Court Opinion

ID: 4638664
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-01 23:03:57.072611+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:50.407811
License: Public Domain

2020 IL App (2d) 190959
                                  No. 2-19-0959
                          Opinion filed December 1, 2020
______________________________________________________________________________

                                            IN THE

                             APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                              SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

LANCE PACERNICK,                        ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
                                        ) of Lake County.
       Plaintiff-Appellant,             )
                                        )
v.                                      ) No. 19-MR-49
                                        )
THE BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THE           )
WAUKEGAN COMMUNITY UNIT                 )
SCHOOL DISTRICT NO. 60, THE ILLINOIS )
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION, and           )
LISA SALKOVITZ KOHN, Not in Her         )
Individual Capacity,                    )
                                        )
       Defendants,                      )
                                        )
(The Board of Education of the Waukegan ) Honorable
Community Unit School District No. 60,  ) David P. Brodsky,
Defendant-Appellee).                    ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

       JUSTICE JORGENSEN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Justices Hutchinson and Schostok concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                           OPINION

¶1     Plaintiff, Lance Pacernick, appeals from the trial court’s order denying his complaint for

administrative review in which he sought the reinstatement of his employment as a tenured teacher

at Waukegan High School (WHS). Plaintiff was the coach of the girls’ track team at the school

and members of the team made allegations that plaintiff made sexual and other inappropriate

comments to them, invaded their personal space, leered at them, touched at least four of them on
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

their buttocks, and caused them emotional distress. Pursuant to the school district (district)

administration’s recommendation, defendant, the Board of Education of Waukegan Community

Unit School District No. 60 (Board), voted to terminate plaintiff’s employment. After a hearing

before a hearing officer of the Illinois State Board of Education, who recommended that plaintiff

be dismissed for irremediable conduct, the Board adopted the officer’s recommendation and

dismissed plaintiff. On administrative review, the trial court denied plaintiff’s complaint. On

appeal, plaintiff argues that (1) the Board’s dismissal determination was erroneous where it found

that plaintiff sexually harassed members of the track team and that his conduct was irremediable

and (2) the Board did not strictly comply with the procedures for dismissing a tenured teacher for

cause where it never approved a motion with specific charges and did not timely mail to plaintiff

a notice of the charges and a bill of particulars. We affirm.

¶2                                      I. BACKGROUND

¶3     Plaintiff began working for the school district during the 2002-03 school year. Between

January 19, 2014, and March 22, 2017, he served as the head coach of both the WHS girls’ track

team and the boys’ cross-country team, in addition to teaching English The school has two

campuses and serves 4000 students.

¶4     During his tenure as coach, the girls track team had about 50 members, freshmen through

seniors. The indoor track season ran from January to March, and the outdoor season ran from

March to May. During the seasons, the girls practiced after school every day and on Saturdays.

Track meets occurred once or twice per week. Most of the girls on the track team are Hispanic.

¶5     On Friday, March 17, 2017, at a track meet in Wisconsin, S.W., a member of the WHS

girls track team, reported to Beatrice J., the grandmother of one of her teammates, that plaintiff

had touched some of the girls on their buttocks and that she had informed Sam Taylor, the athletic

                                                -2-
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

director, of this, but he had done nothing. Beatrice reported this to Christine Zucker, a teacher at

WHS who was at the meet as a coach for another school. The following Monday, March 20, 2017,

Zucker began contacting several district administrators.

¶6                      A. Investigation and Board’s Dismissal Decision

¶7     An investigation was conducted between March 22, 2017, and April 21, 2017, and included

interviews of all the girls on the track team. Also, on March 22, 2017, a due-process meeting was

held with plaintiff and his union representative, and plaintiff was placed on paid administrative

leave pending the investigation.

¶8     On April 14, 2017, a second due-process meeting was held with plaintiff and his union

representative, and plaintiff was informed of, and denied, the allegations. On April 19, 2017,

plaintiff submitted a written statement denying the allegations. He was provided redacted

statements from 48 students. On April 19, 2017, plaintiff’s dismissal was recommended to the

superintendent, who approved its presentation to the Board. On April 21, 2017, a third due-process

meeting was held with plaintiff, and he was informed that his dismissal would be recommended

to the Board.

¶9     Sadara DeVonne, the Board’s employee relations director and Equal Employment

Opportunity (EEO) and Title IX coordinator, headed the investigation. Lori Massimo, a high

school campus director, assisted DeVonne. Both DeVonne and Massimo are trained investigators,

including in the district’s antiharassment policies. (Plaintiff had received training on the Board’s

antiharassment policies.) Massimo interviewed each student on the track team and asked her to

prepare a written statement. DeVonne conducted second interviews with several students after

reading their statements. Ultimately, 48 current and former students (ages 14 to 19 years old) were

interviewed. Four students reported unwelcomed touching on their buttocks; 7 reported receiving

                                               -3-
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

inappropriate verbal comments; 17 witnessed unwelcomed touching and/or comments to their

teammates; and 8 reported feeling discomfort or suspecting “other” intentions from plaintiff. Five

of the students were also pupils in plaintiff’s classroom. Also, the students alleged that plaintiff

violated students’ personal spaces and looked or stared at them in a way that made them feel

uncomfortable.

¶ 10   On May 9, 2017, DeVonne submitted to the Board a two-page “EXECUTIVE

SUMMARY” of the allegations against plaintiff and the findings of the investigation. She also

submitted a three-page document entitled “SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS,” which contained

more details on the investigation, including a factual timeline concerning the allegations and the

investigation, a summary of a 2012 investigation, and a summary of the relevant Board policies.

DeVonne recommended that the Board terminate plaintiff due to his sexual harassment of female

students. The Board unanimously approved the recommendation.

¶ 11   On May 16, 2017, the Board gave plaintiff a nine-page notice of the charges, with a bill of

particulars, notifying plaintiff that the Board approved, by a unanimous vote, his dismissal as a

tenured teacher. In the notice, the Board stated that after it was notified on March 21, 2017, of an

allegation that plaintiff had sexually harassed a member of the girls track team by touching her on

the buttocks, the investigation was conducted. The Board noted that the administration had

concluded that plaintiff “sexually harassed multiple female students by engaging in leering,

unwelcome touching, and making sexually suggestive comments and innuendos at varied times

throughout the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 school years.” The Board also stated that it had found

that plaintiff engaged in irremediable conduct that created a negative psychological effect on

students; caused negative and detrimental relationships with students; deterred students from the

full educational opportunities of the Waukegan schools; injured the reputation of—and the faith

                                               -4-
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

of the public, staff, and students in—the faculty and the school as a whole; and brought disrepute

upon the teaching profession. The Board determined that plaintiff engaged in sexual harassment,

in violation of Board policies 4002, 4306, 6021, and 6040. The bill of particulars also related a

May 2012 incident, 1 which was determined to be unfounded but plaintiff was nonetheless put on

notice “that care in your dealings with female students was necessary and that sexual misconduct

of any nature with students is intolerable and a potential basis for discipline. Despite this warning

and experience, you did not modify your behaviors or exercise sufficient care and discretion in

your verbal discourse, treatment, sexual innuendo and touching contacts with young female

student-athletes.”

¶ 12   Further, the bill of particulars noted that, at plaintiff’s April 14, 2017, due-process meeting,

he denied any inappropriate conduct. He subsequently submitted a written statement wherein he

also denied any misconduct. The Board stated that plaintiff’s lack of candor and his denial of the

allegations,    “despite   voluminous    accounts     of   inappropriate    incidents[,]   effectuated

misrepresentation of facts rising to insubordination.” It continued, “[w]hile willful deception and

false statements are often deemed remediable, these behaviors during the course of the

investigation buttressed negative conclusions about your character and your conduct as a teacher

who should be focused on the well-being of students.”

¶ 13   The Board noted that it had concluded that plaintiff’s conduct was irremediable, having a

negative impact on the teaching profession and psychologically harmful to the students.

       1
           “[A] female student reported you rubbed on her shoulder after she asked you to stop, and

you rubbed on her pen in a sexually suggestive manner which caused her great discomfort.”

                                                -5-
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

¶ 14     Plaintiff exercised his right to a hearing before a hearing officer. 105 ILCS 5/24-12 (West

2018).

¶ 15                                          B. Hearing

¶ 16     On December 4, 2017, a hearing commenced before a hearing officer of the Illinois State

Board of Education. 105 ILCS 5/34-85 (West 2018).

¶ 17                                            1. B.S.

¶ 18     B.S., age 19 and African-American, testified that she attended WHS for three years and

graduated in June 2016. She grew up in a two-parent household and is currently attending college.

She participated in track from her sophomore year until she had to leave in her senior year because

of a health issue and her grades.

¶ 19     Plaintiff was B.S.’s coach during her junior year. B.S. had several issues with plaintiff

when she participated in the track program. Once, while outside at the track, plaintiff touched her

buttocks and told B.S., “good job.” “I didn’t feel comfortable with it. Most coaches would tap you

on the shoulder or something.” B.S. told plaintiff not to touch her. He did not say anything. B.S.

reported the touching incident to Taylor, the athletic director, who stated that he would speak to

plaintiff. She never heard back from Taylor. She approached Taylor (and his wife, who worked in

the school office) several times and never heard back from him. B.S. agreed that the touching

incident could have reflected that plaintiff was proud of her.

¶ 20     Another incident occurred after B.S. had gone to the emergency room. Plaintiff asked B.S.,

“you’re not pregnant are you?” and “he started laughing.” B.S. did not quit the team after this

incident, testifying “I love track. Track is what I do. *** I stayed on the team to do what I wanted

to do.” On another occasion, at the end of practice, plaintiff stated that the girls could run in sports

                                                 -6-
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

bras. Afterwards, because of that comment, B.S. changed the way that she dressed and never

dressed in sports bras or tight pants.

¶ 21                                       2. Ellisstatia S.

¶ 22   Ellisstatia S., B.S.’s mother, testified that she addressed plaintiff’s lack of respect at a

parent-student-coach meeting in 2015. (At the time, B.S. was a junior.) Ellisstatia told plaintiff

that, if he wanted respect from the girls, he needed to give back that respect. Plaintiff turned beet

red.

¶ 23   At a meet, Ellisstatia attempted to speak to plaintiff, but he was dismissive of her. She

observed that he belittled the girls and did not have high expectations for them, such as when she

spoke of B.S. going to college or joining the Army. In order for him to listen to her, she had to tell

plaintiff that B.S. was from a two-parent home, where both parents were concerned about her.

¶ 24   After B.S. told her that plaintiff slapped her on the buttocks, Ellisstatia never called or e-

mailed plaintiff to discuss the matter. Nor did she report it to the athletic department.

¶ 25                                           3. N.P.

¶ 26   N.P., age 15, was a sophomore at WHS during the 2017-18 school year. She is Hispanic.

