Court Opinion

ID: 7366785
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-27 23:52:25.931358+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:20:47.427811
License: Public Domain

SOMERVILLE, J.
— It is the duty of common carriers to protect their passengers against violence or improper conduct, whether on the part of its own servants or of other passengers or strangers; but the carrier’s liability for failure to protect from the misconduct of others than its own servants arises only when the wrong is actually foreseen or is of such a character and perpetrated under such circumstances as that it might reasonably have been anticipated or naturally expected to occur. — Batton v. S. & N. Ala. R. R. Co., 77 Ala. 591, 54 Am. Rep. 80; Britton v. A. & C. Ry. Co., 88 N. C. 536, 43 Am. Rep. 749; 6 Cyc. 604. It is of course a corollary to this rule of liability that the injurious misconduct complained of could have been foreseen in time to permit of its effective prevention. — Id.; Montgomery Traction Co. v. Whatley, 152 Ala. 101, 44 South. 538, 126 Am. St. Rep. 17.
This duty is not confined to the case of a passenger on a train or car but extends to the relation so long as it continues, at all times and places. — Id.; 6 Cyc. 600 (3).
Nevertheless, the measure of care varies according to time and place; and, while a very high degree of care may be required of the carrier with respect to passengers while actually on its trains or cars, only ordinary care is required as to passengers waiting at its stations, at least under ordinary conditions as they exist in this country. — Batton v. S. & N. Ala. R. R. Co., supra.
In the recent case of So. Ry. Co. v. Hanby, infra, 62 South. 871, this subject was carefully considered by this court, and it was there said that “the duty of protection does not arise until such carrier * * * bas *246reasonable grounds for believing that such violence or insult will occur unless steps are taken to prevent it.”
It is' also the rule that, when a known officer of the latv, in the apparent exercise of official authority, and not exceeding the limits of his customary functions, disturbs the peace and personal security of a passenger, it is not the duty of the carrier or its servants to intervene for the protection of the passenger. — Bowden v. A. C. L. R. R. Co., 144 N. C. 28, 56 S. E. 558, 12 Ann. Cas. 783, and note; Owens v. Dilmington, etc., R. R. Co., 126 N. C. 139, 35 S. E. 259, 78 Am. St. Rep. 642; Brunswick, etc., R. R. Co. v. Ponder, 117 Ga. 63, 43 S. E. 430, 60 L. R. A. 713, 97 Am. St. Rep. 152; Tex. Mid. R. R. Co. v. Dean, 98 Tex. 517, 85 S. W. 1135, 70 L. R. A. 943; Duggan v. B. & O. R. R. Co., 159 Pa. 248, 28 Atl. 182, 186, 39 Am. St. Rep. 672, 676. If the. carrier’s servant knows that the arrest or search is illegal, it would doubtless be his duty to make inquiry into the matter and to make seasonable and suitable protest for the protection of the passenger. But it would be contrary to good order and sound policy to require the carrier’s servant to forcibly contest with an officer the rightfulness and propriety of his action in making an arrest, or a search, unless, perhaps, it is accompanied by palpably abusive and improper treatment not germane to his official acts.
But where the arrest or search is made by a known officer who is invested with the general authority to do such acts, the carrier’s servant is under no duty to inquire whether he is in fact acting officially or with lawful authority in the particular case. He may assume these things and is under no duty to interfere with the officer. — Tex Mid. R. R. Co. v. Dean, supra; Duggan v. B. & O. R. R. Co., supra; Brunswick, etc., R. R. Co. r Ponder, supra.
*247When the injurious disturbance of the passenger is by the act of the carriers own servant while he is engaged in its service, and to whom is committed some part of its duty with respect to the custody and safe carriage of its passengers, the carrier’s liability is not grounded on the theory of negligence nor upon the assumption that the act is within the scope of the servant’s authority or within the line of his employment, but rather upon the .theory of the breach of an absolute duty resting on the carrier to see that its passengers are not injured by the servants to whose care or custody they have been committed or exposed. — B. R. & E. Co. v. Baird, 130 Ala. 334, 30 South. 456, 54 L. R. A. 752, 89 Am. St. Rep. 43; Tex. Mid. R. R. Co. v. Dean, 98 Tex. 517, 85 S. W. 1135, 70 L. R. A. 943; Dwinelle v. New York, etc., R. R. Co., 120 N. Y. 117, 24 N. E. 319, 8 L. R. A. 224, 17 Am. St. Rep. 611; Gillingham v. O. R. R. R. Co., 35 W. Va. 588, 14 S. E. 243, 14 L. R. A. 798, 29 Am. St. Rep. 827; 4 Elliott on Railroads (2d Ed.) § 1638/
With this statement of the general principles applicable to the facts of this case, we proceed to a consideration of the particular question presented by the record.
It is not necessary for the complaint to anticipate defenses and allege that the assault or search was illegal or not made by an officer of the law, and the several grounds of demurrer predicated on that theory are without merit.
