Court Opinion

ID: 6930715
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-23 23:58:35.684049+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:07:10.228382
License: Public Domain

BEAM, Circuit Judge.
Olan Mills appeals from the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Linn Photo in this copyright infringement case. Olan Mills, Inc. v. Linn Photo Co., 795 F.Supp. 1423 (N.D.Iowa 1991). Olan Mills also appeals the denial of its motion for an injunction prohibiting Linn Photo from future infringement. We reverse the entry of summary judgment for Linn Photo, direct the district court to enter summary judgment in favor of Olan Mills, and remand the questions of statutory damages, injunctive relief and attorney fees for Olan Mills.
I. BACKGROUND
Olan Mills, Inc. operates more than 1,000 portrait studios throughout the United States. Linn Photo Company sells photographic equipment and supplies, develops print and slide film, and reproduces photographs. In mid-1986, Olan Mills discovered that Linn Photo was engaged in' unauthorized copying of photographs to which Olan Mills held the copyright. Olan Mills contacted Linn Photo and requested that Linn Photo cease this activity.
In 1987, Olan Mills took a number of photographs of its employees and their families. Olan Mills registered its copyrights in four of these photographs with the United States Copyright Office. Olan Mills then hired a private investigator to conduct an investigation into Linn Photo’s allegedly infringing activity. On four separate occasions the investigator ordered reproductions of the copyrighted photographs from Linn Photo. Despite the fact that the photographs were clearly marked with a copyright notice, Linn Photo made the reproductions and the investigator paid for them. For at least three of the requested copies, the investigator signed a “Permission to Copy Agreement” which provided:
THIS IS TO STATE THAT I AM THE OWNER OF THIS PHOTOGRAPH AND HAVE NOT GIVEN ANY ONE ELSE PERMISSION TO COPYRIGHT THIS PHOTOGRAPH. I AM SUBMITTING IT TO LINN PHOTO COMPANY FOR A COPY AT MY REQUEST. THIS COPY IS FOR MY PERSONAL USE, AND I AGREE TO HOLD HARMLESS, LINN PHOTO COMPANY OR ANY OF ITS AGENTS, FROM ANY LIABILITY ARISING FROM THE COPYING OF THIS PHOTOGRAPH.
Olan Mills filed suit .in federal district court alleging that Linn Photo’s activities infringed Olan Mills’ copyrights. Olan Mills requested statutory damages and an injunction prohibiting Linn Photo from future infringement. After discovery, the district court granted Linn Photo’s motion for summary judgment on the ground that the investigator, as Olan Mills’ agent, licensed the copying. The district court also awarded attorney’s fees to Linn Photo on the basis of the three “hold-harmless” forms signed by the investigator. Olan Mills appeals.
II. DISCUSSION
Article I § 8 of the Constitution provides: The Congress shall have Power ... To Promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.
Based on this Constitutional authority, Congress promulgated the Copyright Act defining the scope and content of copyright protection. 17 U.S.C. § 101 et seq. Olan Mills challenges the district court’s dismissal of its suit under the Copyright Act on two grounds: (1) that the district court misinterpreted agency law; and (2) that the district court erred in concluding that it did not have jurisdiction to consider Olan Mills’ request for a permanent injunction. Olan Mills also challenges the district court’s rulings on indemnity law.
A. Agency
A copyright grants to the owner several exclusive rights, including the right to reproduce the copyrighted work and to distribute copies to the public. Pacific and Southern Co. v. Duncan, 744 F.2d 1490, 1494 (11th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1004, 105 S.Ct. 1867, 85 L.Ed.2d 161 (1985). The *1348district court adopted Linn Photo’s agency theory and concluded that because Olan Mills authorized its investigator to seek reproductions of the photographs in question, Olan Mills licensed Linn Photo to make copies of the protected works. We disagree with this conclusion.
It is well-established that the lawful owner of a copyright cannot infringe its own copyright. See United States Naval Inst. v. Charter Communications Inc., 936 F.2d 692, 696 (2d Cir.1991). Nor can a copyright owner authorize copying but subsequently revoke its consent, thereby entrapping an otherwise innocent party into infringement. Steve Altman Photography v. United States, 18 Cl.Ct. 267, 281 (1989). In our view, however, the licensing theory advanced by Linn Photo is inapplicable.1
The scenario in this case is not different from investigative schemes that have been upheld in other copyright enforcement cases in this and in other circuits. See, e.g., RCA/Ariola Int’l Inc. v. Thomas & Grayston Co., 845 F.2d 773 (8th Cir.1988); RCA Records v. All-Fast Sys. Inc., 594 F.Supp. 335 (S.D.N.Y.1984).2 The investigator in this case merely approached Linn Photo in a conventional manner and offered Linn Photo an opportunity to infringe upon four clearly marked copyrights. Olan Mills did not authorize the investigator to validate Linn Photo’s unlawful conduct. Indeed, the investigator’s assignment was part of Olan Mills’ attempt to stop Linn Photo’s infringement. Accordingly, the copies made by Linn Photo at the request of the investigator were copyright violations. Therefore, on remand, the district court should determine the appropriate statutory damages award for Linn Photo’s copyright infringement.
B. Indemnity Law
The district court concluded the indemnity agreement signed by Olan Mills’ investigator was an enforceable contract under Iowa law, and, therefore, Olan Mills was liable to Linn Photo for attorney’s fees. We disagree. Linn Photo’s indemnity agreement does not constitute a good faith effort to avoid copyright infringement. Therefore, Linn Photo cannot rely on that agreement to avoid statutory liability. See Quinto v. Legal Times of Washington, Inc., 506 F.Supp. 554, 562 (D.D.C.1981) (good faith entails both honesty in fact and reasonableness).
