Court Opinion

ID: 9942538
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-21 15:11:41.623204+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:48:12.151677
License: Public Domain

[J-67-2023]
               IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                          EASTERN DISTRICT

PENNSYLVANIA PROFESSIONAL          :   No. 7 EAP 2023
LIABILITY JOINT UNDERWRITING       :
ASSOCIATION,                       :   Petition for Certification of Question
                                   :   of Law from the United States Court
                Appellant          :   of Appeals for the Third Circuit at
                                   :   Nos. 18-2297 and 18-2323;
                                   :   Nos. 19-1057 and 19-1058; and
          v.                       :   Nos. 21-1099, 21-1112 and 19-1155
                                   :
                                   :   ARGUED: November 29, 2023
GOVERNOR OF THE COMMONWEALTH       :
OF PENNSYLVANIA, THE GENERAL       :
ASSEMBLY OF THE COMMONWEALTH       :
OF PENNSYLVANIA,                   :
                                   :
                Appellees          :
                                   :
PENNSYLVANIA PROFESSIONAL          :
LIABILITY JOINT UNDERWRITING       :
ASSOCIATION,                       :
                                   :
                Appellant          :
                                   :
                                   :
          v.                       :
                                   :
                                   :
GOVERNOR OF PENNSYLVANIA; THE      :
GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE            :
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA;      :
PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE              :
PENNSYLVANIA SENATE; MINORITY      :
LEADER PENNSYLVANIA SENATE;        :
SPEAKER PENNSYLVANIA HOUSE OF      :
REPRESENTATIVES; MINORITY LEADER   :
PENNSYLVANIA HOUSE OF              :
REPRESENTATIVES; INSURANCE         :
COMMISSIONER OF PENNSYLVANIA,      :
                                   :
                Appellees          :
                                   :
 PENNSYLVANIA PROFESSIONAL                          :
 LIABILITY JOINT UNDERWRITING                       :
 ASSOCIATION,                                       :
                                                    :
                       Appellant                    :
                                                    :
                                                    :
               v.                                   :
                                                    :
                                                    :
 GOVERNOR OF PENNSYLVANIA;                          :
 GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE                            :
 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,                      :
                                                    :
                       Appellees

                                           ORDER

PER CURIAM                                              DECIDED: February 21, 2024
       This Court granted the Petition for Certification of Question of State Law filed by

the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (Third Circuit) to address the

following issue, as stated by the Third Circuit:          “Under Pennsylvania law, is the

Commonwealth’s Joint Underwriting Association [(JUA)] a public or private entity?” See

Pa. Pro. Liab. Joint Underwriting Ass’n v. Governor, 293 A.3d 1219 (Pa. 2023) (per

curiam). Upon review of the parties’ briefs, after considering the parties’ oral arguments,

and after reviewing existing Pennsylvania law, we have determined that we improvidently

granted this certification request.

       As pointed out by the Third Circuit in its certification petition, the question currently

before the Third Circuit “is one of federal law: whether the plaintiff, [JUA], is an entity that

can assert federal constitutional rights against the Commonwealth.” (Certification Petition

at 4 (emphasis added).) The question, which the Third Circuit certified to us and which

we accepted, however, is devoid of context and presents this Court with a generally stated

binary choice—i.e., the JUA is either “public” or it is “private.” Without question, this Court

                                        [J-67-2023] - 2
has, from time to time, considered whether certain entities should be treated as

governmental, or quasi-governmental. For example, in Pennsylvania State University v.

Derry Township School District, 731 A.2d 1272 (Pa. 1999), we addressed whether the

Pennsylvania State University should be exempt from local property taxes as a public

entity. Additionally, in Sphere Drake Insurance Company v. Philadelphia Gas Works,

782 A.2d 510 (Pa. 2001), we addressed whether Philadelphia Gas Works should be

entitled to governmental immunity as a local agency.               These, however, were

context-driven decisions.

       A determination of whether a particular entity is “public” or “private,” generally

speaking, is not a concept moored in our current state law jurisprudence.            Context

matters. In the federal litigation from which this matter originates, the context, as the

Third Circuit noted, “is one of federal law.” Whether the JUA is a “private” entity that can

assert federal constitutional rights against the Commonwealth is a matter of federal

constitutional jurisprudence, not Pennsylvania law. See, e.g., Goldman v. Se. Pa. Transp.

Auth., 57 A.3d 1154, 1169-85 (Pa. 2012) (applying federal jurisprudence to determine

whether entity was “arm of the Commonwealth” for purposes of Eleventh Amendment

immunity); Manhattan Cmty. Access Corp. v. Halleck, 587 U.S. ___, 139 S. Ct. 1921,

1928-34 (2019) (applying state-action doctrine to determine that private entity operating

public access channels on cable system was not state actor subject to Free Speech

Clause of Fourteenth Amendment); Edison v. Douberly, 604 F.3d 1307, 1308-10

(11th Cir. 2010) (concluding that private prison management corporation operating state

prison was not public entity subject to liability under Americans With Disabilities Act simply

because it contracted with public entity to provide service); Patrick v. Floyd Med. Ctr.,

201 F.3d 1313, 1315-17 (11th Cir. 2000) (applying nexus/joint action test to determine

whether interdependence between private and public/state entities constituted sufficient

                                       [J-67-2023] - 3
state involvement to sustain cause of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983); see also Perkins

v. Londonderry Basketball Club, 196 F.3d 13, 18 (1st Cir. 1999) (“[T]he public/private

dichotomy remains embedded in our constitutional jurisprudence.              This dichotomy

distinguishes between state action, which must conform to the prescriptions of the

Fourteenth Amendment, and private conduct, which generally enjoys immunity from

Fourteenth Amendment strictures.” (internal citations omitted)).

       In light of the foregoing, although Pennsylvania law may prove helpful and

informative, the question currently before the Third Circuit is principally one of federal law.

Given this context, we respectfully decline to answer the general question posed to us by

the Third Circuit. See Pa.R.A.P. 3341(c) (“The Supreme Court may accept certification

of a question of Pennsylvania law . . . .”).

       AND NOW, this 21st day of February, 2024, the matter is DISMISSED as having

been improvidently granted and returned to the Third Circuit.

       Justice Wecht did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.

                                       [J-67-2023] - 4