Court Opinion

ID: 4323151
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-10-22 08:31:41.727496+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:19:31.079233
License: Public Domain

AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed October 18, 2018.

                                                       In The
                                     Court of Appeals
                              Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                               No. 05-17-00703-CR

                               BRANDON KEITH BURCHAM, Appellant
                                              V.
                                  THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                           On Appeal from the 354th Judicial District Court
                                        Hunt County, Texas
                                   Trial Court Cause No. 31373

                                   MEMORANDUM OPINION
                             Before Justices Bridges, Francis, and Lang-Miers
                                      Opinion by Justice Lang-Miers
         Appellant Brandon Keith Burcham was convicted of felony murder and sentenced to life

imprisonment.1 Appellant raises three issues on appeal: (1) whether intoxication manslaughter is

a lesser included offense of felony murder where driving while intoxicated, third offense, is alleged

as the underlying felony, (2) whether the trial court’s denial of his requested jury instruction on

intoxication manslaughter was constitutional error, and (3) whether the trial court’s denial of his

requested jury instruction on intoxication manslaughter deprived him of due process under the

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.2 U.S. CONST. amend XIV. We affirm.

    1
      Appellant was also convicted, under a second count of the indictment, of failure to stop and render aid. He was
sentenced to twenty years’ imprisonment for that offense. Appellant’s issues on appeal, however, relate only to his
conviction in the murder case.
    2
      While appellant states in his brief that he is appealing his sentence rather than his conviction, his issues allege
error at the guilt/innocence phase of the trial.
                                                 Background

          About 4:20 p.m. on August 13, 2016, James Wylie was walking across the intersection of

State Highway 34 and Interstate 30 in Greenville, Texas. He was standing in one of the center turn

lanes when he was struck by a black pick-up truck.               Several witnesses testified that they saw

Wylie, who was struck from behind, tossed into the air; he landed on the hood of the pick-up truck

before rolling off the truck. First responders found Wylie critically injured; he went into cardiac

arrest while being treated at the scene. Wylie was transferred by ambulance to a local hospital

where he was pronounced dead.

          All of the witnesses to the incident testified that the driver of the pick-up truck did not stop

to render aid to Wylie but rather sped away, running red lights.

          Some of the witnesses pursued the pick-up truck onto the service road of Interstate 30. The

pick-up truck struck another vehicle on that road which was being driven by Dustin Baker. Baker

testified that he did not see the pick-up truck coming. His air bag deployed, which made it difficult

for him to exit his vehicle. As he did so, his vehicle rolled forward and hit a Jeep Cherokee parked

in front of him. The pick-up truck also failed to stop at the site of this collision, but continued down

the service road. Several of the pursuers noticed that there was smoke coming from the pick-up

truck.3

          Sherri Maines, who had witnessed the second collision and was driving in pursuit of the

pick-up truck on the service road, noticed a state trooper driving down the interstate and waved

out her window to try and get the trooper’s attention. Texas Highway Patrolman Matthew Neese

testified that he had already noticed smoke coming from the pick-up truck on the service road. He

    3
      There was testimony that damage to the truck was consistent with “crashes and striking objects or another
vehicle.” The cause of the smoke turned out to be that the bumper of appellant’s truck was pressed against a tire,
causing friction, burning rubber and releasing smoke.

                                                      –2–
had also noticed that other vehicles were traveling “rapidly” behind this truck. Because smoke

coming from a vehicle for more than ten seconds is a traffic violation, Neese had already decided

to exit the interstate and conduct a vehicle stop when he saw Maines waiving “excitedly” to get

his attention. Just as Neese exited the interstate, Maines was able to maneuver her truck to get in

front of the pick-up truck. Another pursuer, Jody Meusel, was also able to maneuver his vehicle to

help “box in” the pick-up truck with Maines and Neese.

       Neese made contact with the driver of the smoking pick-up truck who was positively

identified as appellant. Appellant was “sitting in the driver’s seat, hands on his wheel, just staring

straight forward. Music was going medium volume.” He was wearing sunglasses. Meusel, who

also saw appellant in the pick-up truck, testified that appellant “looked like he was out of it” and

“looked like he didn’t even know what was going on.”

