Court Opinion

ID: 852005
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-03-02 01:14:27.577572+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:04:08.167482
License: Public Domain

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS                                     ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Edward L. Murphy, Jr.                                        Timothy S. Schafer
Heidi K. Koeneman                                            Timothy S. Schafer, II
Fort Wayne, Indiana                                          Merrillville, Indiana

______________________________________________________________________________

                                            In the                                FILED
                                                                               Dec 12 2012, 1:39 pm
                        Indiana Supreme Court
                            _________________________________                           CLERK
                                                                                      of the supreme court,
                                                                                      court of appeals and
                                                                                             tax court

                                      No. 71S03-1201-CT-7

JACQUELINE WISNER, M.D. AND
THE SOUTH BEND CLINIC, L.L.P.,
                                                             Appellants (Defendants below),

                                              V.

ARCHIE L. LANEY,
                                                             Appellee (Plaintiff below),

                            _________________________________

          Appeal from the St. Joseph Superior Court, Cause No. 71D04-0708-CT-135
                            The Honorable Margot Reagan, Judge
                          _________________________________

      On Petition to Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 71A03-1007-CT-382
                            _________________________________

                                       December 12, 2012

David, Justice.

       In this case, the jury returned a verdict for plaintiff in the amount of $1.75 million. The
issues presented focus on two separate, but significant, matters.
        The first is whether the trial court erred by denying defendants’1 motion for a new trial
based upon the cumulative effect of plaintiff’s counsel’s alleged unprofessional conduct during
the trial. The second issue is whether the trial court erred when it refused to grant plaintiff
prejudgment interest.

        We affirm the trial court, as did the Court of Appeals, on the denial of defendants’ motion
for a new trial. Under the circumstances of this case, we defer to the judgment of the trial court.
However, this decision does not lesson our dissatisfaction and frustration with the behavior of
counsel during the trial, particularly plaintiff’s counsel.

        Professionalism and civility are not optional behaviors to be displayed only when one is
having a good day. Professionalism and civility are the mainstays of our profession and the
foundations upon which lawyers practice law. The public expects it. Fellow lawyers expect it.
Our profession demands it.

        Further, we affirm the trial court’s decision to deny the discretionary award of
prejudgment interest.

                                   Facts and Procedural History

        In 2001, Archie Laney was at work when she became dizzy, lightheaded, weak, and had
difficulty walking. She was sixty-six-years old. Laney called her daughter, who drove her to the
South Bend Clinic where Laney’s primary care physician worked. When they arrived, Laney
learned that instead of her primary care physician being on duty, Dr. Jacqueline Wisner was on
duty that evening. Dr. Wisner conducted an examination consisting of an oral history of Laney’s
symptoms and an examination of Laney’s eyes, ears, lungs, and stomach. Dr. Wisner further
conducted an Accu-Check blood glucose test, as well as a hemocue test for anemia. Dr. Wisner
observed considerable wax build-up in Laney’s ears. Dr. Wisner diagnosed Laney with vertigo
due to an inner ear infection, and discharged her with medication for the dizziness and an

1
  The record indicates the St. Joseph Superior Court granted a motion for directed verdict and dismissed
plaintiff’s claims of negligence against the South Bend Clinic, leaving them as a named defendant for
purposes of respondeat superior liability to Dr. Wisner. The record further indicates defendants’ counsel
represented both South Bend Clinic and Dr. Wisner at trial and now on appeal.
                                                   2
antibiotic. Dr. Wisner advised Laney the medication could take up to three days to work and
instructed Laney to return to her primary care physician if the symptoms continued.

       Two days later, Laney called her daughter and told her she could not move her right arm
or right leg. Her daughter drove Laney to the Emergency Room at St. Joseph Medical Center.
Laney was evaluated that evening and diagnosed as having suffered an ischemic stroke affecting
the right side of her body.

       The stroke has rendered Laney unable to use her right side, thus Laney now struggles
with independent living.

