Court Opinion

ID: 4331401
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-14 00:08:02.907166+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:16:14.679278
License: Public Domain

109 T.C. No. 7

                UNITED STATES TAX COURT

           RONALD C. BACHNER, Petitioner v.
     COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 27019-92.                    Filed September 24, 1997.

     P's employer withheld tax from his wages for 1984.
P filed a timely 1984 return reporting no tax liability
and claiming a refund for the withheld tax. No tax has
ever been assessed or refunded for 1984. R issued a
notice of deficiency after the expiration of the period
of limitations. Assessment of any tax against P for
1984 is now barred. P claims that the entire amount of
withheld tax is an overpayment within the meaning of
sec. 6512(b), I.R.C. R maintains that any overpayment
is limited to the amount by which the withheld tax
exceeds the amount of tax which might have been
properly assessed but for the statute of limitations.

     Held: Pursuant to Lewis v. Reynolds, 284 U.S. 281
(1932), the amount of an overpayment for a taxable year
is limited to the excess of the tax paid over the
amount which might have been properly assessed and
demanded even though assessment is now barred by the
statute of limitations.
                                - 2 -

     Dennis P. Craig, for petitioner.

     Edward J. Laubach, Jr., for respondent

                               OPINION

     RUWE, Judge:   This case is before the Court on remand from

the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit for further

consideration consistent with its opinion in Bachner v.

Commissioner, 81 F.3d 1274 (3d Cir. 1996), affirming our decision

regarding petitioner's 1985 tax year and remanding with respect

to petitioner's 1984 taxable year.      Subsequent to the remand of

this case, the parties filed a supplemental stipulation of facts

and briefs relating to the issue on remand.

     The issue for decision on remand is whether there is an

"overpayment" of petitioner's income tax for the taxable year

1984 and, if so, the amount.

                            Background

     In 1984 and 1985, petitioner was employed as a laboratory

technician by the Westinghouse Electric Corp.     In November 1984,

petitioner sent the first of three letters to the Internal

Revenue Service, all requesting assurance that his filing of a

tax return would not cause him to be treated as having

"relinquished" any of his constitutional rights.     The District

Director responded with letters emphasizing that the Internal
                                - 3 -

Revenue Code mandated the filing of returns, describing the

penalties otherwise applicable, and urging petitioner to submit

the required information and pay the required amount.

     On or about April 15, 1985, petitioner filed a Form 1040 for

the 1984 tax year.    In addition to providing his name, Social

Security number, and other identification information, petitioner

reported $24,441.71 on line 7, captioned "Wages, salaries, tips,

etc.", and attached the Form W-2 from his employer stating the

same amount of compensation.

     Petitioner typed "XXXXXX" over the caption designated

"Moving expense" on line 24 and typed the amount $24,441.71 in

the space provided.    He added in the margin the notation "No

Income or Taxable Compensation See Attached Letter and Eisner v.

Macomber 252 US 189".    In a letter attached to the Form 1040,

petitioner claimed a refund of "erroneously withheld" Federal

income taxes, cited 22 court decisions and the Internal Revenue

Code for support, and stated that his submission did not

constitute a waiver of any rights.      Petitioner subtracted the

claimed deduction on line 24 from his stated income and reported

zero taxable income.    He further claimed a refund of $4,396.95,

the total amount withheld as taxes from his year's salary.      The

withheld taxes were not refunded.
                              - 4 -

     In June 1989, petitioner was indicted on one count of tax

evasion for the 1985 tax year, in violation of section 7201,1 and

four counts of filing false, fictitious or fraudulent claims for

the years 1981 through 1984, in violation of 18 U.S.C. sec. 287.

After a jury trial in the U.S. District Court, Western District

of Pennsylvania, petitioner was acquitted of all charges.    On

September 11, 1992, respondent issued a notice of deficiency to

petitioner for the year 1984 in which respondent determined a

deficiency in the amount of $4,096 and an addition to tax

pursuant to section 6653(b) of $2,048.   Respondent filed an

answer asserting in the alternative that petitioner is liable for

additions to tax pursuant to sections 6651(a)(1) and 6653(a)(1)

and (2).

