Court Opinion

ID: 812441
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-11-23 19:18:35+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:32:34.356137
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                FOR PUBLICATION                                 NOV 21 2012

                                                                           MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS

                             FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

RICHARD DALE STOKLEY,                              No. 09-99004

              Petitioner - Appellant,              D.C. No. 4:98-CV-00332-FRZ
                                                   District of Arizona,
  v.                                               Tucson

CHARLES L. RYAN,
                                                   AMENDED ORDER
              Respondent - Appellee.

Before: McKEOWN, PAEZ, and BEA, Circuit Judges.

       Richard Dale Stokley, a state prisoner, was sentenced to death in 1992 for

the murders of two 13-year-old girls. After pursuing direct review and post-

conviction relief in the Arizona state courts, he filed a habeas petition in federal

district court, which was denied on March 17, 2009. Stokley’s appeal from that

decision was denied by this court in Stokley v. Ryan, 659 F.3d 802 (9th Cir. 2011).

On October 1, 2012, the Supreme Court denied Stokley’s petition for certiorari.

Stokley v. Ryan, No. 11-10249, 2012 WL 1643921 (Oct. 1, 2012). Stokley now

asks this court to stay issuance of the mandate on the ground that the Supreme

Court’s holding in Maples v. Thomas, 132 S. Ct. 912 (2012), constitutes an

intervening change in the law that could warrant a significant change in result. In
Maples, the Court held that abandonment by post-conviction counsel could provide

cause to excuse procedural default of a habeas claim. Id. at 927.

      Under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 41(d)(2)(D), this court “must

issue the mandate immediately when a copy of a Supreme Court order denying the

petition for writ of certiorari is filed.” Fed. R. App. P. 41(d)(2)(D). Nonetheless,

this court has the authority to issue a stay in “exceptional circumstances.” Bryant

v. Ford Motor Co., 886 F.2d 1526, 1529 (9th Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S.

1076 (1990). To constitute an exceptional circumstance, an intervening change in

law must require a significant change in result for the parties. See Beardslee v.

Brown, 393 F.3d 899, 901 (9th Cir. 2004) (“[A]n intervening change in the law is

an exceptional circumstance that may warrant the amendment of an opinion on

remand after denial of a writ of certiorari.”); Adamson v. Lewis, 955 F.2d 614, 619-

20 (9th Cir. 1992) (en banc) (finding an absence of exceptional circumstances

where subsequent Supreme Court authority did not require a significant change in

result). The question before us is whether Stokley has presented such an

exceptional circumstance.

      Stokley asks for a remand to the district court for an evidentiary hearing to

determine whether, under Maples, he was “abandoned” by his state post-conviction

attorney and thus has cause to excuse his procedural default of his underlying

                                          2
claim that the Arizona Supreme Court failed to consider mitigating evidence in

violation of Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455 U.S. 104, 114-15 (1982), and Skipper v.

South Carolina, 476 U.S. 1, 4-5 (1986). Under Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S.

722, 750 (1991), Stokley is barred from litigating this procedurally defaulted claim

in a federal habeas proceeding unless he can show both cause for the default and

actual prejudice resulting from the alleged error. Because Stokley cannot establish

prejudice and thus does not meet the exceptional circumstances threshold, we deny

his motion to stay the mandate.

      We assume without deciding that there was a Maples error. But regardless

of whether Maples provides Stokley cause to excuse his procedural default,

Stokley has not made a sufficient showing of actual prejudice. Stokley must

establish “not merely that the [alleged error] . . . created a possibility of prejudice,

but that [it] worked to his actual and substantial disadvantage,” infecting the entire

proceeding with constitutional error. See Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 494

(1986) (citation omitted) (emphasis in original); see also Brecht v. Abrahamson,

507 U.S. 619, 623 (1993) (prejudice requires a showing that the error has a

“substantial and injurious effect” on the sentence).

      Stokley has a colorable claim that the Arizona Supreme Court, when it

reviewed evidence of his abusive childhood and his behavior during pre-trial

                                            3
incarceration, violated the Eddings principle that the court must consider, as a

matter of law, all relevant mitigating evidence. See Arizona v. Stokley, 898 P.2d

454, 473 (Ariz. 1995) (“A difficult family background alone is not a mitigating

circumstance. . . . This can be a mitigating circumstance only ‘if a defendant can

show that something in that background had an effect or impact on his behavior

that was beyond the defendant’s control.’ . . . Although he may have had a difficult

childhood and family life, [Stokley] failed to show how this influenced his

behavior on the night of the crimes.”) (citations omitted)); id. (“Although long-

term good behavior during post-sentence incarceration has been recognized as a

possible mitigating factor, . . . we, like the trial court, reject it here for pretrial and

presentence incarceration.”).

