Court Opinion

ID: 6350493
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-16 18:08:58.396317+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:15:18.608180
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Dineen v. Pelfrey, 2022-Ohio-2035.]

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                   TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

Patrick Dineen, M.D.,                             :

                 Plaintiff-Appellant,             :               No. 21AP-547
                                                              (C.P.C. No. 20CV-5317)
v.                                                :

Dorothea Pelfrey,                                 :     (ACCELERATED CALENDAR)

                 Defendant-Appellee.              :

                                         D E C I S I O N

                                      Rendered on June 16, 2022

                 On brief: Henderson Mokhtari & Weatherly, Al A.
                 Mokhtari, for appellant. Argued: Al A. Mokhtari.

                 On brief: Ritzler, Coughlin & Paglia, Jonathon M.
                 Angarola, for appellee. Argued: Jonathon M. Angarola.

                   APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas
SADLER, J.
        {¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, Patrick Dineen, M.D., appeals a judgment entered by the
Franklin County Court of Common Pleas granting two motions to compel filed by
defendant-appellee, Dorothea Pelfrey, ordering appellant to sign authorizations for release
of medical and billing records, and denying appellant's motions to strike, for a protective
order, and for sanctions. For the following reasons, we reverse the trial court judgment and
remand the matter for further proceedings.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
        {¶ 2} Following an August 2018 motor vehicle accident involving appellant and
appellee, appellant and his wife filed a complaint in August 2020 asserting claims of
No. 21AP-547                                                                             2

negligence, uninsured/underinsured motorist and medical coverage, subrogation, and loss
of consortium. Appellant alleged in his complaint that,
               [a]s a direct result of the crash, Plaintiff may have suffered
               significant injuries and/or an aggravation of pre-existing
               injuries to his body, causing physical pain, mental distress,
               anxiety, loss of enjoyment of life, physical impairment and/or
               an inability to perform ordinary activities, which injuries may
               be permanent, as well as miscellaneous unreimbursed costs,
               expenses and losses.
(Compl. at 3.) On October 2, 2020, appellee filed an answer and served her first set of
combined interrogatories and requests for production of documents on appellant. The
interrogatories included multiple questions about diagnosis and treatment provided by
medical practitioners, physicians, surgeons, and psychologists, and the documents
requested by appellee included copies of "all hospital and medical records relating to the
treatment received by [appellant]" and "copies of any reports [all medical professionals]
have prepared to date." (Oct. 2, 2020 Interrogs. and Req. for Produc. of Docs. at 10.)
       {¶ 3} Appellant did not respond to the first set of interrogatories. Appellant did
authorize certain medical providers (Physical Medical Associates, Columbus Internal
Medicine, OhioHealth Riverside Radiology, and McConnell Heart Health Center) to release
to appellee's lawyer medical treatment and billing records spanning August 28, 2018 (the
accident) through August 2020. The parties then scheduled depositions for June 30, 2021.
       {¶ 4} During appellant's deposition, appellant's counsel instructed appellant not to
answer several questions, including: his hospitalizations over the past ten years excluding
treatment for this accident; any emergency room or urgent care treatment he sought in the
past ten years excluding treatment for this accident; any orthopedist treatment he sought
in the last ten years excluding treatment for this accident; any pain management treatment
he sought in the last ten years excluding treatment for this accident; any orthopedist
treatment he sought in the last ten years excluding treatment for this accident; and what
prescription medication he was on at the time of this accident. Appellant's counsel also
instructed appellant not to answer questions about the circumstances surrounding a car
accident in the early 1990's and whether he had been treated after that accident; whether
he had been involved in any other motor vehicle accidents, prior to ten years before the
deposition, aside from the instant accident and the accident in the 1990's; whether he had
No. 21AP-547                                                                                                3

