Court Opinion

ID: 6113802
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-28 23:00:48.988225+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:13:16.948806
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 RUKMINI CALLIMACHI,

                        Plaintiff,

                        v.                             Case No. 20-cv-1362 (TNM)

 FEDERAL BUREAU OF
 INVESTIGATION, et al.,

                        Defendants.

                                     MEMORANDUM OPINION

       This case concerns government records about the death of Mihail Botez, a former

Romanian ambassador to the United States. Botez’s stepdaughter, Rukmini Callimachi, filed a

Freedom of Information Act request with the Federal Bureau of Investigation for records about

him. Disappointed with the FBI’s response, Callimachi filed five more requests for records on

other Romanian politicians and institutions. The FBI refused to even confirm or deny the

existence of records responsive to those requests.

       Callimachi then sued under FOIA. Although the FBI released more information relating

to her original request, it still refused to confirm or deny the existence of other records. The

parties have cross-moved for summary judgment. Because the Bureau has properly justified its

responses, the Court will grant its motion and deny Callimachi’s.
                                                 I.

       Botez died in July 1995 in Bucharest. 1 He had been a “leading dissident” against Nicolae

Ceaucescu, the longtime Communist ruler of Romania. Compl., Ex. A at 2, ECF No. 1-1. 2 After

Ceaucescu’s fall in 1989, Romania’s new democratic government named Botez the ambassador

to the United States. See id. He held that position until his death.

       Callimachi is an “international investigative reporter for the New York Times.” Compl.

¶ 2. In 2019, she submitted a FOIA request (the Botez Request) to the FBI and the State

Department for all records “mentioning or referring to” Botez. Compl., Ex. A at 2. The FBI

released 51 pages of responsive records to Callimachi, but she administratively appealed, arguing

that the Bureau had conducted an inadequate search and that all records should be fully

disclosed. See Compl. ¶¶ 9–10. Callimachi’s request for records on Botez comprises Count I of

her Complaint. See id. ¶¶ 50–53.

       One month after Callimachi appealed the FBI’s first response, she filed five more FOIA

requests. Those requests comprise the other counts in her Complaint. She requested records

about Virgil Magureanu, the former head of the Romanian domestic intelligence service, see id.

¶¶ 14, 54–57 (Count II); Iulian Buga, the Romanian ambassador to the United States in the mid-

2010s, see id. ¶¶ 21, 58–61 (Count III); and Ioan Talpes, the former head of the Romanian

foreign intelligence service, see id. ¶¶ 28, 62–65 (Count IV). In her two final requests,

1
  See Mihai Botez, Romanian Ambassador to Washington, Associated Press (July 11, 1995),
https://apnews.com/article/062b2e351052b131a1fa09777eda9b88. In this article, a
spokeswoman for the Romanian embassy confirmed Botez’s death in Bucharest. The Court may
take judicial notice of news articles that publicize certain facts “already validated by an official
source.” Washington Post v. Robinson, 935 F.2d 282, 291 (D.C. Cir. 1991).
2
  All page citations refer to the pagination generated by the Court’s CM/ECF system and all
exhibit numbers refer to the numbered attachments to the CM/ECF filings.

                                                 2
Callimachi sought records on UM 0215 (Count V) and UM 0544 (Count VI), Romanian

intelligence agencies from the country’s Communist period. See id. ¶¶ 35, 43, 66–69, 70–73.

         For those five requests, the FBI responded with what are known as “Glomar responses”:

refusals to confirm or deny the existence of the requested records. See Seidel Decl. ¶ 4 n.1, ECF

No. 19-2. The FBI asserted that FOIA Exemptions 6 and 7(C) justified a Glomar response to the

three requests for records on Magureanu, Buga, and Talpes. See Compl. ¶¶ 16, 23, 30. And for

the requests about records on the intelligence services, the FBI cited Exemptions 1 and 3 for the

Glomar response. See Compl. ¶ 37; Seidel Decl. ¶ 129.

         After Callimachi filed her Complaint, the FBI identified 171 pages of records responsive

to her Botez Request. See Seidel Decl., Ex. V (Vaughn Index) at 299, ECF No. 19-2. The FBI

released 90 pages and completely withheld 81 pages. On many of the released pages, the FBI

redacted information under various FOIA exemptions. See id. 3 The FBI then filed for summary

judgment, arguing that it had properly redacted information in the Botez records and that it had

correctly asserted Glomar responses. See Defs.’ Mot., ECF No. 19-1. Callimachi filed her own

cross-motion, arguing that the FBI had not properly asserted Glomar responses and challenging

various aspects of the agency’s actions on her Botez request. See Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 21-1.

Both motions are now ripe. 4

                                                II.

         To prevail on a motion for summary judgment, a party must show that “there is no

genuine dispute as to any material fact.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). FOIA generally requires

3
  The State Department also redacted information, but Callimachi does not challenge those
redactions. See Pl.’s Mot. at 14, n. 4.
4
    The Court has jurisdiction under 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B) and 28 U.S.C. § 1331.

                                                 3
“disclosure of documents held by a federal agency unless the documents fall within one of nine

enumerated exemptions, which are listed at 5 U.S.C. § 552(b).” U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv. v.

Sierra Club, Inc., 141 S. Ct. 777, 785 (2021). An agency claiming an exemption bears the

burden to show its applicability to the withheld information. See ACLU v. DOD, 628 F.3d 612,

619 (D.C. Cir. 2011). Courts review those determinations de novo. See King v. Dep’t of Justice,

830 F.2d 210, 217 (D.C. Cir. 1987).

       Sometimes, “the fact of the existence or nonexistence of agency records” itself falls

within a FOIA exemption. Wolf v. CIA, 473 F.3d 370, 374 (D.C. Cir. 2011). When presented

with that scenario, the agency may “refuse to confirm or deny the existence of records,” id.,

when admitting their existence “would itself cause harm cognizable” under FOIA, Roth v. DOJ,

642 F.3d 1161, 1178 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (cleaned up). This is known as a “Glomar response” after

the CIA refused to divulge whether it had records about a ship called the Glomar Explorer. See

Phillippi v. CIA, 546 F.2d 1009 (D.C. Cir. 1976). Agencies commonly make Glomar responses

when “admission or denial could itself compromise national security.” Mil. Audit Project v.

Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 730 (D.C. Cir. 1980).

       When reviewing a Glomar response, courts “apply the general exemption review

standards established in non-Glomar cases.” Knight First Amdt. Inst. at Columbia Univ. v. CIA,

11 F.4th 810, 813 (D.C. Cir. 2021). The agency thus bears the burden to justify a Glomar

response. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B).

