Court Opinion

ID: 2976794
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 17:57:48.642278+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:44:03.437229
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 08a0490n.06
                            Filed: August 13, 2008

                                           No. 07-2122

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

RODNEY MABRY,                                            )
                                                         )        ON APPEAL FROM THE
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                              )        UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                         )        COURT FOR THE EASTERN
v.                                                       )        DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                                         )
ARTURO ANTONINI, et al.,                                 )                          OPINION
                                                         )
       Defendants-Appellees.                             )

BEFORE:        COLE and CLAY, Circuit Judges; RUSSELL, District Judge*

       COLE, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff-Appellant Rodney Mabry, a former inmate in the Michigan

Department of Corrections (“MDOC”), filed this claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Defendants-

Appellees Dr. Arturo Antonini and Dr. Rocco DeMasi, alleging they were deliberately indifferent

to his serious medical needs in violation of the Eighth Amendment. At issue in this case is whether

the district court properly granted Dr. Antonini and Dr. DeMasi’s motions for summary judgment.

Because we conclude that Mabry has failed to show a genuine issue of material fact as to his claimed

Eighth Amendment violation, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

       *
        The Honorable Thomas B. Russell, United States District Judge for the Western District
of Kentucky, sitting by designation.
No. 07-2122
Mabry v. Antonini, et al.

       This case involves Rodney Mabry’s medical treatment while an inmate at the Carson City

Correctional Facility in Carson City, Michigan. In April 2002, then-23-year-old Mabry began a

twenty-year sentence for the possession with intent to distribute illegal narcotics. At the time he

began his sentence, Mabry had no diagnosed neurological problems, though he had a history of

seizures during his childhood.

       Those seizures began to resurface while in prison. In May 2002, Mabry experienced his first

bout with “blurred vision, dizziness,” and an inability “to keep [his] balance,” which ended with him

blacking out and waking “up on the ground.” (Joint Appendix (“JA”) 93-94.) Prison officials

treated him with Dilantin and Depakote, anti-seizure medication, which appeared to work until

February 18, 2003, when Mabry fell again, hit his head, and was taken to the hospital.

       This episode marked the beginning of Mabry’s deteriorating medical condition. Over the

next two months, Mabry experienced extreme migraines and dizziness, which ended in hospital

visits on both March 4 and 6, 2003. Dr. Daniel Freeman, a neurologist, examined Mabry at this time

and diagnosed him with herpetic meningeoncephalitis, an inflammatory disease of the membranes

surrounding the brain and spinal cord, caused by the herpes virus.      Mabry’s allegations center

                                                -2-
No. 07-2122
Mabry v. Antonini, et al.

around the failure of the defendants to diagnose his real condition—neurosarcoidosis1—after these

trips to the hospital.

        The following presents a basic time-line of his treatment during these few months. On April

4, Mabry first saw Defendant-Appellant Dr. Antonini, a contract doctor with the Correctional

Medical Services, Inc. (“CMS”), an independent medical services provider for the MDOC. At this

appointment, Dr. Antonini performed a complete examination, and noted that Mabry’s seizures and

herpes were under control, but that Mabry suffered from hypertension. Both the X-ray and the

neurological portion of the exam showed normal functioning, which in Dr. Antonini’s view, ruled

out an earlier diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis. Three days later, Dr. Freeman performed an additional

neurological examination and offered the same diagnosis as before, herpetic meningeoncephalitis,

and asked Mabry to schedule a follow-up exam in two months.

        1
          The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke provides the following
explanation of neurosarcoidosis:

Neurosarcoidosis is a serious and devastating manifestation of sarcoidosis in the nervous system.
Sarcoidosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that typically occurs in adults between 20 and 40
years of age and primarily affects the lungs, but can also impact almost every other organ and system
in the body. Neurosarcoidosis is characterized by inflammation and abnormal cell deposits in any
part of the nervous system – the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves. It most commonly occurs
in the cranial and facial nerves, the hypothalamus (a specific area of the brain), and the pituitary
gland. It is estimated to develop in 5 to 15 percent of those individuals who have sarcoidosis.
Weakness of the facial muscles on one side of the face (Bell’s palsy) is a common symptom of
neurosarcoidosis. The optic and auditory nerves can also become involved, causing vision and
hearing impairments. It can cause headache, seizures, memory loss, hallucinations, irritability,
agitation, and changes in mood and behavior. Neurosarcoidosis can appear in an acute, explosive
fashion or start as a slow chronic illness. Because neurosarcoidosis manifests in many different ways,
a diagnosis may be difficult and delayed.

