Court Opinion

ID: 9377359
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-07 18:02:56.621463+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:13.669470
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

LYNNE SACHS                              )
                                         )
                    Petitioner,          )
                                         )
            v.                           ) C.A. No. 2018-0530-SEM
                                         )
CAREN SACHS individually and             )
as attorney-in-fact for DORIS SACHS,     )
and STEVEN SACHS,                        )
                                         )
                    Respondents.         )

                 MASTER’S FINAL POST-TRIAL REPORT

                           Final Report: March 7, 2023
                          Date Submitted: November 15, 2022

Jason C. Powell and Thomas J. Reichert, THE POWELL FIRM, LLC, Wilmington,
Delaware; Counsel for Petitioner.

Mary Ann Plankington, GAWTHROP GREENWOOD, PC, Wilmington, Delaware;
Counsel for Respondent Caren Sachs.

Steven Sachs, Stevenson, Maryland; Respondent.

MOLINA, M.
      Through this action, siblings dispute how their mother was treated in her final,

vulnerable years, and whether her estate should be compensated to address alleged

improprieties. One sibling, now the administrator of her mother’s estate, argues that

her sister breached her fiduciary duties, and her two siblings have failed to repay

loans from their mother. She seeks judgment against her siblings and in favor of the

estate to compensate for those breaches and unpaid loans; she also seeks equitable

relief, including redirection of certain non-probate assets. The administrator also

seeks judgment against her brother and in her personal favor for the administrator’s

portion of the life insurance payout from the decedent’s death.          Finally, the

administrator seeks an order compelling the return of personal property and fee

shifting for bad faith litigation conduct.

      I entered judgment by default against the administrator’s brother who failed

to participate in these proceedings; he has also failed to respond to, or engage in,

post-trial briefing.   But the remaining sibling, the administrator’s sister, fully

participated at trial and contests the claims against her. She admits she owed

fiduciary duties to her mother but denies she breached them. She further admits that

her mother loaned money to her but contends the loan was repaid. Finally, the sister

argues the administrator’s claims for equitable relief and fee shifting are

unsupported.

                                             1
      I hear these claims on the record developed during a two-day trial. On that

record, I find judgment should be entered against the brother for the unpaid loan, the

sister breached her fiduciary duties, and the sister has failed to demonstrate

repayment of the loan from her mother in full. Regarding appropriate relief for the

sister’s breaches, I find the self-dealing transactions should be voided but that the

sister should first be required to prepare a formal accounting, before damages or

other remedies are addressed. I do, however, find the sister should be required to

return the date-of-death value of a convenience account to the estate, the sister and

brother should be required to return all personal property to the estate, and

beneficiary accounts should be retitled and directed to the estate Finally, I find fees

should not be shifting against the brother and the request to shift fees against the

sister is premature; I do find that costs should be shifted to the administrator as the

prevailing party in this action.

      This is my final report.

                                          2
I.       BACKGROUND1

         The parties’ disputes concern their mother, Doris Sachs (the “Decedent”).

The Decedent passed during the pendency of this action, although I did not have the

pleasure of meeting her. I rely, instead, on the reflections of those who loved her.

The Decedent was described as “a self-sufficient woman. She was bright, funny,

witty.”2 But her life was not always easy. After separating from her husband in the

mid-seventies, the Decedent raised her three children—Lynne, Caren, and Steven—

on her own.3         Per Lynne, the Decedent “did a lot for [her children] when [their]

father was out of the picture. . . . [S]he sacrificed her life for [them].”4

         The Decedent was a consistent person, residing in her home at 2514 Van

Buren Street in Hyattsville, Maryland (the “House”), from the 1970’s through 2015.5

She was eager to remain self-sufficient. But as the Decedent moved into her

1
  The facts in this report reflect my findings based on the record developed at trial on
August 1, 2022 and August 3, 2022. See Docket Items (“D.I.”) 117. I grant the evidence
the weight and credibility I find it deserves. Citations to the trial transcripts are in the form
“Tr. #.” D.I. 119-120. The parties’ jointly submitted exhibits are cited as “JX __.” JX1-
15, 17-21, 23-27, and 59-62 were admitted without objection. Tr. 8:15. JX22 and JX58
were admitted during witness testimony. Tr. 43:17. JX16 was also admitted, in limited part.
Tr. 69:23-70:7. JX7 and JX59 are the same document and I cite solely to JX7.
2
    Tr. 19:17-18.
3
 Tr. 19:19-21. I use first names for the parties for clarity purposes and intend no disrespect
or familiarity.
4
    Tr. 154:21-155:1.
5
    See Tr. 21-23.
                                               3
octogenarian years, she began to decline.6 With this decline came the alleged

improprieties.

         A.     The Discoveries in 2014

         On July 23, 2014, Lynne was visiting her mother and, together, they went to

the Decedent’s bank.7 There they learned that Steven had withdrawn more than

$130,000.00 from a joint account he shared with the Decedent, without her

knowledge or permission.8 Concerned, Lynne and the Decedent checked another

account owned by the Decedent and saw a withdrawal for over $50,000.00.9 The

Decedent explained to Lynne that the withdrawal was a loan to Caren (the “Loan”),

but, per Lynne, the Decedent was not happy with the transaction.10

         These discoveries led to two things: (1) a family meeting and (2) a new bank

account.11 At the family meeting, Steven admitted to taking the funds and signed a

promissory note (the “Promissory Note”).12           In the Promissory Note, Steven

admitted that he “did in fact borrow $131,400” from the Decedent and promised to

6
    See, e.g., Tr. 22:9-12, 23-24, 182:15-23.
7
    See Tr. 24:6-7.
8
    See Tr. 24:9-12.
9
    Tr. 24:19-24. See JX6.
10
  Tr. 25:2-12. Caren testified that the Loan was for the benefit of her business, Elements
of Nutrition, LLC. Tr. 221:23-222:4.
11
     See Tr. 27:1-2.
12
     See JX5.
                                                4
repay the full amount “no later than [his] 55th birthday on December 8, 2015.”13

Caren also promised to repay the Loan but did not sign a note or otherwise agree to

specific terms.14 Regarding the new bank account, the Decedent closed the joint

account with Steven and transferred the remaining balance into a new account in her

sole name with PNC Bank (the “PNC Account”).15 The PNC Account was opened

on July 23, 2014 and the Decedent selected “Individual/sole proprietor” on the

account registration and agreement form.16

         In October 2014, Caren deposited $42,864.84 in the PNC Account, which she

contends was partial payment on the Loan.17 Caren testified that the remainder of

the Loan was paid off through her purchase of a burial plot for the Decedent. 18 Caren

purchased the burial lot in 2012 and expended a total of $9,448.64 (the “Burial

Payment”).19 Caren explained that she “talked to [the Decedent] about paying her

13
  JX5. The Decedent’s estranged husband, Paul Sachs, passed on July 8, 2011. Tr. 20:8-
12. He left behind a trust for each of his children, which provided a monthly payout and
the option of a lump sum on each child’s 55th birthday. See Tr. 26:8-12, 220:8-16.
14
     Tr. 226:10-12. See also Tr. 218:22-24, 222:14-16.
15
     See Tr. 86:15-22. See also Tr. 246:13-16.
16
     JX47.
17
     JX6. Caren has not, however, confirmed where she received the funds for this deposit.
18
     Tr. 119:2-7; JX23.
19
  Tr. 229:1-11; JX23, JX62. Lynne objects to pages within JX62, because Caren failed to
produce them during discovery. Caren argues JX62 was included in the pretrial stipulation,
D.I. 113. Upon review of the pretrial stipulation, I cannot locate a proposed exhibit that
matches JX62; thus, I find the challenged pages should not be admitted.
                                                 5
back, that [Caren] would deduct the amount that [she] paid for the cemetery from

the $50,000 that [she] owed [the Decedent], and [the Decedent] said that was fine.”20

           Caren’s name was added to the PNC Account two months later, on December

17, 2014.21           The account registration and agreement continued to reflect

“Individual/sole proprietor” and contained no language regarding the right of

survivorship.22 Caren testified that she was added to the PNC Account solely to help

the Decedent manage her affairs.23 Adding Caren’s name, per Caren, gave her

flexibility to manage the Decedent’s assets and pay the Decedent’s bills on her

behalf.24

           B.    The Certification in 2015

           After an injury at her home in early 2015, the Decedent was hospitalized.25

The Decedent then spent approximately two months as a resident of FutureCare

Courtland, an assisted skilled living facility in Baltimore, Maryland.26 There she

was diagnosed with a variety of issues: UTIs, kidney disorder, heart disease, hearing

