Court Opinion

ID: 9634233
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-22 13:06:51.225628+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:00:17.114632
License: Public Domain

[J-87-2022]
                    IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                               EASTERN DISTRICT

      TODD, C.J., DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, BROBSON, JJ.

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,                    :   No. 796 CAP
                                                  :
                      Appellee                    :   Appeal from the Order entered on
                                                  :   May 5, 2022 in the Court of
                                                  :   Common Pleas, Lancaster County,
               v.                                 :   Criminal Division at No. CP-36-CR-
                                                  :   0002879-2010.
                                                  :
 JAKEEM LYDELL TOWLES,                            :   SUBMITTED: December 2, 2022
                                                  :
                      Appellant                   :

                                         OPINION

JUSTICE BROBSON                                          DECIDED: AUGUST 22, 2023
       This is a capital case in which Jakeem Lydell Towles (Towles) appeals from an

order dismissing his second petition filed pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act

(PCRA), 42 Pa. C.S. §§ 9541-9546. In ordering dismissal, the Court of Common Pleas

of Lancaster County (PCRA court) concluded that Towles’ petition was untimely filed and,

alternatively, without merit. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

                                    I. BACKGROUND

       On May 7, 2010, Towles and his friend, Antwain Robinson (Robinson), took a bus

from Lancaster to Columbia, Pennsylvania, where the Mighty Dog Family Fun Center

(Center) was hosting a local rap performance by Cornell Anton Stewart, Jr., (Stewart) and

John Wright (Wright) that night. Towles’ cousin, Tyrone Hunter (Hunter), lived in an

apartment close to the Center. Throughout the evening following the arrival of Towles

and Robinson in Columbia, the men drank alcohol and smoked marijuana, walking
between the Center, Hunter’s apartment, and another venue several times. At some

point, Towles took Hunter’s handgun from the apartment and hid it in a nearby alley.

       Stewart and Wright started their performance at the Center sometime

after 10:00 p.m. After the performance began, however, Towles interrupted it by grabbing

Wright’s microphone. An altercation ensued, with Wright hitting Towles at least once.

Security and other individuals separated the men. Security then escorted Towles and

Robinson out the front of the Center and escorted Wright and Stewart out the back of the

Center. After being escorted out, Towles retrieved the gun he had hidden earlier, went

to the alleyway behind the Center, and fired three shots at Wright and Stewart. One of

the bullets struck Stewart in the head. Towles and Robinson then fled the scene in

different directions but reunited at an apartment complex, where they asked Arpasia

Bridgman (Bridgman) for a ride back to Lancaster. Bridgman, who was leaving for the

evening with two friends, agreed. During the trip, Towles made incriminating statements

and warned the occupants of the vehicle (including Robinson) not to talk. Stewart

ultimately died from the gunshot wound to his head.

       The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Commonwealth) charged Towles with the

homicide of Stewart, the attempted homicide of Wright, and unlawful possession of a

firearm. The Commonwealth filed its notice of an aggravating circumstance and intent to

seek the death penalty. The matter proceeded to a jury trial, at which Robinson, Hunter,

Wright, Bridgman, and others testified for the Commonwealth. Following trial, the jury

found Towles guilty of first-degree murder and attempted homicide. 1 At the penalty

phase, the jury returned a sentence of death. The trial court formally imposed sentence

on June 11, 2012. Towles then filed a post-sentence motion, which the trial court denied.

This   Court   affirmed   Towles’   judgment   of      sentence   on   direct   appeal   on

1 The firearm offense was severed from the homicide charges and ultimately non prossed.

                                     [J-87-2022] - 2
September 22, 2014, and the United States Supreme Court denied Towles’ subsequent

petition for writ of certiorari on March 2, 2015. Commonwealth v. Towles (Towles I),

106 A.3d 591 (Pa. 2014), cert. denied, 574 U.S. 1193 (2015). 2 Towles subsequently filed

his first PCRA petition, which, notably, included a claim that his trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to cross-examine Robinson on discrepancies between statements

Robinson gave to police after the incident and for stipulating at trial that Robinson had not

told police everything in his first statement. 3 See Commonwealth v. Towles (Towles II),

208 A.3d 988, 1007-08 (Pa. 2019). The PCRA court denied Towles’ PCRA petition

following a hearing (First PCRA Hearing), and, on May 31, 2019, this Court affirmed the

PCRA court’s denial of relief. Id. at 992, 1009.

       On May 4, 2020, Towles filed his second PCRA petition. 4 Therein, Towles claimed

that the Commonwealth had made threats and promises to Robinson to induce him to

2 The Lancaster County Office of the Public Defender (PD’s Office) represented Towles

during trial and on direct appeal. Specifically, Samuel G. Encarnacion, Esquire,
represented Towles during the guilt phase of his trial; Patricia K. Spotts, Esquire,
represented Towles during the penalty phase; and James J. Karl, Esquire, represented
Towles on appeal.
3 The PCRA court appointed various counsel to represent Towles during the course of

proceedings on Towles’ first PCRA petition, including, at one point, the Capital Habeas
Corpus Unit of the Federal Community Defender Office for the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania (FCDO). Ultimately, Towles retained private counsel, Teri B. Himebaugh,
Esquire, to represent him in the remainder of those proceedings.
4 On February 11, 2020, Towles filed a federal habeas corpus petition through FCDO,

which the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania appointed
to represent Towles in federal proceedings by order on August 11, 2015. Subsequently,
Towles filed a motion for stay and abeyance of the federal proceedings so that he could
attempt to exhaust his state court remedies on one claim not previously presented in state
court. The federal district court granted Towles’ motion and ordered that Towles move
for relief in state court no later than May 4, 2020, the date upon which Towles’ filed his
second PCRA petition. On that same date, FCDO re-entered its appearance for Towles
in the instant matter.

                                      [J-87-2022] - 3
testify against Towles at trial and violated Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), 5 and

its progeny by failing to disclose that information. In apparent recognition of the facial

untimeliness of his second PCRA petition, 6 Towles asserted that his petition met the

so-called “governmental interference” and “newly discovered facts” timeliness exceptions

set forth in Section 9545(b)(1)(i)-(ii) of the PCRA, 42 Pa. C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(i)-(ii). Towles

further claimed that he acted with due diligence in asserting his claim within the one-year

time limit under Section 9545(b)(2) of the PCRA, 42 Pa. C.S. § 9545(b)(2). Towles also

5 As this Court has explained:

       It is well-settled that Brady and subsequent precedent flowing therefrom
       impose[] upon a prosecutor the obligation to disclose all favorable evidence
       that is material to the guilt or punishment of an accused, even in the
       absence of a specific request by the accused. Commonwealth v. Strong,
       . . . 761 A.2d 1167, 1171 & n.5 ([Pa] 2000). . . . [T]o establish a Brady
       violation, a defendant has the burden to prove that: (1) the evidence at
       issue was favorable to the accused, either because it is exculpatory or
       because it impeaches; (2) the prosecution has suppressed the evidence,
       either willfully or inadvertently; and (3) the evidence was material, meaning
       that prejudice must have ensued.
       ....

