Court Opinion

ID: 9838754
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-07 20:00:44.076649+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:04:47.882387
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 22-13921    Document: 48-1      Date Filed: 09/07/2023   Page: 1 of 20

                                                              [PUBLISH]
                                    In the
                 United States Court of Appeals
                         For the Eleventh Circuit

                           ____________________

                                 No. 22-13921
                           ____________________

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                       Plaintiﬀ-Appellee,
        versus
        JAMES REGINALD TALLEY,
        a.k.a. Reggie Jones,

                                                    Defendant-Appellant.

                           ____________________

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Middle District of Florida
                  D.C. Docket No. 8:09-cr-00061-VMC-MAP-1
                           ____________________
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        2                       Opinion of the Court                   22-13921

        Before WILSON, GRANT, and BRASHER, Circuit Judges.
        BRASHER, Circuit Judge:
               This appeal requires us to decide whether absconding dur-
        ing a term of supervised release tolls the supervised release period.
        James Reginald Talley, a convicted felon, appeals the district
        court’s judgment revoking his supervised release and ordering him
        imprisoned based in part on a violation committed after his super-
        vised release had lapsed but while he was, based on the district
        court’s findings, a fugitive from justice. We hold that the district
        court erred in tolling Talley’s period of supervised release based on
        his fugitive status. In doing so, we join the First Circuit and part
        company with the Second, Third, Fourth, and Ninth Circuits. Ac-
        cordingly, we vacate the district court’s judgment and remand for
        resentencing.
                                        I.

                In 2010, James Talley pleaded guilty in the United States Dis-
        trict Court for the Middle District of Florida to one count of pos-
        sessing a firearm as a convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C.
        § 922(g)(1). The district court sentenced Talley in 2016 to 100
        months’ imprisonment followed by three years of supervised re-
        lease. The court imposed numerous conditions on Talley’s super-
        vised release, including that Talley “shall not commit another fed-
        eral, state or local crime”; “shall not leave the judicial district with-
        out the permission of the court or probation officer”; “shall report
        to the probation officer in a manner and frequency directed by the
        court or probation officer”; “shall answer truthfully all inquiries by
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        22-13921               Opinion of the Court                          3

        the probation officer and follow the instructions of the probation
        officer”; “shall notify the probation officer at least ten (10) days
        prior to any change in residence or employment”; “shall not,” un-
        less granted permission by the probation officer, “associate with
        any persons” who are “engaged in criminal activity” or who have
        been “convicted of a felony”; “shall permit a probation officer to
        visit him . . . at any time at home or elsewhere”; “shall participate
        in a substance abuse program,” which will include “submit[ting] to
        random drug testing”; and “shall cooperate in the collection of
        DNA, as directed by the Probation Officer.”
               Talley completed his custodial sentence and began serving
        his three-year term of supervised release on May 10, 2018. Less
        than four months before his supervision was set to expire, the pro-
        bation office filed a petition alleging that Talley violated two con-
        ditions of his supervised release and asking the district court to is-
        sue a warrant for his arrest.
                The first count of the petition alleged that Talley violated
        Condition Three of the Standard Conditions of Supervision, which
        required him to “answer truthfully all inquiries by the probation
        officer and follow the instructions of the probation officer.” Specif-
        ically, Talley, “[o]n multiple occasions . . . failed to follow the in-
        structions of his probation officer” by “ma[king] himself unavaila-
        ble for supervision.” A memorandum accompanying the petition
        described Talley’s alleged violation in greater detail. The memo-
        randum explained that the last contact the probation office had
        with the Talley was on September 15, 2020, when his probation
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        4                      Opinion of the Court                  22-13921

