Court Opinion

ID: 1084371
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-09 21:37:59.446557+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:51:17.361416
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

                           AT KNOXVILLE

                       JANUARY 1997 SESSION

STATE OF TENNESSEE,    )
                       )
         Appellee,     )        No. 03C01-9512-CR-00402
                       )
                       )        Knox County
v.                     )
                       )        Honorable Mary Beth Leibowitz, Judge
                       )
GROVER DONNELL COWART, )        (Especially aggravated robbery and attempted
                       )        first degree murder)
         Appellant.    )

For the Appellant:              For the Appellee:

Randall E. Reagan               Charles W. Burson
602 South Gay Street            Attorney General of Tennessee
Knoxville, TN 37902                    and
                                Darian B. Taylor
                                Assistant Attorney General of Tennessee
                                425 Fifth Avenue North
                                Nashville, TN 37243-0493

                                Randall E. Nichols
                                District Attorney General
                                        and
                                Gregg Harrison
                                Assistant District Attorney General
                                City-County Building
                                Knoxville, TN 37902

OPINION FILED:____________________

ESPECIALLY AGGRAVATED ROBBERY CONVICTION AFFIRMED; ATTEMPTED
FIRST DEGREE MURDER CONVICTION REVERSED; REMANDED

Joseph M. Tipton
Judge
                                        OPINION

              The defendant, Grover Donnell Cowart, appeals as of right from his

convictions by a jury in the Knox County Criminal Court for especially aggravated

robbery and attempted first degree murder, Class A felonies. The trial court sentenced

the defendant as a Range I, standard offender to twenty-five years and twenty years,

respectively, in the custody of the Department of Correction. The court ordered the

defendant to serve his sentences consecutively. The defendant contends that:

              (1) the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions;

              (2) the trial court erred by allowing the introduction of a bloody
              pillowcase, comforter and T-shirt, and the manner in which the
              exhibits were shown to the jury was unfairly prejudicial;

              (3) the trial court erred by allowing the admission of a
              photograph of the victim’s scars;

              (4) the trial court erred by refusing to instruct the jury on certain
              lesser included offenses;

              (5) the trial court erred by refusing to instruct the jury on the
              defense of duress;

              (6) the trial court erred by refusing to instruct the jury that the
              defendant must have the specific intent to commit the crime
              to be found guilty under a criminal responsibility theory and
              erred by refusing to instruct the jury on mere presence;

              (7) the reasonable doubt instruction violated the defendant’s
              constitutional rights;

              (8) the trial court erred by accepting a verdict of especially
              aggravated robbery when the range of punishment sheet
              returned by the jury reflected a different verdict;

              (9) the trial court improperly sentenced the defendant; and

              (10) dual convictions for especially aggravated robbery and
              attempted first degree murder violate the defendant’s due
              process rights.

              We affirm the judgment of conviction relative to the especially aggravated

robbery. Because the trial court failed to instruct the jury on the lesser included offense

of attempted second degree murder, we reverse the attempted first degree murder

                                               2
conviction and remand the case for a new trial on the charges. We also remand the

case because the trial court failed to make adequate findings for the imposition of

consecutive sentences.

              Kimberly Barnes, the victim, testified that she met the defendant

approximately two months before the offenses occurred. She stated that the defendant

went to Chicago in August 1992 to get Milton Tucker, a codefendant, bringing him back

to Knoxville to live with him. The victim testified that she called the defendant “Jazz”

and Tucker “Mario.” She stated that she and the defendant had an intimate

relationship. She said that the defendant had been to her apartment approximately ten

to fifteen times before the offenses occurred but that he had only come to her

apartment once uninvited. The victim stated that the defendant had asked to borrow

her car, a Honda Prelude, on one occasion, but she had told him no.

              The victim testified that she returned from work at approximately 9:00 p.m.

on September 24, 1992. She stated that around 11:15 p.m., the defendant came to her

apartment unexpectedly while she was talking on the telephone. She said that she

locked the door, shut the sliding doors, and closed the curtains after letting the

defendant inside the apartment. She testified that the defendant was wearing dress

shorts and a long shirt. She stated that after talking to the defendant for a few minutes,

the defendant told her he was going to leave. The victim testified that she walked the

defendant to the door. She said that the defendant unlocked the door but then told her

that he was not going to leave. She stated that the defendant began kissing and

hugging her as he moved her to the end of the couch. She testified that they fell to the

floor, and when she asked the defendant to let her up in order to turn on the radio or

the air conditioner, the defendant persuaded her not to move. She said that the

defendant removed her underwear and then helped her to the bedroom where the

defendant began kissing her again as she sat on the side of the bed.

                                             3
              The victim testified that she then saw Tucker over the defendant’s

shoulder pointing a gun at her. She stated that Tucker pushed the defendant out of the

way, and the defendant told Tucker, “Man, we don’t have any money.” She said that

Tucker pushed her back and tied her hands and feet with tape. She testified that

during this time, the defendant was lying on the side of the bed saying a prayer. The

victim said that Tucker rolled her over on her stomach and tried to place tape over her

eyes and mouth, but the tape would not stick. She testified that she did not see the

defendant again after this point. She stated that a man then tried unsuccessfully to

insert his penis inside her vagina. She testified that she was then rolled over, a pillow

was placed over her head, and she was penetrated vaginally. The victim testified that

she did not see who put the pillow over her face or who raped her.

              The victim testified that after being raped, she heard a noise outside the

bedroom and the defendant state again, “Man, I told you we don’t have any money.”

She said that she then heard the refrigerator door open and Tucker ask her whether

she had anything to drink. She stated that she told Tucker no and then heard someone

rummaging through her silverware. She testified that Tucker asked her where her

purse was located, and she told him that it was on the dresser. The victim stated that

she then heard someone going through her purse and Tucker ask her whether she

“liked it.” She said that she told Tucker that she enjoyed it because she feared being

raped a second time. She said that she did not respond when Tucker asked her why

she had cried. The victim testified that when she asked that the ties be loosened,

someone lifted her head, placed a white towel around her neck, and then cut her neck

and stabbed the left and right side of her neck. The victim did not see who cut her

neck.

                                            4
              The victim testified that she heard Tucker say something about the

telephone and then heard the sound of the cord being cut. She said that after a few

minutes she felt someone poke her feet with a very sharp object. She stated that

Tucker then told her that he knew everything she did and threatened to blow her brains

out if she went outside the apartment. The victim said that after a few more minutes,

she heard a car engine start. The victim testified that she was able to get out of the bed

and walk to a neighbor’s apartment. She said that she had to knock at two nearby

apartments before anyone answered. The victim was taken to the hospital and was not

released until October 15, 1992. She said that her injuries required two surgeries.

              The victim identified a bloody T-shirt as the one she was wearing on the

night of the offenses. She also identified a bloody comforter and a bloody pillowcase

that had tape on it as the ones involved in the crimes. She identified several

photographs. One photograph shows the scars on the victim’s neck where it had been

cut and stabbed. Another photograph shows the victim’s car keys and purse lying in

the front seat of her car. A roll of duct tape is shown in the floorboard of the car in

another photograph. The victim testified that she did not leave her keys, purse or a roll

of duct tape in her car and that she had locked her car when she returned from work.

              On cross-examination, the victim testified that she did not feel or see a

gun on the defendant. She acknowledged that she earlier said that Tucker placed the

pillow over her head and that she saw the defendant on the other side of the bed on the

floor at that time. She also acknowledged that she had given a statement to police that

Tucker was the one who had raped her.

              James Burns, the victim’s neighbor, testified that he heard a knock on his

apartment door on September 24, 1992. He said that he looked outside and saw that

the victim’s door was open and was covered in blood. He stated that he also saw blood

                                             5
in the victim’s apartment. Mr. Burns testified that he then saw the victim on the floor

above with her hand over her throat asking for help. He stated that the victim was pale

and had lost a lot of blood. He said that the victim had duct tape around her wrists and

ankles. He stated that he took the victim to his apartment. He said that the victim

became unconscious before he placed her on the couch and called 9-1-1 and that

afterwards, she came in and out of consciousness. Mr. Burns stated that he later

asked the victim what had happened, and the victim repeatedly said, “I can’t believe he

did it.” He said that when he asked her who, the victim replied, “Jazz” and then said,

“They knew each other.” Mr. Burns testified that he noticed that the victim’s car was

gone. He said that he gave a description of the car to the officers, and the victim

provided the tag number.

              Officer Sherri Uzzle of the Knoxville Police Department testified that she

lived at Papermill Square Apartments, an apartment complex approximately two

hundred feet from the victim’s apartment. She said that she was off duty on the night of

the offenses but that she was carrying her badge, a gun and a radio. She stated that

she became suspicious when she saw a man walking down the street with a paper bag

and decided to follow the man. Officer Uzzle testified that she saw the defendant,

whom she had not seen before, as she walked to Carlton Square Apartments, an

apartment complex near the victim’s apartment. She stated that she then drove her

vehicle to the apartment complex. She said that she saw the defendant near a light

grey Subaru and asked him a couple of questions about the man carrying the paper

bag. Officer Uzzle stated that she also saw another black man, whom she later

discovered was Tucker, carrying clothes and boxes from an apartment to another car.

She said that she then returned to her apartment. She testified that approximately five

or ten minutes later and after midnight, the defendant drove the grey Subaru to her

apartment complex, parked and then ran toward Carlton Square Apartments. She

testified that the car was packed with clothes and boxes. Officer Uzzle testified that she

                                            6
called for a check of the license number on the grey Subaru and that she was later

called regarding the vehicle. She said that she went to the police department and while

there, she saw Tucker, the person she saw loading the clothes into the car, talking to

Detective Hyde.

              Officer Kenneth Slagle of the Knoxville Police Department testified that he

was parked in an unmarked police car approximately a mile and a half from the victim’s

apartment when he received a call regarding the crimes. He stated that the call

reported that a Honda Prelude had been stolen. He said that as he turned to go to the

victim’s apartment complex, he saw a Honda Prelude parked along the street with its

lights turned off and sitting beside another car that looked like a silver Saab. Officer

Slagle said that the occupants were talking to each other. He stated that the driver of

the silver car made a U-turn behind the Honda and drove away. Officer Slagle testified

that after he confirmed that the license number of the Honda matched the victim’s car,

he followed and stopped the Honda. Officer Slagle identified a photograph of the

victim’s car as the one he stopped.

              Officer Slagle testified that when the Honda was stopped, Tucker, the

driver, jumped out of the car and ran toward the police car. He stated that he pointed

his gun at Tucker and told him to place his hands on the Honda, and Tucker complied.

