Court Opinion

ID: 179552
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-11-19 20:50:54+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:25:49.052558
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 _____________

                                      No. 10-1069
                                     _____________

                           UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                            v.

                          JEROME BROWN, A/K/A ROMEY,

                                                          Appellant.
                                    _______________

             APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
              FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                         (D.C. Crim. Action No. 08-0098)
                   District Judge: Honorable Gary L. Lancaster
                                 _______________

                       Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                   October 22, 2010
                                  _______________

     Before: HARDIMAN, GREENAWAY, JR., and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges

                               (Opinion Filed: 11/19/2010)
                                   _______________

                                       OPINION
                                   ________________

GREENAWAY, JR., Circuit Judge

       Appellant Jerome Brown (“Brown”) appeals his judgment of conviction for

unlawful distribution of crack cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841 (a)(1) and
(b)(1)(A)(iii), by the United States District Court for the Western District of

Pennsylvania. Brown contends that: (1) the evidence presented to the jury during his

trial did not support its finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt; (2) the jury should

have been provided with a transcript of Cabbagestalk’s cross-examination, which it had

requested, before it reached a verdict; and (3) the District Court erred in its refusal to give

jury instructions regarding one of his theories of defense - - mistaken eyewitness

identification. The District Court sentenced Brown to 240 months’ of imprisonment on

December 15, 2009.

         For the following reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment of

conviction.

                                  I.     BACKGROUND

         We write solely for the benefit of the parties. We shall recount only the essential

facts.

         In June of 2006, Andrea Cabbagestalk (“Cabbagestalk”) approached Officer James

Hensell, a member of the Allegheny County Sheriff’s Office assigned to the Drug

Enforcement Agency (DEA) Task Force. Cabbagestalk asked him whether she could

cooperate with his office as a third-party on behalf of her husband, who was serving a

nearly 20-year federal sentence for distributing crack cocaine.

         Cabbagestalk and the authorities agreed that if she would identify alleged crack

dealers, and then act as a confidential informant to buy crack from them, in exchange, it

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might be possible for her husband’s sentence to be reduced. Pursuant to this agreement,

Cabbagestalk provided Officer Hensell with a list of alleged drug dealers, including

Appellant, Jerome Brown (“Brown”).

      On July 17, 2006, Cabbagestalk contacted Brown via telephone, and asked to buy

two ounces of crack cocaine for $1800. Brown agreed to deliver the drugs to

Cabbagestalk’s home.1 Cabbagestalk’s telephone conversation with Brown was recorded

by Trooper Michael Warfield, a Pennsylvania State Trooper assigned to the DEA Task

Force. Trooper Warfield also gave Cabbagestalk the money needed for the controlled

drug purchase. Trooper Warfield equipped Cabbagestalk with an audio recorder to wear

and set up a surveillance lamp camera in her living room. He then searched the

immediate area where the buy would occur – the first floor of the house, including the

living room and kitchen.2 Other DEA agents established surveillance around

Cabbagestalk’s house later that day. These agents had also viewed a photograph of

Brown and received a description of the car he would probably be driving.

      Brown arrived around 6:20 p.m., backed up to Cabbagestalk’s house, and walked

towards the back porch. At this point, the agents lost sight of Brown. He went into the

house and stayed two to two and one half minutes, then left. Officer Hensell testified

that he was able to see Brown’s face as he (Brown) drove away. At some point in the

1
   Previous drug deals involving Cabbagestalk and Brown had taken place at
Cabbagestalk’s home.
2
   Part of Brown’s defense is that Cabbagestalk retrieved crack from upstairs, which was

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conversation with Brown, Cabbagestalk went upstairs to get the money to purchase the

drugs; in actuality, she was checking the functionality of the second camera.3

       Cabbagestalk contacted Officer Hensell once the transaction was complete. At

his instruction, Cabbagestalk removed the camera from upstairs, and placed it and the

drugs, in a suitcase. Cabbagestalk then met Officer Hensell at a nearby restaurant and

provided a written account of the transaction. After a pat-down by Officer Hensell,

Cabbagestalk was released.

       Based on the testimony of three witnesses, including Cabbagestalk, a grand jury in

the Western District of Pennsylvania indicted Brown on one count of unlawful

distribution of crack cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A)(iii).

