Court Opinion

ID: 9385651
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-07 18:03:06.991391+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:03.575662
License: Public Domain

Filed 4/7/23 Renfro-Vincent v. California Highway Patrol CA1/3
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or
ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

         IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION THREE

    JACQUELINE RENFRO-VINCENT,
           Plaintiff and Appellant,
                                                                         A163902
    v.
    CALIFORNIA HIGHWAY PATROL,                                           (Contra Costa County
                                                                         Super. Ct. No. MSC2100284)
           Defendant and Respondent.

         Decedent Steven Armstrong was struck and killed by a motor vehicle as
he walked along the center divide of Highway 4 in Antioch. His mother,
plaintiff Jacqueline Renfro-Vincent, sued defendant California Highway
Patrol (CHP) under Government Code 1 section 835, alleging that decedent’s
death was the foreseeable result of CHP’s failure to abate a dangerous
condition of public property. Plaintiff now appeals after the trial court
sustained CHP’s demurrer to the operative complaint without leave to
amend. We affirm.
                            FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
         According to the operative first amended complaint, decedent called
911 shortly after midnight and reported that someone was being raped and
attacked with an axe. Plaintiff alleges on information and belief that the call

1        Further unspecified section references are to the Government Code.

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was immediately investigated, and that CHP determined decedent was
possibly delusional.
      Several hours later, CHP Officer R. Negi confronted decedent as he
walked along the center divide of westbound Highway 4 in Antioch. Negi
advised decedent to stay off the highway and then left the scene.
Approximately three hours later, CHP was advised that decedent was lying
on the right shoulder of westbound Highway 4. Negi encountered decedent
again, gave him water to drink, and told him to leave the highway.
      A few hours later, decedent was struck and killed by a vehicle while
walking along Highway 4.
      The first amended complaint asserts one cause of action against CHP
under section 835.2 Plaintiff alleges that CHP violated section 835 by “failing
to take steps to assure that [decedent] did not again [wander] onto the
highway, where it was foreseeable that he would be struck by a vehicle, and
while he was also in violation of [Vehicle Code section 21960, subdivision
(a)].”3 Plaintiff further alleges that there was “ample indicia” decedent
suffered from “severe mental impairment from his initial contact via 911 with
[CHP] onward,” and that CHP and its officers “failed to acknowledge that
[decedent] was a danger to himself and drivers on the roadway” and should
have placed decedent in custody pursuant to Welfare and Institutions Code
section 5150, subdivision (a).

2     The first amended complaint also asserts a cause of action for motor
vehicle negligence against the driver of the vehicle that struck decedent and
the vehicle’s registered owner. The sufficiency of this cause of action is not at
issue in this appeal.
3      Vehicle Code section 21960, subdivision (a), provides in relevant part
that the Department of Transportation and local authorities “may prohibit or
restrict the use of the freeways, expressways, or any portion thereof by
pedestrians, bicycles or other nonmotorized traffic.”

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      The trial court sustained CHP’s demurrer to the first amended
complaint without leave to amend, concluding: (1) plaintiff failed to identify
what condition of public property was dangerous; (2) plaintiff’s allegation
that decedent was a danger to himself and others failed to state a cause of
action for dangerous condition of public property; (3) plaintiff failed to allege
that CHP owned or controlled the highway; (4) a fence does not constitute a
dangerous condition simply because someone is injured while attempting to
scale it, and plaintiff failed to allege that the fence along Highway 4 was
dangerous in any respect;4 (5) to the extent plaintiff based CHP’s liability on
its officers’ failure to take more drastic steps to prevent decedent from
accessing the freeway again, this theory failed to state a claim under section
815.6 because Vehicle Code section 21960 and Welfare and Institutions Code
section 5150 did not impose a mandatory duty on the officers to arrest or
confine decedent; and (6) CHP is immune for its officers’ failure to arrest
decedent, enforce laws, or make an adequate mental examination of
decedent.
      Plaintiff now appeals from the ensuing judgment in favor of CHP.
                                  DISCUSSION
      In determining whether a plaintiff states a sufficient claim for relief,
we accept as true all material facts properly pleaded, but not contentions,
deductions or conclusions of fact or law, and we also consider matters which

4      The original complaint contained specific allegations that decedent
accessed the highway through a fence, but these allegations were omitted in
the first amended complaint. In support of its demurrer, CHP requested
judicial notice of facts pled in the prior complaint, and notwithstanding the
lack of a formal ruling, the court’s reference to the fence allegations implies
the judicial notice request was granted. In any event, plaintiff does not
contend the trial court erred in its consideration of the fence allegations in
the original complaint.

