Court Opinion

ID: 6334662
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-25 19:00:44.171228+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:23:40.873445
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 21-10303     Date Filed: 04/25/2022   Page: 1 of 23

                                           [DO NOT PUBLISH]
                            In the
         United States Court of Appeals
                 For the Eleventh Circuit

                   ____________________

                         No. 21-10303
                   Non-Argument Calendar
                   ____________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                              Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
KEMOND JAREUZ FORTSON,

                                           Defendant-Appellant.

                   ____________________

          Appeal from the United States District Court
               for the Middle District of Alabama
          D.C. Docket No. 2:18-cr-00416-WKW-SMD-1
                    ____________________
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2                      Opinion of the Court                21-10303

Before WILSON, LUCK, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
       A jury convicted Kemond Fortson of possession of a firearm
by a felon, possession of methamphetamine with intent to distrib-
ute, and possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking
crime. Fortson appeals the district court’s denials of his motion to
suppress evidence found in his apartment and car and his motion
for judgment of acquittal on the firearms counts, and the substan-
tive reasonableness of his 140-month sentence. We affirm his con-
victions and sentence.
    FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
                            The Arrest
       On March 10, 2009, while stealing marijuana and a gun,
Fortson and his brother Lorenzo shot and killed a man. Fortson
pleaded guilty to murder and was sentenced to twenty-five years
in state prison, with five to be served and the remaining twenty
suspended. He was on probation for the murder when, on October
31, 2017, officers with the United States Marshals Service Gulf
Coast Regional Fugitive Task Force executed a warrant for his ar-
rest for a probation violation.
       Officers executed the arrest warrant at the apartment where
Fortson lived with his then-girlfriend, Shakea Green. Inside the
apartment, officers saw about forty grams of methamphetamine
scattered on the floor of the master bedroom, leading into the
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21-10303               Opinion of the Court                        3

bathroom, and inside the toilet. Officers also saw a bag of mariju-
ana, digital scales, and an electronic key fob, which when pressed,
activated the alarm to a car parked outside the apartment.
       Officers then got a search warrant for the apartment and car.
From inside the apartment, officers seized the methamphetamine,
marijuana, digital scales, and key fob, as well as alprazolam,
clonazepam, hydrocodone, nearly two thousand dollars, and a re-
ceipt for a gun trade. The receipt was dated September 4, 2017,
and was signed by Jeff Clarkson.
       From the car parked outside the apartment, officers seized
methamphetamine, digital scales, plastic baggies, a loaded DPMS
AR-15 .223 millimeter / 5.56 millimeter caliber rifle, and a Ruger 9
millimeter pistol. Fortson stipulated that the Ruger pistol and all
of the ammunition in this case had moved in interstate commerce.
During the search, after Fortson’s arrest, he told Agent Angel Ro-
driguez—with no prompting—that “he could provide the name of
the source of supply for his methamphetamine.”
        The grand jury indicted Fortson on one count of possession
of a firearm by a felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. section 922(g)(1);
one count of possession with intent to distribute methampheta-
mine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. section 841(a)(1); and one count of
possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime,
in violation of 18 U.S.C. section 924(c)(1)(A).
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4                      Opinion of the Court               21-10303

                  Fortson’s Motion to Suppress
       Fortson moved to suppress the evidence seized from the
apartment and car, and the “source of supply” statement that Fort-
son made during the search. As to the evidence from the apart-
ment, Fortson argued that the officers arrested him “just inside the
door to the apartment,” “had no search warrant,” and “had no au-
thority to search the apartment.” As to the evidence from the car,
Fortson contended that the officers’ pushing of the car’s key fob
was an illegal search, and the officers searched the car before they
had a search warrant. And, as to the “source of supply” statement,
Fortson maintained that he made it during “an illegal search,” so it
should be “suppressed as fruit of the poisonous tree.”
        As to the evidence from the apartment, the government re-
sponded that Fortson’s “claims as to what occurred . . . [we]re
simply untrue”: officers found the evidence in plain view as they
executed the arrest warrant. As to the evidence from the car, the
government argued that the pushing of the key fob was not a
search, and even if it was, the automobile exception applied. And,
as to the “source of supply” statement, the government contended
that it should not be suppressed because officers were not question-
ing Fortson when he volunteered it.
       Officer Dustin Holt and Agents Rodriguez and Dion Robin-
son testified about the search for the government. Officer Holt and
Agent Robinson were both members of the task force and were
present when Fortson was arrested. Agent Rodriguez came to the
apartment after the arrest and collected evidence.
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21-10303               Opinion of the Court                         5

