Court Opinion

ID: 9926112
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-23 19:03:29.959905+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:22:03.922720
License: Public Domain

FOURTH DIVISION
                                 DILLARD, P. J.,
                             RICKMAN and PIPKIN, JJ.

                     NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                     physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                     days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

                                                                     January 23, 2024

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A23A1472. TRIDENT WHOLESALE, INC. et al v. BROWN.
 A23A1473. ABDULRASOOL GHULAMHUSSAIN v. BROWN.

      DILLARD, Presiding Judge.

      In these companion cases, the appellants challenge the trial court’s denial of

their motions for summary judgment in William Brown’s action against them for

malicious prosecution, intentional infliction of emotional distress (“IIED”), attorney

fees, and punitive damages. Specifically, in Case No. A23A1472, Trident Wholesale

Inc. d/b/a “Ghandi Wholesale,” Farooq Ghandi, Padma Bhanela, and Chandra

Sankla1 argue (1) the trial court incorrectly analyzed the key elements of Brown’s

malicious-prosecution claim; (2) probable cause existed for Brown’s arrest and

      1
          These parties will be referred to collectively as the “Trident appellants.”
criminal charges as a matter of law, which precluded his malicious-prosecution claim;

(3) no genuine issue of material fact existed as to the malice element of this claim; (4)

criminal prosecution does not satisfy the extreme/outrageous conduct element of an

IIED claim; and (5) Brown’s derivative claims for punitive damages and attorney fees

fail because his substantive claims are without merit. In Case No. A23A1473,

Abdulrasool Ghulamhussain appeals the same trial-court order denying his separate

motion for summary judgment, arguing (1) as to the malicious-prosecution claim, a

pretrial finding that probable cause existed for Brown’s arrest and criminal charges

created a rebuttable presumption that it existed; (2) Brown’s IIED claim fails as a

matter of law because his malicious-prosecution claim lacks merit; and (3) Brown’s

derivative claims for attorney fees and punitive damages fail because Ghulamhussain

is entitled to summary judgment as to his substantive claims. For the following

reasons, we vacate the trial court’s order in both cases and remand for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.2

      2
        Oral argument was held in these consolidated appeals on September 5, 2023,
and is archived on the Court’s website. See Court of Appeals of the State of Georgia,
Oral Argument, Case Nos. A23A1472 and A23A1473 (Sept. 5, 2023), available at
https://vimeo.com/863001367.
                                           2
      Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Brown (i.e., the nonmoving

party),3 the record shows that in 2008, Brown began selling male sex-enhancement

pills—which he purchased from Angel Wholesales—using the brand name

“Goldreallas.” In September 2010, Goldreallas was incorporated with the Secretary

of State of Georgia; and shortly after that, Brown trademarked “Goldreallas” and its

logo. But in 2014, Brown received a public notice, along with a cease-and-desist letter,

from the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), notifying him that

certain tests revealed Goldreallas were “tainted” and ordering him to stop selling

them immediately. Brown believed the pills at issue were not Goldreallas because (he

claims) they were never tested by the FDA. So, even though he believed the tainted

pills were actually counterfeit Goldreallas, he nevertheless complied with the FDA’s

order to stop selling them.4

      3
          See, e.g., Martin v. Herrington Mill, LP, 316 Ga. App. 696, 696 (730 SE2d 164)
(2012).
      4
        We express no opinion as to whether the pills tested by the FDA were actually
counterfeit Goldreallas. At the summary-judgment stage, we are charged with viewing
the evidence in the light most favorably to Brown. See supra note 3 & accompanying
text.
                                            3
      On February 26, 2016, Brown went to Trident Wholesale d/b/a Ghandi

Wholesale,5 a wholesale supply business owned by Ghandi and Ghulamhussain, to

discuss partnering with them to sell new products, such as an energy shot using the

brand name Goldreallas. But when Brown arrived, he immediately noticed counterfeit

Goldreallas pills for sale. And according to Brown, the pills were identical to

Goldreallas in every respect, including the name, logo, color, size of the box, serial

code, and packaging. As a result, Brown demanded Ghandi and Ghulamhussain stop

selling the pills because they were using his brand name without compensating him;

and in any event, the FDA had banned them from being sold. Later, over dinner, the

men discussed the issue again and Ghandi and Ghulamhussain promised Brown they

would stop selling the counterfeit Goldreallas.

