Court Opinion

ID: 4583892
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-05 05:01:19.564337+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:48:13.694383
License: Public Domain

T.C. Memo. 2020-149

                   UNITED STATES TAX COURT

COLLEEN MICHELLE LEITH, Petitioner, AND ORAINE J. LEITH,
                    Intervenor v.
   COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 12275-17.                        Filed November 4, 2020.

Colleen Michelle Leith, pro se.

Oraine J. Leith, pro se.

Jeremy D. Cameron and Mark J. Tober, for respondent.
                                          -2-

[*2]        MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

       VASQUEZ, Judge: Pursuant to section 6015(e)(1),1 petitioner seeks review

of respondent’s determination that she is not entitled to relief from joint and

several liability with respect to joint Federal income tax returns that she filed with

her former spouse, intervenor, for 2010, 2011 and 2013 (years at issue).

Respondent concedes and petitioner agrees that she is entitled to section 6015(f)

relief for the tax items attributable to intervenor for the years at issue. However,

intervenor opposes relief.

       We hold that petitioner is entitled to section 6015(f) relief to the extent of

the tax items attributable to intervenor for the years at issue.

       1
       Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal
Revenue Code in effect at all relevant times, and all Rule references are to the Tax
Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
                                          -3-

[*3]                            FINDINGS OF FACT

       Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found.2 The stipulation of

facts and the accompanying exhibits are incorporated by this reference. Petitioner

resided in Florida at the time she filed the petition.

I.     Petitioner and Intervenor’s Marriage

       Petitioner and intervenor married on September 8, 2008, and during their

marriage had two children. Throughout 2009 petitioner was primarily a

stay-at-home mom. In late 2009 intervenor became unemployed.

       Thereafter petitioner began working as a part-time waitress a few nights per

week. Meanwhile, intervenor and two other individuals started a business called

Accelerated Waste Solutions of North America (AWSNA). Through AWSNA,

intervenor and his business partners provided junk removal and cleaning services

for foreclosed homes. Petitioner was not involved in the day-to day operations of

AWSNA. Nor was she involved in preparing AWSNA’s books, records, and tax

returns.

       2
          The Court held trial in this case before July 1, 2019, the effective date of
sec. 6015(e)(7). See Taxpayer First Act, Pub. L. No. 116-25, sec. 1203(b), 133
Stat. at 988 (2019). Because petitioner filed her petition before July 1, 2019, sec.
6015(e)(7) does not apply to this case. See Sutherland v. Commissioner, 155 T.C.
__, __ (slip op. at 15-16) (September 8, 2020).
                                         -4-

[*4]   Petitioner and intervenor had financial difficulties in 2010 and 2011. To

cope with their financial problems and keep his business running, intervenor

withdrew $24,917 from his retirement account in 2010 and $9,120 in 2011.

Petitioner tried to find employment in the mortgage industry, where she had

previously worked. Unable to do so, she picked up more restaurant shifts and

switched to a full-time schedule.

       Throughout their marriage petitioner and intervenor kept their finances

separate. Intervenor paid their household bills while petitioner paid for groceries

and childcare expenses. At all relevant times petitioner and intervenor maintained

separate bank accounts. Accordingly, petitioner could not ascertain the amount of

income intervenor received from his business.

       During the marriage intervenor controlled the preparation and filing of his

and petitioner’s joint income tax returns. Intervenor retained JGS Tax Service

(JGS) to prepare the 2010 and 2011 joint returns.3 He retained Brimmer, Burek, &

Keelan LLP to prepare the 2013 joint return. Petitioner provided intervenor with

her tax documents but was not otherwise involved in the preparation of the

returns. Intervenor did not invite petitioner to join his meetings with their return

preparers. After the returns were prepared, intervenor provided petitioner the

       3
           JGS was owned by a friend of intervenor’s business partner.
                                         -5-

[*5] signature pages only. He did not give petitioner an opportunity to review the

returns before she signed them.4

II.   Tax Liabilities

      A.     Tax Reporting and Understatement for 2010

      Petitioner and intervenor filed their 2010 joint tax return on April 15, 2011,

on which they reported: (1) wages of $24,715 for petitioner and $219 for

intervenor, (2) gross receipts of $42,692 and expenses of $46,734 attributable to

intervenor on Schedule C, Profit or Loss From Business, and (3) unreimbursed

employee expenses of $17,810 attributable to intervenor on Schedule A, Itemized

Deductions. Respondent issued petitioner and intervenor a refund of $11,026.

      The parties stipulated that on March 19, 2012, respondent issued petitioner

and intervenor a notice of deficiency for 2010 determining a deficiency of $7,588

and an accuracy-related penalty of $1,518. The notice of deficiency determined

unreported taxable retirement income of $24,917 attributable to intervenor.

