Court Opinion

ID: 4671885
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-26 16:12:15.245032+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:49.902726
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Pacific, 2021-Ohio-973.]

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                     MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                     :
                                                   :
          Plaintiff-Appellee                       :   Appellate Case No. 28804
                                                   :
 v.                                                :   Trial Court Case No. 2019-CR-2234
                                                   :
 CHRISTOPHER PACIFIC                               :   (Criminal Appeal from
                                                   :   Common Pleas Court)
          Defendant-Appellant                      :
                                                   :

                                              ...........

                                             OPINION

                             Rendered on the 26th day of March, 2021.

                                              ...........

MATHIAS H. HECK, JR. by JAMIE J. RIZZO, Atty. Reg. No. 0099218, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, Montgomery County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division,
Montgomery County Courts Building, 301 West Third Street, 5th Floor, Dayton, Ohio
45422
      Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

CARLO C. MCGINNIS, Atty. Reg. No. 0019540, 55 Park Avenue, Dayton, Ohio 45419
    Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                             .............

EPLEY, J.
                                                                                             -2-

       {¶ 1} Defendant-Appellant Christopher Pacific was found guilty after a bench trial

in the Montgomery County Court of Common Pleas of breaking and entering, a felony of

the fifth degree. The trial court sentenced Pacific to up to five years of community

control.

       {¶ 2} Pacific appeals from his conviction, claiming that (1) the trial court erred in

allowing the State to amend the indictment and bill of particulars at trial, (2) the trial court

erred in failing to grant a reasonable continuance after amending the indictment, (3) the

trial court erred in denying his Crim.R. 29 motion, (4) his conviction was against the

manifest weight of the evidence, and (5) the judgment entry was inconsistent with the trial

court’s orally-pronounced sentence. For the following reasons, the trial court’s judgment

will be affirmed.

                            I. Factual and Procedural History

       {¶ 3} On July 7, 2019, the Montgomery County Sheriff’s Department responded to

5345 Germantown Pike on a reported breaking and entering. Carol Slater, who lived at

that residence, informed the deputies that she heard voices and noises at a neighboring

property, a dilapidated former commercial nursery that consisted of a series of connected

buildings. The deputies walked around the greenhouse buildings and heard voices and

mechanical noises coming from inside. After entering the greenhouse, the deputies

encountered Pacific and two other individuals. Pacific had a chainsaw and was cutting

into a motor or air conditioning unit that was mounted to the ceiling. The deputies placed

the three individuals under arrest.

       {¶ 4} On August 8, 2019, Pacific was indicted on one count of breaking and
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entering (unoccupied structure), in violation of R.C. 2911.13(A).          The indictment

identified the unoccupied structure as “a nursery building, located at 5345 Germantown

Pike, Jefferson Township, Ohio.” Pacific requested a bill of particulars, which the State

provided. The bill of particulars stated, in relevant part, that the State would prove:

       [O]n or about July 7, 2019, in Montgomery County, Ohio, the Defendant,

       Christopher Pacific, did by force, stealth, or deception, trespass in an

       unoccupied structure located at 5345 Germantown Pike, Jefferson

       Township, Ohio, with purpose to commit therein any theft offense, as

       defined in R.C. 2913.01(K), or any felony; in violation of R.C. 2911.13(A), a

       felony of the fifth degree. In particular, the day of the incident, Montgomery

       County Sheriff’s Deputies responded to a breaking and entering in progress

       call where they located Defendant in a secured greenhouse-type building

       actively sawing at a motor to remove it from the structure.

       {¶ 5} The matter proceeded to a bench trial on January 28, 2020. The State

presented the testimony of Slater, two of the responding deputies, and Donald Wang, the

alleged owner of the greenhouse property. During the trial, the State presented evidence

that the address of the greenhouse actually was 5335 Germantown Pike, an abutting

property that shares a driveway with 5345 Germantown Pike. After the State rested, the

prosecutor moved, pursuant to Crim.R. 7(B), to amend the indictment and the bill of

particulars to reflect that address.   The trial court granted the motion over defense

counsel’s objection. The court also denied defense counsel’s request for a continuance

based on the amendment of the indictment. The court reasoned that, because the

indictment described the property as a nursery and defense counsel had visited that
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property, Pacific was not prejudiced by the amendment.

