Court Opinion

ID: 2654924
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-02-27 05:13:10.80018+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:15:53.305796
License: Public Domain

Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the
Atlantic and Maryland Reporters. Users are requested to notify the Clerk of the
Court of any formal errors so that corrections may be made before the bound
volumes go to press.

             DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS

                                  No. 11-CF-22

                          RONALD WYNN, APPELLANT,

                                         v.

                           UNITED STATES, APPELLEE.

                         Appeal from the Superior Court
                           of the District of Columbia
                                 (CF1-20026-08)

                    (Hon. Herbert B. Dixon, Jr., Trial Judge)

(Argued December 6, 2012                          Decided November 21, 2013)

      David H. Reiter for appellant.

      David B. Goodhand, Assistant United States Attorney, with whom Ronald
C. Machen Jr., United States Attorney, and Elizabeth Trosman, Elizabeth H.
Danello, T. Patrick Martin, and Sharad S. Khandelwal, Assistant United States
Attorneys, were on the brief, for appellee.

      Before FISHER and OBERLY, Associate Judges, and FERREN, Senior Judge.

      OBERLY, Associate Judge:         Ronald Wynn appeals his convictions for

voluntary manslaughter while armed, possession of a firearm during a crime of
                                         2

violence (“PFCV”),1 carrying a pistol without a license (“CPWL”),2 felon in

possession of a firearm (“FIP”),3 possession of an unregistered firearm (“UF”),4

possession of unregistered ammunition (“UA”),5 and obstruction of justice.6

Wynn‟s convictions arise out of the shooting of Daniel Clark on July 28, 2008. At

his first trial, Wynn was convicted of CPWL, FIP, UF, UA, and obstruction of

justice, but the jury hung on the PFCV count and the original count of first-degree

murder.7    Wynn was convicted of PFCV and the lesser-included offense of

voluntary manslaughter while armed at his second trial. He now makes three

arguments on appeal. First, Wynn argues that the evidence was insufficient to

support his conviction under D.C. Code § 22-722 (a)(3)(B), the portion of the

Code that criminalizes the harassment of witnesses with the intent to obstruct the

reporting of criminal offenses to law enforcement. Second, he claims that juror

coercion tainted his convictions for CPWL, FIP, UF, UA, and obstruction of

justice at his first trial. Finally, Wynn contends that the trial court erred at his

second trial by permitting a witness to claim the privilege against self-

incrimination when otherwise that witness would have testified favorably for him.

      1
          D.C. Code § 22-4504 (b) (2012 Repl.).
      2
          D.C. Code § 22-4504 (a) (2012 Repl.).
      3
          D.C. Code § 22-4503 (a)(1) (2012 Repl.).
      4
          D.C. Code § 7-2502.01 (a) (2012 Repl.).
      5
          D.C. Code § 7-2506.01 (a) (2012 Repl.).
      6
          D.C. Code § 22-722 (a)(3)(B) (2012 Repl.).
      7
          D.C. Code §§ 22-2101, -4502 (2012 Repl.).
                                              3

We agree with Wynn‟s first argument and reverse the judgment against him for

obstruction of justice. We find his other arguments without merit and affirm the

remainder of his convictions.

                                       I.      Facts

                                  A.        The Shooting

       On the late afternoon of July 28, 2008, Daniel Clark, his wife Bonita Clark,

and their children arrived at a cookout at the Buena Vista Terrace apartments near

their home in Southeast, Washington, D.C. A few hours into the cookout, Wynn

drove up to an apartment near the cookout and dropped off his co-worker Terrence

Brooks. Wynn and Brooks double-parked Wynn‟s car on the street in front of the

cookout and exited the vehicle. Wynn left the car in the street and went to talk to

some people he knew at the cookout. Bonita approached Wynn and asked him to

move his car so that other vehicles could drive down the street unimpeded. A

verbal, and possibly physical, dispute ensued between Bonita and Wynn. The

argument escalated when Daniel approached Wynn and took issue with Wynn‟s

behavior toward Bonita. The quarrel turned violent and the two men fought until

separated by other people at the cookout. Witnesses testified that Wynn said to

Daniel, “I kill little niggers like you.”
                                         4

      Daniel told Wynn to “stay here” and walked toward his home. Several

witnesses saw Wynn then retrieve a pistol from his car. After obtaining his pistol,

Wynn followed Daniel and tapped him on the shoulder. Wynn shot Daniel in the

head when he turned around. After he shot Daniel, Wynn reportedly said, “Fuck

you and your bitch.”

