Court Opinion

ID: 2768699
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Date Created: 2015-01-09 20:08:56.902477+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:27:34.280130
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IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                             Assigned on Briefs October 7, 2014

                   ALVIN MALONE v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

                   Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                         No. 06-00684   Paula Skahan, Judge

                 No. W2013-01682-CCA-R3-PC - Filed January 8, 2015

Petitioner, Alvin Malone, was convicted by a Shelby County jury of two counts of first
degree felony murder, one count of first degree premeditated murder, and two counts of
especially aggravated kidnapping. The first degree murder conviction merged with one of
the felony murder convictions, and Petitioner was sentenced to two life sentences and two
twenty-year sentences, all running consecutively. This Court affirmed Petitioner’s
convictions and sentences on direct appeal. State v. Alvin Malone, No. W2007-01119-CCA-
R3-CD, 2008 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 813, at *73-74 (Oct. 2, 2008), perm. app. denied
(Tenn. Mar. 23, 2009). Petitioner filed a petition for post-conviction relief, alleging that he
received ineffective assistance of counsel both at trial and on direct appeal. After several
evidentiary hearings over an extended period of time, the post-conviction court granted relief
in part and denied it in part. As it relates to this appeal, the post-conviction court found that
Petitioner had not established deficient performance as to trial counsel’s failure to call two
proposed alibi witnesses. The post-conviction court held that Petitioner was not entitled to
relief from his convictions. However, the post-conviction court found that Petitioner was
prejudiced by both trial and appellate counsel’s failure to object to or raise on appeal the trial
court’s imposition of consecutive sentences based on the dangerous offender category
without making the requisite findings under State v. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d 933 (Tenn.
1995). The post-conviction court granted relief in the form of a new sentencing hearing
solely on the issue of consecutive sentences. Both the State and Petitioner appealed. Upon
our review of the record and applicable law, we affirm the post-conviction court’s decision
on the issue of the alibi witnesses. However, we find that Petitioner has failed to show by
clear and convincing evidence that he was prejudiced by trial and appellate counsel’s failure
to raise the Wilkerson issue. Therefore, we reverse the post-conviction court’s judgment on
that matter and reinstate Petitioner’s sentences as they were originally ordered by the trial
court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court is Affirmed
                          in Part and Reversed in Part.

T IMOTHY L. E ASTER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which N ORMA M CG EE O GLE
and C AMILLE R. M CM ULLEN, JJ., joined.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; J. Ross Dyer, Senior Counsel; Amy
P. Weirich, District Attorney General; Reginald Henderson, Doug Carriker, and Marquis
Young, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellant, State of Tennessee.

Robert C. Brooks, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellee, Alvin Malone.

                                                 OPINION

                                 Factual and Procedural Background

        On December 2, 2006, a Shelby County jury convicted Petitioner of two counts of first
degree felony murder, one count of first degree premeditated murder, and two counts of
especially aggravated kidnapping. The trial court merged the first degree murder conviction
with one of the felony murder convictions. The evidence against Petitioner was primarily
based upon the testimony of one of his co-defendants, Orel Chapa, which this Court
determined to be corroborated by the other testimony and evidence presented at trial. Alvin
Malone, 2008 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 813, at *67. The facts of this case, as summarized
by this Court in response to Petitioner’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, are as
follows:

        [I]n the light most favorable to the State, the evidence showed that [Petitioner]
        was in possession of cocaine from a drug cartel that was subsequently stolen
        in a burglary. [Petitioner] initially thought Chapa was the thief and wanted to
        kill him. When Chapa indicated that [Taurus] Vester was the likely thief,1
        Chapa was ordered to lure Vester to Chapa’s house. Armed with guns,
        [Petitioner and the other two co-defendants] ordered Vester to the ground and
        bound him with duct tape. [Vester’s girlfriend, Octavia Lynn] Nelson[,] was
        forcibly grabbed out of Vester’s car and bound with duct tape as well. Vester
        and Nelson were forced into [a] rental vehicle with [Petitioner and co-
        defendants]. While en route to [Petitioner’s] auto body shop, an exchange of

        1
         Testimony at trial indicated that Vester was not responsible for the theft and that the three kilograms
of cocaine were actually stolen by two other men. Alvin Malone, 2008 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 813, at *4.