      4
          Rev. Proc. 2013-34, sec. 2.03, 2013-43 I.R.B. 397, 397, states that a joint
return signed by an individual under duress is not a valid return as to that
individual. Petitioner does not contend that she was under duress when she signed
the returns for the years at issue. Nor has she renounced those returns. We
therefore find that petitioner intended to and did file joint returns with intervenor.
See Ziegler v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2003-282, 2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS
282, at *8 (assuming that the taxpayer conceded the filing of a joint return or
ratified the joint return that the nonrequesting spouse filed where she continued to
assert her entitlement to sec. 6015(f) relief).
                                         -6-

[*6] Petitioner and intervenor did not petition the Court for a deficiency

redetermination.

      On December 27, 2012, respondent issued petitioner and intervenor Form

4549, Income Tax Examination Changes, for their 2010 and 2011 tax years.5 With

respect to the joint return for 2010, respondent proposed an additional deficiency

of $14,429 and an accuracy-related penalty of $2,885.80. The proposed additional

deficiency resulted from respondent’s: (1) determining unreported income of

$1,413 that should have been reported on Schedule E, Supplemental Income and

Loss, attributable to intervenor’s interest in an S corporation, (2) disallowing all

Schedule C deductions attributable to intervenor, (3) disallowing Schedule A

unreimbursed expense deductions of $17,810 attributable to intervenor, and

(4) resulting computational adjustments. As further described below, petitioner

and intervenor consented to respondent’s assessment of the proposed deficiency

and accuracy-related penalty as determined in the Form 4549.

      B.     Tax Reporting and Understatement for 2011

      Petitioner and intervenor filed their joint income tax return for 2011 on

April 15, 2012. On their 2011 joint return petitioner and intervenor reported

      5
         We discuss respondent’s adjustments to petitioner and intervenor’s 2011
joint return infra.
                                       -7-

[*7] wages of $38,065. On Schedule A they reported unreimbursed employee

expenses of $13,869. They also reported income and expenses on two Schedules

C, both of which name intervenor as the proprietor. The Schedule C-1, which

pertained to AWSNA, reported gross income of $33,125 and total expenses of

$40,181. On the Schedule C-2, which described the principal business as

“Deepwater Horizon”, petitioner and intervenor reported gross income of $6,000

and total expenses of $9,614.

      On the Form 4549 issued to petitioner and intervenor on December 27,

2012, see supra p. 6, respondent proposed a deficiency of $8,395 and an accuracy-

related penalty of $1,679 for 2011. The proposed deficiency resulted from

respondent’s: (1) determining unreported retirement income of $9,120 attributable

to intervenor, (2) disallowing all Schedule C-1 expense deductions attributable to

intervenor, (3) disallowing all income and expense deductions reported on the

Schedule C-2,6 (4) disallowing unreimbursed employee business expense

deductions of $13,869 attributable to intervenor,7 (5) determining other income of

      6
        Because the Schedule C-2 reports intervenor as the proprietor of the
purported “Deepwater Horizon” business, we find that the disallowed Schedule
C-2 expenses are intervenor’s tax items.
      7
      We note that the 2011 joint return includes Form 2106-EZ, Unreimbursed
Employee Business Expenses. That form indicates that the unreimbursed
                                                                 (continued...)
                                        -8-

[*8] $6,000 attributable to petitioner,8 and (6) resulting computational

adjustments.

      Petitioner and intervenor signed the Form 4549 consenting to assessments

based on the adjustments listed thereon for 2010 and 2011. Respondent

subsequently assessed the deficiencies and accuracy-related penalties proposed on

the Form 4549. On June 11, 2013, respondent issued petitioner and intervenor a

collection due process (CDP) notice for 2010 and 2011.

      7
        (...continued)
employee business expenses were claimed on behalf of petitioner. However, the
parties have stipulated that intervenor claimed the deduction for unreimbursed
employee business expenses. Intervenor has not sought to withdraw or modify the
stipulation, and we decline to do so sua sponte. We therefore find that the
disallowed deduction for unreimbursed employee expenses is a tax item
attributable to intervenor.
      8
         Petitioner received these funds in settlement of a claim against an oil
company. Petitioner and intervenor reported the $6,000 settlement on the 2011
Schedule C-2. Unbeknownst to petitioner, intervenor and his return preparer
treated the $6,000 settlement as a business and reported various expenses on the
Schedule C-2. Respondent determined that petitioner and intervenor did not have
a Schedule C-2 business, disallowed their Schedule C-2 deductions, reduced their
Schedule C-2 gross receipts by $6,000, and moved that amount to other income.
Thus, no part of the deficiency is attributable to respondent’s determination of
other income because that determination is offset by the reduction of the Schedule
C-2 gross receipts.
                                        -9-