Plaintiff was her track coach during her freshman year. Once, while the girls were doing “abs,” he

commented that one girl did not have to do “abs” because she already had them. During the winter

season of 2017, in the basement of the indoor track while most of the girls were present, N., a

fellow track member, stated that she was hot because they were all sweaty from working out. In

response, plaintiff stated, “we all know that you’re hot, like you don’t have to show off.” They all

knew that it was a joke, but N.P. did not think it was appropriate.

¶ 27   N.P. also related that plaintiff got “too close” when he spoke to her. This occurred

“sometimes,” and made her uncomfortable. She did not say anything to plaintiff about it but would

                                                 -7-
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

just step back. On one occasion, during winter season while the girls were finishing practice, N.P.

spoke to plaintiff about missing practice. She was leaning against a door with one leg, and her

other leg was extended out. Plaintiff stepped over the extended leg with one of his legs. He stood

there for about 10 to 20 seconds, only a few inches away from N.P. N.P. pulled back from the

doorway. Plaintiff did not move closer to her. She did not tell anyone because she did not think

anything else would happen, and nothing did happen. N.P. did not stop running track. A few times

after this incident, plaintiff got too close to N.P. during conversations. She would just step back

because it made her uncomfortable. Plaintiff never touched N.P. and never said anything of a

romantic or sexual nature to her. She observed plaintiff being very close to other girls.

¶ 28                                           4. H.P.

¶ 29   H.P., age 17, testified that she is a senior at WHS. She participated in track during her

sophomore and junior years, and plaintiff was the head coach during that time.

¶ 30   H.P. had some issues with plaintiff. During her sophomore year, in a practice room with

all of the girls present, H.P. took two pairs of pants to go try them on. She turned around and felt

something hit her buttocks. When she turned, she saw that plaintiff had a rolled up piece of paper.

She did not say anything to plaintiff. As time passed, she believed that it was not appropriate. “It

touched my bottom which isn’t appropriate for anyone to touch without consent.” H.P. told her

father about the incident, and he advised her to keep an eye out and keep herself safe. H.P. testified

that she did not report the incident to anyone at the school, because she believed that no one would

take it seriously. Also, other girls had told her that they had complained about plaintiff but that no

one took any action as a result.

¶ 31   On another occasion, while weightlifting with some of her teammates, H.P. told the group

that her fitness tracker’s batteries had died. Plaintiff walked up and said, “oh, you shouldn’t need

                                                -8-
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

that because to me, it looks like you’re fit enough.” H.P. believed that the comment about her

physical appearance was not appropriate. Another incident occurred in the indoor track, after H.P.

had expressed frustration that an equipment issue prevented her from practicing the pole vault.

Plaintiff stated that he cared only about her and five other girls on the track team. H.P. testified

that it was not appropriate for plaintiff to state that he cared about only a fraction of the girls on

the team.

¶ 32   Plaintiff also invaded H.P.’s personal space. This was “pretty normal.” He “got a little close

to us, so I would step back.” She also observed him doing this to others. It was a topic that the

team discussed. Other girls privately complained to her about it.

¶ 33   Plaintiff was removed as coach sometime in March 2017, and Peter Valdez took over. The

Chicago Tribune published an article about plaintiff and his treatment of female athletes. H.P. and

her teammates discussed the article.

¶ 34   H.P. further testified that she got along with plaintiff. He never made any sexually

suggestive or romantic comments to her. She is not returning this year to the team, but it is not due

to plaintiff (once he left, the team had a new coach with whom she was comfortable); she has other

activities in which she is involved.

¶ 35   In her written statements to the school and to the police, H.P. did not mention that plaintiff

got too close to her and invaded her personal space or that he made the fitness-tracker comment.

¶ 36                                           5. J.O.

¶ 37   J.O., age 17, testified that she is Mexican and currently a senior at WHS. She has been on

the track team each year in high school. Plaintiff was her coach the first two years. J.O. had no

problems with plaintiff as her coach and did not observe other girls have issues with him, but she

heard things.

                                                -9-
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

¶ 38    After a race, J.O. overheard B.S. state that plaintiff touched her buttocks. J.O. did not see

this happen. Plaintiff never touched J.O., nor did she ever hear him make inappropriate comments

to any athletes. When he spoke to J.O., plaintiff stood at an appropriate distance away from her

and J.O. never felt uncomfortable.

¶ 39    In her written statement to the school, J.O. wrote that, at the beginning of the 2016 school

year, plaintiff made a comment to several boys whom he was trying to recruit to the cross-country

team. “He said what’s better than seeing girls in short shorts.” J.O. overheard plaintiff’s comment

and felt that it was inappropriate. She did not report it, because she did not want to make a big deal

out of it. J.O. “never saw [plaintiff] interacting with our girls like in a bad way, so [she] never took

action to it.”

¶ 40                                         6. Beatrice J.

¶ 41    Beatrice testified that she is guardian of T.J., her granddaughter. T.J. graduated from WHS

in 2017. T.J. ran track for all four years of high school. Beatrice attended nearly all of the meets.

She had a good relationship with the girls on the team and many called her “Grandma.”

¶ 42    Beatrice knows S.W., with whom T.J. used to ride home after practice. In March 2017, T.J.

and S.W. attended the Carthage meet in Kenosha, Wisconsin. It was a Friday. S.W. reported to

Beatrice that plaintiff was touching the girls on their buttocks. Two other girls were present for

this conversation. Beatrice asked if T.J. had reported the information, and she stated that she

reported it to Taylor. Beatrice spoke to Zucker, a coach for the Libertyville girls’ team and the

girls’ cross-country coach for WHS, whom Beatrice had come to know. Zucker suggested that it

be reported to Dr. Hamlin, the assistant principal at WHS’s Washington campus.

¶ 43    T.J. told Beatrice that plaintiff had never touched her buttocks. Beatrice testified that she

believes it is not appropriate for a male coach to touch a female athlete’s buttocks.

                                                 - 10 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

¶ 44                                           7. K.O.

¶ 45   K.O., age 17, testified that she is a senior at WHS. She has been involved in track for three

years, and plaintiff was her head coach for the first two years. K.O. testified that plaintiff made

comments that were not appropriate. On one occasion, in January or February 2017, K.O. and a

couple of other students (including M. and A.C.) were practicing shot put. Plaintiff stated that “you

were supposed to use the junk in your trunk.” The student toward whom the comment was directed

appeared uncomfortable. K.O. agreed that, prior to making the comment, plaintiff told the student

that she needed to use her lower body, which was a coaching suggestion, because, in putting a

shot, using the lower body is essential. However, K.O. viewed the comment as inappropriate. Now,

she views it as him coaching on how to use other parts of the body. K.O. never observed plaintiff

touch any students or heard any other inappropriate comments.

¶ 46                                           8. J.M.

¶ 47   J.M., age 18, testified that she participated in track for two years. During the 2016-17

school year, her senior year, plaintiff was her coach. J.M. overheard plaintiff make inappropriate

comments during the time she was in track. Once, when the girls were indoors practicing throwing,

plaintiff stated that another student should be able to shift her hips “because you have junk in the

trunk or something along the lines of that.” J.M. testified that it was not something you would say

to a girl. J.M. understood that plaintiff was trying to drive home a point about a coaching technique.

The girls giggled “like it was weird.” J.M. did not report the comment to anyone but her parents.

She did not quit the team because of the comment. Plaintiff did not make other comments that J.M.

viewed as inappropriate.

¶ 48                                           9. A.C.

                                                - 11 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

¶ 49   A.C. attended WHS between 2013 and 2017. She was on the track team for three years,

and plaintiff was her coach. She had issues with plaintiff. He made a comment about a girl’s

buttocks (“about having like junk in the trunk”), which made her uncomfortable. Also, plaintiff

swung his lanyard (which had a timer on it) and hit girls in the buttocks with the string part. It

happened once to A.C. when she was a junior, during practice in the indoor track, and she saw it

happen to another girl. A.C. did not say anything to plaintiff when he hit her, but she “was kind of

creeped out.” H.P. told A.C. that plaintiff hit her buttocks with a rolled up piece of paper. In her

written statement, A.C. also related that plaintiff said things that were “creepy” and that he looked

girls up and down in a “weird” way. Specifically, plaintiff once looked A.C. up and down and said

“oh, looking good, C.” It made her feel uncomfortable, because it was a comment about how she

looked physically rather than her performance as an athlete.

¶ 50   A.C. also testified to the incident. Once, when she wore a tank top and tight-fitting pants,

which she did not typically wear, plaintiff looked her up and down and said “looking good” in a

way that made A.C. uncomfortable. She was standing around and not competing or doing anything

athletic when he made the comment. “I just feel like that’s something you should know, that you

shouldn’t talk to teenage girls that way because it is kind of weird.”

¶ 51   A.C. testified that she did not believe that the lanyard incident was sexual, but it felt

uncomfortable and she believed that it was inappropriate. She did not report it to her parents,

because she was not comfortable talking about it. About six or eight months after the incident,

A.C. asked plaintiff for a college letter of recommendation. A.C. further testified that plaintiff

treated her with respect as a captain of the track team. At the time she gave her statements, she did

not believe that plaintiff should be fired.

¶ 52                                          10. T.J.

                                               - 12 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

¶ 53   T.J., who is African-American and Hispanic, attended WHS for four years and graduated

in 2017. She participated in track for four years, and plaintiff was her coach for three years. T.J.

had no problems with plaintiff and never heard him make inappropriate comments. However,

during her senior year, in the spring of 2017, S.W. reported to T.J. and several other girls that

plaintiff had inappropriately touched her with his hand on her buttocks during track. She was upset

and angry. S.W. did not quit the track team because of it, nor did T.J. The other girls that stood

close by did not quit the team.

¶ 54                                          11. J.B.

¶ 55   J.B. testified that she attended WHS between 2013 and 2017. She was on the track team

all four years. Plaintiff was her coach during her sophomore and junior years. Plaintiff made

comments that made her feel uncomfortable. Once, in the weight room when the girls were

squatting, plaintiff said “stick out your butt.” J.B. found this comment inappropriate because it was

not the right way an older man should speak to teenagers. He made this comment three times.

When A.C. wore a tank top or something more revealing, he said “you look really nice today” or

“looking good today.” A.C. told J.B. that the comment made her feel uncomfortable. J.B. also

heard from someone else that plaintiff made the junk-in-your-trunk comment to another girl and

that it made her feel uncomfortable.

¶ 56   J.B. did not tell plaintiff that the stick-your-butt-out comment made her uncomfortable,

because she did not want to have an uncomfortable conversation with him, as he was her coach.

