Court Opinion

ID: 9953025
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-21 14:04:52.347387+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:45:36.409093
License: Public Domain

2024 IL 127815

                                         IN THE
                                SUPREME COURT

                                             OF
                          THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

                                    (Docket No. 127815)

               THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v.
                         DEMETRIUS GRAY, Appellee.

                               Opinion filed March 21, 2024.

        JUSTICE O’BRIEN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

        Chief Justice Theis and Justices Neville, Overstreet, Holder White,
     Cunningham, and Rochford concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                         OPINION

¶1      Defendant, Demetrius Gray, was convicted of the offense of being an armed
     habitual criminal. Defendant appealed, and the appellate court reversed defendant’s
     conviction, holding that the prosecution failed to prove that defendant had two prior
     qualifying felony convictions. We granted the State’s petition for leave to appeal.
     We find that the evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of the offense of being
     an armed habitual criminal; thus we reverse the appellate court’s judgment and
     affirm defendant’s conviction.

¶2                                    BACKGROUND

¶3       Defendant was charged by indictment with a number of felonies for an incident
     that occurred on June 10, 2016. Count I charged defendant with the offense of being
     an armed habitual criminal in violation of section 24-1.7(a) of the Criminal Code
     of 2012 (Code) (720 ILCS 5/24-1.7(a) (West 2016)) for possessing a firearm after
     having been convicted of unlawful use of a weapon by a felon (case No. 07-CR-
     2070201) and the manufacture or delivery of a controlled substance (case No. 02-
     CR-0277401). Counts II through XII charged defendant with various unlawful use
     of a weapon felonies (id. §§ 24-1.1(a), 24-1.6(a)). Defendant was also charged with
     misdemeanor aggravated assault with a firearm (id. § 12-2(c)(1)).

¶4        Prior to trial, the State filed a motion in limine that sought, inter alia, to
     introduce evidence of defendant’s criminal history for impeachment purposes. The
     State sought to introduce evidence of two prior convictions, both convictions
     pursuant to a guilty plea in 2008. The first conviction was for unlawful use of a
     weapon by a felon (case No. 07-CR-2070201), the same offense that was charged
     in the indictment as one of the underlying felonies for the charge of being an armed
     habitual criminal. The second conviction was for the manufacture and delivery of
     cannabis in a school zone (case No. 07-CR-2016301). At the hearing on the motion
     in limine, defense counsel noted that, during the State’s case-in-chief, defense
     counsel planned to have the court instruct the jury that defendant had two qualifying
     felonies for the offense of being an armed habitual criminal, rather than have the
     State present specific details of the offenses. The Cook County circuit court granted
     the State’s motion in limine as to the two prior felonies at issue. Thus, if defendant
     chose to testify, the State could introduce evidence of the two prior felonies for
     impeachment purposes.

¶5       At the conclusion of the hearing on the motion in limine, the trial court
     confirmed that defendant had been apprised of the State’s final plea offer to
     defendant. Defendant acknowledged that the offer had been presented to him and
     that he had rejected the plea offer.

                                             -2-
¶6       The State proceeded to a jury trial only on count I, dismissing all of the
     remaining counts nolle prosequi. Just prior to trial, defendant attempted to plead
     guilty under the terms of the State’s final plea offer. However, after several
     exchanges regarding the plea, the trial court ultimately did not accept the plea,
     finding that defendant’s plea was not knowing and voluntary.

¶7       At the jury trial, Chicago police officer Fernando Moctezuma testified that
     during the evening hours of June 10, 2016, he was on patrol with Chicago police
     officer Matthew Moore. While driving in the area of 73rd Street and South Paulina
     Street around 9 p.m., an adult female flagged them down. The female appeared
     frantic and was waving and yelling. Moore, who was driving, pulled the patrol car
     over. The female was pointing at a parked tan Pontiac and stating, “he’s got a gun.”
     Moctezuma testified that, as he approached the Pontiac on the passenger side,
     Moctezuma could see an adult male, who was identified in court as defendant, in
     the passenger seat. The passenger door was open, and the windows of the vehicle
     were not tinted. Moctezuma testified that he saw defendant reaching into the glove
     compartment of the vehicle. Moctezuma yelled for defendant to get out of the
     vehicle and stop moving. Defendant exited the vehicle and walked toward
     Moctezuma. At that point, Moctezuma detained defendant and completed a
     protective pat down, placing defendant in handcuffs. Moctezuma proceeded to the
     open vehicle passenger door, where he observed the glove compartment was open
     and there was a small chrome handgun in the glove compartment. Moctezuma
     testified that there was a female sitting in the driver’s seat of the vehicle and
     children seated in the back seat. 1

