Court Opinion

ID: 5006030
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-10-01 02:01:10.596566+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:17:16.278266
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

    WILDEARTH GUARDIANS,
         Plaintiff
         v.
                                                               Civil Action No. 20-1035 (CKK)
    DEB HAALAND 1, Secretary, U.S.
    Department of the Interior, et al.,
          Defendants

                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                      (September 30, 2021)

          Plaintiff WildEarth Guardians (“Plaintiff”) brings this action against Defendants Deb

Haaland, in her official capacity as Secretary of the U.S. Department of the Interior (“Secretary”),

Martha Williams, in her official capacity as Principal Deputy Director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service, and the U.S. Fish And Wildlife Service (the “Service”) (collectively “Defendants”).

Plaintiff petitioned the Service to list four freshwater aquatic species—the Rio Grande chub, the

Rio Grande sucker, the sturgeon chub, and the sicklefin chub—as threatened or endangered species

under the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”), 16 U.S.C. § 1533. Plaintiff’s petitions triggered a

12-month statutory deadline for the Service to determine whether or not listing the species as

threatened or endangered is “warranted.” 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(3). There is no dispute that the

Service has failed to meet this 12-month deadline with respect to each petition. The only issue for

the Court to decide is the appropriate remedy for the Service’s failure to comply this statutory

deadline.

          Presently before the Court are Plaintiff’s [21] Motion for Summary Judgment and

Defendants’ [23] Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment.                    Plaintiff seeks injunctive relief

1
  Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d), Deb Haaland, in her official capacity as Secretary of
the Interior, and Martha Williams, in her official capacity as Principal Deputy Director of the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, are substituted as defendants in this case.
                                                     1
compelling the Service to complete and publish the 12- month findings and listing determinations

for the four species at issue within nine months of the close of summary judgment briefing (or,

October 8, 2021). Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s proposed deadline is not practicable in light

of staffing and budget constraints, the Service’s workload, and its other listing priorities.

Defendants indicate that pursuant to the Service’s listing priorities, it intends to complete the 12-

month findings for the Sicklefin Chub and Sturgeon Chub by September 30, 2023, and for the Rio

Grande Chub and Rio Grande Sucker by June 14, 2024.

        Upon review of the pleadings, 2 the relevant legal authority, and the record as a whole, the

Court concludes that Defendants’ proposed remedy is the more equitable solution. Accordingly,

the Court DENIES Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment to the extent it seeks injunctive

relief compelling Defendants to issue 12-month findings within nine months of the close of

summary judgment briefing. The Court GRANTS summary judgment to Defendants and shall

order Defendants to comply with the dates they propose for determining whether or not listing the

four fish species at issue as threatened or endangered is “warranted.”

2
 The Court’s consideration has focused on the following documents:
    x Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment (“Pl.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 21;
    x Defendants’ Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment & Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion for
        Summary Judgment (“Defs.’ Cross-Mot. & Opp’n”), ECF No. 23;
    x Plaintiff’s Reply Memorandum in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment and Response in
        Opposition to Defendants’ Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment (“Pl.’s Reply & Opp’n”), ECF
        No. 25;
    x Defendants’ Reply in Support of Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment (“Defs.’ Reply”), ECF No.
        29;
    x Plaintiff’s Notice of Supplemental Authority (“Pl.’s Suppl. Auth.”), ECF No. 31;
    x Defendants’ Response to Plaintiff’s Notice of Supplemental Authority (“Defs.’ Resp. to Pl.’s
        Suppl. Auth.”), ECF No. 32;
    x Plaintiff’s Notice of Supplemental Information (“Pl.’s Suppl. Info.”), ECF No. 33;
    x Defendants’ Response to Plaintiff’s Notice of Supplemental Information (“Defs.’ Resp. to Pl.’s
        Suppl. Info.”), ECF No. 34; and
    x Defendants’ Notice of Supplemental Authority (“Defs.’ Suppl. Auth.”), ECF No. 35.
In an exercise of its discretion, the Court finds that holding oral argument in this action would not be of
assistance in rendering a decision on the pending motions. See LCvR 7(f).
                                                    2
                                      I.    BACKGROUND

   A. Statutory Background

       The Endangered Species Act (“ESA”) “provide[s] a means whereby the ecosystem upon

which endangered species and threatened species depend may be conserved” in an effort “to

conserve endangered species and threatened species[.]” 16 U.S.C. § 1531(b), (c)(1). As the

Supreme Court has explained, the “plain intent of Congress in enacting this statute was to halt and

reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost. This is reflected not only in the

stated policies of the Act, but in literally every section of the statute.” Tenn. Valley Auth. v. Hill,

437 U.S. 153, 184 (1978). To accomplish this goal, the ESA provides two methods by which a

species can be listed as “endangered” or “threatened”: the internal process and the petition process.

