Court Opinion

ID: 36490
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 19:41:17+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:58:19.809710
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                                                               Fifth Circuit
                                                            F I L E D
                     REVISED OCTOBER 6, 2004
              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS       September 21, 2004

                         FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT          Charles R. Fulbruge III
                         _____________________                  Clerk

                              No. 03-60873
                         _____________________

MARIA DEL CARMEN BARRERA DE ZAVALA,
                                                       Petitioner,

versus

JOHN ASHCROFT, U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL
                                                         Respondent.

                      ---------------------
            On Petition for Review from an Order of
                the Board of Immigration Appeals
                          (A73 756 918)
                      ---------------------

BEFORE SMITH, WIENER, and PICKERING, Circuit Judges.

WIENER, Circuit Judge:

     Petitioner Maria del Carmen Barrera DeZavala, a native and

citizen of Mexico, petitions for review of a final order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) dismissing her appeal and

denying her motion to remand based on new evidence.          DeZavala

asserts that the BIA violated her due process rights in finding her

deportable under an Order to Show Cause (“OSC”) that incorrectly

stated the basis for her excludability.    She also argues that her

attorney’s concession to the erroneous charge at the hearing before

the immigration judge (“IJ”) constituted ineffective assistance of

counsel and deprived her of due process.    We deny the petition for

review.
                        I. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

     DeZavala is a native and citizen of Mexico, who last entered

the United States on January 2, 1997 at Rio Grande City, Texas.

The Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”) issued an OSC to

DeZavala on February 17, 1997, alleging, inter alia, that (1) at

the time of her entry she falsely represented to the inspection

officer that she was a United States citizen and (2) she did not

possess   a    nonimmigrant   visa,   border   crossing   card,   or   other

document required for entry.      Based on these allegations, the OSC

charged that DeZavala was subject to deportation pursuant to the

following statutory provisions:

              Section 241(a)(1)(A) of the Immigration and
              Nationality Act (Act), as amended, in that at the
              time of entry or of adjustment of status, you were
              within one or more classes of aliens excludable by
              the law existing at such time, to wit: aliens who
              are nonimmigrants not in possession of a valid
              nonimmigrant visa or border crossing identification
              card and not exempted from the possession thereof
              by the Act or regulations thereunder, pursuant to
              section 212(a)(7)(B)(i)(II).1

     On October 29, 1997, DeZavala appeared with her attorney

before an IJ. DeZavala’s attorney denied that DeZavala represented

to the inspection officer that she was a United States citizen.           He

stated that DeZavala had entered the United States as a passenger

     1
       Immigration and Nationality Act, § 241(a)(1)(A), 8 U.S.C. §
1251(a)(1)(A)(repealed 1996); § 212(a)(7)(B)(i)(II), 8 U.S.C. §
1182(a)(7)(B)(i)(II)(2000). In 1996, § 241(a)(1)(A), 8 U.S.C. §
1251(a)(1)(A) was redesignated § 237, 8 U.S.C. § 1227. See Illegal
Immigration Reform and Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-208, §305(a)(2),
110 Stat. 3009-546, 598.

                                      2
in    a       vehicle    containing    five   other     passengers      and    that    the

immigration officer had questioned only the driver about the

citizenship of the vehicle’s occupants.                   Initially, her attorney

also denied that DeZavala was deportable as charged in the OSC.                         He

admitted,         however,    that    DeZavala    was   not   in   possession         of a

nonimmigrant visa —— or any other documents for that matter —— at

the time of her entry.

          On learning that DeZavala entered without documents, the IJ

interjected that “it appears that the charge would not be correct.”

Although the OSC correctly charged DeZavala as being “excludable at

the time of entry” under § 241(a)(1)(A),2 observed the IJ, the

basis for excludability charged in the OSC —— inadmissibility as a

“nonimmigrant who is not in possession of a valid nonimmigrant visa

or            border      crossing      identification         card”          under      §

212(a)(7)(B)(i)(II)3 —— was incorrect. As DeZavala entered without

any       documents      at   all    rather   than    with    invalid    nonimmigrant

documents, the IJ noted, she is presumed under the law to be an

immigrant.4            The IJ expressed his view that the proper basis for

          2
              Then-section 241(a)(1)(A) provided, in pertinent part:
                 “[a]ny alien who at the time of entry or adjustment
                 of status was within one or more of the classes of
                 aliens inadmissible by the law existing at such
                 time is deportable.”(emphasis added)
          3
              8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(7)(B)(i)(II)(2000)(emphasis added).
          4
      See 8 U.S.C. § 1184(b)(2000)(“Presumption of status; written
waiver. Every alien . . . shall be presumed to be an immigrant
until he establishes to the satisfaction of the consular officer,
at the time of application for a visa, and the immigration

