Court Opinion

ID: 4636627
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-24 22:46:05.41507+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:37.737062
License: Public Domain

[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as
Welsh-Huggins v. Jefferson Cty. Prosecutor’s Office, Slip Opinion No. 2020-Ohio-5371.]

                                        NOTICE
     This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an
     advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to
     promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65
     South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other
     formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before
     the opinion is published.

                         SLIP OPINION NO. 2020-OHIO-5371
WELSH-HUGGINS, APPELLANT, v. JEFFERSON COUNTY PROSECUTOR’S OFFICE,
                                       APPELLEE.
  [Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it
   may be cited as Welsh-Huggins v. Jefferson Cty. Prosecutor’s Office, Slip
                           Opinion No. 2020-Ohio-5371.]
Public Records Act—Security-record exception—To constitute an exception to the
        Public Records Act, record must be directly used to maintain the security of
        a public office—Judgment reversed.
   (No. 2019-1481—Submitted July 21, 2020—Decided November 24, 2020.)
              APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Jefferson County,
                          No. 19 JE 0005, 2019-Ohio-3967.
                                 _________________
        DONNELLY, J.
        {¶ 1} This case presents the issue of whether the video from an exterior
courthouse security camera that captured the shooting of a judge as he was about
to enter the courthouse through a nonpublic secured entry was a “security record”
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under R.C. 149.433(A)(1) and therefore exempt from release as a public record
under R.C. 149.433(B)(1). In proceedings brought pursuant to R.C. 2743.75, the
Court of Claims determined that competent evidence had not been presented to
establish the security-record exemption and consequently ordered the video’s
public release subject to certain redactions for undercover-officer confidentiality.
The Seventh District Court of Appeals reversed that judgment, holding that the
video was a security record that was exempt from public disclosure. We agreed to
consider whether the court of appeals correctly determined that the security-record
exemption had been established by competent admissible evidence. Based on our
review of the record, we hold that the surveillance video at issue here did not fall
squarely within the claimed exemption. We accordingly reverse the judgment of
the Seventh District Court of Appeals.
                                           I. FACTS
         {¶ 2} On August 21, 2017, Joseph J. Bruzzese Jr., a judge of the Jefferson
County Court of Common Pleas, was shot and seriously wounded by Nate
Richmond near the courthouse. Judge Bruzzese and a nearby probation officer
returned fire, and Richmond was fatally wounded. Judge Bruzzese survived his
gunshot wounds after undergoing surgery and a lengthy hospital stay.
         {¶ 3} The Jefferson County Courthouse was equipped with a security-
camera system that recorded the shooting incident. The camera was positioned
outside the door where only courthouse personnel entered and exited the
courthouse.1
         {¶ 4} Later that day, appellant, Andrew Welsh-Huggins, a reporter for the
Associated Press, sent an email to appellee, the office of the prosecuting attorney
in Jefferson County (“prosecutor”), requesting, as a public record under R.C.

1. A separate street-surveillance camera owned and operated by the city of Steubenville captured
portions of the incident as well. That video is not under the authority or control of the prosecutor
and is not at issue here.

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                               January Term, 2020

149.43, a copy of the courthouse video showing the shootings. On August 22, 2017,
the prosecutor, Jane M. Hanlin, denied Welsh-Huggins’s public-records request in
writing, setting forth multiple claimed exemptions. Welsh-Huggins’s subsequent
requests for the video were likewise denied by the prosecutor, as were requests by
the assistant general counsel of the Associated Press.
         {¶ 5} On May 7, 2018, Welsh-Huggins filed a public-records-access
complaint in the Court of Claims pursuant to R.C. 2743.75. After unsuccessful
mediation, the prosecutor filed an answer and motion to dismiss on September 11,
2018. Among other things, the prosecutor asserted that the video was exempt from
public-records release as a “security record” pursuant to R.C. 149.433(A)(1) and
149.433(B)(1).     Supplemental responses were permitted pursuant to R.C.
2743.75(E)(2).
         {¶ 6} On January 28, 2019, the special master filed his report and
recommendation.     See 2019-Ohio-473.       Denying the prosecutor’s motion to
dismiss, the special master determined that the prosecutor failed to meet her burden
to prove that any portion of the video was exempt as a security record under R.C.
149.433(A)(1). The special master recommended that the prosecutor be ordered to
provide Welsh-Huggins a redacted copy of the video in any available format that
Welsh-Huggins requested. On February 20, 2019, the Court of Claims adopted the
special master’s report over the prosecutor’s objections and ordered release of the
video.
         {¶ 7} The prosecutor filed an appeal to the Seventh District Court of
Appeals pursuant to R.C. 2743.75(G)(1).        The court of appeals reversed the
judgment of the Court of Claims, holding that the video was exempt from disclosure
as a security record under R.C. 149.433(A)(1) and R.C. 149.433(B)(1). 2019-Ohio-

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3967, 133 N.E.3d 550, ¶ 1, 32-44.2 The court of appeals found no error in requiring
the prosecutor to prove that the video fell squarely within the claimed exemption.
Id. at ¶ 50. Having determined that the video was exempt from disclosure as a
security record, the court of appeals held that the prosecutor’s remaining assigned
errors were moot. Id. at ¶ 45-46.
         {¶ 8} We accepted Welsh-Huggins’s appeal and agreed to consider the
following proposition of law: “A public office must produce competent, admissible
evidence to support an assertion of an exception to the Public Records Act.” See
157 Ohio St.3d 1534, 2020-Ohio-122, 137 N.E.3d 1207. For the reasons that
follow, we now reverse the judgment of the court of appeals.
                                         II. ANALYSIS
         {¶ 9} This case provides us with the first opportunity to identify the legal
standards and evidentiary burdens applicable to public-records-access proceedings
that are brought pursuant to R.C. 2743.75, which became effective on September
28, 2016.3 While the process established for proceedings under R.C. 2743.75 may
be new, the fundamental legal principles that govern disputes over access to alleged
public records are not.
         {¶ 10} We begin by recognizing once again the critical function served by
the right of access to public records that is secured by R.C. 149.43. “The Public
Records Act reflects the state’s policy that ‘open government serves the public
interest and our democratic system.’ ” State ex rel. Morgan v. New Lexington, 112
Ohio St.3d 33, 2006-Oho-6365, 857 N.E.2d 1208, ¶ 28, quoting State ex rel. Dann

2. The court of appeals rejected the prosecutor’s contention that the video was also exempt from
public-records release as an “infrastructure record” pursuant to R.C. 149.433(A) and (B)(2).
Because the prosecutor did not appeal that ruling, that issue is not before us, and the appellate court’s
determination as to that issue is now final.
3. We therefore reject the prosecutor’s assertion that the appeal should be dismissed as having been
improvidently accepted because it presents “nothing more than a garden variety hearsay objection
and a garden variety argument about the sufficiency of the undisputed evidence.” As this case
presents issues of “public and great general interest,” Article IV, Section 2(B)(2)(e), Ohio
Constitution, we will proceed to consider it on the merits.

