Court Opinion

ID: 2661653
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-03 11:12:31.445812+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:17:37.903167
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
                                         )
COLORADO RIVER CUTTHROAT                 )
TROUT, CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL             )
DIVERSITY, and NOAH GREENWALD, )
                                         )
              Plaintiffs,                )
                                         )
      v.                                 )    Civil Action No. 09-2233 (PLF)
                                         )
KEN SALAZAR, Secretary of the            )
Department of the Interior, and UNITED   )
STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE                 )
SERVICE,                                 )
                                         )
              Defendants.                )
____________________________________)

                                            OPINION

               The Colorado River Cutthroat Trout, the only trout indigenous to the upper

Colorado River basin, once occupied a range of approximately 21,386 stream miles throughout

western North America. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the trout’s

population levels plummeted, and its current habitat measures only 3022 miles. Although its

population levels appear to have stabilized in recent decades, the trout continues to face various

threats.

               On June 13, 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service announced its finding that

listing the trout as endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act was not

warranted at this time. Not Warranted Finding, 72 Fed. Reg. at 32,589.1 Plaintiffs Colorado

River Cutthroat Trout, Center for Biological Diversity, and Noah Greenwald have challenged the

           1
              12-Month Finding for a Petition to List the Colorado River Cutthroat Trout as
Threatened or Endangered (the “Not Warranted Finding” or the “Finding”), 72 Fed. Reg. 32,589
(June 13, 2007), Administrative Record (A.R.) at 1.
FWS’s finding, as well as a related legal memorandum by the Department of the Interior, as

arbitrary and capricious and in violation of the Endangered Species Act. Plaintiffs and

defendants both moved for summary judgment, and defendants moved to dismiss plaintiffs’

claim pertaining to the related legal memorandum.

               Upon careful consideration of the parties’ papers, applicable law, and the entire

record in the case, the Court finds that the Not Warranted Finding was not contrary to the statute

or arbitrary and capricious.2 The Court also finds that plaintiffs’ challenge to the related legal

memorandum has been mooted by the formal withdrawal of the memorandum by the agency.

Therefore, by Order of September 28, 2012, the Court granted the defendants’ motion for

summary judgment as to the first claim, granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss as to the

second claim, and denied the plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment. This Opinion explains

the reasoning underlying that Order.

       2
               The papers reviewed in connection with the pending motions include: Plaintiffs’
Complaint [Dkt. No. 1]; Defendants’ Answer [Dkt. No. 12]; Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss
Second Claim (“Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss”) [Dkt. No. 16]; Defendants’ Notice of Withdrawal of
Solicitor’s M-Opinion (“Notice of Withdrawal”) [Dkt. No. 37]; Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary
Judgment (Pls.’ Mot. Summ.) [Dkt. No. 38]; Amicus Brief by Pacific Legal Foundation [Dkt.
No. 42]; First Amicus Brief by State of Wyoming [Dkt. No. 43]; Defendants’ Opposition to
Plaintiffs’ Summary Judgment Motion, Memorandum in Support of Cross-Motion for Summary
Judgment, and Memorandum in support of Motion to Dismiss Second Claim (“Defs.’ Mot.
Summ.”) [Dkt. No. 44], as amended by Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment [49]; Plaintiffs’
Reply in support of Summary Judgment Motion and Opposition to Defendants’ Summary
Judgment Motion (“Pls.’ Reply”) [Dkt. No. 46]; Second Amicus Brief by State of Wyoming
[Dkt. No. 47]; Defendants’ Reply in Support of its Summary Judgment Motion (“Defs.’ Reply”)
[Dkt. No. 48]; Defendants’ Notice of Supplemental Authority [Dkt. No. 51]; Plaintiffs’ Response
to Notice of Supplemental Authority [Dkt. No. 52]; Plaintiffs’ Notice of Supplemental Authority
[Dkt. No. 53]; and Defendants’ Response to Notice of Supplemental Authority [Dkt. No. 54].

                                                  2
                                         I. BACKGROUND

                              A. Statutory and Regulatory Framework

               The Endangered Species Act (“ESA”), 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq., is generally

considered to be “the most comprehensive legislation for the preservation of endangered species

ever enacted by any nation.” In re Am. Rivers & Idaho Rivers United, 372 F.3d 413, 414 (D.C.

Cir. 2004) (citing Tennessee Valley Auth. v. Hill, 437 U.S. 153, 180 (1978)). The ESA

“provide[s] a means whereby the ecosystems upon which endangered species and threatened

species depend may be conserved [and] . . . a program for the conservation of such endangered

species and threatened species[.]” 16 U.S.C. § 1531(b). The Department of the Interior, which is

ultimately responsible for implementation of the ESA with respect to land-based and freshwater

species, has delegated primary enforcement authority to the Fish and Wildlife Service (“FWS”),

an agency within the Department of the Interior. See Spirit of Sage Council v. Norton, 294 F.

Supp. 2d 67, 75 (D.D.C. 2003).

               An “endangered species” is “any species which is in danger of extinction

throughout all or a significant portion of its range[.]” 16 U.S.C. § 1532(6). A “threatened

species” is “any species that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable

future throughout all or a significant portion of its range[.]” 16 U.S.C. § 1532(20). The ESA

provides for any “interested person” to petition the Secretary of the Interior to list a species as

threatened or endangered, and the Secretary has 90 days to determine whether the petition

“presents substantial scientific or commercial information indicating that the petitioned action

may be warranted.” 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(3)(A); see also 50 C.F.R. § 424.14. Within twelve

months of receiving a petition that presents such substantial information, and after undertaking a

                                                  3
review of the species’ status, the Secretary must publish findings in the Federal Register that

indicate whether the petitioned action is not warranted, warranted, or warranted but precluded.

16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(3)(B)(i)-(iii).

               The ESA directs the Secretary of the Interior to base the finding of whether a

species is “endangered” or “threatened” on:

               any of the following factors: (A) the present or threatened destruction,
               modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range; (B) overutilization for
               commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes; (C) disease or
               predation; (D) the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; or (E) other
               natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence.

16 U.S.C. § 1533(a)(1). FWS regulations further provide that this decision must be based on

“any one or a combination” of these factors and “solely on the best scientific and commercial

data available” after conducting a status review of the species. 50 C.F.R. § 424.11(c). It is also

agency policy to solicit “independent peer review . . . on listing recommendations . . . to ensure

the best biological and commercial information is being used in the decision making process[.]”

Notice of Interagency Cooperative Policy for Peer Review in Endangered Species Act Activities,

59 Fed. Reg. 34,270, 34,270 (July 1, 1994).

                                B. Colorado River Cutthroat Trout

               The Colorado River cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus (the

“Trout”), is the only salmonid native to the upper Colorado River basin, and is one of fourteen

subspecies of cutthroat trout known to be native to interior regions of western North America.

Not Warranted Finding, 72 Fed. Reg. at 32,590. The Trout exhibits orange or red slash parts on

both sides of the lower jaws, and sexually mature males are brightly colored. Id. At the

                                                 4
beginning of the nineteenth century, the Trout occupied a range of approximately 21,386 stream

miles, running through Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and possibly Arizona. Id.

