Court Opinion

ID: 4114296
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-01-10 01:01:23.497512+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:30:24.490391
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                 FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

    LUIS DE SOUSA,
                            Plaintiff
                            v.                                     Civil Action No. 16-367 (BAH)

    EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF                                     Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell
    ANGOLA,

                            Defendant.

                                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

         The plaintiff, Luis de Sousa, who is proceeding pro se, filed this action against the

defendant, the Embassy of the Republic of Angola, alleging in the operative Amended

Complaint that the Embassy, through its diplomatic staff and some of its local employees,

engaged in “theft,” Amended Compl. ¶¶ 38, ECF No. 40-1; “defamation,” id. ¶¶ 39, 65, and

caused “emotional distress,” id. ¶¶ 36, 40, 41, 44, 62; stemming from the plaintiff’s alleged

provision of “party services,” id. ¶ 29, and construction and air conditioning work on the

Embassy building, id. ¶¶ 11, 19, ECF No. 1, for which two invoices, totaling $160,726.61,

remain unpaid by the defendant, id. ¶¶ 59-60, as part of the overall $360,000,000 in relief he

seeks, id. ¶ 68. The plaintiff further alleges that, as a result of his filing of this lawsuit in

February 2016, his family in Angola has been threatened with “serious consequences” if he did

not “drop the case.” Id. ¶ 34. 1

1
         The plaintiff moved to amend his Complaint on July 5, 2016, Pl.’s Mot. Amend, ECF No. 31, which
motion should be “freely given,” unless a reason exists for denial, “such as undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive
on the part of the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice
to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, futility of amendment, etc.” Foman v. Davis, 371
U.S. 178, 182 (1962); see also FED. R. CIV. P. 15(a)(2). The defendant has interposed none of those reasons
warranting denial of the motion nor, in fact, opposed the motion. Consequently, the plaintiff’s motion to amend the
complaint is granted, as conceded. See LCvR 47 (providing that if a party does not respond “[w]ithin 14 days of the
date of service” of a motion, “the Court may treat the motion as conceded”). The plaintiff’s subsequent request to
amend his complaint to change the title from “New Complaint” to “Amended Complaint,” Pl.’s Errata, ECF No. 40,
amounts to an insignificant change of no substance and is also granted.

                                                               1
         After his first effort to serve the Embassy was quashed, Order, dated May 27, 2016

(“May 2016 Order”), ECF No. 14, the plaintiff again attempted service on the Embassy, which

has responded by raising further challenges to the effectiveness of service. See Def.’s Mot.

Quash (“Def.’s 2nd Mot. Quash”), ECF No. 39. Meanwhile, the plaintiff has busily persisted in

seeking recompense for his claimed injuries by seeking entry of default judgment against the

Embassy, see Pl.’s Mot. Default J., ECF No. 38, 2 and by filing multiple, nearly identical motions

to attach various property belonging to the Embassy, including a bank account and real property,

see Pl.’s Mot. Attach Bank Account, ECF No. 20; Pl.’s Mot. Attach 2100 16th St NW,

Washington, DC, 20009, ECF No. 23; Pl.’s Mot. Attach 2108 16th St NW. Washington, DC,

20009, ECF No. 24. 3 For the reasons set forth below, the pending motions by the Embassy to

quash service and by the plaintiff for default judgment and attachment of the Embassy’s

purported assets are denied. 4

I.       BACKGROUND

         The plaintiff’s first effort to effect service on the Embassy consisted of a person hand-

delivering a copy of the original Complaint to “Marline” at the Embassy at 2108 16th Street,

