Court Opinion

ID: 1074810
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Date Created: 2013-10-09 20:12:34.653997+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:49:46.599640
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IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT JACKSON
                                 September 11, 2001 Session

                STATE OF TENNESSEE v. DARRELL S. MILLER

                 Appeal as of Right from the Circuit Court for Benton County
                          No. 99-CR-858     Julian P. Guinn, Judge

                  No. W2000-01306-CCA-R3-CD - Filed February 14, 2002

The appellant, Darrell S. Miller, was convicted by a jury in the Benton County Circuit Court of two
counts of possessing controlled substances with intent to manufacture, sell, or deliver, and one count
of possession of drug paraphernalia. The trial court sentenced the appellant to a total effective
sentence of eight years incarceration in the Tennessee Department of Correction, suspending all but
one year and placing the appellant in a community corrections program for the remainder. On
appeal, the appellant raises the following issues for our review: (1) whether the trial court properly
admitted drug exhibits; (2) whether the trial court erred in permitting the testimony of Stacy Mumper
regarding a prior transaction between the appellant and Mumper’s companion; (3) whether the
evidence was sufficient to sustain his convictions; (4) whether the trial court approved the verdict
as thirteenth juror; and (5) whether the trial court erred in failing to grant a new trial when the
appellant produced sworn affidavits that Brenda Wynn perjured herself on the witness stand. Upon
review of the record and the parties’ briefs, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

   Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court are Affirmed.

NORMA MCGEE OGLE , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which THOMAS T. WOODALL and
ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER , JJ., joined.

Victoria L. DiBonaventura, Paris, Tennessee, and Steven L. West, McKenzie, Tennessee, for the
appellant, Darrell S. Miller.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; J. Ross Dyer, Assistant Attorney General; Robert
"Gus" Radford, District Attorney General; and Beth Boswell and Jerry Wallace, Assistant District
Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                             OPINION

                                   I. Factual Background
              On February 4, 1999, Officer James Franklin Stockdale, Sr., and other members of
the Benton County Sheriff’s Department executed a search warrant on 455 Alpine Road in Benton
County, the residence of Brenda Lou Wynn.1 Officer Stockdale explained at trial that, prior to the
issuance of the warrant, he had Wynn’s mobile home under surveillance for two and a half to three
months. During that time, he observed the residence two to three times a week, and he always saw
the appellant’s car at the residence. He testified that, during the search, he discovered the appellant’s
bedroom in the mobile home, which room contained his clothes and various forms of identification,
including his current driver’s license. Additionally, the police found several “baggies” of white
powder located in a large shed behind the residence. The search also uncovered the makings of a
laboratory for the manufacture of methamphetamine, rolling papers, straws, and a small knife.
Sandra Jean Romanek, a forensic scientist with the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI),
testified that 6.4 grams of the substance discovered was methamphetamine and 19.4 grams of the
white powder was cocaine.

                Wynn testified that the appellant had been living with her, in his own separate
bedroom, in her mobile home since April 1998. Wynn asserted that the shed was rarely locked and
was accessible to anyone. Additionally, Wynn maintained that she had earlier found the cocaine,
that was later discovered by the police, behind the spices in a kitchen cabinet above her stove. She
contended that the cocaine did not belong to her and that it must belong to the appellant as he was
the only other person living with her at the time the search warrant was executed. Wynn also noted
that at one time the appellant lived in the shed for approximately two or three months.

                The appellant presented witnesses who challenged Wynn’s credibility and who
asserted that the appellant had moved from the residence prior to February 4, 1999. In rebuttal, the
State called Stacey Leyane Mumper who related that, within five days of the execution of the search
warrant, she had accompanied a companion to Wynn’s residence. The appellant and her companion
completed a transaction at the residence.

                A jury in the Benton County Circuit Court convicted the appellant on count one of
possession of more than .5 gram of cocaine with intent to manufacture, deliver, or sell; on count two
of possession of methamphetamine with intent to manufacture, deliver, or sell; and on count three
of possessing drug paraphernalia. Pursuant to a sentencing hearing, the trial court imposed
concurrent sentences of eight years incarceration in the Tennessee Department of Correction for the
cocaine conviction, three years incarceration for the methamphetamine conviction, and eleven
months and twenty-nine days for the drug paraphernalia conviction. The trial court further ordered
that the appellant serve one year of his sentence in confinement with the balance to be served in
community corrections. The appellant now appeals.

