Court Opinion

ID: 2765249
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-12-30 16:00:49.575281+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:45:16.767848
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          File Name: 14a0948n.06

                                         No. 14-5248
                                                                                     FILED
                                                                                 Dec 30, 2014
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                    DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

       Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.                                                  ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                    STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
REX ALLEN HICKS,                                    EASTERN       DISTRICT     OF
                                                    TENNESSEE
       Defendant-Appellant.

BEFORE:       DAUGHTREY, MOORE, and CLAY, Circuit Judges.

       CLAY, Circuit Judge. Rex Allen Hicks (“Defendant”) appeals from the district court

order sentencing him to 188 months of incarceration. Defendant pleaded guilty to one count of

attempted armed robbery in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951, and, at the sentencing hearing, he

requested a within Guidelines sentence. Defendant’s Guidelines range was 151 to 188 months.

He now appeals because 188 months is the upper limit of his applicable Guidelines range. We

AFFIRM Defendant’s sentence for the reasons stated below.

                                       BACKGROUND

I.     Factual and Procedural History

       On June 11, 2012, Defendant attempted to rob a convenience store at knifepoint in

Athens, Tennessee. The shop clerk refused to open the cash register, and was able to both call

911 and get away while Defendant struggled with the machine. Defendant thereafter fled the

scene. The clerk described Defendant to police officers upon their arrival, and this description
                                           No. 14-5248

was supported by video evidence. Shortly thereafter, Defendant was captured with the knife that

he had wielded in the attempted robbery found in his pocket.

       Defendant was indicted on February 26, 2013, for one count of a Hobbs Act robbery

violation pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1951. On August 9, 2013, Defendant was arrested in the

Southern District of Ohio, after failing to appear in a Tennessee court on state charges related to

the same crime. He was arraigned on August 13, 2013, and pleaded not guilty. One month later,

Defendant notified the court that he wished to change his plea to guilty. The factual basis for

Defendant’s plea was submitted on September 30, 2013. The magistrate judge assigned to the

case recommended that Defendant be allowed to change his plea, that he be adjudicated guilty,

and that he remain in custody until sentencing. The district court adopted this recommendation

in full on January 31, 2014.

       The following month, the probation office issued its final presentencing report (“PSR”).

The PSR indicated that Defendant’s total offense level was 29.            This total included an

enhancement for career offender status and a three point reduction for Defendant’s acceptance of

responsibility. The predicate crimes on which the enhancement was based included evading

arrest in an automobile, multiple counts of attempted carjacking, multiple counts of attempted

aggravated kidnapping, and multiple counts of aggravated robbery.

       The PSR also noted that Defendant had been convicted of (or pleaded guilty to) criminal

offenses on nine different occasions. Among his other crimes were burglary, theft, escape, and

evading arrest. Defendant had been continuously on parole or in and out of prison since he was

20. Defendant had repeatedly violated the terms of his parole within months of each suspended

sentence or occasion on which he had been released from prison, starting with his first conviction

in 1991. Based on Defendant’s criminal history category of VI and an offense level of 29, the

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report identified the appropriate range of incarceration as being from 151 to 188 months. The

report also indicated the absence of any factors that would warrant a departure from this

Guidelines range.

       At the sentencing hearing, held on February 20, 2014, Defendant acknowledged having

reviewed the PSR and did not object to its content. Defendant did, however, impress upon the

court his newfound commitment to living a better life. Specifically, Defendant noted that, since

the time of the indictment (but prior to his arrest), he had become sober, maintained employment,

and established a family through his engagement to a woman with two children. Defendant

asserted that these changes demonstrate his commitment to being a productive member of

society. Defendant also underscored his troubled childhood with an abusive and alcoholic father

as another mitigating factor. Finally, Defendant recognized his “significant criminal history” and

acknowledged that he was potentially facing a life sentence on the related state charge; and thus,

asked simply for “sentencing [] within the guideline range.” (R. 25, Hearing, PageID #86.)