Currently, the Trout occupies 3022 miles, or 14%, of its historic range, and is found in Colorado,

Utah, and Wyoming. Id. at 32,600.

               The parties agree that a variety of threats, natural and manmade, can affect the

Trout and its habitat. See Pls.’ Mot. Summ. at 5-6 (citing grazing, dams and water diversions,

logging, oil and gas development, hybridization, disease, small and isolated populations, and

natural disasters); Defs.’ Mot. Summ. at 12-13 (citing habitat fragmentation, population isolation

and loss of genetic diversity, hybridization, disease, random catastrophes, and land use activities

such as grazing and road-building). Much of the initial decline in Trout distribution from its

historic range resulted from the stocking of nonnative sport fish, which “caused problems

through hybridization, competition, and predation.” Not Warranted Finding, 72 Fed. Reg. at

32,599. This stocking occurred primarily in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, is

no longer practiced by fish and wildlife agencies, and no longer occurs near most Trout

populations. Id. at 32,599; see also Pls.’ Mot. Summ. at 5. In addition, states are implementing

programs to remove nonnative competitor species from Trout waters. Id. at 32,597.

                                      C. Procedural History

               This action stems from a December 9, 1999, petition that plaintiffs filed with the

FWS to list the Trout as an endangered or threatened species. See Colorado River Cutthroat

Trout v. Kempthorne, 448 F. Supp. 2d 170, 174 (D.D.C. 2006). In October 2000, plaintiffs filed

suit in this Court, contending that the FWS violated the ESA by failing to issue the required

                                                 5
90-day finding on the petition. Id. In April 2004, the FWS issued the 90-day finding, which

concluded that the petition did not “present substantial information that listing the trout may be

warranted.” Id.; 90-Day Finding on a Petition to List the Colorado River Cutthroat Trout, 69

Fed. Reg. 21,151 (Apr. 20, 2004). Plaintiffs then amended their complaint to challenge the

sufficiency of the 90-day finding. Colorado River Cutthroat Trout v. Kempthorne, 448 F. Supp.

2d at 174. The Court awarded summary judgment to the plaintiffs after finding that the FWS had

“solicited information and opinions from limited outside sources” rather than considering the

petition alone in making its decision, which rendered the FWS’s consideration of the petition

“procedurally flawed.” Id. at 177. Consequently, the Court ordered the FWS to conduct a “full

status review of the [Trout] within nine months . . . and issue a 12-month finding on the [Trout]”

after the status review and public comment period. Id. at 179.

               On November 7, 2006, the FWS announced the commencement of its status

review, which involved a public comment period through January 8, 2007, as well as two

scheduled public workshops. 12-Month Finding on a Petition to List the Colorado River

Cutthroat Trout as Threatened or Endangered, 71 Fed. Reg. 65,064, 65,065 (Nov. 7, 2006).

While the status review was underway, the then-Solicitor of the Department of the Interior issued

a memorandum defining “a significant portion of its range” as that term is used in the ESA. See

M-37013, Solicitor’s Memorandum Regarding Meaning of “In Danger of Extinction Throughout

All or a Significant Portion of its Range” (March 16, 2007) (the “Solicitor’s Memorandum”),

[Dkt. No. 16-2]. On June 13, 2007, the FWS issued its 12-month finding, which announced that

the Trout “is not now in danger of extinction (endangered), nor is it likely to become endangered

within the foreseeable future (threatened).” Not Warranted Finding, 72 Fed. Reg. at 32,600.

                                                 6
Accordingly, the FWS found that listing the Trout as a threatened or an endangered species under

the ESA was not warranted at this time. Id. Although the FWS did not mention the Solicitor’s

Memorandum in its Finding, the FWS adopted an interpretation of “significant portion of its

range” that was consistent with that set forth in the Solicitor’s Memorandum. On November 24,

2009, plaintiffs filed the instant case, challenging the FWS’s Not Warranted Finding and the

Solicitor’s Memorandum under the ESA and the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”).

                                    II. LEGAL STANDARDS

                  A. Endangered Species Act and Administrative Procedure Act

               The ESA provides for judicial review of an agency’s “not warranted” finding. 16

U.S.C. § 1533(b)(3)(C)(ii). The APA provides the standard for judicial review of agency listing

decisions. See Am. Wildlands v. Kempthorne, 530 F.3d 991, 997 (D.C. Cir. 2008). The

reviewing court may set aside agency actions, findings, or conclusions when they are arbitrary,

capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with the law. 5 U.S.C.

§ 706(2)(A).

               The standard of review of agency action is “a highly deferential one.” Am.

Wildlands v. Kempthorne, 530 F.3d at 997 (quoting Ethyl Corp. v. EPA, 541 F.2d 1, 34 (D.C.

Cir. 1976)). There is a strong, albeit rebuttable presumption in favor of upholding decisions of

the FWS in view of its expertise in the area of wildlife conservation and management and the

deferential standard of review. Colorado River Cutthroat Trout v. Kempthorne, 448 F. Supp. 2d

at 174; see Marsh v. Oregon Natural Res. Council, 490 U.S. 360, 375-78 (1989). If the agency

has “considered the relevant factors and articulated a rational connection between the facts found

                                                7
and the choice made,” its decision cannot be considered arbitrary and capricious. Colorado River

Cutthroat Trout v. Kempthorne, 448 F. Supp. 2d at 174 (quoting Baltimore Gas & Elec. Co. v.

Natural Res. Def. Council, 462 U.S. 87, 105 (1983)). The Court’s review, however, must be

“searching and careful.” Nat’l Envtl. Dev. Assn’s Clean Air Project v. E.P.A., 686 F.3d 803, 810

(D.C. Cir. 2012) (quoting Ethyl Corp. v. EPA, 541 F.2d at 36-37).

               As explained in more detail below, one of plaintiffs’ principal arguments

challenges the FWS’s interpretation of the ESA. The court must defer to the agency’s

interpretation of a statute that it implements “so long as it is reasonable, consistent with the

statutory purpose, and not in conflict with the statute’s plain language.” OSG Bulk Ships v.

United States, 132 F.3d 808, 814 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (quoting Coal Emp’t Project v. Dole, 889 F.2d

1127, 1131 (D.C. Cir. 1989)). When the action under review involves an agency’s interpretation

of a statute that the agency is charged with administering, the court applies the familiar analytical

framework set forth in Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837

(1984). Under step one of Chevron, the court asks “whether Congress has directly spoken to the

precise question at issue, in which case we must give effect to the unambiguously expressed

intent of Congress.” Sec’y of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Admin. v. Nat’l Cement Co. of

California, Inc., 494 F.3d 1066, 1073 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted); see also Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. at 842-43.

               If the court concludes that “the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the

specific issue,” the court moves “to the second [Chevron] step and defer[s] to the agency’s

interpretation as long as it is ‘based on a permissible construction of the statute.’” Sec’y of

Labor, Mine Safety and Health Admin. v. Nat’l Cement Co. of California, Inc., 494 F.3d at 1074

                                                  8
(quoting Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. at 843). “A

‘reasonable’ explanation of how an agency’s interpretation serves the statute’s objectives is the

stuff of which a ‘permissible’ construction is made.” Northpoint Tech., Ltd. v. F.C.C., 412 F.3d

145, 151 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (citing Cont’l Airlines v. Dep’t of Transp., 843 F.2d 1444, 1452 (D.C.

