Court Opinion

ID: 220336
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2011-07-06 00:01:16+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:34:22.677510
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          FILED
                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT                             JUL 05 2011

                                                                         MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S . CO U RT OF AP PE A LS

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No. 09-35525

              Plaintiff - Appellee,              D.C. Nos. 6:08-cv-70026-AA,
                                                          6:03-cr-60122-AA-1
  v.
                                                 MEMORANDUM *
JESSE WADE POWELL,

              Defendant - Appellant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Oregon
                   Ann L. Aiµen, Chief District Judge, Presiding

                            Submitted December 8, 2010
                               Seattle, Washington

Before: O'SCANNLAIN and PAEZ, Circuit Judges, and KENDALL, District Judge.**

       Petitioner Jesse Wade Powell ('Powell'), a federal prisoner, appeals from the

district court's denial of his 28 U.S.C. y 2255 motion to vacate, set aside, or correct

       *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

       **
            The Honorable Virginia M. Kendall, United States District Judge for the
Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.
his sentence. Powell argues that he was wrongly sentenced as an armed career

criminal. We have jurisdiction pursuant to yy 1291, 2253, and 2255; and we affirm.

      In 2004, Powell pleaded guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm in

violation of 18 U.S.C. y 922(g)(1). At sentencing, the Government gave notice of five

prior felony convictions from the State of Oregon 1 to support sentencing Powell as an

armed career criminal pursuant to 18 U.S.C. y 924(e) ('the ACCA'). The ACCA

imposes a fifteen-year mandatory minimum term of imprisonment for an offender

with three prior convictions 'for a violent felony or a serious drug offense.' Id. y

924(e)(1).   The ACCA defines a 'violent felony' as 'any crime punishable by

imprisonment for a term exceeding one year' that '(i) has as an element the use,

attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another; or (ii)

is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or otherwise involves

conduct that presents a serious potential risµ of physical injury to another.'        Id.

y 924(e)(2)(B). Concluding that Powell had at least three prior convictions that

      1
        The Government listed four prior felony convictions in Count I of the
Indictment and included the fifth in its sentencing memorandum. At sentencing, the
Government stated that it was not relying on the fifth felony conviction--a first-
degree burglary conviction that was the result of a burglary that occurred on the same
day as Powell's other 1994 burglary conviction, was charged in the same indictment
as that conviction, and resulted in a concurrent sentence.

                                           2
qualified as 'violent felon[ies],' the district court sentenced Powell as an armed career

criminal.

       After the Supreme Court decided Begay v. United States, 553 U.S. 137 (2008),

Powell moved pursuant to 28 U.S.C. y 2255 to vacate his sentence, arguing that his

conviction for third-degree assault no longer qualified as a violent felony under the

residual clause of the ACCA and, as such, he was improperly sentenced as an armed

career criminal. The district court denied Powell's motion, finding that even without

his third-degree assault conviction, Powell's 1993 and 1994 first-degree burglary

convictions and his 2000 conviction for coercion were enough to support his sentence

under the ACCA.

      Powell concedes that two of his first-degree burglary convictions constitute

predicate felonies; he argues, however, that the district court erred in relying on his

coercion conviction because: (1) the court did not rely on that conviction when

sentencing him as an armed career criminal, and (2) the coercion conviction is not a

violent felony under the residual clause of the ACCA. We review de novo a district

court's denial of a y 2255 motion. United States v. Aguirre-Ganceda, 592 F.3d 1043,

1045 (9th Cir. 2010).

      In sentencing Powell as an armed career criminal, the district court referenced

Count I of the Indictment, which expressly stated that Powell had a prior conviction

                                           3
for coercion. When imposing its sentence, the district court found that Powell was an

armed career criminal 'because [he had] three prior Oregon convictions for violent

felonies.' The court stated that he had three, rather than five, predicate felonies

because y 924(e) only requires three. The district court specifically held that the

burglary, assault, and coercion convictions were 'crimes of violence.' Thus, the

record, including the sentencing memoranda and the transcript of the sentencing

hearing, indicates that the district court included Powell's coercion conviction as a

predicate felony when it sentenced him as an armed career criminal.

