Court Opinion

ID: 9965907
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-05-03 20:00:47.448604+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:25:52.289376
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 24a0197n.06

                                        Case No. 23-3099
                                                                                      FILED
                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                            May 03, 2024
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                        KELLY L. STEPHENS, Clerk

                                                     )
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                     )
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                           )      ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                     )      STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
v.                                                   )      THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
                                                     )      OHIO
LANA JOHNSON,                                        )
       Defendant-Appellant.                          )                                  OPINION
                                                     )

Before: SUTTON, Chief Judge; GRIFFIN and READLER, Circuit Judges.

       SUTTON, Chief Judge. Lana Johnson pleaded guilty to drug distribution, received a

32-month sentence, and reserved her right to challenge the searches that led to her arrest. We

affirm the validity of each search.

                                                I.

       Detective Michael Palinkas received two tips that Lana Johnson and her husband Lester

were dealing drugs from their home in Ashtabula, Ohio. One of the sources told Detective Palinkas

that the Johnsons received shipments of fentanyl in the mail. The other source admitted to

personally “obtaining several large quantities of methamphetamine” from the Johnsons at their

home. R.45 at 5.

       Detective Palinkas went to “spot-check” several locations suspected of “drug activity,”

including the Johnsons’ apartment. R.105 at 7. On his initial pass, the officer noticed a blue Ford

F-150, Lester’s truck, in the Johnsons’ driveway. The driver’s door was open, revealing a woman
No. 23-3099, United States v. Johnson

in the passenger seat leaning forward in a “slumped over” position. Id. at 8. Detective Palinkas

proceeded to his surveillance spot down the street and around the corner, from which he could see

only the top of the truck’s cab. There, he watched the home for 20 minutes without incident. He

then drove past the residence again and noticed that the woman in the truck remained slumped

forward. Suspecting an overdose or some other medical problem, the officer approached the

vehicle. The woman was “covered in sweat,” had “constricted” pupils, and spoke with “slurred”

speech. Id. To Detective Palinkas, who had seen “hundreds” of “overdose victims,” the woman

had the telltale signs of an overdose. R.106 at 2. He requested police backup and called an

ambulance.

       While they waited for the ambulance, the woman became more alert. When asked if she

was Lana Johnson, she said no, “became a little bit upset,” and “shoo[ed] [the officer] away with

her arm.” R.105 at 9. The woman used a cellphone to ask someone named Amber “to get Lester”

and have him come outside. Id. She also told Amber that the police were there. Lester came

outside and confirmed that the woman in the truck was his wife, Lana Johnson. Lester explained

that Lana was “probably just ‘sleeping’” in the passenger seat of the truck. R.45-4 at 2. He also

told Detective Palinkas that Amber Jewell, who lived with the Johnsons, had driven the truck back

to the apartment from Akron with Johnson in the passenger seat. Detective Palinkas asked where

Amber was, but Lester said he did not know.

       Backup police officers and the ambulance arrived soon after. While the paramedics

checked on Lana, Detective Palinkas learned that Ashtabula County had a warrant out for her

arrest. After the paramedics finished their initial examination, Johnson exited the truck but was

“very unsteady on her feet.” Id.

       Officer Eric Massie led a drug-sniffing dog named Ruger around the truck. Ruger gave

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two positive alerts near the open driver’s side door. Each time, Ruger partially entered the truck’s

cab through the open driver’s side door after alerting. Officer Massie testified that Ruger

proceeded “on his own accord” and entered the vehicle because he was “trying to find the source

of the odor.” R.106 at 29. After the alerts, officers searched the vehicle and Detective Palinkas

grabbed a purse from the passenger floor. Inside, he found Lana’s identification and a small bag

of powder that looked like heroin or fentanyl. Detective Palinkas showed Lana the bag of drugs

and gave her a Miranda warning. She denied that the drugs belonged to her.

       Detective Palinkas turned his attention to the apartment, where he thought the officers

would find additional drugs and Amber. He sent two officers, Hollis and Martin, to enter the

apartment, to conduct a protective sweep, and to contact anyone inside. Detective Palinkas

justified the protective sweep on two grounds: (1) to protect the officers from anyone with weapons

and (2) to prevent anyone inside from “destroy[ing] or tamper[ing]” with evidence of drugs. R.105

at 16. The two officers encountered Amber Jewell, who came outside and spoke to Detective

Palinkas. Nobody else was inside the apartment.

