Court Opinion

ID: 3184779
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-03-11 16:17:40.167148+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:38:58.208460
License: Public Domain

FIRST DIVISION
                               DOYLE, C. J.,
                         PHIPPS, P. J, and BOGGS, J.

                   NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                   physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                   days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                               http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

                                                                     March 2, 2016

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A15A2017. IN THE INTEREST OF M. M. R., a child.                             DO-098
 A15A2018. IN THE INTEREST OF D. J. T., a child.                             DO-099

      DOYLE, Chief Judge.

      These related appeals from the juvenile court’s termination orders involve an

extended family in which the biological grandmother, who is also the adoptive mother

of D. J. T., was caring for D. J. T., , M. M. R., and three other grandchildren when

they were removed from her care by the Department of Family and Children Services

(“the Department”).1 M. M. R.’s mother (“the mother,” who is neither the biological

      1
        This Court granted the mother’s application for discretionary appeal on
February 3, 2014, and we granted the grandmother’s motion for reconsideration of
the denial of her application for discretionary appeal on April 1, 2014, allowing her
appeal to proceed as well. After docketing, the cases were remanded on March 27,
2015, to the juvenile court for completion of the appellate record, and they were re-
docketed in this Court on June 24, 2015. To the extent that either of the termination
orders rule on the parental rights of parties other than the mother and the
nor legal mother of the other four children and who is the grandmother’s biological

daughter) was incarcerated at the time six-year-old M. M. R., eight-year-old D. J. T.,

and the three other children were taken into care. Because many of the pertinent facts

overlap, we have consolidated the cases for purposes of the appeals.2

       In Case Number A15A2018,3 the grandmother appeals the trial court’s order

terminating her parental rights to D. J. T., arguing that the trial court erred by granting

the petition to terminate because it lacked clear and convincing evidence to support

a finding (1) of present deprivation; (2) that the cause of the deprivation is likely to

continue; (3) that a present deprivation would cause serious mental, physical,

emotional, or moral harm to the child; (4) that termination was in the best interests

grandmother, those rulings were not appealed to this Court, nor were the termination
of rights as to the three other children taken into the Department’s custody. Based on
our review of the record, neither the mother nor the grandmother had legal rights to
those three children.
       2
       Georgia’s former Juvenile Code applies to this case because it commenced
in 2013. See generally In the Interest of G. R. B., 330 Ga. App. 693, n. 1 (769 SE2d
119) (2015) (explaining that the new Juvenile Code applies to juvenile proceedings
commenced on or after January 1, 2014, and describing changes made by new
Juvenile Code pertaining to deprivation proceedings).
       3
        Because the majority of the facts surrounding the deprivation occurred while
the children were in the grandmother’s care, we address her appeal first.

                                            2
of the child; and (5) that she failed to support the child pursuant to former OCGA §

15-11-94 (b) (2).

      In Case Number A15A2017, the mother appeals the trial court’s order

terminating her rights to M. M. R., arguing that the trial court erred by granting the

petition to terminate because it lacked clear and convincing evidence to support a

finding (1) of present deprivation; (2) that the cause of the deprivation is likely to

continue; (3) that a present deprivation would cause serious mental, physical,

emotional, or moral harm to the child; (4) that termination was in the best interests

of the child; and (5) that she failed to support the child pursuant to former OCGA §

15-11-94 (b) (2).

      For the reasons that follow, we reverse the termination orders in both cases.

             On appeal from a juvenile court’s decision to terminate parental
      rights, we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the court’s
      decision and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have
      found by clear and convincing evidence that the parental rights should
      be terminated. We do not weigh the evidence or resolve credibility
      issues, but merely determine whether a rational trier of fact could have
      found by clear and convincing evidence that the natural parent’s right to
      custody should be terminated. However, we proceed in a termination
      case with the knowledge that there is no judicial determination which
      has more drastic significance than that of permanently severing a natural

                                          3
      parent-child relationship. It must be scrutinized deliberately and
      exercised most cautiously. The right to raise one’s children is a fiercely
      guarded right in our society and law, and a right that should be infringed
      upon only under the most compelling circumstances.4

      The record shows that in 2011 the grandmother and mother made plans to

move from Fairview, Tennessee, to Georgia to care for an elderly family friend. By