      Wynn fled the scene and went to the apartment of his girlfriend, Veronica

Morris, several blocks away. At the apartment, Wynn changed out of his clothes

and spoke to Veronica‟s daughter, Brittany, telling her that “nothing was wrong.”

        B.     Wynn’s Interactions with Veronica and Brittany Morris

      Although Wynn told Brittany that “nothing was wrong,” he asked her to call

her mother. Wynn told her to tell Veronica that if anyone asked Veronica about

Wynn, Veronica was to say that Wynn had been with her at the time of the

shooting. Veronica, unaware of any of the facts surrounding the shooting, was

confused and repeatedly asked Brittany what was happening. In response, Wynn

told Brittany to tell her mother not to worry, which Brittany did. Veronica testified

that her reaction to Wynn‟s message was one of substantial confusion. She said
                                         5

that “she didn‟t even pay [any] attention to [Wynn‟s request]” because she “didn‟t

comprehend it at all.”    Wynn, who had been regularly staying at Veronica‟s

apartment in the days leading up to the shooting, fled and did not have any

interaction with Veronica until several days later. Wynn called Veronica by phone

and told her that “it wasn‟t me,” but kept the discussion to a minimum for fear of

police monitoring.

                     C.   Jury Deliberations in the First Trial

      Eventually, the police arrested Wynn and he was tried for first-degree

murder. Wynn testified in his own defense. He claimed that after Daniel Clark

appeared to walk away, he doubled back and approached Wynn aggressively with

a gun. Wynn told the jury that he believed that Daniel was going to shoot him. He

stated that he reacted and shot Daniel in self-defense with a gun he was carrying on

his person.

      During the first few days of deliberations, the jury sent a series of notes to

the trial court. All of the jury‟s substantive notes dealt with the legal issues

surrounding the murder count. The evening of the third day of deliberations, the

jury told the trial court that it could not reach a unanimous verdict on the murder
                                          6

count and explained that the disagreement concerned whether there were

“mitigating circumstances” attendant to the shooting. The court dismissed the jury

for the evening without responding directly to its note. The morning of the fourth

day of deliberations, a Friday, the court asked the jury whether it had reached a

unanimous verdict on any count. The jury responded that it had not. Then, with

the consent and encouragement of defense counsel, the trial court gave the jury an

“anti-deadlock” instruction.

      That afternoon, the jury sent another set of notes to the court. First, it sent a

note stating, “We do not have [sic] unanimous verdict.” The trial court did not

respond to that note, believing it to be simply a “status update.” Shortly thereafter,

the jury followed with another note asking if it could return a verdict on the PFCV

and obstruction of justice counts if it had not yet reached a verdict on the murder

count. The trial court declined to give the jury the option of returning a verdict on

the PFCV count, considering it too closely intertwined with the murder count.

However, the court did inform the jury that it would be allowed to return a verdict

on the obstruction of justice count and any other count on which the jury had

reached a unanimous verdict. Before verdicts were returned, Wynn‟s defense

counsel moved for a mistrial on all counts, which the trial court denied.
                                         7

      In response to the court‟s instruction, the jury sent a note attempting to

inform the court where it stood on a count-by-count basis. The court, mistakenly

believing that the note contained numerical splits on individual counts, did not read

the note and sent it back to the jury. The jury followed by informing the trial court

that it was prepared to give verdicts on the CPWL, FIP, UF, UA, and obstruction

of justice counts. The trial court accepted the partial verdict and the jury found

Wynn guilty on all counts, except for the murder and PFCV offenses on which the

jury was still deliberating. The trial court dismissed the jury for the weekend and

instructed it to resume deliberations on the remaining counts the following

Monday.

