Court Opinion

ID: 8000020
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 01:48:29.74953+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:35:41.363512
License: Public Domain

RylaNd, Judge,
dissenting. I regret that I have been unable to concur in the opinion of the court delivered in this case. I consider that the court below committed error in allowing the *418examination of Nievergelder, taken by the committing magistrate, to be read as evidence to the jury. By the second section of article 2 of the act regulating proceedings in criminal cases (R. C. 1845, p. 857,) it is provided, “whenever complaint shall be made to any such magistrate that a criminal offence has been committed, it shall be his duty to examine the complainant and any witnesses who may be produced by him on oath.” The 3d section requires the magistrate, if it appear that any criminal offence has been committed, to issue his warrant to have the offender arrested and brought before him. Section 18 makes it the duty of the magistrate, when the offender has been arrested and brought before him, to proceed as soon as may be to examine the complainant and witnesses produced in support of the prosecution on oath, in the presence of the prisoner, in regard to the offence charged, and other matters connected with such charge which said magistrate may deem pertinent. The prisoner in this case was before Mann Butler, Esq., a justice of the peace for St. Louis county, one of the magistrates or officers contemplated by the said statute, undergoing an examination upon a charge of felonious homicide, the same offence for which he was convicted in this case. It was on the examination before justice Butler that the testimony of Nie-vergelder was taken and reduced to writing by the justice and signed by the witness in accordance with the requisitions of the statute. The prisoner was present at the examination of the witnesses, and had his counsel there, who cross-examined. Af-terwards the prisoner was indicted and put upon his trial for the same homicide. It was under these circumstances that the written testimony of the witness Nievergelder, who died before the trial, was offered in evidence against the prisoner, and admitted by the court against the objection of the prisoner’s counsel. The point made by the counsel of the prisoner in this matter of Nievergelder’s testimony, is, that its admission by the court on the trial of the cause was a direct violation of the constitution of Missouri. The 9th section of the 13th article of the constitution of this state is in these words: “That in all criminal *419prosecutions the accused has the right to be heard by himself and his counsel; to demand the nature and cause of accusation; to have compulsory process for witnesses in his favor ; to meet the witnesses.against him face to face; and, in prosecutions on presentment or indictment, to a speedy trial by an impartial jury of the vicinage ; that the accused can not be compelled to give evidence against himself, nor be deprived of his life, liberty, or property, but by the judgment of his peers or the law of the land.”
What is the meaning of the words 44 to meet the witnesses against him face to face ?” This is the question, and the only question, upon which the admissibility of the evidence depends. Unless it can be shown that the words have some occult or artificial meaning, they must be understood literally ; they must be taken in their ordinary or common acceptation. This would require the prisoner and the witness to stand before each other, to be in the presence of each other. The language contemplates that the face of the prisoner shall oppose the face of the witness ; they shall be confronted. In fact it is admitted that such is the meaning of the words. But while this is admitted, it has been contended that the prisoner and the witness Niever-gelder were thus brought face to face before justice Butler, and that the demands of the constitution have been fully satisfied by that meeting. I do not view it in this light. The words are, 44 In all criminal prosecutions the accused has the right to meet the witnesses against him face to face.” Now if the words in question do require, as no one has yet denied, that the witness and the prisoner shall confront each other, and if that was necessary to the constitutional validity of the testimony taken before the justice, it could not be dispensed with on the trial before the traverse jury, unless it could be shown that there was no criminal prosecution going on there. It seems to me there is nothing in this phraseology which confines the right of the prisoner to any one particular prosecution. The meaning, on the contrary, appears to be, that whenever there is a prosecution and a witness there the right of the prisoner to meet the wit*420ness face to face is given by the constitution. This view of the subject derives additional force from considering the other rights which are guaranteed the accused by the same section of the constitution. ‘£ In all criminal prosecutions the accused has the right to be heard by himself and counsel; to demand the nature and cause of accusation ; to have compulsory process for witnesses in his favor ; and, in prosecutions or presentment or indictment, to a speedy trial by an impartial jury of the vicinage.” Now with which one of these important rights guaranteed to an accused party would it be proper to dispense because it had been once enjoyed ? If a person had been arrested and taken before a magistrate on charge of crime, and committed for trial before a petit jury, ought process for witnesses preparatory to his trial to be denied him because he had been allowed process in the examining court ? -If a prisoner has had one speedy trial of his cause, may he for that reason be detained afterwards without a hearing at the pleasure of the State ? Or is he to have counsel but once ? JVbscitur a sociis is a sound maxim of the law, and if applied to the construction of the clause in question will seem to show that the framers of our constitution intended to give it scope and purpose as large as that of any of its companions.
Passing by what seems to me to be the plain and obvious import of the language of the constitution, I can conceive of no possible reason why the draftsmen should not intend what their words would indicate. Is there any reason making it important that the witness and the accused should meet face to face at the examination before the magistrate, which would not apply with greater force on the trial before the petit jury ? I can think of none. It has been urged at the bar that the provision in question was intended merely to secure the right of cross-examination. To this it has been replied that for such a purpose the language is most unfortunate. But concede for a moment that it was so intended, and that it secures nothing more than the right to cross-examine. Certainly that is a right which may be enjoyed more than once — is not less valuable on the trial before *421the petit jury, and can not be exercised at all unless the witness is present in court. I have no doubt at all that the right of cross-examination was intended to be secured to the accused, not once only, but on every occasion of a prosecution against him — in all prosecutions. But this is not all that was intended to be secured. The right of cross-examination might be exercised without the personal presence of the witness face to face on the trial before the prisoner and the triers. It is so exercised in civil cases. But I am of opinion that the words, “face to face,” in the constitution, were designed to secure to the accused something more than the right of cross-examination as it is enjoyed in civil cases. No such language, so far as I am advised, has ever been employed in regard to the examination of a witness in any civil case. These words must then have some additional meaning, and give some different manner of proceeding to the criminal prosecution. There is in the nature of things good and sufficient reason for the difference. Every one must know there is a difference in the effect of the same words when delivered in open court from the mouth of the witness and when read from a deposition. They may seem worthy of credit in the one case, and positively unworthy of all credit in the other. Who can be unmindful of the influence of the manner and carriage of a witness on the stand? There are many things aside from the literal import of the words uttered by the witness while testifying on which the value of his evidence depends. These it is impossible to transfer to paper. Taken in the aggregate, they constitute a vast moral power in eliciting the truth, all of which is lost when the examination is had out of court and the mere words of the witness are reproduced in the form of a deposition. This moral power which, I repeat, is a vast one in the hands of the prisoner and the triers, is intended to be grasped and wielded by this constitutional requirement of tlface to face.” A remarkable instance of its force was cited by the prisoner’s counsel on the argument, which may well be mentioned : “ And Peter said, ‘ Man, I know not what thou sayestand immediately, while he *422yet spake, tbe cock crew. And tbe Lord turned and looked upon Peter, and Peter remembered tbe word of tbe Lord, bow be bad said unto bim, ‘ Before tbe cock crow tliou sbalt deny me thrice.’ And Peter went out and wept bitterly.” (St. Luke’s Gospel, cb. xxii : 60, 61, 62.) No pen can put on paper words indicative of tbe power of that look ; nothing was said ; the Lord turned and looked upon Peter, and the heart of tbe sturdy, self-confident disciple became liquified at that look, and he “ wept bitterly.” Certain Jews made accusation against St. Paul before tbe Roman governor, Festus, and demanded judgment against bim. Festus says to them : u It is not tbe manner of tbe Romans to deliver any man to die, before that be which is accused have the accusers face to face, and have license to answer for himself concerning tbe crime laid against him. Therefore when they were come hither, without delay on the morrow I sat on tbe judgment-seat, and commanded the man to be brought forth. Against whom, when the accusers stood up, they brought none accusation of such things as I supposed.” (Acts, chap, xxv: 16,17, 18.) Here the .presence of the prisoner in the proud Roman court had the moral force of changing the accusation of his persecutors, who, in his absence, had demanded judgment of death against him; but when compelled to meet and accuse him face to face, “ brought none accusation of such things” as they had before induced the governor to suppose they would.