It is, however, necessary for each count of the complaint, charging that defendant negligently allowed or permitted a stranger to assault and beat or search plaintiff, to allege a state of facts upon which the duty of protection or intervention would arise, viz., a knowledge by defendant of the intended wrong, or reasonable grounds to anticipate it, in time to prevent or inter*248fere with its execution. In this respect the second and fifth counts of the complaint are fatally defective, and the several grounds of demurrers pointing out the defect were well taken and should have been sustained.— So. Ry. Co. v. Hanby, infra, 62 South. 871; Ensley Ry. Co. v. Chewning, 93 Ala. 24, 26, 9 South. 458.
Nevertheless, the error was .without prejudice to appellant, since other counts sufficiently alleged knowledge by or notice to Whitman, defendant’s responsible agent; the issue was contested by full evidence on both sides; and the trial court fully and clearly instructed the jury, both ex mero motu and in writing at defendant’s request, that defendant’s agent, Whitman, “was under no duty to interfere for the protection of the plaintiff unless he lmeAv or had reasonable cause to believe that she was threatened or about to be subjected to an unlawful assault upon or search of the person” ; and further “that, if the evidence in the case does not reasonably satisfy them [the jury] that defendant’s station agent, Whitman, directed or suggested the search of the plaintiff, and that plaintiff did not ask or call on him to protect her from being searched, then the verdict should be in favor of the defendant;” and more directly still that, “if they believe from, the evidence that defendant’s station agent, Whitman, did not suggest, direct, or in any manner participate in a search of plaintiff’s person, then their verdict should be in favor of defendant.” These instructions, in substantially similar form, were repeated over and over, and in fact the only issue they submitted to the jury was the single question of Whitman’s affirmative participation in the alleged search.
There was no error in allowing plaintiff to show, on the cross-examination of one of defendant’s witnesses, that he came to court to testify for defendant volunta*249rily; i. e., without the compulsion of a subpoena. Although that fact might ordinarily be of small significance, yet it may sometimes indicate abnormal zeal or interest on the part of the witness, and it is the practice to allow it to go to the jury for what it may be worth. — Wabash R. R. Co. v. Ferris, 6 Ind. App. 30, 32 N. E. 112; 40 Cyc. 2684, and cases cited.
In his closing argument to the jury one of plaintiff’s counsel stated that “Mrs. Wakefield was a sister-in-law of Whitman, the agent, and that (the missing watch was found in Mrs. Wakefield’s house).” The bill of exceptions recites that “defendant objected to the foregoing statement of plaintiff’s counsel and moved to exclude it from the jury, and the court overruled defendant’s objection and motion to exclude and allowed said statement to remain with the jury,” to which defendant duly excepted. That part of the statement in parenthesis Avas not a fact in evidence, but the other part of it was. The objection to the lohole statement was properly overruled. — L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Holland, 173 Ala. 675, 55 South. 1001; L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Hurt, 101 Ala. 35, 13 South. 130.
It should affirmatively appear that the objection was interposed promptly upon the making of the objectionable statement, and the court’s attention should have been called to the absence of evidence to support it.— B. R. L. & P. Co. v. Gonzales, infra, 61 South. 84.
Charge 7 refused to defendant is argumentative and does not state a correct proposition of law. Although plaintiff may have gone with Amos to the freight room and afterwards to the colored waiting room, “Avithout objection or protest,” this Avas not, as matter of law, a consent by her to the search of her person by Amos or Mrs. Sims. If the agent Whitman instructed Amos, whom he knew to be an officer, to take her to those *250places and search her, her submission might well have been produced by the duress of her situation and the apparent power and authority of Amos and Whitman. It was clearly for the jury to say on all the evidence whether plaintiff in fact consented to the search or not.
Charge 8 refused to defendant is predicated on the fact of an arrest of plaintiff as a preliminary to the search of her person. It will suffice to say that the undisputed evidence affirmatively shows that plaintiff was not arrested at all, and, the charge being abstract in this essential particular, it was properly refused.
The trial court refused to give for defendant the general affirmative charge on the whole complaint and on each separate count, as separately requested in writing by defendant.
The argument in favor of the conclusion of error in these refusals is: (1) That as to counts 4 and 5 there is no evidence tending to show that the agent Whitman-knew, or had reason to believe, that plaintiff was being or was about to be assaulted or searched by Mrs. Sims; (2) that as to these same counts there is a fatal variance between pleading and proof, the one being for negligently allowing the wrong, and the other showing actual participation, if anything at all; (3) that as to the whole complaint the evidence shows that plaintiff consented to the search; (-4) that whether she consented to the search or not, she was under arrest in the hands of a known officer of the law at the time she was searched, and hence beyond the reach of defendant’s ordinary obligation to protect her; and (5) that in the absence of knowledge that the arrest was illegal, Whitman might have lawfully assisted the officer in making it, though it was in fact illegal. We will notice these contentions seriatim.