       {¶ 6} Defense counsel moved for a judgment of acquittal under Crim.R. 29, arguing

that the evidence was insufficient to sustain a conviction for the offense. The trial court

denied the oral motion.      The defense then offered several exhibits, but called no

witnesses. Defense counsel renewed his Crim.R. 29 motion after the defense rested;

that motion also was denied.

       {¶ 7} The trial court found Pacific guilty of breaking and entering and ordered a

presentence investigation.     At the sentencing hearing, the trial court misstated that

Pacific had been found guilty of a felony of the fourth degree. The court sentenced

Pacific to up to five years of community control, and it orally notified him that he could be

required to serve 18 months in prison if he violated that community control. The trial

court’s written judgment entry, however, correctly indicated that breaking and entering

was a felony of the fifth degree, and it ordered that Pacific could be required to serve 12

months – not 18 months – if he violated his community control sanctions.

       {¶ 8} Pacific appeals from his conviction, raising five assignments of error.

                             II. Amendment of the Indictment

       {¶ 9} In his first assignment of error, Pacific claims that the trial court erred in

permitting the State to amend its indictment and bill of particulars at the conclusion of its

case-in-chief.

       {¶ 10} “The purposes of an indictment are to give an accused adequate notice of

the charge, and enable an accused to protect himself or herself from any future

prosecutions for the same incident.” State v. Buehner, 110 Ohio St.3d 403, 2006-Ohio-

4707, 853 N.E.2d 1162, ¶ 7. Crim.R. 7(B) effectuates this purpose and sets forth the
                                                                                        -5-

sufficiency requirements of an indictment. State v. Young, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2019-

CA-18, 2020-Ohio-1044, ¶ 28. That Rule requires that the indictment be signed and that

it “contain a statement that the defendant has committed a public offense specified in the

indictment.” Crim.R. 7(B). Indictments may be written “in the words of the applicable

section of the statute, provided the words of that statute charge an offense, or in words

sufficient to give the defendant notice of all the elements of the offense with which the

defendant is charged.” Id.

      {¶ 11} Crim.R. 7(D) authorizes the trial court – at any time before, during, or after

a trial – to amend the indictment in respect to “any defect, imperfection, or omission in

form or substance, or of any variance with the evidence, provided no change is made in

the name or identity of the crime charged.” We previously concluded that an amendment

to an indictment regarding the location of the offense does not change the name or identity

of the offense. See State v. Weber, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25508, 2013-Ohio-3172,

¶ 29 (amendment of indictment to allege that the rape occurred in a different county, as

reflected by the evidence, did not change the name or identity of offense and was not an

abuse of discretion).

      {¶ 12} “Whether an amendment changes the name or identity of the offense

charged is a matter of law that we review de novo.” State v. Villamor-Goubeaux, 2016-

Ohio-7420, 72 N.E.3d 1185, ¶ 54 (2d Dist.), citing State v. Frazier, 2d Dist. Clark No.

2008-CA-118, 2010-Ohio-1507, ¶ 22. “If the amendment does not change the name or

identity of the crime charged, then we apply an abuse of discretion standard to review the

trial court’s decision to allow a Crim.R. 7(D) amendment.” (Citations omitted.) Frazier at

¶ 23. A trial court abuses its discretion “when it makes a decision that is unreasonable,
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unconscionable, or arbitrary.” State v. Darmond, 135 Ohio St.3d 343, 2013-Ohio-966,

986 N.E.2d 971, ¶ 34.

       {¶ 13} In this case, the indictment and bill of particulars alleged that on July 7,

2019, Pacific committed the offense of breaking and entering, in violation of R.C.

