Court Opinion

ID: 3114708
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 07:26:28.415125+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:45:03.255886
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS
                        SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                             FORT WORTH

                            NO. 02-10-00131-CV

ROGER K. PARSONS                                                APPELLANT

                                     V.

ROBERT M. GREENBERG; LEGAL                                      APPELLEES
SERVICES P.C., ROBERT M.
GREENBERG, ATTORNEY;
ROBERT E. MOTSENBOCKER;
SHAFER, DAVIS, O‘LEARY &
STOKER, INC. F/K/A SHAFER,
DAVIS, MCCOLLUM, ASHLEY,
O‘LEARY & STOKER, INC.; E.I. DU
PONT DE NEMOURS AND
COMPANY; AND CONOCOPHILLIPS
F/K/A CONOCO, INC.

                                  ----------

         FROM THE 17TH DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY

                                  ----------

                       MEMORANDUM OPINION1
                                 ----------
     This appeal arises from a legal malpractice suit by Appellant Roger K.

Parsons against Appellees Robert M. Greenberg; Legal Services P.C.; Robert M.

     1
      See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
Greenberg, Attorney (collectively, Greenberg); Robert E. Motsenbocker; Shafer,

Davis, O‘Leary & Stoker, Inc. f/k/a Shafer, Davis, McCollum, Ashley, O‘Leary &

Stoker, Inc. (collectively, Motsenbocker); E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company

(DuPont); and ConocoPhillips f/k/a Conoco, Inc. (Conoco). We will affirm the trial

court‘s judgment.

                                Background Facts

      In November 1991, Parsons retained Windle Turley and Windle Turley,

P.C. (collectively, Turley) to represent him in wrongful death and survival actions

in connection with the death of his wife (the DuPont litigation). A jury returned a

verdict for Parsons, awarding him $4.75 million in damages and also awarding

punitive damages. The trial court granted judgment notwithstanding the verdict

on the punitive damages but signed a $4.75 million judgment for Parsons.

      In July 1996, Parsons retained Robert Greenberg to sue Turley for legal

malpractice (the Turley litigation) relating to Turley‘s representation of him in the

DuPont litigation.   Later, Parsons also hired Motsenbocker at Greenberg‘s

suggestion.    Turley moved for summary judgment on limitations grounds

because Turley was not served with citation prior to the expiration of the statute

of limitations. The trial court granted summary judgment for Turley, and the

Dallas Court of Appeals affirmed the summary judgment. See Parsons v. Turley,

109 S.W.3d 804, 808–10 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, pet. denied).

      While Parsons appealed the summary judgment, he retained a new

attorney, Kevin Queenan, and filed the instant suit against Greenberg and

                                         2
Motsenbocker for their representation in the Turley litigation. Parsons alleged

claims of misrepresentation and fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, negligence, gross

negligence, and violations of the Deceptive Trade Practices Act against the

attorneys. Greenberg and Motsenbocker filed motions for summary judgment on

all but the legal malpractice claims. The trial court granted the motions.

      Queenan later withdrew as Parsons‘s counsel, and Parsons continued pro

se, adding Conoco and DuPont as defendants in his third amended petition.

Parsons alleged claims for unjust enrichment and conspiracy to defraud against

Conoco and DuPont, sought the imposition of a constructive trust against them,

and sought a declaration that Conoco and DuPont were vicariously liable for the

fraudulent acts of Greenberg and Motsenbocker.

      Conoco and DuPont specially excepted to Parsons‘s fourth amended

petition, and the trial court ordered Parsons to replead his claims against Conoco

and DuPont. After Parsons filed his fifth amended petition, Conoco and DuPont

specially excepted again and moved to dismiss. The trial court granted Conoco

and DuPont‘s special exceptions and dismissed the claims against them.

      Parsons proceeded to trial on the claims of legal malpractice against

Greenberg and Motsenbocker.         The jury found that Greenberg had been

negligent in handling the Turley litigation, that Motsenbocker had not been

negligent, and it awarded Parsons $0 in damages. Parsons appealed.

                                   Discussion

I.   The claims against Greenberg and Motsenbocker

                                         3
      A. Sufficiency of the evidence

      In his first issue, Parsons argues that two of the jury‘s findings are against

the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.           When reviewing an

assertion that the evidence is factually insufficient to support a finding, we set

aside the finding only if, after considering and weighing all of the evidence in the

record pertinent to that finding, we determine that the credible evidence

supporting the finding is so weak, or so contrary to the overwhelming weight of all

the evidence, that the answer should be set aside and a new trial ordered. Pool

v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 635 (Tex. 1986) (op. on reh‘g); Cain v. Bain,

709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986); Garza v. Alviar, 395 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex.

1965). When the party with the burden of proof appeals from a failure to find, the

party must show that the failure to find is against the great weight and

preponderance of the credible evidence. Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d
237, 242 (Tex. 2001); Cropper v. Caterpillar Tractor Co., 754 S.W.2d 646, 651

(Tex. 1988).

                                         4
          1. The jury’s finding that Motsenbocker was not negligent

      In the first subpart of his first issue, Parsons claims that Motsenbocker was

negligent under three theories and that the jury‘s finding that he was not

negligent was against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.2

             a. Lost punitives and statute of limitations deadlines

      Parsons argues that Motsenbocker was negligent in pursuing damages

against Turley when he either knew or should have known that they were not

available and that Motsenbocker was negligent in not arguing that the limitations

period should have been calculated from a later date, thus making service of

citation on Turley timely.

