Court Opinion

ID: 2973802
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 17:07:27.085861+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:43:48.096745
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 06a0448n.06
                             Filed: June 28, 2006

                                      Nos. 04-1798 / 04-2205

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

TECHNOLOGY RECYCLING CORP. d/b/a                         )
ECLIPSE TECHNOLOGY, RICHARD LAURENT,                     )
and THOMAS THOMSON,                                      )
                                                         )         ON APPEAL FROM THE
       Plaintiffs-Appellants,                            )         UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                         )         COURT FOR THE EASTERN
               v.                                        )         DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                                         )
CITY OF TAYLOR, a municipal corporation,                 )
THOMAS BONNER, MARY SCLABASSI,                           )
MICHAEL NEIDY, JOHN HAGER, TROY TIFER,                   )
DONALD HELVEY, FIRE EQUIPMENT CO., a                     )
Michigan corporation, MARK THOMSEN, CITY OF              )
FERNDALE, a municipal corporation; MICHAEL               )
KITCHEN, TIMOTHY COLLINS, and WILLIAM                    )
WILSON, jointly and severally,                           )
                                                         )
       Defendants-Appellees.                             )
                                                         )
__________________________________________               )

BEFORE: GIBBONS, GRIFFIN, and BRIGHT*, Circuit Judges.

       GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge.

       The district court dismissed a civil-rights complaint under FED.R.CIV.P. 37(b)(2)(C) for

repeated failure to comply with discovery orders. It also awarded defendants all their attorney fees,

       *
        The Honorable Myron H. Bright, Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for
the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation.
Nos. 04-1798 / 04-2205
Technology Recycling Corp. v. City of Taylor

citing Rule 37(b)(2) and 42 U.S.C. § 1988, the latter because they failed to provide a foundation for

their claims. Plaintiffs appeal the dismissal and the fee award, and we affirm both.

                                                   I.

        Technology Recycling Corp., Richard Laurent, and Thomas Thomson (collectively

“plaintiffs”) instituted civil-rights actions in the district court against the City of Taylor and six of

its employees (“Taylor”), and the City of Ferndale and three of its employees (“Ferndale”).

Plaintiffs allege:

        [T]he Taylor Police and Fire Departments refused to provide basic municipal
        services . . . unless Eclipse paid bribes to Taylor. When Eclipse resisted, the Taylor
        Defendants engaged in a campaign to injure Eclipse’s business and the livelihood of
        Plaintiff Richard Laurent.

        [Then-Ferndale police lieutenant] Thomson joined Eclipse as a loss prevention
        officer . . . . When Thomson began developing evidence of Taylor’s wrongdoing,
        Taylor’s Police Chief . . . enlisted . . . Ferndale’s police chief, to assist in stopping
        Thomson’s activities for Eclipse.

        [Ferndale chief] and other members of Ferndale’s Police Department then engaged
        in a campaign to harass and intimidate Thomson into stopping work for Eclipse.
        When Thomson refused, the Ferndale Defendants retaliated . . . by fabricating
        charges against Thomson and wrongfully terminating his employment.
                                               ....
        The Taylor Police Chief . . . told various Taylor officials that Laurent was a
        convicted felon, that he was involved in criminal activity, and that they should not
        do business with Laurent or do so “at your own risk.” Bonner also issued a memo
        to the Taylor Police Department stating that plaintiff Thomson was large, violent,
        believed to be armed and dangerous, and, if seen in Taylor, was to be stopped and
        held for questioning. This warning put Thomson’s life at risk.

        [Taylor Chief] also falsely told [Ferndale chief] that Eclipse was violating a contract
        with Ford Motor Company by selling bumpers on the internet rather than reclaiming
        the chromium from the bumpers as purportedly required by the contract. . . . .

                                                  -2-
Nos. 04-1798 / 04-2205
Technology Recycling Corp. v. City of Taylor

Taylor responds that Laurent and his company

       attempted to gain favor from the city where they had just located so they could avoid
       compliance with local laws and intimidate their employees through criminal
       prosecution. Tom Thomson was hired by Mr. Laurent because of his connection to
       the Ferndale Police . . . [and] because of Thomson’s willingness to use ethically
       questionable and illegal methods . . . . When Laurent could not get the Taylor Police
       Department to go along with the fraudulent prosecution of [Eclipse employees], he
       . . . instituted this lawsuit . . . to . . . punish the Taylor Defendants.

       On February 2, 2003, counsel held a phone conference pursuant to FED.R.CIV.P. 26(f), and

plaintiffs’ counsel agreed to produce copies of all audio and videotapes that supported plaintiffs’

claims. On February 11, 2003, plaintiffs produced 246 pages of documents and 29 compact discs

(“CDs”) of conversations in which Thomson was a participant. Taylor stated in a brief filed with

the district court, and plaintiffs have not disputed, that none of the CDs produced in February 2003

contained video, even though plaintiffs represented that the CDs were a complete response to

defendants’ request for all audio and videotapes supporting their claims. Moreover, Laurent later

admitted that at least one tape was of poor quality and ended in the middle of a conversation:

       Q.      The tape ended, correct?

       A.      There’s something wrong with the quality. They have better tapes than that
               version. That’s a copy of a copy of a copy probably. You probably want a
               better tape.

       Q.      You’ll agree with me that that tape ends in the middle of a conversation,
               correct?

       A.      Yeah, it sounds like it, yeah.

                                                -3-
Nos. 04-1798 / 04-2205
Technology Recycling Corp. v. City of Taylor

Laurent said there “absolutely” were other tapes, but plaintiffs had given them to unspecified law-

enforcement agencies and media outlets.1

       On February 28, 2003, defendants propounded interrogatories asking plaintiffs to identify

the evidence they possessed in support of their claims, and a request for production (“RFP”) of all

remaining relevant audio and videotapes. A month passed without a response, so on March 28,

2003, defendants sent a letter requesting responses. Id. Plaintiffs did not respond, but rather

directed their counsel Wasinger to withdraw, and he moved to do so on April 10, 2003.

       On April 22, 2003, nearly eight weeks after the defendants served plaintiffs with requests

for all other tapes purportedly supporting their claims, defendants filed motions to compel. During

a phone conference on May 1, 2003, the district court ordered plaintiffs to produce the tapes by

June 8, 2003. On June 5, plaintiffs orally told defendants that they would not comply with the May

1 order to answer interrogatories, so defendants asked for a hearing on the matter.

