Court Opinion

ID: 4507618
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-02-14 10:05:00.476924+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:46:52.799345
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

 PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                      UNPUBLISHED
                                                                       February 13, 2020
                Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v                                                                     No. 342621
                                                                       Roscommon Circuit Court
 TYLER MATTHEW BRIGHAM,                                                LC No. 17-007819-FH

                Defendant-Appellant.

Before: FORT HOOD, P.J., and BECKERING and BOONSTRA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Defendant, Tyler Matthew Brigham, appeals as of right his conviction by a jury of third-
degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC-III), MCL 750.520d(1)(b) (penetration using force or
coercion). The trial court sentenced him to 35 months’ to 15 years’ imprisonment. We affirm.

         Defendant’s conviction arose from the sexual penetration of the victim, CP, during the
early morning hours of February 14, 2016, after an informal party at a home in Roscommon. In a
police interview after CP reported the incident, defendant denied having any sexual contact at all
with CP that night. The police initially believed him. After testing of CP’s underwear showed
DNA consistent with defendant, the police concluded that he had lied in his interview, and
defendant was charged with CSC-III. At trial, defendant’s attorney, Aaron Coltrane, focused from
the outset—by way of his arguments and witness examinations—on a defense of consensual sex,
although in the midst of trial he also tried to plant a small seed of doubt regarding whether any sex
had occurred at all. After his conviction, defendant filed a motion for a new trial, which the trial
court denied. This Court granted defendant’s motion for a remand, and an evidentiary hearing
took place regarding defendant’s claim that Coltrane had rendered ineffective assistance of counsel
at trial. After the evidentiary hearing, the trial court again denied defendant’s motion for a new
trial.

                       I. UNPRESERVED ALLEGATIONS OF ERROR

        Defendant contends that trial errors occurred in connection with (1) testimony and
commentary regarding defendant’s credibility during his police interview, (2) statements by the
trial court that allegedly amounted to testimony, and (3) testimony by the police regarding

                                                -1-
defendant’s failure to submit to a second interview. He also contends that, in each instance,
Coltrane rendered ineffective assistance of counsel by failing to object to or otherwise address the
errors.

       This Court reviews unpreserved issues for plain error affecting substantial rights. People
v Carines, 460 Mich. 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). Under the plain-error doctrine, reversal is
warranted if a “clear or obvious” error occurred that “affected the outcome of the lower court
proceedings.” Id. And even if this standard is satisfied,

       an appellate court must exercise its discretion in deciding whether to reverse.
       Reversal is warranted only when the plain, forfeited error resulted in the conviction
       of an actually innocent defendant or when an error seriously affected the fairness,
       integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings independent of the defendant’s
       innocence. [Id. at 763-764 (citation, quotation marks, and brackets omitted).]

        “Whether a person has been denied effective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of
fact and constitutional law. A judge must first find the facts, and then must decide whether those
facts constitute a violation of the defendant’s constitutional right to effective assistance of
counsel.” People v LeBlanc, 465 Mich. 575, 579; 640 NW2d 246 (2002). The court’s findings of
fact are reviewed for clear error, and questions of constitutional law are reviewed de novo. Id.

        To obtain relief based on ineffective assistance of counsel, a party “must show that
counsel’s performance fell short of [an] . . . objective standard of reasonableness and that, but for
counsel’s deficient performance, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the . . . trial
would have been different.” People v Ackley, 497 Mich. 381, 389; 870 NW2d 858 (2015)
(quotation marks, citation, and brackets omitted). “A reasonable probability is a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted).
A defendant must overcome a strong presumption that counsel’s actions were based on sound trial
strategy. Id. at 388.

             A. COMMENTARY REGARDING DEFENDANT’S CREDIBILITY

        Defendant contends that Trooper Tyler Dougherty and Lieutenant Rick Sekely with the
Michigan State Police improperly testified that defendant was not credible during his police
interview when he said that no sex had taken place between him and CP. Defendant also takes
exception to certain comments the trial court and prosecutor made in connection with the
testimony. Finally, defendant objects to a statement made by Trooper Dougherty during the
interview itself.

                                 1. PLAIN-ERROR ANALYSIS

       We note, initially, that certain portions of the testimony and commentary cited by defendant
were simply not erroneous. “It is generally improper for a witness to comment or provide an

                                                 -2-
opinion on the credibility of another witness,[1] because credibility matters are to be determined by
the jury.” People v Dobek, 274 Mich. App. 58, 71; 732 NW2d 546 (2007); see also People v Musser,
494 Mich. 337, 349; 835 NW2d 319 (2013). However, a witness may comment on another
witness’s demeanor. See, generally, Dobek, 274 Mich. App. at 71. Accordingly, Trooper
Dougherty’s testimony about defendant’s demeanor of leaning back during the interview and
Coltrane’s reference to this demeanor during questioning were not plainly erroneous. In addition,
Trooper Dougherty’s statement that “we have our . . . ways of . . . talking to somebody to try to
figure out the truth” was not a direct comment on defendant’s credibility and therefore was not
plainly erroneous. Nor did Lieutenant Sekely, during his testimony, directly comment on
defendant’s credibility; he answered a hypothetical question about what it means if he obtains a
statement from a person and the “statement was [the] complete opposite of what the evidence
shows.” And he again was answering a hypothetical question when opining that lying to police
officers is worse than lying to one’s mother about eating a cookie. Finally, the trial court did not
directly comment on defendant’s credibility when it allowed certain testimony by Trooper
Dougherty because, in the trial court’s words, the trooper had experience with “deceptive training
and things of that nature and interviewing techniques.” References to a police officer’s training in
general are not inappropriate, see, generally, People v Ramsdell, 230 Mich. App. 386, 404; 585
NW2d 1 (1998), but more importantly, the court’s ruling benefited the defense because Coltrane
was able to imply, from the further allowed questioning, that it would be very frightening for a 22-
year-old such as defendant to be interviewed by the police.

         We agree with the prosecutor that it is the following three instances that could potentially
be construed as improper comments on credibility: Trooper Dougherty’s statement during the
interview itself when he said, “And, from what [CP] says happened, looks like what happened;”
Trooper Dougherty’s testimony that he was seeing a “lot more” deception in the interview video
after gaining experience as a trooper; and the prosecutor’s question to Lieutenant Sekely during
which she referred to “the fact that [defendant] was not truthful during his . . . interview with you
guys[.]”2

        The statement made by Trooper Dougherty during the interview itself was not prejudicial
because the jury was clearly informed that Trooper Dougherty, around the time of the interview,
did not in fact believe that the offense had “happened” as described by CP. He testified, “[A]t the
time I believed [defendant] and he stated that no sexual assault had occurred and nothing sexual
along the lines [sic] occurred that night.” The statement from the interview that defendant
challenges on appeal was not outcome-determinative. Carines, 460 Mich. at 763.

        We find that the other two instances also did not amount to outcome-determinative errors.
Id. First, in Dobek, 274 Mich. App. at 71, a police officer testified that he had “no concerns about
lying” by the victim in that case. This Court stated, “Given that [the officer] was called as a witness
by the prosecutor and that a criminal prosecution against defendant was pursued, the jurors surely

1
 Defendant was, in essence, a “witness” in this case because his videotaped interview was played
for the jury.
2
  The prosecutor asked Lieutenant Sekely if he “look[ed] at” this fact, and Lieutenant Sekely
answered, “Yes.”