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may be judicially noticed. (Zelig v. County of Los Angeles (2002) 27 Cal.4th
1112, 1126 (Zelig).) We give the complaint a reasonable interpretation,
reading it as a whole and its parts in their context. (Ibid.)
      A public entity is not liable for any injuries except as provided by
statute. (Hayes v. State (1974) 11 Cal.3d 469, 471, citing § 815, subd. (a).)
“The sole statutory basis for imposing liability on public entities as property
owners is . . . section 835. [Citations.] Under that statute, a public entity is
‘liable for injury caused by a dangerous condition of its property if the
plaintiff establishes that the property was in a dangerous condition at the
time of the injury, that the injury was proximately caused by the dangerous
condition, that the dangerous condition created a reasonably foreseeable risk
of the kind of injury which was incurred, and that either: [¶] (a) A negligent
or wrongful act or omission of an employee of the public entity within the
scope of his employment created the dangerous condition; or [¶] (b) The
public entity had actual or constructive notice of the dangerous condition
. . . a sufficient time prior to the injury to have taken measures to protect
against the dangerous condition.’ ” (Cerna v. City of Oakland (2008) 161
Cal.App.4th 1340, 1347 (Cerna).)
      As used in section 835, a “ ‘[d]angerous condition’ means a condition of
property that creates a substantial (as distinguished from a minor, trivial or
insignificant) risk of injury when such property or adjacent property is used
with due care in a manner in which it is reasonably foreseeable that it will be
used.” (§ 830, subd. (a).) “ ‘Protect against’ includes repairing, remedying or
correcting a dangerous condition, providing safeguards against a dangerous
condition, or warning of a dangerous condition.” (Id., subd. (b).) “ ‘Property
of a public entity’ and ‘public property’ mean real or personal property owned
or controlled by the public entity, but do not include easements,

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encroachments and other property that are located on the property of the
public entity but are not owned or controlled by the public entity.” (Id.,
subd. (c).)
      “A plaintiff’s allegations . . . must establish a physical deficiency in the
property itself. [Citations.] A dangerous condition exists when public
property ‘is physically damaged, deteriorated, or defective in such a way as to
foreseeably endanger those using the property itself,’ or possesses physical
characteristics in its design, location, features or relationship to its
surroundings that endanger users. [Citation.] [¶] A public entity may be
liable for a dangerous condition of public property even where the immediate
cause of a plaintiff’s injury is a third party’s negligent or illegal act (like [a
motorist’s] grossly negligent driving) if some physical characteristic of the
property exposes its users to increased danger from third party negligence or
criminality. [Citation.] But it is insufficient to show only harmful third party
conduct, like the conduct of a motorist. ‘ “[T]hird party conduct by itself,
unrelated to the condition of the property, does not constitute a ‘dangerous
condition’ for which a public entity may be held liable.” ’ [Citation.] There
must be a defect in the physical condition of the property and that defect
must have some causal relationship to the third party conduct that injures
the plaintiff. [Citation] ‘[P]ublic liability lies under . . . section 835 only
when a feature of the public property has “increased or intensified” the
danger to users from third party conduct.’ ” (Cerna, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th
at pp. 1347–1348.)
      The California Supreme Court’s decision in Zelig, supra, 27 Cal.4th
1112, illustrates the application of these principles. There, the plaintiffs
alleged the defendant county failed to police a courthouse to prevent the
decedent’s shooting. In concluding the county could not be held liable for a

