Court Opinion

ID: 9409057
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-14 20:00:52.679815+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:48.555598
License: Public Domain

Not for Publication in West's Federal Reporter

          United States Court of Appeals
                         For the First Circuit

No. 22-1232

  JANE DOE, individually and as parent and next friend of Doe
 Child; JOHN DOE, individually and as parent and next friend of
                      Doe Child; DOE CHILD,

                         Plaintiffs, Appellants,

                                       v.

    DEBORAH HOLLY; DEBORAH BRESNICK, individually and in her
  official capacity as assistant principal of the Green Meadow
School; DONNA DANKNER, individually and in her official capacity
    as principal of Green Meadow School; ROBERT J. GERARDI,
 individually and in his official capacity as Superintendent of
  the Maynard Public Schools; MAYNARD PUBLIC SCHOOLS; TOWN OF
                     MAYNARD, MASSACHUSETTS,

                         Defendants, Appellees.

          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
               FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

              [Hon. Leo T. Sorokin, U.S. District Judge]

                                    Before

                        Barron, Chief Judge,
               Howard and Montecalvo, Circuit Judges.

     Steven R. Ballard, with whom Law Offices of Steven Ballard
was on brief, for appellants.
     John J. Cloherty III, with whom Pierce Davis & Perritano LLP
was on brief, for appellees.
July 14, 2023
            BARRON, Chief Judge.      This appeal arises out of a suit

by John Doe, Jane Doe, and Doe Child (together, the "Does").                The

complaint alleges various state and federal law violations by

Deborah Holly, Deborah Bresnick, Donna Dankner, Robert Gerardi,

the Maynard Public Schools, and the Town of Maynard (together, the

"defendants") in connection with bullying that Doe Child allegedly

suffered at a Maynard public elementary school.               The Does' appeal

challenges the grant of summary judgment to the defendants on

various of their state-law claims.          We affirm.

                                      I.

            The procedural path to this appeal begins in October

2019, when the Does filed a seven-count complaint in Massachusetts

state court against the defendants.           Six of the counts set forth

claims based on the defendants' alleged state-law violations.               The

seventh count set forth claims based on the defendants' alleged

violation     of   the   Equal   Protection   Clause     of    the   Fourteenth

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

            The defendants removed the case to the United States

District Court for the District of Massachusetts in January 2020

based on the presence of a federal claim.          See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331,

1441, 1367.    Following discovery, the defendants filed motions for

summary judgment, which the District Court granted, except for one

issue that the District Court remanded without prejudice to the

                                    - 3 -
state court.1     See Doe v. Holly, No. 20-10139, 2022 WL 1038012 (D.

Mass. Feb. 25, 2022).

            The District Court held that the Does waived the federal

claim that they brought against the defendants (Count I), in

addition     to    the   similar    state-law   equal-protection-based

constitutional claim that they brought against them (Count II), by

not responding to the defendants' arguments in opposition and by

"instructing the Court to focus elsewhere."          The Does do not

challenge that waiver holding on appeal.

                                   II.

            As a threshold matter, the defendants contend that we

must dismiss this appeal for lack of appellate jurisdiction because

the Does' notice of appeal was not timely filed in the District

Court.     See Bowles v. Russell, 551 U.S. 205, 214 (2007).        The

defendants point out that the Does' notice of appeal was filed

Wednesday, March 30, 2022 -- 33 days after the date that appears

on the face of the judgment below, Friday, February 25.      Yet, the

defendants emphasize, Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)

     1 The District Court declined to exercise supplemental
jurisdiction over an aspect of the Does' claim (Count IV) that
arises under Massachusetts's Anti-Bullying Law.    See Mass. Gen.
Laws ch. 71, § 37O. See, e.g., Rodriguez v. Doral Mortg. Corp.,
57 F.3d 1168, 1177 (1st Cir. 1995). Because neither party contests
the merits of that "discretionary" remand decision on appeal, see
id., we do not disturb it and need not address the matter further.

                                   - 4 -
requires notices of appeal to be filed "within 30 days after entry

of the judgment."      Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(1)(A).