                                           II. Analysis
                                         A. Drug Exhibits
               We will begin by addressing the appellant’s concerns regarding the admission of the
cocaine and methamphetamine into evidence. The appellant argues that the drug exhibits were
marked for the purpose of identification only and were never moved into evidence; accordingly, the

        1
            Wynn is also referred to in the record as Brenda Hollingsworth.

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appellant moved for a judgment of acquittal at the close of proof, which motion was overruled.
Additionally, the appellant contends that the State’s witnesses did not testify regarding the chain of
custody for the drug exhibits. The appellant also summarily states that “[t]he jury was permitted to
take the exhibits into the deliberation room and to consider them in determining its verdict.”

                The following colloquy contains the main reference in the record concerning the
admission of the drug exhibits into evidence:
                State: Judge, I’d like to go ahead and offer into evidence, at this time,
                [the drug exhibits].
                Trial Court: Alright, [the drug exhibits have] already been pre-
                marked. They’ll be entered for identification purposes.
We observe that, if the exhibits had actually been marked only for identification purposes, the
exhibits should not have been taken into the jury room during deliberations. See Tenn. R. Crim. P.
30.1. However, from the foregoing comments, and from various references to the drug exhibits
throughout the record, including references by the appellant’s counsel, it is unclear whether the trial
court intended to or in fact did enter the drug exhibits into evidence for all purposes. Moreover,
contrary to the appellant’s contention, there is no proof in the record to indicate that the jury actually
took the drug exhibits into the jury room to aid in their deliberations. Furthermore, we note that,
because he entered no objection to the entry of the exhibits at the time the State moved to admit the
evidence, the appellant has waived this issue. Tenn. R. Evid. 103(a)(1); see also State v. Baldwin,
867 S.W.2d 358, 361 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993); State v. Richard Allen Kidd, II, No. 03C01-9607-
CC-00272, 1997 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 1331, at **10-11 (Knoxville, December 23, 1997)
(stating that “objection to introduction of evidence is waived absent a contemporaneous objection
to its admission”).

               Nevertheless, we will address the appellant’s challenge to the chain of custody of the
drug exhibits. This court has previously noted:
               In order to admit physical evidence the party offering the evidence
               must either introduce a witness who is able to identity the evidence
               or must establish an unbroken chain of custody. Whether the
               required chain of custody has been sufficiently established to justify
               the admission of evidence is a matter committed to the sound
               discretion of the trial court, and the court’s determination will not be
               overturned in the absence of a clearly mistaken exercise of that
               discretion. The identity of tangible evidence need not be proven
               beyond all possibility of doubt, and all possibility of tampering need
               not be excluded. The circumstances must establish a reasonable
               assurance of the identity of evidence.
State v. Holloman, 835 S.W.2d 42, 46 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992) (citations omitted); see also
Baldwin, 867 S.W.2d at 361.

                In the instant case, Officer Stockdale testified that he personally sent the evidence to
the TBI laboratory. Romanek, the scientist who tested the materials, testified that she received the
materials in a sealed condition and resealed the packaging after testing the substances. See State v.

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Betty A. Bomar, No. 3, 1986 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 2780, at **3-4 (Jackson, September 17,
1986). Romanek further testified that 6.4 grams of the materials were methamphetamine and 19.4
grams of the materials were cocaine. Based upon this testimony, we find that the trial court did not
abuse his discretion in marking the drug exhibits or in allowing testimony regarding the exhibits.
See State v. Scott Anthony Norman, No. 01C01-9109-CC-00271, 1992 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS
340, at **4-5 (Nashville, April 16, 1992); State v. Alonzo Crawford, No. 02C01-9106-CR-00133,
1992 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 66, at **3-4 (Jackson, January 29, 1992).

                                       B. Prior Transaction
               The appellant also argues that the trial court erred in allowing the testimony of Stacey
Mumper regarding a prior transaction between the appellant and a companion of Mumper’s, which
transaction occurred at 455 Alpine Road.2 Prior to Mumper’s testimony, the trial court stated for the
record:
               Alright, as to [Mumper], who purports to testify that she had entered
               into a drug transaction with the defendant on the premises where this
               search was conducted, that occurred about three days prior to the
               search.

                  The defendant objected and the court felt that the fact that there was
                  a drug sale, if indeed one had occurred, was inadmissible, upon the
                  grounds that it was an attempt to prove the present crime by the prior
                  bad act or prior crime. And that it was, even if true, unduly
                  prejudicial.

