Court Opinion

ID: 4200680
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-09-01 09:14:38.078226+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:26:05.554358
License: Public Domain

08/31/2017
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT NASHVILLE
                         Assigned on Briefs Augsut 1, 2017

                KATHRYN J. REITZ v. CITY OF MT. JULIET

              Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Wilson County
                  No. 2013-CV-146     John D. Wootten, Jr., Judge

                           No. M2016-02048-COA-R3-CV

Plaintiff alleged that the City of Mt. Juliet breached a settlement agreement with her by
violating a non-disparagement agreement. Because Plaintiff failed to prove the existence
of damages, summary judgment was appropriate. We affirm.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed and
                                    Remanded

BRANDON O. GIBSON, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which RICHARD H.
DINKINS, and THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, JJ., joined.

Robert D. MacPherson, Lebanon, Tennessee, for the appellant, Kathryn J. Reitz.

Keith W. Blair and Charles Stephen Michels, II, Nashvlle, Tennessee, for the appellee,
City of Mt. Juliet.

                                       OPINION

                                  I. BACKGROUND

      The Wilson County Circuit Court granted summary judgment in favor of
Appellee, the City of Mt. Juliet, and Plaintiff/Appellant Kathryn J. Reitz appeals.

       Ms. Reitz and the City entered into a settlement agreement in January 2010 that
contained a non-disparagement agreement and required the City to provide neutral
employment verifications. Ms. Reitz began working for the Transportation Security
Administration on January 30, 2012. On or around February 7, 2012, the City provided
the TSA, through the United States Office of Personnel Management, with information
that Ms. Reitz claims violated the non-disparagement agreement.
       Ms. Reitz filed a complaint in the Circuit Court of Wilson County, Tennessee in
March 2013, alleging that the City breached its contract with her “by making disparaging
remarks about [her] to prospective employers and by giving distinctly negative, and not
neutral, employment verifications.” During the course of the litigation, Ms. Reitz
amended her complaint multiple times, and she ultimately proceeded on two claims:
breach of contract and negligent supervision.

        The City filed a motion for summary judgment. For purposes of the motion for
summary judgment only, the City conceded that the contract was breached and that a
duty had been breached. However, it argued Ms. Reitz failed to establish the existence of
damages. The City argued that the TSA hired Ms. Reitz, she was not demoted, nor did
she suffer a reduction in pay or any change in work schedule or job duties as a result of
the City’s allegedly disparaging employment verification. While Ms. Reitz testified in
her deposition that she previously sought employment elsewhere, the City asserted that
she could not provide any proof that any potential employers declined to hire her as a
result of information from the City.

        When Ms. Reitz responded to the City’s motion for summary judgment, she
admitted that her employment with the TSA was not negatively impacted by the City’s
disparaging remarks. She admitted that she did not know of any occasion other than the
TSA form when any City employee provided anything other than a neutral employment
verification to any prospective employer. Ms. Reitz also admitted that she did not have
any written documentation that verified that she lost any income or did not obtain any
employment opportunities because of comments made by the City. However, she argued
that a finder of fact should be allowed to “draw the reasonable inference from the entirety
of the circumstances” that, since the City disparaged her to one employer, it “more likely
than not, disparaged [her] to other prospective employers.”

       After a hearing, the trial court granted the City’s motion for summary judgment,
finding that Ms. Reitz failed to provide sufficient evidence of the existence of damages.
This timely appeal followed.

                                       II. ISSUES

      Ms. Reitz raises the following issue on appeal, as we have slightly restated it:

      Did the trial court err in granting summary judgment to the City on the
      basis that the Plaintiff’s responsive filings failed to demonstrate the
      existence of a material issue of fact with respect to the issue of damages?

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                            III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion for summary judgment de novo
without a presumption of correctness. Estate of Brown, 402 S.W.3d 193, 198 (Tenn.
2013). Summary judgment is appropriate when “the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a
judgment as a matter of law.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04. The party moving for summary
judgment “may satisfy its burden of production either (1) by affirmatively negating an
essential element of the nonmoving party’s claim or (2) by demonstrating that the
nonmoving party’s evidence at the summary judgment stage is insufficient to establish
the nonmoving party’s claim or defense.” Rye v. Women’s Care Ctr. of Memphis,
MPLLC, 477 S.W.3d 235, 264 (Tenn. 2015)(emphasis in original). When a motion for
summary judgment is properly supported as provided in Tennessee Rule of Civil
Procedure 56, in order

       to survive summary judgment, the nonmoving party “may not rest upon the
       mere allegations or denials of [its] pleading,” but must respond, and by
       affidavits or one of the other means provided in Tennessee Rule 56, “set
       forth specific facts” at the summary judgment stage “showing that there is a
       genuine issue for trial.”

