Court Opinion

ID: 9385636
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-07 18:00:34.757045+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:03.496062
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                ___________

                     No. 22-1559
                     __________

    DAVID HATCHIGIAN; JOAN RANDAZZO,
                         Appellants

                           v.

      ROBIN FORD; VILLAGE FORD PARTS;
    FORD MOTOR COMPANY; CHASE BANK
     ____________________________________

    On Appeal from the United States District Court
       for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
               (D.C. No. 2:21-cv-03416)
      District Judge: Honorable Chad F. Kenney
     ____________________________________

  Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                  on April 3, 2023

Before: SHWARTZ, BIBAS, and PHIPPS, Circuit Judges

             (Opinion filed: April 7, 2023)
     ____________________________________
                                       ___________

                                        OPINION*
                                       ___________

PER CURIAM

       Pro se appellants David Hatchigian and Joan Randazzo appeal from the judgment

entered against them by the District Court following a jury trial in this civil action.   For

the reasons discussed below, we will affirm.

                                             I.

       Hatchigian and Randazzo filed a complaint in the Philadelphia Court of Common

Pleas against Robin Ford, Village Ford Parts, Ford Motor Company, and Chase Bank al-

leging, inter alia, breach of contract, unjust enrichment, and violations of the Magnuson-

Moss Warranty Act, 15 U.S.C. § 2301, et seq., and the Fair Credit Billing Act, 15 U.S.C.

§ 1666, et seq. The claims arose from a dispute over allegedly defective fuel injectors

purchased by Hatchigian and installed in a 2005 Ford van. Upon praecipe by Hatchigian,

the state court entered a default judgment against Chase in the amount of $75,000. There-

after, with the consent of the other defendants, Chase removed the case to the United States

District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and moved to vacate the default

judgment. Hatchigian and Randazzo opposed the motion to vacate and sought remand of

the action to state court. After holding an evidentiary hearing, the District Court denied

the motion to remand, determining that subject matter jurisdiction existed pursuant to 28

*
  This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
                                               2
U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1441(a). The District Court also vacated the default judgment entered

by the state court, determining that Chase was never properly served with a copy of the

summons and complaint.

         A two-day jury trial commenced on March 15, 2022. At the close of the evidence,

and upon motion of the Defendants, the District Court dismissed all claims by Randazzo,

finding that she was not a party to any of the alleged contracts or agreements, and that there

was no evidence that she suffered any lack of use of the vehicle. See D.Ct. ECF No. 132

at 12-13.1 The remaining claims were submitted to the jury, who returned a verdict in favor

of the Appellees on all counts. Appellants’ timely motion for a new trial was denied. Ap-

pellants appeal, challenging the District Court’s orders vacating the state court default judg-

ment, denying their motion to remand, and denying their motion for a new trial.

                                              II.

         We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary review over a

district court’s denial of a motion to remand. Green v. America Online (AOL), 318 F.3d

465, 470 (3d Cir. 2003). We review a district court’s decision to vacate an entry of default

for abuse of discretion. Doe v. Hesketh, 828 F.3d 159, 167 (3d Cir. 2016). We likewise

review for abuse of discretion a district court’s denial of a new trial motion, except when

the denial is based on an application of law, in which case our review is plenary. McKenna

v. City of Phila., 582 F.3d 447, 460 (3d Cir. 2009).

1
    We utilize the pagination given to filings by the CM/ECF docketing system.
                                              3
       Appellants assert that the District Court erred in denying their motion to remand

because “the Removing Defendant did not strictly comply with the Removal Statute or

sufficiently establish grounds for vacating the $75,000 State Court Default Judgment.” 3d

Cir. ECF No. 31 at 8. In April 2021, Appellants attempted service on Chase Bank by

sending, via certified mail, a flash drive purportedly containing the summons and com-

plaint. The flash drive was not accompanied by a paper copy. Appellants assert that this

constituted proper service “in accordance with Pennsylvania Rules for serving out of state

corporations . . . as well as the Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s directions for flash drive

service,”2 Id. at 24, and that Chase’s July 30, 2021, notice of removal was therefore un-

timely, see 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b) (providing that “notice of removal of a civil action or

proceeding shall be filed within 30 days after the receipt by the defendant, through service

or otherwise, of a copy of the initial pleading”).