       However, on balance, the Arizona Supreme Court’s opinion suggests that

the court did weigh and consider all the evidence presented in mitigation at

sentencing. See Stokley, 898 P.2d at 468 (“Consistent with our obligation in

capital cases to independently weigh all potentially mitigating evidence . . . [w]e

turn, then, to a consideration of the mitigating factors.”); id. at 472 (“As part of our

independent review, we will address each alleged mitigating circumstance.”); id. at

468 (“The sentencing judge must consider ‘any aspect of the defendant’s character

or record and any circumstance of the offense relevant to determining whether the

                                              4
death penalty should be imposed.’ . . . The sentencing court must, of course,

consider all evidence offered in mitigation, but is not required to accept such

evidence.” (citations omitted)); id. at 465 (“[T]his court independently reviews the

entire record for error, . . . considers any mitigating circumstances, and then weighs

the aggravating and mitigating circumstances sufficiently substantial to call for

leniency.”); id. at 473 (“Family history in this case does not warrant mitigation.

Defendant was thirty-eight years old at the time of the murders.”). The Arizona

Supreme Court carefully discussed all the statutory and non-statutory mitigating

factors, step by step, in separate paragraphs in its opinion. See id. at 465-74.

      However, even assuming the Arizona Supreme Court did commit causal

nexus error as to Stokley’s good behavior in jail and his difficult childhood,

Stokley cannot demonstrate actual prejudice because he has not shown that the

error, if any, had a substantial and injurious impact on the verdict. An error

requires reversal only if it “had substantial and injurious effect or influence in

determining the . . . verdict.’” Brecht, 507 U.S. at 623 (quoting Kotteakos v. United

States, 328 U.S. 750, 776 (1946)); cf. Cullen v. Pinholster, 131 S. Ct. 1388, 1408

(2011) (holding in a Strickland challenge that the test for prejudice at sentencing in

a capital case is “whether there is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors,

the sentencer . . . would have concluded that the balance of aggravating and

                                           5
mitigating circumstances did not warrant death.” (internal quotation marks

omitted)).

      The Arizona Supreme Court reviewed and discussed each of the aggravating

and mitigating factors individually. The court found three statutory aggravating

circumstances were proven beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) Stokley was an adult at

the time the crimes were committed and the victims were under the age of fifteen;

(2) Stokley was convicted of another homicide committed during the commission

of the offense; and (3) Stokley committed the offense in an especially heinous,

cruel, and depraved manner. 898 P.2d at 465-68. The Arizona Supreme Court’s

conclusion that there were no grounds here substantial enough to call for leniency

is consistent with the sentencing court’s determination that “even if any or all of

the mitigating circumstances existed, ‘balanced against the aggravating

circumstances found to exist, they would not be sufficiently substantial to call for

leniency.’”1 Id. at 471. And, the sentencing court noted as to Stokley’s childhood

      1
        The sentencing court found the following facts beyond a reasonable doubt.
Stokley was convicted of murdering two 13-year-old girls over the July 4th
weekend in 1991. Stokley is a person of above average intelligence. At the time
of the crime, he was 38 years old. Stokley intended that both girls be killed. He
killed one of the girls and his co-defendant killed the other. Before the men
manually strangled the girls to death, both men had sexual intercourse with the
victims. Both bodies “were stomped upon with great force,” and one of the
children bore “the clear chevron imprint” from Stokley’s tennis shoes on her chest,
                                                                         (continued...)

                                           6
that “[t]he evidence, at best, is inconsistent and contradictory.” The Arizona courts

considered the mitigation evidence—including good behavior in jail and childhood

circumstances— insufficient to warrant leniency. In light of the Arizona courts’

consistent conclusion that leniency was inappropriate, there is no reasonable

likelihood that, but for a failure to fully consider Stokley’s family history or his

good behavior in jail during pre-trial incarceration, the Arizona courts would have

come to a different conclusion. See Hitchcock v. Dugger, 481 U.S. 393, 399

(1987) (referencing harmless error in connection with the exclusion of non-

statutory mitigating evidence). In sum, because the claimed causal nexus error, if

any, did not have a substantial or injurious influence on Stokley’s sentence,

Stokley cannot establish prejudice. Brecht, 507 U.S. at 630-34.