      After deliberating Monday morning, the jury sent a final note stating that it

could not reach a unanimous verdict on the first-degree murder and PFCV counts.

The defense moved for a mistrial and the trial court granted the motion. The trial

court noted its concern that doing otherwise might have the appearance of coercing

the jury.
                                        8

                 D.    The Second Trial and Terrence Brooks

      At Wynn‟s second trial for PFCV and first-degree murder, his defense

counsel informed the trial court that Wynn intended to call Terrence Brooks,

Wynn‟s co-worker and the person that Wynn dropped off near the cookout before

the shooting. Defense counsel proffered that Brooks would testify that he had seen

Daniel Clark with a gun in his hand shortly before the shooting, thereby bolstering

Wynn‟s claims of self-defense. Specifically, defense counsel stated:

            [Brooks] is going to testify that . . . he came down the
            steps, he briefly saw [another witness] in the hallway
            going up to his apartment, and [Brooks] said to him that
            he had to go to the bathroom . . . . And during this
            conversation – this encounter with [the other witness]
            that Mr. Brooks will testify he saw [the other witness]
            and Mr. Clark, the decedent, handling a silver-colored
            handgun. Passing it back and forth between each other.

      However, Brooks testified during the grand jury investigation and denied

any knowledge of substantive facts related to the shooting. Specifically, he told

the grand jury that he never saw Daniel Clark with a gun. Brooks‟s appointed

defense counsel informed the trial court that, if called by Wynn to testify, Brooks

would assert his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination on the basis

that, without immunity from the government, the proffered testimony would
                                           9

expose him to a perjury prosecution. The government responded that it would not

grant Brooks immunity without a debriefing. On the advice of counsel, Brooks

refused to participate in the debriefing process.

      The trial court reviewed Brooks‟s grand jury testimony and engaged in a

colloquy with Brooks about his potential privilege. It found that Brooks was at

risk for a perjury prosecution if Brooks testified for Wynn in accordance with

Wynn‟s counsel‟s proffer. The court further stated that the government‟s demand

for a debriefing was not unreasonable or done in bad faith. As a result, the trial

court permitted Brooks to claim the Fifth Amendment privilege as to questions

about whether Daniel Clark possessed a gun. The trial court found that because the

events of the shooting happened quickly and over a “very brief period of time”

there would be “no way to parse” through Brooks‟s prospective testimony so that

his claim of privilege would protect him from testifying about some events, but not

others. Brooks did not testify for Wynn at trial.

                                  II.    Discussion

             A.     The Meaning of “Harass” Under D.C. Code § 22-722
                    (a)(3)(B)

      Understandably, all participants in the trial process were focused first and
                                        10

foremost on the murder charge, but the result seems to have been an obstruction of

justice count that received inadequate attention from both the parties and the trial

court. As a consequence, we are compelled to reverse the conviction. Starting

from an indictment that appears to have been somewhat carelessly drafted,

followed by a cursory presentation of the evidence at trial, and continuing through

an erroneous jury instruction, we arrive at acceptance of appellant‟s argument that

the evidence was insufficient to support the charge. Although some of the failings

rest with appellant, and ordinarily might lead us to deem his arguments waived or,

at a minimum, subject to plain-error review, we conclude that the circumstances

here call for us to engage in de novo review in order to avoid affirming a

conviction for conduct that was not a crime. See, e.g., (Cotey) Wynn v. United

States, 48 A.3d 181, 188 (D.C. 2012) (de novo review appropriate where “there

was no additional evidence the government could have produced to meet their

challenge had appellants couched it [properly] in the trial court”). Ultimately,

Wynn‟s claim turns on a question of law and statutory construction. This is a

question to be reviewed de novo. Id. at 187-88; see also Newby v. United States,

797 A.2d 1233, 1238-39 (D.C. 2012).

      The District of Columbia Code specifies a number of different actions that

may constitute obstruction of justice. See D.C. Code § 22-722 (a)(1)-(a)(6). Both
                                          11

parties have briefed the appeal as if the case involves the “harassment” form of

obstruction of justice, which provides:

           (a) A person commits the offense of obstruction of justice
               if that person: . . . (3) Harasses another person with the
               intent to hinder, delay, prevent, or dissuade the person
               from: (A) Attending or testifying truthfully in an
               official proceeding; (B) Reporting to a law
               enforcement officer the commission of, or any
               information concerning, a criminal offense; (C)
               Arresting or seeking the arrest of another person in
               connection with the commission of a criminal offense;
               or (D) Causing a criminal prosecution or a parole or
               probation revocation proceeding to be sought or
               instituted, or assisting in a prosecution or other official
               proceeding . . . .

D.C. Code § 22-722 (a)(3)(B) (emphasis added).            We will take the parties‟

apparent agreement that this is a “harassment” case at face value and analyze it on

that basis.8 So viewed, we cannot conclude that the government proved conduct

      8
         The indictment also charged that Wynn obstructed justice by “knowingly
threaten[ing]” and “corruptly persuad[ing]” another “with the intent to hinder,
delay, prevent and dissuade” the reporting of a crime to a law enforcement officer.
However, the government does not defend Wynn‟s conviction on the basis of any
acts that might even arguably constitute threats, and there are none in the record.
Although it might have been possible to defend the conviction on the basis of
“corrupt persuasion,” that action is not an element of the statutory offense charged
                                                                       (continued…)
                                         12

constituting “harassment,” and we therefore reverse appellant‟s conviction for

obstruction of justice.

      In Woodall v. United States, 684 A.2d 1258 (D.C. 1996), we approved of a

definition of “harass” that included not only threats and physical force, but also the

use of “words or actions having a reasonable tendency to badger, disturb, or pester

the ordinary person.”     Id. at 1264 (internal quotation marks omitted).        This

definition has since been integrated into the language of the current pattern Jury

Instruction: “„Harass‟ means to threaten, intimidate, or use physical force against a

person or to use any words or actions that have a reasonable tendency to badger,

disturb, pester the ordinary person (means seriously alarm, frighten, annoy, or

(…continued)
in the indictment and described in § 22-722 (a)(3)(B); we suspect that the
government included the phrase more out of habit than design as it appears in other
sections of the obstruction of justice statute but not the one Wynn was charged
with violating. Compare § 22-722 (a)(3)(B) with §§ 22-722 (a)(1) and (a)(2).
Equally important, the government does not attempt in its brief on appeal to defend
the conviction as a case of “corrupt persuasion,” even though Wynn‟s actions in
this case could be viewed as an attempt to “corruptly persuade” Veronica Morris to
lie for him and thus might well have been criminal under § 22-722 (a)(2)(A). See
Jones v. United States, 999 A.2d 917, 920-21 (D.C. 2010) (conviction under § 22-
722 (a)(2)(A) upheld where the defendant asked a friend to lie for him immediately
following a stabbing at a nightclub). But that avenue of prosecution might be
foreclosed in light of (Cotey) Wynn, 48 A.3d at 187-91 (casting doubt on whether
an initial police investigation constitutes an “official proceeding” for purposes of
the obstruction of justice statute). Rather than decide that question, we – like the
parties – will focus our analysis on the “harassment” language of § 22-722
(a)(3)(B).
                                          13

torment).” Standardized Criminal Jury Instructions for the District of Columbia,

No. 6.101C (5th ed. rev. 2013). Similarly, BLACK‟S LAW DICTIONARY (9th ed.

2009), available at Westlaw BLACKS, defines “harassment” as “Words, conduct, or

action (usu. repeated or persistent) that, being directed at a specific person, annoys,

alarms, or causes substantial emotional distress in that person and serves no

legitimate purpose.”

