Court Opinion

ID: 9896185
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-09 18:01:12.909024+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:14:12.333986
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ex rel.
    VERMONT NATIONAL TELEPHONE CO.,
         Plaintiff-Relator,
                                                         Civil Action No. 15-0728 (CKK)
         v.
    NORTHSTAR WIRELESS LLC, et al.,
        Defendants.

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                    (November 9, 2023)

        In this qui tam action, Plaintiff-Relator Vermont National Telephone Company (“Vermont

Telephone”) alleges that DISH Network and its affiliates (collectively, “Defendants”) 1

manipulated the Federal Communications Commission’s (“FCC”) auction rules to secure

fraudulent small business discounts on wireless-spectrum licenses.        These allegations were

exhaustively litigated before the FCC in an antecedent administrative proceeding and in the court

of public opinion. As a result, Defendants argue that the Court should dismiss this case pursuant

to the False Claim Act’s “public-disclosure” provision, which requires a Court to dismiss a qui tam

action where the fraud allegations were known to the federal government in advance of a relator’s

commencement of suit in federal court. That provision, however, is subject to a crucial and

dispositive exception: where the United States opposes dismissal. Here, the United States opposes

1
  In total, Vermont Telephone names eighteen Defendants in this law suit: Northstar Wireless,
L.L.C. (“Northstar Wireless”); Northstar Spectrum, L.L.C. (“Northstar Spectrum”); Northstar
Manager, L.L.C. (“Northstar Manager”); Doyon, Limited (“Doyon”); Miranda Wright; Allen M.
Todd; SNR Wireless LicenseCo, L.L.C. (“SNR Wireless”); SNR Wireless HoldCo, L.L.C. (“SNR
HoldCo”); SNR Wireless Management, L.L.C. (“SNR Management”); Atelum L.L.C. (“Atelum”);
John Muleta; American AWS-3 Wireless I L.L.C. (“American I”); American AWS-3 Wireless II
L.L.C. (“American II”); American AWS-3 Wireless III L.L.C. (“American III”); and DISH
Wireless Holding L.L.C. (“DISH Holding”), DISH Network Corporation (“DISH Network”),
Charles W. Ergen, and Cantey M. Ergen. The Court will discuss the relationships between these
parties in detail below.

                                                1
dismissal of all claims, vitiating Defendants’ reliance on the FCA’s “public-disclosure” provision.

Additionally, Defendants’ alternative grounds for dismissal as to most corporate Defendants, that

the operative complaint fails to state a claim, were already rejected on appeal. Accordingly, upon

consideration of the briefing, the relevant authorities, and the record as a whole, 2 the Court shall

DENY Defendants’ [115] Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings.

    I.      BACKGROUND

         The Court sets forth relevant factual background below. At the pleading stage, the Court’s

factual background derives from the well-pleaded allegations in Vermont Telephone’s Amended

Complaint. See Ralls Corp. v. Comm. on Foreign Inv. in U.S., 758 F.3d 296, 314–15 (D.C. Cir.

2014). The Court also considers those facts properly subject to judicial notice and documents

incorporated by reference into the pleadings. See Hurd v. District of Columbia, 864 F.3d 671, 686

(D.C. Cir. 2017).

         A. FCC Spectrum Auctions

         “The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of electromagnetic radio frequencies used to

transmit sound, data, and video across the country.” SNR Wireless LicenseCo, LLC v. FCC, 868

2
  The Court’s consideration has focused on the following briefing and material submitted by the
parties:
    • Am. Compl., ECF No. 76;
    • Defendants’ Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings (“Motion” or “Mot.”), ECF No. 115;
    • Relator’s Opposition to Defendant’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings (“Opp.”), ECF
         No. 120;
    • Defendants’ Reply in Support of Defendants’ Motion for Judgement on the Pleadings
         (“Defs.’ Repl.”), ECF No. 121;
    • The United States’ Response in Support of its Opposition to Dismissal of Certain Claims
         Under the Public Disclosure Bar (“Gov.’s Opp.”), ECF No. 124; and
    • Relator’s Surreply in Opposition to Defendants’ Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings
         (“Relator’s Surrepl.”), ECF No. 125.
In an exercise of its discretion, the Court finds that holding oral argument in this action would not
be of assistance in rendering a decision. See LCvR 7(f).

                                                 2
F.3d 1021, 1025 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted). Control over portions of the

spectrum is “highly valuable,” Am. Compl. ¶ 43, as it permits companies to “transmit sound, data,

and video” through specific frequencies, thereby enabling “them to provide television, cell phone,

and wireless internet service to consumers,” SNR Wireless, 868 F.3d at 1025. “In 1993, Congress

authorized the FCC to use auctions to allocate spectrum licenses.”          Id. (citing 47 U.S.C.

§ 309(j)(1)). For the purposes of these auctions, the FCC divides spectrum into a variety of

marketable blocks based on specific geographic regions and frequencies. See Am. Compl. ¶ 43.

       The Communications Act of 1934 (“Communications Act”) sets forth certain objectives

for the FCC to consider when establishing the bidding processes for these spectrum licenses.

