Court Opinion

ID: 820162
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-02-10 19:36:45.236647+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:25:05.013888
License: Public Domain

Slip Op. 12 -48

           UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

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UNITED STATES STEEL CORPORATION,       :

                            Plaintiff, :

                 -and-                 :

NUCOR CORPORATION,                     :

              Intervenor-Plaintiff, :

                     v.                :      Court No. 08-00216

THE UNITED STATES,                     :

                            Defendant, :

                 -and-                 :

ESSAR STEEL, LIMITED,                  :

              Intervenor-Defendant. :

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x

                          Memorandum & Order

[Remand to International Trade Administration for
 reconsideration of its results of initial remand.]

                                              Decided:   April 11, 2012

     Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP (Robert E.
Lighthizer, Jeffrey D. Gerrish, and Ellen J. Schneider) for the
plaintiff.

     Wiley Rein LLP (Alan H. Price, Timothy C. Brightbill, and
Maureen E. Thorson) for the intervenor-plaintiff.

     Tony West, Assistant Attorney General; Jeanne E. Davidson,
Director, Patricia M. McCarthy, Assistant Director, Commercial
Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice
Court No. 08-00216                                                         Page 2

(David D’Alessandris); and Office of the Chief Counsel for Import
Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce (Thomas M. Beline), of
counsel, for the defendant.

     Arent Fox LLP (Mark P. Lunn and Diana Dimitriuc Quaia) for the
intervenor-defendant.

             AQUILINO, Senior Judge: This court’s slip opinion 11-66,

35   CIT   ___    (2011),     filed   herein,    familiarity     with   which   is

presumed, granted plaintiff’s and intervenor-plaintiff’s motions

for judgment on the agency record compiled sub nom. Certain Hot-

Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From India:                   Notice of Final

Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review, 73 Fed.Reg.

31,961 (Dep’t of Comm.            June 5, 2008) (“Final Results”), to the

extent of remand to the International Trade Administration, U.S.

Department       of    Commerce   (“ITA”)   to   clarify   or    reconsider     its

analysis     of       the   intervenor-defendant     Essar      Steel   Limited’s

entitlement to duty-drawback adjustment within the meaning of 19

U.S.C. §1677a(c)(1)(B).

             In conformity therewith, the defendant has filed ITA’s

Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Court Remand, upon

which each of the parties to this case has now filed with the court

written comments.           Indeed, those on behalf of the intervenor-

defendant have caused the defendant to concede a “ministerial

error” and therefore to itself request a “voluntary remand” to
Court No. 08-00216                                                     Page 3

correct the matter.      See Defendant’s Response to Comments Upon the

Remand Determination, pp. 12-13.           Each of the other parties also

seeks further reconsideration.

                                       I

            ITA did reconsider Essar’s duty-drawback claim by re-

opening the administrative record and obtaining from it redemption

applications lodged with the Government of India (“GOI”) related to

its particular advance licenses, a letter from the GOI releasing

Essar from its obligation to pay duties upon completion of the

required    exports   for    each     advance    license,   “including   the

appropriate    linkage      between    imports     and   exports[,]”     bank

realization certificates confirming inward remittance of export

proceeds, and bills of lading confirming shipment to the United

States.    See Remand Results, p. 4, referencing Essar’s August l7,

2011 Response.    To prove that duty-free import of raw materials

took place prior to exportation of its finished goods, Essar

“submitted each shipping bill that contains an endorsement that

specifies the advance license number and date.”                Id. at 4-5

(citation omitted).      ITA then preliminarily determined Essar had

provided sufficient proof of complete removal of the contingent

liability for deferred import duties under the GOI advance license

program.   See id., referencing Slip Op. 11-66, p. 12.
Court No. 08-00216                                                 Page 4

            At that point, the domestic-industry petitioners cum

plaintiffs United States Steel Corporation (“USSC”) and Nucor

Corporation requested that the agency deny Essar’s duty-drawback

claim with respect to one particular U.S. invoice, arguing the

company did not provide export documentation linking that invoice

to duty drawback under any of Essar’s advance licenses and that the

documentation it provided shows the particular claimed advance

license identifies other invoices in the database but fails to

indicate that sales pursuant to the one invoice were purportedly

made pursuant to that advance license.      See id. at 5-6.   ITA agreed

“nothing on the record links exports pursuant to that invoice to

any of Essar’s advance licenses” and thus disallowed the duty-

drawback claim on exports pursuant to that particular invoice, but

otherwise allowed the claim(s) as to the other documented export

invoices.     See id. at 6-7.     See also Memorandum to File from V.