       At about this time, Detective Palinkas learned that Amber had an outstanding arrest

warrant. Amber admitted that she and Lana recently had returned from Akron, where they

purchased “‘slow,’ which is a street name or slang for heroin and/or fentanyl.” R.45-4 at 3. Amber

also told Detective Palinkas that Lana had likely used the “slow,” and that the residence contained

more heroin/fentanyl mixture as well as “a large bag” of “methamphetamine.” Id.

       With this information in hand, Detective Palinkas obtained a search warrant for the

apartment. Executed later that day, the search uncovered methamphetamine. A grand jury indicted

Lana for conspiracy to possess with the intent to distribute methamphetamine and possession with

intent to distribute methamphetamine. See 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(B), 846.

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No. 23-3099, United States v. Johnson

       Lana moved to suppress the evidence, arguing that the police violated her Fourth

Amendment rights. The court denied the motion. Lana pleaded guilty and reserved the right to

appeal the suppression ruling. The district court imposed a 32-month sentence.

                                                 II.

       The Fourth Amendment guarantees “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons,

houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV.

As a general rule, the Constitution requires police officers to obtain a warrant before entering

private property. Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452, 459 (2011). But sometimes “the exigencies

of the situation”—a health emergency, the risk of destruction of evidence, the risk to officer

safety—“ma[k]e [a warrantless search] imperative.” McDonald v. United States, 335 U.S. 451,

456 (1948); see also Brigham City v. Stuart, 547 U.S. 398, 403 (2006); United States v. Morgan,

71 F.4th 540, 543 (6th Cir. 2023).

       Before they obtained a search warrant, the police had three interactions with Johnson: the

detective’s first encounter with Lana while she was in the truck, the canine sniff, and the protective

sweep of the apartment. We consider each in turn.

                                                 A.

       Was Detective Palinkas’s initial look into the truck constitutional? Under the community-

caretaking doctrine, police “may make a warrantless entry onto private property” to “assist persons

who are seriously injured or threatened with such injury.” Brigham City, 547 U.S. at 403. This

“emergency aid exception” applies when an officer has “an objectively reasonable basis for

believing” someone “is in need of immediate aid.” Michigan v. Fisher, 558 U.S. 45, 47 (2009)

(per curiam) (quotations omitted). In potential overdose cases, we ask whether it was “objectively

reasonable for the officer[] to believe that [the victim] was overdosing on drugs and was in need

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No. 23-3099, United States v. Johnson

of immediate medical evaluation and attention.” Stricker v. Township of Cambridge, 710 F.3d

350, 360 (6th Cir. 2013); see also Brooks v. Rothe, 577 F.3d 701, 708–09 (6th Cir. 2009).

       Detective Palinkas’s interaction with Lana in the truck meets these criteria. By then, he

had received two reports that the Johnsons sold drugs from their apartment. By then, he had

seen Lana in the same slumped-over, forward-leaning position she had been in 20 minutes earlier.

A reasonable officer in his position could fairly suspect that Lana had overdosed. See United

States v. Lewis, 869 F.3d 460, 462–63 (6th Cir. 2017) (explaining that police may approach a

vehicle and open the door to talk to an unconscious person for community caretaking purposes);

United States v. Greene, No. 20-6316, 2021 WL 3199239, at *1–3 (6th Cir. July 29, 2021).

       Detective Palinkas then did what a reasonable officer and private citizen would do. He

stepped onto the Johnsons’ driveway. He looked into the truck to make sure Lana was alright.

She was not. Detective Palinkas saw her “covered in sweat,” with “constricted” pupils and

“slurred” speech. R.105 at 8. At that point, Detective Palinkas took the next step that any

concerned “private citizen might” do, and he called for an ambulance. Morgan, 71 F.4th at 543

(quotation omitted). All told, his actions were objectively reasonable.

       Lana claims that this conclusion contradicts our decision in United States v. Morgan. Not

so. We acknowledged there that it was reasonable for a police officer to check on a driver who

“appeared unconscious at the wheel.” Id. at 545. But we reversed the district court’s denial of a

motion to suppress because of the way the officer did so—by immediately opening the car door

and, despite resistance, aggressively arresting the just-awakened man. Id. at 545–46. The officer’s

conduct in Morgan, in other words, was unreasonable because he failed to take any of “the myriad,

less intrusive paths available to him.” Id. at 545. By contrast, Detective Palinkas waited until he

noticed Lana in the same position for twenty minutes, learned that she had access to drugs,

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No. 23-3099, United States v. Johnson

approached Lana respectfully, and, upon finding telltale signs of an overdose, he called for medical

aid. That was reasonable.

                                                 B.

       Did the dog sniff violate the Fourth Amendment? “It is well-established that a canine

sniff is not a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment,” so long as the police are

“lawfully . . . present at the location where the sniff occurs.” United States v. Sharp, 689 F.3d 616,

618 (6th Cir. 2012) (quotation omitted). A sniff reveals only “the location of a substance that no

individual has any right to possess.” Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405, 410 (2005). “An alert to

the presence of drugs by a properly trained narcotics detection dog is sufficient to establish

probable cause to search a vehicle.” Sharp, 689 F.3d at 618.

       The police were lawfully present at the location before the dog sniff began. While

paramedics checked on Lana, Detective Palinkas learned that Ashtabula County had a warrant for

her arrest. That fact gave the police a lawful reason to remain on the Johnsons’ property after

the paramedics left and thus a legitimate vantage point from which to conduct the dog sniff.

See Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 603 (1980); Shreve v. Jessamine Cnty. Fiscal Ct., 453 F.3d

681, 689 (6th Cir. 2006) (extending Payton to misdemeanor arrest warrants).

       Lana offers several counterarguments, all unpersuasive. She maintains that the sniff was

unreasonable because the police purposefully left the truck door open, allowing Ruger to enter the

vehicle. To support this claim, she relies on an out-of-circuit decision in which “the officers

themselves opened the [car] door” prior to the sniff. United States v. Winningham, 140 F.3d 1328,

1331 (10th Cir. 1998). That is not this case. In contrast to Winningham, the officers had a

reasonable suspicion that drugs would be found in the car, and they did not open the truck door.

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No. 23-3099, United States v. Johnson

Lana points to no legal authority, and we know of none, that requires police officers to close car

doors before performing a drug sniff.

       Lana also invokes Taylor v. City of Saginaw, which held that marking tires with chalk to

see how long cars had been parked in a given area constituted a search under the Fourth

Amendment. 922 F.3d 328, 332–33 (6th Cir. 2019) (amended opinion). “Like the marking of

chalk on a car tire’s tread,” Lana argues, “a drug detecting K9 passing through an open door, twice,

into the interior of a vehicle constitutes a search.” Appellant’s Br. 36. But the conclusion in Taylor

turned on the fact that marking with chalk was a “regulatory exercise, rather than a community-

caretaking function.” Taylor, 922 F.3d at 331. Here, Detective Palinkas entered the Johnsons’

property to provide medical assistance to an individual in need. By the time Officer Massie led

the sniff, the officers had a warrant for Lana’s arrest, which gave them a lawful reason to enter the

driveway.

                                                 C.

       Did the protective sweep violate the Fourth Amendment? A warrantless search of a home

usually violates the Fourth Amendment. King, 563 U.S. at 459. But exceptions exist. The officers

may conduct a protective sweep if they have evidence that there are armed individuals in the home

or to prevent anyone inside from destroying drug evidence. Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325,

334 (1990) (officer safety); United States v. Sangineto-Miranda, 859 F.2d 1501, 1512 (6th Cir.

1988) (evidence destruction).

       The officer safety exception does not apply. The officers did not offer any evidence of a

“risk of danger to police or others.” United States v. Johnson, 22 F.3d 674, 680 (6th Cir. 1994).

Only when “articulable facts” show “that the area to be swept harbors an individual posing a danger

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No. 23-3099, United States v. Johnson

to those on the arrest scene” may the officers conduct such a sweep. Buie, 494 U.S. at 334.

Nothing in the record demonstrates that a dangerous individual lurked in the Johnsons’ home.

