Court Opinion

ID: 8187400
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 23:10:04.728146+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:40:28.323333
License: Public Domain

BaedeeN, J.
Tbe trial court was undoubtedly correct in finding that tbe bonds in suit were in form general bonds of tbe defendant city. Assuming that tbey are such, tbe question is raised whether tire city, under its charter, bad any power to issue general city obligations in payment of special improvements of tbe character mentioned in tbe statement. This question is not entirely free from embarrassment, as will be hereinafter noted. A correct answer can only be reached by a consideration and construction of the various charter provisions applicable-to' tbe situation. To reach such conclusion it is necessary at tbe outset to make a brief survey of tbe powers of the city and limitations contained in tbe charter *345with reference to bond issues, and with reference to the manner in which street improvements shall be made and paid for.
The .bonds in suit were issued under the charter of 1889, known as “Chapter 152.” By subch. 13 all funds in the city treasury, except school funds, library funds, and funds collected on special assessments', shall be under the control of the common council. See. 92. The city treasurer is specifically prohibited from paying out any funds in his hands which shall be appropriated by law for any special purpose, except for the purposes for which said funds are specifically appropriated, any direction of the city council to the contrary notwithstanding. Sec. 93. No money shall be appropriated for any purpose whatever except such as is expressly authorized by the charter. Sec. 94. The council may designate the banks in which city funds shall be deposited, and the comptroller is authorized to advertise for bids for such deposits. Sees. 98, 99. Sufficient portion of the moneys received from licenses of all kinds to pay all interest on the outstanding bonded indebtedness of the city and five per cent, of the principal shall be deposited in such banks as the council may contract with, the bank to pay interest at not less than four per cent, per annum. All moneys belonging to such sinking fund shall be paid into said bank as soon as collected, interest accruing to be added to the principal, and the bank is to pay the interest on bonds as fast as it becomes due. Sec. 102. Another important provision, and one of great significance in this litigation, is contained in sec. 103. It says:
“The common council shall have authority to issue bonds for the following purposes only: (1) Building public buildings for the use of the city. (2) Purchase of apparatus for fire protection. (3) Construction of main sewers. (4) Water-works. (5) Public parks. (6) Eefunding municipal indebtedness. (7) Building bridges.”
Turning now to subch. 16 of the charter, we find specific grants of power as to city improvements, and careful regula*346tions of the method of procedure. Tbe city is given authority to establish grades and to open and pave streets. Sec. 143 provides that in the first instance the grading, paving, or improvement of any street shall be chargeable to the lots or parcels of land abutting on such streets, in proportion to the benefits accruing thereto. Subsequent sections designate the course to be pursued by the council and other officers as to the doing of the work and the making of the assessments. When a contract has been let to do such work, it may provide that the amounts chargeable to abutting real estate may be paid with certificates against the lots, or in improvement bonds, or in certificates and part cash, or improvement bonds, or both. Sec. 151. After the amount chargeable to abutting real estate has been finally determined, the council may cause a notice to be published in the official paper that a contract has been let, or is about to be let, for such improvements, and that the amount chargeable to abutting real estate has been determined, and that it is proposed to issue bonds chargeable to such real estate, covering all said assessments, except in cases where the owner elects to pay in cash. Sec. 158. The following section provides that the city may issue improvement bonds covering all the unpaid assessments, which bonds are to be signed by the mayor and clerk, duly sealed, and “contain such recitals as may be necessary to show that they axe chargeable to particular property, specifying the same, and the number and amount of said bonds.” Such bonds are to be semiannual interest coupon bonds, payable at the option of the city after five years, and absolutely at the expiration of seven years from date, and are to' bear interest not exceeding six per cent. Sec. 160. The city treasurer shall pay the interest on and principal of the bonds as the same becomes due, and charge the amount to the proper fund. Sec. 162. Each year after the issuing of said bonds one fifth of the amount of the special assessment against each parcel of property, with six per cent, interest on the amount of the assessment then un*347paid, shall be extended on tibe tax roll against such property as a special tax, and, -when collected, shall be credited to the fund against which payment of said bonds is charged. Sec. 163.