It ought to be frankly admitted that the history of criminal prosecutions in England from 1558, when Mary ascended the throne, down to the abdication of James II, in 1680, furnishes cause enough for the introduction of some stringent rule whereby to test the truth of the statements of prosecuting witnesses. Mr. Hallam says (Constitutional History, p. 188,) “I have found it impossible not to anticipate in more places than one some of those gloomy transgressions of natural as well as positive law, that rendered our courts of justice, in cases of treason, little better than the caverns of murderers. Whoever was arraigned at their bar was almost-certain to meet a virulent pro*423secutor, a judge hardly distinguishable from the prosecutor except from his ermine, and a passive pusillanimous jury. Those who are acquainted with our modern, decent and dignified procedure can form little conception of the irregularity of ancient trials ; the perpetual interrogation of the prisoner which gives most of us so much offence in the tribunals of a neighboring kingdom ; and the want of all evidence except written, perhaps unattested, examinations or confessions.” On the trial of Mary, Queen of Scots, the material witnesses were not examined in open court. (Hallam Const. His. 90.) Of this trial Dr. Robertson (History of Scotland, p. 266,) remarks: “ If the testimony of Babington and his associates was so explicit, why did not Elizabeth spare them for a few weeks and by confronting them with Mary overwhelm her with the full conviction of her crimes ? Naué and Curie were both alive ; wherefore did they not appear at Fotheriugay? For what reason were they produced in the Star Chamber, where Mary was not present to hear what they deposed?” 1 “It is no easy matter to determine whether the injustice of appointing this trial, or the irregularity of conducting it, was greatest or most flagrant.5.’.
Sir Michael Foster, in his Crown Law, p. 234, says : “ I do not find in looking over the State trials that in crown prosecutions any great regard was paid to the acts of Edward YI for near a century after they passed, or indeed to the common well known rules of legal evidence, though the authors who wrote in those days do sometimes speak of the acts as then in force. In the case of William Thomas, when they were undoubtedly in force, they were rendered quite nugatory by this very extraordinary resolution, that one witness of his own know-' ledge, and another by hearsay from him, though at third or fourth hand, made two witnesses or accusers within the acts. And in the case of Sir Nicholas Throckmorton, which came to trial the same term, no sort of regard was paid to them ; for, though the prisoner insisted on the benefit of them, particularly that which requires two witnesses to be brought face to face upon the trial, the counsel for the Crown went on in *424the, method formerly'practiced, reading examinations and confessions of persons supposed to he accomplices, some living and amenable, and others lately hanged for the same treason. In many of the succeeding trials, the prisoners were told the statutes of Edward VI were repealed, particularly that which required two witnesses to face the accused; that this law had been found dangerous to the Crown; that witnesses may be prevailed on to unsay in court what they have said upon their examinations; that the confessions of persons accusing themselves are the strongest of all evidence against their accomplices.” This every man, (says Foster,) who will do so much penance as to read over the State trials during the reigns of Elizabeth and James, will find to have been the doctrine and practice of the times,. Now what higher tribute could be paid to the moral effect of the witness and the accused meeting on the trial face to face, than to say that such a meeting has been shown by experience to be dangerous to the success of prosecutions ; that it has the power to make the witnesses, when they come into court, unsay what they had previously said out of court ? How is it possible to say, with these facts before us, there was no occasion for the provision which has been inserted in our constitution ? Or how is it possible to doubt what was intended to be secured by its insertion ?
I will notice a few cases taken from the history of former times, which were known to the framers of our constitution, and which, no doubt, had their influence in inserting this provision in our “bill of rights.” In 1589, Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel, was tried for high treason. Gerard and Shelly were witnesses against him. These witnesses accused him of having offered up his prayers for the success of the Spanish expedition against England. Arundel declared that his prayers were only for the preservation of himself and fellow-catholics from the general massacre to which report had said they were doomed in the event of the Spaniards effecting a landing ; then fixing his eyes upon Gerard, and adjuring him “ to speak nothing but the truth, as he must one day appear before the tribunal of the liv*425ing God to answer for what he should then say,” he so daunted and disconcerted the witness that he lost his utterance and was unable to repeat his first assertions. (Strickland’s Lives of the Queens of England, vol. 7, p. 103.) Will any one pretend to deny that this right to meet the witnesses face to face in all prosecutions for crime is not a tower of strength to the accused ? Its power was known and felt to that people from whom we have derived many of our notions of government and the great principles of law.
