Court Opinion

ID: 9395473
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-17 22:06:21.236383+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:08.646047
License: Public Domain

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

                             STATE OF LOUISIANA

                               COURT OF APPEAL

                                 FIRST CIRCUIT

                                   2022 KA 0575

                             STATE OF LOUISIANA

                                      VERSUS

                         ROBERT JAVONTIE MARKS

                                        Judgment Rendered:       MAY 17 2023

                    On Appeal from the 18th Judicial District Court
                           In and for the Parish of Iberville
                                  State of Louisiana
                        Trial Court No. 1054- 20 and 1054- 20A

                       Honorable Alvin Batiste, Judge Presiding

Antonio M. Clayton                             Attorney for Appellee,
District Attorney                              State of Louisiana
Ali Meronek
Terri Russo Lacy
Assistant District Attorneys
Port Allen, Louisiana

William P. Gibbens                             Attorneys for Defendant/ Appellant,
Gwyneth O' Neill                               Robert Javontie Marks
New Orleans, Louisiana

              BEFORE: WELCH, PENZATO, AND LANIER, JJ.
PENZATO, I

       The defendant, Robert Javontie Marks, was charged by grand jury indictment

with second degree murder, a violation of La. R. S. 14: 30. 1 ( count 1);     second degree

kidnapping, a violation of La. R.S. 14: 44. 1 ( count 2); first degree feticide, a violation

of La. R.S. 14: 32. 6 ( count 3);   illegal carrying of a weapon while committing a crime

of violence, a violation of La. R.S. 14: 95( E) ( counts 4- 7);    obstruction ofjustice by

tampering with evidence, a violation of La. R.S. 14: 130. 1( A)( 1)(          a) (   count S);

aggravated kidnapping of a child, a violation of La. R.S.           14: 44. 2 ( count 9);   and

carjacking, a violation of La. R.S. 14: 64.2 (count 10).' The defendant pled not guilty

to all charges and, following a jury trial, was found guilty as charged on all counts.

The defendant filed a motion for new trial, which was denied.

       For the second degree murder conviction, the defendant was sentenced to life

imprisonment at hard labor without benefit of parole, probation, or suspension of

sentence; for the second degree kidnapping conviction, he was sentenced to forty

years imprisonment at hard labor with the first two years of the sentence to be served

without benefit of parole, probation, or suspension of sentence; for the first degree

feticide conviction, he was sentenced to fifteen years imprisonment at hard labor;

for each of the illegal carrying of a weapon while committing a crime of violence

convictions, the defendant was sentenced to ten years imprisonment at hard labor

without benefit of parole, probation, or suspension of sentence; for the obstruction

of justice by tampering with evidence conviction, the defendant was sentenced to

forty years imprisonment at hard labor; for the aggravated kidnapping of a child

conviction, the defendant was sentenced to life imprisonment at hard labor without

benefit of parole, probation, or suspension of sentence; for the carjacking conviction,

the defendant was sentenced to twenty years imprisonment at hard labor without

 The carjacking charge was subsequently added by a bill of information.

                                               2
benefit of parole, probation, or suspension of sentence. All of the sentences were

ordered to run concurrently.

       The defendant now appeals, designating eleven assignments of error.                   We

affirm the convictions.     Finding error in connection with the sentence imposed for

count 9, aggravated kidnapping of a child, we vacate that sentence and remand for

resentencing on count 9.     We affirm all other sentences.

                                            FACTS

       Lyntell Washington was a teacher at Brookstown Middle Magnet Academy in

Baton Rouge, Louisiana.        She had a daughter, D. W.,2 who was three years old in

June, 2016.     At that time, Ms. Washington was seven months pregnant.                      The

defendant, who was married, was the father of her unborn baby. He was an assistant

principal at Brookstown Middle Magnet Academy.

       On the morning of June 9, 2016, Leslie Parms, I1I, was leaving the parking lot

of his office on Newcastle Avenue ( off South Sherwood Forest Boulevard) in Baton

Rouge, Louisiana, and saw 3 -year-old D.W. standing near the parking lot entrance

holding a pillow. The location of the parking lot was across the street from an

apartment complex.      Mr. Parms testified that he did not see any adults nearby, and

asked D.W. where her mother was.           When D.W. did not respond, Mr. Parms called

911.   Mr. Parms continued talking to D. W. while he was on the phone with the 911

operator, who indicated she would stay on the phone with Mr. Parms until the police

arrived.   Mr. Parms noted that D.W. had dried blood on her foot. He asked D.W.

where her mother' s car was, and D.W. led him to a blue Toyota Corolla. When Mr.

Parms looked inside the car, he saw blood on the front seat of the car and a " sizable

amount of blood" all over the back seat. D. W. told Mr. Parms that " Mr. Robbie did

z In accordance with La. R.S. 46: 1844( W), the victim, who is a minor, will be referred to by her
initials to protect her identity.

                                                3
that blood."   When Mr. Parms again asked D.W. where her mother was, D.W. said,

 My mommy was going to sleep with Mr. Robbie."            A tape of the 911 call was

admitted into evidence in connection with Mr. Parms' s testimony.

      The police officers who arrived at the scene requested the presence of the

special victims unit, which investigates sex crimes, child abuse cases, and missing

persons.   Detective Jonathan Medine of the special victims unit of the Baton Rouge

Police Department responded to the call, testifying that the unit generally gets called

for cases involving juveniles found in a parking lot without a supervised adult,

Detective Stephen Woodring of the homicide division of the Baton Rouge Police

Department was also called to the scene because of the blood observed in the vehicle.

It was decided that Detective Woodring would be the primary investigator.

      The police determined that the blue Toyota Corolla was registered to Ms.

Washington, and called Brookstown Middle Magnet Academy.            As a result of the

telephone call, Jamicia Payne, an assistant principal at Brookstown Middle Magnet,

and a friend of Ms. Washington, went to Ms. Washington' s apartment. When she

arrived, she saw police cars and Ms. Washington' s vehicle in a parking lot on the

side of the apartment complex where Ms. Washington lived. Ms. Payne advised the

police that she knew Ms. Washington and D.W. The police handed D.W. to Ms.

Payne.     Ms. Payne testified that D.W. told her that " Mr. Robbie" had hurt her

 mommy."       According to Ms. Payne, D. W. referred to the defendant as " Mr.

Robbie."

       Ms. Payne testified that she told the police that " Mr. Robbie"        was the

defendant. Ms. Payne further testified that she also told the police that a couple of

days earlier, Ms. Washington had forwarded to Ms. Payne text messages between

Ms. Washington and the defendant about the fact that the defendant was trying to

escape the responsibility of the baby. According to Ms. Payne, Ms. Washington told

her that Ms. Washington and the defendant were supposed to be having a "           get -

                                           0
together to talk about the situation."

      Detective Medine testified that he spoke to Ms. Payne at the scene, and she

told him that the defendant and Ms. Washington were in a relationship and that Ms.

Washington was pregnant with the defendant' s baby. Detective Medine said that

Ms. Payne also told him that Ms. Washington had made threatening statements about

telling the defendant' s wife that she and the defendant were in a relationship and she

was pregnant, and that both Ms. Washington and the defendant worked at the same

school and neither one of them showed up at school that morning. Detective Medine

testified that he briefly spoke to D.W. and that she told him that " Mr. Robbie"       was

the one who hurt her mother. Detective Medine relayed this information to Detective

Woodring.

       Later that same day, Ms. Payne brought D.W. to the Children' s Advocacy

Center ( CAC) where she was interviewed. The CAC interview was played for the

jury. D.W. indicated that " Mr. Robbie" had put the blood in Ms. Washington' s car.

She also indicated she saw her mother get hurt. When asked who hurt her, D.W.

replied, "   Mr. Robbie."   Toward the end of the interview, D.W. was asked if she saw

 Mr. Robbie" hurt her mom. D.W. replied, " Yes ma' am."

