Court Opinion

ID: 9954163
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-25 18:12:58.130227+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:11:51.567825
License: Public Domain

J-A01018-24

                               2024 PA Super 58

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA         :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                         :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                         :
              v.                         :
                                         :
                                         :
    JONATHAN ANTHONY MCINTYRE            :
                                         :
                   Appellant             :   No. 354 EDA 2023

      Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered December 14, 2022
               In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County
             Criminal Division at No(s): CP-15-CR-0002525-2020

BEFORE:    LAZARUS, P.J., PANELLA, P.J.E., and COLINS, J.*

OPINION BY PANELLA, P.J.E.:                        FILED MARCH 25, 2024

       Jonathan McIntyre appeals from his judgment of sentence for person

prohibited from possessing a firearm, 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 6105(a)(1), which

prohibits a person from possessing a firearm if he has previously been

convicted of one of 38 enumerated offenses which makes him ineligible to

possess a firearm. In an issue of first impression, McIntyre argues Section

6105 is unconstitutional in the wake of New York State Rifle & Pistol

Association, Inc. v. Bruen, 597 U.S. 1 (2022). In Bruen1, the majority held

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 In Bruen, the majority opinion was written by Justice Clarence Thomas;
Justice Samuel Alito filed a concurring opinion; Justice Brett Kavanaugh filed
a concurring opinion which was joined by Chief Justice John Roberts; Justice
Amy Coney Barrett filed a concurring opinion; and Justice Stephen Breyer filed
a dissenting opinion which was joined by Justices Sonia Sotomayor and Elena
Kagan.
J-A01018-24

that a New York statute, which required applicants to show a special need for

a license allowing them to carry a concealed firearm in public, violated the

Second and Fourteenth Amendment rights of law-abiding citizens to bear arms

for self-defense given that the Second Amendment’s plain text covered the

conduct at issue and the statute was not consistent with our Nation’s historical

tradition of firearm regulation. We do not agree with McIntyre’s analysis.

Instead, we conclude the Chester County Court of Common Pleas properly

found that Bruen does not compel the conclusion that Section 6105 is

unconstitutional.

      In addition to his federal constitutional claim, McIntyre also raises or

attempts to raise close to a dozen other claims on appeal. Those claims

include: a claim that Section 6105 is unconstitutional under the Pennsylvania

Constitution and as applied to him; a sufficiency and a weight claim; and a

claim of prosecutorial misconduct. He also makes numerous allegations of trial

court error. We find these issues are either waived or without merit.

Accordingly, we affirm McIntyre’s judgment of sentence for person prohibited

from possessing a firearm under Section 6105.

      To give context to McIntyre’s claims on appeal, we begin with a

summary of the factual background underlying the appeal. McIntyre was

convicted of, among other offenses, burglary, robbery and aggravated assault

in 2000, convictions which undisputedly disqualified him from possessing a

firearm under Section 6105. After McIntyre was paroled and released from

                                     -2-
J-A01018-24

prison for those convictions, he went to live with his uncle, Michall Daimion,

in Malvern, Pennsylvania.

      On May 31, 2020, McIntyre found a firearm at his uncle’s house.

McIntyre took the firearm, carried it to the woods of a park behind a nearby

fire department and buried the firearm in those woods.

      Family members contacted the police to report that the firearm was

missing. McIntyre ultimately led Daimion to the spot where he had buried the

weapon. McIntyre was charged with criminal mischief and person prohibited

from possessing a firearm under Section 6105. Prior to trial, McIntyre filed

several habeas corpus petitions, which the trial court denied.

      The matter proceeded to a jury trial. The defense stipulated that

McIntyre had been convicted of robbery, burglary, aggravated assault,

conspiracy to commit burglary, conspiracy to commit robbery, and corrupt

organizations in 2000, and that each of these offenses disqualified McIntyre

from possessing a firearm under Section 6105. See N.T. Trial, 7/13/2022, at

177-179.

      The Commonwealth called Daimion to the stand. Daimion testified that

McIntyre was his nephew and had lived with him since McIntyre had been

released on parole. Daimion explained he lived in a twin residence, with one

structure being the residence and the other structure housing the office for

his business. See id. at 138-139. Daimion reported that on May 31, 2020, his

daughter Michelle, who was also living at the house, approached him and told

                                     -3-
J-A01018-24

him she was terrified of how McIntyre was acting. See id. at 136. Michelle

showed her father a backpack and some of her clothes that she said had been

cut up by McIntyre. See id. at 156. Michelle called 911, and when the police

arrived, Daimion recounted that McIntyre agreed to leave the house. See id.

at 137.

     Daimion testified that, after McIntyre left, his oldest daughter, Heather,

went to her office on the office side of the twin. She discovered that her

father’s firearm, which she kept in her office, was missing. See id. At that

point, McIntyre called Michelle’s phone and Daimion spoke to McIntyre.

Daimion recounted that McIntyre proceeded to direct Daimion to the location

of the gun. See id. at 139. According to Daimion, he “walked [past] the fire

company, down [past] the park, up into the woods” and McIntyre told him to

look in the back of a log for the gun. Id. at 140. Daimion found the gun

covered in leaves, and estimated the location of the gun was about a 20-

minute walk from his house. Id.

     Sergeant George Hill of the Willistown Township Police Department also

testified. He recounted that on May 31, 2020, he responded to a domestic

disturbance report at Daimion’s home. According to Sergeant Hill, the issue

was resolved without incident and Sergeant Hill left. See id. at 167. The

sergeant stated that within the hour, he received a call from Daimion’s

daughter, Heather, reporting that McIntyre had taken a firearm from her

office. See id. at 168, 176. Heather told the sergeant that her father was on

                                    -4-
J-A01018-24

the phone with McIntyre, and he was directing Daimion to the location of the

gun. See id. at 168. The sergeant returned to Daimion’s house and, after

speaking with Heather, went into the woods of the nearby park. He eventually

found Daimion, who told him he had recovered the firearm. See id. at 169.

      The Commonwealth also called Michelle Daimion and Heather Daimion

to the stand, whose testimony gave a more detailed account of their

involvement with the gun incident on May 31, 2020.

      McIntyre’s defense at trial was essentially that he was not guilty of

possession of the firearm because he did not intend to possess or control the

firearm, but rather intended to relinquish control of the gun. He also asserted

he was justified in possessing the firearm.

      McIntyre testified in his own defense. He explained he had lived with his

uncle since he had been paroled, which was approximately one and one-half

years at the time of the incident on May 31, 2020. See N.T., 7/14/2022, at

56. On that day, he testified he found a gun in a drawer in his uncle’s house.

See id. at 61. He maintained he was scared and did not know what to do

because his parole status prohibited him from residing in a house with a gun.

See id. at 63. He also claimed he was scared the police, who he was aware

Michelle was calling because of his behavior, would shoot him if they learned

of the presence of the gun. See id. at 75-76, 105. McIntyre testified he

contemplated calling the police or his parole officer about his discovery of the

gun, but ultimately decided he would remove the gun from the house. See id.

                                     -5-
J-A01018-24

at 64, 71, 76-77. He also reported that he did call his therapist, Olga

Encarnacion. See id. at 76-77.

