Court Opinion

ID: 2778145
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-02-10 16:06:32.738518+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:28:07.998778
License: Public Domain

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this                     Feb 10 2015, 10:26 am
Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as
precedent or cited before any court except for the
purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT                                   ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
Brian L. Ciyou                                            Mary Beth Mock
Lori B. Schmeltzer                                        Madison, Indiana
Ciyou & Dixon. P.C.
Indianapolis, Indiana

                                             IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In Re the Paternity of V.A.,                              February 10, 2015
                                                          Court of Appeals Cause No.
A Minor Child                                             39A04-1408-JP-375
Robert Anderson (Father),                                 Appeal from the Jefferson Circuit
Appellant-Petitioner,                                     Court
                                                          The Honorable Ted R. Todd, Judge
        v.                                                Cause No. 39C01-1108-JP-28

Billy Jo Youngblood (Mother),
Appellee-Respondent

Riley, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision | 39A04-1408-JP-375 | February 10. 2015   Page 1 of 22
                                    STATEMENT OF THE CASE

[1]   Appellant-Petitioner, Robert Steven Anderson (Father), appeals the trial court’s

      Order on Remand, with respect to issues of custody, parenting time, and child

      support in his proceedings against Appellee-Respondent, Billy Jo Youngblood

      (Mother).

      We affirm in part and remand.

                                                    ISSUES

[2]   Father raises three issues on appeal, which we restate as follows:

      (1) Whether the trial court erred by failing to make a determination of legal

      custody;

      (2) Whether the trial court abused its discretion by declining to impose any

      sanctions after finding Mother in contempt; and

      (3) Whether the trial court abused its discretion in its calculation of Father’s

      child support obligation.

                           FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

[3]   Father and Mother have one child together, Vernon-William Ray-Steven

      Anderson (Child), born on June 30, 2003. Within a few days of the Child’s

      birth, Father established his paternity by executing a paternity affidavit. Father

      and Mother never married, but they lived together in Madison, Jefferson

      County, Indiana, for the first eight years of the Child’s life. Mother, who has

      three other children from different relationships, stayed home to care for the

      children, whereas Father periodically worked and also spent a substantial

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision | 39A04-1408-JP-375 | February 10. 2015   Page 2 of 22
      amount of time in Bloomington, Indiana, in pursuit of his undergraduate

      degree at Indiana University.

[4]   The parties’ nine-year relationship ended on July 26, 2011, when Mother

      moved out of the house, taking the Child with her. Soon after she moved into

      her new apartment, Mother obtained a protective order against Father.

      According to Mother, Father had started physically abusing her in January of

      2011 and began physically abusing the Child and her other son in May of 2011.

[5]   On August 3, 2011, Father filed a Petition to Establish Paternity, and for

      Custody, Parenting Time, and Support in the Jefferson County Circuit Court.

      In his Petition, Father requested that he be awarded sole custody of the Child.

      At an emergency hearing on August 12, 2011, the trial court determined that

      the Child should remain in Mother’s custody until a hearing could be held on

      all of the issues.

[6]   After she moved out, Mother did not permit Father to see the Child for nearly

      five months. On December 19, 2011, the trial court adopted the parties’ agreed

      provisional order (Parenting Time Order), granting Father supervised parenting

      time once a week for no more than one and one-half hours. Father was also

      permitted to have a telephone conversation with the Child every Tuesday and

      Thursday evening. After several supervised visits, Father was gradually

      afforded increased and unsupervised parenting time.

[7]   On March 7, 2012, Father filed an Affidavit in Support of Rule to Show Cause

      (Contempt Petition), alleging Mother to be in contempt of the Parenting Time

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision | 39A04-1408-JP-375 | February 10. 2015   Page 3 of 22
      Order because she denied his right to have a telephone conversation with the

      Child on March 1, 2012. The next day, the parties submitted an agreed

      provisional order for child support. In accordance therewith, the trial court

      ordered Father to pay $40.00 per week during the pendency of the proceedings.

