Court Opinion

ID: 6898576
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-23 21:52:35.895403+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:06:05.475294
License: Public Domain

. Mr. Chief Justice Bean,
after stating the case in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion.
1. This is a controversy between riparian proprietors upon a natural watercourse. There is virtually but one question involved in the case, and that is whether the lands which the defendant seeks to irrigate are riprarian in character. It is practically conceded that up to the commencement of the suit the plaintiffs had not been substantially injured or damaged on account of the use of the water by the defendant, and, as a consequence, are not entitled to an injunction if the lands are riparian ; but the contention is that they are nonriparian, *34and therefore the plaintiffs are entitled to an injunction restraining the use of the water thereon without proof of damage-. It is common learning that every person through whose premises a stream of water flows has a right to its use and enjoyment as it passes through his land; but, as all other proprietors have a similar right, it necessarily follows that one can not use or divert the water to the injury of another. The right of each must be exercised in subordination to that of all the others. Within these limits, each proprietor is entitled to such use of the stream as may be conformable to the usages and wants of the community. It is often said that a riparian proprietor has a right, inseparably annexed to the soil, to have the water of a stream flow down to his land as it is wont to run, undiminished in quantity and unimpaired in quality; and that, if an upper proprietor takes it from the stream, he must return substantially the same quantity again before it leaves his premises. This rule; however, is subject to.the limitation now well established that each proprietor is entitled to a reasonable use of the water for domestic, agricultural, and manufacturing purposes, and such use is not to be denied him on account of the loss necessarily consequent upon its proper enjoyment. In short, he has a right, in the language of Vice Chancellor Bacon in Earl of Sandwich v. Railway Co., 10 Ch. Div. 707, 712, “to make all the use he can — to derive every benefit he can — from the stream, provided he does not abstract so much as prevents other people from having equal enjoyment with himself”; or, as said by Lord Kingsdown in Miner v. Gilmour, 12 Moore P. C. 131, 156: “By the general law applicable to running streams, every riparian proprietor has a right to what may be called the ordinary use of the water flowing past his land ; for instance, to the reasonable use of the water for his domestic purposes *35and for his cattle, and this without regard to the effect which such use may have, in case of a deficiency, upon proprietors lower down the stream. But, further, he has a right to the use of it for any purpose, or what may be deemed the extraordinary use of it, provided that he does not thereby interfere with the rights of other proprietors, either above or below him. Subject to this condition, he may dam up the stream for the purpose of a mill, or divert the water for the purpose of irrigation. But he has no right to interrupt the regular flow of the stream, if he thereby interferes with the lawful use of the water by other proprietors, and inflicts upon them a sensible injury.”
The right of a riparian proprietor to the use of the water of a stream flowing through his premises, and its limitations, are well expi-essed in a Maryland case, where the court say : “The xfight of every riparian owner to the enjoyment of a stream of running water in its natural state in flow, quantity, and quality is too well established to require the citation of authorities. It is a right incident and appurtenant to the ownex’ship of the land itself, and, being a common right, it follows that evex’y px'oprietor is bound so to xxse the common right as not to interfere with an equally beneficial enjoyment of it by others. This is the necessary result of the equality of-right among all the proprietors of that which is common to all. As .such owner, he has the right to insist that the stream shall continue to run uti currere solebat; that it shall continue to flow through his land in its usual quantity, at its natural place, and at its usual height. Without a grant, either express or implied, no proprietor has the right to obstruct, diminish, or accelerate the impelling force of a stream of running water. Of course, we are not to be understood as meaning there can be no diminution or increase of the flow whatever, for that would be *36to deny any valuable use of it. There may be and there must be allowed to all of that which is common, a reasonable use ; and such a use, although it may, to some extent, diminish the quantity, or affect,, in a measure, the flow, of the stream, is perfectly consistent with the common right. The limits which separate the lawful from the unlawful use of a stream it may be difficult to define. It is, in fact, impossible to lay down a precise rule to cover all cases, and the question must be de-. termined in each case, taking into consideration the size of the stream, the velocity of the current, the nature of the banks, the character of the soil, and. a variety of other facts. It is entirely a question of degree, the true test being whether the use is of such a character as to affect materially the equally beneficial use of the stream by others”: Mayor, etc. of Baltimore v. Appold, 42 Md. 442, 456.
