Court Opinion

ID: 8265436
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-16 16:00:38.749117+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:43:19.971669
License: Public Domain

REYNOLDS, P. J.
(after stating the facts)’.— While we have been favored in this case by an exceedingly elaborate and carefully prepared brief and argument on the part of the learned counsel for the appellant, the case is really within a very narrow compass. Whether the reference in this case was made in accordance with section 697, Revised Statutes 1899, by consent of the parties, is not clear. While there is no evidence of a written consent, it does appear that the parties appeared and agreed upon a referee and -the *734cause was thereupon referred to the person so agreed upon, under section 699, R. S. 1899, “to hear and determine all the issues involved therein.” It was distinctively a case for a reference. It involved the examination of a very long account, which the court could have referred without consent. The testimony shows that it was of such a nature that it would have been almost impossible for a jury to have dealt with it intelligently. Therefore it falls within what appears to be the rule in such a case, that the appellate court may, on motion of either party, review the findings of the referee and affirm or reverse the judgment in whole or in part. [State v. Hurlstone, 92 Mo. 327, 5 S. W. 38; Williams v. Railroad, 153 Mo. 487, 1. c. 485, 54 S. W. 689; Lack v. Brecht, 166 Mo. 242, 1. c. 257, 65 S. W. 976.]
The errors assigned by the learned counsel, both by exception and by motion for new trial, save what is claimed to be an error of law to be hereafter referred to, are to errors of the referee in his finding on facts. No errors are here assigned on the admission or rejection of evidence. Included in the finding of the referee is a very important and material one, that there was no contract covering the whole construction, and no contract whatever between plaintiff and defendant Henry W. Beck or Chas. J. Beck as his agent, as to the price to be charged for the material furnished and work and labor performed. If that finding is supported by the testimony, and it being against the existence of a contract for the price, it strikes at the very foundation of one of the claims of plaintiff, namely, the claim of error as to a limited contract price.
We have read all of the evidence in the case. Reading that evidence, wTe find it flatly and irreconcilably contradictory on all matters in controversy. If we are to weigh it we are confronted with a situation in which we are at a great disadvantage. We did not have the witnesses before us. The referee had. He was selected by the parties. His report has been confirmed by a very *735careful trial judge. Under these circumstances we do not feel warranted in disturbing that finding.
Defendant insists that the action is on a joint contract, a contract entered into by plaintiff with H. W. Beck and O. J. Beck jointly. The action as set out in the original petition is not on an express contract but on quantum meruit for the services and quantum valehat for the material furnished. It is an action in assumpsit, as it would be called if we preserved the common law forms of actions. Distinctively it is not an action upon an express contract. Whether this contract as set out in the original petition was a joint or several contract is not stated in that petition. Nor do we hold that it was necessary to use the word “joint,” in declaring on a contract, whether express or implied. We will return to this question, as affecting plaintiff’s right to dismiss as to one of the defendants, later. Assuming that an express contract had been proven which covered not only the details of the work and labor to be done and performed and material to be furnished, but also the price to be paid for these, plaintiff had a clear right to abandon this contract and sue in assumpsit, and if an express contract had been proven, notwithstanding the suit was not on it but on a quantum meruit or quantum valehat, the measure of the recovery by plaintiff would be the amount stated in the contract. The rule applicable to cases of that kind is well and accurately stated by Judge Nortoni, speaking for this court, in the case of Cozad v. Elam, 115 Mo. App. 136, 91 S. W. 434. Furthermore, it is the settled law of this State that where a party sues on a special contract he must recover upon that or not recover at all in that action; that having elected to stand upon a special contract he cannot recover for money had and received to his use or upon a quantum meruit for work and labor done or services rendered. [Cole v. Armour, 154 Mo. 333, 1. c. 350, 55 S. W. 476.] This is settled by an unbroken line of authority. The converse of this proposition is, *736that where a party sues on a quantum meruit or quantum valébat, he cannot recover on a special contract if one is proven. As held in Cozad v. Elam, supra, while he cannot, having sued on an implied contract, recover on the express contract, on a contract being proven he cannot recover by way of damages more than the amount stipulated in the contract. In the case at bar, applying these principles, it is found as a fact by the referee that while there wras a contract between plaintiff and Chas. J. Beck, as agent of H. W. Beck, as to many of the items and details of the work, it did not cover the whole work and it did not fix or limit any price; he specifically finds that it did not limit or fix a price. Hence all the assignments of error to the allowance of more than the amount that the defendant claimed had been agreed upon by contract must fail, the referee having found that there was no contract limiting or fixing the price.
