Court Opinion

ID: 3141981
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-22 17:55:18.112278+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:54:49.091157
License: Public Domain

NOTICE
                                                     NO. 5-09-0207
 Decision filed 09/24/10. The text of
                                                        IN THE
 this decision may be changed or

 corrected prior to the filin g of a

 Petition   for   Rehea r i n g   or   the
                                             APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
 disposition of the same.
                             FIFTH DISTRICT
________________________________________________________________________

CITIZENS OPPOSING POLLUTION,           ) Appeal from the
                                       ) Circuit Court of
      Plaintiff-Appellant,             ) Clinton County.
                                       )
v.                                     ) No. 08-CH-56
                                       )
EXXONM OBIL COAL U.S.A. and            )
THE ILLINOIS ENVIRONMENTAL             )
PROTECTION AGENCY,                     ) Honorable
                                       ) William J. Becker,
      Defendants-Appellees.            ) Judge, presiding.
________________________________________________________________________

            PRESIDING JUSTICE GOLDENHERSH delivered the opinion of the court:

            Plaintiff, Citizens Opposing Pollution, a not-for-profit citizens group, filed a six-count

complaint against defendants, ExxonMobil Coal U.S.A. (Exxon) and the Illinois

Environmental Protection Agency (the Agency), seeking to obtain injunctive relief to cause

Exxon to remove and properly dispose of slurried coal production waste allegedly leaching

into the community drinking water supply known as the Pearl Sand Aquifer located in

Clinton County. Counts I through IV are directed against Exxon and contend that Exxon

violated various provisions of the Surface Coal Mining Land Conservation and Reclamation

Act (Act) (225 ILCS 720/1.01 et seq. (West 2008)). Count V is directed against the Agency

and also alleges a violation of the Act. Count VI is directed against Exxon and claims that

Exxon violated various provisions of the Water Use Act of 1983 (W ater Use Act) (525 ILCS

45/1 et seq. (West 2008)). Exxon moved to dismiss counts I through IV pursuant to section

2-619 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-619 (West 2008)) and count VI pursuant

to section 2-615 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2008)). The

                                                          1
Agency moved to dismiss count V pursuant to both section 2-615 and section 2-619. The

circuit court of Clinton County granted defendants' motions to dismiss, and plaintiff now

appeals.

       Plaintiff raises the following issues: (1) whether the trial court erred in dismissing

plaintiff's complaint on the basis that there is no statutory authorization which allows

plaintiff to challenge violations of the Act, (2) whether the trial court erred in finding that

plaintiff's challenges to Exxon's violations of the Act constitute a permit challenge that must

be handled through the administrative review process, (3) whether the trial court erred in

dismissing count V directed against the Agency, and (4) whether the Water Use Act has an

implied private right of action so that the trial court erred in dismissing count VI. We affirm

in part, reverse in part, and remand with directions.

                                      BACKGROUND

       Monterey Coal, a division of Exxon, has owned Mine No. 2, a coal mine located near

Albers, since 1977. From 1977 until August 1996, when the mine closed, a coal preparation

plant and two coal refuse and slurry disposal areas operated on the property. The refuse

disposal areas (RDAs) encompass a surface area of approximately 350 acres. The RDAs

consist of two separately permitted areas known as RDA-1 and RDA-2. Coal refuse was

placed in RDA-1 from 1977 until 1996 and placed in RDA-2 from 1988 until 1996. On

November 16, 1984, the Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals approved Permit No. 57,

which, inter alia, authorized the creation of RDA-1. On September 6, 1986, the Illinois

Department of Mines and Minerals approved Permit No. 183, which authorized the creation

of RDA-2. Thereafter, the Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals ceased to exist; its

powers are now with the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (Department).

       As far back as 1979, M onterey Coal acknowledged the possibility of seepage from

the refuse disposal area to the shallow aquifer and the possible contamination of the aquifer

                                              2
from slurry impoundment. As the voluminous record indicates, over the years there have

been numerous state and federal adjudications pertaining to Mine No. 2 and reclamation

efforts. On December 21, 1999, the Agency issued a violation notice which alleged that

Monterey Coal violated groundwater quality standards. Without admitting to the alleged

violations, Monterey Coal entered into a covenant with the Agency. On June 24, 2002, the

Agency approved a corrective action plan with a groundwater management zone. On March

3, 2004, after a public hearing and comment period, the Department approved revised

permits with regard to Permit No. 57 and Permit No. 183. Exxon began the required

reclamation, which was substantially completed in December 2006. According to Exxon,

more than $28 million and thousands of man-hours were spent on completing the reclamation

of the RDAs. Nevertheless, surrounding property owners continue to complain that their

groundwater was being contaminated and that the approved plans and the permits have not

adequately protected the hydrologic groundwater balance.

