Court Opinion

ID: 4697262
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-21 19:00:41.988401+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:45.436946
License: Public Domain

UNPUBLISHED

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                       No. 19-7447

MARK O’HARA WRIGHT,

            Petitioner – Appellant,

      v.

HAROLD CLARKE, Director, VA. Department of Corr.,

            Respondent – Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia, at
Roanoke. James P. Jones, District Judge. (7:18-cv-00533-JPJ-PMS)

Argued: May 6, 2021                                             Decided: June 21, 2021

Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, and HARRIS and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges.

Reversed in part and remanded by unpublished opinion. Judge Harris wrote the opinion,
in which Chief Judge Gregory joined. Judge Quattlebaum wrote a separate opinion,
concurring in the judgment.

ARGUED: J. Andrew Mackenzie, Joshua Short, UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
SCHOOL OF LAW, Charlottesville, Virginia, for Appellant. Victoria Lee Johnson,
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF VIRGINIA, Richmond, Virginia, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: J. Scott Ballenger, Rachel Daley, Third Year Law Student, Anna
Cecile Pepper, Third Year Law Student, Appellate Litigation Clinic, UNIVERSITY OF
VIRGINIA SCHOOL OF LAW, Charlottesville, Virginia, for Appellant. Mark R. Herring,
Attorney General, K. Scott Miles, Deputy Attorney General, Donald E. Jeffrey, III, Senior
Assistant Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF VIRGINIA,
Richmond, Virginia, for Appellee.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.

                                            2
PAMELA HARRIS, Circuit Judge:

       Petitioner Mark O’Hara Wright appeals the district court’s denial of his § 2254

petition, based on his trial counsel’s alleged ineffective assistance. On state collateral

review, the Supreme Court of Virginia dismissed Wright’s claim on the ground that his

counsel’s performance was not constitutionally deficient under Strickland v. Washington,

466 U.S. 668 (1984). According to Wright, the state court unreasonably applied clearly

established federal law in reaching that judgment, deferring under Strickland’s first prong

to a purportedly strategic judgment that in fact rested on an undisputed and constitutionally

unreasonable mistake of law.

       We agree with Wright. The Supreme Court of Virginia applied the wrong legal

standard in assessing trial counsel’s performance under Strickland. Under the correct and

clearly established standard, trial counsel’s performance fell below prevailing professional

norms when he failed, without justification, to inform himself of state law critical to his

client’s case.   We further conclude that had Wright’s trial counsel been adequately

informed, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of his trial would have been

different, establishing prejudice under Strickland’s second prong. Accordingly, we reverse

in part the district court’s dismissal of Wright’s § 2254 petition and remand with

instructions to grant relief on the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.

                                              I.

       This case began when petitioner Mark O’Hara Wright, along with his brother,

entered a grocery store in Virginia, took deli sandwiches and two cases of beer, and then

                                              3
left without paying. Wright was convicted of the Virginia offense of grand larceny from

the person and sentenced to ten years’ imprisonment. He now seeks relief from that

conviction under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, on the ground that his trial counsel’s failure to object

when his jury was instructed on grand larceny constituted ineffective assistance under

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), and thus violated his Sixth Amendment

right to counsel.

                                            A.

       On March 25, 2012, Wright and his brother, Robert, accompanied by Robert’s 15-

year-old stepson, drove to Martin’s Grocery in Harrisonburg, Virginia. Wright and his

brother walked into the grocery, took sandwiches and two cases of beer, and left without

paying for their merchandise. The store’s security guard, Garrett Atkins, followed the

brothers to their minivan and took one of the cases of beer from Robert’s hands. At that

point, Robert’s stepson stepped out of the minivan – with Wright on the opposite side of

the van, out of Atkins’s view – and “took a fighting stance,” telling Atkins, “I’m going to

fuck you up.” J.A. 94. Robert then grabbed the beer back from Atkins, and Wright, Robert,

and Robert’s stepson left in the minivan, taking with them the sandwiches and beer.

