Court Opinion

ID: 2676466
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-05-30 18:02:28.13624+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:10:47.359018
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                              AT JACKSON
                                  January 21, 2014 Session

                    LINUS THORNTON v. JAMES A. MASSEY

                  An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Hardin County
                       No. 3891     C. Creed McGinley, Judge

                   No. W2013-01022-COA-R3-CV - Filed May 30, 2014

This is the second appeal in this breach of contract case. The defendant property owner
leased his recreational farm on a yearly basis to the plaintiff lessee. Their agreement included
a provision that, when the farm sold, the plaintiff would received a percentage of the
proceeds of the sale. The defendant eventually divided the farm into several parcels and sold
the parcels at auction to different purchasers. The plaintiff asserted his right to a percentage
of the proceeds. Thereafter, for reasons that are disputed, none of the sales of the various
parcels of the farm closed. The plaintiff filed this lawsuit against the defendant owner,
asserting that he was entitled to a percentage of the total sale price that would have been
realized had all of the sales closed. After a trial, the trial court held in favor of the plaintiff,
and the defendant appealed. In the first appeal, the appellate court affirmed in part but
vacated the judgment and remanded for the trial court to make a factual finding as to whether
the sales failed to close because of the purposeful actions of the defendant. On remand, the
trial court found that the closings on the sales failed to take place because of the defendant
owner’s purposeful actions. The trial court found that the defendant prevented the sales from
closing in order to avoid paying the plaintiff the percentage owed him under the parties’ lease
agreement. The trial court reinstated the damage award in favor of the plaintiff and awarded
prejudgment and post-judgment interest. The defendant now appeals. Discerning no error,
we affirm.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court is Affirmed

H OLLY M. K IRBY, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D AVID R. F ARMER, J., and
J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD, J., joined.

Dennis W. Plunk, Savannah, Tennessee, and Mary Stewart Nelson, Birmingham, Alabama,
for the Defendant/Appellant, James A. Massey

Charles C. Drennon, III, Memphis, Tennessee, for the Plaintiff/Appellee, Linus Thornton
                                          OPINION

This is the second appeal in this case. See Thornton v. Massey, No. W2006-01417-COA-
R3-CV, 2007 WL 1438766 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 17, 2007) (“Thornton I”).
Plaintiff/Appellee Linus Thornton (“Mr. Thornton”) and Defendant/Appellant James A.
Massey (“Mr. Massey”) became acquainted in 1991. Mr. Thornton was a cattleman and
farmer, and Mr. Massey was a businessman/investor; together they engaged in a variety of
business dealings.

Relevant to this appeal, in October 1998, Mr. Massey leased to Mr. Thornton real property
known as Grandview Farm (“the farm”), an income-producing recreational farm in Hardin
County, Tennessee. Initially, Mr. Thornton leased the farm from Mr. Massey for a one-year
term, beginning October 1, 1998. The lease included an automatic renewal provision under
which the lease would automatically renew unless it was canceled in writing 60 days prior
to the original term.

At the same time they executed the lease, the parties entered into a “Memorandum of
Agreement” that outlined both parties’ intentions. The memorandum of agreement stated
that Mr. Thornton intended “to raise cattle on the Farm.” It also stated that Mr. Thornton
agreed to “be responsible for maintaining and upgrading the Farm with the intention of
turning it into a 1st class farming, ranching and recreational operation.” The parties
understood that Mr. Thornton would live on the farm rent-free and earn money from income-
producing activities on the farm. The memorandum of agreement stated the parties’ intent
“to sell the Farm within 5 years for its highest and best price.” Id. at *3. Upon the
anticipated sale of the farm, the agreement provided, Mr. Thornton was entitled to “a
minimum of ten [percent] (10%) of the net closing proceeds from the sale of the Farm no
matter what the sale price is, provided that the Lease is in effect and that Thornton shall not
be in default thereunder. Payment shall be made at time of closing.” The lease and
memorandum of agreement together comprise the full agreement of the parties. Id. at *4.

Grandview Farm did not sell within five years, as the parties originally anticipated. Years
later, in 2004, Mr. Massey decided to sell the farm. To this end, Mr. Massey retained The
Redfield Group to conduct an auction of the property. Mr. Massey advanced $50,000 to The
Redfield Group for this purpose.

On June 26, 2004, the farm was sold at auction. For the sale, the property was divided into
40 different tracts. At the auction, the 40 tracts were sold to a total of 11 different groups of
purchasers. The purchasers are: (1) Michael Guszak — tract 1; (2) Vernon Jackson and
Joseph Densford — tracts 2 & 3; (3) Deborah and Thomas Campbell — tract 4; (4) Wesley
and Jennifer Durbin — tract 5; (5) James Fitts — tract 13; (6) M.N. Brown and Jeff Wilkes

                                               -2-
— tracts 20-21, 24-33, & 40; (7) Mr. Thornton — tracts 17 & 18; (8) Ralph Nixon, DDS, MS
(“Dr. Nixon”) — tracts 7-12; (9) Al Batson — tract 14; (10) Tina and Martin Haggard, Jr.
— tracts 15 & 16; and (11) Jerry Odle — tracts 6, 22 & 23, 34-39.1 Mr. Thornton was aware
of the auction and, as can be seen by the list of purchasers, was himself the successful bidder
on two of the auctioned tracts.

All of the sales contracts provided that the closing would take place within 15 days after the
completion of a land survey. Mr. Massey advanced $20,000 to Advantage Land Survey to
perform the surveys.

On July 2, 2004, about a week after the sale, two unsuccessful auction bidders for tracts 25
and 26, Reed Jackson and Joe Densford, sent a demand letter to The Redfield Group, Mr.
Massey, and closing attorney Neil Harkavy. Mr. Jackson and Mr. Densford claimed in the
letter that they were the rightful winning bidders for the two lots. They also filed a complaint
with the Tennessee Auctioneer Commission against The Redfield Group, alleging that it
improperly ignored their winning bid at the auction.

In addition, on July 29, 2004, Mr. Jackson and Mr. Densford filed a lawsuit in the Shelby
County Chancery Court against The Redfield Group, Mr. Massey, and Attorney Harkavy.
The lawsuit asked the Chancery Court to declare Mr. Jackson and Mr. Densford the rightful
purchasers of Lots 25 and 26. In the course of the ensuing Chancery Court proceedings, it
was later determined that, unbeknownst to Mr. Massey, The Redfield Group was not licensed
to perform auctions in Tennessee.