2911.13(A), a felony of the fifth degree. Both documents specified that the unoccupied

structure was a nursery/greenhouse, but incorrectly listed the property’s address as 5345

Germantown Pike. At trial, the State’s evidence established that 5345 Germantown Pike

was Slater's residential address, and the nursery was located at 5335 Germantown Pike.

       {¶ 14} Under these facts, Crim.R. 7(D) authorized the trial court to correct the

misidentification of the nursery’s address in the indictment and bill of particulars. The

amendment did not alter the elements that the State was required to prove, and the

correction did not change either the name or identity of the crime charged.

       {¶ 15} Moreover, nothing in the record suggests that Pacific was prejudiced by the

amendment. There was no dispute that the greenhouse property was the alleged scene

of the offense. The bill of particulars indicated that Pacific was found in the greenhouse

attempting to remove a motor from that property, and all of the State’s witnesses testified

about their actions with respect to the nursery property. Defense counsel indicated at

trial that he had visited the greenhouse property, and he cross-examined witnesses

regarding the condition of that property.    Defense counsel was prepared to present

evidence challenging the State’s evidence regarding the ownership of the nursery

property and whether Pacific lacked privilege to be in the greenhouse. The trial court did

not abuse its discretion in permitting the amendment of the indictment and bill of

particulars to correct the property’s address.
                                                                                            -7-

       {¶ 16} Pacific’s first assignment of error is overruled.

                                III. Denial of Continuance

       {¶ 17} Pacific’s second assignment of error claims that the trial court should have

granted him a continuance after allowing the amendment of the indictment and bill of

particulars.

       {¶ 18} Crim.R. 7(D) further provides:

       If any amendment is made to the substance of the indictment, information,

       or complaint, or to cure a variance between the indictment, information, or

       complaint and the proof, the defendant is entitled to * * * a reasonable

       continuance, unless it clearly appears from the whole proceedings that the

       defendant has not been misled or prejudiced by the defect or variance in

       respect to which the amendment is made, or that the defendant’s rights will

       be fully protected by proceeding with the trial, or by a postponement thereof

       to a later day with the same or another jury. * * * No action of the court in

       refusing a continuance or postponement under this division is reviewable

       except after motion to grant a new trial therefor is refused by the trial court,

       and no appeal based upon such action of the court shall be sustained nor

       reversal had unless, from consideration of the whole proceedings, the

       reviewing court finds that a failure of justice resulted.

       {¶ 19} Pacific requested a continuance in conjunction with his objection to the

State’s motion to amend the indictment and the bill of particulars, arguing that the

amendment could have an impact on defense strategy.                The trial court denied that

request, stating that it found no indication that Pacific was prejudiced, particularly given
                                                                                            -8-

that defense counsel had gone to the nursery prior to trial. The court asked defense

counsel, “So what would you have done different? What’s the issue? I don’t get it.”

Defense counsel did not identify any issues or strategies that were affected by the

amendment.

       {¶ 20} Pacific did not thereafter file a motion for a new trial. Accordingly, pursuant

to Crim.R. 7(D), the trial court’s denial of his request for a continuance is not reviewable.

Even if it were, the record does not support a conclusion that a failure of justice resulted

from the denial of the continuance.

       {¶ 21} Pacific’s second assignment of error is overruled.

                 IV. Sufficiency and Manifest Weight of the Evidence

       {¶ 22} In his third and fourth assignments of error, Pacific claims that the trial court

erred in denying his Crim.R. 29 motion for an acquittal and that his conviction was against

the manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶ 23} Crim.R. 29(A) provides:

       The court on motion of a defendant or on its own motion, after the evidence

       on either side is closed, shall order the entry of a judgment of acquittal of

       one or more offenses charged in the indictment, information, or complaint,

       if the evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction of such offense or

       offenses. The court may not reserve ruling on a motion for judgment of

       acquittal made at the close of the state’s case.