       Neese instructed appellant to get out of the pick-up truck.    When appellant did so, Neese

detected the odor of an alcoholic beverage. Neese testified that appellant was also lethargic and

slow in his movements and replies. At that point Neese believed he was investigating an offense

of driving while intoxicated.

       Neese learned from the pursuers that appellant had been involved in a “hit and run”

incident. After speaking with the pursuers, Neese asked appellant why he ran; appellant said he

did not run. Neese also asked appellant if he had run someone over or hit someone. Based on

appellant’s response, Neese testified that he knew appellant had committed an offense. Neese

placed appellant in handcuffs and detained him.

       Freddy Guante, a Greenville police officer dispatched to assist Neese, noticed that

appellant had a strong odor of alcohol coming from his person and was having difficulty

maintaining his balance. Guante later had to physically assist appellant into a patrol car because of

the trouble appellant had keeping his balance.

                                                 –3–
       Appellant was transported to the Hunt County jail and placed in the intoxilyzer room.

Guante testified that he observed additional signs of possible intoxication in the intoxilyzer room:

appellant had slurred speech and, when his sunglasses were removed, glassy eyes.

       Appellant refused to participate in a standard field sobriety test. When appellant also

refused to voluntarily supply a blood sample, the police obtained a warrant for his blood. Blood

was drawn and submitted to the Department of Public Safety laboratory in Tyler, Texas.

Appellant’s blood, which had been drawn at 6:55 p.m., approximately two to two and a half hours

after the incident, tested at 0.340 grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood. The forensic

pathologist who tested the blood testified that the legal limit in Texas is 0.08 grams of alcohol per

100 milliliters of blood, making appellant’s blood alcohol content approximately four and a half

times the legal limit. The pathologist also testified that the “average elimination rate” of alcohol

from a person’s blood was 0.02 grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood per hour. Asked a

hypothetical question to determine the possible blood alcohol at the time of the incident, the

pathologist testified that she would expect the alcohol concentration to have been higher at time

of incident. Using the standard formula for elimination, she testified that appellant’s blood alcohol

content at the time of the incident could have been between 0.38 and 0.40. In the pathologist’s

opinion, appellant was intoxicated two and a half hours earlier than the blood draw.

        There was uncontroverted evidence at trial that appellant had been convicted of two prior

offenses of driving while intoxicated. The first conviction was on a plea of guilty from Hunt

County on April 8, 2013, while the second conviction was on a plea of guilty from Collin County

on January 14, 2016.

                                                –4–
                   Intoxication Manslaughter as a Lesser Included Offense Issue

Objections and Arguments

        Prior to trial, appellant submitted a proposed charge to include intoxication manslaughter

as a lesser included offense.4 The State responded that “we don’t believe he’s entitled to pursue on

intox (sic) manslaughter as a lesser included on a murder, with felony DWI being underlined.” The

State asked the trial court to resolve the matter before trial so it would not be brought up in front

of the jury panel on voir dire. The trial court reviewed case law submitted by the State5 and asked

the attorneys to make their arguments.

        The State made extensive arguments to the trial court opposing a charge on intoxication

manslaughter as a lesser included offense. The State’s main argument was that the felony murder

statute excluded manslaughter from being used as the underlying felony. TEX. PENAL CODE

§19.02(b)(3). The State also argued that the two offenses required different causation: “You have

to have causation for intox (sic) manslaughter, and you don’t have to necessarily have causation

for felony murder, depending upon the way it’s charged. We have charged felony DWI as the

underlying felony. We believe, therefore, in should not be a lesser included on intox (sic)

manslaughter.”

        Defense counsel argued in favor of the requested instruction as follows:

               (DEFENSE COUNSEL): The issue of intoxicated manslaughter, Your
        Honor, the McGuire case is fully on point with us in our position. . . .

               In McGuire, the Court held that the trial court erred by not allowing the Jury
        to resolve whether McGuire met the elements for conviction on intoxication
        manslaughter as well as felony murder.