       To meet both its Glomar burden and its burden on exemptions, an agency may rely on

affidavits. See Shapiro v. Dep’t of Justice, 893 F.3d 796, 799 (D.C. Cir. 2018). Those affidavits

receive “a presumption of good faith.” SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C.

Cir. 1991). The Court may grant summary judgment based on the agency’s affidavits alone if

                                                4
they are not contradicted by record evidence or by evidence of the agency’s bad faith. See

Aguiar v. DEA, 865 F.3d 730, 734–35 (D.C. Cir. 2017). Most FOIA cases are decided at this

stage. AARC v. CIA, 317 F. Supp. 3d 394, 399 (D.D.C. 2018), aff’d, 781 F. Appx. 11 (D.C. Cir.

2019) (per curiam) (unpublished).

                                               III.

       The Court first analyzes the FBI’s Glomar responses. Callimachi challenges the FBI’s

Glomar response for records related only to Magureanu (Count II), Talpes (Count IV), and UM

0215 (Count V).

                                               A.

       She first argues that those responses are “implausible” because of “the historical context

and events surrounding Magureanu, Talpes, and UM 0215” and their “key roles . . . in the events

leading up to and immediately following the Romanian Revolution of 1989.” Pl.’s Reply at 5,

ECF No. 25. In fact (she contends) “it would be a scandal” if the FBI lacked any responsive

records on those subjects. Pl.’s Mot. at 10.

       Callimachi also asserts that other releases show the existence of FBI records. Talpes told

a Romanian newspaper in 2011 that as head of the Romanian intelligence service he met the FBI

director. See Declaration of Rukmini Callimachi ¶ 9, Pl.’s Mot., Ex. G, ECF No. 21-8. The two

discussed Romanian spies remaining in the United States. See id. ¶¶ 9–17. Callimachi

extrapolates from this story that the FBI must have records on Talpes. See Pl.’s Mot. at 10. As

for Magureanu and UM 0215, she cites a document released through an Illinois state FOIA

request. See Pl.’s Mot., Ex. F, ECF No. 21-7. That document is on what appears to be FBI

letterhead and mentions Magureanu and UM 0215. See id. at 3. Based on this discussion of

                                                5
Magureanu and UM 0215 “in [the FBI’s] own records already in full public view,” Callimachi

says the FBI’s Glomar response “strains credulity.” Pl.’s Mot. at 10.

       At first blush, Callimachi’s arguments appear to assert that the FBI has “already disclosed

the fact of the existence (or nonexistence) of responsive records.” ACLU v. CIA, 710 F.3d 422,

427 (D.C. Cir. 2013). If those documents establish the existence of records, then the FBI’s

Glomar responses would fail. See id. “Indeed, when information has been officially

acknowledged, its disclosure may be compelled” over a Glomar response. Wolf, 473 F.3d at 378

(cleaned up).

       But Callimachi disclaims any “official acknowledgment” argument. 5 See Pl.’s Reply at 4

(“Plaintiff does not argue that information released by the Chicago Police Department revealing

FBI records discussing Magureanu and UM 0215 or statements made by Talpes about his

meetings with FBI officials constitute official acknowledgement.”). Callimachi’s argument thus

boils down to the following proposition: The FBI must have records on these subjects because it

5
  And wisely so. Under that theory, she would bear the burden to show that the Bureau had
officially acknowledged the information. See Knight First Amdt. Inst., 11 F.4th at 815. That
argument would suffer from three flaws here. First, Callimachi provides little assurance that the
document released in the Illinois FOIA request is not a fabrication. That it appears on FBI
letterhead helps but does not confirm its legitimacy. Second, that document mentions
Magureanu and UM 0215 during a description of a “Jane’s Intelligence Review article.” See
Pl.’s Mot., Ex. F at 3. So assuming the document is genuine, it reveals at most the existence of
articles in Jane’s about Magureanu and UM 0215. It says nothing about whether the FBI has
similar records. Similarly, Talpes’s stories about his interactions with the FBI do not confirm the
existence of FBI records about him. But even if they did, Callimachi runs into a third, final
hurdle. Only “the agency from which the information is being sought” can make an official
acknowledgement. Knight First Amdt. Inst., 11 F.4th at 816. Talpes’s statements to Romanian
media thus cannot acknowledge anything on the FBI’s behalf, nor can a disclosure made by the
Chicago police department. These prior disclosures from other entities do not “waive” the FBI’s
ability to assert a Glomar response. ACLJ v. NSA, 474 F. Supp. 3d 109, 121 (D.D.C. 2020).

                                                6
has a “clear” interest, Pl.’s Mot. at 10, in “historical events and foreign intelligence operatives,”

Pl.’s Reply at 5.

       Callimachi cites no precedent supporting this argument. True, she relies on ACLU v.

CIA, 710 F.3d 422, 431 (D.C. Cir. 2013), for the proposition that an agency’s Glomar response

must be “plausible.” See Pl.’s Reply at 5. But ACLU is about official acknowledgement, the

exact argument Callimachi rejects.

       ACLU considered whether the CIA could assert a Glomar response for records about

drone strikes against targeted individuals. 710 F.3d at 425–26. The CIA had said that revelation

of the existence of those records would reveal the CIA’s intelligence interest in drone strikes.

See id. at 430. That was the “only reason” given by the agency. Id. On appeal, the ACLU

argued only that the CIA had already officially acknowledged that interest in the public domain.

See id. at 428. The Circuit found that multiple prior statements from agency officials had

officially acknowledged the CIA’s intelligence interest in drone strikes. See id. “Given those

statements, it [was] implausible that the CIA [did] not possess a single document on the subject

of drone strikes.” Id. at 431 (emphasis added).

       The CIA’s earlier statements mattered in ACLU. The Circuit overturned the agency’s

Glomar response not because the CIA must as a matter of its mission have responsive records,

but because the agency had already officially acknowledged its interest. Callimachi’s concession

that there has been no official acknowledgement here thus vitiates her reliance on ACLU.

       Callimachi fares no better by focusing on the allegedly “clear” FBI interest in the

requested subjects. For Magureanu and Talpes, “either confirming or denying an [FBI] interest

in a foreign national” would reveal FBI priorities, “thereby providing foreign intelligence

                                                  7
sources with a starting point for applying countermeasures against the [FBI] and thus wasting

[Bureau] resources.” Wolf, 473 F.3d at 376–77.

