Court Opinion

ID: 6332965
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-19 19:10:04.786922+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:23:24.503687
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Gavin, 2022-Ohio-1287.]

                           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                              FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                    SCIOTO COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,                 :
                               :
     Plaintiff-Appellee,       :    Case No. 21CA3941
                               :
     v.                        :
                               :    DECISION AND
RONALD GAVIN,                  :    JUDGMENT ENTRY
                               :
     Defendant-Appellant.      :
_____________________________________________________________
                          APPEARANCES:

Brian C. Howe and Mark Godsey, Ohio Innocence Project, University of
Cincinnati College of Law, Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellant.

Shane A. Tieman, Scioto County Prosecuting Attorney, and Jay Willis, Assistant
Scioto County Prosecuting Attorney, Portsmouth, Ohio, for Appellee.
_____________________________________________________________

Smith, P.J.

        {¶1} Appellant, Ronald Gavin, appeals the trial court’s judgment denying

his motion for leave to file a motion for new trial based upon newly discovered

evidence. Gavin raises two assignments of error on appeal, contending 1) that the

trial court erred by denying his motion for leave to file a motion for new trial; and

2) that the trial court erred by denying leave without a hearing where the paper

filings provide prima facie evidence that he has satisfied Crim.R. 33(B). For the

reasons that follow, the judgment of the trial court is reversed, this matter is
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                                    2

remanded with instructions, as set forth in detail below, and for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

                                       FACTS

      {¶2} This matter stems from Ronald Gavin’s underlying convictions in 2013

for trafficking in heroin, possession of heroin, conspiracy to traffic in heroin, and

tampering with evidence, which were directly appealed to this Court. State v.

Gavin, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 13CA3592, 2015-Ohio-2996 (hereinafter “Gavin I”).

These convictions occurred as a result of Gavin’s arrest after detectives with the

Scioto County Sheriff’s Office, acting on a tip provided by a confidential

informant named Manuel Lofton, searched Gavin’s girlfriend’s vehicle and found

97.4 grams of heroin. Gavin I at ¶ 12-14. Although we noted in the first direct

appeal that Gavin had made claims that either police had planted drugs in the car,

or that individuals by the names of Marcell Woods and Helen Johnson had set him

up, we affirmed his convictions for trafficking, possession and conspiracy to

traffic. Id. at ¶ 15, 37. However, we reversed Gavin’s conviction for tampering

with evidence. Id. at ¶ 41.

      {¶3} Thereafter, in April of 2016, Gavin filed a petition for postconviction

relief. In support of his petition, Gavin “attached the affidavits of several persons

who claimed that Lofton and Woods had framed Gavin by planting the heroin in

the car that Gavin regularly drove.” State v. Gavin, 4th Dist. Scioto No.
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                                    3

16CA3757, 2017-Ohio-134, ¶ 5 (hereinafter “Gavin II”). Further, in his petition

for postconviction relief, Gavin claimed that he “had informed his trial attorney

about his potential witnesses, but his attorney failed to call them to testify on his

behalf at trial.” Id. The trial court ultimately denied Gavin’s petition, which led to

a second appeal to this Court. On January 6, 2017, this Court affirmed the

judgment of the trial court denying the petition. Gavin II. Thereafter, on May 15,

2017, Gavin filed a pro se motion for leave to file a motion for new trial, which

was also denied by the trial court and appealed to this Court. State v. Gavin, 2018-

Ohio-536, 105 N.E.3d 373 (4th Dist. 2018) (hereinafter “Gavin III”). We include

at this juncture the verbatim factual history of the case that was set forth in Gavin’s

most recent appeal, as follows:

      The Scioto County Grand Jury returned an indictment charging
      Ronald E. Gavin and an accomplice with several drug-related
      charges. The case proceeded to a jury trial where several
      witnesses, including Manual Lofton and Marcell Woods,
      testified that Gavin sold heroin to people on numerous occasions
      during the summer of 2013. Gavin obtained the heroin from
      Chicago sources, including his cousin.

      The jury convicted Gavin of multiple heroin-related offenses and
      in November 2013, the trial court sentenced him to prison. In
      [Gavin I] we reversed his conviction for tampering with evidence
      and remanded the cause to the trial court to vacate that conviction
      and sentence. But we affirmed his remaining convictions and
      rejected his contention that he had received ineffective assistance
      of counsel. On remand the trial court complied with our
      mandate.
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                         4

     In April 2016, Gavin filed a petition for postconviction relief
     claiming that he was denied the effective assistance of trial
     counsel and that his convictions were obtained through fraud on
     the court. He attached the affidavits of several persons who
     collectively claimed that: (1) Lofton and Woods had framed
     Gavin by planting the heroin in the car that Gavin regularly
     drove; (2) Gavin had informed his trial attorney about his
     potential witnesses; and (3) his attorney failed to call them to
     testify on his behalf at trial. But Gavin failed to indicate how he
     was unavoidably prevented from discovering any of this
     purported newly discovered evidence. The affidavits of the
     potential witnesses were executed in July, August, and October
     2015, and in March and April 2016. In May 2016, the trial court
     denied the petition for postconviction relief without conducting
     an evidentiary hearing.