[8]   On May 21 and June 19, 2012, the trial court conducted a hearing on custody,

      support, parenting time, and Father’s Contempt Petition. On August 24, 2012,

      the trial court issued its Order. Regarding Father’s petition to establish custody

      and parenting time, the trial court found that it would be in the Child’s “best

      interest to be in the custody of his [M]other, with his [F]ather exercising

      parenting time pursuant to the Indiana Parenting Time Guidelines.”

      (Appellant’s App. p. 39). As to child support, the trial court found Father to be

      “underemployed” and increased his weekly support obligation from $40.00 to

      $60.00, retroactive to July 20, 2012. (Appellant’s App. p. 40). The Order did

      not address Father’s Contempt Petition.

[9]   On September 12, 2012, Father appealed the trial court’s Order, asserting that

      the trial court failed to rule on the issue of legal custody and on his Contempt

      Petition. Father also challenged the trial court’s determination of child support.

      During the pendency of that appeal, on November 14, 2012, Father filed a

      motion for a change of judge, a verified petition to modify physical and legal

      custody and child support, and a verified petition for contempt. Two days later,

      his motion for a change of judge was granted, and on November 30, 2012, the

      Ripley County Superior Court (Ripley Court) assumed jurisdiction. On

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision | 39A04-1408-JP-375 | February 10. 2015   Page 4 of 22
       February 27, 2013, the Ripley Court dismissed the remainder of Father’s

       outstanding petitions, citing lack of jurisdiction due to the pending appeal.

[10]   On May 10, 2013, our court issued a memorandum decision, partially affirming

       the trial court’s Order and remanding with specific instructions. In re Paternity

       of V.A., No. 39A01-1209-JP-413 (Ind. Ct. App. May 10, 2013). First, finding

       that “the issue of legal custody was placed squarely before the trial court,” we

       directed the trial court to make an express award of legal custody. Id. slip op. at

       9. Second, we instructed the court to specifically address Father’s Contempt

       Petition. Lastly, we asked the trial court to clarify its child support award “by

       showing either that the award complied with [Indiana’s] Child Support

       Guidelines or that the award deviated from the guidelines and explaining the

       deviation.” Id. slip op. at 10.

[11]   Following our decision, a dispute arose regarding whether the trial court or the

       Ripley Court should rule on the remanded issues. Pursuant to Trial Rule

       63(A), the Ripley Court determined that the trial court was required to rule on

       the remanded matters. Father disagreed and appealed the issue to our court.

       On May 30, 2014, we affirmed the Ripley Court, finding that the trial court

       which heard the evidence should rule on the remanded issues. In re Paternity of

       V.A., 10 N.E.3d 61, 65 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014).

[12]   On July 21, 2014, the trial court issued its Order on Remand. In response to

       our instructions to expressly decide the Child’s legal custody, the trial court

       stated that its “position on that issue remains unchanged.” (Appellant’s App. p.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision | 39A04-1408-JP-375 | February 10. 2015   Page 5 of 22
       31). Additionally, the trial court found Mother in contempt for failing to abide

       by the Parenting Time Order but declined to impose any sanctions as it “would

       only cause unnecessary friction between the parties in their attempt to work

       together to be good parents to the Child.” (Appellant’s App. p. 32). Finally,

       the trial court recalculated Father’s child support obligation and ordered him to

       pay $95.00 per week, retroactive to July 20, 2012.

[13]   Father now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.

                                   DISCUSSION AND DECISION

                                             I. Standard of Review

[14]   Where a trial court enters specific findings of fact and conclusions thereon, we

       apply a long-settled, two-tiered standard of review. See Ind. Trial Rule 52(A).