        officer met with him at his job. During the meeting, Talley pre-
        sented verification that he had suffered a heart attack the previous
        month and told the probation officer that his employer “would al-
        low him to take leave until he was healthy to return to work.” On
        September 29, 2020, the officer returned to Talley’s place of em-
        ployment, but the operations manager informed the officer that
        Talley was out on medical leave.
               The officer then made many different attempts to contact
        Talley between October and December 2020, but Talley did not
        respond. For example, the probation officer visited Talley’s resi-
        dence on October 28, but no one was home. The officer left a note
        at Talley’s door directing him to contact the officer immediately,
        but he never did. On November 24, the officer returned to Talley’s
        place of employment, but Talley was not there. The officer spoke
        to the operations manager, who explained that Talley “remained
        employed but was on long-term disability.” That same day, the of-
        ficer emailed Talley, directing him to contact her the following day,
        but he did not respond. The next day, the officer met with Talley’s
        aunt at her home, and she agreed to tell Talley that the officer was
        trying to contact him. In December, the probation officer called
        Talley’s cell phone multiple times, but the outgoing voicemail mes-
        sage stated that “it was not accepting calls at this time.” The officer
        made multiple calls to Tampa General Hospital, but “there was no
        indication that [Talley] was admitted.”
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        22-13921                Opinion of the Court                          5

               On January 12, 2021, the probation officer spoke with Tal-
        ley’s employer, who informed the officer that Talley “was sup-
        posed to return to employment after his medial situation im-
        proved,” but that Talley “ha[d] not contacted or returned” to work.
        The probation officer made a final attempt to contact Talley at his
        residence on January 20, 2021, but no one was home. The officer
        again left a note at his door directing Talley “to contact [the officer]
        immediately,” but Talley did not respond. The memorandum ex-
        plained that the probation officer “exhausted all resources to locate
        [Talley] and his whereabouts remain[ed] unknown.”
               The second count of the petition alleged that Talley violated
        Condition Nine of the Standard Conditions of Supervision, which
        prohibited him from associating with anyone “engaged in criminal
        activity” or “convicted of a felony.” The petition alleged that in
        September 2020, a probation officer “obtained verified information
        that [Talley] was associating with . . . a known convicted felon who
        is presently on a three-year term of supervised release.” That per-
        son apparently reported to her probation officer that she was in a
        romantic relationship with Talley.
               Based on these allegations, the district court issued a warrant
        for Talley’s arrest on January 26, 2021. But he was not detained un-
        til May 2022, when he was arrested by Florida law enforcement
        officers for battery and prosecuted for that offense in Florida state
        court. Talley was convicted in August 2022. Later that month, he
        made an initial appearance in federal court on the petition for rev-
        ocation of supervised release.
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        6                      Opinion of the Court                 22-13921

               Based on Talley’s battery arrest and conviction, a probation
        officer filed a superseding petition to revoke Talley’s supervised re-
        lease. The superseding petition repeated the two original counts
        and added a third count, premised on the felony battery that Talley
        had been convicted of in August 2022. It alleged that he had vio-
        lated the condition of supervised release that he not commit an-
        other state or federal offense.
               At the final hearing on the superseding petition, Talley’s
        counsel explained that in August 2020, Talley had suffered a “mas-
        sive heart attack.” According to Talley’s counsel, this health crisis
        meant that he could not work, lost access to needed medication,
        and fell out of contact with his probation officer. Nonetheless, Tal-
        ley claimed (at least through his counsel) that he spoke with his
        probation officer in December 2020, shortly before the officer filed
        the petition to revoke his supervised release.
                The district court asked Talley whether he would be admit-
        ting to any of the violations in the superseding petition. Talley
        (through counsel) responded that “without question, [he] w[ould]
        be admitting to the first one,” i.e., failing to maintain contact with
        probation. As to the second violation— associating with a felon—
        Talley admitted to knowing the person referenced in the petition
        but denied having any relationship with her. As to the Florida bat-
        tery violation, Talley argued that “he c[ould] admit to the conduct
        itself,” but he had “a jurisdictional issue” with the violation. He
        stated that the felony battery offense occurred in May 2022, but his
        supervised release term expired in May 2021.
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        22-13921               Opinion of the Court                         7

               The government argued in response that “the time that Mr.
        Talley absconded from supervised release does toll, and the [c]ourt
        should still have jurisdiction over him, including [for] the conduct
        that happened in 2022.” The district court agreed, noting that, in
        general, “when somebody absconds or . . . leaves the jurisdiction
        and can’t be located,” there is tolling because “we want to discour-
        age people from engaging in that kind of activity.” Accordingly, it
        overruled Talley’s objection, stating that it had “jurisdiction to ad-
        judicate [Talley] with respect to the [battery violation], even
        though it took place sometime in 2022, after the supervision ex-
        pired, because he had lost contact with the probation office.” The
        government dismissed the second count based on associating with
        a felon.
               The court then asked Talley if he understood that he was
        admitting to violating the conditions of supervision by making
        himself unavailable for supervision and violating the terms of his
        supervision by committing the offense of felony battery—subject
        to his preserved argument that he was not on supervised release at
        the time he committed the battery. Talley stated that he under-
        stood and was waiving his right to a hearing on those violations.
               The court then adjudicated Talley guilty with respect to
        those two violations. The guidelines range was 18 to 24 months’
        imprisonment. The court revoked Talley’s supervised release and
        sentenced him to serve an additional 18 months’ imprisonment “to
        be concurrent with any sentence already served or to be served”
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        8                      Opinion of the Court                  22-13921

        that a state court imposed. The district court did not impose a term
        of supervised release to follow the custodial sentence.
               Talley timely appealed.
                                       II.

               We review the district court’s jurisdiction to revoke a term
        of supervised release de novo. United States v. Johnson, 581 F.3d 1310,
        1311 (11th Cir. 2009).
                                       III.

                The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 empowers a court to
        impose a term of supervised release following imprisonment. See
        18 U.S.C. § 3583(a), (b). “Supervised release departed from the pa-
        role system it replaced by giving district courts the freedom to pro-
        vide postrelease supervision for those, and only those, who needed
        it.” Johnson v. United States, 529 U.S. 694, 709 (2000). The supervised
        release term begins the day the offender is released from prison. 18
        U.S.C. § 3624(e). During the term, offenders are bound to follow
        court-ordered conditions. Some conditions apply to all terms of su-
        pervised release, such as the requirement “that the defendant not
        commit another Federal, State, or local crime during the term of
        supervision.” Id. § 3583(d). But a district court has discretion to im-
        pose other conditions of supervised release, see id., such as requir-
        ing the offender to “report to a probation officer as directed by the
        court or the probation officer,” id. § 3563(b)(15). If the offender vi-
        olates a condition of his supervised release during his term of su-
        pervision, the district court has jurisdiction to revoke the offender’s
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        22-13921                Opinion of the Court                           9

        supervised release and impose a period of imprisonment and a new
        term of supervised release. Id. § 3583(e)(3), (h).
               The district court held that Talley had violated two condi-
        tions of supervised release. The court found that he had failed to
        follow his probation officer’s instructions in 2020 and 2021. The
        court also found that he had committed a new state offense based
        on the state-law battery he committed in May 2022.
               There’s no question the district court had jurisdiction to re-
        voke Talley’s supervised release based on his unavailability for su-
        pervision during his term of supervised release. This is so even
        though the court did not issue its revocation order until after Tal-
        ley’s supervised release term expired. The Code provides that a
        court’s jurisdiction to revoke supervised release “extends beyond
        the expiration of the term of supervised release for any period rea-
        sonably necessary for the adjudication of matters arising before its
        expiration if, before its expiration, a warrant or summons has been
        issued on the basis of an allegation of such a violation.” Id. § 3583(i).
        Talley concedes that his unresponsiveness violated the condition
        that he follow the probation officer’s instructions, and the district
        court issued a warrant for that violation before the scheduled expi-
        ration of Talley’s supervised release term.
               The dispute here is instead whether the district court also
        had jurisdiction to revoke Talley’s supervised release based on his
        commission of Florida law battery, which occurred many months
        after the scheduled expiration of his supervised release term. The
        government argues that the district court had jurisdiction over this
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        10                         Opinion of the Court                       22-13921

