Court Opinion

ID: 9926353
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-24 17:05:08.603499+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:22:43.874245
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                     No. 23-0017
                               Filed January 24, 2024

PENNYMAC LOAN SERVICES, LLC,
    Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

PHEASANT TRAIL SEVENTH OWNERS ASSOCIATION, INC.,
     Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

         Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Kevin McKeever,

Judge.

         Pheasant Trail Seventh Owners Association, Inc. appeals a ruling denying

its motion for summary judgment and granting PennyMac Loan Services, LLC’s

motion for summary judgment. AFFIRMED.

         Eric J. Langston of AEGIS Law, Frontenac, Missouri, for appellant.

         Matthew E. Laughlin of Dentons Davis Brown, P.C., Des Moines, for

appellee.

         Considered by Bower, C.J., and Schumacher and Langholz, JJ.
                                        2

BOWER, Chief Judge.

       Pheasant Trail Seventh Owners Association, Inc. (the Association) appeals

a ruling denying its motion for summary judgment and granting PennyMac Loan

Services, LLC’s (PennyMac) motion for summary judgment. The district court

determined the Association had no authority to assess foreclosure fees or attorney

fees pursuant to its governing documents. Finding no error in the district court’s

interpretation of the Association’s governing documents, we affirm.

I.     Background Facts and Proceedings

       At issue is one unit of the condominium complex formerly owned by Gregory

Williams. The complex is administered by a board of the Association. These

material facts are not in dispute.

       On March 1, 2019, Williams executed and delivered a promissory note and

purchase money mortgage for the unit, “together with an undivided percentage

interest in and to the common areas and facilities appurtenant thereto,” to a

nominee of Veridian Credit Union, Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc.

(MERS). On April 1, 2020, MERS assigned and delivered the note and mortgage

to PennyMac.

       On July 6, 2021, PennyMac elected, in accordance with the terms and

conditions of the note and mortgage, to declare the whole of the note due and

payable and to exercise its right to enforce payment and foreclose the mortgage

by filing a petition of foreclosure.   The Association was not a party to the

foreclosure.   On October 6, the district court entered judgment in favor of

PennyMac and ordered the real estate be foreclosed with PennyMac as the valid

owner and holding a paramount lien.
                                          3

       On February 13, 2022, the Association attempted to assess PennyMac a

“foreclosure fee” of $3500 and demanded attorney fees in the amount of $3000.

       On June 3, PennyMac became the titleholder of the real estate.

       On June 23, PennyMac attempted to schedule arbitration regarding the

“foreclosure fee” and attorney fees. The Association acknowledged receipt of the

arbitration request but directed PennyMac to complete an “Arbitration Demand

Form” per its governing documents.

       On August 2, the Association advised PennyMac arbitration had been

waived because PennyMac did not submit the form.

       On September 6, PennyMac filed a petition seeking a declaratory judgment

pursuant to Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.1101 with respect to whether the

Association’s governing documents provide the authority to impose a “foreclosure

fee” or collect attorney fees from PennyMac.

       The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The Association

acknowledged “the Governing Documents admittedly do not make reference to

‘admission or transfer fees.’” But it asserted its “powers include those articulated

in the Governing Documents and, by the very terms of the Governing Documents,

further include those articulated by statute.”1 The Association relied upon its

1 The Association’s Declaration provides in Article VIII, section 1:

              Each owner agrees that the Association has and shall
       exercise all powers, rights, and authority granted unto it by Chapters
       504A and 499B of the Code of Iowa, and such as are more
       particularly set forth in the condominium documents, including the
       making of assessments chargeable to owners and a lien on a Unit
       for any common expenses, and the right to foreclose the lien on a
       Unit and acquire a Unit at foreclosure sale and to hold, lease,
       mortgage or convey the same, but such acquisition shall be on behalf
                                          4

inherent corporate powers under Iowa Code chapter 504 and 499B to impose

“admission and transfer fees upon its members” and asserted the “foreclosure fee”

is allowable as an admission fee or transfer fee pursuant to Iowa Code section

504.302(14) (2021). See Iowa Code §§ 504.302(14) (granting the corporation the

authority “to do all things necessary or convenient to carry out its affairs” including

“[i]mpose dues, assessments, and admission and transfer fees upon its

members”), .1701(1) (“A domestic corporation that is incorporated under chapter

504A . . . is subject to this chapter beginning on July 1, 2005.”).

