Court Opinion

ID: 3027703
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:38:52.457615+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:44:27.756503
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                        FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                ___________

                                No. 99-2630
                                ___________

Bennie Rozman, doing business as       *
Lynde Investment Company,              *
                                       *
            Plaintiff/Appellant,       *
                                       *
Susan Rodriguez, Sherri Boniarczyk,    *
                                       *
            Intervenor Plaintiff,      * Appeal from the United States
                                       * District Court for the
      v.                               * District of Minnesota.
                                       *
City of Columbia Heights, Joseph       *       [PUBLISHED]
Sturdevant, Walt Fehst, Meg Jones,     *
Robert W. Ruettimann, Charles Kewatt, *
Lowell G. Demars, Matt D. Field,       *
Gary Gorman, Rollin Goldsberry,        *
                                       *
            Defendants/Appellees.      *
                                  ___________

                          Submitted: July 10, 2001
                             Filed: October 11, 2001
                              ___________

Before WOLLMAN, Chief Judge, BRIGHT, McMILLIAN, BOWMAN, LOKEN,
      HANSEN, MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, MURPHY, and BYE, Circuit
      Judges.
                            ___________
PER CURIAM.

      This opinion follows an en banc hearing held on July 10, 2001. Bennie
Rozman ("Rozman") appealed the district court's grant of summary judgment to the
City of Columbia Heights ("City") denying Rozman's constitutional and other claims
made following the City's revocation of his rental licenses for a number of apartment
buildings Rozman owned in the City. A panel of this court affirmed the district court
in Rozman v. City of Columbia Heights, 220 F.3d 864 (8th Cir. 2000). On January
17, 2001, the court granted Rozman's petition for rehearing en banc and vacated the
panel opinion. On rehearing en banc, we affirm the district court.

I.    BACKGROUND

      The panel opinion stated the underlying facts as follows:

             The City of Columbia Heights requires owners of residential
      rental property to obtain rental licenses before they may rent their
      properties to tenants. Rental property owners must then renew these
      licenses annually. . . . Since the annual inspection requirement has been
      in effect, City practice has been to schedule a date for rental apartment
      inspection with the landlord, and require that landlords notify their
      tenants that the City intends to conduct the inspection. The inspections
      routinely coincide with the annual renewal of each rental property's
      rental license.

             ....

      Rozman complied with the City's annual inspection program until 1996,
      at which time his concerns about the constitutionality of the program
      motivated him to refuse to perform the landlord's expected role in the
      City's inspection program. Rozman informed the City that he would
      neither give notice to his tenants of the upcoming inspection, nor would
      he grant access to any of the rental units without a showing that the City

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      had either the tenant's consent to enter his or her apartment or a search
      warrant. The City then sent a letter to Rozman threatening to refuse to
      renew his license. . . . [T]he [City] Council voted, on March 10, 1997,
      to revoke Rozman's rental licenses due to his refusal to schedule the
      required annual inspection of the rental units.

Id. at 865-66.

      After hearing argument in this matter and considering the briefs, the en banc
court affirms the judgment of the district court and adopts the panel opinion. We
summarize and amplify the panel opinion.

II.   DISCUSSION

      A.     Rozman's Claims

       In the district court, Rozman claimed in count one that the City deprived him
of his property interest in his rental licenses without due process of law in violation
of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. The district court
determined that the City did not act arbitrarily or capriciously when it revoked
Rozman's licenses because he refused to notify his tenants of an upcoming inspection.
We affirm because the City may constitutionally require landlords to notify their
tenants of an upcoming inspection. Also, Rozman's relief under § 1983 fails because
the City did not deprive him of any constitutional right, privilege, or immunity. We
amplify this determination in our discussion below.

       In count two, Rozman claimed that the City violated his Fourth Amendment
rights when it entered the tenants' apartments without their permission. We affirm
this ruling and agree with the district court that Rozman lacked standing to assert his
tenants' rights.

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       In count three, Rozman claimed that the City violated the Equal Protection
Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and violated 42 U.S.C. § 1985(3) when it
revoked his rental licences without cause. The district court determined that
Rozman's Equal Protection claim failed because he did not establish facts sufficient
for a disparate treatment claim. We affirm because the district court's interpretation
of the Code means that the City had a constitutionally permissible reason to revoke
Rozman's licenses—namely, that he refused to notify his tenants of the upcoming
inspection.

      In counts four through eight, Rozman asserted state law claims. The district
court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over these claims. We also
decline to assert jurisdiction over Rozman's state law claims inasmuch as his federal
claims have been properly dismissed.