March 2012, however, the mother had been incarcerated, and the grandmother made

plans to move to a rental home in Talmo, Georgia, with her adult son, his wife, and

the grandmother’s five grandchildren, including D. J. T., M. M. R., and three others

for whom she was caring but had no formal parental rights except for D. J. T., her

adoptive son.5 After arriving to the area with their belongings and checking into a

hotel to await some final repairs to the home, they were told by the landlords that the

landlords had decided not to rent the house, and the landlords failed to return all of

the grandmother’s pre-paid rent and security deposit. At that point, the grandmother

      4
        (Citations and punctuation omitted.) In the Interest of S. B., 335 Ga. App. 1,
6 (1) (780 SE2d 520) (2015).
      5
       According to the grandmother, and it is undisputed, she raised D. J. T. since
he was ten months old and legally adopted him at age eight.

                                          4
and her adult son and daughter-in-law6 moved with the children into a tent in an

Effingham County campground. The grandmother contended that she went to the

Department to get assistance, but before she received a response from them, she

called police to report that her adult son was stealing her belongings. The officer

stated that he would contact the Department on her behalf to meet with her the next

day about assisting the family. The deprivation order states that the Department

discovered the children and grandmother after receiving reports of unsupervised

children playing near a lake at the campground.

        When a caseworker arrived at the scene, the conditions of the children showed

evidence of neglect, including soiled undergarments and dried feces on the younger

children, and the grandmother was “not responsive” to the caseworker’s attempts to

rouse her.7 The children were taken into shelter care at that time, and on April 27,

2012, nunc pro tunc to April 16, 2012, the juvenile court entered an order finding the

children deprived based on lack of supervision/neglect and educational neglect

because D. J. T. and an older child were not enrolled in school.

        6
       It is unclear whether any of the children were the offspring of the adult son
and daughter-in-law, who are not parties to this appeal.
        7
            There is no discussion of where the adult son or daughter-in-law were at that
time.

                                             5
      The Department prepared a case plan as to the grandmother with regard to D.

J. T., requiring that she (1) complete parenting education; (2) maintain a source of

income; (3) maintain stable, appropriate housing; (4) complete a psychological

evaluation; (5) submit to a drug and alcohol assessment and follow any

recommendations therefrom; and (6) document any medically necessary prescriptions.

      The record does not contain a case plan for the mother to reunify with M. M.

R. prior to one dated April 5, 2013,8 but that plan states that she must (1) remain out

of jail; (2) complete a home evaluation and assessment; (3) submit to a drug and

alcohol assessment and follow any recommendations therefrom; (4) have clean drug

screens; (5) maintain a bond with M. M. R.; and (6) complete a psychological

evaluation. The case plan notes that while the mother had been incarcerated she had

corresponded with M. M. R., and it noted that she expressed interest in working on

her case plan since her release.

      On April 3, 2013, the Department filed a petition to terminate the

grandmother’s parental rights as to D. J. T. The petition reiterated the circumstances

of D. J. T. at the time he and his cousins were taken into custody at the campground,

      8
        This plan is dated 2 days after the Department filed its termination petition
and only 36 days after the mother’s release from jail. It refers to earlier plans, but
these do not appear in the record.

                                          6
and it alleged that the grandmother had “made little progress with her case plan.” The

Department contended that the grandmother had not (1) completed parenting classes,

(2) supported D. J. T., (3) provided proof of stable income or housing, (4) provided

proof of alcohol or prescription drug evaluation, (5) followed up with her psychiatrist,

or (6) visited consistently with D. J. T. in the year he was in Department custody. The

case plan stated that the reasons D. J. T. came into custody were inadequate housing

and neglect based on living in the campground. The Department contended that in

November 2012, the grandmother was evicted from a home in Georgia, and in

December 2012, she moved back to Tennessee. Department caseworkers testified that

between the March 2012 removal of the children and the grandmother’s December

2012 move to Tennessee, she had made minimal progress toward her plan goals.

      On April 3, 2013, the Department also filed a petition to terminate the mother’s

parental rights as to M. M. R. The petition reiterated the circumstances at the time M.