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v. Taft, 109 Ohio St.3d 364, 2006-Ohio-1825, 848 N.E.2d 472, ¶ 20. “Public
records are one portal through which the people observe their government, ensuring
its accountability, integrity, and equity while minimizing sovereign mischief and
malfeasance.” Kish v. Akron, 109 Ohio St.3d 162, 2006-Ohio-1244, 846 N.E.2d
811, ¶ 16. Ohio’s public-records statutes, “including those constituting Chapter
149, reinforce the understanding that open access to government [records] is an
integral entitlement of the people, to be preserved with vigilance and vigor.” Id. at
¶ 17. Ohio’s Public Records Act “ ‘is construed liberally in favor of broad access,
and any doubt is resolved in favor of disclosure of public records.’ ” State ex rel.
Cordell v. Paden, 156 Ohio St.3d 394, 2019-Ohio-1216, 128 N.E.3d 179, ¶ 7,
quoting State ex rel. Cincinnati Enquirer v. Hamilton Cty., 75 Ohio St.3d 374, 376,
662 N.E.2d 334 (1996).
       {¶ 11} Until the 2016 enactment of R.C. 2743.75, an action in mandamus
under R.C. 149.43(C) was the remedy to compel compliance with R.C. 149.43,
Ohio’s Public Records Act. See State ex rel. Quolke v. Strongsville City School
Dist. Bd. of Edn., 142 Ohio St.3d 509, 2015-Ohio-1083, 33 N.E.3d 30, ¶ 18, citing
State ex rel. Physicians Commt. for Responsible Medicine v. Ohio State Univ. Bd.
of Trustees, 108 Ohio St.3d 288, 2006-Ohio-903, 843 N.E.2d 174, ¶ 6. The
enactment of R.C. 2743.75 created an alternative means to resolve public-records
disputes.
            A. Public-Records Dispute Proceedings under R.C. 2743.75
       {¶ 12} Recognizing that disputes over public-records requests can frustrate
the law’s essential purpose, the General Assembly enacted R.C. 2743.75(A) “to
provide for an expeditious and economical procedure that attempts to resolve
disputes alleging a denial of access to public records” in violation of R.C.
149.43(B). It offers a forum for those who are schooled in the law as well as those
who are not. A person allegedly aggrieved by a denial of access to public records
in violation of R.C. 149.43(B) may now file either a mandamus complaint pursuant

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to R.C. 149.43(C)(1)(b) or a public-records-access complaint in the Court of Claims
pursuant to R.C. 2743.75. The person cannot pursue both remedies. See R.C.
149.43(C)(1), 2743.75(C)(1). And except for a court that hears a mandamus action
pursuant to R.C. 149.43, “the court of claims shall be the sole and exclusive
authority in this state that adjudicates or resolves complaints based on alleged
violations of that section.” R.C. 2743.75(A).
       {¶ 13} In contrast to an action in mandamus that is generally subject to
specialized pleading requirements under R.C. Chapter 2731, R.C. 2743.75(D)(1)
permits the aggrieved person to file a complaint on a form prescribed by the clerk
of the Court of Claims. The person shall attach copies of the original records
request and any written responses or other communications relating to the request
from the public office or person responsible for public records. Id. Upon receipt
of the complaint, the clerk of the Court of Claims is to assign a special master to
examine the complaint. R.C. 2743.75(D)(2). After service of the complaint, the
special master immediately shall refer the case to mediation services provided by
the Court of Claims unless the special master determines that the case should not
be referred to mediation. R.C. 2743.75(E)(1).
       {¶ 14} If the dispute is not resolved through mediation, the public office or
person responsible for public records shall file a response and, if applicable, a
motion to dismiss the complaint within ten days of the termination of the mediation.
R.C. 2743.75(E)(2). No further motion or pleadings shall be accepted unless the
special master directs in writing that a further motion or pleading be filed. Id. The
special master shall not permit any discovery. R.C. 2743.75(E)(3)(a). The parties
may attach supporting affidavits to their respective pleadings.                 R.C.
2743.75(E)(3)(b). The special master may require either or both of the parties to
submit additional information or documentation supported by affidavits. R.C.
2743.75(E)(3)(c).

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       {¶ 15} Not later than seven business days after receiving the response or
motion to dismiss filed by the public officer or person responsible for public
records, and unless extended for good cause by an additional seven days, “the
special master shall submit to the court of claims a report and recommendation
based on the ordinary application of statutory law and case law as they existed at
the time of the filing of the complaint.” R.C. 2743.75(F)(1). The clerk of the Court
of Claims shall send copies of the report and recommendation to each party not
later than three days after the report and recommendation is filed.              R.C.
2743.75(F)(2).    Either party may file specific objections to the report and
recommendation within seven days of receipt. Id.
       {¶ 16} If neither party files objections, the Court of Claims shall promptly
issue a final order adopting the report and recommendation unless it determines that
there is an error of law or other defect evident on the face of the report. See R.C.
2743.75(F)(2). If either party timely objects, the other party may file a response
within seven business days of receipt. Id. Within seven business days of filing the
response, the Court of Claims shall issue a final order that adopts, modifies, or
rejects the report and recommendation. Id.
       {¶ 17} If the Court of Claims determines that the person was denied access
to public records in violation of R.C. 149.43(B) and no appeal from that final order
is taken, then the public office or person responsible for public records shall permit
the aggrieved person to inspect or receive copies of the public records that the court
ordered to be disclosed and is liable for the person’s filing fee and other costs
associated with the action incurred by the aggrieved person, excluding attorney
fees. R.C. 2743.75(F)(3).
       {¶ 18} Any appeal from a final order of the Court of Claims under R.C
2743.75 shall be taken to the court of appeals of the appellate district where the
principal place of business of the public office from which the public record is
requested is located. R.C 2743.75(G)(1). Such appeals are to be give precedence

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over other pending matters to ensure that the court will reach a decision promptly.
Id.
      B. Legal Standards for Proceedings Brought to Enforce Ohio’s Public
                                     Records Act
         {¶ 19} R.C. 2743.75 does not expressly set forth specific legal standards as
to the respective burden or burdens of proof that the parties bear in proceedings to
enforce the Public Records Act beyond declaring that “the special master shall
submit to the court of claims a report and recommendation based on the ordinary
application of statutory law and case law as they existed at the time of the filing of
the complaint.” R.C. 2743.75(F)(1). The lack of specific standards of proof
articulated in the text of R.C 2743.75, however, does not mean that the such
proceedings are without standards.
         {¶ 20} We begin by recalling that the “burden of proof” is a composite
burden that “encompasses two different aspects of proof: the burden of going
forward with evidence (or burden of production) and the burden of persuasion.”
Chari v. Vore, 91 Ohio St.3d 323, 326, 744 N.E.2d 763 (2001). See also Xenia v.
Wallace, 37 Ohio St.3d 216, 219, 524 N.E.2d 889 (1988); State v. Robinson, 47
Ohio St.2d 103, 107, 351 N.E.2d 88 (1976).
         {¶ 21} The “burden of production” in a civil case requires that the plaintiff
produce sufficient evidence to support the case and that the defendant produce
sufficient evidence of any affirmative defenses. Id. at 107. The party having the
burden on any given issue will lose on that issue as a matter of law if sufficient
evidence is not produced. Id.
         {¶ 22} By contrast, the “burden of persuasion” “refers to the risk * * * borne
by a party if the jury finds that the evidence is in equilibrium.” Id. “In a civil case,
the party with the burden of persuasion is to persuade the trier of fact by a
preponderance of the evidence, or upon some issues, by clear and convincing
evidence.” Id. The party with this burden will lose if he or she fails to persuade