      In his brief, Parsons does not direct us to, nor have we found, any

evidence presented at trial that Motsenbocker knew or should have known that

lost punitives were not available in a legal malpractice case, or that he pursued

them despite this knowledge. An appellate court is not required to search the

appellate record, with no guidance from the briefing party, to determine if the

record supports the party‘s argument.3 Hall v. Stephenson, 919 S.W.2d 454,

466–67 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1996, writ denied).         The only evidence that

      2
       Parsons argues that Greenberg is also negligent under these theories, but
because Parsons does not appeal the jury‘s finding that Greenberg was
negligent, we do not address Parsons‘s arguments pertaining to Greenberg‘s
actions.
      3
        This case includes a reporter‘s record spanning forty-one volumes and a
clerk‘s record of fifty-nine volumes.

                                        5
Parsons does point to pertains to Motsenbocker‘s general responsibility to

research Parsons‘s claims. This is not evidence that lost punitives were not

available, that Motsenbocker pursued them regardless of their unavailability, or

that he was negligent in pursuing them.

      Likewise, Parsons does not direct us to, nor have we found, any evidence

presented at trial that Motsenbocker should have argued in the Turley litigation

that the limitations period should have been calculated from a later date.

Parsons cites only to a bench conference in the reporter‘s record that makes no

mention of the statute of limitations or any deadlines, and to two briefs written by

Motsenbocker and Greenberg that do not address a second accrual date. This is

not evidence that there was another way to calculate the limitations period or that

Motsenbocker was negligent in failing to argue for it. Parsons‘s own testimony at

trial referred to the 1996 date as the correct start of the limitations period for his

claims against Turley. He testified,

              And what Ms. Reggio says in her memorandum—and I‘ll show
      you hopefully after lunch here—is that there is a two-year statute of
      limitations on legal malpractice claims that begin to run—it is—the
      starting time is the date that mandate issued in the—in the appeal of
      Parsons v. DuPont. So that was back in 1996, July the 18th, 1996.

              So two years from that date—or between that time, between
      19—July the 18th, 1996, and July the 18th, 1998, is when you have
      to file a lawsuit; otherwise, your case will be thrown out for reasons
      of not timely perfecting your claims against—against the party, in this
      case Mr. Turley and his law firm.

Parsons later mentions that an opinion in the Turley litigation from the Fifth

Circuit Court of Appeals noted that there was a second, later appeal in the

                                          6
underlying DuPont litigation that possibly could have tolled the limitations period,

but there was no evidence presented that Motsenbocker should have argued for

it or that he was negligent in failing to do so.      Thus, the jury‘s finding that

Motsenbocker was not negligent under these theories is not against the great

weight and preponderance of the evidence.

             b. Failure to serve citation

      Parsons argues that, as his attorney, Motsenbocker was negligent in failing

to serve Turley with citation.    The parties do not dispute that Parsons and

Motsenbocker had an attorney-client relationship; they disagree as to the duties

that that relationship imposed upon Motsenbocker.            A plaintiff in a legal

malpractice suit must prove that (1) the attorney owed the plaintiff a duty, (2) the

attorney breached that duty, (3) the breach proximately caused the plaintiff‘s

injuries, and (4) damages occurred. Peeler v. Hughes & Luce, 909 S.W.2d 494,

496 (Tex. 1995); Stancu v. Stalcup, 127 S.W.3d 429, 432 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2004, no pet.). Parsons argues that Motsenbocker did not present evidence

affirmatively showing that he had declined the duty of overseeing timely service

of citation. We are mindful that it was first Parsons‘s burden to present evidence

that Motsenbocker owed Parsons that duty. See Peeler, 909 S.W.2d at 496.

      Parsons‘s expert Michael Quinn testified at trial that Motsenbocker did not

use due diligence in having citation issued and service achieved on Turley. Then

when asked whether he knew if Greenberg was the one who made the decision

to delay service, Quinn testified that he did not know but that it would not surprise

                                         7
him. Motsenbocker‘s expert Roland Johnson testified that Motsenbocker was not

negligent in ―the role that he had at the time of filing of the lawsuit.‖ Johnson

explained, ―When multiple people work on things, people have different roles.‖ At

the time of filing the original petition, Johnson believed that Motsenbocker‘s role

did not include making sure that citation was served.

       Parsons argues that Johnson‘s testimony was not evidence because it

conflicts with the undisputed facts.    But contrary to Parsons‘s assertion, the

evidence at trial was not that Greenberg was ―completely dependent on

Motsenbocker when it c[a]me[] to pre-trial procedure.‖ Greenberg testified that

he was ―not . . . very good‖ at legal writing and research and so solicited the help

of others in drafting petitions and other motions practice. But neither Greenberg

nor any other witness ever testified that Greenberg and Motsenbocker had

agreed that Motsenbocker alone would be responsible for all pre-trial

procedures.4    In fact, when asked whether Parsons had any knowledge that

Motsenbocker had made an agreement to withhold service of citation to Turley,

Parsons responded, ―No. I have no evidence of that, no.‖

       The undisputed evidence is that Greenberg filed the petition and delayed

service of citation, a practice he had done ―lot[s] of times.‖ Motsenbocker was

never tasked with issuing or serving the citation, and his name was not on the

petition.   Parsons did not plead or argue any sort of vicarious liability that

       4
       If the evidence had shown such an agreement, it would have disproven
any finding of negligence against Greenberg.

