Court Opinion

ID: 3304131
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-05 17:19:30.947312+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:27:39.055620
License: Public Domain

I dissent. Prior to the constitutional convention of 1878-79 it had become a custom for the lenders of money on mortgages to exact a stipulation that the borrower should pay all taxes that might be levied on the mortgage or debt secured thereby. A vast amount of litigation grew out of this custom, and the tax was stoutly resisted. "As a consequence of various decisions of the supreme court in this litigation, all money loaned upon mortgage security escaped taxation, and the owner of the land mortgaged was compelled to pay more than his share of the expenses of government." (Hewitt v. Dean, 91 Cal. 12.)
One of the controlling purposes of the people of this state, in calling that convention, and by the adoption of the constitution framed by such convention, was to compel the creditor class to bear a fair share of the burdens of taxation; and, at the same time, to relieve, as far as possible, the debtor class from bearing more than its share of such burdens. This is manifest, not only from the debates in the convention, but by public discussions, both by speech and in the press, before, at the time, and after the holding of such convention. *Page 599 
The scheme of revenue and taxation in the present constitution carries out such intention of the people perhaps as well as can be done. No plan, however, that may be devised will, in practice, operate entirely equal and uniform. This fact was realized by members of the convention, as the debates will show. Hence, the clause in the constitution of 1849 declaring that "taxation shall be equal and uniform throughout the state" was omitted from the present constitution; and section 1 of the article on revenue and taxation, as first reported by the committee, declaring that "all taxes shall be uniform upon the same class of subjects," was, after debate, stricken out. The reason for this action by the convention is stated by Judge Campbell as follows: "I think this debate, so far as it has gone, has pretty clearly demonstrated the necessity for striking out this first section entirely, and leaving no substitute for it. All the trouble we have had in this state in regard to taxation has arisen out of the construction of these words, `equal and uniform taxation,' in the old constitution, by the supreme court." (Debates, vol. 2, p. 840.)
The whole argument in support of the exemption from taxation of bonds secured by mortgage on railroads and other quasi public corporations is that the property on which the security exists is assessed and taxed without deducting the amount of the security, as provided in case of real property other than that owned by such corporations; and it is claimed that this would not be equal and uniform taxation. However desirable it may be that taxation should be absolutely equal and uniform, such a result in practice is generally unattainable, and the present constitution, therefore, does not exact this rigid condition in the levying of taxes.
That the constitution does not allow a rebate or deduction of the secured debt of railroads and other quasi public corporations, as in other cases, is quite clear; and the reason for making this distinction is rather from necessity than a disposition to make an unjust discrimination against such corporations.
Delegate Edgerton, chairman of the committee on revenue and taxation, in the course of debate remarked: "I have been asked by three or four gentlemen since the convention took a recess what was the meaning of this exception, `except as to *Page 600 
railroads and other quasi public corporations.' Why are these corporations exempted? It was made to appear to the committee on revenue and taxation that the railroads are in debt in very large sums, in the form of bonds, and that those bonds were held in Europe, New York, and other places outside of this state. Now, sir, under the decision of the supreme court of the United States — the decision referred to by the gentleman from Los Angeles — it has been held that these bonds are not within the jurisdiction of the state, and cannot be taxed. So, unless this exception is made, the railroads will have a good thing of it. When the assessor came to assess them, they will deduct the amount of these bonds from the value of their property here, and, the bonds being out of the reach of the state, the state would get very little tax." (Debates, vol. 2, p. 908.) Futher on in the debate on this subject, other delegates gave similar reasons for the distinction as made.
The whole purpose of the scheme allowing a rebate was to relieve the borrower from paying taxes on more than the value of his interest in the property covered by the security, wherever that could be done without exempting the creditor from paying taxes on his property, to wit, the credit or chose in action secured. And it was thought to allow such rebate to railroad and other quasi public corporations, under the circumstances, would be to deprive the state of a large amount of revenue, for the reason stated, that generally such creditors are beyond the reach of taxation in this state.
The first section of the article on revenue and taxation, as adopted, declares that all property in the state shall be taxed in proportion to its value, and then defines the word "property," which includes credits, bonds, dues, and other matters and things, real, personal, and mixed, capable of private ownership. And nothing can be found in the constitution or in the debates even intimating a purpose of exempting from taxation credits, whether evidenced by note or bond, secured or unsecured.
Because railroads and other quasi public corporations are required to pay taxes on the whole value of their property, without deduction, as in other cases, does not affect or concern the creditor or holder of the security. He has no ground *Page 601 
for complaint whatever, although the debtor might have. Holders of bonds of such corporations within this state are subject to taxation the same as the holder of a promissory note. Where a party purchasing property of a given value pays half the purchase price with money borrowed on his unsecured note he, in fact, holds but a half interest; still he is required to pay taxes upon the full value of the property, which represents the money of both borrower and lender. The creditor, in such case, would have just as much reason for being exempted from paying taxes on his credit, which had thus been assessed and taxed in the property, as the holder of the bonds under consideration.
