Court Opinion

ID: 3133585
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-21 19:02:25.436868+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:53:56.209423
License: Public Domain

Filed 10/21/15 Bryant v. San Diego Electric Co. CA4/1
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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                    COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE

                                           STATE OF CALIFORNIA

DAVID BRYANT,                                                       D066467

         Plaintiff and Respondent,

         v.                                                         (Super. Ct. No. 37-2011-00091876-
                                                                    CU-WT-CTL)
SAN DIEGO GAS & ELECTRIC
COMPANY,

         Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County,

Joan M. Lewis, Judge. Affirmed in part and reversed in part.

         Jones Day, Edward P. Swan, Jr., Richard J. Bergstrom III and Matthew J. Silveira

for Defendant and Appellant.

         The Gilleon Law Firm, Daniel M. Gilleon and James C. Mitchell for Plaintiff and

Respondent.

         David Bryant sued his former employer, San Diego Gas & Electric Company

(SDG&E), for wrongful termination in violation of public policy, retaliation based on

SDG&E's alleged violation of Labor Code section 1102.5, and penalties under the Labor
Code Private Attorneys General Act of 2004 (PAGA) (Lab. Code, § 2698 et seq.).

(Undesignated statutory references are to the Labor Code; all references to section 1102.5

are to former section 1102.5, as amended in 2003.) Bryant alleged that SDG&E

wrongfully terminated his employment and retaliated against him because he raised

concerns regarding SDG&E's collection practices. The jury awarded Bryant $860,234 in

compensatory damages and $1,300,000 in punitive damages. The court also entered

judgment for Bryant on his PAGA claim, awarding $7,500 to the Labor and Workforce

Development Agency and $2,500 to Bryant.

       SDG&E appeals, contending: (1) there was insufficient evidence to support

Bryant's section 1102.5 retaliation and PAGA claims, (2) Bryant failed to exhaust his

administrative remedies, (3) Bryant failed to prove representative harm as required by

PAGA, (4) the trial court erred in failing to issue a statement of decision on the PAGA

claim, (5) the trial court improperly excluded after acquired evidence, (6) a new trial is

warranted due to instructional errors, and (7) the jury's punitive damages award should be

reversed or reduced because there was insufficient evidence of malice and the amount

was unconstitutionally excessive. SDG&E does not challenge the sufficiency of the

evidence to support the jury's verdict that SDG&E wrongfully discharged Bryant in

violation of public policy. We reverse the judgment as to Bryant's section 1102.5,

subdivision (a) (section 1102.5(a)) and PAGA claims. We also reverse the punitive

damages award. In all other respects, we affirm.

                                              2
                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Bryant worked at SDG&E as a field collections supervisor. In 2008 and 2009,

Bryant complained to various supervisors that SDG&E employees were violating the

California Public Utilities Commission's (CPUC) tariffs. The tariffs were guidelines

established by the CPUC that SDG&E was required to follow when collecting payment

from customers. Specifically, Bryant complained that collectors were not attempting to

contact customers before delivering a final notice to disconnect service and SDG&E was

improperly charging customers fees.

       In 2009, Phillip Heiner, Bryant's supervisor, and Herman Aguilar, the field

operations manager who supervised Heiner, suspended Bryant for a week without pay.

The suspension resulted from an incident in which Bryant disconnected a customer's

utilities when the customer assaulted a collector. According to Bryant, Heiner knew in

advance what Bryant was going to do and Heiner allowed it to happen. Heiner included

details of the incident in Bryant's performance review.

       In June 2009, Bryant met with Aguilar about the suspension. At that meeting,

Bryant complained about SDG&E's unlawful collection practices, provided examples of

those violations, and stated that they could get SDG&E in trouble. Aguilar told Bryant

that he had heard Bryant was difficult to deal with and did not take "no" for an answer.

Aguilar continued by telling Bryant, "we're here to tell you right now that if you don't go

along with this program, what these guys have already decided to do, it's already been

implemented in standards, the next time we see you, we're going to fire you." Thereafter,

Bryant continued to complain about the tariff violations.

                                             3
       In 2011, an SDG&E employee complained that Bryant had sexually harassed her.

Nicole Galicia and Tina Chen-Peters from SDG&E's diversity department investigated

the allegation against Bryant. During the investigation, Heiner reported that another

employee had complained that Bryant bullied and intimidated him. Based on Heiner's

statements, the diversity department expanded its investigation to include those issues.

The diversity department interviewed 40 people, including employees and former

employees. The diversity department found Bryant had a history of engaging in

unprofessional behavior, including intimidation, inappropriate joking, favoritism,

targeting select employees, using inappropriate nicknames for employees, and creating an

uncomfortable work environment. Due to a lack of witnesses and the length of time that

had passed, the diversity department was unable to substantiate the allegations of sexual

harassment.