                                         8
Motsenbocker might have had for Greenberg‘s actions. See Tex. Disciplinary

Rules Prof‘l Conduct R. 5.01 cmt. 1, reprinted in Tex. Gov‘t Code Ann., tit. 2,

subtit. G, app. A, art. 10 § 9 (West Supp. 2011) (noting the ―general principle that

a lawyer is not vicariously subjected to discipline for the misconduct of another

person‖); see also Tex. Disciplinary Rules Prof‘l Conduct R. 7.01 cmt. 1 (noting

that the prohibition against naming a law firm ―in any manner suggesting such an

ongoing professional relationship‖ because it would ―create the false impression

that the lawyers named have assumed a joint professional responsibility for

clients‘ legal affairs‖). He presented no evidence that when two or more lawyers

take on representation of a client, each lawyer is responsible for overseeing the

other‘s work.   See Dear v. Scottsdale Ins. Co., 947 S.W.2d 908, 918 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 1997, writ denied) (noting that one of the law firms representing the

plaintiff did not participate in or control the prosecution of his counterclaims when

another law firm was hired to prosecute those claims and maintained exclusive

control over them). As Motsenbocker explained,

             If you enter—if you‘re asked to become co-counsel in a case
      that‘s already under progress, by two other very fine lawyers, and
      they ask you to do a specific task, that does not impose, in my
      opinion, a duty on me to go look at all of the work those lawyers
      have done for two years to find out if they might have made a
      mistake. I did what I was asked to do and I did it with reasonable
      prudence and [Parsons was] satisfied with the results of my work.

      Both sides presented expert witnesses to support their positions, and the

jury was free to give each expert‘s testimony the weight it felt was appropriate.

See Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Black, 708 S.W.2d 925, 927 (Tex. App.—Eastland

                                         9
1986, no writ) (noting that the jury was free to believe one expert‘s testimony and

to reject that of another when both sides presented expert witnesses). Johnson

testified that he had reviewed documents and ―satisfied [himself] about the

particular activity of Mr. Motsenbocker, as it related to the filing and the service

issues in this lawsuit that we‘re here today about.‖      Parsons‘s expert Quinn

testified that he had not reviewed documents or testimony that described

Motsenbocker‘s role in the Turley litigation other than the testimony presented at

trial before he took the stand. Quinn stated he only heard portions of Parsons‘s

testimony. He acknowledged that other than the trial testimony that he heard, he

had no basis for rendering an opinion as to Motsenbocker‘s alleged negligence.

The jury was free to believe Johnson‘s testimony and disbelieve Quinn‘s. Its

determination that Motsenbocker was not negligent in his duties to Parsons is not

against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.

         2. The jury’s finding of $0 damages

      In the second subpart of his first issue, Parsons claims that the jury‘s

finding that he suffered zero damages was against the great weight and

preponderance of the evidence. ―[A] malpractice plaintiff may recover damages

for attorney‘s fees paid in the underlying case to the extent the fees were

proximately caused by the defendant attorney‘s negligence.‖           Akin, Gump,

Strauss, Hauer & Feld, L.L.P. v. Nat’l Dev. & Research Corp., 299 S.W.3d 106,

122 (Tex. 2009). Parsons was therefore required to prove what amount he paid

to Greenberg and Motsenbocker that he would not have had to pay but for

                                        10
Greenberg‘s negligence. ―Causation must be proved, and conjecture, guess, or

speculation will not suffice as that proof.‖ Id.

      Parsons‘s evidence at trial on damages consisted of bills from various

entities and checks that he wrote throughout the course of the Turley litigation.

Parsons did not present evidence as to which bills were proximately caused by

Greenberg‘s negligence, or conversely, what bills he would have had to pay

regardless of any negligence. See id. (citing Thomas D. Morgan, Lawyer Law:

Comparing the ABA Model Rules and the ALI Restatement (Third) of the Law

Governing Lawyers 98 (2005) (distinguishing malpractice from fee forfeiture and

noting that the ―key distinction‖ is that a fee forfeited ―need have no relation to

actual damages suffered by the client‖)). He argues that even if the evidence

were unclear as to precisely how much damage Parsons actually suffered, the

jury ―could have arrived at a number of plausible damages awards‖ and thus, the

award of zero damages is illogical. But even if the jury could have sifted through

eight years of bills and determined which tasks were related to defending against

the summary judgment motion on failure to diligently serve citation, Parsons

would still fail to meet his burden under Akin, Gump.

      In Akin, Gump, the plaintiff NDR sued its attorneys for failing to request

certain jury instructions in the underlying trial against Panda. 299 S.W.3d at 111.

The supreme court held that NDR could not recoup any of the attorneys‘ fees it

paid to Akin Gump in appealing its loss at trial because it did not present

                                          11
evidence that it would not have otherwise had to pay some appellate fees. Id. at

123. It said,

            There is no evidence that if NDR had recovered a favorable
      judgment in the Panda suit, it would not have paid appellate fees to
      defend the judgment. The evidence does not show that if NDR had
      obtained a favorable judgment, Panda would not have appealed the
      case or that NDR would not have defended its judgment on appeal if
      Panda appealed.

Id. Under the reasoning of Akin, Gump, Parsons could only have met his burden

by presenting evidence that if Greenberg had diligently served Turley and the

case had proceeded, there would have been no other appeal in the case for

which Parsons would have paid attorneys‘ fees. It is not enough to show that

Parsons would not have had to pay attorneys‘ fees for the appeal of the summary

judgment based on lack of diligence in serving citation. And while we agree with

Parsons that it is a difficult burden to bear, it is nonetheless the burden that

Parsons had to meet and he did not meet it.

