Court Opinion

ID: 4574946
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-10-09 14:05:13.03198+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:31:43.800829
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: OCTOBER 2, 2020; 10:00 A.M.
                            NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                    Commonwealth of Kentucky
                                Court of Appeals

                                 NO. 2019-CA-1289-MR

HARVEY MIDDLETON                                                      APPELLANT

                     APPEAL FROM HARLAN CIRCUIT COURT
v.                  HONORABLE KENT HENDRICKSON, JUDGE
                           ACTION NO. 18-CR-00067

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                                 APPELLEE

                                      OPINION
                                     AFFIRMING

                                    ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE; KRAMER AND MCNEILL, JUDGES.

KRAMER, JUDGE: On July 18, 2019, Harvey Middleton was convicted in Harlan

Circuit Court of violating KRS1 218A.1412 (i.e., trafficking in a controlled

substance in the first degree, first offense, fewer than ten (10) pills (oxycodone)).

At trial, Middleton effectively raised the defense of entrapment; the jury was

1
    Kentucky Revised Statute.
provided an instruction regarding his entrapment defense; and, in finding him

guilty, the jury ultimately rejected his defense. On appeal, Middleton now asserts

the jury should not have been permitted to decide the issue of entrapment at all. In

other words, he claims he should have been acquitted because, in his view, the

Commonwealth failed to disprove entrapment, thus entitling him to a directed

verdict.

                Middleton never raised this point at trial through a directed verdict

motion.2 Instead, Middleton requests palpable error review,3 the essence of his

argument being that the circuit court erred by not raising this point and acquitting

him on this basis sua sponte. We will grant Middleton’s request for palpable error

review because the Kentucky Supreme Court has indicated it is proper to do so in

this context. See Mackey v. Commonwealth, 407 S.W.3d 554, 558 (Ky. 2013)

(granting palpable error review of appellant’s unpreserved argument that a directed

verdict was warranted based on entrapment defense). Upon review, we affirm.

                To begin, entrapment is a defense delineated in KRS 505.010, which

provides in pertinent part as follows:

                (1) A person is not guilty of an offense arising out of
                proscribed conduct when:

2
 Kentucky Rule of Criminal Procedure (RCr) 10.24 allows a defendant to make a motion for a
directed verdict if the Commonwealth has not presented enough evidence to support a
conviction.
3
    See RCr 10.26.

                                            -2-
                   (a) He was induced or encouraged to engage
                   in that conduct by a public servant or by a
                   person acting in cooperation with a public
                   servant seeking to obtain evidence against
                   him for the purpose of criminal prosecution;
                   and

                   (b) At the time of the inducement or
                   encouragement, he was not otherwise
                   disposed to engage in such conduct.

             In other words, if the defendant is tricked or induced into committing

a crime at the behest of the governmental actor and the criminal intent originates

with the governmental actor, then a conviction for the crime is inappropriate. See

Alford v. Commonwealth, 240 Ky. 513, 42 S.W.2d 711 (1931). Conversely, “[i]f

the evidence is that the defendant otherwise is disposed to engage in the criminal

activity, then inducement or encouragement does not constitute entrapment.”

Commonwealth v. Sanders, 736 S.W.2d 338, 340 (Ky. 1987).

             To obtain a directed verdict based upon entrapment, a defendant must

establish “undisputed” evidence demonstrating a “patently clear” absence of

predisposition. United States v. Harris, 9 F.3d 493, 498 (6th Cir. 1993); United

States v. Tucker, 28 F.3d 1420, 1428-29 (6th Cir. 1994). And, in determining

whether the evidence was insufficient to establish predisposition, a reviewing court

must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, resolve all

reasonable inferences in favor of the prosecution, and cannot choose between

conflicting testimony or make credibility determinations. United States v. Barger,

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931 F.2d 359, 366 (6th Cir. 1991); United States v. Silva, 846 F.2d 352, 355 (6th

Cir. 1988); see also Commonwealth v. Benham, 816 S.W.2d 186 (Ky. 1991)

(similarly delineating the general standard for reviewing a criminal defendant’s

motion for directed verdict in Kentucky). This is because, where conflicting

evidence of substance exists on the question of entrapment, it is a factual issue for

a jury to decide. See Mathews v. United States, 485 U.S. 58, 63, 108 S. Ct. 883,

886, 99 L. Ed. 2d 54 (1988); Barger, 931 F.2d at 366; Commonwealth v. Day, 983
S.W.2d 505, 508 (Ky. 1999).