Officer Slagle said that he saw a gun, a purse, car keys, and tape in the front seat of

the Honda.

              Detective Mike Hyde of the Knoxville Police Department testified that he

later saw Tucker at approximately 2:30 or 2:45 a.m. at the police station. Tucker was

wearing jogging pants and a T-shirt. Detective Hyde testified that during a brief

interview at the emergency room, the victim told him that she had been raped, robbed

                                             7
and cut by a black man whom she did not know but that the defendant was involved.

He described the victim as being near death when she gave the statement.

              Dr. Blaine Enderson, a surgeon at the University of Tennessee Medical

Center testified that the victim suffered a slash wound across her entire neck. He said

that muscles in the victim’s neck had been cut and that her trachea had been injured.

He stated that the victim also suffered several stab wounds around her right collarbone,

one of which bled severely because a major vein had been injured. He said that the

victim had lost a significant amount of blood. Dr. Enderson testified that the victim’s

injuries required surgery lasting approximately four to five hours. He said that two to

three wounds other than the slash wound to the neck required immediate attention. He

stated that the victim was hospitalized for approximately sixteen days. Dr. Enderson

testified that had surgery not been performed, the victim would have been in grave

danger of dying as a result of either difficulty in breathing or loss of blood. On cross-

examination, Dr. Enderson testified that he did not observe any bruising. He said that

he also did not observe any signs of forced penetration and that no sperm was found

inside the victim’s vagina.

              Xavier Castro, a Chicago, Illinois police officer, testified that he served

fugitive warrants on the defendant relative to the crimes involved in this case. He said

that he and two other officers went to the defendant’s mother’s apartment at

approximately 10:00 a.m. on September 25, 1992. He stated that a grey Subaru with a

Tennessee license plate was parked across the street. Officer Castro testified that

when the officers walked into the apartment and announced who they were, the

defendant ran into the pantry next to the kitchen and closed the door. He said that the

defendant’s brother became agitated, requiring that he be restrained. He stated that he

ordered the defendant to come out of the pantry, and the defendant complied, telling

his brother to calm down because the officers were there for the defendant, not him.

                                             8
Officer Castro testified that the defendant’s brother repeatedly asked what was going

on and what had the defendant done. He stated that as the defendant was being

handcuffed, the defendant replied, “I killed her. I killed her.”

              Officer Castro testified that as they were driving the defendant to the

police station, the defendant asked them, “Is she alive?” He stated that the defendant

also asked several times about the condition of a girl in Knoxville, stating that he knew

that she had been cut and that he believed that she was dead. He said that the

defendant told him that he knew that Tucker had told the officers how to find him.

Officer Castro testified that the defendant told him that he and Tucker were from

Chicago and that they needed cash and a vehicle to return to Chicago. He stated that

the defendant said that he and Tucker planned to take the victim’s car and money by

the defendant gaining entry to the apartment given the fact that the victim trusted him.

The defendant stated that Tucker would then enter the apartment and act like a robber

while the defendant persuaded the victim not to resist. Officer Castro testified that the

defendant told them that Tucker became violent once he entered the apartment. The

defendant said that Tucker bound the victim, raped her, cut her throat, and then fled.

The defendant told the officers that he and Tucker argued over who was going to drive

the victim’s car. Officer Castro stated that the defendant told them that Tucker drove

the victim’s car, following the defendant out of the apartment complex. The defendant

said that he saw the officers stop and arrest Tucker.

              Officer Castro testified that the defendant was interviewed at the police

station. He said that the defendant asked about the victim’s condition and that the

officers told the defendant that the victim must be alive because the warrant was not for

a homicide. He stated that the defendant became alarmed and told the officers that he

wanted to tell them what really happened. Officer Castro testified that the defendant

then gave a statement different from that given in the police car. The defendant told

                                              9
the officers that he and Tucker agreed that the defendant should act like a victim but

allow Tucker access to the apartment by leaving a window or door unlocked. The

defendant said that Tucker restrained the victim by tying her with duct tape. The

defendant said that Tucker then began attacking the victim. Officer Castro testified that

the defendant told the officers that he “got into the violence of the act.” The defendant

then admitted that he raped the victim and cut her throat. On cross-examination,

Officer Castro admitted that he wrote in his report that the defendant denied any

knowledge of how the victim was cut.

              The defendant testified that he was from Chicago, Illinois. He said that

approximately two weeks after meeting the victim, he borrowed a friend’s car and drove

to Chicago to bring Tucker to Knoxville to stay with him. He stated that Tucker decided

to return to Chicago and asked the defendant to take him home. The defendant

testified that Tucker became frustrated when the defendant told Tucker that he did not

believe that his friend’s car would survive the return trip and that another friend would

not let him borrow her car. He stated that he later told Tucker that he was going to see

the victim, and Tucker asked him to borrow her car. The defendant said that he told

Tucker that he did not know the victim well enough. He said that Tucker then asked the

defendant to take the victim’s keys, stating that he would return the car. The defendant

testified that he refused and told Tucker that it was a crazy idea. He said he initially

believed that Tucker was joking, but Tucker told him he was serious as he was leaving.

The defendant testified that Tucker then asked him to leave the door open in order for

Tucker to be able to come inside the apartment and get the victim’s car keys while the

defendant was in the bedroom with the victim. He said that Tucker told him that they

could drive the victim’s car to Chicago and then leave it parked alongside the road.

The defendant said that he agreed to the plan, telling Tucker to give him approximately

thirty minutes and that he would leave the car keys on the living room table.

                                            10
              The defendant testified that he then went to the victim’s apartment. He

said that the victim was on the telephone when he arrived and that she shut the

curtains and the sliding door. He said that at some point, he told the victim he was

going to leave and unlocked the door. He stated that he then began kissing the victim,

and they fell to the floor. He said that the victim started to turn on some music, but he

persuaded her to go into the bedroom instead. The defendant stated that as they were

kissing in the bedroom, the victim screamed. He said that he turned around and saw a

person wearing a light-colored mask similar to a handkerchief and carrying a gun. He

said that he could vaguely see the person’s eyes and forehead because it was dark.

The defendant testified that the person pushed him to the floor, straddled the victim, put

the gun to the victim’s head, and ordered the defendant to get on the bed. He stated

that he told the person that they did not have any money, and he then panicked and

began to pray because he was afraid for his life. The defendant said that when the

person told him to be quiet and not to look at him, he put his head into a pillow. He

testified that the victim was crying as the person taped her hands over her head. He

said that the person told him again not to look at him.

              The defendant testified that the person then taped his hands and ankles,

placed tape over his mouth, and pushed him to the floor. He said that he lay on the

floor for approximately one minute before the person pulled him into the hallway. He

stated that the person then went back into the bedroom. The defendant said that he

heard the unzipping of pants and the victim moaning and asking to be untied. He

testified that he heard the person tell the victim to be quiet. He stated that

approximately ten to twelve minutes later, the person got up and asked the victim if she

liked it, and the victim replied yes. The defendant testified that the person walked into

the kitchen, opened the refrigerator, and asked if she had any soda. He stated that the

person also rummaged through silverware. He said that the person pulled the mask

down to repeat the question, and at this point, the defendant recognized the person as

                                            11
Tucker. The defendant testified that Tucker asked the victim why she was crying, but

she did not respond. Tucker then asked the victim whether she had any money, and

the victim told Tucker where her purse was located.

             The defendant testified that Tucker then left the bedroom, went into the

kitchen, and then bent down beside him, pulled the mask down, and told the defendant,

“Don’t worry about it. Just shut up.” He said that Tucker went back into the bedroom,

and he heard the victim sigh loudly. He stated that Tucker then cut the tape off his

hands and ankles and told him, “Let’s go.” The defendant testified that when he asked

Tucker what he was doing, Tucker told him to be quiet and that he had the victim’s car

keys. He said that when he told Tucker that the victim would think that he had

something to do with it, Tucker told him to be quiet again. He stated that he replied that

he could not do it, and Tucker pointed the gun at him, pulled the chamber, and told him,

“I said, let’s go.” The defendant said that as he started to walk out, Tucker went back

into the bedroom and said something to the victim.

             The defendant testified that once outside, Tucker told him that he should

not try to run away. He said that Tucker gave him the victim’s car keys and told him to

go to their apartment to get Tucker’s clothes. The defendant testified that he had

borrowed a friend’s grey Subaru and that it was parked at his apartment. He stated that

when they arrived at the apartment, Tucker got out of the car immediately and went

inside the apartment. The defendant testified that as he was walking toward the

apartment, he saw Officer Uzzle who asked him some questions. He said that Tucker

was carrying things to the victim’s car as he was talking to Officer Uzzle. The defendant

stated that he then went inside the apartment, asked Tucker what he was doing, told

him that he was not going to Chicago, and told him that his plan was not going to work.

He said that Tucker responded that he would drive himself and then asked the

defendant to lead him to the interstate. The defendant testified that he agreed so that

                                           12
he could get away from Tucker, and he then drove the grey Subaru and Tucker

followed as he led him to the interstate. The defendant admitted that he did not drive

toward the interstate but claimed that he was panicked. He also conceded that Officer

Slagle was correct that he was talking to Tucker as they were parked alongside the

road. He stated that Tucker was then stopped and arrested by the police. The

defendant said that he then drove toward the victim’s apartment but panicked when he

saw several police officers. He stated that instead, he picked up a friend, and they

went to Chicago to the defendant’s mother’s residence. He said that he told his friend

that Tucker had raped the victim.

              The defendant acknowledged that he ran into a pantry when the police

arrived at his mother’s apartment in Chicago to arrest him. The defendant denied that

he raped or cut the victim, and he denied telling the officers that he had killed or raped

the victim. He said that he told the officers that Tucker had raped the victim, not him.

He stated that he also told the officers that he did not know anything about the victim

being cut. He testified that he asked the officer whether the victim was dead because

the officer had told him that her throat had been cut. He denied asking, “Is she alive?

Is she alive?” The defendant identified a piece of duct tape that was found lying in the

floor of the victim’s apartment as the duct tape Tucker used to tape his hands together.

He claimed that he did not know that Tucker was going to harm the victim. He stated

that he intended only to leave the door open so that Tucker could get the victim’s car

keys. He believed that Tucker was going to leave while he and the victim were in the

bedroom.

              On cross-examination, the defendant testified that he and Tucker had

been friends since childhood. He said that he and Tucker were unemployed at the time

of the offenses. He stated that he had not seen Tucker with a gun or mask during the

time that he was staying with him. The defendant said that Tucker took duct tape from

                                            13
the grey Subaru. He admitted that he knew that Tucker was going to come into the

victim’s apartment and take the victim’s car keys. He conceded that he could recognize

Tucker’s voice under normal circumstances, but he stated that the mask over Tucker’s

face muffled his voice, making it impossible to know that the intruder was Tucker. He

said that he also did not recognize Tucker’s height and build. The defendant conceded

that he did not check on the victim before leaving but claimed that he did not know that

she had been cut. The defendant denied that either he or Tucker put anything in the

grey Subaru and asserted that Officer Uzzle was mistaken.

                  The defendant and Tucker were charged with especially aggravated

robbery, attempted first degree murder, and aggravated rape.1 The jury found the

defendant guilty of especially aggravated robbery and attempted first degree murder but

not guilty of the rape charges.2

                                   I. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

                  The defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to prove beyond

a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed especially aggravated robbery or

attempted first degree murder or that the defendant was criminally responsible for the

acts committed by Tucker. Our standard of review when the sufficiency of the evidence

is questioned on appeal is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,

319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979). This means that we do not reweigh the evidence, but

presume that the jury has resolved all conflicts in the testimony and drawn all

reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of the state. See State v. Sheffield,

                  1
                The reco rd ref lects that T uck er en tered guilty ple as to the o ffen ses of es pec ially
aggravated robbery and attem pted second degree murder.

                  2
                      This case involves the second trial of the defendant for the charges. The first trial ended
in a m istrial.

                                                         14
676 S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984); State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn.

1978).

                For circumstantial evidence to constitute the sole basis for a conviction,

the facts must be “so closely interwoven and connected that the finger of guilt is pointed

unerringly at the defendant and the defendant alone.” State v. Crawford, 225 Tenn.
478, 484, 470 S.W.2d 610, 613 (1971). The evidence must be both consistent with the

defendant’s guilt and inconsistent with the defendant’s innocence, exclude all other

reasonable theories except that of guilt, and establish the defendant’s guilt so as to

convince the mind beyond a reasonable doubt that he or she committed the crime.

Patterson v. State, 4 Tenn. Crim. App. 657, 661, 475 S.W .2d 201, 203 (1971).

                Especially aggravated robbery is a robbery accomplished with a deadly

weapon where the victim suffers serious bodily injury. T.C.A. § 39-13-403(a)(1) and (2).

Robbery is defined as the intentional or knowing theft of property from the person of

another by violence or putting the person in fear. T.C.A. § 39-14-401(a).

                The defendant is guilty of attempted first degree murder if the proof shows

that he attempted, as defined by T.C.A. § 39-12-101(a), to commit an unlawful,

intentional, premeditated and deliberate killing of another. See T.C.A. §§ 39-

13-201(a) and -202(a)(1) (1991)3. Our criminal code defined a deliberate act as “one

performed with a cool purpose,” and a premeditated act as “one done after the exercise

of reflection and judgment.” T.C.A. § 39-13-201(b)(1) and (2) (1991). In State v.

Brown, 836 S.W.2d 530 (Tenn. 1992), our supreme court further defined deliberation as

requiring some period of reflection, without passion or provocation, and concluded that

the “deliberation necessary to establish first degree murder cannot be formed in an

                  3
                    Pursuant to an amendment effective July 1, 1995, the statutory provision defining first
degree murd er was a men ded, pur portedly de leting the req uirem ent of de liberation. See T.C.A. § 39-13-
202(a)( 1) (Sup p. 1996) .

                                                     15
instant.” Id. at 539, 543. Premeditation requires a showing of a previously formed

design or intent to kill. State v. West, 844 S.W.2d 144, 147 (Tenn. 1992). The

existence of the separate and distinct elements of premeditation and deliberation is a

question of fact to be decided by the jury. See State v. Brown, 836 S.W.2d at 541-42.

In this respect, the determination of the state of mind necessary to establish the

elements of first degree murder may be shown by circumstantial evidence. State v.

Brown, 836 S.W.2d at 541; State v. Burlison, 868 S.W.2d 713, 717 (Tenn. Crim. App.

1993).

              Pursuant to T.C.A. § 39-11-402, a defendant may be criminally

responsible for the conduct of another. The statute provides:

              A person is criminally responsible for an offense committed by
              the conduct of another if:

              ...

              (2) Acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of
              the offense, or to benefit in the proceeds or results of the
              offense, the person solicits, directs, aids, or attempts to aid
              another person to commit the offense;

              ...

T.C.A. § 39-11-402(2).

              Common law principles governing aiders and abettors are embraced by

the statutory provisions for criminal responsibility. State v. Carson, 950 S.W.2d 951,

955 (Tenn. 1997). To be criminally responsible for the acts of another, a defendant

must “associate himself with the venture, act with knowledge that an offense is to be

committed, and share in the criminal intent of the principal in the first degree . . . .”

Jenkins v. State, 509 S.W.2d 240, 245 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1974). In other words, the

defendant “must knowingly, voluntarily and with common intent unite with the principal

offenders in the commission of the crime.” State v. Foster, 755 S.W.2d 846, 848

(Tenn. Crim. App. 1988). A defendant is also held criminally responsible for any other

                                              16
crime committed by the principal offender in pursuance of the common purpose or as a

natural and probable consequence of the crime originally aided and abetted by the

defendant. Carson, 950 S.W.2d at 955-56.

             When the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the state, the

evidence supports the jury’s verdicts. The evidence shows that the defendant admitted

that he and Tucker planned to steal the victim’s car and drive to Chicago. The

defendant went to the victim’s apartment unexpectedly at around 11:00 p.m. on

September 24, 1992. He acted as if he was going to leave and unlocked the front door

to allow Tucker into the victim’s apartment. The defendant then began kissing the

victim and continued kissing the victim as they moved to the bedroom. The evidence

establishes that Tucker entered the bedroom as the defendant and the victim were

kissing on the bed. Tucker pointed a gun at the victim and then taped her hands and

feet with tape. The victim was then raped.

             The evidence establishes that following the rape, Tucker asked the victim

whether she had anything to drink. When the victim told Tucker no, either the

defendant or Tucker rummaged through the silverware. Tucker then asked the victim

where her purse was located, and the victim heard either the defendant or Tucker going

through her purse. Tucker then asked the victim if she enjoyed being raped. The

victim did not respond when Tucker asked her why she had cried. When the victim

asked that her ties be loosened, either the defendant or Tucker lifted the victim’s head,

placed a white towel around her neck, and then cut her neck and stabbed the left and

right side of her neck. Afterwards, either the defendant or Tucker poked the victim’s

feet with a sharp object. As they were leaving, Tucker went back into the bedroom and

told the victim that he knew everything she did and threatened to blow out the victim’s

brains if she left the apartment. The defendant and Tucker then left the victim’s

apartment, took the victim’s car, and loaded clothes and other personal items in the

                                             17
victim’s car and in the defendant’s friend’s car. The defendant and Tucker then left for

Chicago.

              The proof shows that after the stabbing, the victim went to a neighbor’s

apartment. When the neighbor asked the victim what had happened, the victim said

repeatedly, “I can’t believe he did it.” When asked to whom she was referring, the

victim replied, “Jazz,” referring to the defendant, and then said, “They knew each other.”

The victim also told Detective Hyde during a brief interview at the hospital that she had

been raped, robbed and cut by a black man that she did not know but that the

defendant was involved in the crimes.

              The evidence establishes that Tucker was driving the victim’s car when he

was stopped by the police shortly after the crimes occurred. The victim’s purse and car

keys, a gun and a roll of duct tape were found in the front seat of the victim’s car. The

proof also shows that the defendant fled to Chicago. When Officer Castro and the

other Chicago police officers entered the defendant’s mother’s residence, the

defendant ran and hid in a pantry. After the defendant came out of the pantry, he told

his brother that the police were there for the defendant, and he then stated, “I killed her.

I killed her.” The defendant asked the officers several times about the victim’s

condition, stating that he knew that the victim had been cut and that he believed that

she was dead. The defendant told the police that Tucker bound the victim, raped her,

and cut her throat. When the officers told the defendant that the victim was still alive,

the defendant said that he and Tucker agreed that the defendant should act like a

victim during the robbery. The defendant then admitted that he raped the victim and cut

her throat.

              With respect to the especially aggravated robbery, the defendant argues

that his testimony that he only intended that Tucker sneak into the apartment and get

                                            18
the victim’s car keys is uncontradicted by any credible evidence. However, we do not

reweigh the evidence or evaluate the credibility of the witnesses. See Cabbage, 571

S.W.2d at 835. We conclude that the jury was entitled to reject the defendant’s version

of the facts. The evidence is sufficient to convict the defendant of especially

aggravated robbery.

              As for the attempted first degree murder conviction, the defendant argues

that the evidence is insufficient to establish beyond a reasonable doubt the elements of

premeditation, deliberation and identity to show that the defendant committed the

crimes or that he was criminally responsible for Tucker’s conduct. He asserts that the

proof does not show that Tucker intended to kill the victim when he cut her throat, given

the fact that as he and Tucker were leaving, Tucker went back into the bedroom and

threatened to kill the victim if she told anyone what had happened. The defendant

claims that his statement to police that he cut the victim’s throat after he “got into the

violence” of Tucker’s attack shows that the defendant was not sufficiently free from

passion to have the ability to premeditate or deliberate. The defendant also argues that

his testimony that he only intended that Tucker sneak into the apartment and get the

victim’s car keys is uncontradicted by any credible evidence. The state responds that

the evidence shows beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant either committed

the crimes himself or was criminally responsible for the attempted first degree murder of

the victim by Tucker. We hold that the evidence is sufficient to convict the defendant of

attempted first degree murder under either theory.

              We believe that the elements of premeditation and deliberation were

established beyond a reasonable doubt. After the rape, Tucker walked into the kitchen,

opened the refrigerator, and asked the victim if she had anything to drink. Either the

defendant or Tucker rummaged through the silverware and took a knife. Then, they

took the victim’s keys from her purse. Tucker asked the victim whether she enjoyed

                                             19
being raped and also asked her why she had cried. When the victim asked that her ties

be loosened, a towel was placed around her neck, and her neck was then cut and

stabbed. These facts show that the attempted killing of the victim was done with a cool

purpose and after the exercise of reflection and judgment. The jury was entitled to

reject the defendant’s version of the facts.

              We conclude that substantial evidence was introduced to show that the

defendant was the one who tried to kill the victim. The victim told her neighbor that the

defendant was the one who had caused her injuries. Also, when the defendant came

out of the pantry after fleeing from police, he told his brother that the police were there

for the defendant and then stated, “I killed her. I killed her.” After being arrested, the

defendant asked repeatedly about the victim’s condition, stating that he knew that the

victim had been cut. The defendant also admitted to police that he had cut the victim’s

throat.

              Substantial evidence was also introduced to show that Tucker cut and

stabbed the victim’s neck and that the defendant was criminally responsible for

Tucker’s conduct. The victim told police at the emergency room that she had been cut

by a black man that she did not know but that the defendant was involved in the crimes.

The defendant told police that Tucker had cut the victim’s throat, but he also admitted

that the plan to steal the victim’s car included that the defendant would act like a victim

during the commission of the crime. Although the defendant claimed that he did not

know that Tucker would harm the victim or that Tucker possessed a gun, the jury was

entitled to reject his testimony. Given the above facts, we hold that the evidence proves

beyond a reasonable doubt that either the defendant committed the offense of

attempted first degree murder himself or that he was criminally responsible for the act

committed by Tucker.

                                               20
                 II. INTRODUCTION OF A BLOODY PILLOWCASE,
                           COMFORTER AND T-SHIRT

              The defendant contends that the trial court erred by allowing the state to

introduce a bloody pillowcase, comforter and T-shirt and that the manner in which the

exhibits were shown to the jury was unfairly prejudicial. The state responds that the

items were relevant to show the extent of the victim’s injuries and to show that the

defendant and Tucker intended to inflict severe injuries and knew that the victim would

die as a result of the injuries. It argues that the items were not unduly prejudicial and

were properly admitted by the trial court. Relative to the manner in which the items

were displayed to the jury, the state responds that the method was proper given the

bloody nature of exhibits. It argues that the time used for the display of each item was

not excessive. We conclude that the introduction of the items was not improper and

that the method used was an effective means by which to allow the jury to view the

exhibits.

              The admissibility of evidence as more probative than prejudicial is a

matter within the trial court’s discretion and will not be reversed on appeal absent a

showing of an abuse of that discretion. State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 66 (Tenn.

1992). Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact

that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less

probable than it would be without the evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 401. If the probative

value of relevant evidence is “substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair

prejudice,” it may be excluded. Tenn. R. Evid. 403.

              During the defendant’s first trial, the state sought to introduce a sheet, a

comforter and a T-shirt that had blood on them and a bloody pillowcase that had duct

tape on it. The defendant objected to their introduction on the ground that they were

cumulative evidence given the other proof regarding the victim’s condition and her loss

of blood. He asserted that the showing of blood inflamed the jury and was unfairly

                                            21
prejudicial, especially given the common fear of the transmission of diseases through

blood. The state acknowledged that some of the items were visible in the photographs

of the scene that were to be introduced at trial. It argued that a photograph of the

comforter could not be substituted because it could not accurately depict that a person

had bled all the way through the comforter. The trial court permitted the state to

introduce the bloody pillowcase, comforter and T-shirt because the items’ probative

value on the issue of the seriousness of the bodily injury outweighed the prejudicial

effect. It excluded the bloody sheet, ruling that the evidence was cumulative.

               At the present trial, the defendant objected during the victim’s testimony to

the introduction of the bloody pillowcase, comforter and T-shirt and the manner in which

they were to be introduced. As grounds for his objections, the defendant relied upon

the arguments made at the first trial, and the transcript of the first trial was made an

exhibit. The evidence was admitted over the defendant’s objection. The bloody king-

size comforter was spread out on the floor, and the victim stepped down to identify it.

               The defendant also objected to the introduction of the items and the

manner in which they were introduced following Mr. Burns’s testimony. The trial court

noted the defendant’s objection but stated that its earlier ruling governed its decision.

The defendant requested that the comforter be put away, and the state responded that

the jury should be allowed to see the comforter. The defendant stated for the record

that the comforter had remained spread out on the floor for approximately forty-five

minutes. The court ruled that the comforter would be folded and would be shown to the

jury at a later time.

               Following Detective Hyde’s testimony, the court requested the prosecutor

to use rubber gloves and hold up the pillowcase and T-shirt for the jurors to see. The

court also asked the prosecutor to unfold the comforter on the floor to allow the jurors to

                                             22
view it. Defense counsel objected to the methods used to allow the jurors to view the

exhibits. The trial court overruled the defendant’s objection. It instructed the jurors that

they could but were not required to step out of the jury box to examine the comforter.

The court told the jurors that they were not permitted to discuss the exhibits. All of the

jurors and the alternate jurors, with the exception of one juror, stepped down to view the

comforter. One juror requested that they be shown the T-shirt, and the trial court stated

that it would be shown in a few minutes. The trial court then asked the prosecutor to

hold up and show the jury both sides of the T-shirt and the pillowcase, and the

prosecutor complied. The jury was excused, and defense counsel objected again to

the manner in which the exhibits were displayed for the jury’s viewing. Defense counsel

stated for the record that the comforter was laid out on the floor of the courtroom fully

unfolded. He said that the jurors moved out of the jury box and stood over the

comforter for approximately two to three minutes. He stated that the prosecutor also

held the T-shirt approximately two to three feet away from the jurors and walked slowly

back and forth in front of them for about thirty-five seconds. Defense counsel said that

the same procedure was used for the pillowcase but that the procedure lasted

approximately fifty seconds.

              Defense counsel argued that the manner in which the exhibits were

displayed unnecessarily emphasized the prejudicial impact on the jury. He argued that

the victim’s testimony and the photographs sufficiently allowed the jury to consider the

evidence. He then requested a mistrial. The prosecutor responded that the method of

display used was not improper given the fact that he followed the trial court’s

instructions, although he conceded that he had not often used the method. He argued

that the method was necessary because not all jurors could fully view the comforter

without it being fully unfolded and because the items could not be passed to the jury

unless gloves were provided.

                                            23
              The court overruled the defendant’s objections and request for a mistrial.

It relied on its earlier ruling that the evidence was admissible given the seriousness of

the victim’s injuries. It stated that because of the need to protect the jury for sanitary

reasons and because not all jurors could see the comforter clearly, it was necessary

that the jurors be allowed to come down and see the comforter spread out on the floor.

It said that the pillowcase and the T-shirt were displayed to the jury with the

prosecutor’s back to the jury.

              We hold that the trial court properly concluded that the bloody pillowcase,

comforter and T-shirt were probative of the issue of whether the victim suffered serious

bodily injury. However, we note that the probative value of the evidence is somewhat

diminished given the other evidence in the case. The victim’s neighbor testified that

blood was all over the victim’s door and in her apartment. He said that the victim was

pale and had lost a lot of blood. Dr. Enderson also testified that the victim had lost a

significant amount of blood and that had surgery not been performed, the victim would

have been in grave danger of dying as a result of the loss of blood. Also, a couple of

the photographs of the scene showed blood on the comforter. Because this evidence

was presented and because the issue was not contested by the defendant, the

admission of the comforter could be viewed as cumulative evidence, and the need for it

on the issues of serious bodily injury and intent was minimized. However, the evidence

was also probative to show the intent of the defendant and Tucker to kill the victim

given the fact that they left the victim even though she was bleeding greatly. The issue

of intent was heavily contested.

              We recognize that the presence of blood on the exhibits presented a

danger of inflaming the jury. Although we view the issue to be a close one, we are

unable to conclude that the probative value of the evidence was substantially

outweighed by the risk of unfair prejudice. See Tenn. R. Evid. 403. Moreover, the fact

                                             24
that the jury found the defendant not guilty of raping the victim indicates that the jury did

not base its verdicts upon passion.

              We also conclude that the method used to display the exhibits did not

unfairly emphasize their prejudicial nature. Rather, the display was relatively brief, and

the trial court took great care to protect the jurors from being exposed to the blood

without hindering their ability to view and to consider the evidence as it related to the

issues at trial. We hold that the exhibits were properly introduced and displayed to the

jury.

            III. INTRODUCTION OF PHOTOGRAPH OF VICTIM’S SCARS

              The defendant asserts that the trial court erred by admitting a photograph

of the victim’s scars. He argues that the photograph should have been excluded

because it created a danger of confusing or misleading the jury given the fact that the

photograph showed scars other than those caused by the attack on the victim. He also

argues that the photograph should have been excluded as cumulative evidence

because uncontradicted eyewitness and expert testimony established the location and

the severity of the victim’s wounds and because the victim could have displayed her

injuries to the jury during her testimony. The state responds that the photograph was

properly admitted to show the extent of the victim’s injuries. It argues that there was

little chance that the jury was confused by the nature of the scars depicted in the

photograph because Dr. Enderson fully explained the scars. We hold that the

photograph was properly admitted.

              The leading case in Tennessee regarding the admissibility of photographs

of murder victims is State v. Banks, 564 S.W.2d 947 (Tenn. 1978), in which the

supreme court held that the determination of admissibility is within the discretion of the

trial court after considering the relevance, probative value and potential unfair

                                             25
prejudicial effect of such evidence. See Tenn. R. Evid. 403. The general rule, as

stated in Banks, is that “photographs of the corpse are admissible in murder

prosecutions if they are relevant to the issues on trial, notwithstanding their gruesome

and horrifying character.” 564 S.W.2d at 950-51. On the other hand, “if they are not

relevant to prove some part of the prosecution’s case, they may not be admitted solely

to inflame the jury and prejudice them against the defendant.” Id. at 951.

              Thus, even relevant evidence should be excluded if its probative value is

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice to the defendant. Id.; see

also Tenn. R. Evid. 403. In Banks, the court stated, “The more gruesome the

photographs, the more difficult it is to establish their probative value and relevance

outweigh their prejudicial effect.” 564 S.W.2d at 951.

              The single photograph of the victim that was introduced in this case was

taken on October 15, 1992, when she left the hospital. The closeup, eight and a half

inches by eleven inches, shows the victim from the chest upward. It depicts three large

scars on the victim’s neck. The victim testified that there were more injuries than those

depicted in the photograph but that the photograph accurately reflected her condition on

October 15.

              Dr. Enderson identified the photograph of the victim’s scars. He stated

that it showed the victim’s wound across her neck with a dip where the tracheotomy had

been located. He said that the photograph also showed a wound over the victim’s

collarbone extending downward to the breastbone where exploratory surgery had been

conducted for a bleeding vessel.

              We hold that the photograph introduced in this case was relevant to show

the extent of the victim’s injuries, necessary proof for either an especially aggravated

                                            26
robbery or an aggravated rape conviction as charged in the indictment. See State v.

Norris, 874 S.W.2d 590, 597 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993) (photographs admissible to show

extent of victim’s injuries in aggravated assault case). Dr. Enderson’s use of the

photograph allowed him to explain better his testimony regarding the extent of the

victim’s injuries.