We find no error in the rulings of the referee on the exclusion or admission of testimony. There is substantial evidence to support all of his findings and we are therefore without good cause to disturb his finding or the action of the circuit court in overruling exceptions to the report, unless there be some merit in the contention, which is so earnestly made and elaborately and learnedly argued by the counsel for the defendant, that plaintiff having sued both defendants, cannot after-wards dismiss as to one and recover as against the other, and hence that it was error to have allowed plaintiff to amend his petition on June 29, 1908, so as to sue in implied assumpsit against H. W. Beck alone, instead of H. W. and C. J. Beck, who were the original defendants. H. W. Beck excepted to this amendment, which was made after the evidence had been taken and the report of the referee filed, in order to conform the petition to the evidence. The two defendants originally sued had stated in their answers that C. J. Bteck was but the agent of H. W. Beck, and H, W. Beck was the man who *737really contracted with plaintiff to build the barn. Many cases are cited on the point that a party cannot sue on a joint contract and recover on a several one; that proof of a several contract will not sustain a petition declaring on a joint one. We have been cited to no case, however, which holds that if a plaintiff declares on a joint contract against two or more defendants and the proof shows a several contract, it is error to permit him to amend his petition to conform to the facts. That this amounts to a total change of a cause of action is contended by defendant’s counsel, citing Slaughter v. Davenport, 151 Mo. 26, 51 S. W. 471; Pattison’s Code Pleading, sec. 974; Am. and Eng. Ency. Pl. and Pr., vol. 1, p. 586.
We find nothing to support this or on this proposition in Am. and Eng. Ency. PI. and Pr., in vol. 1, p. 586, and have not been able to find anything in Pattison’s Code Pleadings, except a reference to Slaughter v. Davenport. What that case decided was that where there had been a promise to pay three persons jointly, one of them could not maintain an action on the promise but the action must be in the name of the three promisees. Regarding the Slaughter case it is to be observed that it was begun in a justice’s court in the name of the three promisees and after appeal to the circuit court, the statement was amended by striking out the names of two promisees, leaving the action in the name of one only. The Supreme Court held it rightly brought in the first place and the amendment bad. A joint promise to two cannot be sued on by one, for the judgment would not be a good defense against an action by the other promisee. But what the court was considering in the Slaughter case was the statute regarding amendments of appeals from justices of the peace; and what was decided was that the amendment was a change of the cause of action within the sense of that statute; in other words the case stated by the amendment was not *738the same cause of action originally instituted before the justice. We do not consider that case an authority for the proposition that an amendment of the petition cannot be allowed, if the petition was originally against two persons as obligors- so as to make it against one only, the evidence showing that but one had obligated himself. Moreover, in the present case the defendants themselves had been pleading that very fact and certainly it was not prejudicial error to make the petition conform to what they had averred all along was the fact, inasmuch as they could not be misled by such an amendment.
■ It is true the petition does not allege a joint assumpsit, but it does allege the labor and materials were furnished at the instance and request of the defendants; that is, both of them, and for their use and benefit. That this may be a joint assumpsit is shown in the cases reviewed by appellant’s counsel in the motion for rehearing.
In Crews v. Lackland, 67 Mo. 619, Judge Sherwood, commenting on an instruction which .set out that the defendants were sued as partners and that the bur-then of proof on this point is upon the plaintiff and that unless the jury are satisfied from the evidence in the case that at the time of the alleged making of the alleged contract, the defendants were partners, then the verdict must be for the defendants, said that at common law it is clear that this instruction should have been given but that our statute, referring to what is now section 624, Revised Statutes 1899, had altered the rule of the common law and that the section is applicable to suits against partners as well as to suits in which there were more than one defendant.
“It is difficult to see,” in this case, as was said by our Supreme Court in the Slaughter case, and as was done in Rider v. Kirk, 82 Mo. App. 120, the case having been dismissed as against Chas. J. Beck before final submission and before the report of the referee *739and before confirmation of that report, “how the dismissal of it as to him conld in any way change the cause of action.”