                                                      -2-
        gunfire took place during which Vester was shot four times. Nelson was shot
        after the group arrived at the shop at a point when [Petitioner and two co-
        defendants] were the only ones in the vehicle. Even though Chapa did not see
        who actually fired the deadly shots, the jury was instructed that [Petitioner]
        could be criminally responsible for the conduct of others.

Id. at *68-69 (footnote added). The post-conviction court noted that, “[a]t the sentencing
hearing, Petitioner denied being present for the incident and further denied knowing the
victims.” Petitioner was sentenced to life for each felony murder conviction and to twenty
years for each kidnapping conviction, all running consecutively. Petitioner appealed to this
Court, raising several issues for review. This Court affirmed Petitioner’s convictions and
sentence on October 2, 2008. Id. at *73-74. Petitioner sought permission to appeal his case
to the Tennessee Supreme Court, which was denied on March 23, 2009.

        On November 19, 2009, Petitioner filed a pro se petition for post-conviction relief.
After the appointment of counsel, Petitioner filed an amended petition on August 25, 2010,
a supplemental amended petition on September 23, 2011, and a revised supplemental
amended petition on October 3, 2011. Petitioner claimed that he had received ineffective
assistance of counsel both at trial and during his direct appeal. As it relates to this current
appeal, Petitioner specifically alleged that his trial counsel was deficient for failing to call
alibi witnesses to testify and that both his trial and appellate counsels were deficient for
failing to object to or appeal the trial court’s imposition of consecutive sentences based on
the dangerous offender category without making the requisite findings under State v.
Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d 933 (Tenn. 1995).2 Hearings on the petition were held on August 11,
2011, February 27, 2013, and April 25, 2013.

        At the August 11, 2011 hearing, Petitioner’s trial counsel was called to testify. Trial
counsel practiced criminal defense almost exclusively for twenty-three years until he became
a General Sessions judge. Trial counsel testified that he handled several hundred cases,
twelve to fifteen of which were murder cases. He testified that in Petitioner’s case, their
defense at trial was that Petitioner was not involved and that he had an alibi for the time the
murders were supposed to have taken place. He conceded that he did not object to the trial
court’s failure to make the necessary Wilkerson findings before imposing a consecutive
sentence, but also testified that he had not reviewed the transcripts of the sentencing hearing
to refresh his recollection on the matter. The appellate record, including transcripts of the

        2
         Other issues raised in the petition for post-conviction relief and addressed in the post-conviction
court’s order have not been raised by the parties for review on appeal and are, thereby, waived. See Ronnie
Jackson, Jr. v. State, No. W2008-02280-CCA-R3-PC, 2009 WL 3430151, at *6 n.2 (Tenn. Crim. App. Oct.
26, 2009).

                                                    -3-
trial and sentencing hearing, was submitted into evidence on a CD.

       At the February 27, 2013 hearing, the first witness to testify was Petitioner’s appellate
counsel. He testified that he did not raise the trial court’s failure to make Wilkerson findings
on appeal because the issue had not been raised by trial counsel in the motion for a new trial.
However, he acknowledged that a motion for new trial did not control sentencing issues and
that he challenged the use of an enhancement factor on direct appeal. See Alvin Malone,
2008 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 813, at *69-73. Appellate counsel testified that after
communicating with Petitioner, “the big sentencing issue was that the trial court erred in
finding the defendant was a leader in the offenses and using that enhancement factor in
sentencing.” During cross-examination, Appellate counsel acknowledged that the issue of
consecutive sentencing never came up in his communications with Petitioner.