2
          The plaintiff filed a form document provided by the Clerk’s office, entitled “Affidavit for Default
Judgment,” which the Court construes as a motion for default judgment. This motion is denied as premature since,
at the time the motion was filed, the defendant’s time for filing a responsive pleading had not expired. See 28
U.S.C. § 1608(d) ("In any action brought in a court of the United States or of a State, a foreign state, a political
subdivision thereof, or an agency or instrumentality of a foreign state shall serve an answer or other responsive
pleading to the complaint within sixty days after service has been made under this section.").
3
          The plaintiff filed five motions to attach Embassy property but no longer pursues two of those motions to
attach the Ambassador’s residence, Pl.’s Mot. Attach 9 Staplesford Hall Ct, Potomoc MD, 20854, ECF No. 22, or
the Embassy’s vehicles, Pl.’s Mot. Attach Vehicles, ECF No. 21. See Pl.’s Reply Supp. Attach Mots., ECF No. 29
(stating plaintiff “no longer requires the attachment of the ambassador [sic] official residence as a respect for the
position and the vehicles as well.”). Consequently, those two motion are denied as moot.
4
          Both parties also seek leave to file surreplies. The plaintiff’s unopposed motion to file a surreply, Pl.’s
Mot. File Surreply, ECF No. 43; Def.’s Resp. Pl.’s Mot. File Surreply, ECF No. 44, is granted, but the Embassy’s
motion to file a surreply regarding the plaintiff’s attachment motions, Def.’s Mot. File Surreply, ECF No. 32, is
denied as moot, since the requested surreply would not alter the resolution of this issue. See Ben-Kotel v. Howard
Univ., 319 F.3d 532, 536 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (noting that District Court has discretion to deny leave to file a surreply);
Akers v. Beal Bank, 760 F. Supp. 2d 1, 3 (D.D.C. 2011) (same).

                                                               2
NW, Washington, D.C. See Proof of Service, ECF No. 2. The Embassy moved to quash service,

citing the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA), 28 U.S.C. §§ 1602 et seq. and claiming that

hand delivery did not constitute a form of “valid service under Section 1608(a) of [the FISA].”

Def.’s Mot. Quash (“Def.’s 1st Mot. Quash”), ECF No. 8. The plaintiff conceded that he had not

complied with the requirements of the FSIA, Pl.’s Resp. Def.’s 1st Mot. Quash at 2, ECF No. 12,

and the Embassy’s motion to quash was granted, while the Court directed the plaintiff to “effect

service in accordance with the requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 1608.” May 2016 Order.

       In compliance with the Court’s direction on proper service, the plaintiff submitted to the

Clerk of Court an affidavit requesting the mailing of relevant documents to the head of ministry

of foreign affairs for Angola, Pl.’s Aff. Req. Foreign Mailing, dated May 31 2016 (“Pl.’s May

2016 Aff.”), ECF No. 15, and, the same day, the Clerk of Court certified that “one copy of the

summons, complaint, and notice of suit, together with a translation of each into the official

language of the foreign state” had been sent to the “head of the ministry of foreign affairs [of

Angola], . . . pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)(3),” see Cert. of Mailing ¶ 2, ECF

No. 16. After delivery, the plaintiff submitted a Notice of Completed Service to which he

attached a “proof-of-delivery” from FedEx, which noted that the package had been successfully

received at the destination and had been signed for and accepted by “S.RRUBRICA.” Notice of

Completed Service at 3, ECF No. 25.

       The Embassy again seeks to quash service of the complaint, claiming that the plaintiff’s

“attempted service has not satisfied the strict requirements of Section 1608(a)” and that the

Embassy “never received Plaintiff’s FedEx package.” See Def.’s Mem. Supp. 2nd Mot. Quash at

3-5, ECF No. 39-1. In support of this assertion, the Embassy provided the affidavit of an

employee at the Embassy, who stated that he “personally travelled to Luanda, Angola, . . . made

                                                     3
diligent inquiries at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . . . [and] that the Ministry has no record of

having received any” package from De Sousa. Id. Ex. 1, Aff. of Frederico Da Silva (“Da Silva

Aff.”), at ¶ 5, ECF No 39-3. In response, the plaintiff submitted his own affidavit in support of

the contention that he sent the proper documents and that they were received, citing to the signed

confirmation of delivery from FedEx, as well as the Clerk of Court’s certification that the

package had been sent. Pl.’s Opp’n Def.’s 2nd Motion Quash Ex. 1, Aff. of Louis De Sousa,

dated August 21, 2016 (“Pl.’s Aug. 2016 Aff.”) at 3-5, ECF No 41-1.