       A grand jury indicted Wright for robbery by means of violence, based on Robert’s

physical taking of the beer from Atkins in the parking lot. 1 On the day of Wright’s 2012

       1
        Wright also was charged with two other offenses stemming from the events at the
grocery store: petit larceny, for originally taking the sandwiches and beer from the store
without paying for them; and contributing to the delinquency of a minor, for the
involvement of Robert’s stepson. The jury convicted Wright on both counts, neither of
which is at issue in this appeal.

                                            4
trial, the indictment was amended to charge Wright with robbery as a principal in the

second degree, meaning that Wright was present for and aided or abetted Robert’s taking

of the beer. See Brown v. Commonwealth, 107 S.E. 809, 810 (Va. 1921). In either form,

the robbery charge would require the Commonwealth of Virginia (“Commonwealth”) to

prove that the beer was taken from Atkins by force or intimidation, and if convicted of this

serious offense, Wright would face a sentence of five years to life in prison. See Va. Code

Ann. § 18.2-58; Commonwealth v. Hudgins, 611 S.E.2d 362, 365 (Va. 2005) (describing

elements of robbery). At trial, Atkins testified that he never spoke to Wright on the day of

the incident; the one thing he heard from Wright’s side of the minivan was someone saying,

“let’s go, let’s go,” after Robert had taken the beer from him. J.A. 100. And when asked

“what state of mind” he had been put in by the confrontation in the parking lot, Atkins

testified only that he was made “uncomfortable” by the “abnormal” events of the day. J.A.

96–97.

         The jury instruction at the heart of this case was proposed after the close of evidence,

when the Commonwealth asked that the jury be instructed not only on robbery but also on

grand larceny from the person – which, unlike the robbery charge, would not require proof

of force or intimidation, and carries a lower sentence of zero to 20 years’ imprisonment.

See Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-95; Ali v. Commonwealth, 701 S.E.2d 64, 67 (Va. 2010).

Because Wright was not indicted for grand larceny, the state relied in seeking the

instruction on the premise that grand larceny from the person is a lesser included offense

of robbery. See Commonwealth v. Dalton, 524 S.E.2d 860, 862 (Va. 2000) (defendant may

                                                5
be convicted of a crime with which he was not charged only if that crime is a lesser included

offense of a charged crime).

       Under Virginia law, a court must, upon counsel’s request, instruct on a lesser

included offense so long as there is evidence to support the charge. See Barrett v.

Commonwealth, 341 S.E.2d 190, 193 (Va. 1986). And at the time of trial, counsel for both

parties were “in agreement” that grand larceny from the person indeed was a lesser included

offense of robbery. J.A. 212. Accordingly, Wright’s counsel, Andrew C. Graves, did not

object to the Commonwealth’s proposed instruction, and the trial court issued Jury

Instruction 10, allowing the jury to consider both robbery and grand larceny.

       Specifically, the court instructed the jury that it should convict Wright of robbery if

the Commonwealth proved beyond a reasonable doubt: “(1) That the defendant intended

to steal; and (2) That the defendant took beer; and (3) That the taking was from Garrett

Atkins or in his presence; and (4) That the taking was against the will of the owner or

possessor; and (5) That the taking was accomplished by intimidation of the person or the

threat of serious bodily harm.” J.A. 270. If the Commonwealth could prove the first four

elements but not the fifth – that is, not the intimidation or threat of bodily harm – and prove

that the property taken was worth $5 or more, then the jury should “find the defendant

guilty of grand larceny from the person.” J.A. 270. Consistent with the Commonwealth’s

unchallenged representation, the verdict form listed grand larceny from the person as a

lesser included offense of robbery.

