Court Opinion

ID: 9916812
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-10 18:05:29.72468+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:26:01.184749
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                  No. 22-1599
                            Filed January 10, 2024

SCOTT HAMPE,
    Plaintiff-Appellant,

vs.

CHARLES GABUS MOTORS, INC. d/b/a TOYOTA OF DES MOINES, and
GADIMINA ENTERPRISES, INC. d/b/a MID-IOWA OCCUPATIONAL TESTING,
     Defendants-Appellees.
________________________________________________________________

      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Joseph Seidlin, Judge.

      An employee appeals the entry of summary judgment on his claims under

Iowa Code section 730.5 (2019). AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART,

AND REMANDED.

      Matthew M. Sahag and Gary Dickey of Dickey, Campbell & Sahag Law

Firm, PLC, Des Moines, for appellant.

      Andrew Tice of Ahlers & Cooney, P.C., Des Moines, for appellee Charles

Gabus Motors, Inc. d/b/a Toyota of Des Moines.

      Margaret A. Hanson and Katelynn T. McCollough of Dentons Davis Brown

P.C., Des Moines, for appellee Gadimina Enterprises, inc. d/b/a Mid-Iowa

Occupational Testing.

      Heard by Tabor, P.J., and Badding and Chicchelly, JJ.
                                         2

BADDING, Judge.

       Iowa Code section 730.5 (2019) provides a “detailed and comprehensive

statutory scheme” for private employers who choose to wade into the controversial

area of workplace drug testing. Dix v. Casey’s Gen. Stores, Inc., 961 N.W.2d 671,

678 (Iowa 2021). But, as this case shows, the devil is in those details.

       Scott Hampe sued his former employer, Charles Gabus Motors, Inc.

(Gabus),1 and its testing service, Mid-Iowa Occupational Testing (Mid-Iowa),2 for

numerous violations of section 730.5 after he was terminated for refusing to

provide a drug test. Because we find that genuine issues of material fact preclude

summary judgment on some of Hampe’s statutory claims against Gabus only, we

affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.

I.     Background Facts and Proceedings

       In the close to fourteen years that Hampe was employed by Gabus, he was

one of the company’s most successful salespeople. He began working in sales

for Gabus in 2006, eventually transitioning into a leasing manager position. In

2008, Hampe signed an agreement to abide by Gabus’s controlled substance

policy and submit to drug testing. Over the next years of his employment, Hampe

signed acknowledgments that he received and understood updated versions of

Gabus’s employee handbook, which contained provisions about the company’s

drug testing program.     The most recent version that Hampe acknowledged

receiving was from September 2019.

1 Doing business as Toyota of Des Moines.
2 Mid-Iowa’s legal name is Gadimina Enterprises, Inc.
                                          3

       The testing provision in that handbook advised Gabus’s employees that

“[r]andom drug and alcohol testing will be done monthly” and would be “compliant

with the requirements of Iowa Code section 730.5.” The handbook stated all

testing would be done by Mid-Iowa “or another provider, selected by the Company,

who is compliant with the requirements of Iowa Code [s]ection 730.5, including

maintaining a Medical Review Officer.” The “Disciplinary Action” part of the policy

noted that violations, which included “refusal to consent to and comply with

testing,” could result in suspension with or without pay, termination, refusal to hire,

rehabilitation, or “[o]ther adverse employment action in conformance with

[Gabus’s] written policy and procedures.”

       Kelsey Gabus-McBride, the human resources director for Gabus since

2016, oversees the company’s drug-testing policy and procedures. She decided

to schedule a random employee drug test on December 5, 2019, with the goal of

testing fifteen employees. She contacted Mid-Iowa, which had a master list of

Gabus’s employees in its database from past testings, for its assistance.

According to Gabus-McBride, all active employees were within the pool to

potentially be tested. She did not take any steps to determine which employees

were not scheduled to be at work the day of the testing. Mid-Iowa ran Gabus’s

employee list through a computer-based random number generator to select the

individuals to be tested. That list, which was generated on November 27, included

fifteen individuals to be tested and eight alternates. Hampe was the last name on

the alternate list.

       The morning of the test, Gabus-McBride notified department managers

which employees were on the list “and asked employees be contacted one-by-one
                                          4

to report to the dealership’s lunchroom for testing.”        If an employee wasn’t

present—due to leave, not being scheduled to work, or being scheduled but not

present—then Gabus-McBride said the manager was to move to the next

employee on the list. As to being scheduled but not present, Gabus-McBride

explained some employees had duties that may have taken them away from the

worksite, like parts drivers. Those individuals would not have been contacted and

told to report to the worksite for testing. The initial list was to be exhausted before

moving onto the alternates. In all, six individuals from the initial list and seven

individuals from the alternate list, including Hampe, were drug tested.

