Court Opinion

ID: 2710262
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-05 19:51:29.942134+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:14:38.846897
License: Public Domain

Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                             Lansing, Michigan

Syllabus
                                                                Chief Justice:         Justices:
                                                                Robert P. Young, Jr.   Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                                                       Stephen J. Markman
                                                                                       Mary Beth Kelly
                                                                                       Brian K. Zahra
                                                                                       Bridget M. McCormack
                                                                                       David F. Viviano
This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been             Reporter of Decisions:
prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.               Corbin R. Davis

         STATE OF MICHIGAN ex rel GURGANUS v CVS CAREMARK CORPORATION
                    CITY OF LANSING v RITE AID OF MICHIGAN, INC
                  CITY OF LANSING v CVS CAREMARK CORPORATION

       Docket Nos. 146791, 146792, and 146793. Argued January 16, 2014 (Calendar No. 4). Decided
       June 11, 2014.

                Marcia Gurganus, as relator, brought a qui tam action on behalf of the state of Michigan
       in the Kent Circuit Court against CVS Caremark Corporation, CVS Pharmacy, Inc., Caremark,
       L.L.C., and other Michigan pharmacies, alleging that they had failed to comply with MCL
       333.17755(2) when they submitted prescription drug claims to the state for generic drugs
       dispensed to Medicaid beneficiaries. Under MCL 333.17755(2), when a pharmacist receives a
       prescription for a brand-name drug and instead dispenses the generic equivalent, he or she must
       pass on the savings in cost to the purchaser. Gurganus alleged that defendants had failed to pass
       on the savings in cost and therefore submitted false claims to the state in violation of the
       Medicaid False Claim Act (MFCA), MCL 400.601 et seq. The city of Lansing and Dickinson
       Press Inc. (both third-party payors for prescription medication) brought a class action in the Kent
       Circuit Court against all but two of the defendants in the qui tam action, and the city, Dickinson,
       and Scott Murphy (who is a consumer of prescription medication) brought a second class action
       against those remaining defendants. The class actions alleged violations of MCL 333.17755(2)
       and the Health Care False Claim Act (HCFCA), MCL 752.1001 et seq., specifically, that the
       pharmacies systematically violated MCL 333.17755(2) by charging prices for generic drugs that
       produced a higher profit margin than they achieved by selling the equivalent brand-name drugs
       and made false statements in contravention of the HCFCA when they submitted claims for
       private insurance reimbursement that were not in compliance with MCL 333.17755(2). The
       court, James Robert Redford, J., granted defendants summary disposition, dismissing all three
       cases without prejudice and holding that the complaints had alleged no acts undertaken in
       Michigan by any defendant and had therefore failed to plead sufficient facts, relying instead on
       unsupported inferences. Rather than providing pricing data specific to defendants, the plaintiffs
       based the allegations in their second amended complaints on specific proprietary information
       acquired by Gurganus that revealed the wholesale costs and sales prices of brand-name and
       generic drugs sold in 2008 at a West Virginia Kroger pharmacy where Gurganus had been
       employed. Plaintiffs alleged that because Kroger Co. (a defendant in this case) operated retail
       pharmacies nationwide, acquired prescription drugs through central purchasing functions serving
       all its pharmacy locations, and acquired the majority of its prescription drugs from wholesalers,
       the wholesale costs of the other defendants were likely not materially different and one could
       extrapolate from the West Virginia data the wholesale costs of each defendant in Michigan. The
court granted summary disposition with prejudice for plaintiffs’ failure to state a claim on which
relief could be granted, noting that there was a complete lack of any specificity concerning
transactions. The court also ruled that there is no private right of action to enforce MCL
333.17755(2) or the HCFCA. The Court of Appeals, M. J. KELLY, P.J., and HOEKSTRA and
STEPHENS, JJ., affirmed in part and reversed in part in an unpublished opinion per curiam, issued
January 22, 2013 (Docket Nos. 299997, 299998, and 299999). The panel affirmed the trial
court’s holding that there is no implied right of action under MCL 333.17755(2) but held that the
HCFCA does allow a private right of action. The panel also held that MCL 333.17755(2) applies
to all transactions in which a generic drug is dispensed and not just to transactions in which a
generic drug is substituted for its brand-name equivalent. Because the trial court was required to
accept as true plaintiffs’ allegations that the wholesale costs for generic and brand-name drugs
did not materially differ from those of the West Virginia pharmacy, the Court of Appeals
concluded that plaintiffs’ claims under the MFCA and the HCFCA could proceed, reasoning that
the facts that plaintiffs’ complaints did not allege transactions based on information specific to
defendants and relied on some inferences were not fatal to the complaints because plaintiffs were
not required to prove their cases in their pleadings. Defendants sought leave to appeal, and the
city, Dickinson, and Murphy sought leave to cross-appeal. The Supreme Court granted the
applications for leave to appeal, but limited its grant of leave to cross-appeal to the issue of
whether a private cause of action existed under MCL 333.17755(2). 495 Mich 857 (2013).

     In an opinion by Chief Justice YOUNG, joined by Justices MARKMAN, KELLY, ZAHRA,
MCCORMACK, and VIVIANO, the Supreme Court held:

        MCL 333.17755(2) requires that when a generic drug is substituted for a brand-name
drug (and only then), the pharmacist must pass on the difference between the wholesale cost of
the brand-name drug and the wholesale cost of the generic drug.

        1. MCL 333.17755(1) states that when a pharmacist receives a prescription for a brand-
name drug product, the pharmacist may, or upon request must, dispense a lower cost generic
drug. MCL 333.17755(2) specifies that if a pharmacist dispenses a generically equivalent drug
product, he or she must pass on the savings in cost to the purchaser or to the third-party payment
source if the prescription purchase is covered by a third-party pay contract, with the savings in
cost defined as the difference between the wholesale cost to the pharmacist of the two drug
products. The introductory phrase of Subsection (2), immediately following as it does
Subsection (1) governing transactions in which generic drugs are dispensed in lieu of brand-
name drugs, indicates that Subsection (2) only applies when the pharmacist is engaged in a
substitution transaction described in Subsection (1), and the Court of Appeals erred by holding
otherwise.

        2. Defendants argued that MCL 333.17755(2) only requires pharmacists to sell the
substituted generic drug at the same price that a purchaser would pay had the generic been
prescribed in the first instance. Under the statute, however, the amount a pharmacist must pass
on to a purchaser or third-party payer is the difference between the wholesale cost of the two
drugs. In other words, the savings in cost equals the brand-name wholesale cost minus the
generic wholesale cost. Nonetheless, as a practical matter Subsection (2) provides a maximum
allowable profit in a substitution transaction regardless of whether the pharmacist dispenses a
generic drug or a brand-name drug; the pharmacist cannot make more dispensing a generic drug
than he or she could dispensing a brand-name drug.