20
     Tr. 373:24-374:3.
21
     JX47.
22
     Id.
23
     Tr. 245:18-20.
24
     Tr. 248:17-20.
25
     See Tr. 20:22-24.
26
     Tr. 189:8-18.
                                             6
issues, sights issues, and mental decline.27 Ultimately, on February 15, 2015, the

Decedent was diagnosed with vascular dementia.28

           Then, on February 16, 2015, Dr. Tonya Hardy-Jones executed a certification

of incapacity reflecting her determination that the Decedent was, at that time,

“incapable of making an informed decision regarding treatment.”29 The certification

provides:

           Incapable of making an informed decision means the inability of an
           adult patient to make an informed decision about the provision,
           withholding, or withdrawal of a specific medical treatment or course of
           treatment because the patient is unable to understand the nature, extent,
           or probable consequences of the proposed treatment, is unable to make
           a rational evaluation of the burdens, risks, and benefits of the treatment,
           or is unable to communicate a decision.30

This certification was noted in the progress notes of Dr. Andrew Speer who saw the

Decedent on February 17, 2015 and found her “[n]ot oriented to place or time.”31

           The Decedent’s condition did not improve, and she was often in and out of

the hospital and various facilities. During one trip to the hospital, on March 9, 2015,

the Decedent executed a power of attorney, naming Caren as her agent.32 Thereafter,

27
     Tr. 189:19-190:17.
28
     Tr. 186:21-187:3.
29
     JX36.
30
     Id.
31
     Id.
32
     D.I. 107, p.3.
                                               7
the Decedent moved to an assisted living facility called Sunrise, located in

Baltimore, Maryland.33 But, per Caren, the Decedent was not happy at Sunrise; “she

didn’t fit in, she didn’t want to participate in any of the activities.”34 Thus, the

Decedent left Sunrise in October 2015.35

         After her brief stay at Sunrise, the Decedent returned home and lived alone,

with part-time assistance.36 December 8, 2015, Steven’s 55th birthday came and

went without repayment from Steven on the Promissory Note. But Caren, as

attorney-in-fact, decided not to pursue Steven. Caren testified, “I did nothing

because I didn’t think it was advisable for me as a steward of my mother’s finances

to pursue my brother when he didn’t have any money.”37 But Caren admitted her

belief that Steven was entitled to “a significant distribution from a trust,” which she

“suppose[s]” could have been used to pay the Promissory Note.38

         Approximately three (3) months after she left Sunrise and returned home, the

Decedent, on January 29, 2016, executed her last will and testament (the “Will”),

addressed further below.39 Then, around May or June of 2016, the Decedent moved

33
     Tr. 21:4-6.
34
     Tr. 310:8-15.
35
     Tr. 21:9-11.
36
     Tr. 21:9-11.
37
     Tr. 231:15-18.
38
     Tr. 234:7-12.
39
     D.I. 107, p.3; JX7.
                                           8
in with her son, Steven in Pikesville, Maryland.40 The parties dispute why the

Decedent moved—Lynne and her husband testified the Decedent was taken from

her home against her wishes, but Caren contends the Decedent wanted to move in

with Steven.41

         C.       Living With Steven

         While at Steven’s house, the Decedent stayed in a converted office (previously

a garage).42 Her room was separated from the main house, and the Decedent had to

walk through a corridor, or breezeway, to reach a bathroom and kitchen in the main

house.43      The parties dispute whether this was a safe and comfortable living

arrangement for the Decedent.44 Caren had no concerns and testified that she visited

the Decedent every week while the Decedent lived with Steven.45 Per Caren, the

Decedent’s “apartment, so to speak, was the same . . . every time [she] went.”46

         But on July 28, 2017, Steven’s house was searched on suspicion of illicit drug

activities at the property, and the police found concerning items in the Decedent’s

40
     Tr. 21:9-11.
41
     Tr. 31:9-21, 305:8-11.
42
     Tr. 21:12-15.
43
     Tr. 31:3-8, 196:22-24; JX34.
44
     Tr. 43:21-44:19, 306:4-11.
45
     Tr. 207:6.
46
     Tr. 307:20-21.
                                            9
living area.47 By way of background, from May 2017 through July 2017, detectives

with the Baltimore County Police Department received “multiple complaints of

illicit drug activity” at Steven’s house.48 They investigated, collected evidence, and

secured a search and seizure warrant from the Baltimore County Circuit Court.49

           Police executed the warrant on July 28, 2017 at 6:35 a.m.50 When they

knocked, the door to Steven’s house “swung open without anyone manipulating the

door handle[,]” and upon entering police “could detect a strong odor” which they

identified as marijuana.51 Police found the various residents of Steven’s house,

including the Decedent, in their respective rooms.52 Throughout the home and in

each room, police found weapons, drugs, and drug paraphernalia.53               Most

concerning, and relevant to this action, were the items found in the Decedent’s room:

(1) a handgun with magazine and ammunition, (2) two shotguns and a rifle, and (3)

47
     JX22.
48
     Id.
49
     Id.
50
     Id.
51
     Id.
52
     Id.
53
     Id.
                                         10
a jar with brown oil.54 Luckily, the Decedent was not harmed or implicated in these

discoveries. But Steven, and other residents, were arrested on various charges.55

           Shortly after the warrant was executed, Lynne and her husband received a

copy of the police report and they scanned a copy to Caren, urging her to remove the

Decedent from Steven’s home.56 But, despite the concerning findings, and Lynne’s

insistence, Caren, as attorney-in-fact, did not move the Decedent; she remained in

Steven’s house.57 Caren explained that from May 2017 through October 2017, the

Decedent “was declining and she couldn’t hold a conversation as well as she used to

be able to[.]”58 She was also frail and, in October 2017 she fell, fractured her hip,

and was hospitalized.59 After two months of treatment and rehabilitation, the

Decedent was discharged and she moved in with Caren, in New Castle, Delaware,

on December 24, 2017.60

54
     Id.
55
     Id.
56
   Tr. 44:10-13. Lynne’s husband, Kenneth Lawrence, testified that he was prepared to
pick the Decedent up and move her down to live in his home, but Caren convinced the
Decedent not to go. Tr. 46:6-24.
57
     Per Caren, “[t]hat was [the Decedent’s] choice.” Tr. 201:20.
58
     Tr. 319:2-15.
59
     Tr. 21:15-18.
60
     Tr. 203:22-24,
                                              11
         D.     Living With Caren

         When the Decedent first moved into Caren’s home, “she was very grateful.

She was happy to be somewhere where people loved her and welcomed her and she

was always very thankful.”61 Initially, the Decedent slept in a second-floor guest

room.62 But Caren testified that she spent $24,000.00 to $25,000.00 to renovate her

garage into a “little apartment” for the Decedent.63 Per Caren, the renovations were

complete “around the end of January of 2018” and the Decedent “loved it.”64

         Despite the improved living situation in 2018, the Decedent, as she declined

mentally and physically, “became combative”; per Caren, she was “unwilling to do

certain things, like she didn’t really want to eat.”65 Then, the Decedent fell and was

injured in March of 2018.66

         The Decedent continued to decline in 2019; “she wasn’t able to chew,” “[s]he

would sleep all the time[,]” and “[s]he wouldn’t acknowledge unless you . . . prodded