       Hampe was scheduled to work on December 5, the day of the testing.

Before going into work, he played basketball and worked out. Hampe had an

appointment at 9:00 a.m. with some customers, but because his thirteen-year-old

daughter was home sick from school, he planned to head back home after the

appointment to take her to urgent care. But when he got to work at 9:00 a.m.,

Hampe’s manager called him and told him that he “need[ed] to go upstairs for a

drug test.” Hampe finished his appointment, which took about thirty minutes, and

then went to the testing area.

       Once there, he took a seat and waited for his turn. Mid-Iowa employee

Sarah Ghee “was present onsite . . . to assist with sample collection” and

“‘monitored’ sample collection for all employees tested that day.” Gabus-McBride

was also present in the testing area. When Ghee was ready for Hampe, she

handed him a cup and accompanied him into the bathroom being used as the

collection site. The bathroom had a private stall and common-area sink. Ghee

waited by the sink while Hampe went into the stall. In his deposition, Hampe
                                         5

explained that because the stall was small, “you can’t really stand and pee and

then shut the door.” So he left the door open while he urinated into the cup.

       When Hampe was finished, he handed the cup to Ghee. She shot it “with

a laser gun and [said] it’s out of temperature. And then tells me that I’m going to

have to drink more water and come back and then dumps it out” into the sink.

Hampe saw that the temperature registered at 101 degrees, although in a

statement written by Ghee, she said it was 104 degrees and “neon in color . . . like

Mountain Dew.” Hampe did not recall Ghee mentioning any concerns about the

color of the urine, and the only notation she made on Mid-Iowa’s testing form was

“out of temp at 9:45 at 104.” Hampe sat in the waiting area for about ten minutes

before he tried again. But Ghee dumped that one out too because he didn’t

produce enough urine.

       Hampe returned to the waiting area and drank more water. After about

twenty minutes, he told Gabus-McBride that he had to go home because his

daughter was sick. Gabus-McBride told him, “You know if you leave, you’re going

to get fired.” When Hampe asked whether she would “really do that,” Gabus-

McBride said, “Yeah.” So Hampe sat back down for another fifteen minutes, “trying

to weigh [his] options.” He eventually decided to leave, though he told Gabus-

McBride that he would come back. She repeated, “No. If you leave, you’re fired.”

Hampe responded, “I shouldn’t even be up here anyhow because my name’s not

on the list.” And then he left.

       Later that day, at 11:59 a.m., Hampe emailed Dee Kading, the president of

Gabus, offering to “go to the facility or come back” to test. Kading replied, “You

have worked for the Toyota dealership long enough to know the rules. I wish you
                                          6

the best.” Gabus then terminated Hampe from his employment, noting in a “notice

of employment termination” that the reason was his “refus[al] to complete random

drug test.” Hampe did go to Mid-Iowa’s facility the next day, where he requested

and paid for a second test. That test was observed by a male employee and was

negative.

       In May 2020, Hampe sued Gabus and Mid-Iowa, alleging both failed to carry

out the December 2019 drug test in compliance with Iowa Code section 730.5. In

an amended petition, Hampe added common-law claims of fraud, invasion of

privacy, conspiracy, and reckless disregard, all arising out of the drug testing.

       In March 2022, both defendants filed motions for summary judgment. In its

motion and supporting brief, Gabus argued Hampe was not an aggrieved

employee within the meaning of the statute because he was terminated for ignoring

Gabus-McBride’s “directive not to leave the workplace,” not for his “two insufficient

urine specimens.” Next, Gabus argued it was statutorily immune from liability for

any alleged violations by Mid-Iowa. To the extent any such violations could be

attributed to Gabus, the company argued that it substantially complied with the

statute. As to the common-law claims, Gabus argued that “section 730.5 is the

exclusive remedy for causes of action in Iowa relating to private employer

workplace drug testing.”

       For Mid-Iowa’s motion for summary judgment, the testing service generally

argued it performed the drug test “in substantial compliance with Iowa law and

pursuant to industry standards.” Mid-Iowa also asserted that it did not aid Gabus

in violating the statute, and it had no control over how Gabus acted in relation to

the alleged violations. Finally, Mid-Iowa contended that the common-law claims
                                          7

were “merely shallow restatements of [Hampe’s section] 730.5 claim . . . and fail

for the same reason[s].”

