Court Opinion

ID: 4464925
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-12-17 18:02:02.285197+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:25:41.941726
License: Public Domain

Slip Op. 19-161

               UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
__________________________________________
                                           :
TRIMIL S.A,                                :
                                           :
                  Plaintiff,               :
                                           : Before: Richard K. Eaton, Judge
            v.                             :
                                           : Court No. 16-00025
UNITED STATES,                             :
                                           :
                  Defendant.               :
__________________________________________:

                                           OPINION

[Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment is granted; Defendant’s cross-motion for summary
judgment is denied.]

                                                                      Dated: December 17, 2019

 Robert B. Silverman, Grunfeld, Desiderio, Lebowitz, Silverman & Klestadt, LLP, of New York,
      NY, argued for Plaintiff. With him on the brief were Robert F. Seely and Alan R. Klestadt.

        Jamie L. Shookman, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department
of Justice, of New York, NY, argued for Defendant. With her on the brief were Chad A.
Readler, Acting Assistant Attorney General and Amy M. Rubin, Assistant Director. Of Counsel
on the brief was Chi S. Choy, Office of the Assistant Chief Counsel, U.S. Customs and Border
Protection.

       Eaton, Judge: Plaintiff Trimil S.A. (“Plaintiff” or “Trimil”), an importer of Giorgio Armani

S.p.A. (“Armani”) apparel, appeals from U.S. Customs and Border Protection’s (“Customs”)

denial of its protest regarding twelve entries of clothing1 imported from Italy and Hong Kong.

       1
                This action arose as a test case, under which thirty-one cases are suspended,
pending decision. See Trimil S.A. v. United States, Ct. No. 10-00378, ECF No. 39. The twelve
entries at issue here were severed from Trimil S.A. v. United States, Court No. 10-00378. See Ct.
No. 10-00378, ECF No. 27.
Court No. 16-00025                                                                               Page 2

        By its motion for summary judgment, Trimil challenges Customs’ calculation of the

transaction value 2 of the clothing, pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1401a. See Pl.’s Mem. Supp. Mot.

Summ. J., ECF No. 23, 1 (“Pl.’s Br.”); Pl.’s Resp. Def.’s Cross-Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 36 (“Pl.’s

Resp.”). Specifically, Trimil objects to Customs’ inclusion, in transaction value, of the amounts of

advertising fees and trademark royalty fees, that Trimil paid to third parties. See Compl., ECF

No. 2, ¶¶ 19, 20, 22. The addition of these fees to the clothing’s transaction value increased the

amount of Trimil’s duties.

        Defendant the United States (“Defendant” or the “Government”) cross-moves for summary

judgment, contending that the advertising fees and trademark royalty fees paid by Trimil fall under

transaction value either as part of “the price actually paid or payable” for the imported

merchandise, or as a statutorily authorized addition that was paid as a condition of sale. See 19

U.S.C. § 1401a(b)(1), (D) (2012) 3; Def.’s Mem. Opp’n Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J. & Supp. Def.’s Cross-

Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 28, 1 (“Def.’s Br.”); Def.’s Reply, ECF No. 41.

        The court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a) (2012). See Compl. ¶ 13; Answer,

ECF No. 5, ¶ 13. The court finds that (1) Plaintiff properly conceded the design fees as a dutiable

assist added to price actually paid or payable; (2) the advertising fees are not dutiable because they

are neither part of price actually paid or payable, nor do they fit within a statutory addition to price;

        2
                Defendant at no point asserts that transaction value is inappropriate in this case
because of the relationships among the parties. To the contrary, the Government insists that
transaction value is the appropriate way to value Plaintiff’s entries. See Def.’s Br. 19 (“The parties
agree that ‘transaction value’ is the appropriate method for valuing the goods at issue.”).
        3
                 Further citations to the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, are to the relevant portions
of Title 19 of the U.S. Code, 2012 edition. For ease of reference, citations to Customs’ regulations
are to the 2019 edition. The pertinent parts of both statutes and regulations are identical in
substance to the versions in effect at the time of importation.
Court No. 16-00025                                                                          Page 3

and (3) the trademark royalty fees are not dutiable because they are neither part of price actually

paid or payable, nor do they fit within a statutory addition to price.

                                         BACKGROUND

I.     Customs’ Transaction Value Determination

       Trimil is an importer of wearable apparel bearing the trademarks of Mani, Armani

Collezioni, and Armani Jeans. See Pl.’s Br. Ex. 2, ECF No. 23-2, Ballestrazzi Aff. ¶ 5; Pl.’s Stmt.

Material Facts, ECF No. 23, ¶¶ 1, 4, 5 (“Pl.’s SMF”). Confezioni di Matelica S.p.A. (“Vendor

Matelica”) and Deanna S.p.A. (“Vendor Deanna”) (collectively, the “seller-manufacturers”)

manufactured Trimil’s orders of Armani-trademarked merchandise. 4 Pl.’s SMF ¶¶ 6, 7.

