Court Opinion

ID: 9496447
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 16:27:02.912896+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:57:35.269535
License: Public Domain

BATCHELDER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which CLAY, J., *181joined. SCHWARZER, District Judge (pp. 188-90), delivered a separate concurring opinion.
OPINION
BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge.
Plaintiff Amway Corporation (“Amway”) appeals from the district court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of defendants The Procter and Gamble Company, The Procter and Gamble Distributing Company (collectively “P & G”), and the law firm of Dinsmore & Shohl (“Dins-more”) (P & G and Dinsmore collectively “Appellees”), in Amway’s diversity action raising a Michigan state-law claim of “tor-tious interference with contract and with actual and prospective business relations,” over the publication on the internet of an allegedly defamatory complaint filed by P & G in federal court. Following the close of extensive discovery in this corporate grudge match, which included the depositions of some eighty witnesses, the district court found that there was no evidence of a conspiracy between the Appellees and the other defendants to publish the complaint; that Amway had failed to show that the Appellees acted with actual malice; and, in the alternative, that the Appellees’ actions were protected by Michigan’s “fair reporting privilege.” On appeal, Amway argues that, because the Appellees engaged in commercial speech, Amway does not need to prove actual malice in this ease; that questions of material fact exist as to the existence of a conspiracy; and that Michigan’s reporting privilege for public documents does not protect parties such as P & G and Dinsmore who participated in both the filing of the documents in a court proceeding and the publication of those court documents on the internet. Because we find that the Michigan fair reporting privilege does apply to the Ap-pellees’ presumed publication of public court documents on the internet, we will affirm the judgment of the district court.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
This case represents the third lawsuit in what the district court below correctly described as “a long history of corporate warfare between Amway and P & G.” Amway originally brought this action against P & G, alleging tortious interference with business relations, after Sidney Schwartz (“Schwartz”), the creator and editor of an anti-Amway website entitled Amway: The Untold Story, published a complaint filed by P & G against Amway in a Texas federal district court, alleging, among other things, that Amway operates as an illegal pyramid scheme. Amway amended its complaint to add Dinsmore, Schwartz, and Kenneth Lowndes (“Lowndes”) as defendants.
P & G, Dinsmore, and Schwartz moved for summary judgment, arguing that the website was protected speech; that Amway was a public figure and needed to prove actual malice; that there was no evidence that the defendant’s actions interfered with any of Amway’s business relationships; and that Amway could not prove the existence of a conspiracy among the defendants. Amway filed a 119-page brief in opposition to the motion, with more than 200 exhibits, arguing that sufficient evidence existed for a reasonable trier of fact to find in Amway’s favor. The district court, who had jurisdiction over this diversity action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332, entered an Order and Partial Judgment granting Appellees’ motions for summary judgment, but denied Schwartz’s motion after finding him to be in a “completely different posture” than P & G and Dinsmore. Amway and Schwartz subsequently “settled their differences” and entered into a stipulation dismissing all claims and counterclaims between them. *182The district court made its summary judgment order final by entering a default judgment against Lowndes, who was the last defendant remaining before the district court. Amway timely appealed “the Order and Partial Judgment and all prior rulings in this action,” as well as an order denying its motion “to supplement the record in opposition to Defendant’s summary judgment motions.” This Court has jurisdiction to hear this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Recitation of the extensive and hate-filled history between P & G1 and Amway 2 would take a writing as long as both the Old and New Testaments and involve at least one of the Good Book’s more prominent players. Although each side would likely argue, if given the chance, that its opponent was in the garden advising the serpent when Eve took her first bite of the apple, for our purposes we need only go back to the 1970s and Satan’s rumored more recent activity with and interest in soap products.