                                                 -3-
understood that [the officer] believed that the victim was telling the truth even without the disputed
testimony.” Id. The pertinent circumstances in the present case are analogous. In addition, it is
apparent from all the circumstances that Coltrane’s primary theory was consent. In his opening
statement, Coltrane said that the evidence would show that CP was drunk and “all over everybody”
at the party. He said that she wanted “love or affection[.]” He talked about her wanting to turn
the gay man who was present at the party “straight.” He said, “[I]t was Valentines [sic] Day and
she was recently divorced.” He said that the bedroom lock where CP was sleeping could only be
opened from the inside. Coltrane stated, “[T]here’s only one conclusion. That is that it wasn’t
forceful, it wasn’t rape.” Coltrane conducted an extremely thorough cross-examination of CP in
which he implied, among other things, that she was lonely, that she wanted to turn the gay man
straight, that she spent a lot of time talking to defendant on the night in question, that she wanted
companionship that night, and that she was flattered by the attentions of someone as young as
defendant. In his closing argument, Coltrane said that CP gave “different stories,” that there were
no signs of physical force on CP, and that the prosecution had not established its case beyond a
reasonable doubt. He said that defendant “did not forcefully rape” CP.

        This primary theory of consent was reasonable in light of DNA evidence linking defendant
to sexual activity with CP.3 Admitting that defendant lied during his police interview was part and
parcel of this defense. The implication Coltrane made through cross-examination was that
defendant lied because of nervousness and because of not wanting to admit that he had sex with
CP because his fiancée, who was also at the party on the night in question, had come with him to
the police station for the interview. Given the primary theory put forward,4 and given that the
jurors would have assumed that the police disbelieved defendant’s assertion during the interview
that no sex had occurred between him and CP, see id., no outcome-determinative error is apparent.

                         2. INEFFECTIVE-ASSISTANCE ANALYSIS

       At the Ginther hearing, Coltrane testified that his primary trial strategy was to suggest that
the sex had been consensual. Defendant’s new attorney, Shannon Smith, asked Coltrane at the
Ginther hearing why he did not object to testimony about signs of deception. Coltrane said that
he was trying to paint the police in a poor light.

3
 The DNA evidence is discussed more thoroughly later in this opinion. There was no conclusive
DNA match such as one sometimes finds in other cases; the evidence showed only certain
probabilities that the DNA in CP’s underwear was from defendant or a paternal relative of
defendant. These probabilities, however, were extremely damaging in light of the fact that CP and
defendant were both at the party and in light of CP’s testimony that defendant raped her.
4
  As explained more thoroughly infra, Coltrane, during the course of trial and likely in response to
certain questions posed by the jurors, changed his strategy slightly and adopted a somewhat
“blended” defense in which he was arguing consent but also attempting to plant a small seed that
there may have been no sexual contact at all between defendant and CP. Given the evidence
produced at trial, we do not think the challenged statements about defendant’s credibility were the
determining factor for the jury’s rejection of this “secondary” theory.

                                                 -4-
        Given what defendant told police—that he did not have any sex with CP—and given the
DNA evidence and defendant’s admission to Coltrane from the very start of the attorney-client
relationship that he had indeed had sex with CP,5 Coltrane was in a difficult position.6 In his
questioning of the police, he emphasized that they did not go to the crime scene or investigate the
doors in the house. It was clearly part of his trial strategy to imply that the police investigation
had been shoddy. It was reasonable trial strategy to allow the officers to opine about defendant’s
deception in the interview, because this raises the specter of why the police did not pick up on this
deception in the first place but only came to the “deception” conclusion after receiving the DNA
results. This is particularly pertinent with regard to Trooper Dougherty, who was a very new
trooper at the time of the incident and said that later, after gaining experience, he saw more
deception. That Trooper Dougherty changed his mind about defendant’s believability supported
the theory that he had been less than thorough in his investigations soon after the incident occurred.

       At any rate, even if Coltrane’s actions fell below an objective standard of reasonableness,
defendant, given the posture of the defense, the DNA evidence, and the fact that the jury would
presume that the police witnesses disbelieved defendant’s “no sex” assertion, see Dobek, 274 Mich
App at 71, defendant cannot show a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have
been different if counsel had acted differently, Ackley, 497 Mich. at 389.7

     B. INFRINGEMENT OF DEFENDANT’S FIFTH AND SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHTS

        Defendant contends that certain testimony by Trooper Dougherty and Lieutenant Sekely
infringed on his constitutional rights to counsel and to remain silent, see US Const, Ams V and
VI, because the officers informed the jury that defendant was not speaking to the police after
receiving advice from counsel. We note, initially, that Lieutenant’s Sekely simply made no
comment about defendant’s right to silence or retention of an attorney. Lieutenant Sekely stated
that he that he “attempted” to follow up with defendant and “did intend” to follow up with him,
but he gave no indication regarding why this follow-up did not occur. Defendant has shown no
“clear or obvious” error or any ineffective assistance of counsel in association with the testimony.
Carines, 460 Mich. at 763; Ackley, 497 Mich. at 389.

      During his cross-examination of Trooper Dougherty, Coltrane asked why Trooper
Dougherty did not visit the scene of the incident. Trooper Dougherty said, “We got the DNA that
we needed . . . and then after the original incident I was advised not to have any form of contact

5
    Defendant conceded that he told Coltrane this.
6
  He could not, for example, put defendant on the stand to deny sex with CP, given that defendant
admitted to the sex. See, e.g., MRPC 3.4(b) (indicating that a lawyer shall not assist a witness in
testifying falsely).
7
  We reject defendant’s implication that the court’s failure to recite the words “reasonable
probability” in its ruling, see Ackley, 497 Mich. at 389, requires reversal. It is evident that the trial
court knew and was applying the pertinent legal standards.

                                                  -5-
with ah, [defendant]. So, that also played a part into [sic] the investigation.” Defendant takes
issue with the following colloquy that subsequently occurred:

                Q. You were advised not to have any—

                A. Contact with [defendant].

                Q. Was that—

                A. From a defense attorney.

                Q. From a defense attorney.

                A. Yes.

                Q. Did you ah, you did attempt to interview [defendant] again I believe?

                A. Yeah, but that—but that was when I was advised not to have any contact
         with him.

         In People v Schollaert, 194 Mich. App. 158, 160-161; 486 NW2d 312 (1992), a police
officer testified that when the police went to the defendant’s house to take him in for questioning,
defendant never asked why the police were there or made any statements aside from saying, “
‘Come on in.’ ” This Court ruled that “the admission as substantive evidence of testimony
concerning a defendant’s silence before custodial interrogation and before the Miranda[8] warnings
have been given is [not] a violation of the defendant’s constitutional rights.” Id. at 164. The
Schollaert Court arrived at this conclusion after reviewing much of the very same caselaw that
defendant relies upon on appeal. There is no indication that when Trooper Dougherty approached
defendant for a follow-up interview, defendant was subject to a custodial interrogation and had
been given the Miranda warnings. Under the ruling of Schollaert, there was no violation of
defendant’s right to remain silent.