       The destruction of evidence exception applies. A “warrantless entry onto private property”

may be permitted to “prevent the imminent destruction of evidence.” Brigham City, 547 U.S. at

403. This exception, like the others, applies only when “the circumstances make it reasonable,

within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, to dispense with the warrant requirement.” King,

563 U.S. at 462. The police must have (1) probable cause that illegal drugs will be found in the

apartment, see United States v. McClain, 444 F.3d 556, 561–62 (6th Cir. 2005); (2) a reasonable

belief that someone is inside, see Lewis, 231 F.3d at 241; and (3) a reasonable belief that that

person will likely destroy the evidence, see id.

       Ample evidence confirmed the presence of illegal drugs in the home. Detective Palinkas

had two reliable tips that the Johnsons sold drugs from their home, one from a source who had

“proven [to be] credible during drug investigations” and another from a source who gave “specific”

information “in reference to [the Johnsons] trafficking methamphetamine.” R.105 at 19. Those

tips were corroborated by his own experience and interactions the day of the search. He also saw

clear signs that Lana had overdosed from drugs. And he found a bag of suspected heroin or

fentanyl. Taken together, these facts created a “fair probability” in the minds of “reasonable and

prudent” people that illegal drugs would be found inside the apartment. Kaley v. United States,

571 U.S. 320, 338 (2014).

       Detective Palinkas also reasonably believed that someone was inside. Soon after Detective

Palinkas began speaking to Lana, she called someone named Amber and told her “to get Lester”

and bring him outside. R.105 at 9. Lester emerged from the apartment and told Detective Palinkas

that Amber Jewell lived with the Johnsons and that she and Lana had recently returned from a trip

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No. 23-3099, United States v. Johnson

to Akron in the truck. Although Lester told Detective Palinkas that he did not know where Amber

was, that statement was belied by what Detective Palinkas overheard on the phone. It was therefore

reasonable for Detective Palinkas to believe that at least one person, Amber, remained inside the

apartment.

       Detective Palinkas reasonably believed that Amber would destroy the drugs in the home.

The detective had “objective grounds to believe that [those inside] were aware that police were

close on their trail.” United States v. Elkins, 300 F.3d 638, 656 (6th Cir. 2002). He heard Lana

tell Amber via phone call that the police were present. He also knew that Amber was the last

person to drive the truck, a truck in which Lana had just overdosed and a truck that contained a

bag of what looked like heroin or fentanyl. Together with the reliable tips, this information gave

Detective Palinkas a reasonable basis for believing that Amber, “whose suspicions were already

heightened due to the presence of the . . . police,” “would immediately” destroy evidence “within

the time necessary to obtain a search warrant.” United States v. Campbell, 261 F.3d 628, 633 (6th

Cir. 2001). The protective sweep complied with the Fourth Amendment.

                                               III.

       Lana separately argues that the search warrant lacked probable cause. Courts use a

“common-sense” approach to determine whether there is a “fair probability” that “evidence of a

crime will be found in a particular place.” United States v. Tisdale, 980 F.3d 1089, 1093 (6th Cir.

2020) (quotation omitted).

       The warrant passes that test. In addition to the reliable tips, Lana’s overdose symptoms,

and a bag of suspected heroin, the affidavit included Amber’s incriminating admissions that she

and Lana had acquired heroin or fentanyl from their trip to Akron and that the Johnsons had

methamphetamine and fentanyl inside the apartment. Taken together, these facts create more than

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No. 23-3099, United States v. Johnson

a “fair probability” that drug evidence would be found in the Johnson home. United States

v. Brown, 732 F.3d 569, 573 (6th Cir. 2013).

       Lana’s counterarguments all hinge on the exclusion of Amber Jewell’s statements. As she

sees it, “the statement made by Amber Jewell” that followed the protective sweep must be excluded

as “fruit of the poisonous tree.” Appellant’s Br. 37–38. But even if we thought that the protective

search was unreasonable—we do not—the Leon good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule

would apply. When the police act in good faith and “the facts surrounding the [] warrantless search

[are] close enough to the line of validity to make the [] officers’ belief in the validity of” their

search “objectively reasonable,” the “Leon exception bars application of the exclusionary rule.”

McClain, 444 F.3d at 566. All evidence shows that the officers acted in good faith and that they

reasonably believed their presence was lawful. The warrant-based search did not violate Lana’s

Fourth Amendment rights.

       We affirm.

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