Court Opinion

ID: 4391654
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-04-29 14:43:34.244308+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:51:54.533881
License: Public Domain

In The
                                   Court of Appeals
                          Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo

                                         No. 07-18-00021-CR

                       EZEKIEL LATRELL DAVISONHICKS, APPELLANT

                                                   V.

                               THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE

                            On Appeal from the Criminal District Court 3
                                      Tarrant County, Texas1
                 Trial Court No. 1425403D, Honorable Robb D. Catalano, Presiding

                                           April 26, 2019

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION
                         Before CAMPBELL and PIRTLE and PARKER, JJ.

        Appellant, Ezekiel Latrell Davisonhicks, appeals his jury-assessed conviction for

the offense of indecency with a child by contact.2 The same jury assessed appellant’s

sentence at ten years’ incarceration in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department

        1  Pursuant to the Texas Supreme Court’s docket equalization efforts, this case was transferred to
this Court from the Second Court of Appeals. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (West 2013). Should a
conflict exist between precedent of the Second Court of Appeals and this Court on any relevant issue, this
appeal will be decided in accordance with the precedent of the transferor court. TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3.

        2   See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.11(a) (West 2019).
of Criminal Justice. The trial court entered judgment on the verdicts. We affirm the

judgment of the trial court.

                           Factual and Procedural Background

       The victim in this case, D.B., is appellant’s niece. In April of 2015, soon after D.B.

turned four, her mother observed D.B. acting as if she was trying to avoid having to go to

the restroom. When the mother inquired further, D.B. said that it hurt or burned when she

went to the bathroom. D.B.’s mother asked D.B. if anyone had touched her in that area.

After some immediate hesitation, D.B. told her mother that her uncle, “Zeke,” touched her

in her “no-no part,” which her mother identified as D.B.’s vaginal area. D.B.’s mother

immediately took D.B. to the emergency room.

       At the emergency room, D.B. was examined by Theresa Fugate, a sexual assault

nurse examiner. D.B. informed Fugate that appellant touched her vaginal area with his

hand or finger on one occasion when D.B. was at her grandmother’s house. Fugate did

not observe any signs of injury during her physical examination of D.B.

       Appellant was subsequently indicted and charged with two offenses. Count one

alleged that appellant had committed aggravated sexual assault of a child younger than

six years old. Count two alleged that appellant committed indecency with a child by

contact. During the trial, the State admitted the testimony of D.B.’s mother and Fugate.

D.B. also testified. D.B. testified that appellant touched her “private,” “middle part,” and

the part of her body she uses to pee. Appellant also testified. He said that it was a

“terrible surprise” to learn of the outcry that D.B. had made against him. Appellant testified

that he did not sexually assault D.B. During the charge conference, the State waived the

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second count and, instead, requested that the jury be charged on aggravated sexual

assault and that indecency with a child by contact be submitted as a lesser-included

offense. The charge was submitted in this manner without objection. The jury returned

a verdict acquitting appellant of aggravated sexual assault but convicting him of

indecency with a child by contact. After hearing punishment evidence, the jury assessed

punishment at incarceration for a period of ten years.

       Appellant presents three issues by his appeal.          By his first issue, appellant

contends that the trial court erred in failing to sua sponte define “genitals” in the jury

charge and that this failure caused appellant egregious harm. Appellant contends, by his

second issue, that the evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction. By his

third issue, appellant contends that the evidence is factually insufficient, and that the

Texas Court of Criminal Appeals’ decision that legal and factual sufficiency are the same

for appellate review purposes denies appellant due process, due course of law, and equal

protection.

                                  Issue One: Charge Error

       By his first issue, appellant contends that the trial court’s jury charge was in error

because it did not include a definition of the word “genitals.” Appellant did not object to

the trial court’s omission of a definition. The State argues that genitals is not a statutorily

defined term and it does not have a specialized technical or legal meaning and, as such,

the trial court did not err by not defining the word in the jury charge.

       When addressing a claim of jury charge error, an appellate court must first

determine whether the jury charge is erroneous. Kirsch v. State, 357 S.W.3d 645, 649

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(Tex. Crim. App. 2012). If error occurred, we must analyze that error for harm. Id. It is

only when we have reached an assessment of harm that error preservation becomes

relevant. Id. If error was properly preserved by timely objection, reversal is required if it

is shown that the error caused the defendant some harm. Marshall v. State, 479 S.W.3d
840, 843 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) (citing Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1984) (en banc)). If, on the other hand, the defendant did not properly object

to the jury charge, reversal is only required if the error was so egregious that it denied the

defendant a fair and impartial trial. Id. (citing Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171).

       The judge is required to give the jury a written charge containing the law applicable

to the case before arguments of counsel. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.14 (West

2007). Statutorily defined terms constitute law applicable to the case and must be

included in the court’s charge. Celis v. State, 416 S.W.3d 419, 433 (Tex. Crim. App.

