Court Opinion

ID: 6330628
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-13 14:02:29.771068+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:23:03.694351
License: Public Domain

Case: 21-1609     Document: 43    Page: 1   Filed: 04/08/2022

   United States Court of Appeals
       for the Federal Circuit
                   ______________________

         ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS CORPORATION,
         Plaintiff/Counterclaim Defendant-Appellant

               BIOVERIS CORPORATION,
              Counterclaim Defendant-Appellant

                             v.

           MESO SCALE DIAGNOSTICS, LLC,
         Defendant/Counterclaimant-Cross-Appellant
                  ______________________

                    2021-1609, 2021-1633
                   ______________________

     Appeals from the United States District Court for the
 District of Delaware in No. 1:17-cv-00189-LPS, Judge
 Leonard P. Stark.
                 ______________________

                   Decided: April 8, 2022
                   ______________________

    JAMES MCKEOWN, Foley & Lardner LLP, Milwaukee,
 WI, argued for plaintiff/counterclaim defendant-appellant
 and counterclaim defendant-appellant. Also represented
 by JEFFREY COSTAKOS, KIMBERLY KRISTIN DODD, ERIC
 MAASSEN.

       JOHN HUGHES, Bartlit Beck LLP, Denver, CO, argued
 for    defendant/counterclaimant-cross-appellant.  Also
Case: 21-1609     Document: 43     Page: 2    Filed: 04/08/2022

 2                        ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS CORPORATION v.
                               MESO SCALE DIAGNOSTICS, LLC

 represented by NOSSON KNOBLOCH, DANIEL TAYLOR;
 STEVEN DERRINGER, ANASTASIYA MAIONE, Chicago, IL.
               ______________________

     Before NEWMAN, PROST, and TARANTO, Circuit Judges.
      Opinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge PROST.
      Dissenting opinion filed by Circuit Judge NEWMAN.
 PROST, Circuit Judge.
     Roche Diagnostics Corporation and BioVeris Corpora-
 tion (collectively, “Roche”) appeal a final judgment from the
 District of Delaware sustaining the jury’s verdict that
 Roche violated exclusive license rights belonging to Meso
 Scale Diagnostics, LLC (“Meso”) by directly infringing one
 patent claim and inducing infringement of three other pa-
 tent claims. We affirm on direct infringement, reverse on
 induced infringement, vacate the damages award, and re-
 mand for a new trial on damages. 1 On Meso’s cross-appeal,
 we vacate the district court’s judgment of noninfringement
 with respect to three additional patents and remand.

      1   Judge Newman’s dissent would reverse on both in-
 duced infringement and direct infringement because, it ar-
 gues, Meso doesn’t have a license to the asserted patent
 claims. Lest there be any confusion, the dissent agrees
 with us that the induced-infringement judgment cannot
 stand. The difference is in our reasoning. We reverse that
 judgment without reaching the question of Meso’s license
 rights (contrary to the dissent’s suggestion otherwise, Dis-
 sent at 3, 5), while the dissent would resolve that question
 against Meso. It is therefore only with respect to the single
 patent claim asserted to have been directly infringed that
 the dissent would reach a different result, since we con-
 clude Meso does have license rights in that patent claim.
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                        BACKGROUND
      The patents-in-suit concern immunoassays that exploit
 a phenomenon called electrochemiluminescence (“ECL”).
 Meso doesn’t own these patents. Indeed, appellant Bi-
 oVeris (a Roche entity) does. But Meso maintains that a
 prior owner, IGEN International, Inc. (“IGEN”), granted it
 exclusive rights to the patent claims it now asserts against
 Roche (which sells instruments and reagent packs for per-
 forming ECL immunoassays). We briefly recount the par-
 ties’ relevant licensing and litigation histories below.
     Meso was formed in 1995 pursuant to a joint venture
 agreement between IGEN and Meso Scale Technologies, a
 company owned by Jacob Wohlstadter (son of IGEN CEO
 Samuel Wohlstadter). Roche Diagnostics Corp. v. Meso
 Scale Diagnostics, LLC, 503 F. Supp. 3d 156, 163 (D. Del.
 2020) (“Post-Trial Op.”). The agreement specified a “Re-
 search Program” for Meso to perform and included a license
 agreement—the scope of which is contested here. Id.
 at 163–64.
     Roche, too, has a licensing history with IGEN. In 1998,
 not long after Meso embarked on its joint venture with
 IGEN, Roche acquired Boehringer Mannheim GmbH
 (“Boehringer”), which IGEN had previously licensed in
 1992 to develop, use, manufacture, and sell ECL assays
 and instruments in a particular field. 2 In doing so, Roche
 inherited Boehringer’s license rights, including that field
 restriction. Id. at 163.
     In 2003, IGEN and Roche terminated the 1992 agree-
 ment and executed a new agreement granting Roche a non-
 exclusive license to IGEN’s ECL technology in the field of

    2   Namely, “use in hospitals (except where the perfor-
 mance of the Assay takes place at the side of the patient),
 blood banks[,] and clinical reference laboratories.” Post-
 Trial Op., 503 F. Supp. 3d at 163 (quoting J.A. 4968).
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 “human patient diagnostics.” Id. at 164; Roche Diagnostics
 Corp. v. Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC, No. CV 17-189-LPS,
 2019 WL 1332407, at *2 (D. Del. Mar. 21, 2019) (“Summary
 Judgment Op.”). Although this license required Roche to
 note this new field restriction on its product packaging,
 J.A. 5448– 49, the license permitted sales that resulted in
 incidental out-of-field use and allowed such sales to con-
 tinue (absent express prohibition from IGEN) so long as
 IGEN received 65% of the resulting revenues. J.A. 5438.
 As part of this transaction, Roche paid IGEN and its share-
 holders about $1.4 billion, IGEN transferred its ECL pa-
 tents (including those asserted here) to the newly formed
 BioVeris, and IGEN shareholders received shares of Bi-
 oVeris stock. Post-Trial Op., 503 F. Supp. 3d at 164;
 J.A. 4230.
     Later, in 2007, a Roche affiliate acquired BioVeris (in-
 cluding over 100 patents) for approximately $600 million.
 Post-Trial Op., 503 F. Supp. 3d at 164. Roche announced
 this acquisition in a press release stating it would now
 “own the complete patent estate of the electrochemilumi-
 nescence (ECL) technology,” giving it “the opportunity to
 fully exploit the entire immunochemistry market” and en-
 suring its ability to “provide unrestricted access to all cus-
 tomers.” J.A. 6036. Roche also prepared a customer letter
 indicating that the field-restriction labels were “now obso-
 lete” and would be “removed as soon as possible,” but that
 in the interim customers should “please ignore the re-
 strictions.” J.A. 5898; see also J.A. 5901–06. Then Roche
 began selling the products without field restrictions, as it
 said it would. J.A. 4540.
     Meso sued Roche in the Delaware Court of Chancery in
 2010, alleging that Roche breached the 2003 license with
 IGEN by violating the field restriction. Post-Trial Op.,
 503 F. Supp. 3d at 164. The chancery court determined
 that Meso was not a party to the 2003 license agreement,
 such that only BioVeris (as IGEN’s successor-in-interest)
 could enforce the field restriction. Id.; see Meso Scale
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 Diagnostics, LLC v. Roche Diagnostics GmbH, No. CIV.A.
 5589-VCP, 2014 WL 2919333 (Del. Ch. June 25, 2014),
 aff’d, 116 A.3d 1244 (Del. 2015).
     And in 2017, Roche brought this suit seeking a declar-
 atory judgment that it doesn’t infringe Meso’s rights aris-
 ing from the 1995 joint venture license agreement.
 Summary Judgment Op., 2019 WL 1332407, at *1. Meso
 counterclaimed for patent infringement. Id. At summary
 judgment, Roche argued that Meso’s 1995 license didn’t
 convey the rights Meso asserts. The district court denied
 Roche’s summary judgment motion and the parties tried
 the case to a jury. Post-Trial Op., 503 F. Supp. 3d at 166.
 The jury found that Meso holds an exclusive license to the
 asserted patent claims, that Roche directly infringed
 claim 33 of U.S. Patent No. 6,808,939 (“the ’939 patent”),
 that Roche induced infringement of claim 1 of U.S. Patent
 No. 5,935,779 (“the ’779 patent”) and claims 38 and 44 of
 U.S. Patent No. 6,165,729 (“the ’729 patent”), and that
 Roche’s infringement was willful. J.A. 3718–24. It
 awarded Meso $137,250,000 in damages. Post-Trial Op.,
 503 F. Supp. 3d at 163.
      The district court denied Roche’s post-trial motions
 challenging the infringement verdict and damages award.
 Id. at 169–70, 174. But it granted Roche’s motion for judg-
 ment as a matter of law (“JMOL”) on willfulness and de-
 nied Meso’s motions to enhance damages. Id. at 172–74.
 Additionally, at Roche’s request, the court rendered a non-
 infringement judgment with respect to three additional pa-
 tents—U.S. Patent Nos. 6,451,225 (“the ’225 patent”),
 6,881,536 (“the ’536 patent”), and 6,881,589 (“the ’589 pa-
 tent”)—on the ground that Meso waived compulsory in-
 fringement counterclaims as to those patents.           Id.
 at 170–71; Roche Diagnostics Corp. v. Meso Scale Diagnos-
 tics, LLC, No. CV 17-189-LPS-CJB, 2020 WL 8409662,
 at *2 (D. Del. Dec. 23, 2020). Roche appeals and Meso
 cross-appeals. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
 § 1295(a)(1).
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 6                          ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS CORPORATION v.
                                 MESO SCALE DIAGNOSTICS, LLC