       On November 26, 2002, Laney filed a complaint with the St. Joseph Superior Court
alleging negligence by Dr. Wisner and The South Bend Clinic on eleven different counts,
generally relating to the failed diagnosis of a transient stroke, which later caused Laney to suffer
a disabling stroke. The complaint also alleged that Dr. Wisner or the Clinic negligently failed to
maintain the medical record from Laney’s March 9, 2001 visit to the Clinic.

       In 2006, the original complaint was dismissed without prejudice, pending the
adjudication of the proposed complaint before the Indiana Department of Insurance, a statutory
condition precedent to the filing of the court complaint, which plaintiff had not done here.2

       On August 6, 2007, Laney filed virtually the same complaint in the St. Joseph Superior
Court, alleging negligence by the Clinic and Wisner. In March 2010, a five-day jury trial was
held. The jury returned a verdict in favor of Laney and against Dr. Wisner and The South Bend
Clinic in the amount of $1.75 million. The trial can best be described as hotly contested, not
only as to the disputed facts but also to the rate of objection by the attorneys.

       On March 12, 2010, Dr. Wisner and the clinic filed a motion for reduction of the verdict
and judgment to the statutory maximum prescribed by the legislature in the amount of $1.25
million.   Laney objected to the reduction and also asked for an award of $100,000 in
prejudgment interest based on Indiana Code section 34-51-4-7. On March 18, 2010, the trial

2
 This Court gave a detailed analysis of the steps taken in medical malpractice cases in Ramsey v. Moore,
959 N.E.2d 246, 250 (Ind. 2012).

                                                   3
court granted the motion to reduce the award and entered judgment in favor of Laney for the
amount of $1.25 million, the maximum allowable under Indiana Code section 34-18-14-3, but on
April 14, 2010, denied the motion for prejudgment interest.

       On April 15, 2010, defendants filed a motion to correct error, requesting a new trial
pursuant to Indiana Trial Rules 59(J) and 60(B)(3). Trial Rule 59(J) allows for the court to
correct any error it determines to be “prejudicial or harmful.” Ind. Trial Rule 59(J). Trial Rule
60(B)(3) allows for the court to relieve a party from a judgment for “fraud . . . ,
misrepresentation, or other misconduct of an adverse party.”          T.R. 60(B)(3).    Specifically,
defendants alleged the following: (1) the trial court erred when it failed to order a mistrial based
on the consistent, unprofessional and prejudicial conduct of plaintiff’s counsel, which deprived
defendants of a fair trial; (2) the trial court erred in allowing plaintiff to argue the missing 2001
record should be attributed to Dr. Wisner; (3) the trial court erred in allowing the testimony of
plaintiff’s expert witness, Dr. Campbell, after learning he violated a separation of witnesses
order; and (4) the court erred in not admonishing plaintiff’s counsel for asking voir dire
questions that were in violation of the motion in limine order.

       The trial court held a hearing and denied defendants’ motion to correct error. Defendants
appealed the trial court’s denial of their motion to correct error, and Laney cross-appealed on the
issue of the propriety of the trial court’s order denying prejudgment interest. The Court of
Appeals affirmed the trial court’s order denying the motion to correct error, but reversed the trial
court’s order denying prejudgment interest. We granted transfer.

                                  I. Behavior of Laney’s Counsel

       Dr. Wisner and the clinic contend the behavior of plaintiff’s counsel was so
unprofessional and so permeated the entire trial that it tainted the proceedings and therefore the
cumulative effect was prejudicial enough to warrant a mistrial. We review denial of a Trial Rule
60 motion for abuse of discretion. Outback Steakhouse of Florida, Inc. v. Markley, 856 N.E.2d
65, 72 (Ind. 2006). When the motion is based on Trial Rule 60(B)(3), the appellant must show
that (1) misconduct occurred; (2) the misconduct prevented the appellant from fully and fairly
presenting the case at trial; and (3) the appellant has a meritorious defense. Id. at 73–74. An
abuse of discretion occurs if the trial court’s decision was against the logic and effect of the facts

                                                  4
and circumstances before the court. McCullough v. Archbold Ladder Co., 605 N.E.2d 175, 180
(Ind. 1993).

