Court Opinion

ID: 9912205
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-21 20:02:21.222597+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:52:56.458564
License: Public Domain

Filed 12/21/23 Wolf v. Paseo Aquatics Sports CA2/6

   NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions
not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion
has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                         SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                         DIVISION SIX

 ZECHARIAH DONALD JAMES                                          2d Civ. No. B324969
 WOLF,                                                         (Super. Ct. No. 56-2020-
                                                               00539621-CU-PO-VTA)
      Plaintiff and Appellant,                                    (Ventura County)

 v.

 PASEO AQUATICS SPORTS,
 LLC,

      Defendant and Respondent.

      Zechariah Wolf appeals from the order granting summary
judgment for respondent Paseo Aquatics Sports, LLC (Paseo).
Wolf contends that triable issues of material fact exist as to
whether Paseo is protected by the primary assumption of risk
doctrine. We affirm.
        FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
      Wolf, a 17-year-old member of Paseo, collided head-on with
teammate Ethan Lee while warming up for a swim meet. At the
meet, each swim club was assigned a specific lane in which to
warm up. Wolf’s coach, Grant Richman, instructed 15 to 20
swimmers to “circle swim” counter-clockwise in their assigned
lane. Wolf swam behind Lee. Lee made a flip turn, pushed off
the wall, and “collided head-to-head” with Wolf.
      Wolf alleged Paseo was vicariously liable for Coach
Richman’s negligent conduct because he “made the event unsafe
by placing 15-20 minor swimmers, including [Wolf], in one lane.”
He sought damages and medical expenses incurred as a result of
the “catastrophic injuries” he suffered, including “head trauma,
traumatic brain injury, and neck injury.”
      The trial court granted Paseo’s motion for summary
judgment, finding Wolf assumed the inherent risk of colliding
with another swimmer when he participated in the warm-up
swim.
                           DISCUSSION
      Wolf contends the trial court erred in granting summary
judgment because triable issues of material fact exist as to
whether Coach Richman increased the risks of competitive
swimming beyond those inherent in the sport. We disagree.
                        Standard of Review
      “[A] motion for summary judgment shall be granted if all
the papers submitted show that there is no triable issue as to any
material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment
as a matter of law.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (c).)1 A
defendant moving for summary judgment “bears the burden of
persuasion that ‘one or more elements of’ the ‘cause of action’ in
question ‘cannot be established,’ or that ‘there is a complete

      1 All unlabeled statutory cites are to the Code of Civil

Procedure.

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defense’ thereto. [Citation.]” (Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co.
(2001) 25 Cal.4th 826, 850 (Aguilar); § 437c, subd. (p)(2).)
       “On appeal from the granting of a motion for summary
judgment, we examine the record de novo, liberally construing
the evidence in support of the party opposing summary judgment
and resolving doubts concerning the evidence in favor of that
party.” (Miller v. Department of Corrections (2005) 36 Cal.4th
446, 460.)
               Primary Assumption of Risk Doctrine
       “Although persons generally owe a duty of due care not to
cause an unreasonable risk of harm to others (Civ. Code, § 1714,
subd. (a)), some activities—and, specifically, many sports—are
inherently dangerous. Imposing a duty to mitigate those
inherent dangers could alter the nature of the activity or inhibit
vigorous participation.” (Kahn v. East Side Union High School
Dist. (2003) 31 Cal.4th 990, 1003 (Kahn).) “The primary
assumption of risk doctrine, a rule of limited duty, developed to
avoid such a chilling effect. [Citations.]” (Nalwa v. Cedar Fair,
L.P. (2012) 55 Cal.4th 1148, 1154 (Nalwa).)
       The doctrine provides: “defendants generally do not have a
duty to protect the plaintiff from the risks inherent in the sport,
or to eliminate risk from the sport, although they generally do
have a duty not to increase the risk of harm beyond what is
inherent in the sport.” (Kahn, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 1004,
italics added.) Courts have applied the rule to sports instructors
or coaches, “keeping in mind, of course, that different facts are of
significance in each setting.” (Kahn, at p. 1011.) The rule
extends to “noncontact competitive sports” as well. (Staten v.
Superior Court (1996) 45 Cal.App.4th 1628, 1633.)