       The government pressed for sentencing at the top of the Guidelines range, calling

Defendant’s criminal history “ridiculous,” and noting that it was “one of the more violent”

records that the prosecutor had ever seen. (Id.) The court complied, sentencing Defendant to

188 months of imprisonment—the maximum number of months corresponding to Defendant’s

Guidelines range. The court noted that it had considered each of the § 3553(a) sentencing factors

and found that need to protect the public from future crimes was the most important

consideration in this case. This appeal timely followed.

                                         DISCUSSION

I.     Standard of Review

       We review the district court’s judgment in sentencing with great deference; and our

determination turns simply on whether or not the sentence is reasonable. United States v.

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Cochrane, 702 F.3d 334, 343 (6th Cir. 2012). This inquiry has two parts—a review of both

procedural and substantive reasonableness. United States v. Bolds, 511 F.3d 568, 578 (6th Cir.

2007) (citing Gall v. United States, 552 US. 38, 56 (2007), and Rita v. United States, 551 U.S.
338, 341 (2007)). Procedural reasonableness is considered, first, by independently confirming

the Guidelines range for the offenders’ sentence, United States v. Babcock, 753 F.3d 587, 590

(6th Cir. 2014), and second, by addressing whether the district court considered the § 3553(a)

sentencing factors and articulated its rationale for the sentence imposed, Cochrane, 702 F.3d at

344. Substantive reasonableness, on the other hand, focuses on the length of a defendant’s

sentence, ensuring that it is “not greater than necessary to accomplish the sentencing goals

identified by Congress in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” Cochrane, 702 F.3d at 345 (internal quotation

marks omitted). “[A] sentence may be substantively unreasonable if the district court selects a

sentence arbitrarily, bases the sentence on impermissible factors, fails to consider pertinent

§ 3553(a) factors, or gives an unreasonable amount of weight to any pertinent factor.” United

States v. Robinson, 503 F.3d 522, 528 (6th Cir. 2007). Sentences falling within the Guidelines

range are afforded a rebuttable presumption of substantive reasonableness. United States v.

Herrera-Zuniga, 571 F.3d 568, 590 (6th Cir. 2009). The fact that we may have imposed a

different sentence cannot alone overcome the deference that is due to the district court’s

judgment. Id. at 591.

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II.       Analysis

          Defendant argues that his sentence is substantively unreasonable because it falls at the

top of the Guidelines range as opposed to the bottom. This argument is contrived and lacking in

merit.1

          Within Guidelines sentences are presumed to be substantively reasonable, Herrera-

Zuniga, 571 F.3d at 590, and Defendant has not rebutted this presumption. Moreover, “it is

incumbent upon the defendant to demonstrate that his sentence” is without reason. United States

v. Brogdon, 503 F.3d 555, 559 (6th Cir. 2007). For example, Defendant does not suggest that the

sentence was arbitrary, that the court failed to consider the relevant § 3553 factors, or that its

decision was based on impermissible factors. Our review of the record establishes that any

challenge on those bases would be untenable. Defendant’s appeal, instead, rests on the assertion

that the district court placed an unreasonable amount of weight on one particular factor. As we

will explain below, this argument is also baseless.

          At the sentencing hearing, Defendant based his request for a within Guidelines sentence

on his reformed behavior, suggesting that his previous crimes were connected to his lifelong

abuse of alcohol, which he had now conquered. The court mentioned several §3553(a) factors

prior to announcing Defendant’s sentence: the “need to protect the public from future crimes,”

“the nature and circumstances of the offense,” Defendant’s “history and background,” and “the

advisory guideline range.” (R. 25, Hearing, PageID #86.) Defendant’s substance abuse was also

given specific consideration.     Consistent with the guidelines, the court recommended that

