Court Opinion

ID: 2651669
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-01-30 15:02:32.44699+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:50:17.386899
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT NASHVILLE
                   Assigned on Briefs at Knoxville October 15, 2013

            STATE OF TENNESSEE v. WESLEY M. GIFFORD, JR.

                   Appeal from the Circuit Court for Marion County
                       No. 8923 Thomas W. Graham, Judge

                No. M2013-00253-CCA-R3-CD - Filed January 30, 2014

The Defendant, Wesley M. Gifford, Jr., was convicted by a jury of attempted aggravated
burglary, telephone harassment, and indecent exposure. Following a sentencing hearing, the
trial court imposed concurrent terms of three years and six months for the attempted
aggravated burglary conviction and eleven months and twenty-nine days for the telephone
harassment conviction. This effective sentence was also to run consecutively to his prior
sentences. In this direct appeal, the Defendant contends that: (1) the trial court erred in
failing to grant a mistrial when a witness testified that the Defendant previously had been in
jail; (2) the trial court erred in allowing admission of evidence of the Defendant’s prior bad
act; (3) the trial court erred in not instructing the jury on the issue of alibi; (4) the evidence
was insufficient to support his convictions; and (5) cumulative errors entitle him to a new
trial.1 After a thorough review of the record and applicable law, we affirm the judgments of
the trial court.

    Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed

D. K ELLY T HOMAS, J R., J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which C AMILLE R.
M CM ULLEN, J., joined. J EFFREY S. B IVINS, J., filed a separate concurring opinion, concurring
in the results.

Jeffrey Harmon, District Public Defender, and Norman Lipton, Assistant District Public
Defender, Jasper, Tennessee, for the appellant, Wesley M. Gifford, Jr.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Rachel Harmon, Senior Counsel;
J. Michael Taylor, District Attorney General; and Julia Veal, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

1
  For the purposes of brevity and clarity, we have renumbered and combined several of the
Defendant’s issues.
                                        OPINION
                                  FACTUAL BACKGROUND

      A Marion County Grand Jury indicted the Defendant on one count of attempted
aggravated burglary, one count of telephone harassment, and one count of indecent exposure.
See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-12-101, -13-511(b), -14-403, -17-308(a)(1). The Defendant
proceeded to a jury trial on October 12, 2011.

       Pamela McFalls testified that she and her husband, Roger McFalls, were living in
Marion County in 2009. She had known the Defendant and his family for approximately six
years. She began noticing a change in the Defendant’s behavior toward her soon after she
and her husband hired the Defendant to work for their lawn-care service. She testified that
the Defendant “started making gestures and stuff when [her] husband wasn’t in hearing
distance.” The Defendant “would lick his lips, stick his tongue out . . . grab hisself [sic], you
know, and ask when [they] could be together alone.”

      Eventually, the Defendant began making phone calls to the McFalls’ residence
between the hours of 11:00 p.m and 1:00 a.m. Pamela2 testified as to the content of the
phone calls:

             Q: What kind of things would he be saying?
             A: When can I sneak out and meet him. He wanted to be with me. He
       wanted some of that.
             Q: Is that what he said, or did he use foul language?
             A: Foul language.
             Q: Would you describe it as mildly foul or extremely foul?
             A: Extremely foul. He would like to gore that p---y, because Roger
       couldn’t do it, because he was an old man.

The Defendant made such phone calls “at least three times a week, maybe two times a week
on and off” during January and February 2009.

       Pamela testified that she was driving with her husband and two daughters when they
realized that the Defendant was a passenger in a truck in front of them. When the Defendant
saw the family, he began “screaming and hollering” at Pamela and exposed his genitalia
toward her through the back window of the truck. Initially, Pamela could not remember the
exact date of this previous incident, recalling only that “[i]t was a sunny day, it was warm.

2
 Because more than one witness has the same surname, we will refer to these witnesses using their given
names. We intend no disrespect.

                                                  2
[They] were just going to the store.” Later in her testimony, she said “the exposure happened
a few days before.”

