Court Opinion

ID: 9352737
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-09 17:09:25.018521+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:58:51.676273
License: Public Domain

IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania              :
                                          :
             v.                           :
                                          :
Justin M. Miller,                         :   No. 343 C.D. 2022
                    Appellant             :   Submitted: December 12, 2022

BEFORE:      HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge
             HONORABLE ELLEN CEISLER, Judge
             HONORABLE STACY WALLACE, Judge

OPINION
BY JUDGE FIZZANO CANNON                       FILED: January 9, 2023

             Justin M. Miller (Miller) seeks review of the December 10, 2021 order
of the Court of Common Pleas of Schuylkill County (trial court) that affirmed the
Schuylkill County Sheriff’s Office’s (Sheriff’s Office) revocation of Miller’s license
to carry a firearm and denial of Miller’s application to carry a firearm. Upon review,
we affirm.
             The facts underlying this matter are relatively straightforward and not
in contention. Prior to July 2021, Miller possessed a license to carry a firearm (LTC)
issued by the Sheriff’s Office on June 13, 2017. See Letter from Schuylkill County
Sheriff’s Office dated July 26, 2021 (Revocation Letter), Sheriff’s Office Exhibit 1
to the December 2, 2021 Appeal from Denial and Revocation of License to Carry
Firearms Hearing (Hearing). On July 25, 2021, the Pennsylvania State Police
arrested Miller on multiple charges, including terroristic threats in violation of
Section 2706 of the Crimes Code, 18 Pa.C.S. § 2706. See Adult Criminal Record
Search dated December 2, 2021, Petitioner’s Hearing Exhibit 1 (Criminal Record
Search). The following day, July 26, 2021, the Sheriff’s Office sent Miller the
Revocation Letter informing him that his LTC was revoked and instructing him to
surrender his LTC to the Sheriff’s Office within 5 days as required by law.1 See
Revocation Letter.
               After receiving the Revocation Letter, Miller did not surrender his LTC
as instructed, but instead applied for a new LTC on August 20, 2021 (LTC
Application). See Notes of Testimony December 2, 2021 (N.T.) at 41; see also LTC
Application dated August 20, 2021, Sheriff’s Office Hearing Exhibit 3.                            On
September 14, 2021, the Sheriff’s Office sent Miller a letter, certified delivery,
denying the LTC Application and instructing Miller again that he must return his
revoked LTC within 5 days. See N.T. at 43; see also Letter from Sheriff’s Office
dated September 14, 2021, Sheriff’s Office Hearing Exhibit 4 (Denial Letter).
Thereafter, Miller sought legal counsel and appealed the LTC Application denial to
the trial court. See id. at 44.
               The trial court held a hearing on the LTC Application denial appeal on
December 2, 2021. See generally N.T. at 1-61. At the hearing, Miller presented the
testimony of Crista DiCasimirro, the First Deputy of the Schuylkill County Clerk of
Courts’ Office.2 See N.T. at 3-10. DiCasimirro testified that she completed an adult

       1
          See Section 6109(i) of the Crimes Code, 18 Pa.C.S. § 6109(i) (“An individual whose
license is revoked shall surrender the license to the issuing authority within five days of receipt of
the notice.”).
       2
         DiCasimirro has served as First Deputy of the Clerk of Courts’ Office in Schuylkill
County for five years. See N.T. at 4. In her position as First Deputy, DiCasimirro oversees the
Clerk of Courts’ Office and acts as the custodian of all criminal records in Schuylkill County. See
id.

