Court Opinion

ID: 9950482
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-14 13:09:00.427246+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:37:18.656468
License: Public Domain

State of New York                                                      OPINION
Court of Appeals                                        This opinion is uncorrected and subject to revision
                                                          before publication in the New York Reports.

 No. 26
 In the Matter of Edwin Agramonte,
 et al.,
          Appellants,
       v.
 Local 461, District Council 37,
 American Federation of State,
 County and Municipal Employees,
 &c.,
          Respondent.

 Arthur Z. Schwartz, for appellants.
 Hanan B. Kolko, for respondent.
 New York City Municipal Labor Committee, Service Employees International Union,
 Local 32BJ et al., amici curiae.

 GARCIA, J.:

       Petitioners, as members of respondent Local 461, seek to enforce certain provisions

 in the union’s local and parent constitutions governing eligibility of seasonal lifeguard

 members to vote and run for office in union elections. In the absence of allegations that
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every individual member of the union authorized or ratified the challenged conduct, the

courts below dismissed the petition as barred by Martin v Curran (303 NY 276 [1951]).

We now clarify that Martin does not apply when union members seek non-monetary

injunctive relief against a union. Nonetheless, we affirm the orders below denying the

petition and dismissing the proceeding because, under the circumstances here, respondents

reasonably interpreted and applied the relevant provisions of the union’s constitutions.

                                             I.

       Respondent Local 461 represents lifeguards employed by the New York City

Department of Parks and Recreation. The union is affiliated with respondent American

Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME), District Council 37.

Both Local 461 and AFSCME are unincorporated associations. The Local’s membership

is comprised of approximately 30 year-round lifeguards and more than 1,100 seasonal

lifeguards who typically work at pools and beaches from late May to early September.

       Under the Local’s constitution, all lifeguards—except supervisors—are eligible for

membership. However, any member who fails to pay dues by the 15th day of each month

is considered delinquent and their membership is suspended after two months of

nonpayment. To vote in union elections, a member must be in good standing as of the date

of the election. To run for union office, members must be in good standing for one year

immediately preceding the election—or three years if running for the office of president.

Prior to the election, the union president must appoint an election committee responsible

for conducting the election and ascertaining nominee eligibility. The constitution directs

that union elections be held in the month of February.

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      The Local’s constitution is subject to AFSCME’s constitution, which contains

similar provisions governing the payment of dues and good standing.           AFSCME’s

constitution further provides that when a member is “unemployed, on leave for military

service, or on unpaid leave for more than [20] days in any calendar month,” the member

“shall, upon request, be entitled to credit for membership dues for the period of

unemployment, military service, or unpaid leave but not to exceed six months within any

twelve-month period.”

      Petitioners Edwin Agramonte, Omer Ozcan, and Raphael Sequiera are members of

Local 461. Agramonte serves as a lifeguard year-round while Ozcan and Sequiera serve

on a seasonal basis. In October of 2020, the Local’s former president was removed from

office after AFSCME sustained charges filed by Ozcan and Sequiera alleging that

membership meetings were not being held. The removal order clarified that “seasonal

lifeguards should be regarded as members in good standing during their employment

period” if otherwise eligible. Soon after the removal, respondent Jason Velasquez 1—the

union’s vice president—assumed the office of president.

      In early February 2021, Velasquez sent notices to the year-round lifeguards

indicating that there would be a virtual nomination meeting held on February 25th, to be

followed by an election the next day. By letter to DC37 a few days prior, certain seasonal

lifeguards—including petitioner Ozcan—requested recognition of their membership and a

1
 According to respondents, the petition incorrectly identified Jason Velasquez as “Jason
Velzaquez.”

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six-month dues credit, which they asserted would qualify them to vote and run for office

in the upcoming election. DC37 indicated that it would refer the matter to the Local’s

leadership, but no subsequent action was taken on the requests.

      At the union meeting, Agramonte nominated himself for union president and

nominated Ozcan and Sequiera, along with other seasonal lifeguards, for the remaining

offices. After an objection was raised as to their eligibility, the election committee

determined that Agramonte was eligible to run for office but not the seasonal lifeguards.

According to the election committee, the 2020 lifeguard season ran from July to September

and, even affording the seasonal members a credit for six months of dues, they would not

have been in good standing for the immediately preceding 12 months.