Cho, Case Analyst, “Remand of the 2005-2006 AD Admin. Rev. of

Certain     Hot-Rolled   Carbon   Steel   Flat   Products   from   India:

Calculation Memorandum for Essar Steel Ltd.”, p. 4 (Oct. 3, 2011)

("CalcMemo") (Essar failed to "report the export documents that

link [a particular] invoice . . . to the duty drawback under its

advance license number"). Confidential Record Document (“ConfDoc”)

53.   See Def’s Conf. Appx., Tab A.
Court No. 08-00216                                           Page 5

                                  A

            With respect to the single disallowed invoice, Essar

argues it satisfied its burdens of production and persuasion on its

claim for duty drawback. The evidence of record, however, does not

support it.    Essar provided a copy of the invoice and a list of

invoices purportedly related to a particular advance license, but

the one in question is not among those listed for that advance

license.    See Essar’s Aug. 17, 2011 Supplemental Questionnaire

Response.     See also Nucor Corp. Appx. to Nov. 2, 2011 Comments,

Tab 7.   Essar’s attempt to establish a connection, by providing a

list of exports and arguing that invoices are related to shipping

bills by quantity and shipping bill number, fails because the

invoice number is not actually listed on the bank certificates of

export and realization.    Lacking from the record is a copy of the

relevant shipping bill, and therefore ITA found no demonstrable

connection between the invoice and the relevant advance license.

            Substantial evidence on the record supports the Remand

Results as to the allowable extent of Essar’s eligible duty-

drawback claim, which must therefore be, and hereby are, sustained

in regard thereto.
Court No. 08-00216                                           Page 6

                                 B

          ITA having permitted Essar’s duty-drawback claim in part

and adjusted its export price (“EP”) as a result, USSC and Nucor

argue the agency should also have made a corresponding adjustment

by increasing Essar’s cost of production in accordance with the

change in ITA policy recently upheld in Saha Thai Steel Pipe

(Public) Co. v. United States, 635 F.3d 1335, 1341-44 (Fed.Cir.

2011). The agency denied their “claim”, relying on Dorbest Ltd. v.

United States, 604 F.3d 1363 (Fed.Cir. 2010), reasoning the matter

should have been raised in the original proceeding and concluding

it was either waived or not administratively exhausted. See Remand

Results, p. 8 and 604 F.3d at 1375 (holding respondent failed to

exhaust administrative remedies when it did not challenge omission

from methodology in its administrative case brief, even though it

raised the issue in rebuttal brief and again during ministerial

comment period).

          Relying on Qingdao Taifa Group Co. v. United States, 33

CIT ___, ___, 637 F.Supp.2d 1231, 1237 (2009), the plaintiffs deny

that exhaustion or waiver is applicable because the preliminary-

administrative-review determination denied Essar’s duty-drawback

claim, which meant ITA had to re-open the record on remand in search

of evidentiary support therefor, and that was the first instance the

matter of its calculation methodology became of moment.
Court No. 08-00216                                                        Page 7

                 The defendant responds that (1) neither USSC nor Nucor

sought to amend its complaint to add a new count to address the

issue, (2) the change in administrative practice affirmed in Saha

Thai occurred after the completed Final Results, supra, (3) the

Supreme Court in Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural

Resources Defense Council, Inc., 435 U.S. 519 (1978), “expressly

held that . . . consideration of extra-record developments would

lead to never-ending administrative proceedings and subsequent

[sic] judicial review”1, and (4) the only exception to the “record

rule”       is   Home   Prods.   Int’l   v.   United   States,   633   F.3d   1369

(Fed.Cir. 2011), wherein a litigant presented “clear and convincing

evidence establishing a prima facie case of fraud.” Def’s Resp. to

Comments Upon the Remand Determ., pp. 8-9. Summarizing, it argues,

        1
                 Videlicet:

        “Administrative consideration of evidence . . . always
        creates a gap between when the time the record is closed
        and the time the administrative decision is promulgated
        [and, we might add, the time the decision is judicially
        reviewed].    If upon the coming down of the order
        litigants might demand rehearings as a matter of law
        because some new circumstance has arisen, some new trend
        has been observed, or some new fact discovered, there
        would be little hope that the administrative process
        could ever be consummated in an order that would not be
        subject to reopening.”