It is accordingly now quite generally held in this country and in England that, after the natural wants of all the riparian proprietors have been supplied, each proprietor is entitled to a reasonable use of the water for irrigating purposes: Washburn, Easem. (2 ed.) *240; Gould Waters (3 ed.), § 217; Long, Irr. § 11; Black, Pom. Water Rights, § 154; Kinney, Irr. § 278 ; 17 Am. & Eng. Encv. Law (2 ed.), 487; Coffman v. Robbins, 8 Or. 278 ; Low v. Schaffer, 24 Or. 239 (33 Pac. 678); Weston v. Alden, 8 Mass. 135; Lux v. Haggin, 69 Cal. 255, 394 (10 Pac. 674); Blanchard v. Baker, 8 Me. 253 (23 Am. Dec. 504); Benton v. Johncox, 17 Wash. 277 (61 Am. St. Rep. 912); Baker v. Brown, 55 Tex. 377 ; Davis v. Getchell, 50 Me. 602 (79 Am. Dec. 636, 643, note). The doctrine as applied to the arid regions of the West is thus stated by Mr. Justice McFarland in Harris v. Harrison, 93 Cal. 676, 680 (29 Pac. 326): “According to the common-law doctrine of riparian ownership as generally declared in *37England and in most of the American states, upon the facts in the case at bai* the plaintiffs would be entitled to have the waters of Harrison Canyon continue to flow to and upon their land as they were naturally accustomed to flow, without any substantial deterioration in quality or diminution in quantity. But in some of the western and southwestern states and territories, where the year is divided into one wet and one dry season, and irrigation is necessary to successful cultivation of the soil, the doctrine of riparian ownership has by judicial decision been modified, or, rather, enlarged, so as to include the reasonable use of natural water for irrigating the riparian land, although such use may appreciably diminish the flow down to the lower riparian proprietor. * * * Of course, there will be great difficulty in many cases to determine what is such reasonable use ; and ‘what is such reasonable use is a question of fact, and depends upon the circumstances appearing in each particular case.’ * * * The larger the number of riparian proprietors whose rights are involved, the greater will be the difficulty of adjustment. In such a case the length of the stream, the volume of water in it, the extent of each ownership along the banks, the character of the soil owned by each contestant, the area sought to be irrigated by each, — all these and many other considerations must enter into the solution of the problem ; but one principle is surely established, namely, that no proprietor can absorb all the water of the stream so as to allow none to flow down to his neighbor.” For the protection of the rights of the several riparian proprietors it has even been held that a court of equity may in a proper case apportion the flow of the stream, after the natural wants' of the several proprietors have been satisfied, in such a manner as may seem equitable and j ust under the circumstances : Harris v. Harrison, 93 Cal. 676, 680 (29 Pac. 326); Wiggins *38v. Muscupiabe Water Co. 113 Cal. 182 (45 Pac. 160, 32 L. R. A. 667); Smith v. Corbit, 116 Cal. 587 (48 Pac. 725).