        The next witness to testify at the February 27 hearing was Lillie Jones, a friend of
Petitioner and the mother of his fiancée, Robin Jones.3 Lillie Jones was aware that Petitioner
was charged with a kidnapping and murder that were alleged to have occurred sometime
between January 23 and 24 of 2005. According to Lillie Jones, she saw Petitioner at a family
gathering at her house on January 23, 2005. She testified that she usually cooked a family
dinner on Sundays. She testified that Petitioner came with her daughter around noon, and
they left sometime around 8:30 or 9:00 that evening. Lillie Jones testified that she hired
Petitioner’s trial counsel and that she told trial counsel about the family gathering and the
numerous witnesses who could verify Petitioner’s attendance. However, trial counsel told
her that he did not want to use them “at this time.” Lillie Jones testified that she was present
during the trial and was available to testify, but trial counsel did not call her as a witness. On
cross-examination, Lillie Jones admitted that she could not remember the date of the murders
or the date Petitioner was arrested. She also admitted that she did not tell anyone else, other
than Petitioner’s attorney, about Petitioner’s alleged alibi.

        The last witness to testify at the February 27 hearing was Petitioner’s fiancée, Robin
Jones. Robin Jones testified that she and Petitioner have a daughter together and that they
have been together for eleven years, since she was thirteen years old. She testified that in
January of 2005, she was fifteen or sixteen years old and Petitioner was twenty-five.
According to Robin Jones, she was with Petitioner all day on Sunday, January 23, 2005. She
testified that they went to her mother’s house for a family gathering sometime in the
afternoon and left around 10:00 p.m. They then went to Petitioner’s house for the night,
where they stayed until he took her to school the next morning. She also testified that she
was with Petitioner at his home the day before, but she could not remember what they did
that day. Robin Jones testified that she never met or shared this information with Petitioner’s

       3
           For clarity, we shall refer to the witnesses by their full names.

                                                       -4-
trial counsel because she was waiting for him to contact her. She testified that she did not
attend Petitioner’s trial but that she would have been available to testify if she had been
called as a witness. She admitted on cross-examination that she was not aware of the date
on which the murders occurred and that she never spoke to the police about Petitioner’s
alleged alibi.

        On April 25, 2013, Petitioner’s trial counsel was recalled to testify because the issue
of the alibi witnesses was added in the supplemental amended petition filed after trial counsel
originally testified in 2011. Trial counsel testified that Petitioner’s girlfriend and her mother
indicated to him that Petitioner was at a family gathering on Sunday, January 23, 2005. Trial
counsel explained his belief that the testimony would not have created a sufficient alibi
because the murder was alleged to have occurred on Saturday evening and the bodies were
not discovered until Sunday. Additionally, trial counsel explained that, in his experience,
juries do not always find friends and family to be the most credible alibi witnesses without
some other evidence to corroborate their testimony. Trial counsel testified that he and
Petitioner discussed trial strategy at the close of the State’s proof; they believed that the
State’s witnesses were not credible and that they had created sufficient reasonable doubt. He
characterized the State’s case as “discombobulated and weak.” Trial counsel testified that,
in his experience, having friends and family testify favorably for a defendant can easily
backfire. He was concerned that if he put the alibi witnesses on the stand, the State could trip
them up on cross-examination, and Petitioner could lose any credibility that he had built up
in the jury’s minds. He testified that it was ultimately Petitioner’s decision not to testify and
not to put on additional proof.4 He stated that if Petitioner “vehemently wanted me to put on
his alibi witnesses, I would [have] put them on.”

        Petitioner also testified at the April 25, 2013 hearing. He stated that he told his trial
counsel about his alibi witnesses from “day one.” Petitioner explained that the State’s case
was based primarily on testimony, that there was no physical evidence connecting him to the
crime, and that he did not have a defense without his alibi witnesses to offer contradictory
testimony. He testified that he “bumped heads a few times” with trial counsel because he felt
as though trial counsel was not doing “all he could do talking to witnesses and stuff.”
Petitioner claimed that he and trial counsel argued over whether he should testify and
whether the alibi witnesses should testify. He said that he and trial counsel spoke on three
occasions. He said that he wanted to fire trial counsel, but he did not have the time or money
to hire a new attorney because he was rushed into trial nine months after he was arrested.
Petitioner testified that after he and trial counsel argued about his testifying, he “left it alone

       4
         Trial counsel did call a police officer who collected evidence at the co-defendant’s house and a
retired medical examiner to rebut some of the State’s proof. Alvin Malone, 2008 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS
813, at *27-29.