In September 2004, Mr. Thornton received a letter by regular mail from Mr. Massey. The
letter was dated June 26, 2004, the same date as the auction of the farm. The letter purported
to be a “formal notice of cancellation of the Lease Agreement . . . due to [Thornton’s]
material breach and default of the terms and conditions of the Agreement.” In the letter, Mr.
Massey stated that the cancellation of the farm lease was “effective immediately as of the
date of this notice” and that Mr. Massey was “entitled to immediate possession of the leased
premises.” Mr. Massey would later claim that the notice letter demonstrated Mr. Massey’s
belief that, at the time of the auction, the farm lease to Mr. Thornton was no longer in effect.

On September 3, 2004, Mr. Thornton filed the lease and memorandum of agreement with the
Hardin County Register for the purpose of protecting his leasehold rights and his right to the
10% commission under the memorandum of agreement. Mr. Thornton would later claim that
the filing of these documents with the county register did not affect the auction sales because

1
    This information is in accordance with trial Exhibit A, entered into evidence by stipulation of the parties.

                                                        -3-
the sales contracts all provided that the purchaser would take the property “subject to any .
. . leases.”

On October 4, 2004, Mr. Thornton filed the instant lawsuit against Mr. Massey in the Hardin
County Circuit Court. In his Circuit Court complaint, Mr. Thornton sought a declaratory
judgment, injunctive relief, lien lis pendens, and damages. He alleged that, as a result of the
June 26, 2004 auction, “each such purchaser had entered into a binding Sales Contract” with
Mr. Massey. He also asserted that his farm lease was in effect at the time of auction.
Therefore, Mr. Thornton claimed, he was entitled to 10% of the net closing proceeds under
the terms of the lease and/or memorandum of agreement.

Meanwhile, by September 29, 2004, surveys were completed on Lots 1, 2, 3, and 4, and
Attorney Harkavy was preparing settlement statements in anticipation of closing on the sale
of those lots. On October 26, 2004, Attorney Harkavy told Mr. Massey that the survey
company needed $21,000 more to complete the surveys. Mr. Massey paid the additional
$21,000 to Advantage Land Survey for this purpose.

By letter to Attorney Harkavy dated November 1, 2004, one of the purchasers, Jerry Odle,
requested a return of his earnest money on the basis that Mr. Massey has breached the sales
agreement because the sale had not yet closed. On December 17, 2004, Mr. Odle’s earnest
money was refunded as requested, and his sales contract was terminated.

By letter dated November 2, 2004, Mr. Thornton’s counsel sent a letter to all of the
successful bidders at the auction, asserting that Mr. Thornton had an existing lease on
Grandview Farm and informing them, “The current lease term runs through October 1,
2005.” The letter told the recipients that they would not be permitted to enter the Grandview
Farm land parcels they had purchased “at any time without [Mr. Thornton’s] permission,
otherwise, those persons who choose to do so will be trespassing and subject to prosecution.”

Mr. Massey did not agree with Mr. Thornton that the lease was still in effect. On December
6, 2004, Mr. Massey sent his own letter to all of the successful bidders, including Mr.
Thornton. In the letter, Mr. Massey indicated that the dispute with Mr. Thornton had raised
certain title problems on the Grandview Farm tracts. The letter read:

       I am writing to tell you that I made a mistake and when a person makes a
       mistake they ought to own up to it. I made a mistake when I trusted the word
       of my long-time friend, Linus Thornton.

       So, I am sorry to have to inform you that I must call off the closings of the
       auction until I can get the title problem cleared up.

                                              -4-
       It shouldn’t take too long and I will be happy to sell you the parcels that you
       bid on under the same terms and conditions of which we previously agreed.
       Since I am taking this action, I don’t expect you to close if you don’t want to
       and I would certainly understand. Also, I have asked the closing attorney to
       send you your money back. If you still want the land when I get the title
       cleared, I will be happy to sell it to you.

       Once again, I am very sorry for this big mess up, but I will get it straightened
       out and we can all go on.

Mr. Massey sent the letter to Mr. Thornton, as he was one of the successful bidders.
However, the letters sent to the bidders other than Mr. Thornton included an additional note:
“P.S. Linus Thornton was a successful bidder on two tracts. I will not sell those two tracts
or any others to him.” Thus, through this correspondence, Mr. Massey informed the auction
bidders that he was “call[ing] off the closings,” that he did not expect the purchasers to close
on the parcels on which they had bid, and that he would be returning the purchasers’ earnest
money.

In December 2004, Mr. Massey filed an answer to Mr. Thornton’s Circuit Court complaint,
as well as a counterclaim. In his answer, Mr. Massey asserted that he had exercised his right
to terminate the lease on Grandview Farm due to Mr. Thornton’s default, that the lease was
not in effect at the time of the auction, and that none of the sales contracts on the auctioned
parcels closed. In his counterclaim, Mr. Massey alleged Mr. Thornton failed to pay
promissory notes due to him, and also that Mr. Thornton tortiously interfered with the sales
contracts for Grandview Farm by filing the Circuit Court action seeking injunctive relief and
a lien lis pendens.

Mr. Thornton filed an answer in the Circuit Court to Mr. Massey’s counterclaim. The answer
asserted that Mr. Massey’s counterclaim based on the promissory notes was barred by the
statute of limitations and other theories. Mr. Thornton denied any tortious interference with
the sales contracts and denied the allegations of default under the lease.

In January 2005, the Jackson/Densford lawsuit filed in Shelby County Chancery Court was
transferred to the Hardin County Chancery Court. On February 4, 2005, Mr. Jackson and Mr.
Densford filed a complaint for injunctive relief in the Hardin County Chancery Court against
Mr. Massey, asking the chancellor to enjoin Mr. Massey “from closing any sales until the
issue of the validity of the sales can be determined by this Court” and asking the chancellor
to preserve the status quo and “keep any real estate closing transactions from occurring as
a result of a disputed and alleged void auction sale of property pending ruling of this Court”

                                              -5-
in the first Chancery Court action. They asserted that preservation of the status quo on all
lots was necessary because each lot was “interdependent on the others in the sense that they
share roads and easements and will necessarily share some expenses in the future.”

When Mr. Jackson and Mr. Densford filed the complaint for injunctive relief, the Hardin
County Chancery Court entered a temporary restraining order (“TRO”) and set a hearing.
The TRO enjoined Mr. Massey “from concluding or closing any real estate transaction as a
result of the disputed auction of properties at Grandview Farms which occurred on June 26,
2004 until further order of said Court to the contrary.” The hearing on the TRO, however,
was continued at the request of Mr. Massey. The order granting Mr. Massey’s motion for
a continuance contained an incomplete sentence, stating: “[T]he Temporary [R]estraining
Order issued by this court in these matters shall.”2 This was the Chancery Court’s last
pronouncement on the subject, and Mr. Massey did not reset the matter for a hearing.3

On February 2, 2005, two days before the chancellor entered the TRO, Mr. Massey received
the completed survey for each buyer. Ostensibly, at that point, Mr. Massey had the
documents needed to proceed with the closings on the Grandview Farm sales contracts. The
TRO issued two days later temporarily enjoined Mr. Massey from going forward with the
closings.

