Court Opinion

ID: 8771811
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-26 12:47:07.45728+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:02:16.200563
License: Public Domain

VAN FLEET, District Judge
(after stating the facts as above). As to the merits of the application, while I may say in passing that, in view of the counter showing made by defendants, I am satisfied the court would not be justified in granting a preliminary writ, I do not feel called upon to discuss that feature of the case, since in my judgment the questions raised by the demurrer cut deeper and render it necessary to dismiss the bill as not stating a case for equitable relief. The sufficiency of the bill turns upon the question whether the ordinances under which defendants have justified for the acts complained of show a valid exercise of the police power bj^ the municipal authorities; not necessarily that all those ordinances are valid, but such one or more of them as may be essential to sustain the action of the. authorities in stopping the work which complainant was engaged in at the time of. the interference, and which it claims the right to prosecute. It is not material, under the case made by the bill, that the ordinance undertaking to prohibit the maintaining or operating of a rock quarry may be void as beyond the power'of the municipality to enforce. If the justification of the acts of defendants rested upon that ordinance alone, it may be admitted that it would fail, since it is obvious, as held by the Supreme Court of California, that the ordinance is void as an attempt to prohibit, rather than regulate, a perfectly legitimate business. Ex parte Kelso, 147 Cal. 609, 82 Pac. 241, 2 L. R. A. (N. S.) 796, 109 Am. St. Rep. 178. But while the bill alleges in terms that defendants’ acts have prevented and will prevent complainant from “in any way” operating its quarry, the several averments of the bill taken together show that the work stopped by defendants was the operation of the quarry by means of blasting with explosives, and that this is the only agency through which complainant has attempted to operate its quarry, or by which the rock thereon can be successfully extracted. Nor is it material to inquire as to the validity of the ordinance prohibiting the maintenance or operation of a rock crushing machine in the part of the city in which complainant’s property is located, since the bill discloses that the right to operate that feature of its property is only claimed by or valuable to complainant as an incident to and in connection with its right to operate its quarry by the means aforesaid; that without the latter right the former is of no material consideration. It results therefore that the only material inquiry presented is as to the validity of the ordinance prohibiting blasting, since, if complainant cannot employ that method in operating its quarry, the right to keep or store the explosives prohibited by the last of the ordinances pleaded is of no value or concern to it.
These considerations are recognized by complainant in its presentation of its case. At the threshold of its brief, it is said:
“Assuming, for the purpose of this point, as we must, that all of the ordinances under which the defendants justify their right to interfere with the *731.iperation of the quarry are invalid, the, case presented by the bill, so far as this point is eoueerned, is simply one to prevent the municipality and its officers, under the guise of invalid ordinances, from interfering with the complainant’s right of property, and from depriving the complainant of such, rights of property and utterly destroying the same.”
This proposition being true, the converse of it follows, that if either one of the ordinances justifies the acts of defendants, and that regulation is found to be valid, the complainant must fail, and a consideration of the others becomes immaterial.
In pursuance of this theory, the stress of the argument by both par-lies is devoted to the question as to the validity of the so-called “blasting ordinance.” That this ordinance embodies a perfectly proper and valid exercise of the police power 1 entertain no doubt. No question is made but that the defendant municipality is invested under the Constitution and laws of the state with competent and plenary power to make and enforce all suitable and proper regulations of the kind, not in conflict with geueral laws, deemed necessary for the protection of the health, safety, and well-being of its inhabitants; but the sum and substance of complainant's objections to this particular ordinance, as indicated by the averments of the bill and contended for in argument, are: First, that the ordinance prescribes no fixed or uniform rales or regulations under which all applicants alike may be awarded the privilege of engaging in the occupation to which it relates, but leaves the determination of the question whether a permit shall be granted in any instance to the absolute will and arbitrary discretion of the board of supervisors without any controlling limitation whatsoever, which it is contended is in excess of a proper exertion of the police power and renders the ordinance void upon its face; and. second, that, even if valid in form, the ordinance is void because of the partial and arbitrary manner in which, as alleged in the bill, it is administered and enforced.
It is obvious to my mind that the first of these objections ignores the nature and character of the business or operations with which this this ordinance undertakes to deal. It is quite true that where the state undertakes to regulate a business or thing lawful in itself and not ordinarily obnoxious or hazardous to public, health, safety, or comfort, and which may he usually and ordinarily done or carried on without harm, under regulations common to all in like circumstances, and which circumstances may be readily foreseen and provided for bj the lawmaking power, a by-law or ordinance intended to regulate such business or act must in order to be valid keep within those limitations; but where the tiling regulated is of a character, either inherently, or by reason of the agencies necessary to lie employed, that the prosecution of the business or doing of the act under certain conditions and circumstances is calculated to endanger the health, safety, comfort, or welfare of the public, and those conditions and circumstances are not in their nature susceptible of being foreseen and made the. subject of uniform and common prescription, then those limitations may be departed from, and the right to the prosecution of such an enterprise or performance of such an act may be competently left by the lawmaking body to the discretionary determination of some appropriate board or officer, without endangering the validity of the regulation.
