan and Edward Soto, (Weil, Gotshal & Manges
            LLP) of the Florida and New York bars, admitted pro
            hac vice, on the briefs).

      The opinion of the court was delivered by

FUENTES, P.J.A.D.

      We consolidate these back-to-back appeals because they represent a

continuation of the long-running environmental litigation concerning hazardous

pollution in the Passaic River and Newark Bay Complex from a chemical

                                                                        A-2036-17
                                       8
manufacturing facility in Newark.      In 2005, plaintiffs, the Department of

Environmental Protection (DEP) and other State agencies, filed suit against

several corporate entities under the Spill Compensation and Control Act (Spill

Act), N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11 to -23.24, other statutory schemes, and common law.

These corporate entities in turn filed crossclaims, counterclaims, and third-party

complaints. All defendants and third-party defendants eventually settled with

plaintiffs.

      At issue in these consolidated appeals are: (1) the crossclaims defendant

Occidental Chemical Corporation (OCC) filed against defendant Repsol, S.A.

(Repsol or Repsol-YPF, S.A.), alleging Repsol was an alter ego of its

subsidiary -- defendant Maxus Energy Corporation (Maxus Energy) and its

various affiliates (collectively, Maxus, unless individually named) -- upon

which these defendants were found liable to OCC for environmental remediation

and contract indemnification; and (2) the counterclaim Repsol filed against

OCC, seeking contribution under the Spill Act.

      The trial court ultimately found (i) Repsol, which settled with the

government plaintiffs for $65 million, was not a Spill Act discharger or alter ego

of Maxus; and (ii) OCC, which settled with the government plaintiffs for $160

million, was a discharger and, therefore, was jointly and severally liable to

Repsol for $65 million in Spill Act contribution. Because Maxus filed for

                                                                            A-2036-17
                                        9
federal bankruptcy, OCC's crossclaims against Maxus's affiliates and other

defendants were transferred to the United States Bankruptcy Court for the

District of Delaware.      The bankruptcy court thereafter approved a plan of

liquidation calling for a Liquidating Trust owned by the creditors of Maxus

(Trust), and appointed Joseph J. Farnan, Jr., as the Maxus Liquidating Trustee

(Trustee or intervenor).

      In docket number A-2036-17, OCC argues the trial court erred when it

granted summary judgment to Repsol on its Spill Act contribution counterclaim,

and when it denied OCC's motion for leave to file a supplemental crossclaim

against Repsol.    In docket number A-2038-17, the Trustee, who intervened

before the Law Division, argues the court erred when it dismissed OCC's

crossclaims alleging alter ego liability against Repsol. The Trustee also seeks

that we vacate the trial court's order dismissing OCC's fraudulent transfer

crossclaims or, alternatively, to stay the execution of the order.

      We reverse the trial court's holdings on alter ego liability in docket number

A-2038-17 and on Spill Act contribution in docket number A-2036-17, and

remand both cases. Although the court properly ruled on Delaware's alter-ego-

liability law and necessary sequential veil piercing of a complex corporate

organization, there are genuine issues of material fact that preclude summary

judgment to Repsol on alter ego liability, especially with respect to the necessary

                                                                             A-2036-17
                                       10
element of fraud. We reach the same conclusion on Repsol's contribution.

Although the trial court properly determined the legal standard of liability for

contribution under the Spill Act, there are genuine issues of material fact that

preclude any grant of summary judgment to Repsol on contribution. The court

also erred when it failed to consider the issue of contractual indemnification.

Finally, we remand to allow OCC to make an appropriate application to the trial

court to supplement its crossclaim in docket number A-2036-17.

                                        I.

                             Historical Perspective

      Between 1940 and 1951, Kolker Chemical Works purchased or leased a

chemical plant located on Lister Avenue, in the City of Newark (Lister site),

where it manufactured insecticides and herbicides. In 1951, Diamond Alkali

Company purchased Kolker, including the Lister site. Diamond Alkali used the

Lister site to manufacture chemicals, including DDT and Agent Orange.

      In 1967, Diamond Alkali merged with Shamrock Oil and Gas Company.

The then-newly formed company, Diamond Shamrock Company (old-DSC),1

created the following divisions that were not separately incorporated: (1) a

1
   The parties referred to this company as "old-DSC." They also used similar
appellations for other entities. We decided to adopt this approach in the interest
of clarity.
                                                                            A-2036-17
                                       11
chemical manufacturing division, which operated the Lister site until 1969; (2)

an oil and gas exploration and production division; (3) an oil refining and

marketing division; and (4) a coal production division.

      In 1971, old-DSC sold the Lister site to a third party, Chemicaland Corp.

Between November 22, 1976, and February 24, 1977, however, a predecessor to

appellant OCC (old-OCC), assumed temporary management and operation of

the Lister site's plant facilities. According to old-OCC's eastern division vice

president and general manager, "all costs and expenses associated with the

management of the plant which were incurred [during that time would] be settled

by [OCC]." The Lister site was abandoned in February 1977. In April 1982,

old-OCC changed its name to Occidental Chemical Agricultural Products, Inc.

      From 1983 through 1984, old-DSC went through a corporate

reorganization resulting in a new Delaware-incorporated parent holding

company, also named Diamond Shamrock Corporation (DSC).                  DSC's

management decided to form separate, wholly owned, operating subsidiaries for

each of its business assets: (1) Diamond Shamrock Chemicals Company

(DSCC), which conducted all of DSC's and old-DSC's chemical concerns; (2)

Diamond Shamrock Refining and Marketing Company, which conducted DSC's

refining and marketing; (3) Diamond Shamrock Coal Company; and (4)

                                                                          A-2036-17
                                      12
Diamond Shamrock Corporate Company, which provided oversight and control

of the Lister site.

      In September 1984, the Lister site and surrounding properties were listed

as federal superfund sites together with the Passaic River and Newark Bay . As

noted by the courts in New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection v.

Occidental Chemical Corp., No. A-0067-11 (App. Div. Apr. 24, 2012) (slip op.

at 13), and Diamond Shamrock Chemicals Co. v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co.,

258 N.J. Super. 167, 213 (App. Div. 1992), it is undisputed that the owners or

users of the chemical manufacturing site on Lister Avenue knew about the

release of hazardous materials from the plant and the migration of these

substances to the surrounding areas.

           The Stock Purchase Agreement - Creation of Corporations

      DSCC reacquired ownership of the abandoned Lister site in August 1986

and transferred it to Diamond Shamrock Chemical Land Holdings, Inc., an

insolvent land holding company. Pursuant to a stock purchase agreement (SPA)

dated September 4, 1986, DSC sold all its outstanding stock in DSCC and its

chemical-related subsidiaries to Oxy-Diamond Alkali Corporation (Oxy-

Diamond), a subsidiary of Occidental Petroleum Corporation (OPC).         This

agreement did not include sale of the Lister site.

                                                                         A-2036-17
                                       13
      The SPA was governed by Delaware's laws.                     It contained an

indemnification clause whereby DSC agreed to indemnify, defend, and hold

harmless the buyer for all losses, including any environmental remediation

liabilities, arising out of a list of "Inactive Sites," which included the Lister site.

      Section 9.03(a) of the SPA stated:

             Seller [DSC] shall indemnify, defend and hold harmless
             each of OPC, [Occidental Chemical Holding Corp.],
             Buyer [Oxi-Diamond], each of the DSCC Companies
             and each Pass-Through Purchaser, each of their
             respective subsidiaries and affiliates and each of their
             respective       directors,    officers,  agents     and
             representatives, from and against any and all claims,
             demands or suits (by any Entity, including, without
             limitation, any Governmental Agency), losses,
             liabilities, damages, obligations, payments, costs and
             expenses, paid or incurred, whether or not relating to,
             resulting from or arising out of any Third Party
             Claim . . . and whether for property damage, natural
             resource damage, . . . governmental fines or
             penalties . . . , pollution, threat to the environment,
             environmental remediation, or otherwise (individually
             and collectively "Indemnifiable Losses") relating to,
             resulting from or arising out of any of the following:

                    ....