       In fact, and notwithstanding the parties’ agreement to the contrary, grand larceny

from the person is not a lesser included offense of robbery under Virginia law. Nor was

                                              6
there any doubt on that point at the time of Wright’s trial. See Ali, 701 S.E.2d at 67. Thus,

it is now undisputed that Jury Instruction 10 was improper when issued, in that it allowed

the jury to convict Wright of an offense for which he never was charged. See Dalton, 524

S.E.2d at 862. Moreover, neither party sought, and the court did not issue, an instruction

allowing the jury to consider, in connection with the parking-lot encounter, robbery’s

actual lesser included offense of petit larceny, with its maximum sentence of one year. See

Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-96; see also Dufresne v. Commonwealth, No. 161633, 2018 WL

1096067, at *1 (Va. Mar. 1, 2018) (explaining that petit larceny is a lesser included offense

of robbery); Yellardy v. Commonwealth, 561 S.E.2d 739, 743 (Va. Ct. App. 2002) (same).

       After deliberation, the jury acquitted Wright of robbery. But it found him guilty of

grand larceny from the person, and recommended a sentence of ten years’ imprisonment

for that offense. The court accepted that recommendation and imposed the entirety of the

ten-year sentence. Wright now is scheduled for release from prison on September 7, 2021. 2

                                             B.

       The relevant post-conviction proceedings began in 2017, when Wright filed a pro

se petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the Supreme Court of Virginia. Wright raised

       2
         At the close of trial, Wright was sentenced to a total of 22 and a half years’
imprisonment. That total accounted for convictions on several additional charges relating
to events that transpired when Wright and his brother were arrested after leaving the
grocery store. The Supreme Court of Virginia later overturned those convictions on appeal
on insufficiency of the evidence grounds. See Wright v. Commonwealth, 789 S.E.2d 611,
618 (Va. 2016). That left Wright with a sentence of 11 and a half years: ten years for
grand larceny from the person, and the rest for the two additional convictions for petit
larceny and contributing to the delinquency of a minor, noted above.

                                             7
several claims, including the only one at issue here: that his trial counsel, Graves, provided

ineffective assistance in violation of the Sixth Amendment when he failed to object to the

court’s instruction on grand larceny from the person. Because Virginia law makes clear

that grand larceny from the person in fact “is not a lesser included offense of robbery,”

Wright argued, “[a]ny reasonably competent attorney would have known” that an objection

was in order. J.A. 304–05.

       The Supreme Court of Virginia remanded that claim to the trial court for an

evidentiary hearing. After the hearing, the trial court found, as a matter of fact, that on the

day of Wright’s trial, Graves was “unaware that larceny from the person is not a lesser

included offense of robbery.” J.A. 384. But, the court noted, Graves testified that he

“believe[d] he would not have objected to the instruction whether he did or did not know”

the relevant law, because it would have been advantageous for the jury to have the option

of convicting Wright of an offense less serious than robbery. J.A. 384. Thus, the court

reasoned, “[t]here was a strategy coupled with a lack of knowledge.” J.A. 385.

       Back before the Supreme Court of Virginia, Wright argued that his trial counsel’s

failure to object could not be considered strategic if counsel did not know that he had any

basis upon which to object. The court disagreed and dismissed Wright’s petition, finding

that Graves’s performance was not deficient under Strickland. See Wright v. Woodson

(Wright I), No. 170163, 2018 WL 5077908, at *3–4 (Va. Oct. 18, 2018).

       The Supreme Court of Virginia did not question the finding that Graves was

unaware that grand larceny from the person was not a lesser included offense of robbery.

Nor did it consider whether Graves’s failure to inform himself of that highly relevant law

                                              8
fell below an objective standard of reasonable assistance in light of prevailing professional

norms. Instead, the court asked a different question: whether a hypothetical fully informed

and competent counsel “could still have decided” to forgo an objection to Jury Instruction

10, so that the jury would have in front of it an alternative to robbery with a lower

sentencing range. Id. at *3. And because Wright could not show that “no competent

counsel” might have made that strategic decision, the court concluded, he could not

establish that Graves’s performance was deficient. Id. at *4 (emphasis and internal

quotation marks omitted). That holding disposed of Wright’s claim, and the court did not

reach the question of whether Wright could show prejudice under Strickland’s second

prong.