       At a telephonic conference held on June 11, 2003, three days after the deadline imposed on

May 1, the district court orally extended plaintiffs’ time to produce the tapes to June 20, 2003.

Plaintiffs do not claim they produced any video recordings, or any additional audio recordings, by

the extended deadline.

       1
         Defense counsel began Laurent’s deposition on December 9, 2003, then continued it on
March 9, 2004. Laurent cited a medical emergency as the reason for stopping the third deposition
session, on April 14, 2004. The deposition resumed on April 15, 2004, but Laurent continually
invoked a privilege not to answer questions about tapes allegedly given to law enforcement.
Defense counsel tried to move this session to the courthouse so that a judge could rule on Laurent’s
assertions of privilege, but no judges were available.

                                               -4-
Nos. 04-1798 / 04-2205
Technology Recycling Corp. v. City of Taylor

       On August 6, 2003, plaintiffs answered the February 28, 2003, interrogatories. This did not

leave defendants adequate time to review the answers before deposing Thomson and Laurent, so

defendants moved those depositions to October. In early September 2003, though, plaintiffs’

counsel Lynn Shecter called and canceled, saying she was not available until late October or early

November. Before that time arrived, however, Shecter moved to withdraw, on September 30, 2003.

       On October 17, 2003, the district court allowed Shecter to withdraw and ordered plaintiffs

to produce all outstanding discovery by November 13, 2003 – over eight months after Taylor first

asked plaintiffs to produce tapes – or the complaint would be dismissed.

       Plaintiffs did not produce any tapes by November 13, 2003, so defendants moved for

sanctions. The district court held a hearing on December 17 and ordered plaintiffs to comply with

the previous order and to file affidavits confirming compliance. “Shortly thereafter,” presumably

late December 2003 or January 2004, “[p]laintiffs produced 9 new CDs with . . . significant . . .

additional audio recordings, 3 . . . videotapes, and about 500 documents.”

       Also in December 2003, Laurent testified that plaintiffs had recorded all conversations in

which defendants defamed plaintiffs, and he promised they would produce those tapes:

       Q.      What damages has Richard Laurent sustained?

       A.      Well, you have to talk to the legal team and accountants for it, but I can tell
               you this, I don’t appreciate walking into a business colleague and being told
               that we can’t do business with you, because Taylor has told us that you’re in
               the mob . . . .

               Obviously, we have these things taped.

                                                -5-
Nos. 04-1798 / 04-2205
Technology Recycling Corp. v. City of Taylor

               [W]e have your council people that are squealing on Ferndale like crazy . .
               ., but it’s all recorded and we will be glad to provide those for you.

(Emphasis added.) Earlier in that same deposition, Laurent claimed that plaintiffs’ computers

contained audio and video recordings of defendants’ false accusations:

       A.      Everything is recorded as far as allegations of saying, even down to the
               Ferndale council people saying, who said I was a mobster, a felon and a
               rapist.

       Q.      And all those tapes and so forth support your allegations –
                                               ....
       A.      Without question. And not one and not five. We’re talking about, probably,
               if not close to hundreds.
                                               ....
       [Q.]    Are you talking videotapes or audiotapes, can you clarify?

       [A.]    Audio and video. I think video on those. I know a lot of them are recording
               [sic], and most of them, if not the majority, knew they were being taped, but
               fear for their jobs and lives, obviously, but are willing to talk to the
               judge . . . .
                                                 ....
       [Q.]    Just so the record is clear, on behalf of my client, I’m making a demand for
               the hundreds of tapes he just referenced before these depositions go [sic].

       [A.]    Well, they are in the computer.

       On February 13, 2004, plaintiffs signed affidavits stating that they had produced all requested

discovery. Yet, at his deposition on March 9, 2004, Laurent testified that the tapes produced were

incomplete, and that plaintiffs possessed some tapes they had not turned over at all:

       Q.      Sir, I wanted to make clear exactly what your affidavit says, and I want you
               to answer my question, and the question I have to you is that you have
               through your attorneys provided us every single videotape that is in your
               possession or control that touches upon the City of Taylor and its defendants
               and the City of Ferndale and its defendants.
                                               ....

                                                 -6-
Nos. 04-1798 / 04-2205
Technology Recycling Corp. v. City of Taylor

       A.        All the tapes, video and audiotapes, that were in my possession regarding this
                 matter as of the date this [affidavit] was signed – by the way, since this date
                 there’s more. We’ll be glad to give them to you.

       On April 12, 2004, defendants filed their second motion to compel production of the tapes.

That was half a year after the second extended deadline to produce all discovery, and five months

after Laurent testified that plaintiffs had other tapes that they had not produced. Defendants’ motion

specified exactly which of the recordings were inadequate because they started in the middle of

conversations.

       A few days later, on April 15, 2004, Laurent gave defendants a document entitled “Richard

Laurent’s updated Notes for Memory Refreshment,” which seemed to say that plaintiffs would not

try to obtain additional tapes that existed, and that they might deliberately withhold some such tapes:

       Make it crystal clear that the additional tapes, not in our possession and/or “control”,
       will be revealed only by the witnesses at deposition or at the actual trial in October
       2004.

Similarly, Laurent testified on March 9, 2004, that he was aware of other recordings that plaintiffs

had not produced. Plaintiffs assert the following:

       [T]he tapes he was referencing [sic] have nothing to do with this case. They involve
       a completely unrelated, confidential criminal investigation by the DEA and the
       Fraser Police Department for which Laurent is providing information. . . . .

       Laurent is not an attorney, and when he was asked open[-]ended questions like
       “What other tapes exist, and who has them?” he responded beyond the scope of
       relevant discovery by stating that he was aware of these additional tapes, without
       regard to whether they have any bearing on this case. . . . .

                                                  -7-
Nos. 04-1798 / 04-2205
Technology Recycling Corp. v. City of Taylor

       Laurent unnecessarily, and still without relevance, complicated the appearance of the
       issue when he stated that he could not produce these irrelevant tapes because he had
       agreed with the law enforcement agencies to keep them confidential . . . .[2]

       Three weeks after the second motion to compel, plaintiffs still had not produced more tapes,

and their third counsel, Daniel Romano, moved to withdraw. On April 23, 2004, defendants moved

to dismiss the complaint due to the plaintiffs’ failure to obey discovery orders.

       The other major discovery problem involved financial and accounting documents. In April

2003, defendants served plaintiffs with a request to produce accounting records; when plaintiffs

produced no such records, defendants moved to compel in September 2003. After hearing argument,

on October 17, 2003, the district court ordered plaintiffs to tender all outstanding discovery,

including accounting documents, by November 13, 2003. The court warned that it would dismiss

the complaint if plaintiffs did not produce the documents. Plaintiffs still failed to produce the

documents, so defendants again moved to compel on November 14 and 21, 2003. On December 9,

2003, Laurent admitted that plaintiffs had not timely produced all documents and he was aware of

the order to do so.

       At a December 17, 2003, hearing, defendants submitted an affidavit wherein the accountant

stated that plaintiffs had never given her the order directing production of her records, which she

       2
         Laurent’s references to other tapes cannot be construed to pertain to irrelevant tapes.
Laurent never said he was talking about tapes that had nothing to do with plaintiffs’ claims and,
layman or not, he could not reasonably believe he was being asked if plaintiffs had such tapes. It
is not clear error to find that Laurent knew he was being asked about only relevant tapes and
responded accordingly. If Laurent were referring to irrelevant tapes, why did his notes state,
“additional tapes . . . will be made available to defendants as soon as possible”? And why would
he imply that the other tapes would be produced if not for the supposed privilege?

                                                -8-
Nos. 04-1798 / 04-2205
Technology Recycling Corp. v. City of Taylor

still had. Plaintiffs stated that they could not produce those records because they were subject to a

state-court protective order. The district judge instructed plaintiffs that it was their burden to ask

the state court for permission to produce the records, and he gave plaintiffs another sixty days to

produce them. The sixty days elapsed, and plaintiffs neither produced the records nor showed that

they unsuccessfully sought permission to do so.

       On May 17, 2004, the district court held a hearing on the motions to dismiss. He articulated

frustration with plaintiffs’ failure to obey discovery orders, despite numerous opportunities to do so:

       Okay. In this matter, the Court has – you know, I’ve done everything [I] could. I’ve
       bent over backwards . . . . To sit back and do nothing, to go through three lawyers,
       each lawyer saying about the same thing that they’re unable – the plaintiffs are
       unable or unwilling to cooperate, to do the things they need to do . . . . I think what’s
       happening is that the plaintiffs are whipsawing and – for what reason, I don’t know,
       I can’t tell you, but the Court is tired of it. And the Court has given the plaintiffs
       about as much warning as I possibly can.
                                                 ....
       As I say, I don’t know what else I can do. When Mr. Wasinger was in this case, we
       had the problem. When Ms. Shecter was in this case, we had the problem. When
       Mr. Romano is in the case, we have the problem. It hasn’t gone away. The only way
       to make it go away is to dismiss the case. The plaintiffs have to suffer some kind of
       consequences for failure to follow the orders of the Court, and the court rules.

The court dismissed the complaint with prejudice, stating, “I don’t know what else I can do. I’ve

warned the plaintiffs. I’ve begged the plaintiffs. And – they just won’t do anything.” The court

granted plaintiffs’ third counsel leave to withdraw and suggested that the failure to produce the

requested items had been caused by plaintiffs, not their lawyers.

        In August 2004, the district court granted defendants’ fee petitions, awarding $82,220 to

Taylor and $141,585 to Ferndale. Plaintiffs timely appealed, and their appeals were consolidated.

                                                 -9-
Nos. 04-1798 / 04-2205
Technology Recycling Corp. v. City of Taylor

                                                    II.

        A decision on whether and how to sanction discovery violations under Rule 37 is reviewed

only for abuse of discretion, Phillips v. Cohen, 400 F.3d 388, 396 (6th Cir. 2005) (citing NHL v.

Metro. Hockey Club, 427 U.S. 639, 642-43 (1976)), as is a § 1988 fee award, Pouillon v. Little, 326
F.3d 713, 717 (6th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted). We find an abuse of discretion only if we have “the

definite and firm conviction that the district court committed a clear error of judgment[,]” Warren

v. City of Athens, 411 F.3d 697, 711 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting United States v. Miami Univ., 294 F.3d
797, 806 (6th Cir. 2000)). The district court abuses its discretion when it “relies on clearly

erroneous findings of fact, . . . improperly applies the law, or . . . employs an erroneous legal

standard,” United States v. Baldwin, 418 F.3d 575, 579 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting United States v.

Cline, 362 F.3d 343, 348 (6th Cir. 2004)).

                                                    III.

        Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(b)(2) provides, in pertinent part, that “[i]f a party . . . fails

to obey an order to provide or permit discovery . . . the court in which the action is pending may

[enter] . . . (C) An order . . . dismissing the action or proceeding or any part thereof . . . .” (boldface

omitted). A party “fails to obey” a discovery order merely by failing to comply; no showing of

willfulness, bad faith, or malice is needed. Societe Internationale pour Participations Industrielles

et Commerciales, S.A. v. Rogers, 357 U.S. 197, 208 (1958).

        Whether the noncompliance with the order was willful or in bad faith bears only on the

appropriate sanction. Rogers, 357 U.S. at 208. “Rule 37 should not be construed to authorize

                                                  - 10 -
Nos. 04-1798 / 04-2205
Technology Recycling Corp. v. City of Taylor

dismissal of [a] complaint . . . when it has been established that failure to comply has been due to

inability, and not to willfulness, bad faith, or any fault . . . .” Id. at 212. Conversely, “if a party has

the ability to comply with a discovery order and does not, dismissal . . . is not an abuse of

discretion.” Bank One of Cleveland, N.A. v. Abbe, 916 F.2d 1067, 1073 (6th Cir. 1990) (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted).

        In determining whether a district court’s order of dismissal pursuant to FED.R.CIV.P. 37(b)(2)

was an abuse of discretion, this court considers whether (1) the “failure to cooperate was due to

willfulness, bad faith, or fault”; (2) the adversary was prejudiced by the failure to cooperate; (3) the

party “was warned that failure to cooperate could lead to dismissal”; and (4) “less drastic sanctions

were imposed or considered[.]” Bass v. Jostens, 71 F.3d 237, 241 (6th Cir. 1995).

