Court Opinion

ID: 9898382
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-14 19:30:19.590803+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:16:30.479149
License: Public Domain

Filed
                                                                                       Washington State
                                                                                       Court of Appeals
                                                                                        Division Two

                                                                                           July 18, 2023

    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                         DIVISION II
 PAUL BRAIN and VANESSA HERZOG,                                   No. 56733-4-II
 husband and wife, on behalf of themselves and            Consolidated with No. 56873-0-II
 a class consisting of the members of the
 Canterwood Homeowners Association,

                Appellants/Cross Respondents,

        v.                                                   UNPUBLISHED OPINION

 CANTERWOOD HOMEOWNERS
 ASSOCIATION,

                Respondents/Cross Appellants.

       CHE, J.⎯Paul Brain and Vanessa Herzog (plaintiffs) own property governed by the

Canterwood Homeowners Association (HOA). They filed a declaratory judgment action against

the HOA as a putative class action on behalf of the members of the HOA seeking to invalidate

the Canterwood Architectural Control Committee (ACC) guidelines governing the members’

ability to alter vegetation within buffer zones around a golf course and to remove or otherwise

limb trees. They sought to invalidate the guidelines based on lack of enforcement or inconsistent

enforcement of the guidelines, relying on the equitable defenses of waiver and estoppel.

       The plaintiffs moved for class certification. The HOA filed a CR 12(b)(6) motion to

dismiss the complaint. The trial court treated the motion to dismiss as a summary judgment

motion, granted summary judgment to the HOA, dismissed all of the plaintiffs’ claims, and

dismissed the motion for class certification as moot. The plaintiffs appeal.
Nos. 56733-4-II, 56873-0-II

       Later, the HOA sought attorney fees based on a provision in the covenants, conditions,

and restrictions (CC&Rs). In response, the plaintiffs moved to sanction the HOA for engaging in

substantive and procedural bad faith by pursuing the fee motion allegedly in spite of knowledge

of controlling adverse legal authority. The trial court denied both motions. The HOA appeals

the denial of its request for attorney fees. And the plaintiffs appeal the denial of their motion for

sanctions.

       We hold that the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment to the HOA and

dismissing the plaintiffs’ claims because (1) there is no justiciable claim, (2) the plaintiffs’

claims were based on the offensive use of equitable defenses, and (3) there was no genuine issue

of material fact, and the HOA was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. We decline to reach

the class certification issue because the plaintiffs have chosen not to pursue it. Additionally, we

hold that the trial court did not err in denying the HOA’s motion for attorney fees, nor did it err

in denying the plaintiffs’ motion for sanctions. We affirm and deny the HOAs request for

attorney fees on appeal.

                                               FACTS

       Brain and Herzog own property governed by the Canterwood HOA. Brain informed the

HOA board that he was unsatisfied with how the ACC approved or denied tree removals in the

neighborhood. Subsequently, the plaintiffs filed an action against the HOA putatively on behalf

of the members of the HOA seeking injunctive relief and declaratory judgment that the HOA has

waived or should be estopped from enforcing certain ACC guidelines, among other things.

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Nos. 56733-4-II, 56873-0-II

                                I. CC&RS & THE ACC GUIDELINES

        The CC&Rs established the creation of the ACC. The ACC reviews and acts upon

certain proposals and plans. The CC&Rs grant the ACC the authority to issue and amend

guidelines for its review of plans to further the purposes of the CC&Rs.

        To that end, the CC&Rs require members to submit plans to the ACC for approval before

engaging in the “The cutting, damaging, or removal of any tree which is greater than six (6)

inches in diameter at a point four (4) feet above the ground level.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 29.

Generally, members must also submit plans to the ACC before the removal of plants from “a

setback area.” CP at 29.

        The CC&Rs contain two nonwaiver provisions including a general nonwaiver provision

that states:

        No delay or omission on the part of the Declarant or the owners of dwelling units
        in exercising any rights, power, or remedy provided in this Declaration shall be
        construed as a waiver of or acquiescence in any breach of the covenants, conditions,
        reservations, or restrictions set forth in the Declaration. No action shall be brought
        or maintained by anyone whatsoever against the Declarant for or on account of its
        failure to bring any action for any breach of these covenants, conditions,
        reservations, or restrictions, or for imposing restrictions which may be
        unenforceable.