[*9] C.      2013 Underpayment

       Petitioner and intervenor timely filed their 2013 joint income tax return on

October 6, 2014, without remitting payment. On their 2013 return they reported:

(1) wages of $69,597 for intervenor and $49,398 for petitioner and (2) retirement

income of $17,500 attributable to intervenor. On November 29, 2014, petitioner

and intervenor entered into an installment agreement with respondent for tax year

2013. As of November 26, 2018, respondent’s account transcript for petitioner

and intervenor’s 2013 tax year reflected an amount due of $5,320.02.

III.   Divorce

       Petitioner and intervenor were divorced on April 14, 2015, when the 13th

Judicial Circuit Court of Hillsborough County, Florida (circuit court), issued a

final judgment of dissolution of marriage that incorporated a marital settlement

agreement. According to the marital settlement agreement, petitioner and

intervenor agreed that they were each liable for half of their “debt with the Internal

Revenue Service in the approximate amount of $36,000.00.” Intervenor also

became obligated to pay petitioner child support of $209 per month. Both parties

were represented by counsel in the divorce proceedings, and both parties signed

the marital settlement agreement.
                                         - 10 -

[*10] IV.     Petitioner’s Requests for Innocent Spouse Relief

      A few months after divorcing intervenor, petitioner filed two Forms 8857,

Request for Innocent Spouse Relief, with respondent’s Cincinnati Centralized

Innocent Spouse Operation (CCISO). CCISO received her first Form 8857 (first

request) on March 21, 2016.9

      In her first request petitioner identified 2010 and 2011 as the tax years for

which she was seeking relief. She explained that she was not involved in

preparing the joint returns other than providing intervenor with her tax documents.

She further explained that she did not review the returns before they were filed and

that she had no knowledge of the erroneous items on them.

      Petitioner also checked several boxes indicating that intervenor (1) made

her afraid to disagree with him, (2) criticized or insulted her or frequently put her

down, and (3) caused her to fear for her safety. She recounted finding several

knives under her mattress during a tense time in her marriage to intervenor. She

also stated that she “was constantly in fear” of intervenor’s “moods”. However,

she mistakenly checked the “No” box in response to a question of whether she had

been a victim of spousal abuse or domestic violence. After discovering this

mistake petitioner filed a second Form 8857 (second request).

      9
          Petitioner’s first request is dated February 16, 2016.
                                         - 11 -

[*11] On May 9, 2016, CCISO received petitioner’s second request.10 Therein she

requested relief for tax years 2009 through 2013 and checked the “Yes” box as to

whether she had been a victim of spousal abuse or domestic violence. Petitioner

attached to the second request a letter in which she described incidents where

intervenor’s abusive behavior had prompted her to call the police. The letter

recounts an incident where intervenor locked petitioner out of the house when she

was pregnant because he was angry that petitioner had left their house to run an

errand. Petitioner wrote in her letter that she called the police, who urged

intervenor to vacate the premises.

      Petitioner’s letter recounts another occasion during which intervenor

became drunk and escalated an argument by screaming at petitioner and kicking

household objects. The letter also recounts intervenor’s stashing of kitchen knives

under their mattress, causing petitioner to fear for her and her daughters’ safety.

      In the second request petitioner reported total monthly income of $5,210

and total monthly expenses of $5,077. She reported having a retirement account

valued at $4,000, $100 in savings, and $100 in her checking account. Although

petitioner was able to return to the mortgage industry in 2013, she continues to

struggle financially.

      10
           Petitioner’s second request is dated April 28, 2016.
                                        - 12 -

[*12] In response to petitioner’s first and second requests, intervenor filed two

Forms 12508, Questionnaire for Non-Requesting Spouse. On the second of those

forms intervenor alleged, among other things, that petitioner had: (1) helped

prepare their tax returns, (2) reviewed the returns before filing them, and

(3) known how much money was in their bank accounts.

      CCISO assigned petitioner’s requests to Tax Examiner (TE) E. Bowman.

Relying on intervenor’s allegations, TE Bowman believed that petitioner was

aware of the understatements attributable to intervenor’s Schedule C business and

therefore recommended denying petitioner relief for 2010. For 2011 TE Bowman

recommended denying relief after incorrectly concluding that the understatement

was attributable to petitioner’s business. With respect to tax year 2013, TE

Bowman recommended denying relief after concluding that petitioner did not

reasonably expect that the tax liability would be paid. This conclusion was based

on intervenor’s allegation that petitioner was aware of their financial situation. TE

Bowman gave little, if any, weight to petitioner’s allegations of spousal abuse.

      On March 17, 2017, respondent issued petitioner a final determination

denying her request for innocent spouse relief for 2013. Respondent issued a final

determination denying petitioner’s request for innocent spouse relief for 2010 and

2011 on April 17, 2017.
                                         - 13 -

[*13] Petitioner timely filed a petition with this Court seeking review of

respondent’s determinations. Pursuant to section 6015(e)(4) and Rule 325,

intervenor subsequently became a party to this case, opposing relief. At trial

respondent conceded that petitioner is entitled to section 6015(f) relief for the

years at issue to the extent of the tax items attributable to intervenor.

                                      OPINION

I.    Jurisdiction

      The Tax Court is a court of limited jurisdiction and can exercise its

jurisdiction only to the extent provided by Congress. Sec. 7442; Judge v.

Commissioner, 88 T.C. 1175, 1180-1181 (1987); Naftel v. Commissioner, 85 T.C.
527, 529 (1985); see also Rules 13, 320(b). With respect to claims for relief from

joint and several liability, the Court has three jurisdictional bases for reviewing a

claim: (1) as an affirmative defense in a deficiency redetermination proceeding

pursuant to section 6213(a); (2) as a stand-alone petition pursuant to section

6015(e) where the Commissioner has issued a final determination denying the

requesting spouse’s claim for relief or the Commissioner has failed to rule on the

claim within six months of its filing; and (3) in the context of a petition for review

of a lien or levy action pursuant to section 6320(c) or 6330(d). See secs. 6015(e),

6213, 6214, 6320(c), 6330(c)(2)(A)(i), (d); Maier v. Commissioner, 119 T.C. 267,
                                         - 14 -

[*14] 270 (2002), aff’d, 360 F.3d 361 (2d Cir. 2004); see also Baumann v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2005-31.

      Petitioner timely filed a petition with this Court contesting respondent’s

final determinations denying her relief from joint and several liability for the years

at issue. Accordingly, this Court has jurisdiction to review petitioner’s claim for

relief under section 6015(e).

II.   Evidentiary Matter

      The parties filed simultaneous opening and answering briefs as directed by

the Court. Petitioner attached to her simultaneous answering brief several exhibits

that were not included in the stipulation of facts or offered into evidence at trial.

On May 9, 2019, without leave of the Court, intervenor filed a supplemental brief

which also contained several exhibits that were not included in the stipulation of

facts or admitted into evidence at trial.11

      11
         At trial respondent objected to intervenor’s proffer of several exhibits
which were not provided to the other parties before trial. Because intervenor
violated our Standing Pretrial Order’s 14-day rule, we sustained respondent’s
objection. See, e.g., Rodriguez v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2017-173
(excluding documents that were not timely exchanged where proponent’s failure
to comply with Standing Pretrial Order prejudiced the other party and proponent
could not articulate a compelling excuse). Intervenor failed to articulate a
compelling reason for his failure to timely exchange the proffered exhibits.
                                        - 15 -

[*15] Statements in briefs do not constitute evidence. Rule 143(c); Evans v.

Commissioner, 48 T.C. 704, 709 (1967), aff’d per curiam, 413 F.2d 1047 (9th Cir.

1969); Chapman v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1997-147; Berglund v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1995-536. The record in this case was closed at the

conclusion of trial on November 26, 2018. Accordingly, the additional exhibits

attached to petitioner’s and intervenor’s briefs are not part of the record and will

not be considered by the Court.12

III.   Section 6015

       Generally, married taxpayers may elect to file a joint Federal income tax

return. Sec. 6013(a). If a joint return is made, the tax is computed on the spouses’

aggregate income, and each spouse is fully responsible for the accuracy of the

return and is jointly and severally liable for the entire amount of tax shown on the

       12
          To the extent intervenor’s supplemental brief seeks to have us reopen the
record, we decline to do so. Reopening the record for the submission of additional
evidence lies within the Court’s discretion. Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine
Research, Inc., 401 U.S. 321, 331 (1971); Butler v. Commissioner, 114 T.C. 276,
286-287 (2000); see also Nor-Cal Adjusters v. Commissioner, 503 F.2d 359, 363
(9th Cir. 1974) (“[T]he Tax Court’s ruling [denying a motion to reopen the record]
is not subject to review except upon a demonstration of extraordinary
circumstances which reveal a clear abuse of discretion.”), aff’g T.C. Memo.
1971-200. In reviewing motions to reopen the record, we consider, among other
things, whether the moving party had reason for the failure to produce the
evidence earlier. Purvis v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2020-13, at *30-*31.
Intervenor has not articulated a compelling reason for his failure to timely produce
the exhibits annexed to his supplemental brief. See supra note 11.
                                         - 16 -