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                                January Term, 2020

the trier of fact that the alleged fact is true by such quantum of evidence as the law
demands. Id. If the trier of fact finds itself in doubt, “it must decide the issue
against the party having the burden of persuasion.” Id.
       {¶ 23} With these basic legal precepts in mind, we now consider how they
apply to actions that involve alleged denials of access to public records in violation
of R.C. 149.43(B), beginning with mandamus proceedings brought pursuant to R.C.
149.43(C)(1)(b).
  1. The Burdens of Production and Persuasion in Public-Records Mandamus
                                       Actions
       {¶ 24} As previously noted, until R.C. 2743.75 was enacted in 2016, an
action in mandamus was the appropriate remedy to compel compliance with R.C.
149.43. To obtain this extraordinary writ, the requester must demonstrate that the
requester has a clear legal right to compel the public office or person responsible
for public records to allow the requester to inspect or copy the public record and
that the public office or person responsible for public records has a clear legal duty
to do so. State ex rel. Cincinnati Enquirer v. Sage, 142 392, 2015-Ohio-974, 31
N.E.3d 616, ¶ 10. “[U]nlike in other mandamus cases, ‘[requesters] in public
records cases need not establish the lack of an adequate remedy in the ordinary
course of law.’ ” State ex rel. Caster v. Columbus, 151 Ohio St.3d 425, 2016-Ohio-
8394, 89 N.E.3d 598, ¶ 15, quoting State ex rel. Data Trace Information Servs.,
L.L.C. v. Cuyahoga Cty. Fiscal Officer, 131 Ohio St.3d 255, 2012-Ohio-753, 963
N.E.2d 1288, ¶ 25.
       {¶ 25} R.C. 149.43(B)(1) establishes a clear legal right to request that
identifiable public records be made available for inspection or copying. “Public
record” means any record that is kept by a public office unless it falls squarely
within a specific statutory exemption. See R.C. 149.43(A)(1). R.C. 149.43 imposes
on public offices and records custodians a corresponding clear legal duty to make

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a requested public record available for inspection or copying unless it falls squarely
within a specific statutory exemption. Id.
       {¶ 26} In a mandamus-enforcement action, the requester’s basic burden of
production is to plead and prove facts showing that he or she requested a public
record pursuant to R.C. 149.43(B)(1) and that the public office or records custodian
did not make the record available. The burden of persuasion is on the requester to
establish entitlement to the extraordinary writ by clear and convincing evidence.
See State ex rel. Kesterson v. Kent State Univ., 156 Ohio St.3d 13, 2018-Ohio-5108,
123 N.E.3d 887, ¶ 12; State ex rel. McCaffrey v. Mahoning Cty. Prosecutor’s
Office, 133 Ohio St.3d 139, 2012-Ohio-4246, 976 N.E.2d 877, ¶ 16.
       {¶ 27} If a public office or person responsible for public records withholds
a record on the basis of a statutory exception, the “burden of production” is on the
public office or records custodian to plead and prove facts clearly establishing the
applicability of the exemption. In State ex rel. Cincinnati Enquirer v. Jones-Kelly,
118 Ohio St.3d 81, 2008-Ohio-1770, 886 N.E.2d 206, paragraph two of the
syllabus, we held that exceptions to disclosure under the Public Records Act, R.C.
149.43, “are strictly construed against the public-records custodian, and the
custodian has the burden to establish the applicability of an exception.” We further
stated that “[a] custodian does not meet this burden if it has not proven that the
requested records fall squarely within the exception.” Id., following State ex rel.
Carr v. Akron, 112 Ohio St.3d 351, 2006-Ohio-6714, 859 N.E.2d 948, ¶ 30.
       {¶ 28} In State ex rel. Natl. Broadcasting. Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 38 Ohio
St.3d 79, 83, 526 N.E.2d 786 (1988), we recognized several reasons for placing this
burden of production on the public office or records custodian. First, unlike a party
requesting disclosure, the custodian of the record has knowledge of the contents of
the record. Second, since Ohio law requires the party asserting an exception to
prove the facts warranting the exception, placing the burden of proof on the
government is consistent with that law. Third, requiring the government to have

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the burden of proof is also consistent with this court’s strict construction of the
exceptions of R.C. 149.43 and resolution of doubt in favor of disclosure.
       {¶ 29} When the government’s asserted exemption is challenged, “the court
must make an individualized scrutiny of the records in question. If the court finds
that [the] records contain excepted information, this information must be redacted
and any remaining information must be released.”       Id. at paragraph four of the
syllabus. See also State ex rel. Warren Newspapers, Inc. v. Hutson, 70 Ohio St.3d
619, 625, 640 N.E.2d 174 (1994) (“To the extent that respondents still assert
exemptions, an individualized scrutiny of the subject records and an in camera
inspection is required pursuant to State ex rel. Natl. Broadcasting Co., supra, at
paragraph four of the syllabus”).
       {¶ 30} When a public office or records custodian relies on an exemption the
application of which is not apparent just from the record itself, the office must
provide evidence to support the applicability of the exemption. See, e.g., State ex
rel. Besser v. Ohio State Univ., 89 Ohio St.3d 396, 401-402, 732 N.E.2d 373 (2000)
(trade-secret exemption required evidence to support its application). Conclusory
statements in an affidavit that are not supported by evidence are not sufficient
evidence to establish the exemption’s applicability. Id. at 401.
       {¶ 31} Having reviewed the legal standards applicable to mandamus-
enforcement actions, we now consider the legal standards that are applicable to
public-records-access proceedings under R.C. 2743.75.
2. The Burdens of Production and Persuasion in Public-Records-Access Actions
                                under R.C. 2743.75
       {¶ 32} While a public-records-access proceeding brought pursuant R.C.
2743.75 may be less formalistic than a mandamus proceeding brought pursuant to
R.C. 149.43(C), the nature of the relief sought—namely, access to a public record
that was requested and allegedly withheld in violation of R.C 149.43(B)(1)—is
functionally the same. For that reason, the direction in R.C. 2743.75(F)(1) for “the

