Court Opinion

ID: 184037
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2011-02-02 01:08:32+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:13:24.048147
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                    Tenth Circuit

                                                                  February 1, 2011
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                    Clerk of Court
                                 TENTH CIRCUIT

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

               Plaintiff-Appellee,                       No. 10-1086
          v.                                             (D. of Colo.)
 JESUS RODRIGUEZ-GALAVIZ,                        (D.C. No. 09-CR-453-PAB)

               Defendant-Appellant.

                           ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before HARTZ, BRORBY, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges. **

      Jesus Rodriguez-Galaviz pleaded guilty to illegally reentering the United

States in violation of 8 U.S.C. §§ 1326(a) and (b)(2). He appeals his conviction

and sentence. Rodriguez-Galaviz’s counsel, finding no meritorious grounds for

an appeal, moves to withdraw pursuant to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738

(1967). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

      *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
      **
         After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge
panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material
assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th
Cir. R. 34.1(G). The cause is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
      We GRANT counsel’s motion to withdraw and DISMISS Rodriguez-

Galaviz’s appeal.

                                     I. Background

      Rodriguez-Galaviz was removed from the United States in November 2008

after being convicted of importing and possessing with an intent to distribute a

quantity of marijuana greater than 50 kilograms. In October 2009, he was found

to have returned to the United States without consent and charged with illegal

reentry in violation of § 1326(a).

      At a December 2009 hearing, Rodriguez-Galaviz pleaded guilty to the

crimes charged. The applicable sentencing guidelines range for his offense was

57 to 71 months. Rodriguez-Galaviz requested a variance through counsel,

asserting two grounds for a below-guidelines sentence. First, he contended

Colorado’s lack of a “fast track,” or early-disposition program for illegal reentry

cases, created unwarranted sentencing disparities between those jurisdictions that

feature it and those, like Colorado, that do not. Second, he attacked the

soundness of the 16-level enhancement provided by United States Sentencing

Guideline (USSG) §2L1.2(b)(1)(A), because that section makes no distinction on

the length of the sentence previously imposed or the type and quantity of the drug

involved in the prior trafficking conviction. The district court rejected these

contentions and sentenced Rodriguez-Galaviz to 57 months’ imprisonment—the

lowest sentence within the recommended guideline range.

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      Following Rodriguez-Galaviz’s timely notice of appeal, his counsel filed an

Anders brief explaining that, after reviewing the record and completing the

necessary research, he determined the appeal had no merit. Rodriguez-Galaviz

has not filed a response to that brief. The government filed a notice of its

intention not to file an answer brief in this appeal.

                                    II. Discussion

      Under Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967), defense counsel may

“request permission to withdraw where counsel conscientiously examines a case

and determines that any appeal would be wholly frivolous.” United States v.

Calderon, 428 F.3d 928, 930 (10th Cir. 2005). If counsel makes that

determination, he may “submit a brief to the client and the appellate court

indicating any potential appealable issues based on the record.” Id. The client

may also submit arguments to the court in response. We must then fully examine

the record “to determine whether defendant’s claims are wholly frivolous.” Id. If

we find they are, we may dismiss the appeal.

      The only possible bases for Rodriguez-Galaviz’s appeal are the district

court’s decision to accept his guilty plea and the reasonableness of his sentence.

Because Rodriguez-Galaviz did not assert any error during his Rule 11 sentencing

hearing, nor move to withdraw his guilty plea, we review any challenges to the

plea hearing for plain error. See United States v. Cano-Varela, 497 F.3d 1122,

1131 (10th Cir. 2007). “To show Rule 11 plain error, a defendant must show

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(1) error that (2) is plain which (3) affected his substantial rights and (4) seriously

affected the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id.

(internal quotation marks omitted).

      Having carefully reviewed the record, we conclude the district court did not

commit plain error in accepting Rodriguez-Galaviz’s guilty plea. At the change

of plea hearing, Rodriguez-Galaviz indicated he was alert, was proceeding

voluntarily, understood the rights he was waiving by pleading guilty, was not

under the influence of any substance, and understood the district court could

sentence him as if he had been convicted at trial. The district court also

determined the factual basis for the guilty plea and complied with all other

requirements of Rule 11. Accordingly, any appeal from the Rule 11 hearing

would be wholly frivolous.

