Court Opinion

ID: 4049046
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-29 00:50:35.317919+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:48:06.646755
License: Public Domain

ACCEPTED
                                                                         03-14-00709-CV
                                                                                4141500
                                                               THIRD COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                          AUSTIN, TEXAS
                                                                   2/13/2015 11:06:49 AM
                                                                        JEFFREY D. KYLE
                                                                                  CLERK
               NO. 03-14-00709-CV

                 IN THE                    FILED IN
                                    3rd COURT OF APPEALS
         TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS          AUSTIN, TEXAS
     THIRD COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT2/13/2015 11:06:49 AM
                AT AUSTIN               JEFFREY D. KYLE
                                                       Clerk

            ENTERGY TEXAS, INC.,
                               APPELLANT,
                    V.

      PUBLIC UTILITY COMMISSION OF TEXAS,
                               APPELLEE

      ON APPEAL FROM THE FINAL JUDGMENT
          IN CAUSE NO. D-1-GN-13-003434
53 JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT, TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS,
  RD

 HONORABLE AMY CLARK MEACHUM, JUDGE PRESIDING

   APPELLEE BRIEF AND APPENDIX OF THE
    OFFICE OF PUBLIC UTILITY COUNSEL

                     OFFICE OF PUBLIC UTILITY COUNSEL
                     Tonya Baer
                     Public Counsel
                     State Bar No. 24026771

                     Sara J. Ferris
                     Senior Assistant Public Counsel
                     State Bar No. 50511915
                     P.O. Box 12397
                     Austin, Texas 78711-2397
                     512/936-7500 (Telephone)
                     512/936-7525 (Facsimile)
                     Sara.Ferris@opuc.texas.gov

        ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED
                February 13, 2015
                                                   TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... i
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES.................................................................................................... iii
GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND TECHNICAL TERMS ................................ vi
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT ....................................................... vii
ISSUES PRESENTED ............................................................................................................. vii
     1. Did ETI waive its right to argue that non-eligible customers
        should pay the unrecovered costs under PURA § 39.452(b)? .......................... vii

     2. Did the Commission reasonably interpret the Competitive
        Generation Service (CGS) statute, PURA § 39.452(b), in
        harmony with ratemaking principles and PURA as entitling
        ETI to recover costs to implement and administer the CGS
        tariff, and further, that unrecovered costs do not include lost
        revenues, embedded generation costs, or any other types of
        costs not directly related to the CGS tariff? .......................................................... vii

SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT ...................................................................................... 1
ARGUMENT .............................................................................................................................. 2

     1. ETI Waived Its Right to Argue that The Legislature Intended
        Other Classes to Pay The Unrecovered Costs Not Caused By
        Those Classes .................................................................................................................. 2
     2. The Commission’s Interpretation of PURA Section 39.452(b)
        as Calling for The Recovery of Costs to Implement and
        Administer the CGS Program and Excluding “Lost Revenues,
        Embedded Generation Costs or Other Types of Costs” is
        Reasonable and in Harmony With PURA as a Whole ........................................ 3
          a. Standard of Review ........................................................................................................ 3
          b. The Commission’s interpretation should be upheld because it is
             reasonable and consistent with both the CGS statute and the regulatory
             scheme codified in PURA .............................................................................................. 5

                                                                    i
          c. ETI’s interpretation of PURA § 39.452(b) conflicts with other sections
             of PURA ........................................................................................................................7
          d. The CGS statute’s reference to discounted rates does not justify the
             violation of traditional ratemaking principles ............................................................ 10

          e. ETI misinterprets the Legislature’s use of particular words in
             PURA § 39.452(b) ....................................................................................................... 16

           f. Embedded production costs or lost revenues are not unrecovered costs
              authorized for recovery under PURA § 39.452(b) ....................................................... 19

                1. An embedded production cost is a potential loss of revenue,
                   not a cost as contemplated in PURA § 39.452(b). ..........................................19

                2. Lost revenues associated with embedded production costs
                     are not costs, nor does the Legislature believe them to be
                     costs.......................................................................................................................21

           g. The High Plains decision is not informative on the question presented ....................... 25

PRAYER ..................................................................................................................................... 27
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ............................................................................................... 28
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE .................................................................................... 29

APPENDIX
  PURA – SELECT STATUTES
  PUC SUBST. RULE 25.234
  EXCERPT FROM APPLICATION OF GULF STATES UTILITIES COMPANY FOR
   AUTHORITY TO CHANGE RATES DOCKET NO. 3871, 7 P.U.C. BULL. 410
   (SEP. 17, 1981)

                                                                       ii
                                          INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

CASES
Acker v. Tex. Water Comm’n
   790 S.W.2d 299 (Tex. 1990) .............................................................................................10
Black v. American Bankers Ins. Co.
   478 S.W.2d 434 (Tex. 1972) ............................................................................................. 6
Centerpoint Energy Houston Electric, LLC v. Pub. Util. Comm’n of Texas
   354 S.W.3d 899 (Tex. App – Austin 2011, no pet.) ...................................... 22, 24, 25
Cities of Abilene v. Public Utility Comm'n
    854 S.W.2d 932 (Tex. App.-Austin 1993, writ granted) ........................................... 18
Cities of Abilene v. Public Utility Comm'n
    909 S.W.2d 493 (Tex. 1995) ............................................................................................. 18
City of San Antonio v. Fourth Court of Appeals
   820 S.W.2d 762 (Tex. 1991) ............................................................................................. 13
Clint Independent School Dist. v. Cash Invs.
   970 S.W.2d 535 (Tex. 1998) .............................................................................................12
Griffin v. Oceanic Contractors, Inc.
   458 U.S. 564 (1982)............................................................................................................. 13
Gulf States Utilities Co. v. State
   46 S.W.2d 1018 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1932, writ ref’d)....................................... 7
Guthery v. Taylor
   112 S.W.3d 715 (Tex. App. – Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.) .................... 24, 25
Jessen Assocs. v. Bullock
    531 S.W.2d 593 (Tex. 1976) .............................................................................................. 5
L.H. v. Tex. Dept. of Family and Protective Services
   2014 WL 902555 (Tex. App.—Austin 2014, no pet.) ................................................ 5
L&M-Surco Mfg., Inc. v. Winn Tile Co.
  580 S.W.2d 920 (Tex. Civ. App.-Tyler 1979, writ dism’d) ..................................... 24

                                                                 iii
Laidlaw Waste Systems v. City of Wilmer
   904 S.W.2d 656 (Tex. 1995) ............................................................................................ 23
Moss v. Bross
  221 S.W. 343 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1920, no writ) .............................................. 7
Pioneer Natural Resources USA v. Public Utility Comm’n
   303 S.W.3d 363 (Tex. App.—Austin 2009, no pet.) .................................................. 15
Public Utility Comm'n v. GTE-Southwest
   901 S.W.2d 401 (Tex. 1995) ........................................................................................ 14-15
Railroad Commission v. High Plains Natural Gas Company
   628 S.W.2d 753 (Tex. 1981) ...................................................................................... 25, 26
Sheshunoff v. Sheshunoff
   172 S.W.3d 686 (Tex. App. – Austin 2005, no pet.) .................................................. 25
Steering Committees for Cities Served by TXU Elec. v. Public Utility Comm'n,
    42 S.W.3d 296 (Tex. App.–Austin, 2001, no pet.) ...................................................... 4
Taylor v. Firemen’s and Policemen’s Civil Service Comm’n
   616 S.W.2d 187 (Tex. 1981)................................................................................................ 5
Texas Dept. of Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley
   8 S.W.3d 727 (Tex. App.—Austin 1999, no pet.) ........................................................ 7
Tex. Health Ins. Risk Pool v. Southwest Service Life Ins. Co.
   272 S.W.3d 797 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, no pet.)....................................... 10, 12, 16
Tex. Mun. Power Agency v. Public Utility Comm’n
   253 S.W.3d 184 (Tex. 2007) .......................................................................................... 4, 5

TEXAS STATUTES
Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.011(b) ............................................................................................. 16-17
Gas Utility Regulatory Act (GURA), Tex. Util. Code §§ 101.001-105.051 .......... 15, 25
Public Utility Regulatory Act (PURA), Tex. Util. Code §§ 11.001-66.017 ................... 1
PURA § 11.002 ......................................................................................................................... 7, 8
PURA § 11.003(16)(A) .............................................................................................................. 7

                                                                    iv
PURA § 11.008 ............................................................................................................................ 7
PURA § 36.003 ........................................................................................................................... 8
PURA § 36.003(a) ..................................................................................................................... 8
PURA § 36.003(c) ..................................................................................................................... 8
PURA § 36.007 .................................................................................................... 10, 11, 13, 14, 16
PURA § 36.051................................................................................................................ 15, 19, 21
PURA § 36.201 .................................................................................................................... 15, 26
PURA § 39.452(b)............................... 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25
PURA § 39.905 ................................................................................................................... 24, 25
PURA Chapter 55 ............................................................................................................ 22, 23
PURA § 55.048................................................................................................................... 22, 23

PUBLIC UTILITY COMMISSION OF TEXAS RULES

16 Tex. Admin. Code § 25.234(b) .......................................................................................... 15

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS

Application of Gulf States Utilities Company for Authority to Change Rates
   Docket No. 3871, 7 P.U.C. Bull. 410 (Sep. 17, 1981) ................................................ 17, 18

LEARNED TREATISE

67 Tex. Jur. 3d Statutes § 160 (2015)....................................................................................... 7

                                                                     v
        GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND TECHNICAL TERMS

APA – Administrative Procedure Act, Tex. Gov’t Code §§ 2001.001-.902
AR – Administrative Record. In this brief, reference to the Administrative Record
     will be AR, Binder “X”, Item No. “X” or Party Exhibit No. “X.” The
     supplemental portion of the Administrative Record will be referenced as
     AR, Docket No. 37744 Binder “X”, Item No. “X” or Party Exhibit No. “X.”
CGS – Competitive Generation Service
CGS Statute – PURA § 39.452(b)
CGSC Rider – Competitive Generation Service Costs Rider – the mechanism
             approved for recovering the costs of implementing and
             administering the CGS program.

Commission or PUC – Public Utility Commission of Texas
Company – Entergy Texas, Inc.
Docket No. 37744 – The rate case from which the CGS issues were severed
Docket No. 38951 – The PUC docket underlying this appeal
Embedded Costs – Costs taken into account when setting the utility’s rates.
                 Embedded costs are functionalized as transmission,
                 distribution, or generation/production related costs.

Entergy – Entergy Corporation, ETI’s parent company
ETI – Entergy Texas, Inc.
GURA – Gas Utility Regulatory Act, Tex. Util. Code §§ 101.001-105.051
OPUC – Office of Public Utility Counsel
Order – The final and appealable order of the Commission in Docket No. 38951
        signed on July 19, 2013, from which ETI appeals

PURA – Public Utility Regulatory Act, Tex. Util. Code §§ 11.001 – 66.017
SOAH – State Office of Administrative Hearings
Test Year – July 1, 2008 through June 30, 2009
TIEC – Texas Industrial Electric Consumers

                                          vi
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT

         The Court should permit oral argument. This case concerns the

construction of Section 39.452(b) and other related sections of the Public Utility

Regulatory Act ("PURA"), codified in the Texas Utilities Code.1 Like most cases

involving public utility regulation, this case is complex; oral argument will assist

the Court in clarifying the law and facts of the case.

ISSUES PRESENTED

   1. Did ETI waive its right to argue that non-eligible customers should pay the
      unrecovered costs under PURA § 39.452(b)?

   2. Did the Commission reasonably interpret the Competitive Generation
      Service (CGS) statute, PURA § 39.452(b), in harmony with ratemaking
      principles and PURA as entitling ETI to recover costs to implement and
      administer the CGS tariff, and further, that unrecovered costs do not
      include lost revenues, embedded generation costs, or any other types of
      costs not directly related to the CGS tariff?

   1
       Public Utility Regulatory Act, Tex. Util. Code Ann. §§ 11.001-66.017 (West 2007 & Supp. 2014).
                                                  vii
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT

       The core of Entergy Texas, Inc.’s (ETI’s) disagreement with the Order of the

Public Utility Commission of Texas (Commission) is the Commission’s

interpretation of the Competitive Generation Service (CGS) statute, PURA

§ 39.452(b), and more specifically, what the Legislature meant by “recover any

costs unrecovered as a result of the implementation of the tariff.”2                    The

Commission reasonably interpreted this provision in harmony with ratemaking

principles and PURA to mean that ETI is entitled to recover costs to implement

and administer the CGS program tariff, and that such “unrecovered” costs do not

include lost revenues, embedded generation costs, or any other types of costs not

directly related to the CGS tariff.3 ETI’s argument that it is entitled under the

CGS statute to recover embedded production costs is based on its own statutory

interpretation that conflicts with other provisions of PURA and would result in

inequitable or absurd results, and should be rejected.4

   2
      Public Utility Regulatory Act (PURA), Tex. Util. Code §§ 11.001-66.017.
   3
      When a cost is embedded, it means that it was taken into account when setting the
utility’s rates. Embedded costs are functionalized as transmission, distribution, or
generation/production related costs.
    4
      The embedded costs at issue have been referred to by the Commission as “embedded
generation costs” and by ETI as “embedded production costs.” The terms are interchangeable
for purposes of the issue presented and OPUC will refer to “embedded production costs” unless
citing to the Commission’s Order.
                                             1
ARGUMENT
    1. ETI Waived Its Right to Argue that The Legislature Intended Other
       Classes to Pay The Unrecovered Costs Not Caused By Those Classes.

        ETI argues on pages 12-13 and 18-19 of its Appellant’s Brief that the

Legislature “opened the door” for, or even “required” non-eligible customers to pay

“for the special deal it authorized for certain customers.” ETI presumably argues

this to counter any argument that ETI’s preferred definition of unrecovered costs

would place too large a burden on the CGS customers who will be paying those

costs through the CGSC Tariff. The Legislature made no such mandate, and ETI

has waived its right to make this argument. In the proceeding below, ETI officially

stood unopposed to an April 13, 2012 stipulation among other parties which stated

that the unrecovered costs were to be borne solely by the CGS customers.5 If ETI

was convinced that the CGS statute requires that the other classes bear the costs,

then ETI could not properly have been unopposed to a statutory violation. ETI’s

current position is also belied by a statement it made earlier in the process. ETI

admitted during a hearing on the merits on the CGS issue in PUC Docket No.

37744 that nothing in PURA § 39.452(b) prohibits ETI from charging CGS

participants the unrecovered costs.6

        Further, ETI itself proposed charging the unrecovered costs to the eligible

    5
      AR, Binder 2, Item No. 119, Application of Entergy Texas, Inc. For Approval of Competitive Generation
Service Tariff (Issues Severed from Docket No. 37744), Docket No. 38951, Order at 3 (Jul. 19, 2013).
    6
      AR, Docket No. 37744 Binder 4, Vol. D, Hearing on the Merits Transcript Volume 3 at 177-
178 (May Cross-Examination) (Jul. 16, 2010).
                                                    2
classes (LIPS and LIPS-TOD) in the event there are no CGS subscribers.7

Adopting tariff language proposed by ETI, the Commission found that ETI should

be allowed to recover CGSC rider costs even if there are no subscribers to the CGS

program.8 The Commission continued and found that “those costs should be borne

by the customer class that the program was designed to benefit—the LIPS and

LIPS–TOD customers—the customers eligible to participate in the program.”9

Recovering the unrecovered costs from the CGS customers or the classes for

whom the CGS program was designed to benefit is consistent with cost causation

principles and PURA. ETI has waived its right to stray from this recovery plan

adopted by the Commission, and its argument that the Legislature mandates a

different recovery scheme should be rejected as without merit.