        3. A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency
of a complaint. MCR 2.112(B)(1) provides a heightened pleading standard for fraud claims,
requiring that for allegations of fraud or mistake, the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake
must be stated with particularity. Plaintiffs’ complaints relied on wholesale drug cost data from
a single Kroger pharmacy in West Virginia, extrapolating from that proprietary data thousands of
allegedly fraudulent transactions by defendants in violation of MCL 333.17755(2). In doing so,
plaintiffs relied on the assumptions that (1) each defendant acquired its prescription drugs from
just a few wholesalers, (2) the prescription drug purchasing power of each defendant was
substantially the same, (3) the wholesale prices each defendant paid were materially the same,
and (4) the wholesale prices did not change over time. In light of the heightened pleading
standard for fraud claims, plaintiffs’ claims of MCL 333.17755(2) violations could not survive
because they provided no information regarding defendants’ actual wholesale costs. The
connection drawn between the West Virginia data and pharmaceutical sales in Michigan was too
tenuous and conclusory to state a claim for relief, and the Court of Appeals erred by holding that
plaintiffs’ allegations were sufficient to survive summary disposition.

        4. Plaintiffs’ complaints were also deficient because they failed to allege with
particularity a single improper substitution transaction of the type to which MCL 333.17755(2)
applies. Instead, plaintiffs only alleged the occurrence of generic drug transactions, regardless of
whether they were transactions involving the substitution of generic drugs for brand-name drugs.

        5. In addition to violations of MCL 333.17755(2), the class action plaintiffs alleged
violations of the HCFCA, and Gurganus alleged violations of the MFCA, both premised on
defendants’ alleged violations of MCL 333.17755(2). The failure of plaintiffs’ complaints to
adequately establish violations of MCL 333.17755(2) disposed of the appeals in their entirety,
and it was not necessary to evaluate the remainder of plaintiffs’ arguments.

        Court of Appeals’ construction of MCL 333.17755(2) and its holding that plaintiffs’
pleadings were sufficient to survive summary disposition reversed, remainder of Court of
Appeals’ judgment vacated, and trial court’s grant of summary disposition to defendants
reinstated.

        Justice CAVANAGH, concurring in the result only, agreed that a pharmacy’s obligation
under MCL 333.17755(2) to pass on the savings in cost applies only to a transaction in which the
pharmacy substitutes, i.e., replaces, a prescribed brand-name drug with a generic drug and that
plaintiffs did not meet the heightened pleading standard under MCR 2.112(B)(1). In so holding,
however, Justice CAVANAGH would have limited his consideration to the fact that plaintiffs did
not specifically allege a single occurrence in which defendants dispensed a generic drug to
replace a prescribed brand-name drug. Accordingly, he concurred only in the majority’s result of
reinstating the trial court’s grant of summary disposition to defendants.

                                    ©2014 State of Michigan
                                                                    Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                          Lansing, Michigan

Opinion
                                                Chief Justice:        Justices:
                                                Robert P. Young, Jr. Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                                     Stephen J. Markman
                                                                     Mary Beth Kelly
                                                                     Brian K. Zahra
                                                                     Bridget M. McCormack
                                                                     David F. Viviano

                                                                 FILED June 11, 2014

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                    SUPREME COURT

 STATE OF MICHIGAN ex rel MARCIA
 GURGANUS,
            Plaintiff-Appellee,
 v                                                  No. 146791

 CVS CAREMARK CORPORATION, CVS
 PHARMACY, INC., CAREMARK, L.L.C.,
 CAREMARK MICHIGAN SPECIALTY
 PHARMACY, LLC, CAREMARK
 MICHIGAN SPECIALTY PHARMACY
 HOLDING, LLC, CVS MICHIGAN, L.L.C.,
 WOODWARD DETROIT CVS, L.L.C.,
 REVCO DISCOUNT DRUG CENTERS, INC.,
 KMART HOLDING CORPORATION, SEARS
 HOLDINGS CORPORATION, SEARS
 HOLDINGS MANAGEMENT
 CORPORATION, SEARS, ROEBUCK AND
 CO., RITE AID OF MICHIGAN, INC.,
 PERRY DRUG STORES, INC., TARGET
 CORPORATION, THE KROGER CO. OF
 MICHIGAN, THE KROGER CO.,
 WALGREEN CO., AND WAL-MART
 STORES, INC.,
            Defendants-Appellants.
 _________________________________________
 CITY OF LANSING and DICKINSON PRESS
 INC.,
            Plaintiffs-Appellees/
            Cross-Appellants,
 v                                                  No. 146792
RITE AID OF MICHIGAN, INC., and PERRY
DRUG STORES, INC.,
           Defendants-Appellants/
           Cross-Appellees.
_________________________________________
CITY OF LANSING, DICKINSON PRESS
INC., and SCOTT MURPHY,
              Plaintiffs-Appellees/
              Cross-Appellants,
v                                                   No. 146793

CVS CAREMARK CORPORATION, CVS
PHARMACY, INC., CAREMARK, L.L.C.,
CAREMARK MICHIGAN SPECIALTY
PHARMACY, LLC, CAREMARK
MICHIGAN SPECIALTY PHARMACY
HOLDING, LLC, CVS MICHIGAN, L.L.C.,
WOODWARD DETROIT CVS, L.L.C.,
REVCO DISCOUNT DRUG CENTERS, INC.,
KMART HOLDING CORPORATION, SEARS
HOLDINGS CORPORATION, SEARS
HOLDINGS MANAGEMENT CORPORATION,
SEARS, ROEBUCK AND CO., TARGET
CORPORATION, THE KROGER CO. OF
MICHIGAN, THE KROGER CO.,
WALGREEN CO., and WAL-MART
STORES, INC.,
           Defendants-Appellants/
           Cross-Appellees.
_________________________________________

BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH

YOUNG, C.J.
      This case concerns three actions—two class actions and a qui tam action brought

in the name of the state of Michigan—involving allegations that multiple pharmacies in

Michigan systematically violated MCL 333.17755(2) by improperly retaining savings

                                          2
that should have been passed on to customers when dispensing generic drugs in the place

of their brand-name equivalents. Under MCL 333.17755(2), when a pharmacist receives

a prescription for a brand-name drug and instead dispenses the generic equivalent, the

pharmacist must “pass on the savings in cost to the purchaser . . . .” The statute is clear:

when a generic drug is substituted for a brand-name drug (and only then), the pharmacist

must pass on the monetary difference between the wholesale cost of the brand-name drug

and the wholesale cost of the generic drug.

        Plaintiffs further contend that violations of § 17755(2) necessarily result in

violations of the Health Care False Claim Act1 (HCFCA) and the Medicaid False Claim

Act2 (MFCA) when pharmacists submit reimbursement claims to the state for Medicaid

payments that they are not entitled to receive. Plaintiffs argue that, when submitting

reimbursement claims, defendant pharmacies are impliedly and fraudulently representing

that they are passing on the savings in cost when generic drugs are dispensed.

