Court Opinion

ID: 5129794
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-11-29 17:15:11.352614+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:13.882902
License: Public Domain

J-A03043-20

                            2021 PA Super 230

MARVIN L. SLOMOWITZ, IN HIS                     IN THE SUPERIOR COURT
CAPACITY AS GENERAL PARTNER OF                     OF PENNSYLVANIA
HANOVER ASSOCIATES, A
PENNSYLVANIA LIMITED PARTNERSHIP,
AND IN HIS CAPACITY AS A JOINT
VENTURER IN CLARMARK ASSOCIATES,
THE GENERAL PARTNER OF FIRST
VALLEY ASSOCIATES, A PENNSYLVANIA
LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, AND IN HIS
CAPACITY AS GENERAL PARTNER OF
HERSHEY PLAZA ASSOCIATES, A
PENNSYLVANIA LIMITED PARTNERSHIP

                        Appellee

                   v.

STUART A. KESSLER, IN HIS CAPACITY
AS GENERAL PARTNER OF HANOVER
ASSOCIATES, A PENNSYLVANIA
LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, AND IN HIS
CAPACITY AS PARTNER WITH JOHN B.
ROSENTHAL, DECEASED, IN CLARIDGE
PROPERTIES, THE OTHER JOINT
VENTURER IN CLARMARK ASSOCIATES,
THE GENERAL PARTNER OF FIRST
VALLEY ASSOCIATES, A PENNSYLVANIA
LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, AND IN HIS
CAPACITY AS GENERAL PARTNER OF
HERSHEY PLAZA ASSOCIATES, A
PENNSYLVANIA LIMITED PARTNERSHIP

                        Appellant                 No. 1247 MDA 2019

                Appeal from the Order Entered June 25, 2019
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Luzerne County
                      Civil Division at No: 2011-03844

BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., STABILE, J., and DUBOW, J.

OPINION BY STABILE, J.:                     FILED NOVEMBER 29, 2021
J-A03043-20

       Marvin Slomowitz (“Slomowitz”), Stuart Kessler (“Kessler”), and John

Rosenthal (“Rosenthal”) were general partners or joint venturers in three

limited partnerships that owned and operated “Section 8”1 apartment

buildings for elderly and low-income people.                   After Rosenthal died, a

protracted    dispute    began     between         Slomowitz    and   Kessler   over    the

management of the limited partnerships. Slomowitz filed an action seeking a

declaratory judgment that he had the authority to act on behalf of the limited

partnerships without first obtaining the consent or concurrence of Kessler.

Kessler    filed   several    counterclaims         against    Slomowitz,   including    a

counterclaim for declaratory relief and for breach of fiduciary duty. Following

non-jury proceedings, on December 31, 2018, the trial court found in favor of

Slomowitz on his declaratory judgment action and against Kessler on his

counterclaims. The court declared its order final pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 341(c),

____________________________________________

1 “Section 8” is the common name for the Housing Choice Voucher Program,
funded by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), as
provided for under the Housing Act of 1937, 42 U. S. C. § 1437(f). Under the
Section 8 program, HUD pays rental subsidies so eligible families can afford
decent, safe, and sanitary housing. Section 8 is a housing voucher program
generally administered by state or local governmental entities called public
housing agencies (“PHAs”) and may be “tenant-based” or “project-based.” In
tenant-based assistance, the assisted unit is selected by the family. The
family may rent a unit anywhere in the United States in the jurisdiction of a
PHA that runs a voucher program. In project-based programs, rental
assistance is paid for families who live in specific housing developments or
units. See 24 CFR § 982.1(a), (b).

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and Kessler appealed to this Court.2 Kessler requests that we vacate the trial

court’s decision and remand for further proceedings.        We affirm in part,

reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.

    I.     Factual Background

         In the early 1970s, Slomowitz, Kessler, and Rosenthal formed three

separate     Pennsylvania limited partnerships: Hershey       Plaza Associates

(“Hershey”), Hanover Associates (“Hanover”), and First Valley Associates

(“First Valley”). Each partnership owned, operated, and maintained a Section

8 building with apartments for rent by elderly and other low-income residents.

         Slomowitz, Kessler, and Rosenthal were Hershey’s general partners.

Lee Kozol and Urban Properties, Ltd. (“Urban Properties”) were the limited

partners.      See Hershey’s Amended and Restated Limited Partnership

Agreement dated February 1, 1977 (“Hershey Agreement”). During trial, Lee

Kozol testified, and the court found, that Lee’s brother, Joel Kozol, was another

limited partner in Hershey. N.T., at 378; Trial Court’s Findings of Fact and

Conclusions of Law, at 21, ¶ 91. Hershey owned and operated Hershey Plaza,

a 216-unit Section 8 building in Dauphin County.

         Hanover’s general partners were Slomowitz, Kessler, and Rosenthal. Its

limited partners were Mortimer Rosenthal and Marion Terrace, a Georgia

____________________________________________

2 Kessler died in July 2019. Subsequently, Kessler’s widow, the personal
representative of his estate, substituted herself as the defendant in Kessler’s
place. For the sake of convenience, we will refer to this defendant-appellant
as “Kessler.”
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limited partnership. Hanover owned and operated Marion Terrace, a 200-unit

Section 8 building in Luzerne County. See Hanover’s Amended and Restated

Limited   Partnership   Agreement     dated   December     7,   1978   (“Hanover

Agreement”).

      First Valley’s general partner was Clarmark Associates, a New York joint

venture between (1) Slomowitz and (2) Claridge Properties, a partnership

consisting of Rosenthal and Kessler. See First Valley’s Amended and Restated

Limited   Partnership   Agreement     dated   June   18,   1975   (“First   Valley

Agreement”).     Urban Improvement Fund, Ltd.-1975 (“Urban, Ltd.”), a

California limited partnership, was First Valley’s sole limited partner. Id. First

Valley owned and operated Daniel J. Flood Tower, a 211-unit Section 8

building in Luzerne County that also contained 17,898 square feet of

commercial and professional space.

      From the inception of the limited partnerships until Rosenthal’s death in

2008, Rosenthal actively managed the partnerships and properties. Kessler

served as architect of record on two of the three properties.           Following

Rosenthal’s death, however, Slomowitz and Kessler repeatedly disagreed over

management issues. In particular, Kessler contended that there were two

general partners, Slomowitz and Kessler, so all decisions relating to the

partnerships required both his and Slomowitz’s consent. Slomowitz believed

that the limited partnership agreements authorized him to make decisions

unilaterally.

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     A dispute arose between Slomowitz and Kessler concerning funding from

the Pennsylvania Housing Finance Agency (“PHFA”).       PHFA established the

Preservation Through Smart Rehab Program (“Smart Rehab”) to provide

capital improvement funding to affordable housing developments, such as the

Hanover, First Valley, and Hershey projects, for rehabilitative weatherization

improvements. On July 23, 2010, PHFA issued a letter of intent conditionally

committing Smart Rehab funding to the Hanover project that both Slomowitz

and Kessler accepted on July 27, 2010. PHFA also approved funding for the

First Valley project. PHFA set March 1, 2011 as the deadline for closing on

the Smart Rehab funding and notified the partnerships that closing was time-

sensitive. Slomowitz notified Kessler that he wanted to close on the funding.

Kessler advised PHFA that he was not satisfied with PHFA’s design, planning,

or procedures for the funding projects.    PHFA advised Kessler that it had

approved everything and that the partnerships would lose the funding if

Kessler did not agree.

     On February 9, 2011, Slomowitz threatened to commence legal action

against Kessler unless Kessler acquiesced in Slomowitz’s position on Smart

Rehab.   On February 22, 2011, Kessler agreed for Slomowitz to assume

responsibility for closing on the funding, but at the same time, Kessler

repeated his concerns about the funding.      Slomowitz thereupon assumed

responsibility for closing on the Smart Rehab funding, retained counsel to

advise him in his capacity as general partner, and utilized the administrative
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services of the property manager and his staff for added oversight.          In

response, Kessler demanded that Slomowitz retain another attorney with

respect to the funding and complained to PHFA about Slomowitz’s legal

representation.   Kessler also claimed that Slomowitz had no unilateral

authority beyond personally signing Smart Rehab funding documents and that

Slomowitz could not delegate responsibilities relating to Smart Rehab funding

without first obtaining Kessler’s consent.

      On March 16, 2011, Slomowitz commenced the present action seeking

declaratory and injunctive relief relating to his authority and rights in

connection with the business of the limited partnerships and his activities as

a general partner.   Subsequently, on August 5, 2011, Slomowitz filed an

amended complaint whose prayer for relief included a request for a declaration

that he, as general partner of each of the three partnerships, (a) was

authorized to take all steps necessary to close on the Smart Rehab program

funding without Kessler’s consent, (b) was authorized to retain legal counsel

in his capacity as general partner in each of the partnerships without obtaining

Kessler’s consent, (c) was authorized to delegate his responsibilities without

Kessler’s concurrence, (d) was authorized to act on behalf of the partnerships

without the concurrence of Kessler, and (e) was entitled to reimbursement of

all costs and expenses in connection with the business of the partnerships,

including attorneys’ fees. In addition, Slomowitz requested an order enjoining

Kessler from interfering with his actions on behalf of the partnerships,
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together with an award of attorneys’ fees and costs to the extent allowable by

law. Amended Complaint, Prayer for Relief, at 31-32.