16 U.S.C. § 1533(a), (b)(3). The latter of those methods is implicated in this case.

       Under the ESA, an interested citizen may petition the Service in accordance with 5 U.S.C.

§ 553(e) to list a species as endangered or threatened. 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(3). Upon receipt of a

petition, the Secretary must, “[t]o the maximum extent practicable, within 90 days after receiving

[the] petition . . . make a finding as to whether the petition presents substantial scientific or

commercial information indicating that the petitioned action may be warranted.” 16 U.S.C.

§ 1533(b)(3)(A) (emphasis added). If the Service concludes in its “90-day finding” that the listing

requested in the citizen’s petition “may be warranted,” then it must “promptly commence a review

of the status of the species concerned.” Id. The statute then requires that, “[w]ithin 12 months

after receiving a petition . . . present[ing] substantial information,” that listing “may be warranted,”

the Service must make a finding that the petitioned action is: (a) warranted; (b) not warranted or

(c) warranted but further action is precluded by other pending listing proposals and expeditious

progress is being made to list and delist species (referred to as a “warranted but precluded”

                                                   3
finding). § 1533(b)(3)(B)(i)–(iii). This so-called “12-month finding” must be made “solely on the

basis of the best scientific and commercial data available to [the Secretary] after conducting a

review of the status of the species and after taking into account those efforts, if any, being made

by any State or foreign nation . . . to protect [the] species.” § 1533(b)(1)(A).

       If the Service concludes in its 12-month finding that listing a species is “warranted,” then

the Service must publish a rule proposing the species’ listing as endangered or threatened.

§ 1533(a)(3)(A), (b)(3)(B)(ii), (c).    “Listing a species as threatened or endangered triggers

substantive and procedural protections under the ESA.” WildEarth Guardians v. Haaland, --- F.

Supp. 3d ---, 2021 WL 4263831, at *1 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 20, 2021) (citing 16 U.S.C. §§ 1536, 1538).

If the Service concludes that the petitioned action is “not warranted,” the listing process terminates.

The Service’s conclusion that a petitioned listing is “warranted but precluded,” means that listing

the species is warranted, but “the immediate proposal and timely promulgation of a final regulation

implementing the petitioned action. . . is precluded by pending proposals to determine whether any

species is an endangered species or a threatened species” and that “expeditious progress is being

made to add qualified species” to the lists of threatened and endangered species, and to remove

species that are no longer qualified. § 1533(b)(3)(B)(iii). Species for which the proposed listing

is deemed “warranted but precluded” are also referred to as “candidate species.” See Defs.’ Cross-

Mot. & Opp’n at 4.

       Pursuant to the ESA’s provision for “citizen suits,” “any person may commence a civil suit

on his own behalf . . . against the Secretary where there is alleged a failure of the Secretary to

perform any act or duty under section 1533 of this title which is not discretionary with the

Secretary. “ 16 U.S.C. § 1540(g)(1)(C). “This includes an injunctive action to force the Secretary

to comply with the above deadlines.” Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. Haaland, No. 20 C 1227,

                                                  4
2021 WL 4169567, at *2 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 14, 2021). This provision grants federal district courts

jurisdiction “to enforce any such provision . . . or to order the Secretary to perform such act or

duty, as the case may be.” § 1540(g)(1).

    B. Factual Background

        Plaintiff WildEarth Guardians is a non-profit, 501(c)(3) membership organization with

approximately 275,000 members nationwide. Compl. ¶ 9, ECF No. 1. Plaintiff filed four

petitions 3 with the Service, seeking to list four species as threatened or endangered under the ESA.

Id. ¶¶ 33, 44, 51. The Court shall first address the factual background regarding each petition, and

then shall present background information about the Service’s present caseload and its process to

address a significant backlog of listing petitions.

        1. Plaintiff’s Petitions to List Species as Threatened or Endangered

                a. Rio Grande Chub

        The Rio Grande Chub (Gila pandora) is a small fish located primarily in the Rio Grande

Basin in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. FWS_0029. 4 Plaintiff submitted a petition to list the

Rio Grande Chub as “threatened” or “endangered” to the Service on September 27, 2013. See

FWS_0028–48. Plaintiff indicated in its petition that listing the Rio Grande Chub as “threatened

or endangered” is “necessary to prevent its extinction,” due to “the multiple and cumulative threats

of habitat destruction and modification, predation from non-native species, and climate change.

FWS_0044.