   2. The Commission’s Interpretation of PURA Section 39.452(b) as Calling
      for The Recovery of Costs to Implement and Administer the CGS
      Program and Excluding “Lost Revenues, Embedded Generation Costs or
      Other Types of Costs” is Reasonable and in Harmony With PURA as a
      Whole.
       a.     Standard of Review
       The second issue before the Court is one of statutory construction. The

CGS statute is ambiguous in that it contains words or phrases that are not clearly

defined, such as “eligible customer,” “implementation,” and “unrecovered as a

   7
     AR, Binder 2, Item No. 119, Order at 9.
   8
     Id.
   9
     Id.
                                               3
result of.”10 The standard of review for statutory construction is set forth in Texas

Municipal Power Agency v. Public Utility Commission of Texas.11 In Texas Municipal Power

Agency, the Court stated that, “[s]tatutory construction is a question of law, which

we review de novo.”12 The Court further stated that, “[i]n ascertaining the scope of

an agency's authority, we give great weight to the agency's own construction of a

statute.13 In Steering Committees for Cities Served by TXU Elec. v. Public Utility Comm'n, 42
S.W.3d 296 (Tex. App.–Austin, 2001, no pet.), this Court considered the deference

due the Public Utility Commission’s interpretation of a PURA provision the

Commission is charged with enforcing. The Court stated:

        Construction of a statute by the administrative agency charged with
        its enforcement is entitled to serious consideration, as long as the
        construction is reasonable and does not contradict the plain language
        of the statute. This is particularly true when the statute involves
        complex subject matter. As long as the agency's ruling is a reasonable
        reading of the statute, this Court will affirm if that reading is in
        harmony with the rest of the statute, even if other reasonable
        interpretations exist. We do not look at individual provisions of the
        statute in isolation; rather, we construe the statute as a whole. In
        construing a statute, our objective is to determine and give effect to
        the legislature's intent.14

   10
       The issue of what is meant by “eligible customer” is not before the Court in this appeal;
after two years of debate, an agreement was reached regarding which customers are eligible to
participate in the CGS program approved in Docket No. 38951. AR, Binder 1, Item No. 71,
Stipulation on Unresolved Issue No. 2 (Apr. 18, 2012). The stipulation was adopted in the
Commission’s Interim Order. AR, Binder 1, Item No. 77 at 5, Interim Order (Jun. 12, 2012).
    11
       253 S.W.3d 184 (Tex. 2007).
    12
       Id. at 192.
    13
       Id. at 192.
    14
42 S.W.3d at 300 (citations omitted).
                                               4
        Further, in a recently issued opinion, the Third Court of Appeals cited to

Texas Municipal Power Agency and then recited another cardinal statutory

construction principle: “We begin then with the plain language of [the section],

reviewing it in the context of the broader statutory scheme.”15 The Commission’s

construction of PURA § 39.452(b) is entitled to deference, and when reviewed in

context of the broader statutory scheme of PURA, its reasonableness becomes

manifest.

        b.     The Commission’s interpretation should be upheld because it is
               reasonable and consistent with both the CGS statute and the
               regulatory scheme codified in PURA.
        The Commission’s Order properly allows ETI to recover implementation

and administration costs that are “incurred as a result of the implementation” of

the CGS Tariff. While ETI claims that the Commission misinterprets the CGS

statute, PURA Section 39.452(b), the Commission’s interpretation is reasonable,

and is consistent with both the statute and the regulatory scheme codified in

PURA. A fundamental rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect

to the intent of the Legislature.16 One must look to the entire Act in determining

the Legislature’s intent with respect to a specific provision.17 The Texas Supreme

Court has stated that “all sections, words and phrases of an entire act must be

   15
      L.H. v. Texas Dept. of Family and Protective Services, 2014 WL 902555 at *1 (Tex. App.—Austin
2014, no pet.) (Mem. Op.).
   16
      Jessen Assocs. v. Bullock, 531 S.W.2d 593, 599 (Tex. 1976).
   17
Taylor v. Firemen’s and Policemen’s Civil Service Comm’n, 616 S.W.2d 187, 190 (Tex. 1981).
                                                5
considered together . . . to produce a harmonious whole; and one provision will not

be given a meaning out of harmony or inconsistent with other provisions . . . .”18

          The Legislature’s intent as manifested in PURA is consistent with

traditional ratemaking principles and should not be read in a way that conflicts

with cost causation principles. Nor should PURA § 39.452(b) be read in a manner

that conflicts with the express language of PURA or that would lead to absurd or

inequitable results. ETI’s interpretation of PURA § 39.452(b) conflicts with

established ratemaking principles such as cost causation and would lead either to

an absurd or an inequitable result.

          ETI claims that it is entitled under the CGS statute to recover its embedded

production costs. If these costs were defined as “unrecovered” costs and ETI were

to recover those costs from classes not eligible to participate in the CGS program

(non-eligible classes), it would result in inequity because it is undisputed that

those classes did not cause these costs.                    ETI’s definition would create an

unreasonable cross-subsidization, violating the principle of cost causation and

would be an absurd result. Likewise, if ETI were to recover embedded production

costs solely from the CGS customers as “unrecovered” costs, it would also lead to

an absurd result because it would nullify the very benefit the statute was designed

to create for those customers. In contrast with ETI’s preferred interpretation, the

   18
Black v. American Bankers Ins. Co., 478 S.W.2d 434, 437 (Tex. 1972).
                                                     6
Commission’s Order reasonably interprets the CGS statute in harmony with the

rest of PURA and should be affirmed.

         In addition, PURA is to be construed broadly according to PURA § 11.008.

However, exceptions to the general scheme are to be construed narrowly.19

PURA Section 39.452(b) is an exception to the general ratemaking scheme for

regulated utilities under PURA wherein utilities such as ETI procure generation

on behalf of their customers. Section 39.452(b) allows certain “eligible” customers

to contract for competitive generation on their own. Thus, when looking at PURA

§ 39.452(b) and determining what costs the Legislature intended ETI to recover,

the Court must construe the meaning of this statute narrowly, not with the broad

brush ETI seeks to have the Court employ.

         c.     ETI’s interpretation of PURA § 39.452(b) conflicts with other
                sections of PURA.
         PURA Section 11.002 provides that the purpose behind PURA itself is to

“assure rates, operations and services are just and reasonable to the consumer and to

the utilities.”20 (Emphasis added.) ETI’s interpretation of the CGS statute, as

expressed in its Appellant’s Brief, holds its shareholders harmless for lost revenues

    19
       Gulf States Utilities Co. v. State, 46 S.W.2d 1018, 1026 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1932, writ
ref’d); Moss v. Bross, 221 S.W. 343, 344 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1920, no writ); 67 Tex. Jur. 3d
Statutes § 160 (2015); see, e.g., Texas Dept. of Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley, 8 S.W.3d 727, 730 (Tex.
App.—Austin 1999, no pet.) (strictly construing statute that is narrow exception to general
rule).
    20
       Tariffs such as ETI's CGS and proposed CGSC tariffs fall within the definition of "rate" in
PURA Section 11.003(16)(A).
                                                    7
and costs unrecovered as a result of the implementation of the CGS tariff but does

not extend that protection to the non-CGS ratepayers such as residential and

small commercial customers. Thus, only half of the stated purpose enunciated in

PURA § 11.002 is effectuated under ETI’s reading of the CGS statute. PURA

Section 36.003(a) also requires the PUC to ensure that each rate ETI makes,

demands or receives is just and reasonable. Consistent with PURA § 11.002,

PURA § 36.003 goes further and prohibits rates from being unreasonably

preferential, prejudicial or discriminatory, and requires said rates to be sufficient,

equitable and consistent in application to each class of consumers. PURA

Subsection 36.003(c) prohibits ETI from granting an unreasonable preference or

advantage to a person (with)in a classification, and ETI is also prohibited from

subjecting a person in a classification to an unreasonable prejudice or

disadvantage concerning rates; or establishing or maintaining an unreasonable

difference concerning rates between localities or between classes of service.

      ETI asserts on pages 12–13 and 18–19 of its brief that the Legislature

mandated or expressly allowed for the shifting of unrecovered costs associated

with the CGS tariff to customer classes that are not eligible to participate in the

CGS program and do not benefit from the program. ETI’s interpretation should be

rejected because it is in conflict with other sections of PURA. Namely, ETI’s

interpretation of the CGS statute would violate PURA §§ 11.002 and 36.003

                                          8
because one class of customers would be subsidized by other customer classes,

thus granting the subsidized customers an unnecessary and unreasonable

preference. It was this unfair shifting of costs that persuaded the Administrative

Law Judge (ALJ) in the original hearing on the merits to recommend rejecting the

CGS tariff.21 Page two of the Proposal for Decision (PFD) states: “The ALJ’s

primary reasons for recommending rejection of the proposal echoes the opponents’

arguments: the anticipated costs are not ascertainable until the program has been

implemented; and these potentially substantial costs are shifted to parties who

may choose not to, or are not eligible to, participate in the program.” On the next

page of the PFD, the ALJ continued, stating: “ETI’s proposal shifts the bulk of

these unrecovered costs to all non-participating customers. This cost-shifting

violates the basic principal of cost-causation. Although the parties offered some

discussion of legislative intent, the ALJ is not convinced that this cost-shifting was

intended by the Legislature.”22

        The Commission’s interpretation of the CGS statute embodied in its final

order in Docket No. 38951 does not conflict with other sections of PURA and

instead harmonizes the CGS statute with PURA as a whole.                        Because the

Commission’s interpretation and application of the CGS statute is reasonable and

   21
      AR, Docket No. 37744 Binder 2, Item No. 36, Proposal for Decision (PFD) at 2-3, 25, 41-42
(Oct. 4, 2010).
   22
      Id. at 3.
                                              9
does not conflict with PURA, the Commission’s Order should be affirmed.

        d.     The CGS statute’s reference to discounted rates does not justify
               the violation of traditional ratemaking principles.
        On page ten of the Appellant’s Brief, ETI makes an unsupported assumption

regarding the purpose behind including a prohibition in the CGS statute against

treating CGS tariffs as offering a discounted rate or rates under PURA § 36.007.

ETI takes the inclusion of this prohibition to mean that the Company may force its

other, non-CGS customers to pay for any and all “unrecovered” costs (as defined

by ETI), and that the Company’s shareholders are immune from shouldering any

responsibility for such costs. ETI misinterprets PURA § 39.452(b) and focuses too

narrowly on only one subsection of PURA § 36.007.

        When the Legislature refers to a specific statute as it did in PURA

§ 39.452(b) by referring to § 36.007, it is presumed that the Legislature has

knowledge of how that statute has been interpreted and implemented. “A statute

is presumed to have been enacted by the [L]egislature with complete knowledge

of existing law and with reference to it.”23                 “We must presume that the

[L]egislature is aware of how a particular industry operates when passing laws

regulating that industry.”24

        When referring to discounted rates under PURA § 36.007 in the CGS

   23
     Acker v. Tex. Water Comm’n, 790 S.W.2d 299, 301 (Tex. 1990).
   24
      Tex. Health Ins. Risk Pool v. Southwest Service Life Ins. Co., 272 S.W.3d 797, 802 (Tex. App.—
Austin 2008, no pet.).
                                                10
statute, the Legislature did not point to a specific subsection of PURA § 36.007 but

rather to the section as a whole. PURA Section 36.007 includes three provisions

that call for creating a rate for certain customers based upon a utility’s marginal

capacity or energy costs. Viewing PURA § 36.007 in its entirety, it is reasonable to

interpret the Legislature’s reference to this statute in PURA § 39.452(b) as

proscribing the use of marginal costs, or the § 36.007 marginal cost computation,

as the basis for calculating CGS rates, and anticipating that the rates would

instead reflect the bargains struck by CGS customers in their respective

competitive generation contracts.

      PURA Section 36.007 authorizes a utility to charge a discounted rate to

certain customers so long as the rate is sufficient to cover the utility’s marginal

costs, and the rate may not be unreasonably preferential, prejudicial,

discriminatory, predatory, or anticompetitive. Discounted rates are intended to

permit a utility to use lower marginal cost-based rates in order to encourage

additional sales, oftentimes to encourage economic development. The discounted

rate is available to utilities to boost sales from customers that might not ordinarily

purchase as much power at the full authorized rate. By stating that the CGS tariff

may not offer a discounted rate or rates, the Legislature mandated that ETI not be

permitted to offer to CGS customers a set amount or set percentage discount off of

the rate they would have paid as LIPS or LIPS-TOD customers merely by enrolling

                                         11
in the CGS program.

         Further, the Public Utility Commission's treatment of discounted rates is

based upon intentionally creating an inadequate assignment of costs and has

nothing to do with declining billing determinants, i.e. it has nothing to do with

protecting the utility from the effects of loss of load. If a rate is determined to be a

discounted rate, for purposes of developing test year cost of service in a rate case,

the Commission imputes a full allocation of cost to that class of customers as if the

discount didn't exist, thereby ensuring that the allocable costs of the discounted

rate customers are not re-allocated to other customer classes.

         When the Legislature stated that the CGS program is not a discounted rate,

the intent was not to reallocate the costs to serve CGS customers to non-eligible

customers of the utility. Such an interpretation goes far beyond a plain reading of

the statute, which only requires that the CGS rates be based upon the CGS

customers’ full cost of service. ETI’s interpretation is also inconsistent with other

relevant PURA sections, PURA as a whole, and the ratemaking principles Texas

has long employed when implementing PURA. Statutes are not to be viewed in

isolation but are instead to be read in context with the act as a whole and with

awareness of how the particular industry operates.25

    25
      See Clint Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Cash Invs., 970 S.W.2d 535, 539 (Tex. 1998) (“Courts should not
assign a meaning to a provision that would be inconsistent with other provisions in the act.);
Tex. Health Ins. Risk Pool v. Southwest Service Life Ins. Co., 272 S.W.3d at 802 (“[L]egislature is aware of
how a particular industry operates when passing laws regulating that industry.”).
                                                    12
        Moreover, ETI’s interpretation leads to absurd results. Courts have clearly

established that, absent a clear legislative directive, a statute should not be

construed to produce an absurd or foolish result if it is reasonably susceptible to

an alternative construction.26 Given that the CGS program may not be considered

to offer a discount rate under PURA § 39.452(b), and discount rates under PURA

§ 36.007 may not be unreasonably preferential, prejudicial, discriminatory,

predatory, or anticompetitive, under ETI’s argument, the CGS program tariffs

would be permitted, “invited” or even “required” to be unreasonably preferential,

prejudicial, discriminatory, and predatory.27 Such an interpretation results in a

law that would be invalidated as contrary to public policy. ETI’s interpretation

should be rejected in favor of the Commission’s reasonable interpretation.

        Further, any claimed potential harm to ETI can be ameliorated. During

the next rate case after ETI implements the CGS tariff, if the CGS rate causes a

revenue loss, ETI will be made whole because the reduced billing determinants (if

any) associated with the LIPS and LIPS-TOD classes will be captured when the

newly established rates become effective.28 If the CGS rate were subject to the

   26
       City of San Antonio v. Fourth Court of Appeals, 820 S.W.2d 762, 768 (Tex. 1991) citing Griffin v.
Oceanic Contractors, Inc., 458 U.S. 564, 575 (1982).
    27
       See Appellant’s Brief at 18 (“That invitation is embodied in the legislature’s reference in the
CGS statute to another provision of PURA — section 36.007.”); Id. at 19 (“The Commission and
Intervenors have characterized the assignment of costs to non-participating customers as unfair.
These arguments ignore that the legislature – not ETI – has required this result.”).
    28
       Under the stipulations approved by the Commission in its Order, the LIPS and LIPS-TOD
classes are the customers eligible to participate in the CGS program. AR, Binder 2, Item No. 119,
                                                  13
discounted rate provisions of PURA § 36.007, fully allocated costs would be

imputed to the CGS rate in the next rate case, and ETI would absorb the

difference between the imputed cost and actual revenues.                                 However, the

Commission Order in no way implements such a revenue imputation. If

ETI wished to be insulated from reduced billing demands which occur between

the effective date of the rates in place at the time of the Order at issue and the next

rate case, it should have presented and supported a known and measurable

adjustment to test year billing determinants which reflects any expected loss of

load due to CGS. ETI did not do so.

        As the Company is aware, only known and measurable adjustments to test

year billing units are allowed. The Texas Supreme Court has explained the

process of ratemaking and the use of a historic test year with known and

measurable changes:

        Ratemaking begins with an historic test year. Although the use of
        historic data adds some certainty, this does not mean that the process
        begins with actual cash paid by the utility. Because utilities use
        accrual accounting, the books and records include certain expenses—
        such as pension, depreciation and nuclear decommissioning
        expenses—that are estimated allocations to the period in question.
        Since the rates are to be charged in the future, the historic test year
        amounts must be adjusted to more accurately reflect costs which will
        be incurred in the future. These adjustments include normalizing and
        prospective adjustments such as removing non-recurring expenses,
        modifying test year data to reflect the number of customers served at

Application of Entergy Texas, Inc. For Approval of Competitive Generation Service Tariff (Issues Severed from
Docket No. 37744), Docket No. 38951, Order at 9 and 16, Finding of Fact No. 32 (Jul. 19, 2013).
                                                     14
        the end of the period and modifying expenses and rate base for
        known and measurable changes.29

No utility is guaranteed a certain level of revenues or a certain return. The Third

Court of Appeals recognized in 2009 that, “electric utility rates are established

through a regulatory process with a goal of permitting the utility ‘a reasonable

opportunity to earn a reasonable return.’”30 In enacting the CGS statute, PURA

§ 39.452(b), the Legislature evinced no intent to override these ratemaking

principles which are also found in the Commission’s rules.                     Commission

Substantive Rule 25.234(b) states in pertinent part that “[r]ates will be

determined using revenues, billing and usage data for a historical test year

adjusted for known and measurable changes . . . .”31

        In addition to exhibiting no intent to override the ratemaking principles

embodied in the Commission’s rules, the CGS statute neither mentions nor

implies any exception or exclusion to PURA § 36.201’s prohibition against

automatic pass-through adjustments.32             Thus, it must be assumed that the

Legislature expected traditional rate case procedures to apply – in which case,

only known and measurable adjustments to test year billing units are allowed.