       As far as the immediate history of this appeal, the action was originally filed on

August 8, 2008, by plaintiff, a group of citizens living near the mine who are concerned

about the quality of life, specifically, the water supply, in their rural community. The

original action was an 18-count complaint filed against Exxon, the Agency, and the

Department. The complaint requested that the court grant injunctive relief, that Exxon be

required to submit a permit-renewal application that would meet the performance standards

of the law, and that the Department be required to approve only a permit that meets the

performance standards stated in the law, which plaintiff alleged are not being met.

       Defendants filed motions to dismiss. Both Exxon and the Department claimed that

the mining permits had expired and that there was no need for renewal. The revised permits

had indeed expired on January 8, 2005, and October 16, 2006. Accordingly, plaintiff

responded with a request for leave to amend and a motion to voluntarily dismiss the

                                            3
Department. The trial court allowed the motions, and an amended complaint was filed on

December 22, 2008. In count I, plaintiff seeks injunctive relief and asks the court for the

following relief:

       "(1)   Find that:

              a)     The post[]mining land use, for the land where the impoundments of

                     coal mine waste are located, does not meet the definition of 'Pasture

                     Land['][;]

              b)     The land that is currently coal mine waste impoundments had a

                     pre[]mining land use that was higher or better use than pasture land;

              c)     The current land use for the coal mine waste impoundments are [sic] as

                     impoundments or undeveloped land and are [sic] not allowed as

                     appropriate post[]mining land uses;

              d)     The impoundments present an actual or probable hazard to public

                     health or safety;

              e)     The impoundments pose an actual or probable threat of water

                     diminution or pollution;

       (2)    Order Exxon to develop and implement a written plan that resolves the

              ongoing violations of law by meeting the standards of the Illinois M ining Act,

              the applicable regulations implementing the Illinois Mining Act, and any

              Orders of this Court;

       (3)    Mandate that the plan to be developed and implemented by Exxon must

              restore the land to a condition capable of supporting row crops or a use that is

              higher or better than row crops;

       (4)    Require Exxon to remove the permanent impoundments known as RDA-1 and

              RDA-2 and properly dispose of the wastes contained therein at a facility that

                                              4
              meets the standards of a sanitary landfill thereby ensuring the protection of

              groundwater;

       (5)    Award Plaintiff the costs of litigation, including attorneys' fees (at the same

              hourly rate as Exxon's attorneys charge in this case) and fees for expert

              witnesses and consultants for bringing forth a claim of importance to the

              effective enforcement of the Illinois Mining Act; and

       (6)    Grant such other relief as this Court deems appropriate and as may be

              requested as the case develops further."

In count II, plaintiff also seeks injunctive relief and asks the court for the following relief:

       "(1)   Find that:

              a)      Impoundments constructed of coal mine waste or intended to impound

                      coal mine waste may not be retained permanently as part of the

                      approved post[]mining land use;

              b)      Exxon has permanently retained two impoundments of fine coal mine

                      waste slurry that are impounded by coarse coal mine waste; and

              c)      The permanent retention of the two coal mine waste impoundments is

                      an ongoing violation of the Illinois Mining Act.

       (2)    Require Exxon to develop and implement a written plan that resolves the

              violations of the law by meeting the standards of the Illinois Mining Act, the

              applicable regulations implementing the Illinois Mining Act, and any Orders

              of this Court;

       (3)    Mandate that Exxon develop and implement a written plan to provide for the

              removal of the impoundments known as RDA-1 and RDA-2 with proper

              disposal of such wastes contained therein at a facility that meets the standards

              of a sanitary landfill and that is therefore protective of groundwater ***."