“No freeman shall be taken or imprisoned, or be disseized of his freehold or liberties, or free customs, or be outlawed, or exiled, or any otherwise destroyed ; nor will we pass upon him, nor condemn him, but by lawful judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land. We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man, either justice or right.” (Magna Charta, chap. 29.) Of this charter Lord Coke says: “It is but declaratory of the old law.” Per legale judicium parium suo-rum, vel per legem terrse. Lord Coke, commenting on the words per legale judicium, says : “ By the word legale, amongst others, three things are implied: 1. That this manner of trial was by law before this statute. 2. That their verdict must be legally given, wherein principally it is to be observed, 1st, That the lords ought to hear no evidence but in the presence and hearing of the prisoner ; 2ndly, After the lords be gone together to consider of the evidence, they can not send to the high steward to ask the judges any question of law but in the hearing of the prisoner, that he may hear whether the case be rightly put, for, de facto jus oritur ; neither can the lords, when they are gone together, send for one of the judges to know any opinion of law; but the high steward ought to demand it in court in the hearing of the prisoner. 3. When all the evidence is given by the king’s learned counsel, the high steward can not collect the evidence against the prisoner, or in any sort confer with the lords touching their evidence in the absence of the prisoner ; but he ought to be called to it; and all that is implied in this word legale(Lord Coke’s Second *426Inst. 48, 49.) Thus we see that Lord Coke’s notion of the expression, “but by the lawful judgment of his peers,” was what the. old law required before the statute known as Magna Charta, 9th Henry III, and that no evidence ought to be heard but in the presence of the prisoner. This was Coke’s understanding of the law, and of this phrase per legale judicium. The framers of our constitution well knew this ; they were familiar with the English magna charta. They also well knew how often it had been totally denied to prisoners of the English courts to have the witnesses brought into court to meet them face to face. They knew that the statute of Edward VI had been totally disregarded in trials of treason, and to avoid these acts, and to withdraw our state prosecutions from the influence of such authorities as the English courts might present, and to place it beyond doubt, they declared and inserted it in the declaration of rights, “ that in all criminal prosecutions the accused has the right to be heard by himself and his counsel; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation ; to have compulsory process for witnesses in his favor ; to meet the witnesses against him face to face ; and, in prosecutions on presentment or indictment, to a speedy trial by an impartial jury of the vicinage; that the accused can not be compelled to give evidence against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers or the law of the land.”
Now they did not rest satisfied by using the words “ per le-gale judicium parium suorumi” of the English magna charta, which Lord Coke says requires the evidence in criminal prosecutions to be given in presence of the prisoner, but they use the expression, the accused, in all criminal prosecutions, has the right to meet the witnesses against him face to face, and that he shall not be deprived of life, liberty, or property, nisi per judicium parium suorum, vel per legem terree — hut by the judgment of his peers or the law of the land. They did not content themselves with the expression which Lord Coke says requires the evidence to be given in the presence and hear-. *427ing of the accused ; but they use the emphatic language, “ to meet the witnesses against him face to face and also the expression from magna charta, uper legale judicium parium suorum, vel per legem terree.”
