Court Opinion

ID: 9791369
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-31 02:09:53.162583+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:37:35.524436
License: Public Domain

CONNOR, Justice,
with whom FITZGERALD, Justice, joins (dissenting).
As I interpret the trial court’s action, it entered an order for the primary purpose of assuring that appellant would not repeat her misconduct in taking the children contrary to the divorce decree. This situation strikes one as being remedial and, therefore, civil in nature:
At the outset of the contempt proceeding the trial court made clear on the record that it deemed this matter to be a civil contempt, affecting the rights of the parties, as distinguished from a criminal contempt affecting the powers of the court. Furthermore, the court imposed a suspended jail sentence on the condition that appellant not violate the terms of the earlier divorce decree with respect to custody. Thus the court’s order looks to the future and is for the purpose of insuring compliance with the earlier decree.
Our decisions in Baker v. City of Fairbanks, 471 P.2d 386 (Alaska 1970), State v. Browder, 486 P.2d 925 (Alaska 1971), and Johansen v. State, 491 P.2d 759 (Alaska 1971), do not necessitate the grant of a jury trial in this or similar cases.
In Baker we held that a jury trial is guaranteed in any “criminal prosecution,” and a “criminal prosecution” was defined as “any offense a direct penalty for which may be incarceration in a jail or penal institution.”1 Baker had been charged *1314with an assault, which was a criminal offense under the city’s ordinances. Our ruling was concerned with effectuating a fundamental constitutional right to jury trial in criminal prosecutions.
Mrs. Gwynn is not being charged with a crime, but is being sued for the purpose of enforcing and vindicating her ex-husband’s private rights. Thus, the Baker rationale is inapposite to the present case.
In State v. Browder,2 we held that a right to a jury trial attaches in every direct criminal contempt proceeding. Browder had been found in contempt for bringing a shotgun into a courtroom during a court session. His conviction was reversed on appeal.
The principle of the Browder case does not require a jury trial in the case at bar. First, the act in Browder constituted direct contempt of court, whereas here the conduct in question is clearly of an indirect nature. The Browder ruling reflects a concern for the potential harm which may result from allowing a judge who has been directly affronted to sit as “prosecutor, trier of fact, and judge in the same proceeding.” 3 In the present case the trial judge was not acting as the prosecutor and, of course, it is quite common and permissible for a judge to act as both the trier of fact and the judge in the same case. Second, the Browder proceeding was purely criminal in nature. In contrast, the present action was brought by a private party, and was regarded by the trial judge as “civil” in nature. Finally, Browder itself acknowledges the propriety of summary hearings in cases such as the one at bar. In enumerating the various safeguards which would assure the orderly conduct of court despite jury trials in direct criminal contempts, we noted that a trial judge “retains the authority to imprison [summarily] for civil contempt in appropriate instances.”4 Thus Browder provides no support whatever for appellant’s position.
In Johansen v. State, 491 P.2d 759 (Alaska 1971), we held that a defendant facing civil contempt and penal incarceration for non-payment of support money, was entitled to a jury trial on the issue of his ability to make such payments. Because of the unique facts and assertions in Johansen, there were two separate grounds for granting a jury trial in that case. Neither is applicable here.
The first reason that a jury trial was ordered in Johansen was that non-support constitutes a crime under Alaska’s criminal statutes.5 AS 09.50.030 provides:
“A person who is charged with contempt of court not committed in the presence of the court, where the act or *1315thing so charged as a contempt is of such nature as to constitute- also a criminal offense under a statute of the United States or a law of this state, has a right to a jury trial.”
Thus the court held that “[o]n this basis alone, the superior court’s order of contempt must be reversed” 6 and a jury trial in non-support contempt cases must be afforded. We have reviewed the record in the present case and are convinced that no act which would constitute an independent crime has been committed by Mrs. Gwynn. Therefore, the first rationale for granting a jury trial in Johansen is inapposite here.
The second rationale in Johansen reflects the same policy concerns which prevailed in both Baker and Browder. In Johansen the defendant claimed that he was unable to comply with the court’s order; i. e., he was too poor to make his support payments. If Johansen’s defense was true, Selma Johansen, the moving party, could, not possibly gain any child support fromhaving the poverty-stricken, respondent incarcerated. Indeed, incarceration under those circumstances almost certainly would have assured that Mr. Johansen would remain unable to make payments, since one cannot be expected to be gainfully employed while in jail. Thus, if the facts were as the defendant asserted, any subsequent imprisonment would obvipusly be of a criminal nature, since any coercive or remedial effect would be logically impossible. Because a jail sentence in Johansen might constitute a purely punitive penalty, a jury ..trial was regarded as appropriate.
Logic does not dictate a comparable conclusion in the present case. Mrs. Gwynn’s defense appears to be that her conduct was not “wilful” contempt because concern for her childrens’ welfare compelled the course of conduct which she took. Assuming ar-guendo that her fears were genuine and justified, it does not follow that Mrs. Gwynn was at any time incapable of complying with the court’s decree. At no time did she raise such a claim of disability.
The desirability of a jury trial should be tested against the separate purposes which criminal contempt and civil contempt are meant to serve. Criminal contempt serves to redress injuries to the power of the court. The underlying notion is that affronts to the power of the court itself are such a serious threat to the integrity of the legal system that they must be sanctioned as a criminal offense. Thus they have been so denounced by AS 09.50.010. And because they are criminal offenses it follows from Baker v. City of Fairbanks, supra, that jury trial is available to one so charged.
The purpose of civil contempt proceedings is to enforce compliance with an order or process of a court by one party to a proceeding, for the benefit of the other party. It is to assure that the rights of a party, once established by an order or judgment, shall not be frustrated by the re*1316fusal of the other party to obey the law’s command.
Coercive force is one of the primary criteria by which law, properly so-called, is distinguished from mere social obligation and rules of prudence not having the force of law. Without the availability of civil contempt, the law as between private parties loses its coercive quality, and for all practical purposes becomes mere voluntarism rather than law. The ability of one party to invoke the remedy of civil contempt is vital to the functioning of the legal order, as well as the effectuation of the particular rights which that party seeks to enforce.
To be effective, the remedy of civil contempt must be expeditious, relatively certain, and of such a nature that it will, by the exertion of increasingly onerous pressures, compel ultimate compliance with the established right of the other party to require either action, or forebearance from action, by the party who has committed the civil contempt. A requirement of jury trial can, in some instances, lead to a flaunting of civil process by an unreasonable party to a civil action. For example, imposing punishment for past acts is of no avail if no deterrent exists against future contumacy. But civil contempt by its nature looks to the future. Its purpose is to compel future conduct in conformity with a valid judicial order.
Furthermore, a jury trial not only makes the civil contempt remedy cumbersome, it permits a recalcitrant party to argue and persuade a jury that his conduct was not sufficiently wilful to constitute a crime. Yet the purpose of civil contempt is not to determine whether a person is a criminal, but merely to assure that a person, whether or not he possessed a criminal intent, will comply with a valid order of the court.
The case at bar is a good example of the civil contempt power in action. In response to telephone calls from her children, Mrs. Gwynn arranged for. them to leave their father’s legal custody and come to her. When they arrived in Anchorage, Mrs. Gwynn took them in and made no effort to apprise anyone that she had custody of the children. At no time did she seek legal modification of the custody decree.
All of this was in clear derogation of Mr. Gwynn’s rights. The record in no way reveals that Mr. Gwynn was anything but a fit parent. Mrs. Gwynn herself admitted that the children appeared to be in “fairly good health”. Despite these facts, or perhaps because of them, Mrs. Gwynn wholly ignored the orderly processes of law and violated the terms of a lawful custody decree. k£r. Gwynn, by initiating this contempt proceeding, sought to ensure that this type of conduct would not be repeated in the future. It was the only meaningful .relief which he could demand, since Mrs. Gwynn had already relinquished custody of the children.
To forestall a repetition of this conduct the civil contempt powers were invoked in this case. The trial judge was careful to denominate this contempt as being civil in nature, both at the outset of the hearing and at the time he entered his order. The order entered prospectively was calculated to prevent a repetition of the mother’s misconduct, without regard to whether that conduct might have amounted to a crime. To impose a requirement of jury trial adds nothing to the process of preventing contumacious conduct in the future.
The one subjected to civil contempt sanctions should, of course, have available some protection against being singled out for arbitrary or unduly harsh judicial action. That can be accomplished, however, by the normal processes of review to determine whether in a given case an abuse of discretion has occurred. Again, a jury trial is not necessary as a safeguard for the one subjected to a civil contempt proceeding.
In summary, a jury trial is neither mandated nor appropriate in a case of this kind.
For the reasons stated, I would affirm the order of the superior court.