       Under count nine, Rozman argued that three sections of the City's Code are
unconstitutional, both facially and as applied. The district court interpreted the City
Code to be constitutional and determined that Rozman had no standing to challenge
the other Code sections. First, as to § 5A.606, we agree with the district court that
Rozman lacked standing to challenge the provision because it applies to occupants
only, not to owners such as Rozman.

       Second, regarding City Code § 5A.603, the district court disposed of Rozman's
claim by interpreting the provision so that it met constitutional muster. In particular,
the district court determined that no person may refuse to consent to an inspection
when the inspector has a valid search warrant. We affirm because the City may
constitutionally require landlords to notify their tenants of an upcoming inspection.
As to § 5A.301, we agree with the district court that Rozman lacked standing to claim
that the notice requirement violated the tenants' rights because he cannot assert the
rights of his tenants.

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      B.     Rehearing Argument

       Oral argument focused on (1) the City's reason for revoking Rozman's licenses;
(2) his substantive due process claim; and (3) whether Rozman was obligated to
attempt to obtain his tenants' consent. Rozman claimed that his refusal to afford the
City access to his tenants' apartments constituted the basis for the non-renewal of the
licenses. Additionally, Rozman argued that he had no right to grant access to
individual tenant's apartments because consent belonged to the individual tenants.
The City's resolution stated the reasons for the non-renewal of the licenses as:

      2.    That as of FEBRUARY 12, 1997, LYNDE INVESTMENTS has
      refused to schedule the required annual inspection of the rental units.

      3.    Based upon said information presented by the Enforcement
      Officer, the following conditions and violations of the City's Housing
      Maintenance Code and Licensing Rental Units were found to exist, to-
      wit:

             A.     FAILURE TO ALLOW ANNUAL INSPECTION
                    OF ALL RENTAL UNITS LOCATED AT . . .

App. of Appellant at 36.

       Regardless of the conflicting factual claim surrounding the events preceding
the revocation of the licenses, there is no dispute that Rozman refused to schedule the
inspections. As we said in the panel opinion, the City may constitutionally require
the landlord to notify tenants of the City inspection. Rozman, 220 F.3d at 868.
Because this requirement is not an irrational act, Chesterfield Dev. Corp. v. City of
Chesterfield, 963 F.2d 1102, 1104-05 (8th Cir. 1992), we determine the requirement
does not violate substantive due process.

                                         -5-
       During oral argument, counsel for the City emphasized that there are two
requirements for an annual inspection. First, the landlord must notify the tenants of
the inspection. Second, the landlord must obtain consent from the tenants to conduct
the inspection.

      On the other hand, Rozman argued that notification and obtaining consent to
inspect amounts to a single requirement of obtaining the tenants' consent. He
maintained that constitutionally he cannot be forced or required to obtain those
consents.

        The district court did not approve of the City's assertion regarding the tenants'
consent. The district court did not specifically address the question of whether
Rozman, in scheduling inspections, needs to obtain, or at least ascertain, whether the
tenants consent to the inspection. As the district court stated: "Plaintiff admits that
it refused to provide notice to its tenants of upcoming maintenance inspections, as the
Code requires. Plaintiff's failure to comply with the Code's requirements justified the
revocation of its licenses, and the City's actions in revoking the licenses were not
arbitrary and capricious." Add. at 6. Thus, the district court relied on the failure to
give notice as a violation of the ordinance without ruling on the matter of consent.

      In its construction of the ordinance, the district court further stated:

             Although it is difficult to discern, plaintiff also seems to be
      arguing that the notice requirement is unconstitutional because it makes
      the landlord liable for the tenants' exercise of their constitutional right
      to refuse consent. Section 5A.301 requires the landlord to give notice
      of an impending inspection to its tenants, and according to plaintiff also
      in effect requires the landlord to consent to the inspections in place of
      the tenants. If a tenant, after receiving notice, refuses to give his or her
      consent to the inspection, the landlord may be in violation of § 5A.603
      if the landlord subsequently refuses to allow entry into the tenant's
      apartment. However, as explained above with respect to plaintiff's

                                          -6-
      challenge to § 5A.603, the landlord cannot violate § 5A.603 unless he
      refuses to provide access to inspectors in the face of a valid search
      warrant. Such a requirement complies with Camara [v. Municipal Court
      of the City and County of San Francisco, 387 U.S. 523, 87 S.Ct. 1727,
      18 L.Ed.2d 930 (1967)] and is constitutional.

Add. at 11.

       For purposes of summary judgment, we will assume that the City initially
refused renewal of the real estate licenses based on Rozman's failure to notify and
obtain the consent of his tenants, at least where the tenants were amenable to
inspection upon request. The City's Code does not specifically address this
notification/consent requirement. See § 5A.301(1).1 As we have observed, the
district court construed the ordinance as requiring a valid search warrant to enter the
tenants' apartments without consent.