                                               5
Count III seeks injunctive relief and asks the court for the following relief:

       "(1)   Find that Exxon has:

              a)      Permanently retained two impoundments of fine coal mine waste slurry

                      that are impounded by coarse coal mine waste;

              b)      Permanently graded Mine #2's property in a manner that does not

                      restore the affected land to its approximate original contour;

              c)      Performed or avoided grading at the site in a manner that does not

                      support the proposed post[]mining uses;

       (2)    Require Exxon to develop and implement written plan that resolves the

              violations of the law by meeting the standards of the Illinois Mining Act, the

              applicable regulations implementing the Illinois Mining Act, and any Orders

              of this Court;

       (3)    Mandate that Exxon implement a written plan that provides for the restoration

              of the affected land to a grade of no more than 10% in any location ***."

In count IV, plaintiff requests the court for the following relief:

       "(1)   Find that Exxon is in violation of the Illinois Mining Act;

       (2)    Find that Exxon's 'substantially completed' reclamation of Mine No. 2 fails to

              minimize disturbances to hydrologic balance of groundwater by:

                      a)       Continuing to leach excessive quantities of sulfates, chlorides,

                               total dissolved solids, iron[,] and manganese into the

                               groundwater beneath the mine site and neighboring properties;

                      b)       Pumping 4 million gallons of water from the Pearl Sand Aquifer

                               each week, thus altering the flow of the aquifer and altering the

                               recharge capacity of the aquifer; and

                      c)       Allowing 85% of precipitation to infiltrate and mix with the

                                                6
                               waste[,] allowing contaminants to be leached into the aquifer.

       (3)    Require Exxon to develop and implement a written plan that resolves

              violations of law by meeting the standards of the Illinois Mining Act, the

              applicable regulations implementing the Illinois Mining Act, and any Orders

              of this Court;

       (4)    Require Exxon to develop and implement a written plan to provide for the

              removal of the impoundments known as RDA-1 and RDA-2 with proper

              disposal of such wastes contained therein at a facility that meets the standards

              of a sanitary landfill and that is therefore protective of groundwater;

       (5)    Mandate that Exxon provide for active treatment of the groundwater plume,

              during the time in which it removes the impoundments and any necessary time

              thereafter, such that Exxon restores all of the water in the Pearl Sand Aquifer

              to Class I Groundwater Quality standards ***."

In count V, directed against the Agency, plaintiff requests the court for the following relief:

       "(1)   Find that the Groundwater Management Zone [the Agency] issued to Exxon

              fails to minimize disturbances to the hydrologic balance at the mine site and

              in associated offsite areas by:

              a)     Continuing to leach excessive quantities of sulfates, chlorides, total

                     dissolved solids, iron[,] and manganese into the groundwater beneath

                     the mine site and neighboring properties;

              b)     Pumping 4 million gallons of water from the Pearl Sand Aquifer each

                     week, thus altering the flow of the aquifer and altering the recharge

                     capacity of the aquifer; and

              c)     Allowing 85% of the precipitation to infiltrate and mix with the

                     waste[,] allowing contaminants to be leached into the aquifer.

                                                7
       (2)    Find that the Groundwater Management Zone violates the Illinois Mining Act.

        (3)   Find that the Groundwater Management Zone issued to Exxon by [the

              Agency] fails to meet the requirements of 35 Ill. Adm. Code [§]620.250 in the

              following ways:

              a)     the approved corrective action does not mitigate the impairment caused

                     by the release of contaminants from the site;

              b)     the approved corrective action is not adequate to mitigate the

                     impairment caused by the release of contaminants from the site;

              c)     the corrective action is not being performed in a timely manner;

              d)     the corrective action is not being performed in an appropriate manner;

              e)     the groundwater management zone is to be in place indefinitely.

       (4)    Require [the Agency] to immediately revoke the Groundwater Management

              Zone issued to Exxon Mine #2;

       (5)    Mandate that any Groundwater Management Zone issued by [the Agency]

              must comply with all statutes and regulations of the State of Illinois;

       (6)    Require any Groundwater Management Zone issued by [the Agency] have a

              defined end date with no active measure to take place after said date ***."

In count VI, plaintiff seeks injunctive relief and asks the court to compel Exxon's compliance

with the Water Use Act by following the rule of reasonable use of groundwater and

specifically requests the court for the following relief:

       "(1)   Find that Exxon's extraction of 4 million gallons of groundwater each week is

              per se unreasonable;

        (2)   Find that by extracting 4 million gallons of groundwater per week and

              diverting it into a nearby river in order to allow continued leaching of

              contaminants into groundwater is wasteful;

                                              8
       (3)    Find that extracting 4 million gallons of groundwater per week and diverting

              it into a nearby river in order to allow continued leaching of contaminants into

              groundwater is malicious;

       (4)    Find that extracting 4 million gallons of groundwater per week from the Pearl

              Sand Aquifer for a facility approximately 1.26 square miles exceeds the land

              owner's fair share of artificial wants;

       (5)    Mandate that Exxon develop and implement a written plan that does not

              require the extraction of more than 100,000 gallons of groundwater per day

              ***."

As with count I, all the additional counts also seek costs, fees, and any other relief the court

deems appropriate.