       Chen-Peters and Galicia presented their findings to Jorge DaSilva, SDG&E's

Director of Field Services, and Heiner. Chen-Peters and Galicia also had a separate

meeting with James Boland, SDG&E's Director of Labor Relations and Human

Resources, regarding the results of the investigation. Chen-Peters and Galicia

recommended that SDG&E terminate Bryant's employment. Heiner agreed with the

recommendation but did not ultimately make the decision to fire Bryant. Instead, Boland

and DaSilva made the final decision to terminate Bryant's employment. Accordingly,

SDG&E notified Bryant that his employment was terminated effective April 1, 2011, for

gross misconduct in violation of the company's Code of Business Conduct.

                                             4
       Bryant sued SDG&E for wrongful termination in violation of public policy,

retaliation based on SDG&E's violation of section 1102.5, and penalties under the PAGA.

In general, Bryant alleged SDG&E terminated his employment because he complained

about SDG&E's illegal collection practices. On his section 1102.5 cause of action,

Bryant pursued claims under both subdivisions (a) and (c) of that section. On his section

1102.5(a) claim, Bryant argued SDG&E had a rule preventing employees from disclosing

unlawful activity to a government agency. In particular, Bryant claimed Aguilar's

statement to Bryant to either go along with the implemented collection practices or get

fired constituted a rule preventing disclosure to a government agency. On his section

1102.5, subdivision (c) (section 1102.5(c)) claim, Bryant claimed SDG&E retaliated

against him for refusing to participate in an illegal activity.

       The jury found SDG&E wrongfully terminated Bryant in violation of public

policy. The jury also found SDG&E violated section 1102.5(a) because SDG&E had a

rule or policy which prevented Bryant from disclosing information to a government

agency, and that rule or policy contributed to Bryant's termination. The jury, however,

did not find that Bryant refused to participate in an illegal activity that would result in a

violation of or noncompliance with a state rule or regulation. Thus, the jury rejected

Bryant's section 1102.5(c) claim. In special verdict forms, the jury awarded Bryant

$860,234 in compensatory damages and $1,300,000 in punitive damages. The jury did

not apportion damages between Bryant's various claims. Similarly, the judgment after

the trial did not break down damages by cause of action.

                                               5
                                       DISCUSSION

                                    I. Section 1102.5(a)

A. General Legal Principles

       "[S]ection 1102.5 is a whistleblower statute, the purpose of which is to

'encourag[e] workplace whistle-blowers to report unlawful acts without fearing

retaliation.' " (Soukup v. Law Offices of Herbert Hafif (2006) 39 Cal. 4th 260, 287

(Soukup).) Accordingly, section 1102.5(a) makes it unlawful for an employer to "make,

adopt, or enforce any rule, regulation, or policy preventing an employee from disclosing

information to a government or law enforcement agency, where the employee has

reasonable cause to believe that the information discloses a violation of state or federal

statute, or a violation or noncompliance with a state or federal rule or regulation."

(Italics added.)

       "When findings of fact are challenged in a civil appeal, we are bound by the

familiar principle that 'the power of the appellate court begins and ends with a

determination as to whether there is any substantial evidence, contradicted or

uncontradicted,' to support the findings below. [Citation.] We view the evidence most

favorably to the prevailing party, giving it the benefit of every reasonable inference and

resolving all conflicts in its favor. [Citation.] Substantial evidence is evidence of

ponderable legal significance, reasonable, credible and of solid value. [Citation.]

However, '[s]ubstantial evidence . . . is not synonymous with "any" evidence.' [Citation.]

Instead, the evidence must be ' "substantial" proof of the essentials which the law

requires.' " (Oregel v. American Isuzu Motors, Inc. (2001) 90 Cal. App. 4th 1094, 1100.)

                                              6
B. Rule, Regulation or Policy

       SDG&E argues there was insufficient evidence to support the jury's findings on

Bryant's section 1102.5(a) claim because there was no evidence that SDG&E had a "rule,

regulation, or policy" preventing disclosure of information to a government agency. It

contends Aguilar's statement to Bryant that Bryant would be fired if he did not go along

with SDG&E's collection practices did not constitute a rule, regulation or policy because

it was directed at Bryant alone and nothing suggested it applied generally to all

employees. Bryant argues Aguilar's statement fits within the definitions of a rule,

regulation, or policy. He also contends the jury could infer that Aguilar's statement

applied to all employees because if it "was enforced against Bryant, a supervisory

employee, it naturally follows this applied to other employees."

       Because the parties disagree as to the meaning of the terms "rule," "regulation,"

and "policy" in section 1102.5(a), their dispute first requires us to engage in statutory

construction, which is subject to de novo review on appeal. (Heritage Residential Care,

Inc. v. Division of Labor Standards Enforcement (2011) 192 Cal. App. 4th 75, 83.) " 'In

the absence of a statutory definition, and there is none, or in the absence of an adjudicated

definition, and we have found none, we must turn to the general principle that in the

construction of a statute, words or phrases are construed according to the context and

approved usage of language.' " (Ibid.) " 'When attempting to ascertain the ordinary,

usual meaning of a word, courts appropriately refer to the dictionary definition of that

word.' " (Ibid.)