        In Salinas v Texas, 570 U.S. 178, 181; 133 S. Ct. 2174; 186 L. Ed. 2d 376 (2013) (opinion by
ALITO, J.), the United States Supreme Court addressed circumstances similar to those in Schollaert,
regarding the introduction into evidence of a defendant’s silence that occurred before placement
into custody and before the giving of Miranda warnings. The Court had granted certiorari “to
resolve a division of authority in the lower courts over whether the prosecution may use a
defendant’s assertion of the privilege against self-incrimination during a noncustodial police
interview as part of its case in chief.” Id. at 183. The lead opinion stated, “[B]ecause petitioner
did not invoke the privilege during the interview, we find it unnecessary to reach that question.”
Id. The lead opinion stated that “it would have been a simple matter for [defendant] to say that he
was not answering the officer’s question on “Fifth Amendment grounds.” Id. at 186. It indicated
that for the defendant’s argument on appeal to have been successful, the defendant must have

8
    Miranda v Arizona, 384 U.S. 436; 86 S. Ct. 1602; 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).

                                                -6-
“expressly” invoked the privilege. See id. at 188. It stated that while reliance on the Fifth
Amendment might be the most likely reason for a failure to answer police questions, there may be
other reasons, such as an attempt to protect someone else. Id. at 189.9

       The record here does not contain sufficient evidence that defendant was invoking his Fifth
Amendment rights. There could have been other reasons why defendant’s attorney advised
defendant not to answer police questions, such as a fear of harassment. In light of Schollaert and
Salinas, defendant has not established any Fifth Amendment error in connection with Trooper
Dougherty’s testimony.

        To the extent that defendant is arguing that Trooper Dougherty’s testimony somehow
violated his right to counsel, this argument, too, is unsupported because the right to counsel does
not attach until “after adversarial legal proceedings have been initiated against a defendant by way
of indictment, information, formal charge, preliminary hearing, or arraignment[.]” People v Hieu
Van Hoang, 328 Mich. App. 45, 55; 935 NW2d 396 (2019) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
There is no indication that adversarial legal proceedings had been initiated at the time Trooper
Dougherty approached defendant.

        Defendant has not met his burden of showing a clear or obvious error and has not shown
that counsel acted unreasonably with regard to Trooper Dougherty’s testimony. Carines, 460 Mich.
at 763; Ackley, 497 Mich. at 389.

                             C. TESTIMONY BY THE TRIAL COURT

       Defendant contends that the trial court improperly gave testimony at trial regarding (1) the
lock on the bedroom door where CP slept on the night in question and (2) the way messaging
works on Facebook.

                                        1. LOCK COMMENT

          Regarding the lock on the door of the bedroom where CP slept on the night in question,
Trooper Dougherty stated, “We were informed that the door was a one-way lock and if I recall
correctly, [the homeowners] said there’s a little hole on the one side of the door that can pop the
lock and open the door.10 Lieutenant Sekely testified on direct examination that the lock was of a
type that is opened with a key that is “almost like a pin, it’s not much bigger than a paper clip. A
. . . larger paper clip and yeah.” The prosecutor asked whether the type of lock on the door could
be unlocked with something other than a key. Lieutenant Sekely said, “Ah, yes. You could ah,
straighten out a paper clip. You could use a small nail.” Coltrane objected, stating that Lieutenant

9
  A majority of the justices in Salinas concurred that no Fifth Amendment violation had occurred.
Two of the justices went further, however, and asserted that the defendant’s “claim would fail even
if he had invoked the privilege” because, in the view of those justices, the Fifth Amendment simply
does not prohibit comments about a defendant’s silence under any circumstances. Id. at 192-193
(opinion by THOMAS, J.).
10
     CP testified that the door had a “pin-hole” lock.

                                                   -7-
Sekely had not actually seen the lock. The court said, “I . . . agree.” The prosecutor responded by
saying that one of the homeowners, Lori Middleton, had told Lieutenant Sekely what “[t]ype of
lock it was.” The prosecutor asked, “Isn’t that correct?” and Lieutenant Sekely answered, “That’s
correct.” The prosecutor asked again if Middleton had told Lieutenant Sekely about the lock.
Lieutenant Sekely said, “[W]hat I’m describing about the locks is what I was told by [Middleton].”
The court said, “But we still don’t have the lock, we don’t have a picture of it.” The prosecutor
said, “No, we don’t.” The court said, “So, I . . . think it’s been testified multiple times that a paper
clip can trip this lock and a straight key can.” Defendant objects to this last statement by the court.

        Defendant has not established plain error in conjunction with the court’s statement.
Defendant frames the issue as involving a violation of the right to confrontation. Defendant argues
that “he had no opportunity to question the judge to show that he . . . did not know anything about
that lock.” A defendant does have the right to confront witnesses against him or her. People v
Ho, 231 Mich. App. 178, 189; 585 NW2d 357 (1998). “If a defendant has been limited in his ability
to cross-examine the witnesses against him, his constitutional right to confront witnesses may have
been violated.” Id. But the trial court was not a “witness against defendant” when it made the
comment about the lock. The court stated that “it’s been testified multiple times that a paper clip
can trip this lock and a straight key can.” (Emphasis added.) Trooper Dougherty testified about
the “hole” by which one could “pop the lock and open the door.” Lieutenant Sekely said that a
paper clip or a small nail or a key that was like “a larger paper clip” could open the lock. The court
was summarizing the testimony that had already been given—not giving testimony itself. Under
these circumstances, there was no clear or obvious violation of defendant’s right to confrontation.
See Carines, 460 Mich. at 763. With regard to the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, even
assuming, for purposes of argument, that Coltrane should have objected to the court’s comment,
defendant has not established the requisite prejudice. Indeed, the testimony by Trooper Dougherty
and Lieutenant Sekely conveyed the same information, and the court’s statement adequately
conveyed that it was simply referring to earlier testimony. There is no reasonable probability that
the court’s comment affected the outcome of the case. Ackley, 497 at 389. Although defendant
claims that he had no opportunity to set forth the fact that “the judge . . . did not know anything
about that lock,” this was patently evident from the context and content of the court’s comment.11

                                   2. FACEBOOK COMMENT

       The Facebook comment arose after CP testified that she received a Facebook message from
defendant around 4:00 a.m. on the night in question. A juror posed a question, asking whether
defendant needed CP’s cellular-telephone number to send her a Facebook message. CP said that

11
   In his supplemental brief on appeal, defendant contends that it was “not reasonable for the judge
even to allow testimony about the properties of a lock from witnesses who had never seen the
lock.” Defendant does not support this statement with any authority and, at any rate, we find that
it is an improper attempt to expand the issue as presented before remand. See People v Brigham,
unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered February 8, 2019 (Docket No. 342621) (noting
that the remand proceedings and the supplemental brief were limited to the issues raised in the
motion to remand). Defendant’s focus before remand was that the court gave improper testimony
and that Coltrane had not been given an opportunity to cross-examine the court.