       Trimil imported twelve entries 5 of Armani-trademarked apparel between 2008 and 2009.

See Pl.’s SMF ¶ 4. The company paid an amount based on its estimation of the duties it would owe

Customs at the time of entry based on the invoice price of the clothing together with additional

amounts for design fees, 6 advertising fees, and trademark royalty fees that it had paid to Armani

       4
               Armani has an ownership interest in Trimil S.A., Vendor Matelica, and Vendor
Deanna. Trimil S.A. is a joint venture between Armani and Ermengildo Zegna Corp., an unrelated
entity. Pl.’s SMF ¶ 12. Armani wholly owns Vendor Deanna, and has an ownership interest in
Vendor Matelica. Vendor Matelica is wholly owned by Trimil S.p.A., a sister company of Trimil
S.A. See Pl.’s Br. Ex. 3, ECF No. 23-4, Ballestrazzi Dep. at 36:10-:25, 37:16-38:6.
       5
                The total number of entries included merchandise purchased from an additional
seller-manufacturer, Vendor Moda. No duties were paid on the advertising fees or trademark
royalty fees for the Vendor Moda clothing at the time of entry. Therefore, the duties later paid at
reconciliation for these entries are not before the court. See Pl.’s Resp. 1 n.2 (“[Trimil]
acknowledges defendant’s claim that the court has no jurisdiction over three of the twelve
summonsed entries because the importer deposited no duties for the subject fees on those entries
[at the time of entry].”).
       6
             Trimil does not contest the dutiability of the design fees in this action. See Pl.’s
SMF ¶¶ 53, 54.
Court No. 16-00025                                                                            Page 4

and Armani’s subsidiary, G.A. Modefine S.A. (“Modefine”). See Ballestrazzi Aff. ¶¶ 5, 10, 11,

15, 16; Pl.’s SMF ¶ 51.

       Customs determined the dutiable transaction value of Trimil’s imported merchandise based

on Trimil’s declarations as to value and payment of its estimated duties. See Pl.’s Br. Ex. 1, ECF

No. 23-1, Bassani Aff. ¶¶ 29-33; Def.’s Br., ECF No. 28-3, Ex. 3.

       Trimil later paid its duties in full through reconciliation entries. 7 Pl.’s SMF ¶¶ 8, 9, 53.

Customs continued to include the advertising fees and trademark royalty fees in its final calculation

of transaction value. Pl.’s SMF ¶¶ 47, 50.

       On July 22, 2010, Trimil timely filed a protest covering the twelve entries. See Def.’s Br.,

ECF No. 28-3, Ex. 5. Customs denied the protest on September 24, 2010. See Def.’s Br. Ex. 5.

       On May 12, 2016, Trimil commenced this litigation arguing that the total invoice price

paid to the seller-manufacturers, less the advertising fees and trademark royalty fees, represents

the total price of the imported merchandise, and therefore also represents the dutiable transaction

value. See Compl.; Pl.’s SMF ¶ 19.

II.    Agreements Governing the Disputed Advertising Fees and Trademark Royalty Fees

       Trimil entered into two sets of agreements with Armani and Armani’s subsidiary Modefine.

Trimil entered into the first set of agreements, consisting of two design and advertising agreements,

with Armani. See Pl.’s Br. Ex. 2 (“Design & Advertising Agreements”); see also Pl.’s SMF ¶ 39.

At the same time, Trimil entered into the second set of agreements, consisting of two trademark

       7
               Reconciliation refers to the importer-initiated process under which undetermined
elements of an entry “are provided to the Customs Service at a later time. A reconciliation is treated
as an entry for purposes of liquidation, reliquidation, recordkeeping, and protest.” 19 U.S.C.
§ 1401(s).
Court No. 16-00025                                                                            Page 5

licensing agreements, with Modefine. 8 See Pl.’s Br. Ex. 2 (“Trademark Agreements”); see also

Pl.’s SMF ¶ 30. By the terms of the four agreements (collectively, the “Agreements”), Trimil was

a design, advertising, and trademark licensee of Armani. See Pl.’s Br. Ex. 3, ECF No. 23-4,

Ballestrazzi Dep. at 35:4-36:4. The Agreements were entered into prior to the manufacture of the

imported merchandise. Pl.’s SMF ¶¶ 30, 39.

       One of the two Design & Advertising Agreements provided stylistic and advertising

assistance for the Mani- and Armani Collezioni-trademarked clothing, and the other provided

assistance for the Armani Jeans-trademarked clothing. Pl.’s SMF ¶¶ 39, 40. The purpose of these

contracts was to “enhance retail sales of the trademarked merchandise within the United States.”