       Detective Woodring testified that upon arriving at the scene on the morning

of June 9, 2016, he feared Ms. Washington was either deceased or hurt extremely

bad, and the urgency at that point was to locate her. Detective Woodring retrieved a

cell phone from Ms. Washington' s apartment and found a number for " Robert,"

                                                               3
which he determined was the defendant' s phone number.             According to Detective

Woodring, the name Robert was important to him because D.W. had said that " Mr.

Robbie"      hurt her mommy.

       Detective Woodring obtained a search warrant for the contents of the

3 This was an additional and/ or old cell phone, as the cell phone Ms. Washington had on the
evening in question was never located.

                                             5
defendant' s phone.        A documentation of the web history searches from the

defendant' s cell phone revealed a May 20, 2016 Google search for "pregnant shot,"

as well as an online search for a rifle. The web history also showed a May 28, 2016,

Google search for " injection of Clorox"             and "   What would happen if you inject

bleach into your blood stream?"       On May 29, 2016, a Google search was conducted

for " failure   to appear for paternity test,"   and "
                                                         I missed my court date for paternity

test for child support?      Can they order me to pay? Child does not have my last

name."   The police also recovered the defendant' s iPad. A forensic examination of

his iPad' s web history revealed a May 24, 2016 search for a large caliber handgun,

and a May 28, 2016 search for whether a father had to pay child support without his

name on the birth certificate.

       At approximately 4: 00 p. m. on June 9, 2016, the defendant was brought in for

questioning.       He admitted to his relationship with Ms.             Washington, and told

Detective Woodring that he had last seen Ms. Washington the previous night (June

8, 2016) at the Wal-Mart in Baker, Louisiana, where he talked to her, then left. The

defendant said he then went to Twin Peaks Restaurant. The police reviewed hours

of video footage from Twin Peaks for the night of June 8, 2016, which revealed that

he never went there.

       At trial, Timothy Piper was qualified as an expert in historical call data records

analysis.   He testified that cell phone data, which included phone records of Ms.

Washington and the defendant, and historical call data collected from pinging cell

phone towers in the area, revealed that on June 8, 2016, at 8: 19 p.m., Ms. Washington

called the defendant' s cell phone from an area near the Baker Wal- Mart.                The

defendant was in the vicinity and received the call. The data suggested that they

rode together in Ms. Washington' s car to the Scotlandville area in Baton Rouge.

From there, they traveled west across the Mississippi River on the Old Mississippi

River Bridge and into Iberville Parish to the Ramah area. Both phones then travelled

                                                 0
back towards Baton Rouge. Ms. Washington' s cell phone registered for the last time

in the area of the LSU lakes. The cell phone data further showed that the defendant

placed a call from his cell phone at 11: 35 p.m. in the Newcastle, Sherwood Forest

area.

        Tramica Jackson testified at the trial.   According to Ms. Jackson, in June of

2016, she and the defendant were in an intimate relationship.    Ms. Jackson testified

that on the morning of June S, 2016, she and the defendant made plans for Ms.

Jackson to pick up the defendant later that night "from hanging out with his friends."

According to Ms. Jackson, she received a call from the defendant around 11: 30 p.m.

and picked him up on Newcastle Avenue near the intersection of Sherwood Forest

Boulevard. According to Ms. Jackson, the defendant " had his motorcycle gear on,"

which she testified was a dark leather jacket, jeans, boots, gloves, and a helmet. Ms.

Jackson dropped off the defendant at his motorcycle, which was located across the

street from the Baker Wal- Mart.

        Video footage from a Hancock Whitney bank located off of Newcastle and

Sherwood was introduced into evidence and showed Ms. Jackson picking up the

defendant, who was walking on Newcastle, at 11: 37 p. m. on June S, 2016.

        The defendant was arrested on June 10, 2016. While he was in jail, he called

his sister and asked her to erase his iPad and Apple watch.

        On June 14, 2016, the deceased body of a pregnant female was found in a

drainage ditch at the edge of a sugarcane field off of Rosedale Road in Grosse Tete,

Louisiana, in the area where the cell phone data indicated that the defendant' s and

Ms. Washington' s phones had travelled on the night of June 8, 2016. The body was

identified as that of Ms. Washington.       The coroner, Dr. William " Beau" Clark

determined that the cause of death was a gunshot wound to the head.          Dr. Clark

testified that the baby died because it was still in utero when Ms. Washington was

killed. The State and the defendant stipulated that if Zac Shawhan, an expert in DNA

                                            7
analysis, was called to testify, he would be qualified as an expert in the filed of DNA

analysis and would testify as to the identification of Ms. Washington and confirm

that the defendant was the father of the unborn child. The parties also stipulated that

if Mindy Stewart was called to testify, she would testify that she is an expert in blood

splatter, that she reviewed the inside of Ms. Washington' s vehicle, and that in her

expert opinion the gun was not fired inside the vehicle.

       The defendant did not testify at trial.

                           ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1

       In his first assignment of error, the defendant argues the trial court erred in

denying his motion for a continuance, which resulted in the denial of effective

assistance of counsel.

       A true bill was returned on December S, 2020, and on this date, the defendant

was represented by defense counsel Lionel Burns. At a status hearing on May 24,

2 02 1, the State sought to set the matter for trial on June 17, 2021, or August 9, 2 02 1,

at the latest.   Mr. Burns moved to continue the trial from June 21, 2021, arguing that

he needed additional time to prepare, and the trial court set the matter for trial on

December 13, 2021.

       On the first day of trial,      December     13,   2021,   Mr. Burns moved for a

continuance.      Mr. Burns argued that his home was damaged by Hurricane Ida, and

because he used his home as a home office, his ability to prepare for the case and to

be as effective as he would like in the presentation of his defense of the defendant

was affected.     In denying the motion, the trial court stated in pertinent part:

       The court will take judicial notice of when Hurricane Ida occurred ...
       which would have been late August. So we' re here today -- and today
       is December the 13th       and prior to today, no mention has ever been
       made by counsel, either to this court or to opposing counsel, about your
       difficulties from Ida. We' re only learning this on the day of trial which
       this court finds to be untimely.

                 And I think as is mentioned, this case has been going on for quite
       some time.      This court gave counsel a continuance when he initially
      asked for it to try this case, and counsel said he' d be ready in December
      to try this case. To come in today at this last moment wanting to
      continue this trial, the court finds disingenuous at best. And we have
      the jury here, we also have the witnesses here, so we' re going forward
      with the trial.

      Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure article 707 provides:

      A motion for a continuance shall be in writing and shall allege
      specifically the grounds upon which it is based and, when made by a
      defendant, must be verified by his affidavit or that of his counsel. It
      shall be filed at least seven days prior to the commencement of trial.

      Upon written motion at any time and after contradictory hearing, the
      court may grant a continuance, but only upon a showing that such
      motion is in the interest of justice.

      The trial court has much discretion in deciding to grant or deny a motion for

a continuance, and a reviewing court will not disturb such a determination absent a

clear abuse of that discretion and a specific showing of prejudice caused by the

denial. State v Strickland, 94- 0025 ( La. 11/ 1196), 683 So.2d 218, 229; see La. Code

Crim. P. art. 712.

      Notwithstanding Mr. Burns' failure to file his motion to continue seven days

prior to trial, his request for a continuance was based upon a lack of preparedness.

The denial of a motion for continuance, wherein such motion is based on the grounds

of counsel' s lack of preparedness, does not warrant reversal unless counsel

demonstrates specific prejudice resulting from the denial or unless the preparation

time is so minimal as to call into question the basic fairness of the proceeding.    See

State a Stevenson, 2016- 0277 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 9116116), 2016 WL 4942436, * 7- 8

 unpublished),   writ denied, 2016- 1806 ( La. 9/ 6117), 224 So. 3d 982.

       The defendant has not demonstrated any specific prejudice resulting from the

denial ofthe motion to continue. The record reflects that Mr. Burns had been counsel

for over a year on this case prior to trial. Moreover, the trial court granted Mr. Burns'

first motion to continue and gave him an additional seven months to prepare for trial.

Mr. Burns did not raise an issue as to his inability to prepare for this case because of

                                              z
the damage to his home in Hurricane Ida between late August 2021, and the date of

the trial, December 13, 2021. Accordingly, we find the trial court did not err or abuse

its discretion in denying this motion.

