Court Opinion

ID: 9404645
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-23 18:03:28.630613+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:15.957822
License: Public Domain

Filed 6/23/23 Corrales v. California Gambling Control Commission CA4/1
                   NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or
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                  COURT OF APPEAL FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                       DIVISION ONE

                                              STATE OF CALIFORNIA

 MANUEL CORRALES, JR.,                                                        D080288

            Plaintiff and Appellant,

            v.                                                                (Super. Ct. No. 37-2019-
                                                                              00019079-CU-MC-CTL)
 CALIFORNIA GAMBLING CONTROL
 COMMISSION et al.,

            Defendants and Respondents.

          APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County,
Ronald F. Frazier, Judge. Affirmed.
          Manuel Corrales, Jr., in pro. per., for Plaintiff and Appellant.
          Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Sara J. Drake, Assistant Attorney
General, T. Michelle Laird, Noel A. Fischer and James G. Waian, Deputy
Attorneys General, for Defendant and Respondent California Gambling
Control Commission.
          Peebles Kidder Bergin & Robinson, Curtis Vandermolen and Tim
Hennessy for Defendant and Respondent California Valley Miwok Tribe
(Burley Administration).
      Morgan, Lewis & Bockius, Colin C. West, Ella Gannon Foley and
Thomas F. Gede for Interveners and Respondents Michael Mendibles, Marie
Diane Aranda, Rosalie Ann Russell, Christopher Jason Russell and Lisa
Fontanilla.

      In six previous opinions we have addressed issues arising from
litigation caused by the ongoing leadership and membership dispute of the

California Valley Miwok Tribe (the Tribe).1 Most of our prior opinions
related to the money in the Indian Gaming Revenue Sharing Trust Fund
(RSTF) that the Tribe is entitled to receive on a quarterly basis.
      Among other things, we previously determined that the California
Gambling Control Commission (the Commission) is entitled to hold the
Tribe’s RSTF money in trust, rather than releasing it to the Tribe, until the
Tribe’s leadership and membership dispute is settled and the Commission is
able to identify a tribal representative to receive the funds. (CVMT 2014,
supra, 231 Cal.App.4th 885.) Specifically, we approved of the Commission’s
decision to withhold the RSTF money from the Tribe until the federal Bureau
of Indian Affairs (BIA) signals that it believes the tribal membership and
leadership dispute has been resolved by establishing a government-to-
government relationship with a tribal leadership body for the purpose of

1      Our previous opinions arising from the Tribe’s leadership dispute are
as follows: California Valley Miwok Tribe v. California Gambling Control
Com. (Apr. 16, 2010, D054912) [nonpub. opn.]; California Valley Miwok Tribe
v. Superior Court (Dec. 18, 2012, D061811) [nonpub. opn.]; California Valley
Miwok Tribe v. California Gambling Control Com. (2014) 231 Cal.App.4th
885 (CVMT 2014); California Valley Miwok Tribe v. California Gambling
Control Com. (June 16, 2016, D068909) [nonpub. opn.]; California Valley
Miwok Tribe v. Everone (July 16, 2018, D072141) [nonpub. opn.]; California
Valley Miwok Tribe v. California Gambling Control Com. (Jan. 29, 2020,
D074339) [nonpub. opn.] (CVMT 2020).
                                       2
entering into a contract for benefits under the Indian Self-Determination and
Education Assistance Act of 1975 (25 U.S.C. § 5301 et seq.; ISDEAA),

otherwise known as a 638 contract.2
      In our most recent opinion, CVMT 2020, we affirmed, on res judicata
grounds, the dismissal of a lawsuit filed by attorney Manuel Corrales, Jr.
against the Commission on behalf of his then-client, a competing faction of
the Tribe led by Silvia Burley (the Burley faction). (CVMT 2020, supra,

D074339.)3 We also imposed sanctions on Corrales for his frivolous appeal,
in that he continued to seek release of the RSTF money to the Burley faction,
even though the tribal membership and leadership dispute was not resolved
and the BIA had not established a government-to-government relationship
with a tribal leadership body as described in CVMT 2014. (Ibid.)
      The lawsuit giving rise to this appeal was brought by Corrales, on
behalf of himself, against the Commission and the two competing factions of
the Tribe, including his former client, the Burley faction. Through this
lawsuit, Corrales seeks to ensure that he receives payment from the Tribe for
the attorney fees that he claims he is due under a fee agreement he entered
into with the Burley faction in 2007. Specifically, even though the Tribe’s
leadership dispute is still not resolved, Corrales seeks either (1) an order
requiring the Commission to make immediate payment to him from the
Tribe’s RSTF money, or (2) an order that when the Commission eventually

2     A contract for benefits under the ISDEAA is commonly referred to as a
“638 contract,” based on the public law number of the ISDEAA. (Shirk v.
U.S. ex rel. Dept. of Interior (9th Cir. 2014) 773 F.3d 999, 1002 [citing Pub. L.
No. 93-638, 88 Stat. 2203 (Jan. 4, 1975)].)

3     In CVMT 2020, we identified the members of the Burley faction as
Silvia Burley, Rashel Reznor, Anjelica Paulk, and Tristian Wallace. (CVMT
2020, supra, D074339.)
                                        3
decides to release the RSTF money to the Tribe, his attorney fees must be
paid directly to him by the Commission before the remainder of the funds are
released to the Tribe.
      The trial court dismissed Corrales’s lawsuit because the question of
whether Burley represented the Tribe in 2007 for the purpose of entering into
a binding fee agreement with Corrales on behalf of the Tribe requires the
resolution of an internal tribal leadership and membership dispute, over
which the courts lack subject matter jurisdiction. After judgment was
entered, Corrales brought a motion for a new trial and a motion for relief
from default. Among other things, Corrales argued that the trial court
should have stayed his lawsuit rather than dismissing it.
      On appeal, Corrales contends that his lawsuit can be resolved without
deciding an internal tribal leadership and membership dispute that would
divest the court of subject matter jurisdiction. Relying on the doctrine of
“ostensible authority,” Corrales argues that the BIA conferred ostensible
authority on Burley to enter into the fee agreement with Corrales on behalf of
the Tribe, regardless of how the Tribe itself eventually resolves the ongoing
leadership and membership dispute. As we will explain, the argument fails
because it misunderstands both the role of the BIA and the doctrine of
ostensible authority. Corrales also contends that the trial court “abused its
discretion” in denying a stay. That argument lacks merit because Corrales
did not seek a stay in opposing the motion to dismiss. In fact, earlier in the
litigation, Corrales filed and then withdrew an ex parte motion to stay the
action, after which he subjected the parties to two more years of litigation.
The trial court cannot have abused its discretion in failing to grant relief that
Corrales did not seek. Finally, Corrales challenges the trial court’s denial of