       On January 13, 2009, defendants filed their respective motions to dismiss the

amended complaint. Defendants claimed res judicata and collateral estoppel based upon

prior proceedings and argued that plaintiff failed to timely exhaust administrative remedies.

Plaintiff filed a response to the motions, and the trial court heard oral arguments from the

parties on the motions to dismiss. On April 28, 2009, the trial court entered an order

granting a dismissal on all the counts. The trial court specifically stated as follows:

       "The court disagrees with Plaintiff's assertion that [section] 8.05(a) [of the Act (225

       ILCS 720/8.05(a) (West 2008))] allows a suit to challenge what [the Department] has

       previously approved through approval of the permit and reclamation plan. The

       plaintiff's allegations against Exxon in Counts I through IV on their face may be

       violations of 'this Act' as contemplated within [section] 8.05(a); however, Exxon has

       brought forth affirmative matter, specifically, the issuance of the permit which

       includes the reclamation plan to show that Exxon's conduct was authorized by the

       Act.   The permit is not to issue unless [the Department] is satisfied that the

                                               9
       requirements of the Act are met. 225 ILCS 720/2.08 [(West 2008)]. To allow

       Plaintiff's interpretation of [section] 8.05(a) to stand would render the permit process

       meaningless and require circuit courts throughout the State to relitigate permit issues

       after those matters had been addressed by [the Department]."

The trial court goes on to state as follows:

              "[Section] 8.05(a) read in pari materia with [sections] 8.05(d) and 8.10 [of the

       Act (225 ILCS 720/8.05(d), 8.10 (West 2008))] means that permit challenges must

       be handled through the [a]dministrative [r]eview process. [Section] 8.05(a) authorizes

       suit only if a person attempted to operate without a permit or if a governmental

       agency refused to pursue a violation [of] the Act, rule, order[,] or permit."

The trial court also dismissed counts V and VI. Plaintiff filed a timely notice of appeal.

                                        ANALYSIS

       We first note that in reviewing the dismissal of a complaint under either section 2-615

or section 2-619 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-615, 2-619 (West 2008)), we

apply a de novo standard. Dopkeen v. Whitaker, 399 Ill. App. 3d 682, 684, 926 N.E.2d 794,

797 (2010); R-Five, Inc. v. Shadeco, Inc., 305 Ill. App. 3d 635, 639, 712 N.E.2d 913, 915

(1999). A motion to dismiss under section 2-615 tests the legal sufficiency of the complaint

whereas a motion to dismiss under section 2-619 admits the legal sufficiency of the

complaint but asserts an affirmative defense outside the complaint that serves to defeat the

cause of action. Kean v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 235 Ill. 2d 351, 361, 919 N.E.2d 926, 931-

32 (2009). Under either section, we accept all well-pleaded facts in the complaint as true

and draw all reasonable inferences from the facts against the nonmoving party. Dopkeen,
399 Ill. App. 3d at 684, 926 N.E.2d at 797.

       The first issue raised by plaintiff is whether the trial court erred in dismissing

plaintiff's complaint on the basis that there is no statutory authority which allows plaintiff

                                               10
to challenge violations of the Act. Plaintiff argues the trial court's ruling that the only

challenge a citizen can make to a flagrant disregard of the statutorily mandated performance

standards of the Act is to challenge noncompliance with the Department-issued permits

during the permitting process is simply wrong. Plaintiff insists that a permit, whether

meeting applicable standards or not, legal or illegal, expired or current, should never have

the effect of eliminating and overruling substantive performance standards required by statute

and that the subject environmental violations should not be allowed to continue unabated and

unchallenged in perpetuity. Plaintiff specifically contends that it should be allowed to file

a civil action for enforcement under section 8.05 of the Act. Exxon responds that the trial

court properly dismissed counts I through IV of the amended complaint because plaintiff

failed to challenge the Department's approval of those revised permits as required by the

Administrative Review Law (735 ILCS 5/3-101 et seq. (West 2008)). Exxon further replies

that the dismissal of counts I through V was proper because plaintiff's claims are moot due

to the substantial completion of the reclamation plan and the expiration of the revised permits

approving it and because plaintiff failed to join the Department, which Exxon contends is a

necessary party. After careful consideration, we agree with plaintiff.