      Sometime after that incident, on February 23, 2009, Pamela was alone at home when
the Defendant came to the sliding glass door. She testified,

               He was -- just come out from nowhere -- and was banging on the door
       screaming. Called me an F-ing ‘B’ and that he wanted me, he was going to get
       me and he kept jerking on the door, jerking on the door to the point where I
       thought the stick was going to come out, so I run around the side of the couch
       to the back, and I did reach for the pistol, but I was afraid that it wouldn’t go
       through the glass, it would shoot me, or not go through and he would get in.
       I ran to the back and I locked myself in the back, but before I did that, that’s
       when he dropped his drawers and he had a hold of hisself [sic] and started
       masturbating . . . . I left the room and hid in the back of the house until my
       husband got home.

After she locked herself in the back room, Pamela still could hear the Defendant screaming
that “[h]e was going to get in. One way or another he was going to get in.” Eventually, the
Defendant stopped banging on the door, and Pamela waited in the back room until Roger
came home. She told Roger what had happened, and he called the police the following
morning. An officer came to the house, and Pamela gave a statement.

        On cross-examination, Pamela admitted that she had pled guilty to filing a false police
report in 2009. She also testified that, when the Defendant called her, the number sometimes
showed up on her caller ID as “Douglas Brewer,” the name of the Defendant’s step-father
at whose home the Defendant often stayed. However, the number sometimes showed up as
“private caller.” She also stated that the Defendant “was screaming he was going to rape
[her]” while he was standing her sliding glass door. Pamela explained that she did not call
the police about the phone calls because she was not scared of the Defendant at that time and
“didn’t take the phone calls serious [sic][.]” She admitted that she “made a mistake” not
calling the police after the flashing incident in the truck.

      Roger McFalls testified that the Defendant is his second cousin. During the time he
employed the Defendant at his lawn-care service, Pamela began requesting not to work
around the Defendant. Although he did not see the Defendant making gestures toward
Pamela, he fired the Defendant when he discovered what was happening.

      Roger testified, when the Defendant would call the house at night, “Pamela would
answer the phone and it would be [the Defendant] on the other end, because she would

                                              3
immediately hand the phone to me, and I would start to say something, and he would just
hang up.” He testified that the Defendant used “very foul language” about “what he wanted
to do with [Pamela,]” and “[the Defendant] said he was going to screw [Pamela] when he got
a chance, and when [Roger] was gone[, the Defendant] would take advantage of the
situation[.]”

        When Roger left home on February 23, 2009, he saw the Defendant riding a bicycle
on a dirt road behind his house. He testified that the Defendant watched him leave. When
Roger returned home, “the door was locked, which was kind of strange. [He] opened the
door and hollered ‘Pamela,’ and she did not answer. [He] knew something was bad wrong
right then.” Eventually, he found Pamela “hunkered down in the bathroom behind the door
crying[.]” It took a while to calm her down enough for her to be able to explain what had
happened. Roger called the police on February 24, 2009, and an officer came to the house
and took a report.

       Officer Jonathan Raines of the Marion County Sheriff’s Department testified that he
was dispatched to the McFalls’ residence on February 24, 2009. When he arrived, he
interviewed the McFalls about the incident and made a written report. Officer Raines
admitted that he did not take any pictures at the scene, nor did he take any fingerprints. He
also admitted that he did not interview any other witnesses or the Defendant in connection
with the case.

        Wanda Smith testified for the defense. She stated that Roger is her brother and that
the Defendant is her cousin’s son. On at least one occasion around February 2009, she
brought the Defendant clothes in Rossville, Georgia. She stated that she knew it was around
February because “[i]t was really cool around about then.” She testified that, to her
knowledge, the Defendant did not own a car and used a bicycle to get around town. When
defense counsel asked Smith if Pamela and Roger tell the truth, she responded, “Not all the
time.” Smith testified that she did not “associate with a lot of people” in the community, but
that Roger’s reputation in the community was “not good[,]” although she was not sure about
his reputation for truthfulness. She did not know about Pamela’s reputation for truthfulness
in the community.