                                        4
his postjudgment motions, but he presents no meritorious argument in
support of that contention. We accordingly affirm the judgment.
                                       I.
              FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A.    Relevant Factual Background
      In previous opinions we explained the history of the Tribe and its long-
running leadership and membership dispute, which has resulted in
numerous proceedings in state courts, federal courts, and administrative
agencies. (CVMT 2014, supra, 231 Cal.App.4th at pp. 890-896; CVMT 2020,
supra, D074339.) We refer the reader to our prior opinions for a detailed
discussion.
      The appeal presently before us concerns the dismissal of a first
amended complaint filed by Corrales. In that complaint, Corrales presented
a truncated history of the Tribe’s leadership dispute, which for the most part
tracks the history set forth in our previous opinions. It is undisputed that the
tribal leadership dispute originated when Yakima Dixie and Burley both
claimed to be the rightful chairperson of the Tribe. As we described in
CVMT 2014, “Between 1999 and 2005, [Dixie] and Burley continued to argue
over tribal governance and membership—including a lawsuit and an
administrative appeal filed by [Dixie]—but the BIA still provided ISDEAA
benefits to the Tribe. [Citation.] Starting in 2000, the BIA indicated that if
the Tribe did not internally resolve its leadership and membership dispute,
the BIA would suspend the government-to-government relationship between
the Tribe and the United States because of concerns about the lack of a duly
constituted government. [Citation.] [¶] In 2004, the BIA rejected an alleged
new tribal constitution submitted by Burley because ‘it did not appear that
Burley had made any effort to include the whole tribal community . . . ’ in the
process. [Citation.] [¶] In a February 2005 letter, the BIA stated that ‘it did
                                       5
not recognize Burley as the tribal Chairperson, but rather, a “person of
authority” within the Tribe’ and that ‘ “[u]ntil such time as the Tribe has
organized, the Federal government can recognize no one, including [Dixie], as
the tribal Chairman.” . . . The BIA concluded by stating that it “does not
recognize any tribal government” for the Tribe “[i]n light of the BIA’s
[March 2004 Decision] that the Tribe is not an organized tribe.” ’ [Citation.]
In July 2005, the BIA suspended the Tribe’s contract for ISDEAA benefits.”
(CVMT 2014, supra, 231 Cal.App.4th at pp. 892-893.)
      Since 2005, there have been almost two decades of court battles, federal
administrative proceedings, and attempts to identify tribal members and put
in place a tribal governing body. Our most up-to-date description of those
proceedings is in CVMT 2020. As the parties confirmed during oral
argument, as of the present day, the Tribe’s leadership and membership
dispute is still not resolved, and the BIA has not entered into a government-
to-government relationship with the Tribe.
      We have also previously explained that as a non-gaming tribe in
California, the Tribe is entitled to annual payments of $1.1 million described
in the tribal-state gaming compacts that the State of California has entered
into with gaming tribes. (CVMT 2014, supra, 231 Cal.App.4th at pp. 888-
889.) The annual payment is drawn from the licensing fees paid by gaming
tribes that are deposited into the RSTF. (Id. at p. 889.) The Commission
administers the RSTF, serves as its trustee, and is responsible for making
quarterly disbursements from the RSTF to the tribes that operate fewer than
a specific number of gaming devices. (Ibid.; see also Gov. Code, § 12012.90
[setting forth the Commission’s role with respect to the RSTF].)
      As we explained in CVMT 2014, “[S]tarting in 2005, the Commission,
acting as trustee of the RSTF, suspended its quarterly disbursements to the

                                       6
Tribe and decided to hold the funds indefinitely in trust for the Tribe for later
distribution. The Commission began withholding the distribution of the
RSTF funds to the Tribe when it became aware of a dispute over the [T]ribe’s
membership and leadership as evidenced by ongoing proceedings and
litigation involving the BIA’s relationship with the Tribe.” (CVMT 2014,
supra, 231 Cal.App.4th at p. 889.) Specifically, the Commission “suspended
its disbursement of the RSTF funds to the Tribe ‘pending [the] BIA’s
recognition of an authorized . . . Tribe leader or leadership group with which
to conduct its government[-]to[-]government business.’ ” (Id. at p. 890.)
      Corrales was retained by Burley in 2007 to attempt to obtain the
release of the RSTF money that the Commission was withholding from the
Tribe. In his operative first amended complaint in this action, Corrales
alleges that “[o]n December 13, 2007, [the Tribe] hired Corrales to represent
it to recover RSTF money the Commission has been withholding from the
Tribe since August 2005, and to that end entered into a valid fee agreement
with Corrales.” Specifically, “[t]he fee agreement Corrales entered into with
[the Tribe] in 2007 was signed by Burley as the authorized representative of
the Tribe” (the Fee Agreement). As alleged by Corrales, “The parties
subsequently revised the fee agreement on March 10, 2009. The fee
agreement provides that Corrales will be paid 20% of the RSTF money
ultimately released to [the Tribe] as payment for his legal services, including
costs and expenses of litigation.” Corrales also alleges that “[a]t that time
[the Tribe] entered into a fee agreement with Corrales in 2007, the Tribe was
involved in a Tribal leadership dispute with its former Chairman, Yakima
Dixie . . . , who claimed he had not resigned, but that his resignation was a
complete forgery. The dispute was between Dixie and the then current and
recognized Tribal Chairperson, Silvia Burley.”

                                        7
      As the first amended complaint describes, Corrales “has been involved
in litigation for the Tribe since 2007 against various parties . . . in order to
effectuate the release of the RSTF money to the Tribe.” Indeed, Corrales has
represented the Burley faction in the litigation that gave rise to all of our
previous opinions involving the Tribe. In that litigation, Corrales did not
succeed in obtaining the release of the RSTF money on behalf of the Burley
faction of the Tribe. Specifically, in two successive lawsuits filed by Corrales
against the Commission on behalf of the Burley faction, we explained that
the Commission is entitled to continue to withhold the RSTF money until the
BIA establishes a government-to-government relationship with a tribal
leadership body for the purpose of entering into a contract for ISDEAA
benefits, otherwise known as 638 contracts. (CVMT 2014, supra,
231 Cal.App.4th at p. 908; CVMT 2020, supra, D074339.) We also imposed
sanctions on Corrales in the second of those lawsuits for filing an objectively
frivolous appeal, which lacked merit due to the issue preclusion and claim
preclusion that arose from CVMT 2014.
      In May 2020, after we issued CVMT 2020, and while the instant
litigation was pending, the Burley faction terminated Corrales’s
representation.
B.    The Instant Litigation
      1.    Litigation Leading up to the Rulings at Issue on Appeal
      On April 12, 2019, Corrales initiated this lawsuit by filing a complaint
against the Commission, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief. He sought
a court order establishing that the attorney fees that he was allegedly owed
based on his Fee Agreement with Burley should be paid to him directly from
the Tribe’s RSTF money before that money was released to the Tribe.

                                         8
According to Corrales, he was entitled to 20 percent of the Tribe’s RSTF

money, which at the time allegedly totaled over $16 million.4
      A group of individuals representing a tribal faction opposing Burley’s
claim to membership in and leadership of the Tribe was granted leave to
intervene in the lawsuit in January 2020. The members of that group are
Marie Diane Aranda, Lisa Fontanilla, Michael Mendibles, Christopher Jason
Russell, and Rosalie Ann Russell. As those individuals state in their
appellate brief, “[t]hey are descendants of Lena Shelton, and are thus
members of the Tribe under a 2015 decision by the Assistant Secretary—
Indian Affairs—of the BIA.” We will refer to them as “the Shelton faction.”
The Shelton faction explained in their motion to intervene that Burley did
not fall within the groups eligible for tribal membership, the BIA has
repeatedly rejected her claim to leadership of the Tribe, and they were not
aware of any actual tribal member who approved of Burley’s Fee Agreement
with Corrales.
      In April 2020, Corrales sought an ex parte application to stay the
action until the BIA recognizes a governing body for the Tribe. He stated in
his declaration in support of that application that counsel for the Commission
and counsel for the Shelton faction had informed him that they would not
oppose a stay. However, on May 26, 2020, Corrales took his ex parte
application off calendar.
      Shortly before the Burley faction terminated Corrales’s representation
in mid-2020, they too made an appearance in the lawsuit, represented by new
counsel. In making an appearance, the Burley faction stated that they

4     The amount of the RSTF money the Commission is holding for the
Tribe continues to increase. In April 2020, Corrales represented that it
exceeded $19 million.
                                      9
believed Corrales’s action was premature and should be dismissed without
prejudice.
      On December 30, 2020, Corrales filed a motion for summary judgment,
arguing that the undisputed evidence established he was entitled to the relief
sought in his complaint, and that the Commission should be ordered to pay
his fees immediately, even in the midst of the ongoing leadership dispute.
Specifically, Corrales contended that he was entitled to an order requiring
the Commission to release directly to him the amount of $9.4 million in
attorney fees.
      The Commission, the Shelton faction, and the Burley faction all filed
oppositions. On April 29, 2021, the trial court denied Corrales’s motion for
summary judgment. Among other things, the trial court explained that
(1) “[d]espite [Corrales’s] contentions to the contrary, it is clear from the
submitted evidence that the leadership dispute within the tribe remains
ongoing and is unresolved”; (2) although the relevant Fee Agreement states
that Corrales is to be paid from any subsequent recovery on claims that he
brings, Corrales did not show “that any recovery was ever obtained by his
client in any of the lawsuits [Corrales] prosecuted on behalf of Ms. Burley
and/or [the Tribe]”; and (3) Corrales did not establish he had any remedy
against the Commission because he did not bring a separate, independent
action against his client to determine the value and validity of any lien.
      With leave from the trial court, Corrales filed a first amended
complaint in May 2021. The first amended complaint added the Tribe as a
defendant, naming specifically both the Burley faction and the Shelton
faction. It alleged causes of action for declaratory relief, injunctive relief,

                                        10
breach of contract, and promissory estoppel.5 The first amended complaint
acknowledged the Shelton faction’s position that “Burley did not have the
authority to enter into a fee agreement with Corrales, because she was not a
recognized leader for the Tribe, they as members did not approve it, [and]
Burley is purportedly not a legitimate Tribal member.” However, Corrales
disputed that contention, alleging that the “undisputed facts show that
Burley had the authority in 2007 to enter into the subject Fee Agreement
with Corrales.” The first amended complaint alleged that the amount owed
to him under the Fee Agreement was either $9,446,825.00 or $11,693,650.00.
Among the relief sought in the first amended complaint was (1) an order
requiring the Commission to immediately release a portion of the Tribe’s
RSTF money to Corrales to cover the amount owing under his Fee Agreement
with Burley; or (2) in the alternative, an order requiring that when the
Commission eventually releases the RSTF money to the Tribe, that it release
directly to Corrales the amount owing under his Fee Agreement with Burley.
      The Commission and the Burley faction filed demurrers to the first
amended complaint. The Shelton faction joined in the Commission’s
demurrer.
      2.    The Rulings at Issue in This Appeal
      In addition to its demurrer, the Burley faction brought a motion to
dismiss the first amended complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
That motion is the central focus of this appeal.
      In challenging the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction, the Burley
faction pointed out that the first amended complaint admitted the existence
of an ongoing tribal leadership and membership dispute, so that “[t]o resolve

5     As to the Commission, Corrales subsequently dismissed the promissory
estoppel and breach of contract causes of action.
                                      11
whether a valid contract exists between [Corrales] and the Tribe, the Court
would have to determine who is a member of the Tribe and who is a member
of the Tribe’s governing body and what entity is the governing body of the
Tribe.” As the Burley faction explained, “the Tribe’s leadership dispute is not
only a ‘present’ problem—it is one that has lasted for two decades and began
before Corrales was retained to perform work for the Tribe. . . . Corrales was
hired for the purpose of securing recognition by federal and state officials of
Silvia Burley’s authority to represent the Tribe.” (Underscoring omitted.)
The Burley faction argued that “because the Court is required to sort issues
of the Tribe's membership and governance, [Corrales’s] claims, for the time
being, are not judicable before a California Superior Court. Therefore, the
Court must dismiss [the first amended complaint] for lack of adjudicatory
jurisdiction over the underlying subject matter.”
      In his opposition to the motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction, Corrales relied principally on nonsequitur arguments, which
confused the issue of a court’s subject matter jurisdiction to decide tribal
leadership and membership disputes with the issues of personal jurisdiction,

sovereign immunity, and choice of law.6 At the hearing on the motion, after

6      Corrales summarized his argument, as follows: “However, the [Burley
faction] consented to this Court’s jurisdiction by: (1) signing a Fee Agreement
with Corrales that contains an explicit waiver of sovereign immunity for the
collection of his fees and the enforcement of any terms and conditions of the
Fee Agreement, and provides that California State law governs;
(2) intervening in the subject lawsuit as a party defendant; (3) making a
general appearance through the filing of a document entitled ‘Notice of
Appearance’; and (4) participating in litigation and discovery in the case, and
seeking orders and relief f[ro]m this Court. . . . This Court also has
jurisdiction to resolve [Corrales’s] State common law claims against the Tribe
for breach of contract and promissory estoppel, arising out of the subject Fee
Agreement, because the Fee Agreement provides that its terms and

                                       12
receiving the trial court’s tentative ruling, Corrales for the first time began to
formulate an argument addressing the issue of subject matter jurisdiction.
In that regard, Corrales argued that the trial court did not need to decide the
current leadership and membership of the Tribe to grant the relief he sought.
According to Corrales, in order to conclude that Burley had the authority to
enter into the Fee Agreement with Corrales on behalf of the Tribe in 2007,
the trial court could simply rely on the fact that the BIA, at some point,
recognized Burley as a person of authority within the Tribe. He also argued
it was significant that this court had previously issued an opinion stating
that the Burley faction had capacity and standing to pursue the litigation
against the Commission that led to CVMT 2014. (California Valley Miwok
Tribe, supra, D054912.)
      The trial court granted the motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction. After explaining that the first amended complaint alleged the
existence of a tribal leadership and membership dispute, the trial court
explained that “[w]ithout a clear determination by the Tribe itself as to the
identity of its leaders and the scope of their authority, the court is not
competent to determine whether S[i]lvia Burley had the Tribe’s authority to
enter into a fee agreement with [Corrales] on the Tribe’s behalf.” The trial
court accordingly concluded that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the
dispute, requiring that the case be dismissed. The trial court did not rule on
the demurrers, which it determined were moot.
      Judgment was subsequently entered, dismissing the action in its
entirety for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

