Court Opinion

ID: 3021310
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:24:32.83605+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:47:27.488952
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                ______________

                                No. 97-4321WM
                                ______________

                                       *
United States of America,              *
                                       *
             Appellee,                 *
                                       * On Appeal from the United
      v.                               * States District Court
                                       * for the Western District
                                       * of Missouri.
Bob F. Griffin,                        *
                                       *
             Appellant.                *
                                       *
                                  ___________

                             Submitted: June 9, 1998
                                 Filed: August 17, 1998

                                  ___________

Before RICHARD S. ARNOLD and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit
      Judges, and PANNER,1 District Judge.
                               ___________

RICHARD S. ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

      On October 31, 1996, a grand jury returned a twenty-six-count indictment

      1
       The Honorable Owen M. Panner, United States District Judge for the District
of Oregon, sitting by designation.
against Bob F. Griffin and three other defendants, in which Griffin was charged with
six bribery violations under 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(1)(B) (1994), two mail fraud violations
under 18 U.S.C. § 1341 (1994), and one violation of the Racketeer Influenced and
Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), 18 U.S.C. § 1962 (1994). At the time, Griffin was
Speaker of the Missouri House of Representatives. After several weeks of trial in May
and June 1997, a jury acquitted Griffin of four of the counts in the indictment, including
the RICO count, but was unable to reach a decision on the other five counts against
him.

       The government was prepared to try Griffin again, and Cathryn Simmons and
Michael Fisher, two defendants convicted in the first trial, agreed to testify against him.
On the day the second trial was scheduled to begin, Griffin pleaded guilty to counts two
and six of the indictment -- a bribery violation under 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(1)(B), and a
mail fraud violation under 18 U.S.C. § 1341. These two counts were related to a
scheme in which Griffin recommended to members of the construction industry that
they hire Cathryn Simmons to lobby on their behalf for a Motor Fuel Tax Bill being
considered by the Missouri House of Representatives in January 1992. The indictment
alleged that in return for this recommendation, Simmons gave Griffin two checks for
$5,000 each. The District Court2 sentenced Griffin to 48 months in prison, a $7,500
fine, and a $100 special penalty assessment. His sentence was based on a total offense
level of 22 and a criminal history category of II, which carries a range of punishment
of 46 to 57 months. The District Court calculated Griffin’s base offense level using
U.S.S.G. § 2C1.1 (1997), which governs the giving, soliciting, or receiving of bribes.

       Griffin advances two arguments on appeal, both of which involve sentencing
issues. He first argues that the District Court erred in applying U.S.S.G. § 2C1.1, and
instead should have applied § 2C1.2, which governs the giving and receiving of illegal

      2
        The Honorable Dean Whipple, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.
                                            -2-
gratuities.3 Griffin claims that he accepted gratuities from Simmons, and not bribes,
because he received the illegal payments from Simmons after the acts for which he was
paid -- recommending her as a lobbyist to construction interests -- had already been
performed.

       The statutory index of the Sentencing Guidelines, which specifies which
Guidelines apply to various criminal statutes, lists both U.S.S.G. § 2C1.1 (bribes) and
§ 2C1.2 (gratuities) as applicable to violations of 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(1)(B), the statute
Griffin has admitted violating. See U.S.S.G. App. A, at 421. In this case, we agree
with the District Court that § 2C1.1 was the applicable Guideline. The distinction
between a bribe and an illegal gratuity is the corrupt intent of the person giving the
bribe to receive a quid pro quo, something that the recipient would not otherwise have
done. See United States v. Mariano, 983 F.2d 1150, 1159 (1st Cir. 1993); United
States v. Muldoon, 931 F.2d 282, 287 (4th Cir. 1991). We agree with the District
Court that the evidence established the necessary quid pro quo, or payment of money
by Simmons in exchange for Griffin’s official actions on her behalf. In his capacity as
Speaker of the House, Griffin met with members of the construction industry and
recommended that they employ Simmons as their lobbyist for the 1992 Motor Fuel Tax
Bill. Trial Tr. at 189-91, 624-25. Griffin now admits that he made this
recommendation with the understanding that Simmons would pay him for his efforts.
Griffin Br. at 15; App. at 66. According to the Sentencing Guidelines’ background
notes, § 2C1.1 applies “to a person who offers or gives a bribe for a corrupt purpose,
such as inducing a public official to participate in a fraud or to influence his official
actions, or to a public official who solicits or accepts such a bribe.” U.S.S.G. § 2C1.1
application notes (background). The evidence of an agreement to exchange Simmons’s

