Court Opinion

ID: 4290305
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-06-29 20:00:51.676429+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:49:29.350674
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                         JUN 28 2018
 1                         ORDERED PUBLISHED
                                                     SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
 2                                                     U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                       OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5
 6   In re:                        )      BAP Nos.     CC-17-1335-KuLS
                                   )                   CC-17-1337-KuLS
 7   YAVAUGHNIE RENEE WILKINS,     )                   CC-17-1346-KuLS
                                   )                  (Related Appeals)
 8                  Debtor.        )
     ______________________________)      Bk. No.      2:16-bk-12328-SK
 9                                 )
     YAVAUGHNIE RENEE WILKINS,     )
10                                 )
                    Appellant,     )
11                                 )
     v.                            )      O P I N I O N
12                                 )
     JOHN J. MENCHACA, Chapter 7   )
13   Trustee; SCHREIBER FAMILY     )
     TRUST dated March 22, 1989,   )
14                                 )
                    Appellees.     )
15   ______________________________)
16
17                  Argued and Submitted on May 24, 2018 at
                              Pasadena, California
18
                             Filed - June 28, 2018
19
               Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
20                 for the Central District of California
21        Honorable Sandra R. Klein, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
                   _____________________________________
22
     Appearances:      Andrew M. Wyatt of Wyatt Law argued for appellant
23                     Yavaughnie Renee Wilkins; William J. Wall argued
                       for appellee Schreiber Family Trust.
24                   ______________________________________
25   Before:   KURTZ, LAFFERTY, and SPRAKER, Bankruptcy Judges.
26
27
28
 1   KURTZ, Bankruptcy Judge:
 2
 3                         I.   PROCEDURAL HISTORY
 4        In these related appeals, chapter 71 debtor Ms. Yavaughnie
 5   Wilkins appeals from the bankruptcy court’s (1) Order Granting
 6   Trustee’s Motion For Conversion To Chapter 7 (Conversion Order)
 7   and from the portion of the Order Denying Ms. Wilkins’ Motion
 8   for Reconsideration related to the Conversion Order (BAP No.
 9   CC-17-1335); (2) Order Granting Trustee’s Motion to Sell Real
10   Estate (Sale Order) and from the portion of the Order Denying
11   Ms. Wilkins’ Motion For Reconsideration related to Sale Order
12   (BAP No. CC-17-1337); and (3) Order Granting Turnover Order and
13   Writ of Possession (BAP No. CC-17-1346).
14        Ms. Wilkins filed a single notice of appeal which was
15   untimely filed as to all of the above-referenced orders.     The
16   BAP Clerk’s office issued a notice of deficiency requesting the
17   parties to explain why these appeals should not be dismissed.
18   Ms. Wilkins’ counsel responded by requesting an extension of
19   time to appeal under Rule 8002(d)(1)(B), claiming excusable
20   neglect.   Appellee, John J. Menchaca, the chapter 7 trustee,
21   maintained that the standards for excusable neglect were not met
22   and therefore the appeals should be dismissed.   Appellee,
23
24
25
          1
26          Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter and section
     references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532,
27   Rule references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy
     Procedure, and FRAP references are to the Federal Rules of
28   Appellate Procedure.