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ordinary application of statutory law and case law as they existed at the time of the
filing of the complaint” suggests that public-records-access proceedings in the
Court of Claims be consistent with the standards that are applicable to mandamus-
enforcement actions.
         {¶ 33} In that respect, the complainant’s “burden of production” is to plead
and prove facts showing that the requester sought an identifiable public record
pursuant to R.C. 149.43(B)(1) and that the public office or records custodian did
not make the record available. In the case before us, there is no dispute that Welsh-
Huggins made a request for public records under R.C. 149.43 and that the
prosecutor denied his request. In denying the prosecutor’s motion to dismiss, the
special master determined that Welsh-Huggins’s complaint “sets forth factual
allegations and supporting correspondence that if proven entitles him to a finding
of denial of access in violation of R.C. 149.43(B) and an order to produce the
record.” 2019-Ohio-473 at ¶ 4. The prosecutor does not seriously dispute that
Welsh-Huggins satisfied this burden of production.4
         {¶ 34} The “burden of persuasion” was at all times on Welsh-Huggins to
prove his right to relief under R.C. 2743.75 by the requisite quantum of evidence.
The special master found, as in mandamus actions, that the requester must establish
entitlement to relief by clear and convincing evidence. 2019-Ohio-473 at ¶ 6.
Welsh-Huggins does not dispute that this was the quantum of evidence necessary
for him to carry his burden of persuasion. We therefore assume without deciding
that his right to obtain relief under R.C. 2743.75 for the denial of access to public
records in violation of R.C. 149.43(B) required clear and convincing evidence.

4. Contrary to the prosecutor’s assertion at oral argument, the requester is not required to provide a
reason for the request. Indeed, under R.C. 149.43(B)(4), no public office or person responsible for
public records may limit or condition the availability of public records by requiring disclosure of
the intended use of the requested public record unless specifically required or authorized by state or
federal law or in accordance with R.C. 149.43(B). As we said in State ex rel. Consumer News
Servs., Inc. v. Worthington City Bd. of Edn., 97 Ohio St.3d 58, 2002-Ohio-5311, 776 N.E.2d 82,
¶ 45, the requester’s “purpose in requesting to inspect and copy public records is irrelevant.”

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          {¶ 35} If the public office or person responsible for public records refuses
to release the requested record on the basis of a statutory exemption, its “burden of
production” in the R.C. 2743.75 proceeding is to plead and prove facts establishing
that the requested record falls squarely within the exemption. See State ex rel.
Cincinnati Enquirer v. Jones-Kelly, 118 Ohio St.3d 81, 2008-Ohio-1770, 886
N.E.2d 206, paragraph two of the syllabus. And if the exemption upon which the
public office relies is not obviously apparent and manifest just from the content of
the record itself, factual evidence to establish the application of that exemption is
necessary. See State ex rel. Besser, 89 Ohio St.3d at 402, 732 N.E.2d 373.
Unsupported conclusory statements in an affidavit are insufficient.
          {¶ 36} Before we address in this case whether the prosecutor proved that
the requested video recording fell squarely within the security-record exemption,
we will briefly address the applicable standard of appellate review for such
proceedings.
                          C. Appellate Standard of Review
          {¶ 37} Whether a particular record is by statute exempt from disclosure as
a public record fundamentally presents an issue of law, although the application of
the statutory exemption will necessarily depend on its factual application to the
record in question. When an issue presents such a mixed question of law and fact,
a reviewing court will independently review the legal question de novo but will
defer to the trial court’s underlying factual findings, reviewing them only for clear
error. See Gembarski v. PartsSource, Inc., 157 Ohio St.3d 255, 2019-Ohio-3231,
134 N,E,3d 1175, ¶ 26; State v. Gillard, 78 Ohio St.3d 548, 552, 679 N.E.2d 276
(1997).
          {¶ 38} In prior appeals of mandamus public-records rulings, we have used
this standard, in substance if not in name, by reviewing independently the disputed
records and associated evidence to ascertain whether the records qualified for the
claimed exemption. For instance, in State ex rel. Rocker v. Guernsey Cty. Sheriff’s

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Office, 126 Ohio St.3d 224, 2010-Ohio-3288, 932 N.E.2d 327, the court of appeals,
citing the R.C. 149.43(A)(2)(a) exception, denied the application for a writ of
mandamus to compel the sheriff to release investigative records relating to an
uncharged suspect. We independently reviewed the sealed investigative records
and determined that some of the withheld records were subject to disclosure
because, contrary to the appellate court’s determination, not every part was
inextricably intertwined with the suspect’s identity. Id. at ¶ 14. We therefore
reversed the judgment of the court of appeals and remanded the case to that court
to order the disclosure of redacted records. Id. at ¶ 15. See also State ex rel. O’Shea
& Assocs. Co. L.P.A. v. Cuyahoga Metro. Hous. Auth., 131 Ohio St.3d 149, 2012-
Ohio-115, 962 N.E.2d 297, ¶ 37-44 (independently reviewing and rejecting claimed
exemptions). This independent review is consistent with our precedent requiring
individualized scrutiny of records when a claimed exemption has been challenged.
State ex rel. Natl. Broadcasting Co., Inc., 38 Ohio St.3d 79, 526 N.E.2d 786, at
paragraph four of the syllabus.
       {¶ 39} In the specific context of public-records-access appeals filed
pursuant to R.C. 2743.75(G)(1), Ohio’s courts of appeals have applied the standard
of appellate review applicable to such mixed questions of law and fact, reviewing
the application of a claimed exemption de novo while according due deference to
the trial court’s factual determinations. See Hurt v. Liberty Twp., 2017-Ohio-7820,
97 N.E.3d 1153, ¶ 31-33; Sheil v. Horton, 2018-Ohio-5240, 117 N.E.3d 194, ¶ 20.
       {¶ 40} In the case before us, the appellate court did not articulate its
standard of appellate review.      It nevertheless appears to have independently
reviewed the video and statements submitted by the prosecutor before determining
that, contrary to the Court of Claims determination, the video recording was exempt
as a “security record.”
       {¶ 41} We now proceed to consider the merits of the parties’ respective
contentions.