      In light of the high bar that must be met for this court to stay the mandate,

Stokley’s motion to stay the mandate is DENIED.

      1
        (...continued)
shoulder, and neck. Both victims were stabbed in their right eyes with Stokley’s
knife, one through to the bony structure of the eye socket. The girls likely were
unconscious at the time of the stabbing. The girls’ bodies were dragged to and
thrown down a mine shaft.

                                            7
                                                                              FILED
Stokley v. Ryan, 09-99004                                                      NOV 21 2012

                                                                          MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
PAEZ, Circuit Judge, dissenting:                                            U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS

      Maples changed the law. Stokley asks us not for habeas relief, but to stay the

mandate in light of this change and remand for full consideration of whether he can

overcome procedural default on his colorable Eddings and Skipper claims that

were not raised because Harriette Levitt abandoned him. The only analysis we

should do here is to determine whether he has made a prima facie case for

abandonment under Maples to establish cause, and shown that his prejudice

argument has some merit in that he does not raise a frivolous claim. His claim that

the Arizona Supreme Court committed causal nexus error in declining to consider

mitigating evidence is anything but frivolous. It is a constitutional claim and one

that this court should not extend itself to decide on the merits before it was briefed

or argued by either party.

      The majority assumes without deciding that there was a Maples error.

Respectfully, that was the only question before this court. The majority brushes it

aside to get to the final end game, but further confuses our law on prejudice and

standards for error review in the process. Because I cannot agree with the

majority’s approach, I strongly dissent.

      I first address why Maples error exists in this case. Then I turn to the

                                           1
majority’s incorrect and unrestrained analysis of prejudice.

I. Stokley has shown abandonment

      Maples is not limited solely to actual abandonment. To obtain the remand he

requests, Stokley need only make a prima facie showing of abandonment under

Maples that might constitute cause to overcome procedural default. See Moorman

v. Schriro, 672 F.3d 644, 647-48 (9th Cir. 2012). Despite the extremely limited

briefing on the pending motion, Stokley has made such a prima facie case of

abandonment. Moreover, as the majority recognizes, he has a colorable underlying

constitutional claim. Our inquiry should end there. I would grant the motion and

remand to the district court for determination of cause and prejudice and, if

appropriate, the merits of Stokley’s constitutional claim.1

      Maples rests squarely on agency principles. 132 S. Ct. at 922-24. To explain

how an agency relationship may be actually or constructively severed, the Supreme

Court relied on Justice Alito’s concurrence in Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. ––––,

130 S. Ct. 2549 (2010), to distinguish attorney negligence from abandonment.

“Common sense dictates that a litigant cannot be held constructively responsible

for the conduct of an attorney who is not operating as his agent in any meaningful

      1
        I agree with the majority’s assumption that Maples may be sufficient to
establish the “exceptional circumstance” necessary to justify the exercise of this
court’s power to stay the mandate following a denial of certiorari.

                                          2
sense of that word.” 132 S. Ct. at 923 (citing Holland, 130 U.S. at 2568 (Alito, J.,

concurring)). Justice Alito’s concurrence in Holland also noted that the agency

relationship is constructively severed “particularly so if the litigant’s reasonable

efforts to terminate the attorney’s representation have been thwarted by forces

wholly beyond the petitioner’s control.” Holland, 130 S. Ct. at 2568. Indeed, our

court’s precedent—while not finding abandonment—recognizes that Maples rests

on agency principles and that a serious breach of loyalty can sever the attorney-

client relationship in a manner that may constitute constructive abandonment

sufficient to establish cause. See Towery v. Ryan, 673 F.3d 933, 942-43 (9th Cir.

2012) cert. denied, 132 S. Ct. 1738 (2012) (separately analyzing two prongs of

actual abandonment or “serious breach of loyalty” and distinguishing Holland,

which involved violations of fundamental canons of professional responsibility,

from Towery’s circumstances, which did not).

      In light of Maples, it is now recognizable that Stokley’s situation in

postconviction proceedings was worse than simply “unenviable.” 659 F.3d at 810.