       First, we must consider whether the evidence supports the findings; second, we

       determine whether those findings support the judgment. Tompa v. Tompa, 867
N.E.2d 158, 163 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). We will not set aside the trial court’s

       findings or judgment unless clearly erroneous. Best v. Best, 941 N.E.2d 499, 502

       (Ind. 2011). Findings are clearly erroneous if there are no facts in the record to

       support them—either directly or by inference. Id. A judgment is clearly

       erroneous if the trial court relies on an incorrect legal standard. Dedek v. Dedek,

       851 N.E.2d 1048, 1050 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). On appeal, we do not reweigh

       evidence or assess the credibility of witnesses; rather, we consider the evidence

       most favorable to the trial court’s determination, drawing all reasonable

       inferences in favor of the judgment. Best, 941 N.E.2d at 502.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision | 39A04-1408-JP-375 | February 10. 2015   Page 6 of 22
[15]   Our review is further guided by the longstanding principle that trial courts are

       entitled to a “particularly high degree of discretion” in the family law setting.

       MacLafferty v. MacLafferty, 829 N.E.2d 938, 940 (Ind. 2005). Thus, regardless of

       “[w]hether the standard of review is phrased as ‘abuse of discretion’ or ‘clear

       error,’” this deference is due because trial courts are generally “in the best

       position to judge the facts, to get a feel for the family dynamics, to get a sense of

       the parents and their relationship with their children—the kind of qualities that

       appellate courts would be in a difficult position to asses.” Id. We also

       recognize that “appeals that change the results below are especially disruptive in

       the family law setting.” Id.

                                                II. Legal Custody

[16]   In its Order, the trial court found that it would serve the Child’s “best interest to

       be in the custody of his [M]other.” (Appellant’s App. p. 39). Because the

       Child’s legal custody was a “substantive issue[] addressed by the parties at the

       hearing[,]” we remanded “for the trial court to expressly address the issue of

       legal custody.” In re Paternity of V.A., No. 39A01-1209-JP-413, slip op. at 8-9.

       In its Order on Remand, the trial court stated that its “position on that issue

       remains unchanged.” (Appellant’s App. p. 31). The trial court specifically

       noted that it was “puzzled by the . . . remand” because the Order “contained

       three paragraphs setting forth reasons why the [trial] [c]ourt concluded that it is

       in the Child’s best interests to be in the custody of the [M]other.” (Appellant’s

       App. p. 31).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision | 39A04-1408-JP-375 | February 10. 2015   Page 7 of 22
[17]   Father now claims that the trial court erred because it did not make a specific

       award of the Child’s legal custody. Mother concedes that the trial court

       erroneously failed to rule on this matter. Even though the parties agree that

       another remand is necessary for a determination of legal custody, we will briefly

       clarify our instructions in order to ensure that the trial court will not again be

       “puzzled” by our remand. (Appellant’s App. p. 31).

[18]   As our court has previously determined, “[p]hysical custody and legal custody

       are not equivalent.” Finnerty v. Clutter, 917 N.E.2d 154, 156 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2009). Physical custody concerns “the physical care and supervision of a

       child.” Id. at 156 n.1 (quoting Ind. Code § 31-21-2-16). Thus, the primary

       physical custodian provides the child’s primary residence and is “the person

       who cooks his meals, puts him to bed, and cares for him on a daily basis.”

       Lamb v. Wenning, 600 N.E.2d 96, 98 (Ind. 1992). On the other hand, legal

       custody entails the right to make important decisions about “the child’s

       upbringing, including the child’s education, health care, and religious training.”