But the state has the right to make distinctions, even arbitrarily, in the mode and manner of taxation, although in this case there appeared good reason for the distinction.
In McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 428, Chief Justice Marshall, speaking for the court, says: "It is admitted that the power of taxing the people and their property is essential to the very existence of the government, and may be legitimately exercised on the objects to which it is applicable, to the utmost extent to which the government may choose to carry it. The only security against the abuse of this power is found in the government itself." And in State Tax on Foreign-held Bonds, 15 Wall. 300, it is said: "Unless restrained by the provisions of the federal constitution, the power of the state as to the mode, form, and extent of taxation is unlimited where the subjects to which it applies are within her jurisdiction." And in Kirtland v.Hotchkiss, 100 U.S. 491, the supreme court of the United States says: "It may, therefore, be regarded as the established doctrine of this court, that so long as the state, by its laws prescribing the mode and subject of taxation, does not entrench upon the legitimate authority of the Union, or violate any right recognized or secured by the constitution of the United States, this court, as between the state and its citizens, can afford him no relief against state taxation, however unjust, oppressive, or onerous."
Many cases might be cited where discrimination is made in the imposition of taxes and whether such discrimination is in all cases proper is a question of policy with which the court has no right to interfere. When the constitution was *Page 602 
adopted, it was thought advisable to exempt growing crops from taxation. By subsequent amendments, fruit and nut-bearing trees under the age of four years from the time of planting in orchard form and grape vines under the age of three years from the time of planting in vineyard form, as well as some other species of property, have been added to the list of exempted articles.
It goes without saying that the more subjects exempted from taxation the greater must be the rate of taxation as to those taxable. Where, therefore, a vast amount of capital invested in notes, bonds and other securities is exempted from or escapes taxation, the more onerous becomes the burden of taxation to those who are not so fortunate as to be creditors, but who may own other species of property. The extent to which the exemption of various forms of credits had been carried under the decisions of the court, as already stated, had become a crying evil, and it was the fixed purpose of the people of this state, as declared in the present constitution, to reach and tax every species of credits, whether secured or unsecured. If it were necessary, which it is not, to resort to the debates for the purpose of construing the language of the constitution in this particular, such purpose would become most manifest.
Whether, however, the scheme adopted has worked as satisfactorily as its friends anticipated may well be doubted; but this does not change the fact that the purpose to tax credits of every kind is firmly fixed in the constitution; and the people of the state had the right and power to put it there.
The case of Kirtland v. Hotchkiss, supra, involved the taxation of credits, and the court say: "The question does not seem to us to be very difficult of solution. The creditor, it is conceded, is a permanent resident within the jurisdiction of the state imposing the tax. The debt is property in his hands, constituting a portion of his wealth, from which he is under the highest obligation, in common with his fellow-citizens of the same state, to contribute to the support of the government whose protection he enjoys. This debt, although a species of intangible property, may, for the purposes of taxation, if not for all others, be regarded as situated at the domicile of the creditor. It is none the less property because *Page 603 
its amount and maturity are set forth in a bond. That bond, wherever actually held or deposited, is only evidence of the debt, and, if destroyed, the debt — the right to demand payment of the money loaned, with the stipulated interest — remains. . . . The debt, then, having its situs at the creditor's residence, both in and he are, for the purposes of taxation, within the jurisdiction of the state. It is, consequently, for the state to determine, consistently with its own fundamental law, whether such property owned by one of its residents shall contribute by way of taxation, to maintain its government. Its discretion in that regard cannot be supervised or controlled by any department of the federal government, for the reason, too obvious to require argument in its support, that such taxation violates no provision of the federal constitution."
The railroad cases passed upon by Justice Field and Judge Sawyer in the United States circuit court (13 and 18 Federal Reporter) did not determine the question under consideration here. They were brought by the railroads, and not by the bondholders, and the grievance, on the part of the complainants, was not only as to the amount assessed against their property, but also as to the mode and manner of making such assessment. In the later case of Reinhart v. McDonald, 76 Fed. Rep. 405, the judge of the United States circuit court, in speaking of the provision of our state constitution under consideration, says: "These provisions seem to need no interpretation. The first section is so comprehensive that it can only be defined in terms of itself, and it certainly embraces — as it exactly and carefully says it embraces — all matters and things `capable of private ownership.'" And in McCoppin v. McCartney, 60 Cal. 371, this court says: "The plain intent of the new constitution is to subject to taxation classes of property previously exempt. That one of the new classes consists of credits, secured or unsecured, no more violates any contract or vested right of the creditor than would a provision by which for the first time the owner of any tangible property should be taxed upon its value."