       The same goes for UM 0215. The “mere fact” that the FBI monitored “specific

governments at specific times would be useful information for foreign adversaries.” Knight First

Amdt. Inst., 11 F.4th at 820. The FBI “has the right to assume that foreign intelligence agencies

are zealous ferrets” that will key on any “individual piece of intelligence information.” Gardels

v. CIA, 689 F.2d 1100, 1106 (D.C. Cir. 1982). Thus, even if the FBI’s mission encompasses

investigations into historical events and foreign operatives (as Callimachi contends), that mission

does not foreclose assertion of a Glomar response. See EPIC v. NSA, 678 F.3d 926, 932 (D.C.

Cir. 2012) (upholding a Glomar response because confirming the existence of records would

hinder a part of the NSA’s public mission).

                                                 B.

       That the FBI can make a Glomar response does not mean that it sufficiently defended its

responses here. The Bureau still “bears the burden to sustain a Glomar response.” Knight First

Amdt. Inst., 11 F.4th at 813. Recall that the Court may grant summary judgment based on

agency affidavits. See EPIC, 678 F.3d at 931. Affidavits supporting a Glomar response must

survive “general exemption review standards established in non-Glomar cases.” Wolf, 473 F.3d

at 374–75. And the Court owes deference to the executive for FOIA claims “which implicate

national security.” Ctr. for Nat’l Sec. Studies v. DOJ, 331 F.3d 918, 927 (D.C. Cir. 2003); see

Wolf, 473 F.3d at 374 (“[C]ourts must accord substantial weight to an agency’s affidavit

concerning the details of the classified status of the disputed record.” (cleaned up)).

                                                  8
                                                1.

       On the requests for records about Magureanu and Talpes, the FBI justified its Glomar

responses on FOIA Exemptions 6 and 7(C). See Seidel Decl. ¶ 143. Exemption 6 protects

“personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly

unwarranted invasion of privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6). Exemption 7(C) protects records

“compiled for law enforcement purposes” if the production of those records “could reasonably

be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” Id. § 552(b)(7)(C).

Callimachi agrees that the FBI is a law enforcement agency, see Pl.’s Mot. at 18, and thus any

responsive records would be “compiled for law enforcement purposes” under Exemption 7(C).

Because Exemption 7(C)’s language is broader than the comparable language in Exemption 6,

the Court confines its analysis to Exemption 7(C). See PETA v. NIH, et al., 745 F.3d 535, 541

(D.C. Cir. 2014). That exemption requires the Court “to balance the privacy interest[s]” of

Magureanu and Talpes “against the public interest in disclosure.” CREW v. DOJ, 746 F.3d 1082,

1091 (D.C. Cir. 2014).

       The privacy interest is straightforward. “Individuals have an obvious privacy interest

cognizable under Exemption 7(C) in keeping secret [ ] that they were subjects of a law

enforcement investigation.” Id. (cleaned up). As the D.C. Circuit has explained, “[i]f a FOIA

request is made for FBI investigative records regarding a particular individual, the FBI’s mere

acknowledgment that it possesses responsive records associates the individual” with “suspected

criminal activity.” Id.; see also Roth, 642 F.3d at 1174 (“As we have long recognized, the

mention of an individual’s name in a law enforcement file will engender comment and

speculation and carries a stigmatizing connection.” (cleaned up)). Since any responsive

                                                9
documents would mention Magureanu and Talpes, they have a “significant privacy interest[ ]” at

stake. Roth, 642 F.3d at 1174.

       To overcome those privacy interests, Callimachi “bears the burden” to show a public

interest from disclosure. Id. at 1175. She makes no such showing. In fact, Callimachi mentions

no public interest in her filings. The Court will not make an argument for her.

       The Court thus upholds the FBI’s Glomar responses in Counts II and III of the

Complaint. Magureanu and Talpes have a substantial privacy interest, and disclosure on the

existence of the responsive records about them would compromise that interest. Callimachi

asserts no countervailing public interest in disclosure. The Court therefore “need not linger over

the balance.” NARFE v. Horner, 879 F.2d 873, 879 (D.C. Cir. 1989). “[S]omething, even a

modest privacy interest, outweighs nothing every time.” Id.; see Jud. Watch, Inc. v. DOJ, 898 F.

Supp. 2d 93, 106 (D.D.C. 2012) (upholding Glomar response under Exemption 7(C) when no

cognizable public interest asserted). 6

       The Court will grant summary judgment to the FBI on Counts II and IV.

                                                 2.

       For its Glomar response to Callimachi’s request about UM 0215, the FBI relies on FOIA

Exemptions 1 and 3. Exemption 1 protects matters that are “(A) specifically authorized under

criteria established by an Executive order to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or

foreign policy and (B) are in fact properly classified pursuant to such Executive order.” 5 U.S.C.

§ 552(b)(1). The FBI invokes Executive Order 13,526, which authorizes the classification of

6
  In passing, Callimachi seemingly challenges the FBI’s Glomar responses because they
reflected the FBI’s “internal policies, which are not the law.” Pl.’s Reply at 5. That argument
does not engage with whether Exemptions 6 and 7(C) justify the Glomar responses. And in any
event, courts have upheld similar Glomar responses where the FBI relied on the same internal
policies on which it relied here. See Pugh v. FBI, 793 F. Supp. 2d 226, 233 (D.D.C. 2011).

                                                 10
information that “pertains to,” among other things, “intelligence activities (including covert

action), intelligence sources or methods, or cryptology” if that information “could reasonably be

expected to” damage national security. Exec. Order No. 13,526 § 1.4(c), 75 Fed. Reg. 707, 708

(Dec. 29, 2009).

       Exemption 3 applies to matters “specifically exempted from disclosure by [a] statute”

other than FOIA. 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3). To support the Exemption 3 response, the FBI relies on

the National Security Act of 1947, which provides that the “Director of National Intelligence

shall protect intelligence sources and methods from unauthorized disclosure.” 50 U.S.C.

§ 3024(i)(1); see Miller v. Casey, 730 F.2d 773, 777 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (holding that provision in

predecessor version of the Act supports Exemption 3).

       Here, the FBI has logically and plausibly explained why the existence or nonexistence of

responsive records is classified information. The existence of responsive records would show

that the FBI “has an intelligence interest in, and the ability to gather information about” a foreign

intelligence agency. Knight First Amdt. Inst., 11 F.4th at 819. Confirmation or denial of the

existence of records would allow foreign adversaries “to learn about the interests, certain

methods, and capabilities of the FBI and about its intelligence-gathering activities.” Seidel Decl.

¶ 139. Adversaries could use that knowledge to employ “countermeasures to nullify” the

effectiveness of the FBI’s activities. Id. ¶ 136. The D.C. Circuit has credited this concern when

upholding Glomar responses. See Knight First Amdt. Inst., 11 F.4th at 820; accord Wolf, 473

F.3d at 372 (“[C]onfirming or denying an Agency interest in a foreign national reasonably could

damage sources and methods by revealing [agency] priorities, thereby providing foreign

intelligence sources with a starting point for applying countermeasures against the [agency] and

thus wasting Agency resources.”).