    4
      Counsel for appellant also argued in favor of a jury charge on criminally negligent homicide, which the trial
court denied.
    5
      The State relied at trial on the following cases: Bigon v. State, 252 S.W.3d. 360 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008), Lomax
v. State, 233 S.W.3d 302 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007), and McGuire v. State, 493 S.W.3d 177 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st.
Dist.] 2016, pet. ref’d).

                                                        –5–
              Should he be retried and the evidence warrants the submissions, both
       offenses may be submitted to the Jury for determination, though a judgment of
       conviction may not be entered on both.

              The language of the opinion was very clear on the fact that intoxicated
       manslaughter is allowable as a lesser included offense on a felony murder
       predicated on third offense DWI or more.

       *
             We’re not talking about double jeopardy at this point. The Jury can’t convict
       Mr. Burcham of both.

       *

               Also, the Lomax decision, as I read it, holds that felony DWI is not a lesser
       included offense of intoxicated manslaughter, not that intoxicated manslaughter is
       not a lesser included offense of felony murder.

               The Lomax case speaks to whether or not felony DWI can be – a jury could
       acquit someone of intoxicated manslaughter but convict them for a third offense or
       more of DWI.

                That’s not the same factual scenario that we’re faced with.

       The trial court disagreed with defense counsel’s case law interpretation and said as follows:

                THE COURT: I’m not going to allow those lesser included offenses at this
       point.

               At this time neither criminally negligent homicide or – a proper lesser
       included offense of felony murder because they require a different mens rea act
       clearly dangerous to human life which are alleged in felony murder, and because
       felony murder doesn’t require the separate mens rea, it only – so in this instance
       they are not true lesser includeds (sic) in that offense.

       At the conclusion of the evidence and prior to submitting the case to the jury, the trial court

asked defense counsel for objections to the charge. Counsel stated as follows: “The only objection

I have, Your Honor, is a continuing objection that we argued previously, that the Court’s denial of

my motion to include the lesser-included offense of intoxicated manslaughter. So I would just like

that noted for the record, Your Honor.” The trial court replied as follows: “All right. And the Court

still denies the submission of intoxicated manslaughter based on the previous arguments and

                                                –6–
discussion I heard earlier in this case before we started the trial.” The jury was not charged on any

lesser included offenses.

Jury Charge Error

        In analyzing a claim of jury charge error, we must first determine if error exists. See

Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 173–74 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985); see also Price v. State, 457
S.W.3d 437, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015). If it does not, our inquiry ends. See Price, 457 S.W.3d

at 440. If, however, we find error in the charge, we next consider whether an objection to the

charge was made and analyze the error for harm. Id. Where, as here, claimed error is properly

preserved by the timely request for an additional instruction, reversal is required only if the error

was “calculated to injure the rights of the defendant,” which has been defined to mean that there

is “some harm” caused to the defendant. Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171; see also Barrios v. State,

283 S.W.3d 348, 350 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). In evaluating whether appellant suffered some harm

in this case, we consider the entire jury charge, the evidence, the arguments of counsel, and any

other relevant information in the record. Olivas v. State, 202 S.W.3d 137, 144 (Tex. Crim. App.

2006); Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171.

Lesser Included Offenses

        An offense is a lesser included offense if (1) it is established by proof of the same or less

than all the facts required to establish the commission of the offense charged; (2) it differs from

the offense charged only in the respect that a less serious injury or risk of injury to the same person,

property, or public interest suffices to establish its commission; (3) it differs from the offense

charged only in the respect that a less culpable mental state suffices to establish its commission;

or (4) it consists of an attempt to commit the offense charged or an otherwise included offense.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 37.09.

