Court Opinion

ID: 2686148
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-07-29 16:00:55.761706+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:12:57.598983
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                              OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS

*********************
SHERRY LERWICK, legal                  *
representative of a minor child,       *
B.L.,                                  *     No. 06-847V
                                       *     Special Master Christian J. Moran
                    Petitioner,        *
                                       *
v.                                     *     Filed: June 30, 2014
                                       *
SECRETARY OF HEALTH                    *
AND HUMAN SERVICES,                    *     Damages; attendant care; living at
                                       *     home; statutory interpretation.
                    Respondent.        *
*********************
Curtis Webb, Twin Falls, ID, for petitioner;
Darryl R. Wishard and Michael P. Milmoe, United States Dep’t of Justice,
Washington, DC, for respondent.

             PUBLISHED RULING REGARDING COMPENSATION1

       B.L. is a profoundly handicapped ten-year-old. His mother, the petitioner in
this case, established that a vaccine caused his neurological disabilities.
Entitlement Ruling, 2011 WL 4537874 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Sept. 8, 2011). Ms.
Lerwick is entitled to compensation from the National Childhood Vaccine Injury
Compensation Program.

      The parties have agreed upon most of the elements of compensation except
for two disputed aspects. The first disputed issue is whether it is reasonably
necessary for B.L. to have a licensed vocational nurse (LVN) present with him 24

       1
         Pursuant to a February 24, 2014 order, the child’s name has been redacted. The parties
may request additional redactions pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(4)(B); Vaccine Rule
18(b). In the absence of an additional request for redaction, this ruling will be posted in
accordance with the E-Government Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-347, 116 Stat. 2899, 2913
(Dec. 17, 2002).
hours a day, every day. For reasons explained in section IV., Ms. Lerwick has not
established that this much coverage, which would be a considerable jump from
B.L.’s current level of care, is reasonably necessary.

       The second issue is where B.L. will live. Ms. Lerwick proposes at her
home. The Secretary counters with a plan that, ultimately, does not provide
sufficient compensation for Ms. Lerwick to care for her son in her home. The
alternative is for B.L. to live at one of the homes for developmentally disabled
people in California. This issue presents both a legal question and a factual
question. As explained in section V., the question of law is resolved in Ms.
Lerwick’s favor. She wants B.L. to be in her house and she is entitled, as a matter
of law, to receive sufficient compensation for that purpose. However, if the proper
interpretation of the statute grants special masters discretion to award
compensation that is reasonably necessary to B.L.’s well-being (but not necessarily
sufficient for B.L. to stay at home), then the Secretary’s plan would be adopted.

I.    Background
      A.     B.L.

        Dr. Montoya, B.L.’s long-time pediatrician, succinctly summarized B.L.’s
abilities: “[B.L.] needs help with every activity.” Tr. 1018. Dr. Lubens, a doctor
the Secretary retained to examine B.L., had the same impression. B.L. is
“profoundly handicapped so that he’s totally dependent in all areas of life: feeding,
dressing, self-help, … eating, bathing, personal safety, everything.” Tr. 1274. The
Secretary’s life care planner, Ms. Laura Fox, also stated that “[B.L.] needs total
care. He needs somebody to help him through all his activities of daily living.”
Tr. 1517.

       Dr. Lubens diagnosed B.L. as suffering from severe cerebral palsy and
treatment resistant epilepsy. Exhibit D at 6; Tr. 1251. The cerebral palsy is a
sequela to the vaccine-caused acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and
has impaired B.L.’s neurologic functioning at every level. Tr. 1325-26. He
“communicates like an infant, a pre-toddler infant.” Tr. 1300. B.L. has the ability
to recognize his mother and when he sees her, he “can express joy and
excitement.” Tr. 1300.

      Ms. Lerwick purchased her family’s current home in 2009, when B.L. was
four years old. Then, B.L. was transported in a stroller. Tr. 1437. The house is a
two-story home, located on a cul-de-sac. On the second floor are a second family
room, Ms. Lerwick’s bedroom, and a bathroom with a deeper bathtub. When Ms.
                                             2
Lerwick wants B.L. in any of these locations, she must carry him up the stairs. Tr.
1439; see also Tr. 1123-24 (Ms. Lerwick’s description of how she moves B.L.).

      Although B.L. has some difficulties with the physical structure of Ms.
Lerwick’s house, the parties anticipate that the award of compensation will allow
Ms. Lerwick to modify her home. See exhibit 108A (bid for home modifications),
Tr. 1398-99. Ms. Lerwick stated that she plans to stay in this house for at least five
years. The house has some advantages, including an adequate school district and a
nearby firehouse. Tr. 1453, 1457.

       At home, B.L. resides with his mother and his sister. Tr. 1235.2 B.L.
currently has an emotional connection to his mom. The spark between them is
readily apparent in a video Ms. Lerwick submitted. Exhibit 126. Other witnesses
recognized the bond between Ms. Lerwick and her son. Tr. 1031 (Dr. Montoya),
1152 (Dr. Sankar). Ms. Lerwick also testified that B.L. has positive social
interactions with his cousins and neighbors. Tr. 1445.

      B.L.’s disabilities have not prevented him from attending school. He is the
subject of an individualized education program. Exhibit 127; exhibit 139. The
school system is responsible for providing a licensed vocational nurse for the 10
students in B.L.’s classroom. However, according to Ms. Lerwick, the school
system has not always fulfilled its obligation and B.L. has missed school days. Tr.
1122-26, 1419; see also Tr. 1561 (Ms. Fox). In the two most recent complete
school years, out of 179 days of school, B.L. has been entirely absent 26 days in
2012, and 31 days in 2013. Exhibit 135 at 2, 6.

       B.     Current Arrangement for B.L.’s Care

      All of B.L.’s needs are factors in the assistance various public entities
provide to Ms. Lerwick. She resides in the State of California, which has
promoted care for developmentally disabled people for decades. A program called
Medi-Cal EPSDT pays for an LVN to come to Ms. Lerwick’s home for 140 hours
per month. A separate program, administered through California’s regional
centers, provides 30 hours of LVN coverage for Ms. Lerwick to have a respite
from caring for B.L. Exhibit 107; Tr. 1112-13, 1253. Together, these two

       2
         Ms. Lerwick is divorced from B.L.’s father, who sees his son occasionally. Tr. 1459;
exhibit 133 (divorce stipulation).

                                                  3
programs equal approximately 40 hours of LVN assistance per week. Tr. 1113,
1282-83, 1570.

       The licensed vocational nurses who assist Ms. Lerwick are employed by a
private agency, Premier Healthcare Services. A physician signs a plan of care
authorizing the nurses working for that agency to perform the tasks listed on the
care plan. Tr. 1525, 1571-72. Here, Dr. Montoya signed a plan of care instructing
the nurse to provide certain medications, to take various standard safety
precautions such as adequate lighting and emergency preparedness, to use
precautions against aspiration at all times, and to assess B.L.’s respiratory and
neurologic functions, etc. Exhibit 107 at 9-12.

       At Ms. Lerwick’s direction, the LVN helping her sometimes accompanies
B.L. to school. A private nurse for B.L. duplicates, in some respects, the nursing
services that the school already provides. Ms. Lerwick has found that the needs of
the 10 students in B.L.’s class can overwhelm the nurse caring for them. Thus, she
devotes some of her nursing hours to time when B.L. is at school. Tr. 1419.

       A third program offers additional aid to Ms. Lerwick, although not
necessarily LVN coverage. The California Department of Social Services gives
Ms. Lerwick an allotment of money to pay for in-home supportive services (IHSS).
Ms. Lerwick decides how to use this money. Although Ms. Lerwick could spend
this money to purchase (expensive) nursing hours, she chooses to pay herself to
care for B.L. Since her hourly rate is commensurate with the hourly rate for an
unlicensed person, the IHSS money purchases more hours of her time. Exhibit
107; Tr. 1114, 1253-54. In July 2013, the IHSS money was the equivalent of
approximately 190 hours of unlicensed care per month (approximately 44 hours
per week). Exhibit 107. However, due to a reduction in services in August 2013,
Ms. Lerwick’s allotment will equal only about 156 hours per month
(approximately 36 hours per week). Tr. 1114, 1424. A non-licensed person,
sometimes known as a home health aide, can perform tasks like repositioning,
grooming, and bathing. Tr. 1519.

      The effect of all these services has been to keep B.L. safe in Ms. Lerwick’s
home. Tr. 1050 (Dr. Montoya). For example, the fact that B.L. has not been
hospitalized for aspirational pneumonia could be attributed to the excellent care he
receives. Tr. 1154, 1545-46.