        violation. Applying a judicially crafted “fugitive tolling doctrine,”
        the government asserts that a sentencing court may toll an of-
        fender’s term of supervised release during any period that he or she
        evades supervision. Because Talley was a fugitive from 2020 until
        his 2022 battery arrest, the argument goes, his term of supervision
        extended to that arrest, rather than expiring in 2021 as scheduled.
                The circuits are divided over the application of “fugitive toll-
        ing” to terms of supervised release. A majority of courts to consider
        the question apply the doctrine, holding that absconding from su-
        pervision equitably tolls the offender’s supervised release period
        during his truancy. See United States v. Island, 916 F.3d 249, 251 (3d
        Cir. 2019); United States v. Barinas, 865 F.3d 99, 108–10 (2d Cir.
        2017); United States v. Buchanan, 638 F.3d 448, 455–57 (4th Cir.
        2011); United States v. Murguia-Oliveros, 421 F.3d 951, 952 (9th Cir.
        2005). 1 But we are convinced that the minority view is the correct
        one. Accordingly, we join the First Circuit in holding that “there
        can be no tolling of the period of supervised release on the basis of
        fugitive status.” United States v. Hernandez-Ferrer, 599 F.3d 63, 64 (1st
        Cir. 2010); see also Island, 916 F.3d at 256–59 (Rendell, J., dissenting).

        1 The government also cites United States v. Cartagena-Lopez, 979 F.3d 356, 359

        (5th Cir. 2020) (adopting majority view). But that panel subsequently with-
        drew its opinion and dismissed the appeal as moot. See United States v. Carta-
        gena-Lopez, No. 20-40122, 2020 WL 13837259 (5th Cir. Nov. 19, 2020). There-
        fore, the opinion “has no precedential value.” Henderson v. Ft. Worth Indep. Sch.
        Dist., 584 F.2d 115, 116 (5th Cir. 1978).
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        22-13921                Opinion of the Court                          11

               We think the First Circuit has the better position for two
        reasons. First, the justifications for fugitive tolling in other con-
        texts—such as prison escapes—do not apply to the context of su-
        pervised release. Second, the doctrine is inconsistent with the text
        of the statute and our caselaw interpreting that statute. We address
        each reason in turn.
                First, we believe that, on its own terms, the fugitive tolling
        doctrine has no role to play in the context of supervised release.
        Courts apply the doctrine of fugitive tolling to sentences of impris-
        onment and the like based on the commonsense proposition that
        “[m]ere lapse of time without imprisonment or other restraint con-
        templated by the law does not constitute service of sentence.” An-
        derson v. Corall, 263 U.S. 193, 196 (1923). The idea is that a person
        should not be credited with serving a prison sentence if he is not,
        in fact, in prison. “[A] convicted person . . . is not entitled to credit
        for time spent erroneously at liberty when there is merely a delay
        in executing [his] sentence.” United States v. Barfield, 396 F.3d 1144,
        1147–48 (11th Cir. 2005). So, under the fugitive tolling doctrine, the
        time during which a prisoner should have been in prison, but was
        not, is added to the end of his or her sentence. See Anderson, 263
        U.S. at 196. Importantly, tolling does not increase the total length
        of a sentence. It simply pauses and then restarts the clock, such that
        the original end date of the sentence is pushed down the road for
        however long the clock was stopped.
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        12                     Opinion of the Court                 22-13921

