Court Opinion

ID: 4659590
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-02-11 17:00:25.97981+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:00.998323
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                    United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        Tenth Circuit

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                        February 11, 2021
                        _________________________________
                                                                       Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                           Clerk of Court
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

       Plaintiff - Appellee,

 v.                                                         No. 20-5040
                                                 (D.C. No. 4:08-CR-00158-GKF-1)
 MICHAEL LYNN CRISP,                                        (N.D. Okla.)

       Defendant - Appellant.
                      _________________________________

                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
                        _________________________________

Before BACHARACH, Circuit Judge, LUCERO Senior Circuit Judge, and PHILLIPS,
Circuit Judge.
                 _________________________________

      Michael Lynn Crisp, appearing pro se, 1 appeals the district court’s ruling on

his motion to reduce his sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c) and § 404 of the First

Step Act of 2018, Pub. L. No. 115-391, 132 Stat. 5194, 5222 (2018). The district

court granted his motion in part, reducing his sentence by fourteen months. He

      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
      1
       We liberally construe Crisp’s pro se briefs, but we do not act as his advocate.
See Yang v. Archuleta, 525 F.3d 925, 927 n.1 (10th Cir. 2008).
argues the court should have reduced his sentence further and should have held a

hearing on the motion. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

                                           I

      In 2008, Crisp pled guilty to possession with intent to distribute 50 grams or

more of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(A)(iii).

      The presentence investigation report (PSIR) indicated that Crisp was subject to

a statutory twenty-year mandatory minimum sentence because he had a prior Texas

state felony drug conviction for possession with intent to distribute marijuana. For

purposes of calculating the applicable guidelines range, the PSIR classified Crisp as a

career offender under U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual (USSG) § 4B1.1 (U.S.

Sent’g Comm’n 2008). This classification was based on two prior felony convictions

for “controlled substance offenses”—the Texas marijuana conviction and another

Texas state conviction for possessing a controlled substance with intent to deliver

under Texas Health & Safety Code § 481.112(a). At the time, each of those offenses

was considered a “controlled substance offense” under the definition in USSG

§ 4B1.2(b). The PSIR also indicated that Crisp was convicted in 1991 in Oklahoma

state court for assault and battery with a dangerous weapon, a felony for which he

was sentenced to five years in custody. With the § 4B1.1 career offender

classification and the downward adjustments requested by the parties, the PSIR

calculated a guidelines range of between 262 and 327 months. Crisp did not object to

the PSIR, and the district court adopted it. The court sentenced him to 276 months in

prison.

                                           2
      After Crisp’s sentencing, the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 (Fair Sentencing

Act), Pub. L. 111-220, 124 Stat. 2372 (Aug. 3, 2010), increased the amount of crack

cocaine required to trigger certain mandatory minimum sentences, including the one

applicable to Crisp’s offense. See United States v. Cornelius, 696 F.3d 1307, 1326,

1328 (10th Cir. 2012). But because Congress did not make the Fair Sentencing Act

retroactive, it did not affect Crisp’s sentence. See id. at 1328. Then, in 2018,

Congress passed the First Step Act, which authorized courts to retroactively apply the

Fair Sentencing Act “to offenders who committed offenses prior to the [Act’s]

effective date of August 3, 2010.” United States v. Mannie, 971 F.3d 1145, 1147

(10th Cir. 2020).

      After the enactment of the First Step Act, Crisp petitioned the district court to

exercise its discretion and impose a reduced sentence of 134 months. He noted the

reduction of the statutory minimum from twenty years to ten years. See Fair

Sentencing Act § 2(a)(1), 124 Stat. at 2372. He also sought reconsideration of his

career offender status under USSG § 4B1.1(a), arguing that based on intervening

caselaw, his Texas conviction for delivery of a controlled substance no longer

qualifies as a controlled substance offense under the Armed Career Criminal Act

(ACCA). See United States v. Tanksley, 848 F.3d 347, 352 (5th Cir.), supplemented,

854 F.3d 284 (5th Cir. 2017). He further argued that without the career offender

classification he would be eligible for a reduced sentence pursuant to § 3582(c)(2)

and certain post-sentencing amendments to the Sentencing Guidelines.