                                                  –7–
       In determining whether an instruction on a requested lesser included offense should have

been given to a jury, we apply a two-pronged test. Cavazos v. State, 382 S.W.3d 377, 382 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2012) (citing to and relying on the Aguilar/Rousseau test); see also Rousseau v. State,

855 S.W.2d 666, 672 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); Aguilar v. State, 682 S.W.2d 556, 558 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1985). First, we must determine whether the lesser offense is included within the proof

necessary to establish the greater offense. Cavazos, 382 S.W.3d at 382. This is a question of law

to be determined under the cognate pleadings approach. Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d 524, 535–36

(Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (explaining the cognate pleadings approach). Under this analysis, we look

to the indictment for the greater offense and determine whether it “1) alleges all of the elements of

the lesser-included offense, or 2) alleges elements plus facts (including descriptive averments, such

as non-statutory manner and means, that are alleged for purposes of providing notice) from which

all of the elements of the lesser-included offense may be deduced.” Ex parte Watson, 306 S.W.3d
259, 273 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (op. on reh’g). We also examine the elements of the lesser offense

and determine whether they are functionally equivalent or less than those required to prove the

greater offense. Rice v. State, 333 S.W.3d 140, 144–45 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).

       Next, we must determine whether some evidence in the record showed that, if the defendant

is guilty, he is guilty only of the lesser included offense. Cavazos, 382 S.W.3d at 382, 385; see

also Campbell v. State, 149 S.W.3d 149, 152 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). While anything more than

a scintilla of evidence may be sufficient to entitle a defendant to the lesser included offense

instruction, the evidence must establish that the lesser included offense is a “valid, rational

alternative to the charged offense.” Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 536. It is not enough that the jury may

disbelieve crucial evidence pertaining to the greater offense; rather, “there must be some evidence

directly germane” to the lesser included offense for the factfinder to consider before an instruction

                                                –8–
on that lesser included offense is warranted. Skinner v. State, 956 S.W.2d 532, 543 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1997).

Felony Murder

       A person commits an offense of felony murder if he does the following:

        [C]ommits or attempts to commit a felony, other than manslaughter, and in the
       course of and in furtherance of the commission or attempt, or in immediate flight
       from the commission or attempt, he commits or attempts to commit an act clearly
       dangerous to human life that causes the death of an individual.

TEX. PENAL CODE § 19.02 (b)(3).

       In this case, driving while intoxicated, a 3rd offense, was alleged as the underlying felony

of the murder. A person commits the offense of driving while intoxicated if that person is

intoxicated while operating a motor vehicle in a public place. TEX. PENAL CODE § 49.04(a). The

offense, while normally a misdemeanor, is elevated to a third degree felony if the defendant has

previously been convicted two times of any other offense relating to the operating of a motor

vehicle. TEX. PENAL CODE § 49.09 (b)(2). A felony offense of driving while intoxicated can serve

as the underlying offense for felony murder. Lomax v. State, 233 S.W.3d 302, 309 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2007).

Intoxication Manslaughter

       A person commits an offense of intoxication manslaughter if he (1) operates a motor

vehicle in a public place and (2) is intoxicated and by reason of that intoxication causes the death

of another by accident or mistake. TEX. PENAL CODE § 49.08. For purposes of that statute,

intoxication is defined as follows:

               (A) not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of
       the introduction of alcohol, a controlled substance, a drug, a dangerous drug, a
       combination of two or more of those substances, or any other substance into the
       body; or

               (B) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more.

                                                –9–
TEX. PENAL CODE § 49.01(2).

Indictment

       The indictment for felony murder alleged that appellant did the following:

       did then and there commit or attempt to commit an act clearly dangerous to human
       life, to-wit: striking James Wylie with a motor vehicle, that caused the death of
       James Wylie, and the defendant was then and there in the course of committing a
       felony to-wit: driving while intoxicated, 3 or more, and the said death of James
       Wylie was caused while the defendant was in the course of or in the furtherance of
       or in the immediate flight from the commission of said felony.

       In order to obtain a conviction under this indictment, the State had to prove not only that

appellant was intoxicated at the time his pick-up truck struck Wylie, but also that appellant had

previously been convicted of two offenses of driving while intoxicated.