       I.C. § 31-17-2-17(a); see Finnerty, 917 N.E.2d at 156 (noting that the “custodian”

       referenced in Indiana Code section 31-17-2-17 means “the legal custodian, not

       the physical custodian”). Although both require a consideration of the child’s

       best interest, physical custody and legal custody are separate determinations. See

       I.C. §§§ 31-17-2-8; -13; -15. An award of either joint or sole legal custody does

       not necessarily require a corresponding award of joint or primary physical

       custody and vice versa. See Gonzalez v. Gonzalez, 893 N.E.2d 333, 335 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2008).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision | 39A04-1408-JP-375 | February 10. 2015   Page 8 of 22
[19]   In our prior decision, we concluded that the trial court had only ruled on the

       Child’s physical custody. In large part, this is because the trial court

       immediately followed its decision to place the Child in Mother’s custody with

       an explanation of Father’s parenting time privileges—i.e., the time that the

       Child will physically spend in Father’s care. Furthermore, no findings were

       issued as to the parties’ rights to make decisions about the Child’s upbringing.

       In its Order on Remand, the trial court unequivocally stated that it did not alter

       its custody ruling, so we again remand this case with instructions to make

       explicit and distinct determinations of the Child’s legal and physical custody.

                                         III. Sanctions for Contempt

[20]   Next, Father claims that the trial court erred in several respects regarding its

       finding of contempt based on Mother’s failure “to abide by the letter and spirit

       of the [Parenting Time Order].” (Appellant’s #375 App. p. 33). A trial court

       may hold a party in contempt upon a finding that the party willfully disobeyed

       a court order. In re Paternity of P.B., 932 N.E.2d 712, 722 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010).

       A trial court’s determination of contempt will be reversed only for an abuse of

       discretion. Id. An abuse of discretion occurs if the trial court’s decision is

       contrary to the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before it. Bessolo

       v. Rosario, 966 N.E.2d 725, 730 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), trans. denied.

[21]   Here, in its Order on Remand, the trial court specifically found that

               there was a period of time between [the Parenting Time Order] of
               December 19, 2011 and the dates of the hearing when the matter of
               Father’s parenting time and communication with the Child was at

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision | 39A04-1408-JP-375 | February 10. 2015   Page 9 of 22
               issue.

               At the conclusion of the hearing[,] [the trial court] made the following
               observation on the record, “I’m pleased with the progress we have
               made so far in this case from where we started[.”] In view of that
               progress, the [c]ourt finds punishing Mother for contempt either then
               or at this time[] would only cause unnecessary friction between the
               parties in their attempt to work together to be good parents to the
               Child. It would not be in the Child’s best interest for the [c]ourt to so
               do.

       (Appellant’s App. pp. 31-32).

[22]   Father first posits that the trial court erroneously “discussed an entirely different

       issue than the interference with [his] telephone contact as per the [Parenting

       Time Order], and instead based its decision that Mother was in contempt on the

       fact that she denied Father parenting time and contact before the [Parenting

       Time Order] of December 19, 2011.” (Appellant’s Br. pp. 18-19). We disagree.

       The trial court specifically found that the interference with Father’s parenting

       time occurred between the December 29, 2011 Parenting Time Order and the

       hearing on May 21 and June 19, 2012. Although Father filed several contempt

       citations throughout this case, only his March 7, 2011 Contempt Petition was

       before the court at the hearing. In that Petition, Father cited a single denied

       phone call as ground for holding Mother in contempt. However, evidence

       elicited during the hearing also revealed that there were two or three additional

       missed phone calls during that period of time. Thus, it is evident that the trial

       court found Mother to be in contempt based upon her interference with

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision | 39A04-1408-JP-375 | February 10. 2015   Page 10 of 22
       parent/child communications between the time of the Parenting Time Order

       and the hearing. Thus, we find that Father has not presented a basis for error.

[23]   Father next asserts that “it is unclear how the trial court could base a ruling as

       to the parties’ continued co-parenting efforts and progress ‘at this time,’ since it

       had not presided over the case” since November of 2012. (Appellant’s Br. p.