     On appeal we held that Gavin did not establish that the trial court
     had jurisdiction to address the merits of his untimely petition.
     We reached this conclusion because he admitted that some of his
     evidence “may have been available to [him] at the time of trial,”
     and he did “not explain how either he or his appellate counsel
     were unavoidably prevented from having access to the evidence
     attached to his petition at the time he filed his direct appeal or
     when he could have filed a timely petition for postconviction
     relief.” [Gavin II at ¶ 14-15]. We modified the judgment of the
     trial court to reflect the dismissal of the petition and affirmed the
     judgment of the trial court as modified. Id. at ¶ 16-17.

     In May 2017, Gavin sought leave to file a motion for a new trial
     based primarily on newly discovered evidence; he attached a
     proposed motion for new trial and a request for an evidentiary
     hearing. He also attached four of the affidavits, executed in July,
     August, and October 2015, and in April 2016, that he had filed
     in support of his unsuccessful petition for postconviction relief.
     The trial court denied the motion without an evidentiary hearing
     after concluding that Gavin had not established how he was
     unavoidably delayed from filing his motion, his motion was
     untimely, and he had not submitted newly discovered evidence.
     Gavin has appealed the denial of his motion for leave.
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                                   5

(Emphasis added.) Gavin III at ¶ 4-9.

       {¶4} In his appeal from the trial court’s denial of his pro se motion for leave

to file a motion for a new trial, Gavin argued that the trial court erred by denying

him an evidentiary hearing on his motion for leave. Id. at ¶ 10. However, this

Court rejected Gavin’s arguments, finding as follows:

       The trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that
       Gavin had not established that he was unavoidably prevented
       from filing a timely motion for new trial based on newly
       discovered evidence, or, even assuming that he had, that he filed
       the delayed motion for new trial within a reasonable time after
       discovering the grounds for the motion. Therefore, the trial court
       did not erroneously deny the motion for leave without holding an
       evidentiary hearing.

Id. at ¶ 19.

       {¶5} Nearly three years later, on November 12, 2020, Gavin, this time with

the assistance of the University of Cincinnati College of Law’s Ohio Innocence

Project, filed a second motion for leave to file a motion for new trial. In his motion

for leave, Gavin referenced the prior pro se motion for leave that was denied, as

well as the basis of that motion, which included affidavits from four individuals

alleging that Gavin had been framed by Manuel Lofton and Marcell Woods.

However, Gavin’s most recent motion for leave informed the court that a new

witness named Ryan Starks had “come forward with a firsthand account linking

the heroin to the State’s main witness, Manual Lofton.” Gavin claimed that Starks’

affidavit provided “a detailed account of how he, Manual Lofton, and Marcell
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                                    6

Woods packaged and planted the heroin in Gavin’s girlfriend’s vehicle, as part of a

scheme to reduce Lofton’s own pending sentence on drug trafficking charges.”

Although Gavin’s most recent motion referenced the four individuals whose

affidavits were attached in support of his prior petition for postconviction relief

and prior motion for leave to file a motion for a new trial, Gavin’s most recent

motion for leave was primarily based upon the statements of this newly identified

witness, Ryan Starks, who did not come forward until 2019.

      {¶6} Gavin’s motion for leave included the affidavit of Starks, which was

executed on May 6, 2019, and which essentially stated that Starks sold Lofton the

heroin at issue and showed Lofton how to “cut” the heroin with lactose, compress

it and shape it. The affidavit further stated that Starks and Lofton thereafter picked

up Marcell Woods, and that Lofton gave Woods $3000.00, handed him the

packaged heroin, and told him to “make sure he put it down the right way.”

Starks’ affidavit further stated that Woods got out of the car and put the heroin

inside the door of a dark colored Camaro, which Starks believed, at the time,

belonged to Woods. The affidavit further stated that later that night Lofton

informed Starks that Gavin had been arrested, that Lofton had paid Woods

$3000.00 to put the drugs inside the car to set up Gavin, and that Lofton had

threatened to tell police that Starks was involved if Starks said anything to anyone

about it. Finally, Starks averred in his affidavit that while in prison, he saw Gavin
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                                  7

for the first time six years “after he was framed.” It was at this time that Starks

provided this new information to Gavin, explaining that he couldn’t resist telling

him because his conscience had been bothering him over the years that an innocent

man was in prison for a crime he didn’t commit.

      {¶7} The State filed a memorandum contra Gavin’s motion for leave,

arguing that “defendant ha[d] not filed his motion within the timeliness of Criminal

Rule 33, and ha[d] not shown how he was unavoidably delayed.” (Emphasis

added.) The State further argued as follows:

      The affidavit of Mr. Starks has been available to Defendant since
      May 6, 2019. Yet, Defendant’s latest request for leave was filed
      November 12, 2020, almost 7 years after Sentencing. Defendant
      has proven that his motion for new trial is untimely and
      unreasonably delayed.

      {¶8} The trial court ultimately denied Gavin’s motion for leave, reasoning as

follows:

      * * * [I]t is the FINDING of the Court that said Motion was not
      filed within a reasonable time pursuant to Crim.R. 33(B) and has
      not shown how he was avoidably delayed. The Court FINDS
      said Motion was filed almost 7 years after sentencing; more than
      18 months after this latest additional affidavit was made
      available to Defendant. Therefore, based upon the foregoing, it
      is the FINDING of the Court that Defendant’s Motion is
      DENIED.