Cir. 1998)). Therefore, the court must focus on “whether the [agency] has reasonably explained

how the permissible interpretation it chose is ‘rationally related to the goals of’ the statute.” Petit

v. U.S. Dept. of Educ., 675 F.3d 769, 785 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (alteration in original) (quoting

Village of Barrington, Ill. v. Surface Transp. Bd., 636 F.3d 650, 665 (D.C. Cir. 2011)). “Unlike

our Chevron step one analysis, our review at this stage is ‘highly deferential.’” Village of

Barrington, Ill. v. Surface Transp. Bd., 636 F.3d at 665 (citing Nat'l Rifle Assn of Amer. v. Reno,

216 F.3d 122, 137 (D.C. Cir. 2000)).

                                       B. Summary Judgment

               Summary judgment may be granted “if the movant shows that there is no genuine

dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.

Civ. P. 56(a). In a case involving review of a final agency action under the APA, however, the

Court’s role is limited to reviewing the administrative record; the standard set forth in Rule 56

does not apply. See Catholic Health Initiatives v. Sebelius, 658 F. Supp. 2d 113, 117 (D.D.C.

2009), rev’d on other grounds, 617 F.3d 490 (D.C. Cir. 2010); Cottage Health Sys. v. Sebelius,

631 F. Supp. 2d 80, 89-90 (D.D.C. 2009). “Under the APA, it is the role of the agency to resolve

factual issues to arrive at a decision that is supported by the administrative record, whereas ‘the

function of the district court is to determine whether or not as a matter of law the evidence in the

                                                   9
administrative record permitted the agency to make the decision it did.’” Catholic Health

Initiatives v. Sebelius, 658 F. Supp. 2d at 117 (quoting Cottage Health Sys. v. Sebelius, 631 F.

Supp. 2d at 90). Summary judgment thus serves as “the mechanism for deciding, as a matter of

law, whether the agency action is supported by the administrative record and otherwise consistent

with the APA standard of review.” Cottage Health Sys. v. Sebelius, 631 F. Supp. 2d at 90 (citing

Richards v. INS, 554 F.2d 1173, 1177 & n. 28 (D.C. Cir. 1977)).

                                         III. ANALYSIS

                              A. Claim 1: “Not Warranted Finding”

               Plaintiffs claim that the FWS’s Not Warranted Finding violates the ESA and is

arbitrary and capricious, and therefore must be vacated. Plaintiffs contend that the FWS acted

unlawfully by allegedly (1) failing to consider whether the Trout’s lost historic range and certain

portions of the current range constitute “significant portion[s] of its range” as used in the ESA;

(2) considering the ESA’s listing factors in isolation, rather than in combination, to determine the

severity of threats faced by the Trout; (3) failing to consider the impact of climate change in

assessing threats to the Trout; (4) improperly considering voluntary conservation plans when

reviewing existing regulatory protections for the Trout; (5) deviating from the ESA’s requirement

to employ the “best scientific and commercial data available”; and (6) erroneously analyzing the

evidence in the record. The Court addresses each of plaintiffs’ challenges in turn.

                                                 10
                1. The FWS’s Interpretation of “Significant Portion of Its Range”

               The ESA defines an endangered species as one “in danger of extinction

throughout all or a significant portion of its range[.]” 16 U.S.C. § 1532(6) (emphasis added).3

In its Not Warranted Finding, the FWS explicitly interpreted the term “range” as signifying the

current range of the Trout, which measures 3022 miles. The FWS explained:

               The Act does not indicate threshold levels of historic population
               size at which, as the population of a species declines, listing as
               either “threatened” or “endangered” becomes warranted. Instead,
               the principal considerations in the determination of whether or not
               a species warrants listing as a threatened or an endangered species
               under the Act are the threats that now confront the species and the
               probability that the species will persist in “the foreseeable future.”
               . . . We evaluated the [Colorado River cutthroat trout] throughout
               its current range to determine if any portion is likely to become
               threatened or endangered within the foreseeable future, and if so,
               whether that portion is significant relative to the remainder of the
               species' range.

Not Warranted Finding, 72 Fed. Reg. at 32,599-600 (emphasis added). The FWS proceeded to

explain its interpretation of significance: “For an area to be significant, it must meaningfully

contribute to the resilience, redundancy, or representation of a species.” Id. at 32,600.

               Plaintiffs allege that the FWS violated the ESA by (1) failing to consider whether

the lost portion of the Trout’s historic range constitutes “a significant portion of its range”, and

(2) failing to explain why the portions of the current range occupied only by Trout that have

interbred with other subspecies are deemed to be insignificant.

       3
               The statute likewise defines “threatened species” as one “likely to become an
endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its
range[.]” 16 U.S.C. § 1532(20).
                                                  11
                      a. Failure to Consider the Trout’s Lost Historic Range

               The ESA does not define what constitutes a species’ “range” nor what is

considered “significant”, leading courts to view the phrase “in danger of extinction throughout all

or a significant portion of its range” as “inherently ambiguous”. See Defenders of Wildlife v.

Norton, 258 F.3d 1136, 1141 (9th Cir. 2001); see also WildEarth Guardians v. Salazar, 741 F.

Supp. 2d 89, 99 (D.D.C. 2010). As the Ninth Circuit observed:

               Standing alone, the phrase “in danger of extinction throughout . . .
               a significant portion of its range” is puzzling. According to the
               Oxford English Dictionary, “extinct” means “has died out or come
               to an end . . . Of a family, class of persons, a race of species of
               animals or plants: Having no living representative.” Thus, the
               phrase “extinc[t] throughout . . . a significant portion of its range”
               is something of an oxymoron.

Defenders of Wildlife v. Norton, 258 F.3d at 1141 (internal footnote omitted).

               The question of whether a sizeable decline in historic range is “a significant

portion of its range” under the ESA has received considerable attention in the last decade, as the

FWS has persistently restricted the scope of ‘range’ to a species’ current range and

environmental groups have urged a broader reading. See, e.g., Tucson Herpetological Soc’y v.

Salazar, 566 F.3d 870, 876 (9th Cir. 2009); Defenders of Wildlife v. Sec’y, U.S. Dep’t of the

Interior, 354 F. Supp. 2d 1156, 1164-67 (D. Or. 2005); see also Defs.’ Mot. Summ. at 15 (“The

[FWS’s] long standing view . . . is that “range” refers to areas currently occupied or used, and the

determination of extinction risk is fundamentally forward looking”). In 2007, the Solicitor of the

Department of the Interior issued a memorandum to the Director of the FWS, in which the

Solicitor advised that “range” should be interpreted as referring only to a species’ current range.

See Solicitor’s Memorandum at 7-8 (“The phrase ‘is in danger’ denotes a present-tense condition

                                                 12
of being at risk of a future, undesired event. Hence, to say a species “is in danger” in an area

where it no longer exists . . . would be inconsistent with common usage”). Defendants also argue

that the size of a species’ range generally grows and contracts over time; as a result, pinpointing

one fixed historic range would be an inherently arbitrary exercise. See Defs.’ Reply at 8 (noting

that one study identified the Trout’s historic range as the habitat occupied 11,000 years ago,

while another looked to the habitat occupied two centuries ago).