            The Does represent to us in response that the District

Court did not "enter" the judgment on the docket (and that they

did not receive notice of it) until February 28.              The Does argue

that their notice of appeal was timely because it was filed on the

30th day after the District Court's "entry of the judgment."               Id.

(emphasis    added).   2   But,   even    if   we    assume   there   is   no

jurisdictional bar to our resolving this appeal based on when the

notice of appeal was filed, the appeal plainly fails on the merits

for the reasons that we will explain.               See, e.g., Alvarado v.

Holder, 743 F.3d 271, 276 (1st Cir. 2014).

                                   III.

            The only question at issue in this appeal concerns

whether the District Court properly granted summary judgment to

the defendants on state-law claims.            There is thus a question

whether the proper course is for us to dismiss the case so that

any state law issues before us may be resolved by a state court.

See Wilber v. Curtis, 872 F.3d 15, 23 (1st Cir. 2017) ("[T]he

Supreme Court has instructed that 'in the usual case in which all

federal-law claims are eliminated before trial, the . . . pendent

     2 Despite taking the position at oral argument that the
judgment was not "entered" until February 28, 2022, the Does'
opening brief specifically states that the judgment was "entered
on February 25, 2022."

                                  - 5 -
jurisdiction   doctrine . . . will       point   toward   declining   to

exercise   jurisdiction   over   the    remaining   state-law   claims'."

(quoting Carnegie–Mellon Univ. v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 350 n.7

(1988), and citing 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3))).           But, we conclude

that there is no "substantial question of state law presented[,]"

because the District Court was plainly right to grant summary

judgment to the defendants on the state-law claims at issue in

this appeal.   Id.

                                   A.

           The Does first argue that the District Court erred in

granting summary judgment to the defendants as to all the claims

at issue on appeal because it ruled on a "prematur[e]" record.

They argue that is so because the District Court wrongly granted

the defendants' motion to strike the affidavit submitted by Doe

Child in opposition to the defendants' motion for summary judgment

and the affidavit is an "important piece of evidence."                The

District Court granted the defendants' motion to strike, however,

in part on the independent grounds that the Does did not respond

to that motion and that the affidavit in question did not itself

satisfy Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56's requirements.            See

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(4) ("An affidavit or declaration used to

support or oppose a motion must be made on personal knowledge, set

out facts that would be admissible in evidence, and show that the

affiant or declarant is competent to testify on the matters

                                 - 6 -
stated.").   Because the District Court did not err in doing so,

this aspect of the Does' challenge to the District Court's summary

judgment ruling is without merit.

                                B.

          The Does next assert that the District Court erred in

granting summary judgment to the defendants on all the claims at

issue on appeal because it failed to apply the summary judgment

standard set forth in Rule 56.        But, as the Does themselves

acknowledge, the District Court did cite and purport to apply the

correct standard under Rule 56.      Moreover, in reviewing a grant

of summary judgment, our review is de novo and, as we will explain,

the record reveals that summary judgment to the defendants is

plainly warranted for substantially the reasons on which the

District Court relied.   See, e.g., Prescott v. Higgins, 538 F.3d

32, 39–40 (1st Cir. 2008) (explaining that we review a District

Court's decision to grant summary judgment de novo, "construing

the record in the light most favorable to the non-movant and

resolving all reasonable inferences in that party's favor").

                                1.

          We start with the Does' challenge to the District Court's

grant of summary judgment to the defendants on the claims that the

Does set forth in Count III of their complaint.     The Does allege

in those claims that the defendants denied Doe Child the "right to

education" under the Massachusetts Civil Rights Act ("MCRA") and

                              - 7 -
the   Massachusetts   Constitution    through     actual   or   attempted

"threats, intimidation or coercion" related to their allegations

that Doe Child was bullied by her peers and directly by her second-

grade teacher, defendant Deborah Holly.         See Mass. Gen. Laws ch.

12, §§ 11H & 11I; Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 76, § 5.