                                                  -8-
he did not. The court said, “With Facebook it’s a completely different system, if you’re on
Facebook and he’s on Facebook he can message you. Although if you’re not friends you wouldn’t
get that message until you friended him.” CP then said, “Right.” She said, “Cuz . . . I was friends
with [Middleton] on Facebook so I would have been on her friends list [for defendant] to find me
there.” She said, “And then he can send me a message but I, it doesn’t give you an alert. It’s still
in my Facebook inbox thing where I can accept it or I can decline the message—” The prosecutor
said, “[F]or someone who might not be clear on Facebook . . . you don’t have to be friends to
message somebody[?]” CP replied, “No, but that’s when you don’t get the alert that there’s a
message so, for friends on Facebook and you message me I’ll get an alert that I have a message.”
She indicated that the message would be “in my Facebook inbox thing where I can accept it or I
can decline the message. . . .”

         Defendant states on appeal, “As for Facebook, the judge, even if he knew the ins and outs
of that website as of the time in question, the information still must come from a witness, not from
a judge who cannot be cross-examined, and whose word will be taken as the truth.” It appears that
there was in fact a clear or obvious error, see Carines, 460 Mich. at 763, with regard to the court’s
statement about Facebook, and indeed the court appears to have admitted as much in post-trial
proceedings. The court appears to have been giving a statement of alleged fact about Facebook.
However, defendant has not shown that this error was outcome-determinative. The court stated
that a person who is on Facebook can message a second person who is on Facebook, although the
second person would not “get that message” until he or she “friended” the first person. If anything,
the court’s comment aided the defense, because it suggested that CP could not have read the
message from defendant unless she “friended” him. CP testified that she did not read the message
until a day or two after the incident; her having “friended” defendant a day or two after the charged
incident would have been detrimental to the prosecutor’s case.

        Defendant has not established entitlement to relief under the plain-error doctrine and
cannot show a reasonable probability, in conjunction with his ineffective-assistance claim, that the
outcome of the case would have differed had he objected to the court’s comment about Facebook.
Id.; Ackley, 497 at 389.

                            II. DEFENDANT’S RIGHT TO TESTIFY

        Defendant contends that reversal is mandated because the record contains no on-the-record
waiver, by him as opposed to Coltrane, of his right to testify. Whether a defendant’s waiver of the
right to testify must occur on the record is an issue of law. We review issues of law de novo.
People v Aspy, 292 Mich. App. 36, 40; 808 NW2d 569 (2011).

       A defendant has a constitutional right to testify, and although defense counsel must advise
the defendant of this right, it is ultimately the defendant’s decision regarding whether to testify.
People v Bonilla-Machado, 489 Mich. 412, 419; 803 NW2d 217 (2011). But “[t]here is no
requirement in Michigan that there be an on-the-record waiver of a defendant’s right to testify.”
People v Harris, 190 Mich. App. 652, 661; 476 NW2d 767 (1991). In Harris, id. at 661-662, the
Court stated that “the trial court had no duty to advise [the defendant] of the right [to testify], nor

                                                 -9-
was it required to determine whether she made a knowing and intelligent waiver.”12 Harris is
dispositive with regard to defendant’s claim that error occurred by virtue of the fact that the trial
record shows no explicit waiver of his right to testify.

          Defendant also contends that Coltrane rendered ineffective assistance of counsel by
failing to adequately advise him of the right to testify. This argument, too, is not tenable. A
defendant has the burden of establishing the factual predicate for a claim of ineffective assistance
of counsel. People v Hoag, 460 Mich. 1, 6; 594 NW2d 57 (1999). Defendant said at the Ginther
hearing that he did not “know that [he] had really a say” regarding whether to testify. Defendant’s
statement is belied by the trial record, however. During jury selection, in the presence of
defendant, Coltrane asked the potential jurors, “Would you guys promise to me that one way or
the other, we won’t know but will you guys promise me that you won’t judge [defendant] if . . . he
decides not to testify? If we decide together?” Coltrane then said, “That’s his constitution [sic]
right.” As noted, Coltrane referred to defendant “decid[ing] not to testify.” In addition,
defendant’s father said in a sentencing letter, “My son should have testified but unfortunately all
the advice that we were given was it wasn’t necessary based on the evidence.” In his closing
argument, Coltrane stated that “we made” the decision to have defendant refrain from testifying
and asked the jurors to refrain from holding this against defendant. Coltrane denied at the Ginther
hearing that it was solely his (i.e., Coltrane’s) decision that defendant not testify. The record
supports that defendant did, in fact, know that he had a “say” in whether to testify.

        Defendant also argues that Coltrane rendered ineffective assistance by advising defendant
not to testify because defendant’s testimony was necessary for the consent defense. As delineated
in part I.A.1. of this opinion, Coltrane brought up the consent defense in other ways. In addition,
Coltrane stated at the Ginther hearing that “[t]here were things that we didn’t want to go into . . .
that we thought would hurt our position.” Given that defendant, if he testified, would have been
subject to a withering cross-examination in connection with his police interview, this statement by
Coltrane carries weight. Defendant has not overcome the strong presumption of sound trial
strategy. Ackley, 497 Mich. at 388.

                                          III. HEARSAY

       Defendant contends that testimony by witness Mark Lamse was inadmissible hearsay. This
Court reviews for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s decision regarding the admission of
evidence. People v Denson, 500 Mich. 385, 396; 902 NW2d 306 (2017).

        Lamse testified that CP texted him on the evening in question and “kinda ah, eluded [sic]
to the fact that you know, someone was kinda giving her the creeps or she was glad she had a lock
on the door or something to that nature.” The prosecutor said, “And you indicated that she did
mention that somebody was being kinda creepy[?]” Lamse responded, “Yeah.” Defendant objects

12
   Contrary to defendant’s argument, Halbert v Michigan, 545 U.S. 605; 125 S. Ct. 2582; 162 L. Ed.
2d 552 (2005), does not contradict Michigan caselaw indicating that the waiver of the right to
testify need not be shown on the record.

                                                -10-
to the admission of Lamse’s testimony and claims that it amounted to using CP’s out-of-court
statement to prove that defendant was acting “creepy.”

        MRE 803(3) states that the following is not excluded by the hearsay rule:

                A statement of the declarant’s then existing state of mind, emotion,
        sensation, or physical condition (such as intent, plan, motive, design, mental
        feeling, pain, and bodily health), but not including a statement of memory or belief
        to prove the fact remembered or believed unless it relates to the execution,
        revocation, identification, or terms of declarant’s will.

        In People v Ortiz, 249 Mich. App. 297, 300; 642 NW2d 417 (2001), the defendant was
convicted of murdering his ex-wife. The trial court admitted several statements of the victim into
evidence under MRE 803(3), including statements “that the victim was afraid of [the] defendant,
[and] that she thought [the] defendant was stalking her.” Id. at 307. This Court upheld admission
of the statements, ruling, in part, that “[e]vidence of the victim’s state of mind, [and] evidence of
the victim’s plans, which demonstrated motive (the ending of the marriage and the tension between
the victim and the defendant), . . . were admissible under MRE 803(3).” Id. at 310. The situation
in Ortiz is somewhat analogous to the present case, because Lamse was, in effect, testifying about
CP’s discomfort as a result of the behavior of a person at the party.