For more than twenty years, rumors of a relationship between Lucifer and the soap manufacturer P & G — some spread by Amway’s distributors — have circled the globe, dogging P & G like a hound of hell “despite every effort to eliminate [the rumors] through both public relations and litigation.” See Proctor & Gamble Co. v. Haugen, 222 F.3d 1262, 1267-69 (10th Cir.2000) (“Haugen I”).3 The 1990s and the widespread use of the internet brought a resurgence of the rumor throughout the world. Following this new “outbreak,” P & G learned that Randy Haugen, an Amway distributor in Utah, had broadcast an audio version of the rumor via Amway’s internal business communications system in 1995. In 1996, P & G brought suit against Haugen and Amway in the Federal District Court of Utah, Procter & Gamble Co. v. Haugen, No. 1:95-CV-0094, 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22984 (D.Utah Sept. 4, 1998), “claiming that as a result of the subject message and other similar missives disseminated by defendants, P & G lost customers concerned about supporting Satan through their purchase of P & G products.” Haugen I, 222 F.3d at 1269. The district court granted Amway’s motion for summary judgment, finding that the message did not relate to qualities or characteristics of P & G’s products and, therefore, the claim fell outside the ambit of the Lanham Act. Id. at 1267. The Tenth Circuit agreed with the district court’s holding, but nonetheless reversed the district court, deciding that the lower court should also look at whether the subject message was clearly related to P & G’s “commercial activities,” a question the appellate court admitted P & G failed properly to raise below. Id. at 1272. On remand, the district court dismissed all of P & G’s claims that remained. Procter & Gamble Co. v. Haugen, 158 F.Supp.2d 1286 (D.Utah 2001), and the Tenth Circuit affirmed. Procter & Gamble Co. v. Haugen, 317 F.3d 1121 (10th Cir.2003) (“Haugen II”).
*183While searching for information on the Amway Corporation during the prosecution of the Utah suit, an attorney at Dins-more who was representing P & G in that action discovered the website created and maintained by Schwartz, a self-described “long-time Amway opponent.” The website contained extensive information and documentation on Amway. Schwartz had maintained his site for eight months and accumulated thousands of pages of news articles, emails, and court documents from cases filed against Amway. In October of 1996, Dinsmore attorneys met with Schwartz at his Oregon home and retained him as a “non-testifying consultant,” to assist Dinsmore in “obtaining evidence and information about Amway that might be useful in the Utah litigation, and to provide leads concerning other potential sources of such evidence.”4 To aid Schwartz’s ability to assist in the Utah proceedings, Dins-more provided Schwartz with copies of some of the filings in the Utah case, as well as copies of public filings in two other cases: Cairns v. Amway Corp., No. C-1-84-0783 (S.D.Ohio 1984), and Setzer v. Amway Corp., No. 6:86-1898-3 (D.S.C.1986).
P & G discovered in the course of the Utah litigation that Haugen’s dissemination of the rumor of P & G’s satanic connections extended into Texas. P & G eventually brought suit in Texas, alleging claims almost identical to the claims brought in the Utah case, and also claiming fraud and specific violations of the RICO Act stemming from Amway’s allegedly illegal pyramid structure. Procter & Gamble Co. v. Amway Corp., 80 F.Supp.2d 639 (S.D.Tex.1999).5 The Texas district court dismissed a majority of P & G’s claims on res judicata grounds following the dismissal of the factually similar claims by the Utah district court. The Texas district court dismissed the remaining claims on several other grounds, including standing and the expiration of state statutes of limitation. Although the Fifth Circuit affirmed part of the district court’s dismissal of P & G’s claims, the circuit court reversed a majority of the district court’s holding, including the judgment based upon res judicata, the dismissal of P & G’s Lanham Act claims, and the dismissal of P & G’s civil RICO claims. See Procter & Gamble Co. v. Amway Corp., 242 F.3d 539, 567 (5th Cir.2001). It appears from the record that the remaining claims in this case were scheduled for trial in January of 2003, but it is unclear from the parties’ briefs whether there has been any conclusion to the proceedings.
At some point after P & G filed its lawsuit in Texas, Schwartz asked Dins-more for a copy of the Texas complaint. After Dinsmore refused to supply Schwartz with any documents filed in the Texas litigation, Schwartz obtained a copy of the complaint on his own and billed Dinsmore for his copying expenses.6 *184Schwartz eventually posted the entirety of some of the documents from the earlier cases — including the Setzer complaint— that Dinsmore had provided him, as well as the Texas complaint he had obtained on his own.
In the present action, Amway identified ninety-nine statements published on Schwartz’s website that it claims are falsehoods. Of those, eighteen were attributable to the Appellees. These eighteen statements include sixteen paragraphs in the Texas complaint, involving allegations that Amway is an illegal pyramid scheme and that Amway violated the RICO Act, and two statements in the complaint filed in the Setzer case, in which neither P & G nor Dinsmore was involved. Amway concedes that both complaints are public documents filed in a federal district court and available to the public.
ANALYSIS