Defendant receive treatment in furtherance of his newfound sobriety. Ultimately, the court

concluded that “the need to protect the public from future crimes of the defendant” was the most
          1
         On appeal, Defendant inaccurately states that “[he] argued for the minimum sentence,”
at the sentencing hearing, Appellant’s Br. at 6, when truthfully, his request was merely that the
sentence fall “within the guideline range,” and not exceed it. (R. 25, Hearing, PageID #86.)
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important factor for this particular case. (R. 25, Hearing, PageID #88.) The district court is not

required to specifically address each enumerated factor at sentencing, so long as each argument

made by Defendant has been considered. Cochrane, 702 F.3d at 345. Moreover, “when a judge

decides simply to apply the Guidelines to a particular case, doing so will not necessarily require

lengthy explanation.”    Rita, 551 U.S. at 356–57.       In listing some factors, considering all

arguments made by Defendant, and articulating the bases for the sentence, the district court did

not abuse its discretion. See, e.g., United States v. Robinson, 503 F.3d 522, 528 (6th Cir. 2007);

Brogdon, 503 F.3d at 562.

       Defendant argues that the district court “placed undue emphasis on [his] criminal history

to establish[] him as a threat to the public,” and that the court should have placed greater weight

on his mitigating circumstances—a difficult childhood, the relationship between his alcoholism

and criminal record, and his recent efforts to reform his life.        Appellant’s Br. at 11–12.

A sentence may be substantively unreasonable when it “gives an unreasonable amount of weight

to any pertinent factor,” Robinson, 503 F.3d at 528, but one factor may significantly outweigh

the others when the circumstances so warrant. See United States v. Brooks, 628 F.3d 791, 801

(6th Cir. 2011).

       In Brooks, a defendant asked for a below Guidelines sentence due to his history of

depression, substance abuse, and mental illness. Id. at 797–98. The district court determined

that the defendant’s mitigating circumstances were overcome by the seriousness of the crime and

the need to protect the public from future criminal acts; therefore, a top of the Guidelines

sentence was justified. Id. at 794–95. On appeal, we rejected the defendant’s argument that

undue weight was given to these factors because the defendant’s criminal conduct was not a “one

time impuls[e]”; the defendant had a “deep-seated” intent to engage in his chosen criminal

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activities. Id. at 794. Thus, we held that the district court “was entitled to give substantial

weight to the nature and seriousness of the offenses because [the defendant’s] conduct was

egregious.” Id. at 801.

       In this case, as in Brooks, the need to protect the public was cited as the most important

factor justifying Defendant’s top of the Guidelines sentence.2 Unlike Brooks, Defendant only

sought a sentence within the Guidelines range (as opposed to a downward variance), and a within

Guidelines sentence is precisely what he got. Defendant’s contention is merely that the court

should have given more weight to one factor and less to another.            The presumption of

reasonableness will not be overcome simply because the court could have come to a different

conclusion. Brooks, 628 F.3d at 801; see also United States v. Hammonds, 468 F. App’x 593,

599 (6th Cir. 2012) (“The issue is not whether some other, lesser sentence for [the defendant]

would have been reasonable; rather, it is whether the within-the-Guidelines sentence that [the

defendant] actually received was reasonable.”). As in Brooks, Defendant’s course of conduct

was certainly egregious: in a little more than two decades, Defendant was convicted of (or

pleaded guilty to) criminal offenses on nine different occasions; Defendant repeatedly violated

parole within months of each suspended sentence or occasions on which he was released from

prison; and many of Defendant’s numerous crimes included elements of violence. These facts,

like those in Brooks, suggest that the crime was not a “one time impulse” or an errant mistake in

judgment, and therefore overcome Defendant’s mitigating circumstances. For these reasons, the

       2
         Brooks dealt with a conviction for attempted sex crimes involving minors. While we
recognize that sex crimes (particularly those involving minors) give rise to particular concerns
about recidivism, Brooks remains instructive for the general proposition that it is appropriate to
give greater weight to a need to protect the public when a defendant’s conduct is “egregious” and
he has shown that he is likely to repeat his behavior.
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district court was entitled to give substantial weight to Defendant’s criminal history and the need

to protect the public from future crimes.

       Defendant has not rebutted the presumption that his within Guidelines sentence is

substantively reasonable. Moreover, the evidence suggests that the district court was well within

its discretion in sentencing Defendant at the top of the Guidelines range. Thus, we have no

reason to disturb the judgment of the sentencing judge.

                                            CONCLUSION

       For the above reasons, we AFFIRM the sentence imposed by the district court.

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