Here, the attorney-client relationship was irrevocably broken. Further, the record

demonstrates that, once the state was successful in forcing it to be put back

together, postconviction counsel Harriette Levitt actively undermined the work of

Stokley’s replacement counsel and prevented Stokley from investigating and

                                           3
raising his own claims. While it has no legal bearing on the present issue, I note at

the outset that Harriette Levitt is the same attorney whose conduct was at issue in

the Supreme Court’s recently-created ineffective assistance of counsel exception to

the once settled rule in Coleman. Martinez v. Ryan, 132 S. Ct. 1309 (2012).

Whereas the petitioner in Maples “in reality . . . had been reduced to pro se status,”

132 S. Ct. at 927, Levitt’s actions regarding Stokley’s attempts to fairly present his

claims arguably left him in a situation worse than a pro se petitioner. If there were

ever a case for constructive abandonment under Maples, this is it.

      Levitt filed her first post-conviction petition eight months after being

assigned to the case. During these eight months, she initiated no contact with

Stokley. The only communication she had with Stokley was a twenty-minute

collect phone call he placed to her. Levitt did not conduct any independent

investigation during this period, other than a few telephone calls lasting less than a

total of two hours. According to Stokley, Levitt did not even receive the trial

transcripts until more than six months after her appointment, and after the deadline

for filing Stokley’s petition had passed.

      When Levitt finally filed Stokley’s petition, she raised only two claims and

wrote only three and a half pages of legal argument. Levitt’s billing records

indicate that, aside from reviewing Stokley’s file and transcript, she spent no more

                                            4
than ten hours researching and writing his petition for post-conviction relief.

Stokley immediately recognized the inadequacy of the petition and called Levitt to

object. Levitt told him that his “trial attorneys didn’t make any mistakes” and that

he would “probably be executed in 2 or 3 years.”

      Stokley then took every action he could think of to object to Levitt’s

continued representation. He wrote a letter to the Superior Court judge, expressing

his concerns about the brevity of the petition and Levitt’s lack of interest and

diligence. He wrote that he found it “evident that my present appeal has been

handled with a lick and a promise, rather than being given the conscientious

analysis and preparation which should be applied.” He asked the court to “appoint

an attorney who will apply his or her self and try to do a competent job in this

matter.” He sent a similar letter to the Arizona Capital Representation Project

asking for help. The Superior Court forwarded Stokley’s letter to Levitt but took

no other action.

      Stokley also filed a complaint with the State Bar of Arizona protesting

Levitt’s handling of his case. The Bar overlooked the posture of Stokley’s case and

responded that his complaint could be dealt with in post-trial proceedings, noting

that “[i]f there [was] a judicial determination that the lawyer acted improperly, [the

Bar] would review the matter at that time.”

                                           5
       Not surprisingly, the Superior Court denied Levitt’s two-claim petition.

Levitt then filed a motion to withdraw as Stokley’s counsel, citing the Bar

complaint filed against her. She wrote that “[t]here has . . . been a complete

breakdown of the attorney-client relationship.” The court granted the request and

appointed Carla Ryan as replacement counsel.

       The state immediately moved to reinstate Levitt as Stokley’s counsel. The

state argued that the initial petition had already been denied, and so there was “no

valid reason for . . . paying yet another defense attorney to review the voluminous

record for the first time.” The state argued in the alternative for the court to limit

the scope of Ryan’s representation, arguing that, if replacement counsel were

appointed, she should be forbidden to “supplement the already-adjudicated petition

in some manner,” because Arizona rules “do not allow for any such thing.”

Notably, however, the Arizona Supreme Court eventually did permit Levitt to file a

supplemental Rule 32 petition, specifically allowing her to “raise any issue . . .

even though it may not have been included in her first petition for post-conviction

relief.” The state also objected to Ryan’s request for co-counsel in an

unprofessionally worded opposition, arguing that Ryan was requesting a “side-

kick” to “milk[] this case for all it is worth as a cash cow. . . . Capital litigation is

not an unlimited pot-boiler for the enrichment of private attorneys.” The Superior

                                             6
Court ordered Levitt reinstated, over the objections of both Levitt and Stokley.

      Ryan was Stokley’s attorney for only one month. During that month, she

spent much of her time responding to the state’s attempt to have her removed as

counsel. Ryan also moved for reconsideration of the denial of Stokley’s post-

conviction petition, and sought to amend the petition. Her proposed amended

petition included a list of thirty-one new possible claims for relief. Ryan included a

claim regarding the ineffectiveness of Levitt. She argued that “the substance of the

Petition is deficient” and noted misstatements of law prejudicial to Stokley. Ryan

specifically noted that she had not had an opportunity to do a full investigation, and

that “other issues may need to be raised.”

