Court Opinion

ID: 9895552
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-07 18:09:49.553234+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:12:56.810318
License: Public Domain

J-S33017-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  JAMES STYNE HASKINS                          :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 163 WDA 2023

       Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered January 6, 2023
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Criminal Division at
                      No(s): CP-02-CR-0008050-2021

BEFORE:       BENDER, P.J.E., McCAFFERY, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY McCAFFERY, J.:                       FILED: November 7, 2023

       James Haskins (Appellant) appeals from the January 6, 2023, judgment

of sentence entered in the Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas, after the

trial court convicted Appellant of one count of resisting arrest.1 On appeal,

Appellant solely challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, alleging the

Commonwealth failed to prove that he intended to prevent a public servant

from conducting a lawful arrest. Based on the following, we affirm.

                          I. Facts & Procedural History

       The underlying facts concerning the Appellant’s conviction are taken

from the trial testimony and are summarized as follows:

____________________________________________

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1 18 Pa.C.S. § 5104.
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      On the evening of October 3, 2021, Tarentum Borough Police Officer

Jeremy Belusar, was on routine patrol and stopped at a red light in the right

lane. See N.T., 10/5/22, at 17. Officer Jeremy Belusar observed Appellant’s

car, a gold sedan, stopped two car lengths behind him in the left lane. Id. at

16. Noting this behavior, Officer Belusar ran the vehicle’s registration and

discovered there was an arrest warrant for the owner of the vehicle – James

Haskins. Id. Upon learning of the warrant, Officer Belusar initiated a traffic

stop. Id. The officer “confirmed that the driver was in fact Appellant.” Trial

Ct. Op. at 3.

      Officer Belusar then notified dispatch that he would be initiating the stop

and requested additional units as backup. See N.T at 17. Officer Belusar

activated his overhead lights.    Appellant’s vehicle abruptly stopped before

continuing to the nearest parking lot. Appellant exited his vehicle and “began

yelling and advancing aggressively toward [Officer Belusar’s] position.” Id.

at 18. The officer observed Appellant clench his fists at his sides and pace

back and forth between the two vehicles, demanding to know the reason for

the stop. Id. Officer Belusar ordered Appellant to “get back in his vehicle[,]”

and later, “to get on the ground several times.” Id. Appellant repeatedly

ignored all these commands. Id. Consequently, Officer Belusar engaged his

taser which had little effect on Appellant. Id. at 19. Appellant was able to rip

the cords from his body and resumed yelling and pacing angrily. Id. Shortly

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thereafter, other officers arrived to assist, including Officer Bajack,2 who

commanded Appellant to get down on the ground. Id. at 19-20. Appellant

again refused to comply, and the officer discharged his taser, which also did

not incapacitate Appellant. Id. at 19-20.

       Eventually, the officers tackled Appellant to the ground, “advising him

multiple times to put his hands behind his back.” N.T. at 20. Appellant pushed

off the ground numerous times, but ultimately, the officers took him into

custody. See id.

       Subsequently, Officer Belusar charged Appellant with resisting arrest,

obstructing administration of law or other government function, disorderly

conduct, and careless driving.3

       On October 5, 2022, Appellant, appeared before the Honorable Bruce R.

Beemer for a non-jury trial. Officer Belusar and Appellant both took the stand

and testified. In his defense, Appellant stated he exited his vehicle and “put

[his] hands outstretched” while repeatedly asking the officers why he was

pulled over. N.T. at 28. At first, Appellant testified that he did not make any

attempts to strike the officers, but later admitted that he exited his vehicle

against the officer’s direction and advanced toward the officer, in order to

“stand his ground.” Id. at 30, 32. Appellant reasoned that he was emotional

____________________________________________

2 Officer Bajack’s first name does not appear in the record.

3   18 Pa.C.S. §§ 5101, 5503(a)(4); 75 Pa.C.S. § 3714.

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given the fact that his vehicle was undergoing repairs and he had a limited

amount of power steering fluid left. See id. at 27-28. He also indicated that

he was not aware there was a warrant out for his arrest. See id. at 31.