      While B.L. has not worsened in the last few years, he also has not improved
in any significant manner. The vaccine-induced ADEM inflicted severe and

                                             4
permanent damage to his brain. Consequently, over the past two years that Dr.
Montoya has acted as B.L.’s pediatrician, Dr. Montoya has not seen any
improvement. Tr. 1014, 1060. Likewise, Dr. Raman Sankar, B.L.’s pediatric
neurologist at U.C.L.A., stated that B.L.’s condition is “stable” and he does not
expect any noticeable progress. Tr. 1138.

       Unfortunately, B.L.’s abilities are unlikely to improve in any meaningful
way. Dr. Sankar predicted that 15 years from now, B.L. would not be able to do
any more for himself (Tr. 1171) an opinion shared by Dr. Lubens (Tr. 1298).
Thus, B.L. requires a comprehensive plan to care for him throughout his life. The
parties dispute the best ways to address B.L.’s needs.

II.   Procedural History
       Ms. Lerwick filed her petition on December 12, 2006. A September 8, 2011
ruling set forth the relevant procedural history during the entitlement phase of the
case and found that Ms. Lerwick was entitled to compensation.

      In September 2011, the parties started to determine the amount of
compensation to which Ms. Lerwick is entitled. See order, issued Sept. 27, 2011.
To assist her in this process, Ms. Lerwick retained Re-Entry Inc., a business owned
by Helen Woodard. With the assistance of an associate, Amy Weaver, Ms.
Woodard obtained some updated medical records and school records about B.L.
Ms. Lerwick provided a schedule of B.L.’s day, listing time spent eating,
performing six types of exercises, being cleaned, and attending therapy. Exhibit 63
at 4. Ms. Woodard incorporated this material into a life care plan, which was filed
as exhibit 60 on April 23, 2012. Ms. Woodard proposed, among other things, that
B.L. receive 24 hours of licensed nursing care a day for the remainder of his life,
which he would spend in Ms. Lerwick’s house. Ms. Woodard’s original life care
plan did not offset the cost of any item with an amount from insurance.

        Between April and August 2012, Ms. Lerwick filed into the record various
materials that the staff from Re-Entry had obtained. Exhibits 62 through 105.
After Ms. Woodard presented her life care plan, the Secretary’s life care planner,
Ms. Fox, saw B.L. at his home and school. Ms. Weaver accompanied Ms. Fox on
this site visit.

       On September 10, 2012, the Secretary presented a comprehensive motion to
amend the schedule, which had required the Secretary to file a responsive life care
plan by September 10, 2012. The government proposed that Ms. Woodard amend
her life care plan to include offsets for insurance. The Secretary also stated that
                                             5
she was exploring the possibility of retaining a doctor to examine B.L. Ms.
Lerwick filed an amended life care plan on September 28, 2012, as exhibit 106.

       Dr. Perry Lubens, a neurologist whom the Secretary retained, examined B.L.
on February 20, 2013. On March 21, 2013, the Secretary filed Dr. Lubens’s
resulting report as exhibit D. The Secretary also provided Dr. Lubens’s report to
Ms. Fox.

      The Secretary filed two documents from Ms. Fox on May 6, 2013. The first
document, exhibit E, is a six-page narrative nursing assessment. The other
document, exhibit F, is a comprehensive response to the petitioner’s life care plan.
Ms. Fox did not agree with Ms. Woodard’s recommendation for 24-hour licensed
nursing care. Ms. Fox also recommended that at age 25, B.L. should live in a
residential facility, not Ms. Lerwick’s house. Exhibit F at 7-8.

      The differing life care plans were discussed at an ensuing status conference
on May 28, 2013. Ms. Lerwick represented that the parties were “worlds apart on
the most important issue” − whether B.L. needed 24-hour licensed care. Ms.
Lerwick recommended scheduling a hearing in early September 2013. Ms.
Lerwick proposed that she and Ms. Woodard would testify at the hearing.
Additionally, Ms. Lerwick indicated that other witnesses might include directors of
nursing facilities and B.L.’s treating neurologist. The Secretary agreed with the
scheduling of a hearing in September and indicated that she planned to offer
testimony from Ms. Fox and Dr. Lubens. Additionally, the Secretary stated that
she might find administrators of residential facilities to testify.

       Once the case was being scheduled for a hearing, Ms. Lerwick took two
steps. First, she made a legal argument by filing a motion for summary judgment.
Ms. Lerwick argued, as a matter of law, that she should be awarded a sufficient
amount of compensation to allow for B.L. to remain in her house. Additional
briefs were filed on this topic. For the details of those arguments, see section V.
below.

       Second, Ms. Lerwick developed the factual basis for her contentions. For
example, on July 15, 2013, Ms. Lerwick filed responses from two of B.L.’s
treating doctors, Dr. Sankar and Dr. Montoya, to a questionnaire developed by Re-
Entry. Exhibit 110A; exhibit 110B; exhibit 110C; exhibit 111A; exhibit 111B.
Staff from Re-Entry had developed this questionnaire without any input from Ms.
Fox. Ms. Lerwick also filed an affidavit from B.L.’s nurse, Maricel Seiwert.
Exhibit 112.

                                             6
      The Secretary also made a legal and factual response. She submitted a letter
from Michael Cutchshaw, a director of operations for ResCare, which operates
residential facilities in California. Exhibit G. She also submitted other material
regarding residential placements. Exhibits H through K.

       Throughout August 2013, and continuing through early September 2013, the
parties filed additional evidence. Exhibit L is an amended life care plan from Ms.
Fox, listing areas of agreement and disagreement in the two life care plans.3
Exhibit 126 is a video depicting how B.L. lives. This “day-in-the life” video was
very effective in communicating the extent of B.L.’s abilities.

       On September 12, 2013, a telephonic hearing was conducted. The only
witness was Dr. Montoya. The hearing resumed in San Diego, California on
September 17, 2013, and concluded the next day. Ms. Lerwick, Ms. Woodard, Dr.
Lubens, and Ms. Fox appeared in person. Dr. Sankar and Mr. Cutchshaw testified
via telephone.

       After the hearing, the parties filed briefs.4 As directed by an April 3, 2014
order, the parties made supplemental submissions on April 18, 2014. Thereafter,
the parties filed additional material on April 23, 2014 and May 9, 2014. These
filings make the case ready for adjudication.

III.   Standards for Adjudication
       The pertinent statutory language for compensation states:

                     Compensation . . . for a vaccine-related injury . . .
              shall include the following:

       3
         In their life care plans, the parties have agreed to compensate Ms. Lerwick for the
unreimbursed portion of the cost of the many types of therapies B.L. receives. Similarly, B.L.
sees multiple doctors, Tr. 1033 (Dr. Montoya), 1460 (Ms. Lerwick), and there is no dispute about
these items. Exhibit 131.
       4
         Ms. Lerwick was awarded $325,000.00 in compensation on an interim basis. That sum
represents a portion of the amount to which she is entitled. 2014 WL 1897656 (Fed. Cl. Spec.
Mstr. Apr. 16, 2014).

                                                   7
            (1)(A) Actual unreimbursable expenses incurred from
            the date of the judgment awarding such expenses and
            reasonable projected unreimbursable expenses which

                   (i) result from the vaccine-related injury for which
                   petitioner seeks compensation,

                   (ii) have been or will be incurred by or on behalf
                   of the person who suffered such injury, and

                   (iii)(I) have been or will be for diagnosis and
                   medical or other remedial care determined to be
                   reasonably necessary, or

                   (iii)(II) have been or will be for rehabilitation [etc].

42 U.S.C. § 300aa—15(a). A critical aspect is that the item of care be “reasonably
necessary.”

      Special masters have characterized this phrase as a “vague instruction” and a
standard for which there is “no precise” definition. Bedell v. Sec’y of Health &
Human Servs., No. 90-765V, 1992 WL 266285, at *4 (Cl. Ct. Spec. Mstr. Sept. 18,
1992). A very early decision in the Vaccine Program explained that the term
“reasonably necessary” means

            that an award should provide compensation beyond that
            which is required to meet the basic needs of the injured
            person in the compensable areas but short of that which
            may be required to optimize the injured person’s quality
            of life. What is reasonably necessary lies somewhere
            between that which is ‘indispensable’ and that which is
            ‘advantageous.’

Scheinfield v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 90-212V, 1991 WL 94360, at
*2 (Cl. Ct. Spec. Mstr. May 20, 1991). Consistent with Congress’s intent that the
Vaccine Program be generous, it is logical to interpret “reasonably necessary” as
closer to “advantageous” than to “indispensable.” See H.R. Rep. No. 99-908, at 3
(1986), reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 6344.

                                              8
After these early decisions, very few decisions in the Vaccine Program have
determined whether a particular level of attendant care is “reasonably necessary.”5

      As discussed below, “the reasonably necessary” standard is the focus for
determining the amount of attendant care for B.L. In addition, the “reasonably
necessary” standard seems to underlie the Secretary’s position regarding whether
B.L. should live at home for the remainder of his life.