   29
      Public Utility Comm’n of Texas v. GTE-Southwest, 901 S.W.2d 401, 411 (Tex. 1995).
   30
       Pioneer Natural Resources USA v. Public Utility Comm’n, 303 S.W.3d 363, 366 (Tex. App.—
Austin 2009, no pet.) quoting Tex. Util. Code § 36.051.
   31
      16 Tex. Admin. Code § 25.234(b).
   32
       In contrast, GURA, which governs the Railroad Commission’s gas services regulation,
   contains no such prohibition against automatic pass-through adjustments. Gas Utility
   Regulatory Act (GURA), Tex. Util. Code §§ 101.001-105.051 (West 2007 & Supp. 2014).
                                             15
         e.       ETI misinterprets the Legislature’s use of particular words in
                  PURA § 39.452(b).
         On page sixteen of the Appellant’s Brief, ETI interprets the use of the word

“any” in the phrase “recover any costs unrecovered as a result of the

implementation of the tariff” expansively to mean that there are no limitations or

restrictions whatsoever on the costs ETI is entitled to recover. A more reasonable

interpretation of the Legislature’s use of the word “any” in the CGS statutory

phrase “recover any costs unrecovered as a result of the implementation of the

tariff” would take into consideration the traditional ratemaking principles

contemplated by the statute.33

         ETI also fails to give the word “recover” in the same statutory phrase its

proper meaning, instead focusing on the partial phrase, “unrecovered as a result” in

isolation from the rest of the sentence. The sentence as a whole reads: “The tariffs

subject to this subsection may not be considered to offer a discounted rate or rates

under Section 36.007, and the utility’s rates shall be set, in the proceeding in which

the tariff is adopted, to recover any costs unrecovered as a result of the

implementation of the tariff.” The word “recover” should not be overlooked or

given a new meaning which is different than the common understanding of the

term in rate-making proceedings.                      The Code Construction Act states that

“[w]ords and phrases that have acquired a technical or particular meaning,

   33
        See Tex. Health Ins. Risk Pool v. Southwest Service Life Ins. Co., 272 S.W.3d at 802.
                                                       16
whether by legislative definition or otherwise, shall be construed accordingly.”34

        “Recover” or “Recovery” in the context of rate-making refers to the test year

cost of service; costs and revenues will fluctuate after rates are set but the cost of

service process makes no attempt to determine whether specific costs were

recovered between rate cases. How the word “recover” is used in cost of service

ratemaking is explained on Page 81 of OPUC Witness Clarence Johnson’s direct

testimony.35 Mr. Johnson cites the Hearing Examiner’s explanation of cost of

service ratemaking in (ETI’s predecessor) Gulf States Utilities’ rate case, PUC

Docket No. 3871, which was subsequently adopted as a statement of Commission

Policy:36

              Historic test year is used to approximate the utility’s
              anticipated cost of operation during the period when
              rates will be in effect. When necessary to reflect changes
              in conditions since the test year, adjustments can be
              made to those historical costs for known and measurable
              costs which are certain to be incurred. Still there is a
              matching of expense and revenues.
        And further,

              If the actual incurred expense in question or a similar
              expense cannot be anticipated to reoccur with any

   34
       Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.011(b).
   35
       AR, Docket No. 37744 Binder 4, OPC Exhibit No. 1, Direct Testimony of Clarence Johnson.
    36
       When issuing the Order in Docket No. 3871, the PUC included Ordering Paragraph No. 8
which stated: “The Examiner’s discussion of the purpose for establishing a cost of service for
ratemaking purposes found in § I (C) of the Examiner’s Report is concurred with by the
Commission and shall be adopted as a policy statement of the Commission. The Commission’s
Director of Public Utilities shall take such steps as are necessary to carry out this directive.”
Docket No. 3871, Order at 450.
                                               17
                 reasonable certainty within a given period, no allowance
                 for the expense shall be made in the cost of service. It is
                 not a question of not allowing the utility to recover the expense with
                 future revenues. The expense should have been recovered by
                 revenues collected at the time the expense was incurred. Since
                 ratemaking is not an exact science, often the expense is not
                 recovered. This is not confiscation; it is a risk of doing business.
                 The utility is compensated for this risk when the
                 regulatory authority establishes a return on the utility’s
                 adjusted value of invested capital.37
The Commission’s adopted policy statement continued and said that this policy of

establishing a cost of service is “inherent” in test year rate-making.38 Texas courts

have further explained how costs are treated in test year rate-making:

                 In this case, as in ordinary rate cases, rates are fixed until
                 the next rate case. The inquiry into reasonable operating
                 costs is a “snapshot” inquiry based on the test year. It is
                 not intended to account for future cost changes.
                 Adjustment for these changes will be made in future rate
                 cases.39
         ETI’s argument implies that the Legislature changed the longstanding

concept of “recovery” inherent in test year cost of service rate-making. No express

language in the CGS statute supports ETI’s interpretation that new or additional

forms of recovery were intended.                       The Commission’s Order approved the

implementation of the CGS rider but it expressly left for another day the issue of

    37
        Application of Gulf States Utilities Company for Authority to Change Rates, Docket No. 3871,
7 P.U.C. Bull. 410, 414-15 (Sept. 17, 1981) [emphasis added].
    38
       Id.
    39
       Cities of Abilene v. Public Utility Comm'n of Texas, 854 S.W.2d 932, 943 (Tex. App.-Austin 1993,
writ granted), aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, Cities of Abilene v. Public Utility Comm'n of Texas,
909 S.W.2d 493 (Tex. 1995).
                                                       18
the amount of implementation and administration costs that would be recovered

in the CGSC rider.40 When ETI later files an application for the CGSC rider to

recover its implementation and administration costs, it will have the burden of

showing that the costs it seeks to recover through the CGSC rider are in fact

unrecovered. If ETI meets that burden, then ETI will be able to recover those

costs.

         f.     Embedded production costs or lost revenues are not unrecovered
                costs authorized for recovery under PURA § 39.452(b).
         Under PURA, a utility has no guaranteed return. Instead, PURA § 36.051

requires that a utility’s rates be set at a level so that the overall revenues it will

receive provide it with a reasonable opportunity to earn a reasonable return on the

utility’s invested capital used and useful in providing service in excess of

reasonable and necessary operating expenses. Existing revenue levels are not

guaranteed; they are derived from reasonable and necessary costs (operating

expenses, taxes, depreciation expense) plus a reasonable return on rate base (gross

investment minus depreciation). As a utility’s costs increase or decrease, the

amount of revenue needed to earn a reasonable return on invested capital will also

fluctuate.

              1. An embedded production cost is a potential loss of revenue, not a
                 cost as contemplated in PURA § 39.452(b).

         ETI appeals the Commission’s interpretation of unrecovered costs as
   40
        AR, Binder 2, Item No. 119, Order at 27, Ordering Paragraphs 7 and 9.
                                                 19
incorrectly excluding embedded production costs. When a cost is embedded it

means that the cost was taken into account when setting the utility’s rates at a

level sufficient to provide an opportunity to earn a reasonable return. Like other

test year costs, it is derived assuming a certain number of customers and a certain

load size. However, load fluctuation due to customer migration or customer

behavioral changes are an inevitable part of doing business in the utility industry.

There is no guarantee that once a rate is set that the billing units will remain

static. When a utility complains that an embedded cost is not being recovered, the

true complaint is that revenues are, in its opinion, insufficient. The embedded

production costs that ETI believes should be included in the definition of

unrecovered costs are generation-related charges ($6.84 per kW-Month for LIPS

under Docket No. 37744’s rates). One necessarily would have to calculate the

product of that charge and the amount of CGS load (the portion not attributable

to new customers), less any offsets, in order to know the amount of revenue

associated with the embedded production costs in question.41

         Unlike actual costs expended to implement the tariff, the embedded costs

represent a potential loss in revenue. The Commission considered this distinction

when determining in its Interim Order what costs the Legislature intended to be

recovered under PURA § 39.452(b). After acknowledging the distinction between

   41
        See AR, Binder 4, TIEC Exhibit No. 15 (Pollock Supplemental Direct) at 17.
                                                 20
costs and revenues, the Commission reasonably stated that, “[b]ased on the

evidence and testimony, the Commission finds that the proper interpretation of

‘costs unrecovered as a result of implementation of the CGS program tariff' is costs

to implement and administer the CGS program tariff. Such unrecovered costs do

not include lost revenues, embedded generation costs, or any other types of

costs.”42

         Further, even without a CGS program, there is no guaranteed “recovery” of

embedded costs or that once a rate is set that the billing units will remain static.

ETI’s argument that it was “guaranteed” recovery of its embedded production

costs by the Legislature under PURA § 39.452(b) would lead to absurd results

because instead of providing a means to compensate ETI for costs of implementing

and administering a program it would not otherwise have offered, under ETI’s

interpretation, the Company would be entitled to a greater recovery than it would

have been entitled to “but for” the existence of CGS. ETI’s reasonable opportunity

to earn a return under PURA § 36.051 would be converted to a guarantee. This

goes beyond what the Legislature intended when it provided for recovery of

unrecovered costs resulting from the implementation of the CGS tariff.

             2. Lost revenues associated with embedded production costs are not
                costs, nor does the Legislature believe them to be costs.

        In PURA, lost revenues are not subsumed within the term “costs;” they are

   42
        AR, Binder 1, Item No. 77, Interim Order at 6 (Jun. 12, 2012).
                                                  21
instead an independent concept. When the Legislature has intended for both lost

revenues and costs to be recovered from customers, the Legislature has stated so

specifically. Analogous to the instant scenario where ETI, a regulated public

utility is required by statute to offer a competitive generation service tariff, and

also to the scenario in CenterPoint Energy Houston Electric, LLC v. Pub. Util. Comm’n of

Texas where a regulated public utility was required to administer an energy

efficiency program, the Legislature previously dealt with another type of regulated

public utility and required those utilities to provide a service they did not seek to

perform.43 Under PURA Chapter 55, Subchapter C, the Legislature required

incumbent local exchange companies (“ILECs”) to offer Expanded Toll-Free Local

Calling Areas (“ELCS”). In PURA § 55.048, the Legislature very specifically and

separately allowed for recovery of lost revenues and costs through a monthly fee

but placed a limit on the size of the fee and limited the fee’s duration:

        55.048          CHARGES.
        (a) The incumbent local exchange company shall recover all costs
        incurred and all loss of revenue from an expansion of a toll-free local
        calling area under this subchapter through a request other than a
        revenue requirement showing by imposing a monthly fee under
        Subsection (b) or (c), or both.
        (b) The company may impose a monthly fee against each
        residential and business customer in the petitioning exchange. The
        fee may not exceed $3.50 a line for a residential customer and $7 a
        line for a business customer unless the customer's toll-free local

   43
     CenterPoint Energy Houston Electric, LLC v. Public Util. Comm’n of Tex., 354 S.W.3d 899 (Tex.
App– Austin 2011, no pet.).
                                                22
         calling area includes more than five exchanges. The company may
         impose an additional monthly fee of $1.50 for each exchange in
         excess of five. This subsection applies regardless of the number of
         petitions required to obtain access to the exchanges. A company
         may impose a fee under this subsection only until the company's
         next general rate case.
         (c) The company may impose a monthly fee against each of the
         company's local exchange service customers in this state. This fee is
         in addition to the company's local exchange rates.
         (d) The company may not recover regulatory case expenses under
         this subchapter by imposing a surcharge on the subscribers of the
         petitioning exchange.
PURA, Tex. Util. Code § 55.048 (emphasis added).

         In contrast, the Legislature in PURA § 39.452(b) did not mention lost

revenues, only “costs unrecovered as a result of the implementation of the tariff.”

From PURA Chapter 55, we know that the Legislature does not consider lost

revenues to be a subset of costs but rather a separate matter entirely. A cardinal

principle of statutory construction is that if one thing is included specifically, it is

presumed that things not mentioned are excluded unless otherwise stated.44

Another rule of statutory construction is that if something is specified in one

section (PURA § 55.048) but omitted in another (PURA § 39.452(b)), it is

presumed that the Legislature did not intend for the item to be included in the

latter.45 Applying these principles of construction to PURA § 39.452(b), it is

reasonable to interpret this statute to not authorize the recovery of lost revenues,

   44
        Laidlaw Waste Systems v. City of Wilmer, 904 S.W.2d 656, 659 (Tex. 1995).
   45
        Id.
                                                  23
or revenues associated with embedded production costs, as a subset of “costs

unrecovered as a result of the implementation of the [CGS program] tariff.” The

Commission’s Order correctly recognized that lost revenues or embedded

production “costs” are not subsumed within the costs authorized for recovery

under PURA § 39.452(b).

        Further, this Court in CenterPoint Energy Houston Electric pointed to these

same provisions of PURA (from Chapter 55) when finding that “lost revenues”

were not contemplated for recovery under PURA § 39.905. The Court stated:

        These provisions further support our conclusion that the term “costs,”
        as used by the legislature in PURA, is not intended to include lost
        revenues. The legislature's failure in PURA section 39.905 to
        specifically provide for recovery of “lost revenues,” in addition to
        “costs,” indicates that it intended for the EECRF to serve as a
        mechanism for a utility to recover out-of-pocket expenditures
        associated with its implementation of energy-efficiency programs, not
        to compensate a utility for any associated lost revenues attributable
        to those programs.46

The CenterPoint Energy Houston Electric opinion is consistent with other courts’

opinions which have also held that, when construing a statutory word or phrase,

the court may take into consideration the meaning of the same or similar language

used elsewhere in the act.47 Where the same or a similar term is used in the same

   46
        354 S.W.3d 899, 904 (Tex. App.–Austin 2011, no pet.).
   47
       Guthery v. Taylor, 112 S.W.3d 715, 721-22 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.)
citing L & M-Surco Mfg., Inc. v. Winn Tile Co., 580 S.W.2d 920, 926 (Tex. Civ. App.-Tyler 1979, writ
dism’d).
                                                  24
connection in different statutes, it will be given the same meaning in one that it

has in another, unless there is something to indicate that a different meaning was

intended.48 The Court in CenterPoint Energy Houston Electric looked at how the term

“costs” was used throughout PURA and determined that consistent with the rest

of the Act, PURA § 39.905 did not include the concept of lost revenues when using

the term “costs.” In turn, in the instant case, the Commission reasonably looked to

PURA and the Court’s opinion in CenterPoint Energy Houston Electric and likewise

determined that “costs” under 39.452(b) did not include lost revenues or

embedded production costs.49               The District Court correctly affirmed the

Commission’s determination of what is meant by “costs unrecovered as a result of

the implementation of the [CGS] tariff” and should be affirmed.

        g.     The High Plains decision is not informative on the question
               presented.
   On pages 27-28 of its Appellant’s Brief, ETI discusses a per curiam opinion of

the Supreme Court of Texas, Railroad Commission v. High Plains Natural Gas Company.50

ETI asserts that the Court in High Plains was presented with a “materially identical

requirement” in the Gas Utility Regulatory Act (GURA).51 ETI’s characterization

is incorrect; the requirements are substantially different because the

   48
       Sheshunoff v. Sheshunoff, 172 S.W.3d 686, 692 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005, no pet.); Guthery v.
Taylor, 112 S.W.3d at 721-22.
    49
       AR, Binder 1, Item No. 77, Interim Order at 6 (Jun. 12, 2012).
    50
       628 S.W.2d 753 (Tex. 1981).
    51
       Tex. Util. Code §§ 101.001-105.051 (West 2007 & Supp. 2014).
                                                 25
characteristics of the rate mechanisms are fundamentally miles apart. The High

Plains decision involved a Purchased Gas Adjustment (PGA) which is an automatic

pass-through. GURA does not have an anti-automatic pass-through provision,

whereas PURA includes § 36.201 which prohibits automatic adjustments for

changes in costs. The CGS statute nowhere mentions or implies any exception or

exclusion to PURA § 36.201’s prohibition against automatic pass-through

adjustments.

      Second, the Railroad Commission in the High Plains case had purposely set

the PGA clause at 90 percent instead of 100 percent of the incremental gas cost

over the base rate to provide the utility an incentive to purchase fuel at the lowest

possible price. In other words, the Railroad Commission deliberately declined to

allow the utility to recover all of its operating expenses it was entitled to recover.

In contrast, the Public Utility Commission in the proceeding below allows ETI to

recover all costs that are unrecovered as a result of the implementation of the CGS

tariff. ETI just disagrees with the Commission’s definition of what those costs are.

The Commission’s interpretation of the CGS statute is reasonable and is in

harmony with PURA as a whole. For these reasons, the Commission’s Order

should be affirmed.

                                         26
PRAYER

      For all of these reasons, the Office of Public Utility Counsel respectfully

prays that the Court deny Appellant Entergy Texas, Inc.’s First Issue Presented,

and affirm the Commission’s Order. OPUC further prays for any other relief to

which it may be justly entitled.