NINDS Neurosarcoidosis Information                             Page, available                     at
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/neurosarcoidosis/neurosarcoidosis.htm.
                                             -3-
No. 07-2122
Mabry v. Antonini, et al.

       When Mabry complained of similar symptoms shortly thereafter—namely, blurred vision,

migraines, and vertigo—Dr. Antonini again examined Mabry and requested a neurological follow-up

with Dr. Freeman. Defendant-Appellant Dr. DeMasi, the Regional Medical Director for Utilization

Management of CMS, approved this consult and scheduled an appointment for May 5.

       Mabry did not receive the neurological follow-up with Dr. Freeman until June 2. The report

following this exam opined that “[t]he dizziness is probably the residual of meningeoncephalitis,”

the same diagnosis Dr. Freeman offered before. (JA 173.) “Given the unusual nature of th[e] case,”

Dr. Freeman ordered a MRI scan of his brain “to make sure there is not a developing lesion such as

an abscess.” (Id.) On June 6, Dr. Antonini received this request and immediately filled out a form

for a MRI, a possible spinal tap, and a follow-up with Dr. Freeman in a month. Shortly thereafter,

Dr. DeMasi approved the request for a MRI, while delaying the request for a neurological

consultation in order to first obtain the MRI results.

       Only two days later, on June 8, Mabry once again complained of dizziness and blurred vision.

Mabry was taken to the hospital, where the attending physician performed a CT scan and urinalysis,

which all came back at normal levels. When Mabry next saw Dr. Antonini three days later, Dr.

Antonini noted that Mabry exhibited the same symptoms, but attributed his symptoms to his high

blood pressure and recovery from encephalitis.

       Mabry finally had his MRI on July 17. The report that followed noted “marked improvement

of the previously identified parenchymal abnormalities,” “resolution of a majority of the signal

changes involving the cerebral hemispheres,” and “no evidence of mass or abscess.” (JA 171.)

When Dr. Antonini received the results of Mabry’s MRI, he renewed his request for a neurological

                                                -4-
No. 07-2122
Mabry v. Antonini, et al.

consultation, despite the fact that Mabry’s condition had improved. Eight days later, however, Dr.

DeMasi decided not to authorize the follow-up exam because the MRI did not reveal an abscess.

       Dr. Antonini examined Mabry twice more in August. After the second examination, Dr.

Antonini decided to appeal Dr. DeMasi’s earlier denial of a neurological exam, and telephoned CMS

directly to obtain a verbal authorization for the neurological consult. Upon receiving this appeal, Dr.

DeMasi immediately reversed his earlier decision and authorized the exam.

       Unbeknownst to Dr. DeMasi or Dr. Antonini, Dr. Freeman, the neurologist who had earlier

seen Mabry, had taken sick leave and was unavailable to provide a neurological consultation. CMS

notified Dr. Antonini that it had approved the exam, but that “doctors have not been confirmed for

appointments in the time frame of your request, and therefore, approvals for clinic visits are being

faxed back without an appointment date.” (JA 315.)

       On October 7, Dr. Antonini examined Mabry once again and found that he “continues with

progressive weakness with unsteady balance,” making Mabry wheelchair-dependent.                    He

recommended that Mabry’s blood-pressure medication be reevaluated and that he undergo an EKG

exam and follow-up in one week. Realizing that Mabry had still yet to receive his neurological

examination, Dr. Antonini called CMS once again to recommend an evaluation by a University of

Michigan neurologist as soon as possible.

