Court Opinion

ID: 4153627
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-03-17 16:26:20.572664+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:11:22.180665
License: Public Domain

J-A33019-16

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

GREGORY THEOBALD                                   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                         PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellant

                       v.

R.H. KUHN COMPANY, INC.; PNC BANK,
N.A.; COMPASS ADVISORY PARTNERS,
LLC; AND CITIZENS BANK

                                                        No. 342 WDA 2016

                Appeal from the Order Entered February 4, 2016
               In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
                      Civil Division at No(s): GD 14-002425

BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., SOLANO, J., and STRASSBURGER, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY SOLANO, J.:                              FILED MARCH 17, 2017

        Appellant, Gregory Theobald, appeals from the order of the Court of

Common Pleas of Allegheny County, entered February 4, 2016, that denied

Appellant’s motion to file suit against a court-appointed receiver.          See

Warner v. Conn, 32 A.2d 740, 741 (Pa. 1943) (suit against receiver

requires permission from the court that appointed the receiver). We affirm.

        In its opinion, entered June 24, 2016, the trial court fully and correctly

set forth the relevant facts and procedural history of this case.         For the

convenience of the reader, we will briefly summarize them.

____________________________________________

*
    Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-A33019-16

       According to Appellant, he was employed as an executive with

Appellee R.H. Kuhn Company, Inc. from 2005 to 2009.                 See Tr. Ct. Op.,

6/24/16, at 3.      On January 4, 2010, Appellant and Kuhn entered into a

written    employment        agreement         and   compensation    incentive   plan

(“Agreement”). Id. Paragraphs 7(e), (i), and (k)1 of the Agreement state:

       (e) If [Kuhn] terminates this Agreement without “justifiable
       cause” as provided in subsection 7(a)(i), [Kuhn] shall pay
       [Appellant] his then current base salary for 12 months after the
       effectiveness of such termination, payable in equal payments in
       accordance     with    [Kuhn]’s   customary     payroll  practices
       commencing with the first payroll period that begins at least 30
       days after the termination of [Appellant]’s Term of Employment
       conditioned upon the [Appellant] having provided [Kuhn]
       with an executed general release in the form attached hereto
       as Exhibit A (the “General Release”) and the time for
       [Appellant]’s revocation of the General Release having expired.
       Such payments shall be made in accordance with [Kuhn]’s
       customary payroll practices until paid in full. Any payment
       pursuant to this paragraph 7(e) is contingent upon
       [Appellant]’s execution of the General Release within 21
       days after termination of the Term of Employment (and
       [Appellant]’s not revoking that General Release) and will be in
       lieu of payments to which [Appellant] might have been entitled
       under any other severance plan of [Kuhn].
       ...
       (i) Change of Control. In the event the Term of Employment is
       terminated by [Kuhn] without justifiable cause (as defined
       herein) or [Appellant] resigns with Good Reason (as defined
       herein) within one (1) year following a Change of Control of
       [Kuhn] has occurred, then, in such event, [Kuhn] shall pay
       [Appellant] an amount equal to twenty-four (24) months of Base
       Salary in effect at the time of the termination. For the purposes
       of the foregoing, Change of Control shall have the meaning set
____________________________________________

1
    The parties agree that what was intended to be Paragraph 7(k) was
misidentified as a second Paragraph 7(i) in the Agreement. For clarity, we
refer to that paragraph here as 7(k).