Pl.’s SMF ¶ 41. Under each agreement, Trimil paid two separate fees to Armani—a design fee and

an advertising fee. These fees were equal to a percentage of the net revenue of Trimil Corp. (Trimil

S.A.’s U.S. subsidiary), or, in the alternative, a guaranteed minimum fee for both design and

advertising. Pl.’s SMF ¶ 42. The calculation of these payments to Armani was based on Trimil

Corp.’s future U.S. sales of the imported clothing. Pl.’s SMF ¶ 46.

       As to the Trademark Agreements, one agreement covered the Mani and Armani Collezioni

trademarks, and the other covered the Armani Jeans trademarks. Pl.’s SMF ¶ 30. The purpose of

these agreements was to “provide[] Trimil SA with a license to manufacture, purchase, and to sell

the Armani-trademarked merchandise in the United States.” Ballestrazzi Aff. ¶ 12. Under these

       8
                The relevant sections of the two Design & Advertising Agreements are
substantially identical, and are treated as such by the parties. See Pl.’s SMF ¶¶ 39-46; Def.’s Resp.
Pl.’s Stmt. Material Facts, ECF No. 28-1, ¶¶ 39-46 (“Def.’s Resp. Pl.’s SMF”). Likewise, the
relevant sections of the two Trademark Agreements are substantially identical. See Pl.’s SMF
¶¶ 30-38; Def.’s Resp. Pl.’s SMF ¶¶ 30-38. For ease of reading, the identical sections are
referenced collectively as sections of the “Design & Advertising Agreements” and the “Trademark
Agreements,” respectively.
Court No. 16-00025                                                                            Page 6

two agreements, Trimil paid Modefine trademark royalty fees. Pl.’s SMF ¶ 31. As with the Design

& Advertising Agreements, the calculation of these payments to Modefine was based on Trimil

Corp.’s future U.S. sales. Pl.’s SMF ¶¶ 38, 46. The Trademark Agreements also provided “a

guaranteed minimum trademark royalty amount.” See Pl.’s SMF ¶ 31.

          Trimil concedes that the design fees it paid pursuant to the Design & Advertising

Agreements are properly part of the clothing’s transaction value as a dutiable assist under

19 U.S.C. § 1401a(b)(1)(C). See Pl.’s SMF ¶¶ 53, 54; Bassani Aff. ¶ 35 (characterizing the design

fees as “assists”). Accordingly, Trimil only contests the dutiability of advertising fees and

trademark royalty fees.

          Failure to comply with the terms of the Design & Advertising Agreements by Trimil would

be grounds for Armani to terminate them. See Design & Advertising Agreements, § 12(3)(IV).

Likewise, Trimil’s failure to make royalty payments to Modefine would be grounds for Modefine

to terminate the Trademark Agreements. See Trademark Agreements, § 16(3). Further, if Trimil

failed to maintain its status as a trademark licensee under the Trademark Agreements, Armani

could terminate the Design & Advertising Agreements. See Design & Advertising Agreements,

§ 12(3)(VII) (“Armani may also terminate this contract . . . if, for any reason, [Trimil] ceases to be

a licensee of the ‘Armani’ Trademark.”).

                                   STANDARD OF REVIEW

          Under Rule 56, “[t]he court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there

is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of

law.” U.S. CT. INT’L TR. R. 56(a); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247

(1986).
Court No. 16-00025                                                                             Page 7

       The court reviews de novo Customs’ denial of protests. See, e.g., LDA Incorporado v.

United States, 39 CIT __, __, 79 F. Supp. 3d 1331, 1338 (2015) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2640(a)(1)).

                                     LEGAL FRAMEWORK

       Whenever possible, Customs appraises imported merchandise on the basis of its

“transaction value.” See 19 U.S.C. § 1401a(a)(1)(A). Transaction value is “the price actually paid

or payable for the merchandise when sold for exportation to the United States,” plus a limited

number of fact-dependent additions. Id. § 1401a(b)(1)(A)-(E) (emphasis added) (“The price

actually paid or payable for imported merchandise shall be increased by the amounts attributable

to the items (and no others) described in subparagraphs (A) through (E) only to the extent that

each such amount (i) is not otherwise included within the price actually paid or payable; and (ii)

is based on sufficient information.”). 9

       9
              The transaction value of imported merchandise is the price actually paid or
       payable for the merchandise when sold for exportation to the United States, plus
       amounts equal to--

           (A) the packing costs incurred by the buyer with respect to the imported
           merchandise;
           (B) any selling commission incurred by the buyer with respect to the imported
           merchandise;
           (C) the value, apportioned as appropriate, of any assist;
           (D) any royalty or license fee related to the imported merchandise that the buyer
           is required to pay, directly or indirectly, as a condition of the sale of the
           imported merchandise for exportation to the United States; and
           (E) the proceeds of any subsequent resale, disposal, or use of the imported
           merchandise that accrue, directly or indirectly, to the seller.