       With respect to its demand for attorney fees, the Association insisted it has

the authority to assess attorney fees as a special assessment against PennyMac

for failing to timely pay the transfer fee.      It relied on two provisions of the

Declaration: the first, is Article VII, section 9, which states it may sue an owner and

“[i]n the event of suit or foreclosure” it may “collect reasonable attorney fees from

the owner.” The second, is Article X, section 11, which states that the Association

can recover attorney’s fees

       [i]f the Association successfully brings an action to . . . otherwise
       enforce the provisions of this Declaration, the ByLaws or the rules
       and regulations of the Association, the cost of such action, including
       reasonable legal fees, shall become a binding, personal obligation of
       the violator and such costs shall also be a lien upon the Unit occupied
       by the violator.[2]

(Emphasis added.)

       of all Unit owners, all of whom, however, shall be deemed to have
       waived all rights of partition with respect to the Unit.
2 The provision also allows the Association to impose a penalty for violations of the

governing documents. The Association conceded the transfer fee was not
imposed for a violation but rather as “and admission or transfer fee.”
                                          5

       PennyMac asserted the Association’s Declaration Article VIII, section 6,

provides any former owner’s unpaid assessments are not collectible against a new

owner in a foreclosure. It noted chapter 504A, though applicable in April 2005

when the Declaration was signed, was repealed effective July 2005. 3 It argued the

Association could not rely on chapter 504A (or chapter 504) to infer authority into

its governing documents.

       PennyMac also noted Iowa Code section 499B.18 provides:

       Where the mortgagee of a first mortgage of record or other purchaser
       of an apartment obtains title to the apartment as a result of
       foreclosure of the first mortgage, such acquirer of title, the acquirer’s
       successors and assigns, shall not be liable for the share of the
       common expenses or assessments by the council of coowners
       chargeable to such apartment which became due prior to the
       acquisition of title to such apartment by such acquirer. Such unpaid
       share of common expenses or assessments shall be deemed to be
       common expenses collectible from all of the apartment owners
       including such acquirer, the acquirer’s successors and assigns.

       The district court granted PennyMac’s motion and denied the Association’s,

finding there was no language in the governing documents that allowed the

Association to impose a “foreclosure fee,” “transfer fee,” or attorney fees incident

to a third-party foreclosure. The Association appeals.

II.    Standard of Review

       Our review of a district court ruling on a motion for summary judgment,

including any statutory interpretation issues, is for correction of errors at law.

Albaugh v. The Reserve, 930 N.W.2d 676, 682 (Iowa 2019). “Summary judgment

is proper when the moving party has shown ‘there is no genuine issue as to any

3 See 2004 Iowa Acts ch. 1049, § 190.
                                         6

material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’” Id.

(citation omitted).

III.   Analysis

       The issues presented are matters of interpretation of the Association’s

governing documents. “The Association’s governing documents are its declaration

and bylaws, which are to be construed as a whole.” Oberbillig v. W. Grand Towers

Condo. Ass’n, 807 N.W.2d 143, 150 (Iowa 2011).             “Interpretation involves

ascertaining the meaning of contractual words; construction refers to deciding their

legal effect. Interpretation is reviewed as a legal issue unless it depended at the

trial level on extrinsic evidence. Construction is always reviewed as a law issue.”

Fashion Fabrics of Iowa, Inc. v. Retail Invs. Corp., 266 N.W.2d 22, 25 (Iowa 1978);

accord Oberbillig, 807 N.W.2d at 149.

       A.      Foreclosure Fee.     The Association concedes the governing

documents have no express provision allowing the assessment of a foreclosure

fee, but it contends that authority is provided under Iowa Code section

504.302(14).    To the extent the district court concluded chapter 504 had no

applicability, we disagree as “[a] domestic corporation that is incorporated under

chapter 504A, Code 2005, is subject to this chapter beginning on July 1, 2005.”

Iowa Code § 504.1701(1). But we need not remand for further proceedings.

       Iowa Code section 504.302(14) provides “every corporation” has the

“powers . . . to do all things necessary or convenient to carry out its affairs,

including “[i]mpose dues, assessments, and admission and transfer fees upon its
                                           7

members.”4 The Association’s Bylaws Article VI, section 1 provides the authority

to impose assessments for “common expenses.” So too, the Declaration Article

VIII, section 3, explicitly provides the Board has the authority to make

       assessments chargeable to owners and a lien on a Unit for any
       common expenses, and the right to foreclose the lien on a Unit and
       acquire a Unit at foreclosure sale and to hold, lease, mortgage or
       convey the same, but such acquisition shall be on behalf of all Unit
       owners, all of whom, however, shall be deemed to have waived all
       rights of partition with respect to the Unit.