                                              7
       Preliminarily, we note that we do not consider whether SDG&E had a regulation

preventing disclosure to a government agency as the jury was not requested to and did

not make this finding. Rather, in the special verdict form, the jury responded

affirmatively to the question: "Did SDG&E make, adopt or enforce a rule or policy to

prevent Bryant from disclosing information to a government agency where he had

reasonable cause to believe the information disclosed a violation of or noncompliance by

SDG&E with a state rule or regulation?" (Italics added.)

       The Webster's Third New International Dictionary (Webster's), upon which both

parties rely, defines "rule" as "a prescribed, suggested, or self-imposed guide for conduct

or action: a regulation or principle" and "an accepted procedure, custom, or habit having

the force of a regulation." (Webster's (1993) p. 1986.) Similarly, among the definitions

of "rule" included in the Oxford English Dictionary Online (OED Online) is that it is "[a]

regulation framed or adopted by an organization, institution, or other body for governing

its conduct and that of its members; a precept or condition which must be fulfilled on

pain of penalty or punishment. Often in rules and regulations." (OED Online (2015)

 [as of Oct. 19, 2015], at def. 5.)

       Webster's defines "policy" as "a definite course or method of action selected (as by

a government, institution, group, or individual) from among alternatives and in the light

of given conditions to guide and usu[ally] determine present and future decisions."

(Webster's, supra, at p. 1754; see also Lockheed Aircraft Corp. v. Superior Court (1946)

28 Cal. 2d 481, 485-486 [utilizing dictionary definition of "policy" to interpret section

1101].) OED Online defines a "policy" as "[a] principle or course of action adopted or

                                             8
proposed as desirable, advantageous, or expedient; esp[ecially] one formally advocated

by a government, political party, etc. Also as a mass noun: method of acting on matters

of principle, settled practice." (OED Online, supra,

 [as of Oct. 19, 2015], at def. 4.)

       In our view, a plain reading of the definitions of rule and policy suggests that they

must be intended to apply generally to a group or class, rather than to one of many

members of a group or class. For example, a "rule" is adopted by an organization to

"govern[] its conduct and that of its members" (OED Online, supra,

 [as of October 19, 2015], at def. 5) and is an

"accepted procedure . . . having the force of a regulation." (Webster's, supra, at p. 1986.)

The definition of "policy" also suggests it has widespread application as it is "a definite

course or method of action" adopted by a group or institution "to guide . . . present and

future decisions." (Webster's, supra, at p. 1754.) These dictionary definitions comport

with the commonly understood meaning of rules and policies in the context of an

employer and employee relationship.

       Our interpretation is also consistent with section 1102.5's purpose to encourage

workplace whistleblowers to report unlawful acts without fear of retaliation. (Soukup,

supra, 39 Cal.4th at p. 287.) Preventing an employer from making, adopting or enforcing

rules and policies that have general application to all employees promotes this purpose

whereas punishing a statement directed at only one of many employees in a group or

class does not overall encourage employees to act as whistleblowers.

                                              9
       Here, Bryant's section 1102.5(a) claim was based on Aguilar's statement to Bryant

that if Bryant did not go along with SDG&E's implemented collection practices, SDG&E

would fire Bryant. Specifically, Aguilar told Bryant, "we're here to tell you right now

that if you don't go along with this program, what these guys have already decided to do,

it's already been implemented in standards, the next time we see you, we're going to fire

you." This statement does not constitute a rule or policy under section 1102.5(a) as it

was directed specifically at Bryant. There is no indication that Aguilar's statement

applied to SDG&E's employees in general or to a group or class of employees of which

Bryant was a member.

       Even if Aguilar's statement was a rule or policy, it also fails to meet the requisites

of section 1102.5(a) as it did not pertain to disclosure of information to a government

agency. Rather, Aguilar's statement forced Bryant to engage in SDG&E's alleged tariff

violations. Neither Aguilar nor Bryant mentioned disclosure of the alleged violations to a

government agency.

       In Germany v. Ryder Dedicated Logistics (N.D.Cal. Aug. 17, 1995, C 94-1969

TEH) 1995 U.S. Dist LEXIS 22384, at *1 (Germany), a district court considered a similar

issue. In that case, the plaintiff, a truck driver, alleged his employer had an unwritten

policy requiring him to drive routes that exceeded Department of Transportation

regulations or risk termination. (Id. at *3.) The plaintiff had repeatedly complained

about this policy to his supervisors. (Ibid.) The district court concluded that the plaintiff

failed to produce evidence that his employer had a policy against disclosure of

information to the government. (Id. at *14.) Instead, "the only policy plaintiff

                                             10
identifie[d] is one of coercing employees into driving routes that take longer than 15

hours and omitting waiting time from their logs," which did not implicate section

1102.5(a). (Ibid.)