      According to McIntyre, he took the firearm and went to the fire station

near his uncle’s house with the plan to give the firearm to a firefighter. See

id. at 77. McIntyre claimed nobody was at the station. See id. at 77. As a

result, he went into the woods and buried the weapon there. See id. at 80.

He testified his intent was to direct the police or his uncle to the whereabouts

of the gun. See id. at 78, 80, 82.

      When McIntyre returned to his uncle’s house after burying the gun,

Sergeant Hill was there responding to the first call of the domestic disturbance.

McIntyre did not tell Sergeant Hill he had taken and hidden the gun, instead

agreeing with the sergeant that he would leave the residence. See id. at 82,

84. After he left, McIntyre called Michelle’s phone and spoke with Michelle and

then his uncle, who by this point, knew the firearm was missing. See id. at

85. McIntyre directed his uncle to the weapon. See id.

      On cross-examination, McIntyre agreed with the prosecutor that he had,

in fact, physically possessed the firearm on May 31, 2020. See id. at 88, 115.

He acknowledged he possessed the gun in his uncle’s house, while he walked

down the street to the firehouse, and when he walked into the woods. See id.

at 88-89; 104 (answering “Yes” to “[a]t all times when you picked [the gun]

up to when you buried it, it was like physically in your hands?”). He was aware

he was not permitted to possess a firearm. See id. at 95, 115. McIntyre

                                      -6-
J-A01018-24

further agreed he buried the firearm in the woods and did so with the intent

that nobody else could find the hidden weapon unless he directed them to it.

See id. at 89, 104.

      The defense also called Encarnacion to testify as a fact witness regarding

the May 31, 2020, incident. Encarnacion recounted that on that day, McIntyre

called her to tell her he had found a gun in his uncle’s residence and was trying

to dispose of the gun. See id. at 45-46. She explained McIntyre was agitated

and fearful at the time, because of finding the gun, Covid and the George

Floyd case. See id. at 45-46, 47-48. She testified she was aware McIntyre

had taken the gun. She further stated she spoke to the police on May 31, but

did not tell them that McIntyre had the gun because she believed McIntyre

had already told the police he had taken the gun when she spoke with them.

See id. at 52, 53-54.

      The jury convicted McIntyre of person prohibited from possessing a

firearm under Section 6105. Following a sentencing hearing on December 14,

2022, the court sentenced McIntyre to five to twenty years’ incarceration.

McIntyre filed a timely post-sentence motion, raising a sufficiency and a

weight claim, as well as a prosecutorial misconduct claim. He then sua sponte

filed a “supplemental memorandum of law in furtherance of post-sentence

motion” on January 3, 2023, arguing for the first time that Section 6105 was

unconstitutional under Bruen. The trial court denied the post-sentence

motion.

                                      -7-
J-A01018-24

      McIntyre filed a timely notice of appeal and complied with the court’s

order to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement. The trial court issued a Rule

1925(a) opinion thoroughly addressing McIntyre’s claims, including McIntyre’s

constitutional claim. The court explained in detail why it had rejected

McIntyre’s claim that Section 6105 violated his federal constitutional rights

pursuant to Bruen. It urged this Court to find McIntyre was not entitled to

any relief on that claim or any of his other claims, and to affirm his judgment

of sentence. McIntyre now raises the following issues on appeal:

      I.     Whether, under the United States Supreme Court’s decision
             in Bruen and the Third Circuit’s decision in Range, [Section
             6105] is unconstitutional both on its face and as applied to
             [McIntyre]?

      II.    Whether [McIntyre’s] right to a meaningful opportunity to
             present a complete defense was violated by the trial court’s
             denial of a justification instruction and by a series of the trial
             court’s rulings at trial?

      III.   Whether the additional grounds raised on appeal, including
             the trial court’s denial of [McIntyre’s] pretrial motions,
             [McIntyre’s] challenges to the sufficiency and weight of the
             evidence, the prosecutor’s closing remarks, and the
             cumulative effect of the errors raised on appeal, warrant
             reversal and remand?

      IV.    Whether the evidence          was    insufficient   to   support
             [McIntyre’s] conviction?

Appellant’s Brief at 9 (suggested answers omitted).

      In his first issue, McIntyre asserts Section 6105 is unconstitutional.

Specifically, he argues Section 6105 is unconstitutional on its face under both

the Second Amendment of the United States Constitution pursuant to Bruen

                                        -8-
J-A01018-24

and Article I, Section 21 of the Pennsylvania Constitution. He also alternatively

alleges that Section 6105 is unconstitutional as applied to him. These claims

do not warrant any relief.

      As a threshold matter, the Commonwealth argues McIntyre has waived

his claims that Section 6105 is unconstitutional under the Pennsylvania

Constitution and as applied to him because he did not raise those claims before

the trial court. We agree. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a)(providing that issues not

raised in the lower court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on

appeal); Commonwealth v. Armolt, 294 A.3d 364, 378 (Pa. 2023) (stating

that, in general, constitutional challenges are subject to ordinary preservation

rules).

      McIntyre acknowledges he did not raise any constitutional challenge to

Section 6105 until his supplemental post-sentence motion. In that motion, as

noted above, McIntyre only argued that Section 6105 was violative of his

federal constitutional rights under Bruen. McIntyre seems to concede he did

not specifically raise a challenge to the constitutionality of Section 6105 under

the Pennsylvania Constitution or as applied to him in his supplemental post-

sentence motion. Instead, he argues in his reply brief, without making any

mention of the as-applied claim, that he “unartfully” raised the Pennsylvania

Constitution issue by making a reference to Pennsylvania law as part of his

constitutional argument at the hearing on his post-sentence motion.

Appellant’s Reply Brief at 6.

                                      -9-
J-A01018-24

      The most glaring problem with McIntyre’s assertion in this regard is the

absence of any notes of testimony from a post-sentence motion hearing in the

electronic certified record sent to this Court. Of course, it is the appellant’s

burden to ensure the certified record sent to this Court contains that which is

necessary for us to properly resolve the issues raised on appeal. See

Commonwealth v. Midgley, 289 A.3d 1111, 1120 (Pa. Super. 2023).

      Even had McIntyre ensured the transcript from the post-sentence

motion hearing was part of the certified record sent to this Court, and there

was merit to his claim that he sufficiently raised the state constitutional claim

there, his claim regarding the Pennsylvania Constitution as well as his as-

applied claim would still be waived. That is because McIntyre also failed to

raise those claims in his Rule 1925(b) statement. Instead, his only claim in

his statement regarding the constitutionality of Section 6105 read as follows:

      [McIntyre’s] conviction under 18 P.S. § 6105 is violative under the
      United States Supreme Court’s decision in New York State Rifle
      & Pistol Ass’n, Inc. v. Bruen, 597 U.S. __, 42 S. Ct. 2111
      (2022).

Rule 1925 Statement of Errors Complained of on Appeal, 2/23/2023, at 1.

      Accordingly, the trial court understandably only addressed the Bruen

issue in its Rule 1925(a) opinion. It did not address the contentions that

Section 6105 violated our state constitution or was unconstitutional as applied

to McIntyre, as those claims were clearly not raised in the 1925(b) statement.