                                           -2-
J-A33019-16

      forth in [Kuhn]’s 2010 Incentive Compensation Plan (without
      regard to any subsequent amendments thereto). For purposes
      of the foregoing, “Good Reason” means the occurrence of any of
      the following: (i) a material diminution in [Appellant]’s base
      compensation; (ii) a material diminution in [Appellant]’s
      authority, duties, or responsibilities; (iii) a material change in
      the geographic location at which the Employee must perform the
      services under this Agreement; or (iv) any other action or
      inaction that constitutes a material breach by [Kuhn] of this
      Agreement. For purposes of this provision, Good Reason shall
      not be deemed to exist unless the Employee’s termination of
      employment for Good Reason occurs within 2 years following the
      initial existence of one of the conditions specified in clauses (i)
      through (iv) above, the Employee provides [Kuhn] with written
      notice of the existence of such condition within 90 days after the
      initial existence of the condition, and [Kuhn] fails to remedy the
      condition within 30 days after its receipt of such notice. [Kuhn]
      shall pay the amount required under this paragraph 7(i)
      in a single payment thirty (30) days after termination of
      the Term of Employment, subject to and conditioned upon
      [Appellant]’s execution of the General Release required
      pursuant to paragraph 7(k) hereof and such release
      becoming irrevocable. Any payments made pursuant to this
      paragraph 7(j) [sic] will be in lieu of payments to which
      [Appellant] might have been entitled under paragraph 7(e) of
      this Agreement or under any other severance plan of [Kuhn].
      ...
      (i [sic, k]) Any payment pursuant to paragraph 7(e) or 7(j)
      shall be contingent upon[Appellant]’s execution of the
      General Release within 21 days after termination of the
      Term of Employment, and [Appellant]’s not revoking that
      release.

Agreement at ¶¶ 7(e), 7(i), 7(k) (bold emphasis added; italics in original).

      After Kuhn defaulted on loans owed to Appellee PNC Bank, PNC

confessed judgment against Kuhn and consented to an order of court

(“Consent Order”), dated December 7, 2010, by which Appellee Compass

Advisor Partners, LLC, was appointed as receiver for the benefit and

protection of Kuhn’s creditors. See Tr. Ct. Op., 6/24/16, at 2. Pursuant to

                                     -3-
J-A33019-16

Paragraph 20 of the Consent Order, Compass retained Gordon Brother Retail

Partners, LLC (“the Liquidator”), to act as the Receiver’s consultant in

liquidating Kuhn’s assets. See also Tr. Ct. Op., 6/24/16, at 3. Appellant

contends that the appointment of the receiver constituted a “Change of

Control” under the Agreement.           Appellant’s Brief at 11.   Appellees do not

dispute this characterization. Appellees’ Brief at 5, 23.

       Compass advised Appellant that his employment would end once the

Liquidator “was functioning appropriately.”          Tr. Ct. Op., 6/24/16, at 3.

Before being “let go,” Appellant attempted to address the payout of his

deferred compensation, which he valued at $288,000; however, PNC

informed Appellant that Compass was able to not pay him the amount that

he was seeking. Id. at 3-4.

       On February 14, 2014, Appellant filed praecipes for writs of summons

with the Allegheny County Department of Court Records as to all Appellees,

including the receiver, Compass.           Under Warner v. Conn, supra, a suit

cannot be brought against a receiver without permission from the court

which appointed it. Therefore, on July 15, 2015, Appellant filed a motion for

leave to file a complaint2 against Compass, as well as against Kuhn and PNC,

____________________________________________

2
 Appellant’s motion for leave to file a complaint does not appear on the trial
court docket and was not part of the certified record. Appellant included a
copy in his reproduced record to this Court. Because Appellees have not
objected and there is no dispute regarding the contents of this document,
we will consider it. See Commonwealth v. Barnett, 121 A.3d 534, 545
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

                                           -4-
J-A33019-16

for breach of contract, conversion and violation of the Pennsylvania Wage

Payment and Collection Law.3 In opposing the motion, one of the putative

defendants’ primary defenses was that Appellant never executed the General

Release required under Paragraph 7. On February 4, 2016, the trial court

denied Appellant’s motion for leave to file the complaint. Appellant’s timely

appeal followed on March 4, 2016.

        Appellant raises the following questions on appeal:

        1.   Whether the lower court erred in its conclusion that
        execution of the General Release, attached to the Employment
        Agreement, within twenty-one days, is a condition precedent to
        payment of post-termination pay.

        2.    Whether the execution of the General Release is an
        absolute condition precedent to payment, or whether execution
        of the Release is an event which marks the time at which the
        obligation for payment must be fulfilled.

        3.    Whether PNC and Compass’ anticipatory repudiation and
        refusal to pay [Appellant] the compensation at the time
        compensation was due operates to discharge [Appellant]’s
        ostensible duty to perform any condition precedent through
        execution of a General Release.