                                           3
      The district court agreed that, based on Tanksley, the delivery conviction did

not qualify as a “controlled substance offense” as defined in § 4B1.2(b) and therefore

did not provide a predicate for his career offender classification under § 4B1.1(a). It

concluded, however, that Crisp was still subject to sentencing as a career offender

because of his 1991 Oklahoma conviction for assault and battery with a dangerous

weapon, which we have held is a “crime of violence” as defined by USSG

§ 4B1.2(a). 2 See United States v. Taylor, 843 F.3d 1215, 1224-25 (10th Cir. 2016).

Consequently, the district court concluded Crisp’s guideline range would remain the

same—262 to 327 months. Nevertheless, the court found that reducing his sentence

would further the Fair Sentencing Act’s intended purpose “to decrease the ratio in the

mandatory minimum sentences for crack cocaine versus powder cocaine.”

Accordingly, exercising its discretion under § 3582(c)(1)(B) to reduce Crisp’s

sentence pursuant to the First Step Act and applying the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)

sentencing factors, the court granted Crisp’s motion in part and reduced his sentence

from 276 to 262 months.

                                           II

      On appeal, Crisp claims the district court erred by (1) using an alternative

predicate offense to support his career offender classification; (2) reducing his

      2
         For the first time in his reply brief, Crisp raises a challenge based on Mathis
v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 2243 (2016) to the use of his Oklahoma conviction for
assault and battery with a dangerous weapon as a predicate offense for his career
offender classification. In making that argument, he ignores Taylor, which rejected
it. See 843 F.3d at 1221-25. His arguments about other Oklahoma assault and
battery offenses (for example, assault on a law enforcement officer) are inapposite.
                                            4
sentence by only fourteen months; and (3) not holding an evidentiary hearing on his

motion.

                                           A

      Crisp argues that the district court erred by using a substitute predicate offense

to support his career offender classification. We review a district court’s authority to

modify a sentence under the First Step Act de novo. United States v. Brown, 974
F.3d 1137, 1141 (10th Cir. 2020).

      The First Step Act authorizes “only a limited change in the sentences of

defendants who had not already benefitted from the Fair Sentencing Act.” Brown,
974 F.3d at 1144. Specifically, it allows a defendant to ask a district court to

exercise its discretion to “impose a reduced sentence as if sections 2 and 3 of the Fair

Sentencing Act of 2010 were in effect at the time the covered offense was

committed.” First Step Act, § 404(b) (emphasis added) (citation omitted). While this

appeal was pending, we decided Brown, which explains that under that limitation,

district courts “cannot consider new law” such as “revised Guidelines instead of the

Guidelines used at the original sentencing,” but can consider intervening decisions

that clarify “what the law always was.” 974 F.3d at 1144, 45. Brown considered our

decision in United States v. Titties, which concluded that an Oklahoma conviction for

feloniously pointing a firearm was not a violent felony under the ACCA. 852 F.3d
1257, 1268-69 (10th Cir. 2017). In Brown, we held that Titties was not a post-

sentence “amendment to the law,” but instead was an explanation of what the law

always had been, including at sentencing. Brown, 974 F.3d at 1145. We emphasized

                                           5
the importance of calculating the Guidelines range correctly based on the law “in

effect at the time” of the original sentencing, First Step Act, § 404(b), and we held a

district court can “use all the resources available to it to make that calculation,”

Brown, 974 F.3d at 1145.

       That is precisely what the district court did here. The district court properly

relied on Tanksley, which, like Titties, clarified “what the law always was.”

Tanksley held that the delivery offense used as a predicate at the original sentencing

did not qualify as a “controlled substance offense” as defined in § 4B1.2(b) and

therefore did not support Crisp’s career offender classification. Applying the same

logic, it was also proper for the district court to rely on the historical information in

the PSIR and Taylor to conclude Crip still qualified as a career offender based on his

Texas marijuana conviction and his Oklahoma assault and battery with a dangerous

weapon conviction. See Mannie, 971 F.3d at 1157-58 (affirming the district court’s

reliance in part on “historical facts from [the defendant’s] initial sentencing” in

declining to reduce the defendant’s sentence under the First Step Act); United States

v. Shipp, 644 F.3d 1126, 1130 (10th Cir. 2011) (invalidation of career offender

classification based on one predicate conviction did not preclude district court on

remand from classifying the defendant as a career offender again based on a different

predicate offense).

