Court Opinion

ID: 5141743
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-30 17:15:10.98984+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:30.495476
License: Public Domain

J-S35002-21

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :     IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :          PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    LANCE MOORE                                :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :     No. 390 MDA 2021

              Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered March 5, 2021
    In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Criminal Division at No(s):
                           CP-67-CR-0000805-2017

BEFORE:      OLSON, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.:                           FILED: DECEMBER 30, 2021

        Appellant, Lance Moore, appeals from the order entered on March 5,

2021, which dismissed his petition filed under the Post Conviction Relief Act

(“PCRA”), 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-9546. We affirm.

        The Commonwealth accused Appellant of sexually assaulting his

81-year-old mother, A.M. (“the Victim”). At the time of the January 13, 2017

sexual assault, Appellant was 45 years old and was living with the Victim. N.T.

Trial, 7/10/18, at 86.

        During Appellant’s jury trial, the Victim testified that, on the night of

January 13, 2017, she was sitting in her living room chair when Appellant

approached her with “a tube of blue and white lubricant” in his hand. N.T.

Trial, 7/10/18, at 86 and 91. She testified:

____________________________________________

*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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        He took the blanket that I was sitting on around me and he
        pulled that and . . . he just pulled me right down to the floor
        and pulled me across to where this far end is, and then he
        proceeded to sexually assault me.

                                     ...

        I told him he didn't want to do this. And I begged and I
        pleaded with him. I was scheduled for surgery in seven days,
        and I hadn't been good. And I asked him not to – please not
        to do it. But he wouldn't listen to me.

Id. at 92.

      She testified that Appellant pulled off her underwear and “proceeded to

have his way with me . . . sexually.” Id. at 93 (some capitalization omitted).

Specifically, the Victim testified that Appellant touched her groin and her

vagina with his penis. She also testified: “when I was on my stomach, I think

he tried to penetrate my anus. I’m not sure, but I think he did. But I don’t

believe he was successful.” Id. at 96.

      The Victim testified that, the next morning:

        I wrestled with how on earth I was going to get out of that
        house.     I couldn’t stay in that house.      I had – I’m
        handicapped. I had no way to get out. So [Appellant] knew
        I was scheduled for surgery. He knew I was having awful
        trouble and I had terrible pain. And he knew I was scheduled
        for that coming Friday.

        And so I prayed about this and I thought I got to get out of
        here. So I called up to him and I said, [Appellant], I need
        help. I said I'm having so much pain I can't wait until Friday.
        I've got to get out of here, and I said would you please see
        that I got to the hospital?

        Well, this wasn't an easy thing for him to do as far as
        transportation. And so . . . he said he'd call an ambulance for
        me and I said please. So he did call the ambulance for me.

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                                           ...

          So I wrote a note for the ambulance driver, . . . [saying] I
          have been sexually assaulted by [Appellant], my son. Help
          me, please . . . and I stuck it in my . . . coat pocket.

          And they came with the ambulance and they loaded me in.
          And when I got settled, I reached over – I was face to face
          with the young gentleman, and I reached over and I handed
          him this note. And he said – he read it and he looked amazed.
          And he took ahold of my arm and he said nobody else is going
          to hurt you. We'll get you help.

Id. at 98-99 and 101.

        The Victim was subjected to a forensic examination at the hospital.

During the examination, the Victim told the forensic nurse:

          [Appellant] pulled my legs up and apart so he could penetrate
          me. . . . [H]e didn’t go in all the way, he tried to but I yelled
          out and . . . he stopped when he heard me yell, and he rubbed
          himself on me.

                                           ...

          Afterwards, I felt it running down my leg. He tried to go in
          my rectum, but I begged him. I said[, Appellant,] I’m not
          that kind of person and he didn’t.

Id. at 133-134.