       Hampe resisted summary judgment, initially addressing only his allegations

under section 730.5. Those allegations included claims that both defendants

violated section 730.5(8)(a) in the selection process used to determine which

employees would be tested; section 730.5(9)(h), governing supervisory training;

section 730.5(9)(b), requiring written policies with uniform disciplinary or

rehabilitative actions; section 730.5(7)(a), (b), and (h), regarding Hampe’s

complaints about a female observing him, her handling of the specimens he

provided, and the failure to submit them to a medical review officer; and section

730.5(9)(a)(1), requiring that testing be conducted within the terms of the

employer’s written policy.3 He also moved for partial summary judgment “as to

liability only for his section 730.5 claim,” contending the defendants were liable for

the alleged violations as a matter of law. Shortly before the hearing on the motions

for summary judgment, Hampe filed a supplemental resistance addressing his

common-law claims.

       Following a hearing in July, the district court granted both defendants’

motions for summary judgment on the various ways Hampe claimed they violated

section 730.5. Addressing each claimed violation separately, the court found that

either the specific provision had not been violated, Hampe was not aggrieved, or

Gabus was immune. As to the common-law claims, the court found Hampe’s

supplemental resistance addressing those claims was untimely and declined to

3 Hampe also raised a claim under section 730.5(7)(c)(2), which he does not repeat

on appeal.
                                         8

consider it. In any event, the court found that because the claims were based on

the same allegations as the section 730.5 claims, that statute provided Hampe with

his exclusive remedy. As a result, the court granted the defendants’ motions for

summary judgment in their entirety, denied Hampe’s motion for partial summary

judgment, and dismissed the suit with prejudice. Hampe appeals.

II.    Standard of Review

       “The standard of review for district court rulings on summary judgment is for

correction of errors of law.” Kunde v. Est. of Bowman, 920 N.W.2d 803, 806

(Iowa 2018). Summary judgment is appropriate only when the moving party has

shown “that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving

party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.981(3). “In

determining whether a grant of summary judgment was appropriate, we examine

the record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, drawing all legitimate

inferences that may be drawn from the evidence in his or her favor.” Homan v.

Branstad, 887 N.W.2d 153, 163–64 (Iowa 2016). “Where reasonable minds can

differ on how an issue should be resolved, a fact question has been generated,

and summary judgment should not be granted.” GreatAm. Fin. Servs. Corp. v.

Natalya Rodionova Med. Care, P.C., 956 N.W.2d 148, 153 (Iowa 2021) (citation

omitted).

III.   Analysis

       Section 730.5 “governs workplace drug testing of employees and potential

employees.” Dix, 961 N.W.2d at 681. An employer must follow the statute’s

detailed scheme if it wants to utilize drug testing in the workplace. Id. The court

has “described section 730.5 as providing ‘severely circumscribed conditions
                                          9

designed to ensure accurate testing and to protect employees from unfair and

unwarranted discipline.’” Id. (citation omitted).

       Yet claims under the statute “should be evaluated using a substantial

compliance standard.” Id. at 682. “Thus, if the employer’s actions fall short of strict

compliance, but nonetheless accomplish the important objectives expressed by

the particular part of section 730.5 in issue, the employer’s conduct will

substantially comply with the statute.” Id. (cleaned up). Our supreme court has

also recognized that “not every violation results in liability” because section

730.15(a)(1) “only makes the employer ‘liable to an aggrieved employee.’” Id.

at 692 (citation omitted).

       The question in this appeal is whether the court’s grant of summary

judgment upon Hampe’s various claims under section 730.5 and his common-law

claims “was a correct application of the law based on the undisputed facts in the

record.” Tow v. Truck Country of Iowa, Inc., 695 N.W.2d 36, 38 (Iowa 2005).

Turning to that question, we address Hampe’s claims in the order he raises them.

       A.     Statutory Immunity

       Hampe first claims summary judgment based on statutory immunity under

Iowa Code section 730.5(11)(a)4 was improper. He submits “statutory immunity

4 This provision states:

             A cause of action shall not arise against an employer who has
      established a policy and initiated a testing program in accordance
      with the testing and policy safeguards provided for under this section,
      for any of the following:
             a. Testing or taking action based on the results of a positive
      drug or alcohol result, indicating the presence of drugs or alcohol, in
      good faith, or on the refusal of an employee or prospective employee
      to submit to a drug or alcohol test.
Iowa Code § 730.5(11)(a).
                                         10

does not apply because [his] cause of action is brought pursuant to Iowa Code

section 730.5(15),” which imposes liability upon “[a] person who violates this

section or who aids in the violation of this section.” (Emphasis added.); accord

Dix, 961 N.W.2d at 683–84 (noting “[s]ubsection (11) must be read in conjunction

with subsection (15)” and concluding the “immunity provided by subsection (11)

does not apply to civil actions under subsection (15)(a) alleging the employer

violated section 730.5”). Because Hampe claims Gabus and Mid-Iowa “acted in

concert for the entire scope of the” drug test, he thinks neither can be immune from

the other’s actions and both are liable for each of his claims.