                                        A. The Act

       Section 8.05 of the Act provides in pertinent part as follows:

              "Civil Actions. (a) Any person having an interest which is or may be adversely

       affected may commence a civil action on his own behalf to compel compliance with

       this Act against any governmental instrumentality or agency which is alleged to be in

       violation of the provisions of this Act or of any rule, order[,] or permit issued under

       this Act[] or against any other person who is alleged to be in violation of this Act or

       of any rule, order[,] or permit issued under this Act. ***

              (b) Any person having an interest which is or may be adversely affected may

                                              11
       commence a civil action against the Department on his own behalf to compel

       compliance with this Act where there is alleged a failure of the Department to

       perform any act or duty under this Act which is not discretionary with the

       Department. ***

               (c) The court, in issuing any final order in any action brought under this

       Section, may award costs of litigation (including attorney and expert witness fees) to

       any party, on the basis of the importance of the proceeding and the participation of

       the parties to the efficient and effective enforcement of this Act. ***

               (d) Any person who is injured in his person or property through the violation

       by any operator of any rule, order, or permit issued pursuant to this Act may bring an

       action for damages (including reasonable attorney and expert witness fees). ***

               (e) Any action brought under this Section may be brought only in the county

       in which the mining operation complained of is located.

               (f) In any action under this Section, the Department shall have an

       unconditional right to intervene.

               (g) No existing civil or criminal remedy for any wrongful action shall be

       excluded or impaired by this Act.

               (h) Nothing in this Section shall restrict any right which any person (or class

       of persons) may have under any statute or common law to seek enforcement of any

       of the provisions of this Act and the rules adopted under this Act[] or to seek any

       other relief (and including relief against the United States or the Department)." 225

       ILCS 720/8.05 (West 2008).

       Here, plaintiff filed a civil action for enforcement under the above statute and prayed

for injunctive relief.

       Plaintiff's complaint was a multicount complaint, alleging essentially that the

                                              12
mandated duties of Monterey Coal were not fulfilled, that Monterey Coal failed to restore

the land, and that it was continuing to cause the hydrologic imbalance of groundwater and

the Pearl Sand Aquifer in violation of the Act. In the complaint, plaintiff does not attack the

issuance of the permits but challenges performance requirements under the Act. Article XI,

section 2, of the Illinois Constitution accords plaintiff standing; it specifically states as

follows:

              "Each person has the right to a healthful environment. Each person may

       enforce this right against any party, governmental or private, through appropriate legal

       proceedings subject to reasonable limitation and regulation as the General Assembly

       may provide by law." Ill. Const. 1970, art. XI, §2.

The Illinois Supreme Court has recognized that this section of the Illinois Constitution gives

standing to an individual to bring an environmental action for a grievance common to

members of the public. See Glisson v. City of Marion, 188 Ill. 2d 211, 720 N.E.2d 1034

(1999).

       Plaintiff challenges Exxon's compliance with the permits, not the actual issuance of

the permits. Thus, plaintiff's lawsuit against Exxon sounds in enforcement as opposed to

regulatory action. In Old Ben Coal Co. v. Department of Mines & Minerals, 207 Ill. App.
3d 1088, 566 N.E.2d 813 (1991), the plaintiff coal company argued that while it was under

an interim permit granted by the defendant, it was not bound by permanent regulations. W e

disagreed, finding that such a result would be absurd. We specifically stated as follows:

              "Although not binding on this court, we are guided by Chief Judge Foreman's

       memorandum and order in the case of Melvin v. Old Ben Coal Co. (S.D. Ill. 1985),

       610 F. Supp. 131. There, the court held that the General Assembly 'clearly intended

       compliance with performance standards set forth in Article IV of the Illinois

       Permanent Act ***.' (610 F. Supp. at 133.) Judge Foreman noted, as we do, that

                                              13
       '[d]efendant would now have the Court interpret these provisions to reach the

       unreasonable result of authorizing it to ignore performance standards merely because

       the Department of M ines and Minerals is delinquent in processing permanent

       applications.' (610 F. Supp. at 134.) We cannot sanction such an absurd result." Old

       Ben Coal Co., 207 Ill. App. 3d at 1092, 566 N.E.2d at 815-16.