       After Smith’s testimony, the defense rested its proof. The defense requested that the
court give an alibi instruction to the jury, but the court denied the request. The jury
deliberated and found the Defendant guilty as charged. The trial court later sentenced the
Defendant to three years and six months for the attempted aggravated burglary, and eleven
months and twenty-nine days for the telephone harassment, to be served consecutively to
each other, and to the Defendant’s previously imposed sentences. A fine of $500 was also

                                              4
imposed on the Defendant’s indecent exposure conviction. The Defendant filed a motion for
new trial, which the trial court denied. The Defendant then filed a timely notice of appeal.

                                          ANALYSIS

        In this direct appeal, the Defendant raises the following issues: (1) the trial court erred
in failing to grant a mistrial; (2) the trial court erred in allowing admission of evidence of the
Defendant’s prior bad act; (3) the trial court erred in not instructing the jury on the defense
of alibi; (4) the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions; and (5) cumulative
errors entitle him to a new trial. We will consider each of these issues in turn.

                                I. Failure to Declare a Mistrial
       The Defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a mistrial
following Roger’s testimony that the Defendant previously had been in jail. The State
responds that “the trial court did not abuse its discretion by declining to grant a mistrial due
to the unsolicited, extraneous testimony regarding the Defendant’s status on work release
from jail.”

       During his direct examination, Roger testified that when the Defendant was employed
with his lawn care service, he was “getting [the Defendant] from jail and working him[.]”
Defense counsel objected, and the court sustained the objection, instructing the jury to “not
consider anything that he said about the [D]efendant’s jail status.” Following this objection,
a bench conference was held in which defense counsel moved for a mistrial. The trial court
ultimately denied the motion for a mistrial and read the following curative instruction to the
jury:

               So ladies and gentlemen, any kind of past act that an individual has
       committed generally is -- I mean, most past acts are acts that might be viewed
       to be detrimental, are not going to be evidence in a case of some other events
       simply because it causes the jury to be prejudiced against the person who may
       have had some bad act in their past. So that’s why we don’t -- if someone had
       served a misdemeanor sentence or something like that, unrelated in any way
       to the events, and are not related to truthfulness or anything like that, we don’t
       allow those matters to be thrown in just to make somebody look bad. So
       sometimes folks work things out, and he didn’t know any better, I’m sure, and
       he brought it out that the [D]efendant had been in jail at the time that they were
       doing this lawn service. So I’m telling you that you can’t consider that, or any
       way use that against the [D]efendant, but by way of further making it, at least,
       clear that that shouldn’t have anything to do with whether or not he’s guilty of
       the crime charged today, he was in -- it’s stipulated and agreed that he was in

                                                5
       jail for driving on a revoked license for a few days, so that’s the extent of the
       crime he may have been in jail for.

        “The decision of whether to grant or deny a motion for a mistrial rests within the
sound discretion of the trial court.” State v. Robinson, 146 S.W.3d 469, 494 (Tenn. 2004).
A mistrial is an extreme remedy that only should be granted “when a trial cannot continue,
or a miscarriage of justice would result if it did.” State v. Land, 34 S.W.3d 516, 527 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 2000). A trial court’s decision to deny a request for a mistrial should not be
reversed on appeal absent a clear abuse of discretion. Robinson, 146 S.W.3d at 494. In
determining whether a mistrial was warranted, courts should consider the following three
factors: “(1) whether the State elicited the testimony, or whether it was unsolicited and
unresponsive; (2) whether the trial court offered and gave a curative jury instruction; and (3)
the relative strength or weakness of the State’s proof.” State v. Nash, 294 S.W.3d 541, 547
(Tenn. 2009).

        In the instant case, the State’s question preceding the objectionable testimony was
regarding how the Defendant’s behavior at work had changed. Testimony that the Defendant
was in jail, therefore, was unrelated and unresponsive to the question. In fact, the Defendant
filed a motion in limine to prohibit any testimony that the Defendant was in jail, and the State
agreed to avoid such testimony prior to trial. The record indicates that the State instructed
Roger prior to his testimony to avoid mention of the Defendant being in jail. Therefore,
although the witness’s statement was improper, we conclude that it was unsolicited and
unresponsive.