                                              3
excludability would be § 212(a)(7)(A)(i)(I), which applies to

“immigrants who [are] not in possession of a valid unexpired

immigrant visa reentry permit, border crossing identification card,

or other valid entry document.”5

       Counsel for the government responded to the IJ’s concerns by

stating that he “believed both . . . charges would possibly be

sustainable       as   well   as   concedable    by   [DeZavala’s]   counsel,”

informing the IJ that the government would not seek to amend the

OSC.       After a brief adjournment, DeZavala’s attorney withdrew his

initial denial to the charge of deportability and conceded her

deportability as a nonimmigrant without proper documentation, as

charged in the OSC.           The IJ accepted the concession and found

DeZavala subject to deportation as charged.              DeZavala’s attorney

subsequently petitioned the IJ for suspension of deportation or,

alternatively, voluntary departure.             Following a hearing on these

issues, the IJ denied both requests.

       DeZavala’s attorney filed a timely notice of appeal to the

BIA.       His brief was received after the filing deadline had passed,

however, and was therefore rejected by the BIA as untimely.                 In

February 2001, DeZavala retained new counsel to represent her on

appeal to the BIA (“appellate counsel”).              Appellate counsel filed

officers, at the time of application for admission, that he is
entitled to a nonimmigrant status under section 101(a)(15) of this
title.”).
       5
           8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I)(2000).

                                        4
a motion for permission to file an untimely brief, which the BIA

denied.    In March 2002, the BIA summarily dismissed DeZavala’s

appeal for failure timely to file a brief.               Appellate counsel then

filed a petition for review with us, as well as a motion to reopen

with the BIA based on ineffective assistance by DeZavala’s hearing

counsel, asserting that he had erred in failing to file a motion to

file an untimely brief with the BIA and in conceding DeZavala’s

deportability.

     In September of that year, the BIA issued an interim order

granting DeZavala’s motion to reopen and reinstating her appeal.

The BIA based its decision on a determination that it had erred in

summarily dismissing DeZavala’s appeal for failure timely to file

a brief.   The BIA expressed no opinion on the merits of DeZavala’s

claim for ineffective assistance of counsel. DeZavala subsequently

dismissed her initial petition to us.

     On appeal to the BIA, DeZavala argued that the IJ erred in

finding     her    deportable       as      a         nonimmigrant     under     §

212(a)(7)(B)(i)(II)     based      solely       on     her   hearing   counsel’s

concession, as the other evidence in the record established that

she was    an   immigrant    and   therefore         excludable   pursuant    to §

212(a)(7)(A)(i)(I).         DeZavala   asserted        alternatively   that    she

received ineffective assistance at the IJ hearing when her counsel

conceded the erroneous charge. Finally, she requested that, if the

BIA found that the proceedings should not be terminated, her case

should be remanded to the IJ based on new evidence, particularly

                                       5
the cancellation of removal proceedings against her permanent

resident husband, who is a lawful resident alien.

     The BIA dismissed DeZavala’s appeal and denied her motion to

remand.   In so doing, the BIA observed that “the record supports,

and [DeZavala]        does   not   contest,        the   finding   that    [she]    was

excludable at the time of entry.”               Thus, reasoned the BIA, there

was “no error in the IJ’s conclusion that, pursuant to section

241(a)(1)(A) of the Act, [DeZavala] is deportable as charged.”                       As

for DeZavala’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the BIA

noted that, even though DeZavala had complied with the procedural

requirements    for     asserting    such      a    claim,   she   had     failed   to

demonstrate prejudice stemming from her hearing counsel’s actions.

Again, the BIA pointed out that the record supports the IJ’s

conclusion     that    DeZavala     was       excludable     at    entry    under    §

241(a)(1)(A), observing that she neither contested, at either the

IJ hearing or on appeal to the BIA, her excludability under that

general provision, nor “provided evidence demonstrating that she

[wa]s not otherwise deportable.”               The BIA therefore declined to

remand her case on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel.

Finally, the BIA upheld the IJ’s determination that DeZavala had

failed to establish either the seven-year period of continuous

physical presence in this country or good moral character, both

being requirements for entitlement to suspension of deportation and

voluntary departure.

                                          6
     DeZavala timely filed this petition for review from the BIA’s

final order.     She asserts that the BIA violated her due process

rights when it ordered her deportable pursuant to an OSC that

misstated the specific basis for her excludability under § 212(a).

DeZavala also contends that her hearing lawyer’s concession to her

deportability    as   charged    in   the   “defective”   OSC   constituted

ineffective assistance of counsel in violation of her due process

rights.   As DeZavala does not seek review of either the BIA’s

denial of her motion to remand or its findings with regards to her

requests for suspension of deportation and voluntary departure,

they are forfeited.