      Then, on April 28, 2016, Brown went to Ghandi Wholesale again to speak to

Ghulamhussain about selling a new product; and when he arrived, he saw the

counterfeit Goldreallas were still being sold, which made him “pretty upset.” Brown

then retrieved a large shopping cart and placed all of the counterfeit Goldreallas inside

      5
        Because Trident does business as “Ghandi Wholesale,” we refer to the
physical location in which Trident sells its products as “Ghandi Wholesale,” rather
than Trident.
                                           4
of it “with a sense of urgency.” Ghulamhussain was not in his office; but while

looking for him, Brown encountered Suman Reddy, a store employee sitting in a truck.

Brown instructed Reddy to tell Ghandi to “stop infringing on [his] trademark and stop

selling [the] stolen property.” In response, Reddy rushed toward Brown in an

aggressive manner, and Brown stuck out his hand to protect his previously injured

shoulder. And according to Brown, Reddy then ran into his hand, and he “pushed

[him] down.”6

      6
         In addition to admitting he pushed Reddy down, Brown also testified, inter
alia, that when he placed his arm out to protect himself, Reddy simply fell. And
importantly, Brown failed to provide a reasonable explanation for the discrepancies
in his testimony regarding his interaction with Reddy. Needless to say, when a party
has “given contradictory testimony, and when that party relies exclusively on that
testimony in opposition to summary judgment, a court must construe the
contradictory testimony against him.” Bradley v. Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc., 314 Ga. App.
556, 557 (724 SE2d 855) (2012) (punctuation omitted). And under such
circumstances, we must “disregard the favorable portions of the contradictory
testimony and then decide whether the remaining evidence is sufficient to get by
summary judgment.” Id. at 557-58 (punctuation omitted). Here, because Brown’s
admitted act of pushing Reddy down may be relevant to whether there was probable
cause to support any of the charged offenses, this testimony must be construed against
him. See CSX Transp., Inc. v. Belcher, 276 Ga. 522, 523 (1) (579 SE2d 737)
(2003)(“[A] trial court that is faced with a party’s self-contradictory sworn testimony
on a material fact should disregard the portions of that testimony that favor the party
when deciding a motion for summary judgment, unless the party offers a reasonable
explanation for the contradiction.”); Thornton v. Nat’l Am. Ins. Co., 269 Ga. 518, 519
(4) (499 SE2d 894) (1998) (reiterating its prior holding that “on a motion for
summary judgment, the moving party’s self-contradictory testimony, if not reasonably
                                          5
       After this physical altercation, Brown returned to the front of the store with the

counterfeit products he confiscated and was confronted by Sankla and Bhanela, who

were working as cashiers. Brown told them he was the owner of Goldreallas, and

Ghandi Wholesale was not allowed to sell the counterfeit pills. One of the cashiers

responded that they could sell whatever they wanted to sell. That employee then

walked toward Brown, and Brown said “don’t walk up on me motherfucker . . . [l]ike

y’all stand back.” Later, when asked whether he said this in an aggressive manner,

Brown testified that making such a statement “doesn’t work in a soft tone of voice.

I can’t say don’t walk up on me motherfuckers and then they fucking stop walking. I

have to say don’t walk up on me in order for them to stop walking.” And according

to Brown, the situation escalated to the point that he and Bhanela were yelling at each

other. Eventually, Brown left the warehouse, taking all of the counterfeit Goldreallas

with him.

      About ten minutes later, Ghandi called Brown “screaming and cursing” and

threatening to call 911. Brown responded by saying, “fine, call 911.” When the police

arrived, they took statements from the Ghandi Wholesale employees involved and

explained, was to be construed against him”).
                                           6
reviewed security footage of the altercation between Brown and the two cashiers.

Then, following an investigation into the matter, an investigator with the Forest Park

Police Department issued a detailed report, concluding that there was probable cause

to apply for warrants to arrest Brown for robbery by intimidation, terroristic threats,

and simple battery.

      Given these conclusions, the investigator applied for warrants to arrest Brown

for the foregoing offenses, and the magistrate court issued them. Thereafter, Brown

waived his right to a preliminary hearing “to examine the issue of probable cause” for

each of the charged offenses. Ultimately, Brown was charged, via indictment, with

robbery by intimidation, simple battery, and two counts of terroristic threats. Brown’s

case then proceeded to trial, at which a jury acquitted him of robbery by intimidation,

and the trial court granted directed verdicts of acquittal as to the remaining charges.

      Following trial, Brown filed suit against Trident, Gandhi, Ghulamhussain,

Bhanela, and Sankla, asserting claims for malicious prosecution, IIED, attorney fees,

and punitive damages. Discovery then ensued, and eventually, the Trident appellants

and Ghulamhussain filed separate motions for summary judgment. The trial court

later held a hearing on the matter, after which it denied both motions in a single order.

