Court Opinion

ID: 4154755
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-03-22 20:01:12.474536+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:37:46.173694
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

JEREMY PINSON                                     :
                                                  :
       Plaintiff,                                 :
                                                  :      Civil Action No.:       12-1872 (RC)
       v.                                         :
                                                  :      Re Document No.:        318
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF                       :
JUSTICE, et al.,                                  :
                                                  :
       Defendants.                                :

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

        GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ SUPPLEMENTAL MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

       While in prison, pro se plaintiff Jeremy Pinson filed multiple Freedom of Information

Act (“FOIA”) requests seeking records from various components of the U.S. Department of

Justice (“DOJ”). In addition to releasing a number of records to Pinson, the DOJ asked Pinson to

clarify some of her1 records requests, told her that it could not find records responsive to some of

her requests, and informed her that some of the records she sought were exempt from disclosure

by law. Pinson filed a complaint challenging some of these determinations and alleging that the

DOJ improperly withheld records.

       At issue in this Opinion is the propriety of the Bureau of Prisons’ (“BOP”) withholdings

from two memoranda that it released in part. Each memorandum documents the Special

Administrative Measures (“SAMs”) imposed on an individual in BOP custody. The DOJ moves

for summary judgment as to the propriety of the withholdings, arguing that the BOP correctly

       1
         Pinson identifies using feminine pronouns. The government and this Court follow suit.
See Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss or, Alt., Renewed Mot. Summ. J. at 2 n.1, ECF No. 287. The Court’s
use of feminine pronouns is not intended to reflect any substantive or legal characterization.
applied FOIA Exemptions 6, 7(C), 7(E), and 7(F). See Defs.’ Suppl. MSJ, ECF No. 318. For the

reasons set forth below, the Court grants the DOJ’s motion for summary judgment.

                                  I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       This Court has already explained the factual background in detail in a prior Memorandum

Opinion. See Mem. Op., Pinson v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 2016 WL 29245, at *1–5 (D.D.C. Jan.

4, 2016), ECF No. 259. The Court assumes familiarity with its prior opinion and confines its

discussion to the facts most relevant to the present motion.

       In 2010, Pinson submitted a FOIA request to the DOJ’s Office of Information Policy

(“OIP”)2 seeking “any correspondence or electronic messages generated after January 21, 2009

by the Attorney General, or staff within the Attorney General’s office, addressed to or intended

for the Director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons.” Decl. Vanessa R. Brinkmann (Brinkmann

Decl.) ¶ 4 & Ex. A, ECF No. 131-3. The records responsive to this request included two SAMs

memoranda—one from 2009 and one from 2010.

       SAMs are special conditions of confinement implemented by the Attorney General with

regards to a specific inmate as “reasonably necessary to protect persons against the risk of death

or serious bodily injury.” 28 C.F.R. § 501.3(a). These measures may include limitations on the

individual’s access to the mail, media, telephone, and visitors. See Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. at 11–

12, ECF No. 239 (citing Decl. Ronald L. Rodgers ¶ 12(a), ECF No. 239-1). The SAMs

memoranda at issue here memorialize the Attorney General’s SAMs decisions with respect to

two inmates and recount in detail the criminal conduct of the individuals subject to the orders,

those individuals’ continued threat to public safety, and the terms of the SAMs themselves. See

       2
        OIP assigned this request FOIA tracking number AG-10/R1351. See Brinkmann Decl.
¶ 5 & Ex. B, ECF No. 131-3.
                                                 2
Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. at 11–12, ECF No. 239. The 2009 SAMs memorandum concerned a

convicted prisoner, and the 2010 SAMs memorandum concerned a pretrial detainee. 4th

Christenson Decl. ¶¶ 6–7.

       In its initial response to Pinson, the DOJ withheld, inter alia, the entirety of both

memoranda. See Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. at 11, ECF No. 239. However, after this Court denied the

DOJ summary judgment3 on its withholdings, the BOP re-processed Pinson’s request and

released both SAMs memoranda in part, with some redactions. 4th Christenson Decl. ¶¶ 4–5, 49

& Ex. E; see also Mem. Op., Pinson, 2016 WL 4074130, at *4, ECF No. 306. The BOP now

claims that it has properly withheld portions of the SAMs memoranda pursuant to FOIA

Exemptions 6, 7(C), 7(E), and 7(F). See Letter to Pinson, ECF No. 318-2. The DOJ again moves

for summary judgment on the grounds that it has properly applied FOIA exemptions and released

all segregable material. Defs.’ Suppl. MSJ at 1–2.