M. R. and her cousins were taken into custody in March 2012, and it alleged that the

mother had “made little progress with her case plan.” Immediately after that sentence,

the petition stated that the mother had “made no progress on her case plan.” The

petition acknowledged that the mother was incarcerated nearly the entire time

between M. M. R.’s initial deprivation and the April 2013 petition to terminate, and

                                           7
it also acknowledged that she took parenting classes while in prison and consistently

corresponded with M. M. R. The petition contended that the mother had not

completed a psychological exam or drug and alcohol assessments, and it contended

that she failed to support M. M. R.

      At the December 2013 termination hearing, the grandmother testified that in

January 2012, prior to the mother’s release from prison, she moved to a home in

Smithfield, Tennessee. The grandmother, after having had no income for eight

months, began receiving permanent disability payments of $3,500 a month9 and

maintained health insurance on all five of the grandchildren throughout the pendency

of the Department’s custody. After the mother was released from prison on February

27, 2013, she moved to Tennessee and lived with the grandmother; she obtained a

full-time job, which she still held at the time of the termination hearing in December

2013. Both the grandmother and the mother visited weekly by phone with D. J. T. and

M. M. R. respectively, only missing occasionally because of foster parent scheduling

or poor phone connections, making up the missed sessions later. The grandmother

      9
         The grandmother previously was a nurse for the Department of Veterans
Affairs. She stopped working in 2011 when she had a devastating neck and back
injury, after which she retired on disability. Her disability payments did not begin
until February 2013.

                                          8
admitted that she had few in-person visits with the children because the visits were

costly and time intensive (approximately ten hours of travel one way) for the one- to

two-hour visits they were allowed. The grandmother stated that although in the past

she had arguments with the mother, the mother had stopped using narcotics, was

attending Narcotics Anonymous, and was “doing wonderful[ly].”

      The grandmother contended that she had completed every portion of her case

plan, doing some in Georgia and some in Tennessee. She admitted she had not paid

child support, but contended the Department told her she would receive notification

of an amount, which was never provided.

      The mother testified that she was incarcerated in February 2012 for forging

checks, at which point M. M. R. went to live with the grandmother. The mother was

released from prison on February 27, 2013. The mother admitted that she had gotten

into arguments with her mother, but since she stopped using drugs, their relationship

had improved substantially. The mother stated that she had completed her case plan,

including parenting classes, psychological evaluation, alcohol and drug evaluation,

and housing approval. She testified that after starting employment in April 2013, she

was currently a crew trainer at a fast food restaurant and was going to take

management classes soon for a better position as well as start college classes later in

                                          9
the year. The mother had given birth to another child shortly before going to prison,

and she had custody of this child without any reported instances of abuse or neglect.

She stated that she had asked the Department at least twice about child support

payments, and she was told that “they would get back to [her] about it.” The mother

stated that she already had a bond with M. M. R., and she maintained it via weekly

phone calls, which she only missed because of bad reception and which she always

made up at later times; she testified that she loved M. M. R. and felt she could parent

her properly. The mother admitted that she had abused prescription medication, which

led to her check forgery and to arguments with the grandmother, but she testified to

having made many changes in her life and taken control of her issues.

      The Department caseworker testified that the grandmother and mother had

completed the steps in their case plans but because the two were out of state, the

caseworker could not observe that the grandmother would be able to parent D. J. T.

or that the mother would be able to parent M. M. R. The Department caseworker only

observed one in-person visit between M. M. R. and the mother, and testified that

      [M. M. R.] was excited to see her mother. She knew who she was. They
      talked about books and things. It seemed to be — I think because they
      had been — not — M. M. R. had not seen her for a very long time, it

                                          10
      was more of — she had a good visit, but it was more like friends than a
      mother daughter visit.

      The caseworker admitted that the Department had not put a child support order

in place, and she did not state whether the Department ever asked the mother or

grandmother to provide an amount certain to a place certain in order to fulfill the

requirement that they pay child support. When asked whether D. J. T. would still be

deprived if returned to the grandmother, the caseworker responded that “I believe he

would based on the fact that I — I can’t testify to the fact, I don’t know if [the

grandmother] has ultimately changed by checking certain things off on her case plan.

I’m not sure if the reasons why he came into care are no longer present.” When asked

whether M. M. R. would continue to be deprived, the caseworker testified that “I

could not [say she would not be deprived] for the same reasons, I haven’t been able

to see any [parenting interaction, bonds, everything] throughout, since I guess March

or when [she] moved to Tennessee.” The caseworker testified it was in the best

interests of D. J. T. or M. M. R. to have the grandmother’s and mother’s parental

rights terminated, but she did not explain why. The caseworker contended that she

was not sure if the mother understood M. M. R.’s needs having not parented her for

two years.