                           DISCUSSION
      Roche challenges (I) the scope of Meso’s license rights,
 (II) the induced-infringement verdict, and (III) the dam-
 ages award. On cross-appeal, Meso challenges the district
 court’s application of the compulsory-counterclaim rule.
 We review the denial of Roche’s JMOL and new-trial mo-
 tions under the law of the regional circuit. Leader Techs.,
 Inc. v. Facebook, Inc., 678 F.3d 1300, 1305 (Fed. Cir. 2012).
 The Third Circuit reviews the denial of JMOL de novo,
 “viewing the record in the light most favorable to the ver-
 dict winner and drawing all reasonable inferences in its fa-
 vor.” Id. (citing Eddy v. V.I. Water & Power Auth., 369 F.3d
 227, 230 (3d Cir. 2004)). It reviews the denial of a new trial
 for abuse of discretion. Id. (citing Foster v. Nat’l Fuel Gas
 Co., 316 F.3d 424, 429–30 (3d Cir. 2003)).
                      I.     LICENSE SCOPE
     First, Roche disputes the scope of Meso’s rights in
 “IGEN Technology” 3 under the 1995 license agreement.
 This is the only ground on which Roche challenges the di-
 rect-infringement judgment, and it’s one of multiple
 grounds on which Roche challenges the induced-infringe-
 ment judgment. The pertinent license provision, Sec-
 tion 2.1., has two prongs—A and B:
     2.1. IGEN Technology. IGEN hereby grants to
     [Meso] an exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free license
     to practice the IGEN Technology to make, use and
     sell products or processes (A) developed in the
     course of the Research Program, or (B) utilizing or
     related to the Research Technologies; provided that
     IGEN shall not be required to grant [Meso] a li-
     cense to any technology that is subject to exclusive
     licenses to third parties granted prior to the date

     3  This term includes the asserted patents in this
 case. Post-Trial Op., 503 F. Supp. 3d at 164.
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     hereof. In the event any such exclusive license ter-
     minates, or IGEN is otherwise no longer restricted
     by such license from licensing such technology to
     [Meso], such technology shall be, and hereby is, li-
     censed to [Meso] pursuant thereto.
 J.A. 5209. Meso argues that prong A grants it rights in all
 the asserted patent claims—namely, ’939 patent claim 33,
 ’779 patent claim 1, and ’729 patent claims 38 and 44. And
 it argues that prong B grants it rights in ’729 patent
 claims 38 and 44. We assess the two prongs in turn below.
                               A
     First we analyze prong A, Meso’s right “to practice the
 IGEN technology to make, use and sell products or pro-
 cesses (A) developed in the course of the Research Pro-
 gram.” J.A. 5209.
     At summary judgment, Roche argued that this provi-
 sion granted Meso “an exclusive license only to use ECL
 technology to make, use, or sell those specific products and
 processes that were advancements and improvements cre-
 ated in the Research Program.” Summary Judgment Op.,
 2019 WL 1332407, at *4 (quoting Roche’s summary judg-
 ment brief). Meso, on the other hand, said this provision
 grants it “an exclusive right to practice [the] patent claims,
 a right which was triggered by the development during the
 Research Program of products and processes that are cov-
 ered by those claims.” Id. “Roche’s interpretation would
 limit Meso’s exclusive rights to the specific products and
 processes developed in the Research Program, while Meso’s
 interpretation would more broadly extend Meso’s exclusive
 rights to any product or process (whenever developed) that
 practices the claims of IGEN’s patents.” Id.
     In assessing these arguments, the district court noted
 that the dispute hinged largely on the word “developed.”
 Id. at *4–5. Roche, relying on the agreement’s definition of
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                                MESO SCALE DIAGNOSTICS, LLC

 “developed product,” 4 argued that the products “developed”
 in the research program were the fruits of that program—
 i.e., the products that arose out of the program. Id. at *4–5.
 Meso, for its part, argued that the ordinary meaning of “de-
 veloped” is broader: “one can develop something that al-
 ready exists, for instance, by improving or otherwise
 changing it.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Un-
 der Meso’s reading, the agreement granted rights to patent
 claims as soon as Meso “developed” technology covered by
 them—indeed, even if Meso merely improved (i.e., further
 developed) preexisting technology covered by them. Id.
 The court denied summary judgment because, in its view,
 the parties articulated more than one reasonable interpre-
 tation. Id. at *5. After the jury ultimately agreed with
 Meso, the district court concluded that the jury chose be-
 tween two reasonable views.                  Post-Trial Op.,
 503 F. Supp. 3d at 166–69.
      Roche makes two principal arguments on appeal re-
 garding this provision. First, Roche relies on the provi-
 sion’s plain language. “On its face,” Roche argues, “this
 language gave Meso the exclusive right to make, use and
 sell any new products or improvements created or invented
 during the Research Program.” Appellant’s Br. 23. Sec-
 ond, Roche relies on the parties’ course of conduct. Specif-
 ically, Roche points out that even though the agreement
 “specified that Meso would be the exclusive means for
 ‘making, using and selling products, processes and services
 developed in the course of the Research Program in the Di-
 agnostic Field,’” IGEN, BioVeris, and Roche “continued to

     4   Section 2.5.1 of the agreement provides: “a product
 shall be deemed to have been developed if (i) it is submitted
 for FDA approval, (ii) it is declared developed by the Board
 of Managers, or (iii) it has been developed sufficiently to be
 submitted for FDA approval, notwithstanding failure of
 [Meso] to do so.” J.A. 5116.
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 sell” the relevant products “through 2007 without any ob-
 jection by Meso.” Appellant’s Br. 26 (quoting J.A. 5111).
 From this, Roche reasons that “neither IGEN nor Meso un-
 derstood or interpreted [prong A] to grant exclusive rights
 to the entirety of the patent claim.” Id.
     Roche’s arguments have considerable heft, especially
 on the plain language. As we read the license agreement,
 we consider Roche’s interpretation a natural reading while
 Meso’s is a strained one. But ultimately, we need not de-
 cide between the two interpretations of “developed.” That
 dispute concerns only the ’779 and ’729 patents—because
 they predated the research program of the joint venture—
 and in any event we reverse the induced-infringement
 judgment regarding those patents for reasons independent
 of the license-interpretation issue, as explained in sec-
 tion (II) below.
      The ’939 patent, by contrast, did not predate the joint
 venture’s research program. Rather, as the manager of
 that program testified at trial, “[t]he work that was done in
 this patent was part of the research program.” J.A. 4327.
 Roche didn’t dispute this fact.          See Post-Trial Op.,
 503 F. Supp. 3d at 168. Nor has Roche provided any per-
 suasive reason why, even under its own interpretation of
 “developed,” the asserted ’939 patent claim wasn’t “devel-
 oped in the course of the Research Program.” J.A. 5209.
 The most Roche offers on this score is a footnote arguing
 generally that “the evidence at trial was insufficient for the
 jury to find that Meso held exclusive rights to the entirety
 of the ’939 patent claim” and citing further course-of-con-
 duct evidence. Appellant’s Br. 27 n.4. But this argument,
 “made in passing only in a footnote, is not sufficient under
 our precedents to preserve an argument for review.” Cono-
 coPhillips v. United States, 501 F.3d 1374, 1381 (Fed. Cir.
 2007) (citing SmithKline Beecham Corp. v. Apotex Corp.,
 439 F.3d 1312, 1320 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (“[A]rguments raised
 in footnotes are not preserved.”)). Without more, we’re un-
 persuaded that claim 33 of the ’939 patent is outside the
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 10                         ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS CORPORATION v.
                                 MESO SCALE DIAGNOSTICS, LLC

 license agreement—even accepting Roche’s plain-language
 interpretation. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s
 denial of JMOL regarding prong A with respect to ’939 pa-
 tent claim 33, and we do not reach Meso’s rights under this
 prong with respect to the ’779 and ’729 patent claims.
                                B
     The parties also dispute the scope of Meso’s rights un-
 der prong B “to practice the IGEN technology to make, use
 and sell products or processes . . . (B) utilizing or related to
 the Research Technologies.” J.A. 5209.
     This language was also contested at summary judg-
 ment. Roche argued that a co-reactant called tripropyla-
 mine (“TPA”) isn’t within the term “Research
 Technologies”—a category defined by the agreement to in-
 clude “agent[s] to extend the electric potential of an elec-
 trode in the direction perpendicular to its surface.”
 Summary Judgment Op., 2019 WL 1332407, at *6. The
 district court saw this as a genuine factual dispute, deny-
 ing Roche’s summary judgment motion. Id.
      As with prong A, the jury agreed with Meso and the
 district court denied JMOL—“viewing the evidence in the
 light most favorable to Meso and giving it the advantage of
 every fair and reasonable inference.” Post-Trial Op.,
 503 F. Supp. 3d at 169. Along the way, the court noted that
 by the time of trial there was “no dispute that TPA comes
 within the definition of Research Technologies,” although
 this wasn’t known at the time of the agreement. Id. at 168.
 Indeed, “it was not until 1999—four years after the
 1995 License was executed—that the scientific field came
 to understand that TPA reactions could occur away from
 the electrode surface.” Id. Roche argued, therefore, that “a
 reasonable jury could not have found that the parties in-
 tended for TPA to qualify as an agent that extends the elec-
 tric potential of an electrode in a direction perpendicular to
 its surface,” even though it undisputedly does. Id. (internal
 quotation marks omitted). In sustaining the jury’s verdict,
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 the district court noted Jacob Wohlstadter’s testimony that
 “the purpose behind the phrase ‘agents to extend’ . . . was
 to capture the ‘airspace above the electrode surface’ . . . and
 that this was not meant to be limited to any specific com-
 pound or chemical.” Id. (quoting J.A. 4216). Again, the
 district court “presume[d] that the jury drew these reason-
 able inferences, and all others permitted by the record, in
 Meso’s favor,” ultimately deciding “[t]here was sufficient
 evidence to allow a reasonable jury to find that TPA is
 within the definition of Research Technologies.” Id.
 at 168–69. And on appeal, the parties analyze the intent
 underlying prong B at two different levels of generality—
 with Roche asking whether prong B was meant to cover
 TPA in particular (answering no) and Meso asking whether
 prong B was meant more generally to cover the “airspace
 above the electrode surface” (answering yes).
      While the jury sided with Meso on both prongs, the dis-
 trict court made clear its view that “Roche’s interpretation
 of the operative contracts was entirely reasonable.” Post-
 Trial Op., 503 F. Supp. 3d at 173. Ultimately, as with
 prong A, we need not determine whether the district court
 was right to sustain the jury’s verdict that prong B confers
 on Meso the rights necessary to assert that Roche induced
 infringement of ’729 patent claims 38 and 44. Again, even
 assuming Meso possesses those rights, we nonetheless re-
 verse the induced-infringement judgment for the reasons
 articulated below.
                 II.    INDUCED INFRINGEMENT
     As prefigured above, we reverse the district court’s
 judgment that Roche induced infringement of the asserted
 ’779 and ’729 patent claims. Our decision in that regard
 rests on two independent grounds: (A) absence of intent,
 and (B) absence of an inducing act that could support
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 liability during the damages period set forth in 35 U.S.C.
 § 286. 5
                              A
      “Whoever actively induces infringement of a patent
 shall be liable as an infringer.” 35 U.S.C. § 271(b). “A de-
 fendant is liable for ‘induced infringement under § 271(b)’
 if the defendant took certain affirmative acts to bring about
 the commission by others of acts of infringement and had
 ‘knowledge that the induced acts constitute patent in-
 fringement.’” TecSec, Inc. v. Adobe Inc., 978 F.3d 1278,
 1286 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (quoting Global-Tech Appliances, Inc.
 v. SEB S.A., 563 U.S. 754, 765–66 (2011)). “The intent el-
 ement requires ‘knowledge that the induced acts constitute
 patent infringement,’ which can be established by a proper
 finding of ‘willful blindness.’” Id. (quoting Global-Tech,
 563 U.S. at 766–71).
      Willful blindness, in turn, is characterized by “two
 basic requirements: (1) The defendant must subjectively
 believe that there is a high probability that a fact exists
 and (2) the defendant must take deliberate actions to avoid
 learning of that fact.” Global-Tech, 563 U.S. at 769. Willful
 blindness is a standard of “limited scope that surpasses
 recklessness and negligence.” Id. The intent standard for
 inducement, therefore, “focuses on, and can be met by proof
 of, the defendant’s subjective state of mind, whether actual
 knowledge or the subjective beliefs (coupled with action to
 avoid learning more) that characterizes willful blindness.”
 TecSec, 978 F.3d at 1286.
    Here, Roche argues that the district court in denying
 JMOL “incorrectly applied a negligence standard rather
 than requiring specific intent for inducement.” Appellant’s

      5 Because we reverse on these grounds, we need not
 reach Roche’s patent-exhaustion defense.
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 Br. 37. In support, Roche points to the court’s statement
 that “[t]he specific intent required for induced infringe-
 ment is that the alleged infringer knew or should have
 known his actions would induce actual infringement.”
 Post-Trial Op., 503 F. Supp. 3d at 169. We agree with
 Roche that this misstates the governing intent standard.
 While it’s true that we previously applied a “knew or should
 have known” formulation, we’ve since made clear that, “to
 the extent our prior case law allowed the finding of induced
 infringement based on recklessness or negligence, such
 case law is inconsistent with Global-Tech and no longer
 good law.” Commil USA, LLC v. Cisco Sys., Inc., 720 F.3d
 1361, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2013), vacated in part on other
 grounds, 575 U.S. 632 (2015). In Commil, for example, we
 concluded that a jury instruction indistinguishable from
 the district court’s statement here—“that Cisco knew or
 should have known that its actions would induce actual in-
 fringement”—incorrectly stated “a negligence standard.”
 Id. Under the proper standard, the jury’s inducement con-
 clusion is unsupportable. As explained below, the district
 court’s findings regarding willfulness and enhancement
 compel the conclusion in this particular case that Roche
 lacked the requisite intent for inducement under the
 proper standard.
      The district court granted Roche’s JMOL motion re-
 garding willfulness by concluding that “at no time did
 Roche have a subjective intent to infringe (or induce in-
 fringement of) Meso’s patent rights.” 6 Post-Trial Op.,
 503 F. Supp. 3d at 173. This, the district court explained,
 “follows logically” from “Roche’s reasonable interpretation
 of the contract provisions,” under which “Roche had no lia-
 bility to Meso for patent infringement.” Id. And “[w]hile
 the jury sided with Meso” on the license language, the court

     6   Meso did not cross-appeal the district court’s will-
 fulness decision. Cross-Appellant’s Br. 42 n.11.
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 noted, “the jury could have alternatively—and reasona-
 bly—sided with Roche.” Id. Although the district court
 recognized that “Roche’s burden . . . to set aside the jury’s
 willfulness finding [was] a heavy one,” it concluded never-
 theless that Roche “met its burden under the unusual cir-
 cumstances presented here.” Id. at 172 (cleaned up).
 Further, in the portion of its decision declining to enhance
 damages, the district court noted “[t]he evidence demon-
 strates that Roche had a good faith belief in its reasonable
 interpretation of the relevant contract provisions,” and it
 also relied on Roche’s “good faith, reasonable belief that the
 [BioVeris] acquisition meant the elimination of field-of-use
 restrictions—and, hence, no possibility of patent liability.”
 Id. at 179–80.
      In some respects, the intent standard for inducement
 is akin to the one for willfulness, as both rest on the sub-
 jective intent of the accused infringer. TecSec, 978 F.3d
 at 1286–87 (citing Halo Elecs., Inc. v. Pulse Elecs., Inc.,
 136 S. Ct. 1923, 1933 (2016)). Here, the jury’s verdict of
 inducement couldn’t have survived JMOL under the proper
 intent standard because it contradicts the court’s express
 findings regarding Roche’s subjective belief that it wasn’t
 infringing or inducing infringement. Taken together, these
 findings mean that Roche couldn’t have acted with
 knowledge that the acts it brought about “constitute[d] pa-
 tent infringement” and couldn’t have taken “deliberate ac-
 tions to avoid confirming a high probability of wrongdoing”
 as required for willful blindness. Global-Tech, 563 U.S.
 at 765–66, 769.
     The district court’s JMOL analysis did not apply the
 proper intent standard—resulting in an inducement deter-
 mination irreconcilable with its willfulness and enhance-
 ment decisions. In the end, we agree with Roche that “[t]he
 same analysis that led the district court to grant JMOL on
 willfulness should have led to a JMOL on inducement” un-
 der the proper standard. Appellant’s Reply Br. 2. Thus,
 we reverse the induced-infringement judgment.
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                                B
      Roche also argues that Meso didn’t prove it committed
 inducing acts within the patent-damages limitations pe-
 riod. That period is set forth as follows: “Except as other-
 wise provided by law, no recovery shall be had for any
 infringement committed more than six years prior to the
 filing of the complaint or counterclaim for infringement in
 the action.” 35 U.S.C. § 286. Here, that damages period
 began in April 2011. Post-Trial Op., 503 F. Supp. 3d at 169.
 On this point, too, we agree with Roche.
      To be clear, Roche’s argument isn’t that the alleged in-
 fringement occurred outside the six-year period. Rather,
 it’s that the alleged acts of inducement did. In so arguing,
 Roche relies on Standard Oil Co. v. Nippon Shokubai
 Kagaku Kogyo Co., 754 F.2d 345 (Fed. Cir. 1985). In that
 case, Nippon was accused of “inducing infringement” by
 supplying a catalyst to another company that directly in-
 fringed a patented process. Id. at 347. Writing for the
 court, Judge Rich explained that the “determinate fact”
 was that “all of the acts of Nippon complained of took place
 and were over and done with” more than six years before
 the infringement suit began. Id. Therefore, since “[n]o act
 of Nippon within the six years prior to suit [was] com-
 plained of,” it followed that “no recovery against Nippon
 [could] be had.” Id. at 348. Likewise here, Roche’s alleg-
 edly inducing acts occurred before the damages period.
 Specifically, Roche’s press release, customer letter, and de-
 cision to stop affixing field-restriction labels occurred solely
 in 2007, well before the damages period. J.A. 6036–38;
 J.A. 5898; J.A. 5901–06. 7

     7  Like in Standard Oil, our analysis on this point as-
 sumes “for the sake of argument” that these acts would
 have sufficed for inducement had they occurred during the
 damages period. 754 F.2d at 348.
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 16                         ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS CORPORATION v.
                                 MESO SCALE DIAGNOSTICS, LLC

      In sustaining the jury’s verdict, the district court didn’t
 conclude that Roche committed affirmative acts of induce-
 ment during the damages period. Rather, despite acknowl-
 edging that “Meso was required to prove that Roche’s
 alleged acts of inducement occurred during the relevant
 limitations period,” Post-Trial Op., 503 F. Supp. 3d at 169
 (citing Standard Oil, 754 F.2d at 348), the court posited
 that acts occurring before the damages period could sup-
 port a finding of inducement if they “‘continue[d] to have
 an impact and cause[d] third parties to use the products-
 at-issue outside’ of the licensed patient-diagnostics field af-
 ter April 2011.” Id. (alterations in original) (quoting
 J.A. 3688). Then, the court reasoned, “[t]he jury could have
 reasonably found that Roche’s announcement to its cus-
 tomers following its 2007 acquisition of BioVeris that there
 was no longer any restriction on how and where its ECL
 products could be used” satisfies this standard. Id.
     The district court did not cite any points of authority
 for this “continuing-impact” standard, and neither does
 Meso. 8 Further, this proposition is (at a minimum) in sig-
 nificant tension with the reasoning of Standard Oil—
 which rejected a similar argument, i.e., that neither in-
 duced nor contributory infringement “can exist until there
 is a direct infringement.” 754 F.2d at 348. That line of
 reasoning, we observed, “is like saying that the laying of an
 egg takes place when the egg hatches or that a sale takes
 place when the buyer uses the purchased product.” Id. To

      8  Instead, the district court simply adopted this
 standard “[i]n the context of resolving jury instruction dis-
 putes.” Post-Trial Op., 503 F. Supp. 3d at 169; see J.A. 4648
 (Meso’s counsel arguing that “it is critical that the jury be
 told that . . . [for] inducement, they can consider Roche’s
 statements and actions from before April 2011 and the ef-
 fect that those had on customers[’] use of the products after
 April 2011”).
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 the contrary, we explained: “If Nippon’s acts ever gave rise
 to a liability, the liability arose as of the time the acts were
 committed, not at some future date determined by the acts
 of others.” Id. Under a straightforward application of
 Standard Oil, Roche’s press release, customer letter, and
 removal of field restrictions cannot support the jury’s in-
 duced-infringement verdict because the evidence indi-
 cates—and Meso doesn’t dispute—that none of these acts
 occurred within the damages period.
      Meso argues also that Roche did indeed commit induc-
 ing acts during the damages period because Roche “sold the
 products without restrictive labels throughout the dam-
 ages period.” Cross-Appellant’s Br. 36. But sales without
 restrictive labels are not acts of inducement where, as here,
 the products have both in-field (non-infringing) and out-of-
 field (infringing) applications. Takeda Pharms. U.S.A.,
 Inc. v. West-Ward Pharm. Corp., 785 F.3d 625, 630
 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (“The sale of a lawful product by lawful
 means, with the knowledge that an unaffiliated[] third
 party may infringe, cannot, in and of itself, constitute in-
 ducement of infringement.” (cleaned up)); see generally id.
 at 630–32. Even Meso appears to acknowledge this. Cross-
 Appellant’s Br. 37 (recognizing that “Roche’s thousands of
 post-2011 infringing sales may not be acts of inducement
 on their own”). Indeed, Meso confirmed at oral argument
 that using Roche’s immunoassay instruments necessarily
 practices the ’779 and ’729 patent claims and that whether
 a use fell “outside the field restriction” turned on “the use
 to which the running of the machine was going to be put.”
 Oral Arg. at 21:30–22:33, No 21-1609, https://oralargu-
 ments.cafc.uscourts.gov/default.aspx?fl=21-
 1609_11022021.mp3.
     Last, even if Standard Oil doesn’t foreclose the district
 court’s “continuing-impact” standard, we reach the same
 conclusion because Meso didn’t provide evidence of causa-
 tion between the allegedly inducing acts (before the dam-
 ages period) and the direct infringement (within the
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 18                       ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS CORPORATION v.
                               MESO SCALE DIAGNOSTICS, LLC