       19). Again, we find that Father’s argument reflects a misunderstanding of the

       Order on Remand. We do not find that the trial court’s reference to “at this

       time” is meant to suggest that the trial court has first-hand knowledge about the

       current state of the parties’ co-parenting relationship. Rather, the trial court

       acknowledged that, at the time of the hearing, the parties had made significant

       progress in their ability to cooperate. In fact, the evidence reveals that they had

       mutually agreed that Father could provide the Child with a cellular phone in

       order to resolve the communication issues. Because the trial court would not

       have disturbed the parties’ volatile relationship by imposing sanctions at that

       time, it had no reason to do so in its Order on Remand. We find no error.

[24]   Finally, Father argues that because the trial court found Mother to be in

       contempt, it erred by “fail[ing] to issue any sanctions, despite that [the] same is

       required by statute upon a finding of a willful violation without just cause.”

       (Appellant’s Br. p. 20). He relies on the Parenting Time Statute, which

       provides, in part:

               A court that finds an intentional violation without justifiable cause by
               a custodial parent of an injunction or a temporary restraining order
               issued under this chapter . . . :
               (1) shall find the custodial parent in contempt of court;

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision | 39A04-1408-JP-375 | February 10. 2015   Page 11 of 22
                (2) shall order the exercise of parenting time that was not exercised due
                to the violation under this section at a time the court considers
                compatible with the schedules of the noncustodial parent and the
                child;
                 (3) may order payment by the custodial parent of reasonable
                attorney’s fees, costs, and expenses to the noncustodial parent; and
                (4) may order the custodial parent to perform community restitution or
                service without compensation in a manner specified by the court.

       I.C. § 31-17-4-8. Based on Mother’s undisputed violation of the Parenting Time

       Order, Father asserts that this statute mandates a finding of contempt and, at

       minimum, an order permitting him to exercise his missed parenting time. On

       the other hand, Mother claims that this provision is inapposite because there

       was no injunction or restraining order in place.1 We agree with Mother.

[25]   Pursuant to the Parenting Time Statute, when a non-custodial parent is barred

       from exercising his parenting time, he may file “an application for an injunction

       against the custodial parent under” Indiana Trial Rule 65. I.C. § 31-17-4-4.

       After an injunction is sought, the trial court may grant a temporary restraining

       order to “restrain[] the custodial parent from further violation of the parenting

       1
         Mother also asserts that Father’s reliance on Indiana Code section 31-17-4-8 is misplaced because he
       alleged only a missed phone call, not face-to-face parenting time. We disagree with Mother’s implication
       that telephone communication is not a form of parenting time. To the contrary, the Parenting Time
       Guidelines emphasize that “[r]egular phone contact is an important tool in maintaining a parent/child
       relationship[,]” and it is a violation of the Guidelines to block these communications. Ind. Parenting Time
       Guideline § 1(A)(7).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision | 39A04-1408-JP-375 | February 10. 2015        Page 12 of 22
       time order.” I.C. § 31-17-4-5(a). Thereafter, any violations will necessarily

       result in a finding of contempt and require an order permitting the non-

       custodial parent to exercise any missed parenting time. I.C. § 31-17-4-8(2).

[26]   In this case, although Father argues that his Contempt Petition is equivalent to

       an injunction, it is clear that no injunction or restraining order was ever issued

       under Trial Rule 65. As such, the Parenting Time Statute does not govern the

       instant contempt action. Nevertheless, “[t]he remedies in [the Parenting Time

       Statute] are in addition to and do not limit other civil or criminal remedies

       available to the noncustodial parent.” I.C. § 31-17-4-9. By filing the Contempt

       Petition rather than seeking an injunction, Father availed himself of one such

       “other civil” remedy. Thus, we will look to the general rules of civil contempt.

       See I.C. ch. 34-47-3.

[27]   In a civil contempt action, “[i]t lies within the inherent power of the trial court

       to fashion an appropriate punishment for the disobedience of its order.”

       MacIntosh v. MacIntosh, 749 N.E.2d 626, 631 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied.