                                         11
      The Court-Appointed Special Advocate (“CASA”) testified that she

recommended terminating the parental rights of the grandmother and the mother.

When asked why she recommended this as to D. J. T., she stated that he needed

“stability.” The CASA acknowledged that much of the reason for the grandmother’s

problems working on her case plan during 2012 were because she had surgery and

she had been traveling between Tennessee and Georgia to care for her dying father,

resulting in “the kids . . . not [being] a top priority.” The CASA was not aware that

D. J. T. had any problems, until recently when his foster home gained another foster

child and he began experiencing behavioral issues. The CASA stated that if the court

decided to give custody of M. M. R. and D. J. T. to the mother and grandmother

respectively, the children “will be okay.”

      Regarding M. M. R., the CASA testified that she had made a lot of

improvements, and if she is moved to the mother’s home “the entire family will need

a lot of support for th[e] adjustment.” She also testified that since the mother

      has been out of prison[,] she has taken all of my suggestions. There were
      some things early on with conversations between her and [M. M. R.]
      that might not have always been positive in the right direction and
      [M.M.R.] had some issues after those were over[,] and I gave her some
      suggestions and she has always followed those, and I really think she —

                                          12
      that she wants to and would do what’s best for [M. M. R.], but I don’t
      think that she really understands how severe her needs are at this time.

      M. M. R.’s foster mother, who has three other children in her home, testified

that the child had very violent temper tantrums, and she described her emotional

development as “pre-infant level.” She also testified that M. M. R. would defecate in

her underwear since moving into their home, and then she would hide the soiled

undergarment somewhere in her room or other places in the home. The foster mother

testified that she believed in the month that M. M. R. lived in the tent, she began

holding her feces, which lead to a distended bowel — an issue that they were working

on with a gastrointestinal specialist.10 The foster mother testified that M. M. R. stole

things at school, and she would lie about it, was very clingy, and had nightmares, but

these issues had gotten better since being in the home.

      The grandmother testified that M. M. R. did not have issues with wetting or

soiling her clothing and then hiding it or with temper tantrums when M. M. R. was

in her care, and the mother stated that M. M. R. did not have issues aside from normal

nighttime bed-wetting prior to going into State custody.

      10
        No expert testimony was provided to support the foster mother’s theory that
this was a result of the stay at the campground.

                                          13
                                Case No. A15A2018

      On January 2, 2014, the trial court granted the Department’s petition to

terminate the grandmother’s parental rights as to D. J. T. In its order, the court found

that both the guardian ad litem and CASA submitted reports recommending

termination of parental rights, but provided no indication of what information those

reports might contain.11 The juvenile court found that “evidence at the termination

hearing was nearly identical to the evidence at the deprivation hearing and at every

review hearing conducted by this [c]ourt.” It also found that the grandmother had

visited “sporadically” with D. J. T. such that Department caseworkers could not

conclude whether the grandmother was parenting appropriately, and the grandmother

had not completed her case plan. The court found that after moving to Tennessee in

December 2013, the grandmother had not exercised all the available in-person

visitation available with D. J. T., and thus, had failed to maintain a bond with him.

The court also found that the grandmother had not supported the child as

contemplated by OCGA § 15-11-94 (b) (2).

      Under the previous Juvenile Code, a two-step process was utilized

      11
         Neither of these reports appear in the record, and the bulk of the testimony
by the CASA in support of termination centered on two of the younger children who
were in the grandmother’s care but for whom the grandmother had no parental rights.