                                      II. LEGAL STANDARD

       “[D]isclosure, not secrecy, is the dominant objective of [FOIA].” Dep’t of the Air Force

v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 361 (1976). “Consistent with this purpose, agencies may withhold only

those documents or portions thereof that fall under one of nine delineated statutory exemptions.”

Elliot v. USDA, 596 F.3d 842, 845 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)). “[T]he

exemptions are ‘explicitly exclusive.’” U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. 136, 151

(1989) (quoting FAA Adm’r v. Robertson, 422 U.S. 255, 262 (1975)).

       It is the agency’s burden to show that withheld material falls within one of these

exemptions. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B); Elliott, 596 F.3d at 845. “The [C]ourt . . . ‘impose[s] a

       3
         This Court has also previously held that OIP’s search for records responsive to this
request was adequate. Mem. Op. at 10–12, Pinson v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 160 F. Supp. 3d 285,
293 (D.D.C. 2016), ECF No. 268.
                                                 3
substantial burden on an agency seeking to avoid disclosure’ through the FOIA exemptions.”

Morley v. CIA, 508 F.3d 1108, 1114 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820,

828 (D.C. Cir. 1973)) (alteration in original). Accordingly, disclosure exemptions are “narrowly

construed,” and “‘conclusory and generalized allegations of exemptions’ are unacceptable.” See

Morley, 508 F.3d at 1114–15 (quoting Founding Church of Scientology of Wash., D. C., Inc. v.

Nat’l Sec. Agency, 610 F.2d 824, 830 (D.C. Cir. 1979)). However, courts generally respect the

factual reasoning of agencies, and “[u]ltimately[] an agency’s justification for invoking a FOIA

exemption is sufficient if it appears ‘logical’ or ‘plausible.’” Wolf v. CIA, 473 F.3d 370, 374–75

(D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Gardels v. CIA, 689 F.2d 1100, 1105 (D.C. Cir. 1982)). Thus, “a

reviewing court should ‘respect the expertise of an agency’ and not ‘overstep the proper limits of

the judicial role in FOIA review.’” Pinson v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 160 F. Supp. 3d 285, 293

(D.D.C. 2016) (quoting Hayden v. Nat’l Sec. Agency/Cent. Sec. Serv., 608 F.2d 1381, 1388 (D.C.

Cir. 1979)).

       “FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.”

Defs. of Wildlife v. U.S. Border Patrol, 623 F. Supp. 2d 83, 87 (D.D.C. 2009) (citing Bigwood v.

U.S. Agency for Int’l Dev., 484 F. Supp. 2d 68, 73 (D.D.C. 2007)). Under Rule 56 of the Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure, summary judgment must be granted when the pleadings, the discovery

and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show “that there is no genuine dispute as to

any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(a); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986).

       Even when the requester does not explicitly challenge a withholding, the court must

independently consider if the agency has shown that the undisputed material facts entitle it to

summary judgment. See Winston & Strawn, LLP v. McLean, 843 F.3d 503, 505 (D.C. Cir. 2016)

                                                 4
(“‘The nonmoving party’s failure to oppose summary judgment does not shift [the moving

party’s] burden.’ The District Court ‘must always determine for itself whether the record and any

undisputed material facts justify granting summary judgment.’” (quoting Grimes v. District of

Columbia, 794 F.3d 83, 97 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (Griffith, J., concurring))). Even though Pinson does

not respond to some portions of the DOJ’s motion for summary judgment, the court cannot grant

the motion on the basis that it was conceded. See id. at 505 (“Under the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure, a motion for summary judgment cannot be ‘conceded’ for want of opposition.”

(citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(3))).