filed a claim for disability prior to ten years before the deposition; whether he had filed for
bankruptcy prior to five years before the deposition; and whether he had consumed alcohol
within 24 hours of the accident. During the deposition, appellant testified he believed his
"neck and initially part of [his] upper back" were injured in the accident, and appellant's
counsel did allow inquiry into appellant's prior neck treatment during the past ten years.
(Dineen Dep. at 37.)
        {¶ 5} Shortly after the depositions, appellee filed a motion to compel appellant's
participation in a second deposition. Within it, appellee explained that while appellant
"claims he sustained a neck injury in this accident and first sought medical treatment after
this accident on September 20, 2018," appellee disputed proximate cause of the asserted
injury and damages. (July 2, 2021 Mot. to Compel at 1.) Appellee argued that appellant's
"recent medical history, his involvement in other court proceedings, his involvement in
other motor vehicle accidents, and his state of mind at the time of this accident" were
relevant "to whether the motor vehicle accident at issue proximately caused his neck
injury." (July 2, 2021 Mot. to Compel at 3.)
        {¶ 6} Appellee additionally filed a motion to compel appellant to respond to
appellee's written discovery requests and sign medical authorizations.                         Specifically,
appellee asserted appellant had not responded to appellee's October 2, 2020 written
discovery requests, including a set of interrogatories and production of documents, or
appellee's July 9, 2021 request for authorizations to release medical records related to
information gained in appellant's deposition.1
        {¶ 7} Appellant filed a combined memorandum contra appellee's motions to
compel, a motion to strike, a motion for a protective order, and a motion for sanctions.
Within it, appellant argued the discovery deadline had passed, the "discovery each party
actually needs for trial [had] already been completed," that appellee was only entitled to
discovery of matter causally and historically related to the injuries at issue, and that
appellee fabricated a discovery dispute to improperly delay the case. (July 16, 2021 Memo.
Contra at 2.) Appellee filed a reply contending the parties rescheduled the deposition to
accommodate appellant's dog's health issues, and that appellant further caused delay by

1The requests for authorization do not appear in the appellate record. Neither party raises an issue on appeal
based on the absence of these documents from the record.
No. 21AP-547                                                                               4

not responding to discovery requests or answering questions in the deposition. Appellee
filed motions in limine to exclude expert medical testimony, permanent damages, evidence
of insurance, and certain billing records unrelated to the accident. Appellant opposed those
motions.
       {¶ 8} On October 11, 2021, the trial court filed an entry granting appellee's motions
to compel a second deposition and to compel responses to written discovery and denying
appellant's motions to strike, for a protective order, and for sanctions. According to the
trial court, "[t]o this day, [appellant] has not responded to the written discovery and has
not signed the authorizations to release medical and billing records from the providers with
whom he obtained treatment after the accident" as discussed by appellant in his deposition.
(Trial Court Entry at 2.)     The trial court found that "the information requested in
[appellee's] discovery requests is discoverable and that the discovery responses are
necessary for [appellee] to thoroughly evaluate [appellant's] claims, prepare a proper
defense, and conduct meaningful additional discovery. The need to conduct additional
discovery can only be determined after reviewing [appellant's] outstanding overdue
discovery responses, which further supports granting [appellee's] Motion to Compel."
(Trial Court Entry at 2-3.)
       {¶ 9} In conjunction with granting appellee's motions to compel, the trial court
ordered appellant to, within 14 days of the order, serve his answers to appellant's first set
of interrogatories and request for production of documents, sign and return the
authorizations for release of medical and billing records, and make himself available for a
second deposition. The trial court warned that appellant's failure to comply with the orders
could result in sanctions including dismissal of appellant's claims.
       {¶ 10} Appellant filed a timely appeal. Appellee filed a motion to dismiss the appeal,
arguing appellant sought interlocutory relief that is not final and appealable pursuant to
R.C. 2505.02(B)(4). By entry, this court indicated appellee's motion to dismiss would be
determined when we considered the merits of the appeal.
II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
       {¶ 11} Appellant assigns three assignments of error for review:
               I.    THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING
                     APPELLLANT'S MOTION FOR PROTECTIVE ORDER
No. 21AP-547                                                                              5