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                       D. The Security-Record Exemption
       {¶ 42} Pursuant to R.C. 149.433(B)(1), a security record kept by a public
office is not a public record under R.C. 149.43 and is not subject to mandatory
release or disclosure under that section. The prosecutor argues that the video fits
the security-record definition found in R.C. 149.433(A)(1): “Any record that
contains information directly used for protecting or maintaining the security of a
public office against attack, interference, or sabotage.”
       {¶ 43} The Court of Claims determined that the prosecutor had not shown,
either by the content of the video alone or by the prosecutor’s affidavits, that the
video met this definition. Reversing that judgment, the court of appeals held that
the video was a security record, although it is unclear whether it based that
judgment on the video alone or on the prosecutor’s affidavits. 2019-Ohio-3967,
133 N.E.3d 550, at ¶ 40-42. Despite the lack of clarity in the appellate court’s
opinion and analysis, we will separately address whether its judgment can be
sustained based on the content of the video alone or based also on the evidence
provided by the prosecutor in her affidavits.
                                 1. Video Content
       {¶ 44} Maintaining that the security-record nature of the video is readily
apparent just by viewing it, the prosecutor contends that the court of appeals agreed
when it declared: “The video shows the blind spots and places an attacker could
take cover and go undetected. The video also shows the emergency response
means, methods, and procedures.” 2019-Ohio-3967, 133 N.E.3d 550, at ¶ 40.
       {¶ 45} But that statement does not fairly represent the appellate court’s
opinion because the court of appeals was in fact reciting what the prosecutor’s
affidavit claimed were “the technical capabilities of the video security system,
including the ability to zoom, rotate and isolate certain areas.” Id. Irrespective of
whether the court of appeals based its judgment on the content of the video alone
or on the prosecutor’s narrative description of the video’s content, however, the

                                         15
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

video does not by itself establish that it contains information directly used for
protecting or maintaining the security of a public office against attack, interference,
or sabotage.
       {¶ 46} State ex rel. Rogers v. Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 155 Ohio St.3d 545,
2018-Ohio-5111, 122 N.E.3d 1208, is instructive in that we considered and rejected
a similar argument. In that case, Rogers requested a prison’s security-camera video
related to a use-of-force incident. The Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and
Correction (“DRC”) denied the request, contending in part that the video was
exempt as a security record as shown by the content of the video itself. The DRC
contended that the captured content revealed the capabilities and vulnerabilities of
the DRC security protocols and that “ ‘dissemination of the areas of Ohio prisons
that are not capable of being monitored by security video would allow nefarious
acts of violence to occur outside the security camera’s scope.’ ” Id. at ¶ 16, quoting
the DRC. We rejected the DRC’s contention, finding that “bare allegations” of the
exemption’s applicability “failed to explain how the video recording at issue
actually constitutes ‘information directly used for protecting or maintaining the
security of a public office against attack, interference, or sabotage.’ ” Id. at ¶ 19,
quoting R.C. 149.433(A)(1).
       {¶ 47} Just as the DRC argued in Rogers that the content of the video,
including the emergency response to the incident, by itself showed that it was a
security record, the prosecutor and the court of appeals relied on the content of the
video to conclude that it was a security record. But as was the case in Rogers,
neither the prosecutor nor the court of appeals explains how the content of this
video contains “information directly used for protecting or maintaining the security
of a public office against attack, interference, or sabotage.” R.C. 149.433(A)(1).
See also State ex rel. Miller v. Pinkney, 149 Ohio St.3d 662, 2017-Ohio-1335, 77
N.E.3d 915, ¶ 4 (content of incident reports in which a local county official was
identified as the reportee, complainant, or victim did not establish that they were

                                          16
                                January Term, 2020

security records and thus, they were subject to release with exempt information
redacted).
       {¶ 48} To be sure, some public-records exemptions may be obvious just
from the record’s content. In McDougald v. Greene, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2020-
Ohio-4268, ___ N.E.3d ___, ¶ 9, we held that a prison’s most recent shift-
assignment duty rosters qualified as security records. The duty rosters detailed “the
identity and location of guards posted throughout the prison,” id., which obviously
was “information directly used for protecting or maintaining the security of a public
office against attack, interference, or sabotage,” R.C. 149.433(A)(1). Likewise,
because “information about the movements of a prison’s guards would be used by
the prison to ensure the security of the facility,” (emphasis sic) McDougald at ¶ 9,
that was “information directly used for protecting or maintaining the security of a
public office against attack, interference, or sabotage,” R.C. 149.433(A)(1).
       {¶ 49} The shift-assignment duty rosters that were at issue in McDougald
are readily distinguishable from the video at issue in Rogers and in this case, which
also captured one event. In McDougald, the ongoing use of the duty rosters to
protect a public office from attack for security purposes was self-evident. In the
latter, the actual use of the video to protect the public from attack was not self-
evident.
       {¶ 50} If the applicability of a public-records exemption is not readily
apparent just from the record’s content, evidence providing specific factual support
that goes beyond mere conclusory statements in an affidavit is required to show
that the record sought falls squarely within the prescribed exception. See State ex
rel. Besser, 89 Ohio St.3d at 400-402, 732 N.E.2d 373. We turn then to the
evidence presented by the prosecutor in this case.
                             2. Prosecutor’s Evidence
       {¶ 51} Unless it is otherwise obvious from the content of the record, the
proponent invoking the security-record exemption under R.C. 149.433(A)(1) must

                                         17
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

provide evidence establishing that the record clearly contains information directly
used for protecting or maintaining the security of a public office against attack,
interference, or sabotage.
       {¶ 52} Thus, in State ex rel. Plunderbund Media, L.L.C. v. Born, 141 Ohio
St.3d 422, 2014-Ohio-3679, 25 N.E.3d 988, we held that records documenting
threats against the governor were exempt as security records based on the
testimonial evidence from subject-matter experts. The testimony showed that the
records contained information directly used for tactically protecting or maintaining
the security of a public office, which includes its officers and employees, against
attack, interference, or sabotage. Id. at ¶ 29-30. See also State ex rel. Ohio
Republican Party v. Fitzgerald, 145 Ohio St.3d 92, 2015-Ohio-5056, 47 N.E.3d
124, ¶ 3 (records of key-card-swipe data documenting when local county official
who was the subject of verified threats entered and exited county parking facilities
and buildings were directly used to protect or maintain security of a public office
and were exempt as security records when originally requested, although the
exemption expired once official left office, new county headquarters were
established, former county headquarters were demolished, and key-card-swipe data
were separately released to the media).
       {¶ 53} As it relates specifically to the case at hand, Welsh-Huggins’s
proposition of law asserts that “[a] public office must produce competent,
admissible evidence to support an assertion of an exception to the Public Records
Act.” The prosecutor does not take issue with this legal proposition as stated,
though she does dispute the suggestion that she failed to present competent,
admissible evidence to support the asserted “security-record” exemption. We agree
that unless it is obvious from the record itself, in a public-records-access proceeding
brought pursuant to R.C. 2743.75, a public office or records custodian asserting a
statutory exemption must produce competent, admissible evidence to support the
asserted exemption.