3
  Plaintiff’s Complaint included claims related to a fifth species, the narrow-foot hygrotus diving beetle
(Hygrotus diversipes). Compl. ¶¶ 53–59. The parties resolved their dispute regarding that species, and so
claims related to it are no longer at issue in the pending motions. See Joint Motion at 1–2, ECF No. 19;
Order, ECF No. 20.
4
  Citations with the prefix “FWS” refer to the pages of the parties’ Joint Appendix, filed at ECF No. 30.
                                                    5
       The Service received Plaintiff’s petition to list the Rio Grande Chub on September 30,

2013. FWS_0049; see Defs.’ Cross-Mot. & Opp’n Ex. C, Declaration of Shawn Sartorius

(“Sartorius Decl.”) ¶ 5, ECF No. 23-4. On March 16, 2016, the Service published its 90-day

finding, concluding that Plaintiff’s petition to list the Rio Grande Chub as endangered or threatened

presented substantial scientific and commercial evidence indicating that the species “may warrant”

protection under the ESA. See FWS_0049, 0056 FWS_0070. To date, the Service has not made

a 12-month finding. See Answer ¶ 34, ECF No. 13 (admitting that Defendants have not completed

12-month finding for the Rio Grande Chub). The Service’s deadline to issue its 12-month finding

was September 30, 2014, § 1533(b)(3)(B), meaning that its determination is now seven years

overdue.

               b. Rio Grande Sucker

       The Rio Grande Sucker (Catostomus plebeuis) is a fish found in the Rio Grande River and

its tributaries in southern Colorado, New Mexico, and Mexico. FWS_0075. Plaintiff submitted a

petition to list the Rio Grande Sucker as “threatened” or “endangered” to the Service on September

29, 2014. See FWS_0074–110. Plaintiff indicated in its petition that listing the Rio Grande Sucker

is warranted because it is threatened by “present and threatened destruction, modification and

curtailment of habitat and range; the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; and other

natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence.” FWS_0109.

       The Service received Plaintiff’s petition to list the Rio Grande Sucker on October 3, 2014.

FWS_0118; Sartorius Decl. ¶ 5. On March 16, 2016, the Service published its 90-day finding,

concluding that Plaintiff’s petition presented substantial scientific and commercial evidence

indicating that the Rio Grande Sucker “may warrant” protection under the ESA. See FWS_0143

                                                 6
       To date, the Service has not made a 12-month finding. See Answer ¶ 45 (admitting that

Defendants have not completed 12-month finding for the Rio Grande Sucker). The Service’s

deadline to issue its 12-month finding was October 3, 2015, § 1533(b)(3)(B), meaning that its

determination is now approximately 6 years overdue.

               c. Sicklefin Chub and Sturgeon Chub

       The Sicklefin Chub (Macrhybopsis meeki) and Sturgeon Chub (Macrhybopsis gelida) are

freshwater fish that inhabit the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers and their tributaries. Defs.’ Cross-

Mot. & Opp’n Ex. B, Declaration of Drew Becker (“Becker Decl.”) ¶ 4, ECF No. 23-3. Their

native range stretches across 13 states including Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota,

Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Mississippi. Id.

Plaintiff indicated in its listing petition that both species are in decline due to severe habitat

changes, in large part due to the construction and operation of mainstream dams. FWS_0148; see

also Becker Decl. ¶ 4

       Plaintiff submitted a petition to list the Sicklefin Chub and Sturgeon Chub as “threatened”

or “endangered” to the Service on August 11, 2016. See FWS_0147–217. The Service received

the petition on August 15, 2016. FWS_0218; Becker Decl. ¶ 6.

       On December 20, 2017, the Service published its 90-day finding, concluding that Plaintiff’s

petition to list the Sicklefin Chub and Sturgeon Chub presented substantial scientific and

commercial evidence indicating that the species “may warrant” protection under the ESA. See

FWS_0237; Becker Decl. ¶ 6. To date, the Service has not made a 12-month finding as to either

species. See Answer ¶ 52 (admitting that Defendants have not completed 12-month finding for the

Sturgeon Chub or Sicklefin Chub). The Service’s deadline to issue its 12-month finding was

August 15, 2017, § 1533(b)(3)(B), meaning that its determination is now four years overdue.

                                                 7
       2. The Service’s Caseload and National Listing Workplan

       The Service concedes that it has a non-discretionary obligation to make a “12-month

finding” when it receives a citizen petition seeking to list a species as endangered or threatened.

Defs.’ Cross-Mot. & Opp’n at 1. The Service indicates, however, that a significant backlog of

listing petitions, together with budget and staffing constraints has prevented it from issuing listing

decisions within the required 12-month timeline. See id. at 6–7. For example, the Service indicates

that between 2007 and 2010, it received petitions to list 1,187 species, and that completing 12-

month findings on these petitions “required far more funding” that it had available. Defs.’ Cross-

Mot. & Opp’n Ex. A, Declaration of Gary Frazer (“Frazer Decl.”) ¶ 12, ECF No. 23-2.