CP at 42. The CC&Rs also contain a specific nonwaiver provision regarding the ACC that

states, “Approval by the ACC of any plans, drawings or specifications shall not be a waiver of

the right to withhold approval of any similar plan, drawing, specification, or matter submitted for

approval.” CP at 29. The ACC guidelines contain an identical specific nonwaiver provision. Of

note, the CC&Rs also contain a provision governing the amendment of the CC&Rs.

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Nos. 56733-4-II, 56873-0-II

         The ACC promulgated guidelines that outline its general design considerations when

evaluating building plans. The ACC’s “overriding design goal” is to preserve the native

landscape, while specifically providing that “Golf course frontages within the buffer areas shall

remain undisturbed or be restored with native or approved equivalent landscaping along the edge

of the course.” CP at 49. Section 5.2 of the guidelines, which the plaintiffs refer to as the “tree

policy,” outlines the ACC’s position on buffer zones (areas of natural vegetation), tree removal,

and the limbing of trees. CP at 56. The ACC strictly prohibits the removal of any vegetation

within the buffer zone on member property without its approval. The ACC also requires

members to submit plans to the ACC for certain tree removals and limbings. The ACC

guidelines contain appeal procedures.

                                     II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         In the declaratory relief cause of action, the plaintiffs argued that the HOA has waived or

should be estopped from asserting that the tree policy and its authorizing CC&R are enforceable,

and the HOA has waived or should be estopped from asserting that the ACC’s guidelines are

enforceable. The plaintiffs included a second “cause of action,” wherein they argued that they

were entitled to various forms of injunctive relief, including temporary and permanent

injunctions. CP at 88. In the relief section, the plaintiffs also requested class certification under

CR 23.

         In the first amended complaint, the plaintiffs alleged that they suffered an injury by

selective enforcement of the tree removal provision in the guidelines because such enforcement

increased the risk of injury to homes and residents, and the amount of tree debris shed caused

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Nos. 56733-4-II, 56873-0-II

significant damages to property values.1 The plaintiffs also alleged that the golf course drainage

system had failed, and thus, damaged their property. The plaintiffs further alleged that they

applied to repair the system, but after no response was received, they undertook the repair

themselves. The HOA notified the plaintiffs that it was reserving the right to seek monetary

sanctions. The plaintiffs emphasized, “This activity is not actually regulated by the Guidelines,

in part because the improvements were largely placed on golf course property.” CP at 87.

       In response, the HOA moved to dismiss arguing, among other things, that the plaintiffs

lacked standing to pursue declaratory relief, the plaintiffs improperly raised equitable defenses in

an offensive posture, the nonwaiver provisions in the CC&Rs barred the plaintiffs’ claims, and

the plaintiffs failed to exhaust their administrative remedies by failing to request an amendment

to the CC&Rs. The plaintiffs moved for class certification.

       The trial court granted the motion to dismiss the plaintiffs’ class-based claims as a

summary judgment.2 The trial court ruled that Brain could pursue his claim for damages in his

individual capacity. Having dismissed the class-based claims, the trial court noted that the class

certification issue was moot.

       After the hearing, the HOA proposed an order, which the plaintiffs objected to, noting

that the proposed order failed to comport with CR 56 requirements, and the order referred to a

damages claim that the plaintiffs had not brought. The plaintiffs understood the trial court’s oral

1
  More specifically, the plaintiffs alleged that the eleven 100-feet-tall Douglas fir trees on their
property “shed a massive amount of debris requiring continuous effort to clean up at the same
time damaging landscaping, roofing and gutters.” CP at 87-88.
2
 The trial court construed the HOA’s CR 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss as a summary judgment
motion to consider additional evidence the parties submitted.

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Nos. 56733-4-II, 56873-0-II

ruling as having dismissed their entire case. After correcting the proposed order, the trial court

entered an order dismissing the plaintiffs’ entire case and denying their motion for class

certification as moot.

                                        III. ATTORNEY FEES

       The attorney fee provision in the CC&Rs provides,

       The Association and any owner shall have the right to enforce, by any proceedings
       at law or in equity, all restrictions, conditions, covenants, reservations, liens and
       charges now or hereafter imposed by the provisions of this Declaration. Should the
       Association or any owner employ counsel to enforce any of the foregoing
       covenants, conditions, reservations, or restrictions, all costs incurred in such
       enforcement, including a reasonable fee for counsel, shall be paid by the owner
       found to be in violation of said condition, covenant, reservation, or restriction, or
       found to be delinquent in the payment of said lien or charge.