Similarly, in the instant case, Exxon wants us to ignore continued environmental violations

simply because permits have been issued.

       Counts I through IV and count VI sound in enforcement as opposed to regulatory

violations and allege various violations of applicable statutory requirements under the Act.

We find that section 8.05 of the Act permits such a challenge and that the trial court erred

in dismissing these counts. Furthermore, we disagree with the trial court's determination that

plaintiff's lawsuit must be dismissed because it is a matter which must be handled through

the administrative review process pursuant to section 8.10 of the Act.

       Section 8.10 specifically provides as follows:

              "Review under Administrative Review Law. All final administrative decisions

       of the Department under this Act shall be subject to judicial review pursuant to the

       Administrative Review Law, as amended, and the rules adopted under it, except that

       the remedies created by this Act are not excluded or impaired by any provision of the

       Administrative Review Law." (Emphasis added.) 225 ILCS 720/8.10 (West 2008).

"In construing a statute or regulation, Illinois courts are guided by basic tenets of statutory

construction. Normally, courts will try to give effect to every word, clause[,] and sentence."

Old Ben Coal Co., 207 Ill. App. 3d at 1091, 566 N.E.2d at 815. Here, the last clause in

section 8.10 provides that the Administrative Review Law does not impair the prosecution

of the instant case.    Pursuant to section 8.05, we find that plaintiff can seek direct

enforcement to remedy the alleged ongoing violations of the Act.

                                              14
       Exxon relies on Pueblo of Picuris v. New Mexico Energy, Minerals & Natural

Resources Department, 2001-NMCA-084, 131 N.M . 166, 33 P.3d 916, in support of its

argument that courts reject collateral litigation on permitting decisions. We first point out

that a decision of a foreign jurisdiction is not binding on Illinois courts. See People v.

Christiansen, 116 Ill. 2d 96, 130-31, 506 N.E.2d 1253, 1268 (1987). Second, we note that

the citizens suit in Pueblo of Picuris was a challenge to the issuance of the permit. It was

filed by a citizens group within a matter of months after a permit was issued and a closeout

plan was approved. The plaintiff failed to pursue a timely administrative review of the

permit and was, therefore, barred from pursuing a citizens suit. The New M exico court

distinguished between a lawsuit challenging the issuance of a permit and one challenging

compliance, specifically stating as follows:

              "In response to Defendants' arguments, the Pueblo first protests that if it cannot

       sue, then as a practical matter, it will be left without any means to challenge the

       permit. In the Pueblo's case, the 60[-]day period under Section 15 for petitioning the

       Commission has long since passed. We acknowledge that our holding will preclude

       the Pueblo from any further challenge to the issuance of the permit. However, the

       Pueblo can still look to Section 14 if grounds exist to assert a right under that Section

       for relief in regard to compliance with the mining permit." Pueblo of Picuris, 2001-

       NMCA-084, ¶26, 131 N.M. at 171, 33 P.3d at 921.

The New M exico court recognized and applied the difference between a lawsuit challenging

the permitting process and one challenging compliance.

       In the instant case, there is no dispute that the permits have expired.           Exxon

challenged plaintiff's first complaint on that very basis. Plaintiff acknowledged that the

permits had expired, and plaintiff filed an amended complaint sounding in enforcement.

Nevertheless, defendants contend the instant case constitutes a collateral attack on the

                                               15
permits. We disagree.

                                        B. Res Judicata

       The preclusive effect of a prior adjudication on a subsequent claim or cause of action

falls under the law of res judicata. Res judicata is separated into two distinct doctrines: (1)

true res judicata, known as "claim preclusion," and (2) collateral estoppel, known as "issue

preclusion." People v. Moore, 184 Ill. App. 3d 102, 104, 539 N.E.2d 1380, 1381 (1989),

rev'd on other grounds, 138 Ill. 2d 162, 561 N.E.2d 648 (1990). Both serve the same

purpose, which is to promote judicial economy and prevent repetitive litigation. Moore, 184
Ill. App. 3d at 104, 539 N.E.2d at 1381. Collateral estoppel applies when a party participates

in two separate and consecutive cases arising out of different causes of action and some

controlling factor or question material to the determination of both cases has been

adjudicated against the party in the former suit by a court of competent jurisdiction. Stathis

v. First Arlington National Bank, 226 Ill. App. 3d 47, 53, 589 N.E.2d 625, 630 (1992).