                                            7
Thereafter, the trial court granted the appellants a certificate of immediate review, and

these appeals follow this Court’s grant of their applications for interlocutory appeals.7

      Summary judgment is, of course, proper when “there is no genuine issue as to

any material fact and the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”8

Additionally, a de novo standard of review “applies to an appeal from a grant or denial

of summary judgment, and we view the evidence, and all reasonable conclusions and

inferences drawn from it, in the light most favorable to the nonmovant.”9 And

importantly, at the summary-judgment stage, we do not “resolve disputed facts,

reconcile the issues, weigh the evidence, or determine its credibility, as those matters

must be submitted to a jury for resolution.”10 With these guiding principles in mind,

we will address the appellants’ specific claims of error.

      7
        See Se. Sec. Ins. Co. v. Empire Banking Co., 268 Ga. 450, 451 (490 SE2d 3720
(1997) (“The denial of a motion for summary judgment is clearly an interlocutory
ruling which, if certified by the trial court, is subject to the interlocutory appeal
provisions of OCGA § 5-6-34 (b).”).
      8
          OCGA § 9-11-56 (c); accord Martin, 316 Ga. App. at 697.
      9
          Martin, 316 Ga. App. at 697 (punctuation omitted).
      10
           Tookes v. Murray, 297 Ga. App. 765, 766 (678 SE2d 209) (2009).
                                           8
                          Case No. A23A1472

      1. The Trident appellants first argue the trial court incorrectly analyzed the key

elements of Brown’s malicious-prosecution claim. We agree.

      In order to state a claim for malicious prosecution, the plaintiff must show “(1)

prosecution for a criminal offense; (2) instigated without probable cause; (3) with

malice; (4) under a valid warrant, accusation or summons; (5) which has terminated

favorably to the plaintiff; and (6) has caused damage to the plaintiff.”11 But the

gravamen of the complaint is “the absence of probable cause on the part of the person

instituting the prosecution.”12 Further, in malicious-prosecution cases, the question

of probable cause is “a mixed question of law and fact.”13 Importantly, whether the

circumstances alleged to show probable cause existed is “a matter of fact, to be

      11
        Sheffield v. Futch, 354 Ga. App. 661, 668 (3) (839 SE2d 294) (2020)
(punctuation omitted); accord Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Blackford, 264 Ga. 612, 613 (449
SE2d 293) (1994); McKissick v. S.O.A., Inc., 299 Ga. App. 772, 774 (1) (684 SE2d 24)
(2009).
      12
        McKissick, 299 Ga. App. at 774 (1) (punctuation omitted); accord Blackford,
264 Ga. at 613; Wills v. Arnett, 306 Ga. App. 503, 506 (2) (702 SE2d 646) (2010).
      13
        McKissick, 299 Ga. App. at 774 (1) (punctuation omitted); Gooch v. Tudor, 296
Ga. App. 414, 418 (1) (c) (674 SE2d 331) (2009); see Hicks v. Brantley, 102 Ga. 264 (29
SE 459, 462) (1897) (“The doctrine generally adopted in the American courts is that
the question of probable cause is a mixed question of law and fact.”).
                                           9
determined by the jury, but whether they amount to probable cause is a question of law

for the court.”14

      In Georgia, probable cause is defined as “the existence of such facts and

circumstances as would excite the belief in a reasonable mind[ ] that the person

charged was guilty of the crime for which he was prosecuted.”15 And this belief must

be supported by “appearances known to the defendant at the time he initiates the

prosecution, and the appearances must be such as to lead a reasonable man to set the

criminal proceeding in motion.”16 On the other hand, there is a lack of probable cause

when the circumstances are such “as to satisfy a reasonable man that the accuser had

      14
        McKissick, 299 Ga. App. at 774 (1) (punctuation omitted); accord Gooch, 296
Ga. App. at 418 (1) (c); see Hicks, 102 Ga. 264 (29 SE at 462) (“The question of
probable cause is a question for the jury, under the direction of the court; that is, a
question of fact for the jury, but subject to the provisions of the law thereon.” ).
      15
         McKissick, 299 Ga. App. at 774 (1) (punctuation omitted); accord Gooch, 296
Ga. App. at 418 (1) (c); see Hicks, 102 Ga. 264 (29 SE at 462) (“The probable cause
referred to has been defined to be the existence of such facts and circumstances as
would excite the belief in a reasonable mind, acting on the facts within the knowledge
of the prosecutor, that the person charged was guilty of the crime for which he was
prosecuted” (punctuation omitted)).
      16
         McKissick, 299 Ga. App. at 774 (1) (punctuation omitted); accord K-Mart Corp.
v. Coker, 261 Ga. 745, 752 (1) (410 SE2d 425) (1991); Gooch, 296 Ga. App. at 418-19
(1) (c).
                                          10
no ground for proceeding but his desire to injure the accused.”17 Significantly, the