                                     -2-
 1   Schreiber Family Trust (SFT),2 responded similarly and also
 2   contended that counsel’s request for an extension of time to
 3   appeal was untimely under Rule 8002(d)(1)(B).   Therefore, the
 4   Panel was required to dismiss the appeals for lack of
 5   jurisdiction.   SFT subsequently filed a motion to dismiss these
 6   appeals on these same grounds.
 7        In light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Hamer v.
 8   Neighborhood Housing Services of Chicago, 138 S.Ct. 13 (2017),
 9   the Panel sua sponte requested further briefing on whether the
10   14-day time deadline for filing an appeal from a bankruptcy
11   court’s decision was jurisdictional, thereby requiring dismissal
12   of these appeals, or whether the time deadline was a mandatory
13   claim-processing rule subject to waiver or forfeiture.
14        Having reviewed the briefs from Ms. Wilkins and SFT and
15   considered the oral arguments of counsel, we conclude that the
16   14-day time deadline in Rule 8002(a) remains a mandatory and
17   jurisdictional requirement in this court as the Ninth Circuit
18   has held for decades.   Accordingly, we dismiss these three
19   appeals for lack of jurisdiction.
20                           II.   JURISDICTION
21        We have jurisdiction to determine our own jurisdiction and
22   consider the issue de novo.   Gugliuzza v. Fed. Trade Comm’n (In
23   re Gugliuzza, 852 F.3d 884, 889 (9th Cir. 2017).   The Panel’s
24
25        2
            SFT held a promissory note executed by Ms. Wilkins in the
26   original principal sum of $200,000. The note was secured by a
     deed of trust on Ms. Wilkins’ personal residence in San Jose,
27   California. SFT successfully moved to convert Ms. Wilkins’ case
     from chapter 13 to chapter 7. The chapter 7 trustee then sold
28   the property to a third party.

                                      -3-
 1   first consideration on appeal is our jurisdiction.     Id.
 2                              III.   DISCUSSION
 3   A.   Time Deadline For Appeal:     The Jurisdictional/Claim-
          Processing Rule Dichotomy
 4
 5        In Hamer, the Supreme Court considered whether the maximum
 6   time a court may extend an appeal deadline in FRAP(4)(a)(5)(C),
 7   in a case in which the appellant received timely notice of the
 8   judgment or order appealed from, was a jurisdictional
 9   requirement or a mandatory claim-processing rule that was
10   subject to waiver or forfeiture.
11        Section 2107 of title 28 and FRAP (4)(a)(1) state that in a
12   civil case, the notice of appeal must be filed within 30 days
13   after entry of the judgment or order appealed from.
14   FRAP(4)(a)(5) addresses the time deadlines for extending the
15   30-day period by motion:
16        (5) Motion for Extension of Time.
17        (A) The district court may extend the time to file a
          notice of appeal if:
18
          (i) a party so moves no later than 30 days after the
19        time prescribed by this Rule 4(a) expires; and
20        (ii) regardless of whether its motion is filed before
          or during the 30 days after the time prescribed by
21        this Rule 4(a) expires, that party shows excusable
          neglect or good cause.
22
          (B) A motion filed before the expiration of the time
23        prescribed in Rule 4(a)(1) or (3) may be ex parte
          unless the court requires otherwise. If the motion is
24        filed after the expiration of the prescribed time,
          notice must be given to the other parties in
25        accordance with local rules.
26        (C) No extension under this Rule 4(a)(5) may exceed
          30 days after the prescribed time or 14 days after the
27        date when the order granting the motion is entered,
          whichever is later.
28

                                       -4-
 1        In a unanimous decision, the Hamer court held that
 2   FRAP(4)(a)(5)(C), which limits the length of any extension, was
 3   a mandatory claim-processing rule because the time limit arises
 4   from a rule, in contrast to a non-waivable and non-forfeitable
 5   jurisdictional requirement arising from a statute.   The court
 6   emphasized:
 7        Only Congress may determine a lower federal court’s
          subject-matter jurisdiction. Accordingly, a provision
 8        governing the time to appeal in a civil action
          qualifies as jurisdictional only if Congress sets the
 9        time. A time limit not prescribed by Congress ranks
          as a mandatory claim-processing rule, serving to
10        promote the orderly progress of litigation by
          requiring that the parties take certain procedural
11        steps at certain specified times.
12   138 S. Ct. at 17 (citations and internal quotation marks
13   omitted).
14        The court further noted that the distinction between a
15   jurisdictional rule and a claim-processing rule is “critical”
16   because “[f]ailure to comply with a jurisdictional time
17   prescription . . . deprives a court of adjudicatory authority
18   over the case, necessitating dismissal—a ‘drastic’ result.”    Id.
19   However, “[m]andatory claim-processing rules are less stern.     If
20   properly invoked, mandatory claim-processing rules must be
21   enforced, but they may be waived or forfeited.”   Id. at 17-18
22   (citing Manrique v. United States, 581 U.S. ––––, ––––, 137 S.
23   Ct. 1266, 1271–1272 (2017)).   The Hamer court reserved the issue
24   whether mandatory claim-processing rules may be subject to
25   equitable exceptions.   Id. at 18 n.3 (citing Kontrick v. Ryan,
26   540 U.S. 443, 457 (2004)).
27        Hamer follows a line of Supreme Court cases which have
28   considered anew the historical use of the term “jurisdictional”