                                     Respectfully submitted,

                                     Tonya Baer
                                     Public Counsel
                                     State Bar No. 24026771

                                     __/s/ Sara J. Ferris_________________
                                     Sara J. Ferris
                                     Senior Assistant Public Counsel
                                     State Bar No. 50511915

                                     OFFICE OF PUBLIC UTILITY COUNSEL
                                     1701 N. Congress Avenue, Suite 9-180
                                     P.O. Box 12397
                                     Austin, Texas 78711-2397
                                     512/936-7500 (Telephone)
                                     512/936-7525 (Facsimile)
                                     Sara.Ferris@opuc.texas.gov

                                       27
                                  Certificate of Service

       I certify that the Appellee Brief and Appendix of the Office of Public Utility
Counsel was electronically filed with the Clerk of the Court using the electronic
case filing system of the Court, and that a true and correct copy of the Appellee
Brief and Appendix of the Office of Public Utility Counsel was served upon
counsel for each party of record, listed below, by electronic service and 1st Class
U.S. Mail, on this 13th day of February, 2015.

Marnie A. McCormick                                    Rex VanMiddlesworth
John F. Williams                                       Benjamin Hallmark
Duggins, Wren, Mann & Romero, LLP                      Thompson & Knight, LLP
P.O. Box 1149                                          98 San Jacinto Blvd, Ste. 1900
Austin, Texas 78767-1149                               Austin, Texas 78701
(512) 744-9300                                         (512) 469-6100
(512) 744-9399 (fax)                                   (512) 469-6180 (fax)
mmcormick@dwmrlaw.com                                  rex.vanm@tklaw.com
jwilliams@dwmrlaw.com                                  benjamin.hallmark@tklaw.com
Counsel for Entergy Texas, Inc.                        Counsel for Texas Industrial Energy
                                                       Consumers

Elizabeth R. B. Sterling
Megan M. Neal
Environmental Protection Division
Office of the Attorney General
P. O. Box 12548, Capitol Station
Austin, Texas 78711-2548
(512) 475-4152
(512) 320-0911 (fax)
elizabeth.sterling@texasattorneygeneral.gov
megan.neal@texasattorneygeneral.gov
Counsel for the Public Utility Commission of Texas

                                           __        /s/ Sara J. Ferris_________________
                                                     Sara J. Ferris

                                                28
                            Certificate of Compliance

      I certify that the Appellee Brief and Appendix of the Office of Public Utility
Counsel contains 6,841 words, as measured by the undersigned counsel’s word-
processing software, and therefore complies with the word limit found in Tex. R.
App. P. 9.4(i)(2)(B).

                                      __         /s/ Sara J. Ferris_________________
                                                Sara J. Ferris

                                           29
      Appendix to the Appellee Brief of the
        Office of Public Utility Counsel

 PURA – Select Statutes

 PUC Substantive Rule 25.234

 Excerpt from Application of Gulf States Utilities Company
  for Authority to Change Rates, Docket No. 3871, 7 P.U.C.
  Bull. 410 (Sep. 17, 1981)
PURA – Select Statutes
PUBLIC UTILITY REGULATORY ACT
       Title II, Texas Utilities Code
              (As Amended)

     Effective as of September 1, 2013

  PUBLIC UTILITY COMMISSION
          OF TEXAS
                                        FOREWORD

        The Public Utility Code was enacted by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 166, § 1 as a new
and separate code effective September 1, 2007. Title 2 of the code is properly cited as the Public
Utility Regulatory Act.

       This edition of the Public Utility Regulatory Act contains amendments adopted through
the 83rd Legislature, Third Called Session.

        In general, the effect of amendments has been clear and the resulting text changes were
straightforward and did not require any editorial discretion. Except as explained below, editorial
discretion was exercised in reconciling multiple amendments to the same section. In the majority
of these cases, there was no irreconcilable conflict and all of the amendments could be given
effect. In some cases, an act expressly amended a provision as added or amended by another act.
In the few cases where an irreconcilable conflict was found, the act with the later date of
enactment was given effect, with the other provisions italicized below. In addition, a note
explaining the conflict is provided following the section annotation.

        The annotations following each section have two components. The first annotation
shows the derivation of the section, either citing to the Public Utility Regulatory Act of 1995
(V.A.C.S. Art. 1446c-0), Acts 1997, ch. 166, or showing the section as added to the code and
citing the relevant act. The second component identifies subsequent amendments, cites the
amending act (and originating bill), provides a brief summary of each of the amendments, and,
where appropriate, provides a reference to related provisions or material.

       This publication is maintained by the Commission Advising and Docket Management
Division of the Public Utility Commission of Texas. Suggestions or corrections may be
submitted to that division.

                                            i
                             TITLE II. PUBLIC UTILITY REGULATORY ACT

                  SUBTITLE A. PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO ALL UTILITIES

                                    CHAPTER 11. GENERAL PROVISIONS
Sec. 11.001. SHORT TITLE.
   This title may be cited as the Public Utility Regulatory Act.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 1.001.)
Sec. 11.002. PURPOSE AND FINDINGS.
    (a) This title is enacted to protect the public interest inherent in the rates and services of public
utilities. The purpose of this title is to establish a comprehensive and adequate regulatory system for
public utilities to assure rates, operations, and services that are just and reasonable to the consumers and
to the utilities.
   (b) Public utilities traditionally are by definition monopolies in the areas they serve. As a result, the
normal forces of competition that regulate prices in a free enterprise society do not operate. Public
agencies regulate utility rates, operations, and services as a substitute for competition.
   (c) Significant changes have occurred in the telecommunications and electric power industries since
the Public Utility Regulatory Act was originally adopted. Changes in technology and market structure
have increased the need for minimum standards of service quality, customer service, and fair business
practices to ensure high-quality service to customers and a healthy marketplace where competition is
permitted by law. It is the purpose of this title to grant the Public Utility Commission of Texas authority
to make and enforce rules necessary to protect customers of telecommunications and electric services
consistent with the public interest.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 1.002.) (Amended by Acts 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch. 1579 (SB 86), § 1 (added
   subsec. (c).)
Sec. 11.003. DEFINITIONS.
   In this title:
      (1)        "Affected person" means:
            (A)         a public utility or electric cooperative affected by an action of a regulatory authority;
         (B) a person whose utility service or rates are affected by a proceeding before a regulatory
      authority; or
            (C)         a person who:
                 (i)        is a competitor of a public utility with respect to a service performed by the utility;
            or
                 (ii)       wants to enter into competition with a public utility.
      (2)        "Affiliate" means:
         (A) a person who directly or indirectly owns or holds at least five percent of the voting
      securities of a public utility;
         (B) a person in a chain of successive ownership of at least five percent of the voting
      securities of a public utility;
         (C) a corporation that has at least five percent of its voting securities owned or controlled,
      directly or indirectly, by a public utility;

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      (D) a corporation that has at least five percent of its voting securities owned or controlled,
   directly or indirectly, by:
            (i)     a person who directly or indirectly owns or controls at least five percent of the voting
         securities of a public utility; or
            (ii)    a person in a chain of successive ownership of at least five percent of the voting
         securities of a public utility;
      (E) a person who is an officer or director of a public utility or of a corporation in a chain of
   successive ownership of at least five percent of the voting securities of a public utility; or
         (F)   a person determined to be an affiliate under Section 11.006.
   (3) "Allocation" means the division among municipalities or among municipalities and
unincorporated areas of the plant, revenues, expenses, taxes, and reserves of a utility used to provide
public utility service in a municipality or for a municipality and unincorporated areas.
   (4)     "Commission" means the Public Utility Commission of Texas.
   (5)     "Commissioner" means a member of the Public Utility Commission of Texas.
   (6)     "Cooperative corporation" means:
         (A)   an electric cooperative; or
       (B) a telephone cooperative corporation organized under Chapter 162 or a predecessor
   statute to Chapter 162 and operating under that chapter.
   (7) "Corporation" means a domestic or foreign corporation, joint-stock company, or association,
and each lessee, assignee, trustee, receiver, or other successor in interest of the corporation, company,
or association, that has any of the powers or privileges of a corporation not possessed by an individual
or partnership. The term does not include a municipal corporation or electric cooperative, except as
expressly provided by this title.
   (8)     "Counsellor" means the public utility counsel.
   (9)     “Electric cooperative” means:
      (A) a corporation organized under Chapter 161 or a predecessor statute to Chapter 161 and
   operating under that chapter; or
      (B) a corporation organized as an electric cooperative in a state other than Texas that has
   obtained a certificate of authority to conduct affairs in the State of Texas.
   (10) "Facilities" means all of the plant and equipment of a public utility, and includes the tangible
and intangible property, without limitation, owned, operated, leased, licensed, used, controlled, or
supplied for, by, or in connection with the business of the public utility.
  (11) "Municipally owned utility" means a utility owned, operated, and controlled by a
municipality or by a nonprofit corporation the directors of which are appointed by one or more
municipalities.
   (12) "Office" means the Office of Public Utility Counsel.
   (13) "Order" means all or a part of a final disposition by a regulatory authority in a matter other
than rulemaking, without regard to whether the disposition is affirmative or negative or injunctive or
declaratory. The term includes:
         (A)   the issuance of a certificate of convenience and necessity; and
         (B)   the setting of a rate.

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      (14) "Person" includes an individual, a partnership of two or more persons having a joint or
   common interest, a mutual or cooperative association, and a corporation, but does not include an
   electric cooperative.
     (15) "Proceeding" means a hearing, investigation, inquiry, or other procedure for finding facts or
   making a decision under this title. The term includes a denial of relief or dismissal of a complaint.
      (16) "Rate" includes:
         (A) any compensation, tariff, charge, fare, toll, rental, or classification that is directly or
      indirectly demanded, observed, charged, or collected by a public utility for a service, product, or
      commodity described in the definition of utility in Section 31.002 or 51.002; and
         (B) a rule, practice, or contract affecting the compensation, tariff, charge, fare, toll, rental, or
      classification.
      (17) "Ratemaking proceeding" means a proceeding in which a rate is changed.
       (18) "Regulatory authority" means either the commission or the governing body of a municipality,
   in accordance with the context.
       (19) "Service" has its broadest and most inclusive meaning. The term includes any act performed,
   anything supplied, and any facilities used or supplied by a public utility in the performance of the
   utility's duties under this title to its patrons, employees, other public utilities, an electric cooperative,
   and the public. The term also includes the interchange of facilities between two or more public
   utilities. The term does not include the printing, distribution, or sale of advertising in a telephone
   directory.
       (20) "Test year" means the most recent 12 months, beginning on the first day of a calendar or
   fiscal year quarter, for which operating data for a public utility are available.
      (21) "Trade association" means a nonprofit, cooperative, and voluntarily joined association of
   business or professional persons who are employed by public utilities or utility competitors to assist
   the public utility industry, a utility competitor, or the industry's or competitor's employees in dealing
   with mutual business or professional problems and in promoting their common interest.
  (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Secs. 1.003(1), (2) (part), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (13A), (14),
  (15), (16), (17), (18).) (Amended by Acts 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch. 405 (SB 7), § 1 (amended subds. (1)(A), (6),
  (7); added new subd. (9) and renumbered former subds. (9) to (20) as subds. (10) to (21); and amended
  renumbered subds. (14), (17), and (19)); Acts 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 1327 (SB 1280), § 1 (deleted former
  subd. (9)(C)).)
Sec. 11.004. DEFINITION OF UTILITY.
   In Subtitle A, "public utility" or "utility" means:
      (1)   an electric utility, as that term is defined by Section 31.002; or
      (2)   a public utility or utility, as those terms are defined by Section 51.002.
  (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 1.004.)
Sec. 11.0042. DEFINITION OF AFFILIATE.
   (a) The term "person" or "corporation" as used in the definition of "affiliate" provided by Section
11.003(2) does not include:
      (1) a broker or dealer registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. Section
   78a et seq.), as amended;
      (2) a bank or insurance company as defined under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15
   U.S.C. Section 78a et seq.), as amended;

                                                            5
      (3) an investment adviser registered under state law or the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (15
   U.S.C. Section 80b-1 et seq.); or
      (4) an investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C.
   Section 80a-1 et seq.); or
       (5) an employee benefit plan, pension fund, endowment fund, or other similar entity that may,
   directly or indirectly, own, hold, or control five percent or more of the voting securities of a public
   utility or the parent corporation of a public utility if the entity did not acquire the voting securities:
           (A) for the purpose of or with the effect of changing or influencing the control of the issuer
       of the securities; or
          (B) in connection with or as a participant in any transaction that changes or influences the
       control of the issuer of the securities.
   (b) For the purpose of determining whether a person is an affiliate under Section 11.006(a)(3), the
term "person" does not include an entity that may, directly or indirectly, own, hold, or control the voting
securities of a public utility or the parent corporation of a public utility if the entity did not acquire the
voting securities:
      (1) for the purpose of or with the effect of changing or influencing the control of the issuer of the
   securities; or
      (2) in connection with or as a participant in any transaction that changes or influences the
   control of the issuer of the securities.
  (c) A report filed by an entity described by Subsection (a)(5) or (b) with the Securities and Exchange
Commission is conclusive evidence of the entity's intent if the report confirms that the voting securities
were not acquired:
      (1) for the purpose of or with the effect of changing or influencing the control of the issuer of the
   securities; or
      (2) in connection with or as a participant in any transaction that changes or influences the
   control of the issuer of the securities.
   (Added by Acts 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 413 (SB 1668), § 2.)
Sec. 11.005. ENTITY, COMPETITOR, OR SUPPLIER AFFECTED IN MANNER OTHER
   THAN BY SETTING OF RATES.
   In this title, an entity, including a utility competitor or utility supplier, is considered to be affected in a
manner other than by the setting of rates for that class of customer if during a relevant calendar year the
entity provides fuel, utility-related goods, utility-related products, or utility-related services to a regulated
or unregulated provider of telecommunications or electric services or to an affiliate in an amount equal to
the greater of $10,000 or 10 percent of the person's business.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 1.006.)
Sec. 11.006. PERSON DETERMINED TO BE AFFILIATE.
  (a) The commission may determine that a person is an affiliate for purposes of this title if the
commission after notice and hearing finds that the person:
       (1) actually exercises substantial influence or control over the policies and actions of a public
   utility;
       (2)   is a person over which a public utility exercises the control described by Subdivision (1);
       (3)   is under common control with a public utility; or

                                                        6
       (4) together with one or more persons with whom the person is related by ownership or blood
   relationship, or by action in concert, actually exercises substantial influence over the policies and
   actions of a public utility even though neither person may qualify as an affiliate individually.
   (b) For purposes of Subsection (a)(3), "common control with a public utility" means the direct or
indirect possession of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of
another, without regard to whether that power is established through ownership or voting of securities or
by any other direct or indirect means.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 1.003(2) (part).)
Sec. 11.007. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE.
   (a) Chapter 2001, Government Code, applies to a proceeding under this title except to the extent
inconsistent with this title.
   (b) A communication of a member or employee of the commission with any person, including a
party or a party's representative, is governed by Section 2001.061, Government Code.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 1.005(a).)
Sec. 11.008. LIBERAL CONSTRUCTION.
   This title shall be construed liberally to promote the effectiveness and efficiency of regulation of
public utilities to the extent that this construction preserves the validity of this title and its provisions.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 1.404 (part).)
Sec. 11.009. CONSTRUCTION WITH FEDERAL AUTHORITY.
   This title shall be construed to apply so as not to conflict with any authority of the United States.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 1.404 (part).)

                                                      7
                                           CHAPTER 36. RATES

                            SUBCHAPTER A. GENERAL PROVISIONS

Sec. 36.001. AUTHORIZATION TO ESTABLISH AND REGULATE RATES.
   (a) The regulatory authority may establish and regulate rates of an electric utility and may adopt
rules for determining:
      (1)    the classification of customers and services; and
      (2)    the applicability of rates.
   (b) A rule or order of the regulatory authority may not conflict with a ruling of a federal regulatory
body.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 2.201.)
Sec. 36.002. COMPLIANCE WITH TITLE.
   An electric utility may not charge or receive a rate for utility service except as provided by this title.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 2.153 (part).)
Sec. 36.003. JUST AND REASONABLE RATES.
    (a) The regulatory authority shall ensure that each rate an electric utility or two or more electric
utilities jointly make, demand, or receive is just and reasonable.
   (b) A rate may not be unreasonably preferential, prejudicial, or discriminatory but must be sufficient,
equitable, and consistent in application to each class of consumer.
   (c) An electric utility may not:
      (1) grant an unreasonable preference or advantage concerning rates to a person in a
   classification;
       (2) subject a person in a classification to an unreasonable prejudice or disadvantage concerning
   rates; or
      (3) establish or maintain an unreasonable difference concerning rates between localities or
   between classes of service.
  (d) In establishing an electric utility's rates, the commission may treat as a single class two or more
municipalities that an electric utility serves if the commission considers that treatment to be appropriate.
    (e) A charge to an individual customer for retail or wholesale electric service that is less than the
rate approved by the regulatory authority does not constitute an impermissible difference, preference, or
advantage.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Secs. 2.202, 2.214 (part).)
Sec. 36.004. EQUALITY OF RATES AND SERVICES.
   (a) An electric utility may not directly or indirectly charge, demand, or receive from a person a
greater or lesser compensation for a service provided or to be provided by the utility than the
compensation prescribed by the applicable tariff filed under Section 32.101.
  (b) A person may not knowingly receive or accept a service from an electric utility for a
compensation greater or less than the compensation prescribed by the tariff.
    (c) Notwithstanding Subsections (a) and (b), an electric utility may charge an individual customer
for wholesale or retail electric service in accordance with Section 36.007.