         In October 2018, still proceeding pro se, Wright filed a § 2254 petition in federal

court, see 28 U.S.C. § 2254, again asserting – among other claims not at issue here – his

ineffective assistance of counsel claim. The district court granted the Commonwealth’s

motion to dismiss, holding that the Supreme Court of Virginia did not unreasonably apply

federal law in determining that Graves performed competently. See Wright v. Clarke

(Wright II), No. 7:18-cv-00533, 2019 WL 4534026, at *8–9 (W.D. Va. Sept. 19, 2019)

(citing 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)). Graves’s “outright legal errors” notwithstanding, the district

court concluded, the Supreme Court of Virginia reasonably could find that he had made a

                                              9
“tactical choice” not to object to Jury Instruction 10, so that the jury would have a “less

onerous” alternative to robbery. Id. at *9.

       Wright filed a timely appeal with this court. We granted a partial certificate of

appealability and appointed counsel.

                                              II.

       We review a district court’s denial of a habeas petition de novo. Grueninger v. Dir.,

Va. Dep’t of Corr., 813 F.3d 517, 523 (4th Cir. 2016). In evaluating Wright’s claim of

ineffective assistance, we apply the framework set out in Strickland v. Washington, 466

U.S. 668 (1984). Under Strickland’s “deficiency” prong – the one on which the Supreme

Court of Virginia relied – a petitioner first must show that his lawyer’s performance “fell

below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Id. at 688. And under Strickland’s second

prong, a petitioner also must show prejudice, in the form of a “reasonable probability that,

but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been

different.” Id. at 694.

       Our review of counsel’s performance always is deferential under Strickland. See

Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 190 (2011). But it is “doubly” so in cases like this one,

involving § 2254 petitions.      Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).         Under the

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), as the district court

recognized, a federal court may grant relief on a § 2254 claim only if a state court’s merits

determination was “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly

established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1).

                                              10
Wright can prevail here, in other words, only if he can show both that his counsel’s

performance was objectively unreasonable and undeserving of deference, and also that the

Supreme Court of Virginia’s finding to the contrary was itself “objectively unreasonable.”

Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 521 (2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). That is a

high standard, but in this case and for the reasons given below, we think that Wright has

met it. 3

                                             A.

        We begin with the issue that was dispositive for the Supreme Court of Virginia:

whether Graves’s performance was deficient under Strickland’s first prong, falling below

an objective standard of reasonableness when measured against “prevailing professional

norms.” Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 366 (2010) (internal quotation marks omitted);

see also Hinton v. Alabama, 571 U.S. 263, 273 (2014); United States v. Carthorne, 878

F.3d 458, 466 (4th Cir. 2017). Only acts or omissions that fall “outside the wide range of

professionally competent assistance” will amount to constitutionally deficient

performance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. As we note above, this is a “highly deferential”

standard, recognizing the “wide latitude counsel must have in making tactical decisions.”

Id. at 689.

        3
         Because the state court ended its analysis with Strickland’s first prong, there is no
state judgment to which we owe AEDPA deference on Strickland’s prejudice prong.
Accordingly, and as discussed below, we assess the prejudice question de novo. See
Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 534.

                                             11
       At the same time, however, Strickland makes clear that one critical element of

constitutionally reasonable performance is an adequate investigation of relevant facts and

law. Id. at 690–91 (discussing counsel’s duty to make “reasonable investigations”).

“[P]revailing professional norms,” that is, “include the duty to investigate and to research

a client’s case in a manner sufficient to support informed legal judgments.” Carthorne,

878 F.3d at 466; see, e.g., Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 395 (2000) (finding counsel’s

performance deficient for unreasonable failure to investigate mitigating evidence). And

that duty includes, as it must, a duty to investigate law as well as facts: “An attorney’s

ignorance of a point of law that is fundamental to his case combined with his failure to

perform basic research on that point is a quintessential example of unreasonable

performance under Strickland.” Hinton, 571 U.S. at 274.

       It follows, as the Court explained in Strickland, that an act or omission undertaken

by counsel in ignorance of the law can be deemed objectively reasonable if and only if the

failure to conduct legal research itself reflected a “reasonable professional judgment[].”