                                    -5-
 1   in connection with time deadlines set forth in statutes versus
 2   procedural rules.   The Supreme Court’s precedent, including
 3   Hamer, shapes a rule of decision that is both clear and easy to
 4   apply:   “If a time prescription governing the transfer of
 5   adjudicatory authority from one Article III court to another
 6   appears in a statute, the limitation is jurisdictional;
 7   otherwise the time specification fits within the claim-
 8   processing category.”   Hamer, 138 S. Ct. at 20 (citations
 9   omitted); cf. Kontrick, 540 U.S. 443 (finding Rule 4004 which
10   sets the time within which an objection to a debtor’s discharge
11   must be filed, is not a jurisdictional requirement despite its
12   “inflexible,” “unalterable” nature); Eberhart v. United States,
13   546 U.S. 12 (2005) (holding that the time limit and extension
14   requirements set forth in Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure 33
15   and 45 are claim-processing rules and nonjurisdictional).
16        In cases not involving the timebound transfer of
17   adjudicatory authority from one Article III court to another,
18   the Supreme Court has applied the clear-statement rule:    “A rule
19   is jurisdictional ‘[i]f the Legislature clearly states that a
20   threshold limitation on a statute’s scope shall count as
21   jurisdictional.’”   Hamer, 138 S. Ct. at 20 n.9 (citing Gonzalez
22   v. Thaler, 565 U.S. 134, 141 (2012) (quoting Arbaugh v. Y & H
23   Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 515 (2006)).    Accordingly, we must examine
24   whether there is any clear indication that Congress wanted the
25   14-day time deadline to file a notice of appeal in Rule 8002(a)
26   to be jurisdictional.   Although Congress’s intent must be clear,
27   it need not be explicit.   Hamer, 138 S. Ct. at 20 n.9 (citing
28   Sebelius v. Auburn Regional Med. Ctr., 568 U.S. 145, 153 (2013).

                                    -6-
 1   When applying the clear statement rule, the Supreme Court
 2   reminds us that “‘most [statutory] time bars are
 3   nonjurisdictional.’”   Hamer, 138 S. Ct. at 20 n.9 (alteration in
 4   original) (quoting United States v. Kwai Fun Wong, 575 U.S.
 5   ––––, ––––, 135 S. Ct. 1625, 1632 (2015)).
 6        In Henderson v. Shinseki, the Supreme Court also observed
 7   that the statute/rule distinction is not quite that simple to
 8   apply because Congress is free to attach the conditions that go
 9   with the jurisdictional label to a deadline that the Court would
10   normally consider a claim-processing rule.    562 U.S. 428, 435
11   (2011) (citing Bowles v. Russell, 551 U.S. 205, 209-210 (2007)).
12   The Court stated that in determining whether Congress intended a
13   particular provision to be jurisdictional, “[c]ontext, including
14   this Court’s interpretation of similar provisions in many years
15   past, is relevant.   When a long line of this Court’s decisions
16   left undisturbed by Congress has treated a similar requirement
17   as jurisdictional, we will presume that Congress intended to
18   follow that course.”   Henderson, 562 U.S. at 436 (citations and
19   internal quotation marks omitted); see also Sebelius, 568 U.S.
20   at 153-154 (quoting Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick, 559 U.S.
21   154, 168 (2010), for the same proposition).
22   B.   Analysis
23        Mindful of these guidelines and the Supreme Court’s caution
24   against reckless use of the term “jurisdictional,” we turn to 28
25   U.S.C. § 158, which governs bankruptcy appeals.    In that
26   statute, Congress gave jurisdiction to the district court in
27   subsection (a), and this Panel in subsection (b), to hear
28   appeals from bankruptcy court decisions.   Embedded within these