                                                  -5-
because [he could] see it was going to be his way or no way.” On cross-examination,
Petitioner clarified that he argued with trial counsel only about whether he should testify.
Additionally, he acknowledged that he testified at trial that it was his decision not to testify
in front of the jury, but explained that he decided not to testify only because trial counsel
would not call his alibi witnesses. Petitioner stated that if he received a new trial, he would
have other witnesses from the family gathering available to testify.

        The post-conviction court filed an order on June 28, 2013, granting the petition for
relief in part and denying it in part. As to the issue of the alibi witnesses, the post-conviction
court found that trial counsel was aware throughout the trial that Petitioner’s fiancée and her
mother were available to testify, that they would have testified that Petitioner was at a family
gathering on January 23, 2005, but that he did not call them to testify as a matter of trial
strategy. The post-conviction court concluded:

       Although both [witnesses] would testify that the Petitioner was with them
       during the times the murders were committed, at hearing, their testimony was
       in some ways inconsistent. Further, testimony indicated that at the time of the
       trial, Petitioner’s fiancé[e] was 15 or 16, that Petitioner was 25 at the time of
       trial, and, that prior to the incident, the Petitioner’s fiancé[e] had been staying
       overnight at the Petitioner’s house on a regular basis. These facts taken alone
       would have been enough to raise significant questions of the witnesses’
       credibility as viewed by a jury as well as the Petitioner’s [t]rial counsel
       testified to this concern. . . Here, the decision not to call these witnesses falls
       within the range of a strategic decision. The [Petitioner] has failed to prove
       that trial counsel’s decision, in light of the given testimony, was unreasonable.

The post-conviction court denied relief on this claim, as well as on other claims raised
relating to Petitioner’s convictions.

       As to the issue of consecutive sentences, the post-conviction court found that the trial
court “failed to make any factual findings to support consecutive sentencing as a ‘dangerous
offender.’ Trial counsel did not object to this.” The post-conviction court also found that
appellate counsel “did not raise the issue of the trial court’s failure to make factual findings
to support finding that Petitioner was a ‘dangerous offender.’” The post-conviction court
concluded:

       Clearly, the trial court made impermissible errors in sentencing Petitioner.
       Trial counsel made no objections to the court’s failure to make Wilkerson
       findings. Further, trial counsel made no indication that the failure to make an
       objection was a matter of trial strategy. Wilkerson findings have become

                                               -6-
       commonplace within our courts. In a sentencing hearing, issues such as
       consecutive sentencing can gravely impact a defendant if no objection is made.
       . . . In this case, Petitioner was initially sentenced consecutively as to the first
       degree felony murder counts immediately following the trial with the
       sentencing for the remaining counts to be heard at a sentencing hearing over
       a month later. Further, trial counsel had notice that the prosecution was
       seeking consecutive sentencing against the Petitioner. Wilkerson was decided
       over a decade before this case, and trial counsel had ample opportunity to
       research this issue. The Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals has routinely
       remanded cases to the trial court for sentencing in cases where the court labels
       the defendant a ‘dangerous offender’ but fails to make any Wilkerson findings
       during sentencing. See State v. [James Allen] Pollard, No. M2011-00332-
       CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 4142253, at *21 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 17, 2012);
       State v. [Guadalupe] Arroyo, No. E2003-02355-CCA-R3-CD, [2004 WL
1924033,] at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 30, 2004). Absent some strategic
       reason, failing to object at the sentencing hearing is objectively unreasonable
       within the professional norms of the courts in this state, and Petitioner was
       prejudiced by this failure.

The post-conviction court found that, because the issue would not have been waived on
appeal because of trial counsel’s failure to object, “it was also objectively unreasonable for
appellate counsel to fail to bring this to the trial court’s attention.” The post-conviction court
granted relief on this issue in the form of a new sentencing hearing, but emphasized that
“Petitioner is in no way granted relief as to his conviction on any count. The new sentencing
hearing should be limited only to the issue presented here.”