      Because there was no evidence of the amount of damages proximately

caused by Greenberg‘s negligence, the jury‘s award of $0 damages is not

against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.          We overrule

Parson‘s first issue.5

      5
       Parsons also appears to argue that the trial court erred by entering
judgment for Greenberg and Motsenbocker consistent with the jury‘s findings
because the trial court was aware of information outside the record that,
according to Parsons, demonstrated negligence by the attorneys. To the extent
that Parsons argues that the trial court should have considered information not in
evidence, we overrule that argument. See Pool, 715 S.W.2d at 635 (noting that
the appellate court reviews a factual sufficiency challenge based on the evidence

                                       12
      B. Procedural errors

      In his second issue, Parsons argues that the trial court committed three

procedural errors that prejudiced the jury against Parsons.

             1. The trial court did not err by allowing evidence of Parsons’s
             conspiracy theories to be admitted.

      The morning of voir dire, Parsons filed a supplemental motion in limine,

which is not in the record, seeking to exclude all references to any conspiracy

theories Parsons might have had. The defendants objected that the motion was

untimely, and the trial court declined to hear it.

      Five hours later, during voir dire, Lisa Blue6 asked the jurors,

             Roger Parsons with an S, has anyone ever Googled Mr.
      Roger Parsons? Anybody ever Googled him? Is there anybody on
      the jury, just raise your hand quickly, now, this is confusing, George
      Bush, the father, . . . how many of you think George Bush, the father,
      did a good job, raise your hand?

Parsons objected, saying, ―I would like to object, Your Honor. May we approach

and discuss this?‖ A bench conference was held off the record after which Blue

returned to voir dire.

in the record); see also K-Mart No. 4195 v. Judge, 515 S.W.2d 148, 155 (Tex.
Civ. App.—Beaumont 1974, writ dism‘d) (―[I]t would seem most inappropriate for
the court to consider evidence outside its own record notwithstanding prior
precedent supports such practice.‖).
      6
       Blue represented Greenberg for the purposes of voir dire. Blue, as the
executrix of the estate of Frederick M. Baron, and Baron & Budd, P.C. were also
defendants in this case. The trial court granted summary judgment for them,
which was upheld on appeal. See Parsons v. Baron, No. 02-09-00380-CV, 2011
WL 3546617, at *1 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 11, 2011, no pet. hist.) (mem.
op.).

                                          13
      Parsons argues that Blue‘s line of questioning during voir dire was

prejudicial. Normally, to preserve a complaint for appellate review, a party must

have presented to the trial court a timely request, objection, or motion that states

the specific grounds for the desired ruling, if they are not apparent from the

context of the request, objection, or motion. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); see also

Tex. R. Evid. 103(a)(1). If a party fails to do this, error is not preserved, and the

complaint is waived. Bushell v. Dean, 803 S.W.2d 711, 712 (Tex. 1991) (op. on

reh‘g). Parsons argues that he preserved his complaint because the grounds for

his objection were apparent from the context.        See Tex. R. Evid. 103(a)(1).

However, it is not clear from the record what Parsons‘s objection was, whether

he argued that the question was prejudicial, or whether he objected on some

other grounds. The questions to which Parsons objected did not include any

references to conspiracy theories, and later when Blue did mention Parsons‘s

belief in a conspiracy, Parsons did not object. The same information also came

in at trial when Motsenbocker questioned Parsons regarding conspiracy theories

and George H.W. Bush. Parsons objected but stated no basis for his objection,

and it was overruled.

      Parsons argues that he did not have to renew his objections under rule

103(a)(1) of the rules of evidence. See Tex. R. Evid. 103(a)(1). Rule 103(a)(1)

states, in part, ―When the court hears objections to offered evidence out of the

presence of the jury and rules that such evidence be admitted, such objections

shall be deemed to apply to such evidence when it is admitted before the jury

                                         14
without the necessity of repeating those objections.‖ Id. However, as stated

above, there is no ruling on the record. Therefore, Parsons has not preserved

this complaint for our review.

             2. The trial court did not err in its instructions to Parsons
             regarding admission of evidence.

      Parsons argues that the trial court ―[a]ctively obscure[red]‖ evidentiary

issues, ―played ‗hide the ball,‘‖ and allowed opposing counsel to ―bully‖ Parsons

by not providing Parsons with more guidance in his attempts to admit evidence.

Numerous times during trial, opposing counsel objected to Parsons‘s offers of

evidence on the grounds that the evidence lacked foundation. In most instances,

the trial court asked Parsons if he would like to continue in attempting to

establish a foundation for admission. The trial court admitted some of Parsons‘s

evidence over objections but excluded other evidence.

      Parsons‘s argument on appeal contains no authority supporting his

contention that the trial court‘s instructions and rulings were improper; thus, it is

inadequately briefed. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i) (requiring an appellant‘s brief

to contain clear and concise arguments ―with appropriate citations to

authorities‖); see also Fredonia State Bank v. Gen. Am. Life Ins. Co., 881 S.W.2d
279, 284–85 (Tex. 1994) (discussing the ―long-standing rule‖ that a point may be

waived due to inadequate briefing).      We also note that it is not the court‘s

                                         15
responsibility to school a pro se litigant in legal terminology and procedure.7 See,

e.g., Rymer v. Lewis, 206 S.W.3d 732, 736 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.)

(noting that public policy demands that a trial judge act with absolute impartiality

and not act as an advocate for any party). Parsons elected to represent himself,

and he was bound to the same standards as licensed attorneys. See Cheng v.