      After one month, Ryan was removed and Levitt was reinstated. Once

reinstated, Levitt actively moved to defend herself and undermine Stokley’s case.

Levitt systematically argued against the claims raised by Ryan. She noted that

some were “already raised,” others “relate[d] to strategic decisions by the

respective attorneys,” others were “contrary to well-established caselaw,” and still

others were “not supported by the facts of the case.” Unexplainably, one of the

claims Levitt derided as completely meritless was resurrected as the first of two

additional claims in the supplemental Rule 32 petition. Thus, Levitt’s petition for

review and later supplemental filing suggest an overriding concern with defending

                                             7
herself from the “attack on the effectiveness of undersigned counsel, all of which is

meritless” rather than any loyal advocacy.

      After Levitt was reinstated, Stokley wrote a letter to the Arizona Supreme

Court asking for the reappointment of Ryan. This request was denied. Stokley then

attempted to prepare his own claims and asked Levitt for a copy of the record.

Levitt refused to give it to him. By failing to do so, she interfered with Stokley’s

attempts to fairly present his claims.

      The record shows that (1) both Stokley and his counsel agreed that their

relationship had completely broken down; (2) Stokley took numerous steps to try

to terminate the relationship and to obtain new counsel; (3) Levitt was reinstated as

counsel over Stokley’s and her own objections; (4) Levitt was the subject of a Bar

complaint; and (5) after she was reinstated as Stokley’s attorney, Levitt’s primary

concern was to defend herself against misconduct charges. She disavowed and

undermined the work Ryan had done on Stokley’s behalf, and refused Stokley

access to his case file which limited his ability to marshal evidence and raise his

own claims. Levitt ultimately came to the point where she was actively working

against Stokley.

      Stokley did everything in his power to sever his relationship with Levitt. The

state vigorously advocated to make sure that Levitt was reinstated as his counsel.

                                           8
After the state prevailed, Levitt in effect worked in the state’s interest rather than in

her client’s. As Stokley has argued before the district court and in the moving

papers here, Levitt “took up the mantle of the prosecutor.” It is hard to imagine a

clearer case for constructive abandonment.

      The touchstone for understanding the Court’s decision in Maples is Justice

Alito’s concurrence in Holland, which the Court relies upon in explaining the

meaning of “abandonment.” Holland, 130 S.Ct. at 2568. Justice Alito was not

describing what happened in Stokley’s case. But he might as well have been.

II. Stokley’s colorable Eddings claim is sufficient prejudice to obtain remand.

      Addressing prejudice at this stage is inconsistent with our prior precedent.

Nevertheless, I feel compelled to respond to the majority’s argument.

      The majority first states that, while Stokley’s causal nexus claim is colorable,

the Arizona Supreme Court committed no actual error. This is incorrect. The

majority goes on to assume that, even if the Arizona Supreme Court committed

causal nexus error, the error was harmless. I address the second issue first, where

the majority conflates structural and harmless error in a manner that confuses our

prior case law and, without analysis, potentially closes an open and important

                                            9
question in the habeas law of our circuit.2 Whatever the ultimate outcome in

Stokley’s case might have been had we remanded, by conflating structural and

harmless error the majority creates tension with our prior case law and in my view

sets a bad precedent.

      Our prior cases have treated Eddings error as structural. We have

consistently reversed and remanded Eddings cases to the Arizona courts for

resentencing, without inquiring as to the likelihood of a different sentencing result.

See, e.g., Williams v. Ryan, 623 F.3d 1258 (9th Cir. 2010); Styers v. Schriro, 547

F.3d 1026 (9th Cir. 2008). If an Eddings error is structural, as our cases suggest,

prejudice is per se.

      Citing Hitchcock v. Dugger, 481 U.S. 393, 399 (1987), the panel concludes

that Eddings errors are subject to harmless error review under Brecht v.