return of an indictment is “prima facie, though not conclusive, evidence of probable

cause, as is the waiver of a preliminary hearing.”18 Finally, the burden of proof to show

lack of probable cause is on the plaintiff, and “there is nothing to send to the jury if the

plaintiff does not raise some evidence creating an issue of fact as to each element of

the tort.”19

       17
         McKissick, 299 Ga. App. at 774-75 (1) (punctuation omitted); accord OCGA
§ 51-7-3; Horne v. J.H. Harvey Co., 274 Ga. App. 444, 447 (617 SE2d 648) (2005); see
West v. Baumgartner, 228 Ga. 671, 676 (2) (187 SE2d 665) (1972) (noting that under
Georgia law, the “[want of probable cause shall be a question for the jury, under the
direction of the court, and shall exist where the circumstances are such as to satisfy
a reasonable man that the accuser had no ground for proceeding but his desire to
injure the accused”).
       18
          Rowe v. CSX Transp., Inc., 219 Ga. App. 380, 381 (465 SE2d 476) (1995); see
Monroe v. Sigler, 256 Ga. 759, 760 (3) (353 SE2d 23) (1987) (“The action of a
magistrate in binding over the accused on a criminal warrant is prima facie, but not
conclusive, evidence of probable cause for such prosecution.” (punctuation omitted));
Smith v. Tr. Co. Bank, 215 Ga. App. 413, 415-16 (1) 450 SE2d 866) (1994) (“The fact
plaintiff waived his preliminary hearing and the fact that he was subsequently indicted
by a grand jury is prima facie evidence of the existence of probable cause.”).
       19
        McKissick, 299 Ga. App. at 775 (1) (punctuation omitted); Barnette v. Coastal
Hematology & Oncology, P.C., 294 Ga. App. 733, 736 (670 SE2d 217) (2008); Franklin
v. Consol. Gov’t of Columbus, Ga., 236 Ga. App. 468, 470 (1) (512 SE2d 352) (1999).
                                             11
      Here, the Trident appellants contend the trial court incorrectly analyzed key

elements and associated principles of a malicious-prosecution claim. And they are

indeed correct that the trial court, among other things, failed to acknowledge the

prima facie evidence that probable cause supported all of Brown’s charged offenses

(i.e., he was indicted by a grand jury and waived his right to a preliminary hearing).20

As a result, the trial court also did not address whether Brown successfully rebutted

this prima facie evidence. In fact, although the trial court mentioned probable cause a

few times in passing and noted that the lack of probable cause is one element of

malicious prosecution, it did not substantively address whether there was probable

cause to support Brown’s criminal prosecution for any particular offense.

      Instead, the trial court simply detailed conflicts in the evidence regarding

whether each Trident appellant (and Ghulamhussain) knowingly and maliciously

made false statements or omitted material facts when speaking to law enforcement.

Then, the trial court summarily concluded such conflicts could support a jury

determination that there was a want of probable cause and the appellants acted with

malice. But while a jury can infer malice when there is a lack of probable cause, a jury

      20
           See note 18 & accompanying text.
                                           12
cannot infer the lack of probable cause when there is evidence of malice.21 Simply put,

it is not enough that the trial court found that there were jury questions regarding

whether the Trident appellants maliciously initiated Brown’s prosecution by either

lying or omitting material facts when speaking to police. To the contrary, the trial

court was required to independently address the probable-cause element of malicious

prosecution.

      More precisely, probable cause is “the existence of such facts and

circumstances as would excite the belief in a reasonable mind, that the person charged

was guilty of the crime for which he was prosecuted.”22 And here, the trial court did not

address whether there was undisputed evidence as to each element required to prove

      21
         See Hicks, 102 Ga. 264 (29 SE at 462) (“A right of action for a malicious
prosecution exists only when the prosecution is the result of a desire to injure the
accused. In such an action[,] malice against the accused may be inferred from want of
probable cause, but the want of probable cause will not be inferred, even though
malice is shown to have existed.”); Fleming v. U-Haul Co. of Ga., 246 Ga. App. 681,
683 (2) (541 SE2d 75) (2000) (“There can be no recovery [for malicious prosecution]
even though the prosecution was malicious, if there was probable cause for it . . . .”);
Kviten v. Nash, 150 Ga. App. 589, 591 (5) (258 SE2d 271) (1979) (explaining that
“[a]lthough a jury cannot infer a lack of probable cause from malice, a jury is
authorized to infer malice from a lack of probable cause” (citation omitted)).
      22
         McKissick, 299 Ga. App. at 774 (1) (punctuation omitted) (emphasis
supplied); accord Gooch, 296 Ga. App. at 418 (1) (c); supra note 15 & accompanying
text.
                                           13
robbery by intimidation, terroristic threats, or simple battery. In fact, the trial court did