               We also note that the picture’s probative value is somewhat diminished

given the other evidence in the case. However, the photograph was not gruesome.

Also, we believe that the thorough explanation given by Dr. Enderson regarding the

cause of the scars prevented the jury from being confused or misled. In weighing the

probative value of the photograph against its risk of unfair prejudice, we are unable to

conclude that the photograph’s probative value was substantially outweighed by the risk

of unfair prejudice. See Tenn. R. Evid. 403. Therefore, we hold that the trial court did

not abuse its discretion in admitting the photograph of the victim into evidence. Also,

the prosecution could but was not required to have the witness reveal her scars during

her testimony. See State v. Hill, 885 S.W.2d 357, 360-61 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994) (trial

court did not abuse its discretion in permitting the jury to view the victim’s scars for the

purpose of determining the location of the wounds).

                IV. INSTRUCTIONS ON LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSES

               The defendant contends that the trial court erred by failing to instruct the

jury on the lesser included offense of theft. The defendant also asserts that the trial

court erred by failing to instruct the jury on the lesser included offenses of attempted

second degree murder, aggravated assault and facilitation of the offenses. The state

responds that the trial court properly refused to instruct the jury relative to the lesser

included offenses because the evidence does not support the instructions. We hold

that the trial court erred by failing to instruct on theft but that the error did not

affirmatively affect the verdict, given the jury’s verdict of guilt on the greater offense of

                                               27
especially aggravated robbery and its rejection of the lesser included offenses of

aggravated robbery and robbery. However, we conclude that a reversal is required

relative to the attempted first degree murder charge because the trial court failed to

instruct the jury on the lesser included offense of attempted second degree murder.

              Pursuant to T.C.A. § 40-18-110(a), a trial court is required “to charge the

jury as to all of the law of each offense included in the indictment, without any request

on the part of the defendant to do so.” When the evidence, introduced by either the

state or the defendant, is susceptible of inferring guilt of either a lesser grade or lesser

included offense, the trial court has a mandatory duty to charge such lesser offense.

See T.C.A. § 40-18-110(a); State v. Trusty, 919 S.W.2d 305, 310 (Tenn. 1996);

Johnson v. State, 531 S.W.2d 558, 559 (Tenn. 1975).

              In this case, the defendant was charged with especially aggravated

robbery and attempted first degree murder. The trial court instructed the jury on

especially aggravated robbery and the lesser included offenses of aggravated robbery

and robbery. Relative to the lesser included offense of aggravated robbery, the trial

court instructed the jury that the aggravating element could be either the use or display

of a deadly weapon or the victim suffering serious bodily injury. See T.C.A. § 39-13-

402(a)(1) and (2). The trial court also instructed the jury regarding criminal

responsibility and criminal responsibility for the facilitation of the crime of especially

aggravated robbery and its lesser included offenses. The trial court instructed the jury

regarding criminal responsibility relative to the charge of attempted first degree murder,

but it gave no lesser included offense instructions.

              The defendant requested that the trial court instruct the jury on theft, but

the request was denied. The trial court ruled that the proof did not fairly raise theft but

rather the proof showed that a robbery was committed. The defendant also asked the

                                              28
court to instruct the jury on facilitation. The state objected to the giving of a facilitation

instruction. The trial court ruled that given the defendant’s testimony, the jury should be

instructed relative to facilitation but only as to the offenses of especially aggravated

robbery, aggravated robbery and robbery.

               After the charge, the defendant asserted that relative to the attempted first

degree murder charge, the trial court should have instructed the jury as to the lesser

included offenses of attempted second degree murder and aggravated assault. The

defendant argued that there was evidence of passion and that Tucker lacked the intent

to kill as evidenced by his statement to the victim that if she came out of the apartment,

he would blow off her head.

                      A. LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSE OF THEFT

               First, the defendant contends that the trial court should have given a

lesser included offense instruction on theft. He argues that a theft instruction was

warranted given his testimony that he intended that only a theft take place. In support

of his argument, the defendant relies upon State v. King, 905 S.W.2d 207 (Tenn. Crim.

App. 1995), overruled on other grounds by State v. Willie Williams, Jr., No. 03-S-01-

9706-CR-00060, Hamilton County, slip op. at 11 n.7 (Tenn. Sept. 21, 1998) (for

publication) (the failure to instruct the jury on a lesser included offense does not

implicate the constitutional right to a trial by jury, and thus, the error is subject to

harmless error review under Rule 36(b), T.R.A.P., and Rule 52(a), Tenn. R. Crim. P.).

In King, this court held that the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury on theft, a

lesser included offense of aggravated robbery of an automobile. Id. at 214. The court

determined that the trial court failed to consider the defendant’s version of the facts that

he denied using a gun or using force to obtain the vehicle. Id. The state responds that,

unlike King, the evidence in this case shows that a robbery and not a theft occurred,

and thus, a theft instruction was not supported by the evidence.

                                               29
                We hold that the trial court should have instructed the jury regarding the

lesser included offense of theft. For a conviction based on a theory of criminal

responsibility, the defendant must share in the criminal intent of the principal. Carson,

950 S.W.2d at 954. In the light most favorable to the giving of the lesser included

offense instruction, the proof shows that the defendant intended for Tucker to enter the

apartment and take the victim’s keys while the defendant was in the bedroom with the

victim. The defendant claimed that he did not know that Tucker intended to harm the

victim, and he said that he had not earlier seen Tucker with a gun. Under these facts, it

could be determined that the defendant did not share in the criminal intent of Tucker

that the property be taken from the victim by violence or by putting the victim in fear.

Therefore, the evidence is susceptible of inferring that the defendant was guilty of the

lesser included offense of theft. Thus, we conclude that the trial court erred by not

giving a theft instruction.

                Having determined that the trial court erred by failing to give a theft

instruction, we must now determine the effect of the error. Recently, our supreme court

concluded that an error relating to the failure to instruct on a lesser included offense is

subject to harmless error analysis under Rule 36(b), T.R.A.P., and Rule 52(a), Tenn. R.

Crim. P. State v. Willie Williams, Jr., No. 03-S-01-9706-CR-00060, Hamilton County,

slip op. at 9-10 (Tenn. Sept. 21, 1998) (for publication).4 “Reversal is required if the

error affirmatively appears to have affected the result of the trial on the merits, or in

other words, reversal is required if the error more probably than not affected the

judgment to the defendant’s prejudice.” Id., slip op. at 9. In Williams, a first degree

murder case, the court held that although the trial court erred by failing to instruct the

jury on voluntary manslaughter, the error did not affirmatively affect the verdict given the

fact that the defendant was convicted of the greatest charge, even though the jury was

                4
                 We note that in Williams, the court held that the harmless beyond a reasonable doubt
standa rd was m et, as we ll. Williams, slip op. at 11.

                                                  30
charged with the lesser included offense of second degree murder. Id., slip op. at 10-

14.

              Applying the principles set forth in Williams, we hold that the error in

failing to instruct on theft did not affirmatively affect the verdict in this case. The trial

court instructed the jury on especially aggravated robbery and its lesser included

offenses of aggravated robbery and robbery. The court also instructed the jury

regarding criminal responsibility for the conduct of another and criminal responsibility for

the facilitation of the felonies of especially aggravated robbery, aggravated robbery and

robbery. By convicting the defendant of especially aggravated robbery to the exclusion

of the other lesser included offenses, the jury necessarily rejected all other lesser

included offenses, including theft. See id., slip op at 11. Given the jury’s verdict of guilt

on the greater offense and its disinclination to convict the defendant of the lesser

included offenses, we conclude that the trial court’s erroneous failure to instruct the jury

on theft not only did not affirmatively affect the verdict, but was harmless beyond a

reasonable doubt, as well.

                B. LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSES OF ATTEMPTED
               SECOND DEGREE MURDER, AGGRAVATED ASSAULT,
                     AND FACILITATION OF THE OFFENSES

               Next, the defendant asserts that the trial court should have instructed the

jury on the lesser included offenses of attempted second degree murder, aggravated

assault and facilitation of these offenses. He argues that the lesser included offense

instructions are supported (1) by evidence that Tucker threatened to kill the victim after

the cutting and the stabbing of the victim’s throat and (2) by evidence that the

defendant told the officers that he cut the victim’s throat after he “got into the violence”

of Tucker’s attack.

                                               31
               Initially, we note that aggravated assault is not a lesser included offense

of attempted first degree murder. See Trusty, 919 S.W .2d at 311-12. Accordingly,

there was no duty to instruct on that offense.

               However, the proof in this case supports an instruction on the lesser

included offense of attempted second degree murder. There was proof from which the

jury could have concluded that the defendant did not have the intent, premeditation and

deliberation necessary for an attempted first degree murder conviction. The defendant

told the Chicago police officers that he “got into the violence” of Tucker’s act and cut the

victim’s throat. There was also evidence from which the jury could conclude that

Tucker did not intend to kill the victim with premeditation and deliberation when he cut

her throat, and therefore, the defendant could not be criminally responsible for

attempted first degree murder. The defendant testified that as they were leaving,

Tucker went back into the bedroom and said something to the victim. The victim stated

that Tucker threatened to kill her if she left the apartment. From this evidence, the jury

could infer that Tucker did not intend for the victim to die from the cutting and stabbing

of her neck.

               We hold that this evidence could support a verdict for attempted second

degree murder. Second degree murder is defined as a knowing killing of another.

T.C.A. § 39-13-210(a)(1). Pursuant to T.C.A. § 39-11-302(b):

                       “Knowing” refers to a person who acts knowingly with
               respect to the conduct or to circumstances surrounding the
               conduct when the person is aware of the nature of the conduct
               or that the circumstances exist. A person acts knowingly with
               respect to a result of the person’s conduct when the person is
               aware that the conduct is reasonably certain to cause the
               result.

               The proof raised a factual issue with respect to the defendant’s and

Tucker’s mental states, and the trial court should have submitted the issues to the jury.

                                             32
Therefore, we hold that the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury on the lesser

included offense of attempted second degree murder.

              Likewise, and for the same reasons, the evidence in this case supports an

instruction on facilitation. Pursuant to T.C.A. § 39-11-403(a):

                     A person is criminally responsible for the facilitation of
              a felony if, knowing that another intends to commit a specific
              felony, but without the intent required for criminal responsibility
              under § 39-11-402(2), the person knowingly furnishes
              substantial assistance in the commission of the felony.

As the sentencing commission comments note, T.C.A. § 39-11-403 applies to a person

“who lacks the intent to promote or assist in, or benefit from, the felony’s commission.”