       To address this backlog, the Service developed, through a notice and comment process, a

methodology for prioritizing listing petitions. See Methodology for Prioritizing Status Reviews

and Accompanying 12-Month Findings on Petitions for Listing under the Endangered Species Act,

81 Fed. Reg. 49,248 (July 27, 2016) (“Prioritization Methodology”). Under the Prioritization

Methodology, the Service assigns each petition requiring a 12-month finding to a regional office

and to one of five priority bins: “(1) The species is critically imperiled; (2) strong data are already

available about the status of the species; (3) new science is underway that would inform key

uncertainties about the status of the species; (4) conservation efforts are in development or

underway and likely to affect the status of the species; or (5) the available data on the species are

limited.” Frazer Decl. ¶ 17. Within each geographic region, 12-month findings with lower bin

numbers have a higher priority (and therefore are scheduled to be reviewed sooner) than 12-month

findings with higher bin numbers. Id.

       In addition to developing the Prioritization Methodology, the Service created a National

Listing Workplan (the “Workplan”) to “address[ ] the backlog of outstanding listing

                                                  8
determinations.” Defs.’ Cross-Mot. & Opp’n at 7. The Service published its first Workplan in

September 2016. Frazer Decl. ¶ 16. The most recent version of the Workplan was published in

January 2021. 5 The Workplan applies the Prioritization Methodology to determine the order in

which listing petitions will be considered, but also takes into account other factors such as the

“annual available funding, staffing resources, nondiscretionary requirements such as court orders

and settlement-agreement requirements, and the listing priority numbers of existing candidate

species.” See Prioritization Methodology, 81 Fed. Reg. at 49,250. The Workplan indicates the

type of action that needs to be completed by the Service (e.g., a “12-month finding”), the “Priority

Bin” ranking, the geographical region to which the petition is assigned, and the projected fiscal

year in which the action will be completed. See Jan. 2021 Workplan. The Service indicates that

“[o]ne objective in implementing and developing the Workplan” is to “balance [its] annual

workload between the various types of listing and critical habitat actions, including 90-day petition

findings, 12-month petition findings, proposed and final listing determinations, and proposed and

final critical habitat designations.” Frazer Decl. ¶ 18.

       The “12-month findings” for the four species at issue in this case are included as action

items on the most recent version of the Workplan. The Workplan assigns the Sturgeon Chub and

Sicklefin Chub to the “Mountain-Prairie Region,” Frazer Decl. ¶ 10, and categorizes both as

“priority bin 3” species, and “projects” that the Service will complete the 12-month listing

decisions by the end of fiscal year 2023. See Jan. 2021 Workplan at 17; Frazer Decl. ¶ 31; Becker

Decl. ¶ 9. The Workplan also assigns the Rio Grande Chub and Rio Grande Sucker to “priority

5
 At the time the parties completed briefing on the pending cross-motions, the most recent version of the
Workplan was published in May 2019. An updated Workplan has since been published, see Nat’l National
Domestic Listing Workplan: Fiscal Years 21-25, 5-year Workplan (Jan. 2021),
https://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/National-Listing-Workplan-FY21-FY25.pdf (hereinafter
“Jan. 2021 Workplan”).
                                                   9
bin 3,” and projects that the 12-month findings will be completed by the end of fiscal year 2024.

See Jan. 2021 Workplan at 17. The Rio Grande Chub and Rio Grande Sucker are assigned to the

Service’s “Southwest Region,” Frazer Decl. ¶ 10.

       The Service indicates that completing review of the petitions included in the Workplan will

require substantially all of the resources in the agency’s budget allocated for reviewing listing

petitions. See Frazer Decl. ¶ 9.

                                   II.   LEGAL STANDARD

       Under Rule 56(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, “[t]he court shall grant summary

judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the

movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” However, “when a party seeks review of agency

action under the APA [before a district court], the district judge sits as an appellate tribunal. The

‘entire case’ on review is a question of law.” Am. Bioscience, Inc. v. Thompson, 269 F.3d 1077,

1083 (D.C. Cir. 2001). Accordingly, “the standard set forth in Rule 56[ ] does not apply because

of the limited role of a court in reviewing the administrative record. . . . Summary judgment is [ ]

the mechanism for deciding whether as a matter of law the agency action is supported by the

administrative record and is otherwise consistent with the APA standard of review.” Southeast

Conference v. Vilsack, 684 F. Supp. 2d 135, 142 (D.D.C. 2010).

       The court’s review of agency action under the citizen suit provision of the ESA is subject

to the same standard of review as the APA. See City of Las Vegas v. Lujan, 891 F.2d 927, 932

(D.C. Cir. 1989); Greater Yellowstone Coal., Inc. v. Servheen, 665 F.3d 1015, 1023 (9th Cir. 2011)

(“Our review of an agency’s compliance with the ESA is governed by the [APA].”). The APA “sets

forth the full extent of judicial authority to review executive agency action for procedural

correctness.” FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc., 556 U.S. 502, 513 (2009). It requires courts to

                                                 10
“hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings, and conclusions” that are “arbitrary,

capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A).