       Dr. Wisner and the clinic argue the trial court’s finding Laney’s counsel in contempt of
court on day three of the trial and instructing the jury to disregard certain statements made by
Laney’s counsel were insufficient remedies that failed to undo the cumulative effect and
prejudice caused by such conduct. Defendants cite to several exchanges in the record that were
particularly harmful to such a degree they claim that the harm could not be undone. The first are
instances where Laney’s attorney asked specific questions in front of the jury in violation of the
trial court’s order not to broach a certain subject.

       While questioning plaintiff’s daughter, plaintiff’s counsel asked if Laney was still seeing
a particular physician. This was met with an objection, which was sustained by the trial court.
Immediately following the sustained objection, plaintiff’s counsel asked another objectionable
question and again the trial court sustained the objection and prohibited the inquiry.

       Following an overnight break, counsel resumed questioning plaintiff’s daughter along the
very same lines that the trial court forbid the day before. Defendant’s counsel objected, and a
side bar conference was held where the trial court again found the desired testimony to be
irrelevant. Undeterred by the trial court judge, immediately following the side bar conference,
plaintiff’s counsel once again went right back to the same line of questioning, drawing yet
another objection from defendant’s counsel and yet another side bar conference.

       At the second side bar conference, the trial court made it clear that this prohibited area of
inquiry would not be ventured into again by plaintiff’s counsel. Nonetheless, plaintiff’s counsel
would pursue the prohibited testimony once again, this time attempting to solicit the prohibited
testimony through the plaintiff herself. Ultimately, the court instructed the jury to disregard the
previous questions and not to consider at all the questions that had been asked by plaintiff’s
counsel on this subject.

       On the following day of trial, the trial judge held yet another side bar conference and
warned plaintiff’s counsel that if he brought up that particular issue again during the next
witnesses cross-examination a fine of $500 would be imposed for contempt of court.

                                                   5
         This example is one of many displays of inappropriate behavior of counsel. There were
excessive objections by both counsel, over eighty by the defendant’s counsel and over thirty by
plaintiff’s counsel. While objections are clearly permitted if made in good faith and on sound
substantive grounds, repeated objections despite adverse rulings already made by the trial court
are not appropriate. However, far more problematic for the trial judge in this case was the
unnecessary sparring and outright contemptuous conduct of each attorney directed toward the
other.

         The record reveals at least five instances where the trial court judge had to admonish the
attorneys about their behavior. Furthermore, by any conservative measure there were at least ten
instances of questionable behavior by each attorney during the trial. Examples are bountiful
throughout the record, but a few examples are highlighted below.

Plaintiff’s counsel stated during the trial,

         “There was no discussion of the testimony here in court. He’s wasting our time,
         Judge. There’s no violation. . . . I’ve about had it. Cut the scenes in front of the
         jury. . . . Yeah. Judge, this conduct’s got to stop by Mr. Murphy. This has got to
         stop.”

         “We don’t want to hear about your unsolicited advice. I don’t care for your
         unsolicited advice.”

         “What are you talking about Murph. . . . You’re slipping, Murph.”

         “No, no. I never said that at all. That’s an outright lie.”

         “Well, I must [be] wrong. I must be wrong for the fifth time, but I think I’m
         going to show Mr. Murphy has been wrong every time he’s objected and I’m
         going to show later on. . . . He keeps telling me I’m wrong, Judge. The record’s
         going to bear me out. How about this? Loser pays a thousand dollars it wasn’t
         faxed? . . . There’s something unprofessional going on here, I’ll agree. It’s going
         to come back.”

[Tr. at 607, 98, 179, 192, 957, respectively.]