Brown was tried by a jury on August 3 and 4, 2009. He was convicted on August 5,

2009. On December 15, 2009, the District Court sentenced Brown to 240 months of

incarceration and 10 years of supervised release. Brown filed a timely notice of appeal.

                                 II.    JURISDICTION

       The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. ' 3231. We have

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. ' 1291.

not searched, and used it to incriminate Brown. (App. Vol. II at 95.)
3
    Cabbagestalk and her husband had installed this camera, which was pointed towards
the driveway of the house.

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                           III.      STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Our standard of review differs for each of Brown’s claims. We exercise plenary

review over Brown’s insufficiency of the evidence claim. “In exercising that review, we

must interpret the evidence in the light most favorable to the government as the verdict

winner.” United States v. Rieger, 942 F.2d 230, 232 (3d Cir. 1991) (citing Glasser v.

United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80 (1942)).

       We review the trial court’s decision whether or not to supply the jury with copies

of written transcripts for abuse of discretion, and may only reverse when abuse is found.

United States v. Bertoli, 40 F.3d 1384, 1400 (3d Cir. 1994).

       We review a district court’s refusal to give a requested jury instruction under an

abuse of discretion standard. United States v. Gross, 961 F.2d 1097, 1101 (3d Cir.

1992), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 965 (1992). However, a district court’s refusal to give a

jury instruction on a defendant’s theory of his defense is reviewed de novo where the

defendant objects to the district court’s refusal to give the requested instruction. United

States v. Stewart, 185 F.3d 112, 124 (3d Cir. 1999).

                                     III.   ANALYSIS

A.     Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Brown contends that the evidence presented to the jury did not support a finding of

guilt, beyond a reasonable doubt, for selling drugs. Because the conviction relied on

uncorroborated testimony by a former crack addict with a criminal record, whose purpose

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was to shorten her husband’s 235 month sentence for dealing drugs, Brown posits that the

judgment must be disturbed. (Appellant’s Br. at 27.)

       [T]he critical inquiry on review of the sufficiency of the evidence to support

       a criminal conviction must be not simply to determine whether the jury was

       properly instructed, but to determine whether the record evidence could

       reasonably support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt . . . [T]he

       relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most

       favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the

       essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.

Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979).

       For the purposes of appellate review of the sufficiency of the evidence supporting

a jury verdict, we must “presume that the jury properly evaluated [the] credibility of the

witnesses.” United States v. Iafelice, 978 F.2d 92, 94 (3d Cir. 1992). “When deciding

whether a jury verdict rests on legally sufficient evidence it is not for us to weigh the

evidence or to determine the credibility of the witnesses.” United States v. Smith, 294

F.3d 473, 478 (3d Cir. 2002) (citing United States v. Dent, 149 F.3d 180, 187 (3d Cir.

1998)).

          Brown contends that Cabbagestalk’s testimony did not prove that he sold drugs,

beyond a reasonable doubt, and was thus inadequate to sustain a conviction.

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       Brown’s assertion is meritless. The evidence adduced at trial far surpassed any

threshold regarding sufficiency of the evidence. First, the Government introduced audio

tapes of both the initial conversation between Cabbagestalk and Brown, setting up the

drug purchase, and the body wire capturing the conversation between them during the

actual drug purchase. (App. Vol. II 156-58.) Second, both Officer Hensell and Trooper

Warfield testified about the activities they observed that occurred on July 17 involving

Cabbagestalk and Brown.       (App. Vol. II 107-10, and 129.) Third, Cabbagestalk

testified that Brown was the person in her home that day and the person from whom she

purchased the drugs. (App. Vol. II 186.) Last, cross-examination did not create any

issue regarding the credibility of Cabbagestalk or any of the other government witnesses.

       We find that there was sufficient evidence for a rational trier of fact to find all of

the elements for conviction present beyond a reasonable doubt.

B.     Providing Written Transcripts to a Jury upon Request

       Brown next contends that the jury should have been provided a transcript of

Cabbagestalk’s cross-examination, which they had requested, before they reached a

verdict. (Appellant’s Br. 33.) The District Court instructed the jury before the trial

began, that “[a]t the end of the trial, you must make your decision based on what you

remember from the evidence. You will not necessarily have a written transcript of the

testimony to review. Thus, you must pay close attention to the testimony as it is given in

trial.” (App. Vol. II 69.) In addition, the District Court did allow the jury to take notes

                                               7
if necessary, stating “[i]f you wish, you may take notes to help you remember what

witnesses said . . . [N]ote taking is permitted. It is not required.” Id.