        4.   Whether Compass (and PNC) is protected or immune from
        [Appellant]’s underlying claims for violation of Pennsylvania’s
        Wage Payment and Collection Law, Breach of Contract, and
        Conversion.

Appellant’s Brief at 5.

                       _______________________
(Footnote Continued)

n.3 (Pa. Super.), appeal denied, 128 A.3d 1204 (Pa. 2015), cert. denied,
136 S.Ct. 2391 (2016).
3
    43 P.S. §§ 260.1-260.45.

                                            -5-
J-A33019-16

       The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania has held that whether to grant

leave to sue either on behalf of or against a receiver is a matter committed

to the trial court’s discretion. Warner, 32 A.2d at 740; see Wells Fargo

Bank, Nat’l Ass’n as Indenture Tr. v. Parking Auth. of Scranton, 95

A.3d 371, 375 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014) (en banc) (decision is “within the

discretion of the receivership court”).4 We therefore review the trial court’s

decision for an abuse of discretion.           See Warner, 32 A.2d at 742.   In

making this determination, we bear in mind that —

       It may be stated . . . as a general rule, that where receivers
       have . . . possession of property in which a third party has an
       interest which is paramount to that of the receivers, the court
       appointing them should, upon proper application, give leave to
       such third party to enforce, in the appropriate court, his claim to
       the property in a suit against the receivers, and a refusal to give
       such leave, when duly and properly applied for, is reversible
       error unless it clearly and certainly appears that the
       petitioner’s alleged claim is not valid.

Meehan v. Connell Anthracite Mining Co., 178 A. 833, 836 (Pa. 1935).

       After a thorough review of the record, the briefs of the parties, the

applicable law, and the well-reasoned opinion by the Honorable Christine

Ward of the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County, we conclude that

there is no merit to the first, second, and fourth issues that Appellant has

____________________________________________

4
  “This Court is not bound by decisions of the Commonwealth Court.
However, such decisions provide persuasive authority, and we may turn to
our colleagues on the Commonwealth Court for guidance when appropriate.”
Haan v. Wells, 103 A.3d 60, 68 n.2 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation omitted).

                                           -6-
J-A33019-16

raised on appeal.     The trial court opinion properly disposes of these

questions.    See Tr. Ct. Op., 6/24/16, at 5-9 (holding the text of the

Agreement is clear that payment under Section 7(e) of the Agreement is

contingent on Appellant’s execution of a General Release, Appellant never

alleged that he had executed the General Release within 21 days of

termination, and thus the Agreement bars him from recovery, id. at 5-6;

Appellant’s second issue does not allege additional error and merely

rephrases the first issue, id.; and, with regard to the fourth issue, even

assuming Appellant fulfilled the applicable conditions precedent, receivers

are immune from suit as “appointive judicial officers,” 42 Pa.C.S. § 102, and

Compass and its indemnifier PNC therefore cannot be held liable to Appellant

for deferred compensation, id. at 7-9).

      Appellant’s third argument is that Compass anticipatorily repudiated

the Agreement by refusing to pay the deferred compensation, thereby

discharging Appellant from his duty to execute the disputed General Release.

The trial court stated that “[t]his argument does not appear of record prior

to the filing of the Statement of Errors and therefore appears to have been

waived. Pa.R.A.P. 302(a).” Tr. Ct. Op., 6/24/16, at 7. Appellant responds

that, although his proposed complaint did not allege anticipatory repudiation

and he did not make an argument to the trial court that explicitly used the

words “anticipatory repudiation,” he sufficiently presented this contention in

briefing that argued that Compass’ failure to first pay him the compensation

                                    -7-
J-A33019-16

he sought excused his failure to execute the General Release and made any

argument about the release “illusory.” Appellant’s Brief at 23-24 (citing to

brief in support of his motion for leave to file complaint). The trial court did

address that argument in its initial memorandum denying Appellant’s

motion. The court stated:

      [Appellant] argues that the General Release was not required
      because the consideration for such release would have been the
      payment. This fundamentally misunderstands how conditions
      precedent work.     Quite simply, if a condition precedent to
      payment is not fulfilled, then no payment is owing, whether the
      consideration for the performance of the condition was the
      consideration or not. [Appellant] appears to believe that the
      payment would not have been forthcoming.            If so, and
      [Appellant] had executed the General Release, Kuhn, but not
      necessarily any other defendants, would have been in breach of
      the [] Agreement. As it happens, [Appellant] did nothing.