                                          18
                                January Term, 2020

       {¶ 54} Acknowledging that the records custodian in a R.C. 2743.75
proceeding bears the burden of establishing the applicability of an exception to
disclosure under the Public Records Act, the prosecutor argues that “the Requester
first has the burden of showing, by clear and convincing evidence, that he is entitled
to that which he requests.” The prosecutor’s argument wrongly suggests that her
responding burden of production does not arise unless and until the requester has
established its burden of persuasion. Contrary to the prosecutor’s contention, the
assertion of a statutory exemption activates the corresponding burden of production
to prove facts establishing the clear applicability of the exemption. The requester’s
burden of persuasion continues throughout the course of the proceeding but does
not in any way relieve the public office or records custodian from having to prove
the factual basis of the exemption on which it relies. The requester does not have
to win its case before the public office has to make its case.
       {¶ 55} The question then is whether the prosecutor proved that the video
was a security record under R.C. 149.433(A)(1). The prosecutor points to the
affidavits that she submitted in the Court of Claims proceedings. In the affidavit
submitted with her initial supplemental response, she asserted in conclusory fashion
that the video was directly used for protecting or maintaining the security of a
public office, including its officers and employees. But the prosecutor’s response
did not explain how the video was used for protecting or maintaining the security
of a public office against attack, interference, or sabotage.
       {¶ 56} According to the prosecutor, divulging the video and its digital
player software would reveal the location and configuration of the camera to its
surroundings; the technical capabilities of the video security system; the panorama
of the area captured by the video camera; the ability to view certain areas from
different angles; the ability to zoom, rotate, and isolate certain areas and subjects;
computerized optical enhancement features (such as “fish eye”); and the emergency
response means, methods, and procedures used by courthouse security personnel

                                          19
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

and other law-enforcement agencies. Disclosing that information would, in the
prosecutor’s view, educate future would-be attackers to courthouse security plans
and potential weaknesses. The prosecutor acknowledged that to her knowledge,
there had been no use of the video in any civil litigation, law-enforcement training,
or other official purpose; the video had not been provided to any other agency; and
the video had been viewed by her as part of the criminal investigation of the
shooting of Judge Bruzzese.
        {¶ 57} The concerns expressed by the prosecutor if the video were disclosed
to the public are not appreciably different from those that were expressed by the
DRC in State ex rel. Rogers, 155 Ohio St.3d 545, 2018-Ohio-5111, 122 N.E.3d
1208. In both instances, the security-camera video captured a single incident in or
near a public office and the emergency response to that incident. Regardless of
whatever perceived limitations or vulnerabilities the prosecutor believes might be
revealed by public viewing of the video, R.C. 149.433(A)(1) dictates that a record’s
security-record status is determined by the public office’s actual use of the record
for the stated purposes, not by a public-records requester’s potential use or misuse
of the record.
        {¶ 58} Moreover, the video here captured an incident and emergency
response that occurred outside the public office on a public street. The incident and
emergency response would have been and perhaps was observed by any number of
bystanders, any of whom could likely have recorded at least some portion of these
events on ubiquitous personal-communication devices. That this incident and
response were readily observable to the public would seemingly undermine the
concern that the video might disclose something that an eyewitness would not have
seen.
        {¶ 59} The second affidavit submitted by the prosecutor in her second
supplemental response similarly failed to explain how the video qualified for
exemption under R.C. 149.433(A)(1). The unredacted version filed under seal

                                         20
                                January Term, 2020

included a narrative description of the content of the recording by sequential video
segments, at times identifying what a viewer could or could not see.            The
emergency response procedures that were actually followed by courthouse security
personnel and other law-enforcement officers during this incident were said to be
as set forth in the narrative description of the video content. The prosecutor
additionally provided other courthouse security documents and standards and relied
on the video content to identify the weaponry employed by the responding security
personnel. Again, absent from this production was any explanation of how this
video contained information that was “directly used for protecting or maintaining
the security of a public office against attack, interference, or sabotage.” R.C.
149.433(A)(1).
       {¶ 60} The prosecutor’s third affidavit, filed with the third supplemental
response, responded to the special master’s request for certain technical
information concerning the video, including its playback capabilities and its ability
to be exported as a file without revealing any configuration functionality. The
prosecutor there identified those technical matters for which she had personal
knowledge and those technical matters for which she had either a layman’s
understanding or no technical knowledge at all, relying in several instances on
information provided to her by the county’s information and technology
coordinator. The prosecutor reiterated her previously expressed concerns that
disclosure of the video would reveal perceived vulnerabilities in courthouse
security.
       {¶ 61} On this point, the court of appeals stated, “Although the affidavit is
based on hearsay and is not from an office that provides security to the courthouse,
[Welsh-Huggins] did not object to the affidavit on that basis. Therefore, the

                                         21
                                 SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

affidavit provides a basis for holding the video is a security record.” 2019-Ohio-
3967, 133 N.E.3d 550, at ¶ 40.5
        {¶ 62} The hearsay evidence of which the court of appeals said Welsh-
Huggins did not object, however, was utterly beside the point. It concerned
technical issues concerning the ability to export and view the video for which the
prosecutor lacked knowledge. The ability to export or view the video does not
determine whether it is a security record as defined under R.C. 149.433(A)(1). As
we have indicated, that is determined by its actual use by the public office. In that
respect, the court of appeals should have been more concerned with the evidentiary
law of relevance than that of hearsay.
        {¶ 63} The prosecutor states that her “undisputed evidence, which was
absolutely unopposed by any objection or contrary evidence, established, at the
least, a probability that the subject video is a security record.” But under our
precedent, it is not enough to say that a record is probably within a statutorily
prescribed exemption: the public office or records custodian must show “that the
requested record falls squarely within the exemption.” State ex rel. Cincinnati
Enquirer v. Jones-Kelly, 118 Ohio St.3d 81, 2008-Ohio-1770, 888 N.E.2d 206, at
paragraph two of the syllabus. And we must “construe R.C. 149.43 liberally in
favor of broad access and resolve any doubt in favor of disclosure.” State ex rel.
Cincinnati Enquirer v. Ohio Dept. of Pub. Safety, 148 Ohio St.3d 433, 2016-Ohio-
7987, 71 N.E.3d 258, at ¶ 28.
        {¶ 64} In this case, however, the court of appeals failed to justify its
determination that the video fell squarely within the security-records exemption.
As indicated previously, the court of appeals, “[c]onsidering the information in the
affidavit”—without specifying which of the prosecutor’s three affidavits—held that

5. We note that some of the prosecutor’s evidence in this case was submitted under seal. Having
no knowledge of its contents, Welsh-Huggins plainly would not have been in any position to
object to that evidence.

                                               22
                                January Term, 2020

the video was a security record. 2019-Ohio-3967, 133 N.E.3d 550, ¶ 41. But the
appellate court’s opinion does not specifically reflect any determination by that
court that it was a security record as defined under R.C. 149.433(A)(1), i.e., that it
was “directly used for protecting or maintaining the security of a public office
against attack, interference, or sabotage.” Indeed, that definitional test does not
appear anywhere in the appellate court’s discussion of the evidence. Id. at ¶ 40-42.
        {¶ 65} Regardless of whether the court of appeals relied upon the content
of the video alone or the prosecutor’s description of what it showed, including the
supposed “vulnerabilities of the security measures and the response to
emergencies,” id. at ¶ 40, what the video shows does not prove that the video
footage was directly used to protect or maintain the security of the public office.
Just as the “capabilities and vulnerabilities” of the DRC prison-security protocols
and its “plan of attack and security features” to respond to security threats in State
ex rel. Rogers, 155 Ohio St.3d 545, 2018-Ohio-5111, 122 N.E.2d 1208, ¶ 17, 16,
failed to explain how the video recording of the use-of-force incident was
information directly used for protecting or maintaining the security of a public
office, the supposed capabilities and vulnerabilities of the Jefferson County
Courthouse security protocols, and the court’s plan of attack and security measures
to respond to security threats likewise do not prove how the video at issue here
contained information that was directly used to protect or maintain the security of
this public office.
        {¶ 66} The court of appeals here went even further, declaring that “[t]he
security aspect of a response to an emergency situation is just as important as the
security to prevent an actual incident” and that minor incidents can be “used to draw
people out of buildings using the response as means to make individuals or places
vulnerable. That is why responses to incidents are a security record. The manner
in which law enforcement and emergency personnel respond to incidents at a public
office are security records.” 2019-Ohio-3967, 133 N.E.3d 550, at ¶ 42.