not even mention or acknowledge the requisite elements of any charged offense.23

Significantly, the lack of probable cause is the most important element of a malicious-

prosecution claim.24

       Needless to say, we are a court of review, “not of first view.”25 Put another way,

this is a Court for the correction of errors of law; and if “the trial court has not ruled

on an issue, we will not address it.”26 As a result, under the foregoing circumstances,

       23
         A finding of probable cause as to “one related offense arising from the same
transaction is a binding determination that there was probable cause for all related
charges arising from the same transaction or occurrence.” Remeneski v. Klinakis, 222
Ga. App. 12, 15 (1) (473 SE2d 223) (1996) (emphasis supplied); see, e.g., Day Realty
Assocs., Inc. v. McMillan, 247 Ga. 561, 562 (277 SE2d 663) (1981) (“We hold that as
long as there was probable cause to prosecute for the theft of some of the items, [the
defendant] cannot be liable in tort for malicious prosecution.”).
       24
         See Coker, 261 Ga. at 746 (1) (“The lack of probable cause is the gravamen of
a malicious prosecution action.”); Barnette, 294 Ga. App. at 735-36 (same); supra note
12 & accompanying text.
       25
         State v. Jennings, 362 Ga. App. 790, 796 (1) (c) (869 SE2d 183) (2022)
(punctuation omitted); accord Flanders v. State, 360 Ga. App. 855, 855 (862 SE2d 152)
(2021) (punctuation omitted); see Pfeiffer v. Ga. Dep’t of Transp., 275 Ga. 827, 829 (2)
(573 SE2d 389) (2002) (“[A]bsent special circumstances, an appellate court need not
consider arguments raised for the first time on appeal.” (footnote omitted)).
       26
         Pneumo Abex v. Long, 357 Ga. App. 17, 29 (2) (849 SE2d 746) (2020)
(punctuation omitted); accord Stanley v. Gov’t Emps. Ins. Co., 344 Ga. App. 342, 346
(2) (810 SE2d 179) (2018); see supra note 25 & accompanying text.
                                             14
we must vacate the trial court’s order denying the Trident appellants’ motion for

summary judgment and remand for the court to address whether the lack-of-probable-

cause element of malicious prosecution was satisfied.27

      2. Next, the Trident appellants argue Brown’s IIED claim fails as a matter of

law because his malicious-prosecution claim fails. And they also argue Brown’s

derivative claims for punitive damages and attorney fees are precluded because his

substantive claims are without merit. But given that this case is being remanded for

further consideration of Brown’s malicious-prosecution claim, it is premature for this

Court to address the merits of these arguments at this time.

      27
         See Wilkes & McHugh, P.A. v. LTC Consulting, L.P., 306 Ga. 252, 253 (830
SE2d 119) (2019) (vacating a trial court’s disposition of a motion and remanding the
case for the trial court to reconsider its decision under the proper legal standard);
Earls v. Aneke, 350 Ga. App. 455, 458-59 (1) (829 SE2d 661) (2019) (vacating the trial
court’s denial of summary judgment and remanding the case for the trial court to
address a particular issue in the first instance); Piedmont Hosp., Inc. v. D. M., 335 Ga.
App. 442, 449 (3) (779 SE2d 36) (2015) (vacating the trial court’s denial of summary
judgment and remanding the case for the court to address the appellants equitable-
estoppel argument); Strength v. Lovett, 311 Ga. App. 35, 44-45 (2) (b) (714 SE2d 723)
(2011) (remanding question not reached by trial court); DuPree v. S. Atl. Conf. of
Seventh Day Adventists, 299 Ga. App. 352, 355 (683 SE2d 1) (2009) (remanding where
“trial court did not rule upon the other grounds advanced by appellee in its motion for
summary judgment”).
                                           15
                                Case No. A23A1473

      3. In his appeal, Ghulamhussain challenges the same trial court order at issue

in Case No. A23A1472 and raises similar arguments to those made by the Trident

appellants. But because this order is being vacated and the case remanded for further

proceedings, we need not address Ghulamhussain’s arguments separately.

      For all these reasons, we vacate the trial court’s order in both Case Nos.

A23A1472 and A23A1473 and remand them to the trial court for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

      Judgments vacated and cases remanded with direction. Rickman and Pipkin, JJ.,

concur.

                                         16