CP at 120 (emphasis added). After the plaintiffs’ complaint was dismissed, the HOA moved for

attorney fees and costs. The next day, Brain emailed the HOA’s counsel, Petra Ambrose,

arguing that her request for attorney fees was frivolous due to Meresse v. Stelma, 100 Wn. App.

857, 999 P.2d 1267 (2000). Ambrose withdrew as the HOA’s counsel.

       The plaintiffs moved for sanctions and in camera review of a letter by Ambrose that

appears to relate to the circumstances surrounding her withdrawal. In the sanctions motion, the

plaintiffs argued that the trial court should award them attorney fees under its inherent power to

award sanctions for bad faith conduct because the HOA, in procedural and substantive bad faith,

failed to disclose adverse legal authority in its motion for attorney fees. The plaintiffs also

argued that such conduct violated CR 11.

       The HOA argued that the attorney fee provision applied because it enforced the CC&Rs

by utilizing the nonwaiver provision in the CC&Rs to undermine the plaintiffs’ claims. The trial

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Nos. 56733-4-II, 56873-0-II

court denied the HOA’s motion for attorney fees, allowing only statutory costs to the HOA as

prevailing party. The trial court denied the plaintiffs’ motion for sanctions.

       The plaintiffs appeal the dismissal of all of their claims and the order denying their

motion for sanctions. The HOA cross appeals the order denying attorney fees.

                                             ANALYSIS

                                      I. SUMMARY JUDGMENT

       A motion to dismiss is treated as a summary judgment motion if the trial court considers

matters outside the pleadings. LaRose v. King County, 8 Wn. App. 2d 90, 103, 437 P.3d 701

(2019). We review summary judgment orders de novo. Id. We may affirm the trial court’s

decision on summary judgment on any ground supported by the record even if the trial court did

not consider the argument. LaMon v. Butler, 112 Wn.2d 193, 200-01, 770 P.2d 1027 (1989). To

that end, summary judgment is appropriate where “the pleadings, depositions, answers to

interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no

genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a

matter of law.” CR 56(c). Where a fact affects the outcome of the litigation, that fact is

material. Greater Harbor 2000 v. City of Seattle, 132 Wn.2d 267, 279, 937 P.2d 1082 (1997).

A.     Justiciability

       The plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred in dismissing their complaint because they

possess standing to challenge the ACC guidelines on several grounds. We disagree.

       Under the Uniform Declaratory Judgment Act (UDJA), courts “shall have power to

declare rights, status and other legal relations whether or not further relief is or could be

claimed.” RCW 7.24.010. To that end, “[a] person interested under a deed, will, written

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Nos. 56733-4-II, 56873-0-II

contract or other writings constituting a contract . . . may have determined any question of

construction or validity arising under the instrument, statute, ordinance, contract or franchise and

obtain a declaration of rights, status or other legal relations thereunder.” RCW 7.24.020.

       To obtain declaratory relief, the party must satisfy the threshold requirement of showing

that a justiciable controversy exists between the parties. Bloome v. Haverly, 154 Wn. App. 129,

140, 225 P.3d 330 (2010). Courts may refuse to issue a declaratory judgment if issuing a

judgment “would not terminate the uncertainty or controversy giving rise to the proceeding.”

RCW 7.24.060. A justiciable controversy exists where there is a controversy

       (1) presenting an actual, present, and existing dispute, or the mature seeds of one,
       as distinguished from a possible, dormant, hypothetical, speculative, or moot
       disagreement, (2) between parties having genuine and opposing interests, (3)
       involving interests that are direct and substantial, rather than potential, theoretical,
       abstract, or academic, and (4) of which a judicial determination will be final and
       conclusive.

Alim v. City of Seattle, 14 Wn. App. 2d 838, 847, 474 P.3d 589 (2020). Standing and ripeness

are inherent in the four declaratory judgment justiciability requirements. Id. Regarding a dispute

of whether a view restrictive covenant prohibited the construction of a house on the downhill

parcel, Division One held that declaratory judgment was improper. Bloome, 154 Wn. App. at

142. Division One reasoned, “In the absence of a dispute over whether actual building plans

satisfy the covenant or of other evidence establishing a necessary minimum degree of

interference with the view from the uphill property, a declaratory judgment as requested by

either party would not conclusively settle the controversy between them.” Id.