        Defendant, however, relies on People v Moorer, 262 Mich. App. 64; 683 NW2d 736 (2004).
In that case, the defendant was convicted of killing the person who was dating his estranged wife.
Id. at 65. “The trial court permitted several witnesses to . . . testify that [the victim] told them that
[the] defendant had threatened [the victim’s] life.” Id. at 66-67. A witness also stated that the
victim told him that defendant “was looking for [the victim] with a pistol[.]” Id. The defendant
conceded that “the challenged statements in part concerned [the victim’s] state of mind,” but
argued “that they also . . . described actions by [the] defendant” and thus did not fall within the
parameters of MRE 803(3). Id. at 72. The Moorer Court ruled that the analysis in Ortiz was
“cursory” and provided “no reliable basis for the admission of the alleged hearsay statements at
issue in” Moorer. Id. at 72. The Moorer Court ruled that the statements at issue were not
admissible because they were “statements of mind . . . based on past events[.]” Id. at 73. It
emphasized that out-of-court statements involving past events could not be used to prove the past
events. Id. at 73-74.

         In some ways, the present case is similar to Moorer, because when CP told Lamse that she
felt uncomfortable because of someone being “creepy,” this was, viewed in context, a statement
that defendant, before CP’s statement to Lamse—i.e., in the past—had been acting in a certain
manner—i.e., in a “creepy” manner. It could be argued that the prosecutor, by having Lamse
testify, was trying to prove the past event (involving defendant acting strangely). In other ways,
however, the present case is dissimilar to Moorer, because the primary point of the prosecutor’s
introduction of the statement was to show that CP was feeling a certain way and that, in light of
this feeling, she would not have voluntarily had sex with defendant. Cf. People v Smelley, 285
Mich. App. 314, 325-326; 775 NW2d 350 (2009), vacated in part on other grounds 485 Mich. 1023
(2010) (indicating that the out-of-court statements in that case were admitted primarily for
demonstrating the truth of certain acts committed by the defendant, not for demonstrating the
declarant’s state of mind).

                                                  -11-
        We conclude that we need not decide whether Lamse’s testimony was admissible under
Ortiz or inadmissible under Moorer, because “evidentiary error does not require reversal unless,
after an examination of the entire cause, it appears more probable than not that the error affected
the outcome of the trial in light of the weight of the properly admitted evidence.” Id. at 327.
Defendant concedes that a witness can testify that a speaker was upset during a conversation. As
such, Lamse could properly testify about CP’s discomfort in general. The only objectionable part
of Lamse’s testimony was that CP attributed this feeling to the actions of a person at the party. 13
But CP herself clearly and repeatedly testified that it was defendant’s actions that made her feel
uncomfortable. In fact, she referred to the texting conversation with Lamse, saying, “I had
messaged [Lamse] because at one point I felt very uncomfortable so I went up to [Middleton] and
I said what’s up with [defendant], he’s kinda freaking me out.” Defendant did not challenge this
testimony below and does not challenge it on appeal. Given that CP testified to the same
information now being challenged on appeal and given that Lamse could properly testify about
CP’s discomfort in general, it is not “more probable than not” that any error associated with
Lamse’s testimony affected the outcome of the case. Id.14

           IV. ADDITIONAL ALLEGATIONS OF INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE

        Defendant raises four additional areas in which he believes that Coltrane rendered
ineffective assistance of counsel. He claims that Coltrane was ineffective by dealing with the
laboratory reports in an unreasonable manner, by failing to object to the admission of sexual-
assault-nurse-examiner (SANE) evidence, by failing to object to improper arguments by the
prosecutor, and by failing to dismiss a juror during jury selection.

                                 A. LABORATORY REPORTS

        There were two laboratory reports introduced at trial: the initial report of preliminary
testing by Tara Lang Cramer, who testified at trial, and the report of DNA testing by Michelle

13
  While it is true that Lamse did not refer to defendant by name in his testimony, it is clear from
context that CP, in her statement to Lamse about which Lamse was testifying, was referring to
defendant.
14
   Defendant appears to be contending that Coltrane rendered ineffective assistance of counsel by
not objecting to Lamse’s testimony on the basis of MRE 402 and MRE 403. He states that “[t]he
state of mind of the complainant was not relevant” and that the testimony “was more prejudicial
than probative.” This argument is without merit. CP’s state of mind was relevant and in fact it
was highly relevant. That CP felt uncomfortable on the evening in question made it less likely that
she consented to having sex with a person she had just met. Coltrane’s failure to object on the
basis of MRE 402 and MRE 403 did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness.
Ackley, 497 Mich. at 389. Moreover, the failure to object was not reasonably likely to have affected
the outcome of the case, id., because (1) the objection would likely have been overruled and (2)
even if Lamse’s testimony had been excluded, CP testified to the same information.

                                               -12-
Schmitt, who did not testify at trial. Defendant contends that Coltrane should not have acquiesced
to the admission of the DNA report into evidence.

        Smith asked at the Ginther hearing about the admission of the DNA report without the
testimony of Schmitt. Coltrane said that the laboratory reports were not the “crux of the case”
because the defense was consent. He said, “[W]e’re not saying that there was not any type of
sexual activity whatsoever.” Smith asked why, then, he cross-examined so much about the
report,15 and Coltrane said:

       [A]t that point in time it was one of those things where it was something that was
       latched [onto] based upon what happened at trial, and it was just basically casting
       doubt, another issue of reasonable doubt. You know, it wasn’t, you know, like I
       said, everything in hindsight’s 2020 [sic]. Where you’re in the middle of trial and
       there’s another issue that could possibly cause reasonable doubt, it was . . .
       something that I looked into further.

Coltrane said, “[I]t was casting a little bit of doubt on those as another area of possible reasonable
doubt.” But he said that he did not want to argue forcefully that the laboratory reports were wrong
because the primary defense was consent, and he said that he believed that having an expert weigh
in on the probability statistics “would’ve been extremely confusing for the jury.” Coltrane said
that, in essence, the defense was not “disputing” the test results, even though he did try to seed
some doubt in the jury about the results.

         The court ruled that “[t]he DNA was not pivotal” for the defense because the defense was
consent. It said that counsel was trying to “cast a little bit of confusion over the DNA test results,
but it really wasn’t a pivotal point in this case because it was consensual sex so his DNA would
likely be there. That was basically his case from my point of view listening to his opening,
listening to his closing, and watching the way he approached the issues on direct and cross-
examination.”

        Defendant contends that Coltrane, by acquiescing to the admission of the DNA report,
foreclosed the opportunity to exclude the evidence entirely (i.e., if the prosecutor did not produce
Schmitt as a witness). See, generally, Melendez-Diaz v Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305; 129 S. Ct.
2527; 174 L. Ed. 2d 314 (2009) (dealing with the right to confrontation in the context of laboratory
reports). But defendant has pointed to no evidence that Schmitt was unavailable as a witness. A
defendant bears the burden of establishing the factual predicate for his or her claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel, and defendant has not met this burden. See People v Jackson (On
Reconsideration), 313 Mich. App. 409, 432; 884 NW2d 297 (2015). In other words, he has not
provided any basis for this Court to conclude that if Coltrane had insisted on the DNA report being

15
  We disagree that Coltrane cross-examined witnesses strenuously about the DNA report authored
by Schmitt, although he did refer to the DNA test as being a “probability test.” He did ask Cramer
some probing questions about her preliminary report. We note that the fact that Coltrane made
reference to the “probability test” belies defendant’s implication on appeal that Coltrane did not
understand the DNA report.