2. The plaintiffs admit the rule that, after the natúral wants of all the riparian proprietors have been supplied, each is entitled to a reasonable use of the water for irrigating purposes, but insist that the exercise of the right must be limited to the tract of land through which the stream flows as first segregated and sold by the government of the United States, and that, even in such a case, where there are natural barriers within the tract which would prevent a portion of the .land from deriving any benefit from the flow of the stream, the portion lying beyond the barrier should be excluded. But, as we understand the law, lands bordering on a stream are riparian, without regard to their extent. After a considerable search, we are unable to find any rule determining when part of an entire tract owned by one person ceases to be riparian. The discussions in the books are restricted to a definition of riparian proprietors and their respective rights. A riparian proprietor is one whose land is bounded by a natural stream, or through whose land it flows, and riparian rights are those which he has to the use of the water of the stream. They are derived entirely from the ownership of the land, and not from its area or the source of its title. Mr. Angelí remarks : “The owners of watercourses are denominated by the civilians riparian proprietors, and the use of the same significant and convenient term is now fully introduced into the common law”: Angelí, Water Courses (6 ed.), § 10. Gould says : “Riparian rights proper depend upon the ownership of land contiguous to the water ”: Gould, Waters (3 ed.), § 148. And Kinney says that “the rights of riparian proprietors are such as grow out of, or are connected with, their ownership of the banks of the *39streams and rivers”: Kinney, Irr. § 57. And, again (section 58): ‘‘Whether riparian rights attach or not, the principal question depends upon the ownership of the land which is contiguous to and touches upon the water. And as to whether the land is in actual contact with the flow of the stream, whether that contact be lateral or vertical, it is necessary that it should exist.” Bouvier defines riparian proprietors as ‘ ‘ those who own land bordering upon a watercourse.” Mr. Long, in his recent work on Irrigation, in discussing this question, says: ‘‘Some questions have been raised as to what lands are to be considered riparian, within the sense of the preceding section. Literally, of course, riparian lands are lands bordering upon a stream, but it is sometimes a question as to how far back from the stream the land may be considered riparian. There is very little judicial authority on the question. It is plainly not possible to define the distance to which the riparian proprietor’s right to use the water for irrigation or other purposes extends, but this will depend upon the circumstances of each case. The only general rule that can be laid down is that the distance and use should be reasonable ”: Long, Irr. § 14.
It would seem, therefore, that any person owning land which abuts upon or through which a natural stream of water flows is a riparian proprietor, entitled to the rights of such, without regard to the extent of his land, or from whom or when he acquired his title. The fact that he may have procured the particular tract .washed by the stream at one time, and subsequently purchased land adjoining it, will not make him any the less a riparian proprietor, nor should it alone be a valid objection to his using the water on the land last acquired. The only thing necessary to entitle him to the right of a riparian proprietor is to show that the body of land owned by him *40borders upon a stream. This being established, the law gives to him certain rights in the water, the extent of which is limited and controlled less by the area of his land than by the volume of water and the effect of its use upon the rights of other riparian proprietors. By virtue of the ownership of land in proximity to the stream, he is entitled to a reasonable use of the water, which is defined as “any use that does not work,actual, material, and substantial damage to the common right which each proprietor has, as limited and qualified by the precisely equal right of every other proprietor”: Kinney, Irr. § 276. In the determination of what will be considered such a use in a particular case, the character and extent of the land, its location, and the time of acquiring the title may all- become, and are, no doubt, important factors to be considered; but they are not controlling, and each case must depend entirely upon its own facts and circumstances. The case of Boehmer v. Big Rock Irrg. Dist. 117 Cal. 19 (48 Pac. 908), would seem to make the extent of riparian rights depend upon the source of title, rather than the fact of title ; but in Alta Land & Water Co. v. Hancock, 85 Cal. 219 (20 Am. St. Rep. 217, 24 Pac. 645), it was expressly held that all land bordering upon a stream which is held by the same title — in that instance consisting of one thousand two hundred and eighty acres —is riparian, and no distinction was made on account of the source of title. Again, in Wiggins v. Muscupiabe Water Co. 113 Cal. 182 (54 Am. St. Rep. 337, 32 L. R. A. 667, 45 Pac. 160), and Bathgate v. Irvine, 126 Cal. 135 (77 Am. St. Rep. 158, 58 Pac. 442), the right of a riparian proprietor to use the waters of a stream for irrigation was 1'imited to the watershed. But, as we understand these cases, the court in each instance was determining the rights of the parties then before it, and not attempting to lay down an inflexible rule as a guide in all cases. Noth*41ing more was held or decided than that under the claim alone of riparian rights the owner of land can not, to the injury of another riparian proprietor, take the water beyond the watershed, or onto lands held by a title different from the title of those through which the stream flows ; and this all will concede. The right to make a reasonable use of the water of a stream is a right of property, depending on the ownership of the land abutting on or through which the stream flows ; and whether a given use is reasonable or not is a question of fact, to be determined under the circumstances of each particular case. The right to use the water belongs to the owner of the land, and the extent of its exercise is not to be determined by the area or contour of his land, but by its effect upon other riparian proprietors.