             (iv) the "Inactive Sites" (which for purposes of this
             Agreement, shall mean those former chemical plants
             and commercial waste disposal sites listed on Schedule
             9.03(a)(iv) and all other properties which were
             previously, but which, as of the Closing Date, are not,
             owned, leased, operated or used in connection with the
             business or operations of any Diamond Company,
             including, without limitation, any DSCC Company, or

                                                                                A-2036-17
                                         14
any predecessor-in-interest thereof), including, without
limitation, any matter relating to any of the Inactive
Sites for which (A) any Diamond Company (including,
without limitation, any DSCC Company) on or prior to
the Closing Date agreed to indemnify, defend or hold
harmless any Entity, or (B) any Diamond Company
may otherwise be held liable;

      ....

(viii) the Historical Obligations and any other
obligations or liabilities (absolute or contingent) of any
Diamond Company (including, without limitation, any
DSCC Company prior to the Closing) or any
predecessor-in-interest thereof or of any DSCC
Company unrelated to the Chemicals Business,
including, without limitation, obligations and liabilities
arising out of, resulting from or incurred in connection
with, any ownership, use or operation of the business
or assets of any Diamond Company other than a DSCC
Company, whether before or after the Closing
Date . . . .

      ....

(b) Buyer shall indemnify, defend and hold harmless
each of the Diamond Companies (other than the DSCC
Companies) and each of their respective subsidiaries
and affiliates . . . from and against any and all
Indemnifiable Losses relating to, resulting from or
arising out of any of the following:

      ....

(ii) any obligations or liabilities of Buyer or any
subsidiary of Buyer (other than any DSCC Company)
prior to the Closing Date . . . .

                                                             A-2036-17
                           15
      Also, Section 12.11 of the SPA required the seller, DSC, to use "its best

efforts" to obtain a release from liability for each of the DSCC companies in any

litigation involving sites covered by indemnification.

      Finally, Section 12.03 (Successors) stated:

            This Agreement and all of the provisions hereof shall
            be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties
            hereto and their respective successors and permitted
            assigns, but neither this Agreement nor any of the
            rights, interests or obligations hereunder shall be
            assigned by any of the parties hereto without the prior
            written consent of the other parties, except (a) that
            without any such prior written consent, Buyer may
            assign any or all of its rights, interests and obligations
            hereunder to any directly or indirectly wholly owned
            subsidiary of OPC, provided, however, that, any such
            subsidiary agrees in writing to be bound by all of the
            terms, conditions and provisions contained herein and
            that each of Buyer, OPC and Oxy Chem shall remain
            liable under its respective obligations set forth in this
            Agreement . . . .

      After the stock purchase in November 1987, DSCC changed its name to

Occidental Electrochemicals Corp., and merged with Oxy-Diamond, forming

OCC, a corporation organized under New York's laws with its principal place of

business in Texas. Seven months earlier, in April 1987, DSC spun off the

outstanding stock to its subsidiary, Diamond Shamrock Refining and Marketing

Co., and changed its name to Maxus Energy, a corporation organized under the

laws of Delaware with its principal place of business in Texas. DSC's Diamond

                                                                           A-2036-17
                                       16
Shamrock Corporate Company thereafter changed its name to Maxus Corporate

Company in 1988 and later merged into Maxus Energy.

      At that time, Maxus shared the continuity of management, personnel,

physical locations, assets, and general business operations with old-DSC, as well

as a continuity of ownership and shareholders.            Maxus operated as an

independent international oil and gas exploration and production company from

1987 to 1995.

      In the interim, Diamond Shamrock Chemical Land Holdings, Inc., owner

of the Lister site, had changed its name to Chemical Land Holdings, Inc., and

then to defendant Tierra Solutions, Inc. (Tierra), a corporation created by and

affiliated with Maxus, a corporate entity organized under laws of Delaware, with

its principal place of business in New Jersey. Tierra currently owns the Lister

site. Maxus Energy and Tierra originally "spent nearly $240 million in projects

associated with the investigation and remediation of the Lister Site . . . ." and its

surrounding waterways.

      In March 1995, defendant YPF, S.A., an Argentinian state-owned oil

company, and its affiliates (collectively YPF, unless individually named),

purchased Maxus in a cash tender sale with Maxus funding its own acquisition

through a series of loan transactions owed to YPF. At that time, Maxus was a

                                                                              A-2036-17
                                        17
"huge oil and gas exploration and production company with over $2.9 billion in

total assets . . . and $860 million in stockholder equity."

      Following its acquisition in 1996, Maxus underwent an internal global

reorganization and began selling the common stock in its international oil and

gas divisions to defendant YPF Holdings, Inc. (YPF Holdings), a new

corporation created that year by YPF, S.A., and organized under the laws of

Delaware. Three senior YPF executives sat on Maxus's eight-member board of

directors. YPF Holdings then created a new Delaware corporation, defendant

CLH Holdings, Inc. (CLH Holdings), which bought and held Tierra.

      YPF, S.A., thereafter, replaced Maxus's commercial debt with $1.4 billion

in YPF-held loans. Between 1996 and 1997, YPF, S.A., conducted a global

restructuring, transferring Maxus's most valuable international exploration and

production assets, including its assets in Bolivia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and

Indonesia, to its own subsidiary holding company, defendant YPF International,

Ltd. (YPF Int'l), incorporated in the Cayman Islands. These transfers decreased

Maxus's assets from $2.9 billion to less than $1 billion and significantly reduced

Maxus's revenue streams. YPF employed Maxus's personnel to manage the

transferred assets through a new subsidiary, Maxus Management Group.

      Repsol was created in 1987, when Spain merged two state-controlled oil

companies and incorporated their divisions regarding exploration, refining,

                                                                            A-2036-17
                                       18
petrochemicals and natural gas. Repsol was fully privatized in 1997. In 1999,

Repsol purchased full control of YPF's stock. At that time, Maxus had $961

million in assets. The union of Repsol and YPF was named Repsol-YPF, S.A.

      After the sale, Repsol caused YPF to direct Maxus to sell its remaining

assets, including its interest in Crescendo Resources, Stormy Monday, and

Tiger/North Bronto. This caused a ninety-eight percent decline in Maxus's total

revenues.   By 2009, Maxus consisted of:      (1) Maxus Energy, whose only

business operations were to collect revenue from its remaining onshore oil and

gas royalty interests, comply with environmental remediation obligations,

provide general and administrative services for its subsidiaries, and manage

litigation on behalf of itself and OCC; (2) Tierra, whose business consisted

solely of managing Maxus Energy's and its own environmental liabilities; and

(3) various related special purpose entities, such as Maxus (U.S.) Exploration

Company, which held a non-operating interest in the Neptune prospectus, a large

European exploration and production company, and Gateway Coal Company,

whose business was limited to the administration of retiree benefits for its

former employees and their dependents.

      From 2009 through early 2016, Maxus and Tierra became entirely

dependent on Repsol for financial support to meet their daily obligations and

environmental liabilities.   Despite its inactivity, Maxus Energy met its

                                                                         A-2036-17
                                     19
environmental liability obligations under the SPA during this time. This ended

in 2012, when the government of Argentina expropriated Repsol's interest in

YPF.

                                       II.

                     Underlying Environmental Litigation

       In November 2005, plaintiffs brought this civil action against OCC,

Repsol, YPF, Maxus, and Tierra pursuant to the Spill Act, the Water Pollution

Control Act, N.J.S.A. 58:10A-1 to -73, the New Jersey Uniform Fraudulent

Transfer Act, N.J.S.A. 25:2-20 to -36, and New Jersey's common law. Plaintiffs

amended their complaint multiple times thereafter. Plaintiffs alleged DSC, its

predecessors and successors, including OCC and/or Maxus, deliberately

discharged hazardous chemicals from the Lister site into the surrounding

waterways, and that Maxus, Tierra, YPF, and Repsol orchestrated and

implemented a strategy to delay and impede the clean-up and strand the

associated liabilities in Maxus and Tierra.

       Plaintiffs further alleged Maxus and YPF devised a scheme, which was

orchestrated and implemented through their subsidiaries and affiliated

companies, and later by Repsol and its subsidiaries, "all acting as alter egos of

one another," to transfer Maxus's valuable and most profitable assets and

holdings to affiliated companies outside of Maxus's chain of ownership, thereby

                                                                           A-2036-17
                                      20
leaving no independent ability to satisfy their environmental liabilities and

causing damage to human health and the environment.

