Court Opinion

ID: 9402755
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-16 18:07:26.888501+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:02.115854
License: Public Domain

[Cite as In re P.Z.A., 2023-Ohio-2000.]

                               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                  SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                     MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 IN RE: P.Z.A., P.M.A., P.G.G.A., P.Y.A.,             :
 P.T.P.                                               :
                                                      :   C.A. No. 29711
                                                      :
                                                      :   Trial Court Case Nos. F-2012-005340;
                                                      :   F-2013-007644; F-2014-007775;
                                                      :   F-2016-002295; F-2019-001794
                                                      :
                                                      :   (Appeal from Common Pleas Court-
                                                      :   Juvenile Division)

                                                ...........

                                                OPINION

                                          Rendered on June 16, 2023

                                                ...........

ROBERT ALAN BRENNER, Attorney for Appellant, Mother

MICHAEL P. ALLEN, Attorney for Appellee, Montgomery County Children Services

                                               .............

WELBAUM, P.J.

        {¶ 1} Mother appeals from a final judgment awarding permanent custody of her

five children to Montgomery County Department of Jobs and Family Services-Child

Services Division (“MCCS”). The father of four of the children did not file an appeal; the

father of the fifth child (P.T.P.) is unknown.            The five children are: P.Z.A., P.M.A.,
                                                                                      -2-

P.G.G.A., P.Y.A., and P.T.P.1

       {¶ 2} According to Mother, the juvenile court abused its discretion when it

terminated her parental rights and awarded permanent custody of the children to MCCS.

Mother argues that she had completed her case plan and should have been reunified with

the children. After reviewing the record, we disagree and find no abuse of discretion.

Therefore, the juvenile court’s judgment will be affirmed.

                          I. Facts and Course of Proceedings

       {¶ 3} Mother has had a lengthy history with MCCS. Mother herself had been

removed from her mother’s care at a young age and had then aged out of the foster care

system in April 2015. At that time, Mother already had three children: Patty (born in

2011); Peter (born in 2013); and Pam (born in 2014). Another child, Penny, was born in

2015, and the fifth child, Patrick, was born in 2019.

       {¶ 4} MCCS’s first neglect and dependency complaint was filed in July 2012

regarding Patty. After adjudicating Patty as abused, neglected, and dependent, the court

gave MCCS temporary custody of Patty on October 31, 2012. Within a few days of

Peter’s birth, MCCS filed a dependency complaint and received temporary custody of

Peter on March 11, 2014. In December 2014, MCCS also filed a dependency complaint

concerning Pamela and received temporary custody of her on March 18, 2015.

       {¶ 5} MCCS then filed a motion asking that Mother be given legal custody of the

1  Because five children are involved and they have similar initials, we will use
pseudonyms to avoid confusion. The children are, from eldest to youngest: P.Z.A.
(“Patty”); P.M.A. (“Peter”); P.G.G.A. (“Pam”); P.Y.A. (“Penny”); and P.T.P. (“Patrick”).
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children, and the motion was granted on April 27, 2015. At that time, Penny had not yet

been born. MCCS filed another neglect and dependency complaint on April 7, 2016.

According to that complaint, Mother had been evicted from her housing, had left the

children with their maternal great-grandmother (G.P.) for days while not ensuring that

G.P. had a way to reach her, and had failed to provide G.P. with food and financial support

for the children.   Neglect and Dependency Complaint, J.C. No. 2016-2295 (Apr. 7,

2016).2 The complaint further noted that on March 16, 2016, Mother had agreed to an

in-home safety plan, leaving the children with G.P. Mother had also agreed to live with

G.P. but had not complied with the requirements. Id. at p. 1-2. MCCS’s preferred

disposition was for G.P. to be given temporary custody. Id. at p. 2.

       {¶ 6} On May 4, 2016, the court granted G.P. interim temporary custody of the

children.   However, on May 13, 2016, the Dayton Police Department removed the

children from G.P.’s custody and placed them in MCCS’s emergency custody. MCCS

then filed an amended neglect and dependency complaint on May 16, 2016, noting these

facts. After finding probable cause for the removal, a magistrate granted MCCS interim

temporary custody on May 17, 2016.         Subsequently, the court adjudicated all four

children neglected and dependent and granted MCCS temporary custody of them on

June 16, 2016. Magistrate’s Decision and Judge’s Order (June 16, 2016), p. 2-3.

       {¶ 7} In February 2017, MCCS asked for a first extension of temporary custody,

stating that Mother had not completed her case plan and was struggling with the plan.

2 Although five cases are involved here, we will refer to the docket in J.C. No. 2016-2295,
unless otherwise indicated. We will also refer to pleadings in the singular form, even
though the same pleadings were made in five cases, not just one.
                                                                                          -4-

Motion and Affidavit for a First Extension of Temporary Custody to MCCS (Feb. 24, 2017),

Affidavit (“Aff.”), p. 1. After a hearing, the court granted the first extension of temporary

custody. Magistrate’s Decision and Judge’s Order (Apr. 4, 2017). A second extension

of custody was later granted and was set to expire on April 17, 2018. Magistrate’s

Decision and Judge’s Order (Nov. 1, 2017).

       {¶ 8} In February 2018, MCCS filed a motion seeking a grant of legal custody to

mother with protective supervision for MCCS.         After finding that Mother had made

significant progress on her case plan, the court granted the motion on April 9, 2018.

Magistrate’s Decision and Judge’s Order (Apr. 9, 2018), p. 3. In addition, the court

granted MCCS protective supervision for 12 months. Id. at p. 4.