        All three government witnesses testified to the location of
the methamphetamine. Officer Holt testified to seeing metham-
phetamine on the floor of the hallway and bathroom. But, accord-
ing to Agent Rodriguez, the methamphetamine was on the floor
“from the bedroom leading into the bathroom,” as well as “inside
the toilet bowl” and “on the toilet floor.” Agent Rodriguez also
testified that “[t]he quantity of drugs inside the apartment . . . was
not user quantity, personal quantity.” Agent Robinson testified
that the drugs were found “[i]n the back bedroom” and that “the
drug evidence was a trail from the bedroom to the bathroom inside
the toilet.”
        As to the location of Fortson’s arrest, Officer Holt testified
that before the arrest an officer reported “movement from the
blinds of a bedroom window,” and when officers knocked and an-
nounced their presence and purpose to arrest Fortson, Fortson’s
girlfriend opened the door and said that Fortson was “in the back
bedroom.” On direct examination, Officer Holt testified that Fort-
son was in the “back left bedroom” when Officer Holt found him,
but on cross examination, Officer Holt appeared less confident in
this response. He said that if a report gave Fortson’s location as
“immediately behind the door in the living room,” he would not
have “any reason to dispute” the report. He said that even though
he thought Fortson was “in the back bedroom,” he “could have
been mistaken” and Fortson “could have been in the front living
room.”
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6                      Opinion of the Court                 21-10303

        Agent Robinson testified that as the officers walked up the
steps to the apartment to make the arrest they “saw the blinds open
up in the rear portion of the apartment.” Once at the door, they
knocked and announced themselves “several times,” and Fortson’s
girlfriend answered. She “eventually” gave Fortson’s location as
“in the back bedroom.” Agent Robinson listened from “[o]utside
the apartment at the front door” with the girlfriend while the task
force’s entry team said, “clear,” at each room after checking it. He
heard the team clear the front doorway and closet, the living and
dining rooms, and the kitchen, and then “immediately afterwards,”
they “were talking to someone down at the end of the hallway.”
Agent Robinson heard over the radio that Fortson was in custody,
and officers told Agent Robinson that they arrested Fortson “[i]n
the hallway area of the back bedroom.” The arresting officers saw
the methamphetamine in plain view when they took Fortson into
custody, Agent Robinson said.
        In defense, Fortson’s girlfriend, Ms. Green, and his attorney,
Michael Kidd, testified that the arrest occurred in the living room
in the front area of the apartment. Ms. Green was eighteen years
old when Fortson was arrested, and they had been “boyfriend and
girlfriend” for “almost two years.” In fact, the two were still in a
relationship when she testified. According to Ms. Green, they
“talk[ed] often” but did not talk about his case. She found out
about the suppression hearing the week before she testified, she
said, but she could not remember how she came to testify and did
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21-10303                Opinion of the Court                          7