Wang, 315 S.W.3d 668, 672 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.) (noting that pro

se litigant‘s difficulties with the technicalities of a trial do not constitute grounds

for reversal) (citing Mansfield State Bank v. Cohn, 573 S.W.2d 181, 184–85 (Tex.

      7
       We further note that Parsons appeared to understand what it means to
―lay the foundation‖ for the admission of evidence, as shown in this exchange
during trial,

      MR. PARSONS: Okay. Thank you. Your Honor, I offer Plaintiff‘s
      Exhibit No. 31 as --

      MR. ROSS: Objection, lacks foundation.

      THE COURT: Mr. Parsons, would you like to lay a foundation for
      this exhibit?

      MR. PARSONS: Yes, ma‘am. I thought I had just done that in the
      trial.

      ....

      MR. ROSS: Your Honor, we‘d like to withdraw our objection. I have
      no objection to this document coming in.

      THE COURT: Thank you, Mr. Ross. Hearing no objection to
      Plaintiff‘s Exhibit No. 31, that exhibit is admitted into evidence at this
      time.

                                          16
1978) (―There cannot be two sets of procedural rules, one for litigants with

counsel and the other for litigants representing themselves.‖)).

             3. The trial court did not err by submitting the question on
             damages to the jury.

      Parsons argues that the jury charge regarding damages was worded such

that it ―proximately caused‖ the jury to award zero damages. Parsons did not

object to the question before the charge was read to the jury, as required by the

rules of civil procedure. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 272. During the charge conference,

the only reference Parsons made to Question 3 was

             Regarding Question 3, I‘ve—I would like to have an additional
      Question 4 that similarly worded, but instead of regarding the
      damages—I mean, the amounts paid by Roger Parsons would be
      the amounts lost by Roger Parsons by the loss of the legal action
      that the defendants were hired to handle named Parsons v. Turley.
      Those are my objections, Your Honor.

Parsons‘s statement does not appear to be an objection to Question 3 at all,

much less the same objection that he now attempts to make on appeal. See

Banda v. Garcia, 955 S.W.2d 270, 272 (Tex. 1997) (noting that the complaint on

appeal must be the same as that presented in the trial court). Parsons argues

that he objected to Question 3 in his motion for new trial. This is not sufficient to

preserve error without an objection during the charge conference.               See

Kirkpatrick v. Mem’l Hosp. of Garland, 862 S.W.2d 762, 769 (Tex. App.—Dallas

1993, writ denied) (―Objections to the charge in a motion for a new trial are

untimely and preserve nothing for review.‖). Because Parsons did not timely

                                         17
object, he has waived his objection. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 272; Tex. R. App. P.

33.1. We overrule Parsons‘s second issue.

      C. The August 11, 2008 order

      In his third issue, Parsons argues that the trial court issued an order sua

sponte that incorrectly limited Parsons‘s recovery to a regurgitation of fees paid

to Greenberg and Motsenbocker.

      We first note that the August 11, 2008 order was not sua sponte but an

order on the defendants‘ motion to exclude expert testimony.        In May 2008,

Motsenbocker filed a motion (joined by Greenberg) for partial summary judgment

on Parsons‘s claim for lost punitive damages (that is, the punitive damages

Parsons alleged he would have recovered from Turley but for Greenberg and

Motsenbocker‘s negligence). Motsenbocker argued that lost punitive damages in

a legal malpractice action were barred as a matter of law. The trial court granted

Motsenbocker‘s motion, and because Parsons would not be allowed to seek lost

punitives at trial, Motsenbocker (joined by Greenberg) then moved to exclude

Parsons‘s proposed expert testimony on matters pertaining to lost punitives. The

August 11, 2008 order granted Motsenbocker‘s motion stating,

            On July 11, 2008, the Court heard [Motsenbocker‘s] ―Motion to
      Exclude Testimony of Plaintiff‘s Designated Experts‖ . . . . [T]he
      Court hereby finds and orders as follows:

            By Order entered June 6, 2008, the Court has previously
      granted [Motsenbocker‘s] Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and
      has ordered that Plaintiff take nothing on his claims for lost punitive
      damages. Based upon that ruling, the Court finds that the only
      alleged damages the Plaintiff is entitled to recover in this case are

                                        18
      the attorneys[‘] fees and expenses that he paid to the Defendants
      and all other expenses Plaintiff paid to others, including, but not
      limited to, expert witness fees and investigator fees and expenses in
      pursuing his claims against Windle Turley. Based upon the Court‘s
      rulings, insofar as the proffered testimony of Plaintiff‘s proposed
      experts are not relevant to Plaintiff‘s claims against these
      Defendants, such testimony should be excluded at the trial of the
      case.

             IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED
      that the testimony of [Parsons‘s proposed experts on lost punitive
      damages], all as set forth in their reports offered into evidence in this
      hearing, be excluded from the trial of this case in their entirety.

            IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED
      that any testimony of Michael Quinn relating to his opinion as to any
      breaches of duty of Windle Turley constituting negligence, gross
      negligence, breaches of fiduciary duties, or other matters related to
      the DuPont or Conoco litigation, and the amount of compensatory
      damages or punitive damages that could have been awarded in the
      DuPont and/or Conoco litigation is hereby excluded in the trial of this
      case.