       The district court, however, justified summary judgment based on immunity

in just one context for Gabus only—Hampe’s testing procedure claims under

section 730.5(7)(a), (b), and (h) due to Mid-Iowa’s specimen collector being a

female and her handling and non-submission of the specimens provided by

Hampe.      See Dix, 961 N.W.2d at 684 (acknowledging a defendant could be

immune under Iowa Code section 730.5(11)(a) for “claims premised on third-party

conduct”). And even Hampe’s brief attributes certain actions to only one of the

defendants, while other claims assign fault to both. We accordingly limit Hampe’s

immunity complaint to the claimed violations of section 730.5(7)(a), (b), and (h),

which we reach later in the opinion. For the rest of the claimed violations, we will

address them as framed by Hampe and decided by the district court.

       B.     Section 730.5(1)(l)—Neutral and Objective Selection

       Seizing on an issue left open in Dix, Hampe claims both defendants

“violated   Iowa   Code   [s]ection   730.5(1)(l)’s   neutral-and-objective-selection

requirement by using an alternate system to exempt nine employees from
                                         11

testing.”5 961 N.W.2d at 691–92 (declining to address issue because challenging

employees were not on alternate list and therefore not aggrieved). Hampe argues

the statute does not authorize the use of an alternate list and its use violates the

requirement that selection be neutral and objective.

       While Hampe made some of these same arguments in district court, they

were not raised under section 730.5(1)(l) but under section 730.5(8)(a), which we

discuss next. And the district court did not mention either section 730.5(1)(l) or

Hampe’s arguments about the use of an alternate list, instead confining its analysis

to the composition of the pool from which employees were selected for testing

under section 730.5(8)(a). We accordingly agree with the defendants that error

was not preserved on this claim. Cf. Lamasters v. State, 821 N.W.2d 856, 864

(Iowa 2012) (“Where the trial court’s ruling . . . expressly acknowledges that an

issue is before the court and then the ruling necessarily decides that issue, that is

sufficient to preserve error.”).

       C.     Section 730.5(8)(a)—Testing Pool

       Moving on to Hampe’s complaints about the testing pool, he argues

summary judgment was inappropriate because Gabus “failed to substantially

comply with Iowa Code section 730.5(8)([a]) by intentionally making no effort to

5 Section 730.5(1)(l) requires unannounced testing to

       be done based on a neutral and objective selection process by an
       entity independent from the employer and shall be made by a
       computer-based random number generator . . . in which each
       member of the employee population subject to testing has an equal
       chance of selection for initial testing, regardless of whether the
       employee has been selected or tested previously.
                                        12

determine whether employees included in the testing pool were scheduled to be

at work at the time of the test.”6

       “Employers may conduct unannounced drug or alcohol testing of

employees who are selected from” one of three pools of employees, only one of

which is at issue here—the entire population at a work site.          Iowa Code

§ 730.5(8)(a)(1). For that category, however, the population does not include

“employees who are not scheduled to be at work at the time the testing is

conducted because of the status of the employees or who have been excused from

work pursuant to the employer’s work policy prior to the time the testing is

announced to employees.” Id.

       Hampe argues that because Gabus “made no effort to determine what

employees were scheduled to be at work at the time of the test” when formulating

a testing pool, it did not substantially comply with the statute. Gabus-McBride

agreed the testing pool included all active employees at the work site, regardless

of whether any employee was scheduled to be at work. And that master list was

compiled sometime before Mid-Iowa generated the random testing list on

November 27, 2019, with Gabus-McBride testifying in a deposition: “At the time of

Mr. Hampe’s test, it was in their database.”

