Court Opinion

ID: 9411080
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-25 19:01:10.057042+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:21:03.761241
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 23a0342n.06

                                           No. 22-1812

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                      FILED
                                                                                 Jul 25, 2023
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                            DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                     )
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                     )
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                          )
                                                     )
 v.                                                          ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                     )
                                                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                     )
 CHRISTOPHER FLOWERS, SR.,                                   COURT FOR THE WESTERN
                                                     )
                                                             DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
        Defendant-Appellant.                         )
                                                     )
                                                                                       OPINION
                                                     )

Before: MOORE, GIBBONS, and BUSH, Circuit Judges.

       JOHN K. BUSH, Circuit Judge. Christopher Flowers robbed a bank in Benton Township,

Michigan. During the robbery he put his hand behind his shirt and pointed his finger at the teller,

pretending it was a gun underneath the fabric, while demanding money. Despite being unarmed,

Flowers was assessed a three-level enhancement for brandishing or possessing a “dangerous

weapon.” See USSG § 2B3.1(b)(2)(E) cmt. n.2. Over Flowers’ objection, the district court applied

the three-level enhancement and sentenced him to 88-months’ imprisonment. Flowers challenges

his sentence on the grounds that the commentary improperly expands the scope of “dangerous

weapon” in the Guidelines. But our precedent has already addressed this question, finding that it

does not. We therefore AFFIRM.

                                                I.

       Flowers has a history of actual and attempted bank robberies. He entered the Benton

Township bank on February 23, 2022, to attempt another robbery seven days after an unsuccessful
Nos. 22-1812, United States v. Flowers

robbery at a different bank. At the time, he was on supervised release for a federal bank robbery

conviction in 2019.

       When Flowers committed the bank robbery on February 23, he was unarmed. But he acted

like he had a weapon. He handed the teller a note, informing her that he would kill everyone inside

if she did not quickly surrender money to him. As he demanded the money and threatened murder,

Flowers pointed a finger at the teller from underneath his shirt. He then took approximately $1,691

in U.S. currency, grabbed the note, and fled the scene.

       Officers provided images of the robbery suspect and his get-away car to local media, which

led to a tip that the suspect was Flowers. After gathering more evidence and additional tips, law

enforcement arrested Flowers in South Bend, Indiana on charges related to absconding from

supervised release. Flowers eventually admitted to committing the February 23 robbery, and he

did not deny the February 16 robbery attempt.

       Flowers was charged in a two-count indictment with attempted bank robbery and bank

robbery. A plea agreement followed. He agreed to plead guilty to the February 23 bank robbery,

while the government dismissed the attempted bank robbery charge. During the plea colloquy,

when asked about the object he pointed at the teller, Flowers informed the magistrate judge that

there was no object—only the illusion of an object created by pointing his finger under his shirt.

       The presentence report recommended a three-level enhancement for brandishing or

possessing a “dangerous weapon” pursuant to USSG § 2B3.1(b)(2)(E). The recommendation was

based in part on Sentencing Guidelines commentary, which states that the “dangerous weapon”

enhancement is proper if the defendant “used the object in a manner that created the impression

that the object was an instrument capable of inflicting death or serious bodily injury (e.g., a

defendant wrapped a hand in a towel during a bank robbery to create the appearance of a gun).”

                                                -2-
Nos. 22-1812, United States v. Flowers

USSG § 2B.3.1 cmt. n.2. With the enhancement, Flowers’ total offense level was 22, with a

category VI criminal history. That resulted in a sentencing range of 84-to-105 months.

       While acknowledging that our court upheld application of the three-level dangerous-

weapon enhancement under similar factual circumstances in United States v. Tate, 999 F.3d 374

(6th Cir. 2021), Flowers argued that his sentence was unreasonable because it relied on

unreasonable agency interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines. The district court overruled

Flowers’ objection, noting that it was bound by Tate. Based on the recommended guidelines range,

it sentenced Flowers to 88-months’ imprisonment. Flowers timely appealed.

                                                II.

       We review the district court’s sentencing for procedural and substantive reasonableness.

See Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). Flowers challenges his sentence on the grounds

that the commentary to the Guidelines improperly expands the scope of offenses that trigger the

three-level enhancement for brandishing or possessing a “dangerous weapon.”             See USSG

§ 2B3.1(b)(2)(E) cmt. n.2. We construe his challenge as a procedural one. United States v.

Rayyan, 885 F.3d 436, 440 (6th Cir. 2018) (challenges to calculation of the guidelines range are

procedural in nature). We review de novo the district court’s interpretation of the Guidelines. See

United States v. Riccardi, 989 F.3d 476, 481 (6th Cir. 2021).

                                                III.