*2511. It is certain that there is nothing in the evidence to show a knowledge by Whitman of an intended search of plaintiff specifically by Mrs. Sims. Nor is there anything in the evidence to show that Whitman knew of the search by Mrs. Sims while it was being conducted, or to show that plaintiff appealed to Whitman to protect her against it. Plaintiff’s counsel insist that Whitman’s knowledge may be fairly inferred from the fact that Mrs. Sims was with Amos and plaintiff when they went to the freight room, and also when they came back and Amos requested of Whitman the use of the waiting room, and also from the fact that the ticket window between Whitman’s office and the waiting room was open: that Whitman passed by the window several times and saw Amos’ party once through the apperture; and that he could have seen all that was going on. But the mere presence of Mrs. Sims with the party might as well have suggested to Whitman that she was the companion and friend of plaintiff and seeking to befriend and protect her as that she ivas abetting the purpose of Amos to search her. And so the fact that Whitman might have seen the search of plaintiff by Mrs. Sims through the ticket window, had he approached it and looked through just at the time of the search, has no tendency to show that he in fact did so. Plaintiff herself does not affirm that she saw him do so; Dr. Irvin says he did not see him at the window during the search, though it was in the range of his vision; and Whitman says he did not see the search and knew nothing about it. His knowledge that Amos was going to search plaintiff, and that Mrs. Sims was going to be present, was not sufficient to warn him that Mrs. Sims would also make a search.
It is clear to our minds, under the evidence adduced, that plaintiff had no right of recovery at all unless the jury believed the testimony of her and her witnesses *252that Whitman ordered Amos to search her. And of course, if Mrs. Sims made a search under the direction and authority of Amos, that might well be regarded as the proximate result of Whitman’s original wrong and as being in fact a search by Amos himself and through Amos by Whitman. But plaintiff has elected by her pleadings to treat Mrs. Sims’ search as an independent wrong, anticipated or known as such to defendant through its agent Whitman. The evidence did not sustain this phase of her complaint, and the. trial court should have instructed the jury that they could not find for plaintiff on the fourth count.
2. There is no merit in the theory of a variance in the aspect suggested, since the jury might have interpreted Whitman’s alleged language to Amos as a mere designation of the place in which he might make the search and not as an instruction to make a search. Thus interpreted, it simply imported Whitman’s knowledge of the impending search, and hence showed his opportunity and his duty to prevent it if practicable, assuming that he knew its illegal character. There is nothing, it is true, to indicate such knowledge on his part, and the interpretation suggested would, under the principles of law above enunciated, lead to the conclusion that plaintiff was not entitled to recover on any count of the complaint. Hence, although there was not necessarily a variance as to any of the counts, there was either a variance or a failure of necessary proof as to all counts but the third.
3. In discussing the refusal to give defendant’s requested charge 7, we have already disposed of the theory that plaintiff’s consent to the search was shown as matter of law. That was a jury question, pointedly so in view of plaintiff’s positive testimony that she was objecting to it all the time.
*2534. As already pointed out, the evidence affirmatively shows, without any dispute, that plaintiff was not arrested by Amos, and that Whitman did not even suppose that she had been arrested. Hence all of defendant’s arguments based upon that theory are entirely without merit.
5. The search of plaintiff was confessedly illegal if made without her consent. If Whitman actually participated in it, he was guilty of a battery upon her, regardless of his belief as to its legality; and for such a battery the defendant carrier is absolutely liable.
The principle that exempts from liability one who at an officer’s command assists him in making an illegal arrest, if applicable also to the making of an illegal search of the person, can have no protective operation here since it does not appear that Amos requested such ■assistance from Whitman.
Counsel for appellee have framed their argument upon the assumption that whether or not defendant’s agent Whitman knew or believed that Amos was acting as an officer in his dealings with plaintiff was a jury question, or else that it was Whitman’s duty, when apprised of those dealings, to make inquiry as to their official character and validity. These theories of the law are without merit, as already indicated, supra.
The duty of intervention by the carrier between a passenger and a known officer of the law does not arise until the carrier’s servant is informed or has just reason to believe that the officer is not acting officially, or else that he is wrongfully acting colore officii. The burden is upon the plaintiff to show such knowledge, and it cannot be assumed. In the absence of evidence to show it, the plaintiff fails to show the initiation of the duty to intervene and protect her.
*254In the instant case there is nothing to show such knowledge by Whitman, whether the testimony of plaintiff’s or defendant’s witnesses be taken as true. If plaintiff’s own testimony is true, it tends to show merely that Whitman knew that she was accused or suspected of having stolen a watch, for which she was about to be searched by the officer. Her claim of innocence, and her appeal for intervention by Whitman, did not change the situation, so far as Whitman was concerned. Certainly none of these circumstances can support a rational inference that Whitman knew that the officer was acting either unofficially or wrongfully. These considerations lead to the conclusion heretofore stated that, as matter of law on the facts shown, plaintiff was not entitled to recover except upon the third count of the complaint, and only upon the finding of fact that the agent Whitman directed, instigated, or in some way affirmatively participated in the search of plaintiff without her consent.
It follows that the trial court erred in not giving for defendant the general affirmative charge upon each of the other counts of the complaint. The judgment will be reversed, and the cause remanded.
Reversed and remanded.
Dowdell C. J., and McClellan and Sayre, JJ., concur.
Sayre, J.,
is of the opinion that the overruling of the demurrers to the second and fifth counts of the complaint was prejudicial error which would require a reversal of the judgment.