        Furthermore, the trial court immediately gave the jury a curative instruction to
disregard the answer and not consider it for any purpose. When a trial court gives a curative
instruction to disregard a witness’s answer, appellate courts “must assume that the jury
followed the court’s curative instruction.” State v. Smith, 893 S.W.2d 908, 923 (Tenn.
1994); State v. Baker, 751 S.W.2d 154, 164 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). Considering the
strength of the State’s proof based on the direct eyewitness testimony of Pamela and the
corroborating testimony of Roger, we conclude that the brief revelation that the Defendant
had been in jail is unlikely to have prejudicially affected the jury’s verdict. See, e.g., Nash,
294 S.W.3d at 548 (Tenn. 2009) (holding that, in a jury trial for DUI, it was “highly unlikely”
that a witness’s reference to the defendant’s past DUI arrests prejudiced the outcome, in light
of the proof); Smith, 893 S.W.2d at 923 (holding that a witness’s statement that the defendant
“hadn’t been too long out of jail” was not prejudicial in light of the proof). Therefore, the
trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the Defendant’s motion for a mistrial.
Accordingly, the Defendant is entitled to no relief on this basis.

                                               6
                        II. Admission of Defendant’s Prior Bad Act
       The Defendant next argues that the trial court erred in admitting Pamela’s testimony
that the Defendant exposed himself to her through the back window of a truck sometime
before the conduct charged in the instant case. The State responds that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion because “the evidence was properly admitted to help establish the
[D]efendant’s intent to have sex” with the victim.

        Preliminarily, we note that “[t]he admissibility of evidence is generally within the
broad discretion of the trial court . . . [and that] absent an abuse of that discretion, the trial
court’s decision will not be reversed.” State v. Edison, 9 S.W.3d 75, 77 (Tenn. 1999) (citing
State v. Mcleod, 937 S.W.2d 867, 871 (Tenn. 1996). Admissible proof must satisfy the
threshold determination of relevancy mandated by Tennessee Rule of Evidence 401, which
defines relevant evidence as that “having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that
is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it
would be without the evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 401. Rule 403 adds that relevant “evidence
may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue
delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 403.
Finally, Rule 404 deals with “character evidence.” Subsection (b) of this rule provides that
“[e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a
person in order to show action in conformity with the character trait.” However, such
evidence may be admissible for other purposes, such as “to establish motive, intent, identity,
absence of mistake, or common plan or scheme.” State v. Little, 402 S.W.3d 202, 210 (Tenn.
2013).

       In order to determine the admissibility of a prior bad act,

       (1) The court upon request must hold a hearing outside the jury’s presence;
       (2) The court must determine that a material issue exists other than conduct
       conforming with a character trait and must upon request state on the record the
       material issue, the ruling, and the reasons for admitting the evidence;
       (3) the court must find proof of the other crime, wrong, or act to be clear and
       convincing; and
       (4) the court must exclude the evidence if its probative value is outweighed by
       the danger of unfair prejudice.

Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b). As long as there has been a “substantial compliance” with the
procedural requirements of Rule, we review the trial court’s ruling under an abuse of
discretion standard. State v. DuBose, 953 S.W.2d 649, 652 (Tenn. 1997).

                                                7
      Prior to trial, the Defendant filed a motion in limine to prohibit evidence of the prior
exposure or other obscene gestures, arguing the following:

       [T]hese are uncharged and unindicted crimes that are virtually identical in
       nature to the crimes charged and the probative value of this evidence is
       substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect and/or its confusion of issues
       and, therefore, should be excluded under Rules 403 and 404 of the Tennessee
       Rules of Evidence.

        The trial court held a hearing outside the presence of the jury and heard argument as
to the substance of the evidence, its prejudicial nature, and whether it went to the material
issue of intent. The trial court ruled that the evidence was admissible, reasoning as follows:

       If [the Defendant] had done that in the past, that comes in, in my judgment, on
       an issue of, I guess, his propensity to commit this crime and also on just the
       overall issue of him wanting to get at her in some fashion, if that’s the basis of,
       you know, breaking in, actually going to break in, and the jury thinking it’s
       enough of a crime to charge him with it. I mean, it’s a felony offense, and you
       know, they need to know that he, apparently, was really trying to get in to get
       to her.
               ....
               Well, it shows, though, some kind of a, either a sexual attraction or
       perversion or something that’s caused all this to happen, and the jury can
       weigh all that out.