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   (d) This title does not prevent a cooperative corporation from returning to its members net earnings
resulting from its operations in proportion to the members' purchases from or through the corporation.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Secs. 2.215(a), (b).)
Sec. 36.005. RATES FOR AREA NOT IN MUNICIPALITY.
   Without the approval of the commission, an electric utility's rates for an area not in a municipality
may not exceed 115 percent of the average of all rates for similar services for all municipalities served by
the same utility in the same county as that area.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 2.213.)
Sec. 36.006. BURDEN OF PROOF.
   In a proceeding involving a proposed rate change, the electric utility has the burden of proving that:
      (1)    the rate change is just and reasonable, if the utility proposes the change; or
      (2)    an existing rate is just and reasonable, if the proposal is to reduce the rate.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 2.204.)
Sec. 36.007. DISCOUNTED WHOLESALE OR RETAIL RATES.
    (a) On application by an electric utility, a regulatory authority may approve wholesale or retail
tariffs or contracts containing charges that are less than rates approved by the regulatory authority but not
less than the utility's marginal cost. The charges must be in accordance with the principles of this title
and may not be unreasonably preferential, prejudicial, discriminatory, predatory, or anticompetitive.
   (b) The method for computing the marginal cost of the electric utility consists of energy and capacity
components. The energy component includes variable operation and maintenance expense and marginal
fuel or the energy component of purchased power. The capacity component is based on the annual
economic value of deferring, accelerating, or avoiding the next increment of needed capacity, without
regard to whether the capacity is purchased or built.
    (c) The commission shall ensure that the method for determining marginal cost is consistently
applied among utilities but may recognize the individual load and resource requirements of the electric
utility.
    (d) Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, the commission shall ensure that the electric
utility's allocable costs of serving customers paying discounted rates under this section are not borne by
the utility's other customers.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Secs. 2.001(b), (c), (d) (part), 2.052(b), (c).)
Sec. 36.008. STATE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.
   In establishing rates for an electric utility, the commission may review the state's transmission system
and make recommendations to the utility on the need to build new power lines, upgrade power lines, and
make other necessary improvements and additions.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 2.051(w) (part).) (Amended by Acts 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch. 405 (SB 7), § 23.)
Sec. 36.009. BILLING DEMAND FOR CERTAIN UTILITY CUSTOMERS.
   Notwithstanding any other provision of this code, the commission by rule shall require a transmission
and distribution utility to:
      (1) waive the application of demand ratchet provisions for each nonresidential secondary service
   customer that has a maximum load factor equal to or below a factor set by commission rule;
      (2) implement procedures to verify annually whether each nonresidential secondary service
   customer has a maximum load factor that qualifies the customer for the waiver described by
   Subdivision (1);
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      (3) specify in the utility's tariff whether the utility's nonresidential secondary service customers
   that qualify for the waiver described by Subdivision (1) are to be billed for distribution service
   charges on the basis of:
      (A) kilowatts;
      (B) kilowatt-hours; or
      (C) kilovolt-amperes; and
      (4) modify the utility's tariff in the utility's next base rate case to implement the waiver described
   by Subdivision (1) and make the specification required by Subdivision (3).
   (Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., ch. 150 (HB 1064), § 1.)

                          SUBCHAPTER B. COMPUTATION OF RATES

Sec. 36.051. ESTABLISHING OVERALL REVENUES.
   In establishing an electric utility's rates, the regulatory authority shall establish the utility's overall
revenues at an amount that will permit the utility a reasonable opportunity to earn a reasonable return on
the utility's invested capital used and useful in providing service to the public in excess of the utility's
reasonable and necessary operating expenses.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 2.203(a).)
Sec. 36.052. ESTABLISHING REASONABLE RETURN.
   In establishing a reasonable return on invested capital, the regulatory authority shall consider
applicable factors, including:
      (1)    the efforts and achievements of the utility in conserving resources;
      (2)    the quality of the utility's services;
      (3)    the efficiency of the utility's operations; and
      (4)    the quality of the utility's management.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 2.203(b).) (Amended by Acts 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch. 405 (SB 7), § 24 (repealed
   former subd. (1) and renumbered former subds. (2) to (5) as subds. (1) to (4)).)
Sec. 36.053. COMPONENTS OF INVESTED CAPITAL.
   (a) Electric utility rates shall be based on the original cost, less depreciation, of property used by and
useful to the utility in providing service.
   (b) The original cost of property shall be determined at the time the property is dedicated to public
use, whether by the utility that is the present owner or by a predecessor.
   (c) In this section, the term "original cost" means the actual money cost or the actual money value of
consideration paid other than money.
   (d) If the commission issues a certificate of convenience and necessity or, acting under Section
39.203(e), orders an electric utility or a transmission and distribution utility to construct or enlarge
transmission or transmission-related facilities to facilitate meeting the goal for generating capacity from
renewable energy technologies under Section 39.904(a), the commission shall find that the facilities are
used and useful to the utility in providing service for purposes of this section and are prudent and
includable in the rate base, regardless of the extent of the utility's actual use of the facilities.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Secs. 2.206(a) (part), (c).) (Amended by Acts 2005, 79th Leg., 1st C.S., ch. 1 (SB 20),
   § 1 (added subsec. (d)).)

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         (A) the amount by which the money collected under the temporary rates is less than the
       money that would have been collected under the rate finally ordered; and
             (B)   interest on that amount, at the current interest rate as determined by the commission.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 2.211(d).)
Sec. 36.156. AUTOMATIC TEMPORARY RATES.
    (a) The rates charged by the electric utility on the 185th day after the date the utility files the
rate-filing package required by Section 36.153 automatically become temporary rates if:
       (1)     the 185-day period has been extended under Section 36.154(b); and
      (2) the regulatory authority has not issued a final order or established temporary rates for the
   electric utility on or before the 185th day.
   (b) On issuance of a final order, the regulatory authority:
       (1)     shall require the electric utility to refund to customers or to credit against future bills:
             (A)   money collected under the temporary rates in excess of the rate finally ordered; and
             (B)   interest on that money, at the current interest rate as determined by the commission; or
       (2)     shall authorize the electric utility to surcharge bills to recover:
         (A) the amount by which the money collected under the temporary rates is less than the
       money that would have been collected under the rate finally ordered; and
             (B)   interest on that amount, at the current interest rate as determined by the commission.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 2.211(e).)

               SUBCHAPTER E. COST RECOVERY AND RATE ADJUSTMENT

Sec. 36.201. AUTOMATIC ADJUSTMENT FOR CHANGES IN COSTS.
    Except as permitted by Section 36.204, the commission may not establish a rate or tariff that
authorizes an electric utility to automatically adjust and pass through to the utility's customers a change
in the utility's fuel or other costs.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 2.212(g)(1).) (Amended by Acts 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch. 405 (SB 7), § 26.)
Sec. 36.202. ADJUSTMENT FOR CHANGE IN TAX LIABILITY.
    (a) The commission, on its own motion or on the petition of an electric utility, shall provide for the
adjustment of the utility's billing to reflect an increase or decrease in the utility's tax liability to this state
if the increase or decrease:
       (1)     results from Chapter 5, Acts of the 72nd Legislature, 1st Called Session, 1991; and
       (2)     is attributable to an activity subject to the commission's jurisdiction.
   (b) The commission shall apportion pro rata to each type and class of service provided by the utility
any billing adjustment under this section. The adjustment:
      (1) shall be made effective at the same time as the increase or decrease of tax liability described
   by Subsection (a)(1) or as soon after that increase or decrease as is reasonably practical; and
      (2) remains effective only until the commission alters the adjustment as provided by this section
   or enters an order for the utility under Subchapter C or D.
   (c) Each year after an original adjustment, the commission shall:
       (1)     review the utility's increase or decrease of tax liability described by Subsection (a)(1); and

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      (2)    alter the adjustment as necessary to reflect the increase or decrease.
   (d) A proceeding under this section is not a rate case under Subchapter C.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 2.212(h).)
Sec. 36.203. FUEL COST RECOVERY; ADJUSTMENT OF FUEL FACTOR.
   (a) Section 36.201 does not prohibit the commission from reviewing and providing for adjustments
of a utility's fuel factor.
    (b) The commission by rule shall implement procedures that provide for the timely adjustment of a
utility's fuel factor, with or without a hearing. The procedures must require that:
      (1) the findings required by Section 36.058 regarding fuel transactions with affiliated interests
   are made in a fuel reconciliation proceeding or in a rate case filed under Subchapter C or D; and
     (2) an affected party receive notice and have the opportunity to request a hearing before the
   commission.
   (c) The commission may adjust a utility's fuel factor without a hearing if the commission determines
that a hearing is not necessary. If the commission holds a hearing, the commission may consider at the
hearing any evidence that is appropriate and in the public interest.
   (d) The commission shall render a timely decision approving, disapproving, or modifying the
adjustment to the utility's fuel factor.
   (e) The commission by rule shall provide for the reconciliation of a utility's fuel costs on a timely
basis.
   (f) A proceeding under this section is not a rate case under Subchapter C.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 2.212(g)(2).)
Sec. 36.204. COST RECOVERY AND INCENTIVES.
   In establishing rates for an electric utility, the commission may:
      (1) allow timely recovery of the reasonable costs of conservation, load management, and
   purchased power, notwithstanding Section 36.201; and
      (2) authorize additional incentives for conservation, load management, purchased power, and
   renewable resources.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 2.051(w) (part).) (Amended by Acts 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch. 405 (SB 7), § 27.)
Sec. 36.205. PURCHASED POWER COST RECOVERY.
   (a) This section applies only to an increase or decrease in the cost of purchased electricity that has
been:
      (1)    accepted by a federal regulatory authority; or
      (2)    approved after a hearing by the commission.
   (b) The commission may use any appropriate method to provide for the adjustment of the cost of
purchased electricity on terms determined by the commission.
   (c) Purchased electricity costs may be recovered:
      (1)    concurrently with the effective date of the changed costs to the purchasing electric utility; or
      (2)    as soon after the effective date as reasonably practical.
   (d) The commission may provide a mechanism to allow an electric utility that has a noncontiguous
geographical service area and that purchases power for resale for that noncontiguous service area from
electric utilities that are not members of the Electric Reliability Council of Texas to recover purchased
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of the approved transition to competition costs. A rate rider implemented to recover approved transition
to competition costs shall expire not later than December 31, 2006.
   (Added by Acts 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 1041 (HB 1692), § 2.)
Sec. 39.410. CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS.
   This subchapter may not:
       (1) interfere with or abrogate the rights or obligations of any party, including a retail or wholesale
   customer, to a contract with an investor-owned electric utility, river authority, municipally owned
   utility, or electric cooperative;
      (2) interfere with or abrogate the rights or obligations of a party under a contract or agreement
   concerning certificated utility service areas; or
       (3) result in a change in wholesale power costs to wholesale customers in Texas purchasing
   electricity under wholesale power contracts the pricing provisions of which are based on formulary
   rates, fuel adjustments, or average system costs.
   (Added by Acts 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 1041 (HB 1692), § 2.)

   SUBCHAPTER J. TRANSITION TO COMPETITION IN CERTAIN NON-ERCOT
                               AREAS

Sec. 39.451. APPLICABILITY.
   This subchapter applies only to an investor-owned electric utility that is operating solely outside of
ERCOT in areas of this state that were included in the Southeastern Electric Reliability Council on
January 1, 2005.
   (Added by Acts 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 1072 (HB 1567), § 1.)
Sec. 39.452. REGULATION OF UTILITY AND TRANSITION TO COMPETITION.
   (a) Until the date on which an electric utility subject to this subchapter is authorized by the
commission to implement customer choice under Section 39.453, the rates of the electric utility shall be
regulated under traditional cost-of-service regulation and the electric utility is subject to all applicable
regulatory authority prescribed by this subtitle and Subtitle A, including Chapters 14, 32, 33, 36, and 37.
    (b) An electric utility subject to this subchapter shall propose a competitive generation tariff to allow
eligible customers the ability to contract for competitive generation. The commission shall approve,
reject, or modify the proposed tariff not later than September 1, 2010. The tariffs subject to this
subsection may not be considered to offer a discounted rate or rates under Section 36.007, and the
utility's rates shall be set, in the proceeding in which the tariff is adopted, to recover any costs
unrecovered as a result of the implementation of the tariff. The commission shall ensure that a
competitive generation tariff shall not be implemented in a manner that harms the sustainability or
competitiveness of manufacturers that choose not to take advantage of competitive generation. Pursuant
to the competitive generation tariff, an electric utility subject to this subsection shall purchase
competitive generation service, selected by the customer, and provide the generation at retail to the
customer. An electric utility subject to this subsection shall provide and price retail transmission service,
including necessary ancillary services, to retail customers who choose to take advantage of the
competitive generation tariff at a rate that is unbundled from the utility's cost of service. Such customers
shall not be considered wholesale transmission customers. Notwithstanding any other provision of this
chapter, the commission may not issue a decision relating to a competitive generation tariff that is
contrary to an applicable decision, rule, or policy statement of a federal regulatory agency having
jurisdiction.
   (c) That portion of any commission order issued before the effective date of this section requiring
the electric utility to comply with a provision of this chapter is void.
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   (d) Until the date on which an electric utility subject to this subchapter implements customer choice:
      (1) the provisions of this chapter do not apply to that electric utility, other than this subchapter,
   Sections 39.904 and 39.905, the provisions relating to the duty to obtain a permit from the Texas
   Commission on Environmental Quality for an electric generating facility and to reduce emissions
   from an electric generating facility, and the provisions of Subchapter G that pertain to the recovery
   and securitization of hurricane reconstruction costs authorized by Sections 39.458-39.463; and
      (2) the electric utility is not subject to a rate freeze and, subject to the limitation provided by
   Subsection (b), may file for rate changes under Chapter 36 and for approval of one or more of the rate
   rider mechanisms authorized by Sections 39.454 and 39.455.
    (e) An electric utility subject to this subchapter may proceed with and complete jurisdictional
separation to establish two vertically integrated utilities, one of which is solely subject to the retail
jurisdiction of the commission and one of which is solely subject to the retail jurisdiction of the
Louisiana Public Service Commission.
   (f) Not later than January 1, 2006, an electric utility subject to this subchapter shall file a plan with
the commission for identifying the applicable power region or power regions, enumerating the steps to
achieve the certification of a power region in accordance with Section 39.453, and specifying the
schedule for achieving the certification of a power region. The utility may amend the plan as appropriate.
The commission may, on its own motion or the motion of any affected person, initiate a proceeding to
certify a qualified power region under Section 39.152 when the conditions supporting such a proceeding
exist.
   (g) Not later than the earlier of January 1, 2007, or the 90th day after the date the applicable power
region is certified in accordance with Section 39.453, the electric utility shall file a transition to
competition plan. The transition to competition plan must:
      (1) identify how the electric utility intends to mitigate market power and to achieve full customer
   choice, including specific alternatives for constructing additional transmission facilities, auctioning
   rights to generation capacity, divesting generation capacity, or any other measure that is consistent
   with the public interest;
       (2) include a provision to reinstate a customer choice pilot project and to establish a price to beat
   for residential customers and commercial customers having a peak load of 1,000 kilowatts or less; and
      (3)   include any other additional information or provisions that the commission may require.
   (h) The commission shall approve, modify, or reject a plan filed under Subsection (g) not later than
the 180th day after the date the plan is filed unless a hearing is requested by any party to the proceeding.
A modification to the plan by the commission may not be in conflict with the jurisdiction or orders of the
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission or result in significant additional cost without allowing for
timely recovery for that cost. If a hearing is requested, the 180-day deadline is extended one day for each
day of the hearing. The transition to competition plan shall be updated or amended annually, subject to
commission approval, until the initiation of customer choice by an electric utility subject to this
subchapter. Consistent with its jurisdiction, the commission shall have the authority in approving or
modifying the transition to competition plan to require the electric utility to take reasonable steps to
facilitate the development of a wholesale generation market within the boundaries of the electric utility's
service territory.
   (i) Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, if the commission has not approved the
transition to competition plan under this section before January 1, 2009, an electric utility subject to this
subchapter shall cease all activities relating to the transition to competition under this section. The
commission may, on its own motion or the motion of any affected person, initiate a proceeding under
Section 39.152 to certify a power region to which the utility belongs as a qualified power region when
the conditions supporting such a proceeding exist. The commission may not approve a plan under
Subsection (g) until the expiration of four years from the time that the commission certifies a power
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region under Subsection (f). If after the expiration of four years from the time the commission certifies a
power region under Subsection (f), and after notice and a hearing, the commission determines consistent
with the study required by Section 5, S.B. No. 1492, Acts of the 81st Legislature, Regular Session, 2009,
that the electric utility cannot comply with Section 38.073, it shall consider approving a plan under
Subsection (g).
   (j) Notwithstanding any other provision of this subtitle, in awarding a certificate of convenience and
necessity or allowing cost recovery for purchased power by an electric utility subject to this section, the
commission shall ensure in its determination that the provisions of Sections 37.056(c)(4)(D) and (E) are
met and that the generating facility or the purchased power agreement satisfies the identified reliability
needs of the utility.
   (Added by Acts 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 1072 (HB 1567), § 1.) (Amended by Acts 2006, 79th Leg., 3rd C.S.,
   ch. 11 (HB 163), § 1 (amended subd. (a) & (d)(1); Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., ch. 1226 (SB 1492), § 3 (amended
   subsec. (b) and added subsecs. (i) and (j)).)
Sec. 39.4525. HIRING ASSISTANCE FOR FEDERAL PROCEEDINGS.
  (a) The commission may retain any consultant, accountant, auditor, engineer, or attorney the
commission considers necessary to represent the commission in a proceeding before the Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission, or before a court reviewing proceedings of that federal commission, related to:
      (1) the relationship of an electric utility subject to this subchapter to a power region, regional
   transmission organization, or independent system operator; or
      (2) the approval of an agreement among the electric utility and the electric utility's affiliates
   concerning the coordination of the operations of the electric utility and the electric utility's affiliates.
   (b) Assistance for which a consultant, accountant, auditor, engineer, or attorney may be retained
under Subsection (a) may include:
      (1)   conducting a study;
      (2)   conducting an investigation;
      (3)   presenting evidence;
      (4)   advising the commission; or
      (5)   representing the commission.
   (c) The electric utility shall pay timely the reasonable costs of the services of a person retained under
Subsection (a), as determined by the commission. The total costs an electric utility is required to pay
under this subsection may not exceed $1.5 million in a 12-month period.
   (d) The commission shall allow the electric utility to recover both the total costs the electric utility
paid under Subsection (c) and the carrying charges for those costs through a rider established annually to
recover the costs paid and carrying charges incurred during the preceding calendar year. The rider may
not be implemented before the rider is reviewed and approved by the commission.
    (e) The commission shall consult the attorney general before the commission retains a consultant,
accountant, auditor, or engineer under Subsection (a). The retention of an attorney under Subsection (a)
is subject to the approval of the attorney general under Section 402.0212, Government Code.
   (f) The commission shall be precluded from engaging any individual who is required to register
under Section 305.003, Government Code.
   (g) This section expires December 31, 2017.
   (Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., ch. 100 (SB 980), § 1.)