      We thus turn to whether Powell's coercion conviction is a 'violent felony'

under the residual clause of the ACCA. The coercion statute to which Powell pleaded

guilty is overinclusive and criminalizes some conduct that would not qualify as a

predicate offense, and we therefore apply a modified categorical approach in

determining whether he was necessarily convicted of or pleaded guilty to the generic

crime. Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 16 (2005); Taylor v. United States, 495
U.S. 575, 602 (1990); see also United States v. Jennings, 515 F.3d 980, 992 (9th Cir.

2008) (applying the modified categorical approach to the ACCA's residual clause).

Under that approach, if the defendant pleaded guilty to the prior offense, we may

examine 'the terms of the charging document, the terms of a plea agreement or

transcript of colloquy between judge and defendant in which the factual basis for the

                                         4
plea was confirmed by the defendant, or . . . some comparable judicial record of this

information.' Shepard, 544 U.S. at 26.

      We agree with the district court that Powell's conviction for coercion supports

his sentence as an armed career criminal. On February 22, 2000, Powell pleaded

guilty, by Alford plea, to the crime of coercion. Relevant here, under Oregon law, a

person can be convicted of coercion if he

      compels or induces another person to engage in conduct from which the
      other person has a legal right to abstain, or to abstain from engaging in
      conduct in which the other person has a legal right to engage, by means
      of instilling in the other person a fear that, if the other person refrains
      from the conduct compelled or induced or engages in conduct contrary
      to the compulsion or inducement, the actor or another will:

      (a) Unlawfully cause physical injury to some person.

Or. Rev. Stat. y 163.275(1)(a). Subsections (b) through (g) of the statute describe

non-violent consequences such as property damage, falsely accusing someone of a

crime, or testifying falsely, which is not violent conduct. Id. y 163.275(1)(b)-(g).

The crime of coercion thus has three distinct elements: '[T]he accused must (1)

compel a victim to do something; that (2) the victim has a right not to do; by (3)

maµing the victim afraid that if he or she does not do it, one of the enumerated

consequences [here, physical injury] will result.' State v. Phillips, 135 P.3d 461, 465

(Or. Ct. App. 2006) (citations omitted). While the statute does not specify a mens rea,

                                            5
Oregon law provides that 'if a statute defining an offense does not prescribe a

culpable mental state, culpability is nonetheless required and is established only if a

person acts intentionally, µnowingly, recµlessly or with criminal negligence.' Or.

Rev. Stat. y 161.115(2). A conviction for intentionally or µnowingly violating

subsection (a) of the coercion statute falls within the residual clause because it both

presents a serious potential risµ of physical injury to another and it involves

purposeful, violent, and aggressive conduct. See United States v. Crews, 621 F.3d
849, 855 (9th Cir. 2010) (stating that acting µnowingly under Oregon law 'is

sufficiently 'purposeful, violent, and aggressive' under Begay to fall within the

residual clause'). Recµlessly or negligently violating subsection (a), however, or

violating subsections (b)-(g) with any mens rea, would not qualify as a predicate

offense after Begay. Thus, because the statute is overbroad, Oregon coercion is not

categorically a violent felony.

      Looµing to the judicially noticeable documents in the record, we must next

determine whether the Government has shown that Powell's plea 'necessarily' rested

on facts identifying his conviction as a predicate offense, see Shepard, 544 U.S. at 21,

specifically, whether he pleaded guilty to intentionally or µnowingly violating

subsection (a) of the statute.

                                           6
      Here, the record includes Powell's state court indictment and the judgment of

conviction. In Count 2 of the Oregon indictment, Powell was charged with coercion

in violation of 'Or. Rev. Stat. y 163.275/Class C Felony.' Although the indictment

does not cite a particular subsection of the coercion statute, it describes conduct that

falls within subsection (a), parrots the phrase 'unlawfully cause physical injury' from

such subsection, and charges that Powell 'µnowingly' committed the conduct

described. Thus, the indictment charges that Powell µnowingly violated subsection

(a)--conduct that falls within the definition of 'violent felony.'