Defendants’ counsel stated during the trial,

         “Your Honor, I think it’s really unfortunate that we start off with a
         misrepresentation to the Court.”

         “He’s already violated it twice.”

                                                   6
          “Are we going to put up with this?”

          “I would prefer you not talk to me. You talk to the Judge. I’ll do the same.”

          “Keep your hands off me. I don’t get with this, Judge.”

[Tr. At 14, 47, 737, 272, 286, respectively.]

          We hope this is not the way attorneys conduct themselves at trial. As specifically found
by the trial court judge, “the trial was replete with improper behavior, in this judge’s opinion, by
both attorneys.” The trial court ultimately concluded there was no substantial prejudice resulting
from counsel’s actions. The trial judge is in the best position to gauge the behavior of the
attorneys and whether or not it impacts the jury and in what context. Strack & Van Til, Inc. v.
Carter, 803 N.E.2d 666, 677 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). We cannot conclude this decision was against
the logic and facts before the court. Here, defendants failed to show the alleged misconduct
prevented them from fully and fairly presenting their case at trial.

          The contentious nature of the relationship between plaintiff’s and defendants’ counsel
was evident at the beginning of trial. It apparently began during depositions with defendants’
counsel remarking that no competent lawyer would conduct a deposition in the manner
plaintiff’s counsel was. There were accusations of misrepresentations, lying, and not following
the rules.    The five-day jury trial was filled with unnecessary comments back and forth between
counsel. Plaintiff’s counsel did not care for defendants’ counsel’s unsolicited advice. The
attorneys would frequently interrupt each other.

          The trial judge even noted one time, “I don’t want you both to behave like this and I
don’t want to embarrass you either because I’m not going to put up with it.” On another
occasion, the trial judge remarked “I’m just concerned about what the jury is thinking right now.
I think you guys are representing the legal profession and I don’t think you’re helping each
other.”

          Near the end of the trial, the trial judge even directed plaintiff’s counsel to apologize to
the jury for personal comments about defendants’ counsel. Even during the subsequent hearing

                                                   7
on the motion to correct error, some four months later, the lawyers could not behave civilly
toward each other.3

        A jury trial is not a free-for-all. It is a civil forum in which advocates represent their
clients before a panel of citizens, in front of a judicial officer who is responsible for enforcing the
rules of procedure and rules of evidence and assuring the proper behavior of everyone in the
courtroom. It is similar to an athletic event with two opposing teams competing and a referee
observing to ensure all of the rules are followed. In this trial, both plaintiff’s counsel and
defendants’ counsel committed fouls.          Did plaintiff’s counsel commit more fouls?            Yes.
However, defendants’ counsel also committed fouls. It is important that attorneys not lose
control of their passion for their client or cause and become too emotionally involved and make
the cause personal. In such circumstances they risk harm to their client, their reputation, and our
profession.

        All attorneys in Indiana take an oath and each and every statement in the oath is sacred.
One particular statement is, “I will abstain from offensive personality and advance no fact
prejudicial to the honor or reputation of a party or witness, unless required by the justice of the
cause with which I am charged.” Ind. Admission and Discipline Rule 22.             Our law schools are
trying to train our law students in certain core values of the legal profession, and some of the
most important for the future of our profession are collegiality, professionalism and civility. At
every trial, indeed at every moment of our practice, we have the opportunity to better our
profession. Here, the trial judge presided over the entire trial and had the benefit of observing
the overall conduct of both attorneys, not only in the presence of the jury, but outside their
presence. The trial judge redirected both counsel on numerous occasions, admonished both
counsel on occasions, and even used her contempt powers in an attempt to manage the conduct
of counsel and ensure a fair trial. Again, the trial court judge is in the best position to determine
when enough is enough and whether or not the behavior of counsel would warrant a new trial.