                                                 11
       On the other hand, the nonexistence of responsive records would signal the FBI’s lack of

an intelligence interest in Romanian agencies. See id. ¶ 139. That would be “extremely valuable

information” to foreign adversaries looking for blind spots in the FBI’s capabilities. Id. Recall

that the FBI can assume that “foreign intelligence agencies are zealous ferrets,” Gardels, 689

F.2d at 1106, that will review all “officially released information” for U.S. intelligence agencies,

Seidel Decl. ¶ 137.

       Consistent with D.C. Circuit precedent, the Court accords “substantial weight” to these

representations of harm in the national security sphere. Wolf, 473 F.3d at 376. Callimachi offers

no reason to do otherwise. In fact, Callimachi rests exclusively on her implausibility argument.

She never argues that the FBI improperly relied on Exemptions 1 and 3.

       Based on the FBI’s declaration, the Court will grant summary judgment to the FBI on

Count V.

                                                IV.

       Next, consider the FBI’s response to the Botez Request. Callimachi challenges the

adequacy of the Bureau’s search for records and whether the agency properly invoked various

FOIA exemptions.

                                                 A.

       First, the search for responsive records. To locate records, the FBI conducted an index

search of its Central Records System (CRS). See Seidel Decl. ¶ 42. That system “is an extensive

system of records consisting of applicant, investigative, intelligence, personnel, administrative,

and general files” from across “the entire FBI organization.” Id. ¶ 27. The agency organizes

files in the CRS by a series of indices. FBI investigators add an index to a file “when

information is deemed of sufficient significance to warrant indexing for future retrieval.” Seidel

                                                 12
Decl. ¶ 30. FBI personnel may index information by “individual,” “organization,” or “event.”

Id.

       The indices fall into two categories: main entries and reference entries. See id. ¶ 29.

Main index entries correspond to the primary subject of an investigation, and reference index

entries correspond to topics that, while not the main subject of an investigation, are “associated

with” the investigation. Id. The FBI also maintains manual indices, which investigators

originally entered on physical index cards. See id. ¶ 37. Now, the FBI can search those manual

indices electronically. See id. ¶ 39. In response to Callimachi’s request, the FBI searched the

main index entries, the reference index entries, and the manual indices using the terms “Mihail

Botez” and “Mihai Botez.” See id. ¶¶ 40, 42. That search yielded 171 pages of responsive

documents. See id. ¶ 42.

       An agency responding to a FOIA request “must conduct a search reasonably calculated to

uncover all relevant documents and, if challenged, must demonstrate beyond material doubt that

the search was reasonable.” Truitt v. Dep’t of State, 897 F.2d 540, 542 (D.C. Cir. 1990) (cleaned

up). The adequacy of a search does not turn on “whether there might be” more uncovered

documents. Kowalczyk v. DOJ, 73 F.3d 386, 388 (D.C. Cir. 1996). A search instead is adequate

if the agency shows that the search method “was reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant

documents.” Oglesby v. Dep’t of Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1990). The agency can carry

its burden through affidavits “setting forth the search terms and the type of search performed[ ]

and averring that all files likely to contain responsive materials . . . were searched.” Id.

       The FBI has carried its burden here. According to its affidavit, the CRS is “where the

FBI indexes information about individuals, organizations, events, and other subjects.” Seidel

Decl. ¶ 43 (emphasis added). The FBI searched all indices, including the manual ones. See

                                                  13
Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 40–42. Because Botez was an individual, a search of those indices would be

“reasonably calculated” to locate all FBI records pertaining to him. Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68, see

Seidel 2nd Decl. ¶ 6, ECF No. 23-1. And Callimachi does not suggest that other FBI systems

contained responsive records. Thus, the Court holds that the FBI’s search for responsive records

was adequate. Accord Cunningham v. DOJ, 40 F. Supp. 3d 71, 85 (D.D.C. 2014) (upholding

FBI’s index search of CRS for records about an individual).

       Callimachi argues that the FBI should have conducted a full-text search. See Pl.’s Reply

at 6 & n.1. She asserts that the FBI has not shown that such a search would be unduly

burdensome. See id. This bare assertion does not help Callimachi. To overcome the FBI’s

showing of adequacy, she must “provide evidence that other databases [or searches] are

reasonably likely to contain responsive records.” Prop. of the People v. DOJ, 530 F. Supp. 3d

57, 61 (D.D.C. 2021). Nowhere does Callimachi show that a full-text search is reasonably likely

to unearth more records. The Court fails to see how it could. 7 Callimachi’s request seeks

records about an individual, a category by which “FBI employees may index information in the

CRS.” Seidel Decl. ¶ 30. Given the breadth of the CRS and that “names of individuals are

reasonably likely to be indexed,” a search of those indexes was reasonably likely to find records

about Botez. Seidel 2nd Decl. ¶ 6.

7
  True, some judges in this district have ordered the FBI to conduct full-text searches. But those
cases are inapt here. In Property of the People, Inc. v. DOJ, the court ordered a full-text search
because the terms at issue did not correspond to the three categories “by which FBI investigators
may index information in the CRS.” 530 F. Supp. 3d at 62 (cleaned up). In contrast,
Callimachi’s request falls within one of those index categories. See Seidel 2nd Decl. ¶ 6. The
agency thus did not repeat its mistake in Shapiro v. DOJ, 34 F. Supp. 3d 89, 98–99 (D.D.C.
2014), when it disavowed a full-text search by saying only that “no such search was warranted.”
Nor does Callimachi suggest in her Complaint or in her briefing that the FBI should “search
targeted files rather than all of [the] CRS.” Colgan v. DOJ, No. 14-cv-740 (TSC), 2020 WL
2043828 at *9 (D.D.C. Apr. 28, 2020).

                                                14
                                               B.

       Next, the FBI’s asserted exemptions. The FBI invoked multiple FOIA exemptions in its

response to the Botez Request. Recall that “[a]gencies may carry their burden of proof through

declarations explaining why a FOIA exemption applies.” Knight First Amdt. Inst., 11 F.4th at

818. In general, Callimachi argues that the FBI’s declarations are insufficient. She repeatedly

urges the Court to conduct in camera review of the unredacted documents. See Pl.’s Mot. at 12–

19; Pl.’s Reply at 7–9. FOIA allows courts that option, see 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B), but “by no

means compels” it, Juarez v. DOJ, 518 F.3d 54, 60 (D.C. Cir. 2008). Here, the Court exercised

its “broad discretion,” Loving v. DOD, 550 F.3d 32, 41 (D.C. Cir. 2008), and reviewed the

withheld documents in camera, see Min. Order, Jan. 6, 2022.