                                                  2
criminal record search regarding Miller at the request of the Sheriff’s Office. See id.
at 5; see also Criminal Record Search. DiCasimirro explained that Miller’s criminal
record showed four offenses, including an arrest for terroristic threats,3 but that all
the offenses had been either dismissed or nolle prossed by the prosecution. See id.
at 6; see also Criminal Record Search. As a result, DiCasimirro explained that Miller
has no criminal record that would be available to the public.4 See id. at 7.
                Miller also testified on his own behalf at the LTC Application denial
appeal hearing. See N.T. at 10-25. Miller explained that he is a lifelong Schuylkill
County resident5 who has been issued a LTC by the Sheriff’s Office multiple times
since 2001, and that he needs the LTC for personal protection and because he
regularly carries large sums of cash in relation to his businesses.6 See id. at 10 & 12-
14. Miller acknowledged receiving the Revocation Letter in July of 2021, but claims
that it was delivered by regular mail, not certified mail.7 See id. at 13. Miller did

       3
           18 Pa.C.S. § 2706.
       4
          DiCasimirro described each of the offenses as “clean slated,” alluding to clean slate
limited access to criminal records under Section 9122.2 of the Crimes Code, 18 Pa.C.S. § 9122.2,
which limits access to individuals’ criminal history for old convictions and charges that resulted
in final dispositions other than a conviction. See N.T. at 7.
       5
        Miller explained that the only times in his life when he did not live in Schuylkill County
were during his service in the United States Army from 1998 through 2001 and again from 2002
through 2005. See N.T. at 10-11.
       6
          Miller owns multiple retail building supply stores and travels routinely with large sums
of cash for deposit from these stores. See N.T. at 13. He is also involved in real estate and owns
multiple rental properties from which he daily carries large sums of cash from collected rents. See
id. at 13-14.
       7
         Miller admitted to receiving the Revocation Letter at his business/residential address at
100 West Market Street, Schuylkill Haven, but claimed to have received the letter via regular
instead of certified mail. See N.T. at 22. Miller also explains that he sometimes lives at a different
address located at 20 Miller’s Lane, Schuylkill Haven. See id.

                                                  3
not surrender his LTC to the Sheriff’s Office, but instead applied for another LTC
in August of 2021 by filing the LTC Application, which the Sheriff’s Office denied.
See id. Miller acknowledged that he has been named in Protection from Abuse
(PFA) actions by three different women. See id. at 14-19 & 24. He explained that
he consented to the entry of one PFA for a three-month period without an admission
of guilt to the allegations contained in the PFA application, and that permanent PFAs
in the other two actions were denied by the court.                 See id.     Miller further
acknowledged that he was arrested in August of 2009 for violation of a PFA order,
but he explained that the matter was dismissed at the preliminary hearing level when
his ex-wife admitted that she had lied about the alleged violation. See id. at 19-20.
Additionally, Miller acknowledged that he was arrested on July 25, 2021, for charges
that included terroristic threats.        See id. at 24-25.         Finally, Miller further
acknowledged that the Revocation Letter informed him of the requirement that he
surrender his LTC to the Sheriff’s Office, but that he failed to do so. See id. at 23-
24.
              The Sheriff’s Office also put forth witnesses at the LTC Application
denial appeal hearing. Sergeant Barbara Szczyglak8 testified that, on July 25, 2021,
she participated in a review of whether Miller’s LTC should be revoked after the
Pennsylvania State Police informed the Sheriff’s Office of Miller’s arrest for
terroristic threats. See N.T. at 34. Sergeant Szczyglak consulted with Sheriff Joseph
Groody, who instructed her to revoke Miller’s LTC. See id. at 34-35. That same
day, she drafted the Revocation Letter, which was dated July 26, 2021, and which
listed Miller’s recent arrest for terroristic threats as the reason for the revocation.

       8
         Sergeant Szczyglak has been employed in the Sheriff’s Office for the past 27 years. See
N.T. at 33. Her primary duty is attending to applications and revocations of LTCs. See id.