                 But the government in this case is not requesting “tolling”
        in this customary sense. Were we to hold that Talley’s term of su-
        pervised release was tolled while he was missing, the result would
        be that the scheduled period remaining would pause at the time he
        first fled (whenever that was) and would resume at the time he was
        found. See id. That would do little good for the government, con-
        sidering that Talley’s state law offense occurred during the “tolled”
        period. Accordingly, the government did not ask for Talley’s super-
        vised release period to pause and then resume. It instead asked the
        district court to extend Talley’s supervision term at least until his
        state-law battery offense so that the court could revoke and resen-
        tence Talley in part because of that offense. Then, the district court
        revoked supervised release and sent Talley to prison for 18 months
        with no term of supervised release to follow. It did not add a period
        of supervised release to account for the period of Talley’s flight.
        The district court’s ruling means that Talley was subject to the
        terms of supervised release for a total of 48 months—May 2018 to
        May 2022—even though his 2010 sentence provided for only 36
        months of supervised release.
               This result is hard to square with the fugitive tolling doc-
        trine. The doctrine is meant to ensure that an original sentence is
        served, not to increase a sentence’s length. Endorsing the govern-
        ment’s theory of tolling would require us to hold that the super-
        vised release clock stopped whenever Talley first absconded, but
        the sentence itself (i.e., the conditions of supervised release) re-
        mained in effect until he was found. But it makes very little sense
        to conclude that Talley was not subject to his supervised release
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        22-13921              Opinion of the Court                       13

        conditions in May 2022 for the purposes of fugitive tolling, while
        simultaneously concluding that he violated his conditions of super-
        vision at that time. As we have recognized in another context, “[a]
        supervised release order cannot simultaneously be suspended and
        actively in effect.” United States v. Okoko, 365 F.3d 962, 966 (11th
        Cir. 2004) (citation omitted).
                Not only is the government’s request inconsistent with how
        tolling works, it’s also inconsistent with the nature of supervised
        release. Unlike a sentence of imprisonment, a sentence of super-
        vised release imposes “restraint[s] contemplated by the law,” An-
        derson, 263 U.S. at 196, that a defendant must follow no matter
        where he is physically located. When a district court sentences a
        defendant to a term of supervised release, it imposes conditions on
        his liberty to encourage the defendant to avoid future criminal ac-
        tivity. See Mont v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 1826, 1833 (2019). For
        example, a district court must order as a condition of supervised
        release that the defendant “not commit another . . . crime.” 18
        U.S.C. § 3583(d). It also has the discretion to impose other condi-
        tions, such as maintaining contact with a probation officer, work-
        ing in community service, or refraining from excessive use of alco-
        hol. See id. (incorporating conditions from probation); id § 3563(b)
        (listing conditions of probation).
              An individual under a term of supervised release is subject
        to a “restraint contemplated by the law,” Anderson, 263 U.S. at
        196—namely, the conditions of supervision—for the entire term of
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        14                      Opinion of the Court                  22-13921

        supervised release no matter where he is. When an individual vio-
        lates a condition of his supervised release by fleeing, he nonetheless
        remains subject to the conditions of his supervised release during
        his term. That is, those “restraint[s] contemplated by the law,” id.,
        continue to apply even if the individual has absconded. Because the
        conditions of supervised release are a continuing restraint on a su-
        pervisee’s liberty, even when he is violating them, there is no role
        for fugitive tolling to ensure that an absconder serves the full term
        of his sentence. He is serving that sentence, and can be revoked for
        violating those conditions, even while he is in flight.
               Courts also justify the fugitive tolling doctrine by an asserted
        policy against “reward[ing] an absconder for his misconduct.” See
        Buchanan, 638 F.3d at 455; Island, 916 F.3d at 253 (“[T]he fugitive
        tolling doctrine reflects the settled principle that defendants are not
        generally credited for misdeeds . . . .”). Again, this interest does not
        warrant the application of fugitive tolling to supervised release. An
        offender who flees supervision in violation of his supervision con-
        ditions will not evade his sentence or otherwise benefit from his
        misconduct. Instead, that violation grants the sentencing court au-
        thority to revoke the absconder’s supervised release and resentence
        him to a term of imprisonment with a new term of supervised re-
        lease to follow. 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3), (h). A violation of a condi-
        tion of supervised release—even an egregious violation like ab-
        sconding—can be punished by revocation for that violation.
               Finally, a court does not need extended jurisdiction to pun-
        ish a defendant for committing crimes after his term of supervision
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        22-13921               Opinion of the Court                        15