          With regard to the defendant' s contention that W. Burns' lack of preparedness

resulted in the denial of effective assistance of counsel, we note that issues related

to counsel' s preparation cannot be reviewed on appeal, but are more properly raised

by an application for post -conviction relief in the trial court, where a full evidentiary

hearing may be conducted.          See Stevenson., 2016 WL 4942436, * 8.

          This assignment of error is without merit.

                            ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 2

          In his second assignment of error, the defendant argues the trial court erred in

allowing the State to make inflammatory and prejudicial statements, improper legal

arguments, and ad -hominem attacks against him and defense counsel in its opening

statement and closing argument. He contends reversal of his conviction is warranted

because such attacks on him pervaded the trial, thereby prejudicing his due process

rights.

          The defendant specifically notes that the State opened its case by referring to

the defendant as "      vile"   and referring to him as "   doctor of deception, doctor of a

coverup,"     and "   doctor of death."     The defendant claims that the State attacked

defense counsel as an outsider and attempted to inflame the passions of the jury by

stating that " a gumbo of justice from [ Iberville Parish] should be served ice cold,

just like the ice- cold water that runs through [ the defendant' s] veins." The defendant

further complains that in its opening statement, the State shifted the burden of proof

to the defendant by arguing that it was " on [ the     defendant]" to show what happened

to the victim' s missing cell phone. The defendant contends the State improperly

commented on the national attention paid to the case,               telling the jury that the

defendant' s wife was on Nancy Grace and was " a good lady married to a bad man."

                                                10
       The defendant also complains the State made improper comments in its

closing argument.     The defendant specifically points to the State' s comments that

justice needed to be served " Iberville style;" and that the defendant was " a diabolical,

manipulative master of deception who became a doctor of death."                 Finally, the

defendant contends the State made a plea to the sympathies and passions of the jury,

asking them to consider that D.W.             had lived through several       Christmases,

Thanksgivings, and Easters without her mother and her baby sister.            This was the

only comment objected to by the defendant; his objection to the State' s appeal to

sympathy was overruled.

       At the outset, we note that the jurisprudence shows that prosecutors are

afforded broad latitude in choosing opening statement and closing argument and trial

tactics.   State v Howard, 2018- 0317 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 9121118), 258 So. 3d 66, 84,

writ denied, 2018- 1650 ( La. 516119), 269 So. 3d 692.          The trial judge has broad

discretion in controlling the scope of opening and closing arguments, and this court

will not reverse a conviction on the basis of improper closing argument unless

thoroughly convinced that the remarks influenced the jury and contributed to the

verdict. Id. at 84- 85.

       Moreover, although we do not find any of the statements made by the State in

its opening and closing arguments to be so inflammatory as to have contributed to

the jury' s verdict, we need not reach this issue for any statements other than the

defendant' s claim with regard to the State' s appeal to sympathy.         Under La. Code

Crim. P. art. 841( A), an   " irregularity or error cannot be availed of after verdict unless

it was objected to at the time of occurrence."      See State v Johnson, 2000- 0680 ( La.

App. 1 st Cir. 12122100), 775 So. 2d 670, 680, writ denied, 2002- 1368 ( La. 5/ 30/ 03),

845 So. 2d 1066. The contemporaneous objection rule provides the trial court notice

and the opportunity to cure an alleged irregularity or error, and prevents a party from

gambling for a favorable outcome then appealing when the error could have been

                                              11
addressed by an objection. State a Lanclos, 2007- 0082 ( La. 41$ 108),            980 So. 2d 643,

648. The failure to make a contemporaneous objection prior to verdict waives the

alleged error or irregularity and precludes the defendant from raising it on appeal.4

       We find the defendant' s argument that the State' s appeal to the sympathy of

the jury by asking them to consider that D.W. had lived through several holidays

without her mother and her baby sister prejudiced his due process rights to be

unpersuasive in light of the broad latitude afforded closing arguments.                 Moreover,

given the evidence submitted in this case, we do not find that this remark influenced

the jury and contributed to the verdicts.        See State a Taylor, 93- 2201 ( La. 212$ 196),

669 So.2d 364, 375- 76, cert. denied, 519 U. S. 860, 117 S. Ct. 162, 136 L.Ed.2d 106

 1996).

       This assignment of error is without merit.

                           ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 3

       In his third assignment of error, the defendant argues the trial court erred in

allowing the State to introduce improper hearsay evidence that went directly to the

issue of guilt.      The defendant contends the improper admission was fatally

prejudicial to him, thereby warranting a new trial.

       The defendant first argues that certain testimony from Detective Medine

regarding his investigation at the scene of the parking lot where D.W. was wandering

around constituted inadmissible hearsay. The defendant complains of the following

testimony:

          Jamicia Payne] told [ Detective Medine] that [ the defendant] and Ms.
       Washington were in a relationship and that Ms.                   Washington was

a If an alleged error is so significant that it violates a fundamental right, then, to preserve the
requirements of due process, the error is reviewable on appeal even absent a contemporaneous
objection. See La. Code Crim. Pro. art. 920( 2); State v. Arvie, 505 So. 2d 44, 47 ( La. 1987), State
v. Thompkins, 2015- 1032 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 2127119), 273 So. 3d 346, 350 n.4, writ denied, 2019-
00666 ( La. 9117/ 19), 278 So. 3d 973.   To meet the exception to the contemporaneous objection
requirement, the error must cast substantial doubt on the reliability of the fact- finding process.
Thompkins, 273 So. 3d at 350 n.4. That standard is not met here.

                                                 12
         pregnant with [ the defendant' s] baby. She said that Ms. Washington
         had made threatening statements about telling his wife that she was
         pregnant and that they were in a relationship, and that they both worked
         at the same school and that neither one of them showed up to school
         that morning.

The defendant further complains of Detective Medine' s testimony that D.W. told

him that " Mr. Robbie [ was] the one who hurt her mom, and ... her mom was in ...     a

lake,"   and " her mommy had a baby in her tummy."      The defendant also complains

of Detective Medine' s testimony that on the evening of June 9, 2016, while he was

waiting with D.W. and her guardian for the forensic interviewer to arrive at the CAC,

D.W. " pointed    at one of the road construction signs, and she said that her mommy

was near one of those signs," and that "    she heard a loud bang and she remembers

seeing her mommy shaking."

         According to the defendant, the State introduced the same hearsay testimony

through Detective Woodring.

         Louisiana Code of Evidence article 801 defines hearsay as a statement, other

than one made by the declarant while testifying at the present trial or hearing, offered

in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted therein.           The improper

introduction of hearsay evidence will be considered harmless error if it is determined

the hearsay evidence was cumulative and corroborative of other properly admitted

evidence and did not contribute to the verdict. State a Dantin, 2019- 0407 ( La. App.

1 st Cir. 12117119), 291 So. 3d 1096, 1102.

         The defendant failed to lodge a contemporaneous objection during trial to the

above testimony and is therefore precluded from raising the issue on appeal.

Howard, 258 So. 3d at 79- 80.

         Moreover,   the above complained -of testimony consisted of information

relayed to Detectives Medine and Woodring during their investigations.              Such

testimonial evidence by a police officer is admissible to explain the sequence of

events leading to the defendant' s arrest when there is no indication the evidence is

                                            13
presented to prejudice the defendant.        Dantin, 291 So. 3d at 1103, citing State u

Mitchell, 2016- 0834 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 9121117), 231 So. 3d 710, 726, writ denied,

2017- 1890 ( La. 8/ 31/ t8),   251 So. 3d 410. Here, the testimony was offered to explain

how the course of the investigation led officers to the defendant, and there is no

indication that it was presented to prejudice him.        Therefore, the testimony was

arguably not hearsay.    See Dantin, 291 So. 3d at 1103.

         The defendant next complains that the State introduced hearsay through Ms.

Payne,    including hearsay testimony of D. W. and unauthenticated text messages

between Ms. Washington and the defendant.            The defendant argues Ms. Payne' s

testimony regarding the text messages was offered to confirm the parties'

relationship and the defendant' s knowledge of the pregnancy, and should have been

excluded as hearsay.

         The defendant did not object at trial to any of this testimony on hearsay

grounds.     The defendant objected to Ms. Payne' s testimony regarding the text

messages on the basis that the texts had not been properly authenticated.        The trial

court overruled the objection, finding that Ms. Payne was able to identify the text

messages that Ms. Washington had sent her.

         It is well- settled that defense counsel must state the basis for his objection

when making it and point out the specific error of the trial court.       State v Duhon,

2018- 0593 ( La. App. 1 st Cir. 12/ 28/ 18), 270 So. 3d 597, 631, writ denied, 2019- 0124

 La. 5128119), 273 So. 3d 315.       A defendant is limited on appeal to grounds for an

objection articulated at trial.    Anew basis for objection cannot be raised for the first

time on appeal. Id. Herein, the defendant objected to Ms. Payne' s testimony solely

on the basis of improper authentication.      He is raising an issue as to hearsay for the

first time on appeal.    Thus, the defendant is procedurally barred from objecting to

Ms. Payne' s testimony as hearsay.

         Finally, the defendant avers that the State impermissibly introduced numerous

                                              14
affidavits in support of search warrants with the accompanying warrants,               the

coroner' s report, and the 911 call from Mr. Parms. According to the defendant, these

documents directly allege his guilt of the charged offenses and thus their admission

was exceedingly prejudicial and improper.

       The defendant did not object at trial to the admission into evidence of any of

these documents. With regard to the search warrants and accompanying affidavits,

defense counsel offered a stipulation " that      all search warrants were properly done

and that the State can introduce them, either in globo or individually number them

and introduce them."      When the coroner' s report and the 911 tape were offered into

evidence, defense counsel stated it had no objection.

       Since the defendant failed to lodge a contemporaneous objection to the

admissibility of this evidence, he is precluded from raising this issue on appeal.

Howard, 258 So. 3d at 81.

       This assignment of error is without merit.

                           ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 4

       In his fourth assignment of error, the defendant argues the trial court erred in

admitting the CAC interview, and the prejudice resulting from its admission was

sufficiently severe to warrant reversal of his conviction.

       A statement made by a minor victim to certain qualified persons may be

recorded and introduced into evidence pursuant to La. R. S.              15: 440. 1 through

15: 440. 5.   State a Barton, 2020- 274 ( La. App. 3rd Cir. 515121),   319 So. 3d 907, 916,

writs denied, 2021- 00788, 2021- 00783 ( La. 10/ 12/ 21), 325 So. 3d 1071, 1072.

       Louisiana Revised Statutes 15: 440. 4( A) provides:

       A. A videotape of a protected person may be offered in evidence either
       for or against a defendant.       To render such a videotape competent

       evidence, it must be satisfactorily proved:

         1)   That such electronic recording was voluntarily made by the
       protected person.

                                             15
       2) That no relative of the protected person was present in the room
      where the recording was made.

       3) That such recording was not made of answers to interrogatories
      calculated to lead the protected person to make any particular statement.

       4) That the recording is accurate, has not been altered, and reflects
      what the protected person said.

       5) That the taking of the protected person' s statement was supervised
      by a physician, a social worker, a law enforcement officer, a licensed
      psychologist, a medical psychologist, a licensed professional counselor,
      or an authorized representative of the Department of Children and
      Family Services.

      Louisiana Revised Statutes 15: 440. 5 provides in pertinent part:

      A. The videotape of an oral statement of the protected person made
      before the proceeding begins may be admissible into evidence if:

       1)   No attorney for either party was present when the statement was
      made;

       2) The recording is both visual and oral and is recorded on film or
      videotape or by other electronic means;

       3) The recording is accurate, has not been altered, and reflects what the
      witness or victim said;

       4) The statement was not made in response to questioning calculated
      to lead the protected person to make a particular statement;

       5) Every voice on the recording is identified;

       6) The person conducting or supervising the interview of the protected
      person in the recording is present at the proceeding and available to
      testify or be cross- examined by either party;

       7)The defendant or the attorney for the defendant is afforded an
      opportunity to view the recording before it is offered into evidence; and

       8) The protected person is available to testify.

      The defendant argues that because the State failed to lay the proper foundation

and otherwise establish that the video -recorded interview of D.W. at the CAC

complied with the statutory requirements, the video was not properly admitted. The

defendant does not dispute that the following requirements of La. R.S. 15: 440. 4 and

15: 440. 5 were complied with:   no attorney or relative was present when D.W. was

                                          16
interviewed; the CAC tape had not been altered; the interview was taken under the

supervision of Detective Medine; D.W. and April Caldwell, the forensic interviewer,

were identified; and Detective Medine was present during the interview, and both he

and D. W. testified at trial.

       The defendant avers that the interview was not voluntarily made. According

to the defendant, Ms. Caldwell did not tell D.W. that she was being recorded, nor did

she make any attempt to obtain D.W.' s consent. We disagree with the defendant' s

assertion.   The CAC tape shows that D.W. voluntarily engaged in conversation with

Ms. Caldwell.    In addition, on several occasions during the interview, Ms. Caldwell

asked D.W.     if D.W. was okay talking with Ms. Caldwell and answering her

questions.

       The defendant further contends the CAC interview should not have been

admissible because Ms. Caldwell asked D.W. numerous leading questions. Both La.

R.S.   15: 440. 4( A)(3) and La. R.S. 15: 440. 5( A)(4) prohibit questions calculated to

lead the protected person to make any particular statement. The rule forbidding

leading questions, however, may yield somewhat to the trial court' s discretion in the

examination of young victims. State a Roberts, 42,417 ( La. App. 2nd Cir. 9119107),

966 So. 2d 111, 120.    Furthermore, notwithstanding the general rule against leading

questions, the matter is largely within the discretion of the trial court and, in the

absence of palpable abuse of that discretion resulting in prejudice to the accused, a

finding of reversible error is not warranted. State a Feazell, 486 So. 2d 327, 330 (La.

App. 3rd Cir.), writ   denied, 491 So. 2d 20 ( La. 1986).

        Moreover, some leading questions may be allowed when necessary to elicit

particular details for purposes of clarifying the protected person' s statement.

Roberts, 966 So. 2d at 121.     This was particularly true in the instant matter. Detective

Medine testified that the police were trying to locate Ms. Washington, who they

believed was in danger or gravely injured.         Thus, Ms. Caldwell at times asked D.W.

                                              17
leading or pointed questions to get D.W. to focus and respond accordingly. As such,

despite leading questions, considering D.W.' s age and the context of the interview,

and because the questions were appropriate under the circumstances, we find the

trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the CAC interview.    See State v

Guerra, 36, 347 ( La. App. 2nd Cir. 12118102),     834 So. 2d 1206, 1217, writ denied,

2003- 0072 ( La. 4125103), 842 So. 2d 398.

      The defendant also avers the competency of D.W.               was   not    properly

established for the CAC interview. The defendant cites State v Dykes, 440 So.2d

88, 92 ( La. 1983),   which found that children of three years or less are not generally

competent   witnesses.     The defendant' s reliance on Dykes is misplaced.        Dykes

addressed the competency issue of a young child testifying at trial.        There is no

competency requirement contained in La. R.S. 15: 440. 4 or La. R.S. 15: 440. 5. Any

issues with D.W. being preoccupied or non- responsive during the CAC interview

would have been a factual issue for the jury to consider in determining how credible

D.W. was.

      Finally, the defendant suggests the CAC video should have been excluded

because the State failed to connect D.W.' s statements to the defendant.              The

defendant contends that D.W. was not shown any photographs or asked to identify

the " Mr. Robbie"     she spoke about in the CAC video. This claim is baseless. As

noted, the police were in the middle of an ongoing investigation attempting to

ascertain the whereabouts of Ms. Washington. To that end, Ms. Caldwell attempted

to ascertain as much information as she could from D. W. Whether D.W. confirmed

the identity of the defendant had no bearing on the admissibility of the CAC

videotape as required under La. R.S. 15: 440. 4 or La. R.S. 15: 440. 5.         It was the

province of the jury as fact finder to accept or reject all or part of the CAC interview.