2013). It is, however, generally impermissible to instruct a jury on the definitions of terms

not defined by statute. Id. In most instances, statutorily undefined terms should be “read

in context and construed according to the rules of grammar and common usage.” TEX.

GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.011(a) (West 2013).            Jurors “may ‘freely read [undefined]

statutory language to have any meaning which is acceptable in common parlance.’”

Kirsch, 357 S.W.3d at 650 (quoting Denton v. State, 911 S.W.2d 388, 390 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1995), with brackets included in Kirsch). The exception to the general rule that a

trial court should not instruct the jury as to the meaning of terms that are not statutorily

defined exists for “terms which have a known and established legal meaning, or which

have acquired a peculiar and appropriate meaning in the law . . . .” Id. (quoting Medford

v. State, 13 S.W.3d 769, 772 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)). It is not error for the court to charge

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the jury regarding the definition of a term that has acquired an established legal or

technical meaning that deviates from a term’s common usage. Celis, 416 S.W.3d at 433.

       Appellant was convicted of the offense of indecency with a child by contact. A

person commits the offense of indecency with a child by contact if the person, with a child

under the age of seventeen, engages in sexual contact with the child or causes a child to

engage in sexual contact. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.11(a)(1). “Sexual contact” includes

any touching by a person, including touching through clothing, of the anus, breast, or any

part of the genitals of a child; or any touching of any part of the body of a child with the

anus, breast, or any part of the genitals of a person provided said touching is done with

an intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person. Id. § 21.11(c). “Genitals”

is not defined in the Penal Code. See id. §§ 21.01 (West 2019), 21.11.

       Because the term “genitals” is not statutorily defined, the trial court was correct not

to define the term in the jury charge unless the term has acquired an established legal or

technical meaning that differs from the meaning ascribed in common parlance. Green v.

State, 476 S.W.3d 440, 445 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015); Celis, 416 S.W.3d at 433. Appellant

contends that the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals defined genitals as including “more

than just the vagina” but also “includes the vulva which immediately surrounds the

vagina.” Clark v. State, 558 S.W.2d 887, 889 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977). The definition

provided in Clark was given in the context of an evidentiary sufficiency review. While it is

frequently helpful for an appellate court to define a statutorily undefined term in assessing

the sufficiency of the evidence, the inclusion of that definition in a jury charge is generally

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improper as a comment on the weight of the evidence.3 Green, 476 S.W.3d at 445.

Appellant has cited this Court to no authority establishing that “genitals” has acquired a

technical or legal meaning that differs from common usage that would obligate the trial

court to define the term in the jury charge. In addition, this Court has been unable to

locate any such authority.

        Rather, this Court has addressed whether a definition of “genitals” should be

included in a jury charge. In Trevino, the trial court defined “genitals or genitalia” in the

court’s charge as:

        The genitals or genitalia of a female consist of an internal group and an
        external group. The internal group is situated within the pelvis and consists
        of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus and pubis (the rounded mound in front
        of the joinder of the pubic bones that becomes covered with hair at the time
        of puberty), the labia majora and minora (longitudinal folds of skin at the
        opening of the female orifice) and certain glands situated within the
        vestibule of the vagina.

Trevino v. State, 440 S.W.3d 722, 725 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2013, no pet.). We noted at

that time that we were unaware of any authority indicating that the terms genitals or

genitalia had acquired a particularized legal or technical definition such as would

authorize the trial court to define the terms in its charge to the jury. Id. at 727. Because

the definition drew the attention of the jury to particular testimony that had been offered

during the trial, the instruction constituted an improper comment on the weight of the

evidence and, as such, was erroneous. Id.

        3 It is noteworthy that, even if the law made it appropriate for the trial court to define genitals
consistent with Clark, the evidence presented in this case would still support appellant’s conviction for
indecency with a child by contact.

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       Because the term “genitals” is not statutorily defined and has not acquired a special

legal or technical meaning, we conclude that it was proper for the trial court not to define

the term in the jury charge. It was proper for the jury to be allowed to assign the term any

meaning acceptable in common parlance. See Kirsch, 357 S.W.3d at 650. Because we

conclude that the trial court did not err in not defining genitals in the jury charge, we need

not conduct a harm analysis. Id. at 649. We overrule appellant’s first issue.

                                 Issue Two: Legal Sufficiency

       By his second issue, appellant contends that the evidence is legally insufficient to

support his conviction for indecency with a child by contact.