Facilitation may be a lesser included offense of a crime when a conviction is sought

based on criminal responsibility under T.C.A. § 39-11-402(2). See State v. Utley, 928
S.W.2d 448, 451-52 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). The degree of the defendant’s culpability

in the attempted murder was at issue under the evidence. The issue of facilitation

should have been placed before the jury.

              Having determined that the trial court erred by failing to give attempted

second degree murder and facilitation instructions, we must now determine the effect of

the errors under Williams, slip op. at 9-10. Unlike Williams, the jury was given only one

option, attempted first degree murder under a principal or criminal responsibility theory.

See Williams, slip op. at 10 n.6 (distinguishing case from circumstances where the jury

is given only one option and the proof would have supported another offense). We hold

that the errors more probably than not affected the judgment to the defendant’s

prejudice. See Tenn. R. Crim. P. 52(a); T.R.A.P. 36(a). Therefore, a reversal is

required, and the case is remanded for a new trial relative to the attempted first degree

murder charge.

                  V. INSTRUCTION ON THE DEFENSE OF DURESS

                                             33
              The defendant contends that the trial court erred by refusing to instruct

the jury on the defense of duress. He argues that the evidence fairly raises the issue.

The defendant acknowledges that the defense of duress is “unavailable to a person

who intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly becomes involved in a situation in which it

was probable that the person would be subjected to compulsion.” See T.C.A. § 39-11-

504. However, he argues that it was unforeseeable that Tucker would come into the

apartment armed with a firearm and bind the victim. The state responds that the

defense of duress was not available to the defendant under T.C.A. § 39-11-504(b)

because the defendant intentionally placed himself in a situation where he knew he

could be subjected to do other things by Tucker once the robbery began. It also argues

that the defense is not fairly raised by the evidence.

              A bench conference was held during the jury charge, and the defendant

requested that the court instruct the jury regarding the defense of duress. The trial

court denied the defendant’s request. It stated after charging the jury that it denied the

defendant’s request for an instruction on duress for the following two reasons:

              One was, that I was half-way through reading the jury
              instructions. Most importantly, that I did not believe that the
              charge of duress would be appropriate at this time. I think . .
              . the jury must decide whether or not Mr. Cowart was a party
              to this offense . . . . If he was not a party to this offense, . . . I
              think the issue of duress is not appropriate. If he was a party
              I think the issue of duress is appropriate.

At the motion for new trial, the court stated that the defense of duress was not

supported by the evidence.

              In criminal cases, the trial court has a duty to charge the jury on all of the

law that applies to the facts of the case. State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 73 (Tenn.

1992). Anything short of a complete charge denies a defendant his constitutional right

to trial by a jury. State v. McAfee, 737 S.W.2d 304, 308 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987).

                                               34
However, a trial court is not required to give a special request where the general charge

is complete.

               A defendant is entitled to have the issue of the existence of a defense

being submitted to the jury when it is fairly raised by the proof. See T.C.A. § 39-11-

203(c) and (d). To determine if it is fairly raised by the proof, “a court must, in effect,

consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the defendant, including drawing all

reasonable inferences flowing from that evidence.” State v. Shropshire, 874 S.W.2d
634, 639 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). This is because it would be improper for a court to

withhold a defense from the jury’s consideration because of judicial questioning of any

witness credibility. Id.

               With respect to the defense of duress, a person is justified to act under

duress under the following circumstances:

                      Duress is a defense to prosecution where the person or
               a third person is threatened with harm which is present,
               imminent, impending and of such a nature to induce a well-
               grounded apprehension of death or serious bodily injury if the
               act is not done. The threatened harm must be continuous
               throughout the time the act is being committed, and must be
               one from which the person cannot withdraw in safety. Further,
               the desirability and urgency of avoiding the harm must clearly
               outweigh, according to ordinary standards of reasonableness,
               the harm sought to be prevented by the law proscribing the
               conduct.

T.C.A. § 39-11-504(a). However, the defense of duress is “unavailable to a person who

intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly becomes involved in a situation in which it was

probable that the person would be subjected to compulsion.” T.C.A. § 39-11-504(b).

               We hold that irrespective of whether the evidence raised the defense of

duress, the defense was not available to the defendant under T.C.A. § 39-11-504(b).

The defendant admitted that he agreed to allow Tucker into the victim’s apartment to

rob the victim of her car, knowing that the victim would be inside the apartment. By

                                              35
doing so, he intentionally placed himself in a situation in which it was probable that he

could be subjected to compulsion. See T.C.A. § 39-11-504(b). In this regard, we reject

the defendant’s argument that it was unforeseeable that Tucker would use a weapon or

bind the victim given the fact that he had not seen Tucker with a gun and did not expect

that weapons would be used. See T.C.A. § 39-11-504(b). We conclude that under the

circumstances of this case, an instruction on the defense of duress was not

appropriate. This issue is without merit.

                          VI. INSTRUCTION ON CRIMINAL
                       RESPONSIBILITY AND MERE PRESENCE

              The defendant asserts that the trial court erred by failing to instruct the

jury that the defendant must have the specific intent to commit the crime to be found

guilty under a criminal responsibility theory. The defendant argues that the trial court

should have instructed the jury that to find the defendant guilty under a criminal

responsibility theory, the prosection must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the

defendant specifically intended for Tucker to rape, to rob, and to attempt to murder the

victim. The defendant contends that the refusal of his special request allowed the jury

to convict the defendant upon a lower standard of proof. In support of his argument,

the defendant relies upon State v. Williamson, 919 S.W.2d 69 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995),

in which this court held that “the culpable mental state of an aider and abettor is

‘intentional.’” Id. at 77, 80. The defendant also complains that the trial court erred by

refusing to instruct the jury on mere presence. The state responds that the criminal

responsibility instruction fully covered the issue of specific intent, given the fact that the

instruction required the jury to find that the defendant acted with intent and intent is

synonymous with “intention” and “intentional.” See Williamson, 919 S.W.2d at 76. It

also contends that the trial court correctly concluded that there was no evidence to

support an instruction on mere presence and that in any event, the criminal

responsibility instruction fully covered the issue of mere presence. We hold that the

trial court appropriately instructed the jury.

                                                 36
              At the close of the proof, the defendant requested that the trial court

instruct the jury relative to mere presence, and the trial court denied the request, stating

that it was covered by the charge. The court stated at the motion for new trial hearing

that given the defendant’s own testimony that he planned to help Tucker steal the

victim’s car, an instruction on mere presence was not supported by the evidence.

              Relative to the criminal responsibility instruction, the defendant objected to

the instruction given by the trial court, arguing that the instruction should state that the

defendant must have the specific intent to commit the crime. The trial court overruled

the defendant’s objection, stating that specific intent relative to criminal responsibility

was included in the charge.

              The trial court gave the following criminal responsibility instruction:

                     The defendant is criminally responsible as a party to the
              offenses of aggravated rape and its lesser included offenses
              as charged in count four, attempt to commit first degree
              murder as charged in the fifth count, if the offenses were
              committed by the defendant’s own conduct, or by the conduct
              of another for which the defendant is criminally responsible, or
              by both. Each party to the offense may be charged with the
              commission of the offense[.]

                      The defendant is criminally responsible for an offense
              committed by the conduct of another if, acting with the intent
              to promote or assist the commission of the offense, or to
              benefit in the proceeds or results of the offense, the defendant
              solicits, directs, aids, or attempts to aid another person to
              commit the offense.

                     Before you find the defendant guilty of being criminally
              responsible for said offenses committed by the conduct of
              another, you must find that all the essential elements of said
              offenses have been proven by the state beyond a reasonable
              doubt.

The instruction given by the trial court mirrors the pattern jury instruction contained in

T.P.I.-Crim. 3.01 (4th ed.). Also, the language used in the second paragraph mirrors

the statutory definition contained in T.C.A. § 39-11-402(1) and is virtually identical to

T.P.I.-Crim. 3.01 (3d ed.), except that the sentence is restructured.

                                             37
              We hold that the instruction given by the trial court correctly defines the

mental state required for a defendant to be found criminally responsible for a crime

committed by another. The criminal responsibility instruction given by the trial court

required the jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant acted with the

intent to promote or assist Tucker in the commission of the crimes. See Carson, 950

S.W.2d at 954. The trial court also defined the term “intent.” Under these

circumstances, we hold that the trial court did not err by refusing to give the defendant’s

request for a more specific instruction given the fact that the request was completely

covered by the criminal responsibility instruction given by the trial court.

              As for the defendant’s claim that the trial court erred by failing to instruct

the jury regarding mere presence, we note that a trial court should give a requested

instruction (1) if it is supported by the evidence, (2) if it embodies the party’s theory of

the case, (3) if it is a correct statement of the law, and (4) if its substance has not

already been included in other portions of the charge. Mitchell v. Smith, 779 S.W.2d
384, 390-91 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989). W e believe that the issue of mere presence is fairly

raised by the evidence given the defendant’s testimony that he did not know that

Tucker planned on harming the victim and the proof that the defendant was tied in the

hallway as Tucker committed the acts against the victim. Further, it is a correct

statement of the law that the mere presence at the scene of a crime does not make a

person an aider and abettor of the crime. See State v. West, 767 S.W.2d 387, 397

(Tenn. 1992); Anglin v. State, 553 S.W.2d 616, 619 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1977).

              However, the issue of mere presence was already included in other

portions of the charge. The criminal responsibility instruction given by the trial court

necessarily included the principle the defendant wanted to convey to the jury. In this

regard, we also note that the defendant was allowed to argue the principle of mere

presence to the jury during closing argument. We have no doubt that the jury

                                              38
considered the principle of mere presence in its analysis of the defendant’s guilt under

a theory of criminal responsibility for Tucker’s conduct. Although we agree that a

separate instruction on mere presence would have better explained the principle of

mere presence, we cannot say that it was error to omit an instruction on mere presence

under the circumstances of this case. Because the requested instruction on mere

presence is inherent in the criminal responsibility instruction given, we conclude that the

trial court did not err by omitting a mere presence instruction. See State v. James W.

Taylor, No. 01C01-9501-CC-00002, Montgomery County, slip op. at 4-5 (Tenn. Crim.

App. June 22, 1995) (issue of mere presence is fully covered by a criminal responsibility

instruction, and thus, a separate instruction on mere presence is not necessary).

                     VII. INSTRUCTION ON REASONABLE DOUBT

               The defendant asserts that the trial court improperly instructed the jury

regarding the burden of proof. He argues that the instruction given by the trial court

included the term “moral certainty” and allowed the jury to convict him upon less proof

than constitutionally required. The trial court gave the following reasonable doubt

instruction:

                       Reasonable doubt is that doubt engendered by an
               investigation of all the proof in the case and an inability, after
               such investigation, to let the mind rest easily as to the certainty
               of guilt. Reasonable doubt does not mean a captious, possible
               or imaginary doubt. In order to convict a defendant of any
               criminal charge, every element of proof required to constitute
               the offense must be proven to a moral certainty, but absolute
               certainty of guilt is not demanded by the law.