In the ensuing months, some of the purchasers requested rescission and the refund of their
earnest money. In a letter dated April 25, 2005, per his conversation with Mr. Massey on that
day, purchaser Michael Guszak asked Mr. Massey to terminate his sales contract and refund
his earnest money.4 Similarly, per letter dated May 2, 2005, purchaser Al Batson also asked
Mr. Massey to refund his earnest money, thereby canceling his contract. By letter dated June
2, 2005, purchasers Mr. and Mrs. Campbell referred to a letter they received from Mr.
Massey dated April 14, 2005, “regarding the legal problems with the sale of Grandview
Farm,” and so they “contacted Mr. Harkavy as [Mr. Massey] recommended and requested

2
 We presume that this sentence likely was intended to address whether the TRO was extended in light of the
continuance, but that cannot be determined from the record.
3
 Mr. Massey claims that there was in fact another hearing on the injunction because it was revisited in the
hearing on the parties’ summary judgment motions. Nonetheless, Mr. Massey did not reset the hearing on
the TRO (which he calls a temporary injunction), nor did he ever separately challenge the Chancery Court
order that he claims prevented the closing.
4
 Mr. Guszak was the successful bidder on tract 1, for which the survey was completed in September 2004.
The closing did not occur before Mr. Guszak requested the return of his earnest money.

                                                   -6-
the return of [their] earnest money for Lot 4.”5 Thus, based on Mr. Massey’s
recommendation and his explanation of all the “legal problems surrounding the sale,” these
purchasers asked Mr. Massey to cancel their sales contracts. Mr. Massey obliged.

Some of the purchasers did not ask Mr. Massey to cancel their sales contracts. On July 5,
2005, Mr. Massey asked Attorney Harkavy to return the escrowed deposits to each purchaser
who had not yet requested a refund of the earnest money. Attorney Harkavy did so on July
19, 2005. Of these, James Fitts was apparently the only purchaser who cashed his refund
check and cancelled his contract at that time.

Other purchasers insisted on specific performance of their sales contracts. On October 11,
2005, purchasers Mr. and Mrs. Martin Haggard filed a lawsuit in the Hardin County
Chancery Court seeking specific performance of their sales contract. Later, purchaser
Donald Wesley Durbin filed another lawsuit in the Hardin County Chancery Court seeking
specific performance of his sales contract. At some point, purchasers M. N. Brown, Jeff
Wilkes, and Dr. Ralph Nixon also filed lawsuits in the Hardin County Chancery Court
seeking specific performance of their sales contracts. Eventually, all of the related Hardin
County Chancery Court lawsuits were consolidated for trial.6

Meanwhile, on December 21, 2005, the trial court below conducted the trial in the case sub
judice regarding Mr. Thornton’s claim to 10% of the net closing proceeds of the sale. At the
time of trial, none of the sales contracts arising from the fateful auction had actually closed.
The trial court heard testimony from both Mr. Thornton and Mr. Massey.7

At the conclusion of the trial, the trial court issued an oral ruling finding that the lease
agreement was in effect in June 2004, when the auction of Grandview Farm occurred, and
that Mr. Thornton was entitled to judgment under the lease. It held, “[Mr.] Massey’s defense
that the auctioneering company was unlicensed has no effect on this case.” It also held that,
by sending the winning bidders his December 6, 2004 letter, Mr. Massey had ratified his
intent to sell the parcels. The trial court awarded Mr. Thornton a judgment in the amount of
$136,583.12, representing ten percent of the estimated total bid amount at the auction for the

5
 Like Mr. Guszak, the Campbells were the successful bidders on tract 4, for which the survey was completed
in September 2004. The closing did not occur before they requested the return of their earnest money.
6
One of the cases in the consolidated Chancery Court action is Mr. Massey’s claims against The Redfield
Group and its principle, Mike Fisher, based on conduct related to the auction.
7
 The trial court also heard brief testimony from Denise Price, Mr. Massey’s former assistant. Her testimony
is not pertinent to the issues in this appeal.

                                                   -7-
sale of all of the farm parcels, plus post-judgment interest under the terms of the lease.8 The
trial court dismissed Mr. Massey’s claim based on the promissory notes. Mr. Massey
voluntarily dismissed his claim of tortious interference. On June 5, 2006, the trial court
entered a written order consistent with its oral ruling. Mr. Massey filed a timely notice of
appeal to this Court.9

On December 22, 2005, the day after completion of the trial below, Mr. Massey filed a
declaratory judgment action against the successful bidders involved in the Hardin County
Chancery Court lawsuits. In that lawsuit, he argued that, because the sales contracts on 13
of the 40 tracts had been rescinded, their removal from the overall sale resulted in
“balkanized property remaining for sale (a Swiss-cheese shaped parcel for lack of a better
term).” He claimed that the rescission on these parcels resulted in lost sales of over
$344,000. Mr. Massey argued that, as a result, the sales contracts on the remaining tracts
should be declared void because (1) they arose out of an illegal auction conducted by an
unlicensed auction company, and (2) it would be unjust to enforce the remaining contracts
because the contracts on over one-fourth of the total number of contracts on the farm
property had been rescinded.

On May 17, 2007, in the Thornton I appeal, this Court issued a decision affirming in part
and vacating in part the trial court’s decision. The Court first rejected Mr. Massey’s
argument that the lease automatically expired at the end of five years. Thornton I, 2007 WL
1438766, at *4. It further held that the evidence in the record supported the trial court’s
finding that Mr. Massey did not give Mr. Thornton notice of the termination of the lease until
Mr. Thornton took action to obtain his 10% share of the sales proceeds, sometime after the
auction. Consequently, the appellate court affirmed the trial court’s holding that the lease
was still in effect on the date of the auction. Id.

In Thornton I, Mr. Massey also argued that Mr. Thornton was not entitled to 10% of the sale
proceeds for the farm because, as of the date of the trial, the sales contracts had not closed,
so “there are no monies from which an award . . . can be extracted.” Id. In response, Mr.
Thornton contended that the reason there were “no monies” from the sale was because Mr.
Massey “elected to engage in a course of conduct to ensure that none of the closings under
the [s]ales [c]ontracts would ever take place so as to never pay Thornton[.]” Id. In its June
2006 ruling, the trial court below did not address this argument; it reasoned that it was

8
 This amount was an “estimate” used at trial based on the bids of the successful bidders; it was not based on
the purchase price calculated from the actual surveys.
9
 On January 11, 2007, the trial court entered a supplemental order denying Mr. Thornton’s claim for punitive
damages.