       {¶ 9} Less than a year later, MCCS filed a motion and affidavit again seeking

temporary custody of the children. According to the affidavit, Mother’s home conditions

had continued to deteriorate, Mother was then incarcerated, and there were no able,

willing, and appropriate caregivers for the children. Motion and Affidavit for Temporary

Custody to MCCS and Interim Order (Mar. 6, 2019), Aff., p. 1. The affidavit also said

that MCCS had been notified of Mother’s March 6, 2019 arrest for carrying concealed

weapons and improper handling of a firearm in a vehicle and that the children were in the

car at the time. Id. The same day, MCCS filed a motion for ex parte custody. The

court then granted interim temporary custody to MCCS on March 7, 2019. Magistrate’s

Interim and Final Order (Mar. 7, 2019), p. 2.

       {¶ 10} In April 2019, Mother delivered the fifth child, Patrick, and MCCS filed a

dependency complaint concerning this child as well. In addition to the other issues
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detailed in the filings, Patrick had tested positive for marijuana in his system. GAL Report

to the Court (May 28, 2019), p. 2. After holding a hearing on May 28, 2019, the court

granted MCCS’s motion for temporary custody of all the children. Magistrate’s Decision

and Judge’s Order (May 28, 2019); see also J.C. No. 2019-1794, Magistrate’s Decision

and Judge’s Order (May 28, 2019).

       {¶ 11} At this point, MCCS’s goal was still to reunify the children with Mother. See

J.C. No. 2016-2295, Semiannual Administrative Review (“SAR”), Case Review (filed on

June 11, 2019), p. 1. According to the review, Mother was living with a new “paramour,”

T.S., who had a “vast criminal history” and was not supposed to have guns. Id. at p. 3.

However, guns were in the house, and Mother and T.S. were driving around with guns in

the car. Id. The review further remarked that Mother’s house was in disrepair, doors

were “hanging,” holes were in the walls, and cockroaches were in the home.               Id.

Additionally, the review said that two children had reported that domestic violence had

been committed against them in their home. Id.

       {¶ 12} In the next case review, MCCS stated that Mother’s address was unknown,

Mother had made minimal progress on the case plan, Mother was reported to be

homeless, and Mother had not provided proof of income. SAR, Case Review (filed on

Dec. 5, 2019), p. 1 and 5. At that time, Mother was on felony probation and, due to

Mother’s known historical use of alcohol and marijuana, MCCS expressed concern that

Mother might be drinking and using marijuana. Id. at p. 2 and 5. The review also stated

that Mother had been invited to all of Patrick’s (the baby’s) medical visits but had not

attended any. Id. at p. 4.
                                                                                          -6-

        {¶ 13} On February 5, 2020, MCCS filed motions for permanent custody of all five

children.     The affidavits accompanying the motions stated that Mother had not

consistently visited with the children, had not made significant progress on case plan

objectives, did not have stable housing, and had not provided income verification. The

affidavits further said that MCCS had not been able to obtain drug screens because

Mother had not met face-to-face with the agency and had not met for a home visit since

October 2019. Motion and Affidavit for Commitment to the Permanent Custody of MCCS

(Feb. 5, 2020), Aff., p. 1. In addition, the affidavit said that while home studies had been

done, no relatives were able, willing, and appropriate to care for the children. Id. at p. 1-

2. At the time, MCCS was unable to locate an address for Mother.

        {¶ 14} After a February 18, 2020 hearing, the court set a permanent custody

hearing for May 4, 2020. However, the court then vacated the May hearing in light of the

temporary suspension of non-emergency hearings due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The

hearing was rescheduled to August 10, 2020. Magistrate’s Interim and Final Order (Apr.

9, 2020), p. 1-2. The next case review noted the same concerns as had been previously

expressed and stated that Mother was pregnant with her sixth child. SAR (filed on June

8, 2020), p. 2, 3, and 5-8.

        {¶ 15} The August 10, 2020 hearing was converted to a pretrial, and the court then

filed an order establishing various deadlines, including that trial be held on November 30,

2020.       Shortly before the hearing, the guardian ad litem (“GAL”) filed a report

recommending that permanent custody of the children be given to MCCS. GAL Report

to the Court (Nov. 6, 2020), p. 6. Subsequently, the court filed a decision granting first
                                                                                          -7-

and second extensions of temporary custody, to expire on March 6, 2021. This was by

the parties’ agreement.      A case review hearing was set for February 9, 2021.

Magistrate's Decision and Judge's Order (Nov. 22, 2020), p. 1-3.

       {¶ 16} On February 8, 2021, MCCS filed a motion and affidavit for permanent

custody, again stating that Mother had failed to make significant progress on her case

plan. The court then set a permanent custody trial for May 19, 2021. An amended

motion for permanent custody was then filed, updating some information. This included

statements that Mother had been discharged from the Artemis program (for domestic

violence) because she continued to see her “paramour,” T.S.; that Mother had housing

with beds for the children, but little or no other furniture; and that conditions in the home

had begun to deteriorate.      Amended Motion and Affidavit for Commitment to the

Permanent Custody of MCCS (Mar. 2, 2021), p. 2.

       {¶ 17} On April 15, 2021, Mother filed a motion to reunify with protective

supervision, asserting that she had been working her case plan and was ready to reunify.