       The Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure authorize service of process on a party

located outside the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, see Pa. R. Civ. P. 404, by mailing “a

copy of the process . . . by any form of mail requiring a receipt signed by the defendant or

his authorized agent,” Pa. R. Civ. P. 403. See also Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(h)(1)(A) (permitting

service on a corporation in the manner prescribed for service on an individual under Rule

4(e)(1)); Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(e)(1) (permitting service on an individual in accordance with

2
  The alleged directions from the Pennsylvania Supreme Court on “flash drive service,”
see 3d Cir. ECF No. 31 at 93, is actually a document from the Superior Court of Pennsyl-
vania, Office of the Prothonotary, addressing the electronic filing of briefs with that court,
and in no way supports Appellants’ argument that service of original process via electronic
format was proper.

                                              4
state law in which the district court sits). Rule 403 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil

Procedure is silent as to what constitutes a “copy of the process.” However, Pa. R. Civ. P.

204.1 provides that “[a]ll pleadings, motions and other legal papers must … (1) … be on

8 ½ inch by 11 inch paper.” If Appellants’ mailing of a flash drive purporting to contain

the summons and complaint was an attempt to serve Chase Bank electronically, such ser-

vice is not covered by Pennsylvania’s Rule 205.4, which addresses the “Electronic Filing

and Service of Legal Papers,” and specifically excludes the service of “original process”

via “electronic transmission.” 3 See Pa. R. Civ. P. 205.4(g) (providing that “[c]opies of all

legal papers other than original process filed in an action or served upon any party to an

action may be served … (ii) by electronic transmission … if the parties agree thereto”)

(emphasis added). For these reasons, the District Court did not err in finding such service

to be improper. 4 And, because Chase Bank was never properly served, 5 the District Court

3
  We note that the receipt of a flash drive is not listed as a manner in which electronic
transmission may be completed. Further, as noted by the District Court, Chase Bank, a
financial institution, “could not insert an unknown USB flash drive received in the mail
into its computer system.” D.Ct. ECF No. 50 at 2.
4
  The Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure also provide for service of process outside the
Commonwealth “in the manner provided by the law of the jurisdiction in which the service
is made.” Pa. R. Civ. P. 404. The District Court also determined that Chase was not
properly served with a copy of the complaint and summons under the law of Delaware,
where service on Chase was attempted. See D.Ct. ECF No. 50 at 2. Appellants do not
challenge that ruling.
5
 To the extent that Appellants argue that the June 24, 2021, mailing of a Notice of Praecipe
to Enter Judgment by Default, purportedly including a copy of the complaint, constituted
proper service of original process, we disagree. A representative for Chase testified at the
evidentiary hearing that Chase, in the regular course of business, scanned all documents
received, and the scanned copy of the June 24 mailing (a total of four pages) did not include
a copy of the complaint. D.Ct. ECF No. 54 at 22-24. In any event, Appellants failed to
                                             5
correctly determined that the notice of removal was not untimely. See Murphy Bros., Inc.

v. Michetti Pipe Stringing, Inc., 526 U.S. 344, 347-48 (1999) (finding that a defendant’s

time to remove under 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b) is triggered by proper service).

       Appellants’ argument that remand was required because the District Court lacked

jurisdiction is likewise unpersuasive. Appellants’ complaint asserted claims under two

federal statutes – the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act and the Fair Credit Billing Act. Even

if the amount in controversy under the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act 6 was insufficient to

trigger original jurisdiction, as alleged by Appellants, the District Court had original juris-

diction over the Fair Credit Billing Act claim. See 28 U.S.C. § 1331. Further, jurisdiction

was not defeated by the alleged voluntary dismissal of the Fair Credit Billing Act claim

(which Appellants never actually dismissed and included in their proposed jury verdict

form, see D.Ct. ECF No. 98 at 5). Federal jurisdiction cannot be defeated by amending a

complaint to eliminate federal claims after removal. See Westmoreland Hosp. Ass’n v.

