Court Opinion

ID: 9737640
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-26 19:31:13.729361+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:24:00.414667
License: Public Domain

Corrigan, J.
We granted the prosecution’s application for leave to appeal to decide whether the trial court had a duty to grant a continuance on its own motion in response to newly discovered evidence. We conclude that it did not, and that defendant is not otherwise entitled to a new trial on the basis of the alleged discovery violations. Accordingly, we vacate the judgment of the Court of Appeals, which reversed *754defendant’s jury trial conviction of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520b; MSA 28.788(2), and remand for consideration of defendant’s remaining appellate issues.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Defendant lived with his girlfriend and her two-year-old son. Defendant and the young child were taking a bath together, on defendant’s suggestion, when the mother heard her son screaming. When she entered the bathroom, her son was crying and shaking. Neither defendant nor the child were dressed. Defendant explained that the boy fell and almost hit his head. When the mother noticed some blood between her son’s buttocks, she asked defendant to drive her and the child to the hospital. Defendant refused and suggested that they wait until the next day to see if the boy’s injuries improved.
The child’s mother then enlisted the aid of her second cousin, who picked them up and drove them to the hospital. When the cousin first arrived at the house she observed that the child’s bottom was swollen, bruised, and covered with dried blood. As they drove to the hospital, the child was saying “Chad butt.” He said the same thing at the hospital when he saw his grandmother. In the emergency room, Scott Randall, D.O., examined the boy. Dr. Randall observed swelling, redness, bruising, and two fissures, or tears, around the anus. Concerned that the child may have been the victim of sexual abuse, Dr. Randall obtained a “criminal sexual conduct kit” and contacted the local police department.
*755When questioned by the police immediately after the incident, defendant denied any improper sexual conduct with the boy. Defendant speculated that the child’s injuries may have been caused by falling onto the spout of the bathtub. In a written statement, defendant explained that the child slipped in the tub as he was standing up and attempting to put his toys away. A few months later, the police questioned defendant a second time. In his second police interview, defendant changed his story and explained that he had attempted to place his smallest finger into the child’s anus. When the officer opined that a penetration by just the tip of defendant’s finger was inconsistent with the boy’s injuries, defendant explained that he placed his finger into the child’s rectum up to his second knuckle and made a “c” motion.
Dr. Randall opined that the child’s injuries were not consistent with a fall or with the insertion of a finger, but that they were consistent with penetration by an adult penis. In collecting evidence for the criminal sexual conduct kit, Dr. Randall performed two dry swabs of the boy’s rectum. Tests of these dry swabs conducted at the Michigan State Police Laboratory revealed no evidence of semen. In addition to the dry swabs, Dr. Randall took two wet swabs. Dr. Randall explained that a wet swab, or “wet prep,” would be more effective than a dry swab for obtaining sperm from dry areas such as the rectum. When Dr. Randall later looked at the results of the wet prep under a microscope, he observed two sperm fragments.
Defendant did not testify or present any proofs. The jury found defendant guilty of first-degree criminal sexual conduct and the trial court sentenced *756defendant to a term of fifty to seventy-five years imprisonment.
II. DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO SUPPRESS
The issues before the Court involve Dr. Randall’s observation of sperm fragments in the wet swab sample taken from the victim. Before trial, Dr. Randall had not told anyone involved in the criminal investigation that he had observed sperm fragments under a microscope. Nor did he tell anyone that he had obtained a laboratory test on the wet swab sample.
Defendant filed a discovery request in which he sought material available under MCR 6.201, including exculpatory evidence, documents, reports produced by or for expert witnesses, descriptions of physical evidence to be introduced at trial, and the opportunity to inspect physical evidence. In response to this request, the prosecution furnished defendant with a copy of the emergency room report signed by Dr. Randall. The emergency room report contained a notation by Dr. Randall explaining that he had discussed the case with another physician who “suggested wet prep/ GC/ Chlamydia Culture and attemt [sic] for motile sperm slide which were obtained.” Also on the emergency room report, within a section entitled “present medications,” appeared the words “Wet prep, GC, Chlamydia Culture, Motile Sperm.” Although Dr. Randall had testified at defendant’s preliminary examination, neither the prosecution nor the defense questioned him about the meaning of the notations on the emergency room report or about whether he had observed any evidence of semen or sperm on the victim. This fact suggests that neither *757party paid particular attention to the “wet prep” and “motile sperm” notations on the emergency room report.
