Court Opinion

ID: 4358612
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-01-14 22:42:53.064268+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:29:48.451020
License: Public Domain

„FILED
                                                     COURT„ RAPiEALS,91Y, I
                                                      STATE'OF111ASHIliG TON
                                                     2019 JAN 14 AM 11: 2-5

         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

HYUN JUNG HONG,                         )    No. 77164-7-1
                                        )
                    Appellant,          )
                                        )    DIVISION ONE
                    v.                  )
                                        )
CHRIS Y00 and JIEUN YOO,                )    UNPUBLISHED OPINION
husband and wife; SUMMIT ASSET          )
STRATEGIES GROUP, LLC, a                )    FILED: January 14, 2019
Washington limited liability company; )
SUMMIT ASSET STRATEGIES                 )
INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, LLC, )
a Washington limited liability company; )
SUMMIT ASSET STRATEGIES                 )
WEALTH MANAGEMENT, LLC,                 )
a Washington limited liability company; )
ESTATE OF MICHAEL GREINER               )
and JANE DOE GREINER, husband           )
and wife; WOO J. CHANG and JANE )
DOE CHANG, husband and wife;            )
SONNY KO and JANE DOE KO,               )
husband and wife; ANDREW HONG           )
and JANE DOE HONG, husband and )
wife,                                   )
                                        )
                    Respondents.        )
                                      )

      MANN, A.C.J. — Hyun Hong was one of many victims left in the wake of Chris

Yoo's ponzi scheme defrauding clients of their investment funds. Hong sued Yoo, and
No. 77164-7-1/2

three of Yoo's investment entities, alleging they were liable to Hong under the Securities

Act of Washington, chapter 21.20 RCW (WSSA),for selling fraudulent securities. After

Yoo declared bankruptcy, Hong filed an amended complaint naming Michael and

Denise Greiner as defendants alleging that Greiner was secondarily liable as an officer

or director of one of Yoo's investment entities.'

        Hong appeals the trial court's decision granting summary judgment and

dismissing her claims against Greiner. We affirm.

                                                  I.

        Yoo founded several different investment companies. Three are relevant to this

appeal. First, Summit Asset Strategies Group, LLC (SASG), also known as Summit

Asset Strategies, LLC, was a holding company owned by Yoo. Yoo owned 100 percent

of SASG. Second, Summit Asset Strategies Investment Management, LLC (SASIM)

was a wholly-owned subsidiary of SASG and referred to interchangeably as Summit

Asset Strategies Investment Management and Banking, LLC (SAS-IMB). SASIM was

an investment advisor to several fixed-income investment funds, which it owned and

managed. And finally, Summit Asset Strategies Wealth Management, LLC(SASWM)

was a retail wealth advisory firm founded by Yoo, originally created as a wholly-owned

subsidiary of SASG. SASWM advised its clients on financial planning and traditional

investments such as stocks, mutual funds, and exchange traded funds.

       Greiner was hired in July 2007 as director of SASWM's Wealth Management

Department. In July 2009, Yoo promoted Greiner to Chief Executive Officer(CEO)of

        1 Michael Greiner passed away in November 2017 and the Estate of Michael Greiner was
substituted pursuant to RAP 3.2. We refer to Denise and Michael Greiner and the Estate of Michael
Greiner as Greiner.

                                                  2
No. 77164-7-1/3

SASWM. At the same time, Yoo offered Greiner a one-eighth minority ownership in

SASWM. Greiner paid $5,000 for his share. Greiner left SASWM on September 30,

2014, after he learned that the SEC was investigating securities fraud by Yoo.

       Hong first learned of Yoo and his investment entities in 2007 after reading about

them in a local Korean newspaper and hearing about him from members of her church.

Hong is a retired nurse who had recently inherited money from her husband and

decided to invest it. Hong had little experience investing and never had a financial

advisor before Yoo.

       Hong met with Yoo in 2007 and told him that her primary concerns were safety

and liquidity as she was close to retiring. Based on Yoo's recommendation, on

November 7, 2007, Hong made two $100,000 investments in a fund named Summit

Strategic Opportunities Fund I, LLC(SSOP I), a fixed-income fund through SASIM.