Tr. Ct. Mem., 2/4/16, at 2-3. We agree.

      Appellant is correct that “an anticipatory repudiation by an obligor

discharges an obligee’s duty to perform a condition precedent.”         Jonnet

Dev. Corp. v. Dietrich Indus., Inc., 463 A.2d 1026, 1031 (Pa. Super.

1983). But “to constitute anticipatory breach under Pennsylvania law there

must be an absolute and unequivocal refusal to perform or a distinct and

positive statement of an inability to do so.” 2401 Pa. Ave. Corp. v. Fed’n

of Jewish Agencies of Greater Phila., 489 A.2d 733, 736 (Pa. 1985); see

also Harrison v. Cabot Oil & Gas Corp., 110 A.3d 178, 184 (Pa. 2015)

(anticipatory repudiation of an agreement entails an essential declaration of

an intention to breach thereby “reinforce[ing] the clear predicates of

                                     -8-
J-A33019-16

repudiation” expressed in 2401 Pa. Ave. Corp.).          And the repudiation

discharges the obligee’s duty only if it actually causes the obligee to fail to

perform. Empire Props., Inc. v. Equireal, Inc., 674 A.2d 297, 305 (Pa.

Super. 1996) (“one party’s breach of a contract may render the other party's

tender of performance a futile act[;] it does not relieve the other party of

the burden of proving its ability to perform under the contract”).

      There was no anticipatory repudiation here. The Agreement required

Appellant to execute the release before any payment would be made, and,

therefore, the fact that the putative defendants did not make any payment

first cannot in itself have been an anticipatory repudiation;   Compass was

not required by the Agreement to pay first.       There is no evidence that

Compass or the other putative defendants made an “absolute and

unequivocal” refusal to pay if a release was presented to them, or that such

an “absolute and unequivocal” refusal caused Appellant to fail to execute the

release. Appellant relies on a February 15, 2011 e-mail from PNC that said

the receiver’s budget did not include funds to pay the $288,000 claim, but

the record shows that this e-mail was not the last word on the subject and

that the parties continued negotiations after it was sent. In its brief to the

trial court, Appellant supported its repudiation argument merely by stating:

“it is unlikely that PNC or Compass had a check for $288,000.00 patiently

waiting at the ready to give to [Appellant], even assuming [Appellant] was

required to tender the Release prior to payment.”      Appellant’s Brief at 24

                                     -9-
J-A33019-16

(quoting trial court brief). Such unsupported speculation does not constitute

an anticipatory repudiation.

      Therefore, even if Appellant did not waive his anticipatory repudiation

claim, he failed to provide any basis to support it. Appellant’s third issue is

therefore meritless.

      In sum, we discern no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s denial of

leave to file a complaint against the receiver because “the petitioner’s

alleged claim is not valid.” Meehan, 178 A. at 836; see also Warner, 32

A.2d at 742. The parties are instructed to attach a copy of the trial court’s

memorandum of February 4, 2016, and the trial court’s opinion of June 24,

2016, to all future filings.

      Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 3/17/2017

                                    - 10 -
                                                                             Circulated 03/03/2017 10:26 AM
                                                                               I-Opinion

      IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

      GREGORY THEOBALD,                           CIVIL DIVISION
                Plaintiff,
             v.
                                                  GD No. 14-002425
      R.H. KUHN COMPANY, INC.; PNC                Hon. Christine Ward
      BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION;
      COMPASS ADVISORY PARTNERS,
      LLC; and CITIZENS BANK,
                                                  OPINION
                   Defendants.