        Plaintiffs’ complaints, however, fail to plead facts with sufficient particularity to

survive summary disposition.       In their complaints, plaintiffs attempt to derive the

wholesale costs of drugs dispensed by all the Michigan defendants by extrapolating from

the wholesale costs in a single set of proprietary data from a single Kroger pharmacy in

West Virginia. The inferences and assumptions required to implicate defendants are

simply too tenuous for plaintiffs’ claims to survive summary disposition. Moreover,

plaintiffs’ overbroad approach of identifying all transactions in which a generic drug was

1
    MCL 752.1001 et seq.
2
    MCL 400.601 et seq.

                                              3
dispensed fails to hone in on the only relevant transactions—those in which a generic

drug was dispensed in place of a brand-name drug. This overbroad method of pleading is

deficient, especially given plaintiffs’ burden to plead instances of fraud with

particularity.3

        Because plaintiffs have failed to adequately plead violations of § 17755(2), their

HCFCA and MFCA claims stemming from violations of that section necessarily fail as

well. As a result, their complaints fail to state a ground on which relief can be granted.4

We reverse the Court of Appeals’ construction of MCL 333.17755(2) and its holding that

plaintiffs’ pleadings were sufficient to survive summary disposition, vacate the remainder

of the Court of Appeals’ judgment, and reinstate the trial court’s grant of summary

disposition to defendants.

                        I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        Two of the consolidated cases are class actions brought by three named plaintiffs:

the city of Lansing and Dickinson Press Inc. (who are third-party payors for prescription

medication) and Scott Murphy (who is a consumer of prescription medication).5 The

claims before the Court arising from the class actions are alleged violations of § 17755(2)

and the HCFCA. The class action plaintiffs argue that defendants systematically violated

3
    MCR 2.112(B)(1).
4
    MCR 2.116(C)(8).
5
  The only relevant difference between the two cases are the named defendants. In
Docket No. 146793, the class action plaintiffs named every defendant in these actions
with the exception of Rite Aid of Michigan, Inc., and Perry Drugs Stores, Inc. The class
actions plaintiffs sued these two corporations in Docket No. 146792.

                                            4
§ 17755(2) by charging prices for generic drugs that produced a higher profit margin than

had been achieved by selling the equivalent brand-name drugs. The class action plaintiffs

also plead that defendant pharmacies made false statements in contravention of the

HCFCA when they submitted claims for private insurance reimbursement that are not in

compliance with § 17755(2).6

         The other consolidated case is a qui tam action alleging a single claim under the

MFCA.7 The relator, Marcia Gurganus, alleges that defendants failed to comply with

§ 17755(2) when they submitted prescription drug claims to the state for generic drugs

dispensed to Medicaid beneficiaries and failed to pass on the “savings in cost” when

dispensing the generic drugs. By doing so, Gurganus contends, defendants submitted

false claims to the state in violation of the MFCA.8

         In their first amended complaints, plaintiffs relied on annual reports from some of

the defendants and a newspaper article to allege that defendant pharmacies profited more

from dispensing generic drugs than from brand-name drugs. The Kent Circuit Court

6
   Under the HCFCA, “false” means “wholly or partially untrue or deceptive,”
MCL 752.1002(c), and “deceptive” is defined as including the failure to reveal a material
fact, leading to the belief that the state of affairs is something other than it actually is,
MCL 752.1002(b).
7
    The MFCA specifically allows a qui tam action. See MCL 400.610a(1).
8
  Using language nearly identical to the HCFCA, the MFCA defines “false” as “wholly or
partially untrue or deceptive.” MCL 400.602(d). In turn, “deceptive” means making a
claim “that contains a statement of fact or that fails to reveal a fact, which statement or
failure leads the [Department of Community Health] to believe the represented or
suggested state of affair to be other than it actually is.” MCL 400.602(c).

                                              5
granted defendants summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8).9            The court

dismissed all three cases without prejudice, holding that the complaints failed to plead

sufficient facts and relied on unsupported inferences, alleging no acts undertaken by any

of the defendants in Michigan.

       Instead of providing pricing data specific to defendants in their second amended

complaints, both the class action plaintiffs and Gurganus derived the allegations for their

claims from specific proprietary information acquired by Gurganus revealing the

wholesale costs and sales prices of brand-name and generic drugs that had been sold in

2008 at a single West Virginia Kroger pharmacy where Gurganus was employed.10 The

key data for plaintiffs are the wholesale costs of drugs, which defendants keep

confidential from the public.

       Plaintiffs allege that because Kroger operates retail pharmacies nationwide,

acquires prescription drugs through central purchasing functions serving all its pharmacy

locations, and acquires the majority of its prescription drugs from wholesalers, the

wholesale costs of all the other defendants likely were not materially different. Because

Kroger and the other defendants operate in substantially the same manner, and because

the purchasing power for each defendant is essentially the same, said plaintiffs, one can

extrapolate from the West Virginia pharmacy data the wholesale costs of each of the

9
  Summary disposition is appropriate when “[t]he opposing party has failed to state a
claim on which relief can be granted.” MCR 2.116(C)(8).
10
   This proprietary information was a cost sheet with information regarding a number of
brand-name drugs sold at the West Virginia pharmacy during 2008, including the brand
sales price, brand wholesale cost, brand profit, generic wholesale cost, maximum generic
price, and actual generic sales price for each of the drugs.

                                            6
defendants in Michigan. Plaintiffs go on to identify more than 2,000 transactions by

various defendants allegedly made in violation of § 17755(2) using this West Virginia

data.

         Defendants again moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8),

and the trial court again granted summary disposition for failure to state a claim on which

relief could be granted, this time with prejudice.11 Unpersuaded that the class action

plaintiffs’ allegations stated a claim, the court noted that

         [d]espite the literally hundreds of claims referenced, there is not a single
         transaction alleged which identifies the drug definitively prescribed; the
         actual generic drug dispensed; the cost of the prescribed drug on the date in
         question minus its actual acquisition cost; the cost of the substituted drug
         on the date of substitution minus its actual acquisition cost; the subtraction
         and/or addition for any other applicable costs and/or payments such as
         those related to other third-party payers; and finally the amount actually
         paid by plaintiffs. There is a complete void of any of the critical specificity
         as to each transaction.

The order entered in Gurganus’s action contained similar language. The trial court also

dismissed Gurganus’s suit on the separate but related ground that she is not an

appropriate qui tam relator under the MFCA because she failed to allege facts sufficient

to survive summary disposition.12 Moreover, the trial court ruled that there is no private

right of action to enforce § 17755(2) or the HCFCA. Finally, the court ruled that the

HCFCA imposes only criminal, not civil, liability for its violations.

11
     The trial court entered three separate orders in the three cases.
12
     See generally MCL 400.610a.

                                                 7
         The Court of Appeals reversed in substantial part, holding that plaintiffs’ claims

under the MFCA and the HCFCA could proceed. The panel affirmed the trial court’s

holding that there is no implied right of action under § 17755(2) because the Legislature

provided administrative remedies for violations of the statute.           However, the panel

reversed the trial court’s holding that the HCFCA did not allow for a private right of

action. Rather, a private cause of action arises out of the “broad and mandatory statement

of civil liability in MCL 752.1009 . . . .”13

         Moreover, the Court of Appeals interpreted § 17755(2) as applicable to all

transactions in which a generic drug is dispensed, and therefore the statute is not limited

only to transactions in which a generic drug is substituted in place of its brand-name

equivalent. The Court reasoned that there is no express language in § 17755(2) requiring

such a limited interpretation.14

         The panel also reversed the trial court’s holding that plaintiffs had failed to state a

claim on which relief could be granted based on the insufficiency of plaintiffs’ pleadings.

Because a court must accept as true plaintiffs’ allegations that the wholesale costs for

generic and brand-name drugs do not materially differ from those of the West Virginia

Kroger, the Court of Appeals concluded that plaintiffs’ claims under the false claim acts

could proceed. The Court of Appeals reasoned:

13
  Michigan ex rel Gurganus v CVS Caremark Corp, unpublished opinion per curiam of
the Court of Appeals, issued January 22, 2013 (Docket Nos. 299997, 299998, and
299999), p 12.
14
     Id. at 20-21.

                                                8
          [T]he fact that plaintiffs’ complaints do not allege transactions based on
          information specific to defendants, and the fact that the complaints rely on
          some inferences, is not fatal to plaintiffs’ complaints. Plaintiffs are not
          required to prove their case in their pleadings, and summary disposition is
          appropriate only if the claim cannot succeed because of some deficiency
          that cannot be overcome at trial.[15]

          The panel rejected defendants’ argument that even assuming violations of

§ 17755(2) had occurred, a violation of that section does not amount to knowingly

submitting a false claim under either the HCFCA or the MFCA. According to the panel,

implicit in a pharmacist’s submission for payment is the representation that he has

complied with the requirement of § 17755(2) to pass along cost savings to the purchaser.

If defendants did not, in fact, pass on the required savings to the purchaser, then they

concealed material facts and made the purchasers believe the state of affairs was

something different than it actually was.16

          Finally, the Court of Appeals reversed the trial court’s ruling that Gurganus was

not a proper relator in the qui tam action. Under the MFCA, any person may bring a qui

tam action on behalf of the state for a violation of the MFCA, subject to certain

restrictions.17 Qui tam actions are not permitted, however, if the action is based on “the

public disclosure of allegations or transactions” in a legal hearing, governmental hearing,

report, or investigation or from the news media unless the relator is the original source of

the information.18 According to the panel, Gurganus’s use of a news article did not

15
     Id. at p 18.
16
     Id. at 19-20.
17
     MCL 400.610a(1).
18
     MCL 400.610a(13).

                                               9
contain “allegations or transactions” on which the complaint relied, and therefore

Gurganus was not barred from bringing the qui tam action.19

                                    II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

           Issues of statutory construction are reviewed de novo,20 as is a trial court’s grant of

summary disposition.21

                                          III. DISCUSSION

                          A. INTERPRETATION OF MCL 333.17755(2).

           Whether relief is sought for violation of § 17755(2) itself, or through violations of

the HCFCA and the MFCA, § 17755(2) is the basis from which all of plaintiffs’ claims

derive.      In order to properly evaluate whether plaintiffs’ allegations pass muster to

survive summary disposition, we must first construe § 17755(2) to determine what a

plaintiff must allege to sufficiently state a violation.

           Section 17755 is a provision in Part 177 of the Public Health Code.22 Before the

enactment of § 17755, a pharmacist was required to dispense a prescription as written and

was prohibited from substituting a less expensive generically equivalent drug.23 After

19
     Gurganus, unpub op at 6-7.
20
  Office Planning Group, Inc v Baraga-Houghton-Keweenaw Child Dev Bd, 472 Mich
479, 488; 697 NW2d 871 (2005).
21
     Id.
22
     MCL 333.17701 et seq.
23
  Legislative Notes, Improving Michigan’s Generic Drug Law, 9 Mich J L Reform 394,
394 (1976).

                                                 10
enactment, pharmacies are generally permitted to substitute generic drugs for their brand-

name equivalents. Section 17755 states in pertinent part:

                (1) When a pharmacist receives a prescription for a brand name drug
         product, the pharmacist may, or when a purchaser requests a lower cost
         generically equivalent drug product, the pharmacist shall dispense a lower
         cost but not higher cost generically equivalent drug product if available in
         the pharmacy, except as provided in subsection (3). If a drug is dispensed
         which is not the prescribed brand, the purchaser shall be notified and the
         prescription label shall indicate both the name of the brand prescribed and
         the name of the brand dispensed and designate each respectively. If the
         dispensed drug does not have a brand name, the prescription label shall
         indicate the generic name of the drug dispensed, except as otherwise
         provided in [MCL 333.17756].

                (2) If a pharmacist dispenses a generically equivalent drug product,
         the pharmacist shall pass on the savings in cost to the purchaser or to the
         third party payment source if the prescription purchase is covered by a third
         party pay contract. The savings in cost is the difference between the
         wholesale cost to the pharmacist of the 2 drug products.[24]

         The proper interpretation of Subsection (2) is disputed in the instant case. First,

the parties disagree whether Subsection (2) applies to all transactions in which a generic

drug is dispensed or only in situations in which a generic drug is substituted for its brand-

name equivalent. Second, the parties disagree about what it means to “pass on the

savings in cost.”

         The goal of statutory interpretation “is to give effect to the Legislature’s intent,

focusing first on the statute’s plain language.”25 Individual words and phrases are not

24
     MCL 333.17755(1) and (2).
25
   Malpass v Dep’t of Treasury, 494 Mich 237, 247-248; 833 NW2d 272 (2013)
(quotation marks and citation omitted).

                                              11
read in a vacuum; “we examine the statute as a whole, reading individual words and

phrases in the context of the entire legislative scheme.”26

          Subsection (1) states, “When a pharmacist receives a prescription for a brand

name drug product, the pharmacist may [or, upon request, shall] dispense a lower cost

[generic drug] . . . .”27 This introductory provision provides the context in which to read

the rest of § 17755, i.e., transactions in which a pharmacist substitutes a generic drug for

a brand-name drug. Subsection (2) then begins, “If a pharmacist dispenses a generically

equivalent drug product, the pharmacist shall pass on the savings in cost . . . .”28 This

introductory phrase, which immediately follows Subsection (1) governing transactions in

which generic drugs are dispensed in lieu of brand-name drugs, indicates that the text that

follows is only triggered if the pharmacist is operating under Subsection (1). In other

words, Subsection (2) only applies when the pharmacist is engaged in a substitution

transaction described in Subsection (1). Surely, it would be counterintuitive for the

Legislature to have inserted this provision governing all generic drug transactions

immediately after a specific provision referring only to substitution transactions. The

first subsection gives meaning to the one that follows.

          Other textual support only strengthens this interpretation. Subsection (2) itself

refers to a “generically equivalent drug product.”29 The use of the term “equivalent”

26
     Id. at 248.
27
     MCL 333.17755(1).
28
     MCL 333.17755(2).
29
     Id. (emphasis added).

                                             12
evidences a Legislative intent to compare two different drug products. If, as the Court of

Appeals concluded, Subsection (2) applies to all transactions in which generic drugs are

dispensed, including transactions in which no brand-name drug was prescribed, then the

term “equivalent” is effectively written out of the statute because there is no referent to

which the generic drug product is equivalent.30 Similarly, the definition of “savings in

cost” in Subsection (2) refers to the difference between “the 2 drug products.”31 Without

a prescribed brand-name drug that is equivalent to the generic, there is only a single drug

product. These textual clues belie the Court of Appeals’ conclusion that nothing in the

language of the statute limits the scope of Subsection (2) to only substitution transactions.