               II.    THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING
                      APPELLEE'S MOTION TO COMPEL A SECOND
                      DEPOSITION OF APPELLANT
               III.   THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING
                      APPELLEE'S MOTION TO COMPEL WRITTEN
                      DISCOVERY RESPONSES AND SIGNED MEDICAL
                      AUTHORIZATIONS
III.   ANALYSIS
       {¶ 12} We first consider whether the trial court's October 11, 2021 entry constitutes
a final, appealable order. In her motion to dismiss, appellee contends that the entry
appealed in this case is an interlocutory order not subject to review at this time under
R.C. 2505.02(B)(4).
       {¶ 13} Generally, discovery orders are not subject to immediate appeal. In re
Special Grand Jury Investigation, 10th Dist. No. 17AP-446, 2018-Ohio-760, ¶ 7.
"However, an order compelling discovery of information alleged to be privileged or
protected may be final and appealable if certain requirements of R.C. 2505.02 are met." Id.
Whether a discovery order that compels discovery of information alleged to be privileged
or protected warrants an interlocutory appeal is evaluated on a case-by-case basis. State v.
Glenn, 165 Ohio St.3d 432, 2021-Ohio-3369, ¶ 28.
       {¶ 14} R.C. 2505.02(A)(3) and (B)(4) provide a framework for analyzing whether an
order pertaining to information claimed to be privileged may be reviewed on appeal. Under
R.C. 2505.02(A)(3), a "provisional remedy" means "a proceeding ancillary to an action"
including "discovery of privileged matter." R.C. 2505.02(B)(4) then provides:
               [a]n order is a final order that may be reviewed, affirmed,
               modified, or reversed, with or without retrial, when it is one of
               the following:
               ***
               An order that grants or denies a provisional remedy and to
               which both of the following apply:
               (a) The order in effect determines the action with respect to the
               provisional remedy and prevents a judgment in the action in
               favor of the appealing party with respect to the provisional
               remedy.
               (b) The appealing party would not be afforded a meaningful or
               effective remedy by an appeal following final judgment as to all
               proceedings, issues, claims, and parties in the action.
No. 21AP-547                                                                                  6

       {¶ 15} The appellant has the "burden of establishing the appellate court's
jurisdiction over an interlocutory appeal." Glenn at ¶ 22, citing Smith v. Chen, 142 Ohio
St.3d 411, 2015-Ohio-1480, ¶ 8. The appellant "must establish not only that he has a
colorable claim that the order compels the disclosure of [information subject to a privilege]
but also that any harm from its disclosure could not be remedied on appeal from a final
judgment." Glenn at ¶ 22. In re Special Grand Jury Investigation at ¶ 11 ("[A] party
attempting to appeal an order compelling discovery of privileged materials must
affirmatively establish that an immediate appeal is necessary to afford the appellant a
meaningful and effective remedy.").
       {¶ 16} In this case, the order at issue in part directs appellant to disclose information
he claims is protected by the physician-patient privilege. The trial court found, without
reserve, the information requested in appellee's discovery requests (including diagnosis
and treatment by medical professionals) to be discoverable, ordered appellant to sign and
return the authorizations for release of medical records, and threatened sanctions for the
failure to do so. In his brief on appeal, appellant argues orders compelling disclosure of
information     concerning      physician-patient      confidentiality,    privileged    under
R.C. 2317.02(B), constitute an exception warranting appellate review at this juncture. In
further briefing concerning the motion to dismiss, appellant argued the trial court in
essence permitted a "blanket" order into confidential and privileged information that, once
disclosed, could not be undone. (Dec. 13, 2021 Memo. Contra. Mot. to Dismiss at 18.)
       {¶ 17} In similar circumstances to this case, this court has held "that a trial court
order compelling disclosure of information concerning physician-patient confidentiality
constitutes a final, appealable order." Mason v. Booker, 185 Ohio App.3d 19, 2009-Ohio-
6198, ¶ 11 (10th Dist.), citing Talvan v. Siegel, 80 Ohio App.3d 781, 784 (1992). See, e.g.,
Gentile v. Duncan, 2013-Ohio-5540, 5 N.E.3d 100, ¶ 8 (10th Dist.) (concluding trial court's
order granting appellee's motion to compel appellant to execute medical release
authorizations was a final, appealable order); Randall v. Cantwell Mach. Co., 10th Dist. No.
12AP-786, 2013-Ohio-2744, ¶ 8 (concluding, "to the extent that the decision orders
appellant to grant an unaltered medical release that could lead to the production of
privileged information and denies a protective order related to that information, it is a final,
appealable order.").
No. 21AP-547                                                                                      7

       {¶ 18} Appellee asserts that we should not rely on Mason since it was decided prior
to the Supreme Court of Ohio decision in Chen. However, we do not find Chen controls this
case as it did not address physician-patient privilege. Specifically, Chen concerned a trial
court order compelling the appellants to turn over a surveillance video that the appellants
contended was attorney-work product. Within that context, the Supreme Court found the
appellants failed to establish why an immediate appeal was necessary in that case. The
Supreme Court has since commented that the holding in Chen is limited to the context of
"discovery     protections   that    do   not    involve    common-law,       constitutional,    or
statutory guarantees of confidentiality, such as the attorney-work-product doctrine" and
distinguished the protection provided by the attorney-work-product doctrine from the
protection provided by an asserted privilege. See, e.g., Burnham v. Cleveland Clinic, 151
Ohio St.3d 356, 2016-Ohio-8000, ¶ 2 (lead opinion) (remarking that, as opposed to
attorney work-product, "an order requiring the production of information protected by the
attorney-client privilege causes harm and prejudice that inherently cannot be meaningfully
or effectively remedied by a later appeal"); In re Grand Jury Proceeding of Doe, 150 Ohio
St.3d 398, 2016-Ohio-8001, ¶ 22 ("When a party is compelled to produce material
protected by the attorney-client privilege, harm extends beyond the actual case being
litigated and causes the loss of a right that cannot be rectified by a later appeal, and
R.C. 2505.02(B)(4)(b) is accordingly satisfied"); State ex rel. Thomas v. McGinty, 164 Ohio
St.3d 167, 2020-Ohio-5452, ¶ 47, quoting In re Grand Jury Proceeding of Doe at ¶ 22 ("In
the context of an order to disclose materials protected by the attorney-client privilege, there
is 'the loss of a right that cannot be rectified by a later appeal.' "). See generally In re Special
Grand Jury Investigation of Medicaid Fraud & Nursing Homes, 10th Dist. No. 18AP-730,
2019-Ohio-2532, ¶ 23 (detailing the leading cases emanating from the Supreme Court on
this issue).
       {¶ 19} Therefore, we do not find Chen determines this case and instead apply this
court's precedent as stated in Mason, Gentile, and Randall. Doing so, we similarly conclude
that the October 11, 2021, order at issue in this case is final and appealable under
R.C. 2505.02 to the extent it requires disclosure of information protected by the physician-
No. 21AP-547                                                                                                8

patient privilege.2 Randall at ¶ 8. Considering all the above, we deny appellee's motion to
dismiss and limit our review to only those issues concerning appellant's assertion of the
physician-patient privilege.
        {¶ 20} Appellant's assignments of error challenge the trial court's decision to deny
his motion for a protective order and grant appellant's motions to compel. Because
appellant's assignments of error all concern discovery of allegedly privileged information
and are interrelated, we will address them together. Gentile at ¶ 8. Trial court orders
concerning discovery, including protective orders, are generally reviewed under an abuse-
of-discretion standard. Med. Mut. of Ohio v. Schlotterer, 122 Ohio St.3d 181, 2009-Ohio-
2496, ¶ 13; Randall at ¶ 11. However, "[w]hether the information sought is confidential and
privileged from disclosure is a question of law that is reviewed de novo." Schlotterer at ¶ 13.
        {¶ 21} Generally, "[u]nless otherwise limited by court order, * * * [p]arties may
obtain discovery regarding any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party's claim or
defense and proportional to the needs of the case." Civ.R. 26(B)(1). "Information within
this scope of discovery need not be admissible in evidence to be discoverable." Id. "When
information subject to discovery is withheld on a claim that it is privileged or subject to
protection as trial preparation materials, the claim shall be made expressly and shall be
supported by a description of the nature of the documents, communications, or things not
produced that is sufficient to enable the demanding party to contest the claim."
Civ.R. 26(B)(8). "Upon motion by any party or by the person from whom discovery is
sought, and for good cause shown, the court in which the action is pending may make any
order that justice requires to protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment,
oppression, or undue burden or expense." Civ.R. 26(C) (addressing protective orders).
        {¶ 22} R.C. 2317.02(B) sets forth the "physician-patient privilege" and waiver of that
privilege. Gentile at ¶ 16. "Medical records are generally privileged from disclosure" under
R.C. 2317.02(B). Schlotterer at ¶ 14. R.C. 2317.02(B)(1) and (5)(a). However, "[t]he
physician-patient privilege * * * is not absolute." Ward v. Summa Health Sys., 128 Ohio
St.3d 212, 2010-Ohio-6275, ¶ 22. "[T]he privilege does not apply when the patient gives

2We agree with appellee that "[a]ppellant['s] citation to physician-patient privilege under R.C. 2317.02(B)(3)
has no bearing on [a]ppellant['s] refusal to respond to written discovery at all and [appellant's] refusal to
answer" questions in his deposition "based on relevancy alone" unconnected to an assertion of physician-
patient privilege. (Appellee's Mot. to Dismiss at 3.)
No. 21AP-547                                                                                9

express consent to the release of medical information or when the patient places his medical
condition in issue by filing a medical claim or wrongful-death action." Id. Friedenberg v.
Friedenberg, 161 Ohio St.3d 98, 2020-Ohio-3345, ¶ 33 ("R.C. 2317.02(B)(1)(a)(iii) * * *
expressly provides that the patient waives the physician-patient privilege in civil actions
filed by the patient."). When the physician-patient privilege described in R.C. 2317.02(B)(1)
does not apply, the communication must be "related causally or historically to physical or
mental injuries that are relevant to issues" in the civil action. R.C. 2317.02(B)(3)(a);
Leopold v. Ace Doran Hauling & Rigging Co., 136 Ohio St.3d 257, 2013-Ohio-3107, ¶ 18;
Mason at ¶ 14 ("[U]nder [R.C. 2317.02(B)] the filing of any civil action waives the physician-
patient privilege as to any communication (including a medical record) that relates causally
and historically to the injuries at issue in the action."). "The burden of showing that the
privilege applies rests on the party asserting the privilege." State v. Tench, 156 Ohio St.3d
85, 2018-Ohio-5205, ¶ 234.
       {¶ 23} Here, appellant contends he testified in deposition that he sustained a neck
injury as a result of this crash and that he had no prior neck "injury, issue, symptom, or
* * * treatment" during the ten years before the motor vehicle accident. (Appellant's Brief
at 15.) In appellant's view, the information the trial court ordered him to produce via
written discovery, medical authorizations and a second deposition is both incumbent upon
medical diagnosis and treatment and is not causally or historically related to the motor
vehicle accident or the injuries he sustained in the accident. Appellant believes the trial
court, by failing to set proper limits, has effectively permitted "an unmitigated fishing
expedition" into appellee's confidential medical history. (Appellant's Brief at 15.)
       {¶ 24} Appellee counters that appellant was required to answer questions during his
deposition requesting non-privileged information and, under Vega v. Tivurcio, 10th Dist.
No. 14AP-327, 2014-Ohio-4588, ¶ 29, could not refuse to do so based on relevancy.
Appellee also contends appellant failed to meet his burden of showing privilege since he did
not specify how the information requested is privileged, akin to Pietrangelo v. Hudson, 8th
Dist. No. 107344, 2019-Ohio-1988 citing Civ.R. 26(B)(8)(a) and Heimberger v.
Heimberger, 11th Dist. No. 2019-L-139, 2020-Ohio-3853, ¶ 29.
       {¶ 25} The cases raised by appellee are distinguishable.        Vega concerned the
plaintiff's right to assert her Fifth Amendment privilege at a pre-trial deposition. We found
No. 21AP-547                                                                                10

no error in the trial court's order granting appellee's motion to compel where the plaintiff
failed, under case law specific to the Fifth Amendment privilege, to show that she had
reasonable cause to apprehend a real danger of incrimination if she were to respond to the
questions raised in the motion to compel. Because Vega does not involve standards and
analysis pertaining to the assertion of the physician-patient privilege, we decline to apply it
here.
        {¶ 26} The two Eighth District cases, Heimberger and Pietrangelo, also diverge
from this case in ways that undercut a direct comparison. In Heimberger, the Eighth
District held the trial court did not abuse its discretion in compelling discovery considering
the discovery requests at issue in that case. The court found all of the discovery requests
except one related causally or historically to the physical and/or mental injuries alleged by
the plaintiff since they included appropriate time parameters, and the one outlier seeking
information for medical care "at any time" to nevertheless not violate the privilege since it
only asked for names and contact information of doctors. Id. at ¶ 26-27. While the Eighth
District also commented that the plaintiff did not comply with civil rules with respect to her
assertion of privilege, it did so as an add-on "note" without further elaboration. Id. at ¶ 29.
Moreover, the plaintiff in Heimberger, unlike the instant case, did not seek a protective
order pertaining to medical records.
        {¶ 27} In Pietrangelo, the plaintiff brought a negligence action against the
defendant alleging injuries to his head, neck, and back. "After learning that [the plaintiff]
had previously suffered injuries to the same areas for which he now claimed harm, [the
defendant] sought [the plaintiff's] prior medical records" and the plaintiff refused to sign
the release authorizations. Id. at ¶ 1. The plaintiff refused to comply without seeking a
protective order or any other means to protect asserted privileged information. The Eighth
District found the plaintiff had failed to articulate a factual basis by which the trial court
could have concluded that a record was not properly discoverable and had not
demonstrated the trial court erred in granting his motion to compel.
        {¶ 28} Notably, Pietrangelo at ¶ 23 distinguishes itself from its earlier case, Wooten
v. Westfield Ins. Co., 181 Ohio App.3d 59, 2009-Ohio-494 (8th Dist.), in which the Eighth
District reversed and remanded a trial court's denial of a plaintiff's motion for a protective
order where the defendant's request for the medical information was "a blanket one,"
No. 21AP-547                                                                               11