     In our original bench opinion, we upheld respondent's

deficiency determination and respondent's alternative position

regarding the additions to tax under sections 6651 and 6653(a).2

We held that the altered Form 1040 that petitioner filed for 1984

did not qualify as a "return" that would commence the running of

     1
      Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to
the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the taxable years in
issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of
Practice and Procedure.
     2
      We did not uphold respondent's determination of fraud,
citing Raley v. Commissioner, 676 F.2d 980 (3d Cir. 1982), revg.
T.C. Memo. 1980-571, wherein the Court of Appeals for the Third
Circuit reversed a finding of fraud in a case involving similar
facts. Respondent did not appeal our holding on this point.
                               - 5 -

the period of limitations under section 6501(a).   In doing so, we

relied on Beard v. Commissioner, 82 T.C. 766, 779 (1984), affd.

793 F.2d 139 (6th Cir. 1986), and its rationale that "tampered

forms" which are a conspicuous protest against the payment of tax

and are intended to deceive respondent's return processing

personnel into refunding the withheld taxes do not meet the

requirement that there be an honest and reasonable attempt to

satisfy the requirements of the Federal income tax law.

     Petitioner appealed our decision.   On appeal, respondent

reversed his position at trial and conceded that petitioner's

altered 1984 Form 1040 was a valid "return" and that the 3-year

period of limitations for assessment of petitioner's 1984 tax had

expired.   As a result, the statute of limitations bars the

assessment of the deficiency and additions to tax for 1984.    The

Court of Appeals declined to decide whether petitioner was due a

refund of the $4,396.95 that had been withheld from his wages,

stating that questions as to the existence and amount of any

overpayment are appropriately under the jurisdiction of this

Court in the first instance.   See sec. 6512(b)(1); Bachner v.

Commissioner, supra at 1279.

                            Discussion

     The issue before us is whether there is an overpayment of

petitioner's 1984 income tax and, if so, the amount.   Petitioner
                                - 6 -

claims that the $4,396.95 that was withheld from his wages as tax

should be refunded or credited to him with interest.    Generally,

under section 6402(a), if a taxpayer has made an "overpayment",

the Secretary must refund the overpayment, including interest.3

In cases where this Court has jurisdiction to redetermine a

deficiency, section 6512(b) gives us jurisdiction to determine

the amount of any overpayment which is to be credited or

refunded.    Section 6512(b) does not define the term

"overpayment".

     Petitioner directs us to section 6401(a) for the definition

of "overpayment".    Section 6401(a) provides that "The term

'overpayment' includes that part of the amount of the payment of

any internal revenue tax which is assessed or collected after the

expiration of the period of limitation properly applicable

thereto."   (Emphasis added.)   In Estate of Baumgardner v.

Commissioner, 85 T.C. 445, 449 (1985), we stated that section

6401 contains a description of certain specific items that are

statutorily treated as overpayments but that there is no specific

statutory definition of the term "overpayment" within the Code.

Therefore, we decline to accept any argument that the term

"overpayment" is specifically and narrowly defined by section

6401(a).    In any event, the facts of this case do not come within

     3
      The overpayment may first be applied against any of
petitioner's outstanding tax liabilities.
                              - 7 -

the literal terms of section 6401(a).   Here, as explained infra,

the withheld tax was deemed paid on April 15, 1985, well within

the period of limitations, and respondent is no longer seeking to

make any assessments or collections.

     The term "overpayment" has been interpreted to mean "any

payment in excess of that which is properly due."     Jones v.

Liberty Glass Co., 332 U.S. 524, 531 (1947).     In United States v.

Dalm, 494 U.S. 596, 609 n.6 (1990), the Supreme Court again

addressed the meaning of the term "overpayment", stating:    "The

commonsense interpretation is that a tax is overpaid when a

taxpayer pays more than is owed, for whatever reason or no reason

at all."   In Estate of Baumgardner v. Commissioner, supra at 450,

we stated:

     The Liberty Glass Co. generic definition of
     'overpayment' is in reference to section 322 of the
     Internal Revenue Code of 1939. Section 322(d) of the
     Internal Revenue Code of 1939, in pertinent part,
     included the following language which is substantially
     similar to its successor, section 6512(b): 'If the
     [Tax Court] finds that there is no deficiency and
     further finds that the taxpayer has made an overpayment
     of tax * * *, the [Tax Court] shall have jurisdiction
     to determine the amount of such overpayment.'

The Liberty Glass Co. definition applies in our determination of

an overpayment as provided by section 6512(b).    It follows that

in order to have an overpayment, petitioner must have made a

"payment" of tax for 1984 in excess of the amount which is

properly due.
                                 - 8 -

     Petitioner argues that his withheld taxes are fully

recoverable with interest because they are "deposits" rather than

payments.     Petitioner relies on Cohen v. United States, 995 F.2d

205, 207 (Fed. Cir. 1993), wherein the court stated:    "if the

remittance was a deposit, a payment did not occur until the

formal assessments".4    Petitioner argues that since the period of

limitations for assessment has expired, the deposit should be

treated as an overpayment which should be refunded.    We disagree.