       {¶ 24} When reviewing the denial of a Crim.R. 29(A) motion, an appellate court

applies the same standard as is used to review a claim based on the sufficiency of the

evidence. State v. Page, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26670, 2017-Ohio-568, ¶ 7, citing
                                                                                           -9-

State v. Sheppeard, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2012-CA-27, 2013-Ohio-812, ¶ 51. “A sufficiency

of the evidence argument disputes whether the State has presented adequate evidence

on each element of the offense to allow the case to go to the jury or sustain the verdict

as a matter of law.” State v. Wilson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22581, 2009-Ohio-525,

¶ 10, citing State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). The

relevant inquiry is whether any rational finder of fact, after viewing the evidence in a light

most favorable to the State, could have found the essential elements of the crime proven

beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Dennis, 79 Ohio St.3d 421, 430, 683 N.E.2d 1096

(1997). A guilty verdict will not be disturbed on appeal unless “reasonable minds could

not reach the conclusion reached by the trier-of-fact.” Id.

       {¶ 25} In contrast, “[a] weight of the evidence argument challenges the believability

of the evidence and asks which of the competing inferences suggested by the evidence

is more believable or persuasive.” (Citation omitted.) Wilson at ¶ 12; see Eastley v.

Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶ 19. When reviewing

an argument challenging the weight of the evidence, an appellate court may not substitute

its view for that of the trier of fact. Rather, we review the entire record, weigh the

evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses, and

determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the finder of fact clearly lost its

way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be

reversed and a new trial ordered. Thompkins at 387, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio

App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983).

       {¶ 26} Because the trier of fact sees and hears the witnesses at trial, we must defer

to the factfinder’s decisions whether, and to what extent, to credit the testimony of
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particular witnesses.     State v. Lawson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16288, 1997 WL

476684, *4 (Aug. 22, 1997).          The fact that the evidence is subject to different

interpretations does not render the conviction against the manifest weight of the evidence.

Wilson at ¶ 14. A judgment of conviction should be reversed as being against the

manifest weight of the evidence only in exceptional circumstances. Martin at 175.

        {¶ 27} “The legal concepts of sufficiency of the evidence and weight of the

evidence are both quantitatively and qualitatively different.” Thompkins at 386.

However, where an appellate court determines that a conviction is not against the

manifest weight of the evidence, the conviction is necessarily based on legally sufficient

evidence. State v. McLoughlin, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 2017-CA-22, 2018-Ohio-2426,

¶ 8; State v. Million, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24744, 2012-Ohio-1774, ¶ 23.

        {¶ 28} The trial court found Pacific guilty of violating R.C. 2911.13(A), which

provides: “No person by force, stealth, or deception, shall trespass in an unoccupied

structure, with purpose to commit therein any theft offense, as defined in section 2913.01

of the Revised Code, or any felony.” Pacific challenges the sufficiency of the State’s

evidence and the trial court’s conclusion regarding the weight of the evidence as to each

element of the offense.

        A. Force, Stealth, or Deception

        {¶ 29} First, Pacific claims that the State failed to establish that Pacific acted with

“force, stealth, or deception.” It appears undisputed that deception is inapplicable to this

case.

        {¶ 30} “Force” is defined as “any violence, compulsion, or constraint physically

exerted by any means upon or against a person or thing.”                 R.C. 2901.01(A)(1).
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Accordingly, the requirement of “force” is satisfied by “any effort physically exerted.”

State v. Hudson, 2018-Ohio-423, 106 N.E.3d 205, ¶ 16 (2d Dist.), quoting State v.

Johnson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26961, 2017-Ohio-5498, ¶ 21. The opening of a

closed, but unlocked, door or window is sufficient to meet this requirement. E.g., State

v. Ball, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2017-CA-54, 2018-Ohio-605, ¶ 15 (defendant’s opening of

closed but unlocked window was sufficient to establish he entered by force); State v.