3
  The acrimony between plaintiff’s and defendants’ counsel did not end at the trial. During the June 2010
hearing on the motion to correct error, the poor behavior began anew. Mr. Murphy accused Mr. Schaffer
of bragging about his numerous sanctions having no effect on him, describing his conduct as
unprofessional and making gestures during the trial, while Mr. Schaffer called Mr. Murphy an “outright
liar” on two occasions.

                                                   8
        While we find that the judge did not abuse her discretion in denying the motion to correct
error, we nonetheless express our displeasure with the conduct of counsel, particularly that of
plaintiff’s counsel.

        Professionalism and civility must be the foundation of the practice of law. Upon this
foundation we lay competency, honesty, dedication to the rule of law, passion, and humility.
Every lawyer and every judge is charged with the duty to maintain the respect due to the courts
and each other. Our clients and the public expect it. Our profession demands it.

                                       II. Closing Argument

        Defendants also contend that the trial court erred in denying their motion to correct error
relating to the closing argument of Laney’s counsel. Their argument is that once the clinic was
removed as an independent party from the case, any references to alleged misconduct in not
producing the medical records should warrant a new trial, when taken together with the previous
behavior by Laney’s counsel. The relevant portion of plaintiff’s closing statement is as follows:

        And what’s worse is there’s no records. The records are conspicuously missing.
        The one record on the one day we need just happens to be missing. And we
        would submit, ladies and gentlemen, if we had that record it would show exactly
        what was done, and more importantly, exactly what was not done in this case.

        Even more ironic is Dr. Wisner had no independent recollection of what
        happened. Very convenient. And we had no nurses called to try to rebut what
        we’re saying.

        So none of the evidence they show was consistent with what their diagnosis was.
        They gave nothing whatsoever to support it. The one doctor said vertigo earlier
        today, remember, and it was gone. It was gone by the time she got to Monday.
        None of the other doctors ever diagnosed it, none of them. All the doctors that
        saw her at Saint Joe right after Sunday night, none of them found vertigo. None.
        Isn’t that something? It went away. Another coincidence.

        Missing record. Coincidence.

        The evidence showed there was no treatment for TIA. The evidence will show
        there was absolutely no tests run to rule out a TIA. And the evidence showed that
        they failed to hospitalize and all the doctors said that’s what should have been
        done here. Instead, she was sent home without any additional medication, sent
        out the same way she came in and . . .

                                                 9
       We believe, as we have stated previously, the trial court was in a better position to
determine any prejudicial affect from Laney’s counsel’s closing statements.             We
summarily affirm the analysis of the Court of Appeals, noting also that neither Wisner
nor the Clinic objected to these statements and waived the issue. Wisner v. Laney, 953
N.E.2d 100, 108 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011).

                            III. Testimony of Laney’s Expert Witness

       Defendants next contend the trial court erred by not granting a new trial due to a violation
of the separation of witnesses order. Indiana Rule of Evidence 615 states, “at the request of a
party, the court shall order witnesses excluded so that they cannot hear the testimony of or
discuss testimony with other witnesses.” Ind. Evidence Rule 615. We do not disturb a trial
court’s determination regarding a violation of a separation of witnesses order, absent a showing
of a clear abuse of discretion. Jordan v. State, 656 N.E.2d 816, 818 (Ind. 1995). A review of the
record reveals that any violation was merely accidental. The alleged violation stems from a
chance encounter of Dr. Campbell and Laney, and one merely asking how the other was feeling.
At no time did Dr. Campbell ask about their testimony or anything related to trial. The trial court
did not abuse its discretion in concluding no impropriety occurred. It is clear to this Court that
no violation of separation of witnesses occurred.      We are in agreement with the excellent
analysis of the Court of Appeals.