. Baker v. City of Fairbanks, 471 P.2d 386, 401-402 (Alaska 1970).

. 486 P.2d 625 (Alaska 1971).

. State v. Browder, 486 P.2d 925, 939 (Alaska 1971).
Several other courts have focused on the distinction between “direct” and “indirect” con-tempts. Thus, in Maita v. Whitmore, 365 F.Supp. 1331, 1339 (D.C.Cal.1973), the federal district court in dictum recognized that the need for procedural safeguards is much stronger in direct contempt proceedings than in indirect contempt proceedings. Compare Maita v. Whitmore, supra, with United States v. Seale, 461 F.2d 345 (7th Cir. 1972).
Recently the Colorado Supreme Court ruled on the procedural safeguards which must attach to non-serious, indirect contempts. The court specifically listed notice, counsel, confrontation of witnesses and findings of fact. Conspicuous by its absence was the right to a jury trial. Losavio v. District Court, 512 P.2d 266, 268 (Colo.1973).

. State v. Browder, 486 P.2d 925, 939 (Alaska 1971).

. AS 11.35.010 provides :
“A person who is the parent or guardian of a child under the age of 16 years dependent upon him for care, education or support, and who deserts or abandons the child or ward, or wilfully fails, without lawful excuse, to furnish necessary food, care, clothing, shelter, medical attendance, education or support for the child or ward; or a person who, without lawful justification, wilfully abandons and leaves his wife or refuses or neglects to provide his wife with necessary food, clothing, shelter or medical attendance, is guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction is punishable by a fine of not more than $500, or by imprisonment in a jail for not more than 12 months, or by both. However, before the trial, with the consent of the defendant, *1315or after conviction, instead of imposing the penalties prescribed, or in addition to those penalties, the court, having regard to the circumstances and the financial ability and earning capacity of the defendant, may make an order, subject to change by it from time to time as circumstances require, directing the defendant to pay n definite sum or a certain weekly sum during such time as the court may direct, into the court for the benefit of wife, or guardian or custodian of the minor child; and the court may release the defendant from custody or place him on probation during such time as the court directs, upon his entering into an undertaking with one or more sufficient sureties who shall qualify as bail upon arrest in a sum the court directs. The undertaking shall be conditioned so that the defendant shall personally appear before the court whenever ordered to do so and shall at all times comply with the terms of the order or any modification which the court may make, and shall provide that, should the conditions of the bond be broken, the defendant and his sureties consent to entry of judgment against them by the court in the amount specified in the undertaking.”

. Johansen v. State, 491 P.2d 759, 762 (Alaska 1971).