      On October 11, 2011, Kessler filed an amended answer, new matter,

and counterclaims to the amended complaint. The counterclaims pled breach

of fiduciary duty, breach of duty of good faith and fair dealing, and tortious

interference with existing and prospective business relations, and sought

declaratory relief. In his claim for breach of fiduciary duty, Kessler asserted

that each of the partnership agreements required Slomowitz to exercise his

responsibilities in a fiduciary capacity, and that Slomowitz breached his duty

by making partnership decisions without ever speaking to Kessler. He further

alleged that Slomowitz breached his fiduciary duties on the closing of the

Smart Rehab and bond funding projects by failing to properly investigate and

examine those projects resulting in unspecified damages to Kessler. Amended

Answer, Counterclaim, Count I. In his claim for breach of good faith and fair

dealing, Kessler alleged that Slomowitz had a duty to act with good faith and

fair dealing in his relationship with the partnerships and that he breached

those duties by failing to communicate with Kessler regarding partnership

matters, by utterly disregarding Kessler’s numerous communications and

failing to meet with him, and by excluding him from partnership matters. Id.

at Count II. In his claim for tortious interference with existing and prospective

business relations, Kessler alleged that he had substantial experience as an

architect, developer, and construction manager of Section 8 program projects,
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and that the actions of Slomowitz and his agents to portray Kessler as an

obstructionist impaired Kessler’s relationships with program parties, making

them reluctant to conduct business with Kessler. Id. at Count III. In his claim

for declaratory relief, Kessler alleged that the partnership agreements3 do not

provide for resolution of disputes or differences or disagreements between the

general partners, and that there was clear disagreement and deadlock

between them regarding operation of the properties. Kessler therefore sought

a declaration that because of the deadlock, Slomowitz, in his capacity as

general partner in each of the partnerships, could not, without the consultation

or concurrence of Kessler, (a) take steps on behalf of the partnerships, (b)

utilize counsel of his choice, (c) delegate responsibilities pertaining to the

partnerships, and (d) otherwise act on behalf of the partnerships. Id. at 43-

44. In addition, Kessler sought an order enjoining Slomowitz from unilaterally

taking any partnership action without Kessler’s consultation or concurrence

and enjoining Slomowitz’s law firm from acting on behalf of the partnerships

pending resolution of the complaints, together with an award of attorneys’

fees and costs as allowed by law. Id. at p. 44.

       While the litigation was pending, between 2014 and 2016, Slomowitz,

with the permission of the required number of limited partners and without

____________________________________________

3 For convenience, references herein to the “partnership agreements” or
“agreements” are to the three limited partnership agreements for Hershey,
Hanover, and First Valley.
                                    8
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Kessler’s consent, sold each of the partnerships’ respective buildings. In June

2014, Hershey’s apartment complex sold for $15,250,000.00.4 In July 2015,

Hanover’s apartment complex sold for $12,100,000.00. In February 2016,

First Valley’s apartment complex sold for $16,732,000.00. In accordance with

the limited partnership agreements, Kessler received in excess of $4 million

from the sales of the properties.

       On March 9, 2015, Kessler amended his counterclaims to add claims for

breach of fiduciary duty with respect to the sale of the Hershey property and

the anticipated sale of the Hanover property, a request for an accounting, a

claim for breach of duty of good faith and fair dealing, and a request for

injunctive relief (1) to require that Slomowitz protect the remaining assets of

the Hershey partnership from his unilateral control, (2) to prohibit Slomowitz

from unilaterally closing on the Hanover partnership real estate, and (3) to

prohibit Slomowitz from taking unilateral action with respect to the First Valley

assets. Amended Counterclaims at Counts V-VIII.

       In 2017, this case proceeded to a non-jury trial. As noted above, on

December 31, 2018, the court entered findings of fact, conclusions of law, and

____________________________________________

4 Prior to the Hershey sale, Kessler filed a petition for a special and preliminary
injunction to stop the sale. On February 20, 2014, the trial court dismissed
Kessler’s petition. Kessler appealed to this Court, which dismissed the appeal
on October 14, 2014 because the June 2014 sale rendered the appeal moot.

                                               9
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a decision in favor of Slomowitz on his declaratory judgment action and

against Kessler on his counterclaims.

        In its discussion of applicable law, the court began with general

principles regarding the interpretation and construction of contracts, noting

that a contract’s meaning must be ascertained from its contents alone when

its language is clear and unequivocal. In this regard, the court recognized

that parties have the right to make their own contracts, and it is not up to a

court to rewrite them or to construe them in conflict with the plain meaning

of the language used. Courts use the plain meaning of the contract in order

to determine the mutual intent of contracting parties, and the intent of the

parties to a contract is regarded as being embodied in the writing itself.

Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, at 45-47. The court took notice that

the Pennsylvania Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act (“PRULPA”) was the

law in effect at the time of the creation of the limited partnerships. 5 Citing

now-repealed 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 8533(a) of PRULPA,6 the court held that PRULPA

provided that the rights and powers of the general partner of a limited

partnership are subject to the limited partnership agreement, and that a

written partnership agreement may contain any provision for the regulation

____________________________________________

5 The court also recognized that in 2016, the legislature repealed PRULPA
effective February 21, 2017. Id. at n.4.

6   The trial court noted this provision is now cited as 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 8642.

                                               10
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of the internal affairs of a limited partnership as agreed to by the partners,

whether or not specifically authorized or in contravention of that law.

15 Pa.C.S.A. § 8520(d) (repealed 2016). Id. at 48. The court found that

Section 7.1 of each limited partnership agreement expressly granted to each

of the general partners full, exclusive, and complete right to direct and control

the business of each partnership, and that the general partners shall each

individually   have    the    authority    to   execute   any   checks,   documents,

agreements, or other instruments. Id. at 48-49. The court also found that

Section 7.4 in all three partnership agreements provided for indemnification

of a general partner against any loss, costs or damages incurred by an act

performed by them within the scope of their authority, and that under Section

7.5, general partners are not liable for acting or failing to act within the scope

of their authority conferred under the agreements, except where there is gross

negligence or intentional misrepresentation.7 Id. at 49-50. With respect to

selling all or substantially all partnership assets, the court found that Section

9.1 of the First Valley and Hershey partnership agreements limited this ability

without the written consent of all limited partners, and that the Hanover

agreement prohibited sales without the written consent of 66-2/3 percent in

interest of the limited partners.         Id. at 50.   The court rejected Kessler’s

____________________________________________

7 We observe that in addition, Section 7.5 of the First Valley partnership
agreement also excluded “malfeasance” from this non-liability provision.
                                   11
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argument that Section 9.1 of each agreement governed the more general

provisions of Section 7.1 to preclude Slomowitz from selling all or substantially

all of the partnership’s assets. The court held that the uncontested evidence

of record demonstrated that no written amendments or agreements were ever

made to the agreements and, thus, Slomowitz acted within his powers as

general partner. Id. at 50-51.

      The court ultimately found in favor of Slomowitz on his claim for

declaratory relief, concluding that under the language of each limited

partnership agreement, Slomowitz, as general partner, acting individually or

alone, had full, exclusive, and complete right to direct and control the business

of each of the partnerships. Id. at 52. Of particular relevance was the court’s

conclusion that “the conduct of one General Partners [sic], as un-businesslike

and offensive as it may be, is not relevant to the application and interpretation

of the plain meaning of the contract.       To hold otherwise is to negate final

expression of their intention at the drafting of the contract.” Id. at 53. Based

upon the language of the partnership agreements, the credible testimony of

record and a review of the language of the agreements, the court concluded

that Slomowitz acted within his authority as a general partner and, therefore,

found in his favor on his request for declaratory relief.    Id. at 55. Before

arriving at this conclusion, the court also found that despite Kessler’s repeated

contentions that there was a meeting of the minds that all decisions were to

be jointly implemented, there was no evidence of record that the terms to
                                       12
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work jointly as general partners were ever reduced to writing or signed by the

general partners, as required for any amendment to each of the limited

partnership agreements. Id. at 54-55.

      The court next addressed Kessler’s counterclaims for breach of fiduciary

duties. Consistent with its prior ruling, the court held that “the evidence of

record presented does not support the fact that Slomowitz’s failure to

communicate with Kessler regarding partnership matters, failure to respond,

disregard of emails and correspondence and failure to meet with Kessler are

a breach of fiduciary duty despite the fact that the behavior may have been

repugnant.”    Id. at 55 (emphasis added).         The court emphasized (as

Slomowitz pointed out in this Court) that there was not any evidence of errors

made in the Smart Rehab closing documents or in the procedures utilized for

any of the closings or evidence of additional cost, cost overruns, or other

damages resulting from any action or inaction by Slomowitz. Id. at 56.

      The court rejected Kessler’s argument that under Clement v. Clement,

268 A.2d 728 (Pa. 1970), Slomowitz breached his fiduciary duties to Kessler

by selling all three properties without prior notice or information to Kessler as

to the basis of the sales and selling the properties without his consent. In

particular, Kessler argued that as general partners, Slomowitz and Kessler

were charged under the partnership agreements with determining whether to

seek new financing or to refinance, and to consider all options available to the

limited partners. With respect to the Hershey property, Kessler argued that
                                       13
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Slomowitz withheld information as to the sales agreement for Hershey Plaza.

Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, at 58.           The court found that the

record was replete with unanswered emails and phone calls, canceled

meetings, and a general disrespect between the general partners.                 Id.

Nonetheless, the court rejected Kessler’s arguments that Slomowitz was liable

for breach of fiduciary duty, citing the text in Section 7.5 of the partnership

agreements that a general partner shall not be liable to the partnership or the

limited partners for any acts or failures to act within the scope of his authority,

except    for   acts    of   malfeasance,      gross   negligence,   or   intentional

misrepresentation.8 Id. The court acknowledged that while there were many

issues regarding (1) the closing on the Smart Rehab funds to which Kessler

eventually ceded authority, and (2) the lack of sharing of information in the

sale of the Hershey property, ultimately the limited partners approved the sale

of the Hershey property and it was sold in conjunction with procedures set

forth in the limited partnership agreement. Id. at 58-59.

       The court discussed the sale of the Hershey property in greater detail

than the sale of the other properties. Kessler argued that a refinancing of

Hershey would have reaped a higher profit. Id. at 59. There was no doubt

that Slomowitz already had a buyer and sales agreement completed when he

____________________________________________

8 The court’s reference this time to Section 7.5 included the more inclusive
language of “malfeasance” from the First Valley partnership agreement.
                                      14
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was discussing refinancing options with Kessler, and despite multiple

opportunities, Slomowitz did not provide this information to Kessler. Id.