      {¶9} It is from this judgment entry that Gavin has now filed his latest

appeal, setting forth two assignments of error for our review.
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                                 8

                           ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

      I.     THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY DENYING
             APPELLANT’S MOTION FOR LEAVE TO FILE
             A MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL.

      II.    THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY DENYING LEAVE
             WITHOUT A HEARING WHERE THE PAPER
             FILINGS PROVIDE PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE
             THAT APPELLANT HAS SATISFIED CRIMINAL
             RULE 33(B).

                           ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR I

      {¶10} In his first assignment of error, Gavin contends that the trial court

erred by denying his motion for leave to file a motion for a new trial. The State

contends that Gavin’s motion for leave failed to show any newly discovered

evidence, with the exception of the affidavit of Ryan Starks. The State further

contends that Gavin’s motion for leave was “clearly untimely” under Crim.R.

33(B) because it was filed more than 18 months after Starks’ affidavit was signed,

and almost seven years after sentencing.

                                Standard of Review

      {¶11} Trial courts ordinarily possess broad discretion when ruling on a

defendant's motion for leave to file a new trial motion. State v. Landrum, 4th Dist.

Ross No. 17CA3607, 2018-Ohio-1280, ¶ 10, citing State v. Bennett, 4th Dist.

Scioto No. 16CA3765, 2017-Ohio-574, ¶ 9; State v. Waddy, 10th Dist. Franklin

No. 15AP-397, 68 N.E.3d 381, 2016-Ohio-4911, ¶ 20; State v. Hill, 8th Dist.
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                                  9

Cuyahoga No. 102083, 2015-Ohio-1652, ¶ 16, citing State v. McConnell, 170 Ohio

App.3d 800, 2007-Ohio-1181, 869 N.E.2d 77, ¶ 19 (2nd Dist.); State v. Clumm, 4th

Dist. Athens No. 08CA32, 2010-Ohio-342, ¶ 14; State v. Pinkerman, 88 Ohio

App.3d 158, 160, 623 N.E.2d 643 (4th Dist. 1993). An “abuse of discretion”

means that the court acted in an “ ‘unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable’ ”

manner or employed “ ‘a view or action that no conscientious judge could honestly

have taken.’ ” State v. Kirkland, 140 Ohio St.3d 73, 2014-Ohio-1966, 15 N.E.3d

818, ¶ 67, quoting State v. Brady, 119 Ohio St.3d 375, 2008-Ohio-4493, 894

N.E.2d 671, ¶ 23. See also Landrum, supra, at ¶ 10. A trial court generally abuses

its discretion when it fails to engage in a “ ‘sound reasoning process.’ ” State v.

Morris, 132 Ohio St.3d 337, 2012-Ohio-2407, 972 N.E.2d 528, ¶ 14, quoting

AAAA Ents., Inc. v. River Place Community Urban Redevelopment Corp., 50 Ohio

St.3d 157, 161, 553 N.E.2d 597 (1990). Additionally, “[a]buse-of-discretion

review is deferential and does not permit an appellate court to simply substitute its

judgment for that of the trial court.” State v. Darmond, 135 Ohio St.3d 343, 2013-

Ohio-966, 986 N.E.2d 971, ¶ 34.

      {¶12} Further, as this Court previously observed in Landrum, “[w]e are

mindful, however, that no court has the authority, within its discretion, to commit

an error of law.” Landrum at ¶ 10, citing State v. Boone, 2017-Ohio-843, 85

N.E.3d 1227, ¶ 9 (10th Dist.), in turn citing State v. Moncrief, 10th Dist. No.
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                               10

13AP-391, 2013-Ohio-4571, ¶ 7. See also 2–J Supply Co. Inc. v. Garrett &

Parker, LLC, 4th Dist. Highland No. 13CA29, 2015-Ohio-2757, ¶ 9. Moreover,

“when the trial court's order contains an error of law in misconstruing or

misapplying the law, then the appellate court reviews the matter de novo.” State v.

McKnight, 4th Dist. Vinton No. 20CA721, -- N.E.3d --, 2021-Ohio-2673, ¶ 25,

citing State v. Wright, 2017-Ohio-9041, 101 N.E.3d 496, ¶ 25 (4th Dist.).

                                   Legal Analysis

      {¶13} Gavin challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion for leave to file

a motion for a new trial. Gavin lists several issues/assertions under this assignment

of error as follows:

      A. Crim.R. 33(B) does not contain any time requirement for the
         discovery of new evidence.

      B. Crim.R. 33(B) does not contain any time requirement for
         requesting leave after the discovery of new evidence.

      C. A non-textual post-discovery timing requirement works
         against the policies it purports to advance: it encourages
         frivolous filings, fails to screen meritorious claims, and fails
         to prevent any actual harm to any party.

             1. As a matter of public policy, the Stansberry standard is
                unnecessary and counterproductive.

             2. If the Court chooses to adopt an additional procedural
                barrier on to Crim.R. 33(B), it should model that
                procedure after the burden-shifting approach to
                preindictment delays.