conditions are to be enforced and interpretated in accordance with California
law.” (Bolding and underscoring omitted.)
                                        13
      Corrales then filed a motion for a new trial (Code Civ. Proc., § 657) and
a motion seeking relief from default (id., § 473, subd. (b)). Among other
things, Corrales explained that relief was warranted because he did not
realize that he should have submitted evidence to oppose the motion to
dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, and because he was ill while
preparing his opposition and overburdened with other tasks. Corrales
submitted 45 exhibits in support of his postjudgment motions, which he
asked the trial court to consider in determining whether it lacked subject
matter jurisdiction. Corrales explained that although he “knew of the
existence of the evidence,” he “did not know of or discovery [sic] their
significance until the Court issued its tentative ruling.” (Underscoring
omitted.) Further, although Corrales did not request prior to entry of
judgment that the action be stayed, rather than dismissed, he argued for the
first time in his motion for a new trial that “[a]s an alternative, the court
should have simply stayed the action without prejudice to any party in
moving to reopen the case, once the Tribe gets a new governing body, and
asking the parties to submit periodic updates.” (Bolding and emphasis
omitted.)
      The trial court denied both the motion for a new trial and the motion
for relief from default, stating without further elaboration that Corrales had
not established sufficient grounds for such relief.
      Corrales filed a notice of appeal from the judgment and from the order

denying his postjudgment motions.7

7     Corrales has filed two unopposed requests for judicial notice. The
documents at issue are an October 21, 2022 trial court order in a related case,
and a May 31, 2022 decision concerning the Tribe from the Assistant
Secretary, Indian Affairs in the United States Department of the Interior.
We grant the requests. (Evid. Code, § 452, subds. (c), (d).)
                                       14
                                        II.
                                  DISCUSSION
A.    The Trial Court Lacked Subject Matter Jurisdiction
      1.    Applicable Legal Standards
      Corrales’s principal contention on appeal is that the trial court erred in
ruling that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over this lawsuit.
      Subject matter jurisdiction, which our Supreme Court also refers to as
fundamental jurisdiction, “concerns the basic power of a court to act.”
(Quigley v. Garden Valley Fire Protection Dist. (2019) 7 Cal.5th 798, 807.) “A
lack of fundamental jurisdiction is the ‘ “ ‘ “entire absence of power to hear or
determine the case.” ’ ” ’ ” (Ibid.) “Defects in fundamental jurisdiction . . .
‘may be raised at any point in a proceeding, including for the first time on
appeal’ ” (ibid.), and may be raised through any available procedural vehicle.
(Greener v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (1993) 6 Cal.4th 1028, 1036
[identifying possible methods to challenge subject matter jurisdiction,
including a demurrer, a motion for judgment on the pleadings, a motion to
strike, a motion for summary judgment, and an answer]; Boisclair v. Superior
Court (1990) 51 Cal.3d 1140, 1144, fn. 1 [approving of “hybrid motion to
quash/dismiss” for lack of subject matter jurisdiction as “consistent with the
general rule that subject matter jurisdiction can be challenged at any time
during the course of an action.”].)
      Corrales does not dispute the well-established principle that neither
the state courts nor the federal courts have subject matter jurisdiction to
resolve internal disputes about the leadership or membership of an Indian

                                        15
tribe.8 “Indian tribes are ‘distinct, independent political communities,
retaining their original natural rights’ in matters of local self-government.
[Citations.] Although no longer ‘possessed of the full attributes of
sovereignty,’ they remain a ‘separate people, with the power of regulating
their internal and social relations.’ ” (Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez (1978)
436 U.S. 49, 55.) Thus, “certain issues are, by their very nature, inherently
reserved for resolution through purely tribal mechanisms due to the privilege
and responsibility of sovereigns to regulate their own, purely internal
affairs . . . . Examples of such issues include membership determinations,
inheritance rules, domestic relations, and the resolution of competing claims
to tribal leadership.” (Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida v. Cypress (11th
Cir. 2015) 814 F.3d 1202, 1208 (Miccosukee Tribe).)
      Numerous federal court decisions rely on principles of tribal
sovereignty to explain that federal courts lack subject matter jurisdiction
over tribal leadership and membership disputes. (See, e.g., Cayuga Nation v.
Tanner (2d Cir. 2016) 824 F.3d 321, 327 (Cayuga Nation) [“federal courts lack
authority to resolve internal disputes about tribal law” as “[i]t is ‘a bedrock
principle of federal Indian law that every tribe is capable of managing its own
affairs and governing itself’ ”]; In re Sac & Fox Tribe of Mississippi in
Iowa/Meskwaki Casino Litigation (8th Cir. 2003) 340 F.3d 749, 763

8     In his opposition to the Burley faction’s motion to dismiss for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction, Corrales stated that “resolution of who is
presently the valid Tribal representative or whether the Tribe presently has
a valid governing body, or who are rightful members of the Tribe is . . .
beyond the scope of the Court’s jurisdictional authority.” (Bolding and
underscoring omitted.) Corrales’s position on this matter is consistent with
the position he has previously taken on behalf of his then-client, the Burley
faction. As we observed in CVMT 2020, “[the Burley faction] do[es] not
dispute that it is beyond our jurisdiction to resolve a tribal membership
issue.” (CVMT 2020, supra, D074339.)
                                       16
[“Jurisdiction to resolve internal tribal disputes, interpret tribal constitutions
and laws, and issue tribal membership determinations lies with Indian tribes
and not in the district courts.”].) The principle applies equally to state courts,
divesting them of jurisdiction to resolve internal tribal leadership and
membership disputes. (Iowa Mut. Ins. Co. v. LaPlante (1987) 480 U.S. 9, 15
[“If state-court jurisdiction over Indians or activities on Indian lands would
interfere with tribal sovereignty and self-government, the state courts are
generally divested of jurisdiction as a matter of federal law.”]; U.S. v. Pawnee
Business Council of Pawnee Indian Tribe of Oklahoma (N.D.Okla. 1974)
382 F. Supp. 54, 58 [the “legion cases . . . that the Federal Courts are without
jurisdiction to entertain and decide internal Indian tribal affairs, matters or
disputes” “must also apply to State Courts.”]; Healy Lake Village v. Mt.
McKinley Bank (Alaska 2014) 322 P.3d 866, 867 [state trial court properly
dismissed a case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction when it would have
been required to resolve an intratribal leadership dispute in order to decide a
lawsuit by one tribal faction seeking an order requiring a bank to change the
signatory authority on the tribe’s account].)
      Even in California, which is one of the states where section 4 of Public
Law 280 (28 U.S.C. § 1360(a)) gives a state limited civil jurisdiction over
“causes of action between Indians or to which Indians are parties” in cases
arising in Indian country (28 U.S.C. § 1360(a); see also Bryan v. Itasca
County, Minnesota (1976) 426 U.S. 373, 380), California case law establishes
that state courts lack subject matter jurisdiction to decide intratribal
disputes involving the tribe itself. (Lamere v. Superior Court (2005)
131 Cal.App.4th 1059, 1064, 1067 [in a lawsuit involving a tribal membership
dispute, ordering a demurrer sustained for lack of subject matter jurisdiction,
explaining that “[w]e agree with those courts that have found that . . . Public