Hong wrote two $100,000 checks to Summit Asset Strategies. Yoo did not provide an

offering document regarding the investment, nor ask Hong to sign a subscription

agreement or account agreement. The two accounts were merged in 2009. This

investment is not at issue in this appeal because Hong closed that account and

withdrew her funds with interest in July 2011.

      In March 2008, Hong told Yoo that she was pleased with her first investment.

Yoo recommended that Hong refinance her home and secure a line of credit to invest in

Summit Strategic Opportunities Fund III, LLC(SSOP III). Yoo told Hong that SSOP III

was a fixed-income fund similar to SSOP I. Yoo promised an annual return of 7.5

percent. Yoo facilitated refinancing Hong's home by introducing her to a Bank of

America loan officer. Hong invested the amount of her home equity loan, $255,650.69,

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No. 77164-7-1/4

on March 27, 2008, in SSOP III. Hong made an additional $25,000 investment in SSOP

III on November 20, 2009. On February 17, 2012, Hong invested $210,000 in SSOP I.

A letter from SAS-IMB showed that a new SSOP I account was opened for Hong in the

amount of $210,000.2

       Hong wrote checks to "Summit Asset Strategies" for both the November 2009

$25,000 investment in SSOP III and the February 2012 $210,000 investment in SSOP I.

Hong did not produce a check for the SSOP III $255,650.69 investment. The record

includes an investment agreement, dated January 31, 2009, with a blank signature line

for "Summit Asset Strategies, LLC," dated January 31, 2009. The Investment

Agreement indicated that SASG was the investment advisor. None of Hong's

investments are identified in the Investment Agreement.

       Hong received monthly statements on SASWM letterhead for her investments in

SSOP III and SSOP I. However, the confidential disclosure footer on each monthly

statement stated the investment holdings were held by "Summit Asset Strategies, LLC."

On May 29, 2014, Hong received a letter from SASG, signed by Chris Yoo, explaining

that Hong would begin receiving account statements on a quarterly, instead of monthly

basis. This letter was printed on SASIM letterhead.

       The governing documents for SSOP I showed that the fund was owned,

operated, and managed by SASG and SASIM, not SASWM. The initial governing

documents for SSOP I, dated September 15, 2008, indicated that `Nile Initial Manager

shall be Summit Asset Strategies, LLC" and that the manager had "exclusive control" of

the fund, including the power "to carry out and implement directly or through such

      2 In June 2015, Hong made an additional investment of almost $55,000 in a fund named RYDEX.
The RYDEX investment is not an issue in this appeal as it was made after Greiner left SASWM.

                                               4
No. 77164-7-1/5

agents as the Manager may appoint, including itself, any and all of the objectives,

purposes and powers of the Company." The "Current Manager" was identified as

"Summit Asset Strategies, LLC."

      By 2009, SASIM became the manager of SSOP I. The fund's financial

statements indicated: "Summit Asset Strategies Investment Management(SASIM), a

Washington State registered investment adviser, actively manages the Fund land owns

100% of its outstanding member units. The manager of SASIM is Mr. Sung Ko, and the

individual principally responsible to manage Fund I." The SEC Form D for SSOP 1,

dated September 1, 2010, indicated that Yoo was the fund manager, and the fund was

incorporated in 2008. The Form also indicated that the date of first sale was September

1,2010.

      SSOP III was never registered as a security with the SEC or Washington

Secretary of State. Neither Greiner, nor Thomas Keeney, another investment advisor at

SASWM, were ever aware of SSOP III funds. Keeney also indicated while he was

employed at SASWM from 2011 until 2014 that Hong was not a customer of SASWM.

      Greiner testified that some of his clients were invested in SSOP 1 and that SSOP

I was managed and operated solely by employees of SASIM. Ten to twelve of Greiner's

clients at SASWM also invested in SSOP 1 through SASIM, but Greiner did not have

general access to the names of SSOP 1 investors, unless they were also investors with

SASWM. Hong was not one of those investors. Greiner did not recall meeting Hong,

however, Hong recalls shaking Greiner's hand once, after Yoo introduced her to

Greiner.