                                          14
      in termination of parental rights cases. First, the [juvenile] court
      determine[d] whether there [was] present clear and convincing evidence
      of parental misconduct or inability. Four factors [were required] to
      establish parental misconduct or inability: (1) the child must [have been]
      deprived; (2) the lack of proper parental care or control by the parent in
      question must [have] cause[d] the deprivation; (3) the cause of the
      deprivation must [have been] likely to continue; and (4) continued
      deprivation must [have been] likely to cause the child serious physical,
      mental, emotional, or moral harm. If the [juvenile court found] that
      th[o]se four factors exist, then the court determine[d] whether
      termination of parental rights [was] in the best interest of the child, after
      considering the physical, mental, emotional, and moral condition and
      needs of the child, including the need for a secure and stable home.12

      1. (a) Deprivation. The grandmother did not appeal the juvenile court orders

finding D. J. T. to be deprived. While that failure to appeal often means that a parent

is bound by the previous findings as to the existence of a deprivation, in this case, the

record does not support a finding that those prior conditions continue to exist.13

      12
           In the Interest of R. C. M., 284 Ga. App. 791, 792 (645 SE2d 363) (2007).
      13
          See id. at 798, n.6 (explaining that former “OCGA § 15-11-94 (b) (4) (A)
requires the juvenile court to determine whether the child is a deprived child — that
is, at the time of the hearing on the petition for termination of parental rights — not
whether the child has ever been a deprived child”) (punctuation omitted; emphasis
in original) and compare with In the Interest of I. S., 278 Ga. 859, 861, n. 6 (607 SE2d
546) (2005).

                                           15
      As an initial matter, the record does not support the juvenile court’s finding

that “[t]he evidence at the termination hearing was nearly identical to the evidence at

the deprivation hearing. . . .” There was no evidence that the grandmother was still

living in a tent in a state park. Additionally, to the extent that during the eight months

she remained in Georgia the grandmother could not show evidence of stable income

or housing, the record at the termination hearing undisputably established that after

moving to Tennessee in late 2012, the grandmother has secured stable monthly

income sufficient to support herself and D. J. T. Moreover, she secured stable,

suitable housing and community support in Tennessee, and the home had been

evaluated by Tennessee authorities. Thus, to the extent that the juvenile court based

its finding of deprivation upon a finding that the grandmother continued to live in the

same circumstances as those at the time of the deprivation order and that D. J. T.

would experience the same circumstances if returned to her, the court’s order is not

supported by clear and convincing evidence.14

      14
       Compare with In the Interest of A. B., 251 Ga. App. 827, 830-831 (2) (555
SE2d 159) (2001).

                                           16
      (b) Lack of proper parental care and control is the cause of the deprivation.

To the extent that D. J. T. was deprived at the time he was taken into custody in 2012,

the grandmother does not dispute that she was the cause of that deprivation.

      (c) The cause of the deprivation is likely to continue. The juvenile court found

that she had not progressed in her case plan, however, the record actually established

and the Department largely acknowledged that the grandmother had completed the

majority of her case plan requirements. Further there is no evidence of a specific

portion of the case plan that she has failed to fulfill, and the main concern on the part

of the Department caseworker was the caseworker’s lack of observation of the

grandmother’s in-person parenting. The caseworker, however, did not provide any

evidence that the grandmother’s parenting ability would cause serious harm to D. J.

T.; rather, she simply had not had an opportunity to observe the grandmother to her

satisfaction. Indeed, the caseworker testified that D. J. T. “visits with [the

grandmother were] generally good.”15 The juvenile court’s finding that the

grandmother failed to maintain a bond with D. J. T. is contrary to all the evidence in

      15
         We note that this is in stark comparison to the evidence provided as to the
younger grandchildren, who, unlike D. J. T., suffered from severe emotional and
developmental issues to the point that the Department had to separate them from D.
J. T. by moving them to different foster homes.

                                           17
the record, including the caseworker’s testimony, and the fact that the grandmother

maintained weekly phone visitation with D. J. T. after moving to Tennessee, although

it is true that she did not visit in person with him frequently based on the extreme

distance between the locations.

         (d) Continued deprivation is likely to cause serious physical, mental,

emotional, or moral harm to the child. The grandmother contends, and we agree, that

the record is devoid of evidence that serious harm would result if D. J. T. was

returned to the grandmother or if the status quo was continued while the grandmother

continued to work on her case plan.16 The juvenile court’s order cites to general

propositions regarding stability through adoption, but there is no specific evidence

that D. J. T. was suffering harm in the current arrangement or that he would suffer

harm in the event he was returned to the grandmother’s custody under the improved

circumstances. Indeed, the record shows that while in the Department’s custody, D.

J. T. has experienced four different foster homes, and he was exhibiting emotional

issues in his current foster home because of the addition of another non-sibling foster

child.