The double use of this right is not to be considered accidental or unmeaning. There was a prudential and protecting care in the constitution. They had seen how the subjects of Great Britain had been denied the benefit of this clause in the administration of the criminal code, notwithstanding Lord Coke’s construction of magna charta, and they would leave no ground for such a practice here. In 1696, Sir John Eenwick was indicted for high treason, but because the Crown could not produce against him two witnesses, the parliament passed a bill of attainder of high treason against him, and he was executed. He was indicted for treason upon the testimony of Porter and Goodman, and Goodman afterwards withdrawing himself from the kingdom, the parliament undertook “to do the business for Sir John” — to use the language of a member of the house of commons — and so managed it as in a very short time to bring the prisoner to the scaffold. But, for the honor of the British parliament, Sir John Eenwick was the last Englishman who has thus suffered. The lawyers for the Crown, in this case, heard the testimony of the witness Goodman, under the examination by Mr. Vernon, a member of the house of commons. This examination they proposed to read to the house in support oi the bill of attainder — Sir John Eenwick not being present when it was taken, nor privy to the examination. It was most clearly illegal and incompetent evidence according to the rules of evidence of the British courts of justice. This evidence was opposed by the very able and learned counsel of Sir John Een-wick, Sir Thomas Powys and Sir Bartholmew Shower, lawyers of distinguished eminence. They opposed the reading of this examination of Goodman, as a matter wholly new, not sanctioned by the rules of evidence and practice. They asserted that no deposition of a person can be read, though beyond sea, unless in cases where the party it is to be read against was privy *428to the examination, and might have cross-examined him, or examined to his credit, if he thought fit; it was never pretended that depositions could be read upon other circumstances. But in criminal cases it was never admitted ; nay, in an appeal of murder, if depositions be taken before the coroner, and there bo an examination of witness upon the indictment, though the appeal be for the same fact, and in order to bring the person to the same punishment, yet in that case those depositions can not be read, because it is another suit; but it was never attempted in any court of justice that the examination of witnesses behind a man’s back could be read in any place whatever. Our law requires persons to appear and give their testimony viva voce, and we see that their testimony appears credible or not by their very countenances and the manner of their delivery. They contended that it was but justice in criminal cases, especially under the British constitution, that the person shall see his accuser. A man may swear a deposition reduced to writing, whose conscience, perhaps, would not let him publicly accuse the prisoner face to face. Sir Bartholmew said: “I am speaking for the life of a man, and for maintaining the rules of law, which I hope shall continue forever, and that is that the examination of a person that is absent shall not be read to supply his testimony.” This trial of Fenwick has been called “ a pretty strange one, where the person that stands upon his trial hath a chance to be hanged, but none to be saved.” In the house of lords this bill of attainder was passed by a very meager majority — six ; the minority entering a spirited protest against its passage, which sets forth among other reasons the following : “ Because the information of Goodman in writing was received, which is not by law to be admitted ; and the prisoner, for want of his appearing face to face, as is required by law, could not have the advantage of cross-examining him ; and it would be of very dangerous consequence that any person so accused should be condemned ; for, by this means, a witness, who shall be found insufficient to convict a man, shall have more power to hurt him by his absence than he could have if he *429were produced viva voce against him.” (Howell’s State Trials, vol. 13, 538.) I have mentioned this trial of Sir John Fen-wick, and extracted a few passages from the proceedings, in order to show the importance then given by English statesmen and English lawyers to the right of meeting the witnesses against the accused, in prosecutions for treason, face to face. We are not to suppose that the framers of our constitution were ignorant of the advantages to public prosecutions for criminal offen-ces resulting from the right to have the witnesses and the accused face to face in presence of the court and jury. The countenances and manner of the witnesses were all important, and by these the jury could very correctly estimate the amount of credibility each witness deserved at their hands.
But it has been insisted that the question is res adjudicata both in England and in the United States, and whatever might be the proper decision to be made if it were now to be discussed and settled for the first time, it is too late at this day to disturb the uniform course of decision. After a careful examination of the British statutes and decisions on the subject, I am satisfied that none of them have any bearing on the point. There is this plain reason why they should not have : there never was any British statute which embodied either the language or substance of our constitutional provision. I concede it was the practice of the English courts to admit in evidence, in capital cases, the depositions of witnesses taken in the presence of the accused, or in his absence, or mere hearsay testimony, and that whether the witness was living or dead, or amenable to the process of the court or not. But how can it be shown that such practice is authority, or precedent even, for construing the constitution of Missouri, which contains a direct inhibition of eyery such thing ?