[*16] return or found to be owing. Sec. 6013(d)(3); Butler v. Commissioner, 114
T.C. 276, 282 (2000). Nevertheless, under certain circumstances, a spouse who

has made a joint return may seek relief from joint and several liability under

procedures set forth in section 6015. Section 6015 provides a spouse with three

alternatives: (1) full or partial relief under subsection (b), (2) proportionate relief

under subsection (c), and (3) if relief is not available under subsection (b) or (c),

equitable relief under subsection (f).

      In this case respondent evaluated petitioner’s entitlement to relief from joint

and several liability under each alternative, and we have jurisdiction to do the

same. See sec. 6015(e)(1). In doing so we apply a de novo standard and scope of

review. See Porter v. Commissioner, 132 T.C. 203, 210 (2009). Petitioner

generally bears the burden of proving that she is entitled to relief under section

6015.13 See Rule 142(a); Porter v. Commissioner, 132 T.C. 210; Alt v.

Commissioner, 119 T.C. 306, 311 (2002), aff’d, 101 F. App’x 34 (6th Cir. 2004);

Stergios v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2009-15.

      13
         Our findings of fact in this case are based on a preponderance of the
evidence, and thus the allocation of the burden of proof is immaterial. See
Blodgett v. Commissioner, 394 F.3d 1030, 1039 (8th Cir. 2005), aff’g T.C. Memo.
2003-212; Knudsen v. Commissioner, 131 T.C. 185, 189 (2008), supplementing
T.C. Memo. 2007-340; Martin Ice Cream Co. v. Commissioner, 110 T.C. 189, 210
n.16 (1998).
                                         - 17 -

[*17] A.     Section 6015(b) and Section 6015(c) Relief

      To qualify for relief pursuant to section 6015(b), the requesting spouse must

establish that: (1) a joint return was filed; (2) there was an understatement of tax

attributable to erroneous items of the nonrequesting spouse; (3) at the time of

signing the return, the requesting spouse did not know and had no reason to know

of the understatement; (4) taking into account all the facts and circumstances, it is

inequitable to hold the requesting spouse liable for the deficiency in tax

attributable to the understatement; and (5) the requesting spouse sought relief

within two years of the first collection activity relating to the liability. Sec.

6015(b)(1). These conditions are stated in the conjunctive, and the taxpayer must

satisfy all five in order to be awarded relief. See Alt v. Commissioner, 119 T.C.
313. Accordingly, the failure of a taxpayer to satisfy any one of the elements

precludes relief. Id.; Haltom v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2005-209.

      Section 6015(c) permits a requesting spouse to seek relief from joint and

several liability and elect to allocate a deficiency to a nonrequesting spouse if the

following conditions are met: (1) a joint return was filed; (2) at the time of the

election, the requesting spouse was separated or divorced from the nonrequesting

spouse or was not a member of the same household as the nonrequesting spouse at

any time during the 12-month period ending on the date of the request for relief;
                                         - 18 -

[*18] (3) the requesting spouse sought relief within two years of the first

collection activity relating to the liability; and (4) the requesting spouse did not

have actual knowledge, at the time of signing the joint return, of the item giving

rise to the deficiency. Sec. 6015(c)(3).

      Respondent argues that, with respect to 2010 and 2011, petitioner does not

qualify for relief under section 6015(b) or (c) because she did not seek relief

within two years of respondent’s first collection activity. We agree.

      On June 11, 2013, respondent issued petitioner and intervenor a CDP notice

for 2010 and 2011. Respondent did not receive petitioner’s first request until

March 2016, which was more than two years after the issuance of the CDP notice.

Accordingly, petitioner does not qualify for relief under section 6015(b) or (c)

with respect to 2010 and 2011.

      Respondent also argues that subsections (b) and (c) of section 6015 do not

provide petitioner with relief for 2013 because that year involves neither an

understatement nor a deficiency. We agree. Subsections (b) and (c) of section

6015 apply only in the case of “an understatement of tax” or “any deficiency” in

tax, and do not apply in the case of underpayments of tax reported on joint tax

returns. Sec. 6015(b)(1)(B), (c)(1); Hopkins v. Commissioner, 121 T.C. 73, 88

(2003); see also Block v. Commissioner, 120 T.C. 62, 66 (2003). Because
                                         - 19 -

[*19] petitioner seeks relief from an underpayment of tax for 2013, she is not

entitled to relief under section 6015(b) or (c) for that year.