                                       17
Law 280 cannot be viewed as a general grant of jurisdiction to state courts to
determine intratribal disputes” and that “Congress did not intend that the
courts of this state should have the power to intervene—or interfere—in
purely tribal matters.”]; Ackerman v. Edwards (2004) 121 Cal.App.4th 946,
954 [concluding that the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over a
tribal membership dispute as there was “no merit” to the “assertion that the
courts of California have jurisdiction over disputes between tribal members
and tribes through Public Law 280”]; People ex rel. Becerra v. Huber (2019)
32 Cal.App.5th 524, 537 [noting that “[t]he cases finding no jurisdiction tend
to focus on such things as whether the claims implicate tribal self-governance
or membership”].)
      When faced with a challenge to subject matter jurisdiction based on the
presence of an issue involving an intratribal dispute, a court should examine
the “claims in the case to determine if ‘at their core’ they present[ ] important
matters of internal Tribal governance bearing upon the Tribe’s status as a
sovereign.” (Miccosukee Tribe, supra, 814 F.3d at p. 1209.) Here, the trial
court undertook such an inquiry, concluding that the claims asserted by
Corrales would require it to resolve an intratribal dispute over whether
Burley was authorized to enter into the Fee Agreement on behalf of the
Tribe, and that the action was therefore not within the court’s subject matter
jurisdiction. “ ‘Where the evidence is not in dispute, a determination of
subject matter jurisdiction is a legal question subject to de novo review.’ ”
(Saffer v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 1239, 1248.)
      2.    The Trial Court Would Be Required to Resolve an Intratribal
            Dispute Over Leadership and Membership to Decide this Lawsuit
      As we have explained, the trial court determined that under the legal
principles we have set forth above, it lacked subject matter jurisdiction
because it could not decide Corrales’s claims without deciding the purely

                                       18
intratribal issue of whether Burley was, in fact, a member and leader of the
Tribe when she entered into the Fee Agreement with Corrales in 2007.
      The trial court’s decision in that regard was well-founded. The first
amended complaint itself acknowledges the existence of a dispute as to
whether Burley was a member of the Tribe in 2007 with authority to enter
into the Fee Agreement with Corrales. In the first amended complaint,
Corrales describes the Shelton faction’s position that “Burley did not have the
authority to enter into a fee agreement with Corrales, because she was not a
recognized leader for the Tribe, they as members did not approve it, [and]
Burley is purportedly not a legitimate Tribal member.” The first amended
complaint also acknowledges that, at the time of the 2007 Fee Agreement,
Burley claimed to be the tribal chairperson, but “the Tribe was involved in a
Tribal leadership dispute with its former Chairman, [Dixie], who claimed he
had not resigned, but that his resignation was a complete forgery.” Indeed,
the first amended complaint explains that in 2007 Corrales was hired by
Burley precisely because, starting in 2005, the tribal leadership dispute had
grown so contentious that the Commission decided to withhold the Tribe’s
RSTF money. Based on these allegations, a dispute exists about whether
Burley was a tribal member and leader with authority to bind the Tribe when
she entered into the Fee Agreement with Corrales in 2007. A resolution of
that dispute is necessary before this lawsuit can be decided because Corrales
can have no entitlement to a portion of the Tribe’s RSTF money under the
Fee Agreement if the Fee Agreement is not a valid contract that binds the
Tribe to its provisions.
      Corrales does not dispute that the trial court lacks jurisdiction to
resolve a tribal leadership and membership dispute. However, in this appeal,
Corrales attempts to get around that principle by further developing the

                                       19
argument that he first raised at the hearing on the motion to dismiss for lack
of subject matter jurisdiction, focusing solely on the acts of the BIA. Under
this theory, “Burley was the ostensible agent for the Tribe through the BIA
during the time of Corrales’[s] retention. Her authority derived from the
BIA. Thus, for all intents and purposes, the Tribe is liable as the principal
for Burley’s actions and representations as the Tribe’s ostensible agent,
because both the BIA, as the giver of the Tribe’s authority, and Burley, the
expressly BIA-designated ‘person of authority,’ made representations to
Corrales and to the public that led Corrales to believe that Burley had the

authority to enter into a fee agreement with him on behalf of the Tribe.”9
      Corrales sets forth a list of facts alleged in the first amended complaint,
as well as evidence submitted in support of his motion for a new trial, which
purportedly establish that “both Burley and the BIA made certain
representations that Burley had the authority to enter into the subject Fee
Agreement with Corrales on behalf of the Tribe.” Some of these alleged facts,
as described in Corrales’s appellate briefing, include that (1) “The BIA
entered into 638 federal contract funding with Burley as the sole

9      In his appellate briefing, Corrales argued that based on the BIA’s
dealings with Burley around the time of the 2007 Fee Agreement, “the Tribe
and the BIA act[ed] jointly as the principal for purposes of Burley having the
ostensible authority to act for the Tribe during the time the BIA conferred
upon her the status of ‘person of authority’ or ‘spokesperson’ for the Tribe.”
(Italics added.) At oral argument, however, Corrales changed his theory,
claiming that he was “overly generous” in his appellate briefing when stating
that the Tribe and the BIA acted jointly as principals in conferring ostensible
authority on Burley. Instead, Corrales’s current argument is that only the
Tribe was the principal, but that the BIA’s act of recognizing Burley as a
person of authority within the Tribe nevertheless served to confer ostensible
authority on her. Although we acknowledge the difference in the evolving
legal theories, the distinction is not material to our analysis.
                                       20
representative of the Tribe from 1999 through 2009”;10 and (2) “The BIA
began referring to Burley as the ‘person of authority’ or ‘spokesperson’ for the
Tribe in 2004, and never withdrew that designation until December 30,
2015 . . . .” Corrales argues that “[t]hese undisputed facts and allegations
support Burley’s ostensible authority to enter into the subject Fee Agreement
on behalf of the Tribe.” (Underscoring omitted.)
      Before turning to the merits of Corrales’s ostensible authority
argument, we address the contention, raised by both the Burley faction and
the Shelton faction, that we should not consider Corrales’s ostensible
authority argument because Corrales did not raise it in the trial court.
(Hewlett-Packard Co. v. Oracle Corp. (2021) 65 Cal.App.5th 506, 548 [“ ‘ “As a
general rule, theories not raised in the trial court cannot be asserted for the
first time on appeal” ’ ”].) Although we understand respondents’ arguments,
we have decided to address the merits of Corrales’s ostensible authority