                                            IV. Voir Dire

       Defendants further argue the trial court erred in not granting a new trial based on
questions by plaintiff’s counsel during voir dire, about insurance coverage. We view this as
another argument about the misconduct on the part of plaintiff’s counsel. We note that plaintiff’s
counsel asked the prospective jurors whether they worked for ProAssurance Insurance Company
or owned stock in that company. There was no objection from defendants’ counsel as this
question was not inappropriate. Next, plaintiff’s counsel asked if the jurors were opposed to
injured parties asking for damages. Again, a proper question. Then counsel asked if anyone was
employed in the healthcare industry. Again, a proper question. One prospective juror raised
their hand and the following interaction took place:

                                                10
       [PLAINTIFF’S COUNSEL] Do you think that would anyway affect you, lean a
       little toward a healthcare side of this, or you heard stories about lawsuits or have
       feelings about lawsuits?

       [PROSPECTIVE JUROR]             Yes, I have.

       [PLAINTIFF’S COUNSEL] What have you heard?

       [PROSPECTIVE JUROR] I’ve heard both sides where I don’t know how to put
       this in a general sense. Specifically, I don’t know of any specific suits, but the
       association with the different doctors and everything else, I’ve heard things said
       about how high the – what’s it called? The cost of their insurance and everything
       else is and how difficult it is for them to be in practice. This is just general stuff
       that I’ve heard. I don’t know anything specific.

       Thereafter, a side bar conference was held to discuss the question before voir dire
resumed, and defendants’ counsel dropped the subject. Defendants’ counsel did not move
immediately for a mistrial or argue the jury pool had been tainted. He did not ask for any
specific relief or otherwise give the judge an opportunity to cure any potential defect. For this
reason, we believe this argument was ultimately waived. Notwithstanding waiver, we would
note that “a question regarding a juror’s relationship, financial or otherwise, with a specific
insurance company on voir dire examination is not error if the question is asked in good faith.”
Stone v. Stakes, 749 N.E.2d 1277, 1281 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). Again, the trial court was most
certainly in the best position to make these determinations. In our review, absent any evidence
of bad faith, the trial court’s decision to deny a mistrial was not an abuse of discretion.

                                      V. Prejudgment Interest

       On cross-appeal, plaintiff’s counsel challenges the trial court’s refusal to grant
prejudgment interest. At issue is the Tort Prejudgment Interest Statute (TPIS). Ind. Code § 34-
51-4. An award of prejudgment interest is discretionary; accordingly, we review a trial court’s
ruling on a motion for prejudgment interest for abuse of discretion. Hupfer v. Miller, 890 N.E.2d
7, 9 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). The trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is “clearly
against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before it.” Turner v. State, 953 N.E.2d
1039, 1045 (Ind. 2011).

       Laney filed her original complaint with the trial court on November 26, 2002. She then
filed a written settlement offer on April 6, 2005. In 2006, the original complaint was dismissed

                                                 11
without prejudice. On August 6, 2007, Laney refiled her complaint in the St. Joseph Superior
Court. The applicable statutory provision provides that for TPIS to apply, the plaintiffs (1) must
make a written offer of settlement to a party against whom the claim is filed within one year of
filing the claim in court; (2) the terms of the offer must provide for payment of the settlement
offer within sixty days after the offer is accepted; and (3) the amount of the offer does not exceed
one and one-third the amount of the judgment awarded. Ind. Code § 34-51-4-6 (2008).

       At issue is Laney’s April 6, 2005 letter, which states:

       As a follow-up to our deposition of Dr. Wisner, it appears that there is liability
       against the clinic as well as Dr. Wisner for failure to properly diagnose Mrs.
       Laney’s condition and failing to properly treat her on Mach 9, 2001 resulting in a
       stroke three (3) days later and substantial and irreversible permanent impairment,
       specifically a stroke to the left side of her brain with resulting impairment to her
       right upper and lower extremities as well as impairment to her cognitive
       functions.