      D. Imposing an additional procedural barrier to Crim.R. 33 that
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                              11

          requires      defendants   to    disclose    attorney-client
          communications and legal strategy violates a defendant’s
          right to privileged communication, work product protections,
          and the right to access courts under the U.S. and Ohio
          Constitutions.

      E. Mr. Gavin requested leave to file a motion for new trial with
         reasonable diligence after having discovered the evidence,
         given the circumstances of the case.

      {¶14} Here, Gavin filed his most recent motion for leave to file a motion for

new trial on November 12, 2020. His motion for leave asserted he was

unavoidably prevented from discovering new evidence to timely file his new trial

motion. The motion primarily relied upon the affidavit of Ryan Starks, which was

dated May 6, 2019. Gavin claimed that the affidavit provided by Starks contained

a firsthand account of how Starks, Lofton and Woods packaged and planted heroin

in Gavin’s girlfriend’s vehicle as part of a scheme to reduce Lofton’s sentence on

pending drug trafficking charges. Gavin explained that six years after his

conviction, he saw Starks, who was also in prison, and that Starks informed him

about what happened because his conscience had been bothering him. Gavin

asserted in his motion for leave that he could not have uncovered Starks’ testimony

within 120 days of his conviction, as “he had no way of independently discovering

who had direct knowledge that the heroin was planted.”

      {¶15} With respect to the delay between obtaining the affidavit on May 6,

2019, and filing his motion for leave on November 12, 2020, Gavin explained that
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                             12

upon obtaining Starks’ statement, the Ohio Innocence Project “conducted a diligent

investigation into the newly discovered evidence,” which included sending public

records requests to obtain contemporary police reports from the Portsmouth Police

Department and Scioto County Prosecutor’s Office. He further asserted that the

public records requests continued through 2019 until the Covid-19 pandemic

caused significant disruptions in the courts and the University of Cincinnati (where

the Ohio Innocence Project is located), in early 2020.

      {¶16} Crim.R. 33 governs new trials and provides in section (A)(6) as

follows:

      (A)    A new trial may be granted on motion of the defendant for
             any of the following causes affecting materially his
             substantial rights:

      ***

      (6)    When new evidence material to the defense is discovered
             which the defendant could not with reasonable diligence
             have discovered and produced at the trial. When a motion
             for a new trial is made upon the ground of newly
             discovered evidence, the defendant must produce at the
             hearing on the motion, and in support thereof, the
             affidavits of the witnesses by whom such evidence is
             expected to be given, and if time is required by the
             defendant to procure such affidavits, the court may
             postpone the hearing of the motion for such length of time
             as is reasonable under all the circumstances of the case.
             The prosecuting attorney may produce affidavits or other
             evidence to impeach the affidavits of such witnesses.
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                                  13

      {¶17} Further, section (B) of Crim.R. 33 provides, in pertinent part, as

follows:

      Motions for new trial on account of newly discovered evidence
      shall be filed within one hundred twenty days after the day upon
      which the verdict was rendered, or the decision of the court
      where trial by jury has been waived. If it is made to appear by
      clear and convincing proof that the defendant was unavoidably
      prevented from the discovery of the evidence upon which he
      must rely, such motion shall be filed within seven days from an
      order of the court finding that he was unavoidably prevented
      from discovering the evidence within the one hundred twenty
      day period.

      {¶18} “The requirement of clear and convincing evidence puts the burden

on the defendant to prove he was unavoidably prevented from discovering the

evidence in a timely manner.” Waddy, supra, at ¶ 19, citing State v. Rodriguez-

Baron, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 12-MA-44, 2012-Ohio-5360, ¶ 11. “Clear and

convincing evidence is ‘that measure or degree of proof which is more than a mere

“preponderance of the evidence,” but not to the extent of such certainty as is

required “beyond a reasonable doubt” in criminal cases, and which will produce in

the mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be

established.’ ” State ex rel. Cincinnati Enquirer v. Deters, 148 Ohio St.3d 595,

2016-Ohio-8195, 71 N.E.3d 1076, ¶ 19, quoting Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St.

469, 120 N.E.2d 118, paragraph three of the syllabus (1954). Further, we

explained in State v. Chambers as follows:
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                                   14

      “A party is ‘unavoidably prevented’ from filing a motion for a
      new trial if the party had no knowledge of the existence of the
      ground supporting the motion and could not have learned of that
      existence within the time prescribed for filing the motion in the
      exercise of reasonable diligence.”

State v. Chambers, 4th Dist. Adams No. 20CA1125, 2021-Ohio-3388, ¶ 12,

quoting State v. Hoover-Moore, 2015-Ohio-4863, 50 N.E.3d 1010, ¶ 13 (10th

Dist.), in turn quoting State v. Berry, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 06AP-803, 2007-

Ohio-2244, ¶ 19; State v. Seal, 2017-Ohio-116, 75 N.E.3d 1035, ¶ 10 (4th Dist.).

      {¶19} As discussed in Chambers, this Court and other courts “have

determined that a defendant must file the motion for leave to file a delayed new

trial motion within a reasonable time after the evidence is discovered.” Chambers

at ¶ 14, citing Gavin III at ¶ 16 and Seal, supra, at ¶ 12; State v. Griffith, 11th Dist.