                                                    -8-
unnecessary to do so because, “if there were any problems in the sale, that essentially [the
sale] was ratified in letters to each of these purchasers after this lawsuit was filed that there
was further ratification concerning the sale, that [Mr. Massey] intended to sell. . . .” Id. The
trial court held that, because Mr. Massey originally intended to follow through with the
closings on the sales, Mr. Thornton was entitled to a judgment for 10% of the proceeds.

On appeal in Thornton I, this Court held that the trial court, in the first instance, should have
addressed Mr. Thornton’s “purposeful avoidance” argument:

               It is undisputed that the farm was auctioned in parcels in June 2004;
       that the auction was conducted by the Redfield Group, which held itself out to
       be qualified and licensed; that all parcels sold; that the total bid amount was
       $1,365,831.25; and that Mr. Thornton won the bid for two parcels. The parties
       also do not dispute that the memorandum of agreement provides for payment
       of “ten [percent] of the net closing proceeds” and that “[p]ayment shall be
       made at the time of closing,” or that the sales did not, in fact, close. Finally,
       it is undisputed that in July 2004 the Redfield Group was sued in the chancery
       court by unsuccessful bidders and that, during the course of the action in
       chancery court, it was discovered that the Redfield Group was not licensed to
       conduct the auction in Tennessee. Apparently, the chancery court issued an
       injunction enjoining the sale of at least some of the auctioned parcels.
               The trial court made no findings regarding whether, as Mr. Thornton
       asserts, the failure to close was due to intentional action on Mr. Massey’s part.
       Mr. Massey, on the other hand, contends the temporary restraining order
       sought and received by Mr. Thornton at the outset of this lawsuit, in addition
       to the injunction issued by the chancery court, cast a cloud on the title such that
       closing was impracticable or impossible. Additionally, although the injunction
       allegedly issued by chancery court was alluded to at trial, the record does not
       reflect that the matter was resolved in the trial court, and the testimony at trial
       was that the actions in chancery court had not been resolved when the current
       matter was heard in December 2005.
               Although the trial court found that the unlicensed status of the Redfield
       Group did not impact Mr. Massey’s decision not to go forward with the sale,
       we are not satisfied that the action initiated by the unsuccessful bidders against
       the Redfield Group, and the restraining order apparently issued in that action
       enjoining the sales, did not prevent the closing of the auction sale or cast a
       cloud on the title such that closing was impracticable. Thus, we cannot say
       that Mr. Massey has purposefully avoided closing in order to circumvent or
       nullify the memorandum agreement at issue here. We are compelled to

                                               -9-
        remand this matter to the trial court, therefore, for further findings with respect
        to this issue.

Id. at *5. In addition, the appellate court affirmed the trial court’s dismissal of Mr. Massey’s
counterclaims. Id. at *6. Thus, in summary, the Court in Thornton I affirmed the trial
court’s holding that the lease was in effect on the date of the auction and also affirmed the
trial court’s dismissal of Mr. Massey’s counterclaim. The appellate court vacated the
$136,583.12 judgment in favor of Mr. Thornton and remanded the case “for further findings
regarding whether the failure to close on sales of the auctioned farm parcels resulted from
a purposeful act of Mr. Massey, or whether closing was impossible or impracticable in light
of the pending litigation in chancery court regarding the propriety of the auction.” Id. at *6.

Later, on December 7, 2007, Mr. Massey filed a motion in the trial court to stay the trial court
proceedings pending resolution of the related consolidated Chancery Court proceedings. He
noted that the consolidated chancery case was scheduled for trial and argued, “Should the
hearing . . . proceed, there stands a very real chance that inconsistent verdicts will issue from
the two courts involved in adjudicating the issues surrounding the auction of Grandview
Farm.” Mr. Massey added, “This is especially the case since many of the parties involved
in the Chancery Court action are not present before this Court, whereas all parties, including
the parties to the instant action, are present before the Chancery Court.” On December 19,
2007, the trial court entered an order granting the motion to stay.10

On March 5, 2010, the chancellor presiding over the consolidated Chancery Court case
entered an order granting partial summary judgment to the successful bidders and ordering
specific performance of their sales contracts with Mr. Massey. The successful bidders who
were granted specific performance are M. N. Brown and Jeff Wilkes, Mr. and Mrs. Haggard,
Dr. Nixon, Mr. Thornton, and Mr. Durbin.11 In granting partial summary judgment, the
Chancery Court “declar[ed] the real estate contracts entered into by James A. Massey/Asset
Management Company, LLC with the said successful bidders upon the conclusion of the
June 26, 2004 Auction of Grandview Farms valid and enforceable contracts.” The Chancery
Court held as a matter of law that The Redfield Group’s failure to secure a proper license
prior to the auction “has no impact on the validity and enforceability of the said real estate
contracts . . . .”

10
 The trial court also directed the parties to submit to the trial court periodic progress reports on the status
of the Chancery Court proceedings.
11
 According to Mr. Massey, Mr. Jackson and Mr. Densford dismissed their claims to purchase tracts 25 and
26 and rescinded their sales contract for tracts 2 and 3.

                                                     -10-
On December 23, 2010, in the case sub judice, Mr. Thornton filed an application for a
temporary restraining order or other injunctive relief. He alleged that Mr. Massey “has
elected to proceed with the closings of some or all of the auctioned parcels pursuant to the
real estate contracts entered into at the auction.” Mr. Thornton asserted that he would suffer
immediate and irreparable harm, loss, or damage unless the vacated portion of his damages,
$136,583.12 plus interest, were taken from the closing proceeds and deposited with the court.

Some evidence in the record indicates that the closings that took place as a result of the
Chancery Court’s March 2010 order occurred on August 25, 2011, and that they resulted in
sales proceeds totaling $1,091,415.49. Reportedly, approximately 10% of this amount, that
is, $109,000, was placed in escrow by the new closing attorney, Gil Parrish.

After Thornton I was remanded, the trial court scheduled a hearing for the proceedings on
remand for September 5, 2012.