Subsequently, Mother filed a motion on May 11, 2021, asking that the permanent custody

trial be continued due to Mother’s identification of a potential father for Patrick and a

possible placement option for the children. MCCS opposed the motion, indicating that it

had spoken with the potential father, who had had no knowledge of the child until earlier

that month, and he was also not a viable placement option. MCCS further said it had

contacted the other person Mother had named and that person was not interested in

being a placement option. A GAL report filed on May 12, 2021, again recommended that

the court grant permanent custody of all the children to MCCS. GAL Report to the Court
                                                                                      -8-

(May 12, 2020), p. 13.

        {¶ 18} The custody hearing took place as scheduled on May 19, 2021, and was

continued to August 6, 2021.       A further GAL report filed on July 30, 2021, again

recommended that MCCS receive permanent custody of all the children. GAL Report to

the Court (July 30, 2021), p. 8.

        {¶ 19} The August 6, 2021 hearing also took place as scheduled, and the matter

was continued to September 27, 2021, due to an unforeseen emergency of Mother’s

counsel. After this September hearing, the magistrate entered an interim order providing

that the four older children should have parenting time in Mother’s home for four hours

per week, transition to eight hours per week, and then transition to overnight parenting

time. Patrick was not included in this order. The magistrate further noted that she

would reevaluate the parenting time at a November 12, 2021 pretrial. The final hearing

was also continued to December 13, 2021. Magistrate’s Interim Order (Sept. 28, 2021),

p. 2.

        {¶ 20} On November 12, 2021, the GAL filed an updated report concerning

Mother’s potential reunification with the eldest four children. The GAL noted that while

MCCS was working very hard to reunify the children with Mother, Mother had missed

three consecutive weeks of Monday night visits with the children. Updated GAL Report

to the Court (Nov. 12, 2021), p. 2. The GAL further stated that Mother was working third

shift at a job and did not have a daycare plan for working nights. Id. at p. 2-3. The GAL

again recommended that MCCS be granted permanent custody. Alternatively, if any

children were reunified, the GAL recommended that MCCS be given 12-months
                                                                                         -9-

protective supervision and that MCCS assist Mother in exploring childcare options and

enrolling the children in school. Id. at p. 3. At the final pretrial, the magistrate ordered

that parenting time under the prior order remain in effect and that the parties should

continue to discuss a resolution. Magistrate’s Interim Order (Nov. 12, 2021), p. 2.

       {¶ 21} On December 1, 2021, MCCS filed another SAR, indicating that a review

had taken place on November 9, 2021.         The review stated that MCCS was “not in

agreement with the in-home visitation order due to mother’s inconsistency with

addressing her own mental health issues, substance use issues, being non-compliant

with probation, and inconsistency with supervised weekly visitation scheduled at the

agency.” SAR (filed on Dec. 1, 2021), p. 2. According to the review, T.S., Sr. (the

“paramour”) was the father of Mother’s sixth child, T.S., Jr., who had been born in January

2020. T.S. Sr. had agreed in court to give legal custody of this child to the paternal

grandmother as of April 3, 2021. Since that time, T.S., Sr. had been incarcerated for a

probation violation. Id. at p. 8. The SAR further stated that:

       Mother is not capable of supervising her children for long periods of time as

       she struggles to manage all of her children during scheduled visitations at

       the agency. She has a history of making negative decisions and choices

       that place her children at risk and in unsafe situations. [Mother] has an

       alleged friend/paramour, [X.C.] who was charged with child endangering

       with serious bodily harm to his own two-year old child in August 2021. The

       agency recommends permanent custody of mother’s children within the

       next 180 days.     Mother tested positive for Marijuana as of 11/9/2021.
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       Mother needs to demonstrate the protective capacities to meet all of her

       children’s needs [for] food, shelter, clothing, academics, medical, dental and

       adequate supervision for an extended period of time. Mother did not attend

       any medical visits for her children while in agency care.

SAR at p. 9.

       {¶ 22} On December 7, 2021, the GAL filed an updated report with the court and

stated that she would reserve her recommendation until the final hearing was completed.

The GAL noted concern over the fact that something happened to the children (a burn

and the children administering their own medication) during the first two home visits with

Mother. Updated GAL Report to the Court (Dec. 7, 2021), p. 5. The GAL further stated

that Mother did not have a day-care plan or schedule upon reunification, that Mother had

missed her Dec. 6, 2021 visitation with the children for the fourth time in four months, and

that Mother still admitted she was regularly using marijuana. Id. at p. 4.

       {¶ 23} The final custody hearing was held on December 13, 2021. On December

21, 2021, MCCS filed a motion to amend or suspend mother’s visitation. On January 6,

2022, the magistrate filed a decision denying MCCS’s permanent custody motion. The

magistrate concluded that reunification of the children should occur, with protective

supervision granted to MCCS for six months.         The magistrate also denied MCCS’s

motion to suspend visitation. Magistrate’s Decision and Judge’s Order (Jan. 6, 2022), p.

3 and 8-9.

       {¶ 24} On January 7, 2022, MCCS filed initial objections to the magistrate’s

decision, requested leave to file supplemental objections after hearing transcripts were
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filed, and requested preparation of transcripts. In late January 2020, MCCS filed another

motion to amend or suspend new visitation.         The motion was based on Mother’s

December 13, 2021 arrest and detention until December 22, 2021, based on a probation

violation and Mother’s failure to have the children on overnight visits since December 10,

2021.    Motion and Memorandum in Support to Amend/Suspend Visitation (Jan. 20,

2022), p. 2-3. Mother had also been placed on stipulations for weekly visits due to

failures to appear. Id. at p. 3. The magistrate denied this motion and ordered that the

September 2021 parenting times remain in effect.

