Court Opinion

ID: 9940775
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-15 15:07:10.165336+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:45:45.442771
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-2167-22

KHONGSANA
SOUMPHONPHAKDY,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

MARY J. WALILKO,

          Defendant-Respondent,

and

GEICO INSURANCE
COMPANY,

     Defendant.
__________________________

                   Argued January 30, 2024 – Decided February 15, 2024

                   Before Judges Mayer and Paganelli.

                   On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                   Division, Morris County, Docket No. L-1898-18.

                   Khongsana Soumphonphakdy, appellant, argued the
                   cause pro se.
            Matthew Rachmiel argued the cause for respondent
            Mary J. Walilko (Goetz Schenker Blee & Wiederhorn,
            attorneys; Matthew Rachmiel, of counsel and on the
            brief).

PER CURIAM

      Plaintiff appeals from a February 24, 2023 order sua sponte dismissing his

complaint with prejudice under Rule 4:23-5(a)(2). Because the motion judge

mistakenly dismissed plaintiff's complaint with prejudice without following the

procedural safeguards under Rule 4:23-5, we reverse.

      In September 2018, plaintiff filed a pro se personal injury complaint

against defendant Mary J. Walilko and defendant GEICO Insurance Company

(GEICO),1 arising out of a 2017 automobile accident. Defendant filed her

answer in November 2018, and served discovery upon plaintiff.            Because

plaintiff failed to comply with defendant's discovery requests, his complaint was

dismissed without prejudice in March 2019. The judge's written decision stated:

            The case is dismissed for [plaintiff's] failure to provide
            discovery, which includes interrogatory answers, [and]
            for his failure [and] abject refusal to sign medical
            authorizations. [Plaintiff] disregarded instructions
            given in [c]ourt [and] on the record to sign the
            authorizations [and] simply stood up [and] walked out
            of [c]ourt, in direct defiance of the [c]ourt.

1
  In a December 21, 2018 order, the claims against GEICO were dismissed with
prejudice for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted under
Rule 4:6-2(e). GEICO is not a party to this appeal.
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             The matter is also dismissed for [plaintiff's] failure to
             provide the necessary [c]ertification of [p]ermanency.
             Any attempt by [plaintiff] to reinstate this matter,
             and/or to oppose a dismissal [with] prejudice
             application, must include his submission of the required
             [c]ertification.

      In May 2019, plaintiff filed a motion to reinstate his personal injury

action. At the same time, plaintiff filed a motion to transfer his state court action

to federal court. In support of the motion to reinstate, plaintiff stated, "[p]lease

accept the [p]hysicians [c]ertificate for [p]ermanent [d]isability and the

[i]nterrogatories answered, [t]hat the court asked for."

      In response, defendant cross-moved to dismiss plaintiff's complaint with

prejudice. The judge denied all motions. In an August 2, 2019 order, the judge

wrote plaintiff's "complaint . . . shall remain dismissed as to [defendant] for the

deficiencies noted on the record [with] the [p]hysician's [c]ertification submitted

[and] for the reasons stated on the record[.] [T]herefore, the [plaintiff's] motion

to reinstate is [d]enied without prejudice." In his accompanying written decision

denying plaintiff's motions, the judge explained:

             The [p]laintiff has indicated that he wishes to pursue
             his claims against the [d]efendants in [f]ederal [c]ourt,
             but his request to have this [c]ourt transfer the [s]tate
             [c]ourt matter to [f]ederal [c]ourt is procedurally
             improper. If [p]laintiff wishes to pursue a [f]ederal
             [c]ourt [c]omplaint, he must first dismiss the [s]tate

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                                         3
             [c]ourt matter (the case is already dismissed) and then
             file in [f]ederal [c]ourt.

             The motion for a transfer is therefore [d]enied.

             If [plaintiff] wishes to pursue this [s]tate [c]ourt
             [c]omplaint, he must refile a [m]otion to [r]einstate
             [and] do so within [thirty] days. When filing this
             motion, he must submit a legible [p]hysician's
             [c]ertification, where the physician identifies in a
             legible fashion the record, tests and/or findings that the
             finding of permanency is based on.

             At the return date of any new motion to reinstate both
             the [plaintiff] [and] defense counsel must appear for
             oral argument so the [c]ourt can gain a clear
             understanding from [plaintiff] as to how he wishes to
             proceed.

      Plaintiff then filed a complaint in federal court seeking damages for

injuries he allegedly sustained in the 2017 car accident. We need not recite the

procedural history related to plaintiff's federal court action. Ultimately, the

federal court dismissed plaintiff's personal injury complaint, deeming the

complaint barred by the statute of limitations. The United States Supreme Court

denied plaintiff's petition for certiorari.

      Following the disposition of his federal court action, in September 2022,

plaintiff moved to reinstate his state court complaint. In response, defendant

moved for summary judgment. At that time, plaintiff's complaint remained

dismissed without prejudice.