Therefore, those claims are waived. See Commonwealth v. Lord, 719 A.2d

                                     - 10 -
J-A01018-24

306, 309 (Pa. 1998) (providing that any claims that are not raised in a Rule

1925(b) statement are waived).

      McIntyre’s remaining constitutional claim, then, is that Section 6105

violates the Second and Fourteenth Amendments under Bruen. Again, as

McIntyre acknowledges, he raised this issue for the first time in a

supplemental post-sentence motion. His only explanation as to why he did not

raise the issue until then was that was when the issue was first “brought to

trial counsel’s attention.” Appellant’s Reply Brief at 6. He does not address

Pa.R.Crim.P 720(B)(1)(b), which is the Rule governing the circumstances

under which defendants are allowed to file supplemental post-sentence

motions. That Rule provides:

      The defendant may file a supplemental post-sentence motion in
      the judge’s discretion as long as the decision on the supplemental
      motion can be made in compliance with the time limits of
      paragraph (B)(3).

Pa.R.Crim.P. 720(B)(1)(b).

      As the Rule makes clear, a defendant may only file a supplemental post-

sentence motion “in the judge’s discretion” and as long as the trial court can

decide the motion within the time limits of the Rule. Here, McIntyre does not

point to any place in the record where he sought, and was granted, permission

by the trial court to file a supplemental post-sentence motion. There is no

separate petition in the record requesting such permission, nor does the

supplemental motion itself make this request.

                                    - 11 -
J-A01018-24

      Despite this procedural lapse, we recognize that the trial court

addressed McIntyre’s Bruen issue in both its order denying the post-sentence

motion as well as in its Rule 1925(a) opinion. Moreover, it is clear the

supplemental post-sentence motion did not render the trial court unable to

decide the post-sentence motions in compliance with Rule 720’s time limits or

otherwise divest the trial court of jurisdiction. As such, we proceed to the

merits of McIntyre’s Bruen claim.

      McIntyre’s constitutional challenge is a question of law for which our

standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary. See

Commonwealth v. Omar, 981 A.2d 179, 185 (Pa. 2009). As the party

challenging the constitutionality of Section 6105, McIntyre carries the high

burden of demonstrating Section 6105 clearly, palpably and plainly violates

the Second Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. See id.

      The Second Amendment states: “A well regulated Militia, being

necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and

bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” U.S. Const. Amend. II.

      Section 6105, which McIntyre contends is violative of the Second

Amendment, is titled “Persons not to possess, use, manufacture, control, sell

or transfer firearms.” Subsection (a) of Section 6105 provides that a person

who has been convicted of an offense enumerated in subsection (b) shall not

possess, use, control, sell, transfer, or manufacture a firearm in this

Commonwealth. See 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 6105(a). Subsection (b) then

                                    - 12 -
J-A01018-24

enumerates 38 offenses applicable to subsection (a), including corrupt

organizations, aggravated assault, burglary and robbery. See 18 Pa. C.S.A. §

6105(b).

      As referenced above, McIntyre stipulated at trial he had previously been

convicted of corrupt organizations, aggravated assault, burglary and robbery

and that those convictions disqualified him from possessing a gun under

Section 6105. He does not dispute either of those stipulations here. Rather,

he essentially argues that by prohibiting convicted felons such as himself, or

others convicted of a statutorily-enumerated offense, from possessing a

firearm, Section 6105 violates the Unites States Constitution pursuant to

Bruen.

      Bruen did not, as McIntyre readily acknowledges, directly decide the

issue of who “the people” are who may lawfully possess a firearm under the

Second Amendment. The Bruen Court made abundantly clear in its decision

that the petitioners in that case were “ordinary, law-abiding adult citizens”

who are undisputedly “part of ‘the people’ whom the Second Amendment

protects.” Bruen, 597 U.S. at 31-32. The question before the Court involved

the proposed conduct of those law-abiding citizens. Specifically, the Court

addressed whether New York’s licensing application process, which required

applicants such as the Bruen petitioners to show proper cause to carry a

concealed handgun in public, violated the Second and Fourteenth Amendment

rights to bear arms for self-defense of these law-abiding citizens. The High

                                    - 13 -
J-A01018-24

Court held that it did, announcing that “New York’s proper-cause requirement

violates the Fourteenth Amendment in that it prevents law-abiding citizens

with ordinary self-defense needs from exercising their [Second Amendment]

right to keep and bear arms” in public for self-defense. Id. at 71.

       In reaching this holding, the Supreme Court clarified that in keeping

with its decision in District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008), the

standard for evaluating whether a modern firearm regulation violates the

Second Amendment involves two questions.

      First, a reviewing court must ask whether the plain text of the Second

Amendment covers the individual’s proposed conduct so that the Constitution

presumptively protects that conduct. See Bruen, 597 U.S. at 17, 24.

      If so, the second question is whether the government has justified the

firearm regulation by demonstrating that it is consistent with this Nation’s

historical tradition of firearm regulation. See id.

      The Supreme Court clarified that, pursuant to Heller, the standard for

evaluating regulations in the Second Amendment context is rooted in the

Second Amendment’s text and in history; the standard does not include a step

that applies a means-end scrutiny. See id. at 18-24.

      McIntyre argues Section 6105 is unconstitutional under the standard

announced in Bruen. In support, he relies almost exclusively on the Third

Circuit’s decision in Range v. Attorney General United States of America,

69 F.4th 96 (3d. Cir. 2023) (en banc), though he clearly acknowledges that

                                     - 14 -
J-A01018-24

decision is not binding on this Court. The 5-4 Range decision involved an

appellant, Bryan Range, who had been convicted of the misdemeanor of

making a false statement to obtain food stamps under 62 Pa.C.S.A. § 481(a).

As a result of that conviction and its potential length of punishment, Range

was barred from owning a gun under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), which prohibits

a person who has been convicted of a crime punishable by an imprisonment

term exceeding one year from possessing a firearm. Range sought a

declaration in the federal courts that Section 922(g)(1) violated the Second

Amendment as applied to him. See Range, 69 F.4th at 99.

     The Range Court relied on Bruen to conclude that Section 922(g) was

unconstitutional as applied to Range. In doing so, the Range Court stated

that, under Bruen, it had to first decide whether the text of the Second

Amendment applied to convicted offenders such as Range and to his proposed

conduct. See id. at 101. The Court concluded that convicted offenders like

Range were among “the people” with Second Amendment rights. See id. at

101-103. It specifically rejected the government’s contention that only “law-

abiding” citizens were protected by the Second Amendment. See id. It

therefore concluded that Range and his proposed conduct were covered by

the plain text of the Second Amendment and presumptively protected.

     The Range Court then proceeded to the second question of the Bruen

standard and, after evaluating the arguments offered by the government in

that case, determined that the government had failed to persuade the Court

                                   - 15 -
J-A01018-24

that applying Section 922(g)(1) to Range on the basis of his false-statement

misdemeanor was consistent with the Nation’s historical tradition of firearm

regulation. See id. at 103-106. Accordingly, the Range Court reached the

“narrow” decision that Section 922(g)(1) violates the Second Amendment

“only as applied to [Range] given his violation of 62 Pa.[C.S.A.] § 481(a).” Id.

at 106.

      McIntyre maintains that Range’s analysis of Section 922(g)(1) “applies

almost identically to Section 6105,” and this Court should likewise find that

Bruen compels the conclusion that Section 6105 is unconstitutional.

Appellant’s Brief at 27. We decline to do so. In the first place, Range was an

“as-applied” case, with the Range Court painstakingly pointing out that its

holding specifically applied only to Range and his situation. Clearly, the instant

case has far different facts from those in Range, including the fact that

McIntyre is a “repeat violent offender with a resulting Offense Gravity Score

of 10.” Trial Court Opinion, 3/28/2024, at 3. Moreover, as McIntyre

acknowledges, we are not bound by federal circuit courts’ decisions. See

Wenk v. State Farm Co., 228 A.3d 540, 550 n.9 (Pa. Super. 2020).2 We are,

2   We have previously said:

      We acknowledge that: federal court decisions do not control the
      determinations of the Superior Court. Our law clearly states that,
      absent a United States Supreme Court pronouncement, the
      decisions of federal courts are not binding on Pennsylvania state
      courts, even when a federal question is involved .... [However,
      w]henever possible, Pennsylvania state courts follow the Third
      Circuit [Court of Appeals] so that litigants do not improperly “walk

                                     - 16 -
J-A01018-24

however, bound by Bruen and we therefore look to that decision to decide

whether, as McIntyre claims, Section 6105 is unconstitutional under its

auspices.

     We first look to the whole of the Court’s decision in Bruen to see how it

guides our inquiry regarding the first question in Bruen’s Second Amendment

standard: whether McIntyre and others convicted of an offense under Section

6105(b), and their conduct of possessing a firearm despite that criminal

history, is covered by the plain text of the Second Amendment. As emphasized

above, Bruen did not directly address the question of whether prohibiting

felons or other convicted offenders from possessing guns violates the Second

Amendment. That is because Bruen made clear the case at hand involved and

     across the street” to achieve a different result in federal court than
     would be obtained in state court. McDonald v. Whitewater
     Challengers, Inc., 116 A.3d 99, 106 n.13 (Pa. Super. 2015)
     (quoting NASDAQ OMX PHLX, Inc. v. PennMont Secs., 52 A.3d
     296, 303 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citations omitted)).

     Further: When confronted with a question heretofore unaddressed
     by the courts of this Commonwealth, we may turn to the courts of
     other jurisdictions. “Although we are not bound by those
     decisions,” “we may use decisions from other jurisdictions for
     guidance to the degree we find them useful and not incompatible
     with Pennsylvania law.” Commonwealth v. Manivannan, 186
     A.3d 472, 483–484 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citing Newell v. Mont.
     W., Inc., 154 A.3d 819, 823 and n.6 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citation
     and internal quotation marks omitted)).

Wenk, 228 A.3d at 550 n. 9.

                                    - 17 -
J-A01018-24

applied only to “law-abiding” citizens. Its decision was clearly rooted in that

premise.

      As the trial court pointed out, the Bruen decision is literally peppered

throughout the opinion with references to the “law-abiding” status of the

petitioners and the Second Amendment rights of “law-abiding” citizens to bear

arms for self-defense. See, e.g., Bruen, 597 U.S. at 9 (stating this Court has

recognized the Second and Fourteenth Amendments protect the right of law-

abiding citizens to possess handguns at home for self-defense); Id. at 15, 31

(reiterating that petitioners are law-abiding citizens and part of “the people”

protected by the Second Amendment); Id. at 60 (stating that the historical

limitations on the right to bear arms did not prevent law-abiding citizens with

ordinary self-defense needs from carrying arms in public); Id. at 70 (stating

American governments have generally not required law-abiding, responsible

citizens from demonstrating a special need for self-protection). In addition,

Bruen’s holding explicitly applies to “law-abiding” citizens and finds the New

York statute unconstitutional because it impinges on “law-abiding” citizens’

Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for self-defense. See id. at

71.

      We agree with the trial court that the repetitive highlighting of the rights

of “law-abiding” citizens does not buttress McIntyre’s assertion that Bruen

commands a conclusion that the Second Amendment protects the possession

of firearms by those who, like McIntyre, have been convicted of several violent

                                     - 18 -
J-A01018-24

felonies. Instead, as aptly stated by the United States District Court in United

States v. Coleman, the clear implication of Bruen’s repeated usage of the

term “law-abiding” is that “the reach of Bruen ends at the feet of those

individuals who are not law-abiding citizens.” Coleman, 2023 WL 122401 at

*2 (N.D. W.Va. 2023) (slip copy).

      We find further support for this conclusion from the fact that the Bruen

Court explicitly relied on Heller throughout its opinion and when clarifying the

standard to be applied to Second Amendment challenges. In Heller, the

United States Supreme Court conducted an extensive historical analysis and

concluded that the Second Amendment confers an individual right on law-

abiding citizens to keep and bear arms for self-defense, unconnected with

service in the militia. See Heller, 554 U.S. at 635 (explaining that the Second

Amendment protects the “rights of law-abiding, responsible citizens to use

arms in defense of hearth and home”); Bruen, 597 U.S. at 8-9 (stating that

in Heller and McDonald v. Chicago, 561 U.S. 742 (2010)(extending Heller

to individual states via the Fourteenth Amendment), the Court recognized that

the Second and Fourteenth Amendments protect the right of an ordinary, law-

abiding citizen to possess a handgun in the home for self-defense).

      Despite its holding, the Heller Court was very clear that an individual’s

Second Amendment rights are not unlimited and are subject to regulation. It

explicitly cautioned that “nothing in our opinion should be taken to cast doubt

on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons …, [which

                                     - 19 -
J-A01018-24

are] presumptively lawful regulatory measures.” 554 U.S. at 626, 627 n.26.

In other words, Heller, on which Bruen not only relied but reinforced,

specifically validated the prohibition on the possession of firearms by felons

as being consistent with the individual rights protected by the Second

Amendment. As with Bruen, we are bound by Heller.

      Based on all the above, we agree that Bruen does not stand for the

principle that convicted violent offenders such as McIntyre are “the people”

who have a right to possess arms under the Second Amendment. Bruen in

no way said that felons are protected under the Second Amendment, nor can

its decision, with its hyper focus on “law-abiding” citizens, be read as providing

the necessary support for such a determination.

      Instead, Bruen reinforced Heller, which unequivocally stated that its

holding that individuals had a right to bear arms under the Second

Amendment did not in any way call into doubt the government’s ability to

prohibit felons from possessing firearms.3 Therefore, under Heller, we find

that the plain text of the Second Amendment does not cover McIntyre and his

possession of a firearm as a convicted offender. This conclusion negates any

3 Though not raised by McIntyre, we recognize the argument that the “law-

abiding” language used in Bruen, as well as Heller’s assurance that its
decision was in no way meant to disturb the constitutionality of prohibiting
felons from possessing guns, which it identified as presumptively lawful,
constitutes dicta. We note that Bruen used the law-abiding language in its
holding and did nothing to walk back this very direct assurance in Heller. That
said, the language in Bruen and Heller, at the very least, undoubtedly gives
context to those decisions as well as clear guidance to the question we are
tasked with answering in this appeal.

                                     - 20 -
J-A01018-24

need to examine Bruen’s second question, i.e. whether Section 6105’s

prohibition against convicted felons and certain other convicted offenders from

possessing firearms is consistent with this Nation’s history of firearm

regulation.