      Parsons argues on appeal that the August 11, 2008 order was overbroad

and incorrectly limited his recovery to the fees he paid the attorneys because he

had other live causes of action at the time of the order, including a claim for gross

negligence, for which other damages are recoverable. Parsons received a copy

of the proposed order at the hearing and asked for ―a couple of days to respond‖

to the proposed wording. There is nothing in the record showing that, in the

month between the hearing and the date the trial judge signed the order, Parsons

ever objected to the language as overbroad, nor is there any evidence that

Parsons made an objection to the trial court after the order was signed. Because

                                         19
Parsons never made an objection to the trial court, he has waived the issue on

appeal.8 See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); Bushell, 803 S.W.2d at 712.

      Even if he had preserved the error, two partial summary judgments

ordered that Parsons take nothing on his other, non-negligence claims prior to

trial. Because we will uphold those summary judgments, Parsons has suffered

no harm by the limiting of his recovery in the August 11, 2008 order. See Tex. R.

App. P. 44.1(a) (noting that the appellate court may not reverse a judgment

unless the error caused harm to the appellant); Romero v. KPH Consolidation,

Inc., 166 S.W.3d 212, 225 (Tex. 2005). Parsons‘s argument that the August 11,

2008 order erroneously prevented the trial judge from considering evidence on

damages related to Parsons‘s gross negligence and fraud claims when she ruled

on the defendant‘s motion for summary judgment was also never presented to

the trial court and thus was waived. See Bushell, 803 S.W.2d at 712. Further,

none of the parties argued in their motions for summary judgment that Parsons‘s

claims should be dismissed because Parsons could not present evidence of

damages beyond the fees he paid. Thus, it could not have been the ground on

which summary judgment was granted. See State Farm Lloyds v. Page, 315
S.W.3d 525, 532 (Tex. 2010) (noting that a court cannot grant summary

      8
       We also note that contrary to his position on appeal, in the hearing on
Parsons‘s motion for leave of court to amend his petition for the sixth time,
Parsons argued that Greenberg and Motsenbocker misinterpreted the August 11,
2008 order and stated that the order ―was limited to really saying that you could
not recover punitive damages in a legal malpractice case.‖

                                       20
judgment on grounds not presented in the motion); Timpte Indus., Inc. v. Gish,

286 S.W.3d 306, 310 (Tex. 2009).       In fact, in the hearing on the attorneys‘

motions for summary judgment, Parsons stated,

              We don‘t have a ruling that this is a legal malpractice case.
      We‘ve had a ruling that the Motsenbocker defendants and
      Greenberg defendants have joined in [a] motion for summary
      judgment as to damages as to what—whether I can collect punitive
      damages in this case, lost punitive damages. And all the Court said
      is, [―]No, you can‘t.[‖]

      In his reply brief on appeal, Parsons also appears to make a due process

argument.      Parsons did not make this argument to the trial court (or in his

opening brief on appeal). As a rule, a claim, including a constitutional claim,

must have been asserted in the trial court in order to be raised on appeal.

Dreyer v. Greene, 871 S.W.2d 697, 698 (Tex. 1993) (citing Wood v. Wood, 159
Tex. 350, 320 S.W.2d 807, 813 (1959)). Parsons‘s constitutional argument is not

properly before us and we will not address it.     See id. (refusing to address

constitutional arguments not asserted in the trial court). We overrule Parsons‘s

third issue.

      D. Partial summary judgments

      In Parsons‘s fourth through seventh issues, he complains of partial

summary judgments dismissing his claims against Greenberg and Motsenbocker

for fraud, unjust enrichment, breach of fiduciary duty, and gross negligence. We

review a summary judgment de novo. Travelers Ins. Co. v. Joachim, 315 S.W.3d
860, 862 (Tex. 2010). We consider the evidence presented in the light most

                                       21
favorable to the nonmovant, crediting evidence favorable to the nonmovant if

reasonable jurors could, and disregarding evidence contrary to the nonmovant

unless reasonable jurors could not. Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v.

Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex. 2009).          We indulge every reasonable

inference and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant‘s favor.          20801, Inc. v.

Parker, 249 S.W.3d 392, 399 (Tex. 2008).           A defendant who conclusively

negates at least one essential element of a cause of action is entitled to

summary judgment on that claim. Frost Nat’l Bank v. Fernandez, 315 S.W.3d
494, 508 (Tex. 2010); see Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(b), (c). When a party moves for

summary judgment on both no-evidence and traditional grounds, we will first

review the trial court‘s judgment under the no-evidence standard. Ford Motor

Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 600 (Tex. 2004). If the appellant failed to

produce more than a scintilla of evidence under that burden, then there is no

need to analyze whether the appellees‘ summary judgment proof satisfied the

less stringent rule 166a(c) burden. Id.

            1. Fraud

         In his fourth issue, Parsons argues that the trial court erred by granting

summary judgment for Motsenbocker and Greenberg on Parsons‘s claim for

fraud.    The only theory of fraud that Parsons argues on appeal is that the

attorneys researched and prepared a claim against Turley for fraud on the court

but never filed it. Motsenbocker argues that this specific theory of fraud was not

alleged in the live pleading at the time of the summary judgment. We cannot

                                          22
determine whether the theory was or was not pleaded in Parsons‘s fourth

amended petition because the petition does not appear in the record before us.

However, we do not need to supplement the record with the relevant pleading

because even if Parsons pleaded this theory, he failed to produce any evidence

that the attorneys committed fraud by failing to file the fraud-on-the-court claim

against Turley.

