Court Opinion

ID: 2816806
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-07-14 13:12:39.664084+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:30:41.786586
License: Public Domain

Jul 14 2015, 8:37 am

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT                                     ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE FSSA
James P. Fenton                                             Gregory F. Zoeller
Kathryn A. Brogan                                           Attorney General of Indiana
Eilbacher Fletcher, LLP
                                                            David L. Steiner
Fort Wayne, Indiana
                                                            Kyle Hunter
Myra C. Selby                                               Deputy Attorneys General
Ice Miller LLP                                              Indianapolis, Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
                                                            ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
                                                            METHODIST HOSPITALS, INC.
                                                            Steven Jackson
                                                            Juliana Yanez
                                                            Faegre Baker Daniels LLP
                                                            Indianapolis, Indiana

                                             IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Parkview Hospital, Inc.,                                    July 14, 2015

Appellant-Plaintiff,                                        Court of Appeals Case No. 02A03-
                                                            1408-PL-296
        v.                                                  Appeal from the Allen Superior
                                                            Court
John J. Wernert, in his official                            The Honorable Nancy Eshcoff
capacity as Secretary of the                                Boyer, Judge
Indiana Family and Social                                   Cause No: 02D01-1212-PL-443
Services Administration,
Appellee-Defendant,

    and
The Methodist Hospitals, Inc.,

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015                          Page 1 of 45
      Appellee-Intervening Defendant.

      Brown, Judge.

[1]   Parkview Hospital, Inc. (“Parkview”), appeals the July 25, 2014 judgment of

      the trial court in favor of Indiana Family and Social Services Administration

      (“FSSA”), and Methodist Hospitals, Inc. (“Methodist,” and FSSA and

      Methodist, together, “Appellees”) on Parkview’s petition for judicial review.

      Parkview raises two issues, which we revise and restate as whether the court

      erred in entering the July 25, 2014 order affirming the decision of the Secretary

      of FSSA regarding the denial of disproportionate share hospital payments to

      Parkview. We affirm.

                               Background and Procedural History

[2]   FSSA administers the Medicaid program for the State of Indiana. Ind. Code §

      12-15-1-1. Certain hospitals receive disproportionate share hospital (“DSH”)

      payments, a related part of Medicaid, if the hospitals meet certain criteria and

      serve a disproportionate share of Medicaid recipients and other low income

      patients in accordance with Ind. Code §§ 12-15-16 through -19 and other state

      and federal laws. See Ind. Code § 12-15-17-1; 42 U.S.C.A. § 1396r-4; 42

      U.S.C.A. § 1395ww(d)(5)(F). The federal government limits its financial

      participation by apportioning a specific DSH allotment for each state. See 42

      U.S.C.A. § 1396r-4(f). FSSA may not implement a program until the federal

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015   Page 2 of 45
      Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”) approves the provisions

      regarding the program in an amended state plan for medical assistance. Ind.

      Code § 12-15-15-10(d); Ind. Code § 12-15-16-5(a). FSSA may determine not to

      continue to implement the provisions relating to DSH payments if federal

      financial participation is not available. Ind. Code § 12-15-16-5(b).

[3]   Ind. Code §§ 12-15-16 relates to a provider’s eligibility to receive DSH

      payments. Ind. Code § 12-15-16-1(a) states that a provider is a disproportionate

      share provider if, in part, the “provider’s Medicaid inpatient utilization rate is at

      least one (1) standard deviation above the mean Medicaid inpatient utilization

      rate for providers receiving Medicaid payments in Indiana.” See also 42

      U.S.C.A. § 1396r-4(b)(1)(A). Ind. Code § 12-15-16-2(a) provides:

              For purposes of disproportionate share eligibility, a provider’s
              Medicaid inpatient utilization rate is a fraction (expressed as a
              percentage) where:
                       (1) the numerator is the provider’s total number of Medicaid
                       inpatient days in the most recent year for which an audited cost
                       report is on file with the office; and
                       (2) the denominator is the total number of the provider’s
                       inpatient days in the most recent year for which an audited cost
                       report is on file with the office.

      See also 42 U.S.C.A. § 1396r-4(b)(2) (providing in part “the term ‘medicaid

      inpatient utilization rate’ means, for a hospital, a fraction (expressed as a

      percentage), the numerator of which is the hospital’s number of inpatient days

      attributable to patients who (for such days) were eligible for medical assistance

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015         Page 3 of 45
      under a State plan approved under this subchapter . . . , and the denominator of

      which is the total number of the hospital’s inpatient days in that period”).

[4]   Parkview entered into a provider agreement in 2011 with the State of Indiana

      pursuant to which it agreed to provide covered services to Indiana health

      coverage program members. The agreement provided in part:

              By execution of this Agreement, [Parkview] requests enrollment as a
              provider in the Indiana Health Coverage Programs. As an enrolled
              provider in the Indiana Health Coverage Programs, [Parkview] agrees
              to provide covered services and/or supplies to Indiana Health
              Coverage Program members. As a condition of enrollment, this
              agreement cannot be altered and [Parkview] agrees to all of the
              following:
                                                      *****
                       5. To provide covered services and/or supplies for which
                       federal financial participation is available for Indiana Health
                       Coverage Program Members pursuant to all applicable federal
                       and state statutes and regulations.
                                                      *****
                       12. To abide by the Indiana Health Coverage Programs
                       Provider Manual, as amended from time to time, as well as all
                       provider bulletins and notices. Any amendments to the
                       provider manual, as well as provider bulletins and notices,
                       communicated to Provider shall be binding upon receipt. . . .
                                                          *****
                       18. To accept payment as payment in full the amounts
                       determined by [FSSA] or its fiscal agent. . . .

      Appellant’s Appendix at 343.

[5]   On December 18, 2009, the accounting firm of Myers and Stauffer CL (“Myers

      and Stauffer”), on behalf of FSSA, sent a letter to Parkview, and specifically to

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015            Page 4 of 45
the attention of Director of Reimbursement Eric Nickeson, and enclosed a DSH

eligibility survey form with instructions. The letter stated:

        Please find the enclosed survey form that must be completed in order
        to determine Indiana Medicaid Disproportionate Share Hospital
        (DSH) eligibility for the State Fiscal Years ending June 30, 2010 and
        June 30, 2011.
                                                *****
        The survey must be completed and postmarked no later than February
        26, 2010. Please compare information already entered into the survey
        for accuracy and provide support for any changes or additions. Please
        note that timely and accurate completion of the enclosed survey will
        expedite the completion of DSH eligibility and payment distributions.
        Please complete and return the enclosed survey to the address below.
        Surveys must be postmarked no later than February 26, 2010. This
        will be the only notification sent concerning the deadline. No second
        notification will be sent. If the response to the survey is not received
        by the deadline, your facility will be deemed ineligible for DSH
        payments for SFY 2010 and 2011.

Id. at 184. The instructions accompanying the survey stated in part:

        The enclosed survey is designed to collect the information necessary to
        administer the Indiana Medicaid Disproportionate Share Hospital
        program. This survey will be used to determine DSH eligibility for the
        State Fiscal Years (SFY) ending June 30, 2010 and June 30, 2011. . . .
                                                *****
        This survey is mandatory and must be completed by each facility in its
        entirety. As a condition of participation in the Medicaid program, you
        are required, pursuant to your provider agreement, to submit to the
        Office of Medicaid Policy and Planning (OMPP) any information it
        deems necessary for the program. . . .
                                                *****
        Please complete and return the enclosed survey to the address below
        postmarked no later than February 26, 2010. This will be the only

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015         Page 5 of 45
        notification sent concerning the deadline. No second notification
        will be sent. If the response to the survey is not postmarked by the
        deadline, your facility will be deemed ineligible for DSH payment
        for SFY 2010 and 2011. Only information submitted by your facility
        on a survey postmarked by February 26, 2010 will be included in
        your facility’s DSH eligibility calculation. Information received
        from your facility that is postmarked after the due date will not
        result in increased Medicaid days, payments or charges, etc. being
        included in the facility’s Medicaid inpatient utilization rate or low
        income utilization rate (the ratios used to determine DSH
        eligibility.) In addition, failure to complete the survey may be
        considered a breach of the Medicaid provider agreement. If
        extenuating circumstances will prevent you from meeting the filing
        deadline, please contact Myers and Stauffer immediately at . . . .
                                                *****
        For survey questions that ask for summary and/or supporting
        documentation, attach the required information. This information
        must be provided electronically on CD, in the format presented in
        Exhibits A, B, C and D. All documentation should be referenced
        back to the pertaining survey question. Please maintain all source
        documentation used to complete the survey, as additional
        information (i.e., remittance advices, patient listings, etc.) may be
        requested to verify your numbers. All providers are asked to compare
        the information already completed on the survey for accuracy. Please
        provide any additional information and submit documentation to
        support the additions. If there is any incorrect information included in
        the survey, please provide corrected amounts. You may do so in any
        format you would like (you may not be able to change the amounts in
        locked cells in the workbook). However, please note that any
        additional days or payments must be supported by detail reported in
        the formats illustrated by Exhibits A, B and C and submitted
        electronically. Please be advised that any questions that require
        support but do not have the required documentation will not be used
        in the calculations for DSH eligibility.
        Please note that there is a change in the eligibility survey from past
        years as a result of the DSH Audit rule published in the Federal
        Register December 19, 2008. Crossover days (days for which a patient
        is eligible for both Medicaid and Medicare Part A) should now be

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015        Page 6 of 45
              included in the Medicaid Inpatient Utilization Rate (MIUR). This
              information is collected in Section B.

      Id. at 186-187. On February 26, 2010, Parkview submitted a response to the

      survey.

[6]   On June 18, 2010, Myers and Stauffer, on behalf of FSSA, sent a letter to

      Parkview and Nickeson which stated in part:

              This letter serves as notification from the Office of Medicaid Policy
              and Planning (OMPP) regarding your facility’s eligibility to receive
              [DSH] payments for the State Fiscal Years (SFY) 2010 and 2011.
              Eligibility for DSH payments for this period is based upon information
              received from your DSH surveys and your Indiana Medicaid cost
              report ended between July 2008 and June 2009 (SFY 2009). . . .

                                                      *****
              There are three criteria[1] under which a facility can qualify for Indiana
              Medicaid DSH payments as follows:

              1. Medicaid Inpatient Utilization Rate (MIUR)

              The MIUR is a percentage calculated as such:
                         The hospital’s number of inpatient days attributable to
                         patients who (for such days) were eligible for Medicaid

                    The total number of the hospital’s inpatient days in that period
              In order to qualify under this criterion, hospital’s MIUR must exceed
              one standard deviation above the mean MIUR rate for hospitals
              receiving Medicaid payments in Indiana. Therefore, in order to
              qualify under this criterion, your MIUR must be at least 32.94%. Your
              facility’s MIUR of 30.17% is calculated as follows. . . .

      1
       This case involves Parkview’s attempt to qualify for DSH payments under the MIUR criterion and not
      other criteria.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015                     Page 7 of 45
                                                      *****
              Based on the information above, your facility is not qualified to
              receive DSH payments for SFY 2010 and SFY 2011. . . .

                                                      *****
              This notification constitutes an appealable order. . . .
                                                      *****
              Please note no new information can be accepted at this time. Only
              clarification and substantiation of information previously reported
              on your DSH eligibility survey is allowed. It is possible that
              another provider’s appeal could result in a change in your eligibility
              status. In the event this occurs, we will promptly notify you.

      Id. at 201-202, 206-207.

[7]   On June 22, 2010, Nickeson on behalf of Parkview sent an e-mail message to

      Myers and Stauffer. The subject line of the message was “Medicare Crossover

      Days Omission,” and the message stated:

              As you know, the SFY 2010-2011 Medicaid DSH survey handled
              Medicare crossover days differently than past surveys. In reviewing
              our information after receipt of the June 18, 2010 eligibility letter from
              Myers and Stauffer, we have discovered that a significant number of
              Medicare crossover days, both paid and unpaid, were mistakenly
              omitted from the Parkview Health facilities’ SFY 2010-2011 Medicaid
              DSH surveys. We plan on filing an appeal in the next few days to
              properly include these Medicaid-eligible days on line 12 of the surveys
              for all of our facilities.
              Please let me know if you have questions or would like to discuss this
              issue. Thank you very much for your consideration.

      Id. at 228.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015          Page 8 of 45
[8]   In a letter to the Office of Medicaid Policy and Planning (the “OMPP”) at

      FSSA dated June 30, 2010, and file-stamped as received on July 7, 2010,

      Parkview requested an appeal of the eligibility determination and indicated it

      would file a statement of issues. Parkview sent a letter to the OMPP dated

      August 5, 2010, stating that it was enclosing Parkview’s statement of issues. In

      its statement of issues, Parkview argued in part that it was unable to report its

      Medicaid days accurately due to deficiencies in the survey created by Myers

      and Stauffer, and that “[t]he number of days underreported by Parkview due to

      the deficiencies in the Survey were not insignificant” and “in fact, they totaled

      3,166 in-state Medicaid inpatient days.”2 Id. at 212. Parkview further argued

      that “[t]he OMPP’s decision to include inpatient days attributable to those

      individuals dually eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid [] in the MIUR

      calculation was based on a flawed understanding of certain comments made by

      the [CMS] in the preamble to the DSH Final Rules published in 2008.” Id. at

      215.

[9]   Myers and Stauffer sent a letter dated December 10, 2010, to Parkview stating

      that it had received and reviewed the statement of issues in Parkview’s appeal

      of the DSH eligibility determination. With respect to Parkview’s claim that

      deficiencies in the survey caused it to underreport days, the letter stated that “as

      noted in the DSH Eligibility Survey instructions, only information submitted on

      2
       In his subsequent affidavit, Nickeson stated that Parkview omitted 3,134 Medicaid inpatient days from its
      survey response.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015                         Page 9 of 45
the provider’s DSH eligibility survey postmarked by the deadline was included

in the eligibility calculations,” and that “the DSH Eligibility Notification letter

specified that no new information would be accepted.” Id. at 222. In response

to Parkview’s argument that the OMPP’s decision was based on a flawed

understanding made by CMS, the letter stated that “[t]he DSH Audit Rule

(Federal Register, Volume 73, No. 245, December 19, 2008), states on page

77912, ‘The Medicaid Inpatient Utilization Rate (MIUR) is a calculation that

includes all Medicaid eligible days. To the extent that an inpatient hospital day

for a dually-eligible Medicare/Medicaid patient qualifies as a Medicaid day,

that day would be included in the MIUR calculation.’” Id. at 224. The letter

set forth the manner in which the MIUR is calculated and then stated:

        In order to qualify under this criterion, a hospital’s MIUR must exceed
        one standard deviation above the mean MIUR rate for hospitals
        receiving Medicaid payments in Indiana. The original threshold, as
        listed in your Eligibility Notification Letter was 32.94%. However,
        changes to the MIUR calculations for your hospital and others, as a
        result of appeals and subsequent adjustments has resulted in a revised
        MIUR threshold. Therefore, in order to qualify under this criterion,
        your MIUR must be at least 32.51%. Your facility’s original MIUR
        was 30.17%. Based on the adjustments listed above, your facility
        MIUR would be 30.34% and calculated as follows. . . .
        Revised MIUR                                                      30.34%

Id. at 226. Myers and Stauffer’s letter concluded that, based on this

information, Parkview is not qualified to receive DSH payments for state fiscal

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015            Page 10 of 45
       years 2010 and 2011. In a letter also dated December 10, 2010, Parkview

       submitted its statement of issues to an administrative law judge (“ALJ”).3

[10]   Parkview filed, with the ALJ, a motion for summary judgment together with

       designated evidence and a brief in support of the motion dated January 6, 2012.

       Parkview’s designated evidence included, among other evidence, an affidavit of

       Nickeson which stated that he was the Director of Reimbursement for

       Parkview, that Parkview has qualified for Medicaid DSH payments since state

       fiscal year 2004, that since first qualifying for DSH Parkview has received more

       than $70.7 million in acute DSH and safety net hospital payments, and that

       Parkview has also continuously incurred a shortfall of approximately $198.8

       million in revenue since 2004 from serving Medicaid and uninsured patients.

       Nickeson stated that the 2010 DSH survey was due on February 26, 2010, and

       that the instructions accompanying the survey indicated that any survey

       response postmarked after the deadline would result in an ineligible DSH

       determination by the OMPP. Nickeson’s affidavit further stated:

                  7. Based on the clear language of the Survey instructions, I submitted
                  the completed Survey response on behalf of [Parkview] in strict
                  compliance with the instructions and deadline. In working with our
                  contractor in preparing the Survey response, I relied on them to
                  provide supporting documentation for many days believed to be
                  includable, while I concentrated my attention on finishing other
                  aspects of the Survey in order to meet the response deadline.
                  8. During final preparations of the Survey, the supporting
                  documentation for the days was not available from our contractor. As

       3
           The copy of the letter in the appellant’s appendix is not file-stamped.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015         Page 11 of 45
        soon [as] it was apparent to me that the support would not be
        developed in time for submission, I did not consider contacting OMPP
        or Myers and Stauffer as I felt such attempts would be fruitless, as
        there were no extraordinary circumstances justifying the delay. My
        perception of the hard deadline was informed by the strict language of
        the Survey instructions.
        9. On February 26, 2010, I submitted the report to the best of my
        ability based on the information available to me at the time of
        submission. I erred on the side of strict compliance with the deadline.
        Further, I acted conservatively in excluding over 3,000 days from the
        Survey. Although I believed the days were eligible Medicaid days, the
        requisite support was not fully developed by the deadline. According
        to the instructions, Medicaid days without full support would “not be
        used in the calculations for DSH eligibility.”
        10. I had no reason to believe that the OMPP would not strictly
        enforce the deadline and instructions in the Survey. Had I known at
        the time that the Survey instructions would not be as strictly enforced,
        I would have acted differently.
        11. My decision resulted in the omission of 3,134 Medicaid inpatient
        days from the Survey, comprising of 2,391 in-state cross-over days and
        743 out-of-state Medicaid-eligible days.
        12. Accounting for the 3,134 omitted days, Parkview’s MIUR would
        be 32.63%, which is .09% over the accordingly adjusted state MIUR
        eligibility threshold. But for the omission of these days, Parkview
        would have met the eligibility threshold for DSH payments. . . .

Id. at 93-94.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015        Page 12 of 45
[11]   Parkview also designated e-mail messages regarding White County Memorial

       Hospital. Melenie Sheehan of Myers and Stauffer4 wrote an e-mail to FSSA

       which stated:

                White County [Memorial Hospital] reported an additional 43
                Medicaid-eligible days. Survey instructions state, “Supporting
                information should include the patient name, Medicaid number, and
                dates of service. All support must be submitted electronically on CD,
                using the format in Exhibits A, B and C. Unsupported days and
                payments will not be used.” White County provided an electronic
                Excel document with the patient RID, last four of SSN, and name.
                They did not include dates of service. We are unsure how you would
                like us to proceed in cases such as this, whereas days are reported and
                supporting documentation is provided, but incomplete. The handling
                of such cases in past eligibility determinations has been somewhat
                inconsistent; at times OMPP allowed additional support and other
                times, required a strict adherence to instructions and allowing only
                under appeal. I believe this has been due to OMPP’s program goals at
                the time (timing, aversion to appeals, desire to encourage providers to
                submit consistently accurate information, etc.) and also has been
                impacted by changes in procedures (elimination of the Reconciliation
                letter which was used at one point to allow hospitals to respond to
                adjustments before the calculation was finalized).
                In order to test the 43 days for duplication and eligibility, we will need
                the dates of service, requiring us to contact the provider. The impact
                on White’s eligibility is irrelevant . . . . The impact to the MIUR
                threshold is estimated to be a hundredth of a percent. We are unable
                to determine until the final MIURs are available, whether or not such
                a change in the threshold would impact another hospital’s eligibility.

       Id. at 115.

       4
        In her affidavit, Sheehan states she was a certified public accountant for Myers and Stauffer and that, as
       part of the firm’s duties as the Medicaid rate setting contractor for FSSA, Myers and Stauffer helped
       determine eligibility for funds distribution involving the DSH program.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015                          Page 13 of 45
[12]   Sheehan’s e-mail was forwarded to Pat Nolting5 with FSSA, and Nolting wrote

       an e-mail message stating:

               Please go ahead and ask [Myers and Stauffer] to contact the provider
               for the dates of service, since it should be capped at the 43 additional
               reported days.
               Also, for the record we need to discuss Melenie’s comment to the
               effect that the state has been inconsistent in handling these cases in the
               past. That is not true. We have been consistent within the context of
               the established procedures. At one time we had a process of write-
               backs, reconsideration, etc, which essentially caused the eligibility
               determination process to drag on for well in excess of a year. Under
               that process the scope of review was much different than is the case
               today. The current process establishes a deadline date for submitting
               all information (most notably days and income/charges), along with
               supporting documentation for additions to the MMIS data supplied by
               [Myers and Stauffer] on the survey document. If the provider fails to
               supply all substantiating documentation to their reported supplemental
               information, we have in the past contacted the provider for
               clarification and/or the missing documentation. We are not giving the
               provider an opportunity to add more days or payments/changes.

       Id. at 114.

[13]   In its brief in support of its summary judgment motion, Parkview argued in part

       that the exclusion of over 3,000 Medicaid days constituted an obvious error and

       that it is entitled to equitable relief. Parkview argued that, “[i]nduced by the

       2010 Survey instructions, Nickeson concentrated his attention on ensuring that

       the Survey would be submitted by the deadline at all costs” and that, “[w]hile

       5
        In its brief in support of its summary judgment motion, Parkview states that Nolting was the OMPP’s
       Deputy Director.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015                      Page 14 of 45
       he succeeded in submitting the Survey by the deadline, over 3,000 Medicaid

       days were excluded from the Survey response.” Id. at 124-125. Parkview

       argued that, at the time of the survey, Nickeson was aware of some additional

       days that Parkview believed were includable but did not have any of the

       underlying support for those days, that as a result a total of 3,134 Medicaid

       days were erroneously omitted from Parkview’s Survey, including 2,391

       crossover days and 743 out of state Medicaid days, and that “[t]his omission

       represented over 7% of the hospital’s total Medicaid days, a significant and

       obvious exclusion.” Id. at 125. Parkview asserted that, in order to accomplish

       the objectives of the DSH program, it must be given relief to correct the error

       based on verifiable data that the hospital has served a disproportionate share of

       Medicaid patients during the eligibility determination period and that

       “Parkview’s true and accurate MIUR, accounting for the omitted days, is

       32.63%, which is .09% over the adjusted 32.54% MIUR DSH qualification

       threshold based on the December 31, 2010 calculation.” Id. at 126. Parkview

       argued the exclusion of over seven percent of the hospital’s Medicaid days is a

       significant omission, and clearly the result of plain error, and that it should be

       granted relief because the agency would not suffer prejudice by granting

       Parkview leave to amend and “the error affected the substantial rights of

       Parkview, as but for the denial to correct the obvious omission, Parkview would

       have been found DSH eligible.” Id. at 127.

[14]   Parkview further urged that relief is necessary to prevent manifest injustice and

       that, “[i]n effect, the erroneous completion of an administrative agency survey

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015   Page 15 of 45
       amounts to an inadvertent regulatory violation, for which a multi-million dollar

       consequence is grossly excessive.” Id. at 129. Parkview argued that the

       OMPP’s conduct was arbitrary and capricious, and that the OMPP’s

       inconsistent enforcement of the deadline and wildly varying interpretation of

       the survey instructions is a violation of the Indiana Administrative Orders and

       Procedures Act (the “AOPA”), and the OMPP must be estopped from its

       arbitrary strict enforcement and interpretation of the survey instructions against

       only Parkview. Parkview stated that strict interpretation of the agency policy

       against it, but not White County, a similarly situated hospital, is plainly

       arbitrary and capricious and that the “distinction between adding days as

       opposed to refining data after the deadline is wholly without merit” as “both

       actions will change the MIUR threshold in the end,” the distinction “is not

       present in the Survey instructions or other agency communication,” and the

       decision to allow White County to add omitted data “contradicted the policy

       established by the agency for the acceptance of DSH eligibility data.” Id. at

       136.

[15]   Parkview also argued the OMPP’s decision to include dually eligible

       Medicare/Medicaid patient days in the MIUR calculation was in error in part

       because state law, namely Ind. Code § 12-15-16-2(b)(3) at the relevant time,

       explicitly excludes dually eligible days. Parkview noted that the statute was

       amended effective July 1, 2011, but that was over a year after the initial DSH

       eligibility determinations were made.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015   Page 16 of 45
[16]   FSSA filed with the ALJ a response and motion for summary judgment

       together with designated evidence and a memorandum. In its memorandum,

       FSSA argued that the OMPP uniformly followed all of its own instructions and

       made adjustments based on the reported days that were filed with the survey as

       required. FSSA further argued that the OMPP properly interpreted the law and

       is entitled to summary judgment in its favor. FSSA asserted that federal law is

       controlling, that it provides that the MIUR includes a hospital’s number of

       inpatient days attributable to patients eligible for Medicaid regardless of

       whether that patient was also eligible for Medicare, that Indiana’s state plan as

       approved by CMS is consistent with this language, and that every hospital was

       subject to the same process and was instructed the same on the dual eligible-

       days treatment from the outset of the process. FSSA argued that the provider

       agreements are binding and that, under paragraph twelve of the agreement,

       providers agree to abide by all bulletins and notices.

[17]   An affidavit of Melenie Sheehan of Myers and Stauffer designated by FSSA

       stated that, with respect to the Medicaid inpatient days Parkview did not timely

       report, to her knowledge the OMPP made no exceptions to the instructions that

       were sent to the hospitals and treated all of the hospitals in the same manner,

       that hospitals were allowed to provide explanatory or supporting information

       on days that had been reported, but they were not allowed to report new days

       that had not previously been reported. Sheehan’s affidavit further stated that,

       unlike the case with Parkview, White County had already reported the

       additional days on their original survey submission, but their supporting detail

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015   Page 17 of 45
       was missing some information required to verify the additional days, that the

       OMPP merely allowed White County to provide additional data elements to

       support the days they had already reported on the survey, and that the OMPP

       distinguishes between allowing a provider to submit additional elements of data

       for days already reported on the survey as in the case of White County as

       opposed to allowing new days to be submitted that were not included in the

       original survey response as in the case of Parkview. The affidavit also stated

       that Indiana’s State Plan includes a definition of the MIUR that requires

       including dually-eligible or crossover days. Sheehan’s affidavit also stated: “It

       is my understanding that if the ‘dually-eligible’ days were excluded from the

       calculation, Parkview would still not be eligible for DSH participation.” Id. at

       182.

[18]   On September 20, 2012, the ALJ issued an order and recommendation. The

       ALJ’s order found in part that Parkview notified Myers and Stauffer “[o]n June

       26, 2012” that it had discovered a significant number of crossover days and that

       “Parkview cannot submit newly discovered [evidence] two years after the initial

       survey was due and after being notified that it did not qualify for DSH funds.” 6

       Id. at 349. The ALJ further concluded that “[t]he undisputed facts show White

       County Hospital was asked to clarify information regarding days that it had

       6
         The ALJ’s order cited to an exhibit in support of this finding. The exhibit contains the June 22, 2010 e-mail
       message by Nickeson on behalf of Parkview to Myers and Stauffer stating that Parkview had discovered that
       a significant number of Medicare crossover days were mistakenly omitted from the Parkview Health
       facilities’ SFY 2010-2011 Medicaid DSH surveys.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015                          Page 18 of 45
already submitted; it was not given the opportunity to submit more days,” that

“White County Hospital was not treated any differently than Parkview

Hospital,” and that “[n]either hospital was permitted (or allowed) to submit

additional days after the February 26, 2010 deadline.” Id. at 349-350. The

order provided in part:

           5. . . . . At the time Parkview’s DSH eligibility was established[,] I.C.
           12-15-16-2(b) (2010) required that days attributable to dually eligible
           individuals (individuals eligible for both Medicaid and Medicare) were
           to be excluded from the MIUR calculation when calculating the
           denominator of the DSH fraction.[7]
                                                   *****
           7. I.C. 12-15-16-2(b)(3) (2010) was not consistent with federal law. In
           2010 Federal Medicaid law provided that dually eligible patients were
           to be excluded when calculating the denominator of the DSH fraction.
                                                   *****
           11. On December 19, 2008, [CMS] published in the Federal Register
           an amended version of 42 CFR § 447. The commentary to the
           amended rule in two different places speaks to the calculation of the
           MIUR and whether or not dually eligible individuals should be
           included in the MIUR calculation. Medicaid Program;
           Disproportionate Share Hospital Payments, 73 Fed. Reg. 77904
           (December 19, 200[8]) (amending 42 CFR § 447).

7
    A footnote here stated:

           P.L. 53-2011, effective on July 1, 2012, [sic] removed the following language regarding
           dual eligible patients: “However, a day is not a Medicaid inpatient day for purposes of
           this section if the patient was entitled to both Medicare Part A (as defined in 42 U.S.C.
           1395c) and Medicaid on that day.” Effective July 1, 2012 [sic] state law became
           consistent with federal law (as set out below).
Appellant’s Appendix at 351 n.1. We note P.L. 53-2011 was effective on July 1, 2011, and not on July 1,
2012.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015                                Page 19 of 45
         12. In § “4. Dual Eligible” in response to comments that days
         attributable to dual eligible should be included in the MIUR
         calculation CMS stated:
                  The Medicaid Inpatient Utilization Rate (MIUR) is a
                  calculation that includes all Medicaid eligible days. To the
                  extent that an inpatient hospital day for a dually-eligible
                  Medicare/Medicaid patient qualifies as a Medicaid day, that
                  day would be included in the MIUR calculation.
         Id. at 77912. In response to the next comment questioning whether
         the costs attributable to dual eligible patients should be included in the
         MIUR calculation,[8] CMS responded:
                  We disagree; since Section 1923(g)(1) does not contain an
                  exclusion for dually eligible individuals, we believe the costs
                  attributable to dual eligibles should be included in the
                  calculation of the uncompensated costs of serving Medicaid
                  eligible individuals.
         Id.
         13. Only in the context of discussing methodologies used by states
         that use an alternate DSH eligibility criteria did CMS indicate that it
         was permissible for states not to include dually eligible individuals. Id.
         at 77919 (middle column). The comment was referring to a question
         regarding states that use alternative qualifying. The commentary
         further indicated: “With respect to the statutory MIUR [as opposed to
         an alternative methodology], it is a calculation that includes all
         Medicaid eligible days.” Id.
                                                  *****
         15. . . . . 42 U.S.C. §1396r-4(b)(2), as interpreted by CMS to exclude
         dually eligible patients when calculating DSH eligibility for federal
         Medicaid funds, pre-empts language in the 2010 version of I.C. § 12-
         15-16-1 that provided otherwise. . . .

8
 Specifically, the comment provided in part: “The commenter indicated that, since Medicare is the primary
payer for the duals, it seems appropriate to exclude the costs of those patients from this calculation, since the
payments are also excluded.”

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015                             Page 20 of 45
       Id. at 351-353. The ALJ ordered that there were no material issues of fact in

       dispute and that FSSA is entitled to summary judgment in its favor.

[19]   On October 5, 2012, Parkview filed a petition for review of the ALJ’s order and

       requested review by the Secretary of FSSA. In the petition, Parkview argued

       that it had filed reports with the State of Indiana in 2008 and 2009 which

       contained information about all inpatient admissions and third party payor

       sources and, consequently, that the State had in its possession the relevant data

       pertaining to Parkview’s erroneously omitted Medicaid days. Parkview argued

       that the ALJ drew an incorrect conclusion as to the inclusion or exclusion of

       inpatient hospital days attributable to dually eligible individuals by the OMPP

       in its calculation of the MIUR. Parkview also argued it notified Myers and

       Stauffer of its discovery of the omitted dually eligible days within four months

       of the due date of the initial survey and not after two years as found by the ALJ.

       Parkview asserted that the ALJ did not address the issue that the OMPP should

       account for the Medicaid days that were erroneously excluded from Parkview’s

       survey in the MIUR calculation and that, but for this obvious omission,

       Parkview would have qualified as a DSH provider for fiscal years 2010/2011,

       and that it is entitled to equitable relief.

[20]   On November 20, 2012, the Secretary of FSSA, as the ultimate authority for

       FSSA/OMPP, entered a Decision of the Ultimate Authority Designee which

       affirmed the decision of the ALJ. The decision of the Secretary of FSSA

       adopted the conclusions of law of the ALJ’s order with several corrections. The

       decision found that paragraph 5 of the ALJ’s order should read: “At the time

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015   Page 21 of 45
Parkview’s DSH eligibility was established[,] I.C. 12-15-16-2(b) (2010) required

that days attributable to dually eligible individuals (individuals eligible for both

Medicaid and Medicare) were to be excluded from the MIUR calculation when

calculating the numerator of the DSH fraction.” Id. at 38 (emphasis added and

emphasized word reflecting correction). The decision also found that

paragraph 7 of the ALJ’s order should read: “I.C. 12-15-16-2(b)(3) (2010) was

not consistent with federal law. In 2010 Federal Medicaid law provided that

dually eligible patients were to be included when calculating the numerator of the

DSH fraction.” Id. (emphases added and emphasized words reflecting

corrections). The decision concluded that the ALJ was correct to grant the

motion for summary judgment submitted by FSSA/OMPP based on the

evidence that the requirements of the survey clearly stated that all responses had

to be submitted no later than February 26, 2010, and the survey responses

timely submitted by that date did not justify granting DSH status to Parkview.