not know what the hearing would be about. Mr. Kidd represented
Fortson in the state probation violation matter.
       Ms. Green testified that the apartment had no windows or
blinds in the rear. She and Fortson “were in the living room” when
the officers knocked, and when she opened the door, she “could
feel [Fortson] standing right behind” her. She “heard [Fortson’s]
voice the whole time”; “[h]e was right there while [she was] outside
the door.” She never saw him leave the living room area and never
told officers where he was because officers never asked her his lo-
cation.
        Mr. Kidd testified that “[d]uring the course of [his] investiga-
tion [into the probation violation matter], drawing from all the
sources that [he] talked to, [he] was never under the impression
that Fortson was anywhere other than somewhere close to the
couch in the living room at the time of entry,” and that, according
to Mr. Kidd’s notes, Fortson and Ms. Green were lying down “on
the couch when the police officers came and knocked,” and Fort-
son was arrested “next to [the] keys to [the] car” “somewhere in
the living room.” Mr. Kidd could not identify who told him where
the arrest occurred because he received information “from a lot of
different people,” including Ms. Green, and it was difficult “to sep-
arate what information came from what person.”
       The other facts were undisputed. Agent Rodriguez testified
that Fortson’s mother “was actually renting the apartment or pay-
ing for the apartment,” so the officers “had to ascertain while in the
apartment” that Fortson, not his mother, was living there.
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8                           Opinion of the Court                21-10303

According to Officer Holt, “all the rooms were cleared for people
and weapons for [officer] safety.” Agent Rodriguez stated that after
he collected the evidence and before he went for the search war-
rant, he read Ms. Green and Fortson their Miranda 1 rights and told
them that officers had found drugs in the apartment. After the
rooms were cleared and Fortson was arrested, Officer Holt stated,
both Fortson and Ms. Green “denied having a car,” so when Officer
Holt saw the key fob on the kitchen counter, he picked it up, went
outside, and pushed the lock button to locate the car associated
with the fob. About the car, Agent Rodriguez testified, someone—
either a task force officer or Ms. Green herself—told him that Ms.
Green and Fortson traveled in the car “as recently as the previous
week.” Agent Rodriguez also testified that after he returned with
the search warrant for the apartment and car, Fortson offered—
outside of Ms. Green’s presence—to provide “the source of supply”
of the methamphetamine if the officers released them.
       After considering all the testimony, the magistrate judge rec-
ommended denying Fortson’s motion to suppress “as to all evi-
dence found in the apartment as part of the protective sweep and
as part of the search conducted pursuant to a search warrant,” “all
evidence found as a result of the search of the vehicle,” and “all
statements made by [Fortson].” The magistrate judge found that
“the methamphetamine was located on the floor of the master bed-
room, the master bathroom, and in the master bathroom toilet,”

1
    Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
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21-10303               Opinion of the Court                       9

as Agents Rodriguez and Robinson testified, and not “on the floor
of the hallway and hallway bathroom,” as Officer Holt testified.
The magistrate judge also found, based on Officer Holt and Agent
Robinson’s testimony and the location of the methamphetamine,
that Fortson was arrested “in the rear area of the apartment,”
meaning the area containing the hallway, bedrooms, and bath-
rooms, “and not in the living room, dining room, kitchen, or
foyer.” Giving Fortson “the most leeway under the protective
sweep doctrine,” the magistrate judge found that Fortson was ar-
rested at “the mouth of the hallway that open[ed] into the front
area of the apartment.” The magistrate judge did not credit Ms.
Green’s testimony about the location of Fortson’s arrest because
Ms. Green was biased toward Fortson, did not witness the arrest,
and gave “less-than-forthcoming answers” during cross examina-
tion. And the magistrate judge did not credit Mr. Kidd’s testimony
about the arrest’s location because Mr. Kidd did not provide the
source of his information.
       These factual findings led the magistrate judge to conclude
that the evidence found in the apartment without a search warrant
was lawfully seized in plain view during a valid protective sweep as
the officers were executing the arrest warrant. The magistrate
judge also concluded that the officers’ use of the key fob was rea-
sonable because the “officers reasonably suspected that criminal ac-
tivity was afoot” from the amount of drugs found in the apartment
and the inconsistency between Fortson and Ms. Green’s denial of
having a car and the presence of the key fob in their apartment.
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10                     Opinion of the Court                 21-10303