                                                -13-
admitted only in conjunction with the testimony of Schmitt, the report would have been excluded
because of Schmitt’s unavailability.

        Defendant also claims that Coltrane should have questioned Schmitt about the meaning of
the report to show that the DNA results were not particularly reliable and not particularly strong
in terms of implicating defendant. Again, however, defendant points to nothing showing that a
cross-examination of Schmitt, in particular, would have weakened the impact of the report. Id.
For example, defendant did not present a scientific expert at the Ginther hearing to opine that the
DNA results were untrustworthy or otherwise suspect. The DNA report stated that a “Y-STR
haplotype” was obtained from defendant’s known DNA. It stated that the “Y-STR haplotype”
identified in CP’s underwear “matches the Y-STR haplotype from” defendant and “would be
expected to match all other paternally related males.” The report indicated that it was 2141 times
more likely that defendant was the source of the haplotype in the underwear than an unrelated male
in the Caucasian population, 1220 times more likely that defendant was the source of the haplotype
in the underwear than an unrelated male in the African American population, and 1443 times more
likely that defendant was the source of the haplotype than an unrelated male in the Hispanic
population.

        Admittedly, Coltrane could have elicited the fact that this case did not involve a rock-solid
identification of unique DNA, such as one finds in some other cases, but instead involved certain
probabilities of finding a particular Y-STR haplotype in certain populations. But Coltrane did not
need Schmitt, in particular, to do this, because it was apparent from reading the report itself, which
was admitted into evidence in conjunction with police testimony.

        What could be deemed problematic is that Coltrane allowed Trooper Dougherty to testify
that “the DNA came back either it was from [defendant] or a paternal relative of [defendant].”16
This was a mischaracterization of the DNA results.17 It is true that the jurors could read the report
themselves, but given its technical wording, it is not unreasonable to assume that some jurors may
have relied on Trooper Dougherty’s characterization of the results in the report. If the defense was
primarily arguing that sex between defendant and CP never happened, it would have fallen below

16
   Trooper Dougherty’s and Lieutenant Sekely’s testimony about a “match” between the
underwear DNA and defendant’s DNA was less troublesome because the Y-STR haplotype was,
in fact, a match. The problem is that there were other potential people who could have been
“matches.” That, indeed, was the point of the probability analysis in the DNA report.
17
  Trooper Dougherty erred again when he said that semen was found in CP’s underwear. Indeed,
the pertinent report refers only to “the possible presence of seminal fluid.” There is no reasonable
probability that this error affected the outcome of the trial, however, see Ackley, 497 Mich. at 389,
because (1) the jurors could see the word “possible” clearly on the first page of the pertinent report;
Lieutenant Sekely properly referred to the “possible presence of seminal fluid” (emphasis added);
and, most importantly, the author of the report, Cramer, testified, “I was able to identify the
possible presence of seminal fluid um, but I wasn’t able to confirm necessarily that there was
semen present.”

                                                 -14-
an objective standard of reasonableness for Coltrane to refrain from objecting to this
mischaracterization by Trooper Dougherty, because the officer made the DNA results seem much
stronger than they actually were.

        A pertinent question, then, is whether the trial court was correct in its conclusion that “[t]he
DNA was not pivotal” for the defense because the defense was consent. As set forth in part I.A.1.
of this opinion, the primary defense was, indeed, consent. It is true that at the Ginther hearing,
Coltrane said that he did try to seed some doubt in the jury about the meaning of the testing results.
Coltrane’s testimony from the Ginther hearing, along with the somewhat different tones of his
closing statement and his opening statement,18 indicate that Coltrane was touching upon whether
the sex between CP and defendant had even occurred. This was likely because of the jurors’
questions during trial whereby they inquired about where exactly the DNA was found on CP’s
underwear and also inquired about whether defendant had ever slept in the bed where the sexual
assault was alleged to have taken place. But the fact remains that the primary defense was consent.
As noted, Coltrane said that he did not want to argue forcefully that the laboratory reports were
wrong because the primary defense was consent, and he said that he believed that having an expert
weigh in on the probability statistics “would’ve been extremely confusing for the jury.”

        Even though the DNA results gave “probabilities,” the fact remains that these probabilities
were extremely damaging in light of CP’s testimony and in light of the undisputed facts that
defendant slept in the same house as CP that night, without any of his male relatives being present.
In addition, defendant’s 4 a.m. Facebook message to CP was entered into evidence. Conceding
sex and arguing consent or lack of force was a reasonable choice of strategy. We conclude that
Coltrane’s failure to object to Trooper Dougherty’s mischaracterization of the DNA testing results
was not unreasonable because Coltrane was relying primarily on the defense of consent, even
though, during the course of trial, he tried to plant a small seed of doubt regarding whether the sex
ever happened.

                                        B. SANE EVIDENCE

       The SANE nurse who examined CP after the incident testified at trial, and her report was
entered into evidence.

          MRE 803(4) states that the following are not excluded by the hearsay rule:

                 Statements made for purposes of medical treatment or medical diagnosis in
          connection with treatment and describing medical history, or past or present
          symptoms, pain, or sensations, or the inception or general character of the cause or
          external source thereof as reasonably necessary to such diagnosis and treatment.

In People v Mahone, 294 Mich. App. 208, 214-215; 816 NW2d 436 (2011), this Court stated that
“[s]tatements made for the purpose of medical treatment are admissible pursuant to MRE 803(4)
if they were reasonably necessary for diagnosis and treatment if the declarant had a self-interested
motivation to be truthful in order to receive proper medical care.” The Court added, “This is true

18
     He emphasized consent more in the latter.

                                                 -15-
irrespective of whether the declarant sustained any immediately apparent physical injury.” Id. at
215. Significantly, the Court stated:

          Particularly in cases of sexual assault, in which the injuries may be latent, such as
          contracting sexually transmitted diseases or psychological in nature, and thus not
          necessarily physically manifested at all, a victim’s complete history and a recitation
          of the totality of the circumstances of the assault are properly considered to be
          statements made for medical treatment. Thus, statements the victim made to the
          nurse were all properly admissible pursuant to MRE 803(4). [Id. (citation omitted;
          emphasis added).]

In light of Mahone, the nurse’s testimony and report were admissible. And counsel was not
required to make a futile objection. People v Ericksen, 288 Mich. App. 192, 201; 793 NW2d 120
(2010).

       Defendant contends that certain Supreme Court precedent shows that the nurse’s report
and testimony were inadmissible. For example, he cites People v LaLone, 432 Mich. 103, 109,
113-116; 437 NW2d 611 (1989) (opinion by BRICKLEY, J.),19 wherein the Court concluded that a
statement to a psychologist about the identify of an attacker in a sexual-assault case was not
admissible under MRE 803(4). But even assuming that the holding of LaLone extends to a
statement made to a SANE nurse, there still would be no ineffective assistance of counsel in the
present case because CP clearly named defendant as the attacker during her testimony and there
was never any allegation that the crime occurred but was committed by someone other than
defendant. As such, any possible error associated with the nurse’s reporting of defendant’s name
was not reasonably likely to have affected the outcome of the case. Ackley, 497 Mich. at 389.