       The trial court may craft sanctions designed to either coerce behavior or to

       compensate an aggrieved party, or both. Id. See I.C. § 34-47-3-6(c) (giving the

       trial court discretion to impose a fine, imprisonment, or both). Accordingly,

       where a trial court finds that a party’s “actions fall short of necessitating

       contempt sanctions[,]” it may exercise its discretion to withhold the same. Van

       Wieren v. Van Wieren, 858 N.E.2d 216, 223 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). We therefore

       find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in declining to impose

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision | 39A04-1408-JP-375 | February 10. 2015   Page 13 of 22
       sanctions for Mother’s contemptuous behavior in light of the improvement in

       the parties’ co-parenting relationship at the time of the hearing.

                                       IV. Child Support Calculation

[28]   Finally, Father claims that the trial court abused its discretion by ordering him

       to pay $95.00 per week in child support. Decisions relating to child support are

       reserved for the sound discretion of the trial court and are subject to reversal

       only for an abuse of that discretion, or if a determination is contrary to law. Id.

       Child support orders are governed by the Indiana Child Support Rules and

       Guidelines (Support Guidelines). Scott v. Scott, 668 N.E.2d 691, 695 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 1996). The purpose of the Support Guidelines is “to provide the children

       as closely as possible with the same standard of living they would have

       enjoyed” had the parents remained together. Payton v. Payton, 847 N.E.2d 251,

       253 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). There is a rebuttable presumption that the amount of

       child support calculated under the Support Guidelines is correct. Id. However,

       trial courts “are advised to avoid the pitfall of blind adherence to the

       computation of support without giving careful consideration to the variables

       that require changing the result in order to do justice.” Glover v. Torrence, 723
N.E.2d 924, 936 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000).

[29]   In its Order, the trial court ordered Father to pay $60.00 per week in child

       support. Except to say that Father “is underemployed[,]” the trial court did not

       include any findings to indicate how it contemplated the amount. (Appellant’s

       App. p. 40). On remand, we instructed the trial court to clarify its child support

       award “by showing either that the award complied with the Child Support

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision | 39A04-1408-JP-375 | February 10. 2015   Page 14 of 22
       Guidelines or that the award deviated from the guidelines and explaining the

       deviation.” In re Paternity of V.A., No. 39A01-1209-JP-413, slip op. at 10. In its

       Order on Remand, the trial court utilized the Support Guidelines and

       recalculated Father’s presumptive weekly obligation at $110. However, because

       the trial court found that Father provides all transportation for parenting time, it

       reduced the amount to $95.00 per week.

[30]   Father contends that the trial court abused its discretion by increasing the

       amount of the support award. In particular, he argues that our remand

       instructions did not permit “the trial court to change or amend its

       determination, just to substantiate the factual basis it relied upon in arriving at

       the determination, either through a Child Support Worksheet or findings.”

       (Appellant’s Br. p. 24). He seeks a remand with specific instructions for the

       trial court to “issue findings to support its prior award of $60.00 per week.”

       (Appellant’s Br. pp. 25-26).

[31]   Mother notes that the issue of whether a trial court may recalculate an initial

       support order on remand appears to be a matter of first impression. However, a

       review of the relevant case law reveals many instances in which the appellate

       court issued specific remand instructions for the trial court to recalculate an

       erroneous child support award. See Apter v. Ross, 781 N.E.2d 744, 766 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2003), trans. denied. Accordingly, we are faced with the question of

       whether the trial court was permitted to recalculate Father’s support obligation

       even though our remand instructions did not explicitly authorize it to do so.

       We hold that it was.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision | 39A04-1408-JP-375 | February 10. 2015   Page 15 of 22
[32]   It is well established that “trial courts are required to make support orders in

       compliance with the guidelines and to spell out the reasons for any support

       orders which deviate from the guideline results.” Cobb v. Cobb, 588 N.E.2d 571,

       574 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992). Contrary to the initial Order, from which we could

       discern no basis for the trial court’s support award, the Order on Remand

       includes a child support worksheet—completed by the trial court—to justify a

       $110 award, as well as an explanation that the final award should actually be

       reduced by $15.00 because Father provides all of the Child’s transportation for

       parenting time.