¶8       Moctezuma and Moore questioned defendant at the police station. After
     defendant was read his rights, defendant stated that he had found the handgun a few
     days earlier and defendant planned to turn it in for cash. Detective Kenneth Kamien
     testified that he interviewed defendant at the police station. Defendant told Kamien
     that defendant had acquired the handgun two days earlier, when he witnessed two
     men leave the handgun in an alley. Defendant retrieved the handgun, planning to
     turn it in for cash. Defendant told Kamien that, on June 10, defendant had left the
     handgun with his father while defendant went with his family to the beach.
     Defendant’s girlfriend drove defendant to retrieve the handgun from defendant’s

        1
            It was stipulated at trial that the Pontiac belonged to Sharita Williams.

                                                      -3-
       father. After retrieving the handgun, defendant engaged in a verbal and physical
       altercation outside his father’s apartment before getting back in the vehicle. During
       that altercation, defendant’s shirt lifted up, revealing the handgun in defendant’s
       waistband. Defendant then returned to his girlfriend’s vehicle and placed the
       handgun in the glove compartment.

¶9         The parties stipulated that defendant “ha[d] two prior qualifying felony
       convictions for the purposes of sustaining the charge of armed habitual criminal.”
       The stipulation did not specify the particular convictions. The trial court informed
       the jury of the purpose and effect of a stipulation:

             “It’s an agreement between the parties as to whatever fact or facts you are
          about to hear. ***

              The only thing about a stipulation is this: Both sides are in complete
          agreement as to whatever fact or facts you’re about to hear. So, during your
          deliberations whatever is the subject of the stipulation is really nothing you have
          to decide because both parties are telling you we agree to this fact or facts. ***

             *** You give it the same weight as though it came from the witness stand.
          This is evidence.”

¶ 10      After all the evidence was presented, the jury was instructed:

             “A person commits the offense of armed habitual criminal when he, having
          been convicted of two qualifying felony offenses, possesses a firearm.

              To sustain the charge of armed habitual criminal the State must prove the
          following propositions:

              First, that the defendant knowingly possessed a firearm; and second, that
          the defendant has previously been convicted of two qualifying felony offenses.”

¶ 11       The jury was then instructed that it should only consider as evidence “the
       testimony of the witnesses, stipulations, and the exhibits which the Court has
       received.”

¶ 12       The jury was further informed regarding the effect of the stipulation in the
       State’s closing argument, where the prosecutor stated:

                                               -4-
              “We all know that the defendant has previously been convicted of two
           qualifying felony offenses. We are all in agreement to that. The State, the
           defense, we all agree. You heard the stipulation. That’s not an issue.”

¶ 13       After deliberating, the jury found defendant guilty of the armed habitual
       criminal charge. Defendant filed a motion for a new trial, followed by a
       supplemental motion for a new trial or judgment of acquittal. Neither motion raised
       any argument regarding the stipulation that the prior convictions were qualifying
       convictions for purposes of being an armed habitual criminal. Both motions were
       denied. The trial court sentenced defendant to nine years in prison. Defendant’s
       motion to reconsider his sentence was denied, and defendant appealed.

¶ 14        In the appellate court, defendant raised, inter alia, a sufficiency of the evidence
       claim, arguing that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that
       defendant had the necessary predicate convictions for an armed habitual criminal
       conviction because defendant was 17 years old at the time of one of the predicate
       offenses alleged in the indictment. The appellate court reversed defendant’s
       conviction. The appellate court acknowledged that defendant was not contesting
       the sufficiency of the evidence that defendant possessed a firearm. Also, defendant
       was not contesting that he was convicted and punished for a felony in 2002. Rather,
       defendant contended that his 2002 conviction could not support the armed habitual
       criminal charge because defendant was a juvenile at the time of the 2002 offense
       and, under statutes now in effect, his 2002 offense would not subject him to the
       jurisdiction of the criminal courts. The appellate court relied on cases interpreting
       the Class X sentencing statute (730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-95(b) (West 2016)), concluding
       that the State failed to prove that defendant’s 2002 conviction was for conduct that
       “ ‘is punishable’ ” as a felony because the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (Juvenile
       Court Act) (705 ILCS 405/5-120 (West 2016)) had been amended and defendant’s
       2002 conviction would now be deemed a delinquency adjudication in juvenile
       court. 2021 IL App (1st) 191086, ¶¶ 12-13. There was no discussion as to the effect
       of the stipulation at trial or whether defense counsel was ineffective for so
       stipulating.