She did not report the comment, because “we had all heard that there were reports made before

and we all heard that nothing had been done about it before.” She did not verify if these rumors

were true. J.B. did not quit the team, and she later became a captain. It was not so much plaintiff’s

language, but his tone of voice that was disrespectful. J.B. felt that she did not have a good

                                               - 13 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

relationship with plaintiff, because the comments he made never made her feel comfortable around

him.

¶ 57                                          12. S.W.

¶ 58    S.W., who is African-American, attended WHS and participated in track for four years.

Between her sophomore and senior years, plaintiff was her coach.

¶ 59    S.W. had problems with plaintiff. In April 2016, in Rock Island, she was talking to plaintiff

from the jumping pit, and he said, “let’s go. And then he smacked my butt with his hand.” S.W.

walked off and was in shock. She did not say anything to plaintiff, but she told the other girls on

the team. S.W. testified that the slap made her feel uncomfortable. She did not report the incident

to anyone, because she did not believe that anyone would listen to her. B.S. had said that the same

thing happened to her, she reported it to Taylor, and he did not do anything about it. During an

outdoor meet, S.W. told Beatrice about the incident, stating that “he smacked my butt and that all

the other girls feel uncomfortable around him.” S.W. testified that she did not quit the team after

the Rock Island incident, because she wanted to focus on track. She loves track and was doing well

in the sport.

¶ 60    In her written statements to the police and the school, S.W. stated that plaintiff came into

the girls’ personal space, about six inches apart. It made S.W. feel uncomfortable. She backed up

when plaintiff spoke to her. Plaintiff was a “close talker” with everyone, including adults. After

she stepped back while speaking to him, plaintiff would not come closer toward her.

¶ 61    When plaintiff said, “let’s go,” he wanted to make sure that S.W. did not get scratched

from the event for being late. However, S.W. testified, it is not right for an older man to “smack

me on my butt and tell me all right, let’s go.” None of the other girls saw him smack S.W. S.W.

was scared to say anything to plaintiff about the incident. She did not know what to say. “He makes

                                               - 14 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

me feel uncomfortable. So I didn’t know how to speak up.” After he hit her on the buttocks, S.W.

ran the four by four and was still thinking about the incident. She believes that it impacted her

ability to run well.

¶ 62    S.W. did not tell her parents about the incident, because they would have made her quit the

team. When they did find out, S.W.’s father told her that she could not go to practices. She stopped

for a while. Once Valdez was made head coach, S.W. returned to the team.

¶ 63    After the Rock Island meet, S.W. attended a clinic in Naperville with two other girls and

plaintiff. If the other girls had not attended, S.W. would not have gone with plaintiff, because she

felt uncomfortable around him. After the clinic, while they were out to eat, the girls took photos

of their food and posted them on Snapchat. Plaintiff said that he had a pickle and asked if the girls

wanted to take a picture of his pickle. S.W. thought that the comment was inappropriate because

it was “kind of” sexual in nature. She did not report the incident and did not include it in her

statement to the school. According to S.W., school officials wanted her to write only about the

buttocks incident. She did not write that it affected her performance. Nor did she mention these

things in her statement to the police.

¶ 64                                     13. Lori Massimo

¶ 65    Massimo was the campus director for WHS’s Brookside campus between 2013 and 2017.

She reported to Brian Reigler, the principal. Massimo described plaintiff as a close talker. Given

her sensitivity to this, she would take a step back when speaking to him. After the allegations arose

about plaintiff hitting a girl on the buttocks, Massimo was assigned the role of interviewing and

obtaining statements from the girls on the track team. She interviewed about 20 girls.

¶ 66                                       14. Eric Levin

                                               - 15 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

¶ 67   Levin was a house leader at WHS. Plaintiff was in his group of teachers. Plaintiff taught

sophomore English. Levin prepared some of plaintiff’s performance evaluations. He rated plaintiff

“proficient” in his evaluations.

¶ 68   In 2012, Levin investigated L.T.’s complaint that plaintiff picked up a pencil in a sexual

manner. Ultimately, he could not substantiate the allegation, and the investigation concluded that

there was no picking up of a pencil in that manner. Levin has had conversations with plaintiff

about having respect, “being aware of what students may be presenting,” and space within the

classroom, such as walking down small aisles. 2

¶ 69   During the time he worked with plaintiff, Levin never raised any concerns about him. He

did not coach with him or have any discussions with female athletes about him. Levin was not

involved in the investigation of the allegations in this case.

¶ 70                                   15. Theresa Plascencia

¶ 71   Theresa Plascencia became school superintendent on July 1, 2016. She reports to the

Board. There are over 4000 students in the Waukegan high schools. About 79% of the students are

Latino or Hispanic, and 14% are African-American. Plascencia is of Latin descent and grew up in

the Little Village community in Chicago, which is very similar to Waukegan. She explained that,

culturally, the Waukegan community consists of a lot of students who are newcomers to the United

States and many are undocumented. According to Plascencia, the educator is an esteemed

       2
           The hearing officer found that Levin’s testimony about the 2012 complaint, investigation,

and conversation with plaintiff was admitted for the limited purpose that Levin had counseled

plaintiff about his behavior with students. The 2012 student complaint, the officer found, was

“hearsay and is not accepted as true.”

                                                - 16 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

profession in Mexico. Parents do not question an educator. Undocumented populations are often

afraid to speak up, because of their status. Plascencia further testified that the African-American

culture that she has worked with is also very compliant. In a low-income community, many of the

students are being raised by one parent or by grandparents and many are homeless or living in

multi-family units. Teachers are a source of stability for students. School is the only safe space

they have for meals and where things are consistent. 3

¶ 72   Addressing the process for discharging a tenured teacher, Plascencia explained that the

issue goes before the Board, which engages in a discussion and then votes on the matter. In

plaintiff’s case, there were complaints from students of inappropriate touching. The problem had

previously been reported, allegedly, but nothing had come of it. DeVonne recommended plaintiff’s

termination because Board policies had been broken. Plascencia agreed. The policies violated were

a teacher’s duties, sexual harassment, student harassment, and student discipline. The substantiated

allegations that DeVonne found included physical touching, unwanted touching, sexual

harassment, not providing a safe environment, and infringement on students’ rights.

¶ 73   The Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS) became involved but did not

make a finding of abuse or neglect. This, however, did not change Plascencia’s opinion as to

whether plaintiff should be discharged. She recommended discharge, as opposed to a lesser

discipline, because the policies outline that unwanted touching includes situations when the child

       3
           Upon plaintiff’s objection to this testimony, the hearing officer declined to strike it but

noted that she would not place much weight on it, because it was not “particularly probative

because of its generality and the lack of tie in to the particular students. So there are so many

explanations for why someone did or did not report something.”

                                                 - 17 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

does not know if it is right or wrong. Also, the child does not have to say that it is unwanted.

Further, an educator should not make a student feel unsafe. “[I]t’s known that you don’t touch

students.” A coach is still an educator. “That is sexual harassment. *** You should set the model

for what good behavior is.”

¶ 74   Plascencia further testified that she believed that plaintiff’s behavior was irremediable

because there was a pattern of behavior in how he interacted with students and what he deemed

appropriate in his interactions with them. The behavior could have caused, or did cause,

psychological damage to the students. In preparing for the case, many of the students wanted to

forget about the experience “because they want to close this chapter in their life[,] which victims

do.” Further, the fact that the students said that it was inappropriate showed that they were in

turmoil. It took a lot of endurance to speak out, “because of the possibility of being ridiculed by

their peers, but even worse case in education, the belief of an adult factor. So it really takes a lot

for a child to come forward.”

¶ 75   Plascencia testified that plaintiff’s conduct damaged the district’s reputation. There were

many articles written about him and the incidents. Also, there was “chatter” on Facebook about

him, including comments about how previous students felt about him. These comments questioned

whether the district could keep its students safe. Plascencia did not believe that, if plaintiff had

been given a sanction other than discharge, he would not have repeated his conduct. He had a

reputation, and, given how he interacted with the girls over a period of time, this was his norm. As

a professional, one knows what is and is not appropriate conduct. Given his bachelor’s degree and

license to practice education, “he knows what appropriate verbiage, what appropriate touching is.”

¶ 76   The police became involved in this matter when they were informed by human resources.

No criminal charges were filed. This had no impact on whether he should have been terminated.

                                                - 18 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

¶ 77   Plascencia further testified that her conclusion that termination was the only option was

not due to any fear of media backlash if plaintiff were not terminated. She explained that the media

became aware of plaintiff’s case after his termination. Thus, there was no fear of a potential story.

¶ 78                                   16. Sadara DeVonne

¶ 79   DeVonne testified that she is the director of employee relations and EEO and Title IX

coordinator for the district. She began working for the district in November 2016. She investigates

claims of harassment and discrimination.

¶ 80   DeVonne first became involved in plaintiff’s case in March 2017. She reviewed e-mails

from several district administrators concerning Zucker’s report about a track team member. Reigler

appointed Massimo to assist DeVonne in her investigation. DeVonne sat in on about 15 interviews.

She also spoke to current and former staff, including Valdez, Massimo, Taylor, and Levin. They

expressed concerns about plaintiff’s treatment of females in general until DeVonne began asking

about the track team. None of the staff had observed any misconduct.

¶ 81   B.S. told DeVonne that she reported to Taylor that plaintiff touched her buttocks. Taylor,

however, told DeVonne repeatedly that he never received any reports or complaints of that nature.

(DeVonne did not make a determination whether Taylor’s denials were truthful.) He had a good

relationship with plaintiff. However, Taylor told DeVonne that plaintiff was a close talker and that

he had experienced that himself. He also stated that plaintiff and Zucker did not get along.

¶ 82   DeVonne interviewed A.C. and found her truthful. A.C. stated that there had been physical

contact by plaintiff and that the conduct was inappropriate, but she was defensive of plaintiff and

worried about the outcome. DeVonne also interviewed S.W., who was upset. She related being

slapped on the buttocks by plaintiff. She was embarrassed and stated that it was inappropriate for

a coach to make a student feel that way. She shrugged when asked if she was comfortable around

                                               - 19 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

plaintiff. H.P. told DeVonne that plaintiff swatted her on the behind with a rolled-up piece of paper.

DeVonne also spoke to J.O., who stated that she was aware that B.S. had claimed that plaintiff had

smacked her on the buttocks and said that she heard other comments that plaintiff made to the girls

on the track team. J.O. also reported that B.S. claimed that plaintiff told several boys he was trying

to recruit that “what’s better than seeing girls in short-shorts.” DeVonne stated that a large number

of student athletes said that they had no problems with plaintiff and never heard or saw anything

inappropriate.

¶ 83   DeVonne further testified that she met with plaintiff three or four times. Plaintiff had been

removed from the classroom at the commencement of the investigation. At one of the meetings,

when DeVonne informed plaintiff of the allegations against him, the meeting became contentious

and plaintiff denied the allegations. DeVonne was surprised by the denials.