435 U.S. at 554–55, quoting ICC v. Jersey City, 322 U.S. 503, 514
(1944).
Court No. 08-00216                                           Page 8

     [i]n point of fact, nothing changed from the final
     results published in June 2008 to Commerce’s remand
     redetermination released October 2011 with respect to
     Essar’s duty drawback adjustment. Commerce continued to
     grant Essar its duty drawback offset. The claim that
     Essar’s cost of manufacturing should have been adjusted
     should have been raised when US Steel and Nucor
     challenged Commerce’s Final Results in 2008. At no point
     did US Steel or Nucor amend their complaint to add a new
     count. They do not attempt to do so now. Accordingly,
     this issue was settled with the final results and
     later-in-time case law does not resuscitate waived
     arguments. Doing so here would run contrary to the
     Supreme Court’s holding in Vermont Yankee.        . . .
     Commerce properly limited its decision in the remand
     redetermination to the specific factual issue remanded by
     the Court.

Id. at 10.

             To the extent it is arguing ITA’s hands were tied by a

“record rule” vis-à-vis application of its new policy to a matter

remanded for reconsideration, the argument misstates the law. See

e.g., Tung Mung Dev. Co. v. United States, 354 F.3d 1371, 1378-79

(Fed.Cir. 2004) (any errors in remand orders do not survive ITA

decisions to adopt a new policy; the Supreme Court “has repeatedly

emphasized[] the Chevron doctrine contemplates that agencies can

and will abandon existing policies and substitute new approaches”

as necessary, and including on remand); SKF USA Inc. v. United

States, 254 F.3d 1022, 1030 (Fed.Cir. 2001) (“an agency must be

allowed to assess ‘the wisdom of its policy on a continuing

basis’”, quoting Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense

Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 864 (1984)).
Court No. 08-00216                                                         Page 9

            The Remand Results correctly note the specific question

on remand was “whether record evidence proves Essar’s contingent

liability for deferred import duties under the duty drawback

program has been removed or permanently excused”.                        But this

court’s order did not state “without considering any calculation

changes    should      [ITA]    continue   to   grant      the   duty    drawback

adjustment.” See Remand Results, p. 8, referencing Slip Op. 11-66,

p. 9.    And, in point of fact, something has changed.             Whereas ITA’s

original duty-drawback determination rested upon an insufficient

premise, it now rests on firmer footing. Even though the result is

the     same,   the    remand    determination       replaced      the   original

determination as a matter of law.           See, e.g., Decca Hospitality

Furnishings,     LLC    v.   United   States,   30   CIT    357,   363    and   427

F.Supp.2d 1249, 1255, n. 11 (2006).

            The defendant claims the plaintiffs “had the opportunity

to raise their arguments in their case briefs in the administrative

review”, but the matter was not a problem of exhaustion or waiver:

informing ITA that it must apply its newly-announced practice (of

adding exempted duties to the respondent's costs of production

and/or constructed value when ITA adjusts EP to account for those

exemptions) was not the plaintiff-petitioners’ burden.
Court No. 08-00216                                                 Page 10

           It is axiomatic that agencies must follow their own

announced or established practices, or else provide justifiable

reasoning for deviation therefrom.      E.g., SKF USA, Inc. v. United

States, 537 F.3d 1373 (Fed.Cir. 2008); Allegheny Ludlum Corp. v.

United States, 346 F.3d 1368 (Fed.Cir. 2003).        ITA applied the new

practice   on   numerous   occasions   by   the   time   this   matter   was

remanded2, and, as noted, the practice was recently upheld by the

Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in Saha Thai, supra, 635

F.3d at 1341-44, of which the agency is presumed to have had

notice.    This being the case, the burden on remand was on ITA to

abide its new practice or explain deviation therefrom.