Standard of Review

We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, using the same standard under Rule 56(c) used by the district court, Williams v. Mehra, 186 F.3d 685, 689 (6th Cir.1999) (en banc), and we consider the record as it stood before the district court at the time of its ruling. Niecko v. Emro Marketing Co., 973 F.2d 1296, 1303 (6th Cir.1992). Summary judgment is proper if “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(c). We view the evidence, all facts, and any inferences that may be drawn from the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). To withstand summary judgment, the non-movant must present sufficient evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact. Klepper v. First Am. Bank, 916 F.2d 337, 342 (6th Cir.1990). A mere scintilla of evidence is insufficient; “there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the [non-movant].” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). Entry of summary judgment is appropriate “against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). Amway’s Claim
Amway asserts that Schwartz and Ap-pellees conspired to disrupt the business structure and relationships of Amway by disseminating untrue allegations. Similar to P & G’s complaint against the Plaintiff, Amway’s complaint here claims that the Appellees’ conduct cost Amway business and was undertaken with a malicious and manifest disregard for the rights of Amway. The district court, clearly frustrated with both parties, narrowed its focus in this case down to what it believed to be the key issue before it — Amway’s effort to recover damages for a speech tort committed by Appellees. The court’s opinion correctly focuses on the fact that Amway’s only allegation involves the Appellees’ action of giving the documents to Schwartz with the intent that the documents would be posted *185on the internet. In finding for the Appel-lees, the court made several observations: (1) the evidence does not support a finding of a conspiracy; (2) not every document allegedly provided by the Defendants is at issue in the case; (3) Amway attributes only eighteen allegedly defamatory statements to the Defendants; (4) all the posted documents were publicly available; (5) none of the allegedly defamatory statements is new; (6) Amway is a public figure; and (7) the suit is really about business competition and bad blood rather than about the spread of rumors or the published attacks. The court went on to find that the relationship between Schwartz and the Appellees was not so irregular as to require an inference of a conspiracy under Michigan law, and Amway failed to provide any actual evidence of an agreement between the parties indicating their desire to interfere with Amway’s business relations. Additionally, the court found that the speech alleged to be defamatory was privileged and subject to First Amendment protections, and that Amway — as a public figure — failed to prove not only that the speech was false, but that the Defendants acted with malice or with the knowledge that their statements were false or made with reckless disregard of whether they were false. Finally, the district court granted the Defendants’ motion for summary judgment by applying Michigan’s fair reporting privilege, which protects individuals who fairly and accurately report information that substantially represents matters contained in court records.