                                           5
No. 77164-7-1/6

       Hong filed her original complaint in this matter in January 2016 against Yoo,

SASG,SASIM, and SASWM, claiming damages for securities fraud under the WSSA,

breach of fiduciary duties, and violation of the Washington Consumer Protection Act

(CPA), chapter 19.86 RCW. Yoo filed a bankruptcy petition in the Western District of

Washington that same month. On March 22, 2016, Hong filed an amended complaint to

include Greiner, Woo Chang, Sonny Ko, and Andrew Hong. Hong's amended

complaint alleged that Greiner was liable under RCW 21.20.430 for his role as a control

person and later CEO of SASWM.

       On May 27, 2016, Greiner filed a motion to dismiss. The trial court granted the

motion in part and denied it in part, dismissing Hong's breach of fiduciary duty and CPA

claims against Greiner. Within the same action, but unrelated to this appeal, the trial

court entered a default judgment against SASG, SASIM, and SASWM,Sonny Ko, and

Yoo, which was later vacated for being in violation of the automatic stay in Yoo's

bankruptcy.

       On November 8, 2016, Greiner moved for summary judgment on Hong's WSSA

claim. Greiner argued that he was not a control person, officer, or director of Yoo,

SASG, or SASIM, and that SASWM,the entity that employed Greiner, was not the seller

of Hong's securities. Greiner also raised as an affirmative defense that even if SASWM

had been the seller of Hong's securities, Greiner could not be secondarily liable under

the WSSA because he did not know of Yoo's fraud and could not have learned of it in

the exercise of reasonable care due to the fact that Yoo deliberately hid the fraud.

       Hong filed a cross-motion for summary judgment and argued that Yoo's sale of

securities through SASWM was fraudulent under WSSA,and that Greiner was an

                                            6
No. 77164-7-1/7

officer or control person at SASWM during the relevant period, and thus was

secondarily liable for Yoo's fraud.

       On December 19, 2016, the trial court granted Greiner's motion for summary

judgment and denied Hong's cross-motion for summary judgment. The court held that

Greiner was not a control person of Yoo, SASIM, or SASG. The court further found that

SASWM was not the seller of Hong's securities, and that even if Greiner exercised

reasonable care, Greiner would not have discovered Yoo's fraud. On June 22, 2016,

the trial court denied Hong's motion for reconsideration.

       Hong appeals.

       Hong argues that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment because

there was sufficient evidence to demonstrate that SASWM was the seller of her

securities. We disagree.

       An order granting or denying summary judgment is subject to de novo review.

Ruvalcaba v. Kwanp Ho Baek, 175 Wash. 2d 1, 6, 282 P.3d 1083(2012). "The moving

party bears the initial burden of showing the absence of an issue of material fact."

Young v. Key Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 112 Wash. 2d 216, 225, 770 P.2d 182 (1989); CR 56.

When the moving party is the defendant and meets its initial burden, the burden shifts to

the plaintiff to "make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an essential

element to that party's case." Younp, 112 Wash. 2d at 225. If the plaintiff fails to make

that showing, the trial court should grant the defendant's motion for summary judgment.

Young, 112 Wash. 2d at 225.

       A reviewing court views "the facts and all reasonable inferences therefrom in the

light most favorable to the nonmoving party." Boyd v. Sunflower Prop. LLC, 197 Wash.
7
No. 77164-7-1/8

App. 137, 142, 389 P.3d 626 (2016). A trial court properly grants summary judgment

when the party with the burden at trial fails to produce evidence on an essential element

of the claim. Young, 112 Wash. 2d at 225.

                                              A.