      At the conclusion of the trial, the trial court found Appellant guilty of

resisting arrest, explaining its rationale as follows:

      [O]nce the lawful stop is effectuated and the officers had the
      information that [Appellant] has an active warrant for another
      county out for him, [he] simply cannot engage in the act that he
      did -- which, by his own admission, he did -- which is[:] get out
      of his vehicle, approach the officer and essentially demand the
      information that he was looking for, and thereby, not engage in
      lawful compliance, get on the ground to engage in the other type
      of questions. . . . And the officer was placed in a position of having
      to deploy a taser, to gain control of the situation; particularly,
      when he was isolated as a single officer before the second officer
      arrived, it’s clear that they had to employ means that justified or
      to overcome their resistance in this case.

            I found the testimony credible that he was not compliant.
      He didn’t comply with the orders to get on the ground. Now,
      maybe in his own mind, he felt he didn’t get an answer to a
      question that he wanted, but they discharged a taser, it didn’t
      cause him to get on the ground and be compliant, it caused him
      to remove the cords, and he ended up getting tased a second
      time. And then, when they had to take him to the ground, he was
      pushing off of the ground, he wouldn’t put his hands behind his
      back. The fact that the officers were not injured does not mean
      that there was not a substantial risk of bodily injury that was
      created for one or both of the officers.

N.T. at 42-43 (paragraph break added).         The court acquitted him of the

remaining charges.

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       On January 6, 2023, the trial court sentenced Appellant to a term of 18

months’ probation. Appellant did not file any post-motions but did file a timely

notice of appeal.4

                                       II. Issue

       In his sole issue on appeal, Appellant argues there was insufficient

evidence to support a finding that he intended to prevent his own arrest. See

Appellant Brief at 11. Appellant points out that while he “did not comply with

the officer’s orders to get back in his vehicle or to get on the ground[,]” he

did not “advance toward Officer Belusar, aggressively or otherwise.” Id. at

12-13. He alleges that when the officer wantonly shot him with the taser, he

maintains he was merely pacing back and forth and focuses on the fact that

he was never told the reason for the stop, stating:

       [T]he mere fact that [Appellant] persistently asked Officer Belusar
       why he had been pulled over did not establish, beyond a
       reasonable doubt, that he intended to prevent the officer from
       discharging his duties. Although [Appellant] was clearly frustrated
       and upset at the time of the incident, these emotions were not
       evidence of his defiance and resistance. This is particularly true
       given the fact that Officer Belusar admitted that [Appellant] was
       stopped not because of hazardous driving behavior, but because
       of an unrelated arrest warrant. Furthermore, Officer Belusar
       admitted that he never told [Appellant] why he had been stopped.
       Consequently, even in the light most favorable to the
       Commonwealth as the verdict winner, the evidence failed to
       sufficiently prove that it was [Appellant]’s conscious object to
____________________________________________

4 On February 10, 2023, the trial court ordered Appellant to file a concise
statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b).
Appellant filed on a timely concise statement on March 3, 2023. The trial court
issued a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion on April 25, 2023.

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      cause the result of preventing police from effectuating the arrest.
      [He] was not even aware of the reason for being pulled over.

Id. (record citation omitted).

      Moreover,    Appellant     contends   the   trial   court’s   reliance   on

Commonwealth v. McDonald, 17 A.3d 1282 (Pa. Super. 2011), is misplaced

and its analysis is flawed because the sufficiency issue in McDonald

concerned the substantial force element of resisting arrest and failed to

account for the intent element. See Appellant Brief at 12. Appellant also

juxtaposes his conduct with instances where defendants attempted to strike

or pulled and pushed away from officers.              See id. at 14, citing

Commonwealth v. Schlier, 206 EDA 2020 (unpub. memo.) (Pa. Super. Oct.

7, 2020) and Commonwealth v. Albano, 166 EDA 2021 (unpub. memo.)