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Sec. 39.9044. GOAL FOR NATURAL GAS.
    (a) It is the intent of the legislature that 50 percent of the megawatts of generating capacity installed
in this state after January 1, 2000, use natural gas. To the extent permitted by law, the commission shall
establish a program to encourage utilities to comply with this section by using natural gas produced in
this state as the preferential fuel. This section does not apply to generating capacity for renewable energy
technologies.
   (b) The commission shall establish a natural gas energy credits trading program. Any power
generation company, municipally owned utility, or electric cooperative that does not satisfy the
requirements of Subsection (a) by directly owning or purchasing capacity using natural gas technologies
shall purchase sufficient natural gas energy credits to satisfy the requirements by holding natural gas
energy credits in lieu of capacity from natural gas energy technologies.
   (c) Not later than January 1, 2000, the commission shall adopt rules necessary to administer and
enforce this section and to perform any necessary studies in cooperation with the Railroad Commission
of Texas. At a minimum, the rules shall:
      (1) establish the minimum annual natural gas generation requirement for each power generation
   company, municipally owned utility, and electric cooperative operating in this state in a manner
   reasonably calculated by the commission to produce, on a statewide basis, compliance with the
   requirement prescribed by Subsection (a); and
      (2) specify reasonable performance standards that all natural gas capacity additions must meet to
   count against the requirement prescribed by Subsection (a) and that:
         (A) are designed and operated so as to maximize the energy output from the capacity
      additions in accordance with then-current industry standards and best industry standards; and
         (B) encourage the development, construction, and operation of new natural gas energy
      projects at those sites in this state that have the greatest economic potential for capture and
      development of this state's environmentally beneficial natural gas resources.
    (d) The commission, with the assistance of the Railroad Commission of Texas, shall adopt rules
allowing and encouraging retail electric providers and municipally owned utilities and electric
cooperatives that have adopted customer choice to market electricity generated using natural gas
produced in this state as environmentally beneficial. The rules shall allow a provider, municipally owned
utility, or cooperative to:
      (1)    emphasize that natural gas produced in this state is the cleanest-burning fossil fuel; and
      (2)    label the electricity generated using natural gas produced in this state as "green" electricity.
   (e) In this section, "natural gas technology" means any technology that exclusively relies on natural
gas as a primary fuel source.
   (Added by Acts 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch. 405 (SB 7), § 39.)
Sec. 39.9048. NATURAL GAS FUEL.
   It is the intent of the legislature that:
      (1)    the cost of generating electricity remain as low as possible; and
       (2) the state establish and publicize a program to keep the costs of fuel, such as natural gas, used
   for generating electricity low.
   (Added by Acts 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch. 405 (SB 7), § 39.)
Sec. 39.905. GOAL FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY.
   (a) It is the goal of the legislature that:

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     (1) electric utilities will administer energy efficiency incentive programs in a market-neutral,
  nondiscriminatory manner but will not offer underlying competitive services;
      (2) all customers, in all customer classes, will have a choice of and access to energy efficiency
  alternatives and other choices from the market that allow each customer to reduce energy
  consumption, summer and winter peak demand, or energy costs;
     (3) each electric utility annually will provide, through market-based standard offer programs or
  through targeted market-transformation programs, incentives sufficient for retail electric providers
  and competitive energy service providers to acquire additional cost-effective energy efficiency,
  subject to cost ceilings established by the commission, for the utility’s residential and commercial
  customers equivalent to:
        (A)    not less than:
           (i)   30 percent of the electric utility's annual growth in demand of residential and
        commercial customers by December 31 of each year beginning with the 2013 calendar year;
        and
          (ii)   the amount of energy efficiency to be acquired for the utility’s residential and
        commercial customers for the most recent preceding year; and
        (B) for an electric utility whose amount of energy efficiency to be acquired under this
     subsection is equivalent to at least four-tenths of one percent of the electric utility's summer
     weather-adjusted peak demand for residential and commercial customers in the previous calendar
     year, not less than:
           (i)     four-tenths of one percent of the utility's summer weather-adjusted peak demand for
        residential and commercial customers by December 31 of each subsequent year; and
          (ii)   the amount of energy efficiency to be acquired for the utility's residential and
        commercial customers for the most recent preceding year;
     (4) each electric utility in the ERCOT region shall use its best efforts to encourage and facilitate
  the involvement of the region's retail electric providers in the delivery of efficiency programs and
  demand response programs under this section, including programs for demand-side renewable energy
  systems that:
        (A)    use distributed renewable generation, as defined by Section 39.916; or
        (B) reduce the need for energy consumption by using a renewable energy technology, a
     geothermal heat pump, a solar water heater, or another natural mechanism of the environment;
     (5) retail electric providers in the ERCOT region, and electric utilities outside of the ERCOT
  region, shall provide customers with energy efficiency educational materials; and
     (6) notwithstanding Subsection (a)(3), electric utilities shall continue to make available, at 2007
  funding and participation levels, any load management standard offer programs developed for
  industrial customers and implemented prior to May 1, 2007.
    (b) The commission shall provide oversight and adopt rules and procedures to ensure that the
utilities can achieve the goal of this section, including:
     (1) establishing an energy efficiency cost recovery factor for ensuring timely and reasonable cost
  recovery for utility expenditures made to satisfy the goal of this section;
     (2) establishing an incentive under Section 36.204 to reward utilities administering programs
  under this section that exceed the minimum goals established by this section;
     (3) providing a utility that is unable to establish an energy efficiency cost recovery factor in a
  timely manner due to a rate freeze with a mechanism to enable the utility to:

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            (A)   defer the costs of complying with this section; and
         (B) recover the deferred costs through an energy efficiency cost recovery factor on the
      expiration of the rate freeze period;
      (4) ensuring that the costs associated with programs provided under this section and any
   shareholder bonus awarded are borne by the customer classes that receive the services under the
   programs;
      (5) ensuring the program rules encourage the value of the incentives to be passed on to the end-
   use customer;
      (6) ensuring that programs are evaluated, measured, and verified using a framework established
   by the commission that promotes effective program design and consistent and streamlined reporting;
   and
       (7) ensuring that an independent organization certified under Section 39.151 allows load
   participation in all energy markets for residential, commercial, and industrial customer classes, either
   directly or through aggregators of retail customers, to the extent that load participation by each of
   those customer classes complies with reasonable requirements adopted by the organization relating to
   the reliability and adequacy of the regional electric network and in a manner that will increase market
   efficiency, competition, and customer benefits.
    (b-1) The energy efficiency cost recovery factor under Subsection (b)(1) may not result in an over-
recovery of costs but may be adjusted each year to change rates to enable utilities to match revenues
against energy efficiency costs and any incentives to which they are granted. The factor shall be adjusted
to reflect any over-collection or under-collection of energy efficiency cost recovery revenues in previous
years.
   (b-2) [REPEALED]
   (b-3) Beginning not later than January 1, 2008, the commission, in consultation with the State Energy
Conservation Office, annually for a period of five years shall compute and report to ERCOT the
projected energy savings and demand impacts for each entity in the ERCOT region that administers
standard offer programs, market transformation programs, combined heating and power technology,
demand response programs, solar incentive programs, appliance efficiency standards, energy efficiency
programs in public buildings, and any other relevant programs that are reasonably anticipated to reduce
electricity energy or peak demand or that serve as substitutes for electric supply.
   (b-4) The commission and ERCOT shall develop a method to account for the projected efficiency
impacts under Subsection (b-3) in ERCOT's annual forecasts of future capacity, demand, and reserves.
   (c) A standard offer program provided under Subsection (a)(3) must be neutral with respect to
technologies, equipment, and fuels, including thermal, chemical, mechanical, and electrical energy
storage technologies.
   (d) The commission shall establish a procedure for reviewing and evaluating market-transformation
program options described by this subsection and other options. In evaluating program options, the
commission may consider the ability of a program option to reduce costs to customers through reduced
demand, energy savings, and relief of congestion. Utilities may choose to implement any program option
approved by the commission after its evaluation in order to satisfy the goal in Subsection (a), including :
      (1)     energy-smart schools;
      (2)     appliance retirement and recycling;
      (3)     air conditioning system tune-ups;
      (4)     the installation of variable speed air conditioning systems, motors, and drives;
      (5)     the use of trees or other landscaping for energy efficiency;

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      (6)   customer energy management and demand response programs;
       (7) high performance residential and commercial buildings that will achieve the levels of energy
   efficiency sufficient to qualify those buildings for federal tax incentives;
      (8) commissioning services for commercial and institutional buildings that result in operational
   and maintenance practices that reduce the buildings’ energy consumption;
      (9)   programs for customers who rent or lease their residence or commercial space;
      (10) programs providing energy monitoring equipment to customers that enable a customer to
   better understand the amount, price, and time of the customer's energy use;
      (11) energy audit programs for owners and other residents of single-family or multifamily
   residences and for small commercial customers;
      (12) net-zero energy new home programs;
      (13) solar thermal or solar electric programs;
      (14) programs for using windows and other glazing systems, glass doors, and skylights in
   residential and commercial buildings that reduce solar gain by at least 30 percent from the level
   established for the federal Energy Star windows program;
      (15) data center efficiency programs; and
      (16) energy use programs with measurable and verifiable results that reduce energy consumption
   through behavioral changes that lead to efficient use patterns and practices.
    (e) An electric utility may use money approved by the commission for energy efficiency programs to
perform necessary energy efficiency research and development to foster continuous improvement and
innovation in the application of energy efficiency technology and energy efficiency program design and
implementation. Money the utility uses under this subsection may not exceed 10 percent of the greater
of:
      (1) the amount the commission approved for energy efficiency programs in the utility's most
   recent full rate proceeding; or
      (2)   the commission-approved expenditures by the utility for energy efficiency in the previous
   year.
    (f) Unless funding is provided under Section 39.903, each unbundled transmission and distribution
utility shall include in its energy efficiency plan a targeted low-income energy efficiency program as
described by Section 39.903(f)(2), and the savings achieved by the program shall count toward the
transmission and distribution utility's energy efficiency goal. The commission shall determine the
appropriate level of funding to be allocated to both targeted and standard offer low-income energy
efficiency programs in each unbundled transmission and distribution utility service area. The level of
funding for low-income energy efficiency programs shall be provided from money approved by the
commission for the transmission and distribution utility’s energy efficiency programs. The commission
shall ensure that annual expenditures for the targeted low-income energy efficiency programs of each
unbundled transmission and distribution utility are not less than 10 percent of the transmission and
distribution utility’s energy efficiency budget for the year. A targeted low-income energy efficiency
program must comply with the same audit requirements that apply to federal weatherization
subrecipients. In an energy efficiency cost recovery factor proceeding related to expenditures under this
subsection, the commission shall make findings of fact regarding whether the utility meets requirements
imposed under this subsection. The state agency that administers the federal weatherization assistance
program shall participate in energy efficiency cost recovery factor proceedings related to expenditures
under this subsection to ensure that targeted low-income weatherization programs are consistent with
federal weatherization programs and adequately funded.

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   (g) The commission may provide for a good cause exemption to a utility's liability for an
administrative penalty or other sanction if the utility fails to meet a goal for energy efficiency under this
section and the utility's failure to meet the goal is caused by one or more factors outside of the utility's
control, including:
      (1) insufficient demand by retail electric providers and competitive energy service providers for
   program incentive funds made available by the utility through its programs;
      (2)    changes in building energy codes; and
      (3)    changes in government-imposed appliance or equipment efficiency standards.
   (h) For an electric utility operating in an area not open to competition, the utility may achieve the
goal of this section by:
      (1) providing rebate or incentive funds directly to customers to promote or facilitate the success
   of programs implemented under this section; or
      (2) developing, subject to commission approval, new programs other than standard offer
   programs and market transformation programs, to the extent that the new programs satisfy the same
   cost-effectiveness requirements as standard offer programs and market transformation programs.
   (i) For an electric utility operating in an area open to competition, on demonstration to the
commission, after a contested case hearing, that the requirements under Subsection (a) cannot be met in a
rural area through retail electric providers or competitive energy service providers, the utility may
achieve the goal of this section by providing rebate or incentive funds directly to customers in the rural
area to promote or facilitate the success of programs implemented under this section.
   (j) An electric utility may use energy audit programs to achieve the goal of this section if:
      (1) the programs do not constitute more than three percent of total program costs under this
   section; and
      (2) the addition of the programs does not cause a utility's portfolio of programs to no longer be
   cost-effective.
   (k) To help a residential or nongovernmental nonprofit customer make informed decisions regarding
energy efficiency, the commission may consider program designs that ensure, to the extent practicable,
the customer is provided with information using standardized forms and terms that allow the customer to
compare offers for varying degrees of energy efficiency attainable using a measure the customer is
considering by cost, estimated energy savings, and payback periods.
   (Added by Acts 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch. 405 (SB 7), § 39.) (Amended by Acts 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 328
   (SB 712) § 1 (amended subsecs. (a)(2) and (b) and added subsecs. (c) to (f)); Acts 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 939
   (HB 3693), § 22 (amended subsecs. (a), (b), (d), (e), and (f) and added subsecs. ((b-1) to (b-4) and (g)); Acts
   2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., ch. 180 (SB 980), § 1 (amended subsecs. (a), (b), and (d) and added subsecs. (h), (i), (j),
   and (k), § 3 (repealed subsec. (b-2)); Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., ch. 1346 (SB 1434), § 1 (amended subsec. (f));
   Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., ch. 1079 (HB 3361), § 4.01 (amended subsec. (f)).)
Sec. 39.9051. ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR MUNICIPALLY OWNED UTILITIES.
   (a) In this section, "municipally owned utility" has the meaning assigned by Section 11.003.
   (b) This section applies only to a municipally owned utility that had retail sales of more than
500,000 megawatt hours in 2005.
   (c) It is the goal of the legislature that:
      (1)    municipally owned utilities will administer energy savings incentive programs;
       (2) customers of a municipally owned utility will have a choice of and access to energy
   efficiency alternatives that allow customers to reduce energy consumption, peak demand, or energy
   costs; and
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        CHAPTER 55. REGULATION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES

                            SUBCHAPTER A. GENERAL PROVISIONS

Sec. 55.001. GENERAL STANDARD.
   A public utility shall furnish service, instrumentalities, and facilities that are safe, adequate, efficient,
and reasonable.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 3.155(a).)
Sec. 55.002. COMMISSION AUTHORITY CONCERNING STANDARDS.
   The commission, on its own motion or on complaint and after reasonable notice and hearing, may:
       (1) adopt just and reasonable standards, classifications, rules, or practices a public utility must
   follow in furnishing a service;
      (2) adopt adequate and reasonable standards for measuring a condition, including quantity and
   quality, relating to the furnishing of a service;
      (3)    adopt reasonable rules for examining, testing, and measuring a service; and
      (4) adopt or approve reasonable rules, specifications, and standards to ensure the accuracy of
   equipment, including meters and instruments, used to measure a service.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 3.155(b).)
Sec. 55.003. RULE OR STANDARD.
   (a) A public utility may not impose a rule except as provided by this title.
    (b) A public utility may file with the commission a standard, classification, rule, or practice the
utility follows.
   (c) The standard, classification, rule, or practice continues in force until:
      (1)    amended by the utility; or
      (2)    changed by the commission as provided by this subtitle.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Secs. 3.153 (part), 3.155(c).)
Sec. 55.004. LOCAL EXCHANGE COMPANY RULE OR PRACTICE CHANGE.
   (a) To make a change in an incumbent local exchange company's tariffed rules or practices that does
not affect the company's charges or rates, the company must file the proposed change with the
commission at least 35 days before the effective date of the change. The commission may require the
incumbent local exchange company to provide to ratepayers appropriate notice as determined by the
commission.
   (b) The commission, on complaint by an affected person or on its own motion and after reasonable
notice, may hold a hearing to determine the propriety of a change proposed under this section. Pending
the hearing and decision, the commission may suspend the change for not longer than 120 days after the
date the change would otherwise be effective. The commission shall approve, deny, or modify the
change before the period of suspension expires.
   (c) In a proceeding under this section, the incumbent local exchange company has the burden of
proving the proposed change:
      (1)    is in the public interest; and
      (2)    complies with this title.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 3.212.)

