Court Opinion

ID: 6221192
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-12 05:05:49.113047+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:57:21.117307
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   February 10, 2022
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 355771
                                                                   Muskegon Circuit Court
ROBERT DAVID BERNDT, JR.,                                          LC No. 19-002520-FH

               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and M. J. KELLY and REDFORD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant, Robert Berndt, Jr., entered a conditional plea of no contest to one count of
allowing an intoxicated person to operate a motor vehicle causing death, MCL 257.625(4), (10)(b).
The conditional plea preserved his right to appeal the circuit court’s order denying his motion to
suppress the results of a blood test. He appeals now by leave granted.1 For the reasons stated in
this opinion, we affirm.

                                       I. BASIC FACTS

        On September 23, 2018, Berndt ran a stop sign and was struck by a semitruck. As a result
of the impact, the semitruck flipped over and its driver was killed. After three search warrant
affidavits for a blood draw from Berndt were rejected, the fourth search warrant affidavit was
approved and his blood was drawn. The lab test found a level of THC in Berndt’s blood sufficient
for the court to find that he was under the influence of THC at the time of the accident.

       Berndt was charged with operating while intoxicated causing death and moving violation
causing death. On January 23, 2019, he filed with the district court a motion to suppress the
evidence obtained pursuant to the search warrant. He alleged that the search warrant affidavit
contained false statements, omitted material information, was supported by evidence that was

1
 People v Berndt, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered February 16, 2021 (Docket
No. 355771).

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illegally obtained, and lacked probable cause. On April 8, 2019, a hearing on defendant’s motion
to suppress was held in the district court. At that time, Berndt placed a number of stipulations on
the record involving the search warrant. Per the stipulations, the following information was
removed from the search warrant affidavit:

              That [the affiant] has personally observed the above named driver or been
       informed by ________ who had personally observed the above named driver and
       believes that said driver to be Under the Influence of Intoxicating Liquor and/or
       Controlled Substances based on the following observations:

                That said driver has refused a Breathalyzer Test after having been informed
       of his rights under the Implied consent Law.

               The three bags were searched by Deputy Vanas and Deputy Bean. Deputy
       Bead advised that residue of plant material consistent with marijuana was located
       in the gray bag.

Additionally, the following information was added to the search warrant affidavit:

             Defendant Berndt was administered the [Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus] Test,
       Walk and Turn Test and One Leg Stand Test and passed all tests with no problems.

               Defendant Berndt was administered a preliminary breath test (PBT) with
       results showing .000% BAC.

        There was no stipulation, however, concerning the first sentence in Appendix A to the
affidavit. Berndt argued that the sentence was false, was included in the affidavit by the affiant
knowingly and intentionally or with reckless disregard for the truth, and was also necessary for the
finding of probable cause. Therefore, he asserted that once it was removed, there would not be
sufficient information to establish probable cause, and the search warrant and the blood test results
would have to be suppressed. The challenged sentence provided: “Deputy [Jason] VanAndel
spoke with Berndt if he had been drinking and using drugs and he hesitated about the use of drugs.”

         At the hearing, Deputy VanAndel testified that at the scene of the accident he asked Berndt
if he had “drank anything today,” and Berndt, “without hesitation,” said, “I haven’t drank any
alcohol today.” He asked Berndt “if he could pass a drug test.” Berndt “hesitated and . . . then he
just, sort of, kind of, gave a ho, yeah, sort of, a hesitating unsure answer.” Deputy VanAndel then
informed Berndt that when there were serious crashes, the police ask the drivers to take a blood
test. Berndt answered that he would pass a breathalyzer test because he had not been drinking, but
he was not sure if he would pass a drug test and did not answer whether he would take the blood
test. Deputy VanAndel told Berndt, if he refused, then they would seek a search warrant for the
blood test. Deputy VanAndel told Berndt that he would “need more of a clarifying answer,” and
Berndt said, “if you’re making me—if you’re saying that I have to take one you’re going to
mandate me to take one then I’ll take one.” Deputy VanAndel replied that he was not “mandating,”
he was “requesting.” He told Berndt, “I’m not going to make you take something. I will seek a
search warrant if that’s the case.” Berndt never said that he would take the test. Deputy VanAndel
did not see any signs of intoxication and did not administer any of the tests to determine whether
defendant was intoxicated. Deputy VanAndel then had Deputy Kendall Jeppesen, who was at the

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accident scene, take Berndt down to the jail to seek a search warrant. Deputy VanAndel testified
that he told Deputy Jeppesen, who prepared the search warrant affidavits, that Berndt did not “give
me a yes or no answer which I had specifically asked for.”