     2
       See the Issues and Decision Memoranda accompanying Ball
Bearings and Parts Thereof from France, Germany, and Italy, 76 Fed.
Reg. 52,937 (Aug. 24, 2011) (final results of antidumping
administrative and changed-circumstances reviews) at cmt. 8;
Polyethylene Retail Carrier Bags from Thailand, 76 Fed.Reg. 12,700
(March 8, 2011) (final results of antidumping-duty administrative
review) at cmt. 5; Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes
from Thailand, 75 Fed.Reg. 64,696 (Oct. 20, 2010) (final results of
antidumping-duty administrative review) at cmt. 2; Certain Welded
Carbon Steel Pipe and Tube from Turkey, 75 Fed.Reg. 64,250. (Oct.
19, 2010) (final results of antidumping-duty administrative review)
at cmt. 3; Certain Steel Concrete Reinforcing Bars from Turkey, 74
Fed.Reg. 45,611 (Sept. 3, 2009) (final results and final partial
rescission of antidumping-duty administrative review) at cmts. 1 &
2; and Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes from Thailand,
73 Fed.Reg. 61,019 (Oct. 15, 2008) (final results of antidumping-
duty administrative review) at cmt. 5.
Court No. 08-00216                                                      Page 11

             The agency is not to be faulted, of course, for following

a strict construction of the terms of the remand order, but its

applied duty-drawback methodology in the context of Essar’s claim

cannot be sustained on the record of the Remand Results at this

point.   They therefore must be, and hereby are, remanded for

application    of     the   new   policy    or    reasonable   explanation   of

inapplicability.

                                        C

             Essar’s claim for duty drawback having been allowed in

part, it and ITA additionally agree the Remand Results should be

remanded again to allow correction of a certain ministerial error

in computer programming (that inadvertently resulted in setting

“DTYDRAWU” to zero for all sales, not just for the one invoice in

question).      The    Remand     Results   are    therefore   hereby   further

remanded for correction thereof.

                                       II

             The remaining comments concern ITA’s determination of the

“date of sale” for Essar’s EP sales.             The statute does not specify

the manner in which it shall determine such a date.             The Statement

of Administrative Action approved by Congress as part of the

Uruguay Round Agreements Act explains that it is the “date when the
Court No. 08-00216                                         Page 12

material terms of sale are established”, i.e., price, quantity,

delivery terms, payment terms, and tolerances.   See Uruguay Round

Agreements Act, Statement of Administrative Action, H.R. Doc. No.

103-316, p. 810. Normally, ITA presumes the date of invoice as the

EP sale date, but the presumption is rebuttable if and when the

agency is “satisfied that a different date better reflects the date

on which the exporter or producer establishes the material terms of

sale.”3 See also Antidumping Duties; Countervailing Duties, 62

Fed.Reg. 27,296, 27,349 (Dep’t of Comm.   May 19, 1997) (“If [ITA]

is presented with satisfactory evidence that the material terms of

sale are finally established on a date other than the date of

invoice, [it] will use that alternative date as the date of sale”).

Any inquiry is intended to be flexible. See, e.g., Allied Tube and

Conduit Corp. v. United States, 24 CIT 1357, 1370, 127 F.Supp.2d

207, 219 (2000) (Congress “has expressed its intent that, for

antidumping purposes, the date of sale be flexible so as to

     3
         19 C.F.R. §351.401(i) provides as follows:

     . . . In identifying the date of sale of the subject
     merchandise or foreign like product, the Secretary
     normally will use the date of invoice, as recorded in the
     exporter or producer's records kept in the ordinary
     course of business. However, the Secretary may use a
     date other than the date of invoice if []he . . . is
     satisfied that a different date better reflects the date
     on which the exporter or producer establishes the
     material terms of sale.
Court No. 08-00216                                                     Page 13

accurately reflect the true date on which the material elements of

sale were established”); Sahaviriya Steel Indus. Pub. Co. v. United

States,   34    CIT   ___,   ___,   714    F.Supp.2d   1263,    1280    (2010)

(“Flexibility    is   the    cornerstone   of   Commerce’s     date    of   sale

analysis”).

           Essar argues the Remand Results incorrectly use invoice

date as its EP sale date.      It contends the correct date is the date

of the letter of credit, as determined in the Final Results,

wherein ITA reasoned,

     for Essar's EP sales, the material terms of sale are set
     at the time of the sales contract, but are occasionally
     changed when the letter of credit is issued. Because the
     letter of credit is issued after the sales contract, any
     changes to the letter of credit would also signal a
     departure from the sales contract.[ ] Petitioners point
     to instances where material terms changed after the
     letter of credit was issued. In these instances, the
     original letter of credit was amended and we used the
     amended letter of credit. Thus, for the instant review,
     the letter of credit is a better test than the sales
     contract for when the terms of sale are set. Moreover, in
     all circumstances, the invoice is issued after the letter
     of credit, or in some instances the amended letter of
     credit, when the merchandise is shipped and the essential
     terms are never changed between the letter of credit, or
     the amended letter of credit, and the invoice.