On the morning of the first day of defendant’s two-day trial, Dr. Randall informed the prosecutor, for the first time, that he had observed sperm fragments recovered from the victim.1 Dr. Randall and the prosecutor also reviewed the results of laboratory work that had been performed on the wet swab sample.2 Dr. Randall had seen the results of the wet swab laboratory report for the first time only three days earlier. As soon as the prosecutor learned of Dr. Randall’s observations of sperm, he immediately informed defense counsel. Until Dr. Randall’s disclosure, neither party had known of any evidence indicating the presence of sperm. Defense counsel conceded at trial and again at sentencing that the prosecutor had not been advised of the presence of sperm until the first day of trial.
At the beginning of the second day of trial, the parties informed the trial court of Dr. Randall’s disclosure, at which time defendant moved to suppress Dr. Randall’s proposed testimony regarding the sperm fragments. Defense counsel argued that it would be unfair to allow Dr. Randall to testify about the presence of sperm because defendant was not made *758aware of that evidence before trial. The trial court denied defendant’s motion to suppress, reasoning that defendant was put “on notice” of the possibility that Dr. Randall had recovered sperm from the victim by the notations on the emergency room report referencing “wet prep” and “motile sperm.” The trial court further explained that Dr. Randall had no duty to volunteer the information at the preliminary examination in the absence of a specific question, and that there was no evidence that Dr. Randall had answered any question falsely. Although neither party had actual notice before trial of the presence of sperm, neither requested a continuance on the record.
m. THE .COURT OF APPEALS OPINION
On appeal to the Court of Appeals, defendant argued that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion to suppress the evidence of sperm that neither party learned about until the first day of trial. Seeing the issue in a different light, the Court of Appeals reversed on the ground that the prosecutor committed specific discovery violations when it failed to make the wet swab laboratory report and the wet swab sample available to defendant immediately after Dr. Randall’s surprise disclosure. In reaching this conclusion, the Court of Appeals first rejected the trial court’s conclusion that the writing on the emergency room report put defendant “on notice” of the possible discovery of sperm. It explained that, when viewed in context, there was no reasonable way that the rather obscure words on the emergency report could have afforded defendant notice that evidence of sperm had been discovered. The Court of Appeals then con-*759eluded that the wet swab laboratory report was discoverable under MCR 6.201(A)(3), as a report prepared for an expert witness, and that the wet swab sample was discoverable under MCR 6.201(A)(6), as tangible physical evidence.
After finding the discovery violations, the Court of Appeals rejected the prosecutor’s argument that, in the absence of a specific request for a continuance, the trial court was excused from remedying the potential prejudice. The panel explained that, although the trial court was not obligated to exclude the evidence, some remedy, “such as a continuance and the opportunity to examine the evidence regarding the presence of sperm,” was required. The Court of Appeals next explained that defendant’s case was prejudiced by the discovery errors because they left him without an opportunity to “scientifically evaluate” the wet swabs, examine the laboratory report for inconsistencies, or to “intelligently” cross-examine Dr. Randall. In particular, the panel opined that defendant could not be expected to be prepared to meet Dr. Randall’s testimony on such short notice without access to the laboratory report or physical evidence itself. Finally, the Court of Appeals stated that the errors were not harmless.
IV. DISCOVERY ISSUES
The Court of Appeals found error in the prosecutor’s failure to make the wet swab laboratory report and the wet swab sample itself available to defendant immediately after Dr. Randall’s surprising trial-day disclosure regarding the presence of sperm. *760This conclusion was not warranted on the basis of defendant’s argument or the record on appeal.