                                                  Copies Sent To:
                                                  Counsel for Plaintiffs:
                                                  Jeffrey T. Olup, Esquire
                                                  223 Second Street
                                                  Monongahela, PA 15063

                                                  Counsel for Defendants:
                                                  Christopher Schueller, Esquire
                                                  Timothy P. Palmer, Esquire
                                                  Nicholas E. Meriwether, Esquire
                                                  BUCHANAN INGERSOLL & ROONEY,
                                                  P.C.
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IN THE COURT OF COM1\10N PLEAS OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

GREGORY THEOBALD,                                    CIVIL DIVISION

       Plaintiff,                                    No. GD-14-002425

  v.
R.H. KUHN COMPANY, INC.; PNC
BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION;
COMP ASS ADVISORY PARTNERS,
LLC; and CITIZENS BANK,

       Def end ants.

                                           OPINION

       In this case, plaintiff sought to hold our receiver liable for wage payments allegedly owed

to him by his employer, which was in receivership. To that end, plaintiff moved for leave to

bring suit against our receiver. We denied that motion, and plaintiff now appeals.

                                        BACKGROUND

       Plaintiff Gregory Theobald (hereinafter "Theobald") filed a motion for leave to file a

complaint against the receiver of his previous employer (R.H. Kuhn Company ("R.H. Kuhn")),

Compass Advisory Partners LLC ("Compass"), and PNC Bank, NA ("PNC") for breach of

contract, conversion, and under the Pennsylvania Wage Payment and Collection Law.

       On December 7, 2010, before this court, PNC Bank confessed judgment against Kuhn

and consented to an Order of Court Appointing Receiver ("Consenting Order"), by which

Compass was appointed as Receiver for the benefit and protection of R.H. Kuhn's creditors. This

                                                2
Court later terminated the receivership of R.H. Kuhn on September 10, 2013. Order Terminating

Receivership No. GD- 10-21712: On July 15, 2015, this Court received this Motion to File for

Leave to File Complaint from Gregory Theobald ( ..Motion"). This Court denied the Motion for

Leave on February 4, 2016. On March 21, 2016, Theobald filed Notice of Appeal to Higher

Court followed by a Concise Statement of Errors on Appeal.

       Gregory Theobald was employed by R.H. Kuhn from 2005 through 2009 as Vice-

President of Store Sales and Training for several Roomful Express Furniture locations in

Pittsburgh, PA and the surrounding area. In the first days of 2010, Kuhn and Theobald entered

into a written Employment Agreement and Compensation Incentive Plan (hereinafter "2010

Agreement"), which together outlined the terms, conditions and compensation of Theobald's

executive position for the 2010 calendar year. The Employment Agreement provided that upon a

"change in control" and/or Theobald's subsequent termination without cause, he be paid deferred

compensation totaling two years base salary. Neither Compass nor PNC are signatories to the

2010 Agreement.

       Following confession of judgment and appointment of Compass as receiver before and by

this court, Compass advised Theobald of their plan to discharge him once the liquidator (Gordon

Brothers Retail Partners, LLC) was functioning appropriately. Ultimately, Compass and PNC

asked Theobald to stay on during liquidation. Theobald was paid his salary and a separate

Retention Bonus through funds in the Kuhn account at PNC until he was released from

employment on March 31, 2011. Before his release, Theobald attempted to address the payout of

his deferred compensation, to which Compass advised that he would need to negotiate down to a

                                                3
lower amount or PNC would contest any such payment. These negotiations, according to

Theobald, were of no avail. On February 15, 2011, PNC informed Theobald that the Receiver

could not and would not pay him the $288,000 he was seeking.

    In his Brief in Support of Motion for Leave to File Complaint ("Brief in Support"), Theobald

argued that Compass and PNC were liable to him for deferred compensation for several reasons:

1) Compass was not absolutely immune to claims or suits, 2) PNC and Compass were bound by

the 2010 Agreement, 3) PNC and Compass' failure to pay deferred compensation established

conversion of those funds, and 4) Compass ''employed" Theobald and is therefore liable to him

under WPCL. The plaintiff argues that the appointment of Compass as a receiver constitutes a

"change of control," which triggered the payment of Theobald's deferred compensation of

twenty-four months base salary no later than 30 days after termination, per the agreement.

Theobald was never paid the deferred compensation he claims he is owed.