10     The first amended complaint is vague about the dates during which the
BIA entered into 638 contracts with the Tribe. Specifically, the first amended
complaint alleges that “[t]hroughout the years, the BIA considered Burley to
be the ‘Chairperson’ of the Tribe, then later a ‘person of authority’ or
‘spokesperson’ for the Tribe for purposes of entering into 638 federal contract
funding for the Tribe.” (Italics added.) Although it is not important for the
purposes of this appeal for us to determine the actual years in which the BIA
entered into 638 contracts with the Tribe, we note that in connection with the
Burley faction’s opposition to Corrales’s motion for summary judgment,
Burley submitted a declaration that provides a more detailed chronology.
According to Burley’s declaration, “In 2005, the Central California Agency,
Bureau of Indian Affairs halted the Tribe’s 638 contract funding and cited the
internal tribal leadership dispute. After a lengthy litigation battle, funding
resumed to pay for 2005-2007. [¶] . . . The Central California Agency, Bureau
of Indian Affairs halted funding again in 2008, once again citing internal
tribal leadership dispute. [¶] . . . Funding resumed in 2011 after the
Assistant Secretary-Indian Affairs’ decision in December 2010. [¶] . . . In late
2011, the Central California Agency, Bureau of Indian Affairs has once again
halted funding.”
                                       21
theory for two reasons. First, although Corrales did not discuss the theory of
ostensible authority in the trial court in any formal manner, he did orally
argue at the hearing on the motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction that the trial court could look to the BIA’s relationship with
Burley to resolve the case without deciding an intratribal dispute. Thus, the
issue was arguably raised below, albeit in a very cursory and undeveloped
manner, and without using the words “ostensible authority.” More
importantly, to the extent Corrales did not sufficiently raise the issue of
ostensible authority below, judicial efficiency will be served if we nevertheless
exercise our discretion to consider the issue. Specifically, Corrales has
brought to our attention that, despite the judgment in this case, less than a
week after the trial court denied his postjudgment motions, he filed a new
lawsuit against the same parties raising almost identical claims. (Corrales v.
California Valley Miwok Tribe (Super. Ct. San Diego County, 2022, No. 37-
2022-00012884-CU-BC-CTL).) As stated in Judge Timothy Taylor’s minute
order staying Corrales’s new lawsuit pending the outcome of this appeal,
Corrales’s new lawsuit is “virtually identical” to this action. Judge Taylor’s
minute order states that Corrales “has acknowledged in open court that the
two cases are the same except for the addition of the common counts in the
present case.” Although Judge Taylor optimistically observed that he expects
Corrales to voluntarily dismiss the new lawsuit if Corrales does not prevail in
this appeal, given Corrales’s demonstrated enthusiasm for engaging in
protracted litigation, there is a reasonable risk that if we decline to address
Corrales’s ostensible authority argument, Corrales may rely upon that theory

                                       22
in his new lawsuit as a reason to resist a voluntary dismissal of that

action.11
      Turning to the merits, we begin our discussion by reviewing the
doctrine of ostensible authority. “ ‘An agent is one who represents another,
called the principal, in dealings with third persons.’ (Civ. Code, § 2295.) ‘In
California agency is either actual or ostensible. (Civ. Code, § 2298.)’ ” (J.L. v.
Children’s Institute, Inc. (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 388, 403 (J.L.).) “Ostensible
authority is authority that the principal, either intentionally or by lack of
ordinary care, causes or allows a third party to believe the agent possesses.
[Citation.] Ostensible authority is based on the principle of estoppel, and
requires the essential elements of estoppel, i.e., representation, justifiable
reliance, and changed position as a result of the reliance.” (Taylor v.
Roseville Toyota, Inc. (2006) 138 Cal.App.4th 994, 1005 (Taylor).) “Before
recovery can be had against the principal for the acts of an ostensible agent,
three requirements must be met: The person dealing with an agent must do
so with a reasonable belief in the agent’s authority, such belief must be
generated by some act or neglect by the principal sought to be charged and

11    We remind Corrales of the principles of claim preclusion and issue
preclusion that we discussed in CVMT 2020 in connection with our order
imposing sanctions on him. Due to CVMT 2020, Corrales is clearly on notice
regarding the existence of those doctrines, and he has a duty to consider
whether they apply to his currently pending lawsuit.
      We note also that, at oral argument, counsel for the Burley faction
argued that monetary sanctions should be imposed on Corrales in this appeal
“to prevent continued abuse of the judicial process.” The applicable court
rules require that a party seeking the imposition of monetary sanctions file a
written motion, supported by a declaration, “no later than 10 days after the
appellant’s reply brief is due.” (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.276(b)(1).) As no
such written motion was filed with this court, counsel’s request for sanctions
is procedurally improper, and we express no view on the merits of the
request.
                                       23
the person relying on the agent’s apparent authority must not be negligent in
holding that belief. [Citations.] Ostensible agency cannot be established by
the representations or conduct of the purported agent; the statements or acts
of the principal must be such as to cause the belief the agency exists.” (J.L.,
at pp. 403-404.)
      Corrales’s theory is that regardless of whether Burley was the actual
agent of the Tribe (which would be an internal tribal issue beyond the court’s
jurisdiction to decide), Burley had ostensible authority to act as an agent in
binding the Tribe to the Fee Agreement in 2007 because of actions taken by
the BIA.
      The first and perhaps most obvious flaw in Corrales’s theory is that for
ostensible authority to apply, Corrales’s belief that Burley, as an agent,
possessed authority to bind a principal “must be generated by some act or
neglect by the principal sought to be charged.” (J.L., supra, 177 Cal.App.4th
at pp. 403-404, italics added.) Corrales argues that the BIA’s actions
conferred ostensible authority on Burley to enter into the Fee Agreement on
behalf of the Tribe. However, the BIA is not “the principal sought to be
charged” in Corrales’s lawsuit because Corrales has not filed suit against the
BIA to recover his attorney fees. Instead he has sued the Tribe and the
Commission, attempting to recover from the Tribe’s RSTF money. Plainly,
the Tribe is the “principal sought to be charged” by Corrales because he seeks
to recover under the Fee Agreement from the Tribe. However, because
Corrales focuses only on the BIA’s actions for his ostensible authority
argument, Corrales has not identified any “act or neglect by the principal
sought to be charged.” (Ibid, italics added.)
      Another flaw in Corrales’s theory is that it rests on a fundamental
misunderstanding of the role of the BIA in making decisions about who is an

                                       24
authorized tribal representative. Ostensible authority rests on principles of
estoppel (Taylor, supra, 138 Cal.App.4th at p. 1005), but “estoppel is barred
where the government agency to be estopped does not possess the authority
to do what it appeared to be doing.” (Medina v. Board of Retirement (2003)
112 Cal.App.4th 864, 870.) Case law is clear that the only time the BIA has
the authority to make decisions recognizing a tribal representative is when
the BIA is compelled to do so for its own limited purposes, such as identifying
a tribal representative to enter into 638 contracts. As one court has
explained, “The BIA, of course, regularly recognizes a tribe’s undisputed
leadership without limitations through its course of dealing with the tribe.
When there is a conflict over tribal leadership, however, the BIA is precluded
from issuing a recognition decision except where a federal purpose requires
recognition. For that reason, such decisions will typically carry some kind of
limiting language.” (Cayuga Nation, supra, 824 F.3d at p. 329.) “[T]he BIA
has the authority to make recognition decisions regarding tribal leadership,
but ‘only when the situation [has] deteriorated to the point that recognition of
some government was essential for Federal purposes.’ [Citation.] Thus, the
BIA ‘has both the authority and responsibility to interpret tribal law when
necessary to carry out the government-to-government relationship with the
tribe.’ ” (Id. at p. 328, second italics added.)
      Because the BIA undertakes the role of recognizing a tribal
representative solely for the purpose of carrying out federal contracting, the
BIA has no authority to decide which tribal representative is authorized to
bind a tribe to a contract with a third party. (Attorney’s Process and
Investigation Services, Inc. v. Sac & Fox Tribe of Mississippi in Iowa (8th Cir.
2010) 609 F.3d 927, 943 [the court rejected the argument that the BIA’s
recognition of a competing tribal faction established the validity of a third