         16
        See In the Interest of S. B., 335 Ga. App. at 8 (1); In the Interest of R. C. M,
284 Ga. App. 791, 799-800 (III) (3) (645 SE2d 363) (2007).

                                          18
      2. Termination of the grandmother’s parental rights was in D. J. T.’s best

interest. Again, the record is devoid of substantial testimony or evidence that it is in

D. J. T.’s best interest that the grandmother’s parental rights to him are terminated at

this time. As stated previously, there is evidence that he is having issues with being

one of two foster children in his current home, whereas he would be the only child

under the care of the grandmother if he was returned to her. Despite the trial court’s

findings otherwise, the record shows that the grandmother has substantially

completed her case plan. While her move back to Tennessee may have made more

difficult the Department’s job in reuniting D. J. T. and the grandmother, it is clear

from the record that she has stabilized her income and housing, has community

support, and has made positive improvements in her relationship with her daughter.

The Department presented no evidence that the grandmother was a poor parent to D.

J. T. outside of her issues with income and housing stability prior to returning to

Tennessee. Thus, the juvenile court erred in its finding.17

      3. Failure to support under OCGA § 15-11-94 (B) (2). Finally, we agree with

the grandmother’s contention that the juvenile court’s finding that she failed to

support D. J. T., thus supporting its order of termination, was without clear and

      17
           See In the Interest of S. B., 335 Ga. App. at 9-10 (1).

                                            19
convincing evidence. First, there is no order of support. To the extent that there is any

mention in any document of a need to pay an unknown amount of support, it is only

a general statement in the initial case plan.18 And finally, it is undisputed that the

grandmother paid to have all five of the grandchildren including D. J. T. medically

insured, which is evidence of support, in addition to gifts she would bring during

visitation.

       Because the juvenile court’s findings were not supported by clear and

convincing evidence, the court abused its discretion by terminating the grandmother’s

parental rights to D. J. T. Accordingly, we reverse the order in Case No. A15A2018.

                                 Case No. A15A2017

       On January 2, 2014, the juvenile court granted the Department’s petition as to

M. M. R. In its order, the court again found that “evidence at the termination hearing

was nearly identical to the evidence at the deprivation hearing and at every review

       18
          See In the Interest of D. P., 326 Ga. App. 101, 110-111 (1) (c) (756 SE2d
207) (2014) (holding that “there was insufficient clear and convincing evidence in the
record to support a finding that the mother’s failure to pay child support was without
justifiable cause” when no specific child support was ordered and only evidence of
notice to mother was general order notice stating “[the Department] expects you to
pay child support while your child is in state custody. Failure to pay child support is
a ground for termination of your parental rights”). Compare with In the Interest of R.
W., 248 Ga. App. 522, 526 (2) (546 SE2d 882) (2001) (noting that “[a] parent,
however, has a statutory duty to support her children, with or without a court order.”).

                                           20
hearing conducted by this [c]ourt.” It also found that the mother had not parented M.

M. R. in almost two years and had not exercised her in-person visitation. The court

found that although the mother had provided gifts and other items when visiting M.

M. R., this did not constitute supporting the child as contemplated by OCGA § 15-11-

94 (b) (2).

      4. (a) Deprivation. The mother did not appeal the juvenile court orders finding

M. M. R. to be deprived. Normally, a parent is bound by the court’s findings with

regard to those previous orders of deprivation.19 The most recent deprivation order

found M. M. R. deprived as to the mother because of her incarceration, her unstable

housing, and her failure to provide adequate support for the child due to unstable or

irregular employment. The evidence at the termination hearing, however, showed that

the mother had secured steady employment and housing after leaving prison, and she

was advancing at her workplace. Moreover, she had plans to enter school and to train

for a management position at her current employer. Thus, to the extent that the

juvenile court based its finding of deprivation upon a finding that the mother was

incarcerated and that the child would continue to live in the same circumstances as

      19
           See In the Interest of I. S., 278 Ga. at 861, n. 6.

                                             21
those at the time of the deprivation order, the court’s order is not supported by clear

and convincing evidence.20

      (b) Lack of proper parental care and control is the cause of the deprivation.

It is undisputed that to the extent M. M. R. previously was deprived, it was at least

in part due to the mother’s lack of care because she was incarcerated.