Defendant did not argue in the trial court or in the Court of Appeals that the prosecution had violated MCR 6.201 by failing to turn over the wet swab laboratory report or wet swab sample. Instead, he argued only that the trial court should have suppressed Dr. Randall’s testimony regarding the sperm fragments because it came as a “surprise.” To the extent defendant complained of a discovery violation in the Court of Appeals, his argument focused on the “evidence of sperm” in general, rather than on the sample or laboratory report in particular. Defendant asserted that the prosecution had a duty to notify him of the evidence of sperm in a timely manner in order to allow him a fair chance to prepare his defense on the basis of full and accurate information. Conceding that the evidence of sperm was not technically “favorable” to him under Brady v Maryland, 373 US 83, 87; 83 S Ct 1194; 10 L Ed 2d 215 (1963), he nevertheless suggested that its “timely” disclosure might have somehow bolstered a theory of the defense.3 Defendant also contended that, at a minimum, the trial court “should have sua sponte ordered a continuance, in order to give the defense a reasonable opportunity to prepare to confront the late testimony.” Because defendant never cited MCR 6.201, and never asserted that the prosecution was specifically obliged to turn over the wet swab laboratory report or wet swab *761sample, the Court of Appeals significantly expanded defendant’s argument when it reversed his conviction on that basis.
More importantly, the record did not support the Court of Appeals “finding” that defendant was denied access to the wet swab laboratory report and the wet swab sample at any time after Dr. Randall’s disclosure. It is undisputed that neither party had actual notice of the evidence of sperm until the first day of trial. On that day, in court, Dr. Randall and the prosecutor “reviewed” the results of the wet swab laboratory test. The prosecutor then immediately advised defense counsel of the new information. Defendant’s only objection at trial, made the following day, went to his general lack of knowledge regarding the evidence of sperm before Dr. Randall’s disclosure. If there was a copy of the wet swab laboratory report in court, a question the Court of Appeals could not have answered with confidence on the basis of the record before it, there was no reason to believe that defense counsel did not have an equal opportunity to inspect it.4 The same can be said for the wet swab sample.
*762As the appellant below, defendant bore the burden of furnishing the reviewing court with a record to verify the factual basis of any argument upon which reversal was predicated. Petraszewsky v Keeth (On Remand), 201 Mich App 535, 540; 506 NW2d 890 (1993); cf. People v Lee, 391 Mich 618, 626-627; 218 NW2d 655 (1974); People v Winters, 225 Mich App 718, 729; 571 NW2d 764 (1997). In his brief below, defendant did not point to anything in the lower court record that would establish that the prosecutor failed to provide the items in question to defendant after Dr. Randall’s disclosure. Undoubtedly, this occurred in part because defendant never argued that the prosecutor erred in failing to provide these items. Defendant also did not seek to expand the record in this respect by requesting an evidentiary hearing. The record provided no factual basis upon which to conclude that the prosecutor had failed to make the wet swab laboratory report and the wet swab sample available to defendant immediately after Dr. Randall’s disclosure. Accordingly, the Court of Appeals erred in reversing defendant’s conviction on that basis.
Apart from the wet swab sample and the wet swab laboratory report, the only other “evidence of sperm” not disclosed to defendant before trial was Dr. Randall’s own personal observations. Clearly, this information was outside the scope of discovery. Because Dr. Randall did not make notes of his observations, they were not subject to mandatory disclosure under MCR 6.201(A)(3). Dr. Randall’s personal observations of sperm were not otherwise discoverable because *763evidence of sperm recovered from the victim was not “exculpatory” under MCR 6.201(B)(1), or “favorable to an accused” under Brady, supra.
V. THE DUTY TO SEEK A CONTINUANCE
Although the Court of Appeals erred in finding specific discovery violations in this case, the fact remains that neither defendant nor the prosecutor knew of the evidence of sperm until the morning of the first day of trial. Defendant might have learned of this evidence sooner if defense counsel had asked Dr. Randall more probing questions at the preliminary examination, or if the prosecutor had discovered the existence of the wet swab laboratory report before the first day of trial.5 Whatever the reason for defense counsel’s lack of knowledge before trial, it surely constituted reasonable grounds for seeking a continuance at trial. Of course, defense counsel may also have had sound reasons to avoid any delay. Defense counsel’s strategy at trial was to challenge Dr. Randall’s credibility by arguing that he lacked experience. The prosecutor argues that a delay would have allowed it to endorse and call the laboratory technicians who prepared the wet swab sample laboratory report. Testimony from the laboratory technicians confirming that the wet swab sample contained sperm fragments would have undermined defendant’s argument regarding Dr. Randall’s lack of experience. In any event, faced with the dilemma of Dr. Randall’s trial-day dis*764closure, defense counsel elected to seek suppression of the evidence on the ground that it came as a “surprise” to him, and not to seek a continuance.