                                         25
party contract entered into with the competing tribal faction, explaining that
“[b]ecause tribal governance disputes are controlled by tribal law, they fall
within the exclusive jurisdiction of tribal institutions . . . and the BIA’s
recognition of a member or faction is not binding on a tribe”].) Thus, even
though, as Corrales alleges, the BIA recognized Burley as a “person of
authority” to enter into federal contracts on behalf of the Tribe around the
time of the 2007 Fee Agreement, the BIA possessed no authority to designate
Burley as a tribal agent for the purpose of entering into a Fee Agreement
with Corrales—a third party—on behalf of the Tribe.
      Although we have cited the Second Circuit’s opinion in Cayuga Nation,
supra, 824 F.3d at pages 328-329, for the fundamental principle that the BIA
is not authorized to resolve intratribal leadership disputes except for the
limited purpose of engaging in its own federal contracting with a tribe,
Corrales contends that the holding of Cayuga Nation supports his ostensible
authority argument. As we will explain, Corrales’s contention lacks merit.
The issue in Cayuga Nation was whether, in the context of a tribal leadership
dispute, a federal court is required to look to the BIA’s recognition of a tribal
representative when the federal court seeks to identify a tribal representative
authorized to initiate federal litigation on behalf of the tribe. The Second
Circuit explained that it indisputably “lack[ed] jurisdiction to resolve the
question of whether this lawsuit was properly authorized as a matter of tribal
law.” (Id. at p. 328.) However, “[t]o conclude that the case may go forward
only if those who filed it were authorized to do so under tribal law either
would require the court to answer disputed questions of tribal law—the very
thing that federal courts are forbidden to do—or else would prevent the tribe
from suing at all, thus rendering the tribe helpless to defend its rights in
court.” (Ibid.) Thus, the Second Circuit concluded that to avoid a “result . . .

                                        26
disastrous for the tribe’s rights,” in which the tribe would have no recourse in
court to protect its rights, it would look to the BIA’s recognition of a tribal
representative to determine which tribal representative has the authority to
bring a federal lawsuit for the tribe. (Ibid.) As Cayuga Nation explained,
“Like the BIA, which must determine whom to recognize as a counterparty to
administer ongoing contracts on behalf of the [tribe], the courts must
recognize someone to act on behalf of the [tribe] to institute, defend, or
conduct litigation. Lacking jurisdiction to resolve the question of
governmental authority under tribal law, and lacking the authority under
federal law (not to mention the resources and expertise of the BIA) to
question the decision of the Executive about whom the federal government
should recognize as speaking for the [tribe], the only practical and legal
option is for the courts to consider the available evidence of the present
position of the Executive and then defer to that position.” (Id. at p. 330.)
      Corrales argues, “Just as ‘a recognition decision from the BIA’ was
‘sufficient’ to ‘find that the recognized individual has the authority to initiate
a lawsuit on behalf of the tribe’ in Cayuga Nation, the BIA’s recognition of
Burley as the [Tribe’s] ‘spokesperson,’ ‘authorized representative,’ and ‘person
of authority’ here is sufficient to find that she had authority to sign the Fee
Agreement retaining Corrales on the [Tribe’s] behalf.” Corrales’s argument
fails because Cayuga Nation decided a very limited issue. That case stands
for nothing more than that a federal court is required to follow the BIA’s lead
when determining whether a particular tribal representative is authorized to
file a lawsuit on behalf of the Tribe. Cayuga Nation does not hold that a
court may rely upon the BIA’s recognition of a tribal representative for any
other purpose. Thus, Cayuga Nation does not support Corrales’s contention
that we may look to the BIA’s recognition of Burley as a person of authority

                                        27
in the Tribe to decide that Burley had the authority, on behalf of the Tribe, to
enter into the Fee Agreement with Corrales in the midst of a tribal

leadership dispute.12
      In his reply brief, Corrales argues that our opinion in CVMT 2014,
supra, 231 Cal.App.4th 885 supports his contention that the BIA conferred
ostensible authority on Burley to enter into the Fee Agreement. Referring to
CVMT 2014, Corrales states, “this Court has already held that it is proper for
the Commission to defer to the BIA in its recognition decision for purposes of
determining who is authorized to accept RSTF proceeds for the Tribe.”
Corrales argues that CVMT 2014 “supports [his] argument that the trial
court, just like the Commission, can also look to public records to see how the
BIA had designated Burley to be a ‘person of authority’ for the Tribe with
respect to 638 federal contract funding to conclude that she would have the
same authority to retain Corrales for the Tribe.” The argument fails because
it depends on a plainly unreasonable interpretation of CVMT 2014. In CVMT
2014, we concluded that in deciding whether an authorized tribal
representative exists who can properly receive the RSTF money on behalf of
the Tribe, the Commission was entitled to wait until the BIA has resumed a

12    At oral argument, Corrales acknowledged that Cayuga Nation, supra,
824 F.3d 321, was limited to holding that a federal court is required to look to
the BIA’s recognition of a tribal representative when it seeks to identify the
party that is authorized to initiate federal litigation on behalf of a tribe.
However, Corrales argued that this case falls under that limited umbrella
because “in order to initiate a lawsuit, you have to hire a lawyer.” Thus,
according to Corrales, Cayuga Nation directly supports the conclusion that
Burley, as a tribal representative, was authorized—by virtue of the BIA’s
recognition of her as a person of authority within the Tribe—to enter into a
binding contract for legal services on behalf of the Tribe. We reject the
argument. Cayuga Nation says nothing to suggest that the BIA has the
authority to designate a tribal agent to bind a tribe to a contract for legal
services with a third party in the midst of a tribal leadership dispute.
                                       28
government-to-government relationship with the Tribe for the purpose of
entering into a 638 contract. Specifically, we explained that “[g]iven the
BIA’s obligation to ensure that it is dealing with a tribe’s duly constituted
government, if the BIA chooses to resume contracting for ISDEAA benefits
with the Tribe, the Commission will be justified in viewing that action by the
BIA as a decision that the Tribe has a duly constituted government and an
authorized tribal representative.” (CVMT 2014, at p. 908.) Nothing we said
in CVMT 2014 can reasonably be interpreted as suggesting that the BIA has
the authority to decide, on behalf of the Tribe, which tribal representative
was authorized to enter into binding contracts with third parties.
      Finally, in a departure from his reliance on the theory of ostensible
authority, Corrales argues that the trial court had subject matter jurisdiction
to decide whether he could recover against the Tribe under principles of
quantum meruit without deciding the validity of the Fee Agreement.
According to Corrales, “If the subject written Fee Agreement is found to be
invalid for any reason, Corrales is still entitled to quantum meruit recovery
for the reasonable value of his services. He does not need to prove the
existence of a contract.”
      There are at least two problems with Corrales’s quantum meruit
argument. First, the first amended complaint does not seek relief based on a
theory of quantum meruit, and thus Corrales cannot now, on appeal, claim to

seek recovery against the Tribe, in this lawsuit, on that basis.13 Second,
recovery under quantum meruit would still require the trial court to resolve
the issue of whether Burley represented the Tribe in entering into the Fee
Agreement and accepting the legal services provided to her by Corrales. “To