               Several environmental groups, such as plaintiffs, have expressed concern that a

focus on the current range will lead to reduced protections for at-risk species, contrary to the

ESA’s purpose. See Pls’ Mot. Summ. at 47-48. Plaintiffs raise the possibility, for example, that

the interpretation of range as current range could “‘create incentives that could work against

fundamental goals of the ESA’ because ‘regulators might be inclined to delay listing decisions in

the hope that critically endangered populations would disappear, allowing the current range of

the species to be recalibrated downwards.’” Pls.’ Mot. Summ. at 47-48 (citing Robin S. Waples

et al., Legal Viability, Societal Values, and SPOIR: Response to D’Elia et al., 22 Conservation

Biology 1075, 1077 (2008), (Dkt. No. 38, Exh. 22)). Plaintiffs also assert that the ESA expressly

instructs the agency to consider range or habitat that has recently been lost. Pls.’ Mot. Summ. at

16; see 16 U.S.C. § 1533(a)(1) (requiring consideration of the “present or threatened destruction,

modification, or curtailment of [the species’] habitat or range”).

               The Court acknowledges this tension but finds that the Ninth Circuit’s approach

provides an instructive way to address it. In Defenders of Wildlife v. Norton, 258 F.3d 1136 (9th

Cir. 2001), the Ninth Circuit examined the Secretary of the Interior’s decision not to designate

the flat-tailed horned lizard as threatened under the ESA, despite a loss of 34 percent of the

                                                 13
lizard’s historic range over the twentieth century. Id. at 1141. The court did not rule on whether

“range” should be equivalent to historic range or current range, nor did it lay out a definition for

the term “significant”. It did find, however, that the FWS was required to explain its reasons for

finding that the lost range was not significant:

               [A] species can be extinct ‘throughout . . . a significant portion of
               its range’ if there are major geographical areas in which it is no
               longer viable but once was . . . The Secretary necessarily has a
               wide degree of discretion in delineating ‘a significant portion of its
               range,’ since the term is not defined in the statute. But where, as
               here, it is on the record apparent that the area in which the lizard is
               expected to survive is much smaller than its historical range, the
               Secretary must at least explain her conclusion that the area in
               which the species can no longer live is not a ‘significant portion of
               its range.

Id. at 1145 (citing Asarco, Inc. v. EPA, 616 F.2d 1153, 1159 (9th Cir. 1980)) (emphasis added).

               The Ninth Circuit revisited the case of the flat-tailed horned lizard in Tucson

Herpetological Soc’y v. Salazar, 566 F.3d 870, 876 (9th Cir. 2009). In reviewing the FWS’s

decision not to list the lizard as threatened, the Ninth Circuit found that the Secretary had

“analyze[d] the lizard’s lost habitat in a site-specific manner” and had reasonably concluded that

the lost portions of the range “[did] not provide any unique or critical function for the well-being

of the species[.]” Id. at 877. The Ninth Circuit also found persuasive the Secretary’s observation

that much of the lost range had been converted to other uses decades before and generally was

not recoverable, and was “thus of limited significance to the lizard’s long-term survival.” Id. at

868. Because the FWS had explained its conclusion that the lost range was not a “significant

portion of its range”, and in light of the deferential standard of review, the court upheld the

agency’s decision.

                                                   14
                Other judges in this District have adopted the Ninth Circuit’s approach of

requiring that the FWS provide some reasoning for why a historical contraction in range does not

reflect a “risk of extinction throughout . . . a significant portion of its range[.]” 16 U.S.C.

§ 1532(6). See Defenders of Wildlife v. Norton, 239 F. Supp. 2d 9, 20 (D.D.C. 2002) (Kessler,

J.), vacated in part on other grounds, 89 Fed. Appx. 273 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (vacating and

remanding finding in part because FWS failed to explain its conclusion that three out of four

discrete geographic areas historically inhabited by Canada Lynx were not “significant”);

WildEarth Guardians v. Salazar, 741 F. Supp. 2d at 98-101 (Kollar-Kotelly, J.) (vacating and

remanding finding where FWS failed to explain why a 50 to 87 percent reduction in Utah prairie

dog’s range was not significant).

                In this case, the FWS explicitly defined the term “range” as signifying the Trout’s

current range of approximately 3022 miles. See Not Warranted Finding, 72 Fed. Reg. at 32,599-

600. Despite plaintiffs’ contentions, however, the FWS also provided an adequate analysis of the

Trout’s historic range and discussed why the historic contraction of its range does not render the

Trout vulnerable in any significant portion of its currently occupied habitat. 72 Fed. Reg. at

32,590. Although the Trout’s current distribution is “approximately 14 percent of probable

historically occupied stream miles” the FWS explained that the Trout are well-distributed

throughout this area. Id. The FWS further explained that the loss in population over the last 200

years occurred primarily in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as a result of

nonnative sport fish stocking. Id. at 32,597-99. The FWS did not find evidence of recent

declines in the overall distribution or abundance of the Trout, but rather found evidence that the

number of known populations is increasing. Id. at 32,599. Plaintiffs argue that the FWS may not

                                                  15
simply “point to one area or class of areas where [Trout] populations persist to support a finding

that threats to the species elsewhere are not significant; the ESA requires a more thorough

explanation.” Pls’ Mot. Summ. at 17 (quoting Tucson Herpetological Soc’y v. Salazar, 566 F.3d

at 876). This Court concludes, however, that the FWS, in analyzing the distribution of the

Trout’s current range, identifying recent population trends, and detailing the cessation of the

primary cause of past reduction, has provided that more thorough explanation.

            b. Failure to Consider Unoccupied Portions of the Trout’s Current Range

               Even if “range” is restricted to the Trout’s current range of 3022 miles, plaintiffs

take issue with the FWS’s conclusion that the Trout are not threatened within a “significant

portion” of this area. Where a species or subspecies is unlikely to survive in a sizeable portion of

its current habitat, the agency must provide some explanation as to why this portion is not “a

significant portion of its range[.]” Defenders of Wildlife v. Norton, 239 F. Supp. 2d at 21 (citing

Defenders of Wildlife v. Norton, 258 F.3d at 1145); see Southwest Center for Biological

Diversity v. Norton, 98-cv-0934 (D.D.C. May 24, 2004) (instructing FWS to reconsider and

explain whether an island constituting one-third of species’ range was “significant”). Plaintiffs

point to the 1226 miles throughout the current range that lack populations of genetically pure (or

close-to-pure) Trout and argue that the FWS “failed to evaluate the significance of the fact that

almost half of its remaining range is unoccupied.” Pls.’ Mot. Summ. at 1.

               Although the FWS did not state explicitly that it found these 1226 miles not to be

a “significant portion” of the range, the FWS clearly articulated how it evaluated significance

throughout the Finding and in a subsection entitled “significant portion of the range”. The FWS

explained that it had identified fish populations that met a 90 percent threshold of Trout genetic

                                                 16
content, such that the populations were unquestionably Trout on a genetic and morphological

level. Not Warranted Finding, 72 Fed. Reg. at 32,591.4 The 285 Trout populations that met this

standard were considered “Conservation Populations”. Id.5 The FWS then evaluated the threats

facing these Conservation Populations in each of the eight major watershed-based regions within

the range, otherwise known as Geographical Management Units, or “GMUs”. Finding that at

least some number of Conservation Populations were likely to survive in each GMU, the agency

concluded that the Trout was not endangered or threatened within “a significant portion of the

range[.]” Id. at 32,600.