seeking all of appellant's medical and pharmaceutical records, with only a time limitation
and "the authorizations were not limited * * * to the alleged injuries." Wooten at ¶ 15. The
Wooten court concluded in these circumstances the defendant's request was too broad and
remanded the matter to the trial court to determine which medical records were
discoverable. Id. at ¶ 21.
       {¶ 29} In the instant case, unlike Pietrangelo, appellant did not testify to having
previous injuries to the same areas for which he now claimed harm (the neck injury), the
information sought is not constrained to the claimed injury, and appellant did seek a
protective order. These circumstances are more aligned with Wooten, where the trial court
improperly issued a "blanket" order to compel production of medical information and
denied the plaintiff's motion for a protective order.
       {¶ 30} Similar to Wooten, this court has determined that a trial court errs in
ordering broad access to a plaintiff's medical information without considering, upon
request, whether the requested records are causally and historically related to the injuries
at issue and without determining whether confidential and privileged information may
need protected. See e.g., Mason at ¶ 22 ("We acknowledge that there are many methods
for obtaining medical records and determining their relevance before requiring their
disclosure in discovery. * * * A trial court may not, however, simply ignore the requirements
of R.C. 2317.02(B)."); Randall at ¶ 15 (concluding, in a case where some requested records
sought in discovery may have included communications regarding unrelated conditions,
the trial court erred by not granting the plaintiff's motion for a protective order "or
implementing some other measure * * * to determine whether certain records were
privileged"); Gentile at ¶ 24 (citing Mason, Wooten, and Randall in holding that "a trial
court errs in ordering a plaintiff to execute 'general medical records release authorizations'
that are not tailored to physical or mental injuries relevant to the issues in the case" and
that a "trial court should take measures to ensure that privileged medical records are
protected from disclosure.").
       {¶ 31} Here, the parties agree the case has narrowed to appellant's assertion of a
neck injury allegedly caused by the parties' motor vehicle accident. Nevertheless, the trial
court summarily found all the information requested in appellee's discovery requests to be
discoverable without considering the appropriate timeframe for discovery or imposing any
No. 21AP-547                                                                                 12

other limitation, even though those requests included questions admittedly concerning the
diagnosis and treatment of "any condition" and medical diagnosis and treatment "not
involving this accident." (First Set of Interrogs. at 2; Appellee's Mot. to Compel Second
Dep. at 1-2.) Moreover, the trial court denied appellant's motion for a protective order and
did so without explanation. Considering the parties' agreement of the (now narrowed)
injury at issue in this case and the extensive scope of appellee's discovery requests, we agree
with appellant that the trial court erred by ordering broad, unprotected access to his
medical information. While appellant waived the physician-patient privilege by filing his
civil action, he only did so as to communications that are causally or historically related to
the injuries presented in the civil action, and a trial court must ensure the scope of discovery
reflects this limitation. R.C. 2317.02(B)(3)(a); Leopold at ¶ 17.
       {¶ 32} Accordingly, we sustain appellant's three assignments of error to the extent
indicated herein. The matter is remanded to the trial court to determine whether the
records it ordered disclosed are causally or historically related to appellant's claimed
injuries and to determine how to appropriately protect the information and records at issue
in this case. Randall at ¶ 15, citing Mason ("[W]e recognize that the trial court is in the best
position to determine the most appropriate method to protect privileged records in a
particular case, but the court may not ignore the need to preserve the statutory physician-
patient privilege."); Mason at ¶ 22 ("[W]e intend no intrusion upon a trial court's authority
to determine the most appropriate method for protecting privileged medical records in a
given case."). See also Ward at ¶ 32, citing Civ.R. 26(C) (finding that even if the physician-
patient privilege does not apply, "the trial court must still consider whether the doctor is
entitled to a protective order"). We express no opinion as to whether the requested
information and records are casually and historically related to appellant's claimed injuries.
Randall at ¶ 15.
IV.    CONCLUSION
       {¶ 33} Having sustained appellant's three assignments of error, we reverse the
judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas and remand the matter for
further proceedings consistent with this decision.
                                                                         Judgment reversed;
                                                                           cause remanded.
No. 21AP-547                                          13

               KLATT and BEATTY BLUNT, JJ., concur.
                        _____________