       In assessing the sufficiency of the evidence, we review all the evidence in the light

most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); see Brooks v. State,

323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). “[O]nly that evidence which is sufficient in

character, weight, and amount to justify a factfinder in concluding that every element of

the offense has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt is adequate to support a

conviction.” Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 917 (Cochran, J., concurring). We remain mindful

that “[t]here is no higher burden of proof in any trial, criminal or civil, and there is no higher

standard of appellate review than the standard mandated by Jackson.”                  Id. When

reviewing all of the evidence under the Jackson standard of review, the ultimate question

is whether the jury’s finding of guilt was a rational finding. See id. at 906-07 n.26

(discussing Judge Cochran’s dissenting opinion in Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 448-

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50 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006), as outlining the proper application of a single evidentiary

standard of review). “[T]he reviewing court is required to defer to the jury's credibility and

weight determinations because the jury is the sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility and

the weight to be given their testimony.” Id. at 899.

       As previously identified, to obtain a conviction for indecency with a child by contact,

the State must prove that the defendant engaged in sexual contact with a child under the

age of seventeen. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.11(a)(1). “Sexual contact” includes any

touching by a person, including touching through clothing, of the anus, breast, or any part

of the genitals of a child; or any touching of any part of the body of a child with the anus,

breast, or any part of the genitals of a person provided said touching is done with an intent

to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person. Id. § 21.11(c). The child victim’s

testimony alone can be sufficient to support a conviction. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN.

art. 38.07 (West Supp. 2018); Garcia v. State, 563 S.W.2d 925, 928 (Tex. Crim. App.

[Panel Op.] 1978); Cantu v. State, 366 S.W.3d 771, 775-76 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2012,

no pet.); Bazanes v. State, 310 S.W.3d 32, 40 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, pet. ref’d).

       Because a child victim may lack the technical knowledge to accurately describe

the parts of her body, the evidence will be sufficient to support a conviction if the child

communicates to the trier of fact that the defendant touched a part of her body covered

by section 21.01. Clark, 558 S.W.2d at 889. As a result, the child victim’s testimony that

the defendant touched her “front butt,” which she described as the “area between your

legs where you pea (sic) at,” was sufficient evidence to show that Clark had “sexual

contact” with the victim. Id.

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       In the present case, D.B. testified that appellant touched her “middle part,” “front

part,” “the skin of the place you pee from,” and “inside the place where you pee from.” In

addition, D.B.’s mother, the outcry witness, testified that D.B. said that appellant touched

her in her “no-no part,” which D.B.’s mother described as her “vaginal area.” Based on

this testimony, we conclude that a rational jury certainly could have concluded that

appellant touched D.B.’s genitals beyond a reasonable doubt. See id. As such, we

conclude that the evidence is sufficient to support appellant’s conviction. Further, we

believe that this evidence indicates that appellant touched D.B.’s genitals and is

distinguishable from the testimony in Johnson where the evidence established that

Johnson rubbed the victim’s leg and attempted to place his hand in her underwear area

but stopped before making actual contact with that area. See Johnson v. State, Nos. 01-

02-00861-CR, 01-03-00691-CR, 01-03-00692-CR, 2003 Tex. App. LEXIS 6202, at *15

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 17, 2003, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for

publication). We overrule appellant’s second issue.

                             Issue Three: Factual Sufficiency

       By his third issue, appellant contends that the evidence is factually insufficient to

support his conviction and that the denial of review for factual sufficiency denies him due

process, due course of law, and equal protection under the United States and Texas

constitutions.

       After establishing the standard applicable to factual sufficiency review in Texas in

Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996), the Court of Criminal

Appeals overruled Clewis and held that the standard of review for sufficiency challenges

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set forth in Jackson “is the only standard that a reviewing court should apply in

determining whether the evidence is sufficient to support each element of a criminal

offense that the State is required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt.” Brooks, 323
S.W.3d at 912. The Jackson standard satisfies the guarantee of due process of law.

Rabb v. State, 434 S.W.3d 613, 616 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) (citing Swearingen v. State,

101 S.W.3d 89, 95 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)). The Court of Criminal Appeals found the

Jackson legal insufficiency standard to be “indistinguishable” from the Clewis factual

sufficiency standard. Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 901-02. And, “under the time-honored

principle of stare decisis, this court is bound to follow clear precedent established by a

higher court.” Henderson v. State, No. 07-17-00099-CR, 2018 Tex. App. LEXIS 3966, at

*13 (Tex. App.—Amarillo June 1, 2018, pet. ref’d) (citing Adams v. State, 502 S.W.3d
238, 244 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. ref’d)). Appellant is seeking a review

of the evidence under a standard that has been expressly overruled by the Court of

Criminal Appeals.

         While we understand that appellant objects to the Court of Criminal Appeal’s

overruling of Clewis, we are bound to follow this precedent by virtue of stare decisis. As

such, we overrule appellant’s third issue.

                                        Conclusion

         Having overruled each of appellant’s issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial

court.

                                                       Judy C. Parker
                                                          Justice
Do not publish.

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