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690–91. It is the “particular decision not to investigate” the law,

that is, that must be “assessed for reasonableness in all the circumstances.” Id. at 691. And

if that decision was not reasonable – if counsel unreasonably failed to “demonstrate a basic

level of competence regarding the proper legal analysis governing” his case, Carthorne,

878 F.3d at 466 – then no deference is owed to purportedly “strategic” actions that follow.

See Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 385 (1986) (finding that counsel’s failure to

request discovery cannot be deemed “strategic” where it rests on “mistaken belief[]” about

the law); Carthorne, 878 F.3d at 469 (explaining that presumption that counsel is acting

                                             12
strategically is “defeated when counsel fails to do basic legal research, because lack of

preparation and research” cannot themselves be considered strategic (internal quotation

marks omitted)); see also Thompson v. Gansler, 734 F. App’x 846, 855 (4th Cir. 2018)

(“[M]yriad controlling opinions stand[] for the proposition that acts or omissions made by

counsel under a mistaken belief or an ignorance of law are rarely – if ever – ‘reasonable’

in light of prevailing professional norms.”).

       The performance of Wright’s counsel was plainly deficient under this well-

established standard. When he declined to object to Jury Instruction 10, counsel was

unaware that the stated and critical premise for that instruction – that grand larceny from

the person is a lesser included offense of robbery – was legally incorrect. Under Strickland,

the question then becomes whether counsel’s failure to investigate this pivotal point of law

can itself be deemed reasonable, applying the appropriately deferential standard. See 466

U.S. at 691. Here, there are no “reasonable professional judgments,” id., that could support

counsel’s failure to inform himself of the governing law, and the Commonwealth does not

meaningfully argue otherwise.

       There is no suggestion, for instance, that the legal research involved would have

been difficult or resource-intensive; at the time of trial, Virginia law on the point was

unequivocal and long-standing. See Ali, 701 S.E.2d at 67. Indeed, counsel could have

learned that grand larceny from the person is not a lesser included offense of robbery

simply by reviewing Jury Instruction 10, which on its face demonstrates that each offense

“requires proof of a fact that the other does not,” see Hudgins, 611 S.E.2d at 364 (internal

quotation marks omitted): for robbery, proof of intimidation or threat of serious bodily

                                                13
harm; and for grand larceny from the person, proof that the property taken was worth at

least $5. See J.A. 270. Nor can counsel’s failure to familiarize himself with the relevant

law be excused by the pressures of the moment. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689 (“A fair

assessment of attorney performance requires that every effort be made to eliminate the

distorting effects of hindsight . . . .”). Although the Commonwealth may have surprised

defense counsel with its proposed instruction during trial, counsel and the prosecutor

subsequently took a substantial recess to discuss the jury instructions, during which counsel

would have had ample opportunity to assess the lawfulness of the instruction on grand

larceny.

       In this case, in short, counsel’s failure to perform even a minimal investigation of

the law cannot be said to reflect a “reasonable decision” or trial strategy. See id. at 691.

And that unreasonable ignorance of the law left counsel wholly unable to make the kind of

“tactical” decision regarding Jury Instruction 10 that the Commonwealth now attributes to

him. Indeed, from counsel’s perspective, there was no decision to be made at all: Grand

larceny from the person was a lesser included offense of robbery; the Commonwealth

therefore was entitled to its requested instruction under Virginia law, see Barrett, 341

S.E.2d at 193, leaving counsel with no grounds for objection; and so the jury would be

instructed on grand larceny from the person at the Commonwealth’s election, regardless of

whether counsel thought that would help or hurt his client. Because no “reasonable

professional judgments” can justify counsel’s lack of investigation into the relevant law,

his failure to object to Jury Instruction 10 is similarly unreasonable, and his performance

deficient under Strickland. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691 (“[C]hoices made after less

                                             14
than complete investigation are reasonable precisely to the extent that reasonable

professional judgments support the limitations on investigation.”); see also Wiggins, 539

U.S. at 526 (finding ineffective assistance when counsel’s “failure to investigate

thoroughly resulted from inattention, not reasoned strategic judgment”).