Issues and Decision Memorandum accompanying Final Results, 73 Fed.

Reg. 31,961, cmt. 21 (footnote omitted), PDoc 180.
Court No. 08-00216                                                           Page 14

             In the Remand Results, page 9, ITA changed its position

and determined “the material terms of sale were not fixed on the

letter of credit date or amended letter of credit date.”                     Because

of multiple instances of price and quantity being invoiced beyond

the tolerances in the sales contracts, the agency determined there

was no “meeting of the minds” as of the letter-of-credit date or

amended letter-of-credit date and concluded (essentially) Essar had

not overcome the presumption in favor of using the date of invoice

as the EP sales date.          See Remand Results, pp. 9-10.

             Essar does not challenge ITA’s discretion as to the

appropriate date of sale or the regulatory presumption in favor of

invoice date, but, of course, it is the respondent’s burden to

present sufficient evidence to establish that the material terms

are   set   at   a    different   time   if    it   wishes    to     overcome   that

presumption.         See, e.g., Sahaviriya Steel, 34 CIT at ___, 714

F.Supp.2d at 1279;           Nakornthai Strip Mill Public Co. v. United

States,     33   CIT    ___,    ___,   614    F.Supp.2d      1323,    1334    (2009)

(“Nakornthai III”).            Essar’s attempt involves pointing to the

unchanged evidentiary record between the Final Results and the

Remand Results and arguing only one invoice had an overall quantity

change of more than the tolerance of the letter of credit.                        It

contends     that      the   decisions   ITA    relied    upon       for   support,
Court No. 08-00216                                                Page 15

Nakornthai III and Nucor Corp. v. United States, 33 CIT ___, ___,

612 F.Supp.2d 1264, 1271 (2009), involved only limited changes

between    invoice   and   letter-of-credit   issuance   and   that    these

decisions actually support its position because its record of

changes consists of only “two items out of approximately 280”,

which Essar contends does not amount to substantial evidence but

proof of the correctness of ITA’s original position in the Final

Results.    See generally Def-Int. Essar Steel Ltd’s Comments . . .

Pursuant to Court Remand, pp. 4-10.

            The “two items” were apparently of greater impact than

Essar represents. ITA addressed the reliance on Nakornthai III and

Nucor by explaining that “the material term of sale changed on one

contract” in each of those matters, whereas “Essar’s material terms

of sale changed on many transactions [by] contrast”.                  Remand

Results, p. 11, referencing Nakornthai III, 33 CIT at ___, 614

F.Supp.2d at 1326 (“one U.S. sale of hot-rolled steel pursuant to

a contract” that was changed), and Nucor, 33 CIT at ___, 612

F.Supp.2d at 1301 (“a price change as to one of ICDAS’ U.S.

contracts”).

            The   standard    is   whether    ITA’s   selection   of     the

presumptive date of sale is unsupported by substantial evidence.

See 19 U.S.C. §1516a(b)(1)(B)(i);       Allied Tube, supra, 24 CIT at
Court No. 08-00216                                         Page 16

1373, 127 F.Supp.2d at 220-21. Applying it herein, the court finds

adequate support for the agency’s decision, given the detailed

changes in material terms of sale between the letters of credit and

the related invoices.    See Remand Results, pp. 9-10 (“Essar’s

material terms of sale were altered outside of the built-in

tolerances in the sales contracts and those changes occurred up to

the invoices in Essar’s submitted sales documentation”); Def’s

Conf. Appx., Tab A (CalcMemo), Tab B (Essar’s Aug. 16, 2007

Questionnaire Response, ConfDoc 33); Nucor’s Conf. Appx., Tab 7

(copies of Essar’s letters of credit and invoices).     Hence, the

Remand Results can be, and they hereby are, sustained as to ITA’s

selection of the date of intervenor-defendant Essar’s EP sales.

                                III

           The defendant may have until May 25, 2012 to amend and

correct the Remand Results in accordance with the foregoing and

report the results thereof to the parties and the court.

           So ordered.

Decided:   New York, New York
           April 11, 2012

                                      /s/ Thomas J. Aquilino, Jr.
                                              Senior Judge