Kessler also argued that Slomowitz engaged in discussions with Linda

Rosenthal, the widow of former Hershey general partner John Rosenthal,

regarding the Hershey sale. All monies received from the sale of the Hershey,

First Valley, and Hanover property interests would go to the John B. Rosenthal

Foundation that provides services to the poor and needy. Id. at 20, ¶ 85

(citing N.T., at 363).

      The court found that Linda Rosenthal contacted Slomowitz in a phone

conversation after learning of the Hershey sale from Kessler. Id. at 20, ¶ 86

(citing N.T., at 364). During this conversation, she was advised there was a

sales agreement and that the property had been on the market for a while.

Id. She asked that the agreement of sale be sent to her the next day. Id.

She did not tell Slomowitz she was in full support of the sale of the Hershey

property during their telephone conversation, but she did tell him the estate

would not be averse to a sale. Id. at 20-21, ¶ 87 (citing N.T., at 365, 372–

73). Slomowitz did not tell her about a possible refinancing of Hershey Plaza.

Id. at 21, ¶ 88 (citing N.T., at 365).

      Linda further testified to an email dated February 13, 2014 to Slomowitz

in which she indicated the estate could not make an informed judgment as to

the sale without knowing all the facts, and further attested that the estate was

not averse to a sale providing the sales price was consistent with a current
                                         15
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appraisal. Id. at 21, ¶ 89, (citing N.T., at 368, 370–71, Trial Exhibits T-192,

T-330). In response to this email, Slomowitz’s attorney contacted Lee Kozol,

a Hershey limited partner, and advised him that Linda was in favor of the sale.

Id. at 59. Counsel never directly spoke to Linda. Id. Neither Linda nor John

Rosenthal’s estate was a limited partner9 in any of the three partnerships

whose consent would have been required for any sale. Id. at 60. Lee Kozol

testified that Linda Rosenthal’s position on the sale of Hershey was important

to him. Id. The court found that Lee Kozol relied on the representations that

all parties were in agreement to the sale and that Linda Rosenthal’s support

of the sale was significant in his decision to sell the property. Id. at 23, ¶ 101

(citing N.T., at 381-83). Kozol’s brother Joel was very ill and wanted the sale

to occur as soon as possible. Lee Kozol, however, never directly contacted

Linda regarding her position on the sale of Hershey and did not learn of a

request for an appraisal of the property until after the sale. Id. at 24, ¶ 111

(citing N.T., at 399-400). As for Joel Kozol’s consent, the court found that

while there was no evidence that Joel provided written consent, all parties

accepted Lee’s representations that he was authorized to act on behalf of his

brother while he was gravely ill. Id. at 59-61. Finally, in rejecting Kessler’s

fiduciary duty claims, the court held that Kessler acknowledged there was no

____________________________________________

9  Rosenthal’s estate succeeded as a general partner to his partnership
interests, but was not a limited partner whose consent had to be secured by
Slomowitz before selling any of the properties.
                                      16
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written provision requiring a general partner to seek approval of another

general partner before acting on behalf of a partnership, and that the

agreements did not prohibit Slomowitz from acting on behalf of a partnership.

Id. at 61. Nor did any of the agreements provide that mutual consent must

exist between general partners. Id.

      The court did not discuss Kessler’s damages claim for breach of fiduciary

duties because it found no breach by Slomowitz. Id. at 63. Kessler claimed

that he incurred over $1.2 million in taxes, which he would not otherwise have

paid and which could have been avoided had Slomowitz refinanced the

properties instead of selling them. Appellant’s Brief at.33, n.17. In addition,

a refinancing also would have provided Kessler’s future estate with a stepped-

up basis. Id. Kessler points to the trial testimony of Lee Kozol, ignored by

the trial court, with respect to the difference between a sale and a refinancing,

wherein Kozol testified he understood a refinancing would bring their money

tax-free, and that if the net bottom line to him and his brother would have

been the same with them retaining their interest in the property, that would

have been an attractive situation to him. N.T., at 383-84.

      The trial court dismissed the remainder of Kessler’s counterclaims. The

court denied Kessler’s claim for breach of duty of good faith and fair dealing

under our Supreme Court’s decision in Hanaway v. Parkesburg Group, LP,

168 A.3d 146 (Pa. 2017), which held that an implied covenant of good faith

and fair dealing will not be implied in a limited partnership agreement created
                                       17
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under PURLPA. Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, at 63. The court

dismissed Kessler’s request for an accounting regarding the sale of the three

properties based upon the dismissal of his breach of fiduciary duty and breach

of duty of good faith and fair dealing claims, and the fact that he received all

closing and sales documents and three separate checks as proceeds from

these sales. Id. Likewise, based upon dismissal of the fiduciary duty and

breach of good faith and fair dealing claims, the court dismissed Kessler’s

claims for declaratory and injunctive relief that requested Slomowitz be

enjoined from exercising unilateral control of the properties and disposing of

their assets, plus cost of suit and attorneys’ fees. Id. at 65.

      Kessler filed timely post-trial motions seeking vacatur of the decision in

favor of Slomowitz and an award of compensatory and punitive damages on

his counterclaims. In response, and in accordance with the prayer for relief

in his amended complaint, Slomowitz requested an award of attorneys’ fees.

On June 25, 2019, the court denied Kessler’s post-trial motions and scheduled

a hearing on Slomowitz’s request for attorneys’ fees.       On June 26, 2019,

Kessler filed an application for determination of finality under Pa.R.A.P.

341(c). On July 24, 2019, the trial court entered an order declaring the June

25, 2019 order final for purposes of appeal—to the extent it denied Kessler’s

post-trial motions—but staying Slomowitz’s motion for attorney fees pending

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the outcome of this appeal.10         On July 25, 2019, Kessler filed a notice of

appeal. Both Kessler and the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

II.    Questions Presented

       Kessler raises the following issues for review in this appeal, which we

reorder, condense, and restate for the sake of convenience:

       1. Whether the     trial court committed legal error in holding that
       Slomowitz did      not violate his common law and contractual
       fiduciary duties   toward his fellow general partner, Kessler, even
       when the court     found Slomowitz’s conduct “un-businesslike and
       offensive.”

       2. Whether the trial court committed legal error by refusing to
       enforce a certain undisputed verbal agreement between
       [Slomowitz] and [Kessler], whether as a matter of contract or
       justifiable reliance, that neither would sell or refinance the
       properties at issue without the consent of the other, or to consider
       such evidence as part of [Slomowitz’s] breach of fiduciary duty.

       3. Whether the trial court committed legal error by failing to find
       that the requisite consents of all limited partners to the
       transactions were not obtained, or in some instances procured by
       misrepresentations to the limited partners.

       4. Whether the trial court erred by failing to require Slomowitz to
       provide to Kessler an accounting under 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 8333 or to
       provide partnership-related information, despite evidence that
       Slomowitz maintains bank accounts containing certain residual
       undistributed partnership monies and refuses to permit Kessler to
       have access to those accounts, or to know where they are located.

____________________________________________

10 Slomowitz sought an award of attorney fees as a part of his claims for
declaratory relief. Although the trial court did not resolve all claims for
declaratory relief, as stated, the trial court amended its order pursuant to
Pa.R.A.P. 341(c) to perfect jurisdiction in this Court to hear the present
appeal.
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      5. Whether the trial court committed legal error by refusing to
      hold that [Kessler], a defendant in [Slomowitz’s] declaratory
      judgment action, was entitled to contractual indemnity for legal
      fees not tethered to any prevailing party concept under the written
      partnership agreements.

      6. Whether the trial court committed legal error by rejecting all of
      [Kessler’s] underlying claims and therefore erroneously refusing
      to award [Kessler] any compensatory (actual or nominal) or
      punitive damages.

      7. Whether the trial court committed legal error in determining
      the case such that [Slomowitz] has declared himself the prevailing
      party seeking over $600,000 in attorneys’ fees, when a correct
      decision on the merits and under applicable law is and should be
      that [Kessler] is the prevailing party.

Appellant’s Brief at 4-7.

      In cases arising from non-jury trial verdicts, our role

         is to determine whether the findings of the trial court are
         supported by competent evidence and whether the trial court
         committed error in any application of the law. The findings of
         fact of the trial judge must be given the same weight and effect
         on appeal as the verdict of a jury. We consider the evidence
         in a light most favorable to the verdict winner. We will reverse
         the trial court only if its findings of fact are not supported by
         competent evidence in the record or if its findings are premised
         on an error of law. However, [where] the issue . . . concerns
         a question of law, our scope of review is plenary.

         The trial court’s conclusions of law on appeal originating from
         a non-jury trial are not binding on an appellate court because
         it is the appellate court’s duty to determine if the trial court
         correctly applied the law to the facts of the case.

Stephan v. Waldron Electric Heating and Cooling, LLC, 100 A.3d 660,

664-65 (Pa. Super. 2014).

III. Analysis
                       1. The Fiduciary Duty Claims
                                      20
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       In the first question presented, Kessler argues that the trial court erred

in denying his claim for declaratory judgment because the evidence of

Slomowitz’s “abhorrent” behavior was overwhelming (Kessler’s Brief at 19-

37), and as a result, Slomowitz violated his common law and contractual

fiduciary duties to his fellow general partner, Kessler (id. at 37-49).       In

particular, Kessler contends that Slomowitz breached Section 7.1 of each

agreement by violating his contractual duty to “exercise [his] responsibilities

in a fiduciary capacity.”