¶ 84   Upon completion of the investigation, DeVonne made recommendations and conclusions,

including that plaintiff “had violated Board policy by engaging in unwelcome touching of multiple

students, leering, and made inappropriate verbal comments to multiple students.” She

recommended terminating plaintiff’s employment. In an April 21, 2017, letter to plaintiff

informing him of this recommendation, DeVonne cited several Board policies that she asserted

had been violated, including the harassment policy.

¶ 85   Next, DeVonne drafted an executive summary to Plascencia, general counsel, and the

Board, providing an overview of the investigation, the findings, and the reasons for the

recommendation. The executive summary consists of the summary and supporting documents.

Copies were provided to everyone at the Board’s May 9, 2017, meeting, including plaintiff.

DeVonne’s role at the Board meeting was to defend the administration’s proposed actions and

recommendation to terminate plaintiff’s employment. Beatrice testified at the meeting, and

                                                - 20 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

plaintiff was given the opportunity to present a defense. After she learned of the Board’s decision,

DeVonne prepared a bill of particulars for plaintiff. That document generally covered the same

material as in the executive summary.

¶ 86   DeVonne further testified that two reports were made to DCFS. The first was on March 22,

2017. DCFS declined to open an investigation. DeVonne contacted DCFS a second time, after she

had the statements from the students.

¶ 87   During one of her meetings with plaintiff, he stated that he had never touched any student.

He claimed that B.S. was upset with him because, after she had taken some time off and wanted

to come back and run, he did not allow her to. He also stated that she was upset because she did

not make captain.

¶ 88   Board policy, according to DeVonne, provides that sexual harassment includes unwelcome

touching. The students told her that the touching was not welcome, and to DeVonne, this met the

requirement for sexual misconduct. Board policy also states, she testified, that instances of

unwelcome touching will be treated as sexual abuse. The totality of what the students reported to

her led her to conclude that plaintiff’s actions were sexual in nature: the touching, making

comments, staring, leering, invading personal space, and that the students felt uncomfortable and

some of them did not continue participate in the team.

¶ 89   One of the male staff members had a conversation with plaintiff about him giving out a

“creepy” vibe to the students. The staff member told DeVonne that it was generally known and

that plaintiff was told to be aware. The district has sexual harassment training where Title VII and

Title IX are discussed with staff, and it covers the Board’s policy on harassment, including sexual

harassment.

¶ 90   The Board rested. Plaintiff did not put on a case and rested.

                                               - 21 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

¶ 91                C. Hearing Officer’s Decision and Subsequent Proceedings

¶ 92   On October 24, 2018, the hearing officer issued her factual findings and recommendation.

The officer found that the Board had proven that plaintiff engaged in the charged offenses and that

the offenses constituted sufficient cause to dismiss him pursuant to section 24-12(d)(1) of the

School Code. 105 ILCS 5/24-12(d)(1) (West 2018). She recommended that plaintiff be dismissed.

¶ 93   Specifically, the hearing officer found that plaintiff committed many of the offenses listed

in the May 9, 2017, executive summary. She found that plaintiff hit four students on their buttocks.

B.S. and S.W., the officer noted, testified credibly on this issue. H.P. was also credible in relating

that plaintiff hit her on the buttocks with a rolled up piece of paper, and A.C. was credible in

relating that plaintiff hit her on the buttocks with his lanyard and did the same thing to another

teammate. The hearing officer also determined that plaintiff inappropriately invaded students’

physical space. H.P., N.P., and S.W., the officer found, credibly testified that plaintiff got too close

to them when speaking to them and made them uncomfortable. This practice had been observed

by Massimo, whose testimony corroborated the students’ testimony. Further, in at least one

instance, the invasion took on a sexual innuendo, where N.P. testified that plaintiff straddled her

outstretched leg while talking to her, causing her to back away when he failed to move away for

10 to 20 seconds. The hearing officer also found that plaintiff made comments to students about

their appearance and looked at them in ways that made them uncomfortable. Even when he made

comments that might be deemed to be coaching suggestions, the officer noted, he used crude

language (“use the junk in your trunk,” “stick your butts out”) that made the students

uncomfortable or used it in a way that made them feel so. She also noted that the question to B.S.,

made while laughing and in the presence of her teammates, about whether she was pregnant when

                                                 - 22 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

she had to withdraw from track for medical reasons “was rude, disrespectful, sexually loaded, and

highly inappropriate.”

¶ 94   The hearing officer rejected plaintiff’s arguments that the students’ testimony was not

credible because, until S.W. spoke to a teammate’s grandmother, the students (other than B.S.) did

not report his actions or their discomfort with them and continued to participate in track. The

officer noted that several students testified that they did not complain about plaintiff’s comments

or conduct, because they were scared, they did not think they would be believed, they knew that

B.S. had complained to no avail, or they wanted to remain on the team for the love of the sport.

The officer found that the students’ reactions were “plausible from high-school-aged girls, reacting

to a middle-aged man who was in a position of authority both as a teacher and as their coach.”

Further, after they were asked about his treatment of them, the officer found, they testified credibly

and consistently. Plaintiff “ogled the athletes, he stood too close to them, he used cruder language

about their bodies than they were comfortable with, he made inappropriate comments about their

bodies, and he hit several of them on their buttocks.”

¶ 95   The Board had cited several Board policies in voting to dismiss plaintiff. The hearing

officer found the following policies relevant. First, Board Policy No. 4306—“Duties –

Teachers”—provides that teachers “[w]ill not discriminate against or harass any student,” “[w]ill

accept each child as a person possessing individual worth and dignity and refrain from directing

damaging remarks and expressions either in class or in other situations,” and “[w]ill review and

maintain familiarity with current Board policies.” Next, Board Policy No. 4002—“Harassment

Prohibited”—prohibits “harassment or abusive conduct on the basis of an individual’s *** sex”

and provides that it constitutes a violation of the policy to “harass another *** student through

unwelcomed conduct or communication of a sexual nature.” “An employee found to have engaged

                                                - 23 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

in harassment, based on a preponderance of the evidence, is subject to discipline, up to and

including discharge.” “Harassment” includes “derogatory or demeaning comments, jokes or

personal questions” and

       “inappropriate verbal or physical conduct or communications made on the basis of sex

       when *** [s]ubmission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or

       condition of any individual’s *** education *** or [s]uch conduct has the purpose or effect

       of substantially interfering with an individual’s *** academic performance or creating an

       intimidating, hostile, or offensive *** educational environment.”

Examples of sexual harassment include “sexual innuendos,” “sexually suggestive comments,”

“leering,” “inappropriate and/or unwelcome touching,” and “verbal harassment or abuse of a

sexual nature.” Unwelcome touching

       “means touching any part of the body in a manner which a reasonable person would

       perceive to be sexually motivated or sexually suggestive, or otherwise inappropriate in an

       academic or work environment. It includes, but may not be limited to: pinching, patting,

       or brushing parts of the body. It also may include actual or attempted kissing, fondling,

       sexual assault. Any touching of a student by an employee in a sexual manner is unwelcome,

       irrespective of perceived or verbalized consent by the student. All complaints of

       unwelcome touching of a student will be treated as allegations of sexual abuse.”

Finally, Board Policy No. 6021—“Harassment of Students Prohibited”—specifically addresses

sexual and other harassment of students. It states that “unwelcome touching” that would be deemed

sexual abuse is “touching any part of the body that is normally covered by a bathing suit.”

¶ 96   The hearing officer determined that plaintiff’s conduct violated the foregoing policies. She

noted that, while a single occasion of standing too close to a student might not qualify as sexual

                                              - 24 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

harassment, the students described experiencing a range of behavior by plaintiff. The totality of

his conduct made them uncomfortable.

¶ 97   Turning to whether plaintiff’s conduct was remediable, the hearing officer noted that the

test was whether (1) damage was done to the students, faculty, or school and (2) the conduct could

have been corrected had the teacher been warned. The hearing officer determined that both the

students and the school had been harmed by plaintiff’s conduct as coach. She determined that

plaintiff’s conduct, which put the students in a demeaning and personally undermining situation,

was “harm in and of itself, even without expert proof of physical injury, or psychological or

emotional damage. The student’s testimony was proof enough.” As to the school, the hearing

officer found that plaintiff’s conduct harmed it by impairing the district’s ability to carry out its

stated policies about the education and treatment of the students. Also, she noted that plaintiff’s

dismissal received negative press coverage, which had the potential to harm the district’s

reputation in the community. Turning to the second prong of the remediability analysis, the hearing

officer determined that plaintiff’s conduct would likely not have been corrected had he received a

warning and an opportunity to correct it. The officer found that plaintiff had been warned in 2012

about getting too close to students. At that time, Levin could not substantiate a complaint from a

student but advised plaintiff to be aware of the closeness of physical spaces in his classroom. The

hearing officer also noted that plaintiff should have known that his conduct as a male coach, “so

full of sexual innuendo, was inappropriate and damaging to the female athletes who depended on

him for instruction, encouragement and support.” Addressing the junk-in-your-trunk and stick-

your-butts-out comments, the officer found that they were made as coaching instructions and were

the mildest of plaintiff’s misconduct. However:

                                               - 25 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

                “[t]o leer at his athletes, to straddle the leg of one of them, to get so close to them

        so often that they were uncomfortable, to urge boys to join the track team to watch the girls

        in their short shorts in the presence of one of those girls, to try to joke with a female athlete

        that the medical reason for her withdrawal from the team might be pregnancy, among other

        things, along with [plaintiff’s] continued denial of the gravity of his conduct as indicated

        in his post-hearing defense, demonstrate such a fundamental lack of respect for the athletes

        as individuals rather than sexual objects, so deeply inappropriate for a male teacher

        coaching a girls’ team, that there is no reason to anticipate that a warning about his conduct

        would have spurred [plaintiff] to change.”

¶ 98    The hearing officer determined that the Board had demonstrated that plaintiff’s conduct

met the second prong of the irremediability test, and she recommended that plaintiff be dismissed.

¶ 99    On December 12, 2018, the Board notified plaintiff that, on December 11, 2018, it had

adopted the hearing officer’s findings and dismissal recommendation.

¶ 100 Plaintiff sought administrative review of the Board’s decision. 105 ILCS 5/24-16 (West

2018). On October 8, 2019, the trial court affirmed the Board’s findings and its dismissal of

plaintiff. Plaintiff appeals.

¶ 101                                       II. ANALYSIS

¶ 102 Plaintiff argues that the Board erred in dismissing him. He asserts that (1) the Board’s

dismissal determination was erroneous where it found that he sexually harassed members of the

track team and that his conduct was irremediable and (2) the Board did not strictly comply with

the procedures for dismissing a tenured teacher for cause where it never approved a motion with

specific charges and did not timely mail to plaintiff a notice of the charges and a bill of particulars.