       The third prong of the justiciability determination encompasses the standing requirement.

Alim, 14 Wn. App. 2d at 847. Under the UDJA, the party seeking to establish standing must

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Nos. 56733-4-II, 56873-0-II

show that the party is within the zone of interests to be regulated or protected by the statute in

question, and the party has suffered an injury in fact. Amalgamated Transit Union Loc. No. 1576

v. Snohomish County Pub. Transp. Benefit Area, 178 Wn. App. 566, 572, 316 P.3d 1103 (2013).

To establish injury in fact under the UDJA, the party must show personal harm that is

“substantial rather than speculative or abstract.” Id. (quoting Grant County Fire Prot. Dist. No. 5

v. City of Moses Lake, 150 Wn.2d 791, 802, 83 P.3d 419 (2004)). An injury in fact may include

economic injury. Grant County Fire Prot. Dist. No. 5, 150 Wn.2d at 802.

       Here, in their declaratory judgment cause of action,3 the plaintiffs argued that the HOA

has waived or should be estopped from asserting that the tree policy and its authorizing CC&R

are enforceable because of arbitrary and capricious enforcement. They also argued the HOA has

waived or should be estopped from asserting that the ACC guidelines are enforceable. To show

their claim is justiciable, the plaintiffs must show, among other things, that there is an actual and

existing dispute regarding the ACC guidelines, and that the plaintiffs have standing, which

involves showing an injury in fact.

       To that end, the plaintiffs alleged they suffered three injuries. First, the plaintiffs claimed

they were injured because, after they constructed improvements on the golf-course side of their

property regarding a drainage system, the ACC notified them that it reserved the right to seek

sanctions against them. The plaintiffs characterize that reservation as a threatened enforcement

action, which they argue constitutes an actual dispute based on the guidelines. But this dispute,

3
  The plaintiffs’ complaint also characterizes their request for injunctive relief as a second cause
of action. We do not separately analyze whether the plaintiffs have standing to bring his
injunctive relief claim because “an injunction is a remedy, not an independent cause of action.”
Markoff v. Puget Sound Energy, Inc., 9 Wn. App. 2d 833, 851, 447 P.3d 577 (2019).

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Nos. 56733-4-II, 56873-0-II

to the extent that one exists, cannot create an actual dispute based on the guidelines because the

plaintiffs conceded, “This activity is not actually regulated by the Guidelines, in part because the

improvements were largely placed on golf course property.” CP at 87.

        Second, the plaintiffs argue that the selective enforcement of section 5.2 of the guidelines

damaged the properties that were required to preserve large numbers of trees as those trees

dropped debris onto their lawns and drainage systems. But the plaintiffs have not shown that

they applied to the ACC to remove or otherwise alter the trees on their property. Nor is there

evidence that the HOA engaged in an enforcement action against them regarding the guidelines,

or even threatened such an action. Thus, even assuming that maintaining large numbers of trees

damaged their property, there is no justiciable controversy as there is no actual dispute regarding

the guidelines.

        Finally, the plaintiffs appear to argue they were injured because the CC&Rs may no

longer be enforceable due to arbitrary and inconsistent enforcement, which depreciated the value

of their property as they would have to report that information in a real estate sale. Assuming

that this speculative injury is sufficient to create standing under the third justiciability prong, the

plaintiffs must still present an actual, present, and existing dispute to have a justiciable claim

under the first prong. As reasoned above, the plaintiffs failed to show the existence of such a

dispute. The specter of a possible, dormant, or hypothetical enforcement of the guidelines to the

plaintiffs’ detriment is insufficient to create a justiciable controversy.

        In the plaintiffs’ reply brief, they emphasize that a breach of a contract, the CC&Rs in

this case, is not a prerequisite to declaratory relief. The plaintiffs are correct that “A contract

may be construed either before or after there has been a breach thereof.” RCW 7.24.030. But

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Nos. 56733-4-II, 56873-0-II

the plaintiffs still must show an actual dispute regarding the guidelines to present a justiciable

controversy. They have not done so.