       Section 7.1 of all three partnership agreements addresses the powers

of general partners. That section provides:

              7.1 Action by General Partners

       The General Partners[11], acting individually[12], shall have
       the authority to make all Partnership decisions and to
       implement all such decisions by the execution of
       documents or instruments or by any other action. No person
       dealing with any General Partner shall be required to determine
       its authority or make any commitment or undertaking on behalf
       of the Partnership, nor to determine any fact or circumstance
       bearing upon the existence of its authority. In addition, no
       person, including but not limited to any purchasers of any property
       or interests owned by the Partnership, shall be required to
____________________________________________

11 Section 7.1 of the First Valley partnership agreement refers to the “General
Partner” to reflect the fact that First Valley’s General Partner was an entity,
Clarmark Associates, a New York joint venture between (1) Slomowitz and (2)
Claridge Properties, a partnership consisting of Rosenthal and Kessler.

12 The First Valley partnership agreement refers to “alone.” We discern no
difference between the use of the terms “individually” and “alone” for purposes
of the present discussion.
                                      21
J-A03043-20

        determine the sole and exclusive authority of any General Partner
        to sign and deliver on behalf of the Partnership any document or
        instrument, including but not limited to an instrument of transfer
        of any such property or interest.

        Except as specifically limited herein, each of the General
        Partners shall have the full, exclusive, and complete right
        to direct and control the business of the Partnership. The
        General Partners or their designees shall each individually have
        the authority to execute any checks, documents, agreements or
        other instruments.

           (a) Except as may be inconsistent with the provisions of
           this Agreement, as it may be amended from time to time,
           the General Partners shall promptly take any and all actions
           which may be necessary or appropriate and which are in its
           power to take, to perfect and maintain the Partnership as a
           limited partnership under state law, which will be taxable as
           such by the Federal, State and local governments, and to
           develop, maintain, and operate the Project in accordance
           with the provisions of this Agreement, the Regulatory
           Agreement and applicable Federal, State and local laws and
           regulations.

           (b) The General Partners shall at all times exercise
           their[13] responsibilities in a fiduciary capacity, and in
           a manner consistent with the provisions of the Regulatory
           Agreement.

           (c)      The General Partners agree that they shall do
           all acts, make all elections and take whatever steps
           are required in the opinion of the Partnership’s
           accountants, to maximize the federal, State and local
           income tax advantages available to the Partnership,
           provided that such acts, elections and steps are not
           inconsistent with subparagraph (b) above and are
           within the power of the General Partners to take or
           make.

____________________________________________

13   The First Valley partnership agreement refers to “its.”
                                        22
J-A03043-20

(Emphasis added.)

      We begin with several important observations on the effect of this

provision. First, it unequivocally provides that the general partners shall have

the authority to make all partnership decisions and implement those by

execution of documents or instruments or by any other action. Second, it

provides that general partners shall have full, exclusive, and complete right

to direct and control the business of the partnership. Third, and critically,

Section 7.1(b) provides that general partners shall at all times exercise their

responsibilities   in   a   “fiduciary   capacity.”   In   furtherance   of   this

responsibility, Section 7.1(c) provides that general partners shall do all acts

and take whatever steps are required to maximize federal, state, and local

income tax advantages available to the partnership. In combination, these

provisions give broad and unfettered authority to general partners to conduct

the business of the partnership, but at all times, the general partners must do

so in a fiduciary capacity keeping in mind the partnership’s objective to

maximize tax advantages to the partnership.

      The limited partnership agreements do not define the term “fiduciary

capacity,” the standard under which a general partner’s conduct must be

measured under the limited partnership agreements. We therefore look to

applicable law.

      The current law governing Pennsylvania limited partnerships, the

Pennsylvania Uniform Limited Partnership Act of 2016 (“PULPA”), 15 Pa.C.S.A.
                                         23
J-A03043-20

§ 8611 et. seq., applies to all limited partnerships on and after April 1, 2017.

15 Pa.C.S.A. § 8611(c). The limited partnership agreements in this case were

created between 1975 and 1978, and all claims asserted by Slomowitz and

Kessler relate to events that occurred after Rosenthal’s death in 2008 through

and including the sale of the last property in February 2016. Consequently,

PULPA is not the relevant statute governing the competing claims in this case.

Rather, the Pennsylvania Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act (“PRULPA”),

15 Pa.C.S.A. § 8501 et. seq. (repealed), the act in effect at the time these

claims accrued, is the governing statute. This is so because when substantive

rights are involved, the applicable law is that which is in effect at the time the

cause of action arises. See Stroback v. Camaioni, 674 A.2d 257 (Pa. Super.

1996) (July 1990 amendments to Motor Vehicle Financial Responsibility Law

not applicable to motor vehicle accident that occurred in March 1990). This is

consistent with the rule of statutory construction that no statute shall be

construed to be retroactive unless clearly and manifestly so intended by the

General Assembly. 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1926.

      PRULPA does not define the term “fiduciary capacity” or address the

fiduciary duties of general partners in a limited partnership. This does not

mean that fiduciary duties did not exist under PRULPA, but discerning those

duties involves a certain amount of statutory gymnastics.

      Section 8533(b) of PRULPA provides that a general partner of a limited

partnership has the liabilities of a partner in a partnership without limited
                                       24
J-A03043-20

partners to the partnership and to the other partners. 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 8533(b)

(repealed). For present purposes, this is a roundabout way of saying that the

liabilities of a general partner in a limited partnership are to be treated in the

same manner as the liabilities of a partner in a partnership. Complementing

this provision is Section 8504 of PRUPLA, which states that in any case not

provided for in Chapter 85 (relating to limited partnerships), the provisions of,

inter alia, Chapter 83 (relating to partnerships) govern. 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 8504

(repealed). Thus, we examine partnership law in effect at the relevant times

hereto to determine the fiduciary duties of general partners under a limited

partnership agreement.

       From 1988 to February 21, 2017, Pennsylvania’s statutory law

governing partnerships was the Uniform Partnership Act (“UPA”), 15 Pa.C.S.A.

§ 8301, et. seq., (now repealed).14             UPA’s only provision that mentions a

fiduciary duty of a partner is Section 8334, entitled “Partner accountable as

fiduciary.” Section 8334 provides, inter alia, that a partner must account to

the partnership for any benefit and hold as trustee for it any profits derived

by him without the consent of the other partners.           Nothing in this provision

indicates that this is meant to define the sole and exclusive fiduciary duty

____________________________________________

14 The UPA is essentially a reenactment of prior acts that were in effect from
1915 to 1988. See Partnership Act of March 26, 1915, P.L. 18; Act of
December 19, 1975, P.L. 524; see also Canter’s Pharmacy, Inc. v.
Elizabeth Associates, 578 A.2d 1326, 1329 n.3 (Pa. Super. 1990).

                                               25
J-A03043-20

owed by a partner to a partnership. To the contrary, the UPA also provides

that the law of “agency” shall apply to its provisions, 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 8504

(repealed), and that every partner is considered an agent of the partnership

for the purpose of its business. 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 8321(a) (repealed). An agency

relationship is a fiduciary one. Sutliff v. Sutliff, 528 A. 2d 1318 (Pa. 1987).

A fiduciary duty is the highest duty implied by law and exists in legal

relationships requiring trust and confidence. Retina Associates of Greater

Philadelphia, Ltd. V. Retinovitreous Associates, Ltd., 176 A.3d 263 (Pa.

Super. 2017).

        Agency law, as applied to partnerships, first appeared in Pennsylvania

statutory law when our General Assembly adopted in 191515 the Uniform

Partnership     Act   approved      in   1914       by   the   National   Conference   of

Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (the “1914 Uniform Law”). 6 U.L.A.

275 (2001). See also Historical and Statutory Notes to 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 8321

(repealed). From 1915 to the present, the incorporation of agency law into

Pennsylvania’s statutory law on partnerships and limited partnerships has had

a long and unbroken history. See Section 8431 of the Pennsylvania Uniform

Partnership Act of 2016 (“PUPA”), 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 8431 (each partner is an

agent of the partnership for the purpose of its business) and Section 8642 of

____________________________________________

15   The Act of 1915, March 26, P.L. 18.

                                               26
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PRULPA, 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 8642 (general partner as agent of a limited

partnership). This express incorporation of agency law into partnership law

recognizes that at common law, a general partner was considered an agent of

the partnership.16 See Committee Comment-2016, Subdivision (a) to Section

8642. This history also informs us as to the fiduciary duties of partners.

       In 1915, when the 1914 Uniform Law was adopted, the common law

fiduciary duties of agents to their principals already was well developed.17

Those duties included (a) a duty of loyalty, (b) a duty of care, (c) a duty to

act in good faith and fair dealing, and (d) a duty to disclose material

information.18     As one commentator has observed, “The law of agency

____________________________________________

16  The term “agent” has a settled meaning under common law: an agent is a
fiduciary of the principal and thus has a duty of loyalty to act only for the
principal’s benefit and with the utmost good faith. See Sutliff, 528 A.2d at
1323 (“An agency relationship is a fiduciary one, and the agent is subject to
a duty of loyalty to act only for the principal’s benefit”); Garbish v. Malvern
Federal Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 517 A.2d 547, 553-54 (Pa. Super. 1987)
(“Under Pennsylvania law, the duty of an agent to his principal is one of loyalty
in all matters affecting the subject of his agency, and the agent must act with
the utmost good faith in the furtherance and advancement of the interests of
his principal. . . . This duty is the same as that of a fiduciary which has been
described as the duty to act for the benefit of another as to matters within the
scope of the relation”).

17See Mark J. Loewenstein, Fiduciary Duties and Unincorporated Business
Entities: In Defense of the Manifestly Unreasonable Standard, 41 Tulsa L. Rev.
411 (2013).