The use of the key fob, the magistrate judge recommended, “was
also justified under the automobile exception.” And the magistrate
judge concluded that probable cause supported the search warrant
for the apartment and car.
       The district court overruled Fortson’s objections to the mag-
istrate judge’s recommendation because the magistrate judge’s
findings about the witnesses’ credibility and the locations of the
methamphetamine and Fortson’s arrest were “detailed, well-rea-
soned, and supported by the testimony.” The conclusion that the
evidence was seized during a valid protective sweep followed from
these findings, the district court explained. And the district court
agreed with the magistrate judge that the officers’ use of the key
fob was reasonable and also justified under the automobile excep-
tion. Thus, after de novo review, the district court adopted the
magistrate judge’s recommendation.
           Fortson’s Motion for Judgment of Acquittal
       The case proceeded to a two-day jury trial. During the gov-
ernment’s case-in-chief, Officer Holt, Agent Rodriguez, and Mr.
Clarkson testified. Officer Holt testified to arresting Fortson in the
back bedroom and, along the way, seeing methamphetamine on
the floors of the hallway and bathroom. Agent Rodriguez testified
that the methamphetamine found in the apartment had a total
value of four thousand dollars and the brand of digital scales in the
master bedroom was “used to weigh narcotics most often.”
Through his testimony, Agent Rodriguez tied the key fob found
“inside the apartment” to the car parked outside the apartment.
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21-10303               Opinion of the Court                       11

        The AR-15 rifle found in the car “would fit” within a gun
case found in the master bedroom, Agent Rodriguez said, and he
collected from the kitchen a bullet that would fit that gun. In the
same box in the trunk of the car where the AR-15 rifle was, there
were the Ruger pistol, a magazine with three bullets for the Ruger,
methamphetamine in a baggie, other baggies, a set of scales, and a
set of weights, Agent Rodriguez testified. Agent Rodriguez also
testified that the box in the trunk was for a Dirt Devil vacuum
cleaner and that he found a matching Dirt Devil vacuum in the
apartment.
        Mr. Clarkson identified the receipt found in the apartment
and testified that, for an SKS 7.62 millimeter rifle and five hundred
dollars, he had traded an AR-15 rifle, along with a plastic padded
gun case, 5.56 millimeter ammunition, a scope, and two thirty-
round magazines, to a man matching Fortson’s general descrip-
tion. Mr. Clarkson identified the AR-15 found in the car, and testi-
fied that its serial number matched the serial number on the AR-15
that he had traded. Mr. Clarkson also testified that the 5.56 milli-
meter ammunition and the magazine found in the car were con-
sistent with the AR-15 and that the gun case found in the apartment
“appear[ed] to be” the same gun case that he had traded. And Mr.
Clarkson testified that law enforcement had him do a photo lineup
to identify the man with whom he had traded.
        Agent Rodriguez then testified that the 5.56 millimeter am-
munition that Mr. Clarkson gave Agent Rodriguez “was very sim-
ilar to” ammunition that Agent Rodriguez found in the apartment’s
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12                       Opinion of the Court                    21-10303

kitchen. And Agent Rodriguez testified that Mr. Clarkson identi-
fied Fortson in the photo lineup.
       At the close of the government’s case-in-chief and again at
the close of all evidence, Fortson moved for judgment of acquittal
on the firearms counts. 2 As to the count of possession of a firearm
by a felon, Fortson argued that the Ruger pistol charged in the in-
dictment was found in a box in the trunk of the car and the govern-
ment presented no evidence placing him in the car or in possession
of the gun. And as to the count of possession of a firearm in fur-
therance of a drug trafficking crime, Fortson argued that the gov-
ernment did not prove a drug trafficking crime, and even if it did,
it presented no evidence tying him to the car, where the firearms
were found. The district court denied Fortson’s judgment of ac-
quittal motion, and the jury found Fortson guilty of the firearms
counts and the methamphetamine count.
                          Fortson’s Sentence
       Fortson’s guideline range was between seventy-eight and
ninety-seven months for possession of a firearm by a felon and pos-
session with intent to distribute methamphetamine, plus sixty
months for possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug traffick-
ing crime to be served consecutively. Fortson argued for a below-
guideline sentence of 120 (sixty plus sixty) months in prison

