Court Opinion

ID: 4129477
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-02-18 00:52:31.834308+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:33:52.879957
License: Public Domain

April 4,200O

Mr. Frank Di Tucci                            Opinion No. JC-0204
Executive Officer
Polygraph Examiners Board                     Re: Whether the Polygraph Examiners Board may
P.O. Box 4087                                 inspect a polygraph examiner’s work product in the
Austin, Texas 78773-0001                      examiner’s place of business without a search
                                              warrant, and related question (RQ-0140-JC)

Dear Mr. Di Tucci:

        You ask whether, under the Polygraph Examiners Act, chapter 1703 ofthe Occupations Code
(the “Act”), see TEX.Oct. CODE ANN. 5 1703.001 (Vernon 2000), the Polygraph Examiners Board
(the “Board”) may inspect a polygraph examiner’s work product at the examiner’s place of
business. See Letter from Frank Di Tucci, Executive Officer, Polygraph Examiners Board, to
Honorable John Comyn, Texas Attorney General (Nov. 2,1999) (on file with Opinion Committee).
Should we determine that the Board may do so, you ask us to articulate the circumstances in which
such an inspection may be done. See id. We presume you ask about warrantless inspections that are
not conducted in response to a consumer-filed, formal complaint. For the sake of brevity, we refer
to these inspections as “on-site inspections.”

         Guided by case law of the United States Supreme Court and courts ofthis State, we conclude
that the Act does not authorize the Board to conduct an on-site inspection without a warrant. Given
this conclusion, we need not answer your second question.

         The legality of on-site inspections of a private commercial enterprise implicates the Fourth
Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 9 ofthe Texas Constitution. See
Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0021(1999) at 3. Both constitutional provisions protect the right ofthe
people to be “secure in their persons, houses, papers,” and possessions from “unreasonable searches
and seizures.” US. CONST. amend. IV; see TEX.CONST. art. I, 5 9. A routine inspection is a search
insofar as the right to be free t?om unreasonable searches and seizures is concerned. See Nesloney
Y. State, 711 S.W.2d 636,638-39 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (en bane).

         We apply United States Supreme Court precedent to determine the constitutionality, under
both the federal and the state constitution, of the on-site inspections you propose. To analyze the
constitutionality of a statute authorizing warrantless administrative searches, “[t]he Texas Court
of Criminal Appeals       applies United States Supreme Court precedent.” Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No.
Mr. Frank Di Tucci - Page 2                       (JC-0204)

JC-0021 (1999) at 3; see Suntikos Y. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 632 n.1 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (en
bane) (and cases cited therein).

         Normally, authorities may not search, without a warrant, portions of a commercial enterprise
that are not open to the public unless the commercial enterprise is involved in a “closely regulated
industry.” See Santikos, 836 S.W.2d at 632-33; Adust Video v. Nueces County, 996 S.W.2d 245,255
(Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1999, no pet.); Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0021 (1999) at 3.

         A closely regulated industry is subject to government regulation so pervasive, see New York
v. Burger, 482 U.S. 691, 700-01 (1987); Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0021 (1999) at 3, that “the
owner of commercial property [within the industry] cannot help but be aware that his property will
be subject to periodic inspections undertaken for specific purposes.” Donovan v. Dewey, 452 U.S.
594,600 (1981); see Adust Video, 996 S.W.2d at 255; Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0021 (1999) at
3. For example, the Gun Control Act of 1968, 18 U.S.C. §§ 921-930 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998),
provides a “sufficiently comprehensive and predictable inspection scheme” so that a gun dealer has
“knowledge that his records, firearms, and ammunition will be subject to effective inspection.
The dealer is not left to wonder about the purposes ofthe inspector or the limits of his task.” United
States Y. Biswell, 406 U.S. 311,316 (1972). The United States Supreme Court has recognized four
industries as “closely regulated”: automobilejunkyards;    coal mining; firearm and ammunition sales;
and the liquor industry. See Adust Video, 996 S.W.2d at 255 (citing Burger, 482 U.S. at 703-04
(automobile junkyards); Donovan Y. Dewey, 452 U.S. 594, 598-99 (1981) (coal mining); United
States v. Biswell, 406 U.S. 3 11, 3 16 (1972) (firearm and ammunition sales); Colonnade Catering
Corp. v. United States, 397 U.S. 72 (1970) (liquor industry)); see also Adust Video, 996 S.W.2d at
255 n.5 (listing lower court cases upholdingwarrantless    administrative searches in other industries).