 damages period). Specifically, Meso put forward no evi-
 dence that any customers purchasing Roche’s products
 during the damages period received the 2007 communica-
 tion and, in reliance on it, used the products out-of-field.
 And merely assuming that there were such customers is
 especially speculative here, in view of Roche’s significant
 sales growth during that timeframe. J.A. 4658–59. For
 similar reasons, Meso’s argument that Roche induced in-
 fringement because it “never withdrew” its 2007 guidance
 also fails, at least because Meso didn’t show that this omis-
 sion caused customers to infringe. See Cross-Appellant’s
 Br. 36. Even under the district court’s “continuing-impact”
 principle, therefore, the jury’s verdict cannot stand.
                        III.    DAMAGES
      Roche also challenges the district court’s denial of its
 motion for a new trial on damages. Given our decision to
 reverse the induced-infringement judgment, we vacate the
 damages award and remand for a new trial on damages.
 See Omega Pats., LLC v. CalAmp Corp., 920 F.3d 1337,
 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (“[T]he ‘normal rule would require a
 new trial as to damages’ when the jury renders a single
 verdict on damages and liability as to a subset of asserted
 claims [that] has been set aside on appeal.” .” (quoting Ver-
 izon Servs. Corp. v. Vonage Holdings Corp., 503 F.3d 1295,
 1310 (Fed. Cir. 2007)). Additionally, given the circum-
 stances presented here—which we recount briefly below—
 the parties and the district court should proceed on remand
 with careful attention to the apportionment requirement
 set forth in our caselaw.
     Before trial, the district court precluded Meso’s dam-
 ages expert from offering his reasonable-royalty opinion
 due to various errors in that opinion. Post-Trial Op.,
 503 F. Supp. 3d at 174. For that reason, “the jury did not
 hear a reasonable royalty rate opinion” from Meso’s expert.
 Id. The expert “was permitted to testify about a royalty
 base,” however, “which he calculated to be between
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 $170 million and $183 million.” Id. And, in the context of
 analyzing the Georgia-Pacific factors, 9 “he was further per-
 mitted to present his estimate of the profit margin Roche
 earned on these sales,” which “he opined was roughly 75%
 during the relevant damages period.” Id. (internal quota-
 tion marks omitted). The expert illustrated this testimony
 with the following graphic:

 Id. at 175. And later, during closing arguments, “Meso’s
 counsel told the jury: ‘we believe that what is right is that
 Meso . . . should get the profits, the profits on the $183 mil-
 lion that Roche made in our lane [that is, out-of-field
 sales].’” Id. at 175 (alterations in original) (quoting
 J.A. 4816).

     9   See Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. U.S. Plywood Corp.,
 318 F. Supp. 1116 (S.D.N.Y. 1970), modified sub nom.
 Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. U.S. Plywood-Champion Papers,
 Inc., 446 F.2d 295 (2d Cir. 1971).
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     In denying Roche’s post-trial motions, the district court
 noted that, although “the verdict sheet did not ask the jury
 to disclose the royalty rate or base it found,” “[t]he jury’s
 damages award of $137,250,000 can be arrived at (exactly)
 by multiplying $183 million by 75%.” Id. at 175–76. The
 district court also expressed that “Roche present[ed] pow-
 erful challenges to the jury award.” Id. at 175. For in-
 stance, Roche argued that the jury’s award reflected “no
 apportionment for the value attributable to the infringing
 features of the product,” and that “the jury’s award
 amounts to a disgorgement of all of Roche’s profits, as ex-
 pressly invited by Meso’s counsel, which is not permitted
 by patent law.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Ul-
 timately, however, the district court concluded the jury’s
 “presumed findings . . . are supported by sufficient evi-
 dence,” so it upheld the damages verdict. Id. at 176.
      As possible support for the jury’s verdict, the district
 court noted testimony that “the asserted claims ‘cover core
 aspects of ECL technology,’ around which Roche could not
 design . . . , and that Roche expected to make (and in fact
 did make) significant convoyed sales.” Id. It then ex-
 pressed that, “[o]n this reasonable view of the evidence,”
 Meso’s expert’s “estimations of the royalty base and
 Roche’s profits were conservative; in fact, an appropriate
 royalty base could have been higher than $183 million.” Id.
 The court also indicated that the “jury could have further
 credited evidence showing Roche’s ECL business regularly
 outperformed Roche’s estimates, which again would sup-
 port a higher royalty base,” and it noted that “in the
 2003 [l]icense—which was executed right around the time
 of the hypothetical negotiation—Roche had agreed to a 65%
 royalty rate for out-of-field sales.” Id. “Taking all this into
 account,” the district court concluded, “the jury could have
 arrived at its damages award by multiplying the 65% roy-
 alty rate negotiated for in the 2003 License times a royalty
 base of approximately $211 million, which is a base sup-
 ported by sufficient evidence, once convoyed sales and
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 MESO SCALE DIAGNOSTICS, LLC

 [Meso’s expert’s] arguably[]conservative royalty base as-
 sumptions are considered.” Id.
     In response to Roche’s characterization of the damages
 award as the product of “speculation or guesswork,” the
 court stated that “[r]easonable minds could differ on this
 point” and ultimately concluded that “the slightly better
 view of the record is that the damages award was not based
 only on speculation or guesswork.” Id. at 178. And on
 Roche’s apportionment challenge, the district court rea-
 soned that “the jury was presented sufficient evidence from
 which it could have reasonably determined (1) the asserted
 claims were essential to practice ECL technology, (2) ECL
 technology was the key driver of demand for Roche’s ac-
 cused products sold out-of-field,” and “thus, (3) a high rea-
 sonable royalty award was appropriate.” Id. at 177.
     On appeal, Roche again challenges the $137,250,000
 damages award, which it says “awarded 100% of the profits
 from all infringing sales based on infringement of three pa-
 tents (out of the 100+ patents) applicable to ECL technol-
 ogy.” Appellant’s Br. 45–46. As we have previously
 explained, “where a royalty is at issue, ‘[n]o matter what
 the form of the royalty, a patentee must take care to seek
 only those damages attributable to the infringing fea-
 tures.’” Omega Pats., LLC v. CalAmp Corp., 13 F.4th 1361,
 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (alteration in original) (quoting Vir-
 netX, Inc. v. Cisco Sys., Inc., 767 F.3d 1308, 1326 (Fed. Cir.
 2014)). “Consequently, to be admissible, all expert dam-
 ages opinions must separate the value of the allegedly in-
 fringing features from the value of all other features.”
 Commonwealth Sci. & Indus. Rsch. Org. v. Cisco Sys., Inc.,
 809 F.3d 1295, 1301 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (citing VirnetX,
 767 F.3d at 1329). And, particularly relevant to the district
 court’s license-based rationale, while “a damages theory
 that is dependent on a comparable license (or a comparable
 negotiation) may in some cases have built-in apportion-
 ment,” the license “must be sufficiently comparable in that
 principles of apportionment were effectively baked into the
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 22                         ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS CORPORATION v.
                                 MESO SCALE DIAGNOSTICS, LLC

 purportedly comparable license.” Omega, 13 F.4th at 1377
 (cleaned up).
      In Omega, for instance, we noted that “each of . . .
 eighteen proffered licenses involve[d] numerous patents, in
 contrast to a hypothetical negotiation for a single-patent
 license,” and we concluded that “Omega did not present to
 the jury a basis in fact to associate the royalty rates used
 in prior licenses to the particular hypothetical negotiation
 at issue.” 13 F.4th at 1380–81 (cleaned up). Similarly here,
 we take Roche’s apportionment argument to be that Meso
 hasn’t demonstrated the requisite comparability between
 the 2003 license (to the 100+ BioVeris patents) and the hy-
 pothetical negotiation undergirding the jury’s reasonable-
 royalty award. At least for this reason, Roche’s challenge
 to the jury’s verdict is indeed “powerful.” Post-Trial Op.,
 503 F. Supp. 3d at 175. That said, we need not decide
 whether the district court erred in assessing the sufficiency
 of the evidence on apportionment, as the parties agree that
 reversing on induced infringement but not direct infringe-
 ment would require a new damages trial. Oral Arg.
 at 8:26–9:29, 31:08–32:10. Accordingly, we vacate the
 damages award and remand for a new trial on damages.
                      IV.     CROSS-APPEAL
     In its cross-appeal, Meso challenges the district court’s
 noninfringement judgment as to the ’536, ’589, and ’225 pa-
 tents. We vacate that judgment, which resulted from a
 misapplication of the compulsory-counterclaim rule. See
 Fed. R. Civ. P. 13.
      The district court rendered a judgment of noninfringe-
 ment with respect to these three patents because, although
 they were listed in Roche’s declaratory-judgment com-
 plaint, Meso did not counterclaim for infringement of these
 patents. Post-Trial Op., 503 F. Supp. 3d at 170. The dis-
 trict court reasoned that, because patent-infringement
 counterclaims are compulsory in an action for declaration
 of non-infringement of those patents, Roche was entitled to
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 MESO SCALE DIAGNOSTICS, LLC