The statutes 1 & 2 Philip & Mary, chap. 13, (6 Pickering’s British St&t. at large, p. 57;) 2 & 3 Philip & Mary, chap. 10, ib. 74, contain not one single word which could make any ruling in reference to them pertinent to the point before this court. The statute of 5 & 6 Edward VI, chap. 11, § 12, (5 Picker*430ing’s British Stat. at large, p. 374,) requires two lawful accusers to the treason and offences therein mentioned, which said accusers at the time of the arraignment of the party accused, “ if they be then living, shall be brought in person before the party accused, and avow and maintain that that they have to say against said party to prove him guilty of the treason or offences contained in the bill of indictment laid against said party arraigned, unless the said party shall willingly, without violence, confess the same.” This is the same statute which Sir Michael Foster says was so flagrantly disregarded by the judges. It must be borne in mind that this only requires the witness to appear in court on the trial, “ if living.” But if the British statute was confessedly disregarded in the Crown cases because it was not so convenient a thing to procure convictions under it, I am unable to see how that shall furnish us a reason for disregarding our constitution, which we are bound to observe and regard, whether convenient or not. For this reason I lay out of view the English decisions which have been quoted at the bar. The American authorities referred to as determining that the words in “ all criminal prosecutions the accused has the right to meet the witnesses against him face to face,” do not entitle the accused to the presence of the witness in court, are the following: Rex v. Barber, 1775, 1 Root, 76; State v. Webb, in 1794, 1 Haywood, 104; State v. Moody, 1798, 2 Haywood, 31; United States v. Wood, 1818, 3 Wash. C. C. 440; Commonwealth v. Richards, 1836, 18 Pickering, 437; Johnson v. State, 1821, 2 Yerger, 38; State v. Campbell, 1844, 1 Richardson, 124; State v. Hooker, 1845, 17 Verm. 669; Thorp v. State, 1849, 15 Ala. 749; Davis v. State, 1850, 17 Ala. 356; 15 Wend. 421; 8 Wend. 598; 3 Hill, 294; 5 Hill, 32; 2 Arkan. 249; 13 Ark. 676; 3 Hump. 344; 10 Hump. 488; 2 How. (Miss.) 665; 6 How., (Miss. 14; 1 Meigs, 265; Campbell v. State, in 1852, 11 Georgia, 353. Such an array of authorities, if pertinent to the matter and binding on this court, ought to be sufficient. But it will be seen that of this number more than one-third of the adju*431dications relied on by the State, as fixing the meaning of the provision of our constitution, are decisions made expressly upon the authority of the English courts, not in the exposition of the constitutional question here involved ; and in fact by courts -in states where there is no such constitutional provision as we have in Missouri. Such are the cases from 1 Root, 76; 1 Richardson, 124; 2 Hill, S. C., 608; 8 Wend. 598; 15 Wend. 421; 3 Hill, N. Y. 294; 5 Hill, 32, and 11 Georgia, 353. The two cases from Haywood, (1 Hayw. 120, top page, 104 side page; 2 Hayw. 31,) were made under the constitution of North Carolina, which does not give the accused the right to meet the witnesses against him face to face, but only “ to confront the accusers and witnesses with other testimony.” The case from 3 Wash. C. C. R. is from a nisi prius court; the question, now before us, was not raised in it, and no authority is cited. Of the remaining citations, there are only seven in which the right of the prosecution to prove on the trial what has been previously testified to by a deceased witness was under consideration. These are 18 Pickering, 437; 17 Verm. 669; 2 Yerger, 58; 15 Ala. 749; 17 Ala. 356; 3 Hump. 344, and 10 Hump. 488.
I will examine these cases. The constitution of Massachu- , setts is not like ours. It provides “that no subject shall be held to answer for any crimes or offences until the same is fully, plainly, and substantially and formally described to him, or be compelled to accuse or furnish evidence against himself; and every subject shall have the right to produce all proofs that may be favorable to him, to meet the witnesses against him face to face, and to be fully heard in his defence by himself or his counsel, at his election.” The case in 18 Pick. 437, is not inconsistent with this provision of the constitution of Massachusetts, which only gives the accused in general terms the right to meet the witnesses face to face. The right, it may be, is satisfied by one meeting, under the constitution of Massachusetts. There is in Massachusetts no right in the accused to meet the witnesses against him face to face on every prosecution. This *432ease may then be considered, as no satisfactory authority on the question before us. In prosecutions involving the life of the accused, I should long hesitate before making a decision literally complying with the words of a constitution, and thereby cutting off the rights of the accused. A literal construction securing and extending the rights of the prisoner is much more consistent with judicial duty as well as more consonant to the dictates of reason and humanity.
In 2 Yerger, 58, a deposition of a deceased witness, taken in the presence of the accused, was allowed to be read against him on his trial. This decision rests on no authority but the .decisions of North Carolina, which I have already shown were unade under a constitution different from ours. This decision in 2 Yerger has been followed in Tennessee by the cases in 8 Hump. 844, and 10 Hump. 488.
In IT Vermont, 669, the constitutional question was never raised ; the case was put wholly on the English authorities, without an intimation that any constitutional provision existed.
In 15 Alabama, 749, the constitutional objection was pressed upon the court, but was overruled on the supposition that magna charta contained the same provision as the constitution of Alabama, and has never been construed to require the witnesses in court. But magna charta contains no such provision. Coke’s Reps. 315, are referred, and turns out to be a civil case. 1 Richardson, S. C., 124, and 1 Root Conn. Rep. are also cited ; but in these states there is no constitutional provision on the subject. The case then in 15 Alabama rests on an erroneous assumption that magna charta contains expressly a similar declaration of this right as many of our state constitutions do. 17 Alabama is predicated on 15 Alabama, 749.
The great mass of authority therefore melts down into this, ‘that in Vermont there is one decision of the Supreme Court where a deposition of a deceased witness was admitted on English authority, the constitutional point not being raised. In Tennessee similar evidence has been admitted on the authority of • a North -Carolina -case. In Alabama such testimony has *433been held admissible on the authority of Tennessee and Vermont.
In Collier v. The State, 13 Ark. 679, the question of admitting the deposition of a deceased witness, taken before the examining court, was expressly left undecided. It has also been held in Tennessee, (1 Overton, 229,) that such evidence could not be received under the constitution of that state. In Fenn v. Commonwealth, 5 Randolph, 708, it was held that such evidence is not admissible in a criminal case.
The other authorities relied on by the attorney for the State, namely, 2 Ark. 249; 13 ib. 676; 2 How., (Miss.) 14; 1 Meigs, 265; 11 Georgia, 353, are cases touching the admissibility of dying declarations, and it has been argued, on the part of the State, that dying declarations can not be admitted, if the constitution. is held to exclude the deposition of Niever-gelder.1
I have no difficulty in relation to the admissibility of dying declarations. I find my views well expressed by Mr. Justice Lumpkin, in case of Campbell v. State of Georgia, 11 Geo. 373. Mr. Justice Lumpkin said : “ Holding then as we do that the inviolability of the rule must be preserved, which in all criminal prosecutions entitles the accused to be confronted with the witnesses against him, does it abrogate the common law principle that the declarations in extremis of a murdered person as to the homicide are admissible evidence ? The right of a party accused of a crime to meet the witnesses against him face to face is no new principle. It is coeval with the com-mbn law. Its recognition in the constitution was intended for the two-fold purpose of giving it prominence and permanence. The argument for the exclusion of the testimony proceeds upon the idea that the deceased is the witness, when in fact it is the individual who swears to the statements of the deceased who is the witness ; and it is as to him that the privileges of an oral and cross-examination are secured. The admission of dying declarations jn evidence was never supposed in England to violate the well-established principles of the common law, that the wit*434nesses against tbe accused should be examined in bis presence. The two rules have co-existed there, certainly, since the trial of Ely in 1720, and are considered of equal authority. The constant and uniform practice of all the courts of this country, before and since the revolution, and since the adoption of the federal constitution, and of the respective state constitutions containing a similar provision, has been to receive in evidence, in eases of homicide, declarations properly made in articulo mortis. It constitutes one of the exceptions to the rule which rejects hearsay evidence. It is founded in the necessity of the case, and for the reason that the sanction under which these declarations are made in view of impending death and judgment, when the last hope of life is extinct, and when the retributions of eternity are at hand, is of equal solemnity as that of statements made under oath. With the policy of the rule, which has been so ingeniously assailed by counsel, we have nothing to do. I will not deny but that it may be justified by that urgent necessity which is a sufficient ground for dispensing with any rule. Chief Justice TiJghman thought there could be no stronger case of necessity than that which require the declarations of the dying victim of secret assassination to be received in order to the detection and punishment of his murderer. Moreover, he supposed that its allowance, and the knowledge that upon it the culprit might be condemned, would have a saving and protecting influence upon society. Still it must be admitted that great caution should be observed in the use of this kind of evidence, and that, were the point res integra> much might be said against the practice.”