             “Predisposition . . . focuses upon whether the defendant was an

unwary innocent or, instead, an unwary criminal who readily availed himself of the

opportunity to perpetrate the crime.” Mathews, 485 U.S. at 62, 108 S.Ct. at 886

(internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Courts have identified five

factors relevant to determine whether a defendant was predisposed to commit a

crime: (1) the character or reputation of the defendant; (2) whether the initial

suggestion of criminal activity was made by the government; (3) whether the

defendant engaged in criminal activity for a profit; (4) whether the defendant

expressed reluctance to commit the offense which was overcome by government

persecution; and (5) the nature of the inducement or persuasion applied by the

government. See, e.g., United States v. Khalil, 279 F.3d 358, 365 (6th Cir. 2002);

United States v. Thomas, 134 F.3d 975, 978 (9th Cir. 1998); United States v.

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Santiago-Godinez, 12 F.3d 722, 728 (7th Cir. 1993). Although none of these

factors alone is determinative, the most important factor is whether the defendant

exhibited a reluctance to commit the offense that was overcome by government

inducement. Santiago-Godinez, 12 F.3d at 728; United States v. Skarie, 971 F.2d
317, 320 (9th Cir. 1992); United States v. McLernon, 746 F.2d 1098, 1113 (6th Cir.

1984).

                 Keeping that in mind, the evidence adduced at trial reflected the

following. Harvey Middleton and John4 (a confidential informant) both resided in

Harlan County. On the morning of June 13, 2017, John initiated contact with

Middleton through Facebook Messenger. The messages the two men exchanged

were not introduced as evidence, but John and Middleton both testified at trial

regarding the substance of the messages: John asked if Middleton could supply

him with “roxies” (his term for oxycodone), and Middleton agreed to do so. Both

men also testified they exchanged telephone calls afterward, during which they

agreed John would purchase the oxycodone from Middleton at his home later that

day.

                 Unbeknownst to Middleton, John had been working as a confidential

informant for the Harlan County Sheriff’s Department. After arranging the

narcotics transaction, John contacted Sergeant Jason Snelling at the department,

4
    We chose to only use the first name of the confidential informant throughout this opinion.

                                                 -5-
advising him that he could purchase narcotics from Middleton. Snelling then met

with John, with whom he was familiar, and he outfitted John with a digital

recorder.

             Thereafter, Snelling provided John with a ride to effectuate the

transaction. He could only drive John to the approximate area of Middleton’s

home, near a “school,” because John had never before visited Middleton’s home

and did not know precisely where Middleton lived – a point that was highlighted

during the first two minutes of the audio recording from the controlled buy that

was played for the jury at trial. There, while riding with Snelling, John is heard to

say, “I don’t want to go too far up, I don’t know where he’s at.” John’s cellular

telephone then rings; John remarks that Middleton is calling him and answers the

call; and he and Middleton have the following relevant exchange:

             JOHN: Hey, buddy, I’m at the school.

             MIDDLETON: [Inaudible]

             JOHN: I said I’m at the school right now.

             MIDDLETON: I tried calling you [inaudible].

             JOHN: I tried calling you, too. I don’t get real good
             service here. Now how far up are you up here now?
             What’s it?

             MIDDLETON: I’m at, keep looking at your left side,
             and you’ll see a two, a two-mile marker. I live on
             Middleton Road.

                                         -6-
             JOHN: Okay, you gonna be out?

             MIDDLETON: I’ll [inaudible] with you.

             JOHN: Are you gonna be out? My mobile, my phone
             won’t pick up far up through here, but, uh, I’m having
             my ride drop me off too, man, because you know me and
             my people don’t know you, you don’t know them, I like
             to keep things that way, but um, just give me a general
             idea about how far up from the school it is, how many
             minutes.

             MIDDLETON: Two miles.

             JOHN: Two miles? Alright, brother.

             The entire audio recording from the controlled buy was played for the

jury. After concluding his telephone conversation with Middleton, John is heard

exiting the vehicle; walking for several minutes; and is eventually greeted by

Middleton. The two men interact for approximately ten minutes. After

exchanging small talk, Middleton is heard telling John that he could get narcotics

“all day long”; and that if he did not have what John wanted, he could get it. When

John inquired about Subutex, which is another narcotic, Middleton informed him

that he could get it for John if he wanted. Consistent with the recording, Middleton

also admitted at trial that he sold drugs to John during their interaction –

specifically, two oxycodone pills for $100; that he was guilty of trafficking in a

controlled substance; and that if John had asked him to get the Subutex for him, he

probably would have sold that to him, too.