      1
          City Code § 5A.301(1) provides in its entirety:

      The City Manager and his/her designated agents, as the Building
      Official who shall administer and enforce the provisions of this
      ordinance, may enter for the purpose of inspection, any rental dwelling
      (whether it be standing alone or as a unit in a larger complex or units),
      or premises, upon twenty-four (24) hours notice to the owner, occupant,
      manager, or person in charge of the rental dwelling or premises.
      Inspection shall be conducted during reasonble [sic] hours, and upon
      request the Building Official shall present evidence of his/her official
      capacity to the owner, occupant or person in charge of a dwelling unit
      sought to be inspected. With regard to owned occupied single family
      dwelling units, the Building Official shall have the authority to enter
      onto the premises, during reasonable hours, for inspection of the exterior
      of the building.

Add. at 19.

                                           -7-
       However, the City's requirement that the owner obtain consent from the tenants
for an inspection represents the City's construction of the ordinance. That
construction may or may not be correct and as previously stated, the district court did
not decide this issue. We need not resolve that construction to decide this case. A
misreading of an ordinance and its consequent violation of state law do not give rise
to an action for violation of substantive due process. Bituminous Materials, Inc. v.
Rice County, Minn., 126 F.3d 1068, 1070 (8th Cir. 1997); Chesterfield Dev. Corp.,
963 F.2d at 1105; Myers v. Scott County, 868 F.2d 1017, 1018 (8th Cir. 1989). In
sum, misinterpretation or misapplication of the City Code does not give rise to a
federal substantive due process claim.

       Moreover, even if the ordinance required the owner in scheduling the
inspection to obtain the consent of willing tenants, we cannot say such requirement
necessarily offends the Due Process Clause. Rozman has cited no authority to make
out a substantive due process violation, i.e., by showing that a governmental power
was exercised arbitrarily and oppressively. See County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523
U.S. 833, 845-46 (1998). The government action must be arbitrary in the
constitutional sense. Collins v. City of Harker Heights, Tex., 503 U.S. 115, 129
(1992).

       We have said that "the theory of substantive due process is properly reserved
for truly egregious and extraordinary cases." Chesterfield Dev. Corp., 963 F.2d at
1105 (quoting Myers, 868 F.2d at 1019). Here, the construction of the City ordinance
does not clearly establish any constitutional violation, even assuming that such
construction of the Code by the City is correct.

       While the action of the City towards Rozman in revoking his real estate
licenses in 1997 may not have complied with the provisions of the law as it may
ultimately be interpreted, that action certainly did not rise to the level of a
constitutional violation of substantive due process.

                                         -8-
      We express no opinion as to whether under state law the ordinance in question
can require Rozman to obtain his tenants' consent to inspection. Such issue and its
possible constitutional ramifications are for the state courts to interpret in the first
instance.

III.   CONCLUSION

     The district court's granting of summary judgment is affirmed. No costs are
awarded on appeal.

MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge, with whom BOWMAN and BYE,
Circuit Judges, join, dissenting.

       I respectfully suggest that the court has incorrectly described Mr. Rozman's
substantive due process claim. Mr. Rozman claimed that his substantive due process
rights were violated when the City revoked his license for refusing to allow the City
to enter his tenants' units to inspect them. On summary judgment, the district court
found that the City revoked Mr. Rozman's license because he failed to notify his
tenants of an upcoming inspection, and a panel of our court approved that holding.
See Rozman v. City of Columbia Heights, 220 F.3d 864 (8th Cir. 2000).

        In the first place, the City directs our attention to no provision of the housing
code that requires landlords to notify tenants of inspections. But the main difficulty
that I see here is that the City itself stated that it revoked Mr. Rozman's license for a
"failure to allow annual inspection," which clearly implies that the City believed that
Mr. Rozman had some affirmative duty to give inspectors access to his tenants'
apartments. As Mr. Rozman correctly points out, this requires him to do something
that he cannot legally do because he has no right to possession of the relevant units.
That right belongs to the tenants because they own a leasehold in those premises.

                                          -9-
       In my opinion, therefore, Mr. Rozman has at the very least produced enough
evidence to survive summary judgment on the question of what the City's motive was
for revoking his license. Furthermore, if the City's motive for revoking the license
was what Mr. Rozman says it was, I think that his substantive due process rights were
violated because the City has conditioned a license on a landlord's commission of a
tort or a crime (trespassing on a tenant's property) or on the commission of an
impossible act (giving a permission that the landlord has no power to give). It would
be difficult to think of something more arbitrary than requiring a person to do the
impossible; such a requirement is a quintessential example of the use of governmental
power "as an instrument of oppression." Davidson v. Cannon, 474 U.S. 344, 348
(1986).

      I therefore respectfully dissent.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                     CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.

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