        has run. In determining the consequences that attach to an of-
        fender’s violation of supervised release, a court may consider all his
        conduct, even misconduct that occurred after the expiration of the
        supervision period—like the Florida battery in this case. See 18
        U.S.C. § 3583(e) (incorporating Section 3553(a) factors about his-
        tory and characteristics of the defendant into revocation sentencing
        decision); id. § 3661 (“No limitation shall be placed on the infor-
        mation concerning the background, character, and conduct of a
        person” that a court “may receive and consider for the purpose of
        imposing an appropriate sentence.”). In fact, the sentencing guide-
        lines expressly contemplate that “an upward departure may be
        warranted when a defendant, subsequent to the federal sentence
        resulting in supervision, has been sentenced for an offense that is
        not the basis of the violation proceeding.” U.S.S.G. § 7B1.4 cmt.
        n.2.
               The upshot is that the district court below did not need to
        resort to the fugitive tolling doctrine to ensure Talley was not re-
        warded for absconding. Talley violated the condition of supervised
        release requiring him to stay in contact with his probation officer.
        The government timely moved to revoke Talley’s supervised re-
        lease based on that violation before his term ran. See 18 U.S.C. §
        3583(i). The applicable statutes allowed the district court to sen-
        tence Talley up to two years’ imprisonment and one year of super-
        vised release for that violation. And the district court was free to
        consider all of Talley’s post-violation conduct in setting the appro-
        priate sentence. The district court could have imposed the same
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        16                      Opinion of the Court                   22-13921

        consequence on Talley for his admitted violation of supervised re-
        lease by failing to stay in touch with his probation officer—an 18-
        month custodial sentence—without resorting to fugitive tolling to
        also hold him responsible for committing a state-law offense after
        his term of supervised release expired. See Hernandez-Ferrer, 599
        F.3d at 69.
                Second, even if the judicially created doctrine of fugitive toll-
        ing served some purpose in this context, the text of the Sentencing
        Reform Act strongly counsels against applying fugitive tolling to
        supervised release. The Act specifies two, and only two, circum-
        stances in which a sentencing court may toll a term of supervised
        release. One form of tolling is provided by Section 3583(i). It tolls a
        term of supervised release “for any period reasonably necessary for
        the adjudication of matters arising before its expiration if, before its
        expiration, a warrant or summons has been issued on the basis of
        an allegation of such a violation.” 18 U.S.C. § 3583(i). Another form
        of tolling is provided by Section 3624(e). It tolls a term of supervised
        release while an offender “is imprisoned in connection with a con-
        viction” for more than thirty consecutive days. Id. § 3624(e).
               We agree with the First Circuit that “[t]he absence of an ex-
        press tolling provision for fugitive status, coupled with the pres-
        ence of . . . express tolling provision[s] that encompass[] other cir-
        cumstances, is highly significant.” See Hernandez-Ferrer, 599 F.3d at
        67. “These two provisions delineate the only express circumstances
        wherein the supervised release period may be tolled.” Okoko, 365
        F.3d at 965. And neither provision permits tolling while an offender
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        22-13921                Opinion of the Court                         17

        is at large. See Hernandez-Ferrer, 599 F.3d at 67 (“[T]he statutory pro-
        visions touching upon supervised release neither expressly require
        nor expressly permit tolling during the interval when an offender
        is in fugitive status.”). Congress knew how to authorize tolling a
        term of supervised release, but it chose not to do so in the fugitive
        context. “Where Congress knows how to say something but
        chooses not to, its silence is controlling.” Animal Legal Def. Fund v.
        U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 789 F.3d 1206, 1217 (11th Cir. 2015) (quoting In
        re Haas, 48 F.3d 1153, 1156 (11th Cir. 1995)).
                We applied this same reasoning to an analogous question
        involving deported offenders in United States v. Okoko, 365 F.3d 962
        (11th Cir. 2004). “The sole issue” in that case was whether a district
        court has the authority to toll a term of supervised release while an
        offender is outside the United States pursuant to a deportation or-
        der. Id. at 964. We held that the district court lacked that authority,
        reasoning that Congress included only two “specific contexts in
        which the supervised release period may be tolled” under the Sen-
        tencing Reform Act, and “it did not include the period of time
        when a probationer is out of the country.” Id. at 964–65. That
        “Congress has expressly provided for the tolling of a supervised re-
        lease in two other sections of the Sentencing Reform Act,” we ex-
        plained, “suggest[s] that it did not intend for tolling during a period
        of deportation to be imposed by the court.” Id. at 967.
               The government argues that Okoko is distinguishable be-
        cause, “in the case of deportation, . . . the defendant’s absence from
        supervision ‘results from Congress’s design,’” not “from his own
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        18                     Opinion of the Court                  22-13921