Trumbull No. 2005-T-0038, 2006-Ohio-2935, ¶ 15; State v. Cleveland, 9th Dist.

Lorain No. 08CA009406, 2009-Ohio-397, ¶ 49. In Chambers, we acknowledged

that “[i]n determining whether a defendant filed the motion for leave within a

reasonable time after the evidence is discovered, Crim.R. 33(B) does not provide a

time limit.” Chambers at ¶ 14. However, we further observed that in Seal, supra,

this Court reasoned that

      “[a]llowing the defendant to file a motion [for] leave [to file] a
      motion for a new trial at any time would frustrate the overall
      objective of the criminal rules in providing the speedy and sure
      administration of justice, simplicity in procedure, and the
      elimination of unjustifiable delay.”
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                                 15

Chambers at ¶ 14, quoting Seal at ¶ 12, in turn citing State v. York, 2d Dist. Greene

No. 2000 CA 70, 2001 WL 332019, *3-4 (Apr. 6, 2001).

      {¶20} As will be discussed in more detail below, this Court’s adoption of a

“reasonableness” requirement in State v. Seal with respect to the amount of time

that elapses between the discovery of new evidence and the filing of a motion for

leave to file a motion for new trial based upon newly discovered evidence

constituted a departure from prior precedent of this Court, which previously

adhered to a strict reading of Crim.R. 33(B), and refused to impose a timeliness

requirement that is not actually contained in the plain language of the rule.

Moreover, as will also be discussed in more detail below, the Supreme Court of

Ohio recently determined that because Crim.R. 33 contains no “deadline by which

a defendant must seek leave to file a motion for a new trial based on the discovery

of new evidence[,]” a trial court errs when it denies a motion for leave to file a

motion for new trial based upon a defendant’s failure to file the motion for leave

within a reasonable time after the discovery of new evidence. State v. Bethel, Slip

Opinion No. 2022-Ohio-783, ¶ 53, 58.

      {¶21} Here, as set forth above, the record reveals that the trial court denied

Gavin’s motion for leave to file a motion for a new trial and it did so without

providing Gavin with a hearing on his motion. In denying the motion for leave, the

trial court stated as follows:
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                                 16

      * * * [I]t is the FINDING of the Court that said Motion was not
      filed within a reasonable time pursuant to Crim.R. 33(B) and has
      not shown how he was unavoidably delayed. The Court FINDS
      said Motion was filed almost 7 years after sentencing; more than
      18 months after this latest additional affidavit was made
      available to Defendant. Therefore, based upon the foregoing, it
      is the FINDING of the Court that Defendant’s Motion is
      DENIED. (Emphasis added.)

      {¶22} Thus, it appears that the trial court denied Gavin’s motion for leave

for three reasons. First, the trial court appears to have determined that the motion

for new trial was untimely filed because it was filed “almost 7 years after

sentencing.” Second, it appears the trial court determined that the motion was

untimely because more than 18 months had elapsed between obtaining the Starks

affidavit and filing the motion for leave. Third, it appears the trial court based its

decision on Gavin’s failure to show “how he was unavoidably delayed.”

      {¶23} As stated, Crim.R. 33(B) requires that “[m]otions for new trial on

account of newly discovered evidence shall be filed within one hundred twenty

days after the day upon which the verdict was rendered, or the decision of the court

where trial by jury has been waived.” Clearly, filing the motion for leave almost

seven years after sentencing exceeded the 120 day time limit contained in Crim.R.

33(B). However, Crim.R. 33(B)’s time limit contains an exception and allows

filings beyond that time limit when “it is made to appear by clear and convincing

proof that the defendant was unavoidably prevented from the discovery of the

evidence upon which he must rely[.]” In such a case, the motion “shall be filed
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                                   17

within seven days from an order of the court finding that he was unavoidably

prevented from discovering the evidence within the one hundred twenty day

period.” Crim.R. 33(B). Thus, the first question to be determined by the trial court

is whether a defendant was “unavoidably prevented” from discovering the new

evidence at issue, not whether the defendant was “unavoidably delayed” from

filing a motion for leave. Here, there is no indication from the trial court’s order

that the court determined whether Gavin was unavoidably prevented from

discovering the information contained in Starks’ affidavit within 120 days of the

jury verdict.

      {¶24} Instead, a review of the trial court’s order indicates that the trial court

simply found that the motion for new trial was untimely because it was filed

almost seven years after sentencing, without considering whether Gavin was

“unavoidably prevented” from discovering the new evidence at issue, for purposes

of determining whether he met the timely filing exception. The record before us

demonstrates that Gavin argued at length in his motion for leave that he was

unavoidably prevented from discovering the evidence at issue until six years after

he was convicted. Because the trial court denied the motion simply because it was

filed seven years after sentencing without considering whether the exception to the

time limit applied (i.e., whether Gavin was unavoidably prevented from

discovering the new evidence), the trial court erred.
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                                  18

      {¶25} We find that the trial court further erred to the extent that it denied

Gavin’s motion for leave based upon its determination that 18 months between the

discovery of the new evidence and the filing of the motion for leave constituted

“unreasonable delay.” As set forth above, the trial court stated that Gavin’s motion