Moreover, in the CAC interview, D.W. identified the person who hurt her mother as

 Mr. Robbie." Ms. Payne, who worked with both Ms. Washington and the defendant
at Brookstown Middle Magnet School, testified that D.W. referred to the defendant

as " Mr. Robbie."

       This assignment of error is without merit.

                         ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 5

       In his fifth assignment of error, the defendant argues the trial court erred in

commenting on the testimony of a witness and in allowing the State to bolster the

testimony of witnesses.

       The defendant contends the State' s bolstering began in its opening statement,

when the State denied that D.W. was coached and boasted that the jury would see

good law enforcement work, and it continued through closing argument when it

noted that D.W. was not coached, and that the cell phone data expert, Timothy Piper,

 does only 100 percent perfection data."

       The defendant further contends that the State asked questions on direct

examination designed to artificially support its witnesses' testimony before any

attempt by the defense to discredit the witness.     The defendant complains of the

State' s questioning of Mr. Parms on direct examination as to whether D. W. was

coached by him or by the police or if he { Mr. Parms} was coached to call 911; and

on   redirect,   when the State thanked Mr. Parms for his military service.        The

defendant also complains of the State asking Detective Medine if he led D.W. to

make certain responses.      The defendant asserts the same error was made on the

redirect examination of Ms. Payne and Ms. Williams, when questions led them to

reply they had not lied or been coached.

        The defendant next complains of bolstering through the testimony of

Detective Woodring, who testified that the things D.W. said were corroborated by

the investigation.   The defendant further argues that the State impermissibly elicited

testimony from Detective Woodring that expressed his opinion as to the defendant' s

                                           19
guilt.'

          The defendant further contends that the State attempted to reveal personal

connections with a witness, thereby improperly offering its own integrity as a reason

to believe the witness.         Finally, the defendant contends the trial court improperly

influenced the jury by commenting to Detective Medine, at the conclusion of his

testimony, that he " did a great job."'

s
    Following is the relevant exchange on direct examination between the State and Detective
Woodring:

Q. Is Mr. Robert Marks, the defendant, the person you charged with murder in this case?
A. Yes.

Q. Okay. As a result of your investigation, is there anybody else in your mind who killed Lyntell
Washington?

A. Absolutely not.
Q. Say it again.
A. Absolutely not.
Q. There' s nobody on earth other than him, Robert Marks, who you feel --

At this point, defense counsel objected that the question had been asked and answered.              The
defendant did not object to this exchange on the basis that the questioning was designed to elicit
an opinion as to the ultimate question of the defendant' s guilt. See La. Code Evid. art. 704 (" in a
criminal case, an expert witness shall not express an opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the
accused.").    As noted above, the failure to make a contemporaneous objection waives an alleged
error or irregularity and precludes the defendant from raising it on appeal because the trial court is
not placed on notice of the alleged irregularity or error and given an opportunity to cure it. See
Lanclos, 980 So. 2d at 648.        On very rare occasions, courts have refused to apply the
contemporaneous objection rule as a bar to review an error which was so fundamental that it struck
 at the very essence of the reliability of the fact-finding process, such as incorrectly advising the
jury of the elements of the crime with which was the defendant was charged, or failing to instruct
the jury that prior crimes could only be considered for the purpose of sentence enhancement and
not for the purpose of deciding guilt or innocence of the charged crime. See Arvie, 505 So. 2d at
47- 48. However, the relevancy or the prejudice of witness testimony is not one of the limited
exceptions to the contemporaneous objection rule that has been recognized. See State v. Rochon,
98- 717 ( La. App. 5th Cir. 3/ 10199), 733 So. 2d 624, 628. That is because such errors could easily
have been addressed and corrected by the trial court with an objection. Id.

In this case, we find the facts do not warrant an exception to the contemporaneous objection rule.
The error, if any, in Detective Woodring' s testimony, was not an error that was so fundamental
that it strikes at the very essence of the reliability of the fact- finding process. Arvie, 505 So. 2d at
47.     Further, courts have declined to extend the limited exceptions to the contemporaneous
objection rule to include prejudicial errors in witness testimony. See Rochon, 733 So. 2d at 628;
State v. Massey, 10- 861 ( La. App. 5th Cir. 6! 14111), 71 So. 3d 367, 378, writ denied, 2011- 1621
    La. 4120112), 85 So. 3d 1259. Since the defendant in the instant case failed to object to Detective

Woodring' s testimony, and this is not the type of error that justifies the use of the exception to the
contemporaneous objection rule, we decline to address this issue on appeal. See Massey, 71 So. 3d
at 378.

6 Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure article 772 states: " The judge in the presence of the jury
shall not comment upon the facts of the case, either by commenting upon or recapitulating the
evidence, repeating the testimony of any witness, or giving an opinion as to what has been proved,
not proved, or refuted."   See also La. Code Crim. Pro. art. 806 ( imposing identical prohibition
regarding jury charges). Although Article 772 precludes the judge from commenting on the facts
of the case in the presence of the jury, in order to constitute reversible error, improper comments

                                                   20
         Because the defendant failed to contemporaneously object to any of the

complained -of comments or questions on the basis that they were prohibited

comments on a witness' s testimony or bolstered the witness' s testimony, he is

procedurally barred from having this claim reviewed.                      See La. Code Crim. P. art.

841.

         This assignment of error is without merit.

                                ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 6

         In his sixth assignment of error, the defendant argues the trial court erred in

allowing gruesome video and photographic evidence to be introduced because the

probative value of the evidence was substantially outweighed by its grave prejudice.

In particular, the defendant contends that at trial,                  in addition to introducing a

photograph of Ms. Washington' s body at the location it was discovered, the State

played a video that walked the jury through the location where the body was found.

The     defendant        further      argues   that   the   State   introduced       thirteen   additional

photographs of Ms.             Washington' s body taken during the autopsy, including a

skeleton of the bones of the unborn fetus.

         The record reflects that the defendant did not object to the introduction of the

photograph of Ms. Washington' s body at the location it was discovered or the crime

scene video, both of which were introduced during Detective Woodring' s testimony.

In connection with the coroner' s testimony, the State offered into evidence five

photographs taken at the autopsy of Ms. Washington' s body.                               The defendant

must have influenced the jury and contributed to the verdict.             State v. Brown, 2016- 0998 ( La.
1/ 28/ 22),   347 So. 3d 745, 815, reh' g denied, 2016- 00998 ( La. 3/ 25/ 22), 338 So. 3d 1138, and cert.
denied, No. 22- 77,         U. S. ,     143 S. Ct. 886,     L.Ed.2d , (     2023).   A trial judge' s remarks
constitute harmless error if those remarks do not imply an opinion as to the defendant' s guilt or
innocence. Id. at 815- 16.

We note that the trial court' s comment to Detective Medine was not a comment on the facts of the
case or an opinion as to the defendant' s guilt or innocence. Nevertheless, counsel for the defendant
failed to object to the trial judge' s remark and, thus, this issue was not been preserved for appellate
review. See State v. Camper, 2008- 0314 ( La. App. 4 Cir. 10/ 1/ 08), 996 So. 2d 571, 579. See also
State v. Bald, 2016- 653 ( La. App. 3 Cir. 12/ 7/ 16), 209 So. 3d 793, 819, writ denied, 2017- 0045 ( La.
9/ 22/ 17), 227 So. 3d 825.

                                                      21
indicated he had no objection.

      Because the defendant failed to lodge a contemporaneous objection to the

admissibility of this evidence, he is precluded from raising this issue on appeal.

Howard, 258 So. 3d at 81.

      In connection with Detective Woodring' s testimony, the State sought to

introduce photographs taken at the autopsy.         The defendant objected, placing a

 continuing objection on the record about the gruesome photos and how this is

unnecessary."      The   defendant   further objected that     it was "   excessive"       and

 repetitive."   The State and defense counsel, along with the trial court, went through

the photographs and removed duplicative ones. The trial court allowed the State to

introduce eight photographs of the autopsy, which the State contended reflected the

autopsy of Ms. Washington' s body and the skeleton of the fetus.