      In sum, we conclude McIntyre has not met his burden of clearly,

palpably and plainly showing that Section 6105 is unconstitutional under

Bruen. His constitutional claim, therefore, offers him no basis for relief.

      Turning to the remainder of McIntyre’s issues, we observe at the outset

that the briefing on these issues generally fails to comply with our Rules of

Appellate Procedure. As discussed more fully below, McIntyre clumps distinct

issues together under overly broad questions and headings and fails to

adequately introduce, explain or analyze various claims in compliance with the

Rules. See Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a) (providing that the statement of questions

involved must “concisely state the issues to be resolved” and [n]o question

will be considered unless it is stated in the statement of questions involved or

is fairly suggested thereby”); Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a) (providing that “the argument

shall be divided into as many parts as there are questions to be argued; and

shall have at the head of each part … the particular point treated therein,

followed by such discussion and citation of authorities as are deemed

pertinent”). The end result is that we are constrained to find waiver in many

instances. We elaborate in our following discussion of McIntyre’s individual

claims.

                                     - 21 -
J-A01018-24

      We find it judicious to address McIntyre’s sufficiency of the evidence

claim first, which he assigns as his fourth question in his statement of

questions involved but argues under his third issue in his argument section.

We do so as the central case relied on by McIntyre in his sufficiency claim is

also repeatedly referenced in later claims. Moreover, by addressing his

sufficiency claim first, we attempt to add some context to the incomplete

background McIntyre provides in some of those later claims.

      McIntyre claims the Commonwealth failed to present sufficient evidence

to sustain the possession of a firearm conviction. In the first place, this

sufficiency issue is waived. McIntyre did not properly raise this issue in his

Rule 1925(b) statement as he did not identify which elements of the offense

he was asserting the Commonwealth did not prove. It is waived for that reason

alone. See Commonwealth v. Williams, 959 A.2d 1252, 1257-1258 (Pa.

Super. 2008) (stating that a sufficiency claim is waived if the Rule 1925

statement fails to articulate the specific elements of the crime for which the

appellant is challenging as having been insufficiently proven, and regardless

of whether the trial court addressed the issue). Even if not waived, we have

little trouble finding that the Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence to

sustain the possession conviction.

      When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we must

determine whether, when viewed in the light most favorable to the

Commonwealth as the verdict winner, the evidence presented at trial and all

                                     - 22 -
J-A01018-24

reasonable inferences derived from the evidence was sufficient to establish all

of   the   elements   of   the    offense   beyond     a   reasonable    doubt.    See

Commonwealth v. Ramtahal, 33 A.3d 602, 607 (Pa. 2011). The

Commonwealth may sustain its burden entirely by circumstantial evidence.

See id. Moreover, the jury, which passes upon the weight and credibility of

each witness’s testimony, is free to believe all, part or none of the evidence.

See id.

      To sustain McIntyre’s conviction for person prohibited from possessing

a firearm, the Commonwealth had to prove: (1) McIntyre possessed a firearm

and (2) that McIntyre had previously been convicted of one of 38 enumerated

offenses   which   made     him     ineligible   to   possess   that    firearm.   See

Commonwealth v. Miklos, 159 A.3d 962, 967 (Pa. Super. 2017); 18 Pa.

C.S.A. § 6105(b). Possession can be found by actual possession or

constructive possession. See Commonwealth v. Parrish, 191 A.3d 31, 36

(Pa. Super. 2018). When there is no direct evidence the person was in physical

possession of the firearm, the Commonwealth must prove the element of

possession through what has been described as the “legal fiction” of

constructive possession. See id. This Court has stated that a defendant has

constructive possession of contraband if he has conscious dominion of it, that

is, he has the “power to control the contraband and the intent to exercise that

control.” Id. (citation omitted). Constructive possession is “an inference

arising from a set of facts that possession of the contraband was more likely

                                        - 23 -
J-A01018-24

than not[,]” see Commonwealth v. Hopkins, 67 A.3d 817, 820 (Pa. Super.

2013)(citation omitted) and may be established by the totality of the

circumstances, see Parrish, 191 A.3d at 36.

      Here, McIntyre only challenges the sufficiency of the possession prong.

As the trial court found, however, McIntyre admitted at trial that he

intentionally possessed the firearm when he picked it up, carried it for a

substantial distance and then buried it. As such, there is no dispute that

McIntyre had physical possession of the firearm. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 301(c)

(stating “possession is an act, within the meaning of this section, if the

possessor knowingly procured or received the thing possessed or was aware

of his control thereof for a sufficient period to have been able to terminate his

possession”).

      McIntyre argues, however, that because the gun was ultimately not

physically found on his person, the Commonwealth had to establish he

constructively possessed the gun. He argues constructive possession requires

a showing that he intended to exercise control of the gun and in this case, he

did not have that intent because his intent was always to relinquish control of

the gun. In support, he relies on Commonwealth v. Heidler, 741 A.2d 213

(Pa. Super. 1999). This claim is without merit.

      In Heidler, Heidler handed his firearm, which he legally possessed, to

his girlfriend on their way to picking up Heidler’s son at school. The girlfriend

placed the gun in her purse. When they arrived at the school, Heidler went

                                     - 24 -
J-A01018-24

into the school to retrieve his son while his girlfriend and her purse remained

in the car. Despite these circumstances, Heidler was ultimately charged with

and convicted of possessing a weapon on school property.

      On appeal, this Court agreed with Heidler that there was insufficient

evidence to establish he constructively possessed the firearm. The Court

observed that when somebody else has equal access to the area where the

firearm is found, the defendant cannot be said to have the power to control

or the intent to control the firearm per se. See Heidler, 741 A.2d at 216. The

Court found that, because the girlfriend had the gun in her purse, she was the

one who had access to it, and it therefore could not be said that Heidler had

the power to control or the intent to control the gun. See id. Alternatively,

the Court noted it was clear Heidler did not intend to exercise control over the

gun once arriving on school property given that he relinquished control of the

gun to his girlfriend before entering school property. See id.

      In finding Heidler inapplicable to the facts of this case, the trial court

explained:

              [T]he trial court did not err in finding [McIntyre’s] reliance
      on the decision in Commonwealth v. Heidler, 741 A.2d 213 (Pa.
      Super. 1999), to be misplaced. In Heidler, the Superior Court
      concluded that the Commonwealth’s evidence failed to
      demonstrate that [Heidler] had the power or intent to control a
      gun on school property that he handed to his girlfriend before they
      entered the property. [See id.] at 216. Rather, the Superior Court
      concluded that [Heidler] intended to relinquish control of the gun
      [before he was on school property] when he handed it to his
      girlfriend.

                                     - 25 -
J-A01018-24

              Here, unlike in Heidler, no one other than the accused had
        equal access to or control of the firearm in this case. [McIntyre]
        did not relinquish the weapon to a friend or family member. Nor
        did he even leave it where he found it. Rather, he testified that he
        took the firearm from its location and carried it away to a location
        only known to him and hid it. As a result, he was the only person
        that had access to the weapon. He was the only one with the
        necessary power or intent to control the hidden weapon.