“was not filed within a reasonable time pursuant to Crim.R. 33(B) and has not

shown how he was avoidably delayed.” (Emphasis added.) This statement is an

obvious application of the reasonability requirement that has developed through

case law, but which is not contained in Crim.R. 33(B). As set forth above, the

Supreme Court of Ohio recently held that Crim.R. 33(B) “does not establish a

timeframe in which a defendant must seek leave to file a motion for a new trial

based on the discovery of new evidence[,]” and that trial courts’ reliance on

Crim.R. 1(B) and 57(B) to justify the imposition of a “reasonable-time filing

requirement” was in error. State v. Bethel, supra, at ¶ 55. More specifically, the

Court found as follows: 1) “Crim.R. 1(B) does not authorize the creation of a new

requirement that has no foundation within Crim.R. 33(B) itself[;]” and 2) “Crim.R.

57(B) does not authorize a court to establish a new procedure when a rule of

criminal procedure already governs.” Id. at ¶ 56-57. Thus, the Court ultimately

determined that “the court of appeals erred when it held that it was within the trial

court’s discretion to deny Bethel’s motion for leave based on Bethel’s failure to
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                               19

file the motion within a reasonable time after discovering [the new evidence].” Id.

at ¶ 58.

       {¶26} Admittedly, this Court and several other appellate districts have

constructed and imposed a reasonability requirement related to the length of time

between the discovery of new evidence and the filing of a motion for leave to file a

motion for new trial based upon newly discovered evidence. However, in light of

the holding of State v. Bethel, we conclude this Court’s recent adoption of the

reasonability requirement in State v. Seal, supra, and its progeny was in error. We

further note that Seal’s adoption of the reasonability requirement constituted a

departure from well-established prior precedent of this Court.

       {¶27} For instance, in 2017, in State v. Seal, supra, this Court observed that

other courts in Ohio had determined that defendants are required to file their

motions for leave to file delayed motions for new trial “within a reasonable time”

after discovering new evidence. Seal at ¶ 12. We further noted that the Eighth

District had determined, in State v. Stansberry, as follows:

       “A trial court must first determine if a defendant has met his
       burden of establishing by clear and convincing proof that he was
       unavoidably prevented from filing his motion for a new trial
       within the statutory time limits. If that burden has been met but
       there has been an undue delay in filing the motion after the
       evidence was discovered, the trial court must determine if that
       delay was reasonable under the circumstances or that the
       defendant has adequately explained the reason for the delay.”
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                                                               20

Seal at ¶ 12, quoting State v. Stansberry, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 71004, 1997 WL

626063, *3.

This Court thereafter essentially went on to adopt a reasonability requirement with

respect to the time frame in which a motion for leave must be filed after the new

evidence upon which it is based is actually discovered. Seal at ¶ 12. In doing so,

we failed to acknowledge prior precedent of this Court that was contrary to the

imposition of such a requirement, nor did we acknowledge that the decision was a

departure from our own prior precedent.

         {¶28} Prior to the holding in Seal and its progeny, this Court routinely

adhered to the position that “Criminal Rule 33 does not place a time restriction

upon when motions applying for a court order finding avoidable prevention may be

made[.]” State v. Hunt, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 1553, 1986 WL 6523, *2.1

Thereafter, in State v. Pinkerman, we rejected an argument by the state that

Pinkerman failed to bring his motion for leave within a reasonable time because he

waited six months after he discovered new evidence before he filed his motion for

leave. State v. Pinkerman, supra, at 161. In rejecting the state’s argument, we

1
 In Hunt, this Court described the Crim.R 33 process as a “bifurcated procedure.” Hunt at *2. Step one of the
bifurcated procedure involves a defendant filing a motion for leave to file a motion for new trial based upon newly
discovered evidence that is supported by evidence demonstrating he or she was unavoidably prevented from
discovering the new evidence within one hundred twenty days after the verdict was rendered. Id. If the trial court
determines that the defendant was unavoidably prevented from timely filing the motion and therefore grants the
motion for leave, then the defendant must actually file a motion for new trial within seven days of the trial court’s
order finding he was unavoidably prevented. Id. The defendant’s motion for new trial must be supported by
affidavit demonstrating the existence of newly discovered evidence. Id.
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                                   21

relied upon the fact that Crim.R. 33(B) contains no time limit for the filing of a

motion for leave to file a delayed motion for new trial. Id. We further found that

“[t]he rule instead merely states that the trial court may not grant the motion for

leave unless the trial court finds that the defendant was unavoidably prevented

from discovering the new evidence within one hundred and twenty days from the

day the jury rendered the verdict.” Id. This Court went on to find that Pinkerman

was, in fact, unavoidably prevented from discovering the new evidence within the

specified time period and we therefore remanded the matter to the trial court to

enter a judgment granting Pinkerman leave to file a motion for a new trial. Id.