                                II. ANALYSIS

A. Jurisdiction

     The Illegal Immigrant Reform and Immigration Responsibility

Act’s (“IIRIRA”) transitional rules apply to removal proceedings

that commenced prior to April 1, 1997 and concluded more than

thirty days after September 30, 1996.6         As DeZavala’s deportation

proceedings were initiated in February 1997 and did not conclude

until her BIA appeal was denied in October 2003, the IIRIRA’s

transitional rules apply.

B. Due Process

     6
        See Goonsuwan v. Ashcroft, 252 F.3d 383, 386 (5th Cir.
2001)(citing Lerma de Garcia v. INS, 141 F.3d 215, 216 (5th Cir.
1998)).

                                      7
     We review due process challenges de novo.7         To prevail on such

a challenge, an alien must make “an initial showing of substantial

prejudice.”8    As we conclude that DeZavala has failed to establish

that she was substantially prejudiced by the procedural error she

advances, we reject her claim for violation of procedural due

process.

     Whatever the merits of DeZavala’s contention that she was

improperly charged with being excludable at entry as a nonimmigrant

rather   than   as   an   immigrant,   she   has   failed   to   demonstrate

prejudice resulting from the BIA’s decision to deport her as

charged. Although we recognize that a technical distinction exists

between excludability as a nonimmigrant and excludability as an

immigrant,9 both of these § 212(a) bases for exclusion fall under

     7
       Anwar v. INS, 116 F.3d 140, 144 (5th Cir. 1997)(citing
Animashaun v. INS, 990 F.2d 234, 238 (5th Cir. 1993)).
     8
       Anwar, 116 F.3d at 144 (citing Howard v. INS, 930 F.2d 432,
436 (5th Cir. 1991); Calderon-Ontiveros v. INS, 809 F.2d 1050, 1052
(5th Cir. 1986)). This Court is “authorized to review only the
decision of the BIA, not that of the IJ” and may consider the
errors of the IJ “only to the extent they affect the decision of
the BIA.” Ogbemudia v. INS, 988 F.2d 595, 598 (5th Cir. 1993)
     9
        Section 212(a), § 1182(a), lists the classes of
“inadmissible” or excludable aliens. Included among these classes
are aliens who have failed to comply with the “documentation
requirements” for entry set forth in § 212(a)(7), § 1182(a)(7).
Section 212(a)(7)(A)(i)(I), § 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I), the provision
asserted by DeZavala as the proper basis for her excludability,
applies specifically to immigrants without proper documentation.
By contrast, § 212(a)(7)(B)(i)(II), § 1182(a)(7)(B)(i)(II), the
provision charged in the OSC issued against DeZavala, is applicable
only to nonimmigrants without proper documentation.

                                       8
the umbrella of § 241(a)(1)(A)’s general “excludable at entry”

provision.        DeZavala does not contest that she is deportable as

being excludable at entry under § 241(a)(1)(A).                       Neither has she

demonstrated that there is any benefit or advantage to being

deported     as     an    immigrant     instead       of   as     a     nonimmigrant.

Accordingly,       DeZavala     has   failed    to    establish        the   requisite

substantial prejudice necessary to prevail on this procedural due

process claim.

     Neither can DeZavala prevail by asserting that she received

ineffective assistance of counsel at the IJ hearing when her

hearing counsel conceded that she was deportable as charged.

First, it is not at all apparent that her attorney was, in fact,

ineffective: His decision to concede the charge may well have been

tactical or, more likely, a result of his recognition that no

substantive        difference     exists       between     excludability         as   a

nonimmigrant and excludability as an immigrant. Second, even if we

assume   arguendo        that   her   counsel’s      concession       did    constitute

ineffective assistance, for the reasons stated above, DeZavala

suffered no prejudice from this concession. We therefore hold that

DeZavala’s due process claim based on her hearing counsel’s alleged

ineffective assistance fails.

     Finally, we find no merit in DeZavala’s contention that

prejudice inured in the fact that the deportation proceedings

against her were not terminated once the allegedly erroneous basis

for excludability was discovered.              DeZavala concedes that, had the

                                           9
IJ terminated the proceedings, the government would have been

justified   in   bringing   new   charges    against   her   based   on   her

excludability at entry as an immigrant. This confirms beyond cavil

that were we to grant review of the BIA’s decision and remand for

termination of the proceedings against DeZavala, it would merely

delay her inevitable exclusion.          DeZavala’s inability to prolong

her confessedly illegal status in this country does not establish

substantial prejudice.

                            III. CONCLUSION

     As DeZavala has failed to show substantial prejudice stemming

from any of the errors that she has alleged, we deny review of the

BIA’s final order of deportation.

REVIEW DENIED.

                                    10