       [W]e have observed that “due process requires the jury to be informed of
       any promise or understanding that the government would extend leniency
       in exchange for a witness’s testimony.” Commonwealth v. Chmiel, . . .
       30 A.3d 1111, 1131 ([Pa.] 2011). Indeed, “[a]ny implication, promise or
       understanding that the government would extend leniency in exchange for
       a witness’ testimony is relevant to the witness’ credibility.”

Commonwealth v. Bagnall, 235 A.3d 1075, 1085-86 (Pa. 2020) (some citations omitted).
6 As a general matter, all PCRA petitions must be filed within one year of the date that the

petitioner’s judgment of sentence becomes final to be deemed timely filed.
Section 9545(b)(1) of the PCRA, 42 Pa. C.S. § 9545(b)(1); Commonwealth v. Marshall,
947 A.2d 714, 719 (Pa. 2008). The PCRA dictates that “a judgment becomes final at the
conclusion of direct review, including discretionary review in the Supreme Court of the
United States and the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, or at the expiration of time for
seeking the review.” 42 Pa. C.S. § 9545(b)(3). It is undisputed that Towles’ second
PCRA petition is facially untimely, as he filed it more than five years after his judgment of
sentence became final in 2015.

                                      [J-87-2022] - 4
requested a hearing and filed an appendix to his second PCRA petition. The appendix

contained an affidavit from Robinson, which is dated March 5, 2020, and provides:
       My name is Antwain Robinson. I testified at Jakeem Towles[’] trial in
       Lancaster. I was with Jakeem the night of the incident. I don’t remember
       all the details of that day. What I do remember is that the investigators
       threatened me that if I did not cooperate with them and testify at Jakeem
       Towles’[] trial, I could be charged with crimes related to the incident and
       could go to jail. I believed them and I was scared. So I did testify at the
       trial.

(Original Record (O.R.), Item No. 81, Appendix to Petition, Ex. 1.) The appendix also

contained two memoranda exchanged between Towles’ trial counsel and an investigator

from the PD’s Office, Peter Glatfelter (Glatfelter), indicating that Glatfelter attempted to

speak to Robinson about the incident twice before trial but was not successful. In the first

memorandum, Glatfelter explained that on April 25, 2011, he asked Robinson—who had

visited the PD’s Office for purposes “of obtaining an attorney for outstanding charges”

pending against him—if Robinson would speak to him about the incident, but “Robinson

stated he ha[d] been told that he is not to talk to anyone about that. [Glatfelter] asked

[Robinson] who told him that and when,” but Robinson just stated that “[t]hey told me not

to talk to anyone” and “would not explain who ‘[t]hey’ were,” so Glatfelter did not conduct

an interview.    (O.R., Item No. 81, Appendix to Petition, Ex. 2.)          In the second

memorandum, Glatfelter indicated that he spoke to Robinson on June 21, 2011, “on the

street,” explaining that he was not “trying to [j]am [Robinson] up in any way” and “only

want[ed] to talk about the drinking and smoking,” and that he gave Robinson his contact

information “as [Robinson] did not seem real comfortable talking to [Glatfelter] on the

street.” (O.R., Item No. 81, Appendix to Petition, Ex. 3.)

       The Commonwealth filed a response to Towles’ second PCRA petition. The

Commonwealth first claimed that the petition was untimely filed because Towles failed to

demonstrate that he acted with due diligence in obtaining Robinson’s affidavit to establish

                                      [J-87-2022] - 5
both the “governmental interference” exception and the “newly discovered facts”

exception. The Commonwealth also argued that Towles’ Brady claim lacked merit.

Preliminarily, the Commonwealth disputed that the Commonwealth had threatened

Robinson and that the Commonwealth suppressed such evidence.                In support, the

Commonwealth attached to its response an affidavit from former First Assistant District

Attorney Christopher P. Larsen (DA Larsen), who was tasked with aiding the investigation

of the incident and prosecuting Towles. That affidavit provides, in relevant part:
       1. I served as an Assistant District Attorney from 2000-2008 and as the
       First Assistant District Attorney from 2008-2019 for Lancaster County,
       Pennsylvania.
       2. In my capacity as First Assistant District Attorney I was assigned to assist
       in the investigation into the shooting death of . . . Stewart, as well as
       prosecute the criminal homicide charge against . . . Towles for that murder.
       3. I am familiar with the investigation, case preparation, evidence, and
       witnesses involved in the prosecution of . . . Towles . . . .
       4. In the course of the investigation, a witness, . . . Robinson, came
       forward. . . . Robinson came forward through his mother, who reached out
       to a Lancaster Bureau of Police detective with whom . . . Robinson was
       familiar from a prior investigation in which . . . Robinson was the victim of
       an assault.
       5. During the investigation and case preparation I had numerous occasions
       to interact with . . . Robinson. At all times during our interactions, . . .
       Robinson was a cooperative witness and at no time were any threats made
       by myself or, to my knowledge, any of the investigating officers or detectives
       in order to compel him to testify.
       6. At no time did . . . Robinson articulate or display concern regarding any
       alleged threats from any member of law enforcement. The only concerns
       ever expressed by . . . Robinson were whether he could potentially be in
       trouble for his involvement and what repercussions he may face for being a
       witness for the prosecution. The response to both concerns was that . . .
       Robinson had to be truthful.

(O.R., Item No. 85, Exhibit A.) The Commonwealth also argued that Towles’ Brady claim

lacked merit because, even assuming that the Commonwealth had threatened Robinson

to induce his trial testimony, such evidence was not material in the instant matter.

                                      [J-87-2022] - 6
       The PCRA court held an evidentiary hearing on November 16, 2021. Towles

subpoenaed Robinson to appear at the hearing, but Robinson refused service of the

subpoena and failed to appear. DA Larsen and Dennis Arnold (Detective Arnold), a

detective with the Office of District Attorney of Lancaster County at the time of the incident,

appeared and testified. At the beginning of the hearing, the parties addressed the issue

of due diligence as it related to the timeliness of Towles’ PCRA petition. Towles’ PCRA

counsel presented the PCRA court with several declarations, to which the parties

stipulated, relating to the unsuccessful efforts of Towles’ trial counsel, current PCRA

counsel, and investigators to locate and/or speak with Robinson over the years, including

attempts to contact Robinson at the time of trial and visits to certain home addresses

post-conviction. (N.T., 11/16/2021, at 3-5, 8-11.) Towles’ PCRA counsel also explained

that he and co-counsel “saw Mr. Robinson walking down the street near his house” in

January 2020, at which time PCRA counsel “asked if it was [Robinson], [Robinson] said

yes,” and then “[Robinson] told [them] the information.” (Id. at 4-5.) PCRA counsel further

explained that, “[a]bout two months later[,] when [PCRA counsel] were still attempting to

see [Robinson] again, which was difficult[,] [PCRA counsel] saw [Robinson] again.