      These definitions comport with the ordinary usage of the term “harass” and

inform our task of statutory construction. “A fundamental canon of statutory

construction is that, unless otherwise defined, words will be interpreted as taking

their ordinary, contemporary, common meaning.” Perrin v. United States, 444

U.S. 37, 42 (1979); see also Gordon v. United States, 906 A.2d 882, 884 (D.C.

2006) (“terms used by the legislature . . . will be given the meaning they have in

common usage”).

      The government‟s theory of obstruction of justice was based on Wynn‟s

request to Veronica Morris, through her daughter Brittany, to provide him with a

false alibi.   At trial, the defense moved for a judgment of acquittal on the

obstruction-of-justice count. The defense argued, in essence, that Veronica Morris

was not a witness at the time that Wynn requested Brittany Morris to ask her
                                         14

mother to lie for him and therefore Wynn could not be guilty of obstructing justice.

The trial judge denied the motion, stating that “there is sufficient evidence that Mr.

Wynn knew that what he was asking Ms. Veronica Morris to do was to make false

statements to the police and perhaps give false testimony.” That ruling was correct

in light of Smith v. United States, 591 A.2d 229, 232 (D.C. 1991) (obstruction-of-

justice statute, “by its language covers the broad category of participants, potential

or actual, in pending criminal proceedings, and its application extends not only to

those who inherently fall within that category by their actual knowledge of

material facts but those as well who are by the defendant‟s own acts brought within

that category”), and Wynn does not challenge it on appeal.

      When the trial judge instructed the jury, he did not follow the standardized

jury instruction for the harassment type of obstruction of justice.9 Indeed, he

removed any reference to the verb “harass” from the instruction and gave the jury

no guidance on its definition. Nonetheless, Wynn did not object to the instruction

      9
         The trial judge‟s instruction provided: “1. That the defendant corruptly or
by threats of force obstructed or impeded, or endeavored to obstruct or impede, a
witness or perspective [sic] witness, Veronica Morris, from cooperating with law
enforcement officers concerning their investigation of a shooting that occurred on
July 28th, 2008, in the District of Columbia, and; 2. That the defendant acted with
the specific intent to obstruct or impede the due administration of justice.”
                                        15

so we need not consider why the trial judge thought it appropriate under the charge

as set forth in the indictment.10

      Instead, we rest our decision on the conclusion that the “harassment” portion

of the obstruction-of-justice statute does not reach Wynn‟s conduct in this case.

While we believe that the government easily met its burden to demonstrate the

mens rea requirement of the statute – Wynn clearly intended to “hinder, delay,

prevent, or dissuade” Veronica Morris from reporting to police information

concerning a criminal offense – the same cannot be said with respect to the actus

reus of the charged crime.

      The evidence at trial was that Wynn contacted Veronica Morris through her

daughter and asked that she assist him in creating a bogus alibi. Essentially, he

asked a girlfriend to help him try to scheme his way out of the major legal

predicament in which he found himself. Wynn appeared to have a substantial and

fairly long-standing relationship with Veronica. He was staying at her apartment

three to four days a week and had access to her bedroom and car. There is no

      10
         Similarly, Wynn does not challenge the jury instruction on appeal and
attacks only the sufficiency of the evidence to prove harassment. Thus, as both
parties appeared to agree at oral argument, the issue for us to resolve on appeal is
whether Wynn‟s conduct fit the language of § 22-722 (a)(3)(B).
                                        16

evidence that his request was unwanted. He only asked once. And the evidence

regarding the tenor of his request was that he asked in a non-threatening way in an

apparent hope that Veronica might be sympathetic to his dilemma. Cf. Woodall,

684 A.2d at 1264 (defendant told witness that unless she kept her “mother f---ing

mouth shut” she would end up dead).