Section 309(j) of the Communications Act, for example, states that the FCC must, among other

things, “ensure that small businesses, rural telephone companies, and businesses owned by

members of minority groups and women are given the opportunity to participate in the provision

of spectrum-based services, and, for such purposes, consider the use of tax certificates, bidding

preferences, and other procedures.” 47 U.S.C. § 309(j)(4)(D). Similarly, Section 309(j) states

that the FCC should design a system of competitive bidding that promotes “economic opportunity

and competition . . . by avoiding excessive concentration of licenses and by disseminating licenses

among a wide variety of applicants, including small businesses, rural telephone companies, and

businesses owned by members of minority groups and women.” Id. § 309(j)(3)(B); see also Am.

Compl. ¶ 46.

       “Consistent with those statutory instructions, FCC regulations provide that the

Commission may encourage ‘designated entities,’ including small businesses, to participate in

spectrum auctions by giving them bidding credits, i.e. discounts that may be used to cover part of

the cost of any licenses those businesses win.” SNR Wireless, 868 F.3d at 1026 (quoting 47 C.F.R.

                                                3
§ 1.2110(a), (f) (2012)); see also Am. Compl. ¶¶ 46–56. FCC regulations also specify, however,

“that bidding credits can only be used by genuine small businesses—not by small sham companies

that are managed by or affiliated with big businesses.” SNR Wireless, 868 F.3d at 1026 (citing 47

C.F.R. § 1.2110(b)–(c)). Moreover, “federal ‘anti-trafficking’ and ‘unjust enrichment’ restrictions

prevent licensees from earning speculative profits through post-auction resale of discounted

licenses.” Am. Compl. ¶ 75.

       B. Public Notice of Auction 97

       This case involves a specific FCC spectrum auction, Auction 97. The FCC announced

Auction 97 in a public notice on May 19, 2014. SNR Wireless, 868 F.3d at 1026. Then, “[o]n July

23, 2014, the FCC’s Wireless Telecommunications Bureau . . . published the procedures for the

auction,” id., which was to include an “auction of 1,614 Advanced Wireless Services licenses in

the 1695-1710 MHz, 1755-1780 MHz, and 2155-2180 MHz bands” of spectrum (collectively, the

“AWS-3” bands), Auction of Advanced Wireless Servs. (Aws-3) Licenses Scheduled for Nov. 13,

2014 (“Auction Notice”), 29 F.C.C. Rcd. 8386, ¶ 1 (2014); see also Am. Compl. ¶ 2. The FCC

scheduled Auction 97 to begin on November 13, 2014 and stipulated that all potential bidders must

apply to participate by submitting an FCC “short-form” application, also known as a “Form 175,”

by September 12, 2014. See Auction Notice, 29 F.C.C. Rcd. at ¶ 4; 47 C.F.R. § 1.2105(a); Am.

Compl. ¶ 16.

       All Auction 97 applicants bore “full responsibility for submitting accurate, complete and

timely short-form applications,” and “certify[ing] on their short-form applications under penalty

of perjury that they [we]re legally, technically, financially and otherwise qualified to hold a

license.” Auction Notice, 29 F.C.C. Rcd. at ¶ 65. In particular, the FCC required Auction 97

applicants to disclose all joint bidding agreements on their short-form applications. See id. at ¶¶

                                                4
23–25. At the time of the Auction Notice, FCC regulations prohibited auction applicants from

“cooperating or collaborating” during the bidding process, “unless such applicants [we]re

members of a bidding consortium or other joint bidding arrangement identified on the bidder’s

short-form application . . . ” 47 C.F.R. § 1.2105(c)(1) (2013). Accordingly, the Auction Notice

for Auction 97 required any applicant to disclose in its short-form application “all real parties in

interest with whom it ha[d] entered into any agreements, arrangements, or understandings of any

kind relating to the licenses being auctioned, including any agreements relating to post-auction

market structure.” Auction Notice, 29 F.C.C. Rcd. at ¶ 69.

               Auction 97 ultimately concluded on January 29, 2015, “with 31 winning bidders

winning a total of 1,611 licenses.” Auction of Advanced Wireless Servs. (Aws-3) Licenses Closes

(“Closing Public Notice”), 30 F.C.C. Rcd. 630, ¶ 1 (2015). On January 30, 2015, the FCC issued

a notice requiring each winning bidder to submit a “long-form” application (an “FCC Form 601”),

by February 13, 2015. See id. at ¶ 27. In their long-form applications, winning bidders “were

again required to demonstrate their eligibility” for the bidding credits they claimed in their pre-

auction short-form applications. Am. Compl. ¶ 71. “The long-form application also require[d]

the bidders to verify the information in their ownership disclosure report that previously was

submitted with their short-form[]” applications, including “verification of disclosures with respect

to bidding agreements.” Id. ¶ 72; see also 47 C.F.R. § 1.2107(b). “At the time of submitting its

[long-form application],” a winning bidder was also required to “have on file with the Commission

a current ownership disclosure information report (FCC Form 602) providing the applicant’s

complete and accurate ownership information.” Closing Public Notice, 30 F.C.C. Rcd. at ¶ 30.

       For payment, the FCC required winning bidders to deposit “twenty percent of the aggregate

net amount of its winning bids” by February 13, 2015 and “the balance of the net amount of its

                                                 5
winning bid(s)” by March 2, 2015. Id. at ¶¶ 5, 8. The FCC would then grant spectrum licenses to

the winning bidders “after full and timely payment of any winning bids (and any applicable late

fees) and a determination that the long-form application met Commission requirements for grant.”