61
  Tr. 290:18-20. Per Caren, the Decedent wished to contribute towards the household
expenses but did not formally pay rent, nor a salary to Caren for the caregiving she
provided. Tr. 343:3-17.
62
     Tr. 299:18-20.
63
     Tr. 299:4-300:23.
64
     Tr. 300:7-11.
65
     Tr. 290:21-291:8.
66
  Tr. 55:2-11. On or around April 28, 2018, Caren and the Decedent were in a car accident,
where Caren was found at fault, and the Decedent was injured. See JX16, Tr. 59:11-13.
Any claims were settled and, although Lynne initially challenged the settlement, she
requested no relief related thereto in her post-trial briefing. See JX18.
                                           12
her to get up and to just move around.”67 Per Caren, from 2019 through her death,

the Decedent “just really kind of wasn’t there.”68 Ultimately, the Decedent passed

on February 23, 2020, shortly after her 89th birthday.69

            E.   The Estate

            On April 27, 2020, Lynne was appointed as the administrator of the

Decedent’s estate and issued letters of administration.70 Lynne was not, however,

the named executor in the Will.71 In the Will, the Decedent nominated her nephews

as executor and successor executor, but neither opened an estate.72 Without the

named executors, the Register of Wills, upon Lynne’s petition, accepted the Will for

probate and appointed Lynne to administer it.73

67
     Tr. 291:14-24.
68
     Tr. 335:22-23.
69
     Tr. 20:14, 335:1-2.
70
     JX4.
71
     JX7.
72
   Id.; In the Matter of Doris Yetta Sachs, ROW 174472 KL-SEM (“ROW”) D.I. 5.
“Because the Register of Wills is a Clerk of the Court of Chancery, filings with
the Register of Wills are subject to judicial notice.” Arot v. Lardani, 2018 WL 5430297, at
*1 n.6 (Del. Ch. Oct. 29, 2018) (citing 12 Del. C. § 2501; Del. R. Evid. 202(d)(1)(C)).
73
  ROW D.I. 5. On July 17, 2020, Caren filed a petition to remove Lynne as administrator
under 12 Del. C. § 1541. C.A. No. 2020-0592-SEM. Lynne moved to dismiss, I
recommended that motion be granted, and my recommendation was adopted by then-
Chancellor Bouchard; thus, that action was closed on or around January 26, 2021. See C.A.
No. 2020-0592-SEM, D.I. 7, 18-20.
                                            13
         Through the Will, the Decedent expressed her intention that her estate pass in

equal shares to her three children, except for (1) a diamond ring specifically

bequeathed to Lynne, (2) any property “jointly in the names of [the Decedent] and

any other person with the right of survivorship, but excluding any tenancy in

common, [which] shall pass by right of survivorship or operation of law” outside the

probate process, and (3) that “[t]he bequest to each child . . . shall be reduced by the

amount of any indebtedness owed to [the Decedent] by such child at the time of [her]

death including interest thereon[.]”74

         In her capacity as administrator, Lynne has filed an inventory and first

accounting.75 But Lynne has been unable to marshal all the Decedent’s assets; since

the Decedent’s death, and despite Lynne’s appointment as administrator, Steven and

Caren have failed to turn over the Decedent’s personal property to the estate, through

Lynne as administrator.76

         In addition to this probate dispute, Lynne also testified that Steven and Caren

interfered with her interest in the Decedent’s life insurance. The Decedent had a life

insurance policy with Protective Life Insurance, for which she named all three of her

74
     JX7, Item III-V.
75
  ROW D.I. 12, 16. Caren filed exceptions to the accounting, which remain pending on
the Register of Wills docket. ROW D.I. 23.
76
  See Tr. 280:2-16. Caren testified that she brought a diamond ring to trial and offered to
provide it to Lynne; I expect that exchange occurred after trial concluded. See Tr. 280:11-
16, 408:3-14.
                                            14
children as beneficiaries.77 Caren and Steven received their share; Lynne did not.78

Per Lynne’s husband, the insurance company “sent Lynne’s check to Steven.”79

         F.      The Finances

         As addressed above, Caren became the Decedent’s attorney-in-fact on March

9, 2015. In that capacity, she had access to, and control over, the Decedent’s bank

accounts and other property. Those accounts included the PNC Account, two

accounts with Capital One (the “Capital One Accounts”), and annuity(ies).80 Only

after the Decedent’s death and through this action did information on Caren’s

handling of those assets come to light.81

         From October 2015 to October 2019, Caren withdrew a total of $138,898.00

in cash from the PNC Account.82 Cash withdrawals were made nearly every week

77
     JX57. See also Tr. 81:13-15.
78
     JX57.
79
     Tr. 82:7.
80
   See JX12 (summarizing these accounts in detail and noting uncertainty if an annuity
reflected in one of the Capital One Accounts was the same as the Decedent’s annuity with
Lincoln Financial, for which Caren did not provide any documentation).
81
  The service of the AAL, as defined below, was essential to making sense of the
Decedent’s finances and Caren’s conduct. See JX12.
82
   Tr. 266:5-15; JX30. Caren admitted that she completed each withdrawal ticket, the
handwriting is hers, and she received the money withdrawn. Tr. 265:14-22; JX30. Caren
further admitted that she did not keep any record of the cash expenditures. Tr. 268:20-23.
Per Caren, she “didn’t think it was necessary to keep an accounting[.]” Tr. 270:18-20. She
“didn’t feel the need to” even write in the memo line a note of the purpose of the cash
withdrawals. Tr. 270:21-24.
                                            15
during this time and ranged from $100.00 to $3,500.00 at a time.83 From November

2019 to the Decedent’s death, Caren withdrew an additional $12,380.80 from the

PNC Account.84 The date-of-death value of the PNC Account was “$110,130.07 +

1.97 accrued interest.”85

           Caren testified that these cash withdrawals were used for the Decedent’s

care.86 But Caren admitted that she did not keep records showing how she used the

Decedent’s funds.87 In lieu of receipts, Caren attempted to provide a narrative

explanation of her expenditures. When the Decedent lived with Steven, Caren

explained that she would rely on Steven to tell her the amount due to caregivers, she

would then take the cash out, and she would provide it directly to Steven.88 Notably,

she did not independently confirm the amount due or that payment was made to any

care providers.89      And Caren continued this practice even after Steven’s arrest.90

83
     JX30.
84
     Tr. 269:13-270:14.
85
     JX47.
86
     Tr. 272:14-21.
87
   Tr. 216:9-11. This lack of recordkeeping is even more troubling considering Caren’s
professional experience as the sole owner, investor, and proprietor of her business. See Tr.
205:14-208:1, Caren testified, however, that she was unaware of the need to keep records
of her transactions as attorney-in-fact. Tr. 211:1-7. This testimony could, perhaps and to
some extent, be credited toward the transactions before this action was filed but by at least
July 23, 2018 (when this action was filed), Caren’s asserted ignorance is unbelievable.
88
     Tr. 272:14-273:5, 314:1-8.
89
     Id.
90
     Tr. 320:18-23.
                                             16
After the Decedent moved into Caren’s home, Caren used cash to directly pay

caregivers, but, like the process with Steven, she kept no receipts of those

payments.91

           But Caren was not only transacting in cash. Caren also utilized the Decedent’s

credit card (the “Discover Card”) and paid for those charges with the Capital One

Accounts.92 Between October 2017 and April 2019, Caren paid $19,542.69 in

Discover Card bills.93 In 2020, Caren also liquidated a savings bond(s) belonging to

the Decedent.94 Per Caren, the bond(s) were liquidated for a total of $4,277.20 and

she deposited that amount into the PNC Account.95 But that figure is listed on a

form from PNC Bank as the total interest earned on the Decedent’s bond(s) during

the year 2020; this interest figure implies the overall value was much higher.96

           Caren also, in her capacity as attorney-in-fact, liquidated some of the

Decedent’s real and personal property. In 2017, Caren, as attorney-in-fact, listed the

House for sale and in August 2018 the House sold for $269,000.00.97 Before the

sale, Caren cleared out the personal property in the House herself and with the help

91
     Tr. 323:20-325:3.
92
     Tr. 77:9-78:21.
93
     JX12, p.18.
94
     Tr. 278:24-279:5.
95
     Id.
96
     JX54.
97
     Tr. 327:17-18, 330:17-19, 394:4-6.
                                             17
of a company.98         After the sale, Caren deposited $211,443.92 into the PNC

Account.99 Caren contends these are the full sale proceeds; she has not, however,

provided any documentation in support.100

         In 2018, Caren, as attorney-in-fact, sold the Decedent’s Kia (the “Vehicle”)

to herself for $1.00.101 She testified inconsistently regarding why and how this

transaction occurred. First, Caren explained: “I put it in my name after realizing and

finding out that I couldn’t get insurance in [the Decedent’s] name because she wasn’t

the driver[.]”102 Then she changed her story, testifying that the transfer was the

Decedent’s idea: “she had eventually said to me that she had wanted my son to have

it, and so she couldn’t drive it any longer, so she said why don’t you just buy it from

me.”103 Then, in her third iteration, Caren testified that the Decedent “promised” the

Vehicle to Caren’s son.104 Caren confirmed that after the Vehicle was sold to her,