       While we recognize that the trial court did not state specifically the other material
issue involved, we also note that Rule 404(b) only requires such specific findings “upon
request.” See Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b)(2). The record does not indicate that the Defendant
made any such request. As a result, we conclude that the trial court substantially complied
with the procedural requirements of Rule 404(b) and proceed with our analysis on an abuse
of discretion standard.

       We interpret the trial court’s ruling to rest on two independent bases: first, that the
evidence was admissible to show the Defendant’s propensity to commit the crime; and
second, that the evidence was admissible to establish the Defendant’s intent. Clearly, under
Rule 404(b), “evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to establish a
defendant’s propensity to commit the crime for which he or she is on trial.” Little, 402
S.W.3d at 210. Therefore, on the first ground, we find that the trial court did err because it
applied an incorrect legal standard.

                                               8
        Regarding the second basis, that the evidence was admissible to show the Defendant’s
intent to commit a sexual assault for the purposes of establishing the crime of attempted
aggravated burglary, we likewise conclude that the trial court erred. As relevant here, a
person commits an aggravated burglary who enters a habitation without consent of the owner
“with intent to commit a felony, theft, or assault” therein. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-14-402,
-403. For the purpose of establishing the intent element of burglary, “‘[o]ne’s actions are
circumstantial evidence of his intent.’” State v. Holland, 860 S.W.2d 53, 59 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1993) (quoting State v. Barker, 642 S.W.2d 735, 737 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1982)).
Moreover, “it is within the authority of the jury to infer the defendant’s intent . . . from
surrounding facts and circumstances.” State v. Brown, 311 S.W.3d 422, 432 (Tenn. 2010)
(quoting State v. Lowry, 667 S.W.2d 52, 57 (Tenn. 1984)); see also State v. Inlow, 52
S.W.3d 101, 105 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000) (“Intent, which can seldom be proven by direct
evidence, may be deduced or inferred by the trier of fact . . . from all the circumstances of
the case in evidence.”).

       We conclude that Pamela’s testimony that the Defendant exposed himself to her on
a prior occasion was only marginally relevant to the jury’s determination of whether the
Defendant had the requisite intent with regard to his attempted entry into the McFalls’
residence on February 23, 2009. The prior incident occurred earlier in the month away from
the McFalls’ residence while Pamela was in a vehicle following a truck occupied by the
Defendant. This prior bad act does little to establish the Defendant’s intent on the date in
question.

       Additionally, Pamela testified that, soon after her husband hired the Defendant to
work for their lawn care service, the Defendant “started making gestures and stuff and when
[her] husband wasn’t in hearing distance.” She further stated that the Defendant began
making phone calls to her residence and provided the jury with testimony of the content of
those phone calls, including the Defendant’s stated desire to engage in sexual relations with
her. Roger testified that the Defendant used “very foul language” during these calls about
“what he wanted to do with [Pamela]” and that “[the Defendant] said he was going to screw
[Pamela] when he got a chance, and when [Roger] was gone[, the Defendant] would take
advantage of the situation.” According to Pamela, when the Defendant arrived at her house
on February 23, 2009, he told her “that he wanted [her], he was going to get [her.]” As he
was “jerking on the door” in an attempt to gain entry, Pamela pointed her gun at him, and
then he “drop[ped] his drawers” and began masturbating. On cross-examination, Pamela
stated that the Defendant “was screaming he was going to rape [her]” during the episode.
This testimony was more than sufficient to provide the jury with evidence of the Defendant’s
“intent to commit a felony, theft, or assault” once inside McFalls’ home. See Tenn. Code
Ann. §§ 39-14-402, -403; see also Tenn. R. Evid. 403 (stating that relevant evidence may be

                                             9
excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the needless presentation of
cumulative evidence).