                That the State could, however, if they wish, produce this witness, and
                to show in rebuttal that she had met and seen the defendant there, that
                there was transaction or sale of some sort. In other words, what did
                occur, with the exception of the transfer or the delivery of controlled
                substances.
The trial court noted that both the State and the appellant objected to this ruling, and the prosecution
and defense agreed that the trial court had clearly stated their positions.

                The State proceeded to call Mumper to the stand, and she testified that, within five
days of the execution of the search warrant on February 4, 1999, she and a companion met with the
appellant at the mobile home at 455 Alpine Road. Mumper explained that her companion gave the
appellant some money and they left the residence with “something.” Mumper contended that she
would be in danger if she named her companion.

               The appellant argues that the testimony of Mumper related to a “prior bad act” of the
appellant, and, therefore, the trial court did not comply with the procedure required by Tenn. R.
Evid. 404(b) for the admission of prior bad act testimony. We note that it is within the sound

       2
           The witness is also referred to as “Stacey Hillard .”

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discretion of the trial court to determine the admissibility of evidence. State v. Blevins, 968 S.W.2d
888, 892 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997).

               Tenn. R. Evid. 404 provides:
               (b) Other Crimes, Wrongs, or Acts.–Evidence of other crimes,
               wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in
               order to show action in conformity with the character trait. It may,
               however, be admissible for other purposes. The conditions which
               must be satisfied before allowing such evidence are:

               (1) The court upon request must hold a hearing outside the jury's
               presence;

               (2) The court must determine that a material issue exists other than
               conduct conforming with a character trait and must upon request state
               on the record the material issue, the ruling, and the reasons for
               admitting the evidence; and

                 (3) The court must exclude the evidence if its probative value is
                 outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
See also State v. Parton, 694 S.W.2d 299, 302 (Tenn. 1985). Additionally, we note that, “[w]hen
a trial court substantially complies with the procedural requirements of [Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b)], its
determination will not be overturned absent an abuse of discretion.” State v. Bruce Monroe
Stevenson, No. 03C01-9810-CR-00372, 2000 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 61, at **14-15 (Knoxville,
January 27, 2000). In order to permit the admission of the evidence, the court must find by clear and
convincing evidence that the appellant committed the prior crime. Id. Generally, “[o]nly in an
exceptional case will another crime, wrong, or bad act be relevant to an issue other than the
accused’s character. Such exceptional cases include identity, intent, motive, opportunity, or rebuttal
of mistake or accident.” State v. Luellen, 867 S.W.2d 736, 740 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992). In making
its decision regarding the admissibility of the testimony, the trial court must first determine if the
offered testimony is relevant to prove something other than the appellant’s character. If the evidence
is relevant, then, upon request, the court will proceed to a Rule 404(b) hearing.

                At oral argument, the appellant’s counsel asserted that the trial court did not conduct
a Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b) hearing. However, it appears from statements of the trial court contained
in the transcript, supra, that some form of jury-out hearing was held on the issue of Mumper’s
testimony. Moreover, the record does not reflect that the appellant objected to the nature of the
proceeding. Regrettably, the contents of that hearing are not contained in the record. Regardless of
the lack of a specific request to place “on the record the material issue, the ruling, and the reasons
for admitting the evidence,” Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b)(2), the trial court stated that, while evidence of
a drug sale was unduly prejudicial, the State would be allowed to establish that the appellant was at

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the residence near the time when the search warrant was executed.3 Upon reviewing the testimony,
we disagree with the trial court’s ruling that the prejudice resulting from Mumper’s proposed
testimony outweighed the probative value of the evidence. During trial, the appellant’s continued
residency at the address was a contested issue. See State v. Charles A. Crenshaw, No. 01C01-9802-
CR-00073, 1999 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 206, at *6 (Nashville, March 9, 1999); State v. Johnny
Wayne Tillery, No. 01C01-9506-CC-00182, 1998 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 421, at **25-26
(Nashville, March 30, 1998). Additionally, Mumper’s testimony regarding the appellant’s presence
demonstrated the appellant’s ability and opportunity to exercise dominion and control over the
contraband, an issue that was also disputed. This issue is without merit.