Cantrell, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26975, 2016-Ohio-7623, ¶ 12 (witness’s testimony that

defendant opened a screen door to walk through an open inner door of victim's apartment

was sufficient to prove “force”).

       {¶ 31} The term “stealth” is not defined in the Ohio Revised Code, but we and other

Ohio appellate courts have defined it to mean “any secret, sly or clandestine act to avoid

discovery and to gain entrance into or to remain within” the relevant structure. State v.

Johnson at ¶ 18, citing, e.g., State v. Reeves, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16987, 1999 WL

129469 (Mar. 12, 1999). We have commented that evidence that a defendant entered

through a back entry secluded from view was sufficient to establish the element of stealth.

Reeves at *6, citing State v. Wolhfeil, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 51983, 1987 WL 9133 (Apr.

2, 1987); Johnson at ¶ 19. The fact that an incident occurs in broad daylight does not

necessarily preclude evidence of stealth. See, e.g., Johnson at ¶ 20; In re Markunes, 2d

Dist. Montgomery Nos. 15601 & 15617, 1996 WL 531586 (Sept. 20, 1996) (evidence of

stealth existed where there was sufficient evidence that defendant’s conduct could be

construed as looking to see if the “coast was clear” before entering the open garage in

broad daylight).

       {¶ 32} According to the State’s evidence at trial, the nursery property is a 7.5 acre
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parcel of land situated between Germantown Pike and Infirmary Road. Slater’s two-acre

residential property sits directly on Germantown Pike, and the nursery property surrounds

her property. Greenhouse buildings are located behind and to the north side of Slater’s

property. The two properties share a driveway off of Germantown Pike. Other than the

nursery property’s border with Slater’s property, wooded areas surround the nursery

grounds, and there is an unpaved footpath from Infirmary Road to the rear of the

greenhouse buildings.

      {¶ 33} Donald Wang testified that he purchased the property in 2004, but he had

not operated it as a commercial nursery business. The greenhouse property was in

disrepair, with vines and foliage growing around and inside several of the connected

buildings. One structure was missing part of its roof. Wang, who lives in California,

testified that he secured the “openings” (not including the doors) to the building with

plywood. Some windows were covered with plastic mesh. The front of the building

along Slater’s property line had several doors and garage doors. Slater testified that the

two doors were closed and one overhead door was open “just a little crack.” None of the

entrances were easily accessible.

      {¶ 34} Deputies were called to the scene at approximately 6:03 p.m. on July 7.

When Deputy Jamar Williams and his partner attempted to locate the voices and noises

reported by Slater, they were unable to access the greenhouse from the front, as the door

was closed and locked from the inside. The deputies eventually accessed the building

by peeling back some plexiglass panels that were attached to the building.

      {¶ 35} Deputy Brian Krimmer approached from the rear of the greenhouse

property. He parked on Infirmary Road and walked through a “very heavily wooded” area
                                                                                         -13-

with “a lot of underbrush.” Krimmer was unable to make entry to the buildings from the

back, so he walked around the rear building, which he described as being in “very rough

condition.” Krimmer occasionally encountered some missing windows, many of which

had green mesh. Deputy Krimmer eventually entered the structure by pushing aside

some mesh covering and going through a window.

       {¶ 36} Deputies located a parked red vehicle belonging to one of the individuals

found in the greenhouse by a residence on Infirmary Road near the rear of the nursery

property. Slater testified that she had been home all day on July 7, and she did not see

anyone come onto her property or the portion of the greenhouse property near her home.