       Louisiana Code      of Evidence     article 401   defines    relevant    evidence    as

 evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of

consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than

it would be without the evidence."        All relevant evidence is admissible, unless

prohibited by law or by the constitution.    La. C. E. art. 402.   Relevant evidence may

be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by "            the danger of

unfair prejudice."   La. C.E. art. 403.

       Photographs are generally admissible if they illustrate any fact, shed any light

upon an issue in the case, or are relevant to describe the person, thing or place

depicted.   State a Sepulvado, 93- 2692 ( La. 418196), 672 So.2d 158, 164.           A trial

court' s ruling with respect to the admissibility of photographs will not be overturned

unless it is clear the prejudicial effect of the evidence outweighs its probative value.

State a Magee, 2011- 0574 ( La. 9128112), 103 So. 3d 285, 323.

7 The same two photographs of the skeleton of the bones of the unborn fetus were admitted in
connection with both the coroner' s and Detective Woodring' s testimony.

                                            22
       Even when the cause of death is undisputed, the state is entitled to the moral

force of its evidence and past -mortem photographs of murder victims are admissible

to prove corpus delicti, to corroborate other evidence establishing cause of death, as

well as the location and placement of wounds, and to provide positive identification

of the victim.   Magee, 103 So. 3d at 323.             Photographic evidence will be admitted

unless it is so gruesome that it overwhelms jurors' reason and leads them to convict

without sufficient other evidence.        Id.

       The eight photographs introduced in connection with Detective Woodring' s

testimony reflected the condition of Ms. Washington' s body, the gunshot wound to

her head, and the skeleton of the unborn child, from which DNA was extracted to

establish the defendant was the father of the unborn child. While it is unclear from

the record how many photographs the State sought to admit in connection with

Detective Woodring' s testimony, after consultation with both the State and defense

counsel, the trial court allowed only eight photographs. The defendant showed no

abuse of discretion on the part of the trial court in admitting these eight photographs.

See Magee, 103 So. 3d at 323.

       This assignment of error is without merit.

                           ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 7

       In his seventh assignment of error, the defendant contends the trial court erred

in allowing expert testimony by a lay witness. According to the defendant, despite

failing to comply with La. Code Crim. Pro. Art 719,8 the State called Detective

8 Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure article 719( A) provides that:

       Upon written motion of the defendant, the court shall order the district attorney to
       permit or authorize the defendant to inspect and copy, photograph, or otherwise
       reproduce any results or reports, or copies thereof, of a physical or mental
       examination, and of scientific tests or experiments, made in connection with or
       material to the particular case, that are in the possession, custody, control, or
       knowledge of the district attorney and intended for use at trial. if the witness
       preparing the report will be called as an expert, the report shall contain the witness' s
       area of expertise, his qualifications, a list of materials upon which his conclusion is
       based, and his opinion and the reason therefor. If the expert witness has not reduced
       his results to writing, or if the expert witness' s written report does not contain the

                                                  23
Woodring to provide what amounted to expert testimony regarding cell phone

forensics, blood splatter, DNA, and decomposition analysis, all ofwhich should have

been excluded as unnoticed and/ or improper expert testimony by a lay witness.

      At the outset, we note that the defendant failed to lodge contemporaneous

objections during trial to any of the complained -of testimony on the basis that the

State failed to comply with Article 719 or that Detective Woodring was offering

improper expert testimony. Accordingly, the defendant is precluded from raising

this issue on appeal. Howard, 258 So. 3d at 79- 80.

      Moreover, Article 701 permits non -expert testimony in the form of opinions

or inferences that are rationally based on the perception of the witness and helpful

to a clear understanding of his testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.

Opinion testimony has been permitted by non -expert police officers based on

training, investigation, perception of the scene and observation of physical evidence.

State a LeBlanc, 2005- 0885 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 2/ 10/ 06),        928 So. 2d 599, 603- 04.

      Detective Woodring testified that in June 2016,                he had been a homicide

detective with the Baton Rouge Police Department for a little over five years. At

that time, he had worked more than one hundred homicide cases as either primary

or secondary investigator, and had worked as the lead detective on approximately

fifty homicide cases.        In addition to his training with the homicide division,

Detective Woodring completed a class in cellular phone and phone record data

forensics. He testified that while he did not have any formal training in blood splatter

analysis, he had " learned from experience." He further testified as to his experience

with decomposition of a body.

       information required of an expert as provided in this Article, the state must produce
       for the defendant a written summary containing any information required to be
       produced pursuant to this Article but absent from a written report, if any, including
       the name of the expert witness, his qualifications, a list of materials upon which his
       conclusion is based, and his opinion and the reason therefor.

                                                24
      It is apparent from the record that Detective Woodring' s lay testimony was

based on his training, investigation, perception of the scene and observation of

physical evidence.   See LeBlanc, 928 So. 2d at 604.

      This assignment of error is without merit.

                        ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 8

      In his eighth assignment of error, the defendant argues that insufficient

evidence was offered to convict him of the offenses of second degree kidnapping,

aggravated kidnapping of a child, carjacking, obstruction of justice, and the illegal

carrying of a weapon while committing the crimes of second degree kidnapping and

aggravated kidnapping of a child. The defendant does not challenge the convictions

for second degree murder, first degree feticide, and the convictions of the illegal

carrying of a weapon while committing these crimes of violence.

      A conviction based on insufficient evidence cannot stand as it violates Due

Process. See U.S. Const. amend. XIV; La. Const. art. 1, §    2. The standard of review

for the sufficiency of the evidence to uphold a conviction is whether, viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could

have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson

u hirginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 ( 1979). See La.

Code Crim. P. art. 821( B); State a Ordodi, 2006- 0207 (La. 11/ 29/ 06), 946 So.2d 654,

660; State a Mussall, 523 So. 2d 1305, 1308- 09 ( La. 1988).      The Jackson standard

of review, incorporated in Article 821, is an objective standard for testing the overall

evidence, both direct and circumstantial, for reasonable doubt.        When analyzing

circumstantial   evidence,   La. R.S.   15: 438 provides that the fact finder must be

satisfied the overall evidence excludes every reasonable hypothesis of innocence.

See State v Patorno, 2001- 25 85 ( La. App. 1 st Cir. 6121102),   822 So.2d 141, 144.

       The Jackson standard of review does not permit a reviewing court to substitute

its own appreciation of the evidence for the fact finder' s, assess the credibility of

                                            25
witnesses, or reweigh evidence.           State a McGhee, 2015- 2140 ( La. 6/ 29/ 17), 223

So. 3d 1136, 1137 ( per curiam);       State a Calloway, 2007- 2306 (La. 1121109),   1 So. 3d

417, 422 ( per curiam).         A reviewing court may intrude on the plenary discretion of

the fact finder " only to the extent necessary to guarantee the fundamental protection

of due process of law." Mussall, 523 So. 2d at 1310.

Second Degree Kidnapping

        At the time of the offense, La. R.S. 14: 44. 1 provided, in relevant part, as

follows:

        A.        Second degree kidnapping is the doing of any of the acts listed in
        Subsection B wherein the victim is:

             3) Physically injured or sexually abused;

             5)     Imprisoned or kidnapped when the offender is armed with
        a dangerous weapon or leads the victim to reasonably believe he is
        armed with a dangerous weapon.

        B.        For purposes of this Section, kidnapping is:

             1)    The forcible seizing and carrying of any person from one place to
        another; or

             2) The enticing or persuading of any person to go from one place to
        another; or

             3) The imprisoning or forcible secreting of any person.
        The evidence in the present case, when viewed in the light most favorable to

the prosecution, showed that on the evening of June 8, 2016, Ms. Washington met

the defendant in an area near the Baker Wal- Mart. The evidence further showed that

the defendant' s and Ms. Washington' s cell phones traveled along the same route to

the location where Ms. Washington' s body was later found with a gunshot to her

head.    The evidence established that Ms. Washington' s blue Toyota Corolla was

located in a parking lot near her apartment on Newcastle Avenue.            Video footage

from the Hancock Whitney bank as well as Ms. Jackson' s testimony showed that

Ms. Jackson picked up the defendant around 11: 30 p.m. on Newcastle Avenue near

                                                 26
the location of Ms. Washington' s apartment.       Ms. Jackson testified that around

midnight on the night of June 8, 2016, she dropped the defendant off at his

motorcycle in the parking lot of the Baker Wal- Mart.   Ms. Payne testified that prior

to June 8, 2016, Ms. Washington told her that Ms. Washington and the defendant

were planning to get together "   to talk about the situation," of Ms. Washington' s

pregnancy.

      A rational juror could have concluded that on the evening of June 8, 2016, the

defendant arrived in the area of the Baker Wal- Mart on his motorcycle, and Ms.

Washington arrived in her vehicle. A rational juror could have further concluded

that the defendant persuaded Ms. Washington to travel with him in her vehicle from

the Baker Wal- Mart into Iberville Parish to the Ramah area under the guise of

working on their relationship. A rational juror could have alternatively concluded

that once he met Ms. Washington in the area of the Baker Wal- Mart, the defendant

forcibly seized her and brought her from Baker to Ramah. Considering that Ms.

Washington was killed by a gunshot to her head,         a rational juror could have

concluded that the defendant was armed with a gun, which he used to shoot her.

      We find that that the circumstantial evidence was sufficient to establish that

the defendant either enticed or forcibly carried Ms. Washington from Baker to the

Ramah area where he shot her. Accordingly, we find there is sufficient evidence to

uphold the defendant' s conviction for second degree kidnapping.

           Kidnappingof a Child
Aggravated Kidnqpping

      Under La. R.S.      14: 44. 2( A),   aggravated kidnapping of a child is the

unauthorized taking, enticing, or decoying away and removing from a location for

an unlawful purpose by any person other than a parent,          grandparent,   or legal

guardian of a child under the age of thirteen years with the intent to secret the child

from his parent or legal guardian.

      The evidence in the present case established that D.W. was found on the

                                            27
morning of June 9, 2016, in a parking lot near the apartment where she lived without

any adult supervision.   As noted above, video footage from the Hancock Whitney

bank as well as Ms. Jackson' s testimony established that Ms. Jackson picked up the

defendant around 11: 30 p.m. on the evening of June 8, 2016, near that location. Ms.

Payne testified that D.W. told Ms. Payne that the defendant had hurt D.W.' s

 mommy."     Ms. Payne further testified that the police allowed Ms. Payne to take

temporary custody of D.W. because Ms. Payne knew D. W.                  At trial,   Ms.

Washington' s twin sister, Cyntell Washington, testified that she was living in Austin,

Texas, when Ms. Washington went missing.        Cyntell Washington testified that she

travelled to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and was granted temporary custody of D.W.

until early November 2016, when D.W.' s biological father obtained custody.

      A rational juror could have concluded that D.W. was in Ms. Washington' s car

when the defendant met Ms. Washington near the Baker Wal- Mart, traveled to the

Ramah area, returned to Baton Rouge, and abandoned Ms. Washington' s car in a

parking lot near her apartment.     A rational juror could have concluded that the

defendant knew D.W. was in the vehicle with her mother, and took the vehicle, with

D.W. inside, for the unlawful purpose of killing Ms. Washington.      A rational juror

could have further concluded that rather than deliver D. W. to a safe location ( like a

police or fire station) where she could be returned to a legal guardian, the defendant

abandoned D.W. in a parking lot, where she remained overnight, in order to secrete

the child so that he would not be implicated in Ms. Washington' s murder.

      We find that that the circumstantial evidence, when viewed in the light most

favorable to the prosecution, is sufficient to uphold the defendant' s conviction for

aggravated kidnapping of a child.

Carjacking

      Under La. R.S. 14: 64. 2( A),   carjacking is the intentional taking of a motor

vehicle belonging to another person, in the presence of that person, or in the presence
of a passenger, by the use of force or intimidation.

      The evidence in the present case, when viewed in the light most favorable to

the prosecution, showed that on the evening of June 8, 2016, Ms. Washington was

shot and her body was left in the Ramah area.               Video footage from the Hancock

Whitney bank, as well as Ms. Jackson' s testimony, established that Ms. Jackson

picked up the defendant around 11: 30 p.m. on Newcastle Avenue near the location

of Ms. Washington' s apartment.              The evidence further established that on the

morning of June 9, 2016, D. W., along with Ms. Washington' s vehicle, were located

in a parking lot near Ms. Washington' s apartment on Newcastle Avenue.

      A rational juror could have concluded that on the evening of June 8, 2016, the

defendant shot Ms. Washington and took her vehicle, with D.W. inside, and drove

back to Baton Rouge.

      We find that that the circumstantial evidence was sufficient to establish that

the defendant took Ms. Washington' s vehicle, in her presence, and in the presence

of a passenger, by the use of force. Accordingly, we find there is sufficient evidence

to uphold the defendant' s conviction for carjacking.

Obstruction of Justice

      At the time of the offense, La. R.S. 14: 130. 1 provided, in relevant part, as

follows:

       A. The crime of obstruction of justice is any of the following when
       committed with the knowledge that such act has, reasonably may, or
      will    affect   an   actual   or   potential   present,   past,   or future criminal
      proceeding as hereinafter described:

        1)   Tampering with evidence with the specific intent of distorting the
       results
              of any criminal investigation or proceeding which may
       reasonably prove relevant to a criminal investigation or proceeding.
       Tampering with evidence shall include the intentional alteration,
       movement, removal, or addition of any object or substance either:

         a) At the location of any incident which the perpetrator knows or has
       good reason to believe will be the subject of any investigation by state,
       local, or United States law enforcement officers[.]

                                                  29
      The evidence in the present case established that searches had been made from

the defendant' s cell phone and iPad for information about purchasing a gun, and a

father' s liability for child support.   The evidence also established that when the

defendant was in jail, he called his sister and spoke to her about erasing his iPad.

Finally, the evidence established that Ms. Washington died of a gunshot wound to

the head and that the murder weapon was never located.              Detective Woodring

testified that the police investigated the area near the LSU lakes where Ms.

Washington' s cell phone last registered, but were unable to locate the murder

weapon or her cell phone.

      A rational juror could have concluded that the defendant possessed the

specific intent to distort the results of the investigation by asking his sister to remove

evidence of searches he made on his iPad. A rational juror could have also concluded

that the defendant disposed of the murder weapon and Ms. Washington' s cell phone

with the intent to avoid detection as the shooter.   See Dorsey, 312 So.3d at 665.

      Accordingly, we find the evidence sufficient to uphold the defendant' s

conviction for obstruction ofjustice.

Illegal Possession of a Weapon While Committing a Crime of Violence

       It is unlawful for an offender to use, possesses, or have under his immediate

control a firearm, while committing or attempting to commit a crime of violence.

La. R.S. 14: 95( E). Louisiana Revised Statutes 14: 2 ( B) de fines
                                                              -     a " crime of violence"

as an offense that has, as an element, the use, attempted use, or threatened use of

physical force against the person or property of another, and that, by its very nature,

involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of

another may be used in the course of committing the offense or an offense that

involves the possession or use of a dangerous weapon.

       Defendant' s argument herein is limited to only those counts related to the

defendant' s convictions for second degree kidnapping and aggravated kidnapping of

                                            30
a child. '    Vire have found that there is sufficient evidence to uphold these convictions.

Because the evidence indicated that Ms. Washington was shot with a firearm, a

rational juror could have concluded that the defendant used, possessed, or had under

his immediate control a firearm, while committing the offenses of second degree

murder and aggravated kidnapping of a child.

       Accordingly, we .find there is sufficient evidence to uphold the defendant' s

convictions for these charges.

       This assignment of error is without merit.

