Court Opinion

ID: 66710
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-26 06:13:25+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:39:19.611530
License: Public Domain

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                      FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                        ________________________                  FILED
                                                        U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                              No. 07-14964                ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                             November 6, 2008
                          Non-Argument Calendar
                                                           THOMAS K. KAHN
                        ________________________
                                                                 CLERK

                D. C. Docket No. 07-00014-CR-FTM-29-DNF

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                   versus

SOLON DANIEL,

                                                          Defendant-Appellant.

                        ________________________

                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Middle District of Florida
                      _________________________
                            (November 6, 2008)

Before TJOFLAT, ANDERSON and BLACK, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     Solon Daniel appeals from his 78-month sentence imposed following a jury
conviction for one count of possession with intent to sell cocaine base, also known

as crack cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(B)(iii). On

appeal he argues that his sentence is procedurally and substantively unreasonable

based on the recent amendment to the federal sentencing guidelines reducing the

disparity between crack cocaine and powder cocaine, U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1

(amendment 706), and due to the district court’s failure to consider his advanced

age, ill health, and deportability when imposing his sentence.

      Upon review of the record and consideration of the parties’ briefs, we

discern no reversible error.

                                           I.

      In general, we review a final sentence for reasonableness. United States v.

Talley, 431 F.3d 784, 785 (11th Cir. 2005). In conducting this review, we apply a

deferential abuse of discretion standard, Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. ___, 128
S. Ct. 586, 591, 597, 169 L. Ed. 2d 445 (2007), and the defendant challenging his

sentence bears the burden of establishing that it is unreasonable, Talley, 431 F.3d

at 788.

      The Supreme Court held in Gall that appellate review of a sentence involves

a two step process. First, an appellate court must ensure that the district court

committed no significant procedural error. Gall, 522 U.S. at __, 128 S.Ct. at 597;

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see also United States v. Pugh, 515 F.3d 1179, 1190 (11th Cir. 2008). A district

court’s sentencing decision is procedurally sound if the court correctly calculated

the defendant’s sentencing range, treated the guidelines as advisory, considered the

§ 3553(a) factors, selected a sentence that was based on facts that were not clearly

erroneous, and adequately explained the chosen sentence, including an explanation

for any deviation from the defendant’s sentencing range. Id. Second, after an

appellate court has determined that the district court’s sentencing decision is

procedurally sound, the appellate court must ensure that the sentence imposed by

the district court was substantively reasonable. See Gall, 522 U.S. at __, 128 S.Ct.

at 597. A district court’s sentencing decision is substantively reasonable if the

court acted within its discretion in determining that the § 3553(a) factors supported

the sentence and justified any deviation from the defendant’s sentencing range. Id.

at 600.

      The factors presented in § 3553(a) include:

             (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the
             history and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need
             to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote
             respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for
             the offense; (3) the need for deterrence; (4) the need to
             protect the public; (5) the need to provide the defendant
             with needed educational or vocational training or medical
             care; (6) the kinds of sentences available; (7) the
             Sentencing Guidelines range; (8) pertinent policy
             statements of the Sentencing Commission; (9) the need to

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             avoid unwanted sentencing disparities; and (10) the need
             to provide restitution to victims.

Talley, 431 F.3d at 786; see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). A “district court need only

‘acknowledge’ that it ‘considered the § 3553(a) factors[,]’ and need not discuss

each of these factors in either the sentencing hearing or in the sentencing order[.]”

United States v. Amedeo, 487 F.3d 823, 833 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 671

(2007) (internal citation omitted).

      The weight to be accorded any given § 3553(a) factor is a matter committed

to the sound discretion of the district court. United States v. Clay, 483 F.3d 739,

743 (11th Cir. 2007). Thus, we will reverse a procedurally proper sentence only if

we are “left with the definite and firm conviction that the district court committed a

clear error of judgment in weighing the § 3553(a) factors by arriving at a sentence

that lies outside the range of reasonable sentences dictated by the facts of the case.”

United States v. McBride, 511 F.3d 1293, 1297-98 (11th Cir. 2007) (internal

quotation omitted). Although a sentence at the low end of the applicable

guidelines range is not per se reasonable, “ordinarily we would expect a sentence

within the Guidelines range to be reasonable.” Talley, 431 F.3d at 786, 788.

      A defendant is to be sentenced under the guidelines which are in effect on

the date that the defendant is sentenced. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.11(a); see also United

States v. Descent, 292 F.3d 703, 707 (11th Cir. 2002) (stating that “[w]hen

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reviewing the district court’s application of the sentencing guidelines, we apply the

version of the guidelines in effect on the date of the sentencing hearing.”). At the

time Daniel was sentenced, an amendment proposed by the sentencing

commission, which would decrease the base offense level assigned to each

threshold quantity of crack cocaine by two levels, was pending before Congress,

and ultimately went into effect on November 1, 2007. U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1

(amendment 706). However, because Congress could have amended, or

completely rejected, Amendment 706 prior to November 1, 2007, see 28 U.S.C.