        As to the first factor, it was not unreasonable for the district court to find that plaintiffs’

noncompliance was the result of willfulness, bad faith, or fault. Plaintiffs’ non-compliance with

discovery orders was neither isolated nor short-lived. They disobeyed (1) the May 1, 2003, oral

order to produce all tapes by June 8, 2003; (2) the June 11, 2003, oral order to produce all tapes by

June 20, 2003; (3) the October 17, 2003, order to produce all outstanding discovery by

November 13, 2003; and (4) the December 17, 2003, oral order to consult the state court and

produce accounting documents in sixty days.

        Plaintiffs try to excuse their noncompliance with the October 17, 2003, order, but to no avail.

With regard to their third counsel, Romano, who entered an appearance on November 12, 2003,

plaintiffs claim the following:

                                                  - 11 -
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Technology Recycling Corp. v. City of Taylor

       [Romano] was unaware of the October 17 Order requiring Plaintiffs to produce
       accounting records by November 13. Romano did not become aware of the district
       court’s Order until the Ferndale Defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss . . . on
       November 14, 2003. Once Romano became aware of the October 17, 2003 order,
       he informed Defendants that more than 5,000 pages of documents were available for
       copying.

But plaintiffs cannot evade their duty to obey the court’s orders merely because they keep firing or

alienating their counsel. Plaintiffs caused Romano’s predecessor to withdraw, thereby creating the

potential for something to “fall through the cracks” during the transition to new counsel.

       And it is plaintiffs who retained Romano. “[A] client, having chosen a particular attorney

to represent him in a proceeding, cannot ‘avoid the consequences of the acts or omissions of this

freely selected agent . . . .’” McCurry v. Adventist Health Sys./Sunbelt, Inc., 298 F.3d 586, 595 (6th

Cir. 2002) (quoting Pioneer Inv. Servs. Co. v. Brunswick Assocs. Ltd. P’ship, 507 U.S. 380, 397

(1993)). To learn about the October 17 order, Romano could have checked the docket sheet,

consulted his clients, consulted predecessor counsel or her case file, or asked the court for copies

of outstanding orders. If Romano did not have time to familiarize himself with the case before

making his appearance, he could and should have sought to postpone the hearing. He did not.

       Moreover, regardless of what Romano knew, plaintiffs knew the discovery deadline was fast

approaching. Either at or after Shecter’s withdrawal hearing, plaintiffs themselves could have asked

for more time to comply with the October 17 order pending retention of new counsel. They did not.

       In addition to the duration and extent of plaintiffs’ noncompliance with discovery orders,

there were other factors that reasonably led the district court to believe that plaintiffs were able to

produce the materials sought but willfully and in bad faith chose not to do so.

                                                - 12 -
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Technology Recycling Corp. v. City of Taylor

       Plaintiffs’ explanations for their failure to produce the materials sought were uncorroborated

and unbelievable. First, Laurent testified that plaintiffs gave some of the alleged tapes to law

enforcement and media outlets. Yet Laurent was evasive and nonresponsive, refusing to identify

who received the tapes or who provided them, and invoking a non-existent privilege:

       Q.     Okay. Have you reviewed any documents, any records, any tangible things,
              videotapes, CDs? Have you looked [at] or listened to anything between your
              deposition in December and now in regards [sic] to this litigation?

       A.     In regards [sic] to this litigation, directly?

       Q.     Directly or indirectly.

       A.     Well, indirectly, I’ll have to say no I guess. That’s a tough question. We
              have criminal investigations going on right now that, yes, I review, that
              indirectly could be affecting this, yeah.

       Q.     When you say “we”, who is “we”?

       A.     Other agencies, law enforcement agencies.

       Q.     And what other –

       A.     I’d have to say they’re privileged. That would be obstruction of justice if I
              start giving you this information.

       Q.     Right now I’d like to know, what are the names of the other police
              organizations that are doing criminal investigations?

       A.     I refuse to answer without a court order. That would be obstruction if I tell
              you what agencies are looking into what and that I reviewed tapes and
              documents. I’m sorry, but that’s obstruction if I start telling you what
              agencies and why and what’s going on.

Laurent had a similar exchange regarding the tapes plaintiffs supposedly gave the media:

       Q.     Okay. What other tapes exist and who has them?

                                                - 13 -
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       A.     News agencies.

       Q.     What news agencies?

       A.     WDIV had some tapes on their own investigations that we talked about.
              They did other investigation in talking to other witnesses that we have for
              this. For this piece I’m sure they recorded many hours of information other
              than just what little we gave them to confirm, deny the facts that we were
              alleging.

       Q.     Okay. What other news agencies?

       A.     I don’t recall all of them. Mr. Thomson can best answer all those because I
              don’t know other than that, only what I’ve been told. I don’t have firsthand
              experience on any of this.

       Q.     Are there any other tapes that you know exist that touch upon in any fashion
              the allegations involving the City of Taylor defendants and the City of
              Ferndale defendants, other than those that may be in the possession of WDIV
              and other unidentified news agencies?

       A.     Law enforcement agencies.

       Q.     What law enforcement agencies?

       A.     Oh, God, there’s quite a few. I have to say that’s privileged anyway, law
              enforcement agencies.

       Q.     Sir, I’m asking you questions.

       A.     Yeah.

       Q.     Can you please provide me the names of those law enforcement –
                                             ....
       A.     Again, I can’t answer anything about who.

       Q.     My question to you is, who provided those tapes to these law enforcement
              agencies?

       A.     I can’t divulge those names.

                                               - 14 -
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       So far as the record reflects, plaintiffs never identified which agencies received tapes, nor

did they identify which media outlets received tapes other than WDIV. Nor did plaintiffs explain

why they supposedly gave original tapes to these entities without keeping copies for themselves, a

plainly foolish and unlikely practice. Cf. In re Riggs, 240 F.3d 668, 670-71 (7th Cir. 2001) (“

[Attorney] would have us believe that he kept all of his legal work on floppy disks (or other

removable media), of which he kept no backups. . . . . [Attorney’s] explanation thus does not hang

together.”). Nor did plaintiffs explain why they could not ask the recipients to return the tapes or

copies thereof.

       Moreover, if plaintiffs believed that some privilege covered the tapes, they were obligated

to invoke the privilege in a timely response to each discovery request, cite authority for the

privilege’s existence and applicability, and seek a protective order. They did none of these things.