       Although district court cases are not binding on us, Germany is persuasive

authority. (Hall v. Goodwill Industries of Southern California (2011) 193 Cal. App. 4th
718, 728, fn. 2, citing Landmark Screens, LLC v. Morgan, Lewis & Bockius, LLP (2010)

183 Cal. App. 4th 238.) The case before us is akin to Germany in that the only rule or

policy that Bryant identified did not implicate section 1102.5(a) as Aguilar's statement

did not target disclosure of information to a government agency. Indeed, Bryant

conceded at trial that SDG&E did not have any policies that prevented employees from

being whistleblowers.

       SDG&E also argues the evidence did not support the jury's verdict on Bryant's

section 1102.5(a) claim because it did not show that Bryant attempted or intended to

disclose information to a government agency and that any disclosure to a government

agency caused Bryant's termination. Based on our conclusion that no substantial

evidence supported a finding that SDG&E had a rule or policy preventing an employee

from disclosing information to a government agency, Bryant's section 1102.5(a) claim

fails and we need not consider SDG&E's remaining sufficiency of the evidence

arguments.

                                     II. PAGA Claim

       SDG&E argues the PAGA judgment should be reversed because it was based on

the section 1102.5(a) violation, Bryant failed to exhaust his administrative remedies,

                                            11
Bryant failed to prove any representative harm as required by PAGA, and the trial court

failed to issue a statement of decision.

       "In PAGA, the Legislature created an enforcement mechanism for aggrieved

employees to file representative actions to recover penalties in cases in which there is no

private cause of action as an alternative to enforcement by the Labor Commissioner."

(Rope v. Auto-Chlor System of Washington, Inc. (2013) 220 Cal. App. 4th 635, 650

(Rope).) "An employee plaintiff suing, as here, under the [PAGA], does so as the proxy

or agent of the state's labor law enforcement agencies. The act's declared purpose is to

supplement enforcement actions by public agencies, which lack adequate resources to

bring all such actions themselves. [Citation.] In a lawsuit brought under the act, the

employee plaintiff represents the same legal right and interest as state labor law

enforcement agencies—namely, recovery of civil penalties that otherwise would have

been assessed and collected by the Labor Workforce Development Agency." (Arias v.

Superior Court (2009) 46 Cal. 4th 969, 986.) " 'Recovery of civil penalties under [PAGA]

requires proof of a Labor Code violation.' " (Rope, at p. 650.)

       Here, Bryant pursued claims for violations of section 1102.5(a) and section

1102.5(c). The jury rejected Bryant's section 1102.5(c) claim but found SDG&E violated

section 1102.5(a). The trial court assessed penalties under PAGA in the amount of

$10,000. Thus, the PAGA penalties were necessarily based on SDG&E's violation of

section 1102.5(a) as PAGA requires proof of a Labor Code violation. (Rope, supra, 220

Cal.App.4th at p. 650.) Because we concluded there was insufficient evidence to support

the jury's finding that SDG&E made, adopted, or enforced a rule or policy to prevent

                                             12
Bryant from disclosing information to a government agency (ante, pt. I), Bryant's PAGA

claim also fails.

                               III. After-Acquired Evidence

A. Additional Background

       Bryant moved in limine to exclude evidence that "while he was employed by

[SDG&E], [he] had parties attended by some SDG&E coworkers where there were

female strippers, and that he had photographs of these strippers on his personal cellular

phone." Bryant argued the trial court should exclude the evidence because it was

irrelevant and its probative value was outweighed by the potential for undue prejudice.

       SDG&E argued the evidence was relevant to its after-acquired evidence defense.

Specifically, SDG&E alleged that if it had known of Bryant's misconduct at work and

outside of work while Bryant was still employed at SDG&E, it would have terminated

Bryant's employment. SDG&E clarified that the evidence it intended to introduce was

that Bryant organized off-work events that included female strippers, invited employees

he supervised to the parties and charged them entrance fees, took photographs of strippers

on his cell phone, and showed the photographs to subordinate employees. SDG&E

contended that Bryant's conduct was a conflict of interest in that he solicited money from

subordinates for providing off-work adult entertainment. SDG&E also stated Bryant's

conduct of showing photographs of strippers to other employees at work violated

SDG&E's sexual harassment policy and potentially subjected it to claims of sexual

harassment. SDG&E argued that it had a witness who would testify that Bryant's conduct

constituted "severe unprofessional supervisory . . . behavior" that would likely have led to

                                            13
his termination if SDG&E had known about it during Bryant's employment. SDG&E

further stated its sexual harassment policy extended beyond the workplace and its

witnesses would testify that SDG&E would have disciplined Bryant "including up to

termination."

       The trial court granted Bryant's motion without prejudice, concluding SDG&E

failed to make a sufficient offer of proof that it had a "settled company policy"

prohibiting Bryant's conduct. The trial court instructed SDG&E that if there was such a

policy, SDG&E should bring it to the court's attention. Lastly, the court advised SDG&E

to review relevant case law to determine the proper showing it had to make regarding a

company policy prohibiting Bryant's conduct.