¶ 15       This court allowed the State’s petition for leave to appeal on November 30,
       2022. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Oct. 1, 2021). We granted leave to the Law Office
       of the Cook County Public Defender to file an amicus curiae brief in support of

                                                -5-
       defendant’s position. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 345 (eff. Sept. 20, 2010).

¶ 16                                       ANALYSIS

¶ 17       The State contends that the evidence at trial was sufficient to prove the elements
       necessary to convict defendant of being an armed habitual criminal. Specifically,
       the State argues that the evidence at trial established that defendant possessed a
       firearm and the parties stipulated that defendant had “two prior qualifying felony
       convictions for the purposes of sustaining the charge of armed habitual criminal.”
       The State argues that defendant’s sufficiency claim, which rests on the argument
       that one of the stipulated convictions was not a prior qualifying felony conviction
       because it might be adjudicated in juvenile court if defendant committed it at the
       same time as the current offense, fails for several reasons. We begin our analysis
       with the reason that we find to be determinative in this case: the stipulation itself
       provided sufficient evidence of defendant’s prior qualifying convictions, so there
       was no need to present evidence in support of the stipulated fact of defendant’s
       prior qualifying offenses.

¶ 18       Defendant contends that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of being
       an armed habitual criminal because he has not been convicted of two prior
       qualifying offenses, given that he was 17 years old at the time he committed one of
       his predicate offenses. Defendant contends that his age at the time of the allegedly
       qualifying conviction was a fact that had to be considered when determining
       whether the prior offense qualified as a conviction under the armed habitual
       criminal statute. Defendant argues that, under the law in effect in 2016, he would
       have been tried and adjudicated as a juvenile for the 2002 offense, so the 2002
       conviction was not a qualifying conviction under the armed habitual criminal
       statute. To reach this conclusion, defendant asks this court to construe the language
       of the armed habitual criminal statute in light of the 2014 amendments to the
       Juvenile Court Act.

¶ 19       Before reaching the merits, we first address defendant’s contention that the
       State forfeited any argument based on the stipulation because the State did not raise
       the issue in the appellate court or in its petition for leave to appeal. The State was
       the appellee in the appellate court but the appellant in this court.

                                               -6-
          “It is well settled that where the appellate court reverses the judgment of the
          trial court, and the appellee in that court brings the case to this court as
          appellant, that party may raise any issues properly presented by the record to
          sustain the judgment of the trial court, even if the issues were not raised before
          the appellate court.” People v. Artis, 232 Ill. 2d 156, 164 (2009).

       Thus, the State has not forfeited its argument based on the stipulation.

¶ 20       The standard that this court employs when faced with a challenge to the
       sufficiency of the evidence is well established. When considering such a challenge,
       a reviewing court must determine “ ‘whether, after viewing the evidence in the light
       most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the
       essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” People v. Bush, 2023
       IL 128747, ¶ 33 (quoting People v. Collins, 106 Ill. 2d 237, 261 (1985)). The
       offense of being an armed habitual criminal requires proof that a defendant
       “receive[d], s[old], possesse[d], or transfer[red] any firearm after having been
       convicted” of two or more felonies as delineated in the statute. 720 ILCS 5/24-
       1.7(a) (West 2016). The delineated felonies are:

              “(1) a forcible felony as defined in Section 2-8 of this Code;

              (2) unlawful use of a weapon by a felon; aggravated unlawful use of a
          weapon; aggravated discharge of a firearm; vehicular hijacking; aggravated
          vehicular hijacking; aggravated battery of a child as described in Section 12-
          4.3 or subdivision (b)(1) of Section 12-3.05; intimidation; aggravated
          intimidation; gunrunning; home invasion; or aggravated battery with a firearm
          as described in Section 12-4.2 or subdivision (e)(1), (e)(2), (e)(3), or (e)(4) of
          Section 12-3.05; or

              (3) any violation of the Illinois Controlled Substances Act or the Cannabis
          Control Act that is punishable as a Class 3 felony or higher.” Id. § 24-1.7(a)(1),
          (2), (3).