   In their Memorandum     in Opposition to Plaintiff's Motion for Leave to File Complaint

("Memorandum     in Opposition"), Compass and PNC argued they are not liable to Theobald

because: 1) Pennsylvania law provides immunity for court-appointed receivers in cases like this

one, 2) they did not have contractual privity with the plaintiff nor did Theobald execute a

General Release within 21 days of termination or change in control, which is requisite to

payment, 3) there can be no liability under a conversion theory for unpaid wages, and 4) PNC

and Compass were never "employers" of the plaintiff as required to bring a WPCL claim.

                                                 4
                                   STANDARD OF REVIEW

       It is a well-settled rule that the granting of leave to sue either on behalf or against a

receiver is a matter of the appointing court's discretion. Warner v. Conn, 347 Pa. 617, 620

(1943). So, we conclude that the decision of this court should be. reviewed under an abuse of

discretion standard.

                        MATTERS COMPLAINED OF ON APPEAL

       The plaintiff filed a concise statement of errors complained on appeal encompassing the

following alleged errors:

    1. The Court erred in its conclusion that the execution of the General Release, attached to
      the Employment Agreement, within twenty-one days, is a condition precedent of
      payment;
   2. Execution of the General Release is not an absolute condition precedent to payment;
      rather, execution of the General Release is an event which marks the time at which the
      obligation for payment must be fulfilled;
   3. PNC and Compass' anticipatory repudiation and refusal to pay Theobald his post-
      termination compensation at the time compensation was due operates to discharge
      Theobald's ostensible duty to perform any condition precedent through execution of a
      General Release;
   4. Neither Compass (nor PNC) is protected or immune from Theobald's underlying claims
      for Violation of Pennsylvania's Wage Payment and Collection Law, Breach of Contract,
      and Conversion.

   Statement of Errors at 2-3.

                                              DISCUSSION

       First, the plaintiff proposes that the Court erred in finding that the execution of a General

Release is a condition precedent per the 2010 Agreement. The text of the Agreement is clear:

Theobald's failure to execute General Release within 21 days of termination bars him from

recovery.
                                                  5
        Any payment pursuant to this paragraph 7(e) is contingent upon Executive's
        execution of the General Release within 21 days after termination of the Term of
        Employment (and the Executive not revoking the General Release) .... The Company
        shall pay the amount required under this paragraph 7(i) in a single payment thirty (30)
        days after termination of the Term of Employment, subject to and conditioned upon the
        Executive's execution of the General Release required pursuant to paragraph 7(k)
        hereof and such release becoming irrevocable.

        Brief in Support, Attachment "A" at 4-5 (emphasis added).

        When the terms of a contract are clear and unambiguous, the writing itself is to determine

the rights, responsibilities   and liabilities of the parties. Ress v. Barent, 548 A.2d 1259 (1988).

Execution of a General Release is an absolute prerequisite to payment of deferred compensation

under the 2010 Agreement. Theobald did not execute such General Release within 21 days of

termination. Therefore, Theobald did not fulfill all contractual requirements to receive his

compensation.

        Second, Theobald argues that execution of General Release is not an absolute requisite to

payment, but instead "marks" the time at which he must be paid. 1 This section does not allege

additional error. Instead, it expands upon the previous point and fails for the same reason. Again,

the language of the 2010 Agreement is clear regarding the execution of General Release as an

absolute prerequisite on payment of deferred compensation and fails to describe any other

function of the General Release other than as requisite consideration for payment.

1Theobald argued in earlier filings that in so fulfilling all conditions necessary to receive the
deferred compensation, his right to the deferred compensation had vested and therefore cannot be
denied. Brief in Support at 7 (citing Abbott v. Schnader, Harrison, Segal & Lewis, 805 A. 2d 547
(2002)). This argument however, was not included in the Statement of Errors and was therefore
abandoned and waived.
                                                   6
        Third, Theobald asserts that Compass anticipatorily repudiated by refusing to pay the

deferred compensation,   thus discharging him of his duty to execute the disputed General

Release.2 This argument does not appear of record prior to the filing of the Statement of Errors

and therefore appears to have been waived. Pa.R.A.P. 302(a). See also Irwin Union Nat. Bank &

Trust Co. v. Famous, 4 A.3d 1099 (2010).