IV.    Attendant Care
       As mentioned earlier, the parties have agreed upon many items in B.L.’s
care plan. For example, before the hearing, the parties agreed upon the frequency
of doctors’ appointments, the frequency of many types of therapy, and equipment
that B.L. will use. Exhibit 109 (supplemental life care plan) at 2. These
agreements have greatly simplified this case and the efforts of both life care
planners, Ms. Woodard, and Ms. Fox, and both attorneys, Mr. Webb and Mr.
Milmoe, are greatly appreciated. However, the parties have not resolved an
important issue, the amount of attendant care.

       A.      Differing Recommendations for B.L.’s Care

       Ms. Lerwick and Ms. Woodard propose that an LVN should care for B.L. 24
hours a day, every day. Exhibit 109 at 4-5; Tr. 1221. In contrast, the Secretary
and Ms. Fox suggest a plan in which different types of care-givers assist Ms.
Lerwick. Under the government’s plan, B.L. will have an LVN for 8 hours every
day and a home health aide for 4 hours every day, for a total of 12 hours of daily
care (not including the LVN coverage provided by the school system on school
days). Exhibit L (life care plan); Tr. 1521, 1556.6

       5
          The primary reason why special masters have written so few decisions addressing
attendant care is that once a case reaches the stage in which damages are being determined, the
parties have almost always compromised their positions. These agreements have reduced the
litigation over items of compensation. The credit for these settlements belongs to the attorneys
and the life care planners whom they employ.
       6
         The financial difference between the two plans is large. Ms. Woodard asserted that
LVN care costs $37 to $55 per hour and the annual cost is $324,120 to $481,800. Exhibit 60 at
PDF 56. Ms. Fox accepted that LVN care costs $37 per hour and allotted 8 hours. Ms. Fox
added aide level care at $18 per hour for 4 hours per day. Ms. Fox made adjustments for respite
care and care that will continue to be available through the regional center. The total annual cost
for Ms. Fox’s plan was $124,472. Exhibit L at 1-2.

                                                    9
       The differences in recommendations reflect differences in philosophies
between Ms. Woodard and Ms. Fox. The starting point for Ms. Fox is the level of
care that B.L. is receiving from various California programs. Tr. 1516-17.
Because Ms. Fox concluded that B.L.’s 2013 care plan (exhibit 107) was
reasonable, her goal was either to continue that plan or to increase it. Tr. 1518,
1520-21. Under B.L.’s current plan, an LVN needs to be present for B.L. when
Ms. Lerwick is absent because B.L. may need medication. But, when Ms. Lerwick
is with B.L., there is a need for support services only. If B.L. needs medication,
Ms. Lerwick can provide it to her son. Tr. 1517-20.

       Ms. Woodard took a different view regarding Ms. Lerwick’s contribution.
She stated “it’s my position that she has no obligation to provide him extraordinary
care. And his extraordinary care needs occur throughout the 24 hours.” Tr. 1575.
Ms. Woodard explained that without 24 hour LVN coverage, Ms. Lerwick “has to
wake up and attend to [B.L.’s needs]. And she does. She’s alert to his needs. She
checks him regularly. She looks at him on a monitor. But more importantly, she
goes in to take care of whatever has happened. And it’s really important to start
getting back to her being able to sleep like regular people sleep, not wake up every
hour and a half or two hours.” Tr. 1573-74.

        Since the submission of petitioner’s life care plan in April 2012, Ms.
Woodard has recommended 24-hour LVN coverage. The strongest support for this
recommendation in the life care plan appears to be a June 23, 2011 letter in which
Dr. Sankar stated that B.L. should be under constant supervision by a qualified
LVN. See exhibit 60 (life care plan) at PDF 37; exhibit 90 at 2 (Dr. Sankar’s
letter).7 However, the context for Dr. Sankar’s recommendation appears to be a
request that the school system provide an LVN while B.L. rides the school bus
because his seizures “occur primarily in the morning.” Exhibit 90 at 2. Dr. Sankar
did not address whether an LVN was required while B.L. was sleeping.

       Dr. Sankar’s testimony raised additional questions about the need for LVN
assistance. Before the hearing, Dr. Sankar had written a July 12, 2013 letter to Ms.
Lerwick’s attorney, stating “[B.L.] requires 24 hour a day nursing care by a
licensed vocational nurse.” Exhibit 110A at 1. At the hearing, Dr. Sankar stated
that he understood the differences among certified nurse’s assistants, licensed
vocational nurses, and registered nurses “to some degree.” Dr. Sankar described
       7
       Ms. Woodard's narrative also mentions a March 21, 2012 report from Maria Taylor,
RN. See exhibit 60 at PDF 41.

                                               10
himself as limited to saying “what the child needs.… Whether it can be done by
the LVN or the CNA is usually not my call, because that is not the bulk of my
practice in the hospital.” Tr. 1134. When questioned about the July 12, 2013
letter, Dr. Sankar stated that he specified the person providing care to B.L. had to
be an LVN because “I was informed that somebody less than LVN may not be able
to do what needs to be done.” Tr. 1146.

       A similar pattern occurred with respect to Dr. Montoya. In April 2012, he
completed a form prepared by Ms. Woodard’s staff. Dr. Montoya stated that B.L.
“will likely always require full time supervision.” Exhibit 119 at PDF 7. Like Dr.
Sankar, Dr. Montoya did not know the differences among different types of
caregivers. Tr. 1012, 1021. When Dr. Montoya was asked specifically about his
April 2012 recommendations, Dr. Montoya stated that he could not comment on
whether the overnight care should be provided by a home health care aide, licensed
vocational nurse, or parent. Tr. 1077.

       On the other hand, Dr. Lubens seemed knowledgeable about abilities of
different caregivers from his work in advocating for his patients. Tr. 1290-98. Dr.
Lubens’s opinion was that B.L. did not require 24-hour nursing care. Tr. 1281-86.
In explaining why B.L. did not need 24-hour nursing care, Dr. Lubens stated that
B.L. “needs an adult to do the care that Dr. Sankar talked about: positioning,
making sure he get his medication,… watching him carefully, even doing physical
therapy on him. I just don’t think any of those things require a nurse.” Tr. 1310.
In Dr. Lubens’s view, Ms. Lerwick is responsible for caring for B.L. outside of the
time an LVN is present (8 hours per day) and outside of the time a home health
aide is present (4 hours per day). Thus Ms. Lerwick is responsible for B.L. during
his sleeping hours. Tr. 1328-29.

       The summary above points out that the parties actually have two disputes.
The first is the number of hours of attendant care per day. Ms. Woodard advocates
for 24 hours of care. Ms. Fox proposes 12 hours (plus other care during school).
Ms. Fox, effectively, makes Ms. Lerwick responsible for B.L.’s well-being during
the nighttime hours when B.L. is sleeping. See Tr. 1277-78, 1574-76.

       The second dispute is who provides the care. The choices are either an LVN
or a home health aide. Among the witnesses who discussed the differences
between LVNs and home health aides, Ms. Fox was particularly knowledgeable
because she is a nurse licensed in California and has supervised home health aides
in California. Tr. 1500-07. Ms. Fox explained that LVNs obtain one year of post-
secondary education and pass an examination to obtain a license. In contrast,

                                            11
home health aides are not required to have achieved any particular level in
education, although most have graduated from high school. Home health aides
attend a 60-hour training program to receive certification. Tr. 1511-12.

       The educational and training differences between LVNs and home health
aides are consistent with the duties that they perform. For B.L., it is important to
note that LVNs are authorized to provide medication and to suction patients.
These tasks and others like them are considered aspects of “skilled” nursing care.
Tr. 1231-34 (Ms. Woodard), 1327 (Dr. Lubens), 1560 (Ms. Fox); Exhibit 115 (Cal.
Dep’t of Health Servs. Licensing & Certification Program, Nurse Assistants, Home
Health Aides, Hemodialysis Technicians Certification Facts (2006)).

       California does not currently provide an LVN to watch B.L. 24 hours per
day. If B.L. required continual monitoring from a licensed nurse, then it seems
likely that the plan of care developed through the California Regional Centers
would have given Ms. Lerwick this assistance. Tr. 1517-18. Instead, California is
providing 170 hours of LVN assistance per month, and approximately 195 hours of
aide-level care.8 Exhibit 107. With approximately 12 hours of assistance per day,
B.L. has done about as well as possible. The lack of 24-hour nursing care has not
harmed B.L. as both Dr. Montoya and Dr. Sankar testified that he has remained
stable while they cared for him.

       California’s provision of LVN care plus aide care is influential. By all
accounts, California has established an admirable system to care for
developmentally disabled individuals. Tr. 1506; see Arc of California v. Douglas,
2:11-CV-02545-MCE, 2013 WL 3331675, at *2 (E.D. Cal. July 1, 2013) (greater
eligibility under California’s Lanterman Act than under federal HCBS waiver
program) (citing Sanchez v. Johnson, 416 F.3d 1051, 1064-65 (9th Cir. 2005)
(describing Lanterman Act and the services it provides)); see generally exhibit M;
see also exhibit 122. Ms. Fox testified about the California system and Ms.
Woodard did not contradict Ms. Fox’s assessment. Tr. 1506. Thus, while
California’s system is not necessarily perfect, it is a reasonable starting point.