“This is a ‘narrow’ standard of review as courts defer to the agency's expertise.” Ctr. for Food

Safety v. Salazar, 898 F. Supp. 2d 130, 138 (D.D.C.2012) (quoting Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass'n of

U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983)). The reviewing court “is not

to substitute its judgment for that of the agency.” Dist. Hosp. Partners, L.P. v. Burwell, 786 F.3d

46, 57 (D.C. Cir. 2015).

                                     III.    DISCUSSION

       The ESA imposes a statutory obligation on the Service to make a timely 12-month finding,

indicating whether listing a species as “endangered” or “threatened” is “warranted” or not. Pl.’s

Mot. at 14; Defs.’ Cross-Mot. & Opp’n at 10. The parties do not dispute the Service failed to make

timely 12-month findings for each of the four species at issue here. See Defs.’ Cross-Mot. & Opp’n

at 10. Rather, the only remaining issue in dispute is the appropriate remedy to address the Service’s

failure to comply with the ESA’s mandatory deadline. Plaintiff seeks an order compelling

Defendants to publish 12-month findings as to the four species at issue here by October 8, 2021

(nine months after the close of summary judgment briefing). Pl.’s Mot. at 10. Defendants request

that they be allowed until the end of FY2023 to finalize 12-month findings for the Sicklefin Chub

and Sturgeon Chubs, and until June 14, 2024 to finalize 12-month findings for the Rio Grande

Chub and Rio Grande Sucker. See Defs.’ Cross-Mot. & Opp’n at 30. For the reasons set forth

below, the Court finds that Defendants’ proposed remedy supplies a more equitable solution,

accounting for the balance of harms to each party and the public interest. Before addressing the

parties’ arguments about the appropriate remedy, the Court examines the scope of its equitable

discretion to develop a remedy for the statutory violation at issue in this case.

                                                 11
    A. Scope of the Court’s Equitable Discretion

        “[T]he basis for injunctive relief in the federal courts has always been irreparable injury

and the inadequacy of legal remedies.” Weinberger v. Romero-Barceo, 456 U.S. 305, 312 (1982)

(collecting cases). Generally, when a plaintiff proves a violation of law, there is “no separate need

to show irreparable injury,” as irreparable injury is “merely one possible basis for showing the

inadequacy of the legal remedy.” Nat’l Mining Ass’n v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 145 F.3d

1399, 1409 (D.C. Cir .1998) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). “Where plaintiff and

defendant present competing claims of injury, the traditional function of equity has been to arrive

at a ‘nice adjustment and reconciliation’ between the competing claims.” Weinberger, 456 U.S. at

312 (quoting Hecht Co. v. Bowles, 321 U.S. 321, 329–30 (1944)). The Court must “balance[ ] the

conveniences of the parties and possible injuries to them according as they may be affected by the

granting or withholding of the injunction.” Yakus v. United States, 321 U.S. 414, 440 (1944). “The

essence of equity jurisdiction has been the power of the Chancellor to do equity and to mould each

decree to the necessities of the particular case. Flexibility rather than rigidity has distinguished it.”

Hecht Co., 321 U.S. at 329.

        Moreover, when “exercising their sound discretion,” courts of equity “should pay particular

regard for the public consequences in employing the extraordinary remedy of injunction.”

Weinberger, 456 U.S. at 312 (citing R.R. Comm’n v. Pullman Co., 312 U.S. 496, 500 (1941)). The

Supreme Court has cautioned, “[t]he grant of jurisdiction to ensure compliance with a statute

hardly suggests an absolute duty to do so under any and all circumstances, and a federal judge

sitting as chancellor is not mechanically obligated to grant an injunction for every violation of

law.” Id. at 313 (citing Tenn. Valley Auth., 437 U.S. at 193; Hecht Co., 321 U.S. at 329).

                                                   12
       The “general equitable principles reflect a hundred years of jurisprudence and Congress is

presumed to legislate against this background.” Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. Pirie, 201 F. Supp.

2d 113, 116 (D.D.C. 2002), vacated on other grounds, Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. England,

2003 WL 179848 (D.C. Cir. Jan. 23, 2003). Therefore, a trial court’s discretion is “displaced only

by a clear and valid legislative command.” United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers’ Co-op, 532

U.S. 483, 496 (2001) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted).

       Section 1540 of the ESA provides that “[t]he district courts shall have jurisdiction, without

regard to the amount in controversy or the citizenship of the parties, to enforce any such provision

or regulation, or to order the Secretary to perform such act or duty, as the case may be.” 16 U.S.C.