                                   C. Sufficiency of the Evidence
                 Next, we turn to the sufficiency of the evidence underlying the appellant’s
convictions. In examining a challenge to evidentiary sufficiency, we note that a jury conviction
essentially removes the presumption of the appellant’s innocence and replaces it with a presumption
of guilt. State v. Suttles, 30 S.W.3d 252, 260 (Tenn.), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 967, 121 S. Ct. 401
(2000). Accordingly, the appellant bears the burden of demonstrating to this court why the evidence
will not support the jury’s findings. Id. To satisfy this burden, the appellant must establish that no
reasonable trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense in question beyond a
reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979); Tenn. R.
App. P. 13(e). Moreover, on appeal, as the prevailing party in the trial court, the State is entitled to
the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn
therefrom. State v. Cottrell, 868 S.W.2d 673, 675 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992). Regardless, “[t]he
weight and credibility of the witnesses' testimony are matters entrusted exclusively to the jury as the
triers of fact.” State v. Manning, 909 S.W.2d 11, 13 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).

                A guilty verdict can be based upon direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a
combination of direct and circumstantial evidence. State v. Dykes, 803 S.W.2d 250, 253 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1990), overruled on other grounds by State v. Hooper, 29 S.W.3d 1, 9 (Tenn. 2000).
Moreover, while a guilty verdict may result from purely circumstantial evidence, in order to sustain
the conviction the facts and circumstances of the offense “must be so strong and cogent as to exclude
every other reasonable hypothesis save the guilt of the [appellant].” State v. Crawford, 470 S.W.2d
610, 612 (Tenn. 1971).

               In order to sustain the appellant’s conviction on count one, the State needed to prove
that the appellant knowingly possessed cocaine “with intent to manufacture, deliver or sell such
[cocaine].” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-417(a)(4) (2001 Supp.). To sustain the appellant’s conviction
on count two, the State was required to establish the appellant’s knowing possession of

         3
           Although the trial court expressed its intent to limit Mum per’s testimony to the appellant’s presence at the
mo bile home, the actual testimony differed little from that originally proposed by the State. Specifically, the only
information Mum per left out of her testimony was the fact that the item purchased by her companion from the appellant
was cocaine. However, during her testimony at trial, Mumper conceded that she had recently pled guilty to possession
of cocaine shortly after th e “tran saction ” with the appe llant too k place. A dditionally, she asserted that it would endanger
her to reveal the identity of her companion.

                                                              -6-
methamphetamine with the intent to manufacture, deliver, or sell. Id. “[A] person . . . acts knowingly
with respect to the conduct or to circumstances surrounding the conduct when the person is aware
of the nature of the conduct or that the circumstances exist.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-302(b)
(1997). Furthermore, Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-301(a)(2) (1997) provides that “[w]hen acting
knowingly suffices to establish an element, that element is also established if a person acts
intentionally.”

                Initially, we observe that drug possession can be either actual or constructive. State
v. Cooper, 736 S.W.2d 125, 129 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). Constructive possession is “‘the power
and intention at a given time to exercise dominion and control over . . . [the drugs] either directly or
through others.’” State v. Brown, 823 S.W.2d 576, 579 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991) (alteration in
original). However, the presence of the accused in the area where drugs are found is not enough,
standing alone, to sustain a conviction for drug possession. Id.

                At trial, the State presented the testimony of Wynn who related that the appellant and
she were the only people who permanently resided at the residence. Furthermore, she contended that
the appellant lived at the residence at the time the police executed the search warrant. Wynn
maintained that, for two or three months in the year prior to the arrest, the appellant had lived in the
shed where the drugs were discovered. Additionally, Wynn attested that the appellant had unlimited
access to the same areas of the property as she and that he had such access since the day he moved
in with her. See Brown, 823 S.W.2d at 579-580; State v. Demario Hill, No. 01C01-9707-CC-00444,
1998 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 1022, at *11 (Nashville, September 30, 1998). She averred that the
methamphetamine was hers, but that she had obtained the drug from the appellant. Wynn asserted
that she did not know how to manufacture methamphetamine. Additionally, Wynn testified that she
found the cocaine behind the spices in her kitchen cabinet. Wynn maintained that the cocaine must
belong to the appellant because it was not hers and was found inside her house. She took the cocaine
to the shed and “put it . . . in [the appellant’s] box.”

