Court Opinion

ID: 5116338
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-10-06 15:03:25.374429+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:21:56.317154
License: Public Domain

Third District Court of Appeal
                               State of Florida

                        Opinion filed October 6, 2021.
       Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

                            ________________

                             No. 3D19-1941
                      Lower Tribunal No. F12-19634
                          ________________

                            Alphonso Lucas,
                                  Appellant,

                                     vs.

                           The State of Florida,
                                Appellee.

     An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Teresa Mary
Pooler, Judge.

      Carlos J. Martinez, Public Defender, and Andrew Stanton, Assistant
Public Defender, for appellant.

    Ashley Moody, Attorney General, and Linda Katz, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee.

Before FERNANDEZ, C.J., and EMAS and BOKOR, JJ.

     EMAS, J.
      Defendant Alphonso Lucas was charged with first-degree murder of

Terrilyn Gray, armed burglary with an assault, aggravated animal cruelty,

and attempted first-degree murder and attempted felony murder of Curtina

Gray. Following a jury trial, Lucas was found guilty, as charged, of first-

degree murder of Terrilyn Gray, armed burglary with an assault, and

aggravated animal cruelty. On the counts of attempted first-degree murder

and attempted felony murder of Curtina Gray, the jury found Lucas guilty on

each count of the lesser-included offense of aggravated battery.

      Lucas raises five points on appeal, asserting the trial court erred in: 1)

limiting defense counsel’s cross-examination of two state witnesses; 2)

overruling the defense objection to the State’s questions on cross-

examination of the defendant regarding his prior convictions; 3) permitting a

police detective to testify that a substance found on a weapon impounded at

the scene of the crime did not appear to be blood; 4) denying Lucas his

fundamental right to a sentencing hearing; and 5) allowing dual convictions

and imposing separate sentences for aggravated battery upon a single

victim, in violation of double jeopardy.

      We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s evidentiary rulings

during trial and affirm the first three claims. See McDuffie v. State, 970 So.

2d 312, 324 (Fla. 2007) (holding a trial court’s limitation on the examination

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of a witness is reviewed for an abuse of discretion); Farr v. State, 230 So. 3d

30 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017) (holding a trial court's evidentiary rulings concerning

the defendant's prior convictions is reviewed for an abuse of discretion);

Fotopoulos v. State, 608 So. 2d 784, 791 (Fla. 1992) (noting that a party may

attack the credibility of any witness by evidence of prior conviction, and that

“this inquiry is generally restricted to the existence of prior convictions and

the number of convictions . . . . However, when a defendant attempts to

mislead or delude the jury about his prior convictions, the State is entitled to

further question the defendant concerning the convictions in order to negate

any false impression”) (citations omitted); McDade v. State, 290 So. 3d 547,

547 n.1 (Fla. 3d DCA 2019) (same). See also § 90.701, Fla. Stat. (2019)

(providing that a lay witness’ testimony “about what he or she perceived may

be in the form of inference and opinion when: (1) The witness cannot readily,

and with equal accuracy and adequacy, communicate what he or she has

perceived to the trier of fact without testifying in terms of inferences or

opinions and the witness's use of inferences or opinions will not mislead the

trier of fact to the prejudice of the objecting party; and (2) The opinions and

inferences do not require a special knowledge, skill, experience, or training”);

Johnson v. State, 215 So. 3d 644, 651 (Fla. 5th DCA 2017) (holding a trial

court’s determination to permit lay opinion testimony is reviewed for an

                                       3
abuse of discretion); Bolin v. State, 41 So. 3d 151 (Fla. 2010); Floyd v. State,

569 So. 2d 1225, 1231-32 (Fla. 1990) (finding no error in permitting police

officer to testify “that a tablecloth found lying on the bed ‘appeared like

someone had taken some type of object that had blood on it and wiped it on

there and left it on the bed;” holding: “Lay witness opinion is admissible if it

is within the ken of an intelligent person with a degree of experience . . . .

We find the officers' testimony within the permissible range of lay observation

and ordinary police experience”).        Additionally, we determine that any

arguable error in the trial court’s evidentiary rulings was harmless. State v.

DiGuilio, 491 So. 2d 1129 (Fla. 1986).