§ 1540(g). This section “does not . . . curb a court’s discretion” when issuing injunctive relief, nor

does it “tell courts what should occur when the Service misses a nondiscretionary statutory

deadline.” Ctr. for Biological Diversity, 2021 WL 4169567, at *6; see also Colo. River Cutthroat

Trout v. Kempthorne, 448 F. Supp. 2d 170, 178 (D.D.C. 2006) (“Congress did not limit district

courts’ authority to provide equitable relief under the ESA, and indeed, specifically reserved their

traditional authority to fashion appropriate equitable relief.” (internal citations and quotation marks

omitted)). In sum, the ESA “does not mandate specific injunctive relief for missed statutory

deadlines.” Ctr. for Biological Diversity, 2021 WL 4169567, at *6. Although Plaintiff contends

that the Court’s equitable discretion is “limited to issuing the relief considered necessary to ensure

prompt compliance with the act,” Pl.’s Mot. at 19 (citing Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. Pirie, 201

F. Supp. 2d 113, 119 (D.D.C. 2002)), that does not appear to contradict the weight of legal authority

indicating that the Court has broad discretion to determine the appropriate remedy upon review of

the specific facts of the case. Accordingly, the Court proceeds to its ordinary task of considering

                                                  13
the balance of hardships and the public interest with respect to the relief proposed by each party.

See Ctr. for Biological Diversity, 2021 WL 4169567, at *6.

    B. Analysis of Equitable Remedy

        The Court now moves to its consideration of the equitable remedy in this case, assessing

the balance of hardships and the public interest with respect to each party’s proposal. Overall, the

Court finds that these considerations weigh in favor of adopting Defendants’ proposed timeline.

        Another court confronting the same question of the appropriate remedy available for the

Service’s failure to comply with the ESA’s 12-month finding deadline began its analysis with the

following point: “[I]t would be imprudent to set a deadline that the Service cannot feasibly comply

with . . . Plaintiffs’ proposed deadline . . . would require the Service to reorder priorities and shift

resources away from other projects and towards [the plaintiff’s listing petition].”            Ctr. for

Biological Diversity, 2021 WL 4169567, at *7. This Court shall also decline to impose a deadline

with which the Service cannot comply. Plaintiff’s proposed remedy—compelling Defendants to

complete 12-month findings for four species by October 8, 2021—is plainly impracticable.

Twelve-month findings require expenditure of significant resources and time. See Frazer Decl.

¶¶ 4–8, 22. At this point, it would be infeasible—if not, impossible—for Defendants to comply

with the deadline Plaintiff requests. See Defs.’ Cross-Mot. & Opp’n at 17 (noting that the Service

does “not anticipate having available funding or staff resources to add these 12-month findings to

its FY2021 planned workload”). It would be inequitable and inappropriate for the Court to order

an injunction with which Defendants cannot comply. See Sierra Club v. Thomas, 658 F. Supp.

165, 172 (N.D. Cal. 1987).

        Even if Plaintiff had instead requested an order compelling Defendants to complete these

findings within nine months of the Court’s decision on the parties’ cross-motions for summary

                                                  14
judgment, see Pl.’s Reply at 8 n.3, that too would create an infeasible deadline, in light of the

practical limitations on time, money, and manpower, described more below. The Court will not

exercise its equitable discretion to order an agency to comply with an order that is impossible to

perform. Nat. Res. Def. Council v. Train, 510 F.2d 692, 713 (D.C. Cir. 1975) (“The sound

discretion of [a] . . . court does not embrace enforcement . . . of a party’s duty to comply with an

order that calls [on] him ‘to do an impossibility.’”); Thomas, 658 F. Supp. at 172 (concluding that

it would “be inappropriate to set an infeasible schedule in order to punish a delinquent agency”).

       It is well-within the Court’s equitable discretion to account for the practical limitations

confronting the Service when determining a remedy for its failure to comply with a statutory

deadline. See Train, 510 F.2d at 713 (“[I]t is possible that budgetary commitments and manpower

demands required to [comply with a statutory deadline] are beyond the agency’s capacity or would

unduly jeopardize the implementation of other essential programs.”). Defendants note principally

that the Service’s budget, including its budget specific to listing petitions is determined by

Congress, which caps the annual spending for “listing and critical habitat” functions within the

Service. Frazer Decl. ¶¶ 5, 8 (“Given the spending cap, the Service’s listing budget is limited,

which in turn limits the number of actions we can fund and carry our in a fiscal year.”); see Defs.’

Cross-Mot. & Opp’n Ex. D, Excerpts from Appropriations Legislation for F2014 through FY2020.

       Plaintiff contends that “underfunding cannot excuse” the Service from complying with the

ESA’s listing deadlines—particularly when, according to Plaintiff, the Department of the Interior

“underfunded” the Service’s listing program for the 2020 and 2021 fiscal years. Pl.’s Mot. at 22–

24; Pl.’s Mot. Ex. 9, DOI Budget Justifications FY2021, at 8, 13, ECF No. 21-10; see W.

Watersheds Proj. v. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv., No. 4:10–CV–229–BLW, 2012 WL 369168, at *16

(D. Idaho Feb. 2, 2012) (observing that the Service’s “financial pinch” is not being imposed

                                                15
“entirely from the outside” because the Department of the Interior “has limited its budget requests

and asked for spending caps on listing activities”).