       8
         Because the Secretary proposes either to continue or to expand this care, the parties’
dispute is really about additional coverage. It is not an “all or nothing” situation.

                                                    12
      B.     Evaluation of Petitioner’s Arguments and Evidence

       To justify an increase in B.L.’s current level of attendant care beyond her
current level, Ms. Lerwick points to three aspects of B.L.’s condition: B.L.’s
unpredictable seizures, B.L.’s risk for aspiration, and B.L.’s risk for bed sores. Of
these three, only seizures and aspiration require the assistance of a licensed nurse.
A licensed nurse is not needed to address B.L.’s risk of bed sores because a
certified nursing assistant (CNA) is qualified to turn B.L. periodically.

             1.     Seizures

       Despite taking medication as a precaution against seizures prophylactically,
B.L. has seizures unpredictably. Tr. 1015-16, 1139-40, 1156, 1284. He has
different types of seizures. Sometimes, his eyes glaze and he stops tracking.
Sometimes, his muscles twitch and he can go into full body convulsions. Tr. 1201,
1472-76 (Ms. Lerwick), see also Tr. 1040-41 (Dr. Montoya).

      If B.L. were to have a seizure that was not stopped, the seizure could send
him into a state of status epilepticus. This could result in further brain injury. Tr.
1044 (Dr. Montoya). Dr. Sankar emphasized that a short seizure is not likely to
worsen the brain injury, although a prolonged seizure might. Dr. Sankar was more
worried about B.L.’s ability to breathe during any seizure. Tr. 1143-44, 1156.

       Dr. Sankar, B.L.’s treating neurologist, has provided instructions that can be
implemented when B.L. has a seizure at school. See exhibit 90 at 2-3; exhibit 124
at 1. When B.L.’s seizure lasts more than a few minutes, his caregiver provides
Klonopin, which is an oral medication. If the Klonopin does not halt the seizure,
the next medication is diazepam. Diazepam is given rectally. The next step is to
call for emergency assistance from paramedics. Tr. 1271; see also Tr. 1041-42
(Dr. Montoya), 1106 (Ms. Lerwick).

       Ms. Lerwick has been trained to give B.L. either Klonopin or diazepam. Tr.
1412-16 (describing the process for administering diazepam). She estimated in the
past year, she gave B.L. Klonopin 25-30 times. On five occasions, she has given
her son diazepam. Tr. 1203; but see Tr. 1472-76 (B.L. given diazepam 12-20
times in year and a half). Although Ms. Lerwick testified about the frequency of
B.L.’s seizures requiring medication, see Tr. 1203, 1472-76, her recollection did
not appear accurate. When Ms. Lerwick reported to doctors how frequently she
was administering Klonopin or diazepam, the frequency was much less. See, e.g.,
exhibit 119 at 47.

                                             13
      To care for B.L. at school, the school system has a seizure action plan.
Every child with epilepsy in California has a seizure action plan. Tr. 1269. In
California, a teacher (not a nurse) may administer the medication to the student.
American Nurses Ass’n v.Torlakson, 304 P.3d 1038 (Cal. 2013); see also Tr. 1141-
42 (Dr. Sankar).

       A few days before Ms. Lerwick testified, B.L. had a seizure while in school.
The school nurse gave him Klonopin, then diazepam, and then called for an
ambulance. Tr. 1105-06. The paramedics brought him to a local hospital where a
doctor, working with Ms. Lerwick’s assistance, assessed B.L. for baseline
functioning following the seizure. Tr. 1109-10; see also Tr. 1205, 1431-34. This
seizure that B.L. had at school a few days before the hearing confirms that when
adults respond to B.L. quickly, the seizure does not impair his functioning for a
lengthy time. See Tr. 1156-57 (Dr. Sankar: risks from prolonged seizures can be
averted with Diastat); see also Tr. 1142 (Dr. Sankar describing the relationship
between intervention time and seizure duration). Although B.L.’s seizure was
severe, the school nurse was able to recover him within 15 minutes and the
paramedics arrived before the seizure ended. Tr. 1109. Following the seizure,
B.L. was promptly transported to a local emergency room and seen by a doctor
who coordinated care with B.L.’s neurologist, Dr. Sankar. Tr. 1109-10. Thus,
although there is some possibility of harm from B.L.’s seizures, the likelihood of
harm is relatively remote in light of the interventions dictated by B.L.’s seizure
action plan.

       Moreover, Ms. Lerwick did not testify about the frequency of seizures that
occur during the night. Cf. exhibit 119 at 22 (two seizures at night while falling
asleep); exhibit 90 at 2 (Dr. Sankar letter stating that B.L.’s seizures usually
happen in the morning); exhibit 98 at 52 (history from 2011, stating “seizures
occurring in the AM around the same times 1030 or 0830”); exhibit 118 at 32
(2012 hospital record stating “overnight, no seizures witnessed by parents”). The
nighttime seizures, if any, are the important ones because if Ms. Lerwick had
established that she was often giving B.L. Klonopin and diazepam at night, then
this pattern might have constituted persuasive evidence justifying the provision of
a licensed nurse for the overnight hours. To the extent that some small percentage
of B.L.’s seizures happen at night and Ms. Lerwick interrupts her sleep to
administer medications to him, that irregular occurrence is part of the obligations
of being a parent. See McCollum v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 91 Fed. Cl.
86, 92 (2010) (“[h]ome attendant care does not, however, exempt parents from
caring for their own children”). Periodically, all children will wake their parents
with various complaints. Ms. Lerwick has not demonstrated that her experience

                                            14
with B.L. at night is sufficiently out-of-line with another parent’s nighttime care to
support the need for a licensed nurse for all hours of the day.

       The determination that Ms. Lerwick has not met her burden of establishing
that 24-hour LVN coverage is reasonably necessary is also informed by the
possible harm of a seizure. Dr. Sankar explained that a seizure that medication
quickly controls is unlikely to cause any neurological injury. Tr. 1143-44, 1156.

             2.     Aspiration

      Aspiration means “the drawing of a foreign substance, such as the gastric
contents, into the respiratory tract during inhalation.” Dorland’s Illustrated
Medical Dictionary 166 (32d ed. 2012). B.L. is at an increased risk for aspirating
because the functioning of his muscles involved in swallowing is impaired. Tr.
1154-56 (Dr. Sankar). He could aspirate on his own saliva, preventing him from
breathing. Tr. 1035, 1153-54, 1279. If B.L. aspirated when he is eating, the food
could end up in his lungs where it can be a source for bacteria leading to
pneumonia. Tr. 1035-36.

       B.L.’s caregivers currently take precautions to minimize the likelihood of
aspiration. For example, they can position him so that he is more upright. Another
precaution is to thicken his food to make it easier to swallow and more difficult to
aspirate. Tr. 1036, 1066, 1476. If these precautions do not prevent aspiration, and
he aspirates, B.L.’s caregiver must make sure he is properly positioned and call for
emergency assistance. Tr. 1144. Another response to aspiration is to use an
electric pump to suction the substance out of B.L.’s respiratory tract. Tr. 1036,
1154.

       The evidence about actual examples of B.L. having respiratory trouble was
inconsistent. Although B.L. had been treated for pneumonia several years ago, he
has not been recently hospitalized for pneumonia that could have developed as a
consequence of aspirating food. Tr. 1279, 1524, 1545-46. In March 2012, B.L.’s
gastrointestinal doctor, Dr. Katz, ordered a swallow study. Exhibit 66 at 21.
During this testing, B.L. exhibited “no aspiration or penetration on thin and regular
liquids and thin and thick purees.” Exhibit 66 at 19. A second swallow study was
performed the following year with similar results. Exhibit 120 at 1 (“No aspiration
or penetration was observed through the exam.”). In addition, B.L. appeared, in
the day-in-the-life video, to be able to drink from a sippy cup and Ms. Lerwick
stated that he can eat a variety of foods in a restaurant. Tr. 1436. The day-in-the-
life video did not show B.L. being suctioned. Exhibit 126; see also Tr. 1277 (Dr.

                                             15
Lubens). During Dr. Lubens’s appointment with B.L., Dr. Lubens did not see B.L.
being suctioned. Tr. 1277. Similarly, during Ms. Fox’s site visit to B.L.’s home
and school, Ms. Fox did not see B.L. being suctioned. Tr. 1524.

      On the other hand, Ms. Lerwick told Dr. Lubens that she used the suction
machine “one to five times a day.” Exhibit D at 4. Ms. Lerwick presented a
similar estimate during her testimony. Tr. 1471, 1478-79.