        Importantly, we note that the Defendant was also on trial for indecent exposure in
addition to the crime of attempted aggravated burglary. The rationale underlying Rule 404
is that admission of such evidence carries with it the inherent risk of the jury convicting the
defendant of a crime based upon his bad character or propensity to commit a crime, rather
than the conviction resting upon the strength of the evidence. State v. Thacker, 164 S.W.3d
208, 239 (Tenn. 2005) (citation omitted). The risk is greater when the defendant’s other bad
acts are similar to the crime for which the defendant is on trial. Id.; see also State v. McCary,
922 S.W.2d 511, 514 (Tenn. 1996). Given that the Defendant’s prior bad act was the same
crime for which he was on trial, i.e, exposing himself, we conclude that the trial court did err
in the admission of this evidence because the minimally probative nature of this evidence was
outweighed by the danger of its unfair prejudice and its cumulative nature. In any event, the
evidence against the Defendant was strong on all counts, and thus, we conclude that the
admission of the propensity evidence was harmless. The Defendant is entitled to no relief
on this issue.

                                     III. Jury Instructions
      The Defendant argues that “the court erred in failing to charge the jury as to the alibi
defense” because the testimony of Wanda Smith “fairly raised” the issue of alibi. The State
responds that proof at trial did not fairly raise the issue of alibi.

       Generally, the trial court has a duty “to give a complete charge of the law applicable
to the facts of the case.” State v. Sims, 45 S.W.3d 1, 9 (Tenn. 2001) (quoting State v.
Thompson, 519 S.W.2d 789, 792 (Tenn. 1975)). And, “[w]here the proof fairly raises the
issue of alibi, and the proof is supported by credible evidence, the trial court is required to
give the instruction of alibi whether requested or not.” Moffitt v. State, 29 S.W.3d 51, 57
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). Failure to do so is reversible error. Id. However, the trial court
has no duty to charge the jury on a defense when it is not “fairly raised by the proof.” Tenn.
Code Ann. § 39-11-203(c) (“The issue of the existence of a defense is not submitted to the
jury unless it is fairly raised by the proof.”); State v. Hatcher, 310 S.W.3d 788, 817 (Tenn.
2010).

        In the instant case, Smith testified that sometime around February 2009 she brought
the Defendant clothes in Rossville, Georgia. She stated that she knew it was around February
because “[i]t was really cool around about then.” The trial court ultimately declined to
instruct the jury on the issue of alibi, stating, “[T]he case law says that the judge should give
the instruction when the defense is fairly raised by the evidence. It would be very hard for
me to say it’s fairly raised by the kind of testimony we heard from [Smith]. . . . I’m not going

                                               10
to give the charge.” We agree with the trial court. Smith’s vague testimony that she brought
the Defendant clothes sometime around the month that the crime occurred, without more,
does not fairly raise the issue of alibi. Accordingly, the Defendant is entitled to no relief on
this issue.

                               IV. Sufficiency of the Evidence
      The Defendant argues that the evidence is not sufficient to support his convictions of
attempted aggravated burglary, indecent exposure, and telephone harassment. The State
responds that the evidence is legally sufficient to support the Defendant’s convictions.

        An appellate court’s standard of review when a defendant questions the sufficiency
of the evidence on appeal is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable
to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). This
court does not reweigh the evidence; rather, it presumes that the jury has resolved all
conflicts in the testimony and drawn all reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of
the State. See State v. Sheffield, 676 S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984); State v. Cabbage, 571
S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). Questions regarding witness credibility, conflicts in
testimony, and the weight and value to be given to evidence were resolved by the jury. See
State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997).

       A guilty verdict “removes the presumption of innocence and replaces it with a
presumption of guilt, and [on appeal] the defendant has the burden of illustrating why the
evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s verdict.” Id.; State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913,
914 (Tenn. 1982). “This [standard] applies to findings of guilt based upon direct evidence,
circumstantial evidence, or a combination of [both] direct and circumstantial evidence.”
State v. Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d 389, 392-93 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). The standard of
proof is the same, whether the evidence is direct or circumstantial. State v. Dorantes, 331
S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011). Likewise, appellate review of the convicting evidence “is
the same whether the conviction is based upon direct or circumstantial evidence.” Id.
(quoting State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009)). The duty of this court “on
appeal of a conviction is not to contemplate all plausible inferences in the [d]efendant’s
favor, but to draw all reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of the State.” State
v. Sisk, 343 S.W.3d 60, 67 (Tenn. 2011).