                             ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 9

       In his ninth assignment of error, the defendant argues he was denied the right

to effective assistance of counsel in violation of his due process rights. He complains

of the following non -exhaustive list of alleged deficiencies:

         1)Counsel failed to file any substantive motions until the morning of
       trial, including no requests to suppress evidence, statements or

        identifications, all of which were at issue in this case;

         2)  Counsel failed to meaningfully object to inadmissible hearsay
        testimony and other errors made by the State at trial ( which are now
        being raised for the first time in this appeal);

         3) Counsel failed to meaningfully cross- examine the State' s witnesses
        at trial;

         4) Counsel failed to prepare a defense;

         5) Counsel failed to consult an expert or otherwise challenge scientific
        evidence;

         6) Counsel failed to give a closing argument at trial.

        A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is more properly raised by an

application for post -conviction relief in the trial court, where a full evidentiary

hearing may be conducted.            State a McKinney, 2015- 1503 ( La. App.        1st Cir.

4125116), 194 So. 3d 699, 708, writ denied, 2016- 0992 ( La. 5/ 12/ 17), 220 So. 3d 747.

However, where the record discloses sufficient evidence to decide the issue of

ineffective assistance of counsel when raised by assignment of error on appeal, it

                                               31
may be addressed in the interest of judicial economy. Id.                    See Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 ( 1984).

       Because     the   defendant' s   claims    raise   issues   related   to   his   counsel' s

preparation, investigation, and strategy, these claims cannot be reviewed on appeal.

McKinney, 194 So.3d at 708. Only in an evidentiary hearing in the district court,

where the defendant could present evidence beyond what is contained in the instant

record, could these allegations be sufficiently investigated.9

        Accordingly, these allegations are not subject to appellate review.

       This assignment of error is unreviewable on appeal.

                          ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 10

       In his tenth assignment of error, the defendant argues he was denied his

fundamental right to testify in his own defense.

       According to the defendant, there is no evidence he was even present in the

courtroom when the State and defense counsel rested. Also, the defendant avers

there was no confirmation obtained as to his right to testify or a knowing waiver of

that right.

       A minute entry ofthe last day oftrial indicates the defendant was present when

the State and defense counsel rested. Moreover, the defendant' s silence created the

presumption he voluntarily waived his right to testify, and the defendant has made

no showing otherwise.       There is nothing in the record before us to indicate that the

defendant unequivocally made known his desire to testify but was somehow denied.

Cf. State v Hampton, 2000- 0522 ( La. 3/ 22/ 02), 818 So. 2d 720, 729- 30.

       This assignment of error is without merit.

                           ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 11

       In his eleventh assignment of error, the defendant argues the trial court erred

9 The defendant would have to satisfy the requirements of La. Code Crim. P. art. 924, et seq. , in
order to receive such a hearing.

                                               32
in denying his motion to quash, as venue was not proper in Iberville Parish.

        Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure article 611 governs the jurisdiction and

venue of criminal trials. At the time of the offense, Article 611 provided, in pertinent

part:

        A. All trials shall take place in the parish where the offense has been
        committed, unless the venue is changed. If acts constituting an offense
        or if the elements of an offense occurred in more than one place, in or
        out of the parish or state, the offense is deemed to have been committed
        in any parish in this state in which any such act or element occurred.

        B. If the offender is charged with the crime of first or second degree
        murder and it cannot be determined where the offense or the elements
        of the offense occurred, the offense is deemed to have been committed
        in the parish where the body of the victim was found.

        Critically, venue is a factual question and, on appeal, review is limited to

whether the State submitted some evidence of proper venue. As such, review of the

issue on appeal is not concerned with weighing the sufficiency of the evidence

presented by the State.        Finally, a trial court' s ruling on a motion to quash is

discretionary and should not be reversed absent a clear abuse of discretion.     State u

Eason, 2019- 0614 ( La. App. 1 st Cir. 12/ 27/ 19), 293 So. 3d 61, 72.

        In this case, Ms. Washington' s body was found in Iberville Parish.    The State

presented evidence, through the testimony of Detective Woodring, that he was never

able to determine where Ms. Washington was murdered.           Accordingly, pursuant to

Article 611, the offense is deemed to have been committed in the parish where the

body of the victim was found, and venue is proper in that parish.        See also State v

Gross, 2018- 1014 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 2/ 25/ 19), 273 So. 3d 317, 320, writ denied, 2019-

00498 ( La. 9/ 17/ 19),   278 So. 3d 972 (Where a body is found, and it is unknown where

the actual killing took place, proper venue is in the parish where the body of the

victim was discovered.).

        The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the defendant' s motion

to quash.

                                             33
      This assignment of error is without merit.

                               REVIEW FOR ERROR

      Initially, we note that our review for error is pursuant to La. Code Crim. P. art.

920, which provides that the only matters to be considered on appeal are errors

designated in the assignments of error and "      error that is discoverable by a mere

inspection of the pleadings and proceedings and without inspection of the evidence."

      Any fact ( other than a prior conviction) that increases the maximum penalty

for a crime must be charged in an indictment, submitted to a jury, and proven beyond

a reasonable doubt.     Apprendi v New Jersey, 530 U. S. 466, 476,        120 S. Ct. 2348,

2355, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 ( 2000); Jones v United States, 526 U.S. 227, 243 n. 6, 119

S. Ct. 1215, 1224 n. 6, 143 L.Ed.2d 311 ( 1999). Additional elements of an offense

must be charged in the indictment, submitted to a jury, and proven by the government

beyond a reasonable doubt. Jones, 526 U.S. at 232, 119 S. Ct. at 1219. The statutory

maximum for Apprendi purposes is the maximum sentence a judge may impose

solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict or admitted by the

defendant.      Blakely a Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 303,      124 S. Ct. 2531, 2537, 159

L.Ed.2d 403 ( 2004);   State v Hines, 2010- 1118 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 12/ 22/ 10),   52 So. 3d

1120, 1126.

      The record reflects that on the charge of aggravated kidnapping of a child, the

trial court sentenced the defendant to life imprisonment at hard labor without benefit

of parole, probation, or suspension of sentence.

      The sentencing provisions of La. R.S.         14: 44. 2 at the time of the offense

provided as follows:

      B. ( 1)Whoever commits the crime of aggravated kidnapping of a child
      shall be punished by life imprisonment at hard labor without benefit of
      parole, probation, or suspension of sentence.

       2) Notwithstanding the provisions of Paragraph ( 1) of this Subsection,
      if the child is returned not physically injured or sexually abused, then
      the offender shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of R.S.

                                            34
       14: 44. 1.

       Louisiana Revised Statutes 14: 44. 1, second degree kidnapping, provides that

  w] hoever commits the crime of second degree kidnapping shall be imprisoned at

hard labor for not less than five nor more than forty years. At least two years of the

sentence imposed shall be without benefit of parole, probation, or suspension of

sentence."

       The bill of indictment charged the defendant with aggravated kidnapping of a
                                                                              14'
child pursuant to the provisions of La. R.S. 14: 44. 2 ( A) & (B) ( 2).             However, it is

apparent he was sentenced under the provisions of La. R.S. 14: 44. 2 ( B) ( 1).               The

enhanced provisions of La. R.S.           14: 44.2 ( B) ( 1),   requiring that the child be

physically injured or sexually abused, were not submitted to the jury, and the jury

made no finding of whether D.W. was physically injured or sexually abused.

Accordingly, we find that the trial court erred in sentencing the defendant to life

imprisonment at hard labor without benefit of parole, probation, or suspension of

sentence under the provisions of La. R.S. 14: 44. 2 ( B) ( 1),       vacate the sentence and

remand for resentencing on this charge.

CONVICTIONS AFFIRMED;                    SENTENCE          IMPOSED         FOR       COUNT      9,
AGGRAVATED KIDNAPPING OF A CHILD, VACATED; ALL OTHER
SENTENCES           AFFIRMED;         REMANDED            FOR      RESENTENCING               ON
COUNT 9.

10 The bill of indictment erroneously charged the defendant under La. R.S. 14: 44, aggravated
kidnapping, rather than La. R.S. 14: 44. 2, aggravated kidnapping of a child. However, the
defendant was not misled by the erroneous citation and the fact that he was charged under the
wrong statute is not grounds for reversal of his conviction. State v. Johnson, 404 S0. 2d 239, 242
 La. 1981).

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