       B.L.’s choking on either food or saliva could conceivably lead to a terrible
outcome, such as aspiration pneumonia or worse. Tr. 1153-54. But, 24-hour
assistance from a nurse who could suction away the impediment is not reasonably
necessary to prevent aspiration. Several reasons support this finding. First, given
that the time in dispute is the nighttime period, food appears to be a minimal
concern. Presumably, Ms. Lerwick feeds B.L. hours before he goes to bed and this
interval allows B.L. to digest his meal. Ms. Lerwick did not testify about instances
of B.L. choking during the night. Second, B.L. has not recently experienced
pneumonia, which could have been the result of aspiration. See Tr. 1524, 1542,
1545. Third, B.L.’s swallow studies did not show any evidence of aspiration.
Exhibit 66 at 19; exhibit 120 at 1. The second and third reasons combine to
support the inference that B.L. has the ability to handle the saliva his body creates.
Fourth, B.L.’s plan for care at home, signed by Dr. Montoya, did not order that
B.L. be suctioned, or state that he needed suctioning. Exhibit 107; Tr. 1525. Fifth,
the forthcoming compensation to Ms. Lerwick will include money to allow her to
purchase a bed that will assist with B.L.’s positioning at night. See exhibit N at 6,
exhibit 98 at 10 (Dr. Montoya’s recommendation for a bed). All these factors
contribute to finding that overnight monitoring by an LVN is not reasonably
necessary to prevent aspiration.

        Consequently, the two aspects of B.L.’s life that arguably implicate a need
for licensed care, his irregular seizures and his potential aspiration, are
unpersuasive grounds for allowing such care. The remaining issue is whether B.L.
is at such risk for skin infection either from bed sores or his incontinence that an
attendant should care for him throughout the night. If so, a CNA, not an LVN,
could turn B.L. periodically to prevent bed sores and change his diaper.

             3.    Skin Infections

      The evidentiary presentations about B.L.’s risk for skin infection were not
robust. In hindsight, it appears through the hearing, the parties focused more on
the two topics that would require LVN coverage and spent relatively less time on a

                                             16
topic involving only home health aide care. Nevertheless, the parties subsequently
submitted sufficient evidence for a ruling regarding skin infections.

       B.L.’s risk for skin infections comes from two sources. First, B.L. is
incontinent. Second, B.L. also has some risk for developing bed sores that could
lead to an infection.

       The starting point for analysis is B.L.’s current status. With respect to
B.L.’s need for diapers, Ms. Woodard’s life care plan provides relatively few
details. Although Ms. Woodard’s 49-page life care plan includes a lengthy
recitation of medical records, there are only two references to “diaper,” including
once in the context of B.L.’s medical history, then again in her discussion of B.L.’s
current condition. Exhibit 60 at PDF 38, 48. Consequently, Ms. Woodard
included diapers and supplies among the items that B.L. requires. Id. at PDF 55.9
The recommended diapers were generic, not special ones people with skin
sensitivity would use.

       The Secretary’s witnesses were a source of more information about B.L.’s
need for diapers. During the appointment with Dr. Lubens, Ms. Lerwick told him
that B.L. “uses about six [diapers] a day. He has a bowel movement every other
day. He has never had problems with urinary tract infections.” Exhibit D at 4.
Ms. Fox learned similar facts about B.L.: “He is reported to have diarrhea about
twice a month. He does not have urinary tract infections. He uses a size 7 diaper
and uses 5-6 per day.” Exhibit E at 3.

      Medical records corroborate the accuracy of the reports from Dr. Lubens and
Ms. Fox. In July 2012, Ms. Lerwick requested that Dr. Montoya reauthorize
diapers, stating that B.L. uses “4-5 diapers daily . . . size 6.” Exhibit 119 at PDF
35. The next month, Dr. Montoya evaluated B.L.’s skin and noted “no diaper
rash.” Id. at PDF 39.

      The Premiere Healthcare Services plan, which was current when the hearing
was held, calculates approximately five hours of “[b]owel, [b]ladder care” needed
weekly, and authorizes assistance for roughly four of those hours. Exhibit 107 at
PDF 17. This appears to indicate that nearly all B.L.’s weekly diapering needs are
met by his day-time care.

      9
          Ms. Fox did not dispute that B.L. needs diapers and supplies. See exhibit F at 6.

                                                    17
        The number of diapers per day suggests that B.L. is being regularly changed
during the day, but not necessarily during the night. Ms. Lerwick did not testify
that she was waking to change B.L. Rather than routine nighttime interruptions, it
seems likely that B.L. “is changed on a habit schedule.” Exhibit 94 (April
2011Temecula School District report) at PDF 9. Thus, although B.L.’s inability to
toilet himself does create a need for diapers and associated supplies, the constant
presence of an attendant to clean B.L. throughout the nighttime hours while he is
sleeping is not “reasonably necessary.” 10

     A second risk for skin infections in B.L. is developing bed sores. People
who cannot move themselves are at risk for developing bed sores. Tr. 1039.

       Before the hearing, B.L.’s doctors had relatively little concern about his
development of bed sores. The only time doctors described a risk for bed sores
was in 2012, when Dr. Montoya included this risk-factor among the justifications
for a bed for B.L. Exhibit 102 at 19. Ms. Woodard noted Dr. Sankar’s
recommendation for a special bed that could elevate B.L.’s head and chest in her
life care plan, exhibit 60 at 39, and also recommended the purchase of a bed. Id. at
PDF 59. Otherwise, Ms. Woodard did not describe any medical record suggesting
B.L. was at risk for bed sores and did not further propose any equipment, such as
an egg carton mattress, that would minimize the likelihood of bed sores. See
exhibit 60; see also exhibit W at 3 (Ms. Fox’s report noting that Ms. Lerwick did
not request equipment that could prevent bed sores).

       The lack of concern about bed sores may be attributable to B.L.’s history. It
appears that he has been free of bed sores. Ms. Lerwick’s briefing has not
identified any medical record in which B.L. suffered from bed sores and an
independent review of the records has not located any. One 2006 record stated that
B.L. has “[n]o history of skin infections.” Exhibit 98 at 356.

      Although Dr. Montoya described this concern early in the hearing (Tr.
1019), the remaining witnesses did not speak to this issue very much. Dr. Sankar
confirmed that B.L.’s risk of bed sores was a factor in Dr. Sankar’s
recommendation for care. Tr. 1167. Ms. Lerwick stated that she wakens every
two hours to reposition B.L. Ms. Lerwick’s checking and repositioning helps to

       10
          Ms. Lerwick’s post-hearing submissions did not point out any concerns about
diapering.

                                                 18
maintain B.L.’s neck in a proper position and to avoid a problem in his hip. Tr.
1197.

       After the hearing, in response to an order, the parties submitted additional
evidence and argument on this topic. Ms. Fox stated “[B.L.] has some risk to
develop bed sores and skin infections as he is a child who has mobility issues, is
incontinent and uses diapers.” Exhibit W at 1. Ms. Fox characterized B.L.’s risk
as “low risk” because of a practice guideline. The nursing guideline for predicting
bed sores is known as the Braden scale because the original designers were
Barbara Braden and Nancy Bergstrom. On the Braden scale, the lower the
number, the greater the risk for bed sores. When Ms. Fox completed the Braden
scale for B.L., Ms. Fox scored him as a 17, placing him within the “mild risk,”
which ranges from 15 to 18. Exhibit W at 3.

       Ms. Lerwick quickly responded to the Secretary’s submission of Ms. Fox’s
Braden scale by submitting two Braden scale evaluations. One came from Terin
Harris, a registered nurse from Premier Healthcare Services. The other came from
Dr. Montoya. Both Nurse Harris and Dr. Montoya scored B.L. as a 12, which falls
in the high risk category of 10-12. Exhibit 137; exhibit 138.

       The Secretary submitted two more pieces of evidence, another letter from
Dr. Lubens and another letter from Ms. Fox. Exhibit X; exhibit Y. Dr. Lubens
opines that “patients such as [B.L.] with cerebral palsy have mobility, can roll
over, and have sensation. There is nothing to indicate that [B.L.] is immobile
during the night hours, and cerebral palsy patients like him move and adjust
positions during periods of rest and sleep.” Exhibit X at 1. While questioning the
necessity of a Braden scale for B.L., Dr. Lubens supports Ms. Fox’s earlier
assessment of “mild risk.” Id. at 2.

       Ms. Fox did not see a basis for an aide to turn B.L. in the nighttime hours.
“Turning and re-positioning while [B.L.] is sleeping was not reasonabl[y] needed
in the past, and is not reasonabl[y] necessary now or in the future. . . . It is my
professional opinion that [B.L.] will be better served by continuing the protocol he
has enjoyed for years, having a good night[’s] sleep, rather than changing it
without a compelling reason.” Exhibit Y at 3.