       The jury began deliberations late in the afternoon of the third day of trial, after

hearing three hours of testimony from three witnesses. The next morning, the jury asked

to “see the cross-examination transcripts of Ms. Cabbagestalk.” The District Court

responded: “No. A transcript is not available. Please recall in the beginning of the trial

when I instructed you, quote: At the end of the trial you must make your decision based

on what you remember of the evidence. You will not have a written transcript of the

testimony to review. You must pay close attention to the testimony as it is given . . .”

(App. Vol. II 283.)

       Brown objected to the Court’s response, contending that the transcript could have

been obtained and the jury should have been told that, if it so desired, it could stay its

deliberations pending production of the transcript.

       Furnishing transcripts to a jury is within the district court’s discretion. United

States v. Bertoli, 40 F.3d 1384, 1400 (3d Cir. 1994). That discretion, however, is limited

by two considerations: (1) whether the requests will slow the trial where the requested

testimony is lengthy; and (2) when reading only a portion of the testimony, the jury may

give undue weight to that portion. Id.

       Here, there was no transcript and no preparations had been made to produce a

transcript. No promise had been made that it would be available. We have stated that

                                               8
“we are not to be understood to be holding that a court when presented with a request for

written transcripts from a jury is obliged to require their preparation if they are not

otherwise available.” Id. We find that the District Court did not err. No transcript

needed to have been provided. There was no abuse of discretion.4

       C.     Refusal to Give Certain Jury Instructions

       Brown also alleges that the District Court erred in its refusal to give jury

instructions regarding one of his theories of defense - - mistaken eyewitness

identification. Brown contends that he requested an instruction on eyewitness

identification; specifically, that Officer Hensell was mistaken in his identification of

Brown, that the requested instruction was based on a correct statement of the law, and

that the instruction was supported by the evidence. (Appellant’s Br. 38.)

       As a general proposition, “a defendant is entitled to an instruction as to any

recognized defense for which there exists evidence sufficient for a reasonable jury to find

in his favor.” Virgin Islands v. Isaac, 50 F.3d 1175, 1180 (3d Cir. 1995) (quoting

Matthews v. United States, 485 U.S. 58, 63 (1988)). If the evidence presented at trial

indicates a basis for the defense, a court may not refuse a defendant’s request for an

instruction on that defense. Id. However, a trial court “need not instruct the jury on any

4
  The jury requested only Cabbagestalk’s cross-examination testimony, not the transcript
of the entire trial. We have held that providing portions of witness testimony allows for
the danger of giving undue weight to particular testimony. Id. at 1401.

                                               9
principle that does not have a factual basis in the evidence.” Government of the Virgin

Islands v. Fonseca, 274 F.3d 760, 767 (3d Cir. 2001).

       Here, the District Court declined to give the requested instruction, stating that “the

instructions were fine the way they were.” (App. Vol. II 225.) The theory of eyewitness

mistake was put before the jury on a number of occasions without any evidentiary

support. Officer Hensell repeatedly stated that he saw Brown exiting the car, entering

the house, exiting the house and driving away. Id. at 108. Officer Hensell saw Brown’s

face as Brown was leaving Cabbagestalk’s residence. Id. at 109.

       Although mistaken eyewitness identification was alluded to in defense counsel’s

summation, it was without any support in the evidence presented. There was not an iota

of equivocation by Cabbagestalk or Officer Hensell.

         We find that the District Court did not err in failing to give a jury instruction on

the issue of mistaken eyewitness identification. There was no abuse of discretion.

                                  IV.     CONCLUSION

       As discussed above, we find that: (1) there was sufficient evidence for a rational

trier of fact to find all of the elements for conviction, beyond a reasonable doubt; (2) the

District Court did not abuse its discretion in declining to provide a transcript of

Cabbagestalk’s cross-examination at trial; and (3) the District Court did not err in

declining to give a jury instruction on mistaken eyewitness identification.

                                              10
        For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of conviction of the

District Court.

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