In Woodside’s case, 2 How. (Miss.) 665, it was said by the court that the “bill of rights, in respect to the right of the accused of being confronted by the witness for the prosecution, is but an affirmation of a long cherished principle of the common law. By the- bill of rights the accused is secured in the right of an oral examination of the opposing witnesses, and the advantage of a cross-examination. This privilege is placed beyond legislative action. The same rights belong to the sub*435jects o£ England ; but there they have no constitutional provision guarantying its perpetuity. The argument proceeded upon the supposition that the deceased party was the witness, and, as be eould not be confronted or cross-examined by the prisoner, it was a violation of the rights of the prisoner, secured by the sovereign will of the State, to allow the dying declarations of the deceased to be given in evidence. But it is upon the ground that the murdered individual is not a witness that his declarations, madeira extremis, can be offered in evidence upon the trial of the accused. If he were or could be a witness, his declarations, upon the clearest principle, would be inadmissible. His declarations are regarded as facts or circumstances connected with the murder, which, when they are established by oral testimony, the law has declared to be evidence. It is the individual who swears to the statements of the deceased that is the witness, and not the deceased.”
In my opinion, this well-established rule admitting the dying declarations of deceased persons to be given in evidence on the trial of the supposed murderer has been the stumbling-block in the way of some respectable courts on such trials ; and, to go around it, they have prostrated the constitutional provision in regard to confronting the witnesses face to face. I am satisfied that the dying declarations may be given in evidence. I am equally satisfied that the witness who details such declarations must do it in court, in the presence of the accused, and that by this rule there is no violation of the prisoner’s constitutional rights. We must not forget that this provision in our bill of rights does not make a new rule of evidence ; it does not declare what may be or may not be proper and lawful evidence on the trial of a criminal prosecution ; it relates to the position of the witness in lawfully detailing such facts as may be lawfully submitted to the jury in a criminal prosecution. The status of the witness is affeeted. He must be in court. So must the accused. He shall not detail his knowledge of the facts in a dark or secret chamber, in the absence of the accused, to be af-terwards read against the accused before the jury. In every *436criminal prosecution — “ in all criminal prosecutions’’ — could there be language more comprehensive ? Can it be denied that the trial before the Circuit Court — the court of the highest original jurisdiction in such matters — before a petit jury, whose verdict may seal his fate forever — rthat such is a criminal prosecution ? Will this be denied, and yet the examination before a petty magistrate, with no power to empanel a jury in the case, be called a criminal prosecution — and one too, where, if the accused be privileged to meet the witness, it forever satisfies the constitutional right of meeting the witnesses face to’ face in all prosecutions ? Who that has ever practiced his profession for five years does not know that in many cases the accused and his counsel never pretend to make his defence, or to show the grounds of it, before the examining court — seldom cross-examine a witness, but wait until they come before the triers and the court with jurisdiction to punish before they open or explain the nature of the defence ? The injured persons are generally the witnesses for the prosecution before the examining court; they detail the evidence smarting under the injury. Policy then dictates to the accused to do but little in the way of cross-examination. Often one-sided statements are permitted to be made without an effort to correct them. 'Let such examinations be afterwards considered lawful evidence, in case the witness be dead, or be out of the state, or can not be found, and who can tell the amount of injury to follow in the administration of the criminal law ? I am therefore for giving a plain common-sense construction of this section in our declaration of rights. I am compelled to believe that the framers of our constitution so understood it, so designed it to be understood ; and therefore my opinion is that in “ all criminal prosecutions” the accused has the right to meet the witnesses against him face to-face ; that depositions can not be read against him without his consent, and that the testimony of a deceased witness can not be used against him. The power of cross-examination was not the only right secured, but the right that the prisoner and the jury might both see the countenances and manner of the wit*437nesses, and that the witnesses might feel this vast moral power compelling them to testify the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.