       Although Dr. Montoya’s and Ms. Harris’s evaluations are relevant, they do
not automatically establish that B.L. is at a high risk for developing a skin
infection. The “conclusion” of any treating doctor “shall not be binding on the
special master.” 42 U.S.C. § 300aa—13(b)(1). Here, the context of Dr. Montoya’s

                                            19
and Ms. Harris’s comments is important. Until the September 2013 hearing, they
were not recommending any additional monitoring for skin infections. The
Federal Circuit has held, in the context of a resolving contract dispute, that a
party’s pre-litigation conduct is relevant, see Saul Subsidiary II Ltd. Partnership v.
Barram, 189 F.3d 1324, 1326 (Fed. Cir. 1999), Julius Goldman's Egg City v.
United States, 697 F.2d 1051, 1058 (Fed. Cir.1983), and this principle also
provides some standard for evaluating statements of treating doctors. See Snyder
v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 88 Fed. Cl. 706, 745-46 n.67 (2009) (the
testimony of a treating physician is not “sacrosanct”); Ruiz v. Sec'y of Health &
Human Servs., No. 02-156V, 2007 WL 5161754, at *14 (Fed. Cl. Oct. 15, 2007)
(special master was not arbitrary in rejecting a statement of a treating doctor that
was given years after treatment ended and only in the context of litigation).

      Dr. Montoya’s recent assessment that B.L. is at high risk for bed sores
appears to be consistent with his past practice of readily supporting Ms. Lerwick’s
request for services. For example, Dr. Montoya recommended B.L. participate in
Sky Therapy. Exhibit 111B at 3. In his testimony, Dr. Montoya explained that
Ms. Lerwick had researched the facility and Dr. Montoya had relied on the
information she presented when he recommended that Ms. Lerwick’s insurance
company pay for the therapy. Tr. 1047-48, 1062-64.11 Further inquiry of Dr.
Montoya revealed that he was recommending some therapies (such as physical
therapy) that were “reasonably necessary” for B.L. and other therapies (such as
Sky Therapy) that might optimize B.L.’s life. See Tr. 1079-85.

       If frequent turning throughout the night were reasonably necessary for
B.L.’s health, then it is likely that Dr. Montoya, Dr. Sankar, and/or the supervisors
at Premier Healthcare Services would have made that recommendation much
earlier. B.L. seems not to be at high risk for developing bed sores because he
changes positions frequently during the day. Sometimes, he is in a wheelchair.
Sometimes, he is upright in a walker. Sometimes, he is on a mat. B.L. has the
ability to roll over. Exhibit 139 (2014 IEP) at 5 (describing B.L.’s gross motor
development). He has voluntary control over some muscles, such as those
associated with reaching for a desired toy or activating a switch. Id.; exhibit 95
(April 26, 2011 Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales) at 11, 28. These abilities
distinguish B.L. from a more severely neurologically impaired person who is
confined to a bed for 24 hours a day. See exhibit X (Dr. Lubens: “cerebral palsy
       11
          Dr. Lubens stated that Sky Therapy was unlikely to help B.L. He noted that the
California Child Services has not empaneled this program. Tr. 1314.

                                                  20
patients like [B.L.] move and adjust position during periods of rest and sleep”).12
Thus, the introduction of an attendant whose job is to turn B.L. throughout the
night is not reasonably necessary and could work only to disrupt B.L.’s sleep.

        The lack of a nighttime attendant does not leave B.L. without any protection
against bed sores and/or skin infections. An LVN will spend time (8 hours) with
B.L. every day. The nurse’s routine duties include an evaluation of B.L.’s skin.
See exhibit 107 at PDF 10 (Premiere Healthcare Services plan of care stating
“LVN to perform skilled observation . . . every shift and PRN.”) This daily
monitoring by a licensed medical professional should ensure that if any redness,
infection, or bed sores start to develop, B.L. will receive treatment quickly.
However, given that B.L. has not developed any bed sores, their occurrence is not
likely.

       C.      Synopsis on Attendant Care

      In sum, California provides approximately 76 hours of care weekly to assist
Ms. Lerwick, including 40 hours of LVN care and 36 hours of unlicensed care.
Exhibit 107; Tr. 1112-14, 1253, 1424. The school district provides additional
LVN coverage. Ms. Lerwick has proposed to change this system so that she may
employ an LVN for 24 hours per day.

       Ms. Lerwick has not established that B.L. reasonably requires an attendant
24 hours per day. She has not established that a home health aide for overnight
turning is reasonably necessary to prevent bed sores. She has also not established
that 24 hour coverage of an LVN is reasonably necessary. This request was based
upon the risk of seizures and risk of aspiration. But, the Secretary’s plan
adequately accounts for B.L.’s current and reasonably anticipated needs.13

       12
          Dr. Montoya testified that “[B.L.’s] at risk for skin infections because he is immobile.”
Tr. 1039. However, numerous records indicate that B.L. has an ability to move at least in some
ways. An example relevant to his risk of developing bed sores is that B.L. has the ability to roll
over. In light of these records, Dr. Montoya has not explained why he stated that B.L. is
“immobile.”
       13
           As discussed earlier, the school system provides LVN coverage while B.L. is attending
school. The Secretary does not have to provide compensation to duplicate this service.
However, the Secretary must provide sufficient compensation for Ms. Lerwick to retain an LVN
for eight hours per day on days when B.L. is not attending school. The “days when [B.L.] is not
attending school” includes not only the days in which the school is closed (weekends, holidays,
        (continued…)
                                                    21
V.     Long-term Placement
       The second disputed issue is where B.L. should live when he is older than
25. Ms. Lerwick maintains that B.L. should remain in her house where she would
care for him with assistance from licensed vocational nurses. For this proposition,
Ms. Lerwick cites to section 15(c) of the Vaccine Act: “The amount of any
compensation for residential and custodial care and services expenses under
subsection (a)(1) of this section shall be sufficient to enable the compensated
person to remain living at home.” 42 U.S.C. § 300aa—15(c). In contrast, the
Secretary has proposed a plan in which B.L. would live in a residential facility
eventually. The primary statutory basis for the Secretary’s position is a
requirement that the special master award compensation for various expenses,
including residential and custodial care and services expenses, that are “reasonably
necessary.” 42 U.S.C. § 300aa—15(a)(1)(A)(iii)(I). A secondary statutory basis
for the Secretary’s position is found in section 15(f).

       Thus, the parties have a basic disagreement about the meaning of the
Vaccine Act. This question of law about how the statute should be interpreted is
resolved first. For the reasons explained in section A., the Secretary has not
presented any persuasive reason for going beyond the plain meaning. Thus, Ms.
Lerwick’s proposed interpretation is accepted and the award of compensation shall
be in accord with her request.

      Nevertheless, an alternative factual analysis is presented in section B. This
evaluation assumes, simply for the sake of judicial efficiency, that the Secretary’s
proposed interpretation of the Vaccine Act is correct. Under this assumption, the
Secretary has presented a reasonable plan.

       A.    Whether the Vaccine Act Requires Sufficient Compensation for
       B.L. to Remain in Ms. Lerwick’s Home

       The parties’ competing arguments raise a question of statutory
interpretation. Although special masters are not entitled to any deference in
interpreting a statute, Cloer v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 654 F.3d 1322,

portions of the summer) but also an estimated 30 days per school year that B.L. misses school.
See exhibit 135 at 2, 6.

                                                  22
1330 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (en banc), the Federal Circuit has, in a series of cases
interpreting the Vaccine Act, offered instructions in how to interpret the Vaccine
Act.14 An interpretation of this statute, like all statutes, “must begin with the plain
language of the statute.” Id.

      Here, section 15(c) is straightforward. Congress has directed special masters
to award compensation that “shall be sufficient to enable the compensated person
to remain living at home.” The simplicity of this phrasing presents an example
when “the language is clear and fits the case, the plain meaning of the statute will
be regarded as conclusive.” Schindler v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 29 F.3d
607, 611 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

       The Secretary does not tackle directly section 15(c)’s seemingly plain
language. At best, the Secretary cites to the “reasonably necessary” phrase found
in section 15(a) and a series of cases implementing that provision. Resp’t’s Resp.
to Pet’r’s Mot. for Partial Summary Judgment, filed July 29, 2013, at 3-4. The
Secretary’s implicit argument is that the “reasonably necessary” qualification
restricts the compensation for residential care. However, the Secretary does not
explain why a limitation in section 15(a) should be read into section 15(c).

      “It is a well-settled principle of statutory interpretation that a ‘statute is to be
construed in a way which gives meaning and effect to all of its parts.’”
Heinzelman v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 681 F.3d 1374, 1377 (Fed. Cir.
2012) (citations omitted). The way to harmonize the two paragraphs is to interpret
them as a mandate to special masters to award compensation “reasonably
necessary” “to enable the compensated person to remain living at home.”