¶ 21       In this court, as in proceedings in the appellate court, defendant does not contest
       the sufficiency of the evidence that he possessed a firearm. After reviewing the
       evidence submitted at trial, we agree that, viewing the evidence in the light most
       favorable to the prosecution, a rational trier of fact could have found that defendant

                                                -7-
       possessed the firearm recovered from the glove compartment of the Pontiac beyond
       a reasonable doubt. The arresting officer’s vehicle stopped to investigate a report
       of a man with a handgun, and the officers were directed to defendant, who was
       seated in the vehicle with the door open. The arresting officer observed defendant
       placing something in the glove compartment and then observed the handgun in the
       glove compartment. Defendant also admitted to police officers that he had recently
       found the handgun and that he had placed the handgun in the glove compartment.

¶ 22       Having found that the evidence was sufficient to prove the possession aspect of
       the offense of being an armed habitual criminal, the question is whether the
       evidence was sufficient to prove that defendant had been convicted of two or more
       of the felonies delineated in the armed habitual criminal statute. “The State was
       required to introduce sufficient evidence to establish beyond a reasonable doubt
       that defendant had the necessary qualifying felonies to establish defendant’s guilt
       of [the offense of being an armed habitual criminal].” People v. Carter, 2021 IL
       125954, ¶ 41. Defendant does not challenge his conviction of unlawful use of a
       weapon by a felon (case No. 07-CR-2070201). Rather, defendant’s sole challenge
       is to the other conviction alleged in the indictment: his conviction for the 2002
       offense of manufacture or delivery of a controlled substance (case No. 02-CR-
       0277401).

¶ 23       Defendant argues that, despite the stipulation, the evidence failed to prove that
       he had two qualifying convictions. On its face, defendant’s 2002 conviction is a
       qualifying conviction for the offense of being an armed habitual criminal. The
       manufacture or delivery of a controlled substance is a violation of the Illinois
       Controlled Substances Act that is punishable as a Class 3 felony or higher (720
       ILCS 570/401 (West 2002)), which is a qualifying felony under the armed habitual
       criminal statute (720 ILCS 5/24-1.7(a)(3) (West 2016)).

¶ 24       Defendant contends that his 2002 conviction could not be used as a qualifying
       conviction because he was only 17 years old when he committed that crime and the
       2014 amendments to the Juvenile Court Act redefined the exclusive jurisdiction of
       the juvenile court to apply to those defendants who commit offenses prior to their
       eighteenth birthday. See Pub. Act 98-61, § 5 (eff. Jan. 1, 2014) (amending 705
       ILCS 405/5-120). The State contends that the Juvenile Court Act is not relevant; a
       conviction is a conviction, and defendant’s age was not a fact before the trial court.

                                               -8-
       The State argues that the stipulation provided sufficient evidence of defendant’s
       prior qualifying convictions, so there was no need to present further evidence in
       support of the stipulated fact of defendant’s prior qualifying offenses.

¶ 25        The court below agreed with defendant and concluded that, since the 2014
       amendment to the Juvenile Court Act, the State needed to prove that defendant was
       at least 18 years old at the time of each qualifying offense or that defendant merited
       transfer to the criminal courts under the restrictive provisions for such transfer.
       2021 IL App (1st) 191086, ¶ 15. The court below held that, since the State failed to
       prove that defendant’s 2002 conviction for the manufacture or delivery of a
       controlled substance was for conduct that “ ‘is punishable’ ” as a Class 3 or higher
       felony as of the date of the current offense in 2016, the State failed to prove that
       defendant had the two requisite prior convictions. Id. ¶ 16.

¶ 26       The court below did not address the effect of the stipulation, which we find to
       be determinative of the matter before this court. “ ‘A stipulation is conclusive as to
       all matters necessarily included in it’ [citation] and ‘[n]o proof of stipulated facts is
       necessary.’ ” People v. Woods, 214 Ill. 2d 455, 469 (2005) (quoting 34 Ill. L. and
       Prac. Stipulations §§ 8, 9 (2001)). After stipulating to facts, a defendant is
       precluded from attacking or otherwise contradicting those stipulated facts. People
       v. Polk, 19 Ill. 2d 310, 315 (1960). When a defendant, by stipulation, “waive[s] the
       necessity of proof of all or part of the case which the People have alleged against
       him,” “he cannot complain of the evidence which he has stipulated into the record.”
       Id.