Id. at 265 (quoting Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.06) (emphasis in original). “[S]ummary judgment
should be granted if the nonmoving party’s evidence at the summary judgment stage is
insufficient to establish the existence of a genuine issue of material fact for trial.” Id.
(citing Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04, 56.06).

                                   IV. DISCUSSION

       As it was before the trial court, Ms. Reitz’s argument on appeal is that, while she
may be unable to “point to a specific prospective employer that denied her employment
as a result of the giving of a negative employment reference,” the City “ignores the
rightful ability of the trier-of-fact to draw the reasonable inference from the entirety of
the circumstances surrounding the disparaging of Ms. Reitz by the City to one
prospective employer that the City, more likely than not, disparaged Ms. Reitz to other
prospective employers.”

       In a breach of contract case, damages are “nothing more than payment in money
for actual losses caused by the breach of contract.” Custom Built Homes v. G.S. Hinsen
Co., No. 01A01-9511-CV-00513, 1998 WL 960287, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 6, 1998).
However, a plaintiff is not entitled to recover damages that are uncertain, contingent, or
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speculative. See Moore Constr. Co. v. Clarksville Dep’t of Elec., 707 S.W.2d 1, 15
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1985); Maple Manor Hotel, Inc. v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville and
Davidson Cnty., 543 S.W.2d 593, 599 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1975). A review of the evidence
presented to the trial court, including Ms. Reitz’s deposition and her affidavit, reveals that
the only evidence presented to support her claim are her own opinions and conclusory,
speculative statements. However, Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 56.06 requires a
party to submit “such facts as would be admissible in evidence.” Under Tennessee Rule
of Evidence 602, “[a] witness may not testify to a matter unless evidence is introduced
sufficient to support a finding that the witness has personal knowledge of the matter.” In
her deposition, the City’s counsel asked Ms. Reitz whether she was declined for
employment because of any comments from the City. Ms. Reitz admitted that she was
unable to prove any such situations. As a result, Ms. Reitz failed to present competent
evidence – facts that would be admissible in evidence – to establish damages or to
dispute the City’s statement of undisputed facts. Therefore, summary judgment was
appropriate.

       Ms. Reitz also argues that the trial court failed to consider the “new elements of
damages prayed for in the breach-of-contract action: impairment of her reputation and
standing in the community, personal humiliation, and mental anguish and suffering.”
However, as the City correctly points out, with few exceptions, “[i]n Tennessee, the
general rule is that there can be no recovery of damages for mental anguish occasioned
by a breach of contract.” Kindred v. Nat’l Coll. of Bus. and Tech., Inc., No. W2014-
00413-COA-R3-CV, 2015 WL 1296076, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 19, 2015), perm.
app. denied (Tenn. Aug. 13, 2015). As this Court said in Hampton v. Macon County
Board of Education, No. M2013-00864-COA-R3-CV, 2014 WL 107971, at *10 (Tenn.
Ct. App. January 10, 2014),

       Mr. Hampton fails to cite any authority for his assertion that he can claim
       loss of reputation as a result of an alleged breach of contract. From our
       research it appears that such damages are usually not favored. See 22
       Am.Jur.2d Damages § 61 (“A plaintiff cannot recover for damage to its
       reputation arising out of an alleged breach of contract.”); 30 C.J.S.
       Employer–Employee § 130 (“In an action for wrongful discharge in breach
       of contract, damages are not recoverable for noneconomic loss. Such losses
       include injury to reputation, goodwill, or health, or for physical pain and
       suffering, or mental or emotional distress or suffering.”) (footnotes
       omitted); 24 Williston on Contracts § 66:4 (4th ed. 2013) (“[T]he courts are
       in agreement that consequential damages for harm to reputation are not
       recoverable [in a breach of contract action], because they are altogether
       nonquantifiable and speculative.”); but see 96 A.L.R. 3d 437, § 2 (noting
       that special damages for harm to reputation are sometimes allowed in
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       contracts involving those in the literary, artistic, or entertainment fields); 24
       Williston on Contracts § 66:4 (providing that a wrongfully discharged
       professional employee “may recover consequential damages for the loss of
       ‘identifiable professional opportunities;’” however, noting that the
       employee must “allege[ ] and prove[ ] with specificity that the defendant’s
       breach actually adversely influenced or affected future job opportunities”).

While Ms. Reitz claims she is entitled to these damages, she provided no authority to the
trial court to support her assertion that these are damages available in a case like the case
at bar. We likewise find no authority for these damages in this case, and the trial court
properly granted summary judgment.

                                    V. CONCLUSION

       For the aforementioned reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed. Costs
of this appeal are taxed to the Appellant, Kathryn J. Reitz, and her surety, for which
execution may issue if necessary.

                                                   _________________________________
                                                   BRANDON O. GIBSON, JUDGE

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