                                               4
See id. at 34-36. Additionally, Sergeant Szczyglak testified that the Revocation
Letter included a warning that Miller needed to return his LTC to the Sheriff’s Office
within five days or face possible criminal charges. See id. at 36. Sergeant Szczyglak
explained that Sheriff Groody signed the Revocation Letter and it was sent via
certified mail to both Miller’s 100 West Market Street, Schuylkill Haven, address
and to the 20 Miller’s Lane, Schuylkill Haven, address to which Miller had been
bailed following his terroristic threats arrest. See id. at 36-37. Sergeant Szczyglak
further testified that the certified letter addressed to 100 West Market Street,
Schuylkill Haven, came back to the Sheriff’s Office as an unclaimed letter with the
certified mail return card intact, but that the letter to the 20 Miller’s Lane address
came back as delivered and signed for on July 27, 2021. See id. at 36-37. Sergeant
Szczyglak testified that Miller appealed the revocation of his LTC, but did so more
than 30 days after the date of revocation. See id. at 38. Further, Sergeant Szczyglak
explained that, despite receiving the Revocation Letter, Miller has not surrendered
his LTC to the Sheriff’s Office or explained his failure to do so. See id. at 38 & 44.
             Sergeant Szczyglak additionally testified that, after the Revocation
Letter was sent, Miller submitted the LTC Application online on August 20, 2021.
See N.T. at 41. The LTC Application triggered a review carried out by Sergeant
Szczyglak and Sheriff Groody, after which the LTC Application was denied through
the September 14, 2021 Denial Letter based on Miller’s unfavorable character and
reputation evidenced by a pattern of PFAs and criminal charges filed against him.
See id. at 42 & 48. The Sheriff’s Office sent the Denial Letter via certified mail to
Miller’s 100 West Market Street address and his 20 Miller’s Lane address, both of
which letters’ return certifications were returned to the Sheriff’s Office indicating
that the copies of the Denial Letters had been delivered and received. See id. at 42-

                                          5
44. Further, the Denial Letter explained to Miller that his previous LTC remained
revoked and reminded Miller of his obligation to turn in his LTC to the Sheriff’s
Office within five days. See id. at 43. Sergeant Szczyglak explained the Sheriff’s
Office thereafter received Miller’s counseled appeal. See id. at 44.
               Sheriff Groody9 also testified at the Application denial appeal hearing.
See N.T. at 48-60. Sheriff Groody explained that the final determinations to revoke
Miller’s LTC and to deny the LTC Application were his. See id. at 49. He explained
that the revocation of Miller’s LTC was based on the July 25, 2021 arrest by the
Pennsylvania State Police for terroristic threats. See id. at 50 & 56. Sheriff Groody
further explained that Miller’s continued pattern of conduct involving multiple PFAs
and criminal charges being filed against him evidenced a course or pattern of conduct
that caused Sheriff Groody, based on his years of experience in law enforcement, to
believe that Miller could present a future danger to law enforcement or the
community. See id. at 50-51, 58-60. Additionally, Sheriff Groody testified that the
fact that the criminal charges were dropped and the PFAs were dismissed or dropped
did not change his assessment of Miller’s pattern of conduct in relation to his
entitlement to an LTC. See id. at 50 & 58.
               State Trooper Vincent Laselva10 also testified at the Application denial
appeal hearing. See N.T. at 26-32. Trooper Laselva has never personally dealt with
Miller, but he testified that Miller had been arrested by State Troopers from his

       9
         Sheriff Groody has a total of 43 years of experience in law enforcement. See N.T. at 59.
He has been the Schuylkill County Sheriff for approximately 13½ years. See id. at 49. As part of
his duties, he oversees deputies within the Sheriff’s Office, including Sergeant Szczyglak and her
duties regarding the review of LTC applications and revocations. See id.
       10
          Trooper Laselva has been a Pennsylvania State Trooper for 11 years and currently serves
as Patrol Unit Supervisor of the Schuylkill Haven barracks. See N.T. at 26.