      At about the same time, petitioners commenced the instant proceeding against the

Local, AFSCME, and Velasquez; they also filed an order to show cause seeking a

temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction to halt the election that was

scheduled for the next day.     Supreme Court declined to provide interim relief and

Agramonte lost the election.

      After unsuccessfully attempting to overturn the election results through the internal

union process, petitioners amended their pleading to allege that the 2021 election was

conducted in contravention of both the Local and AFSCME’s constitutions because

seasonal lifeguards were excluded from the vote and ballot. Petitioners moved for an order

voiding the 2021 election results and directing the Local to hold a new election in which

eligible seasonal dues-paying lifeguards were permitted to vote and run for office.

According to emails and letters submitted by petitioners, Ozcan and at least one other

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seasonal lifeguard requested a six-month dues credit just a few days before the 2021

election took place. Their requests stated that they had worked and paid dues from May to

September in 2020, but that the City had failed to deduct dues from their vacation checks

in December.

       Respondents cross-moved to dismiss. As a threshold matter, respondents asserted

that petitioners’ failure to plead that every member of the Local had authorized or ratified

the challenged actions—as they argued was required by Martin v Curran (303 NY 276

[1951])—was fatal to petitioners’ claim. Respondents also argued that petitioners’ claims

lacked merit because the union had reasonably interpreted and applied the plain language

of the relevant constitutional provisions governing eligibility.

       Supreme Court denied petitioners’ motion to void the election, denied the amended

petition, granted respondents’ motion, and dismissed the proceeding (2022 NY Slip Op

30317[U], *1-2 [Sup Ct, NY County 2022]). The court held that Martin mandated

dismissal because “petitioners failed to sufficiently plead that the individual members of

Local 461 authorized or ratified the purportedly unlawful conduct” (2022 NY Slip Op

30317[U] at *6-7).     In any event, Supreme Court determined that respondents had

reasonably applied the union constitutions to conclude that the seasonal lifeguards did not

qualify to participate in the 2021 election (see id. at *8). The Appellate Division affirmed,

holding that dismissal was proper under Martin (209 AD3d 478 [1st Dept 2022]). We

granted petitioners leave to appeal (lv granted 39 NY3d 908 [2023]).

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                                                II.

       In Martin v Curran, this Court held that a libel action for damages was properly

dismissed as asserted against representatives of a union in their official capacities because

the complaint did not allege that the individual members of the union had authorized or

ratified publication of the libel in question (303 NY 276, 280 [1951]). Since the union was

an unincorporated association, the Court explained, “the liability to be enforced in any . . .

suit” against it “is still that of the individual members as individuals and so the cause of

action has to be one ‘for or upon which the plaintiff may maintain such an action . . . against

all the associates, by reason of their . . . liability therefor, either jointly or severally’ ” (id.

at 281, quoting General Associations Law § 13). The Martin Court recognized that General

Associations Law § 132 and its predecessor statutes, authorizing suits against a union to be

brought against the association president or treasurer in their representative capacities,

dispensed with the need to name each individual member as required at common law

(Martin, 303 NY at 280-281). But, the Court clarified, such “privilege was conferred by

the Legislature on plaintiffs for their ‘convenience,’ and created no new substantive right

or liability” (id. at 281 [internal citation omitted]). We determined that “for better or worse,

wisely or otherwise, the Legislature has limited such suits against association officers,

2
  General Associations Law § 13 provides in relevant part that actions or proceedings
against unincorporated associations “may be maintained, against the president or treasurer
of such an association, to recover any property, or upon any cause of action, for or upon
which the plaintiff may maintain such an action or special proceeding, against all the
associates, by reason of their interest or ownership, or claim of ownership therein, either
jointly or in common, or their liability therefor, either jointly or severally.”

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                                            -7-                                       No. 26

whether for breaches of agreements or for tortious wrongs, to cases where the individual

liability of every single member can be alleged and proven” (id. at 282).

       Not long after Martin, this Court held that plaintiff union members who were

wrongfully expelled were entitled to the relief of reinstatement as well as damages against

the union for lost wages (see Madden v Atkins, 4 NY2d 283 [1958]). In Madden, the

plaintiffs were expelled after a fiercely contested election. We rejected the union’s basis

for expulsion, clarifying that “[i]f there be any public policy touching the government of

labor unions, . . . it is that traditionally democratic means of improving their union may be

freely availed of by members without fear of harm or penalty” and “[t]he price of free

expression and of political opposition within a union cannot be the risk of expulsion or

other disciplinary action” (id. at 293). We therefore held that the Appellate Division had

properly ordered reinstatement; we did so without any discussion of Martin.