       {¶ 37} Upon reviewing the evidence at trial, the trial court could have reasonably

concluded that Pacific entered the greenhouse building through stealth or force. The

State’s evidence indicated that Pacific and the others drove to the greenhouse property

in a red vehicle and parked on Infirmary Road, along the rear of the property. The court

could have reasonably found that Pacific traversed a heavily wooded area with significant

underbrush to reach the rear of the greenhouse buildings.           The evidence further

indicated that Pacific gained entry to the greenhouse from the rear or side of the building,

an area not visible to Slater from her home. Slater, who lived adjacent to the front of the

greenhouse and shared a driveway with the property, was home during the day on July

7 and did not see anyone. The evidence thus reasonably supported a conclusion that

Pacific used stealth to reach and enter the greenhouse.

       {¶ 38} The trial court also could have reasonably concluded that Pacific entered

the greenhouse by force.      Wang testified that he had secured the openings to the

greenhouse buildings with plywood and “ma[de] sure that the accesses were basically
                                                                                          -14-

covered over.” The responding deputies observed that some window openings were

covered with plastic mesh. The deputies testified that they had difficulty gaining entry

into the building; Deputy Williams entered by removing plexiglass panels, and Deputy

Krimmer pushed aside plastic mesh and climbed through a window opening. Although

the evidence suggested that Pacific entered the building from the rear or side, Slater

further testified that the doors on the front of the building had been closed when she

walked along the border between her property and the nursery property. The trial court

thus could have reasonably determined that Pacific had to use some degree of force to

enter the greenhouse.

          B. Trespass

          {¶ 39} Pacific next claims that the State failed to establish that he trespassed on

the greenhouse property. Specifically, Pacific asserts that a limited liability company was

the actual owner of the property and that there was no evidence that Wang had authority

to act on behalf of that company. He thus argues that the State failed to establish that

he acted without privilege or permission when he entered the greenhouse.

          {¶ 40} For purposes of Pacific’s offense, trespass means “knowingly entering or

remaining on the land or premises of another, without a privilege or permission to be

there.”     State v. Baker, 2016-Ohio-315, 58 N.E.3d 498, ¶ 21 (2d Dist.), citing R.C.

2911.21.

          {¶ 41} The State addressed the trespass element of breaking and entering through

the testimony of Wang and Slater. Wang testified that he purchased the greenhouse

property in 2004, and the property was listed for sale at the time of trial. Wang had not

operated a commercial nursery on the property. Although Wang lived in California, he
                                                                                        -15-

had visited the greenhouse property several times and secured the openings to the

building. Wang testified that he had a friendly relationship with Slater, the resident next

door to the property, and she informally looked after the property. Wang did not know

Pacific, and he did not give anyone permission to enter the greenhouse or to remove

items from the building. Wang acknowledged that he was behind on the taxes for the

greenhouse property, but he stated that he made several tax payments, including in 2014,

2015, and 2019.

      {¶ 42} During her testimony, Slater identified Wang as the owner of the

greenhouse property. When asked if she had met the owner of the greenhouse property,

she responded that she had reached out to Wang after seeing several people taking items

from the greenhouse property. Wang had told Slater that he would come to look at the

property, and he advised her to call the police if she saw anyone else taking items from

the greenhouse.     Slater testified that she called the police several times and she

contacted Wang when the police caught the people who were there.

      {¶ 43} Construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, there was

sufficient evidence that Wang was the owner of the property, that he had not granted

permission to Pacific to enter the greenhouse and take things, and that Pacific was not

otherwise privileged to enter and remain on the premises.         In addition, the State’s

evidence regarding how Pacific entered the property was sufficient to establish that

Pacific acted knowingly when he entered and remained at the greenhouse.

      {¶ 44} At trial, Pacific offered two tax records for the nursery property (Def. Ex. C

& D). Both documents identified the owner of 5335 Germantown Pike as Germantown

Pike Investment Properties LLC. Pacific argues that Ohio law is “clear that there are
                                                                                         -16-

distinct statutory provisions detailing when an individual may be authorized to act on

behalf of said legal corporate entity.”       See R.C. Chapter 1705 (limited liability

companies). He asserts that the State failed to established “trespass” because “no

testimony was provided concerning any factual detail to support any individual’s lawful

right to act on behalf of the entity.”