      In October 2008, OCC filed a responsive pleading denying liability and

asserting several affirmative defenses and crossclaims. Maxus and Tierra filed

their own answers denying liability and asserting counterclaims, and four third-

party complaints against approximately 250 public and private parties seeking

contribution and other forms of relief pursuant to the Spill Act and the Joint

Tortfeasors Contribution Law (JTCL), N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-1 to -5. They alleged

the named third-party defendants also made hazardous discharges into the

impacted areas and were thus liable in contribution to pay a proportionate,

equitable share of damages. The third-party defendants filed answers denying

liability and asserting various affirmative defenses.

      The judge assigned to manage these complex, multifaceted cases

organized the action into various phases and tracks, issued numerous case

management orders, and appointed a special master. On July 19, 2011, the judge

granted, in part, plaintiffs' motions for summary judgment against OCC and

Maxus. The judge held only OCC was "strictly, jointly and severally liable

under the [Spill Act] for all past cleanup and removal costs incurred by

[p]laintiffs associated with the discharges of hazardous substances . . ." and "for

all future cleanup and removal costs . . . ." In his oral decision, the judge found

                                                                             A-2036-17
                                       21
undisputed that old-DSC and DSCC had discharged hazardous substances and

were strictly liable to plaintiffs under the Spill Act, and OCC was "the

undisputed legal . . . successor by merger with DSCC, [and] . . . they [were]

responsible for the liabilities of [old-DSC]." However, the judge did not make

any determinations concerning the types or quantities of hazardous substances

that were discharged into the waterways, causation, or whether there was a nexus

between releases from the Lister site and any contamination detected in the

sediments or nearby waterways.

      On August 24, 2011, the court granted OCC's motion for partial summary

judgment against Maxus.      The motion judge held Maxus was required to

indemnify OCC "for any costs, losses and liabilities that may be incurred by

[OCC]" as a result of its "acquisition of [DSCC]." In his oral decision, the judge

found it was undisputed that OCC was the "successor" to DSCC's environmental

Spill Act liability, which "would be the amount of indemnification" OCC could

receive from Maxus, and that Tierra was also "strictly liable" for

indemnification.

      On May 21, 2012, the court: (1) denied summary judgment motions by

plaintiffs and OCC seeking to establish that Maxus was a successor at law or in

equity to Diamond Alkali, old-DSC, and/or DSCC; (2) granted plaintiffs'

summary judgment motion, holding "Maxus [was] the alter ego of Tierra" and,

                                                                            A-2036-17
                                       22
as a result, both were "a person in any way responsible under the Spill Act . . ."

based solely on Tierra having acquired ownership of the Lister site in 1986; (3)

denied plaintiffs' summary judgment motion seeking to establish that they had a

direct claim against Maxus as third-party beneficiaries of the SPA or as the

"bond, insurer or any other person providing evidence of financial

responsibility" pursuant to N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11s; (4) held that plaintiffs had

"standing to enforce Maxus' indemnity obligations to OCC under the SPA"; and

(5) granted plaintiffs' and OCC's summary judgment motions, holding that

Maxus was a person "in any way responsible under the Spill Act" because it was

the alter ego of Tierra.

      OCC filed a second amended crossclaim in September 2012, seeking

contractual and common law indemnification from all crossclaim defendants

under the SPA pursuant to alter ego liability. It sought indemnification from

Maxus under the same theories of liability because, as alter egos of each other,

all crossclaim defendants constituted "a Cohesive Economic Unit." OCC sued

Repsol and YPF for tortious interference, fraudulent transfers with contract, and

unjust enrichment. OCC also sought contribution under the Spill Act against all

crossclaim defendants, along with statutory contribution under the JTCL and the

Comparative Negligence Act, N.J.S.A. 2A:15-5.1 to -5.8. OCC further alleged

a civil conspiracy stemming from Maxus's transfer of substantially all its assets

                                                                            A-2036-17
                                       23
to YPF affiliates, and later to Repsol affiliates.     According to OCC, all

crossclaim defendants contrived to isolate the environmental liabilities owed to

OCC under the SPA. Finally, OCC claimed the crossclaim defendants breached

their fiduciary duty, and included a derivative claim on behalf of insolvent

Maxus against Repsol, YPF, YPF Holdings and YPF Int'l.

                                      III.

      In December 2013, plaintiffs settled their causes of action and damage

claims against Repsol, YPF, Maxus, Tierra, YPF Holdings, and YPF Int'l. As

part of the court-approved settlement agreement, both Repsol and Maxus/YPF

each agreed to pay $65 million, while preserving their statutory rights to seek

contribution from OCC. That same year, plaintiffs also settled their claims

against third-party defendants. In July 2014, OCC filed its third and fourth

amended crossclaims, which were struck by the court in October 2014.

      In December 2014, one year after plaintiffs settled with Repsol, YPF, and

Maxus/Tierra, OCC entered into a consent judgment through which OCC agreed

to pay $190 million.2 The settlement did not provide OCC with any contribution

protection. On December 14, 2014, the court approved the settlement and

2
  The $190 million settlement was payable in three installments: $70 million
by January 15, 2015; $60 million by March 15, 2015; and $60 million by June
15, 2015.

                                                                          A-2036-17
                                      24
dismissed plaintiffs' action against OCC. By 2015, all parties had settled with

plaintiffs without admitting any fact, fault, or liability. Specifically, in addition

to OCC, Repsol settled for $65 million; Maxus and/or YPF settled for $65

million; and the third-party defendants settled for tens of millions collectively.

      On January 29, 2015, the court dismissed all of OCC's second amended

crossclaims against Repsol, except the counts based on indemnification, alter

ego liability, and contractual indemnification through alter ego liability . The

indemnification count remained because the court granted OCC's motion for

partial summary judgment on this claim in August 2011, and held Maxus was

required to indemnify OCC. The court also found OCC's claims of breach-of-

contract and indemnification, based on alter ego liability, had been sufficiently

pleaded. The court, however, dismissed OCC's other crossclaims as untimely.

      In February 2015, Repsol filed an answer to OCC's second amended

crossclaim denying liability, raising affirmative defenses, and including two

counts of counterclaims. Repsol alleged in its counterclaims: OCC owed

Repsol contribution of $65 million under N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11f(2)(a) of the

Spill Act; and OCC was unjustly enriched when Repsol paid the $65 million

settlement to plaintiffs.

      On November 2, 2015, OCC moved for partial summary judgment on its

indemnification crossclaim against Maxus, and for summary judgment to

                                                                               A-2036-17
                                        25
dismiss Repsol's two-count counterclaim. Repsol responded and filed its own

cross-motion to dismiss OCC's claims based on the alter ego of Maxus. OCC

also sought leave to file a supplemental crossclaim against codefendants for

tortious interference with Maxus's contractual obligation under the SPA to use

its "best efforts" to obtain settlement releases for OCC.

      Based on the recommendations of the special master, on April 5, 2016,

the trial court: (1) granted OCC's motion for partial summary judgment against

Maxus, holding OCC was entitled to indemnification from Maxus for its own

conduct at the Lister site before it signed the SPA; (2) granted in part OCC's

motion for summary judgment, dismissed Repsol's unjust enrichment

counterclaim, and found Repsol was entitled to proceed with its Spill Act

contribution claim; (3) granted Repsol's motion for summary judgment against

OCC, dismissed the claims of alter ego liability, and held Repsol was not the

alter ego of Maxus as a matter of law; (4) denied YPF's motion for summary

judgment against OCC, declined to dismiss OCC's claims of alter ego liability

against YPF in OCC's second amended crossclaim; and (5) denied OCC's motion

for leave to file its supplemental crossclaim against codefendants.        On

May 27, 2016, Repsol moved for summary judgment on its Spill Act

contribution counterclaim against OCC.

                                                                        A-2036-17
                                       26
      On June 17, 2016, the last business day before trial was scheduled to

begin, Maxus, Tierra, and their subsidiaries and affiliates, filed for Chapter 11

bankruptcy. In re Maxus Energy Corp., 560 B.R. 111, 114-15 (Bankr. D.