§ 994(p), the district court was not required to apply the amendment as if it were in

effect at the time Daniel was sentenced. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.11(a). In any event,

because this amendment has been made retroactive as of March 3, 2008, eligible

defendants may seek modification of their sentences pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582.

See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 (amendment 706); U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 (amendment 712).

      We have yet to explicitly address the effect amendment 706 would have, if

any, on the reasonableness of a defendant’s sentence when that sentence was

properly calculated under the guidelines in effect at the time the sentence was

imposed. However, this issue has recently been addressed in both the Fourth and

Third Circuits. In United States v. Brewer, 520 F.3d 367, 373 (4th Cir. 2008)

(persuasive authority), the defendant argued that amendment 706 rendered his

                                          5
sentence unreasonable, and urged the Court to remand his case for resentencing.

Id. The Fourth Circuit, in affirming Brewer’s case and declining to remand, held

that “[i]t is. . . for the district court to first assess whether and to what extent

Brewer’s sentence may be thereby affected [by Amendment 706], and that court is

entitled to address this issue either sua sponte or in response to a motion by Brewer

or the Bureau of Prisons.” Id.

       Likewise, the Third Circuit rejected a defendant’s argument that the

enactment of amendment 706 during the pendency of his appeal rendered his

original sentence procedurally unreasonable. United States v. Wise, 515 F.3d 207,

219-20 (3rd Cir. 2008) (persuasive authority). In affirming the defendant’s

sentence, the Court held that “we will continue to expect that district courts will

calculate the applicable sentencing ranges using the Guidelines [in effect] at the

time of sentencing, and we will continue to review the propriety of a sentence

based on those same Guidelines.” Id. at 220. Although the Court recognized that

there were two general exceptions to that rule – if an ex post facto problem was

presented, or if a subsequent amendment “merely clarifie[d] the law in existence at

the time of sentencing” as opposed to making a substantive change – the Court

found that neither exception was applicable in that case, because “we have

previously ruled that a post-sentencing amendment reducing the base offense level

                                             6
applicable to a particular offense is a substantive change and is therefore not

applied retroactively to cases on appeal.” Id. The Court further noted that the

defendant may be able to benefit from Amendment 706 by filing a § 3582 motion

with the district court. Id.

      In addition, at the time Daniel was sentenced, the district court was bound by

our precedent in United States v. Williams, 456 F.3d 1353, 1366-69 (11th Cir.

2006), overruled by United States v. Kimbrough, 552 U.S. __, 128 S. Ct. 558, 169
L. Ed. 2d 481 (2007), which held that it was impermissible for a district court to

consider the 100:1 crack/powder disparity when it imposed a sentence in a crack

case. On December 10, 2007, the Supreme Court held in Kimbrough that: (1) the

100:1 crack-to-powder ratio was as “advisory” as the rest of the guidelines; (2) a

Court of Appeals erred and rendered that ratio mandatory when it held that a

sentence which considered the district court’s disagreement with the ratio to be per

se unreasonable; and (3) district courts could consider the disparity in determining

a sentence. Kimbrough, 552 U.S. at ___, 128 S.Ct. at 564. While we later held

that Kimbrough overruled this Court’s decision in Williams, “and determined that

it would not be an abuse of discretion for a district court to conclude when

sentencing a particular defendant that the crack/powder disparity yields a sentence

‘greater than necessary’ to achieve 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)’s purposes,” we did not do

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so until after Daniel’s sentencing. United States v. Stratton, 519 F.3d 1305, 1306

(11th Cir. 2008) (internal citations and quotations omitted). See also United States

v. Berggren, No. 07-12796, man. op. at 5-6 (11th Cir. March 4, 2008)

(unpublished) (concluding that defendant’s sentence was reasonable on plain error

review where defendant argued the crack/powder disparity for the first time on

appeal, because “[n]othing in either the decision of the Supreme Court in

Kimbrough or our precedents obliged the district court to discuss the powder-crack

disparity”).

      Nothing in the record indicates that the district court procedurally erred at

the time it sentenced Daniel when, at the time sentencing took place, it correctly

calculated the applicable guideline range based on the guidelines in effect at the

time of his sentencing, treated the guidelines as advisory, considered the § 3553(a)

factors, and adequately explained the sentence chosen. Moreover, unlike the

defendant in Stratton, Daniel did not raise a Kimbrough argument before the

district court. In addition, Daniel’s sentence is substantively reasonable, because

the district court indicated that it had considered the factors proffered by Daniel’s

attorney on his behalf, which included his ill health, his age, the cost of keeping

him in prison, and the fact that he would be deported upon release, but nonetheless

found that a sentence at the low end of the guideline range was “sufficient, but not

                                           8
greater than necessary,” to comply with the purposes of sentencing as set forth in §

3553(a). Therefore, the district court did not err in sentencing Daniel, and the

decision to implement a sentence at the low end of the guideline range was not an

abuse of discretion. Accordingly, his sentence is affirmed.

      AFFIRMED.

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