[Robinson] signed a declaration . . . and within two months of that, [PCRA counsel] filed

the instant petition.” (Id. at 5.)

       In response, the Commonwealth argued that “a cursory search of the

[Administrative Office of Pennsylvania Courts Unified Judicial System Portal (UJS Portal)]

show[ed] . . . Robinson was in Lancaster County Court no less than five times since 2015

. . . . [and that i]t would not have been difficult to locate him at one time at those

proceedings had [PCRA counsel] done the search and looked it up.”                  (Id.)   The

Commonwealth submitted a copy of Robinson’s secure court summary, which the

Commonwealth’s attorney found “by simply typing [Robinson’s] name in,” and further

                                       [J-87-2022] - 7
noted that “Robinson has been continually under supervision by [the] Lancaster County

Adult Probation and Parole Office since 2015.” (Id. at 5-6.) Towles’ PCRA counsel

represented his belief that they knew Robinson was on probation and/or parole but could

not say whether they knew Robinson was in custody, indicated that if PCRA counsel had

known Robinson was in custody PCRA counsel “likely would have attempted to see

[Robinson] if he wasn’t represented by counsel,” and that it was fair to say that PCRA

counsel was not present for any of Robinson’s appearances in court throughout the years.

(Id. at 11-12.)

        PCRA counsel then called DA Larsen to testify, and he confirmed that he

prosecuted Towles’ case.      (N.T., 11/16/2021, at 13.)     Eventually, PCRA counsel

questioned DA Larsen about the portion of DA Larsen’s affidavit indicating that “the only

concerns ever expressed by . . . Robinson were whether he could potentially be in trouble

for his involvement.” (Id. at 18.) DA Larsen could not recall if Robinson expressed this

concern before trial, further explaining that he has spoken to Robinson “multiple times,”

had seen Robinson since trial, and would “bump into him on the street.” (Id. at 18-19).

Indeed, DA Larsen stated that he had a prior relationship with Robinson and has known

Robinson “for quite some time” because Robinson was “a victim in an aggravated assault

case a couple of years prior” to the shooting. (Id. at 19.) Notably, PCRA counsel then

asked DA Larsen whether, at the time Robinson expressed his concern, DA Larsen “told

[Robinson] as long as he told the truth he had nothing to worry about[.]” (Id.) DA Larsen

responded, “Yes. I always say the same thing to any witness, that what they need to do

is tell the truth.” (Id.)

        On cross-examination by the Commonwealth, DA Larsen confirmed that Robinson

did not hesitate to come forward and speak to investigators or DA Larsen about the instant

matter and explained that “[t]he way that . . . Robinson even became familiar to [the

                                     [J-87-2022] - 8
prosecution] as being involved in this case was because of his mom reaching out to

Detective Nickel of Lancaster City Bureau of Police[, who had worked with DA Larsen] on

the case in which . . . Robinson was an assault victim.” (Id. at 19-20.) DA Larsen also

confirmed that neither he nor anyone at his direction told Robinson that he would be

charged with a criminal offense if he did not testify or threaten him to get him to testify

and that there were no “criminal offenses on the radar that . . . Robinson could have been

charged with.” (Id. at 20.) When asked by PCRA counsel on redirect about the crime of

hindering apprehension of prosecution in light of Robinson’s role in procuring a ride back

to Lancaster following the shooting, DA Larsen replied, “If you’re suggesting that in any

way would apply to . . . Robinson, no.” (Id. at 21.) On recross examination by the

Commonwealth, DA Larsen confirmed that he would not “have authorized or filed the

charge of hindering apprehension” and explained:
      So . . . Robinson[] lives in Lancaster. He wanted to get home. I can tell you
      this, quite frankly, the comments that he had were primarily concern about
      being targeted for his cooperation. So . . . if there was fear at all on . . .
      Robinson’s part, it was because of pressure that he felt due to his
      connection with the defendant.

(Id. at 22.) The Commonwealth then called Detective Arnold, who confirmed that he

assisted Lancaster County Detective Joseph Geesey (Detective Geesey) in an interview

of Robinson after the shooting. (Id. at 23.) Detective Arnold also confirmed that neither

he nor Detective Geesey threatened Robinson with criminal prosecution if he did not

cooperate or otherwise made any threats towards Robinson during the interview. 7 (Id.

at 23-24.)

7 The PCRA court admitted all exhibits presented by the Commonwealth and Towles into

evidence at the hearing.

                                     [J-87-2022] - 9
       After the hearing, Towles filed a motion to amend his second PCRA petition along

with a proposed amended petition. 8 The proposed amended petition “incorporate[d the]

sworn statements from [DA] Larsen . . . and [DA] Larsen’s testimony at the evidentiary

hearing.” (O.R., Item No. 93, at 9.) Towles contended that DA Larsen’s affidavit and

PCRA hearing testimony corroborated the interaction described in Robinson’s affidavit

insofar as DA Larsen acknowledged that Robinson expressed concerns about whether

Robinson could be in trouble for his involvement and the repercussions he may face for

testifying for the Commonwealth, and DA Larsen responded to both concerns by stating

that Robinson had to be truthful. Towles argued that DA “Larsen’s response to . . .

Robinson implied that . . . Robinson would receive leniency with regard to any possible

prosecution for his involvement in the crime if he testified at trial, and, conversely, that he

could be in trouble if he did[ not]” and that “[t]he prosecution had an affirmative duty to

disclose this understanding.” (Id. at 17.)

       Following post-hearing briefing, on May 5, 2022, the PCRA court issued an opinion

and order dismissing Towles’ petition. In doing so, the PCRA court first concluded that

Towles’ petition was untimely filed. After observing that Towles’ petition was facially

untimely, the PCRA court turned to Towles’ assertion that the “governmental interference”

exception and the “newly discovered facts” exception applied to his petition. With respect

to the “governmental interference” exception, Towles asserted that the Commonwealth

interfered with his ability to bring his Brady claim by withholding evidence that Robinson

“was both (a) threatened with criminal prosecution if he did not cooperate with the

prosecution and testify at Towles’ trial, and (b) implicitly offered a deal to ‘receive

favorable treatment if he cooperated and testified against . . . Towles.’” (O.R., Item

8 The PCRA court indicates that it granted Towles’ motion to amend on April 1, 2022,

though the record does not appear to contain the order.

                                      [J-87-2022] - 10
No. 97, PCRA Ct. Op., 5/5/2022, at 10 (citation omitted) (quoting Towles’ Post-Hearing

Brief at 1).) As for his invocation of the “newly discovered facts” exception, Towles argued

that his discovery of the Commonwealth’s threats to and implied deals with Robinson

constituted “newly discovered facts” for purposes of satisfying the exception. Towles

added that, because he filed his second PCRA petition within one year of the date his

counsel obtained Robinson’s affidavit setting forth the alleged threats by the

Commonwealth, Towles’ second PCRA petition satisfied Section 9545(b)(2) of the PCRA.