       In discussing the jury instruction on the after-acquired evidence defense,

SDG&E's counsel stated the decision on whether to include that instruction should be

reserved pending additional research "[a]nd looking further into whether there's a policy

that specifically addressed the behavior." The court reiterated that there had to be an

offer of proof regarding SDG&E's actual policy before it allowed introduction of after-

acquired evidence. SDG&E's counsel confirmed that it understood the court's request for

an offer proof.

B. Analysis

       SDG&E argues it should receive a new trial on Bryant's wrongful termination

claim because the trial court improperly excluded its after-acquired evidence.

       "The doctrine of after-acquired evidence refers to an employer's discovery, after

an allegedly wrongful termination of employment or refusal to hire, of information that

                                             14
would have justified a lawful termination or refusal to hire." (Salas v. Sierra Chemical

Co. (2014) 59 Cal. 4th 407, 428.) "Where an employer seeks to rely upon after-acquired

evidence of wrongdoing, it must first establish that the wrongdoing was of such severity

that the employee in fact would have been terminated on those grounds alone had the

employer known of it at the time of the discharge." (McKennon v. Nashville Banner Pub.

Co. (1995) 513 U.S. 352, 362-363.) Further, " 'the employer . . . must show that such a

firing would have taken place as a matter of "settled" company policy.' " (Murillo v. Rite

Stuff Foods, Inc. (1998) 65 Cal. App. 4th 833, 846 (Murillo); see also CACI No. 2506.)

       "Trial court rulings on the admissibility of evidence, whether in limine or during

trial, are generally reviewed for abuse of discretion." (Pannu v. Land Rover North

America, Inc. (2011) 191 Cal. App. 4th 1298, 1317.) Further, when the trial court rules on

a matter "without prejudice" and explains to counsel that it would reconsider the issue

upon further briefing or a further showing, failure to renew the issue forfeits it on appeal.

(See People v. Mills (2010) 48 Cal. 4th 158, 170.)

       Here, the trial court ruled on Bryant's motion to exclude the after-acquired

evidence without prejudice. It suggested that SDG&E make an offer of proof as to

whether the company had a settled policy that would have resulted in Bryant's

termination based on the alleged improper conduct. Thus, the trial court invited SDG&E

to raise the issue again. Based on our review of the record, SDG&E did not make an

offer of proof as to its policy and failed to raise the issue again. Thus, it forfeited the

issue on appeal.

                                              15
       Even if SDG&E did not forfeit the issue, we conclude the trial court acted within

its discretion in excluding the after-acquired evidence. SDG&E did not identify a

"settled company policy" that would have resulted in Bryant's termination. Instead,

during the hearing on Bryant's in limine motion to exclude after-acquired evidence,

SDG&E vaguely stated Bryant's conduct constituted "severe unprofessional

supervisory . . . behavior" and violated SDG&E's sexual harassment policy. SDG&E did

not provide that policy or specify its terms to the court despite the court's request.

       SDG&E's Code of Business Conduct included a section entitled, "Discrimination

and harassment-free workplace." The Code of Business Conduct was presented as

evidence during trial, but not in connection with SDG&E's after-acquired evidence

defense. Instead, SDG&E merely questioned Bryant as to whether he had knowledge of

the Code of Business Conduct, including the section pertaining to harassment, and

whether he followed it. The discrimination and harassment section provided: "[r]emarks,

jokes or pictures that are offensive or discriminatory in any way aren't allowed in the

workplace. [¶] A supervisor who becomes aware of possible discrimination or

harassment must report the situation to the proper company contact at once. Any

supervisor who fails to do so is subject to disciplinary action, up to and including

termination of employment." A question and answer portion of the document stated:

"Sexually suggestive images are unacceptable in the workplace and should be removed at

once." SDG&E failed to inform the court that it was seeking to use its Code of Business

Conduct to support its after-acquired evidence defense. Based on the showing that

SDG&E made in connection with its after-acquired evidence defense, the trial court acted

                                              16
well within its discretion in excluding the evidence, especially where, as here, the court

provided SDG&E an opportunity to cure its deficient showing.

                               IV. Alleged Instructional Errors

       SDG&E argues it should receive a new trial due to multiple instructional errors.

Specifically, SDG&E contends the "cat's paw" jury instruction on Bryant's wrongful

termination claim was not properly stated in the conjunctive and did not require the jury

to find a specific intent. SDG&E also argues the section 1102.5 cat's paw instruction

shared the same flaws as the wrongful termination cat's paw instruction, was unclear as to

whether it applied to Bryant's section 1102.5(a) or section 1102.5(c) claim, and reduced

the causation standard of proof from "substantial motivating reason" to "contributing

factor." Based on our conclusion that there was insufficient evidence to support the jury's

finding on Bryant's section 1102.5(a) claim and the jury's rejection of Bryant's section

1102.5(c) claim, we need not consider SDG&E's section 1102.5 alleged instructional

errors. On the wrongful termination cat's paw instruction, we reject SDG&E's arguments.