        Plaintiffs improperly read the first clause of Subsection (2)—which reads, “[i]f a

pharmacist dispenses a generically equivalent drug product”—as detached from the

remainder of the subsection in order to come to their preferred interpretation that

Subsection (2) applies to all transactions in which a generic drug is dispensed. In doing

so, they ignore the remainder of Subsection (2). Viewing an excerpt of a subsection with

a magnifying glass to the exclusion of its relevant context eschews this Court’s dictate

that “we must consider both the plain meaning of the critical word or phrase as well as its

placement and purpose in the statutory scheme.”32 When read properly, it is clear that the

30
  In re MCI Telecom Complaint, 460 Mich 396, 414; 596 NW2d 164 (1999) (“[A] court
should avoid a construction that would render any part of the statute surplusage or
nugatory.”).
31
     MCL 333.17755(2).
32
  Herman v Berrien Co, 481 Mich 352, 366; 750 NW2d 570 (2008) (quotation marks
and citations omitted).

                                             13
Legislature intended that Subsection (2) apply only to transactions in which a generic

drug is dispensed in place of its brand-name equivalent. Plaintiffs’ construction also

ignores the fact that, before enactment of this statute, a pharmacist had to fill the

prescription as the physician wrote it.

        We now turn to the proper interpretation of the phrase “savings in cost.”

Subsection (2) states that a “pharmacist shall pass on the savings in cost to the purchaser”

in a substitution transaction.33 As provided in MCL 333.17755(2), “savings in cost”

means “the difference between the wholesale cost to the pharmacist of the 2 drug

products.”

        Defendants argue that the statute only requires pharmacists to sell the substituted

generic drug at the same price that a purchaser would pay had the generic been prescribed

in the first instance. In other words, pharmacists are prohibited from increasing the

customer’s cost of the substituted generic drug.        However, this reading ignores the

definition in the statute: The amount that a pharmacist must pass on to a purchaser or

third-party payer is the difference between the wholesale cost of the two drugs. In other

words, “savings in cost” equals the brand-name wholesale cost minus the generic

wholesale cost.34 As a practical matter, Subsection (2) provides a maximum allowable

33
     MCL 333.17755(2).
34
   Defendants seem to suggest that interpreting the statute by its plain terms recognizes an
outmoded method of how pharmacies actually set their drug prices and that interpreting
the statute by its terms would be impractical in light of these realities. If this is the case,
it is a concern more properly addressed to the Legislature, whose purview is the
enactment of legislation, as compared to the interpretation of that legislation, which is the
province of the courts. See People v Kirby, 440 Mich 485, 493-494; 487 NW2d 404
(1992) (“[A]rguments that a statute is unwise or results in bad policy should be addressed

                                              14
profit regardless of whether the pharmacist dispenses a generic drug or a brand-name

drug—he cannot make more from dispensing a generic drug than he could from a brand-

name drug.

        Furthermore, a 2013 article in Pharmacy & Therapeutics explained that “patients

have taken the same drug prescribed or dispensed under more than one trademark” and

provided examples of generic drugs that have multiple brand-name drugs associated with

them.35     This confirms the requirement in § 17755(2) that an actual substitution

transaction must occur; otherwise, there is no basis for determining which brand-name

wholesale cost to use when calculating the savings in cost.

                    B. ADEQUACY OF PLAINTIFFS’ PLEADINGS

        Having construed § 17755(2), we turn to whether plaintiffs’ pleadings adequately

state a claim for relief for violation of this statute. A motion for summary disposition

under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint.        A motion for

summary disposition is properly granted if “[t]he opposing party has failed to state a

claim on which relief can be granted.”36 When reviewing a motion brought under MCR

2.116(C)(8), the court considers only the pleadings.37 Moreover, the court must accept

to the Legislature.”).
35
  Grissinger, Multiple Brand Names for the Same Generic Drug Can Cause Confusion,
38       Pharm       &       Therapeutics       305       (2013),      available at
 (accessed
June 2, 2014) [http://perma.cc/V5MG-DHLF]. For instance, fluoxetine is marketed as
both Sarafem and Prozac; finasteride is marketed as both Propecia and Proscar.
36
     MCR 2.116(C)(8).
37
     MCR 2.116(G)(5).

                                            15
all factual allegations in the complaint as true, along with all reasonable inferences or

conclusions that can be drawn from them.38 However, conclusory statements that are

unsupported by allegations of fact on which they may be based will not suffice to state a

cause of action.39

         Because plaintiffs’ claims are based on alleged fraudulent activity, the heightened

pleading standard for fraud claims apply.         MCR 2.112(B)(1) provides, in full, “In

allegations of fraud or mistake, the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake must be

stated with particularity.”40

         Plaintiffs’ complaints rely on wholesale drug cost data from a single Kroger

pharmacy in West Virginia. From that proprietary data, plaintiffs extrapolate thousands

of allegedly fraudulent transactions by defendants in violation of § 17755(2). In doing

so, plaintiffs rely on various assumptions. These assumptions include (1) each defendant

acquires its prescription drugs from just a few wholesalers, (2) the prescription drug

purchasing power is substantially the same for all defendants, (3) the wholesale prices

each defendant pays are materially the same, and (4) the wholesale prices do not change

over time.

38
     See Wade v Dep’t of Corrections, 439 Mich 158, 162-163; 483 NW2d 26 (1992).
39
     Churella v Pioneer State Mut Ins Co, 258 Mich App 260, 272; 671 NW2d 125 (2003).
40
  Generally, fraud “ ‘is not to be presumed lightly, but must be clearly proved,’ ” Cooper
v Auto Club Ins Ass’n, 481 Mich 399, 414; 751 NW2d 443 (2008), quoting Palmer v
Palmer, 194 Mich 79, 81; 160 NW 404 (1916), and must be proved by “ ‘clear,
satisfactory and convincing evidence,’ ” Cooper, 481 Mich at 414, quoting Youngs v
Tuttle Hill Corp, 373 Mich 145, 147; 128 NW2d 472 (1964). It is for these reasons that
our court rules create an enhanced burden to plead fraud with particularity.

                                             16
          When faced with the heightened pleading standard for fraud claims, plaintiffs’

claims of § 17755(2) violations cannot survive. Plaintiffs rely on a small set of cost data

from a single out-of-state pharmacy during a brief time period to charge numerous

Michigan defendants with systematic fraudulent activity across a multiyear period. The

connection drawn between the West Virginia data and pharmaceutical sales in Michigan

is simply too tenuous and conclusory to state a claim for relief.41 As the Court of

Appeals correctly recognized: “The critical number in plaintiffs’ formula is the

acquisition cost of the generic and brand name drugs. This is true because the sale prices

of generic and brand name drugs are publicly known and easily identifiable; however, the

acquisition cost is proprietary to each defendant.”42 But the Court of Appeals erred by

holding that plaintiffs’ allegations were sufficient to survive summary disposition.

Without precise allegations of fraud committed by defendants, plaintiffs’ allegations

valuing quantity over quality do not meet the heightened pleading standard applicable

here.43

          Plaintiffs’ complaints are also deficient because they fail to particularly allege a

single improper substitution transaction. As discussed earlier, § 17755(2) applies only to

transactions in which a generic drug is substituted for a brand-name drug. Defendants

41
  Construing the federal analogue to our pleading rules, the United States Supreme Court
has held that when the pleaded facts “do not permit the court to infer more than the mere
possibility of misconduct,” the complaint fails to state a claim for relief. See Ashcroft v
Iqbal, 556 US 662, 679; 129 S Ct 1937; 173 L Ed 2d 868 (2009) (emphasis added); FR
Civ P 8(a).
42
     Gurganus, unpub op at 17.
43
     MCR 2.112(B)(1).