       Consequently, we hold that this matter is not justiciable.

B.     Offensive Utilization of Equitable Defenses

       The plaintiffs appear to argue that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment

because their estoppel and waiver claims may be used offensively in a declaratory judgment

action. We disagree.

       “Equitable estoppel prevents a party from taking a position inconsistent with a previous

one where inequitable consequences would result to a party who has justifiably and in good faith

relied.” Byrd v. Pierce County, 5 Wn. App. 2d 249, 258, 425 P.3d 948 (2018). Whereas “waiver

is the intentional and voluntary relinquishment of a known right.” Bowman v. Webster, 44

Wn.2d 667, 669, 269 P.2d 960 (1954). Both waiver and estoppel are equitable defenses.

Mountain Park Homeowners Ass’n, Inc. v. Tydings, 125 Wn.2d 337, 341, 883 P.2d 1383 (1994).

Waiver may be implied or express. Bowman, 44 Wn.2d at 669-70. Comparatively, “waiver is

unilateral and arises by the intentional relinquishment of a right, or by a neglect to insist upon it,

while an estoppel presupposes some conduct or dealing with another by which the other is

induced to act, or to forbear to act.” Id. Equitable estoppel cannot be the basis of a cause of

action because equitable estoppel is not available for offensive use by plaintiffs, even in a

declaratory judgment action. Byrd, 5 Wn. App. 2d at 257-58, 261.

       Here, the complaint did not ask the trial court to interpret the CC&Rs or the ACC

guidelines. The declaratory judgment claim was based solely on waiver and estoppel. But

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Nos. 56733-4-II, 56873-0-II

equitable estoppel may not be used offensively in a declaratory judgment action. As such, the

declaratory judgment action fails to the extent it was based on equitable estoppel.

       Next, waiver is an equitable defense used to preclude the enforcement of a covenant.

There does not appear to be Washington authority regarding whether equitable waiver may serve

as the basis for a cause of action. But generally, “Waiver is not a cause of action because it

cannot create liability in and of itself, and a cause of action cannot be based on a waiver. It

follows that a waiver is defensive in nature and operates to prevent the loss of existing rights.”

28 AM. JUR. 2D Estoppel and Waiver § 183 (2022). This reasoning is persuasive.

       The HOA has not brought an enforcement action, nor does the record contain a specific

ACC decision denying a request from a homeowner. The plaintiffs were not using waiver to

preclude the HOA’s enforcement of a covenant. Accordingly, waiver was not being used

defensively, but improperly as the basis of a cause of action. Consequently, we hold that the

declaratory judgment action fails to the extent it was based on waiver.

       Relatedly, the plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment

because “If this Court is not precluded from considering equitable defenses to enforcement of the

CCR and Guidelines in the contest [sic] of a declaratory relief action, these defenses involve

factual determinations.” Br. of Appellant at 26. Because we hold that the equitable estoppel and

waiver defenses cannot serve as the basis of the cause of action here, facts regarding whether the

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Nos. 56733-4-II, 56873-0-II

equitable defenses can be proven are not material. Consequently, we hold that there was no

genuine issue of material fact, and the HOA was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.4

                                      II. CLASS CERTIFICATION

        Initially, the plaintiffs argued that the trial court erred by ruling that they were not entitled

to class certification. But the plaintiffs later state that they have not elected to pursue an appeal

of the class action issue.

        We do not reach this issue because the plaintiffs have chosen not to pursue it.

                                 III. TRIAL COURT ATTORNEY FEES

        On cross appeal, the HOA argues that the trial court erred by not awarding it attorney

fees. We disagree.

        We review whether a statute or contract authorizes attorney fees de novo. Gander v.

Yeager, 167 Wn. App. 638, 647, 282 P.3d 1100 (2012). “[W]e review a discretionary decision to

award or deny attorney fees and the reasonableness of any attorney fee award for an abuse of

discretion.” Id. The governing documents of a corporation, which include the CC&Rs for

HOAs, are reviewed as contracts. Roats v. Blakely Island Maint. Comm’n, Inc., 169 Wn. App.

263, 273, 279 P.3d 943 (2012).

        When interpreting a contract, we give undefined terms “their ‘plain, ordinary, and

popular’ meaning” including by reference to standard English dictionaries. Wm. Dickson Co. v.

Pierce County, 128 Wn. App. 488, 493, 116 P.3d 409 (2005) (internal quotations omitted)

4
 Because we hold that the plaintiffs failed to present a justiciable controversy and have
unavailingly pleaded causes of action based on equitable defenses, we do not reach the issues
surrounding the nonwaiver provision, the business judgment rule, and the amendment provision.

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Nos. 56733-4-II, 56873-0-II

(quoting Kitsap County v. Allstate Ins. Co., 136 Wn.2d 567, 576, 964 P.2d 1173 (1998)). To

enforce ordinarily means “requiring operation, observance, or protection of laws, orders,

contracts, and agreements by authority.” Enforce, WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL

DICTIONARY (8th ed. 2002).

       Here, CC&Rs authorize attorney fees “to enforce any of the [] covenants, conditions,

reservations, or restrictions.” CP at 120. The declaratory judgment action was not an action to

enforce the CC&Rs. The plaintiffs were not attempting to have the HOA observe or otherwise

comply with the CC&Rs. Rather, the plaintiffs sought to invalidate the ACC guidelines.

Rendering a covenant unenforceable is not the same as enforcing a covenant.

       The HOA argues that the fee provision applies because it enforced the nonwaiver

provisions of the CC&Rs against the plaintiffs by filing a motion to dismiss on that basis, and it

enforced the CC&Rs more broadly by defeating the plaintiffs’ action to invalidate them. But

again, seeking to invalidate a provision is not the same as enforcing a provision. Relatedly,

defending against the allegation that a covenant is invalid by referencing the effect of another

covenant is not the same as enforcing compliance with a covenant.

       Additionally, the HOA argues that the plaintiffs repeatedly attempted to enforce the

CC&Rs, citing various statements that the plaintiffs’ counsel made during this litigation about

the HOA breaching its obligations under the CC&Rs. Those statements do not transform this

matter into an enforcement action. The HOA fails to point us to any instance in the complaint

where the plaintiffs asked for a provision of the CC&Rs to be enforced.

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Nos. 56733-4-II, 56873-0-II

        The HOA also appears to argue that RCW 4.84.330 creates a standalone basis for

attorney fees. RCW 4.84.330 states in pertinent part,

        In any action on a contract or lease entered into after September 21, 1977, where
        such contract or lease specifically provides that attorneys’ fees and costs, which
        are incurred to enforce the provisions of such contract or lease, shall be awarded to
        one of the parties, the prevailing party, whether he or she is the party specified in
        the contract or lease or not, shall be entitled to reasonable attorneys’ fees in addition
        to costs and necessary disbursements.

RCW 4.84.330 (emphasis added). That statute does not provide a standalone basis for attorney

fees.

        Neither the CC&Rs nor RCW 4.84.330 authorize an award of attorney fees here. We

hold that the trial court did not err in declining to grant the HOA attorney fees.

                                           IV. SANCTIONS

        The plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred by denying their motion for sanctions

requesting attorney fees, among other things, because the HOA engaged in procedural and

substantive bad faith by continuing to pursue attorney fees in spite of knowledge of adverse legal

authority. Additionally, the plaintiffs contend that the trial court abused its discretion by denying

its request for CR 11 sanctions based upon the aforementioned conduct, among other things.

The plaintiffs also emphasize that to recover fees, the HOA argues that the present matter is an

enforcement action, which is inconsistent with the position it took when arguing that the

plaintiffs lacked standing. We disagree with all of the aforementioned arguments.

A.      Substantive and Procedural Bad Faith

        We review the trial court’s sanctions decisions for an abuse of discretion. State v.

Gassman, 175 Wn.2d 208, 210, 283 P.3d 1113 (2012). Where a trial court decision is

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“‘manifestly unreasonable, or exercised on untenable grounds, or for untenable reasons’” the trial

court abuses its discretion. Roats, 169 Wn. App. at 284 (quoting Tribble v. Allstate Prop. & Cas.

Ins. Co., 134 Wn. App. 163, 170, 139 P.3d 373 (2006)).

          Trial courts may impose an award of equitable attorney fees due to bad faith litigation.

Rogerson Hiller Corp. v. Port of Port Angeles, 96 Wn. App. 918, 927, 982 P.2d 131 (1999).

Substantive and procedural bad faith in the conduct of litigation may warrant such a sanction.