      To prevail on his fraud claim, Parsons must prove that: (1) Greenberg and

Motsenbocker made a material representation that was false; (2) they knew the

representation was false or made it recklessly as a positive assertion without any

knowledge of its truth; (3) they intended to induce Parsons to act upon the

representation; and (4) Parsons actually and justifiably relied upon the

representation and thereby suffered injury. Ernst & Young, L.L.P. v. Pac. Mut.

Life Ins. Co., 51 S.W.3d 573, 577 (Tex. 2001). To support his claim, Parsons

points to his affidavit, which stated that Greenberg and Motsenbocker told him

that there was enough evidence to support a fraud-on-the-court claim against

Turley and that the attorneys never filed the claim. This is not evidence that the

attorneys never intended to file the claim or that they told Parsons they would file

the claim with no intention to do so.9 Because Parsons did not produce evidence

      9
       Parsons argues that the trial court erroneously struck two paragraphs
from one of his affidavits. Parsons‘s first complaint, that the trial court
erroneously struck a description of hiring an investigator, is immaterial because it
is not evidence that the attorneys never intended to file the claim. Parsons‘s
second complaint, that the trial court erroneously struck an entire paragraph
when only some of it was speculative, is devoid of any citation to authority and

                                        23
on every element of his fraud claim, the trial court did not err by granting

summary judgment in favor of Greenberg and Motsenbocker on the fraud claim.

See Frost Nat’l Bank, 315 S.W.3d at 508. We overrule Parsons‘s fourth issue.

           2. Unjust enrichment

        On appeal, Parsons‘s argument regarding the dismissal of his claim of

unjust enrichment contains no authority and thus, it is inadequately briefed. See

Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i) (requiring an appellant‘s brief to contain clear and concise

arguments ―with appropriate citations to authorities‖); see also Fredonia State

Bank, 881 S.W.2d at 284–85 (discussing the ―long-standing rule‖ that a point

may be waived due to inadequate briefing). Further, Parsons asserted in the trial

court that he did not sue Greenberg and Motsenbocker for unjust enrichment.

We overrule Parsons‘s fifth issue.

           3. Breach of fiduciary duty

        In his sixth issue, Parsons argues that the trial court erred by granting

summary judgment in favor of the attorneys on his claim for breach of fiduciary

duty.

               The elements of a breach of fiduciary duty claim are: (1) a
        fiduciary relationship between the plaintiff and defendant, (2) a
        breach by the defendant of his fiduciary duty to the plaintiff, and
        (3) an injury to the plaintiff or benefit to the defendant as a result of
        the defendant‘s breach.‖

thus, inadequately briefed. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i); see also Fredonia State
Bank, 881 S.W.2d at 284–85.

                                           24
Lindley v. McKnight, 349 S.W.3d 113, 124 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2011, no pet.)

(quoting Lundy v. Masson, 260 S.W.3d 482, 501 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 2008, pet. denied)).

      Parsons claims that it was a breach of fiduciary duty for the attorneys (1) to

bill Parsons for work on his fraud-on-the-court claim when they had no intention

of filing it; and (2) to handle the appeals of the dismissal of the Turley litigation

themselves ―without telling Parsons that their error was the reason for the

dismissal‖ and when reversal of the dismissal ―was more likely with another

attorney.‖ First, as we stated above, there is no evidence that the attorneys

never intended to file the fraud-on-the-court claim. Second, Parsons cites to no

evidence that supports his contention that the attorneys never told Parsons the

reason for the dismissal or that reversal would be ―more likely‖ with different

appellate counsel. He argues without support that the attorneys ―insisted‖ on

handling the appeals in the Turley litigation.      This is not evidence that the

attorneys breached any fiduciary duty to Parsons that they may have had. We

overrule Parsons‘s sixth issue.

         4. Gross negligence

      In his seventh issue, Parsons argues that the attorneys committed gross

negligence by pursuing a claim against Turley for lost punitive damages without

conducting the proper research. The factor that ―lifts ordinary negligence into

gross negligence is the mental attitude of the defendant . . . .‖ Burk Royalty Co.

v. Walls, 616 S.W.2d 911, 922 (Tex. 1981). That is, Parsons was required to

                                         25
demonstrate that Greenberg and Motsenbocker were ―consciously, i.e.,

knowingly, indifferent to his rights, welfare and safety.‖ Id.

      As evidence of Greenberg and Motsenbocker‘s failure to properly research

the claim, Parsons points to the fact that the attorneys successfully defended

against a claim for lost punitives when Parsons asserted it against them in the

present case. That the state of the law in 2008—when the attorneys moved for

partial summary judgment on Parsons‘s claim for lost punitive damages—was

such that the attorneys argued that lost punitives were barred as a matter of law

does nothing to demonstrate that the law was so in 1998, when the attorneys

filed the Turley litigation. Further, as Parsons noted in the trial court, Texas law

had at one point provided for the recovery of punitive damages as compensatory

damages in a legal malpractice case. See Patterson & Wallace v. Frazer, 93
S.W. 146, 148 (San Antonio 1906), rev’d on other grounds, 100 Tex. 103, 94
S.W. 324 (1906). Parsons also noted in the trial court that he had found no case

explicitly overruling Patterson.   Nor have we.      Greenberg and Motsenbocker

made a policy argument in their defense with which the trial court agreed. That is

not evidence that Greenberg and Motsenbocker knew ten years earlier that

pursuing lost punitive damages was a worthless endeavor. Parsons cites to no

other evidence except for a paragraph from one of his affidavits which was

objected to and excluded by the trial court. Parsons did not complain of the

exclusion on appeal. Thus, Parsons has presented no evidence to support his

claim of gross negligence. We overrule Parsons‘s seventh issue.