                                                6
barracks in June of 2020 on charges of harassment and again in July of 2021 on the
terroristic threats charge. See id. at 31. Trooper Laselva conceded on cross-
examination that those charges were both either nolle prossed or dismissed. See id.
at 32.
              Based on this evidence, the trial court denied Miller’s appeal of the
Application denial by opinion and order dated December 10, 2021, stating:

              [Miller’s] lack of criminal record and his involvement in
              prior PFA filings does not in and of itself disqualify [him]
              from obtaining a[n] LTC. The Sheriff’s rationale for
              issuing the denial based upon [Miller’s] purported
              criminal record and prior PFA filings is arbitrary and
              capricious. Nonetheless, a lack of a criminal record does
              not necessarily equate with having good character. This
              [c]ourt is troubled by [Miller’s] failure to surrender the
              revoked LTC to the proper authority in accordance with
              the law. [Miller’s] testimony that he still has not
              surrendered his LTC, despite being formally notified on
              two (2) separate occasions by the Sheriff’s [Office] is
              alone supportive of the Sheriff’s [Office’s] denial of [the
              Application] based on character and safety concerns.
              Regardless of whether [Miller] agrees or disagrees with
              the law, his blatant and overt violation of the statute goes
              to the very core of the “character” standard supporting the
              decision of the Schuylkill County Sheriff in revoking
              [Miller’s] LTC[] and denying [the Application].

See Trial Court Opinion and Order dated December 10, 2021 (Trial Court Opinion).
Miller timely appealed to this Court.11

         11
          Miller originally filed the instant appeal in the Superior Court of Pennsylvania, which
transferred the matter to this Court by order filed in the Superior Court on March 4, 2022, and
received by this Court on April 13, 2022. See Superior Court Docket No. 72 MDA 2022 Order
dated March 4, 2022.

                                               7
               On appeal,12 Miller claims that the trial court erred by denying his
appeal of both the Sheriff’s Office’s revocation of his LTC and the denial of the LTC
Application. See Miller’s Br. at 4 & 9-17. Miller argues that the evidence presented
at the hearing was insufficient to revoke his LTC or to deny the LTC Application on
the basis of his character, reputation, or any danger he presents to the public or law
enforcement officers. See id.
               Section 6109 of the Crimes Code, 18 Pa.C.S. § 6109, controls the
issuance of LTCs within the Commonwealth and requires that an individual seeking
an LTC apply for such a license with the sheriff of the county in which the person
resides. See 18 Pa.C.S. § 6109(b). Upon receiving an LTC application, the sheriff
must:

               (1) investigate the applicant’s record of criminal
               conviction;

               (2) investigate whether or not the applicant is under
               indictment for or has ever been convicted of a crime
               punishable by imprisonment exceeding one year;

               (3) investigate whether the applicant’s character and
               reputation are such that the applicant will not be likely to
               act in a manner dangerous to public safety;

               (4) investigate whether the applicant would be precluded
               from receiving a license under subsection (e)(1) or section
               6105(h) (relating to persons not to possess, use,
               manufacture, control, sell or transfer firearms); and

        12
            Where, as here, a trial court took evidence and heard a sheriff’s office’s LTC
determination de novo, this Court’s review is limited to determining whether the trial court abused
its discretion or committed an error of law, or whether a violation of constitutional rights occurred.
See Caba v. Weaknecht, 64 A.3d 39, 44 n.5 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2013).

                                                  8
              (5) conduct a criminal background, juvenile delinquency
              and mental health check following the procedures set forth
              in section 6111 (relating to sale or transfer of firearms),
              receive a unique approval number for that inquiry and
              record the date and number on the application.

18 Pa.C.S. § 6109(d). Subsection (e)(1)(i) of Section 6109 prohibits the issuance of
an LTC to “[a]n individual whose character and reputation [are] such that the
individual would be likely to act in a manner dangerous to public safety.” 18 Pa.C.S.
§ 6109(e)(1)(i). Subsection (e)(1)(viii) of Section 6109 further prohibits the issuance
of an LTC to “[a]n individual who is charged [with] a crime punishable by
imprisonment for a term exceeding one year[.]” 18 Pa.C.S. § 6109(e)(1)(viii).
Additionally, subsection (i) of Section 6109 provides that an LTC may be revoked
by the issuing authority for good cause, and expressly requires revocation for any of
the reasons stated in subsection (e)(1). See 18 Pa.C.S. § 6109(i) (“A[n LTC] may
be revoked by the issuing authority for good cause. A[n LTC] shall be revoked by
the issuing authority for any reason stated in subsection (e)(1) which occurs during
the term of the permit.”).
              Initially, regarding the revocation of Miller’s LTC,13 on the day after
his July 25, 2021, arrest by the State Police, Miller stood charged with terroristic
threats, a misdemeanor of the first degree punishable by up to five years in prison.
See 18 Pa.C.S. § 2706(d) (grading terroristic threats as a misdemeanor of the first
degree); 18 Pa.C.S. § 1104(1) (fixing term of imprisonment for conviction of a
misdemeanor of the first degree at not more than five years). Sheriff Groody and