      Powell pleaded guilty to the narrowed coercion offense charged in the

indictment. The judgment of conviction states that Powell had 'been indicted for the

crime[] . . . of COERCION, Count 2' and that he was 'found guilty of the crime of

COERCION, Count 2 . . . by [A]lford plea . . . .' By pleading guilty to the coercion

charge in the indictment, Powell necessarily admitted to facts identifying his

conviction as a predicate offense. See United States v. Snellenberger, 548 F.3d 699,

701-02 (9th Cir. 2008) (en banc) (concluding that the defendant's prior conviction was

a crime of violence where the charging document charged him with two

burglaries--one generic (Count 1) and one not (Count 2)--and the minute order of

judgment stated only that he entered a nolo contendere plea to Count 1); United States

v. Bonat, 106 F.3d 1472, 1477 (9th Cir. 1997) (concluding that despite an overbroad

                                           7
burglary statute, the defendant's prior conviction was a violent felony where the

charging document only charged the defendant with generic burglary because when

the defendant 'pled guilty to the crime charged in the Information, he necessarily pled

guilty to generic burglary').

      The fact that Powell pleaded guilty while maintaining his innocence, pursuant

to North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970), does not change our analysis in this

case. First, our precedent maµes clear that an Alford plea may support a sentence

under the ACCA. See United States v. Guerrero-Velasquez, 434 F.3d 1193, 1197 (9th

Cir. 2006) ('Whether or not a defendant maintains his innocence, the legal

implications of a guilty plea are the same in the context of the modified categorical

approach under Taylor.'). Further, Powell's Alford plea is immaterial in this case

because his plea of guilty to the charge in the indictment maµes it unnecessary to rely

on a plea declaration or transcript of a plea colloquy as proof that he admitted to

predicate conduct when confirming the factual basis for his plea. By charging that

Powell µnowingly violated subsection (a) of the Oregon coercion statute, the charging

document in this case narrowed the overbroad coercion statute to a crime that

amounted to a predicate offense. Showing that Powell pleaded guilty as charged to

a generically limited charging document, even by Alford plea, is enough to prove that

his prior conviction is a predicate offense. See Shepard, 544 U.S. at 20-21 (stating

                                          8
that 'the details of a generically limited charging document' can, 'in any sort of case,'

support a finding that a prior conviction ''necessarily' rested on the fact identifying

the [crime] as generic').

      This distinguishes Powell's case from cases in this and other circuits involving

Alford or similar pleas in which courts have found that the record is insufficient to

support a finding that the conviction is a 'violent felony.' In United States v. Vidal,

for example, the defendant was charged with 'willfully and unlawfully driv[ing] and

taµ[ing] a vehicle,' but the written plea and waiver of rights form showed that the

defendant pleaded guilty only to 'driving a stolen vehicle.' 504 F.3d 1072, 1075 (9th

Cir. 2007) (en banc) (internal quotation marµs omitted). The court concluded that the

record 'fail[ed] to establish the factual predicate for [the defendant's] plea of guilty,'

because it did not contain a recitation of the factual basis for the defendant's plea, a

plea hearing transcript, or a copy of the judgment of conviction.           Id. at 1087.

According to the court, '[w]hen, as here, the statute of conviction is overly inclusive,

'without a charging document that narrows the charge to generic limits, the only

certainty of a generic finding lies . . . in the defendant's own admissions or accepted

findings of fact confirming the factual basis for a valid plea.'' Id. at 1088-89 (quoting

Shepard, 544 U.S. at 25).

                                            9
      In United States v. Alston, the defendant was charged with and pleaded guilty

to an overbroad second-degree assault statute. 611 F.3d 219, 221 (4th Cir. 2010).

During the plea hearing, the state prosecutor proffered evidence of conduct that would

constitute a violent felony, but the defendant 'agreed only that if the case were tried,

'the State's witnesses would testify' as indicated in the proffer.' Id. at 222. The court

concluded that 'a prosecutor's proffer of the factual basis for an Alford plea does not

satisfy the requirements of the modified categorical approach.' Id. at 226; see also

United States v. DeJesus-Ventura, 565 F.3d 870, 878-79 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (holding

that the court cannot rely on a factual proffer accompanying a defendant's nolo

contendere plea under the modified categorical approach); United States v. Savage,

542 F.3d 959, 966 (2d Cir. 2008) (in a case with an Alford plea, finding it

inappropriate to rely on a plea colloquy that contained no factual admissions). In

doing so, however, the court distinguished cases liµe Powell's, in which 'the

underlying charging document narrows the charge to a crime that amounts to a

predicate offense.' Alston, 611 F.3d at 226 (citing Shepard, 544 U.S. at 25). Because

Powell pleaded guilty as charged to a generically limited charging document, the

record is sufficient to prove that his prior conviction is a predicate offense. Thus, we

hold that Powell's Oregon conviction for coercion, on which the district court relied

                                           10
when sentencing him as an armed career criminal, qualifies as a 'violent felony' under

the residual clause.

       Even if Powell's 2000 coercion conviction did not count as a 'violent felony,'

however, we would still affirm the district court's application of the ACCA in this

case because Powell also has a third first-degree burglary conviction that supports his

enhanced sentence. See United States v. Cortez-Arias, 403 F.3d 1111, 1114 n.7 (9th

Cir. 2005) (stating that we may 'affirm on any ground supported by the record even

if it differs from the rationale of the district court'); Pollard v. White, 119 F.3d 1430,

1433 (9th Cir. 1997) ('We review a district court's dismissal of a habeas corpus

petition de novo and may affirm on any ground supported by the record, even if it

differs from the rationale of the district court.').

       As amended in 1988, the ACCA requires that a defendant's violent felony

convictions be 'committed on occasions different from one another.' 18 U.S.C. y

924(e)(1).    Thus, prior convictions may be considered only for purposes of

enhancement under the ACCA if they constitute 'two separate and distinct criminal

episodes.' United States v. Antonie, 953 F.2d 496, 499 (9th Cir. 1991). 'The rule [is

that] offenses that are temporally distinct constitute separate predicate offenses, even

if committed within hours of each other, similar in nature, and consolidated for trial

or sentencing.' United States v. Maxey, 989 F.2d 303, 306 (9th Cir. 1993).

                                            11
      Here, Powell was convicted on October 4, 1994 of two counts of burglary in the

first degree. While the two burglaries tooµ place on the same day, were charged in the

same indictment, and resulted in concurrent sentences, the two convictions 'arose

from two separate and distinct criminal episodes' because the burglaries occurred at

two separate locations, at different times, and were perpetrated against different

victims. Antonie, 953 F.2d at 499. Accordingly, Powell's second 1994 first-degree

burglary conviction also counts as a 'violent felony' under the ACCA. See United

States v. Phillips, 149 F.3d 1026, 1032 (9th Cir. 1998) (concluding that the

defendant's 'robberies of two different stores involving two different victims

constitute[d] separate criminal episodes for purposes of the ACCA'); Antonie, 953
F.2d at 499 (holding that the defendant's two armed robberies, committed forty

minutes apart in different cities and against different victims, qualified as two separate

convictions for ACCA purposes); United States v. Wicµs, 833 F.2d 192, 193 (9th Cir.

1987) (reviewing a prior version of the ACCA and affirming the district court's

application of the ACCA where two of the defendant's three burglary convictions

resulted from burglaries that tooµ place on the same night, but at different locations,

were prosecuted together, and resulted in concurrent sentences).

                                           12
      Because the district court correctly concluded that Powell had been convicted

of at least three 'violent felon[ies]' at the time he committed his felon-in-possession

offense, we affirm the district court's denial of his y 2255 motion.

      AFFIRMED.

                                          13
                                                                            FILED
United States v. Powell, No. 09-35525                                         JUL 05 2011

                                                                         MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
PAEZ, Circuit Judge, dissenting:                                          U.S . CO U RT OF AP PE A LS

      I respectfully dissent. I can not agree with the majority that Powell's prior

coercion conviction qualifies as a violent felony under the Armed Career Criminal

Act (ACCA). In applying the modified categorical approach, the majority

misreads the text of the coercion judgment and fails to properly apply our en banc

opinion in United States v. Vidal, 504 F.3d 1072 (9th Cir. 2007) (en banc).

Because Powell pleaded guilty to the coercion charge by an Alford plea, there are

no judicially noticeable facts on which we can rely to determine whether Powell's

conviction qualifies as a violent felony. I would therefore reverse the district

court's denial of Powell's y 2255 motion, and remand with directions to grant the

motion and to resentence Powell.

      As the Supreme Court has emphasized, our critical tasµ in modified

categorical analysis of a prior conviction obtained by guilty plea is to determine

what facts the defendant 'necessarily admitted.' Shepard v. United States, 544
U.S. 13, 24 (2005). In accordance with this principle, the en banc court in Vidal

held that where 'the record of conviction comprises only the indictment and the

judgment, the judgment must contain the critical phrase 'as charged in the

Information.'' Vidal, 504 F.3d at 1087 (some internal quotation marµs omitted).

                                           1
If the indictment does not contain this critical language, we may not rely on the

facts alleged in the indictment to determine whether a prior conviction qualifies as

a violent felony. Id.; see also United States v. Wenner, 351 F.3d 969, 974 (9th Cir.

2003) (holding that a prior conviction did not qualify as an ACCA violent felony

where the record did not contain 'a signed plea agreement or judgment of

conviction that would demonstrate that Wenner was convicted as charged').

      In reviewing Powell's prior coercion conviction, we are presented with a

record that includes only the indictment and the judgment of conviction. The

judgment states that Powell was 'found guilty of the crime of COERCION, Count

2 . . . by alford plea.' The judgment does not state that Powell pled 'guilty as

charged,' or that he admitted facts 'as charged in the Information.' Thus, our tasµ

is exceptionally straightforward: Vidal prohibits us from considering the facts

alleged in the indictment in determining whether Powell's coercion conviction

qualifies as an ACCA violent felony. Although our Vidal holding on this issue is

directly on point, the majority's attempt to distinguish it, for the reasons explained

below, is not persuasive.

      The majority's willingness to notice the facts alleged in the indictment is

problematic in this case because Powell was found guilty of coercion by an Alford

plea. An Alford plea is one in which the defendant 'voluntarily, µnowingly, and

                                           2
understandingly consent[s] to the imposition of a prison sentence even [though] he

is unwilling or unable to admit his participation in the acts constituting the crime.'

North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 37 (1970). As our sister circuit has

explained, '[t]he distinguishing feature of an Alford plea is that the defendant does

not confirm the factual basis for the plea.' United States v. Savage, 542 F.3d 959,

962 (2d Cir. 2008). The majority asserts that '[b]y pleading guilty to the coercion

charge in the indictment, Powell necessarily admitted to facts identifying his

conviction as a predicate offense.' Memo. 7. I disagree with this statement for

several reasons.

      First, the majority's repeated assertion that Powell 'ple[d] guilty to the

coercion charge in the indictment' is imprecise and misleading. The judgment of

conviction does not indicate that Powell pled guilty 'as charged' in the indictment;

it states that Powell was 'found guilty of the crime of COERCION, Count 2 . . . by

alford plea.' The majority's repeated statements that Powell pled guilty as charged

misrepresents the text of the judgment of conviction. See Memo. 7-8, 10.

      Second, because Powell's judgment of conviction does not indicate that he

pled guilty 'as charged,' I disagree with the majority's conclusion that Powell's

Alford plea 'necessarily admitted' the facts contained in the indictment,

particularly because the defining attribute of an Alford plea is that it does not admit

                                           3
guilt. Doe v. Woodford, 508 F.3d 563, 566 n.2 (9th Cir. 2007); Savage, 542 F.3d at

962. In Vidal, we analyzed a defendant's prior conviction, which had been

obtained pursuant to People v. West, 3 Cal. 3d 595 (1970). As we have noted, a

West plea 'is the California equivalent of an Alford plea.' Doe, 508 F.3d at 566

n.2. We explained in Vidal that '[b]y entering a West plea a defendant [does] not

admit the specific details about his conduct on the counts [to which] he pled guilty

. . . a West plea, without more, does not establish the requisite factual predicate to

support a sentence enhancement.' 504 F.3d at 1089 (internal quotation marµs

omitted). This reasoning applies with equal force to the record of Powell's Alford

plea. Because the judgment of conviction does not indicate that Powell pled guilty

'as charged,' his Alford plea alone does not clarify what facts--if any--his plea

admitted.1

      1
         To support its assertion that Powell's Alford plea 'necessarily admitted'
the facts contained in the indictment, the majority cites United States v.
Snellenberger, 548 F.3d 699, 702 (9th Cir. 2008) (en banc) (per curiam) and
United States v. Bonat, 106 F.3d 1472, 1477 (9th Cir. 1997). Neither case supports
the majority's proposition. The problem with the majority's reliance on
Snellenberger is that Snellenberger involved a nolo contendere plea, not an Alford
plea. 548 F.3d at 701. Therefore, Snellenberger does not control our analysis.
The problem with the majority's reliance on Bonat is twofold. First, Bonat did not
involve a prior conviction obtained by an Alford plea so, liµe Snellenberger, it is
inapposite. 106 F.3d at 1477. Second, the judgment of conviction in Bonat
'show[ed] that Bonat did in fact plead guilty to second degree burglary as charged
in the Information.' 106 F.3d at 1477 (emphasis added). Thus, Bonat does not
support the majority's conclusion that Powell's Alford plea--which did not state

                                           4
      Moreover, the majority's reliance on United States v. Guerrero-Velasquez,

434 F.3d 1193, 1197 (9th Cir. 2006) is misplaced. In Guerrero-Velasquez we

wrote that a defendant who pleads guilty by an Alford plea admits all facts charged

in the indictment. 443 F.3d at 1197. Because Vidal and Guerrero-Velasquez are

clearly irreconcilable and Vidal is a later en banc decision, we must 'consider

[ourselves] bound by [Vidal]' and must 'reject [Guerrero-Velasquez] as having

been effectively overruled.' Miller v. Gammie, 335 F.3d 889, 893 (9th Cir. 2003)

(en banc). I therefore disagree with the majority that Guerrero-Velasquez is

authoritative.

      Third, the majority's emphasis on the fact that the indictment against Powell

was narrowed to a charge that amounts to an ACCA predicate offense misses the

point. See Memo. 8-10. I wholeheartedly agree with the majority that where the

statute of conviction is overinclusive, the charging document must 'narrow[] the

charge to generic limits' if we are to hold that the defendant's prior conviction

qualifies as an ACCA predicate offense. Although such narrowing is necessary,

however, it is not sufficient to maµe an indictment judicially noticeable under

Shepard. Because the touchstone of modified categorical analysis is for us to

that he admitted the facts 'as charged' by the government--necessarily admitted
the facts alleged in the indictment.

                                          5
determine what facts the defendant 'necessarily admitted,' facts alleged in the

indictment are not judicially noticeable--no matter how articulately they are

presented by the government--if we can not be sure that the defendant admitted

them. In other words, without an admission by the defendant to the facts contained

in the indictment, those facts are simply government allegations. Because Vidal

prevents us from concluding that Powell necessarily admitted the allegations

contained in the indictment, those allegations are not judicially noticeable.

Shepard, 544 U.S. at 26.

      I believe our analysis of Powell's coercion conviction is wholly and directly

controlled by Vidal, so I would consider only the judgment of conviction in

determining whether Powell's conviction amounts to an ACCA violent felony.

The judgment indicates that Powell was convicted of coercion: an overinclusive

offense that can be committed in many nonviolent ways. Without further judicially

noticeable evidence of Powell's offense conduct, I would conclude that his

coercion conviction does not qualify as an ACCA violent felony.

      With respect to Powell's uncounted 1994 conviction of first-degree burglary,

I would instruct the district court upon resentencing Powell to determine in the first

instance whether this conviction qualifies as an ACCA predicate offense.

Accordingly, I would reverse the district court's denial of Powell's y 2255 motion,

                                           6
and remand with directions to grant the motion and to resentence Powell.2 I

therefore respectfully dissent.

      2
        With respect to Powell's 1994 conviction of third-degree assault, I agree
with the district court's determination that this conviction does not qualify as an
ACCA violent felony because the only judicially noticeable evidence of Powell's
offense conduct is the judgment of conviction, which does not unambiguously
establish that his crime was a 'violent felony' within the meaning of the ACCA.

                                          7