 a judgment of noninfringement. Id. Meso’s argument on
 cross-appeal is twofold: (1) the compulsory-counterclaim
 rule bars claims in future actions but does not authorize
 rendering judgment in the same action, and (2) in any
 event, Roche’s complaint was so generic and nonspecific
 that it did not trigger the compulsory-counterclaim rule as
 to these patents. Cross-Appellant’s Br. 67–73.
      We agree with Meso that the best understanding of the
 compulsory-counterclaim rule is that it bars future claims
 but does not authorize rendering adverse judgment on such
 claims in the same action. This view is consistent with the
 advisory committee notes of the Federal Rules of Civil Pro-
 cedure, which describe the rule as being triggered by entry
 of judgment in an action: “If the action proceeds to judg-
 ment without the interposition of a counterclaim as re-
 quired by subdivision (a) of this rule, the counterclaim is
 barred.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 13 advisory committee’s note to
 1937 rules (emphasis added). Moreover, the Supreme
 Court and this court have described the rule in ways that
 support that understanding. Baker v. Gold Seal Liquors,
 Inc., 417 U.S. 467, 469 n.1 (1974) (“A counterclaim which
 is compulsory but is not brought is thereafter barred.” (em-
 phasis added)); S. Constr. Co. v. Pickard, 371 U.S. 57, 60
 (1962) (“The [compulsory-counterclaim rule] was particu-
 larly directed against one who failed to assert a counter-
 claim in one action and then instituted a second action in
 which that counterclaim became the basis of the com-
 plaint.” (emphasis added)); Polymer Indus. Prods. Co. v.
 Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 347 F.3d 935, 938 (Fed. Cir.
 2003) (“[A] party that does not assert its compulsory coun-
 terclaim in the first proceeding has waived its right to
 bring the counterclaim and is forever barred from asserting
 that claim in future litigation.”); Vivid Techs., Inc. v. Am.
 Sci. & Eng’g, Inc., 200 F.3d 795, 801 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (citing
 6 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Mary Kay Kane,
 Federal Practice and Procedure § 1417, at 129 (2d ed. 1990)
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 24                       ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS CORPORATION v.
                               MESO SCALE DIAGNOSTICS, LLC

 (“[F]ailure to plead a compulsory counterclaim bars a party
 from bringing a later independent action on that claim.”)).
     Roche acknowledges that “the compulsory counter-
 claim issue typically arises when one party files a second
 action involving the same patent,” though it asserts none-
 theless that “a party seeking declaratory judgment is enti-
 tled to such an order in the original action when its
 opponent fails to counterclaim or present any evidence of
 infringement with respect to the asserted patent(s) at
 trial.” Appellant’s Reply Br. 35–36; see also id. at 46
 (granting that “[t]he cases on which Meso relies reflect that
 the compulsory counterclaim rule arises most frequently in
 the context of one party bringing a second action”). For its
 part, Roche cites one case from the Eighth Circuit that al-
 lowed entry of judgment in the same action due to the fail-
 ure to assert a compulsory counterclaim. But that case
 provides little analysis and doesn’t bind this court. See
 Schinzing v. Mid-States Stainless, Inc., 415 F.3d 807, 814
 (8th Cir. 2005).
      Accordingly, we vacate the district court’s noninfringe-
 ment judgment as to these non-counterclaimed patents and
 remand for the district court to consider the appropriate
 disposition of any properly pled declaratory judgment
 claims of Roche as to these non-counterclaimed patents.
 We do not reach the question of whether Roche’s complaint
 is too generic to trigger the compulsory-counterclaim rule.
 If Meso brings a future infringement action based on those
 patents, the district court in that action should decide in
 the first instance whether those claims are barred.
                        CONCLUSION
      We have considered the parties’ remaining arguments
 but find them unpersuasive. For the foregoing reasons, we
 affirm the judgment of direct infringement of ’939 patent
 claim 33, reverse the judgment of induced infringement of
 ’779 patent claim 1 and ’729 patent claims 38 and 44, va-
 cate the damages award, and remand for a new trial on
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 MESO SCALE DIAGNOSTICS, LLC

 damages. We also vacate the district court’s judgment of
 noninfringement of the ’536, ’589, and ’225 patents and re-
 mand for further proceedings.
     AFFIRMED-IN-PART, REVERSED-IN-PART,
       VACATED-IN-PART, AND REMANDED
                           COSTS
     The parties shall bear their own costs.
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    United States Court of Appeals
        for the Federal Circuit
                   ______________________

       ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS CORPORATION,
       Plaintiff/Counterclaim Defendant-Appellant

              BIOVERIS CORPORATION,
             Counterclaim Defendant-Appellant

                              v.

          MESO SCALE DIAGNOSTICS, LLC,
        Defendant/Counterclaimant-Cross-Appellant
                 ______________________

                    2021-1609, 2021-1633
                   ______________________

     Appeals from the United States District Court for the
 District of Delaware in No. 1:17-cv-00189-LPS, Judge
 Leonard P. Stark.

 NEWMAN, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
    I respectfully dissent. Roche cannot infringe patents it
 owns.
     In 2007, Roche purchased the patents in suit from
 IGEN International, via IGEN’s patent-holding company
 BioVeris Corporation. Meso Scale Diagnostics (MSD or
 Meso) does not own or have exclusive rights to these pa-
 tents, and has no right to control their use in areas outside
 of the designated Research Program—as I shall discuss.
    I focus on the three patents found infringed at trial:
 U.S. Patent No. 5,935,779 (“the ’779 patent”), U.S. Patent
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 2                             ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS CORPORATION v.
                                    MESO SCALE DIAGNOSTICS, LLC

 No. 6,165,729 (“the ’729 patent”), and U.S. Patent No.
 6,808,939 (“the ’939 patent”). The jury found direct in-
 fringement of the ’939 patent and induced infringement of
 the ’779 and ’729 patents. The majority reverses the judg-
 ment of induced infringement on statute of limitations
 grounds, but affirms direct infringement of the ’939 patent.
 However, Roche cannot infringe these patents, directly or
 by inducement, for Roche has owned these patents since
 2007.
                        DISCUSSION
     In 1995, IGEN and its related company Meso Scale
 Technologies (MST) formed a Joint Venture whereby a new
 company named Meso Scale Diagnostics (MSD) was formed
 to conduct a Research Program to develop new products
 and uses in the field of electrochemiluminescence. IGEN
 granted MSD the exclusive license under IGEN’s patents
 for any such new products and uses. This 1995 license is
 the basis of MSD’s present charge of infringement, as sum-
 marized by Roche:
     Under Meso’s interpretation, IGEN International,
     Inc. (the original patent licensor) gave complete
     control of its patents to Meso—even as IGEN and
     its licensee Roche continued selling products with
     pre-existing technology covered by the patents.
     Only in this litigation, twenty-two years after ob-
     taining its license, did Meso first proffer the license
     interpretation that it, rather than IGEN, con-
     trolled the entirety of former IGEN patent claims.
 Roche Br. 3.
     The record does not support MSD’s litigation argu-
 ment: that in 1995 it was granted sole and exclusive rights
 to all of IGEN’s past and future patents on IGEN’s opera-
 tions. To the contrary, IGEN continued to operate and im-
 prove its existing technology, while MSD proceeded to
 develop its new discoveries such as multi-array analysis.
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 MESO SCALE DIAGNOSTICS, LLC

      Nonetheless, my colleagues hold that IGEN in 1995
 granted MSD the exclusive rights to the IGEN patents on
 the IGEN products, that Roche received nothing when it
 bought these patents for $599 million, and that Roche has
 been infringing these patents ever since. Indeed, the jury
 so found, and awarded MSD Roche’s profits for the six-year
 statutory period. The jury verdict, which was sustained by
 the district court, 1 has no support in the evidence. The ver-
 dict is contradicted by the activity of all parties at the time
 of the 1995 license and the ensuing twenty-two years. See
 Old Colony Tr. Co. v. City of Omaha, 230 U.S. 100, 118
 (1913) (“[T]he practical interpretation of a contract by the
 parties to it for any considerable period of time before it
 comes to be the subject of controversy is deemed of great, if
 not controlling, influence”). Following is a chronological
 outline of relevant transactions and agreements:
                                 1.
      The three patents at issue are early patents on various
 aspects of electrochemiluminescence biotechnology, with
 filing dates in 1986 (the ’729 patent), 1988 (the ’779 pa-
 tent), and 2001 (the ’939 patent). They were all assigned
 to IGEN International, Inc. IGEN developed this basic
 technology, and marketed it starting in 1994 with the
 brand name “Origen.”
                                 2.
     In 1992 Roche Diagnostics Corp., through its predeces-
 sor Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, acquired a non-exclu-
 sive license to IGEN’s electrochemiluminescence
 technology for use in designated diagnostic fields. Roche
 developed this field of use, exhibited a new instrument in
 1994, and commenced sales on receipt of FDA approval in