Id. at ¶ 24. As made clear in the January 30, 2015 Closing Public Notice, however, the FCC

“review[ed] an applicant’s long-form application only after receipt of full and timely payment for

the winning bid amount and any applicable late fees.” Id.

       C. Defendants’ Participation In Auction 97

       Vermont Telephone alleges that Defendants used a “complex chain” of corporate controls

to “falsely disclaim” to the FCC DISH Defendants’ de facto control over the bidding entities in

order to procure spectrum licenses at a fraudulent discount. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 5-6. As described in

further detail below, Vermont Telephone alleges that DISH Network utilized two shell companies,

Northstar Wireless and SNR Wireless, to secure FCC spectrum licenses with “very small business”

discounts, while ultimately retaining control of those companies and the licenses they won.

               1. Defendants and Their Corporate Structure

       In total, Vermont Telephone’s theory of fraud implicates eighteen separate Defendants,

three of whom were Auction 97 participants. To better illustrate Vermont Telephone’s theory of

how these parties defrauded the FCC during Auction 97, the Court will first describe the alleged

relationships between this web of corporate entities. In the Amended Complaint, Vermont

Telephone presents Defendants’ corporate relationships graphically, as follows:

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            a. DISH-Controlling Defendants

        Vermont Telephone’s theory begins with the DISH-controlling Defendants: (1) DISH

Network, (2) Mr. Charles Ergen, (3) Mrs. Cantey Ergen, and (4) DISH Holdings. At the top of

Vermont Telephone’s alleged chain of corporate control is DISH Network. See Am. Compl. ¶ 37.

DISH Network is a publicly traded telecommunications company incorporated in Nevada. Id. At

the time of Auction 97, Mr. Ergen was the Chairman of the Board of Directors for DISH Network.

See Am. Compl. ¶ 33. Mr. Ergen and his wife Mrs. Cantey Ergen “together beneficially own an

approximately 51 percent equity interest and 85 percent voting interest in DISH [Network].” Id.

¶ 38. Finally, beneath the Ergens and DISH Network rests another corporate entity, DISH Holding.

Id. ¶ 36.

                                               7
           b. American I (Auction 97 Participant #1)

       The first of the three Auction 97 participants allegedly under the control of the “DISH-

Controlling Defendants” was a company called American I. See id. ¶¶ 32–36. American I is a

wholly-owned direct subsidiary of DISH Holding. See id. ¶ 36. Like DISH Holding, American I

“lists both its principal office address and the address of its Registered Agent, Timothy Allen

Messner, as 9601 S. Meridian Blvd., Englewood, Colorado 80112.” Id. ¶ 32.                Moreover,

American I “list[ed] Defendants Cantey M. Ergen, Charles W. Ergen, DISH [Network], and DISH

Holding as its disclosable interest holders,” id. ¶ 34, and identified Mr. Ergen as one of its

authorized bidders for Auction 97, see id. ¶ 33. “Aside from its activity in Auction 97, American

I is engaged in no other lines of business, and has no operations, assets, or revenues.” Id. ¶ 35.

           c. Northstar Wireless (Auction 97 Participant #2)

       The next Auction 97 participant, allegedly under the control of the “DISH-Controlling

Defendants,” is Northstar Wireless. Northstar Wireless was formed as a limited liability company

under Delaware law on or about September 4, 2014, “eight days before the September 12, 2014

deadline to file an application to participate in the FCC’s Auction 97.” Id. ¶ 16. According to

Vermont Telephone, Northstar Wireless was formed “at the direction of the DISH-Controlling

Defendants,” id., and “[a]side from its activity in Auction 97, Northstar Wireless is engaged in no

other lines of business, and has no other operations, assets, or revenues,” id. ¶ 23.

       Northstar Wireless has a “sole member and Manager,” another corporate entity called

Northstar Spectrum. Id. ¶ 17. Northstar Spectrum, itself, was formed on or about September 3,

2014, approximately one day before the formation of Northstar Wireless. Id. In turn, Northstar

Spectrum has two controlling members: Northstar Manager and American II. See id. ¶¶ 19–20.

“American II is a limited liability company that was formed at the direction of the DISH-

                                                  8
Controlling Defendants under the laws of Colorado on August 22, 2014. The address for both

American II and its Registered Agent, Timothy Allen Messner, is listed as 9601 S. Meridian Blvd.,

Englewood, Colorado 80112. Timothy Allen Messner [also] serves as Executive Vice President

and General Counsel of DISH [Network].” Id. ¶ 19. American II holds 85% of all member

interests in Northstar Spectrum, see id., and American II itself is a “wholly-owned, direct

subsidiar[y] of Defendant DISH Holding,” id. ¶ 36, which in turn is a wholly-owned subsidiary of

DISH Network.

       The remaining 15% of the member interests in Northstar Spectrum is held by another

Delaware limited liability company, Northstar Manager. See id. ¶ 20. Northstar Manager was

registered at the direction of the DISH-Controlling Defendants on September 3, 2014 and shares

the same business address as Defendants Northstar Spectrum and Northstar Wireless. See id.