       13
          We note that the timeliness of Miller’s purported revocation appeal was challenged and
discussed at the trial court hearing and taken under advisement. See N.T. at 38-40. Because the
testimony at the hearing was arguably inconclusive as to when Miller received a certified copy of
the Revocation Letter, and given the interrelatedness of the Revocation and LTC Application
issues and testimony as well as our determination herein, we address the revocation question.

                                               9
Sergeant Szczyglak each testified that this arrest for terroristic threats was the reason
for the July 26, 2021, revocation of Miller’s LTC. See N.T. 35-36, 50 & 56. The
Crimes Code expressly requires the revocation of a previously issued LTC for any
of the reasons listed in Section 6109(e)(1) (describing to whom an LTC may not be
issued) that occur during the pendency of the LTC in question, which reasons include
an individual being charged with crimes punishable by imprisonment for a term
exceeding one year. See 18 Pa.C.S. § 6109(e)(1)(viii) & 6109(i). Thus, the trial
court did not err in affirming the revocation of Miller’s LTC by the Sheriff’s Office.
             Further, regarding the denial of the LTC Application, we find no error
in the trial court’s affirmation of the Sheriff’s Office’s determination. The Crimes
Code mandates that the sheriff of a county in which an application for an LTC is
made investigate, inter alia, “whether the applicant’s character and reputation are
such that the applicant will not be likely to act in a manner dangerous to public
safety.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 6109(d). The Crimes Code further requires the denial of an
LTC application where the investigating sheriff determines that the applying
individual’s “character and reputation [are] such that the individual would be likely
to act in a manner dangerous to public safety.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 6109(e)(1)(i). Implicit
in these requirements is that an investigating sheriff has discretion to determine the
character and reputation of LTC applicants based on the sheriff’s investigation. See
18 Pa.C.S. § 6109(d) & (e)(1)(i). In the instant matter, Sheriff Groody testified that
he conducted the required investigation and determined that Miller’s course of
conduct, as exemplified by repeated involvement in PFA proceedings and multiple
arrests, illustrated a character which, in Sheriff Groody’s estimation, disqualified
Miller from receiving an LTC pursuant to Section 6109 of the Crimes Code. See
N.T. at 50-51, 53 & 58-60. The Crimes Code provides Sheriff Groody with the

                                           10
discretion to make such a determination. See 18 Pa.C.S. § 6109(d) & (e)(1)(i). For
this reason, we find no error in the trial court’s affirmance of the Sheriff’s Office’s
denial of Miller’s LTC Application.14
              For the preceding reasons, we affirm the trial court’s December 10,
2021 order affirming the denial of the LTC Application.

                                           __________________________________
                                           CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge

       14
         “This Court may affirm on grounds different than those relied upon by the court or
agency below if such grounds for affirmance exist.” Smart Commc’ns Holding, Inc. v. Wishnefsky,
240 A.3d 1014, 1016 n.2 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2020) (quoting Motor Coils MFG/WABTEC v. Workers’
Comp. Appeal Bd. (Bish), 853 A.2d 1082, 1087 n.9 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2004) (brackets omitted)).
                                              11
          IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania          :
                                      :
            v.                        :
                                      :
Justin M. Miller,                     :   No. 343 C.D. 2022
                    Appellant         :

                                  ORDER

            AND NOW, this 9th day of January, 2023, the December 10, 2021 order
of the Court of Common Pleas of Schuylkill County is AFFIRMED.

                                    _______________________________
                                    CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge