Court Opinion

ID: 2980096
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 19:04:31.149106+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:44:20.055463
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                                     Aug 23, 2011
                                                                               LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                                     File Name: 11a0610n.06

                    NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

                                            No. 10-5886

                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

M. MARGARET              PATTERSON;       WAYNE
PATTERSON,

          Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.                                                         ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                           UNITED STATES DISTRICT
NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICALS                                   COURT FOR THE MIDDLE
CORPORATION,                                               DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE

          Defendant-Appellee.

                                                       /

Before:          MARTIN, BOGGS, and COOK, Circuit Judges.

          BOYCE F. MARTIN, JR., Circuit Judge. Margaret Patterson1 appeals the district court’s

grant of judgment on the pleadings for Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. Because Patterson’s

complaint does not plausibly allege that she received infusions of Aredia manufactured by Novartis,

we AFFIRM the grant of judgment on the pleadings. Additionally, we hold that the district court

did not abuse its discretion by denying Patterson leave to conduct discovery or leave to amend her

complaint.

                                                  I.

          1
         Margaret Patterson and her husband, Wayne Patterson, are both plaintiffs in this action.
Mrs. Patterson claims injury from drug infusions that she received and Mr. Patterson is suing for loss
of consortium. For convenience, because the disposition turns on Mrs. Patterson’s treatment, we
refer to Mrs. Patterson as Patterson and do not separately address the husband or his claims.
No. 10-5886
Patterson, et al. v. Novartis Pharm. Corp.
Page 2

       This case arises out of a series of lawsuits filed by individuals who developed osteonecrosis

of the jaw, a severe bone disease affecting the jaw, allegedly as a result of taking Zometa and Aredia.

Zometa and Aredia are prescription bisphosphonate2 drugs produced by Novartis that are given

intravenously, most often to patients with cancerous conditions. The drugs are effective at

preventing pathological fractures, spinal cord compression, and other bone pains. Although the Food

and Drug Administration approved both drugs, many individuals claim to have developed

osteonecrosis of the jaw as a result of receiving this medication. Osteonecrosis of the jaw results in

the gums being eaten away until the bone is exposed.

       Patterson alleges that she developed osteonecrosis of the jaw as a result of drug infusions she

received, and brought suit against Novartis as well as several pharmaceutical companies that began

marketing generic versions of Aredia after Novartis’s patent protection expired. In pertinent part,

Patterson’s complaint states that she was infused with “Aredia and/or generic Aredia (pamidronate).”

       Patterson is a Massachusetts resident and initially brought suit against Novartis and the

generic manufacturers in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. The Judicial

Panel on Multidistrict Litigation transferred Patterson’s case to the Middle District of Tennessee for

consolidated proceedings. The court subsequently separated and transferred Patterson’s claims

against the generic manufacturers to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New

York. Only Patterson’s claims against Novartis are before this Court.

       2
       Bisphosphonates are a class of drugs that derive their name from their chemical structure,
which contains two phosphonate groups (PO3 ) covalently bonded to a carbon atom.
No. 10-5886
Patterson, et al. v. Novartis Pharm. Corp.
Page 3

       While this complaint has had an extensive tour of this country’s federal courts, the

substantive law of Massachusetts governs. The district court dismissed Patterson’s claims, holding

that her complaint did not contain sufficient facts to allege that she had taken Aredia manufactured

by Novartis—a necessary part of her product-liability claim under Massachusetts law—and granted

the motion to dismiss. The district court also denied Patterson leave to conduct discovery and leave

to amend her complaint.

                                                  II.

       We review decisions granting judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Rule 12(c) under the

same de novo standard applied to motions to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). Kottmyer v. Maas, 436
F.3d 684, 689 (6th Cir. 2006). We construe the complaint in a light most favorable to the plaintiff,

accept all factual allegations as true, and determine whether the complaint states a plausible claim

for relief. Albrecht v. Treon, 617 F.3d 890, 893 (6th Cir. 2010) (citing Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct.
1937, 1950 (2009)). This Court has applied the now familiar pleading requirements in Twombly and

Iqbal to Rule 12(c) motions and held that plaintiffs must “‘plead . . . factual content that allows the

court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.’” Id.