         Even if a commercial enterprise is in a closely regulated industry, authorities may conduct
a warrantless search of the enterprise only if the statutory scheme authorizing warrantless searches
satisfies a tripartite test. See Santikos, 836 S.W.2d at 633; Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0021 (1999)
at 3. First, the statutory scheme must further a substantial government interest. Santikos, 836
S.W.2d at 633; Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0021 (1999) at 3. “Second, the warrantless inspection
must be necessary to further” the statutory scheme. Suntikos, 836 S.W.2d at 633; Tex. Att’y Gen.
Op. No. JC-002 l(1999) at 3. Third, the statutory scheme “must provide ‘a constitutionally adequate
substitute for a warrant’ so as to limit” an inspecting officer’s discretion. Santikos, 836 S.W.2d at
633; Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0021 (1999) at 3. The inspection must be limited by statute “in
time, place, and scope.” Santikos, 836 S.W.2d at 633; Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0021 (1999) at
3.

        We thus consider whether the Board has sufftcient authority under the Act constitutionally
to conduct warrantless on-site inspections. We are directed to liberally construe the Act to regulate

                        (1) a person who claims to be able to use an instrument       to
                detect deception or verify the truth of a statement; and
Mr. Frank Di Tucci - Page 3                       (X-0204)

                       (2) the instrument   used by that person

TEX. Oct. CODE ANN. 9 1703.002 (Vernon 2000). In the context of the Act, an “instrument” is “a
device used to test a subject to detect deception or verify the truth of a statement by recording
visually, permanently, and simultaneously a subject’s cardiovascular and respiratory patterns.” Id.
$ 1703.003(3). An instrument may be “a lie detector, polygraph, deceptograph, or any other similar
or related device.” Id.

        The Board, consisting of six members appointed by the governor, see id. 3 1703.051(a), is
required generally to “adopt rules and prescribe forms to administer and enforce” the Act. Id.
5 1703.103. But see id. 5 1703.104 (limiting Board’s authority to adopt rules restricting licensed
polygraph examiners’ advertising or competitive bidding). The Board must compile “an information
file” about each consumer complaint that has been filed with the Board regarding a licensed
polygraph examiner, and the Board may conduct an “undercover investigation” to investigate a
complaint. See id. § 1703.153.

         No one may use an instrument “to detect deception or verify the truth of a statement” unless
the individual has obtained a polygraph-examiner   license or polygraph-examiner-internship     license
from the Board.       See id. $5 1703.201(a), ,208; see also id. §§ 1703.202-,207 (licensure
requirements). A licensed polygraph examiner timely must apprise the secretary of the Board of a
change in the examiner’s “principal business location,” see id. 5 1703.301, and an examiner also
must register “with the county clerk of the county in which the examiner maintains a business
address,” see id. 5 1703.302(a). An examiner or intern must “prominently display” his or her license
at the licensee’s place of business or place of internship.      See id. 5 1703.303.      A licensee’s
instruments    must visually, permanently,    and simultaneously     record patterns of a subject’s
physiological changes, such as cardiovascular and respiratory patterns. See id. § 1703.305(a).
Failure to use an instrument that does not comply with the Act’s instrumentation requirements is
 subject to penalties and may be enjoined. See id. $ 1703.305(b).

         The Board may deny or suspend the application or license of an applicant or licensee who
violates the Act or a valid rule under the Act, or who “fails to provide within a reasonable time
information requested by the Board’s secretary as the result of a formal complaint to the Board
alleging a violation of’ the Act. Id. 5 1703.351(a)(l), (1 l), (b). The Board also may petition a
district court for an order to enjoin violations of the Act. See id. 4 1703.401(a). In addition, a
violation of the Act that does not involve a violation of confidentiality is a misdemeanor punishable
by a fine of at least $100 but no more than $1,000; confinement in county jail for a term of six
months or less; or both. See id. $5 1703.402, ,403.