*732The ordinance in question obviously, as it seems to me, falls within the latter category, and in no way transgresses the constitutional limitations urged against it. While blasting is not perhaps so essentially and inherently dangerous under all circumstances as to constitute a nuisance per se, it is nevertheless, by reason of the necessity of employing the agency of high explosives, universally recognized as a work which, under certain conditions and surroundings, may be and is attended by great danger and hazard to people and property in the near vicinity of its prosecution; and it is quite obvious that, as applied to a thickly populated district such as is comprised within the greater part of the territory of the city and county of San Francisco, it would be impossible for the city authorities to foresee and prescribe by fixed rule the conditions under which, and the district within which, the work could in all instances be permitted with safety. Under such circumstances the work must either be entirely prohibited, or, as in this instance, the discretion lodged in some proper functionary to determine as occasion arises under what circumstances and in what particular localities it may, with due regard for the rights of others, be permitted to be cam ried on; and but for the right so to provide no adequate provision could, in many instances, be made for the protection of the rights of the public.
The principles which uphold such regulations are well recognized and thoroughly established, and have been applied not only to by-laws and ordinances regulating the industry here involved, but to many others of a kindred character; and regulations of this character have been uniformly upheld as not obnoxious to the objection that they in any just sense infringe upon the constitutional provisions as to the rights of property here invoked.
In Commonwealth v. Parks, 155 Mass. 531, 30 N. E. 174, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts sustained a municipal ordinance of precisely similar import to that here involved, prohibiting blasting within the city of Somerville without the written consent of the board of aldermen, as being fully within the police power of the state, conferred by proper legislative enactment upon the municipality; and the court, speaking through Mr. Justice Holmes (now an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States), in response to objections against the constitutionality of the regulation of like character to those here urged, say :
“It. is settled that within constitutional limits not exactly determined the Legislature may change the common'law as to nuisances, and may move the line either way, so as to make things nuisances which were not so, or to make things lawful which were nuisances, although by so doing it affects the use or value of property. Sawyer v. Davis, 136 Mass. 239, 49 Am. Rep. 27; Rideout v. Knox, 148 Mass. 368, 19 N. E. 390, 2 L. R. A. 81, 12 Am. St. Rep. 560. It is still plainer that it may prohibit a use of land which the common law would regard as a nuisance if it endangered adjoining houses or the highway, and the Legislature may authorize cities and towns by ordinances and by-laws to make similar prohibitions. Salem v. Maynes, 123 Mass. 372, 374; Barbier v. Connolly, 113 U. S. 27, 5 Sup. Ct. 357, 28 L. Ed. 923. Furthermore, what the municipal body may forbid altogether it may forbid conditionally, unless its written permission is obtained beforehand. We see nothing in Newton v. Belger, 143 Mass. 598, 10 N. E. 464, or Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U. S. 356, 6 Sup. Ct. 1064, 30 L. Ed. 220, and Baltimore v. Radecke, 49 Md. 217, 33 Am. Rep. 239, to *733make us doubt the correctness of the decision in Quincy v. Kennard, 151 Mass. 563, 24 N. E. 860. Nor do we think it matters that the permission required is that of the aldermen, and not that of the whole city council.
“In view of the foregoing principles and decisions, we are of opinion that the power, when deemed for public safety, to prohibit blasting rocks with gunpowder without written consent, is among the powers given by Pub. St. c. 27, § 15.”
And it was held that the prohibition was not such a taking of property as to be beyond the police power, nor a trenching upon the rights of ownership to such an extent as to necessarily require compensation.
In the case of In re Flaherty, 105 Cal. 558, 38 Pac. 981, 27 L. R. A. 529, the Supreme Court of California, having- under consideration a municipal ordinance forbidding the beating of drums in the traveled streets of a city without the permission of the president of the hoard of trustees of the municipality, held it to be a valid exercise of the police power, and in discussing the principal objection here made it is said;
“Put the point urged by petitioner is that the ordinance is void because it gives a certain officer authority to give permits to beat drums on special occasions, and this position is the only one which needs examination. Jt is coni ended that the clause authorizing a permit is partial and oppressive because it gives too much power to the president of the board," and is violative of general constitutional principles against abridging the, privileges of citizens, depriving a person of his rigid s without due process of iaw, denying him the equal protection of the law, etc.
“The continuous or daily beating of drums on the streets of a city would be an intolerable nuisance, endangering ihe safety of teams and the occupants of vehicles drawn by animals, an well as of pedestrians liable to be injured by runaways, and stunning the ears with din so constant as to be almost insufferable. On the other hand, there is usually no objection 1o such noises on a few special occasions, either when there are patriotic celebrations generally participated in by all the people, or processions of a part of the people united in civic societies, political parties, etc. Those occasions are comparatively few and usually well known, so that people; are prepared for them; and the procossious and drums are generally preceded by policemen who give notice of the approaching uproar. But how can these occasions bo provided for? By an ordinance which shall anticipate and state in detail beforehand every occasion on which the noises may he made? Such a thing is practically impossible. No human foresight could conjure up all the circumstances under which the people might want a band (with a drum) on the streets. It would not do to name legal holidays alone; that, for obvious reasons, would be too narrow a provision. Neither would it do to single out, in addition to legal holidays, certain other enumerated days, as, for instance, the first Monday of every month. The president of the United States, or some other distinguished man, whoso advent should bo celebrated with drums might come on Tuesday. Neither would it be possible to schedule the kinds or characters of occasions of which drumbeats would be a necessary part. And so the practical result of petitioner's contention is that all persons must be allowed to beat drums on all occasions, as they may choose, or no person must be allowed to beat a drum on any occasion whatever.