Cf. Reg’l Refuse Sys., Inc. v. Inland Reclamation Co., 842 F.2d 150, 155 (6th Cir. 1988) (affirming

FED.R.CIV.P. 37(b)(2)(C) dismissal where plaintiff, among other things, was guilty of “evading

questions, . . . refusing to identify persons he claimed provided information upon which his lawsuit

was based, claiming vague and spurious privileges”) (emphasis added).

       Additionally, at a December 17, 2003, hearing, plaintiffs claimed that the reason they had

not produced the accounting documents was that they were subject to a protective order entered by

a Michigan state court. The court generously gave plaintiffs another sixty days to obtain the state

court’s permission to produce the documents, and then to produce them. Yet plaintiffs do not claim

they made any effort to do so; indeed, defense counsel stated at a May 2004 hearing, without

                                               - 15 -
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contradiction, that “up until today, we’ve not heard anything from the plaintiff’s side that they ever

followed through to . . . see if those documents could be released.”

        On the contrary, on May 5, 2004, over five months after the court gave plaintiffs sixty days

to produce the allegedly protected documents, plaintiffs filed a brief that merely repeats the assertion

that they are protected. Plaintiffs even tried to blame defendants for plaintiffs’ failure to seek the

state court’s permission to produce them: “Defense counsel was told to contact Ford and Visteon

attorneys in regards to possible objections regarding to [sic] the protective order issued in that case.

This was also never done.” Plaintiffs’ attempt to distract from their own dereliction founders upon

the district court’s clear instructions at the December 17, 2003, hearing: “If they believe that [a]

document is covered under that protective order, then . . . since they are the plaintiffs in this case,

that they have a duty to go to that court and . . . try to resolve that . . . .”

        Moreover, on February 13, 2004, plaintiffs signed affidavits stating that they had produced

all requested discovery. Yet, at Laurent’s March 9, 2004, deposition, he testified that the tapes

produced were incomplete and that plaintiffs possessed some tapes that they had not produced at all.

This glaring contradiction could reasonably lead the district court to question plaintiffs’ veracity and

good faith.

        Cf. Torres-Vargas v. Pereira, 431 F.3d 389 (1st Cir. 2005) (affirming dismissal where,

among other factors, plaintiff misrepresented that he had complied with all discovery requests).

        As one last factor supporting the inference that plaintiffs’ failure to comply with discovery

orders was willful and in bad faith, even when plaintiffs finally produced some accounting

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documents in response to defendants’ repeated requests and the court’s own order, they apparently

did so in a haphazard fashion that hampered defense counsel’s efforts to make use of them. At a

hearing on December 17, 2003, counsel had this exchange with the district court:

       THE COURT: When it was given to [defendants], was it Bates stamped and in
       sequential order in relation to the documents, or you don’t know?

       [PLAINTIFFS]: I don’t know. The only thing I know is when I received them, they
       were in sequential order, Bates stamped.

       [DEFENSE]: It was for the Ford case, . . . the general accounting reports.
                                               ....
       [DEFENSE]: . . . . I have personally gone through all of the documents. I would
       say less than fifty percent, probably in the neighborhood of twenty-five to thirty
       percent have Bates stamps on them. Sixty percent of the documents with no Bates
       stamps on them. And of the documents that are Bates stamped, they do not run
       sequentially . . . .

For this reason and those discussed above, it was not an abuse of discretion to find that plaintiffs’

failure to obey the discovery orders was willful and in bad faith.

       As to the second of the four factors, plaintiffs’ prolonged failure to cooperate with discovery

requests and orders substantially prejudiced defendants. Plaintiffs’ foot-dragging, double-talk,

invocation of a non-existent privilege, and admittedly incomplete responses to interrogatories and

RFPs forced defendants to incur the expense of numerous motions and proceedings that otherwise

would not have been necessary. This includes Taylor’s April 21, 2003, motion to compel answers

to its February 28, 2003, interrogatories and RFPs, Taylor’s April 22, 2003, motion to compel

production of tapes, and the resultant May 1, 2003, telephonic hearing; Ferndale’s September 19,

2003, motion to compel production of accounting documents, and the resultant October 8, 2003,

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hearing; defendants’ November 14, 2003, motions for sanctions, Ferndale’s April 12, 2004, renewed

motion to compel production of all tapes and of complete tapes, defendants’ April 23, 2004, motions

to dismiss, and the resultant May 17, 2004, hearing, fee petitions and the resultant August 25, 2004,

hearing; negotiation over taxable costs; Ferndale’s effort to enforce the judgment by seeking writs

of garnishment in November 2004; and defendants’ opposition to the instant appeals.

        In fact, this case began in October 2002, and almost everything defendants did from February

2003 onward was occasioned by plaintiffs’ failure to comply with legitimate discovery requests and

orders. This includes filings and hearings in connection with the motions to withdraw filed by

plaintiffs’ three counsel, because it is reasonable to find plaintiffs at fault for their “revolving door”

of counsel. As grounds for withdrawal, plaintiffs’ first three counsel cited a substantial breakdown

in the relationship, a breakdown in communication, and an inability or unwillingness to follow

advice, respectively.

        In addition to the costs imposed on defendants, plaintiffs also prejudiced defendants by

impairing their ability to prepare a defense. See Wittman v. Wilson, 95 F. App’x 752, 754 (6th Cir.)

(“[T]he existence of prejudice is clear because he undermined defendants’ ability to defend this

case.”), cert. denied, 543 U.S. 873 (2004); accord Adams v. Trs. of the N.J. Brewery Employees’

Pension Trust Fund, 29 F.3d 863, 874 (3d Cir. 1994) (prejudice includes “deprivation of information

through non-cooperation with discovery” and need not include irremediable harm) (citation

omitted).

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       As to the third factor, at an October 8, 2003, hearing, the district court expressly warned

plaintiffs that noncompliance could lead to dismissal of the complaint:

       Failure to either turn over the records by the 13th or to appear ready for the
       deposition pursuant to the notice and bring whatever documents are provided for in
       that, the – if for some those things don’t happen, the Court will dismiss the case.
                                                 ....
       If they don’t turn the records over, attorney or no attorney, then I’ll dismiss the case
       on the 13th [of November 2003].