(Pa. Super. Nov. 10, 2021). Appellant argues these defendants demonstrated

a “specific intent,” unlike the instant case, where “there was no evidence that

[Appellant] intentionally moved away from the police.” Appellant’s Brief at 13.

                         III. Standard of Review

      Our standard of review concerning a sufficiency argument is well-

settled.

      In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we must determine
      whether the evidence admitted at trial and all reasonable
      inferences drawn therefrom, viewed in the light most favorable to
      the Commonwealth as verdict winner, is sufficient to prove every
      element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. As an appellate
      court, we may not re-weigh the evidence and substitute our
      judgment for that of the fact-finder. Any question of doubt is for
      the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive

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      that as a matter of law no probability of fact can be drawn from
      the combined circumstances.

Commonwealth v. Martin, 297 A.3d 424, 434 (Pa. Super. 2023) (citation

omitted).

                  IV. The Elements of Resisting Arrest

      A person commits the crime of resisting arrest, in relevant part, when

“with the intent of preventing a public servant from effecting a lawful arrest

or discharging any other duty, [the] person creates a substantial risk of

bodily injury to the public servant or anyone else, or employs means

justifying or requiring substantial force to overcome the resistance.” 18

Pa.C.S. § 5104. “Section 5104 criminalizes two types of conduct intended to

prevent a lawful arrest: the creation of a substantial risk of bodily injury to

the officer or anyone else or means justifying or requiring a substantial force

to overcome.” Commonwealth v. Clemens, 242 A.3d 659, 666 (Pa. Super.

2020) (citation & internal quotation marks omitted). Moreover, we note that

evidence of “passive resistance requiring substantial force to overcome” has

previously been held to provide sufficient evidence to support a resisting arrest

conviction. Commonwealth v. Thompson, 922 A.2d 926, 928 (Pa. Super.

2007).

      Because Appellant advances an argument that focuses on his alleged

lack of intent, we note the following:

            As a general rule, therefore, it is not criminal merely to flee
      arrest. However, where the circumstances of the flight expose

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      the pursuing officers to substantial danger a conviction for
      resisting arrest is proper. The statute, it is clear, does not require
      the aggressive use of force such as a striking or kicking of the
      officer.

Commonwealth v. Miller, 475 A.2d 145, 146 (Pa. Super. 1984) (citations &

quotation marks omitted). “[I]ntent can be proven by direct or circumstantial

evidence; it may be inferred from acts or conduct or from the attendant

circumstances.” Commonwealth v. Rahman, 75 A.3d 497, 503 (Pa. Super.

2013) (citation & quotation marks omitted).

                                  V. Analysis

      The trial court explained its rationale for finding Appellant guilty of

resisting arrest as follows:

      Appellant does not dispute that Officer Belusar conducted a lawful
      traffic stop on October 3, 2021 after learning that Appellant had
      an active warrant. Nor does Appellant contest that he acted in
      the manner described by Officer Belusar. It is clear from the
      record, that when viewing the evidence in the light most favorable
      to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, the evidence was
      sufficient to establish the crime of resisting arrest beyond a
      reasonable doubt. From the moment Appellant exited his vehicle
      he created an aggressive and tension-filled situation. Despite
      multiple orders and the display and deployment of a taser by
      Officer Belusar, Appellant persisted in his actions because of his
      desire to find out why he was pulled over. Appellant never
      changed his stance, even after Officer Belusar later displayed his
      firearm and an assisting officer also deployed his taser. All efforts
      to force Appellant to comply and to gain control over the situation
      failed, for no other reason than Appellant’s continued aggressive
      behavior. Even as multiple officers physically took Appellant to
      the ground, he continued to resist by refusing to place his hands
      behind his back. See Commonwealth v. McDonald, 17 A.3d
      1282 (Pa. Super. 2011) (Conviction for resisting arrest affirmed
      where the actor was wrestled to the ground by multiple officers,
      refused commands, and physically resisted while under threat of
      being tasered, resulting in the ultimate deployment of the taser.)