On August 29, 2012, in anticipation of the remand hearing, Mr. Thornton submitted a
Remand Brief to the trial court. He argued that the reason that some of the sales contracts
had failed to close was because of, among other things, purposeful acts by Mr. Massey. He
specified the following alleged purposeful acts: (1) Mr. Massey’s December 6, 2004 letters
to the bidders “calling off” the closings based on alleged “title problems” caused by Mr.
Thornton, (2) his belated reliance, not until January 2005, on the lack of a proper auctioneer
license of The Redfield Group as a reason to oppose the closings, (3) his reliance on the
February 2005 TRO issued in the related Chancery Court proceedings, despite the fact that
the TRO expired as a matter of law after 15 days pursuant to Rule 65.03(5); and (4) his July
2005 letter terminating the remaining sales contracts and refunding the earnest money to all
remaining successful bidders. Mr. Thornton argued that the closings were not made
impossible or impractical by the pending Chancery Court litigation, since the TRO expired
15 days after it was issued. He also maintained that the lawsuits actually showed that the
sales were valid. Finally, Mr. Thornton pointed out that Mr. Massey continued to take action
to stymie the sales, even after the trial court held in favor of Mr. Thornton, by filing a
collateral action in the Hardin County Chancery Court in December 2005 attacking the
validity of the sales. Therefore, Mr. Thornton argued, the sales were held to be valid for the
purchasers who persevered, and the bidders who cancelled their contracts did so only because
of Mr. Massey’s purposeful acts. Since Mr. Massey interfered with otherwise valid
contracts, Mr. Thornton argued that he was entitled to his percentage of the full amount of
the sale proceeds for all of the farm parcels. In a supplemental reply brief, Mr. Thornton
argued that he would also be entitled to post-judgment interest on any award, dating from the
date of the trial, December 21, 2005.

                                             -11-
On August 30, 2012, Mr. Massey filed a motion to continue the remand hearing and to
compel mediation.12 On the same day, Mr. Massey filed another motion, this one to submit
evidence in the form of testimony at the remand hearing. In this second motion, Mr. Massey
explained that he “may need to give detailed testimony on the reasons behind the failure of
the closings.” He attached a “draft affidavit” to the motion that outlined the substance of his
proposed testimony, as well as several exhibits. The draft affidavit asserted that Mr. Massey
had little control over whether the closings took place. It also said that the sales failed to
close because Mr. Thornton himself refused to vacate the farm property, thus putting a cloud
on the title to the property. The draft affidavit claimed that Mr. Thornton’s actions, coupled
with other external impediments such as survey delays, actually prevented closing on the
sales. Mr. Massey’s second motion also informed the trial court that, to rebut any proof Mr.
Thornton might submit at the remand hearing, Mr. Massey may have to put on proof from
third parties such as bidders, surveyors, and other participants in the closing process. For
these reasons, Mr. Massey argued, the trial court should make the remand hearing an
evidentiary hearing.

Mr. Massey also filed a response to Mr. Thornton’s Remand Brief. His response reiterated
that Mr. Massey at all times diligently pursued closing on the sales, but Mr. Thornton’s
lawsuit and the consolidated Chancery Court lawsuits made closing impractical or
impossible. Mr. Massey claimed that Mr. Thornton was not entitled to any percentage of the
sale proceeds, because some of the sales contracts closed and others did not, and Mr.
Thornton’s commission was dependent on a sale of the entire farm. According to Mr.
Massey, the fact that the farm did not sell in its entirety was caused by: (1) the fact that The
Redfield Group botched the auction; (2) the surveyor’s delay in performing the surveys; (3)
the litigation filed by successful and unsuccessful bidders; and (4) Mr. Thornton’s refusal to
leave the property until June 2006. Alternatively, Mr. Massey claimed, Mr. Thornton is not
entitled to a percentage of the sale proceeds because he failed to perform his duties under the
lease and memorandum of agreement, namely, to improve, repair, and maintain the farm and
turn it into a 1st class farming, ranching, and recreational operation.

On November 21, 2012, Mr. Massey filed another affidavit detailing the attorney fees and
expenses related to the actual sale, including litigation costs and travel expenses related to
court hearings. He argued that the total $983,957.16 in expenses exceeded the sale proceeds,
so Mr. Thornton was not entitled to any percentage. Mr. Massey’s second affidavit also
asserted that the total value of the parcels that sold but did not close was $386,738.25.

On January 4, 2013, the trial court held the remand hearing. At the outset, the trial court
denied Mr. Massey’s motion for an evidentiary hearing. The trial court concluded that it

12
     After the remand briefs were filed, the parties tried to mediate the dispute, to no avail.

                                                        -12-
would make the decision directed on remand based on the remand briefs and the evidence
the parties submitted at the December 2005 hearing.13 After the parties presented their
arguments, the trial court issued an oral ruling. It found that the sales contracts that did not
close failed to do so because of Mr. Massey’s purposeful acts. The trial court indicated that
its factual finding was based in part on its decision to credit the testimony of Mr. Thornton
over that of Mr. Massey. The trial court found:

                I observed the people when they testified, I listened to them, and the
        Court made its rulings based upon the credibility of the witnesses as well as all
        those documents that were presented to the Court at that time.
                I am constrained to confess that I find that the Defendant’s argument
        at this time is somewhat disingenuous in that they claim that the Plaintiff is
        entitled to nothing; notwithstanding the fact that this Court found, according
        to the terms of the agreements, that the Plaintiff, Mr. Thornton, was entitled
        to ten percent of the proceeds.
                The only matter that was remanded to this Court is to make a
        determination whether there was — something existed that might have been
        impractical or impossible for the Defendant to close.
                This Court finds that in this particular case it goes back to the
        intentional actions of the Defendant; that he had the ability to move these
        closings forward and out of a sense of trying to defeat the Plaintiff’s
        entitlement to his ten percent commission he took every action that he possibly
        could to defeat paying this man one red penny.
                The Court feels that this was done with a vindictive spirit, that all of the
        activities — and based upon the testimony that the Court heard at that time —
        and I think I even made findings concerning the fact that the — there weren’t
        legal prohibitions, but the Court of Appeals apparently didn’t think that the
        Court had embellished it enough.

        ...

               And the Court specifically finds that it’s the willful, intentional actions
        of Mr. Massey, and that it was done with a deliberate attempt to defeat the
        contract provisions that were entitled to Plaintiff, to his ten percent
        commission, that essentially has already been affirmed by . . . The Court of
        Civil Appeals.

13
 The trial court did not admit into evidence the documents attached to the parties’ remand briefs, but it is
apparent from the court’s ruling that it considered the arguments in the remand briefs in making its decision.

                                                    -13-
On March 26, 2013, the trial court entered a written order, attaching the oral ruling and
incorporating it by reference. The trial court reiterated that Mr. Massey could have moved
the closings forward but chose instead to purposefully defeat the sales in order to avoid
paying Mr. Thornton his commission. For this reason, the trial court awarded Mr. Thornton
damages in the amount specified in its original judgment, which was based on the estimate
of the total sales price relied upon by the parties in the first trial. It also awarded both
prejudgment interest and post-judgment interest. The trial court reasoned that Mr. Thornton
was “entitled to prejudgment interest as an element of or in the nature of damages in
accordance with the principles of equity at a rate not to exceed 10% per annum under Tenn.
Code Ann. § 47-14-123, that prejudgment interest in the amount of 10% per annum is
awarded on the stipulated amount of $136,583.12 from July 26, 2004 [30 days after the sale],
being the closing date scheduled under the sales contracts for the closings of the auctioned
farm parcels.” The trial court directed post-judgment interest to run from the date of the
judgment at the applicable statutory rate.