        The State filed a notice of appeal on July 12, 2013. The State argues that the post-
conviction court erred in finding that Petitioner had established by clear and convincing
evidence that he was prejudiced by trial and appellate counsels’ failure to raise the issue of
the lack of Wilkerson findings when the trial court imposed consecutive sentences. Petitioner
also appealed, arguing that the post-conviction court erred in finding that he had not
established deficiency or prejudice from trial counsel’s failure to call his alibi witnesses. We
will address each issue raised by the parties in turn.

                                            Analysis

                                      Standard of Review

      Post-conviction relief is available for any conviction or sentence that is “void or
voidable because of the abridgment of any right guaranteed by the Constitution of Tennessee

                                               -7-
or the Constitution of the United States.” T.C.A. § 40-30-103. In order to prevail in a claim
for post-conviction relief, a petitioner must prove his factual allegations by clear and
convincing evidence. T.C.A. § 40-30-110(f); Momon v. State, 18 S.W.3d 152, 156 (Tenn.
1999). “Evidence is clear and convincing when there is no serious or substantial doubt about
the correctness of the conclusions drawn from the evidence.” Hicks v. State, 983 S.W.2d
240, 245 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998). On appeal, this Court gives deference to the post-
conviction court’s decision on questions concerning witness credibility, the weight and value
to be given to testimony, and the factual issues raised by the evidence. Momon, 18 S.W.3d
at 156 (citing Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 578 (Tenn. 1997)). This Court will not re-
weigh or re-evaluate the evidence presented below and is bound by the findings of the post-
conviction court unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453,
461 (Tenn. 1999). However, the post-conviction court’s conclusions of law and application
of the law to the facts are subject to de novo review with no presumption of correctness.
Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 457 (Tenn. 2001).

                              Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

       Petitioner alleges that he received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial and on
appeal. Both the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and Article I,
section 9 of the Tennessee Constitution guarantee the right of an accused to the effective
assistance of counsel. A defendant has a right to effective representation both at trial and on
direct appeal. Evitts v. Lucey, 469 U.S. 387 (1985). The test for ineffective assistance of
counsel is the same for both trial and appellate counsel. Campbell v. State, 904 S.W.2d 594,
596 (Tenn. 1995). A petitioner “must show first that counsel’s performance was deficient
and second that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense.” Burnett v. State, 92
S.W.3d 403, 408 (Tenn. 2002) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984)).
Because a petitioner must establish both elements in order to prevail on a claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel, “failure to prove either deficient performance or resulting prejudice
provides a sufficient basis to deny relief on the claim.” Henley, 960 S.W.2d at 580.

        The test for deficient performance is “whether counsel’s assistance was reasonable
considering all the circumstances.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688. Counsel’s performance is
considered reasonable “if the advice given or the services rendered [were] within the range
of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.” Henley, 960 S.W.2d at 579 (citing
Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975)). To be considered deficient, counsel’s
acts or omissions must fall below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing
professional norms. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688; Henley, 960 S.W.2d at 579. This Court
“should indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of
reasonable professional assistance.” Burns, 6 S.W.3d at 462. A petitioner is not entitled to
the benefit of hindsight to second-guess a reasonably based trial strategy or a sound, but

                                              -8-
unsuccessful, tactical decision. Adkins v. State, 911 S.W.2d 334, 347 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1994). However, this deference “applies only if the choices are informed ones based upon
adequate preparation.” Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 369 (Tenn. 1996) (citing Hellard v.
State, 629 S.W.2d 4, 9 (Tenn. 1982); Cooper v. State, 847 S.W.2d 521, 528 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1992)). Prejudice is shown where “there is a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A
reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”
Burns, 6 S.W.3d at 463 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691).