Michigan Fair Reporting Privilege

Under the Michigan statute:
Damages shall not be awarded in a libel action for the publication or broadcast of a fair and true report of matters of public record, a public and official proceeding, or of a governmental notice, announcement, written or recorded report or record generally available to the public, or act or action of a public body, or for a heading of the report which is a fair and true headnote of the report. This privilege shall not apply to a libel which is contained in a matter added by a person concerned in the publication or contained in the report of anything said or done at the time and place of the public and official proceeding or governmental notice, announcement, written or recorded report or record generally available to the public, or act or action of a public body, which was not a part of the public and official proceeding or governmental notice, announcement, written or recorded report or record generally available to the public, or act or action of a public body.
MCLA § 600.2911(3).7 Amway does not dispute that, under this law, a verbatim reproduction of a public court document would be privileged. Rather, Amway argues that P & G and Dinsmore — who created the complaint in the Texas litigation and participated in the publication of the documents on Schwartz’s website — are not protected by the privilege.8
In support of its position, Amway cites Park v. Detroit Free Press Co., 72 Mich. 560, 40 N.W. 731 (1888), where the Michi*186gan Supreme Court said, “[i]f pleadings and other documents can be published to the world by any one who gets access to them, no more effectual way of doing malicious mischief with impunity could be devised than filing papers containing false and scurrilous charges, and getting those printed as news.” Id. at 734. The Park decision is consistent with the reporting privilege contained in the Second Restatement of Torts. Section 611 of the Second Restatement provides:
The publication of defamatory matter concerning another in a report of an official action or proceeding or of a meeting open to the public that deals with a matter of public concern is privileged if the report is accurate and complete or a fair abridgement of the occurrence reported.
Restatement (Second) Of Torts § 611. This privilege, however, is not absolute. Similar to the court’s language in Park, Comment c provides, in relevant part:
A person cannot confer this privilege upon himself by making the original defamatory publication himself and then reporting to other people what he had stated. This is true whether the original publication was privileged or not. Nor may he confer the privilege upon a third person, even a member of the communications media, by making the original statement under a collusive arrangement with that person for the purpose of conferring the privilege upon him.
Restatement (Second) Of Torts § 611 cmt. c. If the publication involves some form of judicial proceeding, there must be official action in the proceeding before one can invoke the privilege:
A report of a judicial proceeding implies that some official action has been taken by the officer or body whose proceedings are thus reported. The publication, therefore, of the contents of preliminary pleadings such as a complaint or petition, before any judicial action has been taken is not within the rule stated in this Section. An important reason for this position has been to prevent implementation of a scheme to file a complaint for the purpose of establishing a privilege to publicize its content and then dropping the action. (See Comment c). It is not necessary, however, that a final disposition be made of the matter in question; it is enough that some judicial action has been taken so that, in the normal progress of the proceeding, a final decision will be rendered. So too, the fact that the proceedings are ex parte rather than inter partes is immaterial if the matter has come officially before the tribunal and action has been taken in reference to it.
Restatement (Second) Of Torts § 611 cmt. e (emphasis in original). Although P & G did not withdraw its complaint in the Texas litigation after it was published on the website (indeed, P & G appears to have pursued that action well beyond the publication), Amway argues that Comment e still expresses a concern for the exact situation found in this case. Amway also relies upon a case from Illinois which applied the same type of fair reporting privilege and invoked the Second Restatement. In Kurczaba v. Pollock, 318 Ill.App.3d 686, 252 Ill.Dec. 175, 742 N.E.2d 425, 442-43 (2000), the court held that the fair reporting privilege does not apply to a defendant who sought to confer the privilege upon himself by filing a complaint and then “reporting” the complaint to others.
Amway also turns to the grammatical structure of the statute. Specifically, Amway argues that the parallel use of two “contained in” clauses separated by “or,” demonstrates two distinct categories that are in the disjunctive. Furthermore, Amway claims the clause “which was not part *187...” modifies the last antecedent and not the former. See Sun Valley Foods Co. v. Ward, 460 Mich. 230, 596 N.W.2d 119, 123 (1999) (“It is a general rule of grammar and of statutory construction that a modifying word or clause is confined solely to the last antecedent, unless a contrary intention appears.”). Accordingly, under Amway’s interpretation, the Defendants cannot find protection under the fair reporting privilege. We are not persuaded.
The exception to the privilege reads:
This privilege shall not apply to a libel which is contained in a matter added by a person concerned in the publication or contained in the report of anything said or done at the time and place of the public and official proceeding or governmental notice, announcement, written or recorded report or record generally available to the public, or act or action of a public body, which was not a part of the public and official proceeding or governmental notice, announcement, written or recorded report or record generally available to the public, or act or action of a public body.
MCLA § 600.2911(3). The statute excepts from the privilege libels that are not a part of the public and official proceeding or governmental notice, written record or record generally available to the public. These libels are of two kinds: (1) a libel which is “contained in a matter added by a person concerned in the publication,” or (2) a libel which is “contained in the report of anything said or done at the time and place of the public and official proceeding or governmental notice, announcement, written or recorded report or record generally available to the public, or act or action of a public body.” Contrary to Amway’s belief, “or” in this statutory section is used as a coordinating conjunction to connect the two kinds of libel, see Harb-race College Handbook 16 (John C. Hodges, et al. eds., rev. 12th ed.1994) (coordinating conjunctions, including “or,” join two clauses of equal grammatical rank); and both kinds of libel are plainly modified by the clause “which was not a part of the public and official proceeding or governmental notice, announcement, written or recorded report or record generally available to the public, or act or action of a public body,” and both are plainly included in the exception. Assuming that any allegations in the Texas complaint or the Set-zer complaint-or both-were libelous, the libel was included in the actual complaint and the Appellees did not add any statements, let alone false statements, when they supposedly published the complaint on the internet. Accordingly, we find that Michigan’s fair reporting privilege applies to the publication of the entire complaints on Schwartz’s website, and no exception to the privilege applies to the Appellees’ conduct complained of here.
Because we find that the plain language of the statute clearly directs our decision, we find no reason to consider the Second Restatement. See Rouch v. Enquirer & News of Battle Creek, 427 Mich. 157, 398 N.W.2d 245, 250 (1986) (noting that the Second Restatement is not helpful in interpreting Michigan’s fair reporting statute).9 Generally speaking, a party’s publication of any actual court filing or statement made in a judicial proceeding is privileged because the public has a legitimate interest *188in accessing and viewing that type of information. Amway brings suit for injuries claimed under a state-created tort, but the state has seen fit to codify a general privilege and not to except from it the kind of conduct alleged in this case. The state has not, contrary to Amway’s arguments, limited that privilege in a way that exposes the Defendants to liability.
Finally, we consider Amway’s rebanee upon Park misplaced. Court filings were not public records in Michigan when Park was decided more than one hundred years ago. See In re Midland Pub. Co., 420 Mich. 148, 362 N.W.2d 580, 586 (1985) (noting that the decision in Park was premised on the reasoning that pleadings in private actions were not public records).
Accordingly, we hold that the conduct of P & G and Dinsmore was protected by the Michigan fair reporting privilege, and on that basis, we affirm the judgment of the district court dismissing this action. Having thus decided, we decline to address the commercial speech issues argued by the parties.
Amway and P & G have each now prevailed against the other at the appellate level in the federal courts. Although no decision from this Court — or any other, we predict — wib end the hatred these two corporate giants harbor for each other, we hope that they will consider the impact of their continuing legal battle on the scarce resources of the courts, and decide to concentrate their creative talents on the more traditional methods of gaming competitive advantage and declare a ceasefire in the judicial arena.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