       {¶ 45} Wang was not asked about Germantown Pike Investment Properties LLC,

and he did not testify as to his status with that company. However, Defense Exhibit C,

a printout of “master information” for 5335 Germantown Pike from the Montgomery

County Treasurer’s website, indicated that tax-related mailings were to be sent to

“Germantown Pike Investment Properties LLC c/o Donald Wang” at Wang’s address in

California. Moreover, Wang expressly testified that he owned the property located at

5335 Germantown Pike, that he visited the property many times, that he performed

“clean-up” work at the property and secured it, that he communicated with Slater about

unauthorized entries onto the premises, and that he paid taxes on the property. The trial

court could have reasonably concluded that Wang was lawfully acting on behalf of the

limited liability company in performing these actions and that he also had authority to

grant or deny permission to be on the nursery property. The trial court’s conclusion that

Pacific trespassed when he entered the greenhouse was neither based on insufficient

evidence nor against the manifest weight of the evidence.

       C. Unoccupied Structure

       {¶ 46} Pacific next argues that the State failed to establish that he trespassed into

an “unoccupied structure.”

       {¶ 47} The phrase “unoccupied structure” is not defined in R.C. 2911.13 or
                                                                                           -17-

elsewhere in the Ohio Revised Code. State v. Fazenbaker, Ohio Slip Opinion No. 2020-

Ohio-6731, __ N.E.3d __, ¶ 7. The Ohio Supreme Court has used the definition of

“occupied structure” in R.C. 2909.01(C) to inform the inverse concept of “unoccupied

structure.” Id. R.C. 2909.01(C) defines “occupied structure” as

      any house, building, outbuilding, watercraft, aircraft, railroad car, truck,

      trailer, tent, or other structure, vehicle, or shelter, or any portion thereof, to

      which any of the following applies:

      (1) It is maintained as a permanent or temporary dwelling, even though it is

      temporarily unoccupied and whether or not any person is actually present.

      (2) At the time, it is occupied as the permanent or temporary habitation of

      any person, whether or not any person is actually present.

      (3) At the time, it is specially adapted for the overnight accommodation of

      any person, whether or not any person is actually present.

      (4) At the time, any person is present or likely to be present in it.

      {¶ 48} The State’s evidence established that the structure at issue was a former

commercial greenhouse.      The property was in disrepair, and there was no ongoing

business being conducted at the location. Pacific presented substantial evidence that

vines and other vegetation were growing in and around the greenhouse, that portions of

the building were missing its roof, and that some windows were missing. However, the

descriptions of the property provided by the State’s witnesses and the photographs of the

property show that the greenhouse remained a structure. The greenhouse does not

meet any of the definitions of an occupied structure. The trial court thus reasonably

concluded that the greenhouse constituted an “unoccupied structure” within the meaning
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of R.C. 2911.13(A).

      D. Theft or Felony Offense

      {¶ 49} Finally, Pacific argues that the State failed to present evidence of the value

of any property related to an alleged theft offense, and therefore the State failed to

establish that he was present at the property with the purpose to commit a felony.

      {¶ 50} Pacific was found guilty of committing breaking and entering in violation of

R.C. 2911.13(A). Unlike R.C. 2911.13(B), which requires a purpose “to commit a felony,”

a charge under R.C. 2911.13(A) requires a purpose to commit “any theft offense” as

defined in R.C. 2913.01 or “any felony.” The State was not required to prove that Pacific

committed a felony theft offense.

      {¶ 51} In this case, the State’s evidence supported a conclusion that Pacific

entered the greenhouse to commit petty theft, in violation of R.C. 2913.02, one of the

offenses listed in R.C. 2913.01. Of import, R.C. 2913.02 provides: “(A) No person, with

purpose to deprive the owner of property or services, shall knowingly obtain or exert

control over either the property or services in any of the following ways: (1) Without the

consent of the owner or person authorized to give consent[.]” Slater and the deputies

heard voices and mechanical noises prior to the deputies’ entry into the greenhouse.