                                        Alibi Witnesses

        Petitioner argues that the post-conviction court erred in finding that he had not
established deficiency or prejudice from trial counsel’s failure to call his fiancée and her
mother as alibi witnesses. It is well-settled that “[w]hen a petitioner contends that trial
counsel failed to discover, interview, or present witnesses in support of his defense, these
witnesses should be presented by the petitioner at the evidentiary hearing.” Black v. State,
794 S.W.2d 752, 757 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990). This is so that the petitioner can meet his
burden of showing that the witness could have been found by a reasonable investigation and
would have testified favorably in support of his defense if called. Id. at 758. The post-
conviction court is also able to gauge the credibility of the witness’s testimony to determine
if it would have been favorable to the petitioner. Petitioner has met this initial burden as far
as the testimony of Robin Jones and Lillie Jones is concerned. Petitioner claimed that other
family members who attended the gathering would also be available to testify, but we cannot
speculate as to what these other witnesses may have testified to if called at trial.

        The post-conviction court found that trial counsel made a strategic decision not to call
Petitioner’s proposed alibi witnesses, even though we note there was some inconsistency in
trial counsel’s testimony on the matter. When he originally testified in 2011, he stated that
the defense was that Petitioner was not involved in the murders and that he had an alibi, what
he called “a complete not there defense.” When trial counsel was recalled to testify in 2013
and specifically asked why he didn’t call alibi witnesses, he explained that, as a matter of trial
strategy, he felt their testimony would hurt Petitioner more than help him. Trial counsel
testified that at the close of the State’s proof, he and Petitioner discussed trial strategy. He
believed that they had created sufficient reasonable doubt that they did not need to take the
risk of presenting alibi witnesses. There has been no showing that this decision was based
on inadequate preparation, and this Court will not use hindsight to second guess trial
counsel’s tactical decisions. Hellard, 629 S.W.2d at 9. Petitioner has not rebutted the
presumption that trial counsel’s tactical decision fell “within the wide range of reasonable
professional assistance.” Burns, 6 S.W.3d at 462.

                                               -9-
       Additionally, the post-conviction court found that Petitioner’s proposed alibi
witnesses would not have been particularly credible in front of a jury. The post-conviction
court pointed out the significant age difference between Petitioner and his fiancée—who was
a minor at the time of trial—as a cause for concern. The post-conviction court also noted that
there were inconsistencies in the testimony of the two witnesses. On appeal, this Court gives
deference to the post-conviction court’s decision on questions concerning witness credibility
as well as the weight and value to be given to testimony. Momon, 18 S.W.3d at 156 (citing
Henley, 960 S.W.2d at 578). There is nothing in the record before us that preponderates
against the post-conviction court’s finding. See Burns, 6 S.W.3d at 461. Therefore, we
affirm the decision of the post-conviction court as it relates to the presentation of alibi
witnesses. Petitioner is not entitled to relief from his convictions on this claim .

                                    Consecutive Sentences

       The State challenges the post-conviction court’s finding that Petitioner was prejudiced
by trial and appellate counsels’ failure to object to or raise on appeal the trial court’s
imposition of consecutive sentences based on the dangerous offender category without
making the necessary Wilkerson findings.

         When a defendant has been convicted of multiple crimes, the trial court may order that
the sentences be served consecutively if it finds by a preponderance of the evidence that one
of the seven categories listed in Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115(b) apply,
including that the defendant is “a dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little or no
regard for human life and no hesitation about committing a crime in which the risk to human
life is high.” T.C.A. § 40-35-115(b)(4). In order to impose consecutive sentences under the
dangerous offender category, the trial court is required to make two additional findings: “that
an extended sentence is necessary to protect the public against further criminal conduct by
the defendant and that the consecutive sentences must reasonably relate to the severity of the
offenses committed.” Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d at 939. “The need for the additional findings
before imposing consecutive sentencing on the basis of the ‘dangerous offender’ provision
arises, in part, from the fact that this category ‘is the most subjective and hardest to apply.’”
State v. Imfeld, 70 S.W.3d 698, 708 (Tenn. 2002) (quoting State v. Lane, 3 S.W.3d 456, 461
(Tenn. 1999)).