        The jury found Appellant guilty of indecent assault and criminal attempt

to commit involuntary deviate sexual intercourse (“IDSI”).1,     2   On October 2,

2018, the trial court sentenced Appellant to serve a term of 21 to 42 months

____________________________________________

1   18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3126(a)(2) and 901(a), respectively.

2The jury found Appellant not guilty of rape, sexual assault, and incest. N.T.
Trial, 7/11/18, at 265.

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in prison for his indecent assault conviction and to serve a consecutive term

of 102 to 204 months in prison for his criminal attempt to commit IDSI

conviction, for an aggregate term of 123 to 246 months in prison.         N.T.

Sentencing, 10/2/18, at 48-49. We affirmed Appellant’s judgment of sentence

on May 19, 2020.     Commonwealth v. Moore, 237 A.3d 463 (Pa. Super.

2020) (unpublished memorandum) at 1-20.

      Appellant filed a timely, pro se, PCRA petition on July 6, 2020. The PCRA

court appointed counsel to represent Appellant during the proceedings and

counsel filed an amended petition on Appellant’s behalf. Within the amended

petition, Appellant claimed that his sentence is illegal because “the sentences

for his convictions of indecent assault and attempted [IDSI] were not

merged.”    Amended PCRA Petition, 11/17/20, at 1 (some capitalization

omitted).

      On January 28, 2021, the PCRA court provided Appellant notice that it

intended to dismiss his petition in 20 days, without holding a hearing. PCRA

Court Notice, 1/28/21, at 1; see also Pa.R.Crim.P. 907(1). The PCRA court

finally dismissed Appellant’s petition on March 4, 2021 and Appellant filed a

timely notice of appeal. Appellant raises one claim on appeal:

        Was [Appellant’s] sentence, which failed to merge for
        sentencing purposes [Appellant’s convictions for indecent
        assault and attempted IDSI,] illegal in light of
        Commonwealth v. Tighe, [184 A.3d 560 (Pa. Super.
        2018)], which states that proof of [IDSI] necessarily proves
        indecent assault? And therefore the convictions merge for
        sentencing purposes?

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Appellant’s Brief at 4.

      “We review a ruling by the PCRA court to determine whether it is

supported by the record and is free of legal error. Our standard of review of

a PCRA court's legal conclusions is de novo.” Commonwealth v. Cousar,

154 A.3d 287, 296 (Pa. 2017) (citations omitted).

      To be eligible for relief under the PCRA, the petitioner must plead and

prove by a preponderance of the evidence that his conviction or sentence

resulted from “one or more” of the seven, specifically enumerated

circumstances listed in 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(a)(2). One of these statutorily

enumerated circumstances is “[t]he imposition of a sentence greater than the

lawful maximum.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(1)(vii); see also 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9542

(declaring that the PCRA “provides for an action by which persons convicted

of crimes they did not commit and persons serving illegal sentences may

obtain collateral relief”).

      “Whether Appellant's convictions merge for sentencing is a question

implicating the legality of Appellant's sentence. Consequently, our standard

of review is de novo and the scope of our review is plenary.” Commonwealth

v. Baldwin, 985 A.2d 830, 833 (Pa. 2009).

      Pennsylvania's merger doctrine is codified at 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9765. This

statute provides:

         No crimes shall merge for sentencing purposes unless the
         crimes arise from a single criminal act and all of the statutory
         elements of one offense are included in the statutory
         elements of the other offense. Where crimes merge for

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          sentencing purposes, the court may sentence the defendant
          only on the higher graded offense.

42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9765.

      As our Supreme Court has explained, the “mandate of [Section 9765] is

clear. It prohibits merger unless two distinct facts are present: 1) the crimes

arise from a single criminal act; and 2) all of the statutory elements of one of

the offenses are included in the statutory elements of the other.” Baldwin,

985 A.2d at 833.

      Appellant was convicted of indecent assault and criminal attempt to

commit IDSI. As is relevant here, indecent assault is defined as:

          A person is guilty of indecent assault if the person has
          indecent contact with the complainant, causes the
          complainant to have indecent contact with the person or
          intentionally causes the complainant to come into contact
          with seminal fluid, urine or feces for the purpose of arousing
          sexual desire in the person or the complainant and:

                                       ...