       The Court is also mindful of FOIA’s new foreseeable harm requirement. An agency may

not withhold exempt materials unless the agency “reasonably foresees that disclosure would

harm an interest protected by” a FOIA exemption. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(8)(A)(i)(I). The Circuit

requires agencies to articulate the harm from disclosure in a “focused and concrete way.” Reps.

Comm. for Freedom of the Press v. FBI, 3 F.4th 350, 369 (D.C. Cir. 2021); see Reps. Comm. for

Freedom of the Press v. CBP, — F. Supp. 3d —, No. 18-cv-155 (TNM), 2021 WL 4843970 at

*3–*4 (D.D.C. Oct. 18, 2021) (surveying caselaw).

       But even without a sufficient explanation from the agency, the “context and purpose” of

withheld information can support a finding of foreseeable harm. Reps. Comm. v. FBI, 3 F.4th at

369. And as explained more fully in Reporters Committee v. CBP, agencies may more easily

meet their foreseeable harm burden when invoking exemptions “for which the risk of harm

through disclosure is more self-evident.” 2021 WL 4843970, at *12.

                                               15
       With these principles in mind and based on its own in camera review, the Court examines

the FBI’s invocation of various FOIA exemptions.

                                                 1.

       The FBI relies first on Exemption 1. Recall that this exemption protects information

authorized by Executive Order to be classified. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(1). As with its Glomar

response, the FBI relies on Executive Order 13,526, which allows classifying information that

“could reasonably be expected” to damage national security and pertains to seven types of

information. 75 Fed. Reg. at 708. According to the FBI, § 1.4(c) of the Executive Order protects

the withheld information. That section covers information “pertain[ing] to . . . intelligence

activities (including covert action), intelligence sources or methods, or cryptology.” Id.

       The FBI withheld three types of information under Exemption 1. First, “detailed

intelligence gathered or compiled” on a “specific individual or organization of national security

interest.” Seidel Decl. ¶ 58. The FBI asserts that releasing this information would reveal

“actual” methods used against a particular target; disclose the FBI’s “intelligence-gathering

capabilities”; and provide an assessment of “intelligence source penetration of a specific target

during a specific period of time.” Id.

       Second, the FBI withheld file numbers assigned to specific intelligence activities. See id.

¶ 59. Disclosing those numbers would allow adversaries to match information containing the

same file number with a particular file. See id. ¶ 60. The FBI worries that bad actors could thus

craft “a partial mosaic” of intelligence activity associated with a specific file number and identify

what intelligence activities correspond with each file number. Id.

       Third, the FBI withheld “identifying information of and information provided by” human

intelligence sources. Id. ¶ 64. That information included information from those sources that

                                                 16
“could identify” them, possibly subjecting “them to retaliation” for cooperating. Id. ¶ 66. The

FBI also withheld numerical indicators that it assigned to each source. See id. ¶ 67. Disclosure

of those identifiers could allow a hostile actor to “correlate the records and whatever information

that can be gleaned from [those] records to specific sources.” Id. The same hostile actor could

then match the identifiers with “bits and pieces of other information” to learn the sources’ true

identities. Id. Allowing that to happen could subject the source to retaliation and could chill the

FBI’s “ability to recruit future sources.” Id.

       Callimachi largely does not question these concerns or the FBI’s articulation of them.

Instead, she points to § 3.3 of Executive Order 13,526. See 75 Fed Reg at 714. Section 3.3(a)

automatically declassifies records “that are [ ] more than 25 years old,” which describes much of

the records here. Id. But § 3.3(b)(1) allows records to remain classified if their disclosure would

“clearly and demonstrably be expected to[ ] reveal the identity of a confidential human source, a

human intelligence source, a relationship with an intelligence or security service of a foreign

government or international organization, or a nonhuman intelligence source; or impair the

effectiveness of an intelligence method currently in use, available for use, or under

development.” Id. at 714–15.

       The FBI affidavit hardly engages with § 3.3(b). Instead, the FBI asserts only that release

of the information, “despite the passage of time, would risk revealing the information

enumerated in” § 3.3(b)(1). Seidel Decl. ¶ 70. Callimachi dismisses that “conclusory statement”

as “vague” and asserts that the FBI has not explained how the withheld information

demonstrably harms national security. 8 See Pl.’s Mot. at 13–14.

8
  Callimachi also contends that the FBI does not say which categories of § 3.3(b)(1) apply to the
withheld information. See Pl.’s Mot. at 13. This argument misses the text of the Bureau’s
affidavit. The FBI withheld information that bad actors could use to “discern the true identities”

                                                 17
        The Court agrees that the FBI’s explanation about § 3.3(b)(1) says little. But taken as a

whole, the affidavit makes the required showing under that section. The withheld material would

reveal information about “current” intelligence activities and methods, Seidel Decl. ¶ 56, and

about activities “which continue to be sources of intelligence to this day,” id. ¶ 60 (emphasis

added). The FBI’s classified declaration makes even more apparent these risks from disclosing

the specific information withheld here. See In Camera, Ex Parte Declaration of Michael G.

Seidel. More, the FBI explains how disclosure of information on human intelligence sources

could lead to harassment of past (and presumably current) sources, see Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 66, 67,

which would “dissuade current and future” sources from cooperating with the FBI, id. ¶ 66, and

chill “the FBI’s ability to recruit future sources,” id. ¶ 67.

        The Court finds those statements explain in adequate detail “that the withheld

[E]xemption 1 information would expose sources and reveal intelligence methods.” Hall v. CIA,

881 F. Supp. 2d 38, 65 (D.D.C. 2012). Not only does the Court owe these explanations

“substantial weight,” Larson v. Dep’t of State, 565 F.3d 857, 867 (D.C. Cir. 2009), but the FBI

has described how disclosure of the material would damage the current ability of the FBI to

recruit human sources. More, the Court’s independent in camera review confirms the harm this

material could create if disclosed. For substantially the same reasons, the Court finds that the

national security “context and purpose” of the withheld information supports a finding of

of intelligence sources. Seidel Decl. ¶ 67. The FBI also withheld information that would “reveal
the actual intelligence activity or method utilized” against a particular person. Id. ¶ 58. So the
affidavit describes information that might be expected to reveal “the identity . . . of a human
intelligence source” and to “impair the effectiveness of” current intelligence methods. Exec.
Order 13,526 § 3.3(b)(1). Those are the types of information withheld here that the FBI says
§ 3.3(b) protects from disclosure.