The decision also stated that the “[s]o called newly discovered evidence,

submitted almost two years later, was untimely and not appropriate to

consider.” Id. The decision further found that “[t]hose portions of the decision

of the ALJ and the parties’ arguments on the subject of the appropriate method

for determination of the [MIUR], while fascinating, is irrelevant,” that “[t]he

information timely provided by Parkview on the survey submitted on or before

February 26, 2010 did not demonstrate a MIUR sufficient to merit DSH

status,” and “[a]ll other evidence tendered was untimely and not relevant.” Id.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015   Page 22 of 45
[21]   On December 20, 2012, Parkview filed a verified petition for judicial review of

       FSSA’s decision with the Allen County Superior Court. Parkview alleged that

       the decision of the Secretary of FSSA was arbitrary, capricious, not supported

       by substantial evidence, and not in accordance with law because of inconsistent

       enforcement of the DSH eligibility survey deadline and instructions, and

       inconsistent application of the OMPP’s policies and procedures for DSH

       determinations; that the OMPP failed and refused to consider material evidence

       pertaining to the inclusion of days; and that FSSA’s decision is contrary to

       public policy establishing that hospitals such as Parkview, which serve a

       disproportionate number of low-income patients, are entitled to adjustment

       payments. Parkview also alleged the decision was in excess of the authority of

       the OMPP and short of Parkview’s statutory rights because the OMPP’s

       decision to include inpatient days for those patients dually eligible for Medicare

       and Medicaid in the MIUR calculation contradicted state law and the state plan

       in effect at that time. Methodist sought to intervene, and the court granted the

       request on November 19, 2013. The parties submitted briefs to the trial court in

       support of their positions.

[22]   In its brief, Parkview argued among other things that FSSA’s decision has

       imposed an inequitable forfeiture. In support of this assertion, Parkview argued

       in part that it has substantially performed its contractual obligations of serving

       Medicaid patients in a sufficient number of patient days to be entitled to the

       compensation provided by the DSH funds and that, even if its failure to submit

       the proper documentation by a deadline date imposed unilaterally by the State

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015   Page 23 of 45
       does constitute a breach of contract, the millions of dollars of which the State

       would deprive Parkview are entirely out of proportion to the harm, if any, that

       flowed from Parkview’s breach. Parkview argued that the consideration for

       Parkview’s promise to abide by the provider agreement was the State’s

       obligation to compensate Parkview for its Medicaid services. Parkview noted

       that, within one or two business days after receipt of the June 18, 2010 letter

       from Myers and Stauffer, on June 22, 2010, it informed the State of the

       undercount of Medicaid patient days.

[23]   In its brief, Methodist argued that Parkview cannot forfeit what it never

       possessed, that it did not qualify for DSH payments, and that it failed to comply

       with the provider agreement. In its brief, FSSA argued that equitable relief is

       inappropriate, that there was no forfeiture, that Parkview had no existing

       interest in DSH funds, that a hospital has no automatic right or freestanding

       entitlement to the grant, and that Parkview did not forfeit any interest in its

       Medicaid provider agreement. FSSA also contended that, even if equitable

       principles should be applied, a party may lose its right to relief through its own

       negligence, that Nickeson’s June 22, 2010 e-mail message stated that Parkview

       discovered a significant number of days were mistakenly omitted from the

       surveys, that Nickeson’s later affidavit indicates he knew about the missing days

       when Parkview submitted its survey, and that regardless of the post hoc

       explanations, it is evident that any negligence is attributable to Parkview.

[24]   On May 27, 2014, the court held a hearing on Parkview’s petition for judicial

       review at which the parties presented arguments. When asked how Parkview

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015   Page 24 of 45
       could forfeit something it never had, Parkview asserted that the law of forfeiture

       is not limited to property in possession but also applies to money earned, that it

       had an interest in the money it had earned as a disproportionate share hospital,

       and that it earned the DSH payments it was denied. Parkview contended that

       hospitals that obeyed the instructions, like itself, were penalized.

[25]   FSSA argued that Parkview did not have a vested interest and that Parkview’s

       assertion is that as a matter of law anyone who should qualify should be able to

       go back and reopen proceedings after ineligibility is determined. FSSA noted

       that White County Hospital did submit supporting data, there were a few fields

       that were missing, and that for the sake of completeness Myers and Stauffer

       obtained the missing information to confirm them. FSSA argued that it wished

       to limit the universe of appeals and that, if it permitted Parkview to submit

       more days after the deadline, it would open up cascading appeals with everyone

       else if they were right on the line and that this could be a never-ending process.

[26]   Methodist argued that granting the relief Parkview seeks would be inequitable

       to Methodist, that Parkview waited four months and hoped its submission was

       good enough to receive a payment, that it then used words like “mistake” and

       “omission,” that it was not a mistake for Parkview to fail to submit the

       additional days but a deliberate considered act of a veteran of the process, and

       that Parkview did not take the step of contacting Myers and Stauffer if it had

       concerns or extenuating circumstances. Id. at 47. Methodist asserted that

       Parkview never explained what was going on, whether its consultant was

       negligent, or whether Parkview was waylaid, and that a party asking for equity

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015   Page 25 of 45
       needs to provide all of the facts so the court can determine where the equities

       might lie. With respect to Parkview’s argument about an entitlement or vested

       interest, Methodist further contended that Parkview was fully compensated for

       all of the care it rendered to Medicaid patients, that Parkview received

       $44,900,770 and did not provide care for free, that Parkview suffered no

       equitable forfeiture, that more than seventy-five percent of the hospitals in

       Indiana do not receive DSH funds, and that there was no reasonable

       expectation or entitlement to DSH funds. It argued that the fact that a hospital

       provided the same amount of Medicaid days as the previous year is

       meaningless and only relevant in relation to the other hospitals, and there is no

       possible expectation because the hospital would have to know the care provided

       by the other hospitals.

[27]   On July 25, 2014, the trial court entered an order affirming the decision of

       FSSA’s ultimate authority, including that FSSA properly followed its own rules

       and procedures when it declined to consider the patient days Parkview

       submitted after the DSH survey deadline. The court concluded that Parkview

       did not show that it was treated differently than any other hospital in the

       calculation and that, specifically, the record showed that White County

       Hospital was permitted to submit certain documentation after the deadline, but

       that information did not affect either White County Hospital’s DSH eligibility

       or the amount of DSH funds paid to it. The court also concluded that for a

       number of reasons, Parkview has not established a valid claim for equitable

       forfeiture. Further, the court noted that Parkview’s failure to submit the

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015    Page 26 of 45
       inpatient days by the deadline was not an inadvertent error but rather a willful

       act that bars Parkview from having the attributes of a party claiming equitable

       relief; that Parkview was paid all of its 2010-2011 Medicaid funds of nearly

       forty-five million dollars for provision of care to the Medicaid population and

       therefore Parkview suffered no forfeiture or loss in its provision of services to

       the Medicaid population; and that Parkview did not possess a right to DSH

       payments because, among other reasons, timely completion of the survey was a

       prerequisite to eligibility and Parkview cannot forfeit what it never possessed.

       The court concluded that it would not be equitable for Parkview to recover

       DSH payments at the expense of several other hospitals that timely and

       correctly completed their surveys, and that Parkview willingly refused to avail

       itself of a request for additional time to submit additional information, and its

       delay in exercising this option precludes equitable relief.

[28]   The court also concluded that, “[t]o the extent there is a proper contract claim

       here, Parkview did not use the available method of contacting FSSA’s

       contractor about obtaining relief for ‘extenuating circumstances’” and that

       “Parkview having not used this ‘safety valve’ provision of the ‘contract,’ the

       Court will not engraft an additional ‘safety valve’ that is not already written in

       the contract.” Id. at 17. The court denied Parkview’s petition for judicial

       review and affirmed the decision of the Secretary of FSSA.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015   Page 27 of 45
                                     Issue and Standard of Review

[29]   The issue is whether the trial court erred in entering its July 25, 2014 order

       affirming the Decision of the Ultimate Authority Designee regarding FSSA’s

       denial of DSH payments to Parkview.