       There is no dispute in this case that the trial court’s statement that Petitioner “is a
dangerous offender, by definition,” does not satisfy the requirements of Wilkerson. We agree
with the post-conviction court’s finding that Wilkerson was a widely known case decided
long before Petitioner’s sentencing hearing. Both trial counsel and appellate counsel, if not
previously aware of the case, could have discovered it through adequate legal research.
“Criminal defense attorneys must conduct adequate legal research in order to meet the

                                              -10-
required range of competence.” Grindstaff v. State, 297 S.W.3d 208, 221 (Tenn. 2009)
(citing Cooper v. State , 847 S.W.2d 521, 527-28 (Tenn.Crim.App. 1992)).

        As far as appellate counsel’s performance, we note that he did raise a sentencing issue
on appeal, in addition to several other issues. Our supreme court has held that appellate
counsel is “not constitutionally required to raise every conceivable issue on appeal” and the
“determination of which issues to raise on appeal is generally within appellate counsel’s
sound discretion.” Carpenter v. State, 126 S.W.3d 879, 887 (Tenn. 2004). However, the
lack of Wilkerson findings in this case was a fairly “significant and obvious” issue that could
have been raised by appellate counsel on direct appeal, or by trial counsel in the motion for
new trial, and neither attorney offered a legitimate reason for failing to raise the issue. See
Carpenter, 126 S.W.3d at 889. We agree with the post-conviction court’s finding that both
trial and appellate counsels’ performance was deficient in this regard.

       In order to be entitled to post-conviction relief, however, Petitioner must also prove
by clear and convincing evidence that he was prejudiced. See Michael Eugene Wilkerson v.
State, No. M2009-00561-CCA-R3-PC, 2010 WL 2787751, at *12 (Tenn. Crim. App. July
14, 2010), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Dec. 8, 2010). To do so, he must prove “there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694; Nichols v. State, 90
S.W.3d 576, 587 (Tenn. 2002). This reasonable probability must be “sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694; Harris v. State, 875 S.W.2d 662,
665 (Tenn. 1994);

        The post-conviction court cited two cases—State v. James Allen Pollard, No. M2011-
00332-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 4142253, at *21 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 17, 2012) and State
v. Guadalupe Arroyo, No. E2003-02355-CCA-R3-CD, 2004 WL 1924033 at *4 (Tenn. Crim.
App. Aug. 30, 2004)—to support the proposition that this Court “routinely remanded cases
to the trial court for sentencing in cases where the court labels the defendant a ‘dangerous
offender’ but fails to make any Wilkerson findings during sentencing,” and concluded that
the Petitioner was prejudiced. However, the state of the law at the time of Petitioner’s direct
appeal is not so clear.

        When Petitioner’s case was originally appealed in 2008, this Court would have
reviewed the application of consecutive sentences under a de novo standard of review with
a presumption that “the determinations made by the court from which the appeal is taken are
correct.” T.C.A. § 40-35-401(d) (2006). As the Sentencing Commission Comments to that
section noted, the burden was on the appealing party to show that the sentence was improper.
T.C.A. § 40-35-401 (2006), Sent’g Comm’n Cmts. If the record showed that the trial court
failed to make the necessary findings of fact, the presumption of correctness did not apply,

                                             -11-
and this Court’s review was purely de novo. See State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn.
1991).