                                               17
claim that plaintiffs have not satisfied the heightened pleading requirement because

plaintiffs do not identify substitution transactions in their complaints. Instead, plaintiffs

only allege generic drug transactions, regardless of whether they are substitution

transactions.44

       Without distinguishing substitution transactions from transactions in which a

generic was simply dispensed, plaintiffs’ overbroad approach is deficient—especially

under the heightened pleading standard. Plaintiffs essentially allege that defendants had a

statutory duty to pass on the savings in cost from every sale of a generic drug. Yet as

previously discussed, the statute simply does not impose such a duty on pharmacists. By

alleging that thousands of generic drug transactions were improper, regardless of whether

any of the transactions involved a substitution, plaintiffs failed to plead any transaction

proscribed under § 17755(2) because the transactions are not of the type covered by

§ 17755(2), i.e., substitution transactions.45 In other words, plaintiffs’ allegations assert

concern about transactions not prohibited by law.46

44
   Plaintiffs alleged at oral argument that this absence of specific substitution transactions
stems from plaintiffs’ alleged lack of access to specific instances in which defendant
pharmacies engaged in substitution transactions. However, plaintiff Scott Murphy, as a
firsthand uninsured purchaser, would have evidence from the receipt at the point of sale
whether a pharmacist dispensed a brand-name drug as prescribed by his doctor or
whether the pharmacist instead dispensed a generic equivalent. Thus, at least one of the
plaintiffs has, or could have, the knowledge of whether, in a specific transaction by a
named defendant, a substitution transaction occurred.
45
   See White v Beasley, 453 Mich 308, 325; 552 NW2d 1 (1996) (holding that the
plaintiff’s tort complaint failed to state a claim because she failed to allege facts showing
that the defendant owed her a duty).
46
  Because plaintiffs have failed to plead any transaction proscribed under § 17755(2), we
need not—and do not—determine whether § 17755(2) contains an implied right of

                                             18
                           C. PLAINTIFFS’ REMAINING CLAIMS

          In addition to violations of § 17755(2), the class action plaintiffs allege violations

of the HCFCA and Gurganus alleges violations of the MFCA. Both claims are premised

on defendants’ alleged violations of § 17755(2). As already outlined briefly, plaintiffs

contend that defendants make false statements in contravention of the HCFCA and

MFCA when they submit claims for Medicaid or private health insurance reimbursement

that are not in compliance with § 17755(2).47           In other words, plaintiffs argue that

certifying for reimbursement a claim founded on a transaction that was allegedly in

violation of § 17755(2) constitutes a false claim under the respective false claim acts.

          Because plaintiffs’ complaints do not adequately establish violations of

§ 17755(2), this Court need not evaluate the propriety of the remainder of plaintiffs’

arguments. Assuming for the sake of argument that claims under the HCFCA and MFCA

may be derived from violations of § 17755(2), plaintiffs’ failure to sufficiently allege

violations of § 17755(2) necessarily means that they fail to allege derivative violations of

the false claim acts.

          The failure of the pleadings thus disposes of the appeal in its entirety. Any

discussion of these remaining derivative claims would constitute dicta because it is not

action.
47
  The HCFCA provides that a “person shall not make or present or cause to be made or
presented to a health care corporation or health care insurer a claim for payment of health
care benefits knowing the claim to be false.” MCL 752.1003(1). The MFCA provides
that a “person shall not make or present or cause to be made or presented . . . a claim . . .
knowing the claim to be false.” MCL 400.607(1).

                                                19
necessary to resolve the case before us.48 We decline to opine on matters unnecessary to

the resolution of this case.

                                       IV. CONCLUSION

       MCL 333.17755(2) requires that when a generic drug is substituted for a brand-

name drug (and only then), the pharmacist must pass on the difference between the

wholesale cost of the brand-name drug and the wholesale cost of the generic drug.

       Plaintiffs’ allegations, which entirely rely on deriving wholesale costs of drugs for

all the Michigan defendants by extrapolating from the wholesale costs in a single data set

from a single West Virginia pharmacy, are simply too tenuous to survive summary

disposition. Additionally, plaintiffs’ approach of identifying all transactions in which a

generic drug was dispensed fails to highlight the only relevant transactions—those in

which a generic drug was substituted in place of a brand-name drug. This overbroad

method of pleading is deficient, especially in light of the requirement that instances of

fraud be pleaded with particularity.

       Because plaintiffs have failed to allege sufficient facts to state a violation of

§ 17755(2), plaintiffs’ remaining derivative claims under the HCFCA and the MFCA are

48
   See Roberts v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 422 Mich 594, 597-598; 374 NW2d 905 (1985)
(“Since we conclude that plaintiff failed even to meet the threshold requirements of proof
to make out a prima facie claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress, we are
constrained from reaching the issue as to whether this modern tort should be formally
adopted into our jurisprudence by the well-settled rule that statements concerning a
principle of law not essential to determination of the case are obiter dictum and lack the
force of an adjudication.”) (emphasis added); People v Borchard-Ruhland, 460 Mich
278, 287-288; 597 NW2d 1 (1999) (questioning why, in a prior case, the Court had
addressed arguments after analyzing a dispositive evidentiary issue).

                                            20
unsustainable. We reverse the Court of Appeals’ construction of MCL 333.17755(2) and

its holding that plaintiffs’ pleadings were sufficient to survive summary disposition,

vacate the remainder of the Court of Appeals’ judgment, and reinstate the trial court’s

grant of summary disposition to defendants.

                                                     Robert P. Young, Jr.
                                                     Stephen J. Markman
                                                     Mary Beth Kelly
                                                     Brian K. Zahra
                                                     Bridget M. McCormack
                                                     David F. Viviano

                                          21
                         STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                   SUPREME COURT

STATE OF MICHIGAN ex rel MARCIA
GURGANUS,
           Plaintiff-Appellee,
v                                                  No. 146791
CVS CAREMARK CORPORATION, CVS
PHARMACY, INC., CAREMARK, L.L.C.,
CAREMARK MICHIGAN SPECIALTY
PHARMACY, LLC, CAREMARK
MICHIGAN SPECIALTY PHARMACY
HOLDING, LLC, CVS MICHIGAN, L.L.C.,
WOODWARD DETROIT CVS, L.L.C.,
REVCO DISCOUNT DRUG CENTERS, INC.,
KMART HOLDING CORPORATION, SEARS
HOLDINGS CORPORATION, SEARS
HOLDINGS MANAGEMENT
CORPORATION, SEARS, ROEBUCK AND
CO., RITE AID OF MICHIGAN, INC.,
PERRY DRUG STORES, INC., TARGET
CORPORATION, THE KROGER CO. OF
MICHIGAN, THE KROGER CO.,
WALGREEN CO., and WAL-MART
STORES, INC.,
           Defendants-Appellants.
_________________________________________
CITY OF LANSING and DICKINSON PRESS INC.,
           Plaintiffs-Appellees/
           Cross-Appellants,
v                                                  No. 146792
RITE AID OF MICHIGAN, INC., and PERRY
DRUG STORES, INC.,
           Defendants-Appellants/
           Cross-Appellees.
_________________________________________
CITY OF LANSING, DICKINSON PRESS INC.,
and SCOTT MURPHY,