2
 Fortson moved for judgment of acquittal on the other counts, too, but they
are not at issue on appeal.
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21-10303               Opinion of the Court                        13

because he had only two firearms when the officers conducted
their searches, his only violent crime was the murder, and his drug
use impaired his decisionmaking.
        The district court “considered and consulted the sentencing
guidelines and the arguments of counsel and evaluated the reason-
ableness of [Fortson’s] sentence through the lens of [18 U.S.C. s]ec-
tion 3553.” Then, it imposed a sentence at the low end of the guide-
line range: 140 (eighty plus sixty) months. The district court found
that this sentence was “reasonable” in light of “the nature and cir-
cumstances of the offense[s]” and Fortson’s “history and character-
istics” and was “sufficient, but not greater than necessary,” to “re-
flect the seriousness of the offense[s],” “promote respect for the
law,” “provide just punishment for the offense[s],” “afford ade-
quate deterrence to criminal conduct,” “provide [Fortson] with
needed educational or other correctional treatment in the most ef-
fective manner,” and “avoid unwarranted sentence disparities
among defendants.”
                    STANDARDS OF REVIEW
        When a district court denies a motion to suppress evidence,
“we review the court’s findings of fact for clear error and its appli-
cation of law to the facts de novo. In doing so, we consider all the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party—in this
case, the government.” United States v. Wilson, 979 F.3d 889, 908
n.9 (11th Cir. 2020) (cleaned up). The “district court’s factual find-
ings will not be overturned unless, upon reviewing the record, we
are left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been
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14                     Opinion of the Court                 21-10303

made.” Id. “The party moving to suppress evidence bears the bur-
dens of proof and persuasion.” Id.
       “We review de novo the district court’s denial of a motion
for judgment of acquittal, but ‘our evaluation is comparable to the
standard used in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to sus-
tain a conviction.’” United States v. Henderson, 893 F.3d 1338,
1348 (11th Cir. 2018) (quoting United States v. Bergman, 852 F.3d
1046, 1060 (11th Cir. 2017)). “Under that standard, we review the
evidence presented at trial in the light most favorable to the gov-
ernment, and we draw all reasonable factual inferences in favor of
the jury’s verdict.” Id. (quoting same). “We will not overturn a
jury’s verdict if any reasonable construction of the evidence would
have allowed the jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a reason-
able doubt.” Id. (cleaned up).
       “We review for abuse of discretion the substantive reasona-
bleness of a sentence.” United States v. Osorto, 995 F.3d 801, 822
(11th Cir. 2021). “In reviewing the ultimate sentence imposed by
the district court for reasonableness, we consider the final sentence,
in its entirety, in light of the [section] 3553(a) factors.” United
States v. Thomas, 446 F.3d 1348, 1351 (11th Cir. 2006). “Our ‘re-
view for reasonableness is deferential.’” Id. (quoting United States
v. Talley, 431 F.3d 784, 788 (11th Cir. 2005)). “The party who chal-
lenges the sentence bears the burden of establishing that the sen-
tence is unreasonable in the light of both the record and the factors
in section 3553(a).” Id. (quoting same).
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21-10303               Opinion of the Court                        15