These, in brief, are the provisions of the city charter having relation to the bond issue under consideration. On the one side it is argued that there is nothing in the charter tending to show that the improvement bonds should be special, and no real prohibition against the issue of general city bonds1 for street improvements. On the other it is asserted that the city has neither the power to issue general bonds for any such purpose nor power to levy taxes to pay the same. The matter which meets our attention when considering the first contention mentioned is the language of sec. 103.v It says “the common council shall have authority to issue bonds for the following purposes only ” stating the purposes. It is clearly a grant of power with a restriction. It has reference to the issue of general city bonds. It limits the authority to issue such bonds to the purposes stated. The language is clear gnd unambiguous, and must be interpreted or construed as it reads. The use of the word “only” is clearly restrictive, and excludes as clearly as language can the idea that the council can issue general city bonds for purposes other than those expressed. Mo argument can break the force of language of such plain intent. Unless there is something in the language of subeh. 16 to do away with the conclusive effect of this section, the contention of the plaintiff is overthrown at the outset. Eef erring to the provisions of ch. 16, we find it distinctly stated that in the first instance streets shall be improved at the expense of abutting property. The statement that such improvements shall be paid for by the abutting property clearly excludes the idea that it shall be paid for in any other way. If such improvements are not paid in cash by such owner, then the city may issue improvement bonds, which bonds shall recite that they are chargeable to particular property. A special *348tas shall be levied against said property each year, and, when collected, credited to the fund against which the payment of said bonds is charged; and the city treasurer' shall pay the interest and principal of the bonds as the same becomes due, and charge to the proper fund. By secs. 92, 93, the funds collected on special assessments are taken from the control of the council, and cannot be lawfully diverted for other purposes. The treasurer may make payments without leave of the council, and may defeat any attempt by the council to divert the fund by a refusal to pay. The legislative intention that special improvements of streets in the first- instance should be paid by the abutting property, and in no other way, is so manifest that it seems almost useless to argue it. A eon-trary inference, assumed to arise from the fact that the tax authorized to be levied would not be quite sufficient to pay the bonds and interest, cannot be entertained. If the city cares; for its sinking fund in the manner pointed out by the charter, the deficit, if any, would be so slight that an argument cannot be based upon the assumption.
Reviewing the situation, we have the express limitation upon the power of the council to issue bonds, the provision that the streets in the first instance shall be improved at the expense of the lotowners, the further provision that the bonds shall recite that they are chargeable to particular property, and the requirement for the collection of a special tax each year against such property for a fund to pay the same. If this does not evidence a plain legislative purpose contrary to plaintiff’s contention, we confess our inability to appreciate the force of the language used. We think it very clear that the city had no power to issue general bonds to pay for special improvements. If such power does not exist, it would seem to result, as a necessary legal corollary, that the power to levy general taxes to liquidate such bonds does not exist. No express power is given by the charter, and no provision of which we are aware is broad enough to sustain such *349power arising by implication. Tbe power to improve streets, tbe power to issue bonds, may imply tbe power to tax if tbe general power is unlimited; but sueb implication is repelled by tbe grant of a special taxing power adequate to meet tbe intended purpose. The case is clearly brought within tbe maxim of “Expressio unius esi exclusio alterius.” In other words, when special power of taxation is given, there is no power to tax raised by implication. U. S. v. Macon Co. 99 U. S. 582; U. S. ex rel. Spitzer v. Cicero (C. C.) 41 Fed. 83; Cleveland v. U. S. 49 C. C. A. 383, 111 Fed. 341. In tbe language of Chief Justice Waite in U. S. v. Macon Co., supra:
“Every purchaser of a municipal bond is chargeable with notice of the statute under which the bond was issued. If the statute gives no power to make the bond, the municipality is not bound. So, too, if the municipality has no power, either by express grant or by implication, to raise money by taxation to pay the bond, the holder cannot require the municipal authorities to pay a tax for that purpose.”