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   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Secs. 3.304(b)(1), (c).)
Sec. 55.045. ELIGIBILITY TO PETITION.
   The telephone subscribers of an incumbent local exchange company exchange that serves not more
than 10,000 access lines may petition the commission for expansion of the company's toll-free local
calling area if:
      (1) the petitioning exchange's central switching office is located within 22 miles, using vertical
   and horizontal geographic coordinates, of the central switching office of the exchange requested for
   expanded local calling service; or
       (2) the petitioning exchange's central office is not more than 50 miles from the central office of
   the exchange requested for expanded local calling service and the exchanges share a community of
   interest.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 3.304(a) (part).)
Sec. 55.046. PETITION REQUIREMENTS.
    (a) A petition under this subchapter must be signed by a number of the exchange's subscribers equal
at least to the lesser of 100 of the exchange's subscribers or five percent of the exchange's subscribers.
   (b) An exchange that petitions under Section 55.045(2) must demonstrate in the petition that the
exchange shares a community of interest with the requested exchange.
    (c) For purposes of this section, the relationships between exchanges that create a community of
interest include:
      (1)    a relationship because of schools, hospitals, local governments, or business centers; or
      (2) other relationships that would make the unavailability of expanded local calling service a
   hardship for the residents of the area.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 3.304(a) (part).)
Sec. 55.047. BALLOTING AND CONSIDERATION.
   (a) If the commission receives a petition that complies with this subchapter, the commission shall
order the incumbent local exchange company to provide ballots to the subscribers in the petitioning
exchange.
   (b) The commission shall consider the request for expansion of the toll-free local calling area if at
least 70 percent of the subscribers who vote do so in favor of the expansion.
   (c) The commission by rule shall provide for an expedited hearing on the issue of expansion.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 3.304(a) (part).)
Sec. 55.048. CHARGES.
   (a) The incumbent local exchange company shall recover all costs incurred and all loss of revenue
from an expansion of a toll-free local calling area under this subchapter through a request other than a
revenue requirement showing by imposing a monthly fee under Subsection (b) or (c), or both.
   (b) The company may impose a monthly fee against each residential and business customer in the
petitioning exchange. The fee may not exceed $3.50 a line for a residential customer and $7 a line for a
business customer unless the customer's toll-free local calling area includes more than five exchanges.
The company may impose an additional monthly fee of $1.50 for each exchange in excess of five. This
subsection applies regardless of the number of petitions required to obtain access to the exchanges. A
company may impose a fee under this subsection only until the company's next general rate case.
   (c) The company may impose a monthly fee against each of the company's local exchange service
customers in this state. This fee is in addition to the company's local exchange rates.

                                                      281
   (d) The company may not recover regulatory case expenses under this subchapter by imposing a
surcharge on the subscribers of the petitioning exchange.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 3.304(a) (part).)
Sec. 55.049. EXPANSION PROHIBITED AFTER CERTAIN DATE.
   On or after September 1, 2011, the commission may not order an expansion of a toll-free local calling
area.
   (Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., ch. 98 (SB 980), § 9.)

                     SUBCHAPTER D. OPERATOR SERVICE PROVIDERS

Sec. 55.081. DEFINITION.
   In this subchapter, "operator service" means a service using live operator or automated operator
functions to handle telephone service such as toll calling using collect, third-number billing, and calling
card services. The term does not include a call for which the called party has arranged to be billed (800
service).
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 3.052(a).)
Sec. 55.082. APPLICABILITY.
   Except as provided by Section 55.088, this subchapter applies only to a telecommunications utility
that is not a dominant carrier.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Sec. 3.052(h) (part).)
Sec. 55.083. RULES AND PROCEDURES.
   (a) The commission may adopt rules and establish procedures to enforce and implement this
subchapter.
  (b) A rule adopted under this subchapter must be nondiscriminatory and designed to promote
competition that facilitates consumer choice.
   (V.A.C.S. art. 1446c-0, Secs. 3.052(f) (part), (h) (part).)
Sec. 55.084. INFORMATION DISPLAYED ON PUBLIC USE TELEPHONE.
   (a) An operator service provider shall furnish each entity with which it contracts to provide operator
service a sticker, card, or other form of information approved by the commission for each telephone that:
      (1)    has access to the service; and
      (2)    is intended for use by the public.
   (b) The commission may grant the owner of a telephone approval for an alternative form of
information.
   (c) The information must state:
      (1)    the provider's name;
      (2)    that the operator service provider will provide rate information on a caller's request;
      (3) that a caller, on the caller's request, will be informed of the method of access to the local
   exchange carrier operator; and
      (4) that a complaint about the service may be made to the provider or to the commission at the
   designated telephone number.

                                                          282
PUC Substantive Rule 25.234
CHAPTER 25. SUBSTANTIVE                  RULES       APPLICABLE           TO     ELECTRIC SERVICE
            PROVIDERS.
Subchapter J.      COSTS, RATES AND TARIFFS.

§25.234. Rate Design.

  (a)   Rates shall not be unreasonably preferential, prejudicial, or discriminatory, but shall be sufficient,
        equitable, and consistent in application to each class of customers, and shall be based on cost.

  (b)   Rates will be determined using revenues, billing and usage data for a historical test year adjusted for
        known and measurable changes, and costs of service as defined in §25.231 of this title (relating to
        Cost of Service).

                                               §25.234--1                                 effective date 7/5/99
                Excerpt from
Application of Gulf States Utilities Company for
Authority to Change Rates, Docket No. 3871,
     7 P.U.C. Bull. 410 (Sep. 17, 1981)
ELECTRIC      1
 APPLICATION OF GULF STATES
 UTILITIES COM?AriY FOR A                                             DOCKET NO. 3871
 RATE INCREASE .

                                               September 17, 1981
                  The Corrvnission granted GSU a    rate inCrease of $96,039,574 over unadjusted
                  book test year revenues. It ordered the issuance of a pub1ic policy
                  statement of the COilJJlission on the purpose of establishing a representative
                  cost of servic~ in ratemaldng. GSU was also ordered to perform a generation
                  plant cost comparison study and to make all future rate case filings on a
                  companywwide basis.      ·

      [1]         PRO.CEDURE - MISCELLANEOUS
                  The Commission has consistently held that cases resolved by stipulation
                  are not precedent ·of the proper resolution of issues stipu1 ated to.

      [2]         RATEMAKI!IG - COST OF SERVICE
                  Sil)ce rates are set prospectiv.ely~only., -a Mstoric test year is used to
                  approxfmate the utility·•s anticipated cost of operation during the period
                  when rates will be in effect. There is an attempt to match future costs
                  with futu·re revenues. not recoup past costs wfth future revenues.

       [3]        RATEflAKJNG - COST Or   SE~VICE    - ACCOUNTING   AOJUST~ENTS

                  In establishi'ng a cost of service representative of anticipated future
                  costs. if expenses are expected to recur but not annua11y, .it is per..
                  missible. to inc1ude in cost of service a portion of the non~annual.
                  recurring cost proportionate with the time period over which the ca~t
                  is anticipated to recur.

       [4]        RATEI1AKJNG - COST OF SERVICE
                  Since ratemak.ing is nat an 'exact science. often expenses are not recovered.
                  This is not confiscation; it is a risk of doing ,business for which the ·
                  uti.lity is compensated in its authorized rate of return.

       [5 j        RATE~.AKING   - RATE BASE - PLANT HELD FOR FUTURE USE
                   Gus•s Blue Hills• plant site was excluded from rate base when the Cpmpany
                   failed to prove that it would·be used to benefit Texas ratepayers in
                   the foreseeable future. Examination of its used and usefulness extended
                   beyond the ten year standard~

       [6]         RATE~KING     - RATE BASE - CWJP & AFUDC
                   The Staff s financial criteria model was adopted to test the level of CIHP
                             1

                   needed to maintain Gsu•s financial integrity, but the mid-point of the
                   Staff's indicator ranges was chosen rathe~ than the low end of the ran9es
                   as proposed by the Staff. This use of the mid-point was due to special
                   conditions unique to this Company.

       [7]         RATE~KJNG     - RATE BASE - CWIP     &AFUDC
                   Gsu•s Nelson 6 genera.tiCJn plant was specifically identified w1thin CIHP to
                   allow GSU to cease accruing contra AFUDC when the unit goes on line within
                   the period when these new rates will be in effect.

        [8]        RATE~KING     - COST OF SERVICE - ACCOUNTING ADJUSTMENTS
                   The Commission adopted an experimental Staff property insurance reserve
                    policy in which the reserve is set as a percentage of plant in service
                    and funded by a precise formula.                    ·
                                                         410
[9] AATEMAKING - COST OF SERVICE - DEPRECIATION
       A five percent negative salvage value for generation plants Was approved
       because of escalating 1\!.bor costs and stringent regulations regarding
       asbestos disposal during plant·decommissioning.

[10]   AATEMAKING - COST OF SERVICE - CAPITAL STRUCTURE
       For the reasons recited in the Report, the Commission restructured GSU 1 s
       debt and approved. a cost of debt of 10.98X.

[11]   RATEMAKING - COST OF SERVICE - RETURN ON EQUITV
       ·Fo.r the reasons recited in the Report, the Corrmission approved a return
        on equity of 16,5% ·

[12]   RATEMAKING - COST OF SERVICE - CAPITAl STRUCTURE
       The Commission approved a capital structure for GSU with an equity lev~l
       in excess o·f the end·Of-test-year level to -tr,ack the Company's anticipated
       capital structure during the period rates wi11 be in effect..

[13] RATE~IAK):NG - COST. ·oF SERVICE - CAPITAL STRUCT.URE
        GSU was authorize~ a return of 12',66%' on its invested capital rate base.

[14] .RATEMAKING- COST OF SERVICE- ACCOUNTING ADJUSTMENTS
        An attrition allowance was not .authorized as requested upo.i a finding that·
        the'use of the OCF model to estab·lish return on equity takes into con~
        sideratian investors• expectations of i'l')fla-tion'S i-~t.on. the Company•s
        future fin.ailci a1 jntegri'ty.

[15]    RATEMAKING - RATE DESIGN - ELECTRIC
        )he' Commission struck outright various promotional Tates which GSU proposed
        to phase ·aut by forced migration marketi-ng .:strateg~es .

•[16] MISCELLANEOUS
        The Commission ordered GSU to perfonn a generation plant cost Study under
        staff direction since the study would benefit future regulation of the
        utility.

[17] PROCEDURE - PLEADINGS
        To enhanCe Staff review of future rate cases, all future rate filings of
        Gs·u   must be an a compahy-wide basis ·with relE;:varit Jexas ·costs and
        funCtionalization factors clearly identified.

                                       EXAMINER'S REPORT

                                      Procedural History

                                               411
       On May 1,' 1981, Gulf States Utilities Company {hereinafter referred to as "GSU 11 or
11
 the Companyn) filed with the Commission a statement of intent to alter its retail
electric rates for all customers subject to this Commission's original jurisdiction. GSU
reported that 242,126 customer~ ·are located within the affected service area in Southe~st
Texas. GSU's statement of intent recites that revenues will be raised 5131,544,472, or
33.2% in operating revenues for the test ..year ended December 31, 1981. {The ExaJ!!iner
w6ul d note that this is an increase to adj-u~ted test-year revenues). On May 19, 1981,
GSU 1 S proposed rate increase was suspended for 120 days beyond the otherwise legal
effective date' of June 5, pursuant' to 543(d} of the Public Utility Regulatory Act, TEX.
REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 1446c (1980) {said statute herei'nafter referred to as 11 PURA 11 or
the 11Att 1' ) .

     A pre-hearing conference was conducted on May 15, at which the f01Jowing parties
were granted intervenor status and grouped as follows."          A1so listed are the
representatives of each party making an appearance at the hearinQ:

         1~   Governmental Entities - (Don Butler and lane Nichols} the Cities of Beaumont,
              Bridge City, Calvert, Cleveland, Conroe, Kosse, Navasota, OrangeJ Shenandoah,
              Nederland, Sour lake, Nome, China, Bevil Oaks, Madisonville, Port Arthur 0
              Groves, Port Neches, and. Anah_uac; Texas Municipal League; Chambers County; and
              Chambers-liberty Counties Navigation District {collec_tively referred to as
              11 Cities1t)

         2.   Industrials .:. (Rex Van MiddleswOrth) Texas Industrial Energy Consumers; Big
              Three Industries, Inc.; E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co .. j Firestone Synthetic
              RUbber & latex Co.; Georgetown Texas Steel Corp~; Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.·;
              PPG Industries, Inc.; Temple-Eastex, Inc.; Texaco Chemical Co.; Union Carbide
              Corp.i and Union Oil Co. of California (collectively referred to as 11 TIEC 11 }

         3.   Residentials- (Steven Ross) Elias Guidry, et al. (referred to as     11
                                                                                        East Texas
              Legal Services Group11 or "ETLSG 11 )

  GSU was r.epresented by Messr.s. Cecil Johnson and lee A. Everett. The Commission Staff was
· represented by Messrs. Allen King and Steve Porter and Ms. Grace Hopkins. On tne motion
  of ETLSG. Docket No. 3871 was designated a PURPA heaf.ing (a public he.aring to
  specificallY address rate design issues mandated by the. Public Utility ·Regulatory
  Policies Act of 1978, 16 U.S.C. S2601, et seg.). This designation was su?sequently
  withdrawn in re~ponse to the Commission's reopening of Pubiic.Hearings of the Public
  UtilitY Commission of Texas On the Cost ·of Service Ratemaking Standards of S111{d){l) of
  the Public UtilitY Re9ulatory Policies Act of 1978. 16 u.s.c. !2601, et. seq., Docket No.
  3437, 7. p .U.C. BULL _ _ _ {August 20, 1981), On the General Counsel 1 s motion, Docket
  No. 3871 was a.lso opened to an investigation into all of GSU's rates·, schedules, customer
   classifications, service rules and regulations.

          Prior to the. hearing on the merits, ap'peals frcxn the ratemaking ordi~ances of the ·
     following cities were filed and consolidated with Docket No. "3871: Madisonville, Anahuac,
     Willis, Franklin~ New Waverly, Splendora, and Montgomery. GSU 1 s appeal from the City of
     Roman Forest was not consolidated with Docket No. ·3871 since it was filed on the next -to
     the last day of the hearing and consolidation with Docket No. 3871 would have denied that
     city an opportunity for meaningful participation in the hearing.

                                                412
     The hearing on the merits conven~d on July 6, 1981. The presentation of testimony
did nat ebmmence untn the fo1 lowing day. During this first day, the parties negotiated
several stipulations which were introduced into the record and are discussed below. The
hearing was not bifurcated. It concluded on July 20, 1981.

     All parties, except E.TLSG, presented direct cases on some aspect of this rate case.
The Cities_ limited their testimony to revenue· requirement.  GSU and the Staff prese11ted
evid~nce on GSU's revenue requirement as ~e11 as rate ~esign, TIEC limited its direct
cases to areas traditionally desig~ated as rate design. ETLSG limited its participation
to cross-examination of witnesses and presentation of argument •. The primary focus of
ETLSG's participation was rate design and cost-allocations. Four stipulations of fact
were entered into by all parties and were designated as Staff Ext'libits Nos. 24 and 31. A
further stipulation concerning facility charges was entered into after the hearing by GSU
and TIEC. All these stipulations are attached to this Report and adopted by reference.

                                          Opinion   .