[33]   Ultimately, our remand instructions were intended to elicit a basis from the trial

       court from which we could determine whether its support order was in

       accordance with the law. Although a recalculation was not explicitly part of

       our instructions, it effectuated the purpose of our remand and was therefore not

       improper. Moreover, we find that the trial court’s recalculation served the

       interests of judicial efficiency. If, on remand, a trial court determines that its

       initial figure does not comport with the Support Guidelines or that there is no

       justification for deviating, but nevertheless attempts to validate the award with

       findings that have no support in the record, the matter would inevitably be re-

       appealed and subsequently re-remanded. Because we now have a support order

       that we are capable of reviewing, we decline to find that the trial court erred.

       Nonetheless, Father insists that the trial court’s recalculation actually amounts

       to an impermissible sua sponte retroactive modification of support. In general, a

       trial court may modify a support order if there has been a substantial change in

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision | 39A04-1408-JP-375 | February 10. 2015   Page 16 of 22
       circumstances or if—at least twelve months after the initial order was issued—

       the amount differs by more than 20% from what would be presumed under the

       Support Guidelines. I.C. § 31-13-8-1(b). Father is correct that there was no

       petition to modify child support before the court, but we cannot agree that the

       trial court’s recalculation amounted to such a modification; it was simply a

       correction. Until the amount of an initial support order has been definitively

       established, there is nothing to modify. Here, the initial support order had been

       remanded and, as such, was still tentative.

[34]   Lastly, Father disputes the trial court’s calculation of his weekly gross income

       at $962 per week and Mother’s at $356. In arriving at these figures, the trial

       court noted that neither party submitted a child support worksheet. The

       Support Guidelines stipulate that “[i]n all cases, a copy of the worksheet . . .

       shall be completed and filed with the court when the court is asked to order

       support. . . . Worksheets shall be signed by both parties, not their counsel,

       under penalties for perjury.” Ind. Child Support Guideline 3(B)(1). However,

       when a party fails to file a worksheet, he is precluded from challenging the

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision | 39A04-1408-JP-375 | February 10. 2015   Page 17 of 22
       income figures arrived at by the trial court. Dye v. Young, 655 N.E.2d 549, 550-

       51 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995).2

[35]   Without worksheets, the trial court instead relied on the evidence adduced at

       the hearing to calculate the parties’ income. See Child Supp. G. 3(A)(1)-(3).

       Not only did Father fail to remit a child support worksheet, he was less than

       forthcoming regarding his finances. He testified that his annual income for

       2011 was less than $8,000, and his pay stubs for the first four months of 2012

       revealed total earnings of $1,382. Yet, Father was making monthly mortgage

       payments of $2,600, and he estimated that at the time of the hearing, he was

       earning approximately $1,500 per week. He also testified that he has been

       living off of a $176,000 home equity loan, and that he received a $20,000

       inheritance and upwards of $75,000 in proceeds from selling investment

       properties, which he put “in Mason jars and buried . . . in [his] back yard.”

       (Transcript p. 80). Moreover, Father stated,

                I can take care of [the Child] financially if I choose. I could work
                harder. I’ve got a property right now that I could sell . . . I got offered.

       2
         As we have previously cautioned, “we strongly discourage [calculating support without worksheets] and
       urge trial courts in the exercise of their discretion to require verified child support worksheets in every case.
       Failure to do so frustrates not only appellate review but also the goals of the child support guidelines.”
       Hedrick v. Gilbert, 17 N.E.3d 321, 327 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision | 39A04-1408-JP-375 | February 10. 2015             Page 18 of 22
               I can sell it. I’ve got thirty-five thousand (35,000) cash I could get out
               of that one. I’m trained. I’ve got license with insurance [sic].