                                                   18
foreseeable harm from disclosure. Reps. Comm. v. FBI, 3 F.4th at 369. The Court thus will

uphold the FBI’s withholdings under FOIA Exemption 1.

                                                 2.

       Callimachi next challenges some of the FBI’s withholdings under Exemption 7(D). That

exemption protects “records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes, but only to

the extent that the production of” those records “could reasonably be expected to disclose the

identity of a confidential source” or, for records compiled during a criminal investigation,

“information furnished by a confidential source.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(D). The FBI withheld

four categories of information under this exemption. Callimachi challenges only the withholding

of “names and identifying information of, and information provided by, individuals to the FBI

under an express assurance of confidentiality.” Seidel Decl. ¶ 96.

       The FBI cannot claim that “all sources providing information in the course of a criminal

investigation do so on a confidential basis.” Roth, 642 F.3d at 1184. Instead, the FBI must

“point to more narrowly defined characteristics that . . . support the inference” of confidentiality.

DOJ v. Landano, 580 U.S. 165, 179 (1993). And when the FBI asserts that a source received an

express assurance of confidentiality, it must present “sufficient evidence that such an assurance

was in fact given.” Roth, 642 F.3d at 1184.

       Here, the FBI says three “positive indicators” in the withheld information ensure that the

agency promised confidentiality to the sources who provided that information. Seidel Decl. ¶ 98.

First, FBI personnel designated some sources with “CHS,” meaning confidential human source,

or “CW,” meaning cooperating witness. Id. According to the agency, “standard FBI practice”

requires the agency to promise confidentiality before it can give either designation to a source.

Id. Second, the FBI found source file numbers associated with a particular individual. See id.

                                                 19
These file numbers “are unique to particular confidential sources,” id. ¶ 94, so their presence is

evidence that the associated individual was an official source who received an express assurance

of confidentiality, see id. ¶ 98. Third, the FBI withheld an individual’s information when the

agency located a source symbol number. See id. The FBI assigns these symbol numbers to

human sources “who report information to the FBI on a regular basis under an express assurance

of confidentiality.” Id. ¶ 91. Naturally, the presence of a symbol number “is a positive

indication” that the individual associated with that number received an express assurance of

confidentiality. Id. ¶ 98.

       Callimachi dismisses these explanations as “categorical and generic,” but offers no other

reason for the Court to disregard them. Pl.’s Mot. 16. In fact, the D.C. Circuit has upheld

similar explanations by the FBI on source symbol numbers. See Roth, 642 F.3d at 1185 (“[W]e

conclude that the FBI has borne its burden of proving that it provided an express assurance of

confidentiality to the source-symbol-number informants mentioned in the in camera

documents.”). And judges in this district have upheld similar statements by the FBI on source

file numbers and their assurance of confidentiality. See, e.g., Pinson v. DOJ, 177 F. Supp. 3d 56,

89 (D.D.C. 2016); Webster v. DOJ, No. 02-cv-603 (RC), 2020 WL 1536303 at *8 (D.D.C. Mar.

31, 2020). Callimachi does not explain why this Court should not do likewise. Nor does she

controvert the FBI’s evidence in any way.

       Callimachi does argue that the FBI has failed to specify whether any of the withheld

information came from institutional sources, not individuals. See Pl.’s Mot. 16 (citing Roth, 642

F.3d at 1186). The Court reviewed all documents in camera and confirms that none of the

withheld information came from institutional sources. See Seidel 2nd Decl. ¶ 9 (“However, the

                                                 20
FBI did not withhold any information pursuant to FOIA Exemption 7(D) consisting of or related

to institutional sources.”).

        Lastly, Callimachi argues that the FBI “has not carried its burden” on foreseeable harm

from disclosure of these materials. Pl.’s Reply at 9. The Court disagrees. As the FBI says,

“[r]elease of such information would endanger” confidential sources and would “cause great

detriment to the FBI’s ability to recruit and maintain” reliable sources. Seidel Decl. ¶ 99.

Revealing a source’s identity or provided information would weaken the FBI’s ability to credibly

promise confidentiality to future sources. See id. ¶ 95. The FBI needs that ability to “recruit and

maintain the cooperation” of confidential sources. Id. Those sources would balk if they knew

that the FBI might disclose their information, even years later. Indeed, the Court finds this risk

of harm from disclosure to be “self-evident,” Reps. Comm. v. CBP, 2021 WL 4843970, at *12,

based on the “context and purpose” of information provided by confidential sources, Reps.

Comm. v. FBI, 3 F.4th at 369.

        The Court will uphold the FBI’s invocation of Exemption 7(D).

                                                 3.

        The FBI also withheld material under Exemption 7(E). That exemption protects law

enforcement information when releasing it “would disclose techniques and procedures for law

enforcement investigations or prosecutions . . . if such disclosure could reasonably be expected

to risk circumvention of the law.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(E). Exemption 7(E) “sets a relatively

low bar”; the agency need only “demonstrate logically how the release of the requested

information might create a risk of circumvention of the law.” Blackwell v. FBI, 646 F.3d 37, 42

(D.C. Cir. 2011). Said differently, the agency can withhold any information which “could

                                                21
increase the risks that a law will be violated.” Mayer Brown LLP v. IRS, 562 F.3d 1190, 1193

(D.C. Cir. 2009).

       Callimachi challenges six categories of information withheld under Exemption 7(E). In

general, she contends that the FBI’s justification of the 7(E) withholdings is “formulaic.” Pl.’s

Mot. at 17. She also argues that the FBI does not sufficiently explain “why redaction of

techniques and procedures employed in the 1990[s] and earlier could still be” reasonably

expected to risk circumvention of the law. Id. at 18. And she contends that the FBI has not

carried its burden on foreseeable harm for these materials. See Pl.’s Reply at 9–10.

       Yet foreseeable harm for Exemption 7(E) is linked to a proper assertion of the exemption

itself. Because the exemption “by its own terms” requires an agency to show a risk of

circumvention from disclosure, fulfilling the terms of 7(E) also fulfills the foreseeable harm

requirement. Reps. Comm. v. CBP, 2021 WL 4843970, at *19; see CREW v. DHS, 525 F. Supp.

3d 181, 192 & n.4 (D.D.C. 2021). So if the FBI has properly invoked Exemption 7(E), it has

also carried its burden under the foreseeable harm requirement. It carries that burden here.

       Callimachi again asks the Court to review these documents in camera. The Court has

done so. That review informs the Court’s holding that the FBI properly withheld the materials.

                                                a.