18 Id. at 417. See also Restatement (Second) Agency, § 13 (agent is a
fiduciary), § 379 (duty of care and skill), § 381 (duty to give information),
§ 387 (duty of loyalty), § 390 (acting as adverse party, duty of fair dealing).
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

                                               27
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contains an elaborate treatment of fiduciary duties based upon the trust a

principal places in its agent, who acts on the principal’s behalf.”19 In fact, the

Restatement (Second) of Agency devotes over twenty sections to the topic

that covers more than eighty pages with numerous illustrations of the fiduciary

principle at work.20

           Against this early background of applying agency principles to

partnerships is the bellwether 1928 case of Meinhard v. Salmon, 249 N.Y.

458, 164 N.E. 545 (N.Y. 1928).             In that case, the two individuals that

comprised a joint venture, Meinhard and Salmon, executed a twenty-year

lease for a New York City property to convert it from a hotel to shops and

offices. It was agreed that the two were co-adventurers subject to fiduciary

duties akin to those of partners. Near the expiration of the leasehold, Salmon

learned that the owner of the reversion interest in the property, who also

owned adjoining properties, had plans to lease the entire tract for a long term

____________________________________________

The fiduciary duty to act in good faith and fair dealing should not be confused
with the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing in contracts. See
Restatement (Second) of Contracts, § 205; Hanaway v. Parkesburg Group,
LP, 132 A.3d 461, 472-73 (Pa. Super. 2015), rev’d on other grounds, 168
A.3d 146 (Pa. 2017); Ash v. Continental Ins. Co., 932 A.2d 877 (Pa. 2007)
(explaining difference between contractual duty of good faith and fair dealing
and breach of fiduciary duty in tort under insurance bad faith claims).

19J. Dennis Hynes, Freedom of Contract, Fiduciary Duties, and Partnerships:
The Bargain Principle and the Law of Agency, 54 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 439,
445 (1997).

20   Id.
                                               28
J-A03043-20

to someone who would destroy the buildings then existing and erect another

in their place. The owner approached Salmon, and a new lease for the entire

tract was executed with the Midpoint Realty Company, which was owned and

controlled by Salmon. This opportunity was not disclosed to Meinhard, who

first learned of it after the new lease was an accomplished fact. Salmon would

not have been privy to this new opportunity but for his involvement in the

joint venture with Meinhard.    Meinhard sued for breach of the joint venture

agreement, and the trial court held that under the joint venture agreement,

Salmon held the leasehold as a fiduciary for another. Under these facts, the

court charged him with a duty of unselfish and undivided loyalty and

disclosure.   In affirming judgment in favor of Meinhard, then-Chief Justice

Cardozo of the New York State Court of Appeals provided one of the most oft-

cited descriptions embodying the essential nature of the fiduciary relationship

between partners:

      Joint adventurers, like copartners, owe to one another, while the
      enterprise continues, the duty of the finest loyalty. Many forms
      of conduct permissible in a workaday world for those acting at
      arm’s length, are forbidden to those bound by fiduciary ties. A
      trustee is held to something stricter than the morals of the
      marketplace. Not honesty alone, but the punctilio of an
      honor the most sensitive, is then the standard of behavior.
      As to this there has developed a tradition that is unbending and
      inveterate. Uncompromising rigidity has been the attitude of
      courts of equity when petitioned to undermine the rule of
      undivided loyalty by the ‘disintegrating erosion’ of particular
      exceptions. * * * Only thus has the level of conduct for fiduciaries
      been kept at a level higher than that trodden by the crowd. It will
      not consciously be lowered by any judgment of this court.

                                      29
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Id. at 249 N.Y. at 463-464, 164 N.E. at 546 (emphasis added).              This

description has been followed and cited by our own Supreme Court, see

Clement, supra, and is a reflection of the continued vitality of that statement

and the high standard of conduct underlying the fiduciary duties partners owe

each to the other. Notably, Cardozo’s description of a fiduciary relationship in

Meinhard did not rest upon any statutory or contractual provision but appears

to be grounded in the relationship of trust between partners. This description

of the essence of a fiduciary relationship remains the benchmark against which

the fiduciary duties of partners are to be measured; the duty of the finest

loyalty, the punctilio of honor the most sensitive. This description sets the

tenor of the fiduciary duties of partners to one another when examining

whether conduct comports with a fiduciary standard, the highest duty implied

in law. Retina, supra.

      As previously noted, Section 7.1 to the limited partnership agreements

provides that the general partner(s) shall act in a “fiduciary capacity,” and in

particular, shall act consistent with this standard to maximize the federal,

State, and local tax advantages to the partnership. Contractually imposing a

fiduciary standard upon the obligation to maximize tax advantages under the

Hershey, Hanover, and First Valley partnership agreements, was permissible

under PRULPA.     PRULPA provides for freedom of contract to allow for a

partnership agreement to contain any provision for the regulation of the

                                      30
J-A03043-20

internal affairs of the limited partnership. 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 8520(d) (repealed).

Section 7.1 is one such example.21

       As applied to the present case, our analysis of pertinent authorities

establishes that the fiduciary duties of the general partners under the three

limited partnership agreements are a combination of duties (1) statutorily

provided for under PRULPA, (2) contractually defined or limited by the parties

under the agreements, and (3) existing at common law by application of

agency principles, i.e., the duty of loyalty, care, good faith and fair dealing,

and the duty to disclose.22

____________________________________________

21  The freedom to contract to regulate the internal affairs of a limited
partnership has been carried forth in today’s PULPA. PULPA is more detailed
in addressing the ability of partners to contractually provide for or restrict in
a limited partnership agreement the scope of a partner’s duties, with some
exceptions. See 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 8615. This reflects a current trend to permit
parties greater freedom to contractually alter the duties of partners in their
limited partnership agreements. To this end, while Section 8615(c) of PULPA,
provides that a limited partnership agreement may not eliminate the duty of
loyalty or care, or vary the contractual obligation of good faith and fair dealing,
15 Pa.C.S.A. §8615(c), the agreement may alter the duty of loyalty or care,
or alter or eliminate any other fiduciary duty, if not “manifestly unreasonable.”
15 Pa. C.S.A. § 8615(d)(3). Nonetheless, while current law reflects greater
freedom of contract to alter a general partner’s duties, current law still
provides for the application of agency principles to the performance of a
partner’s activities and affairs on behalf of a limited partnership. 15 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 8642. The history of our partnership statutes does not reflect a narrowing
of a partner’s fiduciary duties, but rather the preservation of them subject to
contractual modification.

22 In defining standards of conduct for general partners in a limited
partnership, PULPA, for the first time, expressly treats only the duty of loyalty
as a fiduciary duty, separately identifies the duty of care, and refers to the
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

                                               31
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       Accordingly, to examine Kessler’s breach of fiduciary duty claims we first

look to the limited partnership agreements.         Section 7.1 of the Hershey,

Hanover, and First Valley limited partnership agreements contractually impose

a fiduciary standard upon the general partners to do all acts and take whatever

steps are required consistent with that standard to maximize tax advantages

to the partnership. By incorporation of agency law under PRULPA, as made

applicable to the agreements, a general partner under any of the three

agreements is obligated to conduct his actions consistent with the duties of

loyalty and care, to act in good faith and fair dealing23 with co-partners, and

____________________________________________

duty of good faith and fair dealing as a contractual obligation. 15 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 8649. Comments to Section 8649 explain that not referring to the duty of
care as a fiduciary duty is mere semantics and not a change in existing law,
but was done so because the duty of care applies as well to many non-fiduciary
situations. See Committee Comment-2016 to Section 8649, Subsection (c).
As for the obligation of good faith and fair dealing, the comments emphatically
state that the obligation is a contractual duty, not a fiduciary duty, and is
meant to protect the arrangement the general partners have chosen for
themselves. Id. at Subdivision (d). It is beyond the purview of this opinion
to explore the reconciliation between these provisions and PULPA’s continued
incorporation of agency law as that applies to a general partner of a limited
partnership.

23 We are cognizant of our Supreme Court’s decision in Hanaway, supra, that
held an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing will not be implied in a
limited partnership agreement created under PURLPA. We do not view our
conclusion that a duty of good faith and fair dealing has been recognized as a
fiduciary duty of partners under common law agency principles as inconsistent
with Hanaway. Hanaway dealt only with the issue of whether there was an
implied contractual covenant of good faith and fair dealing in that limited
partnership agreement. It did not address that obligation as a fiduciary duty,
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

                                               32
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to disclose to co-partners information material to the conduct of the

partnership’s business.        As co-partners, these are fiduciary duties that

Slomowitz and Kessler owe to one another.24

       The trial court, in dismissing Kessler’s fiduciary duty claims and granting

judgment in Slomowitz’s favor, focused almost exclusively on those parts of

Section 7.1 of the partnership agreements granting a general partner the

authority to make all partnership decisions, to execute all documents and

instruments to implement those decisions, and the right to have the full,

exclusive, and complete right to directly control the business of the

partnership. See Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, at 52-53. The

court, however, ignored and provided no discussion regarding how a general

partner’s fiduciary duties may affect actions to be performed on behalf of the

____________________________________________

since the statute of limitations on breach of fiduciary duty had expired in that
case.

24 We recognize that under the First Valley limited partnership agreement, the
general partners were Clarmark Associates, a New York joint venture between
Slomowitz and Claridge properties—a partnership consisting of Rosenthal and
Kessler. For sake of convenience, we refer to Slomowitz and Kessler as co-
partners in First Valley, since joint venturers are considered the same as
general partners when considering the fiduciary duties owed one to the other.
Clement, 260 A.2d at 729 (citing Meinhard). We do so without offering any
opinion on the status of the Claridge properties partnership between Rosenthal
and Kessler, because at all relevant times hereto, Rosenthal already was
deceased. We have proceeded on the assumption that Kessler was the
surviving and sole general partner of Claridge as the parties and court seem
to have done. We likewise offer no opinion on New York law as that may affect
the status of that partnership or on the Claridge properties partnership
agreement itself, since the matter of that document is not before this Court.
                                       33
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partnership. Instead, the court held that the conduct of a general partner, as

un-businesslike and offensive as it may be, was not relevant to the application

and interpretation of the plain meaning of the partnership contract. Id. at 53.