Defendant Doyon, yet another corporate entity, “holds 40.1 percent of all member interests” in

Northstar Manager. Id. ¶ 21. Doyon is not a telecommunications company, but rather “an Alaska

Native Regional Corporation with numerous affiliates in various fields including oil and gas land

drilling, natural resource development, government contracting, and tourism.” Id. Defendant

Allen M. Todd is Doyon’s registered agent and Defendant Miranda Wright is Doyon’s director

and treasurer. Id. ¶¶ 21–22.

           d. SNR Wireless (Auction 97 Participant #2)

       The third and final corporate participant in Auction 97 allegedly under the control of the

DISH-Controlling Defendants is SNR Wireless. SNR Wireless is a Delaware limited liability

company allegedly formed at the direction of the DISH-Controlling Defendants “on or about

August 29, 2014, fourteen days before the September 12, 2014 deadline to file a Short-Form

application to participate in Auction 97.” Id. ¶ 24. SNR Wireless’s business address is listed as

                                               9
200 Little Falls Street, Suite 102, Falls Church, Virginia, 22046. Id. “Aside from its activity in

Auction 97, SNR Wireless is engaged in no other lines of business, and has no operations, assets,

or revenues.” Id. ¶ 31.

       The sole manager member of SNR Wireless is a Delaware limited liability company called

SNR HoldCo, which was formed at the direction of the DISH-Controlling Defendants. Id. ¶ 25.

SNR HoldCo was formed on the same day as SNR Wireless—August 29, 2014—and shares the

same listed address as SNR Wireless. See id. In turn, 85% percent of all member interests in SNR

HoldCo is controlled by another corporate entity, American III. See id. ¶ 27. Like American II,

which controls 85% of Northstar Wireless, see disc. supra at 10, “American III is a limited liability

company that was formed at the direction of the DISH-Controlling Defendants under the laws of

Colorado on or about August 22, 2014.” Id. American III’s “principal office address and the

address of its Registered Agent, Timothy Allen Messner, are listed as 9601 S. Meridian Blvd.,

Englewood, Colorado 80112, and “Timothy Allen Messner serves as Executive Vice President

and General Counsel of DISH [Network].” Id. Also like American II, American III is a wholly-

owned subsidiary of DISH Holding, which is itself a wholly-owned subsidiary of DISH Network.

See id. ¶¶ 36–37.

       The remaining 15% member interests in SNR HoldCo is held by SNR Management,

another Delaware limited liability company formed at the direction of the DISH-Controlling

Defendants. See id. ¶ 28. SNR Management “shares the same business address as Defendants

SNR HoldCo and SNR Wireless, as well as the same date of formation—August 29, 2014, fourteen

days before the Short-Form application filing deadline for Auction 97.” Id. The sole manager of

SNR Management is a Virginia limited liability company called Atelum, which is a consulting

firm sharing the same address as SNR Wireless, SNR HoldCo and SNR Management. See id. ¶

                                                 10
29. Defendant John Muleta is the sole member and CEO of Atelum. See id. ¶ 30. Mr. Muleta

also holds a 7.73% member interest in SNR Management. Id.

               2. Defendants’ Post-Auction Conduct

       Ultimately, Northstar Wireless and SNR Wireless won the auction and submitted their

long-form applications to the FCC on February 13, 2015. See id. ¶ 70. On these post-auction

long-form applications, both entities again certified their eligibility for bidding credits as “very

small businesses” and confirmed their complete disclosure of all relevant bidding agreements. See

id. ¶¶ 70–73. Along with their February 13, 2015 applications, Northstar Wireless and SNR

Wireless also submitted to the FCC “a number of agreements regarding their relationship with

DISH [Network] and each other.” In the Matter of Northstar Wireless, LLC, 30 F.C.C. Rcd. 8887,

¶ 21 (2015). For example, Northstar Wireless and SNR Wireless submitted their respective joint

bidding agreements with DISH Network, as well as the Letter Agreement which further governed

the bidding arrangements between DISH Network, Northstar Wireless, and SNR Wireless. Id.

Northstar Wireless and SNR Wireless also provided the FCC with the “Management Services

Agreements” they had each entered into with DISH Network. Id.

       On February 13, 2015, Northstar Wireless and SNR Wireless made their initial down

payments on the total discounted value ($10 billion) of their winning bids for spectrum licenses.

See Am. Compl. ¶ 101. On March 2, 2015, the two entities then completed their full payments to

the FCC, net of their February 13, 2015 down payments. Id. According to Vermont Telephone,

the payments Northstar Wireless and SNR Wireless made on their $10 billion in spectrum licenses

were “financed almost entirely through loans and other equity provided by the DISH-Controlling

Defendants.” Id.

                                                11
       D. Post-Auction FCC Proceedings

       On April 29, 2015, the FCC found, “upon initial review,” that the long-form applications

submitted by Northstar Wireless and SNR Wireless were “acceptable for filing.” Wireless

Telecommunications Bureau Announces That Applications for Aws-3 Licenses in the 1695-1710

Mhz, & 1755-1780 Mhz & 2155-2180 Mhz Bands Are Accepted for Filing, 30 F.C.C. Rcd. 3795

(2015). Nevertheless, on May 11, 2015, seven parties, including Vermont Telephone’s subsidiary

VTel Wireless, Inc., filed petitions with the FCC to deny Northstar Wireless and SNR Wireless’s

applications for the spectrum licenses they purportedly won during the auction “and the bidding

credits they wrongfully [and fraudulently] claimed.” Am. Compl. ¶ 102; see also 47 C.F.R. §

1.2108(d). First, these petitions argued that Northstar Wireless and SNR Wireless had incorrectly

discounted the de facto control of DISH Network when calculating their gross revenues for the

purposes of bidding credit eligibility. See In the Matter of Northstar Wireless, LLC, 30 F.C.C.

Rcd. at ¶¶ 49–50. The petitioners, however, went further and also advanced “claims that the failure

by SNR [Wireless] and Northstar [Wireless] to disclose in their Applications the controlling

interest held by DISH [Network] constitute[d] a material misrepresentation and demonstrate[d] a

lack of candor.” Id. at ¶ 129. Similarly, the petitioners asserted that Northstar Wireless and SNR

Wireless “did not adequately disclose and misrepresented their joint bidding agreements with

DISH [Network].” Id. at ¶ 133.

       On August 18, 2015, the FCC ruled on the petitions to deny and determined that “DISH’s

revenues should have be[en] attributed to each of SNR and Northstar, and therefore neither SNR

nor Northstar [wa]s eligible for very small business bidding credits.” In re Northstar Wireless,

LLC, 30 F.C.C. Rcd. 8887, ¶ 45 (2015). The FCC reached this conclusion after it identified:

       [T]wo separate and independent ways by which DISH is found to be a controlling
       entity of, or affiliated with the Applicants within [FCC] rules: 1) DISH has de facto

                                                12
       control of the Applicants, or the power to control them, under an analysis of the
       totality of the circumstances surrounding their participation in Auction 97 and the
       plans for operations after grant of the licenses as reflected in the various
       Agreements entered into among and between DISH, SNR and Northstar; and 2)
       DISH is an affiliate of the Applicants by virtue of the breadth of DISH’s
       responsibilities under Management Services Agreements with SNR and Northstar.

Id. The FCC, however, did not find that Northstar Wireless and SNR Wireless had made any

“material misrepresentations” or failed to disclose agreements on their FCC application forms. Id.

at ¶¶ 129–36; see also id. at ¶ 129 (“VTel fails to identify any ‘material factual information’ that

the Applicants failed to disclose in their applications.”). In fact, the FCC found “no showing . . .

that SNR and Northstar attempted to mislead the Commission about their respective relationships

with DISH,” and concluded that “the Applicants and DISH disclosed their ownership structures

and related Agreements as required.” Id. ¶ 132. Accordingly, the FCC determined “that the

companies could retain the spectrum licenses they won in the auction if they were willing to pay

full price for them.” SNR Wireless LicenseCo, LLC v. FCC, 868 F.3d 1021, 1028 (D.C. Cir. 2017).

       Following the FCC’s order, Northstar Wireless and SNR Wireless notified the FCC “that

they would pay the full bid amount for some of the licenses they won and would default on their

obligation to buy the rest.” Id. In total, Northstar Wireless and SNR Wireless “defaulted on

approximately 28 percent of the licenses they originally won at auction.” Am. Compl. ¶ 104. The

FCC, therefore, “ordered SNR [Wireless] and Northstar [Wireless] to compensate it for the

difference between their own winning bids in Auction 97 and the amount that the FCC receives

when it re-auctions the licenses.” SNR Wireless, 868 F.3d at 1029. “The FCC also ordered [the

two companies] to make an additional payment equal to fifteen percent of the petitioners’ own

bids, or fifteen percent of the winning bid when their licenses are re-auctioned, whichever is less.”

Id. Vermont Telephone alleges that DISH Network has entered into agreements with both

                                                 13
Northstar Wireless and SNR Wireless to pay these deficiency penalties owed to the FCC. See Am.

Compl. ¶¶ 106–07.

       Northstar Wireless and SNR Wireless appealed the FCC’s order to the United States Court

of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (“D.C. Circuit”). The D.C. Circuit, however,

affirmed the FCC’s decision that DISH Network’s revenues were attributable to Northstar

Wireless and SNR Wireless, rendering those two companies ineligible for their small business

bidding credits. SNR Wireless, 868 F.3d at 1025. Nonetheless, the D.C. Circuit observed “that

there was considerable uncertainty at the time of Auction 97 about the degree of control [FCC]

rules would tolerate.” Id. at 1044. The D.C. Circuit, therefore, remanded the case to back to the

FCC with instructions to permit Northstar Wireless and SNR Wireless an opportunity “to

renegotiate their agreements with DISH [Network]” and “cure” the deficiencies that prevented

them from obtaining their bidding credits. Id. at 1046.

       On November 23, 2020, the FCC finally concluded these remand proceedings and found

that Northstar Wireless and SNR Wireless had not sufficiently addressed the agency’s concerns

regarding the control exercised by DISH Network over those entities. See Nov. 23, 2020 FCC

Order, ECF No. 82-1, ¶ 5. The FCC, therefore, sustained its original determination that neither

Northstar Wireless nor SNR Wireless was eligible to receive a small business bidding credit. See

id. Northstar Wireless and SNR Wireless have now appealed the FCC’s November 23, 2020 FCC

order back to the D.C. Circuit, where the appeal presently remains pending. See Defs.’ Not., ECF

No. 85, at 1.