          Summary judgment is plainly warranted to the school

district and the town on these claims because neither is a "person"

under the MCRA.   See Howcroft v. City of Peabody, 747 N.E.2d 729,

744-45 (Mass. App. Ct. 2001); see also Kelley v. LaForce, 288 F.3d

1, 11 n.9 (1st Cir. 2002).      Summary judgment is also plainly

warranted to the individual defendants on these claims because, as

the District Court explained, the Does have failed to identify

evidence that would allow a rational factfinder to conclude that

any of those defendants engaged in conduct that rises to the level

of actual or attempted "threats, intimidation or coercion."3

                                 2.

          We turn, then, to the Does' challenge to the District

Court's grant of summary judgment to the defendants on the claims

that the Does set forth in Count IV.      Here, the Does allege that

the defendants were negligent in breaching duties established by

      3Insofar as Count III lodges an independent claim under the
Massachusetts statute prohibiting discrimination in education, see
Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 76, § 5, the Does have not shown that they
satisfied that statute's exhaustion requirement, see id. § 16, and
we thus affirm the grant of summary judgment to the defendants as
to that claim as well.

                               - 8 -
the Massachusetts Anti-Bullying Law, see Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 71,

§ 37O, by "failing to provide proper training, hiring, supervision,

and maintenance of employees" -- acts which the Does claim resulted

in the denial of a safe school environment for Doe Child.

             But, the Does have not identified any evidence that would

allow a rational factfinder to find that the town, the school

district,    or   any   of   their        agents         were   negligent      in   hiring,

bullying-related training, or supervision.                        And that is so even

though the defendants have pointed to evidence supportably showing

that their employees were experienced in their jobs and have

conducted "comprehensive" anti-bullying training.                         Moreover, the

Does have not identified evidence or made any persuasive argument

as to how a rational factfinder could conclude that the alleged

negligence    (even     assuming         that       on   this    record   it    has    been

supportably shown to have occurred) "materially contributed" to

and   thus   "cause[d]"      the    harms           to   Doe    Child   that    they   have

identified.       See Kent v. Commonwealth, 771 N.E.2d 770, 775-76

(Mass. 2002) (explaining that the Massachusetts Torts Claims Act

("MTCA") shields public-employers from liability unless the public

employer's    "affirmative         act    .     .    .   materially     contributed      to

creating the specific 'condition or situation' that resulted in

the harm").       Thus, for these reasons, summary judgment to the

school district and the town on the claim on this count was plainly

warranted.

                                          - 9 -
          We note as well that, to the extent that the Does bring

the claim set forth in Count IV against the individual defendants,

the summary judgment ruling below is plainly warranted as well.

That is so not only for the same reasons that we have already given

but also because the record fails supportably to show that, in

conducting the relevant hiring, training, and supervision, the

individual defendants were acting "outside the scope of their

employment" and so could be held liable under the MTCA.        See Holly,

2022 WL 1038012, at *9 (citing Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 258, § 2).4

                                 3.

          Next up is the Does' challenge to the District Court's

grant of summary judgment to the defendants on the claims that the

Does set forth in Count V.    The Does allege in this set of claims

that the defendants were negligent in failing to prevent harms to

Doe Child resulting from peer-to-peer bullying, and that the

defendants   "directly   participated"   in   causing   such   bullying-

related harms.     But, the defendants are       clearly entitled to

     4 The District Court appeared to also conclude that, as a
general matter, claims of "negligent training or supervision"
amount merely to claims that the defendants failed to act to
prevent harm caused by a third party -- claims which are generally
not subject to liability under the MTCA, see Mass. Gen. Laws ch.
258, § 10(j) -- while acknowledging that at least one district
court has reached a contrary conclusion, see Holly, 2022 WL
1038012, at *9 (citing LaPierre v. City of Lawrence, No. 11-cv-
12039, 2013 WL 1829120, at *4 n.11 (D. Mass. May 1, 2013)). But,
we need not resolve the issue because the Does have not
substantiated such claims for the reasons stated.