       Here, the Secretary’s proposed plan in which the compensation would not
allow Ms. Lerwick to keep B.L. in her home after he reaches age 25 (exhibit F at
8) is contrary to the language in 15(c). While the Secretary’s plan accommodates
Ms. Lerwick’s wish that B.L. remain in her home for the next 15 years, the
Secretary seems to be adding a qualification to section 15(c) that is not present in
the statute’s text. In the Secretary’s view, the injured person may remain at home
as long as the injured person’s parent is (or parents are) capable of caring for the
person at home. But, judicial officials should not add words to a statute. Kyocera
Wireless Corp. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 545 F.3d 1340, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2008);

       14
          The parties’ briefs lack any well-developed arguments regarding how statutes should
be interpreted.

                                                  23
Adam Sommerrock Holzbau, GmbH v. United States, 866 F.2d 427, 429 (Fed. Cir.
1989).

       As a matter of policy, the Secretary’s proposal to award compensation to
permit vaccine-injured people to remain at home only as long as someone can care
for them makes some sense. But, as a matter of statutory interpretation, the
Secretary’s argument lacks force. A court’s “duty is limited to interpreting the
statute as it was enacted, not as it arguably should have been enacted.” Beck v.
Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 924 F.2d 1029, 1034 (Fed. Cir. 1991).

       Moreover, the Secretary has not presented any persuasive basis for
concluding that Congress intended a different result. The overall structure of
section 15 suggests that paragraph (a) is a general authorization of compensation.
See Heinzelman, 681 F.3d at 1379. Then, paragraph (c) authorizes compensation
in the specific context of living at home. See Griglock v. Sec'y of Health &
Human Servs., 687 F.3d 1371, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (different statutory provisions
have different purposes). Citing three Supreme Court cases, the Federal Circuit
has stated a “basic tenet of statutory construction is that a specific statute takes
precedence over a more general one.” Arzio v. Shinseki, 602 F.3d 1343, 1347
(Fed. Cir. 2010). The specificity of section 15(c) is another reason why the
Secretary’s reliance on section 15(a) is unavailing.

       Even less helpful is the Secretary’s citation to section 15(f)(4)(A). See
Resp’t’s Resp., filed July 29, 2013, at 4-5. That paragraph discusses the forms
compensation may take. The particular portion on which the Secretary relies
authorizes a special master to order compensation be used “to purchase an annuity
or otherwise be used, with consent of the petitioner, in a manner determined by the
special master to be in the best interests of the petitioner.” Section 15(f)(4)(A).
The limited reference to the petitioner’s “best interest” in the very specific
circumstance contemplated by section 15(f)(4)(A) undermines the Secretary’s
attempt to view the “living at home” provision of section 15(c) as modified by the
“best interest” standard. See Slattery v. United States, 635 F.3d 1298, 1323 (Fed.
Cir. 2011) (en banc) (discussing the canon of statutory expressio unius est
exclusion alterius). The Act’s inclusion of petitioner’s “best interest” in section
15(f)(4)(A) supports an inference that Congress intentionally excluded the same
from section 15(c).

       Thus, in terms of the text of the Vaccine Act, the language is plain. As such,
a judicial officer should follow the language as it is written.

                                            24
       Despite the clarity of the language, the Secretary urges a review of the
legislative history. The legislative history is actually at the forefront of the
Secretary’s brief, appearing in the first paragraph of her argument. Resp’t’s Resp.,
filed July 29, 2013, at 2. The Secretary, however, does not offer any explanation
for why the legislative history should be considered.15 Although normally, “going
behind the plain language of a statute in search of a possibly contrary
congressional intent is ‘a step to be taken cautiously,’” the Federal Circuit has
sanctioned such investigations for the Vaccine Act because it is a complex
legislative scheme. Flowers v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 49 F.3d 1558,
1560 (Fed. Cir. 1995).16

       The Secretary relies upon this portion of the legislative history:

               Residential and Custodial Care and Service.-Any
               compensation award for residential and custodial care
               and service expenses is to be sufficient to allow the
               compensated person to remain living at home. This
               provision is not intended to prevent injured persons from
               receiving appropriate institutional care if they and their
               families request such services; neither is it intended to
               provide for the payment of family living expenses, the
               purchase of a home, or the construction of a major
               addition. The Committee intends that this provision
               allow for in-home medical, rehabilitative, and custodial
               care, and such modifications to existing physical
               facilities (such as bathroom facilities) as are necessary to

       15
          At one point, the Secretary states “[w]hile the petitioner argues that the provision in
question [section 15(c)] is unambiguous, . . . the case law says otherwise.” Resp’t’s Resp., filed
July 29, 2013, at 5. This hint is the closest the Secretary comes to arguing that section 15(c) is
ambiguous. But, even if the Secretary had argued more directly that there is an ambiguity, the
Secretary’s argument, by itself, does not establish the ambiguity. See Heinzelman, 681 F.3d at
1382-83 (rejecting the government’s argument that section 15(a) of the Vaccine Act was
ambiguous with respect to whether Social Security Disability Insurance payments should offset a
petitioner’s claim for diminished earning capacity).
       16
          At issue in Flowers was the relationship between actions for compensation for
allegedly vaccine-caused injuries pending in state court and the opportunity to file a petition
seeking compensation through the Vaccine Act. The Federal Circuit has not discussed whether
section 15(c) is another aspect of the “complex legislative scheme” described in Flowers.

                                                   25
               ensure that injured persons are not required to be
               institutionalized for purely economic reasons.

H.R. Rep. No. 99-908, at 3, 5 (1986), reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 6344,
6362.

      Despite the prominence of the legislative history in the Secretary’s brief, the
Secretary does little to analyze this passage. Drawing on the final line, the
Secretary states that the “legislative history makes clear that the purpose of the
provision is to ensure that injured persons are not required to be institutionalized
for purely economic reasons.” Resp’t’s Resp., filed July 29, 2013, at 3. The
Secretary continues: “However, economic reasons can surely be considered by the
special master along with other factors bearing on the best interest of the child.
These factors have been applied by special masters since the inception of the
Vaccine Program.” Id. Here, the ground on which the Secretary stands is less
firm.

       To the extent this legislative history differentiates between allowed and
disallowed items, the type of compensation Ms. Lerwick is requesting falls within
the allowed category. The committee interpreted the proposed legislation as not
permitting “payment of family living expenses, the purchase of a home, or the
construction of a major addition.” Ms. Lerwick is not requesting any of those
items. Instead, Ms. Lerwick is requesting that she receive compensation to pay for
assistants to help her in caring for B.L. at home.17 Whether nurses or home health
aides, these assistants fall within the permitted category of “in-home medical,
rehabilitative, and custodial care.”

       Therefore, the legislative history tends to support the position of Ms.
Lerwick and tends to undermine the position of the Secretary. When the
legislative history is not clearly contrary to the words expressed by Congress, the
plain meaning of the statute controls. Youngblood v. Sec'y of Health & Human
Servs., 32 F.3d 552, 555-56 (Fed. Cir. 1994); see also Heinzelman, 681 F.3d at
1379-80 (“the legislative history does not alter our reading of the plain language of
the statute”).

       17
          As discussed in the preceding section, the parties dispute the qualification level of
these assistants. Ms. Lerwick prefers 24-hour coverage of licensed vocational nurses. The
Secretary supports a mixture of nursing care and home health aide care.

                                                    26
      In addition to the legislative history, the Secretary also relies upon four
decisions from special masters discussing section 15(c) written in 1990. See
Resp’t’s Resp., filed July 29, 2013, at 6-8. These decisions do not constitute
binding precedent. Hanlon v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 40 Fed. Cl. 625,
630 (1998), aff’d in non-relevant part, 191 F.3d 1344 (Fed. Cir. 1999). These
decisions were issued before the Federal Circuit began interpreting the Vaccine
Act. These old decisions from special masters do not explain why the plain
meaning of section 15(c) should not be implemented, and, therefore, lack
persuasive value. Consequently, the undersigned respectfully declines to follow
them.

      In sum, the statute authorizes that compensation “shall be sufficient to
enable the compensated person to remain living at home.” Ms. Lerwick has
demonstrated that for B.L. to remain living at home, she requires assistance from
nurses and home health aides for the remainder of B.L.’s life. She is awarded
compensation for this purpose.

      B.    Whether the Secretary’s Plan Would Provide “Reasonably
      Necessary” Care for B.L, if a Different Ruling Were Made on the Legal
      Issue Discussed Above.