[30]   When we review the decision of an administrative agency, we are bound by the

       same standard as the trial court. Parker v. Ind. State Fair Bd., 992 N.E.2d 969,

       976 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) (citing Musgrave v. Squaw Creek Coal Co., 964 N.E.2d

       891, 899 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), trans. denied). We do not try the case de novo and

       do not substitute our judgment for that of the agency. Musgrave, 964 N.E.2d at

       899. We will reverse the administrative decision only if it is (1) arbitrary,

       capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law; (2)

       contrary to a constitutional right, power, privilege, or immunity; (3) in excess of

       statutory jurisdiction, authority, or limitations, or short of statutory right; (4)

       without observance of procedure required by law; or (5) unsupported by

       substantial evidence. Ind. Code § 4-21.5-5-14(d); see also Musgrave, 964 N.E.2d

       at 899. While an appellate court grants deference to an administrative agency’s

       findings of fact, no such deference is accorded to its conclusions of law.

       Musgrave, 964 N.E.2d at 899-900 (citing LTV Steel Co. v. Griffin, 730 N.E.2d

       1251, 1257 (Ind. 2000)). The burden of demonstrating the invalidity of the

       agency action is on the party who asserts the invalidity. Ind. Code § 4-21.5-5-

       14(a); see also Musgrave, 964 N.E.2d at 900.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015     Page 28 of 45
[31]   The order of the ALJ was entered on cross motions for summary judgment. In

       an administrative proceeding, a party may, at any time after the matter has been

       assigned to an administrative law judge, move for a summary judgment in the

       party’s favor as to all or any part of the issues in the proceeding. Ind. Code § 4-

       21.5-3-23(a); Musgrave, 964 N.E.2d at 900. When a party files a summary

       judgment motion, the administrative law judge considers the motion as a court

       would if considering a motion for summary judgment filed under Trial Rule 56.

       Ind. Code § 4-21.5-3-23(b); Musgrave, 964 N.E.2d at 900.

[32]   Pursuant to Indiana Trial Rule 56(C), summary judgment is appropriate when

       there are no genuine issues of material fact and when the moving party is

       entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Musgrave, 964 N.E.2d at 900. A

       genuine issue of material fact exists where facts concerning an issue which

       would dispose of the litigation are in dispute or where the undisputed facts are

       capable of supporting conflicting inferences on such an issue. Id. The party

       moving for summary judgment bears the burden of making a prima facie

       showing that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that he or she is

       entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Id. Once the moving party meets

       these two requirements, the burden shifts to the non-moving party to show the

       existence of a genuine issue of material fact by setting forth specifically

       designated facts. Id. The fact that the parties made cross motions for summary

       judgment does not alter our standard of review. Id. Instead, we consider each

       motion separately to determine whether the moving party is entitled to

       judgment as a matter of law. Id.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015   Page 29 of 45
                                           Arguments of the Parties

[33]   Parkview contends that it is entitled to relief since FSSA’s final decision on

       Parkview’s DSH’s eligibility was arbitrary and capricious, an abuse of

       discretion, not in accordance with law, and unsupported by substantial

       evidence. It argues that the trial court’s findings ignored the evidence and that:

       “Perhaps the most egregious omission in the trial court’s findings is its failure

       even to mention the fact that Parkview’s claim was based on specific provisions

       of its binding contract with the State, the very same contract which the State

       claimed gave it the right to enforce its DSH instructions and procedures against

       Parkview in the first place.” Appellant’s Brief at 21. It also argues that the

       court found that Parkview “intentionally omitted” more than 3,000 Medicaid

       patient days from its survey but “ignor[ed] the fact that the survey instructions

       stated that days such as these should not be submitted if a provider lacked the

       required documentation.” Id. at 22.

[34]   Parkview further contends that, “[u]nder contract law, the State could not

       arbitrarily enforce its ‘procedures’ where those procedures were not material to

       the contract and resulted in forfeiture.” Id. at 23. It points to paragraphs 5 and

       12 of the Medicaid provider agreement9 and argues in part that it is undisputed

       9
           The provider agreement stated in part:
                  As a condition of enrollment, this agreement cannot be altered and [Parkview] agrees to
                  all of the following:
                                                          *****

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015                          Page 30 of 45
       that, had Parkview’s Medicaid days been considered by FSSA, Parkview would

       have received DSH funds, that “Parkview was prima facie entitled to receive

       payment of those DSH funds from the State,” that there are forty-five

       paragraphs in the provider agreement imposing voluminous obligations on

       Parkview, that during the trial court proceedings FSSA never once claimed that

       Parkview violated any of those specific provisions, and that Parkview has never

       denied that paragraph 12 is binding or that the DSH instructions are

       enforceable, but that “the question presented here is whether under the law of

       contracts the DSH instructions are enforceable where to do so results in a

       substantial forfeiture, and where those instructions ultimately were not material

       to the vitality of the contract as a whole.” Id. at 24-25.

[35]   Parkview maintains that it is entitled to relief under Sections 229 and 241 of the

       Restatement (Second) of Contracts,10 and that, under Section 229, it is entitled

                           5. To provide covered services and/or supplies for which federal financial
                           participation is available for Indiana Health Coverage Program Members
                           pursuant to all applicable federal and state statutes and regulations.
                                                          *****
                           12. To abide by the Indiana Health Coverage Programs Provider Manual, as
                           amended from time to time, as well as all provider bulletins and notices. Any
                           amendments to the provider manual, as well as provider bulletins and notices,
                           communicated to Provider shall be binding upon receipt. . . .
       Appellant’s Appendix at 343.
       10
            Section 229 of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts provides:
                Excuse of a Condition to Avoid Forfeiture. To the extent that the non-occurrence of a
                condition would cause disproportionate forfeiture, a court may excuse the non-occurrence of
                that condition unless its occurrence was a material part of the agreed exchange.
       Section 241 provides five factors to consider in determining whether a breach of contract is material:

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015                             Page 31 of 45
to relief once it establishes that depriving it of DSH monies constitutes a

“disproportionate forfeiture,” and that the burden then shifts to FSSA to

establish that compliance with the instructions was a “material part of the

agreed exchange.” Id. at 27. Parkview asserts that it has established its right to

relief under Section 229 and Indiana law as a matter of law, or, at the very least,

has established disputed material issues of fact. With respect to the trial court’s

finding that Parkview cannot forfeit what it never possessed, it argues that the

court misunderstood the law of forfeiture and that forfeiture may occur if a

party is deprived of compensation, even if it was never in possession of that

which has been forfeited, and points to Restatement § 229 cmt. b.11 Parkview

further argues that the forfeiture constitutes a disproportionate forfeiture, that

there is no evidence establishing that harm to the State could justify depriving

Parkview of twenty-seven million dollars or more in DSH funds, and that the

State does not even assert that it suffered any loss whatsoever as a result of

      (a) the extent to which the injured party will be deprived of the benefit which he reasonably
      expected;
      (b) the extent to which the injured party can be adequately compensated for the part of that
      benefit of which he will be deprived;
      (c) the extent to which the party failing to perform or to offer to perform will suffer forfeiture;
      (d) the likelihood that the party failing to perform or to offer to perform will cure his failure,
      taking account of all the circumstances including any reasonable assurances; and
      (e) the extent to which the behavior of the party failing to perform or to offer to perform
      comports with standards of good faith and fair dealing.
11
   Restatement §229 cmt. b provides that “the denial of compensation that results when the obligee loses [its]
right to the agreed exchange after [it] has relied substantially, as by preparation or performance on the
expectation of that exchange.”

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015                              Page 32 of 45
       Parkview’s conduct, let alone a loss even remotely comparable to the loss

       suffered by Parkview.

[36]   Parkview also notes that the court failed to engage in any analysis of whether

       Parkview had committed a material breach. Parkview asserts that, by any

       measure, the State has not been deprived of any benefit for which it bargained

       when it entered into the provider agreement with Parkview as all of its

       Medicaid patients were properly cared for, that the State has never even

       asserted that it has suffered any monetary loss as a result of Parkview’s conduct,

       that the State seeks to deny Parkview the supplemental DSH monies in the

       millions of dollars that it had fully earned, and that this presents a forfeiture

       entirely disproportionate to whatever harm the State may ever assert. Parkview

       states it not only promptly offered to cure, but by August 5, 2010, it had

       actually cured any defect in its performance. It posits that, “[u]nder these

       circumstances and under Indiana law, Parkview’s failure to report its additional

       3,134 Medicaid days by the February 26, 2010 deadline cannot be regarded as a

       material breach of a condition of the Medicaid Provider Agreement,

       discharging the State’s obligation to pay DSH monies to Parkview.” Id. at 36.