       The commentary that Flowers challenges pertains to USSG § 2B3.1(b)(2)(E), which

advises a three-level enhancement when a robbery includes “a dangerous weapon [being]

brandished or possessed.” Id. The commentary states that an object should be considered a

dangerous weapon if “the defendant used the object in a manner that created the impression that

the object was an instrument capable of inflicting death or serious bodily injury (e.g., a defendant

                                                -3-
Nos. 22-1812, United States v. Flowers

wrapped a hand in a towel during a bank robbery to create the appearance of a gun).” Id. at cmt.

n.2. Because Flowers pointed his finger from behind his shirt, pretending it was a gun, the district

court accordingly applied the three-level enhancement to Flower’s offense level. Flowers objected

to the enhancement and now challenges its propriety on appeal, arguing that the Guideline’s

commentary improperly expands the scope of “dangerous weapon” in the Guidelines to include a

hand that pretends to be a gun.

       As noted, our court held a concealed hand posing as a gun qualifies for the three-level

enhancement for brandishing or possessing a “dangerous weapon.” See Tate, 999 F.3d at 378–81.

Flowers concedes this, acknowledging that Tate controls this case. In Tate, the defendant received

the three-level enhancement “for concealing his hand in a bag to suggest the existence of a

dangerous weapon while robbing a bank.” Id. at 376. Tate argued that the district court could

apply the enhancement only if it accepted the meaning of the term “dangerous weapon” as

referenced in the Guidelines commentary. Id. at 377. Tate maintained that, contrary to the

commentary, a “‘dangerous weapon’ . . . is not one’s hand when covered in a bag. Instead, it must

be an object that, when used in its ordinary course, is ‘able or likely to cause injury [when] used

against another.’” Id. at 378. In Tate, we rejected that argument, finding that McLaughlin v.

United States, 476 U.S. 16, 17–18 (1986), controlled. Tate, 999 F.3d at 378–79. In McLaughlin,

the Supreme Court unanimously held that an unloaded gun was a “dangerous weapon” as used in

18 U.S.C. § 2113(d) for several independent reasons, one of which included that “the display of a

gun instills fear in the average citizen,” which raises the risk of a violent response. McLaughlin,

476 U.S. at 17–18; Tate, 999 F.3d at 379. Based on McLaughlin, the Tate court concluded that

“the unambiguous text of the Guidelines enhancement for dangerous weapons applies whether the

robber is, or merely pretends to be, armed.” Tate, 999 F.3d at 381.

                                                -4-
Nos. 22-1812, United States v. Flowers

       Tate requires us to affirm the district court, but Flowers maintains that it was wrongly

decided. Flowers argues that Tate conflicts with Sixth Circuit and Supreme Court precedent. See

United States v. Havis, 927 F.3d 382 (6th Cir. 2019) (en banc) (per curiam); Kisor v. Wilkie, 139

S. Ct. 2400 (2019). In Havis, we determined that the Sentencing Commission, rather than

interpreting a term within the Sentencing Guidelines, improperly expanded the Guidelines to

include crimes that were not contemplated. Havis, 927 F.3d at 386 (noting that the Commission’s

attempt to make attempt crimes part of § 4B1.2(b) was improper because “no term in § 4B1.2(b)

would bear that construction.”). And in Kisor, the Supreme Court clarified the scope of Auer

deference to an agency’s interpretation of its own regulations. See Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2414–18;

Riccardi, 989 F.3d at 484–85. Under Kisor, a court defers to an agency’s interpretation of a

regulation if the court “find[s] that the regulation is ‘genuinely ambiguous, even after [the] court

has resorted to all the standard tools of interpretation’ to eliminate that ambiguity.” Riccardi, 989

F.3d at 485 (quoting Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2414). Flowers argues that Kisor requires a court to

forego “reflexive” deference and scrutinize agency interpretations more closely. See id. at 485. If

we were to do so, Flowers argues that we would determine that the three-level enhancement as

applied to him was improper because the commentary improperly expands the scope of “dangerous

weapon” to include someone using his hand as a pretend gun. See USSG §§ 1B1.1 cmt. n.1(E),

2B3.1 cmt. n.2; see Tate, 999 F.3d at 388 (Murphy, J., concurring) (concluding that the

commentary constitutes “an improper enlargement of the guideline’s scope.”)

       Flowers’ argument mirrors Tate’s, and thus cannot be adopted absent an overruling of Tate.

See 999 F.3d at 382; United States v. Lanier, 201 F.3d 842, 846 (6th Cir. 2000) (“It is firmly

established that one panel of this court cannot overturn a decision of another panel; only the court

sitting en banc can overturn such a decision.”); RLR Invs., LLC v. City of Pigeon Forge, 4 F.4th

                                                -5-
Nos. 22-1812, United States v. Flowers

380, 390 (6th Cir. 2021) (“In the Sixth Circuit, a three-judge panel may not overturn a prior

decision unless a Supreme Court decision ‘mandates modification’ of our precedent.”) (citation

omitted). To be fair, Flowers acknowledges this fact and indicates that he will seek en banc hearing

to overturn Tate. But, absent such review or a Supreme Court ruling that overturns our precedent,

we are bound by that precedent. Lanier, 201 F.3d at 846.

                                                IV.

       Flowers’ sentence is procedurally reasonable. We therefore AFFIRM.

                                                -6-