13    Indeed, Corrales acknowledges that he pled his quantum meruit claim
for the first time in the new lawsuit pending before Judge Taylor.
                                       29
recover in quantum meruit, a party need not prove the existence of a contract
[citations], but it must show the circumstances were such that ‘the services
were rendered under some understanding or expectation of both parties that
compensation therefor was to be made.’ ” (Huskinson & Brown v. Wolf (2004)
32 Cal.4th 453, 458.) To determine whether the Tribe had an
“ ‘understanding or expectation’ ” (ibid.) that it would be making payment to
Corrales for his provision of services to Burley, the trial court would be

required to determine whether Burley represented the Tribe.14
      In sum, we conclude that there is no merit to Corrales’s contention that
the trial court had subject matter jurisdiction to decide the claims he has
asserted in this action. To resolve whether a binding Fee Agreement exists
or whether Corrales provided legal services to Burley with the understanding
he would be paid by the Tribe, the trial court would be required to resolve an
intratribal leadership and membership dispute over which it lacks subject
matter jurisdiction. The trial court thus properly dismissed the action for
lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
B.    Corrales Has Not Established That the Trial Court Erred in Denying
      His Postjudgment Motions
      Next, we consider Corrales’s contention that the trial court erred in
denying his postjudgment motions. “ ‘ “We review a trial court’s ruling on a
motion for a new trial under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.”
[Citations.] “ ‘A trial court’s ruling on a motion for new trial is so completely
within that court’s discretion that a reviewing court will not disturb the
ruling absent a manifest and unmistakable abuse of that discretion.’ ” ’ ”
(People v. Lightsey (2012) 54 Cal.4th 668, 729.) Similarly, a motion for relief

14   Because we address, on the merits, the issue of whether the trial court
would have subject matter jurisdiction over Corrales’s quantum meruit claim,
we expect our decision to create issue preclusion in Corrales’s new lawsuit.
                                       30
from default under Code of Civil Procedure section 473, subdivision (b)
“ ‘shall not be disturbed on appeal absent a clear showing of abuse.’ ”
(Zamora v. Clayborn Contracting Group, Inc. (2002) 28 Cal.4th 249, 257.)
      One of the grounds for a new trial is “[e]rror in law, occurring at the
trial and excepted to by the party making the application.” (Code Civ. Proc.,
§ 657, subd. (7).) As we understand Corrales’s argument, he relies on this
provision to argue that the trial court should have granted his motion for a
new trial because he purportedly established that the trial court committed
legal error when it stated it could consider evidence outside the pleadings in
determining whether it lacked subject matter jurisdiction. Specifically,
Corrales points out that the trial court’s minute order cited Great Western
Casinos, Inc. v. Morongo Band of Mission Indians (1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 1407
(Great Western) for the proposition that “when faced with a claim of sovereign
immunity, the court may look beyond the pleadings if needed and engage in a
factual inquiry to determine whether it has subject matter jurisdiction over a
dispute.” (Italics added.) According to Corrales, the trial court erred because
the issue presented was not the Tribe’s sovereign immunity but rather
whether the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction. Corrales contends
that “it is undisputed that the [Burley faction’s] motion to dismiss was not
based on sovereign immunity, and the trial court therefore was not required
to look outside the pleadings to rule on the motion.”
      Although the trial court admittedly created some confusion by referring
to sovereign immunity, Corrales’s argument fails because Great Western sets
forth a rule that applies to all types of challenges to subject matter
jurisdiction, not just challenges based on sovereign immunity. Explaining
that tribal sovereign immunity is often viewed as an issue of the court’s
subject matter jurisdiction, Great Western expressly assumed for the sake of

                                       31
its analysis that the procedural rules governing challenges to subject matter
jurisdiction applied. (Great Western, supra, 74 Cal.App.4th at p. 1417.)
Having done so, Great Western discussed those procedural rules. As Great
Western explained, “if subject matter jurisdiction may be challenged at any
time during the course of an action it is logical for the court to consider all
admissible evidence then before it in making its determination—whatever
the procedural posture of the case. Permitting as thorough a review by the
court considering the challenge is in accord with the principle a court’s
subject matter jurisdiction is so fundamental it may be attacked at any time.”
(Id. at p. 1418.) Thus, Corrales is simply wrong when he contends that the
trial court should not have relied on Great Western to state that it could look
to evidence outside the pleadings in ruling on the Burley faction’s motion.
Great Western establishes that a court may look to evidence outside the
pleadings in ruling on a challenge to its subject matter jurisdiction, such as
the motion that was pending before the trial court.
      Moreover, although Corrales attacks the trial court’s statement that it
was permitted to look to evidence outside of the pleadings, the trial court’s
minute order shows that the trial court did not rely on any evidence beyond
the pleadings in making its ruling. The trial court looked solely to Corrales’s
allegations in the first amended complaint to determine that it would be
required to resolve an intratribal leadership and membership dispute to
decide Corrales’s lawsuit. Thus, even if there were some merit to Corrales’s
contention that the trial court was limited to looking to the pleadings in
determining whether it lacked subject matter jurisdiction, that is precisely
the approach that the trial court took.
      Corrales claims in an argument heading in his opening appellate brief
that he is also challenging the trial court’s denial of his motion for relief from

                                        32
default. However, he presents no coherent argument challenging that ruling.
“When an appellant fails to raise a point, or asserts it but fails to support it
with reasoned argument and citations to authority, we treat the point as
forfeited.” (Delta Stewardship Council Cases (2020) 48 Cal.App.5th 1014,
1075.)
      We accordingly conclude that Corrales has not identified any ground on
which the trial court erred in denying his postjudgment motions.
C.    Corrales Did Not Seek a Stay of the Action
      Corrales argues that “the trial court’s refusal to stay the action, instead
of dismissing it, pending organization of the Tribe’s governing body was an

abuse of discretion.”15
      Generally, we apply an abuse of discretion standard in reviewing a trial
court’s decision to deny a requested stay of an action. (See, e.g., Bains v.
Moores (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 445, 480 [abuse of discretion standard in
reviewing a request to stay until witnesses involved in parallel criminal
proceedings were available].) Here, however, there is no trial court decision
to review because Corrales did not request a stay in response to the Burley
faction’s motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The only
time, prior to judgment, that Corrales requested a stay was when he filed an
ex parte application seeking a stay in April 2020, with the concurrence of the

15     Corrales’s only legal argument to support his contention that the trial
court should have stayed the action is based on the status of a federal district
court interpleader action titled In re $323,647.60 in Funds Belonging to the
California Valley Miwok Tribe (E.D.Cal. 2019, No. 1:19-cv-00242-DAD-SAB),
in which, in light of the Tribe’s ongoing leadership and membership dispute,
the federal court has stayed the action. Documents pertaining to that action
were attached to Corrales’s declaration in support of his postjudgment
motions. Without citing any California authority, Corrales argues that the
trial court should have “follow[ed] the lead” of those federal court
proceedings, and that it abused its discretion in failing to do so.
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opposing parties, but then withdrew it, subjecting his opponents to another
two years of litigation.
      Corrales argued for the first time in his motion for a new trial that the
trial court should have stayed the action rather than dismissing it for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction. However, that request was untimely because the
trial court had already dismissed the case. As we have explained, Corrales
has not established that the trial court erred in rejecting his attempt to
vacate that dismissal through his postjudgment motions.
                                DISPOSITION
      The judgment is affirmed.

                                                                      IRION, J.

WE CONCUR:

O’ROURKE, Acting P. J.

DO, J.

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