     1  Roche Diagnostics Corp. v. Meso Scale Diagnostics,
     LLC, 503 F. Supp. 3d 156 (D. Del. 2020) (“Post Trial
     Op.”).
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 4                            ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS CORPORATION v.
                                   MESO SCALE DIAGNOSTICS, LLC

 1996. Trial testimony of Dr. Ofenlach-Hähnle 877:12–
 881:16, ECF No. 299. Roche’s sales contained a field-of-use
 restriction on the product label, in conformity to Roche’s
 license from IGEN. As testified at the trial, Roche’s license
 did not
     include analyzing for life science research and/or
     development, including at any pharmaceutical
     company or biotechnology company, patient self
     testing use, drug discovery and/or drug develop-
     ment (including at any pharmaceutical company or
     biotechnology company), including clinical re-
     search or determinations in for clinical trials or in
     the regulatory approval process for a drug or ther-
     apy, veterinary, food, water or environmental test-
     ing or use.
 Trial testimony of Robert Salsmans, IGEN Board Member,
 928:7–25, ECF No. 299. This 1992 license was superseded
 in 2003 by another non-exclusive license from IGEN to
 Roche, see post, preserving the field-of-use restriction.
                              3.
     On November 30, 1995, IGEN, MST, and MSD entered
 into a Joint Venture Agreement and License Agreement.
 MSD was “organized for the purpose of conducting [a pro-
 gram] of research and development.” Joint Venture Agree-
 ment at 1. The Joint Venture Agreement gave MSD the
 exclusive right to the results of the Research Program:
     § 4.1. Exclusive Vehicle. . . . MST and IGEN agree
     that MSD shall be their and Wohlstadter’s exclu-
     sive means of conducting the Research Program
     and making, using and selling products, processes
     and services developed in the course of the Re-
     search Program in the Diagnostic Field, and nei-
     ther MST, IGEN, nor Wohlstadter shall market
     directly, or license others to market, products that
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 MESO SCALE DIAGNOSTICS, LLC

     compete with MSD with respect to such products,
     processes, and services.
 Joint Venture Agreement § 4.1.
     The record states that MSD developed and is selling
 several new products, described by MSD’s President as
 “dramatically different” from the IGEN products. Trial tes-
 timony of Jacob Wohlstadter, 418:14–419:5, ECF No. 297.
 The MSD products are not here at issue.
                                 4.
     Concurrently with the Joint Venture Agreement and
 incorporated therein by reference, on November 30, 1995
 the parties executed the “IGEN/MSD License Agreement,”
 which exclusively licensed IGEN’s Technology to MSD for
 products and processes developed under the Research Pro-
 gram or related to the Research Technologies. The License
 Agreement defines the licensed subject matter:
     §2.1. IGEN Technology. IGEN hereby grants to
     MSD an exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free license
     to practice the IGEN Technology to make, use and
     sell products or processes (A) developed in the
     course of the Research Program, or (B) utilizing or
     related to the Research Technologies; provided that
     IGEN shall not be required to grant MSD a license
     to any technology that is subject to exclusive li-
     censes to third parties granted prior to the date
     hereof.
 License Agreement § 2.1.
     The issue in this appeal is whether this grant to MSD
 included the exclusive right to all IGEN patents and all
 IGEN technology that had been developed and was being
 sold by IGEN. The jury so found, and my colleagues agree.
 However, even if the license is deemed ambiguous, such an
 unlikely interpretation is without support. Two of the
 three patents, the ’779 and ’729 patents, were filed long
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 before the entry of the License Agreement. Although the
 majority reverses infringement as to these patents on lim-
 itations grounds, the majority errs in preserving the theory
 that the 1995 Agreement transferred these patents to
 MSD. The majority further errs in creating a novel theory
 of forfeiture in order to hold that the 1995 Agreement im-
 plicitly transferred the ’939 patent to MSD, although it was
 explicitly assigned to IGEN. See Maj. Op. at 9.
     MSD’s position is that in 1995 IGEN granted MSD the
 sole and exclusive right and license to all IGEN past, pre-
 sent, and future patents—notwithstanding the explicit lim-
 itation to technology “developed in the course of the
 Research Program” or “utilizing or related to the Research
 Technologies.” MSD made no such claim at the time, or
 when any of the patents was issued. MSD made no such
 claim when IGEN sold its patent estate of over 100 patents
 to Roche in 2007.
     Although no document or any other evidence supports
 the MSD position, at the trial MSD’s President Jacob
 Wohlstadter, son of Samuel Wohlstadter the President of
 IGEN, told the jury that his father and the other officers
 and directors of IGEN made statements to Roche in 2003
 and again in 2007 that were “100 percent wrong.” See Trial
 testimony of Jacob Wohlstadter 471:2–472:18, ECF No.
 298:
     Q. Let’s look at Exhibit P-267 . . . the current re-
     striction on freedom to operate due solely to Bi-
     oVeris license limitations. You were shown this
     yesterday; is that correct?
     A. I was.
     Q. Okay. So am I correct that you consider this
     statement to be inaccurate; is that right?
     A. I did and I do.
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     Q. Okay. And you think this is a false statement.
     Is that your position?
     A. I do.
     Q. And so anyone that would make this statement,
     if they would make this statement to Roche, they
     would be lying in your view; is that right?
     A. Well, I’m not sure I would call it lying. I would
     say they’re not telling the truth just because I
     wouldn’t want to put it in these terms.
     ***
     Q. And in your view, anyone that made that state-
     ment was making a false statement to Roche; is
     that correct?
     A. I think they were making a false, inaccurate
     statement.
      It was not disputed at the trial that, whether or not
 IGEN lied to Roche, IGEN and Roche lived that lie for the
 ensuing decade and throughout the life of the patents that
 IGEN sold to Roche for $599 million, with IGEN and Roche
 and even MSD operating as if IGEN had the right to sell
 its patents to Roche in 2007. See Sun-Times Media Grp.,
 Inc. v. Black, 954 A.2d 380, 398 (Del. Ch. 2008) (“When the
 terms of an agreement are ambiguous, ‘any course of per-
 formance accepted or acquiesced in without objection is
 given great weight in the interpretation of the agreement.’”
 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 202)).
                                 5.
      In July 2003, IGEN and Roche entered into a successor
 non-exclusive license agreement, with payment to IGEN of
 $1.4 billion. Roche’s non-exclusive license again contained
 field-of-use restrictions, including a restriction to the field
 of “in vitro diagnostics” and restriction on the size of the
 machines that Roche could sell. See Trial testimony of Dr.
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 Keller 999:8–1000:15, ECF No. 300 (describing the fields of
 use).
    MST and MSD signed a consent to the 2003 agreement.
 Roche explained at trial:
     Q. What was the purpose of this particular con-
     sent?
     A. Well, we asked for that because we didn’t really
     have much clarity about the relationship between
     IGEN and Meso. We wanted to have confirmation
     that Meso knew about this license, the relation-
     ship, that they have not in their minds, which
     would interfere with the license.
 Id. at 997:20–25.
      Roche states, without contradiction, that “Even when
 asked to consent to the 2003 License from IGEN to Roche,
 Meso did not assert that Meso—rather than IGEN—owned
 all the patent rights for which Roche would pay IGEN [$1.4
 billion].” Roche Br. 15 (citing Trial testimony of Jacob
 Wohlstadter 443:11–444:1, 449:1–5, 451:11–453:25, ECF
 No. 298); Meso Br. 8.
                              6.
      In 2003, the BioVeris Corporation was created by
 IGEN. As described by MSD, “As part of the 2003 transac-
 tion, IGEN transferred its intellectual property, including
 its ECL patents, to a new entity called BioVeris.” Meso Br.
 9 (citing Trial testimony of Jacob Wohlstadter 446:12–16,
 ECF No. 298).
     MSD filed a written consent to this transfer and license
 agreement:
     MSD and MST hereby represent and warrant to
     [IGEN] and its Affiliates that each of them hereby
     waives any right that either of them may have to
     in any way restrict or limit [IGEN] and its
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     Affiliates’ exercise of the licenses granted in the Li-
     cense Agreement during the Term thereof.
 MSD License Consent (July 24, 2003), Appx 5456–57.
      IGEN, BioVeris, and Roche continued to produce and
 sell the products and methods that they had developed and
 in accordance with the licenses and transfers that existed
 among them. MSD made no charge that MSD, rather than
 IGEN, BioVeris, or Roche, had exclusive rights to the IGEN
 patents.
                                 7.
     In February 2004, the IGEN-Meso Research Program
 was terminated. The relevance to the present litigation is
 pointed out by Roche:
     Meso then submitted a list of patents to which it
     claimed rights due to work performed in the Re-
     search Program. This list contained no mention of
     Meso holding exclusive rights to any of the IGEN
     patents at issue in this lawsuit.
 Roche Br. 14 (citing Memorandum from Jacob
 Wohlstadter, as President and CEO of MSD, to BioVeris
 Corporation and Meso Scale Technologies (Feb. 13, 2004);
 Appx7380. See also id. (submitting “a cumulative Intellec-
 tual Property Position Report” to the Joint Venture). The
 memorandum accompanying the Report states:
     [T]he attached report includes a cumulative sum-
     mary of all patents, patent applications and inven-
     tion disclosures that may comprise, in whole or in
     part, Licensed Technology and Developments,
     MSD Improvements and/or other discoveries, in-
     ventions, or improvements developed in connection
     with the Research Program.
 Id. Jacob Wohlstadter’s report did not list any of the three
 patents here at issue. Id. The trial testimony of Jacob
 Wohlstadter was in accord:
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      Q. Okay. And as of that time, you never identified
      the ’939 patent as one of the patents that was
      within that IP position; isn’t that correct?
      A. No. That was a patent assigned to IGEN. . . .
      [T]here are certain applications that were going to
      be part of the MSD assigned pool of intellectual
      property and there were others that were assigned
      to IGEN, and the ’939 was assigned to IGEN.
 Trial testimony of Jacob Wohlstadter 399:9–400:14, ECF
 No. 297.
     This uniform understanding cannot now be reversed by
 MSD’s attempted revision of history. See Viking Pump,
 Inc. v. Century Indem. Co., 2 A.3d 76, 101 (Del. Ch. 2009)
 (the course of performance in which a party acquiesced
 without objection is given great weight in interpreting
 agreement).
     Contrary to MSD’s present argument, the 2004 Report
 attempted to capture all intellectual property that might
 “comprise, in whole or in part, Licensed Technology.”
 Memorandum from Jacob Wohlstadter as President and
 CEO of MSD, to BioVeris Corporation and Meso Scale
 Technologies (Feb. 13, 2004), Appx7380; cf. Meso Br. 25
 n.8. The 2004 Report constitutes powerful, contemporane-
 ous evidence that MSD did not believe that any of the pa-
 tents here at issue were among “all” the patents to which
 MSD held an exclusive license. See Salamone v. Gorman,
 106 A.3d 354, 374 (Del. 2014) (courts may look to “overt
 statements and acts of the parties” to interpret ambiguous
 contracts).
     There was not substantial evidence by which a reason-
 able jury could conclude that the 1995 License Agreement
 or any other document afforded MSD exclusive rights to
 the patents here at issue. The years of acquiescence in the
 IGEN and BioVeris and Roche practice of the patents, and
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 MSD’s failure to claim any right in any patent, negate
 MSD’s present accusation and my colleagues’ ruling.
      The majority now disregards the undisputed evidence
 of MSD’s acceptance of Roche’s rights, because Roche men-
 tioned that evidence in a footnote. Maj. Op. at 9 (citing
 ConocoPhillips v. United States, 501 F.3d 1374, 1381 (Fed.
 Cir. 2007)). In ConocoPhillips an argument was deemed
 forfeited because it consisted of “a single conclusory state-
 ment” and was “made in passing.” 501 F.3d at 1381. That
 is not the situation here. Of course, courts should be wary
 of “sandbagging,” as warned in Freytag v. Comm’r, 501 U.S.
 868, 895 (1991) (Scalia, J., concurring in part). However,
 here Roche presented arguments supported by evidence in
 its opening brief, and Meso responded—both in footnotes.
 Roche Br. 27 n.4; Meso Br. 25 n.8. Although presented in
 footnotes, these arguments were fully developed. The ma-
 jority’s holding that Roche forfeited this issue defeats “the
 orderly administration of justice,” instead presenting a
 trap for the unwary. See Freytag, 501 U.S. at 895 (Scalia,
 J., concurring in part) (quoting 9 C. Wright & A. Miller,
 Federal Practice and Procedure § 2472 (1971)). The judi-
 cial obligation is to seek truth and justice, even from foot-
 notes. 2