98
   Tr. 327:24-328:10. Lynne testified that she still had personal property in the house when
it was cleared out and was not provided with notice or the opportunity to collect those
belongings before the clean out and sale. Tr. 157:14-158:1.
99
     D.I. 107, p.3.
100
      Tr. 331:5-7.
101
      Cf. Tr. 237:21 (“she sold it to me”), 325:4-12.
102
      Tr. 367:20-23.
103
      Tr. 368:9-12.
104
      Tr. 238:11-14.
                                               18
she gave it to her son, but he later “got rid of it.”105 But Caren also admitted that she

used the Decedent’s funds to pay for insurance on the Vehicle after the sale.106

          Caren admitted that, after the Decedent’s death, she closed the PNC Account

and kept the entire date-of-death balance for herself.107 Caren testified that she

“believe[s] that [the PNC Account] was bequested [sic] to [her.]”108              Caren

confirmed, however, that she does not recall any of her personal money being

deposited into the PNC Account and that interest on the account would have been

declared solely on the Decedent’s tax returns.109

          G.    Procedural Posture

          On July 23, 2018, before the Decedent’s death, Lynne filed a verified petition

to remove Caren as the Decedent’s attorney-in-fact and compel Caren to account for

her stewardship of the Decedent’s property.110 Discovery stalled, and on May 20,

2019, I granted Lynne’s motion to compel Caren to produce documents and

supplement or amend her interrogatory responses; finding Caren’s discovery

105
      Tr. 368:22-24.
106
      Tr. 348:3-10, 392:11-14. See also JX17, 55.
107
      Tr. 249:10-12.
108
      Tr. 249:18-19.
109
      Tr. 251:21-253:6.
110
      D.I. 1.
                                             19
conduct was not substantially justified, I shifted fees in Lynne’s favor, not to exceed

$5,000.00, subject to further briefing.111 Ultimately, I awarded Lynne $2,213.75.112

            Thereafter, on May 24, 2019, I heard and ruled on Lynne’s motion for interim

relief, which I granted in part and denied in part.113 Therein, I denied Lynne’s

requests for (1) removal of Caren as attorney-in-fact and (2) an order compelling

Caren to repay certain expenditures to the Decedent.114 I granted, however, Lynne’s

request for the appointment of an attorney advocate for the Decedent, to investigate

Caren’s service as the Decedent’s attorney-in-fact, including the financial and care

aspects of that service, and also to advocate on the Decedent’s behalf to this Court.115

            The parties agreed to the appointment of Kashif Chowdhry, Esquire (the

“AAL”) as attorney ad litem and I appointed him to that role on June 27, 2019.116 I

would be remiss not to thank the AAL for his service; he served the Decedent

admirably, conducted a thorough investigation, and distilled his findings into an

incredibly helpful report, filed on January 10, 2020.117 Therein, he noted his

111
      D.I. 28.
112
      D.I. 42.
113
      D.I. 33.
114
      Id.
115
      Id.
116
      See D.I. 40-41.
117
   The report was originally due in July 2019, but that deadline was extended at the AAL’s
request and in light of ongoing settlement discussions. See D.I. 53. On May 18, 2020, I
approved the AAL’s fees in the total amount of $28,734.05, to be considered a debt of the
                                             20
concerns “relating to the management and use of [the Decedent’s] financial assets,”

and observation that the Decedent appeared to be receiving appropriate care.118

            He recommended, at a minimum, an accounting from Caren for all accounts

and transactions.119 He also “push[ed] Caren to pursue an action against Steve[n]

for the [Promissory Note] reminding her that she did owe fiduciary duties as [the

Decedent’s] attorney-in-fact to pursue such amounts.”120 After I reviewed the

AAL’s report, I directed the parties to confer on scheduling and set a three-day trial

for June 22-24, 2020.121

            But shortly thereafter the Decedent passed, and the course of these

proceedings shifted. On April 13, 2020, Lynne moved to amend her petition; I

granted that motion on May 18, 2020 and raised concerns about the impending

trial.122 The parties agreed that trial should be postponed, and it was removed from

the Court’s calendar.123 In Lynne’s amended petition she pled a caveat against the

Will and claims for undue influence, lack of capacity, breach of fiduciary duty,

Decedent’s estate, without prejudice to any future application(s) to reassess these fees
against any party for bad faith litigation conduct or other justification(s) for fee shifting.
D.I. 66. No such requests have been made.
118
      JX12.
119
      Id.
120
      Id. at p.20.
121
      D.I. 54-55.
122
      D.I. 58, 65.
123
      D.I. 68.
                                             21
invalidation of beneficiary designations or retitling of accounts, an accounting, and

unjust enrichment.124

         Then, on July 30, 2020, Lynne filed a new action, initiated by a petition for

instructions in her capacity as administrator of the estate, seeking permission to

charge the Promissory Note against Steven’s share, and the $50,000.00 loan against

Caren’s share, of the Decedent’s estate or, alternatively, for judgment against

them.125 On July 9, 2021, Lynne moved to consolidate the related actions; I granted

that motion on August 25, 2021.126

         After consolidation, I entered a schedule setting this matter for a three-day

trial during the first week of August 2022.127          Steven did not attend the trial and

default judgment was entered against him.128 Ultimately, the parties only needed

two (2) days: August 1 and August 3, 2022.129 After trial, the parties submitted post-

trial briefs and this matter is now ripe for my consideration.130

124
      D.I. 69.
125
      2020-0632-SEM, D.I. 1.
126
   D.I. 77. I also denied Steven’s motion to dismiss the second action. 2020-0632-SEM,
D.I. 17.
127
      D.I. 79. See also D.I. 88.
128
      Tr. 3:22-4:4.
129
      D.I. 119-120. Before trial, I ruled on various pretrial motions. D.I. 99, 114, 116
130
      D.I. 128, 130, 131.
                                               22
II.    ANALYSIS

       Before trial, Lynne withdrew her will contest. And rather than pressing for

an accounting, Lynne argues that Caren should be held to the insufficient support

she provided in discovery and trial and found liable for all unaccounted-for

transactions. Thus, the following claims remain: (1) breach of fiduciary duty against

Caren, (2) the invalidation of certain beneficiary designations and retitling of

accounts, (3) repayment or return of debts owed by, and property in the possession

of, Steven and Caren, and (4) a request for bad-faith fee shifting.131

       I address first the claims against Steven, excluding the request for fee shifting.

Then I turn to the claims against Caren, followed by the claims for invalidation of

certain beneficiary designations and retitling of accounts. Finally, I address the

requests made against both Steven and Caren for (1) return of assets of the estate and

(2) fee shifting.

       A.     Judgment should be entered against Steven and in favor of the
              estate.

       Lynne seeks judgment against Steven for (1) the unpaid Promissory Note and

(2) life insurance proceeds.132 Judgment would be in favor of the estate (payable

131
   Tr. 5:11-12. In post-trial briefing, Lynne did not separately argue her unjust enrichment
claim; rather the argument was woven into many claims as further support for the relief
requested. See, e.g., D.I. 128, p.43.
132
   Caren “is in agreement with a judgment being entered against Steven in the amount of
the [P]romissory [N]ote, and if recovered, agrees that the amount is to be placed into [the
                                            23
first from Steven’s share of the estate) and Lynne, respectively. I address these

requests in turn.

         I start with the Promissory Note. Therein, Steven acknowledged that he “did

in fact borrow $131,400” from the Decedent and promised to repay the full amount

“no later than [his] 55th birthday on December 8, 2015.”133 He did not keep his

promise and the Promissory Note remains unpaid. Under 12 Del. C. § 510, “[a] debt

owed to the decedent is charged against the intestate share of the debtor.” Further,

under the Will, the Decedent expressly provided that “[t]he bequest to each child . .

. shall be reduced by the amount of any indebtedness owed to [the Decedent] by such

child at the time of [her] death including interest thereon[.]”134 These provisions

support judgment against Steven, in favor of the estate, payable first from Steven’s

share of the estate. Judgment should be entered in the amount of $131,400.00, plus

pre- and post-judgment interest beginning on December 8, 2015.135

e]state.” D.I. 130, p.27. Caren does not, however, take any position regarding Lynne’s
remaining requests for relief against Steven. Id.
133
      JX5.
134
      JX7, Item III-V.
135
   See Soterion Corp. v. Soteria Mezzanine Corp., 2013 WL 869353, at *2 (Del. Ch. Mar.
7, 2013) (finding “quarterly compounding is both reasonable to maintain the value of the
interest that is awarded and to incentivize payment”); Dweck v. Nasser, 2012 WL 3194069,
at *6 (Del. Ch. Aug. 2, 2012) (“Pre-judgment and post-judgment interest is due on all
amounts at the legal rate, compounded quarterly.”).
                                          24
         I turn now to the life insurance payout. During trial, Lynne built a record

demonstrating that the Decedent had a life insurance policy, payable in equal shares

to her three (3) children. The record also reflects that Steven and Caren received

their portion of the insurance, but Lynne did not. But I find Lynne has not proven

that Steven, more likely than not, received Lynne’s share and should be held liable

therefor. Further, it does not appear that Lynne pled this claim in the underlying

pleadings, nor is this issue identified within the issues of fact or law or relief sought

in the pretrial stipulation.136 It was raised for the first time in post-trial briefing.