       E. Motion to Dismiss and Subsequent Proceedings

       After the United States declined to officially intervene in this matter, Vermont Telephone

subsequently amended its complaint in February 2019. See Order, ECF No. 74, at 1. Defendants

                                               14
successfully moved to dismiss that complaint on two grounds: (1) the FCA’s “government-action

bar” and (2) the FCA’s materiality standard. As the Court explained in its opinion granting

Defendants’ motion to dismiss, the “government-action bar” provides that “[i]n no event may a

person bring [a qui tam action] which is based upon allegations or transactions which are the

subject of a civil suit or an administrative civil money penalty proceeding in which the Government

is already a party.” 31 U.S.C. § 3730(e)(3). The Court concluded that the operative complaint

was, in essence, a rehashing of administrative proceedings that were already, and unsuccessfully,

appealed to the D.C. Circuit. United States ex rel. Vt. Nat’l Tel. Co. v. Northstar Wireless LLC,

531 F. Supp. 3d 247, 264 (D.D.C. 2021). The “government-action bar” therefore precluded the

suit. Similarly, the Court agreed with Defendants that Relator offered no plausible allegations of

“material” fraudulent conduct, i.e., fraudulent conduct that naturally caused the FCC to award the

licenses due to the allegedly fraudulent conduct. Id. at 268.

       On appeal, the D.C. Circuit reversed, concluding that the FCC administrative proceedings

were not civil monetary proceedings, because the FCC did not have the authority to assess civil

monetary penalties during those proceedings. United States ex rel. Vt. Nat’l Tel. Co. v. Northstar

Wireless LLC, 34 F.4th 29, 36 (2022). Next, the D.C. Circuit held that Relator plausibly alleged

the omissions described above had the potential to dispositively inform the FCC’s ultimate

determination regarding whether small-business credits were warranted. See id. at 37. As to the

broader merits, the Court of Appeals also held that Relator plausibly pleaded, with particularity,

that “the parties entered into” undisclosed agreements of DISH’s behalf” and to “transfer spectrum

rights to DISH,” i.e., materially and fraudulently omitted key information from their FCC

submissions. Id. at 39.

                                                15
          Now on remand, Defendants press two new arguments. Defendants argue that the Court

should dismiss this case pursuant to the False Claim Act’s “public-disclosure” provision, which

requires a Court to dismiss a qui tam action where the fraud allegations were known to the federal

government in advance of a relator’s commencement of suit in federal court. Mot. at 18. Next,

Defendants insist that the amended complaint does not sufficiently allege wrongdoing by any

Defendant other than Northstar Wireless and SNR Wireless. Id. at 30.

   II.       LEGAL STANDARD

          “After the pleadings are closed—but early enough not to delay trial—a party may move

for judgment on the pleadings.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). A motion brought pursuant to Rule 12(c)

requires the Court to render “a judgment on the merits . . . by looking at the substance of the

pleadings and any judicially noted facts.” All. of Artists & Recording Cos., Inc. v. Gen. Motors

Co., 162 F. Supp. 3d 8, 16 (D.D.C. 2016). In other words, the moving party must “demonstrate

that the law entitles him to win given the undisputed facts that have been alleged in both parties’

pleadings.” Murphy v. Dep’t of Air Force, 326 F.R.D. 47, 48 (D.D.C. 2018). Although Rule 12(c)

motions have frequently been analyzed pursuant to the same framework as motions brought under

Rule 12(b)(6), a Rule 12(c) motion “comes closer to a summary judgment type of determination.”

Lopez v. Nat’l Archives & Records Admin., 301 F. Supp. 3d 78, 84 (D.D.C. 2018). Accordingly,

the Rule 12(c) burden is “substantial” and requires the movant to demonstrate “both that there is

no material dispute of fact” and that “the law is such that the movant is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law.” Id. (citing Tapp v. WMATA, 306 F. Supp. 3d 383, 391–92 (D.D.C. 2016)).

   III.      DISCUSSION

          A. Public-Disclosure Bar
          Defendants request that the Court dismiss all claims pursuant to the “public-disclosure

bar.”     This provision of the FCA prevents a plaintiff from pressing claims predicated on

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information that the government could or should have known in advance of suit. See 31 U.S.C. §

3730(d)(4)(A); United States ex rel. Davis v. District of Columbia, 679 F.3d 832, 836 (D.C. Cir.

2012). In such a circumstance, the FCA mandates that the Court “shall dismiss [such an] action

or claim,” unless, crucially, dismissal is “opposed by the government.” 31 U.S.C. § 3740(d)(4)(A).

This exception provides the government “veto power over dismissal of an FCA suit on public

disclosure grounds.” United States ex rel. Scutellaro v. Capitol Supply, Inc., Civ. A. No. 10-1094

(BAH), 2017 WL 1422364, at *12 (D.D.C. Apr. 29, 2017). The United States has “partially”

exercised its veto power here, opposing the dismissal of claims that “are premised upon

Defendants’ knowing failure to disclose all their instruments, agreements, and understandings with

DISH-Controlling Defendants . . . to the Federal Communications Commission in connection with

Auction 97.” ECF No. 164 at 1. Rather than specifically identifying which claims the United

States intend proceed to through discovery, the United States leaves it to the Court to determine

which of the operative complaint’s three claims are predicated upon an alleged knowing failure to

disclose “all their instruments, agreements, and understandings” to the FCC.