       Upon review, the PCRA court concluded that Towles did not satisfy either of the

claimed timeliness exceptions under the PCRA because he failed to demonstrate that he

exercised due diligence in obtaining the information upon which his claim was premised.

(O.R., Item No. 97, PCRA Ct. Op., 5/5/2022, at 10-17 (quoting Commonwealth v. Smith,

194 A.3d 126, 133-34 (Pa. Super. 2018) (providing that, under both governmental

interference exception and newly discovered facts exception, petitioner must show that

he acted with due diligence in obtaining witness affidavit), appeal denied, 208 A.3d 64

(Pa. 2019)).)   Beginning with Towles’ efforts pre-trial and during trial to obtain the

information supporting his Brady claim, the PCRA court observed that Towles was aware

that Robinson, Towles’ “‘good friend’ of ten years, voluntarily came forward the day after

the homicide and gave multiple statements to the [d]etectives in the District Attorney’s

Office about [Towles’] involvement in the case.” (Id. at 11-12 (citation omitted) (quoting

N.T., 5/5/2012 to 5/7/2012, at 279-80).) The PCRA court further noted that Towles was

aware that, prior to trial, Robinson was being held in Lancaster County Prison on

unrelated charges. Indeed, Towles’ trial counsel, Attorney Encarnacion, testified at the

First PCRA hearing that he “went to see . . . Robinson at the [p]rison and was

unsuccessful in getting a statement from [Robinson].” (Id. at 12.) The PCRA court also

noted Glatfelter’s interactions with Robinson prior to trial, wherein Robinson revealed

                                     [J-87-2022] - 11
during the first encounter that “he had been told that he was not to talk to anyone about

the homicide, although he declined to identify who had told him that;” and Robinson did

not appear “‘comfortable’ talking to the investigator” on the street during the second

encounter. (Id.) Moreover, the PCRA court observed that Towles’ trial counsel also

testified at the First PCRA Hearing that “Robinson originally lied in his statements to the

police to minimize his involvement in the murder as he was ‘probably . . . worried’ about

getting charged with crimes related to the homicide and particularly the gun.” (Id. (quoting

N.T., First PCRA Hearing, 9/18/2017, at 100).) The PCRA court reasoned that trial

counsel knew “Robinson had initially acted to protect himself from criminal charges and

might again.” (Id.)

       Based on the foregoing, the PCRA court observed that, for a year before Towles’

trial at which Robinson testified for the Commonwealth, Towles knew that Robinson was:

“(1) cooperating with the prosecution, (2) facing unrelated criminal charges, (3) fearful of

acquiring new criminal charges related to the homicide, and (4) being told by someone

not to cooperate with [Towles’] defense team.”          (Id. at 13.)   Notwithstanding this

knowledge of Robinson’s “potentially impeachable testimony,” the PCRA court observed

that Towles’ trial counsel did not ask Robinson during cross-examination at Towles’ trial

if the Commonwealth had made any threats or promises of reward in exchange for

Robinson’s testimony against Towles. (Id. at 13-14.) The PCRA court concluded that,

under the particular circumstances of this case, “it would have been reasonable and

prudent . . . for defense counsel to” take the opportunity presented during Robinson’s trial

testimony “to seek this information from . . . Robinson for impeachment purposes” by

“question[ing] whether . . . Robinson was testifying for the Commonwealth pursuant to

some promise or reward and/or threat.” (Id. at 13 (relying upon Commonwealth v. Davis,

86 A.3d 883, 890-91 (Pa. Super. 2014), for proposition that due diligence does not require

                                     [J-87-2022] - 12
defendant to make unreasonable assumption under specific facts of case (emphasis in

original)).) The PCRA court reasoned that Towles “cannot contend that a failure to

question a Commonwealth witness at trial under oath about possible motive for his or her

testimony is reasonable under these particular circumstances.” 9 (Id. at 13-14.)

       Turning to Towles’ post-trial efforts to learn the information serving as the basis for

his Brady claim, the PCRA court first observed that “subsequent actions taken by past

and present PCRA counsel to pursue . . . Robinson post-trial are less persuasive given

. . . Robinson’s availability at trial and [the] guaranty of truthfulness resulting from his oath

at trial.” (Id. at 13 (emphasis in original).) The PCRA court continued by noting that the

record established that, upon review of trial counsel’s file, Towles’ first PCRA counsel,

Attorney Himebaugh, “also would have been fully aware of . . . Robinson’s refusal to

cooperate with the defense, his fear of acquiring new criminal charges related to the

homicide,” and his silence resulting from someone telling him not to cooperate with the

defense. (Id. at 14.) Attorney Himebaugh, however, failed to investigate Robinson further

or interview him, though she raised an ineffectiveness challenge to trial counsel’s failure

to cross-examine Robinson on inconsistencies in his statements to police. As for FCDO’s

involvement, the PCRA court observed that FCDO’s representation of Towles began

in 2015 in federal court and paralleled Attorney Himebaugh’s representation of Towles in

state court for several years.        The PCRA court acknowledged that two FCDO

investigators, Kathleen Kaib (Kaib) and Kristyn Tempora (Tempora), indicated that they

tried to locate and speak to Robinson “several times,” travelling to his known and

presumed addresses and his parents’ home with no success. (Id. at 14-15.) The PCRA

9 The PCRA court noted that Towles had not pursued a claim of ineffective assistance of

counsel for failure to cross-examine Robinson on his motive for testifying and that, in any
event, such a claim does not “save” an untimely PCRA petition. See Commonwealth v.
Morris, 822 A.2d 684, 694 (Pa. 2003) (providing that “a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel does not save an otherwise untimely petition for review on the merits”).

                                       [J-87-2022] - 13
court, however, explained that the investigators’ declarations were “unclear” or

“equivocal” as to the nature and extent of these efforts, such as whether the investigators

took more than one trip to Lancaster and whether the investigators travelled there

together or on separate occasions. (Id. at 15 nn.8-9.) The PCRA court added that, while

current PCRA counsel—specifically Michael Gonzales, Esquire, and Alex Kursman,

Esquire—also attempted “several times” to contact Robinson, “there was no reference as

to when these attempts were made.” (Id. at 15.)