               Each GMU contains large areas – in the aggregate, approximately 1226 miles or

41 percent of the total range – occupied by cutthroat trout sport fish populations. These sport

fish populations have the morphological characteristics of the Trout, but they generally contain

greater than 10 percent genetic material from other subspecies. Not Warranted Finding, 72 Fed.

Reg. at 32,591. The FWS noted that several state agencies include these sport fish populations in

their conservation and management plans for the Trout. Id. at 32,598. Because of their relatively

high level of nonnative genetic material, however, the FWS does not consider the sport fish

populations to be predictive of the survival of the Trout in its genetically pure form. Id. (“Sport

fish populations . . . conform morphologically . . . to the scientific taxonomic description of [the

Trout], but do not meet the additional criteria of “conservation” or “core” populations and hence

       4
                Morphology “refers to the general aspects of biological form and arrangement of
the parts of a plant or an animal.” Encyclopœdia Britannica Online Academic Edition. (Oct. 12,
2012), http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/392797/morphology.
       5
              A subset of Conservation Populations were “Core Conservation Populations”,
which had greater than 99 percent Trout genes.
                                                 17
are managed for their value as a sport fish population rather than their value to the conservation

of the subspecies.”).

               Plaintiffs argue that the FWS failed to explain why these regions containing sport

fish populations do not constitute “a significant portion of its range[.]” The Court agrees that the

FWS was often unclear as to whether it considered these sport fish populations to constitute

Trout at all.6 It is established, however, that a court should “uphold a decision of less than ideal

clarity if the agency’s path may reasonably be discerned,” as it may be here. Building Industry

Assn of Superior Cal. v. Babbitt, 979 F. Supp. 893, 898 (D.D.C. 1997) (citing Motor Vehicles

Mfrs. Assn v. State Farm Mutual Auto Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983)). This Court finds that

the FWS’s explicit discussion of how it evaluated significance, accompanied by its explanation

of those areas of the range occupied by Trout sport fish populations, renders discernible the

FWS’s reasoning with respect to its evaluation of a significant portion of the Trout’s range.

               Plaintiffs also allege that the FWS failed to explain adequately its use of “GMUs”

as the analytic tool for determining whether the Trout is threatened in a significant portion of its

range. Pls.’ Mot. Summ. at 21. The FWS, however, provided a reasonable basis for its selected

methodology, explaining that the eight GMUs correspond to the major watersheds within the

range, and that “standardized fish monitoring methods are watershed based.” Not Warranted

Finding, 72 Fed. Reg. at 32,600; see also id. at 32,593 (noting that under Wyoming agency plan,

biologists manipulate habitat on a watershed scale). The FWS noted that the eight GMUs

encompass the entire current and historical range, and Conservation Populations are located in

       6
                Defendants concede that the inclusion of sport fish populations in the current
range leads to analytic confusion when evaluating Trout sustainability within the range. See
Defs.’ Reply Mot. at 12.
                                                 18
every GMU. Id. at 32,600. The FWS also explained that “[n]o significant ecological differences

exist at levels smaller than the GMUs to affect representation of the subspecies.” Id. The FWS

concluded that a sufficient number of GMUs existed in order to ensure Trout redundancy and

resiliency. Id. Although the plaintiffs raise plausible criticisms of the methodology chosen by

the FWS, an agency’s choice of methodology need only be reasonable to be upheld. See Nat’l

Envtl. Dev. Assn’s Clean Air Project v. E.P.A., 686 F.3d 803, 810 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (“[W]e do

not look at the decisions as would a scientist, but ‘as a reviewing court exercising our narrowly

defined duty of holding agencies to certain minimal standards of rationality.’”). This Court

concludes that the FWS’s use of GMUs, and its explanation for their use, pass this test.

                          2. Failure to Address Threats in Combination

                Under its regulations, the FWS must consider threats posed by “any one or a

combination” of the five factors listed in the ESA. 16 U.S.C. § 1533(a)(1)(A)-(E); see 50 C.F.R.

§ 424.11(c); Carlton v. Babbitt, 900 F. Supp. 526, 530 (D.D.C. 1995). These factors are:

               (A) the present or threatened destruction, modification, or
               curtailment of its habitat or range;

               (B) overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or
               educational purposes;

               (C) disease or predation;

               (D) the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; or

               (E) other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued
               existence.

16 U.S.C. § 1533(a)(1).

                                                19
               Plaintiffs claim that the FWS violated the ESA’s requirement to consider the

listing factors in combination. Indeed, in most of its Finding, the FWS considers each of the

listing factors one by one and determines that the threats do not rise to the level requiring listing.

See, e.g., Not Warranted Finding, 72 Fed. Reg. at 32,594 (“[W]e conclude . . . that present or

threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of habitat or range has not affected the status

of [Trout] to the extent that listing under the Act as a threatened or endangered species is

warranted at this time.”); id. at 32,594 (“[I]t does not appear that predation affects the status of

[the Trout] to the extent that listing under the Act as threatened or endangered is warranted at this

time.”); id. at 32,596 (“[W]e conclude . . . that any identified inadequacies of existing regulatory

mechanisms have not affected the status of [the Trout] to the extent that listing under the Act as a

threatened or endangered species is warranted.”). Plaintiffs assert that the Finding resembles the

finding vacated and remanded by Judge Kollar-Kotelly in WildEarth Guardians v. Salazar,741 F.

Supp. 2d at 102, because, as in that case, the finding here does not “explicitly indicate that [the

FWS] analyzed the listing factors’ cumulative effect.” Pls.’ Mot. Summ. at 28-29. Defendants

maintain, by contrast, that in this case the FWS did in fact consider threats in combination, but

did so in its discussion of the individual factors, rather than in a separate cumulative effects

section. Defs.’ Mot. Summ. at 31-32.

               The FWS’s analysis of how the listing factors interact is cited throughout the

Finding in a somewhat haphazard fashion, but the analysis of how they combine together

nevertheless is apparent. For example, under the subsection discussing Factor E (other natural or

manmade factors affecting the Trout’s continued existence), the FWS considered a general

population health evaluation for each Conservation Population. Not Warranted Finding, 72 Fed.

                                                  20
Reg. at 32,596-97. This population health evaluation considered population size, temporal

variability, population connectivity and production potential, which was based on estimates of

“habitat quality, presence of nonnative fishes, disease, and land-use impacts[.]” Id.; see also

Christine L. Hirsch, Shannon E. Albeke, and Thomas P. Nesler, Range-Wide Status of Colorado

River Cutthroat Trout (March 2006) (“2006 Range-Wide Status Report” or “Report”), A.R. at

1429 (discussing formulation of population health evaluation). This metric thus considers Factor

A (present or threatened destruction of habitat or range) in combination with Factor C (disease or

predation) and Factor E (other factors, such as connectivity issues). In addition, the FWS

considered the interaction of habitat fragmentation (Factor A) with the exchange of genetic

information (Factor E). 72 Fed. Reg. at 32,596. The FWS also discussed how the Trout’s

widespread populations (Factor A) are more vulnerable to threats like fire, flood, and drought

(Factor E), as well as how this fragmentation protects the Trout from such threats as disease and

overfishing (Factors B and C). 72 Fed. Reg. at 32,593-94, 32,596.