       It would appear from the face of the complaint that all three claims are “predicated” upon

a failure to disclose. As discussed in more detail above, Relator claims that Defendants Northstar

Wireless and SNR Wireless “scheme[d]” with DISH-Controlling Defendants to “falsely claim and

certify” to the FCC that they were “very small businesses” entitled to a discount on their bids. Am.

Compl. ¶ 3. Relator alleges that, as part of this conspiracy, Defendants SNR Wireless and

Northstar Wireless fraudulently “fail[ed] to disclose relevant instruments, agreements, and

understandings” that would have more clearly demonstrated de facto coordination between

Defendants SNR Wireless, Northstar Wireless, and Dish-Controlling Defendants. Id. ¶ 128. In

Count One, therefore, Relator insists that Defendants collectively “knowingly failed to disclose

                                                17
material facts” to the FCC “in order to induce” the FCC’s “payment and approval.” Id. ¶ 145.

Relator claims in Count Two that Defendants “conspired to defraud the United States” through,

among other things, “failing to disclose material facts” and “making fraudulent representations”

to the FCC. Id. ¶ 150. Lastly, incorporating by reference each fact pled in the operative complaint,

Relator claims in Count Three that Defendants “knowingly made, used, or caused to be made or

used, a false record or statement,” evidently including statements made false by omission. See id.

¶ 154. Because “failure to disclose” formed, at least in part, the alleged fraudulent conduct, and

because the operative complaint makes that allegation part of each of the its three claims for relief,

all three claims are “predicated” upon this “failure-to-disclose” theory of liability. As such, the

United States opposes dismissal of all three claims, precluding dismissal through the public-

disclosure bar.

       Citing nothing but general canons of statutory construction, Defendants maintain that the

United States’ opposition is nevertheless ineffective. To the contrary––these same canons of

statutory construction make clear that the Government must defer to the United States’ wishes,

even where the basis of the alleged fraud was known to it at the time of suit.

       Insofar as Defendants press a question of statutory construction, the Court must, as always,

begin with the text and give each clause its plain and ordinary meaning. SW General, Inc. v. NLRB,

796 F.3d 67, 75 (D.C. Cir. 2015). The provision setting out the public-disclosure bar reads as

follows:

       The court shall dismiss an action or claim under this section, unless opposed by the
       government, if substantially the same allegations or transactions in the action or
       claim were publicly disclosed—

                  (i) in a Federal criminal, civil, or administrative hearing in which the
                  Government or its agent is a party;

                                                 18
               (ii) in a congressional, Government Accountability Office, or other Federal
               report, hearing, audit, or investigator; or

               (ii) from the news media,

       Unless the action is brought by the Attorney General or the person bringing the action
       is the original source of the information.

31 U.S.C. § 3740(d)(4)(A). For present purposes, two clauses are key. First, the public-disclosure

bar states that a court “shall” dismiss a claim or action provided the prerequisites are met. Second,

the provision includes a key: where the United States “opposes” dismissal of a claim or the action.

       Defendant begins with the term “opposed by the government.” Contrary to then-Chief

Judge Beryl Howell’s conclusion in Scutellaro that “oppose” means “veto,” Defendants argue that

“‘oppose’ does not mean ‘veto’” because, among other things, “oppose” should require something

more than a simple “notice” of opposition. Repl. at 12-13. For this proposition, Defendants cite

no caselaw. Rather, they note that Black’s Law Dictionary defines “opposition brief” as “a brief”

that “ask[s] that the other party’s request be denied.” Id. at 12. This is, of course, a non sequitur.

The FCA does not use the term “opposition brief.” It uses the term “oppose.” And the term

“oppose” means, in its ordinary usage, “adverse or hostile to.” Oxford English Dictionary (3d ed.

2004); see also “Oppose,” Websters Third New International Dictionary (“3: to place over against

something so as to provide resistance, counterbalance, or contrast . . . 4: to offer resistance to,

contend against, or forcefully withstand [e.g.] a congressional bill”).        Because Defendants’

proposed reading conflicts with the statute’s plain text, the Court must reject it.

       Next, Defendants argue that the provision permits the Court to dismiss an action or a claim

even where the Government opposes dismissal. This particularly strained reading is somewhat

difficult to follow, but it appears that Defendants understand the word “unless” to render “shall”

into “may.”    “Shall” is a particularly potent word in statutory construction. “Unlike the word

                                                 19
‘may,’ which implies discretion, the word ‘shall’ usually connotes a requirement.” Kingdomware

Techs., Inc. v. United States, 579 U.S. 162, 172 (2016). In this regard, Congress makes clear that

the Court “must” dismiss the “action” or “claim” where either is “opposed” by the Government.