“In dealing with this and similar questions — such as repairs of wooden buildings within fire limits, carrying concealed weapons, using public buildings and grounds, ringing bells on buildings where many operatives are employed, haranguing on the streets of lecturers, preachers, etc., singing or playing of musical instruments on the streets, and the like — our federa!, state, and municipal governments have always recognized the practical impossibility of providing in advance for proper exceptional cases, and the necessity of giving to a public officer some discretion in the premises; and *734laws and ordinances based on that principle hare nearly always been upheld when subjected to judicial test.”
In Ex parte Fiske, 72 Cal. 125, 13 Pac. 310, the objection to an ordinance of the city and county of San Francisco prohibiting the alteration or repair of any wooden building within certain designated fire limits, without permission in writing signed by a majority of the fire wardens, and approved by a majority of the committee on fire department and 'the mayor, was that the regulation was beyond the legislative power of the municipal government or the state in that it was unreasonable, oppressive, and not general in its operation; that it was an unwarrantable delegation of power to the officers therein named and attempted to grant absolute power, which might be used arbitrarily to the advantage of favorites, and to the prejudice of others, and denied to petitioner the equal protection of the law and deprived him of his property without due process of law, in violation of the fourteenth amendment of the federal Constitution. In discussing this objection it is there said:
“There would therefore be no doubt as to the validity of the section of the ordinance under review if it were not for the provision that certain officers may grant permissions to make repairs. It is clear, however, that a literal compliance with a regulation prohibiting the repairing of a wooden building might work, in some instances, useless hardships. The repair of a leaking roof or broken window would be necessary to the comfort and health of a family, without enhancing the'danger which the framers of the ordinance sought to provide against; and repairs of a more extensive character might be made to particular houses, standing in particular localities, without increasing the fire risks; and it is equally clear that no general rule could be established beforehand that would meet the emergencies of individual cases. Therefore the power to give relief in particular instances is conferred on certain officers, and it is not to be presumed that they will exercise it wantonly, or for purposes of profit or oppression. Neither is the granting of permissions in particular instances to be considered as the taking away of any rights from those to whom such x>ermissions are not given. The latter would be in no better position if such i>ermissions were given to none; or if there was no power to give them at all.”
The same principles have been upheld in their application to ordinances relating to the keeping of swine or dairies in cities (Quincy v. Kennard, 151 Mass. 563, 24 N. E. 860; St. Louis v. Fischer, 167 Mo. 654, 67 S. W. 872, 64 L. R. A. 679, 99 Am. St. Rep. 614; State, etc., v. Mead, 71 Mo. 272; St. Louis v. Howard, 119 Mo. 47, 24 S. W. 772); the erection and repair of buildings within certain municipal limits (Commissioners of Easton v. Covey, 74 Md. 262, 22 Atl. 266; Hine v. City of New Haven, 40 Conn. 478; Ex parte Fiske, supra); the beating of drums or sounding other musical instruments in public places (Commonwealth v. Davis, 140 Mass. 485, 4 N. E. 577; In re Flaherty, supra); prohibiting the storing or keeping of explosives in cities (Hays v. Village of St. Mary’s, 55 Ohio St. 197, 40 N. E. 924; Foote v. Fire Department, 5 Hill [N. Y.] 99; Hazard Powder Co. v. Volger, 58 Fed. 152, 7 C. C. A. 130); and many other subjects not necessary to be enumerated. These considerations are, I think, conclusive of the validity of the ordinance here involved. It is true that counsel for complainant refer to some cases which at first reading seem to some extent to support the view advanced by them; but most of those cases can be distinguished upon much the same grounds as will *735be found aptly stated in Ex parte Flaherty, supra, and those which cannot I do not regard as supported either by the better reasoning or the weight of authority.
As to the second objection urged, 1 do not regard the allegations of unfair and arbitrary action of the city authorities in administering the ordinance, upon which this objection is based, as adding anything of substance to the bill in making a case for equitable relief. The ordinance being a valid regulation, however flagrantly partial its administration may be, the remedy is not in equity to restrain the city authorities from enforcing it, but at law to compel the issuance of a permit if the facts warrant it. Mutual Electric Light Co. v. Ashworth, 118 Cal.
1, 50 Pac. 10. The facts alleged do not, in my judgment, bring the case within the principles of Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 11.8 U. S. 356, 6 Sup. Ct. 1064, 30 L. Ed. 220. The ordinance there involved was shown to have been aimed at a particular class — the Chinese — and practically without any purpose on the part of the authorities at its inception of administering it fairly and impartially toward all who stood in the same relation to its subject-matter.
The application for an injunction will be denied, the demurrer sustained, and the bill dismissed.