Intoxication Manslaughter as a Lesser Included Offense of Felony Murder/DWI 3rd

       Whether intoxication manslaughter can be a lesser included offense of felony murder

where driving while intoxicated, a 3rd offense, is alleged as the underlying felony is an issue that

has not been squarely decided by the Court of Criminal Appeals. And, to the best of this Court’s

research, no Texas intermediate appellate court has directly decided whether intoxication

manslaughter can be a lesser included offense of felony murder where driving while intoxicated,

a 3rd offense, is alleged as the underlying felony.

       In Lomax, the Court of Criminal Appeals decided the opposite of the question appellant

presents to this court, i.e., that felony driving while intoxicated is not a lesser included offense of

intoxication manslaughter:

       Felony DWI requires proof of two prior DWI convictions. . . . Proof of these two
       prior DWI convictions are not “facts required,” or included within the proof
       necessary, to establish intoxication manslaughter . . . Neither felony DWI nor
       intoxication manslaughter require proof of a culpable mental state. . . . And, felony
       DWI does not consist of an attempt to commit intoxication manslaughter or is
       “otherwise included” in intoxication manslaughter. . . . Having decided that felony
       DWI is not a lesser included offense of intoxication manslaughter, it is unnecessary
       to decide whether intoxication manslaughter can form the basis of a felony-murder
       prosecution.
                                                –10–
233 S.W.3d at 311 (citations omitted).

       Courts have also addressed whether a conviction for both felony murder where driving

while intoxicated, a 3rd offense, is alleged as the underlying felony and intoxication manslaughter

would violate a defendant’s double jeopardy rights. Bigon v. State, 252 S.W.3d 360, 369–72 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2008) (holding that convictions for both felony murder, with the underlying felony of

driving while intoxicated with a passenger under 15 years of age, and intoxication manslaughter

violate the double jeopardy clause); McGuire v. State, 493 S.W.3d 177, 202 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2016, pet. ref’d) (stating that both intoxication manslaughter and felony murder with

the underlying felony of driving while intoxicated could be submitted to a jury for determination

of a conviction, though a judgment of conviction entered on both would violate the double jeopardy

clause).

       Because of the resolution we give to this case, it is unnecessary for this Court to decide

whether intoxication manslaughter can be a lesser included offense of felony murder where driving

while intoxicated, a 3rd offense, is alleged as the underlying felony offense.

The Evidence Does Not Support a Conviction for Only Intoxication Manslaughter

       The second prong of the test for when a charge on a lesser included offense is needed

requires this Court to determine whether some evidence shows that if appellant is guilty, he is

guilty only of the lesser offense. This second step is a question of fact and is based on the evidence

presented at trial. Cavazos, 382 S.W.3d at 383. Even assuming, without deciding, that intoxication

manslaughter is a lesser included offense of felony murder where driving while intoxicated, a 3rd

offense, is alleged as the underlying felony, we conclude that appellant cannot prevail under this

second prong because the evidence does not show that, if he is guilty, he is guilty only of

intoxication manslaughter. Under the facts of this case, intoxication manslaughter is not a rational

alternative to this felony murder allegation.

                                                –11–
       Through its first witness at trial, Brandon Bobbit, an investigator with the Hunt County

District Attorney’s Office, the State was able to establish that appellant had been previously

convicted of two offenses of driving while intoxicated. Bobbit, a fingerprint expert, compared

appellant’s fingerprints, contained on a card made in the Hunt County jail, to fingerprints contained

in two prior judgments wherein appellant was convicted of driving while intoxicated. The first

conviction was on a plea of guilty from Hunt County on April 8, 2013, while the second conviction

was on a plea of guilty from Collin County on January 14, 2016. Defense counsel did not object

to Bobbit’s testimony, challenge his credentials as an expert, or object to the introduction into

evidence of copies of the two prior convictions.

       During the testimony of Keith Herron, a Greenville police officer and accident investigator,

it was revealed that a court paper or judgment was recovered from appellant’s pick-up truck

showing that appellant entered a plea of guilty to driving while intoxicated on April 8, 2013.

Another paper was found in the pick-up truck entitled “Texas DWI Education Program. Certificate

of Completion;” it was dated October 13, 2013. Defense counsel did not object to the admission

of this evidence.