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Trial Ct. Op. at 5-6.

      We agree with the trial court’s determination.        Appellant does not

contest the circumstances surrounding the incident, including the fact that he

was lawfully stopped based on an outstanding warrant or that he behaved in

an aggressive manner towards the officers. Rather, he claims he lacked the

necessary intent largely by blaming Officer Belusar for not telling him why he

was pulled over. See Appellant Brief at 13. Additionally, he attributes his

conduct to frustrations stemming from a purported lack of steering fluid to

operate his car.        Id.   Appellant’s portrayal that he never intentionally

exercised aggressive behavior or moved away from the police is misplaced.

      A review of the record reveals that once Officer Belusar initiated the

traffic stop, Appellant immediately exited his vehicle and “began yelling and

advancing aggressively toward” the officer.       N.T. at 18.   Officer Belusar

repeatedly ordered Appellant to “get back in his vehicle[,]” and “to get on the

ground[,]” which Appellant ignored. Id. Officer Belusar engaged his taser,

but Appellant was able to rip the cords from his body and resumed yelling and

being noncompliant. Id. Additionally, Officer Bajack commanded Appellant

to get down on the ground, to which Appellant again refused to comply. Id.

at 19-20.    Officer Bajack also discharged his taser, which did not disable

Appellant.   Id.   The officers then tried to tackle Appellant to the ground,

“advising him multiple times to put his hands behind his back[,]” but even

then, he pushed off the ground numerous times. See id. at 20. Appellant’s

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intent “may be inferred” from his actions and “the attendant circumstances.”

Rahman, 75 A.3d at 503. He repeatedly ignored the officers’ instructions and

their attempts to immobilize him with taser guns — in essence, his intent was

to prevent them from effectuating a lawful arrest.

      With respect to Appellant’s argument regarding the trial court’s reliance

on McDonald, supra, we find that it is erroneous. While the intent element

was not specifically at issue in McDonald, it is evident the trial court cited to

that case because it had a similar set of facts and the court wanted to point

out that this Court previously upheld a resisting arrest conviction based on

comparable circumstances. Furthermore, his reference to Schlier, 206 EDA

2020 (unpub. memo.), and Albano, 166 EDA 2021 (unpub. memo.), as

distinguishable because he did not possess any specific intent to strike or

physically assault the officers is misplaced. We observe that while the incident

may have not created “a substantial risk of bodily injury to [Officer Belusar]

or anyone else[,]” the officers had to resort to “substantial force to overcome

[Appellant’s] resistance.” See Clemens, 242 A.3d at 666; 18 Pa.C.S. §

5104. Therefore, the Commonwealth was not required to show specific intent

to aggressively harm the officers. See Miller, 475 A.2d at 146. Moreover,

Appellant’s actions amounted to “passive resistance[,]” which necessitated the

substantial force taken by the officers to overcome his actions.            See

Thompson, 922 A.2d at 928 (defendant resisted arrest when she “interlocked

her arms and legs” with her husband and “held her arms tightly beneath” the

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officer when he commanded her “several times to put her hands behind [her]

back” and officers deployed pepper spray).           Accordingly, even though

Appellant may not have possessed the specific intent to physically attack the

officers, his conduct in preventing the officers from restraining him by use of

tasers and other methods provided sufficient evidence to sustain his

conviction.

      We also point out that Appellant relies on selective testimony in

presenting his version of the incident. However, it is clear that the trial court,

as finder of fact, had exclusive jurisdiction to weigh all of the evidence,

determine the credibility of the witnesses, and resolve any inconsistencies in

their testimony.     Here, it found Officer Belusar’s testimony regarding

Appellant’s conduct credible. See N.T. at 42-43; see also Martin, 297 A.3d

at 434. Appellant’s arguments would have this Court supplant the trial court’s

credibility determinations with our own, which we cannot to do.          See id.

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, we

agree with the trial court’s determination that the Commonwealth presented

sufficient evidence that Appellant resisted arrest. See id.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

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 11/7/2023

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