                 We note that an accused should not be convicted solely on the uncorroborated
testimony of an accomplice, without evidence of some fact entirely independent of the accomplice’s
testimony suggesting the accused’s guilt of the crime. State v. Copeland, 677 S.W.2d 471, 474
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1984). However,
                 the corroborative evidence may be direct or circumstantial. It need
                 not be, of itself, sufficient to support a conviction. Slight
                 circumstances may suffice. If the corroborating evidence fairly and
                 legitimately tends to connect the accused with the commission of the
                 crime charged it satisfies the requirement of the rule on corroboration
                 of an accomplice’s testimony.
Id. at 475. In the instant case, Wynn’s testimony was sufficiently corroborated by the testimony of
Officer Stockdale, who testified that, during his two and a half month or three month surveillance
of the residence, the appellant’s car was always present, indicating that the appellant lived there.
Additionally, Officer Stockdale explained that, during the search, he discovered the appellant’s
clothing and current driver’s license in a bedroom in the residence. See State v. Maurice Pierre
Teague, No. 02C01-9806-CC-00187, 1999 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 174, at **10-11 (Jackson,

                                                  -7-
February 26, 1999); State v. Lorene E. Weakley, No. 01C01-9605-CC-00216, 1997 Tenn. Crim.
App. LEXIS 766, at **6-7 (Nashville, August 15, 1997). Moreover, Mumper testified that the
appellant was at the residence within five days of the execution of the search warrant. Furthermore,
Officer Stockdale related that, during the search in the shed, he discovered “a wooden box that was
inside of a black and red box, where they split it back about ‘that far,’ and that’s where the cocaine
and [methamphetamine] both was found out in it.” See Perry v. State, 527 S.W.2d 749, 751 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1975). Exhibit 9, a picture of the substances found by police in “the [appellant’s] box”
located in the shed, clearly shows several individual “baggies” of white powder. Officer Stockdale
testified that these substances were sent to the TBI laboratory, and Romanek indicated that the
baggies contained 19.4 grams of cocaine and 6.4 grams of methamphetamine. We conclude that this
evidence is sufficient for a jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that the appellant possessed
cocaine with the intent to manufacture, deliver, or sell as alleged in count one and that the appellant
possessed methamphetamine with the intent to manufacture, deliver, or sell as alleged in count two.

              On count three, the appellant was convicted of possessing drug paraphernalia. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 39-17-425(a)(1) (1997) provides:
              it is unlawful for any person to use, or to possess with intent to use,
              drug paraphernalia to plant, propagate, cultivate, grow, harvest,
              manufacture, compound, convert, produce, process, prepare, test,
              analyze, pack, repack, store, contain, conceal, inject, ingest, inhale,
              or otherwise introduce into the human body a controlled substance in
              violation of this part.
Again, we note that possession can be actual or constructive. Cooper, 736 S.W.2d at 129.

               Officer Stockdale testified that, during his search, he discovered several materials
used in the manufacture of methamphetamine. Additionally, Officer Stockdale indicated that he
discovered straws, rolling papers, and a small knife in the same box where the drugs were located.
He further explained that “[m]ost of the time, rolling papers are used to smoke marijuana with,” “the
straws are normally used to snort a line of cocaine up through the nostril, or a line of
[methamphetamine], either one,” and the knife is “sometimes [used] to cut the [methamphetamine]
with, or cocaine.” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-424(8) (1997). Coupled with the appellant’s
aforementioned connection with the residence, shed, and box where the items were located, we
conclude that a reasonable juror could have found the appellant guilty of possession of drug
paraphernalia. See Hill, No. 01C01-9707-CC-00444, 1998 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 1022, at *12.

                                         D. Thirteenth Juror
               The appellant argues that
               [a]t the sentencing hearing of this cause the trial judge commented at
               length concerning witnesses having lied in this case. In addition, the
               Court recalled at the Hearing on the Motion for a New Trial the
               unusual amount of lying having occurred at trial. Given the
               statements made by the Court concerning the witnesses not having
               testified truthfully, it is unclear how the court could, acting as

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                thirteenth juror, approve the verdict of the jury. . . . [I]t is difficult to
                see the trial court’s approval of the jury verdict standing.

                  When the trial court performs the duties of a thirteenth juror, it addresses the concern
of whether the verdict is supported by the weight of the evidence presented at trial. State v. Moats,
906 S.W.2d 431, 433-435 (Tenn. 1995). Tenn. R. Crim. P. 33(f) provides that “the trial court may
grant a new trial following a verdict of guilty if it disagrees with the jury about the weight of the
evidence.” If a trial court simply overrules a motion for new trial without comment, this court may
infer that the trial judge has acted as thirteenth juror in approving the jury’s verdict. State v. Carter,
896 S.W.2d 119, 122 (Tenn. 1995). However, if the record reflects that the trial court was
dissatisfied with or disagreed with the jury’s verdict or the weight of the evidence, the appropriate
remedy is for this court to grant a new trial. Moats, 906 S.W.2d at 434-436.