At this point we are confronted with the ease of Fowler v. Superior, 85 Wis. 411, 54 N. W. 800, which was a case arising under the charter of 1891. The purpose of the action was to restrain the issue of a block of so-called “improvement bonds” on the ground that the city was already indebted up to the constitutional limit. A majority of the court concluded that the bond on its face imported an absolute indebtedness and general liability of the city, and that the city had authority, under the charter, to issue and pay such bonds. The charter of 1891 (ch. 124) varies in some details from the charter of 1889. It contains substantially the same restrictions as to the issue of general bonds, a fact that seems to have escaped the attention of the court. The provisions regarding “city improvements” are distinctly variant. The charter of 1891 (sec. 130) provides that, when a contract is let, it may provide that the amount chargeable to abutting real estate may be paid with certificates against the lote, or in im*350provement bonds, or the proceeds of the sale of such bonds. There is no- similar provision in the charter of 1889. Another provision, not found in the older charter, is that any portion or instalment of such bonds might be sold by the common council at not less than par value. Sec, 133.. The council was authorized to insert such recitals in said bonds as were necessary to show that they were chargeable to particular property “and such other provisions as the common council may think proper to insert.” Sec. 132. The provision regarding the collection of a special tax was also somewhat different. There is some ground for saying that under the charter of 1891 the plan of issuing improvement bonds contemplated that the city should put them in market as securities, to the payment of which the faith of the city was pledged. The charter differences are somewhat significant, and give color, at least, to the conclusion reached. We cannot resist the conclusion, however, that, had the court given due weight to the restriction upon the general authority to issue bonds contained in the charter, and to the fact that streets are to be improved at the expense of the lotowner, and paid for by the collection of a special tax imposed against Ms property, the argument used in the opinion would never have prevailed. It is with the greatest reluctance that we have reached a conclusion seemingly running counter to this case. The arguments used to support it are indefensible under the charter of 1889. Whether improvement bonds issued under the charter of 1891 are or are not good as a general city bond is not a question now for decision. All we intend now to say is that, notwithstanding what was said in the Fowler Case, we are clearly of opinion that the council had no power under the charter of 1889 to issue special improvement bonds as general city obligations.
The bonds in suit are, therefore, not valid as general city bonds, and cannot be sued upon as' such, unless the city has become estopped from setting up the facts. The bonds in *351suit recite that they were issued by authority of ch. 16 of the charter, and that all the acts, conditions, and things required to be done precedent to and in issuing of the bonds have fully happened and been performed in regular and due form as required by law. As said in U. S. v. Macon Co. 99 U. S. 582, every purchaser of such bonds was bound to take notice of the statute under which they were issued. Where there is an utter lack of power to issue bonds in the municipality, no recital can estop the defense of lack of power. Bronson, Recitais Mun. Bonds, 86; Bogart v. Lamotte, 79 Mich. 294, 44 N. W. 612; Grant v. Reno, 107 Mich. 409, 65 N. W. 376. See Police Jury v. Britton, 15 Wall. 566; Travelers Ins. Co. v. Johnson, 40 C. C. A. 58, 99 Fed. 663. A bond stating on its face the act under which it is issued is notice to the holder. Comm’rs v. Call, 123 N. C. 308, 31 S. E. 481. The foregoing and many other authorities that might be cited securely establish the proposition that, where there is lack of power to issue the bond, no recital contained therein will serve to prevent the municipality from setting up and relying upon the fact.
A further suggestion is made by appellant that the city is bound by ratification. It paid interest for a series of years, and made an agreement extending the time of maturity. As stated in Clark v. Janesville, 13 Wis. 415: “The very notion of ratification presupposes that the party ratifying might have done the act or made the contract.” Dullanty v. Vaughn, 77 Wis. 38, 45 N. W. 1128, and Trester v. Sheboygan, 87 Wis. 496, 58 N. W. 747, approve of this doctrine. Koch v. Milwaukee, 89 Wis. 220, 62 N. W. 918, discusses the question of ratification of unauthorized acts, and says: “A municipal corporation may ratify the unauthorized acts and contracts of its agents which are within the scope of its corporate powers, and such ratification is equivalent to previous authority. The same principle is applicable in this respect to such corporations as to individuals, but subsequent ratification *352cannot mate valid an act beyond tbe scope of corporate authority. 1 Dillon, Mun. Oorp. § 463, and cases cited in note 1; 15 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 1102, and cases cited.” McGillivray v. Joint School Dist. 112 Wis. 354, 88 N. W. 310, says that this power of ratification is subject to exactly the same limitations as the power to authorize in advance. That this is the prevailing rule, see Simonton, Mun. Bonds, § 247, and .cases cited.
While holding, as we do, that the ciiy had no authority to issue general city bonds to pay for special city improvements, and that for lack of such authority the city has not become bound by estoppel, it is not to be understood that the bondholder is entirely without remedy. The city, having collected the special assessments primarily designed to pay these bonds, may yet be liable to the holders for the sums so collected. That, however, is a matter for further consideration, as no recovery can be had on that ground under the complaint in suit.
By the Gov/rt. — The judgment is affirmed.