                                          26
       Because we hold there is no evidence to support Parsons‘s claims of

fraud, unjust enrichment, breach of fiduciary duty, or gross negligence, we do not

reach his argument that the claims were not impermissible fracturing of his legal

malpractice claim. See Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d at 600 (noting that there is no

need to analyze summary judgment arguments under the traditional summary

judgment burden of proof if the appellant failed to produce more than a scintilla of

evidence under the no-evidence summary judgment burden); see also Tex. R.

App. P. 47.1.

II.   The motion to disqualify

       Parsons‘s argument on his eighth issue—that it was error for the trial court

to refuse to hear his motion to disqualify a judge after he retired—is comprised of

two sentences, with no cites to supporting authority, other than to rule of civil

procedure 18b and rule of appellate procedure 16, with no explanation of how

these rules apply to the issue here.10 An inadequately briefed issue may be

waived on appeal. Hall, 919 S.W.2d at 467; see also Fredonia State Bank, 881
S.W.2d at 284–85. Parsons has waived this issue on appeal, and we overrule

his eighth issue.

       10
        We further note that neither the motion nor the order was found in the
record before us.

                                        27
III.   The claims against DuPont and Conoco

       A. Partial summary judgment

       Parsons presents his ninth issue as a complaint that the trial court erred by

granting partial summary judgment in favor of Greenberg and Motsenbocker on

the issue that lost punitives are not recoverable against a legal malpractice

defendant.     However, his argument on this issue does not attempt to

demonstrate why the summary judgment was in error, claiming only that because

Parsons was not allowed to seek lost punitives against Greenberg and

Motsenbocker, DuPont and Conoco unjustly benefitted somehow.             Parsons‘s

argument on appeal is entirely without citation to authority, is inadequately

briefed, and is thus waived. Fredonia State Bank, 881 S.W.2d at 284–85. We

overrule Parsons‘s ninth issue.

       B. Special exceptions

       In Parsons‘s tenth issue, he argues that the trial court erroneously granted

Conoco and DuPont‘s special exceptions and erred by granting their motion to

dismiss.   Special exceptions may be used to challenge the sufficiency of a

pleading. Friesenhahn v. Ryan, 960 S.W.2d 656, 658 (Tex. 1998). A special

exception must point out a particular pleading and ―intelligibly and with

particularity the defect, omission, obscurity, duplicity, generality, or other

insufficiency in the allegations in the pleading excepted to.‖ Tex. R. Civ. P. 91.

When the trial court sustains special exceptions, it must give the pleader an

opportunity to amend the pleading. Friesenhahn, 960 S.W.2d at 658. If a party

                                        28
refuses to amend, or the amended pleading fails to state a cause of action, then

summary judgment may be granted. Id. We review a trial court‘s decision to

sustain special exceptions under an abuse of discretion standard. Mowbray v.

Avery, 76 S.W.3d 663, 678 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2002, pet. denied).

      In his third amended petition, Parsons added claims against DuPont and

Conoco. Parsons alleged that DuPont and Conoco were unjustly enriched by

Greenberg and Motsenbocker‘s alleged fraud and breach of fiduciary duty to

Parsons, and he sought the imposition of a constructive trust over funds that

―should have been rightfully paid‖ to him had Greenberg and Motsenbocker filed

a fraud-upon-the-court cause of action. DuPont and Conoco specially excepted,

arguing that (1) unjust enrichment is not an independent cause of action, and (2)

Parsons did not identify the funds that would be subject to a constructive trust.

The trial court sustained the special exceptions and granted Parsons leave to file

a fifth amended petition to replead his claims against DuPont and Conoco.11

      Parsons filed his amended petition,12 which included new allegations that

unjust enrichment is an independent cause of action; that DuPont and Conoco

were unjustly enriched by Greenberg and Motsenbocker‘s actions as well as the

actions of ―such other entity or person(s) that [Parsons] may demonstrate at trial‖;

      11
        There is presumably a fourth amended petition but it does not appear in
the record before us.
      12
       The fifth amended petition also does not appear in the record except as
an exhibit to DuPont and Conoco‘s special exceptions and motion to dismiss.

                                        29
and identified the res of the constructive trust as DuPont and Conoco‘s insurance

policy. DuPont and Conoco specially excepted again, arguing that Parsons‘s

new allegations still did not state a cause of action against them. After a hearing

on the motion, the trial court granted the special exceptions and dismissed

Parsons‘s causes of actions against DuPont and Conoco. The trial court‘s order

also stated that the claims against DuPont and Conoco for unjust enrichment and

constructive trust were not ripe.

      On appeal, Parsons does not address the dismissal grounds that his

claims against DuPont and Conoco were not ripe. Because he has not attacked

ripeness, we affirm the dismissal on that ground. See Gross v. Carroll, 339
S.W.3d 718, 723 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.) (affirming

dismissal of plaintiff‘s claims because he failed to challenge all grounds on which

the dismissal could have been based); Britton v. Texas Dep’t of Criminal Justice,

95 S.W.3d 676, 681 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.) (affirming

granting of a plea to the jurisdiction because the plaintiff did not attack all

grounds supporting the grant). We overrule Parsons‘s tenth issue.

                                        30
                                  Conclusion

       Having overruled all of Parsons‘s issues on appeal, we affirm the judgment

of the trial court.

                                                  LEE GABRIEL
                                                  JUSTICE

PANEL: WALKER, McCOY, and GABRIEL, JJ.

DELIVERED: February 2, 2012

                                       31