             (2) the person does so by forcible compulsion.

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3126(a)(2). The Crimes Code defines “indecent contact” as:

“[a]ny touching of the sexual or other intimate parts of the person for the

purpose of arousing or gratifying sexual desire, in any person.” 18 Pa.C.S.A.

§ 3101.

      Appellant was also convicted of attempted IDSI. In relevant part, IDSI

is defined as:

          A person commits a felony of the first degree when the
          person engages in deviate sexual intercourse with a
          complainant:

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            (1) by forcible compulsion.

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3123(a)(1). “Deviate sexual intercourse” is defined, inter alia,

as “[s]exual intercourse per os or per anus between human beings.”          18

Pa.C.S.A. § 3101. Further, Section 901(a) of the Crimes Code declares: “[a]

person commits an attempt when, with intent to commit a specific crime, he

does any act which constitutes a substantial step toward the commission of

that crime.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 901(a).

      As Appellant correctly observes, in Commonwealth v. Tighe, 184 A.3d

560 (Pa. Super. 2018), this Court held that Defendant Tighe’s conviction for

indecent assault merged with his conviction for IDSI. See Appellant’s Brief at

13; Tighe, 184 A.3d at 585. In Tighe, Defendant Tighe was convicted of a

number of crimes, including rape, IDSI, and indecent assault. The crimes

occurred when the defendant “inserted his penis into [the minor victim’s]

mouth and vagina,” in an “incident [that] lasted about [five] minutes.” Tighe,

184 A.3d at 564.    Defendant Tighe raised a number of claims on appeal,

including a claim that his sentence was illegal, as his indecent assault

conviction merged with his rape conviction. See id. at 565.

      The Commonwealth agreed that Defendant Tighe’s indecent assault

conviction “probably” merged with his rape conviction for sentencing

purposes. See id. at 583, quoting Commonwealth’s Brief in Tighe, at 59.

Regarding the merger doctrine’s “single criminal act” requirement, the

Commonwealth’s appellate brief in Tighe declared:

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        In the present case, [Defendant Tighe] was charged with and
        convicted of rape (by threat of force) when he "vaginally
        penetrated the victim." (See Information, 12-CR-1297). He
        was charged with and convicted of indecent assault (person
        less than 16 years of age) when he "did have sexual
        intercourse with the victim." Id. It appears, therefore, that
        [Defendant Tighe] was found guilty of rape and indecent
        assault based upon "a single physical act." Furthermore, the
        act of rape involves engaging in sexual intercourse with a
        victim (18 Pa.C.S. § 3121(a)), while the act of indecent
        assault involves having indecent contact with the victim, or
        causing the person to have indecent contact with the
        perpetrator, for the purpose of arousing sexual desire in one
        of them (18 Pa.C.S. § 3126(a)). The act of having sexual
        intercourse appears to satisfy the elements of both.
        Therefore, [Defendant Tighe] is probably correct that the
        crimes should have merged for sentencing purposes.

Commonwealth’s Brief in Tighe, at 58-59 (some capitalization omitted).

      Further, on this claim, the trial court in Tighe “concede[d] error and

acknowledge[d] that [Defendant Tighe’s] sentence on the indecent assault

count should have merged with the rape count because the Commonwealth

alleged the same underlying criminal activity for both the indecent assault and

the rape counts.” See Trial Court Opinion, 4/10/17, at 40.