      We review sentences for procedural and substantive reasonableness. See

United States v. Kristl, 437 F.3d 1050, 1053 (10th Cir. 2006). When a defendant

is sentenced within a properly-calculated guidelines range, the sentence “is

entitled to a rebuttable presumption of reasonableness.” Id. at 1054. “The

defendant may rebut this presumption by demonstrating that the sentence is

unreasonable in light of the other sentencing factors laid out in [18 U.S.C.]

§ 3553(a).” Id. at 1055. These factors include “the nature and circumstances of

the offense[,] the history and characteristics of the defendant[,] the need for the

sentence imposed . . . to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct[, and] the

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need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities among defendants with similar

records who have been found guilty of similar conduct.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).

      Rodriguez-Galaviz’s counsel asserts the district court calculated the

guidelines range properly and made no procedural errors. We agree, and thus we

presume the sentence to be reasonable. We further find the § 3553(a) factors do

not provide a basis for rebutting that presumption. While Rodriguez-Galaviz

contends the sentencing disparities resulting from the application of fast-track

programs in other jurisdictions violates § 3553(a)(6), we previously have held

that such disparities are not “unwarranted” within the meaning of § 3553(a)(6)

because they were specifically authorized by Congress via statute. See United

States v. Martinez-Trujillo, 468 F.3d 1266, 1269 (10th Cir. 2006).

      Although the district court had discretion under Kimbrough v. United

States, 552 U.S. 85 (2007), to grant a variance in light of the absence of a fast-

track program, it declined to do so for two reasons. First, after considering

Rodriguez-Galaviz’s criminal record, it found no evidence that he would qualify

for a fast-track sentence. Second, the court concluded that “trying to sentence

based upon fast track disparities would simply have the effect of creating

unwarranted sentencing disparities throughout the country, or at least . . . in

Colorado.” R., Vol 2 at 41. The court also disagreed with Rodriguez-Galaviz

that the 16-level boost for a prior drug-trafficking offense under USSG

§2L1.2(b)(1)(A) was unsound. Nothing in the record indicates the district court’s

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sentencing determination was procedurally unreasonable for failure to consider

the § 3553(a) factors.

      In his Anders brief, Rodriguez-Galaviz’s counsel notes the district court, in

considering whether his client would have been eligible for a fast-track program

if one existed in the District of Colorado, may have allocated an evidentiary

burden to the defense that should have been shouldered by the government.

Because no objection was raised after the district court announced its ruling, our

standard of review is for plain error. See United States v. Lopez- Flores, 444 F.3d
1218, 1221 (10th Cir. 2006).

      Rodriguez-Galaviz cannot satisfy either the second or third prongs of the

plain error test. With regard to the second prong, an error is not plain unless it is

clear or obvious at the time of appeal. Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461,

468 (1997). Because neither we nor the Supreme Court have ruled on this issue,

and because the Third Circuit, in United States v. Arrelucea-Zamudio, 581 F.3d
142, 156–57 (3rd. Cir. 2009), is the only circuit court to have done so,

Rodriguez-Galaviz cannot establish that any error by the district court was clear

or obvious.

      Neither can he satisfy the third prong, which “usually means that the error

must have affected the outcome of the district court proceedings.” United States

v. Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d 727, 732 (10th Cir. 2005). Rodriguez-Galaviz

contends, if only the district court had properly allocated the burden of proof, the

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government would have been unable to disprove his eligibility for fast track and

therefore the district court would have granted the variance, despite its expressed

reservations about creating a sentencing disparity within Colorado. But this claim

is too speculative to satisfy plain error review. See id at 739–40 (Tacha, J.,

concurring) (“[S]peculation about a possible lighter sentence cannot satisfy the

third prong of plain error.”). Therefore, we cannot find plain error on this issue.

      In sum, we find no plain error in the district court’s acceptance of

Rodriguez-Galaviz’s guilty plea. And because we see no procedural or

substantive error in Rodriguez-Galaviz’s sentence, we conclude it is reasonable.

                                  III. Conclusion

      We conclude no meritorious appellate issue exists. Accordingly, we

GRANT counsel’s motion to withdraw and DISMISS Rodriguez-Galaviz’s appeal.

                                               ENTERED FOR THE COURT

                                               Timothy M. Tymkovich
                                               Circuit Judge

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