Id.; Maytown Sand & Gravel, LLC v. Thurston County, 191 Wn.2d 392, 442, 423 P.3d 223

(2018), abrogated on other grounds by Yim v. City of Seattle, 194 Wn.2d 682, 451 P.3d 694

(2019).

          “Procedural bad faith is unrelated to the merits of the case and refers to ‘vexatious

conduct during the course of litigation’” including dilatory tactics during discovery, misquoting

or omitting material evidence, failing to meet deadlines, and otherwise misusing the discovery

process. Rogerson Hiller Corp., 96 Wn. App. at 928 (quoting Jane P. Mallor, Punitive

Attorneys’ Fees for Abuses of the Judicial System, 61 N.C. L. REV. 613, 644 (1983)).

          In contrast, substantive bad faith “occurs when a party intentionally brings a frivolous

claim, counterclaim, or defense with improper motive.” Rogerson Hiller Corp., 96 Wn. App. at

929. Moreover, in addition to a frivolous claim, such claim must be “‘brought for the purpose of

harassment.’” Id. (quoting Matter of the Recall of Pearsall-Stipek, 136 Wn.2d 255, 266, 961

P.2d 343 (1998)). Our Supreme Court has noted that “repeated and wholly meritless efforts to

recall [a government official] . . . suggests that he may be motivated by spite rather than by a

sincere belief in the sufficiency of the recall charges.” Pearsall-Stipek, 136 Wn.2d at 267. But

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because the trial court failed to enter specific findings of bad faith, the Supreme Court held that

the trial court abused its discretion by awarding fees. Id.

       Here, the plaintiffs claimed that the HOA pursued attorney fees in substantive and

procedural bad faith as the HOA was aware of Meresse, 100 Wn. App. at 857 and Canterwood

Homeowners Ass’n v. Hill Design & Const., Inc., No. 33258-2-II, 133 Wn. App. 1001 (2006)

(unpublished). Neither of those cases show that the HOA’s motion for fees was frivolous.

       In Meresse, the CC&Rs provided that owners would be entitled to attorney fees for

seeking to prevent another owner from violating or attempting to violate the CC&Rs. 100 Wn.

App. at 868. The attorney fee provision in Meresse is similar, but not identical, to the provision

at issue. And the rest of the CC&Rs are not the same. So, whether the present action is an

enforcement action under the Canterwood CC&Rs is a distinct inquiry from whether it would

have been an enforcement action under the CC&Rs in Meresse.

       Additionally, the arguments before the trial court were not the same as those before the

court in Meresse. For instance, the HOA here argued that this action was an enforcement action

because it enforced the nonwaiver provision defensively, and such an argument was not before

the court in Meresse. Therefore, Meresse is not controlling.

       In Canterwood Homeowners Ass’n, the Canterwood HOA sued a builder to recover for

violations of the CC&Rs and to enjoin said builder from further construction. 133 Wn. App.

1001, at *1. The HOA requested attorney fees based on the same provision in the CC&Rs that is

presently at issue. Id. at *2. We denied attorney fees, reasoning that the HOA “brought this

action against Hill in [Hill’s] capacity as a builder, not as a resident property owner of

Canterwood property.” Id. We disposed of the issue due to the respondent’s capacity as a

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builder, not based on whether the underlying matter constituted an enforcement action.

Accordingly, that case is not persuasive here.5

       As to the plaintiffs’ procedural bad faith argument, the plaintiffs fail to offer any

argument as to why the HOA engaged in procedural bad faith in their briefing. Because the

plaintiffs present only passing reference to this issue, we decline to consider this argument. RAP

10.3(a)(6) (requiring “argument in support of the issues presented for review, together with

citations to legal authority and references to relevant parts of the record.”); see also Christian v.

Tohmeh, 191 Wn. App. 709, 728, 366 P.3d 16 (2015).

       The plaintiffs also appear to argue that the HOA’s counsel violated RPC 3.3 by failing to

disclose the aforementioned cases, and such a violation is a basis for substantive bad faith. But

for the reasons explained above, these cases were not directly on point. And “‘breach of an

ethics rule provides only a public, e.g., disciplinary, remedy and not a private remedy.’” Just

Dirt, Inc. v. Knight Excavating, Inc., 138 Wn. App. 409, 417, 157 P.3d 431 (2007) (quoting

Hizey v. Carpenter, 119 Wn.2d 251, 259, 830 P.2d 646 (1992)). In sum, the HOA’s request for

fees was not frivolous.