         Deputy Jeppesen testified that Deputy VanAndel specifically told him that he had asked
Berndt if “he had been drinking and using drugs and he hesitated about the use of the drugs.”
Deputy VanAndel specifically told him that “he hesitated about the use of drugs.” On the basis of
that information, Deputy Jeppesen wrote the challenged sentence. Both deputies and the sergeant
testified that they had no intention to submit false information. During the preparation of the
affidavits, Berndt was administered all the tests for intoxication at the jail, and passed them all.

        Finally, the judge who issued the search warrant testified that if he had been presented with
the search warrant affidavit after the stipulated removals and additions, and even if the disputed
sentence had also been removed, he still would have found probable cause to grant the search
warrant.

        Following testimony and the parties’ arguments, the district court denied the motion to
suppress. The court stated that, with regard to the challenged sentence, it did not find any evidence
of intentional, knowing, false statements or reckless disregard for the truth. It further held that the
difference between “will you pass a drug test versus did he deny using controlled substances . . .
[was] a distinction without difference.” The court explained that it looked at the totality of the
circumstances and found that while there was some superfluous information included in the search
warrant affidavit, after the stipulated removals and additions, there remained sufficient information
for a reasonable person to conclude that there was a probability that evidence of a crime would be
found.

        Berndt was bound over to the circuit court. He then filed a second motion to suppress,
which contained essentially the same allegations that were raised in the district court. Additional
testimony was taken from the deputies and the sergeant. The parties agreed that one of the main
issues before the court was whether the challenged sentence should be removed because it was
false and made intentionally or with reckless disregard for the truth. The circuit court issued a
written opinion denying the motion to suppress. Addressing the challenged sentence, the court
stated:

       Responding to a question about whether he would pass a drug test is tantamount to
       answering whether or not he had used drugs. The controversial sentence is not
       false. Moreover, to the extent it is [in] any manner inaccurate, it clearly is not an
       intentional or knowing falsity nor was it made with reckless disregard for the truth.

Regarding whether the search warrant affidavit, in its totality—after the stipulated information was
removed and the stipulated addition was included—established probable cause for a search warrant
to draw Berndt’s blood, the court stated:

       This Court finds, as did the District Judge and the judge who issued the warrant,
       that these facts provided sufficient information for a reasonably cautious person to
       conclude there was a substantial basis for a finding of probable cause to believe the

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       Defendant had operated a motor vehicle in violation of MCL 257.601(d)(1) and/or
       MCL 257.625(8), and that evidence of prohibited drugs will be found in his blood.

       Thereafter, Berndt entered a conditional plea of no contest to allowing an intoxicated
person operate a motor vehicle causing death. This appeal by leave granted follows.

                                  II. MOTION TO SUPPRESS

                                  A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

         Berndt argues that the circuit court erred by denying his motion to suppress. This Court
reviews a trial court’s findings of fact at a suppression hearing for clear error and reviews de novo
its ultimate decision on a motion to suppress the evidence. People v Brown, 297 Mich App 670,
674; 825 NW2d 91 (2012).

                                          B. ANALYSIS

       As this Court explained in Brown, 297 Mich App at 675:

               A search warrant may only be issued upon a showing of probable cause.
       Probable cause to issue a search warrant exists if there is a substantial basis for
       inferring a fair probability that evidence of a crime exists in the stated place.
       Probable cause must be based on facts presented to the issuing magistrate by oath
       or affirmation, such as by affidavit. [Citations omitted.]

In Illinois v Gates, 462 US 213, 238-239; 103 S Ct 2317; 76 L Ed 2d 527 (1983), the Court held:

       The task of the issuing magistrate is simply to make a practical, common-sense
       decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit before him,
       including the “veracity” and “basis of knowledge” of persons supplying hearsay
       information, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will
       be found in a particular place. And the duty of a reviewing court is simply to ensure
       that the magistrate had a substantial basis for . . . conclud[ing] that probable cause
       existed. [Citation omitted.]

A magistrate’s finding of probable cause and his or her decision to issue a search warrant should
be given great deference. People v Keller, 479 Mich 467, 474; 739 NW2d 505 (2007).
Consequently,

       a search warrant and the underlying affidavit are to be read in a common-sense and
       realistic manner. Affording deference to the magistrate’s decision simply requires
       that reviewing courts ensure that there is a substantial basis for the magistrate’s
       conclusions that there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime
       will be found in a particular place. [People v Russo, 439 Mich 584, 604; 487 NW2d
       698 (1992) (quotation marks and citation omitted.]

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       Regarding the allegation of false statements in an affidavit, in Franks v Delaware, 438 US
154, 155-156; 98 S Ct 2674; 57 L Ed 2d 667 (1978), the United States Supreme Court held:

        Where the defendant makes a substantial preliminary showing that a false statement
        knowingly and intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth, was included
        by the affiant in the warrant affidavit, and if the allegedly false statement is
        necessary to the finding of probable cause, the Fourth Amendment, as incorporated
        in the Fourteenth Amendment, requires that a hearing be held at the defendant’s
        request.

In People v Franklin, 500 Mich 92, 111; 894 NW2d 561 (2017), our Supreme Court held that
“even in the absence of the substantial preliminary showing required by Franks[,] a trial court may
conduct an evidentiary hearing concerning the veracity of a search warrant affidavit[.]” However,
“the defendant must still meet his or her full burden of establishing by a preponderance of the
evidence that the affidavit contains a reckless or deliberate falsehood and that with this material
‘set to one side, the affidavit’s remaining content is insufficient to establish probable cause.’ ” Id.,
quoting Franks, 438 US at 156.

        Berndt first argues that deference should not be afforded to the magistrate’s determination
of probable cause because it was based on content that was later removed and the absence of
content that was later added by stipulation of the parties. Berndt contends that, after those removals
and additions, the facts were insufficient to establish probable cause. However, although at the
time of the magistrate’s decision the affidavit contained information that was later removed and
did not contain information that was later added, both the district court and the circuit court made
their findings on the basis of the stipulated removals and additions to affidavit. In addition, the
magistrate testified before the district court that if he had seen a “corrected” affidavit, he still would
have found probable cause to grant the search warrant. See People v Czuprynski, 325 Mich App
449; 926 NW2d 282 (2018) (stating that “only when material misstatements or omissions
necessary to the finding of probable cause have been made should a search warrant be
invalidated”). Therefore, reversal is not warranted on this basis.

        Next, Berndt argues that the evidence that he passed all the tests regarding whether he was
under the influence of alcohol should have precluded finding probable cause to support a search
warrant. This argument misapprehends the purpose for the warrant in this case. The officers did
not suspect that he was under the influence of alcohol, so the fact that he passed tests designed to
detect intoxication by alcohol is not dispositive.

         Berndt also argues that the following statement in the affidavit was false: “Deputy [Jason]
VanAndel spoke with Berndt if he had been drinking and using drugs and he hesitated about the
use of drugs.” Like the district court and the circuit court, however, we find the issue to be one of
semantics. Although Deputy VanAndel directly asked if Berndt would pass a drug test, the
question implicitly inquired as to whether Berndt had been using drugs. As a result, neither the
district court nor the circuit court clearly erred by finding that the statement was not false.

       The officers were seeking a blood test to determine if there were any drugs in Berndt’s
system. Berndt hesitated when asked about whether he could pass a drug test. Implicit in that
question was an inquiry into whether he had used drugs. Berndt’s contention on appeal that the

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officer’s “subjective interpretation” of his hesitation was not sufficient for a reasonably cautious
person to conclude that there was a substantial basis for a finding of probable cause is not supported
by caselaw. As explained in United States v Cortez, 449 US 411, 418; 101 S Ct 690, 695; 66 L
Ed 2d 621 (1981), the search warrant process deals with probabilities, and common-sense
conclusions about human behavior, and that law enforcement officers are permitted to use their
common sense and, in this case, their many years of experience. The officers were seeking a blood
test to determine if there were any drugs in Berndt’s system. The affidavit contained a reasonable
probability that drugs would be found, given Berndt’s hesitation to answer whether he would pass
a drug test, his failure to consent to a blood draw, and the fact that a K-9 alerted on bags removed
from the vehicle and the center console of the vehicle. Viewing the affidavit in a “common-sense
and realistic manner,” we conclude that the court did not clearly err by concluding that a reasonable
and prudent person would have found a fair probability that the evidence of the suspected crime
would be found in Berndt’s blood. The court did not clearly err in finding sufficient evidence in
the affidavit to support the issuance of a search warrant. Therefore, the trial court did not err by
denying the motion to suppress.

       Affirmed.

                                                              /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                              /s/ Michael J. Kelly
                                                              /s/ James Robert Redford

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