On April 24, 2013, Mr. Massey filed a timely notice of appeal. On the same day, he filed
with the trial court a motion to alter or amend the March 26, 2013 order. The motion to alter
or amend argued that an award of prejudgment interest is inappropriate because that element
of damages was not included in the previous June 2006 order, and the issue of prejudgment
interest was not within the scope of either the appeal or the remand. He further argued that,
at the December 2005 trial, the parties did not stipulate the amount of the gross proceeds; the
only stipulation was that Exhibit A was an accurate list of winning auction bidders and the
lots on which they placed the winning bid. Exhibit A was prepared before the surveys were
completed, Mr. Massey pointed out, so the sales contracts state that the purchase price is
subject to the actual acreage as determined by the surveys. Mr. Massey argued that the
amount of actual proceeds from the August 2011 sale ($979,093) must be used under the
plain language of the contract. After deducting $983,957.16 in expenses, he contended, the
expenses exceed the sales proceeds, so Mr. Thornton is entitled to no commissions.

On May 17, 2013, the trial court entered an order denying Mr. Massey’s motion to alter or
amend. Mr. Massey now appeals the trial court’s orders entered on March 26 and May 17,
2013.

                      ISSUES ON A PPEAL AND S TANDARD OF R EVIEW

On appeal, Mr. Massey raises essentially four issues, which we summarize as follows: (1)
whether the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to reopen the proof at the remand
hearing; (2) whether the evidence preponderates against the trial court’s factual finding that
the closings were not made impossible or impracticable by external impediments, but instead
the sales failed to close because of Mr. Massey’s purposeful acts; (3) whether the trial court

                                             -14-
erred in awarding Mr. Thornton a percentage of the sale proceeds because Mr. Thornton
committed the first breach of the parties’ agreement by failing to improve the farm to first-
class condition, and also because the farm was not sold in its entirety; and (4) in the
alternative, even if Mr. Thornton is entitled to some percentage, whether the trial court erred
in its award of damages because (a) the award was not based on “net” proceeds, (b) Mr.
Thornton should not be awarded prejudgment interest, and (c) the total bid amount, estimated
in Exhibit A, was not the subject of a stipulation and was improperly used to calculate the
damage award.

In response, Mr. Thornton argues that, to some extent, the Chancery Court order requiring
specific performance of some of the sales contracts renders moot the issues in this appeal,
because it shows that there was no legal impediment to the closings. Therefore, he contends,
the closings must have failed to take place due to Mr. Massey’s purposeful acts. He further
argues that many of the issues raised by Mr. Massey are beyond the scope of the remand and
are barred under the law of the case doctrine.

We note that this Court’s opinion in Thornton I did not expressly require the trial court to
reopen the proof and consider additional evidence on remand. Absent such a directive, the
trial court’s decision on whether to reopen the proof is discretionary. We reverse a trial
court’s discretionary decision only if “an injustice has been done” or if the trial court has
abused its discretion. Robinson v. LeCorps, 83 S.W.3d 718, 725 (Tenn. 2002). An abuse
of discretion occurs where the trial court has applied an incorrect legal standard or where its
decision is illogical or unreasoned and causes an injustice to the complaining party. Mercer
v. Vanderbilt Univ., Inc., 134 S.W.3d 121, 131 (Tenn. 2004).

The trial court’s determination that Mr. Massey’s purposeful acts resulted in the failure of
the sales contracts is a finding of fact. We review findings of fact de novo on the record,
presuming those findings to be correct unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. Tenn.
R. App. P. 13(d). Factual findings based on witness credibility are accorded great weight on
appeal, and such factual findings will not be reversed absent clear and convincing evidence
to the contrary. Sullivan v. Sullivan, 107 S.W.3d 507, 509-10 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002).
Conclusions of law are reviewed de novo, with no presumption of correctness. Id. at 510.

To some extent, Mr. Thornton relies on the law of the case doctrine. Under the law of the
case doctrine, the appellate court’s ruling becomes the law of the case, binding on the parties
and on the trial court on remand. State ex rel. Sizemore v. United Physicians Ins. Risk
Retention Group, 56 S.W.3d 557, 566 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001). In general, the law of the case
doctrine prohibits reconsideration of issues actually decided or necessarily decided by
implication in a prior appeal in the same case. State v. Jefferson, 31 S.W.3d 558, 560-61
(Tenn. 2000); Memphis Pub. Co. v. Tenn. Petroleum Underground Storage Tank Bd., 975

                                             -15-
S.W.2d 303, 306 (Tenn. 1998); Ladd v. Honda Motor Co., Ltd., 939 S.W.2d 83, 90 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1996). Thus, except in certain limited situations, the trial court cannot revisit an
issue decided in a prior appeal in the same case. Memphis Pub. Co., 975 S.W.2d at 306.
The extent to which the law of the case doctrine precludes relitigation of an issue decided in
a prior appeal is a question of law, subject to de novo review.

                                               A NALYSIS

                                          Scope of Remand

The parties dispute the scope of this Court’s instructions to the trial court in Thornton I. To
clarify, our decision in Thornton I was an appeal of a final order issued by the trial court
after a full trial that took place on December 21, 2005. At the time of trial, none of the sales
contracts had closed, and some of the purchasers had accepted a refund of their earnest
money and canceled their contracts. Other purchasers were seeking legal recourse to enforce
their contracts. In connection with Mr. Thornton’s claim that he was entitled to 10% of the
proceeds from sales that had not yet closed, Mr. Thornton stipulated that he was entitled to
10% of $1,365,831.25,14 the total based on the purchasers’ bids. The trial court agreed and
awarded damages to Mr. Thornton based on that figure.

In the Thornton I appeal, all of the errors alleged by the parties at that point were presented
to this Court. The appellate court resolved the issues raised on appeal, with one exception.
The Thornton I Court noted, “The trial court made no findings regarding whether, as Mr.
Thornton asserts, the failure to close was due to intentional action on Mr. Massey’s part.”
Thornton I, 2007 WL 1438766, at *5. In light of this omission, the appellate court remanded
the case to the trial court “for further findings with respect to this issue.” Id. In the
conclusion of the opinion, the appellate court remanded to the trial court “for further findings
regarding whether the failure to close on sales of the auctioned farm parcels resulted from
a purposeful act of Mr. Massey, or whether closing was impossible or impracticable in light
of the pending litigation in chancery court regarding the propriety of the auction.” Id. at *6.
Thornton I did not direct the trial court to conduct an evidentiary hearing for this purpose,
nor did it sanction retrial of issues that were or could have been brought before the trial court
at the trial.