               The FWS certainly could have been more explicit in articulating the manner in

which it considered how factors might combine together to intensify or mitigate threats to the

Trout by outlining its analysis of combined effects in a separate section. Nevertheless, the

agency’s reasoning can be reasonably discerned here. See Building Industry Assn of Superior

Cal. v. Babbitt, 979 F. Supp. at 898. The FWS’s findings – particularly those relating to the

general population health evaluations – adequately demonstrate a consideration of the listing

factors in combination, and therefore must be upheld.

                                                21
                          3. Failure to Address Climate Change Effects

               Plaintiffs contend that the FWS should have considered the impact of climate

change in its assessment. Plaintiffs argue that “climate change will cause significant additional

reductions in suitable habitat and will especially impact the majority of the Conservation

Populations because of their small size.” Pls.’ Mot. Summ. at 30.

               Although the ESA does not expressly require consideration of climate change

effects, it does direct the agency to address “natural or manmade factors affecting [a species’]

continued existence.” 16 U.S.C. § 1533(a)(1)(E). As scientific assessments increasingly

incorporate in-depth analyses of climate change effects, explicit consideration of climate change-

related threats may become a necessary component of the status review. The record in this case,

however, contains only occasional references to climate change-related threats. There is no

statutory requirement that the FWS discuss climate change in its listing decisions, and the Court

is reluctant to impose a judicially-created requirement where, as here, climate change is not

discussed at length in the record, where the issue was not raised by plaintiffs in their comments

to the FWS, and where the record is ambivalent as to its effects. Compare 2006 Range-Wide

Status Report at 16 (“If global climate change results in shrinkage of [Trout] habitat to higher

elevations . . . there may be opportunity to establish new self-sustaining populations in lakes and

streams that were previously too cold for trout recruitment”), with M.K. Young, Colorado River

Cutthroat Trout: A Technical Conservation Assessment (2006), A.R. at 9397 (describing climate

change as “greatest future threat to the persistence of this species” because of effects on stream

movement).

                                                 22
                   4. Improper Consideration of Regulatory Management Plans

               Plaintiffs next assert that the FWS improperly relied on the voluntary Colorado

River Cutthroat Trout Conservation Strategy (“Conservation Strategy”) undertaken by the FWS

in conjunction with Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. See Conservation Strategy for Colorado

River Cutthroat (June 2006), A.R. at 1100; Conservation Agreement and Strategy for Colorado

River Cutthroat (Apr. 2001), A.R. at 1124. The Conservation Strategy, first initiated in 1997 and

adopted in 2001, operates to eliminate and reduce “[t]hreats that warrant [Trout] listing as a

special status species by state and federal agencies and might lead to listing under the

Endangered Species Act.” Conservation Strategy for Colorado River Cutthroat (June 2006) at 3,

A.R. at 1102. Much of the increase in Trout populations observed in the Not Warranted Finding

appears to have occurred after this strategy was put into place. See Not Warranted Finding, 72

Fed. Reg. at 32,599 (citing 2006 Range-Wide Status Report for “evidence of a substantial

increase in the number of known populations”); 2006 Range-Wide Status Report at 62 (showing

dramatic increases in numbers and miles/acres of Conservation Populations between July 1998

and July 2003).

               In its Not Warranted Finding, the FWS noted that the voluntary agreements under

the Conservation Strategy “do not qualify as a regulatory mechanism” and that the FWS could

not base its finding on a “promised or anticipated result of conservation actions[.]” Not

Warranted Finding, 72 Fed. Reg. at 32,596. Plaintiffs accuse the FWS of relying on the

Conservation Strategy indirectly, however, and cite a Forest Service report that observes that its

specific Trout management plans “have largely been superseded by [the Conservation Strategy.]”

Pls.’ Mot. Summ. at 10-11 (citing M.K. Young, Colorado River Cutthroat Trout: A Technical

                                                 23
Conservation Assessment 14 (2006), A.R. 9407). But plaintiffs have pointed to no evidence

showing that the legal classification of the Trout as a “sensitive species” or “species of concern”

by regulatory agencies has been altered by the Conservation Strategy, which suggests that these

agencies remain obligated to provide monitoring and protection for the Trout. And while the

FWS cannot rely on promised and unenforceable conservation agreements in evaluating existing

regulatory mechanisms, see Biodiversity Legal Found. v. Babbitt, 943 F. Supp. 23, 26 (D.D.C.

1996), its consideration of the Conservation Strategy as part of its overall assessment of ongoing

management practices is not inappropriate. See Not Warranted Finding, 72 Fed. Reg. at 32,597

(noting, in its discussion of Factor E, that state resource agency programs that prohibit sport fish

stocking and actively remove sport fish contribute to the maintenance of current Trout habitat).

                             5. Failure to Use Best Science Available

               Plaintiffs contend that the FWS violated the ESA’s mandate to make a listing

decision based on “the best scientific and commercial data available[.]” See 16 U.S.C.

§ 1533(b)(1)(A). Plaintiffs take issue with certain methodologies used in the 2006 Range-Wide

Status Report, which was conducted by a team of biologists from the FWS, U.S. Bureau of Land

Management, U.S. Forest Service, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Utah Division of

Wildlife Resources, and Colorado Division of Wildlife. Plaintiffs first criticize the Report for

lacking “a threats analysis” specific to the 285 Conservation Populations. Pls.’ Mot. Summ. at

22. Because this analysis is absent from the Report, plaintiffs assert that the FWS was required

to undertake its own analysis on this issue.

               The D.C. Circuit distinguishes “best scientific data available” from “best scientific

data possible.” Building Industry Assn of Superior Cal. v. Norton, 247 F.3d 1241, 1246 (D.C.

                                                 24
Cir. 2001). “The [FWS] may not base its listings on speculations or surmise or disregard

superior data,” but “occasional imperfections do not violate [the ESA].” Id. at 1246-47. The

requirement to use the best available data “makes it clear that the Secretary has no obligation to

conduct independent studies.” Am. Wildlands v. Kempthorne, 530 F.3d at 998 (quoting

Southwest Center for Biological Diversity v. Babbitt, 215 F.3d 58, 60 (D.C. Cir. 2000)).

                Although an individual threats assessment of each Conservation Population would

certainly have been useful, it is not required under the statute. See 16 U.S.C. § 1533(a)(1)(A)

(directing the Secretary to analyze threats to species’ habitat or range, but not mandating a

particular approach or methodology). The FWS instead relied upon the best data available,

including the 2006 Range-Wide Status Report, which was peer reviewed in 2006. See Pls.’ Mot.

Summ. at 10 (citing A.R. at 8692). The Court finds that the FWS met its statutory requirement

to make a listing decision based on “the best scientific and commercial data available.”

                Plaintiffs next contend that the FWS improperly relied on a “persistence” analysis

to assess threats to the species’ survival, contrary to its obligation to use the best available

science.7 Plaintiffs claim that Trout “persistence” does not indicate future survival and therefore

cannot provide the appropriate metric to determine whether a species is “in danger of extinction.”