      Noting that PCRA counsel ultimately succeeded in interviewing Robinson on

January 13, 2020, the PCRA court observed that the Commonwealth had introduced

evidence to rebut Towles’ claim of due diligence in trying to locate Robinson between

2015 and 2020:
      [T]he Commonwealth introduced evidence that had PCRA counsel or their
      investigators conducted a cursory search of the [UJS Portal] they would
      have discovered that, during the five years they were attempting to locate
      . . . Robinson, he had no less than five scheduled court appearances in the
      Lancaster County Court of Common Pleas. No attempts were made to
      locate . . . Robinson at these court proceedings, or to speak to his counsel
      of record to request an interview. Moreover, . . . Robinson has been
      continually under the supervision of the Lancaster County Office of Adult
      Probation and Parole Services since 2015, a fact of which PCRA counsel
      was aware, and yet no effort was made by the defense team to contact
      [Robinson’s] probation officer.
             Rather, it would appear that by pure happenstance PCRA counsel
      saw . . . Robinson walking down the street near his home in 2020 and at
      that time he voluntarily divulged, ten years after the homicide, that
      Commonwealth “investigators threatened [him] that if [he] did not cooperate
      with them and testify at . . . Towles’[] trial, [he] could be charged with crimes
      related to the incident and could go to jail.” Two months later, on
      March 5, 2020, counsel saw . . . Robinson again and had him sign a
      handwritten affidavit alleging that he was threatened into testifying for the
      Commonwealth. The mere fact that PCRA counsel could find . . . Robinson
      twice in two months outside of his home in 2020 defeats [Towles’] argument
      that he exercised due diligence over the preceding five-year period in trying
      to locate . . . Robinson.

                                     [J-87-2022] - 14
(Id. at 15-16 (citations omitted) (footnotes omitted).)10 The PCRA court continued:
         When customary efforts at locating the material witness in this case were
         unsuccessful ([i.e., ]knocking on the door of the witness’s home and the
         home of his parents), it would not have been unreasonable or extraordinary
         for investigators or counsel to review the court summaries and criminal
         records of a known repeat offender, or to contact his probation officer or
         defense attorney to initiate contact. Failing to use known, reliable sources
         to locate a material witness is not reasonable. The fact that . . . Robinson
         may have been testifying for the Commonwealth against his good friend
         because of threats or promises or deals must have been obvious to [Towles]
         at the time of trial in 2012. Therefore, [Towles] bore the duty to seek out
         the facts that he now attempts to use to support his Brady claim ten years
         later.
(Id. at 17 (footnote omitted).)11 Concluding that Towles failed to demonstrate that he had

acted with due diligence in obtaining the information relating to the Commonwealth’s

alleged threats to or agreement with Robinson, the PCRA court held that Towles failed to

meet either timeliness exception at issue and that Towles’ serial PCRA petition must be

dismissed as untimely filed.

         Alternatively, the PCRA court concluded that Towles’ Brady claim was without

merit.    The PCRA court first concluded that Towles failed to establish that the

Commonwealth made threats or promises to Robinson to secure his trial testimony

against Towles.      In support, the PCRA court noted that, while Towles presented

10 The PCRA court noted that, "[a]lthough . . . Robinson’s alleged signature appear[ed] at

the bottom of the affidavit, the document appear[ed] to have been drafted by PCRA
counsel and not at the affiant’s dictation” and that Robinson’s failure to appear at the
PCRA hearing precluded the Commonwealth from cross-examining Robinson to
determine the veracity of the averments contained therein. (O.R., Item No. 97, PCRA Ct.
Op., 5/5/2022, at 16 n.10.) The PCRA court further commented that it was “unclear why
counsel did not take a signed statement from . . . Robinson in January 2020 when he first
revealed the alleged threats by the Commonwealth.” (Id. at 16 n.11.)
11 The PCRA court observed that, at Towles’ trial, the parties stipulated that “Robinson

had a prior criminal record consisting of two misdemeanors of the third degree for theft
by unlawful taking and was on parole at the time of trial for a probation violation related
to possession of marijuana.” (O.R., Item No. 97, PCRA Ct. Op., 5/5/2022, at 17 n.12.)
Moreover, “Robinson’s criminal activity continued through 2020.” (Id.)

                                      [J-87-2022] - 15
Robinson’s affidavit at the hearing on Towles’ second PCRA petition, Towles failed to

present Robinson at the hearing for cross-examination, thereby preventing the PCRA

court from determining Robinson’s credibility as the affiant. The PCRA court added that

“the affidavit was directly contradicted by the credible testimony of” DA Larsen and

Detective Arnold. (Id. at 19.) The PCRA court observed that DA Larsen “testified

unequivocally that he did not make threats against or promises to . . . Robinson in

exchange for his testimony” and that, to the contrary, DA “Larsen testified that . . .

Robinson was, in fact, fearful of [Towles] and of retaliation for cooperating with the

prosecution.” (Id.) The PCRA court explained that DA Larsen’s testimony was consistent

with DA Larsen’s affidavit providing that “Robinson had concerns about the repercussions

he may face for being a witness for the prosecution,” which, again, related to a threat from

Towles. (Id. at 19-20 (internal quotations omitted).) The PCRA court further noted that

Detective Arnold testified consistently with DA Larsen that neither Detective Arnold nor

Detective “Geesey ever threatened . . . Robinson with criminal prosecution if he did not

cooperate with the prosecution, nor did they make any threats of any other kind.” (Id.

at 20.)

          Moreover, the PCRA court reasoned that, while DA Larsen stated in his affidavit

that he told Robinson to “be truthful” in response to Robinson’s expression of concern

about “whether he could potentially be in trouble for his involvement [in the homicide] and

what repercussions he may face for being a witness for the prosecution,” the PCRA court

emphasized that “[t]he concern voiced by . . . Robinson was not about testifying for the

Commonwealth, but rather about the repercussions of testifying against [Towles].” (Id.

(emphasis in original).) The PCRA court explained that it appeared that Robinson was

not afraid of being charged for his involvement in the crime or with perjury if he did not

testify truthfully for the Commonwealth, but that Robinson instead feared Towles. In

                                      [J-87-2022] - 16
further support of this conclusion, the PCRA court opined, inter alia, that Towles had

repeatedly warned Robinson immediately after the homicide not to speak to anyone about

the shooting. (Id.) The PCRA court added that, in Robinson’s third and final statement

to police, Robinson said “that he had not been completely honest with the interviewing

officers previously because he was ‘afraid’ that ‘the person who committed the crime [i.e.,

Towles] and other people on the “street” would harm him to keep him from telling all the

facts to the police.’” (Id.) The PCRA court explained that DA Larsen’s hearing testimony

“confirmed that . . . Robinson was always a ‘cooperating’ witness.’” (Id. at 21.) The PCRA

court added that “it was . . . Robinson who initially contacted the police about his

involvement in and knowledge of the homicide, although he initially tried to minimize his

part in the incident,” and he “continued to reach out to the police on subsequent occasions

to give additional information or to correct previous misinformation.”      (Id. (footnotes

omitted).) The PCRA Court also noted DA Larsen’s testimony that the prosecution had

no intention to charge Robinson in relation to the crime, nor were there any criminal

offenses with which to charge him, and that DA Larsen’s “admonition to . . . Robinson ‘to

be truthful’ in his statements to the police and in his trial testimony was consistent with

his advice to all Commonwealth witnesses.”         (Id.) 12   Accordingly, the PCRA court

reasoned that, rather than proving any alleged threats or promises between the

Commonwealth and Robinson, the evidence established that Robinson was a

12 In a series of footnotes, the PCRA court also observed that:   (1) Robinson “obviously
felt comfortable talking to the police and to [DA] Larsen” given their prior relationship;
(2) at the end of each of the three statements Robinson gave to the police in 2010,
“Robinson attested to the fact that the statements were made ‘of [his] own free will without
any fear, threats or promises of leniency or reward from [the police] or anyone else;’” and
(3) while Towles’ PCRA counsel suggested that the Commonwealth could have charged
Robinson with hindering apprehension in relation to the incident, DA “Larsen testified
unequivocally that he would not have authorized the filing of such a charge against . . .
Robinson under the circumstances of this case.” (O.R., Item No. 97, PCRA Ct. Op.,
5/5/2022, at 21 nn.13-15.)