In Central Pac. R.R. Co. v. Board of Equalization, 60 Cal. 35, this court, speaking through Mr. Justice McKinstry, after quoting the section in the constitution in question, says: "Reading the whole section, it seems very plain that as to *Page 604 
mortgages, deeds of trust, contracts, or other obligations, secured upon the property of railroads and other quasi public corporations, they should not be deemed and treated as an interest in the property affected by them for the `purposes of taxation.'" Referring to the mode of assessing and taxing railroads and other quasi public corporations, the court says: "The claim is that thus to impose upon railroad corporations, operated in more than one county, a tax upon the full value of their property, while upon owners of other property is imposed a tax only upon the full value of their property after deducting the amount of mortgage and other like liens, is to deny to such corporations the `equal protection of the laws,' and, therefore, violative of the fourteenth amendment of the constitution of the United States." But, after reviewing a number of cases decided by the supreme court of the United States, in reference to the power of states over the subject of taxation, this court held that the objections to the plan of assessment and taxation prescribed in our constitution were not well founded.
It is intimated, however, that the portion of the opinion declaring that railroad securities were not to be treated as an interest in the property affected by them for the purposes of taxaton was not called for in deciding the case, and is, therefore, mere dictum. However, at that time no other justice seems to have questioned the correctness of this portion of the opinion, nor has it been questioned since. It is not an unusual thing that statements and propositions contained in an opinion, not absolutely necessary to the determination of the case, are, nevertheless, sound law. In Mackay v. San Francisco, 113 Cal. 392, referring to the article on revenue and taxation in the constitution, it is said: "Section 4 of said article provides that `a mortgage, deed of trust, contract, or other obligation by which a debt is secured, shall for the purposes of assessment and taxation, be deemed and treated as an interest in the property affected thereby.' Railroads and other quasi public corporations are exempt from the above provision. The constitution not only provides that all `property' shall be taxed, but defines the word `property' and expressly includes bonds in that definition, thus placing it beyond the power of the legislature or the courts to say that bonds are not property within the meaning and intention of the constitution." *Page 605 
The constitution not only defines in explicit terms what constitutes property, but also declares that all property, with certain exceptions therein enumerated, shall be taxed, and railroad bonds are not among the enumerated exceptions. The general rule, therefore, is to tax all property, and in such cases it requires plain and explicit terms — not mere inference — to transfer any property from the general to the excepted class. Such terms cannot be found in the constitution in reference to the class of property under consideration.
The legislature attempted, by an amendment to section 3617 of the Political Code, passed at the session of 1895, to exempt this class of bonds from taxation. (Stats. 1895, p. 310.) The amendment in question inserts, in parentheses, after the word "bonds," in that portion of the section defining what constitutes property, the following words: "Except of railroad or quasi
public corporations," so as to read: "The term `property' includes moneys, credits, bonds (except of railroad or quasi
public corporations), stocks, dues, franchises, and all other matters and things, real, personal, and mixed, capable of private ownership," etc.
It is hardly necessary to say that the constitution cannot be amended by any such summary legislative process. In adopting the constitution the people themselves declared how it might be amended, and it is beyond the power of the legislature to amend or alter it in the least without the consent of the people. This attempt to do so, however, shows that it is generally conceded bonds of the character under consideration are taxable as the constitution now stands.
To exempt these bonds would also be to exempt the bonds of all street railroad companies in the state; also the bonds of irrigation and drainage districts, and of such water companies and lighting companies as possess public franchises and deal with public utilities. The amount of capital invested in securities of such companies or corporations held by residents of this state must be very great, and the withdrawal of all this vast amount of property from taxation is, of course, to transfer an equal sum to other property that is taxed; for a given amount of revenue must be raised, in order to keep the state and local governments running. *Page 606 
History teaches that the tendency is, and always has been, for the more favored to shift the burden of governmental support from their own shoulders to the shoulders of those less favored and less able to bear such burden. Doubtless, this tendency comes in part from the inexorable law that "the borrower is servant of the lender." Still, this tendency should not be favored, but rather repressed, where possible.
In the course of debate in the convention on the revenue system, Judge Wynans remarked: "I believe that the owners of mortgages will find a way of evading the payment of taxes in any form. I believe that there will be methods found, and a way invented, to circumvent its objects, but it is our duty to prevent it, if we can. I hope the Johnson amendment will be adopted, and that in addition there will be other means devised to compel the mortgagee to pay the tax; something that will afford them no means of evasion." (Debates, vol. 2, p. 910.)
What was thus said in jest, or by way of sarcasm, perhaps, in view of the success that had attended money loaners in escaping taxation under the old constitution, as already alluded to, it appears has proven to be a veritable forecast of what has taken place.
Nothing is more calculated to produce dissatisfaction and unrest, and justly so, than laws the operation of which favor, or even seem to favor, the few or a class as against the great body of the people.
It should require the most direct and imperative command of the constitution to justify a decision of this court tending to such results, and none such exists here. *Page 607