       The WSSA, which was modeled after section 410 of the Uniform Securities Act,

was initially adopted in 1959. Haberman v Wash. Pub. Power Supply Sys., 109 Wash. 2d
107, 125, 744 P.2d 1032(1987). The WSSA's "primary purpose is to protect investors

from speculative or fraudulent schemes of promoters" of securities within the State of

Washington. Helenius v. Chelius, 131 Wash. App. 421, 432, 120 P.3d 954 (2005). The

WSSA makes it "unlawful for any person, in connection with the offer, sale or purchase

of any security, directly or indirectly. . .[t]o engage in any act, practice, or course of

business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon any person." RCW

21.20.010. The WSSA creates two forms of civil liability for individuals and entities

engaged in the offer or sale of securities: primary and secondary.

       The WSSA imposes primary liability upon the "seller" of any security sold in

violation of the WSSA. RCW 21.20.430(1). A seller is defined as any individual or

entity whose "acts were a substantial contributive factor in the sales transaction."

Haberman, 109 Wash. 2d at 131. As the Haberman court explained:

       Considerations important in determining whether a defendant's conduct is
       a substantial contributing factor in the sales transaction include:(1) the
       number of other factors which contribute to the sale and the extent of the
       effect which they have in producing it; (2) whether the defendant's conduct
       has created a force or series of forces which are in continuous and active
       operation up to the time of the sale, or has created a situation harmless
       unless acted upon by other forces for which the actor is not responsible;
       and (3) lapse of time.

Haberman, 109 Wash. 2d at 131-32.

                                              8
No. 77164-7-1/9

       In addition to the primary liability of a seller, RCW 21.20.430(3) provides for

secondary joint and several liability for partners, officers, directors, or any other person

that "occupies a similar status or performs a similar function of" or "materially aids in the

transaction" of a seller. RCW 21.20.430(3). Haberman, 109 Wash. 2d at 132-33. In order

to demonstrate that an individual had the requisite level of control for the imposition of

secondary liability under the WSSA, a plaintiff must satisfy the two-part "Hines test" by

showing: "first that the defendant actually participated in (i.e., exercised control over) the

operations of the corporation in general; then he must prove that the defendant

possessed the power to control the specific transaction or activity upon which the

primary violation is predicated, but he need not prove that this later power was

exercised." Garrison v. Sagepoint Fin., Inc., 185 Wash. App. 461, 502-03, 345 P.3d 792

(2015)(citing Hines v. Data Line Systems, 114 Wash. 2d 127, 136, 787 P.2d 8 (1990)).

                                             B.

       As the plaintiff, Hong carried the burden of proof at trial. Young, 112 Wash. 2d at

225. Hong did not allege, or offer evidence that Greiner sold securities to her such that

he would be subject to primary liability. Thus, the question before us is whether Hong

presented evidence that Greiner was subject to secondary liability. Hong did not meet

her burden; she failed to demonstrate that SASWM was the seller of her investments, or

that Greiner was subject to secondary liability.

       First, there is no evidence that Greiner controlled SASG. Yoo was the sole

owner of SASG. Greiner never worked for SASG and never served as an officer or

director of the company.

                                             9
No. 77164-7-1/10

      Second, there is no evidence that Greiner controlled SASIM. SASIM was a

wholly owned subsidiary of SASG, which was wholly owned by Yoo. Moreover,

SASIM's offering and governing documents repeatedly discuss SASIM's key employees

without mention of Greiner. For example, SASIM's Operating Agreement identified its

managers as Yoo, Sonny Ko, and Woo Chang. Hong offered no evidence showing that

Greiner acted as a control person, officer, or director of SASIM.

      Third, while Greiner did serve as an officer and director of SASWM between July

2009 and September 2014, Hong failed to produce evidence that SASWM was the

seller of the SOSP 1 and SOSP III investment funds that she invested in. To the

contrary, Hong's checks were made out to SASG, not SASWM. Further, Hong received

numerous documents indicating that her investments were issued by SASIM. For

example, in February 2012, Hong received a letter from the Operations Team at SAS-

IMB,3 thanking her "for opening your new account with us." In May 2014, Hong

received another letter from SASIM sent to her "because you are currently invested in

Collateralized Fixed notes, structured investment Strategy or Summit Private Funds."