       Because petitioner does not qualify for relief under section 6015(b) or (c)

for the years at issue, she may look only to section 6015(f) for relief from joint and

several liability.

       B.     Section 6015(f) Relief

       As directed by section 6015(f), the Commissioner has prescribed procedures

to determine whether a requesting spouse is entitled to equitable relief from joint

and several liability. Those procedures are set forth in Rev. Proc. 2013-34, sec. 4,

2013-43 I.R.B. 397, 399-403. Although the Court considers those procedures

when reviewing the Commissioner’s determination, the Court is not bound by

them. See Pullins v. Commissioner, 136 T.C. 432, 438-439 (2011); Rogers v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2018-53, at *112. The Court’s determination

ultimately rests on an evaluation of all the facts and circumstances. Porter v.

Commissioner, 132 T.C. 210.

       Pursuant to the revenue procedure, the Commissioner conducts a multistep

analysis when determining whether a requesting spouse is entitled to

equitable relief under section 6015(f). See Rev. Proc. 2013-34, sec. 4. The

requirements for relief under the revenue procedure are categorized as threshold or
                                         - 20 -

[*20] mandatory requirements, streamlined elements, and equitable factors. A

requesting spouse must satisfy each threshold requirement to be considered for

relief. See id. sec. 4.01, 2013-43 I.R.B. at 399-400. If the requesting spouse

meets the threshold requirements, the Commissioner will grant equitable relief if

the requesting spouse meets each streamlined element. See id. sec. 4.02, 2013-43

I.R.B. at 400. Otherwise, the Commissioner will determine whether equitable

relief is appropriate by evaluating the equitable factors. See id. sec. 4.03, 2013-43

I.R.B. at 400-403.

             1.      Threshold Requirements

      The requesting spouse must meet seven threshold requirements to be

considered for relief under section 6015(f). Rev. Proc. 2013-34, sec. 4.01. Those

requirements are: (1) the requesting spouse filed a joint return for the taxable year

for which relief is sought, (2) relief is not available to the requesting spouse under

section 6015(b) or (c), (3) the claim for relief is timely filed, (4) no assets were

transferred between the spouses as part of a fraudulent scheme, (5) the

nonrequesting spouse did not transfer disqualified assets to the requesting spouse,

(6) the requesting spouse did not knowingly participate in the filing of a fraudulent

joint return, and (7) absent certain enumerated exceptions, the tax liability from
                                         - 21 -

[*21] which the requesting spouse seeks relief is attributable to an item of the

nonrequesting spouse. Rev. Proc. 2013-34, sec. 4.01.

      Petitioner is claiming relief under section 6015(f) for the portions of the

2010 and 2011 understatements and 2013 underpayment attributable to

intervenor’s tax items only. Respondent concedes, and we agree, that petitioner

has met the threshold conditions for relief. Intervenor has submitted no credible

evidence to the contrary.

             2.    Streamlined Determination Elements

      For the portions of the liabilities for which petitioner is eligible for relief

under section 6015(f), Rev. Proc. 2013-34, sec. 4.02, sets forth circumstances

under which the Commissioner will make a streamlined determination granting

equitable relief to the requesting spouse. The requesting spouse is eligible for a

streamlined determination by the Commissioner only in cases in which the

requesting spouse establishes that she (1) is no longer married to the

nonrequesting spouse (marital status requirement), (2) would suffer economic

hardship if not granted relief (economic hardship requirement), and (3) did not

know or have reason to know that the nonrequesting spouse would not or could

not pay the underpayment of tax reported on the joint income tax return, or did not

know or have reason to know that there was an understatement or deficiency on
                                         - 22 -

[*22] the joint income tax return (lack of knowledge requirement). Id. The

requesting spouse must establish that she satisfies each of the three elements to

receive a streamlined determination granting relief. Id.

                    a.     Marital Status Requirement

      For purposes of this element a requesting spouse will be treated as being

“no longer married to the nonrequesting spouse” if the requesting spouse is

divorced from the nonrequesting spouse. See id. sec. 4.03(2)(a)(i), 2013-43 I.R.B.

at 400.

      The circuit court granted petitioner and intervenor a divorce on April 14,

2015, which predates petitioner’s filing of her first request (February or March

2016) and respondent’s denials of relief (March and April 2017). Accordingly,

petitioner satisfies this requirement.

                    b.     Economic Hardship Requirement

      Economic hardship exists if satisfaction of the tax liability, in whole or in

part, would result in the requesting spouse’s being unable to meet her reasonable

basic living expenses. Rev. Proc. 2013-34, sec. 4.03(2)(b), 2013-43 I.R.B. at 401.