               At the sentencing hearing, the trial court specifically commented:
               The thing that stands out most in this Court’s mind is the utter lying
               that it heard in this case, all of which is traced right back to this man.
               . . . Not only does [this case] have untruthfulness in it, every lie that
               was told was so patently obvious and so easily traceable right back to
               you, Mr. Miller. You had to give them the things to say. They
               couldn’t have said what they did say unless you had set them up that
               way. The truth is not in you.
Moreover, at the motion for new trial, the court explained that
               I reached the point, during the trial of this, where [the lying] became
               so apparent that it was counterproductive in the defendant’s behalf.
               The witnesses that he produced to testify for him were so ready,
               willing, and able to lie, that the jury could detect the lie in witness to
               witness. It was just utterly extraordinary.

               Thus, it is clear that the trial court did not question the weight of the evidence against
the appellant. Instead, the trial court proclaimed that the defense witnesses had lied, not the
witnesses for the State. The trial court’s comments do not indicate that the court was dissatisfied
with the jury’s verdict or that the trial court failed to act as thirteenth juror. This issue is totally
without merit.

                                     E. Motion for New Trial
               The appellant argues that the trial court should have granted his motion for new trial
based upon two affidavits that asserted that Wynn lied in her testimony. This court has previously
observed that the decision to “grant[] or den[y] a new trial on the basis of newly discovered
evidence rests within the sound discretion of the trial judge.” State v. Caldwell, 977 S.W.2d 110,
117 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997). Accordingly, we will not overturn the trial court’s decision absent an
abuse of discretion. See State v. Meade, 942 S.W.2d 561, 565 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996).

                It is the law of this state that

                                                    -9-
                a trial court should grant a defendant a new trial on the basis of newly
                discovered evidence when [(1)] the defendant has been reasonably
                diligent in obtaining evidence, [(2)] the materiality of the new
                evidence is apparent, and [(3)] the evidence is likely to change the
                result [of the trial]. It is true that newly discovered impeachment
                evidence will not constitute grounds for a new trial, as a general rule.
                But if the impeaching evidence is so crucial to the defendant’s guilt
                or innocence that its admission will probably result in an acquittal, a
                new trial may be ordered.
State v. Singleton, 853 S.W.2d 490, 496 (Tenn. 1993) (citations omitted); see also State v. Arnold,
719 S.W.2d 543, 550 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1986) (observing that a new trial will not be granted on the
basis of newly discovered evidence when such evidence will serve only to impeach a witness); State
v. LeQuire, 634 S.W.2d 608, 615 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1981) (“Where evidence tends only to
contradict or impeach the trial evidence, a new trial based on such alleged newly discovered
evidence is not warranted.”). All three prongs of the test must be met before an appellant is entitled
to a new trial based on newly discovered evidence. See State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722, 737
(Tenn. 1994).

                 The appellant presented affidavits from two individuals who claimed that they were
sitting outside the courtroom on the day of the appellant’s trial. They assert that following her
testimony, Wynn expressed regrets regarding her testimony, stating that she was forced to lie about
the appellant because she was afraid that she would be charged. Initially we note that, at trial, the
defense presented witnesses who accused Wynn of lying on the stand. Additionally, at trial, Wynn
maintained that, although she did not desire to testify against the appellant, she was nonetheless
telling the truth. The issue of Wynn’s credibility was obviously before the jury. The jury’s verdict
implicitly credits Wynn’s testimony and discredits the testimony of defense witnesses, an action
which is wholly within the purview of the jury. See Manning, 909 S.W.2d at 13. Furthermore, one
of the affidavits fails to specify at what point Wynn lied, prior to or during trial. If it was prior to
trial, such evidence was merely cumulative of the evidence produced at trial. See State v. Joe B.
McCoy, No. 87-97-III, 1988 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 36, at *3 (Nashville, January 20, 1988). The
other affidavit asserted that Wynn lied during her testimony. However, during her testimony at trial,
Wynn repeatedly proclaimed the truthfulness of her testimony. See State v. Russell Allen, No.
M2000-01656-CCA-R3-CD, 2001 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 508, at **9-10, (Nashville, July 10,
2001). Accordingly, it is highly doubtful that this evidence would have changed the result of the
trial. We conclude that the trial court did not err in failing to grant the appellant a new trial based
upon this evidence.

                                        III. Conclusion
               Finding no reversible error, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                        ___________________________________
                                                        NORMA McGEE OGLE, JUDGE

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