       The clinic, as well as Dr. Wisner, can each be held liable for $250,000.00 plus
       pre-judgment interest up to four (4) years according to statute and case law for a
       total amount of $660,000.00. Please be advised my client has authorized me to
       settle this matter for a structured settlement in the amount of $250,000.00 with a
       present value of $187,001.00 which is the minimum structured settlement
       permitted to allow my client to proceed to the Patients’ Compensation Fund. I
       think it would be in the best interest of all parties to amicably resolve this matter
       without a trial on the merits since it is likely that Mrs. Laney would obtain a
       substantial verdict in light of her permanent injuries and the conspicuously
       missing medical records of the clinic regarding March 9, 2001 day in question.

       Would you kindly discuss this matter with your clients as well as their insurance
       carrier and advise me as to your position within the next thirty (30) days. If we
       are able to resolve this matter at this time, it will avoid any further inconvenience
       to Dr .Wisner and eliminate her necessity to travel from Baltimore, Maryland to
       Indiana for a trial on the merits and thereby avoid any further litigation expense. I
       will await your response.

Laney argues her letter is clearly an offer to settle within the guidelines of TPIS.

       There are two lines of analysis at play in this case. The first is whether this letter met the
requirements of Indiana Code section 34-51-4-6. The second is whether prejudgment interest
must be awarded if the statutory requirements are met.

                                                 12
       Laney’s original complaint was filed November 26, 2002 and her settlement letter to Dr.
Wisner was written on April 6, 2005. She then dismissed her suit in 2006, only to file it again on
August 6, 2007. Laney argues we should not take into consideration the original complaint from
2002 in determining the timeliness of the letter because the lawsuit was dismissed without
prejudice, and thus we should act as if the 2002 suit had never been brought at all. By doing this,
plaintiff contends the letter of April 6, 2005 properly predated the subsequent lawsuit of 2007.
This appears to be one way to attempt to bypass a failure to follow the prejudgment interest
statute—dismiss the suit without prejudice, prepare a settlement letter, and file suit anew.

       In order to seek prejudgment interest, Indiana Code section 34-51-4-6(1) requires a party
to make their written settlement offer within one year of a claim being filed. The trial court
determined “within one year” meant the settlement offer could not be made until the claim was
filed and that it must be made within one year thereafter. In other words, the trial court found a
starting line existed with the filing of a claim and ended one year later at the deadline. We
disagree with the trial court’s analysis and instead we agree with the Court of Appeals analysis
that the one-year requirement “defin[es] the deadline for the submission” of a settlement offer,

       Not . . . whether the settlement offer may be filed before or after the filing of a
       claim. In other words, the written offer of settlement may be submitted to the
       defendants before or after the filing of suit, but . . . it may not be submitted later
       than one year after the filing of suit.

Wisner v. Laney, 953 N.E.2d 100, 113 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). Thus the Court of Appeals held
there was no starting line, only a deadline, which was one year after the filing of a claim. If the
statute is to be interpreted otherwise, it would serve to discourage settlement of lawsuits before a
lawsuit is filed. Certainly the legislature did not intend to limit the effective use of the TPIS and
settlement negotiations.

       This position is further supported by the statute addressing when prejudgment interest
begins to accrue. Under Indiana Code section 34-51-4-8(a), prejudgment interest may not
exceed forty-eight months and “begins to accrue on the latest of the following dates:

       (1) Fifteen (15) months after the cause of action accrues;

       (2) Six (6) months after the claim is filed in court if IC 34-18-8 and IC 34-18-9 do
           not apply;

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        (3) One hundred eighty (180) days after a medical review panel is formed to
            review the claim under IC 34-18-10 (or IC 27-12-10 before its repeal).

Ind. Code § 34-51-4-8(a).

        If subsection (3) permits prejudgment interest to begin accruing 180 days after the review
panel is formed, regardless of the date a complaint is filed in court, then Indiana Code section
34-51-4-8 permits prejudgment interest to accrue before the filing of a complaint.

        Thus, we hold today that a written settlement offer must be made within one year
following the filing of a claim4 to be eligible for prejudgment interest. However, a settlement
offer can also be made prior to the filing of a lawsuit. We believe this interpretation is broader
and more in line with the legislature’s intent to facilitate and encourage settlement of claims
amicably without legal recourse, but also to give real meaning and effect to the prejudgment
interest statute. The trial court’s interpretation would potentially foreclose meaningful settlement
talks until the filing of a complaint.