                                          III. ANALYSIS

       The DOJ argues that it is entitled to summary judgment because it properly applied FOIA

Exemptions 6, 7(C), 7(E), and 7(F) to withhold portions of both SAMs memoranda. See

generally Defs.’ Suppl. MSJ, ECF No. 318; 4th Christenson Decl. Because all of the portions of

the records withheld under Exemptions 6 or 7(F) were also withheld under Exemptions 7(C) or

7(E),4 and the Court concludes, infra, that Exemptions 7(C) and 7(E) were properly applied, the

Court does not reach the arguments concerning Exemption 6 or Exemption 7(F).5

       4
         See Defs.’ Suppl. MSJ at 8, ECF No. 318 (“The BOP applied Exemption 7(C) to
withhold the same information as Exemption 6 . . .”); Defs.’ Suppl. MSJ at 11 (“The BOP . . .
applied Exemption 7(F) to a subset of the information withheld under Exemptions 6 and 7(C)
. . .”).
       5
          Because the Court does not reach the issues related to Exemption 7(F), it need not
address Pinson’s contention that the BOP is precluded from raising Exemption 7(F) for the first
time in this proceeding. See Pl.’s Resp. at 3, ECF No. 328. However, the Court notes that
agencies may claim new exemptions at either the administrative or district court level. See
Shapiro v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 153 F. Supp. 3d 253, 269 n.6 (D.D.C. 2016) (“[T]he D.C.
Circuit has long implied that an agency may invoke a FOIA exemption for the first time before
the district court—but not ‘for the first time in the appellate court.’” (quoting Jordan v. U.S.
Dep’t of Justice, 591 F.2d 753, 779 (D.C. Cir. 1978) (en banc))).
                                                5
                                           A. Exemption 7

       The DOJ asserts that the BOP properly invoked Exemptions 7(C) and 7(E) to redact or

withhold certain portions of the SAMs memoranda. See Defs.’ Suppl. MSJ at 2; 4th Christenson

Decl. ¶¶ 9–37. As an initial matter, Exemption 7 requires a threshold determination that the

information withheld constitutes “records or information compiled for law enforcement

purposes.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7). This Court has previously considered the issue at length and

determined that the SAMs memoranda meet this threshold requirement because they reflect

BOP’s efforts to deal with potential security risks to the public, inmates, and staff and are

rationally related to BOP’s law enforcement duties. Mem. Op. at 12–14, Pinson v. U.S. Dep’t of

Justice, 2016 WL 4074130, at *7 (D.D.C. July 29, 2016), ECF No. 306. Next, the Court

evaluates each invoked exemption in turn.

                                         1. Exemption 7(E)

       The DOJ argues that it properly applied Exemption 7(E) to justify withholding a detailed

description of the inmate’s offense conduct—intertwined with a description of the law

enforcement investigation—from the 2010 SAMs memorandum concerning a pretrial inmate.

Pinson objects to these withholdings in part.

       Exemption 7(E) allows redaction of information that “would disclose techniques and

procedures for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions, or would disclose guidelines for

law enforcement investigations or prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be expected

to risk circumvention of the law.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7). It affords “categorical protection,”

Judicial Watch, Inc. v. FBI, 2001 WL 35612541, at *8 (D.D.C. Apr. 20, 2001) (internal

quotation marks omitted), to material that “would compromise law enforcement by revealing

information about investigatory techniques that are not widely known to the general public,”

                                                  6
Smith v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms, 977 F. Supp. 496, 501 (D.D.C. 1997). The bar

is “relatively low . . . for the agency to justify withholding” information under Exemption 7(E).

Blackwell v. FBI, 646 F.3d 37, 42 (D.C. Cir. 2011).

       The DOJ applied Exemption 7(E) to withhold a “detailed description of the underlying

offense conduct related to the terrorism charges on pages 1 to 3 [of the 2010 memorandum]”

because “[i]nterspersed throughout the discussion . . . [i]s discussion of how law enforcement

learned of the offense conduct and steps they took to further investigate the alleged illegal

activity.” 4th Christenson Decl. ¶ 27. The description of the investigation included the “types of

chemicals revealed in residue testing, locations identified for searches, items seized during the

searches, and individuals identified for interviews.” 4th Christenson Decl. ¶ 27. Pinson stipulates

that “the issue regarding chemical agents” is appropriately withheld under Exemption 7(E), Pl.’s

Resp. at 3, ECF No. 328, and this Court thus holds that BOP’s chemical agent-related

withholdings were proper.

       Turning to the other withholdings, although Pinson objects only to the withholding of the

“names and locations of searches,” Pl.’s Resp. at 3. , the Court will independently consider if the

“record and any undisputed material facts justify granting summary judgment,” Winston &

Strawn, LLP v. McLean, 843 F.3d 503, 505 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (quoting Grimes v. District of

Columbia, 794 F.3d 83, 97 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (Griffith, J., concurring)). The DOJ argues that

release of information concerning “locations identified for searches, items seized during the

searches, and individuals identified for interviews,” could incidentally divulge which search

locations or witnesses law enforcement is interested in during “each point [in] an investigation,

and what property items are of interest for certain types of investigations[,] . . . [which] would

enable targets of investigations to hide evidence at different locations that would not be

                                                  7
identified for search or know when to pressure witnesses to not cooperate during interviews.” 4th

Christenson Decl. ¶ 29; Defs.’ Suppl. MSJ at 10.