                                     [J-87-2022] - 17
cooperating witness for the Commonwealth and never indicated any reluctance to testify

against Towles at trial, though Robinson feared possible retaliation from Towles and

Towles’ friends for his cooperation. 13 (Id. at 21-22.)

                                        II. ISSUES

       Towles appealed the PCRA court’s order to this Court, raising the following two

issues:
       1. Is . . . Towles’s Brady claim, which was filed within months after learning
       of undisclosed threats and promises by the trial prosecutor to the
       Commonwealth’s key witness, timely under 42 Pa. C.S. § 9545(b)(i) & (ii)?
       2. Did the Commonwealth violate Brady . . . by failing to disclose material,
       favorable evidence concerning threats made to a witness if he did not
       cooperate and implied promises of leniency if he did?
(Towles’ Brief at 1.)

                               III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       With respect to the principles governing our review of a PCRA court’s order, this

Court has explained:
       [W]e must determine whether the findings of the PCRA court are supported
       by the record and whether the court’s legal conclusions are free from error.
       The findings of the PCRA court and the evidence of record are viewed in a
       light most favorable to the prevailing party. The PCRA court’s credibility
       determinations, when supported by the record, are binding; however, this
       [C]ourt applies a de novo standard of review to the PCRA court’s legal
       conclusions. We must keep in mind that the petitioner has the burden of
       persuading this Court that the PCRA court erred and that such error
       requires relief. Finally, this Court may affirm a valid judgment or order for
       any reason appearing of record.
Commonwealth v. Montalvo, 205 A.3d 274, 286 (Pa. 2019) (citations omitted).

13 The PCRA court also concluded that, even if Towles had established the existence of

undisclosed threats or promises by the Commonwealth to Robinson, such evidence was
not material to the case.

                                      [J-87-2022] - 18
                   IV. TIMELINESS OF TOWLES’ PCRA PETITION

                               A. PARTIES’ ARGUMENTS

       Towles argues that his Brady claim is not time-barred under the “governmental

interference” exception and “newly discovered facts” exception and that, in reaching its

contrary conclusion, the PCRA court incorrectly applied the “due diligence” standard

under the facts of this case. Preliminarily, Towles submits that his Brady claim falls within

the “governmental interference” exception because his failure to raise the claim earlier

resulted from the Commonwealth’s suppression of information regarding the

understanding between Robinson and the prosecution despite its legal obligation to

disclose such information under Brady. Towles also argues that his Brady claim meets

the “newly discovered facts” exception because the claim is predicated on facts that he

did not know until January 2020, when he learned about the threats and/or implied

promises made by the Commonwealth to Robinson. Towles adds that he could not have

ascertained those facts previously upon the exercise of due diligence, arguing that he is

entitled to presume that the Commonwealth discharged its duties under Brady and that

his counsel “diligently sought to discover any undisclosed, exculpatory evidence.”

(Towles’ Brief at 20.) Finally, Towles submits that, by filing his claim on May 4, 2020, he

filed his petition within one year of the date his claim could have been presented under

Section 9545(b)(2) of the PCRA.

       Turning to the PCRA court’s disposition, Towles asserts that the PCRA court

improperly concluded that Towles was not duly diligent in discovering his claim for

purposes of establishing both timeliness exceptions. 14 In doing so, Towles submits that

14 The PCRA court’s approach—wherein it required Towles to demonstrate due diligence

relative to both the “governmental interference” exception and the “newly discovered
facts” exception—is aligned with existing precedent from this Court. See, e.g.,
Commonwealth v. Stokes, 959 A.2d 306, 310 (Pa. 2008) (explaining that
Section 9545(b)(2) of PCRA “requires a petitioner to plead and prove that the information
(continued…)

                                      [J-87-2022] - 19
the PCRA court focused on additional steps that defense counsel could have taken—

which, Towles argues, there virtually always are—while rejecting the reasonable steps

counsel did take in discovering Towles’ claim.        With respect to the PCRA court’s

observations relating to trial counsel’s lack of due diligence for failing to cross-examine

Robinson on the issue at trial, Towles argues that “[t]he PCRA court’s logic turns Brady

on its head,” that “[t]rial is not the time for discovery,” and that, if accepted, the PCRA

court’s “rule” would allow the Commonwealth to “suppress all deals with its witnesses and

require the defense to ask witnesses whether they received deals without knowing the

answer.” (Towles’ Brief at 16-17.) Towles further argues that the Court of Appeals for

the Eighth Circuit rejected a nearly identical argument to the logic employed by the PCRA

court here in Jimerson v. Payne, 957 F.3d 916 (8th Cir. 2020). As for the failure of Towles’

PCRA counsel to contact Robinson’s probation officer or counsel of record post-trial,

Towles contends that “there is no reason to believe that . . . Robinson would have been

more willing to talk under those circumstances than if he were at home” in light of

Robinson’s reluctance to talk to Towles’ counsel in the past and that it was reasonable

on which he relies could not have been obtained earlier, despite the exercise of due
diligence” and that, “[t]hus, with respect to both [the governmental-interference and
newly -discovered-facts] exceptions, [a petitioner] is required to show that he could not
have filed his claim earlier”); Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal, 941 A.2d 1263, 1268 (Pa.)
(imposing due diligence requirement as to “governmental interference” and “newly
discovered facts” exceptions in context of asserted Brady violation), cert. denied,
555 U.S. 916 (2008); see also Commonwealth v. Breakiron, 781 A.2d 94, 98 (Pa. 2001)
(concluding that appellant failed to meet governmental interference exception premised
upon Brady violation for Commonwealth’s failure to disclose, inter alia, that witness “had
a non-final criminal conviction at the time of trial, giving him a substantial incentive to
‘curry favor’ with the Commonwealth” because, while appellant argued that failure to raise
claims previously was result of “Commonwealth’s violation of its continuing obligation to
disclose Brady material,” appellant “failed to set forth any evidence as to when and how
he discovered the Brady material [and] offer a reasonable explanation as to why this
information, with the exercise of due diligence, could not have been obtained earlier”).
Towles does not argue that the PCRA court erred in utilizing this approach or otherwise
advocate for a change in the law.

                                     [J-87-2022] - 20
“to attempt to contact . . . Robinson directly when he was not represented by counsel,

rather than through . . . Robinson’s counsel, who might not have allowed an interview.”