      2
         As I understand it, the Supreme Court has not addressed whether Eddings
error is structural nor has this court squarely examined the issue. Compare
Landrigan v. Stewart, 272 F.3d 1221, 1230 & n.9 (9th Cir. 2001) (applying
harmless error review to the state court’s failure to consider the defendant’s alleged
intoxication and past history of drug use as a nonstatutory mitigating factor),
adopted by Landrigan v. Schriro, 501 F.3d 1147, 1147 (9th Cir. 2007) (en banc)
(order), with Williams v. Ryan, 623 F.3d 1258, 1270-71 (9th Cir. 2010) (granting
habeas relief for an Eddings violation without conducting a harmless error
analysis), and Styers v. Schriro, 547 F.3d 1026, 1035-36 (9th Cir. 2008) (same).
Other circuits are split on the issue. Compare Bryson v. Ward, 187 F.3d 1193,
1205 (10th Cir. 1999) (collecting cases applying harmless error review), with
Nelson v. Quarterman, 472 F.3d 287, 314 (5th Cir. 2006) (en banc) (declining to
apply harmless error review).

                                          10
Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619 (1993). Even assuming Eddings error is nonstructural,

the panel appears to have erred in applying Brecht here because the state did not

argue harmlessness in this court (until its response to the petition for rehearing), an

issue on which the state bears the burden. See Hitchcock, 481 U.S. at 399

(“Respondent has made no attempt to argue that this error was harmless, or that it

had no effect on the jury or the sentencing judge. In the absence of such a showing

our cases hold that the exclusion of mitigating evidence of the sort at issue here

renders the death sentence invalid.”). As best I can tell, after finding Eddings error

on habeas review, we have never engaged in harmless error review of the sort

engaged in here.

      Turning back to the majority’s finding that no Eddings violation occurred, I

am unpersuaded by the panel’s analysis. Here, the Arizona Supreme Court did

precisely what the Eighth Amendment prohibits—it treated mitigating evidence of

Stokley’s abusive childhood as nonmitigating as a matter of law merely because it

lacked a causal connection to the crime. The state court said:

             According to a clinical psychologist, defendant had a
             chaotic and abusive childhood, never knowing his father and
             having been raised by various family members. A difficult
             family background alone is not a mitigating circumstance.
             State v. Wallace, 773 P.2d 983, 986 (1989), cert. denied,
             494 U.S. 1047 (1990).        This can be a mitigating
             circumstance only “if a defendant can show that something

                                          11
             in that background had an effect or impact on his behavior
             that was beyond the defendant’s control.” Id. . . . Although
             [Stokley] may have had a difficult childhood and family life,
             he failed to show how this influenced his behavior on the
             night of the crimes.

State v. Stokley, 898 P.2d 454, 473 (Ariz. 1995) (emphasis added).

      This is a clear-cut Eddings violation, and the panel majority’s failure to

recognize it cannot be squared with circuit precedent. We cannot avoid finding an

Eddings violation, as the panel majority suggests, merely because the Arizona

Supreme Court said it considered all mitigating evidence. See Styers, 547 F.3d at

1035. When a state court “considers” mitigating evidence, but deems it irrelevant or

nonmitigating as a matter of law because of the absence of a causal connection to

the crime, the court has not considered the evidence in any meaningful sense. See

Penry v. Lynaugh, 492 U.S. 302, 319 (1989), abrogated on other grounds by Atkins

v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002).

      Unlike the majority I would not reach the issues of either prejudice with

respect to procedural default or the merits of the constitutional claim at this stage.

When first presented with this claim that the Arizona Supreme Court erred in its

review of the death sentence under Eddings and Skipper, the district court declined

to reach the merits because the claim was technically exhausted and procedurally

barred. Case 4:98-cv-00332-FRZ, Dkt 70, Order and Opinion on Procedural Status

                                           12
of Claims at 15-16. No court has considered the issue of prejudice—either as to

procedural default or to the merits of the constitutional claim—because, prior to

Maples, there was no cause for the procedural default. Coleman v. Thompson, 501

U.S. 722, 750 (1991). All that is required for prejudice at this stage is that the claim

has some merit. Martinez v. Ryan, 132 S. Ct. 1309, 1318 (2012).

      Without the benefit of any briefing or lower court consideration on the issue

of prejudice arising from the defaulted Eddings and Skipper claims, we are not in a

position to do what the majority does here. Rather than foreclosing these claims at

this stage, I would stay the mandate and remand this case to the district court for the

limited purpose of allowing it to determine in the first instance whether cause and

prejudice exist, and to consider the merits of the claim if warranted. We would then

be in a far better position to review the issue.

      For all of the above reasons, I respectfully dissent.

                                           13