      3
       If the district judge had applied U.S.S.G. § 2C1.2, Griffin’s base offense level
would have been 7, and the resulting Guidelines range would have been 33 to 41
months. Because the Court applied § 2C1.1, Griffin’s base offense level was 10, and
his Guidelines range was 46 to 57 months.
                                           -3-
money for Griffin’s actions is sufficient to affirm the District Court’s application of
U.S.S.G. § 2C1.1. Griffin was not merely paid after the fact for something he had
already done, and would have done anyway.

        We reject Griffin’s argument that his illegal conduct involved a gratuity and not
a bribe because he was not paid money before he made the recommendation that
Simmons be hired as a lobbyist. The core difference between a bribe and a gratuity is
not the time the illegal payment is made, but the quid pro quo, or the agreement to
exchange cash for official action. To support his argument of a temporal distinction
between bribery and gratuity, Griffin relies on United States v. Crozier, 987 F.2d 893
(2d Cir.), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 880 (1993). We do not read that case as requiring
that, to sustain a conviction for bribery, the government must prove that the bribe-taker
be paid before he performs the illegal service. In Crozier, the Court noted that 18
U.S.C. § 666(c) (1988), an earlier version of the statute Griffin has admitted violating,
applied to anyone who “offers, gives, or agrees to give an agent of . . . a State or local
government agency . . . anything of value for or because of the recipient’s conduct . . ..”
The Court concluded that the “for or because of” language in the older version of the
statute could support “both past acts supporting a gratuity theory and future acts
necessary for a bribery theory.” Crozier, 987 F.2d at 899. And because the illegal
conduct in Crozier involved an improper loan made to a government official, but
without an intent to influence the official’s present or future conduct, the Court noted
that “the facts lean[ed] more toward a gratuity theory.” Id. at 899. In Griffin’s case,
the facts are clear: Griffin and Simmons agreed that he would be paid by Simmons for
using his influence as Speaker of the House to steer business her way. Nowhere in
Crozier did the Court suggest that, in a case involving an agreement to exchange cash
for official action, the illegal conduct amounts to a gratuity rather than a bribe when the
wrongdoer receives the money after he performs the action, rather than before. The
Court merely held that the older version of 18 U.S.C. § 666 and the specific facts of
Crozier supported the defendant’s conviction under a gratuity theory.

                                            -4-
       Griffin next argues that the District Court erred in not granting him a two-level
reduction for acceptance of responsibility pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1. This Court
will not reverse a district court’s decision not to apply U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 unless the
ruling “is so clearly erroneous as to be without foundation.” United States v. Ngo, 132
F.3d 1231, 1233 (8th Cir. 1997). We commend Griffin for avoiding a second trial by
pleading guilty to two charges, for voluntarily surrendering his license to practice law,
and for publicly apologizing to his constituents. See App. at 65-66. However, we
cannot ignore the fact that Griffin did not admit his wrongdoing until after his first trial,
and that at the first trial, he strongly denied accepting any payments from Simmons in
exchange for referring her to the construction interests. Trial Tr. at 2188. Given these
facts, we cannot say that the denial of a reduction for acceptance of responsibility was
clearly erroneous.

       Affirmed.

       It is so ordered.

       A true copy.

              Attest:

                      CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.

                                             -5-