        {¶ 25} On May 31, 2022, MCCS filed a motion to reopen the testimony and for a

hearing. According to the motion, Mother had not had any in-person visits with her

children since January 10, 2022; Mother had not had phone or video contact with Patrick

for over a year; and Mother had not had phone contact with the four other children since

February 18, 2022. MCCS therefore alleged that Mother had abandoned the children.

MCCS Motion to Reopen Testimony and Request for Hearing (May 31, 2022), p. 2.

        {¶ 26} On June 17, 2022, the GAL filed a motion to suspend Mother’s in-home

visitation. The GAL stated that Mother had not visited Patrick for 147 days and that

Mother’s first visit with the children in more than 100 days had occurred on June 6, 2022.

Motion to Suspend Mother’s In-Home Visitation (June 17, 2022), p. 2-3. The GAL also

expressed concern for the children’s safety when in Mother’s home because Mother was

dating K.M., who had been charged with robbery and rape in 2020 and was facing a

charge of having weapons under disability. Id. at p. 3. The GAL further said that while

Mother had denied dating K.M., K.M. had answered the door when a caseworker visited
                                                                                      -12-

Mother’s home. In addition, the GAL stated that Mother did not have adequate food in

the house. Id.

      {¶ 27} The court granted MCCS’s motion to add testimony and set an August 16,

2022 hearing on that matter and the GAL’s motion to suspend in-home visitation. The

court then continued the matter until September 27, 2022.       On the day before that

hearing, the GAL filed a supplemental report stating that Mother was living with the

maternal grandmother in a three-bedroom house along with the grandmother’s son and

daughter. According to the GAL, another adult daughter also appeared to be living there

with her two children.   Supplemental GAL Report to the Court (Sept. 26, 2022), p. 2.

The GAL further said that Mother had visited with the children three times at the Haines

Center since January 6, 2022, and in-home visits had been suspended as a result of the

missed visits. Id. at p. 1. The GAL recommended that the children stay in the custody

of MCCS. Id. at p. 4.

      {¶ 28} The September 27, 2022 hearing was held before the juvenile judge, not a

magistrate. After the hearing, the judge suspended Mother’s in-home parenting time.

The judge also allowed Mother’s weekly visitation at the agency to remain in effect until

further court order. Judge’s Order (Sept. 28, 2022), p. 2.

      {¶ 29} On November 17, 2022, MCCS filed its supplemental objections to the

magistrate’s decision. Mother then filed her response to the objections on December 16,

2022. The judge’s final appealable order was filed on December 27, 2022; it sustained

MCCS’s objections and granted permanent custody of all five children to MCCS. The

court found that the children had been in the custody of MCCS for 21 consecutive months,
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which exceeded the requirements of R.C. 2151.414(B)(1(d). The court also held that

granting permanent custody to MCCS was in the children’s best interest. Judge’s Final

Appealable Order (“Final Judgment”), p. 3 and 17. Mother timely appealed from the

judge’s decision on January 26, 2023.

         II. Alleged Abuse of Discretion in Granting MCCS Permanent Custody

       {¶ 30} Mother’s sole assignment of error states that:

              The Juvenile Court Abused Its Discretion When It Granted

       Permanent Custody of the Children to MCCS.

       {¶ 31} Under this assignment of error, Mother contends that she had completed all

her case plan objectives. Mother also points to her own testimony that she was in a

position to reunify with the children and that reunification was in their best interest. In

addition, Mother claims the trial court abused its discretion in sustaining MCCS’s

objections because the judge heard only an abbreviated amount of testimony while the

magistrate’s hearings were of greater length.

       {¶ 32} Before considering Mother’s arguments, we will outline the standards that

apply to termination of parental rights.

                A. Applicable Standards for Terminating Parental Rights

       {¶ 33} “The United States Supreme Court has stated that parents’ interest in the

care, custody, and control of their children ‘is perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty
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interests recognized by this Court.’ ” In re B.C., 141 Ohio St.3d 55, 2014-Ohio-4558, 21

N.E.3d 308, ¶ 19, quoting Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65, 120 S.Ct. 2054, 147

L.Ed.2d 49 (2000).      Ohio has also held that “parents who are ‘suitable’ have a

‘paramount’ right to the custody of their children.” Id. at ¶ 19, quoting In re Perales, 52

Ohio St.2d 89, 97, 369 N.E.2d 1047 (1977). However, “ ‘the natural rights of a parent

are not absolute, but are always subject to the ultimate welfare of the child, which is the

polestar or controlling principle to be observed.’ ” In re Cunningham, 59 Ohio St.2d 100,

106, 391 N.E.2d 1034 (1979), quoting In re R.J.C., 300 So.2d 54, 58 (Fla.App.1974).

“Ultimately, parental interests are subordinate to the child's interest when determining the

appropriate resolution of a petition to terminate parental rights.” B.C. at ¶ 20.

        {¶ 34} Here, MCCS’s permanent custody motions were brought pursuant to R.C.

2151.413, R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a), and R.C. 2151.414(E)(1), (2), (3), (4), (14), (15), and

(16).   Amended Permanent Custody Motion (Mar. 2, 2021), at p. 1.            As noted, the

motion to reopen also alleged that Mother had abandoned the children.

        {¶ 35} As relevant here, R.C. 2151.413(D)(1) provides that “if a child has been in

the temporary custody of one or more public children services agencies or private child

placing agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period,

the agency with custody shall file a motion requesting permanent custody of the child.”