       In the first category, the FBI withheld “sensitive investigative file numbers located in the

records at issue.” Seidel Decl. ¶ 102. These non-public numbers consist of a file classification

number, an office of origin code, and a string of numbers assigned to the particular subject

matter. See id. ¶ 102–04. According to the FBI, criminals could use this information to discern

the types of investigative strategies pursued by the FBI when these non-public numbers are

present. See id. ¶ 102. The file numbers also would reveal which FBI field office has

                                                22
responsibility over certain types of investigations. See id. ¶ 103. And criminals could use the

number string as a “tracking mechanism by which” a bad actor “can place particular files and

thus[ ] investigations within the context of larger FBI investigative efforts.” Id. ¶ 104.

       The Court agrees that disclosing this information would give bad actors “an exceptional

understanding” of the FBI’s procedures. Id. ¶ 105. A criminal could use various components of

these numbers to track how the FBI investigates particular subjects and whether those

investigations might relate to one another. Id. ¶ 104. And a criminal who knows which office

originated which file might then adjust his behavior to avoid that office’s purview, geographic or

otherwise. Finally, these concerns do not evaporate because the records are older. With

knowledge of “when, why, and how the FBI pursues or pursued different investigations,”

criminals could adjust their behavior or employ countermeasures to escape detection. Id. The

FBI’s file numbers, though small, provide that knowledge and show how the FBI keeps tabs on

various subjects. Because the FBI has explained how criminals could use this risk to avoid

detection, the FBI has shown a risk of circumvention from disclosure.

                                                 b.

       The FBI next withheld “methods used to collect and analyze information obtained for

investigative purposes.” Id. ¶ 106. The FBI says that release of this information would disclose

how and from where the FBI collected information and how the agency analyzed that

information. See id. Disclosure would allow subjects of FBI investigations to “accumulate

information” on specific methods and the usefulness of any obtained information. Id.

       Specific to this category, Callimachi argues that the FBI’s explanation—which “amounts

to a single paragraph”—is too generic. Pl.’s Mot. at 18. After in camera review, the Court is

persuaded that disclosure of this category would risk circumvention of the law. A criminal can

                                                 23
double his efforts to avoid detection once he knows the methods that law enforcement uses to

catch wrongdoers. That is true even for historical methods. Not only do the law enforcement

procedures of today build on what came before, but certain investigations might require a return

to earlier investigative techniques. After all, Sherlock Holmes began using fingerprint evidence

130 years ago, and that technique remains critical to law enforcement today. See Arthur Conan

Doyle, Sign of Four 55 (Penguin Classics 2001) (1890). Disclosing those older techniques thus

gives criminals a fair bit of insight into how the FBI conducts investigations. With that

knowledge, a criminal could adjust his behavior to avoid detection. See Seidel Decl. ¶ 106

(“Release of this type of information would enable criminals to educate themselves about the

methods employed . . . and therefore allow them to take countermeasures to circumvent these

methods and to continue to engage in violations of federal law.”).

       As the FBI notes, human sources comprise one method used by the Bureau. See Seidel

2nd Decl. ¶ 11. Disclosing information about those methods thus could endanger those sources

(including those who are still alive but no longer working with the FBI) and allow bad actors to

know how the FBI collects and manages human sources. 9 See id. Bad actors could exploit any

weaknesses in those procedures. Accord Sack v. DOJ, 823 F.3d 687, 694–95 (D.C. Cir. 2016)

(upholding nondisclosure when reports identified deficiencies in polygraph procedures that

“could enable criminal suspects, employees with ill intentions, and others to subvert polygraph

examinations”).

9
  Callimachi responds that this explanation in the Second Seidel Declaration contradicts what
was in the first declaration, thus undermining the Bureau’s 7(E) withholdings. See Pl.’s Reply at
10. She is correct that the FBI did not make this point originally. But after in camera review,
the Court accepts that release of this information would indeed threaten human sources and allow
criminals to counteract the FBI’s procedures for those types of sources.

                                                24
       The Court therefore agrees that the FBI has shown that disclosure of this information

would risk circumvention of the law.

                                                 c.

       Third, the FBI withheld “the location and identity of an FBI unit, squad, and division

involved in the investigation of Mihail Botez.” Seidel Decl. ¶ 107. This information often

appears in the headings of internal agency documents. See id. The FBI says that disclosing the

location of these squads could reveal the investigative subject and the physical areas of interest

to that investigation. See id. A bad actor might avoid a particular location if it appears often in

the disclosed records or might “avoid altogether certain activities in certain locations.” See id.

As for the identity of these units, a criminal who knows which unit investigates which crimes

could conceal his behavior to ensure the named unit does not discover it. And many FBI units

“are highly specialized.” Id. Revealing their involvement in a particular type of investigation

would tip bad actors to when and how and where the FBI deploys such units. That information

only helps criminals adjust their behavior to avoid those units.

       Callimachi questions “why revealing the office that investigated Botez’s death in 1995

cannot be released.” Pl.’s Mot. at 19. She mistakes the timing. The FBI withheld information in

this category for 2010 documents. See Vaughn Index at 294. And the Court’s in camera review

confirms that the withheld information corresponds with current FBI offices, not offices that

investigated Botez’s death. See Seidel 2nd Decl. ¶ 12 (“[T]hese documents contain headings that

reveal locations where the documents originated and where they were received; locations that are

still utilized by the FBI.”). Thus, disclosure of this information would say something about how

the FBI currently conducts investigations. That is consequential information for any criminal

seeking to circumvent the law.

                                                 25
       The Court will uphold the FBI’s nondisclosure of information in this category.

                                                d.

       Callimachi next challenges “the identity of sensitive, non-public investigative databases”

and search results located through those databases. Seidel Decl. ¶ 110. The FBI asserts that

disclosing this information would reveal which databases are most useful to the agency and what

information the FBI finds most helpful when it conducts investigations. See id. ¶¶ 111–12. This

information would also reveal where the FBI stores valuable information and how it obtains that

data. See id. ¶ 113.

       The Court agrees with the FBI’s assessment. A criminal who knows what information

the FBI relies on could adjust his behavior to avoid detection. See Shapiro, 893 F.3d at 800

(“We allow the FBI to withhold records under Exemption 7(E) on the basis that releasing them

would provide information on how a database is searched, organized, and reported.” (cleaned

up)). And the Court’s in camera review confirms that the search results here include more

information than what might appear on a credit score or other common background checks.

Criminals should not know the scope of that information. See Seidel 2nd Decl. ¶ 14 (noting that

disclosure of this information would give criminals and understanding of how to structure

behavior or deploy countermeasures “to deprive the FBI of useful intelligence.”). More,

disclosure of the databases’ identities tells criminals which database the Bureau relies on. Cyber

criminals seeking to cripple the FBI’s capabilities might then know to target those databases.