        But the thrust of legal authority in this jurisdiction and others indicates that the Court can

(and should) take budget and resource limitations into consideration to determine an equitable

remedy for the agency’s failure to complete with a statutory deadline. 6 See, e.g., Cal. Native Plant

Soc’y v. Norton, No. Civ. A. 03-1540 (JR), 2005 WL 768444, at *7 (D.D.C. Mar. 24, 2005)

(“Stripped to their essence, [the Service’s] basic explanations for why listing the Spineflower and

other species was warranted but precluded were that [the Service] had statutorily mandated

deadlines, court-ordered actions, high priority listing activities, and a very limited budget. Despite

protests from the plaintiffs, all of these explanations are legitimate.”); Ctr. for Biological Diversity,

2021 WL 4169567, at *7 (“[T]he Court finds it to be self-evident that overall budgetary constraints

affect the entire scope of the Service’s work.”); Friends of Wild Swan v. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv.,

945 F. Supp. 1388, 1401 (D. Or. 1996) (recognizing that a “lack of funds, when Congress expressly

prohibits expenditures for listing species, can excusably delay mandatory listing determinations”).

Here, Defendants have demonstrated that budget constraints limit the number of 12-month

determinations (and other work) that can be completed in a given year.

6
  Plaintiff cites other cases for the proposition that underfunding and a heavy workload should not be
excuses for failure to comply with a statutory deadline. Pl.’s Mot. at 22–23; see, e.g. Ctr. for Biological
Diversity v. Norton, 163 F. Supp. 2d 1297, 1301 (D.N.M. 2001); Save Our Springs v. Babbitt, 27 F. Supp. 2d 739, 749
(W.D. Tex. 1997). But those cases were decided before the Workplan was established to prioritize listing
and final rules based on urgency. More recently, district courts “have been less likely to order specific
performance with swift and unfeasible deadlines, taking into account ‘the Service’s current staffing,
workloads, budget, and competing agency priorities, including other court-ordered deadlines.’” Defs.’
Reply Ex. A, Order at 6 n.3, Ctr. for Biological Diversity et al. v. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv., No. CV-
1900354 (D. Ariz. Nov. 24, 2021) (citing Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv., 2018
WL 6067546, *6 (N.D. Cal. 2020); Citizens for Pennsylvania's Future v. Wheeler, No. 19-CV-02004-VC,
2020 WL 3481425, *10 (N.D. Cal. 2020))
                                                       16
        In addition to limited funding, the Service’s workload is quite substantial. The Workplan

in effect at the time the parties completed briefing on the pending motions included 150 12-month

findings and 10 proposed listing and critical habitat rules for FY2021 through FY2023. Defs.’

Reply at 5; Frazer Decl. ¶ 30. The Service’s Southwest Region, responsible for completing the

12-month findings for the Rio Grande chub and Rio Grande sucker, was “working on 12-month

findings (and potential associated rulemakings) for 46 species, proposed listing rules with critical

habitat for eight species, final critical habitat rules for four species, and final listing and critical

habitat rules for two species through FY2023.” Defs.’ Reply at 5; Frazer Decl. ¶¶ 28–29. The

Mountain-Prairie Region, tasked with the 12-month findings for the Sturgeon Chub and Sicklefin

Chub was “working on 12-month findings for 17 species, one proposed listing and critical habitat

rule, and final listing and critical habitat rules for 3 species.” Defs.’ Reply at 5; Frazer Decl. ¶ 28.

        Moreover, Defendants notes that 12-month findings require a significant amount of time

and resources to complete. See Becker Decl. ¶ 17 (estimating that data collection and scientific

assessment regarding the Sicklefin Chub and Sturgeon Chub will take about 18 months); id. ¶ 11

(describing the 12-month finding for the same species as “complex and large in scope,” requiring

collaboration among federal, state, and private actors across 13 states); Sartorius Decl. ¶ 9

(estimating that the collection and assessment of information about the Rio Grande Chub and Rio

Grande Sucker will take at least 12 months). According to Defendants, mandating a “rushed

decision” about listing these species would deprive the Service of the time necessary to “gather

and analyze the required science and data, and prepare a thorough and defensible status assessment

for each species.” Defs.’ Cross-Mot. & Opp’n at 17.