Del. 2016). On June 20, 2016, OCC moved in the bankruptcy court to transfer

venue of the environmental litigation from the New Jersey court. At that point,

the environmental litigation consisted of: (1) OCC's second amended crossclaim

against YPF and Repsol, alleging they were alter egos of Maxus; and (2)

Repsol's counterclaim against OCC for Spill Act contribution.                 On

June 26, 2016, the bankruptcy court granted OCC's motion. On November 16,

2016, the bankruptcy court granted Repsol's motion to remand to the Law

Division its contribution counterclaim against OCC and OCC's alter ego

crossclaim against it. Id. at 129

      On May 22, 2017, the bankruptcy court approved Maxus’s Amended Plan

of Liquidation with an effective date of July 14, 2017, and created the Trust to

represent the interests of Maxus's creditors. In August 2017, the bankruptcy

court ruled on all rights to pursue the claims belonging to Maxus and its

affiliated debtors. OCC's crossclaims against Repsol were an asset of Maxus's

bankruptcy estate and passed to the Trust as of the date of bankruptcy . Thus,

the Trust had standing to sue on those claims.

                                                                           A-2036-17
                                      27
      On October 19, 2017, the court granted Repsol's motion for summary

judgment on its Spill Act contribution counterclaim against OCC and ordered

OCC to pay Repsol $65 million as a matter of law. On November 17, 2017, the

judge granted the Trustee's motion to intervene in the environmental litigation

remanded from the bankruptcy court.

      On November 22, 2017, the judge entered a final judgment awarding

Repsol $65 million in damages and costs against OCC and incorporating his

previous orders. On January 8, 2018, OCC filed its notice of appeal from the

judge's final judgment, docket number A-2036-17. Intervenor filed his notice

of appeal on the same day, docket number A-2038-17.3

                                       IV.

      Intervenor argues the motion judge erred when he granted summary

judgment to Repsol on OCC's alter ego liability claims in its second amended

crossclaim. Intervenor thus urges us to vacate the judgment of the trial court

and remand for further proceedings on OCC's alter ego crossclaims. Although

3
  On June 13, 2018, the Trust filed a complaint in the bankruptcy court against
Repsol, YPF, CLH, and their affiliates, seeking $14 billion for claims asserting
alter ego liability and corporate veil piercing, actual and constructive fraudulent
transfers and conveyances to avoid Maxus's environmental liability obligations,
unjust enrichment, and civil conspiracy. On March 15, 2019, the bankruptcy
court denied Repsol's motion to abstain from deciding those claims or abstain
due to lack of jurisdiction. In re Maxus Energy Corp., 597 B.R. 235, 240, 248
(Bankr. D. Del. 2019).
                                                                             A-2036-17
                                       28
the motion judge correctly ruled on Delaware's alter ego liability law, we are

satisfied there are genuine issues of material fact concerning Respol's alter ego

liability to preclude the resolution of this issue via summary judgment. As the

Supreme Court has reaffirmed, "appeals are taken from orders and judgments

and not from opinions, oral decisions, informal written decisions, or reasons

given for the ultimate conclusion." Hayes v. Delamotte, 231 N.J. 373, 387

(2018) (quoting Do-Wop Corp. v. City of Rahway, 168 N.J. 191, 199 (2001)).

We are thus compelled to reverse.

      The trial court's decision to grant a motion for summary judgment is

strictly based on the standard the Supreme Court codified in Rule 4:46-2(c),

which provides summary judgment should be granted "if the pleadings,

depositions, answers to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the

affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact

challenged and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment or order as a

matter of law." Because the trial court's decision to grant summary judgment is

purely a legal determination, our standard of review is de novo. We thus give

"no special deference to the legal determinations of the trial court." Templo

Fuente De Vida Corp. v. Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, 224 N.J. 189,

199 (2016) (citing Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp. Comm. of Manalapan, 140

N.J. 366, 378 (1995)).

                                                                           A-2036-17
                                      29
                                       A.

      In its second amended crossclaim, OCC alleged YPF "devised the

scheme" to deplete Maxus's assets, and Repsol had "condoned and continued

this [fraudulent] scheme" after acquiring a controlling interest in YPF. OCC

claimed all the crossclaim defendants were "alter egos of each other and together

constitute[d] a Cohesive Economic Unit" responsible for Maxus's obligations.

They had "the same contractual obligations as Maxus under the SPA, including,

but not limited to, the obligations to defend, indemnify, and hold harmless

[OCC] pursuant to and in accordance with the SPA." If those entities were found

to be alter egos or part of a cohesive economic unit with Maxus, OCC argued

all of the crossclaim defendants would be contractually liable to pay any

judgment or other relief OCC obtained against Maxus.

      None of the parties object to the application of Delaware law. However,

"[w]hen New Jersey is the forum state, its choice-of-law rules control." Fairfax

Fin. Holdings Ltd. v. S.A.C. Cap. Mgmt., LLC, 450 N.J. Super. 1, 34

(App. Div. 2017).    Our courts generally look to the laws of the state of

incorporation when deciding internal corporate disputes. O'Brien v. Virginia-

Carolina Chem. Corp., 44 N.J. 25, 39 (1965); Brotherton v. Celotex Corp., 202

N.J. Super. 148, 154 n.1 (Law Div. 1985).

                                                                           A-2036-17
                                      30
      In November 2015, OCC moved for summary judgment on Repsol's

contribution counterclaim. Repsol responded and filed a cross-motion arguing

it was not the alter ego of Maxus. Repsol asserted: (1) OCC did not meet the

standards under Delaware law for piercing the corporate veil and holding Repsol

liable for Maxus's environmental liabilities; and (2) the statute of repose barred

OCC's alter ego claims for the alleged fraudulent transfers forming the basis of

those claims. Repsol argued OCC could not prove Maxus was a sham, existing

as a vehicle for Repsol to cause fraud or injustice, or that Repsol had any control

over Maxus in 1996 or 1997, when OCC alleged it was harmed from fraudulent

transfers. According to Repsol, OCC "cannot show Repsol's alleged dominance

and control in any way contributed to an injury that happened years before

Repsol was even there." Stated differently, OCC cannot get past YPF.

      OCC argued Repsol, after it purchased YPF, had directly stripped the

remaining assets of Maxus and YPF Int'l, which harmed OCC's chances for

indemnification or contribution. It asserted Repsol had completely dominated

those entities and forced them to sell Maxus's last assets in sham transactions.

OCC maintained:      "[T]here's not a factual dispute really that once Repsol

acquired Maxus, Maxus went from having nearly a billion dollars in assets and

positive shareholder equity to hav[ing] less than $100 million in assets and being

way underwater."     OCC argued it did not have to pierce the veil of any

                                                                             A-2036-17
                                       31
intermediary companies to hold Repsol liable as an alter ego of Maxus; any

possibility YPF could pay for Maxus's contractual liabilities under the SPA did

not absolve Repsol from its own alter ego liability. OCC also maintained there

would be a disputed issue of fact for trial if the court insisted it prove Repsol

had abused the corporate form of every intermediary to Maxus.

      On April 5, 2016, the judge granted summary judgment and dismissed

OCC's alter ego crossclaims against Repsol. He based his ruling on the special

master's January 14, 2016 recommendation. The special master recommended

the court grant Repsol's motion because, despite resolving all factual disputes in

OCC's favor, OCC had failed to meet the legal requirements for establishing

Repsol had any "alter ego liability," which extended to Maxus. She thus found

no need to reach Repsol's second argument predicated on the statute of repose.

      The special master made two preliminary "procedural" determinations:

(1) she would resolve "all factual disputes in OCC's favor"; and (2) she would

assume, "without deciding, that Maxus and YPF[] [Int'l] (sister corporations)

[were] alter egos of one another" under YPF's umbrella.

      The special master found Delaware's law was "similar to that in New

Jersey." As she explained: "A plaintiff is entitled to pierce the corporate veil

by establishing (1) that the subsidiary is a mere instrumentality dominated by

the parent company, and (2) that the parent abused the corporate form in a

                                                                            A-2036-17
                                       32
manner that caused a fraud or injustice." Although an "alter ego liability"

determination is "typically a jury question," the special master found the

following "key legal question" had to be answered first:

            Must OCC pierce the corporate veils of each corporate
            entity in the chain between Repsol and Maxus? In its
            papers, OCC does not set out any basis to pierce the
            corporate veils of each corporate entity in the chain
            between Repsol and YPF. The question, then, is
            whether it must.