And in August 2015, Hong received another letter from SASIM to its "Clients/Investors,"

informing them that SASIM was moving to a new location in Bellevue.

      There was also no evidence that Hong was ever a customer of SASWM. Prior to

the litigation, neither Greiner nor SASWM wealth management advisor Keeney had ever

heard of Hong. Greiner testified that when customers of SASWM chose to invest in

SASIM's fixed income funds, he required them to sign numerous forms governing those

purchases, including copies of a subscription agreement, a private placement

      3 SAS-IMB   is another name for SASIM.
                                               10
No. 77164-7-1/11

memorandum, and a form acknowledging that the investor was an accredited investor.

There was no evidence that Hong signed any of these forms.

       On appeal, Hong relies on the monthly account statements she received with the

SASWM letterhead. The monthly financial statements are insufficient as a matter of law

to show that SASWM was the seller of Hong's securities for three reasons. First, the

statements themselves are not evidence that SASWM sold Hong the securities, rather

the statements are only evidence that SASWM may have held the securities at some

point after the initial sale. A seller under the WSSA must have substantially contributed

to the sale of the security. Haberman, 109 Wash. 2d at 131. The monthly statements do

not demonstrate that SASWM contributed to the sale because the statements were

created after the sale occurred. Additionally, there is no evidence that SASWM's

conduct "created a force or series of forces which were in continuous and active

operation up to the time of the sale." Haberman, 109 Wash. 2d at 131-32.

       Second, the confidentiality statement in the footer of the monthly statements

state: "[t]his confidential report is designed to reflect your investment holdings with

Summit Asset Strategies, LLC .. . . All copies of statement is [sic] kept in a secure

location within Summit Asset Strategies, LLC for future reference." The statements

themselves indicate that the investment holdings were with SASG, not SASWM.

       Finally, Greiner argued in his motion for summary judgment that the statements

were fraudulent because they were not prepared in the manner SASWM prepared its

monthly or quarterly statements, and through all the years Greiner worked at SASWM,

he had never seen statements in that format. Greiner explained that he had never seen

the monthly account statements on SASWM letterhead that Hong received. He

                                             11
No. 77164-7-1/12

explained the procedure that SASWM used to send out monthly and quarterly

statements. The custodian of the securities sent the monthly statements to clients—

SASWM used TD Ameritrade Institutional (TD) and Schwab Institutional (Schwab).

Greiner printed the quarterly statements off of SASWM's Morningstar platform. The

quarterly statements had a cover page that said,"Summit Asset Strategies Wealth

Management," but neither the SASWM logo, nor the SASWM letterhead appeared on

the quarterly statements sent by SASWM.

        When the burden shifted to Hong, she failed to respond to Greiner's argument

that Yoo fraudulently created the statements and that was the only reasonable inference

from the evidence. Young, 112 Wash. 2d at 225. Instead, Hong offered only conclusory

arguments that it was undisputed that SASWM was the seller, while failing to address

the evidence presented by Greiner showing SASWM was not the seller, and that Hong

was not a customer of SASWM. Hong continued to rely on the monthly statements,

even though the statements failed to show that SASWM was the seller.4

        Reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Hong, Hong failed to satisfy

her burden of proving that SASWM was the seller of her securities. Hong also failed to

demonstrate that SASWM was a substantive contributive factor in the sale of her

securities. Because SASWM was not the seller of Hong's securities, Greiner was not

secondarily liable as a control person, officer, or director of SASWM.

        4 In Hong's summary judgment reply brief, she also argued, that according to the Washington
Secretary of State registration records, none of the other Summit entities were formed until 2009,
demonstrating that the only Yoo entity formed when Hong invested in SSOP III in 2008 was SASWM.
However, SSOP III was never registered with the SEC or Washington Secretary of State, and Hong
offered no evidence of payment to SASWM for the 2008 SSOP III investment.

                                                  12
No. 77164-7-1/13

      We affirm.

WE CONCUR:

                   13