(Id. at 18.)

       Towles contends that his counsels’ actions were reasonable under the

circumstances, highlighting that trial counsel repeatedly attempted to talk to Robinson but

was rebuffed, the prosecution had represented pretrial that no threats or promises were

made to Robinson, and current counsel had no reason to believe the Commonwealth had

violated Brady or that Robinson would speak to counsel but nonetheless made multiple

attempts to interview him. Towles argues that due diligence does not require him “to

assume that the prosecution was untruthful” or “to continue badgering . . . Robinson after

his repeated refusals to speak with those working on . . . Towles’[] behalf.” (Id. at 18-19.)

Towles adds that he “did not ‘fail[] to use known, reliable sources to locate a material

witness,’” as “he eventually found . . . Robinson in 2020 at his home where [Towles] had

made numerous attempts to find him over the years.” (Id. at 19.) Towles faults the PCRA

court for imposing a higher burden of diligence upon Towles than required by law based

on its observations that Towles was aware or must have been aware of Robinson’s

potentially impeachable testimony at the time of trial, noting that courts have rejected

similar logic when considering the due diligence standard in the federal context. (Id.

(citing Jefferson v. United States, 730 F.3d 537 (6th Cir. 2013), cert. denied, 573 U.S.

918 (2014)).)

       The Commonwealth counters that the PCRA court properly found that Towles’

second PCRA petition was untimely filed due to Towles’ failure to exercise due diligence

in asserting his claim.   In support, the Commonwealth highlights the PCRA court’s

rationale that, despite having information prior to trial relative to Robinson’s initial

untruthfulness, concern about being charged for his involvement in the crime, and

                                      [J-87-2022] - 21
reluctance to talk to anyone about the crime based upon someone’s directive, Towles’

trial counsel “never took the reasonable step of challenging . . . Robinson under oath as

to his motives for testifying or the identity of the person that told him not to talk.”

(Commonwealth’s Brief at 14-15.) The Commonwealth also emphasizes that, “[d]espite

all the fruitless efforts to reach [Robinson] at his home” following Towles’ conviction,

Towles’ counsel and investigators “appear to never have taken the reasonable step[s] of

checking court dockets for a witness with a known criminal record,” “reaching out to . . .

Robinson’s counsel of record in any of those cases to arrange a meeting,” or attempting

to contact “Robinson’s probation officer despite knowing that he has continually been

under” supervision since 2015. (Id. at 16.) The Commonwealth submits that the record

establishes that Towles could have interviewed Robinson on multiple occasions had he

taken reasonable steps to locate Robinson and that, as such, he cannot avail himself of

the claimed timeliness exceptions. 15

                                      B. DISCUSSION

       This matter squarely implicates Section 9545 of the PCRA, pertaining to

jurisdiction and proceedings, and, more particularly, subsection (b) thereof, pertaining to

time for filing a petition. 16 It is well settled that “[t]he PCRA’s timeliness requirements are

15 In reply, Towles reiterates that the Commonwealth, like the PCRA court, seeks to

impose a higher standard than the due diligence required under the law by focusing on
whether there were additional steps that defense counsel could have taken to discover
the claim at issue rather than analyzing whether the steps counsel did take were
reasonable.
16 Section 9545(b) of the PCRA provides, in part:

       (1) Any petition under this subchapter, including a second or subsequent
       petition, shall be filed within one year of the date the judgment becomes
       final, unless the petition alleges and the petitioner proves that:
       (i) the failure to raise the claim previously was the result of interference by
       government officials with the presentation of the claim in violation of the
(continued…)

                                        [J-87-2022] - 22
jurisdictional in nature and must be strictly construed; courts may not address the merits

of the issues raised in a petition if it is not timely filed.” Abu-Jamal, 941 A.2d at 1267-68.

As noted, all PCRA petitions generally must be filed within one year of the date that a

petitioner’s judgment of sentence becomes final to be deemed timely filed. 42 Pa. C.S.

§ 9545(b)(1); Marshall, 947 A.2d at 719. The PCRA, however, further provides three

exceptions to the one-year jurisdictional time-bar, the applicability of which a petitioner

must plead and prove. See 42 Pa. C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(i)-(iii); Abu-Jamal, 941 A.2d at 1268

(providing that PCRA petitioner has “burden to allege and prove that one of the timeliness

exceptions applies”). Relevant here, the “governmental interference” exception—set

forth in Section 9545(b)(1)(i) of the PCRA—requires a petitioner to establish that “the

failure to raise the claim previously was the result of interference by government officials

with the presentation of the claim in violation of the Constitution or laws of this

Commonwealth or the Constitution or laws of the United States,” and the “newly

discovered facts” exception—set forth in Section 9545(b)(1)(ii) of the PCRA—requires a

petitioner to show that “the facts upon which the claim is predicated were unknown to the

petitioner and could not have been ascertained by the exercise of due diligence.” 42 Pa.

C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(i)-(ii). Additionally, the PCRA requires that “[a]ny petition invoking an

       Constitution or laws of this Commonwealth or the Constitution or laws of the
       United States;
       (ii) the facts upon which the claim is predicated were unknown to the
       petitioner and could not have been ascertained by the exercise of due
       diligence; or
       (iii) the right asserted is a constitutional right that was recognized by the
       Supreme Court of the United States or the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
       after the time period provided in this section and has been held by that court
       to apply retroactively.
       (2) Any petition invoking an exception provided in paragraph (1) shall be
       filed within one year of the date the claim could have been presented.

                                      [J-87-2022] - 23
exception . . . shall be filed within one year of the date the claim could have been

presented.” 42 Pa. C.S. § 9545(b)(2).

      As mentioned previously, it is undisputed that Towles’ second PCRA petition is

facially untimely given that he filed it approximately five years after his judgment of

sentence became final in March 2015. We turn, then, to a determination of whether

Towles satisfied the requirements of the “governmental interference” and “newly

discovered facts” exceptions and, upon review, conclude that he failed to do so. We

begin by noting that the PCRA court afforded Towles an evidentiary hearing on his serial

PCRA petition to prove that he timely filed the petition under both of the asserted

timeliness exceptions and that his underlying Brady claim had merit. At that hearing, the

PCRA court accepted into evidence, inter alia, the affidavits of Robinson and DA Larsen,

and it heard the testimony of DA Larsen and Detective Arnold. Critically, while Robinson

attested in his affidavit that the Commonwealth induced him to testify against Towles

pursuant to a threat of prosecution, Robinson failed to appear and testify at the PCRA

hearing, thereby precluding the Commonwealth from cross-examining him on his

attestations and the PCRA court from assessing his credibility. Furthermore, the affidavit

and hearing testimony provided by DA Larsen, along with the testimony provided by

Detective Arnold, directly contradicted Robinson’s attestations and indicated that the

Commonwealth did not induce Robinson’s testimony against Towles at trial.