       Appellant’s defense at trial was that the evidence was insufficient to establish that he was

intoxicated at the time his pick-up truck struck Wylie or, in the alternative, that there was

reasonable doubt as to his intoxication. Appellant raised no objection at trial to the admission of

evidence of his two prior convictions for driving while intoxicated. Nor did appellant attempt to

defend against the allegations in the indictment that he had twice been previously convicted for

driving while intoxicated. Indeed, during jury argument, defense counsel admitted appellant’s

prior driving while intoxicated convictions, but argued that those prior convictions did not show

that appellant was intoxicated at the time of this incident:

       The only evidence adduced at this trial is that Mr. Burcham has two prior
       convictions for DWI. Now, I would venture to say that there are a lot of people in
                                                –12–
           Hunt County who may have one or two convictions for DWI. That does not
           necessarily mean they’re an alcoholic or a professional drunk.

And, on appeal, appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to establish his two

prior convictions for driving while intoxicated.

           As a result, there was no rational basis on which the jury could have failed to conclude that

appellant had two prior convictions for driving while intoxicated. The only issue for the jury to

decide was whether appellant was committing a third offense of driving while intoxicated at the

time his pick-up truck struck Wylie.6

           But prior convictions for driving while intoxicated are not essential in the proof necessary

to establish intoxication manslaughter. Consequently, appellant cannot establish that intoxication

manslaughter was a “valid, rational alternative to the charged offense” because he cannot show,

under the facts of this case, that if he is guilty he is guilty only of the offense of intoxication

manslaughter. See Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 536. We conclude that the trial court did not err by denying

appellant’s requested lesser included offense instruction on intoxication manslaughter and overrule

issue one.

                                                  Constitutional Issues

           Appellant argues that the trial court’s denial of his requested jury instruction on

intoxication manslaughter was constitutional error and that the error deprived him of due process

under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.7 U.S. CONST. amend XIV.

           Appellant does not cite this Court to any place in the record where he voiced these

objections or otherwise presented these claims to the trial court. And our review of the record fails

     6
       On appeal, appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence at trial to prove that he was intoxicated
at the time his pick-up truck struck Wylie.
    7
        The State, in its brief to this Court, fails to address these issues.

                                                              –13–
to reveal where appellant voiced these objections or otherwise presented these claims to the trial

court. Consequently, appellant has not adequately presented these issues for our review. See TEX.

R. APP. P. 38.1(i); Buntion v. State, 482 S.W.3d 58, 106 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016).

        To preserve a complaint for appellate review, a party must have presented to the trial court

a timely request, objection, or motion that states the specific grounds for the desired ruling if they

are not apparent from the context of the request, objection, or motion. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1);

Douds v. State, 472 S.W.3d 670, 674 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015). The trial court must rule on the

request, objection, or motion, either expressly or implicitly, or the complaining party must object

to the trial court’s refusal to rule. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(2).

        As noted above in this opinion, the trial court denied appellant’s request for a jury charge

on intoxication manslaughter on grounds that the court did not find it to be a true lesser included

offense of the charged offense, but did not make any ruling with respect to the constitutional

grounds appellant now argues on appeal. Appellant has not preserved his constitutional claims for

our review. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 1.14; Karenev v. State, 281 S.W.3d 428, 434 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2009). We overrule issues two and three.

                                              Conclusion

        We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                     /Elizabeth Lang-Miers/
                                                     ELIZABETH LANG-MIERS
                                                     JUSTICE

Do Not Publish
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b)

170703F.U05

                                                 –14–
                              Court of Appeals
                       Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      JUDGMENT

 BRANDON KEITH BURCHAM,                            On Appeal from the 354th Judicial District
 Appellant                                         Court, Hunt County, Texas
                                                   Trial Court Cause No. 31373.
 No. 05-17-00703-CR        V.                      Opinion delivered by Justice Lang-Miers.
                                                   Justices Bridges and Francis participating.
 THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

       Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.

Judgment entered this 18th day of October, 2018.

                                            –15–