       (Tr. p. 67) (first alteration in original).

[36]   During the hearing, the Child’s guardian ad litem testified that she analyzed

       Father’s financial information and, based on the information that he had

       provided, determined that he pays at least $51,000 in annual expenses. Relying

       on this evidence, the trial court determined that Father must earn at least

       $50,000 to cover his annual expenses, which amounts to $962 per week. Father

       avers that he “discussed his living expenses at length on the record[,]” and they

       do not add up to $962 per week, but this is simply an invitation to reweigh the

       evidence, which we decline to do.

[37]   Father also argues that the “payment of expenses does not equal income for

       child support purposes[,]” but our court has previously found otherwise.

       (Appellant’s Br. p. 29). In Glover v. Torrence, 723 N.E.2d at 930, the father

       submitted a financial declaration to the court indicating that he earned $400 a

       week, yet paid $1,065 in weekly household expenses. Based on the father’s

       “history of under[]representing his income and the large discrepancy between

       his reported income and his expenses,” our court found that it was within the

       trial court’s discretion to impute income to the father based on the amount of

       his reported expenses. Id. at 936-37. Similarly, based on Father’s ability to pay

       $962 in weekly expenses, we find that the evidence supports the trial court’s

       determination of Father’s gross weekly wage.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision | 39A04-1408-JP-375 | February 10. 2015   Page 19 of 22
[38]   As to Father’s contention that the trial court erred in calculating Mother’s

       weekly income at $356, the record demonstrates that by the second day of the

       hearing, Mother had obtained a job making $8.90 per hour and was working

       forty hours per week, which equals $356 per week. We find little merit in

       Father’s claim that Mother’s weekly income should also take into account her

       expenses, or that she receives food stamps and other benefits, child support for

       her oldest son, and disability benefits on behalf of her daughter. The Support

       Guidelines specifically exclude food stamps and other public assistance benefits,

       and generally exclude benefits/support paid on behalf of other children, from

       the definition of weekly gross income. See Child Supp. G 3(A)(1).

       Additionally, Father offers no authority that would require the trial court to

       calculate Mother’s earnings based off of her expenses just because it did so for

       Father—especially considering that Mother’s testimony about her income was

       straightforward, unlike Father’s. Accordingly, the evidence supports the trial

       court’s findings regarding the parties’ weekly earnings, and we find no error in

       its determination that Father should pay $95.00 per week in child support based

       on a justified deviation from the Support Guidelines.

                                               CONCLUSION

[39]   Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court erred by failing to make

       a specific and separate determination of the Child’s legal custody. We further

       conclude that the trial court acted within its discretion in declining to sanction

       Mother for contempt and in recalculating Father’s child support obligation.

[40]   Affirmed in part and remanded with instructions.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision | 39A04-1408-JP-375 | February 10. 2015   Page 20 of 22
[41]   Vaidik, C. J. concurs

[42]   Baker, J. concurs in part and dissents in part with separate opinion

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision | 39A04-1408-JP-375 | February 10. 2015   Page 21 of 22
                                                  IN THE
           COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

       In Re the Paternity of V.A.,
                                                                Court of Appeals Case No.
       A Minor Child,                                           39A04-1408-JP-375
       Robert Anderson (Father),
       Appellant-Petitioner,

               v.

       Billy Jo Youngblood (Mother),
       Appellee-Plaintiff

       Baker, Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

[43]   I dissent from the majority’s decision to remand the case for a determination of

       legal custody. I believe that it is readily apparent from the trial court’s orders

       that it intends for Mother to have full physical and legal custody. In my

       opinion, a remand of this cause is an unnecessary use of our judicial resources

       and the parties’ time and money. Consequently, I would affirm the trial court

       in full. In all other respects, I concur.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision | 39A04-1408-JP-375 | February 10. 2015   Page 22 of 22