It appears very clearly by the evidence in the case, that Chas. J. Beck was the party with whom all the transactions connected with the building of this barn were had. ■ It is probably true that plaintiff knew that the barn was to be erected on a farm owned by Henry W. Beck. It is true that what is claimed to have been the bid or proposal of plaintiff for doing the work is in the name of H. W. Beck. Notwithstanding this, there Avas nothing to indicate that Chas. J. Beck, who was living upon the farm alone — that is Henry W. Beck does not appear to have lived there — might not have been erecting the barn for his own use and was to pay for it. It might have been, from anything that appears in the testimony, that Chas. J. B’eck was the agent of an undisclosed principal, or it might have been that he was acting for himself or with his father in the erection of a barn on his father’s farm. The evidence tends to convey the impression that this barn was to be used for the sheltering of stock which that same evidence seems to indicate it was being raised by Chas. J. Beck, and was his own property. The bargaining was with Charles alone, and the father does not, save in name, appear in the transaction at all. He does not appear to have been on^the premises or looked after the construction even when his son was laid up with a broken limb and unable to leave the house. Under these circumstances it would be a harsh rule to say that because plaintiff proceeded against both the principal and the agent, that when he discovered that the facts set out in the answer and as developed at the trial were that Chas. J. Beck was the mere agent of his father, Henry W. Beck, in the erection of this barn, and that fact was discovered before final judgment in the case, that the plaintiff should not be allowed to dismiss as to the agent and go out of court When conforming to the proof in the case, he dismissed *740as to the agent. Surely it would be a refinement of technicality and not in furtherance or promotion of substantial justice, or to the making an end of litigation, to require this. More especially so, when the interests of no one were affected, the rights of no one disturbed or even jeopardized, no one surprised or denied or deprived of any substantial defense. It is surely not justice that at the end of a long and expensive hearing, a plaintiff should be thrown out of court merely because, out of abundant caution and evidently in ignorance of the real facts, he had united the principal and agent in a suit for the recovery of the value of material and of services and labor rendered on the express order of the agent himself. We do not believe that any such naked technicality should be tolerated in any court, nor do we find that in any case in the courts of our State, any such rule has been recognized, under such facts as were developed in this case, and applied as sufficient reason for throwing a plaintiff out. of court. It is furthermore to be observed that the objection of the defendant to the misjoinder of parties was in no manner raised in this case until the report of the referee had come in and was before the court for its action. The misjoinder of parties not appearing on the face of the petition, it could be taken advantage of only by ánswer. If the misjoinder of parties is not raised by demurrer or answer, it is waived. [R. S. 1899, sec. 602.] It is true that defendant in his amended answers set up the fact that the contract was with plaintiff in behalf of Henry W. Beck, made through Chas. J. Beck, as his agent. But this defense was not set up by way of objection for misjoinder of parties nor in abatement or even in bar of the action but was set up in support of what was alleged to haye been the real contract between the plaintiff and the defendant H. W. Beck, through his agent, Chas. J. Bfeck. The answers, as amended, went further and set up a counterclaim of Chas. J. Beck as against this plaintiff on a demand alleged to have arisen out of this *741same transaction. In this state of the record we would feel that we were doing rank injustice if we sustained defendant in the position which he now takes, and should hold, that hy having dismissed as to Chas. J. Beck, plaintiff necessarily went out of court as to his whole action. We decline to take any such ground.
Under the Statute of Jeofails, Revised Statutes 1899, section 657, it was entirely competent for the court on the coming in of the report of the referee and before final judgment and in furtherance of justice, to allow the dismissal and the amendment, all done to conform the pleadings to the facts proven.
The point is made, that in dismissing as to Chas. J. Beck, the court lost jurisdiction against Henry W. Beck by reason of his being a resident of the city of St. Louis and not of St. Louis county, service in the county having been had on Chas.- J. Beck alone, Henry W. Beck having been served outside of the county. This objection is disposed of by the statement, that no such point was made in the lower court. Henry W. Beck appeared and answered to the merits. Without any objection so far as appears by the record in the case, after the dismissal of the cause as against Chas. J. Beck, Henry W. Beck pleaded, appeared and made motions going to the merits and participated in the trial of the cause without suggestion of lack of jurisdiction of the court over his person. If that jurisdiction was lacking originally, as it was merely to the person and was a personal privilege of the defendant, Henry W. Beck, he waived it by his action and by his failure to raise it in apt time. This is so fully covered by the decision of the Kansas City Court of Appeals in Rider v. Kirk, supra, a case in this particular feature almost parallel to the case at bar, that it is unnecessary to dwell on it.
Finding no error in the record of proceedings to the real prejudice of the defendant, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.
All concur.