                                    -7-
 1   jurisdictional grants at subsection (c)(2), the statute
 2   provides:
 3        An appeal under subsections (a) and (b) of this
          section shall be taken in the same manner as appeals
 4        in civil proceedings generally are taken to the courts
          of appeals from the district courts and in the time
 5        provided by Rule 8002 of the Bankruptcy Rules.
 6        Rule 8002(a), in turn, says that the notice of appeal must
 7   be filed within 14 days after entry of the judgment, order, or
 8   decree being appealed.
 9        “To determine whether Congress has made the necessary clear
10   statement, we examine the text, context, and relevant historical
11   treatment of the provision at issue.”   Duggan v. Comm’r of
12   Internal Revenue, 879 F.3d 1029, 1032 (9th Cir. 2018) (citing
13   Musacchio v. United States, ––– U.S. ––––, 136 S. Ct. 709, 717
14   (2016)).    Here, examination of these factors shows that the 14-
15   day time deadline in Rule 8002(a) which is incorporated into 28
16   U.S.C. § 158(c)(2) is a jurisdictional requirement.
17        First, the historical treatment of the taking of an appeal
18   indicates that the 14-day time limit is jurisdictional.   The
19   Supreme Court has always said without exception that procedural
20   conditions for appealing a case from one Article III court to
21   another are jurisdictional.   “When an appeal is ‘not taken
22   within the time prescribed by law,’ the ‘Court of Appeals [is]
23   without jurisdiction.’”   Gonzalez, 565 U.S. at 159 (Scalia, J.,
24   dissenting) (citing George v. Victor Talking Machine Co., 293
25   U.S. 377, 379 (1934); United States v. Robinson, 361 U.S. 220,
26   229–230 (1960)).
27        For decades, the Ninth Circuit has consistently construed
28   the time deadline in Rule 8002(a) for appeals from a

                                     -8-
 1   non-Article III court in accordance with this precedent.   The
 2   district court in In re Melcher, No. 3:16-cv-05982-WHA, 2017 WL
 3   1175590, at *2-3 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 29, 2017), briefly summarized
 4   the history of the Ninth Circuit’s application of the time
 5   deadline in Rule 8002(a):
 6        As our court of appeals explained in [Gough v. Wells
          Fargo Bank (In re Best Distribution Co.)], 576 F.2d
 7        1360 (9th Cir. 1978), prior to 1938, petitions for
          review from bankruptcy orders had to be filed within a
 8        “reasonable time” unless local rules provided a
          specific period. In 1938, however, Section 39(c) of
 9        the Bankruptcy Act set forth a 10-day time limit for
          the filing of such petitions “to provide a uniform
10        degree of finality to orders of bankruptcy judges.”
          Id. at 1362. In interpreting the 10-day time limit,
11        “the circuits divided on whether the limitation merely
          restricted the right to file petitions for review, or
12        whether it also restricted the district courts’
          discretionary power to entertain late petitions.” Id.
13        at 1362–63. In 1942, the Supreme Court held that
          Congress had expressed no intention, by enacting
14        Section 39(c), to limit the traditional discretion of
          district courts in this area. Id. at 1363 (citing
15        Pfister v. N. Ill. Fin. Corp., 317 U.S. 144, 152–53
          (1942)). “Dissatisfied with the lack of finality that
16        accompanied the discretionary power to entertain late
          petitions, Congress amended [Section 39(c)] in 1960
17        for the specific purpose of legislatively overruling
          Pfister.” Ibid. (citing [Shannon v. Benefiel (In re
18        Benefiel)], 500 F.2d 1219, 1220–21 (9th Cir. 1974)).
          Subsequent decisions by our court of appeals therefore
19        “strictly construed and compulsorily applied” the
          10-day limitation “to negate the discretion afforded
20        the reviewing court” under Pfister, holding that
          untimely notice of appeal from the bankruptcy court
21        deprived the reviewing district court of jurisdiction.
          Id. at 1363–64.
22
          In 1973, Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 802
23        superseded Section 39(c). Id. at 1364; [Headlee v.
          Ferrous Fin. Servs. (In re Butler’s Tire & Battery
24        Co., Inc.)], 592 F.2d 1028, 1030 (9th Cir. 1979).
          Although [Rule] 802 carried forward the 10-day time
25        limit from Section 39(c), it otherwise paralleled
          [FRAP] 4(a).3 Butler’s Tire & Battery, 592 F.2d at
26
27
         3
             The Advisory Committee Note to Rule 8002(a) states that
28                                                       (continued...)