The proceedings in the trial court below were stayed, and years went by. Meanwhile, Mr.
Massey continued to challenge the validity of the sale in the Chancery Court. Finally, the
Chancery Court determined that the sale was indeed valid. The passage of time and the

14
  At the outset of the trial, counsel for Mr. Thornton stated that “ten percent of that amount is what we’re
stipulating as to the amount claimed to be due [to] Mr. Thornton under the Memorandum of Agreement.”

                                                   -16-
change in circumstances, however, did not alter this Court’s limited directive to the trial court
below in Thornton I, which was to render factual findings on whether the failure to close on
the sales at the time of trial was due to Mr. Massey’s purposeful actions rather than external
circumstances. Again, Thornton I neither required nor authorized retrial of issues in this
case based on post-trial events.

For these reasons, we must conclude that the substantive issues raised in this appeal that are
not directly related to the question that Thornton I remanded are outside the scope of the
remand. On remand, the only substantive question to be decided by the trial court was
whether the contracts failed to close by the time of trial because of Mr. Massey’s purposeful
acts. Consequently, we decline to address issues raised in this appeal that do not relate to that
question.15 All other issues could have or should have been raised in the first appeal in this
case. Accordingly, the trial court’s decision, as affirmed by this Court in Thornton I, is the
law of the case.

                                  Refusal to Reopen Proof

Mr. Massey first argues that the trial court erred in declining to reopen the proof to allow him
to submit evidence relevant to the issue on remand. As the premise for his argument, Mr.
Massey says that this Court in Thornton I “stated that there was insufficient factual evidence
in the Record” on this issue. Therefore, Mr. Massey asserts, the trial court should have
reopened the proof to admit additional evidence on whether the failure of the closings were
caused by his purposeful acts.

As we have indicated, we do not interpret Thornton I as holding that the evidence in the
record was insufficient for the trial court to have resolved the issue that was remanded, only
that the trial court had not in fact resolved it. The appellate court in Thornton I recognized

15
  Specifically, we decline to address Mr. Massey’s argument regarding the fact that the parties’ agreement
entitles Mr. Thornton to the “net closing proceeds.” He argues, “Now that the closings have occurred, we
have an accurate and real figure to serve as actual gross closing proceeds,” and goes on to list various
expenses he incurred after the trial in this cause. But Mr. Massey ignores the fact that we must limit our
consideration to issues that were presented at the trial in December 2005. At the time of trial, there had been
no closings, so the trial court based Mr. Thornton’s damages on the best estimate of the “net closing
proceeds” available at that time, which was 10% of the estimates in Exhibit A. Thus, the trial court took into
account the language in the parties’ agreement and awarded Mr. Thornton a percentage of the “net closing
proceeds” based on the information made available to the trial court at the time of the December 2005 trial.
In this appeal, we must limit our review to the directive in our remand order in Thornton I. Mr. Massey now
asks us to consider post-trial facts on expenses he incurred after the December 2005 trial. We decline Mr.
Thornton’s invitation to go beyond this Court’s directive on remand in Thornton I and consider post-trial
facts.

                                                     -17-
that the factual issue was disputed, so it directed the trial court to resolve the factual issue in
the first instance. Consequently, we find that the trial court acted well within its discretion
in refusing to reopen the proof or conduct an evidentiary hearing. The parties had a full and
fair opportunity to present their proof at the first trial in December 2005. Therefore, we
conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to reopen the proof.

                               Mr. Massey’s Purposeful Acts

Mr. Massey next argues that the evidence in the record was insufficient for the trial court to
conclude that his purposeful acts prevented the sales contracts from closing. Mr. Massey
recites several external impediments to the sale, including: (1) The Redfield Group botched
the auction, (2) the surveys were not completed in a timely manner, (3) the letter from Mr.
Thornton clouded the title conveyed by the sale or scared purchasers into doubting the
validity of the sales contracts, and (4) the Chancery Court’s February 2005 TRO scared
buyers into doubting the validity of their sales contracts and prompted them to cancel their
contracts. Mr. Massey insists that he was at all times “taking affirmative actions to try to
make the closings happen,” but despite his best efforts, the frightened buyers pulled out.
These circumstances were beyond his control, Mr. Massey maintains; the buyers’
cancellation of the sales contracts “was the natural outgrowth” of the external circumstances.

We cannot agree that the evidence preponderates against the trial court’s finding on this
issue. While some evidence in the record could be viewed as indicating that the closings on
the sales contracts were complicated by external factors, documentary evidence in the record
supports the trial court’s finding that Mr. Massey caused some of these complications.
Assuming arguendo that Mr. Thornton’s registration of his lease and letter to purchasers
worried the other successful bidders, Mr. Thornton undertook those actions because Mr.
Massey refused to acknowledge that Mr. Thornton was entitled to 10% of the sale proceeds
for the farm, and even sent a letter to Mr. Thornton in an effort to cancel the lease. Mr.
Massey made his position clear in his December 2004 letter to the purchasers; he lamented
that he was forced to “call off the closings” until he could “get the title problem cleared up.”
In the ensuing months, letters from purchasers who requested their earnest money back
implied that their requests were based on conversations with Mr. Massey in which he
recommended that they do so. The letters indicate that Mr. Massey personally called
purchasers to make them aware of the alleged “title problems” and to recommend that they
cancel their contracts, all while assuring purchasers that they (but not Mr. Thornton) could
re-purchase the property after the title problems were “cleared up” — i.e., when Mr.
Thornton’s lease was no longer in effect.

Mr. Massey makes much of the fact that the surveys were not completed until February 2,
2005, and that two days after that, on February 4, 2005, the Chancery Court issued its TRO.

                                               -18-
After issuance of the TRO, Mr. Massey claims, he was “powerless” to close on the sales
contracts because the TRO prohibited it, and pursuing the closings in the face of the TRO
would not have been prudent.

Respectfully, from our review of the record, there is sufficient evidence to support the trial
court’s finding that the delayed surveys and the TRO were tangential to the failure of the
closings to take place, and that Mr. Massey’s purposeful actions were the primary reason the
sales did not close. As the person against whom the TRO was issued, Mr. Massey could have
asked the Chancery Court to dissolve the injunction. Instead, he obtained a continuance of
the original hearing on the TRO and then did not reschedule another hearing. Mr. Massey
effectively chose not to challenge the TRO and then relied upon it to convince the remaining
successful bidders that the Chancery Court had prohibited him from closing on the sales.
Moreover, in July 2005, Mr. Massey made the unilateral decision to return the earnest money
to purchasers who had not yet taken him up on his offer to cancel their sales contract. After
the trial, Mr. Massey even went so far as to file a declaratory judgment action asking the
Chancery Court to declare the sales contracts void. Thus, there is substantial evidence in the
record to support the trial court’s factual finding on remand that Mr. Massey engaged in
purposeful acts designed to prevent closing on the sales contracts to the farm property.