         Defendant also relies on Merrow v Bofferding, 458 Mich. 617; 581 NW2d 696 (1998). In
that case, the plaintiff alleged negligence after he sustained arm injuries from a glass door pane
located in a residence leased from the defendants. Id. at 620. The defendants alleged that the
plaintiff caused his own injury by punching the glass. Id. at 621. They sought to introduce an
excerpt from the plaintiff’s medical records stating that the plaintiff put his arm through the glass
after being involved in a fight with his girlfriend. Id. The Court ruled that “the statement
concerning the ‘fight with his girlfriend’ ” was improperly admitted under MRE 803(4) because
all the doctor needed to know for diagnosis and treatment was that defendant’s arm went through
the glass, not that defendant had a fight with his girlfriend. Id. at 628-630. The Court noted that
the plaintiff had specifically sought treatment for injuries to his arm and that what happened before
the arm went through the window was not necessary for diagnosis and treatment. Id. at 630 & n
10. The present case is different because clearly, possible psychological injuries were at issue.
See Mahone, 294 Mich. App. at 215. In fact, CP reported to the nurse that she was having a hard
time processing what happened, and the nurse noted that CP was “very much self-blaming.”
Defendant’s reliance on Merrow is unpersuasive.

19
     A majority of the justices concurred in the proposition from LaLone that is cited here.

                                                  -16-
                                  C. PROSECUTORIAL ERROR

        Defendant contends that Coltrane was ineffective because he failed to object to certain
analogies made by the prosecutor during voir dire and during her rebuttal closing argument. A
prosecutor does not have to confine his or her argument to the blandest possible terms. People v
Aldrich, 246 Mich. App. 101, 112; 631 NW2d 67 (2001). The pertinent question is whether the
prosecutor’s remarks, viewed in context, tended to deprive defendant of a fair and impartial trial.
See id. at 110. We conclude that Coltrane did not act below an objective standard of
reasonableness by failing to object to the prosecutor’s comments because the prosecutor, in making
her analogies, was merely trying to convey the meaning of the difficult-to-define concept of
“beyond a reasonable doubt.” In addition, there was no reasonable probability that the failure to
object affected the outcome of the proceedings. Ackley, 497 Mich. at 389. The court stated in its
preliminary jury instructions that defendant was presumed innocent and that this presumption was
to continue “unless you are satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that [defendant] is guilty.” It
described a reasonable doubt as “a fair, honest doubt growing out of the evidence or lack of
evidence.” The court said, “It is not merely an imaginary or possible doubt, but a doubt based on
reason and common sense. A reasonable doubt is just that, a doubt that is reasonable after a careful
and considered examination of the facts and circumstances of this case.” The court repeated this
information in its final instructions. It also stated, “[Y]ou must take the law as I give it to you. If
a lawyer says something different about the law, follow what I say.” Jurors are presumed to follow
their instructions. Mahone, 294 Mich. App. at 212. Under the circumstances, defendant has not
established ineffective assistance of counsel in connection with the prosecutor’s comments.

                                      D. JURY SELECTION

      Defendant contends that Coltrane was ineffective because he failed to use an available
peremptory challenge to dismiss a juror—Juror McPherson—who was a conservation officer and
worked with Trooper Dougherty.

      At the Ginther hearing, Coltrane said that he remembered Juror McPherson and
remembered that he had been the jury foreperson. Smith asked how Coltrane thought Juror
McPherson would be helpful to the defense. Coltrane answered:

       [H]e said he could . . . be impartial, but you and I both know that you could take
       that one way or the other. But he knew police procedures. He’s dealt with
       individuals that lie, tell, you know, falsities on a regular basis.

              As far as, you know testimony of [CP] is concerned what we saw were
       multiple opposing statements, contradictory statements that I thought he would pick
       up on.

               Also, there were some problems with the actual—with the detectives not
       going back to the scene, doing that kind of stuff, whereas I thought if he could be
       impartial, he would be a strong individual, I thought after questioning him, and I
       believe I went back and actually questioned him a few times or asked him additional
       questions, I thought that he would see all of that.

                                                 -17-
               And I thought that he would be an individual, especially, you know as . . .
       an officer to strictly abide by the law as, you know, as it’s concerned that it’s beyond
       a reasonable doubt and with . . . his knowledge, I . . . thought it would play to our
       advantage.

Smith asked whether it would be fair to assume that a law-enforcement officer would put trust into
what another officer said in a case, and Coltrane answered:

                Not necessarily. That’s the answers that I received from Officer
       McPherson. They let [sic] me to believe that he could be impartial, and that’s why
       I left him on there, basically. Because he knew the policies and procedures, knew
       how everything was supposed to be done, and it was not done correctly. So I don’t
       necessarily think it would be 100-percent accurate to say that.

Coltrane said, “I thought . . . he was gonna be impartial.” He added, “I thought given . . . the things
that happened throughout the . . . investigation, things that weren’t done, that weren’t done
correctly, you know, different statements made, contradicting statements I thought was stuff he
deals with every day that he’d be able to pick up on.” Coltrane said that he thought that Juror
McPherson “could aid in our defense.” He also indicated that he and defendant decided together
to keep Juror McPherson on the jury, agreeing with prosecutor that he had turned and spoken with
defendant before deciding to keep Juror McPherson.

        There is a strong presumption that trial counsel’s actions were strategic. People v Unger,
278 Mich. App. 210, 342; 749 NW2d 272 (2008). This Court does “not substitute [its] judgment
for that of counsel on matters of trial strategy” and does not “use the benefit of hindsight when
assessing counsel’s competence.” Id. at 242-243. The Unger Court stated, “Perhaps the most
important criteria in selecting a jury include a potential juror’s facial expressions, body language,
and manner of answering questions.” Id. at 258. It added, “[A]s a reviewing court, we cannot see
the jurors or listen to their answers to voir dire questions. For this reason, this Court has been
disinclined to find ineffective assistance of counsel on the basis of an attorney’s failure to challenge
a juror.” Id. at 258 (quotation marks and citation omitted). The Court noted that “[a] lawyer’s
hunches, based on his observations, may be as valid as any method of choosing a jury.” Id.
(quotation marks and citation omitted).

        It is apparent from Coltrane’s questioning during voir dire, as well as from his testimony
at the Ginther hearing, that he carefully weighed whether to keep Juror McPherson on the jury and
decided to do so as a matter of strategy. However, this Court cannot insulate a review of an
attorney’s performance merely by calling it trial strategy; the strategy must be sound. Ackley, 497
Mich. 388-389. Although some of Juror McPherson’s answers during voir dire could be viewed
as favorable to the prosecution, Juror McPherson stated that he could weigh the evidence equally
and be fair and impartial. He also placed a certain emphasis on going to the scene when
investigating a crime. And part of Coltrane’s strategy was to argue that the police conducted a
shoddy investigation, such as by not going to the crime scene or investigating the doors in the
house. Given this strategy, and given the Unger Court’s emphasis on nonverbal cues, we conclude
that defendant has not overcome the presumption of sound trial strategy. As noted by the
prosecutor on appeal, Juror McPherson may have “given some nonverbal cue that he disliked
Trooper Dougherty.”