See Friends of Animals v. Culver, 610 F. Supp. 3d 157, 170-71 (D.D.C. 2022) (CKK) (discussing

use of word “shall” in statutory scheme). For the purposes of statutory construction, “shall” is

usually considered a kind of antonym of “may,” particularly where Congress uses “may”

elsewhere in the statutory section. See Anglers Conservation Network v. Pritzker, 809 F.3d 664,

671 (D.C. Cir. 2016). Here, the False Claims Act does exactly that, providing, for instance, that a

court “may limit the participation of” a relator under certain circumstances, 31 U.S.C. §

3730(c)(2)(C)-(D), and the United States “may” in its discretion “elect to intervene” in an action

instituted by a relator, id. (b)(2). In other words, Congress clearly knew how to insert a clause

clarifying that a court “may or may not in its discretion” dismiss a claim where dismissal is

opposed by the United States, but it did not do so. The plain and ordinary meaning of this clause,

then, sets up a dichotomy: either the Court must dismiss a claim where dismissal is not opposed

by the United States, or the Court must permit a claim to proceed where dismissal is opposed by

the United States.

       Stated differently, Defendants would have the Court read into the statute a circumstance

that is not envisioned in the plain language: discretionary dismissal notwithstanding government

opposition.   Yet a circumstance for which “a text does not provide is unprovided.” Scalia &

Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 93-100 (2012) (discussing “omitted-case

canon”); see also Wash.-Balt. News Guild v. Wash. Post, Civ. A. No. 22-2484 (CKK), 2023 WL

4314177, at *3 (July 3, 2023) (in contracts case, explaining that canon “instructs that nothing is to

be added to what the text states or reasonably implies” (cleaned up)). As another court explained

                                                 20
in rejecting this argument, “Congress expressed only one directive [in the public-disclosure bar]:

courts must dismiss qui tam claims based the government objects to the relator qualifies as an

original source.” United States ex rel. Conroy v. Select Med. Corp., 211 F. Supp. 3d 1132, 1150

(S.D. Ind. 2016). “Anything else simply finds no support in the statute.” Id. Therefore, the Court

joins every other court to consider this question in rejecting Defendants’ proposed reading of the

public-disclosure bar’s use of the conjunction “unless.” 3

       In addition to textual canons, Defendants rely on a substantive constitutional-avoidance

canon––unless a statute clearly states otherwise, it should not be read to “place in executive hands

authority to remove cases from the Judiciary’s domain.” Kucana v. Holder, 558 U.S. 233, 237

(2010). The United States’ power to “prevent the dismissal of an FCA claim” is not jurisdictional,

however, because there is no judicial power to share in these circumstances. United States ex rel.

Hagerty v. Cyberonics, Inc., 95 F. Supp. 3d 240, 256 (D. Mass. 2015) aff’d sub nom. Hagerty ex

rel. United States v. Cyberonics, Inc., 844 F.3d 26 (1st Cir. 2016); see also United States ex rel.

Turner v. Dynamic Med. Sys., LLC, No. 1:17-cv-01757-NONE-SAB, 2022 WL 20804350, at *12

(E.D. Cal. Jan. 24, 2022) (holding same and collective cases). An FCA claim is brought in the

United States’ name, and the United States may certainly have the right, as the party in interest, to

prevent dismissal where opposition necessarily furthers the public-disclosure’s bar purpose in

deterring “parasitic” FCA claims. See United States v. Select Med. Corp., Civ. A. No. 3:12-00051-

RLY-DML, at *4 (S.D. Ind. Feb. 3, 2017). If anything, to the extent that any constitutional

prerogative is exercised through the public-disclosure bar in these circumstances, it is the

3
  Accord United States ex rel. Bernstein v. Prime Healthcare Servs., Inc., 2014 WL 12480026, at
*2 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 20, 2014); United States ex rel. Baker v. Community Health Sys., Inc., 2014
WL 1021574, at *25 (D.N.M. May 16, 2014); United States ex rel. Szymoniak v. Am. Home
Mortg. Servs., Inc., 2104 WL 1910845, at *2 (D.S.C. May 12, 2014).

                                                 21
Executive exercising its prosecutorial discretion to see that an action in its name continues. Nor

can there be any due process violation where a statute creating a statutory right permissibly

“provides all the process that is due.” See Kernan v. Am. Dredging Co., 355 U.S. 426, 433 (1958);

Conroy, 211 F. Supp. 3d at 1152. As with the textual canons, the Court therefore joins every other

court to consider the issue in concluding that the constitutional-avoidance canon does not disturb

the plain meaning of the public-disclosure bar.

         Altogether, the Court concludes that the United States’ opposition to dismissal pursuant to

the public-disclosure bar is effective. Dismissal on these grounds therefore fails.

         B. Failure to State a Claim
         Lastly, Defendants argues that the amended complaint fails to plead that all defendants

beyond SNR Wireless and Northstar Wireless were connected to the allegedly fraudulent FCC

filings. Yet the D.C. Circuit has already held in this case that Relator has plausibly pleaded that

there were “undisclosed agreements” as between SNR Wireless, Northstar Wireless, and the Dish-

Controlling Defendants, including “members of the boards of Northstar’s and SNR’s parent

companies[.]” 34 F.4th at 39. The mandate rule precludes this Court from revisiting the Circuit’s

holding. As such, Defendants’ final argument in favor of dismissal fails. See Independent

Petroleum Ass’n of Am. v. Babbitt, 235 F.3d 588, 597 (D.C. Cir. 2001).

   IV.      CONCLUSION
         For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES Defendants’ [115] Motion for Judgment on

the Pleadings. An appropriate order accompanies this memorandum opinion.

Date: November 9, 2023

                                                          /s/
                                                       COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
                                                       United States District Judge

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