¶ 27       We conclude that defense counsel’s stipulation provided sufficient evidence to
       convict defendant of the offense of being an armed habitual criminal. Defendant
       did not merely stipulate to the admission of certified copies of his prior convictions
       or that he had been convicted of specified felonies. Rather, defendant stipulated that
       he had “two prior qualifying felony convictions for the purposes of sustaining the
       charge of armed habitual criminal.” Defendant’s stipulation established the facts
       that defendant had been convicted of two prior felonies and that those felonies were
       qualifying felonies, i.e., the felonies were for offenses as defined in section 24-
       1.7(a)(1), (2), or (3) of the armed habitual criminal statute (720 ILCS 5/24-
       1.7(a)(1), (2), (3) (West 2016)). Cf. Carter, 2021 IL 125954, ¶ 41 (certified copy of
       aggravated battery conviction, absent proof of great bodily harm or permanent

                                                 -9-
       disability or disfigurement, was insufficient to prove a forcible felony conviction
       under the armed habitual criminal statute). The stipulation satisfied the State’s
       obligation to prove those facts.

¶ 28      Since defense counsel stipulated that defendant had the two requisite
       convictions, thereby removing the State’s obligation to provide evidence of the two
       convictions, defendant cannot directly attack the evidence. See People v. Villarreal,
       198 Ill. 2d 209, 227 (2001) (because defense counsel submitted verdict forms that
       were used, defendant was in no position to claim he was prejudiced thereby).

          “[W]hen a defendant procures, invites, or acquiesces in the admission of
          evidence, even though the evidence is improper, she cannot contest the
          admission on appeal. [Citations.] This is because, by acquiescing in rather than
          objecting to the admission of allegedly improper evidence, a defendant deprives
          the State of the opportunity to cure the alleged defect.” People v. Bush, 214 Ill.
          2d 318, 332 (2005).

       Since defendant’s sole challenge is to the sufficiency of the evidence and we have
       found the stipulation to be determinative, we do not have cause to address
       defendant’s arguments regarding the statutory interpretation of the armed habitual
       criminal statute and the effect of People v. Stewart, 2022 IL 126116 (relying on a
       subsequent amendment to recidivism sentencing provisions to discern legislative
       intent to find that conviction for offense committed when defendant was 17 years
       old was not a qualifying offense for Class X sentence).

¶ 29       Although defendant cannot directly attack the sufficiency of the evidence,
       defendant may argue that his counsel’s agreement to the stipulation constituted
       ineffective assistance of counsel. Villarreal, 198 Ill. 2d at 228. A claim of
       ineffective assistance of counsel is analyzed under the standard set forth in
       Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984).

          “To demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that
          (1) the attorney’s performance fell below an objective standard of
          reasonableness and (2) the attorney’s deficient performance prejudiced the
          defendant in that, absent counsel’s deficient performance, there is a reasonable
          probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different.” People
          v. Jackson, 2020 IL 124112, ¶ 90.

                                              - 10 -
¶ 30       Defendant contends that there was no reasonable trial strategy that would justify
       the stipulation. As for prejudice, defendant contends that, if the 2002 offense was
       not a qualifying conviction, then the State failed to prove defendant guilty of being
       an armed habitual criminal beyond a reasonable doubt.

¶ 31       The State makes two arguments in response. First, the State maintains that,
       under the plain language of the armed habitual criminal statute, defense counsel
       was reasonable in stipulating to the conviction or at least was not unreasonable due
       to the state of the law at the time of defendant’s trial. Second, the State maintains
       that, even if we were to find it was unreasonable for counsel to stipulate to the 2002
       conviction, the defendant cannot show prejudice because the defendant had been
       convicted of other qualifying felonies that the State could have presented as
       evidence to establish the necessary prior convictions required under the statute.

¶ 32       A defendant must show both unreasonable performance and prejudice to prevail
       on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel; defendant cannot prevail if he fails
       to show one or the other. People v. Simpson, 2015 IL 116512, ¶ 35. Defendant
       concedes in his appellee brief before this court that he has a 2008 Class 3 felony
       conviction under the Cannabis Control Act (720 ILCS 550/1 et seq. (West 2008)).
       Such a conviction is a specified qualifying conviction under the armed habitual
       criminal statute. See 720 ILCS 5/24-1.7(a)(3) (West 2016). Since defendant cannot
       show that, but for the deficiency in counsel’s representation, there is a reasonable
       probability the trial result would have been different, he cannot prevail on a claim
       of ineffective assistance of counsel in making the stipulation.

¶ 33                                     CONCLUSION

¶ 34       We find that, between the evidence presented at trial and the stipulation, a
       rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the charge of being
       an armed habitual criminal beyond a reasonable doubt. In addition, since defendant
       cannot show prejudice, his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in making the
       stipulation failed. Accordingly, the judgment of the appellate court is reversed, and
       defendant’s conviction and sentence for the offense of being an armed habitual
       criminal are reinstated.

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¶ 35   Appellate court judgment reversed.

¶ 36   Circuit court judgment affirmed.

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