Thus, I find the request should be denied.137

         B.      The claims against Caren should be granted in part and denied in
                 part.
         I find Caren owed and breached her fiduciary duties to the Decedent and

 recommend appropriate remedies to make the Decedent whole. I further find Caren

 should be directed to prepare a formal accounting before this Court entertains

 whether she should be held liable for the currently unaccounted-for expenditures or

 the Loan.

136
      D.I. 69; D.I. 113.
137
   Cf. Ct. Ch. R. 15(b) (permitting amendments to conform to the evidence when tried with
express or implied consent of the parties or upon a motion to amend).
                                           25
         “A claim for breach of fiduciary duty requires proof of two elements: (1) that

a fiduciary duty existed and (2) that the defendant breached that duty.”138 The

Plaintiff must prove these elements by a preponderance of evidence.139

         [P]roof by a preponderance of the evidence means that something is
         more likely than not. By implication, the preponderance of the evidence
         standard also means that if the evidence is in equipoise, [Lynne loses].
         In the context of . . . self-dealing[, if Lynne] carries that burden, then
         the burden shifts to [Caren] to demonstrate that the dealings were
         entirely fair.140

The burden to prove fairness “increases significantly where . . . there is a transfer for

no consideration.”141

         Caren concedes the first element—that she owed fiduciary duties to the

Decedent as early as December 19, 2014.142 Thus, I focus my inquiry on whether

she breached those duties in connection with the following (all of which occurred

after December 19, 2014): (1) the sale of the Vehicle and reimbursement for

138
   Beard Research, Inc. v. Kates, 8 A.3d 573, 601 (Del. Ch. 2010), aff’d sub nom. ASDI,
Inc. v. Beard Research, Inc., 11 A.3d 749 (Del. 2010) (citations omitted).
139
      Heller v. Kiernan, 2002 WL 385545, at *3 (Del. Ch. Feb. 27, 2002).
140
    In re Happy Child World, Inc., 2020 WL 5793156, at *10 (Del. Ch. Sept. 29, 2020)
(citations and quotation marks omitted).
141
      Coleman v. Newborn, 948 A.2d 422, 432 (Del. Ch. 2007) (citations omitted).
142
    Caren provides in her post-trial briefing: “Caren does not contest that she became a
common law fiduciary for [the Decedent] as of December 19, 2014, when she was added
to [the Decedent’s] PNC account and given access to assist [the Decedent] with her
finances, and a formal fiduciary of [the Decedent] when [the Decedent] executed the POA
document appointing Caren to that role on March 9, 2015.”D.I. 130, p. 9 See also Tr.
208:5-8.
                                             26
insurance for the Vehicle after the sale; (2) the sale of the House; (3) the unpaid

Promissory Note; and (4) the lack of receipts and invoices for Caren’s transactions

as attorney-in-fact.

              1.       The sale of the Vehicle and insurance reimbursements were
                       self-dealing transactions, and Caren has failed to prove they
                       were entirely fair.

       “[S]elf-dealing occurs when the fiduciary has a ‘personal interest in the

subject transaction of such a substantial nature that it might have affected [her]

judgment in material connection.’”143 “An attorney-in-fact who uses the power

given to [her] by the principal to transfer assets to [her]self has committed improper

self-dealing, absent the voluntary and knowing consent of the principal.”144 A self-

dealing transaction is, thus, voidable “[u]nless the principal obtains independent

advice from a competent and disinterested third party and consents after full

disclosure[.]”145

143
  Stegemeier v. Magness, 728 A.2d 557, 564 (Del. 1999) (emphasis in original, citations
omitted).
144
   Pennewill v. Harris, 2011 WL 691618, at *3 (Del. Ch. Feb. 4, 2011). See also Schock
v. Nash, 732 A.2d 217, 225 (Del. 1999) (“An attorney-in-fact, under the duty of loyalty,
always has the obligation to act in the best interest of the principal unless the principal
voluntarily consents to the attorney-in-fact engaging in an interested transaction after full
disclosure.”) (citations omitted).
145
   Mitchell v. Reynolds, 2009 WL 132881, at *10 n.82 (Del. Ch. Jan. 7, 2009) (citing
Coleman, 948 A.2d at 429).
                                             27
            The level of disclosure and consent required to save a self-dealing transaction

was addressed by this Court in Coleman v. Newborn.146 There, a principal of a power

of attorney “signed a quitclaim deed giving her house, her only substantial asset, to”

her attorney-in-fact.147 The principal sued to unwind the transaction and Vice

Chancellor Lamb, following a bench trial, held “although the power of attorney was

not used to effect the gratuitous transfer and although there is no clear evidence that

[the attorney-in-fact] exerted undue influence in connection with the transfer, equity

nevertheless require[d] that the deed be set aside to protect the interests of the

[principal].”148 Vice Chancellor Lamb found the transaction was unfair and the

principal did not voluntarily and knowingly consent, even though the principal was

advised by counsel and personally signed the deed.                Vice Chancellor Lamb

explained that counsel “did not provide the level of counsel necessary to validate the

transfer” and “the legal function performed by [counsel was] insufficient to warrant

upholding the transfer.”149

            Here, Caren sold the Vehicle to herself for $1.00. And after the sale, Caren

reimbursed herself for payments made toward insurance for the Vehicle. Caren had

146
      948 A.2d 422 (Del. Ch. 2007).
147
      Coleman, 948 A.2d at 423.
148
      Id.
149
      Id. at 430, 432.
                                              28
a personal interest in these transactions, rendering them self-dealing and voidable at

the behest of Lynne, the administrator of the Decedent’s estate.

         Thus, the burden shifts to Caren to prove the Decedent voluntarily and

knowingly consented to these transactions. She failed to meet this burden. Even if

I accept Caren’s conflicting testimony that the Decedent wanted the Vehicle to go

to Caren’s son and that Caren used the Vehicle after the sale to care for the Decedent,

Caren has failed to demonstrate that the Decedent received “independent advice

from a competent and disinterested third party and consent[ed] after full disclosure”

of the terms of these transactions.150 It is not even clear if the Decedent knew of

these transactions before they occurred such that she could consent. And these

transactions happened at a time where the Decedent was substantially declining and

may not have had capacity to so consent. On this record, I find the sale of the Vehicle

and insurance payments were self-dealing transactions that should be declared void.

         This declaration calls for additional remedies to unwind the self-dealing

transactions. But there are inherent difficulties in doing so. Per Caren’s testimony,

the Vehicle is no longer in her possession, nor her son’s. It is unclear where the

Vehicle is now and there is no evidence regarding the value of the Vehicle when it

was sold to Caren. Thus, I cannot compel a return to the estate nor impose monetary

150
      Mitchell, 2009 WL 132881, at *10 n.82 (citing Coleman, 948 A.2d at 429).
                                            29
damages. I can, however, calculate the improper insurance payments and find

judgment should be entered against Caren, and in favor of the Decedent’s estate for,

$2,123.58.

                 2.     Caren did not breach her duties in connection with the sale
                        of the House but should be required to account for the full
                        sale price.

         Caren testified that she listed the House for sale, cleaned it out herself and

with professional assistance, and ultimately sold the House for $269,000.00. But

only $211,000.00 was deposited into the PNC account. The PNC Account was

eventually liquidated, which I address below. In this section, I address whether

Caren breached her fiduciary duties to the Decedent by (1) clearing out the property,

(2) failing to account for the difference between the sale price and the amount

deposited into the PNC Account, and (3) depositing the sale proceeds, at least in

part, into the PNC Account, which was a jointly titled account.

         First, Lynne argues part of Caren’s clean out of the House, included “property

belonging to Lynne. No effort was made to contact Lynne to give her an opportunity

to take her property or preserve it for her until she had an opportunity to do so. It is

presumed that Caren simply threw away Lynne’s property.”151 But Lynne has failed

151
      D.I. 128, p.28 (citations omitted).
                                            30
to connect these complaints to a duty Caren owed to the Decedent. Without a duty

and corresponding breach, this argument fails.

            Second, Lynne argues that Caren has failed to account for the discrepancy

between the sale price and proceeds deposited. I find this deficiency does not raise

to a breach of fiduciary duties, but Caren should be required to account for the sale

proceeds in full, as further explained below.

            Finally, Lynne argues that Caren breached her duty of loyalty by depositing

the sale proceeds into the PNC Account, which she later liquidated. This mirrors the

argument presented to then-Master Glasscock in Pennewill v. Harris.152 There, then-

Master Glasscock was asked: “is it a breach of duty for an attorney-in-fact . . . to

place the proceeds of the sale [of the principal’s home] into an account of which [the

attorney-in-fact] is a joint owner?”153 His answer was “yes.” In so holding, he

explained: “Schock v. Nash makes it clear that [an agent’s] conversion of the

proceeds of the sale of [a principal’s solely-owned property] into joint property [also

owned by the agent] amount[s] to impermissible self-dealing.”154

            But, as explained below, I find the PNC Account was never a joint account

and Caren’s name was only added for convenience purposes. Absent that finding,

152
      2011 WL 691618, at *3.
153
      Id.
154
      Id.
                                             31
the reasoning in Pennewill and Schock would apply. But, because I find the PNC

Account was never a joint account, Caren’s deposit of the sale proceeds into that

account was not self-dealing, nor a breach of duty.

             3.     Caren breached her duties in connection with the Promissory
                    Note.

      Caren admitted that she did not pursue payment of the Promissory Note and

attempted to explain why such pursuit would be fruitless. But I find her explanation

hollow; Caren had a conflict of interest given her close relationship with Steven and

she failed to put the Decedent’s interests above Steven’s.

      As attorney-in-fact, Caren had, among other duties, “the duty to act in

accordance with the principal’s reasonable expectations and in the principal’s best

interest;” and “to not create conflicts of interest[.]”155 Lynne has proven, by a

preponderance of the evidence, that Caren breached these duties.

      The parties testified consistently that the Promissory Note was the product of

a family meeting with the Decedent and her children. After the meeting, it is more

likely than not that the Decedent had a reasonable expectation that Steven would

fulfill his promise. The promise was not, as Caren seems to argue, illusory; Steven

was expected to receive trust funds sufficient to satisfy the Promissory Note. When

Steven failed to pay, the Decedent was short $131,400.00; her best interest, which

155
   Tikiob v. Tikiob-Carlson, 2021 WL 4310513, at *4 (Del. Ch. Sept. 22, 2021) (citations
and quotation marks omitted).
                                          32
Caren should have acted in accordance with, was to collect that debt. Rather than

act on those reasonable expectations and best interest, I find Caren allowed her

personal relationship with Steven to outweigh the interest of the Decedent in

collecting on her debts. Caren’s unsupported and self-serving testimony that the

Decedent agreed with non-collection is unpersuasive.156

         I find Caren breached her fiduciary duty to the Decedent by failing to pursue

repayment of the Promissory Note. The damage caused by her breach will, at least

in part, be remedied by judgment against Steven; otherwise, Lynne does not request

further relief in connection Caren’s failure to pursue payment.

                4.     Caren breached her duties by failing to maintain, and
                       disclose to Lynne, sufficient records.

         I find Caren breached her fiduciary duty of care by failing to maintain receipts

and invoices in support of transactions and purchases made with the Decedent’s

funds. She further breached her duties under 12 Del. C. § 49A-114(g), when she

failed to disclose receipts, disbursements, or transactions to Lynne upon request.

         Caren was required to keep records “of all receipts, disbursements, and

transactions made on behalf of the [Decedent].”157 She was further required to

“disclose receipts, disbursements, or transactions conducted on behalf of the

156
      See Tr. 233:10-14.
157
      12 Del. C. § 49A-114(b)(4).
                                            33
[Decedent]” to Lynne, as administrator of the Decedent’s estate, “within a

reasonable period of time” after Lynne requested such information.158                 Caren

admitted multiple times at trial that she failed to maintain any receipts or records

other than the electronic bank records showing that cash was withdrawn or purchases

were made. The record also reflects that Caren was evasive during discovery and

did not disclose receipts, disbursements, or transactions to Lynne within a reasonable

time after Lynne’s requests.159 Thus, Caren breached her fiduciary duty.

         Lynne argues that, as a remedy, I should enter judgment against Caren for the

unaccounted-for expenditures and impose a constructive trust and equitable lien on

all property traceable to the Decedent’s funds. “This court has broad discretion to

fashion any form of equitable and monetary relief as may be appropriate, including

rescissory damages.”160 But, on the record before me, I find the requests for

judgment, a constructive trust, or equitable lien should be denied, without prejudice

to renew after Caren provides a formal accounting.

158
      12 Del. C. § 49A-114(g).
159
   Caren argues that she did not breach her duty by failing to produce records in this action
because Lynne was not the administrator when the action was commenced. D.I. 130, p.25-
26. But Lynne has been serving as administrator since April 27, 2020, nearly three (3) years
now, and Caren has steadfastly refused to provide the statutorily required materials
throughout that tenure.
160
   Deane v. Maginn, 2022 WL 16557974, at *20 (Del. Ch. Nov. 1, 2022) (citations and
quotation marks omitted).
                                             34
         Lynne seeks “a constructive trust on all property, or the proceeds therefrom,

received by Caren, including but not limited to, the balance of the PNC [Account],

which Caren inappropriately liquidated and took for herself as well as any proceeds

from the liquidation of [the Decedent’s] savings bonds in favor of the [e]state.”161 I

address the liquidation of the PNC Account below. But “[a] constructive trust cannot

be imposed upon the proceeds . . . [which] do not remain in an identifiable

account.”162 Here, there is no identifiable account for the liquidated savings bonds

and, thus, I find a constructive trust an inapt remedy to address those liquidations.

           Lynne seeks an equitable lien over “all property owned by Caren which is

traceable from any of [the Decedent’s] assets[.]” “A principal reason for impressing

an equitable lien is to prevent unjust enrichment, i.e., where it would be contrary to

equity and good conscience for an individual to retain a property interest acquired at

the expense of another.”163 I address this request as it relates to the PNC Account

and personal property below. Other than the PNC Account, though, Lynne has not

demonstrated that Caren presently and unjustly retains a property interest traceable

to the Decedent’s funds. Thus, this request should be denied without prejudice to

renew after the accounting recommended herein.

161
      D.I. 128.
162
      Nash v. Schock, 1997 WL 770706, at *6 (Del. Ch. Dec. 3, 1997).
163
      Branca v. Branca, 443 A.2d 929, 931 (Del. 1982) (citations omitted).
                                             35
            Finally, I find that judgment against Caren for the unaccounted-for

expenditures would be premature. I find In re Estate of Dougherty164 analogous.

There, Judge LeGrow, sitting by designation in this Court, directed an attorney-in-

fact to prepare and serve a formal account. Like Caren, the attorney-in-fact in

Dougherty failed to maintain records, “made no effort to obtain bank records or

copies of receipts or bills from relevant entities or individuals[,] . . . offered no other

evidence, such as affidavits from persons she claim[ed] to have paid in cash[,]” and

merely relied on a “narrative account.”165 These deficiencies were evident at trial

and noted in the Court’s post-trial decision. But rather than convert the absence of

an accounting into a monetary judgment, as Lynne seeks here, Judge LeGrow held

that the attorney-in-fact was required to provide a formal accounting.166 Judge

LeGrow explained “any question of damages must await the accounting and

reconciliation of the expenditures [the attorney-in-fact] made.”167

            I hold the same here. Caren’s discovery conduct was disappointing. Her

unsupported testimony regarding her handling of the Decedent’s finances was also

unconvincing.168 But before damages or other equitable relief can be assessed, Caren