6 While Hampe includes Mid-Iowa in this alleged violation on appeal, the district

court confined its analysis to Gabus. Because the court did not address whether
Mid-Iowa violated this provision, we will not do so on appeal. See Meier v.
Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002) (“It is a fundamental doctrine of
appellate review that issues must ordinarily be both raised and decided by the
district court before we will decide them on appeal.”). In any event, Hampe does
not explain how Mid-Iowa aided Gabus in identifying the employees to be included
in the pool from which Mid-Iowa used its computer-based random number
generator to select employees for testing. See Iowa Code § 730.5(1)(l).
                                          13

       Yet Gabus argues that, like the employer in Dix, it substantially complied

with section 730.5(8)(a) even though its testing pool was “not perfect.” The court

in Dix did state that “[w]ith respect to providing an accurate list of employees

scheduled to work on the day of testing, we agree with the district court that

substantial compliance allows some give in compiling the list for the selection

process” and room for human error. 961 N.W.2d at 690. As a result, the court

found substantial compliance with section 730.5(8)(a) where, on the day of testing,

some employees were sick, no-showed, or made leave requests between the

employer’s compilation of the list and provision of the list to its third-party testing

vendor. Id. at 691. But there’s an important difference between this case and Dix.

On the day before the scheduled testing in Dix, the employer provided its outside

vendor with a list of employees “who were scheduled to work” the next day. Id.

at 679 (emphasis added). Here, Gabus just included all of its employees in the

testing pool, admittedly making no effort to determine who was “scheduled to be

at work at the time the testing is conducted.” Iowa Code § 730.5(8)(a)(1).

       Still, Gabus contends it substantially complied with section 730.5(8)(a)

because “its actions met the intent of its provisions”—to prevent employers “from

targeting or exempting specific employees for drug tests.” Dix, 961 N.W.2d at 689.

But by including all employees in the testing pool, Gabus did exempt specific

employees from testing by skipping those who had been randomly selected but

were not present at work for whatever reason. Further, while Gabus suggests

another purpose of the testing pool parameters is to ensure employees are paid

for testing and not called in outside their normal work period, see Iowa Code
                                         14

§ 730.5(6)(a),7 that did not happen in Gabus’s implementation of its testing

program. The undisputed facts show that the month before the disputed test in

this case, Hampe was called in to work to test on his day off, leading to his belief

that he was being targeted by Gabus when he was selected for testing again in

December. For these reasons, we agree with Hampe that there is a genuine issue

of material fact on whether Gabus substantially complied with the statute.

       That said, liability only extends “to an aggrieved employee.” Iowa Code

§ 730.5(15)(a)(1). Gabus argues Hampe was not aggrieved “because the greater

number of people on the list makes it less likely that a particular person would be

randomly selected.”    And Hampe was scheduled to work on the testing day

anyway, so he would have been in the testing pool even if Gabus strictly followed

the statute.

       While there is some logic to these arguments, we must view the record in

the light most favorable to Hampe, which shows that he was the last person on the

alternate list and multiple employees higher up on the list were absent. Six

employees on the initial list and one on the alternate list never clocked in, so we

can reasonably infer they were not scheduled to work that day. See Homan, 887

N.W.2d at 164 (affording the non-moving party “all legitimate inferences that may

be drawn from the evidence in his or her favor”). A seventh employee did not clock

in until around noon, when the testing started first thing in the morning.8

7 Section 730.5(6)(a) requires workplace drug testing to “normally occur during, or

immediately before or after, a regular work period. The time required for such
testing by an employer shall be deemed work time for the purposes of
compensation and benefits for employees.”
8 We note that two other employees on the initial list were at work but not tested.

Those employees punched in before 7:00 a.m. on the testing day. Gabus-McBride
                                         15

      Had Gabus limited its pool to scheduled employees, it’s possible Hampe

would never have been tested. See Dix, 961 N.W.2d at 689 (finding employees

“were aggrieved by losing their jobs because they should never have been

tested”). Because we find genuine issues of material fact remain on this claim, we

reverse summary judgment and remand for further proceedings on this claim as to

Gabus only.

      D.      Section 730.5(9)(h)—Supervisor Training Requirements

      Hampe next claims Gabus “failed to substantially comply with Iowa Code

section 730.5(9)(h) because the only supervisor involved in testing failed to

complete required initial training and annual training.”9 The relevant statutory

provision provides:

             In order to conduct drug or alcohol testing under this section,
      an employer shall require supervisory personnel of the employer
      involved with drug or alcohol testing under this section to attend a
      minimum of two hours of initial training and to attend, on an annual
      basis thereafter, a minimum of one hour of subsequent training. The
      training shall include, but is not limited to, information concerning the
      recognition of evidence of employee alcohol and other drug abuse,
      the documentation and corroboration of employee alcohol and other
      drug abuse, and the referral of employees who abuse alcohol or
      other drugs to the employee assistance program or to the resource

explained they were parts drivers and may have been off-site somewhere. But
she made no effort to locate them or have them come in for testing.
9 Like the preceding claim, the district court only applied this claim to Gabus. See

Meier, 641 N.W.2d at 537. And again, Hampe has not explained on appeal how
Mid-Iowa aided Gabus in its inadequate supervisor training. We accordingly
confine our analysis to Gabus.
                                        16

      file maintained by the employer pursuant to paragraph “c”,
      subparagraph (2).

Iowa Code § 730.5(9)(h). Hampe argues Gabus violated this provision because

Gabus-McBride10 never completed any initial training, and the content of her

annual training was non-compliant “because it did not include training on the

documentation and corroboration of employee drug abuse or referral of employees

who abuse drugs.”

      In an affidavit, Gabus-McBride stated that she completed two-hour

“Reasonable Suspicion Supervisory Trainings” annually between 2016 and 2021.

The record, however, shows her initial training in 2016 when she became the

human resources director was only sixty minutes. That training “covered the

physical, behavioral, speech, and performance indicators of probable alcohol

misuse and controlled substance use or abuse.” Her trainings in 2017 and 2018

were two hours, and her training in 2019 was one hour. All of them were on the

same topic as the first. None of the certificates for these trainings mentioned the

two other topics required by the statute. While Gabus-McBride stated that she

received other training from her predecessor, we agree with Hampe that there is a

genuine issue of material fact about whether Gabus substantially complied with

the training requirement. That fact question also leads to a genuine issue of

material fact on whether Hampe was aggrieved. That’s because if Gabus did not

substantially comply with section 730.5(9)(h), then the testing was not statutorily

authorized and Hampe would not have lost his job but for the illegal test. See id.

10 The adequacy of Gabus-McBride’s training has been raised before, but error on

the claim was not preserved. See Woods v. Charles Gabus Ford, Inc., 962
N.W.2d 1, 5–6 (Iowa 2021).
                                         17

(stating that “[i]n order to conduct drug or alcohol testing under this section, an

employer shall require supervisory personnel of the employer involved with” the

testing to attend specific training (emphasis added)); Dix, 961 N.W.2d at 689. We

according reverse and remand this claim as to Gabus only.

       E.     Section 730.5(7)—Submission Requirements

       Hampe next claims the defendants “failed to substantially comply with Iowa

Code section 730.5(7) because they destroyed evidence of [his] urine specimens

at the testing site and did not send the results to a certified laboratory for initial

confirmatory testing or for review by a medical review officer.” Relying on an expert

report submitted by Mid-Iowa in support of its summary judgment motion, the

district court found Hampe “presented no evidence explaining how the urine he

supplied could have been validly tested for the presence of drugs. The only

evidence before the court is that it could not.”

       For the reasons below, we agree with the court that summary judgment on

this claim was proper, though we base that conclusion on a different ground—that

Hampe was not aggrieved by any violation of this section. See Meier, 641 N.W.2d

at 540 n.1 (“A prevailing party may support the district court judgment on any

ground contained in the record . . . .”). As a result, we need not decide whether

the court also correctly concluded that Gabus was immune from liability for any

violations of section 730.5(7).

       Section 730.5(7) governs “[t]esting procedures” and provides “[a]ll sample

collection and testing for drugs or alcohol under this section shall be performed in

accordance with the following conditions.” A “sample” collected for testing must

be “split into two components at the time of collection in the presence of the
                                          18

individual from whom the sample is collected,” and “[b]oth portions of the sample

shall be forwarded to the laboratory conducting the initial confirmatory testing.” Id.

§ 730.5(7)(b). Confirmatory testing must be done in certain laboratories, and

confirmed positives must be reviewed and interpreted by a medical review officer

before the results are reported to the employer. Id. § 730.5(7)(f), (h). If the

employer receives a report of a confirmed positive, it must notify the employee of

the results and his or her “right to request and obtain a confirmatory test of the

second sample collected pursuant to paragraph ‘b.’” Id. § 730.5(j)(1).

       Mid-Iowa contends that it was not required to follow these testing

procedures because Hampe’s specimens did not meet the statutory definition of a

“sample.” Section 730.5(1)(k) defines that term to mean “such sample from the

human body capable of revealing the presence of alcohol or other drugs, or their

metabolites.” Mid-Iowa’s argument is based on a report from certified medical

review officer Dr. Charlton Owensby, who stated the two specimens Hampe

provided were not “samples” under section 730.5(1)(k) because the first exceeded

the allowable temperature range of “90°–100° F” and the second was an

insufficient amount to test. These flaws made the samples not “reliably capable of

revealing” the presence of drugs or their metabolites, according to Dr. Owensby.