                                                 - 26 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

¶ 103 The Administrative Review Law limits our review. 735 ILCS 5/3-101 et seq. (West 2018);

Russell v. Board of Education of the City of Chicago, 379 Ill. App. 3d 38, 43 (2007); see also 105

ILCS 5/24-16 (West 2018) (provisions of the Administrative Review Law apply to judicial review

of administrative decisions of dismissal for cause under section 24-12 of the School Code). We

must first determine whether the Board’s factual findings were against the manifest weight of the

evidence. Raitzik v. Board of Education of the City of Chicago, 356 Ill. App. 3d 813, 823 (2005).

A finding is against the manifest weight of the evidence where no reasonable person would take

the Board’s view. Id. at 824. Second, we must determine whether the findings provide a sufficient

basis for the Board’s determination that cause existed for discharge or dismissal. Id. at 823. “A

school board’s determination of cause to discharge is not prima facie true and correct; it is instead

subject to reversal where it is arbitrary, unreasonable, or unrelated to the requirements of service.”

Beggs v. Board of Education of Murphysboro Community Unit School District No. 186, 2016 IL

120236, ¶ 63. The “clearly erroneous” standard of review applies to this mixed question of law

and fact. Id. An agency’s decision is clearly erroneous where “we are ‘left with the definite and

firm conviction that a mistake has been committed’ when applying the established facts to the

applicable legal standard for discharge.” Id. (quoting AFM Messenger Service, Inc. v. Department

of Employment Security, 198 Ill. 2d 380, 393 (2001)).

¶ 104 Generally, we review the Board’s decision, not that of the hearing officer, which is merely

a recommendation to the Board, or the trial court. Raitzik, 356 Ill. App. 3d at 823; see also Beggs,

2016 IL 120236, ¶¶ 57, 61 (“the decision of the school board is the final decision for purposes of

administrative review,” even where witness credibility drove the findings and the hearing officer,

rather than the board, observed the witnesses). Here, however, the Board adopted the hearing

                                                - 27 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

officer’s findings and dismissal recommendation. Thus, we review the hearing officer’s decision

to determine if it was erroneous. Id. ¶ 63.

¶ 105                                   A. Dismissal Decision

¶ 106 Plaintiff argues that the Board erred in determining that he should be dismissed. He

contends that his conduct was not harmful to the students and was remediable. For the following

reasons, we disagree.

¶ 107                                   1. Cause for Dismissal

¶ 108 Under the School Code (105 ILCS 5/1-1 et seq. (West 2018)), a tenured teacher can be

dismissed only for cause. 105 ILCS 5/24-12(d)(1) (West 2018). Although the School Code does

not specifically define “cause,” case law has defined it as “that which law and public policy deem

as some substantial shortcoming which renders a teacher’s continued employment detrimental to

discipline and effectiveness.” Raitzik, 356 Ill. App. 3d at 831. A school board has the power “[t]o

dismiss a teacher for incompetency, cruelty, negligence, immorality or other sufficient cause, to

dismiss any teacher on the basis of performance and to dismiss any teacher whenever, in its

opinion, he [or she] is not qualified to teach, or whenever, in its opinion, the interests of the schools

require it.” (Emphasis added.) 105 ILCS 5/10-22.4 (West 2018). The School Code does not define

“immorality.” In the context of schools outside Chicago, 4 immoral conduct has been described as

        4
            In Ahmad v. Board of Education of the City of Chicago, 365 Ill. App. 3d 155 (2006), in

interpreting the term as it is used in the article of the School Code governing Chicago teachers

(105 ILCS 5/34-1 (West 2004)), the court utilized the dictionary definition and noted that it has

been defined as “ ‘shameless’ conduct showing ‘moral indifference to the opinions of the good

and respectable members of the community.’ ” Id. at 165 (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 751

                                                 - 28 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

“conduct [that] has no legitimate basis in school policy or society.” Fadler v. State Board of

Education, 153 Ill. App. 3d 1024, 1028-29 (1987).

¶ 109 The Board charged plaintiff with sexual harassment of female students. A school board

must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that there is cause for dismissal. Board of

Education of the City of Chicago v. Box, 191 Ill. App. 3d 31, 37 (1989).

¶ 110 Plaintiff argues that the Board erred in finding that there was cause for his dismissal. He

contends that the findings that he harmed the students and was warned after the “sexual pencil”

investigation five years earlier are against the manifest weight of the evidence. He notes that his

conduct occurred on the athletic field and that the athletes testified that they were not always

comfortable with his conduct. However, he further notes, they also testified that he did not threaten

or harm them and that they did not leave the team because of him. No expert, plaintiff notes,

testified otherwise. Plaintiff notes that he had a good teaching record and no disciplinary history.

He also notes that DCFS concluded that claims against him of abuse were unwarranted and that

the Waukegan Police Department concluded that criminal charges were unwarranted. Plaintiff

contends that there was no fondling, caressing, molesting, sexual advances, expressions of sexual

attraction, or quid pro quo. He acknowledges that the hearing officer found the students credible

witnesses and points to their testimony that no athlete left the team because of him and that several

asked him for recommendations for school or work.

¶ 111 Plaintiff also argues that the Board erred in determining that his conduct violated its

policies. He focuses on policy No. 4002, which addresses harassment, including sexual

harassment, and includes a reasonable-person standard (noting that unwelcome touching “means

(6th ed. 1990)).

                                               - 29 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

touching any part of the body in a manner which a reasonable person would perceive to be sexually

motivated or sexually suggestive, or otherwise inappropriate in an academic or work

environment”). Plaintiff asserts that the Board ignored this standard and instead credited

Plascencia’s testimony, who did not consider what a reasonable person would perceive. The

students, he notes, testified that they did not perceive plaintiff’s conduct as sexual. If the students

were reasonable persons under the policy, he argues, then the Board could not disregard their

undisputed testimony.

¶ 112 The Board responds that the hearing officer’s findings that plaintiff engaged in misconduct,

which it adopted, were not against the manifest weight of the evidence, where plaintiff’s behavior

warranted discharge for “immorality or other sufficient cause ” under section 22-4 of the School

Code. 105 ILCS 5/10-22.4 (West 2018). The Board notes that B.S. testified that plaintiff had

touched her on the buttocks as she was warming up, she was uncomfortable with this, and she told

him not to touch her. She also testified to inappropriate comments that plaintiff made concerning

whether she was pregnant and how he encouraged girls to run in their sport bras. Three other girls,

the Board notes, testified that plaintiff had touched them on the buttocks and one testified that she

had seen him do the same thing to another girl. Several girls testified that plaintiff invaded their

personal space by standing so close to them that it made them uncomfortable. N.P. testified to an

egregious example of this, where plaintiff straddled her leg. Several girls also testified to

inappropriate comments by plaintiff, including about one of the girls being “hot,” another girl’s

“abs,” the “looking good” comment to A.C., and the comment to H.P. concerning her fitness

tracker and looking fit enough to him. The Board also notes that plaintiff made several other

comments, including the junk-in-your-trunk comment, the comment to the boys about seeing girls

                                                - 30 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

in short shorts, and the pickle comment. In all, the Board argues, the finding that the behavior

occurred and was ongoing was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 113 Case law has held that conduct of a sexual nature constitutes immoral conduct or otherwise

sufficient cause warranting dismissal. See, e.g., Board of Education of Sparta Community Unit

School District No. 140 v. Illinois State Board of Education, 217 Ill. App. 3d 720, 723-27 (1991)

(reversing finding of no cause for dismissal and holding that male high school teacher/softball

coach’s relationship with two female students, which consisted primarily of letters that the court

concluded were “overtly sexual,” was immoral and unprofessional; teacher had written that he

wanted to hold the girl(s) close, he looked forward to seeing how they looked every day, he

appreciated a beautiful young woman when he saw one, and he wanted them to know how deeply

he cared for them (“ ‘you are a pretty lady,’ ” “ ‘my feelings are strong for you’ ”); court noted

that psychologist confirmed the sexual nature of the letters but that hearing officer understandably

did not give that testimony much weight, as “the testimony of a psychologist was hardly needed

to understand” teacher’s actions, which, as common sense dictated, had a “blatantly sexual basis”);

Board of Education of the City of Chicago v. Box, 191 Ill. App. 3d 31, 38-39 (1989) (reversing

hearing officer and holding that the teacher’s conduct was unprofessional physical conduct; four

students testified the teacher touched their buttocks and breasts; one student testified the teacher

looked inside her blouse; one eyewitness student observed the teacher touch the five girls’ buttocks

when they would ask questions and that he kept his hand there until he completed his answers;

another student eyewitness testified that he observed the teacher put his arm around a girl and then

touch her chest near the nipple area; two parents testified that their daughters either had trouble

sleeping and did not want to go to school or had fears about male teachers and refused to go on a

field trip; the teacher’s credibility had been impeached by some of his testimony); Fadler, 153 Ill.

                                               - 31 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

App. 3d at 1027 (affirming dismissal of elementary-school teacher charged with immoral conduct

based on two incidents; teacher placed his hand under a student’s clothes and touched her buttocks

and squeezed the breast of another student; noting that “[i]mmorality is a sufficient cause for

dismissal as long as the record reveals harm to the pupils, faculty or school itself”; holding, without

explanation, there was sufficient evidence of harm to students and school).

¶ 114 We conclude that the Board’s determination that plaintiff sexually harassed female students

and that this constituted sufficient cause for his dismissal was not erroneous. Plaintiff’s conduct,

which included touching students’ buttocks and using sexual innuendoes, could reasonably be

interpreted as immoral and having “ ‘no legitimate basis in school policy or society.’ ” Sparta, 217

Ill. App. 3d at 729 (quoting Fadler, 153 Ill. App. 3d at 1029). The Board found the students

credible, a finding plaintiff does not essentially challenge. Having found the students credible, the

Board determined that plaintiff committed most of the offenses listed in the executive summary.

Plaintiff did not put on a case, and we believe that the students’ testimony was not inherently

incredible or otherwise problematic. B.S. testified that plaintiff touched her buttocks and told her

she did a good job. She told him not to touch her, and plaintiff did not say anything. Another time,

after he learned that she had gone to the emergency room, plaintiff asked B.S. if she was pregnant.