                                          -7-
             With that said, we now turn to Middleton’s entrapment defense and

the five factors outlined above. As to the first factor, there was no evidence

adduced either way. Middleton was not asked at trial if he had ever sold drugs

prior to this occasion, nor was any evidence presented in that vein.

             As to the second factor, the initial suggestion of criminal activity (i.e.,

drug trafficking) was made by John, who was a confidential informant. The record

indicates that John arranged for the purchase of narcotics from Middleton but that

he was not specifically directed to do so by the government.

             As to the third factor, Middleton contends he accumulated quantities

of pain medication in his home, albeit illegally, for his own consumption due to his

own issues with pain. Notwithstanding, Middleton sold John two oxycodone pills

for $100. Therefore, Middleton did engage in criminal activity for profit.

             As to the fourth factor, nothing of record indicates Middleton

expressed any reluctance to commit the offense of trafficking. Rather, a

reasonable jury could infer that Middleton readily complied with John’s request to

purchase narcotics from him, considering the audio recording of the sale itself;

Middleton’s testimony discussed previously; and the relative brevity of

Middleton’s interaction with John leading up to the sale (i.e., the first time John

contacted Middleton about purchasing narcotics from him was the morning of June

                                          -8-
13, 2017; and the men completed the narcotics transaction that same day, shortly

after 12:30 p.m.).

             Lastly, regarding the nature of the inducement or persuasion applied

by the government (i.e., the fifth factor enumerated above), Middleton asserts in

his brief that he sold John narcotics because he believed John was suffering from

pain and because he considered John his friend.

             To be sure, tactics found by courts to be excessive in the context of

entrapment have included appeals to sympathy, see Sherman v. United States, 356
U.S. 369, 373, 78 S. Ct. 819, 821, 2 L. Ed. 2d 848 (1958), or “preying upon the love

and loyalty of [a] special relationship.” McLernon, 746 F.2d at 1114. But, to the

extent that entrapment can be predicated upon a confidential informant’s appeal to

sympathy or friendship, the evidence presented at the trial of this matter was less

than compelling. Middleton merely testified he “assumed” John was in pain

because that was what John had told him on the morning of June 13, 2017, in a

Facebook message, and because he knew John had played football in high school

and had perhaps sustained injuries. As to the extent of their friendship, John and

Middleton acknowledged they had been friends through middle school and high

school. But, on the date of their transaction, Middleton was 38 years old, and John

did not even know where Middleton lived. Middleton also testified:

                                         -9-
            COUNSEL: You characterized your relationship as
            “acquaintances” and you saw each other out. Did you
            regularly hang out with [] John?

            MIDDLETON: No, not after high school.

            COUNSEL: Did he regularly call you?

            MIDDLETON: No.

            COUNSEL: So, was it unusual that he called you that
            day?

            MIDDLETON: Yeah, kinda.

            COUNSEL: Okay. Um, and then you said that you
            knew him to have some football injuries?

            MIDDLETON: Yeah, he was a good football player, I
            thought.

            COUNSEL: Okay, so when he called you, what were
            you thinking?

            MIDDLETON: At first, I thought he was just calling to,
            when he mentioned me, I thought he was just wanting to
            catch up on, you know, ‘cause we ain’t seen each other in
            so long.

            As discussed, for Middleton to have been entitled to a directed

verdict, we would have to conclude that reasonable minds could not fairly reject

his defense of entrapment. Here, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable

to the Commonwealth with respect to the factors enumerated above, the totality of

the evidence was such that reasonable minds might fairly find Middleton guilty

beyond a reasonable doubt. See Commonwealth v. Sawhill, 660 S.W.2d 3 (Ky.

                                       -10-
1983). Accordingly, the circuit court’s failure to grant Middleton a directed

verdict of acquittal was not error, and we AFFIRM.

             ALL CONCUR.

BRIEF FOR APPELLANT:                     BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Karen Shuff Maurer                       Daniel Cameron
Assistant Public Advocate                Attorney General of Kentucky
Frankfort, Kentucky
                                         Stephanie L. McKeehan
                                         Assistant Attorney General
                                         Frankfort, Kentucky

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