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      A different motion judge heard argument on February 24, 2023. During

the argument, plaintiff still mentioned the procedural history regarding his

federal court action and explained, he "didn't know" the protocol and "kept

proceeding to [f]ederal [c]ourt and [c]ourt of [a]ppeal." Plaintiff further told the

judge that he "tr[ied] to reinstate" the complaint in state court because he suffers

"pain every day" from the injuries as a result of the car accident.

      In opposing the motion to reinstate the complaint, defense counsel argued

plaintiff provided "no valid reason or excuse as to why he did not move to

reinstate this complaint much earlier." In response to defendant's argument,

plaintiff explained he waited to reinstate his state court action because he filed

the separate federal court action.

      The judge then questioned plaintiff, noting the federal court action was

dismissed in February 2022. The judge asked plaintiff, "why did you wait so

long to come back to us?" Plaintiff responded, "I didn't know what to do."

      The judge recognized plaintiff proceeded with his legal actions pro se.

However, the judge explained, a "pro se [party] has the same obligation as an

attorney to proceed."

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                                         5
     After hearing argument, the judge denied plaintiff's motion to reinstate the

complaint and sua sponte dismissed plaintiff's complaint with prejudice. As a

result, the judge deemed defendant's motion for summary judgment moot.

     In his reasons stated on the record, the judge found:

           [A]s of January [20]22 . . . [fourteen] months ago,
           [plaintiff's] proceedings in federal court ended, and he
           had an obligation if he wanted to come back here to file
           the motion, which he has done, but eight months later,
           and has provided some of the information that was
           sought.

           I will not grant the application to reinstate. His
           application is denied with prejudice. The case is now
           over. It is true that the two-year statute of limitations,
           were it to reinstate the case, would permit this matter to
           proceed, because he filed the complaint within two
           years in state court of the matter. However, he had
           every obligation to keep this court informed and to do
           as . . . Judge Bogaard indicated in the order which is
           now almost four years old.

           I recognize that he was attempting to proceed in federal
           court, but he . . . has the same obligation as an attorney
           to proceed. . . . [H]e should have promptly filed the
           application here more than a year ago. The case is now
           four years old, and he simply failed to comply with the
           procedural requirements.

While the judge acknowledged "the remedy [was] harsh," he found dismissal of

the complaint with prejudice "warranted under these circumstances."

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                                       6
      Defense counsel then asked the judge if defendant "need[ed] to separately

. . . move to make the dismissal with prejudice? Because . . . I believe,

respectfully, if Your Honor simply denies pro se plaintiff's motion to reinstate[],

the complaint will remain dismissed without prejudice." The judge replied, "I

indicated [] this matter is denied with prejudice." He explained, "[plaintiff] had

more than an adequate opportunity to complete the discovery required, which is

the heart of the problem, and it's been five years."

      Plaintiff then informed the judge that he provided "all the discovery

already with [opposing counsel] and . . . gave [the court] all the discovery paper

already." The judge replied, "[y]e[s], now, as of August, but not . . . years ago

or even months ago." The judge acknowledged plaintiff's attempt to proceed in

federal court but stated, "once [plaintiff] failed at that, [he] should have come

back to us quickly. . . . [A]ll you had to do was look at [the judge's] order in

August of 2019. It says it right there very clearly."

      At the conclusion of the argument, the judge entered a February 24, 2023

order denying plaintiff's motion to reinstate the complaint and dismissing the

complaint with prejudice.

      On appeal, plaintiff challenges the judge's sua sponte dismissal of his

complaint with prejudice.      He argues the procedure by which the judge

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                                        7
dismissed his complaint deprived him of due process and violated the New

Jersey Court Rules. We agree the procedural mechanism employed by the judge

in sua sponte dismissing plaintiff's complaint with prejudice was mistaken.

      "Whether to grant or deny a motion to reinstate a complaint lies within the

sound discretion of the trial court." Sullivan v. Coverings & Installation, Inc.,

403 N.J. Super. 86, 93 (App. Div. 2008). We decline to interfere with a judge's

decision on a motion to reinstate a complaint unless it appears than "an injustice

has been done." Cooper v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 391 N.J. Super. 17, 23

(App. Div. 2007).

      We are satisfied the judge's sua sponte dismissal of plaintiff's complaint

with prejudice under the circumstances was a mistaken exercise of discretion.

The failure to follow the strict two-step process outlined in Rule 4:23-5 resulted

in a deprivation of plaintiff's right to due process.

      Rule 4:23-5(a)(1) allows a trial court to dismiss a delinquent party's

pleading without prejudice and requires notification to the delinquent party,

"explaining the consequences of failure to comply with the discovery obligation

and to file and serve a timely motion to restore." Because plaintiff was self -

represented in this matter, the judge entering the August 2, 2019 order

dismissing plaintiff's complaint without prejudice explained, both on the record

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                                         8
and in writing, the items that had to be completed by plaintiff prior to reinstating

the complaint. The judge's oral and written instructions comported with the

notification requirements of Rule 4:23-5(a)(1).

      If the delinquent party fails to move to vacate a without prejudice

dismissal order and restore the pleading sixty days after the initial dismissal

order, the aggrieved party may move for dismissal of the pleading with prejudice

under Rule 4:23-5(a)(2). Where the delinquent party is self-represented, as in

this case, the attorney for the aggrieved party seeking with prejudice dismissal

of a pleading shall serve an additional notification in the form prescribed by

Appendix II-B of the New Jersey Court Rules.