The purpose of the “12 of 22” requirement is to “balance the importance of reuniting a

child with the child's parents against the importance of a speedy resolution of the custody

of a child.” In re C.W., 104 Ohio St.3d 163, 2004-Ohio-6411, 818 N.E.2d 1176, ¶ 22.

        {¶ 36} There is no dispute that all five children were in MCCS’s custody for the
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pertinent period of time. While earlier dependency adjudications occurred in 2012, 2014,

2015, and 2016, the latest grant of temporary custody of the four eldest children (Patty,

Peter, Pam, and Penny) occurred on May 6, 2019, after their most recent removal from

Mother. The youngest child, Patrick, was adjudicated dependent and was placed in

MCCS’s custody on May 28, 2019, shortly after his birth. The children all remained in

MCCS’s custody after that date. Transcript of Proceedings (“Tr.”), p. 289-290. Thus,

when the amended motion for custody was filed on March 2, 2021, the children had been

in the agency’s custody for 21 consecutive months. The judge relied on this ground in

granting permanent custody. Final Judgment at p. 3. Mother has not challenged this

finding.

       {¶ 37} In such situations, “the agency still must prove by clear and convincing

evidence, that it is in the child's best interest to grant permanent custody to the agency.”

In re N.M.P., 160 Ohio St.3d 472, 2020-Ohio-1458, 159 N.E.3d 241, ¶ 26, citing R.C.

2151.414(B)(1). “Clear and convincing evidence is that measure or degree of proof

which is more than a mere ‘preponderance of the evidence,’ but not to the extent of such

certainty as is required ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ in criminal cases, and which will

produce in the mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to

be established.” Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 120 N.E.2d 118 (1954), paragraph

three of the syllabus.

       {¶ 38} To decide a child’s best interest, courts analyze factors set forth in R.C.

2151.414(D)(1)(a)-(e) and (E). These include, but are not limited to: “(1) the interaction

and interrelationship of the child with the child's parents, relatives, foster parents and any
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other person who may significantly affect the child; (2) the wishes of the child; (3) the

custodial history of the child, including whether the child has been in the temporary

custody of one or more public children services agencies or private child placing agencies

for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period; (4) the child's need

for a legally secure permanent placement and whether that type of placement can be

achieved without a grant of permanent custody to the agency; and (5) whether any of the

factors in R.C. 2151.414(E)(7) through (11) are applicable.”            In re S.J., 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 25550, 2013-Ohio-2935, ¶ 15, citing R.C. 2151.414(D).

       {¶ 39} We will not overturn a juvenile court's decision to terminate parental rights

“if the record contains competent, credible evidence by which the court could have formed

a firm belief or conviction that the essential statutory elements for a termination of parental

rights have been established.” In re E.D., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26261, 2014-Ohio-

4600, ¶ 7, citing In re Forrest S., 102 Ohio App.3d 338, 344-345, 657 N.E.2d 307 (6th

Dist.1995). “We review the trial court's judgment for an abuse of discretion.” Id., citing

In re C.F., 113 Ohio St.3d 73, 2007-Ohio-1104, 862 N.E.2d 816, ¶ 48 (which applied an

abuse of discretion standard to the trial court's findings under R.C. 2151.414).

       {¶ 40} “ ‘Abuse of discretion’ has been defined as an attitude that is unreasonable,

arbitrary or unconscionable.”      AAAA Ents., Inc. v. River Place Community Urban

Redevelopment Corp., 50 Ohio St.3d 157, 161, 553 N.E.2d 597 (1990), quoting Huffman

v. Hair Surgeon, Inc., 19 Ohio St.3d 83, 87, 482 N.E.2d 1248 (1985). “[M]ost instances

of abuse of discretion will result in decisions that are simply unreasonable,” rather than

“unconscionable or arbitrary.” Id.
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       {¶ 41} Furthermore, “[t]he discretion which a trial court enjoys in custody matters

should be accorded the utmost respect, given the nature of the proceeding and the impact

the court's determination will have on the lives of the parties concerned.” Miller v. Miller,

37 Ohio St.3d 71, 74, 523 N.E.2d 846 (1988). Specifically, since “[t]he knowledge a trial

court gains through observing the witnesses and the parties in a custody proceeding

cannot be conveyed to a reviewing court by a printed record[,] * * * the reviewing court in

such proceedings should be guided by the presumption that the trial court's findings were

indeed correct.” Id. However, the court’s discretion, while broad, is “not absolute” and

is guided by statutory language. Id.

                                B. The Children’s Best Interest

       {¶ 42} In concluding that granting permanent custody to MCCS was in the

children’s   best   interest,   the   juvenile   judge   discussed   each   factor   in   R.C.

2151.414(D)(1)(a)-(d) in detail and also stated that he had considered R.C. 2151.414

(E)(7)-(11). “The factors in R.C. 2151.414(E)(7) through (11), which are referred to in

R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(e), involve a parent's having been convicted of or pleaded guilty to

specific criminal offenses against the child, the child's sibling or another child who lived

in the parent's household; a parent's withholding medical treatment or food from the child;

a parent's repeatedly placing the child at substantial risk of harm because of alcohol or

drug abuse; a parent's abandoning the child; and a parent's having had parental rights as

to the child's sibling involuntarily terminated.” In re A.M., 166 Ohio St.3d 127, 2020-Ohio-

5102, 184 N.E.3d 1, ¶ 19.         The particular factor found here was that Mother had
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abandoned the children for purposes of R.C. 2151.414(E)(10). Final Judgment at p. 3.