       Under these circumstances, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

declining to sanction the HOA for bad faith.

5
  The plaintiffs also appear to argue that collateral estoppel bars relitigating whether the HOA is
entitled to attorney fees under the CC&Rs due to Canterwood Homeowners Ass’n, Inc., 133 Wn.
App. 1001, at *2. But collateral estoppel applies only where “the issue decided in the earlier
proceeding was identical to the issue presented in the later proceeding.” Christensen v. Grant
County Hosp. Dist. No. 1, 152 Wn.2d 299, 307, 96 P.3d 957 (2004). And, as reasoned above, the
attorney fee issue in the 2006 Canterwood Homeowners Ass’n, Inc. case did not reach the same
issue as is presently before us.

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Nos. 56733-4-II, 56873-0-II

B.     CR 11

       The plaintiffs argue the trial court erred by not sanctioning the HOA under CR 11

because the HOA argued that this matter was not an enforcement action to defeat the plaintiffs’

standing claim, but argued that this matter was an enforcement action to seek fees. The plaintiffs

also emphasize that the HOA’s counsel withdrew because she believed that the HOA’s fee

request was meritless.

       We review the trial court’s decision to issue sanctions under CR 11 for an abuse of

discretion. Skimming v. Boxer, 119 Wn. App. 748, 754, 82 P.3d 707 (2004). A trial court may

impose sanctions under CR 11 “because of a bad faith filing of pleadings for an improper

purpose or by filing pleadings that are not grounded in fact or warranted by law.” Id. And when

determining whether sanctions should be granted, the “question is whether a reasonable attorney

in a like circumstance could believe his or her actions to be factually and legally justified.” Id.

       Deterring baseless filings and abuses of the judicial system is the purpose of CR 11. Id.

The court should only impose CR 11 sanctions “when it is patently clear that a claim has

absolutely no chance of success.” Id. at 755. And the movant carries the burden of justifying

their request for sanctions. Id. at 754-55.

       The plaintiffs do not cite any case law regarding CR 11. They do not explain whether the

HOA’s conduct justifies CR 11 sanctions because the HOA’s fee request was filed for an improper

purpose or because the HOA’s fee request was not grounded in fact or warranted by law.

       The general framing of their sur reply indicates that the plaintiffs believe that the HOA’s

request for fees was not warranted under existing law. As addressed above, the plaintiffs failed to

show that the HOA’s fee request was frivolous or that it was filed with an improper purpose.

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Nos. 56733-4-II, 56873-0-II

        Additionally, the HOA’s change in position from its argument that the plaintiffs lacked

standing to its later argument to win attorney fees does not show an improper purpose. To show

the plaintiffs lacked standing, the HOA emphasized that it had not taken enforcement action prior

to the plaintiffs filing of the claim. To show the HOA was entitled to fees, the HOA argued that it

enforced the CC&Rs by enforcing the nonwaiver provision to defeat the plaintiffs’ claim. These

arguments are not inconsistent with each other.

        As a reasonable attorney in like circumstances could believe the request for fees was

factually and legally justified, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying

the plaintiffs’ request for CR 11 sanctions.

                                ATTORNEY FEES ON APPEAL

        The HOA requests attorney fees on appeal based on the attorney fee provision in the

CC&Rs and RCW 4.84.330—for the same reasons discussed above.

        We may award fees on appeal under RAP 18.1(a)-(b), if “applicable law grants to a party

the right to recover reasonable attorney fees or expenses on review” and the party properly

requests it.

        As discussed above, neither the attorney fee provision in the CC&Rs nor RCW 4.84.330

authorize fees here. As such, applicable law does not grant the HOA the right to recover

attorney fees. We decline the HOA’s request for attorney fees on appeal.

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Nos. 56733-4-II, 56873-0-II

                                         CONCLUSION

        We affirm the trial court and deny the HOA’s request for attorney fees on appeal.

        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW

2.06.040, it is so ordered.

                                                     Che, J.
 We concur:

 Glasgow, C.J.

 Birk, J.

 Sitting in Division II pursuant to RCW 2.06.040 by order of the Associate Chief Justice

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