       "We independently review claims of instructional error viewing the evidence in

the light most favorable to the appellant." (Orichian v. BMW of North America, LLC

(2014) 226 Cal. App. 4th 1322, 1333.) " 'The refusal of a proper instruction is prejudicial

error only if " 'it seems probable' that the error 'prejudicially affected the verdict.'

[Citations.]" [Citation.] "[W]hen deciding whether an error of instructional omission was

prejudicial, the court must also evaluate (1) the state of the evidence, (2) the effect of

other instructions, (3) the effect of counsel's arguments, and (4) any indications by the

jury itself that it was misled." ' " (Ibid.)

                                               17
       The cat's paw doctrine pertains to the element of causation. Under this theory,

employers may be held "responsible where discriminatory or retaliatory actions by

supervisory personnel bring about adverse employment actions through the

instrumentality or conduit of other corporate actors who may be entirely innocent of

discriminatory or retaliatory animus." (Reeves v. Safeway Stores, Inc. (2004) 121
Cal. App. 4th 95, 116 (Reeves).) "Of course, proof of discriminatory animus does not end

the analysis of a discrimination claim. There must also be evidence of a causal

relationship between the animus and the adverse employment action." (DeJung v.

Superior Court (2008) 169 Cal. App. 4th 533, 550.) The cat's paw doctrine rejects the

notion that an employer satisfies its duty of negating the causation element by showing

that the specific corporate actor who took the adverse employment action has no

discriminatory or retaliatory animus. (Id. at p. 551.) "[S]howing that a significant

participant in an employment decision exhibited discriminatory animus is enough to raise

an inference that the employment decision itself was discriminatory, even absent

evidence that others in the process harbored such animus." (Ibid.)

       Here, on Bryant's wrongful termination claim, the trial court instructed the jury

with a modified version of CACI No. 2511 on the cat's paw theory:

             "In this case, the recommendation to discharge David Bryant was
          made by Tina Chen-Peters and Nicole Galicia of SDG&E's Diversity
          Department. SDG&E claims that the decision to discharge David
          Bryant was based on this recommendation and was made by
          SDG&E's Director of Labor Relations and Human Resources, James
          Boland, and its Director of Field Services, Jorge DaSilva. Even if
          Tina Chen-Peters, Nicole Galicia, James Boland and Jorge DaSilva
          did not hold any retaliatory intent or were unaware of David Bryant's

                                            18
          conduct on which his claim of retaliation is based, SDG&E may still
          be liable for retaliation if David Bryant proves both of the following:

            "1.     That David Bryant's protected activity was a substantial
          motivating reason for his supervisor, Phillip Heiner:

                     "a.     Expanding Diversity's investigation of David
                             Bryant by reporting other alleged misconduct by
                             David Bryant to Tina Chen-Peters and Nicole
                             Galicia;

                     "b.     Providing misleading information to Tina Chen-
                             Peters and Nicole Galicia;

                     "c.     Agreeing with the recommendation to discharge
                             David Bryant and telling Jorge DaSilva he agreed
                             with such recommendation; and

              "2.     That Phillip Heiner's acts were a substantial motivating
              reason for Tina Chen-Peters' and Nicole Galicia's
              recommendation to discharge David Bryant, or to James Boland's
              and Jorge DaSilva's decision to discharge David Bryant based on
              that recommendation."

       We reject SDG&E's argument that the cat's paw instruction was not properly

stated in the conjunctive and "the jury was free to find causation based solely on the last

element—Heiner's agreement with DaSilva's decision." First, reading the instruction as a

whole, it was stated in the conjunctive. It required the jury to find both that: (1) Bryant's

protected activity was a substantial motivating reason for Heiner doing three specified

acts, and (2) Heiner's acts were a substantial motivating reason for Chen-Peters and

Galicia's recommendation to discharge Bryant, or Boland's and DaSilva's decision to

discharge Bryant. Subpart (1) specified three distinct acts by Heiner, including

expanding the diversity department's investigation, providing misleading information,

and agreeing with the recommendation to discharge Bryant. Subpart (2) required the jury

                                             19
to find Heiner's "acts," were a substantial motivating reason for the recommendation or

decision to discharge Bryant. Because subpart (2) utilized the term "Heiner's acts" (stated

in the plural) and that reference was naturally to the three acts specified in subpart (1), we

reject the notion that the jury could have found causation based solely on Heiner's

agreement with the recommendation to discharge Bryant.