This was error, since the performance of any actions by a general partner

under the partnership agreements is to be performed in a “fiduciary capacity,”

and, in particular, with a goal to maximize tax advantages.          Acting in a

fiduciary capacity required Slomowitz to act, inter alia, loyally, with care, with

good faith and fair dealing, and to disclose material information to co-partners.

Not honesty alone was satisfactory; Slomowitz had the duty to act with the

punctilio of an honor the most sensitive as the standard of behavior. Clement

(citing Meinhard).     The court’s finding that Slomowitz acted in an un-

businesslike and offensive manner, and that he ignored and did not

communicate with Kessler on the sale of the properties cannot be reconciled

with the fiduciary duties Slomowitz owed Kessler as a co-general partner

under the partnership agreements.

      Accepting the trial court’s findings of fact supported by competent

evidence and considering the evidence in a light most favorable to the verdict

winner Slomowitz, we nonetheless conclude that Slomowitz breached the

fiduciary duties he owed to Kessler as a co-partner in each of the three limited

partnerships.

      A. The Hershey Sale

                                       34
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      In 2013, following Slomowitz’s commencement of this case and

Kessler’s initial answer and counterclaims, PHFA developed a $9.5 million

refinancing proposal for Hershey that included $1 million for property repairs

and reduced interest from a fixed rate of 8.78% to a fixed rate of 3.95%.

Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, at 19, ¶ 73. Brian Shull of PHFA

presented   the   refinancing   in   separate   meetings   with   Kessler,   who

enthusiastically approved the idea. In July 2013, Kessler telephoned

Slomowitz to recommend refinancing, and Slomowitz told Kessler, “I’ll get

back to you.” Id. at 19, ¶¶ 78-79 (citing N.T., at 133, 315; exhibit T-163).

This was misleading; Slomowitz actually had been shopping the Hershey

building for sale and already had obtained a signed sales agreement for the

Hershey building in June 2013. Id. at 19, ¶ 77. Despite multiple opportunities

to do so, Slomowitz did not provide this information to Kessler.      Id. at 59.

This deception by Slomowitz alone was a breach of his fiduciary duties of

loyalty, good faith and fair dealing, and the duty to provide full disclosure of

material facts to Kessler.      This breach further was exacerbated when

Slomowitz, heeding the advice of Urban Properties, a limited partner, did not

share this information with Kessler because he felt Kessler would attempt to

stop the sale. Id. at 20, ¶ 82. Slomowitz, as a general partner, owed a duty

to Kessler, his co-general partner, to discuss and disclose candidly and in a

timely manner the details of the sale and to consider Kessler’s concerns.

                                       35
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      Rosenthal was a general partner in all three limited partnerships. Upon

his death, his estate was entitled to the value of his interests in those

partnerships.   See 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 8364 (repealed).          His widow, Linda

Rosenthal, was the executrix of his estate.     Id. at 20, ¶ 84.    All monies

received from the sale of the three partnership properties to be paid to

Rosenthal’s estate were to go to the John B. Rosenthal Foundation that

provides services to the poor and needy. Id. at 20, ¶ 85. Linda testified she

contacted Slomowitz after learning of the Hershey sale from Kessler. Id. at

20, ¶ 86. During that telephone conversation she was advised there was a

sales agreement and that the property had been on the market for a while.

Id. She asked that the agreement of sale be sent to her the next day. Id.

She testified she did not tell Slomowitz she was in full support of the sale

during their conversation on January 30, 2014, but did tell him the estate

would not be averse to a sale. Id. at 20-21, ¶ 87. During that telephone

conversation, however, she was not made aware of possible refinancing of the

Hershey property. Id. at 21, ¶ 88. She further testified to a February 13,

2014 email to Slomowitz wherein she indicated the estate could not make an

informed judgment as to the sale without knowing all facts and that the estate

was not averse to a sale providing the sales price was consistent with a current

appraisal. Id. at 21, ¶ 89. There is no indication in the record that Slomowitz

ever requested or received a current appraisal of the property.

                                      36
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      Lee and Joel Kozol were limited partners in Hershey. Slomowitz, as a

general partner, could not sell the Hershey property without the consent of all

the Hershey limited partners. Hershey Agreement at 9.1(c). At the time of

the Hershey sale, Lee was authorized to speak on behalf of his brother Joel

before he passed away. Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, at 21, ¶ 94.

In October 2013, Lee was informed through correspondence from Slomowitz

that Hershey was under an agreement of sale. Id. at 21, ¶ 95. Lee thereafter

received an email from Slomowitz’s counsel, Eugene Roth, dated January 30,

2014, concerning an injunction filed by Kessler regarding the Hershey sale,

wherein Roth referenced a telephone call with Linda and the fact that Linda

was in full support of the sale. Id. at 22, ¶ 96. Roth never directly spoke to

Linda, but only relayed information he received, as he was under the

assumption Linda had no interest in stopping the sale of the Hershey property.

Id. at 22, ¶ 97. Lee further testified that he relied upon the representations

that all parties were in agreement to the sale and that Linda’s support of the

sale was significant in his decision to sell the property. Id. at 23, ¶ 101. Lee

did acknowledge that he had a conflict with Kessler, as Kessler was opposed

to the sale while Lee was in favor of it. Id. at 23, ¶ 106. Lee never directly

contacted Linda regarding her position on the Hershey sale and did not learn

of her request for an appraisal until after the sale. Id. at 24, ¶ 111. Lee later

testified at trial that he would have been interested in refinancing because

                                       37
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while the net bottom line remained the same, “refinancing would bring our

money tax free.” N.T., at 383.

      The trial court dismissed any impact Linda’s opinion of the sale may

have had on Lee Kozol because she, and hence Rosenthal’s estate, were not

limited partners and would not have had a direct vote on the property sale.

Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, at 60-61. The court further found

that while there was a lack of information sharing on the sale of the Hershey

property and that Slomowitz, on multiple occasions had opportunities to

provide this information to Kessler, there was no breach of fiduciary duty

because the limited partners did in fact approve the sale and the property was

sold in conjunction with procedures set forth in the partnership agreement.

Id. at 58-59. Once again, the court made these findings and came to its

conclusion there was no breach of fiduciary duty without considering the

nature or extent of the fiduciary duties Slomowitz owed to Kessler under the

partnership agreement. This was error. Slomowitz was obligated to deal with

the partnership honestly and to provide truthful and material information in a

timely manner to its members. And while it is true, as the court found, that

Rosenthal’s estate was not a limited partner whose consent was necessary for

the sale, it ignores the fact that Lee Kozol’s consent was secured without

Slomowitz providing full and accurate information regarding Linda’s concerns

regarding the sale and request for additional information. This lack of candor

and honesty not only may have affected Lee’s decision to agree to the sale,
                                     38
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but also it directly impacted Kessler’s interest in the property once the consent

of the limited partners was secured.

      Likewise, the court erred in its conclusion that Slomowitz breached no

fiduciary duty despite its findings that (1) Slomowitz failed to communicate

with Kessler regarding partnership matters, (2) failed to respond to Kessler,

(3) disregarded emails and correspondence, and (4) failed to meet with

Kessler, actions that the court characterized as merely un-businesslike or

offensive. Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law at 53, 55. Slomowitz owed

Kessler a duty of loyalty, a duty of disclosure, and a duty of good faith and

fair dealing.

      The trial court also erred by not considering at all the express duty under

the partnership agreement that Slomowitz, acting in a fiduciary capacity, was

to maximize tax advantages to the partnership.        Slomowitz sold all three

properties instead of refinancing.     Kessler claimed he incurred over $1.2

million in taxes that he would not have otherwise paid. The court made no

findings on any loss, since it found no breach. Had the properties simply been

refinanced, there would have been no tax, and Kessler’s future estate would

have been provided a stepped-up basis. N.T., at 166-67 (Kessler); N.T., at

472 (CPA Duffus); N.T., at 600-01, 614-19, 623-25 (CPA Lazor). Slomowitz’s

expert, CPA Lazor, was never asked to analyze the respective benefits of

                                       39
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refinancing and sale before any of the properties sold.25 Lazor agreed that (1)

it was possible a refinancing would have benefited Kessler more than a sale,

(2) had Kessler died while the properties were still owned, his estate would

have succeeded to the IRS Section 754 stepped-up basis, and (3) tax planning

teaches clients how to pass their assets to their heirs with a stepped-up basis.

N.T., at 600-01, 614-19, 623-25. To demonstrate these points, he testified

that Rosenthal’s death just before the sale of the Hershey building provided

his estate with a stepped-up basis, but on the other hand, Lee Kozol paid

income tax on his share of the gain that was recognized. Id.

       We acknowledge that had Slomowitz acted in a manner that comported

with his fiduciary duties to Kessler and the limited partners, an end result may

still have been disagreement amongst them as to whether the properties

should be sold or refinanced. Slomowitz’s actions, however, to resolve or force

the result he desired by disregarding his fiduciary duties breached his

contractual obligations under the partnership agreements. When faced with

the impasse that occurred here, it was incumbent upon Slomowitz to attempt

to resolve the matters consistent with him acting in a fiduciary capacity and,

____________________________________________

25 Nor was Lazor shown PHFA’s refinancing proposal as part of his expert
testimony review.

                                               40
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failing that, possibly seek remedies available at law or equity.26 Under no

event, as discussed, could Slomowitz fulfill his fiduciary duties by ignoring the

legitimate financial concerns of Kessler, a co-equal partner, who could be

significantly adversely affected by Slomowitz’s unilateral decisions.

       In summary, construed in the light most favorable to Slomowitz, the

evidence nonetheless makes clear that he breached his contractual fiduciary

duties to Kessler in multiple respects. When Kessler called Slomowitz and

recommended refinancing, Slomowitz breached his fiduciary duties to Kessler

by replying, “I’ll get back to you,” thereby concealing the fact that he already

obtained an agreement to sell the Hershey building.         See eToll, Inc. v.