Trial Court Opinion, 3/28/2023, at 7. The court then noted:

        Finally, [McIntyre] took the stand and testified at trial. Thus, the
        jury, as fact-finders, could themselves judge the credibility of
        [McIntyre’s] contention that he had no intention of possessing the
        weapon and intended to relinquish the same. It is not within [a]
        court’s purview to substitute its credibility [determination] for that
        [made by] the jury.

Id.

        As such, the trial court rejected McIntyre’s sufficiency claim. We see no

error    in   the   court’s    determination   that   Heidler,    with    facts   clearly

distinguishable     from      those   here,   was   not   controlling    and   that   the

Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence for the jury to reasonably

conclude that McIntyre unlawfully possessed the firearm. No relief is due.

        We now turn to the second question McIntyre presents in his statement

of the questions involved, where McIntyre tangles several distinct claims

together. He argues in his statement of the question involved and his heading

in the argument section that the trial court’s denial of a justification instruction

and “a series of the trial court’s rulings” violated his due process rights to

present a complete defense. Although McIntyre does not directly state what

that defense was in his argument of this issue, as noted above, McIntyre’s

                                          - 26 -
J-A01018-24

defense at trial was essentially that he did not intentionally possess the

firearm because he intended to relinquish control of the firearm and was also

justified in his possession of the firearm. These claims are either waived or

without merit.

      In the first place, McIntyre’s statement of the question involved is overly

broad and vague in violation of Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a). It is not until McIntyre’s

actual argument that he attempts to reveal “the series of rulings” he is

challenging under the umbrella of his second question. There, he baldly

asserts that the trial court’s “rulings on [(1)] the justification instruction, [(2)]

the possession instruction, [(3)] the Commonwealth’s objections to the cross-

examination of Sergeant Hill, and [(4)] the Commonwealth’s objections to the

direct examination of Olga Encarnacion” all violated his due process rights.

Appellant’s Brief at 31.

      As the Commonwealth argues, these are distinct issues with distinct

legal principles and McIntyre’s attempt to bundle them under the rubric of a

single question in his statement of the question involved results in a failure to

properly set forth the issues to be resolved. Moreover, as noted above,

McIntyre did not even identify the last three rulings he was attempting to

challenge in that question, and those three issues are waived for that reason

as well. See Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a).

      Even if not waived due to a deficient statement of questions involved,

we agree with the Commonwealth that McIntyre’s challenges to the last three

                                       - 27 -
J-A01018-24

rulings would be waived for lack of development. See Commonwealth v.

Love, 896 A.2d 1276, 1287 (Pa. Super. 2006) (stating that claims that are

not sufficiently developed are waived). Broadly speaking, McIntyre mashes all

of his allegations of error into a single argument, weaving the separate issues

together, and supporting his arguments primarily with nothing more than

conclusory assertions. See Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a) (providing that “the argument

shall be divided into as many parts as there are questions to be argued; and

shall have at the head of each part … the particular point treated therein). We

address the deficiencies with the argument concerning each of the three

rulings individually.

      As for McIntyre’s claim regarding the court’s possession instruction, he

appears to assert the trial court erred by not granting his request to include

the definition of “conscious dominion” in a constructive possession instruction.

See Appellant’s Brief at 16. McIntyre does cite general law on constructive

possession in his argument section. See Appellant’s Brief at 32 (citing

Heidler, 741 A.2d at 216 (stating that a defendant has constructive

possession of a firearm if he has conscious dominion of it, that is, both the

power to control the firearm and the intent to exercise such control)).

However, his entire analysis on that issue is that the trial court:

      conflated the actus reas with the mens reas. i.e. conflated
      voluntary possession as an act with the intent to take and retain
      possession (i.e. conscious dominion). The trial court was clearly
      wrong in denying [McIntyre] … a possession instruction including
      the language of “conscious dominion” under Heidler.

                                     - 28 -
J-A01018-24

Appellant’s Brief at 33.

        McIntyre does not attempt to give context to the trial court’s ruling. Nor

does he attempt to address the trial court’s discussion on why it found his

reliance on Heidler to be misplaced or the trial court’s explanation as to why

it did not abuse its discretion by charging the jury on possession when it

instructed them that in order to find a person unlawfully possessed a firearm

it must find the person “must have [had] the intent to control and the power

to control the firearm.” Trial Court Opinion, 3/28/2024, at 7, 17. McIntyre’s

conclusory and undeveloped argument is waived. See Love, 896 A.2d at

1287.

        As for McIntyre’s claim that the trial court erred in its ruling on the

objections raised during Sergeant Hill’s testimony, McIntyre’s argument states

only this:

        The comments made by the Daimion family to Sergeant Hill goes
        to the very real danger of a violent altercation – which the family
        was trying to incite – that [McIntyre] intended to avoid. This goes
        to his intent, which is relevant to conscious dominion and
        justification.

Appellant’s Brief at 34.

        As this excerpt makes clear, McIntyre does not attempt to give context

to this claim or even identify the comments to which he is referring. If we flip

to McIntyre’s statement of the case section of his brief, we see that McIntyre

does generally note there that the trial court sustained the Commonwealth’s

objections when defense counsel sought to cross-examine Sergeant Hill about

                                      - 29 -
J-A01018-24

the Daimions’ comments to McIntyre about McIntyre being a Muslim and

hating cops. See Appellant’s Brief at 16. It is possible these are the comments

McIntyre is referring to in his argument section, but it is not this Court’s

responsibility to try to guess an appellant’s argument or piece the argument

together for him. See Armolt, 294 A.3d at 377 (stating that it is not an

appellate court’s duty to formulate an argument on behalf of an appellant). In

any event, we also note that McIntyre cites no case law to support his already

undeveloped argument. This claim is waived. See Commonwealth v.

Rahman, 75 A.3d 497, 504 (Pa. Super. 2013) (stating that if an appellant

does not meaningfully discuss a claim with citation to relevant authority it is

waived).

      McIntyre’s summary challenge to the trial court’s ruling during

Encarnacion’s testimony suffers a similar fate. McIntyre generally asserts in

his argument section that the comments made by McIntyre to Encarnacion fell

within the state-of-mind exception to the hearsay rule. Again, McIntyre does

not provide any context or identify the comments he now claims were

admissible. And again, McIntyre does summarily reference in his statement of

the case section that the trial court sustained the Commonwealth’s objection

when defense counsel asked Encarnacion “why” McIntyre was fearful when he

called her on May 31, 2020. However, as discussed above, even if these were

the comments McIntyre is now asserting were improperly ruled inadmissible

                                    - 30 -
J-A01018-24

by the court, it is not for this Court to try to piece together McIntyre’s

argument. See Armolt, 294 A.3d at 377.

      Further, while McIntyre does quote the state of mind exception found in

Pa.R.E. 803(3), he cites to no other legal authority and does little to explain

how Rule 803(3) applies to the unidentified comments he seems to claim were

admissible under the state of mind exception. See Rahman, 75 A.3d at 504.

We agree with the Commonwealth that this claim, like the two just discussed,

is also waived.4

      Lastly, we address the only ruling specifically challenged in McIntyre’s

question in his statement of the questions involved, namely the court’s denial

of his request to give a justification instruction. McIntyre’s argument on this

issue is also wanting, and we find it is also arguably waived for lack of

development. See Love, 896 A.2d at 1287. To the extent we can review the

claim presented, it is without merit.