      The form notification per Appendix II-B states:

            Please be advised that a motion has been filed with the
            court . . . seeking to dismiss with prejudice the
            pleading(s) filed on your behalf. This relief is being
            requested because a previous order of dismissal without
            prejudice was entered and you have still not fully
            responded to demands for discovery[.] If this motion is
            granted, your claim will be dismissed and may not be
            subject to restoration . . . .

            ....

            You have the right to appear before the court and you
            will be afforded the opportunity to explain any
            exceptional circumstances that may exist to preclude
            the court from granting the relief requested.

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                                         9
            [N.J. R. P.R.A.C. App. II-B.]

      The purpose of Rule 4:23-5 is to ensure a delinquent party is aware of the

following: (1) notice of the "derelictions and . . . the opportunity to correct

them," Thabo v. Z. Transp., 452 N.J. Super. 359, 369 (App. Div. 2017); and (2)

the consequences flowing from a without prejudice dismissal, id. at 371. "The

main purpose of Rule 4:23-5 is to compel discovery, not to dismiss pleadings."

Clark v. Pomponio, 397 N.J. Super. 630, 645 (App. Div. 2008). The notification

requirement of Rule 4:23-5 "is at the heart of the dismissal with[out] prejudice

practice . . . ." Zimmerman v. United Servs. Auto. Ass'n, 260 N.J. Super. 368,

375 (App. Div. 1992).

      Judges are "entrusted to ensure" the discovery rules "are properly and

fairly enforced." Thabo, 452 N.J. Super. at 371. Thus, a motion judge must

"take action to obtain compliance with the requirements of" Rule 4:23-5. A&M

Farm & Garden Ctr. v. Am. Sprinkler Mech. L.L.C., 423 N.J. Super. 528, 532

(App. Div. 2012).     A judge's dismissal of a case with prejudice without

complying with the requirements of Rule 4:23-5 constitutes an abuse of

discretion. Zimmerman, 260 N.J. Super. at 376-77.

      The "salutary scheme of [Rule 4:23-5] requires meticulous attention to its

critical prescriptions, and particularly to those provisions which are intended to

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                                       10
afford a measure of protection to the party who is faced with the ultimate

litigation disaster of termination of his cause." Zimmerman v. United Servs.

Auto. Ass'n 260 N.J. Super. 368, 376-77 (App. Div. 1992). Those protections

apply to pro se litigants as well as represented parties.

      Here, defendant never filed a motion to dismiss plaintiff's complaint with

prejudice after the August 2, 2019 order denying dismissal of plaintiff's

complaint with prejudice. Instead, defendant moved for summary judgment

even though plaintiff's complaint remained dismissed without prejudice per the

August 2, 2019 order.

      Although it had been nearly four years since the August 2, 2019 order

dismissing plaintiff's complaint without prejudice and plaintiff's motion to

reinstate his complaint, the lapse of time alone was insufficient to warrant sua

sponte dismissal with prejudice. Rule 4:23-5(a)(1) provides, "[i]f, however, the

motion [to reinstate] is not made within [ninety] days after entry of the order of

dismissal [without prejudice], the court may also order the delinquent party to

pay sanctions or attorney's fees and costs, or both, as a condition of restoration."

Nothing in the Rule permits outright dismissal with prejudice if a motion to

reinstate is not filed within ninety days.

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                                        11
      The record on appeal is insufficient for us to determine whether the

discovery responses plaintiff claimed to have provided to defense counsel and

the court remained deficient. 2 Defense counsel never denied plaintiff provided

documents prior to plaintiff's renewed motion to reinstate the complaint. Nor

did defense counsel identify what documents plaintiff produced or what

discovery items remained outstanding. Additionally, defense counsel never

stated if the documents supplied by plaintiff were deficient.

      Even assuming plaintiff's discovery responses remained deficient, a

conclusion we are unable to reach on this record, plaintiff was entitled to notice

prior to the judge's sua sponte dismissal of the complaint with prejudice.

Plaintiff never received the form notification required under Rule 4:23-5. Nor

did the judge adjourn the matter to allow plaintiff "a meaningful opportunity to

respond" to the court's motion to dismiss the complaint with prejudice.

Additionally, defendant never filed a renewed motion to dismiss plaintiff's

complaint with prejudice. By failing to accord "sufficient advance notice of the

2
   Based on our review of the record, it appears plaintiff complied with certain
discovery obligations. During the motion hearing, the judge indicated plaintiff
provided "some information" as of the argument date. However, there is nothing
in the record indicating the discovery plaintiff provided.
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                                       12
application for dismissal," plaintiff was deprived of his right to due process and

the procedural safeguards embodied in Rule 4:23-5.

      Reversed and remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion. Any

future motion to dismiss plaintiff's complaint with prejudice must provide

plaintiff with the notifications required under Rule 4:23-5(a)(2) and Appendix

II-B. We take no position on the outcome of any such motion. We do not retain

jurisdiction.

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