The opinion in Thornton I indicated that the record at that point was unclear as to whether
the Chancery Court actions and the Chancery Court TRO might have made it impractical for
Mr. Massey to go ahead with the closings or may have even outright prevented the closings.
The record before us in this appeal supports a finding that Mr. Massey chose not to ask the
chancellor to dissolve the TRO and used the TRO to convince successful bidders to cancel
their contracts. Moreover, the record in this second appeal shows that the Chancery Court
ordered specific performance of the remaining contracts and upheld the validity of the sales
contracts. Therefore, it is apparent that the Chancery Court proceedings did not make the
closing “impossible or impracticable,” as suggested by Mr. Massey.

From our careful review, a preponderance of the evidence in the record supports the trial
court’s factual finding that, at the time that this case was tried in December 21, 2005, the
sales contracts on the farm property had not closed because of Mr. Massey’s purposeful acts,
and the closings were not made impossible or impracticable by the Chancery Court litigation.

                                  Prejudgment Interest

Mr. Massey argues that the trial court erred in making a sua sponte award of prejudgment
interest to Mr. Thornton as an element of damages. He contends that this award was made
in error because (1) prejudgment interest was not awarded in the trial court’s June 2006 order
on appeal in Thornton I, so the award is outside the scope of this Court’s remand, and (2)

                                             -19-
Mr. Thornton did not request prejudgment interest at any time during the trial or on remand.
He asserts, “Only in the final seconds of the remand hearing did the Court order pre-
judgment interest sua sponte.” In response, Mr. Thornton argues that the trial court’s award
of prejudgment interest was well within its discretion and appropriate to fully compensate
him for the loss of the use of the monies to which he was entitled.

Tennessee Code Annotated § 47-14-123 provides: “Prejudgment interest, i.e., interest as an
element of, or in the nature of, damages . . . may be awarded by courts or juries in accordance
with the principles of equity at any rate not in excess of a maximum effective rate of ten
percent (10%) per annum.” This Court has observed that “our courts have repeatedly
recognized that prejudgment interest is awarded, not to punish the wrong-doer, but to
compensate the wronged party for the loss of the use of the money it should have received
earlier.” Scholz v. S.B. Int’l, Inc., 40 S.W.3d 78, 82 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000). The Tennessee
Supreme Court has explained that an award of prejudgment interest is discretionary with the
trial court:

       An award of prejudgment interest is within the sound discretion of the trial
       court and the decision will not be disturbed by an appellate court unless the
       record reveals a manifest and palpable abuse of discretion. This standard of
       review clearly vests the trial court with considerable deference in the
       prejudgment interest decision. Generally stated, the abuse of discretion
       standard does not authorize an appellate court to merely substitute its judgment
       for that of the trial court. Thus, in cases where the evidence supports the trial
       court’s decision, no abuse of discretion is found.

Myint v. Allstate Ins. Co., 970 S.W.2d 920, 927 (Tenn. 1998) (citations omitted).

In Myint, the Supreme Court observed that courts at that time had generally seen
prejudgment interest as available only under limited circumstances; they typically denied
requests for prejudgment interest when the amount of the underlying obligation was
uncertain or when the underlying obligation was disputed on reasonable grounds. The Myint
Court articulated broader circumstances under which prejudgment interest may be awarded,
describing a flexible approach based on fairness:

       Simply stated, the court must decide whether the award of pre-judgment
       interest is fair, given the particular circumstances of the case. In reaching an
       equitable decision, a court must keep in mind that the purpose of awarding the
       interest is to fully compensate a plaintiff for the loss of the use of funds to
       which he or she was legally entitled, not to penalize the defendant for
       wrongdoing.

                                             -20-
Myint, 970 S.W.2d at 927, quoted in Scholz, 40 S.W.3d at 83. In the wake of Myint, this
Court has held that an award of prejudgment interest is favored when such an award “will
more fully compensate plaintiffs for the loss of use of their funds. Fairness will, in almost
all cases, require that a successful plaintiff be fully compensated by the defendant for all
losses caused by the defendant, including the loss of use of money the plaintiff should have
received.” Scholz, 40 S.W.3d at 83.

We conclude that the trial court below did not abuse its discretion in determining that the
equities in this case support an award of prejudgment interest. We agree with Mr. Massey
that an award of prejudgment interest without a specific request for it is atypical, but the lack
of a specific request for prejudgment interest does not preclude such an award.
“[P]re-judgment interest does not have to be demanded in the complaint to be awarded.” 16
Story v. Lanier, 166 S.W.3d 167, 181 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004) (quoting York v. Vulcan
Materials Co., 63 S.W.3d 384, 390 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001)). Moreover, Mr. Thornton’s
right to the percentage of the sale proceeds arose out of the sales contracts. In light of the
complicated litigation, he was deprived of those funds for almost ten years. Under all of
these circumstances, we do not agree with Mr. Massey’s contention that the trial court’s
award of prejudgment interest was intended to punish Mr. Massey.

Mr. Massey correctly notes that the trial court did not award prejudgment interest in the June
2006 order, and that Thornton I did not direct the trial court to consider an award of
prejudgment interest on remand. However, prejudgment interest is intended to compensate
a plaintiff for the pecuniary cost associated with the passage of time, which was exacerbated
by the first appeal and the remand. Considering all of the circumstances in this case, we
cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in making its award. Therefore, we
affirm the trial court’s award of prejudgment interest to Mr. Thornton.

                                               C ONCLUSION

In sum, we affirm the trial court’s decision to deny Mr. Massey’s request for an evidentiary
hearing on remand. We affirm the trial court’s factual finding that the closings on the sales
contracts did not take place because of Mr. Massey’s purposeful acts, and that the sales were
not made impossible or impracticable by the Chancery Court proceedings. In addition, we
find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding prejudgment interest to Mr.
Thornton to compensate him for the loss of the use of his money. All other issues raised but
not addressed herein are either pretermitted or they are outside the scope of our remand in
Thornton I.

16
  Although Mr. Thornton did not request prejudgment interest, he asked that the award of post-judgment
interest be made retroactive to the date of trial, December 21, 2005; this request was not granted.

                                                -21-
The decision of the trial court is affirmed. Costs on appeal are to be taxed to James A.
Massey and his surety, for which execution may issue if necessary.

                                                 _________________________________
                                                 HOLLY M. KIRBY, JUDGE

                                          -22-