       The Embassy’s motion to quash service and the plaintiff’s motions to attach Embassy

property are ripe for resolution.

II.    LEGAL STANDARDS

       This section reviews the legal standards relevant to the Embassy’s challenge to the

sufficiency of service and the plaintiff’s motions to attach Embassy property.

       A. Serving A Foreign State

       Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(5) requires that a motion asserting the defense of

“insufficient service of process,” be made before filing a responsive pleading, FED. R. CIV. P.

12(b)(5), (h), and incorporates the procedural requirements for proper service that are set out in

Rule 4. As a procedural matter, the manner of serving “[a] foreign state or its political

subdivision, agency, or instrumentality” is governed by the FSIA, 28 U.S.C. § 1608. FED. R.

CIV. P. 4(j); see also Barot v. Embassy of the Republic of Zam., 785 F.3d 26, 27 (D.C. Cir. 2015).

       The FSIA provides two avenues to serve a foreign sovereign, depending on the type of

entity to be served. A “foreign state or [its] political subdivision” must be served pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 1608(a), while “an agency or instrumentality of a foreign state” must be served

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1608(b). Courts have uniformly found that embassies are “integral

                                                      4
part[s] of a foreign state’s political structure,” Transaero, 30 F.3d at 151, and therefore

appropriately considered “foreign states” for FSIA purposes. See Barot, 785 F.3d at 27

(directing, without discussing issue, district court to “permit [plaintiff] . . . to effect service” on

defendant Embassy of Zambia in Washington, D.C. “in compliance with section 1608(a)(3)”);

Howe v. Embassy of It., 68 F. Supp. 3d 26, 33 (D.D.C. 2014) (“[T]he Embassy of Italy in

Washington, D.C., is an ‘integral part of a foreign state’s political structure,’ making it a ‘foreign

state’ for the purposes of the FSIA, subject to the service requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a).”

(quoting Transaero, 30 F.3d at 151)); Embassy of Fed. Republic of Nigeria v. Ugwuonye, 901 F.

Supp. 2d 136, 140 (D.D.C. 2012) (accepting parties’ concession that foreign embassy in

Washington, D.C., was “foreign state” for the purposes of the FSIA); Int’l Rd. Fed’n v. Embassy

of Dem. Rep. Congo, 131 F. Supp. 2d 248, 250 (D.D.C. 2001) (holding embassy of foreign state

in Washington, D.C., a “foreign state” for the purposes of the FSIA and collecting cases).

        Section 1608(a) contains four hierarchical methods of service, which are to be followed

in descending order of preference, that is to say, a plaintiff “must attempt service by the first

method (or determine that it is unavailable) before proceeding to the second method, and so on.”

Angellino v. Royal Family Al-Saud, 688 F.3d 771, 773 (D.C. Cir. 2012); see also Barot, 785 F.3d

at 27 (outlining § 1608(a)’s “methods of service in descending order of preference”); Opati v.

Republic of Sudan, 978 F. Supp. 2d 65, 67 (D.D.C. 2013). The preferred method is “delivery of

the summons and complaint ‘in accordance with any special arrangement for service between the

plaintiff and the foreign state.’” Opati, 978 F. Supp. 2d at 67 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)(1)).

Absent such an arrangement, plaintiffs may follow the methods delineated in “an applicable

international convention on the service of judicial documents,” 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)(2), or,

failing that, by arranging for the Clerk of the Court to “address[] and dispatch[]” the

                                                        5
“summons[,] . . . complaint[,] and a notice of suit” along with versions of the documents

translated into the “official language of the foreign state, by any form of mail requiring a signed

receipt, . . . to the head of the ministry of foreign affairs of the foreign state concerned,” 28

U.S.C. § 1608(a)(3). As a last resort, a plaintiff may “request that the clerk of the court

dispatch” the same documents required by 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)(3) to the United States Secretary

of State, who will then transmit the documents to the foreign state through diplomatic channels.

28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)(4).