             Plaintiffs-Appellees/
             Cross-Appellants,
v                                                               No. 146793
CVS CAREMARK CORPORATION, CVS
PHARMACY, INC., CAREMARK, L.L.C.,
CAREMARK MICHIGAN SPECIALTY
PHARMACY, LLC, CAREMARK
MICHIGAN SPECIALTY PHARMACY
HOLDING, LLC, CVS MICHIGAN, L.L.C.,
WOODWARD DETROIT CVS, L.L.C.,
REVCO DISCOUNT DRUG CENTERS, INC.,
KMART HOLDING CORPORATION, SEARS
HOLDINGS CORPORATION, SEARS
HOLDINGS MANAGEMENT CORPORATION,
SEARS, ROEBUCK AND CO., TARGET
CORPORATION, THE KROGER CO. OF
MICHIGAN, THE KROGER CO.,
WALGREEN CO., and WAL-MART
STORES, INC.,
           Defendants-Appellants/
           Cross-Appellees.
_________________________________________

CAVANAGH, J. (concurring only in the result).

      Underlying all of plaintiffs’ claims in this consolidated appeal is the allegation that

defendants violated MCL 333.17755(2) by failing to “pass on the savings in cost” when

dispensing generic drugs. I agree with the majority that § 17755(2) could not be clearer

that the phrase “savings in cost” means “the difference between the wholesale cost to the

pharmacist of the 2 drug products.” Further, as the majority explains, a pharmacy’s

obligation under § 17755(2) to pass on the savings in cost only applies to a transaction in

which the pharmacy substitutes, i.e., replaces, a prescribed brand-name drug with a

generic drug. However, unlike the majority, I would look no further than the fact that

                                             2
plaintiffs did not specifically allege a single occurrence in which defendants dispensed a

generic drug as a replacement for a prescribed brand-name drug to hold that plaintiffs did

not meet the heightened pleading standard of MCR 2.112(B)(1). Accordingly, I concur

only in the majority’s result reinstating the trial court’s grant of summary disposition to

defendants.

         I. HEIGHTENED PLEADING STANDARD UNDER MCR 2.112(B)(1)

        It is well established that “fraud is not to be lightly presumed, but must be clearly

proved.” Palmer v Palmer, 194 Mich 79, 81; 160 NW 404 (1916). Memorializing this

standard, MCR 2.112(B)(1) states that “[i]n allegations of fraud or mistake, the

circumstances constituting fraud or mistake must be stated with particularity.”          See

Lawrence M Clarke, Inc v Richco Constr, Inc, 489 Mich 265, 283-284; 803 NW2d 151

(2011) (applying MCR 2.112(B)(1) to a common-law-fraud claim).                 In this case,

plaintiffs argue that defendants’ alleged failures to pass on the savings in cost under

§ 17755(2) constitute false claims for healthcare or Medicaid benefits under the Medicaid

False Claim Act (MFCA), MCL 400.601 et seq., and the Health Care False Claim Act

(HCFCA), MCL 752.1001 et seq.1 Specifically, plaintiffs assert that defendants have

1
    The HCFCA states:

               A person who receives a health care benefit or payment from a
        health care corporation or health care insurer which the person knows that
        he or she is not entitled to receive or be paid; or a person who knowingly
        presents or causes to be presented a claim which contains a false statement,
        shall be liable to the health care corporation or health care insurer for the
        full amount of the benefit or payment made. [MCL 752.1009.]

Similarly, the MFCA states:

                                              3
received overpayments to which they are not entitled from purchasers, third-party

payment sources, and the state by knowingly violating § 17755(2) and that plaintiffs must

be reimbursed in full for every dispensation of a generic drug within the limitations

period applicable to their lawsuits.     Accordingly, the heightened pleading standard

applies because plaintiffs’ claims sound in fraud.2

        Generally, when applying the federal heightened pleading standard to claims

brought under the federal False Claims Act, 31 USC 3729 et seq., federal courts have

developed the guideline that plaintiffs must allege “with particularity the who, what,

when, where, and how of the alleged fraud.” United States ex rel Ge v Takeda Pharm Co

Ltd, 737 F3d 116, 123 (CA 1, 2013) (citations and quotation marks omitted).3

       A person who receives a benefit that the person is not entitled to receive by
       reason of fraud or making a fraudulent statement or knowingly concealing a
       material fact, or who engages in any conduct prohibited by this statute,
       shall forfeit and pay to the state the full amount received, and for each
       claim a civil penalty of not less than $5,000.00 or more than $10,000.00
       plus triple the amount of damages suffered by the state as a result of the
       conduct by the person. [MCL 400.612(1).]

The HCFA and the MFCA also define “knowingly.” See MCL 752.1002(h); MCL
400.602(f).
2
  This conclusion is consistent with the approach taken by other states and federal courts
that have addressed state and federal false claims acts. See California ex rel McCann v
Bank of America, NA, 191 Cal App 4th 897, 906; 120 Cal Rptr 3d 204 (2011) (“ ‘As in
any action sounding in fraud, the allegations of a [California False Claims Act] complaint
must be pleaded with particularity.’ ”) (citations omitted); Utah v Apotex Corp, 2012
Utah 36, ¶ 23 & n 4; 282 P3d 66 (2012) (stating that “[e]very federal circuit court to
consider the issue has concluded that claims brought under the federal False Claims Act
(FCA) must be pled with particularity under rule 9(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure”).
3
 See, also, Chesbrough v VPA, PC, 655 F3d 461, 467 (CA 6, 2011) (stating that claims
must assert “ ‘(1) the time, place, and content of the alleged misrepresentation,’ (2) ‘the

                                             4
Importantly, plaintiffs’ qui tam and class action lawsuits allege fraudulent schemes that

involve numerous potential violations of the HCFCA and the MFCA over a long period

of time. In light of these circumstances, the application of MCR 2.112(B)(1) must

remain flexible so that it is measured within the context of the specific claims alleged.

See Utah v Apotex Corp, 2012 Utah 36, ¶ 27; 282 P3d 66 (2012).                See, also, id.

(explaining that the particularity requirement is “ ‘not a straitjacket’ ” for pleading fraud

claims), quoting United States ex rel Grubbs v Kanneganti, 565 F3d 180, 190 (CA 5,

2009).