164
      2016 WL 4130812 (Del. Ch. July 22, 2016).
165
      Id. at *12.
166
      Id.
167
      Id. at *12 n.108.
168
      See Tr. 209:2-5.
                                            36
should be required to prepare a formal accounting of her financial transactions as

attorney-in-fact.169

       The accounting period should be from December 19, 2014 through the date

of the Decedent’s death and should include (1) all bank accounts, including but not

limited to the PNC Account and the Capital One Accounts and any annuities, (2) the

sale proceeds from the sale of the House, and (3) the savings bonds. This accounting

should also address the expenditures on the Discover Card and demonstrate the

source of the funds used to repay the Loan.170

169
   See Rambo v. Fischer, 2022 WL 4180890, at *6 (Del. Ch. Sept. 13, 2022), adopted sub
nom. In re Orkin (Del. Ch. 2022) (“Section 49A-114(g) is limited by its terms to permit a
post-death request for an accounting ‘by the personal representative or successor in interest
of the principal’s estate.’ . . . [T]he limited exception requires an agent to account to the
fiduciary of the decedent’s estate or, if there is none, to the successor in interest of the
decedent’s estate.”) (citations omitted).
170
    Lynne seeks judgment against Caren and in favor of the estate for the full amount of the
Loan. Lynne argues that Caren has failed to prove that the lump sum payment toward the
Loan was from Caren’s personal funds, rather than the cash withdrawn from the PNC
Account; Lynne also argues that the Burial Payment should not be credited. I agree with
the latter. Caren testified that the Decedent agreed to accept the Burial Payment as
repayment on the Loan, but this self-serving testimony is unpersuasive given the
Decedent’s substantial decline and Caren’s equivocal testimony regarding the reason the
Burial Payment was made in the first place. Tr. 372:8-13, 373:22-374:3. Thus, I find Caren
should not be credited with the Burial Payment. I cannot, however, determine if the lump
sum payment should be credited, in whole or part, until the accounting process plays out;
if Caren can demonstrate where the cash went, the argument that the cash went toward the
lump sum would fail. Thus, I find the Loan payback should be included in the accounting
phrase.
                                             37
         During this accounting phase, Caren will “bear[] the burden of proving both

the accuracy of [her] accounting and the propriety of the underlying transactions.”171

I will hold her to that burden and assess appropriate damages, if requested by Lynne.

         C.     The account-related requests should be granted in part and denied
                in part.

         Lynne seeks (1) a declaration that Caren’s name was added to the PNC

Account as a convenience and, thus, the account is a probate asset and (2) retitling

of certain non-probate assets such that they pass through the estate. I address these

claims in turn.

                1.    Caren’s name was added to the PNC Account as a
                      convenience.

         The parties dispute whether the PNC Account was a joint account, providing

a right of survivorship to Caren, or a convenience account, which would pass

through the estate as a probate asset.

         The Delaware Supreme Court’s decision in Walsh v. Bailey explains how this

Court should analyze whether an account is a joint account with the right of

survivorship or a convenience account.172 Per Walsh, we start with the account’s

opening documents; if they are clear and unambiguous regarding survivorship, parol

171
   Dolby v. Key Box “5” Operatives, Inc., 1996 WL 741883, at *1 (Del. Ch. Dec. 17,
1996).
172
      197 A.2d 331 (Del. 1964).
                                          38
evidence may not be admitted to show a different intent.173                 The clear and

unambiguous language recognized in Walsh was:

            JOINT ACCOUNT-PAYABLE TO EITHER OR SURVIVOR

            It is agreed and understood that any and all sums that may from time to
            time stand in this account, to the credit of the undersigned depositors,
            shall be taken and deemed to belong to them as joint tenants and not as
            tenants in common; while both joint tenants are living, either may draw
            and in case of the death of either, this Bank is hereby authorized and
            directed to deal with the survivor as sole and absolute owner thereof.

            It is especially agreed that withdrawals of funds by the survivor shall
            be binding upon us and upon our heirs, next of kin, legatees, assigns
            and personal representatives.

            Payment to or on check of the survivor shall be subject to the laws
            relating to inheritance and succession taxes and all rules and regulations
            made pursuant thereto.174

The Walsh court found the second paragraph above particularly instructive and

explained that “the meaning . . . seems clear. The complete tenor of the instruments

connotes a joint tenancy, not only by specific reference to such a relationship, but

also by outlining the consequences upon the ‘heirs, next of kin, legatees, assigns and

personal representatives’ which will flow from that relationship between the

parties.”175 Finding this language clear, the Delaware Supreme Court excluded the

173
      Id. at 333.
174
      Id. at 332 (cleaned up).
175
      Id.
                                               39
contrary parol evidence and declared that the funds belonged to the surviving

account holder.

          Using the Walsh standard, this Court has found many account opening

documents sufficiently clear to connote a right of survivorship without permitting

parol evidence.176 Conversely, Matter of White provides a helpful example of

language that hints to joint tenancy in an ambiguous and non-conclusive manner:

          If the agreement is signed initially or subsequently by more than one
          person, the terms and conditions apply to each of the persons signing
          the agreement and to all of them, jointly and severally, and all are
          jointly and severally obligated hereunder and notice to any one of them
          shall constitute notice to all.177

Presented with this language, Chancellor Marvel admitted parol evidence to

ascertain intent.178

          Similarly in Speed v. Palmer,179 the account opening document was silent as

to the right of survivorship but required the account holders to affirm that they

176
    See, e.g., Messersmith v. Del. Tr. Co., 215 A.2d 721, 723 (Del. Ch. 1965) (“Certainly
the language in the instruments creating the accounts which provides that ‘upon the death
of either, the balance then remaining in said joint account shall be the absolute property of
the survivor’ is at least as clear and comprehensive in effect as that relied upon by the
Supreme Court in the Walsh case. Thus, no parol evidence was admissible to vary the clear
meaning of the language in the instruments and legal title to the money passed to
plaintiff.”).
177
      Matter of White, 1979 WL 5969, at *1 (Del. Ch. Sept. 28, 1979) (quotation omitted).
178
      Id. at *3.
179
      2000 WL 1800247 (Del. Ch. June 30, 2000).
                                             40
received and read a customer agreement and “intend to be bound by the terms and

conditions contained therein.”180 In that agreement, in fine print, was the following:

            unless otherwise agreed upon in writing and subject to applicable law,
            if two or more persons sign the application, a joint account with right
            of survivorship is created, as a result of which upon the death of one
            customer the account balance will be paid to the survivor or survivors
            equally.181

After careful review, then-Master Glasscock found that the agreement was “intended

to insulate the bank from liability, but it [is] hardly conclusive of the intent of the

parties.”182 Thus, parol evidence was admitted and, after reviewing parol evidence,

then-Master Glasscock found a tenancy in common.183

            This case is like Matter of White and Speed v. Palmer. The PNC Account,

when opened reflected the Decedent’s intent that it be treated as an “Individual/sole

proprietor” account; that designation was not changed when Caren’s name was

added. The only documentation provided, showing Caren’s addition, is silent on

survivorship. Such silence makes it far from clear and unambiguous regarding the

right of survivorship. Thus, I find parol evidence should be admitted.

180
      Id. at *4.
181
      Id. (quotation marks omitted).
182
      Id.
183
      Id.
                                              41
         I have two types of such evidence from trial: (1) the Will and (2) Caren’s

testimony. Caren argues that the Will supports a finding of the right of survivorship

based on the following clause:

         I hereby confirm my intention that the beneficial interest in all property,
         real or personal, tangible or intangible (including joint checking or
         savings accounts in any bank, trust company or money market mutual
         fund), which is registered or held, at the time of my death, jointly in the
         names of myself and any other person with right of survivorship, but
         excluding any tenancy in common, shall pass by right of survivorship
         or operation of law outside of the terms of this Will, to such other
         person, if he or she survives me. To the extent that my said intention
         may be defeated by any rule or law or claim by my Personal
         Representative, I give, devise and bequeath, absolutely and in fee
         simple, all such jointly held property to such other person who shall
         survive me.184

         But in Pennewill v. Harris this Court found similar language “precatory” and

“simply an expression of the testator’s intent that joint property with right of

survivorship be so treated, free of any resulting trust that might otherwise attach to

the property in favor of the estate.”185 I agree and hold the same here. Much more

persuasive was Caren’s own testimony that her name was put on the PNC Account

“solely so [she] could assist [her] mother with her financial affairs[.]”186

         On this record, I find the PNC Account was a convenience account with no

right of survivorship. Because the PNC Account did not have a right of survivorship,