Blue Cross of W. Pa., 605 F.2d 119, 123 (3d Cir. 1979); see also Ortiz-Bonilla v. Feder-

ación de Ajedrez de Puerto Rico, Inc., 734 F.3d 28, 36 (1st Cir. 2013) (“It is immaterial

that a claimant in retrospect views her federal claims as surplus or, after removal, moves

to strike the federal claims.”). 7

establish that the mailing complied with Pa. R. Civ. P. 403 by “requiring a receipt signed
by the defendant or his authorized agent.”
6
  While the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act is a federal provision, federal jurisdiction is
limited to those cases in which the amount in controversy exceeds $50,000. See 15 U.S.C.
2310(d)(3)(B); Suber v. Chrysler Corp., 104 F.3d 578, 582 n.4 (3d Cir. 1997).
7
 Appellants also argue that removal was improper because “not-yet-served defendants are
precluded from removing actions.” 3d Cir. ECF No. 31 at 34. Appellants, however, did
                                              6
       As removal was proper under 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a), and because Chase was never

properly served, the District Court did not abuse its discretion by vacating, as void, the

default judgment entered against Chase. See Gold Kist, Inc. v. Laurinburg Oil Co., Inc.,

756 F.2d 14, 19 (1985) (“A default judgment entered when there has been no proper service

of the complaint is, a fortiori, void, and should be set aside.”). Because the judgment was

void, the District Court need not have considered factors that would otherwise excuse a

default, such as whether Chase had presented a meritorious defense to the claims, or

whether the default was the result of Chase’s culpable conduct. Id.

       Finally, the District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying Appellants’ motion

for a new trial. Appellants assert that a new trial should have been granted because the

District Court erred by refusing to provide the jury with Appellants’ “Trial Book,” which

they assert the jury needed to determine liability and damages. Appellants assert that

“[e]ach of the paper exhibits in Plaintiffs’ Trial Book were marked admitted on Day 1.”

3d Cir. ECF No. 31 at 43. However, as noted by the District Court, D.Ct. ECF No. 136 at

8-9, this assertion is simply false. While the exhibits in the trial book may have been

not raise this particular argument in the District Court. As a result, the argument is not
properly before us. See Simko v. U.S. Steel Corp., 992 F.3d 198, 205 (3d Cir. 2021) (“It
is well-established that arguments raised for the first time on appeal are not properly pre-
served for appellate review.”). In any event, the argument lacks merit. See Encompass
Ins. Co. v. Stone Mansion Restaurant, 902 F.3d 147, 154 (3d Cir. 2018) (finding removal
proper where service was incomplete and noting that “removal of a matter … presupposes
the existence of a state court complaint”); see also Novak v. Bank of N.Y. Mellon Tr. Co.,
783 F.3d 910, 914 (1st Cir. 2015) (per curiam) (holding that a defendant may seek to re-
move a state-court action to federal court before being formally served, and collecting
cases).

                                             7
marked for identification, many were never admitted into evidence, as they either were not

used by Appellants during the presentation of their case, or an objection to their admission

was sustained. Thus, the District Court, acting in its broad discretion on evidentiary mat-

ters, see United States v. Casoni, 950 F.2d 893, 902 (3d Cir. 1991), properly determined

that it would have been inappropriate to give the entire book to the jury. Further, the Dis-

trict Court asked the jury to more specifically identify the documents it wished to review

and, to the extent they had been admitted at trial, provided those documents to the jury.

Accordingly, we discern no abuse of discretion in the denial of Appellants’ motion for a

new trial.8

       Accordingly, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court. 9

8
  Appellants made two passing mentions that Randazzo was “improperly dismissed from
the case,” see 3d Cir. ECF No. 31 at 9, 53, but otherwise presented no argument on the
point. Accordingly, we do not consider the issue. See Geness v. Cox, 902 F.3d 344, 355
(3d Cir. 2018) (“[I]t is well settled that a passing reference to an issue will not suffice to
bring that issue before this court” (internal quotations marks omitted)).
9
  Appellees Joint Motion to Strike certain portions of Appellants’ filings pursuant to Fed-
eral Rule of Evidence 408, 3d Cir. ECF No. 21, is denied. While the information included
is irrelevant for purposes of this appeal, the rule on which Appellees rely is applicable to
proceedings in the District Court. In any event, Appellants did not seek admission of evi-
dence in this Court for an improper use as contemplated by Rule 408(a).
                                              8