                                         23
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

       {¶ 67} Aside from the fact that there was no evidence presented here to
substantiate that broad assertion, it still does not answer how this video was directly
used to protect or maintain the security of the public office. Moreover, the appellate
court’s reference to vulnerability assessments or emergency-response plans would
appear to have been drawn from the security-record definitional standard applicable
to acts of terrorism, R.C. 149.433(A)(2)(a)—an exemption that the prosecutor here
did not invoke. By failing to specify the statutory basis for holding that the video
footage here was a security record and instead offering a nonspecific rationale that
appears to be drawn more from a statutory exemption that was never even at issue,
the appellate court’s opinion does not provide a basis for that court to substitute its
judgment for that of the Court of Claims.
       {¶ 68} We do not question the sincerity of the prosecutor’s concerns that a
public office’s security measures and surveillance techniques are of critical
importance or that disclosing information used to protect or maintain public office
security against attack, interference, or sabotage arguably could diminish the
effectiveness of those security measures and techniques. But “ ‘the General
Assembly is the ultimate arbiter of public policy,’ ” State ex rel. WBNS TV, Inc. v.
Dues, 101 Ohio St.3d 406, 2004-Ohio-1497, 805 N.E.2d 1116, ¶ 37, quoting State
ex rel. Cincinnati Enquirer, Div. of Gannett Satellite Info. Network, Inc. v. Dupuis,
98 Ohio St.3d 126, 2002-Ohio-7041, 781 N.E.2d 163, ¶ 21. By “ ‘enumerating
very narrow, specific exceptions to the public-records statute, the General
Assembly has already weighed and balanced the competing public policy
considerations between the public’s right to know how its [government] agencies
make decisions and the potential harm, inconvenience or burden imposed on the
agency by disclosure.’ ” State ex rel. WBNS TV, Inc. at ¶ 36, quoting State ex rel.
James v. Ohio State Univ., 70 Ohio St.3d 168, 172, 637 N.E.2d 911 (1994).
       {¶ 69} Under R.C. 149.433(A)(1), a record’s status as a security record is
determined by the public office’s actual use of the information. It is not determined

                                          24
                                January Term, 2020

by a public requester’s potential use or misuse of the information. The court of
appeals here erred by holding that the video was a security record without any basis
for finding that the footage contained information that was “directly used for
protecting or maintaining the security of a public office against attack, interference,
or sabotage.” R.C. 149.33(A)(1). We accordingly reverse the judgment of the court
of appeals.
                  E. Issues Unresolved in the Court of Appeals
       {¶ 70} Having determined that the video was exempt from disclosure as a
security record, the court of appeals declined to address the prosecutor’s eighth and
ninth assignments of error, finding that they were moot. 2019-Ohio-3967, 133
N.E.23d 550, at ¶ 45-46. Because we are reversing the judgment of the court of
appeals, we would ordinarily remand the case to address these issues. We decline
to do so here.
       {¶ 71} This case concerns a public-records request that was made over three
years ago on August 21, 2017. And despite R.C. 2743.75’s stated purpose of
providing “for an expeditious and economical procedure” to resolve public-records
access disputes, R.C. 2743.75(A), this case has been in suit since 2018, prolonged
in part by the special master’s repeated requests for additional material information
from the prosecutor. Because the unaddressed issues are not complicated and
further delays will serve only to frustrate the purpose of R.C. 2743.75, we will
proceed to address here the prosecutor’s eighth and ninth assignments of error.
       {¶ 72} After receiving the prosecutor’s third supplemental response
addressing the special master’s queries over certain technical information
concerning the video, including its playback capabilities and its ability to be
exported as a file without revealing any configuration functionality, the Court of
Claims ordered the prosecutor to redact from the video the image of any peace
officer who was authorized to have been working undercover or in plain clothes at
the time the request was made. The prosecutor’s eighth assignment of error

                                          25
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

contended that the trial court “erroneously and unlawfully required the Respondent
to perform a service, by which the Respondent would have to create a new record,
contrary to law.” (Emphasis sic.) The prosecutor’s ninth assignment of error
contended that the trial court “erroneously and unlawfully require the Respondent
to perform a service, by which the Respondent would have to compile information
from an existing record in order to create a new record, contrary to law.” (Emphasis
sic.) These assignments of error lack merit.
       {¶ 73} R.C. 149.43(B)(1) provides for redactions so that nonexempt
portions of a public record are made available to the public: “If a public record
contains information that is exempt from the duty to permit public inspection or to
copy the public record, the public office or the person responsible for the public
record shall make available all of the information within the public record that is
not exempt.” If a video is not exempt in its entirety, those portions that are exempt
may be withheld by redaction, but the remainder must be released. See, e.g., State
ex rel. Cincinnati Enquirer v. Ohio Dept. of Pub. Safety, 148 Ohio St.3d 433, 2016-
Ohio-7987, 71 N.E.3d 258, ¶ 45-50.
       {¶ 74} As to the prosecutor’s contention that the trial court’s order
unlawfully requires it to create a new record, R.C. 149.43(B)(6) requires a public
office to permit the requester

       to choose to have the pubic record duplicated * * * upon the same
       medium upon which the public office or person responsible for the
       public record keeps it, or upon any other medium upon which the
       public office or person responsible for the public record determines
       that it reasonably can be duplicated as an integral part of the normal
       operations of the public office or person responsible for the public
       record.

                                         26
                                January Term, 2020

If a record containing exempt and nonexempt information can, through reasonable
computer programming, produce the requested output, the record is deemed to
already exist for purposes of R.C. 149.43. See State ex rel. Scanlon v. Deters, 45
Ohio St.3d 376, 379, 544 N.E.2d 680 (1989), overruled on other grounds, State ex
rel. Steckman v. Jackson, 70 Ohio St.3d 420, 426-427, 639 N.E.2d 83 (1994),
overruled on other grounds, State ex rel. Caster, 151 Ohio St.3d 425, 2016-Ohio-
8394, 89 N.E.3d 598, ¶ 47.
       {¶ 75} Because the video here clearly existed, the order to duplicate it with
redactions that would conceal exempt information and disclose nonexempt
information did not require the prosecutor to create a new record. The Court of
Claims accordingly did not err by ordering that the video be made available subject
to limited redactions for peace officer safety.
                                III. CONCLUSION
       {¶ 76} A primary purpose of Ohio’s public-records act is to enable the
public to see how our government agencies work, whether good or bad. The
General Assembly has set the parameters for this civic right. Our duty is to ensure
that the law is enforced faithfully. If the video footage of this incident would reveal
vulnerabilities in courthouse security in 2017—which we doubt—the answer is not
to conceal them in 2020 but rather to ensure that they have been identified and
corrected.
       {¶ 77} We therefore hold that in a public-records-access proceeding
brought pursuant to R.C. 2743.75, a public office or records custodian asserting a
statutory exemption must produce competent, admissible evidence to support the
asserted exemption unless the application of the exemption is clearly obvious from
the record itself. Because the court of appeals did not follow the law in this
instance, we hereby reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and reinstate the
judgment of the Court of Claims.
                                                                  Judgment reversed.