        misconduct,” as in the case of a fugitive supervisee. Putting aside
        that our decision in Okoko did not rest on this reasoning, we think
        this distinction undermines, not supports, the government’s posi-
        tion. It makes more sense to toll a defendant’s term of supervised
        release when he has been involuntarily deported than when he has
        voluntarily absconded in violation of the terms of his supervised
        release. A court can adequately address someone’s involuntary ab-
        sence from the country by stopping the clock on supervised release
        when he leaves and restarting it when he returns. But, when a su-
        pervisee willfully violates his terms of supervised release by ab-
        sconding from supervision, a court cannot address the problem by
        tolling his term—that is, adding the months he absconded onto the
        end of his sentence. The more appropriate consequence is the one
        already contemplated by the Sentencing Reform Act: If a supervi-
        see absconds in violation of a term of his supervised release, the
        sentencing court should enforce, rather than toll, the sentence by
        revoking his supervised release and resentencing him appropri-
        ately.
               In one last effort to distinguish Okoko, the government in-
        vokes the “rule of statutory construction . . . that if Congress in-
        tends for legislation to change the interpretation of a judicially cre-
        ated concept such as” fugitive tolling, it makes its intention clear.
        Island, 916 F.3d at 255 (quotation marks and citation omitted); see
        also Barinas, 865 F.3d at 109 (same). Of course, there is no common
        law history of tolling terms of supervised release because super-
        vised release is a recent statutory innovation. United States v. Fra-
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        22-13921               Opinion of the Court                       19

        zier, 26 F.3d 110, 113 n.1 (11th Cir. 1994) (“Congress created super-
        vised release in 1984.”). But, even if the presumption against a
        change in common law did apply here, we think Congress suffi-
        ciently overcame the presumption by enacting express tolling pro-
        visions for two other circumstances, but not for fleeing from super-
        vision. Although Congress’s intention to override a common-law
        rule should be clear, it need not be express. Antonin Scalia & Bryan
        A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 318 (2012).
        And the clear implication of the Sentencing Reform Act is that Con-
        gress considered tolling supervised release but chose not to apply
        it in circumstances like these.
               For these reasons, we reject the government’s position that
        a term of supervised release is tolled while an offender absconds
        from supervision. Accordingly, Talley’s supervised release term ex-
        pired as scheduled in May 2021. Because his 2022 battery and re-
        sulting conviction did not occur until after that date, the district
        court lacked authority to revoke Talley’s supervised release on that
        basis. But because the district court nonetheless maintained juris-
        diction to revoke his supervision based on his earlier violation, we
        remand for the court to decide whether to revoke Talley’s supervi-
        sion based on that violation alone and to decide what sentence to
        impose for that violation. We emphasize that, in making this deci-
        sion, the court may consider Talley’s actions that post-date his su-
        pervision term, including the 2022 battery.
               Because we hold that the fugitive tolling doctrine is inappli-
        cable to terms of supervised release, we need not address Talley’s
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        20                   Opinion of the Court               22-13921

        alternative arguments that the government did not prove he was a
        “fugitive” under that doctrine or that his sentence should be va-
        cated because he was not given an opportunity to allocute.
                                     IV.

              For the foregoing reasons, we VACATE and REMAND for
        proceedings consistent with this opinion.