       Only in addressing plaintiffs’ pecuniary damages claim for lost wages did we

consider whether Martin “forbade [the] action against the union for damages[] unless the

proof established an authorization or ratification of the expulsion by all of the members

and thereby rendered each and every one of them responsible for the wrong committed”

(Madden, 4 NY2d at 294). Recognizing that Martin was implicated “where damages are

sought against an unincorporated union” (Madden, 4 NY2d at 294-295), this Court

nonetheless concluded that strict application of Martin to cases of wrongful expulsion

“would have far-reaching consequences” because the absence of any redress for damages

suffered would risk “stifl[ing] all criticism within the union” (Madden, 4 NY2d at 296).

To address that risk, we held that where union members delegate disciplinary and expulsion

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authority to part of the membership, “the act of expulsion will be regarded as the act of the

union for which damages may be recovered from union funds” even if the act was not

specifically ratified by every individual member (id.).

       More recently, in Palladino v CNY Centro, Inc., this Court applied Martin to uphold

the dismissal of an action brought against a union by a member seeking damages for an

alleged breach of the duty of fair representation (see 23 NY3d 140, 144 [2014]). While

this Court acknowledged that the Martin rule represents a minority approach that has been

criticized by other courts and jurisdictions, the Court nonetheless declined to overrule it,

instead deferring to the legislature (see Palladino, at 148-152).

       Martin’s continued viability is not before us on this appeal. Rather, petitioners

argue that Martin does not apply where, as here, only injunctive relief is requested—

namely, to enforce the union’s compliance with constitutional provisions governing the

members’ right to vote and run for union office. We agree.

       The plaintiffs in Martin, Madden, and Palladino sought to hold the respective

unions liable for monetary damages. We interpreted General Associations Law § 13 and

its predecessors as establishing that “[a] plaintiff ‘cannot, in any case, maintain . . . an

action against the [association] officer, unless the debt, which [the plaintiff] seeks to

recover, is one upon which [they] could maintain an action against all the associates by

reason of their liability therefor, either jointly or severally’ ” (Martin, 303 NY at 281

[emphasis added], quoting McCabe v Goodfellow, 133 NY 89, 92 [1892]). Indeed, the

requirement that union members approve or ratify the union’s alleged wrongdoing when

pecuniary damages are sought against the union is consistent with potential personal

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                                            -9-                                        No. 26

liability for the individual members, recognized at both common law and by the relevant

statutory scheme. Should the plaintiff “get judgment [against the union] but fail to collect

it from the association’s funds, [the plaintiff] could bring another suit for the same tort

against the members themselves, to reach their separate assets, ‘as if the first action had

not been brought’ ” (Martin, 303 NY at 282, quoting General Associations Law § 16; see

General Associations Law § 15).

       The limitation of the Martin rule to claims seeking damages is also supported by the

precedent upon which this Court relied in concluding that the libel action could not be

maintained (see e.g. Glauber v Patof, 294 NY 583, 584 [1945] [in the absence of proof that

the general membership knew or approved of the irregularity “the court was without power

to award a recovery of damages as against an unincorporated association” (emphasis

added)]; Browne v Hibbets, 290 NY 459, 467 [1943] [“plaintiff’s right to recover damages

depends upon proof of facts rendering all the members of the association liable for the sum

claimed” (emphasis added)]; People ex rel. Solomon v Brotherhood of Painters,

Decorators & Paperhangers of Am., 218 NY 115, 123 [1916] [“It is well established that

in a proceeding or action against a voluntary, unincorporated association, to recover

damages, facts must be alleged and proved which render all the members of such

association liable for the sum claimed” (emphasis added)]; Schouten v Alpine, 215 NY 225,

232 [1915] [observing that, in the event of recovery, “satisfaction is to be made . . . out of

personal property belonging to the association, or owned jointly, or in common, by all the

members thereof” (emphasis added)]; McCabe, 133 NY at 92-93 [“The plaintiff must

allege and prove, and the court must find that all the members of the association were liable,

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either jointly or severally, to pay the plaintiff the amount of his claim, or the judgment in

this action cannot stand” (emphasis added)]). Based on this precedent, we articulated the

requirement of individual member ratification as a condition for monetary claims against

the union.