       The price actually paid or payable for imported merchandise shall be increased by
       the amounts attributable to the items (and no others) described in subparagraphs
       (A) through (E) only to the extent that each such amount (i) is not otherwise
       included within the price actually paid or payable; and (ii) is based on sufficient
       information. If sufficient information is not available, for any reason, with respect
       to any amount referred to in the preceding sentence, the transaction value of the
Court No. 16-00025                                                                            Page 8

       The statute defines the term “price actually paid or payable” as

       the total payment (whether direct or indirect, and exclusive of any costs, charges,
       or expenses incurred for transportation, insurance, and related services incident to
       the international shipment of the merchandise from the country of exportation to
       the place of importation in the United States) made, or to be made, for imported
       merchandise by the buyer to, or for the benefit of, the seller.

Id. § 1401a(b)(4)(A).

       One of the statutorily permitted increases to the price actually paid or payable under

§ 1401a(b) is the inclusion of “the value, apportioned as appropriate, of any assist.” Id.

§ 1401a(b)(1)(C); see also 19 C.F.R. § 152.103(d) (2019) (regulating valuation of assists). 10 An

“assist” may be a particular item or service “supplied directly or indirectly, and free of charge or

at reduced cost, by the buyer of imported merchandise for use in connection with the production

or the sale for export to the United States of the merchandise.” 19 U.S.C. § 1401a(h)(1)(A). The

assist itself may take the form of items such as “[m]aterials, components, parts, and similar items”

or planning aids such as “[e]ngineering, development, artwork, design work, and plans and

sketches that are undertaken elsewhere than in the United States and are necessary for the

       imported merchandise concerned shall be treated, for purposes of this section, as
       one that cannot be determined.

19 U.S.C. § 1401a(b)(1) (emphasis added).
       10
                Customs’ regulation on assists provides that, where the assist is “produced by the
buyer or a person related to the buyer,” and “the assist consist[s] of materials, components, parts,
or similar items incorporated in the imported merchandise, or items consumed in the production
of the imported merchandise, . . . [or] of tools, dies, molds, or similar items used in the production
of the imported merchandise,” the value of the assist is “the cost of its production,” plus
transportation costs. 19 C.F.R. § 152.103(d)(1)-(2). Here, Customs accepted the amount Trimil
paid in design fees to Armani as the value of the assists that Armani provided. See Pl.’s SMF ¶ 54;
Def.’s Br. 17; see, e.g., Customs Ruling Letter, HQ 544088 (Mar. 25, 1988) (“[C]ommissions
which will be paid to the other Hong Kong corporation for design work and design consulting
services are to be treated as assists and included in the calculation of transaction value.”).
Court No. 16-00025                                                                            Page 9

production of the imported merchandise.” Id. § 1401a(h)(1)(A)(i), (iv). Importantly, the value of

any designs made in the United States is not dutiable. See 19 C.F.R. § 152.103(d) (“[D]esign work

undertaken in the U.S. may not be added to the price actually paid or payable [as an assist].”).

       Transaction value may also include, as a statutory addition, “any royalty or license fee

related to the imported merchandise that the buyer is required to pay, directly or indirectly, as a

condition of the sale of the imported merchandise for exportation to the United States.” 19 U.S.C.

§ 1401a(b)(1)(D). In other words, not all royalties and license fees are dutiable—only those that

are conditions of the sale for exportation. Under the accompanying regulation,

       [r]oyalties or license fees paid to third parties for use, in the United States, of
       copyrights and trademarks related to the imported merchandise generally will be
       considered selling expenses of the buyer and not dutiable. The dutiable status of
       royalties or license fees paid by the buyer will be determined in each case and will
       depend on (1) whether the buyer was required to pay them as a condition of sale of
       the merchandise for exportation to the United States, and (2) to whom and under
       what circumstances they were paid. Payments made by the buyer to a third party
       for the right to distribute or resell the imported merchandise will not be added to
       the price actually paid or payable for the imported merchandise if the payments are
       not a condition of the sale of the merchandise for exportation to the United States.

19 C.F.R. § 152.103(f) (emphasis added).

                                          DISCUSSION

       Each of the fees paid by Trimil to Armani or Modefine, to be dutiable, must fit within the

statute. If a payment is not part of the price actually paid or payable, it will only be part of

transaction value if it is one of the five additions in § 1401a(b)(1)(A)-(E), since “no others” may

be included. See 19 U.S.C. § 1401a(b)(1). A clear example of a dutiable addition is an “assist,”

such as the design fees that Trimil paid to Armani. The dutiability of the design fees is undisputed.

Nonetheless, the court discusses assists as an example of a payment that meets the statute’s narrow

requirements.
Court No. 16-00025                                                                          Page 10

I.     Plaintiff Properly Conceded the Dutiability of the Design Fees, Which Are an Assist
       Added to Transaction Value

       Trimil conceded, in its Complaint, that the design fees it paid to Armani under the Design

& Advertising Agreements were part of the transaction value of the imported merchandise. See

Compl. ¶ 15; Pl.’s SMF ¶¶ 53, 54.

       As noted, an “assist,” for the purposes of transaction value, can be “[m]aterials [or] design

work . . . supplied directly or indirectly, and free of charge or at reduced cost, by the buyer of

imported merchandise for use in connection with the production or the sale for export to the United

States of the merchandise.” 19 U.S.C. § 1401a(h)(1)(A)(i), (iv). Trimil (the buyer) entered into

agreements with (and paid fees to) Armani to obtain Armani’s “stylistic assistance and consulting

services.” See, e.g., Design & Advertising Agreements § 4(1). For its part, Armani facilitated the

production of the clothing by “creating models; . . . seeking out and choosing fabrics and materials

to be used in manufacturing the Products; . . . examining the first prototypes . . . and providing

instructions for any corrections; . . . [and granting] final approval of the prototypes.” Design

& Advertising Agreements § 4(1)(a)-(d). Trimil then was able to provide, directly or indirectly,

these assists to the seller-manufacturers, Vendor Matelica and Vendor Deanna, which

manufactured the clothing to be imported. See Pl.’s SMF ¶¶ 6, 7, 40 (“These agreements required

Armani SpA to . . . provide apparel designs for the seasonal ‘collections’ that Trimil SA would

have produced for sale within the United States.”). Trimil did not charge the seller-manufacturers

for the designs it had paid for and obtained from Armani. See Pl.’s SMF ¶ 19; Def.’s Resp. Pl.’s

SMF ¶ 19.

       Thus, Trimil (the buyer) paid for models and design guidance from Armani, whose work

was performed in Italy, and then supplied it to the seller-manufacturers at no additional cost beyond

the invoice price of its orders. The models, fabric selections, and other design components were
Court No. 16-00025                                                                          Page 11

used in connection with the production of merchandise later exported to the United States. These

activities constituted assists because they were undertaken outside the United States, and were

provided by the buyer to the seller at no cost for use in manufacturing the clothing. Therefore,

there can be little doubt that the design fees are appropriately included in transaction value as a

statutory addition (an assist) under 19 U.S.C. § 1401a(b)(1)(C).

II.     The Advertising Fees Paid to Armani Are Not Part of Transaction Value, and Are
        Therefore Not Dutiable

        Pursuant to the same agreements under which it paid the design fees, Trimil paid

advertising fees to Armani. Pl.’s SMF ¶ 39. Armani agreed that it would “adequately advertise, or

cause to be adequately advertised [in the United States], the Products and/or the Trademark they

display,” as well as agreeing with Trimil on themes for the advertisements, designating media and

places for the advertisements, and carrying out public relations activities. See Design

& Advertising Agreements, §§ 2(15), 3, 5(1)-(3); see also Pl.’s Br. 7 (“The advertising fees related

only to post-importation marketing of merchandise within the United States.”).

        Plaintiff contends that the advertising fees under the Design & Advertising Agreements

fall squarely within the context of post-import transactions, and are thus not part of the dutiable

transaction value. See Pl.’s Br. 12. For Trimil, two facts—that the advertising fees, paid to Armani,

were based on the revenue from Trimil’s post-importation sales in the United States, and that the

advertising services were directed to the U.S. market—show that the advertising fees are not part

of the price actually paid or payable for the imported merchandise. Pl.’s Br. 15 (“The advertising

fees were paid to increase U.S. consumer recognition and appreciation of the Armani brand and

were directly related to U.S. retail sales.”).
Court No. 16-00025                                                                             Page 12

       In support of its argument, Trimil cites Customs’ transaction value regulation, and several

Customs rulings involving marketing or advertising fees that were found non-dutiable. See Pl.’s

Br. 12-13 (citations omitted); see, e.g., 19 C.F.R. § 152.103(a)(2) (emphasis added) (“Activities

such as advertising, undertaken by the buyer on his own account . . . will not be considered an

indirect payment to the seller though they may benefit the seller. The costs of those activities will

not be added to the price actually paid or payable in determining the customs value of the imported

merchandise.”).

       For Defendant, the advertising fees should be included in transaction value either as part

of the price actually paid or payable for the imported merchandise, or as a statutory addition to

price under one of the enumerated categories in 19 U.S.C. § 1401a(b). See Def.’s Br. 13-14. It

makes this argument even though the fees were not paid to the seller-manufacturers. Rather,

Defendant finds it significant that “Armani negotiated these services along with its design services

— and calculated fees for both in an identical manner —as part of an ‘overall strategy’ to ensure

‘brand integrity.’” Def.’s Br. 21; see Ballestrazzi Dep. at 75:4-:10 (“[W]e need to ensure that the

brand is promoted and advertised in a way which is consistent with the overall strategy, brand --

integrity and strategy of the brand. So typically, the advertising and design are coordinated.”).

Defendant emphasizes the relationship between the payment of the advertising fees—and thus the

continuation of the various agreements in full force and effect—and Trimil’s ability to order and

import Armani clothing. See Def.’s Br. 21 (“[B]y paying the advertising fees at issue, Trimil S.A.

ensured that the Design and Advertising Assistance Agreements remained in effect, pursuant to

which Trimil S.A. acquired rights to the designs used to produce the imported merchandise.”).

       Despite Defendant’s arguments, the advertising fees are not dutiable because they fall

outside the statute. The statutory language is clear. If a payment is neither part of the price actually
Court No. 16-00025                                                                             Page 13

paid or payable, nor one of the five, specified additions to price, that payment is not part of

transaction value. See 19 U.S.C. § 1401a(b)(1) (emphasis added) (“The transaction value of

imported merchandise is the price actually paid or payable for the merchandise when sold for

exportation to the United States, plus . . . the amounts attributable to the items (and no others)

described in subparagraphs (A) through (E) . . . ”).

       The statute defines “price actually paid or payable” as “the total payment . . . made, or to

be made, for imported merchandise by the buyer to, or for the benefit of, the seller.” 19 U.S.C.

§ 1401a(b)(4)(A). The words “made . . . for imported merchandise by the buyer to, or for the

benefit of, the seller,” are important. The advertising fees are not part of the price actually paid or

payable because they were not paid to, or for the benefit of the seller. See id.

       The parties agree that the fees were not paid to the seller-manufacturers; they disagree as

to whether the fees were paid for the benefit of the seller-manufacturers. See Pl.’s SMF ¶ 19; Def.’s

Resp. Pl.’s SMF ¶ 19 (“[T]he price that Trimil S.A. paid the vendor was the only amount paid

directly . . . to the vendors, but . . . the vendors also benefited from the . . . advertising fees that

Trimil S.A. paid in relation to the subject merchandise.”). Defendant contends that the benefit to

the seller-manufacturers, Vendor Matelica and Vendor Deanna, occurred because Trimil’s

payment of the advertising fees to Armani enabled the seller-manufacturers to engage in the

production of the goods for exportation. See Def.’s Br. 23-24 (“If [the Design & Advertising]

agreements were terminated, the [seller-manufacturers] would be prohibited from manufacturing

products based on the designs provided by Armani. . . . And, without the ability to manufacture

Armani products, the [seller-manufacturers] could not make or sell the subject merchandise.”). Put

another way, for Defendant, had the Design & Advertising Agreements not been in place, Trimil

could not have placed its order with the seller-manufacturers.
Court No. 16-00025                                                                           Page 14

       This argument, however, seeks to cast the net of “benefit” too far. The Customs regulation

interpreting price actually paid or payable makes clear that “benefit” has a narrow meaning,

especially as to “indirect” payments. See 19 C.F.R. § 152.103(a)(2) (emphasis added) (“An

indirect payment would include the settlement by the buyer, in whole or in part, of a debt owed by

the seller, or where the buyer receives a price reduction on a current importation as a means of

settling a debt owed him by the seller.”). The same regulation also explicitly excludes advertising

services from dutiable “indirect” payments:

       Activities such as advertising, undertaken by the buyer on his own account, other
       than those for which an adjustment is provided in § 152.103(b) [and 19 U.S.C.
       § 1401a(b)(1)(A)-(E)], will not be considered an indirect payment to the seller
       though they may benefit the seller. The costs of those activities will not be added to
       the price actually paid or payable in determining the customs value of the imported
       merchandise.

19 C.F.R. § 152.103(a)(2) (emphasis added).

       Here, there is no real dispute as to the purpose of the Design & Advertising Agreements,

or the entities that were bound to perform the obligations under those agreements. Armani wanted

to control the manner in which its products were advertised in the United States, and Trimil wanted

to bring Armani’s clothing into the United States and sell it. Thus, the obligations and benefits

under the Design & Advertising Agreements accrued to Armani (payment, uniform advertising)

and Trimil (ability to purchase and resell the clothing). The advertising fees were paid as part of

the larger enterprise, but were aimed at resale of the clothing in the U.S. market. Any benefit the

seller-manufacturers received from the transaction—i.e., Trimil’s ability to place its order with

them—is so tangential to the fees paid to Armani for advertising as to be unquantifiable (if it exists

at all). Thus, the advertising fees paid by Trimil to third parties are not part of the price actually

paid or payable by Trimil as buyer to the seller-manufacturers.
Court No. 16-00025                                                                           Page 15

       If the advertising payments are not part of the price actually paid or payable, they will only

be dutiable if they fall within one of the five statutory additions defined by 19 U.S.C.

§ 1401a(b)(1)(A)-(E). None of the five statutory additions listed under § 1401a(b)(1)(A)-(E)

describe advertising or advertising fees. To the extent that the parties refer to the advertising fees

as license fees, there is no reason to follow this characterization when the regulation has explicitly

distinguished advertising fees from dutiable license fees associated with intellectual property

rights. See 19 C.F.R. § 152.103(a)(2), (f). Moreover, the advertising and other promotional services

occurred exclusively in the United States, after importation. See, e.g., Pl.’s Br. Ex. 4, ECF No.

23-5 (showing invoices for advertising and other promotional services between Armani and

various U.S. entities). The advertising services were associated with Trimil Corp.’s U.S. sales, not

the transaction between Trimil and the seller-manufacturers. Thus, the advertising fees are not one

of the statutorily permitted additions to transaction value. See 19 U.S.C. § 1401a(b)(1) (emphasis

added) (“The price actually paid or payable for imported merchandise shall be increased by the

amounts attributable to the items (and no others) described in subparagraphs (A) through (E) . . .”).

       Accordingly, because the advertising fees paid by Trimil to Armani are not part of the price

actually paid or payable to the seller-manufacturers, and do not fall within one of the limited

additions to price defined in the transaction value statute, Customs should have excluded them

from its calculation of transaction value.

III.   Because the Trademark Royalty Fees Were Not Paid as a Condition of Sale, They Are
       Not Part of Transaction Value, and Are Therefore Not Dutiable

       Defendant next seeks to include in transaction value the trademark royalty fees, paid

pursuant to the two Trademark Agreements.
Court No. 16-00025                                                                            Page 16

       First, Defendant argues that the trademark royalty fees are part of the price actually paid or

payable because they were paid by the buyer (Trimil) for the benefit of the seller-manufacturers

(Vendor Matelica and Vendor Deanna). Pointing to provisions in the Trademark Agreements

similar to those it highlighted in the Design & Advertising Agreements, Defendant contends that,

without Trimil’s payment of the trademark royalty fees to Modefine, the seller-manufacturers

would not have been able to produce the clothing at issue. See Def.’s Br. 28-29 (quoting

Ballestrazzi Dep. at 77:14-78:2) (explaining that, since the Design & Advertising Agreements also

required that Trimil be a trademark licensee of Armani’s, both sets of agreements would be

terminated if Trimil failed to pay the trademark royalty fees, and “if these agreements were

terminated, ‘Trimil S.A. would have an obligation to direct its manufacturers to terminate any

ongoing production.’”). Defendant concludes that, “[b]ecause the right to make and sell the

imported merchandise depended on these agreements, the trademark royalties that Trimil S.A. paid

to keep them in effect were made for the benefit of the [seller-manufacturers].” Def.’s Br. 29.

       This argument fails, just as it did with respect to the advertising fees. “Benefit” has a narrow

meaning within the transaction value statute and the regulation interpreting “price actually paid or

payable,” and merely because the fees are paid as part of a series of agreements that touch on all

parts of the larger transaction resulting in eventual sale of the clothing in the United States does

not somehow make the seller-manufacturers beneficiaries of Trimil’s payment under the

Agreements. As with the advertising fees, Trimil paid the fees to third party Armani, and all of the

rights and obligations under the contracts accrued to or were performed by the actual parties to the

contracts. Again, Trimil’s right to affix Armani trademarks, and resell the clothing in the United

States as Armani-trademarked products, provides no quantifiable benefit to the seller-

manufacturers from the trademark royalty fees paid. The claimed benefit—placement of an order
Court No. 16-00025                                                                           Page 17

by Trimil with the seller-manufacturers—is too far removed from the payment of the trademark

royalty fees to Modefine to make them part of the price actually paid or payable to the seller-

manufacturers. See 19 C.F.R. § 152.103(a)(2) (“An indirect payment would include the settlement

by the buyer, in whole or in part, of a debt owed by the seller, or where the buyer receives a price

reduction on a current importation as a means of settling a debt owed him by the seller.”).

       Moreover, Defendant has not shown, from the text of the Trademark Agreements, that the

fee payments were for the current shipments of imported merchandise itself. Rather, the Trademark

Agreements provide a fee schedule covering the period of time between Spring/Summer 2007 and

Autumn/Winter 2010-2011. See Trademark Agreements, § 16(1). This period of time would,

presumably, include numerous instances of exportation to the United States, and, for this entire

period, Trimil was permitted to use Armani’s trademarks. See Trademark Agreements, §§ 3, 16(1).

       “Price” here must be the “price actually paid or payable for the merchandise when sold for

exportation to the United States.” 19 U.S.C. § 1401a(b)(1) (emphasis added). In other words, the

fees Defendant wishes to be added to the transaction value would apply equally to any similar

entries, made while the Trademark Agreements were in effect, whose case is suspended under this

test case. The “current importation” language leaves no room for fees covering trademark use in

the production of merchandise to be exported in multiple, discrete shipments. See 19 C.F.R.

§ 152.103(a)(2) (“An indirect payment would include . . . where the buyer receives a price

reduction on a current importation as a means of settling a debt owed him by the seller.”).

       Alternatively, Defendant urges the court to find that the trademark royalty fees should be

added to price as a statutory addition. Royalty fees such as those at issue here are explicitly listed

as one of the possible statutory additions to price in the transaction value statute. See 19 U.S.C.

§ 1401a(b)(1)(D). Such additions may only be included in transaction value, however, if the
Court No. 16-00025                                                                             Page 18

“amount (i) is not otherwise included within the price actually paid or payable; and (ii) is based on

sufficient information.” Id. § 1401a(b)(1). In its brief, Defendant argues that, if the court finds that

the contested fees are not part of the price actually paid or payable, the fees are nonetheless dutiable

because they are royalty or license fees paid as a condition of sale of the imported merchandise.

        Plaintiff, on the other hand, says that the trademark royalty fees are not dutiable because

they were not paid as a condition of sale, but rather were a selling expense associated with the

clothing’s resale value after importation into the United States. For Plaintiff, “the trademark

royalty is by its nature . . . a selling expense of the buyer that has not been made a condition of

sale for exportation of the merchandise imported. Therefore, the royalties in question cannot form

part of dutiable value.” Pl.’s Br. 20 (emphasis omitted).

        Under the statute, transaction value may include “any royalty or license fee related to the

imported merchandise that the buyer is required to pay, directly or indirectly, as a condition of the

sale of the imported merchandise for exportation to the United States.” 19 U.S.C. § 1401a(b)(1)(D)

(emphasis added). The transaction value regulation, 19 C.F.R. § 152.103, states that

        [r]oyalties or license fees paid to third parties for use, in the United States, of
        copyrights and trademarks related to the imported merchandise generally will be
        considered selling expenses of the buyer and not dutiable. The dutiable status of
        royalties or license fees paid by the buyer will be determined in each case and will
        depend on (1) whether the buyer was required to pay them as a condition of sale of
        the merchandise for exportation to the United States, and (2) to whom and under
        what circumstances they were paid. Payments made by the buyer to a third party
        for the right to distribute or resell the imported merchandise will not be added to
        the price actually paid or payable for the imported merchandise if the payments are
        not a condition of the sale of the merchandise for exportation to the United States.

19 C.F.R. § 152.103(f) (emphasis added).

        A central inquiry here, is whether the trademark royalty fees paid by Trimil were a

condition of the sale for exportation of the entries at issue to the United States. Defendant points

out that “Trimil S.A. provides no authority for its assertion that conditions of sale must be expressly
Court No. 16-00025                                                                            Page 19

contained in ‘terms of the relevant sales contract and licensing agreement.’” Def.’s Br. 40. The

transaction value regulation, however, indicates that the question is “whether the buyer was

required to pay [the trademark royalty fees] as a condition of sale of the merchandise for

exportation to the United States.” 19 C.F.R. § 152.103(f) (emphasis added). Defendant itself

provides no evidence of a clear requirement that the fees be paid for exportation, rather, it infers a

condition from its own interpretation of the Trademark Agreements. The Trademark Agreements

govern the payment of the trademark royalty fees.

       The “Termination” section of these agreements states that Modefine “may also terminate

this Agreement at any time . . . if [Trimil] violates any of the obligations provided for in any of the

following Clauses,” including payment of fees. See Trademark Agreements, § 16(3)(VIII).

Modefine’s ability to cancel the agreements and halt production if Trimil did not pay the fees does

not make the provision a condition of sale for exportation to the United States. See 19 C.F.R.

§ 152.103(f). The “Subject-matter” section of the Trademark Agreements provides only that

Modefine “grants to [Trimil] the license to use the Licensed Trade Mark.” See Trademark

Agreements, § 3. It does not incorporate, by its terms, any requirements for the sale of the clothing

for exportation to the United States. Under the transaction value regulation, “[r]oyalties or license

fees paid to third parties for use, in the United States, of copyrights and trademarks related to the

imported merchandise generally will be considered selling expenses of the buyer and not

dutiable.” 19 C.F.R. § 152.103(f) (emphasis added). Defendant has pointed to no part of any of

the Trademark Agreements indicating that the payment of the trademark royalty fees was a

condition for exportation of the clothing to the United States. Nor has it pointed to any other

convincing evidence. That production would be halted were the trademark royalty fees not paid

does not transform them into conditions of sale for exportation.
Court No. 16-00025                                                                         Page 20

         Therefore, since the trademark royalty fees are neither part of the price actually paid or

payable, nor do they fit within one of the enumerated statutory additions in 19 U.S.C.

§ 1401a(b)(1)(A)-(E), Customs erred by including them in transaction value.

                                         CONCLUSION

         Based on the foregoing, Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment is granted, and

Defendant’s cross-motion for summary judgment is denied. Judgment shall be entered

accordingly.

                                                                        /s/ Richard K. Eaton
                                                                       Richard K. Eaton, Judge

Dated:          December 17, 2019
                New York, New York