The requesting spouse would suffer economic hardship if two tests are met: (1)

either (a) the requesting spouse’s income is below 250% of the Federal poverty

level or (b) the requesting spouse’s monthly income exceeds her reasonable basic
                                          - 23 -

[*23] monthly living expenses by $300 or less, and (2) the requesting spouse does

not have assets from which she can make payments toward the tax liability and

still meet reasonable basic living expenses. Id.

      Petitioner relies on wages and child support payments to pay her and her

two daughters’ basic living expenses. Petitioner’s approximate monthly income is

$5,210, and her reasonable basic monthly expenses are approximately $5,077.

Petitioner’s monthly income exceeds her reasonable basic monthly expenses by

$133. Because this amount is less than $300, she meets the first prong of the

economic hardship test.

      The second prong of the test requires consideration of whether petitioner

has any assets from which she can make payments towards the tax liabilities and

still meet reasonable basic living expenses. Petitioner’s assets, as reported on her

Form 8857, are worth approximately $4,200, and they comprise a retirement

account valued at $4,000, $100 in savings, and $100 in her checking account. The

liabilities for the years at issue, however, exceed $30,000. Petitioner’s income and

assets are insufficient to cover those liabilities. If petitioner is not afforded relief,

she will not have sufficient income to provide for her and her daughters’ basic

living expenses.
                                         - 24 -

[*24] Respondent concedes that petitioner satisfies the economic hardship

requirement. Intervenor disagrees, arguing that petitioner has not suffered from

any financial hardship. However, intervenor has not offered any credible evidence

contradicting the income, assets, and expenses reported by petitioner and

conceded by respondent. We therefore find that petitioner satisfies the economic

hardship requirement.

                    c.     Lack of Knowledge Requirement

                           i.    Actual or Constructive Knowledge

      If the requesting spouse knew or had reason to know of the understatement

as of the date the joint return was filed, this factor will weigh against relief. Rev.

Proc. 2013-34, sec. 4.03(2)(c)(i)(A), 2013-43 I.R.B. at 401. In an underpayment

case we consider whether the requesting spouse reasonably expected the

nonrequesting spouse to pay the tax liability reported on the return. Id. sec.

4.03(2)(c)(ii), 2013-43 I.R.B. at 401. According to the revenue procedure:

      A reasonable expectation of payment will be presumed if the spouses
      submitted a request for an installment agreement to pay the tax
      reported as due on the return. To benefit from the presumption, the
      request for an installment agreement must be filed by the later of 90
      days after the due date for payment of the tax, or 90 days after the
      return was filed. * * * [I]t must not be unreasonable for the requesting
                                       - 25 -

[*25] spouse to believe that the nonrequesting spouse will be able to make
      the payments contemplated in the requested installment agreement.
Id.

      Respondent concedes and petitioner agrees that she did not know or have

reason to know about the understatements for 2010 and 2011 and the

underpayment for 2013. Conversely, intervenor asserts that petitioner was

involved in their return preparation, giving her reason to know about the

understatements and underpayment. We resolve this disagreement in favor of

petitioner for the reasons below.

      For tax years 2010 and 2011 petitioner neither knew nor had reason to know

of the understatements on the joint income tax returns. With one negligible

exception,14 all adjustments to the 2010 and 2011 joint returns pertained to the tax

items of intervenor. During the marriage petitioner worked as a waitress and spent

the remainder of her time caring for her and intervenor’s children. She was not

involved in intervenor’s business. Petitioner and intervenor maintained separate

bank accounts at all relevant times. Thus, petitioner had no way of ascertaining

intervenor’s income and expenses.

      14
           See supra note 8.
                                        - 26 -

[*26] Moreover, intervenor controlled the preparation and filing of the 2010 and

2011 joint returns. Other than providing intervenor with her tax documents,

petitioner did not participate in the return preparation. Petitioner’s lack of

involvement was by the design of intervenor, who selected and dealt exclusively

with the return preparers. After the returns were prepared, intervenor solicited

petitioner’s signature but did not give her an opportunity to review the returns.

This practice left petitioner unable to verify the accuracy of the returns.

      With respect to 2013, petitioner had no actual or constructive knowledge

that intervenor would not or could not pay the underpayment of tax reported on the

joint return. Petitioner and intervenor filed their 2013 joint return on October 6,

2014. They entered into an installment agreement with respondent on November

29, 2014, which was within 90 days of the filing date. Respondent concedes the

presumption that petitioner reasonably expected payment of the liability by

intervenor, and intervenor has offered no credible evidence to rebut this

presumption.