. P & G manufacturers and distributes numerous products for personal care, household use, and consumption, including detergents, cosmetics, and cleaning agents.

. Amway also sells numerous consumer products that are in direct competition with P & G products. Amway sells through a network of distributors, who in turn sell the products to other distributors and consumers.

. The most common version of the rumor involves P & G’s President’s appearing on a contemporary television talk show, from Mery Griffin to Oprah Winfrey, and confessing that profits from P & G go to support the Church of Satan.

. Dinsmore retained Schwartz from November, 1996, through January, 1998, at a rate of $25.00 per hour for his time, and they reimbursed him for any copying costs. In total, P & G, through Dinsmore, paid Schwartz $2,704.11 before terminating the relationship.

. Over the years, Amway has also suffered from allegations that, because of its corporate structure and distributor network, Amway operates as an illegal pyramid scheme. In 1979, in response to these allegations, and following a four-year investigation and an administrative trial, the Federal Trade Commission determined that Amway was not an illegal pyramid. In re Amway, 93 F.T.C. 618, 631, 716-17 (1979).

. Schwartz states in his deposition that P & G agreed to reimburse his copying expense for the Texas complaint, and that he prepared an invoice that he sent to Dinsmore. In the record, an attorney for Dinsmore admits receiving the invoice but claims payment was never authorized. The record contains no definitive proof of whether Schwartz was in *184fact reimbursed. For summary judgment purposes, we will assume Dinsmore paid the invoice.

. First Amendment protections apply in a tor-tious interference action when the action complained of was defamatory speech. It is therefore consistent to apply the fair reporting privilege to a claim for torious interference that is based upon defamatory speech. See Meyer v. Hubbell, 117 Mich.App. 699, 324 N.W.2d 139, 144 (1982) (noting that in a claim for defamation, the absolute judicial proceeding privilege would also apply to a related claim of tortious interference).

. For purposes of this argument, we assume the Defendants "published” the documents on Schwartz's website.

. The Michigan legislature amended the fair reporting statute following the state supreme court’s decision in Rouch, addressing what the legislature felt was the supreme court’s too narrow definition of "official proceeding.” See Northland Wheels Roller Skating Ctr. v. Detroit Free Press, 213 Mich.App. 317, 539 N.W.2d 774, 778 n. 4 (1995). The Michigan Supreme Court's decision not to use the Second Restatement remains applicable to our interpretation of the amended statute.