A reference to a few of the adjudged cases will illustrate this principle. In Norbury v. Kitchin, 9 Jur. (N. S.) 132, the defendant, a riparian proprietor, erected pumps and conduit pipes to conduct the water of a stream across a hill into a reservoir, to await the use of a house built by him on property he had acquired subsequently to his riparian property. It was held that the question whether his use of the stream was reasonable under all the circumstances was properly left to the jury. In one of the opinions it is said: “The defendant has built himself a house on the side of a hill, and he formed a reservoir to supply his house with water from the stream. This exercise of his right seemed somewhat strong, and the plaintiff’s counsel were at one time inclined to rely upon the distance of the house from the stream, but, probably, upon reflection, they found it immaterial. The real question in the case is whether a man who has three hundred and twenty-one thousand gallons of water coming down to him, can complain if ten thousand are taken before. ’ ’ Elliot v. Fitchburg R. R. Co. 10 Cush. 191 (57 Am. Dec. *4285), was an action to recover damages for the diversion of water by a railroad company, an upper proprietor, for the use of its locomotives, engines, and other similar purposes. It was contended at the trial that, if the juiy were satisfied of the existence of the stream and the diversion of the water by the defendant, plaintiff was entitled to a verdict for nominal damage, without proof of actual damage ; but the presiding judge instructed the jury that, unless plaintiff suffered actual perceptible damage in consequence of the diversion, the defendant was not liable in the action, and this direction was held to be right by the entire court. In the course of the opinion, Mr. Chief Justice Shaw says : “The right to flowing water is now well settled to be a right incident to property in the land. It is a right publici juris of such character that whilst it is common and equal to all ’through whose land it runs, and no one can obstruct or divert it; yet, as one of the beneficial gifts of providence, each proprietor has a right to a just and reasonable use of it, as it passes through his land ; and so long as it is not wholly obstructed or diverted;or no larger appropriation of the water running through it is made than a just and reasonable use, it can not be said to be wrongful or injurious to a proprietor lower down. What is such a just and reasonable use may often be a difficult question, depending upon various circumstances. To take a quantity of water from a large running stream for agriculture or manufacturing proposes would cause no sensible or practicable diminution of the benefit to the prejudice of a lower proprietor; whereas taking the same quantity from a small running brook passing through many farms would be of great and manifest injury to those beloiv, who need it for domestic supply, or watering cattle ; and therefore it would be an unreasonable use of the water, and an action would lie in the latter case, and not in the former. It is, therefore, *43to a considerable extent, a question of degree. Still the rule is the same, that each proprietor has a right to a reasonable use of it, for his own benefit, for domestic use, and for manufacturing and agricultural purposes.”
In Gardwood v. N. Y. Cent. etc. R. R. Co., 83 N. Y. 400 (38 Am. Rep. 400), a riparian proprietor was allowed to maintain an action to recover damages against a railroad company for diverting the waters of a stream and conveying them by pipes to reservoirs, where its locomotives were supplied with water, the proof showing that the water so diverted was sufficient “to perceptibly reduce the volume of water” in the stream, and to “ materially reduce or diminish the grinding power of plaintiff’s mill, ’ ’ in consequence of which he sustained damage to a substantial amount. In Gillis v. Chase, 67 N. H. 161, (68 Am. St. Rep. 645, 31 Atl. 18,) it is held that a riparian owner is not liable for a reasonable use of water passing his land, whether for -his own purposes or for sale to others, and the reasonableness of his use is a question of fact. In this case it is said: “Each riparian proprietor having the right to a just and reasonable use of the water as it passes through and along his land, it is only when he transcends his right by an unreasonable and unauthorized use of it that an action will lie against him by another proprietor whose common and equal right to the flow and enjoyment of the water is thereby injuriously affected. And as the reasonableness of the use is, to a considerable extent, a question of degree, and largely dependent on the circumstances of each case, it is to be judged of by the jury, and must be determined at the trial term as a mixed question of law and fact.” In Fifield v. Spring Valley Waterworks, 130 Cal. 552 (62 Pac. 1054), it was held by the Supreme Court of California that a lower riparian proprietor who is not injured by the diversion of water by a corporation conducting and carrying on the *44business of supplying the inhabitants of a city with water, can not restrain such diversion. In Ulbricht v. Eufaula Water Co., 86 Ala. 587 (11 Am. St. Rep. 72, 6 South. 78, 4 L. R. A. 572), a riparian proprietor filed a bill to enjoin the diversion of water from the stream by an upper riparian proprietor, a water company, for the use of its waterworks, constructed to supply the inhabitants of a city with water. The testimony in the case established that the diversion of water for the purpose mentioned would result in a sensible diminution in the flow of the stream itself in the dry season or summer months, but that the complainant was making no particular use of the stream, and therefore suffered no special damage by the act of the defendant; and it was held that, as the defendant was taking the water for the purpose of supplying the wants of a neighboring town, and not returning it to its natural channel, the plaintiff was entitled to an injunction in vindication of his rights, without any special proof of damages ; but, as he was not making any particular use of the water, the injunction should be so framed as only to restrain its use “ to the sensible injury or damage of the complainant for any purpose for which he may now or in the future have use for it.”