     I.    Introduction

          A.     Characteristics of the Applicant

      GSU is a public electric utility providing electric utility service tO major
portiOns of Southeast Texas under a certificate of CGrrvenierrce and Necessity issued. by
the Public Utility Commission of Texas (hereinafter referred to as 11 the Commission 11 ) .
The Commission has jurisdiction over GSU's Texas retail rates. The Company also provides
electtic utility service to major portions of Southern L~uisiana with its rates for
retail service in those areas su~ject .to.the regulatory jurisdiction of the Louisiana
Public Service Commission (hereinafter referred to as 11 LPSC"). The Company• s wholesa 1e
electric service rates in both states are subject to the regulatory jurisdiction of the
Federal Energy RegulatorY Commission (hereinaftl!r referred to as 11FERC"}. GSU also
d·istributes natura~ gas and sells processed steam within the State of Louisiana. It does
not conduct either of these activities in T.exas.

       GSU operates its electric system as an integrated pool.. -·.Power generated in
·Louisiana 1s sold in Texas and vise versa. It is a member of the Southwest Power Pool and
 operates as an integr~l portion of that regional utility network. GSU Purchases a large
 por.tion Of its energy requirements from other members of that power pool. all of whom
 operate in the interstate power market.           It does ·not have any. ·.operatiOnal
 interconnections or ties with members of the Energy Reliability Council of Texas or ~ny
 other strictly intra-state Texas uti11.ty,

            B.    Prior GSU Rate Cases

       Docket No~ 3871 is the fourth in a series of almost annua·l GSU rate applications •
. The prior GSU rate cases are Docket No. 1528 (1977)," Docket No. 2677 (1979) and Docket
  No. 3298 (1980), Docket No. 1528 is the only other GSU rate case. which went to a full
  contested hearing. The other two were s.ettled by stipulations of the parties which were
 subsequ-ently adopted by the Commission.

                                             413
(1] Se~eral of the parties herein presented argumentS that. various material issues must
be res.o1ved in particular manners because they were resolved ln the same manner in
Dockets Number;: 2677 and 3298. The Examiner would note that those cases were settled by
stipulation. The issues in question were not exposed to the close "scrutiny of cross-
examination and rebuttal. The.Cbmmission has consistently held th"at cases resolved by
stipulation are ·not precedent of the proper resolution of issues stipulated to. See:
Application of Sunbelt Utilities, Docket No. 3083, 6 P.u.c. BULL. 75 (September 12,
1980): Furthermore, the stipulations. thEQiselves state that they do not propose to adopt
or support any theories or resolutions of underlylng issues hut merely approve bot-tom1ine
dollar amounts. For theSe reasons, the Examiner finds that a~y arguments presented
herein that various issue~ must be resolved in a particular manner because of the orders
in Dockets Numbers ?.677 and 3298 are incorrect and are without merit. These decisions are
advisory ·only and are not ~recedent for purposes of this docket.

           C~   Purpose of Establishing A Cost of   S~rvice

      P.U.C. SUBST. R. 052.0(.03.032{a) states, "Cost of service ·is equal to the amount of
 revenue required f:o (1) cover all reasonable and .necessary expenses properly fncurred by
 a utility in rendering seT-vice to the public and (2) provide a fair and reasonable return
 on the adJusted value of inv~sted capital used and useful jn rendering such service. 11
 Throughout this case, GSU has interpretted this rule to mean that if the Company incurred
 any expense in the pa~t that was reasonable at the time it was made, the Commission must
 allow the complete recovery of that ~xperlse in cOst 9f service or amortize it and include
 the unamortized portion 1n rate base. In effect GSU seeks future recovery of past
 expenses. The Company repeatedly objected to recommendations of the Staff and the Cities
 to disallow various expenses as non-recurring. GSU claims that such treatment ·is
 consfiscatory.

 [2] The Examiner finds that GSU is incorrect in its interpretation. of the rate making
 process and that this issue mllst be discussed as a predicate for the following ratemaking
 recommendations~ Rat~s are set prospectively only. Railroad Commission v. HoustOn
 Natural Gas Corp., 289 S.W. 2.d ~59 {Tex. 1956); Railroad CommiSsion v. City of Fort Worth,
 576 S.W.2d 899 (Tex.Civ.App. - Austin, 1979, writ ref'd n.r.e.) [A historic test year is
 Used tp approximate the utility's anticipated cost of operation d«rlng the period when
 rates will be in effect~ When necessary to reflect changes in conditions since the test
 year, adj.ustfllents can be made to ·those historic.al costs for known and measurable costs
 which are certain to be incurred. Still thf!.re is a matc"hing ~of exp_enses and revenu~

[3,4] In many cases, a utility will incur an expense which is not representative of
  expenses that can be expected on an an.nual basis. However, expens~s of this type or
  genera1 amount can often be expected to occur on a two or three year cycle. Since rates
  a~e traditionally set on a one year cost of service basis, it is reaSanable·to allow a
  portion of that nona.nnual recurring expense proportionate with the anticipated period of
  reoccurance in that single year's cost of service •. Thus, one third of an expense
  anticipated to occur once every three years is included. This is still an attempt to
  match future expenses wit~ future revenues. If the actual incurred e~pense ~n question
  or a similar expense cannot be anticipated t? reoccur with any reasonable certainity
  within a given period, no allowance for·that expense shall be made in the cost of service.
  It is not a question of not allowing the utilit~ to recover the expense with future
 revenues. The expense should have been recovered by revenues collected at the time the
 expense was incurred. Since ratemaking is not an exact science, often the expense is not
 recovered.· This is not confiscation; it is a risk of doing business. The utility is
 compensated for this risk when the regulatory authority es.tab 1ishes a teturn on the
· utility•s.adjusted value of invested capital.'.
                                                     5ot. f._.~,.. .t...._ o~.cl«-...~8·,   "f>.   L/Su

      The Examiner wo~ld note that this theory of the ptinciple of' establishing a cost ower and Light Co., Docket No. 3780,
 7 P.U.C. BULL. _____ (A~gust ·5, 1981). The Examiner would recommend, however, that the
 Commission adapt the preceding discussion in this opinfon as ~ ·statement of policy to
 give guidance to GSU and other utilities in future rate cases thus simplifying those
 proceedings.

         I'!. Deterniination of Rate Base

              A. Adjusted·Value of Invested Capital

       ·section 4T(a) of the Act defines adjusted value of invested .capital as, u . . . a
 reasonable balance between original cost less dePreciation and current cost less ·an
 adjustment for both present age and condition. 11 GSU, the .Cities, and the Staff all
 presented evidence on the Company•s adjusted va.1ue ·of invested capital, in&luding
 findings of current cost less an adjustment far age and crihdition:· However, at the time
 of hearing, all parties entered into a stipulation tha;t adjusted value of invested
 capital shall be no more than invest~d capital. For this reason. the parties did not
  cross-examine any witness on his cur.rent 'cost and age and {:Ondition ad.justrilent testimony.
 Without such Cross-examinatiOn the Examiner cannot find.the Current cost testimony of any
 witness. to be credible. Adjusted value of i~vested capital cannot be calculated without
  such data. Therefore, the Examiner recommends that GSU•s return in this docket be set
  only on the basis of invested capital. This is consistent with the stipulation of the
  parties.

              8.     Invested Capital

       The ·Company. the CitieSt and the Staff submitted the fallowing calculations of
  inVested capital, each element of which will be ~iscuSsed'by referenced line number:

                   . ITEM                        GSU                                        STAFF ·
   1. Plant in Setvice                      $ 757,256,215
   2. ·Ace. Depreciation                     (247,7.50,951)
   3. Net Plant                             s 509,505,264
   4. Plant Held for Future Use·               12,811,102
    5. CWIP                                   492,207,593
    6~   Nuclear Fuel in Process               32,145,950
    7. Materials &Supplies                      6,661,518
    B•. Fuel Inventory                         20,,820,578
    9. Prepa_yments                             1,280,897
   10. Working Capital                           8.,897,074
   11. Customer Deposits                        {2,474,940)
   12. Oef. Income Taxes                       (65,137 ,774)

                                               415
     3.     PURA, §:27(b) charges the Commission with fixing proper and adequate
            rates and methods of depreciation, amortization, or depletion of the
            several classes of property of each public utility.        Under this
            provision of the Act, GSU's proposed depr2ciatiOT!) amort'izationt· and
            depletion rates, except where the same differ from the Exaininer• s
            recommendations, are proper and must be adopted.

     4.     Pursuant to PURA, !40(b), GSU has the burden of proving that its
            _proposed rates are just and reasonab1 e. To the extent reconmended by
             the Examiner, GSU has met this burden of proof.

     5,     The Examiner's recO!!Ifi'!endations herein w111 all.ow GSU to recover its
            r!asonab1e and proper operating expenses together wjth a reasonable
            return on 1ts invested capital pursuant to PURA, §39.

     6.     Rates designed according to the guidelines recOOIITlended by the Examiner,
            if properly implemented, are reasonable a~d non ... discrimi-natory and
            should be approved by the Commission for complying with the ratemaking ·
            criteria of Article VI of the Act.

     1.     GSU's present rates for service in uninCo;porated areas and within the
            municipalities over which the Commission is authoriied to exercise its
            original and appellate jurisdictions are insufficient to provide GSU
            with the revenues approved hetein and should therefore be adjusted to
            conform to the rates established herein for each class of service.

     a.     GSU' s water heating and space heat,ng and cooling general service riders
            violate PURA~ 545 and must be excluded from GSU's revised tariff.

      9.    · The Commission may order GSU to perform Mr. Saathoff's recommended.
              generation plant comparison.study under the authority of PURA, SS28{l)-
              (3) and 29(c).

     10..    The Commission has the authority to require GSU to ma~e. all future rate
             filings on a system~wide basis as recommended· by Messrs. Winkelmann and
             lee under" the authority of PURA, 5516 and 28.

                                              MARK H. ZEPPA
                                              HEARINGS EXAMINER

     . In public. meeting at its offices in Austin, Texas, the Public Utility Commission of
lexas ffnds that, after statutory not ice was provided to the public "and intereSted
p.t.~t1es, the application in this case was processed by an Examiner who prepared a report
eontll"ining Findings of Fact and Conc1t.isions of Law~ which report, wi~h the fol1owirig
chang~~, is adopted and made a pa~t of this Orde~.

                                             448
1.        The Commission finds that GSU's proposal ~o allocate demand costs by the
          average and excess (A&E) methodology is the ll!DSt appropriate
          recommendation in the record. Accordingly, th~ Examin~r's proposal to
          allocate demand costs by the four coincident peak {4CP) methodology is
          rejected and GSU's A&E proposal adopted.

2.        The Commission finds that GSU has not met its burden of proof as- to the
          reasonableness of its proposed curtailment plan; therefore, this
          proposa 1 is rejected and GSU sha 11 continue to operate under the
          curtailment plan currently on file at the Commission in GSU's existing
          tariff.

3.         Tn~ Commission finds that GSU. and ETLSG entered into stipulations on the
           retard regarding customer information pamphlets entitled "Customer
          ·Rights and Responsibilities" and the calculating of eustcmel" deposits
            found in.the heariniTranscl"ipt at 1451~1~5~which the Commission find
          'reasonable.      It is therefore ordered that those stipulations are
            incorporate~;( into this Order by reference, the terms of which s~.all be
            met by the· parties under Order of the Commission.              ·

4.          The first se11tenee of Fi~ding of Fact Number 21 is amended to read. "The
            cast al'locations and rate structures proposed by the Examiner, as
            modified herein, will be baSed on sound l"atemaking principles and should
          . be adopted.

5.         Finding of Fact Number 26 .shall be dele~ed.

6.         Conclusion of law Number S iS amended to read, ''The Examiner's
           recommendations herein, 'as eXpressly modified by this Order, will allow
           GSU to. recover its reasonable and proper operatin{'expenses toQether
           with· a reasonable return on its invested.capital put"suant to PURA, ~39, 11

 7.        COnclusion of Law Humber 6 is 3mended to read, 11 Rates· designed according
           to the guidelines recommended by the Examiner, as modified herein, if
           properly implemented, are reasonable and non~discriminatory and should
           be approved by the Corrvnission for complying with the. ratemaking criteria
           of Article VI of the Act. 11

 The Commission further issues the following Order:

 1.         The petition of Gulf States   ~tilities   Company (GSU) is hereby granted in
            part and denied in part, as set out in the Examiner 1 s Report.

     2.     GSU is hereby ordered to rerun its cost of service s~udy, as mQdified,to
            reflect the. cost of service and cost allocati9n changes recomw~nded by
            the Examiner, except as modified herein, ... and using . ·the· revenue
            adjustments approved herein. GSU shall within twenty (20) .days from the
            date hereof submit the results of this study to the Commi.ssion for its
            review, showing how revenues will be allocated among rate classes. The

                                             449
      "cost ·ofse;rvic:e study, when rerunt shall incorporate all changes in
      rates, schedules, and service rules ordered herein. A copy of the study
      shall be served upon each of the parties hereto at the time it is filed
      with the Commission.

3.    GSU shall file five (5) ~opies of its tariff, revised in accordance with
      the Examiner 1s Report and the terms of this Order, and sufficient to
      generate revenues no greater than those presCribed in that Report and
      this Order, with the Conmission Secretary and one ·COPY with each of the
      Intervenors within t'!fenty {20) days of the date hereof. The Conrnission
      Staff shall have twenty (20) days from the date of ·the filing to review
      and to approve or reject the tariff.· All parties to this docket shall
      have ten (10) days· from the date ~f that filing to file their
      objections, if any, to the revised tariff. The tariff shall be deemed
      approved and sha11 become effective upon the expiration of twenty (20)
      days after filings or sooner upon notification of approval by the
      Corrmission Secretary. In the ·event of rejection, GSU shall have fifteen
       (15) additional days-1to file an amended tariff, with the same review
       procedures to again apply.

4.    The revised and approved rates shall be charged only for service
      rendered in areas over which this Co~m~iss.ion is exercising its original
      and appellate juriSdiction as of the adjournment of the hearing on,the
      merits herein, and said rates may be charged only for service rendered
      after the tariff approvC\1 date. If the tariff approval date falls
      with·in GSU's normal customer billing cycle, the Company is hereby
      authorized to prorate customer bills according to the number of days
      service was provided under the applicable rate schedules.

 5,    This Order _is deemed to be final upon the date of rendition. Approval
       of the revised tariff in complianse with this Order shall be deemed to
       be final on the date of its effectiveness ei.the~ by operation of this
       Order or by notification from the Commission Se~retar~. whichever shall
       occur first.

 6.    GSU sQall i!Miediately. initiate actions to conduct the generation plant
       cost study recommended by Mr. Saathoff under the conditions recorrmended
       by the Examiner. GSU is encouraged to complete that study before it
       files itS next rate change application.

 7.    GSU is expressly ordered to make all future   rate change applications on
       a system-wide      basis    pursuant    to    the   recommendations       of
       Messrs. Winkelmann and lee.

        The Examiner 1s discussion of the pur:pose for establishing a cost of
        service for ratemaking.purposes found in 5I(C} of the Examiner 1s Report
        is concurred· with by the Commission and shan be adopted as a policy
        statement of. the Commission.     The Commission's Director of Public
        Utilities shall take' such steps as are. necessary to carry out this
        directive.

                                        450
               ·.
                9.     All motions, requests, applications and proposed Findings of Fact or
                       Conclusions of Law not expressly g~anted herein are denied for want of
                       merit and for being unsupported by the preponderance of the credible
                       evidence in the record of this docket.

                                                         GEORGE M. COWDEN
                                                         GARRffi MORRIS
                                                         H. M. ROLLINS
                                                         CDI·IMISSIONERS

                                               MEMORANOUM OECISIONS

          Gulf States Utilities CompanY, Docket NQ •. 3710, Examiner 1 :S Report adopted October
          30. 1981. GSU was granted a certificate atnendment to encon1pass its 42% participa-
          tion ln the Big Cajun Uo. 2. Unit 3 cnal.-fired generation plant in louisiana.

          lo\'zer Colorado River   AuthoritY~ ~ocket   N.c .. 4033, was granted an electric certificate
          amendment on October 30. 1981.

          Texas Electric Service cowny. Docket Ho. 4076, was granted an electric certificate
          amendment on October 30, l 81.

                                               Docket No. 4078, was granted an P.lectric certificate

         WATER/SEWER

         I'I'PL!f.ATION OF ALEXA ENTERPRISES,
          INC. d/b/a ENGEL UTILITY CO. FOR
         AUTHDRITY TO INCREASE RATES WlTHIN
          HENDERSON COUNTY                               I                     DOCKEI NO. 3819

                                                 o·ctober 15, 1981

              Rate app l·i ca~ian granted in part. Examiner 1 s Report adopted except for reconnect fee-
         which was reduced.

               [l] '•PROCEDURE · NOTICE.
                     . Th.e notice provisions of !43{a) of the A::t do not r·equire C'.OmplF:tion of
                          .notice by.publi5:ation mentioned therein prior to the ttme of the
                      .~he:
                      prehearing conference; however, Procedural. Rule 05~.01.00.043 indicates
                      that such notice should be commenced at the time the Stotement of Il!tel!t

                                                           451
.   '.