Pls.’ Mot. Summ. at 31 (citing 16 U.S.C. § 1532(6), (19)); see also Natural Res. Def. Council v.

Kempthorne, 506 F. Supp. 2d 322, 371 (E.D. Cal. 2007) (rejecting agency’s finding that a species

        7
                FWS previously has defined “persistence” as “continuing captures of [a species or
subspecies] over multiple generations at previously documented sites throughout the historical
range.” Friends of Blackwater v. Salazar, 691 F.3d 428, 431 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (alteration in
original) (quoting Final Rule Removing the Virginia Northern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys
sabrinus fuscus) From the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife, 73 Fed. Reg.
50,226, 50,227 (Aug. 26, 2008)). A viability assessment is a model that identifies minimum
population sizes for a particular species. 73 Fed. Reg. at 50,227-28.
                                                  25
“persisted” when that persistence was at a level near extinction). Plaintiffs argue that the FWS

was obligated to perform a viability assessment similar to that performed for the Rio Grande

cutthroat trout.

                   Plaintiffs’ argument fails on several counts. First, our court of appeals recently

held that use of data on a species’ “persistence” is not inconsistent with the FWS’ obligation to

use the “best . . . data available.” See Friends of Blackwater v. Salazar, — F.3d —, 2012 WL

3538236, at *5 (D.C. Cir. Aug. 17, 2012) (rejecting plaintiffs’ contention that FWS was required

to use population-based criterion instead of persistence data in delisting decision). Furthermore,

the Court finds that the FWS, in fact, did not rely exclusively on data relating to the Trout’s

persistence, but instead used various metrics to assess threats to the Trout, including general

population health. See Not Warranted Finding, 72 Fed. Reg at 32,596. Finally, the FWS

addressed in the Not Warranted Finding why it declined to undertake a viability analysis here.

Id. at 32,592 (stating that the 2006 Range-Wide Status Report was more comprehensive than the

viability criteria developed to evaluate Rio Grande cutthroat trout).

                   Because the FWS has provided a reasoned explanation of its methodology, the

Court will not second-guess its decision to forego a Rio Grande cutthroat trout-style viability

analysis. “Judicial ‘deference to the agency is greatest when reviewing technical matters within

its area of expertise, particularly its choice of scientific data and statistical methodology.’” Fund

for Animals v. Babbitt, 903 F. Supp. 96, 114 (D.D.C. 1995) amended, 967 F. Supp. 6 (D.D.C.

1997) (quoting State of Louisiana ex rel. Guste v. Verity, 853 F.2d 322, 329 (5th Cir. 1988)).

Although the plaintiffs may disagree with the science or the methodology the FWS elects to use,

absent a statutory mandate that requires a particular methodology, the agency’s choice of

                                                    26
methodology need only be “reasonable” to be upheld. See Am. Wildlands v. Kempthorne, 530

F.3d at 998-99.

               Finally, plaintiffs claim that the FWS failed to follow its own peer review

procedures, contrary to the ESA’s requirement to rely on the best available science. Plaintiffs

point to the FWS’s Peer Review Policy, which provides that the FWS will solicit “[i]ndependent

peer review . . . on listing recommendations.” Pls.’ Mot. Summ. at 33 (citing Notice of

Interagency Cooperative Policy for Peer Review in Endangered Species Act Activities, 59 Fed.

Reg. 34,270, 34,270 (July 1, 1994)). Although the 2006 Range-Wide Status Report was peer-

reviewed, plaintiffs argue that this does not satisfy the FWS’s obligation to conduct an

independent peer review of the Finding itself. As this Court has previously found, however, the

FWS’s peer review policy “is not an APA promulgated regulation of the sort held to be

enforceable against an agency.” Building Industry of Superior California v. Babbitt, 979 F.

Supp. at 905. The FWS’s listing decision “cannot be overturned based on the FWS’s alleged

noncompliance with its own, nonbinding policy statements.” Id.

                       6. Erroneous Analysis of the Evidence in the Record

               Plaintiffs’ remaining arguments go the FWS’s scientific conclusions about the

state of the Trout. The Supreme Court has made clear that where a determination “requires a

high level of technical expertise, [a court] must defer to the informed discretion of the

responsible federal agencies.” Marsh v. Oregon Natural Res. Council, 490 U.S. at 377 (citing

Kleppe v. Sierra Club, 427 U.S. 390, 412 (1976)). Nonetheless, “the presumption of agency

expertise may be rebutted if its decisions, even though based on scientific expertise, are not

                                                 27
reasoned.” Defenders of Wildlife v. Babbitt, 958 F. Supp. at 679 (citing ALLTEL Corp. v. FCC,

838 F.2d 551, 562 (D.C. Cir. 1988)).

               Plaintiffs assert that the FWS’s analysis of the listing factors is contradicted by the

record and therefore is arbitrary and capricious. In particular, plaintiffs focus on the negative

effects of various land use activities and the habitat quality rankings, and the FWS’s “improper”

assessment of the “seriousness of small population size and isolation.” Pls.’ Mot. Summ. at

25-26.

               In the Not Warranted Finding, however, the FWS provided a lengthy analysis of

“Fragmentation and Isolation of Small [Trout] Populations in Headwater Areas” under Factor E,

finding that the problems associated with small isolated populations (“increased risk of

extirpation by catastrophic events and the loss of genetic exchange”) were mitigated by the

Trout’s “widespread geographic distribution.” Not Warranted Finding, 72 Fed. Reg at 32,596;

see also id. at 32,587 (discussing the benefits of isolated populations, which are “less susceptible

to introgression and competition from nonnative fish”). The FWS addressed the threat of land

use activities on Trout survival through its examination of habitat quality for currently occupied

habitat, id. at 32,592, and reasonably noted that “the mere presence of an activity within a stream

segment that hosts a conservation population is not sufficient evidence to conclude that the

population is threatened.” 72 Fed. Reg at 32,593. The Service also observed that other factors

“such as distribution and abundance, and recent trends” must be considered when determining

the vulnerability of a population. Id. (“Otherwise, logic would dictate that every species that

comes into contact with managed landscapes is threatened by those human influences.”).

                                                 28
               In light of the FWS’s reasoned explanation, its support in the Administrative

Record, and the deference afforded to the agency’s scientific findings, the Court cannot say that

the agency’s conclusions about the threats facing the Trout are unreasonable or contradicted by

the record.

                                             *    *   *

               In sum, the plaintiffs have not shown that the FWS acted in an arbitrary and

capricious manner, abused its discretion, or otherwise acted in violation of the statute, in finding

that listing the Colorado River cutthroat trout as “threatened” or “endangered” under the

Endangered Species Act is not warranted at this time. The Court finds that the FWS has adopted

a reasonable interpretation of the statute and provided adequate explanations for its decision, and

that the record does not contradict the agency’s factual findings or methodological choices.