See id. ¶ 15 (“Knowing the database names renders the original sources of the data vulnerable to

compromise.”).

       As for Callimachi’s argument that the FBI has not confirmed whether it uses these

databases today, the Bureau says that disclosure would “give criminals insight into the available

                                                26
tools and resources the FBI used and continues to use.” Seidel Decl. ¶ 110 (emphasis added).

The Court affords that statement a presumption of good faith. See SafeCard Servs., Inc., 926

F.2d at 1200. And even if the databases have slightly changed since the mid-1990s, a cyber

criminal with access to FBI systems could use the names of those older databases to find and

target those successors. That possibility, discussed in the Second Seidel Declaration, is enough

to show a current risk of circumvention from disclosure of this information. See Seidel 2nd

Decl. ¶ 15.

                                                 e.

       The FBI also withheld “the non-public focuses of specific FBI counterintelligence

investigations in the records at issue.” Seidel Decl. ¶ 115. The risk of circumvention that would

attend disclosure of this information appears obvious. Disclosure would alert subjects to the

FBI’s interest, allowing them “to conceal or destroy evidence or to modify their behavior to

avoid future investigative scrutiny.” Id. These records are not so old that any subject mentioned

in them must be dead. And disclosing the focus of investigations would also reveal the FBI’s

conclusions and how the FBI plans to pursue those investigations. See id. Armed with such

information, subjects could predict the FBI’s next steps in similar investigations, allowing the

preemptive deployment of countermeasures to undermine the FBI’s effectiveness. See id.

       More, disclosure would reveal “when and why” the FBI pursues some investigation

focuses or shifts its focus. Id. ¶ 116. This would allow criminals to know what “types of

evidence or intelligence the FBI possessed at particular points in time, and possibly when and

how such information was obtained.” Id. The same criminals could use that non-public detail to

their advantage, modifying their own operational security to avoid giving the FBI sufficient

evidence to refocus on them. See id. Finally, disclosure would reveal the scope of the FBI’s

                                                27
gathered intelligence, permitting criminals to identify gaps in the FBI’s process and exploit those

gaps to circumvent the agency. See Seidel 2nd Decl. ¶ 17.

       The Court therefore holds that the FBI properly invoked Exemption 7(E) for this

information.

                                                  f.

       Lastly, the FBI withheld “information pertaining to the types and dates of investigations

referenced in the records at issue.” Seidel Decl. ¶ 118. “The investigation of certain matters is

often highly sensitive[ ]” and for those matters the FBI uses particular investigative techniques.

Id. ¶ 119. The Court agrees with the Bureau that revealing this information would show its

investigative “toolbox” that it uses for some investigations. Id. Criminals could use disclosure

here to adjust their behavior to avoid certain tools in that toolbox. Disclosure would “show the

type of criminal behavior or intelligence that predicated the initiation of a particular type of

investigation.” Id. Criminals could thus “educate themselves” on how their behavior can avoid

a type of investigation. Id.

       The same holds for information about the timing of investigations. Some of the

information withheld shows whether the FBI’s investigation was a “preliminary” one or a “full”

one. Id. ¶ 118. This distinction apparently matters because a designated “full” investigation

makes available certain techniques and procedures not otherwise available for preliminary

investigations. See id. Criminals could do much with that information. Knowledge of when and

under what circumstances the FBI initiates a full investigation would allow criminals to modify

their behavior so they can avoid being the subject of a full investigation. The same is true for

information about when the FBI begins a preliminary investigation. If a criminal knows these

investigative habits, he can assess and exploit them. That the information concerns past

                                                 28
investigations changes nothing—“a potential criminal can glean the same information about

investigative techniques from past investigations as present ones.” Reps. Comm. v. CBP, 2021

WL 4843970, at *22.

       Thus, disclosure of this information would allow criminals to predict the FBI’s next steps

and to adjust behavior to avoid those steps. The Court therefore holds that the Bureau properly

invoked Exemption 7(E) for this category.

                                                 4.

       The FBI also withheld information under Exemption 3, which protects any information

“specifically exempted from disclosure by statute.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3). As with its Glomar

response, the FBI relied on 50 U.S.C. § 3024(i)(1), which requires the Director of National

Intelligence to protect “intelligence sources and methods” from disclosure. Callimachi says the

FBI failed to “describe what was withheld and why” under this Exemption. Pl.’s Mot. at 15.

       The Court’s in camera review confirms that the FBI asserted Exemption 3 only along

with Exemptions 1 and 7(E). 10 Recall that the Court has upheld the use of those exemptions. So

the Court need not render an opinion on whether the FBI properly invoked Exemption 3. See

Larson, 565 F.3d at 862–63 (“[C]ourts may uphold agency action under one exemption without

considering the applicability of the other.”).

                                                 C.

       Finally, the FBI must “demonstrate that all reasonably segregable material has been

released.” Johnson v. EOUSA, 310 F.3d 771, 776 (D.C. Cir. 2002). To meet this burden, the

agency can rely on the combination of its declarations and Vaughn Index. See id. The agency is

10
  In contrast, the State Department applied only Exemption 3 to information on pages 107 and
108. Callimachi does not challenge those withholdings. See Pl.’s Mot. at 14, n.4.

                                                 29
also “entitled to a presumption that [it] complied with the obligation to disclose reasonably

segregable material.” Sussman v. U.S. Marshals Serv., 494 F.3d 1106, 1117 (D.C. Cir. 2007).

To overcome that presumption, Callimachi must provide a “quantum of evidence.” Id.

       Here, the FBI reviewed all responsive pages “line by line” to determine what segregable

information it could release. Seidel Decl. ¶ 124. For the redacted pages, the FBI released a mix

of segregable information and information covered by a FOIA Exemption. See id. For the pages

withheld in full, the FBI determined that all information on 53 of those pages was exempt from

disclosure and thus not segregable. See id. Other withheld pages were duplicates of pages in the

rest of the production.

       Callimachi does not challenge the FBI’s determination on segregability. And the

combination of the Bureau’s Vaughn Index and affidavits show with “reasonable specificity”—

confirmed by the Court’s in camera review—that the Bureau released all segregable information.

Johnson, 310 F.3d at 776. The Court holds that the FBI fulfilled its segregability obligation.

                                                V.

       For these reasons, the Court will grant the Bureau’s Motion for Summary Judgment and

will deny Callimachi’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment. A separate Order will issue.

                                                                             2022.01.28
                                                                             16:53:08 -05'00'
Dated: January 28, 2022                              TREVOR N. McFADDEN, U.S.D.J.

                                                30