       Mabry saw Dr. Antonini for the last time on October 22, complaining of hearing problems

in his left ear. Aside from the ear issue, Mabry expressed that he was doing “ok,” that he was taking

all medications as prescribed without side effects, and that he was eating well. Dr. Antonini ordered

                                                 -5-
No. 07-2122
Mabry v. Antonini, et al.

an ear-irrigation to clear some blockage and recommended that he continue his follow-ups, but

Mabry never returned.

          Finally, on December 29, and only a few days before his parole, Mabry received a

neurological follow-up examination. Dr. Umesh Verma conducted a complete exam and found that

Mabry had weakness in his right leg, left leg, and left foot, hyperreflexia, and an ataxic gait. He

recommended that Mabry obtain a MRI of his brain and spine. During this visit, Mabry told Dr.

Verma that he did not want to continue treatment within the prison system because of his pending

parole.

          The MDOC released Mabry on January 4, 2004. One month later, after a complete

examination, doctors suggested a variety of different possibilities for his condition: herpes,

neoplasm, a tumor, brain abscess, an infection, chronic meningitis, tuberculosis, or HIV. An MRI

showed “infectious, inflammatory and granulomatous [were] considered most likely,” but that “the

exact etiology is uncertain.” (JA 368, 370.) Only after assessing the multiple different tests did

doctors suspect neurosarcoidosis.

          On May 5, 2006, Mabry filed the instant action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in the United States

District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, alleging that Drs. Freeman, Antonini, Verma,

DeMasi, and Craig Hutchinson were deliberately indifferent to his serious medical needs in violation

of the Eighth Amendment. The district court granted the defendants’ motions for summary

judgment, Mabry v. Freeman, No. 2:06-CV-12076, 2007 WL 2332392 (E.D. Mich. Aug. 15, 2007),

                                                 -6-
No. 07-2122
Mabry v. Antonini, et al.

and Mabry timely appealed.1 We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment.

Miller v. Admin. Office of the Courts, 448 F.3d 887, 893 (6th Cir. 2006).

                                            II. ANALYSIS

        “To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff must set forth facts that, when construed

favorably, establish (1) the deprivation of a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United

States (2) caused by a person acting under the color of state law.” Sigley v. City of Parma Heights,

437 F.3d 527, 533 (6th Cir. 2006) (citing West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988)). For the failure to

provide medical treatment to constitute such a constitutional violation, Mabry must show that the

defendants acted with “deliberate indifference to serious medical needs.” Estelle v. Gamble, 429
U.S. 97, 104 (1976).

        A constitutional claim for deliberate indifference contains objective and subjective

components. The objective component requires a plaintiff to show the existence of a “sufficiently

serious” medical need. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 834 (1994). The subjective component,

in contrast, requires a plaintiff to “allege facts which, if true, would show that the official being sued

subjectively perceived facts from which to infer substantial risk to the prisoner, that he did in fact

draw the inference, and that he then disregarded that risk.” Comstock v. McCrary, 273 F.3d 693, 703

(6th Cir. 2001) (citing Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837).

        Both parties and the district court have focused on the subjective component—whether the

two doctors subjectively perceived a substantial risk to Mabry and then disregarded that risk—so we

        1
         The district court granted Dr. Freeman’s, Dr. Verma’s, and Dr. Hutchinson’s motions for
summary judgment. Mabry, 2007 WL 2332392, at *9-10. Before this appeal, Mabry filed a motion
to dismiss those defendants, which the court granted.
                                               -7-
No. 07-2122
Mabry v. Antonini, et al.

will do the same. The central question on appeal is: Did Dr. Antonini or Dr. DeMasi subjectively

perceive that the failure to obtain a neurological exam presented a substantial risk to Mabry, but then

disregard that risk?

A. Dr. Antonini

       Mabry contends that Dr. Antonini failed to diagnose Mabry with neurosarcoidosis, to provide

adequate medical care, and to treat Mabry’s need to see a neurologist as an emergency. “If Dr.

Antonini had considered [his] condition more seriously,” Mabry alleges, “if he had rushed to get

[him] the neurological appointment that was consistently discussed or even labeled the deteriorating

physical condition an emergency, then [he] would not have lost the use of his legs.” (Appellant’s

Br. 27.)