         For example, the “heightened pleading standard may be applied less stringently

when the specific factual information is peculiarly within the defendant’s knowledge or

control.” Apotex, 2012 Utah at ¶ 27 (citation and quotation marks omitted). Also,

“where the alleged fraudulent scheme involved numerous transactions that occurred over

a long period of time, courts have found it impractical to require the plaintiff to plead the

specifics with respect to each and every instance of fraudulent conduct.” Id. (citation and

quotation marks omitted). See, also, United States ex rel Joshi v St Luke’s Hosp, Inc, 441

F3d 552, 557 (CA 8, 2006) (explaining that the plaintiff was not required “to allege

specific details of every alleged fraudulent claim,” but the complaint “must provide some

fraudulent scheme,’ (3) the defendant’s fraudulent intent, and (4) the resulting injury”)
(citations omitted). Although “Michigan courts are not bound by” federal courts’
interpretations of the federal court rules, when the Michigan Court Rules “are nearly
identical to the federal requirements, we find it reasonable to conclude that similar
purposes, goals, and cautions are applicable to both.” Henry v Dow Chem Co, 484 Mich
483, 499; 772 NW2d 301 (2009); compare MCR 2.112(B)(1) with FR Civ P 9(b).

                                             5
representative examples of [the defendants’] alleged fraudulent conduct, specifying the

time, place, and content of their acts and the identity of the actors”).4

       Finally, in determining whether a plaintiff’s claim under the HCFCA or the

MFCA has been pleaded with sufficient particularity, a court should not lose sight of the

fact that although one aim of the court rule “is to discourage nuisance suits and frivolous

accusations,” United States ex rel Pogue v Diabetes Treatment Ctrs of America, Inc, 238

F Supp 2d 258, 269 (D DC, 2002), the purpose of the heightened pleading standard is “to

alert defendants ‘as to the particulars of their alleged misconduct’ so that they may

respond,” Chesbrough v VPA, PC, 655 F3d 461, 466 (CA 6, 2011), quoting United States

ex rel Bledsoe v Community Health Sys, Inc, 501 F3d 493, 503 (CA 6, 2007).

                    II. ANALYSIS OF PLAINTIFFS’ COMPLAINTS

       As previously mentioned, a pharmacy’s obligation under § 17755(2) is not

implicated whenever a generic drug is dispensed, even though a pharmacy may, generally

speaking, incur greater profit when generic drugs are dispensed than when brand-name

drugs are dispensed. Instead, a pharmacy is obligated to “pass on the savings in cost”

only if, in a given transaction, the pharmacy dispenses a generic drug in substitution for a

brand-name drug that had been prescribed. Thus, a substitution transaction is a necessary

component of a violation of § 17755(2), which becomes an essential element to plaintiffs’

4
  Furthermore, “a plaintiff does not necessarily need the exact dollar amounts, billing
numbers, or dates to prove to a preponderance that fraudulent bills were actually
submitted” because “requir[ing] these details at pleading is one small step shy of
requiring production of actual documentation with the complaint . . . .” Grubbs, 565 F3d
at 190.

                                               6
claims under the HCFCA and the MFCA because they are predicated on alleged

violations of § 17755(2). Applying the aforementioned heightened pleading standard

under MCR 2.112(B)(1), plaintiffs have not met the particularity requirement because

their complaints do not allege a single, let alone “representative examples,” Joshi, 441

F3d at 557, of instances in which defendants failed to pass on the savings in cost for a

substitution transaction.

       Instead of pleading substitution transactions in their complaints, plaintiffs simply

list series of transactions in 2008 that represent alleged occasions when defendants

merely dispensed generic drugs, with no indication of whether the dispensed generics

resulted from the pharmacies’ replacement of a brand-name drug with a generic drug.5

Requiring plaintiffs to identify the alleged transactions that specifically violate

§ 17755(2) is necessary to give sufficient notice to defendants of the particular

5
  The following excerpt from the second amended complaint in Docket No. 146791, the
qui tam action, illustrates the nature of plaintiffs’ allegations as they relate to the specific
transactions pleaded:

              Rather than alleging out of the millions of prescriptions drug
       transactions with Defendants each of the transactions that violated the
       Michigan generic drug pricing laws and the Medicaid False Claims Act,
       Plaintiff alleges . . . specific information about Medicaid claims submitted
       by Defendants for . . . five generic drugs during the fourth quarter of 2008 as
       examples of Medicaid claims by Defendants that violated Michigan law.
       These examples are not exhaustive of those purchases for which Defendants
       failed to pass on to the State of Michigan the difference between the
       acquisition cost of the generic drug and brand-name drug as required by
       Michigan law. [Emphasis omitted.]

The class-action plaintiffs’ complaints include nearly identical language demonstrating
the gravamen of all plaintiffs’ allegations.

                                               7
transactions they are to defend against. See Chesbrough, 655 F3d at 466. Furthermore,

under the circumstances of this case, this requirement does not create an insurmountable

burden.   As the majority notes, whether some plaintiffs received a generic drug in

replacement for a previously prescribed brand-name drug is information that at least the

plaintiffs who are uninsured buyers would have access to.6 See Spelman v Addison, 300

Mich 690, 702; 2 NW2d 883 (1942) (“In determining the sufficiency of a bill of

complaint, consideration should be given to the character of the plaintiff’s alleged cause

of action and to such circumstances as whether the records and knowledge of the facts on

which the plaintiff relies are in his possession or largely, if not exclusively, in the

possession of defendant.”); Apotex, 2012 Utah at ¶ 27.

      Given that plaintiffs did not specifically identify in their complaints a single

transaction that, if assumed true, would constitute a violation of § 17755(2), they have

failed to meet the heightened particularity standard for pleading fraud claims, and, thus,

summary disposition in favor of defendants under MCR 2.116(C)(8) is proper. See Spiek

v Dep’t of Transp, 456 Mich 331, 339; 572 NW2d 201 (1998) (holding that summary

disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) was appropriate when “[t]aking all plaintiffs’ factual

allegations as true, the complaint fails to allege an essential element of their cause of

6
  According to the trial court, plaintiff Marcia Gurganus “concede[d] that she has no way
of knowing whether the prescription was written using the brand-name or generic . . . .”
However, for the purposes of her qui tam action, that fact does not relieve Gurganus of
her pleading burden; rather, her lack of knowledge regarding the nature of the
transactions between defendant pharmacies and the state serves to question her ability to
bring a qui tam action under MCL 400.610a(13) as “the original source of the
information.”

                                            8
action”).7 Accordingly, I concur only in the majority’s result reinstating the trial court’s

grant of summary disposition to defendants.

                                                               Michael F. Cavanagh

7
  Like the majority, I do not find it necessary to opine on the merits of the class-action
plaintiffs’ claim that § 17755(2) was intended as an implied cause of action. However,
assuming arguendo that such a cause of action exists, the claims would be based on a
statutory violation that is not necessarily fraudulent in nature, and, thus, the heightened
pleading standard under MCR 2.112(B)(1) might not apply. Nevertheless, summary
disposition in favor of defendants would be appropriate because plaintiffs’ complaints are
void of a bare allegation pertaining to the critical requirement for their possible claim
under § 17755(2), i.e., the complaints failed to include a mere statement that defendants
failed to pass on the savings in cost with respect to a substitution transaction. Instead,
plaintiffs’ theory of liability would essentially impose on defendants the obligation to
pass on the “full cost savings realized by the pharmacies’ lower acquisition cost of the
generic drug” “obtained by the pharmacies in dispensing a generically equivalent drug
product . . . .” Therefore, “the legal sufficiency of the claim on the pleadings alone . . .
determine[s]” that plaintiffs have not “stated a claim on which relief may be granted.”
Spiek, 456 Mich at 337.

                                              9