       The Supreme Court of Virginia did not reach a different conclusion as to whether

Graves’s unawareness of the law took him “outside the wide range of professionally

competent assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. Indeed, it failed to address that

question at all – misapplying the clearly established federal law that requires a reviewing

court to “directly assess[] for reasonableness” counsel’s “particular decision” not to inform

himself of pertinent law. See id. at 691 (“In any ineffectiveness case, a particular decision

not to investigate must be directly assessed for reasonableness . . . .”). Instead, it evaluated

Graves’s performance by asking only whether some other hypothetical counsel, fully

informed of the law, reasonably could have allowed Jury Instruction 10 to go to the jury as

a matter of strategy. See Wright I, 2018 WL 5077908, at *4. Here again, the Supreme

Court of Virginia misapplied clearly established federal law, conflating Strickland’s

performance and prejudice prongs.

       As the Supreme Court has made clear, an unreasonable failure to investigate the law

is itself deficient performance. See Hinton, 571 U.S. at 274. And that does not change if

counsel arrives, by luck or accident, at a decision that an appropriately informed counsel

also might have reached. That is because the objective merits of a decision made under an

unreasonable and deficient mistake of law – here, counsel’s agreement to Jury Instruction

10 – do not govern the performance analysis. As the Supreme Court explained in Wiggins,

                                              15
“[O]ur principal concern in deciding whether [an attorney] exercised ‘reasonable

professional judgmen[t]’ is not whether counsel should have [made a particular decision].

Rather, we focus on whether the investigation supporting counsel’s decision . . . was itself

reasonable.” 539 U.S. at 522–23 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691) (first emphasis

added).

       It may well be the case, as the Supreme Court of Virginia concluded, that a

reasonably informed counsel could have made a tactical decision to agree to Jury

Instruction 10, notwithstanding its invalidity, so that Wright’s jury would have the option

of convicting for an offense that carried a lesser penalty than robbery. See Wright I, 2018

WL 5077908, at *4. But as we detail below, that possibility is accounted for under

Strickland’s prejudice prong, which asks whether there is a “reasonable probability” that

appropriately informed counsel would have made a different decision and obtained a

different result. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. The Supreme Court applied just that

distinction in Kimmelman, in which it held that counsel’s failure to request discovery, based

on “mistaken beliefs” about the law, constituted deficient performance. 477 U.S. at 385.

Whether the evidence in question was important enough to warrant discovery, the court

explained, would be “pertinent to the determination whether [the defendant] was

prejudiced by his attorney’s incompetence,” but “shed[] no light on the reasonableness” of

counsel’s actual decision, which reflected “ignorance of the law” rather than strategic

judgment. Id. at 385, 387; cf. United States v. Muniz, 647 F.3d 619, 624–25 (6th Cir. 2011)

                                             16
(holding that counsel who fell asleep during trial performed deficiently and that whether

an “awake” counsel would have objected was a matter of prejudice, not performance). 4

       The Supreme Court of Virginia misapplied clearly established law in evaluating

counsel’s performance, leading it to the “objectively unreasonable” conclusion, see

Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 521 (internal quotation marks omitted) (applying § 2254(d)(1)), that

petitioner could not show constitutional deficiency under Strickland. Under Strickland and

its progeny, counsel must adequately inform himself of the law fundamental to the case or

have some objectively reasonable justification for failing to do so. Wright’s trial counsel

was inadequately informed, and unreasonably so. That he now believes he would have

agreed to Jury Instruction 10 even if he had not unreasonably failed to learn the relevant

law, see J.A. 384 (describing Graves’s testimony at post-conviction hearing), may bear on

Strickland’s prejudice prong, but it does not retroactively redeem his performance at the