       In Madden, we recognized what we have since characterized as a “narrow

exception” (Palladino, 23 NY3d at 147) to Martin’s requirement by holding that pecuniary

damages were available even absent allegations that all members ratified or approved the

challenged conduct (4 NY2d at 294-295). By contrast, Madden created no exception to

Martin in order to justify reinstatement; Martin did not operate to bar the injunctive relief

in the first instance.    Respondents’ expansive interpretation of Martin as barring

petitioners’ suit here despite the absence of any damages claim would eliminate the

longstanding distinction. Doing so, and in effect extending Martin to bar union members

from seeking any form of injunctive relief against a union, would have troubling

implications. Respondents do not seriously dispute that, if Martin precludes petitioners’

claim here, union members would have no recourse to the courts even when incumbent

union officials are allegedly manipulating elections to maintain power. Applying Martin

to bar suits seeking to compel union officials to abide by their respective union

constitutions and bylaws would have “far-reaching consequences” and risk “stifl[ing] all

criticism” and democracy “within the union” (Madden, 4 NY2d at 296).

       We therefore clarify that where, as here, union members seek only injunctive relief

against the union and state no claim for pecuniary damages, the pleading is not governed

by Martin and, as such, a plaintiff need not allege the participation of each individual

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member to bring a claim in accordance with General Associations Law § 13. The petition

below was therefore improperly dismissed on that ground.

                                             III.

       Respondents nonetheless urge us to affirm the order below denying the petition and

dismissing the proceeding. According to respondents, the union reasonably interpreted its

constitutions in determining that the seasonal lifeguards in question were not entitled to

vote or run for office in the 2021 election. Respondents are correct.

       “ ‘The constitution and by-laws of the . . . union define the relations of the union

and its members; the powers of the union officers and committees and the rights of the

members’ ” (Matter of Willard Alexander, Inc. [Glasser], 31 NY2d 270, 273 [1972], cert

denied 410 US 983 [1973], quoting O’Keefe v Local 463 of United Assn. of Plumbers &

Gas Fitters, 277 NY 300, 304 [1938]; see Polin v Kaplan, 257 NY 277, 281 [1931]).

Courts assess whether union conduct is authorized by “reviewing the constitution or bylaws

‘in accordance with the general rules of construction appertaining to contracts’ and . . .

determining whether the union[’s] . . . interpretation is . . . reasonable” (Matter of LaSonde

v Seabrook, 89 AD3d 132, 137-138 [1st Dept 2011], lv denied 18 NY3d 911 [2012],

quoting Matter of Allen v New York City Tr. Auth., 109 Misc 2d 178, 184 [Sup Ct, Kings

County 1981]; see Matter of Desir v Spano, 259 AD2d 749, 749-750 [2d Dept 1999]).

       It is not disputed that, under the Local and AFSCME constitutions, seasonal

lifeguards are eligible for union membership. However, the constitutions require all union

members—including seasonal lifeguards—to pay dues by the 15th of each month, and two

months of delinquency results in revocation of good standing and suspension of

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membership. Further, to be eligible to run for office, members must have paid dues and

been in good standing for the 12 months immediately preceding the election. A member

may be credited with the payment of dues “upon request” while unemployed, but only up

to a maximum of six months.

       Applying these provisions, a seasonal lifeguard may qualify to vote and run for

office either through paying dues or through a combination of paying dues and submitting

a proper request for a dues credit. Here, however, even assuming the seasonal lifeguards

were provided the benefit of a six-month dues credit, the record demonstrates they would

nevertheless fail to satisfy the constitutional requirement that they be in good standing for

the 12 months immediately preceding the election. Moreover, under the circumstances

presented, we cannot say that it was unreasonable for the union to conclude that the

seasonal lifeguards were not in good standing for the two months leading up to the election

for purposes of qualifying to vote. Inasmuch as petitioners’ remaining contentions lack

merit, the petition was properly denied.

       Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed, with costs.

Order affirmed, with costs. Opinion by Judge Garcia. Chief Judge Wilson and Judges
Rivera, Singas, Cannataro, Troutman and Halligan concur.

Decided March 14, 2024

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