However, res judicata will not apply in cases in which it would be fundamentally unfair to

do so, and parties will not be collaterally estopped unless the precise facts and issues were

determined in the prior judgment. Nowak v. St. Rita High School, 197 Ill. 2d 381, 390-91,

757 N.E.2d 471, 477-78 (2001).

       We agree with plaintiff's contention that Exxon's arguments regarding res judicata and

collateral estoppel are simply an attempt to divert our attention from the real issue: whether

environmental violations are ongoing and continuing at Mine No. 2. First, we point out that

Exxon has never been a party to the previous litigation concerning Mine No. 2. Second, we

note that despite the permits and the $28 million cleanup efforts, plaintiff insists that Exxon

has not properly disposed of the impounded coal production waste and that waste is leaking

into the Pearl Sand Aquifer, which supplies the community with drinking water. At this

point in the litigation, we must accept plaintiff's well-pled facts as true. The trial court erred

                                               16
in dismissing the instant litigation.

       Moreover, we disagree with Exxon's claim that the issuance of a valid permit by the

Agency is a blanket defense against any enforcement action. The New M exico case cited

by Exxon acknowledged that there must be some method for a plaintiff to assert his or her

rights when there is noncompliance. In Illinois, that method is a citizens suit filed pursuant

to section 8.05 of the Act. Plaintiff's argument that environmental violations cannot be

allowed to continue unabated and unchallenged into perpetuity simply because a permit has

been issued is compelling, and we find the trial court erred in dismissing counts I through

IV.   These counts, including the groundwater claims in count IV, are issues of

noncompliance with the Act and are of an ongoing nature. Count VI also sounds in

enforcement and alleges various violations of the Water Use Act.

                                        C. Water Use Act

       The trial court dismissed count VI of plaintiff's amended complaint, stating that the

Water Use Act provides no private right of action. The Water Use Act requires that

groundwater withdrawal must be done following the "reasonable use" rule. 525 ILCS 45/6

(West 2008). The Water Use Act specifically defines "reasonable use" as "the use of water

to meet natural wants and a fair share for artificial wants. It does not include water used

wastefully or maliciously." 525 ILCS 45/4(g) (West 2008) (now 525 ILCS 45/4 (West Supp.

2009)). Taking the allegations in plaintiff's complaint as true, which we are required to do

at this point, Exxon is withdrawing four million gallons of water per week from the Pearl

Sand Aquifer in order to keep contaminated groundwater within the boundaries of the permit.

       Four factors are to be considered in determining whether a private right of action may

be implied from a statute:

       "Implication of a private right of action is appropriate if: (1) the plaintiff is a member

       of the class for whose benefit the statute was enacted; (2) the plaintiff's injury is one

                                              17
       the statute was designed to prevent; (3) a private right of action is consistent with the

       underlying purpose of the statute; and (4) implying a private right of action is

       necessary to provide an adequate remedy for violations of the statute." Fisher v.

       Lexington Health Care, Inc., 188 Ill. 2d 455, 460, 722 N.E.2d 1115, 1117-18 (1999).

Courts will imply a private remedy where a clear need to effectuate the purpose of a statute

exists. Abbasi v. Paraskevoulakos, 187 Ill. 2d 386, 393, 718 N.E.2d 181, 185 (1999).

       Considering the four factors listed above and the need to effectuate the purpose of the

Act, we find the trial court erred in dismissing count VI on the basis that the Water Use Act

provides no private right of action. W e believe section 8.05 of the Act specifically allows

such enforcement actions. Accordingly, we find the trial court erred in dismissing counts I

through IV and count VI.

                                     D. Necessary Party

       As to the argument of both Exxon and the Agency that the Department is a necessary

party to this litigation, we point out that each party filed a motion to dismiss the first

complaint on the basis that the mining permits expired and there was no need for renewal.

Plaintiff then filed a request for leave to amend and a motion to voluntarily dismiss the

Department, both of which were granted. We agree with plaintiff that the Department can

easily be added by either Exxon or the Agency or the Department can seek to intervene. We

also agree with plaintiff that a dismissal for the failure to add the Department as a necessary

party is drastic and unjust at this point, and we refuse to affirm the trial court's dismissal on

this basis.