(Emphasis added.) While that warning alone was enough, defendants filed a second motion to

compel production of the tapes on April 12, 2004. The motion specified exactly which of the

recordings were inadequate because they started in the middle of conversations. That put plaintiffs

on notice that if they had complete recordings of those conversations, they should produce them or

give a valid reason for not doing so. Then plaintiffs were further placed on notice by defendants’

subsequent motions for discovery sanctions, which requested dismissal. See Harmon v. CSX

Transp., Inc., 110 F.3d 364, 368 (6th Cir. 1997).

       The last of the four factors, whether the district court considered or imposed lesser sanctions

before dismissing, is no obstacle to affirmance either. Defendants have not identified any pre-

dismissal measure that can reasonably be viewed as a sanction, and we cannot discern one.

Defendants purport to find a “sanction” in the November 14, 2003, order, which allowed plaintiffs

another sixty days to comply with a prior order and ordered them to submit an affidavit certifying

compliance. Simply chastising plaintiffs and telling them to do what they were already required to

do by the Rules and by court order, however, is hardly a “sanction.”

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       Because the district court did not impose any sanctions short of dismissal with prejudice, we

consider whether the district court at least considered such lesser sanctions. The defendants identify

no transcript, order, or opinion in which the district court discusses its consideration of any specific

lesser sanction, and we find none. But a court’s failure to make its consideration of lesser sanctions

explicit does not necessarily require reversal. See Reg’l Refuse, 842 F.2d at 155 (“While it would

be inappropriate to dismiss without considering the severity of this sanction and the availability of

lesser sanctions, it is not an abuse of discretion to dismiss, even though other sanctions might be

workable, if dismissal is supportable on the facts.”).

       Thus, even though the district court did not discuss particular lesser sanctions, that does not

outweigh the other factors under the circumstances. The “imposition of lesser sanctions is a factor

in our review, not a sine qua non for affirmance.” Harmon, 110 F.3d at 367. As we have explained,

       [w]e have never held that a district court is without power to dismiss a complaint, as
       the first and only sanction . . . any such rule would conflict with . . . the plain
       language of [Rule] 37(b)(2). We are loathe to require the district court to incant a
       litany of the available lesser sanctions. Concomitantly, we do not assume that lesser
       sanctions were not considered simply because their consideration is not articulated.

Id. at 368 (internal citations omitted). The district court reasonably concluded that dismissal was

warranted on the egregious facts of this case without resorting to lesser sanctions. See id. at 369

(“Presented with a record of sufficiently egregious conduct, then, this court need not hesitate to

conclude that a district court has not abused its discretion by ordering dismissal as the first and only

sanction.”).

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       For these reasons, the district court did not abuse its discretion by dismissing the complaint

with prejudice as a sanction for plaintiffs’ willful failure to obey discovery orders.

                                                  IV.

       Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(b)(2) provides, in pertinent part,

       [T]he court shall require the party failing to obey the order or the attorney advising
       that party or both to pay the reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees, caused
       by the failure, unless the court finds that the failure was substantially justified or that
       other circumstances make an award of expenses unjust.

(Emphasis added.) In a § 1983 or § 1985 action, a district court, “in its discretion, may allow the

prevailing party . . . a reasonable attorney’s fee as part of the costs[.]” 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b).

“‘[W]hile prevailing plaintiffs are entitled to attorneys fees under that statute[3] in all but special

circumstances, prevailing defendants are entitled to attorneys fees much less frequently.’” Wolfe

v. Perry, 412 F.3d 707, 720 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting Smith v. Smythe-Cramer Co., 754 F.2d 180, 182

(6th Cir. 1985)). “[A] prevailing defendant should only recover upon a finding by the district court

that the plaintiff’s action was frivolous, unreasonable, or without foundation, even though not

brought in subjective bad faith.” Wolfe, 412 F.3d at 720 (quoting Wayne v. Village of Sebring, 36
F.3d 517, 530 (6th Cir. 1994)).

       3
        In Christiansburg Garment Co. v. EEOC, 434 U.S. 412, 417 (1985), the Supreme Court
discussed the attorney fee provision in Title VII, not § 1988. “We have held, however, that
‘Congress intended that the standards for awarding fees under section 1988 should be the same as
those under Title VII and other acts allowing awards of attorneys fees.’” Wolfe, 412 F.3d at 720 n.5
(quoting Smith v. Smythe-Cramer, 754 F.2d 180, 183 (6th Cir. 1985)).

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          “In light of a district court’s superior understanding of the case and the desirability of

avoiding frequent appellate review of essentially factual matters,” a § 1988 fee award “is entitled

to substantial deference.” Reed v. Rhodes, 179 F.3d 453, 469 n.2 (6th Cir. 1999) (quoting Hensley

v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 437 (1983)). The court must nonetheless provide “a concise but clear

explanation of its reasons,” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437, and we have found an abuse of discretion

where the court failed to adequately explain its reasoning or consider the parties’ arguments, Geier

v. Sundquist, 372 F.3d 784, 791-92 (6th Cir. 2004).

          Pursuant to Rule 37(b)(2), the district court was required to award defendants the fees they

incurred as a result of plaintiffs’ failure to obey discovery orders, unless one of the stated exceptions

applied. Nothing in the record suggests that plaintiffs’ failure to obey was “substantially justified”

or that a fee award would be unjust. Accordingly, the court did not abuse its discretion in awarding

those fees that were attributable to plaintiffs’ failure to obey discovery orders.

          But some filings and proceedings were not caused by plaintiffs’ failure to obey discovery

orders. Defendants would have incurred the cost of such filings and proceedings even if plaintiffs

had promptly and fully obeyed those orders. Thus, the court needed authority other than Rule

37(b)(2) to award defendants fees beyond those caused by plaintiffs’ failure to obey discovery

orders.

          Because plaintiffs asserted claims under § 1983 and § 1985, § 1988 authorizes the award of

such fees if those claims were “frivolous, unreasonable, or without foundation,” Wolfe, 412 F.3d at

720 (citation omitted), or if “no evidence supports the plaintiff’s position or the defects in the suit

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are of such magnitude that the plaintiff’s ultimate failure is clearly from the beginning or at some

significant point in the proceedings after which the plaintiff continues to litigate[.]” Smith, 754 F.2d

at 183. For this purpose, it is immaterial whether plaintiffs instituted the action in bad faith. Wolfe,
412 F.3d at 720.