       The Defendant’s first argument is that Pamela and Roger’s credibility was so lacking
that the evidence supporting all of his convictions was insufficient. According to the
Defendant, “[t]he entirety of the [State’s] case was built on testimony of Mr. and Mrs.
McFalls[, and] . . . by bringing into question the truthfulness of the McFalls[,] the
[Defendant] has created reasonable doubt in the prosecution’s case.” In support of this

                                              11
assertion, the Defendant notes that Pamela had previously pled guilty to filing a false police
report and that Smith testified that “the McFalls did not tell the truth all the time.” However,
questions concerning the credibility of witnesses are resolved by the trier of fact. See Bland,
958 S.W.2d at 659. Here, the jury chose to accredit some or all of the testimony of Pamela
and Roger, and we decline to reassess the credibility of either witness. See State v.
McCloud, 310 S.W.3d 851, 867 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2009).

      The Defendant also argues that the State failed to prove an essential element of the
crime of telephone harassment, in that “there was no evidence that Pamela McFalls was
annoyed or harassed by the telephone calls placed by the Defendant.” According to the
Defendant, “there is no evidence that the Defendant knowingly annoyed or alarmed Mrs.
McFalls,” and “no evidence that the [Defendant] should have known that he would alarm
her” with the statements he made over the phone.

       The Defendant was convicted of violating Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-17-
308(a)(1), which states,

              (a) A person commits an offense who intentionally:
              (1) Threatens, by telephone, . . . to take action known to be unlawful
       against any person and by this action knowingly annoys or alarms the
       recipient[.]

        Although Pamela testified that the Defendant’s phone calls did not scare her and that
she “didn’t take the phone calls serious [sic],” the statute does not require that the recipient
of the calls be in fear. Rather, the statute requires that the caller “knowingly annoys or
alarms the recipient[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-308(a)(1). Pamela and Roger both
testified that the Defendant called their residence multiple times per week between January
and February 2009. Pamela testified that the calls always came “at night when [they] were
in bed” and came as late as 1:00 a.m. She testified that the Defendant used “extremely foul”
language and graphically described sexual acts he wanted to perform on her. Roger testified
that during the calls, the Defendant used “very foul language,” said that “he was going to
screw [Pamela] when he got a chance,” and asked Roger to “meet [him] somewhere” to
“solve this[.]” Pamela and Roger both testified that they asked the Defendant to stop calling.
Pamela testified that she threatened to call the police if the Defendant did not stop calling.
This testimony clearly was sufficient to lead the jury to conclude that Pamela and Roger were
annoyed or alarmed by the Defendant’s repeated threatening phone calls.

       After considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, we conclude
that the Defendant has failed to establish that the evidence was insufficient to support his
convictions. Accordingly, the Defendant is entitled to no relief on this basis.

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                                     V. Cumulative Error
        Finally, the Defendant argues that cumulative errors committed during his trial entitle
him to a new trial on all charges. Under the cumulative error doctrine, our supreme court has
stated,

       [T]here may be multiple errors committed in trial proceedings, each of which
       in isolation constitutes mere harmless error, but which when aggregated, have
       a cumulative effect on the proceedings so great as to require reversal in order
       to preserve a defendant’s right to a fair trial.

State v. Hester, 324 S.W.3d 1, 76 (Tenn. 2010). Therefore, necessarily, “[t]o warrant
assessment under the cumulative error doctrine, there must have been more than one actual
error committed in the proceedings.” Id.

        As set forth above, we have held that the trial court’s only error involved its admission
of a prior bad act by the Defendant. This was not “more than one actual error committed in
the proceedings.” See id. Accordingly, we hold that the Defendant is not entitled to relief
on the basis of cumulative error.

                                       CONCLUSION

       For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

                                                    _________________________________
                                                    D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., JUDGE

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