        Plaintiff responds that, in its listing petitions, it “has already compiled and presented a

substantial amount of scientific literature and date on these four freshwater fishes.” Pl.’s Opp’n

                                                  17
& Reply at 4 (citing FWS_0028-48 (Rio Grande Chub petition); 0074-117 (Rio Grande Sucker

petition); 0147-217 (Sturgeon Chub and Sicklefin Chub petition)). Plaintiff, therefore, contends

that Defendants’ “purported desire for more research now does not render prompt compliance with

the ESA’s 12-Month listing determination impossible or infeasible.” Id. at 7. But the ESA requires

the Service to consider “the best scientific and commercial data available to [the Secretary] after

conducting a review of the status of the species and after taking into account those efforts, if any,

being made by any State or foreign nation . . . to protect [the] species.” § 1533(b)(1)(A). Contrary

to Plaintiff’s speculation that the Service is exceeding its statutory obligation by searching for the

“best possible data,” see Pl.’s Mot. at 20, the record before the Court suggests that it is instead

ensuring that its analysis complies with the statutory mandate that its 12-month finding be

supported by the best available scientific information. See, e.g., Becker Decl. ¶¶ 9, 10, 13–19,

Sartorius Decl. ¶ 9.

       The Court must also consider the effects of each parties’ proposed remedy—both in

practical terms, and in fulfilling the conservation goals of the ESA. Plaintiff contends that

“Congress’ intent to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction,” must inform the remedy

in this case. Pl.’s Mot. at 16 (quoting Am. Lands Alliance v. Norton, 242 F. Supp. 2d 1, 4 (D.D.C.

2003)). Allowing Defendants substantially more time to make the 12-month findings—which are

already years overdue—“would contravene congressional intent that time is of the essence in

listing imperiled species.” Id. at 17 (citing Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. Kempthorne, No. C 08-

1339 CW, 2008 WL 1902703, at *3 (N.D. Cal. 2008)). Moreover, by delaying the 12-month

findings, the Service prevents subsequent steps from being taken to protect endangered species if

the Service concludes that they indeed should be listed as “endangered.” Id. at 18 (“By failing to

list species in the first place, the Service negates the overall effectiveness of the ESA.”). Plaintiff

                                                  18
posits that had the Service adhered to the ESA’s 12-month deadline in response to its four petitions,

“each of these imperiled fish could have already received full ESA protections[.]” Id.

       But Plaintiff’s argument is limited to the effect of Defendants’ delayed findings on the four

particular species at issue in this case. To be sure, the Court recognizes that the Service’s delayed

actions with respect to these four fish species may negatively affect conservation efforts with

respect to those specific species. But Defendants indicate that Plaintiff’s requested relief would

have the practical effect of moving Plaintiff’s four petitions ahead of other tasks in the Workplan—

including those that the Service has classified as a higher priority. See, e.g., Frazer Decl. ¶ 18

(“Prioritizing petition findings, for example, over other ESA listing workload priorities would

delay or altogether prevent us from completing the work needed to issue proposed and final listing

rules for species determined to warrant listing, including species on our candidate list.”); id. ¶ 23

(“Prioritizing petition findings over other ESA listing workload priorities would delay or altogether

prevent us from completing the work needed to issue proposed and final listing rules for species

determined to warrant listing, including species on our candidate list.”). This disruption, in turn,

would actually frustrate the Service’s conservation efforts by turning Defendants’ attention away

from more urgent priorities than the 12-month findings at issue in this case. The Court is more

persuaded that Defendants’ proposed deadlines for completing the 12-month findings at issue in

this case better accounts for competing demands on its limited resources and “advances the ESA's

overall purpose in protecting endangered or threatened species in need of conservation. ” Ctr. for

Biological Diversity, 2021 WL 4169567, at *9.

       As another federal district court recently explained, “[t]he Service’s Workplan does not

represent an arbitrary ranking choice. Rather, deciding which petitions and projects to address with

the Service's limited resources requires a high level of technical expertise that courts best leave to

                                                 19
the Service because those determinations are within its expertise.” Ctr. for Biological Diversity,

2021 WL 4169567, at *8 (citing Kleppe v. Sierra Club, 427 U.S. 390, 412 (1976)). That court,

moreover, noted that Congress explicitly directed the Secretary to establish “a ranking system to

assist in the identification of species that should receive priority review[,]” 16 U.S.C. § 1533(h)(3),

“which the Service has done through its prioritization methodology.” Id. To interfere in that

prioritization—as Plaintiff here asks the Court to do—would merely “elevate the [plaintiff’s]

petition above other species, including those that the Service designates as a higher priority from

a conservation standpoint.” Id. The Court will not exercise its equitable discretion to produce

such a result.

        In sum, the Court finds that Defendants’ proposed remedy best balances the Service’s

competing priorities in light of practical limitations on its resources and better advances the ESA’s

overall purpose to protect endangered and threatened species.

                                    IV.     CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment

and GRANTS Defendants’ Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment.                      As set forth in the

accompanying Order, the Court shall order Defendants to submit to the Federal Register their 12-

month findings for the Sicklefin Chub and Sturgeon Chub on or before September 30, 2023, and

to submit to the Federal Register their 12-month findings for the Rio Grande Chub and Rio Grande

Sucker on or before June 14, 2024.

        An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

                                                                    /s/
                                                               COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
                                                               United States District Judge
        Date: September 30, 2021

                                                  20