See T.P.I. - Crim. 2.03 (3d ed.). This is a correct statement of the burden of proof

required for criminal trials in Tennessee. See Hardin v. State, 210 Tenn. 116, 355
S.W.2d 105 (1962); State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722, 734 (Tenn. 1994); State v.

Sexton, 917 S.W.2d 263, 266 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995); Pettyjohn v. State, 885 S.W.2d
364, 366 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). Therefore, the instruction was properly given.

                         VIII. ACCEPTANCE OF JURY VERDICT

                                              39
              The defendant contends that the trial court erred by accepting the verdict

of guilt for especially aggravated robbery because the range of punishment sheet notes

“N.G.” next to the offense of especially aggravated robbery. He argues that the notation

reflects that the jury reached a verdict different from the guilty verdict reported to the

court, and he argues that the contradictory findings render uncertain the verdict

returned by the jury. The state responds that the trial court properly accepted the jury’s

verdict. We agree.

              At the conclusion of the deliberations, the foreperson reported that the

jury had found the defendant not guilty of the rape charges contained in counts one,

two and three, reporting the jury’s not guilty verdicts in order of the charged offense

followed by its lesser included offenses. When asked by the trial court whether the jury

had reached a verdict relative to the especially aggravated robbery charge contained in

count four, the foreperson stated that the jury found the defendant guilty. The trial court

asked, “Of especially aggravated robbery?” and the foreperson nodded affirmatively

and stated, “Yes.” The foreperson stated that the jury also found the defendant guilty of

attempted first degree murder as charged in count five. The trial court repeated the

findings to the foreperson, and the foreperson replied that the findings represented the

verdicts reached by the jury. When asked whether the verdicts represented the

decision of the jury, all twelve jurors raised their hands. The trial court then dismissed

the jury.

              After the jury was dismissed, the bailiff gave the trial court the written jury

charge used by the jury during deliberations. The written jury charge included an

instruction on the range of punishments relative to the offenses charged and their

lesser included offenses. The trial court informed the parties that the jury had made

notes on the range of punishment sheet during jury deliberations reflecting a not guilty

decision with respect to the charge of especially aggravated robbery. The court said

                                             40
that it did not know what the notes meant, but it believed that the jury returned a guilty

verdict and answered unanimously to that verdict. It stated that it had told the

foreperson that it would read through the range of punishment list when asking for the

jury’s verdict. It said that it did not do that exactly but rather asked for the jury’s verdict

by the count number followed by its lesser included offenses.

               The range of punishment sheet and the jurors’ copies of the indictments

containing handwritten notes were introduced into evidence. The range of punishment

sheet contains handwritten notes beside each offense for which the defendant was

charged and its range of punishment, including lesser included offenses. Beside the

charge of especially aggravated robbery are the letters “N.G.” The letter “G” is marked

next to the criminal responsibility for facilitation of especially aggravated robbery. Two

copies of the indictments also contain notes in handwriting similar to that on the range

of punishment sheet. The indictments state “NOT GUILTY” beside the rape charges

contained in counts one, two and three and state “GUILTY” beside the charges of

especially aggravated robbery and attempted first degree murder contained in counts

four and five. The trial court accepted the jury’s verdict of guilt for especially

aggravated robbery and sentenced the defendant to the maximum sentence of twenty-

five years.

               At the motion for new trial hearing, the defendant did not present any

proof relative to the meaning of the notes contained on the range of punishment sheet

or the copies of the indictments. The defendant conceded that the jury orally returned a

verdict of guilty for the offense of especially aggravated robbery. However, he argued

that there was a conflict between the range of punishment sheet and copies of the

indictments.

                                              41
                 The trial court overruled the defendant’s motion for new trial, concluding

that the jury’s verdict was not unclear, given the foreperson’s report of guilt as to the

especially aggravated robbery count and each juror’s affirmation by raising his or her

hand that the verdict accurately reflected his or her decision. It stated:

                       If you all will recall, the jury came back and actually
                 handed me a work sheet of theirs, not something that we had
                 requested, which basically was unclear to me as to what they
                 had written, or what their verdict was.

                         As a result of that and after showing that . . . to you all
                 ahead of time, we brought the jury in and one by one, as we
                 went through the charges that had been given and the
                 indictment, I went through the indictment and asked the
                 foreperson . . . what the verdict was. And one by one the
                 presiding juror told us a specific verdict, which did not always
                 meet with what the work sheet said. Ah, because there was a
                 variation I asked the jurors whether this was their verdict and
                 all answered affirmatively. In fact, Mr. Cowart was acquitted of
                 a number of the charges and . . . convicted of two charges.
                 And based upon what the jury said in open Court . . . and their
                 positiveness about what their verdict was as to each of those
                 charges, I think the fact that they had brought us a work sheet
                 that had some other things written on it . . . is not . . . indicative
                 of a confusion by the jury or . . . a feeling that they should have
                 rendered a different verdict in open Court.

                 A jury verdict must be in language that is clear and certain in order that its

meaning can reasonably be determined. State v. Hensley, 774 S.W.2d 908, 915

(Tenn. 1989); State v. Smith, 836 S.W.2d 137, 143 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992). If the

court considers the verdict to be unclear, it should request the jury to return to

deliberations and direct the jury to amend the verdict and put it in proper form. Smith,

836 S.W.2d at 143.

                 We do not believe that the verdict returned by the jury is ambiguous.

Rather, the jury rendered an oral verdict that was clear, concise and could not be

mistaken.5 The foreperson reported that the jury found the defendant guilty of

                  5
                    We note that verdict forms were not used by the trial court. Written verdict forms often
assist the jury in the rendering of a verdict and the trial court in insuring the accuracy of the reported
verdict relative to the offenses charged.

                                                     42
especially aggravated robbery and twice confirmed that the verdict was that rendered

by the jury when questioned by the trial court. Also, all of the jurors raised their hands

when the trial court asked whether the verdict represented their decision. Although the

range of punishment sheet and the copies of the indictments contain handwritten notes,

no proof was introduced as to the author of the notes, when the notes were written, or

the meaning of the notes. Therefore, we hold that upon the record before us, the trial

court properly accepted the jury’s verdict for especially aggravated robbery and

sentenced the defendant to twenty-five years.

                                    IX. SENTENCING

              The defendant asserts that the trial court erred in its application of

enhancement and mitigating factors and erred by imposing consecutive sentences. He

argues that the sentence is excessive. The state responds that the trial court properly

sentenced the defendant to a total of forty-five years in the custody of the Department

of Correction.

              Appellate review of sentencing is de novo on the record with a

presumption that the trial court's determinations are correct. T.C.A. § 40-35-401(d). As

the Sentencing Commission Comments to this section note, the burden is now on the

defendant to show that the sentence is improper. This means that if the trial court

followed the statutory sentencing procedure, made findings of fact that are adequately

supported in the record, and gave due consideration and proper weight to the factors

and principles that are relevant to sentencing under the 1989 Sentencing Act, we may

not disturb the sentence even if a different result were preferred. State v. Fletcher, 805
S.W.2d 785, 789 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991).

              However, “the presumption of correctness which accompanies the trial

court's action is conditioned upon the affirmative showing in the record that the trial

                                            43
court considered the sentencing principles and all relevant facts and circumstances.”

State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991). In this respect, for the purpose of

meaningful appellate review,

                the trial court must place on the record its reasons for arriving
                at the final sentencing decision, identify the mitigating and
                enhancement factors found, state the specific facts supporting
                each enhancement factor found, and articulate how the
                mitigating and enhancement factors have been evaluated and
                balanced in determining the sentence. T.C.A. § 40-35-210(f)
                (1990).

State v. Jones, 883 S.W.2d 597, 599 (Tenn. 1994).

                Also, in conducting a de novo review, we must consider (1) the evidence,

if any, received at the trial and sentencing hearing, (2) the presentence report, (3) the

principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives, (4) the nature

and characteristics of the criminal conduct, (5) any mitigating or statutory enhancement

factors, (6) any statement that the defendant made on his own behalf and (7) the

potential for rehabilitation or treatment. T.C.A. §§ 40-35-102, -103 and -210; see

Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 168; State v. Moss, 727 S.W.2d 229, 236-37 (Tenn. 1986).

                The sentence to be imposed by the trial court is presumptively the

minimum in the range unless there are enhancement factors present. T.C.A. § 40-35-

210(c).6 Procedurally, the trial court is to increase the sentence within the range based

upon the existence of enhancement factors and, then, reduce the sentence as

appropriate for any mitigating factors. T.C.A. § 40-35-210(d) and (e). The weight to be

afforded an existing factor is left to the trial court's discretion so long as it complies with

the purposes and principles of the 1989 Sentencing Act and its findings are adequately

supported by the record. T.C.A. § 40-35-210, Sentencing Commission Comments;

Moss, 727 S.W.2d at 237; see Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 169.

                6
                   For Class A felonies committed on or after July 1, 1995, the presumptive sentence is the
midp oint of the ra nge. See T.C.A. § 40-35-210(c).

                                                    44
             At the sentencing hearing, Probation Officer Laura Thompson testified

that she prepared two presentence reports: one on March 24, 1995, and the other on

April 18, 1995. She said that the defendant refused to be interviewed when she

conducted the first report. She stated that during the interview for the second report,

the defendant refused to discuss his employment history. The first presentence report

reflects that the then twenty-eight-year-old defendant had prior convictions for driving

on a suspended license, criminal trespass, and theft of services and a prior conviction

for desertion while in the United States Navy. It also states that the defendant had

several other charges that had been dismissed.

              The second presentence report reflects that the defendant is a high

school graduate and that he attended a business college but had to quit due to financial

difficulties. The defendant reported having kidney problems but was not under a

physician’s care and was not disabled. The report shows that the defendant claimed

that he did not have a drinking problem, but he conceded that he began drinking when

he was sixteen and stopped drinking in 1992. The defendant also admitted that he

drank a few beers occasionally. The presentence report reflects that the defendant

admitted that he had used illegal drugs, including marijuana, in the past, although he

claimed that he had stopped using the drugs. The defendant reported that he first used

marijuana when he was sixteen years old. It shows that the defendant worked for a

total of four months for two different employers in 1992. It shows that the defendant

reported that he had been a seaman in the United States Navy but that he had received

less than an honorable discharge because he had been absent without leave on

several occasions.