      Ultimately, the PCRA court found that DA Larsen and Detective Arnold were

credible and that the Commonwealth did not induce Robinson’s testimony by threat,

promise, agreement, or otherwise. Moreover, the PCRA court did not look favorably upon

Robinson’s affidavit itself in analyzing Towles’ petition. (See O.R., Item No. 97, PCRA

Ct. Op., 5/5/2022, at 16 n.10 (describing affidavit as “alleged[ly]” signed by Robinson and

“appear[ing] to have been drafted by PCRA counsel” and “not at [Robinson’s] dictation”

                                     [J-87-2022] - 24
and noting inability “to determine the veracity of the averments contained in the affidavit”);

see also id. at 19 (“At the 2021 PCRA hearing, Towles presented Robinson’s affidavit in

support of his claim, but did not present [Robinson] for cross-examination, and the Court

could not, therefore, determine [Robinson’s] credibility. In fact, the affidavit was directly

contradicted by the credible testimony of the two witnesses presented at the PCRA

hearing.” (internal citations omitted)).) In other words, no credible evidence of record

establishes that Robinson, in fact, claimed that the Commonwealth induced his testimony,

let alone that this inducement actually happened. While the parties dispute whether the

PCRA court erred in concluding that the Commonwealth did not induce Robinson’s trial

testimony against Towles, at bottom, the PCRA court’s credibility determinations and

findings on this point are supported by the record, which we view in favor of the

Commonwealth, as previously described. See Montalvo, 205 A.3d at 286 (providing that

we review PCRA court’s findings and credibility determinations to determine whether they

are supported by record, which is viewed in light most favorable to prevailing party); see

also Commonwealth v. Brown, 196 A.3d 130, 178 (Pa. 2018) (explaining that “PCRA court

granted an evidentiary hearing to receive and consider [affiant’s] testimony, but [affiant]

failed to appear” and that, “[a]bsent testimony from [affiant] to support the contentions in

his affidavit, the PCRA court properly concluded that [PCRA petitioner’s] claim lacked

arguable merit and was not prejudicial”); Commonwealth v. Tharp, 101 A.3d 736, 750

(Pa. 2014) (concluding that record supported “PCRA court’s factual finding that no

undisclosed agreement existed[ that] was suppressed by the Commonwealth” despite

“that other evidence presented at the PCRA evidentiary hearing suggested that an oral

agreement may have been reached”).

       Simply stated, in the absence of any proof as to Robinson’s claim that the

Commonwealth induced his testimony, Towles did not demonstrate that his failure to raise

                                      [J-87-2022] - 25
his claim previously was the result of the Commonwealth’s unlawful interference—i.e.,

the Commonwealth’s ongoing failure to disclose that Robinson’s testimony was procured

pursuant to an existing threat or promise by the Commonwealth in violation of Brady.

Towles likewise failed to establish the operative newly discovered factual predicate upon

which his claim is premised—that factual predicate being that Robinson claimed that he

provided his testimony against Towles based on a threat by or understanding with the

Commonwealth. 17 For these reasons alone, Towles did not meet his burden to prove the

17 Justice Wecht would allow a mere allegation in a discredited affidavit to be sufficient to

overcome the timeliness bar. It is axiomatic, however, that a PCRA petitioner not only
plead but also prove the requirements of a PCRA timeliness exception. See 42 Pa. C.S.
§ 9545(b)(1) (requiring that PCRA “petition allege[] and the petitioner prove[]” timeliness
exceptions).
        In support of his position, Justice Wecht cites to this Court’s Opinion in Support of
Reversal (OISR) in Commonwealth v. Robinson, 204 A.3d 326 (Pa. 2018), in support of
the notion that we improperly mix the merits into our timeliness analysis in the context of
the “newly discovered facts” exception. Robinson, however, presents a factual scenario
different than that now before the Court. In Robinson, the petitioner, through newspaper
articles, became aware of newly discovered “facts”—i.e., emails involving a former Justice
of this Court. Those emails, according to the petitioner, established bias on the part of
the former Justice, thereby denying him of a fair review of his initial PCRA petition.
Robinson, 204 A.3d at 330-31. There was no dispute as to the existence of the emails in
question; rather, this Court debated whether the emails—which post-dated the former
Justice’s participation in the petitioner’s first PCRA petition and did not mention the
petitioner or his case—were sufficiently related to the petitioner such that they could be
relied upon to establish a timeliness exception as newly discovered facts. This Court, in
attempting to resolve that issue, divided. The OISR concluded that the “argument
implicates the merits of the claim raised, not the timeliness of the petition,” whereas the
Opinion in Support of Affirmance (OISA) required some particularized nexus between the
emails and the petitioner’s case. Id. at 342. Justice Dougherty, as author of the OISA,
wrote:
       Whether there is a connection between the newly[ ]discovered facts
       regarding [the former Justice’s] emails to appellant’s underlying claim
       sufficient to overcome the time bar is not self-evident in this case—as it was
       in [Commonwealth v. Chmiel, 173 A.3d 617 (Pa. 2017),] (where the
       published press release contained an admission by the FBI that its
       microscopic hair analysis was flawed in the great majority of cases in which
       hair analysis evidence was presented).
(continued…)

                                      [J-87-2022] - 26
applicability of the “governmental interference” exception and the “newly discovered facts”

exception to the PCRA’s one-year jurisdictional time-bar. As such, his second PCRA

petition is untimely filed. Accordingly, although our reasoning differs from that of the

PCRA court, we affirm the PCRA court’s order dismissing Towles’ second PCRA

petition. 18 See Commonwealth v. Montalvo, 205 A.3d at 286 (providing that “this Court

may affirm a valid judgment or order for any reason appearing of record”).

                                      V. CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing, we conclude that Towles’ second PCRA petition is

untimely filed. We, therefore, affirm the order of the PCRA court dismissing the petition.

       Chief Justice Todd and Justices Dougherty and Mundy join the opinion.

       Justice Donohue files a concurring opinion.

       Justice Wecht files a concurring opinion.

Id. at 354. Importantly, in the three cases relied upon by Justice Wecht to challenge our
reliance on Towles’ failure to establish a claim of inducement—Robinson, Chmiel, and
Commonwealth v. Blakeney, 193 A.3d 350 (Pa. 2018)—the existence of the predicate
fact was not in question—just the nexus of that fact to the “merits.” Here, the predicate
fact (i.e., the claim of inducement) itself is in question and, if it exists, is but one of three
factors that must be proven to establish the merit of a Brady violation claim. See Bagnall,
235 A.3d at 1086 (setting forth requirements to prove Brady violation).
18In rendering our decision, we acknowledge that questions may endure about the
appropriateness of a due diligence inquiry when analyzing timeliness under
Section 9545(b)(1)(i) of the PCRA. See supra note 14. As such questions are not
necessary to our disposition and the parties do not provide developed advocacy on the
subject, answers to those questions must wait for another day and another case.

                                       [J-87-2022] - 27