(quoting Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949); see New Albany Tractor, Inc. v. Louisville Tractor, Inc., – F.3d

—, No. 10-5100, 2011 WL 2448909, *2-3 (6th Cir. June 21, 2011). Merely pleading facts that are

consistent with a defendant’s liability or that permit the court to infer misconduct is insufficient.

Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949-50; see Courie v. Alcoa Wheel & Forged Prods., 577 F.3d 625, 629 (6th

Cir. 2009). Additionally, when considering a Rule 12(c) motion, the Court “need not accept as true

legal conclusions or unwarranted factual inferences.” Kottmyer, 436 F.3d at 689.
No. 10-5886
Patterson, et al. v. Novartis Pharm. Corp.
Page 4

        The district court properly granted Novartis’s motion to dismiss because Patterson’s

complaint does not sufficiently allege that she received infusions of Aredia manufactured by

Novartis. Massachusetts law requires that a plaintiff suing a manufacturer in a product-liability

action be able to prove that his or her injury can be traced to that specific manufacturer. Mathers v.

Midland-Ross Corp., 532 N.E.2d 46, 48-49 (Mass. 1989). Here, the complaint alleges only a

possibility that the infusions Patterson received were of Aredia manufactured by Novartis. The

complaint does not allege when Patterson received these infusions, how many infusions she received,

or any other facts specific to her treatment.

        The plausibility pleading standard set forth in Twombly and Iqbal requires that Patterson have

pled enough facts to state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1950.

A complaint that allows the court to infer only a “mere possibility of misconduct,” is insufficient to

“show” that the complainant is entitled to relief and fails to meet the pleading requirements of Rule

8. Id. The assertion that Patterson received “Aredia and/or generic Aredia (pamidronate)” means

that Patterson could have received only Aredia manufactured by Novartis. Or, she could have

received both Aredia and generic Aredia, which would be sufficient to state a claim against Novartis.

However, as pled, it is also entirely plausible that Patterson received infusions of only generic Aredia

that Novartis did not manufacture: it is this possibility that is fatal to her complaint. Because the

complaint only permits us to infer the possibility that Patterson received infusions of Aredia

manufactured by Novartis, it fails to satisfy the pleading standards set forth in Twombly and Iqbal.

Therefore, the district court properly granted judgment on the pleadings in favor of Novartis.
No. 10-5886
Patterson, et al. v. Novartis Pharm. Corp.
Page 5

        In reaching this conclusion we stress that “plausibility,” however, “is not akin to a probability

requirement.” Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949. To proceed past the pleading stage a plaintiff need not

establish that the alleged acts actually occurred or likely occurred with a sufficiently high probability.

See Weston Carpet & Floor Covering, Inc. v. Mohawk Indus., – F.3d —, Nos. 09-6140, 09-6173,

2011 WL 2462833, *5 (6th Cir. June 22, 2011); Courie, 577 F.3d at 629-30. While Patterson’s

complaint strongly suggests that she received Aredia manufactured by Novartis, she pled herself out

of relief by specifically asserting that she may have received infusions of only generic Aredia. In this

case, it is the “/or” that prevents Patterson’s claim from proceeding. Although the Supreme Court

has continued to stress that “Rule 8 marks a notable and generous departure from the

hyper-technical, code-pleading regime of a prior era,” Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1950, we have, to some

extent, crept back towards those earlier standards. However, construing this complaint in a light

most favorable to Patterson, it fails to allege anything more than a possibility that she received

Aredia infusions and, therefore, does not meet the requirements of Twombly and Iqbal.

                                                   III.

        Patterson was not entitled to conduct discovery and gather the facts necessary to cure the

defects in her pleading, and the district court properly refused to consider materials outside the

pleadings when addressing Novartis’s motion to dismiss. Finally, because Patterson did not request

leave to amend her complaint until after the district court granted Novartis’s motion to dismiss, the

district court did not abuse its discretion by denying permission to amend.

A.      Leave to Conduct Discovery.
No. 10-5886
Patterson, et al. v. Novartis Pharm. Corp.
Page 6

       Patterson is not entitled to discovery to determine whether her doctors infused her with

Aredia manufactured by Novartis. The Supreme Court’s decisions in Twombly and Iqbal do not

permit a plaintiff to proceed past the pleading stage and take discovery in order to cure a defect in

a complaint. E.g., Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1950; see New Albany Tractor, 2011 WL 2448909, at *3

(“The language of Iqbal, ‘not entitled to discovery,’ is binding on the lower federal courts.”).