(Emphasis added.) He explained that any specimen exceeding 100 degrees

provided by a healthy donor “is likely substituted or adulterated and therefore

incapable of reliably revealing the presence of alcohol or other drugs” and “should

not be sent for testing.” Cf. 49 C.F.R. § 40.65(b)(6) (stating that for drug-testing in

industries subject to the authority of the United States Department of

Transportation, the collector must “process both the original” out-of-temperature
                                         19

“specimen and the specimen collected using direct observation . . . and send the

two sets of specimens to their respective laboratories”).

       Setting aside whether this definition of sample—with its added temperature-

range requirements and qualifier of “reliably”—adheres to our more limited

statutory definition, we find the undisputed facts show that Hampe was not

aggrieved by the claimed violations of section 730.5(7). Hampe argues that he

was aggrieved because the “destruction of [his] urine samples before confirmatory

testing took place violated his right to ensure an accurate testing process” and left

him with “no way to know what the outcome of the” tests would have been. But as

Mid-Iowa points out, Hampe was given two “additional opportunities to give a

testable urine sample—the latter of which he refused.” Had Hampe stayed to

provide another sample, as requested, that procedure could have been followed.

See Dix, 961 N.W.2d at 692 (“Determining whether an employee is aggrieved

necessarily depends on the nature of the violation.”). We accordingly affirm the

district court on this point.

       F.      Section 730.5(7)(a)—Gender of Monitor or Observer

       Next, Hampe claims the defendants did not “substantially comply with Iowa

Code [section] 730.5[(7)(a)] because a female directly monitored the collection of

[his] urine specimens.” Section 730.5(7)(a) provides that if collection of a “urine

sample is directly monitored or observed by another individual, the individual who

is directly monitoring or observing the collection shall be of the same gender as

the individual from whom the . . . urine sample is being collected.” We again decide

this claim adversely to Hampe because he made only a general claim of harm to

his privacy interest, arguing “it was embarrassing to have Ghee monitor him.” That
                                          20

is not enough to show that he was aggrieved. See id. at 694 (“General claims of

harm to their privacy interests do not suffice.”).

       G.     Section 730.5(9)(b)—Uniform Disciplinary Policy

       This brings us to Hampe’s claim that Gabus “failed to substantially comply

with Iowa Code section 730.5(9)(b) because [Gabus’s] drug testing policy did not

provide for uniform disciplinary actions.”11 Section 730.5(9)(b) provides:

              The employer’s written policy shall provide uniform
       requirements for what disciplinary or rehabilitative actions an
       employer shall take against an employee or prospective employee
       upon receipt of a confirmed positive test result for drugs or alcohol or
       upon the refusal of the employee or prospective employee to provide
       a testing sample. The policy shall provide that any action taken
       against an employee or prospective employee shall be based only
       on the results of the drug or alcohol test.

While Hampe acknowledges that the court examined how the policy was applied,

he contends it failed to examine the plain language of the policy. Because the

policy allowed discretion in the level of discipline, Hampe argues it violated the

statute.

       The version of the employee handbook that took effect in September 2019

provided the following “Disciplinary Action” provision for drug testing:

       Employees who violate this policy may be disciplined or terminated.
       Violations include refusal to consent to and comply with testing and
       search procedures as described. Upon receipt of a confirmed
       positive test result for drugs or alcohol or upon the refusal of the
       employee or prospective employee to provide a testing sample, any
       action taken against an employee or prospective employee shall be
       based only on the results of the drug or alcohol test. Refusal of an
       employee or prospective employee to submit to a drug or alcohol test

11 While Hampe’s brief includes Mid-Iowa in this claimed violation, he once more

fails to explain how Mid-Iowa could be viewed as having aided Gabus in failing to
have uniform requirements in Gabus’s written policy for disciplinary actions. And
the district court again decided this claim only as to Gabus. We follow suit. See
Meier, 641 N.W.2d at 537.
                                         21

       or respond to the Medical Review Officer, submittal of a sample that
       does not belong to the tested employee, and/or tampering with or
       altering a sample will be deemed as a positive test result in violation
       of this policy. The Company may take the following actions:
               (1) Suspension of the employee, with or without pay, for a
       designated period of time. . . .
               (2) Termination of employment.
               (3) Refusal to hire a prospective employee.
               (4) Other adverse employment action in conformance with the
       Company’s written policy and procedures.
               (5) Rehabilitation as described below.

(Emphasis added.)