                                          27
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

        O’CONNOR, C.J., and FRENCH, DEWINE, and STEWART, JJ., concur.
        KENNEDY, J., concurs in judgment only, with an opinion joined by
FISCHER, J.
                               _________________
        KENNEDY, J., concurring in judgment only.
        {¶ 78} Because I agree that appellee, the Jefferson County Prosecuting
Attorney, has failed to demonstrate that security-camera footage of the shooting of
a judge outside the courthouse falls within the security-record exception to the
release of public records, I concur in the majority’s judgment today. I write
separately, however, to emphasize the simple rule of law that emanates from the
court’s decision.
        {¶ 79} This case presents a narrow issue regarding whether security-camera
footage can be a “security record” within the meaning of R.C. 149.433(A)(1) and
returns us to a familiar place: statutory interpretation. As we explained long ago,
“[t]he question is not what did the general assembly intend to enact, but what is the
meaning of that which it did enact.” Slingluff v. Weaver, 66 Ohio St. 621, 64 N.E.
574 (1902), paragraph two of the syllabus. “When the language of a statute is plain
and unambiguous and conveys a clear and definite meaning, there is no need for
this court to apply the rules of statutory interpretation.” Symmes Twp. Bd. of
Trustees v. Smyth, 87 Ohio St.3d 549, 553, 721 N.E.2d 1057 (2000). Rather, “[a]n
unambiguous statute is to be applied, not interpreted.” Sears v. Weimer, 143 Ohio
St. 312, 55 N.E.2d 413 (1944), paragraph five of the syllabus.
        {¶ 80} The Public Records Act, R.C. 149.43 et seq., requires a public office
to make copies of public records available to any person upon request, within a
reasonable period of time. R.C. 149.43(B)(1). A “public record” is a record kept
by a “public office,” R.C. 149.43(A)(1), and the prosecuting attorney does not
dispute that the security-camera footage is a record of a public office and that she
is the custodian of it.

                                         28
                                 January Term, 2020

        {¶ 81} R.C. 149.433(B)(1) and (2) provide that a record kept by a public
office that is a security record or an infrastructure record is not a public record under
R.C. 149.43 and is not subject to mandatory release or disclosure under that section.
R.C. 149.433(A)(1) defines “security record” to include “[a]ny record that contains
information directly used for protecting or maintaining the security of a public
office against attack, interference, or sabotage.”
        {¶ 82} Although it might seem counterintuitive to question whether
security-camera footage is a security record, the statutory definition focuses on how
the public office uses the information in the record. It is not enough that the record
contains information that is relevant to the security of a public office. It does not
matter that the information in that record, if released, might make the public office
vulnerable to attack, interference, or sabotage. It does not change the calculus that
the record contains information that could result in a serious threat to life and limb.
A record is not a security record if it does not contain information directly used to
protect and maintain the security of the public office from attack, interference, or
sabotage.
        {¶ 83} In this case, the prosecuting attorney presented no evidence to show
how the information in the security footage of the shooting is used to protect or
secure any public office from attack, interference, or sabotage. Her affidavits are
fatally defective because they are made “to the best of her information, knowledge
and belief.” Witnesses are required to testify from personal knowledge, Evid.R.
602, and an affidavit made to the best of the affiant’s knowledge, information, and
belief does not satisfy this standard, see State ex rel. Esarco v. Youngstown City
Council, 116 Ohio St.3d 131, 2007-Ohio-5699, 876 N.E.2d 953, ¶ 15-16; Bonacorsi
v. Wheeling & Lake Erie Ry. Co., 95 Ohio St.3d 314, 2002-Ohio-2220, 767 N.E.2d
707, ¶ 26; Garner v. White, 23 Ohio St. 192, 195-196 (1872).
        {¶ 84} There is no doubt that the security cameras and the livestream of
video from them are used to safeguard the courthouse. But there is nothing in the

                                           29
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

record even suggesting that old security-camera footage in general, and the video
of the shooting specifically, is used to protect or maintain the security of the
courthouse. In fact, the prosecuting attorney admitted that “there has been no use
of the subject video in any civil litigation, law enforcement training, or other official
purpose.” If it has not been used for any official purpose, then it plainly has not
been used to protect or maintain the security of a public office. It therefore is not a
security record exempt from disclosure under the Public Records Act.
        {¶ 85} The General Assembly has not crafted an exception to the release of
a record based on the custodian’s subjective view that the information that the
record contains could be dangerous if placed in the wrong hands. Nor is there any
exception for records that reveal “security measures and surveillance techniques.”
State ex rel. Rogers v. Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 155 Ohio St.3d 545, 2018-Ohio-
5111, 122 N.E.3d 1208, ¶ 18. If such an exception is to be made, it is up to the
General Assembly to do it—this court “may not rewrite the plain and unambiguous
language of a statute under the guise of statutory interpretation,” Pelletier v.
Campbell, 153 Ohio St.3d 611, 2018-Ohio-2121, 109 N.E.3d 1210, ¶ 20.
        {¶ 86} Nevertheless, the majority today reaches the right result, and I
concur in its judgment reversing the judgment of the court of appeals and reinstating
the judgment of the Court of Claims.
        FISCHER, J., concurs in the foregoing opinion.
                                 _________________
        Graydon, Head & Ritchey L.L.P., John C. Greiner, and Darren W. Ford, for
appellant.
        Jane M. Hanlin, Jefferson County Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.
        Faruki, L.L.P, Erin E. Rhinehart, and Christopher C. Hollon, urging reversal
for amici curiae Ohio Coalition for Open Government; Ohio Association of
Broadcasters; Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press; The E.W. Scripps
Company; Gannet Co., Inc.; International Documentary Association; Investigative

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                             January Term, 2020

Reporting Workshop at American University; The Media Institute; MPA—The
Association of Magazine Media; National Freedom of Information Coalition; The
News Leaders Association, Society of Environmental Journalists; and Society of
Professional Journalists.
       Mathia H. Heck Jr., Montgomery County Prosecuting Attorney, and
Nathaniel S. Peterson, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, urging affirmance for
amicus curiae Ohio Prosecuting Attorneys Association.
                             _________________

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