The Court of Appeals conclusion that suppression of Dr. Randall’s testimony was unwarranted was correct. Because defendant failed to allege or establish a specific discovery violation, or any other sort of prosecutorial misconduct, the trial court lacked a basis upon which to punish the prosecutor by suppressing otherwise admissible evidence. Furthermore, even if defendant had established an inadvertent discovery violation, a continuance, had one been requested, would have alleviated any harm to defendant’s case by allowing both parties to prepare for the evidence of sperm without requiring the exclusion of relevant evidence. Under such circumstances, the more severe remedy of suppression would not have been appropriate. See People v Clark, 164 Mich App 224, 230; 416 NW2d 390 (1987).
We reject defendant’s alternative argument below that, in lieu of granting defendant’s motion to suppress, the trial court “should have sua sponte ordered a continuance, in order to give the defense a reasonable opportunity to prepare to confront the late testimony.” Although defense counsel had ample reason to seek a continuance at trial, he elected not to do so. The longstanding rule of this state is that, in the absence of a request for a continuance, a trial court should assume that a party does not desire a continuance. See People v Lee, 307 Mich 743, 750; 12 NW2d 418 (1943); People v Ranney, 153 Mich 293, 299; 116 NW 999 (1908); People v Kelly, 186 Mich App 524, 527; 465 NW2d 569 (1990); People v Kvam, 160 Mich App *765189, 200; 408 NW2d 71 (1987); People v McLendon, 51 Mich App 543, 546; 215 NW2d 742 (1974); People v Lakin, 30 Mich App 441, 445; 186 NW2d 867 (1971). Given this clear rule, the trial court cannot be faulted for failing to grant a continuance on its own motion. This rule makes sense because (1) it acknowledges the fact that the parties may have strategic reasons for wishing to proceed, and (2) a contrary rule would place trial courts in the difficult position of having to order unrequested delays as a prophylactic measure against reversal.
VI. HARMLESS ERROR ANALYSIS
Even if Dr. Randall’s testimony regarding the presence of sperm fragments in the “wet prep” had been tainted by a prosecutorial failure to disclose the laboratory report or wet swab sample, or by the trial court’s failure to grant a continuance on its own motion, any such error would have been harmless. The applicable standard of harmless error review depends on whether the error in question was non-constitutional or constitutional in nature. People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 773-774; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). There is no general constitutional right to discovery in a criminal case. People v Stanaway, 446 Mich 643, 664; 521 NW2d 557 (1994), citing Weatherford v Bursey, 429 US 545, 559; 97 S Ct 837; 51 L Ed 2d 30 (1977). Accordingly, a prosecutorial violation of MCR 6.201(A) based on a failure to disclose the laboratory report or wet swab sample would have been noncon*766stitutional in nature.6 Likewise, any error attributable to the trial court for failing to remedy a discovery violation by granting a continuance would also have been nonconstitutional in nature.
In order to overcome the presumption that a preserved nonconstitutional error is harmless, a defendant must persuade the reviewing court that it is more probable than not that the error in question was outcome determinative. People v Lukity, 460 Mich 484, 495-496; 596 NW2d 607 (1999). An error is deemed to have been “outcome determinative” if it undermined the reliability of the verdict. See People v Snyder, 462 Mich 38, 45; 609 NW2d 831 (2000), citing Lukity, supra at 495-496. In making this determination, the reviewing court should focus on the nature of the error in light of the weight and strength of the untainted evidence. See Lukity, supra at 495; People v Mateo, 453 Mich 203, 215; 551 NW2d 891 (1996). In this case, there was overwhelming evidence of defendant’s guilt apart from the evidence of sperm. The victim’s mother testified that defendant was the only person present with the victim when the injury occurred. The medical evidence showed that the victim’s injury was consistent with penetration, but not consistent with a fall. The most important evidence, however, was the fact that, after initially attempting to deflect blame away from himself, defendant admitted to the police that he engaged in an intentional digital penetration of the victim. This fact alone would *767support a conviction of the crime charged. Given the extremely strong evidence of defendant’s guilt and the dearth of evidence favorable to defendant, we are confident that the late discovery of the evidence of sperm did not undermine the reliability of the verdict.7
For these reasons, we conclude that the Court of Appeals erred in reversing defendant’s convictions. We vacate the opinion of the Court of Appeals and remand to the Court of Appeals for consideration of defendant’s remaining appellate issues.
Weaver, C.J., and Taylor and Young, JJ., concurred with Corrigan, J.

 It is not uncommon in the trial of a case for a witness, especially one new to the criminal justice system, to reveal information not previously disclosed. Before this case, Dr. Randall had never testified as a medical expert. Nothing in the record indicates that Dr. Randall’s late revelation was made in anything but good faith.

 The contents of the wet swab laboratory report have never been made part of the record at trial or on appeal. Defendant does not suggest that the laboratory report did anything more than confirm the accuracy of Dr. Randall’s observations.

 For instance, defendant suggested that, if he had been made aware of the presence of sperm before trial, then “he could have had an expert examine the alleged sperm specimen” to look for a dna match, or he could have “prepared to challenge the procedures under which any lab tests were performed.”

 While acknowledging that, strictly speaking, the record does not verify that the prosecutor denied defendant access to the wet swab laboratoiy report on the first day of trial, our concurring and dissenting colleague suggests that “an inference can be drawn from the record that defense counsel never received the report.” Post at 768, n 2. We disagree that such an inference can be drawn from the fact that defense counsel never affirmatively acknowledged receiving the wet swab laboratory report. We also note that her quotation from the separate record is taken out of context. The discussion on that page involved the prosecutor’s argument that defendant was put “on notice” of the possible presence of sperm by the prosecution’s pretrial disclosure of the emergency room report. Defense counsel’s comments reveal only that the emergency room report in the trial judge’s hand was the same report that had been disclosed to defense counsel before trial. The record of this exchange has no *762bearing on the factual question whether defense counsel was denied access to the wet swab laboratory report on the first day of trial.

 We reiterate that defendant did not argue to the Court of Appeals, and the Court of Appeals did not find, that the prosecutor breached a duty under MCR 6.201(A)(3) to disclose the existence of the wet swab laboratory report before his actual discovery of the existence of that report.

 As our concurring and dissenting colleague notes, a violation of Brady, supra, would be an error of constitutional magnitude. We agree with her observation that no Brady violation could have occurred in this case because the evidence of sperm recovered from the victim was not “favorable to the accused.”

 We note that the Court of Appeals conducted its harmless error analysis without the benefit of this Court’s opinion in Lukity, supra.