      B. Claim 2: Legal Memorandum from the Solicitor of the Department of the Interior

               Plaintiffs’ second claim presents a facial challenge to the Solicitor’s

Memorandum analyzing the meaning of the phrase “significant portion of its range” in the

Endangered Species Act, which plaintiffs contend heavily influenced the Not Warranted Finding

challenged in the first claim. Plaintiffs allege that the Solicitor’s Memorandum violated the plain

meaning of the ESA, and that it was issued in violation of the ESA’s notice and comment

procedures.

               The FWS initially filed a motion to dismiss the second claim for failure to state a

claim, arguing that the memorandum was not a final agency action and therefore was not

judicially reviewable. On May 5, 2011, however, the current Solicitor of the Interior formally

withdrew the Memorandum in its entirety. See Federal Defendants’ Notice Regarding

                                                 29
Withdrawal of Solicitor’s Opinion [Docket No. 37].8 The Solicitor announced that the FWS

intended to develop new guidance on how to apply the “significant portion of its range” phrase in

its listing decisions, id., and it initiated the process by which to do so in December 2011.9 The

briefing on defendants’ motion to dismiss was incorporated into the summary judgment briefing,

in which the plaintiffs argued that this Court retained jurisdiction to review the Memorandum’s

legality, and defendants argued that plaintiffs’ second claim should be dismissed as moot.

               The Court agrees with defendants and finds that it must dismiss as moot the

plaintiffs’ challenge to the withdrawn Solicitor’s Memorandum, as this Court cannot order any

relief that the agency has not already provided.

               Federal courts only have jurisdiction over “cases” and “controversies.” U.S.

Const. art. III, § 2, cl. 1. Consequently, they can resolve only “real and substantial

controvers[ies] admitting of specific relief through a decree of a conclusive character[.]”

Pharmachemie B.V. v. Barr Labs., Inc., 276 F.3d 627, 631 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (alterations in

original) (quoting Lewis v. Cont’l Bank Corp., 494 U.S. 472, 477 (1990)). A federal court must

dismiss a claim as moot whenever “events have so transpired that the decision will neither

presently affect the parties’ rights nor have a more-than-speculative chance of affecting them in

the future.” Id. (quoting Clarke v. United States, 915 F.2d 699, 701 (D.C. Cir. 1990)).

       8
               The withdrawal occurred after at least two district courts rejected an application,
not relevant here, of the Solicitor’s interpretation. See Defenders of Wildlife v. Salazar, 729 F.
Supp. 2d 1207 (D. Mont. 2010) (rejecting FWS’s listing of wolves only in one state); WildEarth
Guardians v. Salazar, CV-09-0574, 2010 WL 3895682 (D. Ariz. 2010) (rejecting FWS’s
conclusion that prairie dog species warranted listing only through specific region).
       9
                The Department of the Interior has proposed a new rule through notice-and-
comment rulemaking procedures. See Draft Policy on Interpretation of the Phrase “Significant
Portion of Its Range” in the Endangered Species Act’s Definitions of “Endangered Species” and
“Threatened Species”. 76 Fed. Reg. 76,987 (Dec. 9, 2011).
                                                   30
                Plaintiffs, citing the “voluntary cessation” exception to the mootness doctrine,

claim that the Court should not dismiss this claim. “‘It is well settled that a defendant's voluntary

cessation of a challenged practice does not deprive a federal court of its power to determine the

legality of the practice[.]’” Fund for Animals, Inc. v. U.S. Bureau of Land Mgmt., 460 F.3d 13,

25-26 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (citing Worth v. Jackson, 451 F.3d 854, 860 (D.C. Cir. 2006)). A claim

challenging a voluntarily ceased practice is only moot when “(1) there is no reasonable

expectation that the conduct will recur and (2) interim relief or events have completely and

irrevocably eradicated the effects of the alleged violation.” Qassim v. Bush, 466 F.3d 1073, 1075

(D.C. Cir. 2006) (quoting Motor & Equip. Mfrs. Assn v. Nichols, 142 F.3d 449, 459 (D.C. Cir.

1998)) (quotation marks omitted). Therefore, a claim challenging a ceased practice is not moot if

the practice is likely to recur or if the relief sought remains available.

                As the Supreme Court has said, “a defendant claiming that its voluntary

compliance moots a case bears the formidable burden of showing that it is absolutely clear the

allegedly wrongful behavior could not reasonably be expected to recur.” Friends of the Earth,

Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 190 (2000); see also Am. Bar Assn v.

FTC., 636 F.3d 641, 648 (D.C. Cir. 2011). Nevertheless, there must be “some cognizable danger

of recurrent violation, something more than the mere possibility which serves to keep the case

alive.” Air Line Pilots Assn Intern. v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., 199 F.3d 477, 486 (D.C. Cir.

1999) (quoting United States v. W.T. Grant Co., 345 U.S. at 632-33). Whether a practice is likely

to recur is a factual matter. See Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc.,

528 U.S. at 193.

                                                   31
               Plaintiffs assert that it is reasonably likely that the FWS’s new interpretation of

“significant portion of its range” will be the same as the one stated in the withdrawn

memorandum, but this assertion is not based on any actions or statements by the defendant. See

Nat’l Assn of Home Builders v. Salazar, 827 F. Supp. 2d 1, 6 (D.D.C. 2011) (considering

whether withdrawal mooted a home builders’ association’s facial challenge to the

Memorandum’s validity and finding “no reasonable expectation that the conduct will recur”).

The defendants here have not engaged in a pattern of illegal conduct or indicated that they will

reinstate the challenged policy when litigation ends. Instead, they have announced their intention

to develop a new policy in accordance with the ESA and initiated a transparent rulemaking

process, which is not yet complete.10

               Plaintiffs incorrectly assert that injunctive and declaratory relief is still available.

Although plaintiffs seek to have this Court vacate other listing decisions that relied on the

Solicitor’s Memorandum, challenges to the FWS’s use of the legal interpretations in that

memorandum are properly brought through individual actions seeking review of specific listing

decisions, as the first claim was brought here. Plaintiffs also contend that this Court may issue

declaratory relief by declaring incorrect the legal analysis contained in the Solicitor’s

Memorandum. This Court, however, refuses to issue an impermissible advisory opinion, whose

only effect would be to constrain the FWS’s reinterpretation of the phrase in the future. See Flast

       10
                Plaintiffs unpersuasively argue that this case is similar to Defenders of Wildlife v.
Salazar, 842 F. Supp. 2d 181 (D.D.C. 2012), in which Judge Kessler found that a challenge to
agency regulations was not mooted by the cancellation of agency agreements made under that
regulation. In that case, however, the challenged agency action (the regulations) remained in
effect, whereas here the challenged agency action (the Solicitor’s Memorandum) has been
withdrawn.
                                                  32
v. Cohen, 392 U.S. 83, 96 (1968) (“[T]he oldest and most consistent thread in the federal law of

justiciability is that the federal courts will not give advisory opinions.”). Accordingly, plaintiffs’

second claim is dismissed as moot.

                                         IV. CONCLUSION

               For the reasons set forth above, and in accordance with the Order issued

September 28, 2012, the Court grants the defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ second claim,

albeit on different grounds than those first proposed in defendants’ motion, grants the

defendants’ motion for summary judgment with respect to plaintiffs’ first claim, and denies

plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment.

                                               /s/_______________________________
                                               PAUL L. FRIEDMAN
DATE: October 16, 2012                         United States District Judge

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