[37]   Parkview also argues it gained nothing by failing to submit its additional

       Medicaid days by the deadline and therefore it had no motive for any behavior

       that did not comport with good faith and fair dealing, and that it simply

       attempted to abide by FSSA’s own written instructions. Parkview asserts that it

       did not have the documentation supporting its additional days by the February

       2010 deadline, that the DSH instructions stated that a count of days could not

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015    Page 33 of 45
       be submitted without the support, that many of the days for which Parkview

       lacked documentation were crossover days and this was the first year that these

       dual-eligible days were included in the DSH calculation, that “[a] reasonable

       inference from Eric Nickeson’s affidavit testimony is that, although he knew

       these cross-over days existed, he was not aware of their significance,” and that

       in prior years Parkview had always met the MIUR threshold for DSH and the

       effect of including the crossover days was unknown. Id. at 41. Parkview

       contends the survey instructions were very clear that Parkview could not submit

       a count of its additional days without simultaneously providing this supporting

       data, that Nickeson testified that was his interpretation of the instructions, that

       perhaps Nickeson committed an error of judgment in not asking for relief from

       the DSH survey deadline but such an error does not establish willful

       misconduct, and that the trial court’s reference to a “safety valve” provision in

       the contract did not absolve the court of its duty to analyze any of the contract

       issues in the case. Id. at 45.

[38]   Parkview also contends FSSA did not adhere to the written instructions, that

       instead it permitted hospitals to submit a count of days by the deadline and then

       submit supporting data after the deadline, and that the actual undisclosed policy

       of the OMPP was that, after the deadline, hospitals were allowed to provide

       explanatory or supporting information on days that had been reported, but were

       not allowed to report new days that had not previously been reported.

       Parkview argues that, had it been aware of the actual unwritten rule, it would

       have been able to comply with that instruction by the February 26, 2010

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 02A03-1408-PL-296 | July 14, 2015   Page 34 of 45
       deadline, and that it follows that failing to comply with the written DSH

       instructions could not have been a breach material to the agreed bargain under

       Sections 229 or 241 of the Restatement. Parkview asserts that FSSA’s issuance

       of inaccurate and misleading instructions was arbitrary and capricious. It

       argues that the agency’s decision should be reversed because the ALJ and FSSA

       misstated the undisputed facts and denied Parkview’s appeal of its eligibility

       determination based on a gross exaggeration of Parkview’s delay in submitting

       its Medicaid days information to FSSA as it is undisputed that no more than

       two business days after receiving the June 18, 2010 letter Parkview sent an

       email on June 22, 2010 informing Myers and Stauffer that Parkview had

       determined that a number of Medicaid crossover days had been mistakenly

       omitted from its Survey. Parkview requests this matter be remanded with

       instructions to accept its additional Medicaid patient days or remanded for an

       evidentiary hearing to address any disputed issues of material fact.

[39]   Among many other assertions, FSSA argues that all hospitals in Indiana were

       notified of and subject to the same deadline and standards, and that it is

       reasonable to assume that FSSA may need to reach out to hospitals after the

       February 26, 2010 deadline to clarify information they provided or resolve

       issues or discrepancies that arise. It maintains that what Parkview suggests is

       not reasonable and would lead to an unmanageable debacle which would allow

       for an inundation of new, post-deadline information from the providers who

       did not qualify attempting again to qualify, effectively creating a second wave of

       submission for all hospitals without a set deadline, and that the standards

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       established by FSSA are reasonable and adherence to those standards is not

       arbitrary and capricious.

[40]   FSSA argues that it uniformly applied and adhered to its established standards,

       that Parkview’s comparison between White County and itself is misplaced, that

       White County submitted days without some supporting documentation before

       the deadline, that Parkview submitted additional days long after the deadline,

       and that the survey instructions, in form and practice, prohibit the use of days

       not submitted before the deadline.

[41]   In addition, FSSA maintains that Parkview waived its contract claims and in

       any event this case may not be analyzed under contract principles because

       nothing in the existing provider agreement gave Parkview any right to receive

       DSH payments. FSSA asserts that a review of the record indicates that

       Parkview did not advance claims based on contract principles before the

       agency, and such claims should now be disregarded because they were not

       initially raised.

[42]   FSSA argues that there was no disproportionate forfeiture in any event, and

       that the trial court aptly noted there was no equitable forfeiture for a number of

       reasons, including Parkview’s willful actions in the submission of what it later

       contended was an incomplete survey, its receipt of full payment for Medicaid

       services it actually rendered, the need for timely completion of surveys, the

       inequity to other hospitals if DSH funding was now extended to Parkview

       because the other hospitals’ share would diminish, and Parkview’s failure to

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       request more time to submit its survey if it needed the time for extenuating

       circumstances. It notes that DSH payments can be significant, Parkview was

       no novice in requesting such payments, and that if something changed in the

       way the survey was to be prepared this was all the more reason to request an

       extension if an extension was warranted.

[43]   Among its many arguments, Methodist asserts that, if this court reaches

       Parkview’s equitable arguments, it should find they are insufficient for reversal,

       that DSH payments are not an entitlement, and that DSH funds are not earned

       compensation but are akin to a bonus for treating a disproportionate share of

       Medicaid patients. Methodist argues that, because Parkview’s original

       submission fell short of establishing it qualified for DSH payments, Parkview

       demands special treatment. Methodist contends that contractual principles

       such as forfeiture do not apply as Medicaid is not governed by a private

       agreement between two parties but by numerous state and federal regulations,

       that Parkview cannot show clean hands to obtain equitable relief as it knew at

       the time of its DSH survey that it was excluding 3,134 days, and that Parkview

       has pointed its finger to a contractor who did not have documentation for dual-

       eligible claims by the deadline but does not explain why this occurred.

       Methodist also states that allowing Parkview to qualify for DSH payments

       would create a cascade of appeals.

[44]   In its reply brief, Parkview argues in part that Appellees’ briefs repeatedly

       construe the facts and inferences in favor of the ALJ’s ruling granting summary

       judgment to FSSA rather than correctly construing all facts and reasonable

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       inferences in favor of Parkview as the non-movant. It contends that FSSA’s

       position ignores and undermines the entire purpose of the DSH statute which is

       intended to provide financial assistance to hospitals that serve a

       disproportionate number of Medicaid and low income patients, and that this

       court should reject the position that Parkview’s administrative error, one which

       was entirely capable of being rectified, should produce the a harsh result of

       depriving Parkview of twenty-seven million dollars.

                                                    Discussion

[45]   The December 18, 2009 letter and instructions accompanying the DSH

       eligibility survey form to Parkview stated that the survey must be completed

       and postmarked no later than February 26, 2010, and the survey instructions

       stated that only information submitted in a response postmarked by February

       26, 2010, would be included in the facility’s DSH eligibility calculation. The

       survey instructions also expressly stated that “there is a change in the eligibility

       survey from past years as a result of the DSH Audit rule published in the

       Federal Register December 19, 2008,” and that “Crossover days (days for

       which a patient is eligible for both Medicaid and Medicare Part A) should now

       be included in the Medicaid Inpatient Utilization Rate (MIUR).” Appellant’s

       Appendix at 187.

[46]   Parkview submitted its response to the survey on February 26, 2010, and Myers

       and Stauffer, on behalf of FSSA, sent a letter dated June 18, 2010, to Parkview

       which stated that Parkview was not qualified to receive DSH payments for

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fiscal years 2010 and 2011, that “no new information can be accepted at this

time,” and that “[o]nly clarification and substantiation of information

previously reported on your DSH eligibility survey is allowed.” Id. at 207.