                                     -9-
 1        1031. Our court of appeals thus declined in Butler’s
          Tire & Battery to rely on decisions construing Section
 2        39(c), including [In re] Best Distribution, in
          construing [Rule] 802. Id. at 1030–31. Nonetheless,
 3        after applying [Rule] 802 with the guidance of case
          law concerning FRAP 4(a) and its predecessor, Federal
 4        Rule of Civil Procedure 73(a), our court of appeals
          again concluded that untimely notice of appeal from
 5        the bankruptcy court deprived the district court of
          jurisdiction. Id. at 1034. This conclusion comported
 6        with well-established precedent holding that FRAP
          4(a)’s time period for filing a notice of appeal is
 7        also “mandatory and jurisdictional.” See, e.g.,
          Pettibone v. Cupp, 666 F.2d 333, 334 (9th Cir. 1981)
 8        (citing Browder v. Dir., Dept. of Corr. of Ill., 434
          U.S. 257, 264 (1978), superseded in part by statute on
 9        other grounds as recognized in Ukawabutu v. Morton,
          997 F. Supp. 605, 608 (D.N.J. 1998)).
10
          Although Butler's Tire & Battery recognized the
11        limited scope of past decisions construing Section
          39(c), the underlying principle of those
12        decisions—that untimely filing of a notice of appeal
          from the bankruptcy court is jurisdictional—remained
13        instructive to subsequent decisions applying [Rule]
          802 and its successors. For example, [Ramsey v.
14        Ramsey (In re Ramsey)], 612 F.2d 1220 (9th Cir. 1980),
          which cited Butler’s Tire & Battery for the principle
15        that “untimely notice deprives the district court of
          jurisdiction to review the bankruptcy court’s order or
16        judgment,” also cited Butler’s Tire & Battery, [In re]
          Best Distribution, and other decisions dealing with
17        Section 39(c) for the proposition that our court of
          appeals “has strictly construed and compulsorily
18        applied the ten-day requirement.” Id. at 1222. And
          [Greene v. United States (In re Souza)], 795 F.2d 855
19        (9th Cir. 1986)—applying FRBP 8002, the “virtually
          identical” successor to FRBP 802—in turn cited Ramsey
20        for the principle that “untimely filing of the notice
21
          3
           (...continued)
22
     the rule is an “adaptation of Rule 4(a) of the Federal Rules of
23   Appellate Procedure.” This Note is admittedly the product of
     the Advisory Committee and not Congress and thus would not meet
24   the clear statement requirement. Nonetheless, it helps explain
     the historical treatment of the time deadline in Rule 8002(a) as
25   a mandatory and jurisdictional requirement in this Circuit. The
26   30-day time limit for taking an appeal contained in 28 U.S.C.
     § 2107 and FRAP 4(a) has always been held to be mandatory and
27   jurisdictional. Browder v. Dir., Dep’t of Corrs. of Ill., 434
     U.S. 257, 264 (1978); U.S. v. Sadler, 480 F.3d 932, 937 (9th
28   Cir. 2007).