4 We recognize that in his reply brief, McIntyre responds, at least in part, to

the Commonwealth’s waiver argument. He asserts he combined the four
rulings in one issue because they all related in some way to his ability to
present a complete defense. He asserts that by arguing these issues are
waived, the Commonwealth “value[s] repetition over efficiency and economy.”
Appellant’s Reply Brief at 10. Of course, striving for efficiency and economy in
one’s brief is far different than producing a brief that fails to follow the Rules
of Appellate Procedure. In an attempt to cure the deficiencies in the argument
in his initial brief, McIntyre does divide his argument into four sections in his
reply brief. However, and importantly, he does not change or add anything
else of substance to those arguments. Moreover, “a reply brief cannot be a
vehicle to argue issues raised but inadequately developed in [the] appellant’s
original brief.” Commonwealth v. Fahy, 737 A.2d 214, 218 n.8 (Pa. 1999).

                                        - 31 -
J-A01018-24

      Once again, McIntyre does not provide any context for this claim.

Instead, he abruptly claims the trial court erred by not giving the justification

instruction he sought, though he does not state what that proposed instruction

was or where it can be found in the record, although he generally asserts it

focused on his intent. See Pa.R.A.P. 2119(c) (requiring appellants to reference

the place in the record where the charge, evidence or other matter referred

to in the argument appears). He asserts the trial court should have given this

instruction because it was “plausible and valid.” Appellant’s Brief at 33.5

      McIntyre does not offer any general law regarding the justification

defense or when a justification instruction is warranted. Nor does he cogently

explain how justification applies to his situation. Rather, he only asserts that

he was entitled to a justification instruction pursuant to Miklos and

Commonwealth v. Lineman, 219 A.3d 684 (Pa. Super. 2019). This claim

offers no basis for relief.

      First, as to the general law which McIntyre fails to provide, we note that

under Pennsylvania’s justification statute, “the use of force upon or toward

another person is justifiable when the actor believes that such force is

immediately necessary for the purpose of protecting himself against the use

5 Although McIntyre does not point to the place in the record where his
proposed instruction can be found, we are aware the trial court stated in its
Rule 1925(a) opinion, without reference to the record, that McIntyre’s
proposed instruction included: “If you find the defendant believed it necessary
to remove the fire[arm] from the premises … in order to avoid a further harm
or evil to himself, this means that the defendant did not have the intent to
unlawfully possess a firearm.” Trial Court Opinion, 3/28/2023, at 18.

                                     - 32 -
J-A01018-24

of unlawful force.” 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 505. Justification is an affirmative defense,

and the defendant has the burden of providing an appropriate offer of proof

in order     to   be   entitled to   a   jury instruction on   justification.   See

Commonwealth v. Manera, 827 A.2d 482, 485 n.7 (Pa. Super. 2003). Jury

instructions on self-defense are not warranted where the evidence does not

support a finding of self-defense. See Commonwealth v. Washington, 692

A.2d 1024, 1029 (Pa. 1997).

      In Miklos, Miklos was charged with unlawfully possessing a firearm and

asserted he acted with justification. He testified at trial that the victim pulled

out a gun and threatened him. According to Miklos, he proceeded to wrestle

the victim for the gun, the gun discharged during the scuffle and the victim

was shot. Miklos then picked up the gun, shot the victim again, and fled the

scene with the gun. Miklos was convicted of person prohibited from possessing

a firearm.

      On appeal, Miklos argued he did not have the requisite intent to possess

the firearm as he only possessed it in self-defense. This Court initially found

that the defense of justification is available to persons charged with unlawfully

possessing a firearm where the defendant claims he came into possession of

a gun by disarming another during an altercation. See Miklos, 159 A.3d at

968-969. The Superior Court, however, agreed with the trial court that, while

Miklos may have been justified in initially possessing the gun, his continued

control of the gun after the altercation was not justified. See id. at 969.

                                         - 33 -
J-A01018-24

      Similarly, in Lineman, Lineman was convicted of person prohibited from

possessing a firearm under Section 6105. On appeal, Lineman argued that he

did not intend to possess the firearm because he only grabbed the firearm

after his acquaintance pulled a gun on him and he wrestled the acquaintance

for control of the gun. This Court held that pursuant to Miklos, a justification

defense is available for a possessory offense “where a defendant plausibly

argues he did not intentionally possess the firearm.” Lineman, 219 A.3d at

688. As applied to Lineman, this Court essentially found that it did not discern

any error in the trial court’s conclusion that Lineman’s possession of the gun

was not justified as the court, sitting as fact-finder, did not credit Lineman’s

testimony. See id. at 689.

      Although not even acknowledged by McIntyre, the Pennsylvania

Supreme Court reversed this Court’s decision in Lineman. In a per curiam

order, the High Court stated it was reversing the decision “based on

Commonwealth v. Torres, 564 Pa. 219, 766 A.2d 342, 345 (Pa. 2001)

(explaining that a fact-finder’s mere disbelief of the defendant’s testimony

going forward with the evidence relative to a justification defense is ‘no

substitute for the proof the Commonwealth was required to provide to

disprove the self-defense claim’).” Lineman, 237 A.3d 963 (Pa. 2020) (Table)

(per curiam order).

      Notwithstanding this reversal, the trial court noted that McIntyre was

arguing Miklos and Lineman warranted his proposed justification instruction

                                     - 34 -
J-A01018-24

here as those cases stood for the proposition that the justification defense is

available for possessory offenses when the defendant plausibly argues he did

not intentionally possess the firearm. See N.T., 7/14/2022, at 120;

Appellant’s Brief at 32. The court found there was simply no such plausible

argument here. To that end, the court recounted that McIntyre admitted he

intentionally took the gun, walked with it for some distance in his hand and

then buried it, which the trial court found “no doubt” amounted to intentional

possession. Id. at 121, 122. As such, the court ruled the justification

instruction was not warranted. See id. at 122.

      Instead, the court stated it would give the standard jury instruction to

the jury on person prohibited from possessing a firearm, which included the

instruction that “for a person to possess a firearm he must have the intent to

control it and the power to control it.” Id. at 122. The court did, in fact, give

that instruction to the jury. See id. at 169.

      Moreover, as to McIntyre’s argument regarding Miklos and Lineman,

the court also stated the following:

      As the Miklos case noted, many of the cases [dealing with] the
      issue of possession of a firearm and a justification defense involve
      the issues of self-defense or where there is a struggle over a
      weapon. These were not the issues or factual scenarios in this
      case.

Trial Court Opinion, 3/28/2023, at 18.

      We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s conclusion that Miklos

and Lineman do not support a finding that McIntyre was entitled to a

                                       - 35 -
J-A01018-24

justification instruction, or in its conclusion that McIntyre failed to provide an

offer of proof showing his proposed justification instruction was warranted

under the facts here. McIntyre’s summary and conclusory allegations to the

contrary do not convince us otherwise.

      McIntyre’s third issue in his argument section does not match his

statement of the questions involved. Rather, he phrases his third, and, at least

in his argument section, his final, issue as: “Appellant’s conviction should be

reversed and remanded for the other reasons raised in Appellant’s Concise

Statement of Errors.” Appellant’s Brief at 34. McIntyre then proceeds to raise

four separate claims inside this issue.