Therefore, the district court did not err by denying Patterson leave to conduct discovery.

B.     Reliance on Information Outside the Pleadings.

       Patterson argues that her medical records show that she received Aredia infusions before

Novartis’s patent protection expired and, therefore, Novartis must have manufactured the drug she

received at that time. However, Patterson never requested that Novartis’s motion to dismiss be

converted to a motion for summary judgment. District courts may only consider matters outside the

pleadings in deciding a motion to dismiss if they treat the motion as one for summary judgment

under Rule 56. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d); Jones v. City of Cincinnati, 521 F.3d 555, 562 (6th Cir. 2008).

Therefore, because the district court did not convert the motion to dismiss into a motion for summary

judgment, it properly ruled on this motion without considering these other documents.

C.     Leave to Amend.

       We review a district court’s denial of a motion for leave to amend a complaint for abuse of

discretion unless the motion was denied on the grounds of futility, in which case this Court reviews

de novo. Total Benefits Planning Agency, Inc. v. Anthem Blue Cross & Blue Shield, 552 F.3d 430,

437 (6th Cir. 2008).
No. 10-5886
Patterson, et al. v. Novartis Pharm. Corp.
Page 7

        The district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Patterson’s initial request for leave

to amend because that request was not sufficiently particular. The Rules provide that when

requested, courts “should freely give leave [to amend] when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

15(a)(2). However, a motion for leave to amend must state with particularity the grounds for

amendment. Fed. R. Civ. P. 7(b), 15(a)(2); Evans v. Pearson Enters., Inc., 434 F.3d 839, 853 (6th

Cir. 2006). In Evans, this Court held that requesting leave to amend in a single sentence without

providing the grounds for the amendment or a proposed amended complaint was not a sufficiently

particular request, and the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying the motion. 434 F.3d

at 853. Here, Patterson only mentioned the possibility of amendments in the very last sentence of

her opposition brief to the district court when she stated, “[i]n the alternative, Plaintiffs request an

opportunity to amend the Complaint.” This is not a sufficiently particular request. Additionally,

Patterson also had not included a proposed amended complaint with this request. Therefore, because

this request was not sufficiently particular, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying

this request.

        Similarly, the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying the formal motion to

amend that Patterson filed after the district court had already granted Novartis’s motion to dismiss.

This Court has previously noted that ‘[p]laintiffs [are] not entitled to an advisory opinion from the

district court informing them of the deficiencies of the complaint and then an opportunity to cure

those deficiencies.” Winget v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 537 F.3d 565, 573 (6th Cir. 2008)

(alteration in original, citation and internal quotation marks omitted). After a district court grants

a motion to dismiss, a party may not seek to amend his or her complaint without first moving to alter,
No. 10-5886
Patterson, et al. v. Novartis Pharm. Corp.
Page 8

set aside, or vacate the judgment pursuant to Rule 59 or 60. Benzon v. Morgan Stanley Distribs.,

Inc., 420 F.3d 598, 613 (6th Cir. 2005). The district court noted that Patterson had not shown a clear

error of law, newly discovered evidence, intervening change in controlling law, or need to alter the

opinion to prevent manifest injustice. Cf. Roger Miller Music, Inc. v. Sony/ATV Publ’g, LLC, 477
F.3d 383, 395 (6th Cir. 2007) (requiring that motion under Rule 59(e) establish a manifest error of

law or present newly discovered evidence). Therefore, the district court did not abuse its discretion

by denying Patterson’s motion to amend.

                                                 III.

       Patterson’s complaint did not sufficiently allege that she received infusions of Aredia

manufactured by Novartis, and the district court, therefore, did not err by granting Novartis judgment

on the pleadings. While there appears to be some evidence that Patterson did in fact receive Aredia

that Novartis produced, the district court properly did not consider this information because

Patterson failed to ask the court to convert the motion to dismiss to a motion for summary judgment.

Similarly, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Patterson’s motion to amend

because she did not make this request until after it had already granted the motion to dismiss.

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.