      {¶29} This stance remained the status quo in this district until the issuance

of the decision in State v. Seal. See e.g. State v. Clumm, supra, at ¶ 21 (finding a

delay of 445 days between the discovery of new evidence and the filing of a

motion for leave was not a sufficient justification for denying the motion for leave,

relying on Pinkerman); State v. Hatton, 4th Dist. Pickaway No. 11CA23, 2013-

Ohio-475 (reversing the trial court’s denial of Hatton’s motion for leave, which the

trial court had denied because there was a delay of nearly a year between the

discovery of new evidence and the filing of the motion for leave). Importantly, in

Hatton, we determined that Pinkerman was dispositive regarding the issue of

whether Crim.R. 33(B) contained a time limit for the filing of a motion for leave to
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                                 22

file a motion for a new trial. Id. at ¶ 10. For example, we stated as follows in

Hatton:

      Although some appellate districts have adopted this
      [reasonableness] standard, this view is not consistent with
      Pinkerman. Further, the State did not cite any authority to show
      the standard in this District has been altered in any manner since
      Pinkerman. At this juncture, we need not, and do not, determine
      whether to adopt such a standard in this case.

Id. at ¶ 11-12.

      {¶30} In Hatton, our decision was based, in part, on the fact that there was

an eight-month delay between Hatton’s discovery of the new evidence and the

filing of his motion for leave, which timeframe we determined was consistent with

the length of the delay in Pinkerman. Id. at 12. Our decision further

acknowledged that the State argued an additional four months should be added to

that timeframe because the Ohio Innocence Project had actually made Hatton

aware of the existence of new evidence at an earlier date. Id. However, this Court

rejected the State’s argument that such a delay justified a departure from

Pinkerman, especially where it was “not unreasonable for appellant to believe that

his OIP counsel would act in his best interest.” Id.

      {¶31} After much research and review, it appears to this Court that the

inquiry regarding whether a defendant should be granted leave to file a delayed

motion for new trial has evolved from a question of whether the defendant was

unavoidably prevented from the discovery of the new evidence within one hundred
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                               23

twenty days after the verdict, to the question of whether the defendant was

unavoidably delayed in filing his motion for leave after new evidence was

discovered. The evolution of this inquiry is not supported by the rule. Moreover,

and in light of Bethel, supra, we conclude that prior decisions of this Court,

beginning with Seal, which departed from the prior precedent set forth in Hunt,

Pinkerman, Clumm and Hatton, supra, (which rejected the imposition of a

reasonability requirement not contained within Crim.R. 33(B)), were erroneously

decided. Instead, we conclude that the first inquiry to be made by the trial court is

whether the defendant has shown, by clear and convincing proof, that he or she

was unavoidably prevented from discovering the evidence at issue within one

hundred twenty days of the jury’s verdict. If the answer is yes, then the motion for

leave to file a motion for new trial should be granted. Here, as already stated, there

is no indication from the trial court’s order that it made a determination one way or

the other regarding this threshold inquiry. This question must be answered before

the trial court can proceed to the next step of the bifurcated procedure contained in

Crim.R. 33(B). See State v. Hunt, supra, at *2 (if the court determines that a

defendant was unavoidably prevented from discovery of the new evidence within

the Crim.R. 33 timeframe, and therefore grants leave to file a motion for new trial,

the defendant must file a properly supported motion for new trial within seven days

of the finding that he or she was unavoidably prevented from discovery). On the
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                                 24

other hand, the trial court may find that Gavin was not unavoidably prevented from

discovery of the new evidence at issue herein. Either way, the trial court must

make this threshold determination before moving forward.

      {¶32} In summary, we agree with Gavin’s first two assertions listed under

his first assignment of error. Crim.R. 33(B) does not contain any time requirement

for the discovery of new evidence. Further, as the Supreme Court of Ohio has

made abundantly clear in State v. Bethel, supra, Crim.R. 33(B) does not contain

any time requirement for requesting leave after the discovery of new evidence.

Thus, we sustain Gavin’s first assignment of error on these two grounds and we

need not reach the remaining arguments raised under his first assignment of error.

Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the trial court denying Gavin’s motion for

leave to file a motion for new trial and we remand the matter with instructions to

the trial court to first determine whether Gavin was unavoidably prevented from

discovery of the evidence upon which his motion for leave is based, without regard

to the amount of time that elapsed between the discovery of evidence and filing of

his motion for leave.

                          ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR II

      {¶33} In his second assignment of error, Gavin contends that his paper

filings provided prima facie evidence that he had satisfied the requirements of

Crim.R. 33(B) and thus, that the trial court further erred by denying leave without
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                                 25

affording him an evidentiary hearing. The State argues that Gavin’s motion for

leave was untimely filed, was barred by res judicata, and that “Crim.R. 33 in no

way requires the trial court to conduct an evidentiary hearing.” For the following

reasons, we reject the argument raised under this assignment of error.