              The defendant objected to the presentence reports’ references to the

charges that had been dismissed. Probation Officer Thompson stated that she

obtained the criminal history information from an NCIC report. On cross-examination,

                                            45
she stated that the defendant also admitted to her that he had prior convictions for

trespassing and a motor vehicle charge.

              The victim testified that the offenses had changed her life. She said that

the defendant’s actions had hurt her and her family. She also stated that her body had

been permanently damaged.

              The defendant made a statement to the court and to the victim. He stated

that he believed that he had been wrongly convicted because he was innocent but that

he wanted to express his apologies to the victim for what happened to her. He said that

he did not intend for the crimes to occur. The defendant acknowledged that saying that

he was sorry would not reconcile the pain she and her family had suffered but hoped

that it would help heal her pain.

              At the conclusion of the sentencing hearing, the trial court sentenced the

defendant as a Range I, standard offender to twenty-five years and twenty years in the

custody of the Department of Correction for the especially aggravated robbery and

attempted first degree murder convictions, respectively. Relative to both offenses, the

court applied the following enhancement factors pursuant to T.C.A. § 40-35-114:

              (2) the defendant was a leader in the commission of an
              offense involving two or more criminal actors;

              (5) the defendant treated or allowed the victim to be treated
              with exceptional cruelty during the commission of the offense;
              and

              (15) the defendant abused a position of private trust.

The court applied factor (5) based on the rape of the victim. It noted that the jury found

the defendant not guilty of the raping the victim, but it concluded that the proof

established by a preponderance of the evidence that either the defendant raped the

victim or allowed Tucker to do so.

                                            46
              With respect to the attempted first degree murder conviction, the trial

court also applied enhancement factor (6), the personal injuries sustained by the victim

were particularly great, and enhancement factor (16), the offense was committed under

circumstances under which the potential for bodily injury to a victim was great.

Regarding the applicability of enhancement factor (1), the defendant has a previous

history of criminal convictions or criminal behavior, the trial court delayed its decision

until its discussion of consecutive sentencing. At that time, the court noted that many of

the charges had been dismissed or had been obtained through an NCIC report and

thus could be considered by the court for extraordinarily limited purposes. It found,

though, that the defendant admitted some of the offenses to Probation Officer

Thompson. However, it did not state whether it was applying enhancement factor (1) to

enhance the defendant’s sentences. The court also did not state that it was

considering the defendant’s prior criminal history for purposes of consecutive

sentencing.

              In mitigation, the trial court considered the defendant’s lack of a prior

felony record. See T.C.A. § 40-35-113(13). It refused to consider mitigating factors (1),

(9), (10), (11), and (12) and the defendant’s remorsefulness and good work history

pursuant to T.C.A. § 40-35-113(13). The court found the defendant’s testimony to be

incredible.

              The trial court also determined that the defendant was a dangerous

offender pursuant to T.C.A. § 40-35-115(b)(4) and ordered him to serve his sentences

consecutively for a total of forty-five years incarceration. The court found that the

defendant was a dangerous offender given his unusual behavior relative to the offenses

and his unusual lifestyle pattern. It stated that the defendant claimed that Tucker did

everything but that the defendant did nothing to protect the victim. It also said that the

defendant did not call for help but instead left the apartment with Tucker. The court

                                             47
found that the defendant showed little remorse for the offenses, reflecting that he had

no hesitation about committing the crimes when the risk to human life was high.

                             A. LENGTH OF SENTENCE

             The defendant asserts that the trial court incorrectly applied enhancement

and mitigating factors and imposed an excessive sentence. First, the defendant

contends that the record does not support a finding that he was a leader in the

commission of the crimes. We disagree. The proof shows that the defendant planned

with Tucker to steal the victim’s car. The defendant agreed to leave the victim’s

apartment door open for Tucker but instructed Tucker to give him approximately thirty

minutes before entering the apartment. The defendant also told police that he and

Tucker agreed that the defendant would pretend to be a victim of the crimes. Once

inside the apartment, the defendant acted according to the plan. We believe that this

evidence supports the application of enhancement factor (2).

             As for enhancement factor (5), the defendant argues that he did not treat

or allow the victim to be treated with exceptional cruelty as evidenced by the

defendant’s testimony that he was taped and taken out of the bedroom before the rape

occurred. The state responds that the jury largely rejected the defendant’s testimony

and that the factor is applicable because the proof showed by a preponderance of the

evidence that either the defendant raped the victim or was criminally responsible for the

act committed by Tucker. We agree. The victim testified that she heard the sound of a

belt being removed immediately before she was raped. The defendant was wearing

dress shorts, and Tucker was wearing jogging pants. This evidence leads to the logical

conclusion that the defendant raped the victim. Even if Tucker raped the victim, the

defendant allowed Tucker to do so and was criminally responsible given the fact that

the defendant was pretending to be a victim. Under these circumstances, the trial court

appropriately applied factor (5). See State v. Carter, 908 S.W.2d 410, 412-13 (Tenn.

                                           48
Crim. App. 1995) (factor (5) applicable based upon commission of rape during

especially aggravated kidnapping and aggravated robbery).

               Relative to factor (15), the proof supports the application of the factor

given the intimate relationship between the defendant and the victim and the fact that

the victim considered the defendant to be her boyfriend. The defendant abused that

position of trust.

               As for the trial court’s application of enhancement factor (6) to the

attempted first degree murder, we hold that the evidence amply supports the trial

court’s finding that the personal injuries sustained by the victim were particularly great.

Relative to enhancement factor (16), the state concedes that the trial court

inappropriately applied the factor because the potential for bodily injury always exists in

an attempted first degree murder. We agree that factor (16) should not have been

applied to this offense.

               Although it is not clear whether the trial court applied enhancement factor

(1), we hold that the factor should have been considered. Given the defendant’s

admission to the probation officer that he had prior convictions for trespassing and a

motor vehicle charge, and given his admission that he had used illegal drugs,

enhancement factor (1) is applicable, although not of great weight.

               Regarding mitigating factors, the defendant argues that the trial court

erred by refusing to apply in mitigation that the defendant acted under duress or

domination of another person, see T.C.A. § 40-35-113(12), and that the defendant was

remorseful, see T.C.A. § 40-35-113(13). In rejecting the defendant’s claim of duress,

the trial court found the defendant’s testimony to be incredible. We are bound by that

factual finding.

                                             49
              Relative to the defendant’s remorsefulness, the trial court found that the

defendant showed little remorse. Although the defendant made a statement

apologizing for what had happened to the victim, the defendant refused to accept

responsibility for the crimes, alleging that he had been wrongly convicted. The trial

court was able to observe the defendant’s demeanor and to evaluate his testimony for

the purpose of determining the sincerity of the defendant’s expression of remorse. The

record does not preponderate against the trial court’s findings.

              In consideration of the record before us, we hold that the trial court

appropriately sentenced the defendant to twenty-five years for the especially

aggravated robbery conviction. Although, as conceded by the state, the trial court

erroneously applied enhancement factor (16) to the attempted first degree murder

conviction, enhancement factor (1) should have been applied. We do not believe that

the defendant is entitled to a reduction in the sentence imposed by the trial court. We

conclude that a twenty-year sentence is warranted under the circumstances of this

case.

                            B. CONSECUTIVE SENTENCING

              The defendant challenges the imposition of consecutive sentences. He

asserts that the trial court inappropriately relied upon the defendant’s prior criminal

history in determining the defendant to be a dangerous offender. The state responds

that the trial court did not consider the defendant’s criminal history in its decision that

the defendant was a dangerous offender. We agree. The defendant also argues and

the state concedes that the trial court failed to make the necessary findings under State

v. Wilkerson, 905 S.W .2d 933, 938 (Tenn. 1995). The state argues that consecutive

sentences are nonetheless supported by the record in this case.

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              Consecutive sentencing may be ordered if the trial court finds by a

preponderance of the evidence that the defendant is “a dangerous offender whose

behavior indicates little or no regard for human life, and no hesitation about committing

a crime in which the risk to human life is high.” T.C.A. § 40-35-115(b)(4). However, a

finding that the defendant is a dangerous offender will not, standing alone, justify

consecutive sentencing. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d at 939. In addition to a finding that the

defendant is a dangerous offender, consecutive sentencing requires further findings

that an extended sentence is necessary to protect the public against the defendant’s

future criminal conduct and that the sentences will reasonably relate to the severity of

the offenses committed. Id.

              We note that the defendant was sentenced before our supreme court

rendered its decision in Wilkerson. However, even then Tennessee law required trial

courts to make the additional findings that consecutive sentences reasonably related to

the severity of the offenses and were necessary to protect the public. See State v.

Woods, 814 S.W.2d 378, 380 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991); see also State v. Desirey, 909
S.W.2d 20, 33-34 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). These findings were not made in this case.

Without such findings, we cannot say from our de novo review of the record that they

exist in this case by a preponderance of the evidence. In any event, given our

conclusion that the attempted first degree murder conviction must be reversed and the

case remanded for a new trial, consecutive sentencing based upon appropriate

evidence and findings under Wilkerson may be imposed should the defendant be

convicted again.

                   X. DUE PROCESS VIOLATION UNDER ANTHONY

              The defendant asserts that his due process rights were violated by

convictions for both especially aggravated robbery and attempted first degree murder.

He argues that only one of the convictions can stand under State v. Anthony, 817

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S.W.2d 299 (Tenn. 1991), because the offenses arose out of the same incident and the

same act, the slashing of the victim’s throat, was used to establish both offenses. He

argues that although he did not raise the issue in his motion for new trial, the error

constitutes plain error. We disagree.

              The teachings of Anthony have no application in this case. In Anthony,

our supreme court held that due process under our state constitution prohibited

convictions for both kidnapping and another felony when the kidnapping was essentially

incidental to the accompanying felony. 817 S.W.2d at 306-07. Contrary to the singular

relationship of our kidnapping statutes to various crimes of violence, a murder attempt

is not always shown by proving an especially aggravated robbery. See State v. Oller,

851 S.W.2d 841, 842-43 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992) (proving the elements of especially

aggravated burglary, especially aggravated robbery and first degree murder do not

inherently or necessarily prove the elements of either of the two other offenses).

Neither is incidental to the other. Thus, the need for a due process analysis under

Anthony does not even arise.

              In consideration of the foregoing and the record as a whole, we affirm the

especially aggravated robbery judgment of conviction. We reverse the attempted first

degree murder conviction and remand the case for a new trial.

                                                 Joseph M. Tipton, Judge

CONCUR:

Gary R. Wade, Presiding Judge

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Curwood Witt, Judge

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