                                   -10-
 1        of appeal is jurisdictional.”    Id. at 857. In both
          Ramsey and Souza, our court of   appeals concluded that
 2        untimely notice of appeal from   the bankruptcy court
          deprived the district court of   jurisdiction.
 3
          In [Anderson v. Mouradick (In re Mouradick)], our
 4        court of appeals cited both Ramsey and Souza, among
          other decisions, for the same core principle that
 5        “[t]he provisions of Bankruptcy Rule 8002 are
          jurisdictional; the untimely filing of a notice of
 6        appeal deprives the appellate court of jurisdiction to
          review the bankruptcy court’s order.” 13 F.3d [326,
 7        327 (9th Cir. 1994)]. But Mouradick also noted that
          “[s]upport for this admittedly harsh result is found
 8        in the cases interpreting [FRAP 4(a)], the analog to
          [Rule 8002],” and reiterated that the provisions of
 9        the former are “mandatory and jurisdictional.” Id. at
          328. In short, whether by carrying forward the
10        approach of strict construction and compulsory
          application from the days of Section 39(c) or by
11        analogy to FRAP 4(a), our court of appeals has
          consistently held that the time limit for filing a
12        notice of appeal from the bankruptcy court is
          mandatory and jurisdictional.
13
          This strict construction, which had persevered through
14        the evolution from Section 39(c) to [Rule] 802 to
          [Rule] 8002, also survived a 2009 amendment to [Rule]
15        8002 that changed the 10-day period to a 14-day
          period. See Advisory Committee Notes to [Rule] 8002.
16        Thus, in 2016, our court of appeals in Ozenne [v.
          Chase Manhattan Bank (In re Ozenne)] cited Mouradick
17        for the proposition that the “mandatory and
          jurisdictional” deadline to file an appeal “also
18        applies to federal bankruptcy appeals.” 841 F.3d
          [810, 814 (9th Cir. 2016)].
19
20   In re Melcher, No. 3:16-cv-05982-WHA, 2017 WL 1175590, at *2-3
21   (N.D. Cal. Mar. 29, 2017) (emphasis added).
22        We are bound to follow the Ninth Circuit’s strict
23   construction and compulsory application of the time limit for
24   filing notices of bankruptcy appeals under Rule 8002(a) unless
25   and until its rulings are overruled by statute, the Ninth
26   Circuit sitting en banc, or by the Supreme Court.   See United
27   States v. Gonzalez–Zotelo, 556 F.3d 736, 740–41 (9th Cir. 2009)
28   (“The district court, like this panel, was bound to follow the

                                   -11-
 1   reasoning of [prior Ninth Circuit precedent] unless it had been
 2   effectively overruled or was clearly irreconcilable with a case
 3   from the relevant court of last resort.”).    Further, the Supreme
 4   Court has noted that “[c]onsiderations of stare decisis have
 5   special force in the area of statutory interpretation, for here,
 6   . . . , the legislative power is implicated, and Congress
 7   remains free to alter what we have done.”    Hilton v. S. Carolina
 8   Pub. Rys. Comm’n, 502 U.S. 197, 202 (1991).   Congress has had
 9   decades to change the Ninth Circuit’s treatment of the time
10   deadline in 28 U.S.C. § 158(c)(2) and Rule 8002(a) as
11   jurisdictional and has not done so.4
12        In the end, there is nothing in Hamer that gives us a
13   reason to reexamine the Ninth Circuit’s longstanding
14   construction of the time deadline in Rule 8002(a).   The Hamer
15   decision did not refer to 28 U.S.C. § 158(c)(2) or Rule 8002(a).
16   At issue in Hamer was FRAP 4(a)(5)(C), which involved the
17   district court’s extension of the deadline to file a notice of
18   appeal beyond the extension limitation set forth in the rule.
19   In contrast, 28 U.S.C. § 158(c)(2) involves the timing of the
20   filing of a notice of appeal traditionally viewed as an event of
21   jurisdictional significance.   See Griggs v. Provident Consumer
22   Discount Co., 459 U.S. 56, 58 (1982) (“The filing of a notice of
23   appeal is an event of jurisdictional significance—it confers
24
          4
            Our circuit is aligned with the holdings of the other
25   circuits which have also held that the 14-day time limit in 28
26   U.S.C. § 158(c)(2) and Rule 8002(a) is jurisdictional. In re
     Jackson, __ B.R. __, 2018 WL 2172693, at *3 n.7 (6th Cir. BAP
27   May 11, 2018) (citing cases from the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th,
     7th, 10th, and 11th circuits which have found the time deadline
28   in Rule 8002(a) jurisdictional).