A purchaser may own a copy of a photograph, but absent specific arrangements to the contrary, the copyright remains vested in the author of a photograph, here Olan Mills. Because the photographs in this case were clearly marked with a copyright notice, Linn Photo could not reasonably rely on its indemnification agreement. Indeed, in light of Olan Mills’ earlier requests that Linn Photo cease copying its copyrighted photographs, Linn Photo hád actual notice that its activities infringed on Olan Mills’ copyrights. The record demonstrates that Linn Photo developed the indemnity agreement, without the help of legal counsel, in an effort to circumvent liability for its infringing conduct. Thus, Linn Photo cannot use the indemnity agreement as a shield to protect itself from liability for its clearly infringing acts.
C. Injunction
In concluding that it did not have jurisdiction to grant any injunctive relief under 17 U.S.C. § 502(a)3 the district court *1349concluded that Olan Mills did not present a live controversy. See Olan Mills, Inc. v. Linn Photo, 795 F.Supp. at 1429. We disagree. Section 502(a) gives the district court the power to issue an injunction to prevent infringement of “a copyright.” The power to grant injunctive relief is not limited to registered copyrights, or even to those copyrights which give rise to an infringement action. Pacific and Southern Co. v. Duncan, 744 F.2d 1490, 1499 n. 17 (11th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1004, 105 S.Ct. 1867, 85 L.Ed.2d 161 (1985). While registration is required under section 411 of the Copyright Act in order to bring a suit for infringement, infringement itself is not conditioned upon registration of the copyright. See 17 U.S.C. § 408(a) (registration is not a condition of copyright protection). Thus, a copyright holder can register a copyright and file suit after infringement occurs. The timing of registration only determines whether the copyright holder can recover statutory as opposed to actual damages.4 See Cable/Home Communication Corp. v. Network Productions, Inc., 902 F.2d 829, 850 (11th Cir.1990).
In our view, Olan Mills presented a live controversy when it requested a permanent injunction against future infringement of its unregistered copyrighted photographs. Therefore, the district court had jurisdiction to consider Olan Mills’ request.
Courts have traditionally crafted broad injunctions to protect copyright holders, regardless of the registration status of the copyright. See Pacific and Southern, 744 F.2d at 1499. Injunctions have even prohibited infringement of works not yet in .existence. Id. at 1499, n. 17. (concluding the power of the district courts to issue injunctions is not limited to works already in existence but applies to future works as well). Faced with the question of extending an injunction to include copyrighted material not included in the suit, the D.C. Circuit decided that “[wjhere ... liability has been determined adversely to the infringer, there has been a history of continuing infringement and a significant threat of future infringement remains, it is appropriate to permanently enjoin the future infringement of works owned by the plaintiff but not in the suit.” Walt Disney Co. v. Powell, 897 F.2d 565, 568 (D.C.Cir.1990). We agree with this statement of the law.
When a copyright owner has established a threat of continuing infringement, the owner is entitled to an injunction regardless of registration. Id. at 567 (citing Universal City Studios v. Sony Corp. of America, 659 F.2d 963, 976 (9th Cir.1981), rev’d on other grounds, 464 U.S. 417, 104 S.Ct. 774, 78 L.Ed.2d 574 (1984)). Based on our review of the record, we believe the circumstances contemplated by 17 U.S.C. § 502(a) may exist in this case. Olan Mills presented evidence of Linn Photo’s past infringement and of the substantial likelihood of future infringement. Olan Mills further asserted that it had no adequate remedy at law. Therefore, the district court must consider Olan Mills’ petition for injunctive relief.
D. Attorney’s Fees
Based on our holdings, we must set aside the district court’s award of attorney’s fees to Linn Photo. On remand, the district court should consider whether Olan Mills is entitled to recover attorney’s fees under section 505 of the Copyright Act.
III. CONCLUSION
In summary, we conclude that Linn Photo infringed Olan Mills’ copyrights and that Olan Mills is entitled to statutory damages under 17 U.S.C. § 504 for the registered photographs. We thus reverse and remand to the district court for a determination of appropriate damages, consideration of in-junctive relief and attorney’s fees for Olan Mills.

. In the district court’s view, Olan Mills authorized the investigator to waive its copyright. We disagree. Olan Mills authorized its investigator to act as if he were a customer who owned a copy of a copyrighted work. The investigator's authority is irrelevant to our inquiry because Linn Photo only obtained a waiver from the copy owner without any inquiry as to whether the copyright owner had waived its statutory right of exclusive reproduction.

. Linn Photo stresses the fact that Olan Mills’ investigator received written instructions in this case. Although the investigators in the cited cases received verbal instructions, we find this distinction inconsequential. By authorizing an investigation of alleged copyright infringement, a copyright holder necessarily gives the investigator authority to request copying, regardless of whether the instructions are reduced to writing.

.17 U.S.C. § 502(a) provides in relevant part:
Any court having jurisdiction of a civil action arising under this title may ... grant temporary and final injunctions on such terms as it may deem reasonable to prevent or restrain infringement of a copyright.

. Section 504(c)(1) provides in relevant part:
[T]he copyright owner may elect, at any time before final judgment is rendered, to recover, instead of actual damages and profits, an award of statutory damages for all infringements involved in the action, ... in a sum of not less than $500 or more than $20,000 as the court considers just.