     2     This court’s hostility to footnotes appears to be
 rooted in Graphic Controls Corp. v. Utah Med. Prod., Inc.,
 149 F.3d 1382 (Fed. Cir. 1998). There, the parties at-
 tempted to evade Rule 28 of Federal Appellate Procedure
 by incorporating arguments from the joint appendix by ref-
 erence in footnotes. Id. at 1385. Neither party has at-
 tempted such impropriety here. This court has also
 recognized that, as with all equitable doctrines, forfeiture
 “is ‘not to be applied in a ritualistic fashion.’” Omega Pats.,
 LLC v. CalAmp Corp., 920 F.3d 1337, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2019)
 (quoting 9B Charles A. Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal
 Practice and Procedure § 2472 (3d ed. 2018)).
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 12                            ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS CORPORATION v.
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                               8.
     IGEN, BioVeris and Roche continued to practice the
 IGEN technology, with no assertion by MSD that it held
 the exclusive rights to this technology. “From 1995
 through the sale of BioVeris in 2007, IGEN (later BioVeris)
 and Roche kept selling ECL products with microparticles
 and TPA [tripropylamine] – with no objection by Meso.”
 Roche Reply Br. 4–5. MSD does not contradict this state-
 ment.
     In April 2007 IGEN, through BioVeris, sold its entire
 patent portfolio to Roche for $599 million. At the trial,
 Roche explained that by acquiring complete ownership of
 the patents under which it was operating, the field-of-use
 restrictions no longer existed. Roche so informed its cus-
 tomers:
      Roche is now the owner of the complete patent es-
      tate of the electrochemiluminescense (ECL) tech-
      nology deployed in the Elecsys product line which
      gives us the opportunity to expand our immuno-
      chemistry business from the human diagnostic
      field into new market segments such as life science
      research, life science development, patient self
      testing, veterinary testing, drug discovery, drug de-
      velopment and clinical trials.
 Joint Trial Ex. 512, Appx5898; see also Trial testimony of
 Scott Griffin 1425:18–1426:2, ECF 301.
     The record does not show any intervention by MSD to
 prevent the sale to Roche. However, the record states that
 after several years, MSD began threatening Roche’s cus-
 tomers with lawsuits for infringement – whereby Roche in
 2017 brought this declaratory action.
                               9.
     On Roche’s filing of this declaratory action, MSD coun-
 terclaimed for infringement of patents that MSD states it
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 exclusively licensed from IGEN in 1995 or later. MSD’s
 position at trial was that IGEN and BioVeris had no right
 to sell these patents to Roche in 2007, because MSD held
 the exclusive patent rights. The jury agreed with MSD,
 and my colleagues now affirm the jury verdict. This verdict
 cannot be sustained, for the reasons I have discussed. 3
                        CONCLUSION
     Substantial evidence does not support the jury verdict.
 The plain reading of the several agreements and the testi-
 mony of witnesses for both sides was overwhelmingly in
 conformity with the contracts for the various transactions,
 including the 2007 sale of the IGEN/BioVeris patents to
 Roche. MSD’s actions before and after the 2007 sale con-
 formed to this understanding of the 2007 sale to Roche.
 From the panel majority’s contrary ruling, I respectfully
 dissent.

     3    The panel majority misunderstands my dissent.
 Cf. Maj. Op. at 2 n.1. As explained, these patents were not
 developed under the Research Program and were all owned
 by IGEN. Accordingly, Roche does not infringe because
 Roche owns the patents it bought from IGEN. If I have not
 been sufficiently clear, I repeat that the patents in this suit
 are all patents that Roche bought from IGEN, not patents
 owned or licensed exclusively to Meso. And since Roche
 cannot directly infringe these patents, its customers cannot
 indirectly infringe them.