      The only reaction that Veronica had to the request was one of confusion, not

fear or distress or even irritation. Regardless of what synonyms one might use to

aid our understanding of the term “harass,” see pp. 12-13, ante, its meaning is not

satisfied under any objective view of what Wynn did. If we were to find that the

harassment portion of the obstruction of justice statute extended so far, then the

statute might just as well have used the term “asks” instead of “harasses” in § 22-

722 (a)(3)(B), making it a crime any time a person asked another person (including

a close friend or family member) to lie for him or her in an attempt to evade law

enforcement.   This would make the term “harasses” meaningless.11         Tuten v.

United States, 440 A.2d 1008, 1010 (D.C. 1982) (“A statute should not be

      11
           Certainly, we do not hold that a defendant‟s action must amount to a
“threat” in order to “harass.” We readily acknowledge that “harassing” behavior
may often be much broader and more subtle than “threatening” behavior.
However, we do hold that harassment must amount to more than a one-time,
mildly-stated request to someone who might conceivably respond favorably
(although we need not reach the question whether there must be more than one
“event” in order for the behavior to be harassing).
                                         17

construed in such a way as to render certain provisions superfluous or

insignificant.”). Accordingly, we reverse Wynn‟s conviction for obstruction of

justice.

               B. The Trial Court’s Denial of the Motion for a Mistrial on
                  All Counts at Wynn’s First Trial

       We review the decision to grant or deny a mistrial motion for abuse of

discretion. Van Dyke v. United States, 27 A.3d 1114, 1122 (D.C. 2011). This

court makes two inquiries when dealing with allegations of juror coercion. We

first examine the “inherent coercive potential of the situation,” and then determine

whether “the actions of the trial judge . . . exacerbated, alleviated or were neutral

with respect to coercive potential.” Harris v. United States, 622 A.2d 697, 701

(D.C. 1993).

       Here, Wynn does not take issue with the Winters anti-deadlock instruction

that was given to the jury. Winters v. United States, 317 A.2d 530 (D.C. 1974) (en

banc). Instead, his complaint is as follows: After (1) the Winters instruction, (2)

the Friday afternoon note from the jury stating that it had not reached a unanimous

verdict, and (3) the following jury note intended to inform the judge where the jury

stood on a count-by-count basis, the atmosphere in the jury room was at the point
                                         18

where the trial court‟s “silence” in the face of the “no unanimous verdict” note had

a coercive impact on those jurors holding out for acquittal on the CPWL, FIP, UF,

UA, and obstruction of justice counts.

      We find Wynn‟s argument unavailing. It is apparent from the record that the

jury struggled extensively with and was divided on the murder count. But there is

no evidence to suggest juror isolation with regard to the charges of which Wynn

was convicted at the first trial. Instead, the series of jury notes reflects that once

the jury was “Winterized” and turned its attention to the counts that were not

closely intertwined with the murder count, the jury had a far less difficult time.

The judge correctly interpreted the jury‟s Friday afternoon note relaying that it had

not reached a unanimous verdict as a “status update,” not a further announcement

of deadlock. The plain language of the note did not indicate that the jury was

unable to reach a unanimous verdict. The jury was simply stating that it did not

have one yet. Moreover, the note that the jury sent revealing its count-by-count

position (which the trial court did not read because it incorrectly feared that the

note contained numerical splits) indicates that the jury had already reached

unanimous verdicts on CPWL, FIP, UF, UA, and obstruction of justice. The

court‟s reactions to these notes were wholly reasonable and no coercive potential

could have flowed from them.
                                        19

      Therefore, the record reveals little to no “inherent coercive potential”

applicable to the counts for which Wynn was convicted in his first trial. We find

no fault with the trial court‟s actions and no abuse of discretion in denying the

motion for a mistrial. Consequently, we reject Wynn‟s claim.

            C. The Trial Court’s Acceptance of Terrence Brooks’s
               Claim of Privilege at Wynn’s Second Trial

      Carter v. United States, 684 A.2d 331 (D.C. 1996) (en banc), established the

procedural blueprint for trial courts to follow in an effort to balance the possible

tension between a defendant‟s Sixth Amendment right to compel witness

testimony and a witness‟s Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination.