                                          E. Count V

       We must also consider whether the trial court erred in dismissing count V directed

against the Agency. Plaintiff contends section 8.05(a) also gives plaintiff the authority to sue

the Agency; however, much like Exxon's arguments, the Agency asserts that plaintiff has not

                                               18
pled facts that the Agency is violating the Act, that any challenge to the groundwater

management zone was required to be brought under administrative review, which plaintiff

failed to do, and that prior proceedings serve as res judicata and collateral estoppel to bar

further limitation concerning the issuance of the groundwater management zone.

       We find no need to go over our findings with regard to several arguments previously

addressed in this opinion.     We do address, however, the Agency's argument that an

administrative appeal to the Illinois Pollution Control Board followed by an administrative

review in the courts is the only avenue for directly reviewing a groundwater monitoring zone.

This simply is not true. Section 8.05 of the Act allows a citizens group to file a lawsuit for

violations of the Act. Count V specifically charges as follows:

              "The granting of the Groundwater Management Zone violates the Illinois

       Mining Act by requiring an operator to disturb the hydrologic balance at the mine site

       and associated offsite areas. These violations will continue unabated unless and until

       this Court grants injunctive relief that brings about compliance with all applicable

       statutory provisions and regulations cited herein."

Plaintiff asks, inter alia, in count V for the court to find that the groundwater management

zone violates the Act.

       On the other hand, portions of count V constitute a collateral attack on the permit

previously issued by the Agency. For example, count V specifically asks for a finding that

the groundwater management zone issued to Exxon by the Agency fails to meet the

requirements of section 620.250 of Title 35 of the Illinois Administrative Code (35 Ill. Adm.

Code §620.250 (West CD-ROM August 1997)). To the extent that count V is a collateral

attack on the issuance of the permits, the trial court was correct in dismissing it; however,

because there is clearly a cause of action based on what is alleged in count V, we believe that

the dismissal should be without prejudice. We, therefore, remand with directions to allow

                                              19
plaintiff to file an amended count V containing enforcement allegations, as opposed to

allegations constituting a collateral attack on the issuance of permits.

                                      CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we hereby reverse the judgment of the circuit court of

Clinton County that dismissed counts I, II, III, IV, and VI. We hereby affirm the dismissal

of count V, but we modify the dismissal to be without prejudice. We remand with directions

to allow plaintiff to file an amended count V and for other proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

       Affirmed as modified in part and reversed in part; cause remanded with directions.

       WELCH and CHAPMAN, JJ., concur.

                                             20
                                          NO. 5-09-0207

                                             IN THE

                               APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                  FIFTH DISTRICT
___________________________________________________________________________________

      CITIZENS OPPOSING POLLUTION,          ) Appeal from the
                                            ) Circuit Court of
           Plaintiff-Appellant,             ) Clinton County.
                                            )
      v.                                    ) No. 08-CH-56
                                            )
      EXXONM OBIL COAL U.S.A. and           )
      THE ILLINOIS ENVIRONMENTAL            )
      PROTECTION AGENCY,                    ) Honorable
                                            ) William J. Becker,
           Defendants-Appellees.            ) Judge, presiding.
___________________________________________________________________________________

Opinion Filed:        September 24, 2010
___________________________________________________________________________________

Justices:          Honorable Richard P. Goldenhersh, P.J.

                 Honorable Melissa A. Chapman, J., and
                 Honorable Thomas M . Welch, J.,
                 Concur
___________________________________________________________________________________

Attorney         Penni S. Livingston, Livingston Law Firm, 5701 Perrin Road, Fairview Heights,
for              IL 62208
Appellant
___________________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys          Raymond L. Massey, Peter S. Strassner, Paul T. Sonderegger, Thompson Coburn,
for                LLP, One US Bank Plaza, Suite 2600, St. Louis, MO 63101; Kurt E. Reitz, Heath
Appellees          H. Hooks, Thompson Coburn, LLP, 525 West Main Street, P.O. Box 750, Belleville,
                   IL 62222 (attorneys for ExxonMobil Coal U.S.A.)

                 Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, State of Illinois, Michael A. Scodro, Solicitor
                 General, Brian F. Barov, Assistant Attorney General, 100 W est Randolph Street,
                 12th Floor, Chicago, IL 60601 (attorneys for The Illinois Environmental Protection
                 Agency)
___________________________________________________________________________________