        In addition to whether or not the settlement letter is timely filed, we must also examine
whether the letter identifies the sixty-day settlement requirement period. In other words, does
the letter itself comply with the statute. The case most closely on point is Cahoon v. Cummings,
734 N.E.2d 535, 546 (Ind. 2000), where a letter stated the plaintiff was “offering to settle this
claim now for $75,001.” This Court wrote on the sixty-day requirement,

        The whole point of the statute is to address the cost of delay in payment.
        Accordingly, an offer to settle “now” is an offer to settle by payment within sixty
        days. The delay is solely for the benefit of the defendants, and the defendants had
        the power to accept [Plaintiff’s] offer immediately.

Id. at 547. In our view, Laney’s offer to “resolve this matter at this time” meets the same
threshold as we discussed in Cahoon. The key is to include the time-limiting language in the
offer. However, rather than run the risk of a trial court being forced to decide whether a
settlement letter did or did not comply with the requirements of Indiana Code section 34-51-4-6,
we believe the better practice for lawyers in the future would be to cite the statute in the

4
 Indiana Code section 34-51-4-6 also allows for a longer period of time than one year if the trial court
determines it necessary and upon a showing of good cause.

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settlement letter and make it very clear that the letter is intended to invoke the statute, including
the sixty-day settlement window and the possibility of prejudgment interest.

       Despite the fact that the letter itself satisfied the statutory requirements as to content, it
was untimely sent in this case. The first complaint was filed with the trial court on November
26, 2002. Laney’s counsel wrote a settlement letter two years and five months after the original
claim was filed. This falls squarely outside the one year window as discussed previously. While
plaintiff dismissed that original action, she failed to send a subsequent settlement letter and now
attempts to rely on the settlement letter, which would have been untimely filed but for the
dismissal of the previous lawsuit. Laney’s counsel should have sent a new settlement letter after
the dismissal of the first lawsuit, either prior to the filing of the second, or within a year of the
filing of the second. Neither was done in this case. The TPIS is not intended to serve as a trap
for the unwary. It is designed to put the adverse party on notice of a claim and provide them
with an opportunity to engage in meaningful settlement and if they do not do so, they run the risk
of incurring the additional obligation of prejudgment interest.

       Finally, had the settlement letter been timely sent, we note Laney is not automatically
entitled to prejudgment interest. TPIS permits the trial court to award prejudgment interest, but
does not require an award of prejudgment interest. See Ind. Code § 34-51-4-7 (“The court may
award prejudgment interest as part of a judgment.”); Id. § 34-51-4-8 (“If the court awards
prejudgment interest, the court shall determine the period during which prejudgment interest
accrues.”) (emphasis added). Thus, an award of prejudgment interest is committed solely to the
discretion of the trial court if the statutory prerequisites are satisfied. This is consistent with the
TPIS serving as a tool for the trial court to encourage settlement and incentivize the expeditious
resolution to cases.

                                             Conclusion

        Although plaintiff’s counsel’s behavior was most troubling, both attorneys should have
acted in a manner more becoming of our profession. The duty to zealously represent our clients
is not a license to be unprofessional. Here the trial court determined that the conduct of counsel
did not prevent the jury from rendering a fair and just verdict. The trial court did not abuse its
discretion in denying defendants’ counsel’s request for a new trial. We also affirm the trial court

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denial of plaintiff’s request for prejudgment interest. Laney’s 2005 letter did not meet the
requirements for awarding of prejudgment interest. The awarding of prejudgment interest is not
mandatory and is left to the discretion of the trial court. The trial court was most certainly within
its proper discretion in declining such an award.

Dickson, C.J., and Rucker, Massa, and Rush, JJ., concur.

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