                               - 10 -
summary judgment on immunity grounds insofar as the claims allege

a failure by the defendants to prevent acts of bullying by Doe

Child's peers.   See Cormier v. City of Lynn, 91 N.E.3d 662, 667

(Mass. 2018); Mass Gen. Laws ch. 258, § 10(j) (providing that there

is no public-employer liability for "any claim based on an act or

failure to act to prevent or diminish the harmful consequences of

a condition or situation, including the violent or tortious conduct

of a third person, which is not originally caused by the public

employer or any other person acting on behalf of the public

employer").   For, while the MTCA provides that such immunity does

not attach when an "intervention of a public employee . . . causes

injury to the victim or places the victim in a worse position than

he was in before the intervention," see Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 258,

§ 10(j)(2), we agree with the District Court that the Does have

failed to identify evidence from which a rational factfinder could

find that such an "intervention" put Doe Child in a worse position.

Indeed, the Does make no argument to the contrary on appeal.   See

United States v. Zannino, 895 F.2d 1, 17 (1st Cir. 1990).5

                                4.

          The next Count in the Does' complaint that is at issue

on appeal is Count VI, in which the Does bring intentional and

     5 Insofar as Counts IV and V intend to allege standalone
claims of Anti-Bullying Law violations, the statute precludes a
private right of action for such claims. Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 71,
§ 37O(i).

                              - 11 -
negligent infliction of emotional distress ("IIED" and "NIED")

claims.       Summary judgment for the school district and the town on

the IIED claims is clearly warranted because -- as the District

Court       held   --   the   MTCA   bars   intentional   torts    against      such

defendants.         See Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 258, § 10(c); Spring v.

Geriatric Auth. of Holyoke, 475 N.E.2d 727, 734 (Mass. 1985).

And, summary judgment is also clearly warranted on these claims

for   the     individual      defendants    because   nothing     in    the   record

supportably shows that their alleged conduct amounts to "extreme

and outrageous conduct" under Massachusetts law.                   See Polay v.

McMahon, 10 N.E.3d 1122, 1128 (Mass. 2014).                Indeed, here, too,

the Does have developed no argument to the contrary on appeal.

See Zannino, 895 F.2d at 17.

               That leaves the Does' NIED claims.          The District Court

rightly granted summary judgment to the school district and town

on    the    claims.      The    only   evidence   supporting     the    otherwise

conclusory allegation that the defendants "directly participated"

in the bullying of Doe Child can be found in Doe Child's affidavit

offered in opposition to summary judgment, which we have explained

was properly struck.            And, insofar as the Does' NIED claims are

against the individual defendants, summary judgment is warranted

for the additional reason that the Does again failed to show that

the individual defendants were acting "outside the scope of their

employment."        See Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 258, § 2.

                                        - 12 -
                                        5.

               The last set of claims before us is set forth in Count

VII of the Does' complaint.           There, the Does bring a defamation

claim against the school district and the town, as well as one

against Holly, all based on an incident in which Holly allegedly

"publicly shamed and humiliated Doe Child in her second grade

class" by reading aloud an email that was sent by Jane Doe to

contest Holly's handling of a bullying incident during a school

event.        The school district and town are clearly entitled to

summary judgment on immunity grounds, just as the District Court

ruled.       See Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 258, § 10(c); see also Barrows v.

Wareham Fire Dist., 976 N.E.2d 830, 833-34 (Mass. App. Ct. 2012).

And,       Holly 6 is   plainly   entitled   to   summary   judgment   as   well

because, for the reasons given by the District Court, the Does'

version of Holly's statements does not identify any actionable

"false statement[s]," even assuming that the record shows a genuine

dispute as to what Holly said to Doe Child's class.                See Holly,

2022 WL 1038012, at *10.

                                       IV.

               The judgment of the District Court is affirmed.

       The Does' complaint and briefing reference only defendant
       6

Holly in connection with this claim. Thus, to the extent Count
VII intends to take aim at any of the other individual defendants,
we affirm the District Court's grant of summary judgment to all of
them on the ground that the Does have at no point advanced an
argument as to their liability.

                                      - 13 -