        When sufficiency of service is challenged, the burden is on the plaintiff to demonstrate

that service has been effected properly. See Mann v. Castiel, 681 F.3d 368, 372 (D.C. Cir. 2012)

(noting that “the plaintiff has the burden to demonstrate that the procedure employed” to serve

defendant “satisfies the requirements” of proper service) (internal quotation marks omitted); see

also 4A Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1083 (4th

ed. 2016) (“[T]he party on whose behalf service of process is made has the burden of

establishing its validity.”).

        B.      Attachment of Foreign Property within the United States

        Under the FSIA, property of foreign states in the United States is generally “immune

from attachment,” 28 U.S.C. § 1609, but may be subject to pre-judgment attachment when the

property is used “for a commercial activity in the United States” and (1) the foreign sovereign

has explicitly waived its immunity from pre-judgment attachment, and (2) the attachment is to

satisfy a judgment “that has been or may ultimately be entered against the foreign state,” 28

U.S.C. § 1610(d). See NML Capital, Ltd. v. Republic of Arg., 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 47027

(D.D.C. Aug. 3, 2005) (“The FSIA makes a distinction between pre- and post-judgment

attachments in aid of execution, addressing the two remedies separately. While section 1610(a)

                                                       6
governing post-judgment attachments in aid of execution allows for an implicit or explicit waiver

of immunity, section 1610(d), governing pre-judgment attachments requires an explicit waiver.”

(internal citation omitted)).

        The explicit waiver requirement for pre-judgment attachment under §1610(d) requires

that waiver “be explicit in the common sense meaning of the term: the asserted waiver must

demonstrate unambiguously the foreign state's intention to waive its immunity from prejudgment

attachment in this country.” S & S Machinery Co. v. Masinexportimport, 706 F.2d 411, 418 (2d

Cir.1983); see Pine Top Receivables of Illinois, LLC v. Banco de Seguros del Estado, 771 F.3d
980, 985 (7th Cir. 2014) (citing S &S Machinery); Frank v. Commonwealth of Ant. & Barb., No.

15-10717, 2016 WL 6884909, at *5 (5th Cir. Nov. 22, 2016) (holding that explicit waiver

requires “an intentional and knowing relinquishment of [a] legal right”); see also Flanagan v.

Islamic Republic of Iran, No. CV 10-1643, 2016 WL 3149560, at *28 (D.D.C. June 3, 2016)

(citing Pine Top Receivables). While the DC Circuit has not addressed the issue directly, in

analogous circumstances, the Circuit has held that a “foreign sovereign will not be found to have

waived its immunity unless it has clearly and unambiguously done so.” World Wide Minerals,

Ltd. v. Republic of Kazakhstan, 296 F.3d 1154, 1162 (D.C. Cir. 2002); see also Maritime Int'l

Nominees Establishment v. Republic of Guinea, 693 F.2d 1094, 1100 n. 10 (D.C. Cir.1982)

(holding that under the FSIA, Congress contemplated waivers of a “specific and explicit

nature”).

III.    DISCUSSION

        The Embassy’s challenge to the service of process is addressed first before turning to the

plaintiff’s efforts to attach Embassy property.

                                                    7
                  A. Service of Process Was Effective under § 1608(a)(3)

         As the Court previously held, the Embassy “in this case must be served pursuant to §

1608(a),” May 2016 Order at 3, and, further, “neither of the first two methods [of service under §

1608(a)] are available in this case, and [] the plaintiff, therefore, is required to first attempt to

effectuate service pursuant to the third method, provided in § 1608(a)(3), and then, if service

cannot be made in that manner, pursuant to the fourth method, provided in § 1608(a)(4),” id. at 4.

In this case, the plaintiff employed the third method set out in 1608(a)(3), by arranging for the

Clerk of the Court to send the summons and complaint, along with the documents translated into

the official language of Angola to the head of the ministry of foreign affairs of Angola located in

Luanda, Angola. See Pl.’s May 2016 Aff.; Clerk’s Office Certificate of Mailing, ECF No. 16;

Pl.’s Notice of Completed Service, ECF No. 25 (attaching FedEx “proof-of-delivery” that

documents from the Clerk’s Office were delivered on June 6, 2016 at 8:57 a.m. to “Head of the

Ministry Offore, Edifficioll-Run Major Kanhangulo, Luanda Angola 1233 AO,” signed for by

“S.RRUBRICA”).