        When a trial court failed to make the necessary Wilkerson findings, some panels of
this Court remanded cases for new sentencing hearings. See, e.g., State v. Brandon McCoy,
No. M2007-00421-CCA-R3-CD, 2008 WL 1774985, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 18,
2008); State v. Blake Delaney Tallant, No. E2006-02273-CCA-R3-CD, 2008 WL 115818,
at *28 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 14, 2008), perm. app. denied (Tenn. June 30, 2008). However,
other panels conducted a de novo review of the record to determine the appropriateness of
consecutive sentences. See, e.g., State v. Nathaniel Shelbourne, Jr., No. M2007-01844-
CCA-R3-CD, 2008 WL 4644186, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Oct. 21, 2008), perm. app. denied
(Tenn. Mar. 16, 2009) (“[T]his Court may uphold consecutive sentencing if we are able to
make the Wilkerson determinations from the record on appeal.”); State v. Richard Anthony
Arriola, No. M2007-00428-CCA-R3-CD, 2008 WL 1991098, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App. May
8, 2008) (“We note that the trial court failed to make Wilkerson findings, but nevertheless,
we conclude that the trial court properly ran the Defendant’s sentences consecutively.”);
State v. James A. Mellon, No. E2006-00791-CCA-R3-CD, 2007 WL 1319370, at *10 (Tenn.
Crim. App. May 7, 2007), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Sept. 24, 2007) (“In the instant case, the
trial court failed to state explicitly on the record its findings concerning the Wilkerson factors.
Nevertheless, exercising our power of de novo review, we conclude that the appellant is a
dangerous offender.”). Thus, we are satisfied that, during the original direct appeal of this
case, this Court could have either remanded the matter for further sentencing or made its own
de novo determination of the appropriateness of consecutive sentencing.5 Neither choice
would have been driven by the performance of the attorney(s).

       Petitioner has failed to show a reasonable probability that the overall outcome of his
case would have been different, namely that he would have received concurrent rather than
consecutive sentences. We agree with the State that “[a] complete review of the
circumstances surrounding the murders and the [P]etitioner’s involvement in them . . .
support the trial court’s conclusions that the [P]etitioner is a dangerous offender and the
imposition of consecutive terms.” The proof at trial indicated that Petitioner was selling
drugs for an out-of-state drug cartel. Petitioner initially believed that one of his co-
defendants stole cocaine from him and threatened the lives of both his co-defendant and his
co-defendant’s mother. When the co-defendant pointed the finger at one of the victims,
Petitioner forced his co-defendant to lure the victims to his house, where they were bound

        5
         Even under the modern standard of review for consecutive sentencing, as set forth by our supreme
court in State v. Pollard, this Court may either remand for a new sentencing hearing or conduct a de novo
review when the trial court failed to provide adequate reasons on the record for imposing consecutive
sentences. 432 S.W.3d 851, 863-64 (Tenn. 2013)

                                                  -12-
with duct tape. The victims were then put into a car, and during the drive, one of them was
shot after he began to struggle. The second victim was shot at Petitioner’s body shop; she
was six weeks pregnant. The bodies were stuffed into the backseat and trunk of the victim’s
car, which was abandoned behind a church. Upon investigation, it was determined that none
of the people Petitioner accused were actually responsible for the theft of his cocaine. See
Alvin Malone, 2008 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 813, at *2-14.

        From the facts that were before the trial court, it is clear that Petitioner’s behavior
indicated little or no regard for human life and that he had no hesitation about committing
a crime in which the risk to human life was high. Petitioner murdered two innocent people
falsely accused of theft by his co-defendant, making it clear that an extended sentence was
necessary to protect the public from further criminal conduct by Petitioner and that
consecutive sentences were reasonably related to the severity of the offenses committed. See
Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d at 939. Regardless of whether this Court remanded the original
appeal for further sentencing by the trial court or conducted a de novo review, we conclude
the outcome would have been the same as the original sentence imposed—consecutive
sentences. Therefore, Petitioner has not proven by clear and convincing evidence that he was
prejudiced by trial and appellate counsels’ deficient performances. Therefore, we reverse the
judgment of the post-conviction court and reinstate the sentences as originally ordered by the
trial court.

                                         Conclusion

       Based on our review of the record, we find that the post-conviction court erred in
finding that Petitioner was prejudiced by trial and appellate counsels’ failure to object to or
raise on appeal the trial court’s imposition of consecutive sentences based on the dangerous
offender category without making the necessary Wilkerson findings. Petitioner has not
shown by clear and convincing evidence that, had the issue been raised, his sentences would
have been ordered to run concurrently instead of consecutively. We do agree with the post-
conviction court’s determination that trial counsel’s decision to forgo Petitioner’s proposed
alibi witnesses was a tactical decision and did not constitute deficient performance.
Therefore, we affirm the post-conviction court’s judgment in part and reverse in part.

                                                    _________________________________
                                                    TIMOTHY L. EASTER, JUDGE

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