      First, he raises his challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, which

we addressed and rejected above. Next, he broadly asserts the trial court

erred by failing to grant his motions for a new trial.

      McIntyre first asserts the court erred by not granting his motion for a

new trial based on his claim that the verdict was against the weight of the

evidence. Appellate review of a weight claim ruled on by the trial court is not

a reevaluation of the underlying question of whether the verdict was against

the weight of the evidence. See Commonwealth v. Champney, 832 A.2d

403, 408 (Pa. 2003). Instead, our review of such a claim is limited to whether

the trial court palpably abused its discretion in determining that the verdict

was not against the weight of the evidence See id.

                                      - 36 -
J-A01018-24

      In considering McIntyre’s weight claim, the trial court first noted that a

new trial is only warranted in this context when the verdict is so contrary to

the evidence as to shock one’s sense of justice. See Trial Court Opinion,

3/28/2023, at 8 (citing Commonwealth v. Smith, 181 A.3d 1168, 1187 (Pa.

Super. 2018). The court also observed that it was exclusively within the

province of the jury to assess the credibility of witnesses and resolve

contradictory testimony. See Trial Court Opinion, 3/28/2023, at 8 (citing

Commonwealth v. Delmonico, 251 A.3d 829, 837 (Pa. Super. 2021).

      Applying those principles to the instant case, the trial court explained

why it had denied McIntyre’s weight claim:

      In this case, [McIntyre] testified at trial. The jury was able to
      consider his testimony and the credibility thereof. He testified that
      he did not relinquish the weapon to anyone. The jury could have
      reasonably concluded, beyond a reasonable doubt, that
      [McIntyre] intended to exercise control over the handgun he hid.
      Therefore, following review of [McIntyre’s] motion, the arguments
      of counsel, and review of the testimony at the trial before this
      court, which included [McIntyre’s] own testimony, the court
      concludes that the jury’s verdict was not so contrary to the
      evidence as to shock one’s sense of justice.

Order, 1/24/2023, at 3.

      We detect no abuse of discretion in this conclusion. In his attempt to

establish the contrary conclusion that an abuse of discretion had been

committed, McIntyre first baldly reasserts his contention, without further

explanation, that the evidence did not establish his intent to control the gun.

However, this undeveloped argument ignores that it was within the jury’s

province to evaluate the credibility and weight to be assigned to McIntyre’s

                                     - 37 -
J-A01018-24

testimony, including his testimony that he possessed the gun but intended to

relinquish control of the gun. See Ramtahal, 33 A.3d at 607 (the jury passes

upon the weight and credibility of each witness’s testimony and is free to

believe all, part or none of that testimony).

      McIntyre also asserts the verdict was against the weight of the evidence

because it was inconsistent. This claim is waived for several reasons. First,

McIntyre does not adequately explain his claim. See Love, 896 A.2d at 1287.

He does cite testimony he seems to argue was contradictory, but he does not

make any reference to where that testimony can be found in the record in

violation of Pa.R.A.P. 2119(c), or demonstrate how that testimony establishes

the jury’s verdict was inconsistent. He also fails to cite any legal authority or

provide any legal analysis to support this argument in violation of Pa.R.A.P.

2119(a). It is, once again, waived.

      Based on all of the above, we conclude McIntyre is not entitled to any

relief on his weight claim. He has not shown, and we do not find, that the trial

court palpably abused its discretion by determining the verdict was not against

the weight of the evidence and, in turn, denying McIntyre’s motion for a new

trial on that basis.

      McIntyre argues “alternatively” that the trial court abused its discretion

by denying his motion for a new trial based on prosecutorial misconduct.

During closing, the prosecutor compared McIntyre hiding the firearm to a

pirate hiding his treasure. McIntyre now claims, without citing any legal

                                      - 38 -
J-A01018-24

authority on prosecutorial misconduct, that because he is “a member of the

Islam religion” and “grow[s] a beard as part of his Muslim identity,” the

prosecutor’s   pirate   comments    constituted   misconduct     because    they

“improperly targeted [McIntyre’s] religion.” Appellant’s Brief at 38-39. We fail

to understand this contention, and cannot make the connection with the

objected to comments and McIntyre’s religion. As McIntyre concedes,

however, counsel did not object to the prosecutor’s comments at the time

they were made during closing arguments. Therefore, we agree with the

Commonwealth that the claim is waived for this reason alone. See

Commonwealth v. Davenport, 342 A.2d 67, 75 n.4 (Pa. 1975).

      In his final claim in his argument section, McIntyre asserts his “pre-trial

motions should have been granted.” Appellant’s Brief at 39. This undeveloped

claim is also waived.

      McIntyre begins his argument of this issue with the statement that he

is incorporating by reference the arguments made in his pre-trial motions.

Next, he cites general law on due process rights at a preliminary hearing and

the Commonwealth’s burden to establish a prima facie case at that hearing.

He then offers the following argument:

           It is submitted that no prima facie case was met under
      Heidler, thus the charges should have been dismissed via the
      habeas motion.

            It is further submitted that [McIntyre’s] procedural due
      process rights were violated by the way the magisterial court
      conducted his hearing. As argued in [McIntyre’s] pro se motion,
      this includes the use of video testimony, the refusal of his

                                     - 39 -
J-A01018-24

      compulsory process rights to subpoena witnesses, the lack of
      notice of the hearings, the lack of notice of his prior counsel’s
      withdrawal, and the lack of any discussion by the magisterial court
      on [McIntyre’s] original procedural due process habeas motion,
      properly raised in the first instance with the magisterial district
      judge.

Appellant’s Brief at 40.

      Clearly, McIntyre’s argument consists of nothing more than conclusory

and woefully unexplained allegations of error. He does not engage in any

meaningful legal analysis at all. See Rahman, 75 A.3d at 504. And while

McIntyre does incorporate by reference the arguments contained in his pretrial

motions, as discussed above, it is not for this Court to formulate and piece

together an appellant’s arguments for him. See Armolt, 294 A.3d at 377.

      In any event, even if not waived, the Commonwealth points out that

once a defendant is found guilty after trial, any alleged defects or errors at

the preliminary hearing stage are rendered moot. See Commonwealth v.

Lee, 662 A.2d 645, 650 (Pa. 1995) (providing that a defendant’s “adjudication

of guilt renders moot any allegation that the Commonwealth failed to establish

a prima facie case” at the preliminary hearing); Commonwealth v. Sanchez,

82 A.3d 943, 985 (Pa. 2013) (stating that once a defendant has been found

guilty after trial “any defect in the preliminary hearing is rendered

immaterial”).

      In sum, we conclude that Section 6105’s prohibition of persons

convicted of one of the enumerated offenses in Section 6105(b) from

possessing a firearm is not unconstitutional pursuant to Bruen. As such,

                                    - 40 -
J-A01018-24

McIntyre’s conviction for possessing a firearm after being convicted of

aggravated assault and other violent offenses in violation of Section 6105

need not be dismissed on constitutionality grounds. The remainder of

McIntyre’s claims on appeal are either waived or meritless, and accordingly,

also fail to offer him any basis for relief.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Date: 3/25/2024

                                       - 41 -