       The record lends no support to the claim that Dr. Antonini disregarded Mabry’s medical

conditions. Quite to the contrary, between April and October 2003, Dr. Antonini aggressively treated

Mabry and made repeated requests for the appropriate neurological tests.

       The record shows that on April 4, 2003, at Mabry’s very first appointment, Dr. Antonini

performed a complete examination, at which time Dr. Antonini conducted a total of ten different

tests, including a basic history and physical examination, blood work, chest x-rays, and an EKG to

check for any abnormalities in his heart. On April 22, when Mabry complained of the same

symptoms, Dr. Antonini filled out his first request for a neurological examination, which was

originally scheduled for May 5. But when Dr. Antonini noticed that Mabry’s neurological evaluation

never took place, he requested that the appointment be rescheduled.

                                                 -8-
No. 07-2122
Mabry v. Antonini, et al.

       After Mabry finally received a neurological evaluation, which diagnosed his symptoms as

“the residual of meningeoncephalitis,” Dr. Freeman, the attending neurologist, ordered a MRI of his

brain “to make sure there is not a developing lesion such as an abscess.” (JA 171.) Immediately

after receiving Dr. Freeman’s request for a MRI, Dr. Antonini filled out the appropriate form

requesting that the test be done.

       Mabry’s MRI on July 17 showed that Mabry’s condition had dramatically improved. But

instead of accepting the improved results and sending Mabry on his way, Dr. Antonini renewed his

request for a neurological consultation. Dr. DeMasi, however, denied this request because the MRI

did not reveal an abscess. For Mabry’s part, there does not seem to be any complaint that Dr.

Antonini’s actions up to this point were constitutionally deficient in any manner.

        Mabry’s claims center around Dr. Antonini’s failure to pursue aggressively a second

neurological consult after Dr. DeMasi denied this initial request. The record, however, shows

otherwise. Concerned about Mabry’s condition, Dr. Antonini appealed Dr. DeMasi’s earlier refusal

to administer a neurological examination, and described Mabry’s condition as “[p]rogressively

deteriorating in balance. Now with ataxia also. Slow mentation getting worse. Activities of daily

life affected. Wheelchair dependent. Urgent please.” (JA 275.) He also telephoned CMS directly

—going above and beyond the standard procedure—to obtain a verbal authorization for the

neurological consult. On October 7, realizing that Mabry had yet to receive his neurological

examination, Dr. Antonini called CMS, once again, to recommend an evaluation by a University of

Michigan neurologist.

                                               -9-
No. 07-2122
Mabry v. Antonini, et al.

        Unbeknownst to Dr. Antonini, Dr. Freeman, the neurologist who had earlier seen Mabry, was

unavailable to provide the neurological consultation. CMS notified Dr. Antonini that it had

approved the subsequent exam, but that “doctors have not been confirmed for appointments in the

time frame of your request, and therefore, approvals for clinic visits are being faxed back without

an appointment date.” (JA 315.) Indeed, as the district court observed, “this problem appears to be

systematic [sic] and not attributable to Dr. Antonini.” Mabry, 2007 WL 2332392, at *8.

        True, deliberate indifference may be evident when prison officials erect arbitrary and

burdensome procedures that “result[ ] in interminable delays and outright denials of medical care

to suffering inmates.” Todaro v. Ward, 565 F.2d 48, 53 (2d Cir. 1977). But the parties do not

dispute that Dr. Antonini had no control over when appointments would be scheduled. In fact, even

after CMS approved his request, Dr. Antonini continued his efforts to get Mabry an appointment

rather than simply relying on CMS’s assurances. In short, he did all he could. See Gibson v.

Matthews, 926 F.2d 532, 535 (6th Cir. 1991) (holding that liability “must be based on the actions

of that defendant in the situation that the defendant faced, and not based on any problems caused by

the errors of others”).

        So in sum, even if we assume that Dr. Antonini knew that the failure to obtain a neurological

exam presented a substantial risk to Mabry, Dr. Antonini did not disregard that risk. But we also

take issue with that first assumption—that Dr. Antonini knew that the failure to obtain an exam

presented a substantial risk to Mabry.