                                                 -18-
        As for the prejudice prong of an ineffective-assistance claim, defendant claims that a
defendant need not establish prejudice from any errors in jury selection because such prejudice is
nearly impossible to demonstrate. Defendant relies on People v Schmitz, 231 Mich. App. 521; 586
NW2d 766 (1998), abrogated by People v Bell, 473 Mich. 275; 702 NW2d 128 (2005), amended
474 Mich. 1201 (2005), a case involving an improper denial by the trial court of peremptory
challenges. In particular, defendant relies on the Schmitz Court’s indication that “prejudice from
errors surrounding the selection of juries is virtually impossible to demonstrate” and its resultant
conclusion that a defendant, to obtain relief, need not establish prejudice resulting from such errors.
See id. at 531-532. In Bell, 473 Mich. at 293 (opinion by CORRIGAN, J.), it was indicated that an
improper denial by a trial court of peremptory challenges is subject to harmless-error analysis.
The lead opinion stated that Schmitz is “no longer binding, in light of our current harmless error
jurisprudence, to the extent that [it holds] that a violation of the right to a peremptory challenge
requires automatic reversal.” Id. at 293.20 The lead opinion stated that it is jury-selection errors
involving racial discrimination that are not subject to harmless-error analysis. Id. at 293.

        Defendant’s reliance on Schmitz for his argument that no prejudice need be demonstrated
in the present case is improper in light of the statements in Bell. The Court in Bell evidently did
not agree with Schmitz that the difficultly in demonstrating prejudice from jury-selection errors
should always obviate prejudice requirements. As such, defendant has not demonstrated that the
standard “prejudice” prong for an ineffective-assistance claim is inapplicable to the current issue.
Given Juror McPherson’s assertion that he could weigh the evidence fairly, defendant has not
shown a reasonable probability that Coltrane’s failure to dismiss Juror McPherson affected the
outcome of the trial, Ackley, 497 Mich. 389, even if the decision fell below an objective standard
of reasonableness.

                                    V. CUMULATIVE ERROR

       Defendant argues that reversal is required because of cumulative error. “This Court
reviews a cumulative-error argument to determine if the combination of alleged errors denied the
defendant a fair trial.” People v Hill, 257 Mich. App. 126, 152; 667 NW2d 78 (2003).

       “[T]he cumulative effect of several errors can constitute sufficient prejudice to warrant
reversal where the prejudice of any one error would not.” LeBlanc, 465 Mich. at 591.

       As set forth earlier in this opinion, the areas of error involved (1) Trooper Dougherty’s
statement about seeing deception in defendant’s interview and the prosecutor’s related question to
Lieutenant Sekely during which she referred to defendant’s deception;21 (2) the court’s

20
  A majority of justices agreed that the denial of a statutory peremptory challenge is subject to
harmless-error review and that Schmitz was, therefore, repudiated. See Bell, id. at 302 (opinion by
TAYLOR, C.J.).
21
   As we have noted, the statement by Trooper Dougherty during the interview about the
believability of CP’s story could not conceivably be prejudicial, given his testimony that he

                                                 -19-
“testimony” about Facebook; and (3) arguably, Lamse’s reference to CP’s statement about a
person acting “creepy.” The court’s testimony about Facebook was favorable to the defense, as
we noted in part I.C.2. of this opinion. In addition, Lamse’s reference to CP’s statement about a
person acting “creepy” was inconsequential, given that (1) Lamse could properly comment
regarding CP’s state of mind in general and (2) CP clearly testified that it was the actions of
defendant that were making her feel uncomfortable that night. The only error of possible
consequence involved the issue of defendant’s credibility during his police interview.22 But as we
have already discussed, the “deception” errors were not outcome-determinative, and it was not
unreasonable for Coltrane to fail to object to the testimony and comments in question.

        Defendant reiterates his contention that the trial court applied the wrong standard of review
for claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. The court stated that the jury would not “have come
to a different conclusion” even if various alleged errors had not occurred. But just because the
court did not set forth, with exact precision, the “reasonable probability” language from caselaw
dealing with ineffective assistance of counsel, see, e.g., Ackley, 497 Mich. at 389, does not mean
that the court applied the improper standard. At any rate, while this Court reviews a trial court’s
factual findings for clear error, it reviews de novo the ultimate question of whether a person has
been denied his or her constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel. LeBlanc, 465 Mich.
at 579. As such, the trial court’s wording is of little consequence. No basis for reversal is apparent.

                                 VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS

        Defendant strenuously argues that Coltrane rendered ineffective assistance of counsel. He
contends that he would have been better served if Coltrane had more aggressively pursued a
strategy of consent by putting defendant on the stand. But as we noted, Coltrane had legitimate
concerns about how defendant would fare on the stand. Conversely, a possible strategy might have
been to focus on the laboratory reports and argue forcefully that the prosecutor had failed to
establish beyond a reasonable doubt that the Y-STR haplotype found in CP’s underwear belonged
to defendant. This strategy was questionable, however, given CP’s testimony at trial. And again,
defendant told Coltrane from the outset that he did have sex with CP, thus precluding the
possibility of Coltrane’s putting defendant on the stand to deny sexual contact. Ultimately,
Coltrane primarily presented a defense of consent and also attempted to plant a small seed of doubt
regarding whether any sex had even occurred. As noted, this slight change in strategy occurred
mid-trial and was likely the result of questions posed by jurors. Coltrane’s cross-examination of
CP was extremely thorough and he repeatedly tried to suggest to the jurors that the police
investigation had been shoddy. His voir dire questions were probing, and his opening and closing
statements were lengthy. As stated in LeBlanc, 465 Mich. at 592:

believed defendant at the conclusion of the interview. Viewed in context, the statement by Trooper
Dougherty was simply an interview technique.
22
  As discussed in part IV.A. of this opinion, the way Coltrane dealt with the DNA evidence was
not “erroneous” because it was reasonable trial strategy; he was primarily focusing on consent and
did not want to confuse the jury by delving into the probability statistics surrounding the DNA.

                                                 -20-
               In the real world, defending criminal cases is not for the faint of heart.
       Lawyers must fulfill ethical obligations to the court, zealously advocate the client’s
       best interests (which includes establishing that they, and not the client, are in charge
       of making the professional decisions), and protect themselves against grievances
       and claims of malpractice. Lawyers will inevitably make errors in the process, but,
       because both cases and attorneys come in an infinite variety of configurations, those
       errors can only rarely be defined with sufficient precision to inform defense
       attorneys correctly just what conduct to avoid. Thus, the Sixth Amendment
       guarantees a range of reasonably competent advice and a reliable result. It does not
       guarantee infallible counsel. [Quotation marks and citations omitted.]

We conclude that Coltrane was reasonably competent and that the result of the trial was reliable.

       Affirmed.

                                                               /s/ Karen M. Fort Hood
                                                               /s/ Jane M. Beckering
                                                               /s/ Mark T. Boonstra

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