                           DISCUSSION
       Fortson argues that the district court erred in denying his
motion to suppress the evidence found in his apartment; his mo-
tion to suppress the evidence found in his car; and his motion for
judgment of acquittal on the firearms counts. Fortson also con-
tends that his sentence was substantively unreasonable.
    The Motion to Suppress the Evidence from the Apartment
       Fortson contends that the district court clearly erred in find-
ing that he was arrested in the rear area of the apartment and in
concluding that the officers were thus entitled under Maryland v.
Buie, 494 U.S. 325 (1990), to sweep that area without reasonable
suspicion. He was arrested in the living room in the front area of
the apartment, he says, so the sweep of the rear area was an illegal
search and the evidence found during the sweep should have been
suppressed.
       We do not have “a definite and firm conviction” that the
magistrate judge erred in finding that Fortson was arrested in the
rear area of the apartment or that the district court erred in adopt-
ing this finding. See Wilson, 979 F.3d at 908 n.9. Both Officer Holt
and Agent Robinson testified during the suppression hearing that
Fortson’s girlfriend said Fortson was “in the back bedroom” when
the task force officers knocked and announced themselves, and
Agent Hill testified that the girlfriend said Fortson was “in the back
of the apartment.” Officer Holt also testified that he found Fortson
in the “back left bedroom” during the arrest. Although Officer
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16                     Opinion of the Court                21-10303

Holt conceded during cross examination that he would defer to a
report giving a different arrest location, no such report was ever
entered into the record. When Officer Holt testified at trial, he was
“confident” that Fortson “was in the back bedroom.” Agent Rob-
inson testified during the suppression hearing that Officer Holt and
another officer had told him that the arrest occurred “[i]n the hall-
way area of the back bedroom.” Agent Robinson also gave earwit-
ness testimony that Fortson was arrested in the rear area of the
apartment. Based on this testimony, and on the location of the
methamphetamine in the master bedroom and bathroom, the
magistrate judge found that Fortson was arrested “in the rear area
of the apartment.” This finding was not clearly erroneous.
        Because the district court found that Fortson was arrested in
the rear area of the apartment, the evidence that the officers recov-
ered from that area is admissible under the protective sweep doc-
trine. “Law enforcement officers are permitted, in the context of a
valid arrest, to conduct a protective sweep of a residence for offic-
ers’ safety,” but the “sweep must be brief and limited to areas from
which an attack could be launched.” United States v. Yeary, 740
F.3d 569, 579 (11th Cir. 2014). During an arrest, officers can, “as a
precautionary matter and without probable cause or reasonable
suspicion, look in closets and other spaces immediately adjoining
the place of arrest from which an attack could be immediately
launched.” Buie, 494 U.S. at 334.
       Here, the magistrate judge assumed that Fortson was ar-
rested “farthest . . . away from the master bedroom but still in the
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21-10303                Opinion of the Court                         17

rear area of the apartment”—that is, at “the mouth of the hallway
that open[ed] into the front area of the apartment.” The officers
were entitled to enter the master bedroom as an area immediately
adjoining the hallway from which an attack could arise. See United
States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 287 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (“Because the
entrance to the bedroom was a straight shot down the hallway
from the spot where [the defendant] was arrested, the bedroom
was a place ‘immediately adjoining the place of arrest from which
an attack could be immediately launched.’” (quoting Buie, 494 U.S.
at 334)). As the government points out, “officers were entering an
apartment they were unfamiliar with to serve an arrest warrant on
a man who had previously been convicted of murder.” They were
permitted to sweep the immediately adjoining area for their own
safety. Once in the master bedroom, the officers saw methamphet-
amine in plain view.
       Because the search of the apartment was valid under the pro-
tective sweep doctrine, the district court did not err in denying
Fortson’s motion to suppress the evidence found inside the apart-
ment.
        The Motion to Suppress the Evidence from the Car
        As to the evidence found in the car, Fortson argues that the
district court erred in failing to suppress it because officers used the
key fob found in the apartment to locate the car before they had a
search warrant for the apartment, Fortson had a reasonable expec-
tation of privacy in the key fob and the car, and the warrant for the
car should not have issued. The warrant should not have issued,
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18                      Opinion of the Court                 21-10303

he contends, because there were no drugs or firearms in plain view
in the car and because no officer applying for the warrant had seen
him in possession and control of the car.
       The magistrate judge found, based on Officer Holt’s testi-
mony, that “[Fortson] and [Ms.] Green denied having a vehicle on
the premises.” This fact was undisputed, and this finding was not
clearly erroneous. “[D]isclaiming ownership . . . of an item ends a
legitimate expectation of privacy in that item.” United States v.
Hawkins, 681 F.2d 1343, 1345 (11th Cir. 1982). “[A]n individual
who . . . denies ownership of personal property may not contest
the constitutionality of its subsequent acquisition by the police.”
United States v. Cofield, 272 F.3d 1303, 1306 (11th Cir. 2001). Be-
cause Fortson denied owning the car, he cannot challenge as un-
constitutional the officers’ use of the key fob for the car, the search
of the car, or the seizure of the evidence found inside the car. Thus,
the district court did not err in denying Fortson’s motion to sup-
press the evidence found in the car.
              The Motion for Judgment of Acquittal
       Fortson argues that the district court erred in denying his
motion for judgment of acquittal on the firearms counts. Fortson
contends that the government did not prove beyond a reasonable
doubt one element common to both counts—that he knowingly
possessed a firearm—because no witness put him in the car when
the firearms were found in it and because no firearms were found
in the apartment. The government, Fortson maintains, “only pre-
sented speculative evidence that because the keys to the vehicle
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21-10303                Opinion of the Court                        19

were in the residence that . . . [he] must have knowingly possessed
the firearms located in the vehicle.”
        For violations of 18 U.S.C. sections 922(g) and 924(c), “[p]os-
session of a firearm may be . . . constructive.” United States v.
Ochoa, 941 F.3d 1074, 1104 (11th Cir. 2019); United States v. Perez,
661 F.3d 568, 576 (11th Cir. 2011). “In order to establish construc-
tive possession, the government was required to prove, through
direct or circumstantial evidence, that [Fortson] was aware or
knew of the firearm’s presence and had the ability and intent to
later exercise dominion and control over the firearm.” Ochoa, 941
F.3d at 1104. “[C]ontrol or domination over [a] vehicle in which
. . . contraband is concealed . . . support[s] a finding of possession”
of the contraband. United States v. Riggins, 563 F.2d 1264, 1266
(5th Cir. 1977).
        Agent Rodriguez testified at trial that he found a Dirt Devil
vacuum cleaner in the apartment and then found a Dirt Devil vac-
uum cleaner box in the trunk of the car. Agent Rodriguez also tes-
tified that the key fob found in the apartment activated the car, and
Mr. Clarkson testified that the gun trade receipt found in the apart-
ment was for one of the guns in the car. This testimony tied the
car—which contained guns, magazines, ammunition, metham-
phetamine, and drug distribution equipment in the vacuum
cleaner box in the trunk—to the apartment where Fortson lived
with his girlfriend—which contained more methamphetamine and
drug distribution equipment, as well as a bullet and a gun case fit-
ting one of the guns found in the car. Further, Mr. Clarkson
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testified to trading a gun to a man matching Fortson’s general de-
scription, and again, the receipt documenting this trade was found
in Fortson’s apartment while the gun itself was found in his car.
From all this evidence, the jury could have found that Fortson had
control over the car in which the firearms were concealed and that
Fortson knowingly possessed the firearms.
      Because a “reasonable construction of the evidence would
have allowed the jury” to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Fort-
son knowingly possessed a firearm—and thus, “to find [him] guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt” as to the firearms counts—we will not
overturn the jury’s verdict as to these counts. See United States v.
Rodriguez, 732 F.3d 1299, 1303 (11th Cir. 2013).
         The Substantive Reasonableness of the Sentence
        Finally, Fortson challenges the substantive reasonableness
of his sentence, arguing that imprisonment for 140 months was
greater than necessary to accomplish the purposes in section
3553(a) and that the district court did not properly consider the mit-
igating factors he raised at the sentencing hearing. He also con-
tends that the “nature and circumstances” of the offenses charged
in the indictment and the “lack of evidence” supporting each of-
fense “weighed heavily” toward a lesser sentence, but “the only
factor weighed by the court was the sentencing guidelines.” The
district court failed to give reasonable consideration to any other
section 3553(a) factor, Fortson argues.
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       “We examine whether a sentence is substantively unreason-
able in light of the [section] 3553(a) factors and the totality of the
circumstances.” United States v. Joseph, 978 F.3d 1251, 1265 (11th
Cir. 2020). The section 3553(a) factors include: (1) the “nature and
circumstances” of the offenses and the “history and characteristics
of the defendant”; (2) the need to “reflect the seriousness” of the
offenses, “promote respect for the law,” and “provide just punish-
ment” for the offenses; (3) the “need for deterrence”; (4) the “need
to protect the public”; (5) the “need to provide the defendant with
needed educational or vocational training or medical care”; (6) the
“kinds of sentences available”; (7) the “Sentencing Guidelines
range”; (8)“pertinent policy statements of the Sentencing Commis-
sion”; (9) the “need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities”;
and (10) the “need to provide restitution to victims.” Id. at n.17
(citing 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)). “The weight given to any particular
[section] 3553(a) factor is within the district court’s discretion, and
[we] will not substitute [our] judgment for that of the district
court.” Id. at 1266. “We will reverse a sentence only if we are ‘left
with the definite and firm conviction that the district court com-
mitted a clear error of judgment in weighing the [section] 3553(a)
factors by arriving at a sentence that lies outside the range of rea-
sonable sentences dictated by the facts of the case.’” Id. (quoting
United States v. Pugh, 515 F.3d 1179, 1191 (11th Cir. 2008)).
      Fortson’s drug and gun crimes were serious. “[D]rugs and
guns are a dangerous combination,” Smith v. United States, 508
U.S. 223, 240 (1993), “especially . . . when they are in close
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22                     Opinion of the Court                 21-10303