But nothing in the Association’s Bylaws or Declaration imposes an admission or

transfer fee.5

4
  Article VI of the Bylaws states:
                All of the powers and duties of the corporation (including those
        existing under the common law and statutes, the Articles of
        Incorporation, and the documents establishing the Condominium),
        shall be exercised by the board of directors. Such powers and duties
        of the directors shall be exercised in accordance with the provisions
        of the Declaration of Condominium that governs the use of the land,
        and shall include in addition to those elsewhere provided for, but
        shall not be limited to, the following:
                1. To make and collect assessments against members for all
        common expenses.
                2. To use the proceeds of assessments in the exercise of its
        powers and duties.
                ....
                6. To enforce by legal means the provisions of the
        condominium documents, the Articles of Incorporation, the Bylaws of
        the corporation and the regulations for the use of the property in the
        condominium.
                ....
                11. To interpret and apply the provisions of the condominium
        documents in matters of dispute between owners or between owners
        and the Association, which determination shall be binding on the
        owners . . . .
5 Because chapter 504 contains no definition of a transfer fee in its definitional

section 504.141, we look to “the term’s ordinary meaning.” State v. Boone, 989
N.W.2d 645, 650 (Iowa 2023). “Transfer” is defined as “[a] conveyance of property
or title from one person to another.” Transfer, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th
ed. 2019). “The term embraces every method . . . of disposing of or parting with
property or an interest in property, including retention of title as a security interest
                                         8

       PennyMac foreclosed its mortgage obtaining a lien upon the unit, which was

reduced to judgment. It obtained title to the unit on June 3,6 and thus was “subject

to assessment liens that shall have come due subsequent to . . . the decree of

foreclosure.” The only asserted assessment is one for the “foreclosure fee” as a

transfer fee for which we have found no authority. 7

       B.     Attorney Fees. “In general, a court may not award attorney fees

unless authorized by statute or contract.”       Colwell v. Iowa Dep’t of Hum.

Servs., 923 N.W.2d 225, 237 (Iowa 2019). “A written contract must contain an

express provision regarding attorney fees and litigation expenses in order for a

court to include attorney fees and litigation expenses in a favorable judgment.”

and foreclosure of the debtor’s equity right of redemption.” Id. Thus, a transfer fee
is the fee to convey title to property from one to another. That definition finds
support in another provision of the code.
        Iowa Code section 554.48, which governs conveyances of real property
defines a “transfer fee”:
        (1) For purposes of this section, unless the context otherwise
        requires:
                (a) “Transfer” means the sale, gift, conveyance, assignment,
        inheritance, or other transfer of ownership interest in real property
        located in this state.
                (b) (1) “Transfer fee” means a fee or charge payable upon the
        transfer of an interest in real property, or payable for the right to make
        or accept a transfer of an interest in real property, regardless of
        whether the fee or charge is a fixed amount or is determined as a
        percentage of the value of the property, the purchase price, or other
        consideration given for the transfer.
The $3500 “foreclosure fee” does not appear to have any direct connection to the
transfer of title to the unit.
6 As the owner of the unit PennyMac became a “member” of the Association whose

“rights and obligations thereof shall be governed by the provisions of the Bylaws
to be adopted as provided in Article VI.”
7 Under Declaration, Article VIII, ¶ 6(ii), the resulting assessment lien “shall be

deemed to be an expense of the Association, but this shall not prevent the
Association’s right to collect the sums from the defaulting owner personally.”
                                          9

NevadaCare, Inc. v. Dep’t of Hum. Servs., 783 N.W.2d 459, 470 (Iowa 2010)

(emphasis added).

      On appeal, the Association’s arguments to collect attorney fees here are

unavailing. There are two instances in the governing documents where attorney

fees can be assessed. First, Article VII, section 9 of the Bylaws, provides, “The

Association may sue for money judgment for unpaid assessments or sums due

without foreclosing or waiving any lien which it holds.          In event of suit or

foreclosure, the Association shall be entitled to collect reasonable attorney fees

from owner.” The Association has not sued for money judgment nor foreclosed on

a lien; as the district court pointed out, the Association was not a party to the

foreclosure action.

      Second, Article X, section 11 of the Declaration states:

      If the Association successfully brings an action to extinguish a
      violation or otherwise enforce the provisions of this Declaration, the
      Bylaws or the rules and regulations of the Association, the cost of
      such action, including reasonable legal fees, shall become a binding,
      personal obligation of the violator and such costs shall also be a lien
      upon the Unit occupied by the violator.

Again, the Association did not bring an action—successful or otherwise. We will

not read additional language into the governing documents as the Association

requests.

      Ruling on the applicability of Article X, section 11, the district court stated:

      On the attorney fee issue, the instances within the governing
      documents that allow for assessment of attorney fees . . . do not
      apply here. There is no disputed material fact on this issue. [The
      Association] was not a party to [the foreclosure action]. [The
      Association] has not brought an action to enforce the governing
      documents. Finally, as [PennyMac] points out, [the Association] has
      not provided a sufficient explanation of the computation of its fees.
      See Iowa Code § 625.25 (2021).
                               10

Finding no error, we affirm.

       AFFIRMED.