                                 3
       Generally, “[a] sports instructor may be found to have
breached a duty of care to a student or athlete only if the
instructor intentionally injures the student or engages in conduct
that is reckless in the sense that it is ‘totally outside the range of
the ordinary activity’ [citation] involved in teaching or coaching
the sport.” (Kahn, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 996, italics added.) If
the conduct “cannot be prohibited without deterring vigorous
participation in the sport or otherwise fundamentally altering the
nature of the sport,” the court is less likely to find a breach.
(Freeman v. Hale (1994) 30 Cal.App.4th 1388, 1396.)
       Determining whether the doctrine applies requires analysis
of both the “the nature of the sport or activity in question” and
“the parties’ general relationship to the activity.” (Knight v.
Jewett (1992) 3 Cal.4th 296, 313 (Knight), citing 6 Witkin,
Summary of Cal. Law (9th ed. 1988) Torts, § 748, pp. 83-86.)
When the facts are undisputed, application of the doctrine is a
question of law for the court to decide. (Childs v. County of Santa
Barbara (2004) 115 Cal.App.4th 64, 69.)
       Coach Richman Did Not Increase the Risks Inherent in
                       Competitive Swimming
       The first step in analyzing a motion for summary judgment
is to identify the issues. “The pleadings define the issues to be
considered on a motion for summary judgment.” (Ferrari v.
Grand Canyon Dories (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 248, 252.)
“Summary judgment cannot be granted on a ground not raised by
the pleadings. [Citation.] Conversely, summary judgment
cannot be denied on a ground not raised by the pleadings.
[Citations.]” (Bostrom v. County of San Bernardino (1995) 35
Cal.App.4th 1654, 1663, italics omitted.) “The next step in the
analysis calls for an evaluation of the moving defendant’s effort to

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meet the burden of showing that plaintiff's cause of action has no
merit or that there is a complete defense to it. This showing can
also rely on filings by plaintiff in opposition.” (Lowe v. California
League of Prof. Baseball (1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 112, 122.)
       Wolf’s second amended complaint alleges Paseo “knew that
it was unsafe to allow 15-20 minor swimmers to swim in one lane
all at one time because of the potential for concussion.” He
described this as “a common practice” during meets sanctioned by
USA Swimming.2 The defendants “continued with this
dangerous practice despite this knowledge, sacrificing swimmer
safety for ill-perceived [sic] expediency and practicality.” He
alleges “each Defendant . . . had the power and authority to stop
this unsafe practice.” With respect to Paseo, Wolf alleges Coach
Richman “was in charge of . . . supervising Plaintiff at the event
[and he] could have banned the Plaintiff from warming up with
15 to 20 minor swimmers in the same lane at the same time.” He
alleges the danger created by this practice “was not an inherent
risk of a swim meet, vastly and unreasonably increasing the risks
to Plaintiff over and above those inherent in a swim meet.”
       Paseo’s motion for summary judgment did not dispute
Wolf’s allegations about the number of swimmers in each lane or
the manner in which the collision occurred. Instead, Paseo
presented evidence that: coaches tell swimmers to enter the
water with a three-point entry, without diving, one to two body
lengths apart; the number of swimmers in each lane is

      2 USA Swimming was named as a defendant but is not a

party to this appeal. It is undisputed that USA Swimming is the
national governing body for swimming sports in the United
States.

                                 5
determined by the number of lanes assigned to a team by the
host team; Paseo had no control over the number of lanes it is
assigned for warm-ups at swim meets; that limiting warm-ups to
one or a very small number of swimmers per lane “would
fundamentally alter the sport” by making it “likely . . . impossible
for a group of swimmers to warm up simultaneously”; and doing
so “would have the potential of significantly delaying the start of
the swim meet.”
       Wolf contends the motion must fail because Paseo did not
“demonstrate all the elements of primary assumption of risk.” He
argues Paseo failed to introduce its own evidence describing “the
nature of the warm-up swim,” “specify[ing] Coach Richman’s role
and relationship to that warm-up swim,” and showing “Coach
Richman did not increase that inherent risk [of head on
collisions]” or “act totally outside the ordinary activity involved in
coaching the sport.” (Italics omitted.) We disagree. While
Paseo’s moving papers were skeletal, it need not have produced
its own evidence to prevail on summary judgment. The doctrine
of judicial admission allows a moving party to use allegations
from the non-moving party’s pleadings to eliminate triable issues
of material fact. (Mark Tanner Constr., Inc. v. HUB Internat.
Services, Inc. (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 574, 586-587.) Similarly,
the moving party may seek judgment as a matter of law by
challenging the sufficiency of the non-moving party’s pleadings.
(See Barnett v. Delta Lines, Inc. (1982) 137 Cal.App.3d 674, 682
[“A motion for summary judgment necessarily includes a test of
the sufficiency of the complaint and as such is in legal effect a
motion for judgment on the pleadings”]; Valdez v. City of Los
Angeles (1991) 231 Cal.App.3d 1043, 1055 [“When a motion for
summary judgment is used to test whether the complaint states a