       According to Pinson, the names and locations of searches are already exposed to the

public through, for example, news coverage of law enforcement investigations. Pl.’s Resp. at 3.

However, as the DOJ notes, such police news conferences are “rare” and “the fact that a police

department may occasionally [give such a press conference] does not suggest that they would

welcome film crews to follow them throughout their investigations.” Defs.’ Reply at 2, ECF No.

330. Indeed, a key feature of such a news conference is that the police department retains

strategic control of which locations and facts are presented to the public, yet such control would

be lacking if general investigative facts were revealed through FOIA requests.

       Given Exemption 7(E)’s “relatively low bar,” see Blackwell, 646 F.3d at 42, the Court

agrees that the law enforcement techniques withheld here are covered under Exemption 7(E).

The DOJ has provided specific details as to the types of techniques and procedures that would

pose a risk of circumvention of the law and that surpass the “conclusory and generalized

allegations of exemptions,” Morley, 508 F.3d at 1114–15 (quoting Founding Church of

Scientology of Wash., D.C., Inc. v. Nat’l Sec. Agency, 610 F.2d 824, 830 (D.C. Cir. 1979)), that

this Court previously declined to accept. Pinson, 2016 WL 4074130, at *8, ECF No. 306. The

Court thus grants the DOJ summary judgment as to its use of Exemption 7(E).

                                         2. Exemption 7(C)

       The DOJ argues that it properly invoked Exemption 7(C) to withhold information from

both SAMs memoranda. Although Pinson challenges some of these withholdings, the Court

agrees that the balance of private and public interests permits the DOJ to withhold the

information at issue.

                                                 8
       Under Exemption 7(C), an agency need not release “records or information compiled for

law enforcement purposes . . . to the extent that the production of such law enforcement records

or information . . . could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal

privacy.”6 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C). In applying Exemption 7(C), a court first determines if there

is a privacy interest in the information to be disclosed, ACLU v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 655 F.3d
1, 6 (D.C. Cir. 2011), and then balances the individual’s privacy interest against the public

interest, considering only the public interest “that focuses on ‘the citizens’ right to be informed

about what their government is up to,’” Davis v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 968 F.2d 1276, 1282

(D.C. Cir. 1992) (quoting U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Reporters Comm., 489 U.S. 749, 773 (1989)).

It is a FOIA requester’s obligation to articulate a public interest sufficient to outweigh the

individuals’ privacy interest, and the public interest must be significant. Nat’l Archives &

Records Admin. v. Favish, 541 U.S. 157, 172 (2004).

       First, the BOP withheld the names of the two individuals subject to the SAMs, and the

names of the pretrial inmate’s co-defendants and third-party individuals from the 2010 SAMs

memorandum. 4th Christenson Decl. ¶¶ 13, 22. The individuals have a privacy interest in not

being known to be the subject of SAMs, or to be associated with the SAMs. This Court has

previously held that the DOJ properly applied Exemption 7(C) to withhold the names of the

       6
          Exemption 7(C) is similar to Exemption 6, as both protect private information, but
“Exemption 7(C) is more protective of privacy than Exemption 6 and thus establishes a lower
bar for withholding material.” Prison Legal News v. Samuels, 787 F.3d 1142, 1146 n.5 (D.C. Cir.
2015) (quoting ACLU v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 655 F.3d 1, 6 (D.C. Cir. 2011)); see also U.S.
Dep’t of Def. v. Fed. Labor Relations Auth., 510 U.S. 487, 496 n.6 (1994) (“Exemptions 7(C)
and 6 differ in the magnitude of the public interest that is required to override the respective
privacy interests protected by the exemptions.”). Given the broad interpretation of Exemption 6,
see Prison Legal News v. Samuels, 787 F.3d 1142, 1147 (D.C. Cir. 2015), Exemption 7(C) calls
for a less demanding showing of privacy interest. Id. at 1146 n.5.
                                                  9
individuals subject to the SAMs, Pinson, 2016 WL 4074130, at *7, ECF No. 306, and

reaffirms that conclusion here.