Carter first instructs the trial court to determine whether the proffered testimony

would be incriminating. Id. at 336-38, 344; see also Butler v. United States, 890

A.2d 181, 187 (D.C. 2006) (holding that the Fifth Amendment right extends only

to specific questions and blanket invocations are discouraged unless the danger of

self-incrimination extends to any relevant questions answered by the witness). If

the proffered testimony is found to be incriminating and the witness requests

immunity prior to testifying, “the defendant must first establish . . . that the

proposed testimony is (a) material, (b) clearly exculpatory, (c) non-cumulative, and
                                        20

(d) unobtainable from any other source.”        Carter, 684 A.2d at 344.        The

government then may debrief the witness in order to facilitate the determination of

whether it should grant the witness immunity. Id. at 342, 345. If the witness

refuses to be debriefed, it is reasonable for the government to withhold a grant of

immunity. Id. at 343.

      The trial court reviewed Brooks‟s grand jury testimony and correctly

concluded that the proffered testimony, while certainly highly relevant and

material to Wynn‟s defense, would be incriminating to Brooks. If Brooks had

testified that he saw Daniel Clark in possession of a gun immediately prior to the

shooting, his testimony would have been directly contrary to his statements to the

grand jury. Brooks would have been subject to criminal prosecution for perjury.

United States v. Perkins, 138 F.3d 421, 425 (D.C. Cir. 1998); United States v.

Wilcox, 450 F.2d 1131, 1141 (5th Cir. 1971) (“[T]he aphorism that one cannot take

the Fifth Amendment on the ground that if he testifies he will perjure himself

applies only as an excuse for not testifying initially. It does not mean that having

once testified, the Fifth Amendment is not available to avoid giving further

testimony which might expose the witness to substantial risk of prosecutions

growing out of the prior testimony.”); but cf. Salim v. United States, 480 A.2d 710,

714 (D.C. 1984) (recognizing that a witness who testifies before a grand jury about
                                         21

incriminating matters without invoking the privilege against self-incrimination

generally waives the privilege when he is called to testify at trial on the same

subjects).

      Furthermore, the court properly engaged in a direct colloquy with Brooks in

which Brooks claimed the Fifth Amendment privilege and requested immunity

from the government. Brooks declined to participate when the government stated

that it required a debriefing of Brooks prior to a grant of immunity. Ultimately, the

trial court properly granted Brooks‟s claim of privilege as to those questions

which, if answered, would tend to incriminate him.

      Wynn now argues that the trial court erred by failing to undertake a

“question by question” examination of Brooks in order to determine whether

Brooks could have invoked the privilege on each and every individual question

that Brooks could have been asked at trial. The trial court was explicit that it was

not granting a “blanket privilege” to Brooks that would extend beyond testimony

about whether Daniel Clark was in possession of a weapon prior to the shooting.

However, at the same time, the trial court held that there would have been “no

way” to practically parse the privileged testimony from the non-privileged
                                           22

testimony given the compressed timeline of the critical facts of the case. As a

result, Brooks did not testify at all.

        While the trial court‟s conclusion that there was no way to conduct this

“parsing” is subject to reasonable debate, it is of no consequence to our review.

The only fact that Brooks had to offer that conceivably could have had a

meaningful effect on the trial was whether or not Daniel Clark possessed a gun

before Wynn shot him. Testimony by Brooks about that fact was subject to a clear

claim of privilege. Wynn is not entitled to any relief, even assuming a procedural

flaw in the trial court‟s approach. See Butler, 890 A.2d at 188-89.

                                   III.   Conclusion

       We reverse the judgment as to Wynn‟s obstruction of justice conviction. In

all other respects, the judgment is affirmed. Because the trial court imposed

concurrent sentences for the obstruction of justice and weapons offenses, “the

reversal of his conviction for obstruction of justice does not require us to remand

for resentencing.” Andrews v. United States, 981 A.2d 571, 578 n.8 (D.C. 2009).

                                                So ordered.