        Plaintiffs contend that they presented enough evidence to give their claims at least some

factual and legal foundation. Yet plaintiffs merely state, in conclusory fashion, that “[p]laintiffs’

[sic] have identified in their second amended complaint and their discovery responses numerous

witnesses, documents and other evidence that support their claims.” They do not explain how

particular pieces of evidence tend to establish the elements of their claims.

        Moreover, plaintiffs’ egregious failure to comply with discovery orders supports a powerful

adverse inference about the strength of plaintiffs’ case. Plaintiffs repeatedly touted and promised

to produce critical “smoking gun” evidence, then failed or refused to produce it; belatedly produced

an incomplete collection of evidence; falsely stated that they had produced all the evidence ordered;

deliberately withheld evidence; strained credulity by claiming that they gave away original tapes of

critical conversations, keeping none for themselves, and made no effort to get copies; asserted a

nonsensical privilege as a reason for failing to produce more or better evidence of defendants’

allegedly defamatory statements; agreed to seek permission from the state court to produce financial

and accounting documents, but never did so; and so on.

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       In light of these facts, the district court reasonably concluded that plaintiffs did not produce

probative and potentially persuasive evidence of defamation, conspiracy, and damages because they

did not have any. The district court stated as follows:

       [T]hey never put themselves in a position where this Court could conclude anything
       other than their case was unreasonable or without merit because they didn’t provide
       the information that would have at least established . . . some basis for their lawsuit.
                                                ....
       [I]f they had the meat, they would have put it on the grill, they never did. They never
       brought it forward. . . . [I]n fact, if anything, they kept avoiding it both by
       deposition, by discovery materials and so forth. So the Court can only conclude that
       if they had it, they would have done it, and they didn’t do it; . . . .

“When parties present no valid objections to discovery and intentionally withhold properly requested

information, courts have the authority to presume that the party’s refusal to produce the information

is ‘an admission of the want of merit in the asserted defense’” or claims. Chilcutt v. United States,

4 F.3d 1313, 1324 (5th Cir. 1993) (quoting Hammond Packing Co. v. State of Arkansas, 212 U.S.
322, 351 (1909)); see also Ins. Corp. of Ireland Ltd. v. Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee, 456 U.S.
694, 709 (1982) (“Petitioners’ failure to supply the requested information as to its contacts with

Pennsylvania supports ‘the presumption that the refusal to produce evidence . . . was but an

admission of the want of the merit in the asserted defense’” of lack of jurisdiction) (quoting

Hammond, 212 U.S. at 351); Polanski v. Detroit Police, No. 85-1503, 798 F.2d 470, 1986 WL
17175, at *3 (6th Cir. June 6, 1986) (where § 1983 plaintiff alleged that police beat him even though

he had not fired a gun, district court did not abuse its discretion by striking complaint as

FED.R.CIV.P. 37 sanction for failing to produce letter he wrote stating that he had fired a gun; “the

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appellant’s noncompliance supports the presumption that the refusal to produce evidence . . . was

but an admission of the want of merit in the asserted defense”) (quoting Bauxites, 456 U.S. at 709).4

       The district court also correctly rejected plaintiffs’ argument that their failure to provide an

evidentiary foundation for their case was due to lack of discovery:

       [T]hose depositions together with that which they were supposed to provide would
       have at least given a basis for their claims, but they never provided even that. And
       the one that sticks in my mind the most, you know, the one they kept saying is the
       most compelling one . . . are the recordings of these conversations. Yet, given
       several opportunities . . . they still never provided it.

       4
         Accord Estrada v. Speno & Cohen, 244 F.3d 1050, 1059 (“As in Hammond Packing . . . ,
Speno’s refusal to submit to a deposition, as well as Speno’s and Cohen’s refusal to attend the aspect
of the May 24th hearing concerning Thistle’s potential conflict of interest demonstrate a steadfast
failure on their part to produce material evidence lawfully called for. Their defiance . . . may
properly be viewed as ‘an admission of the want of merit in the asserted defense.’”) (internal
citations omitted), amended on denial of reh’g & reh’g en banc, No. 99-56013 (9th Cir. Mar. 30,
2001); In re Victor Internat’l, Inc., 278 B.R. 67, 76 (Bankr. D.N.J. 2002) (bankruptcy rule that is
identical to FED. R. CIV. P. 37(b)(2), “allow[ing] the court to strike a party’s claim or pleading for
failure to comply with a discovery order . . . codifies the court’s authority to create a presumption
of fact ‘that the refusal to produce evidence . . . was but an admission of the want of merit of the
asserted defense.”) (quoting Bauxites, 456 U.S. at 705), aff’d, 97 F. App’x 365 (3d Cir. 2004);
Buckeye Union Ins. Co. v. Boggs, 109 F.R.D. 420, 423 (S.D. W. Va. 1986) (“[T]here is a
presumption that the discovery sought would be adverse to the Defendants because of their repeated
and knowing refusal to answer the discovery requests.”) (citing Joselson v. Lockhart-Bright Assocs.,
95 F.R.D. 160, 163 (E.D. Pa. 1982)).

        Cf. Wittenberg Coal Co. v. Compagnie Havraise Peninsulaire de Navigation a Vapeur, 22
F.2d 904, 905 (2d Cir. 1927) (Rule 58 of the former Equity Rules, which authorized the court to
strike an answer due to the defendant’s failure to answer interrogatories, showed that “for failure to
produce such evidence the law might authorize a presumption in the proper case against the party
refusing, justifying the entry of a judgment by default . . . .”) (citations omitted); Dunham v.
Hotelera Canco, S.A. de C.V., 933 F. Supp. 543, 552 (E.D. Va. 1996) (“The Court does, however,
look upon plaintiff’s failure to provide any response at all to discovery requests on the issue of
personal jurisdiction with some suspicion.”).

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Although plaintiffs could not conduct depositions until they had been deposed, it was plaintiffs who

caused Laurent’s deposition to be postponed, continued three times, and prolonged by Laurent’s

belligerence, nonresponsiveness, and invocation of a non-existent privilege. And it took place

against the backdrop of delays occasioned by plaintiffs’ refusal to cooperate with a succession of

lawyers. As the district court remarked, “Plaintiff has had nothing but time to do it. Plaintiff has

been too busy getting new attorneys and fighting all the motions . . . . [I]f they could keep a lawyer

long enough, they may be able to get some depositions.”

