Court Opinion

ID: 3024235
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:30:50.372645+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:26:43.581157
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                  No. 99-1551
                                  ___________

The People of the State of Missouri,    *
ex rel. Stephen B. Small; Stephen B.    *
Small, by and on behalf of himself and  *
all others similarly situated,          *
                                        *
                   Appellants,          *
                                        *
      v.                                *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
Harrah's - North Kansas City            * District Court for the Western
Corporation, a Missouri Corporation     * District of Missouri.
doing business as Harrah's North Star, *
doing business as Harrah's Lucky Star; *       [UNPUBLISHED]
Flamingo Hilton Riverboat Casino, a     *
partnership; Kansas City Station        *
Corporation, doing business as Kansas *
City Station River Queen Casino, doing *
business as Kansas City Station River *
King Casino; Missouri Gaming            *
Corporation, doing business as Argosy *
Riverside Casino,                       *
                                        *
                   Appellees.           *
                                   ___________

                            Submitted: January 12, 2000

                                 Filed: February 15, 2000
                                  ___________

Before HANSEN, BRIGHT, and FAGG, Circuit Judges.
                                      ___________

PER CURIAM.

       Alleging personal losses of nearly $100,000 in Missouri casinos, lawyer Stephen
B. Small brought this action pro se against the casinos both individually and on behalf
of similarly situated persons. In addition to state law claims, Small alleged the casinos
violated the Racketeer Influenced & Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), 18 U.S.C. §§
1961-68, which prohibits any act indictable under 18 U.S.C. § 1955. See 18 U.S.C.
§ 1961(1) (1994). Section 1955 prohibits "illegal gambling businesses" and defines
them as those that violate state law. See id. § 1955(b)(1)(ii). Although the casinos
possess state-issued gaming licenses, Small alleges the licenses are invalid because the
casinos are not on the Mississippi or Missouri Rivers, the places gambling is allowed
by the Missouri Constitution. Based on the allegedly unconstitutional licenses, Small
contends the casinos violate Missouri law prohibiting the operation of unlicensed
gambling facilities. See Mo. Stat. Ann. § 572.030 (Vernon 1995) (promoting gambling
in the first-degree is a felony); id. § 572.090 (in addition to criminal sanctions,
gambling houses may be enjoined as a nuisance); id. § 572.010 (4) ("gambling" within
meaning of chapter 572 does not include licensed activity). In separate rulings, the
district court dismissed Small's complaint against each casino for failure to state a
claim. Small appeals.

       In November 1998, Missouri voters approved a constitutional amendment
expanding the definitions of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers to include artificial
spaces containing water that are within 1000 feet of the closest edge of the main river
channels. The amendment retroactively would legalize any gaming license issued
earlier to any facility located in those artificial spaces, like the casinos in this case. We
do not decide the constitutional validity of the gaming licenses under the Missouri
Constitution. For our purposes, we only need observe that each of the casinos
possesses a gaming license that is valid on its face. Because the casinos possess

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gaming licenses that are facially valid, the operation of the casinos does not violate
Missouri criminal law, a necessary element of Small's RICO claim. See United States
v. Gordon, 464 F.2d 357, 357-58 (9th Cir. 1972) (per curiam) (gambling business must
violate state criminal law, rather than civil law, to fall within prohibition in 18 U.S.C.
§ 1955).

       Having carefully considered all of Small's arguments, we affirm the district
court's rulings without further discussion. We also deny Small's motion for sanctions.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                     CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.

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