184
      JX7, Item III.
185
      2011 WL 691618, *2 (Del. Ch. Feb. 4, 2011).
186
      Tr. 248:13-16.
                                             42
Caren should be required to return the date-of-death value (“$110,130.07 + 1.97

accrued interest”) to the estate.187 Lynne further seeks “an order compelling Caren

to convey the assets of the PNC account . . . to the [e]state . . . within thirty days of

the entry of a final judgment.”188 I recommend this request be granted. Until she

does so, an equitable lien should be imposed on all property owned by Caren

traceable to those liquidated funds.189

                  2.    Lynne’s request to retitle beneficiary accounts should be
                        granted.

         Lynne seeks equitable relief in the form of a declaration that any beneficiary

accounts be deemed probate assets, including the Lincoln Financial annuity and the

Capital One Accounts. Lynne argues that retitling these accounts will better equip

the estate for the judgments against Steven, ordered herein, and any future judgment

against Caren, to the extent ordered and made payable from the estate. Caren

appears to take no position on the request.190

187
      See JX47.
188
      D.I. 128, p.43.
189
   Id. I find the remedy of a constructive trust unavailable because, as discussed above, a
constructive trust cannot be imposed over funds which do not remain in an identifiable
account. Nash v. Schock, 1997 WL 770706, at *6.
190
      D.I. 130.
                                            43
         I find Lynne’s request is within this Court’s “broad discretion to tailor a

remedy to suit the situation as it exists.”191 It is further supported by the Will, which

provides that “[t]he bequest to each child . . . shall be reduced by the amount of any

indebtedness owed to [the Decedent] by such child at the time of [her] death

including interest thereon[.]”192 For these reasons, the Capitol One Accounts,

Lincoln Financial annuity, and any other accounts belonging to the Decedent which

would normally pass outside the estate, should be directed to the estate.

         D.     The Decedent’s personal property should be returned to the estate
                and costs, but not attorneys’ fees, should be shifted in Lynne’s
                favor.

         Lynne seeks an order directing Steven and Caren to turn over all property

owned by the Decedent at the time of her death, or the proceeds therefrom, to the

estate. She also asks that fees and costs be shifted in her favor. I address these

requests in turn.

                    1.    The Decedent’s property should be provided to the estate.

         Under 12 Del. C. § 1901 “all goods and chattels” of the Decedent are assets

of the Decedent’s estate. Lynne, as the administrator of the estate, is “managing the

Decedent’s assets,”193 and “carry[ing] out the wishes of the [D]ecedent as expressed

191
   In re El Paso Pipeline P’rs, L.P. Deriv. Litig., 132 A.3d 67, 121 (Del. Ch. 2015) (quoting
Gilliland v. Motorola, Inc., 873 A.3d 305, 312 (Del. Ch. 2005)).
192
      JX7, Item III-V.
193
      Dixon v. Joyner, 2014 WL 3495904, at *3 (Del. Ch. July 14, 2014).
                                             44
in the [W]ill.”194 In the Will, the Decedent bequeathed all her tangible person

property (except a diamond ring) to her children—Lynne, Caren, and Steven—“in

approximately equal shares[.]”195 If her children cannot agree on division of that

personal property, Lynne, as the administrator, “shall make such division” and her

decision “shall be binding upon all persons.”196

            Here, the record makes it more likely than not that both Steven and Caren had

personal property belonging to the Decedent at the time of her death. 197 But that

property has not been provided to Lynne, the administrator of the estate. This

frustrates Lynne’s ability to discharge her duties. Steven and Caren should be

required to return all personal property, or the proceeds therefrom, to the estate

within thirty (30) days of this becoming a final order of the Court.198

                      2.    Bad faith fee shifting should be denied.

            Lynne asks that her attorneys’ fees incurred in this action be shifted to Steven

and Caren. Delaware follows the “American Rule” that “prevailing litigants are

194
    In re Chambers, 2019 WL 4110674, at *2 (Del. Ch. Aug. 29, 2019) (quotations and
citations omitted).
195
      JX7, Item IV.
196
      Id.
197
      See Tr. 24:9-12, 249:10-12.
198
    See, e.g., Minieri v. Bennett, 2013 WL 6113911, at *17 (Del. Ch. Nov. 13, 2013)
(recommending that an heir be ordered to return certain personal property to an estate
because the heir failed to prove the property was gifted to her before the decedent’s death).
                                               45
responsible for the payment of their own attorney’s fees.”199 But this Court does

recognize several exceptions to the American Rule and will, under the “bad faith

exception,” shift fees where the losing party “acted in bad faith, vexatiously,

wantonly, or for oppressive reasons.”200 This is a “quite narrow exception . . .

applied in only the most egregious instances of fraud or overreaching.”201

         As explained by Master Griffin in Keen-Wik Assocation v. Campisi, “entry of

default judgment, alone, is not evidence of bad faith. Otherwise, every defaulted

party would be acting in bad faith, which contravenes the higher standard set for bad

faith conduct.”202 Thus, even with a default judgment, fees will not be shifted absent

“clear evidence” of “subjective bad faith[.]”203

         I start with Steven. Lynne argues Steven submitted frivolous motions and,

other than attending a deposition, failed to meaningfully participate in these

proceedings. Ultimately this conduct earned Steven a judgment by default. Per

Lynne this is bad faith litigation because Steven “only made filings when he felt it

might be beneficial to himself and other [than] that ignored court orders and failed

199
      Goodrich v. E.F. Hutton Grp., Inc., 681 A.2d 1039, 1044 (Del. 1996).
200
      F. D. Rich Co. v. U. S. for Use of Indus. Lumber Co., 417 U.S. 116, at 129 (1974).
201
   Arbitrium (Cayman Islands) Handels AG v. Johnston, 705 A.2d 225, 231 (Del. Ch.
1997), aff’d, 720 A.2d 542 (Del. 1998).
  Keen-Wik Ass’n v. Campisi, 2020 WL 6162957, at *6 (Del. Ch. Oct. 19, 2020) adopted,
202

(Del. Ch. 2020).
203
      Id. See also Lawson v. State, 91 A.3d 544, 552 (Del. 2014).
                                              46
to appear at numerous hearings and conferences.”204 I disagree that this conduct

rises to the level of subjective bad faith. Steven did not fully participate in this action

and was not successful in his motion practice, but his conduct falls far short of the

extreme conduct necessary to support fee shifting.205 The request to shift fees to

Steven should, thus, be denied.

         Regarding Caren, I find that this request is premature. As explained above,

Caren should be required to prepare a formal accounting and, only after that

accounting and any exceptions thereto, will a recommendation be made on any

monetary judgment against her. I find it most appropriate to address fee shifting

against Caren at the conclusion of those proceedings.206

                    3.   Costs should be awarded to Lynne as the prevailing party.

         Court of Chancery Rule 54(d) provides “costs shall be allowed as of course to

the prevailing party unless the Court otherwise directs.” Lynne is the prevailing

party in this action; although she has not succeeded on each argument, each claim

was, ultimately, successful. Costs should be shifted in her favor, in an amount to be

determined at the conclusion of these proceedings.

204
      D.I. 128, p.56.
205
    See, e.g., Williams v. Spanagel, 2000 WL 1336728, at *8 (Del. Ch. Sept. 14, 2000),
aff’d, 787 A.2d 101 (Del. 2001) (declining to shift fees to a defaulting party in comparable
circumstances).
206
   See Cowan v. Furlow, 2020 WL 10965255 at *4 (Del. Ch. Dec. 15, 2020) (declining to
rule on fee shifting until the conclusion of litigation).
                                            47
III.   CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, I find judgment should be entered against Steven

in favor of the estate. I also find that Caren breached the fiduciary duties she owed

to the Decedent through the sale of the Vehicle, her actions regarding the Promissory

Note, and failing to maintain and disclose sufficient records. I recommend entry of

judgment against Caren, and in favor of the Decedent’s estate, for $2,123.58 for the

insurance payments on the Vehicle. Any further judgment, I find, should await a

formal accounting by Caren as specified herein.

       I further find that the PNC Account was a convenience account, not a joint

account with the right of survivorship. Thus, Caren should return the date-of-death

value of the PNC Account to the estate within thirty days of a final order in this

action.

       I recommend that the Capitol One Accounts, Lincoln Financial annuity, and

any other accounts belonging to the Decedent which would normally pass outside

the estate, should be directed to the estate and all property of the Decedent’s held by

Steven and Caren be returned to the estate within thirty days of a final order in this

action.

       Finally, I find that fees should not be shifted regarding Steven, and it is

premature to shift fees against Caren. But costs should be awarded to Lynne as the

prevailing party.

                                          48
     This is my final report and exceptions may be filed under Court of Chancery

Rule 144.

                                      49