       4
         The Supreme Court of Virginia relied in part on a decision of the Tenth Circuit,
Bullock v. Carver, 297 F.3d 1036 (2002), in measuring performance by asking whether a
reasonably informed counsel might have made the same decision as Wright’s uninformed
trial counsel. See Wright I, 2018 WL 5077908, at *4. That, too, was in error. First, a
circuit court decision cannot justify what otherwise would be an unreasonable application
of “clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court” under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d)(1). And as Bullock itself acknowledges, in a case involving a counsel’s mistake
of law, Strickland’s “language” makes clear precisely the law we have laid out above:
“[S]trategic choices made after less than complete investigation are reasonable precisely to
the extent that reasonable professional judgments support the limitations on investigation.”
297 F.3d at 1049 n.6 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690–91). Indeed, the Tenth Circuit
since has clarified that it follows Strickland’s “objectively reasonable” standard for
evaluating counsel’s performance, and that any suggestion to the contrary in Bullock is
dicta. See Hooper v. Mullin, 314 F.3d 1162, 1170 n.3 (2002).

                                            17
time of trial, see Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 521, 526–27 (rejecting “post hoc rationalization” for

deficient performance).

                                             B.

       Having found that Graves performed deficiently under clearly established law, we

turn to the Commonwealth’s argument that Wright was not prejudiced under Strickland’s

second prong. As noted above, we address this question de novo; because the Supreme

Court of Virginia did not reach the issue of Strickland prejudice, our review is not

circumscribed by AEDPA’s standard of review. See Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 534. Nor, in

assessing prejudice, do we apply the “highly deferential” standard used to assess counsel’s

performance under Strickland. See Carthorne, 878 F.3d at 465, 469. Instead, we ask only

whether there is a “reasonable probability” that counsel’s ignorance of the law affected the

trial’s outcome. See Kimmelman, 477 U.S. at 375. And while we recognize that even a

fully informed trial counsel might have agreed to Jury Instruction 10 under the

circumstances of this case, we think there also is a reasonable probability that he would not

have, leading to a different outcome in Wright’s trial.

       As discussed above, when counsel’s purportedly “tactical” decision reflects an

unreasonable and thus deficient failure to investigate the law, the objective merits of that

decision are relevant to the prejudice inquiry, though not to the performance prong, see id.

at 387: The more likely it is that a hypothetical informed counsel would have made the

same decision, the less likely it is that actual counsel’s deficient performance mattered to

the outcome of the trial. And indeed, there will be cases in which an act or omission,

though undertaken in ignorance of the law, is so plainly the only reasonable or most

                                             18
reasonable trial tactic that there is no realistic probability that competent counsel would

have acted differently. Cf. Muniz, 647 F.3d at 624–25 (holding that deficient performance

by sleeping counsel did not prejudice defendant because even “awake” counsel could not

and would not have objected).

       This is not such a case. Again, we do not question the Supreme Court of Virginia’s

assessment that an informed counsel reasonably could have made a tactical decision to

accede to the improper jury instruction, believing that Wright would benefit if the jury had

an option of finding him culpable but convicting him of a crime less serious than robbery.

See Wright I, 2018 WL 5077908, at *3–4. But that was not the only reasonable strategic

judgment available to our hypothetical and fully informed counsel. That counsel, knowing

that grand larceny from the person was not a lesser included offense of robbery and thus

could not be sent to the jury, might have lodged what he knew would be a successful

objection to Jury Instruction 10, deciding that his client would be better off if the jury were

instructed only on robbery. Because the Commonwealth’s key witness, security guard

Atkins, had not testified to feeling intimidated or threatened in the parking lot, the jury well

might have acquitted on robbery even without an alternative charge – a thought that may

have occurred to the Commonwealth, too, given its last-minute request for a lesser-

included-offense instruction. And there was a third option, as well. Even assuming he did

not want to make an “all or nothing” bet on robbery, an informed counsel would have

known that he could have objected successfully to Jury Instruction 10 and instead sought

an instruction on petit larceny, an actual lesser included offense of robbery with a

                                              19
maximum sentence of one year imprisonment, as opposed to the 20-year maximum for

grand larceny from the person. 5

       This is a complicated decision-tree, calling for a careful weighing of risks and

potential rewards. Wright’s actual counsel, as we have explained, failed to put himself in

a position to make such an informed strategic judgment on Wright’s behalf. See Carthorne,

878 F.3d at 466 (describing duty to perform legal research sufficient to support informed

legal judgments). But given the multiple options available to a hypothetical informed

counsel, each with its own strategic merits, we think there is a “reasonable probability” that

such counsel would have chosen not to send to the jury an instruction on grand larceny that

he knew to be improper, and would instead have objected to Jury Instruction 10 – either to

put the jury to the choice of convicting on robbery or acquitting outright, or to seek instead

an instruction on an actual lesser included offense with lower sentencing exposure.