He also encouraged the girls to run in sports bras, which caused B.S. to avoid such dress. N.P.

testified that, while the girls were working on “abs,” plaintiff commented that one girl did not have

to do such exercises because she already had “abs.” Another time, N.P. overheard plaintiff tell

another girl, “we all know that you’re hot, like you don’t have to show off.” N.P. did not think the

comment was appropriate. She also related that plaintiff stood too close when he spoke to her and

that this made her uncomfortable and she would step back. She also related that plaintiff straddled

his leg over hers during a conversation, which caused her to step back. H.P. stated that plaintiff

                                                - 32 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

struck her buttocks with a rolled-up piece of paper. Another time, after H.P. told her teammates

that her fitness tracker had died, plaintiff stated that she did not need a tracker, “because to me, it

looks like you’re fit enough.” She also related that plaintiff got too close and that she would step

back; this was a topic her teammates discussed. J.O. testified that B.S. told her that plaintiff had

touched her buttocks. J.O. also overheard plaintiff state to several boys, “what’s better than seeing

girls in short shorts.” K.O. (as well as J.M.) testified concerning the junk-in-your trunk comment,

which she viewed as inappropriate. A.C. testified that plaintiff used his lanyard to strike her and

another girl’s buttocks, which “creeped” her out. She did not believe that the act was sexual, but it

made her feel uncomfortable. She also testified that plaintiff leered at her and stated, “oh, looking

good, C.,” which made her feel uncomfortable because it focused on her appearance and not her

performance as an athlete. T.J. testified that S.W. reported to her that plaintiff had touched her on

her buttocks and that she was upset and angry. J.B. testified that plaintiff told her three times to

“stick out your butt.” Also, when A.C. wore a tank top or something more revealing, he stated,

“you look really nice today” or “looking good today.” S.W. testified that plaintiff “smacked” her

buttocks when she was in the jumping pit at the Rock Island meet, which made her feel

uncomfortable and impacted her running, and that she reported it to Beatrice. She also reported

that plaintiff stood too close, which made her feel uncomfortable. After the Naperville clinic, while

out to eat, plaintiff made the pickle comment, asking if the girls wanted to take a photo of his

pickle, which S.W. believed was inappropriate and sexual in nature.

¶ 115 Plascencia, the school superintendent, testified that plaintiff was dismissed because he

violated Board policies, including one concerning sexual harassment. She recommended discharge

because the policies encompass unwanted touching, including when the child does not know if it

is right or wrong or does not say that it is unwanted. Plascencia stated that an educator should not

                                                - 33 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

make a student feel unsafe and that “it’s known that you don’t touch students.” DeVonne led the

district’s investigation and recommended that plaintiff be terminated because he violated Board

policy. The policy concerning sexual harassment includes unwelcome touching. DeVonne testified

that the students she interviewed stated that the touching was not welcome. This met, in her view,

the requirements for sexual misconduct. She concluded that plaintiff’s actions were sexual in

nature, including the touching, making comments, leering, and invading personal space.

¶ 116 As the hearing officer noted in her decision, the students’ testimony was consistent, and

we believe that she reasonably rejected plaintiff’s argument that their silence and continued

participation in track reflected that they were not credible. The officer noted the testimony that

several students were scared to speak up, did not think that they would be believed, knew that B.S.

had complained to no avail, or wanted to remain on the team for the love of the sport. The officer

reasonably determined that the students’ reactions, about a man who was an authority figure, were

“plausible” for their ages.

¶ 117 Furthermore, the Board correctly determined that plaintiff’s conduct violated its policies,

most significantly policy No. 4002, which prohibits harassment, including sexual harassment. The

policy provides several examples of sexual harassment, including “sexual innuendos,” “sexually

suggestive comments,” “leering,” and “inappropriate and/or unwelcome touching.” It further

provides that unwelcome touching “means touching any part of the body in a manner which a

reasonable person would perceive to be sexually motivated or sexually suggestive, or otherwise

inappropriate in an academic or work environment.” (Emphasis added.) It includes “patting, or

brushing parts of the body.” (Emphasis added.) The Board did not err in determining that the policy

was violated. The testimony at the hearing revealed that plaintiff had leered at some of the girls,

engaged in unwelcome touching on the buttocks of several girls, made sexually suggestive

                                              - 34 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

comments or innuendoes (pickle comment, looking good comments, the crude stick-your-butt-out

and junk-in-your-trunk comments, and asking B.S. if she was pregnant and laughing at her), and

harassed girls by engaging in physical conduct, such as close talking and straddling N.P.’s leg, that

created an offensive educational environment. Certainly, a reasonable person would find plaintiff’s

conduct over the two school years at issue inappropriate in a school setting. As several girls related,

plaintiff’s conduct made them uncomfortable. After plaintiff touched B.S. on her buttocks and told

her that she did a good job, she told him not to touch her. She testified that plaintiff’s action made

her uncomfortable and that, after he allowed the girls to run in sports bras, she altered her dress

and never wore sports bras or tight pants. H.P. testified that the team discussed how plaintiff

invaded their personal space and some girls complained to her about it. A.C. testified that she was

“creeped out” when plaintiff hit her on her buttocks with a lanyard. She also related that plaintiff

said creepy things or looked girls up and down in a weird way, which made her feel uncomfortable.

She did not tell her parents about the lanyard incident, because she was uncomfortable talking

about it. S.W. testified that she was scared to say anything to plaintiff after he hit her on the

buttocks. Ultimately, after she told her parents about the incident, she quit the team until Valdez

was made head coach. Taken as a whole, as the Board reasonably found, plaintiff’s conduct

violated Board policy.

¶ 118 Plaintiff’s argument that there was no conduct as egregious as fondling, caressing,

molesting, or quid pro quo, is not well taken. Although previous cases finding immoral conduct

might have involved more egregious conduct than plaintiff’s here, their holdings are not so limited

nor do they necessarily imply that conduct such as plaintiff’s has a “legitimate basis in school

policy or society” today. Fadler, 153 Ill. App. 3d at 1028-29 (defining immoral conduct). Our

concept of what constitutes proper conduct in educational and other settings is constantly evolving.

                                                - 35 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

It is unquestionable that evolving norms of practice in education, as reflected in Board policy, do

not condone the conduct at issue in this case.

¶ 119 In summary, the Board did not err in determining that there was sufficient cause for

plaintiff’s dismissal.

¶ 120                                2. Irremediability Finding

¶ 121 Next, plaintiff argues that the Board erred in determining that his conduct was irremediable.

For the following reasons, we disagree.

¶ 122 In determining whether conduct is irremediable, the test set forth in Gilliland v. Board of

Education of Pleasant View Consolidated School District No. 622, 67 Ill. 2d 143, 153 (1977),

applies in cases that do not involve Chicago teachers. 5 Crawley v. Board of Education of the City

of Chicago, 2019 IL App (1st) 181367, ¶ 19. Under Gilliland, the “test in determining whether a

cause for dismissal is irremediable is [(1)] whether damage has been done to students, faculty or

school, and [(2)] whether the conduct resulting in that damage could have been corrected had the

teacher’s superiors warned [the teacher].” Gilliland, 67 Ill. 2d at 153. If the teacher’s conduct is

        5
            In the case of Chicago schools, amendments to the School Code that were enacted over

20 years after Gilliland rendered the test unnecessary. See 105 ILCS 5/34-85(a) (West 2018) (“No

written warning shall be required for conduct on the part of a teacher or principal that is cruel,

immoral, negligent, or criminal or which in any way causes psychological or physical harm or

injury to a student[,] as that conduct is deemed to be irremediable.” (Emphasis added.)); see also

Ahmad, 365 Ill. App. 3d at 164 (no need to apply two-part Gilliland test for conduct that is

immoral, criminal, or negligent, because it is deemed to be irremediable); Younge v. Board of

Education of the City of Chicago, 338 Ill. App. 3d 522, 533-34 (2003).

                                                 - 36 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

remediable, he or she is entitled to a written warning before being dismissed. Fadler, 153 Ill. App.

3d at 1028. Without such a warning, a school board does not have jurisdiction to terminate a

teacher’s employment for the causes given. Id. However, where the teacher’s conduct is

irremediable, no written warning is required before initiating a dismissal action. Id. No written

warning was given in this case.

¶ 123                                       a. First Prong

¶ 124 Turning to the first Gilliland prong—whether damage was been done to the students,

faculty, or school—plaintiff argues that the Board erred in finding that his conduct harmed the

students or the school.

¶ 125 The Board determined that plaintiff’s conduct harmed both the students and the school. As

to the students, the Board found that plaintiff’s conduct was harmful “in itself, even without expert

proof of physical injury, or psychological damage. The students’ testimony was proof enough.”

As to the school, the Board found that plaintiff’s conduct impaired the district’s ability to carry out

its stated policies concerning the education and treatment of its students. The negative press

coverage also had the potential to harm the district’s reputation in the community.

¶ 126 Cases have held that, where students have suffered psychological damage, for example, the

first prong is satisfied. Box, 191 Ill. App. 3d at 40; see also Board of Education of Argo-Summit

School District No. 104 v. State Board of Education, 138 Ill. App. 3d 947, 952 (1985); Fadler, 153

Ill. App. 3d at 1028.

¶ 127 Plaintiff argues that no expert opinion was offered here that the students, faculty, or school

were harmed. He contends that Plascencia was not qualified as an expert and that her testimony of

harm to the students was speculative. We reject this argument. Plaintiff cites no case requiring

expert testimony of psychological or other injury, although there are cases where such testimony

                                                - 37 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

was presented. See, e.g., Argo-Summit, 138 Ill. App. 3d at 951-52 (teacher pinched several second-

grade female students on the buttocks; first prong met, where parents testified to immediate effects

of the teacher’s immoral conduct, including social withdrawal, hives, and inducing vomiting to

avoid school; child psychiatrist testified such conduct has a highly traumatic effect on young girls;

another psychiatrist testified that the long term effects on the victims’ growth could not be

predicted and could range from no effect to very severe effect; held that there was sufficient

evidence that the teacher’s conduct had immediate adverse psychological effects on the victims

and the conduct was inherently harmful to the student-teacher relationship and to the faculty’s and

the school’s reputation; “it is inconceivable that a situation would arise in which immoral conduct

of any type between a teacher and student could be excused by reprimand”). Indeed, there are cases

concluding that the first Gilliland prong is met where no such testimony was presented or it was

discounted. See, e.g., Sparta, 217 Ill. App. 3d at 727-28 (male high school teacher wrote letters to

two female students, expressing his affection for and physical attraction to them; clinical

psychologist confirmed the sexual nature of the letters but the hearing officer did not give the

testimony much weight; first prong met where, even entirely discounting the students’ and the

psychologist’s testimony, it was “self-evident” from the letters that “such conduct has profound

harm on the students involved, the student body as a whole, and the very operation of the school’s

educational enterprise”); Fadler, 153 Ill. App. 3d at 1028 (elementary teacher charged with two

incidents of immoral conduct, in that he fondled two students; first prong met; it was “clear [that

the teacher’s] conduct caused irreparable damage to the students and the school itself”; while “no

immediate medical or psychological treatment” was required for the students, “[t]his does not

mean the Gilliland test has not been satisfied”; an expert did testify, but the court noted that

testimony’s subject was that the damage from the sexual abuse could take years to manifest; also

                                               - 38 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

holding that teacher’s conduct was harmful to the faculty’s and school’s reputation); Massie v.

East St. Louis School District No. 189, 203 Ill. App. 3d 965, 973 (1990) (teacher allowed teenage

girls to drink alcohol in his home; no expert testimony at hearing; held that first prong was met,

where the teacher’s conduct “was detrimental not only to his relationship with his students, but

also to the reputation of and faith in the faculty and school as a whole”).

¶ 128 Plaintiff also argues that, where a tenured teacher is dismissed for sexual misconduct, the

conduct must be egregious and the harm unmistakable, and he contends that nothing comparable

happened in this case. He again notes that there was no fondling, caressing, molesting, sexual

advances, expressions of sexual attraction, quid pro quo, or testimony from students or experts

that plaintiff’s conduct was harmful to the students. We reject plaintiff’s argument that the harm

must be more egregious than what occurred in this case. Plaintiff cites case law involving more

egregious circumstances. See Sparta, 217 Ill. App. 3d at 723-28 (overtly sexual letters to two

students); Box, 191 Ill. App. 3d at 38 (touching of buttocks and breasts); Fadler, 153 Ill. App. 3d

at 1025-26 (teacher placed his hand under a student’s clothes and touched her buttocks and

squeezed the breast of another student); Argo-Summit, 138 Ill. App. 3d at 949-50 (teacher pinched

several second-grade female students several times on the buttocks). However, none of the cases

hold that only the most egregiously sexual conduct warrants a finding of harm under the first prong

of Gilliland. Further, as noted above, norms of proper conduct in education and elsewhere evolve.

Today, it cannot convincingly be argued that sexual harassment of the type in which plaintiff

engaged did not cause harm to the students or negatively impact the school.

¶ 129 Plaintiff also argues that Plascencia’s testimony concerning harm was not informed

(because she never spoke to plaintiff or the students and knew only what was in the executive

summary) and that she was not qualified to opine as an expert. Thus, her opinions, plaintiff asserts,

                                               - 39 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

were speculative and unsubstantiated. We disagree. Again, expert opinion is not required.

Plascencia testified that plaintiff’s conduct caused psychological damage to the students and noted

that, in preparing for the case, many of the students wanted to forget about the experience, “which

victims do.” She also testified that the fact that the students testified that the conduct was

inappropriate showed that they were in turmoil. Plascencia also noted that it takes a lot for a child

to come forward, a reference to the possibility of not being believed by an adult. She also testified

that she believed that plaintiff’s conduct damaged the district’s reputation, noting that there was

Facebook “chatter” about it, which had the effect of questioning whether the district could keep

its students safe. (She acknowledged that the media became aware only after plaintiff was

dismissed.) Plaintiff’s actions were offensive, violated school policy, made the students

uncomfortable, caused some to change how they dressed around him, and harmed the school

community by creating social media discussion about his conduct.

¶ 130 In any event, the Board, as noted, found that the students’ testimony alone was sufficient

to show that the first Gilliland prong was met. We find no error with the Board’s analysis. Her

opinions aside, Plascencia testified to the fact that, in preparing for the case, many of the students

wanted to forget about the experience. This shows that the discomfort plaintiff’s conduct caused

the students persisted several years after the conduct occurred, including after some of the students

had graduated from WHS. Plascencia’s testimony also touched on the damage to the district, where

she testified that there were Facebook comments about the allegations against plaintiff. We reject

plaintiff’s argument that the fact that none of the complaining students left the team and that some

of them asked him for recommendations shows that he did not harm them. He ignores that they

testified that his conduct made them uncomfortable and caused some of them to change the way

they dressed around him but that they loved the sport and continued to participate in it. Further,

                                                - 40 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

B.S. testified that she told Taylor that plaintiff had touched her buttocks but that nothing had been

done. (She related this to her teammates.) The fact that she had reached out about plaintiff’s

conduct shows that she was very troubled by his behavior. In the absence of action by the school,

the students had to decide whether to tolerate plaintiff’s conduct in order to play a sport they loved

or quit and lose the opportunity to participate in the sport. That they overwhelmingly chose to

continue to participate in track does not diminish the degree of the harm plaintiff caused under the

circumstances in this case.

¶ 131 Furthermore, there is authority for the proposition that, in cases involving sexually

motivated conduct, the conduct, by its nature, is harmful to the students and the school. See Sparta,

217 Ill. App. 3d at 728 (first prong met where, even entirely discounting the students’ and the

psychologist’s testimony, it was “self-evident” from the [teacher’s] “overtly sexual” letters that

“such conduct has profound harm on the students involved, the student body as a whole, and the

very operation of the school’s educational enterprise”). We agree with this approach. Although

plaintiff’s conduct was not so egregious as to warrant police or DCFS action, its sexual nature was

demeaning and inherently harmful to the students to whom it was directed. Sparta, 217 Ill. App.

3d at 728.

¶ 132                                     b. Second Prong

¶ 133 Turning to the second prong of Gilliland’s remediability test—whether the conduct

resulting in the damage could have been corrected had the teacher been warned—some cases hold

that an alternative formulation applies in certain circumstances, specifically, in cases involving

conduct that is immoral or criminal. See, e.g., Sparta, 217 Ill. App. 3d at 729 (traditional second

prong not appropriate where conduct at issue is “immoral conduct”); McCullough v. Illinois State

Board of Education, 204 Ill. App. 3d 1082, 1090 (1990) (second prong not applicable to criminal

                                                - 41 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

conduct); Fadler, 153 Ill. App. 3d at 1028-29 (second prong not applicable to teacher’s immoral

conduct that “has no legitimate basis in school policy or society”); McBroom v. Board of Education

of District No. 205, 144 Ill. App. 3d 463, 473 (1986) (criminal conduct); Argo-Summit, 138 Ill.

App. 3d at 952-53 (immoral conduct). In such cases, the second prong is altered to assess whether

the effects of the conduct could have been corrected. Argo-Summit School, 138 Ill. App. 3d at 953

(“we are not persuaded that a warning could correct the psychological damage to the students or

the damage to the reputation of the faculty and school district that was precipitated by [the

teacher’s] immoral conduct”); Box, 191 Ill. App. 3d at 40-41 (unwanted touching of 10- and 11-

year-olds; “warning could not have corrected the psychological damage to the students or the

damage to the reputation of the faculty and school district”). The rationale for this alternative

approach is that a written warning would serve no purpose and that the teacher’s conduct in such

cases has no legitimate basis. Fadler, 153 Ill. App. 3d at 1029 (“It could always be argued that if

told to do so, [the teacher] could refrain from improper touching.”).

¶ 134 Here, the Board determined that plaintiff’s conduct would likely not have been corrected

had he received a warning and an opportunity to correct. It noted the 2012 warning where, after a

complaint could not be substantiated against him, plaintiff was advised to be aware of the closeness

of physical spaces in his classroom. The Board found that plaintiff should have known that this

conduct as a male coach, “so full of sexual innuendo, was inappropriate and damaging to female

athletes who depended on him for instruction, encouragement and support.” His conduct

“demonstrate[d] such a fundamental lack of respect for the athletes as individuals rather than

sexual objects, so deeply inappropriate for a male teacher coaching a girls’ team, that there is no

reason to anticipate that a warning about his conduct would have spurred [plaintiff] to change.”

                                               - 42 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

¶ 135 Plaintiff argues that his conduct was remediable. Any behavior or remarks that were

insensitive, offensive, or inappropriate, he asserts, can be remediated, as can standing too close to

athletes when speaking to them or using dated coaching techniques. Plaintiff contends that the

issue here is the degree of harm. He notes that some of the students found his remarks or

mannerisms inappropriate, offensive, rude, or insensitive, but none claimed that plaintiff harmed

them or that they left the track team because of him or were afraid to travel with him to meets.

This indicates, plaintiff urges, that any level of harm was low. He also asserts that there was no

evidence that his conduct was so inherently harmful that it was irremediable.

¶ 136 We reject plaintiff’s argument. Plaintiff engaged in inappropriate verbal and physical

conduct over a period of two years that constituted sexual harassment under Board policy sufficient

to form the basis of a finding of immoral conduct warranting dismissal for cause under the School

Code. The Board, applying the traditional formulation of the second Gilliland prong (i.e., whether

plaintiff’s conduct could have been corrected had he been warned), correctly determined that

plaintiff’s behavior causing harm to the students, faculty, and school could not have been corrected

with a warning. Given the variety of offensive conduct in which plaintiff engaged—touching,

verbal sexual innuendoes, lack of awareness of personal space that included an instance of

straddling an athlete’s leg—over a period of at least two school years, there was no error in

determining that plaintiff’s conduct would not have changed had he been warned. As the Board

noted, the conduct evinced “a fundamental lack of respect for the athletes as individuals.”

¶ 137 Applying the alternative formulation of the second Gilliland prong, the result would have

been the same, as the case law holds that the harm caused by immoral conduct involving touching

students on a part of their bodies that can be reasonably construed as sexual in nature or other

sexually motivated actions cannot be corrected. See, e.g., Sparta, 217 Ill. App. 3d at 728-29 (“A

                                               - 43 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

discharged teacher could always say that if only he [or she] had been told not to do something

wrong he [or she] would have refrained from the offending conduct. This would virtually eliminate

the ability of school districts to discharge teachers”; more appropriate focus is on “whether the

effects of the conduct could have been corrected”; held that a warning would not have corrected

the damage to the students, faculty, or school caused by the teacher’s conduct in writing “overtly

sexual” letters to students); Fadler, 153 Ill. App. 3d at 1029 (teacher placed his hand under a

student’s clothes and touched her buttocks and squeezed the breast of another student; teacher’s

“conduct has no legitimate basis in school policy or society. No purpose would be served by giving

the [teacher] a written warning”; holding that, under alternative formulation of second prong,

conduct was irremediable because a warning would not have corrected psychological damage to

the students or damage to the faculty or school; the teacher’s “conduct has no basis in school policy

or society”). This is a sound approach, in our view. The harm plaintiff caused here by his

demeaning treatment of the students who were entrusted to his care cannot be undone or corrected.

¶ 138 Plaintiff’s reliance on Swayne v. Board of Education of Rock Island School District No. 41,

144 Ill. App. 3d 217 (1986), and Board of Education of School District No. 131 v. State Board of

Education, 99 Ill. 2d 111 (1983) (Slavin), is misplaced. In Swayne, an elementary teacher, with 16

years’ experience and “excellent” evaluations, was dismissed after a single incident in which she

spanked a disruptive student, age six, several times in one day while also depositing him in a closet

several times that day. School policy allowed corporal punishment if a parent had not exempted

his or her child, and the parent in the case had not exempted her child. The sole issue on appeal

was irremediability, and the reviewing court held that the plaintiff’s conduct was remediable,

where the evidence of damage to the students and faculty was “slight at best,” the student was not

physically harmed, there was “very thin and highly speculative” evidence of psychological harm

                                               - 44 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

to the student or those who witnessed the incident, and placing the student in the closet was not

“serious misconduct.” Swayne, 144 Ill. App. 3d at 221-23. The court also concluded that the

conduct would not repeat itself, where the plaintiff stated as such to the principal, she sent a letter

to the school board repeating this, and a psychologist who examined the plaintiff testified that she

could refrain from striking students if so instructed. Id. at 223. In Slavin, another older case, the

supreme court held that an elementary school teacher’s conduct was remediable and that the school

board had erred in dismissing him. Slavin, 99 Ill. 2d at 122. The teacher had 17 years’ experience,

an unblemished record, and a satisfactory rating. While teaching fourth graders, he had disciplinary

issues with four students over a six-week period. He was too rough with the students and grabbed

and shook one of them, leaving black and blue marks; he threw the student onto his desk, causing

the top of the desk to fly up; other students sustained scratches, fingernail marks, and other injuries;

and one student claimed that he hit his head on a radiator. At the time, corporal punishment was

allowed under certain circumstances. The Slavin court held that the first Gilliland prong was not

met, because the students did not sustain any serious injury, miss school, or require medical

attention. Id. at 119-20. Addressing the second prong, the court held that the teacher’s conduct

could have been corrected with a warning, where an expert opined that it was possible that the

teacher could be a useful teacher in the future. Id. at 121. We find Swayne and Slavin of little value

in assessing plaintiff’s case. They are distinguishable in that an expert testified in both cases that

the teachers would not repeat the conduct.

¶ 139 We also reject plaintiff’s argument that he was in fact discharged for what the Board

viewed as remediable conduct and that the Board used Levin’s discussion with him concerning the

2012 allegation as proof of prior discipline. The Board took no such position. In its findings, it

noted that Levin had discussed with plaintiff his need to be aware of proximity issues with students.

                                                 - 45 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

The Board did not find that this discussion was a prior disciplinary action. Indeed, the hearing

officer found that the 2012 student complaint was “hearsay and is not accepted as true.”

¶ 140 In summary, the Board did not err in finding cause for plaintiff’s dismissal and determining

that his conduct was irremediable.

¶ 141                                   B. Procedural Issues

¶ 142 Plaintiff argues next that the Board’s dismissal decision should be reversed because the

Board did not observe several requirements of section 24-12 of the School Code. For the following

reasons, we reject his arguments.

¶ 143            1. Whether the Board Approved a Motion with Specific Charges

¶ 144 Plaintiff asserts that the Board’s dismissal decision should be reversed because the Board

failed to approve a motion with specific charges against him.

¶ 145 Section 24-12(d)(1) of the School Code provides that, where a school board seeks to

dismiss a teacher in contractual continued service, including for cause,

        “the board must first approve a motion containing specific charges by a majority vote of

        all its members. Written notice of such charges, including a bill of particulars and the

        teacher’s right to request a hearing, must be mailed to the teacher and also given to the

        teacher either by certified mail, return receipt requested, or personal delivery with receipt

        within 5 days of the adoption of the motion.” 105 ILCS 5/24-12(d)(1) (West 2018).

¶ 146 Plaintiff maintains that the executive summary was not a “motion” to the Board with

“specific charges.” Plascencia, he notes, relied on the executive summary when she recommended

to the Board that plaintiff be dismissed. The Board’s first notice of the allegations against plaintiff

was on May 9, 2017, when DeVonne circulated the executive summary to plaintiff and the Board.

When the Board voted to dismiss plaintiff on May 9, 2017, it had only the executive summary,

                                                - 46 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

according to plaintiff, Plascencia’s recommendation, and Beatrice’s remarks. The summary,

plaintiff argues, described plaintiff’s conduct as “sexual harassment,” without context. It was, he

contends, an incomplete and misleading presentation to the Board.

¶ 147 Plaintiff also notes that the executive summary stated that he touched girls on “their

buttocks” but not that it occurred at meets or practices and typically after the athlete had finished

an event or performed well. The contact, he urges, was not sexual, and no athlete experienced the

contact as sexual. He also notes that the executive summary did not mention that DCFS and the

Waukegan Police Department independently investigated his conduct and that each concluded that

charges were not warranted. Plaintiff also notes that the executive summary did not say that he

made the junk-in-the-trunk remark to athletes as they practiced the shot put, that they knew that

plaintiff was coaching them to use their lower bodies, or that no athlete thought plaintiff was

approaching her sexually.

¶ 148 Plaintiff also takes issue with the allegations that he stood too close to people, arguing that

this had long been commonly known and that he respected another person’s space when they

stepped back. His manner was not intended or experienced as sexual. The summary also referenced

the uncorroborated “sexual pencil” claim, implying that his classroom conduct was problematic

but not mentioning that he had always been evaluated as a proficient teacher by the district.

Plaintiff also notes that the summary alleged that he had sexually harassed a former assistant track

coach, which led to her resignation. He asserts that this allegation was included to influence the

Board but that it did not provide supporting facts. Nor was the charge in the notice of charges or

bill of particulars. He also notes that the hearing officer excluded an offer of proof on the allegation

because the Board did not include it in these documents. Nevertheless, plaintiff argues, the

                                                 - 47 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

allegation damaged his case. He maintains that the Board’s dismissal decision was arbitrary and

unfounded where it lacked sufficient information to fairly exercise its judgment.

¶ 149 We reject plaintiff’s argument. Both the two-page executive summary and the three-page

supporting documents were presented to the Board on May 9, 2017. Despite their titles, the

documents reasonably apprised plaintiff of the allegations against him. The executive summary

informed the Board that the allegation that prompted the investigation was a parent’s complaint

that plaintiff had inappropriately touched female track team athletes on the buttocks. Thus, it was

clear that the allegations focused on his coaching. The executive summary also listed the findings

of the investigation, as follows: four students were recipients of unwelcome touching on their

buttocks; seven students were recipients of inappropriate comments (and the comments were

quoted, including, among others, “You have all that junk in your trunk, you need to use it,”

“Everyone knows you’re hot. You don’t need to brag about it,” and “What’s better than seeing

girls in short shorts?” The summary also stated that 17 students witnessed unwelcome touching or

inappropriate comments made to their teammates; that 8 students described feeling

discomfort/creepiness or suspected “other” intentions from plaintiff; 5 students on the team were

also current students in his class; plaintiff “consistently violates personal space and looks/stares at

female students in a way that makes them uncomfortable”; and he sexually harassed a former WHS

assistant track coach, which led to her resignation. DeVonne recommended that plaintiff be

terminated from teaching and coaching “for sexual harassment of female students.” The supporting

documents contained a factual timeline of the allegations and the investigation, a summary of the

2012 investigation, and a summary of the relevant Board policies. We disagree that the documents

were incomplete or misleading. Plaintiff’s assertion that the contact was not sexual and that no

athlete experienced it that way is belied by the nature of the contact: he intentionally touched the

                                                - 48 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

girls on their buttocks, and some of the girls complained that he was creepy and/or looked at them

in a way that made them uncomfortable. Further, we reject his argument that the documents did

not clarify the context of the junk-in-your-trunk comment, that it was made to the athletes when

they practiced the shot put and they knew that he meant that they should use their lower bodies.

The context, as noted, was clear in the documents, and the fact that he intended the comment to be

a coaching tip does not take away from the fact that it was crude and inappropriate and was noted

as such by the athletes.

¶ 150 Plaintiff’s argument that the Board did not hear that it was commonly known that he was

a close talker is not relevant to whether that conduct was inappropriate. As to his teaching

evaluations, they were not directly relevant to the allegations, which concerned his conduct as a

coach. Finally, plaintiff’s argument that the allegation concerning the assistant coach damaged his

case is pure speculation. The allegations concerning the athletes were the focus of the case against

him.

¶ 151 In summary, the Board approved a motion with sufficiently specific charges.

¶ 152             2. Timely Mailing of Notice of Charges and Bill of Particulars

¶ 153 Next, plaintiff argues that the Board’s dismissal decision should be reversed because the

Board did not mail to him notice of the charges and a bill of particulars within five days of its

dismissal order. 105 ILCS 5/24-12(d)(1) (West 2018). Rather, it was one day late. He maintains

that the statute requires strict compliance. Prejudice to the teacher does not, he contends, inform

the analysis. The Board, he argues, cannot dismiss a tenured teacher for cause unless it complies

with the School Code, which it did not do here.

¶ 154 Again, section 24-12(d)(1) of the School Code provides that written notice of charges,

“including a bill of particulars and the teacher’s right to request a hearing, must be mailed to the

                                               - 49 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

teacher and also given to the teacher either by certified mail, return receipt requested, or personal

delivery with receipt within 5 days of the adoption of the motion.” 105 ILCS 5/24-12(d)(1) (West

2018). A “day” means a “calendar day.” 23 Ill. Adm. Code 51.10 (eff. Nov. 3, 2014).

¶ 155 We reject plaintiff’s argument that section 24-12 of the School Code requires strict

compliance. We agree with the Board that Rolando v. School Directors of District No. 125, 44 Ill.

App. 3d 658 (1976), controls. In Rolando, the court held that the five-day rule for the delivery of

a bill of particulars did not deprive the board of jurisdiction and that compliance with the statute

is directory, not mandatory. Id. at 663. The court also noted that there was no prejudice to the

plaintiff in that case by the tardy compliance (i.e., a two-day delay) with his request for a bill of

particulars, where the plaintiff had a hearing (afterwards), was present at that hearing, and was

represented by counsel. Id. Here, there was only a one-day delay and there was similarly no

prejudice to plaintiff, where he subsequently had a hearing before the hearing officer and was

represented by counsel. Plaintiff does not address Rolando.

¶ 156 In summary, plaintiff’s timely-mailing challenge fails.

¶ 157                                   III. CONCLUSION

¶ 158 For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court of Lake County is affirmed.

¶ 159 Affirmed.

                                               - 50 -
2020 IL App (2d) 190959

                                   No. 2-19-0959

Cite as:                  Pacernick v. Board of Education of the Waukegan Community
                          Unit School District No. 60, 2020 IL App (2d) 190959

Decision Under Review:    Appeal from the Circuit Court of Lake County, No. 19-MR-49; the
                          Hon. David P. Brodsky, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys                 Steven P. Blonder and Jonathan L. Loew, of Much Shelist, P.C.,
for                       of Chicago, for appellant.
Appellant:

Attorneys                 Joshua G. Vincent and Linda K. Horras, of Hinshaw & Culbertson
for                       LLP, of Chicago, for appellee.
Appellee:

                                       - 51 -