      In the absence of controlling precedent, the special master noted courts

have reached different decisions. She thus compared cases decided by North

Dakota, New York, and Delaware federal bankruptcy courts. She found each

jurisdiction required the party seeking to pierce the corporate veil do so at each

level or layer of ownership within the corporate structure. The special master

pointed to In re Heritage Organization, LLC, 413 B.R. 438, 514-15 (Bankr. N.D.

Tex. 2009), wherein the bankruptcy court applied Delaware law and found the

party seeking to pierce the corporate veil could not simply collapse the corporate

empire's chain and perform the veil piercing test on one entity. It had to do so

at each layer of ownership.

      In this light, the special master rejected OCC's reliance on In re Moll

Industries, Inc., 454 B.R. 574, 587 (Bankr. D. Del. 2011), in which the court

declined to apply the veil-piercing requirement to each level of the corporate

                                                                            A-2036-17
                                       33
structure. She explained the party seeking to apply alter ego liability in Moll

was "not seeking to hold any of the intermediaries liable," that is, was not

seeking "global collapse of the corporate structure."

      Here, OCC was asking the court "to collapse the entire corporate structure

and make multiple intermediaries responsible for Maxus's liabilities." The

special master found OCC "present[ed] little basis for doing so."           She

determined there was insufficient evidence to justify disregarding the corporate

form. She explained:

            Nothing in the evidence suggests that Repsol created a
            series of shell corporations to make it more difficult for
            OCC to recover. Nor does OCC present evidence that
            YPF would be unable to meet Maxus's indemnity
            obligations. Moreover, OCC fails to present any
            authority for the proposition that Delaware law would
            allow a party seeking to pierce the corporate veil to skip
            over a solvent corporation in the corporate chain, or for
            that matter, that Delaware law would condone veil
            piercing on a global basis.

The special master concluded:

            Despite the heavy burden for piercing the corporate
            veil, OCC asks the Court to ignore corporate
            separateness without providing any equitable basis for
            doing so. Nor does it provide an equitable basis for
            departing from the traditional rule, which requires veil
            piercing at each level. For example, OCC provides no
            evidence that YPF is insolvent or that it would not be
            in a position to pay Maxus's indemnity obligations. Nor
            does it point to any basis for collapsing the corporate
            structure that separates Repsol and Maxus. Given the

                                                                          A-2036-17
                                       34
            exceptional nature of the veil-piercing remedy, OCC
            was obliged to show some type of inequity. It fails to
            do so. Therefore[,] Repsol is entitled to summary
            judgment on this issue. There is simply no basis to
            disregard the general rule requiring parties to satisfy the
            veil-piercing requirements at each level of the
            corporate ladder.

      The court followed this line of reasoning and dismissed OCC's alter ego

claims against Repsol.

                                        B.

      Intervenor argues the court erred when it held sequential veil piercing is

the general rule required under Delaware law. Intervenor explains OCC opposed

Repsol's motion for summary judgment on theories that do not require the

collapse of the entire corporate structure. Although OCC alleged the crossclaim

defendants were all alter egos of each other, it also pleaded Repsol had directly

stripped assets from Maxus and stole assets from YPF Int'l, Maxus's alter ego.

According to intervenor, the relevant question is whether Repsol and Maxus

were alter egos of one another because Repsol used its control over Maxus to

cause a fraud or injustice to OCC.

      Intervenor further argues OCC was not required to prove YPF's assets

were insufficient to satisfy a judgment. Quoting Verni ex rel. Burstein v. Harry

M. Stevens, Inc., intervenor claims alter ego liability in New Jersey is an issue

of fact for the jury "unless there is no evidence sufficient to justify disregard of

                                                                              A-2036-17
                                        35
the corporate form." 387 N.J. Super. 160, 199 (App. Div. 2006). Consequently,

there was sufficient disputed evidence in the record to show triable issues of fact

as to whether Repsol's stripping of Maxus's assets prevented OCC from fully

enforcing its indemnification rights.

      Under Delaware law, "alter ego claims are common law claims," In re

Verizon Ins. Coverage Appeals, 222 A.3d 566, 577 (Del. 2019) (citations

omitted), and veil piercing is a doctrine of equity, Sonne v. Sacks, 314 A.2d 194,

197 (Del. 1973) (holding piercing the corporate veil could only be done in

Delaware's Court of Chancery). Where a subsidiary corporation is found to be

a mere instrumentality of the parent corporation for liability purposes, "the alter

ego doctrine is used to pierce the corporate veil when a corporation has created

'a sham entity designed to defraud investors and creditors.'" Verizon, 222 A.3d

at 577 (quoting Crosse v. BCBSD, Inc., 836 A.2d 492, 497 (Del. 2003)).

      To establish alter ego liability under Delaware law, OCC must prove two

elements: (1) the parent and subsidiary operated as a single economic entity as

shown by exclusive domination and control; and (2) the corporate structure

caused a fraud, contravention of law or contract, public wrong, or similar

injustice. Wallace ex rel. Cencom Cable Income Partners II, Inc., L.P. v. Wood,

752 A.2d 1175, 1183 (Del. Ch. 1999). However, equitable "standards are not

carved in stone for all cases because a court of equity must necessarily have the

                                                                             A-2036-17
                                        36
flexibility to deal with varying circumstances and issues." Nixon v.Blackwell,

626 A.2d 1366, 1378 (Del. 1993).

      "To state a 'veil-piercing claim,' the plaintiff must plead facts supporting

an inference that the corporation, through its alter ego, has created a sham entity

designed to defraud investors and creditors." Crosse, 836 A.2d at 497 (footnote

omitted); see also Wallace, 752 A.2d at 1184 (holding, to pierce corporate veil

under alter ego theory, "the corporation must be a sham and exist for no other

purpose than as a vehicle for fraud."). The plaintiff, nonetheless, need not prove

that the corporation was created with fraud or unfairness in mind; it is sufficient

to prove that it was so used.

      Delaware's state courts, however, have not squarely decided the issue of

sequential veil piercing of a multi-level corporate structure for alter ego liability

purposes.     In Outokumpu Engineering Enterprises., Inc. v. Kvaerner

EnviroPower, Inc., 685 A.2d 724, 729 (Del. Super. Ct. 1996), the court endorsed

sequential veil-piercing among subsidiaries for personal jurisdictional purposes.

      Here, the parties in their briefs and the special master's recommendation

cite extensively to various other jurisdictions to prove their respective positions

and to report a nationwide consensus on sequential veil piercing. Most of the

cases cited are unpublished opinions which this court cannot consider as a matter

of law. R. 1:36-3. Despite the absence of controlling precedent from the

                                                                               A-2036-17
                                        37
Delaware state courts, we agree with intervenor in this respect. To hold Repsol

liable under an alter ego theory, OCC only needs to show (1) the parent and

subsidiary operated as a single economic entity, as shown by exclusive

domination and control after 1999, and (2) there was fraud or contravention of

law or contract or similar injustice during that time.     YPF's own alter ego

liability between 1995 and 1999 would not enter that analysis.       There are

genuine issues of material fact, which preclude the grant of summary judgment

on the alter ego liability of Repsol. Because the motion judge did not properly

consider these facts, we reverse.

      The judge relied only on whether OCC could prove YPF was insolvent

and found OCC had not provided any "equitable basis" for ignoring the

corporate separateness between Repsol and Maxus.           Under Delaware law,

however, insolvency is just one of the relevant factors in veil piercing cases.

Moreover, the motion court did not conduct a fact-specific inquiry to determine

whether Maxus was entirely dominated by Repsol after its 1999 purchase or

whether it existed independently at any time. He did not consider evidence

regarding the companies' operations, adherence to other corporate formalities,

maintenance of corporate records, or capital. These are the factors Delaware's

courts consider in determining dominance and control. Equally problematic, the

judge did not address the element of fraud or injustice.

                                                                         A-2036-17
                                      38
      When considered in the light most favorable to OCC, the record shows

genuine issues of material fact exist. The factfinder must determine: (1) whether

Repsol dominated and controlled Maxus; and (2) whether there was fraud from

an inequitable use of the corporate form to avoid liability under the SPA's

indemnification clause for the hazardous discharges of Maxus's predecessor .

Based on this decision on alter ego, we also reverse the judge's decision to

allocate one hundred percent contribution liability to OCC. The trial court's

allocation analysis was premised on its finding Repsol was not Maxus's alter

ego. If a factfinder determines Repsol is Maxus's alter ego, and Maxus owes

indemnification to OCC under the SPA, Repsol cannot maintain a contribution

action against OCC as a matter of law.