     The taxes withheld from petitioner's wages were not

deposits.     Section 6513(b) provides that "For purposes of section

6511 or 6512--(1) Any tax actually deducted and withheld at the

source during any calendar year under chapter 24 shall, in

respect of the recipient of the income, be deemed to have been

paid by him on the 15th day of the fourth month following the

close of his taxable year".    During 1984, Westinghouse Electric

Corp. withheld tax from petitioner's wages in the amount of

$4,396.95.5    Pursuant to section 6513(b), the taxes withheld from

petitioner's 1984 wages are deemed to have been paid by

     4
      In Cohen v. United States, 995 F.2d 205 (Fed. Cir. 1993),
the taxpayer made a deposit that was followed by untimely
assessments. In the instant case, there has been no untimely
assessment.
     5
      Sec. 3402(a)(1) requires that "every employer making
payment of wages shall deduct and withhold upon such wages a
tax". Further, sec. 3401(a) provides: "the term 'wages' means
all remuneration * * * for services performed by an employee for
his employer".
                                - 9 -

petitioner on April 15, 1985.   As the Court of Appeals for the

Third Circuit in the instant case noted:   "There is ample basis

to find unpersuasive Bachner's view of wage withholdings as

'deposits,' refundable merely upon late assessment."   Bachner v.

Commissioner, 81 F.3d at 1278-1279 (citing Ehle v. United States,

720 F.2d 1096, 1097 (9th Cir. 1983)); see Binder v. United

States, 590 F.2d 68, 70-71 (3d Cir. 1978).

     Petitioner argues that he is entitled to a refund of all his

withholding credits for his 1984 tax year because respondent

failed to properly assess the tax within the statutory period of

limitations provided by section 6501.   However, whether or not

there has been a timely assessment with respect to a specific

year does not alone determine whether there has been an

overpayment which would entitle a taxpayer to a refund.   As the

Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit stated:

     The language in § 6501 refers only to 'limitations on
     assessment and collection,' and the operative clause of
     § 6501(a) directs only that taxes 'be assessed within 3
     years after the return was filed.' * * * A deficiency
     determination, by which the IRS seeks to establish the
     taxpayer's additional tax liability, is patently
     different from a refund determination, by which the
     taxpayer seeks repayment or credit from the IRS."
     [Bachner v. Commissioner, supra at 1277.]

     Under the principles established by the Supreme Court in

Lewis v. Reynolds, 284 U.S. 281 (1932), a taxpayer's claim for

refund must be reduced by the amount of the correct tax liability
                                - 10 -

for the taxable year, regardless of the fact that the

Commissioner can no longer assess any deficiency for the taxable

year.     In Lewis v. Reynolds, supra, the taxpayer filed a claim

for refund alleging that certain deductions had been improperly

disallowed by the Commissioner after the period of limitations on

additional assessment had expired.       The Commissioner agreed with

the taxpayer that the period of limitations had expired but

denied a refund on the basis that the correct computation of tax

resulted in additional tax.     The taxpayer argued that the

Commissioner lacked the authority to redetermine the tax after

the period of limitations had expired.      The Supreme Court

disagreed.

        While no new assessment can be made, after the bar of
        the statute has fallen, the taxpayer, nevertheless, is
        not entitled to a refund unless he has overpaid his
        tax. * * *

                  *    *    *    *    *     *    *

        An overpayment must appear before refund is authorized.
        Although the statute of limitations may have barred the
        assessment and collection of any additional sum, it
        does not obliterate the right of the United States to
        retain payments already received when they do not
        exceed the amount which might have been properly
        assessed and demanded. [Lewis v. Reynolds, supra at
        283.]

        The doctrine established in Lewis v. Reynolds, supra, has

been applied by this Court in the determination of an

overpayment.     See Connecticut Light & Power Co. v. Commissioner,
                             - 11 -

40 T.C. 597, 654-655 (1963), vacated and remanded pursuant to

stipulation (2d Cir. 1965) (holding that the decision in Lewis v.

Reynolds, supra, was controlling and allowing a reduction in an

overpayment claimed by the taxpayer); Estate of Carruth v.