When Deputy Williams located Pacific, Pacific was using a saw to cut something off of an

air conditioning unit mounted to the ceiling. (Deputy Krimmer thought it was a pump or

a motor.) From Pacific’s conduct, the trial court could have reasonably concluded that

Pacific trespassed “with purpose to commit therein any theft offense.”

      {¶ 52} The trial court did not err in denying Pacific’s Crim.R. 29 motion, and

Pacific’s conviction was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Pacific’s third
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and fourth assignments of error are overruled.

                           V. Discrepancy in Judgment Entry

       {¶ 53} In his fifth assignment of error, Pacific raises that there is a discrepancy

between the sentence orally imposed and the court’s written judgment entry. Pacific

asks that we modify the judgment entry to reflect that he was convicted of a fifth-degree

felony and that his “alternate sentence” for violating community control is 12 months.

       {¶ 54} It is well established that “a court speaks only through its journal entries, not

through its oral pronouncements.” State v. Smith, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26217,

2015-Ohio-700, ¶ 10. See also, e.g., State v. Henderson, 161 Ohio St.3d 285, 2020-Ohio-

4784, 162 N.E.3d 776, ¶ 39, citing State v. Hampton, 134 Ohio St.3d 447, 2012-Ohio-

5688, 983 N.E.2d 324, ¶ 15. In addition, a trial court lacks authority to reconsider its own

valid final judgment in a criminal case. E.g., State v. Raber, 134 Ohio St.3d 350, 2012-

Ohio-5636, 982 N.E.2d 684, ¶ 20; State ex rel. Dobson v. Handwork, 159 Ohio St.3d 442,

2020-Ohio-1069, 151 N.E.3d 613, ¶ 16.

       {¶ 55} However, a nunc pro tunc entry is an appropriate vehicle for the trial court

to correct clerical or typographical errors in a judgment entry. State v. Donley, 2017-

Ohio-562, 85 N.E.3d 324, ¶ 103 (2d Dist.), citing Crim.R. 36; State v. Hibbler, 2d Dist.

Clark No. 2019-CA-19, 2019-Ohio-3689, ¶ 20. Accordingly, where a judgment entry

does not accurately reflect the sentence imposed at a sentencing hearing, the judgment

entry generally may be corrected by means of a nunc pro tunc entry.

       {¶ 56} At the sentencing hearing, the court said that Pacific was found guilty of

breaking and entering, a felony of the fourth degree.         However, a violation of R.C.

2911.13 is a felony of the fifth degree. R.C. 2911.13(C). Consistent with R.C. 2911.13,
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the judgment entry states that Pacific was convicted of breaking and entering, a felony of

the fifth degree. Because the judgment entry accurately reflects the degree of Pacific’s

offense, his request to modify the degree of the offense in the judgment entry is moot.

      {¶ 57} With respect to the prison sentence that the court could impose should

Pacific’s community control be revoked, the trial court orally informed Pacific that he had

an alternate sentence of 18 months in prison, which is the maximum prison sentence for

a felony of the fourth degree. See R.C. 2929.14(A)(4). The judgment entry, however,

states that the alternate sentence is 12 months, the maximum prison sentence for a felony

of the fifth degree. See R.C. 2929.14(A)(5). Given that Pacific asks us to modify the

alternate prison term to the term that is already stated in the judgment entry, this

requested modification is also moot.

      {¶ 58} Pacific’s fifth assignment of error is overruled.

                                       VI. Conclusion

      {¶ 59} The trial court’s judgment will be affirmed.

                                       .............

TUCKER, P. J. and HALL, J., concur.

Copies sent to:

Mathias H. Heck, Jr.
Jamie J. Rizzo
Carlo C. McGinnis
Hon. Richard Skelton