       Based on our review of counsel's arguments, the parties did not suggest to the jury

that they could find causation based solely on one of Heiner's acts identified in subpart

(1) of the cat's paw instruction. Additionally, there was no indication that the jury was

misled in this regard. Bryant's counsel detailed in closing argument how Heiner

committed the acts identified in each subpart. There was nothing in counsel's argument

from which the jury could infer that only one of the subparts was required to prove

wrongful discharge. Lastly, we note that SDG&E failed to include a complete set of jury

instructions in the record on appeal. Accordingly, we are unable to evaluate the impact

of other jury instructions in determining prejudice.

       SDG&E also contends the cat's paw instruction on Bryant's wrongful termination

claim was flawed because it failed to require that Heiner had a specific intent to cause

Bryant's termination. The cat's paw instruction provided to the jury in this case was

modeled after CACI No. 2511, which does not include the specific intent language that

SDG&E claims is required in the instruction. The instruction properly required the jury

to find that Bryant's protected activity was a substantial motivating reason for Heiner

committing specified acts and that those acts were a substantial motivating reason for

Bryant's discharge from employment. (See CACI No. 2511.) Further, based on the

                                             20
complete instruction and counsel's arguments, they conveyed to the jury that under the

cat's paw theory, it was required that Heiner "acted out of discriminatory or retaliatory

animus, and [his] actions were a but-for cause of the challenged employment action."

(Reeves, supra, 121 Cal.App.4th at p. 113.)

       Based on the foregoing, we reject SDG&E's claims of instructional error.

                                   V. Punitive Damages

       SDG&E argues the jury's punitive damages award should be reversed because

there was insufficient evidence that a managing agent acted with malice. Alternatively,

SDG&E contends the punitive damages should be reduced because the amount awarded

was unconstitutionally excessive. We agree that there was insufficient evidence that a

managing agent acted with malice and, therefore, reverse the punitive damages award.

Based on our conclusion, we need not address whether the amount awarded was

unconstitutionally excessive.

       Punitive damages generally may be awarded to a plaintiff in a civil action only if

"the defendant has been guilty of oppression, fraud, or malice." (Civ. Code, § 3294,

subd. (a).) "Malice" is defined as "conduct which is intended by the defendant to cause

injury to the plaintiff or despicable conduct which is carried on by the defendant with a

willful and conscious disregard of the rights or safety of others;" "oppression" is

"despicable conduct that subjects a person to cruel and unjust hardship in conscious

disregard of that person's rights;" and "fraud" means "intentional misrepresentation,

deceit, or concealment of a material fact known to the defendant with the intention on the

                                              21
part of the defendant of thereby depriving a person of property or legal rights or

otherwise causing injury." (Civ. Code, § 3294, subd. (c).)

       Corporations may be held liable for punitive damages if there is "evidence that the

employer authorized or ratified a malicious act, personally committed such an act, or

wrongfully hired or retained an unfit employee. For corporate or other large

organizations, such conduct must have been performed by an ' "agent . . . employed in a

managerial capacity and . . . acting in the scope of employment," ' or ratified or approved

by a ' "managerial agent" ' of the organization." (College Hospital Inc. v. Superior Court

(1994) 8 Cal. 4th 704, 723 (College Hospital).) In that regard, Civil Code section 3294,

subdivision (b), provides:

          "An employer shall not be liable for [punitive] damages . . . based
          upon acts of an employee of the employer, unless the employer had
          advance knowledge of the unfitness of the employee and employed
          him or her with a conscious disregard of the rights or safety of others
          or authorized or ratified the wrongful conduct for which the damages
          are awarded or was personally guilty of oppression, fraud, or malice.
          With respect to a corporate employer, the advance knowledge and
          conscious disregard, authorization, ratification or act of oppression,
          fraud, or malice must be on the part of an officer, director, or
          managing agent of the corporation." (Italics added.)

       "Managing agents" are employees who "exercise[] substantial discretionary

authority over decisions that ultimately determine corporate policy." (White v. Ultramar,

Inc. (1999) 21 Cal. 4th 563, 573 (White).) "[T]o demonstrate that an employee is a true

managing agent under [Civil Code] section 3294, subdivision (b), a plaintiff seeking

punitive damages would have to show that the employee exercised substantial

                                            22
discretionary authority over significant aspects of a corporation's business." (White, at

p. 577.)

       Corporate ratification "generally occurs where, under the particular circumstances,

the employer demonstrates an intent to adopt or approve oppressive, fraudulent, or

malicious behavior by an employee in the performance of his job duties." (College

Hospital Inc., supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 726.) Ratification amounts to essentially the

"confirmation and acceptance of [such] previous act." (Cruz v. Homebase (2000) 83
Cal. App. 4th 160, 168 (Cruz).) However, "[a] corporation cannot confirm and accept that

which it does not actually know about." (Ibid.) Rather, there must be evidence that

officers, directors, or managing agents had actual knowledge of the malicious conduct

and its outrageous character. (See College Hospital, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 726.)