      While OCC and Repsol would be separately liable parties to plaintiffs in

a Spill Act recovery action, and to the other settling defendants in a Spill Act

contribution action, they are co- or joint tortfeasors to each other as they are

both successors under DSC's corporate umbrella, thus sharing DSC's common

liability. OCC's predecessor, DSCC, purchased DSC's chemical businesses

stock under the SPA while the remainder of DSC's stock, along with its oil and

gas concerns, changed their name to Repsol's predecessor, Maxus. Maxus

agreed in the SPA to indemnify DSCC.

                                                                           A-2036-17
                                      39
                                        V.

      For the first time on appeal, Intervenor petitions this court to vacate the

trial court's order dismissing OCC's fraudulent transfer crossclaim against

Repsol as moot or, alternatively, to stay the order. Intervenor does not challenge

the merits of the order. Instead, he asserts OCC cannot appeal the ruling, since

those fraudulent transfer crossclaims were lost as of the date of Maxus's

bankruptcy, precluding OCC's standing to assert them on appeal. Accordingly,

intervenor asks this court to prevent an unfair prejudice by asserting original

jurisdiction and exercise our equity powers to fashion an equitable remedy by

either vacating as moot the court's order or staying the appeal of that order.

      We decline to take such extraordinary measures. To understand the basis

of our decision, a brief recitation of the background of this issue is warranted.

      Effective November 18, 2002,4 N.J.S.A. 25:2-31 provides:

            A cause of action with respect to a fraudulent transfer
            or obligation under this article is extinguished unless
            action is brought:

                  a. Under subsection a. of [N.J.S.A.] 25:2-25,
            within four years after the transfer was made or the
            obligation was incurred or, if later, within one year after
            the transfer or obligation was discovered by the
            claimant;

4
   Although this statute was again amended by L. 2021, c. 92, § 12, effective
August 10, 2021, the 2002 amendments were controlling at the time of the
instant controversy.
                                                                            A-2036-17
                                       40
                    b. Under subsection b. of [N.J.S.A.] 25:2-25 or
              subsection a. of [N.J.S.A.] 25:2-27, within four years
              after the transfer was made or the obligation was
              incurred; or

                    c. Under subsection b. of [N.J.S.A.] 25:2-27,
              within one year after the transfer was made or the
              obligation was incurred.

              [(L. 2002, c. 100, § 1).]

        Prior to this date, N.J.S.A. 25:2-31(a) stated: "Under subsection a. of

[N.J.S.A.] 25:2-25, within four years after the transfer was made or the

obligation was incurred or, if later, within one year after the transfer or

obligation was or could reasonably have been discovered by the claimant."

L. 1988, c. 74, § 1 (effective Jan. 1, 1989) (emphasis added).

        On January 29, 2015, relying on the special master's January 13, 2015

recommendation, the court granted in part a motion to dismiss most of the counts

in OCC's second amended crossclaim against Repsol, including OCC's fifth

count alleging fraudulent transfers against Repsol and YPF. 5

        The special master previously recommended the trial court find the

allegations in OCC's fifth count to be untimely. She concluded "any retroactive

application of the [2002] amendment to N.J.S.A. 25:2-31 should be eschewed."

5
    The judge incorporated this decision into the final judgment.
                                                                          A-2036-17
                                          41
Thus, the question was whether OCC filed its claims "within four years after

each transfer" and, if it did not, whether it filed them "within one year after the

transfer or obligation was or could reasonably have been discovered" by OCC.

The special master explained:

            The operative date for filing OCC’s claims is
            June 29, 2007, the date it filed its motion to amend the
            complaint.    The transfers themselves took place
            between 1995 and 1999, and the last one was
            announced publicly on June 2, 2000[,] in an SEC filing.
            There should be no dispute that OCC did not file its
            [crossclaims] within four years of the transfers
            themselves, because it would have had to file them in
            2003 rather than in 2007.

                   ....

            OCC did not act as a reasonable creditor would have.
            If it acted as a reasonably [sic], it would have learned
            about the transfers at issue when they were announced
            in SEC filings, and it would have brought its claims
            within one year. It did not. As a result, the claims are
            barred by the statute of repose in N.J.S.A. 25:2-31.

      In this appeal, intervenor does not challenge the merits of the order

dismissing OCC's fifth count of its second amended crossclaim. Despite the

court's finding of untimeliness, intervenor asserts the Trust's own bankruptcy

claims for fraudulent transfer do not depend on OCC's having timely filed its

claims. Intervenor makes clear the Trust is not stepping into OCC's shoes. It

has filed its "own, much broader fraudulent-transfer claims in federal

                                                                             A-2036-17
                                       42
bankruptcy court that are unaffected by the ruling that OCC's claims were

untimely." Rather, intervenor seeks to prevent Repsol from using the court's

timeliness dismissal "as res judicata" in the bankruptcy action against Maxus's

creditors.

      The Supreme Court has acknowledged our discretion to use broad

equitable powers to fashion a remedy. Rutgers Cas. Ins. Co. v. LaCroix, 194

N.J. 515, 531-32 (2008). It is also well-settled that a dismissal for mootness is

not an adjudication on the merits. Transamerica Ins. Co. v. Nat'l Roofing, Inc.,

108 N.J. 59, 64 (1987). "An issue is 'moot' when the decision sought in a matter,

when rendered, can have no practical effect on the existing controversy."

Greenfield v. N.J. Dep't of Corrs., 382 N.J. Super. 254, 257-58 (App. Div. 2006)

(quoting New York S. & W.R. Corp. v. State Dep't of Treasury, Div. of Taxation,

6 N.J. Tax 575, 582 (Tax Ct. 1984)). However, "an appeal will not be moot

when 'a party still suffers from the adverse consequences . . . caused by [the

prior] proceeding.'"   In re N.J. Dep't of Env't Prot. Conditional Highlands

Applicability Determination, 433 N.J. Super. 223, 234 (App. Div. 2013)

(alteration in original) (quoting N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. A.P., 408

N.J. Super. 252, 262 (App. Div. 2009)). Here, Repsol properly asserts OCC

continues to be subject to the dismissal of its fraudulent transfer crossclaims,

                                                                           A-2036-17
                                      43
and therefore, still suffers from the consequences of losing its right to recover

for those claims.

      We are unpersuaded by intervenor's allegation that he needs this court to

vacate as moot the judge's order or stay the appeal of that order to prevent Repsol

from using the dismissal "as res judicata" in the bankruptcy action. A finding

of res judicata or collateral estoppel barring intervenor's claims in the

bankruptcy action, most likely will not be sustained by that court.

      The doctrine of res judicata

            "contemplates that when a controversy between parties
            is once fairly litigated and determined it is no longer
            open to relitigation." Where the second action is no
            more than a repetition of the first, the first lawsuit
            stands as a barrier to the second. "The rule precludes
            parties from relitigating substantially the same cause of
            action."

            [Culver v. Ins. Co. of N. Am., 115 N.J. 451, 460 (1989)
            (citations omitted).]

To benefit from this doctrine:

            (1) the judgment in the prior action must be valid, final,
            and on the merits; (2) the parties in the later action must
            be identical to or in privity with those in the prior
            action; and (3) the claim in the later action must grow
            out of the same transaction or occurrence as the claim
            in the earlier one.

            [Watkins v. Resorts Int'l Hotel & Casino, Inc., 124 N.J.
            398, 412 (1991).]

                                                                             A-2036-17
                                       44
      Here, there was no "valid and final adjudication on the merits" of OCC's

fraudulent transfer crossclaims. See Velasquez v. Franz, 123 N.J. 498, 506

(1991). Decisions that turn on timeliness are not decisions on the merits. As

we noted in Personal Service Insurance Co. v. Relievus, when "our decision

turns on the timeliness of the application, and not its merits, we need not dwell

on the parties' underlying dispute." 455 N.J. Super. 508, 510 (App. Div. 2018).