Commissioner, 28 T.C. 871, 880 (1957).6   Applying the doctrine of

Lewis v. Reynolds, supra, to this case, we find that even though

assessment and collection of petitioner's tax liability is now

barred by the statute of limitations, respondent has the right to

retain prior timely payments to the extent they do not exceed the

amount of petitioner's actual tax liability.7

     6
      Our holding in Morris v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1966-245,
is distinguishable. In Morris, the taxpayer received and cashed
a refund check of $5,752.28 from the Commissioner relating to her
1957 tax year. Later, in 1964, after the period of limitations
for assessment had expired, the Commissioner assessed $7,817.98
(representing the erroneous refund of $5,752.28 plus interest).
In 1965, the Commissioner collected by way of a levy on funds the
taxpayer had on deposit at a savings bank. We held that "The
rationale underlying Lewis v. Reynolds is not properly applicable
where, as here, the assessment and collection by the Commissioner
was illegal." Here, respondent has neither assessed nor
collected the funds illegally.
     7
      The statutes authorizing tax refunds and suits for their
recovery are predicated upon equitable principles. Stone v.
White, 301 U.S. 532, 535 (1937). In a Tax Court proceeding,
either party is free to raise equity-based defenses to the
assertions of the other party, and the Court, insofar as it has
jurisdiction over the main claim, is free to entertain those
defenses. Estate of Mueller v. Commissioner, 101 T.C. 551, 557
(1993). Here, we have jurisdiction to determine the overpayment
under sec. 6512(b)(1) and, therefore, respondent is free to raise
the defense provided in Lewis v. Reynolds, 284 U.S. 281 (1932).
See Estate of Mueller v. Commissioner, supra; Woods v.
Commissioner, 92 T.C. 776 (1989).
                                - 12 -

     We previously determined that petitioner's correct tax

liability for the taxable year 1984 is $4,096.    Petitioner's

withholding payments totaled $4,396.95.    Petitioner made no other

payments.     Therefore, any overpayment due to petitioner cannot be

greater than the amount by which petitioner's tax payments exceed

his proper tax liability for 1984.

     Respondent also contends that the doctrine of Lewis v.

Reynolds, supra, applies to the addition to tax under section

6653(a)(1) in the amount of $205 and that any overpayment due

petitioner should be reduced by this amount.8    We agree.

Additions to tax pursuant to section 6653(a)(1) are assessed,

collected, and paid in the same manner as taxes.    Sec.

6662(a)(1).    While no addition to tax can be assessed for 1984,

the doctrine of Lewis v. Reynolds, supra, permits the retention

of any tax payment "which might have been properly assessed and

demanded."     Lewis v. Reynolds, 284 U.S. at 283; Allen v. United

States, 51 F.3d 1012, 1015 (11th Cir. 1995); see also Fisher v.

United States, 80 F.3d 1576, 1580-1581 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (holding

interest barred from assessment by expiration of the statutory

period of limitations may be offset against overpayment); Loftin

& Woodard, Inc. v. United States, 577 F.2d 1206, 1245-1247 (5th

Cir. 1978).

     8
      By conceding that the altered Form 1040 is a valid return,
respondent necessarily concedes that petitioner cannot be liable
for the sec. 6651 addition to tax for failure to file.
                                - 13 -

     Section 6653(a)(1) provides that "If any part of any

underpayment (as defined in subsection (c)(1)) * * * is due to

negligence or intentional disregard of rules or regulations,

* * * there shall be added to the tax an amount equal to 5

percent of the underpayment."    In determining the existence of an

underpayment, no credit is given for tax withheld and paid over

by the taxpayer's employer.   Sec. 6211(b)(1); Cirillo v.

Commissioner, 314 F.2d 478, 484 (3d Cir. 1963), affg. in part and

revg. in part T.C. Memo. 1961-192; Bagby v. Commissioner, 102

T.C. 596, 607 (1994); Myers v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1988-160;

Mighell v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1985-135.      We previously held

that petitioner was liable for the addition to tax under section

6653(a)(1).   Nothing in the record, as supplemented, gives us

reason to change our prior holding.      While respondent now

concedes that petitioner's Form 1040 for 1984 is a "return", the

position taken on this return is one frequently characterized as

a frivolous, time-worn, tax protesting device.      The addition to

tax under section 6653(a)(1) in the amount of $205 (5 percent of

$4,096) is part of petitioner's total 1984 tax liability "which

might have been properly assessed and demanded."      Lewis v.

Reynolds, supra at 283.

     The difference between petitioner's total 1984 tax liability

of $4,301 and his payments of $4,396.95 is $95.95.      We hold that
                             - 14 -

there is an overpayment with respect to petitioner's 1984 tax

year in this amount plus interest.

                                          Decision will be entered

                                     under Rule 155.