      We therefore find that petitioner satisfies the lack of knowledge requirement

for the years at issue.
                                         - 27 -

[*27]                      ii.   Abuse

        Even if we were to find that petitioner had actual or constructive knowledge

of the understatements and underpayment, she would still satisfy the lack of

knowledge requirement because she was a victim of spousal abuse.

        Notwithstanding the requesting spouse’s knowledge or beliefs, that

knowledge may be negated if the nonrequesting spouse abused the requesting

spouse or maintained control of the household finances by restricting the

requesting spouse’s access to financial information such that the nonrequesting

spouse’s actions prevented the requesting spouse from questioning or challenging

payment of the liability. Rev. Proc. 2013-34, sec. 4.02(3)(a), 4.03(2)(c)(i) and (ii).

“Abuse comes in many forms and can include physical, psychological, sexual, or

emotional abuse, including efforts to control, isolate, humiliate, and intimidate the

requesting spouse, or to undermine the requesting spouse’s ability to reason

independently and be able to do what is required under the tax laws.” Id. sec.

4.03(2)(c)(iv), 2013-43 I.R.B. at 402; see, e.g., Stephenson v. Commissioner, T.C.

Memo. 2011-16. This Court takes all facts and circumstances into account in

determining the presence of abuse, see Rev. Proc. 2013-34, sec. 4.01, and requires

substantiation, or at a minimum, specificity, with regard to allegations of abuse,

see Nihiser v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2008-135. A generalized claim of
                                        - 28 -

[*28] abuse is insufficient. See Thomassen v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

2011-88, aff’d, 564 F. App’x 885 (9th Cir. 2014); Knorr v. Commissioner, T.C.

Memo. 2004-212.

      The administrative record in the case at bar provides a detailed account of

intervenor’s psychological abuse and physical intimidation of petitioner. In her

second request petitioner stated unequivocally that she had been a victim of

spousal abuse or domestic violence. She attached to the second request a letter

containing detailed descriptions of intervenor’s abusive behavior. Such behavior

included: (1) locking petitioner out of the house when she was pregnant because

he was angry that petitioner had left the house to run an errand and (2) screaming

at petitioner and kicking household objects. Petitioner also discovered three large

kitchen knives underneath her mattress, causing her to fear for her and her

daughters’ safety.

      The trial record reinforces the abuse allegations petitioner made during the

administrative process. At trial petitioner credibly testified that intervenor was

controlling and prone to outbursts. She also testified about the above-described

incidents under oath. We found petitioner’s testimony credible and consistent

with her allegations in the administrative record.
                                        - 29 -

[*29] Intervenor argues that certain statements in petitioner’s first request

undermine her allegations of spousal abuse. In the first request petitioner checked

the “No” box in response to the question of whether she had been a victim of

spousal abuse or domestic violence. We disagree with intervenor about the degree

to which this fact undermines petitioner’s allegations.

      In Diaz v. Commissioner, 58 T.C. 560, 564 (1972), we observed that the

process of distilling truth from the testimony of witnesses, whose demeanor we

observe and whose credibility we evaluate, “is the daily grist of judicial life.” At

trial petitioner credibly testified that she had checked the “No” box in error. As

soon as she discovered her error, she filed her second request with CCISO.

      Furthermore, petitioner’s first request does not contradict her abuse

allegations to the extent intervenor contends. Besides the “No” answer to the

abuse question, petitioner’s first request is otherwise consistent with her second

request and trial testimony. Petitioner alleged in her first request that intervenor

(1) made her afraid to disagree with him, (2) criticized or insulted her or frequently

put her down, and (3) caused her to fear for her safety. The first request also

recounts petitioner’s discovery of the knives underneath her mattress.

      On the basis of the administrative record and petitioner’s credible

testimony, we find it more likely than not that she was intimidated by intervenor’s
                                         - 30 -

[*30] controlling and abusive behavior to the point that she was in fear for her

safety and the well-being of their daughters. Intervenor’s controlling and abusive

behavior hindered petitioner’s ability to question the understatements and

underpayment and to participate meaningfully in the preparation of their joint

returns. Accordingly, petitioner would satisfy the lack of knowledge requirement

for the years at issue even if she had actual or constructive knowledge of the

understatements and underpayment.

IV.   Conclusion

      We find that petitioner is entitled to streamlined relief from joint and several

liability pursuant to section 6015(f) for the years at issue to the extent of the tax

items attributable to intervenor. We have considered all arguments made in

reaching our decision and, to the extent not mentioned, we conclude that they are

moot, irrelevant, and without merit.

      To reflect the foregoing,

                                                       Decision will be entered under

                                                  Rule 155.