        Fourth, the plaintiff argues defendants PNC and Compass are not immune from his

claims of breach of contract, conversion and WPCL violation. This Court did not consider nor

decide the question of immunity in this case because plaintiff's failure to fulfill condition

precedent to payment made that analysis unnecessary.

        More generally, receivers are provided immunity as "appointive judicial officers." 42

Pa.C.S.A. § 102. The text of the Order appointing Compass as receiver is explicit;" ... the

Receiver is hereby vested with the standing and all power and authority of, but without the

liability of or associated with or obligation to act as: ••.(b) [RH Kuhn in its] capacity and

relationship as 'employer,' as the Receiver deems necessary for the operation and management

of Company Assets." Memorandum in Opposition at 4 ( citing Order at Section 18). Absent

"intentional misconduct," per Order of this Court, Compass is free from personal liability as

receiver. Id.

2In a letter to Mr. Theobald dated, Vice President of PNC Karyn Stiller responded: "Receiver
has no authority to make payments outside of Receiver's budget. .. does not include monies for
payments under any employment contracts, thus the Receiver does not have the ability to pay
your $288,000 claim." Brief in Support, Attachment "A" at 3.
                                                  7
    ·-----            --·   - ······.

             Further, once a receiver has been discharged from his official duties and the bond has

been relinquished, no action can be maintained against a receiver because there is no longer a

fund from which payment can be secured. 65 Am. Jur. 2d Receivers§ 364. "[Alctions against

receivers growing out of the performance of their duties within the scope of their powers under

valid orders of the court appointing them do not bind them personally but are regarded as

brought against the receivership and judgments recovered in such actions are payable only from

funds in the receiver's hands." Id; see Go.ff v. Will Cty. Nat. Bldg. Corp., 35 N.E.2d 718, 720 (Ill.

App. Ct. 1941).3 R.H. Kuhn's receivership was terminated on September IO, 2013, nearly two

years before the plaintiff sought leave to file a complaint against Compass. The bond has long

been relinquished; the fund from which Theobald seeks compensation ceased to exist almost

three years ago.

             It should be noted that the power to appoint a receiver is an inherent equitable power of

the court. The exercise of this power relies upon the availability and willingness of candidate

receivers. Receiverships offer a low-cost, quicker alternative to federal bankruptcy. The prospect

of post-receivership lawsuits incentivizes receivers to second-guess their decisions during the

term of their receivership and necessarily chills willingness and availability of the most able

candidates to serve, shrinking candidate pools and encouraging higher rates. To allow these costs

against our receiver does violence to the very institution of receiverships. This is why Warner v.

3Although not founded in Pennsylvania law, we found similar arguments applied in federal and
other state courts to be persuasive. Goff, 35 N.E.2d at 720; See also Med. Dev. Int'l v. California
Dep't of Corr. & Rehab., 585 F.3d 1211 (9th Cir. 2009); F.D.l.C. v. Bernstein, 786 F. Supp. 170,
181 (E.D.N.Y. 1992)

                                                      8
      Conn   and its subsequent doctrine require litigants to seek the permission of the court before

      bringing action against receivers. 347 Pa. 617; See Sch. Dist. of City of Carbondale v. Hourigan,

      110 A. 173, 174 ( 1920).Therefore, when faced with such a case with no apparent legal basis, we

      must deny that request.

                                                CONCLUSION

              The question at hand is whether suit against our receiver, Compass, and their indemnifier

      PNC, may go forward for failure to pay deferred compensation provided in the 2010 Agreement

      between R.H. Kuhn and Theobald. We concluded that neither Compass nor PNC were liable to
I -
      Theobald for deferred compensation because Theobald failed to fulfill an absolute condition

      precedent to payment. In addition, We found neither Pennsylvania law nor its policies

      surrounding receiverships permitted us to grant such a motion in this circumstance. Accordingly,

      we denied the motion.

                                                            BY T.HE COURT:                      \

                                                            0-t,., sb LO~\
                                                            Christine Ward, J,
                                                            Dated 6/24/16

                                                        9