        Mabry places a significant amount of emphasis on the fact that Dr. Antonini described

Mabry’s condition as “urgent” yet decided not to put Mabry in emergency care. But there is nothing

                                               - 10 -
No. 07-2122
Mabry v. Antonini, et al.

in the record to support his belief that his condition required an emergency room visit. In fact, Dr.

Antonini testified that Mabry’s “was a different case . . . where everything comes out normal and he

continues complaining of the same things.” (JA 264.) And when asked whether he had ever treated

a patient for neurosarcoidosis, Dr. Antonini testified: “No; no. And I will add — would like to add

that it is a . . . rare condition, difficult condition. . . . And not only that, usually [it] is not a condition

that will get you in a wheelchair, meaning that it will not cripple you or get you crippled. Plus, more

than half of the cases or 66 percent of the cases, they are referred on the books that they improve by

itself even if not treated.” (JA 282.)

        Dr. Beatrice C. Engstrand, Mabry’s expert witness, did opine that “ if Mr. Mabry had been

diagnosed with neurosarcoid on or about June 2003, it is more probable than not he would have

made a significant recovery.” (JA 629.) We agree that this testimony satisfies the objective prong

of deliberate indifference—whether Mabry showed the existence of a “sufficiently serious” medical

need. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834. But it does not show that Dr. Antonini “subjectively perceived facts

from which to infer substantial risk to the prisoner [and] that he did in fact draw the inference.”

Comstock, 273 F.3d at 703. Instead, the record, including all the testimony, points to the fact that

Dr. Antonini, despite rigorous treatment, did not know neurosarcoidosis was causing Mabry’s

symptoms.

        Nor can it be said here that “a genuine issue of material fact as to deliberate indifference can

be based on a strong showing on the objective component.” Estate of Carter v. City of Detroit, 408
F.3d 305, 313 (6th Cir. 2005). In Estate of Carter, prison officials failed to help an inmate even after

they were directly informed of the inmate’s immediate distress and chest pains, that she had not

                                                    - 11 -
No. 07-2122
Mabry v. Antonini, et al.

taken heart medication, and that she needed to go to the hospital. Id. (citing Garretson v. City of

Madison Heights, 407 F.3d 789, 798 (6th Cir. 2005), which held that when an inmate was a diabetic

in need of insulin, and was past due for her next dose, a genuine issue of material fact existed as to

whether prison officials acted with deliberate indifference by failing to have her transported to the

hospital). But Estate of Carter and Garretson concern immediate threats to an inmate’s life—e.g.,

a heart attack or diabetic shock—and not the chronic symptoms about which Mabry complained.

       Mabry’s case is nearly identical to Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97 (1976). In Estelle, a pro

se prisoner filed a complaint against various prison officials, alleging that medical personnel were

deliberately indifferent by failing to use additional diagnostic techniques in treating his back pain.

Id. at 107. Prison officials had seen the plaintiff on seventeen occasions spanning a three month

period, ultimately recommending bed rest, muscle relaxants, and pain relievers as treatment. Id. In

response to the plaintiff’s contention that the doctors should have done more by the way of diagnosis

and treatment, including an X-ray, the Supreme Court held that “a complaint that a physician has

been negligent in diagnosing or treating a medical condition does not state a valid claim of medical

mistreatment under the Eighth Amendment.” Id. at 106. As it was in Estelle, so it is here: Mabry’s

claim against Dr. Antonini is merely a complaint that he did not order specific tests, or provide

specific medications, treatment, or dosages. Such an assertion does not state a constitutional claim

of deliberate indifference as to serious medical needs.

       Nor do the cases that Mabry relies on help him. In Brooks v. Celeste, 39 F.3d 125 (6th Cir.

1994), we held that “repeated acts of negligence” may “help[] prove that each act was committed

with deliberate indifference.” Id. at 128.     True. But the Brooks Court rejected what Mabry

                                                - 12 -
No. 07-2122
Mabry v. Antonini, et al.

assumes—that the showing of repeated acts of negligence would suffice to establish deliberate

indifference. Id. And as we have already explained, Dr. Antonini’s actions, viewed either in

isolation or under the totality of the circumstances, cannot meet this constitutional standard.