         The Embassy does not dispute that the address to which the package was sent was correct

or dispute the authenticity of the Clerk’s Office Certificate of Mailing or the plaintiff’s Notice of

Completed Service, with the attached documentation from FedEx. Instead, the Embassy raises

two objections to the process used as support for its argument that the plaintiff has failed to

effectuate service as required under § 1608(a)(3): (1) Angola has been unable to locate any

record of having received the documents dispatched by the Clerk; and (2) the plaintiff sent the

wrong documents when attempting to serve process. See Def.’s Mem. Supp. 2nd Mot. Quash at

5-9. 5 Both arguments fail.

5
         The Embassy also challenged the plaintiff’s “Notice of Completed Service” for not including a signed
receipt as required by the FSIA. Def.’s Mem. Supp. 2nd Mot. Quash at 6-7. In response, the plaintiff filed a signed

                                                              8
                 1. Plaintiff Has Met His Burden of Proof that the Embassy Received the
                 Package.

        The Embassy relies on an affidavit from an Embassy employee in Washington, D.C. to

support its claim that the FedEx package was not received. Da Silva Aff. at ¶ 5 (stating that “the

Ministry has no record of having received any such Federal Express package”); id. at 10 (Letter,

dated “4 August 2016” to Ambassador of the Republic of Angola from Director, Ministry of

Foreign Affairs, stating “Examining our files, we report that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

doesn’t have any record of receipt of the file pertaining to” the “Subject: Legal Proceedings

Against the Embassy.”). Moreover, the Embassy claims that “after diligent inquiry,” it was

“unable to identify who, if anyone, at the Ministry may have signed for the ostensible delivery.”

Def.’s Reply at 5. The Embassy speculates that the Clerk’s Office package may have been

“merely left in the Ministry mail room.” Id. at 6-7 (citing Nikbin v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 471
F. Supp. 2d 53, 68 (D.D.C. 2007) (holding that service sent by way of mail without a signed

receipt and “left in the mailroom” of an embassy amounted to improper service under

§1608(a)(3)).

        The fact that the Angolan Ministry of Foreign Affairs may be unable to locate the

documents sent by the Clerk’s Office may be more reflective of gaps in its own record-keeping

than a failure of service, given the certification by the Clerk’s Office that the documents had

been dispatched and the FedEx delivery receipt with a signature from the individual who

accepted the package at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. See Pl.’s Opp’n Def.’s 2nd Mot. Quash,

Ex. 1 at 2, ECF No. 41-2. The proof provided by the plaintiff satisfies the requirements of §

FedEx receipt for the package dispatched by the Clerk of the Court, Pl.’s Opp’n Def.’s SecondMot. Quash, Ex. 1,
(“FedEx Receipt”), ECF No. 41-1, and as a result, the Embassy concedes that the plaintiff has remedied any
noncompliance related to the signed copy requirement. See Def.’s Reply Supp. 2nd Mot. Quash (“Def.’s Reply”) at
2, ECF No. 42.

                                                            9
1608(a)(3) and speculation by the Embassy about what may have happened to the package does

not defeat otherwise clear evidence that the package was delivered to the Ministry of Foreign

Affairs at the correct address and properly signed as received. The statute does not require more.

       In similar circumstances, another Judge on this Court reasoned that plaintiffs had

provided more than sufficient evidence of compliance with §1608 and that requiring more

“would not only appear to be an exercise in redundancy, but it also would thwart the explicit

congressional preference for service by mail whenever possible.” Abur v. Republic of Sudan,