      {¶34} We first address the State’s contention that Gavin was not entitled to

an evidentiary hearing on his motion for leave to file a motion for new trial based

upon the doctrine of res judicata. We begin our analysis by noting that “res

judicata may be applied to bar further litigation of issues that were raised

previously or could have been raised previously in an appeal.” State v. Hatton,

supra, at ¶ 16, citing State v. Perry, 10 Ohio St.2d 175, 226 N.E.2d 104 (1967). In

Hatton, we further recognized “that res judicata bars a motion for a new trial when

the movant raised, or could have raised, that issue, in a prior action.” Hatton at

¶ 16, citing State v. Lofton, 4th Dist. Pickaway No. 16CA8, 2017-Ohio-757, ¶ 16,

in turn citing State v. Vincent, 4th Dist. Ross No. 03CA2713, 2003-Ohio-3998

(finding res judicata barred defendant from raising issues that could have been

raised in a prior motion for a new trial or Crim.R. 32.1 motion). “ ‘ “[R]es judicata

promotes the principles of finality and judicial economy by preventing endless

relitigation of an issue on which a defendant has already received a full and fair

opportunity to be heard.” ’ ” Hatton at ¶ 16, quoting State v. Miller, 4th Dist.
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                                   26

Lawrence No. 11CA14, 2012-Ohio-1922, ¶ 5, in turn quoting State v. Saxon, 109

Ohio St.3d 176, 2006-Ohio-1245, 846 N.E.2d 824, ¶ 18.

      {¶35} Here, we cannot conclude based upon the record before us that

Gavin’s motion for leave to file a motion for new trial, to the extent that it was

based upon the affidavit of Ryan Starks, was barred by the doctrine of res judicata.

The record indicates that Gavin did not base his first direct appeal, his petition for

postconviction relief, or his first motion for leave to file a motion for new trial on

any evidence related to or provided by Ryan Starks. Further, it does not appear

from the record that Gavin could have previously raised any argument related to

the evidence provided by Starks in any of his prior filings because Starks had not

yet come forward. Thus, contrary to the State’s argument, Gavin’s motion for

leave to file a motion for new trial based upon newly discovered evidence, the

basis of which is the affidavit of Ryan Starks, is not barred by the doctrine of res

judicata.

      {¶36} Having determined that Gavin’s motion for leave was not barred by

res judicata, we next consider the proper standard of review that must be applied

when reviewing a trial court’s decision on whether to hold an evidentiary hearing

when considering a motion for leave to file a motion for new trial. On this

particular question, this Court has explained as follows:

      “[A]n appellate court applies an abuse of discretion standard of
      review to (1) a trial court's decision whether to conduct an
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                                    27

      evidentiary hearing on a motion for leave to file a delayed motion
      for new trial; and (2) its ultimate decision to grant or deny the
      underlying motion for new trial.”

State v. Hatton, supra, at ¶ 13, quoting State v. Seal, supra, at ¶ 9, in turn citing

State v. Hoover-Moore, supra, at ¶ 14. Further, this Court explained in State v.

Chambers, supra, as follows:

      A criminal defendant is “only entitled to a hearing on a motion
      for leave to file a motion for a new trial if he submits documents
      which, on their face, support his claim that he was unavoidably
      prevented from timely discovering the evidence at issue.”

Chambers at ¶ 24, quoting State v. McConnell, 170 Ohio App.3d 800, 2007-Ohio-

1181, ¶ 7 (2d Dist.).

      {¶37} Here, as set forth above, it appears from the record that the trial court

denied Gavin’s motion for leave as being untimely filed, without reaching the

merits of the motion and without holding an evidentiary hearing. As part of our

disposition of Gavin’s first assignment of error, we reversed the judgment of the

trial court denying Gavin’s motion for leave to the extent it determined the motion

for leave was untimely filed without going a step further and determining whether

Gavin met the exception to the timely-filing requirement. As the trial court did not

reach the merits of the motion for leave, but rather denied it based upon its

determination that the motion for leave was untimely filed, we cannot conclude

that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to hold an evidentiary hearing.

On remand, however, consistent with the reasoning set forth above, the trial court
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                               28

has discretion in determining whether or not to conduct an evidentiary hearing on

Gavin’s motion for leave. Importantly, if the trial court determines that the

documents submitted in support of Gavin’s motion for leave to file a motion for

new trial provide prima facie evidence that he was unavoidably prevented from

timely discovering the evidence at issue, according to our prior reasoning in State

v. Chambers, supra, Gavin would be entitled to a hearing on his motion for leave.

      {¶38} Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is reversed and this

matter is remanded with instructions and for further proceedings consistent with

this opinion.

                                JUDGMENT REVERSED AND REMANDED.
Scioto App. 21CA3941                                                                  29

                               JUDGMENT ENTRY

    It is ordered that the JUDGMENT BE REVERSED and the CAUSE IS
REMANDED. Costs shall be assessed to Appellee.
      The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the
Scioto County Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.
        IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE UPON
BAIL HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL COURT OR
THIS COURT, it is temporarily continued for a period not to exceed 60 days upon
the bail previously posted. The purpose of a continued stay is to allow Appellant
to file with the Supreme Court of Ohio an application for a stay during the
pendency of proceedings in that court. If a stay is continued by this entry, it will
terminate at the earlier of the expiration of the 60 day period, or the failure of the
Appellant to file a notice of appeal with the Supreme Court of Ohio in the 45 day
appeal period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of the Supreme
Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court of Ohio dismisses the appeal
prior to expiration of 60 days, the stay will terminate as of the date of such
dismissal.
       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule
27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Abele, J. and Wilkin, J. concur in Judgment and Opinion.
                                 For the Court,
                                 _____________________________
                                 Jason P. Smith
                                 Presiding Judge

                             NOTICE TO COUNSEL
      Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final
judgment entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the
date of filing with the clerk.