      On appeal, this Court held that Defendant Tighe waived his claim that

his indecent assault conviction merged with his rape conviction. Specifically,

this Court explained:

        The trial court opined that [indecent assault and rape] merge
        due to the fact that “the act upon which indecent assault is
        predicated has already been taken into account by the rape
        or involuntary sexual assault and merges.” Trial Court
        Opinion, 4/10/17, at 40. As to that facet of the merger
        analysis, we agree. See Commonwealth v. Lomax, 8 A.3d
        1264 (Pa. Super. 2010) (engaging in vaginal intercourse with
        child met requirement of sexual intercourse for rape of a child
        as well as “indecent contact” for indecent assault). However,

                                     -8-
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        the trial court's inquiry was incomplete, as that analysis only
        accounted for whether “the crimes arise from a single
        criminal act.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 9765. [Defendant Tighe] did not
        address whether the second requirement, that “all of the
        statutory elements of one offense are included in the
        statutory elements of the other offense,” was met.
        Therefore, we conclude that [Defendant Tighe’s] argument is
        waived.

Tighe, 184 A.3d at 584 (corrections omitted).

     Nevertheless, this Court sua sponte raised the issue of whether

Defendant Tighe’s indecent assault conviction merged with his IDSI

conviction. We examined the statutes and held that the crimes merged for

sentencing purposes because “proof of involuntary deviate sexual intercourse

with a person under [16 years of age] necessarily proved indecent assault of

a person under [16].” Id. at 585.

     In the current appeal, Appellant argues that Tighe is controlling and

necessitates that his indecent assault conviction merge with his attempted

IDSI conviction for sentencing purposes. As to the merger doctrine’s “single

criminal act” requirement, Appellant admits that his own “convict[ions for]

criminal attempt – IDSI and indecent assault [were] based on [his] attempts

to penetrate two (2) different orifices during the same incident of sexual

assault.” Appellant’s Brief at 20. Nevertheless, Appellant declares that, in

Tighe, the general factual recitation declared that Defendant Tighe had

“inserted his penis into [the minor victim’s] mouth and vagina.” Tighe, 184

A.3d at 563; Appellant’s Brief at 12. According to Appellant, since the Tighe

Court held that the IDSI and indecent assault convictions merged, the Tighe

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Court must have held that the merger doctrine’s “single criminal act”

requirement is satisfied where a defendant commits “two (2) different acts of

penetration in the same assault.” Appellant’s Brief at 20.

      At the outset, we reject Appellant’s interpretation of Tighe. After the

Tighe Court sua sponte raised the issue of whether the indecent assault and

IDSI convictions merged for sentencing purposes, the Tighe Court merely

held that merger was required because “all of the statutory elements of

[indecent assault] are included in the statutory elements of [IDSI].”        See

Tighe, 184 A.3d at 585. Importantly, the Tighe Court did not engage in any

meaningful analysis as to whether Defendant Tighe’s indecent assault and

IDSI convictions arose from a “single criminal act.” See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9765

(“No crimes shall merge for sentencing purposes unless the crimes arise from

a single criminal act . . .”). Certainly, to the extent the Tighe Court referenced

the merger doctrine’s statutory requirement that the crimes arise from a

“single criminal act,” the Court apparently relied upon its earlier analysis and

conclusion that a single act of vaginal penetration was the predicate for

both the rape and indecent assault convictions. See Tighe, 184 A.3d at

584-585. The Court simply did not independently analyze whether Defendant

Tighe’s indecent assault and IDSI convictions arose from a “single criminal

act.” See id.

      Thus, and contrary to Appellant’s claim on appeal, the Tighe Court

never held that “two (2) different acts of penetration in the same sexual

assault” constitute a “single criminal act” for merger purposes.             See

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Appellant’s Brief at 20. There was simply no discussion on the subject – and

Appellant’s attempt to extrapolate Tighe’s general facts to his desired

outcome thus fails.

      Further, under our precedent, it is clear that Appellant committed two

“distinct criminal acts” when he touched the Victim’s vagina with his penis and

then attempted to anally penetrate her. As we have explained:

         Our Courts have long held that where a defendant commits
         multiple distinct criminal acts, concepts of merger do not
         apply. . . . When considering whether there is a single
         criminal act or multiple criminal acts, the question is not
         whether there was a “break in the chain” of criminal activity.
         Th[e] issue is whether the actor commits multiple criminal
         acts beyond that which is necessary to establish the bare
         elements of the additional crime, then the actor will be guilty
         of multiple crimes which do not merge for sentencing
         purposes.