       Accordingly, the district court did not err by using the Oklahoma conviction

for assault and battery as a predicate offense to reaffirm Crisp’s career offender

status for purposes of calculating his Guidelines range. Crisp maintains that the

                                             6
district court erred by using that conviction as a predicate because the PSIR did not

“list[] [it] as a predicate offense under the Chapter Four Enhancement” and he was

not “advised that [it could] be used to ‘career’ him.” Crisp does not provide further

explanation for this contention, but to the extent that it is based on the notification

requirement in 21 U.S.C. § 851(a)(1), that requirement is inapplicable. A lay person

may reasonably believe that the text of § 851(a)(1)—that “[n]o person . . . shall be

sentenced to increased punishment by reason of one or more prior convictions, unless

. . . the United States attorney files an information . . . stating in writing the previous

convictions to be relied upon”—requires notice regardless of the source of the

increased punishment. However, clear precedent states otherwise. We have held that

§ 851(a)(1) only requires notice “in situations in which a defendant’s statutory

maximum or minimum is enhanced and not in situations where the defendant’s

increased sentence under the Guidelines is within the statutory range.” United States

v. Allen, 24 F.3d 1180, 1184 (10th Cir. 1994) (quotation omitted and alterations

adopted). Crisp was convicted under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A), which provides for a

sentence of not “less than 10 years or more than life.” Because the career offender

enhancement provided by USSG § 4B1.1 falls within this statutory range, the district

court did not err by considering a predicate offense that was not included in the

§ 851(a)(1) information.

                                             B

       Crisp argues that the district court erred by reducing his sentence by only

fourteen months, both because it did not give him the benefit of certain Guidelines

                                             7
amendments in recalculating the Guidelines range and because the court should not

have considered the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. 3 “Because the [First Step Act]

gives the district court broad discretion to grant or deny [a motion for sentence

reduction], we review the district court’s decision only for an abuse of that

discretion.” Mannie, 971 F.3d at 1155.

      We find no abuse of discretion here. First, the district court correctly declined

to give Crisp the benefit of Guidelines amendments adopted after his original

sentencing. See Brown, 974 F.3d at 1144 (holding that district courts cannot

consider “revised Guidelines instead of the Guidelines used at the original

sentencing” in ruling on a First Step Act motion). Second, the court acted within its

discretion in considering the § 3553(a) factors in declining to reduce Crisp’s sentence

further. See id. at 1146 n.5 (recognizing that “the § 3553(a) factors may be

considered in a First Step Act proceeding”); Mannie, 971 F.3d at 1158 n.18 (holding

the § 3553(a) factors “are permissible, although not required, considerations when

ruling on a 2018 [First Step Act] motion”).

      3
        For the first time in his reply brief, Crisp claims the district court erred by
considering the drug weight (680 grams) in calculating his Guidelines range because
the weight was not alleged in the indictment or found beyond a reasonable doubt by a
jury. See Aplt. Reply Br. at 12-15 (relying on Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. 99
(2013) and Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000)). Though we need not
address this new argument, see Stump v. Gates, 211 F.3d 527, 533 (10th Cir. 2000),
we note that it fails because Crisp stipulated in the plea agreement that “for guideline
calculation purposes the amount of cocaine base involved was approximately 680
grams.”
                                           8
                                           C

      Finally, Crisp argues that the district court erred by not holding a hearing on

his motion. A movant under the First Step Act “is not entitled to a hearing.”

Mannie, 971 F.3d at 1157. There is also “no requirement that district courts hold a

hearing in a § 3582(c)(2) sentence-reduction proceeding.” United States v. Chavez-

Meza, 854 F.3d 655, 657 (10th Cir. 2017), aff’d, 138 S. Ct. 1959 (2018). “[W]e

review the [district] court’s decision to proceed without a hearing only for an abuse

of discretion.” Mannie, 971 F.3d at 1157. The district court concluded that a hearing

was unnecessary, and having thoroughly reviewed the record, we find no abuse of

discretion in the district court’s decision to proceed without one. See id.

                                          III

      The district court’s judgment is AFFIRMED.

                                            Entered for the Court

                                            Carlos F. Lucero
                                            Senior Circuit Judge

                                           9