      Intervenor emphasizes the fraudulent transfer claims it filed in the

bankruptcy action are "much broader" than OCC's crossclaims. Thus, like res

judicata, Repsol, more likely than not, will not benefit from raising collateral

estoppel in that proceeding. To benefit from collateral estoppel, the party

asserting it must demonstrate:

            (1) the issue to be precluded is identical to the issue
            decided in the prior proceeding; (2) the issue was
            actually litigated in the prior proceeding; (3) the court
            in the prior proceeding issued a final judgment on the
            merits; (4) the determination of the issue was essential
            to the prior judgment; and (5) the party against whom
            the doctrine is asserted was a party to or in privity with
            a party to the earlier proceeding.

            [First Union Nat'l Bank v. Penn Salem Marina, Inc.,
            190 N.J. 342, 352 (2007) (quoting Hennessey v.
            Winslow Twp., 183 N.J. 593, 599 (2005)).]

                                                                           A-2036-17
                                       45
      We therefore decline Intervenor's request to vacate the trial court's order

dismissing OCC's fraudulent transfer crossclaims against Repsol as moot or,

alternatively, to stay the appeal of that order.

                                        VI.

      OCC contends the trial court erred when it granted summary judgment to

Repsol on its Spill Act contribution counterclaim and held OCC liable for

contribution to Repsol of $65 million.         Although the trial court properly

determined the legal standard of liability for contribution under the Spill Act,

we hold the motion judge erred when he granted summary judgment to Repsol

on its Spill Act contribution counterclaim. This case is not only about whether

Repsol can recover contribution from OCC under the Spill Act. This is a case

about the comparative negligence of joint tortfeasors, OCC and Repsol, both

successors to DSC, the company that discharged the hazardous substances.

      A contribution recovery for Repsol cannot be decided without also

considering both its alter ego liability with Maxus and OCC's right to

indemnification under the SPA. More importantly, these considerations present

genuine issues of material fact that preclude any grant of summary judgment on

contribution.

      The Spill Act is "remedial legislation designed to cast a wide net over

those responsible for hazardous substances and their discharge . . ." on New

                                                                           A-2036-17
                                        46
Jersey's land and waters. Morristown Assocs. v. Grant Oil Co., 220 N.J. 360,

383 (2015). It provides two statutory private causes of action for persons,

including dischargers, who clean up and remove hazardous contamination: one

action to recover damages from DEP or from the Spill Compensation Fund,

N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11k (cost recovery action); and one action to recover cleanup

costs from all other dischargers and persons in any way responsible for the

discharged hazardous substance or other persons who are liable for the cost of

the cleanup and removal of that discharge, N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11f(a)(2)

(contribution action). N.J. Dep't of Env't Prot. v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 453 N.J.

Super. 272, 292 (App. Div. 2018) (citing Bonnieview Homeowners Ass'n v.

Woodmont Builders, L.L.C., 655 F. Supp. 2d 473, 503 (D.N.J. 2009)). These

Spill Act remedies "are in addition to existing common-law or statutory

remedies," subject only to the prohibition against double recovery for the same

damages or cleanup costs. Dep't of Env't Prot. v. Ventron Corp., 94 N.J. 473,

493 (1983) (citing N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11v).

      For contribution actions, N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11f(a)(2)(a) states:

            Whenever one or more dischargers or persons cleans up
            and removes a discharge of a hazardous substance,
            those dischargers and persons shall have a right of
            contribution against all other dischargers and persons
            in any way responsible for a discharged hazardous
            substance or other persons who are liable for the cost of
            the cleanup and removal of that discharge of a

                                                                         A-2036-17
                                      47
              hazardous substance. In an action for contribution, the
              contribution plaintiffs need prove only that a discharge
              occurred for which the contribution defendant or
              defendants are liable pursuant to [N.J.S.A. 58:10-
              23.11g(c)], and the contribution defendant shall have
              only the defenses to liability available to parties
              pursuant to [N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11g(d) not applicable
              here]. In resolving contribution claims, a court may
              allocate the costs of cleanup and removal among liable
              parties using such equitable factors as the court
              determines are appropriate. Nothing in this subsection
              shall affect the right of any party to seek contribution
              pursuant to any other statute or under common law.

              [(Emphasis added).]

       N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11g(c)(1) attaches broad liability as follows:

              [A]ny person who has discharged a hazardous
              substance or is in any way responsible 6 for any
              hazardous substance, shall be strictly liable, jointly and
              severally, without regard to fault, for all cleanup and
              removal costs no matter by whom incurred. Such
              person shall also be strictly liable, jointly and severally,
              without regard to fault, for all cleanup and removal
              costs incurred by the [DEP] or a local unit [7] pursuant
              to subsection b of . . . [N.J.S.A.] 58:10-23.11f.

              [(Emphasis added).]

6
    The exceptions in N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11g(12) are not applicable here.
7
   "'Local unit' means any county or municipality, or any agency or other
instrumentality thereof, or a duly incorporated volunteer fire, ambulance, first
aid, emergency, or rescue company or squad . . . ." N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11b.

                                                                             A-2036-17
                                         48
      "Spill Act liability must be proven by a preponderance of the evidence."

N.J. Dep't of Env't Prot. v. Dimant, 212 N.J. 153, 182 (2012). That is, "[a]

reasonable nexus or connection" between the use or discharge of a substance

and its contamination of the surrounding area "must be demonstrated by a

preponderance of the evidence." Ibid. "Discharge" is defined by the Act as

            any intentional or unintentional action or omission
            resulting in the releasing, spilling, leaking, pumping,
            pouring, emitting, emptying or dumping of hazardous
            substances into the waters or onto the lands of the State,
            or into waters outside the jurisdiction of the State when
            damage may result to the lands, waters or natural
            resources within the jurisdiction of the State.

            [N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11b.]

Nevertheless, "[a] party even remotely responsible for causing contamination

will be deemed a responsible party under the Act." In re Kimber Petroleum

Corp., 110 N.J. 69, 85 (1988).

      In   resolving   contribution    claims,   N.J.S.A.   58:10-23.11f(a)(2)(a)

authorizes the court to "allocate the costs of cleanup and removal among liable

parties using such equitable factors as the court determines are appropriate. "

Indeed, "a claim for contribution, unlike one for indemnification, requires a

factfinder to apportion fault among defendants." Mettinger v. Globe Slicing

Mach. Co., 153 N.J. 371, 389 (1998). "The Legislature went further to ensure

private entity dischargers were not prevented from seeking other recourse in the

                                                                           A-2036-17
                                       49
courts, dictating that '[n]othing in [N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11f(a)(2)(a)] shall affect

the right of any party to seek contribution pursuant to any other statute or under

common law.'" Magic Petroleum Corp. v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 218 N.J. 390,

403-05 (2014) (alterations in original) (quoting N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11f(a)(2)).

      As guidance to aid in the equitable allocation of Spill Act contribution

costs, our courts have often looked to the so-called "Gore factors." Ibid. The

Gore factors were proposed, but never passed, as an amendment to the

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of

1980 (CERCLA), 42 U.S.C. §§ 9601-675, by then-Congressman Al Gore.

Lenox Inc. v. Reuben Smith Rubbish Removal, 91 F. Supp. 2d 743, 747

(D.N.J. 2000). These factors include the following considerations:

            (1) the ability of the parties to demonstrate that their
            contribution to a discharge, release or disposal of a
            hazardous waste can be distinguished;

            (2) the amount of the hazardous waste involved;

            (3) the degree of toxicity of the hazardous waste
            involved;

            (4) the degree of involvement by the parties in the
            generation, transportation, treatment, storage, or
            disposal of the hazardous waste;

            (5) the degree of care exercised by the parties with
            respect to the hazardous waste concerned, taking into
            account the characteristics of such hazardous waste;
            and

                                                                            A-2036-17
                                       50
             (6) the degree of cooperation by the parties with the
             Federal, State or local officials to prevent any harm to
             the public health or the environment.

             [Ibid.]

      In Hatco Corp. v. W.R. Grace & Co., 836 F. Supp. 1049, 1090

(D.N.J. 1993), modified on reconsideration on other grounds, 849 F. Supp. 987

(D.N.J. 1994), the United States District Court applied similar factors as in

Lenox, but also mentioned such considerations as "acquiescence" in or

knowledge of the contamination, the parties' degrees of care, and any financial

benefit to the parties from the remediation.

      OCC raises three main arguments involving the Spill Act and challenging

the trial judge's decisions on: (1) contribution liability; (2) allocation of

contribution liability; and (3) how the judge's holding on alter ego affects the

contribution award to Repsol. We will address these arguments in the order

presented.