       This policy provides Gabus with discretion to select different adverse

employment actions upon a violation. While the district court implicitly agreed with

that point, it granted summary judgment because Hampe failed to show other

employees were treated differently under the policy. So the court found there were

“no issues of material fact regarding any failure to comply with Iowa Code section

730.5(9)(b).”

       We agree with Hampe that summary judgment was improper on this claim

based on substantial compliance. The handbook policy clearly provides Gabus

with discretion to choose among different adverse employment actions,12 while the

statute requires uniform requirements for what actions the employer “shall” take.

See McVey v. Nat’l Org. Serv., Inc., 719 N.W.2d 801, 803–04 (Iowa 2006) (“We

further agree that it is essential the employee drug-testing policy, as formulated by

the employer, contain uniform requirements for what disciplinary or rehabilitation

actions an employer shall take against an employee or prospective employee upon

12 Unlike the updated employee handbook, the controlled-substances policy that

Hampe signed in 2008 did mandate termination for test refusal. But Gabus-
McBride testified both policies were in effect at the time of Hampe’s test, further
rendering the applicable disciplinary actions non-uniform.
                                         22

receipt of a confirmed positive drug test.”). One of the main purposes of section

730.5 is to prevent targeting or exempting employees. See Dix, 961 N.W.2d

at 659. Allowing an employer discretion in discipline gives the employer the ability

to both target certain employees for and exempt certain employees from adverse

employment action.

       We also find a question of fact as to whether Hampe was aggrieved by this

violation. Hampe presented affidavits from two employees who were tested the

same day he was—Steven Fowler and Marcy Davis. Fowler’s affidavit stated that

during his test, “the collector accused [him] of having a diluted sample.” He offered

to provide “another sample immediately, and she responded by saying no and said

I passed the test.” Davis’s affidavit related that when she provided the collector

with her urine, “she looked at it, and then informed me that she found THC in my

urine sample.” Davis “immediately disputed” that result and “told her that what she

was saying was not true. [The collector] responded and said that she would

normally send it for further testing, but that she would let it go this time.” The

recorded result for Davis’s test was negative. Although Fowler’s affidavit did not

state whether Gabus was aware of his purported diluted test, Davis said that she

did tell her manager at Gabus about her alleged positive test. He responded by

asking her if she liked working at Gabus. When she said yes, the manager replied,

“then don’t worry about it.”

       While Gabus-McBride testified that employees with testing violations were

always terminated, these employees’ experiences, when viewed in the light most

favorable to Hampe, raise a question of fact as to whether that was truly the case.

We accordingly reverse and remand on this claim as to Gabus only.
                                         23

       H.     Section 730.5(9)(a)(1)—Following Terms of Written Policy

       In a catch-all argument, Hampe finally asserts the defendants “failed to

substantially comply with Iowa Code section 730.5(9)(a)(1) because they did not

carry out the drug test within the terms of [Gabus’s] written policy.”13 That written

policy, contained in Gabus’s 2019 employee handbook, simply provided that all

testing would be done by Mid-Iowa and comply with section 730.5. The ways

Hampe claims Gabus violated its written policy are repetitive of the ones that he

raised under section 730.5(7). Because we found Hampe was not aggrieved by

any of those violations, we reach the same conclusion here and affirm the district

court’s grant of summary judgment on this claim.

       I.     Common-Law Claims

       Finally, Hampe contends summary judgment on his common-law claims

was error. He argues the court erred in determining his resistance to summary

judgment on these claims was untimely, the defendants are not immune, and fact

issues remain. But all the common-law claims stem from the defendants’ alleged

violations of section 730.5. The law is clear that “the civil cause of action provided

by Iowa Code section 730.5 is the exclusive remedy for a violation of section

730.5.” Ferguson v. Exhide Techs., Inc., 936 N.W.2d 429, 436 (Iowa 2019). We

accordingly conclude summary judgment on these claims was proper.

13 Section 730.5(9)(a)(1) provides: “Drug or alcohol testing or retesting by an
employer shall be carried out within the terms of a written policy which has been
provided to every employee subject to testing, and is available for review by
employees and prospective employees.”
                                        24

IV.   Conclusion

      In sum, we affirm the entry of summary judgment for Mid-Iowa on all claims

raised by Hampe. As to Gabus, we affirm summary judgment on all claims except

the claims that Gabus violated the testing pool requirements of section 730.5(8)(a),

the supervisor training requirements in section 730.5(9)(h), and the uniform

disciplinary policy required by section 730.5(9)(b). We find that genuine issues of

material fact remain on those claims, which we remand to the district court for

further proceedings.

      AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.