proximity” to each other, United States v. Martinez, 964 F.3d 1329,
1338 (11th Cir. 2020). And the offenses prohibiting them are seri-
ous. See United States v. Haile, 685 F.3d 1211, 1222 (11th Cir. 2012)
(“Given the serious nature of possessing a machine gun in further-
ance of drug-trafficking crimes, [the] [thirty]-year statutory manda-
tory minimum sentence . . . [wa]s not grossly disproportionate to
the offense.”).
      Fortson was a convicted murderer, and he was on probation
while he was dealing drugs and trading guns.
       The sentence “falls at the low end” of the guidelines range,
and we “generally anticipate that a sentence within the [g]uidelines
range is reasonable.” Osorto, 995 F.3d at 823.
       The statutory maximum for possession of a firearm in fur-
therance of a drug trafficking crime is life in prison. See United
States v. Pounds, 230 F.3d 1317, 1319 (11th Cir. 2000) (“[E]very con-
viction under [section] 924(c)(1)(A) carries with it a statutory max-
imum sentence of life imprisonment . . . .”). And Fortson’s sen-
tence “falls well below” this maximum. See Osorto, 995 F.3d at
823. “A sentence that comes in far below the statutory maximum
penalty is another indicator of reasonableness.” Id.
       Contrary to Fortson’s argument on appeal, the district court
considered not only the guidelines but also counsel’s arguments
(including those on mitigating factors) and the section 3553(a) fac-
tors. “[T]he district court need only acknowledge that it consid-
ered the [section] 3553(a) factors, and need not discuss each of these
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factors in either the sentencing hearing or in the sentencing order.”
United States v. Beckles, 565 F.3d 832, 846 (11th Cir. 2009) (quoting
United States v. Amedeo, 487 F.3d 823, 833 (11th Cir. 2007)).
       For all these reasons, we do not have a “definite and firm
conviction that the district court committed a clear error of judg-
ment” in sentencing Fortson in light of the section 3553(a) factors.
See Joseph, 978 F.3d at 1266. We discern no abuse of discretion in
the district court’s sentencing decision, so we affirm the sentence.
                          CONCLUSION
      Because the district court did not err in denying Fortson’s
motion to suppress or motion for judgment of acquittal or in im-
posing his sentence, we affirm.
      AFFIRMED.