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cause of action, the court will apply the rule applicable to
demurrers and accept the allegations of the complaint as true”].)
       The doctrine of primary assumption of the risk, while
sometimes denominated as an affirmative defense, is a matter of
duty. A plaintiff bears the burden to establish both the existence
and breach of a duty by the defendant. (See Avila v. Citrus
Community College Dist. (2006) 38 Cal.4th 148, 162-168 [plaintiff
must allege facts “supporting breach of the duty not to enhance
the inherent risks of his sport”]; Conroy v. Regents of University
of California (2009) 45 Cal.4th 1244, 1250 [“In order to establish
liability on a negligence theory, a plaintiff must prove duty,
breach, causation, and damages”].) Wolf’s second amended
complaint alleges that allowing 15 to 20 swimmers to warm up in
the same lane was a “common practice by all Defendants at
invitational meets” and that “every other lane” in the pool
contained the same number of swimmers on the day of the
collision. His own description of this activity contradicts his
assertion that Paseo “vastly and unreasonably” increased the risk
of a collision. The parties do not dispute that swimmers engage
in simultaneous circle swimming prior to meets and that this
type of swimming is an integral part of competitive swimming.3
Nor do they dispute it is common for 15 to 20 swimmers to warm
up in one lane. It follows collisions are an inherent risk in
competitive swimming. (See, e.g., Staten v. Superior Court (1996)
45 Cal.App.4th 1628 [collisions are inherent in the sport of solo

      3 Wolf’s own expert stated in her declaration that she

believes there should have only been eight swimmers in the lane
at the same time and that as a result a collision would have been
less likely.

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figure skating because practice involves group skating].) Wolf’s
statement of undisputed material facts supports this conclusion.4
       Paseo owed a limited duty not to increase the risk to Wolf
by acting recklessly or “‘totally outside the range of the ordinary
activity’ [citation] involved in teaching or coaching the sport.”
(Kahn, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 996.) Wolf has not presented any
evidence showing this occurred. His pleading admits as much.
His opposition tried to plug these gaps with several unpleaded
facts: that Coach Richman directed the swimmers to leave at
three second intervals; that two younger swimmers were hanging
onto the pool wall as Lee approached, causing him to perform his
flip turn directly into the oncoming Wolf; and that Coach
Richman was standing on the opposite side of the pool when they
collided. Even if Wolf included these facts in his second amended
complaint,5 they do not establish that Coach Richman acted
differently than any other coach or increased the risks inherent
in competitive swimming. The parties do not dispute how Coach
Richman acted, nor can the evidence be construed by a trier of
fact as reckless or outside the range of ordinary activity involved
in teaching or coaching the sport. (See Kahn, supra, 31 Cal.4th
at pp. 1012-1013.)

      4 Wolf’s fact no. 14 states:
                               “Due to space limitations, it is a
common practice to share swim lanes and circle swim during
practice sessions and warm-ups.”

      5 In Wolf’s opposition points and authorities to the motion

he continues to argue that “The cause of [the collision] was
[Coach Richman’s] unreasonably packing 15 to 20 youth
swimmers all at one time of various ages, gender, and abilities
into one lane” and that Paseo did not provide evidence to refute
the allegations in paragraph 14 of the second amended complaint.

