Court Opinion

ID: 7073076
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-24 07:58:07.895946+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:12:39.486555
License: Public Domain

DeBRULER, Justice,
concurring in result.
In sum, I agree with this affirmance on appeal of the trial court’s conclusion of law that appellant Jones was not denied effective assistance of counsel and with the af-firmance of the judgment as a whole denying post-conviction relief. I cannot, however, agree at all with the majority wherein it approves the trial court’s conclusion of law that Final Instruction No. 18 was not erroneous. The trial court’s analysis, approved and quoted in the majority opinion, focuses upon the need for instructions to keep discrete elements of a crime separate and distinct. This abstraction falls short here. Here, malice is an essential element of the crime of murder of which appellant Jones stands convicted and confined. Perkins v. State (1934), 207 Ind. 119, 191 N.E. 136. Consequently, it is infirm and a denial of due process in a trial on this charge to read an instruction which kept malice entirely separate and distinct, but which nevertheless could have been understood by reasonable jurors as creating a mandatory presumption that shifted the burden of persuasion on the element of malice. Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 99 S.Ct. 2450, 61 L.Ed.2d 39 (1979). It is further pertinent here to recognize that the existence of other related instructions correctly defining the element of malice and correctly placing the burden of persuasion on that element on the State merely contradict and do not explain and cure such an infirmity. Francis v. Franklin, 471 U.S. 307, 105 S.Ct. 1965, 85 L.Ed.2d 344 (1985).
In Sandstrom, an eighty-nine-year-old woman victim died of blows to the head with a shovel and five stab wounds, while being sexually assaulted. Constitutional error occurred in the trial of that case when the jury was told that the “law presumes that a person intends the ordinary consequences of his voluntary acts.” In Francis, a seventy-two-year-old man was shot to death through a door which he had just slammed in the face of Franklin, who was then pointing a gun directly at him and demanding his car keys. Constitutional error occurred in the trial of that case when the jury was told, “[A] person ... is presumed to intend the natural and probable consequences of his acts, but the presumption may be rebutted.” In this case, a woman who lived alone was attacked in her home and died of multiple stab wounds. *1036Jones v. State (1978), 268 Ind. 640, 377 N.E.2d 1349. At appellant’s trial for this murder, the jury was instructed that “malice is implied from any deliberate and cruel act against another however sudden.”
Upon comparison, the instruction in this case suffers from the same infirmity as did the instructions in Sandstrom and Francis. It shifts the burden of persuasion on the essential element of malice. The flat instruction here that malice is implied would be received by a reasonable juror as having the same mandatory and restrictive force as an instruction that intention is presumed. Further, the predicate upon which the implied malice rests in this instruction is a “deliberate and cruel act,” while the predicate upon which the presumed intent rested in the Sandstrom instruction was much the same, namely, “voluntary acts.” This comparison leads directly to the conclusion that the instruction here on malice violates the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment in the same manner and to the same degree as those instructions condemned in Sand-strom and Francis, and that furthermore the instructions as a whole, including the other instructions which separately defined premeditated malice and which specifically placed the burden of proof on the State on that and all elements, do not show a cured violation. Francis, supra.
Turning next to the question of whether this issue was waived when appellant’s trial counsel failed to object to Instruction 18, or when his initial appellate counsel failed to raise the issue on direct appeal, I would conclude that the issue is now properly presented to this Court for full consideration upon its merits to the same extent as if a proper objection had been made and overruled at trial and that ruling thereafter properly raised and affirmed by this Court in appellant’s first direct appeal. There could be no case more on point on this waiver question than Hill v. State (1990), Ind., 561 N.E.2d 784. In that post-conviction case, which presented an almost identical situation from a procedural and timing standpoint, this Court refused, by a vote of three to two, to address the merits of a Sandstrom claim despite the fact that (1) Hill’s trial and her direct appeal were completed before the Sandstrom case was decided, and (2) the issue of waiver was not raised and decided in the post-conviction trial court. The only difference between this case and the Hill case is the assertion for the first time of waiver in the State’s brief in this appeal. This is no meaningful distinction, and I maintain that here, as in Hill, this Court’s rejection of the merits of this fundamental due process claim on waiver grounds is totally without a rational basis and constitutes state and federal constitutional error. Any rejection of the merits of this claim is also contrary to the opinion of this Court in Wallace v. State (1990), Ind., 553 N.E.2d 456, wherein this Court addressed the merits of a Sand-strom claim in the appeal of the denial of post-conviction relief, and not upon the waiver principle, because waiver was not asserted and the trial court ruled on the merits. See also Lucas v. State (1990), Ind., 552 N.E.2d 35; Reid v. State (1988), Ind., 529 N.E.2d 1309; Suite v. State (1988), Ind., 522 N.E.2d 380; Blackburn v. State (1988), Ind, 519 N.E.2d 554.
Having determined that constitutional error occurred when Instruction 18 was given to the jury, federal law requires an examination of whether such error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Rose v. Clark, 478 U.S. 570, 106 S.Ct. 3101, 92 L.Ed.2d 460 (1986); Sandstrom, supra; Reid, supra. In this case, appellant was first tried in 1975 and the result was a hung jury. The second trial produced a new witness, namely, a fellow prisoner of appellant who testified that appellant admitted the killing to him. The second trial resulted in this conviction. The essential issue to be resolved by the jury in both trials was the identity of the dead woman’s assailant. The physical evidence tending to prove identity was not strong, and the credibility of the fellow prisoner at the second trial was subject to serious question. The proof of malice by contrast was overwhelming. A lone, elderly woman was attacked in the privacy of her home at about 7:45 p.m. on a November evening. Her assailant, having some sort of sharp instrument in hand, attacked and killed her by inflicting numerous stab wounds in an event which involved such *1037force and violence as to leave her blood splattered all over the kitchen. Her assailant then left the house. Under these circumstances, I would hold that the constitutional error with respect to the instruction on malice was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.