        Terrance v. Northville Reg’l Psychiatric Hosp., 286 F.3d 834 (6th Cir. 2002), does not

change our analysis. In Terrance, the father of an involuntarily committed mental patient who died

at a state psychiatric hospital brought a § 1983 action against hospital personnel, alleging deliberate

indifference to medical needs when they allowed the patient to die from heat stroke. The patient

suffered from hypertension and a heart condition with abnormal EKG readings. The defendants,

despite having knowledge of the patient’s condition, prescribed medication which placed him at an

increased risk for heat stroke, then allowed the patient to go outdoors and over-exert himself on an

extremely hot day. Id. at 844-46. In denying summary judgment to three of the defendants, the

Court observed that “‘[w]hen the need for treatment is obvious, medical care which is so cursory as

to amount to no treatment at all may amount to deliberate indifference.’” Id. at 843 (quoting Mandel

v. Doe, 888 F.2d 783, 789 (11th Cir. 1989)). But there are significant differences between Terrance

and the instant case. For one, the Court relied on the fact that one of the defendants failed to follow

hospital protocols. Id. at 844. For another, the defendants did not respond to the patient’s heat

stroke until one hour after the hospital staff reported it. Id. at 844-45. In contrast to the officials in

Terrance, Dr. Antonini’s actions show an active effort to treat Mabry’s condition through medical

treatment and judgment. In short, Mabry has not shown a genuine issue of material fact as to how

Dr. Antonini knew that the delay in obtaining a neurological evaluation presented a substantial risk

to Mabry, yet disregarded that risk.

                                                  - 13 -
No. 07-2122
Mabry v. Antonini, et al.

B. Dr. DeMasi

       Dr. DeMasi was only involved with Mabry on four occasions, concerning approval of off-site

consultations or testing. First, on April 24, Dr. DeMasi reviewed a request from Dr. Antonini for

a neurological consultation. Dr. DeMasi approved this request. Second, on June 17, Dr. DeMasi

reviewed a similar request from Dr. Antonini for a brain MRI, a neurological follow-up, and a

possible spinal tap. Dr. DeMasi approved the MRI request, but delayed the follow-up to await the

results of the MRI. Third, on July 29, after Mabry’s MRI, Dr. DeMasi received a recommendation

from Dr. Antonini that Mabry should be reevaluated by a neurologist. Dr. DeMasi denied this

request because of the favorable MRI. Finally, Dr. DeMasi received a notice approximately a month

later from Dr. Antonini renewing this request. Dr. DeMasi immediately authorized this final request.

       Mabry’s case against Dr. DeMasi appears to be based on a single action: Dr. DeMasi’s

decision not to authorize the follow-up neurological exam. But Dr. DeMasi’s decision to postpone

the follow-up was based on a favorable MRI report, which showed “marked improvement of the

previously identified parenchymal abnormalities,” “resolution of a majority of the signal changes

involving the cerebral hemispheres,” and “no evidence of mass or abscess.” (JA 171.) Putting this

report in context with his clinical evaluation where Mabry showed improvement, Dr. DeMasi made

a decision, based on his medical judgment, that a further neurology consultation was unnecessary.

When Dr. Antonini reported new medical findings one month later, Dr. DeMasi reversed this

decision and approved another neurological exam. Medical decisions such as this are, at best,

negligence. “Where a prisoner has received some medical attention and the dispute is over the

adequacy of the treatment, federal courts are generally reluctant to second guess medical judgments

                                               - 14 -
No. 07-2122
Mabry v. Antonini, et al.

and to constitutionalize claims which sound in state tort law.” Westlake v. Lucas, 537 F.2d 857, 860

n.5 (6th Cir. 1976); see also Estelle, 429 U.S. at 106; Durham v. Nu’man, 97 F.3d 862, 865 (6th Cir.

1996).

         In addition, Mabry argues that Dr. DeMasi had some unspecified involvement in CMS’s

delay in obtaining his subsequent neurological consult. But Dr. DeMasi had no supervisory authority

over or involvement with the scheduling process, and cannot be held accountable for something

outside his control. See Gibson, 926 F.2d at 535.

                                      III. CONCLUSION

         For those reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

                                               - 15 -