437 F. Supp. 2d 166, 173 (D.D.C. 2006). In Abur, two defendant foreign countries, claimed

improper service under § 1608(a)(3), and in response, the plaintiffs provided, as proof of proper

service, certification from the Clerk of Court, signed receipts from a commercial courier service,

and delivery logs with a recipient’s signature in one instance and a stamp or seal in the other

instance, for the mailed documents. Id. The court concluded that such evidence was sufficient

to demonstrate plaintiff’s compliance with § 1608(a)(3) and, despite the defendants’ contention

that the packages were not actually received, the “active participation on the part of both the

dispatcher and the recipients demonstrated that the plaintiff had fulfilled the core function of

service, which is to supply notice of the pendency of a legal action, in a manner and at a time that

affords the defendant a fair opportunity to answer the complaint and present defenses and

objections.” Id at 173 (citing Henderson v. United States, 517 U.S. 654, 671 (1996) (quotation

marks omitted)). Such reasoning is equally compelling here. The plaintiff has provided

sufficient evidence of compliance with 1608(a)(3) and the Embassy’s “active participation” in

this litigation demonstrates satisfaction of “[t]he core function of service.” Id.

       The cases cited by the Embassy do not alter this conclusion. While refusal by an

embassy to accept a package may defeat service under § 1608(a)(3), see Ben-Rafael v. Islamic

                                                     10
Republic of Iran, 540 F. Supp. 2d 39, 52 (D.D.C. 2008) (noting that refusal to accept service

under 1608(a)(3) makes such service ineffective); Opati, 978 F. Supp. 2d at 67 (noting service is

“unsuccessful” where mailings are refused by foreign state); Murphy v. Islamic Republic of Iran,

740 F. Supp. 2d 51, 67 (D.D.C. 2010) (holding that refusal of service under Section 1608(a)(3)

meant service was done “to no avail”); Flanagan, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 72331, at *21

(deeming service ineffective because service was refused), the Embassy did not refuse the

package in this case. Instead, the proof in this case demonstrates that the package was signed for

and this signature shows that the package, and thus service, was accepted.

               2. Plaintiff Sent the Operative Complaint at the Time of Service

        Despite claiming never to have received the package, the Embassy also contends that the

plaintiff failed to have the Clerk dispatch the correct complaint required by 1608(a). Def.’s

Mem. Supp. 2nd Mot. Quash at 8. As support for this aspect of its challenge to service, the

Embassy relies on the plaintiff’s prior statements in which he said that he sent his “new

complaint” to the Embassy, which the Embassy construes to mean that the plaintiff instructed the

Clerk of Court to dispatch an amended complaint, rather than the then-operative complaint

originally filed in the case. Id. The plaintiff responds by noting that “[he] is not a lawyer nor is

English his first language” and that the Embassy’s argument stems from a misunderstanding

attributable to his use of inartful language, and not to his failure to comply with §1608(a)(3).

Pl.’s Opp’n Def.’s 2nd Mot. Quash at 8. Specifically, he notes, as of the date the Clerk of Court

dispatched the package, on May 31, 2016, “the ‘new [amended] complaint’ was not yet done.”

Id. at 8-9.

        The plaintiff moved for leave to file an amended complaint on July 5, 2016, over a full

month after the Clerk had dispatched the package to the Angolan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, on

                                                     11
May 31, 2016. As the plaintiff points out, the amended complaint was not the operative

complaint at the time the package was sent, and likely did not even exist at the time he requested

the documents be dispatched. Further, review of the context of the plaintiff’s language in the

brief on which the Embassy relies makes plain that the “new complaint” to which the plaintiff

refers is the copy of the complaint he sent in his second attempt to serve process on the Embassy,

not any amended complaint. Pl.’s Mot. Amend at 2, ECF No. 31 (explaining that plaintiff

“requested the court to be allowed to make a new complaint” after his first complaint was

quashed). As the original complaint was still the operative complaint at the time service was

attempted and no evidence suggests that the Clerk of Court dispatched anything other than the

proper complaint, this argument also fails.

        B. Plaintiff’s Motions to Attach Property are Barred by the FSIA

        The plaintiff has moved to attach various Embassy property on grounds that the property

at issue is used for commercial activity. See e.g., Pl.’s Mot. Attachment Bank Account at 2-3. 6

No evidence has been presented, however, that Angola has explicitly waived its immunity from

prejudgment attachment. See 28 U.S.C. §1610(d)(1) (barring prejudgment attachment of

property of a foreign state unless “the foreign state has explicitly waived its immunity from

attachment prior to judgment”); see also S & S Machinery Co., 706 F.2d at 416; Peterson v.