       The rest of the prejudice inquiry is straightforward. Had counsel objected to Jury

Instruction 10, it is highly likely that the objection would have been sustained; as all parties

       5
         The district court ruled that Wright had procedurally defaulted any claim that
counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to seek an instruction on petit larceny,
see Wright II, 2019 WL 4534026, at *5, and the Commonwealth continues to argue that
point on appeal. But Wright, to be clear, is not claiming that his counsel performed
ineffectively by failing to request a petit larceny instruction. Instead, Wright contends – as
he has consistently, in state and federal court – that he was denied the effective assistance
of counsel when his lawyer failed to object to the improper instruction on grand larceny
from the person, and that the availability of a petit larceny alternative merely informs our
assessment, under Strickland, of his counsel’s performance and the resulting prejudice. As
no party disputes, those arguments are properly presented, and we take them into account
here.

                                              20
now agree, that instruction was plainly improper, allowing the jury to convict on a charge

for which Wright had not been indicted. See Dalton, 524 S.E.2d at 862. It also is highly

likely that a jury instructed only on robbery would have acquitted Wright of that charge:

The actual jury did acquit Wright of robbery, finding that the Commonwealth had failed to

prove the elements of that crime beyond a reasonable doubt, and we may presume that the

jury did its job lawfully and properly. And had the jury been instructed on petit larceny, it

might or might not have convicted Wright of that crime – but either way, Wright would

have served no more than one year for the offense, as opposed to his ten-year sentence on

grand larceny from the person. In short, had trial counsel objected to Jury Instruction 10,

there is, at the very least, a “reasonable probability” that the outcome of Wright’s trial

would have been different and more favorable to him. 6

       In Strickland, the Supreme Court rejected a higher standard for prejudice in favor

of the one we apply today: a reasonable probability, “sufficient to undermine confidence

in the outcome,” of a different result had counsel’s performance met minimum

       6
         The Commonwealth raises a different possibility: If counsel had objected to Jury
Instruction 10, the Commonwealth suggests, then the prosecutor might have moved to
amend Wright’s indictment to include a grand larceny from the person charge, allowing
for a jury instruction on that offense. Perhaps so. But, based on his statements to the trial
court, the prosecutor believed grand larceny was a lesser included offense of robbery, and
there is no indication that he would have insisted on the instruction once he was informed
otherwise. And even if the prosecutor had moved to amend Wright’s indictment – a
decision that, per the prosecutor’s own testimony at the post-conviction hearing, would
have been “unusual,” J.A. 374 – whether to grant such a motion rests with the discretion
of the trial court. See Va. Code Ann. § 19.2-231. Given these imponderables, we do not
think this prospect sufficiently likely to defeat a “reasonable probability” of a different
result.

                                             21
constitutional standards. 466 U.S. at 693–94 (rejecting requirement that defendant show

counsel’s deficient performance “more likely than not” altered outcome). Here, we cannot

be confident that trial counsel’s lack of basic knowledge on a fundamental point of law did

not prejudice his client. Because there is a “reasonable probability” that counsel’s deficient

performance – his unreasonable failure to inform himself of the law – affected the outcome

of Wright’s trial, Wright is entitled to relief on his Sixth Amendment claim of ineffective

assistance of counsel.

                                             III.

       For the foregoing reasons, we reverse in part the judgment of the district court and

remand with instructions to grant the writ on Wright’s Sixth Amendment ineffective

assistance claim.

                                                    REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED

                                             22
QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment:

      I concur in the judgment of the panel.

                                           23