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dangerous condition of property under section 835, Zelig found it significant
that the plaintiffs were unable to point to the manner in which the physical
condition of the property should have been altered to prevent the shooting.
(Id. at p. 1140.) As part of its analysis, Zelig distinguished the Supreme
Court’s earlier decision in Ducey v. Argo Sales Co. (1979) 25 Cal.3d 707,
which had concluded that a public entity was properly held liable under
section 835 for failing to erect a median barrier to protect freeway drivers
from serious injuries inherent in cross-median accidents. (Zelig, at p. 1139.)
As Zelig explained, “the state’s duty in the Ducey case was to alter the
physical condition of the property to provide a safeguard against the danger
presented by third parties. The court did not hold that a dangerous condition
of property could exist without reference to any physical quality of the
property, but only that the state may be required to alter its property to
provide a physical barrier against danger presented by third parties.” (Zelig,
at p. 1139.)
      With these authorities in mind, we turn to the allegations of the first
amended complaint. Nowhere in the pleading does plaintiff allege that the
area of Highway 4 where decedent was struck and killed was owned or
controlled by CHP (§ 830, subd. (c)),5 or that the area suffered from a
deficient physical characteristic that increased the risk of harm beyond its
inherent dangers as a highway (Cerna, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at p. 1348).
Plaintiff also does not allege that any defect in the condition of the highway
had a causal relationship to the conduct of the motorist who struck decedent
that increased or intensified the risk of such harm. (Ibid.) And nothing in

5     CHP argues, and plaintiff does not dispute, that the Department of
Transportation has full possession and control of state highways. (Sts. & Hy.
Code, § 90; § 14520.3; Jamison v. Department of Transportation (2016) 4
Cal.App.5th 356, 362–363.)

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the first amended complaint or plaintiff’s briefing suggests how the area of
the highway in question could have been altered to prevent the decedent’s
death. (See Zelig, supra, 27 Cal.4th at p. 1140.) Consequently, plaintiff fails
to allege a dangerous condition of public property for purposes of section 835.
      Plaintiff attempts to resist this conclusion by arguing that decedent’s
“very presence on the highway” was “a physical characteristic of the highway
which CHP failed to abate.” We are not persuaded. Plaintiff cites no
authority extending the definition of a dangerous condition of public property
to the mere “presence” of the injured person thereon, and courts have long
rejected the proposition that a lack of human supervision and protection is a
deficiency in the physical characteristics of public property for purposes of
section 835. (Cerna, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at p. 1352, citing Zelig, supra, 27
Cal.4th at pp. 1135–1141 and Bartell v. Palos Verdes Peninsula Sch. Dist.
(1978) 83 Cal.App.3d 492, 497–498.)
      Plaintiff nevertheless maintains that under section 830, subdivision (b),
CHP had a duty to provide safeguards to ensure that decedent did not
wander onto the highway. But plaintiff’s analysis falls short of satisfying
section 830, subdivision (b), which defines the duty to “ ‘protect against’ . . . a
dangerous condition.” (Italics added.) Despite plaintiff’s insistence that CHP
is liable because “the death of [decedent] and injuries to the vehicle occupants
were far too foreseeable to warrant inaction,” the fact remains that plaintiff
fails to trace the foreseeability of harm to any dangerous condition of public
property owned and controlled by CHP.
      Instead, the main thrust of plaintiff’s complaint appears to be that
given decedent’s apparent mental impairment, the CHP officers had a duty to
prevent him from returning to the highway, either by arresting him for
violating Vehicle Code section 21960, subdivision (a), or by placing him on an

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involuntary mental health hold under Welfare and Institutions Code section
5150, subdivision (a). But those statutes, by their terms, do not impose a
mandatory duty on peace officers to act, and plaintiff provides no cogent
argument or authority supporting the conclusion that the CHP officers’
failure to take the identified steps exposed CHP to liability.
      Similarly, to the extent plaintiff’s argument rests upon a theory of a
mandatory statutory duty under section 815.6, the attempt fails.6 As CHP
points out, neither the first amended complaint nor plaintiff’s briefing on
appeal cites to section 815.6; thus, plaintiff has forfeited any claim of liability
under that statute. (Aptos Council v. County of Santa Clara (2017) 10
Cal.App.5th 266, 296, fn. 7.) In any case, plaintiff has identified no
applicable statute creating a mandatory peace officer duty for purposes of
imposing public entity liability under section 815.6.
      Plaintiff may also be understood as contending that CHP owed
decedent a general duty of care to prevent him from returning to the
highway. But plaintiff offers no analysis or authority supporting that
contention. Nor does plaintiff address the authorities cited in CHP’s brief,
which undermine the existence of such a duty. (E.g., Zelig, supra, 27 Cal.4th
at pp. 1128–1130 [absent special relationship or creation of peril, one has no
duty to come to aid of another], citing Williams v. State of California (1983)
34 Cal.3d 18, 23, 25 [no duty of care for injuries caused by police failure to
respond to requests for assistance or properly investigate where police had

6      Section 815.6 provides: “Where a public entity is under a mandatory
duty imposed by an enactment that is designed to protect against the risk of
a particular kind of injury, the public entity is liable for an injury of that kind
proximately caused by its failure to discharge the duty unless the public
entity establishes that it exercised reasonable diligence to discharge the
duty.”

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not induced reliance on any promise that they would provide protection],
Lugtu v. California Highway Patrol (2001) 26 Cal.4th 703, 717 [law
enforcement officers generally have no legal duty to come to aid of person
except where officer’s affirmative act places person in peril or increases risk
of harm], Zepeda v. City of Los Angeles (1990) 223 Cal.App.3d 232, 236
[paramedics had no general duty to render aid to gunshot victim where they
did not create peril, made no promise or statement that induced reliance, nor
increased risk to victim that otherwise would have existed], and Baker v. City
of Los Angeles (1986) 188 Cal.App.3d 902, 907–908 [circumstance that officer
offered special protection on one occasion does not, by itself, give rise to
continuing special relationship and duty at later date].)
      Plaintiff belatedly argues for the first time in her reply brief that CHP
is liable under section 815.2, subdivision (a), which provides that “[a] public
entity is liable for injury proximately caused by an act or omission of an
employee of the public entity within the scope of his employment if the act or
omission would, apart from this section, have given rise to a cause of action
against that employee or his personal representative.” Plaintiff has doubly
forfeited review of this issue by her failure to raise it before the trial court
and in her opening brief on appeal. (Moore v. Centrelake Medical Group, Inc.
(2022) 83 Cal.App.5th 515, 541, fn. 13.) In any event, this vicarious liability
statute is premised on the existence of a valid cause of action against the
public employee. Here, plaintiff offers no authority supporting the premise of
her claim, i.e., that the officers had a mandatory statutory duty or a general
duty of care to arrest decedent or place him in a medical facility.
      In sum, we conclude the trial court correctly concluded that plaintiff
failed to state sufficient facts to constitute a cause of action against CHP for

                                         9
dangerous condition of public property under section 835.7 When a demurrer
is sustained without leave to amend, we must decide “ ‘whether there is a
reasonable possibility that the defect can be cured by amendment: if it can
be, the trial court has abused its discretion and we reverse; if not, there has
been no abuse of discretion and we affirm. [Citations.] The burden of
proving such reasonable possibility is squarely on the plaintiff.’ ” (Zelig,
supra, 27 Cal.4th at p. 1126.) Here, plaintiff proposed no new or different
factual allegations that would have addressed the deficiencies identified
above. Accordingly, leave to amend was properly denied.8
                                  DISPOSITION
      The judgment is affirmed. CHP is entitled to its costs on appeal.

7     In light of our conclusion, we need not reach CHP’s additional
contention that it is statutorily immune from liability in this case.
8      The first amended complaint includes additional allegations that
Officer Negi had a conflict of interest in acting as investigating officer and
preparing CHP’s incident report, and that he failed to provide information on
his purported attempts to contact witnesses. But plaintiff provides no
argument or authority that these allegations, either alone or in view of the
first amended complaint as a whole, support a viable cause of action against
CHP.

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                                  FUJISAKI, J.

WE CONCUR:

TUCHER, P.J.

PETROU, J.

Renfro-Vincent v. CHP (A163902)

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