                                     8
       Wolf’s opposition relied heavily on aquatics expert Alison
Osinski, Ph.D. Osinski acknowledged that “[d]eciding how many
swimmers can safely share a lane is based on several factors” and
“[d]ue to space limitations, it is a common practice to share swim
lanes and circle swim[6] during practice sessions and warm-ups.”
In her view, however, “[t]here needs to be a paradigm shift”
where coaches are “proactive” in “find[ing] ways not to increase
the risk of swimmer injury.”
       Osinski cited several online resources published by USA
Swimming.7 USA Swimming cautions its registered coaches
about the “potential for accidents during circle swimming,” and to
“[b]e wary of creating unsafe conditions by overloading the lane
with too many swimmers.” She quoted a textbook used for a
safety training course required of USA Swimming registered
coaches which states, “[a] typical interval between swimmers” is
five seconds. In reliance on this instruction she calculated that
swimmers would have been spaced 12.5 feet apart allowing a
“maximum of 8” swimmers in the lane. She opined that under
those conditions “the collision would have been less likely to
happen.” She referred to another safety manual stating,

      6 She explains “[c]ircle swimming is a method used when

two or more swimmers share a pool lane. Swimmers swim in a
counterclockwise direction and keep to the right, using the tiled
lane line on the bottom of the pool as a separator – like driving a
car on the right side of the road.”

      7 The referenced USA Swimming resources were not

attached as exhibits either to Osinski’s declaration or Wolf’s
opposition. But Paseo attached the USA Swimming “Overview”
page as an exhibit in support of its motion.

                                 9
“swimmers, too, have an exposure to concussions, primarily from
a head strike . . . with another swimmer during warm-up/warm-
down.” (USA Swimming Operational Risk Committee Risk
Management and Safety Manual, section 7(e), p. 22 (Safety
Manual).) It further provides: “[c]oaches are responsible for the
safety of their athletes and are expected to monitor them at all
times during warm-up sessions.” (Id. section 5a, p. 15.)
       Reducing the number of swimmers and increasing the time
interval between them may indeed reduce the risk of collisions.
There is no duty, however, to reduce the inherent risks of an
activity when applying the primary assumption of risk doctrine.
(E.g., Nalwa, supra, 55 Cal.4th at pp. 1163-1164 [no duty to
prevent injuries from bumper car ride]; American Golf Corp. v.
Superior Court (2000) 79 Cal.App.4th 30, 39 [no duty to mitigate
the inherent risk of being hit by an errant golf shot] (American
Golf); Balthazor, supra, 62 Cal.App.4th at p. 52 [no duty to
provide faceguard on little league batting helmet]; Fortier v. Los
Rios Community College Dist. (1996) 45 Cal.App.4th 430, 439-440
[no duty on touch football sponsor to provide protective
headwear]; Connelly v. Mammoth Mountain Ski Area (1995) 39
Cal.App.4th 8, 12 [ski resort not obligated to pad ski lift towers].)
       Osinski’s opinion that there should be a “paradigm shift” in
competitive swimming to increase safety does not establish that
Paseo and Richman increased the risks inherent in the sport. “It
will always be possible for a plaintiff who suffers a sports injury
to obtain expert testimony that the injury would not have
occurred if the recreation provider had done something
differently. Such expert testimony is not sufficient to establish
that the recreation provider increased the inherent risks of the
sport. Such expert opinion does not create a triable issue of fact

                                 10
on a motion for summary judgment based on the primary
assumption of the risk defense.” (American Golf, supra, 79
Cal.App.4th at p. 39.)
       Judges and juries should not second-guess the judgment of
coaches and other sports instructors by imposing liability for
injuries suffered during participation in competitive sports, even
when caused by negligent conduct. (See Kane v. National Ski
Patrol System, Inc. (2001) 88 Cal.App.4th 204, 214 [“the ability to
second-guess an instructor’s assessment is essentially limitless,
so too would an instructor’s liability be limitless”].) The evidence
shows collisions are inherent risks of group swimming. Wolf
offers no evidence to the contrary. As such “all the papers
submitted show that there is no triable issue as to any material
fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a
matter of law.” (§ 437c, subd. (c).)
                           DISPOSITION
       Judgment is affirmed. Respondent shall recover its costs
on appeal.
       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.

                                     CODY, J.

We concur:

      YEGAN, Acting P. J.            BALTODANO, J.

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                 Hon. Benjamin Coats, Judge
              Superior Court County of Ventura
          ________________________________________

     Law Offices of Victor L. George, Victor L. George and
Meylin P. Alfaro; Esner, Chang, Boyer & Murphy, Andrew N.
Chang, Stuart B. Esner, and Rowena J. Dizon, for Plaintiff and
Appellant.
     Hosp, Gilbert & Bergsten, Robert T. Bergsten; Matthew G.
Evans and Marco Garcia Castillo, for Defendant and Respondent.

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