       {¶ 43} The Supreme Court of Ohio has said that “R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) does not

require a juvenile court to expressly discuss each of the best-interest factors in R.C.

2151.414(D)(1)(a) through (e). Consideration is all the statute requires.” A.M. at ¶ 31.

Nonetheless, the Supreme Court strongly encouraged discussion, stressing that “the best

practice is for the juvenile court to specifically address each factor.” Id. at ¶ 32.

       {¶ 44} Before we review the court’s findings, we note that we disagree with

Mother’s assertion that the juvenile judge lacked a proper basis for sustaining MCCS’s

objections simply because he had less opportunity to view the witnesses. “In ruling on

objections, the court shall undertake an independent review as to the objected matters to

ascertain that the magistrate has properly determined the factual issues and appropriately

applied the law.” Juv.R. 40(D)(4)(d). “The independent review requires the trial court

to conduct a de novo review of the facts and an independent analysis of the issues to

reach its own conclusions about the issues in the case.” In re G.H., 2023-Ohio-295, 207

N.E.3d 67, ¶ 43 (6th Dist.), citing In re T.J., 2021-Ohio-4085, 180 N.E.3d 706, ¶ 42 (6th

Dist.), citing Barker v. Barker, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-00-1346, 2001 WL 477267, *3 (May

4, 2001). “Thus, despite a magistrate's findings, the trial court must reevaluate the

evidence presented at a hearing.” Barker at *3 (referencing a trial court’s review of a

magistrate’s decision under Civ.R. 53).

       {¶ 45} Juv.R. 40(D)(4)(b) and (d) also allow the court to hear additional testimony.

“ ‘Juv.R. 40 contemplates that new events may arise or be discovered between the time

of a magistrate's decision and a trial judge's final judgment, and the rule provides a
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mechanism for the introduction of such evidence in a timely manner.’ ” In re Z.C., 2d

Dist. Montgomery No. 29616, 2023-Ohio-963, ¶ 26, quoting In re A.S., 9th Dist. Summit

No. 26462, 2013-Ohio-1975, ¶ 14. This was done here, based on matters that arose

after the magistrate’s last hearing on December 13, 2021. As a result, the judge heard

evidence the magistrate did not have.     The added evidence was very damaging to

Mother’s case.

      {¶ 46} During the May 19, 2021 custody hearing, the magistrate heard testimony

from: (1) Dr. Bromberg, who conducted a psychological assessment of Mother in August

2019; (2) Parthina Christon, a comprehensive dual recovery (“CDR”) therapist who saw

Mother beginning in August 2019; and (3) Foster Mother 2 (“FM2”), who had fostered

Patrick since he was two days old. During the September 27, 2021 custody hearing, the

magistrate took testimony from: (1) FM2; (2) Foster Mother 1 (“FM1”), who had fostered

the four older children since July 2019; (3) Beth Pfoutz, the MCCS caseworker for Mother

from November 2015 until late August 2021; and (4) Quinnan Howard, program

coordinator for the Montgomery County Office of Reentry.

      {¶ 47} During the December 13, 2021 custody hearing, the magistrate heard

testimony from: (1) T.F., Mother’s twin sister; (2) Lisa Brock, Mother’s MCCS caseworker

since October 2021; and (3) Mother. Finally, on September 27, 2022, the judge heard

testimony from: (1) FM2; and (2) Lisa Brock. Mother did not appear for this hearing.

      {¶ 48} With this information in mind, we will review the juvenile judge’s decision.

                           1. The Children’s Relationships
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       {¶ 49} R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a) involves consideration of “[t]he interaction and

interrelationship of the child with the child's parents, siblings, relatives, foster caregivers

and out-of-home providers, and any other person who may significantly affect the child.”

The court discussed these relationships at length. See Final Judgment at p. 4-8.

       {¶ 50} The court noted Mother’s claim that returning the children to her would be

“healing” and Mother’s assertion that she loved the children dearly. Id. at p. 4. The

court went on to discuss Patrick, who was born in 2019 and had been in the same foster

home since birth. In this regard, the court noted Patrick’s problems with eating and

gaining weight; Patrick’s diagnoses of fetal alcohol syndrome and attention deficit

hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); the more than 100 doctors’ appointments Patrick had had

in his short life; Mother’s failure to attend any appointments despite having had notice;

the lack of a bond between Mother and Patrick; the fact that Patrick was thriving in FM2’s

home; Patrick’s bond with FM2’s family; FM2’s desire to adopt Patrick; Mother’s failure to

have phone or virtual contact with Patrick from December 13, 2021 to September 27,

2022; Mother’s failure to exercise visitation with Patrick between January 10, 2022 and

June 6, 2022; and the fact that Mother had only visited Patrick on three occasions

between December 31, 2021 and September 27, 2022, with the last visit having occurred

on June 13, 2022. Id. at p. 4-5 and 8.

       {¶ 51} Having reviewed the evidence, including the hearing transcripts, we find

competent, credible evidence to support these findings. See Tr. at 164-240 (testimony

of FM2); at 286-361 (testimony of caseworker Pfoutz); and at 410-436 (testimony of

caseworker Brock); and Transcript of Proceedings (Sept. 27, 2022) (“Tr. 2”), 21-22, 25,
                                                                                         -21-

26-27, and 31 (testimony of FM2); and 36-59 (testimony of Brock).

       {¶ 52} Regarding the other four children, the court noted the following facts: the

children were all doing fine in their current placement, where they had been since July

2019; they were all on medication, but Mother had never asked about it; Mother did not

visit Peter when he was hospitalized for two days even though she had been notified;

FM1 had always made the children available by phone to Mother, but Mother did not often

call them; Mother had difficulty handling all the children, and they had been out of control

at visitation; the children were bonded to FM1 and her husband, who were also bonded

to the children; and the children were bonded to each other. Final Judgment at p. 5-8.

       {¶ 53} As with Patrick, the court noted that Mother had not exercised visitation with

these four children between January 10, 2022, and June 6, 2022; Mother saw them only

three times between December 13, 2021, and September 27, 2022, with the last visit

having been on June 13, 2022; and Mother had last spoken with these children on

February 18, 2022. Id. at p. 8.

       {¶ 54} Again, our review of the record, including the transcripts, reveals competent,

credible evidence to support the court’s findings. See Tr. at 243-284 (testimony of FM1);

at 268-361 (Pfoutz testimony); and at 410-436 (Brock testimony); and Tr. 2 at 36-59

(Brock testimony).

                                2. The Children’s Wishes

       {¶ 55} R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b) requires consideration of “[t]he wishes of the child,

as expressed directly by the child or through the child's guardian ad litem, with due regard
                                                                                         -22-

for the maturity of the child.” In this regard, the court noted that the four older children

wanted to return home to Mother and that Patrick was too young to express his wishes.

Final Judgment at p. 8. This observation is supported by the evidence in the record.

See Tr. at 476-477.

                                   3. Custodial History

       {¶ 56} R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(c) involves “[t]he custodial history of the child,

including whether the child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public

children services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of

a consecutive twenty-two-month period * * *.” In this regard, the court discussed the

custodial history, beginning with the fact that Mother was removed from her own home as

a child and had three children while still in MCCS’s care. Final Judgment at p. 9. The

court related other history, including: MCCS’s removal of the children in 2016 when

Mother had left the children with the maternal grandmother; reunification of the four older

children with Mother in 2018; the removal of the children again in 2019 and assumption

of custody when Mother was arrested for having a firearm in her vehicle without a permit;

and MCCS’s removal of Patrick in 2019 based on allegations of physical abuse due to

exposure to substances and Mother’s inability to provide for him.         Id.   The court’s

findings were supported by competent, credible evidence. See Tr. at 287-289.

                         4. Need for Legally Secure Placement

       {¶ 57} R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(d) requires consideration of “[t]he child's need for a
                                                                                        -23-

legally secure permanent placement and whether that type of placement can be achieved

without a grant of permanent custody to the agency.” Regarding this point, the court

discussed the case plan at length. Final Judgment at p. 9-16. The court found that

Father’s case plan was incomplete as he had not visited with the children since 2019 and

had had no contact with the caseworker for a year and a half before September 27, 2021.

Id. at p. 9. The court’s finding was supported by competent, credible evidence. See Tr.

at 338 and Tr. 2 at 52. In fact, Father did not appear at any of the hearings, and Father’s

attorney said he had had no contact with Father since January 2020 and had not been

able to reach Father. Tr. 2 at 8.

       {¶ 58} Concerning Mother, the court noted caseworker testimony that: Mother did

not comply with the case plan’s substance abuse requirements, which was a barrier to

reunification; MCCS had ongoing concern over Mother’s alcohol use, which Mother failed

to report to her therapist; Mother had been discharged from treatment at South

Community Incorporated (“SC”) in October 2021 and failed to provide a reason for the

discharge; Mother had a long history of domestic violence in dating relationships and,

while Mother had completed treatment around July or July 2021, MCCS had ongoing

concerns because Mother continued to engage with her abuser and often initiated

contact; Mother’s income stability was a concern during the case; and Mother’s mental

health and substance use were “concerning barriers for reunification.” Final Judgment

at p. 10, 13, 14 and 16. Again, competent, credible evidence supported these findings.

See Tr. at 289, 302-304, 308-309, 310, 315, 323-326, and 328.

       {¶ 59} The court also discussed Dr. Bromberg’s testimony in detail.           Final
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Judgment at p. 10-12.        Dr. Bromberg had conducted a psychological and parenting

assessment of Mother through a clinical interview and psychological testing in August

2019.    Tr. at 9-10.   Based on his evaluation and testing, Dr. Bromberg diagnosed

Mother with severe substance abuse disorder, a mood disorder, a chronic complicated

personality disorder with features of multiple personality disorders, and impulse control

problems.    Id. at 44-47.    Bromberg concluded, based on these four disorders, that

Mother was “beyond seriously extremely psychologically impaired.” Id. at 48.

        {¶ 60} Dr. Bromberg made several recommendations, including random drug

testing for at least 24 months; dialectical behavior therapy (“DBT”) or cognitive behavior

therapy (“CBT”) once a week in a group setting for 24 months at least; individual DBT or

CBT at the same time for at least 24 months; extensive anger management treatment for

at least eight months; parenting skills training on a weekly basis for at least a year; and

Artemis programming. Id. at 51-53. According to Bromberg, if Mother failed to follow

through with all these treatment recommendations, placing the children in her care would

post a great risk of harm. Id. at 54.

        {¶ 61} Mother initially went to SC in April 2019, before she was evaluated by Dr.

Bromberg. Mother was assessed there on April 11, 2019, but failed to appear for seven

appointments after that. As a result, SC sent Mother a termination letter on August 9,

2019.    Mother then reengaged in August 2019 and began working that month with

Parthina Christon, a CDR therapist. Christon relied on the April 11, 2019 SC assessment

for her diagnosis.      Mother never told Christon about Dr. Bromberg’s treatment

recommendations, nor was Christon ever shown Dr. Bromberg’s report. Tr. at 102, 115,
                                                                                     -25-

119, 138, 139, and 144.     According to Christon, the initial treatment goals were to

manage the symptoms of depression and to be able to decrease the impact of substance

abuse, i.e., for Mother to go without substances for seven days per week. Id. at 104 and

106.