Commonwealth v. Pettersen, 49 A.3d 903, 911-912 (Pa. Super. 2012)

(citations   and   some    quotation    marks   omitted).      Additionally,   in

Commonwealth v. Jenkins, 96 A.3d 1055, 1062 (Pa. Super. 2014), this

Court held that, to “determine whether [the defendant’s] actions . . .

constitute[] a ‘single criminal act,’” we must refer to the “elements of the

crime[s] as charged by the Commonwealth” in the information. See Jenkins,

96 A.3d at 1060.

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       In the case at bar, Appellant touched the Victim’s vagina with his penis

– thus committing the crime of indecent assault.3 Appellant then attempted

to penetrate the victim’s anus with his penis – thus committing the crime of

attempted IDSI.4       These “multiple criminal acts” went “beyond that which

[were] necessary to establish the bare elements of” each individual crime and,

therefore, Appellant was properly sentenced for both indecent assault and

attempted IDSI.         Appellant’s claim on appeal thus fails.      See also

Commonwealth v. Ousley, 21 A.3d 1238, 1243 (Pa. Super. 2011) (“[T]he

evidence does not support [the appellant's] contention that there was a single

act that formed the basis for these charges, that is, a single blow to the head.

The record reflects that the victim was struck in the head with a firearm being

____________________________________________

3The Commonwealth’s information charged Appellant with indecent assault
by claiming:

       [Appellant] had indecent contact with [the Victim] or caused [the
       Victim] to have indecent contact with [Appellant] by forcible
       compulsion.

Amended Information, 7/9/18, at 1.

4 The Commonwealth’s information charged Appellant with attempted IDSI by
claiming:

       [Appellant] committed an attempt when, with intent to commit
       the crime of [IDSI] by forcible compulsion, [Appellant] did the act
       of attempting to penetrate [the Victim] anally with his penis,
       which constituted a substantial step toward the commission of the
       aforesaid crime.

Amended Information, 7/9/18, at 2 (some capitalization omitted).

                                          - 12 -
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carried by [the appellant] that resulted in a bleeding head wound. This was

clearly an attempt to cause serious bodily injury. In addition, the evidence

reflects that [the appellant], while brandishing the firearm and after striking

her on the head, forced her into an office, demanded to know where the

company safe was and threatened to shoot her if she did not tell him the truth.

This was not a single act that formed the basis for both charges”); Jenkins,

96 A.3d at 1062 (“Jenkins' crimes were the result of multiple criminal acts.

The information filed by the Commonwealth enumerates that the element of

simple assault . . . was fulfilled when the Defendants punched Caracillo, and

knocked him to the ground. . . . The charge of robbery against Jenkins also

contains a description of this initial assault.          . . . However, the

Commonwealth's description of the conduct forming the basis of the robbery

charge against Jenkins also included the Defendants' conduct in restraining

Caracillo on the ground. Caracillo's testimony indicates that the Defendants

restrained him by holding a foot to his head in a manner that exacerbated his

existent facial injuries. This additional physical restraint caused Caracillo

substantial pain. These events would establish the ‘bodily injury’ element of

robbery, even in the absence of the facts that established Jenkins' conviction

for simple assault. By including the restraint of Caracillo in its description of

robbery, the Commonwealth established that Jenkins committed multiple

criminal acts beyond the ‘bare’ standard”) (citations and footnote omitted);

see also Pettersen, 49 A.3d at 912 (“[a]ppellant is not entitled to a volume

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discount for [his] crimes simply because he managed to accomplish all the

acts within a relatively short period of time”).

      Order affirmed. Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 12/30/2021

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