       As just recognized, this interpretation of the Vaccine Act is at odds with
previous cases. If an appellate court were to disagree with the preceding analysis
of the statute, then the parties and the higher tribunal might benefit from knowing
whether a different interpretation would affect the outcome for Ms. Lerwick. See
Zatuchni v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 73 Fed. Cl. 451, 452 (2006) (noting
the special master “commendably” made alternative factual findings in the context
of a “difficult” legal question and adopting the special master’s findings), aff’d,
516 F.3d 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2008). Thus, the undersigned will address an alternative
scenario if the Secretary’s proffered interpretation of the Vaccine Act were correct.
Based on such an alternative interpretation of the statute, the outcome for Ms.
Lerwick would change. If compensation for the injured person to remain living at
home were limited to amounts that are “reasonably necessary,” then the
Secretary’s plan would be adopted.

       What is “reasonably necessary” appears to be a very fact-intensive
determination. See section III., above. For example, B.L.’s current living
environment, which was described in section I., above, is an important
consideration. Other factors include the options the Secretary has proposed as
alternatives to living in Ms. Lerwick’s home. The Secretary’s plan attempts to

                                            27
account for the inevitable physical changes that Ms. Lerwick and B.L. will
experience over the next decades. These considerations are reflected in the
recommendations from the doctors who have seen B.L. and the two life care
planners.

      One important factor is the set of predictions about the child’s and his
parent’s life expectancies. Pursuant to an August 7, 2013 order, the Secretary
submitted information about the number of years B.L. is expected to live. Four
insurance companies calculated his rated age and the average of these estimates
was approximately 25 years. Exhibit R. Dr. Lubens similarly predicted that B.L.
may live another 30 years. Tr. 1317.18

      The parties also presented information about Ms. Lerwick’s life expectancy.
(She was almost exactly 40 years old when she gave birth to B.L.) Her current life
expectancy is between 33 years (exhibit S, taken from National Vital Statistics
Report) and 36 years (exhibit 123, taken from Social Security Administration).
Under either prediction, Ms. Lerwick is expected to live longer than B.L.

       Although Ms. Lerwick may remain alive, she will inevitably become weaker
and more infirm as she ages. The challenges for Ms. Lerwick in moving or
carrying B.L. will become greater as he ages through adolescence and into
adulthood. Everyone agreed that B.L. will gain weight. Dr. Montoya, for
example, was concerned that B.L.’s growth will interfere with his mother’s ability
to move him. Tr. 1074. Ms. Fox estimated that in a few years, B.L. would weigh
at least 75 pounds and Ms. Woodard did not dispute this assessment. Tr. 1532,
1590. Ms. Fox appeared particularly sensitive to the possibility that Ms. Lerwick
did not grasp how difficult moving a person of this weight will be. Tr. 1533.
Thus, the Secretary questions whether Ms. Lerwick will be able to care for all of
B.L.’s physical needs in her own twilight years and proposes B.L.’s placement in a
residential home. See Resp’t’s Posthr’g Br., filed Jan. 27, 2104, at 16.

      Because the Lerwicks live in California, many options are available to them.
The Secretary presented the testimony of Michael Cutchshaw, a director of
operations for ResCare. ResCare operates homes for developmentally disabled
people throughout the country and Mr. Cutchshaw’s area of responsibility includes

       18
          Ms. Woodard, Ms. Lerwick’s life care planner, was unaware of B.L.'s life expectancy
until Dr. Lubens testified. Tr. 1592.

                                                 28
California. Tr. 1361-62. Mr. Cutchshaw spoke knowledgeably about the different
arrangements available and his testimony greatly assisted in clarifying the issues.

      California classifies different types of facilities. See exhibit 122. The most
relevant ones for B.L. are two closely-related types, intermediate care facilities /
developmentally disabled – nursing and intermediate care facilities /
developmentally disabled - habilitative.19 These are typically abbreviated ICF/DD-
N and ICF/DD-H. The differences between “-N” and “-H” primarily concern the
number of hours nurses are available. Tr. 1363.

      The federal government certifies ICF/DD-N institutions and the State of
California licenses them. Typically, six individuals live in one residence.
Residents usually have no ability to walk, limited verbal abilities, and seizures. Tr.
1362-65.

       The staff does not live with them, but there is 24-hour care. Employees at
these facilities are trained to provide medication even if they are not licensed
nurses. The staff can also suction residents as needed.

        There are several advantages for placement at an ICF/DD-N institution.
Staff people, such as physical therapists and occupational therapists, get to know
the resident. Tr. 1373. B.L. would be in an environment with other people who
have abilities similar to his abilities. The structured environment of an established
facility may open new opportunities to B.L. Tr. 1534 (Ms. Fox). For example,
Mr. Cutchshaw stated that ResCare’s philosophy is that every person, regardless of
their limitations, possesses some ability to perform some work-like job. Tr. 1375,
1389-90. Ms. Fox has proposed that an ICF/DD-N is an appropriate level of care
for B.L. after he reaches age 25. Exhibit L at 3.

      Ms. Lerwick, with support from Ms. Woodard, opposes a plan anticipating
placing B.L. in a residential home in approximately 15 years. Tr. 1235-43 (Ms.
Woodard), 1402 (Ms. Lerwick). The primary advantage for B.L. is that he will
continue his connection with his mother. Tr. 1235. Ms. Woodard maintains that
       19
          In exhibit 122, Ms. Lerwick proposed that if, contrary to her preference for in-home
nursing care, compensation funded a residential placement, then B.L. should be placed in a
nursing facility / acute hospital (“NF/AH”). However, as the Secretary noted, after the
respondent presented evidence about the criteria for admission to this type of facility, “petitioner
did not raise the suggestion of a continuous care facility.” Resp’t’s Posthr’g Br. at 19. Ms.
Lerwick’s reply also does not advocate for placement in an NF/AH facility.

                                                    29
remaining with his mother will offer B.L. “the highest quality of life he’s going to
have.” Id.

       If the standard for awarding compensation focused exclusively on the
absolutely best life for B.L., then Ms. Woodard’s approach might be more
creditable. However, if special masters are authorized to award compensation for
only “reasonably necessary” services, it is difficult to see how the additional costs
for 24-hour care at Ms. Lerwick’s home support the negligible, if any,
improvement anticipated in B.L.’s life. Although a transition to a residential home
may separate Ms. Lerwick and B.L. to some degree, Ms. Lerwick can ameliorate
any negative consequences by visiting B.L. as often as she would like. See Tr.
1373 (Mr. Cutchshaw).

       Significantly, under Ms. Fox’s plan, B.L. would not leave Ms. Lerwick’s
house until he is 25 and she is 65. Ms. Fox considered that B.L. is eligible for
extended school support until he is age 23. The assistance from the school system
lightens Ms. Lerwick’s responsibility because for several hours a day, another
adult is responsible for B.L.’s immediate needs. Ms. Fox showed further
sensitivity to Ms. Lerwick’s position by proposing two transitional years during
which Ms. Lerwick would require more assistance to offset the lack of support
from the school system. Tr. 1532. In these two years, Ms. Lerwick would have
the benefit of 8 hours of an LVN as well as a live-in attendant. Exhibit L at 3.

      This transitional stage, in Ms. Fox’s plan, ends coincidently when Ms.
Lerwick reaches age 65, which is traditionally an age for retirement. Thus, there is
a natural flow to the events in Ms. Fox’s plan.

       In sum, if special masters may consider a variety of factors in considering
the long-term placement of a vaccine-injured person, then the Secretary’s plan
offers a reasonable alternative for B.L. Specific factors that show the
reasonableness of the Secretary’s approach include: (1) the plan allows for a
gradual (not abrupt) transition, (2) B.L.’s transition from living with his mother to
living in a residential facility occurs at an age when his mother is older, (3) the
residential facility is located in B.L.’s home state of California, which has devoted
resources to maintaining residential facilities for developmentally disabled people
for many years, and (4) the living environment will not greatly affect B.L.’s well-
being.

                                             30
      C.     Synopsis: Long-Term Placement

      As previously stated, the Secretary’s plan is based upon her view that “the
care provided by a reputable California provider will meet the Act’s reasonably
necessary standard.” Resp’t’s Posthr’g Br. at 16-17. However, for the reasons
explained above in section A, the “reasonably necessary” standard is not the
standard used for determining the amount of compensation sufficient to enable the
injured person to live at home. Consequently, the Secretary’s plan is not adopted.

      Instead, the plan proposed by Ms. Fox for when B.L. is age 23-24 is
continued for the remainder of his life. For attendant care, Ms. Lerwick will
receive sufficient compensation for her to retain an LVN for 8 hours and a live-in
attendant. Exhibit L at 3.

VI.   Conclusion
       This ruling is intended to resolve the disputes regarding the damages to
which Ms. Lerwick is entitled. The parties are ORDERED to incorporate this
ruling into a proffer that will be the basis for a decision awarding Ms. Lerwick
compensation.

       To facilitate this process and to address any questions, a status conference
will be held on Monday, July 21, 2014 at 2:00 P.M. Eastern Time. The Office
of Special Masters will initiate the telephone call.

      IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                             s/Christian J. Moran
                                             Christian J. Moran
                                             Special Master

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