       Here, SDG&E asserts there is no substantial evidence to support a finding that a

managing agent of SDG&E acted with malice. Preliminarily, we note that malice is not

the only conduct that could have supported the jury's punitive damages award. Rather, in

a special verdict form, the jury concluded SDG&E engaged in conduct constituting

"malice, oppression or fraud." Additionally, the jury's punitive damages award was not

necessarily limited to a finding that managing agents themselves acted with malice. In

addition to finding that one or more officers or managing agents committed conduct

constituting fraud, oppression or malice, the jury concluded officers, directors or

managing agents authorized, adopted, or approved of the malicious, fraudulent or

oppressive conduct.

                                             23
       Because the jury's verdict does not specify exactly what conduct by SDG&E was

malicious, oppressive, and fraudulent, we review the evidence to determine whether there

is substantial evidence of any conduct committed or ratified by SDG&E that could be

found, by clear and convincing evidence, to have been malicious, oppressive, or

fraudulent. (Romo v. Ford Motor Co. (2002) 99 Cal. App. 4th 1115, 1139.)

        Malice, oppression, and fraud may be inferred from the circumstances of a

defendant's conduct. (Monge v. Superior Court (1986) 176 Cal. App. 3d 503, 511.)

Bryant's primary argument at trial was that the diversity department's investigation of him

was conducted for the purpose of looking for a way to fire him. Bryant presented

evidence that although the investigation started based on an allegation of sexual

harassment, the diversity department expanded the investigation as a result of information

from Heiner that was not related to the sexual harassment charge. Thereafter, the

diversity department interviewed 40 people and concluded that Bryant engaged in

improper behavior. Some of the diversity department's findings were questionable. For

example, the diversity department concluded Bryant targeted certain employees by

conducting an excessive number of field observations on those employees. Although

there were documents on Bryant's actual field observations, the diversity department did

not review those documents before making its conclusions and instead relied on

"perceptions" of employees. Additionally, the diversity department's report partially

relied on a 2008 interim disciplinary report that was supposed to be removed from

Bryant's personnel file. Further, a member of the diversity department testified that

Bryant's personnel file included a "pattern of yelling." However, other than one incident

                                            24
described in the 2008 interim disciplinary report, the diversity department could not

identify any other instances of Bryant yelling and conceded that one incident does not

constitute a pattern. The diversity department did not give DaSilva or Boland, the

ultimate decision makers, a copy of its report to keep.

       Bryant also presented evidence that he repeatedly complained about SDG&E's

tariff violations. At one point, Bryant was hushed or silenced when he complained. At

another point, Aguilar told Bryant he was difficult to deal with and threatened to fire

Bryant if Bryant did not stop complaining about SDG&E's tariff violations.

       Assuming, without deciding, that these instances amounted to malicious or

oppressive conduct by SDG&E employees, we conclude there was insufficient evidence

that a managing agent committed or ratified the conduct. At trial, Bryant only identified

Boland as a managing agent. On appeal, however, Bryant asserts Aguilar, Heiner, and

DaSilva could also be considered managing agents for purposes of the punitive damages

award. We do not consider whether Aguilar, Heiner, and DaSilva were managing agents

as they were not presented as such to the jury. (Martinez v. Scott Speciality Gases, Inc.

(2000) 83 Cal. App. 4th 1236, 1249 [" 'An argument or theory will generally not be

considered if it is raised for the first time on appeal.' "].)

       Boland was clearly a managing agent. He was the Director of Labor Relations and

Human Resources. He managed essential parts of SDG&E and dealt with issues

potentially involving every employee of the company. Boland did not report to anyone

on matters of labor relations and gave the final word on behalf of the company.

                                                25
Accordingly, we review the record for substantial evidence to support a finding that

Boland committed or ratified malicious or oppressive conduct.

      Bryant contends Boland committed or ratified malicious or oppressive conduct

because, despite Bryant's 23-year history with SDG&E, Boland did not sufficiently read

the diversity department's report before terminating Bryant's employment. However,

there was no evidence that Boland had actual knowledge that SDG&E employees

engaged in malicious or oppressive conduct. Specifically, there is nothing in the record

to suggest that Boland knew the diversity department's investigation was flawed or

improperly expanded. Further, there was no evidence that Boland had actual knowledge

that Bryant had complained about tariff violations. The parties have not pointed to and

we have not found anything in the record suggesting that Boland had actual knowledge of

any malicious or oppressive conduct and its outrageous character. (See College Hospital,

supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 726.) The manner in which Boland handled Bryant's termination,

including merely skimming the diversity department's report and being unable to identify

the misconduct leading to Bryant's termination, was negligent at best.

      Based on the foregoing, we conclude there was insufficient evidence to support

the jury's punitive damages award.

                                            26
                                     DISPOSITION

      The judgment on Bryant's section 1102.5(a) and PAGA claims is reversed.

Accordingly, the $10,000 in penalties assessed for the PAGA violation are reversed. We

also reverse the punitive damages award of $1,300,000. In all other respects, the

judgment is affirmed. Each party shall bear their own costs on appeal.

                                                                McINTYRE, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:

O'ROURKE, J.

IRION, J.

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