Islamic Republic of Iran, 563 F. Supp. 2d 268, 274 (D.D.C. 2008)(finding that absent explicit

waiver of immunity from attachment prior to judgment, “there is no basis for this Court to allow

plaintiffs to proceed against [entity] under section 1610”). To overcome this hurdle, the plaintiff

cites an excerpt from a document, which he identifies as a portion of a contract he entered into

with the Embassy, without providing the document as a whole. See Aff. Of Luis De Sousa,

6
         The motions for attachment and their accompanying memoranda do not raise discrete legal issues as to the
question of waiver of sovereign immunity and are, accordingly, addressed collectively.

                                                            12
dated June 28, 2016 (“Pl.s’ June 2016 Aff.”) Ex. 20, ECF No 28-1; Pl.’s Reply Supp. Mots.

Attach. at 11-13, ECF No. 29. The excerpted language states:

                 It is the intention of the Parties to this Agreement that this Agreement and the
                 performance under this Agreement, and all suits and special proceedings under
                 this Agreement, be construed in accordance with and governed, to the exclusion
                 of the law of any other forum, by the law of the commonwealth of Virginia,
                 without regard to jurisdiction in with [sic] any action or special proceeding may
                 be instituted.
                          …

                 If the dispute is not resolved within a reasonable period then any or all
                 outstanding issues may be submitted to mediation in accordance with any
                 statutory rules of mediation. If mediation is unavailable or is not successful in
                 resolving the entire dispute, any outstanding issues will be submitted to final and
                 binding arbitration in accordance with the laws of the Commonwealth of
                 Virginia. The arbitrator’s award will be final, and judgment may be entered
                 upon it by any court having jurisdiction within the Commonwealth of Virginia.

Pl.’s June 2016 Aff., Ex. 20. Even assuming that the excerpt is derived from a binding

agreement between the plaintiff and the Embassy, nothing in this language amounts to an explicit

waiver of immunity from prejudgment attachment. Indeed, the words “immunity” and

“attachment” do not appear in the excerpt at all. Instead, the excerpted language appears to

concern choice of law and agreements to arbitrate. Such clearly irrelevant language does not

constitute an explicit waiver of immunity as required by the FSIA’s § 1610(d)(1). 7 Accordingly,

the plaintiff’s remaining motions for attachment of any Embassy property are denied.

IV. CONCLUSION

        The plaintiff has properly effected service under the FSIA, 28 U.S.C. §1608(a)(3).

Consequently, the Embassy’s Second Motion to Quash is denied. At the same time, because the

plaintiff has not established that the Embassy explicitly waived immunity from prejudgment

7
         The Embassy also argues that the plaintiff’s attachment motions are “expressly prohibited by the Vienna
Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Apr. 18, 1961, 23 U.S.T. 3227, T.I.A.S. No. 7502.” Def.’s Mem. Opp’n Pl.’s
Attach. Mots., at 3, ECF No. 24. This argument need not be addressed since the plaintiff’s motions to attach
Embassy property are resolved on other grounds.
.

                                                             13
attachment, as required by the FSIA, 28 U.S.C. §1610(d), his motions to attach various property

purportedly belonging to the Embassy are also denied.

       An order consistent with resolution of these and other motions discussed in this

Memorandum Opinion will be entered contemporaneously.
                                                                            Digitally signed by Hon. Beryl A. Howell
                                                                            DN: cn=Hon. Beryl A. Howell, o=U.S.
       DATE: January 9, 2017                                                District Court for the District of
                                                                            Columbia, ou=United States District
                                                                            Court Judge,
                                                                            email=howell_chambers@dcd.uscourts
                                                                            .gov, c=US
                                                           __________________________
                                                                            Date: 2017.01.09 19:01:32 -05'00'

                                                           BERYL A. HOWELL
                                                           Chief Judge

                                                   14