       As to the withholding of the names of the co-defendants and other individuals, “the D.C.

Circuit has held that the names of private individuals appearing in files within the ambit of

Exemption 7(C) are categorically exempt from disclosure unless disclosing such information is

necessary in order to confirm or refute compelling evidence that the agency is engaged in illegal

activity.” See Pinson, 2016 WL 4074130, at *7, ECF No. 306 (quoting SafeCard Servs., Inc. v.

SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1206 (D.D.C. 1991)). Because Pinson does not allege illegal activity by the

BOP, much less present compelling evidence of the same, the names of the co-defendants and

third-parties are categorically exempt from disclosure. See Reporters Committee, 489 U.S. at

774–75 (“[I]n none of our cases construing the FOIA have we found it appropriate to order a

Government agency to honor a FOIA request for information about a particular private citizen.”);

SafeCard, 926 F.2d at 1206 (holding that names of “private individuals appearing in files within

the ambit of Exemption 7(C)” are categorically exempt from disclosure unless disclosing such

information “is necessary in order to confirm or refute compelling evidence that the agency is

engaged in illegal activity”); Pinson, 2016 WL 4074130, at *7 (holding that the names of third-

party individuals within memoranda were categorically exempt from disclosure absent

compelling evidence of illegal activity by the BOP).

       Pinson argues both that the privacy right of the individuals is lower because these

particular individuals are “murderers and terrorists” subject to “public prosecution” and that

“[t]he public has an enormous interest in all information concerning individuals engaged in

conspiracies to murder our citizens.” Pl.’s Resp. at 1–2, ECF No. 328. However, as this Court

has previously noted, “individuals are not precluded from retaining a privacy interest merely on

                                                10
the basis of their public prosecutions.” Pinson, 2016 WL 4074130, at *5, ECF No. 306. The

D.C. Circuit has likewise concluded that, although “the disclosure of convictions and public

pleas is at the lower end of the privacy spectrum[,] . . . [t]his is not to say that a convicted

defendant has no privacy interest in the facts of his conviction.” ACLU, 655 F.3d at 7; see also

Harrison v. Exec. Office for U.S. Attorneys, 377 F. Supp. 2d 141, 148 (D.D.C. 2005) (“The fact

that there might have been prior disclosure of personal information does not eliminate the

privacy interest in avoiding further disclosure by the government.”). Inclusion of an individual’s

name in the SAMs memoranda would trigger greater concerns than revealing the name of a

convicted individual, because association with the SAMs can be embarrassing and stigmatizing

and the context would identify the person as not only having been convicted (or held pretrial),

but also thought to be so dangerous that he or she required special security measures that are

applied to an extremely small portion of the prison population. See id. Furthermore, the public

interest that Pinson articulates is vague and bears little connection to shedding light on what the

government is up to. The information withheld concerns the individuals whom Pinson asserts are

engaged in conspiracies, not the BOP. The Court therefore concludes, in keeping with the D.C.

Circuit’s categorical rule, that Exemption 7(C) was properly applied to withhold the names of the

subjects of the SAMs memoranda and other individuals.

        The DOJ also invoked Exemption 7(C) to withhold (1) from the 2010 SAMs

memorandum7 concerning a pretrial inmate, “information regarding the pretrial proceedings,”

        7
          The BOP also applied Exemption 7(C) to justify withholding the same description of
underlying offense conduct and investigation withheld under Exemption 7(E). See Defs.’ Suppl.
MSJ at 9, ECF No. 318 (“The BOP . . . applied Exemption 7(E) to withhold a subset of the
information withheld under Exemptions 6 and 7(C), i.e., the detailed description of the
underlying offense conduct related to the terrorism charges . . .”). Because the Court concludes
that this information was properly withheld under Exemption 7(E), supra, it does not consider
whether Exemption 7(C) would also apply.
                                                  11
“where the pretrial inmate and his co-defendants were housed,” and their correctional

management, 4th Christenson Decl. ¶¶ 13, 22; (2) from the 2009 SAMs memorandum

concerning a convicted inmate, details about the criminal case including “the procedural history

of the case, offense conduct, [the individual’s] sentence, . . . charges on which the inmate was

acquitted,” and “where the sentenced inmate was housed and observations about him,” 4th

Christenson Decl. ¶ 21; and (3) from both SAMs memoranda, the identity of the prosecuting

U.S. Attorney’s Office, 4th Christenson Decl. ¶ 15. See Defs.’ Suppl. MSJ at 4–6, 8.

       Given that the individual’s names are withheld, other information relating to those

individuals implicates a privacy interest to the extent that it could be used to identify the

individuals.8 If more information is released, it is more likely that a particular inmate could be

identified as the subject of the SAMs. As discussed previously, even convicted persons9 still

retain a privacy interest under FOIA. The DOJ has thus established that the withheld information

implicates privacy interests of the inmates subject to the SAMs, their co-defendants, and third-

party individuals. As the DOJ notes, the withheld material is “sufficiently distinctive” to identify

individuals because only a small number of inmates are subject to SAMS and most are notorious.

See 4th Christenson Decl. ¶ 23. In fact, when assessing the portions of the SAMs memoranda

subject to withholding, the DOJ “conducted an internet search using the details of the pretrial

       8
         It is well established that the privacy interests protected by Exemptions 6 and 7(C)
apply broadly to information beyond a person’s name. See U.S. Dep’t of State v. Wash. Post Co.,
456 U.S. 595, 600 (1982) (discussing Exemption 6). See also N.Y. Times Co. v. NASA, 920 F.2d
1002, 1005 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (approving an agency’s withholding of a tape recording under
Exemption 6, reasoning that “disclosure . . . would reveal the sound and inflection of the crew’s
voices,” and thus “contain[ed] personal information”). All information that “applies to a
particular individual” falls within the ambit of Exemption 6, Wash. Post Co., 456 U.S. at 602,
and thus, within Exemption 7(C), see Samuels, 787 F.3d at 1146 n.5.
       9
         The 2010 SAMs memorandum dealt with a pretrial inmate, and thus the individual had
not been convicted at the time the record was created.

                                                  12
inmate’s criminal activity . . . [and] [t]he first result from the search identified the pretrial inmate

and his codefendants.” 4th Christenson Decl. ¶ 23.

        Pinson’s only articulated public interest, again, involves the general right of the public to

know information about “Murderers and Terrorists.” Pl.’s Resp. at 2. This vague explanation,

which does not in any way implicate the government’s actions or what the government is up to,

does not meet the burden of showing a substantial public interest in the withheld information.

Furthermore, “there is a vast difference between public records that might be found after a

diligent search of courthouse files, county archives, and local police stations . . . and a

computerized summary” of that information. DOJ v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of Press,

489 U.S. 749, 764 (1989). If, in fact, the information Pinson seeks is freely available to the

public as she implies,10 “there would be no reason to invoke the FOIA to obtain access to the

information.” Id.

        The Court thus proceeds to balance the private interest in privacy and the public interest

in disclosure. Upon consideration of Pinson’s articulated public interest and its own independent

evaluation, the Court concludes that the public interest in the disclosure here is likely very small.

The disclosed portions of the SAMs memoranda reveal considerable information about the

operation of the SAMs program. The incremental value of revealing the identity of the affected

individuals—either directly or indirectly through identifiable information—would provide only a

small benefit to the public interest. Cf. Davis, 968 F.2d at 1282 (holding that “even if a particular

privacy interest is minor, nondisclosure remains justified where . . . the public interest in

        10
          Nor does Pinson meet the stringent requirements of showing that there has been a prior
disclosure, because Pinson has not “point[ed] to specific information in the public domain that
appears to duplicate that being withheld.” Black v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 69 F. Supp. 3d 26, 35
(D.D.C. 2014) (quoting Afshar v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 702 F.2d 1125, 1130 (D.C. Cir. 1983)).
                                                   13
disclosure is virtually nonexistent”). This conclusion is buttressed by reference to the text of

Pinson’s FOIA request, which sought “any correspondence or electronic messages generated

after January 21, 2009 by the Attorney General, or staff within the Attorney General’s office,

addressed to or intended for the Director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons.” Brinkmann Decl. ¶ 4,

ECF No. 131-1. This request appears to seek information on the types of communications which

occurred between the Attorney General and the Director, not on the particular types of inmates

subject to SAMs or, indeed, the SAMs process at all. Revealing most of the SAMs memoranda,

with redactions, meets this public interest in the communications. The Court thus finds that the

privacy interest implicated in the withheld information outweighs any public interest in knowing

what the government is up to. This result is in accord with this Court’s previous decision

concerning another of Pinson’s FOIA requests that information about the correctional

management of inmates is properly withheld under Exemption 7(C). Mem. Op. at 39–42, Pinson

v. Dep’t of Justice, No. 12-1872, 2017 WL 663523, at *17–18 (D.D.C. Feb. 17, 2017), ECF No.

357; see also Human Rights Watch v. Dep’t of Justice Fed. Bureau of Prisons, No. 13-7360,

2015 WL 5459713, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 16, 2015), (approving several of the BOP’s redactions

from SAMs memoranda because “‘the incremental value of the specific information being

withheld.’ . . . [was] of little value to the public. And other redacted information . . . would make

identification of the inmate in the SAM memo substantially more likely by revealing information

specific to the inmate. . . . ‘Although under this rationale the public interest might be served, the

speculative nature of the result is insufficient to outweigh the [inmates’] privacy interest in

nondisclosure.’” (first quoting Schrecker v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 349 F.3d 657, 661 (D.C. Cir.

2003), then quoting Assoc. Press v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 554 F.3d 274, 290 (2d Cir. 2009)),

                                                 14
reconsidered in other part, 2016 WL 3541549 (S.D.N.Y. June 23, 2016).11 The Court thus grants

the BOP summary judgment as to its use of Exemption 7(C).

                                          B. Segregability

       FOIA requires that any reasonably segregable portion of a record shall be released, unless

the non-exempt portions are inextricably intertwined with exempt portions. See 5 U.S.C.

§ 552(b); see also Johnson v. Exec. Office for U.S. Attorneys, 310 F.3d 771, 776 (D.C. Cir.

2002). “Agencies are entitled to a presumption that they complied with the obligation to disclose

reasonably segregable material.” Sussman v. U.S. Marshals Serv., 494 F.3d 1106, 1117 (D.C.

Cir. 2007). In order to demonstrate that all reasonably segregable material has been released, the

agency must provide a “detailed justification” for its non-segregability. Mead Data Cent., Inc. v.

U.S. Dep’t of the Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 261 (D.C. Cir. 1977). However, the agency is not

required to provide so much detail that the exempt material would be effectively disclosed. Id.

       Although Pinson mentions segregability in her reply, Pl.’s Resp. at 2, her arguments

appear addressed toward the applicability of each exemption. The DOJ has provided Pinson with

a comprehensive declaration,12 describing each withholding and the exemption justifying that

withholding. See generally 4th Christenson Decl. Ms. Christenson attests to having personally

       11
           Although the court in Human Rights Watch found that it was appropriate to release the
identity of the particular U.S. Attorney’s Office involved in each SAMs memorandum, it did so
on a record in which the requester had “described a specific public interest in identifying patterns
in the way SAMs are requested by certain U.S. Attorneys’ Offices.” Human Rights Watch, No.
13-7360, 2015 WL 5459713, at *11. Here, Pinson does not describe any public interest in
disclosing the particular U.S. Attorney’s Office—nor does the subject of Pinson’s initial request
suggest any such interest. Pinson has thus not met the requester’s burden to articulate the public
interest in disclosure. See Nat’l Archives & Records Admin. v. Favish, 541 U.S. 157, 172 (2004)
(“Exemption 7(C) . . . requires the person requesting the information to establish . . . . that the
public interest sought to be advanced is a significant one, . . . [and] the information is likely to
advance that interest.”).
       12
            The DOJ did not prepare a Vaughn Index. 4th Christenson Decl. ¶ 8.
                                                15
reviewed the official files and released all non-exempt information that could be segregated. 4th

Christenson Decl. ¶ 3, 5. The detailed declaration of Ms. Christenson is sufficient to fulfill the

agency’s obligation to show with “reasonable specificity” why a document cannot be further

segregated. Armstrong v. Exec. Office of the President, 97 F.3d 575, 578–79 (D.C. Cir. 1996).

Moreover, a review of the redacted documents clearly shows that the majority of the information

in the SAMs memoranda was disclosed and only limited redactions were made. See

Memorandum for Harley G. Lappin (Aug. 12, 2009) (the 2009 SAMs memorandum, as

released), ECF No. 318-2, Ex. B; Memorandum for Harley G. Lappin (Apr. 1, 2010) (the 2010

SAMs memorandum, as released), ECF No. 318-2, Ex. C. The Court thus finds that the DOJ has

met its burden of releasing all reasonably segregable portions.

                                         IV. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the DOJ’s motion for summary judgment is GRANTED. An

order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued.

Dated: March 22, 2017                                               RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
                                                                    United States District Judge

                                                 16