      We further conclude the trial court did not deny Lucas his fundamental

right to a sentencing hearing. Pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure

3.720(b), at sentencing “[t]he court shall entertain submissions and evidence

by the parties that are relevant to the sentence.” The record establishes that,

after the jury returned its verdict and it was published, the trial court initially

stated it would set a future sentencing date. However, defense counsel

advised the court “[you] can sentence him now.” The court explained that it

was considering setting a future sentencing date, so the victims could be

heard at sentencing, because the hour was late (near midnight). Thereafter,

defense counsel, also noting it was late, requested the sentencing be reset

                                        4
for “a few weeks,” but offered no other reason for this request. The State

asked the court to proceed to sentencing, advising that although the victims

were aware that “they have the right to speak, to be heard on the record. . .

they would rather waive that right and just finalize it right now.” The court

proceeded to sentencing. At no time did defendant or his counsel indicate

they were unprepared to go forward, nor request additional time to obtain

submissions or to present witnesses or mitigating evidence. Indeed, the only

basis asserted by the defense for seeking to reset the sentencing was the

late hour. 1

      We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s decision to proceed

to a sentencing hearing immediately following the return of the verdict, and

further conclude that the trial court did not deprive Lucas of his due process

right to a sentencing hearing or prevent him from offering submissions and

1
  We note that, as to the conviction for first-degree murder, the trial court had
no sentencing discretion, and was required by statute to sentence defendant
to life in prison. See § 782.04(1)(a), Fla. Stat. (2012) (providing premeditated
first-degree murder is a capital felony, punishable by death or by life
imprisonment without parole eligibility, as provided in section 775.082(1)(a)).
The sentences imposed on the remaining counts were ordered to be served
concurrently with each other and concurrently with the mandatory life
sentence imposed on the first-degree murder conviction. We further note
that, in light of his prior felony convictions, Lucas did not have the right to a
presentence investigation. See Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.710(a); Slinger v. State,
268 So. 3d 922, 924 (Fla. 5th DCA 2019) (holding: “The plain language of
[rule 3.710(a)] clearly mandates that the trial court order a PSI prior to
sentencing a first felony offender to incarceration”).

                                       5
evidence relevant to the sentence. Nunez v. State, 542 So. 2d 1061 (Fla.

3d DCA 1989).2

      As to the defendant’s final claim on appeal, the State properly and

commendably concedes that Lucas was improperly convicted of, and

sentenced for, two counts of aggravated assault for a single act committed

against a single victim in the course of a single criminal episode. The State

charged Lucas with attempted premeditated murder of the victim (Count

Two), as well as attempted felony murder of the same victim (Count Six). As

to each count, the jury found Lucas guilty of the lesser-included offense of

aggravated battery, and the trial court sentenced Lucas on each count to

fifteen years in prison.   These dual convictions and sentences violate

principles of double jeopardy, which “prohibits subjecting a person to multiple

prosecutions, conviction, and punishments for the same criminal offense.”

2
  Although we hold that, under the circumstances presented in this case, the
trial court did not abuse its discretion in proceeding to a sentencing hearing
rather than setting it for a future date, we caution that best practices would
generally militate against proceeding to a sentencing hearing at the midnight
hour. While we do not question the trial court’s admirable intent, courts must
nevertheless bear in mind that embarking upon a critical stage at such a late
hour imposes a hardship not only upon those actively participating in the
sentencing proceeding (the judge, defendant, defense counsel and
prosecutor) but upon many others who must be present or who are otherwise
involved in the process (the victim and next of kin, family members of the
defendant, court reporter, bailiff, courtroom deputy, courtroom clerk,
corrections officer (for an in-custody defendant), courthouse security and
other personnel).

                                      6
Valdes v. State, 3 So. 3d 1067, 1069 (Fla. 2009). See also § 775.021(4),

Fla. Stat. (2012). 3

        We therefore reverse in part and remand to the trial court with

directions to vacate the judgment and sentence for Count Six (aggravated

battery as a lesser-included offense of attempted felony murder). We affirm

in all other respects the judgments and sentences.

3
    Section 775.021(4)(a)–(b) provides:

        (4)(a) Whoever, in the course of one criminal transaction or
        episode, commits an act or acts which constitute one or
        more separate criminal offenses, upon conviction and
        adjudication of guilt, shall be sentenced separately for each
        criminal offense; and the sentencing judge may order the
        sentences to be served concurrently or consecutively. For the
        purposes of this subsection, offenses are separate if each
        offense requires proof of an element that the other does not,
        without regard to the accusatory pleading or the proof adduced
        at trial.

        (b) The intent of the Legislature is to convict and sentence for
        each criminal offense committed in the course of one criminal
        episode or transaction and not to allow the principle of lenity
        as set forth in subsection (1) to determine legislative intent.
        Exceptions to this rule of construction are:

        1. Offenses which require identical elements of proof.

        2. Offenses which are degrees of the same offense as
        provided by statute.

        3. Offenses which are lesser offenses the statutory elements of
        which are subsumed by the greater offense.

                                          7
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with directions.

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