      OCC first argues the judge erred when he found joint and several liability

applies in a Spill Act contribution action. OCC asserts the judge confused the

scope of liability in a cost recovery action (strict, joint and several) with the

standard of liability in a contribution action because the Spill Act only requires

the application of joint and several liability as the standard for contribution.

                                                                            A-2036-17
                                       51
OCC relies on the plain language of the Spill Act, its legislative history, and

Spill Act and federal CERCLA caselaw.

      Contribution is a principle of liability sharing. The Legislature's "basic

purpose in creating the right of contribution [in the Spill Act] was to achieve 'a

sharing of the common responsibility [among tortfeasors] according to equity

and natural justice.'" Rowe v. Bell & Gossett Co., 239 N.J. 531, 553 (2019)

(second alteration in original) (quoting Magic Petroleum, 218 N.J. at 403). As

our Supreme Court explained in Magic Petroleum:

            The purpose of the contribution amendment to the Spill
            Act was to encourage prompt and effective remediation
            by those parties responsible for contamination who
            might otherwise be reluctant to cooperate in the
            remediation efforts for fear of bearing the entire cost of
            cleanup when other parties were also responsible for
            the creation and continuation of the discharge.

            [218 N.J. at 403 (citations omitted).]

      We were unable to find a published opinion that directly addresses the

specific standard of liability for contribution actions under the Spill Act. Here,

however,    the   judge    correctly   noted    N.J.S.A.    58:10-23.11f(a)(2)(a)

unequivocally states what is required:      "In an action for contribution, the

contribution plaintiffs need prove only that a discharge occurred for which the

contribution defendant or defendants are liable pursuant to [N.J.S.A. 58:10 -

23.11g(c)]." N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11g(c)(1) states "any person who has discharged

                                                                            A-2036-17
                                       52
a hazardous substance, or is in any way responsible for any hazardous substance,

shall be strictly liable, jointly and severally, without regard to fault, for all

cleanup and removal costs no matter by whom incurred." Based on the plain

language of these statutes, the judge correctly held the standard for contribution

purposes was joint and several liability amongst the dischargers and those

responsible in any way for the discharge.

      Thus, pursuant to N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11g(c)(1), OCC and Repsol are both

liable to each other and to all other dischargers and persons "in any way

responsible" and "shall be strictly liable, jointly and severally, without regard to

fault, for all cleanup and removal costs no matter by whom incurred." Those

seeking contribution, such as Repsol, must prove the required nexus between

the parties and the pollution.    N.J.S.A. 58:10-23.11f(a)(2)(a). In resolving

contribution claims between all the liable entities, the court could allocate the

costs of cleanup and removal by "using such equitable factors as the court

determines are appropriate[,]" including the Gore factors.         N.J.S.A. 58:10-

23.11f(a)(2)(a); Magic Petroleum, 218 N.J. at 403-05.

      OCC next argues the judge erred by allocating only the relative liabilities

of OCC and Repsol and finding OCC was one hundred percent liable and Repsol

was zero percent liable. OCC contends the judge should have considered the

fault of the hundreds of other settling defendants in the underlying action. In

                                                                              A-2036-17
                                        53
this approach, OCC rejects Repsol's reliance on caselaw in which the courts have

equitably allocated contribution responsibility to one person after considering

the liability of all parties involved.

      OCC also argues the judge erred in finding it liable for more than its fair

share of the contamination and for allowing Repsol to arbitrarily select its victim

out of the hundreds of other responsible parties. OCC maintains the judge must

apply the Gore factors to determine an ultimately fair and equitable sharing of

the remediation burden among all responsible parties. OCC urges us to reverse

the trial court and remand to allow the judge to make the necessary factual

findings on a full record to determine OCC's several share of liability among all

responsible parties.

      OCC also urges us to reverse the judge's allocation of liability because

there are genuine issues of material fact in dispute. OCC alleges the judge made

at least two factual errors concerning defendant's cooperation with plaintiffs and

the distinguishability of the discharges.       According to OCC, the judge

erroneously found: (1) OCC refused to participate in settlement negotiations

with plaintiffs, and (2) Maxus settled with plaintiffs only on its own behalf.

Although OCC was not part of the Repsol and Maxus/Tierra settlement, there is

evidence to show it participated and ultimately settled with plaintiffs. Maxus

also resolved certain damage claims brought by plaintiffs against OCC.

                                                                             A-2036-17
                                         54
      We do not have to reach, however, the issues of whether the court should

have considered all the settling defendants' percentages of fault for the

contamination or applied the Gore factors. As successors under the corporate

umbrella of DSC, both OCC and Repsol would be separately liable parties in

any way responsible to plaintiffs in a Spill Act recovery action and to the other

settling defendants in a Spill Act contribution action. They are also co- or joint

tortfeasors to each other by sharing DSC's common liability.               OCC's

predecessor, DSCC, purchased DSC's stock in its chemical businesses under the

SPA, while the remainder of DSC's stock and oil and gas concerns changed their

name to Repsol's predecessor, Maxus, which agreed in the SPA to indemnify

DSCC.

      The JTCL provides for contribution between co- or joint tortfeasors.

Under that statutory scheme, "joint tortfeasors" are "two or more persons jointly

or severally liable in tort for the same injury to person or property, whether or

not judgment has been recovered against all or some of them." Krzykalski v.

Tindall, 232 N.J. 525, 534 (2018) (quoting N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-1). The statute

provides:

            Where injury or damage is suffered by any person as a
            result of the wrongful act, neglect or default of joint
            tortfeasors, and the person so suffering injury or
            damage recovers a money judgment or judgments for
            such injury or damage against one or more of the joint

                                                                            A-2036-17
                                       55
            tortfeasors, either in one action or in separate actions,
            and any one of the joint tortfeasors pays such judgment
            in whole or in part, he shall be entitled to recover
            contribution from the other joint tortfeasor or joint
            tortfeasors for the excess so paid over his pro rata
            share . . . .

            [N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-3.]

      Therefore, contrary to OCC's arguments, the judge did not need to

consider the other "responsible parties," such as third-party defendants, to

allocate fault and contribution between OCC and Repsol. Furthermore, since

OCC purchased DSC's chemical "discharging" assets, and Repsol inherited the

rest of DCS's non-discharging assets, OCC would be liable to Repsol for

contribution. That is, OCC could not show the required "reasonable link " or

nexus between the discharge of hazardous substances, Repsol, and the

contamination. See Dimant, 212 N.J. at 182.

      The hurdle to granting summary judgment is indemnification.

Indemnification is a principle of liability shifting. The judge held Maxus had to

indemnify OCC for all its past liability under the Spill Act, regardless of fault.

This includes DSC's liability, the liability of DSC's predecessors, and OCC's

own liability during the Chemicaland era. Under the JTCL, "no person shall be

entitled to recover contribution under this act from any person entitled to be

indemnified by him in respect to the liability for which the contribution is

                                                                            A-2036-17
                                       56
sought." N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-3. Thus, by applying the JTCL, Maxus, and possibly

its successors, cannot recover contribution from OCC.

                                      VII.

      OCC contends the court erred by denying its motion for leave to amend

or supplement its second amended crossclaim by adding an allegation against

Repsol for tortious interference with the SPA's indemnification clause. We

decline to address this matter here. OCC must make an appropriate application

to file its supplemental pleadings upon remand to the trial court.

                                  Conclusion

      We reverse the trial court's holdings on alter ego liability in the appeal

under docket A-2038-17 and on Spill Act contribution in the appeal under docket

A-2036-17, and remand both cases to the Law Division. Although the trial court

correctly ruled on Delaware's alter-ego-liability law and necessary sequential

veil piercing of a complex corporate organization, there are genuine issues of

material fact that preclude the grant of summary judgment to Repsol on alter

ego liability, especially as to the necessary element of fraud. Furthermore,

although the court properly determined the legal standard of liability for

contribution under the Spill Act, there are genuine issues of material fact that

preclude any grant of summary judgment to Repsol on contribution. The trial

court also erred by not considering contractual indemnification. Finally, since

                                                                          A-2036-17
                                      57
we remand in each appeal, OCC must make an appropriate application to the

trial court to supplement its pleadings.

      Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.

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                                       58