       In short, plaintiffs had ample time and opportunity to be deposed, to conduct depositions,

and to produce substantial evidence to support their claims if it existed, so the district court did not

err in finding their case to be without foundation.5 See Wilson-Simmons v. Lake Cty. Sheriff’s Dep’t,

207 F.3d 818, 823-25 (6th Cir. 2000) (affirming § 1988 fee award where plaintiff failed to present

evidence sufficient to make out a prima facie case under §§ 1981 and 1983).

       5
         Plaintiffs argue that their case cannot have been without foundation, because the district
court partially denied defendants’ motions for judgment on the pleadings under FED. R. CIV. P. 12(c).
But a 12(c) inquiry and a § 1988 fee inquiry are apples and oranges. Judgment on the pleadings
turns on legal issues, not an assessment of the evidence. See, e.g., Todd v. Weltman, Weinberg &
Reis Co., L.P.A., 434 F.3d 432 (6th Cir. 2006) (reviewing denial of Rule 12(c) motion which
asserted lack of jurisdiction, res judicata, and immunity), reh’g en banc denied, No. 04-4109 (6th
Cir. Apr. 24, 2006). On a 12(c) motion, the court “must . . . accept all of the complaint’s factual
allegations as true, and determine whether the plaintiff undoubtedly can prove no set of facts in
support of his claim that would entitle him to relief.” Penny/Ohlmann/Nieman, Inc. v. Miami Valley
Pension Corp., 399 F.3d 692, 697 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting Ziegler v. IBP Hog Market, Inc., 249
F.3d 509, 511-12 (6th Cir. 2001)). Thus, the partial denial of defendants’ 12(c) motions does not
undermine the conclusion that plaintiffs failed to provide a factual foundation for their claims.

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          Accordingly, it was not an abuse of discretion to award defendants all their attorney fees

under 42 U.S.C. § 1988, not merely those directly occasioned by plaintiffs’ failure to obey discovery

orders.

                                                  V.

          For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the dismissal of the complaint as a sanction under

FED.R.CIV.P. 37(b)(2)(C) and the award of all attorney fees to the appellees under 42 U.S.C. § 1988.

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BRIGHT, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

          This case demonstrates that in some cases the problems in discovery produce endless

confusion and litigation without contributing one bit to the resolution of the case. It seems to me

in reviewing this voluminous record relating to discovery disputes that defendants asked for too

much and plaintiffs gave too little. The defendants' requests were very burdensome, perhaps

excessive.

          In the days before complete discovery became the way to try a lawsuit, a court, after a

reasonable time, would set the case for trial and plaintiffs would be required to put up or shut up.

That is not the situation in today's litigation world.

          Here, essentially the defendants got the relief which they desired. By inundating plaintiffs

with massive discovery requests, which were not met, the court granted a dismissal. I agree with

that disposition, but I would not add a bonus to the defendants' successful lawsuit by awarding them

attorney fees as well. As I see it, the claims were not completely groundless at the outset of the

action.

          Under section 1988, a prevailing defendant should recover attorney fees only upon a finding

by the district court that the action was frivolous, unreasonable, or without foundation, even though

not brought in subjective bad faith. Wolfe v. Perry, 412 F.3d 707 (6th Cir. 2005). This standard was

not met here.

          The district court awarded attorney fees under 42 U.S.C. § 1988 for two reasons. First, the

court said that "the unreasonableness of the plaintiff [in repeatedly delaying and not fully responding

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to discovery] is circumstantial evidence . . . of the reasonableness of the case, the groundless[ness]

of the case, and the frivolity of the case."

        The court was disturbed by the notion that the plaintiffs were not providing information

during discovery because they were saving it for trial, and stated that the plaintiffs "never put

themselves in a position where this Court could conclude anything other than their case was

unreasonable or without merit because they didn't provide the information that would have at least

established to some extent some basis for the lawsuit." Second, the district court said that the

plaintiffs' behavior "would lead one to the conclusion that perhaps they were here for other reasons

than the case itself."

        The court thought that the plaintiffs' unreasonable failure to respond to discovery showed

that the case was itself unreasonable. In doing so, it appears to have been engaging in the kind of

"hindsight logic" that is discouraged in the context of section 1988. As the United States Supreme

Court has noted, this kind of reasoning is discouraged precisely because "[d]ecisive facts may not

emerge until discovery or trial . . . . Even when the law or the facts appear questionable or

unfavorable at the outset, a party may have an entirely reasonable ground for bringing suit."6

Christiansburg Garment Co. v. EEOC, 434 U.S. 412, 421-22 (1978). By dismissing the case before

completing discovery, the district court did not give the plaintiffs the opportunity to show whether

        6
         Although the Supreme Court in Christiansburg was discussing the attorney fee provision
in Title VII, not section 1988, "Congress intended that the standards for awarding fees under section
1988 should be the same as those under Title VII . . . ." Smith v. Smythe-Cramer Co., 754 F.2d 180,
183 (6th Cir. 1985).

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they had a reasonable ground for bringing suit. While the plaintiffs' repeated failure to comply with

discovery orders may have been an appropriate basis on which to dismiss the case, it is not enough

to award attorney fees under section 1988 because the court simply did not have enough information

to determine whether the case was "frivolous, unreasonable, or without foundation". See Wolfe v.

Perry, 412 F.3d 707 (6th Cir. 2005).

        The court's second reason for awarding fees was that the plaintiffs' unreasonable behavior

may have been an indicator that "they were here for other reasons than the case itself." If it is true

that the plaintiffs never had any legitimate basis for bringing suit, and did so simply to be

contentious or cause problems for the defendants, this would be an entirely appropriate basis for

awarding attorney fees under section 1988. However, as the court noted, it based its statement on

little more than circumstantial evidence, and the mere failure to respond to discovery is not enough

of an indicator to warrant the "extreme sanction" of an attorney fee award under section 1988. See

Riddle v. Egensperger, 266 F.3d 542, 552-53 (6th Cir. 2001) ("A court must be sensitive that an

award of attorney's fees against a losing plaintiff in a civil rights action is an extreme sanction . . .

.").

        Accordingly, I join in the dismissal of plaintiffs' case, but would reject as unfounded, the

award of attorney fees.

                                                 - 30 -