3. It is apparent, therefore, that the rule so often stated and reiterated in the books, that a riparian proprietor is entitled to have the entire flow of the stream come down to his premises, is subject to the important limitation that an upper riparian proprietor may make such a use thereof as does not work any actual, material, and substantial damage to the common right which each proprietor has; and, whether a proposed use is of the character referred to, and therefore reasonable, does not depend so much upon the area of the land of the offending proprietor, or the place of the use, as upon the effect *45it has upon the correlative rights of the other proprietors. Under this doctrine the defendant was not a wrongdoer when he used the waters of the stream for the purpose of irrigation, nor does the fact that his land lies above the level thereof, so that it can not be irrigated by means of ditches wholly on his own premises, affect his right to the use of the water (Charnock v. Higuerra, 111 Cal. 473, 52 Am. St. Rep. 195, 44 Pac. 171, 32 L. R. A. 190), although it might have a material bearing upon the reasonableness of the use, if that question was here for decision : Gould, Waters (3 ed.), §-217. But there is no reason shown by this record why the defendant should be confined in the use of the water to any particular portion of his land. The amount of water taken and used by him before the trial was not sufficient to materially injure the plaintiffs, or to interfere in any substantial ■ way with their rights as riparian proprietors. There seems to have been abundant water left in the stream after his diversion for the use of all the other riparian proprietors.
4. There is some conflict in the authorities as to whether a riparian proprietor can enjoin the use of water for the irrigation of nonriparian lands without showing damage (Modoc Live Stock Co. v. Booth, 102 Cal. 151, 36 Pac. 431; Gould v. Eaton, 117 Cal. 539, 49 Pac. 577, 38 L. R. A. 181; Fifield v. Spring Valley Waterworks, 30 Cal. 552, 62 Pac. 1054); but it is clear that a court of equity will not restrain the use of water by a riparian proprietor to irrigate his lands unless it is shown that such use will injure the other riparian proprietors: Gould, Waters (3 ed.), § 214. The plaintiffs, therefore, were not entitled to an injunction restraining the defendant from using the waters of the stream for the purpose of irrigation, because such use was no injury to them. But, as the defendant has set up in his answer, and attempted *46to maintain by Ms testimony, the absoMte right to sufficient water to irrigate his land, regardless of the effect it may have upon the other proprietors, the plaintiffs are entitled to such a decree as will prevent his use from ripening into an adverse title: Gould, Waters (3 ed.), § 214; Kinney, Irr. § 329; Ulbricht v. Eufaula Water Co., 86 Ala. 587 (6 South. 78, 14 L. R. A. 572) ; Newhall v. Ireson, 8 Cush. 595 (54 Am. Dec. 790, and note).
5. It is suggested that the court ought to ascertain and determine the rights of the respective parties, and fix them in the decree, so that hereafter there may be no controversy concerning the matter. In the very nature of things, however, it is impossible in a case of this character to make such a decree. The rights of the several riparian proprietors are equal, each being entitled to but a reasonable use of the water for irrigating purposes, and what constitutes such use must necessarily depend upon the season, the volume of water in the stream, the area and character of the land which each riparian proprietor proposes to irrigate, any many other cicumstances ; so that it seems to us there is no basis upon which the court could frame any other decree than one enjoining and restraining the defendant from diverting the water from the stream to the substantial injury of the present or future rights of the plaintiffs, and, as the decree of the court below is to that effect, it will be affirmed.
Affirmed .