       {¶ 62} In August 2020, SC reviewed the treatment plan. At that time, Mother

reported she had not had any substance abuse in the last six months. Id. at 107. As a

result, substance abuse was not the primary goal of the therapy appointments anymore.

Id. at 108.   Furthermore, SC never did any drug screens of Mother, as SC was a

“nonintensive outpatient program” and did “not rely on drug screens.”       Id. at 139.

Although Christon was aware Mother had a history of domestic violence, the topic never

came up in their therapy sessions between August 2019 and May 2021. Id. at 160-161.

       {¶ 63} Out of 40 appointments scheduled with SC, Mother attended 24; the 16

cancelations (seven of which occurred before Christon began working with Mother)

occurred due to “no shows” or Mother’s cancellation of the appointment. Id. at 110-111.

A second termination letter was sent to Mother on January 18, 2021, after Mother missed

three appointments. Id. at 115 and 148-149. Mother responded and was scheduled in

February 2021. Mother had not missed any appointments between then and the May

19, 2021 custody hearing. Id. at 150-151. As indicated, SC later discharged Mother

from treatment in October 2021; Mother did not reengage or did she attempt to go

elsewhere. Id. at 412.

       {¶ 64} In light of the above discussion, it is clear that Mother did not complete

substance abuse and mental health treatment, and the court’s statements were supported
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by competent, credible evidence. As to visitation, while Mother had visited consistently

during parts of the case, she was inconsistent at other times and failed to visit or maintain

any contact with the children for most of a year. Accordingly, Mother failed to meet this

requirement as well.

       {¶ 65} Given the length of the children’s history in MCCS’s custody and Mother’s

repeated failure to maintain stability in her life and to rectify the conditions causing the

children’s removal, there is no doubt that a legally secure placement for the children could

not have been achieved without granting permanent custody to MCCS.

                          5. Application of Remaining Factors

       {¶ 66} The final consideration is “[w]hether any of the factors in divisions (E)(7) to

(11) of this section apply in relation to the parents and child.” R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(e).

The juvenile court concluded that R.C. 2151.414(E)(10) applied, which is that “[t]he parent

has abandoned the child.” See Final Judgment at p. 17. The court found clear and

convincing evidence of abandonment based on evidence presented at the September 27,

2022 hearing. According to the court, this evidence demonstrated that Mother had failed

to visit or maintain contact with the children for more than 90 days and had abandoned

the children. Id.

       {¶ 67} R.C. 2151.011(C) states that for purposes of R.C. Chap. 2151, “a child shall

be presumed abandoned when the parents of the child have failed to visit or maintain

contact with the child for more than ninety days, regardless of whether the parents resume

contact with the child after that period of ninety days.” This presumption is rebuttable.
                                                                                      -27-

In re N.C., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 28105, 2019-Ohio-567, ¶ 69, citing In re Custody of

C.E., 2d Dist. Champaign No. 2005-CA-11, 2005-Ohio-5913, ¶ 17.

      {¶ 68} As indicated above, Mother failed to visit or contact Patrick for more than

90 days on two occasions: from January 10, 2022, to June 6, 2022, and from June 13,

2022 through September 27, 2022 (the day of the last hearing). Mother also failed to

visit the other children from January 10, 2022 to June 6, 2022, and contacted them only

on February 18, 2022. The period from February 18, 2022 to June 6, 2022, was more

than 90 days. In addition, Mother failed to visit or contact these children from June 13,

2022, through September 27, 2022, another period of more than 90 days.

      {¶ 69} Mother did not appear at the September 27, 2022 hearing, so there was no

evidence to rebut the presumption that she had abandoned all the children. Mother’s

attorney stated that she had last heard from Mother on July 29, 2022, and that Mother

had said she would be at the hearing and would bring witnesses. Tr. 2 at 7. After that

time, however, Mother had not responded to her attorney’s attempts to reach her, and the

attorney had no explanation for Mother’s failure to appear. Id.

      {¶ 70} Mother’s caseworker, Lisa Brock, made multiple efforts to contact Mother

about visitation between December 30, 2021 and September 22, 2022, including making

phone calls, appearing at the visitation center when Mother was scheduled to visit (but

did not appear), attempting to schedule home visits, and making unscheduled home

visits. On the few occasions when Brock was able to successfully reach Mother, she

reminded Mother about visitation. The only time Brock’s efforts resulted in Mother’s

actually visiting the children was after an unannounced home visit on May 27, 2022.
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Mother thereafter visited the children at the agency on June 6 and June 13, 2022.

Mother made no further attempts to see or contact the children. Id. at 36, 38, 39, 41-42,

44-45, 47-48, and 49-50.       Accordingly, the presumption of abandonment was not

rebutted, and the trial court’s finding on abandonment was supported by competent,

credible evidence.

       {¶ 71} Based on the preceding discussion, the trial court did not abuse its

discretion by terminating Mother’s parental rights and awarding permanent custody of the

five children to MCCS. Mother’s assignment of error is overruled.

                                    III. Conclusion

       {¶ 72} Mother’s sole assignment of error having been overruled, the judgments of

the juvenile court are affirmed.

                                    .............

TUCKER, J. and HUFFMAN, J., concur.