                                    -12-
 1   jurisdiction on the court of appeals and divests the district
 2   court of its control over those aspects of the case involved in
 3   the appeal.”).    Context thus confirms that the 14-day time
 4   deadline imposes a jurisdictional limit.
 5        Moreover, here, unlike Hamer, there is a statutory basis
 6   for applying the 14-day time deadline in Rule 8002(a) to appeals
 7   from a bankruptcy court’s decision to this Panel.     The statutory
 8   language in 28 U.S.C. § 158(c)(2) directs us towards a
 9   jurisdictional conclusion in a couple of ways.
10        First, a fair interpretation of 28 U.S.C. § 158(c)(2)’s
11   language “in the time provided by Rule 8002(a)” is that Rule
12   8002(a) implements a congressionally mandated “built-in time
13   constraint” even though there is no specified time period in the
14   statute.   In Kontrick, the Supreme Court placed significant
15   emphasis on the fact that certain statutory provisions governing
16   bankruptcy courts contain built-in time constraints, while
17   others do not.    540 U.S. at 453.   As an example of a statute
18   with a built-in time contraint, the Supreme Court cited 28
19   U.S.C. § 157(c)(1) which addresses de novo district court review
20   of bankruptcy court findings and conclusions in noncore
21   proceedings.    That provision confines review to “matters to
22   which any party has timely and specifically objected.”     540 U.S.
23   at 453.    Although the statute did not spell out what was a
24   timely objection, the Supreme Court found this “timeliness
25   condition” was the sort of “built-in time constraint” that was
26   jurisdictional.    Id.
27        Like 28 U.S.C. § 157(c)(1), 28 U.S.C. § 158(c)(2) does not
28   specify a time limit for appealing to the district court or this

                                     -13-
 1   Panel.   Yet it does contain a timeliness condition by the
 2   language “in the time provided by Rule 8002(a).”   This is the
 3   sort of “built-in time constraint” that makes the time deadline
 4   contained in the rule jurisdictional.   See Smith v. Gartley (In
 5   re Berman–Smith), 737 F.3d 997, 1003 (5th Cir. 2013) (28 U.S.C.
 6   § 158 “expressly requires that the notice of appeal be filed
 7   under the time limit provided in Rule 8002, [and] we conclude
 8   that the time limit is jurisdictional”); In re Caterbone, 640
 9   F.3d 108, 112 (3d Cir. 2011) (“[E]ven though it is a bankruptcy
10   rule that specifies the time within which an appeal must be
11   filed, the statutory incorporation of that rule renders its
12   requirement statutory and, hence, jurisdictional and
13   non-waivable.”); Emann v. Latture (In re Latture), 605 F.3d 830,
14   837 (10th Cir. 2010) (“Congress did explicitly include a
15   timeliness condition in 28 U.S.C. § 158(c)(2)—the requirement
16   that a notice of appeal be filed within the time provided by
17   Rule 8002(a)”); see also Hatch Jacobs, LLC v. Kingsley Capital,
18   Inc. (In re Kingsley Capital, Inc.), 423 B.R. 344, 351 (10th
19   Cir. BAP 2010) (“[A]bsent controlling precedent indicating that
20   the statute must specifically set the time parameters, this
21   [c]ourt will continue to treat the timely filing of a notice of
22   appeal pursuant to [28 U.S.C.] § 158(c)(2) and Rule 8002 to be a
23   jurisdictional requirement that cannot be waived.”); but see In
24   re Shah, 546 B.R. 398 (Bankr. E.D. Wis. 2016) (Congress’s
25   reference to Rule 8002(a) shows that it implicitly delegated the
26   authority to set the appeal deadline in bankruptcy cases to the
27   Supreme Court, suggesting that the time deadline is a claim-
28   processing rule).   Although many of the foregoing cases cited

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 1   were issued before 2017, they apply the cases and rules of
 2   interpretation used in Hamer.
 3        Second, 28 U.S.C. § 158(c)(2) plainly states that appeals
 4   to the district court and this Panel “shall be taken in the same
 5   manner as appeals in civil proceedings generally are taken to
 6   the courts of appeals from the district courts.”    The time for
 7   taking an appeal in a civil case to the court of appeal from the
 8   district court has long been understood to be jurisdictional.
 9   See Henderson, 562 U.S. at 438-39; see also In re Jackson,
10   __ B.R. __, 2018 WL 2172693, at *6-7.    Therefore, a natural
11   reading of this language is consistent with the jurisdictional
12   conclusion embraced by the Ninth Circuit.
13        Finally, although public policy considerations do not hold
14   much weight in statutory construction endeavors, public policy
15   guides us toward a result which is consistent with what the
16   statutory construction of 28 U.S.C. § 158(c)(2) dictates.      A
17   strict construction of the 14-day time deadline for appeals from
18   a bankruptcy court is consistent with the broader policies
19   underlying the Bankruptcy Code.    Time deadlines in bankruptcy
20   are abundant and require all parties in interest to move swiftly
21   so that estates can be administered and distributions can be
22   made within a reasonable time.    A strict time deadline for
23   filing an appeal from a bankruptcy court’s decision advances the
24   interests of the parties by wrapping up the bankruptcy case in a
25   timely manner and giving finality to the entire process.
26   Accordingly, there is a legitimate policy interest embodied in a
27   strict time deadline for appeals from a bankruptcy court’s
28   decision.   See generally In re Jackson, __ B.R __, 2018 WL

                                      -15-
 1   2172693, at *7-8 (noting that the time-value of money and the
 2   depreciation of assets are benefitted by the quick appeals
 3   deadlines and the ability to make future financial decisions
 4   based on the finality of court determinations).
 5        In sum, applying the bright line rule for transfer of
 6   adjudicatory authority between Article III courts articulated by
 7   the Supreme Court in Hamer—statutory deadlines are
 8   jurisdictional, non-statutory deadlines are not—suggests that
 9   the 14-day time deadline specified in Rule 8002(a) is a
10   mandatory claim-processing rule subject to waiver.   However, at
11   the end of the day, the time deadline is incorporated in 28
12   U.S.C. § 158(c)(2) by reference to “in the time provided by Rule
13   8002” and has been consistently construed by the Ninth Circuit
14   as a jurisdictional requirement.   We thus conclude that the 14-
15   day time deadline in Rule 8002(a) is a jurisdictional
16   requirement that acts as an immutable constraint on our
17   authority to consider and hear appeals.   See Bowles, 551 U.S. at
18   214 (noting that a court has no authority to create equitable
19   exceptions to jurisdictional requirements).   Although
20   enforcement of the time deadline leads to a harsh result, we are
21   still obliged to enforce it.
22   C.   Excusable Neglect
23        In her December 4, 2017, response to the Panel’s notice
24   regarding the timeliness of this appeal, Ms. Wilkins sought an
25   extension of time to appeal pursuant to Rule 8002(d)(1)(B).
26   Rule 8002(d)(1) permits the bankruptcy court to extend the time
27   to file a notice of appeal upon a motion filed within 21 days
28   after the 14-day appeal deadline expired (or 35 days after the

                                    -16-
 1   entry of the order being appealed) if the party shows excusable
 2   neglect.
 3        Ms. Wilkins’ request was made 42 days after entry of the
 4   last orders she is seeking to appeal, beyond the deadline
 5   established by Rule 8002(d)(1).   Appellees promptly objected to
 6   appellant’s excusable neglect request, the chapter 7 trustee
 7   within two days and SFT within nine days.   Regardless whether
 8   the deadline to seek an extension for excusable neglect is a
 9   jurisdictional time bar or a claim-processing rule, Ms. Wilkins
10   failed to comply with the requirements to seek such an extension
11   and SFT promptly objected to her attempt.   Therefore, the
12   request for an extension of the deadline to appeal fails.
13                           IV.   CONCLUSION
14        For the reasons discussed above, we DISMISS Ms. Wilkins’
15   untimely filed appeals in BAP Nos. CC-17-1335, CC-17-1337, and
16   CC-17-1346 for lack of jurisdiction.
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

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