         We conclude that the Board may not conduct warrantless on-site inspections of polygraph
examiners’ commercial premises. First, the Act does not expressly or implicitly authorize an on-site
inspection without a warrant. An administrative agency has all powers expressly given to it as well
as those that are necessarily implied from the express powers. See City ofsherman Y. Public Util.
Comm’n,643 S.W.2d681,686(Tex.         1983);accordStaufferv.  CityofSanAntonio,344S.W,2d        158,
Mr. Frank Di Tucci - Page 4                      (JC-0204)

159 (Tex. 1961); Texas Parks & Wildlife Dep’t v. Callaway, 971 S.W.2d 145, 148 (Tex.
App.-Austin 1998, no pet.); Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. Nos. JC-0064 (1999) at 4; DM-101 (1992) at 4.
The Act does not expressly permit the Board to conduct warrantless on-site inspections, nor does it
expressly notify a licensee or applicant that he or she, the instruments, or certain business records
may be subject to on-site inspection. Moreover, nothing in the Act expressly limits the Board’s
authority in any possible inspection.       And given the total lack of any statutory language
contemplating warrantless on-site inspections, we cannot conclude that the Act implicitly permits
the inspections.    Particularly where the constitution requires specific authorization to conduct
warrantless searches, we cannot infer the power to do so from the Board’s vague power to regulate
the practice of polygraph examination, see TEX.OCC. CODE ANN. 5 1703.002 (Vernon 2000), or to
adopt rules to enforce the Act, see id. 5 1703.103.

         Second, we doubt that a court would find the polygraph examination industry to be “closely
regulated” in the context of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution or of article I,
section 9 of the Texas Constitution so that polygraph examiners constitutionally may be subject to
warrantless searches. We have found no judicial decision determining that the field of polygraph
examination is a closely regulated industry. Polygraph examiners have not been subject to “a long
tradition of close government supervision.” See Burger, 482 US. 691, 699 (citing Marshall v.
Barlow’s, Inc., 436 U.S. 307,3 13 (1978)). Nor does the Act “pervasively regulate” the industry so
as to reduce an owner’s expectation ofprivacy. See id. at 701 (citing Donovan v. Dewey, 452 U.S.
594, 600, 606 (1981)). Although the Act requires a polygraph examiner to be licensed, see TEX.
Oct. CODE ANN. $5 1703.201-,208 (Vernon 2000); annually to renew the license, see id.
$5 1703.25 1, ,253; and to register the address ofthe principal place of business with the Board, see
id. 5 1703.301; see also id. 5 1703.302 (requiring polygraph examiner to register address with
county clerk), the Act says little about how a polygraph examiner must operate his or her business;
how an examiner is to examine a subject, but see id. 5 1703.35 l(a)(7) (requiring polygraph examiner
to inform subject of nature of examination and that subject’s participation is voluntary); or, in
particular, what records a polygraph examiner is to create or maintain, cf: id. 5 1703.35l(a)(lO)
(indicating that examiner may be punished for wilfully making “false report concerning an
 examination”).   Thus, nothing points to a conclusion that polygraph examiners participate in a
 closely regulated industry and may be subject to warrantless searches.

         Third, even if a court found that the field of polygraph examination is a closely regulated
industry, the Act does not satisfy the tripartite test for determining the constitutionality        of
warrantless searches. The Act particularly fails to provide “a constitutionally adequate substitute
for a warrant” so as properly to limit the discretion of the officers performing the inspection. See
Santikos, 836 S.W.2d at 633. Nothing in the Act explicitly or implicitly limits the Board’s authority
with respect to the time, place, or scope of an on-site inspection. Accordingly, the Board may not
constitutionally conduct warrantless on-site inspections.

        Finally, the Board may not use a regulation to authorize on-site inspections. The Board has
adopted a rule requiring a licensed polygraph examiner to retain “polygraph charts, question sheets,
written reports, data sheets, films, audio and video tapes, opinions of the examiner from chart
Mr. Frank Di Tucci - Page 5                      (X-0204)

analysis, and other pertinent papers” for at least two years from the date ofthe examination, 22 TEX.
ADMIN. CODE $ 395.4 (1999) (Polygraph Examiners, Code of Operating Procedure of Polygraph
Examiners). These materials are “subject to the inspection of the board upon written request from
the secretary.” Id. On its face, this regulation does not authorize warrantless on-site inspections.
In addition, the Board may not apply the rule in such a way as to permit the Board to exceed its
statutory powers. See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. DM-336 (1995) at 2.

                                        SUMMARY

                       The Polygraph Examiners Board may not inspect a polygraph
               examiner’s work product in the examiner’s place ofbusiness without
               a search warrant.

                                               Attorney General of Texas

ANDY TAYLOR
First Assistant Attorney General

CLARK KENT ERVIN
Deputy Attorney General - General Counsel

ELIZABETH ROBINSON
Chair, Opinion Committee

Kymberly K. Oltrogge
Assistant Attorney General - Opinion Committee