Several days later, on June 22, 2010, Nickeson, on behalf of Parkview, sent an

e-mail message to Myers and Stauffer stating in part that, “[i]n reviewing our

information after receipt of the June 18, 2010 eligibility letter from Myers and

Stauffer, we have discovered that a significant number of Medicare crossover

days, both paid and unpaid, were mistakenly omitted from the Parkview Health

facilities’ SFY 2010-2011 Medicaid DSH surveys” and that Parkview planned

to file an appeal to include those days in its survey response. Id. at 228. In his

affidavit, included in Parkview’s designated evidence in support of its summary

judgment motion, Nickeson stated in part that, “[b]ased on the clear language

of the Survey instructions,” he submitted Parkview’s survey response “in strict

compliance with the instructions and deadline,” that “[i]n working with our

contractor in preparing the Survey response, I relied on them to provide

supporting documentation for many days believed to be includable,” that “[a]s

soon [as] it was apparent to me that the support would not be developed in time

for submission, I did not consider contacting OMPP or Myers and Stauffer as I

felt such attempts would be fruitless, as there were no extraordinary

circumstances justifying the delay,” and that his “perception of the hard

deadline was informed by the strict language of the Survey instructions.” Id. at

93-94.

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[47]   These facts are not disputed, and there is no dispute that, based on the

       information Parkview submitted by the February 26, 2010 deadline, it was

       determined that Parkview was not eligible for DSH payments. As revealed by

       the procedural history set forth above, while it challenged the issue at the

       agency level and in its petition for judicial review, Parkview does not present

       arguments on appeal regarding whether crossover or dually-eligible inpatient

       days were properly considered in making the MIUR calculations or regarding

       the impact of any state law in effect at the time of the initial DSH eligibility

       determinations which required the exclusion of such days in calculating the

       MIUR, and thus we do not disturb the conclusions of the ALJ and Secretary of

       FSSA on this issue.

[48]   We turn to Parkview’s arguments regarding FSSA’s decision not to consider

       any Medicaid inpatient days Parkview submitted or wished to submit

       subsequent to the February 26, 2010 deadline.

                     Arbitrary, Capricious, or Unsupported by Substantial Evidence

[49]   With respect to Parkview’s argument that the decisions of the ALJ and

       Secretary of FSSA were arbitrary and capricious as it was treated differently

       than White County Memorial Hospital, we note that the instructions

       accompanying the survey stated that the survey was mandatory and requested

       the facilities to complete and return the survey postmarked no later than

       February 26, 2010. Significantly, the survey instructions specifically stated

       “[o]nly information submitted by your facility on a survey postmarked by

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       February 26, 2010 will be included in your facility’s DSH eligibility calculation”

       and “[p]lease be advised that any questions that require support but do not have

       the required documentation will not be used in the calculations for DSH

       eligibility.” Appellant’s Appendix at 186-187 (emphases added). These

       instructions make it clear that any inpatient days Parkview wished to be

       considered in making an eligibility determination were required to be submitted

       as a part of its responsive survey postmarked no later than February 26, 2010,

       and that no information received after that date would be considered in making

       an eligibility determination.

[50]   White County submitted forty-three inpatient days for which it had not

       provided dates of service. Following the scheduled deadline, Myers and

       Stauffer, at FSSA’s direction, asked White County for this information.

       However, as acknowledged at oral argument and found by the trial court,

       White County was eligible for DSH payments without taking into consideration

       the inpatient days for which it had not provided dates of service. Sheehan’s

       email message to FSSA stated in part that White County reported an additional

       forty-three days without dates of service and that “[t]he impact on White’s

       eligibility is irrelevant . . . .” Id. at 115. Once White County was determined to

       be eligible for DSH payments based upon its inpatient days submitted with all

       required information by the scheduled deadline, White County was permitted

       to supplement its documentation upon request by providing dates of service,

       which could have impacted its share of the available DSH funds, and this was

       not in contravention of the survey instructions. See id. at 186-187 (the survey

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       instructions provided “Please maintain all source documentation used to

       complete the survey, as additional information (i.e., remittance advices, patient

       listings, etc.) may be requested to verify your numbers”). Parkview, on the

       other hand, failed to submit over 3,000 inpatient days which it desired for FSSA

       to consider in making an eligibility determination by the scheduled deadline

       and, as a result, was found to be ineligible for DSH payments. We cannot say

       that the decision of the Secretary of FSSA was arbitrary or capricious on the

       grounds Parkview was treated differently than White County.

[51]   Also, Parkview states that exhibits containing supporting documentation

       necessary to verify its additionally-requested inpatient days were attached to its

       August 5, 2010 statement of issues, and FSSA states that the record only

       conclusively shows that Parkview submitted the additional days on December

       10, 2010. Thus, to the extent the findings of the ALJ and Secretary of FSSA

       suggest Parkview did not submit documentation for the inpatient days it wished

       for FSSA to consider until two years after the initial survey deadline, those

       findings are not correct. Nevertheless, we cannot say that these findings render

       the decision of the Secretary of FSSA unsupported by substantial evidence.

       Parkview did not submit supporting documentation for the additional inpatient

       days it wished for FSSA to consider in calculating its MIUR until at least

       August 5, 2010, several months after the February 26, 2010 deadline set forth in

       the instructions, and Parkview did not notify FSSA or Myers and Stauffer of the

       possible crossover days until four days after it had received FSSA’s June 18,

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       2010 letter notifying it that it was not eligible for DSH payments for the

       applicable period.

[52]   Based upon the designated evidence before the ALJ and Secretary of FSSA, we

       cannot say that the decision of the Secretary of FSSA as the ultimate authority

       designee was arbitrary, capricious, or unsupported by substantial evidence.

                                  Excuse of a Condition to Avoid Forfeiture

[53]   We next turn to Parkview’s argument that it had a contract with FSSA and that

       it suffered a disproportionate forfeiture, as contemplated by the Restatement

       (Second) of Contracts, when it failed to submit all of its inpatient days by the

       deadline established by FSSA.

[54]   The designated evidence does not support the conclusion that a contract or

       agreement existed between FSSA and Parkview which governed DSH

       payments or eligibility for DSH payments, and Parkview is not entitled to relief

       on the basis of a forfeiture of a reasonably-expected contract benefit. The

       Medicaid program in general, and the DSH payment program in particular, is

       not governed principally by one or more agreements by or between hospitals

       and states or the federal government, but instead is administered in accordance

       with a number of federal and state laws and regulations. While Parkview

       agreed to certain terms in the Medicaid provider agreement and there may have

       been other existing agreements related to health coverage programs and

       hospital reimbursements, the designated evidence does not show there was an

       agreement, contained within the Medicaid provider agreement or elsewhere,
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       between FSSA and Parkview pursuant to which FSSA agreed that, in exchange

       for Parkview providing services to Medicaid-eligible patients, Parkview would

       receive DSH payments for the state fiscal years 2010 and 2011, or which

       otherwise contained material terms and conditions regarding DSH payments or

       eligibility for DSH payments to providers and the amount of those payments.

[55]   Under the regulations referenced above, whether a particular provider is or will

       be eligible for DSH payments and the amount of those payments in any

       particular year turns on the provider’s MIUR relative to the mean MIUR for

       providers receiving Medicaid payments in Indiana, and the MIUR calculations

       are made using the information provided to FSSA by the providers. Thus, the

       eligibility determination for any provider was dependent upon the provider’s

       compliance with the administrative processes established by FSSA as the

       agency administering the Medicaid program for the State of Indiana. DSH

       eligibility and payment determinations were not governed by any contract or

       agreement between FSSA and providers. Accordingly, Parkview does not have

       a contract claim against FSSA or any claim related to excuse of a condition to

       avoid forfeiture under the Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 229.

[56]   In addition, a Medicaid provider does not know whether it will be eligible for

       DSH payments until the MIUR calculations for all providers receiving

       Medicaid payments in Indiana are completed and the mean MIUR and

       standard deviation calculations are completed. Based upon the designated

       evidence, a Medicaid provider could not have reasonably expected to become

       eligible for DSH payments unless it submitted all of its inpatient days, including

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       crossover or dually-eligible inpatient days, prior to the February 26, 2010

       deadline.

[57]   The designated evidence shows there was no contract or agreement of material

       terms and conditions between FSSA and Parkview regarding DSH payments or

       eligibility for DSH payments and thus Parkview does not have a contract claim

       against FSSA and is not entitled to relief on the basis of a forfeiture of a

       reasonably-expected contract benefit.

                                                    Conclusion

[58]   Based upon the record, the decision of the Secretary of FSSA was not arbitrary,

       capricious, or unsupported by substantial evidence. In addition, there was no

       contract or agreement of material terms and conditions regarding DSH

       payments supporting a forfeiture claim.

[59]   For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the July 25, 2014 judgment of the trial

       court affirming the decision of the Secretary of FSSA.

[60]   Affirmed.

       Riley, J., and Robb, J., concur.

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