      (c) The cause of the deprivation is likely to continue. Again, the juvenile

court’s order was not supported by clear and convincing evidence. The testimony

showed that the mother maintained contact with M. M. R. while she was incarcerated

as well as after her release on a weekly basis. Since leaving prison, the mother had

stable housing as well as a stable job in which she had received a higher position with

opportunity to continue advancing. The mother took responsibility for her past

prescription drug abuse, and she was attending Narcotics Anonymous meetings. All

the evidence showed that the mother had taken all the steps necessary to complete her

case plan with the exception that the Department’s caseworker had not had an

opportunity to observe her in person parenting skills to the caseworker’s satisfaction.

But this issue seems, at least in part, based upon the Department’s failure or refusal

to remediate the distance and monetary factors preventing the mother from visiting

      20
           See In the Interest of R. C. M., 284 Ga. App. at 798 n. 6 (III) (1).

                                            22
in-person. Based on these facts, the juvenile court erred by finding that the

deprivation was likely to continue.21

      (d) Continued deprivation is likely to cause serious physical, mental,

emotional, or moral harm to the child. There was a great deal of testimony presented

by M. M. R.’s foster mother about her issues with tantrums and with gastrointestinal

issues that the foster mother speculated arose from M. M. R. living in the

campground. The Department, however, presented no evidence from a medical or

psychological professional showing whether these issues resulted from the mother’s

actions, the grandmother’s actions, or from the upheaval of the past two years,

including M. M. R.’s time in foster care. To the extent that any of these issues were

based on past deprivation, there was no evidence showing that M. M. R. would be

harmed further by continuing the status quo or by being returned to her mother’s care.

In fact, the CASA testified that she believed that the mother was working diligently

on her plan and wanted to regain custody by taking suggestions on parenting from the

CASA and that M. M. R. would “be okay” if returned. At most, there was testimony

to support a finding that the mother and M. M. R. would need continued support for

      21
        See id. at 799-800 (III) (3), citing In the Interest of B. N. A., 248 Ga. App.
406, 410-411 (1) (546 SE2d 819) (2001); In the Interest of K. J., 226 Ga. App. 303,
305-306 (1), 307-308 (2) (486 SE2d 899) (1997).

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M. M. R.’s issues if custody was transferred. Accordingly, the juvenile court erred by

finding that continued deprivation would cause serious harm to M. M. R.22

      5. Termination of the mother’s parental rights was in M. M. R.’s best interests.

As above, the juvenile court’s order is without clear and convincing evidence. While

permanency is desirable, there was testimony that M. M. R.’s issues in her foster

home were on-going, and no testimony or other evidence showed that the issues

would be exacerbated or would be untreatable if her care were transferred back to her

mother or if the status quo were maintained. The mother worked to maintain her bond

with M. M. R. throughout her incarceration and afterward, and although her choice

to move to Tennessee made it more difficult for the Department to observe her

parenting skills, it does not mean that termination is supported as a result thereof.23

      6. Failure to pay child support pursuant to OCGA § 15-11-94 (b) (2). As stated

in Division 3, the Department never provided specific instructions or amounts for

payment of support; instead, the Department apparently rebuffed the mother’s

attempts to obtain information regarding support payments. Accordingly, the trial

      22
           See In the Interest of K. J., 226 Ga. App. at 308 (2) (b).
      23
           See In the Interest of S. B., 335 Ga. App. at 9-10 (1).

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court erred by finding that the mother had failed to provide support or that

termination of her rights could be based on such a finding.24

        “While we are reluctant to reverse the juvenile court’s determination, no

judicial determination is more drastic than the permanent severing of the parent-child

relationship. Termination of parental rights is a remedy of last resort.”25 Because the

juvenile court’s findings were not supported by clear and convincing evidence, the

court abused its discretion by terminating the mother’s parental rights to M. M. R.

Accordingly, we reverse the order in Case No. A15A2017.

        Judgments reversed. Phipps, P. J., concurs. Boggs, J., concurs in judgment

only.

        24
             See In the Interest of D. P., 326 Ga. App. at 110 (1) (c).
        25
         (Punctuation omitted.) In the Interest of S. B., 335 Ga. App. at 9-10 (1),
quoting In the Interest of C. S., 319 Ga. App. 138, 148 (1) (735 SE2d 140) (2012); In
the Interest of A. A., 252 Ga. App. 167, 173 (2) (c) (555 SE2d 827) (2001).

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