Elias/Savion Advertising, Inc., 811 A.2d 10 (Pa. Super. 2002) (agent has

duty to disclose all relevant information to a principal). Slomowitz breached

his fiduciary duties to Kozol and the partnership in the course of obtaining the

consent of the Kozols, two of Hershey’s three limited partners, to the sale of

the Hershey property. Through his attorney, Slomowitz deceived the Kozols

into agreeing to sell the Hershey building by misrepresenting to Lee Kozol that

Rosenthal’s widow approved the sale, a detail that the Kozols considered

____________________________________________

26 With sufficient foresight, it was possible for the partnerships to provide for
a mechanism to resolve an impasse through internal regulation under the
partnership agreements. Other possible remedies that might not have
violated fiduciary duties may have included court intervention. See 15
Pa.C.S.A. § 8681(6)(ii) (application to dissolve where it is not reasonably
possible to carry on partnership activities in conformity with the partnership
agreement), and § 8691 (direct action by partner).
                                        41
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material.   By employing deceit in his dealings with the Kozols, Slomowitz

breached his fiduciary duties to the partnership. The same deceitful conduct

violated Slomowitz’s fiduciary duties to Kessler because it facilitated the very

act that Slomowitz knew Kessler opposed, the sale of the Hershey building.

Finally, Slomowitz breached his fiduciary duty to Kessler under Section 7.1(c)

without considering the tax effects of selling the Hershey building instead of

maximizing tax advantages through refinancing. This is not to say that a sale

by Slomowitz always would violate his fiduciary duty to maximize tax

advantages. We hold only that under the circumstances here that Slomowitz

breached his fiduciary duties to Kessler where Slomowitz did not even engage

in any discussion with Kessler or obtain other necessary information to assess

the effect a sale would have on Kessler or the partnership.

      B. Hanover and First Valley

      The court found that the limited partners of Hanover and First Valley

approved the sale of their properties, Marion Terrace and the Daniel J. Flood

Towers, respectively. Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, at 27, ¶ 130;

id. at 29, ¶ 140. Marion Terrace was sold in July, 2015 for $12,100,000 and

the Daniel J. Flood Towers was sold in February 2016, for the sum of

$16,732,000. Id. at 27, ¶ 132; id. at 29, ¶ 144. The trial court made no

express findings regarding whether the manner in which these sales were

accomplished comported with the fiduciary duties Slomowitz to Kessler. In

particular, the court made no findings as to whether Slomowitz exercised his
                                      42
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fiduciary duties to maximize the tax advantages from these properties as he

was required to do under Section 7.1(c) of the partnership agreements. Like

the sale of the Hershey property, the court found it sufficient that Slomowitz

had the authority to act on behalf of the partnerships and that partnership

procedures were followed to close on the sales. Id. at 48-50, 52. As stated

previously, the court did state that with respect to all properties, the evidence

of record presented did not support the fact that Slomowitz’s failure to

communicate with Kessler regarding partnership matters, failure to respond,

disregard of emails and correspondence, and failure to meet with Kessler were

a breach of fiduciary duty despite the fact that the behavior may have been

repugnant. Id. at 55. To the extent the court dismissed these failures by

Slomowitz as not breaching his fiduciary duties to Kessler with respect to the

sale of the Hanover and First Valley properties, that conclusion was error for

the same reasons previously discussed with respect to the sale of the Hershey

property.

      C.    Other Fiduciary Issues

      We add two additional observations respecting Slomowitz’s breach of

fiduciary duties. First, while it is true that the consent of the limited partners

was required before a general partner could sell any of the properties, that

fact did not excuse Slomowitz’s failure to satisfy the fiduciary duties owed to

his co-partner, Kessler. Slomowitz had an independent obligation to act in a

fiduciary capacity with respect to Kessler’s interest in the partnership
                                       43
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properties. Second, we reject Slomowitz’s suggestion that because he did not

possess information such as appraisals, tax analysis, expenses to be paid, and

consideration of alternatives other than sale of the properties, he did not

breach a fiduciary duty to obtain this information in the first place, since if the

information had not been obtained it could not be provided to Kessler.

Appellee’s Brief at 35-36. This argument misses the point. In order to fulfill

his fiduciary duty to act in the best interests of the partnership and to Kessler,

Slomowitz was required to investigate these types of information before he

decided upon the sale of the properties. Slomowitz sold approximately $44

million worth of properties.     These were significant matters that directly

affected the partnership and its members. In fact, the sale of these properties

operated as a dissolution of the partnerships.       See Section 13.1(f) to the

partnership agreements.

      D.    The Exculpatory Provision; Section 7.5

      Our conclusion that Slomowitz breached his fiduciary duties to Kessler

in the manner in which he sold the three partnership properties does not end

our inquiry as to whether Kessler is entitled to relief. In its decision, the trial

court referred to Section 7.5 of the partnership agreements, the full text of

which provides as follows:

      The General Partners shall not be liable, responsible, or
      accountable in damages or otherwise to the Partnership or to the
      Limited Partners for the doing of any act or the failure to do any
      act, the effective which may cause or result in any loss or damage
      to the Partners or Partnership, if the General Partners were within
                                        44
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      the scope of the authority conferred on them by this Agreement,
      except for acts of gross negligence, or intentional
      misrepresentation.

Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, at 58 (emphasis added). As noted

previously, the First Valley agreement also adds “malfeasance” to the acts

that may result in liability to the partners or partnership. The court cited this

provision in support of its conclusion that the record did not evidence any facts

that errors were made in the procedures utilized in the sale of the properties.

Id. We already have addressed that contention, but this provision raises the

additional question whether Slomowitz’s breach of fiduciary duties constituted

any acts of gross negligence or intentional misrepresentation under the

Hershey and Hanover agreements, or malfeasance, gross negligence, or

intentional misrepresentation under the First Valley agreement. If not, then

it may be arguable this provision could exonerate Slomowitz from breaches of

his fiduciary duties.   Since the court did not find any fiduciary breach by

Slomowitz, neither the court nor the parties have briefed the effect of this

provision on any liability that Slomowitz may have to Kessler for breach of

fiduciary duty. This is a question that may be addressed and resolved on

remand.

      E.    Relief as to the Fiduciary Claims

      In light of our conclusions that Slomowitz breached his fiduciary duties

to Kessler with respect to the sale of the three properties, we reverse the trial

court’s conclusions in this regard. We find we also must order a remand for
                                       45
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the trial court to make additional findings of fact, whether by admitting

additional evidence or by reliance upon the existing record, as to Slomowitz’s

additional breaches, if any, with respect to his disregard to consider

maximizing tax advantages to the partnerships when he made the decision to

sell the properties. The court did not address this particular fiduciary duty in

its findings. A remand also is necessary to the extent the parties or the court

determine that additional findings are necessary to address the effect of

Section 7.5 of the agreements. If the conclusion remains that Slomowitz is

liable to Kessler for breach of fiduciary duties on any one or all of the

properties after consideration of Section 7.5, then the court must proceed to

consider Kessler’s claims for damages which it did not do in the first instance,

proof of which Kessler bears the burden of proof. See Snyder v. Crusader

Serving Corporation, 231 A.3d 20, 31 (Pa. Super. 2020).

                        2.    The Verbal Agreement

      In his second question presented, Kessler maintains the trial court erred

in not finding that, after the passing of Rosenthal, Kessler and Slomowitz

reached an agreement as to how to move forward in light of Rosenthal’s death.

Kessler maintains they agreed that all decisions regarding the limited

partnerships would be by joint consent of the two of them. In its decision, the

court noted that there was a significant amount of testimony dedicated to this

issue. Despite Kessler’s contentions, the trial court found that an agreement

was never reached between Kessler and Slomowitz to work jointly as a team
                                      46
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and, further, this understanding was never reduced to a written amendment

to any of the partnership agreements, which would have required the written

approval of the limited partners pursuant to Section 9.1(b). Findings of Fact

and Conclusions of Law, at 44, ¶¶ 155-156. Under our applicable standard of

review where we must defer to the findings of the trial court if supported by

competent record evidence, Stephan, supra, we conclude that the trial

court’s findings have proper record support and therefore, we are not free to

disregard them. This issue has no merit.

                    3. Consent of the Limited Partners

      In his third issue, Kessler challenges the court’s findings that the

requisite number of limited partner consents was secured by Slomowitz prior

to the sale of the Hershey and First Valley properties. Section 9.1(c) to both

the Hershey and First Valley partnership agreements provides that the general

partner may not, without the written consent of the limited partners in

Hershey and the limited partner in First Valley, sell all or substantially all of

the partnerships assets.

      Kessler’s challenge is twofold as to Hershey. First, he maintains there

is no evidence Joel Kozol or his estate provided written consent to the sale of

Hershey or written authority to Lee, his brother, to act on his behalf. Second,

he maintains Joel’s estate never agreed to an amendment requested by First

Valley’s limited partner to extend the closing date on the Hershey sale. The

trial court found that at the time of the sale of the Hershey property, Lee was
                                       47
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authorized to speak on behalf of Joel before he passed away. Findings of Fact

and Conclusions of Law, at 21, ¶ 94. The court also found that on February

7, 2014, Lee sent an email to Slomowitz’s counsel indicating that “on behalf

of my brother Joel A. Kozol and myself, who together own [a] 5% limited

partnership interest originally allocated to me in Hershey Plaza Associates . .

. this will confirm our consent to the sale of the partnerships assets . . . for

$15,250,000[.]” Id. at 24, ¶ 108. Upon review of the record, we find that

there is competent evidence to support these findings by the trial court.

Moreover, Kessler has not cited any authority that would have prohibited Lee

from providing written consent on behalf of his brother who was gravely ill at

the time. We also find no support for Kessler’s contention that the consents

provided by Lee were rendered ineffective because Urban Properties

consented to the sale occurring at a later date. All that Section 9.1 of the

Hershey agreement required was that consent be given to sell the asset.

      With respect to the First Valley sale, Kessler maintains that the limited

partner in that entity was “Urban Improvement Fund Limited-1975” and not

“Urban Improvement Fund Limited 1975, LP” that approved the sale.            He

contends that the former entity, named as the limited partner in the First

Valley agreement, merged into “Urban Improvement Fund Limited 1975, LP”

and that the court erred in concluding that the limited partner to First Valley

approved the sale. Other than pointing out this factual discrepancy, Kessler

cites no authority or other record evidence in support of this argument. We
                                      48
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would expect that to successfully press this argument some analysis would be

set forth regarding the effect of the merger and whether or not the resulting

entity succeeded to the rights and liabilities of the acquired entity. It is not

the function of this Court to develop an argument for a litigant, nor can we be

expected to scour the record to find evidence to support an argument.

Accordingly, we must deem this argument waived. See Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a),

Commonwealth v. Beshore, 916 A.2d 1128 (Pa. Super. 2007).

    4. The Right to an Accounting and to Partnership Information

        In his amended counterclaims, Kessler sought an accounting for all the

Hershey, Hanover, and First Valley assets. Amended Counterclaims, Count

VI. The counterclaim is not specific as to the authority for this cause of action,

but in his brief Kessler argues he was entitled to relief under Pa.R.C.P. No.

1021.     Kessler argues that the court erred in ignoring evidence that (1)

Slomowitz maintained bank accounts containing residual undistributed

partnership monies, but refused to permit Kessler to have access to those

accounts or to know where they were located, (2) there was evidence the

partnerships were not all dissolved, (3) he was denied an accounting for

attorneys’ fees paid out from the partnerships, (4) settlement sheets from the

sales show various escrow accounts under Slomowitz’s sole control to

Kessler’s exclusion, and (5) discrepancies existed between the distribution

sheets and tax returns as to the amounts of attorneys’ fees paid on the

Hershey sale.     In its decision, the trial court summarily dismissed the
                                       49
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accounting claim upon the basis that Kessler, as a general partner, already

received all closing and sales documents and three separate checks as his

proceeds from the sales, which he deposited. The court further concluded

that no relief was in order, since it dismissed Kessler’s other counterclaims.

We conclude the court erred in not giving full effect to Kessler’s counterclaim

for an accounting and for partnership information.

       Pa.R.C.P. 1021 is a rule governing claims for relief that permits pleading

alternative demands for relief, including an accounting. The rule in and of

itself does not establish a right to an accounting. The right to an accounting

must derive from another source. See Buczek v. First National Bank of

Mifflintown, 531 A.2d 1132 (Pa. Super. 1987) (the right to relief in the form

of an accounting pursuant to Rule 1021 is merely incident to a proper

assumpsit claim). Section 8335 of the UPA, 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 8335 (repealed)27,

as made applicable to limited partnerships, 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 8504 (now

repealed), provides:

       § 8335. Right of partner to an account.

            Any partner shall have the right to a formal account as to
       the partnership affairs:

              (1) If he is wrongfully excluded from the partnership
              business or possession of its property by his copartners.
              (2) If the right exists under the terms of any
              agreement.
____________________________________________

27Section 8448 of PUPA, 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 8448, preserves a partner’s right to
an accounting.
                                   50
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            (3) As provided by section 8334 (relating to partner
            accountable as fiduciary).
            (4) Whenever other circumstances render it just and
            reasonable.

Kessler's right to inspect partnership books is statutory, is independent of any

pending cause of action, not dependent upon what eventually will be shown

by the account, and exists regardless of whether the account will show that

he is entitled to any additional funds. Ignelzi v. Ogg, Cordes, Murphy and

Ignelzi, 78 A. 3d 1111 (Pa. Super. 2013). The trial court therefore was in

error by denying Kessler’s right to an accounting upon the basis it found no

merit to his underlying counterclaims and/or that he already received some

financial information. We further note that the fact the partnership properties

were sold and the partnerships terminated does not render moot Kessler’s

claim for an accounting.   The dissolution of a limited partnership does not

eliminate or impair any remedy available to or against the limited partnership

or its partners for any right or claim existing, or liability incurred, prior to

dissolution. 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 8575 (repealed).

      To the extent Kessler asserts a contractual claim to records of the

partnerships, we note that Section 14.1 of the partnership agreements

provides that the general partners shall at all times keep and maintain

complete and accurate books, records and accounts of the partnership. These

documents are to be kept in the office of the general partner and all partners

and their duly authorized representatives shall at their own expense have the

                                      51
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right to audit, examine, and make copies of those documents during normal

business hours. See Section 14.1(a) and (b) to Hershey, Hanover, and First

Valley partnership agreements.

      The UPA likewise, as Kessler argues, provides a statutory right to

partnership information. As made applicable to limited partnerships, Section

8333 of the UPA, 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 8333 (repealed), provides:

      Partners shall render on-demand true and full information of all
      things affecting the partnership to any partner or the legal
      representative of any deceased partner or partner under legal
      disability.

Kessler therefore possessed both statutory and contractual rights to

partnership information. We accordingly reverse the trial court’s order denying

Kessler’s claim for an accounting and for related partnership information and

remand for further proceedings.

               5.    Contractual Indemnity for Legal Fees

      In Kessler’s fifth and seventh issues, he contends, citing only Section

7.4 of the partnership agreements, the court erred in refusing to find that he

was entitled to contractual indemnity for legal fees untethered to any

prevailing-party concept under the partnership agreements, and that the court

erred in determining that Slomowitz was a prevailing party, entitling him to

claim over $600,000 in attorneys’ fees.

      To assess these claims, we first recognize that under the American Rule,

applicable in Pennsylvania, a litigant cannot recover counsel fees from an

                                      52
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adverse party unless there is express statutory authorization, a clear

agreement of the parties, or some other established exception. Trizechahn

Gateway LLC v. Titus, 976 A. 2d 474 (Pa. 2009). Having found against

Kessler on all his counterclaims, the trial court denied Kessler’s claims for

attorneys’ fees. On the other hand, the court granted Slomowitz’s prayer for

relief for reimbursement of counsel fees, legal costs and expenses in

connection with the business of the partnerships, all to be determined at a

subsequent hearing.

      Section 7.4 to the Hershey and Hanover partnership agreements

relating to indemnification of a general partner provides:

      The General Partners shall be indemnified and saved harmless by
      the Partnership from any loss, cost or damage incurred by them
      by reason of any act performed by them within the scope of the
      authority conferred on them by this Agreement, except for acts of
      gross negligence or intentional misrepresentation, provided that
      any indemnity under this Paragraph shall be paid out of and to the
      extent of Partnership assets only. The Partnership shall reimburse
      the General Partners for any such loss, cost or damage incurred.

Section 7.4 to the First Valley agreement is identical, except that it excludes

from indemnification acts of “malfeasance.” Although not cited by Kessler, we

further observe that Section 17.9 of the partnership agreements, relating to

attorneys’ fees, provides:

      It is agreed that in the event any party to this Agreement shall be
      required to initiate legal proceedings to enforce performance of
      any term or condition in this Agreement, including but not limited
      to the payment of monies or the enjoining of any action prohibited
      hereunder, the prevailing party shall be entitled to recover such
      sums, in addition to any other damages or compensation
                                      53
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      reserved, as will reimburse such prevailing party for reasonable
      attorney’s fees and court costs incurred on account thereof.

      We find that we are in agreement with Slomowitz that to the extent

Kessler seeks reimbursement of attorneys’ fees not incurred in connection

with his activities as a general partner, but for fees related to litigation, Kessler

is not entitled to indemnification under Section 7.4.              The clear and

unambiguous language of that section limits indemnification for any losses,

costs, or damages by reason of acts performed by a general partner within

the scope of their authority conferred on them by the agreement. We interpret

this to only apply to the performance of partnership duties. To be sure, the

agreements separately provide for recovery of litigation fees and court costs

under Section 17.9. Recovery of those monies is conditioned upon a party

prevailing in legal proceedings.      Because Section 17.9 of the partnership

agreements specifically addresses recovery of monies related to prevailing-

party litigation, we cannot infer that the more general provisions of Section

7.4, relating to performance of a partner’s duties, also would provide

reimbursement for these litigation expenses untethered to being a “prevailing”

party as argued by Kessler. A “‘clear’ provision controls a doubtful one, and

a general provision must give way to a specific provision covering the same

subject matter.” Cusamano v. Anthony M. DiLucia, Inc, 421 A.2d 1120,

1123-24 (Pa. Super. 1980).

                                         54
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      Applying these authorities to the instant matter, we find we must

reverse the trial court’s conclusion that Kessler is not entitled to recovery of

his litigation expenses.   Since we have reversed and are remanding on a

number of Kessler’s counterclaims, the court will have to assess entitlement

to recovery of litigation expenses upon its re-examination of Kessler’s claims.

A judgment in Kessler’s favor on some or all of his counterclaims also may

affect the litigation expenses that Slomowitz might be entitled to depending

upon a reexamination of prevailing-party status.

 6.    Kessler’s Entitlement to Compensatory and Punitive Damages

      In his last issue, Kessler argues that the trial court erred in refusing to

award him any compensatory or punitive damages regarding Slomowitz’s

actions. The court logically never reached the issue of damages claimed by

Kessler because it found against him on all of his counterclaims. Now that the

landscape of this case has changed, it will be up to the trial court to determine

whether or not Kessler is entitled to any damages, and of what nature, upon

remand.    Accordingly, it would be premature for this Court to offer any

opinions on those yet undetermined damages or the nature of the damages

to which Kessler may be entitled.

IV.   Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand

for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.             Jurisdiction

relinquished.
                                       55
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        Judge Dubow did not participate in the consideration or decision of this

case.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 11/29/2021

                                       56